bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of microgravity on the human venous system and blood coagulation: a systematic review
Authors: Kim David S. , Vaquer Sergi , Mazzolai Lucia , Roberts Lara N. , Pavela James , Watanabe Manabu , Weerts Guillaume , Green David A.
Published: March 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Recently, an internal jugular venous thrombus was identified during spaceflight: does microgravity induce venous and/or coagulation pathophysiology, and thus an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE)?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Whilst data are limited, this systematic review suggests that microgravity and its analogues may induce an enhanced coagulation state due to venous changes most prominent in the cephalad venous system, as a consequence of changes in venous flow, distension, pressures, endothelial damage and possibly hypercoagulability in microgravity and its analogues. However, whether such changes precipitate an increased VTE risk in spaceflight remains to be determined.

Recently, an internal jugular venous thrombus was identified during spaceflight, but whether microgravity induces venous and/or coagulation pathophysiology, and thus, an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unclear. Therefore, a systematic (Cochrane compliant) review was performed of venous system or coagulation parameters in actual spaceflight (microgravity) or ground‐based analogues in PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Cochrane Library, European Space Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐und Raumfahrt databases. Seven‐hundred and eight articles were retrieved, of which 26 were included for evaluation with 21 evaluating venous, and five coagulation parameters. Nine articles contained spaceflight data, whereas the rest reported ground‐based analogue data. There is substantial variability in study design, objectives and outcomes. Yet, data suggested cephalad venous system dilatation, increased venous pressures and decreased/reversed flow in microgravity. Increased fibrinogen levels, presence of thrombin generation markers and endothelial damage were also reported. Limited human venous and coagulation system data exist in spaceflight, or its analogues. Nevertheless, data suggest spaceflight may induce an enhanced coagulation state in the cephalad venous system, as a consequence of changes in venous flow, distension, pressures, endothelial damage and possibly hypercoagulability. Whether such changes precipitate an increased VTE risk in spaceflight remains to be determined.
Elbows for Accelerated Flow
Authors: Carrier G. F.
Published: March 2021

It is of interest in the field of fluid mechanics to determine the shape of that two-dimensional channel which will most effectively turn a stream of fluid through an angle β while simultaneously increasing its velocity by a factor r. In the present paper, criteria which such a channel should satisfy are suggested and an elbow which meets these requirements is obtained. The solution is carried out first for a nonviscous incompressible fluid and then for the compressible medium using the Karmen-Tsien linearized pressure-volume relation.
Generalized Vibration Analysis by Means of the Mechanical Transients Analyzer
Authors: McCann G. D. , Kopper J. M.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the results of a general study that has been made of a linear system having 2 deg of freedom. This is representative for many mechanical vibration problems as well as for problems of other physical systems. The system is described specifically in terms of the mechanical parameters of translational motion and consists of one mass, spring, dashpot system mounted on another. Three types of generalized solutions are given for the maximum motion of the first system relative to the second, or the maximum stress developed in the spring of the first system. One of these is for known sinusoidal forces applied to the second system, one is for the whole system striking a fixed base at a known velocity without rebound, and one is for such an impact and one rebound. The solutions were obtained on the mechanical transients analyzer which employs the principle of electric-circuit analogy. The solutions are given in dimensionless curve form for a wide range of all parameters.
Stress Concentration Around an Ellipsoidal Cavity in an Infinite Body Under Arbitrary Plane Stress Perpendicular to the Axis of Revolution of Cavity
Authors: Sadowsky M. A. , Sternberg E.
Published: March 2021

This paper contains an exact closed solution for the stress distribution around a cavity in the shape of an ellipsoid of revolution in an infinite elastic body which is otherwise in an arbitrary uniform plane state of stress perpendicular to the axis of revolution of the cavity. The solution is based upon an extension to orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates of the classical three-function approach to three-dimensional problems of the theory of elasticity. The technically important features of the ensuing stress concentration are discussed in detail.
Gravitational Diffusion From a Boundary Source in Two-Dimensional Flow
Authors: Rouse Hunter
Published: March 2021

Convection currents of heated air downwind from a continuous line of gasoline burners at ground level provided an important means of dispersing fog over airfields during the recent war. A study of heat requirements as a function of burner location and cross-wind velocity, conducted by the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research in 1943, yielded results which are considered applicable to all similar problems of gravitational diffusion from a boundary source—such, for instance, as the mixing through induced convection of sediment-laden water introduced at the upper surface of a stream. The author presents herewith a general analysis of the problem, based upon solution of the differential equations of energy and diffusion for the assumption of (1) an error distribution of the specific-weight difference over any normal section and (2) a direct proportionality between the mixing length and the standard deviation of the error curve. Experimental results are shown to verify the analysis with good approximation.
Derivation of Stress, Strain, Temperature, Strain-Rate Relation for Plastic Deformation
Authors: Lubahn J. D.
Published: March 2021

This paper carries out the derivation and correction of an equation previously presented by J. H. Hollomon and the author, relating to stress for plastic flow (σ), plastic strain (ϵ), strain rate ( ϵ . ), and temperature (T).
Tables for Numerical Solution of Problems in the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Steady One-Dimensional Gas Flow Without Discontinuities
Authors: Edelman G. M. , Shapiro Ascher H.
Published: March 2021

Elsewhere in this issue are presented analytical procedures for handling complicated problems involving the simultaneous effects of area change, wall friction, drag of internal bodies, external heat exchange, chemical reactions, change of phase, mixing of injected gases, and changes in molecular weight and specific heat. Tables of functions are given herewith to facilitate the numerical solution of such problems for regions of flow where the stream properties change continuously.
Feasibility of a One Degree-of-Freedom Linear Robot for Bed-Bound Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Berezny Nicholas , Dowlatshahi Dar , Ahmadi Mojtaba
Published: March 2021

A 1DOF lower limb rehabilitation robot is presented for delivering leg extension therapy to bed-bound stroke patients. Such a compact and minimal system may be beneficial in terms of compatibility with pre-existing hospital equipment, ease-of-use, safety, and cost. A set of design criteria was created based on the literature and on previous field work at a local hospital. The device uses admittance control to apply assistive or resistive forces, and can also use haptic feedback to increase user engagement. A pilot study on six healthy participants was used to determine the feasibility of such a minimal system in administering assistance or resistance through the leg extension exercise. Results indicate that a single DOF is capable of decreasing trajectory error with assistance and increasing user effort with resistance. Observations confirm that the minimal system is effective; however, extending the robot with additional DOFs so that it can target multiple bed-bound exercises may help to increase therapy duration.
Association of Self-Reported Frequent Exercise Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Older People in the United States With Self-Reported Pain
Authors: Axon David R. , Emami Niloufar
Published: March 2021

This retrospective, cross-sectional database study aimed to identify characteristics associated with self-reported frequent exercise (defined as moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise for ≥30 min five times a week) in older U.S. (≥50 years) adults with pain in the past 4 weeks, using 2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data and hierarchical logistic regression models. The variables significantly associated with frequent exercise included being male (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.507, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.318, 1.724]); non-Hispanic (AOR = 1.282, 95% CI [1.021, 1.608]); employed (AOR = 1.274, 95% CI [1.040, 1.560]); having no chronic conditions versus ≥5 conditions (AOR = 1.576, 95% CI [1.094, 2.268]); having two chronic conditions versus ≥5 conditions (AOR = 1.547, 95% CI [1.226, 1.952]); having no limitation versus having a limitation (AOR = 1.209, 95% CI [1.015, 1.441]); having little/moderate versus quite/extreme pain (AOR = 1.358, 95% CI [1.137, 1.621]); having excellent/very good versus fair/poor physical health (AOR = 2.408, 95% CI [1.875, 3.093]); and having good versus fair/poor physical health (AOR = 1.337, 95% CI [1.087, 1.646]). These characteristics may be useful to create personalized pain management protocols that include exercise for older adults with pain.
Pandora's pandemic
The Andromeda Strain
Robert Wise, director
Universal Pictures, 1971. 131 minutes.
Authors: Campos Luis A.
Published: March 2021

The Andromeda Strain's
oft-invoked fictional outbreak continues to offer context for considering possible futures
Feasibility, usability and acceptability of paediatric lung ultrasound among healthcare providers and caregivers for the diagnosis of childhood pneumonia in resource-constrained settings: a qualitative study
Authors: Riaz Atif , Cambaco Olga , Ellington Laura Elizabeth , Lenahan Jennifer L , Munguambe Khatia , Mehmood Usma , Lamorte Alessandro , Qaisar Sana , Baloch Benazir , Kanth Neel , Nisar Muhammad Imran , Volpicelli Giovanni , Bassat Quique , Jehan Fyezah , Ginsburg Amy Sarah
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Paediatric pneumonia burden and mortality are highest in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Paediatric lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool for pneumonia in LMIC. Despite a growing evidence base for LUS use in paediatric pneumonia diagnosis, little is known about its potential for successful implementation in LMIC. Our objectives were to evaluate the feasibility, usability and acceptability of LUS in the diagnosis of paediatric pneumonia.

Design

Prospective qualitative study using semistructured interviews

Setting

Two referral hospitals in Mozambique and Pakistan

Participants

A total of 21 healthcare providers (HCPs) and 20 caregivers were enrolled.

Results

HCPs highlighted themes of limited resource availability for the feasibility of LUS implementation, including perceived high cost of equipment, maintenance demands, time constraints and limited trained staff. HCPs emphasised the importance of policymaker support and caregiver acceptance for long-term success. HCP perspectives of usability highlighted ease of use and integration into existing workflow. HCPs and caregivers had positive attitudes towards LUS with few exceptions. Both HCPs and caregivers emphasised the potential for rapid, improved diagnosis of paediatric respiratory conditions using LUS.

Conclusions

This was the first study to evaluate HCP and caregiver perspectives of paediatric LUS through qualitative analysis. Critical components impacting feasibility, usability and acceptability of LUS for paediatric pneumonia diagnosis in LMIC were identified for initial deployment. Future research should explore LUS sustainability, with a particular focus on quality control, device maintenance and functionality and adoption of the new technology within the health system. This study highlights the need to engage both users and recipients of new technology early in order to adapt future interventions to the local context for successful implementation.

Trial registration number

NCT03187067.
Comparison of the visual outcome between macula-on and macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment based on the duration of macular detachment
Authors: Lee Chang Sup , Shaver Karl , Yun Samuel Huisok , Kim Daniel , Wen Sijin , Ghorayeb Ghassan
Published: March 2021

Objective

To compare the visual outcomes between macula-on and macula-off primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) based on the duration of macular detachment (DMD).

Methods and Analysis

Retrospective study including 96 eyes with RRD (34 macula-on and 62 macula-off) repaired between June 2012 and March 2020. The final visual acuity (VA) was compared after the patients were divided by the status of the macula and their DMD.

Results

The mean final VA of patients with macula-on RRD (group A) was logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.04±0.07, which was not statistically different from that of individuals with macula-off RRD with DMD ≤3 days (group B; logMAR 0.05±0.06) (p=0.79). There were statistically significant differences in the final VA between group A and patients with macula-off RRD with DMD of 4–7 days (group C; logMAR 0.15±0.15) (p=0.017) as well as between group A and those with macula-off RRD with DMD ≥8 days (group D; logMAR 0.36±0.29) (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the final VA between group B and C (p=0.33).

Conclusion

The mean final VA of patients with macula-on RRD was comparable to that of the macula-off patients with DMD ≤3 days. Our findings suggest that if macula-on RRD could not be immediately repaired, a repair within 72 hours may result in similar outcomes, even if the macula detaches within that time frame. However, once the macula detaches, we do not observe statistically significant differences in outcome for repairs done within 7 days.
Bullying in children: impact on child health
Authors: Armitage Richard
Published: March 2021

Bullying in childhood is a major public health problem that increases the risk of poor health, social and educational outcomes in childhood and adolescence. These consequences are felt by all those involved in bullying (bullies, victims and bully–victims) and are now recognised to propagate deep into adulthood. Cyberbullying is a relatively new type of bullying in addition to the traditional forms of direct physical, direct verbal and indirect bullying. Children who are perceived as being ‘different’ in any way are at greater risk of victimisation, with physical appearance being the most frequent trigger of childhood bullying. Globally, one in three children have been bullied in the past 30 days, although there is substantial regional variation in the prevalence and type of bullying experienced. The consequences of childhood bullying can be categorised into three broad categories: educational consequences during childhood, health consequences during childhood and all consequences during adulthood. Many dose–response relationships exist between the frequency and intensity of bullying experienced and the severity of negative health consequence reported. The majority of victims of cyberbullying are also victims of traditional bullying, meaning cyberbullying creates very few additional victims. Overall, adverse mental health outcomes due to bullying in childhood most severely impact on bully–victims. Bullying prevention is vital for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, with whole-school cooperative learning interventions having the strongest evidence base for successful outcomes. Clear management and referral pathways for health professionals dealing with childhood bullying are lacking in both primary and secondary care, although specialist services are available locally and online.
Risk assessment of secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Stemphylium
Authors: Stricker Sara M. , Gossen Bruce D. , McDonald Mary Ruth
Published: March 2021

The fungal genus Stemphylium (phylum Ascomycota, teleomorph Pleospora) includes plant pathogenic, endophytic, and saprophytic species with worldwide distributions. Stemphylium spp. produce prodigious numbers of airborne spores, so are a human health concern as allergens. Some species also produce secondary metabolites, such as glucosides, ferric chelates, aromatic polyketides, and others, that function as toxins that damage plants and other fungal species. Some of these compounds also exhibit a low level of mammalian toxicity. The high production of airborne spores by this genus can result in a high incidence of human exposure. Concern about toxin production appears to be the reason that Stemphylium vesicarium, which is a pathogen of several vegetable crops, was classified in Canada as a potential risk of harm to humans for many years. A detailed assessment of the risk of exposure was provided to the relevant regulatory body, the Public Health Agency of Canada, which then determined that Stemphylium spp. in nature or under laboratory conditions posed little to no risk to humans or animals, and the species was re-assigned as a basic (level 1) risk agent.
Confined systems with a linear energy spectrum
Authors: Alhaidari A. D. , Taiwo T. J.
Published: March 2021

Using a formulation of quantum mechanics based on orthogonal polynomials in the energy and physical parameters, we study quantum systems totally confined in space and with a linearly spaced energy spectrum. We present several examples of such systems, derive their corresponding potential functions, and plot some of their bound states.
Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau equation and thermodynamic quantities
Authors: Alkis E. , Kangal E. E. , Onengut G. , Topaksu A. K.
Published: March 2021

We investigate the generalized form of Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau (DKP) equation in the presence of both a position-dependent electrical field and curved spacetime for the 2-dimensional anti-de Sitter spacetime. Moreover, we derive both the asymptotic wave function and construct energy quantization with the help of the properties of gamma function. All thermodynamic quantities of the system have been calculated with the help of the Euler–MacLaurin formula in the final state.
High stability laser source for Taiji-1 satellite
Authors: Sun Guang-Wei , Chen Di-Jun , Xin Guo-Feng , Cai Hai-Wen , Chen Wei-Biao ,   On behalf of The Taiji Scientific Collaboration
Published: March 2021

A high stability Laser source at 1064 nm for Taiji-1 satellite is reported. The key component of the Laser source is a nonplanar ring oscillator (NPRO) solid laser with linewidth of 260 Hz. Frequency noise and power noise of Laser source are greatly improved by applying precision driving current control and temperature control. The frequency noise of 0.1 MHz/sqrt(Hz)@ 0.1 Hz and the power noise of 0.02%@0.1 Hz are obtained. Its working performances in-orbit are analyzed and compared with the ground test, showing negligible variation.
CHINESE INFLUENCES IN SIERRA LEONE: ALARMING OR INSPIRING?
Authors: ELEVELD EMILE , PENNINK BARTJAN
Published: March 2021

The evolution of China’s international investment surge has been analyzed critically over the years, but we still know relatively little about its effect on developing countries. In turn, sub-Saharan African countries have a longstanding history of foreign influences that have had a deeply rooted effect on their people’s sentiment. This research continues to fill the gap regarding how Chinese investment decisions and the underlying intentions are perceived at the local level in Western Africa. For this research, the focus lies on entrepreneurs from Sierra Leone, given the country’s unique economic climate in Western Africa and the position of entrepreneurs as keystone actors toward local innovation, and thus, local economic development. This focus resulted in the following research question: How do entrepreneurs in Sierra Leone perceive Chinese influences regarding Sierra Leone’s local economic development? To answer this open research question, rich data was collected by means of interviewing local entrepreneurs in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Altogether, both comparable and contrasting perceptions on Chinese influences regarding Sierra Leone’s local economic development are presented, resulting in the expansion from an initial thinking model toward an extended thinking model.
Time course and magnitude of ventilatory and renal acid-base acclimatization following rapid ascent to and residence at 3,800 m over nine days
Authors: Bird Jordan D. , Leacy Jack K. , Foster Glen E. , Rickards Caroline A. , Wilson Richard J. A. , O’Halloran Ken D. , Jendzjowsky Nicholas G. , Pentz Brandon A. , Byman Britta R. M. , Thrall Scott F. , Skalk Alexandra L. , Hewitt Sarah A. , Steinback Craig D. , Burns David , Ondrus Peter , Day Trevor A.
Published: March 2021

We assessed the time course, magnitude, and variability of integrated ventilatory and renal acid-base acclimatization with rapid ascent and residence at 3,800 m. Despite reductions in [Formula: see text] upon ascent, pHa was normalized within 24 h of arrival at 3,800 m through renal compensation (i.e., bicarbonate elimination). Renal reactivity (RR) was unchanged between days 2 and 9, suggesting a lack of plasticity at moderate steady-state altitude. RR was strongly correlated with ΔpHa, suggesting that a high-gain renal response better protects pHa.
Menstrual Pattern and Characteristics of One-Rod and Two-Rod Levonorgestrel Implant Users
Authors: Gunardi Eka Rusdianto , Susilo Sulaeman Andrianto
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Indonesia reaches 359 per 100,000 live births. The long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) method is an effective contraceptive choice for reducing MMR. The contraceptive implant is one of the LARCs that has low usage due to lack of education about the side effects. This study aims to compare the menstrual pattern and characteristics between one-rod and two-rod levonorgestrel implant users. Methods. A prospective cohort study was performed in patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) from March 2016 to May 2018. Subject recruitment was done by consecutive sampling. This study was conducted from March 2016 until May 2019. Statistical analysis was performed on the data using the chi-square test to determine the relationship between menstrual pattern and characteristics, and the use of one-rod or two-rod levonorgestrel implants. Results. A total of 140 subjects participated in the study, comprising 70 (50%) one-rod users and 70 (50%) two-rod users. In the first month, 32.9% one-rod users experienced amenorrhea, 22.9% experienced shortened menstrual period, 30% experienced normal menstrual period, and 14,2 % experienced lengthened menstrual period. In comparison, in the first month, 41.4% two-rod users experienced amenorrhea, 15.7% experienced shortened menstrual period, 32.9% experienced normal menstrual period, and 10% experienced lengthened menstrual period. There was no significant difference in menstrual patterns and characteristics between one-rod and two-rod levonorgestrel implant users. Conclusion. There was no significant difference in menstrual patterns and characteristics between one-rod and two-rod levonorgestrel implant users. Implications. Menstrual patterns and characteristics from levonorgestrel implants user can help clinicians to reduce discontinuation rate from the acceptors. Further research should be conducted to know other side effects aside from menstrual bleeding patterns.
On the Hybrid Fourth Power Mean Involving Legendre’s Symbol and One Kind Two-Term Exponential Sums
Authors: Wang Jingzhe
Published: March 2021

The main purpose of this article is using the elementary methods and the properties of the quadratic residue modulo an odd prime

p

to study the calculating problem of the fourth power mean of one kind two-term exponential sums and give an interesting calculating formula for it.
Experimental Study on the Damage of Bridge Pier under the Impact of Rockfall
Authors: Sun XinPo , Bi YuZhang , Zhou RuoYun , Zhao HouZhen , Fu Xian-Lei , Zhao Pu , Jiang Zhe-Yuan
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a discussion is presented about the impact‐induced damage suffered by bridge pier columns during rockfall events through model tests and impact force, column top displacement, stress‐strain response, and other parameters in relation to the process of impact. On this basis, the following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, the impact force, as well as the displacement and strain of the column top, increases rapidly after taking a hit, while the displacement is reduced after reaching its maximum. Secondly, at the same falling height, the higher the impact position, the smaller the peak of impact force and the longer the attenuation period. Thirdly, at the same impact height, the impact energy, the displacement of the column top, and the peak of the impact force increase as the falling height of the pendulum ball is on the rise, but the attenuation period remains unchanged. Fourthly, the failure mode of column impacted by the swing ball conforms to shear‐flexural failure. Fifthly, it is recommended to strengthen the preventative measures for those weak positions like 1/2 height and 1/4 height of bridge pier, so as to minimize the potential damage caused by rockfalls. Besides, a theoretical formula used to estimate the maximum impact force is proposed. Lastly, under the axial load of bridge deck, the performance of the pier in impact resistance under rockfall is better and the damage is less severe than in the experimental impact test. The axial load applied by the deck imposes some constraints on the pier, thus reducing concrete damage. The research results can contribute to the research on addressing the rockfall‐bridge pier collision problem. The experimental research demonstrates its theoretical significance to engineering for the prevention of rockfall.
Parts, Period, and Extraction Solvents as Parameters Influencing Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Hypericaceae) Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Deutou Tégaboué D. , Cidjeu Pouaha C. L. , Ebelle Etame R. M. , K. G. Sikam , Ngo Hagbe D. , Moussa Issa , Tchientcheu Raphael , Mouokeu R. S. , Ngono Ngane R. A.
Published: March 2021

The study of the conditions which affect the pharmacological activity of medicinal plants is the basis for the development of phytomedicine. This study aimed at identifying some optimal conditions for antibacterial activity of extracts of Harungana madagascariensis. The leaves, bark, and roots were harvested in Douala, Littoral Region of Cameroon, in August 2019 at three times of the day: early in the morning (6 a.m.), at midday (12 p.m.), and in the afternoon (6 p.m.). They were dried at room temperature and ground to give a fine powder. Each powder was macerated in methanol for 72 h and boiled in distilled water and palm wine. The obtained extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity by broth microdilution method on 31 clinical and 4 reference bacterial strains. The results show that the best extraction yield was obtained using the bark extracted from palm wine by decoction. The methanol bark extract was found to be more active than other solvents (8 and 512 µg/mL). In fact, the activity of the 6 a.m. extract was significant on 4 of the 35 strains tested (MIC< 100 µg/mL) and moderate on 27 of the 35 strains tested (100≤ MIC≤ 625 μg/mL). The activity of the noon extract was significant on 8 strains and moderate on 23 strains and, finally, the activity of the extract of 6 p.m. was significant on 9 strains and moderate on 25 strains. The extract harvested at 6 p.m. inhibited the growth of the 35 strains tested and revealed significant activity (MIC <100 μg/mL) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, and Yersinia enterocolitica, making this hour the best harvesting time. This study further confirms that the bark of H. madagascariensis is a potent antibacterial agent, being better still when harvested at 6 p.m. and extracted with methanol.
Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation of Cemented Paste Backfill in the Mining Industry
Authors: Li Yan
Published: March 2021

With the increasing scrutiny on tailings management and requirements of the ground subsidence control, both the academia and industry are highly advocating the utilization of cemented paste backfill (CPB) in the mining industry. Literature review has shown that there are some studies conducted to evaluate the ecological environment, economic development, and social impact of mining. However, a comprehensive study about the economic benefits, resource benefits, environmental benefits, and social benefits of CPB is still lacking. This study aims to present a comprehensive benefit index system for CPB from four aspects, i.e., economy, resource, environment, and society. Questionnaires from experts and the mining industry using CPB technology were collected, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis. The relationships between economy, resource, environment, and society were analyzed. The results show that resource benefits have the greatest impact on the comprehensive benefit of CPB in the mining industry, followed by environmental, economic, and social benefits. According to relevance ranking, resource benefits are positively correlated with social, environmental, and economic benefits, whereas environmental, resource, and social benefits have correlation with economic benefits in turn. Therefore, resource, environmental, economic, and social benefits in order directly affect the comprehensive benefit of CPB on the basis of the influencing degree. Moreover, resource, environmental, and social benefits indirectly affect the comprehensive benefit of CPB. The research findings of this study would help the mining industry popularize the CPB technology and promote the sustainability and cleaner production of the mining industry.
2D In Situ Method for Measuring Plant Leaf Area with Camera Correction and Background Color Calibration
Authors: Tu Li-fen , Peng Qi , Li Chun-sheng , Zhang Aiqun
Published: March 2021

In order to measure the plant leaf area conveniently and quickly in an indoor laboratory and outdoor field, a set of scaffold leaf area measurement systems was designed and manufactured. A 2D in situ method for measuring plant leaf area with camera correction and background color calibration was proposed. The method integrates three subalgorithms: fast calibration and distortion correction algorithm, background color calibration algorithm, and edge error correction algorithm. At the same time, the Visual Studio 2015 and OpenCV 3.4.0 were used to develop and test the algorithm. In order to verify the measurement speed and environmental adaptability of the system, the test was carried out in the complex light disturbance outdoors, and the results were consistent with those in the room. In order to verify the measurement accuracy of the system, this method was used to measure the standard rectangular gauge block of known area and the real leaf area, respectively, and its data were compared with the data measured by Wanshen LA-S plant image analyzer. The results show that both methods have a good stability, and the algorithm proposed in this paper performs better in measurement accuracy and environmental adaptability.
Expression of the Metalloproteinase ADAM8 Is Upregulated in Liver Inflammation Models and Enhances Cytokine Release In Vitro
Authors: Awan Tanzeela , Babendreyer Aaron , Wozniak Justyna , Alvi Abid Mahmood , Sterzer Viktor , Cook Lena , Bartsch Jörg W. , Liedtke Christian , Yildiz Daniela , Ludwig Andreas
Published: March 2021

Acute and chronic liver inflammation is driven by cytokine and chemokine release from various cell types in the liver. Here, we report that the induction of inflammatory mediators is associated with a yet undescribed upregulation of the metalloproteinase ADAM8 in different murine hepatitis models. We further show the importance of ADAM8 expression for the production of inflammatory mediators in cultured liver cells. As a model of acute inflammation, we investigated liver tissue from lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated mice in which ADAM8 expression was markedly upregulated compared to control mice. In vitro, stimulation with LPS enhanced ADAM8 expression in murine and human endothelial and hepatoma cell lines as well as in primary murine hepatocytes. The enhanced ADAM8 expression was associated with an upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 expression and release. Inhibition studies indicate that the cytokine response of hepatoma cells to LPS depends on the activity of ADAM8 and that signalling by TNF-α can contribute to these ADAM8-dependent effects. The role of ADAM8 was further confirmed with primary hepatocytes from ADAM8 knockout mice in which TNF-α and IL-6 induction and release were considerably attenuated. As a model of chronic liver injury, we studied liver tissue from mice undergoing high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis and again observed upregulation of ADAM8 mRNA expression compared to healthy controls. In vitro, ADAM8 expression was upregulated in hepatoma, endothelial, and stellate cell lines by various mediators of steatohepatitis including fatty acid (linoleic-oleic acid), IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β. Upregulation of ADAM8 was associated with the induction and release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (CX3CL1). Finally, knockdown of ADAM8 expression in all tested cell types attenuated the release of these mediators. Thus, ADAM8 is upregulated in acute and chronic liver inflammation and is able to promote inflammation by enhancing expression and release of inflammatory mediators.
An Improved Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli Model Based on the Whale Optimization Algorithm and Its Application
Authors: Jiang Jianming , Feng Ting , Liu Caixia
Published: March 2021

In order to improve the prediction performance of the existing nonlinear grey Bernoulli model and extend its applicable range, an improved nonlinear grey Bernoulli model is presented by using a grey modeling technique and optimization methods. First, the traditional whitening equation of nonlinear grey Bernoulli model is transformed into its linear formulae. Second, improved structural parameters of the model are proposed to eliminate the inherent error caused by the leap jumping from the differential equation to the difference one. As a result, an improved nonlinear grey Bernoulli model is obtained. Finally, the structural parameters of the model are calculated by the whale optimization algorithm. The numerical results of several examples show that the presented model’s prediction accuracy is higher than that of the existing models, and the proposed model is more suitable for these practical cases.
Application of Improved Combined Deterministic‐Stochastic Subspace Algorithm in Bridge Modal Parameter Identification
Authors: Wen Peng , Khan Inamullah , He Jie , Chen Qiaofeng
Published: March 2021

Modal parameter identification is considered to be one of the most important tasks in structural health monitoring because it provides a reliable reference for structural vibration control, damage severity, and operational state. Moreover, at present, the combined deterministic‐stochastic subspace algorithm is cogitated as one of the key algorithms in the modal parameter identification, which is why it is widely used in the modal parameter identification of bridge structures. In this paper, a novel method is proposed, which is a time‐domain identification algorithm, based on sliding window‐fuzzy C‐means clustering algorithm‐combined with deterministic‐stochastic subspace identification (SC‐CDSI), to achieve online intelligent tracking and identification of modal parameters for nonlinear time‐varying structures. First of all, to realize the online tracking and identification process, it is necessary to divide the input and output signal of the nonlinear time‐varying structure by windowing; for that, to determine the window function, window size and window step length according to the characteristics of the signal are analyzed. Secondly, in order to satisfy the intelligent identification of effective modals in stability diagram, the fuzzy C‐means clustering algorithm is kept as a base, whereas frequency, damping ratio, and modal shapes serve as clustering elements, applied to fuzzy C‐means clustering algorithm, and then the intelligent selection of effective modals is achieved. Finally, a shaking table test bridge is used as a modal parameter identification in lab, and its results are compared with the MIDAS finite element results. The compared results show that the proposed SC‐CDSI identification algorithm can accurately achieve the intelligent identification of online tracking of the structural frequency, and the identification results are reliable to be used in real‐life bridge structures.
Performance Analysis and Architectures for a MEMS-SINS/GPS Ultratight Integration System
Authors: Ren Jianxin , Zi Junlin , Yang Hao , Li Jin
Published: March 2021

In order to analyze the performance of strapdown inertial navigation system/global position system (SINS/GPS) ultratight integration system with low-precision microelectromechanical system (MEMS) under challenging environments, a new MEMS-SINS/GPS ultratight integration scheme is designed. The time-space difference carrier phase velocity (TSDCP-v) is used to assist the carrier tracking loop, the measurement model including nonlinear term is established, and the corresponding filtering algorithm is designed. A simulation and verification platform is established to analyze and verify the performance of the MEMS-SINS/GPS ultratight integration system designed in this paper. Compared with the SINS/GPS tight integration navigation system, the MEMS-SINS/GPS ultratight integration system has higher dynamic performance, anti-interference capability, and navigation performance. At the same time, the MEMS-SINS/GPS ultratight integration system improves the carrier tracking performance of SINS-assisted GPS ultratight integration system when using low-precision MEMS and in high dynamics, strong interference environments.
Tilsotolimod with Ipilimumab Drives Tumor Responses in Anti–PD-1 Refractory Melanoma
Authors: Haymaker Cara , Johnson Daniel H. , Murthy Ravi , Bentebibel Salah-Eddine , Uemura Marc I. , Hudgens Courtney W. , Safa Houssein , James Marihella , Andtbacka Robert H.I. , Johnson Douglas B. , Shaheen Montaser , Davies Michael A. , Rahimian Shah , Chunduru Srinivas K. , Milton Denái R. , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Overwijk Willem W. , Hwu Patrick , Gabrail Nashat , Agrawal Sudhir , Doolittle Gary , Puzanov Igor , Markowitz Joseph , Bernatchez Chantale , Diab Adi
Published: March 2021

Many patients with advanced melanoma are resistant to immune checkpoint inhibition. In the ILLUMINATE-204 phase I/II trial, we assessed intratumoral tilsotolimod, an investigational Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, with systemic ipilimumab in patients with anti–PD-1– resistant advanced melanoma. In all patients, 48.4% experienced grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events. The overall response rate at the recommended phase II dose of 8 mg was 22.4%, and an additional 49% of patients had stable disease. Responses in noninjected lesions and in patients expected to be resistant to ipilimumab monotherapy were observed. Rapid induction of a local IFNα gene signature, dendritic cell maturation and enhanced markers of antigen presentation, and T-cell clonal expansion correlated with clinical response. A phase III clinical trial with this combination (NCT03445533) is ongoing.

Significance:

Despite recent developments in advanced melanoma therapies, most patients do not experience durable responses. Intratumoral tilsotolimod injection elicits a rapid, local type 1 IFN response and, in combination with ipilimumab, activates T cells to promote clinical activity, including in distant lesions and patients not expected to respond to ipilimumab alone.

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Virtual Transcriptomics
Authors: Buckler Andrew J. , Karlöf Eva , Lengquist Mariette , Gasser T. Christian , Maegdefessel Lars , Perisic Matic Ljubica , Hedin Ulf
Published: March 2021

Objective:

Therapeutic advancements in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have improved prevention of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, but diagnostic methods for atherosclerotic plaque phenotyping to aid individualized therapy are lacking. In this feasibility study, we aimed to elucidate plaque biology by decoding the molecular phenotype of plaques through analysis of computed-tomography angiography images, making a predictive model for plaque biology referred to as virtual transcriptomics.

Approach and Results:

We employed machine intelligence using paired computed-tomography angiography and transcriptomics from carotid endarterectomies of 40 patients undergoing stroke-preventive surgery for carotid stenosis. Computed tomography angiographies were analyzed with novel software for accurate characterization of plaque morphology and plaque transcriptomes obtained from microarrays, followed by mathematical modeling for prediction of molecular signatures. Four hundred fourteen coding and noncoding RNAs were robustly predicted using supervised models to estimate gene expression based on plaque morphology. Examples of predicted transcripts included ion transporters, cytokine receptors, and a number of microRNAs whereas pathway analyses demonstrated enrichment of several biological processes relevant for the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and plaque instability. Finally, the ability of the models to predict plaque gene expression was demonstrated using computed tomography angiographies from 4 sequestered patients and comparisons with transcriptomes of corresponding lesions.

Conclusions:

The results of this pilot study show that atherosclerotic plaque phenotyping by image analysis of conventional computed-tomography angiography can elucidate the molecular signature of atherosclerotic lesions in a multiscale setting. The study holds promise for optimized personalized therapy in the prevention of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, which warrants further investigations in larger cohorts.
Abstract 10: Radiomic Signature of the White Matter Hyperintensity Burden Correlates With Clinical Phenotypes
Authors: Bretzner Martin , Bonkhoff Anna , Schirmer Markus D , Hong Sungmin , Dalca Adrian V , Donahue Kathleen L , Giese Anne-katrin , Etherton Mark R , Nardin Marco , Leclerc Xavier , Kuchcinski Grégory , Rost Natalia S ,   MRI-GENIE and International Stroke Genetics Consortium Investigators
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Structural integrity of cerebral parenchyma is an essential radiographic equivalent of brain health; but its assessment usually requires dedicated advanced image acquisitions. Radiomics analyses bear the potential to describe radiophenotypes beyond what meets the naked eye. We sought to: 1) evaluate this novel approach to predict white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden and 2) uncover latent clinico-radiological associations.

Methods:
An international, multi-site cohort of 4,164 acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with FLAIR MRI (MRI-GENIE study) underwent total brain and WMH lesion segmentation using convolutional neural networks. Radiomic features (n=1905) were extracted from clinical FLAIR images outside of the WMH (brain mask - WMH mask). Prediction of the WMH burden using radiomics was done using LASSO regression. Radiomic signature of WMH was built with the most stable selected features, then compared to the clinical variables using canonical correlation analysis.

Results:
In this cohort, (mean age=62.8±15.0, median WMH volume=4.2cc IQR 1.4-11.2), radiomic features were highly predictive of WMH burden (R2=0.8±0.012). Radiomic signature of WMH included 68 features. All 7 pairs of extracted canonical variates (CV) were statistically significant with respective canonical correlations of 0.79, 0.64, 0.44, 0.21, 0.16, 0.15 (Bonferroni corrected p-values
CV1-6
<.001, p-value
CV7
=.003). Upon examination, CV1 was mainly influenced by age, CV2 by sex, CV3 by history of smoking and diabetes mellitus (DM), CV4 by hypertension, CV5 by atrial fibrillation (AF) and DM, CV6 by coronary artery disease (CAD) and CV7 by CAD and DM.

Conclusion:
Radiomics extracted from clinical grade FLAIR images of AIS patients seem able to capture structural integrity of the cerebral parenchyma and to correlate with clinical phenotypes. Further research could evaluate radiomics to predict the progression of cerebral small vessel disease on longitudinal data.
Abstract 26: Treatment Choice and Discharge Outcomes in Patients Presenting With Large Vessel Occlusion and Low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
Authors: Wang James F , Ho Emily , Provencher Michelle , Loh Yince , Menon Ravi S , Baraban Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Since 2015, endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has been widely accepted as the standard of care for patients presenting proximal anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, patient selection for EVT remains uncertain in patients presenting with LVO and low NIHSS.

Methods:
Retrospective data from 37 hospitals within a large multi-hospital system stroke registry were analyzed and included patients age 18 or over, discharged between January 2016 and May 2020, with an admission NIHSS < 6, and who had a LVO visualized in the internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery. Patients treated with EVT (with or without IV alteplase), IV alteplase alone, or best medical management (BMM) without IV alteplase or EVT were compared with regard to modified Rankin scale (mRS) at hospital discharge and hospital length of stay (LOS). Pearson’s chi-square square test and Mann-Whitney U test were conducted.

Results:
Discharge mRS analysis included 742 patients, 211 (28.4%) treated with EVT (with or without IV alteplase), 107 (14.4%) treated with IV alteplase alone, and 424 (57.2%) treated with BMM. A greater proportion of patients treated with IV alteplase alone (71.0%) had no or slight disability (mRS 0-2) compared to EVT (with or without IV alteplase) (51.7%), or BMM (52.6%) (p=.001). Analyses of LOS included 1,037 patients, 298 (28.7%) treated with EVT (with or without IV alteplase), 157 (15.1%) treated with IV alteplase alone, and 582 (56.1%) treated with BMM. Patients treated with IV alteplase alone had significantly shorter LOS (2.0 days, [Interquartile Range:3.0]) compared to EVT (with or without IV alteplase) (3.0 days [4.0]), or BMM (3.0 days [4.0]) (p<.001).

Conclusion:
Amongst this cohort of patients presenting with anterior circulation LVO and low NIHSS, better discharge outcomes were seen in patients treated with IV alteplase alone, compared to EVT (with or without IV alteplase) or BMM. The best treatment for this patient population remains unclear, and further research is needed.