bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the severity of initial sensitization to diphenylcyclopropenone in alopecia areata patients predictive of the final clinical response?
Authors: Ghandi Narges , Seifi Golnoosh , Nasimi Maryam , Abedini Robabeh , Mirabedian Soheila , Etesami Ifa , Ehsani Amirhooshang
Published: August 2021

Immunotherapy by diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) is generally started with 2% DPCP sensitization, however in recent years studies have questioned the necessity of sensitization that may cause patients severe reactions and troubles at the onset of therapy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between the severity of initial reaction to 2% DPCP sensitization in AA patients and clinical response. In this retrospective study, 110 AA patients who continued therapy for at least 6 months were enrolled. Hair loss and hair regrowth rates were calculated based on the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) scoring system. Initial reaction to 2% DPCP sensitization after 2 weeks was graded as negative reaction (absence of any reaction), doubtful reaction (mild erythema, pruritus, and irritation for minutes after test), weak (erythema, mild edema, and scaling), and strong to extreme reaction (vesicles, bullae, ulcer, and discharge). The degrees of the initial reaction to 2% DPCP after 2 weeks were negative reaction 13 (11.81%), doubtful reaction 40 (36.36%), weak reaction 33 (30%), and strong to extreme reaction 24 (21.81%). Patients were divided into two groups: (A) patients with less than 12‐month therapy (75 of 110), (B) patients with more than 12‐month therapy (35 of 110). Initial reaction to 2% DPCP sensitization was not correlated with hair regrowth rate in either group (group A: Spearman's rho = 0.194, p = 0.095; group B: Spearman's rho = 0.063 p = 0.720). After 12‐month treatment with DPCP, hair regrowth rate was significantly greater than 6‐months therapy (group A: 17.03 ± 37.78, group B: 49.26 ± 36.34; p = 0.003). The severity of hair loss at the onset of treatment was significantly associated with the response rate in both groups (p‐value <0.002). Based on our results, it is the initial severity of the disease and not the initial reaction to 2% DPCP sensitization that predicts the clinical response to DPCP immunotherapy.
Macroeconomic Effects of the Anticipation and Implementation of Tax Changes in Germany: Evidence from a Narrative Account
Authors: Christofzik Désirée I. , Fuest Angela , Jessen Robin
Published: August 2021

This paper quantifies the dynamic macroeconomic effects of tax changes in Germany, allowing for anticipation effects of preannounced tax reforms. Identification is achieved using a narrative approach, which provides information about the timing of tax reforms. An anticipated cut in taxes has a positive effect on output with a peak multiplier of 1.7, not observed until nine quarters after implementation. This positive effect is accompanied by significant negative anticipation effects on output, consumption, investment, hours worked and wages. Our results suggest that policymakers should take anticipation effects into account when implementing fiscal policy measures.
The Attitude towards Polypills Questionnaire (APPQ): a phase I–III development and validation study in patients with cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Lehmann Jens , Riedl David , Sztankay Monika , Boehme Christian , Fischnaller Julian , Kiechl Stefan , Holzner Bernhard , Knoflach Michael , Rumpold Gerhard
Published: August 2021

Background and purpose

The polypill approach has been proposed to reduce patients’ pill burden, increase medication adherence and lower stroke incidence. However, little is known about patients’ attitudes towards polypills for cerebrovascular medication.

Methods

Based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Group questionnaire development guidelines, a questionnaire to measure patients’ attitudes towards polypills for the secondary prevention of stroke (phase I–III) was developed. In phase I, issues were generated via literature review and interviews with patients and healthcare professionals. The issues were operationalized into items in phase II. In phase III the questionnaire was validated in a large single‐centre sample, and test–retest and internal validity were evaluated.

Results

In phase I, 34 relevant issues were identified through literature search and interviews. Pre‐testing the questionnaire indicated high applicability and comprehensibility. The final Attitudes towards Polypills Questionnaire was tested in N = 260 patients and showed a two‐factor structure. The factors were labelled ‘concerns’ and ‘benefits’. The scales showed acceptable and good internal validity (concerns, Cronbach's α = 0.85; benefits, α = 0.93), but the scales’ test–retest validity was ambiguous. On a 0 to 3 rating scale, concerns were rated lower than benefits (mean 1.07, SD 0.69 vs. mean 1.87, SD 0.89).

Conclusions

The Attitudes towards Polypills Questionnaire showed high comprehensibility and content validity to assess German language patients’ attitudes towards a polypill medication. Our data and questionnaire may aid the implementation of polypill treatments in clinical practice and can be used in the design of future clinical trials on polypill therapy. Further validation of the questionnaire is advised.
Level of local human disturbance and feeding state determines escape behaviour in Eurasian Oystercatchers
Authors: Azaki Bukola DA , Cresswell Will
Published: August 2021

Human disturbances may constitute a significant stressor for wildlife, especially where human recreational activities overlap with fitness‐enhancing activities such as feeding. Disturbances cause an animal to flee from the perceived predation risk, using energy, rather than remaining and gaining energy. Such reactions are, however, context‐dependent, as predicted by optimal escape theory: animals should only flee when the perceived risk of predation of remaining exceeds the risk of starvation of leaving. Animals may also learn that humans do not generally represent a predation risk after repeated false alarms and then learn to only respond when approached deliberately and closely. We tested the Flight Initiation Distance (FID; distance at which an approached animal begins escape) of feeding or roosting Eurasian Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus (oystercatchers) to a human (as a simulated predator) in areas with or without humans on beaches in south‐east Scotland. We predicted roosting oystercatchers to respond earlier (greater FID) than feeding birds because the risk of starvation will be lower, and earlier on beaches where there were no humans at the start of the experiment because a human will then represent a more novel predator signal. As predicted, oystercatchers escaped at greater distances away from the perceived threat when feeding and in areas with humans. We found that escape distances decreased (greater tolerance of the perceived threat) as the number of people in an area increased, but people being present or not explained more of the variation in the data. The results show that oystercatchers habituate on a short timescale to non‐lethal human presence and generally respond to perceived predation risk in accordance with the predictions of optimal escape theory.
Ageing European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) using DNA methylation of evolutionarily conserved ribosomal DNA
Authors: Fairfield Eleanor A. , Richardson David S. , Daniels Carly L. , Butler Christopher L. , Bell Ewen , Taylor Martin I.
Published: August 2021

Crustaceans are notoriously difficult to age because of their indeterminate growth and the moulting of their exoskeleton throughout life. The poor knowledge of population age structure in crustaceans therefore hampers accurate assessment of population dynamics and consequently sustainable fisheries management. Quantification of DNA methylation of the evolutionarily conserved ribosomal DNA (rDNA) may allow for age prediction across diverse species. However, the rDNA epigenetic clock remains to be tested in crustaceans, despite its potential to inform both ecological and evolutionary understanding, as well as conservation and management practices. Here, patterns of rDNA methylation with age were measured across 5154 bp of rDNA corresponding to 355 quality‐filtered loci in the economically important European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Across 0‐ to 51‐month‐old lobsters (n = 155), there was a significant linear relationship between age and percentage rDNA methylation in claw tissue at 60% of quality‐filtered loci (n = 214). An Elastic Net regression model using 46 loci allowed for the accurate and precise age estimation of individuals (R2 = 0.98; standard deviation = 1.6 months). Applying this ageing model to antennal DNA from wild lobsters of unknown age (n = 38) resulted in predicted ages that are concordant with estimates of minimum size at age in the wild (mean estimated age = 40.1 months; range 32.8–55.7 months). Overall, the rDNA epigenetic clock shows potential as a novel, nonlethal ageing technique for European lobsters. However, further validation is required across a wider range of known‐age individuals and tissue types before the model can be used in fisheries management.
Traditional and deep‐based techniques for end‐to‐end automated karyotyping: A review
Authors: Remani Sathyan Remya , Chandrasekhara Menon Gopakumar , S Hariharan , Thampi Rakhi , Duraisamy Jude Hemanth
Published: August 2021

In the field of cytogenetics, chromosome image analysis or karyotyping from metaphase images plays an imperative role in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment assessment of different genetic disorders and cancers. This paper is a comprehensive review on different traditional and deep‐based techniques, which are utilized in the design of automated karyotyping systems (AKSs). By this review, a detailed methodology is suggested for the design of end‐to‐end automated karyotyping system (EEAKS) which portrays a sequential multi stage approach. Methods related to all the stages in EEAKS are systematically surveyed by exploring the state of the art literature. Datasets and performance measures incorporated in the past studies are explored. Even though numerous methods were proposed throughout the past three decades, a completely automated framework has not yet been acknowledged. Inferences from this study show that, while various traditional image processing strategies are utilized for pre‐processing and segmentation, machine learning techniques are used only for the classification purpose. In conventional classifiers, artificial neural networks are generally utilized even when the peak performance is given by support vector machines. However, owing to the recent prodigious breakthrough in computer vision, deep neural networks are progressively utilized for developing automated systems. It is seen that deep neural networks are not yet explored in the realm of pre‐processing stage of EEAKS. However, limited number of methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) are utilized in all other stages. This review recommends a hybrid CNN for the design of EEAKS, in which all the stages can be automated by sub CNNs. Methodology for generating sufficient datasets is also discussed here which is, indeed, required for further research in this area. This paper concludes with future research directions for the development of a fully automated end‐to‐end karyotyping system.
Local community assembly processes shape β‐diversity of soil phoD‐harbouring communities in the Northern Hemisphere steppes
Authors: Xu Lin , He Nianpeng , Li Xiangzhen , Cao Huili , Li Chaonan , Wang Ruili , Wang Changhui , Yao Minjie , Zhou Shungui , Wang Junming
Published: August 2021

Aim

The contemporary coexistence theory suggests that species pool, environmental filtering, dispersal assembly processes, ecological drift and biotic interactions collectively determine the β‐diversity of communities. However, we know little about the biogeographical patterns of the β‐diversity of microbial communities harbouring the alkaline phosphatase phoD gene (phoD communities, hereafter) and whether these mechanisms are all‐important in shaping phoD communities’ β‐diversity in natural steppe ecosystems.

Location

Northern Hemisphere steppes.

Time period

July to August 2018.

Major taxa studied

Alkaline phosphatase (phoD gene) encoding community.

Methods

Using the high throughput amplicon sequencing method, soil phoD communities were comparatively studied along three representative regions of the Northern Hemisphere steppes, namely the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, Inner Mongolian Plateau and the Loess Plateau. Each region harbours three types of steppes (habitats): meadow, typical and desert steppes.

Results

We observed significantly higher phoD β‐diversity in the Qinghai‐Tibetan than in the Loess and Inner Mongolian Plateaus and significantly lower β‐diversity in the typical steppes than in other steppe types. The decay rates of phoD β‐diversity with geographical distance varied in different steppe regions and types. The phoD β‐diversity was not significantly influenced by species pool; instead, environmental filtering, dispersal assembly processes, ecological drift and biotic interactions jointly shaped the β‐diversity patterns. The β‐deviation variations (β‐diversity excluding the effects of species pool) were influenced by spatial and environmental factors and biotic interactions, among which soil pH was the key environmental determinant. The soil pH driving β‐diversity mechanism was steppe region and habitat specific.

Main conclusions

The biogeographical patterns of phoD β‐diversity were mainly driven by local community assembly processes in the Northern Hemisphere steppes.
Rapid Mapping of Hydrological Systems in Tanzania Using a Towed Transient Electromagnetic System
Authors: Grombacher Denys , Maurya Pradip Kumar , Lind Johan Christensen , Lane John , Auken Esben
Published: August 2021

Limited knowledge of local groundwater systems often results in the failure of boreholes to yield water of the required quantity and quality. This is particularly problematic in the developing world, where financial resources are often limited, and failed wells represent a significant financial burden. To enhance understanding of local hydrological systems, noninvasive geophysical methods can aid the understanding of hydrogeological structures and identification of groundwater sources needed to optimize siting of wells. Here, we highlight the utility of a relatively new towed‐transient electromagnetic system, called tTEM. This system is a rapidly deployable mobile geophysical method well‐suited to cost‐efficient characterization of local‐to‐regional groundwater systems. Results from tTEM surveys conducted in two refugee camps and several host communities in western Tanzania demonstrate the capability of the method to characterize shallow aquifer systems with high lateral and vertical resolution, with data collection typically exceeding 15 to 20 line‐kilometers (km) per day. This work focuses on tTEM's ability to provide semiquantitative insights into regional hydrogeological settings when supporting data required for more rigorous interpretation/modeling is lacking. The system provided useful data within communities with low density of electrification and near buildings with metal roofs and walls. tTEM‐derived resistivity profiles were correlated with limited local borehole lithologic information to develop conceptual models of the local groundwater systems. These models were used to successfully guide the siting of a production well and to identify future drilling targets in the refugee camps and surrounding communities.
Advanced extraction techniques for Berberis species phytochemicals: A review
Authors: Ali Redha Ali , Siddiqui Shahida A. , Ibrahim Salam A.
Published: August 2021

Berberis species are known for their functional and nutraceutical properties. For example, different Berberis species have shown a wide range of pharmacological activities and they have been used in food industries as additives, preservatives and antioxidants. The functional property of any herb is influenced by many factors including the extraction process of its active components. Consequently, new extraction methodologies have been investigated to increase the efficiency of extracting bioactive compounds. In this review, we examine all the recent extraction techniques and advanced technologies that have been applied for the extraction of phytochemicals from different Berberis species. The five following techniques have been included for this purpose: ultrasound‐, microwave‐, pulsed electric field‐assisted, supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water extraction. These techniques have been used to extract phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and berberine from different parts of various Berberis species which include B. vulgaris, B. jaeschkeana, B. aristata, B. integerrima, B. dasystachya and B. koreana. Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) has been well studied, optimised and evaluated. Yet, the present research considering other techniques are limited, and require further investigation and optimisation. In addition, the application of green solvents such as natural deep eutectic solvents could be considered in further developing MAE.
l‐glutamate inhibits blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruits by altering the primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms
Authors: Yang Jiali , Wang Tengfei , Di Jianbing , Liu Yaping , Hao Xiaoling , Wang Yu
Published: August 2021

Although several studies have shown the ability of l‐glutamate (glutamate) to mitigate the stress imposed by pathogens, the underlying mechanism is still in its infancy. To gain further knowledge, this study focussed on the effect of glutamate on primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms during apple‐Penicillium expansum interaction. The obtained result showed that glutamate could effectively restrict blue mould rot development in apples, but had no direct impact on fungal growth in vitro. The application of glutamate increased the level of nitrogen in apples, resulting in a disrupted balance of carbon and nitrogen. Consistently, the key enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) involved in the GS/GOGAT cycle, and the deaminating activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), forming 2‐oxoglutarate and ammonium from glutamate, were promptly stimulated by glutamate. Interestingly, glutamate led to considerable consumption of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, such as isocitric acid and citric acid, accompanied by the enhancement of malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities. Collectively, exogenous application of glutamate might confer blue mould resistance in apples, at least in part, by redirecting host’s primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms, such as the activation of the GS/GOGAT cycle, deaminating activity of GDH and the TCA cycle.
Replacement of buckwheat by black sorghum flour on soba‐type noodles
Authors: Johnson Stuart K. , Kaur Gurpreet , Luitel Smriti , Hoang Le Anh Phuoc , Bhattarai Rewati R.
Published: August 2021

Incorporation of black sorghum flour containing high levels of polyphenols and slowly digestible starch could provide opportunity to enhance nutritional functionality of noodles. Soba‐type noodles were prepared based on a typical wheat‐buckwheat (65:35) formulation by replacement of buckwheat flour with black sorghum flour at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Noodle colour, texture, total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, in vitro starch digestibility and sensory acceptability were evaluated. Increasing the addition of black sorghum flour significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the firmness (g) in noodles and imparted a darker colour but increased total polyphenolics and antioxidant capacity. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower rapidly digestible starch and higher resistant starch was found in noodles with >50% replacement with black sorghum flour. Overall acceptability of noodles showed preference for noodles containing 25%–75% black sorghum flour. This study demonstrates the potential of using black sorghum as a novel functional food ingredient in noodle manufacturing.
Real and perceived voting costs: Lithuanian emigrants’ discourses on external voting difficulty
Authors: Maminskaitė Monika
Published: August 2021

Due to international migration, increasing numbers of eligible voters are abroad when their home countries hold elections. Employing the theory of voting costs and benefits and focussing on a case of Lithuania, this article presents an unprecedented qualitative enquiry into difficulties behind emigrant (non)voting. Besides real voting costs, interviews with Lithuanian emigrants reveal importance of perceived voting costs when one decides whether to vote—thereby also introducing to the field a novel theoretical framework for examining voting costs and benefits both in and beyond migration context. The paper demonstrates that in addition to implementing adequate provisions for external voting from the home country's side, it is crucial for the authorities to raise awareness of these accommodations—and of the associated conditions, such as registration terms and postal voting deadlines—in order to yield as high as possible participation levels among those emigrants who are willing to vote.
The roles of XBRL and processed XBRL in 10‐K readability
Authors: Cahan Steven F. , Chang Seokjoo , Siqueira Wei Z. , Tam Kinsun
Published: August 2021

The size and composition of the 10‐K file have changed dramatically since the mandatory adoption of XBRL. We re‐examine 10‐K file size as a readability proxy by decomposing 10‐K file size into its main components, which include XBRL, processed XBRL (a twin to XBRL that allows XBRL information to be accessed using viewer software) and text. We find that 10‐K file size reduces readability before XBRL's adoption in 2012 but enhances readability after adoption and that the XBRL‐related components can explain the reversal of this relation. As the XBRL‐related components only include financial statement information, our results indicate that more XBRL data improves users’ understanding of the financial statements, which is in contrast to the text component of the 10‐K where a larger file size is associated with lower readability. As such, our study identifies financial statement readability as a distinct and important dimension of disclosure quality that has been overlooked in the prior literature.
The effect of laughter therapy on happiness and self‐esteem level in 5th grade students
Authors: Ozturk Fatma Ozlem , Acikgoz Inci
Published: August 2021

Problem

The study was conducted to examine the effects of laughter therapy on happiness level and self‐esteem in 5th grade students.

Methods

This study used an experimental study with pretest posttest control group. The study population consisted of 5th grade students studying at a secondary school in Turkey. There were six branches in the 5th grade. Groups were randomly selected from among these 5th grade classes to include 29 students in the intervention group and 32 in the control group. Laughter therapy sessions were applied to the intervention group twice a week for 4 weeks. No intervention was offered to the control group. The data were collected by a questionnaire, the School Children's Happiness Inventory, and the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory.

Results

It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the School Children's Happiness Inventory (p < .05) but no significant difference was found according to the groups' scores on the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory (p > .05).

Conclusions

In this study, it was determined that laughter therapy increased the happiness level of students yet had no effect on their self‐esteem. It is recommended to organize laughter therapy activities in schools to increase the happiness levels of students.
Interaction between insulin and androgen signalling in decidualization, cell migration and trophoblast invasion in vitro
Authors: Hirschberg Angelica Lindén , Jakson Ivika , Graells Brugalla Carlota , Salamon Daniel , Ujvari Dorina
Published: August 2021

Finely tuned decidualization of endometrial stromal fibroblasts into decidual cells is crucial for successful implantation and a healthy pregnancy. Both insulin and androgens are known to modulate decidualization, however, their complex effect on this process has not been fully elucidated. As hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism are associated in clinical conditions, we aimed to investigate the interaction between insulin and androgens on decidualization. Primary human endometrial stromal cells were decidualized in vitro in the presence of insulin and/or androgens (dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone). Gene or protein expressions of decidualization markers were measured, and cells size characteristics were determined. Migration of decidualizing endometrial stromal cells and invasion of HTR‐8/SVneo trophoblast spheroids were assessed. We found that insulin and androgens in combination enhanced the upregulation of several decidualization markers including prolactin, tissue factor, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 3 and connexin‐43, and also interacted in modulating cell size characteristics resulting in enlarged decidualizing cells. However, insulin and DHT together restricted the migration of decidualizing cells and invasion of trophoblast spheroids. Our findings suggest that insulin and androgens interact to potentiate the process of decidualization. On the other hand, inhibited cell migration and trophoblast invasion might negatively impact the function of decidualizing endometrial stromal cells.
Predation risk and the evolution of a vertebrate stress response: Parallel evolution of stress reactivity and sexual dimorphism
Authors: Vinterstare Jerker , Ekelund Ugge Gustaf M. O. , Hulthén Kaj , Hegg Alexander , Brönmark Christer , Nilsson Per Anders , Zellmer Ursula Ronja , Lee Marcus , Pärssinen Varpu , Sha Yongcui , Björnerås Caroline , Zhang Huan , Gollnisch Raphael , Herzog Simon D. , Hansson Lars‐Anders , Škerlep Martin , Hu Nan , Johansson Emma , Langerhans Randall Brian
Published: August 2021

Predation risk is often invoked to explain variation in stress responses. Yet, the answers to several key questions remain elusive, including the following: (1) how predation risk influences the evolution of stress phenotypes, (2) the relative importance of environmental versus genetic factors in stress reactivity and (3) sexual dimorphism in stress physiology. To address these questions, we explored variation in stress reactivity (ventilation frequency) in a post‐Pleistocene radiation of live‐bearing fish, where Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabit isolated blue holes that differ in predation risk. Individuals of populations coexisting with predators exhibited similar, relatively low stress reactivity as compared to low‐predation populations. We suggest that this dampened stress reactivity has evolved to reduce energy expenditure in environments with frequent and intense stressors, such as piscivorous fish. Importantly, the magnitude of stress responses exhibited by fish from high‐predation sites in the wild changed very little after two generations of laboratory rearing in the absence of predators. By comparison, low‐predation populations exhibited greater among‐population variation and larger changes subsequent to laboratory rearing. These low‐predation populations appear to have evolved more dampened stress responses in blue holes with lower food availability. Moreover, females showed a lower ventilation frequency, and this sexual dimorphism was stronger in high‐predation populations. This may reflect a greater premium placed on energy efficiency in live‐bearing females, especially under high‐predation risk where females show higher fecundities. Altogether, by demonstrating parallel adaptive divergence in stress reactivity, we highlight how energetic trade‐offs may mould the evolution of the vertebrate stress response under varying predation risk and resource availability.
Jail as a Point of Contraceptive Care Access: Needs and Preferences Among Women in an Urban Jail
Authors: Myers Kyl , Dalessandro Cristen , Geist Claudia , Sufrin Carolyn
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Individuals who are incarcerated in the United States often struggle to access family planning care because of the common practice of jails not providing contraceptives on site. However, less is known about the contraceptive needs and preferences, including the desirability of intrauterine devices and implants, among those who are incarcerated.

Methods

Cross‐sectional, in‐person surveys were administered to 148 reproductive‐age women (aged 18‐48) incarcerated at an urban jail in Utah to identify women's contraceptive needs and preferences while incarcerated. We used summary statistics and logistic regression to investigate relationships between demographic characteristics, the desire to access contraceptive services while incarcerated, and interest in specific contraceptive methods.

Results

Surveys indicate a high interest in accessing contraceptives while in jail (73%). Participants who were more likely to prefer access to contraceptive services in jail were also more likely to be interested in the injectable (odds ratio [OR], 4.75; 95% CI, 1.03‐21.94), the implant (OR, 8.44; 95% CI, 1.70‐41.99), and intrauterine devices (OR, 10.04; 95% CI, 3.46‐29.20) than participants indicating no desire to access contraceptive services while in jail.

Discussion

Jails could be an access point for contraceptive methods requiring health care provider intervention in the state of Utah. However, care must be taken due to broader historical legacies of reproductive coercion in carceral settings.
Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
Authors: Marino Jean M.
Published: August 2021

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) occurs in approximately 50% of menopausal women but is both underrecognized and undertreated despite numerous treatment options. Vaginal dryness, irritation, dyspareunia, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency are some of the more common symptoms that can have a negative effect on women's lives and relationships. Treatment options can include over‐the‐counter moisturizers and lubricants that can be composed of water or silicone or have an oil base. However, women and health care providers need be aware of the effects of excipients in these products so that the therapy does not cause vaginal irritation. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved treatment options include vaginally administered estrogen products as well as dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) and the selective estrogen receptor modulator ospemifene. The prescription options have proven efficacy and safety and can be considered for use by women with a history of cancer following collaboration with the oncologist. Despite the FDA warning that recommends vaginal lasers not be used for vaginal rejuvenation, vaginal lasers have also been used as a treatment for GSM, but studies on their safety are limited. This article reviews GSM, including its impact, diagnosis, and treatment.
Even mild catastrophic thinking is related to pain intensity in individuals with painful temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Häggman‐Henrikson Birgitta , M. Visscher Corine , Wänman Anders , Ljótsson Brjánn , C. Peck Christopher , Lövgren Anna
Published: August 2021

Aims

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are often associated with psychological comorbidities. One such comorbidity is pain catastrophising, that is, exaggeration of negative consequences of a painful event. The aim was to investigate catastrophising in individuals with painful TMD compared to controls and the association between catastrophising and pain intensity, number of pain sites and functional limitations.

Methods

A community‐based sample of 110 individuals (83 women; 20–69 yrs) with painful TMDs (myalgia/arthralgia as per Diagnostic Criteria for TMD) and 190 age‐ and gender‐matched controls (119 women; 20–69 yrs) from the Public Dental services in Västerbotten, Sweden, participated. Associations between catastrophising and functional jaw limitations, respectively, and painful TMD were evaluated with ordinal regression adjusted for the effect of gender and age. Associations (Spearman's correlation) of the Pain catastrophising Scale (PCS) with Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS‐20), pain site number (whole‐body pain map), and characteristic pain intensity (CPI) and intergroup comparisons (Mann‐Whitney U test) of these variables were also calculated.

Results

Levels of catastrophising were associated with TMD pain (OR 1.6, 95%CI 1.1–2.6). Among individuals with painful TMD, catastrophising was correlated to pain intensity (r=0.458, p<0.01) and functional limitations (r=0.294–0.321, p≤0.002), but not to number of pain sites.

Conclusion

Compared to controls, community‐based individuals with painful TMD demonstrated higher levels of pain catastrophising, and this catastrophising was associated with increased pain intensity and jaw dysfunction. The relatively low scores of pain catastrophising suggest that even mild catastrophic thinking is associated with pain perception and jaw function, and should be considered in patient management.
Voting on urban land development
Authors: Wrede Matthias
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we analyze several local referendums on land development and land‐use regulation in the City of Erlangen (Germany) between 2011 and 2018. To identify the positive influence of the travel distance on approval for land development, we control for distance to the city center and density, employ a two‐way fixed‐effect model, and use spatial instruments. We also analyze the heterogeneity of city dwellers' preferences for the development of residential and commercial areas. In particular, we examine the differences between homeowners and tenants in this regard.
Applying acceptability and emotion to understand the consumer's consumption habits and involvement with coffee
Authors: Kenney Ari Lynn , Phan Uyen Thuy Xuan , Adhikari Koushik
Published: August 2021

The current study determined the hedonic perception and emotion response during coffee consumption, and also aimed to understand the coffee drinkers' involvement and consumption habits related to this beverage. An acceptability and an emotions test followed by an attitudinal survey on consumption habits and coffee involvement were performed with three coffees samples. Results suggest that coffee drinkers, in general, drink coffee to experience sensory gratification and elicitation of positive emotions, and absence of negative emotions. Three consumer clusters were identified and the data reaffirmed that consumers' like and dislike were directly related to positive and negative emotions, respectively. It also revealed that the absence of interest for samples can dampen the emotion response drastically as seen with Cluster 2. Although all three clusters cared about coffee very much, there were no distinct patterns that tied their preferences in the test to their coffee consumption habits and perception.

Practical Applications

With the advent of specialty coffee and coffee shops, consumers are approaching coffee from a drinking experience perspective rather than just caffeine fix. Consumers want to know more about the origins of their coffee, which is also tied to their increased awareness of sustainability and quality issues. The results of this study, we hope, will help provide guidance to the coffee industry and growers in understanding the expectations of the coffee drinker and hence, market their coffees effectively.
Microbiology of septic arthritis in young Auckland children
Authors: van den Boom Mirjam , Lennon Diana R , Crawford Haemish , Freeman Joshua , Castle Jennifer , Mistry Raakhi , Webb Rachel
Published: August 2021

Background

Kingella kingae is an important cause of septic arthritis in young children, with modern laboratory methods leading to increased detection. Prevalence of this pathogen in New Zealand, where there are high rates of childhood infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, is not known.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of children <5 years with septic arthritis (without osteomyelitis) at a tertiary children's hospital in Auckland, over 10 years (2005–2014). Data were collected on demographics, microbiology, clinical presentation, investigations and management.

Results

Of the 68 cases of septic arthritis, 57 (83.8%) occurred in children aged <24 months. Among those <3 months, Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) was predominant (45.5% of 11 cases), followed by S. aureus (36.4%). The most common pathogen in those 3 to <12 months was Streptococcus pneumoniae (38.5% of 13 cases). In children aged 12 to <24 months, K. kingae was most common (30.3% of 33 cases). Of the 12 cases of K. kingae, 91.7% were identified from synovial fluid culture. All K. kingae isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin.

Conclusions

K. kingae is the leading pathogen in septic arthritis in New Zealand children aged 12 to <24 months. Routine inoculation of synovial fluid into blood culture bottles at time of sample collection, in addition to use of polymerase chain reaction methods, should be encouraged to improve detection rates. For infants and preschool children presenting with single joint septic arthritis, empiric antibiotics should include cover for S. aureus and K. kingae.
Results of urinary bacterial cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing of dogs and cats in the UK
Authors: Fonseca J. D. , Mavrides D. E. , Graham P. A. , McHugh T. D.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Bacterial urinary tract infections are a common diagnosis in small animal practice and antibiotics are often administered empirically. The aim of this study was to investigate the aetiology and antibiotic resistance of uropathogens in dogs and cats in the UK.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective study of uroculture and antibiotic susceptibility testing results (n=808) by disk diffusion processed at a veterinary pathology laboratory between 2011 and 2012.

Results

Significant bacteriuria was detected in 18.4% of samples from dogs and 10.0% from cats, most of which (>90%) yielded a single organism.Escherichia coliwas the most prevalent bacterial species (54.7% and 55.6% of feline and canine isolates, respectively) followed byProteus mirabilisin dog samples (22.7%) andEnterococcusspp. in cat samples (23.2%). Approximately a third ofE. coliisolates were resistant to ampicillin but resistance was much lower amongEnterococcusspp. andP. mirabilis. Resistance to amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid also seemed to be emerging, particularly inE. coli(almost 20% resistant). In contrast, resistance to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole for uropathogens remained <13% except forP. mirabilis(19.4%). Overall, fluoroquinolones showed the best in vitro activity (resistance mostly below 10% for enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin).

Clinical Significance

Our results provide evidence of the emergence of resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial urinary tract infections. Continued monitoring of the patterns of antibiotic resistance in uropathogens is needed to assess the adequacy of recommendations on the empiric therapy of these infections.
Stationarity and ergodicity of Markov switching positive conditional mean models
Authors: Aknouche Abdelhakim , Francq Christian
Published: August 2021

A general Markov‐Switching autoregressive conditional mean model, valued in the set of non‐negative numbers, is considered. The conditional distribution of this model is a finite mixture of non‐negative distributions whose conditional mean follows a GARCH‐like dynamics with parameters depending on the state of a Markov chain. Three different variants of the model are examined depending on how the lagged‐values of the mixing variable are integrated into the conditional mean equation. The model includes, in particular, Markov mixture versions of various well‐known non‐negative time series models such as the autoregressive conditional duration model, the integer‐valued GARCH (INGARCH) model, and the Beta observation driven model. For the three variants of the model, conditions are given for the existence of a stationary and ergodic solution. The proposed conditions match those already known for Markov‐switching GARCH models. We also give conditions for finite marginal moments. Applications to various mixture and Markov mixture count, duration and proportion models are provided.
Cephalopods in the diet of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) from the Mediterranean Sea: A review
Authors: Luna Amanda , Sánchez Pilar , Chicote Carla , Gazo Manel
Published: August 2021

The Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus, is a deep‐sea cetacean with a predominantly teuthophagous diet. Its distribution in the northwest Mediterranean is generally in deeper waters, but there is little information on diet or feeding areas. To extend knowledge of the diet of G. griseus, the stomach contents of six stranded Risso's dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea were analyzed. A total of 578 cephalopod beaks (166 uppers and 392 lowers) were found, identified as 386 individuals from 19 different species of Coleoidea cephalopods, one Sepiolida, eight Octopoda, and ten species belonging to the Order Oegopsida. This adds six species of cephalopods to those previously recorded in the Mediterranean Sea: Rondeletiola minor, Eledone moschata, Scaeurgus unicirrhus, Bathypolypus sponsalis, Pteroctopus tetracirrhus and Taonius pavo. In this study the most abundant prey family was Histioteuthidae. In addition, based on the available literature, the diet of 39 Risso's dolphins was reviewed in Mediterranean waters. The abundance of cephalopod species in the diet of these specimens was compared according to genus, geographical area, season, and age. The habitat of the prey of G. griseus was reviewed, suggesting a teuthophagous diet in this area. This study helps to identify both the prey species and the areas where prey are available in the northwest Mediterranean, which are key factors in establishing the limits and regulations of the “Northwest Mediterranean Sea, Slope and Canyon IMMA System” (Important Areas for Marine Mammals) proposed by the Working Group on Marine Mammal Protected Areas (MMPATF ‐ IUCN).
Association of body mass index with kidney function and mortality in high cardiovascular risk population: A nationwide prospective cohort study
Authors: Aiumtrakul Noppawit , Kittithaworn Annop , Supasyndh Ouppatham , Krittayaphong Rungroj , Phrommintikul Arintaya , Satirapoj Bancha
Published: August 2021

Background

There is increasing awareness of the impact of obesity and underweight on cardiovascular (CV) disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality. Abnormal body mass index (BMI) might be associated with worse clinical outcomes, including CKD progression, but limited evidence exists among Asian patients with high CV risk.

Objective

To investigate the association of BMI with progressive loss of kidney function and all‐cause mortality in Thai patients with high CV risk.

Methods

In a national cohort of 5887 high CV risk subjects, we assessed the association of high BMI with the composite renal outcome (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] decline over 40%, eGFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, doubling of serum creatinine, initiation of dialysis and death related to renal causes) and with all‐cause mortality in Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

A total of 5887 participants (3217 male and 2670 female) with high CV risk were enrolled. Participants were classified into five groups by their baseline BMI; <20 kg/m2 (n = 482), 20–24.9 kg/m2 (n = 2437), 25–29.9 kg/m2 (n = 2140), 30–34.9 kg/m2 (n = 665) and 35 kg/m2 (n = 163), respectively. On multivariate analysis of Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for other covariates, baseline BMI ≥35 kg/m2 was an independent predictor of loss of kidney function (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.04–2.40) and all‐cause mortality (HR 2.68, 95% CI 1.50–4.80). Baseline BMI <20 kg/m2 was an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality as well (adjusted HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.50–3.42).

Conclusion

In the high CV risk Thai population, a BMI of 35 kg/m2 or more is associated with loss of kidney function and mortality. On the other hand, a BMI less than 20 kg/m2 is also associated with all‐cause mortality.
Production of aromatic three‐line hybrid rice using novel alleles of BADH2
Authors: Hui Suozhen , Li Huijuan , Mawia Amos Musyoki , Zhou Liang , Cai Jinyang , Ahmad Shakeel , Lai Changkai , Wang Jingxin , Jiao Guiai , Xie Lihong , Shao Gaoneng , Sheng Zhonghua , Tang Shaoqing , Wang Jianlong , Wei Xiangjin , Hu Shikai , Hu Peisong
Published: August 2021

Aroma is a key grain quality trait that directly influences the market price of rice globally. Loss of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (OsBADH2) affects the biosynthesis of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP), which is responsible for aroma in fragrant rice. The current study was aimed at creating new alleles of BADH2 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology under the genetic background of the japonica Ningjing 1 (NJ1) and indica Huang Huazhan (HHZ) varieties. Sensory evaluation and analysis using headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) showed that the grains of the four homozygous T1 lines with new alleles of BADH2 (nj1‐cr BADH2‐1, nj1‐cr BADH2‐2, hhz‐cr BADH2‐1 and hhz‐cr BADH2‐2) produced moderate fragrance and had significantly increased 2‐AP content compared with wild‐types. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the amylose content and gelatinization temperature among the four lines with new alleles of BADH2 to the wild‐types. Thereafter, we crossed the HHZ background new alleles of BADH2 with CMS line Taonong 1A (TN1A) to produce a three‐line hybrid variety B‐Tao‐You‐Xiangzhan (BTYXZ) with increased grain aroma. The 2‐AP content in grains of the improved BTYXZ‐1 and BTYXZ‐2 reached at 26.16 and 18.74 μg/kg, and the gel consistency of BTYXZ‐1 and BTYXZ‐2 increased significantly by 9.1% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with the wild‐type Tao‐You‐Xiangzhan (TYXZ). However, the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the improved three‐line hybrid rice BTYXZ‐1 (5.6 mg/100 g) and BTYXZ‐2 (10.7 mg/100 g) was significantly lower than that of the TYXZ. These results demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology could be successfully utilized in improving aroma in non‐fragrant japonica and indica varieties. In addition, the newly developed BADH2 alleles provided important genetic resources for grain aroma improvement in three‐line hybrid rice.
Drone‐based physiological index reveals long‐term acclimation and drought stress responses in trees
Authors: D'Odorico Petra , Schönbeck Leonie , Vitali Valentina , Meusburger Katrin , Schaub Marcus , Ginzler Christian , Zweifel Roman , Velasco Vera Marjorie Elauria , Gisler Jonas , Gessler Arthur , Ensminger Ingo
Published: August 2021

Monitoring early tree physiological responses to drought is key to understanding progressive impacts of drought on forests and identifying resilient species. We combined drone‐based multispectral remote sensing with measurements of tree physiology and environmental parameters over two growing seasons in a 100‐y‐oldPinus sylvestrisforest subject to 17‐y of precipitation manipulation. Our goal was to determine if drone‐based photochemical reflectance index (PRI) captures tree drought stress responses and whether responses are affected by long‐term acclimation. PRI detects changes in xanthophyll cycle pigment dynamics, which reflect increases in photoprotective non‐photochemical quenching activity resulting from drought‐induced photosynthesis downregulation. Here, PRI of never‐irrigated trees was up to 10 times lower (higher stress) than PRI of irrigated trees. Long‐term acclimation to experimental treatment, however, influenced the seasonal relationship between PRI and soil water availability. PRI also captured diurnal decreases in photochemical efficiency, driven by vapour pressure deficit. Interestingly, 5 years after irrigation was stopped for a subset of the irrigated trees, a positive legacy effect persisted, with lower stress responses (higher PRI) compared with never‐irrigated trees. This study demonstrates the ability of remotely sensed PRI to scale tree physiological responses to an entire forest and the importance of long‐term acclimation in determining current drought stress responses.