bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dentistry as a Business: In Search of the Moral High Ground
Authors: Holt Vernon P
Published: July 2010

This paper has been developed from a version originally submitted as an assignment for the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) Certificate in Health Services Leadership and Management Course. It has been revised in the light of the independent review led by Professor Jimmy Steele into National Health Service dental services in England (generally referred to as the Steele Report), which has commented on many of the points dealt with here. The paper addresses issues arising from a moral tension often experienced by dentists between the professional desire to serve patients well and the necessity, as practice owners running a business, to survive financially. The need for honest and open recognition of what is truly achievable from the public purse is stressed. Rights and responsibilities are discussed in relation to professional practitioners, their patients, and society in general, in seeking the moral high ground under different funding arrangements. The paper concludes by stressing the need to offer improved health rather than palliation of disease.
Understanding Child Neglect. Current Perspectives in Dentistry
Authors: Balmer Richard , Gibson Emily , Harris Jenny
Published: July 2010

The aim of this paper is to update the reader on the subject of dental neglect in children. Recent national guidelines produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry have raised the profile of this condition by providing specific, evidence-based recommendations for recognition and response to dental neglect. Dental neglect may be a sign of general neglect or may be considered maltreatment in itself. The specific dental and non-dental features are described and actions secondary to a diagnosis of dental neglect are discussed. Three types of intervention are described: preventive dental team management, preventive multi-agency management, and referral to child protection services. With increasing awareness of this condition and through access to the expertise of other specialist agencies in this field, the primary care practitioner can play a key role in safeguarding the welfare of children.
An Investigation into the Current Practice of Tooth Whitening in a Southern English City in the Context of Associated Legal Issues
Authors: Beckett Heather A
Published: July 2010

Aims

This investigation examined the current practice of tooth whitening carried out by a sample of dentists and beauty therapists from Portsmouth in the context of the relevant law.

Methods

A random sample of dentists and all beauty salons in Portsmouth were invited to respond to two postal questionnaires, one for dentists and one for beauty salons. These questionnaires were used to assess whether tooth-whitening services were offered and if so, details of products and techniques employed. The findings were analysed and compared with the current United Kingdom law on tooth whitening.

Results

One hundred and seventy-nine dentists (88%) and 76 (75%) beauty salons responded. One hundred and nineteen (66%) of the responding dentists and eight (11%) responding beauty salons provided in-house and/or take-home tooth-whitening services. The vast majority employed whitening agents containing or releasing hydrogen peroxide at a concentration greater than that permitted by the Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations 2008.

Conclusions

The current practice of tooth whitening by the dentists and beauty salons surveyed in this study is at odds with the criminal law that has been developed in order to safeguard consumers in relation to the products employed and the individuals carrying out the practice of dentistry. The practice also raises civil law issues, and compensation may be necessary in the event of injury. A change in the law, based on a scientific background and professional standards of care, is required at both European and domestic levels in order to align reasonable practice with the law, while upholding patient safety.
Report of the UK Oral and Dental Health Research Summit
Authors: Eaton Kenneth A , Santini Ario
Published: July 2010

On 14th April 2010, a national research summit meeting for oral and dental researchers was held at Sheffield University. The event was organised by Professor Paul Speight, President of the British Society for Oral and Dental Research (BSODR) and Dean of the School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield. The summit was jointly sponsored by the BSODR, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oral and Dental Specialty Group and the Health and Science Committee of the British Dental Association (BDA). Sixty invited participants took part. They included the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) Chair of Research and its two National Research Facilitators, along with Faculty members who attended as representatives of other organisations. The purpose of the meeting was to bring together the leaders of oral and dental research in the United Kingdom (UK) to consider the achievements of research in this field in the UK and how it could develop in the future.
Live surgery – patient, professional and societal considerations
Authors: Ahamat Nona
Published: July 2010

'What's the alternative to live surgery? Dead surgery?' This was the legitimate comment made by the teenage child of Dr Stephanie Bown, Director of Policy at the Medical Protection Society. As Dr Bown pointed out when she relayed this quote at our recent policy seminar, we should always be clear about the issue in question – real-time broadcast of a surgical procedure to an audience.
Can Payment by Results Improve Hip Fracture Surgery Delays?
Authors: Nunn T , Salloum W , Pinch D , Naima S
Published: July 2010

Mortality following hip fracture surgery is high, with 7% mortality at 30 days and 18% at 120 days. This reflects the pre-existing poor health of some of those who present with such an injury. Large studies have demonstrated that delayed surgery is an independent risk factor for mortality. The British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) recommends that hip fracture surgery be undertaken within 48 hours in all those medically fit. Payment by Results (PbR) was introduced in July 2000 in the NHS Plan, linking the allocation of funds to hospitals to the activity undertaken. This was designed to 'provide a transparent, rules-based system […] which would reward efficiency, support patient choice and diversity and encourage activity for sustainable waiting time reductions'.
Service Evaluation of Work Performed by Non-Consultant-Grade Doctors at Night
Authors: Hassan K , McGrath L , Thomas K , Henderson L , Thangiaraj S , Kocheta A , Wilson B , Royston S , Cooper A
Published: July 2010

Issues relating to changes in the working practice for doctors have generated discussion in recent years, particularly in relation to the implementation of the European Working Time Regulations (EWTR). The EWTR's implications concerning medical care have revolved around a perception of improved patient safety via a reduction in hours worked, with tired doctors receiving adequate rest. However, it seems that the evidence to support this is far from clear.
Gender differences in variance and means on the Naglieri Non‐verbal Ability Test: Data from the Philippines
Authors: Vista Alvin , Care Esther
Published: July 2010

Background. Research on gender differences in intelligence has focused mostly on samples from Western countries and empirical evidence on gender differences from Southeast Asia is relatively sparse.

Aims. This article presents results on gender differences in variance and means on a non‐verbal intelligence test using a national sample of public school students from the Philippines.

Sample. More than 2,700 sixth graders from public schools across the country were tested with the Naglieri Non‐verbal Ability Test (NNAT).

Methods. Variance ratios (VRs) and log‐transformed VRs were computed. Proportion ratios for each of the ability levels were also calculated and a chi‐square goodness‐of‐fit test was performed. An analysis of variance was performed to determine the overall gender difference in mean scores as well as within each of three age subgroups.

Results. Our data show non‐existent or trivial gender difference in mean scores. However, the tails of the distributions show differences between the males and females, with greater variability among males in the upper half of the distribution and greater variability among females in the lower half of the distribution. Descriptions of the results and their implications are discussed.

Conclusions. Results on mean score differences support the hypothesis that there are no significant gender differences in cognitive ability. The unusual results regarding differences in variance and the male–female proportion in the tails require more complex investigations.
The importance of perceiving social contexts when predicting crime and antisocial behaviour in CCTV images
Authors: Grant Dawn , Williams David
Published: July 2010

Purpose. The aim of this study was to establish which visual cues are used within CCTV images to accurately predict a criminal act and to investigate observer descriptions of the meaning of such cues. This study also tested whether professional CCTV surveillance experience influenced the ability to predict antisocial acts using real CCTV footage.

Method. CCTV operators (N = 12) and inexperienced observers (N = 12) were shown 24 short scenes in which half led to an antisocial act. An eye‐tracker was used to identify the visual cues attended whilst participants predicted whether or not each scene led to criminal behaviour. Participants also verbalized their impressions of selected scenes and reported any features arousing suspicion.

Results. More accurate predictions of impending criminal action were associated with looking at the face/head of lone individuals and the bodies of individuals engaged in reciprocal social interaction or communication. Qualitative data revealed that accurate observers attended to the spatial configuration of individuals within the scene and were able to appropriately identify distinct social entities (i.e., subgroups of people that appear to belong together within the scene as a whole).

Conclusion. The perception of social entities sensitizes successful observers to violations of normative conduct. Thus, better prediction accuracy in CCTV images appears to be associated with a more sophisticated awareness of the social context present in the scene.
Recycling crushed concrete fines to produce lime–silica bricks
Authors: Al-Otaibi Saud , El-Hawary Moetaz , Abdul-Jaleel Ali
Published: July 2010

Concrete and building rubble waste from demolished buildings presents an environmental problem in terms of disposal and use. The amount of structural waste generated in Kuwait in 1996 was around 2 Mt, 30% of which was concrete. Recyclable concrete amounted to 764 kt in 2002, and this is expected to exceed 1·21 Mt in 2020 as many old buildings will be demolished. This paper presents research carried out to assess the suitability of crushed concrete for use in the manufacture of lime–silica bricks. The results show that fine powder obtained from crushed concrete contains adequate amounts of lime (Ca(OH)2) as a result of the hydration process, which may react with silica under high temperature and pressure to produce lime–silica bricks. The paper describes the production process, including autoclaving time and temperature, along with the specific gravity, compressive strength and absorption of the resulting bricks. The properties of the bricks were compared with specification requirements, and were found to satisfy and even exceed specifications. The effects of adding different ratios of lime, slag, fly ash and silica fume on brick properties were assessed and the results are reported.
Freeze–thaw of stabilised clay brick
Authors: Oti Jonathan E. , Kinuthia John M. , Bai Jiping
Published: July 2010

This paper reports on freezing and thawing of stabilised clay brick incorporating a latent hydraulic binder. The latent hydraulic binder used for the stabilised clay bricks is an industrial by-product (slag) arising as an inherent consequence of iron production. Laboratory and industrial-scale masonry bricks were produced. In order to improve on the cementitious properties of the latent hydraulic binder, between 1·4 to 2·6% of lime was used as an activator. The brick specimens were moist cured at a room temperature of about 20°C for between 3 and 90 days before testing for compressive strength. Since the major factor influencing the durability of clay masonry units is the degree to which the clay masonry unit becomes saturated with water, the durability assessment of the unfired bricks was carried out by means of 24 h repeated freezing/thawing cycles. The results showed that the compressive strength values of the industrial-scale bricks were higher than those of the laboratory bricks. The results of the freeze–thaw suggest that both the laboratory and industrial unfired clay bricks were able to withstand 100 (24 h) repeated freeze–thaw cycles. These results gave an indication of the feasibility of a durable stabilised clay brick incorporating a lime-activated latent hydraulic binder.
Long‐Term Manure Application and Forages Reduce Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Silage Corn–Cereal Cropping Systems
Authors: Nyiraneza J. , Chantigny M. H. , N'Dayegamiye A. , Laverdière M. R.
Published: July 2010

Assessment of the soil N supply capacity is essential to optimize fertilizer N use. We investigated soil N supply capacity and fertilizer N recovery for three cropping systems established in 1977: silage corn (Zea mays L.)–cereal without (CC) and with 20 Mg ha−1 yr−1 manure (CCM), and silage corn–forage (3‐yr) with manure (CFM). During the present study (2005–2008), manure applications were suspended and a silage corn–silage corn–barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence was imposed to all systems. Fertilizer (15NH415NO3, 3.1 atom % 15N) was applied in 2005 to silage corn (160 kg N ha−1) and in 2007 to barley (80 kg N ha−1). The 15N recovery in silage corn and barley ranged from 40 to 59%, with the lowest values measured in CFM. Compared to the CC systems (47 kg N ha−1) in 2005, soil‐derived N in silage corn was two times higher under CCM (98 kg N ha−1), and four times higher under CFM (208 kg N ha−1). These differences decreased over years, but were still noticeable at the end of the experiment. Twenty‐two to 58% of applied 15N was recovered in the soil at harvest. More than 50% of this residual N was present in macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), whereas <20% was present in particulate organic matter (POM). Up to 75% of residual 15N was lost during the winter period, and little residual N was transferred to the following crop. These findings indicate that soil macroaggregates may be a preferential sink for residual fertilizer N, but this N is not present in stable forms and is vulnerable to environmental loss.
Locating Eroded Waterways with United States Geological Survey Elevation Data
Authors: Pike A. C. , Mueller T. G. , Schörgendorfer A. , Luck J. D. , Shearer S. A. , Karathanasis A. D.
Published: July 2010

Concentrated water flow causes considerable erosion in agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to test whether a stochastic modeling approach could be used to determine the location of erosion channels based on terrain attributes derived from 10‐m level‐2 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) elevation data. Logistic regression was used to develop models that predicted where erosion was likely to occur based on digital terrain attributes derived from the elevation data. The model was fit using georeferenced field observations of soil erosion. A simple two‐variable model was developed for predicting erosion channels that included two topographic attributes: the length‐slope factor (t score = 9.7) and the topographic wetness index (t score = 11.4). Leave‐one‐field‐out cross‐validation (average of 22% false positives and 34% false negatives) confirmed that models correctly identified many of the eroded waterway features but did not accurately predict their shapes. This work suggests that erosion indices developed from freely available 10‐m elevation data could be used to help conservation planners identify erosion channels in some agriculture fields. The USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) provides free, seamless elevation data on 10‐ and 30‐m grid for most of the United States.
Kinetic studies on the degradation of crystal violet by the Fenton oxidation process
Authors: Wu H. , Fan M. M. , Li C. F. , Peng M. , Sheng L. J. , Pan Q. , Song G. W.
Published: July 2010

The degradation of dye crystal violet (CV) by Fenton oxidation process was investigated. The UV–Vis spectrogram has shown that CV can be degraded effectively by Fenton oxidation process. Different system variables namely initial H2O2 concentration, initial Fe2 +  concentration and reaction temperature, which have effect on the degradation of CV by Fenton oxidation process, have been studied systematically. The degradation kinetics of CV was also elucidated based on the experimental data. The degradation of CV obeys the first-order reaction kinetics. The kinetic model can be described as k = 1.5 exp(−(7.5)/(RT))[H2O2]00.8718[Fe2+]00.5062. According to the IR spectrogram, it is concluded that the benzene ring of crystal violet has been destroyed by Fenton oxidation. The result will be useful in treating dyeing wastewater containing CV by Fenton oxidation process.
Modeling and optimization of acid dye manufacturing wastewater treatment with Fenton's reagent: comparison with electrocoagulation treatment results and effects on activated sludge inhibition
Authors: Arslan-Alaton Idil , Gursoy B. Hande , Akyol Abdurahman , Kobya Mehmet , Bayramoglu Mahmut
Published: July 2010

In the present study, Fenton's oxidation of a chromium complex disazo dye (Acid Blue 193) synthesis wastewater was evaluated, modeled and optimized by employing Central Composite Design. Within this context, the individual and interactive effects of critical process parameters such as Fe2 + , H2O2 concentrations, initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) and reaction time was assessed. The process response (output) variables were chosen as percent color, COD and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies. Optimum working conditions in terms of color and organic carbon removals were established to be Fe2 +  = 3 mM; H2O2 = 25 mM; reaction time = 10 min at pH 3 and an initial COD content of 245 mg/L. Under these conditions, 96% color, 82% COD and 51% TOC removals were obtained. The established polynomial regression models describing color, COD and TOC removals satisfactorily fitted the experimental data and could be used to predict Fenton's treatment results at statistically significant rates. Optimized treatment results were compared with those obtained via electrocoagulation treatment under optimized conditions (applied current = 50 A/m2; reaction time = 15 min; initial pH = 7 for an initial COD content of 245 mg/L). The relative inhibition of heterotrophic oxygen uptake rate was measured to examine the inhibitory effect of azo dye synthesis effluent before and after Fenton's oxidation and electrocoagulation with respect to synthetic domestic wastewater. Untreated azo dye production wastewater exhibited a slightly inhibitory effect that was appreciably reduced but not entirely removed after Fenton's oxidation, whereas no inhibition of mixed bioculture was observed for azo dye synthesis effluent subjected to electrocoagulation treatment.
Comparison of three methods to concentrate Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface and drinking waters
Authors: Karim Helmi , Sylvain Skraber , Laurence Leblanc , Lucien Hoffmann , Henry-Michel Cauchie
Published: July 2010

In this study, three methods commercialized by Pall (Envirochek HV), Idexx (FiltaMax) and Whatman (Cryptest) to concentrate Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface and drinking waters were compared according to the EPA standard protocol. Twenty litres of surface and 100 litres of drinking waters were inoculated with 103 (oo)cysts before being concentrated by filtration. Our results show that recovery rates of Giardia cysts from surface water was significantly higher using FiltaMax (91 ± 12%) than Cryptest (57 ± 9%) or Envirochek HV (60 ± 4%) while recovery from drinking water was equivalent using FiltaMax (84 ± 7%) or Cryptest (78 ± 7%) but lower using Envirochek HV (34 ± 29%). Recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water was significantly higher using Envirochek HV (65 ± 5%) than using FiltaMax (45 ± 7%) or Cryptest (50 ± 7%) while recovery rates from drinking water was equivalent using either FiltaMax (48 ± 8%), Cryptest (57 ± 4%) or Envirochek HV (64 ± 22%). Finally, regardless of the water type, all methods tested allowed recovery rates superior to 24% complying with the EPA standard protocol. Timing, material and practicability associated with each method are discussed.
Increasing Evidence for Gender Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: van Haren-Willems Jolanda , Heijdra Yvonne
Published: July 2010

The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among women is increasing and differences in both the management of COPD and the results of treatment between men and women have been noted. This article investigates the reasons for this increase in prevalence and the differences in natural history and COPD management between male and female patients. The main reason for the rise in prevalence of COPD in women is increased tobacco use. An additional factor is the greater susceptibility of women to damage from smoke and air pollution. The health-related quality of life is worse in women when compared with men with the same severity of disease. In addition, nutritional status is often worse in women. The most important treatment for COPD is to stop smoking. Women appear to be more dependent on cigarettes than men, and have greater difficulties stopping smoking, especially when they live with a partner who smokes. Rehabilitation is an effective treatment for both male and female COPD patients, but the focus is different: women need more emotional support and social interaction to achieve the best results.
A Survey of Chinese University Students' Perceptions of and Attitudes Towards Homosexuality
Authors: Cao Hui , Wang Peng , Gao Yuanyuan
Published: July 2010

This paper was an investigation of Chinese university students' perceptions of and beliefs about homosexuality, their attitudes towards homosexuality, and the relationship between the two aspects. A total of 500 students from 3 universities in China were sampled. The results were as
follows: (i) Of the 4 variables examined, the differences between participants' perceptions and attitudes were significant only on the basis on the students' area of study. (ii) There was a significantly positive correlation between participants' perceptions about homosexuality and their attitudes,
that is, attitudes could be positively predicted from participants' perceptions. (iii) Perceptions and attitudes varied significantly according to the time when participants first had contact with the term “homosexuality”. In conclusion, adequate knowledge about homosexuality is
helpful for Chinese university students in adopting much more tolerant attitudes towards homosexuality.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of straybirds agricultural trainees in taiwan
Authors: Wang Jiun-Hao , Huang Chiou-Lien , Knerr Béatrice
Published: July 2010

The Straybirds program is the most important agricultural training plan in Taiwan, aimed at attracting a young labor force capable of efficient production to engage in careers in farming. In this paper we investigate the associations between psychological factors and behaviors of Straybirds
trainees, using a survey of 316 participants conducted in 2007. A structural equation model was used to examine causal relationships between the level of agricultural knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the college trainees. Results indicate that agricultural knowledge is a significant
antecedent determinant of the attitudes and practices of participants in the program. In addition, both the agricultural knowledge and attitudes of the participants had positive effects on their behavior in practice.
How Do Groups React to Unexpected Threats? Crisis Management in Organizational Teams
Authors: Choi Jin Nam , Sung Sun Young , Kim Myung Un
Published: July 2010

Despite the increasing dependence on teams, there has been little research on crisis management in organizational teams in the corporate sector. In this study which is based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of 30 crisis cases, the prevalent types of crises were identified and
effective strategies used for team crisis coping were explored. The results showed that 90% of team level crises were caused by external or environmental factors rather than internal disturbances. Reflecting the dominant cause of crisis events, the effectiveness of crisis management was strongly
affected by teams' external activities. Suggestions based on the results are made for managing contemporary organizational teams operating in highly competitive, uncertain, and threatening environments.
Possibilities of utilization of the leftover bread
Authors: Njezic Zvonko , Zivkovic Jasmina , Cvetkovic Biljana
Published: July 2010

Food production is a top priority issue, as the lack of food for the continuously growing population is becoming an increasing problem in the world and in Serbia as well. Increase of food production for humans and animals can be achieved by use of new technologies in biotechnology, i.e. in bio-industry. Nowadays, there are many different ways for thermal processing of cereals: toasting, extrusion, hydrothermal processing, micronization, microwave treatment, while in Serbia, most frequently used processes are extrusion and hydrothermal processing. Baking industry is highly developed in Serbia. Bread consumption per capita in Serbia is far above average consumption in EU. According to the survey conducted, there is a significant amount of leftover bread in Serbia. Leftover bread represents an environmental problem, but also potentially valuable raw material for human food and animal feed.
Comparison of phenol-based and alternative RNA isolation methods for gene expression analyses
Authors: Jakovljevic Ksenija , Spasic Milena , Malisic Emina , Dobricic Jelena , Krivokuca Ana , Jankovic Radmila
Published: July 2010

The widespread use of gene expression analyses has been limited by the lack of a critical evaluation of the methods used to extract nucleic acids from human tissues. For evaluating gene expression patterns in whole blood or leukocytes, the method of RNA isolation needs to be considered as a critical variable in the design of the experiment. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is widely used for the quantification of gene expression in today?s clinical practice. Blood samples as a preferred RNA source for qPCR should be carefully handled and prepared to not inhibit gene expression analyses. The present study was designed to compare the frequently used guanidine thiocyanate-phenol-chloroformbased method (TRI Reagent?) with two alternative RNA isolation methods (6100 PrepStation and QIAamp?) from whole blood or leukocytes for the purpose of gene expression analysis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Based on the results of this study, for the best combination of yield and RNA extraction purity, taking into account the necessary amount of the clinical sample and performance time, the protocol using phenol-based TRI Reagent? for RNA extraction from leukocytes is suggested as the most suitable protocol for this specific gene expression analysis.
Simulation model: Support to investment decision-making in the coal industry
Authors: Gligoric Zoran , Beljic Cedomir , Cokorilo Vojin , Dragosavljevic Zlatko
Published: July 2010

The paper deals with the problem of using coal as an energy resource bearing in mind the requirements of the modern society. Necessary changes in the coal industry demand a certain level of investments. Making relevant investment decisions is of crucial importance for the future efficiency of the system mine-power plant. The proposed model incorporates the procedure of decision-making simulation under the conditions of uncertain parameters. Net Present Value is used as the main criterion in decision-making. Different functions of probability distribution (normal, uniform and triangular distribution) are applied for the estimation of uncertainties related to certain parameters. For others, the estimation of future conditions is based on the Monte Carlo method and the simulation of geometric Brownian motion.
Local sustainable development planning in Serbia: Achievements so far and future challenges
Authors: Milutinovic Slobodan
Published: July 2010

Serbian towns and municipalities adopted Local Sustainable Development Strategy Paper in May 2005 as a strategic framework for local authorities to establish local sustainable development processes. So far more than 30 (from 167) municipalities in Serbia adopted Local Sustainable Development Strategies and initiated the implementation of Local Agenda 21. This paper discusses the case study of Serbia as an example how countries in transition should implement local policies of sustainable development and what obstacles such countries can face on the road toward the sustainability.
Recultivation and sustainable development of coal mining in Kolubara basin
Authors: Ristovic Ivica , Stojakovic Milan , Vulic Milivoj
Published: July 2010

Coal plays a fundamental role in global development, but the coal mining industry exerts impact on the environment, society and economy. Kolubara Coal Company produces about 30 million tonnes of coal, and digs about 70 million m3 of overburden per year. The main result of surface coal is certainly taking agricultural land, so that surface mines, which affect large areas in Kolubara, about 100 hectars a year, causing a number of problems related to the recultivation of degraded area after coal extraction. The lignite extraction through the method of opencast mining in Kolubara is about 60 years old. The previous exploitation usage is characterised by the fact that the disposal of overburden is made non-selectively, whereas the surface solum is not being preserved. The recultivation is carried out in parallel with overburden excavation. It is necessary to preserve the fertile solum through selective excavation in order to bring the soil back to its previous purpose - agricultural production. The objective of this paper is mainly to point out the need for the further expansion of the utilization of fossil fuels, which in turn reduces the emission of CO2, and thus reduces or prevents global climate changes on Earth. In addition to that, bringing back deteriorated terrains to their previous purpose - agricultural production, or the afforestation - contributes to the maintenance of ecological balance in nature, which then makes coal mining sustainable.
New methodological approach in techno-economic and environmental optimization of sustainable energy production
Authors: Stevovic Svetlana , Milovanovic Zorica , Milajic Aleksandar
Published: July 2010

Among its other objectives and principles, sustainable development concept includes finding the optimal technical solutions that will enable exploitation of the resources of energy with minimal environmental damage. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate methodological approach by using several operational research methods for selecting the optimal solution for complex, multipurpose power-plants construction concept problem with taking the sustainable development aspects into account. These methods are: ELECTRE I-IV, PROMETHEE I-IV, method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and linear programming. The aim of this research was to find out highly efficient, but relatively simple methods of defining environmental-friendly and socio-politically acceptable technical solution. The new methodology is developed and tested by case studies of determining the optimal choice for the construction of thermal and hydropower plants in the areas extremely exposed to conflict of economic, environmental and socio-political interest.
Bifocal cortical electrical stimulation for pain by interdural implantation of the electrodes
Authors: Sakas Damianos E. , Flaskas Theofanis N. , Panourias Ioannis G. , Georgakoulias Nikolaos
Published: July 2010

Chronic electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) is an evolving therapy for alleviating treatment-refractory chronic pain syndromes. In this report, the authors describe a modified technique of ECS that involves resection of dural strips and interdural placement of the electrodes as a patch, and bifocal stimulation by implanting 2 electrode strips, that is, one over the motor and one over the sensory cortices.

The technique was used in 4 patients with treatment-refractory pain syndromes: a 76-year-old woman with poststroke central pain, 2 women, (71 and 73 years old) with trigeminal pain, and a 44-year-old man with phantom limb pain. All 4 patients experienced a sustained significant improvement in the intensity of pain and have gained a substantially improved functionality and quality of life. An important finding in these patients was the constancy of impedance within a narrow values range throughout the postoperative period. For the cases, the follow-up exceeds 24, 15, 12, and 9 months. The factors affecting the efficacy of ECS are discussed. In the authors' opinion, interdural implantation of the electrodes holds the promise to improve the efficacy and consistency of ECS compared with the standard epidural or subdural implantation without increasing the risk of the procedure. The technical considerations and the potential therapeutic advantages of the interdural bifocal approach are discussed.
Coupled dynamic response of a three-column mini TLP
Authors: Joseph Anitha , Mangal Lalu , George Precy Sara
Published: July 2010

For the development of deepwater marginal fields, many new platform concepts and designs are on the anvil. The mini TLP is a proven concept in this regard wherein an optimised conventional TLP system economically and efficiently serves in developing small marginal deepwater reserves. Various new geometric configurations and designs of mini TLPs are reported in the literature. This paper presents a new geometric configuration which could be a better alternative to an existing configuration. A 3-column mini TLP is designed and its platform-mooring coupled dynamic behaviour is investigated and compared with an existing 4-column mini TLP. The numerical investigation is carried out for the 1:56 scaled model using a finite element computer program suitable for compliant offshore platforms. A combination wave force model with diffraction-radiation loading on large members and Morison loading on slender members is adopted for computing the non-linear dynamic response of the structure. The effects of parameters such as pretension in tethers and wave approach angle have been studied. The results obtained are compared with published results of the 4-column mini TLP. It is found that the dynamic responses of the 3-column mini TLP are close to the 4-column mini TLP with relatively higher surge and tether tension.  Accounting for this in the design stage, the newly designed structure could be a promising candidate which can be used as an alternative to the 4-column mini TLP. Reducing the number of columns from four to three has added advantages in terms of cost and time during fabrication, installation and maintenance of the platform. Keywords: Deepwater structures; Coupled dynamics; Finite element method; Mini TLP; Nonlinear dynamicanalysis. DOI: 10.3329/jname.v6i2.2789
MHD free convection flow along a vertical flat plate with thermal conductivity and viscosity depending on temperature
Authors: Nasrin Rehena , Alim Md. Abdul
Published: July 2010

In this present work the effects of temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity on the coupling of conduction and Joule heating with MHD free convection flow along a semi-infinite vertical flat plate have been analyzed. The governing boundary layer equations with associated boundary conditions for this phenomenon are transformed to non-dimensional form using the appropriate variables. By the help of the implicit finite difference method with Keller–box scheme, the resulting non-linear system of partial differential equation is then solved numerically. The purpose of this paper is to study the skin friction coefficient, the surface temperature, the velocity and the temperature profiles over the whole boundary layer for different values of the Prandtl number Pr, the magnetic parameter M, the thermal conductivity variation parameter, the viscosity variation parameter and the Joule heating parameter J. The results indicate that the flow pattern, temperature field and rate of heat transfer are significantly dependent on the above mentioned parameters. The local skin friction co-efficient and the surface temperature profiles for different values of viscosity variation parameter are compared with previously published works and are found to be in good agreement.Keywords: Viscosity; thermal conductivity; Joule heating; MHD; conduction; free convection.DOI: 10.3329/jname.v6i2.4994
Inter-Algorithm Relationships for the Estimation of the Fraction of Vegetation Cover Based on a Two Endmember Linear Mixture Model with the VI Constraint
Authors: Obata Kenta , Yoshioka Hiroki
Published: July 2010

Measurements of the fraction of vegetation cover (FVC), retrieved from remotely sensed reflectance spectra, serves as a useful measure of land cover changes on the regional and global scales. A linear mixture model (LMM) is frequently employed to analytically estimate the FVC using the spectral vegetation index (VI) as a constraint. Variations in the application of this algorithm arise due to differences in the choice of endmember spectra and VI model assumptions. As a result, the retrieved FVCs from a single spectrum depend on those choices. Therefore, the mechanism underlying this dependency must be understood fully to improve the interpretation of the results. The objective of this study is to clarify the relationships among algorithms based on the LMM. The relationships were derived analytically by limiting both the number of endmembers and the spectral wavelength band to two each. Numerical experiments were conducted to demonstrate and validate the derived relationships. It was found that the relationships between two algorithms of this kind could be characterized by a single parameter that was determined by the endmember spectra and the coefficients of a VI model equation used in the algorithms.
Institutionalizing Sustainability across the Federal Government
Authors: Abbott Kenneth W. , Marchant Gary E.
Published: July 2010

A notable aspect of sustainability is its holistic and cross-cutting nature—it cannot be achieved by any single rule, statute or agency. Instead, sustainability must be institutionalized across the legal system and government as a whole. In this paper, we propose and examine five mechanisms for institutionalizing sustainability across the federal legal system: (1) an Executive Order on sustainability; (2) a sustainability impact assessment process; (3) a non-partisan Congressional Joint Committee on Sustainability; (4) a federal Sustainability Commission; and (5) a Sustainability Law Reform Commission. Each is modeled on an existing institution in the United States or another jurisdiction. We discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each mechanism, and discuss how the mechanisms might best be used, singly or in combination, to institutionalize sustainability across the federal government.
Des rythmes électoraux aux règles électorales. L'expertise préfectorale des modes de scrutin entre élection et réélection (1889-1919)
Authors: MARTY Thomas
Published: July 2010

Au-delà de la « rééligibilité » législative, c'est à travers le changement du mode de scrutin (introduction du scrutin de liste et de la représentation proportionnelle) que le problème de la « réélection » apparaît sous la IIIe République. Les propositions initiales prétendent agir aussi bien sur le mode de scrutin que sur la durée et le rythme des mandats. Progressivement, les circulaires ministérielles adressées aux préfets confondent ces problèmes en un seul mouvement qui tente de codifier l'organisation des candidatures qui pourrait être au fondement du renouvellement souhaité. Ce travail préfectoral retire aux seuls entrepreneurs électoraux le monopole de l'anticipation des résultats et en ménage une co-production administrative. Rien n'est moins évident pour les préfets que d'ajouter au caractère naturellement « différé » de leur jugement le fait de devoir le produire « différemment » : entre « estimation » et « prévision », le contrôle de la réélection résulte de l'opportunité d'un nouveau mode de scrutin mais ne produit ses effets que dans les conditions bien spécifiques de l'après guerre où préfets et partis sont contraints à une collaboration incertaine.
La conduite des politiques publiques à l'épreuve des temporalités électorales. Quelques hypothèses exploratoires
Authors: de Maillard Jacques
Published: July 2010

L'objectif de cet article est de souligner le poids d'un paramètre - les élections - trop souvent négligé par les spécialistes des politiques publiques dans la compréhension de l'action publique. Empiriquement, il s'appuie sur des exemples .tirés des politiques locales de développement social urbain et de sécurité. Deux types d'effets sont envisagés : l'impact des alternances électorales sur la conduite des politiques et la façon dont les protagonistes des politiques publiques modifient leur implication en fonction des échéances électorales à venir. Pour le premier type d'effets, on souligne le caractère conditionnel dans lequel un changement politique peut se traduire par des changements de politiques (usure des recettes passées, caractère clivant du thème). Pour le second type, sont indiqués les impacts des anticipations électorales tant sur la substance que sur le rythme même de la décision publique ainsi que les conflits d'appropriation dont le temps électoral peut faire l'objet.
Inventaire des polissoirs néolithiques de l'Indre / Neolithic polishing- stones in the Indre
Authors: Audoux Daniel , Coulon Gérard , Girault Jean-Louis
Published: July 2010

Après un bref historique des recherches, cet inventaire des polissoirs néolithiques de l'Indre recense 73 exemplaires : 12 fixes, 45 portatifs et 16 de type indéterminé. Leur répartition est tributaire de la présence en surface de roches favorables au travail du polissage. Bien que cet inventaire dépende encore des aires de recherche les mieux prospectées, il n'en offre pas moins une importante source d'informations sur l'occupation du sol au néolithique.
À propos de la circulation monétaire en Gaule chevelue aux IIe et Ier siècles av. J.-C / About the circulation of coinage in gallia comata in the second and first centuries BC
Authors: Guichard Vincent , Pion Patrick , Malacher Fernand , Collis John
Published: July 2010

A partir de plusieurs séries régionales cohérentes constituées du mobilier de sites bien stratifiés ou à occupation courte, provenant du Forez, de l'Auvergne et de la vallée de l'Aisne, on reconsidère l'évolution des monnayages de Gaule chevelue aux IIe et Ier siècle av. J.-C. On propose que les premières espèces de métal vil sont toujours, en Gaule du Centre, du Centre-Est et du Nord-Est, des monnaies coulées (" potins ") qui resteront dans certaines régions (Centre-Est) le principal monnayage jusqu'à l'installation de l'atelier impérial de Lyon, alors qu'ailleurs les monnaies coulées sont progressivement remplacées par des monnaies frappées. Ce modèle permet de remettre en cause la succession des sites d'habitat de certaines régions (en particulier dans la vallée de l'Aisne). Il apporte également de nouveaux indices en faveur d'une datation "haute" des différentes séquences de la fin de la période laténienne. Il permet enfin de réexaminer certains aspects de la circulation monétaire caractéristiques de cette période.
Le village celtique de Levroux : la fouille du terrain Charbonnier 1992-1993 : données préliminaires / A method for the study of internal organisation of habitats : animal bones spatial analysis. example at Levroux (Indre)
Authors: Krausz Sophie
Published: July 2010

Un sauvetage urgent sur le site de Levroux, effectué durant l'hiver 1992-1993, a permis d'explorer une surface d'un hectare et demi en grand décapage, ce qui porte aujourd'hui notre connaissance du village celtique de plaine à près de trois hectares.

58 000 objets divers ont été recueillis dans 450 structures : trous de poteau, fosses, fossés. Un bâtiment sur poteaux et une construction sur tranchées de fondation indiquent l'existence d'un quartier qui se distingue nettement des zones précédemment fouillées. Un grand fossé formant angle droit, suivi sur une cinquantaine de mètres, semble constituer une limite du vaste quartier artisanal ou une limite ouest du village de plaine. La datation de ce secteur est proche de ceux que nous connaissions déjà : elle se situe principalement entre La Tène C2 et Dl mais quelques structures sont toutefois attribuables à l'Age du Bronze. L'époque gallo-romaine est représentée par une petite nécropole de nourrissons aménagée dans le fossé laténien.
Le site gallo-romain de l'hôpital du Blanc (Indre) / A gallo-roman site at the hopital du Blanc (Indre)
Authors: Coulon Gérard , Tardy Dominique
Published: July 2010

En 1991, des travaux de terrassement à l'hôpital du Blanc (Indre) amenèrent la découverte d'un site gallo-romain jusqu'alors inconnu. Un abondant matériel céramique des Ier et IIe siècles ap. J.-C. fut recueilli en surface, ainsi qu'un bloc sculpté, probablement le couronnement d'un petit monument funéraire. Cette occupation des bords de Creuse, près d'un gué et de la voie romaine d'Argento- magus à Poitiers, permet d'émettre l'hypothèse d'une agglomération secondaire sur le site du Blanc à l'époque gallo-romaine.
L'habitat gallo-romain de l'École Supérieure de Commerce à Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) / A gallo-roman habitation site at the École Supérieure de Commerce, Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme)
Authors: Jouquand Anne-Marie , Sauget Jean-Michel , Wittmann Alain
Published: July 2010

La fouille de l'École Supérieure de Commerce entreprise en mai et juin 1990 contribue, après celles effectuées en 1986 rue Audollent et boulevard Gergovia, à préciser les différentes phases d'urbanisation d'un quartier résidentiel d'Augustonemetum. Elle met en évidence l'aménagement du relief en terrasses et l'édification sur le site de deux domus qui se succèdent entre le deuxième quart du Ier siècle et le IIIe siècle après J.-C. L'étude du mobilier archéologique assez riche vient préciser la chronologie des étapes de cette occupation.
Les sites mésolithiques de Sonchamp (Yvelines) lieu-dit " Le Bois de Plaisance " — Le gisement sauveterrien moyen de Sonchamp III / Mesolithic sites at Sonchamp (Yvelines), "Le bois de Plaisance" - Sonchamp III
Authors: Hinout Jacques
Published: July 2010

Le grand ensemble mésolithique du " Bois de Plaisance " à Sonchamp (Yvelines) est une des plus grandes concentrations de gisements sauveterriens à denticulés connue à ce jour. Dans un espace évalué à 10 ha, plus de quinze gisements ont été découverts ; ce sont plusieurs centaines de milliers de déchets de taille, d'outils et d'armatures qui ont été mis au jour depuis la découverte du site en 1935. L'étude du site montre l'évolution d'une culture unique qui s'opère essentiellement au niveau des assemblages d'armatures et, dans une moindre mesure, à ceux des outils, pour une période allant de la phase boréale au début de la phase atlantique. On note, dans l'industrie lithique, l'absence totale de pointes de Chateaubriand ou de Sauveterre. Dans toutes les analyses factorielles effectuées sur le Mésolithique dans le Bassin parisien, ce gisement est chronologiquement placé immédiatement après Larchant, datation que les analyses polliniques semblent confirmer.