bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deliberative Democracy, Critical Thinking, and the Deliberating Individual: empirical challenges to the reasonability of the citizen
Authors: Ritola Juho
Published: January 2016

In this essay, I first discuss the conditions set by theorists of democratic deliberation on proper deliberation. These conditions call for reasoned decisions from mutually acceptable premises. Next, I present the ideal of critical thinking that should guide the citizen in this deliberation. I then examine the empirical literature on human reasoning. Some research results in the empirical literature paint a bleak picture of human rationality: we fall victim to heuristics and biases, persevere in our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence, and justify our moral judgments by post hoc-reasoning. In addition, the deliberating groups have problems of their own. The groups may, for example, amplify errors or fall victim to information cascades.  Though these epistemically detrimental processes can be overcome, they do present a challenge to our rationality. The essay concludes by arguing that the empirical evidence in fact supports an internalistic approach to group deliberation, a claim challenged by Solomon (2006).
Introduction
Authors: Holma Katariina
Published: January 2016

Introduction
“I think the arts are as prominent as any subject”: A study of arts education in two Scandinavian schools
Authors: Christophersen Catharina , Ferm Thorgersen Cecilia
Published: January 2016

The arts seem to be under pressure in many educational systems, which is demonstrated by a general lack of recognition of aesthetic experience and learning, a lack of emphasis on the arts in education, and often also a lack of fully competent teachers. Despite the challenging situation facing the arts in schools in general, there are exceptions. Some schools do choose to focus on the arts. This article is based on an ethnographic double case study that explored arts education practices in two such Scandinavian schools. The purpose was to examine how education in the arts subjects was carried out in the schools, and how the actors perceived, articulated and legitimated the educational practices in the arts subjects. The case descriptions of the two schools imply that the educational leadership in the schools were of great importance. Further, that the arts are integrated as a natural part of everyday school life, and both schools have taken a holistic approach to education, in which the arts are perceived to involve and contribute to learning in the broadest sense, as well as to the pupils’ social and personal growth. Also, the case descriptions show that arts education practices were carried out in a creative, but challenging tension between frames and freedom.
Representation of art as an ethical and political act
Authors: Kallio-Tavin Mira
Published: January 2016

In this article, I discuss the representation of people with disabilities as an ethical and political act, including the intimate demand of face-to-face encountering with another person and a picture in an artwork. The article explores the project, Good afternoon Mr. Holbein, by Pekka Elomaa, through two different image interpretations, which together offer an alternative understanding to the dominant discourse on image analysis. The politics of representation of people with disabilities is troubled together with Levinasian philosophy and disability studies in art education.
Real-life experience with personally familiar faces enhances discrimination based on global information
Authors: Ramon Meike , Van Belle Goedele
Published: January 2016

Despite the agreement that experience with faces leads to more efficient processing, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Building on empirical evidence from unfamiliar face processing in healthy populations and neuropsychological patients, the present experiment tested the hypothesis that personal familiarity is associated with superior discrimination when identity information is derived based on global, as opposed to local facial information. Diagnosticity and availability of local and global information was manipulated through varied physical similarity and spatial resolution of morph faces created from personally familiar or unfamiliar faces. We found that discrimination of subtle changes between highly similar morph faces was unaffected by familiarity. Contrariwise, relatively more pronounced physical (i.e., identity) differences were more efficiently discriminated for personally familiar faces, indicating more efficient processing of global, as opposed to local facial information through real-life experience.
Odd versus even: a scientific study of the ‘rules’ of plating
Authors: Woods Andy T. , Michel Charles , Spence Charles
Published: January 2016

We report on the results of a series of large-scale computer-based preference tests (conducted at The Science Museum in London and online) that evaluated the widely-held belief that food should be plated in odd rather than even numbers of elements in order to maximize the visual appeal of a dish. Participants were presented with pairs of plates of food showing odd versus even number of seared scallops (3 vs. 4; 1–6 in Experiment 7), arranged in a line, as a polygon or randomly, on either a round or square white plate. No consistent evidence for a preference for odd or even numbers of food items was found, thus questioning the oft-made assertion that odd number of items on a plate looks better than an even number. The implications of these results are discussed.
The yeast telomerase RNA, TLC1, participates in two distinct modes of TLC1-TLC1 association processesin vivo
Authors: Matsuguchi Tet , Blackburn Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

Telomerase core enzyme minimally consists of the telomerase reverse transcriptase domain-containing protein (Est2 in budding yeastS. cerevisiae) and telomerase RNA, which contains the template specifying the telomeric repeat sequence synthesized. Here we report thatin vivo, a fraction ofS. cerevisiaetelomerase RNA (TLC1) molecules form complexes containing at least two molecules of TLC1, via two separable modes: one requiring a sequence in the 3′ region of the immature TLC1 precursor and the other requiring Ku and Sir4. Such physical TLC1-TLC1 association peaked in G1 phase and did not require telomere silencing, telomere tethering to the nuclear periphery, telomerase holoenzyme assembly, or detectable Est2-Est2 protein association. These data indicate that TLC1-TLC1 associations reflect processes occurring during telomerase biogenesis; we propose that TLC1-TLC1 associations and subsequent reorganization may be regulatory steps in telomerase enzymatic activation.
Disruption ofde novopurine biosynthesis inPseudomonas fluorescensPf0-1 leads to reduced biofilm formation and a reduction in cell size of surface-attached but not planktonic cells
Authors: Yoshioka Shiro , Newell Peter D.
Published: January 2016

Pseudomonas fluorescensPf0-1 is one of the model organisms for biofilm research. Our previous transposon mutagenesis study suggested a requirement for thede novopurine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway for biofilm formation by this organism. This study was performed to verify that observation and investigate the basis for the defects in biofilm formation shown by purine biosynthesis mutants. Constructing deletion mutations in 8 genes in this pathway, we found that they all showed reductions in biofilm formation that could be partly or completely restored by nucleotide supplementation or genetic complementation. We demonstrated that, despite a reduction in biofilm formation, more viable mutant cells were recovered from the surface-attached population than from the planktonic phase under conditions of purine deprivation. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surface-attached mutant cells were 25 ∼ 30% shorter in length than WT, which partly explains the reduced biomass in the mutant biofilms. The laser diffraction particle analyses confirmed this finding, and further indicated that the WT biofilm cells were smaller than their planktonic counterparts. The defects in biofilm formation and reductions in cell size shown by the mutants were fully recovered upon adenine or hypoxanthine supplementation, indicating that the purine shortages caused reductions in cell size. Our results are consistent with surface attachment serving as a survival strategy during nutrient deprivation, and indicate that changes in the cell size may be a natural response ofP. fluorescensto growth on a surface. Finally, cell sizes in WT biofilms became slightly smaller in the presence of exogenous adenine than in its absence. Our findings suggest that purine nucleotides or related metabolites may influence the regulation of cell size in this bacterium.
A review of significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with antidepressants and their management
Authors: Hoffelt Charity , Gross Tonya
Published: January 2016

Treatment of depression often requires long-term management with medication. Practitioners should be aware of potentially significant drug interactions with the use of antidepressants in order to effectively prevent or manage adverse events while optimizing patient response to treatment. Most antidepressants are metabolized by the liver, primarily via the CYP450 system. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the most recently approved antidepressants are reviewed in addition to evidence supporting potentially significant interactions. In addition, pharmacokinetic interactions between multiple antidepressants and other drug classes, including opiates, antineoplastics, antiepileptics, and antipsychotics, are discussed. This article provides recommendations for the monitoring and management of drug interactions. In addition, limitations of the evidence are reviewed.
Reduction of Nitroarenes to Aromatic Amines with Sodium Borohydride in the Presence of Selenium and Actived Carbon
Authors: Cai Ke Ying , Zhou Ying Mei
Published: January 2016

A selenium and actived carbon (AC) catalyst has been applied for the selective reduction of nitroarenes to their corresponding amines respectively using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing source un-der mild conditions. Under the optimized conditions, efficient and selective reduction of nitroarenes into the corresponding aromatic amines occurred over a recyclable selenium catalyst. The catalyst can be easily recovered after catalytic reaction and readily reused for 4 cycles with consistent activity hence reduces the cost of the catalyst. Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
The Optical Properties and Photo catalytic Activity of ZnS-TiO2/Graphite Under Ultra Violet and Visible Light Radiation
Authors: Rahmawati Fitria , Wulandari Rini , Murni Irvina M. , Moedjijono Moedjijono
Published: January 2016

This paper discuss research about the optical properties and photo catalytic activity of TiO2 film on graphite substrate and its modification with ZnS. The optical properties investigated are the light response at various light wavelength and the gap energy (Eg). Meanwhile, the photocatalytic activity was studied from isopropanol degradation to determine the Quantum Yield, QY and kinetics of reaction. The results show that the TiO2 layer is consisted of rutile and anatase phases. Meanwhile, the ZnS peaks are at 2θ of 27.91o and 54.58o. The gap energy of TiO2/G consist of two band gap representing the band gap of rutile and anatase. The ZnS deposition shifted the band gap into single gap of 3.40 eV which is in between the gap energy of single TiO2 and single ZnS. The isopropanol degradation with TiO2/G photocatalyst under visible light radiation did not produce any new peaks representing product. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic process under 380 nm light produce new peaks representing the electronic transition of acetone. The isopropanol degradation with ZnS-TiO2/Graphite produced new peaks that indicates the photocataytic activity of ZnS-TiO2/Graphite whether under UV or visible light radiation. The siginificant role of ZnS also proven by the increase of QY values and the increase of rate constant, k. Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Synthesis of 4-Methoxybiphenyl Using Pd-Containing Catalysts Based on Polymeric Matrix of Functionalized Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene
Authors: Nikoshvili Linda , Nemygina Nadezhda , Bykov Alexey , Sidorov Alexander , Matveeva Valentina , Tyamina Irina , Sulman Mikhail , Sulman Esther , Stein Barry
Published: January 2016

This paper describes synthesis of Pd-containing catalysts of Suzuki cross-coupling based on amino-functionalized hypercrosslinked polystyrene. The investigation of the influence of a palladium concen-tration, solvent composition, temperature, type and concentration of base, and a type of a gas phase was carried out. It was shown that the catalyst developed allows achieving conversion of 4-bromoanisole higher than 98% for less than 1 h at mild reaction conditions and in the absence of a phase transfer agent. Catalyst reduction was found to result in formation of small Pd nanoparticles (about 3 nm in diameter) and a large number of Pd clusters, which are highly active in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (conversion of 4-bromoanisole reached 90.2% for 3 h). Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Influence of the Mesoporous Polymer Matrix Nature on the Formation of Catalytically Active Ruthenium Nanoparticles
Authors: Sulman Mikhail , Doluda Valentin , Grigoryev Maksim , Manaenkov Oleg , Filatova Anastasiya , Molchanov Vladimir , Sidorov Alexander , Bykov Alexey , Shkileva Irin , Sulman Aleksandrina , Stein Barry , Matveeva Valentina
Published: January 2016

This paper reports on ruthenium nanoparticles formation and stabilization by hypercrosslinked poly-styrene and the catalytic properties of the nanocomposites obtained. Hypercrosslinked polystyrene with functional groups and without them was used. The nanocomposites were characterized using low-temperature nitrogen physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron mi-croscopy. It is established that the tertiary amine group of the support influences both formation of ru-thenium nanoparticles, and their catalytic properties in the selective hydrogenation of D-glucose. Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Experimental Investigation of the Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis Process to Produce the Combustible Gases with the High Calorific Value
Authors: Kosivtsov Yury , Sulman Esther , Lugovoy Yury , Kosivtsova Anna , Stepacheva Antonina
Published: January 2016

The study is devoted to the low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. The pyrolysis of peat was conducted using natural aluminosilicates and synthetic zeolites. It was found that the pore size of the mineral strongly affects the catalytic activity and provides the processing of the hydrocarbons forma-tion reactions. Bentonite clay was found to be the most effective catalyst for the biomass pyrolysis proc-ess. The use of bentonite clay as an addition to peat allows improving structural (strength, porosity) and sorption characteristics (sorption rate) of the molded compositions and can serve as a catalyst dur-ing its subsequent thermal conversion. The amount of gases obtained using natural aluminosilicate as a catalyst increased by 2 times compared to the non-catalytic process. The calorific value of the prod-ucts obtained was higher due to the light hydrocarbons formation. Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: January 2016

Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Measuring Motivation and Reward‐Related Decision Making in the Rodent Operant Touchscreen System
Authors: Heath Christopher J. , Phillips Benjamin U. , Bussey Timothy J. , Saksida Lisa M.
Published: January 2016

This unit is designed to facilitate implementation of the fixed and progressive ratio paradigms and the effort‐related choice task in the rodent touchscreen apparatus to permit direct measurement of motivation and reward‐related decision making in this equipment. These protocols have been optimized for use in the mouse and reliably yield stable performance levels that can be enhanced or suppressed by systemic pharmacological manipulation. Instructions are also provided for the adjustment of task parameters to permit use in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease. These tasks expand the utility of the rodent touchscreen apparatus beyond the currently available battery of cognitive assessment paradigms. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Post Cohen‐Boyer Methods for Single Segment Cloning and for Multisegment DNA Assembly
Authors: Sands Bryan , Brent Roger
Published: January 2016

In 1973, Cohen and coworkers published a foundational paper describing the cloning of DNA fragments into plasmid vectors. In it, they used DNA segments made by digestion with restriction enzymes and joined these in vitro with DNA ligase. These methods established working recombinant DNA technology and enabled the immediate start of the biotechnology industry. Since then, “classical” recombinant DNA technology using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase has matured. At the same time, researchers have developed numerous ways to generate large, complex, multisegment DNA constructions that offer advantages over classical techniques. Here, we provide an overview of “post‐Cohen‐Boyer” techniques used for cloning single segments into vectors (T/A, Topo cloning, Gateway and Recombineering) and for multisegment DNA assembly (BioBricks, Golden Gate, Gibson, yeast homologous recombination in vivo, and ligase cycling reaction). We compare and contrast these methods and also discuss issues that researchers should consider before choosing a particular multisegment DNA assembly method. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Next‐Generation Sequencing Library Preparation from FFPE Tissue Samples
Authors: Wolf Kathrin , O'Neil Dominic , Schroeer Stefanie , Fang Nan
Published: January 2016

Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples represent an invaluable biobank for retrospective cancer research with molecular methods such as real‐time PCR and next‐generation sequencing (NGS). However, the usage of FFPE material in NGS approaches involves several challenges associated with the limited quantity and quality of DNA. This protocol describes how to purify DNA from FFPE material and how to prepare it for downstream NGS workflows including fragmentation, size selection, and library preparation for Illumina MiSeq/HiSeq sequencing. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Local tsunami warnings: Perspectives from recent large events
Authors: Melgar Diego , Allen Richard M. , Riquelme Sebastian , Geng Jianghui , Bravo Francisco , Baez Juan Carlos , Parra Hector , Barrientos Sergio , Fang Peng , Bock Yehuda , Bevis Michael , Caccamise Dana J. , Vigny Christophe , Moreno Marcos , Smalley Robert
Published: January 2016

We demonstrate a flexible strategy for local tsunami warning that relies on regional geodetic and seismic stations. Through retrospective analysis of four recent tsunamigenic events in Japan and Chile, we show that rapid earthquake source information, provided by methodologies developed for earthquake early warning, can be used to generate timely estimates of maximum expected tsunami amplitude with enough accuracy for tsunami warning. We validate the technique by comparing to detailed models of earthquake source and tsunami propagation as well as field surveys of tsunami inundation. Our approach does not require deployment of new geodetic and seismic instrumentation in many subduction zones and could be implemented rapidly by national monitoring and warning agencies. We illustrate the potential impact of our method with a detailed comparison to the actual timeline of events during the recent 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile, earthquake and tsunami that prompted the evacuation of 1 million people.
Role of surface heat fluxes underneath cold pools
Authors: Gentine Pierre , Garelli Alix , Park Seung‐Bu , Nie Ji , Torri Giuseppe , Kuang Zhiming
Published: January 2016

The role of surface heat fluxes underneath cold pools is investigated using cloud‐resolving simulations with either interactive or horizontally homogenous surface heat fluxes over an ocean and a simplified land surface. Over the ocean, there are limited changes in the distribution of the cold pool temperature, humidity, and gust front velocity, yet interactive heat fluxes induce more cold pools, which are smaller, and convection is then less organized. Correspondingly, the updraft mass flux and lateral entrainment are modified. Over the land surface, the heat fluxes underneath cold pools drastically impact the cold pool characteristics with more numerous and smaller pools, which are warmer and more humid and accompanied by smaller gust front velocities. The interactive fluxes also modify the updraft mass flux and reduce convective organization. These results emphasize the importance of interactive surface fluxes instead of prescribed flux boundary conditions, as well as the formulation of surface heat fluxes, when studying convection.
Analytical estimate for low‐altitude ENA emissivity
Authors: Goldstein J. , Bisikalo D. V. , Shematovich V. I. , Gérard J.‐C. , Søraas F. , McComas D. J. , Valek P. W. , LLera K. , Redfern J.
Published: January 2016

We formulate the first analytical model for energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissivity that partially corrects for the global viewing geometry dependence of low‐altitude emissions (LAEs) observed by Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS). The emissivity correction requires the pitch angle distribution (PAD) and geophysical location of low‐altitude ENAs. To estimate PAD, we create an energy‐dependent analytical model, based on a Monte Carlo simulation. We account for energy binning by integrating model PAD over each energy bin. We account for finite angular pixels by computing emissivity as an integral over the pitch angle range sampled by the pixel. We investigate location uncertainty in TWINS pixels by performing nine variations of the emissivity calculation. Using TWINS 2 ENA imaging data from 1131 to 1145 UT on 6 April 2010, we derive emissivity‐corrected ion fluxes for two angular pixel sizes: 4° and 1°. To evaluate the method, we compare TWINS‐derived ion fluxes to simultaneous in situ data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 17 satellite. The TWINS‐NOAA agreement for emissivity‐corrected flux is improved by up to a factor of 7, compared to uncorrected flux. The highest 1° pixel fluxes are a factor of 2 higher than for 4° pixels, consistent with pixel‐derived fluxes that are artificially low because subpixel structures are smoothed out, and indicating a possible slight advantage to oversampling the instrument‐measured LAE signal. Both TWINS and NOAA ion fluxes decrease westward of 2000 magnetic local time. The TWINS‐NOAA comparison indicates that the global ion precipitation oval comprises multiple smaller‐scale (3–5° of latitude) structures.
A reconciliation of empirical and mechanistic models of the air‐sea gas transfer velocity
Authors: Goddijn‐Murphy Lonneke , Woolf David K. , Callaghan Adrian H. , Nightingale Philip D. , Shutler Jamie D.
Published: January 2016

Models of the air‐sea transfer velocity of gases may be either empirical or mechanistic. Extrapolations of empirical models to an unmeasured gas or to another water temperature can be erroneous if the basis of that extrapolation is flawed. This issue is readily demonstrated for the most well‐known empirical gas transfer velocity models where the influence of bubble‐mediated transfer, which can vary between gases, is not explicitly accounted for. Mechanistic models are hindered by an incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms of air‐sea gas transfer. We describe a hybrid model that incorporates a simple mechanistic view—strictly enforcing a distinction between direct and bubble‐mediated transfer—but also uses parameterizations based on data from eddy flux measurements of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) to calibrate the model together with dual tracer results to evaluate the model. This model underpins simple algorithms that can be easily applied within schemes to calculate local, regional, or global air‐sea fluxes of gases.
Shipborne observations of atmospheric black carbon aerosol particles over the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and North Pacific Ocean during September 2014
Authors: Taketani Fumikazu , Miyakawa Takuma , Takashima Hisahiro , Komazaki Yuichi , Pan Xiaole , Kanaya Yugo , Inoue Jun
Published: January 2016

Measurements of refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosol particles using a highly sensitive online single particle soot photometer were performed on board the R/V Mirai during a cruise across the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and North Pacific Ocean (31 August to 9 October 2014). The measured rBC mass concentrations over the Arctic Ocean in the latitudinal region > 70°N were in the range 0–66 ng/m3 for 1 min averages, with an overall mean value of 1.0 ± 1.2 ng/m3. Single‐particle‐based observations enabled the measurement of such low rBC mass concentrations. The effects of long‐range transport from continents to the Arctic Ocean were limited during the observed period, which suggests that the low rBC concentration levels would prevail over the Arctic Ocean. An analysis of rBC mixing states showed that particles with a nonshell/noncore structure made a significant contribution to the rBC particles detected over the Arctic Ocean.
Black carbon simulations using a size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model: 1. Radiative effects and their uncertainties
Authors: Matsui H.
Published: January 2016

This study quantifies how uncertainties in the size distribution and mixing state parameters of black carbon (BC) emissions translate into the uncertainties in BC radiative effects by using a particle‐size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF‐chem) with the Aerosol Two‐dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation (ATRAS) and the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). The WRF‐chem/ATRAS‐MOSAIC model can explicitly calculate BC processes in the atmosphere, such as BC aging due to condensation and coagulation and the resulting enhancement of absorption and cloud condensation nuclei activity, with 12 size and 10 BC mixing state bins (128 bins in total). Fifteen model simulations perturbing the emission parameters within their uncertainties are conducted over East Asia (spring 2009) to understand which parameters and processes are important and which are associated with the uncertainty in evaluating BC radiative effects. The simulations reveal a large variability (uncertainty) of BC optical and radiative variables over the East Asian region (the variability is 58–99%), which corresponds to ranges of BC radiative effect of 1.6–2.8 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere and from −5.2 to −2.1 W m−2 at the surface over East Asia. BC optical and radiative variables are 3 to 5 times sensitive to the size and the mixing state in emissions than BC mass concentrations (the variability is 20%). The two main causes of the difference in sensitivity are the reduction of the variability of BC mass concentrations by coagulation and the enhancement of the variability of BC absorption by resolving BC mixing state. These complicated responses of aerosol processes can be calculated for the first time using a detailed aerosol model such as ATRAS. The results suggest that the following two points are important in the estimation of BC radiative effects: (1) reduction of the uncertainties in the aerosol size distribution and mixing state in emissions and (2) improvement of the representation of BC mixing state and absorption enhancement in aerosol models because most models do not treat them sufficiently.
Time Matters: Transition and Transformation in Architecture
Authors: Taylor Mark
Published: January 2016

Though the contemporary world in the West has only just started to value architecture that is temporary and highly flexible rather than permanent and timeless, the East has a long building tradition respecting the transitory and ephemeral. Mark Taylor, Professor of Architecture at the University of Newcastle, Australia, looks at ways in which recent architecture in China, Japan and New Zealand has been embracing the limits and passing of time.
Inhabiting Time
Authors: Pallasmaa Juhani
Published: January 2016

In recent architecture, design has prioritised an engagement with time through its creation of temporary and highly flexible structures. There has, however, been less focus on how the design of buildings might impact the experience of time of the people who inhabit them. Here the distinguished author and emeritus professor Juhani Pallasmaa, who is renowned for his writings on the phenomenology of architecture, provides a reminder of the importance of what it means to ‘dwell in time’.
Matter Timed
Authors: Decker Martina
Published: January 2016

At best, the ageing of materials is regarded as lending a patina to historic buildings. In reality, however, materials often age disgracefully and unevenly, requiring a high level of maintenance and refurbishment. What if materials could be engineered and integrated into buildings not only to enhance but to heal? Martina Decker, Assistant Professor in the College of Architecture and Design at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), looks at pioneering research that is being undertaken into performative, time‐dependent materials.
Drawing Time
Authors: McGrath Brian
Published: January 2016

Taking place in time, drawing is ‘the fundamental act of design’. It is instrumental in formulating duration in terms of process and also the ways in which architectural environments might be experienced. In this article, Brian McGrath, Dean of the School of Constructed Environments and Professor of Urban Design at Parsons School of Design in New York, reflects on three decades of experimental graphic work, which take a layered, multidimensional and augmented approach to representation.
High Capacity Lithium Ion Battery Anodes Using Sn Nanowires Encapsulated Al2O3 Tubes in Carbon Matrix
Authors: Fang Dong , Li Licheng , Xu Weilin , Zheng Hongxing , Xu Jie , Jiang Ming , Liu Ruina , Jiang Xiaosong , Luo Zhiping , Xiong Chuanxi , Wang Qing
Published: January 2016

Tin (Sn) is one of the promising anode candidates for next generation applications in lithium ion batteries with high energy densities, but it suffers from drastic volume change (about 260%) upon lithiation. To address this issue, herein an efficient method is reported for coating Sn nanowires with an amorphous Al2O3 layer (Sn‐Al2O3) based on a combination of mechanical pressure injection technique and partial dissolution of the anodic aluminum oxide template. Further, the Sn nanowires coated with Al2O3 are dispersed into carbon matrix (Sn‐Al2O3‐C) by ball milling. In this structure, Al2O3 helps to maintain structural integrity during charge–discharge process, and the introduced carbon matrix enhances electronic conductivity of the overall electrode. As a result, the Sn‐Al2O3‐C nanocomposite exhibits an enhanced cyclic and rate performance, namely, retaining the capacities of 1308.8 mAh g−1 at the current density of 30 mA g−1 after 20 cycles, 1063.3 mAh g−1 at the current density of 200 mA g−1, and 834.2 mAh g−1 at the current density of 500 mA g−1 after 100 cycles.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Reaction of Cyclopent‐2‐enone‐Derived Morita–Baylis–Hillman Alcohols with 4‐Hydroxycoumarins
Authors: Ren Chuanli , Wei Feng , Xuan Qingqing , Wang Dong , Liu Li
Published: January 2016

A direct enantioselective reaction of cyclopent‐2‐enone‐derived Morita–Baylis–Hillman alcohols with 4‐hydroxycoumarins has been developed under the catalysis of a chiral primary amine derived from cinchonine in combination with a Brønsted acid. The reaction provides pyranocoumarin products with three vicinal chiral carbon centers in highly regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities through a tandem allylic alkylation/intramolecular oxa‐Michael addition.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition between Secondary Phosphine Oxides and Alkynes: Synthesis of Benzophosphole Oxides
Authors: Zhang Pengbo , Gao Yuzhen , Zhang Liangliang , Li Zhiqiang , Liu Yan , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen
Published: January 2016

Benzophosphole derivatives have attracted significant attention as promising organic optoelectronic materials. We have successfully developed a copper (2 mol%)/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (2 equiv.) catalyst system for reaction of readily available secondary phosphine oxides and alkynes in acetonitrile at 60 °C under air, which provides a rapid access to a structurally diverse array of benzophosphole oxides in moderate to good yields within 30 min. The method can be easily used for a large‐scale preparation. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the addition of a phosphoryl radical onto a triple bond followed by cyclization on the phenyl moiety of the secondary phosphine oxide might occur to form the benzophosphole oxide.

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Short fiber tremolite free chrysotile mesothelioma cohort revealed
Authors: Egilman David , Bird Tess
Published: January 2016

In 1995, Dell and Teta published a cohort mortality study of asbestos molding compound workers at a Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) plastics manufacturing plant in Bound Brook, New Jersey. They reported that the factory workers were exposed to “asbestos (mostly chrysotile),” implying that the asbestos used at the Bound Brook plant occasionally contained amphiboles. However, UCC statements and testimony from recent litigation indicate that the Bound Brook plant exclusively used short fiber chrysotile asbestos. These recent documents also point to lower exposures than those reported by Dell and Teta. This chrysotile‐only cohort should be included in analyses of chrysotile potency. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:196–199, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fatal traumatic brain injuries in the construction industry, 2003−2010
Authors: Konda Srinivas , Tiesman Hope M. , Reichard Audrey A.
Published: January 2016

Background

Research on fatal work‐related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) is limited. This study describes fatal TBIs in the US construction industry.

Methods

Fatal TBIs were extracted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.

Results

From 2003 to 2010, 2,210 fatal TBIs occurred in construction at a rate of 2.6 per 100,000 full‐time equivalent (FTE) workers. Workers aged 65 years and older had the highest fatal TBI rates among all workers (7.9 per 100,000 FTE workers). Falls were the most frequent injury event (n = 1,269, 57%). Structural iron and steel workers and roofers had the highest fatal TBI rate per 100,000 FTE workers (13.7 and 11.2, respectively). Fall‐related TBIs were the leading cause of death in these occupations.

Conclusions

A large percentage of TBIs in the construction industry were due to falls. Emphasis on safety interventions is needed to reduce these fall‐related TBIs, especially among vulnerable workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:212–220, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Mortality among World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers, 2002–2011
Authors: Stein Cheryl R. , Wallenstein Sylvan , Shapiro Moshe , Hashim Dana , Moline Jacqueline M. , Udasin Iris , Crane Michael A. , Luft Benjamin J. , Lucchini Roberto G. , Holden William L.
Published: January 2016

Background

Rescue and recovery workers responding to the 2001 collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) sustained exposures to toxic chemicals and have elevated rates of multiple morbidities.

Methods

Using data from the World Trade Center Health Program and the National Death Index for 2002–2011, we examined standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and proportional cancer mortality ratios (PCMR) with indirect standardization for age, sex, race, and calendar year to the U.S. general population, as well as associations between WTC‐related environmental exposures and all‐cause mortality.

Results

We identified 330 deaths among 28,918 responders (SMR 0.43, 95%CI 0.39–0.48). No cause‐specific SMRs were meaningfully elevated. PCMRs were elevated for neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue (PCMR 1.76, 95%CI 1.06–2.75). Mortality hazard ratios showed no linear trend with exposure.

Conclusions

Consistent with a healthy worker effect, all‐cause mortality among responders was not elevated. There was no clear association between intensity and duration of exposure and mortality. Surveillance is needed to monitor the proportionally higher cancer mortality attributed to lymphatic/hematopoietic neoplasms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:87–95, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of medical academic genealogy on publication patterns: An analysis of the literature for surgical resection in brain tumor patients
Authors: Hirshman Brian R. , Tang Jessica A. , Jones Laurie A. , Proudfoot James A. , Carley Kathleen M. , Marshall Lawrence , Carter Bob S. , Chen Clark C.
Published: January 2016

“Academic genealogy” refers to the linking of scientists and scholars based on their dissertation supervisors. We propose that this concept can be applied to medical training and that this “medical academic genealogy” may influence the landscape of the peer‐reviewed literature. We performed a comprehensive PubMed search to identify US authors who have contributed peer‐reviewed articles on a neurosurgery topic that remains controversial: the value of maximal resection for high‐grade gliomas (HGGs). Training information for each key author (defined as the first or last author of an article) was collected (eg, author's medical school, residency, and fellowship training). Authors were recursively linked to faculty mentors to form genealogies. Correlations between genealogy and publication result were examined. Our search identified 108 articles with 160 unique key authors. Authors who were members of 2 genealogies (14% of key authors) contributed to 38% of all articles. If an article contained an authorship contribution from the first genealogy, its results were more likely to support maximal resection (log odds ratio = 2.74, p < 0.028) relative to articles without such contribution. In contrast, if an article contained an authorship contribution from the second genealogy, it was less likely to support maximal resection (log odds ratio = −1.74, p < 0.026). We conclude that the literature on surgical resection for HGGs is influenced by medical academic genealogies, and that articles contributed by authors of select genealogies share common results. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of scientific literature, design of medical training, and health care policy. Ann Neurol 2016;79:169–177
Chitosan microspheres modified with poly(ethylenimine) enhance the adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solutions
Authors: Jing Yingjun , Gao Hui , Yang Chun‐Yan
Published: January 2016

Chitosan (CS) microspheres were prepared by emulsion crosslinking, and the surfaces of the spheres were modified with poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) for preparing efficient adsorbents. Consequently, a series of PEI‐modified CS (CS–PEI) microspheres with different ion exchange capacities (IECs) was prepared and used for the adsorption of methyl orange (MO). The adsorption performance of CS–PEI increased significantly with the increase of the sphere IECs, and the maximum adsorption capacity of 400.00 mg/g was achieved at 303 K with CS–PEI–1275, which had the highest IEC in the experiments. The adsorption process of MO well fitted the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, and the process was favorable at low temperature. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption of MO by CS–PEI was a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Furthermore, CS–PEI exhibited good reusability within seven cycles of adsorption–desorption.
GENE SILENCING BY PARENTAL RNA INTERFERENCE IN THE GREEN RICE LEAFHOPPER, Nephotettix cincticeps (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Matsumoto Yukiko , Hattori Makoto
Published: January 2016

RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely used for investigating gene function in many nonmodel insect species. Parental RNAi causes gene knockdown in the next generation through the administration of double‐strand RNA (dsRNA) to the mother generation. In this study, we demonstrate that parental RNAi mediated gene silencing is effective in determining the gene function of the cuticle and the salivary glands in green rice leafhopper (GRH), Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler). Injection of dsRNA of NcLac2 (9 ng/female) to female parents caused a strong knockdown of laccase‐2 gene of first instar nymphs, which eventually led to high mortality rates and depigmentation of side lines on the body. The effects of parental RNAi on the mortality of the nymphs were maintained through 12–14 days after the injections. We also confirmed the effectiveness of parental RNAi induced silencing on the gene expressed in the salivary gland, the gene product of which is passed from instar to instar. The parental RNAi method can be used to examine gene function by phenotyping many offspring nymphs with injection of dsRNA into a small number of parent females, and may be applicable to high‐efficiency determination of gene functions in this species.
Einheitliches Bemessungsmodell gegen Durchstanzen in Flachdecken und Fundamenten
Authors: Kueres Dominik , Siburg Carsten , Herbrand Martin , Claßen Martin , Hegger Josef
Published: January 2016

Mit der Einführung des Eurocode 2 in Deutschland (EC2+NA(D)) wurde die Durchstanzbemessung von Flachdecken und Fundamenten bzw. Bodenplatten neu geregelt. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen Normengenerationen wurden dabei unterschiedliche Bemessungsgleichungen für Flachdecken und Fundamente bzw. Bodenplatten mit unterschiedlichen Bemessungsrundschnitten eingeführt. Während für Flachdecken ein konstanter Abstand des Bemessungsrundschnitts in einem Abstand 2,0d vom Stützenanschnitt definiert wurde, ist für Fundamente und Bodenplatten der Bemessungsrundschnitt maßgebend, der in Kombination mit dem Abzugswert der Bodenpressungen den geringsten Durchstanzwiderstand ergibt. Insbesondere die Unterscheidung zwischen Flachdecken und Fundamenten sowie die iterative Ermittlung des Abstands des Bemessungsrundschnitts bei Einzelfundamenten führen in der Praxis zu einer aufwendigeren Durchstanzbemessung.

Aufbauend auf dem Durchstanzbemessungsmodell nach EC2+NA(D) wird in diesem Beitrag ein neues, einheitliches Bemessungsmodell gegen Durchstanzen in Flachdecken, Fundamenten und Bodenplatten vorgestellt. Durch Vergleiche mit Durchstanzversuchen an Flachdeckenausschnitten und Einzelfundamenten ohne und mit Durchstanzbewehrung wird ein ausgewogenes Sicherheitsniveau des Bemessungsmodells nachgewiesen.

Uniform design method for punching shear in flat slabs and footings

The punching shear design of flat slabs and footings was revised with the introduction of Eurocode 2 in Germany (EC2+NA(D)). While in many former codes the punching shear resistance was determined regardless of the type of member, in EC2+NA(D) two different design equations for flat slabs and footings were introduced. Additionally, different control sections for flat slabs and footings were defined. For flat slabs the control section is given in a distance 2,0d from the vicinity of the column and for footings this distance has to be determined by iteration minimizing the punching shear resistance. The differentiation between flat slabs and footings and especially the iterative design procedure for determining the punching shear resistance of footings require more effort in daily engineering practice.

Based on the design provisions of EC2+NA(D), this paper presents a new uniform design method for punching shear in flat slabs and footings. By means of a statistical evaluation, the level of safety of the new design method is quantified by comparing the calculated failure loads with a databank including punching tests on flat slabs and footings without and with punching shear reinforcement.
Water Compatible Conjugated Microporous Polyazulene Networks as Visible‐Light Photocatalysts in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Ghasimi Saman , Landfester Katharina , Zhang Kai A. I.
Published: January 2016

A synthetic and modification method to obtain water‐compatible, visible‐light‐active, conjugated, microporous polyazulene networks as pure organic, highly stable, reusable, and heterogeneous photocatalysts in aqueous medium by a simple protonation method was investigated. The water compatibility and photocatalytic activity of the hydrophilic polyazulenes were demonstrated in the photoreduction reaction of CrVI to CrIII for heavy‐metal‐contaminated waste‐water treatment. Furthermore, a light‐induced cascade reaction mechanism with the use of additional abundant metal cations such as FeIII or CuII as co‐catalysts was also described. This design strategy could offer a clean and cost‐effective solution to obtain water‐compatible, pure organic, photoactive polymers with a broader potential for other applications in aqueous media under sustainable and environmentally friendly conditions.
Newtonian and Non‐Newtonian Flows in Microchannels: Inline Rheological Characterization
Authors: Fu Taotao , Carrier Odile , Funfschilling Denis , Ma Youguang , Li Huai Z.
Published: January 2016

Micro‐particle image velocimetry (micro‐PIV) is a quantitative full‐field technique for the velocity measurement for flows in microfluidics. The flow fields of both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids in microchannels were investigated by micro‐PIV. The velocity profiles in various polymethyl methacrylate square microchannels were measured. Polyacrylamide aqueous solutions with different concentrations served as non‐Newtonian fluids. Two viscous Newtonian fluids were also employed to serve as reference, in particular to validate a lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation. Satisfactory flow measurements could be realized by the micro‐PIV technique. The experimental velocity profile compares well with the LB simulation and an approximate solution. The experimentally measured velocity profile can lead to the quantification of the flow index of non‐Newtonian fluids as an inline rheological characterization.
Experimental versus Calculated Proton Affinities for Aromatic Carboxylic Acid Anions and Related Phenide Ions
Authors: Błaziak Kacper , Sendys Przemysław , Danikiewicz Witold
Published: January 2016

Herein, we present the comparison of a large set of experimentally measured proton affinity (PA) values for 65 aromatic carboxylate anions with the values calculated by using selected popular DFT (B3LYP, PBE0, and M05‐2X) and composite [G3(MP2), G4(MP2)] quantum chemistry methods. The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) values for the chosen methods are RMSEPBE0=1.7, RMSEB3LYP=4.6, RMSEM05‐2X=6.6, RMSEG3MP2=6.3, RMSEG4MP2=4.5 kJ mol−1. In the second part of the study, 82 PA values for substituted phenide ions and a few heteroaromatic anions were calculated. Again, very good agreement between the calculated and experimental values has been observed: RMSEPBE0=1.9, RMSEB3LYP=4.5, RMSEM05‐2X=6.3, RMSEG3MP2=4.9, RMSEG4MP2=5.5 kJ mol−1. Our results show that, for medium‐sized carboxylate anions, all tested methods give reliable results and, surprisingly, much more computationally demanding composite methods do not perform significantly better than the time‐efficient DFT methods.