bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unpacking ‘patient‐centredness’: how knowledge is negotiated dialogically in the interweaving of genres and voices in counselling conversations
Authors: Phillips Louise , Scheffmann‐Petersen Michael
Published: June 2020

In the literature, difficulties in implementing policy principles of patient‐centredness are often understood as obstacles to patient‐centred care leading to a gap between the ideals and practice. This article proposes that what are often identified in the literature as obstacles can be usefully construed as intrinsic tensions that cannot be eradicated. It offers a theoretical framework for exploring the tensions that builds on Bakhtin’s theory of dialogue and Foucault’s theory of power/knowledge. The framework is designed to ‘unpack’ the tensional, context‐specific nature of ‘patient‐centredness’ through empirical exploration of how particular forms of ‘patient‐centredness’ are produced through tensional meaning‐making in particular contexts. The use of the framework is illustrated in an analysis of how ‘patient‐centredness’ is ascribed specific meanings and enacted in collaborative telephone counselling conversations in a Danish patient‐centred programme entitled ‘Active Patient Support’. The analysis shows how the interweaving of genres and voices works to manage the patient’s uncertainty in ways that both empower and self‐discipline the patient. The discussion explores the implications of the specific form of ‘patient‐centredness’ articulated in the conversations with respect to patient empowerment and participation. It also critically reflects on the theoretical framework as a reflexive approach to tackling the tensions in ‘patient‐centredness’.
In a vigilant state of chronic disruption: how parents with a young child with type 1 diabetes negotiate events and moments of uncertainty
Authors: Kingod Natasja , Grabowski Dan
Published: June 2020

Living as a parent and self‐care surrogate of a young child with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is demanding and a disruption to ‘normal’ routinised daily living. Research has mainly focused on the time of diagnosis as a one‐time biographical disruption. In this article, we will show how, in the case of families with young children with T1D, the biographical disruption can be viewed as a continuous state of vigilance that affects family functioning and ‘normal’ living. We will show this by focusing on the temporal events and moments that keep the families in a state of what we will term ‘chronic disruption’. The events are the transitions from hospitalisation to home, home to nursery, nursery to daycare, and daycare to school and preparations for social activities concerning the child. The moments are more fluid, ranging from daily interruptions when daycare workers and teachers call parents with doubts about self‐care to negotiations with institutions and municipalities and a constant state of worry.
Does asset location and concentration explain REIT IPO valuation?
Authors: Ling David C. , Marcato Gianluca , Zheng Chen
Published: June 2020

Following recent developments in the asset pricing literature on geographic concentration, we complement classic theories based on information asymmetry and explain the short‐run performance of real estate investment trust (REIT) initial public offerings (IPOs) through an investor base mechanism. We analyze the U.S. market and show that issuers are more likely to underprice when a REIT is more geographically concentrated. In particular, by adopting an identification strategy of pre‐ and post‐IPO returns, we find evidence for an investor base channel rather than a diversification discount channel. In addition, geographic portfolio concentration has a stronger impact on the initial returns of REIT IPOs than property type concentration. Finally, we find that lower deadweight costs at the time of an IPO weaken the influence of geographic concentration on initial returns. Our results are robust to the firm's geographic concentration in economically defined regions, different measures of deadweight costs, the control of information environment of the portfolio and headquarters markets, and to controlling for the REIT's property type focus.
Not All Is Lost for Relapsers: Relapsers With Low WHO Risk Drinking Levels and Complete Abstainers Have Comparable Regional Gray Matter Volumes
Authors: Meyerhoff Dieter J. , Durazzo Timothy C.
Published: June 2020

Background

Reductions in substance use are associated with positive long‐term treatment outcomes such as psychosocial functioning; substance use–related consequences; and mental, physical, and neurobiological health. Therefore, nonabstinent clinical trial endpoints have received growing attention from substance abuse treatment experts. Regional brain tissue volumes in alcoholism treatment seekers increase during abstinence, in parallel to cognitive performance.

Methods

We examined the relationships of drinking levels in those who did not maintain abstinence after treatment with magnetic resonance imaging‐derived gray matter (GM) volumes measured 8 months after baseline assessments while in outpatient treatment. The complex drinking behavior during the interval was operationalized as World Health Organization risk drinking levels (WHO‐RDL), derived from the number of standard alcoholic drinks per day. We compared the volumes of addiction‐relevant cortical and subcortical brain regions at long‐term follow‐up among abstainers and 2 groups of relapsers with low and higher WHO‐RDL.

Results

We found that: (i) relapsers with low WHO‐RDL at follow‐up, who as a group had reduced their risk levels by 2.8 units (by consuming <40 g of ethanol per day over the recovery interval), had regional brain tissue volumes indistinguishable from those of abstainers tested after the same time period and that (ii) relapsers with higher WHO‐RDL, with only 1.2 units average risk‐level reductions, had significantly smaller frontal GM and thalamic volumes than abstainers and relapsers with low WHO‐RDL. Despite many drinking days during recovery, including several with >10 drinks per day, relapsers with low WHO‐RDL at follow‐up tended to perform better than those with higher WHO‐RDL on cognitive domains of working memory and visuospatial skills assessed over the recovery interval.

Conclusions

Nonabstinent recovery is characterized by addiction‐relevant GM volumes comparable to those of complete abstainers. The WHO‐RDL has meaningful structural neuroimaging correlates potentially suitable as cognitively relevant biomarkers of treatment response and general brain health, perhaps even as objective clinical trial endpoints.
Duration of adhesion of swallowed alginates to distal oesophageal mucosa: implications for topical therapy of oesophageal diseases
Authors: Sonmez Shirley , Coyle Cathal , Sifrim Daniel , Woodland Philip
Published: June 2020

Background

We have previously shown, ex vivo, that alginate solutions can have a topical protective effect on oesophageal mucosal biopsies exposed to simulated gastric juice. Oesophageal mucosal impedance can measure the duration of mucosal adherence of ionic solutions since the impedance drops when the solution is present, and rises to baseline as the solution clears.

Aim

To investigate the in vivo duration of adhesion of swallowed alginate solution to distal oesophageal mucosa.

Methods

We studied 20 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with heartburn. A pH‐impedance catheter was inserted, and baseline distal channel oesophageal impedance measured. Healthy volunteers received 10 mL of either sodium alginate (Gaviscon Advance), Gaviscon placebo (no alginate) or viscous slurry (saline mixed with sucralose), given in a randomised, single‐blinded order over three visits. Patients received either sodium alginate or placebo on two visits. Initial impedance drop was measured, then 1‐minute mean impedance was measured each minute until ≥75% recovery to baseline.

Results

In healthy volunteers, sodium alginate adhered to the oesophageal mucosa for longer than placebo or viscous slurry (10.4 [8.7] minutes vs 1.1 [1.6] vs 3.6 [4.0], P < 0.01). In patients, sodium alginate adhered to the oesophageal mucosa for longer than placebo (9.0 (5.4) vs 3.7 (4.1), P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Sodium alginate solution adhered to the oesophageal mucosa for significantly longer than placebo or viscous slurry. This demonstrates that alginates could confer a protective benefit due to mucoadhesion and can be a basis for further development of topical protectants and for topical drug delivery in oesophageal disease.
Conducting a consensus conference to design a psychology service model for acute mental health wards
Authors: Raphael Jessica , Haddock Gillian , Edge Dawn , Lovell Karina , Bucci Sandra , Winter Rachel , Drake Richard , Price Owen , Berry Katherine
Published: June 2020

Objectives

This paper outlines best practice recommendations for the clinical psychologist's role in inpatient settings and also presents a methodology for deriving evidence‐based recommendations, which may be replicated by health care professionals in other areas of service development.

Methods

Twenty‐three, nationally drawn experts, deemed expert by profession and/or experience attended a one‐day conference. Participants were presented with findings from previous research and key unanswered questions in terms of how psychological services should be delivered in inpatient settings. Participants discussed the information presented within small groups and then independently responded to the questions posed. Responses to questions either involved ranking priorities or choosing the best possible option in terms of what or how aspects of the model should be delivered.

Results

We were able to identify referral priorities for formulation, nurse‐led psychosocial interventions and psychological therapy using ranking questions. Consensus (defined as 70% agreement) was achieved within 1–3 voting rounds for all questions which involved selecting one of a range of possible options. These responses provided information about how to deliver formulation, supervision of nurse‐led psychosocial interventions, staff well‐being interventions, and one‐to‐one therapy, as well as psychologists' own training and supervisions needs.

Conclusions

Findings provide recommendations relating to five different service areas for inpatient settings seeking to implement a psychological service model: formulation, nurse‐led interventions, one‐to‐one therapy, staff well‐being, and psychologist training and supervision. Additionally, we showcase a methodology for synthesizing knowledge and decision‐making that can be implemented by researchers and health care professionals seeking to design interventions or service models in other settings.

Practitioner points

Psychologists working on inpatient wards should endeavour to develop a team formulation for each patient, prioritizing patients with longer length of stay, repeated admissions, and who staff find challenging.

Psychologists should offer 1:1 therapy with patients who have complex needs that cannot be addressed by nurse‐led interventions.

Reflective practice sessions should be a key component of the psychologist's role on inpatient wards with the function of improving staff well‐being.

Consensus conferences are useful methodology to synthesize knowledge and undertaking decision‐making in relation to the design of interventions or service models.
Association between biomarkers and house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy in allergic asthma
Authors: Hoshino Makoto , Akitsu Kenta , Kubota Kengo , Ohtawa Junichi
Published: June 2020

Background

House dust mite (HDM) sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials of patients with asthma. Airway inflammation is a characteristic of respiratory allergy, but its relationship to SLIT remains unclear.

Objective

We evaluate the association between clinical outcomes with pulmonary function and biomarkers in before and after HDM SLIT (UMIN Number 000022390).

Methods

One hundred twelve patients with asthma sensitized to HDM were randomized to add‐on 6 standardized quality (SQ)‐HDM SLIT to pharmacotherapy or pharmacotherapy alone for 48 weeks. At baseline and end of study, biomarkers, blood eosinophils, serum IgE, serum periostin, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and spirometry and clinical symptoms were measured. Association between biomarkers and an increase in FEV1 of 120 mL or greater were analysed.

Results

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) demonstrated a significant reduction of serum periostin (P < .001), FeNO (P < .01), and increase in HDM‐specific IgE (P < .05), FEV1 (P < .001) and improvement of clinical symptom scores, when compared to pharmacotherapy. The change in FEV1 correlated with the changes in serum periostin (r = .696, P < .001) and the changes in FeNO (r = .682, P < .001). The independent predictor of improvement in airflow limitation was changed in serum periostin (r2 = .753, P = .013) and FeNO (P = .038). Based on cut‐off values derived by receiver operating characteristic analysis (periostin 30.9 ng/mL, FeNO 28.0 ppb), patients were distinguished responders from non‐responders, but with no predictive value for blood eosinophils or total IgE. The proportion of patients with both high periostin and FeNO levels was significantly higher in responder than in non‐responder (P = .026).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Adding HDM SLIT to pharmacotherapy resulted in reduced serum periostin and FeNO, and improved pulmonary function. Serum periostin and FeNO may be useful biomarkers for prediction of SLIT.
Living standards and the life cycle: reconstructing household income and consumption in the early twentieth‐century Netherlands†
Authors: Boter Corinne
Published: June 2020

Conventional methods of measuring historical household living standards are often criticized because of the omission of women's and children's wages and non‐wage income; the focus on urban centres; and the exclusion of life‐cycle changes in household composition, income, and consumption. This article presents a method that accounts for these issues and applies it to agricultural and textile households in the early‐twentieth century Netherlands. It uses total household income, as opposed to the husband's wage, as the enumerator for calculating alternative welfare ratios. The results show that welfare ratios were not only structurally higher than those based on the male‐breadwinner model, but also followed a different life‐cycle trajectory. Furthermore, household portfolios were diversified and depended on local labour market structures. Thus, the study concludes that analyses based on men's wages only reflect the rough outlines of how households functioned.
A multicenter study of transient global amnesia for the better detection of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities
Authors: Higashida K. , Okazaki S. , Todo K. , Sasaki T. , Ohara N. , Kohara N. , Yamamoto S. , Yamagami H. , Hashikawa K. , Yoshimoto T. , Ihara M. , Koga M. , Szabo K. , Mochizuki H.
Published: June 2020

Background and purpose

The detection rate of diffusion‐weighted (DWI) hyperintense lesions varies widely in patients with transient global amnesia (TGA). The aim was to examine the association of hyperintense lesions on DWI magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with patient characteristics, precipitating factors, clinical presentation and MRI settings in patients with TGA.

Methods

In this multicenter retrospective observational study, using the standardized diagnosis entry system of electronic health records of four tertiary medical centers in the Kansai district of Japan, TGA patients (n = 261) who underwent brain MRI within 28 days of onset were examined. When the onset time was unavailable, the discovery time was used.

Results

Diffusion‐weighted hyperintense lesions were observed in 79 patients (30%). There were no significant differences in age, sex, vascular risk factors, precipitating factors or clinical presentation between patients with and without DWI lesions. The detection rate increased linearly 24 h after onset and then reached a plateau of 60%–80% by 84 h. After 84 h, the detection rate decreased rapidly. In a multivariate logistic regression model, MRI examination 24–84 h after onset (odds ratio 7.00, 95% confidence interval 3.50–13.99) and a thin‐slice (≤3 mm) DWI sequence (odds ratio 7.59, 95% confidence interval 3.05–18.88) were independent predictors of DWI lesions.

Conclusions

This study suggests that DWI hyperintense lesions in TGA are not associated with patient characteristics and clinical presentation. Brain MRI examination 24–84 h after onset and thin‐slice DWI sequences enhance the detection of DWI lesions in TGA patients.
Advertising, investor attention, and stock prices: Evidence from a natural experiment
Authors: Mayer Erik J.
Published: June 2020

I test whether advertising affects stock prices through an investor attention channel. I use corporate sponsorships of college football bowl games as a natural experiment that provides variation in advertising exposure that is unrelated to firm fundamentals. Sponsoring firms' stocks experience large increases in investor attention, abnormally high turnover, and temporary price pressure that is related to bowl games' TV‐ratings and score differentials. Retail investors are net buyers of sponsors' stocks, whereas institutional investors initially remain neutral and then start selling, ultimately driving a reversal toward fundamental values. These findings shed light on who wins/loses when advertising attracts investor attention.
Plant carbon allocation drives turnover of old soil organic matter in permafrost tundra soils
Authors: Street Lorna E. , Garnett Mark H. , Subke Jens‐Arne , Baxter Robert , Dean Joshua F. , Wookey Philip A.
Published: June 2020

Carbon cycle feedbacks from permafrost ecosystems are expected to accelerate global climate change. Shifts in vegetation productivity and composition in permafrost regions could influence soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover rates via rhizosphere (root zone) priming effects (RPEs), but these processes are not currently accounted for in model predictions. We use a radiocarbon (bomb‐14C) approach to test for RPEs in two Arctic tall shrubs, alder (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.) and birch (Betula glandulosa Michx.), and in ericaceous heath tundra vegetation. We compare surface CO2 efflux rates and 14C content between intact vegetation and plots in which below‐ground allocation of recent photosynthate was prevented by trenching and removal of above‐ground biomass. We show, for the first time, that recent photosynthate drives mineralization of older (>50 years old) SOC under birch shrubs and ericaceous heath tundra. By contrast, we find no evidence of RPEs in soils under alder. This is the first direct evidence from permafrost systems that vegetation influences SOC turnover through below‐ground C allocation. The vulnerability of SOC to decomposition in permafrost systems may therefore be directly linked to vegetation change, such that expansion of birch shrubs across the Arctic could increase decomposition of older SOC. Our results suggest that carbon cycle models that do not include RPEs risk underestimating the carbon cycle feedbacks associated with changing conditions in tundra regions.
Transporters HP0939, HP0497, and HP0471 participate in intrinsic multidrug resistance and biofilm formation in Helicobacter pylori by enhancing drug efflux
Authors: Cai Yuying , Wang Caixia , Chen Zhenghong , Xu Zhengzheng , Li Huanjie , Li Wenjuan , Sun Yundong
Published: June 2020

Background

The multidrug resistance of Helicobacter pylori is becoming an increasingly serious issue. It is therefore necessary to study the mechanism of multidrug resistance of H pylori. We have previously identified that the HP0939, HP0497, and HP0471 transporters affect the efflux of drugs from H pylori. As efflux pumps participate in bacterial multidrug resistance and biofilm formation, we hypothesized that these transporters could be involved in the multidrug resistance and biofilm formation of H pylori.

Materials and Methods

We therefore constructed three knockout strains, Δhp0939, Δhp0497, and Δhp0471, and three high‐expression strains, Hp0939he, Hp0497he, and Hp0471he, using the wild‐type (WT) 26 695 strain of H pylori as the template. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of wild strains, knockout strains, and high‐expression strains to amoxicillin, metronidazole, and other antibiotics were measured. The efflux capacity of high‐expression strains and wild strains was compared by Hoechst 33 342 accumulation assay.

Results

Determination of the MIC and MBC of the antibiotics revealed that the knockout strains were more sensitive to antibiotics, while the high‐expression strains were less sensitive to antibiotics, compared to the WT. The ability of the high‐expression strains to efflux drugs was significantly higher than that of the WT. We also induced H pylori to form biofilms, and observed that the knockout strains could barely form biofilms and were more sensitive to several antibiotics, compared to the WT. The mRNA expression of hp0939, hp0497, and hp0471 in the clinically sensitive and multidrug‐resistant strains was determined, and it was found that these genes were highly expressed in the multidrug‐resistant strains that were isolated from the clinics.

Conclusions

In this study, we found three transporters involved in intrinsic multidrug resistance of H pylori.
Tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)—assessment with three different methodologies and correlation with Oncotype DX DCIS Score
Authors: Komforti Miglena , Badve Sunil S , Harmon Bryan , Lo Yungtai , Fineberg Susan
Published: June 2020

Aims

Tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are prognostic in invasive breast cancer; however, their prognostic significance in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has not been established. The Oncotype DX (ODX) Breast DCIS Score test is a genomic assay used to predict the local recurrence risk. The aims of this study were to quantify TILs in DCIS by the use of three methodologies, and correlate them with the ODX DCIS Score.

Methods and results

We studied 97 DCIS cases, all with an ODX DCIS Score. Cases with a low ODX DCIS Score were considered as one group, and those with an intermediate/high ODX Score were considered together. TILs were quantified on haematoxylin and eosin‐stained slides. The methodologies used to quantify TILS included assessment of stromal TILs, assessment of touching TILs, and assessment of circumferential TILS. In cases with >5% stromal TILS, the percentage of stromal TILS was considered to be high. In cases with a mean number of more than five touching TILs per DCIS duct, TILs were considered to be present. The ODX DCIS Score was intermediate/high in 27 (28%) cases and low in 70 (72%) cases. There were >5% stromal TILs in 33 (34%) cases, and more than five touching TILs per DCIS duct in 15 (15%) cases; circumferential TILs were present in nine (9%) cases. In univariate analysis, a low ODX DCIS Score showed significant associations with absent touching TILS (P = 0.027), stromal TILs < 5% (P = 0.031), and absent circumferential TILs (P = 0.002). In logistic regression analysis adjusted for necrosis and nuclear grade, touching TILs and circumferential TILs showed significant associations with the ODX DCIS Score, whereas stromal TILs did not.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that both the presence of TILs and the spatial arrangement of TILs or close proximity of TILs to DCIS, and TILs touching or encircling DCIS, may be predictive of recurrence.
An interdisciplinary and participatory methodology to improve user acceptability of root, tuber and banana varieties
Authors: Forsythe Lora , Tufan Hale , Bouniol Alexandre , Kleih Ulrich , Fliedel Geneviève
Published: June 2020

Breeding programmes for root, tuber and banana (RTB) crops have traditionally considered consumer demand for quality characteristics as low priority against other considerations such as yield and disease resistance. This has contributed to low levels of adoption of new varieties and its potential benefits. To address these challenges, an interdisciplinary five‐step methodology was developed to identify demand for quality characteristics among diverse user groups along the food chain. The methodology includes an evidence review, consultations with key informants and rural communities, processing diagnosis with experienced processors and consumer testing in urban and rural areas. Quality characteristics are then prioritised into a Food Product Profile by user group to inform further work of biochemists and breeders in developing improved selection tools. This initiative presents a new basis to understand consumer preferences for RTB crops. The methodology is currently being applied in projects in sub‐Saharan Africa and is applicable globally.
Associations of parents' use of food as reward with children's eating behaviour and BMI in a population‐based cohort
Authors: Jansen Pauline W. , Derks Ivonne P. M. , Mou Yuchan , van Rijen Elisabeth H. M. , Gaillard Romy , Micali Nadia , Voortman Trudy , Hillegers Manon H. J.
Published: June 2020

Background

Parents' use of food as reward has been linked to children's dietary intake, but the association with children's eating behaviour and overweight risk is less clear.

Objectives

To examine the temporal association of using food as reward with eating behaviour, body mass index (BMI) and weight status of children.

Methods

Participants were 3642 children of the population‐based Generation R Study in the Netherlands (8.3% overweight/obese). Repeated assessments were collected at child ages 4 and 9 years, including measured anthropometrics and parent reports on feeding practises and eating behaviour.

Results

Linear regressions and cross‐lagged models indicated that parents' use of food as reward at child age 4 years predicted Emotional Overeating and Picky Eating at age 9 years. Reversely, higher Emotional Overeating and Food Responsiveness scores were associated with more use of food as reward over time. Using food as reward was not associated with children's satiety response, BMI or overweight risk.

Conclusions

A vicious cycle may appear in which children who display food approach behaviour are rewarded with food by their parents, which in turn might contribute to the development of unhealthy eating habits (emotional eating, fussiness). These findings warrant further research, to facilitate evidence‐based recommendations for parents.
Blood pressure and heart rate related to sex in untreated subjects: the India ABPM study
Authors: Kaul Upendra , Bhagwat Ajit , Omboni Stefano , Pancholia Arvind K. , Hardas Suhas , Bardoloi Neil , Davidson Deepak , Sivakadaksham Peruvamba R. , Mohan Jagdish C. , Vaidyanathan Peruvamba R. , Natarajan Subramaniam , Kapardhi Lakshnmi N. P. , Reddy Karumuri S. , Solanki Dharmesh , Makkar Jitendra S. , Viswanathan M , Arambam Priyadarshini , Suvarna Viraj , Verberk Willem J.
Published: June 2020

Women are underrepresented in groups of patients seeking hypertension care in India. The present paper reports trends in office and ambulatory blood pressure measurement (OBPM, ABPM) and 24‐h heart rate (HR) with sex in 14,977 subjects untreated for hypertension (aged 47.3 ± 13.9 years, males 69.4%) visiting primary care physicians. Results showed that, for systolic blood pressure (SBP), females had lower daytime ABPM (131 ± 16 vs. 133 ± 14 mm Hg, P < .001) but higher nighttime ABPM (122 ± 18 vs. 121 ± 16 mm Hg, P < .001) than males. Females had higher HR than men at daytime (80 ± 11 vs 79 ± 11.5 bpm) and nighttime (71 ± 11 vs 69 ± 11), respectively (all P < .001). Dipping percentages for SBP (7.4 ± 7.3 vs 9.3 ± 7.4%), DBP (10.1 ± 8.6 vs. 12.3 ± 8.9%), and HR (10.7 ± 7.9 vs. 12.8 ± 9.2%) were lower (P < .001) for females than for males, respectively. Females more often had isolated nighttime hypertension as compared to males (14.9%, n = 684% vs 10.6%, n = 1105; P < .001). BP patterns and HR showed clear differences in sex, particularly at nighttime. As females were more often affected by non‐dipping and elevated nighttime SBP and HR than males, they should receive ABPM, at least, as frequently as men to document higher risk necessitating treatment.
Patterns of genomic divergence and introgression between Japanese stickleback species with overlapping breeding habitats
Authors: Ravinet Mark , Kume Manabu , Ishikawa Asano , Kitano Jun
Published: June 2020

With only a few absolute geographic barriers in marine environments, the factors maintaining reproductive isolation among marine organisms remain elusive. However, spatial structuring in breeding habitat can contribute to reproductive isolation. This is particularly important for marine organisms that migrate to use fresh‐ or brackish water environments to breed. The JapaneseGasterosteusstickleback species, the Pacific Ocean three‐spined stickleback (G. aculeatus) and the Japan Sea stickleback (G. nipponicus) overwinter in the sea, but migrate to rivers for spawning. Although they co‐occur at several locations across the Japanese islands, they are reproductively isolated. Our previous studies in Bekanbeushi River showed that the Japan Sea stickleback spawns in the estuary, while the Pacific Ocean stickleback mainly spawns further upstream in freshwater. Overall genomic divergence was very high with many interspersed regions of introgression. Here, we investigated genomic divergence and introgression between the sympatric species in the much shorter Tokotan River, where they share spawning sites. The levels of genome‐wide divergence were reduced and introgression was increased, suggesting that habitat isolation substantially contributes to a reduction in gene flow. We also found that genomic regions of introgression were largely shared between the two systems. Furthermore, some regions of introgression were located near loci with a heterozygote advantage for juvenile survival. Taken together, introgression may be partially driven by adaptation in this system. Although, the two species remain clearly genetically differentiated. Regions with low recombination rates showed especially low introgression. Speciation reversal is therefore likely prevented by barriers other than habitat isolation.
Combination treatment with 150 W bipolar radiofrequency, infrared light, and ultrasound‐induced lipolysis for thigh circumference reduction
Authors: Kesty Katarina , Goldberg David J.
Published: June 2020

Background

A growing patient demand for a favorable body shape has led to the development of many new treatment modalities. Noninvasive devices were developed to improve body contour without physical intervention or scarring and with reduced downtime compared to surgical options such as liposuction.

Aims

This study examines combining radiofrequency, infrared light, and ultrasound‐induced lipolysis for fat reduction and body contouring.

Patients/Methods

Ten female subjects underwent a combination treatment with 150 W bipolar radiofrequency, infrared light, and ultrasound‐induced lipolysis with two devices. A total of three treatments were done every 2 weeks. Data including weight, thigh circumference, patient comfort during the procedure, and fat thickness by skin caliper were collected at each visit. After the series of treatments, subjects and investigators reported satisfaction at 4‐, 8‐, and 12‐week follow‐up visits.

Results

At the 12‐week follow‐up visit, the average change in thigh circumference from baseline was −2.77 cm. The average change in fat thickness at the same time period was −0.14 cm. Self‐reported scores of discomfort were low with most subjects reporting no pain to mild discomfort during the study. Treatments were well tolerated with mild erythema reports in 65% of treatments and mild heat in 17% of treatments. 78% of subjects and investigators reported being “very satisfied” at the 12‐week follow‐up visit, and 100% of participants reported that they would recommend this treatment.

Conclusion

Combination treatment with 150 W radiofrequency, infrared light, and ultrasound‐induced lipolysis is an effective method for reducing thigh circumference and noninvasive body contouring.
A Review of the Applications of Additive Manufacturing Technologies Used to Fabricate Metals in Implant Dentistry
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Sadeghpour Mehrad , Özcan Mutlu
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To review the primary additive manufacturing (AM) technologies used to fabricate metals in implant dentistry and compare them to conventional casting and subtractive methods.

Methods

The literature on metal AM technologies was reviewed, and the AM procedures and their current applications in implant dentistry were collated and described. Collection of published articles about metal AM in dental field data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO, and Web of Science searched. All studies related to AM technology description, analysis, and evaluation of applications in implant dentistry, including AM titanium (Ti) dental implants, customized Ti mesh for bone grafting techniques, cobalt‐chromium (Co‐Cr) frameworks for implant impression procedures, and Co‐Cr and Ti frameworks for dental implant‐supported prostheses were reviewed.

Results

Literature has demonstrated the potential of AM technologies to fabricate dental implants, root‐analog implants, and functionally graded implants; as well as the ability to fabricate customized meshes for bone grafting procedures. Metal AM technologies provide a reliable method to manufacture frameworks for implant impression procedures. Co‐Cr and Ti AM frameworks for implant‐supported prostheses provide a clinically acceptable discrepancy at the implant‐prostheses interface.

Conclusions

Additional clinical studies are required to assess the long‐term clinical performance, biological and mechanical complications, and prosthetic restoration capabilities of additively manufactured dental implants. Moreover, further studies are needed to evaluate their long‐term success and survival rates and biological and mechanical complications of AM implant‐supported prostheses.
L‐Carnitine metabolism, protein turnover and energy expenditure in supplemented and exercised Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Varney Jessica Lyn , Fowler Jason William , McClaughry Trenda Clarice , Vignale Karen , Caldas Justina , Weil Jordan Taylor , Coon Craig Nelson
Published: June 2020

L‐Carnitine is critical for protection against bioaccumulation, long‐chain fatty acid transportation and energy production. Energy production becomes important as the body maintains lean mass, repairs muscles and recovers from oxidative stress. The aim was to investigate the effects of supplemented L‐carnitine on protein turnover (PT), energy expenditure (EE) and carnitine metabolism in muscle/serum of Labrador Retrievers. In a series of experiments, all dogs were fed a low‐carnitine diet and sorted into one of two groups: L‐carnitine (LC) supplemented daily with 125 mg L‐carnitine and 3.75 g sucrose or placebo (P) supplemented with 4 g sucrose daily. The experiments consisted of analyses of muscle/serum for L‐carnitine content (EXP1), a protein turnover experiment (EXP2) and analysis of substrate utilization via indirect calorimetry (EXP3). EXP1: 20 Labradors (10 M/10 F) performed a 13 week running regimen. L‐Carnitine content was analysed in the serum and biceps femoris muscle before/after a 24.1 km run. LC serum had higher total (p < .001; p = .001), free (p < .001; p = .001) and esterified (p = .001; p = .003) L‐carnitine pre‐ and post‐run respectively. LC muscle had significantly higher free L‐carnitine post‐run (p = .034). EXP2: 26 Labs (13 M/13 F) performed a 60‐day running regimen. For the final run, half of the Labradors from each treatment rested and half ran 24.1 km. Twenty‐four Labradors received isotope infusion, and then, a biopsy of the biceps femoris of all 26 Labradors was taken to determine PT. Resting/exercised LC had a lower fractional breakdown rate (FBR) versus P group (p = .042). LC females had a lower FBR v. P females (p = .046). EXP3: Respiration of 16 Labradors (8 M/8 F) was measured via indirect calorimetry over 15 week. All dogs ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 30% VO2 max (6.5 kph), resulting in higher maximum and mean EE in LC females v. P females (p = .021; p = .035). Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
Simone de Beauvoir, stream of consciousness and philosophical fiction: Becoming a self in the first draft of She Came to Stay
Authors: Battersby Christine
Published: June 2020

This article locates Simone de Beauvoir in the stream of consciousness, metaphysical novel, and Bildungsroman writing traditions. Its focus is the two opening chapters from the 1938 draft of Beauvoir's first novel, She Came to Stay—first published in French in 1943 as L’Invitée—and deleted at the insistence of her publishers. Although Beauvoir's own philosophical fictions are, in general, linked to Hegel's phenomenology and to Sartre's existentialism, in the discarded text, it is Schopenhauer and Nietzsche who are key to Beauvoir's account of the developing female self. Beauvoir's narrative and philosophical strategies are compared to those adopted by May Sinclair in Mary Olivier (1919). The influence of other stream of consciousness novelists is also registered. Beauvoir's recently published teenage diaries, which record a “passion” for Schopenhauer, are discussed, together with his mysticism and his misogyny. The article ends by considering Beauvoir's reasons for abandoning stream of consciousness narrative techniques.
Plasma membrane aquaporins interact with the endoplasmic reticulum resident VAP27 proteins at ER–PM contact sites and endocytic structures
Authors: Fox Ana Romina , Scochera Florencia , Laloux Timothée , Filik Karolina , Degand Hervé , Morsomme Pierre , Alleva Karina , Chaumont François
Published: June 2020

Plasma membrane (PM) intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are aquaporins facilitating the diffusion of water and small solutes. The functional importance of the PM organisation of PIPs in the interaction with other cellular structures is not completely understood.

We performed a pull‐down assay using maize (Zea mays) suspension cells expressing YFP‐ZmPIP2;5 and validated the protein interactions by yeast split‐ubiquitin and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. We expressed interacting proteins tagged with fluorescent proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and performed water transport assays in oocytes. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted.

The PM‐located ZmPIP2;5 physically interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident ZmVAP27‐1. This interaction requires the ZmVAP27‐1 cytoplasmic major sperm domain. ZmPIP2;5 and ZmVAP27‐1 localise in close vicinity in ER–PM contact sites (EPCSs) and endocytic structures upon exposure to salt stress conditions. This interaction enhances PM water permeability in oocytes. Similarly, the Arabidopsis ZmVAP27‐1 paralogue, AtVAP27‐1, interacts with the AtPIP2;7 aquaporin.

Together, these data indicate that the PIP2–VAP27 interaction in EPCSs is evolutionarily conserved, and suggest that VAP27 might stabilise the aquaporins and guide their endocytosis in response to salt stress.
Brain responses to change in phonological structures of varying complexity in children and adults
Authors: David Céline , Roux Sylvie , Bonnet‐Brilhault Frédérique , Ferré Sandrine , Gomot Marie
Published: June 2020

Language‐related change‐detection processes are often investigated using syllables that are very simple in terms of phonological structure. However, phonological complexity is known to be challenging for young typically developing children and pathological populations. We investigated brain correlates of phonological processing and their age‐related changes with a passive change‐detection protocol including stimuli of varying phonological complexity, which allowed comparing responses to simple and complex phonological deviancies. Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and Late Discriminative Negativity (LDN) responses were recorded in both school‐age children (n = 22) and adults (n = 24). MMN was similar for simple and complex phonological deviancy in both groups, whereas LDN appeared to be modulated by phonological complexity, albeit with different patterns according to age. In response to complex phonological change, children displayed a larger LDN response with a typical fronto‐central scalp distribution, while adults showed an additional right‐posterior activity but no larger amplitude than for simple change. Thus, LDN appears to be a good electrophysiological index of phonological complexity processing. This study validated the use of the LDN through this protocol for the investigation of phonological complexity processing throughout the development.
Is biomass of filamentous green algae Cladophora spp. (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) an unlimited cheap and valuable resource for medicine and pharmacology? A review
Authors: Prazukin Alexander V. , Anufriieva Elena V. , Shadrin Nickolai V.
Published: June 2020

Filamentous green algae Cladophora spp. are cosmopolitans inhabiting waters with different salinity, from freshwater to hypersaline. Eutrophication of marine and inland waters results in the huge development of filamentous green algae, which reach high biomass and occupy large areas in different water bodies. This leads to the strong negative effect on the species richness of communities, significantly reduces the aesthetic value of coastal waters, hampers the recreational use of beaches and the coastline, and complicates industrial water intake and coastal fishing. Harvesting and the use of Cladophora biomass can be an effective tool to remediate eutrophic waters. Cladophora spp. are also among the most promising subjects to use in the development of integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture; there is a big potential to use it. Aquaculture is one of the potential uses. To plan the use of a resource, business needs to know the availability and quantity of the resource, the price of the resource, as well as for what benefit and how it can be used. This review summarizes and analyses existing data to answer these questions. Cladophora biomass can be used for food for humans, livestock, cultivated fish and shrimps, as fertilizers, in the energy sector (biogas and biodiesel), and different industries. The use of Cladophora in medicine and pharmacology is one of the most profitable promising ways to utilize the biomass. This review shows that Cladophora biomass is an unlimited, low cost and valuable resource for medicine and pharmacology.
Quantifying the three‐dimensional stratigraphic expression of cyclic steps by integrating seafloor and deep‐water outcrop observations
Authors: Englert Rebecca G. , Hubbard Stephen M. , Cartigny Matthieu J. B. , Clare Michael A. , Coutts Daniel S. , Hage Sophie , Hughes Clarke John , Jobe Zane , Lintern D. Gwyn , Stacey Cooper , Vendettuoli Daniela
Published: June 2020

Deep‐water deposits are important archives of Earth’s history including the occurrence of powerful flow events and the transfer of large volumes of terrestrial detritus into the world’s oceans. However the interpretation of depositional processes and palaeoflow conditions from the deep‐water sedimentary record has been limited due to a lack of direct observations from modern depositional systems. Recent seafloor studies have resulted in novel findings, including the presence of upslope‐migrating bedforms such as cyclic steps formed by supercritical turbidity currents that produce distinct depositional signatures. This study builds on process to product relationships for cyclic steps using modern and ancient datasets by providing sedimentological and quantitative, three‐dimensional architectural analyses of their deposits, which are required for recognition and palaeoflow interpretations of sedimentary structures in the rock record. Repeat‐bathymetric surveys from two modern environments (Squamish prodelta, Canada, and Monterey Canyon, USA) were used to examine the stratigraphic evolution connected with relatively small‐scale (average 40 to 55 m wavelengths and 1.5 to 3.0 m wave heights) upslope‐migrating bedforms interpreted to be cyclic steps within submarine channels and lobes. These results are integrated to interpret a succession of Late Cretaceous Nanaimo Group deep‐water slope deposits exposed on Gabriola Island, Canada. Similar deposit dimensions, facies and architecture are observed in all datasets, which span different turbidite‐dominated settings (prodelta, upper submarine canyon and deep‐water slope) and timescales (days, years or thousands of years). Bedform deposits are typically tens of metres long/wide, <1 m thick and make up successions of low‐angle, backstepping trough‐shaped lenses composed of massive sands/sandstones. These results support process‐based relationships for these deposits, associated with similar cyclic step bedforms formed by turbidity currents with dense basal layers under low‐aggradation conditions. Modern to ancient comparisons reveal the stratigraphic expression of globally prevalent, small‐scale, sandy upslope‐migrating bedforms on the seafloor, which can be applied to enhance palaeoenvironmental interpretations and understand long‐term preservation from ancient deep‐water deposits.
Saturated fatty acids activate the inflammatory signalling pathway in Schwann cells: Implication in sciatic nerve injury
Authors: Xu Dan , Liang Jie , Cui Mengli , Zhang Li , Ren Shurong , Zheng Wenxiang , Dong Xiaolei , Zhang Bei
Published: June 2020

Sciatic nerve injury affects quality of life. Many immune cells and inflammatory cytokines have been reported to be involved in sciatic nerve injury, but little is known about the ligands and receptors that trigger inflammatory responses. By using a modified sciatic nerve clamp injury method, we found that the recruitment of Schwann cells and the inflammatory response were enhanced after sciatic nerve injury. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), one of the major members of the TLR family, is highly expressed in Schwann cells. Under certain conditions, myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) binds to TLR4 on the membrane and plays important roles in the inflammatory response. The reductions in the recruitment of Schwann cells and the inflammatory response induced by the blockade of TLR4 or MD2 suggest that TLR4 and MD2 are involved in sciatic nerve injury. What are the endogenous signals that activate the inflammatory response? A large number of free saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are released from Schwann cells, adipocytes and the blood after sciatic nerve injury. Liang et al reported that Schwann cells can be stimulated by palmitic acid (PA). Here, we found that the expression and secretion of TNF‐α and IL‐6 were enhanced by PA treatment. Moreover, PA activated TLR4 signalling pathway‐related proteins and stimulated a strong association between TLR4 and MD2. Blocking TLR4 or MD2 reversed the PA‐induced inflammatory response and TLR4 downstream signalling pathway. Thus, we speculated that SFAs act as endogenous ligands that activate TLR4/MD2, thus triggering Schwann cell inflammation during sciatic nerve injury.
Shifting Geographies of Knowledge Production: The Coronavirus Effect
Authors: Mendes Thiago , Carvalho Luís
Published: June 2020

This research note analyses the evolving geographies of coronavirus disease research before and during the first three months of the 2020 epidemic outbreak. An examination of global networks of scientific co‐production highlights the increasing centrality and knowledge intermediation profile of Chinese organisations. It is argued that it is important to understand these global geographies and networks, as they may signal varying (and cumulative) abilities to generate, intermediate, and access relevant knowledge in the face of epidemic outbreaks.