bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mastitis in Post‐Partum Dairy Cows
Authors: Pyörälä S
Published: July 2008

Contents

Transition from the dry period to lactation is a high risk period for the modern dairy cow. The biggest challenge at that time is mastitis. Environmental bacteria are the most problematic pathogens around parturition. Coliforms are able to cause severe infections in multiparous cows, and heifers are likely to be infected with coagulase‐negative staphylococci. During the periparturient period, hormonal and other factors make the dairy cows more or less immunocompromised. A successful mastitis control programme is focused on the management of dry and calving cows and heifers. Clean and comfortable environment, proper feeding and adequate supplementation of the diet with vitamins and trace elements are essential for maintaining good udder health. Strategies which would enhance closure of the teat canal in the beginning of the dry period and would protect teat end from bacteria until the keratin plug has formed decrease the risk for mastitis after calving. Dry cow therapy has been used with considerable success. Yet, a selective approach could be recommended rather than blanket therapy. Non‐antibiotic approaches can be useful tools to prevent new infections during the dry period, in herds where the risk for environmental mastitis is high. Vaccination has been suggested as a means to support the immune defence of the dairy cow around parturition. In some countries, implementation ofEscherichia colicore antigen vaccine has reduced the incidence of severe coliform mastitis after calving.
Energy Metabolism and Leptin: Effects on Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproduction in the Gilt and Sow
Authors: Barb CR , Hausman GJ , Lents CA
Published: July 2008

Contents

It is well established that reproductive function is metabolically gated. However, the mechanisms whereby energy stores and metabolic cues influence appetite, energy homeostasis and fertility are yet to be completely understood. Adipose tissue is no longer considered as only a depot to store excess energy. Recent findings have identified numerous genes, several neurotrophic factors, interleukins, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐5, ciliary neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide Y (NPY) as being expressed by adipose tissue during pubertal development. These studies demonstrated for the first time the expression of several major adipokines or cytokines in pig adipose tissue which may influence local and central metabolism and growth. Leptin appears to be the primary metabolic signal and is part of the adipose tissue‐hypothalamic regulatory loop in the control of appetite, energy homeostasis and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Leptin’s actions on appetite regulation are mediated by inhibition of hypothalamic NPY and stimulation of proopiomelanocortin. Its effects on gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH)/LH secretion are mediated by NPY and kisspeptin. Thus, leptin appears to be an important link between metabolic status, the neuroendocrine axis and subsequent fertility in the gilt and sow.
Endocrine Regulation of the Establishment of Spermatogenesis in Pigs
Authors: Caires KC , Schmidt JA , Oliver AP , De Avila J , McLean DJ
Published: July 2008

Contents

Somatic and germ cell maturation precedes the start of spermatogenesis and is coordinated, so efficient spermatogenesis will occur in the adults. The present study was conducted to evaluate endocrine regulation of germ and somatic cell homeostasis in the neonatal boar testis associated with the establishment of spermatogenesis. Testis tissue obtained from 3‐, 5‐, 7‐ and 14‐day‐old piglets were ectopically xenografted onto castrated, immunodeficient nude mice. Grafts were removed 22 weeks later and evaluated for growth and the establishment of spermatogenesis. Recipient mouse testosterone biosynthesis and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were also assayed. Testis tissue graft growth was significantly greater in testis grafts from 3‐day donor tissue when compared to all other ages; 5‐, 7‐ and 14‐day‐old donor tissue weights were not significantly different at removal. Follicle‐stimulating hormone concentrations in recipient mice supporting testis grafts from 5‐, 7‐ and 14‐day‐old donor tissues did not differ and were similar to normal physiological levels in age‐matched, intact nude mice. Serum FSH levels were significantly lower in recipient mice supporting testis grafts from 3‐day‐old donor tissue. Radioimmunoassay and biological assay indicated no differences in testosterone production by testis tissue grafts of varying donor age. Porcine testis tissue obtained from 3‐, 5‐, 7‐ and 14‐day‐old neonatal boars were all capable of producing round and elongate spermatids after 22 weeks of grafting, but testis grafts from 14‐day‐old donors had a significantly greater (eightfold) percentage of seminiferous tubules with spermatids compared to all other donor ages (p < 0.05). Cryopreservation did not affect the ability of testis tissue grafts to grow, produce testosterone or establish spermatogenesis when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate intrinsic differences in the biological activity of germ and somatic cell populations during neonatal boar testis development associated with the establishment of spermatogenesis.
Male Germ Cell Transplantation
Authors: Dobrinski I
Published: July 2008

Contents

Transplantation of male germ line stem cells from a donor animal to the testes of an infertile recipient was first described in 1994. Donor germ cells colonize the recipient’s testis and produce donor‐derived sperm, such that the recipient male can distribute the genetic material of the germ cell donor. Germ cell transplantation represents a functional reconstitution assay for male germ line stem cells and as such has vastly increased our ability to study the biology of stem cells in the testis and define phenotypes of infertility. First developed in rodents, the technique has now been used in a number of animal species, including domestic mammals, chicken and fish. There are three major applications for this technology in animals: first, to study fundamental aspects of male germ line stem cell biology and male fertility; second, to preserve the reproductive potential of genetically valuable individuals by male germ cell transplantation within or between species; third, to produce transgenic sperm by genetic manipulation of isolated germ line stem cells and subsequent transplantation. Transgenesis through the male germ line has tremendous potential in species in which embryonic stem cells are not available and somatic cell nuclear transfer has limited success. Therefore, transplantation of male germ cells is a uniquely valuable approach for the study, preservation and manipulation of male fertility in animals.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Horses
Authors: Galli Cesare , Lagutina Irina , Duchi Roberto , Colleoni Silvia , Lazzari Giovanna
Published: July 2008

Contents

The cloning of equids was achieved in 2003, several years after the birth of Dolly the sheep and also after the cloning of numerous other laboratory and farm animal species. The delay was because of the limited development in the horse of more classical‐assisted reproductive techniques required for successful cloning, such as oocyte maturation andin vitroembryo production. When these technologies were developed, the application of cloning also became possible and cloned horse offspring were obtained. This review summarizes the main technical procedures that are required for cloning equids and the present status of this technique. The first step is competent oocyte maturation, this is followed by oocyte enucleation and reconstruction, using either zona‐enclosed or zona‐free oocytes, by efficient activation to allow high cleavage rates and finally by a suitablein vitroembryo culture technique. Cloning of the first equid, a mule, was achieved using anin vivo‐matured oocytes and immediate transfer of the reconstructed embryo, i.e. at the one cell stage, to the recipient oviduct. In contrast, the first horse offspring was obtained using a completein vitroprocedure from oocyte maturation to embryo culture to the blastocyst stage, followed by non‐surgical transfer. Later studies on equine cloning report high efficiency relative to that for other species. Cloned equid offspring reported to date appear to be normal and those that have reached puberty have been confirmed to be fertile. In summary, horse cloning is now a reproducible technique that offers the opportunity to preserve valuable genetics and notably to generate copies of castrated champions and therefore, offspring from those champions that would be impossible to obtain otherwise.
Breeding Soundness Evaluation and Semen Analysis for Predicting Bull Fertility
Authors: Kastelic JP , Thundathil JC
Published: July 2008

Contents

Bull fertility is influenced by numerous factors. Although 20–40% of bulls in an unselected population may have reduced fertility, few are completely sterile. Breeding soundness refers to a bull’s ability to get cows pregnant. A standard breeding soundness evaluation identifies bulls with substantial deficits in fertility, but does not consistently identify sub‐fertile bulls. In this regard, the use of frozen‐thawed semen (from bulls in commercial AI centres) that meets minimum quality standards can result in pregnancy rates that differ by 20–25 percentage points. Although no single diagnostic test can accurately predict variations in fertility among bulls that are producing apparently normal semen, recent studies suggested that a combination of laboratory tests were predictive of fertility. This review is focused on recent developments in prediction of bull fertility, based on assessments at the molecular, cellular and whole‐animal levels.
Sanitary Procedures for the Production of Extended Semen
Authors: Althouse GC
Published: July 2008

Contents

Semen is collected and processed from a variety of animal species for use in artificial insemination breeding programmes. Because of the inherent nature of the semen collection process, bacterial contamination of the ejaculate is a common occurrence. Additionally, manipulation of the ejaculate during processing in the laboratory can expose the sample to possible introduction of bacterial contamination. If preventative measures at the stud fail to adequately control these risks, decreases in semen quality, dose longevity and fertility may occur. Multiple mammalian and non‐mammalian sources have been identified as origins of contamination in the stud. Knowledge of these sources has aided the industries in developing strategies that help in controlling the introduction of contaminant bacteria in extended semen. A primary step in minimizing contamination is in the practice of good hygiene by stud personnel. Prudent general sanitation protocols should also be followed in the laboratory, animal housing and semen collection areas. Cleanliness and attention to the actual semen collection process can also aid in reducing bacterial load originating from the stud semen donor. Attentiveness to all of these steps significantly contributes to an overall reduction in the type and amount of bacterial contamination. However, their complete elimination stills remains unavoidable. To address residual bacteria load in the sample, antimicrobials are commonly used in semen extenders intended to promote in vitro sperm longevity beyond that of a few hours. Current research by the animal industries continues in the selection and prudent use of antimicrobials that will lead to the success and sustainability of this modality in controlling bacterial contamination.
Regulation of the Spermatogonial Stem Cell Niche
Authors: Kostereva N , Hofmann M‐C
Published: July 2008

Contents

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) reside within specialized microenvironments called ‘niches’, which are essential for their maintenance and self‐renewal. In the mammalian testis, the main components of the niche include the Sertoli cell, the growth factors that this nursing cell produces, the basement membrane, and stimuli from the vascular network between the seminiferous tubules. This review focuses on signalling pathways maintaining SSCs self‐renewal and differentiation and describes potential mechanisms of regulation of the spermatogonial stem cell niche.
Selected Aspects of Advanced Porcine Reproductive Technology
Authors: Kikuchi K , Kashiwazaki N , Nagai T , Nakai M , Somfai T , Noguchi J , Kaneko H
Published: July 2008

Contents

In vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes in pigs has become the most popular method of studying gametogenesis and embryogenesis in this species. Furthermore, because of recent advances in in vitro culture (IVC) of IVM–IVF embryos, in vitro production (IVP) of embryos now enables us to generate viable embryos as successfully as for in vivo‐derived embryos and with less cost and in less time. These technologies contribute not only to developments in reproductive physiology and agriculture but also to the conservation of porcine genetic resources and the production of cloned or genetically modified pigs. However, in IVP, there still remains the problem of abnormal ploidy, which is caused by performing procedures under non‐physiological conditions. In recent years, unique technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or xenografting of gonadal tissue into immunodeficient experimental animals have been developed to help conserve gamete resources. These technologies combined with IVP are expected to be useful for the conservation of gametes from important genetic resources. Here, we discuss the developmental ability and normality of porcine IVP embryos and also the utilization of ICSI and xenografting in advancing biotechnology in pigs.
Lymphatic invasion according to D2‐40 immunostaining is a predictor of nodal metastasis in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus
Authors: Miyakuni Yasuka , Matsumoto Toshiharu , Arakawa Atsushi , Sonoue Hiroshi , Suzuki Chikako , Takeda Satoru
Published: July 2008

In endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus, nodal metastasis is related to prognosis. D2‐40 immunostaining has recently been used to detect lymphatic invasion, but a study of D2‐40 immunostaining for endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus has not been published. Therefore, as a predictor of nodal metastasis in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus, the detection of lymphatic invasion on D2‐40 immunostaining and lymphovascular invasion on HE stain was compared. A total of 104 cases of invasive endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus, in which the tumor was located in the uterus, were examined on immunohistochemistry using D2‐40. In 20 cases there was lymphatic invasion according to D2‐40 immunostaining, and the lymphatic invasion was well detected on D2‐40 immunostaining. Nodal metastasis was present in 11 cases. Both lymphatic invasion on D2‐40 immunostaining and lymphovascular invasion on HE stain were statistically correlated with nodal metastasis, but the evaluation of lymphatic invasion on D2‐40 immunostaining was more accurate than detection of lymphovascular invasion using HE stain, in the current and previous studies, for the prediction of nodal metastasis. In conclusion, lymphatic invasion demonstrated on D2‐40 immunostaining is very useful as a predictor for nodal metastasis in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of uterine corpus.
Detection of HPV‐DNA, p53 alterations, and methylation in penile squamous cell carcinoma in Japanese men
Authors: Yanagawa Naoki , Osakabe Mitsumasa , Hayashi Masahiro , Tamura Gen , Motoyama Teiichi
Published: July 2008

Penile carcinoma is a rare disease, accordingly there are few studies on molecular changes, and these results also vary greatly. A total of 26 penile squamous cell carcinomas in Japanese men were studied with respect to HPV, p53 alterations, and methylation of gene promoter region. HPV‐DNA was detected in three of 26 patients (11.5%). Overexpression of p53 was observed in 13 of 26 patients (50%), and p53 gene mutations were detected in four of 26 patients (15.4%). The frequency of methylation was as follows: DAPK, 26.9% (7/26); FHIT, 88.4% (23/26); MGMT, 19.2% (5/26); p14, 3.8% (1/26); p16, 23.1% (6/26); RAR‐β, 23.1% (6/26); RASSF1A, 11.5% (3/26); and RUNX3, 42.3% (11/26). As for correlation between HPV and p53 alterations, and methylation status, mutations of the p53 gene were detected only in HPV‐negative patients, and methylation was more frequently found in HPV‐negative than in HPV‐positive patients. The present results suggest that the majority of penile squamous cell carcinomas in Japanese men are unrelated to HPV, and gene alterations accumulate more frequently in HPV‐unrelated penile carcinomas.
Type AB thymoma accompanied by pure red cell aplasia and Good syndrome with CMV infection of tumor cells
Authors: Shiraishi Junichi , Tsugata Mikiko , Masuda Ryo , Mori Yuki , Suzuki Kenshi , Takemura Tamiko
Published: July 2008

Reported herein is a case of type AB thymoma accompanied by pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and Good syndrome. The patient was a 55‐year‐old woman who was found to be anemic and to have an abnormal shadow at the left pulmonary hilus on routine medical examination. Bone marrow aspiration was performed and she was diagnosed as having PRCA. She also had hypogammaglobulinemia. The anemia was temporarily cured with oral prednisolone and cyclosporin A, and the patient underwent total thymectomy. The tumor was type AB thymoma, composed mainly of type A components; widespread spindle cell components showed slight to moderate infiltration of immature T‐cells. In addition, CMV inclusion bodies were scattered throughout this tumor. The CMV‐infected cells were tumor cells, because they were positive for pancytokeratin and negative for CD34. Several cases of Good syndrome with widespread CMV infection have been reported, but it is extremely rare for CMV‐inclusion bodies to be found in tumor cells. No thymoma cases involving CMV infection of tumor cells have been reported.
Unusual fusion between ventral and dorsal primordia causes anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction
Authors: Tadokoro Hiroyuki , Takase Masaru , Nobukawa Bunsei
Published: July 2008

Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ) is a congenital anomaly in which the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct proximal to the sphincter of Oddi. Anatomical and immunohistochemical examination of the pancreas with APBJ has rarely been performed. A 72‐year‐old woman with gallbladder cancer and APBJ died of respiratory failure. Macroscopic features of the pancreas were examined in detail. Immunohistochemistry using anti‐pancreatic polypeptide (anti‐PP) antibody was done to discriminate ventral and dorsal pancreas. Macroscopically the inferior part of the head of the pancreas was smaller than normal. The posterior surface of the head was obliquely grooved. Part of the pancreatic head protruded into the posterior side of the pancreatic head. A PP‐rich region was located in the superioposterior position of the pancreas head. Considering the relationship between the ventral and dorsal pancreas, it was inferred that the ventral primordium could obliquely fuse with the dorsal primordium during embryological development. As a result, APBJ occurs through an abnormal fusion between ventral and dorsal primordia.
Primary invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the stomach
Authors: Shimoda Masayuki , Okada Yasunori , Hayashi Yuichiro , Hatano Satoshi , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Omori Tai , Ishii Seiichiro , Sugiura Hitoshi
Published: July 2008

Reported herein is the case of a 74‐year‐old man with an unusual gastric carcinoma that developed at the lesser curvature of the stomach. The tumor consisted of small clusters of carcinoma cells surrounded by clear spaces, with histopathology similar to invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast. The carcinoma cells, which had downregulation of E‐cadherin expression, invaded the subserous tissue and metastasized to the perigastric lymph nodes. IMPC, an unusual subtype of invasive breast carcinoma, is known to have frequent lymph node metastases, resulting in a poor clinical outcome. Although IMPC has been reported in breast, urinary bladder, ureter, lung, salivary gland and colon, to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of IMPC arising in the stomach. Presented here are the clinicopathological features of primary IMPC of the stomach.
Malignant pheochromocytoma in a young adult forming the structure simulating Homer Wright rosette: Differentiation from neuroblastoma on repeating fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Mori Hiroki , Nagata Masao , Nishijima Nariaki , Nagura Kiyoko , Igarashi Hisaki , Hamazaki Minoru , Ozono Seiichiro , Sugimura Haruhiko
Published: July 2008

A peculiar adrenal tumor was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with multiple bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes. The patient was a 34‐year‐old woman with a mass above the left kidney and multiple metastases. Her serum and urine dopamine level were elevated, and a diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma was made. The patient died approximately 3 years after her first visit. On post‐mortem an adrenal tumor composed of small round cells forming Homer Wright rosette‐like structures, a feature rarely observed in pheochromocytoma, was found. Immunohistochemistry was positive for chromogranin A and synaptophysin, and negative for cytokeratin, vimentin and neurofilaments. Because these results did not rule out a diagnosis of neuroblastoma, the tumor was further characterized on FISH with multiple BAC probes for loci known to be altered in neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma, according to information in the literature that was for the most part obtained using comparative genomic hybridization. FISH demonstrated loss of heterozygosity at 11p, and gains at 16p, 19p, and 19q, a profile that favored a diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma over neuroblastoma. This case demonstrates that repeating FISH is useful for differential diagnosis.
Expression of CD68+ tumor‐associated macrophages in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and its relation to prognosis
Authors: Hasselblom Sverker , Hansson Ulrika , Sigurdardottir Margret , Nilsson‐Ehle Herman , Ridell Börje , Andersson Per‐Ola
Published: July 2008

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) have been ascribed both pro‐ and anti‐tumor properties, but the majority of clinical cancer studies have shown that the presence of a high number of TAM is related to poor prognosis, suggesting that TAM predominantly exert pro‐tumoral activity. The prognostic role of TAM in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), however, is so far unknown. Therefore, TAM were immunohistochemically stained with a CD68 antibody in a retrospective, population‐based study including 176 DLBCL patients treated with curative intent. With the exception that patients >60 years of age had a larger number of CD68+ cells (1143 vs 1018 cells/mm2; P = 0.05), no significant differences were found between the number of CD68+ cells and other clinical factors. Similarly, germinal center B‐cell (GCB)/non‐GCB immunophenotype or low/high Ki‐67 percentage were not associated with CD68 expression. Finally, no significant correlation was found between the number of CD68+ cells and progression‐free survival (P = 0.34) or overall survival (P = 0.94). These data indicate that the pro‐tumor effect of TAM has limited clinical relevance in DLBCL patients, which could imply that therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing their anti‐tumor activity are of continuous clinical interest.
Reproductive biology and pollination of Govenia utriculata: A syrphid fly orchid pollinated through a pollen‐deceptive mechanism
Authors: PANSARIN EMERSON R.
Published: July 2008

The reproductive biology and pollination mechanisms of Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. were studied in a mesophytic semideciduous forest at Serra do Japi, south‐eastern Brazil. The floral visitors and pollination mechanisms were recorded, and experimental pollinations were carried out to determine the breeding system of this species. Populations of G. utriculata growing at Serra do Japi are exclusively visited and pollinated by two species of hoverflies in the genus Salpingogaster (Diptera: Syrphidae) that are attracted by deceit to the flowers of this orchid species. The lip apex and the column base present small brownish and yellow to orange spots that mimic pollen clusters. Govenia utriculata is self‐compatible, but pollinator dependent. Natural fruit set was low (10%), but similar to that of other non‐obligatorily autogamous sympatric orchid species that occur at Serra do Japi and of other fly‐pollinated orchid species pollinated through deceptive mechanisms.
Is the endangeredApium repens(Jacq.) Lag. rare because of a narrow regeneration niche?
Authors: BURMEIER SANDRA , JENSEN KAI
Published: July 2008

The conservation of rare plant species is an important aspect of global biodiversity protection, but in many cases these species and the reasons why they are rare are poorly understood. The perennial umbelliferApium repensis generally regarded to be a rare species all over its European range. We hypothesized that its rarity might be caused by a restricted regeneration niche, that is, highly specific requirements for sexual regeneration, low seed dispersal potential and low endurance capacity of seeds in the ground. We conducted several experimental investigations on its germination ecology, hydrochorous dispersal potential and soil seed bank properties.Apium repensshowed high germination success under a variety of abiotic conditions. Either light or cold‐wet stratification was necessary to stimulate germination. Seeds were able to float for more than 50 days when protected from precipitation, and soil seed bank sampling revealed that at least some seeds ofA. repenswere contained in soil depths of up to 10 cm. Overall, our findings do not support the hypothesis that the rarity ofA. repensis caused by highly specific requirements for its sexual regeneration. Nonetheless, its germination ecology should be considered when designing conservation measures for this endangered species.
Reproductive ecology of medicinally important Kashmir Himalayan species of Digitalis L.
Authors: NAZIR ROMAISA , RESHI ZAFAR , WAFAI BASHIR AHMAD
Published: July 2008

Reproductive biology, encompassing phenology, floral biology, pollination and breeding systems, was investigated in three pharmaceutically important and anthropogenically exploited species of Digitalis in the montane habitats of the Kashmir Himalaya. Flowers in all three species (Digitalis purpurea, Digitalis grandiflora and Digitalis lanata) are aggregated in racemes. Corollas are characteristically bell shaped enclosing four, didynamously arranged stamens. The stigma is deeply bifid only in D. purpurea. The three species over‐winter as underground tubers and sprouting during the following spring occurs first in D. lanata, followed by D. purpurea and D. grandiflora. Floral bud opening in an inflorescence in all three species occurs sequentially from the bottom upwards in an acropetal succession and male and female phases are temporally separated with basal flowers entering the male phase first followed by the upper flowers in a regular sequence. Only after shedding the pollen grains completely do the flowers shift to the female phase. Resource allocation in all three species is more towards maleness than femaleness during anthesis. The species are principally insect pollinated and selfing is denied because of protandry and spatial separation of the stigma and anthers. Copious amounts of viable pollen grains produced by these species aid in successful pollination, fertilization and seed production. Studies revealed that none of these species operates autogamy because hand‐pollinated flowers with self‐pollen or bagged flowers (foreign pollen excluded) failed to set seed. High seed output in open‐pollinated flowers and high pollen–ovule ratios also indicate the outbreeding nature of these species. Thus, any reduction in the number of individuals constituting a population would significantly reduce the floral display and consequent rewards to the pollinators, with a subsequent influence on seed production. Hence, data on the reproductive biology of overexploited species, such as Digitalis spp., is of pivotal importance in formulating effective conservation strategies.
Isozyme variation under different modes of reproduction in two clonal winter annuals, Sedum rosulato‐bulbosum and Sedum bulbiferum (Crassulaceae)
Authors: TSUJIMURA NOZOMI , ISHIDA KIYOSHI
Published: July 2008

We studied isozyme variation in two annual species that produce bulbils, Sedum rosulato‐bulbosum, which includes both sexually reproducing plants and obligate clonal plants that result from triploidy (fertile and sterile S. rosulato‐bulbosum, respectively), and an obligate clonal plant, Sedum bulbiferum, to examine the relationship between reproductive mode and isozyme variation. The sterile S. rosulato‐bulbosum population exhibited no genotypic variation, but showed high genetic variation (gene diversity, He = 0.60) because five of the six loci that we analyzed were heterozygous. Almost all ramets of S. bulbiferum across 20 populations shared an identical isozyme phenotype, although we could not identify the genetic basis of the phenotype. In contrast, fertile S. rosulato‐bulbosum exhibited genotypic variation across the species, but comprised genotypically uniform and polymorphic populations whose genotypic variations correlated positively with the genetic variations within the populations (He at the genet level per population ranged from 0.08 to 0.37). Genetic drift and habitat conditions inhibiting seedling recruitment may have caused this among‐population variation. The results for sterile and fertile S. rosulato‐bulbosum suggest that exclusive clonal reproduction causes low genotypic variation, but maintains genetic variation within individuals. Factors that affect the maintenance of genetic variation in these plants are discussed on the basis of these findings.
Influence of annually fluctuating seed‐cone production and climatic factors on the upper‐crown expansion of canopy trees of Abies mariesii Masters (Pinaceae)
Authors: SEKI TAKESHI
Published: July 2008

To understand the influence of seed‐cone production on the upper‐crown expansion of canopy trees of Abies mariesii Masters, the influence of the annually fluctuating number of seed cones on the terminal‐leader length of the main stem and primary branches was analyzed using seed‐cone rachises remaining on the terminal leaders of the primary branches. The influence of climatic factors during the period of vegetative‐bud growth and shoot elongation was also analyzed. For the upper‐crown expansion, factors influencing the number of horizontally elongating branches on the top of the main stem were also examined. According to model fitting, the terminal‐leader length of the main stem was negatively influenced by seed‐cone production 1 year before shoot elongation. In contrast, the terminal‐leader length of the primary branches was not clearly influenced by seed‐cone production, but was positively influenced by the mean temperature in September 1 year before shoot elongation and in July in the year of shoot elongation. The number of horizontally elongating branches on the top was positively influenced by the terminal‐leader length of the main stem 1 year before horizontal elongation on the top and negatively influenced by seed‐cone production 2 years earlier. Thus, in the upper part of the crown, the allocation of photosynthate to seed cones mainly affects the arrangement of needles and seed cones up to the higher positions. This trade‐off between seed‐cone production and upper‐crown expansion influences the canopy shape and reproductive strategy of A. mariesii.
Is open‐angle glaucoma caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation: around the optic nerve?
Authors: Killer Hanspeter E , Jaggi Gregor P , Flammer Josef , Miller Neil R
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Chronic open‐angle glaucoma is the most frequent type of glaucoma and a leading cause for blindness. The role of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the pathogenesis of open‐angle glaucoma has been challenged by patients with typical glaucomatous optic disc changes and visual field loss in whom the IOP never exceeded normal values (normal‐tension glaucoma), as well as by patients with persistently elevated IOP who do not develop glaucomatous disc or field changes. Recent research has demonstrated that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not evenly distributed in all CSF spaces and that the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve can turn into a CSF compartment on its own. The biochemical components in this optic nerve compartment can differ markedly from normal CSF and some of its components (such as L‐PGDS) may produce a toxic effect on the optic nerve and may therefore play an important role in the pathophysiology of open‐angle glaucoma.
Enhancement of the success rate in trabeculectomy: large‐area mitomycin‐C application
Authors: Önol Merih , Aktaş Zeynep , Hasanreisoğlu Berati
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background:  To compare the effects of variable mitomycin‐C (MMC) applications during trabeculectomy on target intraocular pressure (IOP), number of antiglaucomatous therapy, bleb morphology and surgical complications.

Methods:  66 glaucoma cases who underwent trabeculectomy combined with small‐area (Group 1) or large‐area (Group 2) MMC application were included. This study is a retrospective case series comparison. In Group 1, MMC had only been applied to the scleral flap area, whereas additional MMC applications were performed on upper temporal and nasal quadrant in Group 2. The cases with diabetes, narrow angle glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, history of previous ocular surgery and follow‐up period less than 2 years were exluded from the study. A routine ophthalmological examination was performed in all cases and IOP measurements, morphology and the function of the blebs, necessity for antiglaucomatous medications and complications at first month and second year were evaluated.

Results:  There were 32 cases (48.5%) in Group 1 and 34 cases (51.5%) in Group 2. The mean IOPs were 12.6 ± 5.5 and 10.8 ± 5.3 mmHg at first month (P > 0.05), whereas 14.4 ± 2.8 and 10.1 ± 2.6 mmHg at second year, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean number of medications were 3.3 ± 1.6 and 3.2 ± 0.2 preoperatively (P > 0.05), whereas 0.8 ± 1.2 and 0.26 ± 0.70 at second year (P < 0.05). The number of diffuse blebs was higher in Group 2 whereas the number of cystic blebs was higher in Group 1 (P > 0.05). There was no difference between two groups with regards to the number of eyes with hypotonia (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:  Large‐area MMC application seems to increase long‐term success without increasing the complication rates in trabeculectomy.
The significance of Vogt's striae in keratoconus as evaluated by in vivo confocal microscopy
Authors: Mocan Mehmet C , Yilmaz Pinar Topcu , Irkec Murat , Orhan Mehmet
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background:  To evaluate the association of the presence, extent and width of Vogt's striae with other microstructural corneal alterations in keratoconus using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).

Methods:  Sixty‐eight keratoconic corneas of 68 patients were evaluated with slit‐lamp examination (SLE), corneal topography and IVCM. For each eye, the presence, extent and width of alternating light and dark bands (Vogt's striae) observed using IVCM was recorded together with keratocyte and endothelial cell densities, stromal nerve thickness, subbasal nerve density and thickness. The refractive status and the mean and steepest corneal curvatures were noted.

Results:  Vogt's striae were present in 43 (63.2%) eyes on SLE and dark bands were present in 53 (77.9%) eyes on IVCM. Compared with patients without dark bands, patients with dark bands had significantly higher refractive errors in spherical equivalents (SE; −8.15 ± 3.70 vs. −5.18 ± 2.46 diopters [D], P = 0.007), higher astigmatic errors (−5.88 ± 2.69 vs. −4.10 ± 1.84 D, P = 0.027), higher steepest corneal curvatures (54.33 ± 4.38 vs. 51.23 ± 3.72 D, P = 0.018), lower anterior stromal keratocyte densities (1106 ± 172 vs. 1222 ± 171 cells/mm2, P = 0.022) and lower nerve fibre densities (18.74 ± 6.54 vs. 22.66 ± 6.47 nerves/mm2, P = 0.054). Compared with patients in whom dark bands were confined to the posterior stroma, patients with dark bands extending into the anterior stroma had significantly higher refractive errors in SE (−11.17 ± 2.25 vs. −6.34 ± 3.48 D, P < 0.001), higher astigmatic errors (−7.44 ± 2.56 vs. −4.69 ± 2.22 D, P = 0.006) and wider bands (6.0 ± 2.1 vs. 9.6 ± 3.1 µm, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Vogt's striae appear to be more prevalent in keratoconic corneas than can be appreciated clinically. The presence of Vogt's striae may be associated with corneal topographic and microstructural changes.
Bioenergetic‐based neuroprotection and glaucoma
Authors: Schober Michael S , Chidlow Glyn , Wood John PM , Casson Robert J
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) is a pressure‐sensitive optic neuropathy which results in the death of retinal ganglion cells and causes associated loss of vision. Presently, the only accepted treatment strategy is to lower the intraocular pressure; however, for some patients this is insufficient to prevent progressive disease. Although the pathogenesis of POAG remains unclear, there is considerable evidence that energy failure at the optic nerve head may be involved. Neuroprotection, a strategy which directly enhances the survival of neurons, is desirable, but remains clinically elusive. One particular form of neuroprotection involves the notion of enhancing the energy supply of neurons. These ‘bioenergetic’ methods of neuroprotection have proven successful in animal models of other neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and traumatic brain injury, but have been relatively unexplored in glaucoma models. This review focuses on some of the potential approaches for bioenergetic neuroprotection in the retina, including increasing the energy buffering capacity of damaged cells, decreasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane pore and free radical scavenging.
Fractal analysis of fluoroangiographic patterns in anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis: a pilot study
Authors: Traversi Claudio , Bianciardi Giorgio , Tasciotti Annalisa , Berni Elisa , Nuti Elisabetta , Luzi Pietro , Tosi Gian Marco
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background:  To evaluate by means of fractal analysis the vascular pattern of the optic nerve head obtained by fluorescein angiogram, in non‐arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and optic neuritis (ON).

Methods:  Twenty‐nine patients at the Department of Ophthalmology of the University of Siena, diagnosed as having either NAION or ON by clinical and instrumental criteria, were prospectively subjected to fractal analysis: 11 patients with NAION and 18 patients with ON. In the ON group, 12 patients showed optic disc oedema, whereas six patients showed no optic disc oedema. The unaffected eyes of six patients with NAION and of seven patients with ON associated with optic disc oedema served as controls.

Results:  The mean fractal dimension D was 1.84 ± 0.09 in the NAION group, 1.92 ± 0.04 in the ON group with optic disc oedema, 1.86 ± 0.04 in the ON group without optic disc oedema and 1.63 ± 0.06 in the control group; all case groups showed significantly higher values than controls (P < 0.01). Among the case groups, the ON group with optic disc oedema showed a significantly higher mean fractal dimension value than the others (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:  Our data suggest that eyes with ON and NAION seem to have increased vascular complexity in the optic nerve head, manifested as an increase in fractal dimension.
Comparison of the effect of intracameral moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and cefazolin on rabbit corneal endothelial cells
Authors: Kim Su‐Young , Park Young‐Hoon , Lee Young‐Chun
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  To compare the effect on corneal endothelial cells among intracameral moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and cefazoline in rabbits.

Methods:  Thirty‐six eyes from eighteen rabbits were divided into four groups. The control solution (balanced salt solution), cefazolin 1000 µg/0.1 mL, levofloxain 500 µg/0.1 mL or moxifloxacin 500 µg/0.1 mL was injected into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye. The central corneal thickness was assessed before the injection of intracameral antibiotics. Endothelial toxicity was evaluated according to the central corneal thickness, specular microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy 1 day after injection.

Results:  Before the injection, the central corneal thickness was not different among four groups. After injection, there was no significant difference of the corneal thickness and endothelial cell count between the control and study groups. The central corneal thickness after injection of antibiotics did not significantly change when compared with control. Scanning electron microscopy showed normal hexagonality. Normal architecture of the endothelial cells was noted in transmission electron microscopy in all four groups.

Conclusions:  Intracameral injection of antibiotics (cefazolin 1000 µg/0.1 mL, levofloxain 500 µg/0.1 mL, moxifloxacin 500 µg/0.1 mL) did not show significant toxicity on the endothelial cells compared with the control group. Intracameral injection of one of these antibiotics appears to be safe for surgical prophylaxis.
The effects of cannabis abuse on the symptoms of schizophrenia: Patient perspectives
Authors: Costain William F.
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  This study explored explanatory models used by individuals with schizophrenia in relation to continuing cannabis abuse. Cannabis is known to exacerbate positive symptoms, compound the effects of negative symptoms, and lead to relapse, having a negative effect upon quality of life. If this is so, why would people choose to continue the drug use? Most previous studies exploring this phenomenon have used quantitative methodology where the questions asked have been preset by the researchers and the subjective experience of the patient has been minimized. Qualitative methodology was utilized in this study in order to give voice to the patients’ perspectives, and contribute to the knowledge of the frameworks of meanings employed by patients. The majority of participants in this study did not perceive that they had a mental illness and they held strong beliefs regarding the usefulness of cannabis. They gave explanations for their continuing cannabis use that expanded the understanding from previous studies. These included that they sought the drug effects of cannabis use for clarity of voices, control of symptoms, to feel normal, perceived improvement in cognitive function, reduced psychological pain and increased energy. These beliefs may influence a person's adherence with treatment and their future cannabis use. This research has implications for clinical practice as clinicians may lack insight into the importance of the phenomenological beliefs of a person with schizophrenia. This lack of insight by the clinician into the phenomenological beliefs may impact on the development of a therapeutic relationship.
Whose life is it anyway? An exploration of five contemporary ethical issues that pertain to the psychiatric nursing care of the person who is suicidal: Part two
Authors: Cutcliffe John R. , Links Paul S.
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  This is the second of a two‐part paper which focuses on five principal issues/questions which can inform mental health nurses’ ethical discourse around the matter of suicide. This second part focuses on the questions: is there such a phenomenon as a rational or appropriate suicide? And what role, if any, should mental health nurses occupy in assisted suicide?

We find that the relevant theoretical and ethical literature in this area suggests, at least for some, that there may very well be such a phenomenon as a rationale suicide, especially if the often cited myth that all people who complete suicide must ipso facto have a mental health problem, is scrutinized. Furthermore, the extant literature indicates that while for the majority of suicidal acts, mental disorders may be a necessary but not sufficient element; the suicidal process is not, however, synonymous with mental disorder phenomenology. Lastly, whether or not there is a role(s) for mental health nurses in assisted suicide is difficult to say because there is almost no indication in the literature that such views have been solicited and considered. Given mental health nurses’ often ‘front‐line’ involvement in care of the person who is suicidal, there is an urgent need to canvass these views and include them in the debate. Lastly, given the content of current mental health nurses Codes of Ethics and Professional Codes of Conduct, there may be a need to revisit these codes in light of contemporary and changing views of assisted suicide.
Mental illness and substance use: An Australian perspective
Authors: Munro Ian , Edward Karen‐Leigh
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  This paper presents a review of the literature of service trends and practice recommendations for management of those with the dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance abuse. The method for the review was to search bibliographical data bases and hand held literature published in English between 1990 and 2007. Using the search terms dual diagnosis, and co‐morbidity and mental illness, 93 abstracts were selected and reviewed. The authors concluded that a collaborative approach to care with better integration of drug and alcohol services within mental health would benefit clients with a dual diagnosis. Improved education to enhance the assessment and diagnosis of this client group is also considered essential for clinicians in both mental health and alcohol and drugs services.
Doctoral graduates in mental health nursing in Victoria, Australia: The doctoral experience and contribution to scholarship
Authors: Happell Brenda , Edward Karen‐Leigh , Welch Tony
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  The last decade has seen a substantial increase in the number of psychiatric or mental health nurses in Victoria, Australia who hold doctoral qualifications. The literature refers to the importance of scholarship for the professional development and recognition of nursing as a discipline. However, there is a paucity of literature addressing the contribution of nursing doctoral graduates to scholarship in mental health nursing or indeed the broader nursing profession. This paper presents the findings from a survey of psychiatric nurse doctoral graduates currently residing in the State of Victoria. A questionnaire was developed by the authors and distributed to the known doctoral graduates. The main findings demonstrate considerable variation in the discipline and topic of inquiry and in the extent to which doctoral studies had led to dissemination of research findings and engagement in further scholarly activity. The strengthening of mental health nursing knowledge requires scholarship and doctoral graduates are expected to make a major contribution, through research and the dissemination of findings. This paper presents a descriptive overview of doctoral graduates in one State of Australia with a particular focus on research and scholarship.