bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROFIL KEMAMPUAN LITERASI DIGITAL KELAS X, XI DAN XII PADA MATA PELAJARAN BIOLOGI DI TASIKMALAYA
Authors: Kusuma Tiara Putri , Aprianti Rati
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat profil kemampuan literaai digital siswa kelas X, XI dan XII  pada mata pelajaran Biologi di Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan format penelitian deskriptif. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa siswi kelas X, XI dan XII di Tasikmalaya tahun pelajaran 2019/2020 dengan jumlah sampel yang terkumpul sebanyak 121 yang terdiri dari 34 siswa kelas X, 52 siswa kelas XI dan 35 siswa kelas XII. Samping menggunakan Teknik stratified random sampling, yakni yang menjadi sampel adalah siswa kelas X , XI dan siswa kelas XII. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui kuesioner, observasi dan wawancara. Hasil temuan data disajikan kedalam 4 aspek sesuai dengan kuesioner yang telah disebarkan kepada para responden. Adapun empat aspek tersebut antara lain : pencarian di internet (internet searching), pandu arah hypertext (hypertextual navigation), evaluasi konten informasi (content evaluation), serta penyusunan pengetahuan (knowledge assembly). Oleh karena itu untuk kemampuan literasi digital di kelas X, XI dan XII pada mata pelajaran Biologi sudah tergolong tinggi dengan total skor rata-rata sebesar 5,40. Kata kunci : Kemampuan Literasi Digital, Deskriptif kuantitatif, Biologi
PERBEDAAN WAKTU AKTIVITAS LALAT BUAH TERHADAP ATRAKTAN EKSTRAK DAUN KEMANGI ( Ocimum americana L.) DI KEBUN MANGGA KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA
Authors: Yuantika Ineu , Rachmawati Jeti , Sopyan Taupik
Published: November 2021

Lalat buah merupakan salah satu  hama utama yang merugikan bagi petani sekaligus mengancam sentra produksi buah yang dapat menyerang tanaman salah satunya mangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui waktu aktivitas lalat buah terhadap atraktan ekstrak daun kemangi dengan ekstrak daun cengkeh. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei 2016 di kebun mangga Desa Sidamukti Kabupaten Majalengka. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen desain penelitian Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas tiga perlakuan dan 10 kali ulangan. Sampel lalat buah ditangkap dengan menggunakan perangkap Steiner (botol bekas air mineral) yang diberi zat pemikat metil eugenol dari ekstrak daun kemangi dengan cengkeh. Pengamatan untuk kajian waktu aktivitas harian dilakukan  pada pagi hari (06.00 – 08.00 WIB), siang hari (11.00 – 13.00 WIB), dan sore hari (16.00 – 18.00 WIB) selama 18 hari. Parameter penelitian adalah jumlah lalat buah yang terperangkap pada pagi, siang, dan sore. Analisis data menggunakan ANAVA dilanjutkan uji Duncan dengan taraf nyata 5% dan 1%. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan lalat buah lebih aktif pada siang hari pukul 11.00 – 13.00 WIB. Faktor klimatik yang paling berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas lalat buah adalah cahaya. Kata kunci: Waktu aktivitas, Mangga, ekstrak daun kemangi, lalat buah.
Studies on forced degradation and solid state stability of tenofovir disoproxil orotate
Authors: Nageswara Rao Jakkam  , Sudhakar Chintakula  , Sreenivasa Rao Battula
Published: November 2021

In order to develop a stability regulatory system for drug substances and degraded products, a forced degradation study is an essential part in the design of the method. As per ICH Guidelines Q1A in 1993, it was established as an essential requirement for the regulatory system to assess the stability of drugs and their degradation products under the degradation studies by force. These analytical methods are helpful in the development of stability, indicating the method by conducting the studies on forced degradation with their mechanism of degradation. Drug products by degradation and new drug substance by forced degradation conditions are more severe than a demonstration of specificity of stability indicating methods. The analytical method development is facilitated by those techniques for better understanding of (API) active pharmaceutical ingredients and (DP) drug products stability.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MAJOR VEGETABLES IN PARSA DISTRICT, NEPAL
Authors: Paudel Amrita , Paudel Anish , Kattel Rishi Ram
Published: November 2021

The survey research was conducted to analyze the economics of production and marketing of major vegetables in Parsa district of Nepal from December 2019 to April 2020. Primary data for the household survey were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from sixty sampled respondents, sixteen from Pokhariya municipality, and forty-four from Bahudarmai municipality. Secondary data were collected through scientific journals, articles, and publications from agricultural organizations, projects, and programs. Average area under vegetable cultivation was found 12.68 Kattha. Out of five major vegetables under study average cost of production per kattha was found highest for pointed gourd (Rs. 11551.50) lowest for okra production (Rs. 6071/kata). The majority of production cost was covered by labor cost (>40%). The average productivity of cauliflower, okra,brinjal, chilli, and pointed gourd was 27.3 Mt/ha,19 Mt/ha,16.67 Mt/ha, 27.52Mt/ha, and 25.83Mt/ha respectively. B:C ratio of all the vegetables under study was higher than three which implies that vegetable farming in the study area is profitable farm business. Producers-wholesalers-retailers-consumers was the most used marketing channel. Market margin of cauliflower, okra, brinjal, chilli and pointed gourd was Rs. 13/kg, Rs. 7.73/kg, Rs. 7.86/kg, Rs. 28.07/kg and Rs. 8.69/kg respectively. Index of severity was constructed to rank the problems in the production and marketing of vegetables. Analysis of the problems identified shows the need for proper storage facilities, training related to vegetable farming and insect pest management, and subsidies on regular basis, and mechanization and modernization of the farming system through the introduction of technological knowledge and modern farm practice.
VALUE-CHAIN ANALYSIS OF GINGER SUB-SECTOR IN SOLUKHUMBU DISTRICT, NEPAL
Authors: Parajuli Sovit , Thapa Krishna Bahadur , Adhikari Kusum , Mahatara Bishal , Budhathoki Srijan
Published: November 2021

Survey research was carried out on Value Chain Analysis of Ginger Sub-Sector in Solukhumbu district with an objective of finding the value chain of ginger in Solukhumbu district of Nepal. Household level data from 60 household from Necha-Salyan rural municipality and Thulung Dudhkoshi rural municipality were sampled using random sampling technique. Few Local traders, wholesaler and retailers were also interviewed. Average area under ginger cultivation was found 2.35 ropani. Average cost of production per ropani was Rs. 14450.38 and majority of production cost of the production was covered by seed. The productivity of ginger in study area was 8.22 Mt/ha which was lower than national average and higher than the district productivity. The average price of the fresh ginger was Rs. 85.63/kg and Rs.200/kg for the dried ginger. Price fluctuation, lack of proper market, white grub, rhizome rot, lack of road access were the major problems for ginger grower in Solukhumbu District. Despite many problems, ginger cultivation in the study area was profitable business with B/C ratio 2.37 and B/C ratio of dried ginger was 1.13. Most of the sampled farmers were involved in the farming for their livelihood. Improved cultivation practices with recommended variety, timely plantation and seed treatment, simple processing like cleaning, sorting and grading are of immediate need to generate additional income to the producer.
Online Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Readiness and Satisfaction among Indonesian Students
Authors: Rafsanjani Mohamad Arief , Pamungkas Heni Purwa , Laily Nujmatul , Prabowo Andri Eko
Published: November 2021

The spread of Covid-19 has affected the entire world, including the education sector in Indonesia. This study examines the relationship between Indonesian students’ readiness and students satisfaction with online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. It used an online questionnaire to reach 518 students as a participant. Structural equation modelling (SEM) with SmartPLS software was utilised to examine the relationship between the variables. The finding indicated four dimensions of student readiness (online student attributes, time management, technical competencies, and online communication competencies) closely related to students’ satisfaction with online learning. The result provided an understanding of the condition of online learning satisfaction from students readiness point of view during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This study serves as a starting point for stakeholders (government and education institutions) in making future policies.
A Magnetic Survey of the Southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors:   , Ross David Irwin
Published: November 2021

The design and construction of a free precession proton magnetometer which give a reading of the field directly in gamma is described. This instrument has been used to obtain magnetic profiles across the Southwest Pacific Ocean during the 1963-65 summer Antarctic supply cruises of H.M.N.Z.S. Endeavour. The magnetic and bathymetric profiler obtained on these cruises have been analysed to determine the nature and structure of the oceanic crust in this region. The region is divided into four divisions. (l) The New Zealand Plateau, with an almost continental crustal thickness. (2) The Southwest Pacific Basin, at a depth of 3,000 fathoms. (3) The Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, pert of the world encircling mind-ocean ridge system. (4) The Ross Sea, an epicontinental sea across the Antarctic continental shelf. Subtraction of the regional field form the magnetic results has enabled a regional field map of the area to be drawn. Comparison with earlier results indicates a westward drift of the earth's field of approximately 0.25 degrees /yr. Some discussion of regional anomalies (~ 100 miles period) has been given. Because of the excellent correlation of magnetic anomalies from track to track across the basin it has been possible to draw an anomaly contour map of this part. This map illustrates the predominantly east-west trend of features over the basin. To the north the features parallel the edge of the New Zealand Plateau. To the south the features swing more towards the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. A major discontinuity is indicated along a direction 9 degrees E of S meeting the Plateau just southwest of Antipodes Islands. If this discontinuity is extrapolated south to the ridge it meets it at approximately 180 degrees E, where the ridge turns N-E towards Easter Island. Across the ridge the magnetic pattern shows three distinct regions. Over the northern flanks large anomalies are evident but the correlation of anomalies from track to track is very poor. Further south, across the upper flanks, the magnetic records are very much subdued. The extent of this region varies appreciably from track to track. Over the axis of the ridge large, steep-sided anomalies are obtained. These correlate well over part of the region studied. The southern flanks of the ridge are hidden by the Balleny Plateau which seems to form a link between Antarctica and the ridge in this region. The bathymetry records obtained indicate a step-type formation over the ridge. A narrow median valley appears to exist along the axis of the ridge. Some preliminary experimentation has been carried out with continual seismic profiling techniques over the region. The equipment that has been developed and the preliminary results obtained with it are discussed.
Mechanical Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Materials: the Wood-Water System
Authors:   , Cave Ian Douglas
Published: November 2021

The mechanical properties of wood are investigated from a "quasi-elastic point of view that makes allowance for variation in moisture content. The theoretical work is divided into three parts. The first part shows that wood may be regarded as a fibre-reinforced composite material and then builds up models of wood structure in terms of an assemblage of basic fibre-composite elements. The second part derives the constitutive relations for a fibre-reinforced composite consisting of, an inert fibrous phase embedded in a water reactive matrix; and the third part is concerned with the properties of the matrix of wood substance. The theoretical work is then tested against mechanical data from a set of specimens for which individual models have been devised. From this work, functions describing the behaviour of the matrix with moisture contest are obtained and the structural modelling procedures and the constitutive relation are shown to be not inconsistent with the observations. It was found that in addition to the mean cellulose microfibril angle, the matrix sorption properties are of great importance in correctly predicting Longitudinal shrinkage behaviour.
Computer Mediated Music Production: a Study of Abstraction and Activity
Authors:   , Duignan Matthew
Published: November 2021

Human Computer Interaction research has a unique challenge in understanding the activity systems of creative professionals, and designing the user-interfaces to support their work. In these activities, the user is involved in the process of building and editing complex digital artefacts through a process of continued refinement, as is seen in computer aided architecture, design, animation, movie-making, 3D modelling, interactive media (such as shockwave-flash), as well as audio and music production. This thesis examines the ways in which abstraction mechanisms present in music production systems interplay with producers' activity through a collective case study of seventeen professional producers. From the basis of detailed observations and interviews we examine common abstractions provided by the ubiquitous multitrack-mixing metaphor and present design implications for future systems.
Electron Conduction Processes in Tantalum-Germanium Multilayers
Authors:   , Johnson Heather Leigh
Published: November 2021

An explosion of both theoretical and experimental research into structurally disordered materials in the late 1970s has greatly increased our understanding of these complex systems. A number of facets of the conduction processes remain unexplained, however, particularly in the area of non-simple metals. Multilayers of disordered tantalum and amorphous germanium with individual layer thicknesses of between 4 & 120A [Angstrom] and 13 & 220A [Angstrom]respectively have been prepared by vapour deposition and the in-plane resistance measured from 1.5 to 300K. Results for samples with germanium layers of sufficient thickness to prevent tunnelling between the conducting tantalum layers can be interpreted in terms of conduction in the tantalum layers alone. In these samples the behaviour of the resistance as a function of temperature and the tantalum layer thickness can be explained in terms of the interplay between quantum interference effects and disorder enhanced electron-electron interaction effects. At high temperatures the negative temperature coefficient of resistance arises from the destruction of coherent interference in the backscattered direction by phonons. From the data, the electron-phonon scattering rate is found to be comparable in magnitude to that expected for scattering in either the "clean" or "dirty" limits while the temperature dependence of the scattering rate lies between that expected for each of these limits. At lower temperatures a turn over to a positive temperature coefficient of resistance is seen as spin-orbit scattering and superconducting fluctuations become important. At still lower temperatures the resistance is dominated by electron-electron interaction effects and we have observed a transition from three-dimensional to two-dimensional behaviour as the tantalum layer thickness is reduced. Evidence for the onset of superconductivity is seen for samples with a low temperature sheet resistance of less than 3000 Omega/whitesquare. We have also investigated samples with thin germanium layers (<40A [Angstrom]) in which coupling between the layers causes an increase in the superconducting transition temperature. We present some preliminary measurements which suggest that the transition from isolated to coupled tantalum layers, as the germanium layer thickness is reduced, can be followed in the form of the fluctuation conductivity.
An Analysis of the Temperature Profiles of Some Antarctic Lakes
Authors:   , Shirtcliffe T. G. L.
Published: November 2021

The temperature profiles of certain lakes in Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica, are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that these lakes were formerly cold brine pools; that their levels were raised by the addition of fresh water; and that they have since been heated principally by the absorption of sunlight. The temperature profile of a lake in Wright Valley, Victoria Land, is shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that this lake was formerly warm and stable, as are those Taylor Valley lakes which were analysed; that the addition of a further large quantity of fresh water caused instability and limited convection; and that the heat source is again absorbed sunlight. The study of this lake requires an understanding of convection in the presence of a gradient of solute concentration. A survey of existing knowledge of this type of convection shows that it is inadequate for the task. Experiments which provide the necessary information are described.
Investigating the Effects of Learning Tasks on Vocabulary Knowledge
Authors:   , Webb Stuart Alexander
Published: November 2021

This thesis looks at whether different kinds of vocabulary learning tasks result in different types of word knowledge. In almost every study that has investigated the effects of tasks on vocabulary learning; the only aspect of word knowledge that was tested was meaning and form. Since researchers agree that knowing a word involves much more than knowing its meaning and form, prior research may have measured partial knowledge of only one of several aspects of knowledge. In order to determine the effects of vocabulary learning tasks, several aspects of knowledge should be tested. The experiments in this thesis investigated how vocabulary learning tasks affect both receptive and productive knowledge of five aspects of word knowledge: orthography, association, syntax, meaning and form, and grammatical functions. In the first of six experiments, the effects of incidental learning from reading and explicit learning from word pairs on word knowledge were compared. The results indicated that gains in knowledge tend to increase as the number of repetitions increases; however, partial gains from an informative context may be reduced or eliminated if followed by a less informative context. The results also showed that learning from word pairs contributed to surprisingly greater gains in all of the aspects. In the second experiment, two tasks (learning from glossed sentences, and learning from word pairs) were compared to determine the effects of context and synonymy on vocabulary knowledge. It was found that the subjects gained greater knowledge of unknown words that had high frequency synonyms than for those with less frequent synonyms. The results also indicated that a single context may have little effect on acquisition. In the third, fourth and fifth experiments, the effects of receptive and productive learning tasks on vocabulary knowledge were examined. The results indicated that productive learning from word pairs may be more effective at developing productive knowledge while receptive learning from word pairs may be more effective at increasing receptive knowledge. The sixth experiment investigated the effects of receptive and productive learning from word pairs on communication. It was found that the receptive task may be superior in improving comprehension, and the productive task may be better suited to facilitating writing. Taken as a whole, this thesis indicates that measuring multiple aspects of vocabulary knowledge both receptively and productively may provide a much more accurate assessment of the relative efficacy of vocabulary learning tasks. Moreover, it suggests that different tasks may have a different effect on vocabulary knowledge.
Terrestrial Heat Flow in New Zealand
Authors:   , Pandey Om Prakash
Published: November 2021

In this regional heat flow study of New Zealand temperatures have been measured in available boreholes using a specially constructed thermistor probe, and existing temperature information has been incorporated from various sources including oil prospecting boreholes. Thermal conductivity has been measured in the laboratory on 581 samples. Newly determined values of heat flow are given for 105 locations; values for the South Island are here presented for the first time. Most of the heat flow values have been grouped in eight regions based on the level of heat flow. This classification can be related to the occurrence of certain surface manifestations and geophysical anomalies, and to regional plate tectonics. High heat flow in three regions is consistent with melting conditions being reached at depths between 35km and 45km. These are the Taranaki Region, the West Coast Region and the Great South Basin. The average regional heat flow for these regions varies from 86.4 mW/m2 to 110.7 mW/m2. Much lower heat flow is obtained in the Hikurangi and Marlborough-Canterbury Regions; these may possibly be interconnected. Elsewhere the heat flow is low to normal with isolated highs. The broad distribution of heat flow in the North Island is typical for an active subduction region. Radioactive heat generation has been measured on rock types from various localities, and large variations have been found. The heat flow - heat generation relationship has been studied for 42 sites. A linear relationship is found only in the Taranaki and Hikurangi Regions. Temperature calculations show large differences in the deep-seated temperature distribution beneath New Zealand, and this has also been reflected in the distribution of "reduced heat flow". Temperature and heat flow can be correlated with upper mantle inhomogeneity. The inferred variation of radioactive heat generation with depth has been studied for areas beneath the Western Canterbury Region. A mean heat generation of 1.56 plus-minus .07 muW/m3 has been found in a sequence which has been inferred to occur between 17km and 30km in depth under the region; this is very much higher than the usually adopted values for the lower crust. Normal heat flow observed in the Western Cook Strait Region, and the existence of good seismic wave transmission beneath the same region, can be attributed to crustal and lithospheric thickening. The relevance of present study to petroleum occurrences has been examined and it is found that in areas of proven hydrocarbon potential the heat flow is high.
New Nitrogenous Spongian Diterpenes from the New Zealand Marine Sponge Darwinella Oxeata
Authors:   , Dowle Katie Orlagh
Published: November 2021

During the course of this research five New Zealand marine sponges were investigated. Detailed examination of one of the species, Darwinella oxeata, has resulted in the isolation of ten compounds whose structures were elucidated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques and a simple derivatisation reaction. These compounds were identified as rearranged spongian diterpenes with the aplysulphurane backbone. Five of these compounds have been previously reported, though two of them were originally isolated from another marine sponge, Dendrilla membranosa. The five new compounds, oxeatamides C to G (25-29), were found to have the same diterpene portion as the oxeatamides already isolated from this sponge. They do, however, differ in the gamma-lactam side chain, which is proposed to be of amino acid origin. The new oxeatamides showed moderate levels of cytotoxicity against the HL-60 cell line in MTT assays.
Towards an Ecofeminist Praxis within Social Work Pedagogy
Authors:   , Anderton Joy Margery
Published: November 2021

Environmental sustainability is now widely accepted as a global imperative. Little progress will be made to achieving sustainability without a major paradigm shift. Radical social work has a commitment to social change and social justice. The author argues that social work education, which already has a firm tradition of empowering praxis, is strategically placed to contribute to education for sustainability. In order to make such a contribution, it must add environmental issues to its agenda. The thesis explores the author's application of an ecofeminist epistemology to her own pedagogical practice as a social work lecturer. Ecofeminism was chosen as having potential to contribute to new approaches to social work pedagogy because, like social work, it focuses on multiple injustices. Ecofeminism links social injustices, especially for women and people of colour, to the degradation of the earth. The thesis explores the history, development and key themes of ecofeminism and identifies elements of an ecofeminist praxis. The contextual background for this development is a discussion of the author's own experience as a social worker and social work educator, including key themes and issues raised by critiques of pedagogy from social work, feminism and ecology. The writer describes the participatory action research she conducted with social work and tourism students at the University of Lincolnshire and Humberside in the United Kingdom and in her regular social work teaching at Victoria University of Wellington. New Zealand. The teaching focus was 'sustainable community'. Research participants' perceptions of sustainable community were canvassed at different times during workshops and regular teaching sessions. These included lectures, discussions and participatory Boal-type theatre. The research design was participatory and reflexive, involving cycles of planning/action/reflection and further planning. The reflexive process was assisted by the use of video/audio recording and playback, questionnaires and response sheets. The empirical material was analysed using thematic categories and research outcomes were integrated into an interpretative framework using elements of an ecofeminist praxis. The author concludes that the ecofeminist praxis she developed makes a significant contribution to social work pedagogy. It expands the social work agenda to include the environment as a focus of concern as well as a source of knowledge. She suggests that the usefulness of ecofeminist praxis lies in its ability to transcend disciplinary boundaries and to make contributions beyond academia. She cites examples of an application of ecofeminism to a pedagogy of sustainability with potential to make creative responses to issues of local and global concern.
An Exploratory Descriptive Study of the Needs of Parents after their Young Child Is Discharged from Hospital Following an Admission with an Acute Illness
Authors:   , Mockford Andrea
Published: November 2021

In New Zealand there are concerns about the high numbers of preventable admissions of young children with acute illnesses. These admissions are concentrated in the under five age group, with higher rates of admissions for tamariki Maori and Pacific children. This study sought to address these concerns by focusing on what happened once these children were discharged. Its aims were to find out what the expressed needs of parents were, as they cared for their child, once home. Whilst there has been a small amount of international research undertaken in this area, there is little known about expressed parent need in the New Zealand context. This exploratory descriptive study involved parents of under five year old children, who had been admitted to a hospital, with one of five acute illnesses. Eighteen parents were surveyed over the telephone. This study found the parents expressed a need for reassurance and advice once home, and that they worried about their child getting sick again. It highlighted gaps in discharge planning and support. None of the parents had received a written discharge plan for their child. Only five parents had received either a contact number for advice or a referral back to their primary care provider. This study found that whilst some parents considered their discharge needs had been met, others considered that they had not. Four local discharge practice opportunities to support these families were recommended, these included, providing parents and caregivers with an individualised written discharge plan, giving a contact number for advice after discharge, offering a follow-up phone call in the first 48 hours, and ensuring that all children have a referral back to their primary health care provider. Areas for further research were highlighted, including the need for a larger study to explore and compare the needs of rural and urban parents, and Maori and Pacific parents.
The Hydrological System and Climate of Brewster Glacier, Tititea Mt Aspiring National Park, Southern Alps, Aotearoa New Zealand, in the Context of Climate Change.
Authors:   , Winter-Billington Alexandra
Published: November 2021

Temporal and spatial variability of stream discharge is directly related to variation in local climate, and this in turn is related to both  regional and global atmospheric circulation and climate change. The relationship is complicated in glacierised catchments. This study aims to identify relationships between discharge from Brewster Glacier proglacial stream and both local atmospheric variables and national atmospheric circulation patterns. An attempt is made to quantify these relationships using statistical models and tests in order that prediction of discharge with climate change could be made using local weather forecasts and national circulation indices. The nature of the subglacial drainage system is also investigated with particular focus on its structural evolution from summer to autumn. It is found that shortwave radiation, wind speed and relative humidity are consistently the most important variables in prediction of discharge and that wind speed is most important during summer while air temperature is most important in autumn. It is concluded that the importance of precipitation is greater than indicated by the results which were influenced by covariance in the records. A multiple regression model for summer discharge predicts up to 85% of variation in the proglacial stream hydrograph and for autumn 60%. Low overall energy inputs during autumn result in lesser sensitivity of discharge to variation in environmental conditions. It is concluded that the subglacial drainage system is highly arborescent over both summer and autumn and that little, if any, evolution occurs through these seasons. A qualitative relationship is established between discharge production at Brewster Glacier proglacial stream and national atmospheric circulation indices; highest average discharge occurs during northwesterly cyclonic conditions, when the turbulent heat fluxes and precipitation dominate discharge production, and lowest during southeasterly anticyclones when total energy inputs are low. The multiple regression models are used to estimate changes in discharge over the next 20 years given predicted changes in air temperature and precipitation, and it is found that the models lack the sensitivity required for accurate predictions.
Seismic Moment Tensor Solutions from GeoNet Data to Provide a Moment Magnitude Scale for New Zealand
Authors:   , Robertson Elizabeth de Joux
Published: November 2021

The aim of this project is to enable accurate earthquake magnitudes (moment magnitude, MW) to be calculated routinely and in near real-time for New Zealand earthquakes. This would be done by inversion of waveform data to obtain seismic moment tensors. Seismic moment tensors also provide information on fault-type. I use a well-established seismic moment tensor inversion method, the Time-Domain [seismic] Moment Tensor Inversion algorithm (TDMT_INVC) and apply it to GeoNet broadband waveform data to generate moment tensor solutions for New Zealand earthquakes. Some modifications to this software were made. A velocity model can now be automatically used to calculate Green's functions without having a pseudolayer boundary at the source depth. Green's functions can be calculated for multiple depths in a single step, and data are detrended and a suitable data window is selected. The seismic moment tensor solution that has either the maximum variance reduction or the maximum double-couple component is automatically selected for each depth. Seismic moment tensors were calculated for 24 New Zealand earthquakes from 2000 to 2005. The Global CMT project has calculated CMT solutions for 22 of these, and the Global CMT project solutions are compared to the solutions obtained in this project to test the accuracy of the solutions obtained using the TDMT_INVC code. The moment magnitude values are close to the Global CMT values for all earthquakes. The focal mechanisms could only be determined for a few of the earthquakes studied. The value of the moment magnitude appears to be less sensitive to the velocity model and earthquake location (epicentre and depth) than the focal mechanism. Distinguishing legitimate seismic signal from background seismic noise is likely to be the biggest problem in routine inversions.
Microseismicity of the Central Alpine Fault Region, New Zealand
Authors:   , O'Keefe Bronwyn Cherie
Published: November 2021

This study investigates the spatial and temporal patterns in microseismicity along the central section of the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand. This section, between Harihari and Karangarua, has significantly lower seismicity than the regions to the northeast and southwest. Several hypotheses of mechanisms said to contribute to the anomaly have been proposed over the years including locked fault, slow slip, shallow creep and external fluids affecting the thermal regime and brittle-ductile transition. Focussing on the shallow crust, the contrasting seismic character is compared to the northern and southern sections from seismicity behaviour, focal mechanisms and seismogenic depth. A temporal array of eight seismographs (including three broadband instruments) was augmented with three GeoNet stations bounding the array. This provided an average spacing of 14 km and a magnitude cut-off of ML 1.6 compared to the GeoNet national network cut-off of ML 2.6 and station spacing of 80-100 km. The Gutenberg-Richter distribution for the four month time frame analysed defned a b-value of 0.75 plus or minus 0.06 which may indicate a locked, heterogeneous zone under high-stress from fluid pressure or a predominance of thrust mechanisms over the survey period. Seismicity over the deployment was within the average range of the last 15 years. The 'horseshoe' shaped seismicity pattern observed from long-term national catologue data is similar for smaller magnitudes. While the central portion of the Alpine Fault is quieter with unusually low b-value, the region is not aseismic. Neither does it experience the level of microseismicity seen in creeping faults. The brittle-ductile transition varies laterally along the fault and is estimated at up to 15 km for most of the survey region but closer to 10 km for the region associated with the highest orogenic uplift rates which compares well with past studies. A local magnitude scale was developed from direct linear inversion of the pseudoWood-Anderson amplitudes and event-station distances. A linear inversion of data from the standard New Zealand magnitude equation characterised an attenuation parameter of 0.0167 km minus 1; more than double the value used in national local magnitude calculations (of 0.0067 km minus 1). Swarm clustering dominates the seismicity character of the time frame. Utilising the earthquake relocation program HypoDD, a selection of clusters both near the Alpine Fault and away from it resolve to point sources. Those close to the Alpine Fault are located in what may be the footwall of the Fault which may indicate that the velocity model has located the events too far to the northwest.
Fishing in the Dark: Science, Values and Deep Water Fisheries Research
Authors:   , Cawthorn Isabella
Published: November 2021

This research sought to assesss the safeguards protecting scientific objectivity in New Zealand deep-water fisheries science decision-making fora. Managing depleted, slow-growing and poorly-understood stocks demands particularly accurate, objective scientific information. New Zealand's Ministry of Fisheries undertakes deep-water fisheries management in an nformation-poor, high-stakes context. This context means neither of the two strictly separate policy and scientific advice processes is able, in isolation, to provide advice confidently. Preliminary investigations suggested that to enable the Ministry to meet the ongoing need for management of deep-water fishing, science fora are effectively taking on a quasi-policy role.  This research investigated whether deep-water fisheries science processes have sufficient safeguards to protect the objectivity of scientific decision-making in this difficult climate, thereby ensuring maximum accuracy in their advice. Twentytwo personal interviews were conducted with key informants, and analysed using grounded theory. Themes thus revealed were analysed in light of concepts from economics, philosophy of science and institutional analysis literature. Research suggested that the scientific process is ill-suited for handling non-scientific judgements, and the spread of non-scientific considerations into scientific fora is risking the objectivity of scientific analysis which is critical for fisheries management. Imbalanced stakeholder representation in scientific fora further imperils objectivity in these fora, with potentially significant implications for sustainable fisheries management.
Distribution and Demographics of Fuchsia Excorticata, Nelson Lakes National Park
Authors:   , Bartholomew Edward Rex Lancelot
Published: November 2021

The small tree Fuchsia excorticata (Onagraceae) is found on disturbed riparian sites throughout New Zealand. Spatial distribution and  demographic changes in populations of F. excorticata were surveyed in the Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project (RNRP) area, and an associated non-treatment reference area, Nelson Lakes National Park, over the period 2005 to 2007. The RNRP is an intensively managed "mainland island" project in mixed beech (Nothofagus) forest, pest animal species especially possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), rodents, and mustelids are controlled. The aim of this study was to survey the condition of F. excorticata in the managed and reference areas to determine if any differences could be detected between the populations over time. The only significant (p<0.05) difference between the two areas was in sapling abundance, which was higher in the RNRP management area. This was tentatively attributed to pest management; however the concurrence of complex  environmental influences, and a lack of management replication, prevented a simple interpretation of the data. There was no significant difference in recruitment, growth, mortality, and tree or seedling abundance  between the managed and reference areas. Growth rate, especially of saplings, was significantly greater at lower elevations in the RNRP managed area, however the inverse held for the reference area. Mammalian herbivory was light; the main affect being to restrict seedling growth through hedging. Periodic heavy flooding was responsible for much of the mortality, however many newly disturbed sites were rapidly populated with fuchsia seedlings. The need for rigour in establishing ecologically comparable reference sites for comparative studies was evident. There were inherent difficulties in establishing causal relationships between ecological changes and management practices where management was not replicated geographically.
A Home in This World: the Representation of Location and Identity in the Prose Fiction Texts of Katherine Mansfield, Robin Hyde and Janet Frame
Authors:   , Pride Stephanie Alison
Published: November 2021

There is no home in this world for colonising peoples, but the desire for a place or a state to call home permeates their literature. The act of colonising is an act of dispossession, not only for the autochthonous peoples, but for the colonising peoples too. The colonising peoples can never regain their relationship of autochthonicity to their imperial nation, but neither can they ever gain a truly autochthonous relationship to the colonised land, because the founding act of dispossession stands in their way. The loss of autochthonous identity and location is one which can never be fulfilled. There is no longer a home to go to. The anxiety about identity and location which this loss produces is a basic condition of coloniality which cannot be escaped. This anxiety about identity and location can be tracked through the prose fiction writings of Katherine Mansfield, Robin Hyde and Janet Frame. Although the founding loss of autochthonicity cannot be undone or supplemented, it can be displaced, denied, disavowed or seized and interrogated. Although this condition of coloniality is produced by a founding moment in history, the way in which that condition is manifested in the texts is not fixed and transhistorical. Coloniality is displayed differently in each of the three groups of texts examined here. The dynamics of disavowal characterise the texts of both Mansfield and Hyde, but the products of this disavowal differ. Whilst the texts of Mansfield produce the colonising subject as a discriminated subject, the texts of Hyde produce the colonised subject as a discriminated subject. Frame's text interrogates its coloniality rather than disavowing it and attempts to articulate the foundering moments of individual and national identity rather than their founding moments. Under the hegemony of multinational consumer capital, the permanent nostalgia, which is the condition of coloniality, has become, also, the condition of the world.
The Significant Factors in Industrial Conflict, with Special Reference to Three New Zealand Industries
Authors:   , Turkington Don James
Published: November 2021

The scope of this study is broader than that of most others on industrial conflict and encompasses individual and employer-initiated forms of conflict as well as stoppages. Industrial conflict is a complex concept and there is consequently a need for an explicit ordering of ideas. Our theoretical discussion in Part 1 is aimed at providing a general framework for later empirical analysis. It begins with a conceptualization of industrial conflict which embraces many causes, settings, parties and forms. The more important of these forms are outlined before factors influencing the distribution of industrial conflict are surveyed. It ends with an investigation of the ways in which the economic effects of such conflict may be observed and to some extent measured. Three industries, meat freezing, building and construction, and waterfront, account for a disproportionate amount of industrial conflict in New Zealand and it is on these that the empirical analysis of this thesis centres. In order to understand the context of conflict in these industries, their economic, technical and organisational environments are outlined in Part 2. Part 3 contains the empirical investigation itself, beginning with the place of these three industries in the national perspective and then dealing with the industries in turn. In each case, both official statistics and material obtained by interviews and questionnaires are used to analyze conflict in detail and to evaluate possible factors shaping it. No simple conflict patterns are found. These industries are, for example, stoppage prone but all contain several units which are virtually stoppage free. But in each industry certain fundamental features are found to be influential in shaping the patterns. Of prime importance is the technology, although economic features, such as the nature of worker remuneration, ownership patterns and the level of throughput, are also important. These conclusions are summarised in Part 4 where it is noted that, while the three industries have features predisposing them toward conflict, our understanding of and command over these features can be improved.
The Geology, Mineralogy and Geothermometry of the Broadlands Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
Authors:   , Browne Patrick Richard Lee
Published: November 2021

Following the commissioning of the Wairakei geothermal power station, several areas in the Rotorua-Taupo Volcanic Zone were investigated for their power-producing potential. One of these was the Broadlands district, where a resistivity survey had located a sizeable area of subsurface water. The first hole, east of the Waikato River (Fig. 2), was drilled in late 1965, but although the temperature at hole bottom is 278 degrees, rock permeability is low and the bore is a poor steam producer. However, further drillholes (Br 2, 3 and 4) in the Ohaki area tapped good supplies of high temperature water and prompted a fullscale scientific and exploratory drilling programme. This was completed in mid-1971 after 25 holes had been drilled and it was estimated that the field could produce about 150 megawatts of electricity.
Officership in the Salvation Army : a Case Study in Clericalisation
Authors:   , Hill Harold Ivor Winston
Published: November 2021

This thesis attempts an historical review and analysis of Salvation Army ministry in terms of the tension between function and status, between the view that members of the church differ only in that they have distinct roles, and the tradition that some enjoy a particular status, some ontological character, by virtue of their ordination to one of those roles in particular. This dichotomy developed early in the life of the Church and can be traced throughout its history. Jesus and his community appear to have valued equality in contrast to the priestly hierarchies of received religion. There were varieties of function within the early Christian community, but perhaps not at first of status. Over the first two or three centuries the Church developed such distinctions, between those "ordained" to "orders" and the "laity", as it accommodated to Roman society and to traditional religious expectations, and developed structures to defend its doctrinal integrity. While most renewal movements in the Church from Montanism onwards have involved a degree of lay reaction against this institutionalisation, clericalism has always regained the ascendancy. The Christian Mission, originating in 1865 and becoming The Salvation Army in 1878, began as a "lay" movement and was not intended to become a "Church". By the death of its Founder in 1912 however it had in practice become a denominational church in all but name and its officers had in effect become clergy. At the same time it continued to maintain the theory that it was not a church. The first three chapters explore this development, and the ambiguity that this uncertainty built into its understanding of ministry. In the Army's second century it began to become more theologically aware and the tension between the incompatible poles of its self-understanding led to prolonged debate. This debate is followed firstly through published articles and correspondence mainly from the period 1960-2000, and then in the official statements produced by the organisation. Separate chapters attend to the way in which this polarity was expressed in discussion of the roles of women and of auxiliary officers and soldiers of the Army. The culmination of this period of exploration came with the setting up of an International Commission on Officership and subsequent adjustments to the Army's regulations. The conclusion argued however that these changes have not addressed the underlying tensions in the movement's ecclesiology, between the "radical reformation" roots of its theology and the hierarchical shape of its ecclesiology, and attempts to explore future possibilities for the Army's theology of ministry. In retrospect it may be seen that The Salvation Army recapitulates in microcosm the historical and sociological processes of the Church as a whole, its history illustrating the way in which pragmatic measures become entrenched dogma, while charismatic revivals and alternative communities are reabsorbed into the structures of power and control.