bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surprisingly little population genetic structure in a fungus‐associated beetle despite its exploitation of multiple hosts
Authors: Wood Corlett W. , Donald Hannah M. , Formica Vincent A. , Brodie Edmund D.
Published: April 2013

In heterogeneous environments, landscape features directly affect the structure of genetic variation among populations by functioning as barriers to gene flow. Resource‐associated population genetic structure, in which populations that use different resources (e.g., host plants) are genetically distinct, is a well‐studied example of how environmental heterogeneity structures populations. However, the pattern that emerges in a given landscape should depend on its particular combination of resources. If resources constitute barriers to gene flow, population differentiation should be lowest in homogeneous landscapes, and highest where resources exist in equal proportions. In this study, we tested whether host community diversity affects population genetic structure in a beetle (Bolitotherus cornutus) that exploits three sympatric host fungi. We collected B. cornutus from plots containing the three host fungi in different proportions and quantified population genetic structure in each plot using a panel of microsatellite loci. We found no relationship between host community diversity and population differentiation in this species; however, we also found no evidence of resource‐associated differentiation, suggesting that host fungi are not substantial barriers to gene flow. Moreover, we detected no genetic differentiation among B. cornutus populations separated by several kilometers, even though a previous study demonstrated moderate genetic structure on the scale of a few hundred meters. Although we found no effect of community diversity on population genetic structure in this study, the role of host communities in the structuring of genetic variation in heterogeneous landscapes should be further explored in a species that exhibits resource‐associated population genetic structure.
Population differentiation of the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri across dissolved oxygen regimes
Authors: Harniman Robert , Merritt Thomas J. S. , Chapman Lauren J. , Lesbarrères David , Martinez Mery L.
Published: April 2013

Population level response to hypoxia has become an issue of global significance because of increased frequency and intensity of hypoxic events worldwide, and the potential for global warming to exacerbate hypoxic stress. In this study, we sequenced two nuclear intronic regions and a single mitochondrial region across seven populations of the African cyprinid, Barbus neumayeri from two river drainages in Uganda: the Rwembaita Swamp‐Njuguta River System and the Dura River. We then examined two indices of population structure, GST and Jost's D, to detect links between oxygen availability and genetic variation and to determine if population genetic structure was associated with (i) dissolved oxygen regime (hypoxia or normoxia), (ii) geographical distance, or (iii) a combination of dissolved oxygen regime and geographical distance. Our results indicate that over a large scale (between drainages), geographical distance significantly affects the genetic structure of populations. However, within a single drainage, dissolved oxygen regime plays a key role in determining the genetic structure of populations. Within the Rwembaita‐Njuguta system, gene flow was high between locations of similar oxygen regimes, but low between areas characterized by divergent oxygen regimes. Interestingly, GST analyses appear to yield less realistic measures of population structure than Jost's D, suggesting that caution must be taken when interpreting and comparing the results from different studies. These results support the idea that aquatic dissolved oxygen can act as a selective force limiting gene flow among populations of aquatic species and therefore should be considered when implementing conservation plans and assessing environmental impact of human activities.
Two‐Degree‐of‐Freedom Robust Temperature Control of Peltier Device Based on Heat Disturbance Observer
Authors: Morimitsu Hidetaka , Katsura Seiichiro
Published: April 2013

Recently, the Peltier device has been attracting attention as a haptic device that can transfer heat, because it has relatively fast response characteristics among thermal devices. To transmit thermal sensation, temperature control is considered to be important. However, it is difficult to design a controller because of factors such as parameter variations, nonlinear characteristics of the device, and heat that flows from an external object. Furthermore, it is preferable that the tracking performance and disturbance suppression characteristics be designed independently. To address these factors, this paper proposes a heat disturbance observer, which is constructed by using the disturbance observer commonly used in the field of motion control. When the observer is used, the thermal system becomes robust to the above‐mentioned factors. In addition, it is possible to design the tracking performance independently of the disturbance suppression characteristics. The validity of the proposal is confirmed by experimental results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(1): 66–74, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22282
Characterization and ecological risk assessment of nanoparticulate CeO2 as a diesel fuel catalyst
Authors: Batley Graeme E. , Halliburton Brendan , Kirby Jason K. , Doolette Casey L. , Navarro Divina , McLaughlin Mike J. , Veitch Colin
Published: April 2013

Nanoparticulate cerium dioxide (nano-CeO2), when combusted as an additive to diesel fuel, was transformed from 6 nm to 14 nm sizes into particles near 43 nm, with no obvious change in the unit cell dimensions or crystalline form. Cerium sulfate, if formed during combustion, was below detection limits. Ceria nanoparticles were agglomerated within the soot matrix, with a mean aerodynamic diameter near 100 nm. The dissolution of cerium from the dried ceria catalyst in synthetic soft water was extremely small (<0.0006% or <0.2 µg Ce/L), with particles being highly agglomerated (<450 nm). Agglomeration was reduced in the presence of humic acid. In the combusted samples, soot was dominant, and the solubility of cerium in soft water showed an almost 100-fold increase in the <1 nm fraction compared to that before combustion. It appeared that the nano-CeO2 remained agglomerated within the soot matrix and would not be present as dispersed nanoparticles in aquatic or soil environments. Despite the increased dissolution, the solubility was not sufficient for the combusted ceria to represent a risk in aquatic ecosystems. The predicted environmental concentrations were still orders of magnitude below the predicted no effects concentration of near 1 mg/L. In the soil environment, any cerium released from soot materials would interact with natural colloids, decreasing cerium concentrations in soil solutions and further minimizing the potential risk to soil organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1896–1905. © 2013 SETAC
On the capacity of the cognitive interference channel with a common cognitive message
Authors: Rini S. , Huppert C.
Published: April 2013

In this paper, the cognitive interference channel with a common message, a variation of the classical cognitive interference channel in which the cognitive message is decoded at both receivers, is studied. For this channel model, new outer and inner bounds are developed as well as new capacity results for both the discrete memoryless and the Gaussian case. The outer bounds are derived using bounding techniques originally developed by Sato for the classical interference channel, and Nair and El Gamal for the broadcast channel. A general inner bound is obtained combining rate‐splitting, superposition coding, and binning. Inner and outer bounds are shown to coincide in the ‘very strong interference’ and the ‘primary decodes cognitive’ regimes. The first regime consists of channels in which there is no loss of optimality in having both receivers decode both messages, whereas in the latter regime, interference pre‐cancellation at the cognitive receiver achieves capacity. Capacity for the Gaussian channel is shown to within a constant additive gap and a constant multiplicative factor. The first result well characterises the capacity at high signal‐to‐noise ratio, whereas the latter at low signal‐to‐noise ratio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus among patients with acute diarrhea in Guatemala
Authors: Estévez Alejandra , Arvelo Wences , Hall Aron J. , López María R. , López Beatriz , Reyes Lissette , Moir Juan Carlos , Gregoricus Nicole , Vinjé Jan , Parashar Umesh D. , Lindblade Kim A.
Published: April 2013

Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhea in industrialized countries. To study the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoVs in Guatemala, stool specimens were collected from hospitalized and ambulatory patients presenting with diarrhea (≥3 loose or liquid stools in a 24‐hr period) who were enrolled in a prospective surveillance system in the Departments of Santa Rosa (October 2007 to August 2010) and Quetzaltenango (August 2009 to August 2010), Guatemala. Specimens were tested for rotavirus, enteric bacteria, and parasites by routine methods and for genogroups I and II NoV by real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR. A total of 2,403 stool specimens were collected from hospitalized (n = 528) and ambulatory patients (n = 1,875). Overall, 341 (14%) samples tested positive for NoVs including 114 (22%) hospitalized and 227 (12%) ambulatory patients. NoVs disease peaked during the winter (November–January) months. Among the 341 NoVs‐positive patients, 32 (9%) were also positive for rotavirus, 32 (9%) for bacteria, and 9 (3%) for protozoa. Nucleotide sequences were obtained from 84 samples collected from hospitalized children aged <5 years of age, which could be grouped into nine GII and three GI genotypes with GII.4 (74%) and GI.8 (10%) being the most common. This is the first study on the prevalence of NoVs among hospitalized and ambulatory patients with diarrhea in Guatemala. The findings highlight the need to implement laboratory diagnostics for NoVs to improve appropriate clinical management of diarrheal diseases and guide vaccine development. J. Med. Virol. 85:1293–1298, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functionalized Graphene and Carbon Materials as Additives for Melt‐Extruded Flame Retardant Polypropylene
Authors: Hofmann Daniel , Wartig Karen‐Alessa , Thomann Ralf , Dittrich Bettina , Schartel Bernhard , Mülhaupt Rolf
Published: April 2013

Functionalized graphene nanosheets TRGO and MLG 250, prepared from thermally reduced graphite oxide, represent attractive carbon additives for improving the performance of flame retardant polypropylene (PP‐FR). The influence of carbon nanofiller type and content on morphology, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties as well as the fire behavior of melt‐extruded PP‐FR is investigated. In contrast to conventional nano‐ and micron‐sized carbon fillers such as expanded graphite (EG 40), nano‐scaled carbon black (CB), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT), only TRGO and MLG 250 afford uniform dispersion combined with simultaneously improved stiffness (+80%), electrical conductivity (3 × 10−5 S · cm−1) and enhanced flame retardancy of PP‐FR, as expressed by lower peak heat release rate (−76%).
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese adolescent and adult patients
Authors: Holterman Ai‐Xuan L. , Guzman Grace , Fantuzzi Giamila , Wang Huaping , Aigner Kristin , Browne Allen , Holterman Mark
Published: April 2013

Objectives:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly an indication for liver transplantation in adults. While severe obesity (SO, BMI ≥40 kg m−2) in adults is long standing, it is recent in duration in adolescents. With adolescent obesity on the rise, NAFLD is becoming the most frequent liver disease in adolescents. The hypothesis that SO adolescents and adults have different severity of NAFLD because of longer duration of obesity in SO adults was tested.

Design and Methods:

Preoperative clinical data, NAFLD activity and NASH (Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) scores from intraoperative liver biopsies were extracted from a prospective database of consecutively operated SO adolescents and adults (n = 24 each). Fasting preoperative serum inflammatory mediators were evaluated by ELISA.

Results:

Other than age, baseline BMI, ethnicity and gender distribution, the incidence and extent of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome were comparable between groups. Histologic scores for steatosis and inflammation were similar. Adolescents have significantly higher NASH incidence, hepatocyte injury scores and fibrosis. This was associated with higher serum C‐reactive protein and sCD14 levels.

Conclusion:

For comparable BMI and metabolic profile, SO adolescents have more advanced liver damage, more severe systemic inflammation, suggesting differences in NAFLD etiologies and more aggressive disease progression in the young obese population.
Dietary supplementation with Agaricus blazei murill extract prevents diet‐induced obesity and insulin resistance in rats
Authors: Vincent Mylène , Philippe Erwann , Everard Amandine , Kassis Nadim , Rouch Claude , Denom Jessica , Takeda Yorihiko , Uchiyama Shoji , Delzenne Nathalie M. , Cani Patrice D. , Migrenne Stéphanie , Magnan Christophe
Published: April 2013

Objective:

Dietary supplement may potentially help to fight obesity and other metabolic disorders such as insulin‐resistance and low‐grade inflammation. The present study aimed to test whether supplementation with Agaricus blazei murill (ABM) extract could have an effect on diet‐induced obesity in rats.

Design and Methods:

Wistar rats were fed with control diet (CD) or high‐fat diet (HF) and either with or without supplemented ABM for 20 weeks.

Results:

HF diet‐induced body weight gain and increased fat mass compared to CD. In addition HF‐fed rats developed hyperleptinemia and insulinemia as well as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. In HF‐fed rats, visceral adipose tissue also expressed biomarkers of inflammation. ABM supplementation in HF rats had a protective effect against body weight gain and all study related disorders. This was not due to decreased food intake which remained significantly higher in HF rats whether supplemented with ABM or not compared to control. There was also no change in gut microbiota composition in HF supplemented with ABM. Interestingly, ABM supplementation induced an increase in both energy expenditure and locomotor activity which could partially explain its protective effect against diet‐induced obesity. In addition a decrease in pancreatic lipase activity is also observed in jejunum of ABM‐treated rats suggesting a decrease in lipid absorption.

Conclusions:

Taken together these data highlight a role for ABM to prevent body weight gain and related disorders in peripheral targets independently of effect in food intake in central nervous system.
Inhibition of the LKB1–AMPK pathway by the Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded LMP1 promotes proliferation and transformation of human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells
Authors: Lo Angela Kwok‐Fung , Lo Kwok‐Wai , Ko Chun‐Wai , Young Lawrence S , Dawson Christopher W
Published: April 2013

The association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection with the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is well established. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major oncogene encoded by EBV, is believed to play a crucial role in NPC pathogenesis by virtue of its ability to constitutively activate multiple cell signalling pathways. The LKB1–AMPK pathway is a master regulator of cellular metabolism that, via modulation of energy metabolism, has tumour suppressor activity. In this study we identify a novel ability of LMP1 to inhibit the LKB1–AMPK pathway through phosphorylation of LKB1 at serine 428 with subsequent suppression of the phosphorylation of AMPK and its substrates, ACC and Raptor. We show that MEK/ERK–MAPK signalling, activated by the CTAR1 domain of LMP1, is responsible for LKB1–AMPK inactivation. In addition, reactivation of AMPK signalling by AMPK activator, AICAR, abolished LMP1‐induced cellular transformation (proliferation and anchorage‐independent growth) in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that a low level of phosphorylated AMPK is common in primary NPC specimens, and that this correlated significantly with the expression of LMP1. AICAR treatment inhibited the proliferation and anchorage‐independent growth of NPC cells as well as potentiating the cytotoxic effect of the chemotherapeutic drug 5‐fluorouracil. The current findings demonstrate that LMP1‐mediated AMPK inactivation contributes to the proliferation and transformation of epithelial cells, thereby implicating the LKB1–AMPK pathway in the EBV‐driven pathogenesis of NPC. Our findings also suggest that AMPK activators could be used to enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of local and metastatic NPC. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryo‐EM model validation using independent map reconstructions
Authors: DiMaio Frank , Zhang Junjie , Chiu Wah , Baker David
Published: April 2013

An increasing number of cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) density maps are being generated with suitable resolution to trace the protein backbone and guide sidechain placement. Generating and evaluating atomic models based on such maps would be greatly facilitated by independent validation metrics for assessing the fit of the models to the data. We describe such a metric based on the fit of atomic models with independent test maps from single particle reconstructions not used in model refinement. The metric provides a means to determine the proper balance between the fit to the density and model energy and stereochemistry during refinement, and is likely to be useful in determining values of model building and refinement metaparameters quite generally.
Improving transparency of bilateral control system by sliding mode assist disturbance observer
Authors: Tian Dapeng , Yashiro Daisuke , Ohnishi Kouhei
Published: April 2013

Transparency is an important indicator to evaluate the performance of a bilateral control system. Uncompensated disturbances in high frequency degrade the transparency in the traditional disturbance observer (DOB) based bilateral control. This paper analyzes the influence of the uncompensated disturbances, and proposes a sliding mode assist disturbance observer (SMADO) to solve the problem. The sliding mode technique helps the original DOB to estimate the disturbances in high frequency by making use of a rapid switching control value. The required switching gain is small in the proposal, which is good for alleviating the chattering. Moreover, to avoid conservative and arbitrary design of the switching gain, a reasonable benchmark is proposed by employing the estimation error between the original DOB and another parallel DOB with a different cutoff frequency. The validity of the proposal is confirmed by experiments. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Runtime data‐based characterization and torque estimation of switched reluctance motors
Authors: Kucuk Fuat , Goto Hiroki , Guo Hai‐Jiao , Ichinokura Osamu
Published: April 2013

High‐performance control of a switched reluctance (SR) motor strictly requires an accurate nonlinear motor model as well as an appropriate control strategy. Since recent modeling methods are either complex or not accurate enough, this paper focuses on overcoming such drawdacks. An experimental method is proposed to collect useful data for modeling a 6/4 SR motor at running condition. Nonlinear modeling is done by an algorithm, which also enables simple static torque computation. The algorithm presents not only the static torque data but also an estimator model for instantaneous torque estimation during real‐time operation, which is very important for most torque control strategies. The nonlinear model is experimantally tested, and its accuracy verified. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flywheel‐based AC cache power for stand‐alone power systems
Authors: Cheng Miao‐Miao , Kato Shuhei , Sumitani Hideo , Shimada Ryuichi
Published: April 2013

Stand‐alone power systems (SPS) are attracting more and more interest with the global move toward distributed generation (DG). Without strong support from the power grid, they suffer from poor load‐following capability at varying loads. A cache power that has fast response and high energy efficiency is demanded. As a solution, this paper provides an AC power technology based on flywheel energy storage. Different from the other DC generation technologies such as electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) or superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), the proposed flywheel system generates AC power and therefore can be directly connected to the power line without any power semiconductors. Furthermore, the proposed technology realizes power in/out automatically in response to the frequency/voltage variation of the power line. Therefore, this system has the advantages of robustness, simplicity, and fast response. Besides, by getting rid of power semiconductors, the proposed flywheel system has a good overload capability as high as two to three times. We prove by simulation and experimentation the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technology to provide cache power for stand‐alone power systems. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chemical composition of soil evolving from municipal solid waste using energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Gupta Dhrubajyoti , Roy Subinit , Ghosh Rita , Mitra Ajoy Kumar
Published: April 2013

Municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the city of Kolkata, India has been dumped at a site known as ‘Dhapa’, situated in the eastern fringes of the city, since the middle of 19th century. The soil in this area is expected to be evolving from several layers of dumped MSW through many decades. Earlier chemical composition study of surface soil of the site revealed the existence of heavy elements at comparatively higher concentrations than non‐contaminated soil. It becomes primary environmental prerogative to investigate further the bulk elemental composition of the soil at various depths. Samples from three different layers had been collected from six selected spots spanning a length of around 2 km, starting from the present core dumping area to a bypass highway dividing the rest of the city from Dhapa. Samples were studied first using radio‐isotope induced energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (RI‐EDXRF) spectrometer and later augmented by using a commercial (Epsilon 5, PANalytical B.V., Netherlands) high‐energy polarized‐beam variety (HE‐P‐EDXRF) to cover a wider range of heavy elements. In RI‐EDXRF, the backscatter fundamental parameter algorithm had been used with the readily available and/or preparable single elemental foils and/or compound pellets as calibration standards for elemental quantification. Whereas in the more sensitive HE‐P‐EDXRF, influence coefficient method was employed, which ideally requires several similar matrix geological soil standards. In the absence of optimum number of soil standards for HE‐P‐EDXRF, the RI‐EDXRF with backscatter fundamental parameter proved useful in covering the dynamic concentration range of certain important heavy metals in the MSW contaminated soil such as Cu, Zn, and Pb. NIST SRM 2586 comprising Pb contaminated soil was used for quality control. Potentially toxic heavy metals were observed at all levels (surface, middle, and lower with geometric mean concentrations in mg/kg) viz.: Cr (320, 250, 100); Ni (70, 70, 55); Cu(315, 320, 360); Zn (940, 810, 625); Cd (2.5, 1.8, 1.1); Sb (5.3, 8.9, 12.4); Ba (1050, 1050, 880); and Pb (530, 520, 724). There is a general trend of higher accumulation of Sb and Pb at lowest level, whereas there is a general trend of decrease with depth for Cr, Zn, and Cd. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute administration of l‐tyrosine alters energetic metabolism of hippocampus and striatum of infant rats
Authors: Ramos Ândrea C. , Ferreira Gabriela K. , Carvalho‐Silva Milena , Furlanetto Camila B. , Gonçalves Cinara L. , Ferreira Gustavo C. , Schuck Patrícia F. , Streck Emilio L.
Published: April 2013

Tyrosinemia type II is an inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the gene that encodes tyrosine aminotransferase, which leads to increased blood tyrosine levels. Considering that tyrosine levels are highly elevated in fluids of patients with tyrosinemia type II, and that previous studies demonstrated significant alterations in brain energy metabolism of young rats caused by l‐tyrosine, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute administration of l‐tyrosine on the activities of citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II, II–III, and IV in posterior cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of infant rats. Wistar rats (10 days old) were killed 1 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of tyrosine (500 mg/kg) or saline. The activities of energy metabolism enzymes were evaluated in brain of rats. Our results demonstrated that acute administration of l‐tyrosine inhibited the activity of citrate synthase activity in striatum and increased the activities of malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in hippocampus. On the other hand, these enzymes were not affected in posterior cortex. The activities of complex I and complex II were inhibited by acute administration of l‐tyrosine in striatum. On the other hand, the acute administration of l‐tyrosine increased the activity of activity of complex II–III in hippocampus. Complex IV was not affected by acute administration of l‐tyrosine in infant rats. Our results indicate an alteration in the energy metabolism in hippocampus and striatum of infant rats after acute administration of l‐tyrosine. If the same effects occur in the brain of the patients, it is possible that energy metabolism impairment may be contribute to possible damage in memory and cognitive processes in patients with tyrosinemia type II.
Vascular alterations in PDAPP mice after anti‐Aβ immunotherapy: Implications for amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities
Authors: Zago Wagner , Schroeter Sally , Guido Teresa , Khan Karen , Seubert Peter , Yednock Ted , Schenk Dale , Gregg Keith M. , Games Dora , Bard Frédérique , Kinney Gene G.
Published: April 2013

Background

Clinical studies of β‐amyloid (Aβ) immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have demonstrated reduction of central Aβ plaque by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and the appearance of amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). To better understand the relationship between ARIA and the pathophysiology of AD, we undertook a series of studies in PDAPP mice evaluating vascular alterations in the context of central Aβ pathology and after anti‐Aβ immunotherapy.

Methods

We analyzed PDAPP mice treated with either 3 mg/kg/week of 3D6, the murine form of bapineuzumab, or isotype control antibodies for periods ranging from 1 to 36 weeks and evaluated the vascular alterations in the context of Aβ pathology and after anti‐Aβ immunotherapy. The number of mice in each treatment group ranged from 26 to 39 and a total of 345 animals were analyzed.

Results

The central vasculature displayed morphological abnormalities associated with vascular Aβ deposits. Treatment with 3D6 antibody induced clearance of vascular Aβ that was spatially and temporally associated with a transient increase in microhemorrhage and in capillary Aβ deposition. Microhemorrhage resolved over a time period that was associated with a recovery of vascular morphology and a decrease in capillary Aβ accumulation.

Conclusions

These data suggest that vascular leakage events, such as microhemorrhage, may be related to the removal of vascular Aβ. With continued treatment, this initial susceptibility period is followed by restoration of vascular morphology and reduced vulnerability to further vascular leakage events. The data collectively suggested a vascular amyloid clearance model of ARIA, which accounts for the currently known risk factors for the incidence of ARIA in clinical studies.
Tumor Suppressors Status in Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia
Authors: Sonkin Dmitriy , Hassan Mehedi , Murphy Denis J. , Tatarinova Tatiana V.
Published: April 2013

Tumor suppressors play a major role in the etiology of human cancer, and typically achieve a tumor‐promoting effect upon complete functional inactivation. Bi‐allelic inactivation of tumor suppressors may occur through genetic mechanisms (such as loss of function mutation, copy number (CN) loss, or loss of heterozygosity (LOH)), epigenetic mechanisms (such as promoter methylation or histone modification), or a combination of the two. We report systematically derived status of 69 known or putative tumor suppressors, across 799 samples of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. In order to generate such resource we constructed a novel comprehensive computational framework for the assessment of tumor suppressor functional “status”. This approach utilizes several orthogonal genomic data types, including mutation data, copy number, LOH and expression. Through correlation with additional data types (compound sensitivity and gene set activity) we show that this integrative method provides a more accurate assessment of tumor suppressor status than can be inferred by expression, copy number, or mutation alone. This approach has the potential for a more realistic assessment of tumor suppressor genes for both basic and translational oncology research.
Taylor, Transcendental Arguments, and Hegel on Consciousness
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: April 2013

In this paper, I consider Charles Taylor's classic article ‘The Opening Arguments of thePhenomenology’, in which Taylor presents an account of the Consciousness chapter of thePhenomenologyas a transcendental argument. I set Taylor's discussion in context and present its main themes. I then consider a recent objection to Taylor's approach put forward by Stephen Houlgate: namely, that to see Hegel as using transcendental arguments would be to violate Hegel's requirement that his method in thePhenomenologyneeds to bepresuppositionless. I concede that Houlgate's criticism of Taylor has some force, but argue that nonetheless Taylor can suggest instead that although Hegel is not offering transcendentalargumentshere, he can plausibly be read as making transcendentalclaims, so that perhaps Houlgate and Taylor are not so far apart after all, notwithstanding this disagreement.
Hegel, Human Rights, and Political Membership
Authors: Buchwalter Andrew
Published: April 2013

This paper examines Hegel's view of the relationship of human rights and political membership. Attention is accorded the concept of a right to have rights, one famously thematized by Hannah Arendt but articulated already earlier by Hegel. The discussion has five parts. Part One considers how for Hegel a notion of political membership is entailed by the concept of right itself. Part Two examines the place occupied by modern civil society in a realised account of human rights. Part Three considers the challenges posed to realised right by the phenomenon of modern poverty and the experience of ‘rightlessness’ it occasions. Part Four details how Hegel's conception of the corporation addresses the phenomenon of rightlessness, taking into account his uniquely reflexive understanding of a right to have rights and its contribution to the project of thePhilosophy of Right. The concluding section briefly compares Hegel's conception of membership rights to Arendt's.
Hopi Film, the Indigenous Aesthetic and Environmental Justice: Victor Masayesva Jr.'sPaatuwaqatsi – Water, Land and Life
Authors: PADGET MARTIN
Published: April 2013

Since the early 1980s, the Hopi filmmaker and photographer Victor Masayesva Jr. has played an influential role in Native American multimedia production in the United States. This article examines Masayesva's filmPaatuwaqatsi: Water, Land and Life(2007), which documents a 1,650-mile run made by Hopis from their home villages in Northern Arizona to Mexico City in early 2006. The run marked the closure of the Mohave Generating Station in southern Nevada and the Black Mesa coal mine which fuelled the power plant. It also celebrated the shutting down of the controversial coal slurry pipeline between the plant and mine that required for its operation the pumping of 1.2 billion gallons of pristine water annually from the Navajo Aquifer, which lies under the homelands of the Hopi and Navajo nations. The article explains how Hopis' affective relationship with place is put into action through the acts of running, prayer and personal sacrifice. It reviews Masayesva’s filmmaking career to date and considers his core idea of the indigenous aesthetic, a set of principles that has guided the practical decisions and artistic choices he has made in the course of over thirty years' working as an independent media producer. After a close analysis of selected scenes inPaatuwaqatsi, the article concludes by noting, first, how the film negotiates internal divisions within Hopi society over development and environmental issues and, second, how it engages the impact of continuing drought and ongoing climate change on the American Southwest.
Incense: Ritual, Health Effects and Prudence
Authors: NAIR URMILA
Published: April 2013

The burning of candles and incense is common in religious ceremonies worldwide. Analysis of incense smoke has shown the presence of particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are hazardous to health. Long-term exposure to smoke formed during combustion can cause airway dysfunction, allergic reactions and dermatological effects and is a risk factor implicated in the development of other serious diseases. In this paper the effect of these studies are reviewed and simple precautions suggested to avoid toxic effects of incense smoke.
Fragrant Ritual Offerings in the Art of Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: BAZIN NATHALIE
Published: April 2013

Buddhism, first officially adopted by Tibetan royalty in the seventh century, remained confined to court circles and was not widely accepted during the reign of the Tibetan kings between the seventh and ninth centuries. After a dark period of persecution during the late imperial period, the so-called “Second Diffusion” of Buddhism in Tibet began towards the end of the tenth century.
Perfumery Plant Materials As Reflected In Early Persian Poetry
Authors: GRAMI BAHRAM
Published: April 2013

Sweet smelling plant materials have attracted human attention since ancient times. It was realised that some plant materials have a better aroma when placed on burning firewood, which is how rituals all over the world came to include both plants and incense. The ceremonial feeding of the perpetual fire in Zoroastrian fire temples, performed five times in 24 hours, is called būy (aroma). The ancient Iranian scriptures – the Avesta and scriptures written in Pahlavi – all mention aromatics and several kinds of incense.
Kōdō — Its Spiritual and Game Elements and Its Interrelations with the Japanese Literary Arts
Authors: HORIGUCHI SATORU , JUNG DINAH
Published: April 2013

In Japan, there are many kinds of dōs. The term has diverse and profound meanings, making it a challenge to define. Simply speaking, dō is a way for people to train the spirit by following specific practices, with the purpose of mastering life. Prominent examples of dōs include chadō / sadō (〔 茶 道 〕 so-called “tea ceremony”), kadō (〔 華 道 〕 so-called “flower arrangement”), shodō (calligraphy), and bushidō (the ethical code of the samurai). There are also sport practices such as jūdō (judo), kendō (kendo) and aikidō (aikido), all of which are also connected with the culture of dō.
The Perfume Culture of China and Taiwan: A Personal Report.
Authors: YUNJUN CHEN
Published: April 2013

Chinese perfumery arts have a history of two or three thousand years. The art however, was never specifically separated from medicine, personal grooming or food culture; many aromatic materials were used for all of these purposes. In comparison to western traditions it is notable that Chinese perfumery was local in character. The aromatic raw materials employed were often native to Chinese lands, or imported from nearby. Moreover, Chinese perfumery differs from the western tradition in regard to the way in which a few outstanding aromatics have been employed.
Gaping Gaps? Implications of the ‘Bible in the Life of the Church’ Project for Bridging the Anglican Hermeneutic Divide
Authors: Ross Alexander
Published: April 2013

This paper seeks to explore the ‘hermeneutical gaps’ identified in a recent and ongoing investigation across the Anglican Communion into the way the Bible is read within worldwide Anglicanism. This investigation is of contemporary importance to the Anglican Communion as the Project's findings were recently presented to the 15th Anglican Consultative Council in October 2012. The ‘hermeneutical gaps’ which have been identified shed important insights into the strained fellowship which currently seems characteristic of the Communion. The approach of this paper is to evaluate whether these ‘gaps’ are symptomatic of an inevitable fracturing within the Communion or whether points of apparent disconnect in the use of the Bible are able to be bridged, held together or reconciled for the benefit of Anglicanism's common life.
Dual‐band circularly‐polarised Spidron fractal microstrip patch antenna for Ku‐band satellite communication applications
Authors: Nguyen Thi T. , Hwang K.C. , Kim H.B.
Published: April 2013

A dual‐band circularly‐polarised antenna implemented on a single substrate is proposed for Ku‐band satellite communication. A microstrip‐fed Spidron fractal patch is utilised to achieve dual‐band resonance and circular polarisation. The proposed antenna, with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 1.52 mm3, has also been fabricated and tested. The measured −10 dB reflection bandwidths are 8.7% (11.44–12.48 GHz) and 6.6% (13.47–14.39 GHz), exhibiting a small resonant frequency ratio of 1.15. The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths for the lower band and the upper band are 2.96 and 1.68%, respectively.
Combination of Target Detection and Block‐matching 3D Filter for Despeckling SAR Images
Authors: Zhu Hu‐Ming , Zhong Wen‐Qian , Jiao L.C.
Published: April 2013

This Letter proposes a combination of target detection and block‐matching 3D filter for despeckling SAR images. The proposed method is able to effectively preserve targets, such as the edges and dots of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, whilst removing noises. In the first step of our proposed method, based on despekling results of bilateral filtering and edge detection of a canny operator, some targets are detected and removed from an SAR image. The second step uses BM3D for denoising the targets‐removed image. Finally, the removed targets are added to the despeckled targets‐removed image and desirable results can be achieved.
Usable speech detection based on empirical mode decomposition
Authors: Ghezaiel W. , Slimanne A. Ben , Braiek E. Ben
Published: April 2013

Recently, usable speech criteria have been proposed to extract minimally corrupted speech for speaker identification in co‐channel speech. Proposed is a new usable speech extraction method based on the pitch information obtained from a multi‐resolution analysis by empirical mode decomposition. The idea is to retain the speech segments that have only one pitch detected and remove the others. Evaluation of this method is performed on the TIMIT database referring to the target to interferer ratio measure. Co‐channel speech is constructed by mixing all possible gender speakers. Results do not show much difference for different mixtures. For the overall mixtures 94.97% of usable speech is correctly detected with false alarms of 16.52%.
Fuzzy extreme learning machine for classification
Authors: Zhang W.B. , Ji H.B.
Published: April 2013

Compared to traditional classifiers, such as SVM, the extreme learning machine (ELM) achieves similar performance for classification and runs at a much faster learning speed. However, in many real applications, the different input points may not be exactly assigned to one of the classes, such as the imbalance problems and the weighted classification problems. The traditional ELM lacks the ability to solve those problems. Proposed is a fuzzy ELM, which introduces a fuzzy membership to the traditional ELM method. Then, the inputs with different fuzzy matrix can make different contributions to the learning of the output weights. For the weighted classification problems, FELM can provide a more logical result than that of ELM.
Temperature‐aware methodology for time synchronisation protocols in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Castillo‐Secilla J.M. , Palomares J.M. , Olivares J.
Published: April 2013

To exploit distributed computation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) time synchronisation protocols are required. These protocols support advanced distributed and synchronous tasks between several nodes. Temperature changes have a strong influence in oscillators and may vary the clock of the nodes. The flooding time synchronisation protocol (FTSP) is a common time‐sync protocol in WSNs. It cannot deal with rapid temperature changes and needs several long periods to readjust the clock drift. Proposed is an innovative correction factor, implemented in a module called advanced adjustment temperature (A2T), that minimises the impact of temperature in the clock skew. This module may be placed on top of any clock‐skew based time synchronisation protocol with minimum coding modifications. For this work, the module has been linked to the FTSP, producing A2T‐FTSP. Experiments show that A2T‐FTSP reduces noticeably the average synchronisation errors compared to FTSP for the same varying temperature conditions.
Quasi‐lumped bandpass filter with sharp transition edge and wide stopband rejection
Authors: Huang H.‐H. , Chen C.‐H. , Horng T.‐S.
Published: April 2013

Presented is a highly miniaturised bandpass filter (BPF) with superior passband selectivity and high rejection over a wide stopband for 2.4 GHz WLAN applications. The proposed third‐order coupled resonator design with a cross‐coupled path provides an attenuation pole that is very close to the passband. Properly setting the fractional bandwidth and the resonator Q factor yields a sharp transition edge to suppress a 2.1 GHz WCDMA signal. Furthermore, the use of quasi‐lumped LC resonators reduces the area of the BPF and generates multiple transmission zeros to enhance the desired stopband rejection.
Diffusive spatio-temporal noise in a first-passage time model for intracellular calcium release
Authors: Flegg Mark B. , Rüdiger Sten , Erban Radek
Published: April 2013

The intracellular release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum is controlled by ion channels. The resulting calcium signals exhibit a rich spatio-temporal signature, which originates at least partly from microscopic fluctuations. While stochasticity in the gating transition of ion channels has been incorporated into many models, the distribution of calcium is usually described by deterministic reaction-diffusion equations. Here we test the validity of the latter modeling approach by using two different models to calculate the frequency of localized calcium signals (calcium puffs) from clustered IP3 receptor channels. The complexity of the full calcium system is here limited to the basic opening mechanism of the ion channels and, in the mathematical reduction simplifies to the calculation of a first passage time. Two models are then studied: (i) a hybrid model, where channel gating is treated stochastically, while calcium concentration is deterministic and (ii) a fully stochastic model with noisy channel gating and Brownian calcium ion motion. The second model utilises the recently developed two-regime method [M. B. Flegg, S. J. Chapman, and R. Erban, “The two-regime method for optimizing stochastic reaction-diffusion simulations,” J. R. Soc., Interface 9, 859–868 (2012)]10.1098/rsif.2011.0574 in order to simulate a large domain with precision required only near the Ca2+ absorbing channels. The expected time for a first channel opening that results in a calcium puff event is calculated. It is found that for a large diffusion constant, predictions of the interpuff time are significantly overestimated using the model (i) with a deterministic non-spatial calcium variable. It is thus demonstrated that the presence of diffusive noise in local concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ions can substantially influence the occurrence of calcium signals. The presented approach and results may also be relevant for other cell-physiological first-passage time problems with small ligand concentration and high cooperativity.
Viscoelastic Poiseuille flows with total normal stress dependent, nonlinear Navier slip at the wall
Authors: Housiadas Kostas D.
Published: April 2013

The effect of slip at the wall in steady, isothermal, incompressible Poiseuille flows in channel/slits and circular tubes of viscoelastic fluids is investigated analytically. The nonlinear Navier law at the wall, for the dependence on the shear stress, along with an exponential dependence of the slip coefficient on the total normal stress is assumed. The viscoelasticity of the fluid is taken into account by employing the Oldroyd-B constitutive model. The flow problems are solved using a regular perturbation scheme in terms of the dimensionless exponential decay parameter of the slip coefficient, ɛ. The sequence of partial differential equations resulting from the perturbation procedure is solved analytically up to third order. As a consequence of the nonlinearity of the slip model, a two-dimensional, continuously developing, flow field arises. Spectral analysis on the solution shows that the velocity and pressure profiles are fully resolved even for high values of ɛ, which indicates that the perturbation series up to third order approximates the full solution very well. The effects of the dimensionless slip coefficient, isotropic pressure, and deviatoric part of the total normal stress in the slip model, as well as the other parameters and dimensionless numbers in the flow are presented and discussed. Average quantities, in the cross section of the channel/slit or tube, with emphasis given on the pressure drop and the skin friction factor, are also offered.
Analysis of droplet jumping phenomenon with lattice Boltzmann simulation of droplet coalescence
Authors: Peng Benli , Wang Sifang , Lan Zhong , Xu Wei , Wen Rongfu , Ma Xuehu
Published: April 2013

Droplet jumping from condensing surfaces induced by droplet coalescence during dropwise condensation of mixed steam on a superhydrophobic surface can significantly enhance condensation heat transfer of mixed steam with non-condensable gas. This phenomenon was visually observed and theoretically analyzed in the present paper. The dynamic evolution of droplet and the velocity distribution inside the droplet during coalescence were simulated using multiphase lattice Boltzmann method. The energy distribution released by droplet coalescence was calculated statistically, and the jumping height induced by droplet coalescence on a superhydrophobic surface was predicted based on the energy conservation method. The theoretical predictions obtained by the modified model proposed in this paper agree well with the experimental observations.