bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RADAR ARCHITECTURE FOR PERSONAL COGNITIVE ASSISTANCE
Authors: GARLAN DAVID , SCHMERL BRADLEY
Published: May 2007

Current desktop environments provide weak support for carrying out complex user-oriented tasks. Although individual applications are becoming increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich, users must map their high-level goals to the low-level operational vocabulary of applications, and deal with a myriad of routine tasks (such as keeping up with email, keeping calendars and websites up-to-date, etc.). An alternative vision is that of a personal cognitive assistant. Like a good secretary, such an assistant would help users accomplish their high-level goals, coordinating the use of multiple applications, automatically handling routine tasks, and, most importantly, adapting to the individual needs of a user over time. In this paper we describe the architecture and its implementation for a personal cognitive assistant called RADAR. Key features include.

(a) extensibility through the use of a plug-in agent architecture.

(b) transparent integration with legacy applications and data of today's desktop environments, and.

(c) extensive use of learning so that the environment adapts to the individual user over time.
Regulation of muscle protein synthesis during sepsis and inflammation
Authors: Lang Charles H. , Frost Robert A. , Vary Thomas C.
Published: May 2007

Prolonged sepsis and exposure to an inflammatory milieu decreases muscle protein synthesis and reduces muscle mass. As a result of its ability to integrate diverse signals, including hormones and nutrients, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a dominant regulator in the translational control of protein synthesis. Under postabsorptive conditions, sepsis decreases mTOR kinase activity in muscle, as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of both eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E-binding protein (BP)-1 and ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K)1. These sepsis-induced changes, along with the redistribution of eIF4E from the active eIF4E·eIF4G complex to the inactive eIF4E·4E-BP1 complex, are preventable by neutralization of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α but not by antagonizing glucocorticoid action. Although the ability of mTOR to respond to insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is not disrupted by sepsis, the ability of leucine to increase 4E-BP1 and S6K1 phosphorylation is greatly attenuated. This “leucine resistance” results from a cooperative interaction between both TNF-α and glucocorticoids. Finally, although septic animals are not IGF-I resistant, the anabolic actions of IGF-I are nonetheless reduced because of the development of growth hormone resistance, which decreases both circulating and muscle IGF-I. Herein, we highlight recent advances in the mTOR signaling network and emphasize their connection to the atrophic response observed in skeletal muscle during sepsis. Although many unanswered questions remain, understanding the cellular basis of the sepsis-induced decrease in translational activity will contribute to the rational development of therapeutic interventions and thereby minimize the debilitating affects of the atrophic response that impairs patient recovery.
Endogenous d-Serine Contributes to NMDA-Receptor–Mediated Light-Evoked Responses in the Vertebrate Retina
Authors: Gustafson Eric C. , Stevens Eric R. , Wolosker Herman , Miller Robert F.
Published: May 2007

We have combined electrophysiology and chemical separation and measurement techniques with capillary electrophoresis (CE) to evaluate the role of endogenous d-serine as an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) coagonist in the salamander retina. Electrophysiological experiments were carried out using whole cell recordings from retinal ganglion cells and extracellular recordings of the proximal negative response (PNR), while bath applying two d-serine degrading enzymes, including d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and d-serine deaminase (DsdA). The addition of either enzyme resulted in a significant and rapid decline in the light-evoked responses observed in ganglion cell and PNR recordings. The addition of exogenous d-serine in the presence of the enzymes restored the light-evoked responses to the control or supracontrol amplitudes. Heat-inactivated enzymes had no effect on the light responses and blocking NMDARs with AP7 eliminated the suppressive influence of the enzymes as well as the response enhancement normally associated with exogenous d-serine application. CE was used to separate amino acid racemates and to study the selectivity of DAAO and DsdA against d-serine and glycine. Both enzymes showed high selectivity for d-serine without significant effects on glycine. Our results strongly support the concept that endogenous d-serine plays an essential role as a coagonist for NMDARs, allowing them to contribute to the light-evoked responses of retinal ganglion cells. Furthermore under our experimental conditions, these coagonist sites are not saturated so that modulation of NMDAR sensitivity can be achieved with further modulaton of d-serine.
Associations between Exercise and Quality of Life in Bladder Cancer Survivors: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Karvinen Kristina H. , Courneya Kerry S. , North Scott , Venner Peter
Published: May 2007

Background: Exercise has been shown to improve quality of life (QoL) in some cancer survivor groups, but it is unknown if the unique QoL issues faced by bladder cancer survivors are also amenable to an exercise intervention. This study provides the first data examining the association between exercise and QoL in bladder cancer survivors.

Methods: Bladder cancer survivors identified through a provincial cancer registry were mailed a survey that included the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bladder (FACT-Bl) scale, and the Fatigue Symptom Inventory.

Results: Of the 525 bladder cancer survivors (51% response rate) that completed the survey, 22.3% were meeting public health exercise guidelines in the past month, 16.0% were insufficiently active (i.e., some exercise but less than the guidelines), and 61.7% were completely sedentary. ANOVA indicated a general linear association between meeting guidelines and QoL, with those meeting guidelines reporting more favorable scores than completely sedentary survivors on the FACT-Bl (mean difference, 7.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.6-11.7; P < 0.001), the FACT (P = 0.001), the trial outcome index (P < 0.001), functional well-being (P < 0.001), additional concerns (P = 0.001), sexual functioning (P < 0.001), erectile function (P < 0.001), body image (P < 0.001), and various fatigue indicators (P < 0.05). Adjusting for key medical and demographic factors slightly attenuated the magnitude of the associations but did not alter the substantive conclusions.

Conclusions: Exercise is positively associated with QoL in bladder cancer survivors, although few are meeting public health exercise guidelines. Studies testing the causal effects of exercise on QoL issues unique to this population are warranted. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):984–90)
Synchronized Seasonal Variations of Mammographic Breast Density and Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Brisson Jacques , Bérubé Sylvie , Diorio Caroline , Sinotte Marc , Pollak Michael , Mâsse Benoît
Published: May 2007

Background: Dietary vitamin D has been associated with lower mammographic breast density, a strong biomarker for breast cancer risk. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is an integrated measure of vitamin D status (from food, supplements, and sun exposure) and varies with season. Our objective was to assess seasonal variations of breast density and compare such variations, if any, with that of 25(OH)D.

Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 741 premenopausal women recruited at screening mammography. Plasma 25(OH)D at recruitment was measured by RIA. Breast density was evaluated using a computer-assisted method. Seasonal variations were modeled using multivariate linear regression and semi-parametric cubic smoothing splines.

Results: Season was strongly associated with 25(OH)D (P < 0.0001). The highest smoothed mean 25(OH)D levels were seen at the end of July (81.5 nmol/L) and the lowest in mid-April (52.4 nmol/L). Breast density showed modest seasonal variations (P = 0.028). The lowest smoothed mean breast density was observed in early December (38.5%) and the highest at the beginning of April (44.3%). When a 4-month lag time was presumed, seasonal variations of breast density appeared to be a mirror image of those of 25(OH)D, and the correlation of daily smoothed estimates of mean breast density and 25(OH)D was negative and strong (r = −0.90).

Conclusion: In premenopausal women, changes in blood vitamin D seem to be inversely related to changes in breast density with a lag time of about 4 months. This finding encourages further investigation of the possibility that vitamin D could reduce breast density and breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):929–33)
Cost-effectiveness Analysis between Primary and Secondary Preventive Strategies for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Lee Yi-Chia , Lin Jaw-Town , Wu Hui-Min , Liu Tzeng-Ying , Yen Ming-Fang , Chiu Han-Mo , Wang Hsiu-Po , Wu Ming-Shiang , Hsiu-Hsi Chen Tony
Published: May 2007

Objective: The present study is done to assess the relative cost-effectiveness, optimal initial age, and interscreening interval between primary and secondary prevention strategies for gastric cancer.

Methods: Base-case estimates, including variables of natural history, efficacy of intervention, and relevant cost, were derived from two preventive programs targeting a high-risk population. Cost-effectiveness was compared between chemoprevention with 13C urea breath testing followed by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and high-risk surveillance based on serum pepsinogen measurement and confirmed by endoscopy. The main outcome measure was cost per life-year gained with a 3% annual discount rate.

Results: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for once-only chemoprevention at age 30 years versus no screening was U.S. $17,044 per life-year gained. Eradication of H. pylori at later age or with a periodic scheme yielded a less favorable result. Annual high-risk screening at age of 50 years versus no screening resulted in an ICER of U.S. $29,741 per life-year gained. The ICERs of surveillance did not substantially vary with different initial ages or interscreening intervals. Chemoprevention could be dominated by high-risk surveillance when the initial age was older than 44 years. Otherwise, chemoprevention was more cost-effective than high-risk surveillance, either at ceiling ratios of U.S. $15,762 or up to U.S. $50,000. The relative cost-effectiveness was most sensitive to the infection rate of H. pylori and proportion of early gastric cancer in all detectable cases.

Conclusions: Early H. pylori eradication once in lifetime seems more cost-effective than surveillance strategy. However, the choice is still subject to the risk of infection, detectability of early gastric cancer, and timing of intervention. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):875–85)
Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 in Plasma and Pancreatic Juice as a Biomarker for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Kuhlmann Koert F.D. , van Till J.W. Olivier , Boermeester Marja A. , de Reuver Philip R. , Tzvetanova Iva D. , Offerhaus G. Johan A. , ten Kate Fiebo J.W. , Busch Olivier R.C. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Gouma Dirk J. , Crawford Howard C.
Published: May 2007

Differentiating between periampullary carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory mass is difficult. Consequently, 6% to 9% of pancreatic resections for suspected carcinoma are done inappropriately for chronic pancreatitis. Here, we test if matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7), a secreted protease frequently expressed in pancreatic carcinoma, can be measured in plasma, pancreatic, and duodenal juice, and if it can distinguish between periampullary carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. Ninety-four patients who underwent pancreatic surgery for a (peri)pancreatic neoplasm (n = 63) or chronic pancreatitis (n = 31) were analyzed. Median plasma MMP-7 levels were significantly higher in carcinoma (1.95 ng/mL; interquartile range, 0.81-3.22 ng/mL) compared with chronic pancreatitis and benign disease (0.83 ng/mL; interquartile range, 0.25-1.21 ng/mL; P < 0.01). MMP-7 levels in pancreatic juice were higher, although not significantly, in carcinoma (62 ng/mg protein; interquartile range, 18-241 ng/mg protein) compared with chronic pancreatitis and benign disease (23 ng/mg protein; interquartile range, 8.5-99 ng/mg protein; P = 0.17). MMP-7 levels in duodenal juice were universally low. At an arbitrary cutoff of 1.5 ng/mL in plasma, positive and negative predictive values were 83% and 57%, respectively, values comparable to those of today's most common pancreatic tumor marker, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9; 83% and 53%, respectively). Positive and negative likelihood ratios for plasma MMP-7 were 3.35 and 0.52, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for MMP-7 was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.84) and for CA19-9, 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.85). Combined MMP-7 and CA19-9 assessment gave a positive predictive value of 100%. Thus, plasma MMP-7 levels discriminated between patients with carcinoma and those with chronic pancreatitis or benign disease. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma MMP-7 alone is not sufficient to determine treatment strategy in patients with a periampullary mass, but combined evaluation of plasma MMP-7 with CA19-9 and other markers may be clinically useful. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):886–91)
Successful Genome-Wide Scan in Paired Blood and Buccal Samples
Authors: Feigelson Heather Spencer , Rodriguez Carmen , Welch Robert , Hutchinson Amy , Shao Wen , Jacobs Kevin , Diver W. Ryan , Calle Eugenia E. , Thun Michael J. , Hunter David J. , Thomas Gilles , Chanock Stephen J.
Published: May 2007

Interest in genome-wide association studies to identify susceptibility alleles for cancer is growing, and several are currently planned or under way. Although the feasibility of collecting buccal cell samples as an alternative to venous blood samples as a source of genomic DNA has been shown, the validity of using DNA from buccal cells for genome-wide scans has not been assessed. We used 46 paired buffy coat and buccal cell samples to test the feasibility of using DNA from buccal cells for genotyping with the HumanHap300 Bead Chip (v.1.0.0) on the Illumina Infinium II platform. Genotyping was successful in every sample, regardless of DNA yield or sample type. Of the 317,502 genotypes attempted, 315,314 (99.3%) were successfully called. Completion rates were similar for buffy coat and buccal cell samples (99.63% and 99.44%, respectively; P = 0.15). Completion rates <99% were observed in only four samples and did not differ by specimen type. The paired samples showed exceptionally high concordance (99.96%). These results show that buccal cell samples collected and processed under optimal conditions can be used for genome-wide association studies with results comparable to those obtained from DNA extracted from buffy coat. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):1023–5)
Serum Lycopene, Other Carotenoids, and Prostate Cancer Risk: a Nested Case-Control Study in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Peters Ulrike , Leitzmann Michael F. , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Wang Yinghui , Albanes Demetrius , Gelmann Edward P. , Friesen Marlin D. , Riboli Elio , Hayes Richard B.
Published: May 2007

Background: Reports from several studies have suggested that carotenoids, and in particular lycopene, could be prostate cancer–preventive agents. This has stimulated extensive laboratory and clinical research, as well as much commercial and public enthusiasm. However, the epidemiologic evidence remains inconclusive.

Materials and Methods: We investigated the association between prediagnostic serum carotenoids (lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) and risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, a multicenter study designed to examine methods of early detection and risk factors for cancer. The study included 692 incident prostate cancer cases, diagnosed 1 to 8 years after study entry, including 270 aggressive cases, with regional or distant stage (n = 90) or Gleason score ≥7 (n = 235), and 844 randomly selected, matched controls. As study participants were selected from those who were assigned to annual standardized screening for prostate cancer, results are unlikely to be biased by differential screening, a circumstance that is difficult to attain under non–trial conditions.

Results: No association was observed between serum lycopene and total prostate cancer [odds ratios (OR), 1.14; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 0.82-1.58 for highest versus lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.28] or aggressive prostate cancer (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.62-1.57 for highest versus lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.433). β-Carotene was associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.03-2.72 for highest versus lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.13); in particular, regional or distant stage disease (OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.37-7.31 for highest versus lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.02); other carotenoids were not associated with risk.

Conclusion: In this large prospective study, high serum β-carotene concentrations were associated with increased risk for aggressive, clinically relevant prostate cancer. Lycopene and other carotenoids were unrelated to prostate cancer. Consistent with other recent publications, these results suggest that lycopene or tomato-based regimens will not be effective for prostate cancer prevention. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):962–8)
Cardiovascular Risk Profile of Patients with HER2/neu-Positive Breast Cancer Treated with Anthracycline-Taxane–Containing Adjuvant Chemotherapy and/or Trastuzumab
Authors: Jones Lee W. , Haykowsky Mark , Peddle Carolyn J. , Joy Anil A. , Pituskin Edith N. , Tkachuk Linda M. , Courneya Kerry S. , Slamon Dennis J. , Mackey John R.
Published: May 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the cardiovascular risk profile of a subset of patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with adjuvant taxane-anthracycline–containing chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab (Herceptin).

Experimental Design: Twenty-six patients with breast cancer (mean, 20 months postchemotherapy) and 10 healthy age-matched women were studied. We measured 14 metabolic and vascular established cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, and left ventricular systolic function. All assessments were done within a 14-day period.

Results: Cardiac abnormalities were suggested by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% in 8% of patients, LVEF remained >10% below pretreatment values in 38%, whereas 50% presented with resting sinus tachycardia. Brain natriuretic peptide was significantly elevated in 40% of patients and was correlated with LVEF (r = −0.72, P = < 0.001). For the majority of CVD risk factors, similar proportions of patients and controls (35-60%) were classified as “undesirable.” A significantly higher proportion of patients were classified with low cardiorespiratory fitness (46% versus 0%, P < 0.01), being overweight/obese (72% versus 50%, P < 0.05), and having resting sinus tachycardia (50% versus 0%, P < 0.01) compared with controls. Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index were correlated with CVD risk factors (r = −0.64 to 0.63, P < 0.05; r = −0.63 to 0.67, P < 0.05, respectively). Exploratory analyses revealed several differences between CVD risk factors based on chemotherapy regimen.

Conclusion: Breast cancer survivors treated with adjuvant chemotherapy are at a higher risk of developing late-occurring CVD than age-matched controls due to direct and indirect treatment-related toxicity. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):1026–31)
Phytoestrogen Exposure Is Associated with Circulating Sex Hormone Levels in Postmenopausal Women and Interact withESR1andNR1I2Gene Variants
Authors: Low Yen-Ling , Dunning Alison M. , Dowsett Mitch , Folkerd Elizabeth , Doody Deborah , Taylor James , Bhaniani Amit , Luben Robert , Khaw Kay-Tee , Wareham Nick J. , Bingham Sheila A.
Published: May 2007

In this large cross-sectional study, we investigated the relationship between phytoestrogen exposure and circulating sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in 1988 healthy postmenopausal women and their interactions with polymorphisms in genes involved in estrogen signaling. Plasma estradiol, testosterone, androstenedione, estrone, and SHBG were measured. Urinary levels of five isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, O-desmethylangolensin, and equol) and two lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) were measured and used as biomarkers for dietary intakes. Eighteen polymorphisms in ESR1, ESR2, and NR1I2 genes were genotyped. Results showed that lignans were positively associated with plasma SHBG levels (ηp2 = 1.2%; P < 0.001) and negatively associated with plasma testosterone (ηp2 = 0.2%; P = 0.042). Equol was negatively associated with plasma estradiol levels (ηp2 = 0.3%; P = 0.028), whereas O-desmethylangolensin was positively associated with plasma estradiol level (ηp2 = 0.3%; P = 0.010). There were significant phytoestrogen interactions with polymorphisms in ESR1 and NR1I2 genes in affecting estrone levels. We conclude that phytoestrogens modulate sex hormone and SHBG levels in postmenopausal women and interact with gene variants involved in estrogen signaling. Such phytoestrogen-gene interactions may explain the conflicting literature on the hormonal effects of phytoestrogens. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):1009–16)
Longitudinal Trends in Mammographic Percent Density and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Vachon Celine M. , Pankratz V. Shane , Scott Christopher G. , Maloney Shaun D. , Ghosh Karthik , Brandt Kathleen R. , Milanese Tia , Carston Michael J. , Sellers Thomas A.
Published: May 2007

Background: Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. However, whether changes in mammographic density are associated with risk remains unclear.

Materials and Methods: A study of 372 incident breast cancer cases and 713 matched controls was conducted within the Mayo Clinic mammography screening practice. Controls were matched on age, exam date, residence, menopause, interval between, and number of mammograms. All serial craniocaudal mammograms 10 years before ascertainment were digitized, and quantitative measures of percent density (PD) were estimated using a thresholding method. Data on potential confounders were abstracted from medical records. Logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the interactions among PD at earliest mammogram, time from earliest to each serial mammogram, and absolute change in PD between the earliest and subsequent mammograms. Analyses were done separately for PD measures from the ipsilateral and contralateral breast and also by use of hormone therapy (HT).

Results: Subjects had an average of five mammograms available, were primarily postmenopausal (83%), and averaged 61 years at the earliest mammogram. Mean PD at earliest mammogram was higher for cases (31%) than controls (27%; ipsilateral side). There was no evidence of an association between change in PD and breast cancer risk by time. Compared with no change, an overall reduction of 10% PD (lowest quartile of change) was associated with an odds ratio of 0.9997 and an increase of 6.5% PD (highest quartile of change) with an odds ratio of 1.002. The same results held within the group of 220 cases and 340 controls never using HT. Among the 124 cases and 337 controls known to use HT during the interval, there was a statistically significant interaction between change in PD and time since the earliest mammogram (P = 0.01). However, in all groups, the risk associated with the earliest PD remained a stronger predictor of risk than change in PD.

Conclusion: We observed no association between change in PD with breast cancer risk among all women and those never using HT. However, the interaction between change in PD and time should be evaluated in other populations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):921–8)
The CYP1A2 Genotype Modifies the Association Between Coffee Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk Among BRCA1 Mutation Carriers
Authors: Kotsopoulos Joanne , Ghadirian Parviz , El-Sohemy Ahmed , Lynch Henry T. , Snyder Carrie , Daly Mary , Domchek Susan , Randall Susan , Karlan Beth , Zhang Phil , Zhang Shiyu , Sun Ping , Narod Steven A.
Published: May 2007

We have recently reported that, among BRCA1 mutation carriers, the consumption of caffeinated coffee was associated with a significant reduction in breast cancer risk. Because the metabolism of caffeine is primarily by CYP1A2, we examined whether or not the CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between a history of coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. A common A to C polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene is associated with decreased enzyme inducibility and impaired caffeine metabolism. Information regarding coffee consumption habits and the CYP1A2 genotype was available for 411 BRCA1 mutation carriers (170 cases and 241 controls). We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for breast cancer associated with the CYP1A2 genotype and a history of coffee consumption before age 35, adjusting for potential confounders. The CYP1A2 genotype did not affect breast cancer risk. Among women with at least one variant C allele (AC or CC), those who consumed coffee had a 64% reduction in breast cancer risk, compared with women who never consumed coffee (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18-0.73). A significant protective effect of coffee consumption was not observed among women with the CYP1A2 AA genotype (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.49-1.77). Similar results were obtained when the analysis was restricted to caffeinated coffee. This study suggests that caffeine protects against breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 mutation and illustrates the importance of integrating individual genetic variability when assessing diet-disease associations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):912–6)
Occupational Allergy to Latex among Loom Tuners in a Textile Factory
Authors: Lopata Andreas L. , Adams Shahieda , Kirstein Frank , Henwood Nick , Raulf-Heimsoth Monika , Jeebhay Mohamed F.
Published: May 2007

Background: Occupational allergy to latex is generally reported from occupational groups such as health care workers; however, few reports derive from other occupational settings. Methods: Two male subjects working as loom tuners in a textile manufacturing plant developed severe allergic reactions during the cutting and weaving of elastic bands, initially not suspected to contain latex constituents. Clinical evaluation and lung function tests were supplemented by skin prick testing, specific IgE evaluation and basophil activation assays with extracted elastic bands. Results: Both workers presented with rhinitis, episodes of tight chest and itchy eyes. Initial spirometry was normal with no significant reversibility; however, a histamine challenge test was positive in one worker. Skin prick testing to a battery of common inhalant allergens was negative; however, raised IgE levels were detected to latex using ImmunoCAP. On further testing, the specific IgE response was directed mainly to the major latex allergens rHev b 5, rHev b 6.01, rHev b 6.02 and nHev b 13. Basophils of the two workers, but not the unaffected control subjects, were strongly activated by extracts of the elastic and the cutting dust material. Conclusions: Workers are at high risk of becoming sensitised to latex allergens when exposed to excessive dust produced by loom tuning machines. Latex sensitisation should therefore be considered in workers developing unexplained work-related allergic reactions (including asthma) associated with unlabelled materials in the textile industry.
Surgical Management of Torticollis
Authors: Driollet R. , Schvarcz J.R. , Orlando J.
Published: May 2007

Twenty-one patients with torticollis have been operated upon during the 1946–1973 period. The site of surgical attack has changed with time and better understanding of physiopathology. Thus the first 8 patients had had cervical motor rhizotomies plus accessory neurotomies. The remaining 13 cases all had stereotactic lesions 6 of them complemented with peripheral procedures. In the first group with exclusive stereotactic destructions the disease type was: (a) rotational torticollis with dystonic background in 6 patients and (b) 1 pure horizontal form. In the first subgroup (a) all had VO thalamotomies bilaterally in all but 2 cases which were combined with pallidotomy or nucleus preinterstitialis. The second subgroup (b) had subthalamotomy. In the second group the disease type was: retrocollis in 2 cases and rotational torticollis in 4, all of them with severe myoclonic component. All had bilateral VO thalamotomies and all had additional bilateral motor rhizotomies combined in 4 cases with XIth neurotomy. Results for the first group were fair for the 6 cases (a) with dystonic component and excellent for the (b) pure horizontal form. However in the second group we were forced to add cervical motor rhizotomies and/or accessory neurotomy to improve results. The patients seem to do better with the lower stereotactic targets.
Evoked Photic Responses from the Human Thalamus and Midbrain
Authors: Wilson W.P. , Nashold B.S.
Published: May 2007

Investigation of specific afferent pathways has demonstrated that collateral and direct pathways convey sensory information to a variety of nuclear structures in the mesencephalon and diencephalon. Direct visual inputs to the tegmentum, pretectum, median pulvinar, lateral geniculate nuclei and superior colliculi have been demonstrated. Nashold recently reported the activation of visual phosphenes in an alert human during subcollicular stimulation. This report concerns the recording of photic evoked responses from the thalamus and midbrain in awake humans undergoing stereotactic surgery for relief of intractable pain. A group of 13 patients was studied, and recordings were made from chronic depth electrodes implanted in the site for the production of the lesion. The results indicate that consistent photic evoked responses could be recorded from the medial pulvinar, medial tegmentum and superior colliculus. These were all short-latency-evoked responses to the visual stimulation. No latencies exceeded 200 msec. Occasional low voltage evoked potentials were recorded from the dorsolateral tegmentum, the lateral pulvinar and the substantia nigra. All responses observed were at flash frequency and no harmonic response occurred. Tegmental responses were attenuated but not abolished when the eyes were opened. Direct stimulation from the areas from which the visually evoked responses occurred resulted in multisensory and motor and autonomic effects. These results support the idea of multisensory inputs to the medial pulvinar and upper midbrain.
Donor Complications Including the Report of One Death in Right-Lobe Living-Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Coelho Julio C.U. , de Freitas Alexandre C.T. , Matias Jorge E.F. , de Godoy José Luiz , Zeni Neto Clementino , Parolin Mônica B. , Okawa Luciano
Published: May 2007

Background/Aims: Our objective is to assess donor complications in all right hepatic lobe living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) at our center. Methods: Of a total of 352 liver transplantations performed, 60 were right-lobe LDLT. Most donors (88.3%) were related to the recipients. Results: Mean hospital stay was 5.4 8 0.6 days. No complications occurred due to preoperative evaluation. Most donors received one or two units of autologous blood transfusion. Only 5 (8.3%) needed nonautologous blood transfusion. Most complications were minor and treated conservatively. Bile leaks from the cut surface of the liver occurred in 5 donors (8.3%). Two patients had potentially fatal complications: perforated duodenal ulcer and portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The donor with perforated ulcer developed septicemia and multiple organ failure. He was discharged from the hospital with hemiparesis due to cerebral ischemia. The patient with PVT remained asymptomatic and the portal vein was recanalized by the 3rd postoperative month. One donor died in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac arrest due to cardiac arrhythmia. Conclusion: Right hepatectomy for LDLT may be associated with significant morbidity, including death and it should be performed only by surgeons with great experience.
Acid Corrosive Injury in Patients with a History of Partial Gastrectomy: Outcome Analysis
Authors: Chang Jia-Ming , Wu Ming-Ho , Lai Wu-Wei , Lin Mu-Yen , Tsai Yueh-Feng , Hsu I-Ling , Yen Yi-Ting , Tseng Yau-Lin
Published: May 2007

Background: Our purpose was to delineate the characteristics and outcome of acid-corrosive injury in patients with a history of gastric resection. Material and Methods: A total of 359 patients with a history of acid-corrosive injury were retrospectively reviewed. They were grouped based on past history with group 1 consisting of 8 patients with a history of gastric surgery (6 hemigastrectomies with Billroth II gastrojejunostomy, 2 partial gastrectomies with Billroth I gastroduodenostomy) and group 2 consisting of 351 patients without a history of previous gastric surgery. Clinical data, operative findings, treatment modalities and prognoses were compared. Results: Group 1 patients required significantly more emergency surgical interventions (p = 0.016) and more frequent resection of alimentary necrosis (p = 0.007). In the operative findings of those undergoing emergency laparotomy, group 1 had a slightly higher incidence of total gastric necrosis with or without perforation (p = 0.388), and a higher incidence of jejunal resection (p = 0.001). However, group 1 patients had a relatively lower operative mortality rate compared to group 2 patients (p = 0.640). Conclusion: Acid-injured patients with a history of previous gastric surgery tended to have a higher incidence of mandatory emergency surgical exploration and resection of the alimentary tract. With early and prompt management, a good survival rate can still be anticipated.
Tonometer pHi Monitoring of Free Jejunal Grafts following Pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy for Hypopharyngeal or Cervical Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Kamiya Kinji , Suzuki Shohachi , Mineta Hiroyuki , Konno Hiroyuki
Published: May 2007

Background/Aims: Graft failure is a critical complication associated with vascular occlusion in esophageal reconstruction with a free jejunal graft following pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of intramucosal pH (pHi) measurement using a tonometer to assess the graft viability. Methods: Two consecutive studies, the early phase study and the late phase study, were performed. Nineteen patients who underwent free jejunal transfer were enrolled in the early phase study before 1999 to determine the critical pHi value. In the late phase study after 2000 (n = 16), anticoagulant treatment to prevent graft necrosis was performed in the patients having a pHi value under the critical level. Results: In the early phase study, vascular obstruction was not seen in 16 patients with pHi >7.10. Of 3 patients with pHi <7.10, 2 underwent regrafting because of jejunal graft necrosis by vascular obstruction. In the late phase study, reoperation was not required in 3 of 4 patients with pHi <7.10. Intraoperative vascular occlusion was found in 1 patient with a decline in pHi value and anticoagulant treatment was effective in 2 others. Conclusion: The pHi measurement using a tonometer is useful for finding vascular problems in free jejunal grafts.
‘In vitro’ Protective Effect of a Hydrophilic Vitamin E Analogue on the Decrease in Levels of Elongation Factor 2 in Conditions of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Argüelles Sandro , Machado Alberto , Ayala Antonio
Published: May 2007

Background: Protein synthesis is inhibited by oxidative stress. Among the possible causes of this inhibition are the modifications of elongation factor 2 (eEF-2), the protein that catalyzes the translocation of the ribosome through mRNA. eEF-2 is extremely sensitive to oxidative stress caused mainly by lipid peroxidant compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide (CH). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the antioxidant Trolox prevents the effect of CH on the levels of hepatic eEF-2. Methods: The effect was determined in liver homogenates treated with both compounds. Lipid peroxides and carbonyl content were also measured. Results: The results show that Trolox at certain doses prevents the decrease in the level of eEF-2 caused by CH. Conclusion: Under oxidative stress circumstances, vitamin E can prevent the effect of oxidations on relevant biological processes such as protein synthesis.
Age- and Stress-Induced Changes in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone mRNA Expression in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Authors: Romeo Russell D. , Karatsoreos Ilia N. , Jasnow Aaron M. , McEwen Bruce S.
Published: May 2007

In reaction to acute stress, prepubertal (25–28 days of age) animals demonstrate a prolonged adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone response compared to adults (>65 days of age), while after chronic stress, prepubertal animals show a higher peak ACTH and corticosterone response, but a faster return to baseline compared to adults. Differential activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) of prepubertal and adult animals have been suggested to mediate these changes in stress responsiveness. The purpose of the present set of experiments was to further elucidate possible differences in PVN structure and function in prepubertal (28 days of age) and adult (77 days of age) male rats. The results indicate that PVN volume and somal size and cell number are similar in the parvocellular and magnocellular subdivision of the PVN before and after pubertal development. Furthermore, after a peripheral injection of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG), prepubertal and adult males demonstrate similar numbers of anterior pituitary projecting neurosecretory neurons in the parvocellular region of the PVN. Finally, using in situ hybridization we show that in response to acute stress, CRH mRNA in the PVN was affected by both age and stress such that prepubertal males have greater CRH expression than adults and both prepubertal and adult males show significant stress-induced increases in CRH mRNA. Interestingly, in response to repeated restraint, neither age nor stress significantly influence CRH expression. Together, these data indicate that both age and experience with stress interact to modulate CRH expression in the PVN.
Cyto- and Chemoarchitecture of the Cerebellum of the Short-Beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
Authors: Ashwell K.W.S. , Paxinos G. , Watson C.R.R.
Published: May 2007

The monotremes (echidnas and platypus) have been claimed by some authors to show ‘avian’ or ‘reptilian’ features in the gross morphology and microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum. We have used Nissl staining in conjunction with enzyme histochemistry to acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase and immunohistochemistry to non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody), calcium binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin) and tyrosine hydroxylase to examine the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei in the short-beaked echidna. Immunoreactivity for non-phosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-32 antibody) was found in the deep cerebellar nuclei and in Purkinje cells of most regions except the nodule. Purkinje cells identified with SMI-32 immunoreactivity were clearly mammalian in morphology. Parvalbumin and calbindin immunoreactivity was found in Purkinje cells with some regional variation in staining intensity and in Purkinje cell axons traversing cerebellar white matter or terminating on Lugaro cells. Calbindin immunoreactivity was also present in inferior olivary complex neurons. Calretinin immunoreactivity was found in pontocerebellar fibers and small cells in the deep granule cell layer of the ansiform lobule. We found that, although the deep cerebellar nuclei were much less clearly demarcated than in the rodent cerebellum, it was possible to distinguish medial, interposed and lateral nuclear components in the echidna. As far as we can determine from our techniques, the cerebellum of the echidna shows all the gross and cytological features familiar from the cerebellum of therian mammals.
Glucocorticoid Resistance following Herpes Simplex-1 Infection: Role of Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors
Authors: Bener Dafna , Wohlman Avital , Itzik Anna , Yirmiya Raz , Ben-Hur Tamir , Weidenfeld Joseph
Published: May 2007

Herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1) is a sporadic cause of viral encephalitis. We have previously demonstrated that corneal HSV inoculation markedly activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This activation depends on host derived brain interleukine-1 and was resistant to pretreatment with dexamethasone (dex), possibly because immune factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines can modify the binding capacity of glucocorticoids in the hippocampus. In the present study, we examined whether resistance of the HPA axis activation following intracerebral HSV-1 infection to dex-induced suppression is associated with modifications in hippocampal or pituitary glucocorticoids (GC) receptors or GC receptors in cultured astrocytes. Male rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with purified HSV-1 or vehicle. 48 h later, dex or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally. Rats were sacrificed 3.5 h later. ACTH and corticosterone (CS) were measured in the serum. Specific binding of 3H-dex was measured in the cytosolic fraction of the hippocampus and the pituitary. Dex failed to reduce ACTH and CS responses to HSV-1 infection. In contrast, dex significantly reduced ACTH and CS responses to acoustic neural stimuli. Infection with HSV-1 markedly reduced the hippocampal maximal specific binding of dex with no effect on the dissociation constant (Kd) values. HSV-1 had no effect on the binding of dex in the pituitary. Infection of cultured astrocytes with HSV-1 also reduced the maximal specific binding of dex, but increased the Kd value. The results suggest that HSV-1 induced GC resistance may be mediated by downregulation of GC receptors in hippocampal tissue. These results may clarify a mechanism responsible for GC resistance following immune challenges.
Diagnostic Telemetry from Depth Electrodes in Epilepsy
Authors: Adams J.E. , Rutkin B.B.
Published: May 2007

Over the past ten years, depth electrodes were used to study intractable seizures in 44 patients. In most patients, the technique of on-line recording and stimulation of the depth electrodes with the patients directly connected to the recording and stimulating hardware could be used to localize the epileptogenic focus. In the few patients in whom this was impossible, telemetry to record spontaneous seizure activity was effective. One case in which telemetry allowed delineation of the epileptogenic focus is presented.
Radiofrequency Thermal Hypophysectomy for Acromegaly
Authors: Zervas N.T. , Hamlin H. , Pallotta Johanna , Gordy P.D. , Spark R. , Sherwood L.
Published: May 2007

Radiofrequency thermal ablation of pituitary adenomata was carried out in 14 patients with acromegaly. In all patients detailed endocrinological studies were carried out to assess pituitary function. Human growth hormone levels were normal in the majority of patients following operation. Permanent complications failed to occur. Two patients had temporary visual difficulty that cleared within a few weeks. Most of the patients experienced dramatic improvement within five to seven days after operation and several of these patients with lesser stigmata had dramatic resolution of tissue overgrowth and almost complete fading of acromegalic features.
Reacciones psicológicas ante el estigma percibido: relación entre la ambivalencia afectiva y la controlabilidad del estigma
Authors: Silván-Ferrero Ma del Prado , Pryor John B. , Reeder Glenn D.
Published: May 2007

El propósito de esta investigación es examinar las respuestas emocionales hacia diferentes tipos de estigmas, y observar como estos sentimientos se relacionan con el modelo reflejo-reflexivo de Pryor, Reeder, Yeadon y Hesson-McInnis (2004). Los estigmas analizados variaban en el grado de responsabilidad en su origen—controlables, neutros e incontrolables. En primer lugar, los participantes expresaron sus reacciones ante personas con diferentes tipos de estigma. Para ello se empleó una tarea de ordenador en la que se medían las variaciones momento a momento de sus respuestas expresadas mediante los movimientos del cursor durante un periodo de 10 segundos. A continuación, los participantes contestaron a un cuestionario que incluía una escala de sentimientos. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones entre las respuestas emocionales y las variaciones momento a momento con un patrón diferencial en función de la controlabilidad del estigma.
La compra compulsiva: ¿impulso irresistible o reflejo del sistema de valores personales?
Authors: García Irene
Published: May 2007

Este trabajo analiza la relación entre la compra compulsiva y el sistema de valores personales para poner a prueba una serie de hipótesis derivadas de dos modelos contrapuestos de adicción: los modelos médico y bio-psicosocial por un lado, y el modelo moral, por otro. Se utilizó una muestra aleatoria de 341 sujetos de la provincia de Vizcaya, que respondieron a la Escala de Compra Compulsiva (Valence, d'Astous y Fortier, 1988) y al Cuestionario de Valores Personales de Schwartz (1992). Los análisis de correlación parcial desvelaron correlaciones significativas positivas entre la compra compulsiva y los valores de poder, estimulación y logro, y correlaciones negativas con los valores de conformidad, seguridad-tradición y universalidad, además de un importante efecto de las variables sexo y edad. La prevalencia de la compra compulsiva en Vizcaya se puede estimar en un 5.27% de la población. Los resultados se ajustan a las hipótesis derivadas del modelo de adicción que se ha denominado moral.
Airway mucosal inflammation in COPD is similar in smokers and ex-smokers: a pooled analysis
Authors: Gamble E. , Grootendorst D. C. , Hattotuwa K. , O'Shaughnessy T. , Ram F. S. F. , Qiu Y. , Zhu J. , Vignola A. M. , Kroegel C. , Morell F. , Pavord I. D. , Rabe K. F. , Jeffery P. K. , Barnes N. C.
Published: May 2007

Bronchial biopsy specimens from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients demonstrate increased numbers of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, macrophages and, in some studies, neutrophils and eosinophils. Smoking cessation affects the rate of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline in COPD, but the effect on inflammation is uncertain. Bronchial biopsy inflammatory cell counts were compared in current and ex-smokers with COPD.

A pooled analysis of subepithelial inflammatory cell count data from three bronchial biopsy studies that included COPD patients who were either current or ex-smokers was performed.

Cell count data from 101 subjects, 65 current smokers and 36 ex-smokers, were analysed for the following cell types: CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD68+ (monocytes/macrophages), neutrophil elastase+ (neutrophils), EG2+ (eosinophils), mast cell tryptase+ and cells mRNA-positive for tumour necrosis factor-α. Current smokers and ex-smokers were similar in terms of lung function, as measured by FEV1(% predicted), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC. The results demonstrate that there were no significant differences between smokers and ex-smokers in the numbers of any of the inflammatory cell types or markers analysed.

It is concluded that, in established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the bronchial mucosal inflammatory cell infiltrate is similar in ex-smokers and those that continue to smoke.