bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To travel to suffer: towards a reverse anthropology of the early modern colonial body
Authors: Vanhaesebrouck Karel
Published: January 2018

By focusing on the way early modern plays staged these colonial encounters, this contribution will address the question of the enslaved body which functioned as a site of both cultural exoticism and compassionate identification, directly dealing with complex issues such as pain, cruelty and martyrdom. This chapter will take two specific texts as its starting point: the fascinating play Les Portugais infortunés (1608) by Nicolas Chrétien des Croix, which stages an encounter of a shipwrecked Portuguese crew with an indigenous African tribe, and La Peinture spirituelle (1611) by Louis Richome, the account of the massacre of 39 Catholic martyrs from the ‘Compagnie de Jésus’, murdered by Protestants, on their way to Brazil on the 15th of July in 1570. In both cases the human body functions as a spectacular locus of intercultural dialogue (or warfare). This chapter proposes an analysis of both texts, not as literature in the first place, but as artefacts of cultural imagination which question the idea of alterity and the all too easy dichotomy between the self and the other, while at the same time showing that Europe, Africa and Brazil (or by extension South America) share a history and a culture of the (hurt) body.
Masochism and the female gaze
Authors: Yamamoto-Wilson John
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, Yamamoto-Wilson examines the role of the Other’s gaze in early modern masochistic fantasy, starting with reader responses to martyrologies (particularly Foxe), hagiography and bloody histories, and moving on to erotic and proto-pornographic narratives (among which Nicholas Chorier’s Satyra Sotadica is preeminent) and narratives of sexual insecurity. Georges Duby, Lisa Silverman and others have argued that, in the late Middle Ages, dolor was the property of women, and Melissa Sanchez demonstrates how, in the early modern period, the political subject was discursively feminized through injunctions to suffer. The gaze of the Other both emasculates and humiliates, but perseverance in suffering (whether in the martyr’s sacrifice or the masochist’s fantasy) leads, paradoxically, to triumph. While the Other is sometimes depicted as male, there is an emergent sense of a transgressive female gaze, reflected in the writings of Thomas Nashe, Samuel Butler, Mary Wroth and others. This chapter focuses on the male anxiety generated by the gaze of a female Other in the literary discourse of early modern England.
Epicurean tastes: towards a French eighteenth-century criticism of the image of pain
Authors: Macsotay Tomas
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that eighteenth-century French painting reserved a special type of image criticism for the scene of horror, taking a close look at works by prominent members of the Paris Académie Royale, in particular Fragonard’s Corésus et Callirhoe (1765). As these analyses will show, painting in France was responding to the retreat of a Christological, redemptive or punitive rationale for showing violence. Through writings by Dubos and Falconet, but also Diderot’s comments on Corésus et Callirhoe, this chapter argues that these new images of hurt allow new forms of distanced and unstable viewing. These depend on an epicurean form of reasoning that interconnects religious practice, fear, lust and disillusionment. The critical beholder who traverses these epicurean states of mind ends up calling into question the reality of the image beyond the drives of the appetites and anxieties of the beholder. This epicurean-inspired criticism of the image of pain opens up an opportunity for audiences to watch themselves act out a connection with the hurt body, but they also expose the image’s falseness, leaving the victim ‘unredeemed’.
Wounding realities and ‘painful excitements’: real sympathy, the imitation of suffering and the visual arts after Burke’s sublime
Authors: Sarafianos Aris
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows the vital role of injury and suffering in redefining art practices and aesthetic experience from the 1750s onwards. It investigates the role of Burke’s sublime in the introduction of a new lust for pain, which was combined with an equally painful call for the amplification of visual experiences – real and imitated. Sarafianos stresses Burke’s uncivil redefinition of sympathy as a painful delight in the suffering of others, and argues that, despite established anti-visual interpretations of Burke’s sub lime, such extreme forms of suffering are at the root of the way in which his Philosophical Enquiry (1757) built powerful continuities between ‘real sympathy’ and the reality of imitations in painting or theatre. Moreover, this chapter demonstrates that the same principles led to the reorganisation of the entire visual field: bodies in pain, painstaking styles of representation and hurtful habits of seeing were tied up in ways that determined the bursting forth of a specially modern kind of realism. Sarafianos uses Sir Charles Bell’s gruesome surgical sketches from Waterloo (1815) in order to show that the same tangle of hurtful experiences, tailored on Burke’s precise guidelines, encapsulated drives and aspirations for a ‘sublime real’ with a long career in modern art and criticism.
Voices in the wilderness? The Progressive League and the quest for sexual reform in British politics, 1932–59
Authors: Shepherd Janet
Published: January 2018

The Progressive League which was first formed in 1932 by progressives, socialists and Liberals, such as Cyril Joad, Aldous Huxley, Bertrand Russell, and H. G. Wells. Relatively little known, and rising to a membership of only 600 at its height, the Progressive League was primarily concerned to promote the cause of sexual revolution in Britain in the mid-twentieth century, raising issues such as birth control, eugenics, abortion reform, marriage reform, the legalisation of homosexuality and the reform of the obscenity acts. Committed to the idea that its supporters should support measures that would improve the happiness of all mankind it also advocated the individualist view that all those who supported it should also make their own judgement of what was right. Disunity was often evident in their actions but Janet Shepherd feels that they were more than simply voices in the wilderness. Indeed, she argues that they contributed significantly to the debates, particularly in the 1950s, about marriage, homosexuality, abortion and what constituted obscenity, many of which came to some type of more progressive conclusion in the 1960s. Indeed, their willingness to challenge existing sexual conventions, and willingness to act as Daniel in the Lion’s den, meant that they exerted some influence.
‘We never trained our children to be socialists’: the next Lansbury generation and Labour politics, 1881–1951
Authors: Shepherd John
Published: January 2018

George Lansbury, the Leader of the Labour Party from 1932-1935, and his wife Bessie had twelve children – ten surviving into adulthood - many of whom played a significant role in the history of the British Labour movement in the early and mid-twentieth century.This Lansbury generation is the focus of the essay by John Shepherd, whose monumental study of the life and political career of George Lansbury is well known and highly respected. In the early 1920s members of the Lansbury family for a time became members of the Communist Party of Great Britain - a factor that weighed against their father’s inclusion in Ramsay MacDonald’s first Labour Cabinet in 1924. Others became important pioneers in various campaigns in working-class politics, including women’s enfranchisement, birth control and abortion law reform. Altogether, they created something of a memorable Lansbury Labour dynasty in the East End, as well as in national political life. Nevertheless, what emerges from John Shepherd’s detailed and meticulous work is that, although the influence of this Lansbury generation was noteworthy in Labour politics, they never reached the political heights of their popular father. Like Herbert Gladstone, in an earlier essay, they played a very important role but in the shadow of their father’s dominating presence.
Značaj cistatina C kao faktora rizika za kardiovaskularne bolesti kod oboljelih od tipa 2 diabetes mellitus-a
Authors: Vlatković Vlastimir , Risović Ivona , Popović Pejičić Snježana
Published: January 2018

Uvod. Kardiovaskularne bolesti (KVB) su glavni uzrok smrti kod oboljelihod diabetes mellitus-a (DM). Danas se smatra da je tip 2 DM ekvivalent koronarnebolesti, te se preporučuje intenzivna kontrola svih faktora rizika zanastanak KVB kod oboljelih od DM. Cistatin C nije samo pouzdan parametarza procjenu jačine glomerulske filtracije (Glomerular Filtration Rate, GFR) negomože biti i koristan prediktor za utvrđivanje prisustva i predviđanje nastankaKVB. Cilj rada je bio da se procijeni bubrežna funkcija izračunavanjem GFRiz koncentracije cistatina C u serumu te da se ispita korelacija cistatina C ifaktora rizika za KVB kod oboljelih od tipa 2 DM.Metode. Kod 70 ispitanika, dobi od 40–70 godina, podijeljenih u dvije grupe:40 oboljelih od tipa 2 DM i kontrolnu grupu od 30 zdravih ispitanika, procjenjivanaje bubrežna funkcija određivanjem koncentracije cistatina C u serumu,te njegova korelacija sa faktorima rizika za KVB: dislipidemijom, hipertenzijom,pušenjem, prisustvom KVB u porodičnoj anamnezi i albuminurijom.Rezultati. Analizom faktora rizika kod oboljelih od DM utvrđeno je da suvrijednosti HDL bile snižene kod bolesnika ženskog pola. Prosječne vrijednostiLDL i triglicerida bile su povišene, kao i albuminurija. Deset bolesnika saDM bili su pušači, a kod 7 od ovih utvrđeno je prisustvo KVB u porodičnojanamnezi. Vrijednosti cistatina C su pokazale statistički značajnu direktnukorelaciju sa vrijednostima albuminurije (r = 0,39, p < 0,05), sistolnim krvnimpritiskom (r = 0,33, p < 0,05) i vrijednostima triglicerida (r = 0,42, p < 0,05), astatistički značajnu obrnutu korelaciju sa vrijednostima HDL holesterola (r =-0,40, p < 0,05). Kod oboljelih od DM uočena je smanjena bubrežna funkcija,što predstavlja dodatni faktor rizika za nastanak KVB.Zaključak. U ovom istraživanju, cistatin C je pokazao značajnu korelaciju safaktorima rizika za KVB kod oboljelih od tipa 2 DM.
Introduction: A Phenomenological Approach to Language
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

A brief sketch of certain kinds of experience in which language is used in practical contexts and in forming thoughts is used to motivate the question of what role language plays in revealing or ‘disclosing’ the world to us in an articulate manner. Having suggested that answering this question requires an approach that is minimally phenomenological, defined by the aim of accurately describing speakers’ experience of language, the chapter considers what this commitment implies for a conception of language and how minimalist phenomenology relates to historical precedents in the phenomenological tradition inaugurated by Husserl. The chapter concludes by outlining the book’s overall argument, showing how three principal authors (Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Wittgenstein (are brought together in the following chapters to yield a phenomenological view of language’s role in world disclosure.
Language as the Expression of Lived Sense
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses Merleau-Ponty’s conception of language as an embodied expressive behavior to begin filling out the Heideggerian framework. It shows that conceiving language as the expression of lived sense, linked with both a biological body and the perspective of speakers’ experience of language, allows Merleau-Ponty to specify how language connects us intimately with the world and plays a constitutive role in formulating thoughts. It then argues that the phenomenon of creative expression – which Merleau-Ponty treats as paradigmatic – should be seen as illuminating certain kinds of language use rather than being explanatorily primary in the general way Merleau-Ponty’s own discussions suggest. Finally, the chapter examines the contrast implied by Merleau-Ponty’s notion of ‘indirect’ sense and sets out how his focus on embodiment complements Heidegger’s overall picture of language.
Coping with Language
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter has two main tasks. First, it argues that Wittgenstein’s position shows how language is grasped prepredicatively as a linguistic form of knowing-how. Having considered the link between rule-following and customs or institutions – activities lacking the rational transparency of paradigmatically intellectual activities – it takes Wittgenstein’s discussions of the limits of justification, which imply that justification is grounded in a stratum of language-games preceding justification, as a model in to develop an account of prepredicative language use. Second, it shows how Wittgenstein’s views complement Merleau-Ponty’s and Heidegger’s in filling out the Heideggerian framework, before summarizing how the resultant phenomenological conception of language defines language’s role in world disclosure by combining a general picture of language as language-in-the-world with a specific view of linguistic signs’ disclosive function, as instruments characterized by both presentational and pragmatic sense.
The Emergence of Persons
Authors: Bickhard Mark H.
Published: January 2018

I will present a model of persons as emergent forms of socio-cultural agency. Such a model requires a framework metaphysics that makes sense of the normative dynamic emergence of agents, which, in turn requires a metaphysics of process. I will also briefly address how this model of persons as interactive agents relates to persons as moral agents.
Movies and the Mind: On Our Filmic Body
Authors: Fingerhut Joerg , Heimann Katrin
Published: January 2018

Over the last decade, the role of the spectators’ body has become considerably more important in theoretical as well as experimental approaches to film perception. However, most positions focus on how cinema has adapted to the spectator’s body over time, that is, to the basic principles of human perception and cognition, in developing its immersive power. This article presents the latest contributions to this topic, while also providing a new stance regarding the relationship between the mind and movies. Based on selected research from embodied approaches to cognition and picture perception, we suggest that humans learn to see film by integrating filmic means into their body schemas, and through this process develop a “filmic body”, available to them during film watching and, possibly, also off screen. Film language and film cognition are plastic products of mutual influence between films and embodied agents, and thereby move the medium towards novel filmic means and us toward novel experiences. We propose a number of research designs for further exploring these claims.
Financing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Authors: Voituriez Tancrède , Morita Kanako , Giordano Thierry , Bakkour Noura , Shimizu Noriko
Published: January 2018

Blended finance and public private partnerships are landmark mechanisms for sustainable development financing. They are flagged by development finance institutions as promising means to bridge the post-2015 development investment gap. However, the effectiveness of their potential contribution to financing the post-2015 development agenda remains far from certain. Not only do their definitions differ from one institution to another, but also their performance in leveraging funding and channeling it to the most needful goals and countries has not been properly assessed, mostly due to the lack of empirical evidence. In this chapter, we aim to explain why these two financing vehicles fall short of delivering on promises. We provide insight on some possible means to overcome their current limitations.
Checks
Authors: Servon Lisa
Published: January 2018

In 1940, the first monthly Social Security payment in the form of a paper check was issued. Social Security was established by the United States government as a universal retirement system for workers. The Social Security check became a symbol of the social safety net for older Americans, and the relation of that safety to a lifetime of compulsory productivity. Over the years, there has been much innovation in the physical properties of Social Security checks, as well the systems that produce, distribute, and cash them. The Social Security, check, however, will soon become a thing of the past. With or without their cooperation, recipients are being transitioned to electronic direct deposit systems.
Khipu
Authors: Urton Gary
Published: January 2018

Khipu are sets of knotted strings used by the pre-Colombian Inkan Empire for record keeping. The chapter situates khipu in the history of accounting systems globally, and makes a case that some khipu may have conveyed similar information as double-entry bookkeeping, developed around the same time in Europe. Khipu cords were made from spun or plied cotton or llama or alpaca fibers and display three types of knots organized in complex arrangements of tiered clusters. Cords were spun with separate strings in specific patterns, too, allowing for a great deal of data storage. The Inka did not possess writing but used this accounting system and a decimal numbering system conveyed through knots to administer the empire. Double-entry bookkeeping in Europe contributed to the rise of capitalism; that double-entry khipu did not may be attributable to the Inka’s conquest by Spain in 1532.
Cards
Authors: Swartz Lana
Published: January 2018

Diners’ Club is often referred to as the first credit card, but it was actually a charge card, and perhaps the first universal third party payment system. Diner’s Club emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, a time when a rapidly modernized transportation system and a relatively decentralized banking system meant that Americans were moving fasters and farther than their money could. But Diners’ Club was a private infrastructure that made possible new forms of exclusion, particularly for African Americans traveling across the segregated country. This chapter explores the relationship between payment and differentiated identities and geographies.
Ether
Authors: O’Dwyer Rachel
Published: January 2018

In many parts of the world, the most common way to pay for talktime, texts, or data on a mobile phone is in advance, by buying airtime. This airtime is often used like money: given away, exchanged for goods and services, or used to store value for later. In this scenario, the mobile network operator is not only providing communication services but financial services.The money in question is guaranteed by the underlying ether, the electromagnetic wavelengths that transmit mobile signals. When it was first being discovered and imagined, ether was a commons: anyone could transmit and receive messages provided they had access to the necessary equipment. Today this resource is commoditized: divided up and auctioned to the highest bidder.This chapters uses the case of the mobile airtime, delineated in ether, and traded as a money-like thing, to explore the materiality and value of money more broadly.
Twentieth Century and Beyond
Authors: Lemons Don S.
Published: January 2018

During this period the diagrams that convey the ideas of physics become more symbolic and less representational. Rutherford’s discovery of the atomic nucleus (1910), Niels Bohr’s model of the Hydrogen atom (1913), matter waves (1924), and the transition from an early universe with no Higgs field to a universe with a Higgs field (2012) are examples of this point. The photoelectric effect (1905), Brownian motion (1905), X-rays and crystals (1912), general relativity (1915), the expanding universe (1927-1929), and the global greenhouse effect (1988) remain accessible with a simple representational sketch.
The Food Environment
Authors: Gottlieb Robert , Ng Simon
Published: January 2018

The Food Environment encompasses how food is produced and processed, how and to where it is transported, and where and how it is sold and consumed. The chapter evaluates the environmental issues along each of these food system pathways. These include the shifting patterns of agriculture in Los Angeles (and California), Hong Kong, and Mainland China; the rise of food retail as a central force in the food system; and the changing patterns of consumption, including the rise of a fast food culture. It also explores the search for alternatives through such initiatives as farm to school and community supported agriculture and the cultural and ethnic traditions and food culture that have survived the rise of industrial food and fast food. It examines the problems of food safety and food insecurity and the increasingly global character of the food system, including the global food production and retail companies.
Monsters and Freaks: Patchwork Girl and the New Unreadable
Authors: Moulthrop Stuart
Published: January 2018

This chapter is informed by Shelley Jackson’s author traversal of her hypertext fiction, Patchwork Girl, and her subsequent interview. Jackson’s re-working of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has been well explored, but less has been said of the second influence-text for Patchwork Girl, L. Frank Baum’s Patchwork Girl of Oz. Resonances from that text suggest a radically different way of valuing difference and rebellion, under the sign of the “freak” instead of the “monster.” The chapter relates this difference to structural aspects of the hypertext exposed in Jackson’s traversal and interview, particularly the fragmentary and elliptical part of the design called “Broken Accents.”
Graphene and Its “Family”: The Finest Materials Ever to Exist
Authors: Jarillo-Herrero Pablo , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

In this dialogue, the physicist Pablo Jarillo-Herrero outlines his scientific career path, which started out in theoretical high-energy physics on a cosmological scale. Later he was drawn to experimental science and condensed material physics, which is his current area of research. He talks about his intense relationship with mathematics, only surpassed by his passion for physics, and their connection with experiment and reality—the first thing he looks for. Pablo goes on to reflect on how philosophers can help to bring a perspective to many issues related to quantum physics. He believes that physicists of today should be open to the possibility that what seems to be impossible may be possible. He moves on to discuss his current research with graphene and its two-dimensional ‘family’ of materials. This research also includes the quantum transport of electrons, topological insulators, and the ‘ultra-relativistic’ behavior of particles inside these materials; the finest materials to have ever or are ever likely to exist.
Galileo Programme: Planning Uncertainty and Imagining the Possible and the Impossible
Authors: Benedicto Javier , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

The engineer, Javier Benedicto, head of the Galileo Programme Department at ESA, describes in this dialogue the frustration felt by scientists who work in space agencies. The long-term nature of their projects means that those who envision and design a space mission are forced to leave the future generation to implement the mission as well as processing the results. He explains that although it is hard to believe, uncertainty also hovers over the Galileo space programme meaning they also have to consider that the impos∫sible could actually occur. He relates how in Galileo they ‘manufacture’ their own notion of ‘universal time’ that will be used worldwide and explains how they are working with this time, which is accurate to a nanofraction of a second. He goes on to explain how they managed to persuade the Russians (Glasnoss), Chinese (Beidou) and North Americans (GPS) to agree to cooperate and, at the same time, make their systems compatible with Galileo’s future GPS system for civilian use.
The Logic of Physics versus the Logic of Computer Science
Authors: White Bebo , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

Bebo White, the physicist and computational scientist at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Stanford University, was one of the first people to get involved in Web technology as a result of his stay at CERN in the group developing the hypertext transfer protocol, HTTP. Almost immediately following this, he became part of the dedicated team who published the first web page in the USA, - and the first outside Europe -, and he is considered the first ‘webmaster’ in history. He agrees that IT is an approximate science but points out that this discipline, combined with web technology, has a huge impact on ‘what is going on’ at present in scientific research. Bebo then moves on to argument why one of the greatest threats for the future of the Web, - and for internet to reach its full potential -, is to ignore or shun open standards.
The Emergence of a Nonbiological Intelligence
Authors: Bletsas Michail , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

Michail Bletsas, Director of Computing at the MIT Media Lab and Director of the Network Computing Systems Group at MIT, is convinced that the 21st century will see the emergence of biological intelligence. He starts the dialogue with an explanation of why the Internet and its huge computational system, - the most complex human-built system -, is forcing us to learn to engage with systems that are becoming even more complicated, with varying levels of complexity. He describes later the arrival of the finely granular Internet, which in consequence led to the concept of connectivity everywhere. Later he outlines the Internet of Things’ capabilities that he and his team have deployed inside the new MIT Media Lab building. Michael then goes on to argue why we have to separate issues of business from scientific arguments and prediction—the important thing in business is not only what’s going to happen, but when it will happen. Michael also relates why the best type of innovation is bottom up, before going on to explain how not only innovation, but also evolution, is gradually improving things.
Encryption as a Human Right
Authors: Casacuberta David , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

In this dialogue, the philosopher David Casacuberta starts out by reflecting on how, with the advent of digital technologies, people’s rights are threatened by new problems that require new solutions. He goes on to argue why rights cannot be reduced in the age of technology and Internet. He defends the reasons why access to the Internet should be totally anonymous and argues that cryptography could be a core element for achieving this. He then explains his idea about “privacy as dignity”, and why privacy needs to be redefined. Next, he talks about why we must oppose surveillance from a cultural point of view, - and that doing so is a matter of respect and dignity -, as well as why the right to encrypt is an individual right. Casacuberta finishes by explaining why at present we are culturally faced with the dilemma of collective security, and what consequences this will have for us.
“Affective Computing” Is Not an Oxymoron
Authors: Picard Rosalind W. , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

In this dialogue, the scientist Rosalind W. Picard from MIT Media Lab begins by explaining why the expression "Affective computing" is not an oxymoron, and describes how they are trying to bridge the gap between information systems and human emotions in her laboratory. She details  how they are attempting to give computers and digital machines better abilities so that they can “see” the emotions of their users, and outlines what a machine would have to be like to pass the Turing ‘emotions’ test. Rosalind goes on to describe why emotion is part of all communication, even when the communication itself might not explicitly have emotion in it, arguing that consciousness also involves feelings that cannot be expressed and why emotional experience is an essential part of the normal functioning of the conscious system. Later she outlines her research in affective computing, where they managed to measure signals using a sensor that responds to some human emotion or feelings, and explains how technology can become a sort of ‘affective prosthesis’ to help the disabled, and people with difficulties, in understanding and handling emotions.
Mind, Brain, and Behavior
Authors: Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

In this dialogue, the Harvard neuroscientist, Alvaro Pascual-Leone initially reflects on the importance of ‘unlearning’ and forgetting. He then gives a detailed explanation of, and how he carries out, transcraneal magnetic stimulation (TMS) and how he uses this technology to fight diseases, as well as explaining his experiments on inattentional blindness. He then discusses how the brain acts as a hypothesis generator and whether the brain, the mind and the soul are different things or not. Later reflect on the questions: Is the mind and what we are a consequence of the brain’s structure?  Do changes in the brain change our reality? And why are a person’s dreams important? Then he explains how freewill and decision-making work from the brain, and relates his vision of intelligence and where it may be generated from, explaining the differences between the mind and the brain. He finally reflects on what is known so far about the brain’s “dark energy” and the way we are continuously being surprised by the wonders of the brain's plasticity.
A Smart Mob Is Not Necessarily a Wise Mob
Authors: Rheingold Howard , Plasencia Adolfo
Published: January 2018

Howard Rheingold, professor and expert in cultural, social and new digital media fields, who coined the term ‘Virtual Community’, starts this dialogue by defining the complex meaning encompassed in another expression that lends its name to one of his books: “Smart Mobs”. He goes on to explain why the terms ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) and ‘intelligent machines’ are being used wrongly, and describes how collective intelligences emerge from ‘smart mobs’. Later he reflects on why radio has not killed off movies, movies haven’t put an end to theatre, television will not kill off movies, and the Internet will not be the end of television; in other words, new media do not ‘do away with’ any of their predecessors. He then argues why poetry and business are not mutually exclusive, before finishing with an explanation of why there are more people, in more places, who are able to do things they never used do with personal computers, and they do them almost exclusively with a smartphone with a ubiquitous connection (anywhere, anytime) to the Internet.
Introduction: A Generation at Risk?
Authors: Vickery Jacqueline Ryan
Published: January 2018

This chapter asks: how do expectations of youth, technology, and risk shape policies, practices, and lived experiences? Through an analysis of harm-driven and opportunity-driven expectations, the chapter outlines key concerns related to young people’s digital media practices; specifically the ways privileged understandings of risk create unequal opportunities for marginalized youth. It identifies three disconnections that lead to fear. First, young people’s lived experiences with media differ from sensational fear-driven media narratives and policies. Second, the ways young people value media differ from how adults value digital media. Third, harm-driven narratives focus too overtly on the role of technology in young people’s lives, rather than broader social changes. The chapter aims to shift conversations away from harm and toward opportunity.
(Dis)Connected Pathways: Expectations, Goals, and Opportunities
Authors: Vickery Jacqueline Ryan
Published: January 2018

This chapter expands upon the connected learning model to analyse how digital media fit within the learning ecologies for marginalized youth. It argues that after-school clubs and creative media production can potentially serve as risk intervention strategies for young people on the margins of society. However, the research also reveals that outside of traditional higher education, there remain disconnections between students’ aspirations and economic opportunities. Through an in-depth analysis of four immigrant students, the chapter identifies the key connections that help students learn and leverage their passions and creativity for future success. Students’ learning and goals need to be supported and connected via their peers, academics, adults, their home life, personal interests, and extracurricular activities. Although after-school clubs can fill in gaps in learning, it remains imperative that formal education incorporates students’ creativity and interest-based learning, and contributes to the creation of alternative pathways for economic mobility.
Ur-Intentionality: What’s It All About?
Authors: Hutto Daniel D. , Myin Erik
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 does two things: it clarifies the features of world-involving but contentless Ur-intentionality and how this fundamental form of intentionality can be understood naturalistically. It explains how it is possible to make sense of REC’s proposal that basic minds are contentless while nonetheless holding on to the claim that such minds exhibit a kind of basic intentionality. It does so by situating REC’s notion of Ur-intentionality within the larger history of attempts to explicate the notion of intentionality simpliciter, showing that there is conceptual space for and reason to believe in a nonrepresentational form of intentionality.
The second part of the chapter provides a fresh analysis of how and why this most basic kind of intentionality can be best accounted for in naturalistic terms by means of a RECtified teleosemantics—one stripped of problematic semantic ambitions and put to different theoretical use, namely, that of explicating the most basic, nonsemantic forms of world-involving cognition.
Continuity: Kinks Not Breaks
Authors: Hutto Daniel D. , Myin Erik
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 sets out to show REC can allow for content-involving cognition in nature without itself falling foul of the Hard Problem of Content and without introducing unbridgeable evolutionary discontinuity or gaps in nature. Thus it crucially defuses critical concerns about REC’s NOC program in order to establish that it is a tenable way of explaining the how content-involving cognition arose and arises naturally, and where content can be found in nature. It then lays out the broad outlines of REC’s proposed explanation for the Natural Origins of Content – its NOC program that draws on Neo-Pragmatist resources and advocates the adoption of a Relaxed as opposed to Strict Scientific Naturalism. It advances a multi-storey explanation, involving kinks not breaks. This explains how content-involving cognition could have arisen through the mastery of special socio-cultural practices, providing new resources but without changing the fundamental character of cognition. Its basic sketch of how the NOC program might be pursued paves the way for further research.
Introduction: Voice, Voicetracks, New Materialism
Authors: Neumark Norie
Published: January 2018

This chapter establishes the theoretical underpinnings of the book, introducing theories of voice, new materialism, posthumanism, carnal and situated knowledge, and affect. It discusses the unusual writing voice that a new materialist book about voice calls for. Presenting the implications of a new materialist approach to voice, the author discusses why she listens to this as voice particularly, rather than sound in general. Listening and conversations as the modes and methodologies are introduced. There is further discussion of voicetracks as the way through the book’s diverse works and transversal or inter-disciplinary theories. This chapter also introduces the engagement with the author’s own sound and media work which has shaped her apprehension of voice and the assemblages with/in which it speaks.
Tracking Back
Authors: Neumark Norie
Published: January 2018

In this concluding chapter, the author evaluates the strategy of bringing voice studies into conversation with new materialism through her own engaged encounters with media and art works, as a way to provoke new ways of thinking about and experiencing both voice and new materialism. The chapter engages with figures of performativity, documentation, and infra-thin in its encounters with various works. Among these are her own collaborative artworks, Talking about the Weather and Coalface, which were driven by emotional, ethical and political—new materialist—concerns for the environment and which helped her along her path to new materialism. Finally, returning to her opening concerns for Aboriginal or Indigenous understandings of country that speaks, the chapter engages with silence, including the silence, which haunts voice and memory.
Positing Nonconceptual Representations
Authors: Neander Karen
Published: January 2018

In the second chapter, the author describes some research by cognitive scientists, who posit nonconceptual representations to explain certain perceptual capacities (and incapacities). This research and the way in which it is reported illustrate the type of theoretical work done by an error-permitting notion of nonconceptual representation, alongside a malfunction-permitting notion of function. One set of studies (led by McCloskey) that is described in some detail focuses on an unusual deficit in locating visual targets (in a young woman, AH), which were intended to contribute to understanding normal human vision. The author makes clear why the contents ascribed to the underlying representational states, where the errors first occur, are referential-intentional contents, not merely (natural-factive) informational contents, and why their ascriptions count as intensional, according to standard criteria. Toward the end of the chapter, the author reminds readers of a familiar conundrum: if a representation’s having content is not causally potent in a psychological process, why is it (still) a central tenet of mainstream cognitive science that such a process should be understood as representational?
The Materiality of Theory
Authors: Bier Jess
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2, “The Materiality of Theory”, tells the story of the (ir)rationalization of the landscape of Palestine and Israel after 1948. It explores how the colonial legacies of cartography continue to influence land management and development efforts. It also outlines the benefits of combining critical geographical studies, including the literature on science and empire, with science and technology studies (STS) research that examines how specific technologies are intrinsically shaped by their social and material contexts.
Validating Segregated Observers: Mapping West Bank Settlements from Without and Within
Authors: Bier Jess
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5, “Validating Segregated Observers”, explores the intricate ways that the Israeli occupation shapes empirical observations. Through a critique of feminist standpoint theory and Donna Haraway’s work on situated knowledge, it shows how the most well meaning maps can be drastically different depending on who makes them. After 1967 Israeli settlers have increasingly moved to the West Bank, establishing diffuse but numerous settlements that dominate the landscape, engendering forms of segregation that are both rigid and complex. As a result, Palestinians see different parts of the landscape, and under tougher restrictions, than do Israelis, and vice versa. For example, cartographers in Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are able to collect map data only within Palestinian areas, and must view the Israeli settlements from without. This produces a dichotomy between, and enforces a drastically unequal separation of, Palestinians and Israelis. It also buttresses imbalances of power in international technoscience, influencing even the most apparently objective, empirical knowledge. Chapter 5 explores the (by no means straightforward) implications of this segregation in detail, while also introducing the notion of refractivity, or material and spatial reflexivity. Throughout, it seeks to understand how cartographers in organizations who use the same tools to map the same landscapes can produce different results.
Transition
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: January 2018

Education is the way for low-wage workers to move into the FTE sector, as moving to the city was the way to advance in the original Lewis model. Just as slums show the difficulty migrants face in finding good jobs in cities, black and Latino graduates face difficulties finding good jobs in the FTE sector. These difficulties are increased by lack of state support for public universities, leading to increased tuition and the growth of student debt. They are increased further by for-profit colleges that often lead to debt without promising employment.
Race and Gender
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: January 2018

Racism, or racecraft, began when African slaves first were brought to America. Slaves were not included in “all men” who were created equal, and the Civil War did not make African Americans equal citizens. Jim Crow laws and actions prevented them from voting and getting a decent education until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. The backlash from this movement led to a dual economy. Women also were not full citizens until the 20th century, and their right to full equality is still being contested. Latino immigrants more recently have entered racecraft on a par with blacks, as in pejorative statements about black and brown people.
Fight for Your Platform to Party: Brooklyn Drag and the Battle for a Queerer Facebook
Authors: Lingel Jessa
Published: January 2018

The final field study describes Brooklyn’s contemporary drag community and their use of social media. Digital technologies provide important tools for individual self-promotion, as well as establishing a collective archive of queer identity. In particular, I consider tensions between drag queens and Facebook’s real name policy, and the ways that the platform inscribes mainstream understandings of identity.
Location: Why Geography Matters
Authors: Ghose Anindya
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines one of nine critical forces behind purchase decisions that make mobile advertising so powerful: location. For many decades, location-based marketing usually meant being able to target users at the level of ZIP codes. Every consumer in the same ZIP code received the same offer, presumably because they had homogeneous preferences stemming from similar socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds. However, in today's mobile economy, firms can know in real time which store someone is visiting, which aisle in the store someone is standing in, and in some cases estimate shelf location of the product someone is staring at. Consumers' location histories are very predictive of their product preferences. This means their locations will influence their responses to marketing offers.
Saliency: Can You See Me Now?
Authors: Ghose Anindya
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines one of nine critical forces behind purchase decisions that make mobile advertising so powerful: saliency. Today's consumers may find advertising annoying, but they fear missing out and would prefer not to waste time in the trial-and-error process of searching for what they need. They want choice and freedom, but they also get easily overwhelmed. Imagine an ideal world where we don't need to scroll down and squint to find what we want. We don't need to refine and repeat our search or make a tough call. We always get the “best right answer” with the least possible effort. This is referred as saliency or the position effect. Consumers want to see the best right answer stand out on their screens. Advertisers, retailers, and other marketers want their message to be that “best right answer.”
Crowdedness: Why Scarcity of Space Matters
Authors: Ghose Anindya
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines one of nine critical forces behind purchase decisions that make mobile advertising so powerful: crowdedness. Not all crowds are created equal. There are many crowds that are pleasurable to be a part of, such as the 20,000 people in a sold-out arena for a rock concert or a championship basketball game. However, crowds have also been shown to make people want to escape, which they can do through their smartphones. Consumers immerse themselves in their mobiles phones “as a means to avoid unwanted encounters” and gain a sense of control over their space and privacy. The smartphone also allows advertisers a way to approach consumers at stressful times. If the advertiser knows how crowded a consumer's surroundings are, perhaps a mobile message or advertisement can provide a safety valve or much needed diversion for people?
The I of the Storm
Authors: Varela Francisco J. , Thompson Evan , Rosch Eleanor
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the self. The tension between the ongoing sense of self in ordinary experience and the failure to find that self in reflection is of central importance in Buddhism—the origin of human suffering is just this tendency to grasp onto and build a sense of self, an ego, where there is none. As meditators catch glimpses of impermanence, selflessness, and suffering, and some inkling that the pervasiveness of suffering may have its origin in their own self-grasping, they may develop some real motivation and urgency to persevere in their investigation of mind. They try to develop a strong and stable insight and inquisitiveness into the moment to moment arising of mind. The search for how the self arises is thus a way of asking, “What and where is mind?” in a direct and personal way.
Sicily between Constantinople and Rome
Authors: Davis-Secord Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the web of connections linking Sicily to the Greek Christian world of the eastern Mediterranean and, simultaneously, to the Latin Christendom of Rome and the Franks during the Byzantine period. It describes travel along the Sicily–Constantinople route under Byzantine rule and how the island served as a useful tool for Constantinople in its diplomatic and military relationships with the western regions. It shows that Sicily could and often did function as an extension of the political authority of Constantinople into Italy, which was both useful and necessary as part of the larger program of the Byzantine empire at the time. Finally, it considers how Sicily operated both as the far western frontier of the empire and as a center of official communication between Constantinople and the western Mediterranean world—particularly, Latin Rome and the emergent powers of Muslim North Africa and Frankish Europe.
Scribal Behavior
Authors: Neidorf Leonard
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on how the scribes approached the reproduction of the Beowulf text. The scribes were engaged in a mechanical task of which success was continuously predicated on one critical operation: the identification of the lexeme present in a sequence of graphemes in the exemplar. The explanatory superiority of this lexemic theory over its competitors is most clearly demonstrated by its ability to account for a wide array of textual phenomena in the four codices that preserve the majority of the extant poetic corpus. However, the chapter also introduces some competing theories of scribal behavior, which differ from the lexemic theory principally by maintaining the conviction that poets and scribes shared the same interests, concerns, and abilities. Finally, the chapter touches upon other points of scholarship relating to scribal behavior.