bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The risk of psychiatric disorders in individuals born prematurely in Denmark from 1974 to 1996
Authors: Mathiasen René , Hansen Bo Mølholm , Forman Julie Lyng , Kessing Lars Vedel , Greisen Gorm
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To investigate the risk of developing psychiatric disorders in individuals born prematurely (born before 37 weeks of gestation).

Methods:  The study is a longitudinal register‐based study including all live‐born individuals in Denmark from 1974 to 1996. Poisson regression models including well‐known confounders were used to investigate the rate ratio of psychiatric disorders at the age of 11–34 years in the individuals born prematurely.

Results:  A total of 1 545 641 individuals were born from 1974 to 1996. Of these, 1 348 106 live‐born individuals constituted the study cohort. Rate ratios of psychiatric disorders, in total, increased in proportion to the degree of prematurity. The rate ratio of major psychiatric disorder was increased in individuals born with a gestational age below 28 weeks compared to persons born with a gestational age of 39–45 weeks (RR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.25–2.83)). Similarly, the rate ratios of minor psychiatric disorder (RR = 1.63 (95% CI: 1.29–2.06)) and psychotropic drugs purchased (RR = 1.35 (95% CI: 0.98–1.86)) were increased.

Conclusion:  The risk of minor as well as major psychiatric disorders during adolescence and young adulthood increases in proportion to the degree of prematurity. The relative risk, however, is small compared to the risks of cerebral palsy or low intelligence.
Klinefelter syndrome as a window on the aetiology of language and communication impairments in children: the neuroligin–neurexin hypothesis
Authors: Bishop Dorothy VM , Scerif Gaia
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To compare the phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) with (i) specific language impairment (SLI) and (ii) XXX and XYY trisomies.

Methods:  Phenotypes of KS, XXX and XYY were based on data from a systematic review of neurodevelopmental outcomes plus a recent parent survey. Phenotype of SLI was based on a published survey of children attending a special school.

Results:  There are close similarities between the KS phenotype and SLI. Furthermore, a minority of children with KS have features of autistic spectrum disorder. Similar language and communication problems are seen in the other two sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs), XXX and XYY.

Conclusion:  We propose the neurexin–neuroligin hypothesis, based on the observation that neuroligin genes, which occur on both X and Y chromosomes, are involved in the same synaptic networks as neurexin genes with common variants that affect risk for SLI and autism. According to our hypothesis, the effect of a triple dose of neuroligin gene product will be particularly detrimental when it occurs in conjunction with specific variants of neurexin genes on other chromosomes. This speculative proposal demonstrates the potential of illuminating the aetiology of common neurodevelopmental disorders by studying children with SCTs.
Anaphylactic reactions to measles–mumps–rubella vaccine in three children with allergies to hen’s egg and cow’s milk
Authors: Yavuz Suleyman Tolga , Sahiner Umit Murat , Sekerel Bulent Enis , Tuncer Ayfer , Kalayci Omer , Sackesen Cansin
Published: January 2011

Aim:  Allergies to hen’s egg and cow’s milk are the most frequent food allergies in infancy and childhood. Current guidelines recommend safe administration of measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine in egg allergic patients.

Methods:  We present three cases of anaphylaxis that we encountered after MMR vaccination in children sensitized to hen’s egg and cow’s milk.

Results:  Even though MMR vaccine is generally known to be safe in children with egg allergy, there may still be isolated cases of anaphylaxis.

Conclusion:  Therefore, we recommend that all children not only those who were sensitized to foods should receive the MMR vaccination in a setting that is equipped to deal with anaphylactic reactions. As stated by WHO in immunization safety surveillance, ‘Each vaccinator must have an emergency kit with adrenaline, and be familiar with its dosage and administration’.
Interaction of a Curcumin Analogue Dimethoxycurcumin with DNA
Authors: Kunwar Amit , Simon Emmanuel , Singh Umang , Chittela Rajnikant K. , Sharma Deepak , Sandur Santosh K. , Priyadarsini Indira K.
Published: January 2011

Dimethoxycurcumin (Dimc), a synthetic analogue of curcumin, that has been reported to exhibit better in vivo stability and anti‐tumour activity, was investigated for its interaction with DNA, employing spectroscopic methods based on absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), ethidium bromide (EtBr) competitive binding assay, 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) displacement assay and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. The mean binding constant for its interaction with calf thymus DNA (ct‐DNA) was estimated to be 4.4 ± 0.8 × 104 m−1. The studies using CD revealed that Dimc did not cause unwinding of the ct‐DNA helix or induce major conformational changes. The EtBr and DAPI assays indicated that Dimc is not an intercalator but a minor groove binder. FRET assay also confirmed that Dimc interacts with DNA strands. Furthermore, viscosity measurements of ct‐DNA solutions in the presence of Dimc supported these spectroscopic observations. Addition of Dimc to MCF‐7 cells showed nuclear localization as visualized by confocal microscopy. In conclusion, the present studies addressed the mode of interaction of Dimc with biomolecules, which may have implications in developing Dimc as a DNA‐targeted drug.
Analysis of heterosis and recombination loss for fitness and productivity traits in different hybrids of mulberry silk moth Bombyx mori
Authors: SUBRAMANYA Gopal , BISHOP Stephen C.
Published: January 2011

Three different races of lepidopteron silk moth Bombyx mori were used in reciprocal and inter se crosses to determine heterosis effects at F1 and recombination loss at the F2 generation for three fitness traits (fecundity, larval duration, survival rate) and four productivity traits (larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, filament length). Eleven mating types were represented in the present study, including three pure breeds and a variety of F1 and F2 populations arising from regular and reciprocal crosses, respectively. Equations were derived to evaluate heterosis, maternal and overdominance effects for the above traits. Estimates of heterosis and overdominance effects revealed significant heterosis effects for all the traits, but overdominance was only seen for larval duration (favorable effect) and survival rate (unfavorable effect). Maternal effects were significant for the majority of the traits under study. The results revealed significant reduction for all the quantitative traits from F1 to F2, except for larval duration. The most obvious explanation for the reduction of fitness parameters and productive traits is the reduction in heterozygosity from F1 to F2 (it is expected that one half of the heterozygosity of F1 is lost in F2). For larval duration this explanation seems insufficient and breakdown of epistatic gene effects (i.e. recombination loss) has been suggested.
Evaluation of the efficacy of the ‘nasal airflow‐inducing manoeuvre’ for smell rehabilitation in laryngectomees by means of the Sniffin′ Sticks test
Authors: Haxel B.R. , Fuchs C. , Fruth K. , Mann W.J. , Lippert B.M.
Published: January 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 17–23

Objective:  To determine the efficacy of the nasal airflow‐inducing manoeuvre (NAIM) as a method for olfactory rehabilitation in laryngectomees by the means of the Sniffin′ Sticks test.

Study design:  Prospective open interventional trial.

Setting:  Tertiary academic hospital.

Participants:  Thirty‐seven patients after laryngectomy have been screened and 25 patients have been included into the study. The participant’s sense of smell was tested with the Sniffin′ Sticks test before and after learning the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. The individual level of threshold, discrimination and identification (TDI) was determined and the individual threshold, discrimination and identification score was used to classify the patients as being anosmic, hyposmic or normosmic.

Main outcome measures:  The primary endpoint was the change of the threshold, discrimination and identification score before and after learning the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. The secondary endpoint was a change in the diagnostic group (normosmic, hyposmic and anosmic) after learning of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre.

Results:  There was a statistically significant increase in the total threshold, discrimination and identification score (P < 0.001) and the three sub‐scores (P ≤ 0.02) before and after the learning of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. Patients gained seven points on average in the threshold, discrimination and identification score. Twenty of 25 patients showed an increase of five or more point in the threshold, discrimination and identification score. In the classification of the smell ability, 15 of 25 patients showed a change to a higher class (hyposmic to normosmic or from anosmic to hyposmic or normosmic).

Conclusion:  The nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre is a method for the successful rehabilitation of the sense of smell in laryngectomees. The evaluation with the Sniffin′ Sticks tests showed a clinically relevant increase of olfaction in 80% of patients. The teaching of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre should be included in post‐laryngectomy rehabilitation programmes.
Induction of prophages from deep‐subseafloor bacteria
Authors: Engelhardt Tim , Sahlberg Monika , Cypionka Heribert , Engelen Bert
Published: January 2011

The deep‐subseafloor biosphere harbours a major part of the total microbial biomass on Earth. However, how life and death in this environment are regulated is not yet understood. While organisms from higher trophic levels appear to be absent, viruses might be a factor for microbial mortality. In this study, we found an increasing ratio between viral and total cell counts with depth in deep‐subseafloor sediments recovered during Leg 201 of the Ocean Drilling Program. A phylogenetically diverse culture collection from corresponding sediment layers was tested for the presence of inducible prophages. A treatment by mitomycin C as inducing agent indicated the presence of prophages in 46% of the bacterial isolates. Different morphotypes of myoviruses and siphoviruses were detected by transmission electron microscopy. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis applied to viral DNA extracts showed their genetic diversity. Three host strains even harboured more than one prophage. Thus, our results prove the existence of functional viruses in the deep‐subseafloor biosphere. Bacteriophages might take over the role of the main predators, as anoxia and oligotrophy favour the importance of viruses as mortality factors. Furthermore, the fact that the viral shunt recycles organic compounds might be of special relevance to this severely nutrient‐depleted habitat.
Mesoscopic nature of the electron transport in electroformed metal-insulator-metal switches
Authors: Miranda E.
Published: January 2011

The reversible diode- to resistorlike transition occurring in electroformed metal-insulator-metal structures caused by the application of successive voltage/current sweeps or pulses is ascribed to the modulation of the quantum transmission properties of atomic-sized filamentary paths. Closed-form expressions for the high resistance state (HRS) and low resistance state (LRS) I-V characteristic based on the Landauer formula for electron transport in mesoscopic systems are reported. From the simulation viewpoint, the switch from the exponential (HRS) to the linear (LRS) I-V characteristic and back is achieved by simply changing a model parameter related to the size of the constriction’s bottleneck. It is shown that the proposed model exhibits two limiting cases that are consistent with the experimental observations reported in literature.
Down with Ceramide
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: January 2011

The adipocyte hormone adiponectin stimulates ceramidase activity of its receptors to promote its beneficial effects on cell survival and metabolism.
Using Light to Increase cAMP
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2011

A photoactivated adenylyl cyclase from the bacterium
Beggiatoa
represents a promising tool for optogenetic manipulation of cAMP.
The smaller bowel: imaging the small bowel in paediatric Crohn's disease
Authors: Stuart Sam , Conner Thomas , Ahmed Asia , Steward Michael , Maclachlan Jody , Wylie Peter , Beal Isobel
Published: January 2011

Crohn's disease begins in childhood in 20% of cases. Imaging of the small bowel is needed for diagnosis and management and also to inform the clinician of the location, extent, and activity of disease. There are several modalities available to image the small bowel and the combined use of these is often required to optimise benefit. Methods available for imaging the small bowel include barium studies, sonography, CT, wireless capsule endoscopy, nuclear medicine studies, and MRI. Patient comfort is paramount in imaging paediatric patients. Therefore, non-invasive techniques are most likely to be successful. Furthermore, as children are at greatest risk of radiation induced malignancy, modalities which do not carry a radiation burden are preferable. This article discusses the methods available for imaging the small bowel in paediatric Crohn's disease and the relative merits of each modality.
Evaluation of paleoclimatic proxies by the rescaled range method: results from Labrador Sea, ODP Site 646
Authors: Huang Z. , Mudie P. J. , Aksu A. E.
Published: January 2011

Rescaled range analysis is tested as a method for comparison and evaluation of terrestrial and marine paleoclimatic data from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. We calculated the Hurst exponents (H) of oxygen isotope, foraminifera, dinoflagellate, and pollen–spore records from Ocean Drilling Project Site 646, and compared the Hurst values of these climatic proxies with the corresponding power spectra. Our study reveals differences in Hurst values among several proxy-climatic records from one location. However, higher Hurst values do not contain more information on climatic changes, in contrast to the conclusion of a previous study that compared records from continental and oceanic sites. Therefore, caution is needed when using the Hurst exponent for evaluating the information content of climatic proxies.
Low-temperature metamorphism and secondary components in the Portage Lake Volcanics: a reassessment
Authors: Li Huiling , Beske-Diehl S.
Published: January 2011

We studied the effects of hydrothermal alteration on magnetic properties of the magnetite and hematite components in the 1.1 Ga Portage Lake Volcanics, Upper Peninsula, Michigan. Results show the importance of the intensity and direction of the hematite magnetization in the detection of secondary magnetite overprints in basalts. We collected samples from 20 flows in two stratigraphic sections, one from outcrops and the other from drill core. The remanence unblocked below 590 °C during thermal demagnetization is considered to be due to magnetite, and that unblocked between 610–690 °C is considered to be due to hematite. Hematite remanent intensities in the flow interiors are an order of magnitude less intense than those of magnetite, and correlate with magnetite intensities from the top of the volcanics to the lower prehnite–pumpellyite zone (5.5 km depth) in the outcrop section and to the epidote–pumpellyite zone (7.0 km depth) in the core section. These magnetic properties are very similar to those of Recent Icelandic basalt flows. Below these depths, magnetite intensities decrease until they are equal to hematite intensities. Hematite remanent intensities do not consistently increase with depth, suggesting that secondary hematite produced during hydrothermal alteration is a minor contributor to hematite intensities. The magnetite directions become distinct from the hematite directions in the prehnite–pumpellyite zone (6.2 km depth). This difference in directions indicates an unresolved secondary overprint formed during hydrothermal alteration. We conclude that the magnetite component carries a secondary overprint; a conclusion that contrasts with that of a previous study. Thermo-viscous remanent magnetization obtained over a time period of 1–10 Ma near 300 °C would be enough to account for much of the secondary component.
Paleomagnetism of Middle Proterozoic diabase sheets from central Arizona
Authors: Harlan Steve S.
Published: January 2011

Paleomagnetic results from 1090 Ma diabase sheets of the southwestern U.S.A. diabase province exposed in central Arizona yield two distinct remanent magnetizations (herein termed ADn and ADr), in accordance with the findings of previous investigations. Magnetization ADn is well-defined and has an in situ mean direction of D = 283.3°, I = 45.1° (k = 17.7, α95 = 8.7°, n = 17 independent observations). A mean pole, after correction of paleomagnetic site means for a net 5° clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau and transition zone, is located at 22.7°N, 179.3°E (K = 21.9, A95 = 7.8°). The second magnetization (ADr) gives an in situ mean direction of D = 161.1°, I = −87.5° (k = 22.2, α95 = 19.9°, n = 4 independent observations) with a poorly defined pole at 37.6°N, 247.6°E (K = 6.5, A95 = 38.9°). Rock magnetic and alternating field and thermal demagnetization characteristics indicate the ADn and ADr magnetizations are both carried by low-Ti titanomagnetite. Both magnetizations are interpreted to be primary thermoremanent magnetizations acquired during emplacement and cooling of the diabase sheets at about 1090 – 1100 Ma. Comparison of the ADn pole and published geochronologic data from the Arizona diabase with the well-dated normal polarity poles of the Keweenawan region indicates that mafic magmatism in the southwestern U.S.A. diabase province and in the midcontinent rift was essentially synchronous.
Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic refraction data from western Hecate Strait, British Columbia: structure of the Queen Charlotte Basin
Authors: Hole J. A. , Clowes R. M. , Ellis R. M.
Published: January 2011

The Queen Charlotte Basin consists of up to 6 km of Tertiary clastic sediments in a complex sequence of fault-bounded subbasins. The tectonic evolution of the basin in still being debated, with recent interpretations including distributed strike-slip extension, oblique or en echelon rifting, simple extension orthogonal to the plate margin, and block faulting and vertical tectonics. A combined seismic reflection and refraction survey was carried out in 1988 to investigate the structure and tectonic evolution of the basin and underlying crust. While the marine multichannel reflection data were being collected, refracted and wide-angle reflected energy from the large air-gun array was recorded at surrounding land sites in both two-dimensional (in-line) and three-dimensional (broadside) geometries. The broadside refraction data recorded on the Queen Charlotte Islands provide good three-dimensional coverage of western Hecate Strait. These data are modelled to determine the three-dimensional structure of the Queen Charlotte Basin. The reflection data indicate that the sedimentary Queen Charlotte Basin beneath the shotpoints varies rapidly in thickness and is highly three-dimensional. First-arrival traveltimes from the broadside refraction data are inverted to find the three-dimensional structure of the basement interface beneath the shots and out of the planes of the reflection sections. A map of basement depth is derived for a region several kilometres wide adjacent to the reflection lines. Basin thickness varies rapidly between ~ 200 m and ~ 6 km. The model is consistent with the seismic reflection and potential field data sets. Although most of the basin is modelled as sediments overlying rocks with crustal velocities, a thick sequence of interbedded sedimentary and volcanic rocks is interpreted to underlie the shot lines in one region that lies east of the central Queen Charlotte Islands. Four major faults are also interpreted. These are based on sharp vertical relief of over 2 km on the map of basement depth. The orientation and topography across the faults and the small lateral scale and large topographic changes of the subbasins support the distributed strike-slip extension evolutionary model for the basin.
Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic refraction data from western Hecate Strait, British Columbia: structure of the crust
Authors: Hole J. A. , Clowes R. M. , Ellis R. M.
Published: January 2011

As part of a multidisciplinary investigation of the structure and tectonics of the Queen Charlotte Basin and underlying crust, deep multichannel seismic reflection and coincident crustal refraction data were collected in 1988. Energy from the reflection air-gun array source was recorded at land sites at offsets appropriate to record crustal refraction and wide-angle reflection data. Refraction data recorded in a broadside geometry provide good three-dimensional coverage of western Hecate Strait. These data are modelled using tomographic inversion techniques to determine the three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust in this region. The one-dimensional average velocity increases rapidly with depth to 6.5 km/s at 7 km depth. Velocities from 7 to at least 12 km depth remain approximately constant and are associated with rocks of the Wrangellia terrane. Significant lateral velocity variations, including large differences in near-surface velocities attributable to surface features, relatively low velocities representing interbedded Tertiary sediments and volcanics, and a deep high-velocity anomaly that may represent the root of an igneous intrusion, are mapped. Wide-angle reflections from the Moho are used to determine the thickness of the crust. The Moho is at 29 km depth beneath the east coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. This is deeper than the Moho observed below Queen Charlotte Sound and as deep as, or deeper than, that below Hecate Strait. Crustal thinning during Tertiary extension was thus greatest beneath the surface expression of the Queen Charlotte Basin, leaving the crust under the islands considerably thicker than under the basin. In an alternate or additional explanation, compression at the continental margin during the last 4 Ma may have been taken up by thickening or underplating of the continental crust beneath the islands. If the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the islands, the Moho observations constrain the slab to dip greater than 20–26°.
U–Pb geochronology and geochemical variation within two Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms, Labrador
Authors: Cadman Andrew C. , Heaman Larry , Tarney John , Wardle Richard , Krogh Thomas E.
Published: January 2011

An Early Proterozoic Kikkertavak mafic dyke intruding the Archaean Hopedale block, Labrador, gives an age of 2235 ± 2 Ma using U–Pb techniques on baddeleyite. A Harp mafic dyke in the same area gives an age of 1273 ± 1 Ma using U–Pb techniques on baddeleyite and zircon. The latter age is almost identical to that of the giant Mackenzie swarm and to the age of the BD0 dykes in South Greenland, and points to a major pulse of mafic magmatism over much of the North Atlantic craton at this time. The former age is a little older than available Rb–Sr ages for the extensive MD swarm in West Greenland, but there are possible correlatives.Geochemical data are presented to ascertain whether there are significant compositional differences between the Harp and Kikkertavak dyke swarms. In fact, two distinct chemical subgroups can be recognized within the Kikkertavak dykes, and three others are recognized within the Harp suite. These differences apply more to trace element patterns rather than major element abundances, but although there are compositional differences between the average Harp and average Kikkertavak dyke, it is unlikely that geochemistry could be used unequivocally to separate the two. The compositional differences probably reflect evolutionary processes in the lithosphere. The range of composition exemplified by the subgroups is most easily interpreted in terms of proportion of asthenosphere and lithosphere components, and does not necessarily imply that either dyke swarm was emplaced over a long period. The presence of subgroups within both swarms urges some caution in assuming all dykes correspond to one or other age.
Seismic reflection, borehole and outcrop geometry of Late Wisconsin tills at a proposed landfill near Toronto, Ontario
Authors: Boyce Joseph I. , Eyles Nicholas , Pugin André
Published: January 2011

The search for new landfill sites in the Greater Toronto area of southern Ontario, Canada, is producing a wealth of data regarding the subsurface stratigraphy and geometry of Late Wisconsin (<25 ka) till deposits. Till strata are favoured as landfill substrates because of their wide surface extent, thickness (maximum ~60 m), high degree of overconsolidation, apparently massive character, and low permeability. However, problems are emerging where surface contaminants have migrated through till deposits into underlying aquifers along poorly understood transport paths. This paper reports the results of a detailed shallow seismic reflection investigation of a proposed 275 ha landfill site 40 km northeast of Toronto near Whitevale, where previous hydrochemical analysis and hydrogeological monitoring identified rapid vertical recharge of contaminated surface waters through Late Wisconsin tills up to 60 m thick. Seismic reflection data are ground truthed by drilling (36 holes; total drilled 3157 m), coring (1600 m), downhole geophysical logging, and outcrop data. The site stratigraphy at Whitevale consists of an uppermost Late Wisconsin till (Halton Till) separated from a lower till (informally named Northern till) by a silt, sand, and gravel complex. Seismic reflection profiles identify the presence of well-defined reflectors within the Northern till, which are correlated in outcrop with laterally extensive erosion surfaces overlain by sheet-like sands and gravels, up to 1 m thick, and boulder concentrations. Erosion surfaces and associated sediments record episodic scouring by subglacial meltwaters and provide potential "hydraulic windows" for the movement of surface contaminants through the till into underlying aquifers.
New constraints on the geometry of the Lac Bouchette gabbro – anorthosite from magnetotellurics and magnetics
Authors: Kellett R. L.
Published: January 2011

A cross section of the resistivity structure through the Lac Bouchette gabbro–anorthosite provides a new image of the thin-skinned geometry of an allochthonous terrane in the western Grenville Province of Canada. Two-dimensional inversion of high-frequency magnetotelluric soundings and magnetic modelling indicate that the gabbro–anorthosite is a 1.5 km thick slice bounded by conductive thrust faults. Graphite, which is present at the margins of the gabbro–anorthosite and in the metasedimentary Réservoir Cabonga terrane to the south, is the most likely source of the enhanced electrical conductivity in the fault zones. The southern margin of the gabbro–anorthosite dips at about 15° to the south beneath the Réservoir Cabonga terrane. The gabbro–anorthosite can be divided into a highly magnetic gabbroic body in the south, a less magnetic metagabbro in the north, and a thin anorthositic lense in the centre. The combination of closely spaced magnetotelluric soundings and magnetic modelling provides independent constraints for gravity and seismic reflection studies in progress. The geometry of the Lac Bouchette gabbro–anorthosite, revealed by this geophysical study, supports a hypothesis that some gabbro–anorthosites behave as competent blocks adjacent to the major tectonic boundaries of the Grenville Province.
Late Labradorian metamorphism and anorthosite–granitoid intrusion, Cape Caribou River allochthon, Grenville Province, Labrador: evidence from U–Pb geochronology
Authors: Bussy François , Krogh Thomas E. , Wardle Richard J.
Published: January 2011

In the Cape Caribou River allochthon (CCRA), metaigneous and gneissic units occur as a shallowly plunging synform in the hanging wall of the Grand Lake thrust system (GLTS), a Grenvillian structure that forms the boundary between the Mealy Mountains and Groswater Bay terranes. The layered rocks of the CCRA are cut by a stockwork of monzonite dykes related to the Dome Mountain suite and by metadiabase–amphibolite dykes that probably form part of the ca. 1380 Ma Mealy swarm. The mafic dykes appear to postdate much of the development of subhorizontal metamorphic layering within the lower parts of the CCRA. The uppermost (least metamorphosed) units of the CCRA, the North West River anorthosite–metagabbro and the Dome Mountain monzonite suite, have been dated at 1625 ± 6 and 1626 ± 2 Ma, respectively. An amphibolite unit that concordantly underlies the anorthosite–metagabbro and is intruded discordantly by monzonite dykes has given metamorphic ages of 1660 ± 3 and 1631 ± 2 Ma. Granitoid gneisses that form the lowest level of the CCRA have given a migmatization age of 1622 ± 6 Ma. The effects of Grenvillian metamorphism become apparent in the lower levels of the allochthon where gneisses, amphibolite, and mafic dykes have given new generation zircon ages of 1008 ± 2, 1012 ± 3, and 1011 ± 3 Ma, respectively. A posttectonic pegmatite has also given zircon and monazite ages of [Formula: see text] and 1013 ± 3 Ma, respectively. Although these results indicate new growth of Grenvillian zircon, this process was generally not accompanied by penetrative deformation or melting. Thus, the formation of gneissic fabrics and the overall layered nature of the lower CCRA are a result primarily of Labradorian (1660–1620 Ma) tectonism and intrusion, and probably reflect early movement on an ancestral GLTS. Grenvillian heating and metamorphism (up to granulite facies) was strongly concentrated towards the base of the CCRA and probably occurred during northwestward thrusting of the allochthon over the Groswater Bay terrane.
SUDDEN OCCURRENCE OF CHAOS-II IN NONSMOOTH MAPS
Authors: DONG GAOGAO , TIAN LIXIN , XIA JUN , ZHENG SONG , DU RUIJIN
Published: January 2011

Different ways to chaos show different features. The study of Sudden Occurrence of Chaos has generated much interest in exploring new ways to chaos. In this novel way, the Sudden Occurrence of Chaos-II indicates more comprehensive dynamical behaviors than Sudden Occurrence of Chaos. The Sudden Occurrence of Chaos-II not only belongs to the previous category of Sudden Occurrence of Chaos, but also includes inverse period-doubling band splitting, and a series of "band-gaps" by successive splitting of bands, which do not appear in the previous case. The constant of inverse period-doubling splitting band is first calculated, which is completely different from the first Feigenbaum constant. Furthermore, we give some examples of m-period Sudden Occurrence of Chaos-II by regulating periodic parameter m.
The Cloud Hunter’s Problem: An Automated Decision Algorithm to Improve the Productivity of Scientific Data Collection in Stochastic Environments
Authors: Small Arthur A. , Stefik Jason B. , Verlinde Johannes , Johnson Nathaniel C.
Published: January 2011

A decision algorithm is presented that improves the productivity of data collection activities in stochastic environments. The algorithm was developed in the context of an aircraft field campaign organized to collect data in situ from boundary layer clouds. Required lead times implied that aircraft deployments had to be scheduled in advance, based on imperfect forecasts regarding the presence of conditions meeting specified requirements. Given an overall cap on the number of flights, daily fly/no-fly decisions were taken traditionally using a discussion-intensive process involving heuristic analysis of weather forecasts by a group of skilled human investigators. An alternative automated decision process uses self-organizing maps to convert weather forecasts into quantified probabilities of suitable conditions, together with a dynamic programming procedure to compute the opportunity costs of using up scarce flights from the limited budget. Applied to conditions prevailing during the 2009 Routine ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO) campaign of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, the algorithm shows a 21% increase in data yield and a 66% improvement in skill over the heuristic decision process used traditionally. The algorithmic approach promises to free up investigators’ cognitive resources, reduce stress on flight crews, and increase productivity in a range of data collection applications.
Strange and Disturbing News: Rumor and Diplomacy in the Colonial Hudson Valley
Authors: Midtrød Tom Arne
Published: January 2011

Frightening rumors of conspiracies and plots were a prominent feature of relations between Native Americans and Europeans in the colonial Hudson Valley in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. While these alarming reports usually had no foundation in reality, they nevertheless shed light on several aspects of Indian political and diplomatic relationships in this area. This article holds that the spread of rumors and tales from one people to the next represents only the most visible of a great variety of interactions among the Indian groups of the valley, and therefore stands as indirect evidence of a vast native social and political world largely hidden from modern eyes. By plotting the career and distribution of particular rumors, one may get a sense of channels of communication and networks of exchange among the native peoples in the Hudson Valley as well as of the ties these Indians had to native groups in both adjacent regions and more distant locales. In particular, rumors of an Indian conspiracy against the Europeans in 1712 provide evidence of how the outbreak of the Tuscarora War in North Carolina reverberated in the Hudson Valley, which indicates that even small groups of Indians living close to centers of European settlement might be participants in extensive Indian exchange networks and thus be part of a larger Native American world.
Delineating pMDI model reactions with loblolly pine via solution-state NMR spectroscopy. Part 2. Non-catalyzed reactions with the wood cell wall
Authors: Yelle Daniel J. , Ralph John , Frihart Charles R.
Published: January 2011

Solution-state NMR provides a powerful tool to observe the presence or absence of covalent bonds between wood and adhesives. Finely ground wood can be dissolved in an NMR-compatible solvent system containing dimethylsulfoxide-d

6
and N-methylimidazole-d

6
, in which the wood polymers remain largely intact. High-resolution solution-state two-dimensional NMR correlation experiments, based on 13C–1H one-bond heteronuclear single quantum coherence, allow structural analysis of the major cell wall components. This technique was applied to loblolly pine that was treated with polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) related model compounds under controlled moisture and temperature conditions. Chemical shifts of carbamates formed between the pMDI model compounds and loblolly pine were determined. The results show that: (a) under dry conditions and a high concentration of isocyanate, carbamates will form preferentially with side-chain hydroxyl groups on β-aryl ether and phenylcoumaran-linked lignin units in a swelling solvent; (b) phenyl isocyanate is more capable of derivatization in the cell wall than the bulkier 4-benzylphenyl isocyanate; (c) at 5% and 14% moisture content, detectable carbamates on lignin side-chains dramatically decrease; and (d) under typical conditions of industrial oriented strand-board production in a hot press at 5% and 14% moisture content, no carbamate formation was detected.
Acid Number Determination of Biodiesel by Potentiometric Titration Using Different Methods
Authors: Gonçalves M. A. , Cunha K. C. , Sobral S. P. , Gonzaga F. B. , Fraga I. C. S. , Borges P. P.
Published: January 2011

This work aims at determining the acid number of biodiesel from three different matrices (soy/animal fat, castor oil, and palm oil) and using three different analytical methods based on automatic volumetric titration with potentiometric detection. One of the methods is described in the ASTM D664 Standard, and the other two were similar to the former, but changing the solvent (2-propanol by a mixture of toluene, 2-propanol, and water with a volumetric ratio of 100:99:1) or the filling solution (LiCl by KCl) of the combined glass electrode used in the detection. This study was carried out in order to assess the influence of the combined glass electrodes and solvents in determining the acid number of biodiesel. The analyses were carried out in one laboratory, so it has an exploratory nature. The ordinary statistical tests were applied to the data (F-test and t-test) in order to compare the results from the three methods. Also, an extensive statistical analysis was not performed. Basically, it was observed that there was a difference of about 3.1 % between the acid number obtained by the three methods. In addition, the method described in the ASTM D664 Standard showed a repeatability of 4.4 % for soy/animal fat biodiesel, 3.9 % for castor biodiesel, and 9.8 % for palm biodiesel, which are comparable to literature data.
The Effect of Prior Tempering on Sub-Zero Treatment to Reduce Retained Austenite
Authors: Stratton Paul
Published: January 2011

The consensus view is that a high carbon case gives gears the best overall properties, provided that there is no carbide network and the retained austenite has been reduced below 20 % by sub-zero treatment. This view is effectively enshrined in the SAE AMS 2759/7A standard. The sub-zero treatment usually takes place immediately after the quench to avoid austenite stabilization. However, for some parts with complex geometries that might crack during the treatment, a short low temperature temper is carried out first. Little is known on how this temper affects the subsequent sub-zero treatment. Three carburising steels used extensively in the aerospace industry were carburised to produce high retained austenite levels in the case using two different but typical carburising cycles. The retained austenite was determined by X-ray diffraction before and after sub-zero treatment was carried out in accordance with the standard and compared with that obtained when an intermediate temper was used. This study shows that for three typical carburising steels carburised using typical cycles, the efficacy of the sub-zero treatment is probably slightly reduced after the temper but not enough to be industrially significant.
Entire functions sharing values with their derivatives
Authors: Lahiri Indrajit , Ghosh Goutam Kumar
Published: January 2011

In this paper we study the uniqueness of entire functions concerning shared values of entire functions and their two or more derivatives. The results in this paper improve the corresponding ones given by H. L. Zhong and L. Z. Yang, and others.
Differential polynomials which share a value with their derivative
Authors: Grahl Jürgen
Published: January 2011

Let P be a differential polynomial with constant coefficients and F a family of meromorphic functions in the unit disk. We study the situation that P[f] and P´[f] share a finite nonzero value CM for all f∈F and give conditions on P for F to be normal. Furthermore, a corresponding Picard type theorem for entire functions is given. Connections to Picard type theorems for exceptional values of differential polynomials are shown. The general results are applied to several specific differential polynomials such as P[u]:=u

n
+au
(k) or P[u]:=u

n

u
(k).
Population by the Numbers
Authors: Wiese Schartum Dag
Published: January 2011

The article examines main features and legal regulation of the Norwegian national identity number. Main provisions regarding collection of and access to information from the national population register and the 2001 census is explained and discussed, for instance in relation to citizens´ trust in processing of personal data by government agencies.
Electron crystallography of MWW zeolites – filling the missing cone
Authors: Dorset Douglas L. , Roth Wieslaw J.
Published: January 2011

Given that many zeolites crystallize in habits that lead to preferred orientation, and that there is a ±60° tilt limitation in many electron microscope goniometer stages, collection of a three 3-D electron diffraction data set from these materials is severely restricted. To overcome this, preparative measures must be taken to produce other sample orientations. Using a number of MWW framework zeolites (MCM-22, MCM-22P, MCM-49, ITQ-1) as examples, thin-sectioned views onto the edge stacking of lamellar layers can be prepared by a number of methods. While ultamicrotomy is a traditional approach to this problem, sections are often very thick and sparsely distributed. Other extreme mechanical processing techniques, such as extrusion and jet milling produce numerous thin crystals with the desired orientation. Dealumination, initiated by steaming, calcination or low pH, also yields a similar result. Additional intensity data from the ‘missing cone’ in addition to those obtained by tilting hexagonal plate crystals provides a more complete data set and hence a more easily interpreted structure analysis. Crystallographic phase determination by maximum entropy and likelihood, followed by Fourier refinement, yields a structural model very close to that of the known MWW framework.
Effects of tobacco smoke exposure during lactation on nutritional and hormonal profiles in mothers and offspring
Authors: Santos-Silva A P , Oliveira E , Pinheiro C R , Nunes-Freitas A L , Abreu-Villaça Y , Santana A C , Nascimento-Saba C C , Nogueira-Neto J F , Reis A M , Moura E G , Lisboa P C
Published: January 2011

Exposure to tobacco smoke is related to changes in energy balance regulation and several endocrine dysfunctions. Previously, we showed that maternal nicotine (the main addictive compound of tobacco) exposure exclusively during lactation affects biochemical profiles in mothers, milk, and pups. As the possible consequences for mothers and offspring of maternal smoking during lactation are still unknown, we evaluated the effects of tobacco smoke exposure on nutritional, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in dams and pups at weaning. After 72 h from birth, lactating rats were divided into two groups: smoke-exposed (S) in a cigarette-smoking machine, 4×1 h per day throughout the lactation period without pups; control (C), rats were treated the same as the experimental group but exposed to filtered air. Dams and pups were killed at weaning (21 days of lactation). Body weight and food intake were evaluated. Milk, blood, visceral fat, adrenal, and carcass were collected. S dams showed hyperprolactinemia (+50%), hypoinsulinemia (−40%), hypoleptinemia (−46%), as well as lower triglycerides (−53%) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−50%). Milk of S dams had higher lactose (+52%) and triglycerides (+78%). S pups presented higher body protein (+17%), lower total (−24%) and subcutaneous fat contents (−25%), hypoglycemia (−11%), hyperinsulinemia (+28%), hypocorticosteronemia (−40%), lower adrenal catecholamine content (−40%), hypertriglyceridemia (+34%), higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+16%), and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−45%). In conclusion, tobacco smoke exposure leads to changes in nutritional, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in dams and, passively through the milk, may promote several important metabolic disorders in the progeny.
Diversity in Copy Number and Structure of a Silkworm Morphogenetic Gene as a Result of Domestication
Authors: Sakudoh Takashi , Nakashima Takeharu , Kuroki Yoko , Fujiyama Asao , Kohara Yuji , Honda Naoko , Fujimoto Hirofumi , Shimada Toru , Nakagaki Masao , Banno Yutaka , Tsuchida Kozo
Published: January 2011

The carotenoid-binding protein (CBP) of the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, a major determinant of cocoon color, is likely to have been substantially influenced by domestication of this species. We analyzed the structure of the CBP gene in multiple strains of B. mori, in multiple individuals of the wild silkworm, B. mandarina (the putative wild ancestor of B. mori), and in a number of other lepidopterans. We found the CBP gene copy number in genomic DNA to vary widely among B. mori strains, ranging from 1 to 20. The copies of CBP are of several types, based on the presence of a retrotransposon or partial deletion of the coding sequence. In contrast to B. mori, B. mandarina was found to possess a single copy of CBP without the retrotransposon insertion, regardless of habitat. Several other lepidopterans were found to contain sequences homologous to CBP, revealing that this gene is evolutionarily conserved in the lepidopteran lineage. Thus, domestication can generate significant diversity of gene copy number and structure over a relatively short evolutionary time.
Processes of adsorption/desorption of iodide anions and cadmium cations onto/from Ag(111)
Authors: Jovic Vladimir , Jovic Borka
Published: January 2011

In this work, the adsorption/desorption processes of iodide anions and
cadmium cations in the presence of iodide anions onto/from Ag(111) were
investigated. It was shown that both processes were complex, characterized
by several peaks on the cyclic voltammograms (CVs). By PeakFit analysis of
the recorded CVs and subsequent fitting of the obtained peaks by the Frumkin
adsorption isotherm, the interaction parameter (f) and the Gibbs energy of
adsorption (?G?ads) for each adsorbed phase were determined. In the case of
iodide adsorption, four peaks were characterized by negative values of f,
indicating attractive lateral interaction between the adsorbed anions, while
two of them possessed value of f < -4, indicating phase transition
processes. The adsorption/desorption processes of cadmium cations
(underpotential deposition - UPD of cadmium) in the presence of iodide
anions was characterized by two main peaks, each of them being composed of
two or three peaks with negative values of f. By the analysis of charge vs.
potential dependences obtained either from the CVs or current transients on
potentiostatic pulses, it was concluded that adsorbed iodide anions did not
undergo desorption during the process of Cd UPD, but became replaced by Cd
ad-atoms and remained adsorbed on top of a Cd layer and/or in between Cd the
ad-atoms.