bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Experience Providing Bases for Predicting Corrosion and Stress Corrosion in Emerging Supercritical Water Nuclear Technology: Part 3—Review
Authors: Ru Xiong , Staehle Roger W.
Published: August 2012

This review assesses past experiences from superheated fossil plants, supercritical fossil plants, superheated nuclear plants, and light water reactors from the late 1940s until the present. Data from the development and operation of these plants are directly applicable to supercritical water reactor (SCWR) plants being developed currently. This past work can be applied to the development of current designs in the choice of materials, temperature dependencies, effects of stress, and effects of environments on materials. Some of the past data from light water reactor (LWR) technology can be extrapolated into the present SCWR regimes. The past data are in good agreement among the various previous investigators. These past data are considered with respect to specific components in SCWR: fuel cladding, reactor structurals, reactor vessels, and feed water heaters. Choosing materials for the SCWR applications must recognize that the materials at nominal outlet temperatures are in a dynamic thermal range, i.e., in the nuclear superheat and fossil superheat range, the atomic structures of materials change significantly and change properties such as ductility. It is also possible that compositions and structures of grain boundaries can change, for example, the susceptibility to SCC. The surface temperatures on fuel cladding will be significantly higher than the outlet temperature, and both temperatures will exceed, substantially, the outlet temperatures of present water-cooled plants. Past isothermal data directed toward core structures may not be relevant to the same alloy as fuel cladding. The outlet temperature is useful for considering core structural materials but not for fuel elements, owing to an inevitably high film drop. SCW environments are expected to produce extensive SCC, which differs from past experience. Finally, past data were reanalyzed and additional useful insights were obtained.
Estimates of aerosol radiative forcing from the MACC re-analysis
Authors: Bellouin N. , Quaas J. , Morcrette J.-J. , Boucher O.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) provides an aerosol re-analysis starting from year 2003 for the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) project. The re-analysis assimilates total aerosol optical depth retrieved by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to correct for model departures from observed aerosols. The re-analysis therefore combines satellite retrievals with the full spatial coverage of a numerical model. Re-analysed products are used here to estimate the shortwave direct and first indirect radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols over the period 2003–2010, using methods previously applied to satellite retrievals of aerosols and clouds. The best estimate of globally-averaged, all-sky direct radiative forcing is −0.5 Wm−2. Accounting for uncertainties in the aerosol anthropogenic fraction, aerosol absorption, and cloudy-sky effects, results in the direct radiative forcing being bounded by −0.8 and 0 Wm−2. Further accounting for differences between the present-day natural and pre-industrial aerosols provides a direct radiative forcing estimate in the range −0.5 to 0 Wm−2, with a best estimate of −0.3 Wm−2. The best estimate of globally-averaged, all-sky first indirect radiative forcing is −0.4 Wm−2. Accounting for uncertainties in the aerosol anthropogenic fraction, cloud albedo, and cloud droplet number concentration susceptibility to aerosol changes, lower and upper bounds of the first indirect radiative forcing are −2.1 Wm−2 and −0.1 Wm−2 In order to decrease uncertainty ranges, better observational constraints on aerosol absorption and susceptibility of cloud droplet number concentrations to aerosol changes are required.
Effect of elevated CO2 on the dynamics of particle attached and free living bacterioplankton communities in an Arctic fjord
Authors: Sperling M. , Piontek J. , Gerdts G. , Wichels A. , Schunck H. , Roy A.-S. , La Roche J. , Gilbert J. , Bittner L. , Romac S. , Riebesell U. , Engel A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) results in acidification of the oceans, expected to lead to the fastest drop in ocean pH in the last 300 million years, if anthropogenic emissions are continued at present rate. Due to higher solubility of gases in cold waters and increased exposure to the atmosphere by decreasing ice cover, the Arctic Ocean will be among the areas most strongly affected by ocean acidification. Yet, the response of the plankton community of high latitudes to ocean acidification has not been studied so far. This work is part of the Arctic campaign of the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) in 2010, employing 9 in situ mesocosms of about 45 000 l each to simulate ocean acidification in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (78°56.2' N 11°53.6' E). In the present study, we investigated effects of elevated CO2 on the composition and richness of particle attached (PA; >3 μm) and free living (FL; <3 μm >0.2 μm) bacterial communities by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) in 6 of the mesocosms and the surrounding fjord, ranging from 185 to 1050 initial μatm pCO2. ARISA was able to resolve about 20–30 bacterial band-classes per sample and allowed for a detailed investigation of the explicit richness. Both, the PA and the FL bacterioplankton community exhibited a strong temporal development, which was driven mainly by temperature and phytoplankton development. In response to the breakdown of a picophytoplankton bloom (phase 3 of the experiment), number of ARISA-band classes in the PA-community were reduced at low and medium CO2 (∼180–600 μatm) by about 25%, while it was more or less stable at high CO2 (∼ 650–800 μatm). We hypothesise that enhanced viral lysis and enhanced availability of organic substrates at high CO2 resulted in a more diverse PA-bacterial community in the post-bloom phase. Despite lower cell numbers and extracellular enzyme activities in the post-bloom phase, bacterial protein production was enhanced in high CO2-treatments, suggesting a positive effect of community richness on this function and on carbon cycling by bacteria.
Contribution of Greenland ice sheet melting to sea level rise during the last interglacial period: an approach combining ice sheet modelling and proxy data
Authors: Quiquet A. , Ritz C. , Punge H. J. , Salas y Mélia D.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. In the context of global warming, the contribution of the two major ice sheets, Antarctica and Greenland, to global sea level rise is a subject of key importance for the scientific community (4th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change, IPCC-AR4, Meehl et al., 2007). By the end of the next century, a 3–5 °C warm up is expected in Greenland. Similar temperatures in this region were reached during the last interglacial (LIG) period due to a change in orbital configuration rather than to anthropogenic forcing. Ice core evidence suggests that the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has survived this warm period but great uncertainties remain about the total Greenland ice reduction during the LIG and its sea level rise contribution. In order to improve our confidence in future state projections, we first intend to reconstruct the past states of the GIS using ice sheet modelling, and confront the simulations with paleo data. The chosen methodoly of paleoclimate reconstruction is strongly based on proxy data. Proxy data are also used to constrain the ice sheet model during the calibration phase. Our estimates of Greenland melting contribution to sea level rise during the LIG period range from 0.65 to 1.5 m of sea level equivalent.
Snow Accumulation-Melting Model (SAMM) for integrated use in regional scale landslide early warning systems
Authors: Martelloni G. , Segoni S. , Lagomarsino D. , Fanti R. , Catani F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We propose a simple snow accumulation-melting model (SAMM) to be applied at the regional scale in conjunction with landslide warning systems based on empirical rainfall thresholds. SAMM follows an intermediate approach between physically based models and empirical temperature index models. It is based on two modules modelling the snow accumulation and the snowmelt processes. Each module is composed by two equations: a conservation of mass equation is solved to model snowpack thickness and an empirical equation for the snow density. The model depends on 13 empirical parameters, whose optimal values were defined with an optimization algorithm (simplex flexible) using calibration measures of snowpack thickness. From an operational point of view, SAMM uses as input data only temperature and rainfall measurements, bringing the additional advantage of a relatively easy implementation. The snow model validation gave satisfactory results; moreover we simulated an operational employment in a regional scale landslide early warning system (EWS) and found that the EWS forecasting effectiveness was substantially improved when used in conjunction with SAMM.
Effect of Various Physical Parameters and Statistical Medium Optimization on Production of Hyaluronic Acid Using S. Equi Subsp. Zooepidemicus ATCC 39920
Authors: Aroskar V J , Kamat S D , Kamat D V
Published: August 2012

It has been shown that initial conditions for bacterial cultivation are extremely important for the successful production of hyaluronic acid (HA) by fermentation. We investigated several physical parameters that affect productivity of HA under shake flask. i.e. transfer criteria of seed, agitation and aeration of fermentation flasks. Among the various physical parameters studied, inoculum age of 8-10 h, pH 6.4, optical density (600 nm) 2.0 and 3% level inoculum transfer found to be optimum. After inoculating with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920, the temperature 37 0C and 90 rpm found optimum during growth as well as for the HA production. The fractional factorial design of six factors with two levels showed yeast extract, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium bicarbonate as significant model terms. The factor potassium dihydrogen phosphate was relatively more significant than yeast extract.
An introduction to the memristor – a valuable circuit element in bioelectricity and bioimpedance
Authors: Johnsen Gorm K.
Published: August 2012

The memristor (short for memory resistor) is a yet quite unknown circuit element, though equally fundamental as resistors, capacitors, and coils. It was predicted from theory arguments nearly 40 years ago, but not realized as a physical component until recently. The memristor shows many interesting features when describing electrical phenomena, especially at small (molecular or cellular) scales and can in particular be useful for bioimpedance and bioelectricity modeling. It can also give us a richer and much improved conceptual understanding of many such phenomena. Up until today the tools available for circuit modeling have been restricted to the three circuit elements (RLC) as well as the widely used constant phase element (CPE). However, as one element has been missing in our modeling toolbox, many bioelectrical phenomena may have been described incompletely as they are indeed memristive. Such memristive behavior is not possible to capture within a traditional RLC framework. In this paper we will introduce the memristor and look at bioelectrical memristive phenomena. The goal is to explain the new memristor’s properties in a simple manner as well as to highlight its importance and relevance. We conclude that memristors must be included as a readily used building block for bioimpedance and bioelectrical data analysis and modeling.
Porous Nanofilm Biomaterials Via Templated Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Wu Connie , Aslan Seyma , Gand Adeline , Wolenski Joseph S. , Pauthe Emmanuel , Van Tassel Paul R.
Published: August 2012

Hydrogel‐like biomaterials are often too soft to support robust cell adhesion, yet methods to increase mechanical rigidity (e.g., covalent cross‐linking the gel matrix) can compromise bioactivity by suppressing the accessibility or activity of embedded biomolecules. Nanoparticle templating is reported here as a strategy toward porous, layer‐by‐layer assembled, thin polyelectrolyte films of sufficient mechanical rigidity to promote strong initial cell adhesion, and that are capable of high bioactive species loading. Latex nanoparticles are incorporated during layer‐by‐layer assembly, and following 1‐ethyl‐3‐[3‐dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide/N‐hydroxysulfosuccinimide (EDC‐NHS) cross‐linking of the polyelectrolyte film, are removed via exposure to tetrahydrofuran (THF). THF exposure results in only a partial reduction in film thickness (as observed by ellipsometry), suggesting the presence of internal pore space. The attachment, spreading, and metabolic activity of pre‐osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells cultured on templated, cross‐linked films are statistically similar to those on non‐templated films, and much greater than those on non‐cross‐linked films. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and quartz crystal microgravimetry indicate a high capacity for bioactive species loading (ca. 10% of film mass) in nanoparticle templated films. Porous nanofilm biomaterials, formed via layer‐by‐layer assembly with nanoparticle templating, promote robust cell adhesion and exhibit high bioactive species loading, and thus appear to be excellent candidates for cell‐contacting applications.
Ti4+‐Immobilized Magnetic Composite Microspheres for Highly Selective Enrichment of Phosphopeptides
Authors: Ma Wanfu , Zhang Ying , Li Lulu , Zhang Yuting , Yu Meng , Guo Jia , Lu Haojie , Wang Changchun
Published: August 2012

Architectural design is essential to achieve ideal chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials. In this article, a novel route to fabricate high‐quality magnetic composite microspheres composed of a high‐magnetic‐response magnetic colloid nanocrystal cluster (MCNC) core, a poly(methylacrylic acid) (PMAA) interim layer, and a Ti4+‐immobilized poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate) (PEGMP) shell via two‐step distillation–precipitation polymerization is presented. The unique as‐synthesized MCNC@PMAA@PEGMP‐Ti4+ composite microsphere is investigated for its applicability for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides from complex biological samples. The experiment results demonstrate that, by taking advantage of the pure phosphate–Ti4+ interface and high Ti4+ loading amount, the MCNC@PMAA@PEGMP‐Ti4+ composite microsphere possesses remarkable selectivity for phosphopeptides even at a very low molar ratio of phosphopeptides/nonphosphopeptides (1:500). The extreme sensitivity, excellent recovery of phosphopeptides, and high magnetic susceptibility are also proven. These outstanding features demonstrate that the MCNC@PMAA@PEGMP‐Ti4+ composite microspheres have great benefit for the pretreatment before mass spectrometric analysis of phosphopeptides. Furthermore, the performance of the approach in selective enrichment of phosphopeptides from drinking milk and human serum gives powerful evidence for its high selectivity and effectiveness in identifying the low‐abundant phosphopeptides from complicated biological samples.
12q14 microdeletion syndrome and short stature with or without relative macrocephaly
Authors: Takenouchi Toshiki , Enomoto Keisuke , Nishida Toshihiko , Torii Chiharu , Okazaki Tadaharu , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: August 2012

Patients with 12q14 microdeletion can present with short stature with or without relative macrocephaly. When associated with relative macrocephaly, the phenotype resembles Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS). Short stature is attributable to haploinsufficiency of HMGA2, but a patient with a deletion at the HMGA2 locus only did not have macrocephaly. Hence, the presence of a separate locus for a relative macrocephaly phenotype was suggested. Herein, we present a girl with a 12q14 microdeletion involving the HMGA2 locus who had short stature but did not have macrocephaly. Inclusion and exclusion mappings based on a quantitative review of the degree of relative macrocephaly and the extent of the deletions in previously reported patients with a 12q14 microdeletion demonstrated a presumptive interval for relative macrocephaly spanning a few megabases. These results confirm that a deletion spanning both HMGA2 and this presumptive interval locus would cause an SRS‐like phenotype. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow and heat transfer over a trapezoidal cylinder: steady and unsteady regimes
Authors: Dhiman Amit , Hasan Mudassir
Published: August 2012

Two‐dimensional unconfined flow and heat transfer across a long tapered trapezoidal bluff body are investigated for the range Re = 1 to 150 (thereby covering both steady and unsteady periodic regimes) and Pr = 0.7 (air). A number of engineering parameters, e.g. drag and lift coefficients, Strouhal and Nusselt numbers, and others, is calculated for the above range of conditions. No flow separation occurs from the surface of the trapezoidal cylinder for the range Re ≤ 5; however, flow starts to separate from the rear surface of the cylinder at Re = 6. Therefore, the onset of flow separation exits between Re = 5 and 6. The critical value of the Reynolds number (i.e. transition from steady to unsteady) exists between Re = 46 and 47. The drag coefficient decreases with increasing Reynolds number in the steady regime; however, the drag increases with Reynolds number in the unsteady regime. The Strouhal number and the average Nusselt number increase with increasing value of the Reynolds number. Finally, the simple correlation for the average Nusselt number is obtained in the steady flow regime. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of a water‐soluble sulfonates copolymer of acrylamide and N‐allylbenzamide as enhanced oil recovery chemical
Authors: Ye Zhongbin , Gou Guangjun , Gou Shaohua , Jiang Wenchao , Liu Tongyi
Published: August 2012

A novel water‐soluble polymer was prepared by copolymerization and sulfomethylation using acrylamide (AM) and N‐allylbenzamide (NABI) as raw materials under mild conditions. The effects of ratio of AM to NABI, initiator concentration, reaction temperature, pH, and monomer concentration on the copolymerization were studied. The sulfonates copolymer was characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the sulfonates copolymer could achieve up to 25%, 30% retention rate of the viscosity at a high temperature (120°C) and a vigorous shear condition (1000 s−1). It was also found that the sulfonates copolymer had moderate salt tolerance (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2·6H2O) and its viscosity could be restored to the original value when the shear rate changed from 170 to 510 s−1 and 510 to 170 s−1. At last, the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of the sulfonates copolymer was tested by core flood, and with up to 10.6% EOR was afforded in presence of 5000 mg/L NaCl brine at 60°C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Biased clique shuffling reveals stabilizing mutations in cellulase Cel7A
Authors: Dana Craig M. , Saija Poonam , Kal Sarala M. , Bryan Mara B. , Blanch Harvey W. , Clark Douglas S.
Published: August 2012

Renewable fuels produced from biomass‐derived sugars are receiving increasing attention. Lignocellulose‐degrading enzymes derived from fungi are attractive for saccharification of biomass because they can be produced at higher titers and at significantly less cost than those produced by bacteria or archaea. However, their properties can be suboptimal; for example, they are subject to product inhibition and are sensitive to small changes in pH. Furthermore, increased thermostability would be advantageous for saccharification as increased temperature may reduce the opportunity for microbial contamination. We have developed a mutagenesis platform to improve these properties and applied it to increase the operating temperature and thermostability of the fungal glycosyl hydrolase Cel7A. Secretion of Cel7A at titers of 26 mg/L with limited hyperglycosylation was achieved using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with upregulated protein disulfide isomerase, an engineered α‐factor prepro leader, and deletion of a plasma membrane ATPase. Using biased clique shuffling (BCS) of 11 Cel7A genes, we generated a small library (469) rich in activity (86% of the chimeras were active) and identified 51 chimeras with improved thermostability, many of which contained mutations in the loop networks that extend over the enzyme's active site. This BCS library was far superior as a source of active and stable chimeras compared to an equimolar library prepared from the same 11 genes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2710–2719. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered integration of speech and gesture in children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Hubbard Amy L. , McNealy Kristin , Scott‐Van Zeeland Ashley A. , Callan Daniel E. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Dapretto Mirella
Published: August 2012

The presence of gesture during speech has been shown to impact perception, comprehension, learning, and memory in normal adults and typically developing children. In neurotypical individuals, the impact of viewing co‐speech gestures representing an object and/or action (i.e., iconic gesture) or speech rhythm (i.e., beat gesture) has also been observed at the neural level. Yet, despite growing evidence of delayed gesture development in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), few studies have examined how the brain processes multimodal communicative cues occurring during everyday communication in individuals with ASD. Here, we used a previously validated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm to examine the neural processing of co‐speech beat gesture in children with ASD and matched controls. Consistent with prior observations in adults, typically developing children showed increased responses in right superior temporal gyrus and sulcus while listening to speech accompanied by beat gesture. Children with ASD, however, exhibited no significant modulatory effects in secondary auditory cortices for the presence of co‐speech beat gesture. Rather, relative to their typically developing counterparts, children with ASD showed significantly greater activity in visual cortex while listening to speech accompanied by beat gesture. Importantly, the severity of their socio‐communicative impairments correlated with activity in this region, such that the more impaired children demonstrated the greatest activity in visual areas while viewing co‐speech beat gesture. These findings suggest that although the typically developing brain recognizes beat gesture as communicative and successfully integrates it with co‐occurring speech, information from multiple sensory modalities is not effectively integrated during social communication in the autistic brain.
Role of C‐terminal negative charges and tyrosine residues in fibril formation of α‐synuclein
Authors: Izawa Yasutaka , Tateno Hironobu , Kameda Hiroshi , Hirakawa Kazuya , Hato Keiko , Yagi Hisashi , Hongo Kunihiro , Mizobata Tomohiro , Kawata Yasushi
Published: August 2012

α‐Synuclein (140 amino acids), one of the causative proteins of Parkinson's disease, forms amyloid fibrils in brain neuronal cells. In order to further explore the contributions of the C‐terminal region of α‐synuclein in fibril formation and also to understand the overall mechanism of fibril formation, we reduced the number of negatively charged residues in the C‐terminal region using mutagenesis. Mutants with negative charges deleted displayed accelerated fibril formation compared with wild‐type α‐synuclein, demonstrating that negative charges located in the C‐terminal region of α‐synuclein modulate fibril formation. Additionally, when tyrosine residues located at position 125, 133, and 136 in the C‐terminal region were changed to alanine residue(s), we found that all mutants containing the Tyr136Ala mutation showed delays in fibril formation compared with wild type. Mutation of Tyr136 to various amino acids revealed that aromatic residues located at this position act favorably toward fibril formation. In mutants where charge neutralization and tyrosine substitution were combined, we found that these two factors influence fibril formation in complex fashion. These findings highlight the importance of negative charges and aromatic side chains in the C‐terminal region of α‐synuclein in fibril formation.
miR‐203 inhibits proliferation of HCC cells by targeting survivin
Authors: Wei Wang , Wanjun Liu , Hui Sun , Dongyue Chen , Xinjun Yao , Jisheng Zhao
Published: August 2012

To validate whether down‐regulation of microRNA‐203 (miR‐203) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is involved in HCC progression by targeting survivin. MiR‐203 mimics was transfected into HepG2 cells to enhance miR‐203 expression, and miR‐203 inhibitor was transfected into HepG2 cells to inhibit miR‐203 expression. The effect of up‐regulation and down‐regulation of miR‐203 on survivin expression of HepG2 cells was evaluated using Western blot assay. The effect of miR‐203 or survivin expression on the proliferation of HepG2 cells was detected using the CKK‐8 assay. Over‐expression of miR‐203 significantly inhibited the expression of survivin in HepG2 cells (p < 0·05), and down‐expression of miR‐203 significantly promoted the expression of survivin in HepG2 cells (p < 0·05). Both over‐expression of miR‐203 and down‐regulation of survivin suppressed proliferation of HepG2 cells significantly compared with negative control. Low expression of miR‐203 contributes to the progression of HCC via targeting survivin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Extracting” the Key Fragment in ETS‐10 Crystallization and Its Application in AM‐6 Assembly
Authors: Guo Meiling , Feng Zhaochi , Li Guanna , Hofmann Jan P. , Pidko Evgeny A. , Magusin Pieter C. M. M. , Guo Qiang , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Fan Fengtao , Li Can
Published: August 2012

The mechanism of crystallization of microporous titanosilicate ETS‐10 was investigated by Raman spectroscopy combined with 29Si magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations, and SEM imaging. The formation of three‐membered ring species is shown to be the key step in the hydrothermal synthesis of ETS‐10. They are formed by means of a complex process that involves the interaction of silicate species in the reaction mixture, which promotes the dissolution of TiO2 particles. These insights into the mechanism of ETS‐10 growth led to the successful development of a new synthesis route to the vanadosilicate AM‐6 that involves the use of intermediates that contain three‐membered ring species as an initiator.
Pharmacokinetics of Terazosin Enantiomers in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects
Authors: Liu Man , Zhang Dan , Yang Man , Zhao Ting , Wang Xiaolin , Zhang Yanan , Han Jing , Liu Huichen
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of terazosin enantiomers in healthy Chinese male subjects. After a single oral dose of 2‐mg terazosin, the plasma concentrations of terazosin enantiomers were measured over the course of 48 h in 12 healthy subjects. The plasma concentrations of (+)‐(R)‐terazosin at all time points were higher than those of (−)‐(S)‐terazosin. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) and maximum plasma concentration of (+)‐(R)‐terazosin were significantly greater than those of the (−)‐(S)‐terazosin (P < 0.01, respectively). The R/S ratio of AUC0–∞ of terazosin was 1.68. For the first time, it was proven that the pharmacokinetics of terazosin was stereoselective in healthy Chinese male subjects. Chirality 24:1047–1050, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
‘Five‐Session CAT’ Consultancy: Using CAT to Guide Care Planning with People Diagnosed with Personality Disorder within Community Mental Health Teams
Authors: Carradice Angela
Published: August 2012

There are a number of clients that mental health teams (CMHTs) struggle to help. This group often have some form of personality disorder diagnosis. All workers can experience the client's presentation as challenging and this sometimes results in unhelpful repeated patterns between clients and services. Difficulties for this client group include abrupt state shifting, powerful dynamics, difficult/complex relationships with (often numerous) services, symptoms of dissociation, difficulties with emotional regulation and self abuse. Some people with these difficulties can present to services with a number of factors that mean it is hard to work helpfully with them such as having unstable and chaotic lives, experiencing significant ongoing risks from others and often coping day to day by using a variety of harmful strategies such as self‐harm, planning suicide and a significant amount of alcohol and/or drug use. The group of clients who experience these difficulties are often assessed as not being able to benefit from individual psychotherapy in the community. Five‐session cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) consultancy has been developed as a method to work jointly with mental health workers and their clients to develop a map to understanding their current difficulties, patterns of coping and to guide care planning. This paper describes the steps of ‘five‐session CAT’ consultancy and the skills involved. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages

Newly evolved approach using CAT to help guide CMHT care planning

For people with a diagnosis of personality disorder

Who seem unsuitable for individual psychotherapy

Because of the nature of their difficulties, mental health teams find such clients difficult to help
Controlling the Adsorption Enthalpy of CO2 in Zeolites by Framework Topology and Composition
Authors: Grajciar Lukáš , Čejka Jiří , Zukal Arnošt , Otero Areán Carlos , Turnes Palomino Gemma , Nachtigall Petr
Published: August 2012

Zeolites are often investigated as potential adsorbents for CO2 adsorption and separation. Depending on the zeolite topology and composition (Si/Al ratio and extra‐framework cations), the CO2 adsorption heats at low coverages vary from −20 to −60 kJ mol−1, and with increasing surface coverage adsorption heats either stay approximately constant or they quickly drop down. Experimental adsorption heats obtained for purely siliceous porous solids and for ion‐exchanged zeolites of the structural type MFI, FER, FAU, LTA, TUN, IMF, and ‐SVR are discussed in light of results of periodic density functional theory calculations corrected for the description of dispersion interactions. Key factors influencing the stability of CO2 adsorption complexes are identified and discussed at the molecular level. A general model for CO2 adsorption in zeolites and related materials is proposed and data reported in literature are evaluated with regard to the proposed model.
Joint subcarrier and power allocation with fairness in uplink OFDMA systems based on ant colony optimization
Authors: Wang Fei , Liao Xiaofeng , Guo Songtao , Huang Hongyu
Published: August 2012

One of the key problems in uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems is to efficiently and fairly allocate subcarriers and powers. However, most existing work has not sufficiently taken into account fairness when allocating these resources so that subcarriers cannot be fairly allocated among users with different channel conditions. To overcome this shortcoming, we first present an optimization framework with fairness, which aims to fairly allocate subcarriers among different users and to distribute the transmission power of each user over the assigned subcarriers. Here, the fairness is guaranteed by associating each user with a utility function and placing a lower limit on the number of subcarriers assigned. In particular, different from previous work, utility functions are allowed to be nonconcave and nondifferentiable so that our framework can be suitable for resource allocation for real‐time applications. Furthermore, an iterative algorithm based on the ant colony optimization is proposed, according to which subcarriers can be efficiently and fairly allocated among different users. Simulation results verify the convergence of our algorithm. In addition, our algorithm outperforms several other algorithms in terms of the fairness of resource allocation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Netrin‐1 is required for efficient neural tube closure
Authors: Kee Nigel , Wilson Nicole , Key Brian , Cooper Helen M.
Published: August 2012

During neural tube formation, neural plate cells migrate from the lateral aspects of the dorsal surface towards the midline. Elevation of the lateral regions of the neural plate produces the neural folds which then migrate to the midline where they fuse at their dorsal tips, generating a closed neural tube comprising an apicobasally polarized neuroepithelium. Our previous study identified a novel role for the axon guidance receptor neogenin in Xenopus neural tube formation. We demonstrated that loss of neogenin impeded neural fold apposition and neural tube closure. This study also revealed that neogenin, via its interaction with its ligand, RGMa, promoted cell–cell adhesion between neural plate cells as the neural folds elevated and between neuroepithelial cells within the neural tube. The second neogenin ligand, netrin‐1, has been implicated in cell migration and epithelial morphogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that netrin‐1 may also act as a ligand for neogenin during neurulation. Here we demonstrate that morpholino knockdown of Xenopus netrin‐1 results in delayed neural fold apposition and neural tube closure. We further show that netrin‐1 functions in the same pathway as neogenin and RGMa during neurulation. However, contrary to the role of neogenin‐RGMa interactions, neogenin‐netrin‐1 interactions are not required for neural fold elevation or adhesion between neuroepithelial cells. Instead, our data suggest that netrin‐1 contributes to the migration of the neural folds towards the midline. We conclude that both neogenin ligands work synergistically to ensure neural tube closure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 2013
Geographic mosaic of symbiont selectivity in a genus of epiphytic cyanolichens
Authors: Fedrowitz Katja , Kaasalainen Ulla , Rikkinen Jouko
Published: August 2012

In symbiotic systems, patterns of symbiont diversity and selectivity are crucial for the understanding of fundamental ecological processes such as dispersal and establishment. The lichen genus Nephroma (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution and is thus an attractive model for the study of symbiotic interactions over a wide range of spatial scales. In this study, we analyze the genetic diversity of Nephroma mycobionts and their associated Nostoc photobionts within a global framework. The study is based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences of fungal symbionts and tRNALeu (UAA) intron sequences of cyanobacterial symbionts. The full data set includes 271 Nephroma and 358 Nostoc sequences, with over 150 sequence pairs known to originate from the same lichen thalli. Our results show that all bipartite Nephroma species associate with one group of Nostoc different from Nostoc typically found in tripartite Nephroma species. This conserved association appears to have been inherited from the common ancestor of all extant species. While specific associations between some symbiont genotypes can be observed over vast distances, both symbionts tend to show genetic differentiation over wide geographic scales. Most bipartite Nephroma species share their Nostoc symbionts with one or more other fungal taxa, and no fungal species associates solely with a single Nostoc genotype, supporting the concept of functional lichen guilds. Symbiont selectivity patterns within these lichens are best described as a geographic mosaic, with higher selectivity locally than globally. This may reflect specific habitat preferences of particular symbiont combinations, but also the influence of founder effects.
The role of turbulence in the hydraulic environment of benthic invertebrates
Authors: Blanckaert K. , Garcia X.‐F. , Ricardo A.‐M. , Chen Q. , Pusch M. T.
Published: August 2012

The role of turbulence in the dislodgment of benthic stream invertebrates from the riverbed was investigated experimentally in a laboratory flume. For the first time, technological advances allowed measuring the spatio‐temporal patterns of turbulent flow around two free‐moving invertebrates (Aeshna cyanea and Somatochlora flavomaculata). A specific methodology was developed for the analysis of turbulence around benthic invertebrates. The results confirmed two hypotheses: (i) on the contrary to sediment particles, invertebrates are not only sensitive to the peak values of the turbulent flow forcing but also to the temporal fluctuations in this flow forcing; and (ii) the dominant temporal fluctuations are not due to local turbulent structures of the size of the invertebrate, but to turbulent structures that scale with the flow depth and are inherited from upstream. In 15 of the 17 conducted tests, important turbulent events that scale with the flow depth accompanied by rapid temporal flow fluctuations occurred at the moment of dislodgement. The dominant forcing was consistently a threefold increase in shear stress, and was related to a sweep event in 12 of the 17 tests. Thereby, the increase in longitudinal velocity was typically about 40%, which led to a 100% increase in drag force in comparison with the time‐averaged drag force. These results enable a new understanding of the detailed hydraulic conditions leading to passive drift of stream invertebrates. In addition, they open new perspectives to improve models predicting the distribution of benthic invertebrates based on hydrodynamics by accounting for turbulence. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of grafted imprinted monolith for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Wei Ze‐Hui , Mu Li‐Na , Pang Qian‐Qian , Huang Yan‐Ping , Liu Zhao‐Sheng
Published: August 2012

In this paper, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coating grafted to a trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) core material for CEC was reported. The core monolith was prepared with a solution of 20% (w/w) TRIM in a mixture of porogen and a polymerization precursor, which can generate a stable electroosmotic flow due to the formation of ionizable groups after postpolymerization hydrolization. Graft polymerization took place on the resultant TRIM monolith with a mixture of template, methacrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Strong recognition ability (selectivity factor was 5.83) for S‐amlodipine and resolution of enatiomers separation (up to 7.99) were obtained on the resulting grafted imprinted monolith in CEC mode. The influence of CEC conditions on chiral separation, including the composition of mobile phase, pH value, and the operating voltages was studied. These results suggest that the method of grafted polymerization reported here allows a rapid development of MIP monolith once core materials with desired properties are available, and is a good alternative to prepare CEC‐based monolithic MIPs.
A study of interactions between bacteria and antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Kłodzińska Ewa , Jaworski Maciej , Kupczyk Wojciech , Jackowski Marek , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: August 2012

To assess the bacteria–antibiotic interactions in patients with postoperative wound infections, a simple electrophoretic test was performed. To estimate the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy and to prepare 3‐day profiles of bacteria “quantity” in biological samples, CE was used. As our team demonstrated earlier, the method is easy and fast, sample pretreatment is not necessary, and it is characterized by high selectivity. Finally, the statistically optimal and significant results of the CZE test analysis for detection of Escherichia coli cells was established for migration time lower than 3.5 min. The obtained sensitivity and specificity amounted to 89.5 and 100%, respectively. It is the first application of CZE in the study of medical therapy.
Organic matter removal under high loads in a fixed‐bed sequencing batch reactor with peach pit as carrier
Authors: Soltani R. Darvishi Cheshmeh , Rezaee A. , Godini H. , Khataee A. R. , Jorfi S.
Published: August 2012

In this study, the evaluation of organic matter removal at high loads from synthetic wastewater was performed using a Fixed‐bed Sequencing Batch Reactor (FSBR), in which peach pits were used instead of conventional carriers. The FSBR performance on organic matter removal at different organic loading rates (2–12 kg COD m−3 d−1) was significant. Organic matter removal efficiency was >90% at a loading rate less than 7.2 kg COD m−3 d−1. When the organic loading was 12 kg COD m−3 d−1, organic matter removal in the FSBR and SBR reactors reached 71.84 and 56.57%, respectively, indicating that the FSBR performance is significantly higher than the SBR reactor. According to the higher efficiency of SBR with media, this comparison shows that bio‐film bioactivity (7.06 ± 0.3 mg O2 mg‐VSS−1 d−1) is significantly higher than suspended biomass bioactivity (2.92 ± 0.149 mg O2 mg‐VSS−1 d−1). As the OLR increased from 3.4 to 10 kg COD m−3 d−1, the observed yield (Yobs), the specific biomass growth rate (μoveral) and the endogenous decay rate (kd) increased from 0.018 to 0.02 g VSS g−1 COD−1, 0.1 to 0.2 d−1, and from 0.082 to 0.067 d−1, respectively, while the solid retention time (SRT) decreased from 40 to 19.8 d. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 681–687, 2013
Walnut shell‐based activated carbon with excellent copper (II) adsorption and lower chromium (VI) removal prepared by acid–base modification
Authors: Xie Ruzhen , Wang Hui , Chen Yao , Jiang Wenju
Published: August 2012

In this work, acid and acid–base modified carbons were developed from walnut shell, and batch experiments were carried out to study their adsorption behaviors toward Cu(II) and Cr(VI). Boehm titration data, elemental analysis, and FTIR studies suggested that the surface chemistry of the activated carbons was significantly changed by both acid and acid–base modification. N2/77 K adsorption isotherm methods revealed a significant decrease in SBET with acid treatment, a dramatic decrease was also observed in SBET in acid–base modified carbon. Batch equilibrium adsorption tests including the effect of pH of the solution, metal initial concentration, and temperature were conducted to evaluate the solids adsorption performance. The process kinetics was evaluated by pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order models, and the kinetics data agreed well with pseudo‐second‐order model. The applicability of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and D–R adsorption isotherms has been tested for the interpretation of equilibrium adsorption data. The results revealed that the acid–base carbon exhibited excellent copper (II) adsorption performance with a maximum adsorption capacity of 204.08 mg/g. The mean free energy value evaluated from D–R model indicated the adsorption of Cu(II) onto acid–base carbon involved chemical ion‐exchange process. Thermodynamic studies illustrated adsorption of Cu(II) onto ACHN was endothermic and spontaneous. According to the overall results, the solution pH and the surface chemistry of the carbons were found to play a critic role in the uptake of copper ions from aqueous solutions rather than the carbon texture characteristics, while the adsorption of Cr(VI) closely related to the solution pH and its texture properties. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 688–696, 2013
Variation of insulation thickness and exergetic cost saving with outdoor temperature in pipe insulation
Authors: Keçebaş Ali
Published: August 2012

This article deals with variation of insulation thickness with outdoor temperature in pipe insulation applications. Also, the exergetic cost savings, annual fuel consumptions, and air pollution resulting from different insulation thicknesses and outdoor temperatures are evaluated according to the exergetic life cycle cost analysis. In this study, it was used the coal as a fuel, the pipes with diameter of 50 and 100 mm, and the insulation materials such as rockwool, foamboard, and extruded polystyrene. As a comprehensive case study, the city of Afyonkarahisar/Turkey was considered for analysis. The results showed that the lower the outdoor temperature, the greater the optimum insulation thickness. For the same outside temperature, the optimum insulation thickness would become larger for higher pipe diameter. The exergetic cost saving decreases as the annual exergy losses depending on heat transfer decreases while increasing outdoor temperature. In addition, annual fuel consumption which is an important aspect of insulation materials and outdoor temperatures is shown to be decreasing with the use of optimum thickness. Finally, insulation means less fuel consumption therefore less emission. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 784–789, 2013
Optimization of unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes flows using variational level set method
Authors: Deng Yongbo , Zhang Ping , Liu Yongshun , Wu Yihui , Liu Zhenyu
Published: August 2012

This paper presents the optimization of unsteady Navier–Stokes flows using the variational level set method. The solid–liquid interface is expressed by the level set function implicitly, and the fluid velocity is constrained to be zero in the solid domain. An optimization problem, which is constrained by the Navier–Stokes equations and a fluid volume constraint, is analyzed by the Lagrangian multiplier based adjoint approach. The corresponding continuous adjoint equations and the shape sensitivity are derived. The level set function is evolved by solving the Hamilton–Jacobian equation with the upwind finite difference method. The optimization method can be used to design channels for flows with or without body forces. The numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of this optimization method for unsteady Navier–Stokes flows.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of close positioning of chromosomal loci detected by FRET correlates with their participation in carcinogenic rearrangements in human cells
Authors: Gandhi Manoj , Evdokimova Viktoria , Nikiforov Yuri E.
Published: August 2012

It has been well established that genes participating in oncogenic rearrangements are non‐randomly positioned and frequently close to each other in human cell nuclei. However, the actual distance between these fusion partners has never been determined. The phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is observed when a donor fluorophore is close (<10 nm) to transfer some of it energy to an acceptor fluorophore. The aim of this study was to validate the use of FRET on directly labeled DNA molecules to assess the frequency of positioning at <10 nm distances between genes known to be involved in rearrangement and to correlate it with their probability to undergo rearrangement. In the validation experiments, the frequency of FRET‐sensitized emission (SE) was found to be 93–96% between probes for the immediately adjacent chromosomal regions as compared to 0.1–0.2% between probes for the random loci located on large linear separation. Further, we found that the frequency of FRET‐SE between four pairs of genes that form rearrangements in thyroid cancer was 5% forRETandCCDC6, 4% forRETandNCOA4, 2% forBRAFandAKAP9, and 2% forNTRK1andTPR. Moreover, the frequency with which FRET was observed showed strong correlation (r= 0.9871) with the prevalence of respective rearrangements in thyroid cancer. Our findings demonstrate that FRET can be used as a technique to analyze proximity between specific DNA regions and that the frequency of gene positioning at distances allowing FRET correlates with their probability to undergo chromosomal rearrangements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.