bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic Alignment and New Product Development: Drivers and Performance Effects
Authors: Acur Nuran , Kandemir Destan , Boer Harry
Published: January 2012

Strategic alignment is widely accepted as a prerequisite for a firm's success, but insight into the role of alignment in, and its impact on, the new product development (NPD) process and its performance is less well developed. Most publications on this topic either focus on one form of alignment or on one or a limited set of NPD performance indicators. Furthermore, different and occasionally contradictory findings have been reported.

NPD scholars have long argued for the importance of fit between context and NPD activities. However, this body of literature suffers from the same weakness: most publications have a limited scope and the findings are not always consistent with results reported previously. This study addresses these deficiencies by examining (1) the effects of various internal and external factors on different forms of alignment, and (2) the effects of these forms of alignment on a set of NPD performance indicators.

Strategic planning and innovativeness appear to affect technological, market, and NPD‐marketing alignment positively. Environmental munificence is negatively associated with NPD‐marketing alignment, but has no effect on the two other forms of alignment. Technological change has a positive effect on technological alignment, a negative effect on NPD‐marketing alignment, but no effect on market alignment. These findings suggest that internal capabilities are more likely to be associated with the development of strategic alignment than environmental factors are. Furthermore, technological and NPD‐marketing alignment affect NPD performance positively, while market alignment does not have any significant performance effects.
Perspective: Ranking of the World's Top Innovation Management Scholars and Universities
Authors: Yang Pianpian , Tao Lei
Published: January 2012

This paper extends Jeffrey Thieme's article “The World's Top Innovation Management Scholars and Their Social Capital,” published in 2007 in J
P
I
M, in which he made a ranking of the world's top innovation managements scholars. This paper makes four contributions. First, this paper includes data on innovation management from articles published in two leading innovation management journals and eight top management and marketing journals during past 20 years (1991–2010). Second, this paper classifies 1229 articles into 29 categories, revealing hot topics and future research directions. Third, this paper ranks 1718 innovation management scholars over a period of 20 years from 1991 to 2010. Fourth, this is the first time that 625 universities have been ranked in terms of their current faculty research capabilities in the field of innovation management.

The empirical data from the past 20 years show that the world's top 10 innovation management scholars are: Michael Song (University of Missouri‐Kansas City), Roger J. Calantone (Michigan State University), Erik Jan Hultink (Delft University of Technology), Mark E. Parry (University of Missouri‐Kansas City), Kwaku Atuahene‐Gima (China Europe International Business School), C. Anthony Di Benedetto (Temple University), Abbie Griffin (University of Utah), William E. Souder (Retired), Barry L. Bayus (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), and Christoph H. Loch (INSEAD).

The world's top 10 innovation management universities are: University of Missouri‐Kansas City, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Michigan State University, INSEAD, Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, Northeastern University, Texas A&M University, Stanford University, and Delft University of Technology.
Eating disorders and oral health: a matched case–control study
Authors: Johansson Ann‐Katrin , Norring Claes , Unell Lennart , Johansson Anders
Published: January 2012

Johansson A‐K, Norring C, Unell L, Johansson A. Eating disorders and oral health: a matched case–control study.
 
Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120: 61–68. © 2012 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim was to compare the oral health status of patients with eating disorders (EDs), with sex‐ and age‐matched controls, with a view to identify self‐reported and clinical parameters that might alert the dental healthcare professional to the possibility of EDs. All patients who entered outpatient treatment in an ED clinic during a 12‐month period were invited to participate. Of 65 ED patients who started psychiatric/medical treatment, 54 agreed to participate. Eating disorder patients and controls answered a questionnaire and underwent dental clinical examinations. Multivariate analysis identified significantly higher ORs for ED patients to present dental problems (OR = 4.1), burning tongue (OR = 14.2), dry/cracked lips (OR = 9.6), dental erosion (OR = 8.5), and less gingival bleeding (OR = 1.1) compared with healthy controls. Sensitivity and specificity for the correct classification of ED patients and controls using the five variables was 83% and 79%, respectively. The ED patients with vomiting/binge eating behaviors reported worse perceived oral health (OR = 6.0) and had more dental erosion (OR = 5.5) than those without such behavior. In ED patients with longer duration of the disease, dental erosion was significantly more common. In conclusion, oral health problems frequently affect ED patients, and this needs to be considered in patient assessment and treatment decisions.
Importance of questionnaire context for a physical activity question
Authors: Jørgensen M. E. , Sørensen M. R. , Ekholm O. , Rasmussen N. K.
Published: January 2012

Adequate information about physical activity habits is essential for surveillance, implementing, and evaluating public health initiatives in this area. Previous studies have shown that question order and differences in wording result in systematic differences in people's responses to questionnaires; however, this has never been shown for physical activity questions. The aim was to study the influence of different formulations and question order on self‐report physical activity in a population‐based health interview survey. Four samples of each 1000 adults were drawn at random from theNationalPersonRegister. A new question about physical activity was included with minor differences in formulations in samples 1–3. Furthermore, the question in sample 2 was included in sample 4 but was placed in the end of the questionnaire. The mean time spent on moderate physical activity varied between the four samples from 57 to 100 min/day. Question order was associated with the reported number of minutes spent on moderate‐intensity physical activity and with prevalence of meeting the recommendation, whereas physical inactivity was associated with the differences in formulation of the question. Questionnaire context influences the way people respond to questions about physical activity significantly and should be tested systematically in validation studies of physical activity questionnaires.
Hypoxia triggers a HIF‐mediated differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into osteoclasts
Authors: Dandajena T. C. , Ihnat M. A. , Disch B. , Thorpe J. , Currier G. F.
Published: January 2012

Dandajena T. C., Ihnat M. A., Disch B., Thorpe J., Currier G. F. Hypoxia triggers a HIF‐mediated differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into osteoclasts.  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:1–9 © John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Background –  The source and mechanisms leading to osteoclast (OC) generation during tooth movement are not clearly understood. We hypothesized that during tooth movement, OC differentiate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) downstream of the global hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α.

Objective –  The objective of this study was to demonstrate up‐regulation of OC growth factors from osteoblasts (OB) and subsequent conversion of PBMNC into functional OC under hypoxic stress.

Material and Methods –  Human primary PBMNC were cocultured with/without OB and subjected to either hypoxia (2.5% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) over 14 days. Levels of HIF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa‐β ligand (RANKL) were measured. Conversion of PBMNC into OC was measured using resorption and TRAP assays.

Results –  Functional OC were only observed in response to hypoxia during coculture of PBMNC and OB and only after up‐regulation of HIF, VEGF and RANKL in the hypoxic conditions. YC‐1, a HIF inhibitor, reduced OC formation in response to hypoxia.

Conclusion –  Hypoxia triggers the differentiation of PBMNC into functional OC in the presence of OB in a HIF‐dependent manner as would occur during orthodontic loading of the periodontal ligament space.
Response of midgut epithelial cells to Cry1Aa is toxin‐dependent and depends on the interplay between toxic action and the host apoptotic response
Authors: Tanaka Shiho , Yoshizawa Yasutaka , Sato Ryoichi
Published: January 2012

Cry1Aa is an insecticidal protein produced by Bacilllus thuringiensis. To elucidate the mechanisms of cell/individual death and healing in the midgut epithelium, Bombyx mori larva were given different concentrations of Cry1Aa, and sections from the midgut were examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. In the lethal condition, most midgut columnar cells were observed to swell and burst without being stained by TUNEL 4 h after intoxication, and the epithelial layer collapsed by 24 h. In the sublethal to nonlethal conditions, midgut columnar cells did not swell, but their nuclei were intensely stained by TUNEL at 4–24 h after intoxication. These apoptotic cells dropped out of the epithelial layer, and the epithelial layer was finally renewed by newly mature columnar cells within 72 h after intoxication. These results suggest that the reaction, which occurs in the midgut of intoxicated insects, is determined by the interplay between passive toxic action and the active host healing response, in a toxin concentration‐dependent manner. To investigate the signal pathways regulating apoptosis and the proliferation of the intoxicated epithelial layer, the expression of several genes was further examined by quantitative real‐time PCR. Bm‐Apaf1 was the most upregulated gene postintoxication.
Lycorine Derivatives Against Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Giordani Raquel B. , Junior Celso O. R. , de Andrade Jean P. , Bastida Jaume , Zuanazzi Jose A. S. , Tasca Tiana , de Almeida Mauro V.
Published: January 2012

Six lycorine derivatives were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti‐Trichomonas vaginalis activity. Compounds bearing an acetyl (2), lauroyl (3), benzoyl (4 and 5), and p‐nitrobenzoyl (6 and 7) groups were synthesized. The best activity was achieved with lycorine esterified at C‐2 position with lauroyl group. Preliminary structure–activity relationship points that unprotected OH group at C‐1 and C‐2 is not necessary to the antiparasitic activity, and none of the derivative was less active than lycorine. The lycorine structural requisites required to kill this amitochondriate cell seem to be different in comparison with the derivatives most active against other parasites and tumor cell lines, both mitochondriated cells. This result is an important contribution with our ongoing studies regarding the mechanism of action of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids on T. vaginalis cell death opening a new perspective to optimize this innovative pharmacological potential.
The Nucleotide, Inhibitor, and Cation Binding Sites of P‐type II ATPases
Authors: Chourasia Mukesh , Sastry G. Narahari
Published: January 2012

P‐type ATPases constitute a ubiquitous superfamily of cation transport enzymes, responsible for carrying out actions of paramount importance in biology such as ion transport and expulsion of toxic ions from cells. The harmonized toggling of gates in the extra‐ and intracellular domains explain the phenomenon of specific cation binding in selective physiological states. A quantitative understanding of the fundamental aspects of ion transport mechanism and regulation of P‐type ATPases requires detailed knowledge of thermodynamical, structural, and functional properties. Computational studies have made significant contributions to our understanding of biological ion pumps. Various 3D structures of Ca2+‐ATPase between E1 and E2 transition states have given a impetus to the theorists to work on the Na+K+‐ and H+K+‐ATPase to address important questions about their function. The current review delineates the importance of cation, nucleotide, and inhibitor binding domains, with a focus on the therapeutic potential and biological relevance of the three P‐type II ATPases. This will give an insight into the ion selectivity and their conduction across the transmembrane helices of P‐type II ATPases, which may pave the way to a range of fundamental questions about the mechanism and aid in the efforts of structure‐ and analog‐based drug design.
The Association between Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Stroke in a Population-Based Sample
Authors: Fuller-Thomson Esme , Tulipano Maressa J. , Song Michael
Published: January 2012

Background

Stroke survivors often experience poststroke depression and suicidal ideation.

Purpose

to determine the frequency and odds ratio of depression and suicidal ideation among stroke survivors, in comparison to those without stroke, and to identify demographic factors associated with elevated odds of depression and suicidal ideation among stroke survivors. Methods Secondary analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey, a population-based sample. Logistic regressions of depression and suicidal ideation were conducted. Results Among those with stroke, 7.4% were depressed, in comparison to 5.2% of those without stroke ( P = 0.01). The cumulative lifetime frequency of suicidal ideation was 15.2% among stroke survivors in comparison to 9.4% of those without stroke ( P #< 0.001). After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, stroke survivors had twice the odds of depression and suicidal ideation in comparison to those without stroke (odds ratio = 2.21; 95% confidence interval = 1.61, 3.04 and odds ratio = 2.07; 95% confidence interval = 1.68, 2.55, respectively). When functional limitations and activities of daily living limitations were added to the analyses, there was a substantial decrease in the associations between stroke and depression (odds ratio = 1.29; confidence interval = 0.93, 1.80) and between stroke and suicidal ideation (odds ratio = 1.37; 95% confidence interval = 1.10, 1.69). Caucasians and younger individuals had higher odds of poststroke depression and suicidal ideation. Stroke survivors with functional limitations had much higher odds of suicidal ideation than those without such limitations. Conclusions Regular screening for depression and suicidal ideation is important for stroke survivors, particularly those with substantial physical limitations.
Effect of Flax Addition on the Flavor Profile and Acceptability of Bagels
Authors: Aliani Michel , Ryland Donna , Pierce Grant N.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Bakery products containing flaxseed, a rich source of alpha linolenic acid (ALA), may provide health benefits. However, the effect of adding flaxseed, especially in the high amounts required for use as the food supplement in clinical trials (23% by weight of the raw ingredients), may affect the flavor characteristics and consumer acceptability. Sensory attributes of bagels containing 30 g of milled flaxseed were evaluated by a 9 member trained panel using a descriptive test and by 89 participants using a consumer test. Grain/flax aroma and flavor were significantly higher for the flax bagels compared to the nonflax bagels. The cinnamon raisin bagel had significantly lower grain/flax aroma and flavor and significantly higher sweet aroma and taste compared to the plain and sunflower sesame types. Older consumers rated the appearance, color, and flavor of the bagels significantly higher than the younger consumers possibly leading to higher compliance in clinical studies for this age group. Bagels with flax showed a significantly lower mean value for flavor acceptability, overall acceptability, and frequency of eating compared to bagels without flax. Appearance, color, and texture acceptability showed no significant differences. The cinnamon raisin bagel had significantly higher flavor acceptance compared to sunflower sesame and plain bagels. In conclusion, for bagels containing 6 g ALA in the form of milled flaxseed, cinnamon raisin appears to be a promising flavoring alternative for ALA fortification for use in clinical trials or as part of the daily diet.

Practical Application:  Consumers are seeking functional foods that contain omega‐3 fatty acids. Bagels made with 23% milled flaxseed (approximately 2 times the amount in regular flax baked products) provided 6 g ALA, an amount high enough to test the efficacy of ALA in human subjects without causing gastrointestinal distress. This study showed that flaxseed aroma and flavor were detected in fortified compared to nonfortified bagels but bagels with this high flaxseed amount were still acceptable with the addition of cinnamon raisin flavoring. Commercial bakeries can use these results to formulate healthy, tasty, and convenient products.
Functional expression of voltage‐gated calcium channels in human melanoma
Authors: Das A. , Pushparaj C. , Bahí N. , Sorolla A. , Herreros J. , Pamplona R. , Vilella R. , Matias‐Guiu X. , Martí R. M. , Cantí C.
Published: January 2012

The expression of voltage‐gated calcium channels (VGCCs) has not been reported previously in melanoma cells in spite of increasing evidence of a role of VGCCs in tumorigenesis and tumour progression. To address this issue we have performed an extensive RT‐PCR analysis of VGCC expression in human melanocytes and a range of melanoma cell lines and biopsies. In addition, we have tested the functional expression of these channels using Ca2+ imaging techniques and examined their relevance for the viability and proliferation of the melanoma cells. Our results show that control melanocytes and melanoma cells express channel isoforms belonging to the Cav1 and Cav2 gene families. Importantly, the expression of low voltage‐activated Cav3 (T‐type) channels is restricted to melanoma. We have confirmed the function of T‐type channels as mediators of constitutive Ca2+ influx in melanoma cells. Finally, pharmacological and gene silencing approaches demonstrate a role for T‐type channels in melanoma viability and proliferation. These results encourage the analysis of T‐type VGCCs as targets for therapeutic intervention in melanoma tumorigenesis and/or tumour progression.
Key Issues in Foreign Language Writing
Authors: Reichelt Melinda , Lefkowitz Natalie , Rinnert Carol , Schultz Jean Marie
Published: January 2012

In this article, four second language writing specialists address the following significant questions related to foreign language (FL) writing instruction: (1) How is FL writing different from English as a second language writing? (2) How does the sociolin‐guistic role of a given FL influence how writing is employed in the overall curriculum for that FL? (3) What role should writing play in the FL classroom? (4) What are possible purposes for students writing in FLs, especially in contexts where students’ real‐life needs for FL writing are not immediately obvious? Drawing on their varying backgrounds, the authors provide insights into these issues and pose directions for future research.
Autobiographical memory and depression
Authors: Kuyken Willem , Dalgleish Tim
Published: January 2012

Findings addressing the issue of whether depressed individuals more readily recall negative than positive aspects of their past have been conflicting (Moore, Watts & Williams, 1988; Williams & Scott, 1988). A more consistent finding has been a tendency for depressed individuals to retrieve 'overgeneral' autobiographical memories (Brittlebank, Scott, Williams & Ferrier, 1993; Williams & Scott, 1988). In the current study depressed patients and non‐depressed controls were asked to generate specific memories in response to a series of positive and negative cue words. No latency bias in recalling memories to negative cues over memories to positive cues was found. However, the more consistent finding that depressed patients have difficulty generating specific memories was supported.
Social sensitivity: A shared feature of all phobias
Authors: Stravynski A. , Basoglu M. , Marks M. , Sengun S. , Marks I. M.
Published: January 2012

The prominence of a variety of social fears among types of phobia was examined. Responses of 80 agoraphobics, 25 social phobics and 35 specific phobics to Wolpe's (1983) Fear Survey Schedule were factor‐analysed. Factors of social sensitivity (accounting for 24 out of 50 per cent of the variance), agoraphobia (7 per cent), blood injuries (5 per cent) and five other small specific phobic factors were extracted. On social sensitivity, agora‐ and social phobics overlapped; specific phobics were significantly lower than social phobics. On agoraphobia scores, agoraphobics scored significantly higher than social and specific phobics. A regression analysis was performed to assess the relative contribution of the diagnostic groups to each factor. Social sensitivity may be a normal evolved mechanism that is protective in social interactions.
Applying the health belief model to the prediction of attendance at health checks in general practice
Authors: Norman Paul
Published: January 2012

This paper reports a prospective study which sought to assess the role of the health belief model (HBM) in predicting attendance at health checks in general practice. Conducted in a single practice, 299 patients were invited to attend a health check. These patients were sent invitation letters containing either an appointment or an open invitation. The results first showed that the sending of appointment letters led to a higher attendance rate (59.2 vs. 26.5 per cent). Second, when the predictors of attendance behaviour were considered it was found that, compared with non‐attenders, those who attended in response to an appointment letter were more likely to have intended to attend while those who attended in response to an open letter were more likely to have placed a high value on their health. These results are consistent with Marteau et all's (1992) claim that attendance at screening should be viewed as a heterogeneous behaviour, such that the health beliefs which distinguish attenders from non‐attenders should be seen to vary according to the way in which patients are invited.
Recent Improvements in Load Capacity of Large-Steam-Turbine Thrust Bearings
Authors: Bahr H. C.
Published: January 2012

The load capacity of tapered-land and pivoted-shoe thrust bearings has been increased significantly by the use of materials with high thermal conductivity and by modified shoe designs. Results of full-scale maximum-capacity tests at 3600 rpm and at 1800 rpm are presented. Improvements in bearing performance have been made possible by an apparent reduction in thermal distortion and bearing temperature.
Charts for Determining Size of Surge Suppressors for Pump-Discharge Lines
Authors: Lundgren Carl W.
Published: January 2012

Surge suppressors are often used for the control of water-hammer pressures which occur in pump-discharge lines subsequent to power interruptions. This paper includes charts for determining the size of the required suppressors when water-column separations do not occur.
The Critical and Two-Phase Flow of Steam
Authors: Steltz William G.
Published: January 2012

The results of a digital computer and analytic study of the critical flow of a compressible fluid are presented in this paper. The expanding flow of a fluid in a single-phase region as well as the expansion of a fluid to a two-phase region is considered and described by analytic expressions relating choking velocity, critical pressure ratio, and flow per unit area characteristics. A comparison is made of the analytic results which assume a constant value of the isentropic expansion exponent, with the digital computer results using the actual properties of steam. All analyses assume the fluid to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. A skeleton Mollier diagram is presented for steam showing the exponent in the wet and superheated regions. The choking velocity is presented in plot form as a function of the inlet conditions as well as state point conditions; critical pressure ratio is presented as a function of inlet conditions. The critical flow per unit area is presented in the form of a factor K plotted versus inlet conditions; this factor K when multiplied by inlet pressure produces the desired value of critical flow.
The J83 Seven-Stage Transonic Compressor
Authors: King J. A.
Published: January 2012

The J83 turbojet engine was a high-performance, lightweight engine with a maximum thrust of 2450 lb, a diameter of 18 in., and a weight of approximately 300 lb. The compressor for this engine was a seven-stage, transonic, axial-flow compressor with an inlet tip diameter of 15.2 in. and a hub-lip ratio of 0.433. Details of the aero-thermodynamic design of this compressor and the problems encountered during its development are given in this paper.
Vacuum Deaerator Design
Authors: Kingsbury A. W. , Phillips E. L.
Published: January 2012

A study was made of vacuum desorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide from water using 1-in. Raschig rings in a 2-ft-diameter tower having a maximum packing height of 22 ft. The effect of various operating variables on the HTU was investigated and the data correlated to give a practical basis for designing vacuum deaerators.
Evaluation of Steam Washers in Power-Plant Boilers
Authors: Klein H. A.
Published: January 2012

A research program was undertaken to study the feasibility of employing steam washers to control silica deposition in high-pressure turbines. Under certain laboratory conditions, steam washing was found to be effective; however, its useful application appears to be limited to a very small number of power stations. Space limitations in modern boiler drums make it difficult to install the bulky equipment without interfering with flow and distribution through the drum. A washer installation can actually be the cause of mechanical carry-over. The use of high-quality make-up water and the prevention of raw-water contamination provide a more economical and trouble-free solution to the silica problem. A steam washer has little practical value in plants where good external control of silica is practiced.
Experiments With MHD Power Generation
Authors: Way S. , DeCorso S. M. , Hundstad R. L. , Kemeny G. A. , Stewart W. , Young W. E.
Published: January 2012

This paper is a report on the development of an experimental MHD electrical generator which derives its energy from the combustion of a liquid fuel and oxygen. The fuel burned is a number 2 distillate oil in which a soluble potassium octoate is mixed to increase the degree of thermal ionization in the product gas. The actual generating volume is approximately 125 cubic inches and the rating of 10 KW has been exceeded. The paper describes some of the broad construction features of the generator and problems arising during its operation. Other sections deal with the fuel and combustion systems, fuel characteristics, and the electrical and magnetic aspects. The theory of MHD power generation in a uniform duct is presented. Results of the experiments are presented and actual performance compared with theory. The paper is illustrated with photographs and sketches of the various components and curves of power and voltage.
Optimizing a Regenerative Steam-Turbine Cycle
Authors: Chiantore G. , Borgese D. , Baldo F. , Potter J. H.
Published: January 2012

Conventional design procedures require complete and accurate heat balances on each of a number of alternative regenerative cycles in order to determine the optimum cycle for a given set of conditions. This paper presents an analytical method, developed at the Edisonvolta, S.p.A., of Milan, Italy, by which the number of heat balances required to optimize the cycle is reduced a minimum.
Turbocompressor Drive Couplings
Authors: Anderson J. H.
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the requirements for high-speed centrifugal compressor drive couplings and some of the problems created by conventional couplings. It describes two new coupling designs and their advantages in meeting compressor drive requirements.
The MU-CYL-JET: The Multicylinder Turbojet Engine
Authors: Pinnes R. W.
Published: January 2012

Recent developments in the small turbojet-engine field have again demonstrated the good specific-weight potential of the small engine. Naturally, this has generated interest in the use of these engines for applications of current interest. However, unfortunately, most current thrust requirements are so great that a relatively large number of the small engines would be needed. These large numbers are undesirable from an installation and control stand point. In an effort to obtain the good specific weight of the small engine, without the complexities of large numbers, the concept of a “multicylinder turbojet engine” (MU-CYL-JET) has been developed. This paper (a) outlines the reasoning from which the concept evolved, (b) describes the proposed engine configuration, and (c) estimates the gain in engine specific weight which might possibly be obtained. In addition, the operating characteristics of a multicylinder engine are compared briefly with a single-barrel engine of the same thrust rating. The results of an independent feasibility study of the MU-CYL-JET concept, conducted by an engine contractor, are presented briefly. This study concluded that the concept is completely feasible.
Some Generalizations in One-Dimensional Constant Density Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Steltz William G. , Benedict Robert P.
Published: January 2012

We present a Generalized Constant Density Flow Function, Γ, which is shown to have direct application in the treatment of many simplified, workless, one-dimensional flow processes. Those particular flow processes treated in this paper are: the familiar adiabatic flows, with or without friction, with area variations always allowed; and diabatic flows with or without friction, with area variations always allowed. Moreover, the Γ function is shown to have significance in a generalized flow process having an arbitrary combination of heat transfer, friction, and area and elevation variation. Development of the Γ function is given in some detail. Schematic isentropic, Fanno, Rayleigh, and isothermal flow maps are presented in terms of the conventional enthalpy—entropy diagram, and again in terms of the pressure ratio—Γ diagram. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the solution of typical problems through use of the Generalized Constant Density Flow Function.
A Generalized Approach to One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics
Authors: Benedict Robert P. , Steltz William G.
Published: January 2012

We present a Generalized Compressible Flow Function (Γ) which is shown to have direct application in the treatment of many simplified one-dimensional flow processes. Those particular processes treated in this paper are: (a) the familiar adiabatic flows, with or without friction, with area variations always allowed; (b) the little-discussed diabatic flows, with or without friction, with area variations allowed under certain conditions; and (c) the discontinuous normal shock process. Moreover, the Γ function is shown to have significance in a generalized flow process having an arbitrary combination of heat transfer, friction, and area variation. Development of the Γ function is given in some detail. A large scale plot of pressure ratio (p/pt) versus Γ is given along with Generalized Compressible Flow Tables for the convenience of the user. Schematic isentropic, Fanno, Rayleigh, and isothermal flow maps are presented in terms of the conventional enthalpy-entropy diagram, and again in terms of the pressure ratio —Γ diagram. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the solution of typical problems through the use of the Generalized Compressible Flow Tables.
Use of Experimental Interstage Performance Data to Obtain Optimum Performance of Multistage Axial Compressors
Authors: Brown Laurence E. , Groh Fred G.
Published: January 2012

Experimental interstage performance data provide the most useful basis currently available for correction of faults in performance of multistage compressors. However, to describe stage performance adequately requires much more information than the amount needed to describe over-all compressor performance, and to interpret the data requires that all of this information be correlated. Because the wealth of the data may conceal its meaning, some simple method is needed to focus attention on the matching of one stage to another and to the over-all compressor as well. A technique is presented whereby performance of individual stages can be depicted graphically upon the performance map of an over-all multistage compressor. Through this presentation the individual and over-all effects can be examined together. Insight is afforded into performance relationships of one stage to another; and faults can be diagnosed if any exist in the matching, radial or axial, of individual stages. Changes of blade geometry can then be prescribed upon a clear and explicit basis. To illustrate use of the technique, data are presented describing gains that have been achieved experimentally.
Solar Energy Progress Report—1961
Authors: Yellott John I.
Published: January 2012

1961 has been a year of outstanding success in celestial applications of solar energy since, at the year’s end, no less than a dozen satellites are in orbit, carrying solar-powered radio and television transmitters. The first satellite to carry silicon cells into orbit, Vanguard I, is still transmitting after nearly four years of service, despite serious deterioration of its silicon cells due to the intense radiation of the Van Allen belt. Three major scientific conferences on solar energy were held during the year, with the addition of nearly two hundred papers to the growing body of literature on the subject. The largest of these gatherings, the United Nations Conference on New Sources of Energy, brought more than 500 participants from 80 nations together in Rome. A major improvement in small vapor-cycle power plants, developed at the National Physical Laboratory of Israel, was described and demonstrated in actual operation. Significant progress in direct solar-electrical converters of three types was reported, but costs are still far too high for terrestrial use. Solar water heaters continue to be the only commercially available devices which use the sun’s heat; 350,000 are now in use in Japan, while more than 20,000 units have been manufactured in Israel. The most pressing need for solar-activated equipment is found to exist in the field of refrigeration for the preservation of food and medicine in tropical regions where electricity from conventional sources lies far in the future. Intensified research is needed in all aspects of solar energy utilization to bring costs down to the point where the people of the world can afford to use the “free energy” from the sun.
Corrosion Problems in Stack and Ducts
Authors: Thompson D. O.
Published: January 2012

Corrosion from flue gases has always been a problem, but the severity is being accelerated by the burning of ever-increasing amounts of fuel with the attendant increase in size of ducts and stacks. It is the purpose of this paper to describe what one Utility is doing to minimize these difficulties.
A Practical Method of Determining Response Time of Thermometers in Liquid Baths
Authors: Murdock J. W. , Foltz C. J. , Gregory C.
Published: January 2012

Liquid baths are a convenient and practical tool for determining the response time of thermometers; but, unless the heat-transfer coefficient of the liquid is known, the results obtained by dip testing cannot be reduced to a common denominator or compared with the results obtained from different liquids or by other methods. Since it is impractical to compute the heat-transfer coefficient for the three-dimensional flow pattern around a thermomenter when it is suddenly immersed in an agitated liquid, a different approach is required. This paper describes an experimental method for determining the heat-transfer coefficient in any liquid. A relationship between the heat-transfer coefficients and the physical properties of liquids agitated by stirring is developed from dimensionless parameters. Coefficients determined experimentally are correlated by these relationships for molten salt, water, and oil. Correlation in a salt bath at various rates of agitation is within ±10 per cent as compared to the ±20 per cent usually obtained with the same parameters for flow of fluids around a cylinder, and is even better in a water and an oil bath at a fixed rate of agitation.
The SP-5 and SP-6 Projects
Authors: Soldan Henry M.
Published: January 2012

This paper is primarily intended to serve as an introduction to the research reports on the SP-5 and SP-6 Projects of the Steam Power Panel of the ASTM-ASME Joint Committee on the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals which are to follow. It will discuss the basic problems which made these research projects necessary.
Design and Development of KSV Engine
Authors: Helmich M. J. , Ulrey L. S.
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the prominent design features of new KSV model, 13 1/2 in. bore by 16 1/2 in. stroke, gas, gas-diesel, and diesel engine recently developed for heavy duty service in the oil and gas industry. Mechanical and thermodynamic difficulties that occurred during development test and their solutions are outlined in detail. Performance data obtained during test evaluation are presented and methods to increase specific output are described.
Compressor Cylinder Pressure Measurements
Authors: Harry E. C.
Published: January 2012

Due to the relatively high speed of present day reciprocating compressors, sensitive, high-speed, electronic instrumentation is required to obtain accurate indicator cards. Due to the high accuracies required, such instrumentation is usually specialized in that it serves only the purpose of engine indicating. This paper describes the use of general purpose, multichannel, dynamic measuring equipment to obtain a pressure-time indicator with superimposed suction and discharge pressures. In addition, a simple mechanical linkage pressure-time to pressure-volume converter is described which has been useful in eliminating a tedious data replotting process. The accuracy of the program appears to be within three percent.
Vehicular Gas Turbine Periodic-Flow Heat Exchanger Solid and Fluid Temperature Distributions
Authors: Mondt J. R.
Published: January 2012

Design, fabrication, and operation experience with periodic-flow heat exchangers used in General Motors regenerative vehicular gas turbines has indicated that analysis techniques available in published reports are too restrictive for accurate performance and thermal distortion calculations. The design usefulness of previously published analyses is somewhat limited because fluid and metal temperature distributions are not part of the calculated results. These distributions are required for primary seal matching and core and structural thermal stress calculations. A nodal analysis has been accomplished at the General Motors Research Laboratories and a type of finite difference solution obtained for the periodic-flow heat exchanger. This solution can be used to study the effects of longitudinal thermal conduction, variable heat-transfer coefficients, finite rotation, and provides temperature distributions as functions of time and space for transient as well as “steady-state.” This has been checked both with available solutions for more simplified cases and some experimental measured results for periodic flow heat exchangers designed and built as part of the General Motors vehicular regenerative gas turbine program. A brief outline of the calculation procedures, program capabilities, and some calculated results is presented. This includes temperature distributions for periodic-flow heat-exchanger parameters encountered in the vehicular regenerator application.
The 900,000-Kw Turbine-Generator for Bull Run Station of TVA
Authors: Schabtach Carl
Published: January 2012

The general arrangement and principal design features of a 900,000-kw turbine-generator are described and illustrated. Initial steam conditions are 3500-psi 1000 F with reheat to 1000 F. The unit is cross compound with single-flow, high-pressure and double-flow, low-pressure sections with 43-in. last-stage buckets at 1800 rpm and side exhaust to the condensers. The generators, each with a maximum capacity of 527,778 kva, employ water cooling of the armature bars; the 3600-rpm field employs the gap pickup system of conductor cooling and the 1800-rpm field is conventionally cooled with hydrogen.
Reynolds Number Effects in Cascades and Axial Flow Compressors
Authors: Horlock J. H. , Shaw R. , Pollard D. , Lewkowicz A.
Published: January 2012

A series of tests on guide vane and compressor cascades is reported. The Reynolds number was varied in the guide vane cascade tests, and the Reynolds number and the cascade aspect ratio were varied in the compressor cascade tests. The substantial laminar separation observed in the compressor cascades at high aspect ratio (and low Reynolds number) was suppressed in the cascade tests at low aspect ratio, 2:1. Effects of Reynolds number variation on the performance of a single stage axial flow compressor are also given, and compared with predictions of performance using the cascade tests. Calculations of laminar separation points agree quite well with the experimental observations. It appears that transition due to laminar boundary layer instability is unlikely to occur on compressor blades, in the normal operating range of Reynolds number.
Hydrogen Embrittlement—A Case History
Authors: Nielsen M. F.
Published: January 2012

This report covers hydrogen attack experienced in moderate-pressure utility boilers. The two steam generators involved are two-drum boilers operating at 900 psi with total steam temperature of 900 F. The actual failures were in several forms — slight bulging, slight bulging with longitudinal through crack, and complete blow-out of a section of tube.
Case Histories of Hydrogen Damage in Boilers
Authors: Bacon H. E. , Knoedler E. L.
Published: January 2012

The accompanying table supplies factual information outlined by the Research Committee in its request for case histories. In addition to releasing these data for publication, the companies operating these boilers have kindly furnished information on the recent history of these boilers.
Hydrogen Embrittlement at Linden Generating Station
Authors: Ames W. C. , Smith R. I.
Published: January 2012

During the period from October, 1957, to November, 1961, seventeen waterwall tube failures of the hydrogen-embrittlement type occurred in the three oil-fired, high makeup boilers of No. 1 Unit at Linden Generating Station, which supply steam to an adjacent refinery via an extraction turbine. Further failures have apparently been prevented by (1) reducing heat input to the affected areas by the installation of studded tubes; and (2) improving boiler-water quality by closer control.
Crack-Toughness Testing of Strain-Rate Sensitive Materials
Authors: Irwin G. R.
Published: January 2012

Studies of the fracture behaviors of strain-rule sensitive materials suggest sharply notched impact-type toughness evaluations are fast enough for adiabatic conditions at the crack border and are largely controlled by a minimum level of the crack toughness. With the possible exception of very high strength steels, when a fatigue-cracked steel specimen is loaded in a time longer than 10−3 seconds, the crack border is stationary prior to instability and the KIc value is well above the minimum level. Using KIc data and estimates of the isothermal-adiabatic boundary, fracture behaviors of strain-rate sensitive metals can be outlined over a wide range of crack speeds and stress rates.
Solar Energy Progress Report—1963
Authors: Yellott John I.
Published: January 2012

The most spectacular successes in solar-energy utilization in 1963 have been scored by the communications satellites, all of which are powered by megacell arrays of silicon solar batteries. So many satellites are now in orbit that it has literally become impossible to keep track of them. For the second generation of spacecraft, which will venture closer to the sun and also will need more power than today’s silicon cell arrays can conveniently produce, thermionic and thermoelectric converters and high-accuracy concentrators are now in the preflight test stage. On the earth’s surface, solar water heaters and low-capacity stills are gaining commercial acceptance in regions where fossil fuels and electricity are expensive. Production of drinking water from the sea and from brackish wells is receiving substantial research support, and encouraging progress is reported for both small and large solar stills. The much-needed solar pump and refrigerator are still awaiting the breakthrough which will result in low-cost collectors capable of generating steam or other vapors at moderate pressure. These projects urgently need financial support.
The Philosophy of Power Test Codes and Their Development
Authors: Kerr S. Logan
Published: January 2012

In any major activity of a national engineering society such as The American Society of Mechanical Engineers it is desirable from time to time to look back and review its purpose and philosophy. Quite recently this was done in relation to the ASME Boiler Code.1 The history, aims, and objectives were explored thoroughly as was its usefulness within the Society to the engineering profession at large and in the public interest. This paper is devoted to a study of ASME Power Test Code activities and the philosophy guiding them, as well as some aspects of test codes in general.
Performance and Evaluation of Concentrating Solar Collectors for Power Generation
Authors: Liu B. Y. H. , Jordan R. C.
Published: January 2012

The geometrical accuracy of a real solar concentrator is defined quantitatively in terms of two equivalent parameters: the standard target error and the angular error; and the relationships between these parameters and the flux distribution on the focal plane are developed. A general method for determining the optimum size and efficiency of an absorber for any given concentrator is described. Specific numerical results are obtained; however, only for the case where the function describing the flux distribution on the focal plane is given by Gauss’ normal law of error. Criteria for determining the applicability of the results are proposed. Finally, experimental techniques (both optical and thermal) of evaluating concentrators are briefly described.
Sixth International Conference on the Properties of Steam—A Report
Authors: Kestin J.
Published: January 2012

The Conference met at the United Engineering Center, New York City, October 7–10, 1963, with eleven countries participating. These were: Canada, Czechoslovakia, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, and the United States of America. This report summarizes what went on at the Sixth Conference, presents a brief historical review of the general development of the Steam Tables Conference, and assesses its purposes in the light of changing circumstances.