bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal operation of distributed generations in micro‐grids under uncertainties in load and renewable power generation using heuristic algorithm
Authors: Nikmehr Nima , Najafi‐Ravadanegh Sajad
Published: July 2015

Microgrid (MG) could allow renewable and clean resources to penetrate into a controllable utility and achieve maximum utilisation of existing energy and demand‐side management. This study proposes a new paradigm for distribution system operation considering MG conception. This study is focused on probabilistic analysis of optimal power dispatch considering economic aspects in MGs environment with technical constraints. In this study the economic operation of small scale energy zones is formulated and solved as an optimisation problem. A typical MG consists wind turbine (WT), photo voltaic (PV), micro turbine, fuel cell, combined heat and power and electric loads. Fluctuation behaviour of loads and generated power by WTs and PVs are caused complexity in proposed problem. Cost function includes generated powers by units, power transaction between MGs and main grid, operation and maintenance cost of resources and cost of pollutants emission. Considering MG concept in smart grids, the balance between supply‐demand is secured through power exchanging between MGs and main grid, so that the value of objective function be minimised. The imperialist competitive algorithm is applied to solve proposed problem and obtained results are compared with Monte Carlo simulation method.
Comment on “Calibration-independent measurement of complex permittivity of liquids using a coaxial transmission line” [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 014704 (2015)]
Authors: Hasar U. C. , Barroso J. J.
Published: July 2015

In this letter, we comment on the applicability of the derived characteristic equation (Eq. (7)) in a recently published article of Guoxin [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 014704 (2015)]. To validate our comment, we first derive another characteristic function for determination of complex permittivity of dielectric materials for the configurations considered in the above article using calibration-independent uncorrected S-parameters for transmission-line measurements (coaxial-line, waveguide, free-space, etc). Unlike the characteristic equation in this article, the characteristic equation derived here for determination of the complex permittivity of liquid samples does not require any knowledge about the complex permittivity of plugs, used for holding liquid samples in place. We then performed 3-D full-wave simulations for the measurement configurations presented in Guoxin’s article for substantiation of the characteristic equation derived in this letter.
Coarse-grain molecular dynamics study of fullerene transport across a cell membrane
Authors: Sridhar Akshay , Srikanth Bharath , Kumar Amit , Dasmahapatra Ashok Kumar
Published: July 2015

The study of the ability of drug molecules to enter cells through the membrane is of vital importance in the field of drug delivery. In cases where the transport of the drug molecules through the membrane is not easily accomplishable, other carrier molecules are used. Spherical fullerene molecules have been postulated as potential carriers of highly hydrophilic drugs across the plasma membrane. Here, we report the coarse-grain molecular dynamics study of the translocation of C60 fullerene and its derivatives across a cell membrane modeled as a 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayer. Simulation results indicate that pristine fullerene molecules enter the bilayer quickly and reside within it. The addition of polar functionalized groups makes the fullerenes less likely to reside within the bilayer but increases their residence time in bulk water. Addition of polar functional groups to one half of the fullerene surface, in effect creating a Janus particle, offers the most promise in developing fullerene models that can achieve complete translocation through the membrane bilayer.
Composition driven phase evolution and mechanical properties of Mo–Cr–N hard coatings
Authors: Klimashin F. F. , Riedl H. , Primetzhofer D. , Paulitsch J. , Mayrhofer P. H.
Published: July 2015

Although many research activities concentrate on transition metal nitrides, due to their excellent properties, only little is known about Mo–N based materials. We investigate in detail the influence of Cr on the structural evolution and mechanical properties of Mo–N coatings prepared at different nitrogen partial pressures. The chemical composition as well as the structural development of coatings prepared with N2-to-total pressure ratios (pN2/pT) of 0.32 and 0.44 can best be described by the quasi-binary Mo2N–CrN tie line. Mo2N and CrN are face centered cubic (fcc), only that for Mo2N half of the N-sublattice is vacant. Consequently, with increasing Cr content, also the N-sublattice becomes less vacant and the chemical composition of fcc single-phase ternaries can be described as Mo1−xCrxN0.5(1+x). These coatings exhibit an excellent agreement between experimentally and ab initio obtained lattice parameters of fcc Mo1−xCrxN0.5(1+x). When increasing the N2-to-total pressure ratio to pN2/pT = 0.69, the N-sublattice is already fully occupied for Cr-additions of x ≥ 0.4, as suggested by elastic recoil detection analysis and lattice parameter variations. The latter follows the ab initio obtained lattice parameters along the quasi-binary MoN–CrN tie line for x ≥ 0.5. The single-phase fcc coating with Cr/(Mo+Cr) of x ∼0.2, prepared with pN2/pT = 0.32, exhibits the highest hardness of ∼34 GPa among all coatings studied.
Comprehensive analysis of maximum power point tracking techniques in solar photovoltaic systems under uniform insolation and partial shaded condition
Authors: Verma Deepak , Nema S. , Shandilya A. M. , Dash Soubhagya K.
Published: July 2015

Augmentation in use of solar energy has been reiterated in the literature. The significant role of this gradual but continuous growth lies in its ubiquitously known ride through other conventional energy sources in terms of supplement to increasing energy demand. Whereas the only limitation with solar photovoltaic (PV) system is that it suffers from low efficiency energy conversion, therefore it becomes more important to draw maximum available power from solar PV. As the I-V characteristic of PV is nonlinear and alters with different values of insolation and temperature, it causes alteration in Maximum Power Point (MPP), also at the time of partial shading condition the point of maximum power deviates. In literature, good number of publications proclaimed for tracking the maximum power point for uniform insolation as well as for partial shading condition. This paper contributes an encyclopedic review of MPP Tracking (MPPT) technique which may overcome the distraction of researchers while selecting MPPT technique because all methods have their unique advantages and disadvantages which requisites a thorough and informative comparative analysis of different methods. This review work may provide a better commencement and valued informative source in this context.
Capacitive coupling in hybrid graphene/GaAs nanostructures
Authors: Simonet Pauline , Rössler Clemens , Krähenmann Tobias , Varlet Anastasia , Ihn Thomas , Ensslin Klaus , Reichl Christian , Wegscheider Werner
Published: July 2015

Coupled hybrid nanostructures are demonstrated using the combination of lithographically patterned graphene on top of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) buried in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. The graphene forms Schottky barriers at the surface of the heterostructure and therefore allows tuning the electronic density of the 2DEG. Conversely, the 2DEG potential can tune the graphene Fermi energy. Graphene-defined quantum point contacts in the 2DEG show half-plateaus of quantized conductance in finite bias spectroscopy and display the 0.7 anomaly for a large range of densities in the constriction, testifying to their good electronic properties. Finally, we demonstrate that the GaAs nanostructure can detect charges in the vicinity of the heterostructure's surface. This confirms the strong coupling of the hybrid device: localized states in the graphene ribbon could, in principle, be probed by the underlying confined channel. The present hybrid graphene/GaAs nanostructures are promising for the investigation of strong interactions and coherent coupling between the two fundamentally different materials.
Fast and sensitive detection of an oscillating charge
Authors: Bian X. , Milne W. I. , Hasko D. G.
Published: July 2015

We investigate the high-frequency operation of a percolation field effect transistor to monitor microwave excited single trapped charge. Readout is accomplished by measuring the effect of the polarization field associated with the oscillating charge on the AC signal generated in the channel due to charge pumping. This approach is sensitive to the relative phase between the polarization field and the pumped current, which is different from the conventional approach relying on the amplitude only. Therefore, despite the very small influence of the single oscillating trapped electron, a large signal can be detected. Experimental results show large improvement in both signal-to-noise ratio and measurement bandwidth.
Temperature-dependent mechanical properties of monolayer black phosphorus by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Yang Zhaoyao , Zhao Junhua , Wei Ning
Published: July 2015

The temperature-dependent stress-strain relations of monolayer black phosphorus (BP) under biaxial and uniaxial tension as well as shear deformation are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The predicted strength and moduli are in good agreement with the available results from the first-principle method. In particular, the amplitude to wavelength ratio of wrinkles under shear deformation using MD simulations also agrees well with that from the existing theory. This study provides physical insights into the origins of the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of the monolayer BP.
Elastic properties of indium nitrides grown on sapphire substrates determined by nano-indentation: In comparison with other nitrides
Authors: Yonenaga Ichiro , Ohkubo Yasushi , Deura Momoko , Kutsukake Kentaro , Tokumoto Yuki , Ohno Yutaka , Yoshikawa Akihiko , Wang Xin Qiang
Published: July 2015

The hardness of wurtzite indium nitride (α-InN) films of 0.5 to 4 μm in thickness was measured by the nano-indentation method at room temperature. After investigation of crystalline quality by x-ray diffraction, the hardness and Young’s modulus were determined to be 8.8 ± 0.4 and 184 ± 5 GPa, respectively, for the In (0001)- and N (0001̄)-growth faces of InN films. The bulk and shear moduli were then derived to be 99 ± 3 and 77 ± 2 GPa, respectively. The Poisson’s ratio was evaluated to be 0.17 ± 0.03. The results were examined comprehensively in comparison with previously reported data of InN as well as those of other nitrides of aluminum nitride and gallium nitride. The underlying physical process determining the moduli and hardness was examined in terms of atomic bonding and dislocation energy of the nitrides and wurtzite zinc oxide.
Simultaneous evaluation of acoustic nonlinearity parameter and attenuation coefficients using the finite amplitude method
Authors: Zhang Shuzeng , Jeong Hyunjo , Cho Sungjong , Li Xiongbing
Published: July 2015

A novel method to determine acoustic parameters involved in measuring the nonlinearity parameter of fluids or solids is proposed. The approach is based on the measurement of fundamental and second harmonic pressures with a calibrated receiver, and on a nonlinear least squares data-fitting to multi-Gaussian beam (MGB) equations which explicitly define the attenuation and diffraction effects in the quasilinear regime. Results obtained in water validate the proposed method. The choice of suitable source pressure is discussed with regard to the quasilinear approximation involved. The attenuation coefficients are also acquired in nonlinear regime and their relations are discussed.
TACI deficiency leads to alternatively activated macrophage phenotype and susceptibility toLeishmaniainfection
Authors: Allman Windy R. , Dey Ranadhir , Liu Lunhua , Siddiqui Shafiuddin , Coleman Adam S. , Bhattacharya Parna , Yano Masahide , Uslu Kadriye , Takeda Kazuyo , Nakhasi Hira L. , Akkoyunlu Mustafa
Published: July 2015

Significance

Here, we described a novel role for transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) in determining Mϕ phenotype, a molecule that is previously known to be important in B-cell responses. We found that TACI-deficient mouse Mϕs manifest an M2 phenotype. We also observed that, in WT mouse Mϕs, TACI mediates B-cell activating factor- and a proliferation inducing ligand-induced signals that favor M1 polarization andLeishmaniaclearance. In TACI-deficient mice, M2-polarized status of Mϕs was responsible for the diminished Th1 response and increased susceptibility toLeishmaniainfection. These findings have implications in explaining the propensity of infants to develop asthma and weak responses to vaccines because infant Mϕs are likely to be M2-skewed due to severely reduced expression of TACI.
Cloning, synthesis, and characterization of αO-conotoxin GeXIVA, a potent α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
Authors: Luo Sulan , Zhangsun Dongting , Harvey Peta J. , Kaas Quentin , Wu Yong , Zhu Xiaopeng , Hu Yuanyan , Li Xiaodan , Tsetlin Victor I. , Christensen Sean , Romero Haylie K. , McIntyre Melissa , Dowell Cheryl , Baxter James C. , Elmslie Keith S. , Craik David J. , McIntosh J. Michael
Published: July 2015

Significance

The α9α10 nicotinic AChR (nAChR) subtype is a recently identified target for the development of breast cancer chemotherapeutics and analgesics, particularly to treat neuropathic pain. Structure/function analyses of antagonists of this subtype are therefore essential for the development of specific therapeutic compounds. The
Conus
genus is a rich source of pharmacologically active peptides, and we report here that the αO-conotoxin GeXIVA is a potent and selective antagonist of the α9α10 nAChR subtype. GeXIVA displays unique structural properties among other
Conus
peptides and represents a previously unidentified template for molecules active against neuropathic pain.
Lev Gumilev and the European New Right
Authors: Bassin Mark
Published: July 2015

The striking affinities that have developed between radical-conservative movements in Western Europe and Russia since the end of the Cold War have been widely noted. This essay considers these affinities through the example of the Soviet historian and geographer Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912–1992). It argues that Gumilev and the European New Right developed perspectives that were highly comparable, founded on similar principles, and articulated through similar images and allusions. Yet despite the powerful resonances in terms of basic concepts and theoretical orientation, there were nonetheless deep differences in terms of the conclusions regarding the practical implications for their respective societies that Gumilev and the Europeans deduced from these principles.
Explaining Cross-National Variations in the Informalisation of Employment
Authors: Williams Colin C.
Published: July 2015

The aim of this paper is to better understand cross-national variations in the informalisation of employment by evaluating critically three contrasting explanations which variously represent informal employment as more prevalent in: poorer under-developed economies (modernisation thesis); societies with high taxes, corruption and state interference in the free market (neo-liberal thesis) and societies with inadequate levels of state intervention to protect workers (political economy thesis). To evaluate these rival explanations, the relationship between the variable informalisation of employment in 10 Central and East European countries, measured using data from a 2007 Eurobarometer cross-national survey involving 5769 face-to-face interviews, and their broader work and welfare regimes are analysed. The finding is that wealthier, less corrupt and more equal societies and those possessing higher levels of taxation, social protection and effective redistribution via social transfers are significantly more likely to have lower levels of informalisation. No evidence is thus found to support the neo-liberal tenets that the informalisation of employment results from high taxes and too much state interference in the free market but evidence is found to positively confirm the modernisation and political economy theses as explanations for the cross-national variations in the informalisation of employment. The paper concludes by discussing the tentative theoretical and policy implications of these findings and calling for further evaluation of their wider validity both longitudinally and across other global regions.
Rme-8 depletion perturbs Notch recycling and predisposes to pathogenic signaling
Authors: Gomez-Lamarca Maria J. , Snowdon Laura A. , Seib Ekatarina , Klein Thomas , Bray Sarah J.
Published: July 2015

Notch signaling is a major regulator of cell fate, proliferation, and differentiation. Like other signaling pathways, its activity is strongly influenced by intracellular trafficking. Besides contributing to signal activation and down-regulation, differential fluxes between trafficking routes can cause aberrant Notch pathway activation. Investigating the function of the retromer-associated DNAJ protein Rme-8 in vivo, we demonstrate a critical role in regulating Notch receptor recycling. In the absence of Rme-8, Notch accumulated in enlarged tubulated Rab4-positive endosomes, and as a consequence, signaling was compromised. Strikingly, when the retromer component Vps26 was depleted at the same time, Notch no longer accumulated and instead was ectopically activated. Likewise, depletion of ESCRT-0 components Hrs or Stam in combination with Rme-8 also led to high levels of ectopic Notch activity. Together, these results highlight the importance of Rme-8 in coordinating normal endocytic recycling route and reveal that its absence predisposes toward conditions in which pathological Notch signaling can occur.
ROCK1 and 2 differentially regulate actomyosin organization to drive cell and synaptic polarity
Authors: Newell-Litwa Karen A. , Badoual Mathilde , Asmussen Hannelore , Patel Heather , Whitmore Leanna , Horwitz Alan Rick
Published: July 2015

RhoGTPases organize the actin cytoskeleton to generate diverse polarities, from front–back polarity in migrating cells to dendritic spine morphology in neurons. For example, RhoA through its effector kinase, RhoA kinase (ROCK), activates myosin II to form actomyosin filament bundles and large adhesions that locally inhibit and thereby polarize Rac1-driven actin polymerization to the protrusions of migratory fibroblasts and the head of dendritic spines. We have found that the two ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, differentially regulate distinct molecular pathways downstream of RhoA, and their coordinated activities drive polarity in both cell migration and synapse formation. In particular, ROCK1 forms the stable actomyosin filament bundles that initiate front–back and dendritic spine polarity. In contrast, ROCK2 regulates contractile force and Rac1 activity at the leading edge of migratory cells and the spine head of neurons; it also specifically regulates cofilin-mediated actin remodeling that underlies the maturation of adhesions and the postsynaptic density of dendritic spines.
A timeline for exocytosis
Authors: Short Ben
Published: July 2015

Researchers track the tethering and fusion of individual secretory vesicles in budding yeast.
Blocking neutrophil integrin activation prevents ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Yago Tadayuki , Petrich Brian G. , Zhang Nan , Liu Zhenghui , Shao Bojing , Ginsberg Mark H. , McEver Rodger P.
Published: July 2015

Neutrophil recruitment, mediated by β2 integrins, combats pyogenic infections but also plays a key role in ischemia–reperfusion injury and other inflammatory disorders. Talin induces allosteric rearrangements in integrins that increase affinity for ligands (activation). Talin also links integrins to actin and other proteins that enable formation of adhesions. Structural studies have identified a talin1 mutant (L325R) that perturbs activation without impairing talin’s capacity to link integrins to actin and other proteins. Here, we found that mice engineered to express only talin1(L325R) in myeloid cells were protected from renal ischemia–reperfusion injury. Dissection of neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo revealed that talin1(L325R) neutrophils had markedly impaired chemokine-induced, β2 integrin–mediated arrest, spreading, and migration. Surprisingly, talin1(L325R) neutrophils exhibited normal selectin-induced, β2 integrin–mediated slow rolling, in sharp contrast to the defective slow rolling of neutrophils lacking talin1 or expressing a talin1 mutant (W359A) that blocks talin interaction with integrins. These studies reveal the importance of talin-mediated activation of integrins for renal ischemia–reperfusion injury. They further show that neutrophil arrest requires talin recruitment to and activation of integrins. However, although neutrophil slow rolling requires talin recruitment to integrins, talin-mediated integrin activation is dispensable.
A conserved structural mechanism of NMDA receptor inhibition: A comparison of ifenprodil and zinc
Authors: Sirrieh Rita E. , MacLean David M. , Jayaraman Vasanthi
Published: July 2015

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, one of the three main types of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), are involved in excitatory synaptic transmission, and their dysfunction is implicated in various neurological disorders. NMDA receptors, heterotetramers typically composed of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, are the only members of the iGluR family that bind allosteric modulators at their amino-terminal domains (ATDs). We used luminescence resonance energy transfer to characterize the conformational changes the receptor undergoes upon binding ifenprodil, a synthetic compound that specifically inhibits activation of NMDA receptors containing GluN2B. We found that ifenprodil induced an overall closure of the GluN2B ATD without affecting conformation of the GluN1 ATD or the upper lobes of the ATDs, the same mechanism whereby zinc inhibits GluN2A. These data demonstrate that the conformational changes induced by zinc and ifenprodil represent a conserved mechanism of NMDA receptor inhibition. Additionally, we compared the structural mechanism of zinc inhibition of GluN1–GluN2A receptors to that of ifenprodil inhibition of GluN1–GluN2B. The similarities in the conformational changes induced by inhibitor binding suggest a conserved structural mechanism of inhibition independent of the binding site of the modulator.
A gradient estimate for the heat semi-group without hypoellipticity assumptions
Authors: Cass Thomas , Litterer Christian
Published: July 2015

We obtain an estimate for the

L

p

L^{p}

norm of the gradient of the heat semi-group in terms of the

L

p

L^{p}

norm of the gradient. Our estimates are uniform for small times and

p
∈

[
1
,
∞
]

p\in \left [ 1,\infty \right ]

. The bounds only require some basic smoothness assumptions on the vector fields defining the diffusion underlying the problem.
Interfaced heterogeneous nanodimers
Authors: Sun Yugang
Published: July 2015

Dimerization of different nanocomponents in single nanoparticles becomes interesting due to not only inheritance of properties of both components but also generation of new properties associated with strong coupling of the two components. As a class of emerging nanomaterials, interfaced heterogeneous nanodimers (IHNDs) are attracting more attentions in the field of materials research, in particular, nanoscience and nanotechnology. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview on the general principles for the synthesis of IHNDs and typical examples of IHNDs made of various compositional combinations. The current challenges related to the synthesis and characterization of IHNDs are summarized at the end of the review and future research directions are also discussed.
Taxonomies and Leximetrics
Authors: Siems Mathias M.
Published: July 2015

This chapter focuses on taxonomies that are commonly applied to corporate law and governance. It begins with an overview of the main rationales for and types of such corporate taxonomies before turning to a discussion of four types of typologies: limited typologies dealing with either legal or non-legal questions, and general typologies having either a legal or a non-legal focus. It then outlines challenges to these taxonomies, with particular emphasis on the criticism against the quantitative research on “legal origins” and how “leximetrics” can be used to address the question of whether or not there are distinct legal families in corporate law. It also presents a cluster analysis of investor protection data of the World Bank’s Doing Business Report.
Form
Authors: Cannon Christopher
Published: July 2015

Plato and Aristotle offered contrasting definitions of “form.” According to Plato, a “form” was external to the material world, a notion or idea or thought that can properly exist only in a mind. For Aristotle, “form” was always a part of some material thing. In Troilus and Criseyde, Geoffrey Chaucer offers a description that does not use the word “form,” and yet it implies a process that could be summarized with the word “formation.” This article discusses the advantages of a literary analysis that embraces a uniquely comprehensive definition of form, particularly in the realm of Middle English literature. It argues that each element of a comprehensive theory of literary form encompasses both thinking and writing in the Middle Ages. It also considers key aspects of the form of two representative Middle English texts, Pearl and Robert Mannyng’s Handlyng Synne.
Imaginative Theory
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: July 2015

The literary theory of the medieval schools, found in academic prologues or commentaries, is often articulated in an analytical and explicit language. However, in both Latin and vernacular literary texts literary self-theorization may also be expressed in figured and metaphorical form. An example would be Guillaume de Machaut’s “Prologue,” but other widespread and recognizable literary theoretical figures include the dream, the mirror, the reading of a book, or the conversation overheard. It is important for scholarship in Middle English literature to focus more on these “imaginative” articulations of literary theory. This article examines one particular literary-theoretical figure, the chanson d’aventure (“the song of adventure”), which, depending on how it is put together, can perform an array of literary self-commentaries.
Vision, Image, Text
Authors: Brantley Jessica
Published: July 2015

Vision is an important element in late medieval English reading. Although text and image appear to be antagonistic, they are nevertheless interdependent; W. J. T. Mitchell has argued that every seemingly discrete artwork should really be considered an “imagetext.” Medieval examples of such imagetexts include the narrative images commonly found in wall painting and manuscript illumination, as well as literary works that are organized around visionary experience. From courtly fantasies and prophetic allegories to spiritual revelations and philosophical meditations, narratives of vision constitute a distinct medieval literary genre during the Middle Ages, This article examines visionary experience in medieval literature, arguing that the seeming incommensurability of text and image is precisely why we find them together again and again. Using visionary writing to bring text and image into conversation, medieval artists try to reconcile the contradiction between the two representational modes.
Speculative Genealogies
Authors: Giancarlo Matthew
Published: July 2015

In medieval literature, romance and chronicle are known for their preoccupation with genealogy, family, and individual histories. Romances and chronicles are not only about kings and knights, or the rise and fall of reigns and rules; they are also concerned with improbable and strange events. This article focuses on Middle English romance reading and scholarship by presenting an example of storytelling that is both distant from and related to the genre: Lila Abu-Lughod’s book Veiled Sentiments. It also cites examples that illustrate how Middle English romances function as symbolical work in the representation and exploration of their contemporary social systems.
Heresy and Humanism
Authors: Cole Andrew
Published: July 2015

A controversial idea associated with religious culture in the late Middle Ages is that anyone who considers himself a part of mainstream religion must know his difference from heretics. A religious writer in this period who does not hew closely to orthodox teachings may be accused of being a heretic in his lyrical or prosaic musings about Church hierarchies, the Scripture, or the sacraments. This notion has become a subject of considerable debate among some specialists in Middle English literature. This article considers other paradigms that may broaden our notions about religious literature in fifteenth-century England. In particular, it proposes a paradigm that includes bishops rather than heretics, in part because bishops are mainly responsible for innovations that are neglected in a focus on Wycliffism. It also explores the critically neglected innovations within what it calls ecclesiastical humanism, some of its features, and how it emerged during the fifteenth century. It argues that the prevailing cultural obsession with the Wycliffite heresy had largely disappeared between the 1430s and the 1480s and was replaced, in part, by attempts to promote ecclesiastical institutions as centers of patronage and humanist literary culture.
Authorial Work
Authors: Robertson Kellie
Published: July 2015

Michel Foucault declared that authors became subject to punishment and discourse became transgressive. In the late fourteenth century, both “discourse” and the very act of writing itself were perceived as transgressive, a notion that resulted in a new kind of authorial self-representation in England. By the late fourteenth century, writing had assumed an ambiguous role: while it was the means by which social norms regarding labor were communicated and enforced, it could also be the object of such enforcement. This article explores how late medieval literature came to have authors by looking at literary production in the context of contemporary discourses about daily work. It considers how post-plague labor laws forced authors to situate their work not just between the venerable poles of imitatio and inventio but also between the social polarities of idleness and industry, and how post-plague writers meditated on the value of literary work in the marketplace of work more generally. Using Geoffrey Chaucer’s Prologue to the Canterbury Tales as a lens, it discusses the strategies employed by late medieval writers in positioning their work in a literary landscape characterized by explicit understandings of the material value of labor.
The Poetics of Practicality
Authors: Cooper Lisa H.
Published: July 2015

This article explores “insistently practical” medieval texts—works “whose explicit goal is to assist their readers to make something in the world beyond the page (a book, a culinary dish, an ointment, an object)” and asks if they can be said to have a poetics. Drawing on Michel de Certeau and Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of practice as well as Gérard Genette’s concepts of literariness, the article examines medieval vocabularies, medical texts, recipes, carving manuals, and several works by Geoffrey Chaucer and John Lydgate to consider the relationship of the poetic and the practical and the broad “appeal of the how-to text” in late medieval English literature and culture.
A Defeasibility Theory of Knowledge in Gaṅgeśa
Authors: Phillips Stephen H.
Published: July 2015

The Tattva-cintā-maṇi, “(Wish-fulfilling) Jewel of Reflection on the Truth (about Epistemology),” by Gaṅgeśa (c.1325), is widely recognized as among the greatest accomplishments within classical Indian systems. It carries the long-running Nyāya school into a new period of rigorous analysis and innovative argumentation. The organizing idea is that of the “knowledge source,” pramāṇa, of which there is said to be four: perception, inference, analogy, and testimony. Defeating and defending of claims center on these generators of true beliefs as opposed to imitators (pramāṇa-ābhāsa) that generate false beliefs or true beliefs in the wrong way. Thus Gaṅgeśa’s theory of knowledge highlights defeaters including fallacies such as “pseudo-provers” (hetv-ābhāsa) and “inferential undercutters” (upādhi).
An Indian Philosophy of Law
Authors: Davis Donald R.
Published: July 2015

Composed in the twelfth century ce, the Epitome of the Law (Mitākṣarā) by Vijñāneśvara is a celebrated and influential compendium of Indian law and jurisprudence. In form a commentary on the versified Laws of Yājñavalkya, it presents sophisticated and multifaceted discussions of all the major topics dealing with Hindu religious and legal duties collectively called dharma. This chapter examines Vijñāneśvara’s approach to basic problems of legal philosophy such as the sources and types of law, legal interpretation and reasoning, legal and moral obligation, the role of the state, and legal pluralism. It concludes by considering the driving metaphor that underlies Vijñāneśvara’s legal philosophy: law is a ritual, both the act and the obligation.
Coercion Dynamics and Problematic Anxiety in Children
Authors: Crowley Michael J. , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: July 2015

This chapter discusses contemporary work on parenting and child anxiety. It briefly discusses work on family aggregation and heritability in anxiety research, which highlights the relevance of parenting factors. It then discusses relevant parenting constructs in child anxiety research, followed by work on reciprocal and transactional parent and child effects in the development of anxiety. Next, it reviews recent work on parental control and anxiety considered within a genetically informed design. Research using neuroimaging of the neuroanatomy of negative reinforcement suggests extensions to understanding child–parent dynamics, potentially amplifying childhood anxiety. Finally, the chapter considers implications of this literature for clinical work including parents in youth anxiety treatment.
An Introduction to Using Multivariate Multilevel Survival Analysis to Study Coercive Family Process
Authors: Stoolmiller Mike
Published: July 2015

Multivariate multilevel survival analysis is introduced for studying hazard rates of observed emotional behavior relevant for coercion theory. Finite time sampling reliability (FTSR) and short-term retest reliability (STRR) across two occasions (sessions) of observation during structured problem-solving tasks several weeks apart were determined for hazard rates of emotional behaviors for parent–child dyads. While FTSR was high (.80–.96), STRR was low (.16–.65), suggesting that emotional behaviors in the context of parent–child social interaction are not very stable over a period of several weeks. Using latent variable structural equation models that corrected for the low STRR, two hazard rates were predictive of change in child antisocial behavior over a 3-year period (kindergarten to third grade) net of initial child antisocial behavior. Low levels of parent positive emotion and increases from session 1 to 2 of child neutral behavior both accounted for unique variance in third grade antisocial behavior.
The Development of Metacognitive Knowledge in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang , Löffler Elisabeth
Published: July 2015

This chapter aims at depicting the development of metacognitive knowledge from early childhood through early adolescence. Children’s ability to reflect on their mental states develops rapidly in early childhood, beginning around the age of three. Thus the chapter first discusses important precursors of metacognitive knowledge, in particular, the correct use of mental verbs and the development of a “theory of mind.” Subsequently, it highlights essential stages in the acquisition of declarative metacognitive knowledge, with an emphasis on knowledge about the effectiveness of different strategies. Next, it discusses how and when important aspects of procedural metamemory, that is, monitoring and self-control, develop in childhood and how they interact. It then discusses developmental trends in the relationship between metamemory and memory in more detail. Finally, it presents attempts to assess and foster metacognitive skills in applied settings and discusses possible future directions of research on the development of metacognition.
The Metacognitive Foundations of Effective Remembering
Authors: Fiechter Joshua L. , Benjamin Aaron S. , Unsworth Nash
Published: July 2015

Learners’ success in remembering reflects their strategic approach to the demands that their memory places on them. Differences in success on memory tasks are usually taken to reveal memory ability; but things are more complicated. Memory performance is determined by the interplay of learners’ goals and motivations and the sophistication of the approaches they bring to a particular learning context. Thus, rememberers are burdened with choosing strategies that most efficiently meet their goals, given conditions at encoding or retrieval. Learners must navigate the costs and benefits of engaging select strategies, beginning with simple decisions such as how to distribute study time and ending with complex scenarios where they must infer superior learning strategies following exposure to an alternative strategy. Learners may modulate their use of beneficial strategies in accord with their goals but are much less successful at bringing completely new strategies to bear when the situation calls for them.
Research to Action
Authors: Galinsky Ellen
Published: July 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the research of the Families and Work Institute over the past 25 years, showing how it selects the subject of its research, sets its short- and longer-term goals, designs its methodology, and translates the findings into change experiments that can then be evaluated. The examples of research described include research on public policy, specifically on parental leave; employer and employee studies culminating in an action project, the When Work Works initiative; and child development research leading to a project called Mind in the Making.
Philosophy of Biology
Authors: Fraser Benjamin , Sterelny Kim
Published: July 2015

This chapter first defines philosophy of biology as a field of inquiry. It then briefly surveys the history of the field. It next presents the traditional core issues in philosophy of biology: the units of selection debate, fitness and the nature of selection, the species problem, systematics, adaptationism, and human nature. It then details some recent expansions of the field. One recent expansion has been to encompass molecular biology. Another has been to encompass ecology and conservation biology. The chapter concludes by identifying challenges at some of the field’s current frontiers: understanding the evolution of cooperation and the nature of biological individuality.
Modality and Mood in Standard Average European
Authors: Van Olmen Daniël , Van Der Auwera Johan
Published: July 2015

The chapter discusses the research on the features of the mood and modality systems of European languages that stand a chance of being due to some measure of the areal convergence captured with the term “Standard Average European.” These features are: (i) the compositional nature of the prohibitive, (ii) the number of non-indicative non-imperative moods, (iii) the relation between canonical and non-canonical imperatives, (iv) the use of word order for the interrogative, the (v) multifunctionality, (vi) verbiness, and (vii) grammaticalization of modal markers. While all of these characterize European languages, only features (i), (v), (vi), and (vii) are potential Standard Average European features.
Modality and Mood in Iroquoian
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: July 2015

This chapter focuses on languages that differ typologically from Western languages, those of the Iroquoian family. It deals with mood: the marking of “sentence types,” and the marking of (ir)realis, but its main concern is the more complex issue of the expression of modality. While most models of modality are based on languages with modal auxiliaries, Iroquoian languages lack auxiliaries, but they contain rich inventories of forms expressing traditional modality functions. First the semantic categories delimited by modality expressions are laid out. Next, pathways of formal development are traced, showing how the qualificational function of modality markers can drive prosodic, segmental, and syntactic changes. Finally, pathways of semantic development are investigated, illustrating that the changes undergone by Iroquoian modality markers are similar to, e.g., Germanic modal auxiliaries. Viewing modality as a set of distinctions conveyed by markers at varying stages of formal and functional development helps to explain the diversity we find.
Modality and Mood in Formal Syntactic Approaches
Authors: Axel-Tober Katrin , Gergel Remus
Published: July 2015

The chapter discusses a selection of major approaches to modality and mood in generative syntax. The primary focus lies on the representation of modal auxiliaries and verbs. Key issues relating to modal adverbs and a selection of aspects pertaining to mood are reviewed. Central points addressed are the structural options for different types of modality including the raising vs control debate and the possible structural correlates of epistemic modality addressed in the literature. The chapter incorporates a discussion of “coherent constructions” following a tradition established for German modals. The latter serves as an illustration of a different type of possible syntactic analysis and, in virtue of its data coverage, also of points of variation even between closely related languages like English and German.
The History of Modality and Mood
Authors: Van Der Auwera Johan , Aguilar Alfonso Zamorano
Published: July 2015

This chapter traces the current understanding of mood (or mode) and modality back in time, in the Western tradition, giving pride of place to F. R. Palmer, G. H. von Wright, I. Kant, Priscian, Quintilian, Dionysius Thrax, Apollonius Dyscolus, and Protagoras. It sketches how there were and still are at least four different notions of mood, the domain of which was progressively taken over by a notion of modality. It also sketches the tradi¬tion of some key elements in the understanding of modality, viz. necessity and possibil¬ity, which were studied from Greek antiquity onward long before they were subsumed under the heading of modality.
Victorian Theatre
Authors: Newey Katherine
Published: July 2015

The theatre was a significant institution of public life in the nineteenth century, and an important source of aesthetic innovation and entrepreneurial energy in Victorian culture. The theatre offers an important perspective on Victorian affect and attitudes to the real. However, drama, theatre, and performance have been overlooked in subsequent histories of Victorian public life and culture, in part because of the theatre’s uncomfortable position between high art and popular culture. Despite its popularity, Victorian attitudes towards the theatre and drama were ambivalent, oscillating between huge enjoyment of spectacle, farce, melodrama, and pantomime, and concern over the moral standards and commercial status of the theatre. For scholars of the Victorian period, the Victorian theatre has a rich archive not limited to the dramatic text, and indicative of the interconnections between performance, dramatic literature, and visual culture.
Victorian Theatre
Authors: Powell Kerry
Published: July 2015

The theatre provided Victorian women with a rare opportunity to experience as actresses the exhilaration of independence and power, but at the same time conspired in reproducing repressive codes of gender in both the theatre and society. Men, at once attracted and made anxious by powerful actresses, reassured themselves with a defensive rhetoric that constructed the actress as an exceptional case having little or nothing in common with ‘real’ women like their own wives and daughters. The executive functions of theatre manager and playwright were culturally gendered as requiring ‘masculine’ qualities of mind: no plays by women of the time have broken into the canon of English drama. Nevertheless the considerable achievements of Victorian women like Elizabeth Robins deserve our attention—women who not only wrote and produced plays, but sought to revolutionize the theatre by tempering its commercialism and motives of self-interest while enhancing and broadening opportunities for women.
Music Therapy for Women Who Have Experienced Domestic Violence
Authors: Curtis Sandra L.
Published: July 2015

Music therapists working in the area of domestic violence represent an emergent, but growing professional group. The termdomestic violenceis currently the most widely recognized. However, it has been criticized for the way in which it can serve to mask dimensions of gender and power involved, and can individualize the problem, ignoring its sociopolitical underpinnings. It also masks connections between this type of violence and all forms of male violence against women. As a result to ensure a better understanding, the preferred term for all types of this violence iswoman abuse, withintimate male partner violence(IMPV) the preferred term for violence against women in their intimate relationships. It should be noted that men can be victims of violence, but this violence is different in its nature, scope, and its impact. Music therapy work in the area of woman abuse is presented in this chapter.
Music Therapy with Adolescents in Medical Settings
Authors: Mondanaro John , Loewy Joanne
Published: July 2015

Adolescence is a time of change marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. When a teenager is ill and requiring hospitalization many of the constructs upon which individual identity rests such as contact with peers, and social belonging, can become compromised. Music therapy offers a way to address the personal and psychological stress that can result from hospitalization. In this chapter the authors highlight conditions in medicine that are common to teens. Music psychotherapy approaches are described that promote expression in individual and group modalities, and can also provide avenues for self-reflection related to the disease process, such as the receiving of a new diagnosis, or in cases where traumatic injury has occurred. The role of the music therapist in working with the medical team, the patient, and the patient’s family is presented with reference to the detailed knowledge and experience of the authors in providing music psychotherapy to adolescents.
‘Vi barbarorum absumptam’
Authors: Reuter Marcus
Published: July 2015

This chapter focuses on the military history of Roman Germany during the third century AD. It begins with an overview of the Severan dynasty, with particular emphasis on civil wars and their impact on the army and the civilian population. It then considers the conscription of a new auxiliary unit, cohors I Septimia Belgarum, during the reign of Septimius Severus, before turning to the period between AD 235 and AD 260, which was characterized by the presence of arms and Roman military objects in the civilian settlements of the hinterland of the Upper German–Raetian limes. It also discusses the period from AD 260 to the end of the third century AD, when the Upper German limes gained military importance during the Gallic Empire, and the military situation along the Rhine.