bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ten years of abundance data within a spatial population network of the alpine butterfly, Parnassius smintheus
Authors: Matter Stephen F. , Keyghobadi Nusha , Roland Jens
Published: October 2014

Spatial‐population networks (metapopulations sensu lato) have distinct properties from isolated populations. Within a population network, the abundance, persistence, and dynamics of local populations are affected by other populations within the network. Similarly, the abundance of local populations within the network has a strong effect on the dynamics and persistence of the entire network. In this data paper, we present ten years (1995–2004) of local‐population abundance and seven years of dispersal data within a spatial‐population network consisting of 21 local populations of the Rocky Mountain Apollo butterfly, Parnassius smintheus. Populations were located within alpine meadows above the treeline (≈2100 m) along Lusk (51.01° N, 114.97° W) and Jumpingpound Ridges (50.95° N, 114.91° W) in the front ranges of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Canada. Mark–recapture methods were used to monitor all populations in 1995 and 1996, and most populations in 1997 and from 2001–2004. For these years, abundance was estimated using Craig's method. In other years, population size was estimated via Pollard transects and converted to a common estimate of abundance based on a statistical relationship between transect counts and Craig's estimate. We present multiple estimates of abundance for most populations over the adult flight season each year, and the observed number of emigrants and immigrants over the flight season for populations in years where mark–recapture was conducted. These data should be useful in synthetic studies of factors affecting local‐population abundance within spatial‐population networks, landscape genetics, spatial‐population dynamics, and the persistence of spatial‐population networks.
Effect of Initial Periodontal Therapy on Oxidative Stress Markers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Saliva, and Serum in Smokers and Non‐Smokers With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Hendek Meltem Karsiyaka , Erdemir Ebru Olgun , Kisa Ucler , Ozcan Gonen
Published: October 2014

Background: The aim of this case‐control study with an intervention arm is to determine the effect of initial periodontal treatment on oxidative stress biomarkers in smokers and non‐smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP).

Methods: The study included 47 patients with CP (24 smokers [S+P+] and 23 non‐smokers [S−P+]) and 46 periodontally healthy individuals (23 smokers [S+P−] and 23 non‐smokers [S−P−]) for a total of 93 participants. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), serum, and saliva samples were obtained and clinical periodontal measurements were recorded at baseline and at the first and third months after periodontal therapy. 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (OHdG) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE) and enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) were analyzed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The level of 8‐OHdD in GCF was found to be significantly higher in both periodontitis groups compared with both periodontally healthy groups. 8‐OHdG and GSH‐Px in saliva in both periodontitis groups were significantly increased compared with the S−P− group. In the S+P+ group, 4‐HNE in GCF was found to be significantly higher than in periodontally healthy participants. After initial periodontal treatment, the levels of 8‐OHdG in GCF and saliva were significantly decreased in both periodontitis groups.

Conclusion: Initial periodontal therapy may be helpful for diminishing oxidative stress in periodontitis.
Fertilizer Management, Parent Material, and Stand Age Influence Forest Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
Authors: Shrestha Raj K. , Strahm Brian D. , Sucre Eric B. , Holub Scott M. , Meehan Nathan
Published: October 2014

Impacts of forest management on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes have not been well documented. Therefore, we examined GHG fluxes from Pacific Northwest Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco] forest soils as affected by fertilizer type (no fertilizer or 224 kg N ha−1as either urea or coated urea fertilizer [CUF]), stand age (younger vs. older), and parent material (sedimentary vs. volcanic). Following spring fertilization, soil GHG fluxes were measured for four seasons. Daily N2O (0.17 mg N2O‐N m−2d−1) and CO2(2.32 g CO2–C m−2d−1) emissions increased with urea application compared with the control (N2O: 0.09 mg N2O‐N m−2d−1; CO2: 1.87 g CO2–C m−2d−1); however, CUF did not. Daily CH4uptake was inhibited with both urea (0.95 mg CH4–C m−2d−1) and CUF (0.91 mg CH4–C m−2d−1) compared with the control (1.12 mg CH4–C m−2d−1). Nitrous oxide fluxes and CH4uptake were greater in older stands. Sedimentary parent material emitted more N2O and inhibited CH4uptake relative to volcanic parent material. Urea increased annual N2O flux by 0.48 kg N2O‐N ha−1yr−1and CO2flux by 1.6 Mg CO2–C ha−1yr−1and decreased CH4uptake by 0.7 kg CH4–C ha−1yr−1. The global‐warming potential (GWP) after urea and CUF application was 1.7 and 1.1 Mg CO2equivalent ha−1yr−1, respectively, greater than the unfertilized control for the first year after fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization had little or no effect on GWP when considered the added growth benefit from fertilization.
Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Sod‐Based Rotation on Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Gamble A. V. , Howe J. A. , Wood C. W. , Watts D. B. , van Santen E.
Published: October 2014

A frequently used cropping system in the southeastern Coastal Plain is an annual rotation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under conventional tillage (CT). The traditional peanut–cotton rotation (TR) often results in erosion and loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). Incorporation of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) into the peanut–cotton rotation for 2 yr (also called a sod‐based rotation or SBR) has been suggested for improving SOC, particularly in conjunction with conservation tillage practices. To determine the effect of the SBR on carbon sequestration, SOC and its isotopic composition were evaluated on established (>10 yr) crop rotation systems. Cropping systems evaluated included (i) TR under CT, (ii) TR under strip tillage (ST), (iii) SBR under CT, (iv) SBR under ST, and (v) SBR under ST with cattle grazing. Total SOC, bahiagrass‐derived SOC, and potential C mineralization increased in the top 10 cm of soil, indicating the potential for ST to improve soil fertility in SBR systems. Grazing bahiagrass decreased SOC in the 5 to 10 cm depth, but this effect was not observed for the subsequent peanut crop and did not appear to have a long‐term negative effect on SOC storage. The SBR did not show consistent improvements in total SOC compared with the TR. A 3‐yr comparison of SOC concentration revealed C increases in SBR and TR systems, indicating that other conservation practices (e.g., winter cover cropping) are the primary contributors to SOC storage for Coastal Plain soils evaluated in this study. Isotopic analysis of mineralized CO2 indicated bahiagrass‐derived SOC may be preferred over C3 crop‐derived SOC for degradation.
Are Risks from Medical Imaging Still too Small to be Observed or Nonexistent?
Authors: Ulsh Brant A.
Published: October 2014

Several radiation-related professional societies have concluded that carcinogenic risks associated with doses below 50–100 mSv are either too small to be detected, or are nonexistent. This is especially important in the context of doses from medical imaging. Radiation exposure to the public from medical imaging procedures is rising around the world, primarily due to increased utilization of computed tomography. Professional societies and advisory bodies consistently recommend against multiplying small doses by large populations to predict excess radiation-induced cancers, in large part because of the potential for sensational claims of health impacts which do not adequately take the associated uncertainties into account. Nonetheless, numerous articles have predicted thousands of future cancers as a result of CT scanning, and this has generated considerable concern among patients and parents. In addition, some authors claim that we now have direct epidemiological evidence of carcinogenic risks from medical imaging. This paper critically examines such claims, and concludes that the evidence cited does not provide direct evidence of low-dose carcinogenicity. These claims themselves have adverse public health impacts by frightening the public away from medically justified exams. It is time for the medical and scientific communities to be more assertive in responding to sensational claims of health risks.
A Comparative Analysis of Perfectionism and the Density of Experiencing Catharsis
Authors: Çerkez Yağmur , Birol Cem
Published: October 2014

In the present study we investigated the relationship between perfectionism and the density of experiencing catharsis among university students. The sample consisted of 662 university students at Near East University who completed the Catharsis Scale and the Multidimensional Perfectionism
Scale. Data were analyzed using regression and t test analyses. The results indicate that there was a significant difference in the catharsis scores of males and females, in favor of females; there was a significant difference in the relationship between the overall scores of experiencing
catharsis and perfectionism; and there was a significant difference in the relationship between the overall catharsis scores and both concern over mistakes and doubt about actions subscales of perfectionism. However, there was no significant difference according to gender in the overall catharsis
scores and personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, and organization subscales of perfectionism. Our findings are consistent with research results in the extant literature.
Perspectives in geography of culture and civilizations
Authors: Grcic Мirko , Grcic Ljiljana , Sibinovic Мikica
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a comparative analysis of relevant methodological essence
of "traditional" and "new" cultural geography. In the introduction is given
an explanation of philosophic concepts of space, environment, place and the
region in cultural geography. In second section is analyzed the meaning of
civilization and the genesis of geography of civilization (g?ographie de
civilisation). Special attention is on features of geographical posibilism as
methodological paradigm, and the concept of cultural landscape as the essence
of classical geography of culture and civilization. After this part are
researched specific characteristics of certain academic schools and
methodological perspectives in cultural geography. Postmodern paradigm and
essence of "new" cultural geography are in the main focus. Postmodernism is
changing the meaning of the basic concepts in cultural geography, which are
analyzed in the introduction, such as space, culture, cultural region,
cultural landscape and others. "New" cultural geography reassessed social and
moral issues associated with the characteristics of the postmodern era. In
this regard, methodological paradigm must be changed. This ascertainment is
based on the interpretation of humanistic geography, where the emphasis is on
the interpretation of cultural symbols, causal link and the "spirit of place"
(Spiritus Loci). In accordance with modern conceptions of human in
psychological notion, there are at least three theoretical directions, which
find resonance in the appropriate cultural geography: behaviorism,
psychoanalytic concept and cognitive concept - gestaltism and geography of
perception. In conclusion is emphasized the need of finding a dialectical
unity in "classical" and "new" cultural geography.
Changes in alfalfa cell wall structure during vegetation
Authors: Bozickovic Aleksa , Grubic Goran , Djordjevic Nenad , Stojanovic Bojan
Published: October 2014

The investigation was done on 141 samples of one alfalfa cultivar, collected
from the same location during the first three growth cycles: spring growth,
the first and the second regrowth. Within each growth cycle, sampling was
done during the whole growing period, commencing when plant height was below
150 mm and continuing until plants were bearing ripe seeds. On all collected
samples the following cell wall characteristics were determined: neutral
detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin
(ADL), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP), acid detergent
insoluble crude protein (ADICP). Cellulose and hemicellulose were detected on
the base of the mentioned chemical parameters. Significantly lower (p<0.01)
content of aNDF, ADF, ADL, ADICP and cellulose is found in the second
regrowth, while there were no significant differences between the other two
growth cycles. Except in NDICP and ADICP, the increase in all accompanying
components of the cell wall was observed, and expressed in average daily
changes. There was no consistent trend in NDICP and ADICP. During the spring
growth from late bud to full-bloom stage the ?plateau? was observed. The
plateau was represented as almost constant content of aNDF, ADF, ADL and
cellulose. The correlations between all components of the cell wall were
shown. The equation aNDF = 36.713 + 1.181 ? ADF is recommended for conversion
of ADF into aNDF in alfalfa.
Application of AquaCrop model for yield and irrigation requirement estimation of sugar beet under climate change conditions in Serbia
Authors: Stricevic Ruzica , Djurovic Nevenka , Vukovic Ana , Vujadinovic Mirjam , Cosic Marija , Pejic Borivoj
Published: October 2014

Climate change impact on field production may play a great role in strategic
planning on soil and water resources management. Therefore, the aim of this
work was to find out the impact of climate change on sugar beet yield,
irrigation depth variation and water saving practices. AquaCrop model v.4.0
was used for yield and irrigation requirement estimation. Input data for
future climatic parameters were obtained from EBU-POM for four scenarios A1B, A2, A1B* and A* (*>CO2), and periods of observation were first (2010-2039);
second (2040-2069), and third (2070-2099). Undoubtedly, yield will not be reduced in the first period by any scenario, on the contrary, it might be increased. In the second period, yield reduction was observed in A1B and A2 scenarios, hence without the increment of CO2 in the Vojvodina region, whereas in Central Serbia, yield reduction might be expected even in scenarios of A1B and A2*. Irrigation could ensure yield increment in both
regions, provided that an increase is more considerable in Central Serbia,
due to lower soil water capacity. Application of optimal irrigation depth
yield could be increased by up to 57-97% in Vojvodina and 77-285% in Central
Serbia. Lower values are obtained in the first period and the highest in the
third period. Applying deficit irrigation, water saving would reduce yield in
scenario A2, otherwise to obtain high yield, irrigation depth of 300-500 mm
should be ensured in Central Serbia. In the same scenario, 300-420 mm of water
for irrigation is needed in Vojvodina, but its water savings could be 80-120 mm, or 20%. In scenario A1B, to obtain high yield, 80 mm could be saved in both regions.
Regional Differences in the Capital Structure of Hungarian SMEs
Authors: Gál Veronika , Gáspár Katalin , Parádi-Dolgos Anett
Published: October 2014

Small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in employment and also significantly contribute to GDP production. Therefore, an important function of economic policy in all countries is to create an economic milieu that supports the SMEs’ operation. By analysing several economic indices of SMEs in Hungary, we could identify that there are significant differences between the regions. About 40 percent of the enterprises are located in the Central Hungary Region. By examining specific indices of these firms, we can tell that enterprises operating in this region provide higher performance in the point of Return and Gross Value Added. The aim of this study is to assert that regional differences can be found not only in the performance of firms, but also in their capital structure. As a proof of this, we analysed the regional breakdown of capital structure based on a database which contains corporate income tax declaration data of Hungarian joint small and medium-sized enterprises (168,070 firms), and then we separated different financing characteristics by using cluster analysis. Finally, we discovered those endogenous and exogenous factors that could generate the disclosed regional differences and which interact with the performance of enterprises.
Quantifying the Economic Value of Warranties: A Survey
Authors: Lázár Ede
Published: October 2014

This paper is a review of the most recent literature regarding the econometric modelling of the impact of warranties on demand. The reviewed literature is limited to the papers that apply the random-coefficient logit model based on Berry, Levinsohn and Pakes (1995) to estimate differentiated products demand. An important feature of these demand system models that is a clear advantage to earlier demand functions is to account for the endogeneity of prices. We focus on those model specifications that take into account endogeneity of both prices and warranty. Another goal for modelling the effect of warranties is to explore the economic rationale for warranty provision. Four theories have been proposed in the literature: insurance, sorting, signalling and incentive theories. This paper aims at decomposing the effect of these theories, to account for different underlying assumptions and to separately determine the implications as presented in the recent literature
CSR Strategies in Greater China: Global, East Asian, American, European Style?
Authors: Heiduk Guenter , McCaleb Agnieszka
Published: October 2014

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility emerged in the United States and spread to Europe and Asia while being adapted to national/local characteristics. Since borders between markets and societies are blurring and globalization is promoting MNCs which find themselves acting in hybrid societies, international institutions put efforts into the development and moral acceptance of global CSR standards. The scientific interest in CSR focused on the conflicts between company returns and benefits for society. The resulting concepts of performance-oriented, awareness-oriented and welfare-oriented CSR should facilitate the evaluation of CSR strategies implemented by MNCs. In research on the cultural dimensions of economies, it might be possible to allocate geographically the three concepts. Regarding the newly emerging Chinese MNCs, the paper aims to shed light on which concept they follow. On the one hand, CSR concepts of American and/or European MNCs that are present in China might serve as a role model; on the other hand, by learning from Taiwanese/ Hong Kong MNCs, a “greater China CSR approach” might emerge. Empirical studies and own field research suggest that compared to American and European companies, CSR is less deeply rooted in Chinese companies. Furthermore, significant differences between Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwanese companies indicate that a Greater Chinese CSR approach does not yet exist. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that American and European CSR concepts will experience a Chinese influence in the near future.
Empirical Evidence and Frst Assessment of the Competitiveness Clusters Policy in France
Authors: Czyżewska Dorota
Published: October 2014

The paper is an attempt to show the competitiveness clusters policy as a key element of the new French industrial policy using recent evaluation results of this policy. The aim of the paper is threefold. Firstly, objectives of the competitiveness clusters policy as well as their characteristics, spatial distribution across the country, selected statistical data concerning their functioning are overviewed. Secondly, evaluation results of the French competitiveness clusters policy and a comparison of this instrument to similar ones existing in leading EU countries are provided. Thirdly, some crucial challenges resulting from the evaluation and policy orientations are proposed in order to increase the effectiveness of the competitiveness clusters policy in France. The descriptive analysis has been used in the paper as research method.

The competitiveness clusters policy was launched in 2005 to raise the international profile of French technology clusters and promote growth and job-creation in high value-added industries, anchoring these industries in a regional context. Apart from selected positive effects of the competitiveness clusters policy, some not very promising conclusions concerning this policy can therefore be drawn in terms of the number of innovation or patent applications. In order to improve the effectiveness of this industrial policy measure, some structural changes presented in the paper need to be implemented in this field.
Does the Common Currency Increase Exports? Evidence from Firm-Level Data
Authors: Cieślik Andrzej , Michałek Jan , Michałek Anna
Published: October 2014

The main goal of this paper is to investigate empirically whether the adoption of the common currency increases the export activity of individual frms using the probity model. There are many studies that seek to estimate the aggregate trade effects of the adoption of the euro by the “outside” EU countries, which are based on the gravity model. In contrast to the existing literature we use an alternative micro econometric approach based on firm level data compiled by the EBRD and the World Bank. We demonstrate that the propensity to export of individual frms from Slovenia and Slovakia increased after the accession of those countries to the Eurozone.
Geographic Labor Mobility as an Element of Adjustment Process in the Eurozone Countries and the USA States
Authors: Ziółkowski Michał
Published: October 2014

The aim of the article is to compare geographic labor mobility (the migration channel of adjustment) in the eurozone and the USA since the 1990s. The first part of the article contains a review of selected literature on migration in Europe and the USA. In the second part three hypotheses are formulated on the basis of this review. The third part of the article presents the methodology and data used to verify these hypotheses. Tat methodology rests on analyzing how net emigration rates in the period 1992-2011 in eurozone countries and various states in the United States (plus the District of Columbia) reacted to unemployment rates. The fourth part of the article presents the results of the analysis, together with an explanation of the intensity and dynamics of the migration channel of adjustment in both monetary unions. The analysis confirms that migration has been less supportive for the functioning of the monetary union in the eurozone than in the USA. It also shows that visible strengthening of the migration channel in the eurozone seems to have taken place only after 2004, which suggests an association with the European Union enlargement in 2004. For the eurozone, the analysis does not provide convincing evidence that the migration channel strengthened after the outbreak of the fnancial crisis. For the USA the analysis suggests that the fnancial and economic crisis significantly weakened the migration channel. The article ends with concluding remarks.
An Analysis of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment to the EU: Features and Problems
Authors: Ying Fan
Published: October 2014

This research paper reviews the development of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) to the European Union since the global fnancial crisis, summarizes the apparent characteristics and causes behind that development, provides an in-depth analysis of the problems and deep rooted risks in such investment, and predicts that with China's economy being stronger the scale of China's OFDI will be greater in the coming period. However, since Chinese enterprises are really newcomers of OFDI, they are far from being mature and successful players, which requires not only capital, but also an organic combination of intangible elements regarding economy, society, and culture etc.
On the topographic effects by Stokes’ formula
Authors: Sjöberg L.E.
Published: October 2014

Traditional gravimetric geoid determination relieson Stokes’ formula with removal and restoration of thetopographic effects. It is shown that this solution is in errorof the order of the quasigeoid-to-geoid difference, which ismainly due to incomplete downward continuation (dwc)of gravity from the Earth’s surface to the geoid. A slightlyimproved estimator, based on the surface Bouguer gravityanomaly, is also biased due to the imperfect harmonic dwcthe Bouguer anomaly. Only the third estimator,which usesthe (harmonic) surface no-topography gravity anomaly, isconsistent with the boundary condition and Stokes’ formula,providing a theoretically correct geoid height.The difference between the Bouguer and no-topographygravity anomalies (on the geoid or in space) is the “secondaryindirect topographic effect”, which is a necessarycorrection in removing all topographic signals.
Multiple Cerebral Aneurysm - Case Report
Authors: Kakucs C. , Florian I. St.
Published: October 2014

This 41-years-old female presented with somnolence, confusion and nuchal rigidity. Preoperative angio-CT scan showed two aneurysm located on both internal carotid artery (ICA) at the site of posterior communicating artery (PComA). During surgery we discovered another dilatation on the origin of left ophtalmic artery that proves to be an infundibullum. We clipped the two communicating posterior aneurysm from the left side and the ophtalmic infundibullum was wrapped. Seven days after surgery the neurological status was improved and she was transferred to the Neurological department.
Falco-Tentorial Meningioma Producing Irreversible Midbrain Damage
Authors: Agrawal Amit
Published: October 2014

Meningiomas arising from the falcotentorial junction are the rarest subgroup of tentorial menigiomas. Because of the distance from the brain surface and the surrounding deep cerebral veins these lesions are difficult and dangerous to treat surgically. A 45-year-old female presented with the history of progressive headache, disorientation, unsteadiness, and urinary incontinence for over 6 months. The patient developed difficulty in swallowing, and weakness of all four limbs for the last 7 days. CT scan brain plain and contrast showed a large well defined, homogenously enhancing mass lesion in the peineal region with compression of the upper brain stem and obstructive hydrocephalus. Inspite of the good surgical decompression the patient did not do well. As described in the literature, the compression of the midbrain can cause severe respiratory disturbances with fatal outcome; probably the similar mechanism resulted in poor outcome in present case. As we noticed the diffuse hypodensity in midbrain on CT scan, similar findings have been described in literature in cases of transtentorial herniation with poorer outcome.
Small Supracilliary Incision for the Management of Fracture of Supraorbital Rim and Anterior Wall of Frontal Sinus
Authors: Agrawal Amit
Published: October 2014

With the development of biomedical materials and new techniques in craniofacial sinus surgery, the management of frontal sinus fractures is advanced considerably. We discuss a case of fracture of anterior wall of frontal sinus that was also associated with fracture of the supra-orbital rim and describe supracilliary approach through a small incision (approximately 3 cm) used for the management in this case. With this approach we could successfully expose and reduce the fracture fragments without the need for coronal incision, endoscope or intra-operative imaging.
The False Falx and Tentorium Sign: Case Report of Subdural Haematoma and Sickle Cells Disease
Authors: Alvis-Miranda Hernando Raphael , Lozano-Tangua Carlos Fernando , Alcala-Cerra Gabriel , M. Rubiano Andres , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael
Published: October 2014

The increased density in the basal cisterns and the subarachnoid space on CT scans is a well-known characteristic of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Have been described diverse conditions that can emulate subarachnoid hemorrhage, such as purulent leptomeningitis, intrathecal contrast material and leak of high doses of intravenous contrast material to the subarachnoid space. We present the case of a male patient who presented a subdural hematoma in the setting of non-diagnosed sickle cell disease. To this patient was performed a panangiography which discard any aneurismal hemorrhage origin
Management of Craniofacial Injuries: A Primer for Residents
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Mishra Vijay , Jain Harsha , Reddy V. Umamaheshwar
Published: October 2014

Craniofacial injuries can occur in a significant proportion in traumatic brain injury patients and can be associated with many other concomitant life-threatening systemic injuries i.e. limbs fractures, chest injuries, spinal injuries and orbital injuries. An understanding of the presentations of craniofacial injuries, associated systemic injuries and patterns of traumatic brain injuries is crucial for improving care, survival and recovery of these patients. In present article we discuss the approach to craniofacial injuries which is based on time tested principles of surgery a good understanding of surgical anatomy, detailed history, accurate yet elaborative clinical evaluation, appropriate radiological investigations and decision to select management protocol for a given case. Evaluation of these patients should include a coordinated and systematic examination to aim to evaluate of all areas and all the residents while examining these patients in emergency room should remember that facial swelling, altered sensorium, restless patient, presence of endotracheal and nasogastric tube can obscure the detail examination and distort the facial appearance.
Decompressive Craniectomy for Acute Stroke: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of it
Authors: Shukla Dhaval , Agrawal Amit
Published: October 2014

Large hemispheric infarctions have malignant course and constitute a major cause of severe morbidity and mortality after stroke. The medical management is usually not effective in these cases. Decompressive craniectomy is a salvage therapy for medically refractory ICP. This paper discusses the merits and demerits of decompressive craniectomy for large hemispheric infarctions. Hemicraniectomy is a life-saving but non-restorative surgery. Surgery should be done before clinical signs of brain herniation to obtain maximum benefit. The relatives of the patient should be explained clearly about possibility of survival with disability before offering the surgery.
Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections – an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012–2014
Authors: Roth A , Mercier A , Lepers C , Hoy D , Duituturaga S , Benyon E , Guillaumot L , Souarès Y
Published: October 2014

Since January 2012, the Pacific Region has experienced 28 new documented outbreaks and circulation of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus. These mosquito-borne disease epidemics seem to become more frequent and diverse, and it is likely that this is only the early stages of a wave that will continue for several years. Improved surveillance and response measures are needed to mitigate the already heavy burden on island health systems and limit further spread to other parts of the world.
Adapting to Peri-urban Water Insecurity Induced by Urbanization and Climate Change
Authors: Shrestha Anushiya , Sada Rajesh , Melsen Lieke
Published: October 2014

This paper describes the implications of growing urbanization in combination with climatic variability on water security and adaptation strategies of people in the peri-urban landscape of Kathmandu valley. Through a series of focus group discussions and key informant interviews, we found that entire households at Lubhu, Nepal depend on public stand posts with water supplied for few hours a day. Hydro-meteorological data analysis for the area showed an increasing trend of temperature, but a clear pattern in precipitation was not found. However, people perceived the changes in both precipitation and temperature and impacts on their livelihoods. People have envisioned development of a filtration system to treat water from another source. However currently, they have been fetching water from dug wells and spring sources in neighbouring VDCs during the days without water supply in stand posts. Farmers have been adapting to water scarcity by switching to less water demanding crops, by leaving land fallow, and by taking on off-farm activities. The concern for sustainable water management is growing among the community, however. Strong dedication and unity among the communities is essential to ensure the water security in the village.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v14i0.11259HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 14, 2014, JanuaryPage: 43-48
Strategic Planning for Operation of Large Hydropower Plants
Authors: Awasthi Shambhu Ratan , Prasad Vishnu , Rangnekar Saroj
Published: October 2014

Electricity is an integral part of modern life. The main sources of power generation continue to be the fossil fuels which are largely responsible for global warming. In view of environmental concerns, there is increasing awareness on judicious use of natural resources, including water. Large hydroelectric power plants are generally multi-purpose projects and require huge quantities of water for their operation. Usually the generating units in a hydroelectricpower plant are put in operation to meet the electrical load demand without considering the efficiency of the units, which can lead to excessive water use. It is now need of the hour to pay more attention to optimizing the utilization of water in hydroelectric power plants.This paper presents strategic planning for optimal operation of large hydroelectric power plants. Large variation inefficiency of a Francis turbine forms the basis of proposed methodology in which turbines are operated at maximum efficiency. In one approach, discharge is minimized for constant load operation thus conserving water. In another approach, generation is maximized with the same quantity of water. The fringe benefits include creation of operating reserve and availability of additional reactive power in the generator.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v14i0.11266HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 14, 2014, JanuaryPage: 53-58
The DELF in Canada: Perceptions of Students, Teachers, and Parents
Authors: Vandergrift Larry
Published: October 2014

Abstract:

The Diplôme d’études de langue française (DELF) has recently gained attention in Canada for its potential as a national French second language (FSL) proficiency test. This article explores the perceptions of students, teachers, and parents in various school jurisdictions across Canada on a range of issues related to the DELF test and diploma. Participants completed online questionnaires. Findings showed that a high percentage of all respondent groups deemed the DELF to be a fair and appropriate measure of FSL proficiency and would recommend the test to others. This result suggests that the DELF shows promise as an appropriate measure of FSL proficiency; however, some factors will need attention before the DELF can fully realize that potential. The article concludes with implications of the findings for FSL proficiency testing in Canada and suggestions for further research.
Gender and Sexuality in Acting Training
Authors: Magnat Virginie , Bie Sherry , Healy Brendan , Jocelyn Matthew , Miguel Muriel
Published: October 2014

How are questions of diversities in gender and sexuality approached in acting training today? Virginie Magnat (moderator), Sherry Bie, Brendan Healey, Matthew Jocelyn, and Muriel Miguel engage in pivotal issues of ethics in the representation of gender, intersections between gender and ethnicity in the training space, finding ways to work against the patriarchal canon, developing training modalities for gender diverse bodies, and the many kinds of “soft skills” necessary for trainers to help lead actors in training through difficult personal and collective materials.
A Funder’s Perspective
Authors: Bradley Pat
Published: October 2014

Pat Bradley, Theatre Officer with the Ontario Arts Council, provides an overview of the concerns and perspectives raised by the discussants throughout the issue. She makes insightful remarks about the challenges of enacting diversities in acting training and in theatre in Ontario and across Canada.
on the virtues of tailoring
Authors: Yee David
Published: October 2014

David Yee outlines the process by which he and Nina Lee Aquino developed “bespoke” plays for classes at Humber College and National Theatre School; he presents scenes from the two plays, wasted on the young and safari, built for these groups of students. He proposes this as a pedagogy of the oppressed to liberate the imaginations and engagement of young actors.
Clinical and radiological results of two hybrid reconstructive techniques in noncontiguous 3-level cervical spondylosis
Authors: Kan Lisheng , Kang Jian , Gao Rui , Chen Xiongsheng , Jia Lianshun
Published: October 2014

Object

To date, formulation of the optimal surgical protocol for noncontiguous multilevel cervical spondylosis remains controversial, and the corresponding clinical data continue to be limited. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of two hybrid reconstructive techniques in noncontiguous 3-level cervical spondylosis (2 contiguous disc levels and 1 “skip” disc level [nonoperated level between 2 operated levels]). The incidence of adjacent-segment degeneration (ASD) was also evaluated.

Methods

Sixty-three consecutive patients with noncontiguous 3-level cervical spondylosis who underwent two different hybrid methods of treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into 2 groups, the fusion group and the arthroplasty group. A titanium mesh cage and an anterior cervical plate were used after the anterior cervical corpectomy, and then a stand-alone cage (the fusion group) or an artificial cervical disc (the arthroplasty group) was used after the discectomy. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale score and the JOA scale score improvement rate preoperatively and during follow-up. Radiological results were assessed using global angle and global range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spine. The ASD was also evaluated.

Results

The JOA scores of the patients significantly improved postoperatively and were well maintained within the follow-up period, as did the JOA scale score improvement rate. The mean global angle of the cervical spine of the patients significantly increased postoperatively. At the last follow-up evaluation, the mean global ROM was retained by patients in the arthroplasty group (p > 0.05) but not by patients in the fusion group (p = 0.00). There was no significant difference in the incidence of ASD between the 2 groups (p = 0.114). However, at the skip levels, patients in the fusion group had a higher incidence of ASD than patients in the arthroplasty group (p = 0.038).

Conclusions

Both of the hybrid procedures (anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion [ACCF] + anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, and ACCF + cervical disc arthroplasty [CDA]) yielded favorable clinical and radiological outcomes in the treatment of noncontiguous 3-level cervical spondylosis. Moreover, the ACCF + CDA procedure may have the ability to decrease the likelihood of ASD in appropriate patients.
Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) in cervical cancer screening in low resource settings
Authors: Shaheen Shaheen , Sharma Rajyashri , Rashi Rashi
Published: October 2014

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and validity of visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) for screening cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Materials and Methods: In this study, 942 women recruited from gynecology outpatient clinic, were screened using the Papanicolaou (PAP) smear, and VIA. The sensitivity and specificity of both the screening methods were analyzed. Results: VIA was positive in 29.3%. The sensitivity of VIA (74.16%) was much higher than that of the Pap smear (47.83%). The specificity of VIA (50.00%) was lower than that of the Pap smear (74.16%), resulting in high false-positive rates for VIA. Conclusion: Visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid is sensitive for ecto-cervical lesions. The advantage of the VIA method lies in its easy technique, low cost and high sensitivity which are important factors for determining the efficacy of any screening program in developing countries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.15019 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.454-459
Rehabilitation of an edentulous mouth with severe mandibular ridge resorption using neutral zone impression technique: a case report
Authors: Mansuri Mustapha , Bhandari A , Prajuli P K , Singh R K
Published: October 2014

Alveolar ridge atrophy poses a clinical challenge towards the fabrication of a successful prosthesis. Resorption of denture bearing areas results in an unstable non-retentive dentures associated with pain and discomfort. Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a patient with severely resorbed ridge is the most challenging therapy a prosthodontist can undertake. For a favourable prognosis of the denture therapy, impression technique selected should be based on the present state of the basal tissue support. This article presents rehabilitation of a patient with severely resorbed mandibular ridge with the application of neutral zone concept being incorporated into impression making in an effort to achieve successful complete denture therapy. Finally, patient had more stable, retentive and functionally efficient complete denture. In conclusion, neutral zone impression technique proved to be a quite effective method for prosthetic rehabilitation of patient with severe mandibular ridge resorption. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.15605 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.477-480
Community-based Management of Micronutrient deficiency in Malnourished Children in Ghana
Authors: Ayokunle O , Odusoga OA
Published: October 2014

The relationship between undernutrition and ill health is complex. It is complicated by growth retardation, impaired mental development, and significant morbidity from malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, pneumonia etc. and mortality. Several micronutrients are required for adequate growth and development especially in young children. They also account for three of the four most important forms of malnutrition worldwide. This review attempts to evaluate the community-based management of malnutrition in developing countries while comparing it to the in-patient management of malnourished children. Parameters evaluated include cost, coverage, choice, nosocomial infection acquisition and effect on productivity. The community-based management of severe malnutrition has many benefits that should be harnessed by healthcare givers so as to reduce the burden of malnutrition in low resource settings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20552Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.383-387
Spatial and Decadal Variations in Potential Evapotranspiration of China Based on Reanalysis Datasets during 1982–2010
Authors: Yao Yunjun , Zhao Shaohua , Zhang Yuhu , Jia Kun , Liu Meng
Published: October 2014

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important indicator of atmospheric evaporation demand and has been widely used to characterize hydrological change. However, sparse observations of pan evaporation (EP) prohibit the accurate characterization of the spatial and temporal patterns of PET over large spatial scales. In this study, we have estimated PET of China using the Penman-Monteith (PM) method driven by gridded reanalysis datasets to analyze the spatial and decadal variations of PET in China during 1982–2010. The results show that the estimated PET has decreased on average by 3.3 mm per year (p < 0.05) over China during 1982–1993, while PET began to increase since 1994 by 3.4 mm per year (p < 0.05). The spatial pattern of the linear trend in PET of China illustrates that a widely significant increasing trend in PET appears during 1982–2010 in Northwest China, Central China, Northeast China and South China while there are no obvious variations of PET in other regions. Our findings illustrate that incident solar radiation (Rs) is the largest contributor to the variation of PET in China, followed by vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (Tair) and wind speed (WS). However, WS is the primary factor controlling inter-annual variation of PET over Northwest China.
Desmoplasia and Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Schober Marvin , Jesenofsky Ralf , Faissner Ralf , Weidenauer Cornelius , Hagmann Wolfgang , Michl Patrick , Heuchel Rainer , Haas Stephan , Löhr J.-Matthias
Published: October 2014

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) occurs mainly in people older than 50 years of age. Although great strides have been taken in treating PDAC over the past decades its incidence nearly equals its mortality rate and it was quoted as the 4th leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. in 2012. This review aims to focus on research models and scientific developments that help to explain the extraordinary resistance of PDAC towards current therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, it highlights the main features of drug resistance including mechanisms promoted by cancer cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs), as well as stromal cells, and the acellular components surrounding the tumor cells—known as peritumoral desmoplasia—that affects intra-tumoral drug delivery. Finally, therapeutic concepts and avenues for future research are suggested, based on the topics discussed.
Facial and Ocular Features of Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Leoni Juan , Bowen Juan , Connolly Heidi
Published: October 2014

Marfan syndrome is the most common inherited disorder of connective tissue affecting multiple organ systems. Identification of the facial, ocular and skeletal features should prompt referral for aortic imaging since sudden death by aortic dissection and rupture remains a major cause of death in patients with unrecognized Marfan syndrome. Echocardiography is recommended as the initial imaging test, and once a dilated aortic root is identified magnetic resonance or computed tomography should be done to assess the entire aorta. Prophylactic aortic root replacement is safe and has been demonstrated to improve life expectancy in patients with Marfan syndrome. Medical therapy for Marfan syndrome includes the use of beta blockers in older children and adults with an enlarged aorta. Addition of angiotensin receptor antagonists has been shown to slow the progression of aortic root dilation compared to beta blockers alone. Lifelong and regular follow up in a center for specialized care is important for patients with Marfan syndrome. We present a case of a patient with clinical features of Marfan syndrome and discuss possible therapeutic interventions for her dilated aorta.