bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats
Authors: Li Xiuguo , Yun Jae‐Kyung , Choi Jun‐Shik
Published: February 2007

This study investigated the effects of orally administered morin, an inhibitor of CYP isozyme and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and orally administered etoposide in rats. It was reported that etoposide is a substrate for P‐gp and metabolized mainly via CYP3A4 and to a lesser degree via CYP1A2 and 2E1. Etoposide was administered through intravenous (2 mg/kg) or oral (6 mg/kg) routes to rats with or without orally administered morin (5 or 15 mg/kg), which was administered 30 min before etoposide. The pharmacokinetic parameters of etoposide intravenously administered were not significantly different from other groups, suggesting that CYP 3A‐mediated metabolism and the P‐gp mediated efflux of etoposide in the liver and kidney seemed not to be markedly inhibited by orally administered morin. However, orally administered morin (15 mg/kg) significantly increased theAUC(45.8%),Cmax(32.0%) and the absolute bioavailability (35.9%) of orally administered etoposide compared with the control, which could be mainly due to inhibition of CYP isoenzyme and P‐gp in the intestine by morin. The dosage regimen of etoposide should be taken into consideration for toxic reactions when combined with morin or dietary supplements containing morin in patients. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of structured polymers upon controlled denaturation of β‐lactoglobulin with different chaotropes
Authors: Rasmussen P. , Barbiroli A. , Bonomi F. , Faoro F. , Ferranti P. , Iriti M. , Picariello G. , Iametti S.
Published: February 2007

Prolonged exposure (>90 days) of bovine β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) to subdenaturing concentrations of either urea or potassium thiocyanate resulted in the formation of ordered polymers in the form of fibrils. The fibrils obtained with each chaotrope showed major differences in morphology, surface properties, thiol accessibility, and stability to dissociating agents as a consequence of the different chemical bonds involved in their stabilization. Hydrophobic interactions between BLG monomers are predominant in thiocyanate‐formed fibrils, whereas urea‐formed fibrils are stabilized by intermolecular disulfides generated through a thiol‐disulfide exchange reaction. The different features of fibrils obtained with each chaotrope relate to the peculiar structural features and chemical properties of the “active” monomers generated by subdenaturing chaotrope concentrations in the early phases of the polymerization process, as detected by spectroscopic and limited proteolysis/mass spectrometry studies in the earliest stages of the action of individual chaotropes. The chaotrope‐specific features of these early intermediates in turn affect the polymerization mechanism, whose intermediates were studied by size‐exclusion chromatography on the soluble fraction at different times of fibril formation. The potential of these findings for the production of protein‐derived nanostructures having different and controlled geometries and chemical properties is also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 57–72, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A Novel Cesium Hydroxygallophosphate with a Layered Structure Built up of Rutile Ribbons: CsGa2(OH)2[(PO4)H(PO4)].
Authors: Lesage J. , Guesdon A. , Raveau B.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Benchmark for Water Photooxidation by Nanostructured α‐Fe2O3 Films.
Authors: Kay Andreas , Cesar Ilkay , Graetzel Michael
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effect of 2,6‐Disubstituted Aryl Groups on Acyclic Conformation: Preference for an Antiperiplanar Orientation of the Geminal and Vicinal Hydrogens.
Authors: Carlier Paul R. , Zhang Yiqun , Slebodnick Carla , Lo Michael M.‐C. , Williams Ian D.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ferric(III) Nitrate Supported on Kieselguhr: A New Reagent for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: Lou Ji‐Dong , Zhu Long‐Hua , Ma Yi‐Chun , Li Li
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile and Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Arylalkanes to Aryl Ketones Using Cesium Carbonate.
Authors: Park Kwanghee Koh , Tsou Lun K. , Hamilton Andrew D.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Allylation of Enamides and Enecarbamates Generated via Iron(0) Reduction of Oximes and Derivatives.
Authors: Sun Cuixiang , Weinreb Steven M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Diaminochlorophosphine for Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylations of Amines and Ketones.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Spatz Julia H. , Gschrei Christian J. , Born Robert , Althammer Andreas
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation and Catalytic Activity of Pd Nanoparticles on Silica in Supercritical CO2.
Authors: Saffarzadeh‐Matin Shohreh , Kerton Francesca M. , Lynam Jason M. , Rayner Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications of Palladacyclic Complexes Bearing C,N,S‐Donor Ligands.
Authors: Chen Ming‐Tsz , Huang Chi‐An , Chen Chi‐Tien
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,4‐Carbonylative Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Methyl Vinyl Ketone: A New Synthetic Tool for Rapid Furan and Pyrrole Synthesis.
Authors: Chochois Helene , Sauthier Mathieu Sauthier Mathieu , Maerten Eddy , Castanet Yves , Mortreux Andre
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Method for Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols and Phenols and Deprotection of THP Ethers Using H14[NaP5W30O110] as a Green Catalyst.
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Haghighi Masoumeh , Derikvand Fatemeh , Bamoharram Fatemeh F.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spontaneous Knotting — From Oligoamide Threads to Trefoil Knots.
Authors: Brueggemann Jens , Bitter Stephan , Mueller Sonja , Mueller Walter M. , Mueller Ute , Maier Norbert M. , Lindner Wolfgang , Voegtle Fritz
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Container Molecules with Portals: Reversibly Switchable Cycloalkane Complexation.
Authors: Gottschalk Thomas , Jaun Bernhard , Diederich Francois
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Copper‐Mediated O‐Arylations of Phenols with Arylstannanes.
Authors: Vakalopoulos Alexandros , Kavazoudi Xanthoula , Schoof Joachim
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Formation of CF3‐Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated Alkene and the Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethyl Substituted β‐Amino Ester.
Authors: Pang Wan , Zhu Shifa , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhu Shizheng
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ZnBr2‐Catalyzed Efficient Oxidative Homo Coupling of Aryl Magnesium Bromides.
Authors: Kanth S. Ravi , Reddy G. Venkat , Yakaiah T. , Narsaiah B. , Rao P. Shanthan
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Green Method for the Electroorganic Synthesis of New 1,3‐Indandione Derivatives.
Authors: Moghaddam Abdolmajid Bayandori , Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Norouzi Parviz , Latifi Maryam
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Tetrasubstituted α‐Fluoro Cyclohexanone Bearing a Fluoroisopropyl Group at C5.
Authors: Solladie‐Cavallo Arlette , Azyat Khalid , Jierry Loic , Cahard Dominique
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Kinetic Resolutions of Indolines by a Nonenzymatic Acylation Catalyst.
Authors: Arp Forrest O. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Switching Stereoselectivity in Rhodium‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Additions: The Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Pyrrolizidinones.
Authors: Hargrave Jonathan D. , Bish Gerwyn , Frost Christopher G.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Role of Ionic Liquid (bmim)HSO4 as Novel Catalyst for Monotetrahydropyranylation of Diols and Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols.
Authors: Singh Jasvinder , Gupta Neeraj , Kad Goverdhan L. , Kaur Jasamrit
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pyridine‐3‐propanoic Acids: Discovery of Dual PPARα/γ Agonists (I) as Antidiabetic Agents.
Authors: Humphries Paul S. , et al. et al.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Inhibition of Tpl2 Kinase and TNFα Production with Quinoline‐3‐carbonitriles for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Authors: Hu Yonghan , et al. et al.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
S‐Heterocyclic Anellated Perylene Bisimide: Synthesis and Co‐crystal with Pyrene.
Authors: Qian Hualei , Liu Caiming , Wang Zhaohui , Zhu Daoben
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient One‐Pot Construction of Substituted Pyrimidinones.
Authors: Lu Yuelie , et al. et al.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Classes of Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines, Pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines, and Pteridines
Authors: Deb Mohit Lal , Bhuyan Pulak J.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct C—H Arylation of Purines: Development of Methodology and Its Use in Regioselective Synthesis of 2,6,8‐Trisubstituted Purines.
Authors: Cerna Igor , Pohl Radek , Klepetarova Blanka , Hocek Michal
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Domino Chemistry Approach to Molecular Complexity: High‐Yielding Bis‐hetero Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions with Ketone Components.
Authors: Chanu Angeline , Castellote Isabel , Commeureuc Aurelien , Safir Imad , Arseniyadis Simeon
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Ring‐Expansion Methodology Involving Multicomponent Reactions: Highly Efficient Access to Polysubstituted Furan‐Fused 1,4‐Thiazepine Derivatives.
Authors: Ma Cheng , Ding Hanfeng , Zhang Yiping , Bian Ming
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Irradiation for Accelerating the Synthesis of Thioglycosides.
Authors: El Ashry E. S. H. , Awad L. F. , Abdel Hamid H. M. , Atta A. I.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Substituent Effects in Hydroxyiodination of 1,2‐Diacyloxycyclohex‐3‐enes.
Authors: Sweeney J. B. , Knight J. R. , Thobhani Smita
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and Efficient Solvent‐Free Friedel—Crafts Acylation of Reserpine.
Authors: Begum Sabira , Zehra Syeda Qamar , Siddiqui Bina S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Expedited Synthesis of 5‐Aminocamptothecin Analogues: Inhibitors of Hypoxia Inducible Factor HIF‐1α.
Authors: Torregrossa Joelle , Bubley Glenn J. , Jones Graham B.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Application of Fluorous‐Tagged Oligonucleotides.
Authors: Mishra Roli , Mishra Satyendra , Misra Krishna
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Sphingofungin F.
Authors: Li Min , Wu Anmei
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Quadrangularin A.
Authors: Li Wenling , Li Hao , Li Ying , Hou Zijie
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis and Stereochemistry of the Antitumor Antibiotic PD 113,271.
Authors: Takeuchi Toshifumi , Kuramochi Kouji , Kobayashi Susumu , Sugawara Fumio
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure Assignment of Lagunapyrone B by Fluorous Mixture Synthesis of Four Candidate Stereoisomers.
Authors: Yang Fanglong , Newsome Jeffery J. , Curran Dennis P.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Distachyasin: A New Antioxidant Metabolite from the Leaves of Carex distachya
Authors: Fiorentino Antonio , D'Abrosca Brigida , Pacifico Severina , Iacovino Rosa , Mastellone Claudio , Di Blasio Benedetto , Monaco Pietro
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synergistic Use of Compound Properties and Docking Scores in Neural Network Modeling of CYP2D6 Binding: Predicting Affinity and Conformational Sampling.
Authors: Bazeley Peter S. , Prithivi Sridevi , Struble Craig A. , Povinelli Richard J. , Sem Daniel S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Integrated in Silico Analysis of Drug‐Binding to Human Serum Albumin.
Authors: Estrada Ernesto , Uriarte Eugenio , Molina Enrique , Simon‐Manso Yamil , Milne George W. A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Anticholinesterase Activity of Some New Fluorogenic Analogues of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents.
Authors: Timperley Christopher M. , Casey Krystal E. , Notman Stuart , Sellers David J. , Williams Nancy E. , Williams Nichola H. , Williams Gareth R.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Superhard Superconductor Composites Obtained by Sintering of Diamond, c‐BN and C60 Powders with Superconductors.
Authors: Dubitsky Gennadi A. , Blank Vladimir D. , Buga Sergei G. , Semenova Elena E. , Serebryanaya Nadejda R. , Aksenenkov Vladimir V. , Prokhorov Vyatcheslav M. , Kul'bachinski Vladimir A. , Krechetov Aleksei V. , Kytin Vladimir G.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Conducting Nanowires from Organogels
Authors: Puigmarti‐Luis Josep , Laukhin Vladimir , Perez del Pino Angel , Vidal‐Gancedo Jose , Rovira Concepcio , Laukhina Elena , Amabilino David B.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and anti‐HIV Activity of Nevirapine Prodrugs.
Authors: Sriram D. , Yogeeswari P. , Kishore M. R. K.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Oriented Development of Antituberculotics: Salicylanilides.
Authors: Waisser Karel , Matyk Josef , Divisova Hana , Husakova Petra , Kunes Jiri , Klimesova Vera , Kaustova Jarmila , Moellmann Ute , Dahse Hans‐Martin , Miko Milan
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
[2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Chopade Pramod R. , Louie Janis
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sugars as Chiral Auxiliaries
Authors: Pleuss Norbert , Zech Gernot , Furman Bartlomiej , Kunz Horst
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Securinega Alkaloids: Pursuing a Versatile Synthetic Approach
Authors: Bayon Pau , Busque Felix , Figueredo Marta
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Small‐Volume and High‐Sensitivity NMR Probes
Authors: Martin Gary E.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Calixarene‐Based Receptors for Molecules and Ions of Environmental or Biomedical Importance
Authors: Cherenok S. , Miroshnichenko S. , Klimchuk O. , Kazantseva Z. , Vovk A. , Kukhar V. , Smirnov I. , Kalchenko V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A prospective study of tobacco and alcohol use as risk factors for pharyngeal carcinomas in Singapore Chinese
Authors: Friborg Jeppe T. , Yuan Jian‐Min , Wang Renwei , Koh Woon‐Puay , Lee Hin‐Peng , Yu Mimi C.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare disease in most populations; however, in areas of Southeast Asia and North Africa and in the Arctic, undifferentiated NPC is the most frequent pharyngeal malignancy. Although smoking and alcohol have been established firmly as synergistic risk factors for other pharyngeal carcinomas, previous studies on the association between these risk factors and NPC have not been consistent. Therefore, the authors analyzed this relation in a cohort of Singapore Chinese, which is a population with a high incidence of NPC.

METHODS

From 1993 to 1998, a population‐based cohort of 61,320 Singapore Chinese ages 45 years to 74 years who were free of cancer completed a comprehensive interview on living conditions and dietary and lifestyle factors. By linkage to Singapore population‐based registries, the cohort was followed through 2005, and cancer occurrence was determined. The relative risk of NPC and other oropharyngeal carcinomas in the cohort was investigated by using a Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

In total, 173 NPCs and 75 other oropharyngeal carcinomas were observed during 601,879 person‐years of follow‐up. Smoking for >40 years was associated with a doubled risk of NPC (relative risk, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.3), whereas smoking intensity, age at smoking initiation, and alcohol consumption were not associated with NPC risk. In contrast, smoking duration, smoking intensity, age at smoking initiation, and alcohol consumption all were associated with an increased risk of other oropharyngeal carcinoma (P for trend, <.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Smoking and alcohol influenced the risk of NPC and other oropharyngeal carcinomas differently in a high‐incidence NPC population. Long‐term smoking was a risk factor for NPC, but alcohol consumption was not. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Survival advantage with decitabine versus intensive chemotherapy in patients with higher risk myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop M. , O'Brien Susan , Huang Xuelin , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Ravandi Farhad , Cortes Jorge , Shan Jianqin , Davisson Jan , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Issa Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Decitabine, a hypomethylating agent, is active and has been approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Intensive chemotherapy is an accepted form of therapy for patients with higher risk MDS. The comparative efficacy of these 2 forms of treatment in MDS is unknown. The objective of the current study was to compare the efficacy and toxicity profiles of decitabine and intensive chemotherapy in MDS.

METHODS

The authors compared lower intensity decitabine therapy (n = 115 patients) with intensive chemotherapy (as it is used in acute myeloid leukemia [AML]) in patients with higher risk MDS. Two comparisons were made with a cohort of 376 historic patients (from 1995 to 2005): The first comparison included a subcohort of 115 patients (Group A) who matched the 115 decitabine study patients according to age, International Prognostic Scoring System, and cytogenetics; and the second comparison included the whole cohort of 376 patients without matching (Group B). A multivariate analysis was performed for outcome.

RESULTS

The complete remission (CR) rate according to AML criteria was 43% with decitabine, 46% with intensive chemotherapy in Group A, and 52% with intensive chemotherapy in Group B. Compared with Group A, mortality at 6 weeks was 3% with decitabine versus 13% with intensive chemotherapy (P = .006) and, at 3 months, 7% with decitabine versus 23% with intensive chemotherapy (P = .001). Survival was better with decitabine versus intensive chemotherapy in Group A (median survival: 22 months vs 12 months; P < .001). A multivariate analysis of survival in all 491 patients who received decitabine or intensive chemotherapy (Group B) selected decitabine as an independent, favorable prognostic factor for survival (P = .006; hazard ratio, 0.74) after accounting for the independent prognostic effect of pretreatment factors.

CONCLUSIONS

In this analysis, decitabine was associated with a survival advantage compared with intensive chemotherapy in patients with higher risk MDS. Future studies should evaluate prospectively the results of decitabine versus intensive chemotherapy in this setting. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Overexpressed Raf‐1 and phosphorylated cyclic adenosine 3′‐5′‐monophosphatate response element‐binding protein are early markers for lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Cekanova Maria , Majidy Mourad , Masi Thomas , Al‐Wadei Hussein A. N. , Schuller Hildegard M.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the leading type of lung cancer and has a high mortality. The tobacco carcinogen nicotine‐derived nitrosamine 4‐(N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK) stimulates the proliferation of human PAC cells and small airway epithelial cells through β‐1 adrenorecptor‐mediated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

METHODS

Using the NNK hamster PAC model and human PAC tissue arrays with matched and unmatched normal lung tissues, the authors tested the hypothesis that Raf‐1, an effector of the EGFR, and P‐CREB, an effector of the β‐adrenoreceptor, are overexpressed in a significant subset of human PACs and are early markers of PAC development. Western blots from respiratory epithelial cells and microadenomas harvested by laser‐capture microdissection from hamster lungs accompanied by immunostains were used to monitor the expression levels of Raf‐1 and P‐CREB after 5 weeks, 10 weeks, and 20 weeks of NNK treatment. Expression levels of these markers in human PAC tissue arrays were assessed by immunostains. Reverse‐phase proteomics, Western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation in immortalized human small‐airway epithelial cells and in a human PAC cell line in the presence and absence of dominant‐negative Raf were used to determine Raf dependence of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation in response to NNK or isoproterenol.

RESULTS

The data showed a time‐dependent increase in the expression of Raf‐1 and P‐CREB after NNK treatment in small‐airway epithelial cells and microadenomas of hamsters. The majority of human lung adenocarcinomas simultaneously overexpressed Raf‐1 and P‐CREB. Dominant‐negative Raf completely abrogated ERK1/2 activation by NNK and isoproterenol.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results indicated that RAF‐1 and P‐CREB may contribute to the development of a significant subset of human lung adenocarcinomas and may offer promising targets for early detection and treatment. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Management of primary liver sarcomas
Authors: Weitz Juürgen , Klimstra David S. , Cymes Karina , Jarnagin William R. , D'Angelica Michael , La Quaglia Michael P. , Fong Yuman , Brennan Murray F. , Blumgart Leslie H. , DeMatteo Ronald P.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

Primary hepatic sarcoma is a rare entity. The objectives of the study were to define treatment and long‐term outcome and to identify prognostic factors.

METHODS

Between January 1981 and December 2004, 30 patients with primary sarcoma of the liver and 5 patients with primary carcinosarcoma of the liver were treated. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and actuarial survival were analyzed.

RESULTS

Of the 30 patients with primary hepatic sarcoma (10 epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, 5 embryonal sarcoma, 5 angiosarcoma, 3 solitary fibrous tumor, and 7 other types), 11 underwent R0‐resection and had a 5‐year disease‐specific survival of 64%. Of these 11 patients, 4 had low‐grade sarcoma and have not developed tumor recurrence. In the group of 7 patients with high‐grade sarcomas who underwent R0‐resection, both patients with angiosarcoma died within 11 months, whereas the 5 patients with embryonal sarcoma had a 5‐year disease‐free and disease‐specific survival of 80%. Six of the 10 patients with an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma were managed without surgery, as they had diffuse, slowly progressing, or stable lesions; these patients had a 5‐year disease‐specific survival of 67%. Of the remaining 13 patients in whom R0‐resection was not performed, there were no 3‐year survivors. The prognosis for patients with primary carcinosarcoma of the liver was poor, with all but 1 patient dying within a year and no 3‐year survivors.

CONCLUSIONS

The outcome of patients with primary hepatic sarcoma depends primarily on tumor histology and the ability to achieve complete tumor resection. Improvements in outcome will require the development of more effective systemic therapies. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Direct peptide profiling of lateral cell groups of the antennal lobes of Manduca sexta reveals specific composition and changes in neuropeptide expression during development
Authors: Utz Sandra , Huetteroth Wolf , Wegener Christian , Kahnt Jörg , Predel Reinhard , Schachtner Joachim
Published: February 2007

The paired antennal lobes are the first integration centers for odor information in the insect brain. In the sphinx moth Manduca sexta, like in other holometabolous insects, they are formed during metamorphosis. To further understand mechanisms involved in the formation of this particularly well investigated brain area, we performed a direct peptide profiling of a well defined cell group (the lateral cell group) of the antennal lobe throughout development by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Although the majority of the about 100 obtained ion signals represent still unknown substances, this first peptidomic characterization of this cell group indicated the occurrence of 12 structurally known neuropeptides. Among these peptides are helicostatin 1, cydiastatins 2, 3, and 4, M. sexta‐allatotropin (Mas‐AT), M. sexta‐FLRFamide (Mas‐FLRFamide) I, II, and III, nonblocked Mas‐FLRFamide I, and M. sexta‐myoinhibitory peptides (Mas‐MIPs) III, V, and VI. The identity of two of the allatostatins (cydiastatins 3 and 4) and Mas‐AT were confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/TOF). During development of the antennal lobe, number and frequency of ion signals including those representing known peptides generally increased at the onset of glomeruli formation at pupal Stage P7/8, with cydiastatin 2, helicostatin 1, and Mas‐MIP V being the exceptions. Cydiastatin 2 showed transient occurrence mainly during the period of glomerulus formation, helicostatin 1 was restricted to late pupae and adults, while Mas‐MIP V occurred exclusively in adult antennal lobes. The power of the applied direct mass spectrometric profiling lies in the possibility of chemically identifying neuropeptides of a given cell population in a fast and reliable manner, at any developmental stage in single specimens. The identification of neuropeptides in the antennal lobes now allows to specifically address the function of these signaling molecules during the formation of the antennal lobe network. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Cell cycle inhibition and retinoblastoma protein overexpression prevent Purkinje cell death in organotypic slice cultures
Authors: Padmanabhan Jaya , Brown Kristy , Shelanski Michael L.
Published: February 2007

Purkinje cells are vulnerable to a number of physical, chemical, and genetic insults during development and maturity. Normal development of these cells depends on the cell‐cell interactions between granule and astroglial cell populations. Apoptotic death in Purkinje neurons had been shown to be associated with cell cycle activation, and new DNA synthesis is associated with Purkinje cell death in staggerer and lurcher mutant mice. Here using an in vitro organotypic slice culture model from 9 (P9) and 4 days (P4) old postnatal rats we show that the cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors (roscovitine, olomoucine, and flavopiridol) protect the Purkinje cells from cell death. The results are more pronounced in the cerebellar sections from P4 rats. Analysis of Purkinje neurons in sections from P4 rats after 1 week of culturing showed that while there were very limited calbindin positive neurons in the untreated sections the cdk inhibitor treated sections had a notably higher number. Although treatment with cdk inhibitors inhibited Purkinje cell loss significantly, the morphology of these neurons was abnormal, with stunted dendrites and axons. Since the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is the major pocket protein involved in determining the differentiated state of neurons we examined the effect of over‐expressing Rb in the organotypic cultures. Rb overexpression significantly inhibited the Purkinje cell death and these neurons maintained their normal morphology. Thus our studies show that the cell death in Purkinje neurons observed in organotypic cultures is cell cycle dependent and the optimal survival requires Rb. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
MyoD and Myogenin expression during myogenic phases in brown trout: A precocious onset of mosaic hyperplasia is a prerequisite for fast somatic growth
Authors: Steinbacher P. , Haslett J.R. , Obermayer A. , Marschallinger J. , Bauer H.C. , Sänger A.M. , Stoiber W.
Published: February 2007

Muscle cell recruitment (hyperplasia) during myogenesis in the vertebrate embryo is known to occur in three consecutive phases. In teleost fish (including zebrafish), however, information on myogenic precursor cell activation is largely fragmentary, and comprehensive characterization of the myogenic phases has only been fully undertaken in a single slow‐growing cyprinid species by examination of MEF2D expression. Here, we use molecular techniques to provide a comprehensive characterization of MyoD and Myogenin expression during myogenic cell activation in embryos and larvae of brown trout, a fast‐growing salmonid with exceptionally large embryos. Results confirm the three‐phase pattern, but also demonstrate that the second and third phases begin simultaneously and progress vigorously, which is different from the previously described consecutive activation of these phases. Furthermore, we suggest that Pax7 is expressed in myogenic progenitor cells that account for second‐ and third‐phase myogenesis. These findings are discussed in relation to teleost myotome development and to teleost growth strategies. Developmental Dynamics 236:1106–1114, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of MUSIC algorithms using gradient‐ and integral‐type mode vectors for direction of arrival and angular spread estimation
Authors: Hotta Hiroyuki , Kikuma Nobuyoshi , Sakakibara Kunio , Hirayama Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

A generalized mode vector that simultaneously uses the differential coefficient component of the mode vector has been proposed for estimating the direction of arrival of incident waves having angular spread. In this paper, the authors first examined this generalized mode vector and proposed a gradient‐type MUSIC algorithm that uses the differential coefficient component of the mode vector independently for estimating the direction of arrival. Then they used a computer simulation in which the waves having angular spread were considered to be a group of scattered waves to compare this algorithm with regard to the performance for estimating the direction of arrival with an integral‐type MUSIC algorithm that uses simple integration, which they proposed separately. To improve the estimation precision degradation that occurs when the signal correlation is low among scattered waves that exist within the angular spread when using the integral‐type MUSIC algorithm, the authors proposed a combined‐type MUSIC algorithm that incorporated the gradient‐type MUSIC algorithm in the integral‐type MUSIC algorithm and used this to examine the performance for estimating the direction of arrival and angular spread again. The results of the comparison of the gradient‐type MUSIC algorithm and integral‐type MUSIC algorithm confirmed that the two algorithms have conflicting properties related to the signal correlation among scattered waves that exist within the angular spread. Also, the investigation related to the combined‐type MUSIC algorithm indicated that estimation precision degradation that occurs when the signal correlation is low among scattered waves when using the integral‐type MUSIC algorithm was reduced as expected. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(6): 53– 64, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20208
Low‐delay scheduling algorithm that considers fairness between ports
Authors: Kawakami Hirotada , Asatani Koichi
Published: February 2007

A Virtual Output Queuing (VOQ) input buffer type switch provided with a buffer in each input port is proposed in this paper as an input buffer type switch that avoids Head‐of‐Line (HoL) blocking. A scheduling algorithm for a multiple VOQ input buffer type switch is also proposed. As a representative algorithm we use a Two‐Dimensional Round Robin (2DRR) scheduling algorithm that achieves low‐delay and has iSLIP to avoid starvation as well as high fairness between ports. This paper also proposes a layered scheduling algorithm for a VOQ input buffer type switch with an objective of fairness between ports and switching with lower delay. The frequency of packets not being output is reduced regardless of whether an output port is empty by using up patterns of all I/O pairs inNinputNoutput switches. TheNinputNoutput switching is divided into smaller units. Fairness between the units is achieved by successively shifting the order of priority of each unit that will be switched. Simulations were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(6): 43–52, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20313
Measurement method of one‐way differential delay for end‐to‐end path selection on multihoming
Authors: Ogawa Kiyoshi , Sawai Arata , Iida Noboru , Bandai Masaki , Watanabe Takashi
Published: February 2007

In a multihoming communications environment in which multiple communications interfaces are connected to a single terminal to use multiple paths, if different paths are used for the going‐out path and return path, more efficient information communications may be possible. To enable this to occur, one‐way delay must be taken into account to select the appropriate interface. However, it is generally difficult to directly obtain an accurate one‐way delay because the communications path load varies according to such factors as the time period and amount of communications, and the going‐out path delay and return path delay cannot be easily separated. In this paper, the authors simply obtain the one‐way approximate differential delays from multiple patterns of round‐trip delay combinations and propose a method of selecting the path based on these differentials. This method has such features as control packets for measurement and synchronization with the communication destination which are unnecessary and it is extendable since it does not depend on the network layer. The authors also implemented the proposed method on a computer by using ICMP and evaluated it experimentally in various types of multihoming communications environments. The results showed that one‐way path selection is possible and that the proposed method is effective. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(6): 29–42, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20321
A cascade configuration of the edge‐weighted image enhancement filter
Authors: Aoki Ken , Nakashizuka Makoto
Published: February 2007

In this paper, a new configuration of the edge‐weighted high‐pass filter and a design method for the weight function are proposed. A widely used image enhancement method is to amplify the high‐frequency components of the image and to intensify the brightness differential of the edges. This method, generally called the unsharp masking method, allows enhancement effects to be obtained with a simple structure. If a linear high‐pass filter is used as a method of extracting the high‐frequency components from the input image, the noise components superimposed on the image appear in the high‐pass filter output and are enhanced. In order to resolve this problem, a weight function defined from the edge characteristics is multiplied by the high‐pass filter so that the amplitude of the high‐pass filter output is suppressed in the flat image region. However, in the conventional edge‐weighted high‐pass filter, the noise components generated on the edge coordinates are strongly emphasized. Therefore, the edge coordinates of the output image fluctuate irregularly and discontinuities appear in the frame lines. In this investigation, in order to suppress the noise components on the edge coordinates, a new edge‐weighted high‐pass filter structure is proposed. In this structure, the high‐pass filter is decomposed into cascaded connections. The weighting function is multiplied by the filter output from the previous stage. Further, in order to suppress noise amplification, the weight function is defined as a linear sum of the edge characteristic measures. By statistical analysis of the noise amplification, the parameters of the weight function minimizing the output noise variance are obtained. The proposed image enhancement method is experimentally compared with the conventional method and its effectiveness is confirmed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(6): 37– 47, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20240
On error exponents for a variable size list decoder using the Viterbi algorithm with likelihood testing
Authors: Niinomi Toshihiro , Matsushima Toshiyasi , Hirasawa Shigeichi
Published: February 2007

The likelihood ratio (LR) decision criterion [3] employed by Yamamoto and Itoh's decision feedback (ARQ) scheme [1] is known to be highly compatible with the Viterbi algorithm (VA) due to the fact that it requires a small amount of computational effort. In addition, Forney has derived an extension of the coding theorem to the variable size list decoder for maximum likelihood decoding of block codes. In this paper we propose an algorithm for extending LR‐based variable size list decoding for decoding convolutional codes using the Viterbi algorithm; assuming a discrete memoryless channel we also derive a lower bound on the decoder's error exponents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(6): 27– 36, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20245
A performance evaluation of frequency domain blind source separation using close arrangement of directional microphones
Authors: Shimizu Hiroki , Ito Masanori , Takeuchi Yoshinori , Matsumoto Tetsuya , Kudo Hiroaki , Ohnishi Noboru
Published: February 2007

A performance evaluation of frequency‐domain blind source separation (BSS) in a close arrangement of directional microphone is carried out. When a close arrangement is used in time‐domain BSS, it is possible to reduce the number of taps necessary for separation while maintaining the same performance as in separation without close arrangement. In this research, from the point of view of the relationship between the number of taps and the separation performance, the calculation time, and the permutation (output order) unique to the frequency domain BSS, a comparison with nonclose arrangement is made. With regard to the calculation time and the permutation error, close arrangement is superior to nonclose arrangement in environments both with and without reverberation. With regard to the separation performance, close arrangement is better than nonclose arrangement in an anechoic chamber but nonclose arrangement is better if there are many taps. If the number of taps is small, close arrangement is superior. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(6): 1– 9, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20300