bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depth profiling by cluster projectiles as seen by computer simulations
Authors: Postawa Z. , Rzeznik L. , Paruch R. , Russo M. F. , Winograd N. , Garrison B. J.
Published: May 2010

Molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to probe the development of the surface morphology and the processes that determine the depth resolution in depth profiling experiments performed by secondary ion and neutral mass spectrometry (SIMS/SNMS). The Ag(111) surface is irradiated by an impact of 20‐keV Au3, C60 and Ar872 clusters that represent a broad range of cluster projectiles used in SIMS/SNMS experiments. Improvements in the simulation protocol including automation and optimal sample shape allow for at least 1000 consecutive impacts for each set of initial conditions. This novel approach allows to shrink the gap between single‐impact simulations and real experiments in which numerous impacts are used. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geospatial visualization with VisTracks
Authors: Eick Stephen G.
Published: May 2010

Recently with the widespread emergence of personal navigation devices and growth of mobile networks, large quantities of time‐stamped, location data have become available. To analyze real‐time spatial movement data, we have developed a Web 2.0 platform called VisTracks®. The platform includes spatial servers for generating maps, performing navigation, and tracking moving assets and a flexible Silverlight visual analytics web client. Using VisTracks, it is possible to develop rich visual analytics web applications for understanding location, movement, tracking, and analytics through time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
[Sn9HgSn9]6–: An Intermetalloid Zintl Ion with Two Sn9 Connected by Heteroatom
Authors: Yong Li , Boeddinghaus M. Bele , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: May 2010

The title compound [K([2,2,2]crypt)]12[Sn9]2[Sn9HgSn9] has been obtained by reaction of elemental mercury with the binary phase K4Sn9 in ethylenediamine after addition of [2,2,2]crypt and layering with toluene. The X‐ray single crystal analysis shows that the compound consists of two isolated Sn9 clusters and two Sn9 clusters connected by a mercury atom.
Robotic Colon and Rectal Surgery: A Series of 131 Cases
Authors: Zimmern Andrea , Prasad Leela , deSouza Ashwin , Marecik Slawomir , Park John , Abcarian Herand
Published: May 2010

Background

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery has become a mainstay in the treatment of benign and malignant colorectal diseases. There are inherent limitations to conventional laparoscopy which can be overcome by the robot. Here we present our experience with 131 cases of robotic and robot‐assisted colon and rectal resections.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database. From August 2005 through June 2009, we performed a total of 131 totally robotic and robot‐assisted colorectal resections. These included 42 right colectomies (RC), 16 anterior resections (AR) for benign disease, 8 AR with rectopexy for prolapse, 7 total proctocolectomies (TPC), 47 low and ultralow anterior resections (LAR) for rectal cancer, and 11 abdominal perineal resections (APR). All LARs were done as a hybrid procedure (laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization followed by robotic rectal dissection), and all APR specimens were extracted through the perineal incision. All coloanal anastomoses were diverted with a loop ileostomy.

Results

There were no intraoperative complications in this series. Postoperative complications included 10 patients with ileus or small bowel obstruction (SBO), 2 patients with anastomotic leaks, 1 patient with an abscess, and 3 patients with temporary peripheral neuropathy that resolved spontaneously. Five patients required reoperation and there were a total of 4 conversions (3.7%) across all case types.

Conclusions

Robotic colon and rectal resections are safe and feasible options for the treatment of both benign and malignant disease processes. Further studies comparing oncologic and perioperative outcomes of robotic, laparoscopic, and open techniques are needed to determine the utility and efficacy of this technology in the field of colorectal surgery.
The Death of an Indian Rhinoceros
Authors: Felger Erin A. , Zeiger Martha A.
Published: May 2010

In 1834, the London Zoological Society purchased a male Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, at the request of the anatomist, Richard Owen. Fifteen years later, the rhinoceros died from traumatic injuries, and the necropsy performed by Owen led to the very first discovery of parathyroid glands. Around this time, Richard Owen and Charles Darwin vehemently disagreed with one another about the theory of natural selection. Their public feud sparked the public’s interest in Darwin and his theory while Owen became less popular despite his many accomplishments in the scientific world. Not until decades after Owen’s death was his contribution to the identification of parathyroid glands discovered. Because his discovery is considered pivotal to the history of endocrine surgery, we sought to investigate the circumstances surrounding the rhinoceros’ death, its dissection, and Owen’s initial discovery.
Risk factors for postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: the significance of the ratio of the main pancreatic duct to the pancreas body as a predictor of leakage
Authors: Akamatsu Nobuhisa , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Komagome Masahiko , Shin Nobuhiro , Cho Narihiro , Ishida Takashi , Ozawa Fumiaki , Hashimoto Daijo
Published: May 2010

Objective

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a severe and frequent complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The aim of this study was to identify an independent predictor of POPF and to assess the efficacy of preoperative multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) images as an indicator for POPF.

Methods

A total of 122 patients who underwent PD with an end‐to‐side, duct‐to‐mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy between January 2005 and May 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The diameter of the main pancreatic duct (MPD), the diameter of the short axis of the pancreas body, and the ratio of the MPD to the pancreas body (MPD index) were digitally measured based on the curved reformatted images of preoperative MDCT.

Results

Postoperative pancreatic fistula occurred in 33 patients (27%). The operative mortality rate was 3.3% (4 patients). All four patients had grade C POPF. Three died because of hemorrhage from a pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery stump, and one died because of sepsis due to major leakage from the pancreaticojejunostomy. In a multivariate analysis, the intraoperative blood loss (/100 ml) [odds ratio (OR), 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–1.17] and MPD index (<0.2) (OR 50; 95% CI 6–41) proved to be independent predictors of POPF. In patients with an MPD index of <0.2, the incidence of POPF was 45%, and the mortality rate was 7.5%.

Conclusion

The MPD index obtained from preoperative MDCT can be a reliable predictor of POPF after PD.
Muromonab‐CD3 therapy for refractory rejections after liver transplantation: a single‐center experience during two decades in Japan
Authors: Ueda Daisuke , Hori Tomohide , Nguyen Justin H. , Uemoto Shinji
Published: May 2010

Background/purpose

Refractory rejections still occur in the liver transplantation (LT) field. The aim of this study was to investigate significant factors for the introduction of therapy with muromonab‐CD3 (MCD3) after LT.

Methods

A total of 1415 LT patients were retrospectively evaluated, and 11 of the recipients received MCD3 therapy because of steroid‐resistant rejections. The clinical factors before LT and before MCD3 therapy were investigated.

Results

The recipients were retrospectively divided into two groups based on responses to MCD3 therapy, including their clinical courses after MCD3 therapy and their outcomes. The MCD3 therapy had positive effects in LT recipients with the following four factors: low score of model for end‐stage liver disease or pediatric end‐stage liver disease; earlier time point of the first incidence of rejection; more frequent steroid pulse therapy (SPT) within 2 weeks after LT; and the expression of CD3 in the peripheral blood before MCD3 introduction.

Conclusion

Optimal induction of MCD3 triggered recovery from refractory rejections, especially in LT recipients in a stable condition, but not in those in a critical or compromised condition.
Differential foraging in presence of predator and conspecific odors in bank voles: a field enclosure study
Authors: Verplancke Géraldine , Le Boulengé Éric , Diederich Claire
Published: May 2010

Bank voles detect and discriminate other organisms, e.g., predators versus conspecifics, based on olfactory clues like urine, feces, or scent marks. The present field enclosure experiment was set up to determine whether scented food is sufficient for inducing such differentiated reactions in bank voles. Fourteen different odors were tested, divided into four categories: (1) terrestrial predators, (2) avian predators, (3) conspecifics, and (4) neutral origin (human, dog, solvent‐treated, and unscented). The odors were extracted with methanol from pellets or feces, or were an artificial substitute. To test the influence of odors on the foraging behavior of voles, artificial food patches containing scented feeders were used. The feeders were cleaned and refilled daily with a calibrated amount of food sprayed with 1 ml of a different odor randomly chosen. The patches were also equipped with monochromatic cameras to monitor the occurrences of voles around the feeders. Both the visits at scented feeders and food consumption were analyzed for each odor. The results show that relative to their foraging activity on unscented food, bank voles significantly reduce it on food scented with odors of terrestrial predators, and increase it in the presence of conspecific odors. Their foraging activity was not affected by neutral scent, nor by scents from avian predators. These results prove that bank voles react to scented food in a way that varies according to the source of odor, even in the semi‐natural conditions of an outdoor enclosure.
Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels in regionaler Differenzierung: Gemeinsamkeiten und Gegensätze ländlich-peripherer Entleerungsregionen in Deutschland – die Beispiele Vorpommern und Westeifel
Authors: Reichert-Schick Anja
Published: May 2010

This article analyses two peripheral rural regions: West Eifel and West Pomerania in Germany. Both are affected by demographic change and are subject to distinct shrinking and ageing processes. There are many similarities between the two regions, but also serious contradictions. The demographic change does not have the same effect in both research areas. Hence the article looks into the subject, under which specific conditions the explosiveness of the demographic change is going to be intensified or diminished.
Early, on‐time, and late behavioural autonomy in adolescence: Psychosocial correlates in young and middle adulthood
Authors: Pavlova Maria K. , Haase Claudia M. , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: May 2010

Drawing on two nationally representative German studies (N1 = 1744, N2 = 759), we examined correlates of early, on‐time, and late curfew autonomy, a retrospective indicator of behavioural autonomy, in young and middle adulthood (19–37 years of age). Adjustment in four domains was considered: educational attainment, externalizing problem behaviour, subjective well‐being, and interpersonal relationships. The early group showed lower adjustment in multiple domains across young and middle adulthood. The late group reported a mixed pattern of adjustment at younger ages (lower externalizing problems, but lower positive affect, lower importance of peers, and lower likelihood to have a partner) and positive adjustment in all domains at older ages. Timing effects were controlled for sociodemographic characteristics and retrospective measures of early adversities, pubertal timing, disclosure to parents, and peer group affiliation in adolescence. Findings show that late behavioural autonomy in its correlates is not simply the opposite of early behavioural autonomy.
Effects of Fentanyl‐lidocaine‐propofol and Dexmedetomidine‐lidocaine‐propofol on Tracheal Intubation Without Use of Muscle Relaxants
Authors: Hancı Volkan , Erdoğan Gülay , Okyay Rahşan Dilek , Yurtlu Bülent Serhan , Ayoğlu Hilal , Baydilek Yunus , Turan Işıl Özkoçak
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of fentanyl or dexmedetomidine when used in combination with propofol and lidocaine for tracheal intubation without using muscle relaxants. Sixty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists stage I risk were randomized to receive 1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine (Group D, n = 30) or 2 mg/kg fentanyl (Group F, n = 30), both in combination with 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine and 3 mg/kg propofol. The requirement for intubation was determined based on mask ventilation capability, jaw motility, position of the vocal cords and the patient's response to intubation and inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff. Systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation values were also recorded. Rate pressure products were calculated. Jaw relaxation, position of the vocal cords and patient's response to intubation and inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff were significantly better in Group D than in Group F (p < 0.05). The intubation conditions were significantly more satisfactory in Group D than in Group F (p = 0.01). Heart rate was significantly lower in Group D than in Group F after the administration of the study drugs and intubation (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in Group F than in Group D after propofol injection and at 3 and 5 minutes after intubation (p < 0.05). After intubation, the rate pressure product values were significantly lower in Group D than in Group F (p < 0.05). We conclude that endotracheal intubation was better with the dexmedetomidine–lidocaine–propofol combination than with the fentanyl–lidocaine–propofol combination. However, side effects such as bradycardia should be considered when using dexmedetomidine.
Effect of coagulase-negative staphylococci on somatic cell count in Dutch dairy herds
Authors: Sampimon Otlis , van den Borne Bart HP , Santman-Berends Inge , Barkema Herman W , Lam Theo
Published: May 2010

The effect was quantified of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) intramammary infections on quarter- and cow-level somatic cell count (SCC) and on bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) in different BMSCC cohorts in Dutch dairy herds. Two datasets were used for this purpose. In the first dataset, on 49 randomly selected dairy farms a total of 4220 quarter milk samples of 1072 cows were collected of all cows and heifers with a test-day SCC ⩾250 000 and ⩾150 000 cells/ml, respectively, and of 25% of cows and heifers below these thresholds. In the second dataset, on 39 selected dairy farms a total of 8329 quarter milk samples of 2115 cows were collected of all cows with a test-day SCC ⩾250 000 cells/ml following two consecutive SCC <250 000 cells/ml, and of heifers using the same SCC criteria but with a threshold of 150 000 cells/ml. These cows and heifers were defined as new high SCC. In both datasets, CNS was the most frequently isolated pathogen, 11% in the first dataset and 12% in the second dataset. In both datasets, quarters with CNS IMI had a lower SCC than quarters infected with major pathogens, and a higher SCC than culture-negative quarters. The same was found for SCC at cow level. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were more often found in quarters with SCC ⩾200 000 cells/ml in dairy farms with a BMSCC <150 000 cells/ml compared with dairy farms with a higher BMSCC. Prevalence of CNS in cows and heifers with a high SCC was higher in dairy farms with a BMSCC <150 000 cells/ml compared with dairy farms with a medium or high BMSCC: 30, 19 and 18%, respectively. This indicates that CNS IMI as a cause of subclinical mastitis is relatively more important in dairy farms with a low BMSCC and may become a point of attention in udder health management on that type of farm.
Effect of grazing fresh legumes or feeding silage on fatty acids and enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat in dairy cows
Authors: Wiking Lars , Theil Peter K , Nielsen Jacob H , Sørensen Martin T
Published: May 2010

The impact of fresh legume types or silage on the composition of milk fatty acids and transcription of enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat in cows was studied. Three groups of cows grazed high proportions of white clover, red clover and lucerne, respectively. A fourth group of cows was fed maize/grass silage. The cows grazing high proportions of legumes produced significantly more 18:1 trans-11, 18:2 cis9-trans11, 18:2 trans10-cis12 and 18:3 fatty acids than cows fed silage. White clover and lucerne grazing resulted in significantly lower output of 18:1 trans9 in milk than red clover grazing and maize/grass silages. Transcription of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in mammary tissue was significantly increased by grazing high proportions of legume whereas fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were not affected by type of feeding. Furthermore, average milk fat globule diameter was correlated to daily milk fat yield but was not affected by feeding. Although the fresh forage affected the transcription of SCD in mammary tissue, the largest effects were on the trans11-based fatty acids. It is concluded that type of forage, i.e. fresh or silage, had a greater impact on rumen fermentation pattern than on transcription of enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat.
Generation of secondary droplets in coalescence of a drop at a liquid–liquid interface
Authors: RAY B. , BISWAS G. , SHARMA A.
Published: May 2010

When a droplet of liquid 1 falls through liquid 2 to eventually hit the liquid 2–liquid 1 interface, its initial impact on the interface can produce daughter droplets of liquid 1. In some cases, a partial coalescence cascade governed by self-similar capillary-inertial dynamics is observed, where the fall of the secondary droplets in turn continues to produce further daughter droplets. Results show that inertia and interfacial surface tension forces largely govern the process of partial coalescence. The partial coalescence is suppressed by the viscous force when Ohnesorge number is below a critical value and also by gravity force when Bond number exceeds a critical value. Generation of secondary drop is observed for systems of lower Ohnesorge number for liquid 1, lower and intermediate Ohnesorge number for liquid 2 and for low and intermediate values of Bond number. Whenever the horizontal momentum in the liquid column is more than the vertical momentum, secondary drop is formed. A transition regime from partial to complete coalescence is obtained when the neck radius oscillates twice. In this regime, the main body of the column can be fitted to power-law scaling model within a specific time range. We investigated the conditions and the outcome of these coalescence events based on numerical simulations using a coupled level set and volume of fluid method (CLSVOF).
Aspect ratio dependence of heat transfer and large-scale flow in turbulent convection
Authors: BAILON-CUBA J. , EMRAN M. S. , SCHUMACHER J.
Published: May 2010

The heat transport and corresponding changes in the large-scale circulation (LSC) in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection are studied by means of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations as a function of the aspect ratio Γ of a closed cylindrical cell and the Rayleigh number Ra. The Prandtl number is Pr = 0.7 throughout the study. The aspect ratio Γ is varied between 0.5 and 12 for a Rayleigh number range between 107 and 109. The Nusselt number Nu is the dimensionless measure of the global turbulent heat transfer. For small and moderate aspect ratios, the global heat transfer law Nu = A × Raβ shows a power law dependence of both fit coefficients A and β on the aspect ratio. A minimum of Nu(Γ) is found at Γ ≈ 2.5 and Γ ≈ 2.25 for Ra = 107 and Ra = 108, respectively. This is the point where the LSC undergoes a transition from a single-roll to a double-roll pattern. With increasing aspect ratio, we detect complex multi-roll LSC configurations in the convection cell. For larger aspect ratios Γ ≳ 8, our data indicate that the heat transfer becomes independent of the aspect ratio of the cylindrical cell. The aspect ratio dependence of the turbulent heat transfer for small and moderate Γ is in line with a varying amount of energy contained in the LSC, as quantified by the Karhunen–Loève or proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis of the turbulent convection field. The POD analysis is conducted here by the snapshot method for at least 100 independent realizations of the turbulent fields. The primary POD mode, which replicates the time-averaged LSC patterns, transports about 50% of the global heat for Γ ≥ 1. The snapshot analysis enables a systematic disentanglement of the contributions of POD modes to the global turbulent heat transfer. Although the smallest scale – the Kolmogorov scale ηK – and the largest scale – the cell height H – are widely separated in a turbulent flow field, the LSC patterns in fully turbulent fields exhibit strikingly similar texture to those in the weakly nonlinear regime right above the onset of convection. Pentagonal or hexagonal circulation cells are observed preferentially if the aspect ratio is sufficiently large (Γ ≳ 8).
Large deviation principles for non-uniformly hyperbolic rational maps
Authors: COMMAN HENRI , RIVERA-LETELIER JUAN
Published: May 2010

We show some level-2 large deviation principles for rational maps satisfying a strong form of non-uniform hyperbolicity, called ‘Topological Collet–Eckmann’. More precisely, we prove a large deviation principle for the distribution of iterated preimages, periodic points, and Birkhoff averages. For this purpose we show that each Hölder continuous potential admits a unique equilibrium state, and that the pressure function can be characterized in terms of iterated preimages, periodic points, and Birkhoff averages. Then we use a variant of a general result of Kifer.
On Ptolemaic metric simplicial complexes
Authors: BUCKLEY S. M. , WRAITH D. J. , McDOUGALL J.
Published: May 2010

We show that under certain mild conditions, a metric simplicial complex which satisfies the Ptolemy inequality is a CAT(0) space. Ptolemy's inequality is closely related to inversions of metric spaces. For a large class of metric simplicial complexes, we characterize those which are isometric to Euclidean space in terms of metric inversions.
Agricultural practices or game management: which is the key to improve red-legged partridge nesting success in agricultural landscapes?
Authors: CASAS FABIÁN , VIÑUELA JAVIER
Published: May 2010

European agricultural landscapes hold important endangered and game species, which may add socioeconomical and ecological value to the ecosystem, and thus must be considered priority species in any management programme integrating agriculture, hunting and conservation. Patterns of red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) nesting habitat selection and nesting success provide information for the implementation of these kinds of programmes in agrarian pseudosteppes. Nests occur mainly in cereal grain fields, although this habitat type was overall negatively selected and had the lowest nesting success. Only lindes (herbaceous strips among fields) were positively selected, and were also the habitat type with the highest nesting success. Nests within cereal grain fields were positively selected close to the field margins (mostly < 5 m). Agricultural practices, particularly harvesting, were the main cause of nest failure. Changes in agricultural practices would be a more effective means of increasing nesting success than predator control. Partridge breeding success may be improved by better management of agricultural areas, increasing the availability of lindes and slightly delaying cereal harvesting. These data may have implications for other endangered steppe-birds with similar nesting habitat, and may provide the basis for effective and successful collaborative programmes between hunters and conservationists.
Production, Distribution, and J. S. Mill
Authors: VALLIER KEVIN
Published: May 2010

J. S. Mill's role as a transitional figure between classical and egalitarian liberalism can be partly explained by developments in his often unappreciated economic views. Specifically, I argue that Mill's separation of economic production and distribution had an important effect on his political theory. Mill made two distinctions between economic production and the distribution of wealth. I argue that these separations helped lead Mill to abandon the wages-fund doctrine and adopt a more favorable view of organized labor. I also show how Mill's developments impacted later philosophers, economists, and historians. Understanding the relationship between Mill's political theory and economic theory does not only matter for Mill scholarship, however. Contemporary philosophers often ignore the economic views of their predecessors. I argue that paying insufficient attention to historical political philosophers' economic ideas obscures significant motivations for their political views.
Consequentialism and Permissibility
Authors: MCELWEE BRIAN
Published: May 2010

Scalar consequentialism, recently championed by Alastair Norcross, holds that the value of an action varies according to the goodness of its consequences, but eschews all judgements of moral permissibility and impermissibility. I show that the strongest version of scalar consequentialism is not vulnerable to the objection that it is insufficiently action-guiding. Instead, the principle objection to the scalar view is simply that it leaves out important and interesting ethical judgements. In demonstrating this, I counter Rob Lawlor's contention that consequentialists cannot consistently care about permissibility and impermissibility.
In Defense of a Version of Satisficing Consequentialism
Authors: ROGERS JASON
Published: May 2010

In this article, I develop, motivate, and offer a qualified defense of a version of satisficing consequentialism (SC). I develop the view primarily in light of objections to other versions of SC recently posed by Ben Bradley. I motivate the view by showing that it (1) accommodates the intuitions apparently supporting those objections, (2) is supported by certain ‘common-sense’ moral intuitions about specific cases, and (3) captures the central ideas expressed by satisficing consequentialists in the recent literature. Finally, I offer a qualified defense of the view that consists in showing that it meets Bradley's criteria for being a version of satisficing consequentialism that is ‘worth considering’. Specifically, it is a version of SC that solves certain problems for maximizing consequentialism and yet does not permit the gratuitous prevention of goodness.
Breast-v.formula-feeding: impacts on the digestive tract and immediate and long-term health effects
Authors: Le Huërou-Luron Isabelle , Blat Sophie , Boudry Gaëlle
Published: May 2010

The health benefits of breast-feeding have been recognised for a long time. In particular, breast-feeding is associated with lower incidence of necrotising enterocolitis and diarrhoea during the early period of life and with lower incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity later in life. The higher nutritional and protective degree of human milk is related to its nutritional composition that changes over the lactation period and to the biological activities of specific components while lower growth rate of breast-fed infants may be attributed to their self-regulation of milk intake at a lower level than formula-fed infants. Many results now suggest that the developmental changes in intestinal and pancreatic function that occur postnatally are modulated by the diet. Indeed, formula-feeding induces intestinal hypertrophy and accelerates maturation of hydrolysis capacities; it increases intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, but does not induce evident differences in microbiota composition. Whether these changes would be beneficial for enhancing absorptive capacities and for educating the gut-associated immune system remains to be further studied. Moreover, it is evident that formula-feeding increases basal blood glucose and decreases plasma ketone body concentrations, while discrepancies on postprandial glycaemia, insulin and incretin responses in both human studies and experimental studies are inconclusive. Manipulating the composition of formula, by reducing protein content, adding prebiotics, growth factors or secretory IgA can modulate intestinal and pancreatic function development, and thereby may reduce the differential responses between breast-fed and formula-fed neonates. However, the developmental responses of the digestive tract to different feeding strategies must be elucidated in terms of sensitivity to developing diseases, taking into account the major role of the intestinal microbiota.
Binary separation and training support vector machines
Authors: Fletcher Roger , Zanghirati Gaetano
Published: May 2010

We introduce basic ideas of binary separation by a linear hyperplane, which is a technique exploited in thesupport vector machine(SVM) concept. This is a decision-making tool for pattern recognition and related problems. We describe a fundamentalstandard problem(SP) and show how this is used in most existing research to develop a dual-based algorithm for its solution. This algorithm is shown to be deficient in certain aspects, and we develop a new primal-based SQP-like algorithm, which has some interesting features. Most practical SVM problems are not adequately handled by a linear hyperplane. We describe thenonlinear SVMtechnique, which enables a nonlinear separating surface to be computed, and we propose a new primal algorithm based on the use of low-rank Cholesky factors.

It may be, however, that exact separation is not desirable due to the presence of uncertain or mislabelled data. Dealing with this situation is the main challenge in developing suitable algorithms. Existing dual-based algorithms use the idea ofL1penalties, which has merit. We suggest how penalties can be incorporated into a primal-based algorithm. Another aspect of practical SVM problems is often the huge size of the data set, which poses severe challenges both for software package development and for control of ill-conditioning. We illustrate some of these issues with numerical experiments on a range of problems.
Computing matrix functions
Authors: Higham Nicholas J. , Al-Mohy Awad H.
Published: May 2010

The need to evaluate a functionf(A)∈ ℂn×nof a matrixA∈ ℂn×narises in a wide and growing number of applications, ranging from the numerical solution of differential equations to measures of the complexity of networks. We give a survey of numerical methods for evaluating matrix functions, along with a brief treatment of the underlying theory and a description of two recent applications. The survey is organized by classes of methods, which are broadly those based on similarity transformations, those employing approximation by polynomial or rational functions, and matrix iterations. Computation of the Fréchet derivative, which is important for condition number estimation, is also treated, along with the problem of computingf(A)bwithout computingf(A). A summary of available software completes the survey.
Verification methods: Rigorous results using floating-point arithmetic
Authors: Rump Siegfried M.
Published: May 2010

A classical mathematical proof is constructed using pencil and paper. However, there are many ways in which computers may be used in a mathematical proof. But ‘proof by computer’, or even the use of computers in the course of a proof, is not so readily accepted (the December 2008 issue of the Notices of the American Mathematical Society is devoted to formal proofs by computer).

In the following we introduce verification methods and discuss how they can assist in achieving a mathematically rigorous result. In particular we emphasize how floating-point arithmetic is used.
Kepler, Newton and numerical analysis
Authors: Wanner G.
Published: May 2010

Numerical methods are usually constructed for solving mathematical problems such as differential equations or optimization problems. In this contribution we discuss the fact that numerical methods, applied inversely, were also important inestablishingthese models. We show in detail the discovery of the laws of planetary motion by Kepler and Newton, which stood at the beginning of modern science. The 400th anniversary of the publication of Kepler's laws (1609) is a good occasion for this investigation.
Identification and evaluation of vegetable type pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in the world germplasm collection at ICRISAT genebank
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Reddy K. N. , Gowda C. L. L. , Singh Sube
Published: May 2010

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) seed harvested while it is immature is a nutritious vegetable and forms a substitute for green pea [Pisum sativum (L.)]. Using the characterization data of more than 12,000 accessions conserved at ICRISAT genebank, Patancheru, India, 105 accessions were selected for important traits of vegetable pigeonpea (mature pod length>6 cm, seeds per pod>5 and 100-seed weight>15 g) and evaluated for these traits during 2007–08. From the initial evaluation, 51 accessions were identified as vegetable type and further evaluated for traits of vegetable pigeonpea during 2008–09 to identify most promising accessions. ICP 13831 produced longest immature pods (10.3 cm), ICP 13828 had maximum number of seeds per pod (5.9) and ICP 12746 produced larger seeds (44.8 g/100 seeds). Highest percentage of total soluble sugars (9.7%) was recorded in immature seeds of ICP 13413. ICP 15143 followed by ICP 15186 recorded more dry pods per plant and seed yield per plant. Performance of ICP 12184, ICP 13413, ICP 14085 and ICP 15169 was better than that of the best control for pod length, seeds per pod, soluble sugars and protein content. Cluster analysis based on scores of first five principal components resulted in three clusters that differed significantly for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, shelling percentage and soluble sugars. Important traits of vegetable pigeonpea such as immature pod length, seeds per pod, seed soluble sugars and protein content had shown strong positive correlation. Caribbean and Eastern Africa were found as the best source regions for vegetable pigeonpea. Evaluation of selected accessions at potential locations in different countries was suggested to identify vegetable pigeonpeas suitable for different regions and for use in crop improvement programs.
Fabry disease - Vascular manifestations
Authors: Karetova  , Bultas  , Dostalova  , Palecek  , Kovarnik  , Golan  , Linhart
Published: May 2010

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism caused by the deficient activity of α-galactosidase A which results in the accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids in various tissues leading particularly to vasculopathy, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, and chronic kidney disease. It results in substantial morbidity and premature death in affected patients. Although there are some signs and symptoms suggestive of FD including painful crisis, angiokeratomas, and corneal changes, the majority of FD complications are non-specific (left ventricular hypertrophy, conduction abnormalities, vascular spasms, proteinuria, renal insufficiency), which is why FD still remains largely underdiagnosed. The mechanism by which accumulating glycosphingolipids cause multiorgan disorder is not yet completely understood as it cannot be explained by pure substrate storage. Besides standard therapy of different medical problems in FD patients, specific enzyme replacement therapy has been introduced in the last few years.
Successful treatment of a mycotic pseudoaneurysm of the brachial artery with percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection and antibiotics
Authors: Poloczek  , Amann-Vesti  , Thalhammer  , Meier  , Husmann
Published: May 2010

We report the case of a 48 year old male with human immuno-deficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infection and previous grafting of a thoracic aortic aneurysm. He returned from a trip to India with fever and in a poor physical condition. Diagnostic work-up revealed septicaemia with staphylococcus aureus, infection of the aortic graft with covered rupture of the proximal anastomosis and mitral valve endocarditis. Following antibiotic therapy, implantation of a transcutaneous endovascular aortic prosthesis and mitral valve repair were performed. During the postoperative period, the patient complained of pain and a palpable pulsating mass in the right cubital fossa. Ultrasound scan revealed a pseudoaneurysm at the brachial artery bifurcation. Since there were no signs of venous puncture in this area, we assumed this to be a mycotic pseudoaneurysm resulting from septic embolism. In the absence of clinical signs of inflammation, this pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated by ultrasound-guided thrombin injection. Irrespective of the cause for this mycotic pseudoaneurysm of the brachial artery, percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin closure in combination with antibiotic therapy might be a feasible, safe, cheap and minimally-invasive alternative to surgery.
Distribution of seismicity across strike‐slip faults in California
Authors: Powers Peter M. , Jordan Thomas H.
Published: May 2010

The distribution of seismicity about strike‐slip faults provides measurements of fault roughness and damage zone width. In California, seismicity decays with distance from strike‐slip faults according to a power law ∼(1 + x2/d2)−γ/2. This scaling relation holds out to a fault‐normal distance x of 3–6 km and is compatible with a “rough fault loading” model in which the inner scale d measures the half width of a volumetric damage zone and the roll‐off rate γ is governed by stress variations due to fault roughness. According to Dieterich and Smith's 2‐D simulations, γ approximates the fractal dimension of along‐strike roughness. Near‐fault seismicity is more localized on faults in northern California (NoCal, d = 60 ± 20 m, γ = 1.65 ± .05) than in southern California (SoCal, d = 220 ± 40 m, γ = 1.16 ± .05). The Parkfield region has a damage zone half width (d = 120 ± 30 m) consistent with the SAFOD drilling estimate; its high roll‐off rate (γ = 2.30 ± .25) indicates a relatively flat roughness spectrum: ∼k−1 versus k−2 for NoCal, k−3 for SoCal. Our damage zone widths (the first direct estimates averaged over the seismogenic layer) can be interpreted in terms of an across‐strike “fault core multiplicity” that is ∼1 in NoCal, ∼2 at Parkfield, and ∼3 in SoCal. The localization of seismicity near individual faults correlates with cumulative offset, seismic productivity, and aseismic slip, consistent with a model in which faults originate as branched networks with broad, multicore damage zones and evolve toward more localized, lineated features with low fault core multiplicity, thinner damage zones, and less seismic coupling. Our results suggest how earthquake triggering statistics might be modified by the presence of faults.
Isotopic evidence for chaotic imprint in upper mantle heterogeneity
Authors: Armienti Pietro , Gasperini Daniela
Published: May 2010

The intrinsic structure of the isotope data set of samples from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise, believed to represent the isotopic composition of their mantle source, reveals a close relationship between sample spatial distribution and their geochemical features. The spatial distribution of their isotopic heterogeneity is self‐similar on a scale between 5000 and 6000 km (about 1/6 of Earth's circumference), suggesting a self‐organized structure for the underlying mantle. This implies the imprint of chaotic mantle processes, induced by mantle flow and likely related to an early phase of highly dynamic behavior of the Earth's mantle. The size of the identified self‐organized region reflects the large length scale of upper mantle chemical variability, and it is likely frozen since the Proterozoic. The geochemical heterogeneity of the asthenosphere along the ridges is believed to record a transition in the thermal conditions of the Earth's mantle and to be reflected in the l = 6 peak expansion of several geophysical observables.
Constraints on lithosphere net rotation and asthenospheric viscosity from global mantle flow models and seismic anisotropy
Authors: Conrad Clinton P. , Behn Mark D.
Published: May 2010

Although an average westward rotation of the Earth's lithosphere is indicated by global analyses of surface features tied to the deep mantle (e.g., hot spot tracks), the rate of lithospheric drift is uncertain despite its importance to global geodynamics. We use a global viscous flow model to predict asthenospheric anisotropy computed from linear combinations of mantle flow fields driven by relative plate motions, mantle density heterogeneity, and westward lithosphere rotation. By comparing predictions of lattice preferred orientation to asthenospheric anisotropy in oceanic regions inferred from SKS splitting observations and surface wave tomography, we constrain absolute upper mantle viscosity (to 0.5–1.0 × 1021 Pa s, consistent with other constraints) simultaneously with net rotation rate and the decrease in the viscosity of the asthenosphere relative to that of the upper mantle. For an asthenosphere 10 times less viscous than the upper mantle, we find that global net rotation must be <0.26°/Myr (<60% of net rotation in the HS3 (Pacific hot spot) reference frame); larger viscosity drops amplify asthenospheric shear associated with net rotation and thus require slower net rotation to fit observed anisotropy. The magnitude of westward net rotation is consistent with lithospheric drift relative to Indo‐Atlantic hot spots but is slower than drift in the Pacific hot spot frame (HS3 ≈ 0.44°/Myr). The latter may instead express net rotation relative to the deep mantle beneath the Pacific plate, which is moving rapidly eastward in our models.
What Voyager cosmic ray data in the outer heliosphere tells us about 10Be production in the Earth's polar atmosphere in the recent past
Authors: Webber W. R. , Higbie P. R.
Published: May 2010

Voyager measurements of the galactic proton and Helium nuclei spectra beyond the heliospheric termination shock and out to ∼110 AU seem to imply lower interstellar cosmic ray intensities of these nuclei than previously estimated. Using new interstellar spectra that are in much better agreement with these Voyager measurements we have calculated the production of 10Be in the Earth's polar atmosphere. This maximum possible 10Be production is only 1.47 ± 0.05 times the production occurring at recent times of minimum solar 11 year modulation between 1954 and 2009. This implies that the 10Be concentrations measured in polar ice cores at the times of the recent Spoerer and Maunder minima, which were between 1.6–2.0 times those measured recently at the times of minimum solar modulation, are most likely not solely related to changes in solar heliospheric modulation between these time periods, but other effects such as local and regional climate near the measuring sites may play a significant role in the differences in the relative 10Be concentration measurements at the two times.
Initial development of HF radar polar patch caused by azimuthal flow burst in the cusp
Authors: Taguchi S. , Hosokawa K. , Suzuki S. , Yukimatu A. S. , Sato N.
Published: May 2010

In this study, we report evidence proving the existence of a close relationship between the initial development of a poleward propagating feature of the HF radar backscatter, that is, HF radar polar patch, and a fast azimuthal flow in the cusp. We focus on two events in which the HF radar polar patch was formed and was identified by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars at Saskatoon, Canada, and Prince George, Canada, on 27 March 2001. We examine their spatial and temporal development. The two events occurred at the interface between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BY‐controlled azimuthal flow and the antisunward flow typical of a negative IMF BZ; they developed in a longitudinally asymmetric manner. The increase in ∣BY/BZ∣ when BZ was negative triggered the fast azimuthal flow. We interpret the temporal and spatial development of the HF radar polar patch in terms of the plasma density gradient created by the azimuthal flow and in terms of the subsequent development of the gradient in the direction of both the azimuthal flow and the antisunward flow.
On the relationship of Joule heating and nitric oxide radiative cooling in the thermosphere
Authors: Lu G. , Mlynczak M. G. , Hunt L. A. , Woods T. N. , Roble R. G.
Published: May 2010

During geomagnetic storms Joule heating dissipation is the dominant form of magnetospheric energy input that is responsible for many chemical and dynamical variations in the thermosphere. One such thermospheric variation is the dramatic increase of thermospheric temperature and nitric oxide (NO) density and thus radiative emission by NO. This paper gives for the first time a quantitative assessment of the relationship between global Joule heating power and global NO radiative cooling power. It is found that, when averaged over a time interval of 24 h along with a time lag of 10 h, global Joule heating power is closely correlated with global NO cooling power. On average, the increased energy release through NO 5.3 μm infrared emission accounts for about 80% of Joule heating energy input under disturbed conditions. The paper also presents a first attempt to parameterize global NO power using the Kp and F10.7 indices. Under nonstorm conditions the best correlation is found when the daily global NO power lags behind the solar flux input by 1 day. The predicted NO power based on this parameterization scheme reproduces many features in the observed global NO power by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument over the 7 year period from 2002 to 2008. The predicted global NO power correlates well with the SABER measurements, with a correlation coefficient of 0.89.
In‐orbit performance of avalanche photodiode as radiation detector on board the picosatellite Cute‐1.7+APD II
Authors: Kataoka J. , Toizumi T. , Nakamori T. , Yatsu Y. , Tsubuku Y. , Kuramoto Y. , Enomoto T. , Usui R. , Kawai N. , Ashida H. , Omagari K. , Fujihashi K. , Inagawa S. , Miura Y. , Konda Y. , Miyashita N. , Matsunaga S. , Ishikawa Y. , Matsunaga Y. , Kawabata N.
Published: May 2010

The Cute‐1.7+APD II, 10 × 15 × 20 cm3 in size and 5 kg in mass, is the third picosatellite developed by students at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. One of the primary goals of the Cute‐1.7+APD II mission is to validate the use of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) as a radiation detector for the first time in a space experiment. While the mission itself is immature compared to the forefront satellites of space plasma physics, use of APDs offers various possibilities regarding a brand‐new electron energy analyzer for medium‐energy electrons and ions (1–100 keV), as well as a high‐performance light sensor for the future X‐ray astronomy missions. The satellite was successfully launched by ISRO PSLV‐C9 rocket on 28 April 2008 and has since been in operation for more than a year. The Cute‐1.7+APD II carries two reverse‐type APDs to monitor the distribution of low‐energy particles (mainly electrons and protons) down to 9.2 keV trapped in a low Earth orbit (LEO), including the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) as well as aurora bands. We present the design parameters and various preflight tests of the APDs prior to launch, particularly, the high counting response and active gain control system for the Cute‐1.7+APD II mission. Examples of electron/proton distribution, obtained in continuous 12 h observations, will be presented to demonstrate the initial flight performance of the APDs in orbit.