bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
JÜRGEN HELM and ANNETTE WINKELMANN (eds.), Religious Confessions and the Sciences in the Sixteenth Century. Studies in European Judaism, 1. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Pp. xiv+161. ISBN 90-04-12045-9. $58.00, €49.00 (hardback).
Authors: KUSUKAWA SACHIKO
Published: October 2003

Jürgen Helm and Annette Winkelmann (eds.), Religious Confessions and the Sciences in the Sixteenth Century. By Sachiko Kusukawa 363

Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Discoveries and Enlightenment Culture. By Adrian Johns 365

Louise E. Robbins, Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth-Century Paris. By E. C. Spary 367

Patricia Fara, Newton: The Making of Genius. By Rebekah Higgitt 368

R. Angus Buchanan, Brunel: The Life and Times of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. By Ralph Harrington 370

Roger Luckhurst and Josephine McDonagh (eds.), Transactions and Encounters: Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century. By Elizabeth Green Musselman 371

Nick Hopwood, Embryos in Wax: Models from the Ziegler Studio. With a Reprint of Embryological Wax Models by Friedrich Ziegler. By Samuel J. M. M. Alberti 372

Nicole Hulin, Les Femmes et l'enseignement scientifique. By Cristina Chimisso 373

Graham Richards, Putting Psychology in its Place: A Critical Historical Overview. By Roger Smith 374

G. C. Bunn, A. D. Lovie and G. D. Richards (eds.), Psychology in Britain: Historical Essays and Personal Reflections. By Thomas Dixon 375

Nikolai Krementsov, The Cure: A Story of Cancer and Politics from the Annals of the Cold War. By Carsten Timmermann 377

Richard Polenberg (ed.), In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing. By Charles Thorpe 378

G. I. Brown, Invisible Rays: The History of Radioactivity. By Arne Hessenbruch 379

E. Roy Weintraub, How Economics Became a Mathematical Science. By I. Grattan-Guinness 380

Philip Mirowski and Esther-Mirjam Sent (eds.), Science Bought and Sold: Essays in the Economics of Science. By Theodore M. Porter 381

Stephen P. Turner, Brains/Practices/Relativism: Social Theory after Cognitive Science. By Cornelius Borck 383
PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY AS AFFECTED BY THE APPLICATION OF PHOSPHATE ROCK COMBINED WITH ORGANIC MATERIALS TO ACID SOILS IN WESTERN KENYA
Authors: WAIGWA M. W. , OTHIENO C. O. , OKALEBO J. R.
Published: October 2003

Most of the agricultural lands in the highlands of western Kenya are depleted of plant nutrients, particularly phosphorus. This depletion has resulted in a continued decline in crop production in the area. Recent experiments, in which direct application of indigenous phosphate rocks were evaluated, have yielded variable results, depending on the relative reactivity of the rock phosphate tested. The effectiveness of rock phosphate was generally low compared with fertilizers such as triple super phosphate. This is attributed to the relatively low solubility of the rocks as opposed to the readily water soluble phosphorus fertilizers. Phosphate rocks are available locally and are cheaper than triple super phosphate. If the solubility of these phosphate rocks could be improved, the resource-poor smallholder farmers in western Kenya would have an affordable source of phosphorus for their crops. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of combining different on-farm organic materials with the Minjingu rock phosphate (from Tanzania) on the availability of phosphorus to maize (Zea mays) in western Kenya. The greenhouse results indicated that there were significant positive linear relationships between rock phosphate application rates and (i) the Olsen-extractable soil phosphorus in the soil samples taken four weeks and nine weeks respectively after the application of the treatments; (ii) the dry matter yield, and (iii) phosphorus uptake. Results of the field experiments showed that rock phosphate combined with farmyard manure or crop residues (maize stover) generally increased the Olsen-extractable soil phosphorus, maize yields and phosphorus uptake, particularly in the first season when both the Minjingu rock phosphate and organic materials were applied, but the effectiveness of the materials and their combinations varied between the two sites. Combining Minjingu rock phosphate with the organic materials improved its relative agronomic effectiveness for maize.
PERSISTENCE OF SUBSOIL COMPACTION EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND GROWTH OF WHEAT AND COTTON IN PAKISTAN
Authors: ISHAQ M. , IBRAHIM M. , LAL R.
Published: October 2003

The residual effects of subsoil compaction (below 0.15 m depth) on soil properties, growth, yields and nutrient uptake by irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cotton (Gossipium hirsutum) are reported. The study was initiated during 1997 on a sandy clay loam soil in a semiarid region of Pakistan. Results showed that the adverse effects of subsoil compaction on bulk density, penetration resistance, total porosity and air-filled porosity of soil persisted for at least four years. In the third and fourth years after the imposition of treatments, compaction decreased yields of wheat by 12–18% and by 7% for cotton. The corresponding reductions in nutrient uptake by wheat were 11–16% for N, 11–15% for P and 5–10% for K. For cotton, the values were 9% for N, 3% for P and 7% for K. Subsoil compaction decreased nutrient use efficiency by 16% in wheat and 5% in cotton. The reductions in water use efficiency were estimated to be 11% in wheat and 7% in cotton. Wheat root length density was also decreased in the subsoil.
DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OF CAUSES OF CAMEL CALF LOSSES BETWEEN PASTORALISTS AND SCIENTISTS
Authors: KAUFMANN B. A.
Published: October 2003

Management deficiencies on the part of the pastoralists were claimed to be one of the major causes of the high losses of camel (Camelus dromedarius) calves contributing to low productivity of camel herds. In the present study, calf deaths, and the causes thereof, were analysed in connection with pastoral calf management in order to assess possible relationships. Progeny history data on 1506 Rendille, 789 Gabra and 1206 Somali calves born between 1980 and 1995 provided quantitative information on losses and the underlying causes. Assessment of the causes of death, and analysis of related management practices, led to suggestions for management changes. In feedback seminars with pastoralists, however, it became apparent that these management changes would not be adopted because they contradicted the pastoralists' assumptions on the causes of calf mortality. The discussions revealed that differences between pastoralists' and scientists' perceptions determined different opinions on proper calf-rearing management practices. Combining different knowledge systems offers the possibility of a more complete understanding, which is required for the derivation of adoptable calf mortality-reducing interventions that are compatible with the knowledge and production systems of the pastoralists.
GRAIN LEGUMES IN PEARL MILLET SYSTEMS IN NORTHERN NAMIBIA: AN ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL NITROGEN CONTRIBUTIONS
Authors: McDONAGH J. F. , HILLYER A. E. M.
Published: October 2003

A nutrient-balance model was used to investigate the nitrogen contributions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) intercropping systems in semi-arid northern Namibia. Data on nitrogen fixation, production, crop nitrogen off-take and competition effects came from two seasons of fieldwork. Supplementary data were taken from secondary sources. The model was used as a tool to attempt to identify grain legume management options with the potential to make significant contributions to soil fertility. The crop parameters pearl millet grain yield, nitrogen fixation rates, nitrogen harvest index and biomass production were found to be critical in determining system nitrogen inputs and outputs as was the form of residue management. The model indicated that it is extremely difficult to manage grain legumes in dryland environments in ways that lead to consistent increases in pearl millet grain yields, measurable against season-to-season variation due to other factors. Several of the options for improved legume management conflict strongly with farmers' risk-avoidance strategies and their tendency to invest preferentially in off-farm activities in an environment where livelihoods have diversified considerably away from agriculture. Potential routes for increasing grain legume contributions to soil fertility in dryland areas are discussed.
ON-FARM EVALUATION OF FODDER TREES AND SHRUBS PREFERRED BY FARMERS IN CENTRAL KENYA
Authors: ROOTHAERT R. , FRANZEL S. , KIURA M.
Published: October 2003

The small amount of on-farm research that has been carried out with fodder trees in Africa has mainly involved exotic species selected by researchers rather than farmers. In this study, farmers who had participated in a pre-planting survey chose, during feedback meetings, seedlings of indigenous, naturalized and some exotic fodder trees from a nursery. They planted them on-farm, where the planting niches, management, biomass production, and animal response were evaluated over a short period, and compared with the results of the earlier survey. The farmers came from three agro-ecological zones in central Kenya with respective mean annual rainfall totals of 775, 950 and 1300 mm. Data were collected at two months, one year and two years after planting. The feedback meetings proved important to the understanding of discrepancies between the earlier survey results and farmers' practices. Survival and growth of seedlings, manure application by farmers, and percentage of trees pruned for fodder, differed among species. The farmers showed a strong interest in experimenting with and actively cultivating local fodder trees.
SEED TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCING GERMINATION OF WILD OKRA (Corchorus olitorius)
Authors: VELEMPINI P. , RIDDOCH I. , BATISANI N.
Published: October 2003

The effects of different seed treatment methods and durations of exposure on germination of wild okra (Corchorus olitorius), a traditional leafy vegetable consumed in many parts of Africa, were investigated. Seeds were exposed to seven treatments (hot water at 80 °C, hot water at 100 °C, dry heat at 80 °C, dry heat at 100 °C, concentrated sulphuric acid, 10% hydrogen peroxide and water at room temperature) for periods of up to 30 minutes. Exposure for five to 15 minutes in hot water at 80 °C was the most effective treatment for enhancing germination (>90%), followed by five minutes in hot water at 100 °C (80%) and 30 minutes in sulphuric acid (57%). Other treatments were less effective. Soaking seeds in hot water at approximately 80 °C for about 10 minutes can be recommended, therefore, to farmers as a simple, cheap and very effective way of germinating wild okra.
THE ROLE OF CALCITE AND GYPSUM IN THE LEACHING OF POTASSIUM IN A SANDY SOIL
Authors: JALALI M. , ROWELL D. L.
Published: October 2003

Pulses of potassium (K+) applied to columns of repacked calcium (Ca2+) saturated soil were leached with distilled water or calcium chloride (CaCl2) solutions of various concentrations at a rate of 12 mm h−1. With increased Ca2+ concentration, the rate of movement of K+ increased, as did the concentration of K+ in the displaced pulse, which was less dispersed. The movement of K+ in calcite-amended soil leached with water was at a similar rate to that of the untreated soil leached with 1 mM CaCl2, and in soil containing gypsum, movement was similar to that leached with 15 mM CaCl2. The Ca2+ concentrations in the leachates were about 0.4 and 15 mM respectively, the expected values for the dissolution of the two amendments. Soil containing native K+ was leached with distilled water or CaCl2 solutions. The amount of K+ leached increased as Ca2+ concentration increased, with up to 34 % of the exchangeable K+ being removed in five pore volumes of 15 mM CaCl2. Soil amended with calcite and leached with water lost K+ at a rate between that for leaching the unamended soil with 1 mM CaCl2 and that with water. Soil containing gypsum and leached with water lost K+ at a similar rate to unamended soil leached with 15 mM CaCl2. The presence of Ca2+ in irrigation water and of soil minerals able to release Ca2+ are of importance in determining the amounts of K+ leached from soils.The LEACHM model predicted approximately the displacement of K+, and was more accurate with higher concentrations of displacing solution. The shortcomings of this model are its inability to account for rate-controlled processes and the assumption that K+: Ca2+ exchange during leaching can be described using a constant adsorption coefficient. As a result, the pulse is predicted to appear a little earlier and the following edge has less of a tail than that measured. In practical agriculture, the model will be more useful in soils containing gypsum or leached with saline water than in either calcareous or non-calcareous soils leached with rainwater.
EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY AND VINE HARVESTING FREQUENCY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SWEET POTATO IN SOUTHERN MOZAMBIQUE. III. CROP YIELD/WATER-USE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS
Authors: GOMES F. , CARR M. K. V.
Published: October 2003

In Mozambique the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is grown as both a leafy vegetable, the terminal shoots or vines being progressively harvested during the season, and as a root crop. This paper reports the development of crop yield/water-use production functions using data from two irrigation experiments designed to evaluate the effects of water availability and vine harvesting practices on the productivity and water use (ETc) of sweet potato (cv. TIS 2534) during two contrasting seasons in the south of the country. As the frequency of vine harvesting increased, the water-use efficiency (WUE-ETc) for vine production (dry mass) increased from 1–2 to 4–5 kg ha−1 mm−1 during the rainy season, and from 1 to 9 kg ha−1 mm−1 during the dry season. By contrast, there was a corresponding reduction in the WUE-ETc for storage root production from 14 to 8–9 kg ha−1 mm−1 during the rainy season, and from 23 to 15–17 kg ha−1 mm−1 during the dry season. For the total yields (vines plus storage roots) the WUE-ETc during both seasons were independent of the vine harvesting treatment. Separate lines represented each season, the slopes of which were 13 kg ha−1 mm−1 in the rains, and 24 kg ha−1 mm−1 in the dry season. When, however, crop water-use was normalised using either the seasonal mean daily total of incoming solar radiation, or reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo), but not the saturation deficit of the air, a single common, linear relationship with yield resulted. Possible explanations for this are considered. Plotting relative yields against relative rates of water-use, also gave consistent results that could have general application for predicting the effects of water availability on productivity. Vine yields, when harvested frequently, were less sensitive to drought (yield response factor, Ky=0.7–0.9) than storage roots (Ky=1.2). For total production (vines plus roots), the sensitivity to water stress (Ky) increased, from 0.9–1.0 to 1.2, as the interval between vine harvests increased. Farmers in southern Mozambique trying to maximize total yield during the season, under conditions of water uncertainty, should harvest vines at intervals of not more than 14 days.
Functional morphology of spermatophores and female genitalia in bothriurid scorpions: genital courtship, coercion and other possible mechanisms
Authors: Peretti Alfredo V.
Published: October 2003

Scorpions use sclerotized spermatophores for sperm transfer. The family Bothriuridae has one of the most complex scorpion spermatophores, with a distinct capsule and lamella. This study evaluates the viability of hypotheses relating to the evolution of animal genitalia that attempt to explain the functional morphology observed in spermatophores and female genitalia of some members of this scorpion family. These hypotheses are: female choice (internal courtship), conflict of interests (morphologically forced insemination) and lock‐and‐key (interspecific mechanical incompatibility). Observations of the mating sequences of 13 bothriurid and one buthid scorpion were recorded. The histology of female atrium was analysed. The data suggest that: (1) a genital copulatory courtship (sexual stimulation through male genitalia) could be a widespread mechanism among the capsules of the studied spermatophores; the wall of the female genital atrium in Brachistosternus as well as of other genera is usually rubbed by spines, tubercles or capsular lobes of spermatophores; the female genital atrium is relatively soft, elastic and uniform among different species; (2) morphological coercion might be admissible only when capsular lobes are very well developed, as females will have difficulty in disengaging by themselves from the large lobes if they attempt to interrupt sperm transfer; this mainly occurs in Bothriurus bonariensis; (3) observations of matings among closely related species indicate that the lock‐and‐key hypothesis is unable to explain spermatophore morphology in the studied species; however a certain degree of mechanical incompatibility occurs during interspecific mating between two sister species (B. bonariensis and B. chacoensis) owing to differences in capsular lobes and post‐insemination behaviour; (4) these hypotheses might not be directly applied to simple spermatophores of the Buthidae Zabius fuscus. The results indicate that even though one genital mechanism can be more frequent than others, they can also exist together, not only in different genera but also in a single species (e.g. simultaneous occurrence of genital sexual stimulation and genital coercion in B. bonariensis). Indirectly these data suggest that the hypotheses most frequently quoted to explain genital morphology are not mutually exclusive.
A mark–recapture study of the caecilian amphibian Gegeneophis ramaswamii (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) in southern India
Authors: Measey G. John , Gower David J. , Oommen Oommen V. , Wilkinson Mark
Published: October 2003

The potentially important ecology of subterranean predators of soil ecosystem engineers is poorly understood. This is especially true of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) for which there are virtually no quantitative data. Results of the first field trials of permanent marking in caecilians are presented. A preliminary assessment is made of the efficacy of mark–recapture studies for estimating population size of Gegeneophis ramaswamii Taylor in 100 m2 of low intensity agriculture in Kerala, India. Over three sampling occasions spanning 58 days of the monsoon season, 114 individuals were captured, 104 marked and released, and 21 recaptured. Models estimate an open population of 60 individuals (95% confidence interval of 45.2 to 151.3), and a closed population of 236 (95% confidence interval of 174 to 351). A census interpretation of the raw capture data gives densities of about 0.31 to 0.48 m−2. Results suggest large movement in and out of the sampled area during the study. Despite caveats associated with these data, progress is made in identifying potential limitations and improvements in the methods used. This study highlights the paucity of knowledge of caecilian ecology, and the need for long‐term studies to elucidate further ecological information and to monitor populations.
A review of the rodent fauna of Seram, Moluccas, with the description of a new subspecies of mosaic‐tailed rat, Melomys rufescens paveli
Authors: Helgen Kristofer M.
Published: October 2003

With five previously described native species, all of them endemic, and at least four introduced species, the murid rodent fauna of Seram is more diverse than that catalogued from any other Moluccan island. Here, the rodent fauna of Seram is briefly reviewed, and a newly recorded rodent from the island is described as Melomys rufescens paveli, a new subspecies of a species otherwise known from New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. Other non‐volant mammals from Seram and the nearby islands of Ambon and Buru are briefly discussed.
Maternal and newborn life‐history traits during periods of contrasting population trends: implications for explaining the decline of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), on Sable Island
Authors: Don Bowen W. , Ellis Sara L. , Iverson Sara J. , Boness Daryl J.
Published: October 2003

Annual censuses of the number of harbour seal Phoca vitulina pups born on Sable Island Canada showed an increasing trend during the 1980s, but a rapid decline through the 1990s from 625 pups in 1989 to only 32 by 1997. Weekly surveys of the North Beach of the island during the 1991–98 breeding seasons showed that the number of adults and juveniles also declined during the 1990s. Despite the dramatic demographic changes, maternal postpartum mass, pup birth mass, relative birth mass, lactation duration, pup weaning mass and relative weaning mass showed no significant trends during 1987–96. However, two traits did change. The age structure of parturient females increased significantly, indicating reduced recruitment to the breeding population. Mean birth date increased by 7 days during the early 1990s, suggesting nutritional stress of females and later implantation dates. This nutritional stress may in turn have been caused by increased competition from the rapidly increasing grey seal population on Sable Island. Although minimum estimates of shark‐inflicted mortality can account for much of the decline, evidence suggests that food shortage arising from interspecific competition may have also played a role in causing the decline of the population through effects on fecundity and juvenile survival.
Home range and habitat use by cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Broomhall L. S. , Mills M. G. L. , du Toit J. T.
Published: October 2003

Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus home‐range size and habitat use were analysed using radio‐tracking data collected in the southern district of the Kruger National Park (KNP) between 1987 and 1990. Meaningful estimates of home‐range size, using the 95% minimum convex polygon method, were 126 km2 for a three‐male cheetah coalition, 195 km2 for a solitary male, and 150 km2 and 171 km2 for two female cheetahs. Although cheetahs used all habitats according to their availability, they did show a preference for open savanna habitat because their core or total home ranges centred on these habitats. Female cheetahs used denser woodland habitat more frequently than males, as they seemed to be influenced by the distribution of their main prey, impala Aepyceros melampus, which also preferred denser woodland habitat.
An updated description of the New Guinea singing dog (Canis hallstromi, Troughton 1957)
Authors: Koler‐Matznick Janice , Brisbin I. Lehr , Feinstein Mark , Bulmer Susan
Published: October 2003

In 1957, Troughton described the wild dog of New Guinea, naming it Canis hallstromi. Here the description given by Troughton is expanded by the addition of morphological, molecular and behavioural information collected from both captive and wild New Guinea singing dogs subsequent to the original description. The data support Troughton's identification of this canid as a unique taxon, although further studies are needed to clarify the exact level of taxonomic differentiation of this rare and possibly highly endangered canid.
A new tibial gland in male spittlebugs with descriptions of two new species of Augustohahnia Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) from New Guinea
Authors: Liang Ai‐Ping
Published: October 2003

A new secondary sex character, here named the ‘tibial gland’, found on the forelegs of the males of a new spittlebug species, Augustohahnia dilatitibia sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) from New Guinea, is reported for the first time. The males of Augustohahnia dilatitibia sp. nov. are very distinct and unusual in having remarkably swollen fore tibiae with flat, bare and smooth prolateral surfaces. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the prolateral surface of the swollen fore tibiae is covered with numerous, very fine pores, with a density of 0.0068–0.0076 pores/μm2. The distance between the pores varies between 4.04 and 10.77μm. Each pore unit is composed of a deep cavity in which one central sponge‐like, grooved disc is set. The opening of the cavity is c. 5.20–5.78 μm in diameter. The central, sponge‐like disc in the cavity has a sponge‐like apex with 55–65 longitudinal grooves and measures 4.34–4.55 μm in diameter. There are also one to three fine, nearly ellipsoidal pits (c. 0.35–0.48 μm wide and 0.62–0.85 μm long) on the marginal cuticle rim surrounding the central sponge‐like disc. These pores are presumed to be male pheromone‐producing glands. If so, this represents the first report of a possible male pheromone structure in cercopid spittlebugs. Two new species of the spittlebug genus Augustohahnia Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea), A. dilatitibia sp. nov. and A. sanguinifrons sp. nov., both from New Guinea, are described and illustrated. A key to the four known species in Augustohahnia is provided.
Establishment of a new host–parasite association between the introduced invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Smith) (Gastropoda) and Sanguinicola sp. Plehn (Trematoda) in Europe
Authors: Gérard Claudia , Le Lannic Joseph
Published: October 2003

The trematode fauna of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, an introduced and invasive gastropod mollusc species native to New Zealand, was studied in Mont Saint Michel Bay (France). The study revealed, for the first time in Europe, the occurrence of larval digenean species, Sanguinicola sp., a blood fluke of fish never previously recorded in this prosobranch. Phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of the parasite. Hypotheses on the origin of the P. antipodarum–Sanguinicola sp. association are discussed in relation to the history of invasion of the gastropod into brackish and fresh waters and the structure of local gastropod communities.
Sexual size dimorphism, morphological traits and jump performance in seven species of desert fleas (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Krasnov B. R. , Burdelov S. A. , Khokhlova I. S. , Burdelova N. V.
Published: October 2003

Jump performance was studied in seven flea species (Xenopsylla conformis mycerini, Xenopsylla ramesis, Xenopsylla dipodilli, Parapulex chephrenis, Synosternus cleopatrae pyramidis, Nosopsyllus iranus theodori and Stenoponia tripectinata medialis). Jump length was compared among individuals, between sexes and among species, and an examination made of whether: (1) there is a consistent difference in jump performance between male and female fleas; (2) sexual dimorphism in body size affects jump performance; (3) there is a size‐specific difference in jump performance among species; (4) there are morphological correlates of jumping ability among individuals, between sexes and among species. Males were smaller than females in all species and size dimorphism did not increase with increasing body size. In all species, except S. t. medialis, both absolute and size‐specific jumping abilities of the males were less than those of the females. Males and females of S. t. medialis demonstrated similar jumping ability despite their body size difference. The best jumpers were S. c. pyramidis, N. i. theodori and S. t. medialis, whereas X. dipodilli as well as female X. c. mycerini and X. ramesis demonstrated the poorest ability to jump. Female:male performance ratio differed among species, being the highest in X. c. mycerini and X. ramesis, and the lowest in S. t. medialis. The proportion of the overall dimorphism in jumping ability that was owing to size differences between males and females was low, ranging from 0.10 to 0.34. No correlation between jumping ability and pleural height or length of hind coxa, femur and tibia was found in any species, except in X. dipodilli. Interspecific comparisons using size‐corrected and phylogeny‐controlled values did not show any relationship between jumping ability and any morphological trait. Fleas occupying habitats with a soft sandy substrate were better jumpers than those living in habitats with a hard stony substrate.
Kinematics of waterfall climbing in Hawaiian freshwater fishes (Gobiidae): vertical propulsion at the aquatic–terrestrial interface
Authors: Schoenfuss Heiko L. , Blob Richard W.
Published: October 2003

To reach adult habitats, juveniles of three species of Hawaiian gobies (fishes under 3 cm long) climb waterfalls up to 350 m high, over 10 000 times their body length. The demands of moving through such an extreme environment could constrain the range of viable locomotor mechanisms that these fishes use. Previous qualitative observations indicated that Lentipes concolor and Awaous guamensis use ‘powerbursts’ of axial undulation to climb, whereas Sicyopterus stimpsoni‘inches up’ vertical surfaces by alternately attaching oral and pelvic suckers to the substrate. To compare these propulsive mechanisms and their physiological requirements, high‐speed video footage of climbing by juveniles from these three species on an artificial waterfall were collected, and climbing kinematics and performance for the two climbing styles were quantified. Bouts of powerburst climbing by L. concolor and A. guamensis typically begin in or near direct water flow and are initiated by a single, rapid adduction of the pectoral fins. Powerburst climbing bouts are rapid (12.4±1.0 body lengths (BL) s−1), but short in duration (0.07±0.02 s) with few continuous locomotor cycles (3.8±1.3 cycles bout−1). Powerburst climbers use high amplitude undulations along the entire body, but minimum resultant velocities of these undulations are high (>6 BL s−1). This suggests that these species may hybridize terrestrial propulsive mechanisms with aquatic mechanisms. In contrast, climbing by inching in S. stimpsoni involves little axial undulation or fin movement. Sicyopterus stimpsoni typically exit the water outside of direct flow and seem to use terrestrial propulsive mechanisms. As the oral disc attaches to the substrate, it expands to almost twice its resting area, after which the posterior body is pulled upwards; once the pelvic disc attaches, the oral disc releases and the anterior body advances. Climbing bouts include several continuous cycles of disc attachment (11.0±1.4 cycles bout−1) and last several seconds at velocities of 0.21±0.01 BL s−1. Before climbing waterfalls during migration to adult habitats, S. stimpsoni undergo a non‐feeding metamorphosis that leads to the development of the mouth as a secondary locomotor organ. The unusual behaviour and ontogenetic strategy of S. stimpsoni seem to be evolutionary novelties, rather than ancestral retentions, suggesting that the evolution of these features may have been closely correlated. The substantial performance and kinematic distinctions between powerburst and inching climbing indicate that considerable locomotor diversity can evolve even in the context of extreme environmental demands.
Rapid ecological and behavioural changes in carnivores: the responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to altered food
Authors: Beckmann Jon P. , Berger Joel
Published: October 2003

Many areas have experienced disproportionate increases in the number of conflicts between large carnivores and humans, and this is especially true in western North America where urban sprawl has encroached into regions that have historically contained large carnivores. Yet, globally there is a paucity of studies of temporal changes in behavioural and ecological parameters of carnivores associated with human‐induced perturbations at the same location. We capitalized on the extent to which human population growth and its coincident food stores offer a quasi‐experimental setting to test hypotheses about the impact of novel food resources. Using black bears Ursus americanus and garbage, measures of behaviour and ecology were contrasted between individuals living in urban–wildland interface (‘experimental’) and in wildland (‘control’) settings at the interface of the Sierra Nevada Range and the Great Basin Desert in the western United States. A temporal dimension was included by comparing our data to those from the same population lacking areas of human encroachment 10–15 years earlier. Specifically, an examination was made of the impacts of garbage on bear time budgets, patterns of activity, and den chronology. Individuals at urban interface areas relative to wildland conspecifics were: (1) active for significantly fewer h per day (8.5 vs 13.3 h; P<0.01); (2) shifted their activities to nocturnal periods (P<0.001); (3) entered dens significantly later and remained in them for significantly fewer days (P<0.05). Our results are contrasted with selected carnivores from sites where attendant changes in behaviour and ecology have accompanied landscape changes associated with human activity. Our findings suggest alterations in carnivore ecology may be rapid and occur within shorter periods than had been previously assumed.
Nonstationary analysis of geomagnetic time sequences from Mount Etna and North Palm Springs earthquake
Authors: Fedi M. , La Manna M. , Palmieri F.
Published: October 2003

Volcanomagnetic and/or seismomagnetic effects are geomagnetic variations generated before eruptions and/or seismic events. Our aim is to analyze geomagnetic time series to detect the volcanomagnetic and/or seismomagnetic effects among a number of other variations. Two advanced signal‐processing techniques are proposed to analyze the geomagnetic time series. The first technique, called Continuous Wavelet Transform Singularity Analysis (CWTSA), is based on the Continuous Wavelet Transform; the second, called Time‐Variant Statistical Analysis of Nonstationary Signals (TVANS), is based on a time‐varying adaptive algorithm (Recursive Least Squares). Both techniques are very effective in detecting the geomagnetic variations at the time instants likely linked to volcanic and/or seismic activity. The application of these methodologies to geomagnetic time sequences, respectively, recorded on Mount Etna during the volcanic activity of 1981 and in North Palm Springs during the seismic events of 8 July 1986 yields a good correspondence between events detected by both techniques and volcanic end seismic events. The statistical significance of geomagnetic time series was also assessed to verify the obtained results from CWTSA and TVANS. It was defined at significance level of 95% in the wavelet power spectrum for the difference of the geomagnetic time series aiming at distinguishing the most “significant” events when they are upon this one.
Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite data, and AERONET ground data
Authors: Kinne S. , Lohmann U. , Feichter J. , Schulz M. , Timmreck C. , Ghan S. , Easter R. , Chin M. , Ginoux P. , Takemura T. , Tegen I. , Koch D. , Herzog M. , Penner J. , Pitari G. , Holben B. , Eck T. , Smirnov A. , Dubovik O. , Slutsker I. , Tanre D. , Torres O. , Mishchenko M. , Geogdzhayev I. , Chu D. A. , Kaufman Y.
Published: October 2003

New aerosol modules of global (circulation and chemical transport) models are evaluated. These new modules distinguish among at least five aerosol components: sulfate, organic carbon, black carbon, sea salt, and dust. Monthly and regionally averaged predictions for aerosol mass and aerosol optical depth are compared. Differences among models are significant for all aerosol types. The largest differences were found near expected source regions of biomass burning (carbon) and dust. Assumptions for the permitted water uptake also contribute to optical depth differences (of sulfate, organic carbon, and sea salt) at higher latitudes. The decline of mass or optical depth away from recognized sources reveals strong differences in aerosol transport or removal among models. These differences are also a function of altitude, as transport biases of dust do not always extend to other aerosol types. Ratios of optical depth and mass demonstrate large differences in the mass extinction efficiency, even for hydrophobic aerosol. This suggests that efforts of good mass simulations could be wasted or that conversions are misused to cover for poor mass simulations. In an attempt to provide an absolute measure for model skill, simulated total optical depths (when adding contributions from all five aerosol types) are compared to measurements from ground and space. Comparisons to the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) suggest a source strength underestimate in many models, most frequently for (subtropical) tropical biomass or dust. Comparisons to the combined best of Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) indicate that away from sources, model simulations are usually smaller. Particularly large are discrepancies over tropical oceans and oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, raising issues on the treatment of sea salt in models. Totals for mass or optical depth in many models are defined by the absence or dominance of only one aerosol component. With appropriate corrections to that component (e.g., to removal, to source strength, or to seasonality) a much better model performance can be expected. Still, many important modeling issues remain inconclusive as the combined result of poor coordination (different emissions and meteorology), insufficient model output (vertical distributions, water uptake by aerosol type), and unresolved measurement issues (retrieval assumptions and temporal or spatial sampling biases).
Effect of organic matter application on N2O, NO, and NO2 fluxes from an Andisol field
Authors: Akiyama Hiroko , Tsuruta Haruo
Published: October 2003

We used an automated flux monitoring system to measure N2O, NO, and NO2 fluxes from an Andisol field between May 1999 and September 2000. Pac choi and spinach were cultivated for 1.5 months in 1999 and 2000, respectively. We applied 15 g N m−2 of oilcake, cattle manure, fishmeal, dried cattle excreta, or urea to each plot. N2O and NO emissions from organic plots over the cultivation period were 2.55 mg N m−2 to 35.2 mg N m−2, and 2.48 mg N m−2 to 22.5 mg N m−2, respectively. Those from the urea plot were 10.9 mg N m−2 to 21.1 mg N m−2, and 52.0 mg N m−2 to 105 mg N m−2, respectively. We estimated that N2O emission from organic fertilizer is equivalent to that from chemical fertilizer application on Japanese Andisol field.
Saturation levels of methyl bromide in the coastal waters off Tasmania
Authors: Sturrock G. A. , Reeves C. E. , Mills G. P. , Penkett S. A. , Parr C. R. , McMinn A. , Corno G. , Tindale N. W. , Fraser P. J.
Published: October 2003

Methyl bromide (CH3Br) was highly supersaturated for over 2 years in the surface coastal seawater off Tasmania. Persistent supersaturations were observed near to shore throughout the year with no evidence of a seasonal cycle. At the same time, a site farther offshore (still under coastal influence) was also predominantly supersaturated but to a lesser extent. Notably, the annual pattern varied over the consecutive years covered in this systematic study. The observed supersaturations are in broad agreement with that which would be predicted by the relationships with the sea surface temperature (SST) derived by Groszko and Moore [1998] and King et al. [2000] for SSTs in the range of 12° to 20°C, although not the seasonal variation predicted by King et al. [2002]. There is much variability, as expected, which is not explained by the SST relationships. The presence of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis is found to be related to the seawater concentrations of CH3Br in this work. Our results tentatively indicate that the release of CH3Br into the seawater may be a response to nitrate limiting conditions.
Dynamic and static interaction of two thrust faults: A case study with general implications
Authors: Oglesby David D. , Day Steven M. , O'Connell Daniel R. H.
Published: October 2003

We use a dynamic analysis (the 3‐D finite element method) to study the dynamic and static interactions between segments in a system of two thrust faults. The simulated fault geometry is modeled after a specific fault system in central California. However, we find that by varying both the degree of segment overlap along strike and the stress heterogeneity, we arrive at results that may have broader implications for the dynamics of interacting fault segments. We find that the degree of dynamic interaction between fault segments depends strongly on the overlap between the segments and the heterogeneity of stress. In some cases, a static analysis predicts the aspects of dynamic behavior of the fault system, including rupture jumping from one segment to the other. In other cases, there is a complex two‐way interaction between the fault segments, which can only be captured by a full three‐dimensional dynamic analysis. The results show the limitations of a static analysis for predicting the behavior of geometrically complex fault systems and the importance of dynamic stress waves in mediating the interaction between nearby fault segments. The results also help to shed light on the mechanism by which rupture terminates on some segments and jumps to others.
Seismogenic zone structure of the southern Middle America Trench, Costa Rica
Authors: DeShon H. R. , Schwartz S. Y. , Bilek S. L. , Dorman L. M. , Gonzalez V. , Protti J. M. , Flueh E. R. , Dixon T. H.
Published: October 2003

The shallow seismogenic portion of subduction zones generates damaging large and great earthquakes. This study provides structural constraints on the seismogenic zone of the Middle America Trench offshore central Costa Rica and insights into the physical and mechanical characteristics controlling seismogenesis. We have located ∼300 events that occurred following the MW 6.9, 20 August 1999, Quepos, Costa Rica, underthrusting earthquake using a three‐dimensional velocity model and arrival time data recorded by a temporary local network of land and ocean bottom seismometers. We use aftershock locations to define the geometry and characteristics of the seismogenic zone in this region. These events define a plane dipping at 19° that marks the interface between the Cocos Plate and the Panama Block. The majority of aftershocks occur below 10 km and above 30 km depth below sea level, corresponding to 30–35 km and 95 km from the trench axis, respectively. Relative event relocation produces a seismicity pattern similar to that obtained using absolute locations, increasing confidence in the geometry of the seismogenic zone. The aftershock locations spatially correlate with the downdip extension of the oceanic Quepos Plateau and reflect the structure of the main shock rupture asperity. This strengthens an earlier argument that the 1999 Quepos earthquake ruptured specific bathymetric highs on the downgoing plate. We believe that subduction of this highly disrupted seafloor has established a set of conditions which presently limit the seismogenic zone to be between 10 and 35 km below sea level.
Foreshocks, aftershocks, and remote triggering in quasi‐static fault models
Authors: Ziv A.
Published: October 2003

We present the results of time‐space analysis of synthetic catalogs, generated using a quasi‐static discrete fault model that is governed by rate‐ and state‐dependent friction. These analyses reveal that increase in the postmain shock earthquake production rate occurs over an area surrounding the main shock rupture with dimensions that are several times larger than the main shock dimensions. We show that the increase in seismicity rate far from the main shock (where the static stress changes imposed by the main shock were small) is a consequence of multiple stress transfers and that the very distant aftershocks are not directly triggered by the main shock but that instead they are aftershocks of previous aftershocks. Snapshots of the fault state at progressive times prior to each main shock show that the regions which accelerated toward failure covered areas that were much larger than the final size of the main shock ruptures. As a result, as time approached the main shock time, the seismicity rate in these regions increased while the B value of the earthquake size distribution decreased. It has been previously suggested that remote seismicity rate increase could be triggered by the passage of seismic waves. Remote triggering in a quasi‐static model indicates that it is not necessary to invoke such a “dynamic effect” in order to explain distant aftershocks.
Observations of a quasi shear‐free lacustrine convective boundary layer: Stratification and its implications on turbulence
Authors: Jonas Tobias , Stips Adolf , Eugster Werner , Wüest Alfred
Published: October 2003

Convection due to surface cooling has been investigated in the surface boundary layer of a small lake under near‐ideal conditions undisturbed by wind, large‐scale currents, and differential cooling. Successive temperature microstructure profiles revealed a stable stratification in the lower bulk of the convective boundary layer despite strong cooling over the entire layer. Lateral heat fluxes as well as heat exchange with the thermocline could be excluded as driving mechanism of the observed stratification. Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements indicated an asymmetric pattern of vertical velocities: strong downward plumes were observed upon a background of slow upflow. We suggest that this asymmetry allows cold water from the super‐adiabatic surface layer to intrude at the base of the convective layer, thus causing the observed stratification. This in particular involves downward plumes that feature a relatively low entrainment rate in the center bulk of the convective layer. Corresponding large‐eddy simulation studies, as well as thermistor string and ADCP data, were found consistent with this scenario. The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was estimated on the basis of the temperature microstructure profiles and from the ADCP data. Mean dissipation rates of only about 20% of the surface buoyancy flux were typically identified. This finding is attributed to respectively low buoyant production rates of TKE, attenuated by strong convective plumes penetrating through the stable stratification in the lower bulk of the convective layer into the thermocline.
Ice‐atmosphere interactions during sea‐ice advance and retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Stammerjohn S. E. , Drinkwater M. R. , Smith R. C. , Liu X.
Published: October 2003

The seasonal evolution of sea‐ice extent, concentration, and drift in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, along with regional atmospheric synoptic variability, are described for a winter period (1992) when sea‐ice advance and retreat were both anomalously early. Daily time series of winds, opening and closing of the sea‐ice cover, and volume fluxes in and out of the WAP region indicate that synoptic variability in meridional winds determines whether the ice‐edge advances or retreats on daily to weekly timescales. The importance of this finding is that the dynamics, as opposed to the thermodynamics, initiate, and thereby dominate, in the production of ice‐edge anomalies. Further, the abrupt mid‐winter shift from persistently positive to negative ice‐edge anomalies indicates that there was a distinct change in the regional atmospheric circulation. The ice‐atmosphere interactions in the winter of 1992 are then compared to those in the winter of 1990, when sea‐ice advance and retreat were both late instead of early, but again the mid‐winter shift was abrupt. The comparison highlights possible circumpolar and tropical‐polar atmospheric linkages in the South Pacific that involve changes in the amplitude/phase of the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO), which in turn appear to be related to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) changes in the tropical Pacific. The implication of a dynamically driven ice‐atmosphere system, together with an intraseasonal ENSO linkage, further supports the idea that the WAP region is particularly sensitive to changes in the tropical Pacific.