bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal supplements in the postpartum period are effective in increasing breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) concentration
Authors: Durham Holiday A , Salguero Julissa , Gilbert Emily , Page Alicia , Tulley Richard T , Lammi‐Keefe Carol J
Published: June 2021

DHA is important for neonatal vision, cognition and neurodevelopment. DHA/fish oil supplementation studies previously demonstrated that breastmilk DHA can be increased. Many pregnant women are currently prescribed prenatal supplements that contain DHA or fish oil. Of these, some continue to supplement while breastfeeding. Our objective was to determine if commercially available supplements containing DHA/fish oil (mean= 281 mg, range= 144–532 mg) could impact breast milk DHA content. We assessed breast milk DHA concentrations at 2, 6, 10 and 12 weeks postpartum among women taking a DHA/fish oil supplement (S) and those not supplementing (NON) (n=12). All women were exclusively breastfeeding. Milk FA methyl esters were quantitated with gas chromatography. Women not consuming DHA/fish oil supplement had lower breast milk DHA wt % at 10 and 12 weeks postpartum than those supplementing; at weeks 2 and 6 there were no differences between groups (least square mean (SE)), 2 wks: S, 0.52 (0.08); Non, 0.36 (0.07), p = 0.22; 6 wks: S, 0.49 (0.07); Non 0.31 (0.07), p = 0.40; 10 wks: S, 0.76 (0.07); Non, 0.32 (0.07), p <0.01; 12 wks: S, 0.56 (0.09); Non, 0.25 (0.07), p = 0.05). Women should be encouraged to continue their prenatal supplements if they breastfeed and clinicians should be encouraged to prescribe the prenatal supplements that contain DHA/fish oil. Supported in part by LSU AgCenter and National Fisheries Institute.
Infant feeding modifies the relationship between rapid weight gain in infancy and childhood obesity
Authors: Manasseh Zeina Maalouf , Kramer Michael S , Dewey Kathryn G
Published: June 2021

Rapid weight gain in infancy has been consistently associated with obesity later in life. Breastfed infants gain weight more slowly than formula‐fed infants and have a lower risk of later obesity in most studies. We used data from the PROBIT trial in the Republic of Belarus, for children followed from birth until 6–7 y of age (n=13,888), to examine whether infant feeding modifies the relationship between rapid weight gain in infancy and child obesity. Rapid weight gain (defined as a rate of gain greater than the 95th percentile on the new WHO growth velocity standards) occurred in 3.2% of infants at 0–3 mo and 8.7% of infants at 0–6 mo of age. Rapid weight gain was strongly related to child obesity (defined as BMI‐for‐age greater than the 95th percentile using the CDC growth reference) with AOR= 2.63, (95% CI 1.95–3.55) for 0–3 mo and AOR=3.09, (95% CI 2.48–3.85) for 0–6 mo, controlling for breastfeeding intensity (# breastfeeds/total # milk feeds), birth weight, maternal BMI, education, sex and sex by breastfeeding intensity interaction. The relationship of rapid weight gain at 0–3 mo to subsequent child obesity was significantly stronger in infants who had been exclusively formula‐fed since 1 mo of age (AOR=7.67, 95% CI 3.19–18.41) compared to other infants (AOR=2.34, 95% CI 1.70–3.23). It is important to consider feeding mode when examining the association between rapid weight gain in infancy and obesity later in life.

Grant Funding Source: N/A
Anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐microbial properties of human milk derived peptides
Authors: Friel James Kenneth , Tsopmo Apollo
Published: June 2021

Human milk (HM) digested and derived peptides (100 ug/mL) and tryptophan (Trp 50 ug/mL) were evaluated using MQ cells for NO assay, cell proliferation and cytotoxicity; cell viability and cytokines in MQ and Caco 2 cells and antioxidant properties with ORAC using standard protocols.

Peptides
ORAC Values (X±SD)
TNFα (pg/ml)
IL‐6 (pg/ml)
NO (μM)

Medium
‐
781
976
35

Medium+LPS
‐
6156
1136
90

23‐1
114±10
7684*
114*
60

23‐2
‐
5059
1068
150*

23‐3
‐
3952
1085
50

23‐4
3940±623
4188
1885
80

23‐5
3462±560
5259
1098
60

23‐6
3380±592
5590
1127
120*

23‐7
8205±552*
4933
1121
45

23‐8
6372±354*
4407
1055
55

Trp 50μg/ml
23563±317*
4869
1137
70

Trp showed the highest ORAC value. Peptide 23‐7 (YGYTGA) and peptide 23‐8 (ISELGW) with a single Trp gave higher ORAC values. All peptides excluding peptide 23‐1 significantly inhibited the production of TNFα in LPS stimulated mouse macrophage cells. The profile of IL‐1 β was similar to that of TNF α. Peptides 23‐2 and 23‐6 enhanced the production of NO. Peptides 23‐7 and peptide 23‐8 produced relatively low quantities of vasodilator molecule NO. These peptides appear to be anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory due to their unique structure. The MTT assay showed all peptides did not affect the viability of mouse macrophage cells but induced a moderate degree of growth proliferation in Caco 2 cells. 23‐8 (ISELGW) also exhibited strong anti‐microbial properties. This specific peptide may be suitable as additives to infant formulas to reduce inflammation and oxidation in vulnerable infants. Supported by AFMNet and MICH.
Site‐specific evolution of casein proteins
Authors: Martin William Fred , Lemay Danielle , Rijnkels Monique , German Bruce
Published: June 2021

Milk is a unique ensemble of molecules and structures emerging from 200 million years of evolution under the constant selective pressure of nourishing infants. The vulnerability of infants has been a pervasive evolutionary pressure on milk, subject to feasible maternal limitations in the energy and nutrient cost. Understanding the footprint of this Darwinian process is the basis of ongoing bioinformatics studies on the genomes of lactating mammals. To address fundamental questions related to the comparative rates of evolution in milk genes, this project has been leveraging bioinformatics tools such as clustalw, bioedit, and PAML. Also, a postgres database and custom programs are used to organize the data, script the processing, and calculate the statistics. Studies were designed to examine molecular fragments released during digestion that might manifest bioactivity. This would distinguish these proteins as nutritional agents, in contrast to most proteins whose functionality is only associated with the intact form. Gene regions of interest are compared to bioactive peptides evidenced by in vitro experiments, mined from the literature.

Funded by UC Discovery and the California Dairy Research Foundation.
Do knowledge and attitudes affect dietary behaviors in a population undergoing a radical transition in food access, acquisition, and preparation?
Authors: Mead Erin Lucia , Gittelsohn Joel , Roache Cindy , Sharma Sangita
Published: June 2021

In Arctic Canada, rapid transition in diet and dietary behaviors has contributed to rising chronic disease prevalence among Inuit. Little is known about the patterns of food acquisition and preparation behaviors of Inuit adults and their associations with psychosocial and socioeconomic factors. Surveys were conducted in 3 remote Arctic communities in Nunavut with 266 participants (response rate 70–90%, mean age 41 years). High fat/sugar foods were obtained 2.9 times more frequently on average than healthier foods. Neutral cooking methods (42%) and those adding fat (32%) were more frequently used than healthier methods that reduced fat content (26%). Food intentions were negatively correlated with unhealthy food getting (−0.23, p<0.001), while positively associated with healthy food getting (0.23, p<0.001) and preparation methods (0.16, p=0.01). Higher levels of food knowledge and self‐efficacy were associated with greater intentions and healthier behaviors. Some socioeconomic factors were highly associated with healthier behaviors. This study identified important factors for nutritional and physical activity interventions like Healthy Foods North to consider when targeting this high‐risk population. Supported by ADA, Government of Nunavut DHSS, and Health Canada.
Feeding Practices of Infants and Toddlers in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) in San Marcos, Texas
Authors: Von Bank Julia , van der Heijden Hope , Rogers Jesse , Crixell Sylvia , Friedman BJ
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare feeding practices of infants and toddlers enrolled in San Marcos, TX, WIC to practices reported in the national Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS). Following Institutional Review Board guidelines, researchers recruited caregivers ($10 gift card incentive) of a child aged 4 to 28 months, and during a phone interview used Nutrition Data System for Research software to collect a 24‐hour recall and ask about health history and feeding practices (e.g. time of food introduction). Data from 62 infants and toddlers (75% Hispanic, 20% Non‐Hispanic White, 5% other) were segmented into 3 age groups (4–5, 6–11, and 12–24 months). 16.7% of 6–11‐month‐old infants consumed salty snacks (e.g. cheese puffs and chips) compared to 2–6% of infants in FITS. 50% of toddlers consumed sugar‐sweetened beverages compared to 28–44% of toddlers in FITS. The most commonly eaten meat for FITS toddlers was poultry, but 40% of SM toddlers ate one or more processed meats (e.g. hot dogs and cold cuts) and 25% ate fried chicken. Consuming foods and beverages high in sugar, sodium and saturated fat during the first 2 years of life may have a lasting influence on food preferences and increase lifetime risk for obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Further research should measure the efficacy of interventions to modify feeding practices to include fewer processed foods and more whole, nutrient dense foods.
Food environment around recreation centers in low‐income neighborhoods of Baltimore City
Authors: Dennisuk Lauren , Lee Seung Hee , Rowan Megan , Suratkar Sonali , Christiansen Karina , Sharma Sangita , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2021

Low availability of healthy foods is linked to high rates of obesity and chronic disease among urban minority populations, but little data exists to describe food environments impacting the diets of urban African‐American youth. A retail food source observational checklist consisting of 44 low‐sugar, low‐fat, or high‐fiber items was conducted in 73 food stores within a 1 km radius of 14 Baltimore City Recreation Centers in low‐income neighborhoods. Of these stores, 80% were corner stores. A limited number carried low‐fat dairy (low‐fat or fat‐free milk, 15%; yogurt, 15%), whole grain products (whole wheat bread, 11%; brown rice, 8%), or 3 or more varieties of fresh vegetables (30%) or fresh fruits (11%). Low‐sugar cereals, high‐fiber cereals, 100% juice, diet soda, bottled water, and canned produce were each found in over 60% of stores. Less than 40% stocked healthy snacks such as baked chips, low‐fat granola bars, or trail mix. Baltimore youth frequently purchase food at corner stores, increasing the availability of healthy items in these stores is essential to improving diet in this population.

Funding was provided by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Healthy Eating Research Program.
Food choices of Mexican high‐school students deviate from their perceptions of food healthiness
Authors: Rodriguez Guadalupe , Villalpando Salvador , Gaona Berenice , Frongillo Edward A. , Rivera Juan A.
Published: June 2021

School interventions should consider food sensory, availability, financial, and nutrition perceptions to successfully promote healthy food choices. This study identified Mexican high‐school students' food choices and perceptions about food healthiness. A 7‐day food‐frequency dietary survey (n=660) and 20 focus groups (n=180) were conducted with 15–19 year‐old male and female students of 20 Mexico City public high schools. Half of daily energy intake was provided by sweetened and natural beverages (17.3%, 95% CI: 15.5–18.2), salty and sweet snacks (13.6%, 12.8–14.3), whole‐milk dairy products (13.5%, 12.8–14.1), fruit (6.9%, 6.5–7.3), and vegetables (2.5%, 2.3–2.7). Unhealthy foods were perceived as high sugar/fat or low nutritious foods that contain “chemicals”, such as soda, fast food, snacks, fried food, and diet products. Reasons for consumption were good taste, low price, availability, readiness to eat, and filling capacity. Healthy foods were nutritious and hygienic foods such as home‐made food, natural fruit/vegetable, whole milk/yogurt, juice, plain water, and cereal bars. Reasons for consumption were high vitamin, fiber, and protein content; low fat content; weight control; and parental recommendation. Students consumed unhealthy foods despite considering other foods as healthy, and also misperceived nutritional properties of foods. Funding: Mexico's Ministry of Education.
An Apple a Day? Factors Associated with Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among African Americans in Rural Texas
Authors: Curry Gwenetta , Sharkey Joseph R. , Dean Wesley
Published: June 2021

Numerous studies have been conducted to examine fruit and vegetable in take among African Americans in urban communities but very few have investigated this issue in rural African American communities. The purpose of this research is to document the factors that are associated with fruit and vegetable intake among African Americans in rural Texas. Data were collected from 125 African Americans living in a six‐county rural Texas area as part of the 2006 Brazos Valley Health Assessment. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that individual perceptions of cost, and having cut or skipped meals in the previous 12 months negatively influenced fruit and vegetable intake among African Americans, after controlling for the influence of socio‐economic status. Previous research has shown a positive correlation with fruit and vegetable intake and a decrease in the risks associated with chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Improving the affordability of fruits and vegetables in the Brazos Valley could potentially increase fruit and vegetable consumption among African Americans and reduce their risk of chronic diseases.
Estimation of total antioxidant capacity in US diet and dietary supplements
Authors: Yang Meng , Chung Sang‐Jin , Chung Chin Eun , Song Won O. , Chun Ock K.
Published: June 2021

Given the importance of dietary antioxidants in reducing the risks of chronic diseases, this study aimed to estimate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level in U.S. diet and supplements. We utilized the USDA flavonoid and proanthocyanidin databases, dietary supplement data and food consumption data of 8,809 U.S. adults aged ≥ 19 yrs in NHANES 2001–2002. Previously measured vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity of 43 antioxidant nutrients was also applied. Daily total TAC level averaged 493.4±19.7 mg VCE/d (77% from diet, 23% from supplements). Energy‐adjusted daily TAC level was higher in women, older adults, Caucasian (except for dietary carotenes), non‐alcohol consumers (for vitamin E, carotenes and proanthocyanidins), smokers (for vitamin E), subjects with higher income, and higher exercise levels than their counterpart (p<0.05). Dietary TAC was positively associated with the daily consumption of fruit and fruit juice, vegetables and vegetable products, beverages, wines and teas (p<0.001). Teas, dietary supplements, and fruits and fruit juices were the major sources of TAC of US population (28%, 23%, 17%, respectively). Our study indicates that antioxidant intake from various diet and dietary supplements contributes to total TAC. TAC levels are different in sociodemographic subgroups of the US population. The relationship between TAC and risks of chronic disease needs further investigation.

Grant Funding Source: American Heart Association
Nutritional Contributions of Pork to the Diets of the US Population
Authors: Barraj Leila , Smith Kimberly , Scrafford Carolyn , Murphy Mary , Douglass Judith Spungen , Bi Xiaoyu , Tran Nga
Published: June 2021

A typical 3‐oz serving of pork is an excellent source of protein, and a good or excellent source of several vitamins and minerals. Many cuts of pork, including several cuts of chops and ham, meet the USDA criteria for lean meat. Data from the 2003–06 NHANES were used to estimate pork consumption by the US population age 2 years and older and the nutritional contributions of pork to the diet. More than 50% of the US population reported eating pork, either alone or in a mixed dish. Processed pork was most commonly consumed, with 58% of the population consuming it, while 16% of the population reported eating fresh pork. Lean (fresh or processed) pork was consumed by 28% of the population. Two‐day mean intakes by consumers were 38 g for lean (fresh or processed) pork, 38 g for all fresh pork and 45 g for all processed pork. Analyses of usual intake (using C‐Side) of nutrients from pork indicate that pork provides on average 11 to 18% of the total daily intake of protein, thiamin, selenium, vit B6, vit B12, niacin, zinc and phosphorus on the days people consume pork. Analyses of 2‐day intake data show that lean pork cuts account for 10% of total protein and 3% of total energy, fat and saturated fat in the diets of lean pork consumers, along with 7 to 14% of consumers’ daily intake of phosphorus, zinc, selenium, thiamin, niacin and vit B6. These results indicate that pork is an important source of several key nutrients. Supported by the National Pork Board.
Phytonutrient intakes by adults meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations vs. adults not meeting recommendations
Authors: Murphy Mary M. , Barraj Leila M. , Douglass Judith Spungen , Bi Xiaoyu , Cheatham Rachel , Randolph Keith , Herman Dena
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to estimate intakes of 14 phytonutrients by US adults meeting MyPyramid recommendations (MTRS) or not meeting recommendations (NMTRS) for fruit and vegetable (F&V) servings, and to identify the key dietary sources of each phytonutrient. The phytonutrients in the analysis included allicin, anthocyanidins, EGCG, ellagic acid, hesperitin, isoflavones, isothiocyanates, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, quercetin, resveratrol (excluding wine), alpha‐carotene, beta‐carotene, and beta‐cryptoxanthin. All intakes were based on dietary recall data collected in NHANES 2003–2006. Age/sex‐specific recommendations in MyPyramid were used to define MTRS and NMTRS. Data from USDA and the published literature were used to estimate 2‐day average phytonutrient intakes. With the exception of EGCG and isothiocyanates, mean and median intakes by MTRS were approximately 1.5 to 3 and 2 to 13 times higher than intakes by NMTRS, respectively, with comparable energy adjusted results. Results from the analysis of key food sources (calculated as % of total intake) indicate that differences in phytonutrient intakes between MTRS and NMTRS may be attributed to differences in both the type and amounts of phytonutrient‐containing foods consumed. Research supported by Nutrilite Health Institute.
Alcoholic beverage consumption by adults 21 years and over in the United States: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2004
Authors: Bowman Shanthy , Guenther Patricia M. , Goldman Joseph D.
Published: June 2021

In NHANES 2003–2004, the What We Eat In America 24‐hour dietary recall (24HR) method and an Alcohol Use Questionnaire (ALQ) were used to collect alcoholic beverage consumption data on the previous day and in the past 1‐year period, respectively. Among adults 21 years and older, 75% of men and 64% of women reported drinking an alcoholic beverage in the previous 1‐year period. About half of the adults drank more than the amounts defined to be moderate drinking by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA): of those drinking at least one alcoholic beverage on the days they drink, 57% of women consumed more than one drink and 47% of men had more than two drinks. Mean daily energy intake (estimated from 24HRs) by men and women who did not drink in the past 1‐year period, was 2,286 kcal and 1,761 kcal, respectively, while energy intake by men who drank in the past 1‐year period was 2,705 kcal; and by women drinkers, it was 1,907 kcal. Among those who drank in the past 1‐year period, average daily intake of alcoholic beverages was 1.3 drink equivalents by men and 0.4 drink equivalents by women; and these beverages provided 7.4% of total energy for men and 4.1% for women. Because about two‐thirds of adults consume alcoholic beverages, moderate drinking should be emphasized. Source of support: ARS/CNPP/USDA.
Relationships among cognitive dietary restraint, subclinical ovulation disturbances, cortisol and 2‐yr change in bone density in premenopausal women
Authors: Bedford Jennifer L. , Prior Jerilynn , Barr Susan I.
Published: June 2021

Cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) is the perception of limiting food intake to achieve/maintain a perceived ideal body weight. The objective of this 2‐yr prospective study was to determine if women with higher CDR have more subclinical ovulation disturbances (SOD; anovulation or luteal phase <10 d), elevated cortisol excretion and less positive changes in areal bone mineral density over two years (ΔaBMD). Participants were 123 healthy, non‐obese, regularly menstruating women aged 19–35. Annually participants completed questionnaires (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, physical activity, general stress, dietary intake), anthropometrics and 24‐hr urine collections for measurement of 24‐hr urinary free cortisol (UFC). At baseline and final follow‐up, dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry scans measured ΔaBMD at the lumbar spine (L1‐4), hip and total body. Quantitative waking temperature was used to determine SOD frequency. SOD correlated positively with CDR and inversely with hip ΔaBMD but not with UFC. CDR and UFC were not associated with each other or ΔaBMD. Women with higher CDR had more SOD. Women with more SOD had less positive ΔaBMD and higher CDR. Physical activity, general stress, body mass and energy intake did not explain differences by CDR or SOD. In conclusion, CDR was the only study variable associated with SOD which was associated with less positive ΔaBMD. Canadian Institutes of Health Research 79563.

Grant Funding Source: Canadian Institute of Health Research
Folate status, serum C‐reactive protein level and gestational age: Mothers and Children′s Environmental Health (MOCEH)
Authors: Kim Hyesook , Lee Ji‐Yeon , Hwang Ji‐Yun , Ha Eun‐Hee , Park Hyesook , Ha Mina , Kim Yangho , Hong Yun‐Chul , Chang Namsoo
Published: June 2021

Folate deficiency and elevated serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels in pregnant women are independently known to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, however, limited studies have been reported. This study was to investigate the relation between folate nutrition and elevated CRP level during pregnancy and their associations with birth outcome in 883 pregnant women of 12–28 weeks of gestation. Serum folate and CRP levels were analyzed by the radioimmunoassay and latex agglutination test, respectively. Maternal serum folate levels at mid‐pregnancy were positively correlated with dietary folate intake at mid‐pregnancy (p<0.05). Maternal serum CRP levels at mid‐ (p<0.05) and late‐pregnancy (p<0.01) were negatively correlated with serum folate levels at each time of pregnancy, respectively. Multiple regression analysis with covariates revealed that the maternal CRP levels at mid‐ and late‐pregnancy were negatively associated with the gestational age. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying the associations between folate nutrition and CRP levels during pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy outcome.

Supported by the Ministry of Environment and the 2nd stage of Brain Korea 21 project in 2009.
Association of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OH‐D) with Lung Function in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study
Authors: Reardon Brian J , Kritchevsky Stephen B , Harris Tamara , Houston Denise K , Bauer Doug , Koster Annemarie , Newman Anne , Cassano Patricia A
Published: June 2021

Low forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1, is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Vitamin D may protect lung tissue through modulation of inflammation and tissue remodeling processes. We investigated the association of serum 25‐OH‐D, measured at the year 2 exam, with FEV1 measured at study entry, in well‐functioning adults aged 70–79 enrolled in the Health ABC Study. 2,122 participants had measured serum 25‐OH‐D, acceptable FEV1 quality, and no evidence of prevalent COPD. The association of 25‐OH‐D with lung function was estimated in regression models, which were adjusted for age, sex, height, race, smoking, body mass index, season, site, and physical performance. A strong positive, nonlinear association of 25‐OH‐D with FEV1 (p=.0054) was evident; the FEV1 in participants with inadequate 25‐OH‐D (<10 ng/mL) was 215.5 mL lower than the FEV1 in participants with 'adequate' 25‐OH‐D (>=30 ng/mL). Mean serum 25‐OH‐D was lower in African Americans (21.1 ng/mL) compared to Whites (28.8 ng/mL), but neither race, gender nor smoking modified the association of 25‐OH‐D with FEV1. These results, combined with other published evidence, suggest the possibility of lifestyle intervention in the elderly to preserve lung health. Funding: This project was supported by NIA contracts N01‐AG‐6‐2101, N01‐AG‐2103, N01‐AG‐6‐2106 and R01 HL74104.
Meat, Poultry and Fish Consumption by Cooking Method and Degree of Doneness
Authors: Tran Nga L. , Barraj Leila , Bi Xiaoyu
Published: June 2021

Cooking and heat processing of foods can impact nutrient contents and contribute to toxicant formation (e.g., heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat). However, national consumption surveys (e.g., NHANES) available for assessing nutrient or contaminant intakes include limited information about cooking method and no information on degree of doneness, cooking temperature or duration. To bridge the data gap, a web‐based consumer behavior survey was conducted to collect information on consumer preference for cooking method and the degree of doneness for several meat, poultry and fish products. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to combine the consumer behavior data with the NHANES 2003–2006 dietary recall data to develop intake by cooking method and doneness categories. Results showed that most consumers prefer their beef just done (28.4%), medium well (20.1%), or well done (24.4%). Most consumers also prefer well done hamburgers, chicken, pork, bacon and fish (32.7%, 56.3%, 46.6%, 50.1%, and 41.1%, respectively) and medium well hotdogs (40.2%). For the foods captured in the survey the mean per capita intake was the highest for chicken (26.2 g/day), second highest for beef (19.76 g/day) and lowest for pork (7.6 g/day). Steak and hamburger are the most highly consumed beef “cuts” (mean per capita 8.5 g/day and 8.4 g/day, respectively). Skinless chicken breast is the most highly consumed chicken cut (mean per capita 9.6 g/day), and pork chops are the most highly consumed pork cut (mean per capita 2. 9 g/day). Data from this study can be combined with published nutrient or toxicant levels to estimate population exposures.
Adjusting Serum Biomarkers of Folate Status for Within‐person Variation
Authors: Bailey Regan , Carriquiry Alicia , Gahche Jaime , Dodd Kevin , Joseph Maria , Dwyer Johanna , Yetley Elizabeth , Sempos Chris , Picciano Mary Frances
Published: June 2021

Controlling within‐person variability (WIV) is one strategy to minimize the error in short‐term measurements to make them reflective of usual (long term) estimates. Significant amount of WIV have been documented in nutrient intakes assessed by daily measures; however, less is known about the WIV in biomarkers of nutrient status. Using the estimates obtained from 2 days of biomarker data, we computed the WIV from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III for DRI age and gender groups. These WIV estimates were then applied to the corresponding age and gender groups in NHANES 2003–2006 to adjust the serum and red blood cell folate measures. Removing the WIV did not substantially change the measures of central tendency (mean and median), but did impact the estimates of the prevalence of the group below and above recommended cut‐points (RCP). For serum folate, < 1% of males and females had estimates below the RCP; the % above the RCP increased with age, with 42% of females and 35% of males 71+ y having high serum folate. About 5% of males and females had red blood cell folate below the recommended levels. Folate status has been related to neural tube defects, some types of cancer, and cognitive function. Thus, accurate estimates of the proportion of the US population above and below the RCP is critical to public health. Consideration of the WIV is necessary to adequately characterize the population status.
Impact of the Mediterranean diet and weight loss on plasma cell adhesion molecule concentrations in men with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Richard Caroline , Couillard Charles , Royer Marie‐Michelle , Desroches Sophie , Couture Patrick , Lamarche Benoît
Published: June 2021

This study examined the impact of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) consumed under controlled feeding conditions, with and without weight loss, on plasma cell adhesion molecule (CAM) concentrations in men with the metabolic syndrome (MS). Twenty‐six men (age: 24–62 years) with the MS first consumed a control Western‐type diet for 5 weeks followed by a 5‐week MedDiet, both under weight‐maintaining isocaloric feeding conditions. They then underwent a 20‐week caloric restriction phase that led to a 10.2 ± 2.9% reduction in body weight (P <0.01), followed by the consumption of an isocaloric MedDiet for 5 weeks. All foods including red wine were provided during the isocaloric phases of the study. Although there was no change in any of the vascular CAM after the MedDiet without weight loss, participants with high E‐selectin at baseline (above median, 36.8 ng/mL) showed greater reductions in plasma E‐selectin levels on the MedDiet without weigh loss than those with low plasma E‐selectin at baseline (P for interaction <0.01). The MedDiet combined with weight loss reduced plasma intercellular CAM concentrations by 10.9% (P <0.01) compared with the control diet and by 6.8% (P =0.068) compared with the MedDiet without weight loss. These data suggest that weight loss may be required for the MedDiet to improve CAM levels in men with the MS.
Blueberries reduce lipid peroxidation and boost antioxidant enzymes in apoE knockout mice
Authors: Wu Xianli , Kang Jie , Xie Cheng‐hui , Ferguson Matthew E. , Badger Thomas M , Nagarajan Shanmugam
Published: June 2021

ApoE knockout (ApoE−/−) mice fed AIN‐93G diet (CD) formulated to contain 1% freeze‐dried whole wild blueberries (CD1% BB) were found to have significantly less atherosclerotic lesions in aorta. Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, including F2‐isoprostanes, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) were measured in serum. 8‐HETE, 12‐HETE, and 13‐HODE were found to be significantly lower in serum of CD1%BB fed animals. Gene expressions of seventeen major antioxidant/oxidant enzymes in aorta were further measured by PCR array. In pooled samples, three antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase 1 were found to be up‐regulated and one antioxidant enzyme catalase was found to be down‐regulated in CD1%BB fed animals. These results were further verified by Real‐Time PCR in individual samples. Antioxidant activities of BB, especially the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and increase certain antioxidant enzymes may partly contribute to the protective effects of BB against atherosclerosis. USDA‐CRIS‐6251‐5100002‐06S.
Novel Dietary Intervention Produces Significant Improvements in Fibromyalgia Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Holton Kathleen Feeney , Taren Douglas L , Bennett Robert M , Jones Kim Dupree
Published: June 2021

Up to 81% of patients with the chronic pain disorder Fibromyalgia (FM), also suffer from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We piloted a 4‐week diet that minimized dietary additive excitotoxins, including MSG and aspartame, in 57 patients (age 51±13 years) to improve FM and IBS symptoms. Diet responders went onto a 2‐week double blind crossover challenge with MSG or placebo for 3 days each week. We hypothesized a significant return of symptoms upon MSG challenge as compared to placebo due to glutamate's possible role in central sensitivity syndrome. T‐tests and repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare pre‐post diet measures and crossover challenge results. Thirty‐seven people completed the diet and 86% of those improved. Visual analog pain change scores for FM (5.4, p=<0.0001) and IBS (4.6, p=<0.0001) were both significantly reduced, as were Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire‐Revised Scores (FIQR) (22, p=<0.0001), IBS Quality of Life (IBS‐QOL)(11, p=<0.0001) and total symptom scores (11.4, p=<0.0001). Diet responders got significantly worse when challenged with MSG as compared to placebo in most measures (total symptom score, p=0.02; FIQR, p=0.03; and IBS‐QOL, p=0.03). VAS for IBS and FM worsened, but to a lesser degree (mean change of 2.1 (p=0.19) and 2.5 (p=0.07) respectively). Results suggest that the diet intervention significantly improved symptoms which returned after MSG challenge.

Grant Funding Source: None
Watermelon supplementation reduces aortic blood pressure and wave reflection in individuals with pre‐hypertension and stage 1 hypertension
Authors: Figueroa Arturo , Sanchez‐Gonzalez Marcos Angel , Viicl Florence , Perkins‐Veazie Penelope
Published: June 2021

Reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability is associated with arterial stiffness and hypertension. Oral L‐arginine supplementation decreases blood pressure (BP) by increasing NO production. Watermelon is a rich source of L‐citrulline, which is efficiently converted to L‐arginine. We examined the effects of watermelon supplementation on arterial function in individuals with high BP. Resting supine aortic BP, arterial stiffness (reflection time, Tr), and wave reflection (augmentation index adjusted for heart rate, AIx@75) were measured non‐invasively using radial artery applanation tonometry. In a double‐blind, randomized crossover trial, 7 adults (54 ± 8 years) with pre‐hypertension and stage 1 hypertension (systolic BP: 132 ± 10 mmHg and diastolic BP: 81 ± 6 mmHg) were assigned to 6‐week placebo or watermelon (2 g twice a day) separated by a 4‐week washout period. Aortic systolic BP (5 ± 2 mmHg, P= 0.05) and AIx@75 (2.4 ± 0.8 %, P < 0.05) decreased while Tr increased (14 ± 6 ms, P= 0.06) after the watermelon treatment. Our data showed that watermelon supplementation reduces aortic systolic BP, arterial stiffness and wave reflection in individuals with pre‐hypertension and stage 1 hypertension.

Research supported by National Watermelon Promotional Board
Differences in cutaneous mast cells affect scar formation
Authors: Wulff Brian Charles , Parent Allison E. , Meleski Melissa A , Wilgus Traci A
Published: June 2021

Scar formation is a potentially detrimental process of tissue restoration in adults, affecting organ form and function. During fetal development there is a stage at which skin heals without inflammation or scarring. We use a murine model of fetal wound healing in which embryonic day 15 (E15) wounds heal scarlessly and without inflammation. In contrast, fetal wounds generated on embryonic day 18 (E18) heal with inflammation and scarring. One possible mediator of this change in wound healing is the mast cell. Mast cells are resident innate immune cells involved in the initiation of inflammation. We have found that the skin of E15 fetuses has fewer total mast cells than E18 skin. Furthermore, the mast cells of E15 skin are less mature and do not degranulate in response to wounding as effectively as mast cells of E18 skin. To determine if these differences in mast cells affect wound healing we utilized mast cell‐deficient mice (KitW/Wv mice) in our model. Inflammation and scar formation in wounded E18 skin was assessed. A two fold decrease in scar width was observed in the mast cell‐deficient mice compared to wild‐type littermates. These data suggest that mast cells may play an enhancing role in scar formation. More studies are needed to determine the specific mediators and mechanisms by which mast cells promote scarring. Supported in part by the Ohio State University Department of Pathology and NIH Grant CA127109.
Inhibition of polyisoprenylated protein metabolism may explain the apoptotic properties of farnesol and related flavors
Authors: Ayuk‐Takem Lambert Tiku , Amissah Felix , Lamango Nazarius S
Published: June 2021

Polyisoprenylation is the modification of about 2% of eukaryotic proteins involving the reaction of trans, trans‐farnesyl or all trans‐geranylgeranyl groups to a C‐terminal cysteine. The –COOH of the cysteine is methylated by polyisoprenylated protein methyl transferase (PPMTase) into esters which are then hydrolyzed by polyisoprenylated methylated protein methyl esterase (PMPMEase). Because aberrant polyisoprenylated protein activity is associated with ~30% of cancers, compounds that modulate their metabolism may be useful as anticancer agents. Farnesol and related compounds are natural food components or flavors that are derived from citrus, ginger, teas and chamomile. They are structurally related to the polyisoprenyl moieties of polyisoprenylated proteins and may thus inhibit PMPMEase. When PMPMEase was incubated with the PMPMEase substrate, RD‐PNB, farnesol, trans, trans‐farnesol, citronellal, α‐Ionone, eugenol and geraniol inhibited the enzyme activity with Ki values of 1.9, 5.5, 6.6, 3, 15 and 45 μM, respectively. Farnesol and trans, trans‐farnesol induced the degeneration of human lung A549, colorectal Caco‐2 and neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cancer cells with EC50 values of 18 and 19, 14 and 19 and 265 and 465 μM, respectively. These suggest that the apoptotic effects of these compounds may be associated with PMPMEase inhibition, suggesting the latter may be a viable anticancer target.
Acrylamide‐induced apoptosis in macrophages: anti‐apoptotic role of ATF3
Authors: Kim Kyungho , Sohn Eunhwa , Rhee Dong Kwon , Pyo Suhkneung
Published: June 2021

Apoptosis is programed cell death characterized by certain cellular changes and regulated by proapoptotic and antiapototic gene products. Acrylamide (ACR) has been known to induce versatile adverse effects including immunotoxic effects. However, little is known regarding the mechanism by which ACR induces apoptosis in macrophages. We examined the role of ATF3 in ACR‐induced apoptosis in macrophages. In this study, ATF3 expression is strongly induced by cellular damage by ACR. ACR decreased dose‐dependently cell viability in macrophages with a pronounced apoptotic effect at its high concentration. We determined the level of ROS and apoptotic proteins in macrophages depleted with ATF3 using small interfering RNA. Using fluorocytometry, treatment of macrophages with ACR resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in ROS production and especially ROS was more increase in ATF3 knockdown cells, suggesting that ROS is regulated by ATF3 in macrophages. Western blot analysis revealed that the levels of Bax and caspase3 were increased in ATF3 knockdown cells, whereas Bcl2 and Bcl‐xl levels were decreased. In addition, staining with both Annexin V and PI showed that ATF3 knockdown cells are more susceptible to apoptosis induced by ACR. Our findings indicate that ATF3 has an anti‐apoptotic role in macrophages by regulating ROS production and apoptotic protein expressions in response to stress‐inducing chemical.
Post‐translational protein modifications of transthyretin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Kolarcik Christi L. , Ganesalingam Jeban , Darko Samuel W. , An Jiyan , Lacomis David , Bowser Robert
Published: June 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common form of motor neuron disease, is progressive, fatal and poorly understood. Currently, established and objective molecular markers for diagnosis and monitoring of ALS are lacking. Our laboratory previously identified transthyretin (TTR) as a candidate protein biomarker for ALS using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics. We observed decreased TTR in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients compared to controls. To further characterize the role of TTR, longitudinal CSF samples were analyzed. Using mass spectrometry, alterations in specific post‐translationally modified forms were observed. In particular, oxidative modifications of TTR at the sole cysteine residue [including adducts with cysteine or cysteinylglycine] were altered in ALS. These modified forms did not change over the course of the disease nor did they correlate with measures of disease progression. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) specific for total TTR showed no significant change in TTR protein levels over the course of the disease suggesting that altered post‐translational protein modifications as opposed to total protein levels are important. As modifications of TTR at this residue are critical for stabilization of the tetrameric form of the protein, the functional importance of these alterations and their impact on protein aggregation are being further investigated.

Research Support: NIH grant ES013469 (RB); NIH T32 EB001026 (CK); NIH T32 05 TL1 RR024155‐02 (CK)
Cystatin C: expression and activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Wilson Meghan E , Boumaza Imene , Lacomis David , Bowser Robert P
Published: June 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurologic disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Disease diagnosis is hindered by a reliance on clinical criteria and reliable protein biomarkers are needed in order to accelerate the diagnostic process and aid in monitoring and predicting disease progression. We evaluated Cystatin C as an ALS biomarker by assessing its longitudinal expression in both CSF and plasma using a quantitative ELISA. Plasma levels were significantly elevated in ALS patients and disease controls but showed no biomarker utility. Cystatin C levels in CSF were slightly reduced in ALS patients relative to controls and may have some diagnostic utility, particularly within specific subgroups of patients. Despite conflicting preliminary observations, CSF Cystatin C was not found to possess surrogate utility. However, CSF Cystatin C levels were directly associated with survival time in ALS patients, indicating a potential prognostic application for this protein. Additionally, preliminary activity assays show a strong, direct relationship between Cystatin C concentration and activity in CSF. These data support the utility of Cystatin C as both a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ALS and suggest that differences in its abundance could have functional consequences in disease pathogenesis.

Funding: U. of Pittsburgh Center for ALS Research
Protein biomarkers for motor neuron disease
Authors: Bowser Robert , An Jiyan , Ganesalingam Jeban
Published: June 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons located in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. There currently are no diagnostic tests for ALS, and a rapid diagnostic test would assist clinicians to initiate treatments and/or enroll subjects into clinical trials at early disease stages. We used mass spectrometry based proteomics to discover candidate biomarkers for ALS. Our current study uses separate training and test sets to verify and validation protein biomarkers for ALS. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 105 patients with ALS, and 60 control subjects (including healthy controls, ALS disease mimics, and other neurologic disease controls) were used for further mass spectrometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies. We validated our prior mass spectrometry results, demonstrating that cystatin C and transthyretin are contained in a predictive biomarker panel for ALS. ELISA studies were performed for a number of candidate biomarkers and we determined that a combination of phosphorylated neurofilament protein and complement c3 provided an overall sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 94% for ALS. These results indicate that an ELISA based assay may provide a predictive assay for ALS. Funding support to RB by NIH grants ES013469 and NS061867.
Nitric oxide prevents cognitive disorders and neurodegeneration in rats with experimental Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Manukhina Eugenia B. , Goryacheva Anna V. , Barskov Igor V. , Pshennikova Maya G. , Andrianov Nikita A. , Downey H. Fred , Malyshev Igor Yu.
Published: June 2021

Nitrosative stress induced by NO overproduction in neurons and glia contributes to neuronal death. However, NO underproduction impaires blood supply to brain cells and aggravates neurodegeneration. In this study, we tested whether NO is detrimental or protective in experimental AD (EAD) modeled in rats by bilateral injection of a toxic β‐amyloid (Aβ) fragment (25–35) into magnocellular nucleus. Memory was evaluated using a conditioned passive avoidance test. NO production was assessed by the plasma level of nitrite and nitrate. During development of EAD rats were injected with a NO synthase inhibitor L‐NNA or a NO donor, dinitrosyl iron complex, DNIC. NO production was significantly decreased in rats with EAD. L‐NNA potentiated the detrimental effect of Aβ and induced memory retention disorders. In contrast, DNIC prevented memory impairment. Resistance to Aβ toxicity was compared in Wistar and August rats, which have lower and higher rates of NO synthesis, respectively. Memory disorders were virtually absent in August rats, and the number of dead neurons in brain cortex was significantly less in August than in Wistar rats. Therefore, reduced NO production in the body plays an important role in development of cognitive disorders induced by Aβ treatment while higher levels of NO may be protective in EAD. Support: Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant 07‐04‐00650.
Antidiabetic potential of combine aqueous extract of Eugenia jambolana Momordica charantia fruit
Authors: Yele Santosh Umakant
Published: June 2021

In recent years there has been a renewed interest to screen plant extracts, juices, combinations of two or more plant drugs for a possible beneficial uses in diabetes. Momordica charantia (MC) and Eugenia jambolana (EJ) have been traditionally reported to have antidiabetic property.

The objective was to study the effect of aqueous extract of EJ and MC in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats

The Aqueous extract of Eugenia jambolana bark (EJ) per se and in combination with Momordica charantia fruit extract (MC) was tested for its efficacy in STZ ‐induced (55mg/kg; i.p.) diabetic rats. The aqueous extract was tested for antihyperglycemic activity using glucose tolerance test in rats.

The EJ extract (500 mg/kg) per se showed significant antidiabetic property as judged from body weight, serum glucose, lipids, cholesterol and urea, and liver glycogen levels. However, the EJ extract per se did not significantly influence the levels of serum insulin in diabetic rats.

The antihyperglycemic activity was found predominantly in the combination of extracts, which may attribute to presence of terpenoids, tannins, poly phenolics and saponins.