bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison between logistic regression and neural networks to predict death in patients with suspected sepsis in the emergency room
Authors: Jaimes Fabián , Farbiarz Jorge , Alvarez Diego , Martínez Carlos
Published: February 2005

Introduction

Neural networks are new methodological tools based on nonlinear models. They appear to be better at prediction and classification in biological systems than do traditional strategies such as logistic regression. This paper provides a practical example that contrasts both approaches within the setting of suspected sepsis in the emergency room.

Methods

The study population comprised patients with suspected bacterial infection as their main diagnosis for admission to the emergency room at two University-based hospitals. Mortality within the first 28 days from admission was predicted using logistic regression with the following variables: age, immunosuppressive systemic disease, general systemic disease, Shock Index, temperature, respiratory rate, Glasgow Coma Scale score, leucocyte counts, platelet counts and creatinine. Also, with the same input and output variables, a probabilistic neural network was trained with an adaptive genetic algorithm. The network had three neurone layers: 10 neurones in the input layer, 368 in the hidden layer and two in the output layer. Calibration was measured using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and discrimination was determined using receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

A total of 533 patients were recruited and overall 28-day mortality was 19%. The factors chosen by logistic regression (with their score in parentheses) were as follows: immunosuppressive systemic disease or general systemic disease (2), respiratory rate 24–33 breaths/min (1), respiratory rate ≥ 34 breaths/min (3), Glasgow Come Scale score ≤12 (3), Shock Index ≥ 1.5 (2) and temperature <38°C (2). The network included all variables and there were no significant differences in predictive ability between the approaches. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.7517 and 0.8782 for the logistic model and the neural network, respectively (P = 0.037).

Conclusion

A predictive model would be an extremely useful tool in the setting of suspected sepsis in the emergency room. It could serve both as a guideline in medical decision-making and as a simple way to select or stratify patients in clinical research. Our proposed model and the specific development method – either logistic regression or neural networks – must be evaluated and validated in an independent population.
Patterns of Resistance and Incomplete Response to Docetaxel by Gene Expression Profiling in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Chang Jenny C. , Wooten Eric C. , Tsimelzon Anna , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Gutierrez M. Carolina , Tham Yee-Lu , Kalidas Mamta , Elledge Richard , Mohsin Syed , Osborne C. Kent , Chamness Gary C. , Allred D. Craig , Lewis Michael T. , Wong Helen , O'Connell Peter
Published: February 2005

Purpose

Chemotherapy for operable breast cancer decreases the risk of death. Docetaxel is one of the most active agents in breast cancer, but resistance or incomplete response is frequent.

Patients and Methods

Core biopsies from 24 patients were obtained before treatment with neoadjuvant docetaxel (four cycles, 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks), and response was assessed after chemotherapy. After 3 months of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical specimens (n = 13) were obtained, and laser capture microdissection (LCM; n = 8) was performed to enrich for tumor cells. From each core, surgical, and LCM specimen, sufficient total RNA (3 to 6 μg) was extracted for cDNA array analysis using the Affymetrix HgU95-Av2 GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA).

Results

From the initial core biopsies, differential patterns of expression of 92 genes correlated with docetaxel response (P = .001). However, the molecular patterns of the residual cancers after 3 months of docetaxel treatment were strikingly similar, independent of initial sensitivity or resistance. This relative genetic homogeneity after treatment was observed in both LCM and non-LCM surgical specimens. The residual tumor after treatment in tumors that were initially sensitive indicates selection of a residual and resistant subpopulation of cells. The gene expression pattern was populated by genes involved in cell cycle arrest at G2M (eg, mitotic cyclins and cdc2) and survival pathways involving the mammalian target of rapamycin.

Conclusion

A specific and consistent gene expression pattern was found in residual tumors after docetaxel treatment. These profiles provide therapeutic targets that could lead to improved treatment.
Combination of Antiangiogenic Therapy With Other Anticancer Therapies: Results, Challenges, and Open Questions
Authors: Gasparini Giampietro , Longo Raffaele , Fanelli Massimo , Teicher Beverly A.
Published: February 2005

Angiogenesis is necessary for tumor growth. Drug discovery efforts have identified several potential therapeutic targets on endothelial cells and selective inhibitors capable of slowing tumor growth or producing tumor regression by blocking angiogenesis in in vivo tumor models. Certain antiangiogenic therapeutics increase the activity of cytotoxic anticancer treatments in preclinical models. More than 75 antiangiogenic compounds have entered clinical trials. Most of the early clinical testing was conducted in patients with advanced disease resistant to standard therapies. Several phase III trials have been undertaken to compare the efficacy of standard chemotherapy versus the same in combination with an experimental angiogenesis inhibitor. Preliminary results of the clinical studies suggest that single-agent antiangiogenic therapy is poorly active in advanced tumors. Although some of the results of combination trials are controversial, recent positive outcomes with an antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody combined with chemotherapy as front-line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer have renewed enthusiasm for this therapeutic strategy. This article presents an overview of experimental and clinical studies of combined therapy with antiangiogenic agents and highlights the challenges related to the appropriate strategies for selection of the patients, study design, and choice of proper end points for preclinical and clinical studies using these agents.
Communicating With Realism and Hope: Incurable Cancer Patients' Views on the Disclosure of Prognosis
Authors: Hagerty Rebecca G. , Butow Phyllis N. , Ellis Peter M. , Lobb Elizabeth A. , Pendlebury Susan C. , Leighl Natasha , Mac Leod Craig , Tattersall Martin H.N.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To identify preferences for the process of prognostic discussion among patients with incurable metastatic cancer and variables associated with those preferences.

Patients and Methods

One hundred twenty-six (58%) of 218 patients invited onto the study participated. Eligible patients were the consecutive metastatic cancer patients of 30 oncologists, who were diagnosed within 6 weeks to 6 months before recruitment, over 18 years of age, and without known mental illness. Patients completed a postal survey measuring patient preferences for the manner of delivery of prognostic information, including how doctors might instill hope.

Results

Ninety-eight percent of patients wanted their doctor to be realistic, provide an opportunity to ask questions, and acknowledge them as an individual when discussing prognosis. Doctor behaviors rated the most hope giving included offering the most up to date treatment (90%), appearing to know all there is to know about the patient's cancer (87%), and saying that pain will be controlled (87%). The majority of patients indicated that the doctor appearing to be nervous or uncomfortable (91%), giving the prognosis to the family first (87%), or using euphemisms (82%) would not facilitate hope. Factor analysis revealed six general styles and three hope factors; the most strongly endorsed styles were realism and individualized care and the expert/positive/collaborative approach. A range of demographic, psychological, and disease factors were associated with preferred general and hope-giving styles, including anxiety, information-seeking behavior, expected survival, and age.

Conclusion

The majority of patients preferred a realistic and individualized approach from the cancer specialist and detailed information when discussing prognosis.
Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression in Human Adipocytes
Authors: Cifuentes Mariana , Albala Cecilia , Rojas Cecilia
Published: February 2005

The presence of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has been demonstrated in numerous cells that are key in the control of serum calcium concentrations, underscoring its relevance in systemic calcium homeostasis. The more recent evidence of its presence in tissues not involved in this function has broadened the spectrum of interest in this protein, now known to regulate diverse cell functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This study shows the expression of CaSR in human omental adipose tissue, isolated adipocytes, and adipocyte progenitor cells as assessed by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. This is the first report of CaSR being expressed in human adipocytes and adipocyte progenitor cells, opening the possibility to investigate the physiological implications and thus contributing a novel component for adipose tissue biology research.
The Remarkable Conservation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)-Binding Protein in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Dates the CRH System to a Common Ancestor of Insects and Vertebrates
Authors: Huising Mark O. , Flik Gert
Published: February 2005

CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP) is a key factor in the regulation of CRH signaling; it modulates the bioactivity and bioavailability of CRH and its related peptides. The conservation of CRH-BP throughout vertebrates was only recently demonstrated. Here we report the presence of CRH-BP in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and other insects. Honeybee CRH-BP resembles previously characterized vertebrate CRH-BP sequences with respect to conserved cysteine residues, gene organization, and overall sequence identity. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the unambiguous orthology of insect and vertebrate CRH-BP sequences. Soon after their discovery, it was noted that insect diuretic hormone-I (DH-I) and its receptor share similarities with the vertebrate CRH family and their receptors. Despite these similarities, demonstration of common ancestry of DH-I and the vertebrate CRH family is still speculative: the mature neuropeptides are short, and their genes differ substantially with regard to the number of coding exons. Moreover, DH and CRH receptors belong to the much larger family of G protein-coupled receptors. In contrast, the unique and conspicuous features of CRH-BP greatly facilitate the establishment of orthology over much larger evolutionary distances. The identification of CRH-BP in insects clearly indicates that this gene predates vertebrates by at least several hundred million years. Moreover, our findings imply that a CRH system is shared by insects and vertebrates alike and, consequently, that it has been present at least since the common ancestor to both phylogenetic lines of proto- and deuterostomians.
Identification of the Salmon Somatolactin Receptor, a New Member of the Cytokine Receptor Family
Authors: Fukada Haruhisa , Ozaki Yuichi , Pierce Andrew L. , Adachi Shinji , Yamauchi Kohei , Hara Akihiko , Swanson Penny , Dickhoff Walton W.
Published: February 2005

Somatolactin (SL) is a pituitary hormone of the GH/prolactin (PRL) family that so far has been found only in fish. Compared with GH and PRL, the primary structure of SL is highly conserved among divergent fish species, suggesting it has an important function and a discriminating receptor that constrains structural change. However, SL functions are poorly understood, and receptors for SL have not yet been identified. During cloning of GH receptor cDNA from salmon, we found a variant with relatively high (38–58%) sequence identity to vertebrate GH receptors and low (28–33%) identity to PRL receptors; however, the recombinant protein encoding the extracellular domain showed only weak binding of GH. Ligand binding of the recombinant extracellular domain for this receptor confirmed that the cDNA encoded a specific receptor for SL. The SL receptor (SLR) has common features of a GH receptor including FGEFS motif, six cysteine residues in the extracellular domain, a single transmembrane region, and Box 1 and 2 regions in the intracellular domain. These structural characteristics place the SLR in the cytokine receptor type I homodimeric group, which includes receptors for GH, PRL, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and leptin. Transcripts for SLR were found in 11 tissues with highest levels in liver and fat, supporting the notion that a major function of SL is regulation of lipid metabolism. Cloning SLR cDNA opens the way for discovery of new SL functions and target tissues in fish, and perhaps novel members of this receptor family in other vertebrates.
Single Assay for Amino-Terminal Fragments of Cardiac A- and B-Type Natriuretic Peptides
Authors: Ala-Kopsala Minna , Ruskoaho Heikki , Leppäluoto Juhani , Seres Leila , Skoumal Reka , Toth Miklos , Horkay Ferenc , Vuolteenaho Olli
Published: February 2005

Background: High circulating concentrations of N-terminal fragments of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides (NT-proANP and NT-proBNP) identify patients with impaired cardiac function. ProANP-derived peptides are particularly sensitive to increased preload of the heart and proBNP-derived peptides to increased afterload; therefore, combining the information from the ANP and BNP systems into a single analyte could produce an assay with increased diagnostic and prognostic power.

Methods: We prepared a hybrid peptide containing peptide sequences from both NT-proBNP and NT-proANP (referred to as NT-proXNP) by recombinant techniques and used it to develop a RIA combining weighed concentrations of NT-proANP and NT-proBNP into a new virtual analyte, NT-proXNP. We used the novel method to measure the circulating concentrations in healthy persons and in patients with cardiac disorders. We also characterized the assay by HPLC analysis of the immunoreactive molecular forms in human plasma and serum.

Results: The results from the novel assay correlated well with independent home-made NT-proANP and NT-proBNP assays (r2 = 0.75–0.85) as well with the arithmetic sum of NT-proANP and NT-proBNP (r2 = 0.92). Patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) had significantly increased NT-proXNP concentrations. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the NT-proXNP assay in detecting VHD and CAD (0.961 and 0.924, respectively) were significantly larger than the AUC of either NT-proANP (0.947 and 0.872) or NT-proBNP (0.913 and 0.782) assays. HPLC analysis showed that the novel NT-proXNP assay detects two major classes of circulating immunoreactivity corresponding to peptides derived from NT-proANP and NT-proBNP.

Conclusions: Our novel immunoassay mimics the physiologic signaling system working in the body by converging the information obtained from the activation of ANP and BNP into a single virtual analyte, NT-proXNP. It appears to have a diagnostic efficiency equal to or slightly better than that of individual NT-proANP or NT-proBNP assays.
Use of an In Vivo Biotinylated Single-Chain Antibody as Capture Reagent in an Immunometric Assay to Decrease the Incidence of Interference from Heterophilic Antibodies
Authors: Warren David J , Bjerner Johan , Paus Elisabeth , Børmer Ole P , Nustad Kjell
Published: February 2005

Background: Heterophilic antibodies are a common source of interference in immunometric assays. We tested the hypothesis that the incidence of such interference could be decreased by use of a recombinant in vivo-biotinylated single-chain antibody (scFv) as the capture reagent.

Methods: We established three assays for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with the capture antibody either chemically biotinylated whole monoclonal T84.66 immunoglobulin, a corresponding F(ab′)2 fragment, or a site-specifically biotinylated T84.66-derived single-chain antibody (scFv). Antibodies were attached to streptavidin-coated microplates. A common europium-labeled anti-CEA tracer monoclonal antibody was used. The F(ab′)2 assay used a buffer that contained bovine immunoglobulin and aggregated irrelevant monoclonal antibody MAK33 as blocking agents. The whole T84.66 immunoglobulin and scFv assays were performed without addition of blocking agents. From a previous study of 11 261 sera, we tested 390 samples that had displayed heterophilic antibody interference and 179 samples that had not.

Results: After correction for bias and analytical variation [2.56 × SD (from the precision profile)], 383 samples displayed significantly different values (>1 μg/L) in the whole T84.66-based assay and the F(ab′)2 assay. In contrast, only nine samples showed falsely high CEA concentrations in the scFv assay. After blocking agents were added to the assay buffer, eight of the nine samples displayed results equivalent to those of the F(ab′)2 assay, and sample dilution produced equivalent results for the remaining sample.

Conclusion: Their ability to be site-specifically biotinylated and their relative resistance to heterophilic antibody interference indicate that single-chain antibodies may be useful solid-phase reagents in immunometric assays.
Material Properties for Use in FEA Modeling: Sealant Behavior with Ambient Laboratory Climate Aging
Authors: Wolf AT , Cleland-Host HL
Published: February 2005

Stress relaxation uniaxial testing is used to define the behavior of elastomeric materials in their functional range. The stress-strain data obtained by this method are used in finite element analysis (FEA) to model the behavior of the material in a given application. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of aging on the uniaxial stress-strain properties of silicone sealants. This paper examines the material behavior changes that occur as these sealants continue to cure at ambient laboratory conditions. The study is intended as a first step toward developing simple working models that account for the effects of sealant aging in FEA modeling. Uniaxial stress relaxation testing was conducted on six commercially available silicone structural glazing, insulating glazing, and weatherproofing sealants in tension and in compression at temperatures of −20°C, 22°C, and 80°C. Testing was carried out immediately after cure, i.e., after three days for two-part and after 30 days for one-part sealants, and after an additional one-year storage period at ambient laboratory conditions. The test specimens were pre-loaded prior to testing in order to eliminate the Mullins effect. Testing was carried out over a strain range of −45–90%. The specimen was loaded to the desired strain level and then allowed to relax. The load at the end of the relaxation period was used to calculate the engineering stress. Coefficient of variance (CoV) was used to determine the significance of material property changes with continued sealant cure. No significant changes in engineering properties were observed for two sealants. For two further sealants, half or more of the test results were within CoV, and no clear trends in property drift could be derived. The changes in material properties of the final two sealants were well outside the CoV limit, and moderate to strong stiffening was observed.
Effect of Float Glass Surface Composition on Silicone Sealant Adhesion Tested After Simultaneous Exposure to Hot Water and Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Wolf AT , McMillan CS , Stiell W , Lieb K
Published: February 2005

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of float glass surface composition on silicone sealant adhesion in a wet environment. Float glass samples obtained from six different European glass manufacturers were characterized analytically (XPS) and tested for their hydrolytic stability (DIN 52296). Fifteen tensile/adhesion joints (H-pieces) were prepared for each float glass sample using a two-part, tin-catalyzed, condensation-cure silicone sealant containing a controlled amount of free aminosilane adhesion promoter. Five H-pieces each were tested after four weeks of ambient cure conditioning (reference specimens) as well as after an additional 500 h and 1000 h immersion in 45°C hot water with simultaneous UV exposure. As expected, all reference specimens failed cohesively in the tensile/adhesion test. All specimens exposed to the additional 500 h of hot water immersion and UV also showed cohesive failure. However, after 1000 h of exposure, differences in adhesion behavior could be observed. While the sealant failed cohesively (all five specimens) on one float glass, partial adhesive failure was observed on the other glass samples. For these glasses, the average extent of adhesive failure varied between 4–19%. Because of the limited amount of float glass samples studied, the experimental results must be interpreted cautiously. No correlation is observed between the hydrolytic stability of float glass samples and sealant adhesion. However, the chemical surface composition of the float glass appears to affect sealant adhesion. Low levels of Na and K (added to the glass composition as alkaline oxides) result in better sealant adhesion. Higher surface concentrations of these ions can be tolerated if the glass surface is also rich in Al ions. Poorer adhesion results, however, when high levels of alkaline Na or K oxides are combined with a low level of Al.
Do Infants Have Religion? The Spiritual Lives of Beng Babies
Authors: Gottlieb Alma
Published: February 2005

Anthropologists have neglected a significant dimension to religion by ignoring the spiritual lives of a society's youngest members. In Cote d'lvoire, Beng infants are said to lead a profoundly spiritual existence. Indeed, until the age of five or so, Beng children are said to live at least part of the time in the spiritual other world (wrugbe) they inhabited before being reincarnated. Exploring both ideology and praxis, the author probes the consequences for the daily experiences and care of Bang babies, including umbilical cord care, enemas, crying, adornment, naming, personality development, and infant disease and death. The author concludes by considering the implications of a full‐blown treatment of infants for the practice of anthropology.
Abandonment and Reorganization the Mimbres Region of the American Southwest
Authors: Hegmon Michelle , Nelson Margaret C. , Ruth Susan M.
Published: February 2005

Archaeological research on abandonments has focused primarily on their causes, as though they were final events. This article investigates the abandonment at the end of the Mimbres Classic Period as a process of reorganization within a larger social context. Analyses of pottery and architecture demonstrate that previously homogeneous material culture was replaced by a diversity of technological styles. These material changes indicate that the reorganization involved the development of broader regional ties and the redefinition of community.
Eye on the Amazon: Brazilian Indians, the State, and Global Culture
Authors: Graham Laura R.
Published: February 2005

At the Edge of Conquest: The Journey of Chief Wai‐Wai. 1992. 28 minutes, color. Produced by Geoffrey O'Connor .Realis Pictures Inc. Distributed by Filmaker's Library, 124 East 40th Street, Suite 901, New York, NY 10016.212/80&4980.

Amazon Journal. 1996. 58 minutes, color. Produced and directed by Geoffrey O'Connor. Realis Pictures Inc. Distributed by Filmaker's Library, 124 East 40th Street, Suite 901, New York, NY 10016. 212/8084980.
Gerima's Imperfect Journey: No End in Sight
Authors: Hutchinson Sharon , Wiegand Bruce
Published: February 2005

Imperfect Journey. 1994. 88 minutes, color. Haile Gerima. director, with Ryszard Kapuscinski. Andrew Coggins. producer. First Run/Icarus Films, 153 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10014. 800/876‐1710.
Terminator 24: Or, How to Philosophize with a Hammer!
Authors: Hriskos Constantine
Published: February 2005

Double Theatre. 1995. 37 minutes, color. video by David and Paul. For more information, contact The Resorcerer's Apprentice, P.O. Box 1226, Middlebury, VT 05753.
Planet of the Normates
Authors: Bragg Lois
Published: February 2005

Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature. Rosemarie Garland Thomson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 200 pp.

Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. Rosemarie Garland Thomson. ed. New York: New York University Press, 1996. 400 pp.

Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.315pp.
No Exit: Aboriginal Australians and the Historicizing of Interpretation and Theory
Authors: Yengoyan Aram A.
Published: February 2005

Arguments about Aborigines: Australia and the Evolution of Social Anthropology, L. R. Hiatt Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 225 pp.

What the Bones Say: Tasmanian Aborigines, Science, and Domination. John J. Cove. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University Press, 1995. 221 pp.
Time, Narrative, and Cultural Action
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl
Published: February 2005

Disorderly Discourse: Narrative, Conflict, and Inequality. Charles L. Briggs. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 302 pp.
From Margin to Center: From Medical Anthropology to Cultural Studies of Science
Authors: Gaines Atwood D.
Published: February 2005

Writing at the Margins: Discourse between Anthropology and Medicine. Arthur Kleinman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. 314 pp.

Sickness and Healing: An Anthropological Perspective. Robert A. Hahn New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995. 327 pp.

The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder. Allan Young. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. 327 pp.
Peripheral Migrants: Haitians and Dominican Republic Sugar Plantations
Authors: Lundahl Mats
Published: February 2005

Peripheral Migrants: Haitians and Dominican Republic Sugar Plantations. Samuel Martinez. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. 228 pp.
Latinos in New York: Communities in Transition
Authors: Villanueva Margaret A.
Published: February 2005

Latinos in New York: Communities in Transition. Gabriel Haslip‐Viera and Sherrie L. Baver. eds. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996. 338 pp.
People of the Sea: Identity and Descent among the Vezo of Madagascar
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: February 2005

People of the Sea: Identity and Descent among the Vezo of Madagascar Rita Astuti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 188 pp.
The Poetics and Politics of Tuareg Aging: Life Course and Personal Destiny in Niger
Authors: Arsdale Peter W. Van
Published: February 2005

The Poetics and Politics of Tuareg Aging: Life Course and Personal Destiny in Niger. Susan J. Rasmussen Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997. 188 pp.
Anthropology of Religion: A Handbook
Authors: Houk James
Published: February 2005

Anthropology of Religion:. Handbook. Stephen D. Glazier. ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. 542 pp.
Re‐Searching Black Music
Authors: Keyes Cheryl L.
Published: February 2005

Re‐Searching Black Music. Jon Michael Spencer. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996. 154 pp.
The Heiltsuks: Dialogues of Culture and History on the Northwest Coast
Authors: Miller Bruce G.
Published: February 2005

The Heiltsuks: Dialogues of Culture and History on the Northwest Coast. Michael E. Harkin. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. 195 pp.
Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins
Authors: Feibel Craig S.
Published: February 2005

Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. Elisabeth S. Vrba. George H. Denton. Timothy C. Partridge. and Lloyd H. Burckle. eds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995. 547 pp.
Making Faces: Using Forensic and Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Manhein Mary H.
Published: February 2005

Making Faces: Using Forensic and Archaeological Evidence. John Prag and Richard Neave. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. 256 pp.
The Lost Drum: The Myth of Sexuality in Papua New Guinea and Beyond
Authors: Hammar Lawrence
Published: February 2005

The Lost Drum: The Myth of Sexuality in Papua New Guinea and Beyond. James F. Weiner. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1995. 199 pp.
Unheroic Conduct: The Rise of Heterosexuality and Die Invention of the Jewish Man
Authors: Lavender Abraham D.
Published: February 2005

Unheroic Conduct: The Rise of Heterosexuality and Die Invention of the Jewish Man. Daniel Boyarin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 417 pp.
Creoles of Color of the Gulf South
Authors: Sexton Rocky L.
Published: February 2005

Creoles of Color of the Gulf South, James H. Dormon. ed. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996. 190 pp.
The Northern Nadars of Tamil Nadu: An Indian Caste in the Process of Cliange
Authors: Burkhart Geoffrey
Published: February 2005

The Northern Nadars of Tamil Nadu: An Indian Caste in the Process of Cliange. Dennis Templeman. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. 284 pp.
The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: February 2005

The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium. R. Ross Holloway. London: Routledge, 1996, 203 pp,
Settlement Ecology: The Social and Spatial Organization of Kofyar Agriculture
Authors: Terrence McCabe J.
Published: February 2005

Settlement Ecology: The Social and Spatial Organization of Kofyar Agriculture. Glenn Davis Stone. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996. 256 pp.
Interpreting Southwesterly Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns
Authors: Cordell Linda S.
Published: February 2005

Interpreting Southwesterly Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns. Paul R. Fish and J. Jefferson Reid. eds. Anthropological Research Papers, 48. Tucson: Arizona State University Press, 1996. 320 pp.
A History of Dogs in the Early Americas
Authors: Sharp Henry S.
Published: February 2005

. History of Dogs in the Early Americas. Marion Schwartz. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997. 233 pp.
Hunting the Wren: Transformation of Bird to Symbol
Authors: Forth Gregory
Published: February 2005

Hunting tfie Wren: Transformation of Bird to Symbol. Elizabeth Atwood Lawrence. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. 234 pp.
Condor Qatay: Anthropology in Performance
Authors: Murray David A. B.
Published: February 2005

Condor Qatay: Anthropology in Performance. Catherine J. Allen and Nathan Garner. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1997. 139 pp.
Fieldwork among the Maya: Reflections on the Harvard Chiapas Project
Authors: Foster George M.
Published: February 2005

Fieldwork among the Maya: Reflections on the Harvard Chiapas Project. Evon Z. Vogt Albuquerque. University of New Mexico Press, 1994. 451 pp.
Mixed Blessings: Gender and Religious Fundamentalism Cross Culturally
Authors: Davie Jody Shapiro
Published: February 2005

Mixed Blessings: Gender and Religious Fundamentalism Cross Culturally. Judy Brink and Joan Mencher. eds. New York: Routledge, 1997. 275 pp.
Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China
Authors: Kohrman Matthew
Published: February 2005

Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China, Francesca Bray. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 419 pp.
A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine
Authors: Schnell Scott
Published: February 2005

. Year in the Life of. Shinto Shrine. John K. Nelson. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. 286 pp.
Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy
Authors: Dunn Stephen P.
Published: February 2005

Daily Life in. Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy. vols. David H. Lempert. East European Monographs (Boulder), 444. Boulder, CO: David H. Lempert, 1995. 1761 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press.
La griffe des aïeux: Marquage du corps et démarquages ethniques chez les Matis d'Amazonie
Authors: McCallum Cecilia
Published: February 2005

La griffe des aïeux: Marquage du corps et démarquages ethniques chez les Matis d'Amazonie. Philippe Erikson. Langues et Sociétés d'Amérique Traditionelle, 5. Paris: Peeters, 1996. 365 pp.
A Cultural History of Humour
Authors: Davies Christie
Published: February 2005

. Cultural History of Humour. Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg. eds. Cambridge: Polity, 1997. 264 pp.
Baseball on the Border: A Tale of Two Laredos
Authors: Velez‐Ibañez Carlos
Published: February 2005

Baseball on the Border:. Tale of Two Laredos. Alan M. Klein. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.291 pp.
Abu Sayyaf: Displays of Violence and the Proliferation of Contested Identities among Philippine Muslims
Authors: Frake Charles O.
Published: February 2005

Violence between and among Christians and Muslims of the southwestern Philippines provides the ethnographic setting for an investigation of Herzfeld's paradox of social indifference. But there is yet another paradox in this case: Why has this 400‐year conflict been characterized by a proliferation of contested identities among the insurgents, those who most need to be united?

Is this another case of the force of “hegemony,” with the oppressed somehow duped into practices detrimental to their own interests? But how? And by what agency? The Philippine case reveals the challenging complexities of identity construction to be faced in any attempt to reach an understanding of these issues.
Distributive Models of Culture: A Sapirian Alternative to Essentialism
Authors: Rodseth Lars
Published: February 2005

The Boasian conception of culture has been roundly criticized in recent years for its essentialist, or even racist, implications. Yet an alternative model that avoids these implications was proposed in the 1930s by Boas student Edward Sapir. Having long survived on the margins of anthropological theory, Sapir's “distributive” concept of culture is now entering the theoretical mainstream through recent developments in both psychological and “postmodernist” anthropology.

By emphasizing the full range of variation within any so‐called culture, anthropologists have begun to apply the same style of population thinking that helped launch the Darwinian revolution in biology.
Cover Picture: Colloidal Crystal Capillary Columns—Towards Optical Chromatography (Adv. Mater. 4/2005)
Authors: Kamp U. , Kitaev V. , von Freymann G. , Ozin G. A. , Mabury S. A.
Published: February 2005

The cover illustration, designed by Ludovico Cademartiri, is an artistic rendering of novel micro‐ and nanobore chromatographic columns, as reported by Ozin and co‐workers on p. 438. The three‐dimensional periodic arrangement of the building blocks, solid spheres or air‐spheres, constituting the chromatographic stationary phase allows wavelength‐selective interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the stationary phase. The photonic stop band responsible for the structural color of the column is monitored spectroscopically and shifts of its wavelength, generated by minute refractive index changes within a mobile phase (here represented by alkane homologues), can be immediately detected at any point along and around the column due to the exceptional structural uniformity.
No association of GSK3β gene (GSK3B) with Japanese schizophrenia
Authors: Ikeda Masashi , Iwata Nakao , Suzuki Tatsuyo , Kitajima Tsuyoshi , Yamanouchi Yoshio , Kinoshita Yoko , Ozaki Norio
Published: February 2005

Several lines of evidence indicate that glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) is one of the candidates for schizophrenia‐susceptibility factor. However, it has not been reported the association analysis between GSK3β gene (GSK3B) and Japanese schizophrenia based on linkage disequilibrium (LD). We provide an association analysis using relatively large samples (381 schizophrenia, and 352 controls) after determination of “tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).” In this LD mapping, we selected and genotyped for eight polymorphisms (seven SNPs and one diallelic (CAA)n repeat), which covered the entire region of GSK3B, and determined two “tag SNPs.” In the following association analysis using these two “tag SNPs,” we could not find association with Japanese schizophrenia. Furthermore, we also include subgroup analysis considering age‐at‐onset and subtypes, neither could we find associations. Because our samples provided quite high power, these results indicate that GSK3B may not play a major role in Japanese schizophrenia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neue Entwicklungen in der asymmetrischen Mehrkomponenten‐Reaktion
Authors: Ramón Diego J. , Yus Miguel
Published: February 2005

Unter der asymmetrischen Mehrkomponenten‐Reaktion versteht man die Synthese von chiralen Verbindungen aus drei oder mehr gleichzeitig zusammengegebenen Reaktionspartnern. Diese Art der Zugabe und Umsetzung hat gegenüber klassischen divergenten Strategien eine Reihe von Vorteilen, darunter ein geringerer Aufwand an Kosten, Zeit und Energie sowie eine bessere Umweltverträglichkeit. Dies und die hohe Stereoselektivität mancher Reaktionen werden diese neue Synthesestrategie für die chemische Industrie und für Hochschulen zunehmend wichtig machen. In diesem Aufsatz werden die Vorzüge, aber auch die Probleme asymmetrischer Mehrkomponenten‐Reaktionen diskutiert.
Novel immobilized liposomal glucose oxidase system using the channel protein OmpF and catalase
Authors: Yoshimoto Makoto , Wang Shaoqing , Fukunaga Kimitoshi , Fournier Didier , Walde Peter , Kuboi Ryoichi , Nakao Katsumi
Published: February 2005

The reactivity of immobilized glucose oxidase‐containing liposomes (IGOL) prepared in our previous work (Wang et al. [2003] Biotechnol Bioeng 83:444–453) was considerably improved here by incorporating the channel protein OmpF from Escherichia coli into the liposome membrane as well as by entrapping inside the liposome's aqueous interior not only glucose oxidase (GO), but also catalase (CA), both from Aspergillus niger. CA was used for decomposing the hydrogen peroxide produced in the glucose oxidation reaction inside the liposomes. The presence of OmpF enhanced the transport of glucose molecules from the exterior of the liposomes to the interior. In a first step of the work, liposomes containing GO and CA (GOCAL) were prepared and characterized. A remarkable protection effect of the liposome membrane on CA inside the liposomes at 40°C was found; the remaining CA activity at 72 h incubation was more than 60% for GOCAL, while less than 20% for free CA. In a second step, OmpF was incorporated into GOCAL membranes, leading to the formation of OmpF‐embedded GOCAL (abbreviated GOCAL‐OmpF). The activity of GO inside GOCAL‐OmpF increased up to 17 times in comparison with that inside GOCAL due to an increased glucose permeation across the liposome bilayer, without any leakage of GO or CA from the liposomes. The optimal system was estimated to contain on average five OmpF molecules per liposome. Finally, GOCAL‐OmpF were covalently immobilized into chitosan gel beads. The performance of this novel biocatalyst (IGOCAL‐OmpF) was examined by following the change in glucose conversion, as well as by following the remaining GO activity in successive 15‐h air oxidations for repeated use at 40°C in an airlift bioreactor. IGOCAL‐OmpF showed higher reactivity and reusability than IGOL, as well as IGOL containing OmpF (IGOL‐OmpF). The IGOCAL‐OmpF gave about 80% of glucose conversion even when the catalyst was used repeatedly four times, while the corresponding conversions were about 60% and 20% for the IGOL and IGOL‐OmpF, respectively. Due to the absence of CA, IGOL‐OmpF was less stable and resulted in drastically inhibited GO. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The First Studies of a Tetrathiafulvalene‐σ‐Acceptor Molecular Rectifier
Authors: Ho Gregory , Heath James R. , Kondratenko Mykola , Perepichka Dmitrii F. , Arseneault Karin , Pézolet Michel , Bryce Martin R.
Published: February 2005

Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers of a donor–acceptor diad TTF‐σ‐(trinitrofluorene) (8) with an extremely low HOMO–LUMO gap (0.3 eV) have been used to create molecular junction devices that show rectification behavior. By virtue of structural similarities and position of molecular orbitals, 8 is the closest well‐studied analogue of the model Aviram–Ratner unimolecular rectifier (TTF‐σ‐TCNQ). Compressing the monolayer results in aligning the molecules, and is followed by a drastic increase in the rectification ratio. The direction of rectification depends on the electrodes used and is different in n‐Si/8/Ti and Au/8/C16H33S‐Hg junctions. The molecular nature of such behavior was corroborated by control experiments with fatty acids and by reversing the rectification direction with changing the molecular orientation (Au/D‐σ‐A versus Au/A‐σ‐D).
Selective Deposition of Ruthenium Films by Digital CVD
Authors: Goswami J. , Noh W. , Dey S. K.
Published: February 2005

A novel process for selective and conformal deposition of ruthenium thin films is demonstrated by a liquid‐source digital‐CVD technique using alternate exposures of Ru(THD)2COD and oxygen. The films are selectively deposited at 280–320 °C on the exposed area of hydroxyl‐terminated ALD‐HfO2 surfaces patterned with photoresist (Figure). In general, ruthenium films deposited are found to be dense and polycrystalline, have a typical resistivity of 20.6 μΩ cm, and exhibit a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity, indicating metallic‐type conduction through electrically continuous grains.
Formation of Metal Oxide Particles in Atomic Layer Deposition During the Chemisorption of Metal Chlorides: A Review
Authors: Puurunen R. L.
Published: February 2005

As has been known for a decade, metal oxide particles can form in a single reaction of gaseous metal chlorides with solid oxides. This is an undesirable effect in the fabrication of thin films by atomic layer deposition (ALD). This work reviews the experimental results related to the metal oxide particle formation and the mechanisms suggested to account for it. The suggested mechanisms cannot explain the observations, but systematic analysis of the possible reaction paths delivers one reaction mechanism candidate, based on a reaction between surface chlorine groups and the hydroxyl groups of gaseous metal hydroxychloride intermediates. The consequences of the proposed mechanism are discussed.
[(1,5‐Cyclooctadiene)(toluene)ruthenium(0)]: A Novel Precursor for the MOCVD of Thin Ruthenium Films
Authors: Schneider A. , Popovska N. , Holzmann F. , Gerhard H. , Topf C. , Zenneck U.
Published: February 2005

MOCVD of [(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)(toluene)Ru0] on copper and silicon substrates in a vertical cold‐wall reactor led to the formation of thin metallic ruthenium films with low carbon content. The deposition was carried out by varying the substrate temperature (150–450 °C), total pressure (100–500 mbar) and mean residence time (0.17–0.50 s). It was found that Ru films could be deposited at temperatures as low as 150 °C. The exhaust gas was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and the deposited films were characterized by energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDX) and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). A correlation was found between the carbon content of the films and the presence of chemically modified ligands in the MOCVD exhaust gas. 1,5‐Cyclooctadiene was identified as the main source for carbon incorporated into the deposited Ru films. C–H activation at the metallic ruthenium surface was regarded as the primary process of ligand degradation, which led to final carbon contamination.
Immunoregulatory effects of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate on cytokine release from stimulated whole blood
Authors: Swennen Els L. R. , Bast Aalt , Dagnelie Pieter C.
Published: February 2005

In vitro studies suggest that extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides may be important regulators of inflammatory and immune responses. Most studies with adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) have been performed in cell lines, which are remote from the human situation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of ATP on TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐10 release in stimulated whole blood. Blood samples were drawn from healthy volunteers and incubated with ATP and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 24 h. Contrary to expectations, ATP at 100 μM and 300 μM induced a reduction in TNF‐α secretion by 32±8% (mean ± SEM) and 65±4%, respectively. Furthermore, these ATP concentrations induced an increase in IL‐10 secretion by 48±5% and 62±7% in whole blood. The ATP analogue adenosine 5′‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) (ATP‐γ‐S) and adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP) also inhibited TNF‐α release, but only ADP showed a stimulatory effect on IL‐10. Co‐treatment with adenosine deaminase did not reverse the ATP effect on TNF‐α and IL‐10. These results show, for the first time, that ATP inhibits the inflammatory response in stimulated whole blood as indicated by inhibition of TNF‐α and stimulation of IL‐10 release and that this effect is predominantly mediated by ATP and not by adenosine.
In vitro and in vivo properties of a dimeric bispecific single‐chain antibody IgG‐fusion protein for depletion of CCR2+ target cells in mice
Authors: Schneider Martin A. , Brühl Hilke , Wechselberger Alexandra , Cihak Josef , Stangassinger Manfred , Schlöndorff Detlef , Mack Matthias
Published: February 2005

The chemokine receptor CCR2 is highly expressed on leukocytes in several inflammatory diseases of both mice and men. Apart from blockade of CCR2 to prevent chemokine‐dependent cell migration, depletion of CCR2+ cells might be a promising strategy for treatment of inflammatory diseases. We therefore designed a bispecific antibody construct with the ability to deplete CCR2+ target cells in vitro and in vivo. The bispecific antibody construct consists of two single‐chain antibody variable fragments (scFv) – one recognizing murine CD3ϵ and the other recognizing murine CCR2 – joined by a short linker and fused to a modified hinge region and the CH2 and CH3 domains of murine IgG1 for dimerization. The protein was expressed in mammalian cells and purified via its C‐terminal histidine tail. In vitro this construct leads to efficient antigen‐specific and costimulation‐independent activation of T cells and strong lysis of CCR2+ target cells. In vivo the construct induces an almost complete depletion of CCR2+CD11b+ monocytes from the peripheral blood and spleens of BALB/c mice within 24 h. This recombinant protein construct is a dimeric, bispecific antibody with markedly improved serum levels compared to conventional bispecific single‐chain antibodies and the ability to deplete CCR2+CD11b+ monocytes in vivo.
Thymic cortical epithelium induces self tolerance
Authors: Goldman Kissinger P. , Park Chan‐Sik , Kim Moon , Matzinger Polly , Anderson Colin C.
Published: February 2005

Because of its role in positive selection, the ability of cortical epithelium to induce tolerance is controversial. On the one hand, experiments with transplanted thymuses showed that the recipients were functionally tolerant of all the antigens expressed by the cells of those thymuses, including cells of the cortical epithelium. On the other, the keratin 14 (K14) transgenic mouse strain, which expresses MHC class II on cortical epithelium under the control of the K14 promoter, does not seem to be tolerant of the transgenic MHC molecule. Here we tested whether the lack of tolerance in the K14 mouse might be more apparent than real. We found that K14 mice are indeed completely tolerant of K14 cortical thymic epithelium, whereas they remain reactive to tissues that express the same MHC allele under normal genetic control. These results establish the ability of cortical epithelium to induce central tolerance, and impinge on several of the models concerning positive selection of newly developing T cells.