bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“We don’t want problems”: reasons for denial of legal abortion based on conscientious objection in Mexico and Bolivia
Authors: Küng Stephanie Andrea , Wilkins Jasmine Danette , de León Fernanda Díaz , Huaraz Freddy , Pearson Erin
Published: February 2021

Background

The misuse of conscientious objection (CO) is a significant barrier to legal abortion access in many countries, especially in Latin America. We examine the reasons for denial of legal abortion services in Mexico and Bolivia and identify ways to mitigate the misuse of CO.

Methods

We conducted 34 in-depth interviews and 12 focus group discussions in two states in Mexico and four departments in Bolivia. Results were coded and categorized using a thematic analysis approach.

Results

Denial of abortion services based on CO is widespread in health facilities in Mexico and Bolivia and is primarily employed for reasons other than moral, religious, or ethical considerations. The main reasons for denial of services based on CO is lack of knowledge about abortion-related laws and fear of legal problems in abortion service provision. Conversely, the main reason to provide services is to comply with relevant laws. Denying services under the guise of CO negatively impacts pregnant people and health care teams, including fewer safe abortion options and increased workload and stigma, respectively. Most respondents cited training and education on abortion law as the foremost way to mitigate the negative impacts of the misuse of CO.

Conclusions

For many health personnel, knowing, understanding, and following the law is reason enough to provide abortion services. Individuals who object due to lack of knowledge about laws and fear of legal problems represent a key population that can be sensitized and equipped with the necessary information and resources to provide legal abortion services.
Maternal experience of intimate partner violence is associated with suboptimal breastfeeding practices in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia: insights from a DHS analysis
Authors: Walters Christine N. , Rakotomanana Hasina , Komakech Joel J. , Stoecker Barbara J.
Published: February 2021

Background

Despite widespread suboptimal breastfeeding practices and maternal experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV), the association of IPV and breastfeeding practices remains unclear. This study investigated the associations between maternal experience of physical, sexual, emotional violence, and controlling behaviors with suboptimal breastfeeding practices in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.

Methods

Data included mother-infant dyads from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys for Malawi (n = 1878), Tanzania (n = 3184), and Zambia (n = 3879). Intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, and emotional) was measured using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Breastfeeding practices were early initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 h of birth), exclusive breastfeeding (in previous 24 h), and continued breastfeeding. Associations between experience of physical, sexual, or emotional violence or controlling behaviors and breastfeeding practices, as well as associations between the frequency of IPV and breastfeeding practices were assessed.

Results

Many Malawian (77.6%) and Zambian (67.7%) and just over half (53.6%) of Tanzanian mothers, initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth. Exclusive breastfeeding was 70.6% in Zambia and 60.1% in Malawi, while 55.0% of Tanzanian mothers breastfed exclusively. Continued breastfeeding to at least 1 year was high in Malawi 92.2%, Tanzania 93.4%, and Zambia 95.0%. Most mothers reported experiences of IPV in Tanzania 79.1%, Zambia 78.9%, and Malawi 73.9%. Mothers who experienced sexual IPV were significantly more likely to delay breastfeeding (Malawi [AOR 1.55 (1.14, 2.10)]; Tanzania [AOR 1.30 (1.04, 1.62)]; and Zambia [AOR 1.28 (1.06, 1.54)]). Sexual IPV in Malawi and Zambia was associated with greater odds of not exclusively breastfeeding (Malawi [AOR 1.90 (1.05, 3.45)]; Zambia [AOR 1.75 (1.15, 2.67)]). Tanzanian mothers who experienced IPV often or sometimes were two times more likely not to breastfeed at one-year post-delivery [AOR 2.23 (1.09,4.57)].

Conclusions

In the three countries investigated maternal experience of IPV was associated with suboptimal breastfeeding practices. Policies and programs targeting improved breastfeeding practices should consider screening during antenatal and postnatal care for experience of violence and support initiatives to reduce IPV.
Long non-coding RNA MAPKAPK5-AS1/PLAGL2/HIF-1α signaling loop promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression
Authors: Wang Liang , Sun Liankang , Liu Runkun , Mo Huanye , Niu Yongshen , Chen Tianxiang , Wang Yufeng , Han Shaoshan , Tu Kangsheng , Liu Qingguang
Published: February 2021

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely involved in human cancers’ progression by regulating tumor cells’ various malignant behaviors. MAPKAPK5-AS1 has been recognized as an oncogene in colorectal cancer. However, the biological role of MAPKAPK5-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been explored.

Methods

Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the level of MAPKAPK5-AS1 in HCC tissues and cell lines. The effects of MAPKAPK5-AS1 on tumor growth and metastasis were assessed via in vitro experiments, including MTT, colony formation, EdU, flow cytometry, transwell assays, and nude mice models. The western blotting analysis was carried out to determine epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and AKT signaling. The interaction between MAPKAPK5-AS1, miR-154-5p, and PLAGL2 were explored by luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. The regulatory effect of HIF-1α on MAPKAPK5-AS1 was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Results

MAPKAPK5-AS1 expression was significantly elevated in HCC, and its overexpression associated with malignant clinical features and reduced survival. Functionally, MAPKAPK5-AS1 knockdown repressed the proliferation, mobility, and EMT of HCC cells and induced apoptosis. Ectopic expression of MAPKAPK5-AS1 contributed to HCC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, MAPKAPK5-AS1 silencing suppressed, while MAPKAPK5-AS1 overexpression enhanced HCC growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, MAPKAPK5-AS1 upregulated PLAG1 like zinc finger 2 (PLAGL2) expression by acting as an endogenous competing RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-154-5p, thereby activating EGFR/AKT signaling. Importantly, rescue experiments demonstrated that the miR-154-5p/PLAGL2 axis mediated the function of MAPKAPK5-AS1 in HCC cells. Interestingly, we found that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a transcript factor, could directly bind to the promoter to activate MAPKAPK5-AS1 transcription. MAPKAPK5-AS1 regulated HIF-1α expression through PLAGL2 to form a hypoxia-mediated MAPKAPK5-AS1/PLAGL2/HIF-1α signaling loop in HCC.

Conclusions

Our results reveal a MAPKAPK5-AS1/PLAGL2/HIF-1α signaling loop in HCC progression and suggest that MAPKAPK5-AS1 could be a potential novel therapeutic target of HCC.
People with chronic ankle instability benefit from brace application in highly dynamic change of direction movements
Authors: Fuerst Patrick , Gollhofer Albert , Wenning Markus , Gehring Dominic
Published: February 2021

Background

The application of ankle braces is an effective method for the prevention of recurrent ankle sprains. It has been proposed that the reduction of injury rates is based on the mechanical stiffness of the brace and on beneficial effects on proprioception and neuromuscular activation. Yet, how the neuromuscular system responds to the application of various types of ankle braces during highly dynamic injury‐relevant movements is not well understood. Enhanced stability of the ankle joint seems especially important for people with chronic ankle instability. We therefore aimed to analyse the effects of a soft and a semi‐rigid ankle brace on the execution of highly dynamic 180° turning movements in participants with and without chronic ankle instability.

Methods

Fifteen participants with functional ankle instability, 15 participants with functional and mechanical ankle instability and 15 healthy controls performed 180° turning movements in reaction to light signals in a cross‐sectional descriptive laboratory study. Ankle joint kinematics and kinetics as well as neuromuscular activation of muscles surrounding the ankle joint were determined. Two‐way repeated measures analyses of variance and post‐hoc t‐tests were calculated.

Results

Maximum ankle inversion angles and velocities were significantly reduced with the semi‐rigid brace in comparison to the conditions without a brace and with the soft brace (p ≤ 0.006, d ≥ 0.303). Effect sizes of these reductions were larger in participants with chronic ankle instability than in healthy controls. Furthermore, peroneal activation levels decreased significantly with the semi‐rigid brace in the 100 ms before and after ground contact. No statistically significant brace by group effects were found.

Conclusions

Based on these findings, we argue that people with ankle instability in particular seem to benefit from a semi‐rigid ankle brace, which allows them to keep ankle inversion angles in a range that is comparable to values of healthy people. Lower ankle inversion angles and velocities with a semi‐rigid brace may explain reduced injury incidences with brace application. The lack of effect of the soft brace indicates that the primary mechanism behind the reduction of inversion angles and velocities is the mechanical resistance of the brace in the frontal plane.
Efficacy of metformin and fermentable fiber combination therapy in adolescents with severe obesity and insulin resistance: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Deehan Edward C. , Colin-Ramirez Eloisa , Triador Lucila , Madsen Karen L. , Prado Carla M. , Field Catherine J. , Ball Geoff D. C. , Tan Qiming , Orsso Camila , Dinu Irina , Pakseresht Mohammadreza , Rubin Daniela , Sharma Arya M. , Tun Hein , Walter Jens , Newgard Christopher B. , Freemark Michael , Wine Eytan , Haqq Andrea M.
Published: February 2021

Background

Accumulating evidence suggests that the metabolic effects of metformin and fermentable fibers are mediated, in part, through diverging or overlapping effects on the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiome. Pre-clinical animal models have established that the addition of fiber to metformin monotherapy improves glucose tolerance. However, possible synergistic effects of combination therapy (metformin plus fiber) have not been investigated in humans. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of synergy have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to compare in adolescents with obesity the metabolic effects of metformin and fermentable fibers in combination with those of metformin or fiber alone. We will also determine if therapeutic responses correlate with compositional and functional features of the gut microbiome.

Methods

This is a parallel three-armed, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Adolescents (aged 12–18 years) with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will receive either metformin (850 mg p.o. twice/day), fermentable fibers (35 g/day), or a combination of metformin plus fiber for 12 months. Participants will be seen at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, with a phone follow-up at 1 and 9 months. Primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome is change in IR estimated by homeostatic model assessment of IR; key secondary outcomes include changes in the Matsuda index, oral disposition index, body mass index z-score, and fat mass to fat-free mass ratio. To gain mechanistic insight, endpoints that reflect host-microbiota interactions will also be assessed: obesity-related immune, metabolic, and satiety markers; humoral metabolites; and fecal microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids.

Discussion

This study will compare the potential metabolic benefits of fiber with those of metformin in adolescents with obesity, determine if metformin and fiber act synergistically to improve IR, and elucidate whether the metabolic benefits of metformin and fiber associate with changes in fecal microbiota composition and the output of health-related metabolites. This study will provide insight into the potential role of the gut microbiome as a target for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of emerging treatments for T2DM prevention.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04578652. Registered on 8 October 2020.
A virtual alternative to molecular model sets: a beginners’ guide to constructing and visualizing molecules in open-source molecular graphics software
Authors: Phankingthongkum Siripreeya , Limpanuparb Taweetham
Published: February 2021

Objective

The application of molecular graphics software as a simple and free alternative to molecular model sets for introductory-level chemistry learners is presented.

Results

Based on either Avogadro or IQmol, we proposed four sets of tasks for students, building basic molecular geometries, visualizing orbitals and densities, predicting polarity of molecules and matching 3D structures with bond-line structures. These topics are typically covered in general chemistry for first-year undergraduate students. Detailed step-by-step procedures are provided for all tasks for both programs so that instructors and students can adopt one of the two programs in their teaching and learning as an alternative to molecular model sets.
CERTL reduces C16 ceramide, amyloid-β levels, and inflammation in a model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Crivelli Simone M. , Luo Qian , Stevens Jo A.A. , Giovagnoni Caterina , van Kruining Daan , Bode Gerard , den Hoedt Sandra , Hobo Barbara , Scheithauer Anna-Lena , Walter Jochen , Mulder Monique T. , Exley Christopher , Mold Matthew , Mielke Michelle M. , De Vries Helga E. , Wouters Kristiaan , van den Hove Daniel L. A. , Berkes Dusan , Ledesma María Dolores , Verhaagen Joost , Losen Mario , Bieberich Erhard , Martinez-Martinez Pilar
Published: February 2021

Background

Dysregulation of ceramide and sphingomyelin levels have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Ceramide transfer proteins (CERTs) are ceramide carriers which are crucial for ceramide and sphingomyelin balance in cells. Extracellular forms of CERTs co-localize with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in AD brains. To date, the significance of these observations for the pathophysiology of AD remains uncertain.

Methods

A plasmid expressing CERTL, the long isoform of CERTs, was used to study the interaction of CERTLwith amyloid precursor protein (APP) by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence in HEK cells. The recombinant CERTLprotein was employed to study interaction of CERTLwith amyloid-β (Aβ), Aβ aggregation process in presence of CERTL, and the resulting changes in Aβ toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. CERTLwas overexpressed in neurons by adeno-associated virus (AAV) in a mouse model of familial AD (5xFAD). Ten weeks after transduction, animals were challenged with behavior tests for memory, anxiety, and locomotion. At week 12, brains were investigated for sphingolipid levels by mass spectrometry, plaques, and neuroinflammation by immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and/or immunoassay.

Results

Here, we report that CERTLbinds to APP, modifies Aβ aggregation, and reduces Aβ neurotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, we show that intracortical injection of AAV, mediating the expression of CERTL, decreases levels of ceramide d18:1/16:0 and increases sphingomyelin levels in the brain of male 5xFAD mice. CERTLin vivo over-expression has a mild effect on animal locomotion, decreases Aβ formation, and modulates microglia by decreasing their pro-inflammatory phenotype.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate a crucial role of CERTLin regulating ceramide levels in the brain, in amyloid plaque formation and neuroinflammation, thereby opening research avenues for therapeutic targets of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Bayesian multilevel model on maternal mortality in Ethiopia
Authors: Jabessa Shibiru , Jabessa Dabala
Published: February 2021

Maternal mortality is one of the socio-economic problems and widely considered a serious indicator of the quality of a health. Ethiopia is considered to be one of the top six sub-Saharan countries with severe maternal mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the Demographic and Socio-economic determinant factors of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey indicated that the sample of women (15–49) was (n = 10,103). The Bayesian multilevel we were used to explore the major risk factors and regional variations in maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods with non-informative priors have been applied. The Deviance Information Criterion model selection criteria were used to select the appropriate model. The analysis result, 145 (1.43%) mothers were died due to pregnancy. Using model selection criteria Bayesian multilevel random coefficient was found to be appropriate. With this model, Age of mother, marital status, number of living children, wealth index and Education are found to be the significant determinants of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. The study indicated that there was within and between regional variations in maternal mortality. Inference is the fully Bayesian multilevel model based on recent Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. The socioeconomic, demographic and environmental determinants included in the study were found to be statistically significant. The result of the Bayesian multilevel model in this study has shown that educational attainment, wealth index, an age of mother, status and number of living children was a significant factor of maternal mortality.
A comparison of standard occupational therapy versus early enhanced occupation-based therapy in a medical/surgical intensive care unit: study protocol for a single site feasibility trial (EFFORT-ICU)
Authors: Rapolthy-Beck Andrea , Fleming Jennifer , Turpin Merrill , Sosnowski Kellie , Dullaway Simone , White Hayden
Published: February 2021

Background

Admissions to intensive care units (ICUs) are increasing due to an ageing population, and rising incidence of cardiac and respiratory disease. With advances in medical care, more patients are surviving an initial stay in critical care; however, they can experience ongoing health and cognitive limitations that may influence return to baseline function up to a year post-admission. Recent research has focused on the introduction of early rehabilitation within the ICU to reduce long-term physical and cognitive complications. The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility and impact of providing early enhanced occupation-based therapy, including cognitive stimulation and activities of daily living, to patients in intensive care.

Methods

This study involves a single site randomised-controlled feasibility trial comparing standard occupational therapy care to an early enhanced occupation-based therapy. Thirty mechanically ventilated ICU patients will be recruited and randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. The primary outcome measure is the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and secondary measures include the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), grip strength, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Short-Form 36 Health survey (SF-36). Measures will be collected by a blind assessor at discharge from intensive care, hospital discharge and a 90-day follow-up. Daily outcome measures including the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) and Confusion Assessment Measure for intensive care units (CAM-ICU) will be taken prior to treatment. Participants in the intervention group will receive daily a maximum of up to 60-min sessions with an occupational therapist involving cognitive and functional activities such as self-care and grooming. At the follow-up, intervention group participants will be interviewed to gain user perspectives of the intervention. Feasibility data including recruitment and retention rates will be summarised descriptively. Parametric tests will compare outcomes between groups. Interview data will be thematically analysed.

Discussion

This trial will provide information about the feasibility of investigating how occupational therapy interventions in ICU influence longer term outcomes. It seeks to inform the design of a phase III multicentre trial of occupational therapy in critical care general medical intensive care units.

Trial registration

Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR):ACTRN12618000374268; prospectively registered on 13 March 2018/https://www.anzctr.org.au

Trial funding: Metro South Health Research Support Scheme Postgraduate Scholarship
Management of iron deficiency anemia in hemodialysis patients based on mean corpuscular volume
Authors: Onda Kumiko , Koyama Teruo , Kobayashi Sanae , Ishii Yoji , Ohashi Kazuo
Published: February 2021

Background

To manage the anemic status in hemodialysis (HD) patients, a well-balanced combination therapy based on the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation is essential. Serum ferritin level and transferrin saturation rate (TSAT) are the current standard tests for screening iron deficiency status. However, these are not included in frequently checked regular blood measurements in many HD centers. Other parameters that could predict a hemoglobin (Hb) increase response from iron supplementation have yet to be established. To determine a frequently checked and regularly measured biomarker for predicting iron deficiency status, this study investigated the value of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) as a clinical parameter for HD patients receiving intravenous iron supplementation (Fe-IV) therapy.

Methods and results

One hundred thirty four HD patients, 88 non-HD patients with anemia, and 50 HD patients on Fe-IV therapy from the Nozatomon clinic were assessed. Comparison of MCV values of anemic HD patients and anemic non-chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients showed that anemic HD patients had significantly higher MCV values (93.9 ± 7.3 fL) compared with anemic non-CKD patients (82.8 ± 8.8fL). Fifty HD patients, who received Fe-IV therapy at ten consecutive HD sessions (inclusion criteria: Hb ≤ 12.0 g/dL, TSAT < 20%, and serum ferritin < 100 ng/mL) showed a rapid increase during the Fe-IV period in MCV, Hb, and TSAT levels. After the completion of the Fe-IV therapy, MCV persisted at the increased levels, whereas Hb levels further increased and peaked at 1 month with a gradual decline after, largely influenced by ESA dosage reductions. The 50 patients were divided into three groups according to the MCV levels obtained immediately prior to the Fe-IV therapy (MCV ≤ 85 fL, 85 fL < MCV ≤ 90 fL, MCV > 90 fL), and Hb changes at 50 days after the initiation of the Fe-IV therapy were compared. All the patients in the MCV ≤ 85 fL group and most of the patients in the 85 fL < MCV ≤ 90 fL group showed linear and consistent Hb increase during the 50-day period. In marked contrast, patients in the MCV > 90 fL group showed dispersed trends in their Hb increase. The present study also revealed that successful ESA dosage reduction could be achieved after the Fe-IV therapy in both the MCV ≤ 85 fL and 85 fL < MCV ≤ 90 fL groups.

Conclusions

The present study underscored the value of MCV in perceiving iron deficiency status as well as predicting iron-based therapeutic response in HD patients.
Glucose-level dependent brain hypometabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity
Authors: Képes Z. , Aranyi Cs. , Forgács A. , Nagy F. , Kukuts K. , Hascsi Zs. , Esze R. , Somodi S. , Káplár M. , Varga J. , Emri M. , Garai I.
Published: February 2021

Background

Metabolic syndrome and its individual components lead to wide-ranging consequences, many of which affect the central nervous system. In this study, we compared the [18F]FDG regional brain metabolic pattern of participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-DM obese individuals.

Methods

In our prospective study, 51 patients with controlled T2DM (ages 50.6 ± 8.0 years) and 45 non-DM obese participants (ages 52.0 ± 9.6 years) were enrolled. Glucose levels measured before PET/CT examination (pre-PET glucose) as well as laboratory parameters assessing glucose and lipid status were determined. NeuroQ application (NeuroQTM 3.6, Syntermed, Philips) was used to evaluate regional brain metabolic differences. [18F]FDG PET/CT (AnyScan PC, Mediso) scans, estimating brain metabolism, were transformed to MNI152 brain map after T1 registration and used for SPM-based group comparison of brain metabolism corrected for pre-PET glucose, and correlation analysis with laboratory parameters.

Results

NeuroQ analysis did not reveal significant regional metabolic defects in either group. Voxel-based group comparison revealed significantly (PFWE<0.05) decreased metabolism in the region of the precuneus and in the right superior frontal gyrus (rSFG) in the diabetic group as compared to the obese patients. Data analysis corrected for pre-PET glucose level showed a hypometabolic difference only in the rSFG in T2DM. Voxel-based correlation analysis showed significant negative correlation of the metabolism in the following brain regions with pre-PET glucose in diabetes: precuneus, left posterior orbital gyrus, right calcarine cortex and right orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus; whilst in the obese group only the right rolandic (pericentral) operculum proved to be sensitive to pre-PET glucose level.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study to perform pre-PET glucose level corrected comparative analysis of brain metabolism in T2DM and obesity. We also examined the pre-PET glucose level dependency of regional cerebral metabolism in the two groups separately. Large-scale future studies are warranted to perform further correlation analysis with the aim of determining the effects of metabolic disturbances on brain metabolism.
Sex estimation based on the anthropometric measurements of thyroid cartilage using discriminant analysis
Authors: Cameriere Roberto , Zolotenkova Galina V. , Kuznetsov Igor A. , Scendoni Roberto , Pigolkin Yuri I.
Published: February 2021

Background

The morphometric analysis of the individual bones of the human skeleton can be used to estimate the sex of unidentified corpses. Our aims were as follows: to test whether thyroid cartilage can be used for forensic purposes as a predictor of biological sex; to establish the level of sexual dimorphism of the thyroid cartilage in a sample of adult subjects from a population of European Russia; and to test the accuracy of the morphometric parameters obtained from the thyroid cartilage.

Results

The thyroid cartilage from 100 adults of known age (50 males and 50 females) was obtained during forensic examination; morphometric tests were conducted using Vernier Digital ROKTOOLS ABS DIN 862 0-200/6 inch with measurement accuracy ± 0.01 mm. The measured parameters wereN= 31 for each subject. Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was tested. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to the measurements. To check the data set for normal distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Finally, to estimate the sex of the observed individuals, a stepwise discriminant analysis was conducted, using the Wilks’ lambda selection method. The most significant parameters were the outer distance between bases of inferior horn; the inner distance between distal ends of inferior horns; distance between distal ends of left superior and inferior horns; left superior horn length (distance between left superior horn distal end and base); distance between superior and inferior notches; thyroid angle; left lamina height (vertical line along left lamina middle); horizontal distance between anterior intermedium line and the right lamina posterior edge; distance between inferior thyroid notch and line connecting left and right thyroid laminae; and left superior horn thickness at mid-line. The stepwise discriminant analysis resulted in an equation with ten parameters.

Conclusions

The results of the current study indicated that in the European Russian population, the equation obtained in the stepwise discriminant analysis makes it possible to predict sex with a probability of 100% on the validation set. On the test set, the resultant accuracy was 100% for females and 100% for males. Our findings confirm the scientific evidence that the thyroid cartilage has a pronounced sexual dimorphism.
Seasonal shape variations, ontogenetic shape changes, and sexual dimorphism in a population of land isopod Porcellionides pruinosus: a geometric morphometric study
Authors: Ismail Tarek G.
Published: February 2021

Background

Isopods shape features are sensitive and respond to several selective pressures which may result in variations of these features. These pressures might reflect the heterogeneity of the environment where an animal lives. Land isopodsPorcellionides pruinosuswere collected from an agricultural field. Landmarks geometric morphometrics was applied to evaluate its shape changes during two different seasons. The present work aims to (i) assess and characterize morphological changes in body shape ofP. pruinosusas a response to seasonal variations, (ii) determine differences in the body shape during ontogeny, (iii) examine the effect of intraspecific allometry to interpret the observed variations in the species, and (iv) clarify whether the body shape ofP. pruinosuscan be used as a sexual differentiating trait.

Results

Juveniles showed no seasonal variations in the body shape, which were detected among adults, females and males as shown by PCA, DFA, and MANOVA.

The adult winter forms have large bodies, small heads, broad pereons, and short but wide telsons. The adult summer forms have small slender bodies, slightly stretched heads, and relatively long telsons. Juveniles’ growth to adulthood showed body shape changes in the head and pereon, that include shrank of the head in the anteroposterior direction and its level became slightly lower than the body. The pereon becomes broader and the two anterolateral projections of the first pereonite extend anteriorly, reaching a little beyond the posterior margin of the eyes. Present species showed a shape sexual dimorphism which includes the broader body and more convex pereon in females and a small waist between the second and third pleonites in males. Shape sexual dimorphism was attributed to reproductive activity. Both allometric trajectories of juveniles and adults (ontogenetic allometry) and of sexes (static allometry) were parallel.

Conclusions

The landmark geometric morphometric technique was able to reveal the seasonal shape variations in terrestrial isopodP. pruinosus. Also, this method provides information about shape variations between juveniles and adults, as well as about shape sexual dimorphism.
Multi-material braids for multifunctional laminates: conductive through-thickness reinforcement
Authors: O’Keeffe Caroline , Pickard Laura Rhian , Cao Juan , Allegri Giuliano , Partridge Ivana K. , Ivanov Dmitry S.
Published: February 2021

Conventional carbon fibre laminates are known to be moderately electrically conductive in-plane, but have a poor through-thickness conductivity. This poses a problem for functionality aspects that are of increasing importance to industry, such as sensing, current collection, inductive/resistive heating, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, etc. This restriction is of course more pronounced for non-conductive composite reinforcements such as glass, organic or natural fibres. Among various solutions to boost through-thickness electrical conductivity, tufting with hybrid micro-braided metal-carbon fibre yarns is one of the most promising. As a well-characterised method of through thickness reinforcement, tufting is easily implementable in a manufacturing environment. The hybridisation of materials in the braid promotes the resilience and integrity of yarns, while integrating metal wires opens up a wide range of multifunctional applications. Many configurations can be produced by varying braid patterns and the constituting yarns/wires. A predictive design tool is therefore necessary to select the right material configuration for the desired functional and structural performance. This paper suggests a fast and robust method for generating finite-element models of the braids, validates the prediction of micro-architecture and electrical conductivity, and demonstrates successful manufacturing of composites enhanced with braided tufts.
The legal street: a scarcity approach to urban open space in mobility transitions
Authors: Petzer Brett J. M. , Wieczorek Anna J. , Verbong Geert P. J.
Published: February 2021

An urban mobility transition requires a transition in space allocation, since most mobility modes are dependent on urban open space for circulation and the storage of vehicles. Despite increasing attention to space and spatiality in transitions research, the finite, physical aspects of urban space, and the means by which it is allocated, have not been adequately acknowledged as an influence on mobility transitions. A conceptual framework is introduced to support comparison between cities in terms of the processes by which open space is (re-)distributed between car and bicycle circulatory and regulatory space. This framework distinguishes between regulatory allocation mechanisms and the appropriation practices of actors. Application to cases in Amsterdam, Brussels and Birmingham reveal unique relationships created by the zero-sum nature of urban open space between the dominant automobility mode and subordinate cycling mode. These relationships open up a new approach to forms of lock-in that work in favour of particular mobility modes within the relatively obdurate urban built environment. Empirically, allocation mechanisms that routinise the production of car space at national level within the EU are shown to be far more prevalent than those for bicycle space, highlighting the constraints faced by radical city-level policies aimed at space reallocation.
Characterization, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of some Egyptian wild plant extracts
Authors: Diab Thoria A. , Donia Thoria , Saad-Allah Khalil M.
Published: February 2021

Background

Natural products from plants are very safe as compared to synthetic ones, so the aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activities of the ethanolic extracts of four Egyptian wild plant species (Varthemia candicans, Peganum harmala, Suaeda vermiculata, and Conyza dioscoridis), as well as polyphenols and flavonoid contents with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the four plant extracts was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to determine 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power by phosphomolybdate assay. In addition, the chemical composition of the four sample extracts was investigated using GC-MS. The total phenolic and flavonoid levels were also determined. Then, the antitumor activity of the plant extracts against HepG2 cells was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Results

The results showed that Varthemia candicans extract was the highest one regarding both polyphenols and flavonoid contents. Moreover, the extract of Suaeda vermiculata exhibited the lowest half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) against DPPH, thus indicating its highest effectiveness. All studied plant extracts decreased the viability of HepG2 cells, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the lowest IC50 was for Suaeda vermiculata.

Conclusion

The investigated plant extracts showed potent antioxidant and antitumor activities in vitro due to their phytochemical contents.
Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate and sennoside-B in polyherbal laxative tablet using RP-HPLC
Authors: Patel Madhavi , Chauhan Shivangi , Patel Vishal , Soni Hardik , Trivedi Vikram
Published: February 2021

Background

Standardization of polyherbal medicine though being the need of the hour is a toilsome task. Among the various methods employed for quality control and standardization of polyherbal medicine, phytochemical profiling is of utmost importance as it signifies the quality as well as efficacy of the medicine. The work was aimed to develop and validate a simple, quick, and accurate RP-HPLC technique for simultaneous assessment of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate and sennoside-B in a polyherbal laxative tablet. The phytomarkers were effectively quantified by RP-HPLC system on C18analytical column using gradient mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer to acetonitrile with the detector wavelength set at 254 nm. This developed method was validated by determination of parameters like accuracy, linearity, precision, limit of detection, and quantification as well as robustness according to ICH guidelines.

Results

Calibration curve of both phytomarkers showed excellent linear correlation coefficients. LOD and LOQ were also calculated by equation. Precision studies were carried out using intra-day and inter-day intervals and RSD values were found to be less than 2.00%. The method was found to be accurate, which was evident from 98.96 to 101.39% and 99.17 to 100.67% recovery of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate and sennoside-B, respectively, when the formulation was spiked with the respective phytomarkers.

Conclusion

The validated method can be employed as standardization tool for herbal formulations with accuracy and precision. The developed method will assist in maintaining the good quality and batch to batch uniformity of polyherbal formulations containingYashtimadhu, Swarnpatri, andAragvadhaas active ingredients.
“I Like and Prefer to Work Alone”: Social Anxiety, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Students’ Perceptions of Active Learning
Authors: Hood S. , Barrickman N. , Djerdjian N. , Farr M. , Magner S. , Roychowdhury H. , Gerrits R. , Lawford H. , Ott B. , Ross K. , Paige O. , Stowe S. , Jensen M. , Hull K.
Published: February 2021

Two psychological variables, social anxiety (psychological distress relating to the fear of negative evaluation by others) and academic self-efficacy (confidence in one’s ability to overcome academic challenges) are linked with student perceptions of active-learning practices and final grades in a course.
Editors Comment: The debate on dissociative identity disorder
Authors: Casey Patricia
Published: February 2021

An article in BJPsych Advances on the topic of dissociative identity disorder gave rise to a number of linked commentaries and a vigorous eLetter debate. This commentary, by the Editor, points out the journal's role as a CPD journal and clarifies its position on the publication of reviews and opinion pieces on controversial topics.
New Cutoffs for the Biochemical Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency after ACTH Stimulation using Specific Cortisol Assays
Authors: Javorsky Bradley R , Raff Hershel , Carroll Ty B , Algeciras-Schimnich Alicia , Singh Ravinder Jit , Colón-Franco Jessica M , Findling James W
Published: February 2021

Context

The normal cortisol response 30 or 60 minutes after cosyntropin (ACTH[1–24]) is considered to be ≥18 μg/dL (500 nmol/L). This threshold is based on older serum cortisol assays. Specific monoclonal antibody immunoassays or LC-MS/MS may have lower thresholds for a normal response.

Objective

To calculate serum cortisol cutoff values for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing with newer specific cortisol assays.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of ACTH stimulation tests performed in ambulatory and hospitalized patients suspected of adrenal insufficiency (AI). Serum samples were assayed for cortisol in parallel using Elecsys I and Elecsys II immunoassays, and when volume was available, by Access immunoassay and LC-MS/MS.

Results

A total of 110 patients were evaluated. Using 18 μg/dL as the cortisol cutoff after ACTH stimulation, 14.5%, 29%, 22.4%, and 32% of patients had a biochemical diagnosis of AI using the Elecsys I, Elecsys II, Access, and LC-MS/MS assays, respectively. Deming regressions of serum cortisol were used to calculate new cortisol cutoffs based on the Elecsys I cutoff of 18 μg/dL. For 30-minute values, new cutoffs were 14.6 μg/dL for Elecsys II, 14.8 μg/dL for Access, and 14.5 μg/dL for LC-MS/MS. Baseline cortisol <2 μg/dL was predictive of subnormal stimulated cortisol values.

Conclusion

To reduce false positive ACTH stimulation testing, we recommend a new serum cortisol cutoff of 14 to 15 μg/dL depending on the assay used (instead of the historical value of 18 μg/dL with older polyclonal antibody assays). Clinicians should be aware of the new cutoffs for the assays available to them when evaluating patients for AI.
Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards management of cassava pests and diseases in forest transition and Guinea savannah agro-ecological zones of Ghana
Authors: Nsiah Frimpong Benedicta , Oppong Allen , Prempeh Ruth , Appiah-Kubi Zipporah , Abrokwah Linda A. , B. Mochiah Moses , N. Lamptey Joseph , Manu-Aduening Joseph , Pita Justin
Published: February 2021

Background: Cassava is a major staple root crop in Ghana, which serves as a food security and an income generating crop for farming families. In spite of its importance, the crop is plagued with biotic factors such as pests and diseases, resulting in yield and income reductions.

Methods: Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards cassava pest and disease management were investigated. A mixed research questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from 94 cassava farm households across two major cassava growing agro-ecologies.

Results: Using descriptive statistics, parametric and non-parametric analysis, our study revealed that farmers’ knowledge on cassava pests was high but low for diseases. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), grasshoppers (Zonocerus variegatus), aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover), mealybugs (Phenacoccus manihoti), termites (Isoptera), and grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) were perceived as the most common damaging pests. Farmers’ descriptions showed that disease pathogens attacked foliar tissues, stem and root tissues and caused leaf dropping and die back. Cassava mosaic disease and root rot were the most common diseases; however, disease descriptions suggested the incidence of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. Some of the farmers observed mixed symptoms on their farms. The results also showed that only 25.5% cultivated improved varieties. Management actions applied included field sanitation practices and pesticide application. The effectiveness level of the control actions was rated moderately effective.

Conclusions: The analysis showed heterogeneity in personal and farm level characteristics of respondents across the two agro-ecologies, but agro-ecologies were independent of the management practices employed. There is a need to improve farmers’ access to improved disease-free planting materials through efficient dissemination pathways and increase farmers’ knowledge on cassava pests, diseases and integrated management through publfic awareness creation and capacity building by extension agents and research institutions. Continued government investment is needed to achieve sustainable outcomes.
Maternity care during COVID-19: a protocol for a qualitative evidence synthesis of women’s and maternity care providers’ views and experiences.
Authors: Smith Valerie , Flaherty Sarah-Jane , Matvienko-Sikar Karen , Delaney Hannah
Published: February 2021

Background: Considerable changes in maternity care provision internationally were implemented in response to COVID-19. Such changes, often occurring suddenly with little advance warning, have had the potential to affect women’s and maternity care providers experience of maternity care, both positively and negatively. For this reason, to gain insight and understanding of personal and professional experiences, we will perform a synthesis of the available qualitative evidence on women and maternity care providers’ views and experiences of maternity care during COVID-19.

Methods and analysis: A qualitative evidence synthesis will be conducted. Studies will be eligible if they include pregnant or postpartum women (up to six months) and maternity care providers who received or provided care during COVID-19. To retrieve relevant literature the electronic databases of CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane COVID study register (https://covid-19.cochrane.org/) will be searched from 01-Jan-2020 to date of search. A combination of search terms based on COVID-19, pregnancy, childbirth and maternity care, and study design, will be used to guide the search.  The methodological quality of the included studies will be assessed by at least two reviewers using the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information (EPPI)-Centre 12-criteria quality assessment tool. The Thomas and Harden approach to thematic synthesis will be used for data synthesis. This will involve line by line coding of extracted data, establishing descriptive themes, and determining analytical themes. Confidence in the findings of the review will be assessed by two reviewers independently using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual).  

Conclusion: The proposed synthesis of evidence will help identify maternity care needs during a global pandemic from the perspectives of those receiving and providing care. The evidence will inform and help enhance care provision into the future.
IDENTITAS BUDAYA TORAJA DALAM NOVEL PUYA KE PUYA KARYA FAISAL ODDANG
Authors: Apriyani Tristanti
Published: February 2021

Pengarang menggunakan cara yang berbeda-beda dalam menyampaikan makna sebuah budaya yang diamatinya. Ada pengarang yang menyampaikannya secara langsung dan terbuka, namun ada juga yang menyampaikan melalui representasi tanda atau simbol. Mengutip rumusan budaya yang dikemukakan Collier (1994: 36-44) bahwa budaya merupakan seperangkat sistem simbol, makna dan norma yang ditransmisikan secara historis. Ketiga perangkat sistem tersebut nantinya akan membentuk sebuah identitas kebudayaan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji identitas budaya Toraja yang tergambar dalam novel Puya ke Puya karya Faisal Oddang. Kekayaan estetika etnografi dalam novel Puya ke Puya dikaji dengan pendekatan antropologi sastra. Oddang menggambarkan konsepsi magis orang Toraja ke dalam tiga simbol, yaitu Puyya, Pohon Tarra, dan Tongkonan.
GENDER DALAM PELABELAN NAMA KULINER NUSANTARA: SUATU TINJAUAN SEMIOTIK STUDI KASUS: KULINER DI KOTA DEPOK
Authors: Suswandi Irwan
Published: February 2021

Keberadaan kuliner menjadi kebutuhan penting yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari manusia. Sebagai sesuatu yang penting, kuliner diberi nama untuk memudahkan identifikasi. Sampai sekarang, sebagai tren komersialisasi, kuliner diberi nama tambahan menjadi nama pemilik kuliner. Menariknya, nama tambahan tersebut memiliki jenis kelamin yang sama dengan pemilik kuliner untuk satu jenis masakan. Dalam tulisan ini, peneliti akan menganalisis proses berlabel gender yang digunakan dalam produk kuliner. Peneliti menggunakan teori Semiotik Pragmatis dari Peirce untuk menganalisis nama-nama teks kuliner yang terdapat di Indonesia. Analisis ini memberikan informasi tentang alasan di balik pelabelan gender untuk jenis kuliner yang serupa. Kesimpulan dari makalah ini adalah bahwa pelabelan gender tidak dapat dipisahkan dari bahan baku, metode pengolahan, gaya penyajian, dan cara penjualan dari kuliner.