bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variables Affecting Outcome of Early Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ben-Itzchak Esther , Zachor Ditza
Published: April 2017

Heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is reflected in the child's characteristics, including clinical variability in the severity of autism symptoms, cognitive ability, and language skills. Also, substantial individual differences are apparent about treatment outcomes. The effects of early intervention in ASD constitute one of the important questions ASD researchers face today. To what extent do factors such as child and family characteristics, intervention approach, and specific treatment components, influence outcome? This review focused on which preintervention factors better predicted outcome in each of the different outcome measures used most frequently in ASD research, including autism severity, cognitive ability, and adaptive behavior skills. For outcome in autism severity, predictors included child's baseline age, cognitive ability, autism severity, and the type of treatment approach used. For cognitive gains, predictors included baseline autism severity, maternal and educational level, and the type and intensity of the treatment. For outcome in adaptive behavior skills, predictors included baseline cognitive ability, autism severity, maternal age, and the treatment approach and intensity. Future studies in this field should expand the scope of factors, look for more specific behaviors, and investigate the interplay between a child's characteristics, familial factors, and various treatment aspects that might affect the outcome of the intervention.
Infektassoziierte akute posteriore multifokale plakoide Pigmentepitheliopathie
Authors: Jordan F. , Voigt U. , Dawczynski J. , Augsten R. , Meller D.
Published: April 2017

Die akute posteriore multifokale plakoide Pigmentepitheliopathie (APMPPE) ist eine seltene entzündliche Erkrankung in der tiefen sensorischen Netzhaut auf der Ebene des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE) und der Choriokapillaris. Es sind bevorzugt junge hellhäutige, oft myope Erwachsene zwischen 20 und 30 Jahren betroffen. Die Ätiologie ist bislang unbekannt. Aufgrund des gehäuften Auftretens im Anschluss an Infektionserkrankungen wird eine infektiöse Genese angenommen. Es handelt sich um eine meist bilaterale Erkrankung, die i. d. R. monophasisch und selbstlimitierend verläuft und durch eine plötzliche, jedoch in aller Regel nur vorübergehende Visusminderung charakterisiert ist. Rezidive sind sehr selten. Bei fovealer Beteiligung kann es zu einer dauerhaften Visusminderung kommen. Eine wirksame Therapie ist nicht bekannt. Aufgrund des prognostisch günstigen Spontanverlaufs steht oftmals ein abwartendes Verhalten mit engmaschigen Befundkontrollen im Vordergrund. Anhand von einem Fallbeispiel aus unserer Sprechstunde sollen das klinische Bild, Diagnostik und Therapiemöglichkeiten demonstriert werden.
Controlling shockwave dynamics using architecture in periodic porous materials
Authors: Branch Brittany , Ionita Axinte , Clements Bradford E. , Montgomery David S. , Jensen Brian J. , Patterson Brian , Schmalzer Andrew , Mueller Alexander , Dattelbaum Dana M.
Published: April 2017

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive approach for the design and fabrication of structures capable of achieving controlled mechanical response of the underlying deformation mechanisms. While there are numerous examples illustrating how the quasi-static mechanical responses of polymer foams have been tailored by additive manufacturing, there is limited understanding of the response of these materials under shockwave compression. Dynamic compression experiments coupled with time-resolved X-ray imaging were performed to obtain insights into the in situ evolution of shockwave coupling to porous, periodic polymer foams. We further demonstrate shock wave modulation or “spatially graded-flow” in shock-driven experiments via the spatial control of layer symmetries afforded by additive manufacturing techniques at the micron scale.
A mechanical cell disruption microfluidic platform based on an on-chip micropump
Authors: Cheng Yinuo , Wang Yue , Wang Zhiyuan , Huang Liang , Bi Mingzhao , Xu Wenxiao , Wang Wenhui , Ye Xiongying
Published: April 2017

Cell disruption plays a vital role in detection of intracellular components which contain information about genetic and disease characteristics. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel microfluidic platform based on an on-chip micropump for mechanical cell disruption and sample transport. A 50 μl cell sample can be effectively lysed through on-chip multi-disruption in 36 s without introducing any chemical agent and suffering from clogging by cellular debris. After 30 cycles of circulating disruption, 80.6% and 90.5% cell disruption rates were achieved for the HEK293 cell sample and human natural killer cell sample, respectively. Profiting from the feature of pump-on-chip, the highly integrated platform enables more convenient and cost-effective cell disruption for the analysis of intracellular components.
Plasma transport in an Eulerian AMR code
Authors: Vold E. L. , Rauenzahn R. M. , Aldrich C. H. , Molvig K. , Simakov A. N. , Haines B. M.
Published: April 2017

A plasma transport model has been implemented in an Eulerian AMR radiation-hydrodynamics code, xRage, which includes plasma viscosity in the momentum tensor, viscous dissipation in the energy equations, and binary species mixing with consistent species mass and energy fluxes driven by concentration gradients, ion and electron baro-diffusion terms and temperature gradient forces. The physics basis, computational issues, numeric options, and results from several test problems are discussed. The transport coefficients are found to be relatively insensitive to the kinetic correction factors when the concentrations are expressed with the molar fractions and the ion mass differences are large. The contributions to flow dynamics from plasma viscosity and mass diffusion were found to increase significantly as scale lengths decrease in an inertial confinement fusion relevant Kelvin-Helmholtz instability mix layer. The mixing scale lengths in the test case are on the order of 100 μm and smaller for viscous effects to appear and 10 μm or less for significant ion species diffusion, evident over durations on the order of nanoseconds. The temperature gradient driven mass flux is seen to deplete a high Z tracer ion at the ion shock front. The plasma transport model provides the generation of the atomic mix per unit of interfacial area between two species with no free parameters. The evolution of the total atomic mix then depends also on an accurate resolution or estimate of the interfacial area between the species mixing by plasma transport. High resolution simulations or a more Lagrangian-like treatment of species interfaces may be required to distinguish plasma transport and numerical diffusion in an Eulerian computation of complex and dynamically evolving mix regions.
First observation of the 3Πg3 state of C2: Born-Oppenheimer breakdown
Authors: Krechkivska O. , Welsh B. A. , Bacskay G. B. , Nauta K. , Kable S. H. , Schmidt T. W.
Published: April 2017

The 33Πg state of the dicarbon molecule, C2, has been identified for the first time by a combination of resonant ionization spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and high-level ab initio quantum chemical calculations. This marks the discovery of the final valence triplet state of C2 spectroscopically accessible from the lowest triplet state. It is found to be vibronically coupled to the recently discovered 43Πg state, necessitating vibronic calculations beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to reconcile calculated rotational constants with observations. The 33Πg state of C2 is observed to have a much shorter fluorescence lifetime than expected, possibly pointing to predissociation by coupling to the unbound d3Πg state.
The remarkable coherence between two Italian far away recording stations points to a role of acoustic emissions from crustal rocks for earthquake analysis
Authors: Zimatore Giovanna , Garilli Gianpaolo , Poscolieri Maurizio , Rafanelli Claudio , Gizzi Fabrizio Terenzio , Lazzari Maurizio
Published: April 2017

We observed a remarkable near-to-unity correlation between the time series of Acoustic Emissions (AEs) collected at two stations approximately 300 km apart from each other and located along the Apennine belt (Italy). This finding prompted us to verify the hypothesis that AE signals can carry with them an indication of anomalies in a crustal stress trend, possibly related to earthquake occurrences. Thus, we checked the ability of Recurrence Quantification Analysis and Fractal Analysis as applied to AE to identify signal phase transitions before the crisis occurs. The sharp drop of the Percent of Determinism after its maximum value, and simultaneously with minimum values of the Fractal Dimension (D), few days before some seismic events take place, seems to point to the relevance of the proposed approach as precursor detection.
Pair-correlated stereodynamics for diatom-diatom rotational energy transfer: NO(A2Σ+) + N2
Authors: Luxford Thomas F. M. , Sharples Thomas R. , McKendrick Kenneth G. , Costen Matthew. L.
Published: April 2017

We have performed a crossed molecular beam velocity-map ion imaging study of state-to-state rotational energy transfer of NO(A2Σ+, v = 0, N = 0, j = 0.5) in collisions with N2 and have measured rotational angular momentum polarization dependent images of product NO(A) rotational levels N′ = 3 and 5-11 for collisions at an average energy of 797 cm−1. We present an extension of our previously published [T. F. M. Luxford et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 174 304 (2016)] image analysis which includes the effect of rotational excitation of the unobserved collision partner and critically evaluate this methodology. We report differential cross sections and angle-resolved angular momentum alignment moments for NO(A) levels N′ = 3 and 5-11 as a function of the rotational excitation of the coincident N2 partner. The scattering dynamics of NO(A) + N2 share similarities with those previously reported for NO(A) + Ne and Ar, although with detailed differences. We use comparison of the measurements reported here to the scattering of NO(A) with Ne, and the known NO(A)-Ne potential energy surface, to draw conclusions about the previously unknown NO(A)-N2 potential.
Influence of the cluster constituents’ reactivity on the desorption/ionization process induced by neutral SO2 clusters
Authors: Portz A. , Baur M. , Gebhardt C. R. , Frank A. J. , Neuderth P. , Eickhoff M. , Dürr M.
Published: April 2017

The influence of the chemical nature of the cluster constituents on the desorption/ionization process was investigated for desorption/ionization induced by neutral SO2 clusters (DINeC). The polar clusters act as a transient matrix in which the desorbed analyte molecules are dissolved during the desorption process. For drop-cast samples, the desorption/ionization efficiency was found to be largely independent of the pH value of the initial solution the samples were prepared from; positive ions were almost always dominant and no multiply charged negative ions were observed. The results were traced back to the interaction of SO2 with water present in the samples. Both H/D exchange experiments and surface charge measurements showed that SO2 from the cluster beam interacts with water on and in the sample forming sulfurous acid. The latter then acts as an efficient proton supply leading to an enhanced ionization efficiency. The results demonstrate the possibility to control the ionization efficiency when using reactive cluster constituents in desorption-based ionization methods such as DINeC and cluster-based secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Assembled viral-like nanoparticles from elastic capsomers and polyion
Authors: Angelescu Daniel G.
Published: April 2017

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out on a coarse-grained model to describe the polyion driven co-assembly of elastic capsomers as viral-like aggregates. The kinetics and structural properties of the complexes are examined using cationic capsomers, an anionic polyion, both modelled using beads connected by springs, and counterions neutralizing separately the two charged species. Polyion overcharging the capsid is encapsulated owing to combined effects of the capsomer-capsomer short-range interactions, the polyion ability to follow a Hamiltonian path, and Donnan equilibrium. Conditions leading to a high yield of viral-like nanoparticles are found, and the simulations demonstrate that the capsomer elasticity provides mechanisms that improve the reliability toward correctly formed capsids. These mechanisms are related to a highly irregular capsomer cluster growth followed by the appearance of two stable capsomer clusters with the polyion acting as a tether between them. Elevated capsomeric flexibility provides an additional pathway to anneal the kinetically trapped structures by the ejection of a capsomeric monomer from a malformed complex followed by a rebinding step to form a correct capsid.
Ordering of hard rectangles in strong confinement
Authors: Gurin Péter , Varga Szabolcs , González-Pinto Miguel , Martínez-Ratón Yuri , Velasco Enrique
Published: April 2017

Using transfer operator and fundamental measure theories, we examine the structural and thermodynamic properties of hard rectangles confined between two parallel hard walls. The side lengths of the rectangle (L and D, L>D) and the pore width (H) are chosen such that a maximum of two layers is allowed to form when the long sides of the rectangles are parallel to the wall, while only one layer is possible in case the rectangles are perpendicular to the wall. We observe three different structures: (i) at low density, the rectangles align mainly parallel to the wall, (ii) at intermediate or high density, two fluid layers form in which the rectangles are parallel to the wall, and (iii) a dense single fluid layer with rectangles aligned mainly perpendicular to the wall. The transition between these structures is smooth without any non-analytic behaviour in the thermodynamic quantities; however, the fraction of particles perpendicular (or parallel) to the wall can exhibit a relatively sudden change if L is close to H. In this case, interestingly, even three different structures can be observed with increasing density.
Ab initio study on anomalous structures of anionic [(N-heterocycle)-CO2]− complexes
Authors: Oh Rena , Lim Eunhak , Zhang Xinxing , Heo Jiyoung , Bowen Kit H. , Kim Seong Keun
Published: April 2017

Several unusual anionic complexes between carbon dioxide (CO2) and N-heterocycles (NHCs) possessing a significantly positive adiabatic electron affinity over 0.7 eV were studied by density functional theory calculations (UB3LYP/6-311++g(d,p)). Unlike all previously reported [NHC–CO2]− anions with a coplanar structure that ensures full delocalization of the negative charge through extended π-conjugation, this new class of anionic [NHC–CO2]− complexes has a strongly non-coplanar geometry and no π-bond character between CO2 and NHC. Despite the fundamental differences in chemical bonding between all prior cases and the new class of [NHC–CO2]− complexes, we found that the CO2 moiety in the latter still has a large negative charge (∼0.4 e) and a strongly bent geometry (O–C–O angle of ∼140°) just like in the former. This seemingly anomalous case was explained by a simple model based on the torsional steric effect and the electron affinities of the constituent moieties.
Power conversion efficiency of non-equilibrium light absorption
Authors: Santamaría-Holek I. , López-Alamilla N. J. , Pérez-Madrid A.
Published: April 2017

We deduce a novel expression for the non-equilibrium photochemical potential and the power conversion efficiency of non-equilibrium light absorption by a thermostated material. Application of our results for the case of electron migration from valence to conduction bands in photovoltaic cells allows us to accurately interpolate experimental results for the maximal efficiencies of Ge-, Si-, GaAs-based cells and the like.
Electromechanical properties of electrostrictive CeO2:Gd membranes: Effects of frequency and temperature
Authors: Ushakov A. D. , Mishuk E. , Makagon E. , Alikin D. O. , Esin A. A. , Baturin I. S. , Tselev A. , Shur V. Ya. , Lubomirsky I. , Kholkin A. L.
Published: April 2017

Doped ceria is known for decades as an excellent ionic conductor used ubiquitously in fuel cells and other devices. Recent discovery of a giant electrostriction effect has brought world-wide interest to this class of materials for actuation applications in micromechanical systems. From this aspect, the electromechanical response has to be studied as a function of external parameters, such as frequency, temperature, and electrode material. In this work, we fabricated circular membranes based on Gd-doped ceria (CGO) with Ti electrodes and studied their electromechanical response using a sensitive interferometric technique. The self-supported membranes are flat at room temperature and reversibly buckle upon heating, indicating that the membranes are under in-plane tensile strain. We have found that the electromechanical response is strongly frequency dependent. Significant hysteresis is observed in the displacement-vs.-voltage curves, which is deleterious for micromechanical applications but can be eliminated by tuning the phase of the excitation voltage. The electromechanical response of the system increases with temperature. Finite Element Modeling is applied to evaluate the electrostriction coefficient of the CGO material. At low frequencies, the M12 electrostriction coefficient is about 5 × 10−18 m2/V2, which is in line with the previous reports.
High-efficiency low-crosstalk dielectric metasurfaces of mid-wave infrared focal plane arrays
Authors: Akın Onur , Demir Hilmi Volkan
Published: April 2017

High-resolution compact-size focal plane arrays (FPAs) suffer the fundamental geometrical tradeoff between the optical resolution (pixel size miniaturization) and the optical crosstalk (spillover of neighboring pixel focusing). For FPAs, our previously reported metallic metasurfaces reached an unprecedented level of crosstalk suppression. However, practical utilization of these metallic microlens arrays has proved to be intrinsically limited due to the low device efficiency (of the order of 0.10) resulting from the fundamental absorption losses of metals and their cross-polarization scheme. Exceeding this limit, here we show highly efficient microlens designs enabled by dielectric metasurfaces for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) operation. These dielectric MWIR FPAs allow for a substantially high device efficiency over 0.80 without compromising the optical crosstalk performance. Systematically studying dielectric nanoantennas of silicon nanodisks that do not dictate the cross-polarization scheme using full-wave solutions, we found that the optical crosstalk is suppressed to low levels ≤ 3.0% while sustaining the high efficiency. A figure-of-merit (FoM) defined for the device performance as the focusing efficiency per optical crosstalk times the f-number achieves 84, which is superior to all other types of MWIR FPAs reported to date, all falling below a maximum FoM of 70. These findings indicate that the proposed approach can pave the way for the practical usage of metasurface microlens arrays in MWIR.
Dual traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor with single active vibrator
Authors: An Dawei , Yang Ming , Zhuang Xiaoqi , Yang Tianyue , Meng Fan , Dong Zhaopeng
Published: April 2017

Traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor with double vibrators can improve the output performance effectively. However, the rotor has to be energized through a slip ring, which increases the complexity and reduces the reliability. Inheriting the concept of two traveling waves propagating in the stator and rotor, a dual traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor energized only in the stator is proposed. By analyzing the oscillatory differential equation and the contact particles motion, a traveling wave is found in the rotor and the drive mechanism of dual traveling wave is studied. With the resonant rotor adopted, the consistent eigenfrequencies are calculated by finite element method and verified by an impedance analyzer. The performance experiment presents that the dual traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor is superior to the motor with single traveling wave. The no-load speed is 60 rpm and the stalling torque is 0.85 Nm. Additionally, compared with a reported motor with double vibrators, the proposed motor presents the better output performance and the simpler design.
Single photon extraction from self-assembled quantum dots via stable fiber array coupling
Authors: Ma Ben , Chen Ze-Sheng , Wei Si-Hang , Shang Xiang-Jun , Ni Hai-Qiao , Niu Zhi-Chuan
Published: April 2017

We present a direct fiber output of single photons from self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) realized by a stable fiber array-QD chip coupling. The integration of distributed Bragg reflector cavity and the etching of micropillar arrays isolate QDs and enhance their normal emission. The matched periods and mismatched diameters of the pillar array and the single-mode fiber array with Gaussian-shaped light spots enable a large alignment tolerance and a stable, efficient (i.e., near-field), and chip-effective (i.e., parallel) coupling of single QD emission, as compared to the traditional “point-based” coupling via a confocal microscope, waveguide, or fiber. The single photon counting rate at the fiber end reaches 1.87 M counts per second (cps) with a time correlation g2(0) of 0.3 under a saturated excitation, and 485 K cps with a g2(0) of 0.02 under a weak excitation, demonstrating a nice “all-fiber” single-photon source.
Photo-induced strain imaging of semiconductors
Authors: Takata Keiji , Nakasuji Sho , Nishino Takao , Osaka Ryuma , Matsushita Yuki
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a novel method for high-resolutions imaging of band-gap energies of semiconductors. When electron-hole pairs are generated in a semiconductor irradiated with a laser, they induce electronic strains in the semiconductor. The electronic strains can be detected and imaged by a scanning probe microscope. The electron-hole-pair generation depends on the band-gap and photon energies. When there are variations in band-gap energies in a sample, strains could be detected in regions having narrower gaps than the irradiated photon energy, and so their distributions can be imaged. The threshold of electron-hole-pair generation can be varied by changing the irradiated photon energies. Consequently, we can quantitatively image the band-gap energy distributions of semiconductors.
Recovery sleep after extended wakefulness restores elevated A
1
adenosine receptor availability in the human brain
Authors: Elmenhorst David , Elmenhorst Eva-Maria , Hennecke Eva , Kroll Tina , Matusch Andreas , Aeschbach Daniel , Bauer Andreas
Published: April 2017

Significance

Our study reveals that prolonged sleep deprivation is accompanied by an A
1
adenosine receptor (A
1
AR) upregulation in the human brain. Recovery sleep quickly restores A
1
AR availability to control levels. High individual A
1
AR availability is related to a low sleep pressure and good cognitive performance. Sleep deprivation is an efficient but short-lasting therapeutic strategy in depression. A causal sleep–wake dysregulation has been proposed, possibly mediated by cerebral adenosine and its A
1
AR. The restoration of the A
1
AR availability after recovery from sleep deprivation mimics the rapid relapse following the end of therapeutic sleep deprivation. Understanding the adenosine regulation under sleep restriction, especially regarding individual characteristics, might improve the rationale for the individual indication and design of therapeutic sleep modulation in depression.
Contrasting nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in urban watersheds and implications for managing urban water pollution
Authors: Hobbie Sarah E. , Finlay Jacques C. , Janke Benjamin D. , Nidzgorski Daniel A. , Millet Dylan B. , Baker Lawrence A.
Published: April 2017

Significance

Urban waters remain widely impaired by excess nutrients, despite substantial management efforts. We present a comparison of urban watershed nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) budgets. Household actions of lawn fertilization and pet ownership were responsible for the majority of watershed N and P inputs, respectively. N and P exhibited contrasting dynamics within watersheds. Watersheds exported most or all P inputs via stormwater runoff, likely contributing to surface water degradation. High apparent N retention likely resulted from unmeasured watershed N losses to the atmosphere and groundwater. These contrasting dynamics suggest that N management should emphasize reducing watershed inputs, whereas P management should focus on reducing watershed P inputs and transport from vegetated landscapes to streets and storm drains.
Structural basis of pH-dependent client binding by ERp44, a key regulator of protein secretion at the ER–Golgi interface
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Harayama Manami , Kanemura Shingo , Sitia Roberto , Inaba Kenji
Published: April 2017

Significance

The high-resolution structures presented herein explain how ERp44, a multifunctional chaperone cycling in the early secretory pathway, exploits the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi pH gradient to bind clients in the acidic Golgi and release them into the neutral ER environment. Protonation of essential cysteine and histidine residues induces conformational changes that simultaneously expose Cys29 in the positively charged client-binding site and the C-terminal KDEL receptor-binding motif, making ERp44 a pH-sensitive molecular machine that controls fidelity of protein secretion.
Facilitated dissociation of transcription factors from single DNA binding sites
Authors: Kamar Ramsey I. , Banigan Edward J. , Erbas Aykut , Giuntoli Rebecca D. , Olvera de la Cruz Monica , Johnson Reid C. , Marko John F.
Published: April 2017

Significance

Transcription factors (TFs) control biological processes by binding and unbinding to DNA. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that affect TF binding kinetics. Recent studies challenge the standard picture of TF binding kinetics by showing cases of proteins in solution accelerating TF dissociation rates through a facilitated dissociation (FD) process. Our study shows that FD can occur at the level of single binding sites without the action of large protein clusters or long DNA segments. Our results quantitatively support a model of FD in which competitor proteins invade partially dissociated states of DNA-bound TFs. FD is expected to be a general mechanism for modulating gene expression by altering the occupancy of TFs on the genome.
Bidirectional KCNQ1:β-catenin interaction drives colorectal cancer cell differentiation
Authors: Rapetti-Mauss Raphael , Bustos Viviana , Thomas Warren , McBryan Jean , Harvey Harry , Lajczak Natalia , Madden Stephen F. , Pellissier Bernard , Borgese Franck , Soriani Olivier , Harvey Brian J.
Published: April 2017

Significance

The K
+
channel KCNQ1 has been proposed as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer (CRC), but nothing is known about its regulatory role in early disease stages. KCNQ1 is a target gene of Wnt/β-catenin, which is tonically activated in CRC. We demonstrate a bidirectional interaction between KCNQ1 and β-catenin as a key regulator of CRC cell differentiation, proliferation, and invasion. KCNQ1 stabilizes β-catenin at adherent junctions to maintain an epithelial phenotype. The β-catenin:T-cell factor (TCF)-4 transcriptional pathway directly represses KCNQ1 expression, and the loss of KCNQ1 was associated with an epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The KCNQ1:KCNE3 ion channel complex expression in primary tumors was correlated with good survival outcome for patients with CRC. KCNQ1 is a potential early prognostic biomarker for CRC.
Selective Purcell enhancement of two closely linked zero-phonon transitions of a silicon carbide color center
Authors: Bracher David O. , Zhang Xingyu , Hu Evelyn L.
Published: April 2017

Significance

Semiconductor point defects have shown great promise in their application to quantum information and sensing in the solid state. However, it is an ongoing challenge to efficiently access the light emitted by these spin-active defects and, furthermore, to enhance the emission at wavelengths that can be used to create indistinguishable photons. Such emission enhancement can be achieved by placing the defects within optical microcavities. Here, using 1D photonic crystal cavities, we report the significant enhancement of point-defect emission in silicon carbide, which hosts a suite of intriguing spin-active defects. In addition to measuring large enhancements, we also demonstrate how the cavity coupling can potentially allow access to a variety of information about the defects and their environment.
Comparison of the Behavioral Consequences and Recovery Patterns of Largemouth Bass Exposed to MS‐222 or Electrosedation
Authors: Prystay Tanya S. , Elvidge Chris K. , Twardek William M. , Logan James M. , Reid Connor H. , Clarke Shannon H. , Foster Jordann G. , Cooke Emma L. L. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: April 2017

Fish are commonly sedated to render them immobile and thus easier to handle for research, veterinary, and aquaculture practices. Since sedation itself imposes a significant challenge on the targeted fish, the selection of sedation methods that minimize physiological and behavioral disturbance and recovery time is essential. Two popular sedation methods include the chemical tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) and electrosedation. Although many studies have already investigated the physiological consequences of these methods, there is limited research examining the latent behavioral effects on fish. Using Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides as a model species, we compared the postsedation behaviors of fish that were sedated with either MS‐222 or electrosedation to those of a control group exposed to the same handling protocol. Immediately after sedation, fish exposed to either treatment demonstrated lower reflex scores than the control group. Time to resume regular ventilation did not differ between chemically sedated and electrosedated fish; however, electrosedated fish regained equilibrium faster (mean ± SE = 154 ± 20 s) than fish that were exposed to MS‐222 (264 ± 30 s). Locomotor activity and swimming performance were assessed at 5‐, 30‐, or 60‐min intervals, beginning after individuals had recovered from sedation sufficiently to regain equilibrium. For all postsedation intervals, locomotor activity was two times greater in the electrosedated group than in the control and MS‐222 groups. Other behavioral measures (refuge emergence time, activity level, and flight initiation distance) and swimming performance did not differ at 5, 30, or 60 min postrecovery for any of the treatment groups. Our results indicate that while both chemical and electrical sedation methods result in impairment (i.e., sedation) immediately after treatment, these behavioral effects do not persist beyond 5 min postrecovery, and the two methods have similar impacts on Largemouth Bass. However, we caution that these results cannot be extrapolated to other fish species without further study.

Received September 27, 2016; accepted January 17, 2017 Published online April 3, 2017
Vertical Movements of Juvenile Sablefish in Coastal Southeast Alaska
Authors: Coutré Karson M. , Beaudreau Anne H. , Courtney Dean , Mueter Franz J. , Malecha Patrick W. , Rutecki Tom L.
Published: April 2017

Diel vertical migration is commonly associated with pelagic fish species, but demersal fishes may also undertake vertical movements while managing foraging tradeoffs during their vulnerable juvenile stage. We examined fine-scale vertical movements of age-0 juvenile Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria to better understand behavioral patterns that may affect their survival in nearshore habitats. Thirteen juvenile Sablefish (mean FL = 241.9 mm) were implanted with acoustic transmitters and were monitored by use of two acoustic receivers from October 5 to November 14, 2003, within St. John Baptist Bay, Baranof Island, Alaska. The six fish that remained within range of the receivers spent the majority of their time near the bottom but made periodic vertical excursions. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to determine the relationships between excursion frequency and the tidal stage and diel period. For all Sablefish, variation in excursion frequency was related to date and diel period, with the highest excursion frequency observed during dawn and day periods and the lowest frequency observed at night. Over the 40-d period, excursion frequency increased to a peak on day 33 (i.e., early November). Generalized linear models for each individual fish supported the finding that the excursion behavior was primarily related to date and diel period; however, tidal stage also explained variation in excursion frequency for three of the six individuals that remained within receiver range. This study is the first to describe vertical migration of juvenile Sablefish in the wild and reveals that environmental conditions have the potential to influence the fine-scale movements of juvenile Sablefish within nearshore habitats.
MicroRNA-mediated dynamic control of mucosal immunity
Authors: Park Eun Jeong , Shimaoka Motomu , Kiyono Hiroshi
Published: April 2017

The gastrointestinal tract is a complex and important physiological and immunological organ embodying the first line of defense by which mucosal immunity regulates the immense number and diversity of naturally encountered antigens and commensal microflora. Effective microRNA (miRNA) control of transcription factors or mediators in mucosal immunity is essential to host defense and homeostasis in both physiologic and pathologic states. MiRNA biology has advanced our understanding of the immune regulatory system network at the level of post-transcriptional gene modification. Increasing knowledge on circulating miRNAs could potentially enhance diagnostic techniques in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, recent findings on the dynamic role of exosomes vis-à-vis the intercellular transportation of miRNAs may provide insights on the use of miRNA as a target for treating IBD.
The impact of home care nurses’ numeracy and graph literacy on comprehension of visual display information: implications for dashboard design
Authors: Dowding Dawn , Merrill Jacqueline A , Onorato Nicole , Barrón Yolanda , Rosati Robert J , Russell David
Published: April 2017

Objective

To explore home care nurses’ numeracy and graph literacy and their relationship to comprehension of visualized data.

Materials and Methods

A multifactorial experimental design using online survey software. Nurses were recruited from 2 Medicare-certified home health agencies. Numeracy and graph literacy were measured using validated scales. Nurses were randomized to 1 of 4 experimental conditions. Each condition displayed data for 1 of 4 quality indicators, in 1 of 4 different visualized formats (bar graph, line graph, spider graph, table). A mixed linear model measured the impact of numeracy, graph literacy, and display format on data understanding.

Results

In all, 195 nurses took part in the study. They were slightly more numerate and graph literate than the general population. Overall, nurses understood information presented in bar graphs most easily (88% correct), followed by tables (81% correct), line graphs (77% correct), and spider graphs (41% correct). Individuals with low numeracy and low graph literacy had poorer comprehension of information displayed across all formats. High graph literacy appeared to enhance comprehension of data regardless of numeracy capabilities.

Discussion and Conclusion

Clinical dashboards are increasingly used to provide information to clinicians in visualized format, under the assumption that visual display reduces cognitive workload. Results of this study suggest that nurses’ comprehension of visualized information is influenced by their numeracy, graph literacy, and the display format of the data. Individual differences in numeracy and graph literacy skills need to be taken into account when designing dashboard technology.
The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott
Authors: Winnicott D. W.
Published: April 2017

The collected works and letters of Donald Winnicott Volume 1 (1911-39) gathers together early memorabilia, his earliest medical writings and his first complete book, Clinical Notes on the Disorders of Childhood. The volume shows Winnicott the paediatrician at work at the same time as Winnicott the psychoanalyst, feeling his way into a deeper acquaintance with psychoanalysis through his analysis with James Strachey, his training at the British Society and his encounter with Melanie Klein. The volume includes his BPAS membership paper, ‘The Manic Defence’. Some papers written after he became a member show Winnicott deploying Kleinian terminology while moving towards his own account of early development. Volume 1 includes an introduction by Ken Robinson.
FR II radio galaxies at low frequencies – II. Spectral ageing and source dynamics
Authors: Harwood Jeremy J. , Hardcastle Martin J. , Morganti Raffaella , Croston Judith H. , Brüggen Marcus , Brunetti Gianfranco , Röttgering Huub J. A. , Shulevski Aleksander , White Glenn J.
Published: April 2017

In this paper, the second in a series investigating Fanaroff–Riley type II (FR II) radio galaxies at low frequencies, we use LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and Very Large Array (VLA) observations between 117 and 456 MHz, in addition to archival data, to determine the dynamics and energetics of two radio galaxies, 3C 452 and 3C 223, by fitting spectral ageing models on small spatial scales. We provide improved measurements for the physical extent of the two sources, including a previously unknown low surface brightness extension to the northern lobe of 3C 223, and revised energetics based on these values. We find spectral ages of $77.05^{+9.22}_{-8.74}$ and $84.96^{+15.02}_{-13.83}$ Myr for 3C 452 and 3C 223, respectively, suggesting a characteristic advance speed for the lobes of around 1 per cent of the speed of light. For 3C 452, we show that, even for a magnetic field strength not assumed to be in equipartition, a disparity of a factor of approximately 2 exists between the spectral age and that determined from a dynamical standpoint. We confirm that the injection index of both sources (as derived from the lobe emission) remains steeper than classically assumed values, even when considered on well-resolved scales at low frequencies. However, we find an unexpected sharp discontinuity between the spectrum of the hotspots and the surrounding lobe emission. We suggest that this discrepancy is a result of the absorption of hotspot emission and/or non-homogeneous and additional acceleration mechanisms; as such, hotspots should not be used in the determination of the underlying initial electron energy distribution.
Climb high! Career ladders
Authors: Pullen Richard L.
Published: April 2017

Get the tools you need to progress along your professional journey.
Pediatric food allergy management
Authors: Mauldin Tabatha R.
Published: April 2017

Learn about this significant healthcare concern for parents and personnel in school and community settings.
Dimensions of inclusive care
Authors: Kroning Maureen , Green Jonathan , Kroning Kayla
Published: April 2017

A young transgender patient sparks the need for an immediate education action plan.
Use of biologics in severe food allergies
Authors: Fiocchi Alessandro , Pecora Valentina , Valluzzi Rocco L. , Fierro Vincenzo , Mennini Maurizio
Published: April 2017

Purpose of review

Severe cases of food allergy account for the majority of the burden in terms of risks, quality of life, and resource expenditure. The traditional approach to these forms has been strict avoidance. More recently, Oral ImmunoTherapy (OIT) has gained a role in their management. However, in severe food allergies OIT is often infeasible.

Recent findings

Case reports, observational, and prospective studies have recently proposed different approaches to severe food allergy. The majority of them include the use of biologics. Omalizumab has been the most studied drug for severe food allergies, and its role as adjuvant treatment to OIT is well established. Interest has been raised on other biologics, as dupilumab, reslizumab, and mepolizumab. Toll-like receptor agonists, and gene therapy using adeno-associated virus coding for Omalizumab are promising alternatives.

The recent studies are deeply influencing the clinical practice. We review the modifications of the clinical approach to severe food allergies so far available. We indicate the possible evolutions of treatment with biologics in severe food allergies.
When Knowledge and Experience Do Not Help: A Study of Nonfatal Drug Overdoses
Authors: Najman Jake M. , McIlwraith Fairlie , Kemp Robert , Smirnov Andrew
Published: April 2017

With recent increases in overdose deaths in Australia, there is renewed interest in understanding the factors that contribute to overdose. We examine the experiences of persons who report a nonfatal drug overdose. Fifty people who inject drugs (PWID) and who had accidently overdosed in the past 12 months were recruited and interviewed at 1 of 4 Needle and Syringe Program sites during September and October 2013.

Participants were typically male, middle-aged, with long injecting histories. Half of the participants reported mainly injecting pharmaceutical opioids. Most overdoses occurred at home with others present. An ambulance was called for only 38% of cases and 26% were admitted to a hospital emergency department. Police were seldom involved, and there were no complaints about the involvement of police at the time of the overdose.

Participants commonly had a history of overdosing, and most were on prescription medications for physical and/or mental health problems. Poly drug use was common for those reporting an accidental overdose. Benzodiazepines (eg, Xanax or Valium) were implicated in just over half of the overdoses.

Most of those reporting a recent overdose also report a past history of previous overdoses. Most of those reporting a previous overdose continue to use substances in ways they are aware contribute to the risk of an overdose.
Intraoperative Neurological Monitoring With Evoked Potentials During Carotid Endarterectomy Versus Cooperative Patients Under General Anesthesia Technique: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Marinò Valeria , Aloj Fulvio , Vargas Maria , Spinelli Gianmario , Pompeo Francesco , Chiacchiari Luigi , Servillo Giuseppe , Franco Elio
Published: April 2017

Introduction:

The best technique to evaluate contralateral carotid flow during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is still debated; an accurate detection of efficient contralateral blood flow can avoid unnecessary shunt placement and its complications. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of general anesthesia with motor-evoked potential and somatosensory-evoked potentials (mSSEP and tcMEP) versus cooperative patients under general anesthesia (CPGA) technique for CEA. Primary outcome was the rate of technical failure. The procedural time and shunt incidence between the 2 neuromonitoring strategies were also analyzed.

Patients and Methods:

A total of 331 patients who consecutively underwent CEA were included (100 patients in the CPGA group and 231 in the mSSEP+tcMEP group). The anesthesia technique was customized according to the cerebral monitoring needs. Comparison between groups was performed along with risk analysis.

Results:

Electrophysiological monitoring seems to be a safe and effective strategy of neuromonitoring during CEA. Compared with the CPGA technique, it ensures fewer technical failures, reduces surgical and anesthesiological time and, moreover, it may reduce shunt risk/incidence. The incidence of shunt between the CPGA group and mSSEP+tcMEP was statistically different (CPGA 12%, mSSEP+tcMEP 5.2%; P=0.02), and the relative risk reduction in the mSSEP+tcMEP group, compared with the CPGA group, was 0.57.

Conclusions:

mSSEP and tcMEP neuromonitoring was associated with less technical failure and procedural time than asleep-awake-asleep strategy. The evoked potential neuromonitoring may be an alternative technique to awake clinical assessment during CEA.
A Bicultural Researcher's Reflections on Ethical Research Practices With Muslim Immigrant Women
Authors: Salma Jordana , Ogilvie Linda , Keating Norah , Hunter Kathleen F.
Published: April 2017

Bicultural researchers are well positioned to identify tensions, disrupt binaries of positions, and reconcile differences across cultural contexts to ensure ethical research practices. This article focuses on a bicultural researcher's experiences of ethically important moments in research activities with Muslim immigrant women. Three ethical principles of respect, justice, and concern for welfare are highlighted, revealing the implications of binary constructions of identity, the value of situated knowledge in creating ethical research practices, and the need to recognize agency as a counterforce to oppressive narratives about Muslim women.
Can You Hear What I Think? Theory of Mind in Young Children With Moderate Hearing Loss
Authors: Netten Anouk P. , Rieffe Carolien , Soede Wim , Dirks Evelien , Korver Anna M. H. , Konings Saskia , Briaire Jeroen J. , Oudesluys-Murphy Anne Marie , Dekker Friedo W. , Frijns Johan H. M.
Published: April 2017

Objectives:

The first aim of this study was to examine various aspects of Theory of Mind (ToM) development in young children with moderate hearing loss (MHL) compared with hearing peers. The second aim was to examine the relation between language abilities and ToM in both groups. The third aim was to compare the sequence of ToM development between children with MHL and hearing peers.

Design:

Forty-four children between 3 and 5 years old with MHL (35 to 70 dB HL) who preferred to use spoken language were identified from a nationwide study on hearing loss in young children. These children were compared with 101 hearing peers. Children were observed during several tasks to measure intention understanding, the acknowledgement of the other’s desires, and belief understanding. Parents completed two scales of the child development inventory to assess expressive language and language comprehension in all participants. Objective language test scores were available from the medical files of children with MHL.

Results:

Children with MHL showed comparable levels of intention understanding but lower levels of both desire and belief understanding than hearing peers. Parents reported lower language abilities in children with MHL compared with hearing peers. Yet, the language levels of children with MHL were within the average range compared with test normative samples. A stronger relation between language and ToM was found in the hearing children than in children with MHL. The expected developmental sequence of ToM skills was divergent in approximately one-fourth of children with MHL, when compared with hearing children.

Conclusion:

Children with MHL have more difficulty in their ToM reasoning than hearing peers, despite the fact that their language abilities lie within the average range compared with test normative samples.