bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear versus circular mitochondrial genomes: intraspecies variability of mitochondrial genome architecture in Candida parapsilosis
Authors: Rycovska Adriana , Valach Matus , Tomaska Lubomir , Bolotin-Fukuhara Monique , Nosek Jozef
Published: May 2004

The yeast species Candida parapsilosis, an opportunistic pathogen, exhibits genetic and genomic heterogeneity. To assess the polymorphism at the level of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the organization of the mitochondrial genome in strains belonging to the three variant groups of this species was investigated. Although these analyses revealed a group-specific restriction fragment pattern of mtDNA, strains belonging to different groups appear to have similar genes in the same gene order. An extensive survey of C. parapsilosis isolates uncovered surprising alterations in the molecular architecture of their mitochondrial genome. A screening strategy for strains harbouring mtDNA with rearranged architecture showed that nearly all strains from groups I and III possess linear mtDNA molecules terminating with arrays of tandem repeat units, while most of the group II strains have a circular mitochondrial genome. In addition, it was found that linear genophores in mitochondria of strains from different groups differ in the sequence of the mitochondrial telomeric repeat unit. The occurrence of altered forms of mtDNA among C. parapsilosis strains opens up the unique possibility to address questions concerning the evolutionary origin and replication strategy of linear and circular genomes in mitochondria.
Stress-responsive proteins are upregulated in Streptococcus mutans during acid tolerance
Authors: Len Alice C. L. , Harty Derek W. S. , Jacques Nicholas A.
Published: May 2004

Streptococcus mutansis an important pathogen in the initiation of dental caries as the bacterium remains metabolically active when the environment becomes acidic. The mechanisms underlying this ability to survive and proliferate at low pH remain an area of intense investigation. Differential two-dimensional electrophoretic proteome analysis ofS. mutansgrown at steady state in continuous culture at pH 7·0 or pH 5·0 enabled the resolution of 199 cellular and extracellular protein spots with altered levels of expression. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identified 167 of these protein spots. Sixty-one were associated with stress-responsive pathways involved in DNA replication, transcription, translation, protein folding and proteolysis. The 61 protein spots represented isoforms or cleavage products of 30 different proteins, of which 25 were either upregulated or uniquely expressed during acid-tolerant growth at pH 5·0. Among the unique and upregulated proteins were five that have not been previously identified as being associated with acid tolerance inS. mutansand/or which have not been studied in any detail in oral streptococci. These were the single-stranded DNA-binding protein, Ssb, the transcription elongation factor, GreA, the RNA exonuclease, polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (PnpA), and two proteinases, the ATP-binding subunit, ClpL, of the Clp family of proteinases and a proteinase encoded by thepepgene family with properties similar to the dipeptidase, PepD, ofLactobacillus helveticus. The identification of these and other differentially expressed proteins associated with an acid-tolerant-growth phenotype provides new information on targets for mutagenic studies that will allow the future assessment of their physiological significance in the survival and proliferation ofS. mutansin low pH environments.
Effects of high light on transcripts of stress-associated genes for the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Prochlorococcus MED4 and MIT9313
Authors: Mary Isabelle , Tu Chao-Jung , Grossman Arthur , Vaulot Daniel
Published: May 2004

Cyanobacteria constitute an ancient, diverse and ecologically important bacterial group. The responses of these organisms to light and nutrient conditions are finely controlled, enabling the cells to survive a range of environmental conditions. In particular, it is important to understand how cyanobacteria acclimate to the absorption of excess excitation energy and how stress-associated transcripts accumulate following transfer of cells from low- to high-intensity light. In this study, quantitative RT-PCR was used to monitor changes in levels of transcripts encoding chaperones and stress-associated proteases in three cyanobacterial strains that inhabit different ecological niches: the freshwater strain Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the marine high-light-adapted strain Prochlorococcus MED4 and the marine low-light-adapted strain Prochlorococcus MIT9313. Levels of transcripts encoding stress-associated proteins were very sensitive to changes in light intensity in all of these organisms, although there were significant differences in the degree and kinetics of transcript accumulation. A specific set of genes that seemed to be associated with high-light adaptation (groEL/groES, dnaK2, dnaJ3, clpB1 and clpP1) could be targeted for more detailed studies in the future. Furthermore, the strongest responses were observed in Prochlorococcus MED4, a strain characteristic of the open ocean surface layer, where hsp genes could play a critical role in cell survival.
SpeB modulates fibronectin-dependent internalization of Streptococcus pyogenes by efficient proteolysis of cell-wall-anchored protein F1
Authors: Nyberg Patrik , Rasmussen Magnus , von Pawel-Rammingen Ulrich , Björck Lars
Published: May 2004

SpeB is a cysteine proteinase and virulence determinant secreted by the important human pathogenStreptococcus pyogenes. Recent investigations have suggested a role for SpeB in streptococcal entry into human cells. However, conflicting data concerning the contribution of SpeB to internalization have been presented. Protein F1 is a cell-wall-attached fibronectin (Fn)-binding protein that is present in a majority of streptococcal isolates and is important for internalization. This study shows that protein F1 is efficiently degraded by SpeB, and that removal of protein F1 from the bacterial surface leads to reduced internalization. Whereas M1 protein and protein H, two additional surface proteins ofS. pyogenesthat bind human plasma proteins, are protected from proteolytic degradation by their ligands, protein F1 is readily cleaved by SpeB also when in complex with Fn. This finding, and the connection between the presence of Fn at the bacterial surface and entry into human cells, suggest that SpeB plays a role in the regulation of the internalization process.
Managing Change towards Lean Enterprises
Authors: Smeds Riitta
Published: May 2004

Encouraging experiences from a case study show that when lean
manufacturing is implemented as an innovation process, and social
stimulation games are applied, the resulting new systems are both
economic and organizational successes. The lead time of change is short
and resistance to change is avoided. The lean principles can spill over
to other business processes, which ultimately creates a “lean” enterprise.
To guide this development, top‐down change management should be replaced
by “lean” visions and guidelines. Under this umbrella, the individual
development projects should unfold as consciously managed innovation
processes that encourage bottom‐up creativity and learning.
Intra‐group Work Patterns in Final Assembly of Motor Vehicles
Authors: Engström Tomas , Medbo Lars
Published: May 2004

Discusses experiences from the design of parallellized flow assembly
systems. Also discusses factors influencing the performance of
collective work and relates these to the flow parameters in the Saab
Automobile′s final assembly plant in Malmö and the Volvo Uddevalla final
assembly plant. Illustrates this discussion by empirical data from the
shopfloor of the Volvo Uddevalla plant. Focuses mainly on the evolution
of the intra‐group work pattern from the start in the training workshop
to the final intra‐group work pattern and the assembly performance
achieved before the closing down of the plant. Reports on management′s
initial design assumptions communicated during the design of the
Uddevalla plant. Comments on and revises these design assumptions, since
they were far too simple and lacked the support of theoretical analysis
and empirical evidence. The lack of a scientific explanation for the
production and work organization principles communicated within Volvo
might be one of the reasons for the closing down – it certainly was not
the performance of the plant.
Impact of Real‐time Information for Scheduling a Car‐body Shop – A
Simulation Study
Authors: Lindau Roger A. , Kanflo Thomas , Lumsden Kenth R.
Published: May 2004

In a system where two material flows with sequence dependency are
matched, the use of real‐time information to monitor and control the
sequencing buffer improves the system′s ability to schedule many
different models, compared with a system with no information at all. In
the latter case, the system is upset considerably when more than four
different models enter the system. Shows how the performance of a
car‐body shop is affected when real‐time information about progress in
sub‐systems is available to the scheduler. A case study at a car plant
and a simulation study were carried out.
A Simulation Analysis of Ordering Policies under Inflationary Conditions
Authors: Mehra Satish , Amini Mohammad M.
Published: May 2004

In today′s competitive global economy, every business can benefit from
managing its operations in a cost‐efficient manner. Managing materials
should be no exception and the effect of inflation on ordering policies
for purchased materials and supplies should be carefully analysed. It is
very likely that a business can place itself in an advantageous position
by changing its ordering policies in response to unfavourable economic
conditions in its future operating environment. Presents a total cost
model and, through simulation analysis, shows that inflationary
conditions do affect lot sizes. Also shows that there are instances
where lot sizes stay stable before changing again in response to
increase in inflationary rates.
Manufacturing Information Integration Using a Reference Model
Authors: Pant Somendra , Rattner Laurie , Hsu Cheng
Published: May 2004

Virtual corporations, enterprise re‐engineering, and adaptive/agile
manufacturing are all new concepts based on the accomplishments of
integrated manufacturing of the past decade. The new manufacturing
enterprises are characterized by an ability to effect flexible
reconfiguration of resources, shorter cycle times and quick response to
customer demands. Information is a key factor in transcending physical
barriers and imparting the enterprise‐oriented agility and adaptiveness
to organizations. To this end, a theory‐based reference model for
information integration is needed in manufacturing enterprises. Employs
the paradigm of parallel formulation as the reference model and
demonstrates how it is used to guide the planning for information
integration. The model provides both a detailed data and task analysis
of manufacturing functions and their interactions, and guidelines for
regrouping tasks into parallel processes and thereby achieving a high
level of global integration. Describes a case study of the model,
conducted on the existing CIM model at Rensselaer to evaluate and
reformulate the previous processes. The results show a better design
featuring concurrent execution of functions which in turn support
agility and adaptiveness.
Labour stability and flexibility – conditions to reach
just‐in‐time
Authors: Dahlén Per , Ericsson Johan , Fujii Hiroshi
Published: May 2004

Describes labour stability and flexibility in Japanese versus
Swedish manufacturing industries. Presents a theoretical framework where
a number of fields which other researchers have regarded as influencing
labour stability and flexibility are analysed. Also presents some of the
findings of an empirical study of 17 Japanese and four Swedish companies
measuring labour stability and describing similarities and differences
in the companies′ condition and working methods to reach a stable and
flexible labour situation. The results indicate a considerably more
stable and flexible labour situation in Japanese companies when compared
with Swedish companies.
Optimal scheduling of just‐in‐time purchase deliveries
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Samar K.
Published: May 2004

The success of a JIT system depends on the effective implementation
of all its components, including JIT purchasing. Even after following
all prescribed implementation procedures of the JIT purchasing system,
many companies are frustrated owing to delayed or early delivery of
materials to the work centres because of limited unloading facilities.
Identifies this problem, develops a mathematical formulation and
provides a methodology for obtaining optimal delivery schedules for JIT
purchases by applying operations research techniques. An algorithm‐based
decision support system is developed which gives optimal unloading
schedules very quickly, making it suitable for daily JIT purchases
delivery planning.
A DEDS model for a serial pull system and an analysis of material
movements
Authors: Li Shanling , Qi Ershi
Published: May 2004

Most of the literature on just‐in‐time (JIT) production lines has
focused on modelling the system into Markov‐chain. However, in practice,
demands for products are known in a short planning horizon. Further,
there is scarcity in the literature describing the dynamics and timing
of material movements in JIT systems. Models a serial line into a
discrete event dynamic system (DEDS) by a Max algebra approach
incorporating the timing of material movements. Uses perturbation
analysis to study the impact of parameter variation on the system
performance. Compares the performances of push and pull systems using
simulation analysis. The simulation results show that the pull system
dominates the push system in lead time, in‐process inventories and
stability of the production process.
On the design of generalized kanban control systems
Authors: Frein Yannick , Di Mascolo Maria , Dallery Yves
Published: May 2004

Considers a class of control systems known as generalized kanban control systems (GKCS) which can be used to implement a pull
control mechanism in a manufacturing system. In a GKCS, the production
system is decomposed into stages, where each stage consists of a
production sub‐system. There are two design parameters per stage: one
controls the work‐in‐process in the stage and the other determines the
maximum number of finished products of this stage. Investigates the
influence of these design parameters on the efficiency of generalized
kanban control policies by deriving qualitative properties as
well as using experimental results on the behaviour of GKCS.
Using two object‐oriented modelling techniques
Authors: Ling Sea , Durnota Bohdan
Published: May 2004

Modelling by means of specification languages is increasingly being
recognized as an important phase in system development. It encourages
one to think about problems using models organized around real‐world
situations. The system to be developed should then be consistent,
correct and unambiguous with respect to the models produced. The
justin‐time kanban system is an example of a realworld problem
with a multiple‐supplier and multiple‐client architecture. Uses two
specification languages LOOPN and Object‐Z, proposed in the literature
to model the kanbansystem. Focuses on describing the kanbansystem in the different notations, thus investigating how well they
can express the just‐intime system. The kanban system consists
of many replicated components, each having the same state space and
exhibiting the same behaviour. To describe each and every component in
the system would be repetitious and tedious. Discusses the ease of
describing such a system.
Just‐in‐time purchasing and supply: a review of the literature
Authors: Waters‐Fuller Niall
Published: May 2004

Identifies three schools of thought within the broad just‐in‐time
(JIT) sourcing literature which are labelled as the
“advocate”, “pragmatic” and
“sceptic” schools. The former group advocate JIT sourcing as
a major competitive weapon, while the latter group suggest that it is
less efficient than traditional sourcing techniques. The pragmatic group
cite some of the problems associated with sourcing on a JIT basis. The
major JIT sourcing practices are identified and the contributions from
each school of thought critically reviewed. Reviews the benefits and
problems of JIT sourcing as well as the movement of power and
responsibilities between members of the supply chain. Concludes by
suggesting avenues of future research within JIT sourcing.
Is price‐quantity discount dead in a just‐in‐time environment?
Authors: Gupta Omprakash K. , Kini Ranjan B.
Published: May 2004

Companies have traditionally relied on taking advantage of
price‐quantity discount (PQD) on large purchases. With the adoption of
just‐in‐time (JIT) philosophy companies are encouraged to purchase
materials in small lots to synchronize production with deliveries. This
raised a question whether PQD is applicable in a JIT purchasing
environment. Argues that though seemingly inconsistent, JIT and PQD can
coexist. Develops an integrated JIT‐PQD model to allow a buyer to decide
how much to purchase and how many shipments be placed per order.
Technical note
Authors: Olhager Jan
Published: May 2004

Safety stocks can be introduced in different ways in production and
inventory control systems. The three basic types are physical safety
stock, safety lead time, and hedging. Departing from the formula for
calculating the number of kanbans, it is shown that all three
approaches are implicitly incorporated in the kanban safety
mechanism approach. Discusses the ways in which they appear as well as
their appropriateness in a just‐in‐time production context.
Business process re‐engineering: lessons from operations management
Authors: Armistead Colin , Harrison Alan , Rowlands Philip
Published: May 2004

It has become clear that business process re‐engineering (BPR) draws on the knowledge and skills from many of the traditional management disciplines. The adoption of the process paradigm for managing enterprises creates new challenges of reconciling the relative roles of functions and processes within an organization. While these issues have yet to be resolved there are other aspects of BPR concerned with activities to improve performance which have many similarities with existing concepts and techniques in the domain of operations management. There is a danger that the learning gained in areas of quality management, just‐in‐time and simultaneous engineering may be disregarded or hidden from those engaged in BPR programmes. Aims to indicate and identify some of the lessons learned from operations management so that they may be applied to BPR.
A study of US machine shops with just‐in‐time customers
Authors: Wisner Joel D.
Published: May 2004

Presents the findings of a comprehensive survey conducted among a wide variety of US machine shops. The objectives of the study were to develop the literature‐based just‐in‐time (JIT) machine shop model and to study empirically the changes taking place in the operation of machine shops in response to increasing demands by customers for JIT deliveries of products. Determines basic facility operating characteristics, machine operator characteristics, shopfloor control policies, and overall shop performance characteristics of machine shops having a significant level of sales to JIT customers. Discusses these findings with respect to the JIT machine shop model described in the previous literature. Supplies descriptive information for machine shops having little or no sales to JIT customers, to identify operating differences between the two classes of machine shops.
The impact of national and parent company origin on world‐class manufacturing
Authors: Voss Chris , Blackmon Kate
Published: May 2004

Presents the results of a study examining differences in world‐class manufacturing practices and performance between the UK and Germany, based on a sample of more than 500 German and British manufacturing plants. Suggests that although German superiority persists in many areas, it may not be as great as generally assumed. While at the overall level, country‐of‐origin effects are important, many of the plant sites sampled were part of multinational organizations. Also examines how much of the difference in manufacturing practices and performance at the site level might be attributed to foreign direct investment in manufacturing. Concludes that parent origin does have a significant effect at the site level.
A framework for proactive performance measurement system introduction
Authors: Daniels Robin C. , Burns N.D.
Published: May 2004

Asserts that attention in the field of performance measurement research has begun to focus on the behavioural implications of performance measurement in manufacturing. Proposes a framework which aims to generate a performance measurement system, designed and run by production cell employees, that will drive the shopfloor towards the requirements of its customer. Expands on research into the behaviour implications of performance measurement which has found that considerable improvement in morale and performance are made possible if shopfloor employees are allowed to decide on the performance measures which drive and direct their own continuous improvement activities.
Aligning IT applications with manufacturing strategy: an integrated framework
Authors: Kathuria Ravi , Igbaria Magid
Published: May 2004

Presents an integrated framework that would help manufacturing managers to select IT applications (manufacturing management systems) that are best suited to a given process structure and the intended competitive priorities of a firm. The proposed framework is based on the premiss that the process of matching IT applications to competitive priorities involves identification of key manufacturing tasks underlying different priorities and the corresponding process structures. The theoretic‐deductive approach is used to link the three vital elements ‐ competitive priorities, process structures and IT applications ‐ in the following application areas: product design, demand management, capacity planning, inventory management, shopfloor systems, quality management and distribution.
Transportation concerns of foreign firms in China
Authors: Ta Huu‐Phuong , Choo Hwee‐Ling , Sum Chee‐Chuong
Published: May 2004

In recent years, many foreign firms have flocked to China (People’s Republic of China) to take advantage of the opportunities in the large market. However, some of these firms have faced logistical problems in transporting and distributing their goods in China. Identifies the transportation problems faced by foreign firms operating in China and examines the possible actions and factors for minimizing such problems. The objectives of this study are achieved through a survey of Singapore‐based manufacturing firms that have operations in China. The survey results show that some transportation problems were more serious than others. The type of transport mode and ownership of the transport services used can affect the degree of satisfaction for the transportation of goods in China. Also identifies the actions taken by the firms that were most effective in alleviating the transportation problems. The government can play an important role in improving the logistical environment.
It’s time for CALM: computer‐aided logistics management
Authors: Haley George T. , Krishnan R.
Published: May 2004

Examines some of the more important types of model used in
analysing logistics problems. Discusses some of the developments in
computers, computer networks and software which are making the systems
approach more feasible and desirable.
An event‐based approach to modelling intermodal freight systems
Authors: D’Este Glen
Published: May 2004

Global sourcing, just‐in‐time inventory control and the growth of the global marketplace have made intermodal transport an increasingly important aspect of distribution and logistics. Discusses intermodal system modelling from the perspective of intermodalism as an integrated transport service rather than as a technology. Reviews current modelling paradigms and implementations and proposes an innovative approach based on the abstract concept of logistical events and treating intermodalism as a sequence of linked events. Addresses some of the technical issues involved in embedding the proposed framework in a traditional network model.
Organization for logistics: the contingency approach
Authors: Pfohl Hans‐Christian , Zöllner Werner
Published: May 2004

Argues that the organization for logistics often favours an aggregation of all tasks into one department. This decision presupposes an extensive analysis of important contingency factors, like product line, environmental relations, technology and organizational size. However, such contingency factors have a limited influence, and are modified by the strategy of the organization. Defines selected contingency factors, examines the organization’s overall strategy and shows how these two factors can be combined in the light of the specific requirements of the firm’s logistical task.
Organizational approaches to managing international sourcing
Authors: Giunipero Larry C. , Monczka Robert M.
Published: May 2004

Discusses analysis of the organizational structures utilized to conduct international purchasing activities which was undertaken at 24 multinational corporations. The majority of the corporations studied had decentral‐ ized purchasing organizations and all had corporate purchasing staffs. Four basic approaches were found: (1) totally decentralized; (2) co‐ordinated; (3) totally centralized; and (4) separate international purchasing group. Within this overall framework there were several forms of staff assistance for helping operating units effectively to accomplish their international purchasing goals. This assistance included foreign buying offices, trading companies, and international staff specialists. There was also a common philosophy which indicated the necessity of worldwide sourcing.
Job assignments in physical distribution organizations
Authors: Withey John J.
Published: May 2004

Deals with the structural problem of how to allocate work to sub‐units or departments within physical distribution organizations. Asks what bases or criteria should be followed in assigning duties to the various parts of physical distribution structures. Concludes with managerial implications.
Organization design strategies for business logistics
Authors: Persson Göran
Published: May 2004

Identifies and discusses three different approaches to the organization of the logistics function in a firm. Develops a model to explain the basic design strategies for logistics co‐ordination. Recommends that further research in the area should be undertaken.
Business process reengineering
Authors: Motwani Jaideep , Kumar Ashok , Jiang James , Youssef Mohamed
Published: May 2004

The current competitive business environment has forced business leaders to consider business process reengineering (BPR) in their search for dramatic improvement in organizational effectiveness. This paper provides an extensive review of the existing literature by classifying the articles into four research streams, presents a comprehensive practical reengineering plan for achieving a true organization transformation, and suggests future research directions for BPR under each of these streams.
Production‐to‐order and international operations
Authors: Meijboom Bert
Published: May 2004

Principles of supply chain management are discussed in relation to the modifications, extensions, and challenges currently prevalent in internationally operating companies. The central issue is: How do international operations affect common SCM principles? First, insights from the literature are reviewed. Then, a case study is presented based on a company with activities that are spread all over the world and that belong to distinct stages in the supply chain. Subsequently, an evaluation is provided along the lines of the conceptual view on international supply chain management presented earlier. The paper concludes with implications for managers in international operations, as well as directions for further research.
Design, coordination and control of hybrid factories
Authors: Doerr Ken , Magazine Michael J.
Published: May 2004

In this paper, the authors elaborate the notion of a hybrid factory: factories in which some production capacity is dedicated to process‐oriented manufacturing, and some is dedicated to product‐oriented manufacturing. We present the results of a field study of one such factory and, using it as an example, develop a list of eight issues that may arise as a part of implementing and managing a hybrid factory. Where possible, we tie these issues into existing research streams. We show how our field site addressed these issues and, based on their experience, suggest new areas for investigation by researchers. An examination of the way our field site implemented and managed a hybrid factory also provides insight for managers facing similar situations.
For Discussion NSAIDs: gastroprotection or selective COX-2 inhibitor?
Authors: Dickman Andrew , Ellershaw John
Published: May 2004

Conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective adjuvant analgesics commonly encountered in palliative care. However, these drugs are associated with adverse effects that are primarily due to gastrointestinal toxicity, with resultant serious complications such as gastroduodenal perforations, ulcers and bleeds. This toxicity has been attributed to inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Factors known to increase this risk of toxicity include age above 65 years, classification of NSAID in terms of COX-1/COX-2 selectivity, previous history of complications and coadministration of aspirin, anticoagulants and corticosteroids. Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were developed in an attempt to reduce this association; trials to date confirm that these drugs do indeed have reduced incidence of gastroduodenal toxicity. Prior to the introduction of the COX-2 selective inhibitors, patients at high risk were often coprescribed a gastroprotective agent (such as misoprostol or a proton pump inhibitor) with a conventional NSAID. This review discusses the merits of both options and devises a treatment strategy for the safe and costeffective use of these drugs in the palliative care population.
Does aromatherapy massage benefit patients with cancer attending a specialist palliative care day centre?
Authors: Wilcock Andrew , Manderson CathAnn , Weller Rebecca , Walker George , Carr Diane , Carey Anne-Marie , Broadhurst Debbie , Mew June , Ernst Edzard
Published: May 2004

A randomised controlled pilot study was carried out to examine the effects of adjunctive aromatherapy massage on mood, quality of life and physical symptoms in patients with cancer attending a specialist unit. Participants were randomised to conventional day care alone or day care plus weekly aromatherapy massage using a standardised blend of oils for four weeks. At baseline and at weekly intervals, patients rated their mood, quality of life and the intensity and bother of two symptoms most important to them. Forty-six patients were recruited to the study. Due to a large number of withdrawals, only 11 of 23 (48%) patients in the aromatherapy group and 18 of 23 (78%) in the control group completed all four weeks. Mood, physical symptoms and quality of life improved in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in any of the outcome measures. Despite a lack of measurable benefit, all patients were satisfied with the aromatherapy and wished to continue. Whilst this pilot study has shown that a randomised controlled trial of complementary therapy is feasible, it has also identified several areas that would require further consideration when designing future studies, e.g., the recruitment and retention of appropriate numbers of patients and the outcome measures used.
Pedestrian excitation of bridges
Authors: Newl D E
Published: May 2004

This paper reviews the evidence on dynamic bridge loading caused by moving pedestrians. The phenomenon of ‘synchronization’ by which people respond naturally to an oscillating bridge when this has a frequency close to their natural walking or running frequency is a feature of this phenomenon. By increasing modal damping, synchronization can be prevented, but how much damping is needed in any particular situation?

If some simplifying assumptions about how people walk are made, it is possible to predict analytically the minimum damping required to ensure that synchronization does not lead to high vibration levels. The main assumption is that the movement of a pedestrian's centre of mass has two components. One is its natural movement when the person is walking on a stationary pavement. The other is caused by movement of the pavement (or bridge) and is in proportion to pavement amplitude but with a time delay that is arbitrary. When the time delay is a ‘worst case’, pedestrians act as a source of negative damping.

This theory supports the adoption of a non-dimensional number which measures the susceptibility of a bridge to pedestrian excitation. Although currently there are not many good bridge response data, predictions using this non-dimensional number are compared with the data that are available and found to be in satisfactory agreement. Both lateral and vertical vibrations are considered.
Experimental study of steam turbine control valves
Authors: Zhang D , Engeda A , Hardin J R , Aungier R H
Published: May 2004

Because of the converging-diverging configuration of the valve passage, venturi valves have been widely used in large turbines to regulate inlet flow as turbine governing valves for about half a century. From the 1960s, a number of valve failure incidents have been reported. Improvement to current designs was strongly demanded but, owing to the complicated nature of the fluid-structure interaction mechanisms, the basic mechanism causing valve failure is still far from being fully understood. Experimental investigations on a half-scale valve were performed here. The study confirmed that asymmetric unstable flow is the root cause of valve problems, such as noise, vibration and failure.
Uncertainty analysis using the thermodynamic method of pump efficiency testing
Authors: Feng H D , Xu L , Xu R P , Wu L J , Shi X H , Yan J D , Wang T Y
Published: May 2004

The paper looks at improving the uncertainty analysis in ISO 5198 and examines the conditions under which the equation to evaluate the uncertainty in efficiency in the paper by Milne holds good. An alternative to evaluating the uncertainty of pump efficiency is described in detail in this paper. After comparing the factors that influence the uncertainty of efficiency, the paper determines the factors that can be neglected and presents measures to reduce the uncertainty in efficiency in pump efficiency testing.
Virtual genes of manufacturing products and their reforms for product innovative design
Authors: Chen K-Z , Feng X-A
Published: May 2004

Since the development of manufacturing products is very similar to the evolution of living beings, genetic engineering techniques have been applied by the present authors to develop a bionic design theory and methodology for product innovation. This design method is totally different from the conventional method and innovates products via the reform of virtual genes of products. It provides a logically structured method, which can reduce blindness to innovation and can even clone a product with the aid of advanced computer aided design/computer aided manufacture technology. Since products have no physical chromosomes and genes, their virtual chromosomes must be disclosed and their virtual genes must be identified from their virtual chromosomes so that the related genes can be reformed for product innovation. The method for deducing the virtual chromosomes has been initiated by the authors. This paper defines virtual genes, develops the methods for identifying virtual genes from their virtual chromosome, creating virtual genome maps and deriving mapping networks between the virtual genes and the performances of a product, and develops the method for reforming virtual genes for product innovation using genetic engineering techniques. As an example, the virtual genes of an engine lathe and their reform are intorduced according to the theory and methodology developed in the paper.
Core or periphery? The past and present of the history of education
Authors: Race Richard
Published: May 2004

A history of western educational ideas D. Lawton & P. Gordon, 2002

A century of education R. Aldrich (Ed.), 2002

Scottish education in the twentieth century L. Paterson, 2003

Education in Britain: 1944 to the present K. Jones, 2003
Transformative approaches to student voice: theoretical underpinnings, recalcitrant realities
Authors: Fielding Michael
Published: May 2004

This article explores some of the theoretical underpinnings of radical approaches to student voice and examines a number of practical issues we need to address if we wish to move towards a more transformative future. The framework within which the notion of voice is explored and critiqued falls primarily into two categories. The first, Deconstructing the presumptions of the present, explores the largely ignored problematic of much student voice work. (1) ‘Problems of speaking about others’, (2) ‘Problems of speaking for others’, and problems of (3) ‘Getting heard’ reveal a range of issues that need to be better understood and acknowledged. The second, On the necessity of dialogue, attempts a resolution, exploring the possibility of (4) ‘Speaking about/for others in supportive ways’ before offering the preferred (5) ‘Dialogic alternative: speaking with rather than for’ and further developing that line of enquiry through (6) ‘Students as co/researchers’. Finally, (7) ‘Recalcitrant realities, new opportunities’ offers some ambivalent, but still hopeful thoughts about current realities and future possibilities.
It's not which school but which set you're in that matters: the influence of ability grouping practices on student progress in mathematics
Authors: Wiliam Dylan , Bartholomew Hannah
Published: May 2004

The mathematics achievement of a cohort of 955 students in 42 classes in six schools in London was followed over a 4‐year period, until they took their General Certificate of Secondary Education examinations (GCSEs) in the summer of 2000. All six schools were regarded by the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) as providing a good standard of education, and all were involved in teacher training partnerships with universities. Matched data on Key Stage 3 test scores and GCSE grades were available for 709 students, and these data were analysed in terms of the progress from Key Stage 3 test scores to GCSE grades. Although there were wide differences between schools in terms of overall GCSE grades, the average progress made by students was similar in all six schools. However, within each school, the progress made during Key Stage 4 varied greatly from set to set. Comparing students with the same Key Stage 3 scores, students placed in top sets averaged nearly half a GCSE grade higher than those in the other upper sets, who in turn averaged a third of a grade higher than those in lower sets, who in turn averaged around a third of a grade higher than those students placed in bottom sets. In the four schools that used formal whole‐class teaching, the difference in GCSE grades between top and bottom sets, taking Key Stage 3 scores into account, ranged from just over one grade at GCSE to nearly three grades. At the schools using small‐group and individualized teaching, the differences in value‐added between sets were not significant. In two of the schools, a significant proportion of working‐class students were placed into lower sets than would be indicated by their Key Stage 3 test scores.
Constructing the ethos of tolerance and respect in an integrated school: the role of teachers
Authors: Donnelly Caitlin
Published: May 2004

This article seeks to explore how teachers develop tolerance and respect within an inclusive school in Northern Ireland. Drawing on interviews and observation of 18 teachers, it will be shown that teachers' own personal values and assumptions exert a defining influence on the school ethos. It will be argued that if teachers are not accorded the time and space to develop a critical understanding of their own values and beliefs then there is the potential for schools to simply reinforce the psychological barriers which sustain division.
Values education: the development and classroom use of an educational programme1
Authors: Arweck Elisabeth , Nesbitt Eleanor
Published: May 2004

The article is concerned with values education in schools in the light of the requirement for schools to provide for the spiritual, moral, cultural and social development of children and in the light of wider discussions regarding ‘spirituality’ in (post)modern society. The authors focus on Living Values, a programme developed as a way of introducing values‐based education to schools as wellas to the wider community. They examine both the contents of the programme and the way it reaches schools and is utilized. The authors report on their recent field research carried out in schools andevaluate textual sources. Emerging issues and perspectives, among them the provenance and sponsorship of the programme, are raised.
‘School effectiveness’: the problem of reductionism
Authors: Wrigley Terry
Published: May 2004

School Effectiveness (SE), as a research paradigm and, more widely, as a set of political practices in school management and development, is examined in terms of the concept of ‘reductionism’. The article serves to systematise an ongoing critique of Effectiveness by Ball, Morley, Fielding, Slee, etc. Building upon studies by the biologist Steven Rose and colleagues of reductionism from psychology to biology, the reductionism of the Effectiveness discourse is analysed in its methodological, contextual, historical and moral aspects. Finally, the article explores the impact of SE upon the dominant model of School Improvement in England in particular, and the need for transformation within that paradigm.
Something more to tell you: gay, lesbian or bisexual young people's experiences of secondary schooling
Authors: Ellis Viv , High Sue
Published: May 2004

How do young people who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual (lgb) experience secondary schooling? How do they feel that questions of sexuality are dealt with in the curriculum and do they find this treatment helpful? This article presents the findings of a project that replicated Trenchard and Warren's 1984 study, Something to tell you. The findings are analysed and some suggestions are made as to changes in lgb‐identifying people's experiences of schooling from 1984 to 2001. Finally, the article considers these changes in relation to the question of the ‘effect’ of Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988.
Compliance in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Rubin Kenneth H. , Liu Mowei , Chen Huichang , Wang Li , Li Dan , Gao Xiangping , Cen Guozhen , Gu Haigen , Li Boshu
Published: May 2004

Observational data concerning children’s compliance were collected from samples of 2-year-olds in PR China and Canada. Information on child-rearing attitudes was obtained from mothers. It was found that Chinese toddlers had higher scores on voluntary committed compliance than their Canadian counterparts. In contrast, Canadian toddlers had higher scores on externally imposed or situational compliance and overt protest than Chinese toddlers. Girls displayed more committed compliance than boys in both samples. Maternal warmth and induction were positively associated with committed compliance in Chinese toddlers, and maternal induction was positively associated with situational compliance in Canadian toddlers. Maternal punishment orientation was negatively associated with committed compliance and positively associated with situational control in Chinese toddlers, but not in Canadian toddlers. The results might indicate specific cultural “meanings” of different forms of child compliance.
Personality and gender differences in friendship needs and experiences in preadolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Zarbatany Lynne , Conley Ryanne , Pepper Susan
Published: May 2004

Personality and gender differences in close same-sex friendship needs and experiences were investigated in two samples. Participants were 312 university students (217 women, M age 1/4 19.5) and 491 preadolescents (269 girls, M age 1/4 11.87). Participants completed several questionnaires yielding scores for communion and agency (personality), communal and agentic friendship needs, actual communal and agentic provisions of a best friendship, and affective functioning (satisfaction with the best friendship, loneliness). Findings revealed that close friendship serves both communal (connection) and agentic (social prominence) needs. Agency and/or communion predicted friendship needs and experiences and affective correlates of failure to meet friendship needs (friendship satisfaction, loneliness). Thus, friendship is not a homogeneous experience, but is shaped by the dispositions of the individuals who comprise it. Gender differences emerged in communal and agentic friendship needs and experiences; however, consensus among male and female participants regarding the functions of close friendship fails to support strong claims regarding gender-differentiated “worlds.”
Marital quality, maternal depressed affect, harsh parenting, and child externalising in Hong Kong Chinese families
Authors: Chang Lei , Lansford Jennifer E. , Schwartz David , Farver Joann M.
Published: May 2004

The present study used a family systems approach to examine harsh parenting, maternal depressed affect, and marital quality in relation to children’s externalising behaviour problems in a sample of 158 Hong Kong primary school children. At two time points, peers and teachers provided ratings of children’s externalising behaviours, and mothers completed questionnaires assessing depressed affect, marital quality, and harsh parenting. Path analyses showed that maternal depressed affect had both direct effects on child externalising and indirect effects through harsh parenting. The effect of marital quality on child externalising was not direct but was mediated through harsh parenting. These findings reflect family processes that have similarities with those found in Western samples as well as differences in terms of how Hong Kong Chinese culture may facilitate and inhibit these processes.