bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Land, Water, and Truth": San Identity and Global Indigenism
Authors: Sylvain Renée
Published: November 2004

San peoples of southern Africa followed two very different trajectories through the 20th century. For some groups, colonial rule and apartheid meant segregation on geographically remote homelands (or in game parks); for the majority of San, however, they meant incorporation as a landless underclass of farm laborers, domestic servants, and squatters. This bifurcated history now presents obstacles to the recognition of a nascent pan–San identity as the contemporary San join other indigenous peoples in struggles over land rights, control over natural resources, and political voice in national and international arenas. This article discusses some of the ways in which international models of indigenism have colluded with essentialist conceptions of culture and ethnicity to (1) prevent the recognition of the San peoples' cultural identity, as it is shaped by their various historical experiences and socioeconomic conditions, and (2) distort the understanding of San claims for land and natural resources by transforming San struggles for social and economic justice into demands for "cultural preservation." [Keywords: indigenous peoples, San, southern Africa, social movements, cultural politics]
Inverting Development Discourse in Colombia: Transforming Andean Hearths
Authors: Antrosio Jason
Published: November 2004

In the 1990s, 60 percent of the households in Tuquerres, a highland town in Colombia's southwestern Andes, bought their first gas range for cooking. The residents frame their purchases as a manifestation of "development" and "modernization," saying the ranges are more economico, rapido, and limpio—terms readily translated as economic, fast, and clean. However, the spread of gas ranges by independent initiative inverts a top–down model of development through government and corporate actors. The residents' use of a development discourse does not emanate primarily from a government or corporate development apparatus but, rather, results from the incorporation of development terms into a local history of hierarchy and stigma. Because residents use these terms to counter stigma and hierarchy, the terms involve unexpected nuances: Economico concerns spending money and cash purchases, ra'pido refers to new forms of family and sociability, and limpio becomes a foil to the shame of dirt. Use of these terms incorporating these expanded meanings reveals that Tuquerrenos embrace aspects of development, but on their own terms. [Keywords: development, modernization, households, Colombia, Andes]
Baseball as America/Baseball as America: Seeing Ourselves through Our National Game.
Authors: Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: November 2004

Baseball as America. National Baseball Hall of Fame Museum and Library, at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. March 16‐August 18, 2002, traveling exhibition.

Baseball as America: Seeing Ourselves through Our National Game. National Baseball Hall of Fame. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2002. 330 pp.
Why Read about the Old Masters?
Authors: Andriolo Karin
Published: November 2004

Categories and Classifications: Maussian Reflections on the Social. N. J. Allen. Methodology and History in Anthropology, vol. 6. David Parkin, series ed. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. 172 pp.

Durkheim Reconsidered. Susan Stedman Jones. Oxford: Polity, 2001. 288 pp.
Monacans and Miners: Native American and Coal Mining Communities in Appalachia.
Authors: Lassiter Luke Eric
Published: November 2004

Monacans and Miners: Native American and Coal Mining Communities in Appalachia. Samuel R. Cook. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.329 pp.
Men of Uncertainty: The Social Organization of Day Laborers in Contemporary Japan.
Authors: Applbaum Kalman
Published: November 2004

Men of Uncertainty: The Social Organization of Day Laborers in Contemporary Japan. Tom Gill. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. 263 pp.
Anthropologizing Sri Lanka: A Eurocentric Misadventure.
Authors: Lynch Caitrin
Published: November 2004

Anthropologizing Sri Lanka:. Eurocentric Misadventure. Susantha Goonatilake. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. 306 pp.
Aboriginal Autonomy and Development in Northern Quebec and Labrador.
Authors: Jarvenpa Robert
Published: November 2004

Aboriginal Autonomy and Development in Northern Quebec and Labrador. Colin H. Scott. ed. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001. 448 pp.
After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua.; Reproducing Gender: Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism.
Authors: Hauser Ewa Krystyna
Published: November 2004

After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua. Florence E. Babb. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. 304 pp.

Reproducing Gender: Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism. Susan Gal and Gail Kligman. eds. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. 443 pp.
The Rigoberta Menchu Controversy.
Authors: Sanford Victoria D. L.
Published: November 2004

The Rigoberta Menchu Controversy. Arturo Arias. ed., with. response by David Stoll. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. 416 pp.
Undressing Religion: Commitment and Conversion from a Cross‐Cultural Perspective.
Authors: Michael Jennifer
Published: November 2004

Undressing Religion: Commitment and Conversion from. Cross‐Cultural Perspective. Linda B. Arthur. ed. New York: New York University Press, 2001. 224 pp.
The Construction of Minorities: Cases for Comparison across Time and around the World.
Authors: Dauria Susan R.
Published: November 2004

The Construction of Minorities: Cases for Comparison across Time and around the World. Andre Burguiere and Raymond Grew. eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. 345 pp.
Creating Sustainable Community Programs: Examples of Collaborative Public Administration.
Authors: Squires Susan
Published: November 2004

Creating Sustainable Community Programs: Examples of Collaborative Public Administration. Mark R. Daniels. ed. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 320 pp.
Indigenous Environmental Knowledge and Its Transformations: Critical Anthropological Perspectives.
Authors: Walters Bradley
Published: November 2004

Indigenous Environmental Knowledge and Its Transformations: Critical Anthropological Perspectives. Roy Ellen. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000. 356 pp.
Histories and Stories from Chiapas: Border Identities in Southern Mexico.
Authors: Stephen Lynn
Published: November 2004

Histories and Stories from Chiapas: Border Identities in Southern Mexico. R. Aída Hernández Castillo. Texas: University of Texas Press, 2001. 317 pp.
Traditionalism and Modernity in the Music and Dance of Oceania: Essays in Honour of Barbara B. Smith.
Authors: Love Jacob
Published: November 2004

Traditionalism and Modernity in the Music and Dance of Oceania: Essays in Honour of Barbara B. Smith. Helen Reeves Lawrence and Don Niles. eds. Oceania Monograph 52. Sydney: University of Sydney, 2001. 267 pp.
Lost Visions and New Uncertainties: Sandinista Profesionales in Northern Nicaragua.
Authors: Field Les W.
Published: November 2004

Lost Visions and New Uncertainties: Sandinista Profesionales in Northern Nicaragua. Inger Lundgren. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, Almqvist and Wiksell International, 2000. 258 pp.
Unveiling Traditions: Postcolonial Islam in a Polycentric World.
Authors: Rassam Amal
Published: November 2004

Unveiling Traditions: Postcolonial Islam in. Polycentric World. Anouar Majid. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. 225 pp.
Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora.
Authors: Lewis Herbert S.
Published: November 2004

Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora. 2nd edition. Atsuko Matsuoka and John Sorenson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. 261 pp.
Consumption Intensified: The Politics of Middle‐Class Daily Life in Brazil.
Authors: Gill Lesley
Published: November 2004

Consumption Intensified: The Politics of Middle‐Class Daily Life in Brazil. Maureen O'Dougherty. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 262 pp.
Charles Darwin: Interviews and Recollections.
Authors: Schwartz Douglas W.
Published: November 2004

Charles Darwin: Interviews and Recollections. Harold Orel. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 233 pp.
Chinese Sociologies: An Anthropological Account of the Role of Alienation in Social Reproduction.
Authors: Liu Xin
Published: November 2004

Chinese Sociologies: An Anthropological Account of the Role of Alienation in Social Reproduction. P. Steven Sangren. London: Athlone, 2000. 328 pp.
The Future of the Past: Archeologists, Native Americans, and Repatriation.
Authors: McKeown C. Timothy
Published: November 2004

The Future of the Past: Archeologists, Native Americans, and Repatriation. Tamara L. Bray. New York: Garland Publishing. 2001. 252 pp.
Cis Dideen Kat (When the Plumes Rise): The Way of the Lake Babine Nation
Authors: Boxberger Daniel L.
Published: November 2004

Cis Dideen Kat (When the Plumes Rise): The Way of the Lake Babine Nation. Jo‐Anne Fiske. with assistance of Betty Patrick. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2000. 272 pp.
The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Gottlieb Alma
Published: November 2004

The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. Ellen Gruenbaum. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. 242 pp.
The Teacup Ministry and Other Stories: Subtle Boundaries of Class
Authors: Adams Jane
Published: November 2004

The Teacup Ministry and Other Stories: Subtle Boundaries of Class. Rhoda H. Halperin. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.134 pp.
Llamas, Weavings, and Organic Chocolate: Multicultural Grassroots Development in the Andes and Amazon of Bolivia
Authors: Lowrey Kathleen B.
Published: November 2004

"Llamas, Weavings, and Organic Chocolate: Multicultural Grassroots Development in the Andes and Amazon of Bolivia. Kevin Healy. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001. 482 pp.
Gerhard Heberer (1901–1973) Sein Beitrag zur Biologe im 20. Jahrhundert.; Evolutionsbiologie von Darwin bis heute.; Die Entdeckung der Evolution. Eine revolutionare Theorie und ihre Geschichte.
Authors: Schafft Gretchene E.
Published: November 2004

Gerhard Heberer (1901‐1973) Sein Beitrag zur Biologe im 20. Jahrhundert. Uwe Hossfeld. Berlin: VWB—Verlag fur Wissenschaft und Bildung, 1997. 209 pp.

Evolutionsbiologie von Darwin bis heute. Rainer Brömer. Uwe Hossfeld. and Nicolaas A. Rupke. eds. Berlin: VWB. Verlag flir Wissenschaft und Bildung, 2000. 425 pp.

Die Entdeckung der Evolution. Eine revolutionare Theorie und ihre Geschichte. Thomas Junker and Uwe Hossfeld. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2001. 264 pp.
Archaic States.
Authors: Billman Brian R.
Published: November 2004

Archaic States. Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus. eds. Santa Fe: School for American Research Press, 1998. 427 pp.
Clifford Geertz: Culture, Custom and Ethics.
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: November 2004

Clifford Geertz: Culture, Custom and Ethics. Fred lnglis. Oxford: Polity, 2000. 207 pp.
The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration.
Authors: Epstein Cynthia Fuchs
Published: November 2004

The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Michele Lamont New York: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press, 2000. 391 pp.
Music and Gender.
Authors: Eyerman Ron
Published: November 2004

Music and Gender. Pirkko Moisala and Beverly Diamond. eds. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000. 376 pp.
Things from the Bush: A Contemporary History of the Omaheke Bushmen.
Authors: Wilmsen Edwin N.
Published: November 2004

Things from the Bush:. Contemporary History of the Omaheke Bushmen. James Suzman. Klosterberg: P. Schlettwein Publishing, 2000. 191 pp.
Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad
Authors: HANIFI M. JAMIL
Published: November 2004

Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad. David B. Edwards. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. 354 pp.
Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis and Poetics
Authors: SAMANTRAI RANU
Published: November 2004

Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis and Poetics. Irma McClaurin, ed. East Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001. 277 pp.
Navajo Trading: The End of an Era
Authors: LAMPHERE LOUISE
Published: November 2004

Navajo Trading: The End of an Era. Willow Roberts Powers. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001. 282 pp.
L'école de la périphérie: Scolarité et ségrégation en banlieue
Authors: ANDERSON‐LEVITT KATHRYN M.
Published: November 2004

L'école de la périphérie: Scolarité et ségrégation en banlieue. Agnès van Zanten. Presses Universitaires de France, 2001. 424 pp.
Social Learning and the Maintenance of Cultural Variation: An Evolutionary Model and Data from East Africa
Authors: MCELREATH RICHARD
Published: November 2004

Human societies maintain between‐group variation despite mixing of people and ideas. In order for variation to remain, migrants or their children must preferentially adopt local norms, customs, and beliefs. Yet the details of how cultural variation is maintained, despite mixing, remain unknown. This article addresses this problem by using a simple model of the evolution of cultural learning to interpret the results of a study of cultural variation in a small region of East Africa. I argue that the manner in which migrants of two diverse regions adapt to local beliefs and behavior depends on the costs and accuracy of learning in each domain. Observational studies are never definitive tests of any hypothesis, but these results suggest that conclusions about the significance of cultural learning for understanding individual attitudes and behavior depend strongly upon the domain of investigation.
Southern Trauma: Revisiting Caste and Class in the Mississippi Delta
Authors: ADAMS JANE , GORTON D.
Published: November 2004

Two classic ethnographies, Hortense Powdermaker'sAfter Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep Southand John Dollard'sCaste and Class in a Southern Town, contributed to a “master narrative” of the Mississippi Delta and the South that viewed class largely through the lens of race. Their work contributed to the community studies and culture and personality traditions and became part of the public discourse of race in the United States. This article examines the institutional and theoretical frameworks within which they worked. We focus on three aspects of their work: (1) their definition of class that left race as the only salient social divide; (2) their portrayal of middle‐ and upper‐class statements as normative; and (3) their uncritical use of data from elsewhere in the South to interpret their Indianola data. We report the events at the Yale Institute of Human Relations that led Dollard to publish before Powdermaker.
Living and Working with the New Medical Technologies
Authors: FISCHER MICHAEL M. J.
Published: November 2004

Living and Working with the New Medical Technologies. Margaret Lock, Alan Young, and Alberto, Cambrosio, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 295 pp.
A Neo‐Boasian Conception of Cultural Boundaries
Authors: BASHKOW IRA
Published: November 2004

For the past 30 years, anthropology's critics have repeatedly questioned the notion of “cultural boundaries,” arguing that concepts of culture inappropriately posit stable and bounded “islands” of cultural distinctiveness in an ever‐changing world of transnational cultural “flows.” This issue remains an Achilles' heel—or at least a recurring inflamed tendon—of anthropology. However, in the conception of boundaries, we still have much to learn from Boasian anthropologists, who conceived of boundaries not as barriers to outside influence or to historical change, but as cultural distinctions that were irreducibly plural, perspectival, and permeable. In this article, I retheorize and extend the Boasians' open concept of cultural boundaries, emphasizing how people's own ideas of “the foreign”—and the “own” versus the “other” distinction—give us a way out of the old conundrum in which the boundedness of culture, as conceived in spatial terms, seems to contradict the open‐ended nature of cultural experience.
An Anthropology Made Safe for Culture: Patterns of Practice and the Politics of Difference in Ruth Benedict
Authors: ROSENBLATT DANIEL
Published: November 2004

In this article I focus on the problem of reconciling analytic and descriptive attention to cultural distinctiveness with the problems posed for it by contemporary globalization and our desire not to efface the agency of those we study. Boasians generally saw no contradiction between cultural contact and cultural integration. Ruth Benedict especially understood our tendency to link agency and individuality as ethnocentric—people made their cultural worlds even as they were profoundly shaped by them. Current discomfort with the culture concept has its roots in a Hegelian mistrust of particularism that pervades even self‐consciously antifoundational thought. Drawing on Johann Gottfried Herder, Benedict offers an alternative way of thinking about agency and society, and, thus, a distinctively anthropological contribution to critical thought. Because we cannot understand people's political practice without understanding where they are coming from, cultural description must remain on the agenda of any politically engaged anthropology.
“Drink Milk for Fitness”: The Cultural Politics of Human Biological Variation and Milk Consumption in the United States
Authors: WILEY ANDREA S.
Published: November 2004

Cow's milk is accorded a high cultural value in the contemporary United States. Its white color, association with the maternal and the pastoral, and repeated mention in the Bible add positive symbolic weight to this major national agricultural commodity. Thus, it comes as no surprise that influential policy‐making institutions in the United States recommend milk consumption for all U.S. groups. This is despite variation in adult populations' abilities to digest milk, which has been documented by biological anthropologists. This article assesses various U.S. “stories” about milk consumption and its relationship to biological variation against the biological anthropological explanation of variation in lactase activity/lactose tolerance. Many of these serve as normalizing discourses that ultimately pathologize biological difference and may undermine the dietary traditions of some ethnic groups. In particular, the close relationship between government and the dairy industry leads to policies that fail to seriously consider variation in digestive physiology among the diverse U.S. populations.
Metakinesis: How God Becomes Intimate in Contemporary U.S. Christianity
Authors: LUHRMANN TANYA M.
Published: November 2004

Contemporary U.S. religion is shaped by a new emphasis on bodily and trance experience. This article describes the learning process through which evangelical congregants come to use language and bodily experiences in particular ways, which I call here “metakinesis.” Through this process, congregants build remarkably intimate relationships with God.
The Orphanista Manifesto: Orphan Films and the Politics of Reproduction
Authors: COHEN EMILY
Published: November 2004

In this essay, I review the works of filmmakers Bill Morrison and Gregorio Rocha and contextualize their work within a growing apocalyptic cultural movement of film preservationists who identify as “orphanistas.” As orphanistas they struggle to reshape and reproduce cultural memory and heritage through reviving “orphans”—films abandoned by their makers. Moving images mimic cognitive memory, yet, depending on reproductive technologies, copies of moving images may organize mass publics and influence cultural imaginaries. Traditionally considered conservative, preservation in the midst of destruction is not only a creative but also an avant‐garde act of breathing new life into storytelling and the reproduction of cultural memory. In this essay, I discuss how the surrealist works of Morrison and Rocha radically confront dominant cultural imaginings of race and nation, and I argue that film preservation has the potential of being socially transformative. An interview with Gregorio Rocha follows.
Subverting the Venue: A Critical Exhibition of Pre‐Columbian Objects at Krannert Art Museum
Authors: SILVERMAN HELAINE
Published: November 2004

My temporary exhibition in Krannert Art Museum, The Social Context of Violence in Ancient Peruvian Art (March 27–May 23, 2004), is transgressive and self‐critical. While presenting a small number of objects in the university art museum's collection that depict ancient violence (battles, human sacrifice, and trophy head taking), the exhibition simultaneously argues that the objects themselves are the result of violence, specifically to the archaeological record through the act of looting. The exhibition further suggests that the looters are themselves the victims of a failed national economic system that does not enable them to earn a living wage as farmers and of an exploitative international art market that similarly pays them little for objects that become immensely valuable (financially and culturally) once out of the country. Museums, and especially university museums, may be enabling venues for the interrogation of their own hegemonic practices.
Books Recevied for Review
Authors: Winkelman Michael
Published: November 2004

Open Mind, Discriminating Mind: Reflections on Human Possibilities, by Charles T. Tart. (San Francisco: Harper & Row), 1990.
Eves Journey: Feminine Images in Hebraic Literary Tradition.
Authors: Holloway Sue
Published: November 2004

Nehama Aschkenasy Eves Journey: Feminine Images in Hebraic Literary Tradition Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. ISBN 0‐8122‐8033‐4. Hardcover, $36.95. Pp. xv+269.
Culture, Trance, and the Mind‐Brain
Authors: Castillo Richard J.
Published: November 2004

Trance phenomena result from the behavior of intense focusing of attention, which is the key psychological mechanism of trance induction. Adaptive responses, including institutionalized forms of trance, are "tuned" into neural networks in the brain and depend to a large extent on the characteristics of culture. Culture‐specific organizations exist in the structure of individual neurons and in the organizational formation of neural networks.
Through Dialogue with Contemporary Yakut Shamans: How They Revive Their Worldview
Authors: Yamada Takako
Published: November 2004

In this article I indicate the revitalization of Yakut worldview based on dialogues with contemporary shamans in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 1994. Dualistic views of the world are emerging: the real and the spiritual worlds, and the separate concepts of good and evil spiritual beings. Also, the relation between man and spiritual beings has become idealized as a symbiotic relation between man and nature. This new animistic idea has resulted in suggesting the spiritual equality between human beings and nature and cyclic movements between the two.
Trance Types and Amnesia Revisited: Using Detailed Interviews to Fill in the Gaps
Authors: Buhrman Sarasvati
Published: November 2004

Unconscious trance states which involve complete amnesia, and conscious trance states which involve dissociation from the body's sensory process and failure to recall speech or body sensation or movement, both occurred among North American yogis and Spiritualist mediums. Exceptions to statistically established cross‐cultural associations between mediumistic trance and amnesia are examined in terms of community and individual reportage of trance experience. The relationship between dissociation and amnesia within this sample is discussed.
The Mind in the Cave — the Cave in the Mind: Altered Consciousness in the Upper Paleolithic
Authors: Lewis‐Williams David J. , Clottes Jean
Published: November 2004

This brief overview argues that the evidence of the images themselves, as well as their contexts, suggests that some Franco‐Cantabrian Upper Paleolithic cave art was, at least in part, intimately associated with various shamanic practices. Universal features of altered states of consciousness and the deep caves combined to create notions of a subterranean spirit‐world that became, amongst other ritual areas, the location of vision quests.
Buryat Shamanism: Home and Hearth — A Territorialism of the Spirit
Authors: Fridman Eva Jane Neumann
Published: November 2004

In the regeneration of shamanism in Buryatia, kinship and locale play a significant and, indeed, determining role. Shamans, as representatives of their clans and kinship lines, are the intermediaries between people and the sacred, between people and the spirits in nature, in particular spirits of a specific locale which is linked historically to a clan and to the ancestors who have been buried there. It is to these ancestral spirits as well as to the spirits of place that the clan shaman makes entreaties and asks for blessings and protection from ill fortune.

The historical relationship of the Buryat tribes to the present land of Buryatia and Ust‐Orda region and the kinship structure of these tribes as existent prior to the Soviet period is shown to have parallels with traditional spiritual territorial cults of Buryats. There is a clear‐cut link between Buryat social organization into hierarchical units of kinship structures along patrilineal descent lines and their conceptions of deities according to locality, that is, they traditionally conceived of protective deities as associated with wider or narrower territorial groupings which corresponded to the social groups of tribes, clans, villages, and families.

Several cases of renewal of home and hearth through appeal to ancestral and local spirits by the clan shaman are presented.
urban Indian personality and the ‘culture of poverty’1
Authors: GRAVES THEODORE D.
Published: November 2004

“Culture of poverty” theorists contend that the marginal socioeconomic position occupied by many minority groups within our society is the result of a self‐perpetuating poverty “way of life,” which includes certain characteristic personality attributes such as a tendency to live for the moment rather than to plan ahead, fatalism, and a lack of ambition. This study brings empirical evidence to bear on this thesis as it applies to one minority group of urban poor: Navajo Indians living in Denver, Colorado. The data are drawn from interviews with 259 male Navajo migrants, supplemented by records from the Bureau of Indian Affairs which sponsors their relocation, police files, employer interviews, participant observation, and case studies. Psychometric procedures were constructed specifically for this study to measure three relevant features of Navajo personality which contrast with the dominant white middle class: time perspective, locus of control, and achievement motivation. The reliability and validity of these procedures are discussed in detail. Within this Indian group, no association was found between a middle‐class orientation on these measures and six indices of economic achievement in the city. Rather than contributing to economic success, these psychological traits appear to serve migrants as a basis for evaluating their economic failures. This is seen in the strong relationship between these personality attributes and arrest rates, primarily for drunkenness, among those with the poorest wages and most unemployment. In conclusion, the acquisition of middle‐class personality without access to middle‐class goals appears to create additional problems for lower‐class groups. Some applied implications are discussed.
ethnoecology and planting practices in a swidden agricultural system1
Authors: JOHNSON ALLEN
Published: November 2004

Two sets of data on slash‐and‐bum agriculture in Northeast Brazil are compared. The first constitutes a cognitive paradigm of land types and the rules stating which crops “like” which lands best. The second shows the actual outcomes, for forty‐four agriculturalists, of planting specific crops in specific land types. The cognitive model predicts the direction in which actual planting behavior deviates from randomness, although many interesting exceptions occur. The need for similar analyses in other cultures and spheres of activity is stressed, and techniques appropriate to the task are discussed.
ethnicity, cultural discontinuity and power brokers in northern Iraq: the case of the Shabak1
Authors: VINOGRADOV AMAL
Published: November 2004

This article examines some aspects of the social organization of a marginal Kurdish‐speaking group in north Iraq. The Shabak provide an example of a special type of social adaptation within an historically specific sociopolitical context where ethnicity and its attendant patronage system represented an organizational solution through which weak, special interest groups managed to protect their identities and insure their survival.
what is a Malay? situational selection of ethnic identity in a plural society
Authors: NAGATA JUDITH A.
Published: November 2004

Most studies to date of ethnic relations, ethnic boundaries, and criteria used to define ethnic status have been biased toward a particular “assimilationist” model drawn from experience in North America, Australia, etc. These have generally assumed that there is some dominant or ethnically “neutral” area of culture by whose standards all “ethnics” can be judged, and that ethnic identity normally changes in one direction only. This paper examines the case of a plural society in which there is no clear dominant or neutral culture, and in which continuous oscillation of ethnic status occurs without direct assimilation.
psychological, semantic, and structural aspects of American English kinship terms1
Authors: BROWN CECIL H.
Published: November 2004

Three componential analyses of American kin terms—Wallace and Atkins' (1960), Romney and D'Andrade‘s (1964), and Goodenough's (1965)—are a principal focus of an investigation of American kinship semantics and of an enquiry into the epistemological foundation of semantic analysis in general. The psychological, semantic, and structural implications of these analyses are explored in terms of the distinction between necessary and contingent facts. These analyses are determined contingent upon individual interpretation of genealogical facts and consequently relate to individual or “private” meaning. Relational analyses such as those of Burling (1970) and Wallace (1970) are necessarily real, relating to the ordinary use of American kin terms rather than to the objects designated by them and therefore are more in line with Wittgenstein's definition of meaning as linguistic use of words. In this regard, the latter analyses are “better” accounts of the meaning of terms. An additional analysis of American terminology is derived, focusing upon reciprocal usage of terms and their ordinary use in connection with bound forms such as great‐ and step‐. This analysis corresponds to the structural principle related to the definition of “family” in American society as described by Schneider (1968) and others. This is in accordance with the hypothesis that necessarily real analyses complement structural reality because such solutions and structural principles are of the same logical order.
the Delaware as women: a symbolic solution
Authors: MILLER JAY
Published: November 2004

Previously several authors have discussed the circumstances whereby the entire Delaware nation became known as women and the Iroquois confederacy known as men. These authors have debated whether these designations were the result of military conquest or political agreement. My own view is that the Delaware became women and the Iroquois men as the result of what is known in structural analysis as a transformation. Three other examples of man/woman transformations are also suggested for Native America.
are familists amoral? a test of Banfield's amoral familism hypothesis in a South Italian village1
Authors: MILLER ROY A.
Published: November 2004

The findings of research conducted in a South Italian village failed to support the two key propositions of Banfield's amoral familism hypothesis. Specifically, it was found that (1) the ethos of the community does not reduce to the rule of amoral familism—“Maximize the material, short‐run advantage of the nuclear family;…” and that (2) this rule alone does not accurately represent the villager's orientation toward extrafamilial social behavior.
the culture concept as ideology
Authors: MOORE JOHN H.
Published: November 2004

Anthropology's culture concept is intimately related to theories of instinct in biology. The ideological function of both concepts is to preserve traditional Christian‐Cartesian views about human uniqueness. L. H. Morgan differed from the Boasians both in arguing against “instinct” and in refusing to use the culture concept. The Boasians used the culture concept as an ideological device to discredit the Morganian Washington school and to establish themselves as an independent disipline in American universities.
revolution and continuity in Santa Cruz Maya society
Authors: JONES GRANT D.
Published: November 2004

There are marked differences in the allocation of political roles in the leadership hierarchies of the early Santa Cruz Maya (1850–1863) and the X‐Cacal Maya of 1935–1936. The explanation of these differences rests in an analysis of early factional conflict at Santa Cruz that led to revolutionary struggles during 1863–1864. This analysis suggests the need to develop more satisfactory ethnohistorically and ethnographically based models of lowland Maya political organization.
selecting a dealer1
Authors: AGAR MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

The selection of a heroin dealer among several possible candidates is described ethnographically. Methodological and theoretical notions are presented which aid in formalizing the ethnographic study of naturally‐occurring human decision‐making.
anthropologist—the myth teller1
Authors: RICHARDSON MILES
Published: November 2004

The meaning of the anthropological movement comes from the sense of mission created out of the ethnographer's encounter with his alter, the informant. The traditional pattern of ethnographer‐informant relations, in which the informant was the man of wisdom and the ethnographer his most briliant student, was permeated with a sense of rightness expressed in the morality of cultural relativism. Changes in the personnel who become the ethnographer and the informant and changes in their home societies have created a new reality against which the traditional pattern has collapsed. Out of the collapse arises the reaffirmation of the anthropologist as teller of the human myth.
scarcity and disputing: zeroing‐in on compromise decisions1
Authors: STARR JUNE , YNGVESSON BARBARA
Published: November 2004

This paper examines critically the ways in which the concepts “compromise” and “zero‐sum game” have been used to describe the outcomes of disputes. In particular, it questions the assumption that disputants with multiplex ties will try to compromise their differences, because their goal will be maintenance of the relationship, rather than “winning.” A re‐analysis of case materials from three societies indicates that many persons in multiplex relations seek and obtain zero‐sum outcomes to disputes. It is suggested that this can be explained if (1) the goals of the disputants are distinguished from the goals of the third party, and (2) the relative rank and power of the disputants is considered. It is further suggested that people with on‐going relations will seek zero‐sum outcomes to disputes when they are attempting to gain control over land or some other resource in a scarcity situation, because control over that resource is a crucial factor in maintaining and altering power differences.
cultural pressure on sex differences
Authors: DRAPER PATRICIA
Published: November 2004

This paper suggests that sex differences in the behavior of children exist but are not necessarily intensified under certain cultural conditions. Under conditions of culture change to a sedentary economy, certain elements of male and female differentiated behavior are exploited in the process of increasing sex differentiation.
family and land in peasant ritual1
Authors: MICHAELSON EVALYN JACOBSON , GOLDSCHMIDT WALTER
Published: November 2004

Though peasants adhere to each of four major religious traditions, problems common to peasant life find expression in similar ritual observances. This emerges most clearly among those peasant communities with patrilineal household arrangements. Common religious practices include household shrines, periodic ancestral rituals, and rituals that tie the family to the land. The recurrence of these forms is seen as a response to the tensions derived from this form of family life which such ritual counteracts.
polytypy in folk biological taxonomies1
Authors: GEOGHEGAN WILLIAM H.
Published: November 2004

The mathematical relationship between the size of biological genera (the number of included species, or polytypy) and their relative frequency has been well understood for over fifty years. It is argued here that a similar mathematical relationship should hold for the distribution of polytypy within folk biological taxonomies, but with the overall degree, or tendency toward polytypy subject to influence by cultural factors (salience, agricultural practices, etc.). This is demonstrated with data from several different folk taxonomies. The findings support the contention that folk systems of biological nomenclature accurately reflect natural biological diversity, and that they are able to do this despite the strong influence of cultural factors. The data also provide indirect support for some of Berlin's suggestions concerning the temporal development of folk taxonomic systems.
how tall is a taxonomic tree? some evidence for dwarfism1
Authors: RANDAL ROBERT A.
Published: November 2004

Several arguments are made in this paper: (1) Taxonomic tree models of folk classification are implicitly generative because they produce appropriate statements which are not in the description itself. (2) The generative devices sometimes postulated—namely, transitive reasoning operating on chains of directly included taxa—do not account for some evidence which another model, the direct comparison between prototypic images, does. (3) Taxonomic trees are probably not stored directly in the memory except perhaps as “dwarf” trees consisting of contrast sets and their names. (4) Routine classification behavior is not so much a matter of producing giant taxonomic trees as it is a matter of selecting, in particular socioeconomic situations, a characteristic of an organism relevant for action.
caste/class and child‐rearing in a changing Indian town
Authors: SEYMOUR SUSAN
Published: November 2004

An investigation of child‐rearing practices among a stratified sample of households in an Indian town indicates that there are some significant differences in parent‐child behavior between lower socioeconomic status households and higher status ones. Certain economic factors are identified as affecting how adults handle children, and these are in turn related to differences in children's behavior. Some intra‐cultural diversity along one dimension, socioeconomic status, is demonstrated.
matrilineality, residence, and residential zones
Authors: KOPYTOFF IGOR
Published: November 2004

The combination of matrilineal descent and patrilocal residence is regarded as inherently unstable by several theoretical models, notably Murdock (1949, 1959a, 1959b) and Lévi‐Strauss (1949). The case of the Suku of Zaire is examined to lay bare the unwarranted assumptions in these models. The logic of existing residence terminology, which focuses on households, is found to be inappropriate to some problems concerning the relationship of residence and descent. The concept of functional “residential zones” is proposed as appropriate to such problems.
frustration, aggression, and the nonviolent Semai
Authors: ROBARCHEK CLAYTON A.
Published: November 2004

The frustration‐aggression hypothesis is examined in the light of a corpus of ethnographic data and is shown to be inadequate to account for the observed behaviors. An alternative model is tentatively proposed that incorporates the frustration‐aggression hypothesis, other extant approaches to the study of aggression, and early and current theories in the field of emotion within a systems‐oriented framework. This model is then tested against additional ethnographic data.
The cultural domain of marriage
Authors: ALEXANDER JACK
Published: November 2004

Schneider has shown that the cultural opposition between the orders of law and nature structures the culture of American kinship. In this article it is shown that the collective representations of kinship and personality are closely related and that the orders of law and nature in marriage express two aspects of personality that are experienced in marital diffuse, enduring solidarity.
demystification, enriddlement, and Aztec cannibalism: a materialist rejoinder to Harner
Authors: PRICE BARBARA J.
Published: November 2004

A recent paper by Harner (1977) explains the Aztec human sacrifice and cannibalism complex on the basis of a postulated protein deprivation and protein hunger. In response, the present model is developed on epistemologically stronger and more parsimonious grounds, which emphasize nomothetic aspects of the institution at the expense of supposed uniquenesses. Powerful systemic links to the economic network of production and distribution and to the related political and military instabilities are competent to explain the institution, rendering superfluous a supplementary protein hypothesis. Like Harner's original presentation, this paper is written within a cultural materialist paradigm but develops a different, competing, theoretical position within that paradigm.
ambiguity and ambivalence in A'ara personality descriptors
Authors: WHITE GEOFFREY
Published: November 2004

The conceptual organization of personality descriptors in the A'ara language of Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands, is represented in a combined dimensional and hierarchical model. The model reflects both universal dimensions and cultural ideals described for other Melanesian societies. Variation in descriptor meanings is examined through measurement of ambiguity in terms of a hierarchical structure and through semantic shifts in social context. Shifts in the evaluative significance (“ambivalence”) of trait descriptors show that traits of “dominance” become more positive when attributed to leader statuses. This finding depicts cultural processes associated with problems of political legitimacy discussed by ethnographers elsewhere in Melanesia.
the changing structure of appropriations in Vedda agriculture
Authors: BROW JAMES
Published: November 2004

An understanding of the processes whereby tribal and traditional peasant communities have been increasingly drawn into national and even global economies demands detailed analysis of the changes in the form and magnitude of appropriations to which the output of direct producers is liable, and also of associated changes in the structure of class and status relations. A quantified account of the appropriations made during one recent year of production in a single Anuradhapura Vedda village is followed by a study of the historical developments that, in the last 150 years, have transformed a predominantly nonappropriate economy into one in which the product of Vedda cultivators is subject both to “hierarchical” and, increasingly, “capitalistic” forms of appropriations.
race, ethnicity, and political mobilization in the Andes
Authors: LÉONS MADELINE BARBARA
Published: November 2004

Appeal to ethnic or racial identity may become a basis for group cohesion and organization enhancing ability to compete politically. Blacks in Chicaloma were able to monopolize local political offices by organizing as a distinct constituency. While phenotypical distinctiveness acts as a barrier to ethnic cooptation of the more mobile, a pattern that has prevented the emergence of ethnic politics affecting Indians in the Andean countries, black identity is not emphasized because eventual assimilation of family lines is envisioned.
Wind River Reservation political process: an analysis of the symbols of consensus
Authors: FOWLER LORETTA
Published: November 2004

In contrast to the kinds of political activity on other Plains reservations, Arapahoe politics are characterized by consensus, not factionalism, and the elected business council enjoys virtually unanimous support. This paper identifies and accounts for political symbols as cultural directives motivating and validating a social structure that is corporate and an ideology that builds political consensus. It is suggested that variant processes in Indian politics are obscured without the study of symbolic process.
the influence of extensive agriculture on the study of sociopolitical organization and the interpretation of history
Authors: LANCASTER CHET S.
Published: November 2004

In low–density societies on the African savannas, subsistence agriculture is centered on women in the domestic domain, is not directly linked to the political economy, and has been an essentially passive force in sociopolitical history. This is relevant for understanding sex roles and the development of social and political anthropology, and for evaluating popular materialist and political biases in the interpretation of history and evolution.
urbanization, acculturation, and extended family ties: Mexican Americans in cities
Authors: KEEFE SUSAN EMLEY
Published: November 2004

In a study of extended familism among Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans in three southern California cities, the Mexican Americans were found to have more kin in town, more frequent interaction with nearby relatives, and more exchange of mutual aid with kin. There is no indication that the traditional Mexican‐American extended family breaks down with urbanization, acculturation, or socioeconomic mobility. It is suggested that discrimination by the Anglo majority reinforces kin ties among Mexican Americans.
the cognitive consequences of bilingual education in northern Belize
Authors: RUBINSTEIN ROBERT A.
Published: November 2004

Interest in the consequences of bilingualism has been long standing in anthropology and psychology. Recent work has emphasized the value of bilingualism and reported that the experience yields highly differentiated, stable cognitive structures. This paper argues that the effects of the bilingual experience are in large measure situation specific. Using data from Belize, Central America, it shows that bilingualism acquired in a stressful environment results in predictable decrements in the patterning of semantic knowledge.
the Sacred Heart: a case for stimulus diffusion
Authors: KEHOE ALICE B.
Published: November 2004

The Roman Catholic devotion to the Sacred Heart, symbolized by a realistically depicted human heart, often flaming, first appeared in Europe in the seventeenth century. Officially sanctioned by the visions of a French nun in 1673–1675, the devotion had in fact been proselytized by liberal French theologians from the beginning of that century. During the prior century, realistic human hearts appear in Mexican colonial art, probably the missionaries' efforts to transliterate Preconquest symbols into Christian icons. This paper suggests that the fervent interest of humanistic European theologians in the Mexican missionary field resulted from stimulus diffusion in the development of the Catholic devotion addressed to Jesus' human heart.