bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Examination of EMIC Wave‐Driven Electron Pitch Angle Scattering Signatures
Authors: Adair L. , Angelopoulos V. , Sibeck D. , Zhang X.‐J.
Published: January 2022

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves have long been thought to contribute significantly to the variability of Earth's outer radiation belt because of their ability to scatter relativistic (>0.5 MeV) electrons into the loss cone on short timescales. We investigate statistically such pitch angle scattering signatures (“bite‐outs”) and their quantitative agreement with cold plasma theory. Our analysis is based on EMIC wave events and local plasma parameters observed simultaneously with energetic electrons by the Van Allen Probes between February and May 2017. We determine the energy and pitch angle ranges in which relativistic electron scattering is likely and find that, on average, EMIC wave‐driven scattering of core (E ≤ 2 MeV) electrons is possible in 28% of events. By comparing the expected ranges for scattering to electron flux measurements co‐located with the wave activity, we determine that scattering signatures are found in 46% of those. Additionally, we find that the scattering signatures are more likely to occur under increased geomagnetic activity and for waves with greater wave power. These results provide observational evidence that EMIC wave‐driven scattering of core relativistic electrons is common in the duskside outer radiation belt.
Surface Displacement and Source Model Separation of the Two Strongest Earthquakes During the 2019 Ridgecrest Sequence: Insights From InSAR, GPS, and Optical Data
Authors: He Lijia , Feng Guangcai , Hu Jun , Xu Wenbin , Liu Jihong , Li Zhiwei , Feng Zhixiong , Wang Yuedong , Lu Hao
Published: January 2022

Since the occurrence of the 2019 Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence in the Eastern California Shear Zone, coseismic deformation following the two earthquakes has been intensively studied, and source modeling with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), Global Positioning System (GPS) and seismological datasets has been favored. However, we recently found that the coseismic modeling of the two earthquakes constrained by the dense near‐field Planet‐Lab optical measurements can be more detailed than the previously estimated, which requires an accurate Planet‐Lab displacement. In this study, we improve the long wavelength orbital ramps correction method for obtaining a more accurate Planet‐Lab horizontal displacement field. The corrected dense near‐field Planet‐Lab data are firstly used together with the intermediate‐field GPS data to invert and distinguish the fault slip distribution for the two earthquakes. The same scheme is used to simultaneously invert the InSAR, SAR, GPS, and optical datasets, to improve the constraints on seismic source parameters. Our inversion results show that the joint‐event slip model is rougher than the two single‐event slip models, but it has a more concentrated slip pattern and larger slip amplitude in some zones. We show that adding a near‐field constraint of the Planet‐Lab data in the combined‐data inversion can reduce the slip parameter uncertainty and enhance the model resolution. The Coulomb failure stress changes on the southeastern Blackwater, the southern Owens Valley, and the central Panamint Valley faults are enhanced by about 0.4–0.8 bar by the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence.
Scaling Law for Boundary Layer Inner Eyewall Pumping in Concentric Eyewalls
Authors: Kuo Hung‐Chi , Tsujino Satoki , Hsu Tien‐Yiao , Peng Melinda S. , Su Shih‐Hao
Published: January 2022

This study explains why observed storms with long concentric eyewall (CE) duration often have a large moat size. A series of slab boundary layer model experiments are conducted with the free atmosphere forcing from different CE structures. The experimental results indicate that the inner eyewall pumping (IEP), the maximum vertical motion at the inner eyewall region, increases with the increase in moat size d and vortex maximum wind vm, the decrease in the inner eyewall radius rm, and increase in inner eyewall vorticity. A scaling law is derived from hundreds of SBL experiments with four variables: IEP win, vortex inner radius rm, vortex maximum wind vm, and moat size d. The dimensionless scaling law is where w∗ = win/vm, d∗ = ζd/c, ζ is the vorticity 2vm/rm, and c is a constant gravity wave speed. The moat size divided by the Rossby length  c/ζ, the dimensionless moat size d∗, combines the effect of the moat size and the vortex pressure gradient force to accelerate the inflow and to enlarge the IEP for inner eyewall convection maintenance. A phase diagram of IEP with vortex structure dimensionless moat ζd/c and vortex intensity vm is constructed based on the scaling law for the aircraft and satellite observations. The eyewall replacement cycle may be viewed as the process to reduce the IEP from the decrease of the vortex intensity and the vortex size of the dimensionless moat. This leads to the ultimate disappearance of the inner eyewall.
High Mountain Rain Has Scientists Rethinking River Basics
Authors: Shultz David
Published: January 2022

Rainfall varies with elevation, and such precipitation gradients can have profound and often counterintuitive effects on topography.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with Reed–Sternberg-like cells vs Classic Hodgkin lymphoma transformation of CLL: does this distinction matter?
Authors: King Rebecca L. , Gupta Alia , Kurtin Paul J. , Ding Wei , Call Timothy G. , Rabe Kari G. , Kenderian Saad S. , Leis Jose F. , Wang Yucai , Schwager Susan M. , Slager Susan L. , Kay Neil. E. , Koehler Amber , Ansell Stephen M. , Inwards David J. , Habermann Thomas M. , Shi Min , Hanson Curtis A. , Howard Matthew T. , Parikh Sameer A.
Published: January 2022

The distinction between chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) with isolated Hodgkin/Reed–Sternberg cells (CLL-HRS; background milieu with a paucity of inflammatory cells) and overt transformation to classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CLL-HL; mixed inflammatory background) is incompletely understood. This retrospective study examined the clinicopathologic features of CLL-HRS (n = 15) and CLL-HL (n = 31) patients seen over the past three decades from a single institution. The phenotypic features of Reed–Sternberg cells in both groups were similar, including expression of CD30, CD15, and PAX5, as well as EBV status. However, a spectrum of background CLL/SLL infiltration amongst the HRS cells was noted on pathologic review, and four patients had both diagnoses, either concurrently or in succession. The median overall survival (OS) of patients with CLL-HRS was 17.5 months compared to 33.5 months for patients with CLL-HL (P = 0.24). Among patients with CLL-HRS, those who received Hodgkin-directed therapy had a significantly longer median OS (57 months) compared to those who received CLL-directed therapy (8.4 months, P = 0.02). Our clinical and pathologic findings suggest a biologic continuum between CLL-HRS and CLL-HL and indicate that CLL-HRS patients may benefit from Hodgkin-directed therapy.
Tumor-associated macrophages promote cholangiocarcinoma progression via exosomal Circ_0020256
Authors: Chen Shaoyi , Chen Zuxiao , Li Zongyan , Li Shiying , Wen Zilong , Cao Liangqi , Chen Yubin , Xue Ping , Li Haiyan , Zhang Dawei
Published: January 2022

This study investigated the exosomal circular RNAs (CircRNAs) produced by tumor-associated macrophages and delivered into the microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma cells in order to use them as molecular targets for clinical therapy. Tumor-associated M2 macrophages (TAMs) were induced from THP-1 cells and identified by flow cytometry. The TAM-secreted exosomes were isolated from conditioned medium and a CircRNA microarray assay was performed to identify CircRNAs that were uniquely expressed in the isolated exosomes. Circ_0020256 was especially identified based on having the highest differential expression level among all of the CircRNA candidates. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the effects of TAMs, exosomes, and Circ_0020256 on the growth and migration of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. The induced TAMs promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CCA cells and those effects were mediated by exosomes secreted by the TAMs. In CCA cells (RBE and HCCC-9810), Circ_0020256 significantly promoted cellular activity by interacting with its intra-cellular microRNA target, miR-432-5p. In contrast, overexpression of transcription factor E2F3 in CCA cells restored the CCA cellular activities that were inhibited by miR-432-5p. On the other hand, treatment with small interference RNA (siRNA) for Circ_0020256 inhibited CCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Circ_0020256 in TAM-secreted exosomes promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CCA cells, and that promotional activity was regulated via a Circ_0020256/miR-432-5p/E2F3 axis.
Charge density waves and Fermi surface reconstruction in the clean overdoped cuprate superconductor Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ
Authors: Tam C. C. , Zhu M. , Ayres J. , Kummer K. , Yakhou-Harris F. , Cooper J. R. , Carrington A. , Hayden S. M.
Published: January 2022

Hall effect and quantum oscillation measurements on high temperature cuprate superconductors show that underdoped compositions have small Fermi surface pockets whereas when heavily overdoped, a single much larger pocket is found. The origin of this change in electronic structure has been unclear, but may be related to the high temperature superconductivity. Here we show that the clean overdoped single-layer cuprate Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ (Tl2201) displays CDW order with a remarkably long correlation length ξ ≈ 200 Å which disappears above a hole doping of pCDW ≈ 0.265. We show that the evolution of the electronic properties of Tl2201 as the doping is lowered may be explained by a Fermi surface reconstruction which accompanies the emergence of the CDW below pCDW. Our results demonstrate importance of CDW correlations in understanding the electronic properties of overdoped cuprates.
Age as a moderator of the relationship between planning and temporal information processing
Authors: Jablonska Katarzyna , Stanczyk Magdalena , Piotrowska Magdalena , Szymaszek Aneta , Lukomska Barbara , Bednarek Hanna , Szelag Elzbieta
Published: January 2022

Planning is a fundamental mental ability related to executive functions. It allows to select, order and execute subgoals to achieve a goal. Studies have indicated that these processes are characterised by a specific temporal dynamics reflected in temporal information processing (TIP) in some tens of millisecond domain. Both planning and TIP decline with age but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The novel value of the present study was to examine these mechanisms in young (n = 110) and elderly (n = 91) participants in Tower of London task, considering two structural properties of problems: search depth related to static maintenance in working memory, and goal ambiguity reflecting dynamic cognitive flexibility. Results revealed that TIP predicted planning accuracy both directly and indirectly (via preplanning) but only in young participants in problems characterised by high goal ambiguity. Better planning is related to longer preplanning and more efficient TIP. This result demonstrates for the first time age-related differences in the contribution of TIP to planning. In young participants TIP contributed to dynamic cognitive flexibility, but not to static maintenance processes. In elderly such relation was not observed probably because the deficient planning might depend on working memory maintenance rather than on cognitive flexibility.
Whole-genome single nucleotide variant phylogenetic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineage 1 in endemic regions of Asia and Africa
Authors: Netikul Thidarat , Thawornwattana Yuttapong , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth , Yanai Hideki , Maung Htet Myat Win , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Palittapongarnpim Prasit
Published: January 2022

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lineage 1 (L1) contributes considerably to the disease morbidity. While whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used for studying Mtb, our understanding of genetic diversity of L1 remains limited. Using phylogenetic analysis of WGS data from endemic range in Asia and Africa, we provide an improved genotyping scheme for L1. Mapping deletion patterns of the 68 direct variable repeats (DVRs) in the CRISPR region of the genome onto the phylogeny provided supporting evidence that the CRISPR region evolves primarily by deletion, and hinted at a possible Southeast Asian origin of L1. Both phylogeny and DVR patterns clarified some relationships between different spoligotypes, and highlighted the limited resolution of spoligotyping. We identified a diverse repertoire of drug resistance mutations. Altogether, this study demonstrates the usefulness of WGS data for understanding the genetic diversity of L1, with implications for public health surveillance and TB control. It also highlights the need for more WGS studies in high-burden but underexplored regions.
Association of subcortical structural shapes with fatigue in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Seok Jin Myoung , Cho Wanzee , Son Doo-Hwan , Shin Jong Hwa , Cho Eun Bin , Kim Sung Tae , Kim Byoung Joon , Seong Joon-Kyung , Min Ju-Hong
Published: January 2022

Although fatigue is a major symptom in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We explored the relationship between subcortical structures and fatigue severity to identify neural substrates of fatigue in NMOSD. Clinical characteristics with brain magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated in forty patients with NMOSD. Fatigue was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-fatigue) questionnaire (a higher score indicates less fatigue). We assessed the correlation between subcortical structures and fatigue severity using surface-based shape analysis. Most of the enrolled patients showed fatigue (72.5%; mean FACIT-fatigue score, 34.8 ± 10.8). The FACIT-fatigue score was negatively correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale and Beck Depression Inventory scores (r = − 0.382, p = 0.016; r = − 0.578, p < 0.001). We observed that the right thalamus was the only extracted region for various threshold experiments. Further, patients with lower FACIT-fatigue scores (more fatigue) had decreased local shape volume in the right thalamus. Fatigue is common in patients with NMOSD, and atrophy in the right thalamus is strongly correlated with fatigue severity. The local shape volume of the right thalamus might serve as a biomarker of fatigue in NMOSD.
Banana stem and leaf biochar as an effective adsorbent for cadmium and lead in aqueous solution
Authors: Liu Xiyang , Li Gaoxiang , Chen Chengyu , Zhang Xiaorui , Zhou Kuan , Long Xinxian
Published: January 2022

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are toxic heavy metals commonly found in aqueous environments. Biochar as a green adsorbent generated from biomass feedstock may be used for effective removal of these heavy metals. This study investigated the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in aqueous solutions at different pH by biochar prepared from banana stem and leaf (BSL-BC) at 400 °C. Characterizations using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the synthesized BSL-BC had rough surface, porous structure, and oxygen-containing functional groups. The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ onto BSL-BC reached equilibrium in 8 h and 200 min, respectively, with faster adsorption attained at higher pH and the optimum pH occurred at 5 (Pb2+) and 8 (Cd2+). All adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order rate model. The adsorption isotherm data of Pb2+ and Cd2+ could be well-described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models, respectively, whereas neither the Temkin or Dubinin–Radushkevich models provided satisfactory fitting results. The maximum adsorption capacities for Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 302.20 and 32.03 mg/g, respectively. The calculated mechanism contributions showed that complexation with oxygen-containing functional groups, ion exchange, mineral precipitation, and Pb2+/Cd2+-π coordination accounted for 0.1%, 8.4%, 88.8%, and 2.6% to Pb2+ adsorption, and 0.4%, 6.3%, 83.0%, and 10.4% to Cd2+ adsorption, respectively. Therefore, mineral precipitation was likely the major mechanism responsible for adsorption of both Pb2+ and Cd2+ by BSL-BC. The results suggest that the synthesized BSL-BC has great potential for adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions.
Syntax errors do not disrupt acoustic communication in the common cuckoo
Authors: Moskát Csaba , Hauber Márk E.
Published: January 2022

When acoustic communication signals are distorted, receivers may misunderstand the signal, rendering it ineffective. Common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) are popularly known for the males’ simple, two-note advertisement calls, the “cu-coo” used for declaring the male’s breeding territories. Cuckoos do not learn their calls (vocal non-learners), so they are expected to have a limited ability to produce different acoustic signals. Nevertheless, male cuckoos appear to make syntax errors (e.g., repeated, reversed, or fragmented elements) even in their simple advertisement calls. We conducted a playback experiment with male cuckoos, broadcasting ten call types, including seven modified calls with errors (e.g. “cu-cu”, and “coo-cu”) and three natural calls used for comparisons (“cu-coo”, “cu-cu-coo”, and interspecific control). Male cuckoos responded in a manner suggesting that the presence of the first (“cu”) note of the natural 2-note “cu-coo” call in any form or combination yield effective signals. However, through the elevated frequency (by about 200 Hz) and greater speed of the “cu” note, the natural 3-note version “cu-cu-coo” call appears to have gained a novel communicative function in signalling with female cuckoos. Thus, syntax errors in calls with the “cu” element are not responsible for changing the function of the male cuckoos’ “cu-coo” call.
Formation of Co–O bonds and reversal of thermal annealing effects induced by X-ray irradiation in (Y, Co)-codoped CeO2 nanocrystals
Authors: Wu Tai-Sing , Chen Sheng-Fu , Weng Shih-Chang , Soo Yun-Liang
Published: January 2022

We report an unconventional effect of synchrotron X-ray irradiation in which Co–O bonds in thermally annealed (Y, Co)-codoped CeO2 nanocrystal samples were formed due to, instead of broken by, X-ray irradiation. Our experimental data indicate that escaping oxygen atoms from X-ray-broken Ce–O bonds may be captured by Co dopant atoms to form additional Co–O bonds. Consequently, the Co dopant atoms were pumped by X-rays from the energetically-favored thermally-stable Co-O4 square-planar structure to the metastable octahedral Co-O6 environment, practically a reversal of thermal annealing effects in (Y, Co)-codoped CeO2 nanocrystals. The band gap of doped CeO2 with Co dopant in the Co-O6 structure was previously found to be 1.61 eV higher than that with Co in the Co-O4 environment. Therefore, X-ray irradiation can work with thermal annealing in opposing directions to fine tune and optimize the band gap of the material for specific technological applications.
Highly sensitive determination of anesthetic drug benzocaine based on hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin–carbon black nanohybrids
Authors: Wang Zengchun , Yu Lingshan , Huang Yu , Chen Ye , Cao Hua
Published: January 2022

Preparation of HP-β-CD–CB and its application for the electrochemical detection of BZC.
Amyloid fibrils in superstructures – local ordering revealed by polarization analysis of two-photon excited autofluorescence
Authors: Obstarczyk Patryk , Lipok Maciej , Żak Andrzej , Cwynar Paweł , Olesiak-Bańska Joanna
Published: January 2022

Polarization analysis of amyloid two-photon excited autofluorescence contributes to the understanding of the structural features of the super-structural assemblies of amyloids – spherulites.
A highly sensitive sensor for colorimetric detection of palladium(ii) in lysosomes and its applications
Authors: Liu Qiuchen , Liu Chang , Cai Songtao , He Song , Zhao Liancheng , Zeng Xianshun , Gong Jin
Published: January 2022

A novel colorimetric and NIR sensor, BHCy-Pd, for the specific detection of palladium ions (Pd2+) in lysosomes was designed and synthesized.
Polymorphism and optical, magnetic and thermal properties of the either phyllo- or inosilicate-analogous borosulfate Cu[B2(SO4)4]
Authors: Hämmer Matthias , Pielnhofer Florian , Janka Oliver , Takahashi Hirotaka , Gross Peter , Pöttgen Rainer , Höppe Henning A.
Published: January 2022

Reaction of Cu2[(OH)2CO3], H3BO3 and oleum yields either inosilicate-analogous α-Cu[B2(SO4)4] or the new phyllosilicate-analogous β-Cu[B2(SO4)4], both subject to Jahn–Teller distortion; two polymorphs of Cu(HSO4)2 and Cu[S2O7] are also reported.
The natural compound neobractatin inhibits cell proliferation mainly by regulating the RNA binding protein CELF6
Authors: Zheng ZhaoQing , Tan JiaQi , Zhang Juan , Wu Man , Chen Gan , Li Zhuo , Shi XiaoQin , Fu WenWei , Zhou Hua , Lao YuanZhi , Zhang Li , Xu HongXi
Published: January 2022

CELF6 acts as a tumor suppressor and a novel therapeutic target in cervical cancer. NBT upregulated CELF6 expression in vitro and in vivo to inhibit the cancer cell growth.
The protective effect of C-phycocyanin in male mouse reproductive system
Authors: Yang Fang-Hao , Dong Xiao-Lei , Liu Guo-Xiang , Teng Lei , Wang Lin , Zhu Feng , Xu Feng-Hua , Yang Yi-Fan , Cao Can , Chen Guang , Li Bing
Published: January 2022

In this study, cell and animal experiments proved that C-phycocyanin can inhibit the necroptotic signaling pathway by down-regulating RIPK1, RIPK3, and p-MLKL expression.
Insights into the binding and covalent inhibition mechanism of PF-07321332 to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
Authors: Ngo Son Tung , Nguyen Trung Hai , Tung Nguyen Thanh , Mai Binh Khanh
Published: January 2022

The catalytic triad Cys145–His41–Asp187 of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro plays an important role in the activation of the PF-07321332 covalent inhibitor.
The importance of the compact disordered state in the fuzzy interactions between intrinsically disordered proteins
Authors: Wang Dan , Wu Shaowen , Wang Dongdong , Song Xingyu , Yang Maohua , Zhang Wolun , Huang Shaohui , Weng Jingwei , Liu Zhijun , Wang Wenning
Published: January 2022

Tertiary structural arrangements and overall compactness is important for interactions between IDPs.
Electrochemiluminescence with semiconductor (nano)materials
Authors: Zhao Yiran , Bouffier Laurent , Xu Guobao , Loget Gabriel , Sojic Neso
Published: January 2022

The combination of electrochemiluminescence and semiconductor gives rise to a rich field at the interface of photoelectrochemistry, materials and analytical chemistry. It offers interesting possibilities for ultrasensitive (bio)detection, imaging and light conversion.
MXenes as an emerging class of two-dimensional materials for advanced energy storage devices
Authors: Rasheed Tahir
Published: January 2022

MXenes as emerging paradigm for energy storage devices.
Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles by laser ablation of strontium ferrite under water and their characterization by optically detected magnetophoresis supported by BEM calculations
Authors: Piotto Valentina , Litti Lucio , Omelyanchik Alexander , Martucci Alessandro , Riello Piero , Peddis Davide , Meneghetti Moreno
Published: January 2022

Optically detected magnetophoresis, using Boundary Element Method calculations, is exploited for characterizing the magnetic properties of low amounts of nanoparticles.
Highly Stereoselective Formation of a Spiro Center by a 1,4-Addition/Elimination Reaction of 3,5-Difluorocyclohexa-2,5-dienones
Authors: Morita Masao , Kurouchi Hiroaki , Nemoto Nobuaki
Published: January 2022

Spirocyclic 3,5-difluorocyclohexa-2,5-dienones possessing a triisopropylsiloxy-containing cyclic ether appendage were synthesized by oxidative dearomatization of the corresponding phenols. By group selectivity in the nucleophilic 1,4-addition/elimination reaction, highly stereoselective formation of the spiro center was successfully achieved. This reaction might provide access to total syntheses of (+)-bisdechlorogeodin and (+)-geodin with complete control of the formation of the spirocyclic structure.
Defining Clinical and Microbiological Nonresponse in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Ceccato Adrian , Torres Antoni
Published: January 2022

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a severe complication of mechanical ventilation, with mortality reduced most effectively by adequate early antibiotic treatment. The clinical and microbiologic response can be assessed easily from 72 hours after starting antibiotic treatment. Evidence of nonresponse is based on several factors: (1) lack of clinical improvement, (2) radiographic progression, (3) an impaired Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, (4) no improvement by days 3 to 5 on the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS), (5) no decreased in biomarkers on day 3, and (6) isolation of a new pathogen on day 3. Among the clinical markers of treatment failure, physicians should consider no improvement in the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2), persistence of fever or hypothermia, persistence of purulent respiratory secretions, and new-onset septic shock or multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. Microbiological isolation of a new pathogen on day 3 is also associated with higher mortality, but persistence of the original pathogen does not seem to be associated with a worse prognosis. The real impact of changes to treatment after diagnosing nonresponsive VAP is unknown. Physicians must evaluate whether treatments are adequate in terms of sensitivity, dose, and route. Pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically optimized doses are recommended in these patients. Clinical stabilization of comorbidities or underlying conditions may be of benefit.
New Antibiotics for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Bassetti Matteo , Mularoni Alessandra , Giacobbe Daniele Roberto , Castaldo Nadia , Vena Antonio
Published: January 2022

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) represent one of the most common hospital-acquired infections, carrying a significant morbidity and risk of mortality. Increasing antibiotic resistance among the common bacterial pathogens associated with HAP and VAP, especially Enterobacterales and nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria, has made the choice of empiric treatment of these infections increasingly challenging. Moreover, failure of initial empiric therapy to cover the causative agents associated with HAP and VAP has been associated with worse clinical outcomes. This review provides an overview of antibiotics newly approved or in development for the treatment of HAP and VAP. The approved antibiotics include ceftobiprole, ceftolozane–tazobactam, ceftazidime–avibactam, meropenem–vaborbactam, imipenem–relebactam, and cefiderocol. Their major advantages include their high activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens.
Nucleation mechanism of iron in an external magnetic field
Authors: Li Yuqing , Fan Wenbin , Li Xi , Ren Wei , Li Yongle
Published: January 2022

In this work, the solidification of liquid iron with or without external magnetic field was investigated by using two molecular dynamics methods, namely direct cooling and two-phase simulation. The influence of external magnetic field on the solidification is characterized by the critical temperature and radial distribution functions. Our computational results show that under external magnetic field, the solidification point tends to decrease significantly. By further analyzing the diffusion coefficients and viscosity, we attribute the effect to the stronger fluctuation of liquid iron atoms driven by the external magnetic field.
State-to-state quantum dynamical study of H + Br2 → HBr +
Br reaction
Authors: Shang Chenyao , Chen Jun , Xu Xin , Liu Shu , Zhang Dong H.
Published: January 2022

The time-dependent wave packet method has been employed to calculate the state-to-state integral cross sections and differential cross sections (DCSs) for three initial states of the title reaction on the recently constructed neural network potential energy surface. It is found that the product HBr(υ′ = 2, 3, 4) states have the dominated population in the entire energy region considered here, indicating an inverted HBr vibrational state distribution. More than half of the available energy ends up as product internal motion, and most of which goes into the vibrational motion. Our calculations show that initial rotational excitation of Br2 has little effect on the product ro-vibrational state distributions and DCSs of the reaction. While the initial vibrational excitation has some influences. The initial vibrational excitation to υ0 = 5 obviously enhance the product vibrational excitation in the low energy region. The DCSs for collision energy up to 0.5 eV at the ground and rotationally excited state are peaked in the backward direction, but the width of the angular distribution increases considerably with the increase of collision energy. For the vibrationally excited state, the DCSs are rather complicated with some strong forward scattering peaks for highly vibrationally excited products.
Differential cross sections of F+HD → DF+H reaction at collision
energies from 3.03 MeV to 17.97 MeV
Authors: Wang Heilong , Li Yu , Jiao Zhirun , Zhang Hongtao , Xiao Chunlei , Yang Xueming
Published: January 2022

The prototypical reaction of F+HD→DF+H was investigated at collision energies from 3.3 meV to 17.97 meV using a crossed molecular beam apparatus with multichannel Rydberg tagging time-of-flight detection. Significant contributions from both the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) forbidden reaction F*(2P1/2)+HD→DF+H and the BO-allowed reaction F(2P3/2)+HD→DF+H were observed. In the backward scattering direction, the contribution from the BO-forbidden reaction F*(2P1/2)+HD was found to be considerably greater than the BO-allowed reaction F(2P3/2)+HD, indicating the non-adiabatic effects play an important role in the dynamics of the title reaction at low collision energies. Collision-energy dependence of differential cross sections (DCSs) in the backward scattering direction was found to be monotonously decreased as the collision energy decreases, which does not support the existence of resonance states in this energy range. DCSs of both BO-allowed and BO-forbidden reactions were measured at seven collision energies from 3.03 meV to 17.97 meV. It is quite unexpected that the angular distribution gradually shifts from backward to sideway as the collision energy decreases from 17.97 meV to 3.03 meV, suggesting some unknown mechanisms may exist at low collision energies.
In vitro transmission of Chlamydia using naturally infected koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) semen
Authors: Hulse Lyndal , Beagley Kenneth W. , Larkin Rebecca , Johnston Stephen D.
Published: January 2022

Transmission of Chlamydia pecorum infection has generally been assumed to be via the urogenital route and in an attempt to confirm this we investigated an in vitro method of Chlamydia infection using naturally infected koala semen to inoculate a cell line and attempt to estimate C. pecorum infectious load. A total of 57% of 122 koala semen samples had low C. pecorum copy number or no burden, while 18% of semen samples contained >10 000 inclusion-forming units/mL, as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In vitro inoculation of a McCoy cell line resulted in successful infection from 4% of semen samples where C. pecorum burden was >105 inclusion-forming units/mL. Our preliminary study suggests that transmission of C. pecorum infectious dose may be restricted to peak bacterial shedding in semen associated with recent infection. Here, we report venereal transmission of C. pecorum in koala semen is possible; however, we speculate that antimicrobial factors and innate immune function receptors associated with semen may inhibit chlamydial growth. These mechanisms have yet to be reported in marsupial semen.
Landmarks in the development of human communication
Authors: Ruoppolo Giovanni , Nicastri Maria
Published: January 2022

Objective:

Describing the evolution of human communication from its origins to our days in order to provide insights useful to guide reflexions on the modern physiopathology of communication research.

Methods:

A series of scientific articles and texts concerning the evolution of human communication and the relationship between human communication and culture has been revised.

Results:

The capacity of man to mediate symbolic representations through language has led to a revolutionary transformation from “obliged” communication, already present in nature, in a “biological independent” communication, with the opportunity of creating culture, up to the point of granting control and manipulation of biological processes. Human communication, supported in modern times by the increasingly widespread channels of diffusion, has progressively become itself an object of scientific studies, able to influence the choices of recipients considered to be passive.

Conclusion:

Traditional landmarks in human communication have been language acquisition, writing, reading and studies on rhetoric. At present times communication is further influenced by mass media, and new frontiers are opening, including teleconsultations, instant translations, humanoid robots naturally interacting with humans and brain computer interface: will it be the last landmark in the development of human communication?
What are the dynamics of hydrometeorological parameters on peatlands during the 2019 extreme dry season?
Authors: Irfan M , Safrina E , Koriyanti E , Saleh K , Kurniawaty N , Iskandar I
Published: January 2022

Peatlands in Indonesia are generally flammable, including peatlands in Kalimantan. The Indonesian government has made efforts to prevent fires on peatlands in Indonesia. One of them is by establishing several stations for measuring hydrometeorological parameters which are managed by the Peat Restoration Agency (BRG). This study utilizes BRG data, especially rainfall and groundwater levels, combined with hotspots data from MODIS satellite measurements during the 2019 extreme dry season at two research locations, namely at BRG stations in Central Kalimantan and West Kalimantan. The objectives of this research is to study the dynamics of these three parameters and find their relationship during the 2019 extreme dry season. To achieve the objectives of this study, an analysis of the time series graphs of these three parameters was carried out during the 2019 extreme dry season. It is hoped that the results of this research will help to prevent severe fires on peatlands, especially in Kalimantan. The results of this study indicate that during this period there was a decrease in rainfall, a decrease in groundwater level, and the emergence of a large number of hotspots. It can be concluded that the hotspots that appear are closely related to the low groundwater level due to low rainfall.
Synthesis of BaFe12-xCrxMnxO19 material based on Telindung beach iron sand using coprecipitation method
Authors: Fatari H A , Doyan A , Makhrus M , Susilawati  , Taryana Y
Published: January 2022

The production of BaFe12-xCrxMnxO19 material has been carried out based on iron sand at Telindung Beach, East Lombok Regency, using the coprecipitation method. The manufacture of BaFe12-xCrxMnxO19 material has three stages: the separation stage, the magnetic material separation stage, and the synthesis stage. The separation stage aims to separate the material from non-magnetic materials to obtain the maximum total Fe content. The results obtained are 43.50 grams of magnetic material from 50 grams of natural sand using a permanent magnet. The next stage is separating the magnetic materialused as the basic ingredients in the synthesis of BaFe12-xCrxMnxO19. The fundamentalcomponents used in the synthesis process were BaCO3, Fe3O4 obtained from the separation, MnCl2 and CrO3 as doping, NH4OH as a precipitate, and 37% HCl as a solvent. The dissolution process was carried out using a hot plate magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes at 80°C. Synthesis Barium M-Hexaferrite based on natural iron sand by using doping ion variations x= 0.0; 0.4; 0.8; 1.0 and calcination temperature of 200 °C, 600 °C and 1000 °C. The synthesis results made the colour change of BaFe12-xCrxMnxO19 powder darker. This happens because the higher the mole fraction of doping used, the darker the powder obtained. Moreover, the darker colour of the powder indicates that the solvent has evaporated due to the calcination process.
Exploring pre-service teacher’ views of science process skills
Authors: Nursalam L O , Syarifuddin  , Sailan Z , Saifullah  , Hakim A R , Rosadi A , Suhardi M , Asyş_ari M , Prayogi S , Bilad M R
Published: January 2022

The school curriculum in Indonesia requires students to master science comprehensively through problem-based learning with the integration of science process skills (SPS) or scientific methods. This study aims to identify the responses of pre-service teacher students about the importance of SPS components. The data collection was done via a survey with samples of 120 pre-service teachers. The response of pre-service teacher to SPS was collected using 14 items in the questionnaire. The responses were analyzed qualitatively and statistically to find out the frequency of the strongest responses towards the SPS components. The results showed that pre-service teachers stated that problem-solving/critical thinking skills (63 voters), basic understanding answers (59 voters), hypotheses (41 voters), and making conclusions (39 voters) were key components in SPS. Based on these findings, the application of learning that can improve the science process skills of pre-service teachers is important to do.
Effect of additional magnetic material Ni on structure and magnetic properties Eu2-xCexCu0.99Ni0.01O4+α-δ
Authors: Rochman L P , Anggia H D , Pratama R , Maulana T , Winarsih S , Maryati Y , Syakuur M A , Widyaiswari U , Sari D P , Saragi T , Risdiana
Published: January 2022

Superconductors are materials with the unique characteristics when the temperature of the material is below its critical temperature, namely zero resistivity. There are many superconducting phenomena that need to be explained theoretically. One of them is the effect of addition of impurities on the physical properties of superconducting materials. In this study, the addition of 0.01 Ni magnetic impurities in the Eu2-xCexCuO4+α-δ material has been carried out to form the structure Eu2-xCexCu0.99Ni0.01O4+α-δ, in an under-doped area with a concentration of Ce (x) = 0.09 and 0.10. Material synthesis was carried out by the solid reaction method with prefire at 900 °C for 20 hours, sintering at 1,000 °C for 16 hours, and annealing at 900 °C for 10 hours by flowing argon (Ar) gas. The XRD measurements were carried out to investigate the crystal structure, while the magnetic properties were carried out by SQUID measurement at temperature of 2 K to 30 K. From the XRD measurements, it was found that the crystals formed had a tetragonal crystal structure T’ which was indicated by the appearance of two main peaks with Miller indices (103) and (110), lattice parameter a is 3,904 Å in both samples, lattice c is 11.8752 Å and 11.9738 Å for the concentrations of Ce (x) = 0.09 and 0.10. The volume of unit cells obtained were 181.0178 Å3 and 181.0244 Å3 with the bond distance between Cu-O of 1.9521 Å and 1.9523 Å. It was also obtained that the crystal size were 86.2604 nm and 91.6735 nm. From the SQUID measurement, it was found that the material Eu2-xCexCu0.99Ni0.01O4+α-δ has paramagnetic properties. The value of the effective magnetic moment was decreased by reducing the addition of Ni impurities of 0.0057 and 0.0051.
Preparation and characterization of Bentonite-OPBA nanocomposite as filler
Authors: Frida E , Bukit N , Bukit F R A , Bukit B F
Published: January 2022

Bentonite-OPBA nanocomposite has been made. The preparation of OPBA and bentonite was carried out by calcination process at a temperature of 700oC for bentonite and 500 °C for OPBA and a ball mill process for 10 hours and coprecipitation method with a solution 6 M HCl. Then nano bentonite was synthesized with surfactant Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB). The XRD analysis obtained a Bentonite-OPBA particle size of 14.46 nm, with a Tetragonal crystal system and density of 3.01200 g/cm3. XRF analysis obtained SiO2 content of 55.1 % FTIR analysis obtained absorption band detected at 981.33 cm−1 indicates that the increase in silica strengthening has in the polymerization process.
Study of crystal structure and magnetic properties of Eu
2-x+0.01Ce
x-0.01Cu0.99Fe0.01O4+α-δ
Authors: Anggia H D , Rochman L P , Pratama R , Maulana T , Winarsih S , Maryati Y , Syakuur M A , Widyaswari U , Sari D P , Saragi T , Risdiana
Published: January 2022

Superconductor is material which has ability to perform zero resistivity in certain temperature. There are some phenomena in superconductor that still cannot be describe well. One of the phenomena is the effect of impurities to the physical properties of superconductor. In this research, the partially substitution of magnetic impurity Fe for Cu in electron-doped superconducting cuprates of Eu2-x+0.01Ce
x-0.01Cu0.99Fe0.01O4+α-δ in over doped regime x = 0.16 and 0.20 with 1% of Fe content was prepared by solid state method in order to investigate the structure and magnetic properties of ECCFO. The results of the characterization on crystal structure using XRD show that the material has a tetragonal T’ crystal structure which is indicated by the appearance of two main peaks with miller index (103) and (110). Magnetic-susceptibility measurements were carried out at low temperatures from 10 to 30 K. The values of curie constant, magnetic moment per unit volume and effective magnetic moment decreased with increasing of Cerium concentrations.
Development of ethnoscience module on pond ecosystem, in Serawai Tribe, Seluma Regency
Authors: Kusumah R G T , Andaria M , Misriani A , Purdiyanto  , Samsilayurni
Published: January 2022

This study aims to develop an ethnoscience module as a teaching material for pond ecosystems in science learning at Public Elementary School 36 Seluma Regency. The Research and Development (R & D) method is used in this study. The stages are potential and problem, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, trial, product revision, usage trial, product revision, mass production. The information came from the village of Tanah Abang, the Serawai tribe and Public Elementary School 36 Seluma. The results showed that the final product in the form of an ethnoscience-based science module with an Artificial Ecosystem in the pond was suitable for use. This feasibility refers to the National Education Standards Agency (BSNP) in the category of having passed stage I and stage II by obtaining an average design feasibility score of 87%, material feasibility 86%, and presentation feasibility 83%. Thus obtained an average feasibility of 85%.
Synthesis of low viscosity of polymethylhydrosiloxane using monomer of dichloromethylsilane
Authors: Arini V F , Fauziah U , Auliya D G , Setiadji S , Fitrilawati  , Risdiana
Published: January 2022

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a vitreous humour substitutes in vitreoretinal surgery to treat retinal detachment. PDMS was synthesized from the monomer octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). However, D4 is difficult to obtain in Indonesia. So, we need an alternative to replace PDMS. One type of siloxane polymer that can be a potential substitute as PDMS is polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). In this study, PMHS was obtained from the hydrolysis-condensation process of dichloromethylsilane (DCHS). The hydrolysis process produces monomer that is ready for the condensation process to produce PMHS. Monomer and polymer samples were characterized to determine viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, and functional groups. The monomer sample has a viscosity in the range of 28.7-36.4 mPa.s. The surface tension and refractive index are in the range of 17-18 mN/m and 1.3954-1.3958. The polymer sample has a viscosity of 560-1130 mPa.s with a surface tension of 19 mN/m and a refractive index in the range of 1.3966-1.3970. From the FTIR measurements, all major functional groups in both monomers and polymers of PDMS were observed with the addition of Si-H functional groups which characterize PMHS. These results indicate that PMHS with low viscosity has been successfully obtained by hydrolysis- condensation method of DCHS.
Concept understanding of students through core physics learning tools based on guided inquiry assisted by PhET virtual media
Authors: Susilawati  , Doyan A , Wahyudi  , Ayub S , Ardhuha J
Published: January 2022

This research is a development research that aims to test the effectiveness of the inquiry model-based core physics learning device with the help of PhET virtual media in improving students’ conceptual understanding. The device was developed using a 4D model which includes define, design, develop and disseminate. The sample of this study was all undergraduate students who took core physics courses which consisted of two classes, namely class A (experimental class) and class B (control class) which amounted to 50 people. The results of the pre-test and post-test were analyzed using the t-test at a significance level of 5%, while the increase in understanding of the concept used the N-gaint test. The results of the t- test show that the t-count value is greater than the t-table. This means that core physics learning tools using an inquiry model with the help of PhET virtual media affect students’ understanding of concepts. Analysis of increasing understanding of the concept of d using the N-gain test. The N-gain analysis shows that students’ understanding of concepts has increased the use of these devices in the high category. This means that students’ understanding of concepts is effectively improved using an inquiry model with the help of PhET virtual media.
How do additional instructions change the answer? Study of pre-service physics teachers’ misconception about buoyancy
Authors: Maison  , Asma R , Doyan A , Saputri L
Published: January 2022

The misconceptions experienced by pre-service physics teachers are essential to know; However, these are not easy to identify, let alone to remediate. This study aims to find out how additional instruction changes pre-service physics teachers’ responses and whether or not it affects the misconceptions of pre-service physics teachers. Respondents were tested using the online Four-Tier Buoyancy Instrument (FTBI) twice, namely at Time 1 and 2. Preservice physics teachers were given additional instructions between the two measurements by reminding them of the principle of balance on a stationary object or an object moving in a straight line with constant velocity. Quantitative data from the two areas of the instrument are then analyzed and compared to determine the differences in respondents’ answers. In-depth interviews were conducted with respondents who had different answers to the instruments. The results showed that a small proportion of respondents had changed their answers to be the correct answers on several FTBI items. The interview results showed that it seems there was a tendency to change the respondents’ cognitive structure from locally coherent to global coherent. However, this change does not necessarily reduce pre-service physics teachers’ misconceptions about buoyancy significantly.