bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase Diagrams for Systems Containing Hyperbranched Polymers
Authors: Enders Sabine , Langenbach Kai , Schrader Philipp , Zeiner Tim
Published: January 2012

Hyperbranched polymers show an outstanding potential for applications ranging from chemistry over nanotechnology to pharmacy. In order to take advantage of this potential, the underlying phase behaviour must be known. From the thermodynamic point of view, the modelling of these phase diagrams is quite challenging, because the thermodynamic properties depend on the architecture of the hyperbranched polymer as well as on the number and kind of present functional end groups. The influence of architecture can be taken into account via the lattice cluster theory (LCT) as an extension of the well-known Flory–Huggins theory. Whereas the Flory–Huggins theory is limited to linear polymer chains, the LCT can be applied to an arbitrary chain architecture. The number and the kind of functional groups can be handled via the Wertheim perturbation theory, applicable for directed forces between the functional groups and the surrounding solvent molecules. The combination of the LCT and the Wertheim theory can be established for the modelling or even prediction of the liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) of polymer solutions in a single solvent or in a solvent mixture or polymer blends, where the polymer can have an arbitrary structure. The applied theory predicts large demixing regions for mixtures of linear polymers and hyperbranched polymers, as well as for mixtures made from two hyperbranched polymers. The introduction of empty lattice sites permits the theoretical investigation of pressure effects on phase behaviour. The calculated phase diagrams were compared with own experimental data or to experimental data taken from literature.
Optical and Physical Applications of Photocontrollable Materials: Azobenzene-Containing and Liquid Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Emoto Akira , Uchida Emi , Fukuda Takashi
Published: January 2012

Photocontrol of molecular alignment is an exceptionally-intelligent and useful strategy. It enables us to control optical coefficients, peripheral molecular alignments, surface relief structure, and actuation of substances by means of photoirradiation. Azobenzene-containing polymers and functionalized liquid crystalline polymers are well-known photocontrollable materials. In this paper, we introduce recent applications of these materials in the fields of mechanics, self-organized structuring, mass transport, optics, and photonics. The concepts in each application are explained based on the mechanisms of photocontrol. The interesting natures of the photocontrollable materials and the conceptual applications will stimulate novel ideas for future research and development in this field.
Climate Change Impacts on Water Supply and Demand in Rheraya Watershed (Morocco), with Potential Adaptation Strategies
Authors: Rochdane Saloua , Reichert Barbara , Messouli Mohammed , Babqiqi Abdelaziz , Khebiza Mohammed Yacoubi
Published: January 2012

Rheraya watershed already suffers from the impacts of climate variability and will be further affected by climate change. Severe water shortages and extremely fragile ecological conditions necessitate careful attention to water resources management. The aim of this study is to analyze Rheraya’s future water situation under different scenarios of socio-economic development and climate change until 2100. The Water Evaluation and Planning System model (WEAP) has been applied to estimate the current water demands and the increased water demands resulting from climate change. WEAP was calibrated using meteorological and demand observations, then, updated with present-day and future climatic conditions using the Statistical Down-scaling Model with two projections (A2, B2) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Those projections show an increase in temperature of about 2–3 °C and a reduction in precipitation of 40–60% with respect to baseline. The results show that the pressure on Rheraya’s water resources will increase, leading to greater competition for surface water, and that domestic, tourist, livestock and agricultural demands will not be met by the year 2100. The Results also demonstrate that the assessments of adaptation strategies proposed by decision makers are effective but not sustainable for the watershed.
Eliciting the Dynamics of Leading a Sustainable Event: Key Informant Responses
Authors: Ensor John , Robertson Martin , Ali-Knight Jane
Published: January 2012

Within the event management literature relating to network development and festival sustainability there is a paucity of research that analyzes the perception of festival sustainability by festival leaders. After an initial review of the context of sustainability, network theory, and an identification of the changing set of competencies for effective leadership, an exploratory and explanatory investigation is made to elicit and identify the critical factors that key informant festival leaders associate with sustainable festivals. The main purpose of this study is to attain a greater depth of understanding of festival leaders' attitudes towards the dynamics of creating and directing sustainable festivals. In-depth interviews with five elite festival leaders helped to generate the elements of a repertory grid from which a "triading" method was used to elicit constructs. Of the constructs identified, the most significant relate to four areas: the event subject focus; the leadership; the funding; and the organizational culture. The research also revealed that festival leaders conceive sustainability not as an environmental concern, but as a matter of festival survival. Suggestions are then drawn as to the future role of the repertory grid method in identifying and managing stakeholder visions, and future lines of research investigation and application.
Risk Management: Event Managers' Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceived Constraints
Authors: Reid Sacha , Ritchie Brent
Published: January 2012

Events draw large crowds of people together within defined spaces and as such have the potential to have significant impacts. Occupational health and safety requirements, legal duty of care, and the capacity of organizations to deal with risks and crisis are important considerations for the sustainability of event organizations and events themselves. To date there has been a paucity of research analyzing the adoption and implementation of event risk management by event organizers, and in particular the influence that managerial attitudes and beliefs may have on the implementation of risk planning behavior. This article aims to identify event managers' attitude and beliefs concerning risk management as well as explore social influencers and perceived constraints to implementing risk management planning. The research adopts a qualitative methodology to address the research aim and uses Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework for exploring event managers' risk, attitudes, beliefs, and perceived constraints. Semistructured interviews with 11 event managers were undertaken, drawn from South East Queensland, Australia. Respondents had positive event risk planning attitudes, which were influenced by beliefs relating to safety, compliance, decision making, and professionalism. However, seven perceived constraints were also identified as important in influencing risk planning in an event context. The findings suggest event managers' attitudes, beliefs, and perceived constraints vary considerably based on previous experience, size of event organization, and level of professionalism. The article discusses these findings and recommends future research to inform more sustainable event practices in the future.
Effect of the tip state during qPlus noncontact atomic force microscopy of Si(100) at 5 K: Probing the probe
Authors: Sweetman Adam , Jarvis Sam , Danza Rosanna , Moriarty Philip
Published: January 2012

Background: Noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) now regularly produces atomic-resolution images on a wide range of surfaces, and has demonstrated the capability for atomic manipulation solely using chemical forces. Nonetheless, the role of the tip apex in both imaging and manipulation remains poorly understood and is an active area of research both experimentally and theoretically. Recent work employing specially functionalised tips has provided additional impetus to elucidating the role of the tip apex in the observed contrast.

Results: We present an analysis of the influence of the tip apex during imaging of the Si(100) substrate in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) at 5 K using a qPlus sensor for noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM). Data demonstrating stable imaging with a range of tip apexes, each with a characteristic imaging signature, have been acquired. By imaging at close to zero applied bias we eliminate the influence of tunnel current on the force between tip and surface, and also the tunnel-current-induced excitation of silicon dimers, which is a key issue in scanning probe studies of Si(100).

Conclusion: A wide range of novel imaging mechanisms are demonstrated on the Si(100) surface, which can only be explained by variations in the precise structural configuration at the apex of the tip. Such images provide a valuable resource for theoreticians working on the development of realistic tip structures for NC-AFM simulations. Force spectroscopy measurements show that the tip termination critically affects both the short-range force and dissipated energy.
On the control of secondary carbanion structure utilising ligand effects during directed metallation
Authors: Wheatley Andrew E H , Clayden Jonathan , Hillier Ian H , Campbell Smith Alison , Vincent Mark A , Taylor Laurence J , Haywood Joanna
Published: January 2012

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-propylbenzamide 6-H undergoes lateral deprotonation by t-BuLi in the presence of the Lewis base PMDTA (N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) to give a benzyllithium 6-Lil·PMDTA that incorporates a trigonal planar secondary carbanion. In the solid state, the amide directing group and the PMDTA additive work together to abstract the metal ion from the deprotonated α-C of the propyl group (4.107(4) Å). A short distance of 1.376(3) Å is observed between the deprotonated carbon centre and a planar aromatic system that shows a pattern of bond lengths which contrasts with that reported for related tertiary carbanion systems. Analogous benzylic deprotonation is seen if 6-H is treated with t-BuLi in the presence of diglyme to give 6-Lil·DGME. X-ray crystallography now shows that the metal ion more closely approaches the tertiary carbanion (2.418(6) Å) but that the planarity of the deprotonated carbon centre and the bonding pattern in the organic anion seen in the PMDTA complex are retained. DFT analysis corroborates both the short distance between aromatic ring and carbanion centre and the unperturbed nature of aromaticity in 6-Lil·L (L = Lewis base). The observation of two structure-types for the carbanion in solution is explained theoretically and by NMR spectroscopy in terms of cis and trans isomerism imparted by partial double bond character in the arene–(α-C) bond.
NEURO-FUZZY APPROACH TO PREDICTIVE MODELING OF EMISSIONS FROM BIODIESEL POWERED TRANSIT BUSES
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Kasthurirangan , Mudgal Abhisek , Hallmark Shauna
Published: January 2012

The rise in freight passenger transportation is responsible for air pollution, green house gas emissions (especially CO2) and high fuel demand. New engine technology and fuels are discovered and tested throughout the world. Biodiesel, an alternative for diesel, has been seen as a solution. However, the amount of emissions generated by a biodiesel fueled vehicle has not been understood well since most research studies of this kind reported in the literature were conducted in the laboratory. In the present study, emissions (NOx, HC, CO, CO2 and PM) were measured from biodiesel fueled transit buses using an on-road emissions measuring device known as the Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). On-road study is important in terms of understanding the amount of emissions generated under the real traffic and environmental conditions. Emissions were measured on buses fueled with regular diesel (B0), B10 blend (10% biodiesel + 90% diesel) and B20 blend (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel). This paper demonstrates the use of hybrid soft-computing techniques such as the neuro-fuzzy technique for developing emissions prediction models from real-world data. Hybrid soft-computing techniques have been shown to work well in handling data prone to noise and uncertainty, which is characteristic of real-world scenario. Two neuro-fuzzy methodologies were considered in this study: the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and the Dynamic Evolving Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (DENFIS). A brief review of model development, recommended parametric settings, and statistical evaluation of prediction performance of both techniques are discussed. In general, the ANFIS showed better prediction accuracy for the individual emissions compared to DENFIS although the prediction accuracies are comparable.
SYSTEMATIC LOCATION OF THE PUBLIC LOGISTIC CENTRES IN CZECH REPUBLIC
Authors: Kampf Rudolf , Průša Petr , Savage Christopher
Published: January 2012

This article is focusing on exploring parameters, which are needed to determine the most suitable location for public logistic centres in the Czech Republic. There is a wide range of factors, which will have an impact on the chosen location. It is not easy to define all the factors and include them into one model, especially because some of them are difficult to quantify. The aim of the research is to design a suitable tool to support the decision making process for the location of the public logistic centres. As public logistic centres will be partly financed by the Czech government, it is necessary to find a sensible tool as decision support.
MODELLING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE TRUCK-CRANE
Authors: Mijailović Radomir
Published: January 2012

The paper deals with the problem of a dynamic analysis of truck-cranes. Therefore, the article has developed a mechanical-mathematical model having 18 generalized coordinates. Depending on the type of truck crane operation as well as on the fact whether the aim of the article is to conduct the dynamic analysis of the whole truck crane or only that of one of its components, simpler mechanical models are also offered. The presented model is more realistic than those describing the dynamic behaviour of the truck-crane performing all necessary functions, i.e. a mobile means of lifting, transportation and reloading.
Anatomical Reduction for Treatment of Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: Knowles Pinning Vs Reconstruction Plating
Authors: Fu Te-Hu , Tan Boon-Lee , Liu Hao-Chen , Wang Jun-Wen
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare Knowles pinning and fixation with cerclage wires vs reconstruction plating and fixation with extraplate wires for the treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures, with anatomical reduction serving as the objective. In this retrospective study, the records of 103 consecutive patients with complete follow-up data (minimum 12 months follow-up) treated operatively for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures between 1997 and 2009 by a single surgeon were reviewed. A total of 53 patients (mean age, 35.2±14.5 years) received Knowles pinning and 50 patients (mean age, 39.9±14.8 years) received reconstruction plating. No differences were observed between the groups with respect to type of fracture, union rate (88.7% vs 94.0%, respectively;
P
=.439), and surgical complication rate (13.2% vs 10.0%, respectively;
P
=.761). Wound length was significantly shorter in the Knowles pinning group (5.3±0.9 cm vs 8.4±0.5 cm, respectively;
P
<.001) and implant-related complications, symptomatic hardware (
P
<.001), visible implant (
P
<.001), and palpable implant (
P
<.015) were significantly higher in the reconstruction plating than in the pinning group. Anatomical reduction is the ultimate objective of anatomical and functional restoration when surgical intervention is indicated, and patient compliance is the major prerequisite for surgical treatment. For treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures, both Knowles pinning with cerclage wires and reconstruction plating with extraplate wires provide rigid fixation and perfect union.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Knee Cartilage Injuries: Moderate Functional Outcome and Performance in Patients With High-impact Activities
Authors: Panagopoulos Andreas , van Niekerk Louw , Triantafillopoulos Ioannis
Published: January 2012

Few studies have assessed the results of autologous chondrocyte implantation in patients with high-impact activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early functional outcome and activity level after 2-stage autologous chondrocyte implantation in professional soldiers and athletes. Nineteen patients with an average age of 32.2 years were treated with autologous chondrocyte implantation and followed up for a minimum of 2 years. All patients except 2 had received previous arthroscopic treatment with debridement and/or microfracture. The mean size of the postdebridement defect was 6.54 cm
2
. Using Novocart technology (B. Braun-Tetec, Reutlingen, Germany), periosteal patch and matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation was sequentially performed with no randomization. The average subjective knee evaluation score and Lysholm score improved from 39.16 and 42.42, respectively, preoperatively to 62.4 and 69.4, respectively, at latest follow-up. Median Tegner activity score was 8.8 before injury, 3.8 preoperatively, and 6.15 at latest follow-up. Second-look arthroscopy was performed in 11 patients due to persistent pain, decreased range of movement, and mechanical symptoms. Six of 19 (31.5%) patients with professional or recreational athletic activities returned to preinjury levels of athletic performance.

This study shows that mid-term results with autologous chondrocyte implantation in high-performance patients are not as good as have been reported with other similar technologies. Motivational issues during prolonged rehabilitation, multiple surgical interventions before autologous chondrocyte implantation, patient age, and large defects can potentially influence the outcome and overall performance in this selected group of patients.
Proximal Femoral Locking Plate With Cannulated Screws for the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fractures
Authors: Lin Dasheng , Lian Kejian , Ding Zhenqi , Zhai Wenliang , Hong Jiayuan
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the proximal femoral locking plate with cannulated screws for the treatment of femoral neck fractures. A prospective study was performed in 41 patients with femoral neck fractures treated with a proximal femoral locking plate with cannulated screws between January 2005 and December 2008. Twenty-five men and 16 women had a mean age of 47 years (range, 21–65 years). The time from injury to surgery ranged from 2 hours to 7 days. Three patients had a Garden type I fracture, 9 a type II, 18 a type III and 11 a type IV. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, Harris Hip Score for hip function, and complications were recorded to evaluate treatment effects.

Mean operative time was 63.6 minutes (range, 40–90 minutes), with mean intraoperative blood loss of 84.2 mL (range, 50–200 mL). Mean time to union was 15.5 weeks (range, 12–36 weeks). Two patients (Garden type III and type IV) did not achieve union, and 4 patients (1 Garden type III and 3 type IV) had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. In patients with nonunion, 1 (Garden type III) underwent intertrochanteric osteotomy, and the other underwent total hip replacement (THR). In patients with avascular necrosis, 2 required THR and the others (1 Garden type III) required no further surgery. Twenty-six (63%) patients had excellent results, 8 (20%) had good results, 3 (7%) had moderate results, and 4 (10%) had poor results. These findings suggest that the proximal femoral locking plate with cannulated screws for the treatment of femoral neck fractures is effective and results in fewer complications, especially for Garden type I, II, and III fractures.
Evaluation of Arthroscopic Stabilization of Acute Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation Using the TightRope System
Authors: El Sallakh Sameh A.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of the arthroscopic treatment of acute acromioclavicular dislocation using the TightRope system (Arthrex, Naples, Florida). Between January 2006 and May 2007, ten shoulders in 10 patients with acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation (Rockwood types IV and V) underwent arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint stabilization using the TightRope. Average patient age was 30 years (range, 22–42 years), and mean follow-up was 24 months (range, 18–30 months). Follow-up occurred at 2 and 6 weeks, 3 months, and then every 6 months postoperatively. The shoulders were evaluated radiologically by comparing the acromioclavicular joint with the normal side and clinically by assessing the pain, function, and range of joint motion using the Constant score.

Ten patients returned to work without pain 10 to 12 weeks postoperatively. Average Constant score was 96.3 (range, 94–99) at last follow-up. Because of technical error, 1 patient experienced TightRope fixation failure on the coracoid side, and the acromioclavicular joint was redislocated, which was treated by an open technique. The 10 patients were satisfied with their functional results and cosmetic appearance.

The arthroscopic treatment of acute acromioclavicular dislocation using the TightRope is a minimally invasive surgical technique that has been proven effective for the treatment of these lesions. It is characterized by less morbidity, less hospitalization, excellent cosmoses, and early rehabilitation.
Pedicle Screw Placement With O-arm and Stealth Navigation
Authors: Patil Suresh , Lindley Emily M. , Burger Evalina L. , Yoshihara Hiroyuki , Patel Vikas V.
Published: January 2012

Various navigation systems are available to aid pedicle screw placement. The O-arm replaces the need for fluoroscopy and generates a 3-dimensional volumetric dataset that can be viewed as transverse, coronal, and sagittal images of the spine, similar to computed tomography (CT) scanning. The dataset can be downloaded to the Stealth system (Medtronic Navigation, Louisville, Colorado) for real-time intraoperative navigation.

The main objectives of the current study were to assess (1) accuracy of pedicle screw placement using the O-arm/Stealth system, and (2) time for draping, positioning of the O-arm, and screw placement. Of 188 screws (25 patients), 116 had adequate images for analysis. The average time for O-arm draping was 3.5 minutes. Initial O-arm positioning was 6.1 minutes, and final positioning was 4.9 minutes. Mean time for screw placement, including O-arm draping and positioning and array attachment, was 8.1 minutes per screw. Mean time for screw placement alone was 5.9 minutes per screw. Screw placements on final O-arm images were on average 3.14 mm deeper than on the snapshot navigation images. Three screws (2.6%) breached the medial cortex, and 3 screws (2.6%) were misaligned and did not follow the pilot hole trajectory.

The use of the O-arm/Stealth system was associated with a low rate of pedicle screw misalignment. The time to place screws was less than previously reported with CT navigation, but longer than conventional techniques. It is important to be aware of the potential discrepancy between snapshot navigation images and actual screw placement on final O-arm images. Our findings suggest that final screw positions may be deeper than awl positions appear on navigation images.
Dupuytren’s Disease
Authors: Worrell Michael
Published: January 2012

Dupuytren’s disease is a benign contractile disorder of the hand. The condition commonly affects older men of Celtic descent. Although fibroproliferation and collagen alteration play a role in its etiology, defining a cause remains elusive. Nonoperative intervention for advanced disease has shown only short-term benefit. Therefore, open fasciectomy has become the mainstay of treatment. Associated morbidity and recurrence have prompted investigation into less invasive techniques, including needle aponeurotomy and enzymatic fasciotomy. Data from phase III studies using injectable collagenase are changing treatment algorithms. Postoperative rehabilitation includes nighttime splinting and immediate active range of motion exercises to facilitate return to function.
Methicillin-sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
Infection After Steroid Hip Injection
Authors: Apyan Paul , Rudd Joseph
Published: January 2012

Infection after intra-articular steroid injection of the hip is rare, occurring in <1 of 15,000 cases. Septic arthritis following intra-articular injection is even rarer. This is the only documented case of systemic septicemia following intra-articular injection.

The patient received an intra-articular steroid injection to the left hip under fluoroscopic guidance, which resulted in reduced pain and increased mobility. Two weeks after the injection, the patient noticed sharp pain in the left hip and groin and malaise. Over a 48-hour period, he became progressively ill and was hospitalized for severe groin and thigh pain, inability to extend his hip, and diaphoresis. He underwent aspiration of the hip, which revealed Gram-positive cocci in clusters.

At admission, the patient underwent incision and drainage of the left hip with removal of approximately 25 cc of fluid. The patient was started on intravenous vancomycin, then converted to nafcillin as the cultures and sensitivities revealed methicillin-sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
. After 6 days of intravenous methicillin, the blood cultures were negative, and the patient was discharged. The patient’s laboratory findings were normal, and cultures for aerobic anaerobic bacteria were negative. The patient underwent hip resurfacing and aggressive rehabilitation and was able to return to work. Thirty months after hip resurfacing, the patient had no evidence of infection, walked without a limp, had normal laboratory findings, and was pain free.
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis for Metastatic Pathologic Humeral Fractures
Authors: Choo Suk Kyu , Woo Sung Jong , Oh Hyoung Keun
Published: January 2012

Because patients with metastatic bone disease may survive only 3 to 12 months, the goal of surgery for pathologic fractures is to attain rigid and durable internal fixation and immediate postoperative use of the upper extremity. Surgical options such as intramedullary nailing, plating, and insertion of prosthesis usually reinforced with bone cement have been proposed for pathological humeral fractures. We describe a 42-year-old man with a pathologic distal humeral fracture. The fracture location and lack of distal bone stock precluded the use of intramedullary nails. We performed minimally invasive plating by using a locking plate for bridging and stabilization of fracture.

Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of the humeral shaft was developed to allow anterior plate and screw stabilization involving less soft tissue disruption and to theoretically improve healing rates and reduce complications, such as infection and iatrogenic radial nerve palsy. Plain radiographs showed stable consolidation of the fracture without screw loosening at the 7-month follow-up. Elbow range of motion was 120°, and the arm was stable without pain. Minimally invasive plate using a locking plate can provide stable fixation and allow early arm mobilization without protection and decrease the risk of operation-related complications, making it a useful surgical alternative in the treatment of pathologic humeral fractures.
Pseudoseptic Arthritis of the Shoulder Following Pneumococcal Vaccination
Authors: Floyd Mark W. , Boyce Brandon M. , Castellan Robert M. , McDonough E. Barry
Published: January 2012

Pseudoseptic arthritis is primarily described in rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic inflammatory conditions. To our knowledge, only 1 case report of pseudoseptic arthritis associated with intra-articular injection of a pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine (PPV) has been published. Here, a second case is presented in which a patient presented with swelling, pain, and erythema of the affected shoulder.

A 59-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a 3-day history of severe pain and decreased mobility of her left shoulder after receiving a PPV vaccination. Her clinical and laboratory workup was suspicious for septic arthritis; however, magnetic resonance imaging of the affected shoulder with and without contrast showed only a partial thickness tear of the rotator cuff, fluid in the subacromial/subdeltoid bursa, and subcutaneous edema without evidence of an abscess. Based on the clinical and laboratory data, she underwent arthroscopic debridement. There was inflammatory tissue throughout the shoulder but no obvious purulent material. She did well postoperatively with a supervised range of motion rehabilitation protocol. Her cultures remained negative. At 12 weeks, she was discharged from follow-up. We suspect that the vaccination was inadvertently injected into the glenohumeral joint directly through the rotator cuff given the lack of a full-thickness tear and the patient’s thin body habitus, which could explain her aseptic inflammatory arthritis.
Intraosseous Tophus Deposits in the Os Trigonum
Authors: Ercin Ersin , Gamsizkan Mehmet , Avsar Serdar
Published: January 2012

High levels of uric acid cause accumulation of monosodium urate crystals. This formation of masses is called tophus. Intraosseous tophus deposits are rare, even for patients with gout. We report an unusual case of intraosseous tophus deposits in the os trigonum. The patient presented with ankle pain with no previous history of gout. On examination, tenderness on the posterior aspect of his ankle and limitation of plantarflexion was noted. Laboratory values were normal, except for an elevated serum uric acid value. Radiographs of the right ankle showed the presence of a large os trigonum with osteosclerotic changes, whereas magnetic resonance imaging showed intraosseous tophus deposits in the os trigonum. Conservative therapy failed, and the patient was admitted for an endoscopic resection of the os trigonum.

Intraosseous chalky crystals were detected during endoscopic resection of the os trigonum. The histological diagnosis was tophaceous gout. The underlying pathological mechanism of intraosseous tophi is uncertain. Penetration of urate crystals from the joint due to hyperuricemia may be the mechanism of deposition in this patient.

When a patient with hyperuricemia presents with posterior ankle impingement symptoms, intraosseous tophus deposits should be included in the differential diagnosis. Posterior endoscopic excision may be an option for treating intraosseous lesions of the os trigonum because of good visualization, satisfactory excision, and rapid recovery time.
Fracture of the Alumina-bearing Couple Delta Ceramic Liner
Authors: Taheriazam Afshin , Mohajer Mohammad Azizbaig , Aboulghasemian Mansoour , Hajipour Babak
Published: January 2012

The fracture rate of third-generation ceramic liners is greatly reduced compared with first- and second-generation liners because of improvements in the design and manufacturing process. Fractures of the alumina-bearing couple are rare for the same reason.

This article describes a case of a fracture of an alumina-bearing couple delta ceramic liner without trauma history that was treated with ceramic-on-polyethylene revision total hip arthroplasty. A 57-year-old man was admitted to the hip ward because of an alumina-bearing couple delta ceramic liner fracture. He underwent hip replacement by anterior approach 18 months previously in the same center because of left hip primary osteoarthritis. He received a 54×36-mm modular press-fit cup ceramic alumina-bearing couple delta insert. Probable causes of such fractures are manufacture production failure and edge loading based on cup inclination, but in our patient, inacceptable range of motion, failure of the locking mechanism during implantation insertion, or cracking were possible causes of fracture.

Although the fracture rate of third-generation alumina-bearing couples is low, we believe that it may not be possible to eliminate the actual risk of alumina head fracture. Patients should be informed about the potential for this complication before receiving an alumina-bearing couple.
Effect of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Corneal Epithelial Healing After Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Meduri Alessandro , Aragona Pasquale , Grenga Pier L. , Roszkowska Anna M.
Published: January 2012

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) eye drops on corneal epithelial healing after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

METHODS:

One hundred patients treated with PRK for myopia were enrolled in this prospective, randomized study. Fifty patients were treated postoperatively with standard topical therapy and bFGF eye drops and 50 patients, used as controls, received standard postoperative therapy plus placebo (saline drops). Postoperatively, patients were examined daily until the epithelium healed. The velocity of resurfacing was recorded. Corneal clarity, visual acuity, and refraction were evaluated during the 3-month postoperative period.

RESULTS:

Complete epithelial healing was observed starting at postoperative day 3 in 46% of eyes in the bFGF group and 14% of eyes in the control group. At day 4, 98% and 72% of eyes in the bFGF and control groups, respectively, had healed. Five days after PRK, 100% of eyes treated with bFGF and 92% of control eyes achieved complete epithelial healing. In the control group, 98% of eyes healed at day 6 and all eyes completed healing at day 7. The difference in healing time was statistically significant (
P
<.001). No statistically significant differences were noted for haze prevalence, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and spherical equivalent refraction after treatment between groups (
P
>.05). No side or toxic effects were reported during the study.

CONCLUSIONS:

Basic fibroblast growth factor accelerates epithelial healing after PRK and could be used as additional treatment in circumstances of delayed healing.
Improved Keratoconus Detection by Ocular Response Analyzer Testing After Consideration of Corneal Thickness as a Confounding Factor
Authors: Galletti Jeremías Gastón , Pförtner Tomás , Bonthoux Fernando Fuentes
Published: January 2012

PURPOSE:

To compare corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) between normal eyes and eyes with keratoconus correcting for the effect of central corneal thickness (CCT) and to estimate keratoconus detection sensitivity and specificity of these parameters.

METHODS:

Observational case series of 102 normal eyes (control group) and 77 eyes with keratoconus (keratoconus group). Examination included corneal topography, tomography, and biomechanical testing with the Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert Technologies). The confounding effect of CCT was controlled by stratification (20-μm CCT intervals) and linear transformation. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify optimal CH and CRF cutoff points for keratoconus detection. Main outcome measures were CCT, CH, CRF, and diagnostic performance of CH and CRF.

RESULTS:

Corneal hysteresis and CRF were positively correlated to CCT in both groups. In the control versus keratoconus group, CH was 9.79±1.51 vs 8.49±1.48 (
P
<.0001) and CRF was 9.55±1.64 vs 7.24±1.43 (
P
<.0001), respectively. Only CRF remained significantly lower in eyes with keratoconus after CCT stratification in 20-μm intervals, and keratoconus grade influenced CH and CRF. Transformed CH and CRF data confirmed these results. Sensitivity and specificity of CRF cutoff points ranged between 83% and 94% and 69% and 83%, respectively. True positive rate for CRF in eyes with keratoconus with normal topography was 84%.

CONCLUSIONS:

Corneal resistance factor was better than CH for detecting keratoconic corneas once the effect of CCT on ORA measurements was considered, even for topographically unaffected fellow eyes of patients with keratoconus. The CCT-corrected CRF cutoff values and transformed indices may be of clinical use.
A High-Resolution 3D Ultrasonic System for Rapid Evaluation of the Anterior and Posterior Segment
Authors: Peyman Gholam A. , Ingram Charles P. , Montilla Leonardo G. , Witte Russell S.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Traditional ultrasound imaging systems for ophthalmology employ slow, mechanical scanning of a single-element ultrasound transducer. The goal was to demonstrate rapid examination of the anterior and posterior segment with a three-dimensional (3D) commercial ultrasound system incorporating high-resolution linear probe arrays.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The 3D images of the porcine eye were generated in approximately 10 seconds by scanning one of two commercial linear arrays (25- and 50-MHz). Healthy enucleated pig eyes were compared with those with induced injury or placement of a foreign material (eg, metal). Rapid, volumetric imaging was also demonstrated in one human eye in vivo.

RESULTS:

The 50-MHz probe provided exquisite volumetric images of the anterior segment at a depth up to 15 mm and axial resolution of 30 μm. The 25-MHz probe provided a larger field of view (lateral X depth: 20 × 30 mm), sufficient for capturing the entire anterior and posterior segments of the pig eye, at a resolution of 60 μm. A 50-MHz scan through the human eyelid illustrated detailed structures of the Meibomian glands, cilia, cornea, and anterior segment back to the posterior capsule.

CONCLUSION:

The 3D system with its high-frequency ultrasound arrays, fast data acquisition, and volume rendering capability shows promise for investigating anterior and posterior structures of the eye.
Sphenochoanal Polyps and the Optic Nerve
Authors: Kumral Tolgar Lütfi , Yildirim Güven , Uyar Yavuz
Published: January 2012

Isolated sphenoid pathology is uncommon. Nasal polyps that originate from the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and reach the nasopharynx are called sphenochoanal polyps. The atypical location of sphenochoanal polyps leads to misdiagnosis, and surgery risks injuring the surrounding structures, such as the optic nerve, carotid artery, and brain. For the differential diagnosis of sphenochoanal polyps, nasal endoscopy and computed tomography are very important. We present the clinical and radiological features of a sphenochoanal polyp and review the status of the optic nerve during endoscopic surgery for a sphenochoanal polyp.
A brief report on an action learning group exploration of how older people adapt to change in later life
Authors: Biley Francis C. , Hilton Wendy , Phillips Jill , Board Michele
Published: January 2012

In collaboration with Age Concern UK, older people were invited to participate in action learning groups to explore how they adapt to change. Themes for discussion were initially identified using a nominal focus method. Discussions identified actual and desired methods of coping with changes in later life. A series of weekly meetings with three cohorts of urban, rural and sheltered accommodation participants with an average age of 81 years revealed that they were concerned with having to cope with and adapt to a wide range of experiences. These included the loss of sharing and reduced sociability, reduced mobility, bereavement, physical changes, having to move house and/or location, having to retire, and having to deal with outside agencies. In order to cope with these experiences, participants engaged in a range of activities that centered on aspects of communication and social networking. Participants talked to each other socially and informally, exchanging information and advice. When able, they also participated in more structured but non-specific social events during which time they also had the opportunity to support each other. Participants suggested that there was a role for statutory and nonstatutory bodies and professions such as mental health and community adult nursing, occupational therapy and social work to provide more formal social networking and information exchange opportunities.
Effectiveness of five soil reclamation and reforestation techniques on oil and gas well sites in northeastern British Columbia
Authors: McConkey Trevor , Bulmer Chuck , Sanborn Paul
Published: January 2012

McConkey, T., Bulmer, C. and Sanborn, P. 2012. Effectiveness of five soil reclamation and reforestation techniques on oil and gas well sites in northeastern British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 165–177. Techniques developed for forestry landing reclamation were applied to five oil and gas well sites in northeastern British Columbia to ameliorate soil and facilitate reforestation. Treatments implemented in fall 2003 and spring 2004 were tillage, wood chip mulch, tillage+wood chip mulch, tillage+incorporated wood chips, brush mats and a control. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings were planted. Soil and vegetation were assessed (bulk density, soil mechanical resistance, water content, air filled porosity, water retention, least limiting water range, nutrient availability, seedling survival and growth) throughout 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Tillage improved soil physical condition, reducing soil mechanical resistance and bulk density; treatments did not affect soil chemical properties. Treatments did not significantly affect species survival; after 6 yr, spruce height and root collar diameter improved with tillage but treatments did not affect pine. Brush mats led to increased spruce growth. Regression relationships between tree performance and soil condition were significant, but generally did not explain large variability. More elaborate soil physical condition measures were no better than bulk density for predicting seedling performance, but relative bulk density and least limiting water range may be useful for evaluating soil productivity.
Soil water regimes of reclaimed upland slopes in the oil sands region of Alberta
Authors: Leatherdale J. , Chanasyk D. S. , Quideau S.
Published: January 2012

Leatherdale, J., Chanasyk, D. S. and Quideau, S. 2012. Soil water regimes of reclaimed upland slopes in the oil sands region of Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 117–129. Large oil sands deposits in the Athabasca oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, are recovered through surface mining, creating a large-scale disturbance. Reclamation requires reconstruction of soil profiles to return the land to equivalent land capability and support the required end land use. Soil water regimes must be understood to allow for planting of appropriate vegetation species. This study quantified soil water regimes on reclaimed upland slopes of various reclamation prescriptions and determined whether soil water was affected by slope position. Slope position did not have a consistent effect on soil water. Spatial variability in soil characteristics and vegetation distribution likely had a greater influence on soil water than did slope position. The upper slope soil profiles had highly dynamic water regimes and a greater response to precipitation events than the lower soil profiles. Differences in water-holding capacity among sites were attributed to differences in clay, sand and organic matter content. Overwinter soil water recharge varied dramatically by site. Capillary barriers resulting from the textural discontinuities created by the reclamation prescriptions enhanced soil water retention within the profiles in at least two sites, and hence are desirable in reclamation scenarios, especially where reclamation material is coarse textured.
Phenolic profiles in natural and reconstructed soils from the oil sands region of Alberta
Authors: Turcotte Isabelle , Quideau Sylvie A.
Published: January 2012

Turcotte, I. and Quideau, S. A. 2012. Phenolic profiles in natural and reconstructed soils from the oil sands region of Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 153–164. This research was conducted in the Athabasca oil sands reclamation area of northeastern Alberta, where land reclamation entails reconstruction of soil-like profiles using salvaged materials such as peat and mining by-products. Successful reclamation is in part dependent on the quality of the organic capping of these reconstructed soils. This study investigated organic matter composition between reconstructed and natural soils. Soil samples (0–10 cm) were taken from 45 plots to represent a range of reclaimed and undisturbed sites. The botanical origin of soil organic matter was characterised through cupric oxide oxidation, which yields lignin monomers hypothesized to reflect vegetation inputs and extent of decomposition based on time since reclamation. Additional soil organic matter parameters were obtained using acid hydrolysis, physical separation and ramped cross polarisation C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Yields of vanillyl phenols, coumaryl phenols, p-hydroxy phenols, summed lignin phenols and total phenolic constituents were significantly higher in natural soils than in reconstructed soils. We suggest that there may be an accelerated decomposition of peat phenols in reconstructed soils, which would leave only those phenols representative of the vascular plant history accumulated in the initial peat profile.
Development and use of rapid reconnaissance soil inventories for reclamation of urban brownfields: A Vancouver, British Columbia, case study
Authors: Iverson Melissa A. , Holmes Emma P. , Bomke A. A.
Published: January 2012

Iverson, M. A., Holmes, E. P. and Bomke, A. A. 2012. Development and use of rapid reconnaissance soil inventories for reclamation of urban brownfields: A Vancouver, British Columbia case study. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 191–201. As a result of suburban growth and abandonment and relocation of industrial facilities, vacant lots are becoming common in most urban centers in North America. These neglected, derelict, and often contaminated brownfields are receiving attention as a public liability since they are not productive and detract from the environmental quality of urban centres. Soils at these urban sites have been negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities. A prerequisite to effective reclamation is knowledge about the soil conditions on these sites. Most urban areas do not have soil survey or soil inventory information. Soil physical factors such as compaction are common problems at sites and are difficult and expensive to modify. A soil inventory provides the initial information for remediation and reclamation strategies that incorporate inherent soil properties. A soil inventory was conducted in Vancouver, British Columbia, by interpreting and extrapolating surficial geologic and regional soil survey information. The resulting soil inventory is presented as a series of topographical cross sections through the city, and displays information to stakeholders by reference to cultural features including street addresses. The soil inventory is compiled into soil management groups for general descriptions of the soil units and for initial recommendation for reclamation strategies.