bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A generalized logistic distribution
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel
Published: December 2005

A generalized logistic distribution is proposed, based on the fact that the difference of two independent Gumbel‐distributed random variables has the standard logistic distribution.
Anticipatory Gain Modulation in Preparation for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
Authors: Tabata Hiromitsu , Miura Kenichiro , Kawano Kenji
Published: December 2005

We studied the effect of the probability of required tracking on the gain of visuomotor transmission for pursuit initiation in monkeys. We recorded the ocular responses to a brief movement (perturbation) of a target located at an eccentric position from the central fixation spot. As soon as the central fixation spot went off, the animal was required to make a saccade to the target if it remained stationary or to track if it moved. The probability of an upcoming ramp motion of the target (horizontal, 200/sec), requiring pursuit, was varied (target motion probability [TMP] = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1, which was fixed in a block). We found that the magnitude of the response to the perturbation increased gradually as the TMP increased. The initial pursuit response and the perturbation response showed very similar dependence on the TMP, suggesting that the response to the perturbation could be used as an index of the gain of visuomotor transmission for pursuit initiation. We also found that the changes in the ocular responses after the TMP was changed from one probability to another occurred rapidly (decay constant of only a few trials). These results suggest that the gain of visuomotor transmission in preparing for pursuit is rapidly modulated in accordance with the anticipated future need for pursuit.
Evidence That Autobiographic Memory Retrieval Does Not Become Independent of the Hippocampus: An fMRI Study Contrasting Very Recent with Remote Events
Authors: Rekkas P. V. , Constable R. Todd
Published: December 2005

Traditional consolidation theory, which seeks to explain how new memories are incorporated into the preexisting neural architecture, stipulates that the hippocampus plays a time-limited role in this process. However, although there is abundant research showing that the hippocampus is necessary for the initial (encoding) phase, there is very little experimental evidence with human subjects proving that the structure ceases to play a role in the retrieval of episodic items from memory stores. To test this hypothesis, we investigated recall activation associated with recent memories (2.5 days) versus remote memories (mean of 8 years) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In accordance with the multiple memory trace theory, recall of consolidated autobiographic information, represented by the remote condition, was not independent of the hippocampus. Both types of memory retrieval produced significant activation in parahippocampal, prefrontal, and midtemporal gyri, the parietal-temporal junction, and a medial region of cortex spanning the posterior cingulate and precuneus gyri. However, where recent events activated bilateral regions of the caudate nucleus, remote events yielded significantly greater activation within the hippocampus proper. The results challenge traditional consolidation theory, which would predict greater hippocampal activity for recent events. Furthermore, they highlight the interplay between multiple memory systems in the brain. We argue that our particular question format, which encouraged depth of recall and did not require a prescan interview, as well as our delineation of the recent and remote time periods, were the determining factors for the observed pattern of hippocampal activation.
Orthographic Distinctiveness and Semantic Elaboration Provide Separate Contributions to Memory
Authors: Kirchhoff Brenda A. , Schapiro Melissa L. , Buckner Randy L.
Published: December 2005

Orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration both enhance memory. The present behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examined the relationship between the influences of orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration on memory, and explored whether they make independent contributions. As is typical for manipulations of processing levels, words studied during semantic encoding were better remembered than words studied during nonsemantic encoding. Notably, orthographically distinct words were better recalled and received more remember responses on recognition memory tests than orthographically common words regardless of encoding task, suggesting that orthographic distinctiveness has an additive effect to that of semantic elaboration on memory. In the fMRI study, ortho-graphic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration engaged separate networks of brain regions. Semantic elaboration modulated activity in left inferior prefrontal and lateral temporal regions. In contrast, orthographic distinctiveness modulated activity in distinct bilateral inferior prefrontal, extrastriate, and parietal regions. Orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration appear to have separate behavioral and functional-anatomic contributions to memory.
In the Nick of Time: Thoreau's "Present" Experiment as a Colloquy of East and West
Authors: Hodder Alan
Published: December 2005

A central expression of the thematic structure of Henry David Thoreau's first two books, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers and Walden, and essential to several of the epiphanies that famously appear there, are his meditations on the nature and significance of time. Seldom, however, have these richly conceived passages been considered other than through strictly literary eyes. The objective of this essay is to examine the theological implications of Thoreau's representations of time with particular reference to two classical treatments that seem of particular relevance here: those found in Augustine's Confessions and the Hindu classic, the Bhagavad Gita. The purpose of this discussion is two-fold: to consider the theological cogency of Thoreau's treatment of time for its own sake and to reconsider Thoreau's position with respect to two theological traditions of which he was arguably an heir.
Hegemony and the International Economy
Authors: Pahre Robert
Published: December 2005

Power and leadership are among the central features of politics. They become even more visible in an environment such as the international system that lacks strong institutions. Without legislatures or administrative organs in a normal sense, political processes such as leadership, persuasion, and coercion come to the fore.These processes, especially the question of leadership, are central to many policy questions. Is Franco-German leadership of the European Union breaking up, or will it be joined by a more Europhile Britain? How will China or Japan play a leadership role in East Asia?Nowhere is the question of leadership more discussed than in the case of the most powerful country in the world – once the United Kingdom, today the United States, perhaps one day China. For some people, the leadership of this "hegemon" helps bring peace and prosperity to the world as a whole; for others, its dominance is overbearing and illegitimate.Questions of hegemony have received significant academic attention over the past few decades. This chapter will review the North American literature on the topic, with an eye toward several questions. First, what does a hegemon do when it is being hegemonic? Second, how do non-hegemonic countries respond to its leadership? Third, and most important for the future, is hegemony good or bad for the international system? I will discuss these with reference to topics in political economy, setting aside an equally-large literature on the military consequences of hegemony. Though political economy has implications for ideology and discourse, this article will also set aside most of these issues, which have sparked a large and distinct literature of their own.
The Postmodern Individual: Structural Determinants of Attitudes
Authors: Wernet Christine , Elman Cheryl , Pendleton Brian
Published: December 2005

This study uses the World Values Survey and country level data to explore how social structure, especially cross-national differences in female education, reproductive freedom, and participation in state policy formation, is related to attitudes of postmaterialism and gender ideology. Thefindings show that pro-woman state structure and policies are associated with higher educational attainment for citizens, higher work attainment and income levels, and greater satisfaction. Moreover, women and men who live in states with pro-woman policies are more postmodern in their attitudes; these individuals more readily support gender equality and prefer a culturally rich, high quality of life over economic gain. Women also have more postmodern attitudes than men. This research identifies the structural components and the social processes associated with the holding of individual attitudes, as suggested by House.
"One Civility, But Multiple Religions": Jesuit Mission Among St. Thomas Christians in India (16th-17th Centuries)
Authors: Županov Ines
Published: December 2005

The encounter between the Jesuit missionaries and the St. Thomas Christians or Syrian Christians in Kerala in the second part of the sixteenth century was for both sides a significant opening to different cultural beliefs and routines. An important and understudied outcome of this encounter, documented here on the Jesuit side, was the possibility of accepting religious plurality, at least within Christianity. The answers to the questions of how to deal with religious diversity in Christianity and globally, oscillated between demands for violent annihilation of the opponents and cultural relativism. The principal argument in this paper is that it was the encounter with these "ancient" Indian Christians that made the missionaries aware of the importance of the accommodationist method of conversion. This controversial method, employed in the Jesuit overseas missions among the "heathens", was therefore first thought out and tested in their mission among the St. Thomas Christians in the late sixteenth century.
Effect of Microstructure on the Tensile and Fracture Properties of Sisal Fiber/Starch-based Composites
Authors: Alvarez V. , Vazquez A. , Bernal C.
Published: December 2005

In this study, the effect of microstructure on the tensile and fracture properties of injection molded biocomposites consisting of starch-based matrix and short sisal fibers has been investigated. Tensile tests are carried out on samples cut in longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) directions with respect to the melt flow direction. An increasing trend in Young’s modulus and tensile strength with fiber content is found, irrespective of the sample orientation. In addition, this reinforcing effect is more pronounced for L samples with many fibers mainly oriented longitudinally to the loading direction. Quasistatic fracture tests are also performed on SENB specimens with cracks propagating both parallel and perpendicular to the melt flow direction. The stress intensity factor is found to increase with fiber content, and it also depends on fiber orientation. The observed trend in fracture toughness with fiber content and microstructure is explained in terms of the fiber pullout mechanism. Puncture tests are carried out for all compositions. Injection molded composites exhibit higher values of total fracture energy than neat matrix. Furthermore, fiber orientation induces different patterns in the damage zone. Finally, several theoretical models are used in this study to predict the elastic properties of these composites.
The Current Context of Corporate Governance in India
Authors: Baxi C.V.
Published: December 2005

In India the debate on corporate governance practices is sporadic and shrouded in ambivalence. Public policy on various aspects of the functioning of the corporate sector is evolving in terms of legal and regulatory support in the more recent past. The post-Cadbury debate the world over focuses on the central dimensions of corporate governance such as accountability and transparency. In countries like USA, special legislation has been introduced to promote a greater measure of transparency and accountability. Several countries have also adopted country codes and best practices. India needs to learn a great deal from the experiences of UK, USA, Canada and Europe in evolving an appropriate framework for enforcing higher standards of corporate governance.
Reservoir Dogs
Authors: Atkinson Michael , Young Kevin
Published: December 2005

Sociologists have been slow to turn their attention to ‘blood sports’ involving animals or activities where animals suffer neglect and abuse. Although there seems to be a heightened sense of public contempt in many countries toward the outwardly cruel treatment of animals such as dogs, and toward the place of animals in ‘sport’ per se, the ways in which racing greyhounds may be enmeshed in wider formations of sports-related abuse and violence continues to be ignored. In this article, data gathered on greyhound abuse in the North American racing figuration are examined in the process of understanding the social chains of interdependence necessary to perpetuate ‘tolerable’ deviance against the dogs. Using central tenets of figurational sociology, patterns of neglect and abuse are discussed and conceptual typologies of the main ‘players’ in the greyhound figuration are outlined.
Distinction through Sport Consumption
Authors: Mehus Ingar
Published: December 2005

Drawing on the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu, this study investigates the relationship between cultural capital and different forms of sport consumption by spectators of three different sports ( N = 587). Main findings show a negative relationship between cultural capital and sport consumption, and a positive relationship between sport participation and sport consumption. The findings are partly at odds with previous studies, indicating a positive relationship between cultural capital and direct sport consumption. The findings are possibly explained by considering tastes as social communication in a society where mass consumption adds to the blurring of distinctive borders between different groups of social belongingness, involving the ‘cultural omnivore’ thesis.
An investigation into arsenic(V) removal from aqueous solutions by hydroxylapatite and bone-char
Authors: Sneddon I. R. , Garelick H. , Valsami-Jones E.
Published: December 2005

Arsenic(V) removal from aqueous solution following addition of either a mixture of synthetic hydroxylapatite and baryte or bone-char is discussed. Arsenic concentrations of 4, 10 and 100 mg/l were investigated and additions of 0.2—10 g/l of solid (hydroxylapatite, baryte or bone-char) were tested, at an initial pH of either 5 or 7. Although the mixture of hydroxylapatite and baryte had a small influence on arsenic concentrations, bone-char was found to be a very effective sorbing agent for arsenic(V). Packed-column studies to investigate the bone-char capacity, followed by leaching tests were carried out. The capacity of bone-char was found to be superior to that of granular activated carbon. The experiments presented here indicate that the mechanism involved is adsorption rather than co-precipitation.
Preservation and XANES determination of the oxidation state of solid-phase arsenic in shallow sedimentary aquifers in Bengal and Cambodia
Authors: Rowland H. A. L. , Gault A. G. , Charnock J. M. , Polya D. A.
Published: December 2005

Determination of the solid-phase arsenic speciation in sediments hosting high-arsenic groundwaters, utilized for drinking and irrigation in Bengal, SE Asia and elsewhere is important in order to understand the biogeochemistry of arsenic. Despite this, there is a relative paucity of speciation data for solid-phase arsenic in such systems, due to preservation difficulties, low arsenic concentrations in the sediments, multiple coordination environments and sample heterogeneity. In this study, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was used in conjunction with linear least-squares fitting of model compounds to determine the oxidation state of arsenic in sediments from West Bengal and Cambodia. Whatever the collection and storage method used, substantial oxidation of arsenic was commonly observed over periods of weeks to several months. Sands were particularly susceptible to changes in arsenic oxidation state during storage. Analysis within two or three weeks of collection is therefore recommended, whilst on-site storage under a nitrogen atmosphere immediately after collection is particularly recommended for the preservation of sandy samples. Both muds and sands from West Bengal and Cambodia were dominated by arsenite (As(III)) with <35±10% arsenate (As(V)). Complete oxidation to arsenate was never observed suggesting that a significant proportion of the sedimentary arsenic is inaccessible within crystalline phases. Centrifuging under anaerobic conditions enabled more detailed information about a variety of arsenic coordination environments to be determined.
ESTree db: a Tool for Peach Functional Genomics
Authors: Lazzari Barbara , Caprera Andrea , Vecchietti Alberto , Stella Alessandra , Milanesi Luciano , Pozzi Carlo
Published: December 2005

Background

The ESTree db http://www.itb.cnr.it/estree/ represents a collection of Prunus persica expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) and is intended as a resource for peach functional genomics. A total of 6,155 successful EST sequences were obtained from four in-house prepared cDNA libraries from Prunus persica mesocarps at different developmental stages. Another 12,475 peach EST sequences were downloaded from public databases and added to the ESTree db. An automated pipeline was prepared to process EST sequences using public software integrated by in-house developed Perl scripts and data were collected in a MySQL database. A php-based web interface was developed to query the database.

Results

The ESTree db version as of April 2005 encompasses 18,630 sequences representing eight libraries. Contig assembly was performed with CAP3. Putative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection was performed with the AutoSNP program and a search engine was implemented to retrieve results. All the sequences and all the contig consensus sequences were annotated both with blastx against the GenBank nr db and with GOblet against the viridiplantae section of the Gene Ontology db. Links to NiceZyme (Expasy) and to the KEGG metabolic pathways were provided. A local BLAST utility is available. A text search utility allows querying and browsing the database. Statistics were provided on Gene Ontology occurrences to assign sequences to Gene Ontology categories.

Conclusion

The resulting database is a comprehensive resource of data and links related to peach EST sequences. The Sequence Report and Contig Report pages work as the web interface core structures, giving quick access to data related to each sequence/contig.
Improving interoperability between microbial information and sequence databases
Authors: Romano Paolo , Dawyndt Peter , Piersigilli Francesca , Swings Jean
Published: December 2005

Background

Biological resources are essential tools for biomedical research. Their availability is promoted through on-line catalogues. Common Access to Biological Resources and Information (CABRI) is a service for distribution of biological resources and related data collected by 28 European culture collections. Linking this information to bioinformatics databanks can make the collections' holdings more visible after a search in molecular biology databanks and vice-versa. Identification of links to sequence databases can be useful, but annotation and indexing problems, together with compilation errors, immediately arise. In this paper, we present our efforts for the identification of cross-references between CABRI catalogues and the EMBL Data Library and related results.

Results

An SRS site with both EMBL and CABRI catalogues has been set up. Ad-hoc changes in indexing scripts allowed to achieve homogeneous index keys and SRS link features have been used to identify links between databases. After manual checking and comparison with an alternative procedure, about 67,500 valid cross-references were identified, added to the EMBL Data Library and are now distributed with it. HTML links can be established from EMBL to CABRI network service. Procedures can be executed whenever needed.

Conclusion

Links between EMBL and CABRI catalogues constitute an improved access to micro-organisms of certified quality and can produce positive effects on biomedical research. Further links between CABRI catalogues and other bioinformatics databases can now easily be defined by using these cross-references. Linking genetic information onto natural resources information may stand model for the integration of other databases containing empirical data on these materials.
HmtDB, a Human Mitochondrial Genomic Resource Based on Variability Studies Supporting Population Genetics and Biomedical Research
Authors: Attimonelli Marcella , Accetturo Matteo , Santamaria Monica , Lascaro Daniela , Scioscia Gaetano , Pappadà Graziano , Russo Luigi , Zanchetta Luigi , Tommaseo-Ponzetta Mila
Published: December 2005

Background

Population genetics studies based on the analysis of mtDNA and mitochondrial disease studies have produced a huge quantity of sequence data and related information. These data are at present worldwide distributed in differently organised databases and web sites not well integrated among them. Moreover it is not generally possible for the user to submit and contemporarily analyse its own data comparing them with the content of a given database, both for population genetics and mitochondrial disease data.

Results

HmtDB is a well-integrated web-based human mitochondrial bioinformatic resource aimed at supporting population genetics and mitochondrial disease studies, thanks to a new approach based on site-specific nucleotide and aminoacid variability estimation. HmtDB consists of a database of Human Mitochondrial Genomes, annotated with population data, and a set of bioinformatic tools, able to produce site-specific variability data and to automatically characterize newly sequenced human mitochondrial genomes. A query system for the retrieval of genomes and a web submission tool for the annotation of new genomes have been designed and will soon be implemented. The first release contains 1255 fully annotated human mitochondrial genomes. Nucleotide site-specific variability data and multialigned genomes can be downloaded. Intra-human and inter-species aminoacid variability data estimated on the 13 coding for proteins genes of the 1255 human genomes and 60 mammalian species are also available. HmtDB is freely available, upon registration, at http://www.hmdb.uniba.it.

Conclusion

The HmtDB project will contribute towards completing and/or refining haplogroup classification and revealing the real pathogenic potential of mitochondrial mutations, on the basis of variability estimation.
Query3d: a new method for high-throughput analysis of functional residues in protein structures
Authors: Ausiello Gabriele , Via Allegra , Helmer-Citterich Manuela
Published: December 2005

Background

The identification of local similarities between two protein structures can provide clues of a common function. Many different methods exist for searching for similar subsets of residues in proteins of known structure. However, the lack of functional and structural information on single residues, together with the low level of integration of this information in comparison methods, is a limitation that prevents these methods from being fully exploited in high-throughput analyses.

Results

Here we describe Query3d, a program that is both a structural DBMS (Database Management System) and a local comparison method. The method conserves a copy of all the residues of the Protein Data Bank annotated with a variety of functional and structural information. New annotations can be easily added from a variety of methods and known databases. The algorithm makes it possible to create complex queries based on the residues' function and then to compare only subsets of the selected residues. Functional information is also essential to speed up the comparison and the analysis of the results.

Conclusion

With Query3d, users can easily obtain statistics on how many and which residues share certain properties in all proteins of known structure. At the same time, the method also finds their structural neighbours in the whole PDB. Programs and data can be accessed through the PdbFun web interface.
REAL AND APPARENT TIME IN LANGUAGE CHANGE: LATE ADOPTION OF CHANGES IN MONTREAL ENGLISH
Authors: BOBERG CHARLES
Published: December 2005

Linguists often rely on synchronic generational differences in language to supply evidence of language change in progress in “apparent time,”yet this approach must always be evaluated against the possibility that such differences reflect change over speakers' lifetimes (“age grading”), rather than language change. The present paper compares apparent-time data on Montreal English with “real-time” data from earlier studies of the same community, in order to test the assumptions of the apparent-time model. The comparison reveals that, while some age-correlated lexical variables show stability over speakers' lifetimes, clearly suggesting ongoing change, others show changes in progress combined with change over speakers' lifetimes. However, the nature of individual change is generally found to be not the rejection of new variants by older speakers associated with the age-grading model, but late adoption of new variants by adults who learned older variants as children. Most postacquisition change therefore accelerates rather than retards change in progress. Evidence from two phonological variables suggests that late adoption is most characteristic of lexical variation. In any case, the possibility of late adoption implies that an accurate view of language change only emerges when both apparent- and real-time data are examined.
THE LAST YANKEE IN THE PACIFIC: EASTERN NEW ENGLAND PHONOLOGY IN THE BONIN ISLANDS
Authors: LONG DANIEL , TRUDGILL PETER
Published: December 2005

On the isolated Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands in the western Pacific Ocean, the English language has been in use for close to two centuries. The first human residents arrived in 1830, and one individual from Massachusetts, in particular, left his progeny and his mark on island society. In this paper, we analyze tape recordings made in the 1970s of a speaker born (in 1881) and raised on the islands and demonstrate that his vowel system remarkably resembles that of Eastern New England, in particular that he maintains a phonemic distinction between north and force vowels. We discuss other conservative dialect features of his speech, such as a nonlabiodental variant of /v/ ([ß-), which appears in complementary distribution with the mainsteam [v] variant, and contact features, such as th-stopping. In order to place this language variety, this speaker, and these recordings within their sociohistorical context, we provide a description of these unique islands and their complex linguistic heritage.
GERMAN SUBSTRATE EFFECTS IN WISCONSIN ENGLISH: EVIDENCE FOR FINAL FORTITION
Authors: PURNELL THOMAS , SALMONS JOSEPH , TEPELI DILARA
Published: December 2005

A once predominantly German-speaking community in Watertown, Wisconsin,shows distinct phonetic and phonological traces of that immigrant heritage in the speech of its English-speaking monolinguals. Acoustic and perceptual studies suggest that speakers do not produce all the expected cues for English fi nal laryngeal distinctions, nor do they exploit those cues to the same degree as a set of control speakers. This instance, for which the language varieties and contact situation involved are all well understood, provides good evidence for structural influence from a substrate and provides a challenge to conventional views of language contact.
THE USES AND MEANINGS OF THE FEMALE TITLEMS.
Authors: FULLER JANET M.
Published: December 2005

This article examines the use of the female title Ms. by students,faculty, and staff at a Midwestern university in the United States using data generated with the written survey used by Donna Lillian (1993) in a similar study in Canada. Findings show that faculty are fairly consistent in their understanding of Ms. as a neutral title to be used for all women and are more likely to choose this title than students and staff. Student responses show a wide range of meanings for Ms., with the meanings`young' and `single' being the most common. Female students were far less likely to select Ms. than male students, showing a gender gap in the student data that is not seen in the staff and faculty reponses. These data show multiple meanings and patterns of female title use in the United States today, with little evidence pointing toward a decrease in this variation.
The Multiethnic Network of the Lower Orinoco in Early Colonial Times
Authors: Heinen H. Dieter , García-Castro Alvaro
Published: December 2005

Current Amerindian societies in the Venezuelan lowlands do not reflect the complex interethnic organization that once prevailed on the lower Orinoco. That organization was based on a sophisticated subsistence specialization such as the exchange of horticultural products for fish and game. This article analyzes the demographic characteristics and social organization of the area and attempts to disentangle the intricate network of Waraoan and non-Waraoan speakers there during early colonial times.
Quirípas and Mostacillas: The Evolution of Shell Beads as a Medium of Exchange in Northern South America
Authors: Gassón Rafael A.
Published: December 2005

This article examines the evolution of quirípa, a primitive valuable from the Orinoco Basin, from a world-systems perspective. This process must be understood as a result of the economic and symbolic uses given to beads by different social actors based on their ethnic and sociopolitical backgrounds through time. The history of this primitive valuable illustrates how some aboriginal economic institutions evolved as a result of exchange among Amerindian and European economies and societies, not merely as the product of the imposition of Western economic rationality.
Kuwé Duwákalumi: The Arawak Sacred Routes of Migration, Trade, and Resistance
Authors: Vidal Silvia M.
Published: December 2005

Kuwé or Kúwai is a powerful cultural hero among the Arawak of the Northwest Amazon. This article analyzes Kuwé teachings and sacred routes as political, religious, migratory, and trade strategies of resistance. These routes were used by the Warekena and the Baré Indians to resist the colonial and postcolonial encroachment on their ancestral territories during the eighteenth century.
Three Crises in the History of Ye'kuana Cultural Continuity
Authors: Arvelo-Jiménez Nelly
Published: December 2005

This article describes the history of the Ye'kuana people and their society through the analysis of three political crises. The primary purpose is to detect the mechanisms of cultural survival that are used for counteracting sociocultural changes and for ensuring cultural coherence and continuity amid severe political upheaval. Data gathering combined oral accounts for a period of about 120 years and the elicitation and reconstruction of genealogies in the migrating history of villages for as long as 230 years of Ye'kuana history. What makes this analysis different from existing historical and anthropological accounts is the active role played by the Ye'kuana themselves. The people had to face a certain dynamic of conflict in trying to cope with colonial and neocolonial forces that impinged on their society and culture with the intent of converting the Ye'kuana into a culturally undifferentiated segment of Venezuelan society.
Youth, Land, and Liberty in Coastal Madagascar: A Children's Independence
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: December 2005

Independence Day is by far the most important state holiday in Ambanja, a prosperous town in northwest Madagascar. Although clearly a celebration of national liberation, it is nevertheless fraught with ambiguity. Events climax in a morning parade, when legions of school youth march through town in military formation. This procession's historical antecedents are extraordinarily complex, where current stagings of independent state power rely heavily on hybridized forms drawn from competing hegemonic orders that span the precolonial to postcolonial eras. In Ambanja disjunction inevitably characterizes readings of the nation-as-homeland, a theme rendered explicit by statements offered by the very youth who define the parade's rank and file. This work explores the consequences of highly localized readings of homeland and their relevance to constructions of liberty, national identity, and the independent state.
Scripting Islamization: Arabic Texts in Early Modern Makassar
Authors: Cummings William
Published: December 2005

This article argues for a reconceptualization of the process of religious conversion based on local perceptions rather than assuming that conversion is a matter of replacing old beliefs with new ones. In the case of seventeenth-century Makassar, Indonesia, Islam was perceived as a matter of texts. Not a set of doctrines or beliefs to be adopted, Islam inhered in its language, spoken and written. Uttering Arabic and possessing spiritually potent religious manuscripts were the dominant practices shaping Islam's spread, reception, and structure in early modern South Sulawesi.
Puebloan Historic Demographic Trends
Authors: Dobyns Henry F.
Published: December 2005

Scientists have conducted numerous studies of the Puebloan peoples residing in southwestern North America. Nonetheless, as two leading and energetic specialists admitted, “We have, we know, barely scratched the surface of the amount of work that must be done” (Cordell and Plog 1979: 424). Some of the most necessary analysis yet to be done bears upon the biological,social structural, and cultural changes that occurred among the rapidly diminishing Pueblo peoples during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This essay takes a direct historical approach toward illuminating these changes.
The Spanish Attempt to Tribalize the Darién, 1735-50
Authors: Gallup-Díaz Ignacio
Published: December 2005

Spanish officials in eastern Panamá believed that Christianized Indians would serve as surrogates for Spanish settlers or troops, and their attempts to administer the region were grounded upon establishing alliances with selected Indian leaders. At the same time, pirates and other intruders also saw the need for alliances with Indian men in order for their endeavors to succeed. Through a process in which Europeans and Indians played an equal part, the early modern period saw the creation of several new indigenous leaders. The chieftains who interacted with outsiders were forced to create new ways of ruling on the ground as they navigated through an evolving colonial world in the Darién. This world was clearly built upon indigenous models, though it was not exactly indigenous. And though it drew upon European administrative forms and symbols for a good portion of its legitimacy, it was not recognizably European either.
Saint Christopher in the Amazon: Child Sorcery, Colonialism, and Violence among the Southern Arawak
Authors: Santos-Granero Fernando
Published: December 2005

The killing of alleged children sorcerers has been widely reported among the Arawak of eastern Peru. Accusations of child sorcery multiplied at junctures of increased outside pressures marked by violence, displacement, and epidemics. Mythical foundations for this belief are found in the legend of Saint Christopher and the Child Christ. Appropriated through mimetic image in colonial times, the tale of this “plague saint” was transformed into the myth of a cannibalistic giant and his evil infant son. The notion that children could become potent witches was reinforced in postcolonial times by epidemics affecting mostly adults. An example of mimesis gone wrong, the belief in child sorcery is one of those unforeseen and tragic products of the colonial encounter.
A Rosebud Reservation Winter Count, circa 1751-1752 to 1886-1887
Authors: Thornton Russell
Published: December 2005

This is a discussion of a newly found winter count of a Lakota tiyospaye(extended kinship group) that eventually ended up on the Rosebud Reservation created for the Sicangu (Brule). The count is on muslin, measuring 89 centimeters by 176 centimeters. It consists of 136 pictographs, most drawn in black ink with colored ink washes, that cover a span approximately from 1751-2 to 1886-7. The count was obtained by either John A. Anderson or Myrtle Miller Anderson and passed on to their family. It resurfaced in 1998, in an old trunk, and was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in the fall of 2000. The count is closely related to the one on a tipi cover that was photographed by John Anderson in 1895 and is possibly the basis for the cover.
Smallpox and the Baiame Waganna of Wellington Valley, New South Wales,1829-1840: The Earliest Nativist Movement in Aboriginal Australia
Authors: Carey Hilary M. , Roberts David
Published: December 2005

Of all the various infections that afflicted Aboriginal people in Australia during the years of first contact with Europeans, smallpox was the most disastrous. The physical and social impacts of the disease are well known. This article considers another effect of the contagion. It is argued that a nativist movement in the form of a waganna (dance ritual) associated with the Wiradjuri spirit Baiame and his adversary Tharrawiirgal was linked to the aftermath of the disease as it was experienced at the settlement site of the Wellington Valley of New South Wales (nsw). The discovery of this movement is of considerable significance for an understanding of Aboriginal responses to colonization in southeastern Australia. It is the earliest well-attested nativist movement in Australian ethnohistory.
Indian Confraternity Lands in Colonial Guatemala, 1660-1730: Some Uses and Trends
Authors: MacLeod Murdo J.
Published: December 2005

While Indian village lands held in common have received some attention there is little knowledge of lands held by Indian individuals, or by groups within Indian society, such as confraternities. The purpose of this article is to examine these little-known landholdings and to assess why Indians pieced them together and the uses to which they were put. There is evidence that they were used for subsistence, for evasion of colonial authorities, as a bank for religious expenditure, as bases for rustling, and as yet another way for parish clergy to extract village surpluses.
Solares in Tekax: The Impact of the Sugar Industry on a Nineteenth-Century Yucatecan Town
Authors: Nichols Christopher M.
Published: December 2005

This article examines incipient capitalism in a frontier town in Yucatán during the years preceding and following independence. It investigates one example in which a rural town is intimately connected to estate development. The town of Tekax, located on the southern frontier in colonial Yucatán, underwent radical change between 1780 and 1830. Political and agrarian upheaval coupled with the increasing production of sugarcane drew Spanish and Creole elites to Tekax, increased local property values, and drove the once majority Maya population into the countryside,drastically altering the ethnic distribution within this community. Inflated local property values triggered a real estate market in which the resident landholding Creole elite purchased and sold solares, or“household compounds,” largely among themselves as these became the primary indicators of one's prestige in the local community. Sugarcane production drove this market; Tekax's relative isolation maintained its insularity.
Feeling and Thinking in Memory and Forgetting: Toward an Ethnohistory of the Emotions
Authors: Harkin Michael E.
Published: December 2005

Emotions are an important, but hitherto underexplored, component of historical consciousness and ethnohistorical practice. Extreme negative emotions evoked by traumatic historical events have strongly shaped collective memories of those events, occasionally repressing the memory altogether. More generally, understanding the past requires comprehending emotion and its cultural component. Two schools of thought in psychological anthropology,ethnopsychology and psychodynamic approaches, are discussed, with the applicability of each to ethnohistorical scholarship evaluated. Two examples drawn from the Northwest Coast illustrate the significance of emotion to ethnohistorical analysis.
The “Original Conquest” of Oaxaca: Nahua and Mixtec Accounts of the Spanish Conquest
Authors: Sousa Lisa , Terraciano Kevin
Published: December 2005

This article features the transcription, translation, and analysis of two primordial titles, written in the Mixtec and Nahuatl languages, and a large map. Two indigenous communities in the Valley of Oaxaca attempted to lay claim to disputed territory by presenting these competing “titles,”ostensibly written in the 1520s, to Spanish authorities in the 1690s. The titles present each community's account of the Spanish Conquest of Oaxaca and subsequent colonial events. We consider how the documents shed light on Mixtec and Nahua ethnic identity and historical memory in the Valley of Oaxaca in the late colonial period.
Welcome to This House: A Century of Makah People Honoring Identity and Negotiating Cultural Tourism
Authors: Erikson Patricia Pierce
Published: December 2005

This article considers the historical context, cultural processes, and contemporary meanings of the Makah Cultural and Research Center(mcrc). While fostering cultural tourism, this museum/cultural center's “self-portrait” mediates popular stereotypes. Themcrc has emerged as a significant space for cross-cultural encounters where material culture is a central element in the Makah self-representational project.
From “the hot-bed of vice” to the “good and well-ordered Christian home”: First Nations Housing and Reform in Nineteenth-Century British Columbia
Authors: Perry Adele
Published: December 2005

This article analyzes the relationship between First Nations housing and reform in British Columbia between 1849 and 1886. Utilizing published and archival evidence drawn from church and government sources, the essay examines reformers' conceptions of First Nations housing and their concrete efforts to improve it. The essay thereby suggests that housing was an important site in the colonial encounter and that the colonial encounter itself was key to honing and disseminating new ideals related to housing, gender, and the family.
A Report of a New Mandan Calendric Chart
Authors: Thornton Russell
Published: December 2005

Many Native American peoples of the Plains kept oral histories in which periods of time were designated by events. Often pictorial recordings of these events were created as mnemonic devices to assist proper memory, which itself was some-times recorded in written language. These pictorial calendars occasionally resurface and provide new insights into the histories of Native Americans. A new pictorial calendar of the Mandan Indians has recently reappeared. It and the circumstances of its reappearance are described, and suggestions toward a possible interpretation are offered.
Cycles of History in Plateau Sociopolitical Organization: Reflections on the Nature of Indigenous Band Societies
Authors: Furniss Elizabeth
Published: December 2005

The nature of indigenous band societies is examined through an analysis of the historical dynamics of sociopolitical organization among the Secwepemc of the northern Plateau. Secwepemc history is characterized by recurrent tensions between the autonomy of extended family groups and the solidarity of the band collective. Unlike earlier static, and trait-based models of Plateau culture,this processual and historically grounded model of sociopolitical organization can account for cultural diversity among Plateau groups, can recognize patterned processes of cultural continuity and change through history, and may be applicable to other North American indigenous band societies. By implication, viable and sustainable forms of Aboriginal self-government in Canada must incorporate innovative structures allowing expression of these enduring commitments to different levels of social belonging.
Bartering Pahos with the President
Authors: Whiteley Peter M.
Published: December 2005

In 1852, before they had received any visits from U.S. officials, the Hopi sent a diplomatic gift, composed of prayer-sticks, to President Millard Fillmore in Washington, dc. This article addresses both the cultural content and the social intent of this “gift,” focusing on historical circumstances and ethnographic import. In seeking to transact with the president, the Hopi intent discloses a formal nexus among diplomacy,barter, and religious offerings. Anthropology's tendency to separate social action into discrete fields—economics, politics, and religion—obscures a congruence that this transaction illuminates. The“spirit of the barter” suggests a new resonance for Marcel Mauss's important observations on gift-exchange.
Colonial Routes: Reorienting the Northern Frontier of British India
Authors: Haines Chad
Published: December 2005

Between 1846 and 1947, the British colonial state in India forged a region out of the western Karakoram Mountains, which it labeled in 1889 as the Gilgit Agency. Through an analysis of maps, colonial representations, local writings,and oral histories, this article critically examines the importance of routes,the politics of linkages, and the structuring of circulation in producing a regional space and transforming it over time. This article argues that space is constituted through access and patterns of circulation as well as the cartographic project defining borders. The structuring of mobility along particular routes and the emerging state mechanisms to construct and maintain access produced a region and continuously transformed it, integrating the region and the people into the British colonial state.
Punitive Expeditions and Divine Revenge: Oral and Colonial Histories of Rebellion and Pacification in Western Borneo, 1886-1902
Authors: Wadley Reed L.
Published: December 2005

I present different accounts of two events in the efforts of Dutch and British colonial authorities to pacify the Iban within their respective territories on the island of Borneo; namely, I present both the Dutch and British reports of the punitive expeditions in 1886 and 1902 against rebellious Iban headhunters and the oral historical narratives of the Iban today. In addition to providing historical and cultural background to Iban resistance to pacification, I spell out the Iban conception of the past and fragmentation of related narratives. The weight that the oral accounts place on these two events is discussed in that light, with the Iban viewing their colonial experience as the struggle of spiritual forces allied with both the Iban and the European.
Moved by Terror: Frontier Violence as Cultural Exchange in Late-Colonial Brazil
Authors: Langfur Hal
Published: December 2005

Rejecting the conventional presumption that violent indigenous resistance to colonization had become all but ineffectual by the late colonial period in Portuguese America, this article uncovers ample archival evidence of successful raiding and other military maneuvers by Brazil's eastern Indians,especially the Botocudo and the Puri. By carefully examining the comportment of both colonizers and colonized, it elucidates how each employed various forms of violence to achieve and communicate incompatible objectives. In particular, the peculiarities of the encroaching slave-holding Luso-Afro-Brazilian society presented Indians with diverse opportunities to impede expansion. They did so by understanding their adversary's culture and translating that understanding into acts orchestrated to achieve the greatest possible effect. As such, armed conflict did not represent the cessation of cultural interaction on this colonial frontier; rather, it was an essential means by which that interaction occurred. Over time, mutual bloodshed and brutality evolved to constitute a shared language and praxis, at once symbolic and concrete.