bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friendly Societies, Commercial Insurance, and the State in Sickness Risk Coverage: The Case of Spain (1880–1944)
Authors: Pons Pons Jerònia , Vilar Rodríguez Margarita
Published: March 2011

The main aim of this paper is to analyse the singularity of the Spanish position with regard to coverage of the risk of sickness within the context of the different welfare models described in international literature. This analysis enables us to verify that in Spain, as in other countries, there were initially different forms of sickness coverage which coexisted, created by the market, by workers themselves and, gradually, by the state. Within this so-called mixed economy of welfare, the most extensive health coverage for the Spanish population was a result of the self-organization of workers, and this continued until the Civil War (1936–1939), not so much due to its efficacy and viability, as to the slow development of private insurance companies and the inability of the state to implement compulsory sickness insurance. The installation of the Franco dictatorship meant that the introduction of compulsory sickness insurance was further delayed, and when it was eventually passed, it offered only limited coverage, was enacted more for political than for social ends, and was to result in the virtual disappearance of friendly societies.
The Problem of Changing Language Communities: Veterans and Memory Writing in China, Taiwan, and Japan
Authors: MOORE AARON WILLIAM
Published: March 2011

This paper examines the role that veterans played in the construction of historical memory narratives in mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan. I argue that veterans, who had long established a ‘language community’ with a particular way to speak about the war, found it difficult to communicate with post-war audiences that did not share that experience. The paper analyses six categories of ‘memory writing’ that veterans used to engage with memory debates: post-war diaries, ‘testimonial literature’, articles and literary works, surveys and oral histories, memoirs, and paratext. This study thus proposes that veterans do not avoid discussion of war, but can only be ‘heard’ by members of their language community, or by a post-war society that is prepared to ‘listen’ to their message with little mediation. This is a direct consequence of their experience of the war, and how they crafted their language community at that time.
Classifying Citizens in Nationalist China during World War II, 1937–1941
Authors: MITTER RANA
Published: March 2011

This paper argues that the first phase of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 saw a significant change in the relationship between state and society in China, leading to a greater use of techniques of classification of the citizenry for purposes of welfare provision and mobilization through propaganda, methods until recently more associated with the Communists than with their Nationalist rivals. The paper draws on materials from Sichuan, the key province for wartime resistance, showing that the use of identity cards and welfare provision regulations were part of a process of integrating refugees from occupied China into the wider wartime society, and that propaganda campaigns were deployed to persuade the local indigenous population to support wartime state initiatives. Although Nationalist efforts to mobilize the population in wartime were flawed and partial, they marked a significant change in the conception of Chinese citizenship.
Evolution and phylogeny of behavioural manipulation of insect hosts by parasites
Authors: Poulin R.
Published: March 2011

The literature contains many examples of changes induced by parasites in the behaviour and/or other phenotypic traits of insects. From an evolutionary perspective, the nature of these changes is usually difficult to assess. Parasite-induced changes in host behaviour can be adaptations of either host or parasite, or they can be mere pathological consequences of infection. Of the many criteria and experimental tests necessary to distinguish between adaptations and non-selected consequences, two are particularly important: the demonstration of fitness benefits for either host or parasite associated with the behavioural change, and the elucidation of the proximate mechanism responsible for the behavioural change. Another approach can serve to identify adaptive changes in behaviour: mapping specific behavioural alterations on a phylogeny of either hosts or parasites. The usefulness of this approach is illustrated with two examples, acanthocephalan- cockroach associations and insect-fungus associations. The adaptive nature of parasite-induced behavioural changes will always be difficult to evaluate because they are the product of two distinct but interacting genotypes. However, experimental and phylogenetic approaches can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of insect-parasite interactions.
Parasite manipulation of insect reproduction: who benefits ?
Authors: Hurd H.
Published: March 2011

Host fertility is often curtailed as a result of parasitic infection. The hypothesis that this may confer an adaptive advantage upon the symbionts if nutrients are directed from reproduction and made available for host/parasite maintenance is explored. The suggestion is made that an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of fecundity reduction may shed light upon the evolutionary implications of this strategy for both parasite and host. To illustrate this the down-regulation of egg production is explored with reference to a particular model system, the association between metacestodes of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta and the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Several aspects of host reproductive behaviour and physiology are affected by infection in this association, including vitellogenesis. Metacestodes directly inhibit the fat body synthesis of vitellogenin in a stage-specific, density-dependent manner. This inhibition is likely to be orchestrated by a modulator molecule, produced by the parasite. In the ovarian follicles, juvenile hormone III binding to a specific follicular membrane-binding protein is inhibited in infected beetles, resulting in the down-regulation of a cascade of events which enables vitellogenin to pass into the developing oocyte. Data to support the proposed existence of a parasite-induced antigonadotrophin, of host origin, are discussed. Evidence that similar mechanisms operate in Plasmodium-iniected anopheline mosquitoes and Onchocerca-infected blackflies is presented in support of the possibility that a parasite-induced reduction in host reproductive fitness is an adaptive strategy and an assessment of who is manipulating whom is made.
The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence
Authors: Kraaijeveld A. R. , Van Alphen J. J. M. , Godfray H. C. J.
Published: March 2011

Host-parasitoid interactions are abundant in nature and offer great scope for the study of coevolution. A particularly fertile area is the interaction between internal feeding parasitoids and their hosts. Hosts have evolved a variety of means of combating parasitoids, in particular cellular encapsulation, while parasitoids have evolved a wide range of countermeasures. Studies of the evolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence are reviewed, with an emphasis on work involvingDrosophilaand its parasitoids. Genetic variation in both traits has been demonstrated using isofemale line and artificial selection techniques. Recent studies have investigated the fitness costs of maintaining the ability to resist parasitoids, the comparative fitness of flies that have successfully defended themselves against parasitoids, and the degree to which resistance and virulence act against one or more species of host or parasitoid. A number of studies have examined geographical patterns, and sought to look for local adaptation; or have compared the traits across a range of species. Finally, the physiological and genetic basis of change in resistance and virulence is being investigated. While concentrating onDrosophila, the limited amount of work on different systems is reviewed, and other possible areas of coevolution in host-parasitoid interactions are briefly discussed.
The Neglected saliva: medically important toxins in the saliva of human lice
Authors: Jones D.
Published: March 2011

Although there has been a great deal of research effort within the last two decades on identifying the active components of the saliva of blood-sucking ticks, mosquitoes, biting flies, fleas and bugs, essentially neglected have been the human lice. Despite initial reports in the early part of this century suggestive of vasodilatory, anticoagulant and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva, for the next 50 years there were no biochemical studies on the active principles. Very recently, anatomical and biochemical studies have begun to characterize the bioactive molecules in lice saliva. The louse stocks a salivary vasodilator in excess over what is needed for a single bite, and injects similar amounts at each successive bite. The vasodilator in lice saliva appears to have different pharmacological properties than peroxidative, oxidative and maxidilan types of vasodilators reported from other blood-sucking insects. Possible anticoagulant activities have also been characterized. This belated, but welcome, interest comes at a time of resurgence of lice-born disease in certain parts of Africa, and of resistance to chemical control in Europe and North America.
Plasmodiumookinete development in the mosquito midgut: a case of reciprocal manipulation
Authors: Shahabuddin M.
Published: March 2011

The ookinete is one of the most important stages ofPlasmodiumdevelopment in the mosquito. It is morphologically and biochemically distinct from the earlier sexual stages - gametocytes and zygote, and from the later stages - oocyst and sporozoites. Development to ookinete allows the parasite to escape from the tightly packed blood bolus, to cross the sturdy peritrophic matrix (PM), to be protected from the digestive environment of the midgut lumen, and to invade the gut epithelium. The success of each of these activities may depend on the degree of the biochemical and physical barriers in the mosquito (such as density of blood bolus, thickness of peritrophic matrix, proteolytic activities in the gut lumen etc.) and the ability of the ookinete to overcome these barriers. Ookinete motility, secretion of chitinase, resistance to the digestive enzymes, and recognition/invasion of the midgut epithelium all may play crucial roles in the transformation to oocyst. The overall sporogonic development ofPlasmodium, therefore, depends on the results of the two-way manipulations between the parasite and the vector mosquito. Study of ookinete development and of the cellular and biochemical complexities of the mosquito gut may therefore lead to the design of novel strategies to block the transmission of malaria. This article reviews the intricate interactions between the parasite and the mosquito midgut in the context of development and transmission ofPlasmodiumparasites.
Physiological analyses of host-finding behaviour in trematode cercariae: adaptations for transmission success
Authors: Haas W.
Published: March 2011

Physiological analyses of the behaviour of several cercarial species which actively find and invade their hosts have revealed very complex sequences of behaviour patterns and responses to very different stimuli from the environment and the host. A result of these physiological studies is that the behaviour patterns of each of the species investigated are surprisingly individual. The behavioural patterns of host-finding of those species analysed in some detail reveal profound adaptations to maximize transmission success. This can be demonstrated for movement patterns during swimming, for responses to environmental conditions such as gravity, light and temperature, for responses to stimuli emanating from the host such as shadows, water turbulence and chemical compounds and especially for the responses after contact with the host. The behaviour patterns can be interpreted as adaptations to: (1) dispersal by leaving the habitat of the snail intermediate host and distribution within the area; (2) long survival by energy saving swimming behaviour, by avoiding responses to inappropriate stimuli, by selecting favourable microhabitats and probably by avoiding predation; (3) finding and invading particular host types by selecting microhabitats frequented by the hosts and responding to sequences of specific stimuli emanating from the hosts.
The ecology of host-finding behaviour and parasite transmission: past and future perspectives
Authors: Rea J. G. , Irwin S. W. B.
Published: March 2011

Host location by parasites can be achieved by either active or passive mechanisms. In spite of their significance, the efficacy of these methods has been little researched. High fecundity in parasites is discussed in terms of the role it plays in dispersal and transmission. Some concepts developed by mainstream behavioural ecologists are outlined and their relevance to parasitology is indicated. ‘Reproductive value’ is recommended as an appropriate measure of the costs and benefits of behavioural acts. Although costs of reproduction have been rarely studied in parasites, they are likely to occur in cosexual insects, nematodes and crustaceans. Experiments using captive hosts and/orin vitrocultivation could help in the construction of realistic optimality models. We suggest that r- and K-selection theory could assist in the study of the evolution of parasite behaviour. We discuss how parasite populations are dispersed and controlled and consider the implications of overdispersion. WTe outline three sources of signals to which parasites may respond and suggest that understanding evolutionary mechanisms and community organisation of parasites and hosts requires evaluation of fundamental behavioural responses to environmental signals. The study of closely related groups of parasites and their hosts may advance our knowledge of the evolution of parasite life cycles and the evolutionary costs and benefits of behavioural acts.
Doubt and certainty about the pathways of invasive juvenile parasites inside hosts
Authors: Wilson P. A. G.
Published: March 2011

It is generally believed that the patterns of in-host migration of the infective stages of most invasive macroparasites of man and domestic animals are matters of established fact. In reality, the textbook treatment of this topic, and much of the experimental approach to it, are a legacy of an uncritical past. With few exceptions the true picture concerning particular host/parasite systems is confused by the acceptance of inadequate criteria of proof. In important instances these bogus ‘proofs’ have been generalized within a suspect inductive framework which employs the basic assumption that all migratory parasites that enter the same portal and travel to the same destination do so by the same route. The discussion of such issues serves as a background to the presentation in detail of a more rigorous conceptual and experimental framework.
The population dynamics of parasitic helminth communities
Authors: Dobson A. , Roberts M.
Published: March 2011

This paper describes a mathematical model which allows us to compare the data collected from short-term cross-sectional surveys with the population dynamics of host and parasite populations over longer periods of time. The model extends an earlier framework for two parasite species in one host, to one for an arbitrary number of parasite species. We show that the conditions necessary for the coexistence of two parasite species extend to expressions for the coexistence of three or more parasite species. Furthermore, the model suggests that those species which form the ‘core’ of the parasite community are those whose high fecundity and transmission efficiency permit them to colonize hosts readily. In contrast, those species which are classified as ‘satellite’ species of the community are either species with low fecundity, or low transmission efficiencies. This work confirms earlier studies that suggest that increasing degrees of aggregation are crucial in allowing several species of parasites to coexist in the same species of hosts.

The properties of the model are compared with patterns observed in data collected for helminth parasites of Anolis lizards, wood mice and eels. This combined theoretical and empirical approach confirms the importance of the life history strategies of the parasite in determining the abundance of each species in the community. It suggests that studies of parasite community structure have to pay more attention to the strategies pursued by each individual species before interactions between species are considered.
Exploring another side of co-leadership: Negotiating professional identities through face-work in disagreements
Authors: Schnurr Stephanie , Chan Angela
Published: March 2011

Traditional perceptions that view leadership as a top-down process are increasingly challenged by so-called critical perspectives that acknowledge that leadership may involve several people. This article explores a particular type of these other leadership constellations, namely co-leadership where members share several leadership responsibilities.

Drawing on more than twenty hours of authentic discourse data recorded in two workplaces in Hong Kong, we employ the analytical concepts of face and identity to identify and describe some of the complex processes through which co-leadership is enacted. Our particular focus is situations in which members of the co-leadership team disagree with each other.

Our findings indicate that co-leadership is a dynamic process in which both members position themselves and each other as leader and co-leader at different moments throughout an interaction. This dynamic nature can be captured particularly well by exploring how face-work and identity construction are accomplished in interlocutors' everyday workplace talk. (Co-leadership, identity, face, workplace discourse, Hong Kong)*
“Can the church say amen”: Strategic uses of black preaching style at the State of the Black Union
Authors: Britt Erica
Published: March 2011

This study provides a qualitative examination of African American Language (AAL) in use and explores the interaction between phonological, syntactic, and rhetorical features of AAL and situational factors related to event structuring, speaker goals, and audience composition. Data for this research is derived from the speech of four prominent African Americans who spoke during the 2008 State of the Black Union. Analysis of their speech suggests that switches to black preaching style help speakers to redefine their relationship with audience members. Overall, shifts in style correspond to shifts in interactional framework, suggesting that black preaching style allows the speakers in this study to temporarily cloak themselves with the status and respect associated with black preachers, providing a favorable context for the reception of their message while allowing for the display of their ethnic affiliation with the black community. (African American Language, style, audience design, rights and obligations, black preaching)*
Effects of chirp and pulse shape on high harmonic generation and absorption in overdense plasmas
Authors: Lavocat-Dubuis X. , Vidal F. , Matte J.-P. , Popovici C. , Ozaki T. , Kieffer J.-C.
Published: March 2011

Using particle-in-cell simulations, we investigated the effect of group velocity dispersion (GVD) and third order dispersion (TOD) in the laser pulse on high-order harmonic generation and laser absorption in overdense plasmas. A 1020 W/cm−2, 35-fs transform-limited Gaussian pulse was stretched to 160 fs through chirping. When including GVD alone, the temporal pulse shape remains symmetric and no difference was seen in the harmonic spectra for opposite signs of GVD. However, when adding TOD to GVD, the pulse is no longer symmetric and noticeable differences in harmonics intensity were observed for opposite signs of TOD. We show that the higher harmonic intensity obtained with positive TOD is connected with a steeper front edge of the pulse and the appearance of strong modulations in the harmonic spectrum. The chirp broadens and shifts the harmonics. Laser energy absorption is also mostly affected by the pulse shape. Simple estimates indicate that, in the main example considered in this paper, about half the laser energy absorption (10%) is due to vacuum heating.
Transient absorption and laser gain in e-beam-excited Ar/Kr/NF3(F2 + N2) gas mixtures
Authors: Ustinovskii N.N. , Levchenko A.O. , Zvorykin V.D.
Published: March 2011

Newly developed erosion-plasma-source probe technique has been applied for virtually single shot recording of absorption/fluorescence spectra in the 190–510 nm spectral range of e-beam-excited Ar/Kr/NF3(F2 + N2) mixtures. The e-beam excitation rate of about 1 MW/cm3 is typical of large-volume rare-gas halide lasers. It is experimentally observed that, in Kr/F2 and Ar/F2 mixtures, fluorescence and absorption spectra of Rg2F species are shifted with respect to each other in the opposite direction. Continuous absorption spectrum of Ar2F excimer is reported, as far as we know, for the first time in the refereed literature. Strong overlapping between the fluorescence and absorption spectra of Ar2F is responsible for absence of lasing on Ar2F molecule. Absorption spectrum of Kr2F excimer is recorded in pure form using the mixture (Ne/Kr/F2) with no alternative broadband absorber. Minor additive of nitrogen to Ar/Kr/F2 mixture or use of NF3 instead of F2 has been found to result in broadband optical amplification centered at λ ~ 460 nm. The maximum optical gain is estimated as about 0.1 ± 0.05 m−1.
Resonance effect for strong increase of fusion gains at thermal compression for volume ignition of Hydrogen Boron-11
Authors: Kouhi M. , Ghoranneviss M. , Malekynia B. , Hora H. , Miley G.H. , Sari A.H. , Azizi N. , Razavipour S.S.
Published: March 2011

An anomalously strong increase of nuclear fusion gains for laser driven compression and thermal ignition of hydrogen-boron11 has been discovered from computations by using the latest results of Newins and Swain about details of a resonance maximum of the astrophysical S-function at 148 keV for the reaction cross-sections. Extensive computations based on volume ignition showed some usual improvements of the fusion gains. However, for a very narrow range of parameters, the increase of the gain was found to be higher by more than a factor 6. This is very unusual in all similar computations and is related to retrograde properties which were known for other parameter values. On top it is most important that the anomalous range is in the practically very interesting range for incorporation of laser pulse energies of few megajoules. The gains of up to 20 may be of interest for power generation in future by the high density fusion scheme.
Low velocity ion slowing down in a de-mixing binary ionic mixture
Authors: Deutsch C. , Leger D. , Tashev B.
Published: March 2011

We consider ion projectile slowing down at low velocity Vp < Vthe, target thermal electron velocity, in a strongly coupled and de-mixing H-He ionic mixture. It is investigated in terms of quasi-static and critical charge-charge structure factors. Non-polarizable as well as polarizable partially degenerate electron backgrounds are given attention. The low velocity ion slowing down turns negative in the presence of long wavelength and low frequency hydromodes, signaling a critical de-mixing. This process documents an energy transfer from target ion plasma to the incoming ion projectile.
Variations of UV irradiance at Antarctic station Concordia during the springs of 2008 and 2009
Authors: Vitale Vito , Petkov Boyan , Goutail Florence , Lanconelli Christian , Lupi Angelo , Mazzola Mauro , Busetto Maurizio , Pazmino Andrea , Schioppo Riccardo , Genoni Laura , Tomasi Claudio
Published: March 2011

The features of solar UV irradiance measured at the Italian-French Antarctic Plateau station, Concordia, during the springs of 2008 and 2009 are presented and discussed. In order to study the impact of the large springtime variations in total ozone column on the fraction of ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiance (fromc.290–315 nm) reaching the Earth surface, irradiance datasets corresponding to fixed solar zenith angles (SZAs = 65°, 75° and 85°) are correlated to the daily ozone column provided by different instruments. For these SZAs the radiation amplification factor varied from 1.58–1.94 at 306 nm and from 0.68–0.88 at 314 nm. The ultraviolet index reached a maximum level of 8 in the summer, corresponding to the typical average summer value for mid latitude sites. The solar irradiance pertaining to the ultraviolet A (UV-A, 315–400 nm) spectral band was found to depend closely on variations of atmospheric transmittance characteristics as reported by previous studies. Model simulations of UV-B irradiance showed a good agreement with field measurements at 65° and 75° SZAs. For SZA = 85° the ozone vertical distribution significantly impacted model estimations. Sensitivity analysis performed by hypothetically varying the ozone distribution revealed some features of the ozone profiles that occurred in the period studied here.
Identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease: a forgotten issue in the transition to adulthood
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Goossens Eva , Van Damme Carolien , Moons Philip
Published: March 2011

Identity formation is a core developmental task in adolescence and functions as a key resource for transitioning to adulthood. This study investigated how adolescents with congenital cardiac disease form their identity and how it relates to demographic and medical parameters, quality of life, perceived health, depressive symptoms, and loneliness. A total of 429 adolescents aged 14–18 years with congenital cardiac disease and 403 matched controls completed questionnaires on identity and all outcome variables. There were five meaningful identity statuses, similar to those obtained in the control sample, which were found in the patient sample. Of them, two statuses – achievement and foreclosure – were characterised by a strong sense of identity; one status – diffused diffusion – especially was characterised by a weak sense of identity combined with high scores on worry about the future. These identity statuses were differentially related to outcome variables, with individuals in diffused diffusion especially scoring highest on depressive symptoms, problems in school, treatment anxiety, and communication problems with clinicians, and lowest on quality of life. Having a strong sense of personal identity was found to protect against such maladaptive outcomes. In sum, most adolescents with congenital cardiac disease moved through their identity formation process in a similar manner to other adolescents. Adolescents with a diffused identity were particularly at risk of experiencing maladjustment and problems in treatment adherence. Hence, developing intervention strategies to provide continuity of care on the road to adulthood involves paying attention to core developmental tasks, such as identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease.
INTRODUCTION TO THE MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS SPECIAL ISSUES ON MONEY, CREDIT, AND LIQUIDITY
Authors: Nosal Ed , Waller Christopher J. , Wright Randall
Published: March 2011

We motivate and provide an overview to New Monetarist Economics. We then briefly describe the individual contributions to the Macroeconomics Dynamics special issues on money, credit, and liquidity.
Genomic tools for the analysis of genetic diversity
Authors: Rafalski J. Antoni
Published: March 2011

We now understand that many different types of DNA structural polymorphisms contribute to functional diversity of plant genomes, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions of retrotransposons and DNA transposons, including Helitrons carrying pseudogenes, and other types of insertion–deletion polymorphisms, many of which may contribute to the phenotype by affecting gene expression through a variety of mechanisms including those involving non-coding RNAs. These polymorphisms can now be probed with tools such as array comparative genomic hybridization and, most comprehensively, genomic sequencing. Rapid developments in next generation sequencing will soon make genomic sequencing of germplasm collections a reality. This will help eliminate an important difficulty in the estimation of genetic relationships between accessions caused by ascertainment bias. Also, it has now become obvious that epigenetic differences, such as cytosine methylation, also contribute to the heritable phenotype, although detailed understanding of their transgenerational stability in crop species is lacking. The degree of linkage disequilibrium of epialleles with DNA sequence polymorphisms has important implications to the analysis of genetic diversity. Epigenetic marks in complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) with DNA polymorphisms do not add additional diversity information. However, epialleles in partial or low LD with DNA sequence alleles constitute another layer of genetic information that should not be neglected in germplasm analysis, especially if they exhibit transgenerational stability.
Screening of barley germplasm for resistance to root lesion nematodes
Authors: Sharma Shiveta , Sharma Shailendra , Keil Tobias , Laubach Eberhard , Jung Christian
Published: March 2011

Root lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus are important pests in crop cultivation that cause severe damage to crops throughout the world. P. neglectus is one of the most important members of this genus. The present study aimed to select barley accessions with resistance to P. neglectus in a greenhouse resistance test and to detect resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Infection rates have been found to vary greatly among different barley accessions; however, immunity could not be found. An existing Igri × Franka doubled-haploid mapping population was used to map resistance genes after artificial inoculation with P. neglectus under controlled environment. QTLs were found with a likelihood of odds score between 2.71 and 6.35 and explaining phenotypic variation of 8 to 16%.
Exploitation of nuclear and cytoplasm variability in Hordeum chilense for wheat breeding
Authors: Rodríguez-Suárez Cristina , Giménez María J. , Ramírez María C. , Martín Azahara C. , Gutierrez Natalia , Ávila Carmen M. , Martín Antonio , Atienza Sergio G.
Published: March 2011

Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz. is a diploid wild barley native to Chile and Argentina. The high crossability of this species with other members of the Triticeae tribe promoted the development of the new species × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner. Hexaploid tritordeum was developed from the hybrid derived from the cross between H. chilense (used as female parent) and durum wheat. The interest of H. chilense is based on the presence of traits potentially useful for wheat breeding, including high endosperm carotenoid content, septoria tritici blotch resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Besides, the variability at cytoplasm level is also important in this species. The development of common wheat–H. chilense alloplasmic lines (nucleus from wheat and cytoplasm from H. chilense) results in fertile or male sterile genotypes, depending on the accession donating the cytoplasm. Furthermore, these alloplasmic lines constitute an ideal system for deepening our knowledge on nuclear–cytoplasm interactions. In conclusion, H. chilense is an interesting source of variability for wheat breeding.
Development and application of EST-SSRs for diversity analysis in Ethiopian grass pea
Authors: Ponnaiah M. , Shiferaw E. , Pè M. E. , Porceddu E.
Published: March 2011

To date, very limited molecular knowledge and molecular tools are available on grass pea (Lathyrus sativusL.). Herein, we present a genetic diversity analysis of 20 grass pea accessions collected from various regions of Ethiopia by means of seven newly developedLathyrusexpressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers and four cross-transferable EST-SSRs derived fromMedicago truncatulaL. Forty-five alleles were detected among all the analyzed accessions. The number of alleles/locus ranged from two to seven with an average of four alleles/locus. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.320 to 0.504, while the expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.354 to 0.470.FSTvalues estimated by analysis of molecular variance were 0.01, 0.15 and 0.84 for among regions, among accessions and within accessions, respectively, indicating that most of the variation (84%) resides within accession. The model-based cluster analysis grouped the accessions into three clusters grouping accessions, irrespective of their collection regions.
Allelic variation at the EF-G locus among northern Moroccan six-rowed barleys
Authors: Baba Takahide , Tanno Ken-ichi , Furusho Masahiko , Komatsuda Takao
Published: March 2011

A germplasm panel of 52 six-rowed barley landraces from northern Morocco was analysed by a Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) assay of a fragment of the elongation factor G (EF-G) gene. Forty-nine of these accessions carried allele A, and the other three carried allele D. The latter all originated from a narrow region close to the border with Algeria, whereas the former were represented across the whole collection area. Since six-rowed D allele carriers are present in North Africa, along with both two-rowed cultivated and wild barleys, it is likely that the European six-rowed barley varieties carrying the D allele have Moroccan parentage.
Welcher Patient mit chronischem Vorhofflimmern kommt in Frage für einen perkutanen Vorhofohrverschluss?
Authors: Wagdi  , Ritter  , Salzer
Published: March 2011

Gut 3% der über 65-jährigen Menschen erkranken an Vorhofflimmern; in der Schweiz sind somit mehr als 30'000 Personen betroffen. Etwa 30% der Patienten mit chronischem Vorhofflimmern erleiden mindestens einmal einen zerebrovaskulären Insult. Das chronische Vorhofflimmern ist verantwortlich für 15 - 20% aller zerebrovaskulären Insulte. Folgende Faktoren bilden den sog. CHADS2-Score und sind Prädiktoren für einen, durch Vorhofflimmern bedingten zerebrovaskulären Insult: Herzinsuffizienz, Hypertonie, Alter >75 Jahren, Diabetes mellitus, Status nach zerebrovaskulärem Insult. Eine gut eingestellte orale Antikoagulation ist die Behandlung der Wahl zur Prophylaxe thrombo­embolischer Ereignisse bei Patienten mit einem CHADS2-Score >2. Der perkutane Verschluss des linken Vorhofohrs bildet eine valable Alternative bei älteren Patienten mit Kontraindikation zur oralen Antikoagulation. Eine ausgewogene Information über die Methode sollte dazu beitragen, einerseits nicht indizierte Eingriffe zu vermeiden und andererseits keine falschen Erwartungen zu wecken.
Low bandgap isoindigo-based copolymers: design, synthesis and photovoltaic applications
Authors: Liu Bo , Zou Yingping , Peng Bo , Zhao Bin , Huang Kelong , He Yuehui , Pan Chunyue
Published: March 2011

Three low bandgap isoindigo-based conjugated polymers were synthesized. The polymer films exhibit broad absorption bands in the wavelength region from 300 nm to 810 nm. PBDTID exhibited relatively better photovoltaic properties with a PCE of up to 0.9%.
Improved Reading Comprehension by Writing
Authors: Caccamise Donna
Published: March 2011

In this article, the author argues that writing skills are important in developing reading comprehension skills that prepare our students for the advanced studies of the 21st Century. Examples are provided of available writing tools/interventions that may help teachers provide more writing practice that makes this connection to improved reading comprehension. One example discussed is Summary Street, which focuses on the process of summarization. Summarizing is an important comprehension skill that helps readers develop the gist of their reading and form a lasting and accurate text base representation of text meaning.
Change in Pragmatic Language in Infant-Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Buckingham Mallory , Newman Diana B.
Published: March 2011

This study examined the unique effects of child age at entry to services, autism severity, and cognitive ability, as well as intervention intensity, and total hours in predicting change in language of toddlers with autism receiving birth-to-three services. Only age at entry to services was found to have a large effect on language change.
Fostering Motivation to Read
Authors: Clark Mary Kristen
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this review is to explain the role and importance of motivation for reading comprehension and suggest classroom practices that can foster motivation to read.

Method: A computerized literature search for theoretical accounts of and research findings on motivation in education and reading was conducted for this review.

Conclusions: Motivation to read is positively associated with amount and breadth of reading. Cognitive and affective aspects of motivation can be fostered to encourage reluctant readers to value books and reading experiences. The suggested classroom practices support student motivation to learn through reading.
Much Less Religious, a Little More Spiritual: The Religious and Spiritual Views of Third-Wave Feminists in the Uk
Authors: Aune Kristin
Published: March 2011

How religious or spiritual are feminists today? Filling a gap in the literature on feminism and religion, this article outlines findings from the first survey-based study of feminists’ spiritual attitudes in recent years. Drawing on survey data, this article explores the religious and spiritual views of 1,265 third-wave feminists, most of whom are women in their twenties and thirties. Comparison with surveys of religious adherence in the UK reveals that these feminists are significantly less religious and somewhat more spiritual than the general population. The article goes on to ask why this might be, and suggests three explanations: feminism's alignment with secularism, secularization and feminism's role within it, and feminism's association with alternative spiritualities.
Rethinking the Interplay of Feminism and Secularism in a Neo-Secular Age
Authors: Reilly Niamh
Published: March 2011

The need to re-examine established ways of thinking about secularism and its relationship to feminism has arisen in the context of the confluence of a number of developments including: the increasing dominance of the ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis; the expansion of postmodern critiques of Enlightenment rationality to encompass questions of religion; and sustained critiques of the ‘secularization thesis’. Conflicts between the claims of women's equality and the claims of religion are well-documented vis-à-vis all major religions and across all regions. The ongoing moral panic about the presence of Islam in Europe, marked by a preoccupation with policing Muslim women's dress, reminds us of the centrality of women and gender power relations in the interrelation of religion, culture and the state. Added to postmodern and other critiques of the secular-religious binary, most sociological research now contradicts the equation of modernization with secularization. This article focuses on the challenges that these developments pose to politically oriented feminist thinking and practice. It argues that non-oppressive feminist responses require a new critical engagement with secularism as a normative principle in democratic, multicultural societies. To inform this process, the author maps and links discussions across different fields of feminist scholarship, in the sociology of religion and in political theory. She organizes the main philosophical traditions and fault lines that form the intellectual terrain at the intersection of feminism, religion and politics in two broad groups: feminist critiques of the Enlightenment critique of religion; and feminist scholarship at the critical edges of the Enlightenment tradition. The author argues that notwithstanding the fragmented nature of feminist debates in this area, common ground is emerging across different politically oriented approaches: all emphasize ‘democracy’ and the values that underpin it as the larger discursive frame in which the principle of secularism can be redefined with emancipatory intent in a neo-secular age.
Negotiating Sacred Roles: A Sociological Exploration of Priests who Are Mothers
Authors: Page Sarah-Jane
Published: March 2011

In 1992, in a historic move, the Church of England voted to allow women's ordination to priesthood and in 1994 the first women priests started to be ordained. Despite much research interest, the experiences of priests who are mothers to dependent children have been minimally investigated. Based on in-depth interviews with seventeen mothers ordained in the Church, this paper will focus on how the sacred-profane boundary is managed. Priests who are mothers have a particular insight into the Church hierarchy as they symbolically straddle the competing discourses of sacred and profane. However, instead of reifying these binaries, the experiences of these women show how such dualisms are challenged and managed in everyday life. Indeed, in terms of experience, ritual, ministry and preaching, priests who are mothers are resisting, recasting and renegotiating sacred terrain in subtle and nuanced ways. Mothers thus not only negotiate the practical and sacramental demands placed on priests, but also illuminate how the sacred domain is regulated and constructed.
Women Developing Women: Islamic Approaches for Poverty Alleviation in Rural Egypt
Authors: Hafez Sherine
Published: March 2011

Through an ethnographic account of a social reform project led by Islamic activist women in the village of Mehmeit in rural Egypt, this article analyses women's Islamic activism as a form of worship. Women's experiences of activism are at the centre of this account, which highlights their attempts to economically and socially develop a destitute rural community. Their development ideals mirror the embedded principles of liberal secular modernity and offer a tangible example of the concomitance of these so-called binaries of religion and secularism in women's religious activism. Normative assumptions regarding religion and secularism as two binary constructs have largely dictated a monolithic view of women who engage in Islamic activism as religious subjects primarily devoted to a spiritual, internal faith. Persistent models of religious selves engaged in a continuous exercise of self-fashioning towards a fixed ‘religious ideal’ overlook the complexity and seamlessness of the desires that animate these subjectivities. Moreover, it is inaccurate to represent participants in Islamic activism as homogenized into one overarching group that adheres to standardized religious membership criteria. Discourses of modernity have also constructed separate spheres of what is defined as religion and secularism. Yet, these spheres, in practice, are not always so neatly demarcated as they are in modern principles. Societies shaped by the historical and temporal dynamics of colonialism, modernization, secularization and nation building projects present more complex and heterogeneous forms of subjectivities in their members. This article illustrates how a theoretical concomitance of religion and secularism opens up new possible considerations of women's activism in Islamic movements. The author argues that the desires and subjectivities of Islamic women that inform their activism are ultimately linked to the historical emergence of secularism and state modernization schemes aimed at transforming Muslim subjects into modern citizens of liberal democracies.
Effect of environment and plant phenology on prediction of plant nutrient deficiency using leaf analysis in Leucaena leucocephala
Authors: Radrizzani Alejandro , Dalzell Scott A. , Shelton H. Max
Published: March 2011

Plant analysis is an important tool for predicting plant nutrient imbalances associated with variable soil fertility and it is usually based on analysis of index plant parts such as the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL). Recent use of the YFEL to diagnose plant nutrient status of Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata (leucaena) pastures has given unreliable results. Two field trials, one irrigated and one dryland, were conducted in subtropical Queensland to investigate the effect of index leaf selection, plant phenology and environmental factors (ambient temperature and water stress) on leaf nutrient concentrations. The YFEL was identified as the best plant part to sample because it was readily identifiable and had consistent concentrations of most nutrients compared to older and younger leaves provided specific conditions were met when sampling. At both sites there was significant (P < 0.05) seasonal variation in nutrient concentrations in leucaena YFEL, which was poorly correlated with ambient temperature but strongly correlated with rainfall in the preceding 28 days and chronological age of YFEL. Advancing plant phenological stage of development increased the chronological age of YFEL from 12 to 73 days under irrigation since no new leaves were produced for prolonged periods during pod filling and maturation. Similarly, YFEL could be 146 days old on plants in vegetative stages of growth under prolonged drought in dryland conditions. YFEL of ~21 days of age or less were found to be optimal for analysis. Furthermore, as the calcium (Ca) concentration of YFEL was strongly correlated with leaf chronological age, this parameter could be used to determine the age of the leaves sampled. YFEL with Ca concentrations >0.75% DM were likely to be >21 days in age and should not be used for the diagnosis of plant nutrient status. It was concluded that leaf analysis could be used to confidently assess leucaena plant nutrient status provided the YFEL were sampled from actively growing plants in vegetative development that had received rainfall/irrigation in the preceding 28 days and were <21 days of age.
Evaluation of a rural community pharmacy-based Waist Management Project: bringing the program to the people
Authors: Kellow Nicole
Published: March 2011

Time constraints and lack of awareness of risk factors for future chronic disease development prevent many young adults from accessing lifestyle programs offered by local health services. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a rural pharmacy-based multidisciplinary healthy lifestyle pilot program on reducing risk factors for chronic disease development among young adults. Individuals under the age of 50 with chronic disease risk factors were referred to the program. All subjects were provided with free after-hours nutritional counselling from a dietitian at the local community pharmacy, a comprehensive medication review conducted by the pharmacist, gym membership and access to cooking classes and supermarket tours. Selected participants also received bulk-billed GP appointments and assistance with establishing a home vegetable garden. Body weight, waist circumference, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity were assessed at baseline and after program conclusion. Forty participants regularly attended the program between March 2009 and March 2010. At program conclusion, mean body weight was reduced by 3.8 ± 6.7 kg (P < 0.001) and waist circumference reduced by 3.9 ± 6.5 cm (P < 0.001). Fruit consumption increased by 1.2 ± 0.2 serves/day (P < 0.001) and vegetable intake increased by 1.6 ± 1.0 serves/day (P < 0.001). Participants also spent an average of 88.0 ± 47.7 more min/week (P < 0.001) engaged in physical activity on completion of the program. The community pharmacy provided an accessible location for the delivery of a successful chronic disease risk reduction program targeting young adults in a rural area.