bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postpartum Depression: When Should Health Care Providers Identify Those at Risk?
Authors: McKean Michelle , Caughey Aaron B. , Yuracko McKean Melanie A. , Cabana Michael D. , Flaherman Valerie J.
Published: October 2017

Maternal postpartum depression (PPD) has an impact on mothers and infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening for PPD at well-child visits during the first 6 months. We conducted a secondary data analysis of depression screening data collected each month during months 1 to 12 postpartum for 152 mothers with an infant participating in a randomized controlled trial. We used descriptive statistics to describe the incidence and the cumulative incidence of a positive PPD screen during months 1 to 12 postpartum. The results indicate that the initial positive screen for PPD can occur any time during the first 12 months postpartum and 15% had their first positive screen between months 6 and 12. Additionally, positive PPD screens are consistently high throughout the first year postpartum with the highest rate of positive screens at 12 months postpartum (23%). Our data suggest that PPD screening through 12 months may be most beneficial for families.
Stress Management Intervention: A Pilot Evaluation in an Urban Adolescent Medicine Clinic
Authors: Burkhart Kimberly , Mason Elizabeth , Lazebnik Rina
Published: October 2017

Thirty patients aged 11 to 21 years presenting in an adolescent medicine clinic received a one-time stress management intervention. The intervention included psychoeducation on the effect stress has on the body and the positive benefits of exercise, diaphragmatic breathing, and progressive muscle relaxation. The intervention also included use of a biofeedback game to aid in relaxation. Analyses revealed an association between higher levels of internalizing symptoms and perceived stress. A clinically significant decrease in subjective distress was endorsed at post-intervention. Ninety-three percent of participants reported that the intervention was helpful and that they had the requisite knowledge to practice stress management strategies outside of the clinic. At a one-week follow-up, of the 23 participants who were able to be reached, 22 wanted to participate in additional training. Findings suggest that a one-time stress management intervention can be beneficial for patients and easily incorporated within a primary care setting.
Physiological Parameter Response to Variation of Mental Workload
Authors: Marinescu Adrian Cornelius , Sharples Sarah , Ritchie Alastair Campbell , Sánchez López Tomas , McDowell Michael , Morvan Hervé P.
Published: October 2017

Objective:

To examine the relationship between experienced mental workload and physiological response by noninvasive monitoring of physiological parameters.

Background:

Previous studies have examined how individual physiological measures respond to changes in mental demand and subjective reports of workload. This study explores the response of multiple physiological parameters and quantifies their added value when estimating the level of demand.

Method:

The study presented was conducted in laboratory conditions and required participants to perform a visual-motor task that imposed varying levels of demand. The data collected consisted of physiological measurements (heart interbeat intervals, breathing rate, pupil diameter, facial thermography), subjective ratings of workload (Instantaneous Self-Assessment Workload Scale [ISA] and NASA-Task Load Index), and the performance.

Results:

Facial thermography and pupil diameter were demonstrated to be good candidates for noninvasive workload measurements: For seven out of 10 participants, pupil diameter showed a strong correlation ( R values between .61 and .79 at a significance value of .01) with mean ISA normalized values. Facial thermography measures added on average 47.7% to the amount of variability in task performance explained by a regression model. As with the ISA ratings, the relationship between the physiological measures and performance showed strong interparticipant differences, with some individuals demonstrating a much stronger relationship between workload and performance measures than others.

Conclusion:

The results presented in this paper demonstrate that physiological and pupil diameter can be used for noninvasive real-time measurement of workload.

Application:

The methods presented in this article, with current technological capabilities, are better suited for workplaces where the person is seated, offering the possibility of being applied to pilots and air traffic controllers.
Committing to refugee resettlement volunteering: Attaching, detaching and displacing organizational ties
Authors: McAllum Kirstie
Published: October 2017

As members of local host communities, volunteers play an important role in effective long-term refugee resettlement. This study investigated the nature of volunteer commitment by organizational volunteers who were assigned a front-line role in organizing material assistance and providing information about cultural practices for newly arrived refugees. Using interview data from volunteers, organizational representatives, and organizational recruitment and training documents, the study found that volunteers’ commitment was structured by the presence and absence of volunteer coordinators, the organization’s clients and volunteers’ significant others. While insufficient ties to the organization or strong, competing ties from significant others led volunteers to detach themselves from the organization, overly strong affective ties with refugees displaced organizational ties, leading to volunteers’ organizational exit. This study problematizes an individual-centric, psychological notion of commitment; instead, it situates commitment as a collective communicative process whereby relevant stakeholders negotiate the relationships that tie them together. It thus expands the range of voices present in decisions about commitment and provides new data on how organizational and relational others impact sustainable volunteer management.
The Role of Contextual Socioeconomic Circumstances and Neighborhood Poverty Segregation on Mortality in 4 European Cities
Authors: Marinacci Chiara , Demaria Moreno , Melis Giulia , Borrell Carme , Corman Diana , Dell’Olmo Marc Marí , Rodriguez Maica , Costa Giuseppe
Published: October 2017

Several studies have recognized the health disadvantage of residents in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods, independent of the influence of individual socioeconomic conditions. The effect of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation on general mortality has appeared heterogeneous among the cities analyzed: the underlying mechanisms have been less empirically explored, and explanations for this heterogeneous health effect remain unclear. The present study aimed to: (1) analyze the distribution of socioeconomically disadvantaged persons in neighborhoods of 4 European cities—Turin, Barcelona, Stockholm and Helsinki—trying to measure segregation of residents according to their socioeconomic conditions. Two measuring approaches were used, respectively, through dissimilarity index and clustering estimated from Bayesian models. (2) Analyze the distribution of mortality in the above mentioned cities, trying to disentangle the independent effects of both neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and neighborhood segregation of residents according to their socioeconomic conditions, using multilevel models. A significantly higher risk of death was observed among residents in more deprived neighborhoods in all 4 cities considered, slightly heterogeneous across them. Poverty segregation appeared to be slightly associated with increasing mortality in Turin and, among females and only according to dissimilarity, in Barcelona. Few studies have explored the health effects of social clustering, and results could inform urban policy design with regard to social mix.
Imperial Subjects in the Soviet Union: M.N. Roy, Rabindranath Tagore, and Re-Thinking Freedom and Authoritarianism
Authors: Chatterjee Choi
Published: October 2017

The compelling trope of ‘Russia and the West,’ or to be more precise, ‘Russia Under Western Eyes,’ has produced a vast and significant body of literature. This has helped in the political framing of the twentieth century as a world divided between the democratic and market-based nations of the West, and the dictatorial and state controlled countries in the Soviet East. Simultaneously, it has served to bury, blunt, and otherwise obscure perspectives from the colonized world on the East–West dichotomy. An analysis of the travel writings of two important Indian visitors to the Soviet Union, M.N. Roy and Rabindranath Tagore, shows that Europe’s imperial subjects filtered their impressions of Soviet authoritarianism through their own experiences of repressive Western imperialism, thus charting a new global map of political freedom. Roy and Tagore’s writings, powered by both their colonial and Soviet experiences, make a significant contribution to the twentieth-century intellectual debates on moral freedom, individualism, and authoritarianism.
‘We, the South African Bolsheviks’: The Russian Revolution and South Africa
Authors: Filatova Irina , Davidson Apollon
Published: October 2017

In South Africa, the Russian Revolution was admired by socialists and nationalists alike. The National Party soon stopped praising the Bolsheviks, but the effect of the Revolution on the nascent Communist Party was important and lasting. South African communists closely watched developments in Soviet Russia and established relations with the Communist International (Comintern) even before the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) was born. The Party’s ideology and policy were shaped by the Comintern’s ideas and instructions.

In the 1920s and 1930s the struggle around the Comintern-imposed slogan of the independent native republic and the Comintern’s campaigns for ‘bolshevization’ nearly brought the party to its demise. But it survived, and its leadership took the Comintern’s ideals and ideas into the postwar era. The Comintern’s theoretical legacy, particularly its idea of a two-stage (national and socialist) revolution proved long-lasting. This idea became entrenched in the programs of the African National Congress, the party of national liberation and since 1994, the party of government. Even today a significant proportion of South Africa’s black population cherishes the vision of a radical revolution and demands its implementation.
Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling in SHED Enhances Endothelial Differentiation
Authors: Xu J.G. , Gong T. , Wang Y.Y. , Zou T. , Heng B.C. , Yang Y.Q. , Zhang C.F.
Published: October 2017

Low efficiency of deriving endothelial cells (ECs) from adult stem cells hampers their utilization in tissue engineering studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether suppression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling could enhance the differentiation efficiency of dental pulp–derived stem cells into ECs. We initially used vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) to stimulate 2 dental pulp–derived stem cells (dental pulp stem cells and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth [SHED]) and compared their differentiation capacity into ECs. We further evaluated whether the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor I (VEGF-RI)-specific ligand placental growth factor-1 (PlGF-1) could mediate endothelial differentiation. Finally, we investigated whether the TGF-β signaling inhibitor SB-431542 could enhance the inductive effect of VEGF-A on endothelial differentiation, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. ECs differentiated from dental pulp–derived stem cells exhibited the typical phenotypes of primary ECs, with SHED possessing a higher endothelial differentiation potential than dental pulp stem cells. VEGFR1-specific ligand-PLGF exerted a negligible effect on SHED-ECs differentiation. Compared with VEGF-A alone, the combination of VEGF-A and SB-431542 significantly enhanced the endothelial differentiation of SHED. The presence of SB-431542 inhibited the phosphorylation of Suppressor of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic 2/3 (SMAD2/3), allowing for VEGF-A-dependent phosphorylation and upregulation of VEGFR2. Our results indicate that the combination of VEGF-A and SB-431542 could enhance the differentiation of dental pulp–derived stem cells into endothelial cells, and this process is mediated through enhancement of VEGF-A-VEGFR2 signaling and concomitant inhibition of TGF-β-SMAD2/3 signaling.
Scuba diving death: Always due to drowning? Two forensic cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Aquila I , Pepe F , Manno M , Frati P , Gratteri S , Fineschi V , Ricci P
Published: October 2017

Scuba diving is an increasingly common recreational activity. We describe the physiopathology of barotrauma in two cases where death was caused by pulmonary barotrauma while diving. An inspection and autopsy were carried out in both cases. The autopsy data were supported by post-mortem radiological investigation. Histological and toxicological analyses were also carried out, and dive computer and tank manometer analysis performed. In both cases, the cause of death was attributable to arterial gas embolism, resulting from pulmonary barotrauma subsequent to pulmonary over-distension. The dive computer analysis and the tank manometer allowed us to understand what happened underwater. In our opinion, a multidisciplinary approach is crucial in order to clarify the cause of death. Some pathological conditions and risk factors should be considered before diving.
Rating-Scale Labeling in Online Surveys: An Experimental Comparison of Verbal and Numeric Rating Scales with Respect to Measurement Quality and Respondents’ Cognitive Processes
Authors: Menold Natalja
Published: October 2017

Unlike other data collection modes, the effect of labeling rating scales on reliability and validity, as relevant aspects of measurement quality, has seldom been addressed in online surveys. In this study, verbal and numeric rating scales were compared in split-ballot online survey experiments. In the first experiment, respondents’ cognitive processes were observed by means of eye tracking, that is, determining the respondent’s fixations in different areas of the screen. In the remaining experiments, data for reliability and validity analysis were collected from a German adult sample. The results show that respondents needed more fixations and more time to endorse a category when a rating scale had numeric labels. Cross-sectional reliability was lower and some hypotheses with respect to the criterion validity could not be supported when numeric rating scales were used. In conclusion, theoretical considerations and the empirical results contradict the current broad usage of numeric scales in online surveys.
Conveyed Leader PsyCap Predicting Leader Effectiveness Through Positive Energizing
Authors: Rego Arménio , Yam Kai Chi , Owens Bradley P. , Story Joana S. P. , Pina e Cunha Miguel , Bluhm Dustin , Lopes Miguel Pereira
Published: October 2017

Whereas past research on psychological capital (PsyCap) has tended to focus on how one’s self-attributed PsyCap affects one’s work behaviors, we extend this literature by examining the concept of conveyed PsyCap and its downstream consequences, above and beyond the influence of self-attributed PsyCap. Drawing from the emotions-as-social-information model, we tested a model of conveyed leader PsyCap predicting leader effectiveness through team positive energizing. A laboratory experiment and a multisource study provided support for our hypotheses. We furthermore found that a leader’s within-team consistency in conveyed PsyCap moderates these effects, such that leaders who are more consistent in conveyed PsyCap are rated by followers as better leaders, via the mediating effect of team positive energizing. A post hoc analysis further suggests that conveyed PsyCap is more consistent when conveyed PsyCap is congruent with self-attributed PsyCap. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that make leaders with greater conveyed PsyCap more effective and advances the conceptualization and measurement of PsyCap.
Aporias of courage and the freedom of expression
Authors: Hansen Ejvind
Published: October 2017

In this article we will suggest that the traditional account of the freedom of expression needs revision. The emergence of Internet media has shown that the traditional ideal of a plurality of voices does not in itself lead to fruitful public spheres. Inspired by Foucault’s interpretation of the Greek concept parrhesia we suggest that the plurality of voices should be supplemented with an ideal of courageous truth-telling. We will furthermore argue that the notion of courage has two dimensions that should be taken into account. On the one hand a Derridean reading of courage brings out a disruptive and aporetic feature of courage. On the other hand, courage also needs to be articulated through some kind of goal, which in a public setting calls for a deliberative dimension. We conclude by suggesting that public spheres with courageous truth-telling will facilitate societies in which strong voices and opinions are continuously challenged by less strong voices.
Role of Anatomic Pathology in Skeletal Evaluations: Applying INHAND Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Vahle John L.
Published: October 2017

In animal studies, light microscopic examination remains an important tool in the detection and characterization of effects on the skeleton. In the case of both anticipated and unanticipated effects on bone histology, pathologists must carefully select terminology that accurately conveys skeletal morphology without overstating what information can be derived from a standard decalcified paraffin-embedded section. The International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) project issued standardized nomenclature for toxicologic pathologists to use with respect to the skeleton. Consistent with general INHAND principles, the nomenclature emphasizes a descriptive approach to classifying lesions, rather than using terms that imply a specific pathogenesis or disease process. This article, which is based on a presentation at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology’s 36th Annual Symposium, will discuss the role of anatomic pathology evaluation in the context of skeletal evaluation in toxicity studies. The integration of anatomic pathology data with quantitative bone end points is reviewed. An overview of the INHAND diagnostic scheme is provided and accompanied by case examples in which the INHAND terminology has been applied. In addition, this review summarizes key considerations for toxicologists and pathologists assigning adversity designations when considering bone end points.
Treatment of Recurrent Eczematous External Otitis with Honey Eardrops: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study
Authors: Henatsch Darius , Nabuurs Cindy H. , van de Goor Rens M. , Wolffs Petra F. , Stokroos Robert J.
Published: October 2017

Eczematous external otitis is a chronic inflammatory disease and often difficult to treat. Our objective was to investigate the clinical effect and in vitro antibacterial potential of medical honey eardrops as treatment of eczematous external otitis. In a prospective study, 15 patients diagnosed with recurrent eczematous external otitis were treated with medical honey eardrops for 2 weeks. The following clinical outcomes were evaluated: visual analog scale of ear complaints, score of eczema, and eradication of bacterial infection. Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of honey eardrops against different bacterial strains was tested in vitro. Treatment resulted in less discomfort and itching and decreased signs of eczema, with high patient satisfaction and without adverse reactions. Honey eardrops showed a strong in vitro inhibitory activity against all tested strains but did not eradicate Staphylococcus aureus infection in vivo. The results of this preliminary study indicate a possible role of honey eardrops in eczematous ear disease.
Association between Sex, CD4 Cell Counts, Antiretroviral Medications, and Olfactory and Gustatory Functions of HIV‐Infected Adults
Authors: Fasunla Ayotunde James , Nwankwo Ukamaka , Adebayo Ayodeji Matthew , Nwaorgu Onyekwere George
Published: October 2017

Objective

To investigate the olfactory and gustatory functions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Study Design

A cross‐sectional study of olfactory and gustatory functions of HIV‐infected adults between March 2015 and December 2015.

Setting

Tertiary health institution.

Subjects and Methods

A structured questionnaire was administered to participants to obtain relevant sociodemographic and clinical information. Participants’ nadir and most recent CD4 cell count and viral loads were obtained from their medical records. Participants’ body mass indices were determined, and each subjectively rated their olfactory and gustatory performances. Objective olfactory and gustatory functions were determined using validated “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips” impregnated with 4 different concentrations of sucrose, quinine hydrochloride, sodium chloride, and citric acid.

Results

In total, 135 HIV‐infected adults, comprising 41 (30.4%) men and 94 (69.6%) women, were evaluated. Their ages ranged from 20 to 70 years, mean 43.4 ± 10.4 years. Participants were on highly active antiretroviral therapy for a mean duration of 75.8 ± 36.9 months. The proportions of male participants in HIV stages 1, 2, and 3 were 18 (43.9%), 19 (46.3%), and 4 (9.8%), respectively, while female participants were 46 (48.9%), 41 (43.6%), and 7 (7.4%), respectively. Participants’ mean olfactory threshold, discrimination, identification, and TDI scores were 8.0 ± 4.9, 9.9 ± 4.7, 8.8 ± 4.5, and 26.7 ± 11.1, respectively, while total taste score was 25.1 ± 5.7.

Conclusion

HIV‐infected adults have tendency to develop hyposmia and hypogeusia. These are worse with advanced stage of HIV infection.
Theory–Practice Exchange in Local Government Management: Perspectives of Practitioners and Scholars
Authors: Janousek Christian L. , Blair Robert
Published: October 2017

The connection of theory to practice in public administration represents a critical transfer of information between scholarship and application. This important relationship establishes a basis of exchange among those engaged in the field, a bond that may be most magnified and accessible at the local levels of government. This study examines the perspectives of practitioners and scholars toward improving the theory–practice exchange in local government management through a series of focus group interviews held at the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) annual conference over 4 years. The findings suggest that the scholar and practitioner communities agree on several approaches and principles that may contribute to enhancing the theory–practice exchange within the themes of research transaction, collaboration, and professionalism. These themes offer mutual contexts for theory–practice interactions, which may help to inform institutional integration and best practice models, and facilitate a functional coexistence of interdependence and improved exchangeability in local government management.
Coercive commodities and the political economy of involuntary consumption: The case of the gambling industries
Authors: Young Martin , Markham Francis
Published: October 2017

Coercive commodities are those goods and services that promote ‘akratic’ consumption – that consumption recognised by consumers themselves to be contrary to their own best interests, all things considered. The production of coercive commodities has become an increasingly significant economic project of fractions of the capitalist class. As a form of secondary exploitation, coercive commodities facilitate the extraction of surplus profits from the savings and assets of the working classes, thus impeding the accumulation of a workers’ hoard that may act as a potential blockage to value realisation in consumption. We use the example of commercial gambling to illustrate the political economy of coercive commodity production. The gambling production system is driven by a core dynamic between spatially fixed capital, the pressures of competition, and the technological generation of akrasia. The geographical expression of this dynamic is determined by the contingencies of the ‘harm maximisation’ policies of the state and the political efforts of individual capitalists to gain and reproduce monopoly power. Gambling production is effective as a form of secondary exploitation because, in addition to the profits accrued by exploiting labour, it extracts surplus profits by diverging sale price from value, by harnessing monopoly power, and by increasing the volume of consumption through akrasia. It is this extractive power, amplified by the consumer credit system, that forms the basis of the systemic utility of coercive commodities in late capitalist economies.
Changes in Youth Baseball Pitching Biomechanics: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Fleisig Glenn S. , Diffendaffer Alek Z. , Ivey Brett , Aune Kyle T. , Laughlin Tony , Fortenbaugh Dave , Bolt Becky , Lucas Wendy , Moore Kevin D. , Dugas Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2017

Background:

Pitching biomechanics are associated with performance and risk of injury in baseball. Previous studies have identified biomechanical differences between youth and adult pitchers but have not investigated changes within individual young pitchers as they mature.

Hypothesis:

Pitching kinematics and kinetics will change significantly during a youth pitcher’s career.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Pitching biomechanics were captured in an indoor laboratory with a 12-camera, 240-Hz motion analysis system for 51 youth pitchers who were in their first season of organized baseball with pitching. Each participant was retested annually for the next 6 years or until he was no longer pitching. Thirty kinematic and kinetic parameters were computed and averaged for 10 fastballs thrown by each player. Data were statistically analyzed for the 35 participants who were tested at least 3 times. Within-participant changes for each kinematic and kinetic parameter were tested by use of a mixed linear model with random effects ( P < .05). Least squares means for sequential ages were compared via Tukey’s honestly significant difference test ( P < .05).

Results:

Three kinematic parameters that occur at the instant of foot contact—stride length, lead foot placement to the closed side, and trunk separation—increased with age. With age, shoulder external rotation at foot contact decreased while maximum shoulder external rotation increased. Shoulder and elbow forces and torques increased significantly with age. Year-to-year changes were most significant between 9 and 13 years of age for kinematics and between 13 and 15 years for normalized kinetics (ie, scaled by bodyweight and height).

Conclusion:

During their first few years, youth pitchers improve their kinematics. Elbow and shoulder kinetics increase with time, particularly after age 13. Thus, prepubescent pitchers may work with their coaches to improve the motions and flexibility of the players’ bodies and the paths of their arms. Once proper mechanics are developed, adolescent pitchers can focus more on improving strength and power.
Romancing the vulnerable in contemporary China: Love on the assembly line and the cultural politics of inequality
Authors: Sun Wanning
Published: October 2017

Several decades of economic reform have transformed China into one of the world’s most unequal countries. However, because this inequality has been studied primarily at the structural level, we know little about how it impacts on intimate relationships and affects individuals’ experiences of love and romance. This article engages with this question through a case study of ‘Love on the Assembly Line’, a series of ‘wedding photos’ featuring Chinese rural migrant workers, and the subsequent series of television reports of the same name, dating from 2012–13. It first examines the political-economic context of this minor cultural phenomenon, then examines current contestations over the meaning of love and romance, and finally documents the responses of rural migrant individuals themselves to the project. Combining ethnographic observation, in-depth interviews, and critical discourse analysis, this discussion goes some way towards demonstrating how inequality of emotion can be fruitfully studied, thereby advancing a new and alternative approach to researching inequality in China – one that views love/romance as a cluster of contested cultural narratives and discourses; as a social practice that involves a particular form of distributive injustice; as an integral part of class politics; and as the product of the interaction of these three realms.
Social Skills, Workplaces and Social Remittances: A Case of Post-Accession Migrants
Authors: Grabowska Izabela
Published: October 2017

This article examines how the social skills of migrants are moulded in workplaces and employment-related situations. It surveys literature on social skills, workplaces, social remittances and relational learning. It devotes attention to destination workplaces as spaces where people who left their comfort zones experience disjuncture between origin and destination. This can bring insights, noticing differences and making comparisons. On return to their workplaces in their origin countries, migrants are able to reflect upon and eventually remit these experiences, packaged as social remittances. Three categories of social skill were distilled from biographical interviews with returnees to Poland: (1) the capability for cross-cultural communication; (2) the capability for dealing with emotional labour; (3) the capability for taking initiative and acting independently. The study analysed situations of disjuncture as a result of migration which led to learning, non-learning and alienation. By bringing migration to the forefront, we consider social skills as social remittances.
The making of burnout
Authors: Hoffarth Matthew J.
Published: October 2017

The concept of burnout has become ubiquitous in contemporary discussions of work stress in the post-industrial, service economy. However, it originated outside of the market, in the counter-cultural human service institutions of the San Francisco Bay Area and New York City. This article explores the first decade of the development of the burnout concept, demonstrating how it represented a reaction against the counter-culture and the alternative institutions that emerged alongside it. Focused in particular on the work of psychoanalyst Herbert Freudenberger and social psychologist Christina Maslach, this article demonstrates how the burnout phenomenon inspired professional helpers to engage in self-care and reduce their commitment to clients. As burnout migrated from the human services into the broader business environment in the early 1980s, the dedication to social change through helping others would largely vanish, to be replaced by the idea that the best way to ‘serve’ customers and co-workers was by practising self-awareness and self-management.
Oxytocin and Social Bonds: The Role of Oxytocin in Perceptions of Romantic Partners’ Bonding Behavior
Authors: Algoe Sara B. , Kurtz Laura E. , Grewen Karen
Published: October 2017

In this research, we tested hypotheses about the role of oxytocin in adult human bonding. Inspired by revisiting the research on pair bonding in microtine voles that fueled psychologists’ interest in the role of oxytocin in social life, we drew on recent theory from affective and relationship science to identify a well-defined bonding context for human romantic relationships. We then paired these behaviors and subjective psychological responses with a measure of naturally circulating oxytocin. In 129 romantically involved adults whose partner expressed gratitude to them in the lab, greater oxytocin over the prior 24 hr was associated with greater perceptions of the expresser’s responsiveness and gratitude, as well as greater experienced love, but not general affective reward. Moreover, in this one-time conversation, higher oxytocin acted like rose-colored glasses, attenuating the effect of a partner’s behaviorally coded expressive behavior on perceptions of the expresser’s responsiveness. These results justify future research on the role of oxytocin in psychological aspects of growth processes.
Persistent Genetic and Family-Wide Environmental Contributions to Early Number Knowledge and Later Achievement in Mathematics
Authors: Garon-Carrier Gabrielle , Boivin Michel , Kovas Yulia , Feng Bei , Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank , Séguin Jean R. , Tremblay Richard E. , Dionne Ginette
Published: October 2017

This study investigated the stable and transient genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in number knowledge in the transition from preschool (age 5) to Grade 1 (age 7) and to the predictive association between early number knowledge and later math achievement (age 10–12). We conducted genetic simplex modeling across these three time points. Genetic variance was transmitted from preschool number knowledge to late-elementary math achievement; in addition, significant genetic innovation (i.e., new influence) occurred at ages 10 through 12 years. The shared and nonshared environmental contributions decreased during the transition from preschool to school entry, but shared and nonshared environment contributed to the continuity across time from preschool number knowledge to subsequent number knowledge and math achievement. There was no new environmental contribution at time points subsequent to preschool. Results are discussed in light of their practical implications for children who have difficulties with mathematics, as well as for preventive intervention.
Realising the potential of user surveys for improving academic libraries: The case of St John’s College, Cambridge
Authors: Chow Janet
Published: October 2017

How can user surveys lead to better decision making to improve libraries? While there are more surveys published on specialised aspects of academic libraries, there are relatively few user surveys published of academic libraries in general. First and foremost this paper argues the user survey is a useful tool for library managers interested in developing their libraries in response to changing user needs, and secondly, for more published accounts of surveys and their usefulness. However, the user survey as a tool for generating evidence-based decision making in libraries fails to achieve its potential if two further important practices are not implemented. First and most importantly, the findings obtained from the survey must be used to inform decision making on managing and leading improvements to the library. This aspect of follow-through from survey findings to management decision making, may well lead to changing resource allocation and priorities, new practices, and improvements to collections and the physical environment. Second, the findings of the survey should be fed back to users as a means of raising their interest and engagement in the academic library as a hub of learning.
A pioneer in two worlds: Thomas Keith (1827–1895) photographer and surgeon
Authors: Macintyre Iain
Published: October 2017

Thomas Keith, an Edinburgh surgeon, was an early and successful exponent of the operation of ovariotomy (ovarian cystectomy). He published detailed accounts of all of the patients on whom he carried out this procedure and his published success rate proved to be amongst the best in the world. The leading American surgeon J Marion Sims, who visited Keith to determine the reasons for this success, concluded that Keith’s achievement resulted from meticulous attention to detail and his emphasis on the cleanliness of the instruments and the operating field, before this was generally adopted. His friendship with Joseph Lister led to his early use of Listerian antisepsis, which further improved these results. Yet, his medical colleagues and his obituarists seemed unaware of his other significant pioneering contribution, as a gifted photographer and pioneer of the waxed paper technique of photographic processing. That same attention to detail resulted in photographs of the highest quality whose significance has since been appreciated by photographic historians.
A challenging and rewarding time: The early days of graduate medical education in dermatology
Authors: Cocks Margaret Maria
Published: October 2017

Specialized residency training was still in its infancy in mid-20th century America. While specialty boards in various fields such as ophthalmology and otolaryngology had been established in the 1920s and 1930s, the details of training programs were still being fine-tuned and formal curricula were lacking. In dermatology, three prominent physicians including Harry L. Arnold Jr., J. Lamar Callaway and Walter B. Shelley trained during these experimental days of medical education. Each of them captured personal reflections of their own training experiences in brief memoirs published in scientific journals. A closer examination of these texts provides unique insights into how dermatology subspecialty training in particular and medical education more broadly evolved during this period.
Salt in the soul, steel in the eye and caution towards the winds: a mariner’s guide for navigating a new academic psychiatry department
Authors: Looi Jeffrey CL , Bonner Daniel , Maguire Paul , Parige Raj , Tedeschi Michael , Cubis Jeffrey C , Cartledge Bjorn , Keightley Philip , Reay Rebecca E , Craigie Peggy
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

This paper describes principles and advice regarding the development of a new academic psychiatry department within a medical school for aspiring academic psychiatrists. We describe general principles based on the experience of the foundation of the Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine at the Australian National University Medical School.

Conclusions:

Perspicacious leadership and organisation are the foundation for an academic psychiatry department which delivers teaching, research and broader intellectual engagement with the medical and broader community.
Escape From Abilene: The Developmental Opportunity of the Review Process
Authors: Hannah David R. , Meyer Alan D. , Seidel Marc-David L.
Published: October 2017

Building on the small group Abilene Paradox metaphor, we introduce the concept of a large scale “Institutional Abilene Paradox” — a state of widespread dissatisfaction with the unintended features of an institution. We illustrate the construct through the current state of our field’s institutionalized review process and broader research culture. We briefly highlight the current issues and introduce six essays intended to encourage the leaders of the field — mentors, conference chairs, journal editors, and academic administrators — to unite and do the heavy lifting required to institute fieldwide change, demonstrating the work that has begun to overcome our collective Institutional Abilene Paradox.
Frequency equation using new set of fundamental solutions with application on the free vibration of Timoshenko beams with intermediate rigid or elastic span
Authors: El-Sayed TA , Farghaly SH
Published: October 2017

Stepped beams are crucial power transmission components in many mechanical engineering systems. These beams may be dynamically analyzed using the stepped Timoshenko model or the rigid mass model. In this paper, a new set of fundamental solutions is derived in order to normalize the Timoshenko beam equation at the origin of the coordinates. This set of solutions is used to derive the frequency equation of both stepped and rigid mass models. The validity ranges of these models were investigated by comparing the modal frequency results of both models. In addition, selected cases were compared using mode shape analysis. Three different models with classical end conditions are considered through this work. These are free–free, pinned–pinned and clamped–free beam configurations. The numerical results of the current work show that increasing the intermediate diameter ratio and decreasing the length ratio of the rigid mass results in decreasing the percentage deviation between the rigid mass model results and the elastic model results.
Other: Multiraciality, Community, and Cross-Racial Research
Authors: Brooks Maneka Deanna
Published: October 2017

In this article, I use what Baszile terms critical autobiographical reflection to examine my experiences as a Black and Tamil American woman who engages in language and literacy research with Latinx adolescents. I describe my encounters with two types of research policing in which perceptions of my racial identity are used to challenge the “appropriateness” of my research. Then, I illustrate how my biographical journey as a multiracial woman has shaped how I envision the conception of community that is fundamental to my equity-focused work. Finally, I discuss that it was differences in racialized schooling experiences, not distinct ethnoracial identities, which had the potential to be the greatest barrier in my cross-racial dissertation research. Through this critical autobiographical reflection, I present a diverse representation of what it means to be a Woman of Color educational researcher and document how I enact what Paris conceptualizes as humanizing research.
Political corruption, individual behaviour and the quality of institutions
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola
Published: October 2017

Is the corrupt behaviour of public officials a politically relevant kind of wrong only when it causes the malfunctioning of institutions? We challenge recent institutionalist approaches to political corruption by showing a sense in which the individual corrupt behaviour of certain public officials is wrong not only as a breach of personal morality but in inherently politically salient terms. To show this sense, we focus on a specific instance of individual corrupt behaviour on the part of public officials entrusted with the power to implement public rules in a liberal democracy. Although not necessarily unlawful, their behaviour is politically wrong qua corrupt when it contradicts surreptitiously the requirement of public justification that undergirds the public order. Then, we distinguish this form of corruption as surreptitious action from such unlawful but publicly justifiable kinds of political misbehaviour as civil disobedience.
Situating Earth Democracy: Vandana Shiva on Agroecology, Contemporary Politics and Resilience
Authors: Hrynkow Christopher
Published: October 2017

This article focuses on three works authored by Vandana Shiva and recently published by Zed Books. It employs these books as dialogical aids to map her thought in its political and ethical dimensions as they relate to peace, sustainability, and social justice. More specifically, after a brief introduction and a biographical discussion, this article situates her vision of Earth Democracy as a means to tie together Shiva’s inter-related reflections in the areas of agroecology, contemporary politics, and resilience. Comment is then offered concerning the tension and promises of Shiva’s treatment of these issues. The reader of this article is left with several points of entry to understand Shiva’s contributions to discourses on sustainable agriculture, nonviolent political change, and resilient sustainability.

Shiva V (2016a) Earth Democracy: Justice, Sustainability and Peace. London: Zed Books.

Shiva V (2016b) Soil, Not Oil: Climate Change, Peak Oil. London: Zed Books.

Shiva V (2016c) Who Really Feeds the World? London: Zed Books.
Exploring the Use of Mobile Technologies and Process Logs in Writing Research
Authors: Hort Sofia
Published: October 2017

The present article explores and evaluates a method that makes use of mobile technologies as tools in combination with process logs to study writing (the Mobile Technologies combined with Process Logs (MTPL) method). New and changing ways for doing writing as well as limitations with the methods already in use in writing research grounds for new approaches for studying this practice. This article evaluates how the MTPL method can contribute to writing research as well as what process-oriented knowledge could be gained. Possible risks with using the approach are also outlined. The MTPL method is evaluated in relation to some challenges set up for writing research. The method should be able to capture the in situ participants’ view on improvisational times, locations, and activities as well as their view on other people as resources or disturbance. It should also be able to address longitudinal aspects of writing and the material as well as the digital artifact use. The MTPL method is mostly shown to address all of the challenges set up for evaluation. One of the main contributions shown with the method is that it opens up for multimodal reporting in situ, where photos of workplaces in an actual writing process are one such example. There are however some risks, the main one being the uncertain ethical implications of new digital technology. In spite of such risk, the MTPL method is seen as a promising tool that should be used and developed further to gain new insights into writing research.
Brain natriuretic peptide-expressing sensory neurons are not involved in acute, inflammatory, or neuropathic pain
Authors: Pitake Saumitra , DeBrecht Jennifer , Mishra Santosh K
Published: October 2017

Background

We recently demonstrated that brain natriuretic peptide is expressed in the dorsal root ganglia, and that brain natriuretic peptide is required for normal detection of pruritogens. We further showed that the receptor for brain natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptide receptor A, is present in the spinal cord, and elimination of these neurons profoundly attenuates scratching to itch-inducing compounds. However, the potential modulatory roles of brain natriuretic peptide in nociception, inflammation, and neuropathic mechanisms underlying the sensation of pain have not been investigated in detail.

Findings

To demonstrate the involvement of brain natriuretic peptide in pain, we compared the behavioral responses of brain natriuretic peptide knockout mice with their wild-type littermates. First, we showed that brain natriuretic peptide is not required in chemically induced pain responses evoked by the administration of capsaicin, allyl isothiocyanate, adenosine 5′-triphosphate, or inflammatory soup. We further measured pain behaviors and found no involvement of brain natriuretic peptide in hot, cold, or mechanical nociceptive responses in mice, nor did we find evidence for the involvement of brain natriuretic peptide in neuroinflammatory sensitization elicited by complete Freund’s adjuvant or in neuropathic pain.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that brain natriuretic peptide is not essential for pain-related behaviors.
Peripheral and orofacial pain sensation is unaffected by the loss of p39
Authors: Prochazkova Michaela , Hall Bradford , Hu Minghan , Okine Tracy , Reukauf Jennifer , Binukumar BK , Amin Niranjana D , Roque Eva , Pant Harish C , Kulkarni Ashok B
Published: October 2017

Cdk5 is a key neuronal kinase necessary for proper brain development, which has recently been implicated in modulating nociception. Conditional deletion of Cdk5 in pain-sensing neurons attenuates pain responses to heat in both the periphery and orofacial regions. Cdk5 activity is regulated by binding to the activators p35 and p39, both of which possess a cyclin box. Our previous examination of the nociceptive role of the well-characterized Cdk5 activator p35 using mice that either lack or overexpress this regulatory subunit demonstrated that Cdk5/p35 activity affects mechanical, chemical, and thermal nociception. In contrast, the nociceptive role of Cdk5’s other less-studied activator p39 is unknown. Here, we report that the knockout of p39 in mice did not affect orofacial and peripheral nociception. The lack of any algesic response to nociceptive stimuli in the p39 knockout mice contrasts with the hypoalgesic effects that result from the deletion of p35. Our data demonstrate different and nonoverlapping roles of Cdk5 activators in the regulation of orofacial as well as peripheral nociception with a crucial role for Cdk5/p35 in pain signaling.