bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling Geometry of Technological Masks in Lateral Etching Processes
Authors: Navickas R. , Ciulada R.
Published: March 2009

A model of the evolution geometry technological masks and underlaying layers in the
lateral etching processes is created for analysis and design of new self-alignment and self-formation technologies semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. The results of the simulation for the different configurations masks and selectivities of the underlaying layers have been presented.
Artificial Chemistries – Towards Constructive Dynamical Systems
Authors: Banzhaf Wolfgang
Published: March 2009

In this contribution we consider constructive dynamical systems, taking one particular Artificial Chemistry as an example. We argue that constructive dynamical systems are in fact widespread in combinatorial spaces of Artificial Chemistries.
Evolution of Complex Systems and 1/f Noise: from Physics to Financial Markets
Authors: Gontis V. , Kaulakys B. , Alaburda M. , Ruseckas J.
Published: March 2009

We introduce the stochastic multiplicative model of time intervals between the events, defining a multiplicative point process and analyze the statistical properties of the signal. Such a model system exhibits power-law spectral density S(f)~1/fβ, scaled as power of frequency for various values of β between 0.5 and 2. We derive explicit expressions for the power spectrum and other statistics and analyze the model system numerically. The specific interest of our analysis is related with the theoretical modeling of the nonlinear complex systems exhibiting fractal behavior and self-organization.
A Synergetic Approach of Solar Cells
Authors: Fara Laurentiu , Bădescu Viorel
Published: March 2009

The paper discussed the solar cells based on Cu-CdS contact assimilated to a
heterojunction. Two methods were considered for our analysis: the rate equations approach and the stochastic equation one. The both permitted to obtain interesting information concerning the specific contact and are characterized by the order parameter.
Thermodynamic Properties of Nano- and Micro-Structured Perovskite-Type Compounds
Authors: Tanasescu S. , Marinescu C. , Maxim F.
Published: March 2009

The thermodynamic properties of the ABO3 perovskite-type compounds are strongly
affected by the A- and B- site substitution and the oxygen nonstoichiometry. The paper presents the thermodynamic properties of some doped nano- and microstructured lanthanum manganites of general formula La1-xMxMn1-yMeyO3 (where M=Sr, Ca; Me=Al; x=0.3;0.33, y=0;0.05) which have been studied within the temperature range of 873-1273 K in a reducing atmosphere (10-6 Pa). The relative partial molar free energies, enthalpies and entropies of oxygen dissolution in the perovskite phase and the equilibrium partial pressures of oxygen have been obtained by using a solid electrolyte galvanic cell method. The influence of the oxygen stoichiometry change on the thermodynamic properties was examined using the data obtained by a coulometric titration technique coupled with measurements of
the electromotive force (EMF). The focus of the research was to emphasise modifications of the thermodynamic properties connected with the nanocrystalline state. The results obtained are discussed in relation to significant changes in the overall concentration of defects.
Nanomaterials for Lighting
Authors: Zachau M. , Konrad A.
Published: March 2009

Luminescent and non-luminescent nano materials are used today in a variety of lighting applications. One example is the thin layer of densely packed nano alumina between glass and phosphor in fluorescent lamps that serves to increase the efficiency, to improve the maintenance and to reduce the mercury consumption of the lamps. Further, non-luminescent nano materials may be used to form a thin conformal coating around phosphor particles that protects the phosphor particles and improves the efficiency and maintenance of fluorescent lamps. Luminescent nano materials have been the subject of extensive research in the last 15 years. For particle sizes below 20 nm, the optical properties of nano phosphors change, e.g. the exciton energy increases and perhaps even more important, scattering decreases. We have synthesized nano Y2O3:Eu of particle sizes down to 10 nm, derived its optical properties, and investigated its use in Hg-free fluorescent lamps based on the Xe-excimer discharge. The possibility of using nano phosphors, e.g.
semiconducting nano phosphors as CdSe or rare-earth doped phosphors as LaPO4:RE in LEDs, will be discussed.
Powder Precursors for Nanoceramics: Cleaning and Compaction
Authors: Kalisz Grzegorz , Swiderska-Sroda Anna , Gierlotka Stanislaw , Grzanka Ewa , Palosz Bogdan F. , Stelmakh Svetlana
Published: March 2009

Thermal surface purification in an inert gas flow and densification processes of SiC and diamond nanocrystalline powders with specific surface in the range of 60 – 300 m2/g and average grain sizes from 5 to 15 nm in diameter were examined. Termogravimetric Analysis (TGA) linked with mass spectrometry of outgassing products show that surface impurities desorb at up to 450°C. Further heating above 450°C leads to oxidation of the powder surface. Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) and gas porosimetry (ASAP) was applied to investigate densification of the nanocrystalline powders. Compaction under 1GPa or higher pressure was found necessary for obtaining the ceramic matrix with porosity in the nanometer range.
Ab initio Calculations of Copper Nanostructures of MgO Substrate
Authors: Sychev O. , Zhukovskii Y.F. , Kotomin Eugene A. , Borstel G.
Published: March 2009

Ab initio slab simulations were performed for copper adhesion to a perfect MgO(001) surface using the DFT-LCGTF method as implemented in CRYSTAL98 computer code. In order to clarify the nature of interfacial bonding, we considered a slab model of the Cu/MgO(001) interface with regular 1/4 monolayer (ML), 1/2 ML, 1 ML and 2 ML substrate coverages and verified the results of our calculations. In particular, the dependences of the adhesion energy per Cu atom, projections of multipole moments as well as total and projected densities of states (DOS) on the substrate coverage by a metal are analyzed. Computer simulation indicated that physical adsorption makes the dominant contribution to bonding on the regular Cu/MgO(001) interface.
PL Studies of Nanostructured Layers in Temperature - Pressure Treated Silicon Implanted with Helium
Authors: Surma Barbara , Misiuk Andrzej , Raineri Vito , Wnuk A. , Jagielski J. , Bukowski A.
Published: March 2009

The effect of annealing under enhanced hydrostatic pressure (HT-HP treatment) on the structural evolution of nano-structured buried He-enriched layers in silicon was investigated by photoluminescence and TEM methods. It has been stated that the HT-HP treatment can affect the defect structure of nano-structured He-containing layer. Enhanced creation of helium bubbles during the HP-HT treatment takes place at HT £ 600oC. Annealing at HT ³ 800oC results in the accumulation (gettering) of oxygen atoms in the He implanted layer in Czochralski grown silicon. HP treatment stimulates this effect.
Multiple Scattering Active Media as Small-Size Frequency Tunable Sources of Stimulated Emission
Authors: Tikhonov E. , Yashchuk Vasil P. , Prygodjuk O. , Bezrodny V.
Published: March 2009

We investigated the lasing spectra of multiple scattering active media based on solid
polymer solutions of rhodamin 6G with embedded scattering silica particles of mean diameter 500nm. Lasing in these samples appears without any cavity and arises even in rather small active volume 0.05*0.5*0.5mm3. In a thick sample positive feedback for lasing is provided mainly by multiple scattering of light. In a thin sample the feedback is provided both by multiple scattering of light on the particles and light reflection from the sample surface. It is found that the lasing spectra peak wavelength can be varied within 13nm by varying sample thickness in a range 0.1 -1.65mm. A method of continuos laser tuning by wedge-like sample shift with respect to the pump beam is proposed. The presented results are aimed at the development of a new type of microlaser.
Zirconia Pressure Sensors: From Nanopowders to Device
Authors: Piticescu Robert R. , Hrovath M. , Belavic D. , Ionascu A. , Malic B. , Motoc Adrian Mihail , Monty Claude J.A.
Published: March 2009

Yttria-doped zirconia nanopowders have been obtained using the hydrothermal procedure starting from soluble inorganic salts. The mechanisms and kinetics of the process have been studied to obtain high purity powders with a crystalline size range of 4 to 22nm and specific surface near 200 m2/g. These powders have been have been used to obtain membranes with controlled thickness and with densities over 95% of the theoretical value by employing the tape casting technique using
organic binders, dispersants and surfactants. The influence of the additives and sintering regime on the density and microstructure of membranes has been studied. The ionic conductivity of the materials was investigated and modelled. Different types of ruthenate pastes were used to obtain thick resistive films on the zirconia membranes and interactions between the substrate and membranes were studied. Finally the gauge characteristics of the device and possibilities for applications as mechanical pressure sensors with high sensitivity are discussed.
Structural basis for the minimal bifunctional alginate epimerase AlgE3 from Azotobacter chroococcum
Authors: Fujiwara Takaaki , Mano Eriko , Nango Eriko
Published: April 2024

Among the epimerases specific to alginate, some of them in Azotobacter genera convert β‐d‐mannuronic acid to α‐l‐guluronic acid but also have lyase activity to degrade alginate. The remarkable characteristics of these epimerases make it a promising enzyme for tailoring alginates to meet specific demands. Here, we determined the structure of the bifunctional mannuronan C‐5 epimerase AlgE3 from Azotobacter chroococcum (AcAlgE3) in complex with several mannuronic acid oligomers as well as in apo form, which allowed us to elucidate the binding manner of each mannuronic acid oligomer, and the structural plasticity, which is dependent on calcium ions. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of the lyase activity profiles of AcAlgE3 combined with structural characteristics explained the preference for different chain length oligomers.
Histopathological tumour microenvironment score independently predicts outcome in primary operable colorectal cancer
Authors: Hatthakarnkul Phimmada , Pennel Kathryn , Alexander Peter , van Wyk Hester , Roseweir Antonia , Inthagard Jitwadee , Hay Jennifer , Andersen Ditte , Maka Noori , Park James , Roxburgh Campbell , Thuwajit Chanitra , McMillan Donald , Edwards Joanne
Published: April 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogenous malignancy and research is focused on identifying novel ways to subtype patients. In this study, a novel classification system, tumour microenvironment score (TMS), was devised based on Klintrup–Mäkinen grade (KMG), tumour stroma percentage (TSP), and tumour budding. TMS was performed using a haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained section from retrospective CRC discovery and validation cohorts (n = 1,030, n = 787). TMS0 patients had high KMG, TMS1 were low for KMG, TSP, and budding, TMS2 were high for budding, or TSP and TMS3 were high for TSP and budding. Scores were assessed for association with survival and clinicopathological characteristics. Mutational landscaping and Templated Oligo‐Sequencing (TempO‐Seq) profiling were performed to establish differences in the underlying biology of TMS. TMS was independently prognostic in both cohorts (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), with TMS3 predictive of the shortest survival times. TMS3 was associated with adverse clinical features including sidedness, local and distant recurrence, higher T stage, higher N stage, and presence of margin involvement. Gene set enrichment analysis of TempO‐Seq data showed higher expression of genes associated with hallmarks of cancer pathways including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (p < 0.001), IL2 STAT5 signalling (p = 0.007), and angiogenesis (p = 0.017) in TMS3. Additionally, enrichment of immunosuppressive immune signatures was associated with TMS3 classification. In conclusion, TMS represents a novel and clinically relevant method for subtyping CRC patients from a single H&E‐stained tumour section.
CD163+ macrophage density in perimysial connective tissue associated with prognosis in IMNM
Authors: Sun Hui , Wang Zi‐Yi , Han Ye , Wei Xiao‐Jing , Wang Yong‐Chun , Yu Xue‐Fan
Published: April 2024

Objective

The pathological features of immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) are dominated by the infiltration of macrophages. We aimed to perform a histopathologic semiquantitative analysis to investigate the relationship between macrophage markers and prognosis.

Methods

Semiquantitative analysis of histologic features was performed in 62 samples of IMNM. Independent risk factors were identified through univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Cluster analysis was performed using the partitioning around the medoids (PAM) method. Decision tree modeling was utilized to efficiently determine cluster labels for IMNM patients. The validity of the developmental cohort was assessed by accuracy in comparison with the validation cohort.

Results

The most enriched groups in patients with IMNM were macrophages expressing CD206 and CD163. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the high density of CD163+ macrophages in perimysial connective tissue increased the risk of unfavorable prognosis (p = 0.025, OR = 1.463, 95% CI: 1.049–2.041). In cluster analysis, patients in Cluster 1, with lower CD163+ macrophage density and inflammatory burden, had a more favorable prognosis. Conversely, patients in Cluster 3, which were enriched for CD163+ macrophages in the perimysial connective tissue, had the most severe clinical features and the worst prognosis. Correlations were found between the density of CD163+ macrophages in connective tissue and symptom duration (R2 = 0.166, p < 0.001), dysphagia (p = 0.004), cardiac involvement (p = 0.021), CK (R2 = 0.067, p = 0.042), CRP (R2 = 0.117, p < 0.001), and ESR (R2 = 0.171, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The density of CD163+ macrophages in perimysial connective tissue may serve as a potential marker for the prediction of IMNM prognosis.
Specific and Label‐Free bioFET Sensing of the Interaction Between the Electrically Neutral Small Estriol Molecule and Its Antibody in a Microliter Drop of Diluted Plasma
Authors: Babbar Shubham , Garika Vijay , Samanta Soumadri , Bhattarai Shankar , Sadhujan Sumesh , Harilal Sherina , Pikhay Evgeny , Shima‐Edelstein Ruth , Greental Doron , Eisenberg‐Lerner Avital , Rotfogel Ziv , Bashouti Muhammad Y. , Akabayov Barak , Ron Izhar , Roizin Yakov , Erez Offer , Shalev Gil
Published: April 2024

The sensing of small molecules is important to a variety of fields and particularly to clinical diagnostics. Estriol is an important small chemical molecule, as it is one of three markers measured during mid‐gestation for the Down syndrome. Point‐of‐care testing of estriol will increase maternal compliance for aneuploidy mid‐gestation screening. A bioFET technology is a promising point‐of‐care platform. The meta‐nano‐channel (MNC) bioFET is employed with its tunable channel configuration to optimize the coupling between the electrostatics of the estriol‐receptor interactions and the electrodynamics of the conducting readout current. Also, the MNC bioFET receptor layer is composed of anti‐estriol antibodies to address the high structural similarity of estriol to other estrogens. Despite the small size and the electrical neutrality of estriol, real‐time is demonstrated, specific, and label‐free sensing of estriol in 0.5 µL of 1:100 diluted plasma with excellent linearity, sensitivity, dynamic range extending to ten orders of magnitude in estriol concentration and limit‐of‐detection of 1 fg mL−1. Extensive control and non‐specific measurements are reported including the response to other neutral members of the estrogen family.
Functional and ultrastretchable thermoplastic elastomeric materials: Influence of carbon dots on fluorescence, dielectric and mechanical properties
Authors: Shrikhande Rohit , Rana Dhiraj Kumar , Molla Aniruddha , Lau Gih‐Keong , Banerjee Shib Shankar
Published: April 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) are an interesting nanomaterial due to their tunable photoluminescence and other functional properties. Herein, by introducing amine‐functionalized CDs nanoparticles onto macromolecular chains of maleic anhydride grafted styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) via a possible ring‐opening reaction of anhydride with amine, a mechanically robust and ultrastretchable thermoplastic elastomeric materials with fluorescence and dielectric functionality was developed. The amine‐functionalized CDs nanoparticles were synthesized from pyrene precursor by hydrothermal treatment. The transmission electron micrograph, Raman, Fourier transform infrared, and x‐ray photoelectron spectra confirmed the formation of highly crystalline graphitized structure of the CDs nanoparticles. Fluorescence and UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to evaluate the optical properties of the developed materials. The developed CDs/SEBS‐g‐MA nanocomposites exhibited strong intense green fluorescence compared with the pure SEBS‐g‐MA film. The thermal stability of the developed nanocomposites was improved by an increase of the Tmax by about 18°C. In addition, the developed composite showed high stretchability (strain at break ~1000%), good mechanical strength, and dielectric properties (room temperature dielectric constant ~5.2). The enhanced dielectric property of the developed composites may be due to the space charge accumulation and induced interfacial polarization at the filler–matrix interface.
Synergistic effect of gold nanoparticles decorated functionalized carbon nanotubes nanohybrids on the thermal, dielectric, and sensing properties of polyaniline ternary nanocomposites
Authors: Shubhadarshinee Lipsa , Mohapatra Pooja , Behera Shreelata , Jali Bigyan Ranjan , Barick Aruna Kumar , Mohapatra Priyaranjan
Published: April 2024

The synthesis of gold nanoparticles reinforced functionalized single‐walled/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes nanohybrid based polyaniline nanocomposites were carried out using in situ polymerization. The chemical interaction and nanostructured morphology of the synthesized nanocomposites are studied using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction analysis, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Thermal stability of synthesized PANI/Au@f‐SWNTs is boosted by a magnitude of 30°C as compared with the pristine PANI matrix, which is attributed to a strong barrier effect because of the development of tortuous path that resulted from a uniform distribution of Au@f‐CNTs throughout the PANI matrix. For PANI/Au@f‐SWNTs, the AC conductivity and dielectric permittivity are improved by a value of 83.58 S/cm and 1.35 × 10−5 as well as the dielectric loss is reduced by a factor of 0.11 in comparison with the pure PANI matrix at an applied frequency of 106 Hz. PANI/Au@f‐SWNTs and PANI/Au@f‐MWNTs ternary nanocomposites exhibited excellent selectivity toward the hazardous Cr(VI) heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium with a limit of detection of 0.74 and 0.89 μM with a binding constant of 1.028 × 105 and 3.46 × 104 M−1, respectively, that can be selective and sensitive for the detection of Cr(VI) metal ions in water at trace level.
Preparation, structure, and properties of biodegradable core‐sheath composite fibers derived from poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) and polylactic acid
Authors: Nie Jingjing , Hua Weiqi , Wang Dezheng , Gu Jianhua , Zhang Shengchang , Wang Kaixiang , Xu Qibin , Chen Lianhui , Liu Yuying , Zhou Yulin , Liu Pengqing
Published: April 2024

The non‐biodegradability of Ethylene‐Propylene Side‐by‐Side (ES) fibers has led to significant environmental pollution from waste sanitary products, thereby posing a severe challenge to the environment. Replacing traditional non‐biodegradable materials with biodegradable polymeric materials is the most effective method to achieve a green environment. In this study, core‐sheath fibers composed of biodegradable poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) as the sheath layer and polylactic acid (PLA) as the core layer were fabricated. The effects of different viscosity ratios and the composite ratios of sheath and core on the structure and performance of the resultant core‐sheath fibers were investigated in detail. The results showed that when the PBAT/PLA composite ratio is 50:50 and the viscosity ratio range from 0.8 to 1.43, the PBAT/PLA core‐sheath composite fibers exhibit good spinnability and a complete core‐sheath structure, with their tensile properties comparable to those of PP/PE core‐sheath composite fibers. Further research found that when the viscosity ratio was 1.00 and the PLA component content in the PBAT/PLA composite fibers increased from 40% to 60%, the fibers still maintained good spinnability and a complete core‐sheath structure. In addition, when the PBAT/PLA composite ratio was 60:40, after 120 days of biodegradation, its strength retention rate was only 35.2%.
Bioactive dry extract production from Hymenaea courbaril L. bark via spouted bed drying
Authors: Souza Claudia R. F. , Fregonesi Fabiana , Oliveira Wanderley P.
Published: April 2024

The work aims to develop and optimize a powdered phytopharmaceutical product from the stem bark of Hymenaea courbaril L. (jatobá) by the spouted bed drying. The study commenced with the extraction of bioactive compounds present in the plant raw material by dynamic maceration using ethanol/water 70% (v/v) at a temperature of 50°C for 60 min, for the ratio stem bark: solvent mass of 1:10 (w/w). The extract quality was assessed by quantifying chemical markers via spectrophotometry (total polyphenols and tannins) and through antioxidant activity by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The extractive solution was concentrated, added with drying adjuvant, and submitted to spouted bed drying. Product quality was evaluated by moisture content (Xp), water activity (aW), powder diameter, total polyphenols, and tannins content (PT and TT), and antioxidant activity, expressed as the extract concentration needed to reduce 50% of the DDPH radical (IC50). Spouted bed drying performance was evaluated through the drying yield (REC), product accumulation (Ac), and thermal efficiency (η). The optimal processing conditions were: inlet gas temperature, Tgi: 150°C, the ratio of the mass feed flow rate of the concentrated extract to the evaporation capacity of the dryer, Ws/Wmax: 45%, and the drying gas flow rate relative to minimum spouting, Q/Qms: 1.85. Under these conditions, it is predicted to obtain a dried extract with Xp = 4.9% w/w, PT = 26.0% w/w, REC = 77.7% w/w, η = 44.3%, and Ac = 10% w/w, with adequate values of aW, TT, and high antioxidant activity.
Methoxylated bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron‐β‐diketonates: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Hydrolytic Stability
Authors: Filippov Maxim V. , Kononevich Yuriy N. , Ionov Dmitry S. , Safonov Andrey A. , Karnaeva Anastasia I. , Sazhnikov Viacheslav A. , Alfimov Mikhail V. , Muzafarov Aziz M.
Published: April 2024

A series of methoxylated bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron‐β‐diketonates (dkB(C6F5)2) with intense emission has been synthesized and characterized by a variety of physicochemical methods. The photophysical properties of the synthesized compounds were thoroughly investigated by electronic absorption, steady‐state, and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in both solution and solid state. The studied compounds exhibit solvatochromic behavior attributed to the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) nature of the first excited state. The formation of exciplexes between DBMB(C6F5)2 and benzene derivatives was also studied. Notably, the studied compounds display a complex luminescence profile in the solid state, featuring fluorescence, delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence emission. Furthermore, the hydrolytical stability of the complexes was assessed, demonstrating excellent resistance to hydrolysis. Estimated rate constants, determined at 60 °C, are significantly lower (90‐2000 times) than those observed for the well‐studied dibenzoylmethanatoboron difluoride (DBMBF2). The incorporation of pentafluorophenyl substituents at the boron atom enables the synthesis of highly fluorescent and hydrolytically stable boron chelate complexes, suitable for sensing and bioimaging applications in water‐containing environments.
Prevalence of non 16/18 high risk human papilloma virus as a quality metric in gynecological cytology
Authors: Aly Fatima Zahra , Irhayyim Alyaa , Jordan Richard , Mukhtar Faisal , Klein Robert
Published: April 2024

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen that causes anogenital disease. Cervical screening by cytology and HPV testing (co‐testing) are important in prevention of cervical cancer. The Bethesda System category of atypical squamous cells (ASC) is used when a neoplastic process cannot be confidently identified. In such cases, the differential diagnosis is broad and includes benign conditions. Monitoring of ASC/SIL ratio is a commonly used laboratory quality assurance measure to prevent over‐ or under‐use of this category. High risk human papillomavirus (hr‐HPV) has been used in conjunction with the ASC/SIL ratio in determining whether a particular pathologist is over/under‐using the indefinite category. However, the laboratory overall sample population prevalence rate of hr‐HPV subtypes has not been previously examined for association with the ASC rate. In this study, the relationships between ASC/SIL ratio and hr‐HPV prevalence rate and hr‐HPV subtypes (16/18 and non‐16/18) to the laboratory ASC prevalence were studied. The results demonstrate that HPV non‐16/18 is the main subtype which is associated with ASC‐US category. A large proportion of non‐16/18 HPV‐related cases are seen in young patients, which largely abates by the by fourth decade. In addition, there are differences in the ASC/SIL ratio for HPV 16/18 and non‐16/18 types. The overall ASC/SIL ratio is an average of the ASC/SIL rate for the non‐16/18 population and the HPV 16/18 population. Instead of basing the laboratory and practitioners' quality indicator solely on ASC/SIL ratio, the overall prevalence of HPV and its subtype ratio should also be reported as they are more reflective of laboratory performance.
Highly diverse cuticular hydrocarbon profiles but no evidence for aggression towards non‐kin in the ambrosia beetle Xyleborinus saxesenii
Authors: Melet Antoine , Leibold Viesturs , Schmitt Thomas , Biedermann Peter H. W.
Published: April 2024

Animal societies use nestmate recognition to protect against social cheaters and parasites. In most social insect societies, individuals recognize and exclude any non‐nestmates and the roles of cuticular hydrocarbons as recognition cues are well documented. Some ambrosia beetles live in cooperatively breeding societies with farmed fungus cultures that are challenging to establish, but of very high value once established. Hence, social cheaters that sneak into a nest without paying the costs of nest foundation may be selected. Therefore, nestmate recognition is also expected to exist in ambrosia beetles, but so far nobody has investigated this behavior and its underlying mechanisms. Here we studied the ability for nestmate recognition in the cooperatively breeding ambrosia beetle Xyleborinus saxesenii, combining behavioural observations and cuticular hydrocarbon analyses. Laboratory nests of X. saxesenii were exposed to foreign adult females from the same population, another population and another species. Survival as well as the behaviours of the foreign female were observed. The behaviours of the receiving individuals were also observed. We expected that increasing genetic distance would cause increasing distance in chemical profiles and increasing levels of behavioural exclusion and possibly mortality. Chemical profiles differed between populations and appeared as variable as in other highly social insects. However, we found only very little evidence for the behavioural exclusion of foreign individuals. Interpopulation donors left nests at a higher rate than control donors, but neither their behaviours nor the behaviours of receiver individuals within the nest showed any response to the foreign individual in either of the treatments. These results suggest that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles might be used for communication and nestmate recognition, but that behavioural exclusion of non‐nestmates is either absent in X. saxesenii or that agonistic encounters are so rare or subtle that they could not be detected by our method. Additional studies are needed to investigate this further.
Identifying marine invasion threats and management priorities through introduction pathway analysis in a remote sub‐Antarctic ecosystem
Authors: Bayley Daniel T. I. , Brewin Paul E. , James Ross , McCarthy Arlie H. , Brickle Paul
Published: April 2024

The threat from novel marine species introductions is a global issue. When non‐native marine species are introduced to novel environments and become invasive, they can affect biodiversity, industry, ecosystem function, and both human and wildlife health. Isolated areas with sensitive or highly specialised endemic species can be particularly impacted. The global increase in the scope of tourism and other human activities, together with a rapidly changing climate, now put these remote ecosystems under threat. In this context, we analyse invasion pathways into South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) for marine non‐native species via vessel biofouling. The SGSSI archipelago has high biodiversity and endemism, and has historically been highly isolated from the South American mainland. The islands sit just below the Polar Front temperature boundary, affording some protection against introductions. However, the region is now warming and SGSSI increasingly acts as a gateway port for vessel traffic into the wider Antarctic, amplifying invasion likelihood. We use remote Automatic Identification System vessel‐tracking data over a 2‐year period to map vessel movement and behaviour around South Georgia, and across the ‘Scotia Sea’, ‘Magellanic’ and northern ‘Continental High Antarctic’ ecoregions. We find multiple vessel types from locations across the globe frequently now enter shallow inshore waters and stop for prolonged periods (weeks/months) at anchor. Vessels are active throughout the year and stop at multiple port hubs, frequently crossing international waters and ecoregions. Management recommendations to reduce marine invasion likelihood within SGSSI include initiating benthic and hull monitoring at the identified activity/dispersion hubs of King Edward Point, Bay of Isles, Gold Harbour, St Andrews Bay and Stromness Bay. More broadly, regional collaboration and coordination is necessary at neighbouring international ports. Here vessels need increased pre‐ and post‐arrival biosecurity assessment following set protocols, and improved monitoring of hulls for biofouling to pre‐emptively mitigate this threat.
Association between left‐sided varicocele and epididymo‐orchitis with sonographic findings
Authors: Atay Musa , Toprak Huseyin , Akcay Ahmet , Mehdi Elnur , Yilmaz Mehmet
Published: April 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between left‐sided varicocele and epididymitis or epididymo‐orchitis.

Materials and Methods

The study included 72 patients with left side epididymitis (EP) or epididymo‐orchitis (EPO) (Group 1) and a control group of 72 patients without EP or EPO (Group 2). Those with right EP‐EPO were excluded due to possible other underlying retroperitoneal pathologies causing varicocele. Groups were evaluated for presence of left side varicocele, varicocele grade and pampiniform plexus vein diameter.

Results

The average age was 38 ± 8.4 years (range, 18–50 years) in Group 1, and 36 ± 9.1 years (range, 16–47 years) in Group 2. Varicocele was significantly more common in patients with EP or EPO (p < 0.001). The rate of varicocele was 66.7% (48/72) in Group 1, and 22.3% (16/72) in Group 2. The median grade of varicocele was 2 in Group 1, and 0 in Group 2. Pampiniform plexus vein diameters were found to be significantly larger in patients with EP or EPO compare to patients without EP and EPO. The median vein diameter was 3.3 mm with the 25th and 75th percentiles at 2.7 and 3.8 mm, and was 1.9 mm with the 25th and 75th percentiles at 1.7 and 2.3 mm, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Left‐sided varicocele was significantly more common in patients with EP or EPO and it is an important cause for the development of EP/EPO because of chronic venous stasis.
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis in an Immunocompetent Patient After Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and a Mycetoma
Authors: Patel Evan J. , Ahmad Meleha , Schwartz Brian S. , van Zante Annemieke , Kersten Robert , Loftus Patricia
Published: April 2024

Acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS) classically presents as an aggressive fungal infection that can spread beyond its origin in the sinuses in immunocompromised patients. Although there have been reports of AIFS in immunocompetent, non‐diabetic patients, it is extremely rare and the true mechanism behind it is unknown. A thirty‐eight year old immunocompetent, non‐diabetic woman underwent bilateral ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps at a tertiary care center and post‐operatively developed AIFS. Patient underwent uncomplicated ESS, was packed with foam containing triamcinolone and discharged on steroid rinses and a prednisone taper. Surgical pathology demonstrated left‐sided colonization with non‐invasive fungal elements consistent with a mycetoma. She presented on post‐operative Day 11 with headache and left‐sided retro‐orbital pain. A culture of her left nasal cavity grew Rhizopus spp and MRI demonstrated evidence of invasive fungal infection of left sphenoid mucosa as well as inflammatory changes in the left orbit centered at the orbital apex. She was started on amphotericin and underwent a left‐sided debridement with biopsies which demonstrated angioinvasive fungal disease. Her vision in her left eye worsened to 20/800 and she was treated with transcutaneous retrobulbar injection of amphotericin B. After stable interval imaging she was discharged on a long‐term course of antifungals. Extensive immunologic work‐up was unremarkable. We describe a case of an immunocompetent patient who developed AIFS after sinus surgery for CRS and a mycetoma likely as a result of local immune suppression and post‐surgical trauma. Laryngoscope, 134:4213–4216, 2024
On null Cartan normal isophotic and normal silhouette curves on a timelike surface in Minkowski 3‐space
Authors: Djordjević Jelena , Nešović Emilija , Öztürk Ufuk , Koç Öztürk Esra B.
Published: April 2024

We introduce generalized Darboux frames along a null Cartan curve lying on a timelike surface in Minkowski space
and define null Cartan normal isophotic and normal silhouette curves in terms of the vector field that lies in the normal plane of the curve and belongs to its generalized Darboux frame of the first kind. We investigate null Cartan normal isophotic and normal silhouette curves with constant geodesic curvature
and constant geodesic torsion
. We obtain the parameter equations of their axes and prove that such curves are the null Cartan helices or the null Cartan cubics. In particular, we show that null Cartan normal isophotic curves with a non‐zero constant curvatures
and
have a remarkable property that they are general helices, relatively normal‐slant helices and isophotic curves with respect to the same axis. We prove that null Cartan cubics lying on a timelike surface are normal isophotic curves with a spacelike axis and normal silhouette curves with a lightlike axis. We obtain the relation between Minkowski Pythagorean hodograph cubic curves and null Cartan normal isophotic and normal silhouette curves. Finally, we give numerical examples of null Cartan normal isophotic and normal silhouette curves obtained by integrating the system of two the first order differential equations under the initial conditions.
Imaging of adeno‐associated viral capsids for purposes of gene editing using CEST NMR/MRI
Authors: Lam Bonnie , Velasquez Mark , Ogiyama Tomoko , Godines Kevin , Szu Fan‐Yun , Velasquez‐Mao A. J. , AlGhuraibawi Wissam , Wang Jingshen , Messersmith Phillip B. , Vandsburger Moriel H.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Gene therapy using adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector‐mediated gene delivery has undergone substantial growth in recent years with promising results in both preclinical and clinical studies, as well as emerging regulatory approval. However, the inability to quantify the efficacy of gene therapy from cellular delivery of gene‐editing technology to specific functional outcomes is an obstacle for efficient development of gene therapy treatments. Building on prior works that used the CEST reporter gene lysine rich protein, we hypothesized that AAV viral capsids may generate endogenous CEST contrast from an abundance of surface lysine residues.

Methods

NMR experiments were performed on isolated solutions of AAV serotypes 1–9 on a Bruker 800‐MHz vertical scanner. In vitro experiments were performed for testing of CEST‐NMR contrast of AAV2 capsids under varying pH, density, biological transduction stage, and across multiple serotypes and mixed biological media. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify virus concentration. Subsequent experiments at 7 T optimized CEST saturation schemes for AAV contrast detection and detected AAV2 particles encapsulated in a biocompatible hydrogel administered in the hind limb of mice.

Results

CEST‐NMR experiments revealed CEST contrast up to 52% for AAV2 viral capsids between 0.6 and 0.8 ppm. CEST contrast generated by AAV2 demonstrated high levels of CEST contrast across a variety of chemical environments, concentrations, and saturation schemes. AAV2 CEST contrast displayed significant positive correlations with capsid density (R2 > 0.99, p < 0.001), pH (R2 = 0.97, p = 0.01), and viral titer per cell count (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001). Transition to a preclinical field strength yielded up to 11.8% CEST contrast following optimization of saturation parameters. In vivo detection revealed statistically significant molecular contrast between viral and empty hydrogels using both mean values (4.67 ± 0.75% AAV2 vs. 3.47 ± 0.87% empty hydrogel, p = 0.02) and quantile analysis.

Conclusion

AAV2 viral capsids exhibit strong capacity as an endogenous CEST contrast agent and can potentially be used for monitoring and evaluation of AAV vector‐mediated gene therapy protocols.
Mediated trust, the internet and artificial intelligence: Ideas, interests, institutions and futures
Authors: Flew Terry
Published: April 2024

This paper addresses the question of trust in communication, or mediated trust, with regard to the historical evolution of the Internet and, more recently, debates around the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI). At a conceptual level, it proposes a ‘Three I's’ framework of ideas, interests, and institutions as a way of understanding how and why current proposals for greater regulation of digital platforms counterpose questions around credibility and social licence for digital tech giants against a dominant set of ideas around the Internet as a privileged domain of free speech. By contrast, the rise of AI comes at a time when data‐driven business models associated with dominant platform businesses are in the ascendancy, so institutional arrangements need to be considered as a form of countervailing power to the capacity of tech giants to use AI to further consolidate forms of economic, political and communications power.
Relationship between stigma and infertility‐related stress among couples undergoing AID: The mediating role of communication patterns
Authors: Wang Qing , Jia Dongmei , Gao Yiming , Zhou Miao , Zhao Xiangyu , Qin Rui , Kong Linghua , Li Ping
Published: April 2024

Infertility can be stressful for infertile couples. This study aims to examine the intra‐dyadic associations between stigma, communication patterns, and infertility‐related stress in couples undergoing artificial insemination by donor semen (AID). This cross‐sectional study was conducted from January to April 2021. Two hundred and three couples undergoing AID were recruited from a reproductive centre in China. All of the couples completed a two‐item stigma questionnaire, Communication Pattern Questionnaire, and Fertility Problem Inventory. The actor‐partner interdependence mediation analysis was performed using AMOS 23.0. The analysis demonstrated significant actor–actor effects for couples undergoing AID. More specifically, higher levels of stigma among wives and husbands were associated with more negative communication patterns, thereby increasing their own infertility‐related stress. Simultaneously, there was a significant partner–actor effect among infertile wives, demonstrating that the husband's stigma can affect his wife's infertility‐related stress by influencing her communication patterns. Couples undergoing AID experience increased infertility‐related stress when they have high levels of stigma and negative communication patterns, and husbands' stigma is correlated to wives' communication patterns. Therefore, dyadic interventions aiming to improving stigma and enhancing positive communication may be conducive to reducing infertility‐related stress.
A machine learning approach for predicting textbook outcome after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Ashraf Ganjouei Amir , Romero‐Hernandez Fernanda , Wang Jaeyun Jane , Hamed Ahmed , Alaa Ahmed , Bartlett David , Alseidi Adnan , Choudry Mohammad Haroon , Adam Mohamed
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is considered a late‐stage manifestation of neoplastic diseases. Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS‐HIPEC) can be an effective treatment for these patients. However, the procedure is associated with significant morbidity. Our aim was to develop a machine learning model to predict the probability of achieving textbook outcome (TO) after CRS‐HIPEC using only preoperatively known variables.

Methods

Adult patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and who underwent CRS‐HIPEC were included from a large, single‐center, prospectively maintained dataset (2001–2020). TO was defined as a hospital length of stay ≤14 days and no postoperative adverse events including any complications, reoperation, readmission, and mortality within 90 days. Four models (logistic regression, neural network, random forest, and XGBoost) were trained, validated, and a user‐friendly risk calculator was then developed.

Results

A total of 1954 CRS‐HIPEC procedures for peritoneal carcinomatosis were included. Overall, 13% (n = 258) achieved TO following CRS‐HIPEC procedure. XGBoost and logistic regression had the highest area under the curve (AUC) (0.76) after model optimization, followed by random forest (AUC 0.75) and neural network (AUC 0.74). The top preoperative variables associated with achieving a TO were lower peritoneal cancer index scores, not undergoing proctectomy, splenectomy, or partial colectomy and being asymptomatic from peritoneal metastases prior to surgery.

Conclusion

This is a data‐driven study to predict the probability of achieving TO after CRS‐HIPEC. The proposed pipeline has the potential to not only identify patients for whom surgery is not associated with prohibitive risk, but also aid surgeons in communicating this risk to patients.
Position of the centroid of a planar convex body
Authors: Lassak Marek
Published: April 2024

It is well known that any planar convex body A permits to inscribe an affine-regular hexagon $$H_A$$

H
A

. We prove that the centroid of A belongs to the homothetic image of $$H_A$$

H
A

with ratio $$\frac{4}{21}$$

4
21

and the center in the center of $$H_A$$

H
A

. This ratio cannot be decreased.
Predictors of significant distress in cervical cancer patients: a cross sectional study
Authors: Schmitt Friederike , Najjari Laila , Kupec Tomas , Stickeler Elmar , Meinhold-Heerlein Ivo , Wittenborn Julia
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This cross-sectional study aims to investigate parameters that predict relevant levels of distress in women in a perioperative setting undergoing treatment for cervical cancer.

Materials and methods

Data from 495 patients with cervical cancer that were treated at the university hospital Aachen between 2010 and 2022 were analysed based on their respective National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Distress Thermometer score (DT) and Problem List (PL) and their clinical history. 105 patients were enrolled in the study. 18 medical and demographic variables were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Three variables contributed significantly to the prediction of a DT score ≥ 5. Significant distress was defined as a DT score of ≥ 5, which was observed in 70.5% of the participants (mean: 5.58 ± 2.892). Women who chose to receive psycho-oncological counselling were more likely to have a DT score ≥ 5 (Odds Ratio(OR) = 3.323; Confidence Interval (CI95%): 1.241–8.900; p-value: 0.017). In addition, women who did not receive chemoradiation had significantly higher DT scores (OR = 3.807; CI 95%:1.185–12.236; p-value: 0.025), as did women whose Distress Thermometer was assessed in the first month after their initial diagnosis (OR = 3.967; CI 95%:1.167–13.486; p-value: 0.027).

Conclusion

Increased distress in women with cervical cancer is common especially in the first month after diagnosis, in patients who do not receive chemoradiation and in patients who seek psycho-oncological counselling. Surgical factors do not play a major role in patient distress.
Does the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and its serum IgG levels affect fertility treatments and obstetric outcomes? An observational cohort study
Authors: Miller Netanella Danielli , Goren Gepstein Nitzan , Cohen Dovev , Haikin Herzberger Einat , Shalev Ram Hila , Mashiach Friedler Jordana , Sharon Weiner Maya , Rahav Roni , Indenbaum Victoria , Lustig Yaniv , Wiser Amir
Published: April 2024

Background

Although there are some data regarding the COVID-19 vaccine and in in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments, its potential impact in terms of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels has not been evaluated prospectively. This study aimed to assess the effect of COVID-19 vaccine and IgG levels on IVF outcomes.

Methods

This observational, cohort study was conducted at a referral IVF unit. Couples undergoing IVF treatment during the COVID-19 vaccination period were recruited from March–April 2021. The study compared 38 women who had received the Pfizer mRNA COVID-19 vaccination to 10 women who had not and were not infected by the virus. We also compared pre- and post-vaccination IVF treatments for 24 women. The relation between serologic titers and IVF treatment outcomes was also assessed.

Results

No significant difference was found between the vaccinated and unvaccinated/uninfected groups regarding the main outcome measures. However, there was a trend toward a higher pregnancy rate for the unvaccinated group (57% vs. 23%, p = 0.078) but no difference in delivery rate (p = 0.236), gestational week (p = 0.537) or birth rate (p = 0.671).

Conclusion

We cautiously state that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine does not affect fertility outcomes, including fertilization, pregnancy and delivery rates, obstetric outcomes, and semen parameters, regardless of measured IgG levels.