bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imprensa, raça e civilização: José de Fontes Pereira e o pensamento intelectual angolano no século XIX
Authors: Santos Eduardo Antonio Estevam
Published: November 2020

Neste trabalho, procuramos interpretar e analisar por meio dos artigos publicados nos principais periódicos de Luanda o pensamento intelectual de José de Fontes Pereira. Buscamos analisar o conjunto de reflexões deste “filho do país” numa articulação complexa entre imprensa, civilização, raça e a burocracia colonial. Apresentamos, também, a força da emergente imprensa angolana na segunda metade do século XIX em meio às transformações políticas, econômicas e sociais, e o papel político de José de Fontes Pereira diante das tensões raciais envolvendo as disputas por cargos administrativos em Angola.

Palavras-chave: imprensa - civilização - raça.

Abstract: In this work, we try to interpret and analyze, through the articles published in the main periodicals of Luanda, the intellectual thinking of José de Fontes Pereira. We seek to analyze the set of reflections of this "son of the country" in a complex articulation between press, civilization, race and the colonial administration. We also present the strength of the emerging Angolan press in the second half of the nineteenth century amidst political, economic and social transformations, furthermore the political role of José de Fontes Pereira in the face of racial tensions involving disputes over administrative positions in Angola.

 

Keywords: press - civilization - race.
A crítica do cânone e as sociologias alternativas
Authors: Oliveira Lucas Amaral de
Published: November 2020

Resenha de:
ALATAS, Syed Farid e SINHA, Vineeta. Sociological Theory Beyond the Canon. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 391p.
Voice hearers’s appetite condition: a potential indicator for health care / Condição de apetite de ouvidores de vozes: um potencial indicador para o cuidado em saúde
Authors: Ramos Camila Irigonhé , Kantorski Luciane Prado , Oliveira Michele Mandagará de , Santos Cátia Gentile dos , Couto Maria Laura de Oliveira , Silva Priscilla dos Santos da
Published: November 2020

objetivo: avaliar a condição do apetite de usuários ouvidores de vozes método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado entre 2017 e 2018 em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário com questões socioeconômicas e da escala de Beck. O banco de dados foi elaborado no programa Epidata e a análise bivariada no Stata 11 resultados: participaram do estudo 112 usuários e obteve-se 11% de perdas e recusas. Com relação ao perfil socioeconômico a maioria eram mulheres, com idade média de 47 anos, que sabiam ler e escrever, solteiras e que viviam sozinhas. A maioria dos usuários apresentou perda de apetite, estes tiveram maior prevalência de humor deprimido quando comparados aqueles que não tiveram alteração da ingestão de alimentos conclusão: as alterações de apetite podem estar relacionadas com outras mudanças de humor, as quais, em conjunto, alteram o estado de saúde e a qualidade de vida.
Adolescents with special health care needs: challenges of school inclusion according to family members/caregivers’ viewpoint / Adolescentes com necessidades especiais de saúde: desafios da inclusão escolar no discurso de familiares/cuidadores
Authors: Silveira Andressa da , Costenaro Regina Gema Santini , Neves Eliane Tatsch
Published: November 2020

Objetivo: conhecer os desafios da inclusão escolar de adolescentes com necessidades especiais de saúde a partir do discurso dos familiares/cuidadores. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada no ambulatório pediátrico de especialidades, que atende adolescentes com necessidades especiais de saúde. Realizou-se a análise de prontuários, entrevista semiestruturada com 35 familiares/cuidadores de adolescentes. As entrevistas foram submetidas a dupla transcrição e à análise de discurso Pecheutiana. Resultados: os familiares/cuidadores trouxeram em seus discursos os desafios enfrentados para a integração e inclusão escolar, os profissionais e as pessoas que contribuem no processo de inserção social do adolescente, as habilidades e potencialidades da CRIANES. Conclusão: a educação inclusiva deve ser articulada de forma interdisciplinar, engajada por todas as esferas de gestão, política, trabalho, famílias e usuários. A inclusão deve ser debatida pela enfermagem, em busca da promoção da saúde e de espaço social para o adolescente.
An immunomodulatory role for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Acr protein in the formation of the tuberculous granuloma
Authors: Healy Eamonn F. , Goering Lisa M. , Hauser Charles R. , King Peter J.
Published: November 2020

The tuberculous granuloma is a compact aggregate of dormant bacteria encapsulated by host macrophages. It is commonly regarded as a product of the host defense designed to isolate infectious mycobacteria. This work demonstrates that exposure of macrophages to the Mtb heat‐shock protein Acr leads to overproduction of the chemokine CXCL16, allowing the mycobacterium to exploit the innate immune response. This induction of chemokine expression is hypothesized to occur through activation of ADAM proteases, providing an immunomodulatory role for Mtb Acr in the formation of the granuloma.
Spatiotemporal immunolocalisation of REST in the brain of healthy ageing and Alzheimer’s disease rats
Authors: Mampay Myrthe , Velasco‐Estevez María , Rolle Sara O. , Chaney Aisling M. , Boutin Hervé , Dev Kumlesh K. , Moeendarbary Emad , Sheridan Graham K.
Published: November 2020

In the brain, REST (Repressor Element‐1 Silencing Transcription factor) is a key regulator of neuron cell‐specific gene expression. Nuclear translocation of neuronal REST has been shown to be neuroprotective in a healthy ageing context. In contrast, inability to upregulate nuclear REST is thought to leave ageing neurons vulnerable to neurodegenerative stimuli, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. Hippocampal and cortical neurons are known to be particularly susceptible to AD‐associated neurodegeneration. However, REST expression has not been extensively characterised in the healthy ageing brain. Here, we examined the spatiotemporal immunolocalisation of REST in the brains of healthy ageing wild‐type Fischer‐344 and transgenic Alzheimer’s disease rats (TgF344‐AD). Nuclear expression of REST increased from 6 months to 18 months of age in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and subiculum of wild‐type rats, but not in TgF344‐AD rats. No changes in REST were measured in more posterior cortical regions or in the thalamus. Interestingly, levels of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin, a known gene target of REST, were lower in CA1 hippocampal neurons of 18‐month TgF344‐AD rats compared to 18‐month wild‐types, suggesting that elevated nuclear REST may protect against synapse loss in the CA1 of 18‐month wild‐type rats. High REST expression in ageing wild‐type rats did not, however, protect against axonal loss nor against astroglial reactivity in the hippocampus. Taken together, our data confirm that changes in nuclear REST expression are context‐, age‐ and brain region‐specific. Moreover, key brain structures involved in learning and memory display elevated REST expression in healthy ageing wild‐type rats but not TgF344‐AD rats.
A phantom study to evaluate three different registration platform of 3D/3D, 2D/3D, and 3D surface match with 6D alignment for precise image‐guided radiotherapy
Authors: Kuo Hsiang‐Chi , Lovelock Michael M. , Li Guang , Ballangrud Åse , Wolthuis Brian , Della Biancia Cesar , Hunt Margie A. , Berry Sean L.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To evaluate two three‐dimensional (3D)/3D registration platforms, one two‐dimensional (2D)/3D registration method, and one 3D surface registration method (3DS). These three technologies are available to perform six‐dimensional (6D) registrations for image‐guided radiotherapy treatment.

Methods

Fiducial markers were asymmetrically placed on the surfaces of an anthropomorphic head phantom (n = 13) and a body phantom (n = 8), respectively. The point match (PM) solution to the six‐dimensional (6D) transformation between the two image sets [planning computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT (CBCT)] was determined through least‐square fitting of the fiducial positions using singular value decomposition (SVD). The transformation result from SVD was verified and was used as the gold standard to evaluate the 6D accuracy of 3D/3D registration in Varian’s platform (3D3DV), 3D/3D and 2D/3D registration in the BrainLab ExacTrac system (3D3DE and 2D3D), as well as 3DS in the AlignRT system. Image registration accuracy from each method was quantitatively evaluated by root mean square of target registration error (rmsTRE) on fiducial markers and by isocenter registration error (IRE). The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was utilized to compare the difference of each registration method with PM. AP < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

rmsTREwas in the range of 0.4 mm/0.7 mm (cranial/body), 0.5 mm/1 mm, 1.0 mm/1.5 mm, and 1.0 mm/1.2 mm for PM, 3D3D, 2D3D, and 3DS, respectively. Comparing to PM, the mean errors ofIREwere 0.3 mm/1 mm for 3D3D, 0.5 mm/1.4 mm for 2D3D, and 1.6 mm/1.35 mm for 3DS for the cranial and body phantoms respectively. Both of 3D3D and 2D3D methods differed significantly in the roll direction as compared to the PM method for the cranial phantom. The 3DS method was significantly different from the PM method in all three translation dimensions for both the cranial (P = 0.003–P = 0.03) and body (P < 0.001–P = 0.008) phantoms.

Conclusion

3D3D using CBCT had the best image registration accuracy among all the tested methods. 2D3D method was slightly inferior to the 3D3D method but was still acceptable as a treatment position verification device. 3DS is comparable to 2D3D technique and could be a substitute for X‐ray or CBCT for pretreatment verification for treatment of anatomical sites that are rigid.
Rare variant analysis of essential tremor‐associated genes in early‐onset Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Liang Dongxiao , Zhao Yuwen , Pan Hongxu , Zhou Xun , He Runcheng , Zhou Xiaoxia , Yang Jinxia , Wang Yige , Zhou Xiaoting , Zhou Zhou , Xu Qian , Yan Xinxiang , Li Jinchen , Guo Jifeng , Tang Beisha , Sun Qiying
Published: November 2020

Objective

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are the two most common movement disorders. A significant overlap in clinical features, epidemiology, imaging, and pathology suggests that PD and ET may also share common genetic risk factors. Previous studies have only assessed a limited number of ET‐associated genes in PD patients and vice versa. Consequently, the genetic association between PD and ET remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we systematically investigated a potential association between rare coding variants in ET‐associated genes and PD, in a relatively large Chinese population cohort.

Methods

To investigate the genetic association between ET and PD, we performed the sequence kernel association testing (SKAT‐O) to explore the variant burden of 33 ET‐associated genes, using whole‐exome sequencing (WES) data from 1494 early‐onset PD (EOPD) patients and 1357 control subjects from mainland China.

Results

We report that rare loss‐of‐function and damaging missense variants of TNEM4 are suggestively associated with EOPD (P = 0.026), damaging missense variants of TNEM4 alone are also suggestively associated with EOPD (P = 0.032). No other rare damaging variants in ET‐related genes were significantly associated with EOPD.

Interpretation

This is the first systematic analysis of ET‐associated genes in EOPD. The suggestive association between TNEM4 and EOPD provides new evidence for a genetic link between ET and PD.
Macrophage Immunomodulation Through New Polymers that Recapitulate Functional Effects of Itaconate as a Power House of Innate Immunity
Authors: Davenport Huyer Locke , Mandla Serena , Wang Yufeng , Campbell Scott B. , Yee Bess , Euler Christian , Lai Benjamin F. , Bannerman A. Dawn , Lin Dawn S. Y. , Montgomery Miles , Nemr Kayla , Bender Timothy , Epelman Slava , Mahadevan Radhakrishnan , Radisic Milica
Published: November 2020

Itaconate (ITA) is an emerging powerhouse of innate immunity with therapeutic potential that is limited in its ability to be administered in a soluble form. A library of polyester materials that incorporate ITA into polymer backbones resulting in materials with inherent immunoregulatory behavior is developed. Harnessing hydrolytic degradation release from polyester backbones, ITA polymers result in the mechanism specific immunoregulatory properties on macrophage polarization in vitro. In a functional assay, the polymer‐released ITA inhibits bacterial growth on acetate. Translation to an in vivo model of biomaterial associated inflammation, intraperitoneal injection of ITA polymers demonstrate a rapid resolution of inflammation in comparison to a control polymer silicone, demonstrating the value of sustained biomimetic presentation of ITA.
High‐Conductivity–Dispersibility Graphene Made by Catalytic Exfoliation of Graphite for Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Tao Ran , Li Fan , Lu Xing , Liu Fang , Xu Jinhui , Kong Dejia , Zhang Chen , Tan Xinyi , Ma Shengxiang , Shi Wenyue , Mo Runwei , Lu Yunfeng
Published: November 2020

Despite the progress made on the production of graphene using liquid‐phase exfoliation methods, the fabrication of graphene with both high conductivity and dispersibility remains challenging. Through catalytic exfoliation of graphite, an effective synthesis method for graphene with large lateral size (≈10 µm), high conductivity (926 S cm–1), and excellent water solubility (≈10 mg mL–1) is reported herein. Such graphene can be used broadly for applications such as lithium ion batteries, where both high conductivity and dispersibility are required. As an example, the synthesis of graphene and lithium‐iron‐phosphate composites is demonstrated, which leads to electrodes with dramatically improved cycling stability and rate performance. Adaption of such material leads to electrodes with volumetric energy density as high as 658.7 and 287.6 W h L–1 under 0.5 and 20 C, respectively, which is significantly higher than that of commercial LiFePO4 (394.7 and 13.5 W h L–1 at 0.5 and 20 C, respectively). This work provides a new method of making high‐conductivity–dispersibility graphene for various applications.
Random Polymerization Strategy Leads to a Family of Donor Polymers Enabling Well‐Controlled Morphology and Multiple Cases of High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liang Jiaen , Pan Mingao , Chai Gaoda , Peng Zhengxing , Zhang Jianquan , Luo Siwei , Han Qi , Chen Yuzhong , Shang Ao , Bai Fujin , Xu Yuan , Yu Han , Lai Joshua Yuk Lin , Chen Qing , Zhang Maojie , Ade Harald , Yan He
Published: November 2020

Developing high‐performance donor polymers is important for nonfullerene organic solar cells (NF‐OSCs), as state‐of‐the‐art nonfullerene acceptors can only perform well if they are coupled with a matching donor with suitable energy levels. However, there are very limited choices of donor polymers for NF‐OSCs, and the most commonly used ones are polymers named PM6 and PM7, which suffer from several problems. First, the performance of these polymers (particularly PM7) relies on precise control of their molecular weights. Also, their optimal morphology is extremely sensitive to any structural modification. In this work, a family of donor polymers is developed based on a random polymerization strategy. These polymers can achieve well‐controlled morphology and high‐performance with a variety of chemical structures and molecular weights. The polymer donors are D–A1–D–A2‐type random copolymers in which the D and A1 units are monomers originating from PM6 or PM7, while the A2 unit comprises an electron‐deficient core flanked by two thiophene rings with branched alkyl chains. Consequently, multiple cases of highly efficient NF‐OSCs are achieved with efficiencies between 16.0% and 17.1%. As the electron‐deficient cores can be changed to many other structural units, the strategy can easily expand the choices of high‐performance donor polymers for NF‐OSCs.
Hybrid 3D/Inkjet‐Printed Organic Neuromorphic Transistors
Authors: Mangoma Tanyaradzwa N. , Yamamoto Shunsuke , Malliaras George G. , Daly Ronan
Published: November 2020

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are proving essential in bioelectronics and printed electronics applications, with their simple structure, ease of tunability, biocompatibility, and suitability for different routes to fabrication. OECTs are also being explored as neuromorphic devices, where they emulate characteristics of biological neural networks through co‐location of information storage and processing on the same unit, overcoming the von Neumann performance bottleneck. To achieve the long‐term vision of translating to inexpensive, low‐power computational devices, fabrication needs to be feasible with adaptable, scalable digital techniques. Here, a hybrid direct‐write additive manufacturing approach to fabricating OECTs is shown. 3D printing of commercially available printing filament is combined to deliver conducting and insulating layers, with inkjet printing of semiconducting thin films to create OECTs. These printed OECTs show depletion mode operation paired‐pulse depression behavior and evidence of adaptation to support their translation to neuromorphic devices. These results show that a hybrid of accessible and design‐flexible AM techniques can be used to rapidly fabricate devices that exhibit good OECT and neuromorphic performances.
Robust White‐Light Emitting and Multi‐Responsive Luminescence of a Dual‐Mode Phosphorescence Molecule
Authors: Liu Yan , Ma Zhimin , Liu Jianwei , Chen Mingxing , Ma Zhiyong , Jia Xinru
Published: November 2020

Developing a single emitter with dual emission or multi‐emission, termed as single‐molecule white‐light emission (SMWLE), has attracted more and more attention. However, the exploration of fluorescence‐RTP SMWLE is very challenging because purely organic RTP molecule is still at the preliminary stage. Here, a robust white‐light emitting is successfully achieved through dual‐mode phosphorescence by incorporating intramolecular electron coupling. A series of carbazole–nicotinamide isomers are designed and synthesized. Dyads 2–4 show efficient room‐temperature persistent phosphorescence with the highest quantum yield of 21.3% and the longest lifetime of 846 ms. In particular, dyad 4 manifests robust white‐light emitting property with a rather high phosphorescence quantum yield of 11.2%. The calculated CIEx,y chromaticity coordinate is (0.26, 0.28) in the white‐light zone. Interestingly, dyad 4 is sensitive to mechanical force and acid, demonstrating the multi‐state stimuli‐responsive properties. It is found that the force‐induced phase transition from crystalline to amorphous drives the dual‐mode mechanochromism (fluorescence shift and phosphorescence on–off), and the protonation of pyridine units results in acidichromism. Moreover, a RTP self‐enhancement process is observed. Dyad 4 is a considerably rare white‐light‐emitting purely organic RTP molecule with multi‐responsive luminescence via dual‐mode phosphorescence.
Rubidium Ions Enhanced Crystallinity for Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites
Authors: Cui Shaowen , Wang Jifei , Xie Haipeng , Zhao Yuan , Li Zhimin , Luo Shiqiang , Ke Lili , Gao Yongli , Meng Ke , Ding Liming , Yuan Yongbo
Published: November 2020

Tailoring the organic spacing cations enables developing new Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskites with tunable optoelectronic properties and superior stabilities. However, the formation of highly crystallized RP perovskites can be hindered when the structure of organic cations become complex. Strategies to regulate crystal growing process and grains quality remain to be explored. In this study, mixing Rb+ ions in precursor solution is reported to significantly promote the crystallinity of phenylethylammonium (PEA+) based RP perovskites without impacting on the major orientation of perovskite grains, which leads to increased power conversion efficiencies from 12.5% to 14.6%. It is found that the added Rb+ ions prefer to accumulate at crystal growing front and form Rb+ ions‐rich region, which functions as mild crystal growth inhibitor to retard the absorption and diffusion of organic cations at growing front and hence regulates crystal growing rate. The retarded crystal growth benefits PEA‐based RP perovskite films with elevated crystal qualities and prolonged carrier recombination lifetimes. Similar increased crystallinity and photovoltaic performance are achieved in other RP perovskites with non‐linear organic cations such as phenylmethylammonium (PMA+), 1‐(2‐naphthyl)‐methanammoniun (NMA+) by adding Rb+ ions, demonstrating using a small amount of growth inhibitor as a general route to regulate crystal growth.
Probing Efficient N‐Type Lanthanide Dopants for Mg3Sb2 Thermoelectrics
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Song Lirong , Iversen Bo Brummerstedt
Published: November 2020

The recent discovery of n‐type Mg3Sb2 thermoelectrics has ignited intensive research activities on searching for potential n‐type dopants for this material. Using first‐principles defect calculations, here, a systematic computational screening of potential efficient n‐type lanthanide dopants is conducted for Mg3Sb2. In addition to La, Ce, Pr, and Tm, it is found that high electron concentration (≳1020 cm−3 at the growth temperature of 900 K) can be achieved by doping on the Mg sites with Nd, Gd, Ho, and Lu, which are generally more efficient than other lanthanide dopants and the anion‐site dopant Te. Experimentally, Nd and Tm are confirmed as effective n‐type dopants for Mg3Sb2 since doping with Nd and Tm shows higher electron concentration and thermoelectric figure of merit zT than doping with Te. Through codoping with Nd (Tm) and Te, simultaneous power factor improvement and thermal conductivity reduction are achieved. As a result, high zT values of ≈1.65 and ≈1.75 at 775 K are obtained in n‐type Mg3.5Nd0.04Sb1.97Te0.03 and Mg3.5Tm0.03Sb1.97Te0.03, respectively, which are among the highest values for n‐type Mg3Sb2 without alloying with Mg3Bi2. This work sheds light on exploring promising n‐type dopants for the design of Mg3Sb2 thermoelectrics.
Leaf nitrogen sufficiency level guidelines for midseason fertilization in corn
Authors: dos Santos Caio L. , Roberts Trenton L. , Purcell Larry C.
Published: November 2020

Improving N management guidelines in corn (Zea mays L.) production systems can reduce fertilization costs and potential negative environmental impacts. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of leaf nitrogen (LN) concentration as a tool to improve midseason N management in corn production. The experiment was conducted on 8 site‐years with furrow irrigation. There were 11 N fertilization regimes with season total N rates ranging from 0 to 257 kg N ha−1. Split‐applications were made at pre‐plant, the 10th collared leaf stage (V10), the 12th collared leaf stage (V12), and tasseling (VT). The uppermost fully collared leaves were sampled at V10 and V12, and ear‐leaves were sampled at VT. Grain yields ranged between 1.6 and 20.7 Mg ha−1, averaging 12.5 Mg ha−1. Relative grain yield (RGY) was positively associated with LN at V10, V12, and VT. Between V10 and VT, a single regression combining data over growth stages was developed between RGY and LN (r2 = .82, P value < .0001). Relative grain yield increased linearly as LN increased up to 30.4 g N kg−1 and there was no further increase in RGY when LN was >30.4 g N kg−1. This relationship can be used to improve midseason N fertilization by preventing excessive N fertilization when LN is >30.4 g N kg−1, or by triggering additional N fertilization when LN is <30.4 g N kg−1.
Discovery of a novel CHD7 CHARGE syndrome variant by integrated omics analyses
Authors: Granadillo Jorge L. , Wegner Daniel J. , Paul Alexander J. , Willing Marcia , Sisco Kathleen , Tedder Matthew L. , Sadikovic Bekim , Wambach Jennifer A. , Baldridge Dustin , Cole Francis Sessions ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network
Published: November 2020

Chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding protein 7 (CHD7) pathogenic variants are identified in more than 90% of infants and children with CHARGE (Coloboma of the iris, retina, and/or optic disk; congenital Heart defects, choanal Atresia, Retardation of growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, and characteristic outer and inner Ear anomalies and deafness) syndrome. Approximately, 10% of cases have no known genetic cause identified. We report a male child with clinical features of CHARGE syndrome and nondiagnostic genetic testing that included chromosomal microarray, CHD7 sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis, SEMA3E sequencing, and trio exome and whole‐genome sequencing (WGS). We used a comprehensive clinical assessment, genome‐wide methylation analysis (GMA), reanalysis of WGS data, and CHD7 RNA studies to discover a novel variant that causes CHD7 haploinsufficiency. The 7‐year‐old Hispanic male proband has typical phenotypic features of CHARGE syndrome. GMA revealed a CHD7‐associated epigenetic signature. Reanalysis of the WGS data with focused bioinformatic analysis of CHD7 detected a novel, de novo 15 base pair deletion in Intron 4 of CHD7 (c.2239‐20_2239‐6delGTCTTGGGTTTTTGT [NM_017780.3]). Using proband RNA, we confirmed that this novel deletion causes CHD7 haploinsufficiency by disrupting the canonical 3′ splice site and introducing a premature stop codon. Integrated genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptome analyses discovered a novel CHD7 variant that causes CHARGE syndrome.
Cognitive impairment in sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hamilton Olivia K. L. , Backhouse Ellen V. , Janssen Esther , Jochems Angela C. C. , Maher Caragh , Ritakari Tuula E. , Stevenson Anna J. , Xia Lihua , Deary Ian J. , Wardlaw Joanna M.
Published: November 2020

This paper is a proposal for an update on the characterization of cognitive impairments associated with sporadic cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). We pose a series of questions about the nature of SVD‐related cognitive impairments and provide answers based on a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis of published data from 69 studies. Although SVD is thought primarily to affect executive function and processing speed, we hypothesize that SVD affects all major domains of cognitive ability. We also identify low levels of education as a potentially modifiable risk factor for SVD‐related cognitive impairment. Therefore, we propose the use of comprehensive cognitive assessments and the measurement of educational level both in clinics and research settings, and suggest several recommendations for future research.
Using e‐notebooks to explore biochemistry with an agricultural lens
Authors: Gomez Noe A.
Published: November 2020

The interdisciplinary subject of agricultural biochemistry can provide an abundance of didactic opportunities for educators teaching biochemistry and molecular biology in secondary‐level science courses. This is especially true in present times when virtual‐learning strategies supersede in‐person instruction and contemporary approaches are needed to engage students with relevant applications of science. In this communication, we discuss how pairing daily lessons in agricultural biochemistry with periodic e‐notebook usage further refines this strategy by promoting content‐retrieval and providing educators with formative feedback on student progress in a simple and inexpensive manner.
Efficacy of spaced learning in adaptation of optokinetic response
Authors: Pham Ngoc Chien , Kim Yong Gyu , Kim Sang Jeong , Kim Chang‐Hee
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The superiority of spaced training, in which repeated training sessions are given with resting intervals, over massed training in learning efficacy has been well established. However, longer duration of total training time has been required for spaced training than massed training because spacing intervals intervene between training sessions in spaced training. Thus, the learning efficacy may not be simply compared between spaced and massed training in terms of “time efficiency.” The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of spaced and massed training using adaptation of horizontal optokinetic reflex (hOKR) in mice.

Methods

Training paradigms were categorized into seven groups according to the duration of spacing interval, keeping total duration of hOKR training including spacing almost equal in all training paradigms.

Results

The amount of short‐term hOKR gain increase immediately after the 60 min hOKR training was not significantly different among seven training paradigms. The hOKR adaptation was still in progress during a spacing interval, and the increment in hOKR gain tended to be greater with the longer spacing interval. The increase in hOKR gain was maintained until 48 hr after the end of training in both massed and spaced training.

Conclusion

The short‐term learning effect was not significantly different among training paradigms regardless of spacing interval in hOKR adaptation, which suggests that the spacing effect is robust enough to overcome the shortage of optokinetic training cycles in hOKR adaptation.
Graph‐based calibration transfer
Authors: Nikzad‐Langerodi Ramin , Sobieczky Florian
Published: November 2020

The problem of transferring calibrations from a primary to a secondary instrument, that is, calibration transfer (CT), has been a matter of considerable research in chemometrics over the past decades. Current state‐of‐the‐art (SoA) methods like (piecewise) direct standardization perform well when suitable transfer standards are available. However, stable calibration standards that share similar (spectral) features with the calibration samples are not always available. Towards enabling CT with arbitrary calibration standards, we propose a novel CT technique that employs manifold regularization of the partial least squares (PLS) objective. In particular, our method enforces that calibration standards, measured on primary and secondary instruments, have (nearly) invariant projections in the latent variable space of the primary calibration model. Thereby, our approach implicitly removes interdevice variation in the predictive directions of X, which is in contrast to most SoA techniques that employ explicit preprocessing of the input data. We test our approach on the well‐known corn benchmark data set employing the National Bureau of Standards and Technology (NIST) glass standard spectra for instrument standardization and compare the results with current SoA methods.
Neurofeedback no better than sham for ADHD inattention, but did reduce medication
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2020

Neurofeedback (NF) for moderate to severe attention‐deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children had no effect at either the end of treatment or at the 13‐month follow‐up, according to a recent study.
COVID‐19 and worsening parent‐child well‐being
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2020

It's not surprising that more than a quarter of parents have reported worsening of their mental health, and 14.3% worsening of their children's behavioral health. These changes, reported in Pediatrics, compared March 2020 to June 2020.
Immune regulation of neurodevelopment at the mother–foetus interface: the case of autism
Authors: Sotgiu Stefano , Manca Salvatorica , Gagliano Antonella , Minutolo Alessandra , Melis Maria Clotilde , Pisuttu Giulia , Scoppola Chiara , Bolognesi Elisabetta , Clerici Mario , Guerini Franca Rosa , Carta Alessandra
Published: November 2020

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by deficits in social communication and stereotypical behaviours. ASD’s aetiology remains mostly unclear, because of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Recently, a strong consensus has developed around ASD’s immune‐mediated pathophysiology, which is the subject of this review. For many years, neuroimmunological studies tried to understand ASD as a prototypical antibody‐ or cell‐mediated disease. Other findings indicated the importance of autoimmune mechanisms such as familial and individual autoimmunity, adaptive immune abnormalities and the influence of infections during gestation. However, recent studies have challenged the idea that autism may be a classical autoimmune disease. Modern neurodevelopmental immunology shows the double‐edged nature of many immune effectors, which can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on tissue homeostasis, stressors, neurodevelopmental stage, inherited and de novo gene mutations and other variables. Nowadays, mother–child interactions in the prenatal environment appear to be crucial for the occurrence of ASD. Studies of animal maternal–foetal immune interaction are being fruitfully carried out using different combinations of type and timing of infection, of maternal immune response and foetal vulnerability and of resilience factors to hostile events. The derailed neuroimmune crosstalk through the placenta initiates and maintains a chronic foetal neuroglial activation, eventually causing the alteration of neurogenesis, migration, synapse formation and pruning. The importance of pregnancy can also allow early immune interventions, which can significantly reduce the increasing risk of ASD and its heavy social burden.
Age and annual growth rate cause spatial variation in body size in Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Agamid)
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhao Yangyang , Guo Rui , Qi Yue , Wang Xiaoning , Li Na
Published: November 2020

Whether or not biogeographic rules dealing with spatial patterns of animal body sizes are valid for ectotherms is controversial. As the ectotherms grow all their lives, we explored the role of age and annual growth rate in body size variation in Phrynocephalus przewalskii in northern China. Morphological data were collected from 11 populations across a broad geographic gradient. Correlations between age, sex, climatic factors, and body size were analyzed using generalized linear model (GLM) and generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). GLM analysis indicated that the general body size of both sexes and the appendage size of females increased significantly with increasing temperature; however, the coefficient of determination was very small. GLMM analysis indicated that body size only correlated with age, whereas appendage size was affected by age, temperature, rainfall, and sunshine. Annual growth rates were positively correlated with temperature. We concluded that body size variation was mainly caused by age structure and plasticity of the growth rate in P. przewalskii and did not follow Bergmann's rule; however, females followed Allen's rule. Future studies to investigate the effect of energy restriction are needed to further understand the relationship between growth rate and body size. We also suggest that further studies on thermal advantage and sexual selection may be helpful to understand appendage size variation in P. przewalskii.
Direct and plant‐mediated effects of climate on bird diversity in tropical mountains
Authors: Vollstädt Maximilian G. R. , Albrecht Jörg , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Hemp Andreas , Howell Kim M. , Kettering Laura , Neu Alexander , Neuschulz Eike Lena , Quitián Marta , Santillán Vinicio E. , Töpfer Till , Schleuning Matthias , Fritz Susanne A.
Published: November 2020

Aim

Although patterns of biodiversity across the globe are well studied, there is still a controversial debate about the underlying mechanisms and their generality across biogeographic scales. In particular, it is unclear to what extent diversity patterns along environmental gradients are directly driven by abiotic factors, such as climate, or indirectly mediated through biotic factors, such as resource effects on consumers.

Location

Andes, Southern Ecuador; Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Methods

We studied the diversity of fleshy‐fruited plants and avian frugivores at the taxonomic level, that is, species richness and abundance, as well as at the level of functional traits, that is, functional richness and functional dispersion. We compared two important biodiversity hotspots in mountain systems of the Neotropics and Afrotropics. We used field data of plant and bird communities, including trait measurements of 367 plant and bird species. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled direct and indirect effects of climate and the diversity of plant communities on the diversity of bird communities.

Results

We found significant bottom‐up effects of fruit diversity on frugivore diversity at the taxonomic level. In contrast, climate was more important for patterns of functional diversity, with plant communities being mostly related to precipitation, and bird communities being most strongly related to temperature.

Main conclusions

Our results illustrate the general importance of bottom‐up mechanisms for the taxonomic diversity of consumers, suggesting the importance of active resource tracking. Our results also suggest that it might be difficult to identify signals of ecological fitting between functional plant and animal traits across biogeographic regions, since different species groups may respond to different climatic drivers. This decoupling between resource and consumer communities could increase under future climate change if plant and animal communities are consistently related to distinct climatic drivers.
Using stable isotopes to infer stock‐specific high‐seas distribution of maturing sockeye salmon in the North Pacific
Authors: Espinasse Boris , Hunt Brian P. V. , Finney Bruce P. , Fryer Jeffrey K. , Bugaev Alexander V. , Pakhomov Evgeny A.
Published: November 2020

The stock‐specific distribution of maturing salmon in the North Pacific has been a persistent information gap that has prevented us from determining the ocean conditions experienced by individual stocks. This continues to impede understanding of the role of ocean conditions in stock‐specific population dynamics. We assessed scale archives for 17 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks covering the entire North Pacific, from the Columbia River (Washington State and British Columbia) to Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia), to infer salmon locations during their last growing season before returning to their spawning grounds. The approach used, first pioneered in salmon stocks in the Atlantic, relies on the relationship between temporal changes in δ13C in salmon scales and sea surface temperature to estimate salmon distribution based on correlation strength. An advantage of this approach is that it does not require fish sampling at sea, but relies on existing fishery agency collections of salmon scales. Significant correlations were found for 7 of the stocks allowing us to propose plausible feeding grounds. Complementary information from δ15N, historical tagging studies, and connectivity analysis were used to further refine distribution estimates. This study is a first step toward estimating stock‐specific distributions of salmon in the North Pacific and provides a basis for the application of the approach to other salmon scale archives. This information has the potential to improve our ability to relate stock dynamics to ocean conditions, ultimately enabling improved stock management. For example, our estimated distributions of Bristol Bay and NE Pacific stocks demonstrated that they occupy different areas with a number of the former being distributed in the high productivity shelf waters of the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea. This may explain why these stocks seem to have responded differently to changes in ocean conditions, and the long‐term trend of increased productivity of Bristol Bay sockeye.
Capillary zone electrophoresis as a simple approach for the study of p‐arsanilic acid transformation in the process of photolytic degradation
Authors: Polyakova Evgeniya V. , Shuvaeva Olga V. , Koshcheeva Olga S. , Tyutereva Yuliya E. , Pozdnyakov Ivan P.
Published: November 2020

Arsenic aromatic compounds including p‐arsanylic acid (pASA) are still widely used in a number of countries as the feed additives in animal breeding resulting in its entering the environment. Under the influence of oxidizing agents or UV radiation, pASA undergoes transformations leading to generation of inorganic arsenic species that are more mobile and toxic than organic ones. On the one hand, an approach based on the treatment of contaminated waters by UV irradiation seems perspective for their detoxification, but the feasibility of this approach depends on the composition of the products forming as a result of photodegradation.

In the present work, a CZE was applied for the study of the pASA degradation process during stationary (308 nm) photolysis in the presence of Fe(III)‐oxalate complex. A developed assay allowed controlling the parent compounds and also As‐containing products of pASA degradation, presented mainly by arsenate and arsenite ions. It was found that the main inorganic derivatives of the pASA photolytic conversions are presented by arsenate and arsenite ions whose ratio depends on the initial amount of pASA and reaction conditions.
Instabilities of the pH gradient in carrier ampholyte‐based isoelectric focusing: Elucidation of the contributing electrokinetic processes by computer simulation
Authors: Thormann Wolfgang , Mosher Richard A.
Published: November 2020

Electrokinetic processes that lead to pH gradient instabilities in carrier ampholyte‐based IEF are reviewed. In addition to electroosmosis, there are four of electrophoretic nature, namely (i) the stabilizing phase with the plateau phenomenon, (ii) the gradual isotachophoretic loss of carrier ampholytes at the two column ends in presence of electrode solutions, (iii) the inequality of the mobilities of positively and negatively charged species of ampholytes, and (iv) the continuous penetration of carbonate from the catholyte into the focusing column. The impact of these factors to cathodic and anodic drifts was analyzed by simulation of carrier ampholyte‐based focusing in closed and open columns. Focusing under realistic conditions within a 5 cm long capillary in which three amphoteric low molecular mass dyes were focused in a pH 3–10 gradient formed by 140 carrier ampholytes was investigated. In open columns, electroosmosis displaces the entire gradient toward the cathode or anode whereas the electrophoretic processes act bidirectionally with a transition around pH 4 (drifts for pI > 4 and pI < 4 typically toward the cathode and anode, respectively). The data illustrate that focused zones of carrier ampholytes have an electrophoretic flux and that dynamic simulation can be effectively used to assess the magnitude of each of the electrokinetic destabilizing factors and the resulting drift for a combination of these effects. Predicted drifts of focused marker dyes are compared to those observed experimentally in a setup with coated capillary and whole column optical imaging.
Bid responsive generation rescheduling for congestion management in electricity market
Authors: Sarwar Md , Siddiqui Anwar Shahzad , Jaffery Zainul Abdin , Kothari D. P.
Published: November 2020

Electricity market economics is one of the vital factors which play a key role in achieving the efficient operation of the power system. Economic operation along with secure & reliable operation is must for ensuring optimum utilization of the resources in order to maximize social welfare. This article presents a method for achieving economic operation of electricity market in case of congestion occurring in the system. The generator sensitivity (GS) method alone can manage the system congestion, however it does not consider the economic benefits which can be achieved by considering the bids submitted by the generators and as a result it leads to situation of market power. To avoid such scenario, bid sensitivity factor (BSF) is proposed to select the generators to participate and regulate their real power generation for alleviating congestion from the system optimally. The BSF takes into account the GS as well as bids of the generators. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed method in eliminating market power is realized by changing the bids of the generators. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 30‐bus system and IEEE 118‐bus system. The obtained results show an encouraging pattern for managing the congestion more optimally and economically.
Biofuel characteristics and combustion emissions of poultry litter and lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Ozdemir Saim , Demir Meryem Sekine
Published: November 2020

Broiler chicken industry generate different kinds of organic wastes mainly poultry litters (PL), which presenting high energy potential, but significant incineration burdens due to the mineral compositions. In the present study, the combustion potential of PL and locally available biomass co‐combustion candidates were evaluated based on proximate, ultimate, ash constitute, and exhaust gas emission. High heating values measured for PL samples were in the range of 13.5–14.6 MJ/kg and low heating values were 12.9–13.6 MJ/kg, respectively. The ultimate analysis result of PL was as follows; C (46.5 ± 1.3%), O (44.8 ± 0.7%), H (3.6 ± 0.3%), N (3.9 ± 0.3%), and S (0.9 ± 0.1%). Ash deposit challenging minerals were abundant in PL, in contrasting to the lignocellulosic biomass; wood residue (WR), hazelnut shell (HS), corn stalk (CS), and giant reed (GR), which can serve mitigation potential. High nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in PL had significantly increased the NOx and SO2 emissions but confirming related standards. Despite the high exhaust gas and ash emissions, the energy recovery practices of PL co‐combustion with lignocellulosic biomas allow environmentally safe management option for PL.
Solvothermal decoration of Cu3SnS4 on reduced graphene oxide for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Govindaraju Varsha Raj , Sreeramareddygari Muralikirshna , Hanumantharayudu Nagaraju Doddahalli , Devaramani Samrat , Thippeswamy Ramakrishnappa , Surareungchai Werasak
Published: November 2020

Metal sulphides combined with graphene/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) represent a unique class of materials for hydrogen generation either through electrocatalytic or photo(electro) catalytic methods. Herein, we report a solvothermal synthesis of Cu3SnS4 decorated rGO resulting in a highly active electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to its native Cu3SnS4. The Cu3SnS4‐rGO exhibited very low overpotential of 190 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), whereas Cu3SnS4 requires 250 mV versus RHE at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Tafel slope of Cu3SnS4‐rGO and Cu3SnS4 is about 64 and 76 mV/dec, respectively. This suggests that Cu3SnS4‐rGO is a better electrocatalyst when compared to Cu3SnS4 and follows mixed Volmer and Heyrovsky mechanism for HER.
Green ZnO nanoparticles photocatalyst for efficient BR51 degradation: Kinetics and mechanism study
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Yashni , Al‐Gheethi Adel , Mohamed Radin , Arifin Nor Hidayah , Salleh Nor Aishah
Published: November 2020

Dyes are broadly utilized and therefore wastewaters discharged into rivers or public sewage treatment plants are extremely polluted. Thus, the current work aimed to study the kinetic for photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red 51 (BR51) dye in aqueous solution by green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The results revealed that the maximum degradation (98.40%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (98.08%) was recorded with 150 mg of ZnO NPs, pH 3 and 5 ppm of BR51. ZnO NPs showed high reusability of 95.73%. The photocatalytic degradation of BR51 follows pseudo first‐order kinetics, the apparent rate constants (Kapp) of solar photocatalytic degradation of BR51 were determined as 0.3798, 0.6066, 0.2747 and 0.1307 min−1 for 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm of BR51 at optimum condition respectively. Phytotoxicity study confirms that the degraded products of BR51 are non‐toxic. This confers the possibility of applying green ZnO NPs for the treatment of industrial wastewaters containing dye pollutants to ensure the environmental sanitation for future generations.