bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topic analysis of academic disciplines based on prolific and authoritative researchers
Authors: Yang Chao , Huang Cui , Su Jun , Wang Shutao
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The paper aims to explore whether topic analysis (identification of the core contents, trends and topic distribution in the target field) can be performed using a more low-cost and easily applicable method that relies on a small dataset, and how we can obtain this small dataset based on the features of the publications.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper proposes a topic analysis method based on prolific and authoritative researchers (PARs). First, the authors identify PARs in a specific discipline by considering the number of publications and citations of authors. Based on the research publications of PARs (small dataset), the authors then construct a keyword co-occurrence network and perform a topic analysis. Finally, the authors compare the method with the traditional method.

Findings

The authors found that using a small dataset (only 6.47% of the complete dataset in our experiment) for topic analysis yields relatively high-quality and reliable results. The comparison analysis reveals that the proposed method is quite similar to the results of traditional large dataset analysis in terms of publication time distribution, research areas, core keywords and keyword network density.

Research limitations/implications

Expert opinions are needed in determining the parameters of PARs identification algorithm. The proposed method may neglect the publications of junior researchers and its biases should be discussed.

Practical implications

This paper gives a practical way on how to implement disciplinary analysis based on a small dataset, and how to identify this dataset by proposing a PARs-based topic analysis method. The proposed method presents a useful view of the data based on PARs that can produce results comparable to traditional method, and thus will improve the effectiveness and cost of interdisciplinary topic analysis.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a PARs-based topic analysis method and verifies that topic analysis can be performed using a small dataset.
Measuring financial performance of Indian manufacturing firms: application of decision tree algorithms
Authors: R.L. Manogna , Mishra Aswini Kumar
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Determining the relevant information using financial measures is of great interest for various stakeholders to analyze the performance of the firm. This paper aims at identifying these financial measures (ratios) which critically affect the firm performance. The authors specifically focus on discovering the most prominent ratios using a two-step process. First, the authors use an exploratory factor analysis to identify the underlying dimensions of these ratios, followed by predictive modeling techniques to identify the potential relationship between measures and performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses data of 25 financial variables for a sample of 1923 Indian manufacturing firms which exist continuously between 2011 and 2018. For prediction models, four popular decision tree algorithms [Chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID), classification and regression trees (C&RT), C5.0 and quick, unbiased, efficient statistical tree (QUEST)] were investigated, and the information fusion-based sensitivity analyses were performed to identify the relative importance of these input measures.

Findings

Results show that C5.0 and CHAID algorithms produced the best predictive results. The fusion sensitivity results find that net profit margin and total assets turnover rate are the most critical factors determining the firm performance in an Indian manufacturing context. These findings may enable managers in their decision-making process and also have vital implications for investors in assessing the performance of the firm.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the current paper is the first to address the application of decision tree algorithms to predict the performance of manufacturing firms in an emerging economy such as India, with the latest data. This practical perspective helps the organizations in managing the critical parameters for the firm’s growth.
Market ranking and network structure: pathway to dominance
Authors: Sarabi Yasaman , Smith Matthew , McGregor Heather , Christopoulos Dimitris
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The relationship between interlocking directorates and firm performance has been increasingly debated, with a focus on whether firm's centrality in interlock networks is associated with performance. The purpose of this study is to examine not only how a firm's position in this network is associated with performance but also how the performance of network partners can impact a firm's performance. This study examines how firms effectively utilise the interlock network to achieve the goal of higher market capitalisation – termed market capitalisation rank (MCR).

Design/methodology/approach

The premise of the study is the UK FTSE 350 firms from 2014 to 2018. The paper makes use of a temporal network autocorrelation model to examine how firm characteristics, the structural position in the interlock network and the performance of network partners affect MCR over time.

Findings

The analysis indicates that firms with ties (via the interlock network) to firms with high market capitalisation are more likely to enhance their own MCR, highlighting network partners have the opportunity to play a critical role in a firm's dominance strategy to optimise firm value.

Originality/value

The value of this research is that it does not only look at the impact of a firm's position in the network on performance, but the impact of the performance of network partners on a firm's market performance as well.
Forensic accounting as a profession in Australia? A sociological perspective
Authors: Alshurafat Hashem
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aims to ask a theoretical question of “whether forensic accounting meets the sociological criteria of being a profession” in the Australian context. The present study responds to several scholarly calls to improve the studies on forensic accounting in Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the professionalism theory perspective, this study developed an analysis of the sociological criteria of a profession. This study used qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with elite Australian forensic accounting practitioners and academics.

Findings

The findings of the study show that forensic accounting in Australia partly meets the sociological criteria of a profession. Forensic accounting in the Australian context must meet essential criteria such as autonomy and commitment to be recognized as a profession.

Practical implications

This study has implications for the professionalism of forensic accounting along with vital issues surrounding the profession such as public recognition, altruistic behavior and control of entry to the profession.

Social implications

This study provides social contributions by emphasizing forensic accountants’ sociological roles, including the altruistic role and solving social problems role. Understanding these roles provides the practitioners with the fundamental knowledge to use during their work.

Originality/value

This study is original in that it sheds light on the professionalism of forensic accounting in the Australian context.
Recovery colleges: long-term impact and mechanisms of change
Authors: Thompson Holly , Simonds Laura , Barr Sylvie , Meddings Sara
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Recovery Colleges are an innovative approach which adopt an educational paradigm and use clinician and lived experience to support students with their personal recovery. They demonstrate recovery-orientated practice and their transformative role has been evidenced within mental health services. The purpose of this study is to explore how past students understand the influence of the Recovery College on their on-going recovery journey.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory, qualitative design was used and semi-structured interviews took place with 15 participants. Data was analysed using the “framework method” and inductive processes.

Findings

All participants discussed gains made following Recovery College attendance that were sustained at one year follow-up. Three themes emerged from the data: Ethos of recovery and equality; Springboard to opportunities; and Intrapersonal changes.

Originality/value

This research explores students’ experiences a year after attendance. This contrasts to most research which is completed immediately post course. This study contributes to the emergent evidence base highlighting the longitudinal positive impact of Recovery Colleges. This study is of value to those interested in recovery-oriented models within mental health. Recovery Colleges are gaining traction nationally and internationally and this research highlights processes underlying this intervention which is of importance to those developing new Recovery Colleges.
“Using what you have” to teach for global citizenship
Authors: Christoff Andrea
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This case study illustrates how one social studies teacher used the International Baccalaureate (IB) Middle Years Programme (MYP)' s framework and philosophy to teach for global citizenship. The research question that framed this study was: How is an IB MYP Individuals and Societies (I&S) teacher enacting their perceptions and understanding of global citizenship education? Findings illustrate that this teacher enacted a proactive pedagogy, using her own personal perceptions and what IB MYP offered her through their affective and cognitive frameworks to apply her conceptions of global citizenship education.

Design/methodology/approach

The data for this single case study came from teacher semi-structured interviews (Rubin and Rubin, 2012), observations, field notes (Merriam and Tisdell, 2016) and teacher created documents. The goal for the teacher created documents was to provide detail, depth and evidence to support or contrast with what was found in the interviews and observations. Simultaneous, in vivo, and values coding were used to analyze the data and to get an overall picture of what the participant said, believed and practiced. Theories surrounding global citizenship education provided the lens for the study.

Findings

The findings are organized according to (1) the way this teacher's developed constructions of global citizenship and global citizenship education and IB led her to use the IB philosophy and framework to shape her beliefs and practices and (2) the way she embraced the tensions and possibilities inherent in her teaching for global citizenship in an IB MYP classroom to teach a proactive form of global citizenship education.

Research limitations/implications

This research provides insight into the curriculum framework of IB MYP and the curriculum and instruction decisions of an I&S teacher. For the global citizenship education field, this study provides an example of how global citizenship can be incorporated into a social studies classroom.

Practical implications

For social studies education, this study uncovered the possibilities present in the curriculum when a teacher is given the space to make their own instructional decisions. This study also gives guidance on how international curriculum frameworks can be utilized for global citizenship education. Finally, this study illustrates teachers must fully subscribe to IB and the MYP as a means of teaching for global citizenship for it to be beneficial.

Originality/value

This study has value because it highlights how a social studies teacher successfully uses an international curriculum framework to teach for global citizenship. Few studies have shown examples of teachers, especially IB MYP teachers, who are committed to teaching for global citizenship and use the tools they are given to center student choice and connect the content to their students' lives. Teachers and researchers will be able to view the pedagogical possibilities inherent in this teacher's global citizenship methods.
The indirect distribution dilemma: assessing the financial impact of participation in Booking.com for hotels
Authors: Abdullah Saddam , Van Cauwenberge Philippe , Vander Bauwhede Heidi , O’Connor Peter
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aims to assess if the benefits outweigh the costs of participation in online travel agencies (OTAs) such as Booking.com.

Design/methodology/approach

A two-step system generalised method of moments estimation of a regression model of firm-level return on assets (ROA) is used on a dummy variable indicating whether a lodging facility participates in Booking.com. The assessment contained various control variables, including size, age, leverage, liquidity and lagged ROA. The moderating effect of firm age and size was studied by including interaction variables between the Booking.com dummy and age and size, respectively. The model was estimated using participation and financial data of 775 Belgian firms over a 20-year period (1999–2018).

Findings

The findings indicate that participation in Booking.com is associated with higher profitability, with this effect more economically important and pronounced for smaller hotel properties.

Research limitations/implications

The study provides a broadly applicable empirical model to assess the impact of platform participation on the financial performance of tourism, hospitality or retail businesses.

Practical implications

The study provides empirical evidence that, from a transaction cost perspective, the benefits of participation in OTAs outweigh the costs, resulting in substantially higher profitability. The evidence can be used to justify the use of OTAs as distribution channels.

Originality/value

While prior studies have described and conceptually analysed the evolution and role of OTAs in the hotel sector, and speculated on the net effect of OTA participation, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to empirically assess whether OTA participation creates value for hotel owners and investors.
Species diversity and biological trait function: Effectiveness of ant–plant mutualism decreases as ant species diversity increases
Authors: Yamawo Akira , Suzuki Nobuhiko , Tagawa Jun
Published: June 2021

One of the major concerns of ecological and evolutionary research is the prediction of community function in relation to the degree of biodiversity. To clarify the relationship between biodiversity and the expression of plant defence traits, we investigated ant–plant defensive mutualism in the pioneer plant Mallotus japonicus at several sites across Japan. The plant bears ant‐attracting extrafloral nectar (EFN) and food bodies (FBs) as indirect defence traits.

To reveal variations in ant–plant interactions in the field, we measured species richness of nectar‐feeding ants and interaction strength between each ant species and the plant (visiting frequency of each ant species to the plant). We also investigated the expression of EFNs and FBs in natural plant populations at the study sites. To assess the defensive quality of each ant species, we then experimentally estimated the aggressiveness of the dominant ant species. To examine the link between ant species richness and the defensive function of ants, we conducted an ant‐exclusion experiment and a common garden experiment to clarify whether the defence efficacy of ants varied in relation to ant species richness.

Ant species richness differed among the study sites. We found negative relationships between ant species richness and the mean interaction strength of ant species, the interaction strength of aggressive ant species and the number of EFNs per leaf. The effectiveness of indirect defence by ants was poor at sites where ant species richness was high. When cultivated in the same environment, plants from sites with low ant species richness developed a larger number of EFNs per leaf than those from sites with high ant species richness.

Our results suggest that facultative ant–plant defensive mutualism is weakened at sites where ant species richness is high, resulting in a decrease in the number of EFNs per leaf. Such a link between species richness and an indirect trait function may help us to understand the evolutionary patterns of various species traits in complex biological communities.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Spenders versus savers: Climate‐induced carbon allocation trade‐offs in a recently introduced woody plant
Authors: Long Randall W. , Dudley Tom L. , D'Antonio Carla M. , Grady Kevin C. , Bush Susan E. , Hultine Kevin R.
Published: June 2021

Non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) storage may be under strong selection in woody plant species that occur across broad environmental gradients. We therefore investigated carbon (C) allocation strategies in a widespread non‐native woody plant, Tamarix. We predicted that genotypes with exposure to episodic freeze events would show elevated NSC concentrations compared to warm‐adapted genotypes with the trade‐off of reduced growth and reproduction relative to warm‐adapted populations.

We established an experimental common garden using genotypes of Tamarix, sourced across a strong thermal gradient within the introduced range. We measured seasonal NSC storage in coarse roots and stems, above‐ground growth and flower production.

Autumn NSC concentrations were 50% higher in genotypes from sites with episodic spring freeze events compared to genotypes from warmer sites. These cold‐adapted genotypes also had a 2.3‐fold higher starch to soluble sugar ratio than warm‐adapted genotypes. Across all genotypes and seasons, NSC storage was inversely correlated with growth and reproduction.

Results suggest that Tamarix from colder locations cope with freeze events by maintaining large storage pools to support tissue regrowth, but with the trade‐off of overall reduced growth and reproduction. Our results are consistent with rapid selection in C allocation strategies in response to climate in introduced woody species.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
‘Keeping the kids at home’ can limit the persistence of contagious pathogens in social animals
Authors: Marescot Lucile , Franz Mathias , Benhaiem Sarah , Hofer Heribert , Scherer Cédric , East Marion L. , Kramer‐Schadt Stephanie
Published: June 2021

Social networks are considered to be ‘highly modular’ when individuals within one module are more connected to each other than they are to individuals in other modules. It is currently unclear how highly modular social networks influence the persistence of contagious pathogens that generate lifelong immunity in their hosts when between‐group interactions are age dependent. This trait occurs in social species with communal nurseries, where juveniles are reared together for a substantial period in burrows or similar forms of containment and are thus in isolation from contact with individuals in other social groups.

Our main objective was to determine whether, and to what extent, such age‐dependent patterns of between‐group interactions consistently increased the fade‐out probability of contagious pathogens that generate lifelong immunity in their hosts. We hypothesised that in populations of species where juveniles are raised in communal nurseries, a high proportion of recovered adults in a group would form a ‘protective barrier’ around susceptible juveniles against pathogen transmission, thereby increasing the probability of epidemic fade‐out in the population.

To test this idea, we implemented a spatially implicit individual‐based susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) model for a large range of generic host and pathogen traits.

Our results indicated that (a) the probability of epidemic fade‐out was consistently higher in populations with communal nurseries, especially for highly contagious pathogens (high basic reproduction number,R0) and (b) communal nurseries can counteract the cost of group living in terms of infection risk to a greater extent than variation in other traits.

We discuss our findings in relation to herd immunity and outline the importance of considering the network structure of a given host population before implementing management measures such as vaccinations, since interventions focused on individuals with high between‐group contact should be particularly effective for controlling pathogen spread in hosts with communal nurseries.
Tree growth increases through opposing above‐ground and below‐ground resource strategies
Authors: Weemstra Monique , Zambrano Jenny , Allen David , Umaña María Natalia
Published: June 2021

Studying functional traits and their relationships with tree growth has proved a powerful approach for understanding forest structure. These relationships are often expected to follow the classical resource economics perspective, where acquisitive leaves combined with acquisitive roots are expected to enhance resource uptake and tree growth. However, evidence for coordinated leaf and roots trait effects on growth is scarce and it remains poorly understood how these traits together determine tree growth. Here, we tested how leaf and root trait combinations explain tree growth.

We collected data on leaf and root traits of 10 common tree species, and on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in a temperate forest in Michigan, US. Tree growth was calculated as the stem diameter increment between three censuses measured across 13,000 trees and modelled as a function of different combinations of leaf and root traits and soil properties.

The two best models explaining tree growth included both specific leaf area (SLA), root diameter and soil C or N concentration, but their effects on growth were contingent on each other: thick roots were associated with high growth rates but only for trees with low SLA, and high SLA was related to fast growth but only for trees with thin roots. Soil C and N% negatively impacted the growth of trees with high SLA or high root diameter.

Synthesis. In this study, resource economics did not explain the relationships between leaf and root traits and tree growth rates. First, for trees with low or intermediate SLA, thick roots may be considered as acquisitive, as they were associated with faster tree growth. Second, trees did not coordinate their leaf and root traits according to plant resource economics but enhanced their growth rates by combining thick (acquisitive) roots with conservative (low SLA) leaves or vice versa. Our study indicates the need to re‐evaluate the combined role of leaves and roots to unveil the interacting drivers of tree growth and, ultimately, of forest structure and suggests that different adaptive whole‐tree phenotypes coexist.
Post Brexit and Post‐Covid: Reflections on the Contemporary Conservative Party
Authors: Peele Gillian
Published: June 2021

This article analyses the changing character of the contemporary Conservative Party. It argues that the period since the Brexit referendum has seen the creation of a new politics in which voter alignments have shifted, and that the experience of the Covid pandemic has created a new agenda of issues facing government. Taken together, these developments constitute formidable challenges to the Conservative Party as it seeks to maintain its electoral support and its ability to manage the politics of power.
Combination of copigmentation and encapsulation strategies for the synergistic stabilization of anthocyanins
Authors: Tan Chen , Dadmohammadi Younas , Lee Michelle C. , Abbaspourrad Alireza
Published: June 2021

Copigmentation and encapsulation are the two most commonly used techniques for anthocyanin stabilization. However, each of these techniques by itself suffers from many challenges associated with the simultaneous achievement of color intensification and high stability of anthocyanins. Integrating copigmentation and encapsulation may overcome the limitation of usage of a single technique. This review summarizes the most recent studies and their challenges aiming at combining copigmentation and encapsulation techniques. The effective approaches for encapsulating copigmented anthocyanins are described, including spray/freeze‐drying, emulsification, gelation, polyelectrolyte complexation, and their combinations. Other emerging approaches, such as layer‐by‐layer deposition and ultrasonication, are also reviewed. The physicochemical principles underlying the combined strategies for the fabrication of various delivery systems are discussed. Particular emphasis is directed toward the synergistic effects of copigmentation and encapsulation, for example, modulating roles of copigments in the processes of gelation and complexation. Finally, some of the major challenges and opportunities for future studies are highlighted. The trend of integrating copigmentation and encapsulation has been just started to develop. The information in this review should facilitate the exploration of the combination of multistrategy and the fabrication of robust delivery systems for copigmented anthocyanins.
Macroscopic identification of visceral titanium pigment in an intravenous drug user
Authors: Gilbert John D. , Neubauer Ken , Byard Roger W.
Published: June 2021

Autopsy findings in intravenous drug addicts are quite variable and may involve a number of organ systems. Reports of the macroscopic identification at autopsy of components of tablets that have been crushed and injected are, however, exceedingly rare. The case of 34‐year‐old man who died of zolpidem toxicity on a background of pulmonary hypertension attributed to intravenous injections of crushed tablets is described. A very unusual finding was very fine white stippling on the cut surfaces of both the liver and spleen which was shown on energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) to be titanium dioxide most likely from the coating of the zolpidem tablets. This case is significant in demonstrating titanium dioxide accumulation within organs at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, with confirmation of exposure by EDS analysis. The clinical significance of exposure to such high levels of titanium dioxide is unclear.
Effect of emulsifiers on the discoloration of chlorophyll and their potential for use in green beverages
Authors: Yasuda Midori , Tabata Masaaki
Published: June 2021

The discoloration of chlorophyll (Chl) by light is an ongoing issue for green beverages in the food industry. To suppress the discoloration of Chl in aqueous solution, the effects of different emulsifiers were investigated on the discoloration of Chl under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to determine their potential application for use as food additives. Sucrose fatty acid ester (SE), sorbitan fatty acid ester (TW), and quillaja saponin (QS) were used as emulsifiers, while Triton X‐100 (TX) was used for reference. The discoloration of Chl was measured using a color difference meter. The species of Chl in solution were determined using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and the particle size of Chl in solution was determined using dynamic light scattering. The Chl aggregates were observed by the observation of increased peak areas at longer wavelengths in the UV spectra of Chl, in addition to a reduced fluorescence intensity. The CD spectra showed that the Chl aggregates were arranged in a random structure. Furthermore, the average particle size of the Chl aggregates was determined to be approximately 100 nm. SE and QS were found to significantly enhance the formation of self‐aggregates due to their high hydrophilicities compared to those of TW and TX. As a result, SE and QS protect themselves from light to suppress the discoloration of Chl. The present results therefore suggest that SE and QS are suitable emulsifiers to address the problem of Chl discoloration in beverages, such as green tea and vegetable juices.

Practical Application

Chlorophyll (Chl), a green pigment present in vegetables and green tea, is discolored by light. In this study, it was found that emulsifiers (sucrose fatty acid ester and quillaja saponin) suppress the discoloration of Chl. The implementation of these emulsifiers as food additives would enable green tea or green vegetable juices to maintain their colors for long periods and could contribute significantly to the beverage industry.
An evaluation of alternative biodegradable and reusable drinking straws as alternatives to single‐use plastic
Authors: Jonsson Amanda , Andersson Kent , Stelick Alina , Dando Robin
Published: June 2021

The manufacture of single‐use plastic items uses fossil fuels, and releases greenhouse gases. Plastic waste is also harmful to humans and wildlife. Recent attention towards the regulation or elimination of plastic straws has led to the development of many alternatives to single‐use plastic straws, some intended to be disposed of immediately after use, and others to be cleaned and reused. Unfortunately, anecdotes are widespread of inferior sensory experiences from such alternatives, with straws either losing stability when wet, imparting negative flavor properties to a beverage, or feeling unpleasant in the mouth. Despite such reports, little formal research exists categorizing these alternatives. Here, we examine popular choices for straw materials in a focus group (n = 9) and in a consumer sensory test (n = 102), as well as testing the durability of straws when soaked in water. Cornstarch straws offered the most similar sensory experience to plastic, whereas options such as paper, wheat, pasta, and rice straws all scored low on mouthfeel and flavor liking, with off‐flavors commonly reported in beverages consumed with these straws. A Kano analysis (n = 193) to determine the factors consumers find essential in drinking straws confirmed the most important to be that no flavors were imparted to beverages when used. Finally, a consumer survey (n = 579) confirmed that straw consumers primarily use them out of default availability; most use them only if they are given without asking, and most would readily give up plastic straws, but may be unfamiliar with other options.

Practical Application

Plastic straws contribute to waste and result in the release of greenhouse gases in their manufacture. Despite this, they provide a superior sensory experience compared to other options. Here, we review aspects of this experience, along with consumers motivations for using straws.
Mañana Today: A Long View of Economic Value Creation in Latin America
Authors: García R Enrique , Mendez Alvaro
Published: June 2021

This commentary concerns the significant opportunities which the global economy’s current nearshoring trend offers the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region owing to a US–China decoupling. Yet the region, generally, is woefully unprepared. The state of the LAC will make or break the peoples’ attempts to exploit the new potential to better themselves. Yet the short‐termist myopia and public policy neglect of politicians is the greatest obstacle to the kind of development the region needs the most: high‐quality FDI enabling educated innovators to push LAC up the rank of global value chains; or else it will be trapped in middle income, at best.
Digital‐based Services Globalization and Multilateral Trade Cooperation
Authors: van der Marel Erik
Published: June 2021

The pandemic crisis will likely shift global trade into digital services. This turn is consistent with the broader picture in which the nature of globalization becomes increasingly based on the Internet, ideas, information, and data. That provides new trade opportunities for poorer countries to participate in digital services. To harness the benefits of this trend, policymakers around the globe should take action to stop the reversal of open digital trade policies, find common grounds to foster regulatory cooperation on cross‐border data flows, and enhance the understanding of the economic impact of new trade restrictions in digital services.
Assembling – Not Reinventing – the Wheel. New Developments in the Field of Migration Policy Indices
Authors: Helbling Marc , Solano Giacomo
Published: June 2021

This special section focuses on the analysis of migration policy and on how to measure the nature of these policies. It aims to take stock of previous studies and build on this knowledge to propose paths for further development.
Unbiased population heterozygosity estimates from genome‐wide sequence data
Authors: Schmidt Thomas L. , Jasper Moshe‐Elijah , Weeks Andrew R , Hoffmann Ary A
Published: June 2021

Heterozygosity is a metric of genetic variability frequently used to inform the management of threatened taxa. Estimating observed and expected heterozygosities from genome‐wide sequence data has become increasingly common, and these estimates are often derived directly from genotypes at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. While many SNP markers can provide precise estimates of genetic processes, the results of ‘downstream’ analysis with these markers may depend heavily on ‘upstream’ filtering decisions.

Here we explore the downstream consequences of sample size, rare allele filtering, missing data thresholds and known population structure on estimates of observed and expected heterozygosity using two reduced‐representation sequencing datasets, one from the mosquito Aedes aegypti (ddRADseq) and the other from a threatened grasshopper, Keyacris scurra (DArTseq).

We show that estimates based on polymorphic markers only (i.e. SNP heterozygosity) are always biased by global sample size (N), with smaller N producing larger estimates. By contrast, results are unbiased by sample size when calculations consider monomorphic as well as polymorphic sequence information (i.e. genome‐wide or autosomal heterozygosity). SNP heterozygosity is also biased when differentiated populations are analysed together while autosomal heterozygosity remains unbiased. We also show that when nucleotide sites with missing genotypes are included, observed and expected heterozygosity estimates diverge in proportion to the amount of missing data permitted at each site.

We make three recommendations for estimating genome‐wide heterozygosity: (a) autosomal heterozygosity should be reported instead of (or in addition to) SNP heterozygosity; (b) sites with any missing data should be omitted and (c) populations should be analysed in independent runs. This should facilitate comparisons within and across studies and between observed and expected measures of heterozygosity.
Epigenetic clock and methylation studies in elephants
Authors: Prado Natalia A. , Brown Janine L. , Zoller Joseph A. , Haghani Amin , Yao Mingjia , Bagryanova Lora R. , Campana Michael G. , E. Maldonado Jesús , Raj Ken , Schmitt Dennis , Robeck Todd R. , Horvath Steve
Published: June 2021

Age‐associated DNA‐methylation profiles have been used successfully to develop highly accurate biomarkers of age ("epigenetic clocks") in humans, mice, dogs, and other species. Here we present epigenetic clocks for African and Asian elephants. These clocks were developed using novel DNA methylation profiles of 140 elephant blood samples of known age, at loci that are highly conserved between mammalian species, using a custom Infinium array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40). We present epigenetic clocks for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and both elephant species combined. Two additional human‐elephant clocks were constructed by combining human and elephant samples. Epigenome‐wide association studies identified elephant age‐related CpGs and their proximal genes. The products of these genes play important roles in cellular differentiation, organismal development, metabolism, and circadian rhythms. Intracellular events observed to change with age included the methylation of bivalent chromatin domains, and targets of polycomb repressive complexes. These readily available epigenetic clocks can be used for elephant conservation efforts where accurate estimates of age are needed to predict demographic trends.
Evaluation of tenrec population viability and potential sustainable management under hunting pressure in northeastern Madagascar
Authors: Annapragada A. , Brook C. E. , Luskin M. S. , Rahariniaina R. P. , Helin M. , Razafinarivo O. , Ambinintsoa Ralaiarison R. , Randriamady H. J. , Olson L. E. , Goodman S. M. , Golden C. D.
Published: June 2021

Across the Global South, wildlife is an important source of nutrition and income, particularly for rural communities. While wildlife consumption provides a valuable source of nutrition, high levels of hunting can endanger wildlife species. In the Makira region of north‐eastern Madagascar, human health is threatened by food insecurity and malnutrition, and spiny tenrecs are a crucial source of subsistence bushmeat with 91% of households consuming tenrecs at least once per year. Moreover, Makira’s human populations are increasing, resulting in forest decline and degradation. In order to inform conservation and public health efforts, we investigated the influence of hunting, habitat loss and forest degradation on spiny tenrec population dynamics in the Makira region. We collected data on tenrec population densities as well as hunting and consumption by humans in 51 communities. We used these data to conduct a population viability analysis for the two most commonly hunted spiny tenrecs (Tenrec ecaudatus and Setifer setosus). We found that current harvest rates for these species are generally sustainable in the Makira region, largely due to tenrecs’ extraordinary fecundity. However, even assuming no change in current hunting rates, tenrec populations could become threatened if fecundity were to decline or background mortality to increase, both possible scenarios under future trajectories of habitat loss and degradation. We find that any future increase in hunting‐induced mortality rates for tenrecs are similarly unsustainable – and likely to occur as human populations expand and hunting areas decline. We conclude that there is a vanishing window of opportunity to sustainably manage tenrec hunting in northeastern Madagascar in order to avoid negative conservation and human health outcomes.
Animal models of chronic and recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection: significance of macrolide treatment
Authors: Thomsen Kim , Kobayashi Osamu , Kishi Kenji , Shirai Ryo , Østrup Jensen Peter , Heydorn Arne , Hentzer Morten , Calum Henrik , Christophersen Lars , Høiby Niels , Moser Claus
Published: June 2021

Abstract Animal models of human diseases are invaluable and inevitable elements in identifying and testing novel treatments for serious diseases, including severe infections. Planning and conducting investigator‐initiated human trials are generally accepted as being enormously challenging. In contrast, it is often underestimated how much planning, including background and modifying experiments, is needed to establish a relevant infectious disease animal model. However, representative animal infectious models, well designed to test generated hypotheses, are useful to improve our understanding of pathogenesis, virulence factors and host response and to identify novel treatment candidates and therapeutic strategies. Such results can subsequently proceed to clinical testing if suitable. The present review aims at presenting all the pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectious models we have knowledge of and the detailed descriptions of established animal models in our laboratory focusing on macrolide therapy are presented.
The effect of gamma and microwave radiation sterilization on periodontological grafts for microbiological evaluation
Authors: Bargh Saharnaz , Silindir‐Gunay Mine , Ozer A. Yekta , Ekizoglu Melike , Kart Didem , Kutlu Burak , Nohutcu Rahime
Published: June 2021

Periodontological grafts are materials used in dentistry to regenerate lost gingival soft tissues or bone parts. In the case of direct contact with blood, the possibility of disease transmission from the source to the patient is high. This source can be an animal or a human. Therefore, the sterilization of grafts before implanting to the patient is of significant importance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gamma radiation and microwave sterilization processes from microbiological and sterility perspectives and to compare the effectiveness of these two sterilization methods. Grafts were irradiated with 2, 4, 5, 10, 25 and 50 kGy doses of gamma radiation. Another group of same materials was irradiated by microwave for 1, 2, 3 and 4 min at 24,500 MHz and 900 W. Gamma radiation and microwave sterilization methods were evaluated as successful at minimum doses as 5 kGy and 3 min, respectively. Both gamma and microwave sterilization successfu

lly sterilized periodontological grafts coded as PBG1, HBG1, HL1, PDG1, MBG3, MDG2 and PDG3. Moreover, microwave sterilization can be used as an alternative novel method to gamma radiation sterilization.
The association of polymorphisms in related circadian rhythm genes and clopidogrel resistance susceptibility
Authors: Su Jia , Yu Qinglin , Yang Jin , Zheng Nan , Zhong Jinyan , Ji Lindan , Li Jiyi , Chen Xiaomin
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have confirmed that a dynamic change in circadian rhythm will affect platelet activity, resulting in clopidogrel resistance (CR). We attempted to evaluate whether polymorphisms of related circadian rhythm genes are involved in CR in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients. A sum of 204 SCAD patients met our requirements and were recruited, and 96 patients were considered to have CR. After clinical data collection and platelet function evaluation, genomic DNA was isolated from human peripheral blood, and 23 tagSNPs from related circadian rhythm genes were genotyped by GenomeLab SNPstream Genotyping System. After RNA isolation, relative expression of related gene mRNAs (CLOCK, CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG) was measured by real‐time PCR. The results showed that polymorphisms in CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG changed the response to clopidogrel. And then, the rs1801260 polymorphism might lead to higher mRNA expression in CLOCK and potentially induce the occurrence of CR. Additionally, the TC genotype of rs3745406 might lower mRNA expression of PRKCG, resulting in CR. These findings support the hypothesized role of circadian rhythm genes in CR and indicate probable biomarkers for CR susceptibility, providing new insight into individualized medicine for coronary heart disease.
Fear of compassion is associated with treatment ambivalence and negative expectations for treatment in people with anxiety
Authors: Merritt Olivia A. , Purdon Christine
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Fears of compassion are hypothesized to be associated with treatment attitudes, but this relationship has not yet been explored.

Methods

Measures of fear of compassion and treatment expectations and ambivalence were administered to those with above‐average anxiety (N = 302) and those who met criteria for an anxiety or related disorder (N = 40).

Results

In those with anxiety disorders, fear of receiving compassion and fear of self‐compassion were strongly correlated with treatment ambivalence. In both samples, higher fear of receiving compassion was associated with more negative expectations for treatment.

Conclusions

Fear of compassion is associated with treatment ambivalence and treatment expectations and may be an important target early in treatment.

Practitioner Points

Fears of receiving compassion and self‐compassion were related to treatment ambivalence and negative treatment expectations

There may be benefit in targeting fear of compassion early in treatment
Attitude stability as a moderator of the relationships between cognitive and affective attitudes and behaviour
Authors: Conner Mark , van Harreveld Frenk , Norman Paul
Published: June 2021

Temporal stability is assumed to be an important basis for attitudes being strong predictors of behaviour, but this notion has been little tested. The current research reports tests of temporal stability in moderating the attitude–behaviour relationship, specifically in relation to cognitive attitude (i.e., evaluation implied by cognitions about an attitude object) and affective attitude (i.e., evaluation implied by feelings about the attitude object). In three prospective studies (Study 1: physical activity, N = 909; Study 2: multiple health behaviours, N = 281; Study 3: smoking initiation, N = 3,371), temporal stability is shown to moderate the cognitive and affective attitudes to subsequent behaviour relationship in two‐, three‐, and four‐wave designs utilizing between‐ (Studies 1 and 3) and within‐participants (Study 2) analyses and controlling for past behaviour. Effects were more consistent for affective attitudes (when affective and cognitive attitudes were considered simultaneously and past behaviour controlled). Moderation effects were attenuated, but remained significant, in three‐ and four‐wave compared with two‐wave designs. The findings underline the role of temporal stability as an indicator of strength and confirm the relative importance of affective over cognitive (components of) attitudes for predicting behaviour.
Reconciling with capitalism: Selling Crown land to settle with First Nations
Authors: Whiteside Heather
Published: June 2021

This article examines the connection between privatization and reconciliation in Canada, witnessed through the disposal of federal and provincial land in Vancouver. The Jericho Lands were sold to the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil‐Waututh Development Corporation (MST) in joint partnership with the federal Crown corporation Canada Lands Company (CLC). This deal was partially funded through Crown‐provided accommodation payments seeking to address unceded territory claims through commercial transactions. The remainder of the MST land purchase featured a vendor take‐back mortgage (where a seller lends money to the buyer) that tethers MST repayment to revenue earned through land speculation, thus merging Indigenous reconciliation with capitalist imperatives. With scant scholarly literature on the subject, the article makes extensive use of relevant primary sources like Hansard transcripts, government reports, press statements, and planning documents. It finds land development conflicts familiar to privatization generally, namely problems of secrecy, affordability, and commercialization.