bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CONTACT ZONES BETWEEN PLASMA CELLS AND MACROPHAGES IN THE BONE MARROW OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE MYELOMA*
Authors: Blom Jens
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of intercellular connections between plasma cells and dendritic bone marrow macrophages found in bone marrow aspirations from 15 patients with multiple myeloma is described. Two types of cell‐to‐cell contact were observed: 1) a juxtaposed type and 2) a mortise‐joint type. In both types the zones are characterized by an amorphous electron dense layer adherent to the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane of the plasma cell, whereas no morphological changes are present in the macrophage. The thickness of the electron dense layer in the plasma cell was found to range from 11 to 33 nm and its extension along the membrane from 0.2 μm to 2–3 μm. The distance from plasma cell surface to the surface of the macrophage was found to range from 11 to 27 nm, but the two cell membranes were always parallel at the contact zone region. At the contact zones small amounts of electron dense material were generally present in the interspace between the cells, and sometimes fine bridges of this material were seen to connect the two cells. The cytoplasm of the plasma cell was sparse in organelles at the contact zone region except for cytoplasmic filaments (7–9 nm in diameter). However, more than 50 per cent of the plasma cells did show a few electron dense, membranebound granules close to the contact zones. In some plasma cells a few coated vesicles were also found adjacent to the dense layers of the contact zones.
EFFECT OF CELL AGGREGATION ON INTRAVENOUS TUMOR TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Ryd W. , Hagmar B.
Published: August 2010

We have studied how the presence of cell aggregates affects the pattern of intravenously induced “experimental metastases” from two syngeneic murine tumors. Aggregates were produced mechanically by centrifugation, or chemically by a lectin (wheat–germ agglutinin). Compared to well‐dissociated suspensions, aggregated suspensions tended to give a greater total metastasis volume in the lungs of recipient mice. Disaggregated suspensions, on the other hand, gave rise to more extrapulmonary metastases. Presumably, aggregates are preferentially retained in lung vessels, while single cells are let through to other sites. In addition, our results show that tumor aggregates are not necessary to induce metastases. Nor are aggregates superior to single cells in producing tumor growth when the total metastasis yield is considered.
TRANSPLANTABILITY AND METASTASIBILITY OF AN MCA‐INDUCED SARCOMA IN NUDE MICE
Authors: Boeryd Bernt , Suurküla Mart
Published: August 2010

Challenge of C57/(nu/nu) mice with an MCA‐induced sarcoma, MCG101, induced in C57BL/6J mice, disclosed a higher resistance subcutaneously and intravenously than in syngenic C57/(+/+) mice. Transfer of 5 times 107 thymus cells to the nude mice brought their resistance to subcutaneously injected tumour cells back to the level of the C57/(+/+) mice, but only with the highest tumour cell doses tested, i.e. 5 times 104 and 105 cells. Against intravenously injected tumour cells a similar effect by the thymus cells was only suggested. Spontaneous metastases from the same tumour transplanted to the tail did occur in the nude mice and were possibly facilitated by specifically sensitized spleen cells. The results indicate that the resistance to subcutaneously injected tumour cells in nude mice may well be dependent on their incapability to develop thymus‐dependent immuno‐responses and that spontaneous metastases can be facilitated by a weak immuno‐response.
INTIMAL PITS OF AORTA IN RABBITS: IMPRINTS OF VORTICES OF BLOOD FLOW?
Authors: Svendsen Einar , Jørgensen Leif
Published: August 2010

Scanning electron microscopy of rabbit aorta showed that the intimal folds had a regular, linear pattern in areas of expected laminar flow. In areas of expected vortex formation, however, there was deviation of the fold pattern with the formation of rounded depressions or pits in the intimal surface. Platelet depositions were found in connection with some of the pits. In sections for light microscopy the pits corresponded to small areas of flattened folds of the innermost elastic membranes. It is concluded that the intimal pits probably reflect imprints of vortices of the whirling blood.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPRESSION OF EPITHELIAL B‐LIKE BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN, CELL MOVEMENT AND CELL PROLIFERATION
Authors: Mackenzie I. C. , Dabelsteen E. , Zimmermann K.
Published: August 2010

Healing wounds in the oral mucosa of rhesus monkeys were examined by an immunofluorescence staining method to demonstrate the distribution of a blood group antigen cross reacting with human group B, and by labelling with tritiated thymidine to localize areas of cell proliferation. Within hours, blood group antigen reactivity was lost from epithelial cells adjacent to the wound margin. Reactivity was absent from the epithelial outgrowth into the wound, but returned with restoration of epithelial continuity. The zone of increased cell proliferation lay adjacent to, but outside of, the area of antigen loss. Antigen loss appeared to be associated with an area of increased cell movement, a finding of interest in relation to reports of antigen loss from epithelial tumors.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A SPLENIC FACTOR INHIBITING DNA‐SYNTHESIS IN LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Ernström Ulf , Nordlind Klas
Published: August 2010

A factor inhibiting DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from lymph nodes and thymus of guinea pigs and rats has been isolated from the calf spleen. A crude extract was obtained by homogenization of the spleen in saline, centrifugation at 1,200 and 46,000 g, heat precipitation at 60° C, acetone precipitation, followed by lyophilization of the acetone precipitate. The active material was partly purified and characterized by gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration and preparative electrofocusing. The active factor was found to be acidic and heat stable (60° C, 10 min) with a molecular weight between 75,000 and 17,000 daltons. At preparative electrofocusing inhibiting material focused at pH 4.0. The splenic factor inhibited the DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from guinea pigs and rats, but not the DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. During the purification, material which enhanced the uptake of 3H‐thymidine in DNA of lymphocytes was separated from the inhibitor. The stimulating factor had a molecular weight below 10,000 daltons as judged by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography. At preparative electrofocusing stimulating material focused around pH 8.5.
THE EFFECT OF IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH BCG ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOSTRONTIUM (90Sr)‐INDUCED OSTEOSARCOMA
Authors: Larsson Sven‐Erik , Lorentzon Ronny , Boquist Lennart
Published: August 2010

The development of radiostrontium‐induced osteosarcoma was studied in BCG‐treated and in untreated control mice. Within the observation period of 420 days after the administration of radiostrontium there was a total tumour‐incidence of 89.5 and 90.5 per cent for the respective groups of animals. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, neither with regard to the time of the first roentgenographic appearance of the osteosarcoma, nor concerning the total tumour incidence, nor with regard to the distribution of the primary sites of the tumours. The tumours of the BCG‐treated animals showed a clear tendency to a slower growth rate in comparison to that of the tumours in the control animals. This effect was probably immunological in nature. The mortality in osteosarcoma following radiostrontium administration, however, showed no significant difference between the two groups. Light microscopical and ultrastructural examination did not disclose any clear structural difference between the tumours from BCG‐treated and untreated control animals.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER
Authors: Nørredam Kai
Published: August 2010

Liver biopsies from 27 Bantu patients with primary carcinoma of the liver from Malawi were examined histologically. All the biopsies showed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Structurally the tumours consisted of trabeculae or groups of such, separated by a variable amount of connective tissue which in a few cases was so pronounced that the tumour had a scirrhous character. Evaluation of the grade of differentiation showed 3 cases to be of grade I, 10 of grade II, 5 of grade III, and 8 of grade IV. The grade could vary in tumour tissue from the same patient, but never extremely so. The histological structure did not differ significantly from that found in other African and Caucasian series. The reticulin structure of tumour tissue was found distinctly different from that of benign tissue and thus an important tool in the differential diagnosis between HCC grade I and normal or cirrhotic liver tissue. Out of 15 patients 12 had cirrhosis which was of the postnecrotic type.
EFFECTS OF 1.25‐DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL, PARATHORMONE AND Ca2+ ON THE PANCREATIC B‐CELL SENSITIVITY TO ALLOXAN
Authors: Boquist L. , Hagström S. , Strindlund L.
Published: August 2010

The sensitivity to alloxan was investigated by blood and urine glucose determination and light and electron microscopic study of the endocrine pancreas in groups of mice differing from each other with respect to food ingestion and treatment before alloxan administration. Because of differences in occurrence of glucosuria, degree and duration of hyperglycemia, and severity of structural lesions, it was concluded that starvation increases the alloxan sensitivity and that pre‐treatment with 1.25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC) or parathormone (PTH), but not with Ca2+, enhances the alloxan effect. The serum‐calcium concentration determined 10 minutes after pre‐treatment was significantly increased in the group given Ca2+, but not in the groups injected with DHCC or PTH. Starved mice injected with DHCC or PTH 10 minutes before alloxan administration exhibited a pronounced second hyperglycemia of long duration, and extensive, selective B‐cell necrosis. Starvation and increased serum concentration of DHCC and PTH are believed, directly or indirectly, to induce B‐cell alterations which increase the alloxan sensitivity.
LIVER ULTRASTRUCTURE IN PSORIATICS RELATED TO METHOTREXATE THERAPY
Authors: Nyfors A. , Hopwood D.
Published: August 2010

To show what damage occurs in the hepatocytes of psoriatics receiving Methotrexate (MTX) therapy liver biopsies from 24 psoriatics with severe psoriasis before and after MTX therapy were studied blind by light and electron microscopy. We also aimed to determine the severity of lesions and find possible correlations, and to seek a relationship of these observations with light microscopical and clinical findings. The present study has shown that MTX probably caused damage to the hepatocytes reflected in the membrane whorls (p < 0.05) and the accumulation of lipid droplets (p < 0.05). There was an increase (p < 0.05) in autophagic vacuoles, which mostly contained glycogen and cell sap with residual bodies. These residual bodies were then found in an increased number in the nearby Kupffer cells. Crystals were found in megamitochondria in most patients before and after MTX therapy. Some of these crystals were found free in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria containing crystals were shown in autophagic vacuoles, representing possible pathways of their breakdown. Bile canaliculi commonly contained debris but only one patient had evidence of cholestasis. There was no significant change in nuclei, Golgi apparatus, or the endoplasmic reticulum and no statistically significant correlation between the shown changes and the total dose of MTX given.
LÖFFLER'S ENDOCARDITIS AND ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS—A NOSOLOGIC ENTITY?
Authors: Baandrup Ulrik
Published: August 2010

The problem whether Löffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis belong to the same disease spectrum or are separate entities is still under debate. Until recently it was believed that endomyocardial fibrosis was a disorder restricted to tropical areas. Three Danish patients are presented, two showing a continuous disease spectrum, one patient showing the fully developed endomyocardial fibrosis which is indistinguishable from endomyocardial fibrosis described from the tropical areas. Eosinophilia was present in all three patients. The findings described in these three patients lend support to the unitarian hypothesis that Löffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis belong to the same disease spectrum, and that the eosinophilic granulocyte may be the underlying cause.
Trophoblastic Pseudotumour of the Uterus
Authors: Nickels Juha , Risberg Bjö;rn , Melander Stio
Published: August 2010

A 52‐year‐old woman with vaginal bleedings had hysterectomy because curettings prompted suspicion of malignancy. A uterine tumour with deep infiltration of trophoblastic cells in the myometrium was revealed. Postoperative quantitative analysis for urinary human choriongon‐adotropin gave 1500 IU/1. The patient got no other treatment and is well 3 years after operation. The histopathological picture and the clinical course were consistent with the recently introduced diagnosis of benign “trophoblastic pseudotumour”, which should perhaps replace the old terms “syncytioma” and “chorionepitheliosis”.
An Analysis of 38 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytomas in The Extremities
Authors: Ekfors T. O. , Rantakokko V.
Published: August 2010

All the malignant soft tissue tumours in the extremities and limb girdles reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry between 1960–1969 were reviewed. From a total of 246 sarcomas, 38 were diagnosed as malignant fibrous histiocytoma. There was an equal number of male and female patients with the median age of 67 years. The thigh was the most frequent site, and the majority of the tumours originated in the deep soft tissues. The predominant treatment was excision followed by radiation therapy. In 17 patients there were one or more recurrences and in 21 patients there was a metastatic spread ascertained by biopsy, autopsy or clinical or radiographic evidence. There were 11 survivors with a minimum of 5 years' follow‐up;

seven patients died of an intercurrent disease and the remaining 20 patients were considered victims of their tumour. The findings that seemed to favour a poor prognosis were higher age and female sex of the patient as well as deep location, large size, necrotic areas, and high mitotic activity of the tumour.
An Evaluation of the Quantitative Parameters Applied in Bone Histology
Authors: Melsen F. , Melsen B. , Mosekilde L.
Published: August 2010

An evaluation of the following histomorphometric parameters: absolute trabecular bone volume (ATBV), osteoid surfaces (OS), osteoid volume (OV), resorption surfaces (RS), and mean size of periosteocytic lacunae (POL) was carried out. Double determination on sections, obtained from an area 2 cm below the summit and 2 cm behind the anterior, superior, spine of the iliac crest from 20 normal individuals aged 20–40 years, showed that the precision of method by far outweighed the inter‐individual variation. Parameters obtained from 9 different localizations within the iliac bone revealed that the volume of bone was the only parameter which was influenced if the bone specimen was removed more than 2 cm below or behind the standard localization. Randomly selected sections alternately stained with Masson trichrome and toluidin blue were used for the study of the influence of the staining method on the osteoid parameters. It was shown that Masson trichrome staining would generally result in a slightly higher value of osteoid surfaces. There was, however, a high correlation between the parameters obtained with the two methods. (OS: r = 0.96; OV: r = 0.87).
Dipyridamole and Capillary Proliferation a Preliminary Report
Authors: Tornling Gö;ran , Unge Gunnar , Ljungqvist Arne , Carlsson Sture
Published: August 2010

During dipyridamole treatment of rats cellular proliferation is observed in the myocardium and skeletal muscle. The proliferative activity in the myocardium is exclusively localized to capillary walls. The localization within the skeletal muscle has not been analysed.
Fluorescent Labelling of Cell Membranes and Cytoplasmic Proteins in Living Cells
Authors: Fox Cecil H. , Auer Gert , Zetterberg Anders , Willems Jan Silvester , Locklund Birgitta
Published: August 2010

Primary amino groups may be selectively labelled in living cell cytoplasmic components by staining with the covalently binding fluorochrome reagent fluorescamine. The reaction is extremely rapid and occurs at very low reagent concentrations. Cells survive such treatment and gradually remove or metabolize the labelled substances. Nuclei and nucleoli are not labelled, while lamellar cytoplasm, which contains little actual cytoplasm, is well demarcated, thus indicating that the method is useful for studies of cell membrane components. Labelled cell membranes can be prepared for further purification after preliminary external fixation of cell membranes with a supravital polyaldehyde fixative. The use of dimethylsulfoxide as a solvent for fluorescamine allows much longer survival of the cells than the use of acetone as a solvent. In addition, the use of high pH and borate buffer was not necessary to the labelling phenomenon.
The Effect of Tobacco Smoke Condensate on the Growth and Longevity of Human Diploid Fibroblasts
Authors: Litwin J. , Enzell C. , Pilotti A.
Published: August 2010

Human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts were exposed to various fractions of cigarette smoke condensate over their in vitro life‐time. Most fractions were toxic at a concentration of 50 μg/ml, with the exception of the strong acid and one water soluble basic fraction, which stimulated growth and increased longevity significantly at this concentration. Most fractions produced no effect on cell growth at 10 μg/ml, with the exception of another basic fraction which inhibited growth at 1 μg/ml. Nicotine had no apparent effect on growth and longevity at 50 μg/ml. The neutral fraction containing the polynuclear hydrocarbon carcinogens produced normal growth and longevity at 10 μg/ml. No cell transformations were observed.
Pleural Effusion Disease In Rabbits
Authors: Christensen N. , Fennestad K. L. , Bruun L.
Published: August 2010

Pleural effusion disease (PED) is a generalized infection of laboratory rabbits caused by an unidentified agent, believed to be a virus. The histopathological response of 17 rabbits infected experimentally with this agent was studied. The light microscopical changes were minimal and the most consistent findings were alterations of the lymphoid tissue. Fatal infections were characterized by a uniform reduction of the splenic white pulp, focal degenerative changes of the thymus and lymph nodes and probably slight proliferative changes of the kidney glomeruli. In surviving animals there were transient myocardial and hepatic lesions and, after clinical recovery, proliferative changes in spleen, lymph nodes, interstitial lung tissue and probably kidney glomeruli. The results do not permit any conclusions to be drawn regarding the aetiology or the pathogenesis of PED infection.
Reliability of Histo‐Pathological Diagnosis of Squamous Epithelial Changes of The Uterine Cervix
Authors: Ringsted J. , Amtrup F. , Asklund C. , Baunsgaard P. , Christensen H. E. , Hansen L. , Jakobsen C. , Jensen N. K. , Moesner J. , Rasmussen J. , Reintoft I. , Rolschau J. , Starklint H. , Thommesen N. , Vrang J.
Published: August 2010

The reliability of histological diagnosis of squamous epithelial changes was tested by letting 13 pathologists read 1,001 consecutive cervical biopsies twice. Intra‐observer and inter‐observer agreement, variance, and deviation of diagnosis were determined. The diagnostic ability showed great individual variation and no significant correlation to experience in pathology. The diagnosis of invasive cancer had a high diagnostic specificity, and the diagnostic sensitivity of the diagnosis of no significant epithelial changes was high too. The reliability of the diagnosis of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ proved unsatisfactory.
Megakaryocytes In Pulmonary Blood Vessels
Authors: Aabo Kristian , Hansen Knud Bendix
Published: August 2010

In a study of 365 consecutive hospital autopsies and 21 forensic autopsies in previously healthy individuals, who had died suddenly, intravascular megakaryocytes (MK) were found in 94% (95% of the hospital series and 67% of the forensic series). The average value in the forensic series was 4 MK per cm2 of lung tissue (0–16 MK per cm2) with an estimated maximum value of 18 MK per cm2 (p<0,0005). The average value in the hospital series was 37 MK per cm2 (0–765 MK per cm2). Defining 25 MK per cm2 as the upper limit for normal counts in the lung, 35% (126/365) had increased values, 9% (32) having more than 100 MK per cm2. The MK observed were mature forms, mostly naked nuclei, and in one case only megakaryoblasts were seen. MK were predominantly found in the lungs and very rarely in any of the other organs examined (spleen, liver and kidney). A correlation which is statistically significant at a high level was found between an increased number of pulmonary MK and manifest intravascular coagulation (p<0,001), acute infections (p<0,001). liver insufficiency (p<0,001), bleedings (p = 0,0027). cancer (p = 0,008), shock (p = 0,013) and fever (p = 0,060). We also found a statistical correlation between low values of pulmonary MK and leukaemia (p = 0,007). The diseases and clinical conditions which are positively correlated to an increased number of pulmonary MK (except bleedings) are known to be correlated to intravascular coagulation too. We therefore assume that consumption coagulopathy is the common pathogenic mechanism explaining the increased number of pulmonary MK, except in the case of bleedings where extrinsic platelet loss is the most likely mechanism.
Megakaryocytes in Pulmonary Blood Vessels
Authors: Hansen Knud Bendix , Aabo Kristian
Published: August 2010

In a study of 71 autopsies in patients with malignant haematological disorders (55 leukaemias and 16 multiple myelomas) we found an increased number of megakaryocytes in the lung capillaries in only one of 55 cases of leukaemia (43 acute and 12 chronic leukaemias) with a mean value of 3 megakaryocytes per cm2. The incidence of pulmonary megakaryocytes in 16 cases of multiple myeloma was identical to that in an unselected, consecutive series of hospital autopsies. The discrepancy between the increased megakaryocytopoiesis and previously reported high number of circulating megakaryocytes in chronic myeloid leukaemia, and the few megakaryocytes in the pulmonary blood vessels of histological sections of autopsy specimens is discussed.
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Observations on Serous Ovarian Cystadenomas
Authors: Klemi P. J. , Nevalainen T. J.
Published: August 2010

One hundred and twelve serous ovarian cystadenomas (46 benign, 33 tumours of borderline malignancy and 33 malignant tumours) were investigated with histological and mucin histochemical methods. Electron microscopy was applied to 9 benign, 6 borderline and 5 malignant tumours. The epithelium of the benign serous cystadenomas contained ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells, which sometimes were edematous (»pale cells«), and smaller basal cells. The large Golgi apparatus with small secretory vesicles and occasional larger secretory granules was located in the apical cytoplasm. There were numerous pinocytotic vesicles at the basal plasma membrane. The extracellular mucin in the cystic lumen and the mucin on the apical epithelial border consisted of material with vic‐glycols (1.2‐hydroxyl groups) mixed with sulpho‐ and carboxymucin. With increasing degree of malignancy the number of ciliated cells diminished and were not found in the malignant epithelium. The number of nucleoli and the amount of carboxymucin with sialic acid residues increased with increasing degree of malignancy. However, there were no single consistent ultrastructural feature which could be considered as a reliable criterion for malignancy of these tumours in the absence of invasive growth. The findings support the view that serous ovarian cystadenomas are of coelomic origin.
Post‐Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Ludwigsen Erik , SØrensen Finn Hanberg
Published: August 2010

A light microscopical, quantitative glomerular examination was performed on renal biopsies from 14 patients with acute post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A significant increase of 58% (p < 0.0025) in the total number of glomerular cells was found which was mainly due to an increase of endothelial cells (97%). Mesangial cells were, however, also increased (61 %) and mesangial area was increased by 34% (p < 0.05). Biopsies from patients with persisting proteinuria and/or hematuria revealed slight hypercellularity and an increase in mesangial area during the first six months of disease. The abnormalities in the acute phase of the disease could be so slight that they only would be disclosed by a quantitative investigation.
Comparison of Anoxic Changes in Isolated Rat Cardiac Myocytes in Suspension and in Histological Sections
Authors: Rajs Jovan , Jones Dean P. , Jakobsson Sten W.
Published: August 2010

Cardiac myocytes from adult rat were isolated by heart perfusion in the presence of collagenase and incubated in the absence and presence of oxygen. As a result of anoxia, there was a gradual increase in plasma membrane permeability, noted as an increase in succinate‐stimulated oxygen uptake, a decrease in trypan blue exclusion frequency, a leakage of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase activity and an increased proportion of swollen, irregularly contracting myocytes. The contractions of the damaged myocytes resembled the known non‐physiologic contractions of the heart, i.e. extrasystoles, arrhythmia, fibrillation or block. After different periods of time of anoxia myocyte pellets were fixed in formalin, sectioned and examined by light microscopy. The appearances of the myocytes in suspension were compared with those in paraffin‐embedded sections. Special attention was given to the hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid stain and it was noted that the basic fuchsin was taken up by contracted or damaged myocytes, which according to their morphology in suspension revealed irregular contractions, but not by undamaged or necrotic myocytes.
Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis in Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies from Patients with Prostatic Lesions. Diagnostic Value and Relation to Clinical Stages
Authors: Frederiksen P. , Thommesen P. , Kjær T. B. , Bichel P.
Published: August 2010

Transrectal fine needle aspiration biopsy was carried out in 59 patients with cancer of the prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis for cytomorphological examination and flow cytometric DNA analysis. One major single peak in the DNA histogram was observed in patients with benign hyperplasia, prostatitis and in some patients with carcinoma. A DNA histogram with a second or third peak was always compatible with carcinoma and was found both in patients with carcinoma in stage I‐II and stage III‐IV. It is suggested that patients with hyperploid cancers in stage I‐II could benefit from early treatment.
Observer Variation in Histologic Classification of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Saxén E. , Franssila K. , Bjarnason O. , Normann T. , Ringertz N.
Published: August 2010

Histologic slides of 696 cases of thyroid cancer reported to the national cancer registries of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were reviewed by 5 Nordic pathologists in order to determine the observer variation between the pathologists, as well as the reproducibility of the WHO classification of thyroid tumours. In 58% of the cases all observers agreed upon the diagnosis and in 82% at least three of them agreed. The observer disagreement was lowest for papillary carcinoma (7%) and highest for follicular carcinoma (27%). The corresponding figures for anaplastic and medullary carcinomas were 18% and 23%, respectively. The most common diverging diagnosis for cases finally interpreted as papillary carcinoma was follicular carcinoma, and for cases finally interpreted as follicular carcinoma, a benign thyroid lesion. The results of the present study clearly indicate the necessity of having all cases reviewed by the same pathologist or group of pathologists in order to obtain reliable results for comparative studies.
Clinical Relevance of Histological Grading of Cancer of the Larynx
Authors: Helweg‐Larsen Karin , Græm Niels , Meistrup‐Larsen Karen‐Inger , Meistrup‐Larsen Uggi
Published: August 2010

Primary biopsies from 52 patients with cancer of the larynx were examined by two pathologists working independently. The malignancy of each case was graded twice with an interval of 1–1 1/2 month according to a histological scoring system elaborated by Jacobsson. The reproducibility of the system was found poor for individual prognostic purposes and no connection between histological grade and clinical course was demonstrated.
A RETROSPECTIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF 669 CASES OF PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOMA IN CLINICAL STAGE I
Authors: LARSEN TOVE EEG , GRUDE TOVE HELLIESEN
Published: August 2010

A selected series of 669 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas, stage I, was studied. The series includes 86 lentigo maligna melanomas, 259 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 130 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The cross‐sectional profile, level of invasion, ulceration and vascular invasion were graded. The relation of these features to each other and to tumour type was studied by X2 tests. The prognostic value was also studied. The most common finding was a slightly elevated surface, level III of invasion, no ulceration and no vascular invasion. Most of these tumours were superficial spreading malignant melanomas. A good prognosis was associated with a flat cross‐sectional profile, level II of invasion, no ulceration and no vascular invasion. A poor prognosis was associated with marked protrusion of the surface, level IV–V of invasion, ulceration and vascular invasion. Lentigo maligna melanomas tended to be more benign while nodular malignant melanomas tended to be more malignant than the average. A superficial spreading malignant melanoma could vary in either direction. The prognostic value of level of invasion and ulceration was found to be greater than that of tumour type. The prognostic importance of invasion no further than level III is stressed. Level of invasion ought to be reported to the clinician as well as the tumour type.
NEW ASPECTS OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF CIRCULATING MEGAKARYOCYTES IN RABBITS
Authors: AABO KRISTIAN , HANSEN KNUD BENDIX
Published: August 2010

Circulating cytoplasmatic megakaryocytes, isolated from central venous blood of rabbits by a saponinhaemolysis leuco‐concentration technique, were found to have two morphological appearances: a globular and an oblong form, referring to the shape of the cells as a whole as well as to the shape of the nuclei. The nucleus was either centrally or peripherally located. Of the megakaryocytes observed, 40% were cytoplasmatic and 60% naked nuclei. Regressive changes in the residual nucleus was observed, only 1.5% showing karyorrhexis or karyolysis. Megakaryoblasts and promegakaryocytes were never encountered. The average megakarycyte content per ml central venous blood was 3.8 (range: 0–10). A not previously described cytoplasmatic‐ligating process, in which the nucleus seemed to move out of the cytoplasm, forming a naked nucleus and leaving the total cytoplasm intact, was observed. We call this phenomenon »nucleus escape«. The function and fate of the intravascular megakaryocytes are briefly discussed.
SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS IN A SCANDINAVIAN OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG
Authors: ANNIKO MATTI
Published: August 2010

Inner ear disease is extremely rare in the old English sheepdog. The present case would constitute the second known case in Scandinavia and the first one observed in Norway. The morphological investigation revealed complete degeneration of the organ of Corti. A single layer of cells was covering the anatomical location of the stria vascularis. The dog did not show clinical signs of vestibular dysfunction. Hair cells were present in the cristae ampullares and macula utriculi. The histopathological features support a genetic basis for the sensorineural hearing loss, though other (rare) causes of exogenically induced inner ear degeneration cannot be completely excluded on the morphological findings alone. The brain revealed signs of chronic meningitis.
BREAST CARCINOMA. PROGRESSION OF TUBULAR CARCINOMA AND A NEW CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Linell F. , Ljungberg O.
Published: August 2010

On histologic and statistic basis a new classification of ductal breast carcinoma is proposed. One group consists of five types, representing different stages in a continuous progression from tubular carcinoma to pure »ductal« type. Another group is comprised by invasive »comedo« carcinoma which is derived from intraductal carcinoma. The development of tubular carcinoma from sclerosing lesions is stressed.
PROTEOGLYCANS, DNA, AND RNA IN RAT GRANULATION TISSUE, SKIN, AND AORTA, BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: HANSEN T. MØRK , GARBARSCH C. , HELIN G. , HELIN P. , HØLUND B. , KOFOD B. , LORENZEN I.
Published: August 2010

Proteoglycans in skin and aorta and nucleic acids in skin were studied in rats with subcutaneous sponge implants and in unoperated rats and compared with the sponge induced granulation tissue during a 42 day period. In rat aorta there was a predominance of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans, in particular heparan sulphate, while in skin there was a predominance of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulphate. The subcutaneous sponge implantation caused a decrease in the dry weights of skin and aorta but did not influence the concentrations of the measured variables. In aorta the concentrations of chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate decreased with age while in skin there was a slight fall in the concentrations of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulphate with age. The rate of biosynthesis of proteoglycans as estimated from the 35S‐sulphate uptake was higher in skin than in aorta. A sequential development was noticed in granulation tissue with an initial high content of hyaluronic acid followed by increasing amounts of chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate in older granulation tissue. The RNA/DNA ratio reached a maximum in 14 day old granulation tissue, but was unchanged in skin throughout the 42 day period. It is concluded that the distribution of proteoglycans and nucleic acids differs from tissue to tissue. This may be of relevance for tissue differences in susceptibility to diseases and to the effects — and side‐effects — of drugs. The morphological and biochemical development of sponge induced granulation tissue from rats was similar to other types of granulation tissue during the first 4 weeks.
ALPHA‐1‐ANTITRYPSIN GLOBULES IN LIVER BIOPSIES
Authors: CLAUSEN PER PRÆTORIUS
Published: August 2010

In order to examine the frequency of alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency of phenotype Pi‐Z in a consecutive liver biopsy material, PAS/diastase resistent globules with positive immunohistochemical reaction for AAT (AAT globules) were used as a marker of the Pi‐Z gene. 34 (4%) of 850 liver biopsies contained AAT globules. More than half of the biopsies with globules had chief histological diagnoses within the groups fibrosis, suspicion of cirrhosis and cirrhosis. Micronodular cirrhosis was significantly more frequent in biopsies with AAT globules. The results support the assumption that AAT deficiency of phenotype Pi‐Z as well in homozygous as heterozygous form is associated with development of liver cirrhosis.
CYTOPLASMIC EFFECTS OF X‐IRRADIATION ON CULTURED CELLS IN A NON‐DIVIDING STAGE
Authors: HAMBERG HANS , BRUNK ULF T. , ERICSSON JAN L. E. , JUNG BO
Published: August 2010

Cultured human glial cells were blocked in interphase (G1) by 24 h of serum starvation and subsequently subjected to 200 Gy, 8 MV X‐radiation. Immediately following irradiation the cultures were transferred to serum‐containing medium. Time‐lapse cinemicrography performed during the next 48 h showed a profoundly disturbed motility with decreased ability for polarization and locomotion of the irradiated cells. Specimens fixed 24 and 48 h after irradiation and investigated by immunofluorescence with tubulin‐antibodies and DNase/DNase‐antibodies, and by whole cell transmission electron microscopy showed derangements in the distribution of microfilament bundles related to the cytoplasmic ramification of the irradiated cells, but otherwise no detectable alterations in structure or distribution of either microtubules or microfilaments. It is suggested that the alteration in the arrangement of filament bundles is of importance to the impaired locomotion of the irradiated cells.
THE RELIABILITY OF MALIGNANT THYROID TUMOR DIAGNOSIS IN THE SWEDISH CANCER REGISTRY
Authors: HOLM LARS‐ERIK , LÖWHAGEN TORSTEN , SILFVERSWÄRD CLAES
Published: August 2010

Two‐age stratified periodical samples of 100 cases of malignant thyroid tumors from the Stockholm region and 100 such cases from other parts of Sweden reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1958 and 1972 were studied. The cytologic and/or histologic slides were re‐examined by two pathologists independently. In 85 per cent of the cases reported from Stockholm and in 94 per cent of the cases from other parts of Sweden, the pathologists agreed on the original diagnosis of malignant tumor. The remaining cases (weighted mean 8%) were at re‐examination considered to be benign thyroid lesions.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE GASTRIN‐PRODUCING CELLS OF THE HUMAN ANTRUM
Authors: NIELSEN H. OVERGAARD , HALKEN S. , LORENTZEN M.
Published: August 2010

The antral gastrin‐producing cells (G‐cells) have been identified by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique in two antrum preparations removed due to a recurrent duodenal and gastric ulcer. Morphometric principles were applied to the G‐cells with determination of their volume density, numerical density, and mean cell volume. The study showed that within‐observer variation, between‐observer variation and within‐patient variation were negligible, provided at least 200 G‐cells were counted. A biopsy material can be used, as well as larger tissue blocks, when this minimum sample size is respected. A method for estimating the total G‐cell population and the total G‐cell volume in the antrum was developed. In the antrum removed due to a gastric ulcer the number of G‐cells was 190 times 106 and their total volume 176 mm3.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE FOOT
Authors: SØNDERGAARD KNUD , OLSEN GRETE
Published: August 2010

In a retrospective study of 125 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas of the foot treated from 1949 to 1977 the prognostic importance of various histological and clinical factors was observed. Clinical stage, location of tumour on the foot, level of invasion, tumour thickness, mitotic rate, and presence of ulceration correlated well with survival, while sex and histological type did not. A histological transition was found between the superficial spreading type and the acral lentiginous type, indicating a close biological relationship between the two types of melanoma.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF “DIVIDERS” AND “NON‐DIVIDERS” IN PHASE II HUMAN GLIAL CELL CULTURES
Authors: BLOMQUIST E. , ARRO E. , BRUNK U. , COLLINS V. P. , FREDRIKSSON B‐A.
Published: August 2010

A method is described which allows a comparison in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) of cells with different remaining proliferative capacity from one and the same culture. The method takes advantage of a mini‐cloning technique employing haptotactic palladium islands in combination with micro‐dissection and preparation for TEM of islands carrying various numbers of cells after 10 days in culture, when all miniclones have become density dependent growth inhibited. By means of this technique non‐dividers were compared with miniclones of dividers composed of five to eight cells originating from single cells. Moreover, large, immotile cells without peripheral ruffling activity, known to be non‐dividers, were compared with small, ruffling cells, known to be dividers, in the reflection‐interference mode in sparse cultures of living cells, and in the TEM mode as whole cell preparations after critical point drying of cells cultured on formvar‐coated, gold EM‐grids. Non‐dividers proved to contain a moderate number of residual bodies, well developed Golgi areas, and often branched or circular mitochondria;
STUDIES ON THE RAT LIVER FOLLOWING IRON OVERLOAD
Authors: HULTCRANTZ ROLF , ARBORGH BENGT , WROBLEWSKI ROMULAD , ERICSSON JAN L. E.
Published: August 2010

Sprague‐Dawley rats were given Jectofer injections to obtain iron overload in rat liver Kupffer and parenchymal cells. The release of iron was studied on the light and electron microscopical level by bleeding of the iron loaded animals and comparing the results with non bled controls. During the mobilization of iron, Kupffer cells showed a rapid and almost complete disappearance of electron dense iron containing particles (IP) while there was only limited decline of IPs in the parenchymal cells. Iron was demonstrated with X‐ray microanalysis at the ultrastructural level, and presence of acid phosphatase was revealed using a histochemical method based on precipitation of lead phosphate at sites of enzyme activity in combination with X‐ray microanalysis. It was demonstrated that all IP‐containing cytoplasmic bodies also showed presence of acid phosphatase implying that all of them represented lysosomes. The mechanism of release of iron from Kupffer and parenchymal cells was discussed with special emphasis on the role of the lysosomes and the relationship between their contents and other cellular structures.
IN SITU IDENTIFICATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN MALIGNANT, NON‐LYMPHOID HUMAN TUMOURS
Authors: SVENNEVIG J.‐L.
Published: August 2010

Inflammatory cells (the term is considered to include lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and PMN) were identified and quantitated in sections from human carcinomas. Two types of cellular infiltrates are described. In the stroma surrounding the cancer tissue (peritumoural) and, to a lesser degree, also within the malignant tissue (intratumoural), lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and mast cells dominated, whilst numerous polymorph nucleated cells (PMN) and aggregates of macrophages characterized central tumour necroses. The demonstration of both T‐lymphocytes and macrophages in and around the cancer tissue supports the view that a local immune reaction is initiated by the tumour, and the consistent finding of IgG, IgA and IgM plasma cells at the borders of the carcinomas, indicates that plasma cells are also part of an immune response at the tumour site. This view is further supported by the demonstration of an increased proportion of IgG containing plasma cells in the stroma of colon tumours, compared with normal mucosa.
LATE EFFECTS OF COLCHICINE ON THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS AFTER NEONATAL APPLICATION ON THE ANAL LIPS OF CHICKENS
Authors: ROMPPANEN TIMO , SORVARI TAPANI E.
Published: August 2010

One week after the application of colchicine on the anal lips of chickens, the bursa of Fabricius was devoid of lymphoid cells and contained only a few epithelial buds, all of which were later repopulated with lymphoid cells to form mature lymphoid follicles. After the intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide, numerous epithelial buds were found in the bursa, and at the age of six weeks only a few of them were populated with lymphoid cells. On week 6, the bursal weights of the chickens treated with colchicine were only about 10% of the normal, and about 80% of the bursal weights of the cyclophosphamide‐treated chickens. The colchicine treatment affected the morphology of the spleen less than the treatment with cyclophosphamide. It is concluded that this new model of chemical bursectomy differs distinctly from the cyclophosphamide model and therefore serves as a new tool in studying bursal function in chicken.
LOCALIZATION OF EARLY ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN AN ARTERIAL BIFURCATION IN HUMANS
Authors: KJAERNES MORTEN , SVINDLAND AUD , WALLØE LARS , WILLE SVEN ØIVIND
Published: August 2010

The detailed localization of early atherosclerotic lesions in arterial bifurcations was studied in 33 brachiocephalic arteries obtained from autopsies of young persons who had suffered a violent and sudden death. Drawings of the sudanophilic lesions in the vessel wall were fed to a computer, scaled to a standardized size and shape, and added together. The results are presented as contour lines connecting points with equal frequency of early lesions. The distribution of the early lesions reveals a distinct pattern: The early lesions start to develop on the outer walls of the bifurcation, while the inner walls downstream from the flow divider are kept free as are also the lateral walls. These results are clearly in conflict with Fry's shear stress hypothesis, while they seem to support Caro's hypothesis of inhibition of local diffusional transport. The results are also at variance with results obtained in most animal models, suggesting that the process which takes place in the vessel wall in these animals may be different from human atherosclerosis.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRUG‐INDUCED MAST‐CELL SECRETION AND LOCAL CELL PROLIFERATION
Authors: FRANZÉN LENNART
Published: August 2010

A single intraperitoneal injection of Compound 48/80 in rats causes mast cell activation which is followed by a proliferation in fibroblasts and mesothelial cells in the mesentery. The same is true of organ‐cultured rat mesentery, but in cultured guinea‐pig mesentery Compound 48/80 has no morphological effects on mast cells and does not induce proliferation. The relationship between mast‐cell secretion and cell proliferation in surrounding cells was studied further in the investigation now presented. Proliferation was estimated (a) by cytophotometric Feulgen DNA measurements in individual fibroblast and mesothelial cell nuclei; (b) by measurements of incorporation of3H‐TdR into DNA; (c) and by estimation of mitotic frequency. Mast‐cell secretion was studied morphologically and by biochemical quantitation of histamine release. Compound 48/80 is a potent mast cell activator in the rat, stimulating mast cells to secretion. The results of this study suggest that Polymyxin B, another powerful mast‐cell activator, apparently chemically unrelated to Compound 48/80, also stimulates the mesenterial cells to proliferation in the rat. In the guinea‐pig Compound 48/80 does not induce mast‐cell secretion or proliferetion in fibroblasts and mesothelial cells in the mesentery. The results give further evidence that the cell proliferation induced by Compound 48/80 and Polymyxin B in rat mesentery is causally related to mast‐cell secretion.