bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partner in crime: Beneficial cooperation overcomes children’s aversion to antisocial others
Authors: Myslinska Szarek Katarzyna , Bocian Konrad , Baryla Wieslaw , Wojciszke Bogdan
Published: September 2020

Young children display strong aversion toward antisocial individuals, but also feel responsible for joint activities and express a strong sense of group loyalty. This paper aims to understand how beneficial cooperation with an antisocial partner shapes preschoolers’ attitudes, preferences, and moral judgments concerning antisocial individuals. We argue that although young children display a strong aversion to antisocial characters, children may overcome this aversion when they stand to personally benefit. In Study 1a (N = 62), beneficial cooperation with an antisocial partner resulted in the children's later preference for the antisocial partner over the neutral partner. Study 1b (N = 91) replicated this effect with discrete measurement of liking (resource distribution) and showed that children rewarded more and punished less the antisocial partner in the beneficial cooperation setting. In Study 2, (N = 58), children's aversion to an antisocial in‐group member decreased when the cooperation benefited other in‐group members. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 62), when children passively observed the antisocial individual, personal benefits from the antisocial behavior did not change their negative attitude toward the antisocial individual. Overall, beneficial cooperation with the antisocial partner increased the children's liking and preference for the antisocial partner, but did not affect the children's moral judgments. Presented evidence suggests that by the age of 4, children develop a strong obligation to collaborate with partners who help them to acquire resources—even when these partners harm third parties, which children recognize as immoral.
Assessing communicative participation in preschool children with the Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six: a scoping review
Authors: Cunningham Barbara Jane , Thomas‐Stonell Nancy , Rosenbaum Peter
Published: September 2020

Aim

To describe uses of the Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six (FOCUS) in research with children with and without various communication disorders since its publication in 2010.

Method

Six databases were searched for the term ‘Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six’. With additional searches we ascertained 70 articles, of which 25 met inclusion criteria for full review and data extraction.

Results

The FOCUS has been used in research across multiple countries, purposes, populations, contexts, and versions. Evaluative studies have described: the development of children’s communicative participation skills and factors that impact the development of communicative participation; the impact of specific interventions on communicative participation; how FOCUS captures change relative to measures of impairment; and how FOCUS performs when used at different intervals. Adaptations have included: use of the FOCUS as a descriptive or discriminative tool; use with children outside the validated age range; use of select items; and use with typically developing children.

Interpretation

The FOCUS is used worldwide in research and practice, and much has been learned about children’s communicative participation. Future research is needed to explore the relationship between children’s impairments and their communicative participation, develop a FOCUS App, and develop and validate a FOCUS for school‐age children.
Three‐dimensional echocardiographic acquisition and validity of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction
Authors: Jenkins Carly , Tsang Wendy
Published: September 2020

Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is now used in daily clinical practice. Advancements in technology have improved image acquisition with higher frame rates and increased resolution. Different 3DE acquisition techniques can be used depending upon the structure of interest and if volumetric analysis is required. Measurements of left ventricular (LV) volumes are the most common use of 3DE clinically but are highly dependent upon image quality. Three‐dimensional LV function analysis has been made easier with the development of automated software, which has been found to be highly reproducible. However, further research is needed to develop normal reference range values of LV function for both 3D TTE and TEE.
A single bout of high‐intensity exercise modulates the expression of vitamin D receptor and vitamin D‐metabolising enzymes in horse skeletal muscle
Authors: Puangthong Chanikarn , Sukhong Patskit , Saengnual Pattrawut , Srikuea Ratchakrit , Chanda Metha
Published: September 2020

Background

The expressions of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D‐metabolising enzymes (CYP27B1 and CYP24A1) in skeletal muscle have been reported. However, the regulation of this vitamin D system in horse skeletal muscle after high‐intensity exercise has not yet been elucidated.

Objectives

To investigate the effect of high‐intensity exercise on the expression of vitamin D system‐related proteins in horse skeletal muscle and its associations with skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSC) activity and serum 25(OH)D level.

Study design

Longitudinal study.

Methods

Six healthy ponies (5 geldings, 1 mare; age 6.3 ± 2.2 years) were studied. Serum and muscle samples were taken from the jugular vein and gluteus medius respectively. Samples were collected at pre‐exercise, post‐exercise, 1 and 3 weeks after a single bout of high‐intensity exercise. Protein expression levels of VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, OxPhos and Pax7 (SMSC marker) were determined using immunohistochemical analysis. Oxidative capacity and intramuscular glycogen content were evaluated using histochemical analysis. Blood biochemistry was analysed for lactate concentration and creatine kinase (CK), and 25(OH)D activity.

Results

High‐intensity exercise significantly upregulated Pax7 and VDR protein expression, which correlated with significantly increased blood lactate and serum CK levels immediately post‐exercise. Serum 25(OH)D2level correlated with CYP27B1 protein expression in skeletal muscle, and it reduced significantly immediately post‐exercise and at 1 and 3 weeks post‐exercise. However, CYP24A1 protein expression was unchanged throughout study periods.

Main limitation

The healthy ponies could not represent a fit population of racehorses and eventers.

Conclusions

The rapid increase in Pax7 and VDR protein expression along with serum CK level after high‐intensity exercise demonstrated an association between SMSC activity and activation of the vitamin D system in response to muscle injury in horses. Moreover, a decrease in CYP27B1 protein expression, correlated with a reduction in serum 25(OH)D2, may indicate a compromised vitamin D metabolism after high‐intensity exercise.
Risks, Vulnerabilities, and Desires for Future Romantic Relationships and Relationship Education During Early Adulthood
Authors: Kanter Jeremy B. , Conner Stacy , Vennum Amber , Deitz Sharon L. , Taylor Loren
Published: September 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore how vulnerabilities, stressors, and adaptive processes influenced early adults' (N = 1,073) future relational desires and topic preferences in relationship education (RE).

Background

There is great diversity in pathways to relationship formation. Early adults are exposed to risk factors from their past and present relationship experiences that can influence their current and future relational functioning. Thus, there is an increasing need to provide individually relevant relationship education services to ultimately help early adults navigate these diverse relationship processes and transitions. To ensure relevant and successful programing, relationship educators need to consider early adults' future relational preferences and variations in early adults' interest in specific areas of RE content.

Methods

Combining data from a nationally representative sample (N = 436) and a snowball sample (N = 637), we collected information on various risk factors for relationship distress early adults had observed or experienced, demographic information, and current relationship status to identify not only future relational desires but also interest in RE topics.

Results

Results indicated that early adults are concurrently experiencing many risks that influence their future relational desires and interests in specific RE topics.

Conclusion

We demonstrate how each risk factor independently influences an early adult's future relational desires and interest in RE topics, while also highlighting the cumulative effect of risk factors on these outcomes.

Implications

Implications highlight tailoring functions within RE to increase interest and engagement and more precisely address specific participant stressors and vulnerabilities.
Improving Custody Dispute Negotiation: Empirical Testing of the Equality Principle
Authors: Ngaosuvan Leonard , Öien Andreas , McLean Bruce , van Loo Kim
Published: September 2020

The Equality Principle (EP) is a novel idea to motivate parents litigating in custody disputes to negotiate. The EP is designed for a special but common case in which both parents are individually fit, there are no decisive differences between the two households that the parents live in, but the conflict between the parents is so infected that the children's well‐being is threatened and shared custody must be ruled out. The present paper empirically tested the Equality Principle in its higher bidder version. In this version, both parents are first told that the conditions for the EP are met. Then, both parents are asked how much visitation they would allow the other parent, assuming that they would win sole custody and living. The most generous parent is awarded custody and living, along with a dictum to facilitate the promised amount of visitation. In the present model (PM), the offered amount of visitation has no functional effect on the custody dispute because the judges and jurors award custody as well as the amount of visitation. A within‐subjects vignette experiment measured 52 participants’ levels of visitation generosity in the EP and the PM. Participants showed significantly higher visitation generosity in the EP compared to the PM. The results are discussed in terms of representation of the present model, an equal amount of visitation offered, ecological validity, child perspective, and appellant's rights. In conclusion, the present paper showed that the EP is a promising strategy to resolve seemingly unresolvable custody disputes.
The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on changes in the fractal dimension of periapical lesion in teeth after root canal treatment: a fractal analysis study
Authors: Uğur Aydın Z. , Ocak M. G. , Bayrak S. , Göller Bulut D. , Orhan K.
Published: September 2020

Aim

This single‐centre retrospective case–control study evaluated fractal dimension (FD) changes in radiographs of periapical lesions using a fractal analysis in healthy individuals and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients following root canal treatment.

Methodology

The study data consisted of two groups: the DM group which contained a total of 46 mandibular molar teeth in 37 patients with no systemic disease other than type 2 DM, and the control group which contained a total of 52 mandibular molar teeth in 41 patients without systemic disease. Periapical radiographs were obtained prior to root canal treatment and 1 year post‐treatment. Fractal analysis was performed by selecting a region of interest on the periapical radiographs. For both groups, the FD changes in lesion area were calculated and compared. In addition, periapical status was evaluated using the periapical index (PAI) scores on periapical radiographs for both groups. Data were analysed using dependent‐sample t‐test, independent‐sample t‐test, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and Mann–Whitney U‐test.

Results

In both groups, FD values were increased significantly 1 year post‐treatment as compared with those prior to treatment (P < 0.05). The time‐dependent increase in FD was significantly greater in the control group (P < 0.05). Time‐dependent increases in FD did not differ between genders (P > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in PAI scores in both type 2 DM and control groups depending on time (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of time‐related decreases

in PAI scores (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

An increase in the FD of the periapical lesion area was observed 1 year after root canal treatment. DM had a negative effect on FD increase.
The state of the evidence about the Synergy Model for patient care
Authors: Nania T. , Barello S. , Caruso R. , Graffigna G. , Stievano A. , Pittella F. , Dellafiore F.
Published: September 2020

Aim

To systematically and critically summarize the state of the evidence about the Synergy Model and its utilization in nursing practice.

Background

The Synergy Model emphasizes the importance of alignment between patient needs and nurse competencies in achieving adequate patient‐ and nurse‐related outcomes. It is a relatively new patient‐centred care model developed at the end of the 1990s.

Introduction

Despite the Synergy Model’s potential to support patient‐centred care, its practical application is still mainly limited. Thus far, literature about the Synergy Model has not yet been synthesized, undermining its broader utilization globally.

Methods

A systematic search was performed on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. The authors used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) statement and checklist to guide the systematic search; 26 papers were included in this study. A critical interpretative synthesis was adopted to summarize the data extracted from the included papers.

Results

Five interpretative themes emerged: conceptualization, experiences from the field, nursing education, patient‐related outcomes and system‐related outcomes. Synergy Model shows a precise theoretical definition, and it was implemented in multiple clinical settings, mainly in critical care contexts. It seems to have a positive influence on patient‐related, nurse‐related and system‐related outcomes.

Discussion

Synergy Model seems to be positively associated with specific susceptible outcomes, such as patient satisfaction, reduction of patient’s complications, staff satisfaction, empowerment, and engagement of patients and healthcare providers. However, the level of evidence is still limited.

Conclusion

Future international research should demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the Synergy Model at an international level. More empirical research is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model on susceptible outcomes.

Implications for nursing and health policy

This systematic review could support further development of international programmes based on the Synergy Model. The Synergy Model's implementation has the potential to optimize nursing competencies, patient‐ and nurse‐related outcomes.
Within‐patient comparison of His‐bundle pacing, right ventricular pacing, and right ventricular pacing avoidance algorithms in patients with PR prolongation: Acute hemodynamic study
Authors: Keene Daniel , Shun‐Shin Matthew J. , Arnold Ahran D. , March Katherine , Qureshi Norman , Ng Fu Siong , Tanner Mark , Linton Nicholas , Lim Phang B. , Lefroy David , Kanagaratnam Prapa , Peters Nicholas S. , Francis Darrel P. , Whinnett Zachary I.
Published: September 2020

Aims

A prolonged PR interval may adversely affect ventricular filling and, therefore, cardiac function. AV delay can be corrected using right ventricular pacing (RVP), but this induces ventricular dyssynchrony, itself harmful. Therefore, in intermittent heart block, pacing avoidance algorithms are often implemented. We tested His‐bundle pacing (HBP) as an alternative.

Methods

Outpatients with a long PR interval (>200 ms) and intermittent need for ventricular pacing were recruited. We measured within‐patient differences in high‐precision hemodynamics between AV‐optimized RVP and HBP, as well as a pacing avoidance algorithm (Managed Ventricular Pacing [MVP]).

Results

We recruited 18 patients. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 44.3 ± 9%. Mean intrinsic PR interval was 266 ± 42 ms and QRS duration was 123 ± 29 ms. RVP lengthened QRS duration (+54 ms, 95% CI 42–67 ms, p < .0001) while HBP delivered a shorter QRS duration than RVP (−56 ms, 95% CI −67 to −46 ms, p < .0001). HBP did not increase QRS duration (−2 ms, 95% CI −8 to 13 ms, p = .6). HBP improved acute systolic blood pressure by mean of 5.0 mmHg (95% CI 2.8–7.1 mmHg, p < .0001) compared to RVP and by 3.5 mmHg (95% CI 1.9–5.0 mmHg, p = .0002) compared to the pacing avoidance algorithm. There was no significant difference in hemodynamics between RVP and ventricular pacing avoidance (p = .055).

Conclusions

HBP provides better acute cardiac function than pacing avoidance algorithms and RVP, in patients with prolonged PR intervals. HBP allows normalization of prolonged AV delays (unlike pacing avoidance) and does not cause ventricular dyssynchrony (unlike RVP). Clinical trials may be justified to assess whether these acute improvements translate into longer term clinical benefits in patients with bradycardia indications for pacing.
TLR4 contributes to the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone in discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice
Authors: Liu Xin , Cai Heng‐xing , Cao Pin‐yin , Feng Yaping , Jiang Heng‐hua , Liu Li , Ke Jin , Long Xing
Published: September 2020

The abundance of inflammatory mediators in injured joint indicates innate immune reactions activated during temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) progression. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) can mediate innate immune reaction. Herein, we aimed to investigate the expression profile and effect of TLR4 in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice. The expression of TLR4 and NFκB p65 in the synovium of TMJOA patients was measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT‐PCR. H&E and Masson staining were utilized to assess the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice. A TLR4 inhibitor, TAK‐242, was used to assess the effect of TLR4 in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice by Safranin O, micro‐CT, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression and effect of TLR4 in IL‐1β–induced chondrocytes. The expression of TLR4 and NFκB p65 was elevated in the synovium of TMJOA patients, compared with the normal synovium. TLR4 elevated in the damaged cartilage and subchondral bone of discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice, and the rate of TLR4 expressing chondrocytes positively correlated with OA score. Intraperitoneal injections of TAK‐242 ameliorate the extent of TMJOA. Furthermore, TLR4 promotes the expression of MyD88/NFκB, pro‐inflammatory and catabolic mediators in cartilage of discectomy‐induced TMJOA. Besides, TLR4 participates in the production of MyD88/NFκB, pro‐inflammatory and catabolic mediators in IL‐1β–induced chondrocytes. TLR4 contributes to the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone in discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice through activation of MyD88/NFκB and release of pro‐inflammatory and catabolic mediators.
Naturally activated adaptive immunity in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Yang Xiaofeng , Dai Tongxin , Zhou Xiaobo , Qian Hongbo , Guo Rui , Lei Lei , Zhang Xingzhe , Zhang Dan , Shi Lin , Cheng Yanbin , Hu Jinsong , Guo Yaling , Zhang Baojun
Published: September 2020

Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has rapidly spread worldwide, threatening the health and lives of many people. Unfortunately, information regarding the immunological characteristics of COVID‐19 patients remains limited. Herein, we collected blood samples from 18 healthy donors (HDs) and 38 COVID‐19 patients to analyse changes in the adaptive immune cell populations and their phenotypes. We observed that the lymphocyte percentage moderately decreased, CD4 and CD8 T cell percentage among lymphocytes were similar, and B cell percentage was increased in COVID‐19 patients in comparison to that in HDs. T cells, especially CD8 T cells, showed an enhanced expression of late activation marker CD25 and exhaustion marker PD‐1. Importantly, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection increased the percentage of T follicular helper– and germinal centre B–like cells in the blood. The parameters in COVID‐19 patients remained unchanged across various age groups. Therefore, we demonstrated that the T and B cells are activated naturally and are functional during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. These data provide evidence that the adaptive immunity in most patients could be primed to induce a significant immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection upon receiving standard medical care.
MicroRNA‐497 elevation or LRG1 knockdown promotes osteoblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in osteoporosis via TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway
Authors: Gu ZhengTao , Xie DengHui , Huang CaiQiang , Ding Rui , Zhang RongKai , Li QingChu , Lin ChuangXin , Qiu YiYan
Published: September 2020

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been corroborated to engage in the process of cellular activities in osteoporosis. However, few researches have been conducted to expose the integrated role of miR‐497, leucine‐rich alpha‐2‐glycoprotein‐1 (LRG1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)/Smads signalling pathway in osteoporosis. Thereafter, the study is set out to delve into miR‐497/LRG1/TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway axis in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis bone tissues and normal bone tissues were collected. Rat osteoporosis models were constructed via ovariectomy. Model rats were injected with restored miR‐497 or depleted LRG1 to explore their roles in osteoporosis. Rat osteoblasts were extracted from osteoporosis rats and transfected with restored miR‐497 or depleted LRG1 for further verification. MiR‐497 and LRG1 expression in femoral head tissues and osteoblasts of osteoporosis rats were detected. TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway‐related factors were detected. MiR‐497 was poorly expressed while LRG1 was highly expressed and TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway activation was inhibited in osteoporosis. MiR‐497 up‐regulation or LRG1 down‐regulation activated TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway, promoted collagen type 1 synthesis and suppressed oxidative stress in femoral head tissues in osteoporosis. MiR‐497 restoration or LRG1 knockdown activated TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway, promoted viability and suppressed apoptosis of osteoblasts in osteoporosis. Our study suggests that miR‐497 up‐regulation or LRG1 down‐regulation promotes osteoblast viability and collagen synthesis via activating TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway, which may provide a novel reference for osteoporosis treatment.
mTOR‐autophagy promotes pulmonary senescence through IMP1 in chronic toxicity of methamphetamine
Authors: Zhu Mei‐Jia , Liu Bing‐Yang , Shi Lin , Wang Xin , Wang Yun
Published: September 2020

It is growingly concerned about methamphetamine (MA)‐induced lung toxicity. IMP1 is identified as a key molecule for cell life processes, but the role of IMP1 in MA‐induced senescence remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chronic exposure to MA can cause autophagy and senescence of the lungs, whether there are interactions between Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and IMP1 and whether IMP1 is involved in pulmonary senescence promoted by mTOR‐autophagy. The rats were randomly divided into control group and MA group, following by H&E staining, immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot. The alveolar epithelial cells were proceeded by ß‐galactosidase staining, cell cycle detection, transfection and co‐immunoprecipitation. Long‐term exposure to MA led to the thickening of alveolar septum and more compact lungs. MA promoted the conversion of LC3‐I to LC3‐II and inhibited the activation of mTOR to induce autophagy. Bioinformatics and co‐immunoprecipitation results presented the interactions between IMP1 and mTOR. MA induced cell senescence by decreasing IMP1, up‐regulating p21 and p53, arresting cell cycle and increasing SA‐β‐gal. Overexpression of IMP1 reduced p21 and SA‐β‐gal to inhibit the senescence of alveolar epithelial cells. These results demonstrated that mTOR‐autophagy promotes pulmonary senescence through IMP1 in chronic toxicity of methamphetamine.
Effect of water velocity and temperature on energy use, behaviour and mortality of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus larvae
Authors: Mrnak Joseph T. , Heironimus Laura B. , James Daniel A. , Chipps Steven R.
Published: September 2020

Natural reproduction of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus has been limited for decades and a recruitment bottleneck is hypothesized to occur during the larval stage of development. In this study, we evaluated the effects of water velocity and temperature on the swimming activity, energy use, settling behaviour and mortality of endogenously feeding larvae. The swimming activity of drifting sturgeon larvae (i.e., fish exhibiting negative rheotaxis) increased at low water velocity. In subsequent experiments, we observed greater energy depletion and resultant mortality of larvae in no‐flow environments (0 cm s−1) compared to tanks with water velocity ranging from 3.5 to 8.3 cm s−1. The growth rate of drifting larvae was positively related to water temperature (18.7–23.3°C), but reduced growth rate at low water temperature (18.7°C) resulted in protracted development that extended average drift duration by ~4 days compared to larvae reared at 23.3°C. This study provides evidence that cooler summer water temperatures, characteristic of present‐day conditions in the upper Missouri River, can reduce larval development and extend both the drift duration and distance requirements of S. albus. Moreover, if dispersed into low velocity environments, such as in reservoir headwaters, larvae may experience increased mortality owing to a mismatch between early life stage drift requirements and habitat conditions in the river. Manipulation of water releases to increase seasonal water temperature below dams may aid survival of S. albus larvae by shortening the time and distance spent drifting.
Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden diversity in the southern African darters genus Nannocharax Günther 1867 (Characiformes: Distichodontidae)
Authors: Braganca Pedro H. N. , Smith Timothy G. , Vreven Emmanuel J. W. M. N. , Chakona Albert
Published: September 2020

The present study explored the diversity of Nannocharax within southern Africa by implementing three species delimitation methods for a data set consisting of 37 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences. Two unilocus coalescent methods, the General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) and the Bayesian implementation of the Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP), and a genetic distance method, the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), were applied. Both GMYC and bPTP delimited the same operational taxonomic units (OTUs), revealing a higher diversity for the genus in the region than previously recognised, whereas the ABGD failed to delimit the same candidate species. All methods delimited two species groups, and these are supported based on colouration patterning and morphology; the Nannocharax multifasciatus and the Nannocharax macropterus species groups and the delimited OTUs were assigned to each. Two putative new species were identified, Nannocharax cf. lineostriatus “Okavango” from the Okavango River in Angola and N. cf. lineostriatus “Kwanza” from the Kwanza River system in Angola. The distribution of Nannocharax dageti was confirmed for the Upper Zambezi and extended to the Okavango system, and an identification key for the southern Africa Nannocharax species is provided.
Kinetic analysis of non‐isothermal oxidation of bioactive milk lipids
Authors: Cheng Shouyun , Wei Lin , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan , Martínez‐Monteagudo Sergio I.
Published: September 2020

The oxidation of pure docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 ω3), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, C18:2), and trans‐vaccenic acid (TVA, C18:1 t11) was assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at six heating rates (3–18 K min−1) within a range of 300–600 K. The DSC spectra were analyzed using iso‐conversional kinetics to calculate the pre‐exponential factor (Ao), activation energy (Eo), and reaction model (f(α)). The Eo for DHA, EPA, CLA, and TVA varied from 33–40, 36–49, 48–64, and 64–92 kJ/mol, respectively. The Ao were 2.87 ± 0.03, 4.42 ± 0.21, 24.94 ± 1.31, and 580.91 ± 4.61 min−1 for DHA, EPA, CLA, and TVA, respectively. The comparison of the numerically reconstructed model with theoretical values showed that the oxidation of DHA and EPA was best described by an Avrami‐Erofeev model, while a three‐dimensional diffusion model best described the oxidation of CLA and TVA.

Practical applications

The application of iso‐conversional kinetics to study the oxidation of bioactive milk lipids provides a mathematical tool for describing the oxidation regardless of the complexity of the process. The oxidation of bioactive milk lipids can be modeled using the obtained values of the kinetic triplet. Such modeling can be performed without knowing the mechanisms, which typically involves the use of sophisticated analytical techniques. The obtained results may enable further process development, design, and optimization.
How Do We Make Comprehensive Dementia Care a Benefit?
Authors: Callahan Christopher M. , Unroe Kathleen T.
Published: September 2020

This editorial comments on the articles by Lees Haggerty et al. and Jennings et al. in this issue.
Noninvasive skin imaging in esthetic medicine—Why do we need useful tools for evaluation of the esthetic procedures
Authors: Dopytalska Klaudia , Sobolewski Piotr , Mikucka‐Wituszyńska Agata , Gnatowski Maciej , Szymańska Elżbieta , Walecka Irena
Published: September 2020

Background

Despite the constant development of aesthetic medicine, there is still a lack of objective methods to assess the effectiveness of antiaging treatments and their impact on the skin. Histopathological examination of the skin section provides most of the key information about the condition of the skin, but it is an invasive procedure that requires a skin biopsy, which may be associated with the formation of a scar that is considered to be an aesthetic defect. Non‐invasive imaging methods of the skin like dermoscopy, skin ultrasonography and reflectance confocal microscopy may be a useful solution.

Aims and Methods

In this systematic review, we present the possible application of noninvasive skin imaging methods in esthetic medicine. The literature search was conducted via medical database (PubMed, Google Scholar).

Results

The research suggests the use of dermoscopy during laser therapy, for the targeted treatment of vascular lesions and appropriate adjustment of laser parameters. Skin ultrasonography, especially high‐frequency ultrasonography, has been widely used in aesthetic medicine‐during and after volumetric treatments and in the assessment of the effects of anti‐cellulite therapies, treatments that correct discolorations and improve skin quality. Publications also highlight the importance of reflexive confocal microscopy in the evaluation of the results of anti‐aging treatments using the fractional laser, moisturizing preparations or micro puncturing combined with hyaluronic acid injections.

Conclusion

Non‐invasive skin imaging methods are useful tools for pre‐ and postoperative assessment in aesthetic medicine and their wide application may help to objectively assess the impact of anti‐aging procedures on the skin.
Information Consumption and Asset Pricing
Authors: BEN‐REPHAEL AZI , CARLIN BRUCE I. , DA ZHI , ISRAELSEN RYAN D.
Published: September 2020

We study whether firm and macroeconomic announcements that convey systematic information generate a return premium for firms that experience information spillovers. We use information consumption to proxy for investor learning during these announcements and construct ex ante measures of expected information consumption (EIC) to calibrate whether learning is priced. On days when there are information spillovers, affected stocks earn a significant return premium (5% annualized) and the capital asset pricing model performs better. The positive effect of the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee announcements on the risk premia of individual stocks appears to be modulated by EIC. Our findings are most consistent with a risk‐based explanation.
Two cases of larger cornual residual villi, treated by the hysteroscopic cold knife
Authors: Li Congqing , Cong Lin , Wang Wenyan
Published: September 2020

The present report describes two cases of larger cornual residual villi after dilatation and curettage because of missed abortion, treated by the hysteroscopic cold knife. One case is 39 years old and the other is 30 years old, both cases were treated with dilatation and curettage because of missed abortion, surprisingly, one of the patients suffered two curettage surgeries. After the curettage, with irregular vaginal bleeding more than 3 months, pelvic ultrasonography revealed an enlarged uterine cavity with a lager cornual residual villi was suspected. We treated them with Hysteroscopy Endo‐Operative System, the operation was successful without any complications. The blood β‐HCG drops rapidly to normal after surgery. We performed office hysteroscopy for them 1 month after the operation, and the corners of uterine were normal. The hysteroscopic cold knife may represent a valid tool for the treatment of large cornual residual villi.
Cellular heterogeneity and microenvironmental control of skin cancer
Authors: Lichtenberger B. M. , Kasper M.
Published: September 2020

Healthy tissues harbour a surprisingly high number of cells that carry well‐known cancer‐causing mutations without impacting their physiological function. In recent years, strong evidence accumulated that the immediate environment of mutant cells profoundly impact their prospect of malignant progression. In this review, focusing on the skin, we investigate potential key mechanisms that ensure tissue homeostasis despite the presence of mutant cells, as well as critical factors that may nudge the balance from homeostasis to tumour formation. Functionalin vivostudies and single‐cell transcriptome analyses have revealed a tremendous cellular heterogeneity and plasticity within epidermal (stem) cells and their respective niches, revealing for example wild‐type epithelial cells, fibroblasts or immune‐cell subsets as critical in preventing cancer formation and malignant progression. It’s the same cells, however, that can drive carcinogenesis. Therefore, understanding the abundance and molecular variation of cell types in health and disease, and how they interact and modulate the local signalling environment will thus be key for new therapeutic avenues in our battle against cancer.
Elevated markers of gut leakage and inflammasome activation in COVID‐19 patients with cardiac involvement
Authors: Hoel H. , Heggelund L. , Reikvam D. H. , Stiksrud B. , Ueland T. , Michelsen A. E. , Otterdal K. , Muller K. E. , Lind A. , Muller F. , Dudman S. , Aukrust P. , Dyrhol‐Riise A. M. , Holter J. C. , Trøseid M.
Published: September 2020

Background

A high proportion of COVID‐19 patients have cardiac involvement, even those without known cardiac disease. Downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2 and the renin‐angiotensin system, as well as inflammatory mechanisms have been suggested to play a role. ACE2 is abundant in the gut and associated with gut microbiota composition. We hypothesized that gut leakage of microbial products, and subsequent inflammasome activation could contribute to cardiac involvement in COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

Plasma levels of a gut leakage marker (LPS‐binding protein, LBP), a marker of enterocyte damage (intestinal fatty acid binding protein, IFABP), a gut homing marker (CCL25, ligand for chemokine receptor CCR9) and markers of inflammasome activation (IL‐1β, IL‐18 and their regulatory proteins) were measured at three time points (day 1, 3–5 and 7–10) in 39 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients and related to cardiac involvement.

Results

Compared to controls, COVID‐19 patients had elevated plasma levels of LBP and CCL25 but not IFABP, suggesting impaired gut barrier function and accentuated gut homing of T cells without excessive enterocyte damage. Levels of LBP were twice as high at baseline in patients with elevated cardiac markers compared with those without and remained elevated during hospitalization. Also, markers of inflammasome activation were moderately elevated in patients with cardiac involvement. LBP was associated with higher NT‐pro‐BNP levels, whereas IL‐18, IL‐18BP and IL‐1Ra were associated with higher troponin levels.

Conclusion

Patients with cardiac involvement had elevated markers of gut leakage and inflammasome activation, suggestive of a potential gut‐heart axis in COVID‐19.
Interpersonal perception and interpersonal spin
Authors: Clegg Kayleigh‐Ann , Moskowitz D. S. , Miners Christopher T. H. , Andrevski Goce , Sadikaj Gentiana , Zuroff David C.
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Interpersonal spin is an indicator of intraindividual variability in social behavior. Spin is positively related to Neuroticism and is maladaptive, with well‐documented deleterious effects on social functioning. The perceptual processes associated with spin and how spin emerges are less well‐understood. The present research examines the interpersonal perception of individuals with higher spin and tests whether these perceptual processes explain the association of spin with Neuroticism.

Method

267 students participated in a 20‐day event contingent recording procedure, reporting on social interactions via mobile application. Participants' perceptions of others' behavior, their own affect, and their own behavior were measured within and across interactions.

Results

We examined the affective and behavioral responses of individuals with higher spin to perceptions of others' behaviors. Individuals with higher spin showed greater affective and behavioral reactivity to perceptions of others' communal (agreeable‐quarrelsome) behavior. Neuroticism predicted greater affective reactivity (i.e., steeper slopes between event‐level perceived communion and negative affect), which in turn predicted higher spin.

Conclusions

Individuals with higher spin may have an interpersonal style characterized by greater reactivity to perceptions of others' communal behavior. These individuals' behavioral lability may reflect underlying emotional dysregulation. These processes may ultimately interfere with the formation and maintenance of social bonds.
Adverse events associated with paediatric intrathecal baclofen in Australia: 5 years of data collection
Authors: Tyack Louise , Copeland Lisa , McCartney Lynn , Waugh Mary‐Clare
Published: September 2020

Aim

This study aims to examine the adverse event (AE) rate for intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy in an Australian paediatric population and to clarify type and frequency of AEs.

Methods

AE data were extracted from the Australian Paediatric ITB Research Group national database, to include the first 5 years of data collection. Raw data were collated and analysed descriptively.

Results

Data were collected for 40 patients. Forty‐seven AEs in 23 patients were reported. Ten (25%) patients required surgical intervention related to their AE. Five patients (12.5%) required pump removal. The most frequent ITB‐related AEs were catheter dysfunction (24%), drug overdose, withdrawal or sensitivity (19%), seromas and haematomas (15%) and infections (13%).

Conclusions

The AE rate for ITB therapy is high and needs to be considered when counselling patients regarding ITB as a therapeutic option.
Advancing value in oral health through meaningful measurement
Authors: Herndon Jill Boylston , Amundson Craig W. , Ojha Diptee , Koday Mark
Published: September 2020

Central to all value‐based purchasing (VBP) approaches are value metrics, the measurements used to drive improvement, facilitate payment, and evaluate results of VBP programs. This article outlines approaches for adopting meaningful measurement systems that can be used to support VBP in the near term and identifies systemic changes critical to developing more robust measurement systems to advance VBP in the future.
Airport Servicescape, Approach Intentions, and the Mediating Role of Perceived Merchandise Value and Shopping Value1
Authors: Zhou Chenchen , Gou Mingxia , Ji Ming , LI YING , You Xuqun
Published: September 2020

Despite the large body of work on approach intentions in airport servicescapes, literature considering cognitive evaluations as a possible mediator is lacking. The aim of this study is to address this gap in literature by investigating the effect of an airport servicescape environment on approach intentions through cognitive evaluations on the foundation of the stimulus–organism–response framework. Data of 484 passengers at Chinese international airports were collected. Overall, perceived merchandise value significantly mediated the relationship between airport servicescapes and approach intentions; perceived merchandise value and shopping value acted as chain mediators between airport servicescapes and approach intentions. The theoretical implications are discussed, and the results could be used by airport stores to achieve higher approach intentions.
New pelagophytes show a novel mode of algal colony development and reveal a perforated theca that may define the class
Authors: Wetherbee Richard , Bringloe Trevor T. , Costa Joana F. , van de Meene Allison , Andersen Robert A. , Verbruggen Heroen
Published: September 2020

Pelagophytes (Heterokonta) are a morphologically diverse class of marine algae historically united only by DNA sequences. We established clonal cultures of sand‐dwelling pelagophytes collected from intertidal pools around Australia. Phylogenetic trees based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastidrbcL,psaA,psaB,psbA, andpsbC sequences revealed two new genera,GaziaandGlomerochrysis, related toAureoumbrain a distinct lineage within the Sarcinochrysidaceae (Pelagophyceae). The three new species (Gaziasaundersii,Gazia australica,andGlomerochrysis psammophila), along with an Australian strain ofAureoumbrageitleri,are characterized by dominant benthic stages that differ significantly from one another, while occasionally producing classic heterokont zoospores. The benthic stage ofGa. saundersiihas a novel development not observed in any other colonial alga, consisting of large, spherical colonies (up to 140 μm in diameter) containing c. 2,500 cells that eventually differentiate and segregate into a large number of daughter colonies that are subsequently liberated. Alternatively, colonies may differentiate into a mass of zoospores that escape and settle to develop into new colonies. InGl. psammophila, cubic packets of cells form large sticky clusters that bind sand together, whileGa. australicaandA. geitleriare unicellular species. Using fixation by high‐pressure freezing, a distinctive perforated theca was observed by TEM in all genera of this lineage, and we hypothesize this unique covering may be the first morphological feature to characterize most, if not all, pelagophytes. This study substantiates the diverse nature of sand‐dwelling pelagophytes as well as their mechanisms for thriving in a dynamic habitat.
Cluster of cases of congenital feline goitrous hypothyroidism in a single hospital
Authors: Iturriaga M. P. , Cocio J. A. , Barrs V. R.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To describe the clinicopathological findings and outcomes of cases of feline congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed in a single veterinary hospital in Santiago, Chile.

Materials and Methods

Medical records were searched for cases of congenital hypothyroidism over an 18‐month period. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism based on consistent historical and clinical findings, a low or low‐normal serum total T4 and elevated serum canine TSH (cTSH).

Results

Six unrelated cats ranging in age from 4 to 19 months met the inclusion criteria. The most common historical signs were small stature and lethargy. All cats had disproportionate dwarfism, delayed tooth eruption, retained deciduous teeth, bilateral palpable goitres and low rectal temperatures. Other findings were bradycardia, obesity, poor hair coat and focal alopecia on the ventral aspects of the elbows and hocks. In all cases, cTSH was markedly elevated. Sequential changes noted after the initiation of therapy included normal T4 after 6 weeks, improved hair coat and increased physical activity by 8 weeks, normal cTSH by 10 weeks and normal physical appearance and dentition after 4 months. Goitres shrank markedly but remained palpable. Hypothyroidism was well managed clinically in all cases 2 years after diagnosis except for one cat that died of unrelated causes.

Clinical Significance

This is the first report to describe a cluster of congenital hypothyroidism cases in non‐related cats that were presented over a short period of time. Growth defects resolve with treatment, even in cats diagnosed after puberty. Larger, prospective multi‐centre studies are warranted to determine the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in cats.
An artificial neural network‐based model to predict chronic kidney disease in aged cats
Authors: Biourge Vincent , Delmotte Sebastien , Feugier Alexandre , Bradley Richard , McAllister Molly , Elliott Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently causes death in older cats; its early detection is challenging.

Objectives

To build a sensitive and specific model for early prediction of CKD in cats using artificial neural network (ANN) techniques applied to routine health screening data.

Animals

Data from 218 healthy cats ≥7 years of age screened at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) were used for model building. Performance was tested using data from 3546 cats in the Banfield Pet Hospital records and an additional 60 RCV cats—all initially without a CKD diagnosis.

Methods

Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling used a multilayer feed‐forward neural network incorporating a back‐propagation algorithm. Clinical variables from single cat visits were selected using factorial discriminant analysis. Independent submodels were built for different prediction time frames. Two decision threshold strategies were investigated.

Results

Input variables retained were plasma creatinine and blood urea concentrations, and urine specific gravity. For prediction of CKD within 12 months, the model had accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 88%, 87%, 70%, 53%, and 92%, respectively. An alternative decision threshold increased specificity and PPV to 98% and 87%, but decreased sensitivity and NPV to 42% and 79%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

A model was generated that identified cats in the general population ≥7 years of age that are at risk of developing CKD within 12 months. These individuals can be recommended for further investigation and monitoring more frequently than annually. Predictions were based on single visits using common clinical variables.