bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roles of vertical correlations of background error and T‐S relations in estimation of temperature and salinity profiles from sea surface dynamic height
Authors: Yan Changxiang , Zhu Jiang , Li Rongfeng , Zhou Guangqing
Published: August 2004

A data assimilation scheme based on three‐dimensional variational analysis (3DVAR) is proposed to estimate temperature and salinity profiles from surface dynamic height information. The scheme takes into consideration vertical correlations for both temperature and salinity background errors and the nonlinear temperature‐salinity (T‐S) relation. In this study we designed some one‐dimensional test cases to examine the separate and combined impacts of the vertical correlations and the nonlinear T‐S relation on estimations of temperature and salinity profiles in comparison with a simplified scheme that considers neither vertical correlations nor T‐S relations. Results show that the simplified scheme cannot simultaneously improve temperature and salinity profiles over their backgrounds in some cases and could make the correction seriously nonsmooth at different depths. The consideration of vertical correlations helps to balance the magnitude of the profile correction among all depths and produce smoother results. However, consideration of vertical correlations cannot help much in reducing the root‐mean square error of estimation. The consideration of the nonlinear T‐S relation can improve both temperature and salinity estimations in all test cases and can significantly reduce the root‐mean square error of estimations. The combined effects of both vertical correlations and the nonlinear T‐S relation are similar to those of the latter but with vertically smoother results.
Long‐term trends of the black carbon concentrations in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Sharma S. , Lavoué D. , Cachier H. , Barrie L. A. , Gong S. L.
Published: August 2004

During the winter and spring the North American Arctic is impacted by anthropogenic black carbon (BC) in “Arctic Haze” pollution from sources mainly located in Europe and Russia. This black carbon, while suspended in the atmosphere and in surface snow, has a significant effect on radiative forcing of the Arctic atmosphere. Routine ground‐level observations of aerosol black carbon by optical absorption have been made at a Canadian Arctic location, Alert (82.5°N, 62.5°W), Nunavut since 1989. A 3‐year intensive study was conducted to compare BC obtained by the thermal analysis and optical absorption methods, so that the seasonal variations in the “operational” absorption cross sections of the aerosol could be determined. A time series analysis indicated that black carbon concentrations undergo a strong seasonal variation superimposed upon a long‐term trend. The latter shows a decrease of about 55% in BC concentrations between 1989 and 2002 at Alert. Factors responsible for these trends such as changes in emissions and atmospheric transport support the hypothesis that BC emissions from the former USSR are mostly responsible for the observed decreasing trend. Transport from other sectors such as North America and Europe are not as prevalent at Alert.
Comparison of cirrus optical depths derived from GOES 8 and surface measurements
Authors: Min Qilong , Minnis Patrick , Khaiyer Mandana M.
Published: August 2004

Ground‐based passive radiometer measurements are used to validate satellite‐derived cirrus optical depths over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains site during March 2000. Optical depths derived from direct beam measurements by a multifilter rotating shadow band radiometer were well correlated with those determined from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, especially in relatively homogenous cloud fields. Compared to the multifilter rotating shadow band radiometer (MFRSR) results, on average, the satellite retrieval overestimated optical depth by ∼0.67 (29%), even though 75% of the GOES values were within ±1.0 of the MFRSR results. Some of the bias is attributable to cloud inhomogeneities, mismatches in observed clouds, errors in the surface albedo, and possible errors in the ice crystal scattering phase function. The results demonstrate the potential for using MFRSR data, available over many parts of the globe, for validating satellite cloud retrievals in many different surface and atmospheric conditions.
Intermittent existence of a southern Californian upwelling cell during submillennial climate change of the last 60 kyr
Authors: Hendy I. L. , Pedersen T. F. , Kennett J. P. , Tada R.
Published: August 2004

Application of a high‐resolution multiproxy approach to a sedimentary section drilled at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1017, located under a highly active upwelling cell off Point Conception, California, provides clear evidence for surface ocean productivity shifts on submillennial timescales during the last 60 kyr. The proxies include bulk‐sediment major and minor elements, organic carbon and carbonate concentrations, δ15N, and planktonic foraminiferal species assemblage and carbon isotope determinations. The collective results demonstrate that marine productivity in this area was not simply linearly related to cold and warm cycles except during the millennial‐scale climate oscillations of marine isotope stage (MIS) 3. During that interval, the upwelling cell and resulting high productivity were active during warm interstadial events and were largely inactive during cool stadial events. However, the Last Glacial Maximum was also relatively productive. Productivity increased dramatically during the Bølling warm interval, while the Ållerød and Younger Dryas were much less productive. High coccolithophorid abundance commenced during the earliest Holocene after 10 ka. The complexity of the productivity response was probably related to interplay between local winds, as well as California Undercurrent strength.
Multilevel plane wave time domain–based global boundary kernels for two‐dimensional finite difference time domain simulations
Authors: Lu Mingyu , Lv Meng , Ergin Arif A. , Shanker Balasubramaniam , Michielssen Eric
Published: August 2004

Time domain boundary integrals are used to impose global transparent boundary conditions in two‐dimensional finite difference time domain solvers. Augmenting classical methods for imposing these conditions with the multilevel plane wave time domain scheme reduces the computational cost of enforcing a global transparent boundary condition from O() to O(st log s log t); here s and t denote the number of equivalent source boundary nodes and their time samples used to integrate external fields, respectively. Numerical results demonstrate that for thin and concave material objects, plane wave time domain‐accelerated global transparent boundary kernels outperform perfectly matched layer‐based absorbing boundary schemes without loss of accuracy.
Dynamic development of fault rocks in a crustal‐scale detachment: An example from western Norway
Authors: Braathen Alvar , Osmundsen Per Terje , Gabrielsen Roy H.
Published: August 2004

The Nordfjord‐Sogn Detachment (NSD) zone of western Norway juxtaposes eclogites and gneisses of lower crustal affinity with sedimentary deposits, suggesting that the zone experienced substantial displacement during Devonian extensional denudation of the Caledonides. Renewed activation occurred in Permian and Jurassic‐Cretaceous times. The detachment zone consists of a succession of fault‐related rocks reflecting various crustal positions and deformation mechanisms during activation and unroofing. In more detail, the lower 1–2 km thick section of the NSD zone consists of mylonites with various protoliths, showing a general upward decrease in metamorphic grade. The mylonitic section is truncated by the NSD fault, defining the boundary toward hanging wall nappe rocks that are topped by sedimentary basins. In an attempt to provide precise descriptions of the observed fault rocks, we classify these rocks into (1) noncohesive breccias, (2) cemented and indurated breccias of secondary cohesion, and (3) cataclasites, phyllonites, and mylonites formed with primary cohesion. Along and across‐strike sections of the fault reveal the spatial and temporal relationships of the NSD fault. The fault zone consists of a lower section of phyllonites and cataclasites, reaching a total thickness of 50–70 m. Significant volumes of pseudotachylyte were injected into these fault rocks, and were later reworked. Reactivation of the fault is suggested by overprinting carbonate‐cemented breccias that are cut by a discrete fault itself associated with breccias and gouge. By comparing the various fault rocks and their formation mechanisms, some constraints can be applied to the unroofing history. The NSD fault developed in the ductile‐brittle transition zone of the crust, where it experienced an initial shift from mainly frictional to plastic flow caused by reaction softening, before hardening caused a return to frictional flow. At the same time, repeated pulses of pseudotachylyte were generated, possibly lubricating the fault zone and contributing to strain localization. These pseudotachylyte pulses also show that the fault was affected by seismic slip events, before returning to a creep regime within a wider section than that ruptured by earthquakes. Younger cemented breccias and noncohesive breccias and gouge reflect earthquake‐rupturing and frictional flow within the seismogenic crust.
Results of Chilean water markets: Empirical research since 1990
Authors: Bauer Carl J.
Published: August 2004

Chile's free‐market Water Code turned 20 years old in October 2001. This anniversary was an important milestone for both Chilean and international debates about water policy because Chile has become the world's leading example of the free‐market approach to water law and water resources management, the textbook case of treating water rights not merely as private property but also as a fully marketable commodity. The predominant view outside of Chile is that Chilean water markets and the Chilean model of water management have been a success, and this perception has encouraged other countries to follow Chile's lead in water law reform. Much of the debate about Chilean water markets, however, has been based more on theoretical or political beliefs than on empirical study. This paper reverses that emphasis by reviewing the evolution of empirical research about these markets since 1990, when Chile returned to democratic government after 16 years of military rule. During the period since 1990, understanding of how Chilean water markets have worked in practice has gradually improved. There have been two major trends in this research: first, a gradual shift from exaggerated claims of the markets' success toward more balanced assessments of mixed results and, second, a heavy emphasis on the economics of water rights trading with very little attention given to the Water Code's impacts on social equity, river basin management, environmental protection, or resolution of water conflicts. The analysis in this study is qualitative and interdisciplinary, combining law, economics, and institutions.
Turbulence structures in the near‐neutral surface layer on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hong Jinkyu , Choi Taejin , Ishikawa Hirohiko , Kim Joon
Published: August 2004

We investigated the turbulence structures in the surface layer over a flat and homogeneous prairie on the Tibetan plateau. In general, turbulence statistics show similar results to those reported in the literature from other normal sites. However, further scrutiny of turbulence data from different heights and (co)spectra analysis revealed that 1) height‐dependent turbulence statistics of vertical wind velocity; 2) a spectral gap with the absence of k−1 power law in mid frequencies in the spectra of lateral wind velocity; and 3) the deviation of heat flux cospectra in low frequencies from Monin‐Obukhov theory. These results not only provide the evidence of interactions between active and inactive turbulence but also shed light on different views on the fundamental mechanism of such interactions in the atmospheric surface layer.
Mapping crustal magnetic fields at Mars using electron reflectometry
Authors: Lillis R. J. , Mitchell D. L. , Lin R. P. , Connerney J. E. P. , Acuña M. H.
Published: August 2004

We present a kinetic model for the interaction of electrons precipitating along magnetic field lines into Mars' atmosphere and develop a technique for detecting crustal magnetic fields, which act as magnetic mirrors, reflecting some of the incident electrons back to spacecraft altitudes. We present an initial map covering 20% of the planet, which shows the topology of magnetic sources along the dichotomy boundary and reveals new magnetic sources in the northern lowlands, implying the existence of preserved Noachian crust beneath at least some regions of the apparently young plains.
SAR imaging of wave dispersion in Antarctic pancake ice and its use in measuring ice thickness
Authors: Wadhams P. , Parmiggiani F. F. , de Carolis G. , Desiderio D. , Doble M. J.
Published: August 2004

A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of the advancing winter marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the Antarctic, composed of frazil‐pancake ice, has been analysed in a new way in order to test the predictions of a recently developed theory of wave dispersion in pancake ice which treats the ice as a viscous layer. In the image, obtained in April 2000, the structure of the wave spectrum in the MIZ and its change from the open‐water spectrum are consistent with a pancake layer 24 cm thick. Intensive in situ measurements of the pancake ice in the MIZ 280 km W of the image location were made from FS Polarstern during a period covering the satellite imaging, and also yielded a mean ice thickness of 24 cm. We conclude that this technique gives realistic results for ice thickness, whereas earlier work based on a different dispersion theory (mass loading) tended to over‐estimate thickness. After further validation, it is therefore possible that the SAR wave technique can become an accepted method for monitoring ice thickness in pancake icefields.
Titan in subsonic and supersonic flow
Authors: Kallio E. , Sillanpää I. , Janhunen P.
Published: August 2004

The Titan‐Saturn plasma interaction is studied using a global numerical kinetic model. The developed self‐consistent three‐dimensional quasi‐neutral hybrid model is used to study Titan's interaction with supersonic and subsonic plasma flow. The subsonic flow case represents Titan in the Kronian magnetosphere during the Voyager‐1 flyby. The supersonic and weakly supermagnetosonic flow cases are used to study a disturbed magnetospheric plasma flow event. In both cases the magnetic field is found to pile up against Titan and forming a magnetotail on the wake side. The subsonic flow case does not produce a bow shock in front of Titan, in contrast to the supersonic case. The magnetic field is found to have a Saturn facing side‐anti Saturn facing side asymmetry in both cases. The subsonic case resulted in a twisting of the magnetotail toward Saturn that is qualitatively in agreement with the magnetic field observations made by Voyager 1.
Azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves in East Asia
Authors: Huang Zhongxian , Peng Yanju , Luo Yan , Zheng Yuejun , Su Wei
Published: August 2004

We present a surface wave study aimed to resolve the azimuth‐dependent propagation velocities of Rayleigh waves (10–184s) in East Asia. The resultant anisotropy patterns demonstrate that East Asia consists of a number of tectonic domains, each displays a characteristic and self‐consistent deformation mode. The depth variation of the anisotropy pattern in each domain helps to understand the boundary actions on the lithosphere and the depth‐varying deformation styles owing to rheology change.
Diurnal variations of Schumann resonance frequency in NS and EW magnetic components
Authors: Roldugin V. C. , Maltsev Y. P. , Vasiljev A. N. , Schokotov A. Y. , Belyajev G. G.
Published: August 2004

The diurnal variation of the frequency of the first Schumann resonance mode has been studied from three ELF observation sites located at Spitsbergen, the Kola Peninsula, and the Kamchatka Peninsula. The induction magnetometer measured ELF separately in two components: NS (north‐south) and EW (east‐west). The frequency variation is 0.2–0.3 Hz at all the observatories. The semidiurnal harmonics dominate in the frequency variation. The variation seems to be controlled by the local time (LT) rather than by the universal time (UT). The frequency of the NS component has maxima approximately at 0700 and 1900 LT. The diurnal variation of the frequency of the EW component reveals the antiphase behavior so that the maximum in the EW component frequency occurs at ∼0100 and 1300 LT.
CO2+ dissociative recombination: A source of thermal and nonthermal C on Mars
Authors: Fox J. L.
Published: August 2004

CO2+ dissociative recombination has been assumed in the past to proceed overwhelmingly by the channel that produces CO + O. Although the channel that leads to the products C + O2 is energetically possible, the significant rearrangement of bonds that is required has led to the belief that this channel contributes minimally. Seiersen et al. [2003] have recently measured the branching ratio for the latter channel, and they have reported a value of ∼9% of the total. We have constructed both low and high solar activity models of the Martian thermosphere, and we have tested the effect of including the C + O2 channel on the production of both thermal and escaping C atoms in the Martian atmosphere. We find that dissociative recombination of CO2+ is by far the dominant source of atomic carbon in both models, and its inclusion leads to larger densities of ambient C. The contribution of the source to the escape flux of C, however, is found to be small, both because the altitude profile of the production rate falls off rapidly near the exobase and because the O2 molecule is probably produced with considerable internal energy. A calculation of the statistical energy partitioning into vibrational and rotational energy of the product O2 molecule and the translational energy of the products of the reaction indicates that the C atom is produced with translational energy exceeding the escape energy only 3.7% of the time. The models predict that photodissociation of CO is the most important source of escaping C, as have other recent investigations. The computed escape fluxes for the minor sources, however, differ considerably from those of previous models. We find that the second most important source of escaping C is electron impact dissociation of CO, followed by dissociative recombination of CO+. The total predicted escape fluxes are comparable to those of previous models at high solar activity and are a factor of 2 larger at low solar activity.
Isotropy or weak vertical transverse isotropy in D″ beneath the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Garnero Edward J. , Moore Melissa M. , Lay Thorne , Fouch Matthew J.
Published: August 2004

Shear velocity properties of D″ beneath the central Atlantic Ocean are explored using predominantly European seismic recordings of intermediate and deep focus (>100 km) South American earthquakes. Broadband data are analyzed and, when possible, corrected for upper mantle models of receiver‐side anisotropic structure. Regional shear velocity heterogeneity in D″ is mapped by analysis of 306 S‐SKS differential times that have been corrected for three‐dimensional seismic velocity structure above D″ using a whole mantle tomographic model. This correction yields modest (less than ±2%) estimates of seismic velocity heterogeneity in D″, with a transition from high to low seismic velocities traversing from west to east beneath the central Atlantic, in agreement with global tomographic models. Additionally, shear wave splitting of S and Sdiff for the same recordings was analyzed to assess seismic anisotropy in D″. The highest‐quality data provide 105 splitting times between SH and SV onsets that are mostly within the ±1 s uncertainty level. The few larger values generally exhibit SV delayed relative to SH. Assuming an anisotropy geometry involving vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), as preferred in most regions of D″ that have been studied to date, <0.5% anisotropy strength within a 100 km thick layer, or <0.25% anisotropy within a 300 km thick layer are compatible with the data. These values are low in comparison to those found in high‐velocity regions beneath the circum‐Pacific Ocean or in the low‐velocity region beneath the central Pacific, and many observations are, in fact, consistent with isotropic structure. The lack of strong VTI relative to other regions may be due to (1) the absence of stress from overlying midmantle downwelling, (2) relatively weaker shear flow in the D″ boundary layer, and/or (3) lack of chemical heterogeneity that could develop either lattice‐preferred orientation or shape‐preferred orientation. The azimuthal sampling of this region of D″ is quite limited; thus the precise geometry and mechanism of any anisotropy are difficult to constrain. It remains possible that this region may contain subtle azimuthal anisotropy that could couple the SV and SH signals; however, amplitude observations suggest that any such coupling is minor.
First comparison between ground‐based and satellite‐borne measurements of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide in the Po basin
Authors: Petritoli Andrea , Bonasoni Paolo , Giovanelli Giorgio , Ravegnani Fabrizio , Kostadinov Ivan , Bortoli Daniele , Weiss Andrea , Schaub Daniel , Richter Andreas , Fortezza Francesco
Published: August 2004

In this paper we present in situ and tropospheric column measurements of NO2 in the Po river basin (northern Italy). The aim of the work is to provide a quantitative comparison between ground‐based and satellite measurements in order to assess the validity of spaceborne measurements for estimating NO2 emissions and evaluate possible climatic effects. The study is carried out using in situ chemiluminescent instrumentation installed in the Po valley, a UV/Vis spectrometer installed at Mount Cimone (44.2°N, 10.7°E, 2165 m asl), and tropospheric column measurements obtained from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) spectrometer. Results show that the annual cycle in surface concentrations and also some specific pollution periods observed by the air quality network are well reproduced by the GOME measurements. However, tropospheric columns derived from the surface measurements assuming a well‐mixed planetary boundary layer (PBL) are much larger than the GOME columns and also have a different seasonal cycle. This is interpreted as indication of a smaller and less variable mixing height for NO2 in the boundary layer. Under particular meteorological conditions the agreement between UV/Vis tropospheric column observations and GOME measurements in the Mount Cimone area is good (R2 = 0.9) with the mixing properties of the atmosphere being the most important parameter for a valid comparison of the measurements. However, even when the atmospheric mixing properties are optimal for comparison, the ratio between GOME and ground‐based tropospheric column data may not be unity. It is demonstrated that the values obtained (less than 1) are related to the fraction of the satellite ground pixel occupied by the NO2 hot spot.
A stop‐EGFP transgenic mouse to detect clonal cell lineages generated by mutation
Authors: Ro Simon , Rannala Bruce
Published: August 2004

The investigation of cell lineages and clonal organization in tissues is facilitated by techniques that allow labelling of clonal cell lineages. Here, we describe a novel transgenic mouse that allows clonal cell lineages to be traced in virtually any tissue. A green fluorescent cell lineage is generated by a random mutation at an enhanced green fluorescent protein gene that carries a premature stop codon, ensuring clonality. The transgenic system allows efficient detection of mutations and stem‐cell fate mapping in the epidermis using live mice, as well as in the kidney and liver post‐mortem. Cell lineages that descended from single epidermal stem cells were found to be capable of generating three adjacent corneocytes using the system, providing evidence for horizontal migration of epidermal cells between epidermal proliferative units (EPUs), in contrast to the classical EPU model. The transgenic mouse system is expected to provide a novel tool for stem‐cell lineage studies.
Integral representation of one-dimensional three particle scattering for δ function interactions
Authors: Amaya-Tapia A. , Gasaneo G. , Ovchinnikov S. , Macek J. H. , Larsen S. Y.
Published: August 2004

The Schrödinger equation, in hyperspherical coordinates, is solved in closed form for a system of three particles on a line, interacting via pair delta functions. This is for the case of equal masses and potential strengths. The interactions are replaced by appropriate boundary conditions. This leads then to requiring the solution of a free-particle Schrödinger equation subject to these boundary conditions. A generalized Kontorovich–Lebedev transformation is used to write this solution as an integral involving a product of Bessel functions and pseudo-Sturmian functions. The coefficient of the product is obtained from a three-term recurrence relation, derived from the boundary condition. The contours of the Kontorovich–Lebedev representation are fixed by the asymptotic conditions. The scattering matrix is then derived from the exact solution of the recurrence relation. The wavefunctions that are obtained are shown to be equivalent to those derived by McGuire. The method can clearly be applied to a larger number of particles and hopefully might be useful for unequal masses and potentials.
On the general structure of Ricci collineations for type B warped space–times
Authors: Flores J. L. , Parra Y. , Percoco U.
Published: August 2004

A complete study of the structure of Ricci collineations for type B warped space–times is carried out. This study can be used as a method to obtain these symmetries in such space–times. Special cases as 2+2 reducible space–times, and plane and spherical symmetric space–times are considered specifically.
On a theorem by Treves
Authors: Morosi Carlo , Pizzocchero Livio
Published: August 2004

According to a theorem by Treves [Duke Math. J.DUMJAO 108, 251 (2001)], the conserved functionals of the KdV equation vanish on each formal Laurent series 1/x2+u0+∑k=2+∞ukxk. We propose a new, very simple geometrical proof for this statement.
Solution-Phase Synthesis of Linear and Cyclic Peptidomimetics Based on 2-Aminoalkyloxazole-4- or -5-carboxylates
Authors: Cox Matthew O. , Prager Rolf H. , Svensson Carina E.
Published: August 2004

The solution-phase synthesis of several small linear and cyclic peptidomimetics based on the coupling of BOC-protected 2-aminoalkyloxazole-4- or -5-carboxylic acids is reported. Cyclic amides have been formed both by sequential coupling and cyclization, or by cyclooligomerization.
Recent Advances in Luminescent Monomeric, Multinuclear, and Polymeric Zn(II) and Cd(II) Coordination Complexes
Authors: Zheng Shao-Liang , Chen Xiao-Ming
Published: August 2004

‘Luminescence research has a long history full of splendor and surprise, and a bright future, promising variegated applications to probe molecules and crystals, to visualize atomic phenomena, …’ H. J. Queisser, 1981

This article briefly summarizes recent progress on the luminescence studies of monomeric, multinuclear, and polymeric Zn(ii)/Cd(ii) coordination complexes, involving spectroscopic, photophysical, and photochemical studies, as well as molecular and electronic structural investigations, focussing mainly on the interplaying factors that govern the luminescent origin of the lowest-lying emissive states. Current results show that, for Zn(ii)/Cd(ii) coordination complexes in general, the nature of the metal centres and ligands and the rigid metal-oxy (or -hydroxy) clusters are factors governing their luminescent origin of the lowest-lying emissive states; different types of ligands and coordination structures may result in different emission mechanisms.
The Synthesis of Some Oligopeptides Derived from Novel Carbohydrate α-Amino Acids
Authors: Scaffidi Adrian , Skelton Brian W. , Stick Robert V. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2004

The attempted coupling of a carbohydrate α-azido acid with a carbohydrate α-amino ester in the presence of a diimide, hopefully to produce a dipeptide, yielded only the carboxylic anhydride. However, the combination of 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine was successful, and four carbohydrate dipeptides were separately produced. One of these dipeptides was further transformed into a tripeptide, and another into a hexapeptide.
A single-crystal X-ray structure is reported for (3S)-3-azido-3-C-carboxy-3-deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-ribo-hexose, amide with (3S)-3-amino-3-deoxy-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-C-methoxycarbonyl-α-d-ribo-hexose.
Total Synthesis of a Hemiacetal Polypropionate from Siphonaria australis
Authors: Lister Troy , Perkins Michael V.
Published: August 2004

A highly stereocontrolled synthesis of (2S,3R,5R,6S)-6-[(1E,3R)-1,3-dimethylhex-1-enyl]-2-ethyl-2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one has been achieved in 13 steps and an overall yield of 7.6% from (R)-(+)-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one. This substrate-controlled asymmetric synthesis utilized Paterson’s lactate-derived chiral ketone (2S)-2-(benzoyloxy) pentan-3-one to generate the 5R and 6S stereocentres and alkylation of an Evans’ auxiliary to generate the remote side-chain 3R stereocentre. Furthermore, a novel, highly efficient, and selective strategy was used to generate an enol trimethylsilyl ether whose subsequent Mukaiyama aldol condensation gave the acyclic precursor to the final product. A thermodynamically controlled cyclization then gave (2S,3R,5R,6S)-6-[(1E,3R)-1,3-dimethylhex-1-enyl]-2-ethyl-2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one with control of the 2S and 3R stereocentres. The NMR spectroscopic data and optical rotation obtained for synthetic (2S,3R,5R,6S)-6-[(1E,3R)-1,3-dimethylhex-1-enyl]-2-ethyl-2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one were consistent with those reported for the hemiacetal isolated from Siphonaria australis, and thus, prove the absolute and relative configuration of the natural product.
Revision of the Australian Species of Ataenius Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiinae: Eupariini)
Authors: Stebnicka Z. T. , Howden H. F.
Published: August 2004

The Australian species of Ataenius Harold are revised.
In all, 55 species are described or redescribed, keyed and illustrated. The
following new species (19) are recognised: A. annanus,
Qld; A. benarabyensis, NSW, Qld;A. edungalbae, Qld;
A. eringundae, SA; A. gammonensis,
SA; A. gascoyneensis,
WA;A. gilesi, WA; A. gungareei,
NT; A. humptydooensis, NT, Qld;
A. kapalgaensis, NT, Qld, WA;
A. millstreamae, WA;A. murchisoni,
NT, WA; A. peregianensis, Qld;
A. pseudimparilis, Qld;
A. seaforthensis, Qld;
A. synnotensis, WA;A. tindalensis,
NT, Qld; A. uriarrae, ACT,
NSW;A. windjanae, WA. Fourteen species are synonymised:
Ataenius inciderusPetrovitz (=
spinipennis Lea), A. katherinei
Petrovitz (= deserti
Blackburn),A. laevifrons Lea and
A. demarziPetrovitz [=
semicoecus (Macleay)], A.
molestus Petrovitz (=
insularis Lea), A. moniliatus
Blackburn (= palmerstoni Blackburn),
A. similis Petrovitz (=
freyiPetrovitz),A. taylori
Petrovitz [= elongatulus (Macleay)],
A. thoracicus Petrovitz and
A. setipennis Petrovitz (=
torridus Blackburn), A. tweedensis
Blackburn [ = australasiae
(Boheman)],A. vulpes Petrovitz (=
microtrichopterus Lea),
Saprosites australis Petrovitz
(=A. nudus Blackburn),
S. clypealis Lea (=
A. peregrinator Harold).
The phycitine genera Faveria Walker, Morosaphycita, gen. nov., Epicrocis Zeller, Ptyobathra Turner and Vinicia Ragonot in Australia (Pyralidae: Phycitinae)
Authors: Horak Marianne
Published: August 2004

The phycitine genera Faveria Walker,
Morosaphycita, gen. nov.,
Epicrocis Zeller, Ptyobathra
Turner and Vinicia Ragonot are revised, based on their
type species and 18 Australian species. Comprehensive descriptions and
illustrations are given for the Australian species and the genitalia of some
critical species from outside Australia are figured.
Oligochroa Ragonot, Pristarthria
Ragonot and Sclerobia Ragonot are junior synonyms of
Faveria, with six Australian species including the type
species Faveria laiasalis Walker and
Faveria griseopuncta, sp. nov.
Morosaphycita, gen. nov., is proposed for a group of
species including the complex of Morosaphycita morosalis
(SaalmÜller) with two new Australian species, the type of the genus
M. tridens, sp. nov., and
M. bispinosa, sp. nov. Canthelea
Walker is treated as a junior synonym of Epicrocis, and
E. festivella Zeller and
E. oegnusalis (Walker) are part of two species complexes
each including Australian species, E. pulchra, sp. nov.,
and E. atrilinea, sp. nov., with the former and
E. metallopa (Lower) with the latter.
Ptyobathra is based on an Australian species, but
extends to Sri Lanka and Japan, whereas Vinicia is so
far known only from Australia and New Zealand.
Vinicia gypsopa (Meyrick) is synonymised with
Vinicia digrammella (Meyrick). Lectotypes are designated
for Pempelia strigiferella Meyrick,
Pempelia rufitinctella Meyrick,
Pempelia caliginosella Meyrick,
Eucarphia cnephaeella Meyrick,
Nephopteryx dasyptera Lower,
Pempelia oculiferella Meyrick,
Homoeosoma gratella Walker,
Oligochroa atrisquamella Hampson,
Nephopteryx hades Lower,
Pempelia digrammella Meyrick,
Salebria gypsopa Meyrick and
Epicrocis macrota Meyrick.
Inflatopyga, a new cicada genus (Homoptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae) endemic to the Solomon Islands
Authors: Duffels J. P.
Published: August 2004

The new cicada genus Inflatopyga and six new species of
this genus are described from the Solomon Islands. The genus belongs to the
subtribe Cosmopsaltriaria of the tribe Dundubiini (family Cicadidae). The
species are mainly island endemics.
Inflatopyga boulardi, sp.
nov.,I. ewarti, sp. nov.,
andI. verlaani, sp. nov., are endemic to
Bougainville,I. langeraki, sp. nov. (type species), is
endemic to Guadalcanal and New Georgia, I. webbi, sp.
nov., to Santa Isabel and I. mouldsi, sp. nov., to
Malaita. A key to the males is provided. Inflatopyga is
the sister-genus of Rhadinopyga, while both genera
together are considered to be the sister-group of
Diceropyga. A cladogram showing the apomorphies suggests
the monophyletic origin of the genera and the genus relationships. The
biogeography of the cicadas of the Solomon Islands is discussed. The
distribution and monophyly of Inflatopygasuggest that
the Solomon Islands form an area of endemism.
Taxonomic revision of the genus Cloacina von Linstow (Nematoda : Strongyloidea) from macropodid marsupials.
Authors: Beveridge I.
Published: August 2004

The strongyloid nematode genus Cloacina von Linstow,parasitic in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials, is revised andmorphological taxonomic characters are analysed. Ninety species arerecognised, including 48 which are new. A key to the species is provided.New species are as follows: C. aedon,C. antigone,C. antiope,C. ares,C. artemis, C. caenis,C. cloelia, C. clymene,C. cybele, C. dindymene,C. dirce,C. dis,C. dryope,C. echidne, C. eileithyia,C. enyo, C. eos,C. epona, C. feronia,C. hebe, C. hecuba,C. hera,C. herceus,C. hermes,C. hestia,C. hypsipyle,C. io, C. ips,C. ixion, C. leto,C. littoralis,C. lityerses,C. maia, C. metis,C. nike, C. niobe,C. papillatissima, C. petronius,C . phaeax, C. phaedra,C. phaethon, C. polyxena,C. polyxo, C. selene,C. themis, C. tyche,C. typhon and C. tyro.Cloacina clarkae Mawson is treated as a synonym ofC. similis Johnston & Mawson, whileC. vestibulata Johnston & Mawson becomes a synonymof C. obtusa Johnston & Mawson.C. dubia Johnston & Mawson,C. inflataJohnston & Mawson andC. typica (Johnston & Mawson) are treated asspeciesinquirendae. An annotated checklist of parasites and hosts is provided.
Revision of the Australian Ascidae (Acarina : Mesostigmata)
Authors: Halliday R. B. , Walter D. E. , Lindquist E. E.
Published: August 2004

Ascid mites are an important component of the predatory meiofauna in soil, onvegetation, and in association with other animals, yet the Australian fauna isalmost unknown. At least 15 genera of ascid mites occur in Australia, of which14 genera and 26 species are treated in this paper. Four of these genera(Gamasellodes, Hoploseius,Platyseius,Xenoseius) are hererecorded from Australia for the first time. Six new species are described[Antennoseius(Antennoseius)lobochelus, sp.nov., Arctoseius memnon, sp. nov.,Gamasellodes plaire, sp. nov.,Platyseius cupensis, sp.nov., Xenoseius elizae, sp. nov., andZerconopsis pristis, sp. nov.], and six otherspecies are reported from Australia for the first time[Arctoseius semiscissus(Berlese),Gamasellodes rectiventris Lindquist,Proctolaelaps aurora(Vitzthum),Proctolaelaps bickleyi(Bram), Proctolaelaps lobatus De Leon, andProtogamasellus massula (Athias-Henriot)].Proctolaelaps nesbitti (Womersley) is removed fromsynonymy with P. pygmaeus (MÜller). Lectotypes aredesignated for Proctolaelaps antennatusKarg andP. australis Stone.P. antennatushas wrongly been recorded from Australia, and is known only from New Zealand.The first observations of feeding behaviour of mites in the generaIphidozercon, Xenoseius andZerconopsis confirm that nematophagy is prevalent amongsoil Ascidae. Keys to the world genera and Australian species areprovided.Protogamasellopsis Evans and Purvis istransferred to the Rhodacaridae, TangarorellusLuxton toan unspecified family in the Rhodacaroidea, andLindquistoseius Genis, Loots & Ryke to theOlogamasidae. OrolaelapsDeLeon is removed from synonymywith Melichares Hering. The following new synonymies areproposed: Arctoseius bicuspidatus Willmann, 1949 andArctoseius limburgensis Nesbitt, 1954 =Arctoseius semiscissus (Berlese, 1892);Cheiroseius (Posttrematus) Karg,1981 = EpiseiusHull,1918;Iphidozercon californicus Chant,1963,Leioseius (Arctoseius)elegans Bernhard, 1963 andIphidozercon variolatus Ishikawa, 1969=Iphidozercon corticalisEvans, 1958;Garmania longipilis Chant, 1958=Proctolaelaps aurora(Vitzthum, 1925);Proctolaelaps lewisi Garman & McGregor, 1956= P. utahensis Chant, 1958;Lasioseius convivavar.laevisternus Berlese, 1916a =Proctolaelaps pygmaeus(MÜller,1859);Neojordensia lativentris Karg, 1982 =Africoseius areolatus Krantz, 1962.
The phoracanthine beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae): taxonomic overview and generic relationships
Authors: Wang Qiao
Published: August 2004

Eleven genera are recognised in the cerambycine tribe Phoracanthini:
Coptocercus Hope, Allotisis
Pascoe, Thoris Pascoe, Epithora
Pascoe, Skeletodes Newman,
AtestaPascoe, Paratesta Wang,
Steata Wang, Coleocoptus
Aurivillius, Phytrocaria Wang and
Phoracantha Newman. A key to these genera is provided.
Taxonomic history of the tribe is reviewed. Taxonomically useful characters in
the tribe are evaluated, figured and explained. The scope of the tribe is
redefined. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the tribe are
analysed by cladistic methods. The monophyly of the Phoracanthini is
confirmed. Two large monophyletic groups are recognised: the ivory
genus-group, comprising Coptocercus,
Thorisand Allotisis, and the
non-ivory genus-group, comprising Epithora,
Skeletodes, Steata,
Paratesta, Atesta,
Phytrocaria, Phoracantha
andColeocoptus.
The Aphodiinae of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands (Coleoptera : Scarabaeoidea)
Authors: Stebnicka Z. T.
Published: August 2004

Fifty-five species are discussed, keyed and illustrated, including 17 species
described as new: Airapus gazelle,
A. hollandiae, A. nondugli,
A. popondettae, A. wampuensis,
A. wauus, Aphodius pseudoreichei,
Ataenius warisensis,
Cnematoplatys torricellensis,
Rhyparus anneae, R. edieae,
R. henryi, R. mokaiensis,
R. sepikensis, R. sinewitensis,
Saprosites enarotadii, S. komumi.
Nine species are synonymised: Ataenius canaliculatus
Schmidt and Euparia wonga Stebnicka [=
Airapus granulator (Harold)];
Euparia frankenbergeri Balthasar and
E. spuria Krikken [=
Airapus parvispinus (Schmidt)];
E. papuana Petrovitz [=
Airapus spinator (Harold)];
Rhyparus australiae Lea,
R. orousseti Paulian and
R. risbeci Paulian (=
R. helophoroides Fairmaire);
Saprosites ullrichi Stebnicka (=
S. fodori Endrödi). Eleven of the New Guinean
species also occur on mainland Australia; the remainder are mostly endemic to
New Guinea and its adjacent islands.
Larval development of Metapenaeopsis barbata (de Haan, 1844) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae)
Authors: Ronquillo Jesse D. , Saisho Toshio
Published: August 2004

Gravid females of Metapenaeopsis barbata spawned in the
laboratory by natural means and the larvae were reared from hatching to
postlarval stage at 27·0–29·8˚C and
33·5–34·5 g kg -1 salinity. The
larvae metamorphosed into first postlarvae, with a survival rate of up to
98·4%, after about 10 days following hatching and subsistence on
only an algal diet of Tetraselmis tetrathele and
Chaetoceros gracilis. Six naupliar stages, three
protozoeal stages, three mysis stages and the first postlarval stage are
described and illustrated. On the basis of morphological characteristics,
larval stages of M. barbata can be distinguished from
similar stages of closely related species in the family Penaeidae. As inferred
from the morphology of the larval feeding apparatus,
M. barbata is still a filter-feeder even at the first
postlarval stage.
Reaction of aquatic humic substances with aluminium: a 27 Al NMR study
Authors: Howe Russell F. , Lu Xiaoqiao , Hook James , Johnson W. David
Published: August 2004

27Al NMR spectroscopy showed that humic substances from
swamp water can complex aluminium(III) ion. At the relatively low
concentration of 0.002 M humic substances, the 27 Al NMR
spectrum shows only one peak, with a chemical shift at 6.5 ppm. As the
concentrations of the humic substances increased, the 27
Al NMR spectra showed three peaks with chemical shifts at 6.5, 12.4, and 16.5
ppm, respectively, indicating that there are at least three complexing species
formed in the solutions of humic substance at the different concentrations.
Humic substances from surface soil, peat and brown coal also formed complexes
with aluminium(III). Investigation of the reaction of organic acids with
aluminium(III) ion indicated that the chemical shifts of aluminium complexes
observed in solutions of swamp humic substances are similar to those in oxalic
acid solutions, suggesting that the three peaks represent aluminium complexes
formed in the humic substances with one, two and three oxalic acid-like
groups. Significant complexation of aluminium occurs at low pH, suggesting
that humic substances play an important role in the transport of this metal in
acidic environments.
Population studies of juvenile Trochus niloticus on a reef flat on the north-eastern Queensland coast, Australia
Authors: Castell Laura L.
Published: August 2004

Transects and quadrats were used to sample the distribution and density of
Trochus niloticus, recruitment, growth rates of
juveniles, and characteristics of the microhabitat, on an intertidal reef flat
at Orpheus Island between 1993 and 1995. Individuals between 1·5 and 62
mm shell width (SW) were found in all parts of the reef flat. Their density
averaged 0·178 and 0·115 individuals m-2
in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Juveniles were found in groups of 2–4
individuals m-2 more frequently than would occur by
chance, but denser aggregations were rare. As juveniles increased in size,
there was a change in microhabitat: from small rubble (<10 mm) to larger
rocks and coral bench and from shallow pools (<10 mm deep) to deeper pools.
The size–frequency distribution was bimodal during parts of the year,
suggesting seasonality in recruitment. Growth rates ranged between 2·3
and 2·6 mm SW month-1.
In relation to the seeding of cultured juveniles for population enhancement,
the results indicate that seeding densities should be <5 individuals
m-2. Shallow areas with abundant small rubble may
represent favourable conditions for individuals of <15 mm SW, but deeper
areas with larger rocks are better for individuals of 15 mm SW.
Comparison of dorsal and ventral tag retention in western rock lobsters, Panulirus cygnus (George)
Authors: Melville-Smith R. , Chubb C. F.
Published: August 2004

Over 13000 western rock lobsters double-tagged in Western Australia with
dorsal and ventral tags between 1992 and 1995 have been recaptured. Ventral
tags suffered significantly less damage over time (P < 0.001) than did
dorsal tags. Dorsal tag durability was significantly less (P <0.001) for
lobsters in shallow (<37 m) than deep (>37 m) water. Furthermore, dorsal
tags returned from the Abrolhos Islands showed substantially more mutilation
and loss than did those from the coast (P < 0.001), and even within the
coastal areas there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between
management zones. Tag durability was less in areas of high lobster density
than low, but was not influenced by the sex or size of the animals.
Importance of marine inputs to the sediment and nutrient load of coastal-plain estuaries: a case study of Pumicestone Passage, south-eastern Queensland, Australia
Authors: Eyre Bradley , France Lisa
Published: August 2004

Sediment and nutrient exchange between Deception Bay and Pumicestone Passage
was studied to test the hypothesis that marine input of sediment and
associated particulate nutrients may dominate the nutrient loading of
coastal-plain estuaries. Estimates suggest that Deception Bay contributes
110–111 ¥ 103 t of sediment and 68–74 t
of phosphorus annually to Pumicestone Passage. These yearly transports were 10
times the sediment and two times the phosphorus contributed from the
catchment. In contrast, Deception Bay contributed only 100–220 t of
nitrogen annually to Pumicestone Passage, or 12–25% of the
nitrogen contributed by the catchment as a result of leaching from
agricultural and horticultural areas and/or from groundwater. However,
caution is required when extrapolating these findings to other coastal-plain
estuaries since some features may be unique to Pumicestone Passage. In
particular, the sediment and phosphorus inputs were dominated by a net
northerly flow through the passage and high concentrations of suspended
sediment and phosphorus in adjacent coastal waters (Deception Bay).
Associations between environmental variables and zooplankton body masses in a regulated Australian river
Authors: Kobayashi T.
Published: August 2004

An exploratory study was made to investigate the association between mean
zooplankton body mass and river environmental variables and also zooplankton
biomass in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River over a year. Simple correlation
showed that the mean body masses of three zooplankton populations (protists,
rotifers and copepods) and of the community (including cladocerans) were
correlated significantly with one to three examined variables that tended to
intercorrelate. Partial correlation showed that the mean body mass of the
zooplankton community was significantly positively correlated with only the
community biomass when the effects of other predictor variables were
controlled. On a population basis, the mean body mass of rotifers showed a
similarly positive correlation with the biomass. The mean body mass of
protists was negatively correlated with temperature, whereas the mean body
mass of copepods was negatively correlated with river flow rate and
chlorophyll a concentration. The mean body mass of
cladocerans showed no significant correlation with any of the examined
variables in both simple and partial correlations. Although the results of
this study should be regarded as exploratory, the differing associational
patterns indicate that there may be no single mechanism regulating the body
sizes of populations and communities of river zooplankton.