bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material index for strain localization susceptibility in cracked bodies: Examination of single‐crystal Cu using crystal plasticity finite element method
Authors: Li Wanjia , Hamada Shigeru , Noguchi Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

Our previous study demonstrated that, in a cracked single‐crystal subjected to remote tensile stress, the interactions among material behavior, strain localization, mechanical behavior, and strain concentration caused the formation of a strain field was quite different from the HRR singularity introduced in the homogeneous continuum. Moreover, to quantify strain localization ability for metals, a material index for strain localization susceptibility (SLS) was proposed. However, the effectiveness and availability of that index were not examined in detail. In this study, a Cu‐based single crystal was examined using the crystal‐plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) model. This model incorporates the strain localization mechanism from the non‐crystallographic shear band. Additionally, a new material index for SLS was introduced. The results showed that the new material index could reflect the SLS of the material. Meanwhile, a critical material index value based on strain localization was determined for predicting the crack behavior. This study also discusses the plastic deformation behavior near the crack tip with different material indices for SLS.
A systematic review of measurement instruments for oral health assessment of older adults in long‐term care facilities by nondental professionals
Authors: Rodrigues Lorrany Gabriela , Sampaio Aline Araújo , da Cruz Carlos Antonio Gomes , Vettore Mario Vianna , Ferreira Raquel Conceição
Published: July 2022

Background

Regular oral health assessment of older adults living in Long‐term Care Facilities (LTCF) can improve their oral health.

Aims

This study aimed to systematically review studies describing the development of instruments employed by nondental professionals to assess the oral health of older adults in LTCF and to evaluate their measurement properties.

Material & Methods

Electronic searches were conducted in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS databases. Measurement properties of the identified instruments were evaluated using the Consensus‐based Standards to select health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Studies assessing at least one measurement property (validity, reliability, or responsiveness) of instruments used to assess oral health of older adults living in LTCF by nondental professionals were considered. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) checklist was used to evaluate the quality of evidence.

Results

Fifteen studies reporting measurement properties of seven instruments were selected. The ohr‐interRAI and the OHAT were considered to have sufficient content validity, with high and moderate evidence quality, respectively. OHAT, BOHSE, and DHI showed acceptable results on reliability but with very low quality of evidence. DHI and OHSTNP also showed acceptable results for criterion validity, but, with low quality of evidence, insufficient or unclear results were observed for the remaining measurement properties. Studies evaluating the validity criteria of BOHSE and hypotheses testing of ohr‐MDS were considered to have high evidence quality.

Discussion and Conclusion

The ohr‐interRAI can be provisionally recommended for use until further evidence is provided. Further methodologically rigorous studies are needed to assess the measurement properties of the existing instruments.
Ankle joint distraction is a promising alternative treatment for patients with severe haemophilic ankle arthropathy
Authors: van Bergen Eline D. P. , Mastbergen Simon C. , Vogely H. Charles , Balani Tanya N. , de Kleijn Piet , Foppen Wouter , van Roermund Peter M. , Lafeber Floris P. J. G. , Schutgens Roger E. G. , van Vulpen Lize F. D.
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Haemophilic ankle arthropathy (HAA) causes major morbidity. When conservative treatment fails, major surgical interventions are indicated. An alternative treatment to maintain joint mobility and postpone these interventions is desired.

Aim

To gather prospective data on clinical/structural changes after ankle joint distraction (AJD) in HAA.

Methods

This study includes patients with severe HAA insufficiently responding to conservative treatment. AJD was performed during 8–10 weeks by use of an external frame. Questionnaires, physical examination and radiology were used to evaluate pain, function and structural changes before and 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after distraction. Mixed effect models were used for analysis.

Results

This study includes eight cases (21–53 years). The fixed effects estimates of the visual analogue score (0–10) improved from 7.5 at baseline to 3.4 (p = .023) 3 years after distraction. The Haemophilia Activities List (HAL, 0–100) for basic/complex lower extremities functions improved from respectively 29.6 and 31.5 to 54.3 (p = .015) and 50.7 (p = .031). Joint mobility was maintained. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed thickened cartilage and reduced bone marrow oedema and subchondral cysts. Pin tract infections (n = 6) were effectively treated and no adverse bleeding events occurred. At 3‐year follow‐up, in none of the patients the originally indicated arthrodesis was performed.

Conclusion

This first prospective study showed that AJD in HAA results in decreased pain, improved function and decreased arthropathy‐related MRI findings in the majority of patients for prolonged time. Although the study population is small and follow‐up is relatively short, AJD may be promising to postpone invalidating interventions and might be a breakthrough treatment.
The effects of close kinetic chain exercises on proprioception and physical activity level in pediatric patients with hemophilia
Authors: Gönen Tuğba , Yakut Yavuz , Akbayram Sinan
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Knee joint proprioception is affected, and lower extremity functioning declines over time in patients with hemophilia A.

Aim

To investigate the effects of a structured exercise programme consisting of the close kinetic chain (CKC) exercises on proprioception and physical activity level in pediatric patients with hemophilia.

Methods

A total of 21 patients with hemophilia A who had at least one target knee joint were randomized into three groups: Study Group (SG, n = 7), Conventional Treatment Group (CTG, n = 7) and Control Group (CG, n = 7). The SG received a structured, lower limb‐specific exercise protocol consisting of CKC exercises 2 days a week for 12 weeks, in addition to prophylactic treatment. The CTG received exercise training as described in the published literature. The CG continued to receive prophylactic treatment during the study period. Proprioception was measured using a digital goniometer before and after treatment in open and closed kinetic chain positions (CKCPs). The Five Times Sit to Stand (STS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Functional Independence Score in Hemophilia were used for the assessment of physical activity level.

Results

A significant pre/post‐treatment difference was found among the groups in proprioception (p = .001) and physical activity level (TUG p = .008, STS p = .001, FISH p = .006). Improvements in proprioception and physical activity level were greater in the SG compared to the other two groups (p < .05).

Conclusion

Compared to conventional exercise, the structured exercise protocol consisting of CKC exercise training produced improvements in proprioception and physical activity in patients with hemophilia A.
Older people's experience of COVID‐19 restrictions on vaccine hesitancy: A longitudinal phenomenological study to support nurse‐patient vaccination conversations
Authors: Brooke Joanne , Dunford Sandra
Published: August 2022

Aims

To explore how older people's experiences of COVID‐19 restrictions influenced their decision to receive a vaccine and to support nurse–patient vaccination conversations.

Design

A longitudinal hermeneutic phenomenological study. The application of the COREQ checklist informed the reporting of this study.

Methods

Data were collected through semi‐structured telephone interviews with older people (age ≥70) during two national restrictions implemented in England due to COVID‐19. Phase one of interviews occurred between April and July 2020 (six interviews), and phase two of interviews between January and April 2021 (four interviews). Data analysis was performed through content analysis.

Results

Thirteen older people (mean age 78) worked through six stages about their thoughts and beliefs about receiving a vaccine, which encompassed four of the five elements of the 5C model of vaccine hesitancy, confidence, convenience, calculation, collective, but not complacency. Stages included ‘our only hope is a vaccine’; ‘understanding and acceptance of an effective vaccine’; ‘social responsibility to protect others’; ‘organized but left with unanswered questions’; ‘need to feel secure’ and finally ‘vaccination alone is not enough’.

Conclusion

The experience of COVID‐19 restrictions by older people informed their approach of engaging with scientific information to inform their decisions to be vaccinated but also developed their sense of collective responsibility to younger generations and those at risk, which informed their adherence to restrictions and the vaccination programme.

Impact

Nurses are optimally placed to support older people to implement and adhere to national government restrictions as appropriate and prevent obsessive routines, and support discussions and the provision of scientific information on COVID‐19 vaccinations, whilst being inclusive of older peoples' sense of collective responsibility.
Effect of preparation type on the accuracy of different intraoral scanners: An in vitro study at different levels of accuracy evaluation
Authors: Abduo Jaafar , Laskey David
Published: August 2022

Objective

Evaluation of the effect of preparation type (inlay, onlay, and crown) on the accuracy of different intraoral scanning (IOS) systems at the preparation and arch segment levels.

Materials and Methods

Three molars were prepared for inlay, onlay, and crown. Each preparation was scanned 10 times by CEREC Omnicam, Trios 3 (TS), and Medit i500 scanners. Each image was trimmed twice. The first trimming produced a preparation image (PI), and the second trimming extracted a segment image (SI) that involved the preparation with the adjacent teeth. Trueness and precision were calculated at the PI and SI levels.

Results

At the PI level, all IOS systems had similar trueness pattern for all preparations, where the inlay had the best trueness followed by the crown and onlay. At the SI level, the different preparations showed similar trueness. The precision did not show a clear pattern of superiority for any preparation. The TS was significantly more precise than other IOS systems at the PI and SI levels, for every preparation. The proximal areas suffered from the greatest errors, regardless of preparation type.

Conclusions

The preparation type influenced PI trueness, and the IOS system affected PI and SI precisions.

Clinical Significance

The smaller and less complex preparations have greater IOS accuracy than larger and more complex preparations. As the proximal areas are more affected regardless of the preparation, a more accessible proximal area for scanning is desirable.
When blood is not an option: Optimal bloodless management of severe anemia in pregnancy
Authors: Zurales Katherine R. , Janke Monica , Carver Alissa R. , Napolitano Lena M.
Published: August 2022

Standard treatment for severe anemia in pregnancy is allogeneic blood transfusion, but this is not acceptable to all patients. Options for alternative anemia treatment are available. In this case report, a 32‐year‐old G2P1 woman who was a Jehovah's Witness presented at 27 weeks gestation with dyspnea, palpitations, and severe anemia (hemoglobin 2.8 g/dL) related to chronic rectal bleeding. She declined blood transfusion. An anemia management protocol (high‐dose erythropoietin‐stimulating agent, iron, vitamin D, vitamin C, folate, vitamin B12) rapidly increased endogenous erythropoiesis. After 12 days, hemoglobin increased to 8 g/dL. A bovine hemoglobin‐based oxygen carrier was available for acute bleeding but was not used. This case highlights that early initiation of multimodal therapy can adequately increase endogenous erythropoiesis to treat life‐threatening anemia in antepartum patients who do not accept blood transfusion.
The interplay between risk adjustment and risk rating in voluntary health insurance
Authors: Klein Peter Paul , van Kleef Richard , Henriquez Josefa , Paolucci Francesco
Published: July 2022

Many regulated health insurance markets include risk adjustment (aka risk equalization) to mitigate selection incentives for insurers. Empirical studies on the design and evaluation of risk‐adjustment algorithms typically focus on mandatory health insurance schemes. This paper considers risk adjustment in the context of voluntary health insurance, as found in Chile, Ireland, and Australia. In addition to the challenge of mitigating selection by insurers, regulators of these voluntary schemes have to deal with selection by consumers in and out of the market. A strategy for mitigating selection by consumers is to apply some form of risk rating. Our paper shows how risk adjustment and risk rating interact: (1) risk rating reduces the need for risk adjustment and (2) risk adjustment reduces premium variation across rating factors, thereby increasing incentives for consumers to select in and out of the market.
Effects of free and nano-encapsulated bovine lactoferrin on the viability and acid production by Streptococcus mutans biofilms
Authors: Habibi P. , Yazdi F.T. , Mortazavi S.A. , Farajollahi M.M.
Published: July 2022

Tooth decay is one of the most common diseases that humans face during their lifetime. Streptococcus mutans is one of the most critical factors of early tooth decay. These bacteria may produce biofilms in the mouth, which are more resistant to antimicrobial agents. Streptococcus mutans may also demineralize tooth enamel by producing lactic acid. In this study, the effect of nanoliposomes containing lactoferrin at three different concentrations (1·5, 3 and 6 mg ml−1) on the biofilm formed by S. mutans was investigated. Nanoliposomes were prepared using the thin-layer hydration method. An active attachment model was used to evaluate biofilm and lactic acid production. The results showed that nano-encapsulated lactoferrin could reduce CFU of biofilm more effectively than free lactoferrin. Lactoferrin-containing nanoliposomes also significantly reduced lactic acid production by S. mutans. Therefore, nano-encapsulated lactoferrin may be used along with other dental caries control methods to increase anti-caries efficacy.
Exploring the development of adaptive expertise through the lens of threshold concepts
Authors: Betinol Edwin , Murphy Sue , Regehr Glenn
Published: August 2022

Introduction

While expert clinical practice requires a flexible approach to problem solving, evidence shows that medical clerks tend to focus on knowledge acquisition as the key to expertise. It is not until residency training that learners shift their understanding of expertise towards developing adaptive approaches to clinical problems. This raises the possibility that adaptive expertise is a threshold concept and that authentic clinical experiences involving complex problem solving are required to create the liminal state that enables transformation to an adaptive expertise mindset. With this possibility in mind, the current study examined the conceptualisations of expertise held by recently graduated physical therapists using the framework of threshold concepts as a sensitising lens.

Methods

An exploratory qualitative study in the Constructivist Grounded Theory tradition was conducted, utilising 14 one‐on‐one semi‐structured interviews with recently graduated physical therapists.

Results

Most participants were in a transitional state regarding their conceptualisation of expertise, sometimes focusing on the acquisition of knowledge and routinisation of practice as their hallmark of expertise and at other times acknowledging the need for developing more dynamic and adaptive problem‐solving approaches to patient care. These mixed responses were expressed not only in their framing of patient management but also in their reasons for valuing colleagues and in their approach to continuing professional development. Notably, many participants suggested that the interview itself was a key impetus to their reflecting on these issues.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that participants were only beginning to transition into an adaptive expertise mindset upon entering practice, reinforcing the possibility that authentic practice may be an important impetus for recognising the limits of routine expertise. However, spontaneous comments from participants suggest that this transition might be better supported though active guided reflection in addition to meaningful clinical engagement with patients and colleagues.
Social model or neoliberal champion? Economic visions of the European demos among EU citizens
Authors: Alt Dorian
Published: August 2022

Theories of economic nationalism have shown that identities can be constructed around various economic discourses. Yet, much of the literature focuses on official discourses while empirical tests on the citizen level are short in supply. The debate about the European demos exemplifies this shortcoming as EU institutions construct two competing visions of a European identity around economic issues. The European economy is depicted as a neoliberal competitor or as an economic space characterised by a social model. This paper investigates which of these two official visions EU citizens subscribe to. Based on 18 focus group interviews in France, Germany and Poland, I argue that citizens only share a conception of a European social model while a marriage of neoliberalism and nationalism can be detected for national economies. These findings highlight the importance of studying everyday nationhood, as not all official visions can be expected to resonate with citizens. Studies of discursive identity formation cannot only focus on official discourse, but should be flanked by investigations on the citizen level.
Anatomical and radiological approach to pterygoid implants in atrophic maxilla: A cross‐sectional study of 360 cone beam computed tomography examinations
Authors: Moreira‐Júnior Rosenvaldo , Jesus Marcus F. S. , Araujo Rafael Z. , Moreira Roosenvelt , Fernandes Leandra J. S. , Curi Marcos M.
Published: August 2022

Objective

This retrospective study aimed to analyse the anatomical dimensions of the pterygomaxillary region, installation angulations of pterygoid implants and bone density in the pterygoid pillar region by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations used in planning dental rehabilitation with implant‐supported prostheses in patients with atrophic jaws.

Materials and Methods

We analysed 360 CBCTs of patients with atrophic jaws using Xoran® software v.3.1.62 (Xoran Technologies). In addition, the angulation of virtual implants installed in the pterygomaxillary region was analysed in relation to the Frankfurt plan, as well as the length required for the installation of implants in this region.

Results

The implant length installed in the pterygoid pillar varied between 13 and 20 mm, with an average of 16.17 mm (SD 2.16 mm). The pterygoid implant angulation on the latero‐lateral axis (frontal view) averaged 78.71° (SD. 3.58°) and 73.50° (SD 3.49°) in the anteroposterior direction (sagittal view). Bone density was found to be significantly higher in the pterygoid pillar region compared the maxillary tuberosity region (p < 0.05); the region of the tuberosity and pterygoid pillar had an average density value of 132.9 (SD 230.24) and 513.91 (SD 291.63) respectively.

Conclusion

According to the results of this study, a pterygoid implant with a minimum length of 13 mm should be used in the pterygomaxillary region to reach the pterygoid bone pillar.
Emergency contraception in the iPLEDGE program: A cross‐sectional survey of pediatric dermatology provider understanding and practice
Authors: Smiley Catherine E. , Butt Melissa , Zaenglein Andrea L.
Published: August 2022

For patients with acne treated with the teratogen isotretinoin, emergency contraception (EC) is the only recourse when abstinence fails or effective contraception is not properly used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current understanding and provision of EC among pediatric dermatology providers. The survey found that 37% (21/57) of providers indicated they were at least somewhat confident in their understanding of EC. 7% (4/57) of providers agreed/strongly agreed that they provided EC counseling to all patients of reproductive potential at their initial visit and 3.5% (2/57) agreed/strongly agreed that they provide EC counseling at follow‐up visits. Our survey results suggest the need for improved EC education for pediatric dermatology providers and subsequent counseling for patients of reproductive potential on isotretinoin therapy.
Correlation between Objective Measures of Sun Exposure and Self‐Reported Sun Protective Behavior and Attitudes in Predominantly Hispanic Youth
Authors: Cole Sarah E. , Hawkins Makenzie , Miller Kimberly A. , Allen Martin W. , Cockburn Myles
Published: August 2022

Melanoma incidence is increasing, with poor prognosis cases growing faster in California Hispanics than in non‐Hispanic whites. Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) exposure as a child has been found to disproportionately increase the risk of melanoma. To determine correlates of UVR exposure in this high‐risk population, we conducted a study in predominately Hispanic 4th and 5th grade classrooms in Los Angeles County, a high UVR environment, during the spring. To address potential reporting bias, electronic UV dosimeters were utilized to objectively measure the association between UVR exposure and constructs (acculturation, sun protective behavior and knowledge, family interventions) obtained on baseline questionnaires (n = 125). Tanning attitude (wanting to get a tan) was associated with lower median time spent outside (1.73 min versus 22.17, AUC 82.08, Sensitivity 0.78, Specificity 0.73) and standard erythemal dose (SED) on weekends, but positively associated with sun protective knowledge. Sun protective knowledge and family discussion of sunscreen were also inversely associated with objectively measured time outside. Students spent a median 30.61 (IQR 19.88) minutes outside per day (SED 0.30, IQR 0.20), with only 35.70% of it occurring in nonschool hours. We determined the majority of UVR exposure in this population occurs at school, providing valuable guidance for future interventions.
Root rot pathogens of Cinnamomum cassia in Vietnam
Authors: Dang Quynh N. , Burgess Treena I. , McComb Jen , Pham Thu Q. , Le Binh V. , Nguyen Thu H. , Le Xuan T. , Hardy Giles E. StJ.
Published: July 2022

A study was conducted to determine the pathogens causing root rot, wilt and dieback disease of Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon or cassia) in Vietnam, in nurseries and plantations in the Yen Bai, Quang Ninh, Thanh Hoa and Quang Nam provinces, and streams in the Yen Bai province. Pathogens were identified using morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. The 204 isolates obtained included 125 Phytophthora isolates and 79 from other oomycete genera. There were 112 isolates of P. cinnamomi, four P. heveae, two P. virginiana, three P. multibullata and four P. × vanyenensis. The pathogenicity and virulence of 16 P. cinnamomi, two P. heveae, two P. multibullata and four P. × vanyenensis isolates were assessed using lesion size after under‐bark inoculation of C. cassia stems, and root damage following inoculation of 4‐month‐old C. cassia seedlings. The most virulent isolate from both assessments was a P. cinnamomi from the Quang Nam plantation. Isolates of P. cinnamomi showed a wide range of virulence, with isolates from healthy trees or seedlings showing the lowest virulence. Isolates of P. × vanyenensis, P. multibullata and P. heveae showed moderate or low pathogenicity. This study showed that although P. cinnamomi is the most common pathogen associated with dieback disease in Vietnamese C. cassia plantations, other Phytophthora species may also cause this disease. Knowledge of the presence of these soil‐ and waterborne pathogens will encourage improved soil and water hygiene in nurseries and implement measures to prevent the spread of the pathogens in plantations.
Modelling Time-Varying Rankings with Autoregressive and Score-Driven Dynamics
Authors: Holý Vladimír , Zouhar Jan
Published: August 2022

We develop a new statistical model to analyse time-varying ranking data. The model can be used with a large number of ranked items, accommodates exogenous time-varying covariates and partial rankings, and is estimated via the maximum likelihood in a straightforward manner. Rankings are modelled using the Plackett–Luce distribution with time-varying worth parameters that follow a mean-reverting time series process. To capture the dependence of the worth parameters on past rankings, we utilise the conditional score in the fashion of the generalised autoregressive score models. Simulation experiments show that the small-sample properties of the maximum-likelihood estimator improve rapidly with the length of the time series and suggest that statistical inference relying on conventional Hessian-based standard errors is usable even for medium-sized samples. In an empirical study, we apply the model to the results of the Ice Hockey World Championships. We also discuss applications to rankings based on underlying indices, repeated surveys and non-parametric efficiency analysis.
Performing difference, longing for ‘home’: Claiming ethnic identities to build national unity among urban Solomon Islands youth
Authors: Hicks Rachel Emerine
Published: July 2022

Since independence, Solomon Islands schools have aimed to establish a national identity and unity among Solomon Islanders; however, ethnic ties to ‘home’ remain strong. This is particularly evident in Honiara, the densely populated and multi‐ethnic capital of Solomon Islands, when urban youth who have grown up in Honiara claim their home is in a province. This paper argues that the ‘unity in diversity’ narrative taught in schools emphasises the importance of an ethnic identity tied to one's province. As a result, students must find ways to build connections to home, even if they have spent little time there, creating a nostalgia for home. Two ways this occurs is through the dances they perform and the kastom jewellery they wear. I argue that the emphasis of their unique ethnic identities is necessary for youth to stake a claim in the multi‐ethnic urban landscape and within the panethnic identity of Solomon Islander.
Defective axonal transport of endo‐lysosomes and dense core vesicles in a Drosophila model of C9‐ALS/FTD
Authors: Sung Hyun , Lloyd Thomas E.
Published: July 2022

A GGGGCC (G4C2) repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Although disruptions in axonal transport are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the underlying mechanisms causing these defects remain unclear. Here, we performed live imaging of Drosophila motor neurons expressing expanded G4C2 repeats in third‐instar larvae and investigated the axonal transport of multiple organelles in vivo. Expression of expanded G4C2 repeats causes an increase in static axonal lysosomes, while it impairs trafficking of late endosomes (LEs) and dense core vesicles (DCVs). Surprisingly, however, axonal transport of mitochondria is unaffected in motor axons expressing expanded G4C2 repeats. Thus, our data indicate that expanded G4C2 repeat expression differentially impacts axonal transport of vesicular organelles and mitochondria in Drosophila models of C9orf72‐associated ALS/FTD.
The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box contains inhibitors of protein secretion in Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites
Authors: Looker Oliver , Dans Madeline G. , Bullen Hayley E. , Sleebs Brad E. , Crabb Brendan S. , Gilson Paul R.
Published: July 2022

Plasmodium falciparum parasites which cause malaria, traffic hundreds of proteins into the red blood cells (RBCs) they infect. These exported proteins remodel their RBCs enabling host immune evasion through processes such as cytoadherence that greatly assist parasite survival. As resistance to all current antimalarial compounds is rising new compounds need to be identified and those that could inhibit parasite protein secretion and export would both rapidly reduce parasite virulence and ultimately lead to parasite death. To identify compounds that inhibit protein export we used transgenic parasites expressing an exported nanoluciferase reporter to screen the Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box of 400 antimalarial compounds with mostly unknown targets. The most potent inhibitor identified in this screen was MMV396797 whose application led to export inhibition of both the reporter and endogenous exported proteins. MMV396797 mediated blockage of protein export and slowed the rigidification and cytoadherence of infected RBCs—modifications which are both mediated by parasite‐derived exported proteins. Overall, we have identified a new protein export inhibitor in P. falciparum whose target though unknown, could be developed into a future antimalarial that rapidly inhibits parasite virulence before eliminating parasites from the host.
The Influence of the First-Year Seminar Participation on Student Retention
Authors: Sanavi Sahar , Matt John
Published: August 2022

College student retention is a complex phenomenon influenced by a myriad of factors and with wide-ranging implications for university functions. First-year seminar is one approach to increase first-year student retention through involvement, engagement, and integration. This quantitative study examines the influence of first-year seminar on retention of first-year, full-time, four-year degree-seeking students who matriculated during the fall 2016, 2017, 2018 semester and remained enrolled for fall 2017, 2018, 2019 semester at six institutions in two Northwest states in the United States.This study utilized an odds ratio to investigate whether first-year seminar participation had a statistically significant influence on the probability of students being retained at the targeted institutions. The results of this study were not statistically significant indicating that first-year seminar participation did not have a statistically significant effect on the probability of students being retained at the study's institutions.
Optogenetic approaches to therapy for inherited retinal degenerations
Authors: De Silva Samantha R. , Moore Anthony T.
Published: July 2022

Inherited retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) affect around one in 4000 people and are the leading cause of blindness in working age adults in several countries. In these typically monogenic conditions, there is progressive degeneration of photoreceptors; however, inner retinal neurons such as bipolar cells and ganglion cells remain largely structurally intact, even in end‐stage disease. Therapeutic approaches aiming to stimulate these residual cells, independent of the underlying genetic cause, could potentially restore visual function in patients with advanced vision loss, and benefit many more patients than therapies directed at the specific gene implicated in each disorder. One approach investigated for this purpose is that of optogenetics, a method of neuromodulation that utilises light to activate neurons engineered to ectopically express a light‐sensitive protein. Using gene therapy via adeno‐associated viral vectors, a range of photosensitive proteins have been expressed in remaining retinal cells in advanced retinal degeneration with in vivo studies demonstrating restoration of visual function. Developing an effective optogenetic strategy requires consideration of multiple factors, including the light‐sensitive protein that is used, the vector and method for gene delivery, and the target cell for expression because these in turn may affect the quality of vision that can be restored. Currently, at least four clinical trials are ongoing to investigate optogenetic therapies in patients, with the ultimate aim of reversing visual loss in end‐stage disease.

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New antimicrobial peptide-antibiotic combination strategy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa inactivation
Authors: Han Wenxu , Wei Ziqi , Camesano Terri A.
Published: August 2022

Novel antimicrobials or new treatment strategies are urgently needed to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) related infections and especially to address the problem of antibiotic resistance. We propose a novel strategy that combines the human antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL37 with different antibiotics to find synergistic AMP-antibiotic combinations against P. aeruginosa strains in vitro. Our results showed that LL37 exhibited synergistic inhibitory and bactericidal effects against P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA103 when combined with the antibiotics vancomycin, azithromycin, polymyxin B, and colistin. In addition, LL37 caused strong outer membrane permeabilization, as demonstrated through measurement of an increased uptake of the fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. The membrane permeabilization effects appear to explain why it was easier to rescue the effectiveness of the antibiotic toward the bacteria because the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa exhibits barrier function for antibiotics. Furthermore, the change in the zeta potential was measured for P. aeruginosa strains with the addition of LL37. Zeta potentials for P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA103 were −40.9 and −10.9 mV, respectively. With the addition of LL37, negative zeta potentials were gradually neutralized. We found that positively charged LL37 can interact with and neutralize the negatively charged bacterial outer membrane through electrostatic interactions, and the process of neutralization is believed to have contributed to the increase in outer membrane permeability. Finally, to further illustrate the relationship between outer membrane permeabilization and the uptake of antibiotics, we used LL37 to make the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa strains more permeable, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for several antibiotics (colistin, gentamicin, polymyxin B, vancomycin, and azithromycin) were measured. The MICs decreased were twofold to fourfold, in general. For example, the MICs of azithromycin and vancomycin decreased more than fourfold when against P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, which were the greatest decrease of any of the antibiotics tested in this experiment. As for PA103, the MIC of polymyxin B2 decreased fourfold, which was the strongest decrease seen for any of the antibiotics tested in this experiment. The increased uptake of antibiotics not only demonstrates the barrier role of the outer membrane but also validates the mechanism of synergistic effects that we have proposed. These results indicate the great potential of an LL37-antibiotic combination strategy and provide possible explanations for the mechanisms behind this synergy.
A 619-pixel machine vision enhancement chip based on two-dimensional semiconductors
Authors: Ma Shunli , Wu Tianxiang , Chen Xinyu , Wang Yin , Ma Jingyi , Chen Honglei , Riaud Antoine , Wan Jing , Xu Zihan , Chen Lin , Ren Junyan , Zhang David Wei , Zhou Peng , Chai Yang , Bao Wenzhong
Published: August 2022

The rapid development of machine vision applications demands hardware that can sense and process visual information in a single monolithic unit to avoid redundant data transfer. Here, we design and demonstrate a monolithic vision enhancement chip with light-sensing, memory, digital-to-analog conversion, and processing functions by implementing a 619-pixel with 8582 transistors and physical dimensions of 10 mm by 10 mm based on a wafer-scale two-dimensional (2D) monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS
2
). The light-sensing function with analog MoS
2
transistor circuits offers low noise and high photosensitivity. Furthermore, we adopt a MoS
2
analog processing circuit to dynamically adjust the photocurrent of individual imaging sensor, which yields a high dynamic light-sensing range greater than 90 decibels. The vision chip allows the applications for contrast enhancement and noise reduction of image processing. This large-scale monolithic chip based on 2D semiconductors shows multiple functions with light sensing, memory, and processing for artificial machine vision applications, exhibiting the potentials of 2D semiconductors for future electronics.
Nonlinear compression toward high-energy single-cycle pulses by cascaded focus and compression
Authors: Tsai Ming-Shian , Liang An-Yuan , Tsai Chia-Lun , Lai Po-Wei , Lin Ming-Wei , Chen Ming-Chang
Published: August 2022

The advancement of contemporary ultrafast science requires reliable sources to provide high-energy few-cycle light pulses. Through experiments and simulations, we demonstrate an arrangement of pulse postcompression, referred to as cascaded focus and compression (CASCADE), for generating millijoule-level, single-cycle pulses in a compact fashion. CASCADE is realized by a series of foci in matter, whereas pulse compression is provided immediately after each focus to maintain a high efficiency of spectral broadening. By implementing four stages of CASCADE in argon cells, we achieve 50-fold compression of millijoule-level pulses at 1030 nanometers from 157 to 3.1 femtoseconds, with an output pulse energy of 0.98 millijoules and a transmission efficiency of 73%. When driving high harmonic generation, these single-cycle pulses enable the creation of a carrier-envelope phase-dependent extreme ultraviolet continuum with energies extending up to 180 electron volts, providing isolated attosecond pulses at the output.
Metallo-alginate hydrogel can potentiate microwave tumor ablation for synergistic cancer treatment
Authors: Zhu Yujie , Yang Zhijuan , Pan Zijian , Hao Yu , Wang Chunjie , Dong Ziliang , Li Quguang , Han Yikai , Tian Longlong , Feng Liangzhu , Liu Zhuang
Published: August 2022

Microwave ablation (MWA) as a local tumor ablation strategy suffers from posttreatment tumor recurrence. Development of adjuvant biomaterials to potentiate MWA is therefore of practical significance. Here, the high concentration of Ca
2+
fixed by alginate as Ca
2+
-surplus alginate hydrogel shows enhanced heating efficiency and restricted heating zone under microwave exposure. The high concentration of extracellular Ca
2+
synergizes with mild hyperthermia to induce immunogenic cell death by disrupting intracellular Ca
2+
homeostasis. Resultantly, Ca
2+
-surplus alginate hydrogel plus MWA can ablate different tumors on both mice and rabbits at reduced operation powers. This treatment can also elicit antitumor immunity, especially if synergized with Mn
2+
, an activator of the stimulation of interferon genes pathway, to suppress the growth of both untreated distant tumors and rechallenged tumors. This work highlights that in situ–formed metallo-alginate hydrogel could act as microwave-susceptible and immunostimulatory biomaterial to reinforce the MWA therapy, promising for clinical translation.
The Two Acyl Carrier Proteins of Enterococcus faecalis Have Nonredundant Functions
Authors: Dong Huijuan , Cronan John E.
Published: August 2022

Enterococcus faecalis
, as well as related species, has two genes—
acpA
and
acpB
—encoding putative acyl carrier proteins (ACPs). It has been assumed that AcpA is essential for fatty acid synthesis whereas AcpB is involved utilization of environmental fatty acids. We report here the first experimental test of the essentiality of
acpA
and show that it is indeed an essential gene that cannot be replaced by
acpB
.
Group therapeutic singing improves clinical motor scores in persons with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Stegemoller Elizabeth , Forsyth Emily , Patel Bhavana , Elkouzi Ahmad
Published: August 2022

Background

Previous reports suggest that group therapeutic singing (GTS) may have a positive effect on motor symptoms in persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Objective

To determine the effect of a single session of GTS on clinical motor symptoms.

Methods

Clinical motor symptom assessment was completed immediately before and after 1 hour of GTS in 18 participants.

Results

A significant decrease in average scores for gait and posture and tremor, but not speech and facial expression or bradykinesia was revealed.

Conclusion

These results support the notion that GTS is a beneficial adjuvant therapy for persons with PD that warrants further research.
Development and validation of an early warning score to identify COVID-19 in the emergency department based on routine laboratory tests: a multicentre case–control study
Authors: Boer Arjen-Kars , Deneer Ruben , Maas Maaike , Ammerlaan Heidi S M , van Balkom Roland H H , Thijssen Wendy A H M , Bennenbroek Sophie , Leers Mathie , Martens Remy J H , Buijs Madelon M , Kerremans Jos J , Messchaert Muriël , van Suijlen Jeroen J , van Riel Natal A W , Scharnhorst Volkher
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Identifying patients with a possible SARS-CoV-2 infection in the emergency department (ED) is challenging. Symptoms differ, incidence rates vary and test capacity may be limited. As PCR-testing all ED patients is neither feasible nor effective in most centres, a rapid, objective, low-cost early warning score to triage ED patients for a possible infection is developed.

Design

Case–control study.

Setting

Secondary and tertiary hospitals in the Netherlands.

Participants

The study included patients presenting to the ED with venous blood sampling from July 2019 to July 2020 (n=10 417, 279 SARS-CoV-2-positive). The temporal validation cohort covered the period from July 2020 to October 2021 (n=14 080, 1093 SARS-CoV-2-positive). The external validation cohort consisted of patients presenting to the ED of three hospitals in the Netherlands (n=12 061, 652 SARS-CoV-2-positive).

Primary outcome measures

The primary outcome was one or more positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results within 1 day prior to or 1 week after ED presentation.

Results

The resulting ‘CoLab-score’ consists of 10 routine laboratory measurements and age. The score showed good discriminative ability (AUC: 0.930, 95% CI 0.909 to 0.945). The lowest CoLab-score had high sensitivity for COVID-19 (0.984, 95% CI 0.970 to 0.991; specificity: 0.411, 95% CI 0.285 to 0.520). Conversely, the highest score had high specificity (0.978, 95% CI 0.973 to 0.983; sensitivity: 0.608, 95% CI 0.522 to 0.685). The results were confirmed in temporal and external validation.

Conclusions

The CoLab-score is based on routine laboratory measurements and is available within 1 hour after presentation. Depending on the prevalence, COVID-19 may be safely ruled out in over one-third of ED presentations. Highly suspect cases can be identified regardless of presenting symptoms. The CoLab-score is continuous, in contrast to the binary outcome of lateral flow testing, and can guide PCR testing and triage ED patients.
‘Well, in dentistry the dentist is always the boss’: a multi-method exploration of which organisational characteristics of dental practices most influence the implementation of evidence-based guidance
Authors: Cassie Heather , Treweek Shaun , McKee Lorna , Ramsay Craig , Young Linda , Clarkson Jan
Published: August 2022

Objective

To investigate which organisational characteristics of primary care dental practices influence the implementation of evidence-based guidance.

Design

A multimethod study set within primary care dentistry in Scotland comprising: (1) Semistructured interviews with dental teams to inform development of a self-report questionnaire exploring the translation of guidance in primary care dentistry and (2) A questionnaire-based survey and case studies exploring which organisational characteristics influence knowledge translation.

Results

Interview data identified three themes: leadership, communication and context. Survey data revealed compliance with recommendations from three topics of dental guidance to be variable, with only 41% (emergency dental care), 19% (oral health assessment and review) and 4% (drug prescribing) of respondents reporting full compliance. Analysis revealed no significant relationship between practice characteristics and compliance with emergency dental care or drug prescribing recommendations. Positive associations were observed between compliance with oral health assessment and review recommendations and having a practice manager, as well as with the type of treatment offered, with fully private practices more likely, and fully National Health Service practices less likely to comply, when compared with those offering a mixture of treatment. Synthesis of the data identified leadership and context as key drivers of guidance uptake.

Conclusions

Evidence-based dental recommendations are not routinely translated into practice, with variable leadership and differing practice contexts being central to poor uptake. Guidelines should aim to tailor recommendations and implementation strategies to reflect the complexities and varying contexts that exist in primary care dentistry, thus facilitating the implementation of evidence-based guidance.
Evaluation of the ‘Talking Together’ simulation communication training for ‘goals of patient care’ conversations: a mixed-methods study in five metropolitan public hospitals in Western Australia
Authors: Brown Janie , Myers Helen , Eng Derek , Kilshaw Lucy , Abraham Jillian , Buchanan Grace , Eggimann Liz , Kelly Michelle
Published: August 2022

Introduction

In partnership with Cancer Council Western Australia (WA), the East Metropolitan Health Service in Perth, WA has developed a clinical simulation training programme ‘Talking Together’ using role play scenarios with trained actors as patients/carers. The aim of the training is to improve clinicians’ communication skills when having challenging conversations with patients, or their carers, in relation to goals of care in the event of clinical deterioration.

Methods and analysis

A multisite, longitudinal mixed-methods study will be conducted to evaluate the impact of the communication skills training programme on patient, family/carer and clinician outcomes. Methods include online surveys and interviews. The study will assess outcomes in three areas: evaluation of the ‘Talking Together’ workshops and their effect on satisfaction, confidence and integration of best practice communication skills; quality of goals of patient care conversations from the point of view of clinicians, carers and family/carers; and investigation of the nursing/allied role in goals of patient care.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has received ethical approval from the Royal Perth Hospital, St John of God and Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committees. The outputs from this project will be a series of research papers and conference presentations.