bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of the Ruthenium(III) Catalysed Oxidative Decarboxylation of L‐Proline by Alkaline Heptavalent Manganese (Stopped flow technique)
Authors: Shettar R. S. , Hiremath M. I. , Nandibewoor S. T.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalysed oxidation of L‐Proline by permanganate in alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength has been studied spectrophotometrically using a rapid kinetic accessory. The reaction between permanganate and L‐Proline in alkaline medium exhibits 2:1 stoichiometry (KMnO4: L‐Proline). The reaction shows first order dependence on [permanganate] and [ruthenium(III)] and apparent less than unit order dependence each in L‐Proline and alkali concentrations. Reaction rate increases with increase in ionic strength and decrease in solvent polarity of the medium. Initial addition of reaction products did not affect the rate significantly. A mechanism involving the formation of a complex between catalyst and substrate has been proposed. The activation parameters were computed with respect to the slow step of the mechanism and discussed
New Sensitive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Raloxifene Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals Using Bromate‐Bromide,Methyl Orange and Indigo Carmine
Authors: Basavaiah K , Kumar U. R. Anil
Published: March 2012

Two new sensitive spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) using bromate‐bromide mixture and two dyes, methyl orange and indigocarmine, as reagents. The methods entail the addition of a known excess of bromate‐bromide mixture to RLX in hydrochloric acid medium followed by determination of residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of either methyl orange and measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (Method A) or indigo carmine and measuring the absorbance at 610 nm (Method B). In both methods, the amount of bromine reacted corresponds to the amount of RLX. The absorbance is found to increase linearly with concentration of RLX. Under the optimum conditions, RLX could be assayed in the concentration range 0.1‐2.0 and 0.5‐6.0 μg mL-1 by method A and method B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities are calculated to be 1.9×105 and 4.5×104 L mol-1cm-1 for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.003 and 0.011 μg cm-2. The limits of detection and quantification are also reported for both methods. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy of the developed methods were evaluated as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods were successfully applied to the assay of RLX in its tablet formulation and the results were compared with those of a reference method by calculating the Student’s t‐value and F‐value. No interference was observed from common tablet adjuvants. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by recovery experiments via standard‐addition procedure.
Uptake of Pb(II) ion From Aqueous Solution Using Silk Cotton Hull Carbon: An Agricultural Waste Biomass
Authors: Shanmugavalli R. , Shabudeen P. S. Syed , Venckatesh R. , Kadirvelu K. , Madhavakrishnan S. , Pattabhi S.
Published: March 2012

Activated carbon prepared from silk cotton hull (SCH) was used for the adsorptive removal of Pb(II) ion from aqueous solution. The raw material used for the preparation of activated carbon is the waste of agricultural product; the production of this carbon is expected to be economically feasible. Parameters such as agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and Particle size were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 80 min for 10, 20, 30 and 40mg/l of Pb(II) ion with 50mg of carbon per mL of solution. Adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption efficiency reached 100% for 20, 30 and 40mg/l of Pb(II) ion with 120, 140 and 150mg of carbon. Pb(II) ion removal increased as the pH increased from 2 to 5 and remains constant up to pH 10. Desorption studies were also carried out with dilute hydrochloric acid to know the mechanism of adsorption. Quantitative desorption of Pb(II) ion from carbon indicates that adsorption of metal ion is by ion‐exchange. Efficiency of the adsorption of SCH was also studied with Pb containing industrial wastewater by varying pH and carbon concentration.
Synthesis, Characterization and Chelating Properties of Benzoxazolidin‐2‐one/ 4 ‐ aminosalicylic Acid Clubbed Molecule Part – I
Authors: Patel G. J. , Hathi M. V. , Patel S. V.
Published: March 2012

Aminomethylation of benzoxazolidin‐2–one was carried out by treating benzoxazolidin‐2–one with formaldehyde and 4 – aminosalicylic acid. The resultant compound was designated as 3–(4‐carboxy–3 ‐ hydroxyphenyl aminomethyl) benzoxazolidin‐2‐one (CHPA‐BOX) The transition metal complexes of Cu2+ Co2+ Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, UO2+ and Fe3+ of CHPA‐BOX have been prepared. Elemental analyses, spectral studies, magnetic moment determination, molar conductivity measurement and microbial activity of CHPA‐BOX and its metal complexes were carried out.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Newer Quinazolinones
Authors: Patel J. A. , Mistry B. D. , Desai K. R.
Published: March 2012

2–alkyl–6–bromo–3,1–benzoxazine–4–one (2) is synthesized by treating p–Bromoanthranilic acid and Acetylechoride or Benzoylchloride. Reaction of 2–alkyl–6–bromo–3,1–benzoxazine–4–one (2). with hydrazinehydrate furnish the corresponding 3–Amino–2–methyl–6–bromoquinazoline–4(3H)–one (3) which on reaction with benzaldehyde afford N,N – arylidene derivative (4). Reaction of 4 with various diazonium salts yields 6–bromo–2–alkyl/aryl–3{[phenyl(phenyldiazenyl)methylene]amino}quinazolin–4(3H)–one .
Oxidation of Paracetamol Drug by a New Oxidant Diperiodatoargentate (III) in Aqueous Alkaline Medium
Authors: Hiremath D. C. , Hiremath C. V. , Nandibewoor S. T.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of anti‐pyretic drug, paracetamol by diperiodatoargentate (III) (DPA) in alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.01 mol dm-3 was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction between DPA and paracetamol in alkaline medium exhibits 1:2 stoichiometry (paracetamol: DPA). The reaction is of first order in [DPA] and has less than unit order in both [PAM] and [alkali]. A decrease in the dielectric constant of the medium increases the rate of the reaction. The effect of added products and ionic strength of the reaction medium have been investigated. The oxidation reaction in alkaline medium has been shown to proceed via a DPA‐ paracetamol complex, which decomposes slowly in a rate determining step followed by other fast step to give the products. The main products were identified by spot test, IR, NMR and GC‐MS. The reaction constants involved in the different steps of the mechanism are calculated. The activation parameters with respect to slow step of the mechanism are computed and discussed and thermodynamic quantities are also determined.
Studies on Novel Bisaryl hydrazino‐s‐triazine Derivatives
Authors: Chaudhari J. A. , Hathi M. V. , Patel R. P.
Published: March 2012

Various 2‐phenyloxy‐4,6‐bisarylhydrazino‐1,3,5‐triazines(3a‐f) were prepared by reaction of 2‐ phenyloxy ‐4,6‐dichloro ‐1,3,5‐triazine and various aryl hydrazine derivatives. All the 3a‐f derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectral studies. All the compounds were screened for microbial activity against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria.
Tannase Production by Aspergillus niger
Authors: Lokeswari N. , Jaya Raju K.
Published: March 2012

A method for assay of microbial tannase (Tannin acyl hydrolase) based on the formation of chromogen between gallic acid and rhodanine is reported. Maximum Tannase production occurred in the culture broth containing 1‐2% (w/v) tannic acid and 0.05 – 0.1% (w/v) glucose. The pH, incubation period, temperature and Glucose concentration optima of Tannase production was found at 5.5, 36 h, 35°C and 0.5% respectively. These properties make the enzyme suitable for pollution control and bioprocess industry. This assay is very simple, reproducible, and very convenient, and with it Tannase activity can be measured in relation to the growth of the organism. Aspergillus niger exhibited higher enzyme activity showing about 65 mole percent conversion respectively after a 36 h incubation period. The assay is complete in a short time, very convenient and reproducible.
Chemoselective Preparation of 1,1‐Diacetates from Aldehydes, Mediated by a Keggin Heteropolyacid Under Solvent Free Conditions at Room Temperature
Authors: Romanelli G. , Dimitroff P. , Vázquez P. , Autino J. C.
Published: March 2012

A simple, general and efficient method has been developed for the conversion of aldehydes to 1,1‐diacetates using acetic anhydride, a catalytic amount of non commercial Keggin heteropolyacid (H6 PalMo11O40) (1% mol) in solvent free conditions at room temperature. Aromatic and aliphatic, simple and conjugated aldehydes were protected with excellent yields.
Kinetics of Oxidation of Glutathione by Micelle Trapped Tris(benzhydroxamato)iron(III)
Authors: Hiran B. L. , Dulawat S. S. , Rathore Renu , Rathore Neeru
Published: March 2012

Kinetics of the oxidation of glutathione (GSH) by micelle Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) trapped tris(benzhydroxamato)iron(III) (TBH) at pH 3.3 and at 298 K has been described. The reaction is first order in TBS and GSH. Increase in pH decreased the rate. Order in H+ is one The reaction between TBH and GSH on micellar surface (Stern layer) differs from that occurring in bulk aqueous phase in absence of micelle (SDS). Reactive FeL3 species on micellar surface is FeL2+.
Sensitive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Gatifloxacin in Pharmaceuticals Using Bromate‐Bromide, Methylene Blue and Rhodamine‐B as Reagents
Authors: Basavaiah K. , Kumar U. R. Anil
Published: March 2012

Two new simple, precise, rapid and extraction‐free spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the determination of gatifloxacin(GTF) using bromate‐bromide mixture and two dyes, methylene blue and rhodamine B, as reagents. Spectrophotometric methods entail the addition of a known excess of bromate‐bromide mixture to GTF in hydrochloric acid medium followed by determination of residual bromine by reacting with a fixed amount of either methylene blue and measuring the absorbance at 665 nm (Method A) or rhodamine B and measuring the absorbance at 555 nm (Method B). Beer᾽s law is obeyed in the ranges, 0.5‐5.0 and 0.2‐1.5 μg mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities are calculated to be 5.6×104 and 9.6×104 L mol-1cm-1 for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.0071 and 0.0042 μg cm-2. The methods were successfully applied to the assay of GTF in pharmaceutical formulations with satisfactory results.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Famciclovir and Racecodotril Using 2, 6‐Dichloroquinone–Chlorimide
Authors: Krishna M. Vamsi , Latha P. V. Madhavi , Sankar D. Gowri
Published: March 2012

A simple, sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of Famciclovir and Racecodotril is developed. It is based on the formation of a colored oxidative coupling product between 2,6‐dichloroquinone‐chlorimide and the drug is described. The method has been extended to pharmaceutical preparations. The absorption maxima and Beer’s law limits for Famciclovir are 500 nm, 20‐100 µg/mL and for Racecodotril are 460 nm, 12.5‐62.5 µg/mL.
Analysis of Three Penicillin Antibiotics (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Cloxacillin) of Several Iranian Pharmaceutical Companies by HPLC
Authors: Ashnagar A. , Naseri N. Gharib
Published: March 2012

Penicillin has been the most widely used antibiotic for many gram‐positive bacterial infections. In this research the purity of the standard active ingredients of the various dosage forms of three penicillins (Amoxicillin, Cloxacillin and Ampicillin) imported and the purity percentage of the active ingredients in each of the various dosage forms of these drugs manufactured by several pharmaceutical companies of Iran (Kosar, Farabi and Jaber Ibn Hayan) were investigated and determined by HPLC technique. The analyses were made by using a Knauer (Germany) Spherimage‐80, ODS, 2‐5 μm C18 column with 30 cm length, and i.d. 4.5 mm. A 20 μL solution from each individual sample and the standard solution were injected separately onto the column of an HPLC instrument which was equipped with ECW 2000 software of Knauer, Germany. The results obtained in this research have shown that the purity percentage of the active ingredients of the standard powder and the various dosage forms of all the drugs used, were 100%.
A Facile Solvent Free Microwave Induced Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some 3‐(2’‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐(Substituted Aryl)‐2‐Pyrazoline‐N1‐Caboxaldehydes
Authors: Bajia Birbal , K. Srivastava Y.
Published: March 2012

A novel one pot formylation of 3‐(2’‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐(substituted 2‐pyrazolines has been carried out using microwave irradiation with formic acid. solvent free reaction afforded title compounds in 80‐90% yield with high purity.synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity using standard drug.
Adaptation of Color Reactions for Spectrophotometric Determination of Pitavastatin Calcium in Bulk Drugs and in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Krishna Marothu Vamsi , Sankar Dannana Gowri
Published: March 2012

Three simple, sensitive and cost effective Spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of pitavastatin calcium (PST) in bulk drugs and in pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the oxidation of PST by ferric chloride in presence of o‐phenanthroline (Method A) or 2, 2’ bipyridyl (Method B) or potassium ferricyanide (Method C). The colored complex formed was measured at 510, 530 and 755 nm for method A, B and C respectively against the reagent blank prepared in the same manner. The optimum experimental parameters for the color production are selected. Beer’s law is valid with in a concentration range of 4‐20 μg mL-1 for method A, 7.5‐37.5 μg mL-1 for method B and 5 ‐25 μg mL-1 for method C. For more accurate results, ringbom optimum concentration ranges are 5‐18 μg mL-1 for method A , 8.5‐35.5 μg mL-1 for method B and 6.0‐23.0 μg mL-1 for method C. The molar absorptivities are 3.55x104, 2.10x104 and 3.10x104 L mol-1 cm-1. Where as sandell sensitivities are 0.024, 0.041 and 0.028 μg cm-22 for method A, B and C respectively. The mean percentage recoveries are 99.95 for method A, 101.35 for method B and 100.33 for method C. The developed methods were applied for the determination of PST in bulk powder and in the pharmaceutical formulations without any interference from tablet excipients.
Optimization of Gallic Acid Production from Terminalia Chebula by Aspergillus niger
Authors: Lokeswari N. , Raju K. Jaya
Published: March 2012

A method for producing gallic acid by microbiological hydrolysis of the tannins of myrobalan seed powder is described in the present work. Hydrolysis of gallotannins of the substrate to gallic acid by Aspergillus niger MTCC 282 was studied. A simple extraction procedure is used. Fungal mycelia pre‐induced with 5 g/L gallotannin was used as inoculums. Optimal conditions of production were determined using various parameters including gallotannin concentration, nutritional source and metal ions are determined. Gallotannin is hydrolyzed with acid, and gallic acid in the hydrolyses is then assayed using rhodanine. This method is very specific: no interferences from other plant phenolics, including ellagic acid and condensed tannin, have been observed. The yield of gallic acid with respect to gallotannins present in the substrate is estimated. Yields of gallic acid are about 74% with respect to gallotannin concentration, which suggests that this method is exploitable industrially for the manufacturing trimethoprim drug.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis Spectral and Antibacterial Investigations on Complexes of Mn(II) With Amide Containing Ligands
Authors: Bhojak N. , Gudasaria D. D. , Khiwani N. , Jain R.
Published: March 2012

The present research work describes the synthesis, spectral and antibacterial studies on the complexes of Mn(II) with amide group containing ligands. Synthesis of complexes has been carried out by conventional method as well as by microwave method. The complexes have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, infrared, electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility studies. The diffuse reflectance spectrums of the complexes show bands in the region 20,000 cm-1 to 26,000 cm-1 assignable to 6A1g → 4T2g and 6A1g → 4E1g transitions. These are also typical of tetrahedral environment around the manganese. The magnetic moment (5.80 BM) of the complex indicates high spin tetrahedral environment. The microwave method of synthesis of complexes have been found easier, convenient and ecofriendly.
A Study of Substituted Aliphatic Sulphides on the Corrosion Behaviour of Zinc in Ammonium Chloride Solution
Authors: Venckatesh R. , Shabudeen P. S. Syed , Gopal S.
Published: March 2012

Sulphur containing organic compounds decreases the corrosion rate by increasing the hydrogen over potential on zinc metal due to their electron donating groups. Their inhibiting effect was found to be associated with their adsorption on the active centers of the metal. The inhibition efficiencies of some aliphatic sulphides in ammonium chloride solution have been studied by weight loss studies, polarization and impedance measurements. The effect of substituent groups is correlated with their inhibition performance. These studies due to their relevance in Zn‐Manganese dry batteries assume their importance.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Zidovudine in Pharmaceuticals Based on Charge‐Transfer Complexation Involving N‐Bromosuccinimide, Metol and Sulphanilic Acid as Reagents
Authors: Basavaiah K. , R. Anil Kumar U.
Published: March 2012

A simple spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of zidovudine(ZDV) in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the oxidation of ZDV by a known excess of oxidant N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS), in buffer medium of pH 1.5, followed by the estimation of unreacted amount of oxidant with metol and sulphanilic acid. The reacted oxidant corresponds to the amount ZDV. The purple‐red reaction product absorbs maximally at 530 nm and Beer’s law is obeyed over a range 5 to 75 μg mL-1. The apparent molar absorptivity is calculated to be 5.1×103 L mol-1cm-1, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity value is 0.052 μg cm-2. The limit of detection and quantification are found to be 0.90 and 2.72, respectively. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy of the developed methods were evaluated as per the current ICH guidelines. The method was successfully applied to the assay of ZDV in tablet/capsule preparations and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying the Student’s t‐test and F‐test. No interference was observed from the common tablet/capsule excipients. The accuracy of the method was further ascertained by performing recovery studies via standard‐addition method.
Synthesis and Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Rh(III) and Ru(III) Complexes with Methylquinolino[3,2‐b]benzodiazepine
Authors: Basavaraju Bennehalli , Naik Halehatti S. Bhojya
Published: March 2012

A series of new complexes formed by the interaction of a new ligand Methylquinolino[3,2‐b]benzodiazepine (L) with various transition metal ions have been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis and electronic, IR, magnetic moment and conductivity measurements. Thermogravimetric (TG) studies of the complexes have been performed in order to establish the mode of their thermal degradation. The thermal degradation was found to proceed in two steps. The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were computed from the thermal decomposition data.
Toxic Effect of Cadmium on the Electrophoretic Protein Patterns of Gill and Muscle of Oreochromis mossambicus
Authors: Muthukumaravel K. , Kumarasamy P. , Amsath A. , Paulraj M. Gabriel
Published: March 2012

The present study was carried out to determine the sub lethal toxic effects of the heavy metal cadmium on the electrophoretic protein fractions of gill and muscle tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fishes were exposed to 10% sub lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of cadmium for a period of 10 days. The protein fractions in the muscle of experimental fishes were found to be increased (twelve fractions) with respect to controls (eight fractions). The numbers of protein fractions in the gills of test fishes were found to be lesser than the control fishes. The results of the present study prove that cadmium affects the protein fractions in the tissues of fishes.
In vitro Evaluation of Some Different Brands of Alprazolam Tablets
Authors: Ashnagar A. , Kouchak M. , Soltani M. , Salimi A.
Published: March 2012

Alprazolam belongs to a group of medicines called benzodiazepines. These medicines are thought to work by their action on brain chemicals. Alprazolam has sedative effects and is used to treat: (i) Anxiety and (ii) Panic attacks. The results obtained in this research by various HPLC analyses and other physicochemical tests have shown that alprazolam tablets manufactured by Dr. Abidi and Poursina Pharmaceutical Companies of Iran have the standard limits acceptable by the internationally well known Pharmacopoeia such as USP and can satisfy the needs of patients quite well and are quite comparable with Xanax® of USA and Apo‐Alpraz® of Canada.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Thermal Stable Polymers ‐ Polymerization of N‐[4‐N´ ‐(Benzylamino‐carbonyl)phenyl]maleimide
Authors: Hiran B. L. , Chadhary Jyoti , Paliwal S. N. , Meena Suresh , Chaudhary P. R.
Published: March 2012

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of homopolymer (H‐BCPM) of N‐[4‐N′‐(benzylamino‐carbonyl) phenyl] maleimide (N‐BACPMI) and copolymer (C‐BCPM) of N‐BACPMI with n‐butyl acrylate (BA). The new monomer was synthesized from p‐aminobenzoic acid, maleic anhydride and benzylamine. The homopolymerization of N‐BACPMI is initiated by free radical using AIBN in THF solvent at 65°C. Radical copolymerization of N‐BACPMI with BA, initiated by AIBN, was performed in THF solvent using equimolar amount. Effect of the different free radical initiator AIBN, BPO and solvents p‐Dioxane, THF, DMF and DMSO was studied. Homopolymer and Copolymer were characterized by intrinsic viscosity, solubility test, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR spectral analysis and elemental analysis. Thermal behaviour was studied by Thermo gravimetric analysis.
Optimization and Validation of Quantitative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Vamsi Krishna M. , Gowri Sankar D.
Published: March 2012

Three accurate, simple and precise spectrophotometric methods for the determination of alfuzosin hydrochloride in bulk drugs and tablets are developed. The first method is based on the reaction of alfuzosin with ninhydrin reagent in N, N′‐dimethylformamide medium (DMF) producing a colored product which absorbs maximally at 575 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range 12.5‐62.5 µg/mL of alfuzosin. The second method is based on the reaction of drug with ascorbic acid in DMF medium resulting in the formation of a colored product, which absorbs maximally at 530 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration 10‐50 µg/mL of alfuzosin. The third method is based on the reaction of alfuzosin with p‐benzoquinone (PBQ) to form a colored product with λmax at 400 nm. The products of the reaction were stable for 2 h at room temperature. The optimum experimental parameters for the reactions have been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods could be used for the determination of alfuzosin in pharmaceutical formulations. The procedures were rapid, simple and suitable for quality control application.
Simple and Rapid Methods for the Analysis of Captopril in Dosage Forms
Authors: Chandru H. , Sharada A. C.
Published: March 2012

Two indirect methods are described for the micro determination of captopril using hexacyanoferrate (III) as reagent. The reaction used for titrimetry proceeds at room temperature and will be complete in 10 minute with a stoichiometry of 1:1 with respect to the oxidant and captopril. The reaction product used for spectrophotometric determination shows the absorption maximum at 510 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range 0.25‐12.00 μg mL-1, the molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity for the system being 9.14×103 L mol-1cm-1 and 23.78 ng cm-2, respectively. The limit of detection and quantification are found to be 0.08 and 0.26 μg mL-1, respectively. Both procedures have been applied to the determination of captopril in tablets. The results have been statistically compared with those obtained by the official (BP) method.
Studies on the Optical Properties and Surface Morphology of Cobalt Phthalocyanine Thin Films
Authors: Joseph Benny , Menon C. S.
Published: March 2012

Thin films of Cobalt Phthalocyanine (CoPc) are fabricated at a base pressure of 10-5 m.bar using Hind‐Hivac thermal evaporation plant. The films are deposited on to glass substrates at various temperatures 318, 363, 408 and 458K. The optical absorption spectra of these thin films are measured. The present studies reveal that the optical band gap energies of CoPc thin films are almost same on substrate temperature variation. The structure and surface morphology of the films deposited on glass substrates of temperatures 303, 363 and 458K are studied using X‐ray diffractograms and Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM), which show that there is a change in the crystallinity and surface morphology due to change in the substrate temperatures. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) intensity of the diffraction peaks is also found reduced with increasing substrate temperatures. Scanning electron micrographs show that these crystals are needle like, which are interconnected at high substrate temperatures. The optical band gap energy is almost same on substrate temperature variation. Trap energy levels are also observed for these films.
Solubility and Dissolution Rate Determination of Different Antiretroviral Drugs in Different pH Media Using UV Visible Spectrophotometer
Authors: Prakash K. , Narayana Raju P. , Shanta Kumari K. , Lakshmi Narasu M.
Published: March 2012

Solubility and dissolution rate of three antiretroviral drugs such as lamivudine, zidovudine and stavudine was studied in four media having different pH. The samples were analyzed by using UV Visible spectrophotometer. lamivudine shows more solubility that is 276.08 mg/mL in 0.01 N HCl. Stavudine showing highest solubility that is 101.23 mg/mL in pH 4.5 acetate buffer. Zidovudine showing highest solubility that is 28.90 mg/mL in both water and 0.01 N HCl. All three drugs showing lower solubility in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Lamivudine and stavudine showing good dissolution rate in all media and showing similar release profiles and good correlation, whereas in zidovudine it was clearly observed a slower release at initial time points and then faster release profiles. The solubility and dissolution data in various media is helpful in predicting the bioavailability and also in dissolution method development.
Study on the Quality of Water in Some Streams of Cauvery River
Authors: Begum Abida , Harikrishnarai
Published: March 2012

The quality of water in four streams of Cauvery River in Mandya District, where many small scale sugar and brewery distilleries are located, was analysed. Sampling was carried out from four streams designated as station 1 (upstream of effluent discharge point), station 2 (effluent discharge point) and station 3 (downstream of effluent discharge) station 4 (fresh water stream) to assess the impact of effluent on the water quality. The river water composition is increasingly dominated by Na and Cl in the downstream region of the river, indicating the influence of airborne salts with oceanic affinities. Significant spatial variation was observed in water level, transparency, turbidity, depth, dissolved oxygen, colour, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite and total hydrocarbon among the physiochemical parameters of the study stations. A posteriori test revealed that station 2 & 3 were the cause of the significant difference. The dissolved oxygen level in stations 2 & 3 was lower than 5.0mg/L, which is recommended minimum allowable limit for aquatic life. About 7 rotifer species in large amount recorded in this study were encountered in station 1, 7 in station 2 & 3 while 12 species in station 4. The overall density of rotifers in the four stations was significantly different. A posteriori comparison revealed that station 2 & 3 are the cause of the significant difference. The Branchionus angularis rotifers, which dominated the community, were found to tolerate the effluent effect in station 2&3, and showed remarkable recovery in the downstream station 4. Low faunal diversity and negative impact on the biotic and abiotic environment was experienced in station 2 & 3 throughout the duration of sampling because of the brewery effluent discharged directly into these two Streams.
Studies on the Removal of Rhodamine B and Malachite Green from Aqueous Solutions by Activated Carbon
Authors: Vasu A. Edwin
Published: March 2012

Activated carbon prepared from tamarind fruit shells by direct carbonization was used for the removal of rhodamine B and malachite green dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption studies were performed by varying such parameters as dye concentration, pH of the dye solution, time and temperature. The equilibrium adsorption data obtained were used to calculate the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich‐Peterson isotherm parameters. Increase in pH of the solution pH resulted in increased adsorption of both the dyes. Kinetic studies indicate that the pseudo‐second order model can be used for describing the dynamics of the sorption processes. Film diffusion of the dyes was the rate determining step at low dye concentrations while diffusion of dyes through the pores the carbon particles determined the overall uptake at high concentrations. Thermodynamic parameters of the endothermic sorptions were evaluated using van’t Hoff equation. Desorption studies with acids were also performed in order to regenerate the used carbons.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Diketone Analogues of Podophyllotoxin
Authors: Hemakumar K. H. , Sathisha A. D. , Basavaraju Y. B.
Published: March 2012

The new compounds 6,6a‐dihydro‐2,3‐dimethoxy‐9‐nitro–11bH benzo [C]‐fluoren 5,7‐dione, 6,6a‐dihydro‐2,3‐dimethoxy‐9‐chloro–11bH benzo[C]‐fluoren‐5,7‐dione and 6,6a‐dihydro‐2,3‐dimethoxy‐9‐fluoro–11bH benzo[C]‐fluoren‐5,7‐ dione were synthesized in high yields. They are analogues of naturally occurring lignan podophyllotoxin which exhibits anticancer activity. They are very essential to study anticancer activity.
Mechanistic Investigation of Oxidation of Phenylpropanolamine with N‐Bromobenzenesulfonamide in Alkaline Medium: A Kinetic Approach
Authors: Prasad Ningegowda , Mohana Kikkeri N.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) with sodium N‐bromobenzenesulfonamide or bromamine‐B (BAB) has been investigated in alkaline medium at 308 K. The oxidation reaction obeys the rate law, – d[BAB]/dt = k [BAB] [PPA]x [OH‐], where x is less than unity. The variation of ionic strength of the medium, addition of the reduction product, benzenesulfonamide, and chloride ion had no pronounced effect on the reaction rate. Decrease of dielectric permittivity of the medium by increasing the CH3CN content increased the rate. The reaction was studied at different temperatures and the activation parameters have been evaluated from the Arrhenius plot. The stiochiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1, and the oxidation product of phenylpropanolamine was identified as benzaldehyde and ethylideneamine. The rate decreased in D2O medium and the normal isotope effect k′ (H2O) / k′ (D2O) is 2.18. Proton inventory studies have been made in H2O ‐ D2O mixtures. Formation and decomposition constant of BAB‐PPA complexes in the reaction scheme have been determined. The conjugate acid, C6H5SO2NHBr is assumed to be the reactive species. The proposed mechanism and the derived rate law are consistent with the observed experimental results.
Spectrophotometric Estimation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Prakash K. , Raju P. Narayana , Kumari K. Shanta , Narasu M. Lakshmi
Published: March 2012

New simple, sensitive, rapid, reproducible and economical spectrophotometric method have been developed for the determination of amoxicillin trihydrate in pharmaceutical bulk and tablet dosage form using citro phosphate buffer pH 7.2. The system obeys Lambert‐Beer′s law at 231 nm in the concentration range 2.5‐50 μg/m. Molar absorptivity, correlation coefficient and Sandell′s sensitivity values were found to be 1.0020 x 104 mol-1 cm, -1 0.9996 and 0.03906 μg cm-2 respectively. The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of the bulk drug and its tablet dosage form. The methods have been statistically evaluated and were found to be precise and accurate
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Dibenz[b,f]azepine and its Analogues
Authors: Vijay Kumar H. , R. Gnanendra C. , Naik Nagaraja , Channe Gowda D.
Published: March 2012

Dibenz[b,f]azepine and its five derivatives bearing different functional groups were synthesized by known methods. The compounds thus synthesized were evaluated for antioxidant potential through different in vitro models such as (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, ß‐carotene‐linoleic acid model system, reducing power assay and phosphomolybdenum method. Under our experimental condition among the synthesized compounds dibenz[b,f]azepine (a) and 10‐methoxy‐5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine (d) exhibited potent antioxidant activity in concentration dependent manner in all the above four methods. Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. The most active compounds like dibenz[b,f]azepine and its methoxy group substituent have shown more promising antioxidant and radical scavengers compared to the standards like BHA and ascorbic acid. It is conceivable from the studies that the tricyclic amines, i.e. dibenz[b, f]azepine and some of its derivatives are effective in their antioxidant activity properties.
Synthesis and Spectral Study of Novel Norfloxacin Derivatives
Authors: Yadav Pradeep , C. Joshi Y.
Published: March 2012

Reaction of [1‐ethyl‐6‐fluoro‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(1‐piperazinyl)‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylic acid (norfloxacin) with thiazole / benzothiazole diazonium chloride to get new piperazine substituted norfloxacin derivative. These norfloxacin derivatives were further condensed with various β‐diketone to get novel acid derivatives of 1‐Ethyl‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxo‐7‐ [4 (thiazol‐2‐yldiazenyl)‐piperzin‐1‐yl]‐1,4‐dihydro‐quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid (6a‐e) and 7‐(4‐(benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yldiazenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)‐1‐ethyl‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxo‐1, 4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid (6 f‐j). Structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectral studies viz. IR, 1H NMR etc.
Interpretation of Groundwater Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Technique in Moradabad City, Western Uttar Pradesh State, India
Authors: Pathak J. K. , Alam Mohd , Sharma Shikha
Published: March 2012

Groundwater samples from Moradabad city were analyzed for chemical parameters. For present study 58 water samples were collected from different localities on the basis of various land use patterns. The higher values of most of the parameters were found in the area of old settlement, while lower values observed in new settlements. This shows clear impact of land use on groundwater. Water quality data collected from different localities are used in conjunction with multivariate statistical technique to identify key variables. The first four components were chosen for interpretation of the data, which accounts for 77.38% of the total variance in the data set. The maximum number of variables, i.e. Cl, Na, TH, TDS, EC and salinity were characterized by first component, while second component is characterized by DO and Mg. The third and fourth components were characterized by Ca, SiO2 HCO3 and K respectively. This shows that hydrochemical constituents of the groundwater are mainly controlled by TDS and EC. For cluster analysis single linkage method was used. The findings of the cluster analysis are presented in the form of dendrogram of the sampling stations (cases) as well as hydrochemical variables, which produced four major groupings, suggests that groundwater monitoring can be consolidated.
Standardization of Morinda umbellata Linn. ‐ An Effective Crude Drug for Diarrhoea
Authors: Ismail T. Syed , Sulthana A. Parveen
Published: March 2012

Morinda umbellata Linn. (Family Rubiaceae) is commonly known as “Nuna” in Tamil and “Pitadaru” in Sanksrit. The leaves in conjunction with certain aromatics in the form of decoction are used in diarrhoea and dysentry. The genuine sample of M.umbellata was collected. As part of the study genuine leaf, stem and root samples were collected and subjected to anatomical investigations. The air‐dried leaf powder was extracted with different solvent systems such as petroleum‐ether (40‐60°
C), benzene, chloroform, ethanol and sterile water and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts including TLC and paper chromatographic assays were done and the Rf values were determined. Physico‐chemical characters, fluorescence characters and extractive values of the leaf powder in different solvent systems were also determined. The pharmacognostical parameters studied, may be used as a tool for the correct identification of the plant and also to test the adulterants if any.
Microwave Enhanced Synthesis of Flax‐g‐poly(MMA) for Use in Phenolic Composites as Reinforcement
Authors: Kalia Susheel , Kaith B. S.
Published: March 2012

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto flax fiber under the influence of microwave radiations (MWR) was carried out. 24.64% grafting was found at 210W microwave power under optimum reaction conditions. The graft copolymers were characterized with FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Graft copolymers thus prepared were used in the preparation of phenol‐formaldehyde (PF) composites. Modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and stress at the limit of proportionality (SP) of composites were measured and it has been found that composites reinforced with Flax‐g‐poly(MMA) showed better mechanical properties in comparison to composites reinforced with raw flax.
Evaluation of the Effect of Azo Group on the Biological Activity of 1‐(4‐Methylphenylazo)‐2‐naphthol
Authors: Mkpenie V. , Ebong G. , Obot I. B. , Abasiekong B.
Published: March 2012

Azo‐2‐naphthol and 2‐naphthol were tested against five microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis. 2‐Naphthol was slightly active while azo‐2‐naphthol was highly active against all the bacteria species tested. The presence of azo group contributed more than 60% of the antibacterial activities exhibited by azo‐2‐naphthol on all the bacteria tested.
Synthesis and Characterization of Complex Compounds of Tetra‐aza Macrocyclic Ligand
Authors: Panchbhai Mayura A. , Paliwal L. J. , Bhave N. S.
Published: March 2012

This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of a macrocyclic ligand (L) and its new‐fangled complex compounds of the general formula [M‐L Cl2] for M= Ru(III), and [M‐L] for Pt(II) and Pd(II) where L is a macrocyclic ligand resulted from the condensation reaction of ethylene diamine and ethyl acetoacetate. The ligand and its coordination compounds are formulated according to the chemical analysis, electronic, infrared, 1HNMR and mass spectra, as well as magnetic susceptibility values.
Theoretical Studies of Some Fluoro Compounds with Silicon, Phosphorus and Sulphur and Establishment of Negative Hyperconjugation through Calculation of Charge
Authors: Imran P. K. Mohamed , Subramani K.
Published: March 2012

Hyperconjugation is an act to build π bond character into bonds that have only σ character. Negative Hyperconjugation is the flow or movements of electrons from π to σ* orbitals and more particularly from π orbital of a carbon atom to the σ* orbital of the C—X bond, where X is any electronegative atom. This effect is different from Inductive effects. An attempt is made to study the negative hyperconjugation (Anomeric Effect) by the calculation of the charges at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) level for some compounds with hypervalent atoms like Si, P & S
A Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ritodrine, Pentazocine, Isoxsuprine Hydrochlorides and Amoxicillin in Pure and Pharmaceutical Samples
Authors: Revanasiddappa H. D. , Veena M. A.
Published: March 2012

A simple, accurate and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of ritodrine hydrochloride (RTH), pentazocine hydrochloride (PZH), isoxsuprine hydrochloride (ISH) and amoxicillin (AMX) is described. The method is based on the oxidation of the studied drugs by a known excess of chloramine – T (CAT) in hydrochloric acid medium and subsequent determination of the unreacted oxidant by reacting it with iodide in the same acid medium liberates iodine, which subsequently react with starch to form a stable starch‐iodine complex. The reacted oxidant corresponds to the drug content. The coloured complex exhibits a maximum absorption at 590 nm. The apparent molar absorptivity values and Sandell’s sensitivity values are in the range 6.96x104 ‐ 1.43x105 L mol–1 cm–1 and 2.45‐4.30 ng cm–2, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the studied drugs in their dosage forms. The results are reproducible within ±1% and compare favorably with those of official methods of British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia.
Mechanical Properties of Phenolic Composites Reinforced with Flax‐g‐copolymers Prepared under Different Reaction Conditions ‐ A Comparative Study
Authors: Kalia Susheel , Kaith B. S.
Published: March 2012

Graft copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and its binary mixtures such as MMA + ethyl acrylate (EA), MMA + acrylonitrile (AN), MMA + acrylic acid (AA), MMA + vinyl acetate (VA), MMA + acrylamide (AAm) and MMA + styrene (Sty) with flax fiber have been prepared in air (IA) and under the influence of microwave radiations (MWR). Synthesized flax‐g‐copolymers under two different reaction conditions were used as reinforcing material in the preparation of phenol‐formaldehyde composites. Mechanical properties such as wear resistance, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and stress at the limit of proportionality (SP) were measured and a comparative studied has been made. It has been found that composites reinforced with flax‐g‐copolymers‐MWR showed better mechanical properties in comparison to composites reinforced with flax‐g‐copolymers‐IA
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Chalcones of 2‐Acetyl Pyridine
Authors: Prasad Y. Rajendra , Kumar P. Praveen , Kumar P. Ravi , Rao A. Srinivasa
Published: March 2012

Six new chalcones were synthesised by condensing 2‐acetyl pyridine with aldehyde derivatives in dilute ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen‐Schmidt condensation. All these compounds were characterised by means of their IR, 1H NMR spectroscopic data and microanalyses. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was evaluated by the cup plate method.
Biosorption of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Trametes Versicolor Polyporus Fungi
Authors: Venkata Subbaiah M. , Kalyani S. , Sankara Reddy G. , Boddu Veera M. , Krishnaiah A.
Published: March 2012

Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution was studied using abundantly available trametes versicolor polyporus fungi as biosorbing medium under equilibrium and column flow conditions. Various sorption parameters such as contact time, effect of pH, concentration of Cr(VI) and amount of biomass on the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models and the model parameters are evaluated. In addition, the data were used to predict the kinetics of adsorption. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on fungi followed second order kinetics. The column flow adsorption data were used to predict break through curves. The fungi loaded with Cr(VI) was regenerated with 0.1 M NaOH solution and the regenerated biomass was used in the subsequent adsorptiondesorption cycles. The experimental results demonstrated that the trametes versicolor polyporus fungi could be used as sorbent for immobilizing Cr(VI).
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of a New Series of Bis‐Heterocycles
Authors: Jayashankara B. , Rai K.M. Lokanatha
Published: March 2012

Series of novel bis‐heterocycles bearing isoxazoline and imidazole
moieties have been synthesized via 1,3‐dipolarcycloaddition reactions.
1HNMR, 13CNMR, IR and elemental analyses characterized the newly
synthesized compounds. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for
their antimicrobial activity and were compared with the standard drugs. The
compounds demonstrated potent to weak antimicrobial activity.
Kinetics of Oxidation of Cobalt(III) Complexes of a Acids by Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Surfactants
Authors: Ahmed Mansur , Subramani K.
Published: March 2012

Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of pentaamminecobalt(III) complexes of α‐hydroxy acids at 35°C in micellar medium has been attempted. In this reaction the rate of oxidation shows first order kinetics each in [cobalt(III)] and [H2O2]. Hydrogen peroxide induced electron transfer in [(NH3)5 CoIII‐L]2+ complexes of α‐hydroxy acids readily yields 100% of cobalt(II) with nearly 100% of C‐C bond cleavage products suggesting that it behaves mainly as one equivalent oxidant in micellar medium. With unbound ligand also it behaves only as C‐C cleavage agent rather than C‐H cleavage agent. With increasing micellar concentration an increase in the rate is observed.
Development and Evaluation of Herbal Formulations for Hair Growth
Authors: Purwal Lipi , Gupta Surya Prakash B. N. , Pande S. Milind
Published: March 2012

Hair formulation of Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae), Bacopa, monnieri (Scrophulariaceae), Trigonella foenumgraecum (Leguminosae), Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) in various concentrations in the form of herbal oil were studied for their hair growth activity. Each drug was tested for their hair growth activity in a concentration range for 1‐10% separately. Based on these results mixture of crude drugs Murraya koeniigi, leaf (Rutaceae), Bacopa monnieri, leaf (Scrophulariaceae), Trigonella foenumgraecum (Leguminosae), Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) were prepared in varying concentration in the form of herbal hair oil by three different oils preparation techniques and were tested for hair growth activity. The result revealed that the hair growth activity of each drug was found proportional to the concentration range tested. Similarly higher concentrations of drug in the formulation were found to have higher hair growth activities. But looking towards the formulation viscosity the maximum concentration of combined drug was found to be 30% at their maximum level. The formulation containing 7.5% of each drug used for the study and showed excellent hair growth activity with standard (2% minoxidil ethanolic solution) by an enlargement of follicular size and prolongation of the anagen phase. It holds the promise of potent herbal alternative for minoxidil. Excellent results of hair growth were seen in formulation prepared by cloth pouch decoction method of oils preparation technique.