bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medieval drought in the upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: Meko David M. , Woodhouse Connie A. , Baisan Christopher A. , Knight Troy , Lukas Jeffrey J. , Hughes Malcolm K. , Salzer Matthew W.
Published: May 2007

New tree‐ring records of ring‐width from remnant preserved wood are analyzed to extend the record of reconstructed annual flows of the Colorado River at Lee Ferry into the Medieval Climate Anomaly, when epic droughts are hypothesized from other paleoclimatic evidence to have affected various parts of western North America. The most extreme low‐frequency feature of the new reconstruction, covering A.D. 762‐2005, is a hydrologic drought in the mid‐1100s. The drought is characterized by a decrease of more than 15% in mean annual flow averaged over 25 years, and by the absence of high annual flows over a longer period of about six decades. The drought is consistent in timing with dry conditions inferred from tree‐ring data in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau, but regional differences in intensity emphasize the importance of basin‐specific paleoclimatic data in quantifying likely effects of drought on water supply.
Biphenyl-utilizing bacteria and their functional genes in a pine root zone contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Authors: Leigh Mary Beth , Pellizari Vivian H , Uhlík Ondřej , Sutka Robin , Rodrigues Jorge , Ostrom Nathaniel E , Zhou Jizhong , Tiedje James M
Published: May 2007

Bacteria and functional genes associated with biphenyl (BP) degradation in the root zone of an Austrian pine (Pinus nigra L.) growing naturally in polychlorinated-BP (PCB)-contaminated soil were identified using stable isotope probing (SIP) integrated with comprehensive functional gene analyses. SIP revealed 75 different genera that derived carbon from 13C-BP, with Pseudonocardia, Kribella, Nocardiodes and Sphingomonas predominating carbon acquisition. Rhodococcus spp. were not detected with SIP, despite being the most abundant BP utilizers isolated from agar plates. Only one organism, an Arthrobacter spp., was detected as a BP utilizer by both cultivation and SIP methods. Time-course SIP analyses indicated that secondary carbon flow from BP-utilizing bacteria into other soil organisms may have occurred largely between 4 and 14 days incubation. Functional gene contents of the BP-utilizing metagenome (13C-DNA) were explored using the GeoChip, a functional gene array containing 6465 probes targeting aromatic degradative genes. The GeoChip detected 27 genes, including several associated with catabolism of BP, benzoate and a variety of aromatic ring hydroxylating dioygenase (ARHD) subunits. Genes associated with the β-ketoadipate pathway were also detected, suggesting a potential role for this plant aromatic catabolic pathway in PCB degradation. Further ARHD analyses using targeted polymerase chain reaction primers and sequence analyses revealed novel dioxygenase sequences in 13C-DNA, including several sequences that clustered distantly from all known ARHDs and others that resembled known Rhodococcus ARHDs. The findings improve our understanding of BP degradation and carbon flow in soil, reveal the extent of culture bias, and may benefit bioremediation research by facilitating the development of molecular tools to detect, quantify and monitor populations involved in degradative processes.
Die Oesophagusmanometrie
Authors: Prantner C.
Published: May 2007

Mano steht für Druck und -metrie für Messung. Manometrie bedeutet also allgemein Druckmessung. Im Speziellen geht es hier um die Ösophagusmanometrie. Dabei wird der Druck

Die Manometrie ist die einzige Messmethode, die eine quantitative Aussage über die Kontraktionskraft der Muskulatur an der Stelle des Sensors machen kann. Daher hat sie sich auch in der Funktionsdiagnostik des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes als „Gold-Standard” durchgesetzt.
Investigation of the ion dynamics in a multispecies plasma under pulsed magnetic fields
Authors: Arad R. , Tsigutkin K. , Maron Y. , Fruchtman A.
Published: May 2007

The interaction between a moving magnetic-field front and a low-collisionality plasma consisting of different ion species is investigated using spatially and temporally resolved spectroscopic techniques. The experiment is carried out in a plasma-opening-switch configuration, in which a current rising to 150 kA in 400 ns is conducted through a plasma that prefills the region between two planar electrodes. Ion-species separation is found to occur, similarly to the results reported for a 80 ns duration plasma-opening-switch experiment of cylindrical geometry, which was not necessarily expected since in the present experiment plasma pushing is more substantial. The separation, in which the light-ion plasma (protons) is reflected while the heavy-ion plasma (carbon) is penetrated by the propagating magnetic-field, is investigated by determining the electron density from the temporal evolution of spectral lines, the nonprotonic ion velocities from line-emission Doppler shifts, and the proton velocity distribution from Doppler shifts of line emissions from hydrogen atoms produced by proton charge exchange. The ion dynamics is shown to be consistent with the acceleration expected from the one-dimensional Hall electric field, based on the previously published magnetic-field and electron density evolutions. Significant acceleration of the nonprotonic ions behind the magnetic-field front is observed. It is found that a significant fraction of the protons acquire a velocity that is more than twice the velocity of the magnetic piston. This phenomenon is shown to result from the time dependence of the accelerating electric field and the broad acceleration region. The lateral motion of the nonprotonic ions is also discussed.
High gain oscillators: Pulse propagation and saturation
Authors: Dattoli G. , Ottaviani P. L. , Pagnutti S.
Published: May 2007

Semianalytical formulas have been used to model the pulse propagation dynamics of low gain free electron laser oscillators. Most of the scaling relations, including pulse propagation effects, are limited to the low gain regime. We discuss the problem of oscillator devices operating with small signal gain coefficients larger than 1. We comment on the relevant physical aspects and show that gain and saturated power can be reproduced by a set of simple formulas, analogous to those employed for the low gain case.
Generalized Pickands constants
Authors: Wu Dongsheng
Published: May 2007

In this paper, under some spectral conditions, we define the extended class of generalized Pickands constants for a class of centered Gaussian processes with stationary increments. Moreover, we study the properties of the extended class of generalized Pickands constants.
Rate equation model of the negative characteristic temperature of InAs∕GaAs quantum dot lasers
Authors: Tong C. Z. , Yoon S. F. , Liu C. Y.
Published: May 2007

The negative characteristic temperature of InAs∕GaAs quantum dot lasers is studied using a rate equation model. It is found that the decrease in the total contribution to lasing following a decrease in temperature is the reason for the occurrence of negative characteristic temperature in these lasers. The temperature corresponding to the occurrence of negative characteristic temperature is determined by the carrier escape rate from the quantum dots to the wetting layer or cap layer, carrier recombination lifetime, and rate of carrier loss due to deviation from (quasi-) Fermi equilibrium. The negative characteristic temperature in InAs∕GaAs quantum dot lasers does not occur under conditions of low carrier recombination lifetime and high quantum dot energy level occupation.
Electron stimulated reactions of methyl iodide coadsorbed with amorphous solid water
Authors: Perry C. C. , Faradzhev N. S. , Madey T. E. , Fairbrother D. H.
Published: May 2007

The electron stimulated reactions of methyl iodide (MeI) adsorbed on and suspended within amorphous solid water (ice) were studied using a combination of postirradiation temperature programmed desorption and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. For MeI adsorbed on top of amorphous solid water (ice), electron beam irradiation is responsible for both structural and chemical transformations within the overlayer. Electron stimulated reactions of MeI result principally in the formation of methyl radicals and solvated iodide anions. The cross section for electron stimulated decomposition of MeI is comparable to the gas phase value and is only weakly dependent upon the local environment. For both adsorbed MeI and suspended MeI, reactions of methyl radicals within MeI clusters lead to the formation of ethane, ethyl iodide, and diiodomethane. In contrast, reactions between the products of methyl iodide and water dissociation are responsible for the formation of methanol and carbon dioxide. Methane, formed as a result of reactions between methyl radicals and either parent MeI molecules or hydrogen atoms, is also observed. The product distribution is found to depend on the film’s initial chemical composition as well as the electron fluence. Results from this study highlight the similarities in the carbon-containing products formed when monohalomethanes coadsorbed with amorphous solid water are irradiated by either electrons or photons.
Studies of Stokes shift in InxGa1−xN alloys
Authors: Huang Y. H. , Cheng C. L. , Chen T. T. , Chen Y. F. , Tsen K. T.
Published: May 2007

InGaN ternary alloys have been studied with photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. The relatively large Stokes shift observed in the photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy has been found to be consistent with previous results reported in the literature. By correlating our experimental findings and others reported in the literature with those of scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, we conclude that the physical origin of the Stokes shift in InGaN ternary alloy system is primarily due to the effects of alloy composition fluctuations. A plausible model responsible for the observed Stokes shift is proposed.
Electron injection by a nanowire in the bubble regime
Authors: Shen Baifei , Li Yuelin , Nemeth Karoly , Shang Hairong , Chae Yong-chul , Soliday Robert , Crowell Robert , Frank Edward , Gropp William , Cary John
Published: May 2007

The triggering of wave-breaking in a three-dimensional laser plasma wake (bubble) is investigated. The Coulomb potential from a nanowire is used to disturb the wake field to initialize the wave-breaking. The electron acceleration becomes more stable and the laser power needed for self-trapping is lowered. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations were performed. Electrons with a charge of about 100pC can be accelerated stably to energy about 170MeV with a laser energy of 460mJ. The first step towards tailoring the electron beam properties such as the energy, energy spread, and charge is discussed.
Second harmonic generation in (111)-oriented InP-based quantum cascade laser
Authors: Giovannini Marcella , Beck Mattias , Hoyler Nicolas , Faist Jérôme
Published: May 2007

We show the realization of quantum cascade lasers (QCL) grown on (111)-oriented InP substrates instead of the usual (100)-oriented surface. Growth along [111] orientation allows the excitation of the nonlinear susceptibility for the transverse magnetic wave produced by the QCL. Two devices were realized, at 6 and 10 μm wavelengths. They are compared with the same structures grown on the usual (100)-oriented surface. Second harmonic generation is demonstrated in one of the devices.
Development of electrostatic turbulence from drift-interchange instabilities in a toroidal plasma
Authors: Poli F. M. , Podestà M. , Fasoli A.
Published: May 2007

Electrostatic instabilities develop on TORPEX (TORoidal Plasma EXperiment) [A. Fasoli et al., Phys. of Plasmas, 13, 55902 (2006)] in the bad curvature region and propagate consistently with the drift wave dispersion relation. The wave number and frequency spectra are coherent at the location where the instabilities are generated, then broaden along the E×B convection. The phase coupling between spectral components at different frequencies, measured at different locations over the plasma cross section, indicates that the transition from a coherent to a turbulent spectrum is mainly due to three-wave interaction processes. Nonlinear interactions are measured between the linearly unstable mode and fluctuations with larger frequency, with transfer of energy away from the linearly unstable mode. The results are consistent with a nonlinearity induced by the convection of density fluctuations by the E×B fluctuating velocity.
Electronic anisotropy between open shell atoms in first and second order perturbation theory
Authors: Groenenboom Gerrit C. , Chu Xi , Krems Roman V.
Published: May 2007

The interaction between two atoms in states with nonzero electronic orbital angular momenta is anisotropic and can be represented by a spherical tensor expansion. The authors derive expressions for the first order (electrostatic) and second order (dispersion and induction) anisotropic interaction coefficients in terms of the multipole moments and dynamic polarizabilities of the atoms and show that a complete description of the second order interaction requires odd rank or “out-of-phase” polarizabilities. The authors relate the tensorial expansion coefficients to the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer potentials of the molecule and show that there are linear, and in some cases nonlinear, constraints on the van der Waals coefficients of these potentials.
Study of thermal and optical properties of the semiconductor CdTe by photopyroelectric spectroscopy
Authors: de Albuquerque J. E. , de Oliveira P. M. S. , Ferreira S. O.
Published: May 2007

In this study, photopyroelectric spectroscopy (PPES) was used to obtain thermal and optical properties of CdTe thin films in the 300–1200 nm wavelength range. The samples studied were grown on glass or BaF2 substrates using the hot wall epitaxy technique with varying thicknesses. The normalized photopyroelectric signal intensity and its phase were independently measured as a function of wavelength λ and chopping frequency f. Equations of both the intensity and the phase of the PPES signal, taking into account the thermal and the optical characteristics of the pyroelectric detector, were used to fit the experimental results. From the fittings, we have obtained the values of thermal diffusivity coefficient α, thermal conductivity k, optical absorption coefficient, and the optical gap of CdTe.
Auger recombination and state filling of resonantly excited ground state in CdSe quantum dots
Authors: Kim J. H. , Kyhm K. , Kim S. M. , Yang Ho-Soon
Published: May 2007

Dynamics and state filling of the resonantly excited ground state (1se-1S3∕2h) in a strongly confined CdSe quantum dot were investigated by degenerate pump-probe measurements. With increasing the electron-hole (e-h) pairs per dot the state filling and bleaching were observed with ∼2.7 e-h pairs. While radiative recombination was dominant with a small number of the e-h pairs (⪡1), the Auger-type recombination became significant near the bleaching number of e-h pairs (∼2.7). This result suggests that, for resonant excitation, either cold electron or hole of the ground state is scattered into the higher-energy states of a ZnS shell via Auger recombination process (∼28ps).
Transparent and conductive oxide films with the perovskite structure: La- and Sb-doped BaSnO3
Authors: Wang H. F. , Liu Q. Z. , Chen F. , Gao G. Y. , Wu Wenbin , Chen X. H.
Published: May 2007

We report that (La0.07Ba0.93)SnO3 films grown epitaxially on SrTiO3(001) substrates by laser ablation at 760°C show a cubic perovskite structure of lattice constant 4.121Å, excellent optical transmittance in the visible range, and a weak metallic behavior with low resistivity of about 4mΩcm within 10–300K. The transparent perovskite oxide films are n-type conductors, with carrier concentration and mobility at room temperature of about 2×1021cm−3 and 0.69cm2∕Vs, respectively, and a direct allowed band gap of 4.02eV. The effect of deposition temperature on structural, optical, and electric properties of the Sb-doped Ba(Sn0.93Sb0.07)O3 films was also demonstrated.
Annealing induced transition of flat strained InGaAs epilayers into three-dimensional islands
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Everett E. Addison , Yang Haeyeon
Published: May 2007

We report arrays of self-assembled quantum dots through roughening transition of strained but atomically flat layers into three-dimensional (3D) islands. Atomically flat two-dimensional InGaAs epilayers were grown on GaAs(001) substrates below 360°C. When heated higher than 420°C, they were observed to undergo roughening transitions. The morphology, height, and width of the resultant 3D features were found to be a strong function of the annealing time and temperature. Furthermore, at a particular set of parameters, dot chains were observed. The strain field of the flat layer seemed uniform in the roughening stage, but appeared to induce anisotropic diffusion at the subsequent growth stage.
A model for the high field leakage current in nitrided oxides
Authors: Sathaiya D. Mahaveer , Karmalkar Shreepad
Published: May 2007

The enhanced conduction at low fields (<4MV∕cm) in metal-insulator semiconductor structures having nitrided oxides was recently explained using a generalized thermionic trap-assisted tunneling model. In the present work, we show that the same model can predict both high and low field leakage currents if we assume that a fraction (∼35%) of the insulator thickness located next to the metal-insulator junction is devoid of traps.
Effect of annealing on dielectric behavior and electrical conduction of W6+ doped Bi3TiNbO9 ceramics
Authors: Zhou Zhiyong , Li Yuchen , Yang Lihui , Dong Xianlin , Yan Haixue
Published: May 2007

Bi 3 Ti 1 − x W x Nb O 9 + δ  (x=0.15) (WBTN-15) ceramics were prepared using the solid state reaction method, and the behaviors of oxygen vacancies were confirmed and investigated by annealing the ceramic samples in O2 and Ar gas atmospheres. Dielectric measurements showed that oxygen vacancies had great contributions to the dielectric loss and constant of Ar-annealed sample, compared with those of as-sintered and O2-annealed samples. dc conductivity measurements indicate that oxygen vacancies played an important role mainly at lower temperature. The WBTN-15 ceramics exhibit intrinsic conduction mechanism at high temperature range and electronic and oxygen-vacancy ionic mixed conduction mechanism at low temperature range.
Nonlinear helically symmetric hydromagnetic waves in a plasma filled cylindrical waveguide
Authors: Hamabata Hiromitsu
Published: May 2007

An exact helically symmetric wave solution of the nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic equations for a highly conducting incompressible fluid within a perfectly conducting cylindrical waveguide is obtained. The solution represents a cylindrical waveguide mode propagating along the helical magnetic field with the velocity proportional to the Alfvén velocity.
Room temperature midinfrared electroluminescence from GaInAsSbP light emitting diodes
Authors: Krier A. , Smirnov V. M. , Batty P. J. , Vasil’ev V. I. , Gagis G. S. , Kuchinskii V. I.
Published: May 2007

Room temperature electroluminescence in the midinfrared near 4μm is reported from GaInAsSbP light emitting diodes grown on GaSb by liquid phase epitaxy. Comparison of the electro- and photoluminescence revealed that light is generated on the p side of the diode. The energy shift (24meV) is consistent with band gap narrowing and recombination via band tail states due to the Zn doping (1×1018cm−3) in the p layer of the structure. The temperature dependent behavior of the luminescence and the improved emission intensity was attributed to recombination from localized states arising from electrostatic potential fluctuations due to compositional inhomogeneities in these alloys.
Surface acoustic wave device on AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure using two-dimensional electron gas interdigital transducers
Authors: Wong King-Yuen , Tang Wilson , Lau Kei May , Chen Kevin J.
Published: May 2007

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices using two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) as interdigital transducers (IDTs) on AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure has been demonstrated using a planar isolation technique based on the fluoride-based (CF4) plasma treatment technique. The rf characteristics of the SAW filters with planar 2DEG IDTs are compared with SAW devices that are made of metal IDTs or hybrid metal/2DEG IDTs.
Self-induced Anderson localization and optical limiting in photonic crystal coupled cavity waveguides with Kerr nonlinearity
Authors: Liu Hai-Ying , Lan Sheng , Wu Li-Jun , Guo Qi , Hu Wei , Liu Song-Hao , Lin Xu-Sheng , Gopal Achanta Venu
Published: May 2007

The transmission behavior of photonic crystal coupled cavity waveguides (CCWs) with Kerr nonlinearity is investigated by numerical simulations based on the finite-difference time-domain technique. The authors find that a nearly ideal optical limiter can be realized by use of a nonlinear CCW. In addition, it is revealed that Anderson localization [Phys. Rev. 109, 1492 (1958)] of the extended states in the impurity band instead of the shift of the impurity band is responsible for the observed optical limiting. Therefore, nonlinear CCWs offer a convenient platform for studying Anderson localization of electromagnetic waves in a controlled fashion and will find potential applications in optical limiting and switching.
Temperature stability of single-photon emission from InGaAs quantum dots in photonic crystal nanocavities
Authors: Chen W.-Y. , Chang H.-S. , Hsu T. M. , Hsieh T.-P. , Chyi J.-I.
Published: May 2007

This study demonstrates the feasibility to 60K operation of photonic crystal (PC) nanocavities for self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots (QDs) in single-photon applications. With the proper quality factor and small mode volume, this PC nanocavity exhibits excellent spontaneous emission enhancement and high thermal stability. Measuring the second-order correlation function of single QD emission yields clear photon antibunching with a small timing jitter of ∼1ns, which is maintained from T=7to60K. These results demonstrate that PC nanocavities with an appropriate quality factor and mode volume are well suitable for developing thermal-stable single-photon sources.
Tenure-neutral and Equitable Housing Taxation
Authors: Thalmann Philippe
Published: May 2007

Equity and neutrality are distinct concepts in housing taxation and weak and strong tenure neutrality should be distinguished. When a tax system is tested for those criteria, the taxes paid by landlords must be included, as they affect the rents renters pay. This paper defines appropriate tests, applies them to a stylised tax system and proposes tax changes designed to restore tenure equity and/or neutrality. It shows how the homeowner's implicit income should be computed for taxes to be fundamentally tenure-neutral or equitable or both. It also shows the key role played by the cost differential in producing housing services under owner-occupation and renting.
Splintering Urban Populations: Emergent Landscapes of Reurbanisation in Four European Cities
Authors: Buzar Stefan , Ogden Philip , Hall Ray , Haase Annegret , Kabisch Sigrun , Steinfiihrer Annett
Published: May 2007

During the last three decades, the countries of the developed world have been engulfed by the 'second demographic transition', which involves new family relations, less and later marriage, declining fertility rates, population ageing, postponement of child-bearing and smaller households, among other trends. It is being increasingly argued that such population dynamics are having a powerful transformative effect on the inner city, by diversifying and redensifying its social landscapes, and creating a 'splintered' urban form. Based on the findings of a recent EU Framework 5 research project, this paper investigates the demographic contingencies of this process-also known as reurbanisation-in four European cities: Leipzig (Germany), Ljubljana (Slovenia), Bologna (Italy) and Leon (Spain). Analyses of census and municipal registry data, as well as on-site questionnaire surveys and interviews, have revealed that the reviewed cities are being populated with, and fragmented by, multiple migration trends and new household structures connected to the second demographic transition.
Signal Extraction with Kalman Filter: A Study of the Hong Kong Property Price Bubbles
Authors: Xiao Qin , Randolph Tan Gee Kwang
Published: May 2007

Since the early 1980s, the debate surrounding speculative bubbles has never subsided. A key obstacle to resolving this issue is the identification problem. A bubble is usually inferred from some assumed fundamental determinants of a price. These assumptions could be oversimplified. Furthermore, there might be data measurement errors. This paper attempts to capture such errors with a latent state variable. This variable is extracted using the Kalman filter. Based on the empirical comparisons, it is found that it is possible to attribute the observed large price swings in the property market of Hong Kong during the 1980s and 1990s to a periodically collapsing rational speculative bubble.
US Metropolitan-area Variation in Environmental Inequality Outcomes
Authors: Downey Liam
Published: May 2007

Over the past 20 years a steadily increasing number of researchers have investigated the relationship between neighbourhood demographic composition and environmental hazard presence. However, relatively few researchers have attempted to determine why the distribution of social groups around environmental hazards takes the form that it does or why some studies find strong evidence of environmental racial inequality while others do not. One possible explanation for this is that environmental racial inequality levels vary from one location to another. In order to see if this is the case, the article compares environmental racial inequality levels in the 61 largest metropolitan areas in the continental US, holding the unit of analysis, type of hazard, type of region and comparison population constant across metropolitan areas. Analyses demonstrate that environmental racial inequality levels do vary across metropolitan areas. Thus, after presenting these analyses, hypotheses are tested that make predictions about the determinants of this variation. These hypothesis tests show that neither residential segregation nor racial income inequality does a good job of explaining metropolitan-area variation in environmental inequality outcomes in the US.
Unpacking the Theory-Policy Interface of Local Economic Development: An Analysis of Cardiff and Liverpool
Authors: Boland Philip
Published: May 2007

This paper addresses the theory-policy interface of local economic development. It traces the transmission chain through which academic knowledge on competitive city-regions is developed, formalised and institutionalised in local economic development theory and practice. The major thrust of this paper critically examines the increasingly influential role of academic consultants in shaping local economic development policy. In particular, it addresses the extent to which these experts directly influence policy formulation in case studies of Cardiff and Liverpool. Another dimension is the use of experts by local authorities, the reasons for selecting certain names and not others, and the extent to which their work helps to frame the context of local economic development policy. The paper ends by offering some comments on the relationship between the theory and practice of local economic development, and the similarity of local economic development policy approaches in Cardiff and Liverpool.
Living a Double Consciousness
Authors: Schechner Richard
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes how the author of this chapter takes his class, step by step, into the more mystical of experiences orchestrated by ritual performances. The chapter describes the variety of situations in which the teacher of rituals can be involved, from whirling in the dark to participating like a believer in the religious rites of a Brooklyn community. The author of this chapter is an international expert in theater, ritual, and the performances of social communities in everyday life.
Experience, Purpose, Pedagogy, and Theory: Ritual Activities in the Classroom
Authors: Wallace Mark I.
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses how fresh reactions to 9/11 were dealt with in the classroom. In a class on religion and ecology, a variety of contemplative practices and social fieldwork projects were used, but unexpected rituals were born when the class was taken into the woods. There the natural world created a liminal space in which the students were able to stop, sense, feel, speak, and reflect in healing forms of shared communication. The chapter describes the experience of taking risks with a religion class, those that are planned and also the challenge of those that are unplanned.
The Anatomy of Devotion
Authors: Craddock Elaine
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on Karaikkal Ammaiyar, also know as Punitavati, one of the Tamil nayanmar, or Shaivite saints. Before Punitavati became Karaikkal Ammaiyar, she was married to a merchant, but her ardent devotion to Shiva conflicted with her ritual duties as a wife. Her husband became frightened by Shiva's response to her devotions and released her from marriage; she immediately made a devotional pilgrimage to the Himalayas, where Shiva granted her her wish to be given demon form and to be the eternal witness to his fierce dance in the cremation ground at Tiruvalankatu. There, she composed 143 verses, which represent the earliest Tamil poetry to Shiva. Karaikkal Ammaiyar's own life shows a shift in emphasis from the performance of wifely domestic rituals, normally the primary ritual domain of married women, to the understanding of her entire life as a ritual offering to Shiva.
Immigrant Worship Communities in the Public Square
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R.
Published: May 2007

Worship communities play important roles in civil society, in a few cases promoting political engagement around homeland causes and immigrant issues. Many communities provide informal or formal social services to their members; others focus their charitable activities on the needy in inner-city America or abroad. Needier immigrant communities tend primarily to their own, especially in family-style worship communities; others draw on denominational resources to provide for immigrant members and others in their surroundings. More affluent worship communities provide money, goods, and volunteers for causes outside their immediate communities. Circumstances of immigration, the demographic profile of worship communities, and their organizational cultures and religious ties thus explain the considerable variation in the civic presence of immigrant worship communities.
A Decade of Reforms: The Indian Economy in the 1990s
Authors: Mohan Rao J. , Krishna Dutt Amitava
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines changes in the Indian economy in the 1990s and evaluates the diverse views about India's globalizing reforms. Section 2 examines the content of the reforms undertaken, clarifies the meaning and significance of the term “globalization”, and explains how the effects of globalization will be investigated in the following sections. Section 3 looks at some macroeconomic dimensions of performance, including the realized effects of openness on external transactions, economic growth, and other macroeconomic indicators, as well as on trends in the rural sector, which remains the mainstay of employment in India. Section 4 summarizes trends in employment and its distribution across sectors and the formal-informal divide. Section 5 assesses the evidence and discusses the controversial debates about changes in income distribution and poverty brought about by reforms. Section 6 turns to a discussion on government policy toward social safety nets.
Indonesia's External Liberalization: Policy Dynamics and Socio‐Economic Impact
Authors: Azis Iwan J.
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses Indonesia's experience with trade and external liberalization, emphasizing the policy dynamics and the socio-economic effects of liberalization. Section 2 analyzes the country's overall socio-economic performance before and after liberalization. The interactions between monetary and fiscal policies and the general trend of social development are discussed. Section 3 explains the government's struggle to manage macroeconomic policy during liberalization. Section 4 provides more detailed discussions of the impact of liberalization on employment, income distribution, and poverty. The effect of the 1997 financial crisis on these variables is discussed in Section 5.
The Long and Winding Road to Liberalization: The South Korean Experience
Authors: You Jong‐Il
Published: May 2007

This chapter reviews Korea's experience with economic liberalization since the early 1980s. Section 1 provides a brief history of the economic liberalization policy in the broader context of the rise and fall of the Korean model of development. Section 2 analyzes the major economic consequences of the liberalization policy, including its impact on growth and distribution, the currency crisis, and the financial crisis. Section 3 examines the macroeconomic adjustments since the crisis, including the impact on the labor market and income distribution. Section 4 reviews the economic and social policy reforms that the government has pursued since the crisis. The concluding section draws some lessons on liberalization policy from the Korean experience.
External Liberalization, Economic Performance, and Distribution in Malaysia
Authors: Vernengo Matias
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. Malaysia's external liberalization experience is then analyzed, followed by an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of external liberalization à la Berg and Taylor (2000). The socio-economic impacts of external liberalization are dealt with in the following section. The final section provides a more detailed discussion of certain aspects of external liberalization, focusing on international trade, foreign direct investment, international finance, intellectual property rights, and international economic governance.
The Russian Way of Adjustment: Mechanisms of Economic Growth in 1999–2001 and Patterns of Poverty and Income Distribution
Authors: Vorobyov Alexander Yu. , Zhukov Stanislav V.
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines macroeconomic adjustment in Russia. It begins with a discussion of the basic indicators of the Russian growth regime and the driving forces behind economic growth. This is followed by an analysis of the fundamental characteristics of economic growth, decomposition of effective demand, short- and medium-term prospects, incomes, and inequality.
Playing for Real
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This book provides an introduction to game theory that seeks to answer all three questions: what is game theory about? How do I apply game theory? Why is game theory right? The topics covered include utility theory, backward induction, minimax theory, imperfect competition, repeated games, Bayesian decision theory, refinements of Nash equilibrium, Harsanyi's theory of incomplete information, bargaining theory, applications to ethics, coalition formation, mechanism design, and auction theory. Topics such as bargaining and imperfect competition are covered in a great amount of detail.
The Reconciliation Generation
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores the role young adults are playing in the push toward multiethnic churches and the converging factors — both secular and religious — that have contributed to their diversity. InterVarsity has played a key role in the lives of many young people at Evergreen. The ways in which InterVarsity in Los Angeles addresses diversity and racial reconciliation is examined. While many white evangelicals appeal to a color-blind, individual reconciliation approach to diversity, InterVarsity in Los Angeles has stressed ethnic diversity and, increasingly, social justice in its teaching on racial reconciliation.
The Ismailis in the Middle Ages
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

“None of that people should be spared, not even the babe in its cradle”. With these chilling words, the Mongol warlord Genghis Khan declared his intention to destroy the Ismailis, one of the most intellectually and politically significant Muslim communities of medieval Islamdom. The massacres that followed convinced observers that this powerful voice of Shi'i Islam had been forever silenced. Little was heard of these people for centuries, until their recent and dramatic emergence from obscurity. Today they exist as a dynamic and thriving community established in over twenty-five countries. Yet the interval between what appeared to have been their total annihilation, and their modern, seemingly phoenix-like renaissance has remained shrouded in mystery. This book probes the period from the dark days when the Ismaili fortresses in Iran fell one by one before the marauding Mongol hordes, to the emergence at Anjudan of the Ismaili Imams as the spiritual center of a community scattered across much of the Muslim world. The work explores the motivations, passions, and presumptions of historical actors while contemplating the esoteric worldview that animated the Ismailis and gave them the wherewithal to persevere. It explains how three aspects of Ismaili thought were crucial to the community's survival: taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation); the Ismaili da'wa, which literally means “summons”; and the soteriological dimension of the imamate and, in particular, of the role of the Imam of one's time in leading the adept to salvation and a mystical recognition of God.
Introduction
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

Shi'i Muslims believe that by divine decree, at a place called Ghadir Khumm, the Prophet Muhammad declared his cousin and son-in-law 'Ali as his successor, and the first in a lineage of Imams to whom the Muslim community should owe its allegiance. The Ismaili branch of the Prophet's descendants founded the Fatimid Empire, which claimed dominion over much of the Muslim world, and later established a state administered from the fortress of Alamut. The Mongol onslaught devastated the Ismailis, and it was long believed that the Imams and their community had been annihilated. Only in recent times has the community's continued existence become apparent, but research into the lost centuries of their history has just begun.
Recovering a Lost History
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

Information on the Ismailis in the aftermath of the Mongol irruption is scattered. Not a single primary source containing a continuous historical narrative of the community in this period is known to exist. What survive are often nothing more than disparate references, laconic allusions, and suggestive passages in a sometimes bewildering array of materials. This chapter is an exposition of some of the more prominent sources used in writing this book. It is, as it were, a roll call of the most important witnesses called to testify in the court of history.
Salvation and Imamate
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

In the period following the Mongol invasion, we witness the primacy of the belief in the soteriological necessity of the imamate and, in particular, of the current Imam. While this conviction was basic to Shi'ism, previous elaborations of the imamate had generally given a place to the Imam's political role and his right to rule the Muslim polity. In documents spanning the entire period, 250 years after Alamut's fall to the Mongols, we find an emphasis on the absolute and uncompromising necessity for a present (hadir) and living (mawjud) Imam, the manifest guide who could lead believers to a recognition of God. The Imam is the speaking Quran, the talisman by which the treasury of creation's spiritual meaning can be opened. In Ismaili thought, to come in contact with the Imam of one's time is the aim of every seeker of truth.
Hermeneutics and Discourse Styles in Studies of the Lotus Sutra and Dōgen
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan
Published: May 2007

This chapter presents a range of hermeneutical and methodological considerations related to Dōgen and the Lotus Sutra, discussing approaches particularly relevant to Dōgen: skillful means; Tathāgata garbha, or Buddha womb teaching; and practice as enactment of realization. This is followed by considerations from Paul Ricoeur's Western hermeneutical perspectives on use of metaphor and wordplay as contexts for appreciating Dōgen's creative use of language, and Ricoeur's writings about proclamation that are illuminating of Dōgen's discourse style, which to a great extent explicitly draws from the Lotus Sutra. New interest in the strong role of imagery and imagination in Buddhism is also discussed, which is important for both Mahayana sutras and for Dōgen.
Introduction
Authors: Madigan Kevin
Published: May 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the basic assumption accepted by nearly all historians of medieval thought — that ancient and medieval christological thought are essentially in doctrinal (if not formulaic or verbal) continuity with one another. It describes the main focus of this volume, namely, the problem of doctrinal change and continuity. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
1 Sovereignty in International Society
Authors: Zaum Dominik
Published: May 2007

This chapter develops the theoretical framework, discussing the concept of sovereignty and its evolution since 1945. Looking at sovereignty in terms of political authority, it argues that sovereignty must be legitimized by the way and the ends towards which it is exercised. It argues that a new ‘standard of civilisation’, encompassing democracy, human rights, the rule of law, a free market economy, and effective administration, has emerged since the end of the cold war, and has influenced sovereignty-related practices of state recognition and statebuilding.
3 Statebuilding in Bosnia and Hercegovina
Authors: Zaum Dominik
Published: May 2007

This chapter analyses the statebuilding efforts of the international administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina, led by the Office of the High Representative (OHR). It is divided into three parts. The first part outlines the political structures of the international administration and of the Bosnian state, to provide the necessary understanding of the institutions involved in the policymaking process in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The following two parts contain detailed case studies of statebuilding: the dismantling of the payment bureaux and the reform of the civil service. The case studies illustrate the influence of elements of the new ‘standard of civilisation’ on the objectives and policies of the international administration.
Eternalizing the Moment: Artistic Projections of Time
Authors: Crowther Paul
Published: May 2007

This chapter addresses a much neglected issue: the importance of the artwork's relation to the momentary. It begins with a phenomenology of the Moment and introduces its links to style, image, and art. These links are then developed in much more detail through analysis of those arts of temporal realization, where perceptual or imaginative acquaintance with the image necessarily involves a linear temporal process. The contrasting way in which arts of spatial realization — most notably pictorial representation — relate to the Moment is investigated. It is argued that perspectival works have a privileged role. The chapter ends with a consideration of photography in relation to this role.
Introduction: The Anglo-American Counter-Identity
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

The interaction between French Anglophilia and Anglophobia is traced particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. The USA is regarded as a modernized Britain and especially since the 20th century has superseded it as the main Anglo-Saxon ‘other’. The arguments for and against the American antithesis are analysed.
Adversaries: Polarized and Fragmented Party Politics of the Right
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

The Left/Right bipolarization oversimplifies fractionalized schisms often prompted by personal ambitions disguised as ideological dissensions. The extreme Right was exemplified by the Action Française and various fascist movements which were active during the Vichy regime. The latter prompted Gaullism's reassertion of heroic nationalism. Catholic parties competed for control of the right-centre with liberal conservatism. A populist extreme Right re-emerged in Le Pen's National Front.
Patent as a Market Instrument
Authors: Guellec Dominique , van Pottelsberghe Bruno , van Zeebroeck Nicolas
Published: May 2007

This chapter investigates the use and impact of patents on markets. Patent strategies are variegated and often sophisticated, far beyond the basic justification of patent systems. Strategic patenting (patent thickets, picket fences, inventing around, defensive patenting) behaviours inevitably translate into a snowball effect of patent applications by the business sector. Licensing-out and licensing-in are also more frequent practices, as witnessed by the growth of the market for technology. The increased number of patents, their highly skewed value distribution, and their more sophisticated exploitation has strengthened the need for reliable valuation methods, including the cost, market, and income approaches. IP rights are gradually being used as financial instruments, including as collaterals to loans, securitized assets, and tradable assets.
The European Patent System at the Crossroad
Authors: Guellec Dominique , van Pottelsberghe Bruno
Published: May 2007

As the role of patents has become central in the knowledge economy, there is evidence that the current institutional and legal setting is unable to cope with the corresponding challenges. This difficulty is illustrated by the explosion of patent numbers and voluminosity, by recent controversies around genes and software, and by the inability of European countries to move forward with a more integrated patent system. This chapter presents a series of possible reforms based on economic analysis. These include putting the quality of patents first so as to reduce the number of applications; making procedures stricter for applicants; reinforcing the international integration of the system at a European level; and inscribing the economic mission of the system in the European Patent Convention so that the case law would integrate economic concerns.
Philosophical Failure
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: May 2007

The central thesis of these chapters is that the argument from evil is a failure. But what is it for a philosophical argument to fail? This chapter proposes a test: a philosophical argument fails if it cannot win assent from the members of a neutral audience who have listened to an ideal presentation of the argument. That is, the argument is presented by an ideal proponent of the argument to an ideal audience whose members, initially, have no tendency either to accept or to reject its conclusion. The proponent lays out the argument in the presence of an ideal critic whose brief it is to point out any weaknesses it may have to the audience of ‘ideal agnostics’. If — given world enough and time — the proponent of the argument is unable to use the argument to convince the audience that they should accept its conclusion, the argument is a failure.