bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animal Coronaviruses Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Gioti Katerina , Kottaridi Christine , Voyiatzaki Chrysa , Chaniotis Dimitrios , Rampias Theodoros , Beloukas Apostolos
Published: February 2021

Apoptosis is a form of programmed death that has also been observed in cells infected by several viruses. It is considered one of the most critical innate immune mechanisms that limits pathogen proliferation and propagation before the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Recent studies investigating the cellular responses to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that coronaviruses can alter cellular homeostasis and promote cell death, providing evidence that the modulation of apoptotic pathways is important for viral replication and propagation. Despite the genetic diversity among different coronavirus clades and the infection of different cell types and several hosts, research studies in animal coronaviruses indicate that apoptosis in host cells is induced by common molecular mechanisms and apoptotic pathways. We summarize and critically review current knowledge on the molecular aspects of cell-death regulation during animal coronaviruses infection and the viral–host interactions to this process. Future research is expected to lead to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death during coronavirus infection. Moreover, investigating the role of viral proteins in this process will help us to identify novel antiviral targets related to apoptotic signaling pathways.
Protective Effect of Tuna Bioactive Peptide on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice
Authors: Xiang Xing-Wei , Zhou Xiao-Ling , Wang Rui , Shu Cong-Han , Zhou Yu-Fang , Ying Xiao-Guo , Zheng Bin
Published: February 2021

Bioactive peptides isolated from marine organisms have shown to have potential anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the intestinal protection effect of low molecular peptides (Mw < 1 kDa) produced through enzymatic hydrolysis of tuna processing waste (tuna bioactive peptides (TBP)) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in BALB/c mice. Here, we randomly divided twenty-four male BALB/c mice into four groups: (i) normal (untreated), (ii) DSS-induced model colitis, (iii) low dose TBP+DSS-treated (200 mg/kg/d), and (iv) high dose TBP+DSS-treated groups (500 mg/kg/d). The results showed that TBP significantly reduced mice weight loss and improved morphological and pathological characteristics of colon tissues. In addition, it increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH-Px) and decreased inflammatory factors (LPS, IL-6, and TNF-α) expression. TBP increased the gene expression levels of some tight junction (TJ) proteins. Moreover, TBP increased the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels and the diversity and imbalance of intestinal flora. Therefore, TBP plays some protective roles in the intestinal tract by enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities of the body, improving the intestinal barrier and metabolic abnormalities, and adjusting intestinal flora imbalance.
Grazing Affects Bacterial and Fungal Diversities and Communities in the Rhizosphere and Endosphere Compartments of Leymus chinensis through Regulating Nutrient and Ion Distribution
Authors: Yang Yurong , Chen Siying , Wu Xuefeng , Syed Sajid Iqbal , Syed Irfan Ullah Shah , Huang Beitong , Guan Pingting , Wang Deli
Published: February 2021

Plant-associated endophytic microorganisms are essential to developing successful strategies for sustainable agriculture. Grazing is an effective practice of grassland utilization through regulating multitrophic relationships in natural grasslands. This study was conducted for exploring the effects of grazing on the diversities and communities of bacteria and fungi presented in rhizosphere soils, roots, stems, and leaves of Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis), based on high-throughput sequencing. Grazing increased bacterial diversity but reduced fungal diversity in plant leaves. Further analysis confirmed that the abundance of Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, Nitrospirota, Sordariales, and Pezizales in plant leaves was increased by grazing. The Bray–Curtis similarities of microbial communities in the endosphere were higher under grazing plots than non-grazing plots. Moreover, the bacterial communities were significantly correlated with ions, while the nutrient and negative ions exhibited strong influence on fungal communities. We concluded that grazing-induced changes of microbial diversities and communities in different compartments of a dominant perennial grass (L. chinensis) could be attributed to the nutrient and ion distribution in host plant. The current study highlights the importance of livestock in mediating diversities and communities of endophytic microbes, and will be useful for better understanding the complexity of multitrophic interactions in a grassland ecosystem.
Traditional Bulgarian Dairy Products: Ethnic Foods with Health Benefits
Authors: Petrova Penka , Ivanov Ivan , Tsigoriyna Lidia , Valcheva Nadezhda , Vasileva Evgenia , Parvanova-Mancheva Tsvetomila , Arsov Alexander , Petrov Kaloyan
Published: February 2021

The reported health effects of fermented dairy foods, which are traditionally manufactured in Bulgaria, are connected with their microbial biodiversity. The screening and development of probiotic starters for dairy products with unique properties are based exclusively on the isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains. This study aims to systematically describe the LAB microbial content of artisanal products such as Bulgarian-type yoghurt, white brined cheese, kashkaval, koumiss, kefir, katak, and the Rhodope’s brano mliako. The original technologies for their preparation preserve the valuable microbial content and improve their nutritional and probiotic qualities. This review emphasises the features of LAB starters and the autochthonous microflora, the biochemistry of dairy food production, and the approaches for achieving the fortification of the foods with prebiotics, bioactive peptides (ACE2-inhibitors, bacteriocins, cyclic peptides with antimicrobial activity), immunomodulatory exopolysaccharides, and other metabolites (indol-3-propionic acid, free amino acids, antioxidants, prebiotics) with reported beneficial effects on human health. The link between the microbial content of dairy foods and the healthy human microbiome is highlighted.
Characterization of Arsenite-Oxidizing Bacteria Isolated from Arsenic-Rich Sediments, Atacama Desert, Chile
Authors: Herrera Constanza , Moraga Ruben , Bustamante Brian , Vilo Claudia , Aguayo Paulina , Valenzuela Cristian , Smith Carlos T. , Yáñez Jorge , Guzmán-Fierro Victor , Roeckel Marlene , Campos Víctor L.
Published: February 2021

Arsenic (As), a semimetal toxic for humans, is commonly associated with serious health problems. The most common form of massive and chronic exposure to As is through consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study aimed to isolate an As resistant bacterial strain to characterize its ability to oxidize As (III) when immobilized in an activated carbon batch bioreactor and to evaluate its potential to be used in biological treatments to remediate As contaminated waters. The diversity of bacterial communities from sediments of the As-rich Camarones River, Atacama Desert, Chile, was evaluated by Illumina sequencing. Dominant taxonomic groups (>1%) isolated were affiliated with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. A high As-resistant bacterium was selected (Pseudomonas migulae VC-19 strain) and the presence of aio gene in it was investigated. Arsenite detoxification activity by this bacterial strain was determined by HPLC/HG/AAS. Particularly when immobilized on activated carbon, P. migulae VC-19 showed high rates of As(III) conversion (100% oxidized after 36 h of incubation). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a P. migulae arsenite oxidizing strain that is promising for biotechnological application in the treatment of arsenic contaminated waters.
The Lung Microbiome in Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Linnane Barry , Walsh Aaron M. , Walsh Calum J. , Crispie Fiona , O’Sullivan Orla , Cotter Paul D. , McDermott Michael , Renwick Julie , McNally Paul
Published: February 2021

The cystic fibrosis (CF) lung harbours a diverse microbiome and reduced diversity in the CF lung has been associated with advancing age, increased inflammation and poorer lung function. Data suggest that the window for intervention is early in CF, yet there is a paucity of studies on the lung microbiome in children with CF. The objective of this study was to thoroughly characterise the lower airway microbiome in pre-school children with CF. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected annually from children attending the three clinical centres. Clinical and demographic data were collated on all subjects alongside BAL inflammatory markers. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Bioinformatics and data analysis were performed using Qiime and R project software. Data on 292 sequenced BALs from 101 children with CF and 51 without CF show the CF lung microbiome, while broadly similar to that in non-CF children, is distinct. Alpha diversity between the two cohorts was indistinguishable at this early age. The CF diagnosis explained only 1.1% of the variation between the cohort microbiomes. However, several key genera were significantly differentially abundant between the groups. While the non-CF lung microbiome diversity increased with age, diversity reduced in CF with age. Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus were more abundant with age, while genera such as Streptococcus, Porphyromonas and Veillonella were less abundant with age. There was a negative correlation between alpha diversity and interleukin-8 and neutrophil elastase in the CF population. Neither current flucloxacillin or azithromycin prophylaxis, nor previous oral or IV antibiotic exposure, was correlated with microbiome diversity. Consecutive annual BAL samples over 5 years from a subgroup of children demonstrated diverse patterns of development in the first years of life.
Characterization of Ebola Virus Risk to Bedside Providers in an Intensive Care Environment
Authors: Biondi Mia J. , Garnett Lauren , Bello Alexander , Funk Duane , Poliquin Philippe Guillaume , Jones Shane , Tierney Kevin , Tran Kaylie , Kozak Robert A. , Leung Anders , Grolla Allen , Nakamura Cory , Soule Geoff , Ranadheera Charlene , Hagan Mable , Dhaliwal Amrinder , Kobasa Darwyn , Falzarano Darryl , Bovendo Hugues Fausther , Feldmann Heinz , Kesselman Murray , Hansen Gregory , Gren Jason , Mortimer Todd , Racine Trina , Deschambault Yvon , Edmonds Jocelyn , Aminian Sam , Saurette Ray , Allan Mark , Rondeau Lauren , Huynh John , Hadder Sharron , Press Christy , DeGraff Christine , Kucas Stephanie , Kubay Julie , Azanarsky Kim , Cook Bradley W. M. , Hancock BJ , Kumar Anand , Soni Reeni , Schantz Daryl , McKitrick Jarrid , Warner Bryce , Griffin Bryan D. , Qiu Xiangguo , Kobinger Gary P. , Safronetz Dave , Wood Heidi , Stein Derek R. , Cutts Todd , Pickering Brad , Kenny James , Theriault Steven , Menec Liam , Vendramelli Robert , Higgins Sean , Banadyga Logan , Liu Guodong , Rahim Md Niaz , Kasloff Samantha , Sloan Angela , He Shihua , Tailor Nikesh , Albietz Alixandra , Wong Gary , Gray Michael , Feldmann Friederike , Marzi Andrea , Risi George , Strong James E.
Published: February 2021

Background: The 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa recapitulated that nosocomial spread of Ebola virus could occur and that health care workers were at particular risk including notable cases in Europe and North America. These instances highlighted the need for centers to better prepare for potential Ebola virus cases; including understanding how the virus spreads and which interventions pose the greatest risk. Methods: We created a fully equipped intensive care unit (ICU), within a Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) laboratory, and infected multiple sedated non-human primates (NHPs) with Ebola virus. While providing bedside care, we sampled blood, urine, and gastric residuals; as well as buccal, ocular, nasal, rectal, and skin swabs, to assess the risks associated with routine care. We also assessed the physical environment at end-point. Results: Although viral RNA was detectable in blood as early as three days post-infection, it was not detectable in the urine, gastric fluid, or swabs until late-stage disease. While droplet spread and fomite contamination were present on a few of the surfaces that were routinely touched while providing care in the ICU for the infected animal, these may have been abrogated through good routine hygiene practices. Conclusions: Overall this study has helped further our understanding of which procedures may pose the highest risk to healthcare providers and provides temporal evidence of this over the clinical course of disease.
Genome-Driven Discovery of Enzymes with Industrial Implications from the Genus Aneurinibacillus
Authors: Kamli Majid Rasool , Alzahrani Nada A. Y. , Hajrah Nahid H. , Sabir Jamal S. M. , Malik Adeel
Published: February 2021

Bacteria belonging to the genus Aneurinibacillus within the family Paenibacillaceae are Gram-positive, endospore-forming, and rod-shaped bacteria inhabiting diverse environments. Currently, there are eight validly described species of Aneurinibacillus; however, several unclassified species have also been reported. Aneurinibacillus spp. have shown the potential for producing secondary metabolites (SMs) and demonstrated diverse types of enzyme activities. These features make them promising candidates with industrial implications. At present, genomes of 9 unique species from the genus Aneurinibacillus are available, which can be utilized to decipher invaluable information on their biosynthetic potential as well as enzyme activities. In this work, we performed the comparative genome analyses of nine Aneurinibacillus species representing the first such comprehensive study of this genus at the genome level. We focused on discovering the biosynthetic, biodegradation, and heavy metal resistance potential of this under-investigated genus. The results indicate that the genomes of Aneurinibacillus contain SM-producing regions with diverse bioactivities, including antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Several carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and genes involved in heavy metal resistance were also identified. Additionally, a broad range of enzyme classes were also identified in the Aneurinibacillus pan-genomes, making this group of bacteria potential candidates for future investigations with industrial applications.
Visible Lights Combined with Photosensitizing Compounds Are Effective against Candida albicans Biofilms
Authors: Bapat Priyanka , Singh Gurbinder , Nobile Clarissa J.
Published: February 2021

Fungal infections are increasing in prevalence worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Given the emergence of drug-resistant fungi and the fact that there are only three major classes of antifungal drugs available to treat invasive fungal infections, there is a need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies effective against fungal infections. Candida albicans is a commensal of the human microbiota that is also one of the most common fungal pathogens isolated from clinical settings. C. albicans possesses several virulence traits that contribute to its pathogenicity, including the ability to form drug-resistant biofilms, which can make C. albicans infections particularly challenging to treat. Here, we explored red, green, and blue visible lights alone and in combination with common photosensitizing compounds for their efficacies at inhibiting and disrupting C. albicans biofilms. We found that blue light inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted mature biofilms on its own and that the addition of photosensitizing compounds improved its antibiofilm potential. Red and green lights, however, inhibited biofilm formation only in combination with photosensitizing compounds but had no effects on disrupting mature biofilms. Taken together, these results suggest that photodynamic therapy may be an effective non-drug treatment for fungal biofilm infections that is worthy of further exploration.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Poly(alkylene succinate)s: Influence of Reaction Conditions
Authors: Pospiech Doris , Choińska Renata , Flugrat Daniel , Sahre Karin , Jehnichen Dieter , Korwitz Andreas , Friedel Peter , Werner Anett , Voit Brigitte
Published: February 2021

Application of lipases (preferentially Candida antarctica Lipase B, CALB) for melt polycondensation of aliphatic polyesters by transesterification of activated dicarboxylic acids with diols allows to displace toxic metal and metal oxide catalysts. Immobilization of the enzyme enhances the activity and the temperature range of use. The possibility to use enzyme-catalyzed polycondensation in melt is studied and compared to results of polycondensations in solution. The experiments show that CALB successfully catalyzes polycondensation of both, divinyladipate and dimethylsuccinate, respectively, with 1,4-butanediol. NMR spectroscopy, relative molar masses obtained by size exclusion chromatography, MALDI-TOF MS and wide-angle X-ray scattering are employed to compare the influence of synthesis conditions for poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). It is shown that the enzymatic activity of immobilized CALB deviates and influences the molar mass. CALB-catalyzed polycondensation of PBA in solution for 24 h at 70 °C achieves molar masses of up to Mw~60,000 g/mol, higher than reported previously and comparable to conventional PBA, while melt polycondensation resulted in a moderate decrease of molar mass to Mw~31,000. Enzymatically catalyzed melt polycondensation of PBS yields Mw~23,400 g/mol vs. Mw~40,000 g/mol with titanium(IV)n-butoxide. Melt polycondensation with enzyme catalysis allows to reduce the reaction time from days to 3–4 h.
A Semi-Empirical Model for Predicting Frost Properties
Authors: Li Shao-Ming , Yang Kai-Shing , Wang Chi-Chuan
Published: February 2021

In this study, a quantitative method for classifying the frost geometry is first proposed to substantiate a numerical model in predicting frost properties like density, thickness, and thermal conductivity. This method can recognize the crystal shape via linear programming of the existing map for frost morphology. By using this method, the frost conditions can be taken into account in a model to obtain the corresponding frost properties like thermal conductivity, frost thickness, and density for specific frost crystal. It is found that the developed model can predict the frost properties more accurately than the existing correlations. Specifically, the proposed model can identify the corresponding frost shape by a dimensionless temperature and the surface temperature. Moreover, by adopting the frost identification into the numerical model, the frost thickness can also be predicted satisfactorily. The proposed calculation method not only shows better predictive ability with thermal conductivities, but also gives good predictions for density and is especially accurate when the frost density is lower than 125 kg/m3. Yet, the predictive ability for frost density is improved by 24% when compared to the most accurate correlation available.
Distribution-Independent Empirical Modeling of Particle Size Distributions—Coarse-Shredding of Mixed Commercial Waste
Authors: Khodier Karim , Sarc Renato
Published: February 2021

Particle size distributions (PSDs) belong to the most critical properties of particulate materials. They influence process behavior and product qualities. Standard methods for describing them are either too detailed for straightforward interpretation (i.e., lists of individual particles), hide too much information (summary values), or are distribution-dependent, limiting their applicability to distributions produced by a small number of processes. In this work the distribution-independent approach of modeling isometric log-ratio-transformed shares of an arbitrary number of discrete particle size classes is presented. It allows using standard empirical modeling techniques, and the mathematically proper calculation of confidence and prediction regions. The method is demonstrated on coarse-shredding of mixed commercial waste from Styria in Austria, resulting in a significant model for the influence of shredding parameters on produced particle sizes (with classes: >80 mm, 30–80 mm, 0–30 mm). It identifies the cutting tool geometry as significant, with a p-value < 10−5, while evaluating the gap width and shaft rotation speed as non-significant. In conclusion, the results question typically chosen operation parameters in practice, and the applied method has proven to be valuable addition to the mathematical toolbox of process engineers.
Monitoring E. coli Cell Integrity by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics: Opportunities and Caveats
Authors: Kastenhofer Jens , Libiseller-Egger Julian , Rajamanickam Vignesh , Spadiut Oliver
Published: February 2021

During recombinant protein production with E. coli, the integrity of the inner and outer membrane changes, which leads to product leakage (loss of outer membrane integrity) or lysis (loss of inner membrane integrity). Motivated by current Quality by Design guidelines, there is a need for monitoring tools to determine leakiness and lysis in real-time. In this work, we assessed a novel approach to monitoring E. coli cell integrity by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Various preprocessing strategies were tested in combination with regression (partial least squares, random forest) or classification models (partial least squares discriminant analysis, linear discriminant analysis, random forest, artificial neural network). Models were validated using standard procedures, and well-performing methods were additionally scrutinized by removing putatively important features and assessing the decrease in performance. Whereas the prediction of target compound concentration via regression was unsuccessful, possibly due to a lack of samples and low sensitivity, random forest classifiers achieved prediction accuracies of over 90% within the datasets tested in this study. However, strong correlations with untargeted spectral regions were revealed by feature selection, thereby demonstrating the need to rigorously validate chemometric models for bioprocesses, including the evaluation of feature importance.
Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Societies in 2020
Authors:   Societies Editorial Office
Published: February 2021

Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that Societies maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers [...]
Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications
Authors: Alengebawy Ahmed , Abdelkhalek Sara Taha , Qureshi Sundas Rana , Wang Man-Qun
Published: February 2021

Environmental problems have always received immense attention from scientists. Toxicants pollution is a critical environmental concern that has posed serious threats to human health and agricultural production. Heavy metals and pesticides are top of the list of environmental toxicants endangering nature. This review focuses on the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)) and pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) adversely influencing the agricultural ecosystem (plant and soil) and human health. Furthermore, heavy metals accumulation and pesticide residues in soils and plants have been discussed in detail. In addition, the characteristics of contaminated soil and plant physiological parameters have been reviewed. Moreover, human diseases caused by exposure to heavy metals and pesticides were also reported. The bioaccumulation, mechanism of action, and transmission pathways of both heavy metals and pesticides are emphasized. In addition, the bioavailability in soil and plant uptake of these contaminants has also been considered. Meanwhile, the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between heavy metals and pesticides and their combined toxic effects have been discussed. Previous relevant studies are included to cover all aspects of this review. The information in this review provides deep insights into the understanding of environmental toxicants and their hazardous effects.
Constraints on Theoretical Predictions beyond the Standard Model from the Casimir Effect and Some Other Tabletop Physics
Authors: Klimchitskaya Galina L.
Published: February 2021

We review the hypothetical interactions predicted beyond the Standard Model which could be constrained by using the results of tabletop laboratory experiments. These interactions are described by the power-type potentials with different powers, Yukawa potential, other spin-independent potentials, and by the spin-dependent potentials of different kinds. In all these cases the current constraints on respective hypothetical interactions are considered which follow from the Casimir effect and some other tabletop physics. The exotic particles and constraints on them are discussed in the context of problems of the quantum vacuum, dark energy, and the cosmological constant.
Development of Pandemic Vaccines: ERVEBO Case Study
Authors: Wolf Jayanthi , Jannat Risat , Dubey Sheri , Troth Sean , Onorato Matthew T. , Coller Beth-Ann , Hanson Mary E. , Simon Jakub K.
Published: February 2021

Preventative vaccines are considered one of the most cost-effective and efficient means to contain outbreaks and prevent pandemics. However, the requirements to gain licensure and manufacture a vaccine for human use are complex, costly, and time-consuming. The 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak was the largest EVD outbreak to date and the third Public Health Emergency of International Concern in history, so to prevent a pandemic, numerous partners from the public and private sectors combined efforts and resources to develop an investigational Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) vaccine candidate (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) as quickly as possible. The rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine was approved as ERVEBOTM by the European Medicines Authority (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2019 after five years of development. This review describes the development program of this EBOV vaccine, summarizes what is known about safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy, describes ongoing work in the program, and highlights learnings applicable to the development of pandemic vaccines.
Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis for Iterative Design of Tandem-Core Virus-Like Particles
Authors: Colant Noelle , Melinek Beatrice , Frank Stefanie , Rosenberg William , Bracewell Daniel G.
Published: February 2021

Tandem-core hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) virus-like particles (VLPs), in which two HBcAg monomers are joined together by a peptide linker, can be used to display two different antigens on the VLP surface. We produced universal influenza vaccine candidates that use this scaffold in an Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform. We then used the CFPS system to rapidly test modifications to the arginine-rich region typically found in wild-type HBcAg, the peptide linkers around the influenza antigen inserts, and the plasmid vector backbone to improve titer and quality. Using a minimal plasmid vector backbone designed for CFPS improved titers by at least 1.4-fold over the original constructs. When the linker lengths for the influenza inserts were more consistent in length and a greater variety of codons for glycine and serine were utilized, titers were further increased to over 70 μg/mL (4.0-fold greater than the original construct) and the presence of lower molecular weight product-related impurities was significantly reduced, although improvements in particle assembly were not seen. Furthermore, any constructs with the C-terminal arginine-rich region removed resulted in asymmetric particles of poor quality. This demonstrates the potential for CFPS as a screening platform for VLPs.
Immunity to TBEV Related Flaviviruses with Reduced Pathogenicity Protects Mice from Disease but Not from TBEV Entry into the CNS
Authors: Petry Monique , Palus Martin , Leitzen Eva , Mitterreiter Johanna Gracia , Huang Bei , Kröger Andrea , Verjans Georges M. G. M. , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Rimmelzwaan Guus F. , Růžek Daniel , Osterhaus Albert , Prajeeth Chittappen Kandiyil
Published: February 2021

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of vector-borne viral encephalitis with expanding endemic regions across Europe. In this study we tested in mice the efficacy of preinfection with a closely related low-virulent flavivirus, Langat virus (LGTV strain TP21), or a naturally avirulent TBEV strain (TBEV-280) in providing protection against lethal infection with the highly virulent TBEV strain (referred to as TBEV-Hypr). We show that prior infection with TP21 or TBEV-280 is efficient in protecting mice from lethal TBEV-Hypr challenge. Histopathological analysis of brains from nonimmunized mice revealed neuronal TBEV infection and necrosis. Neuroinflammation, gliosis, and neuronal necrosis was however also observed in some of the TP21 and TBEV-280 preinfected mice although at reduced frequency as compared to the nonimmunized TBEV-Hypr infected mice. qPCR detected the presence of viral RNA in the CNS of both TP21 and TBEV-280 immunized mice after TBEV-Hypr challenge, but significantly reduced compared to mock-immunized mice. Our results indicate that although TBEV-Hypr infection is effectively controlled in the periphery upon immunization with low-virulent LGTV or naturally avirulent TBEV 280, it may still enter the CNS of these animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of causes for vaccine failure in individuals vaccinated with TBE vaccines.
Особливості художнього світовідчуття в малій прозі І. Маслова: оповідання, «вінці»
Authors: Бакумкіна Марина Олександрівна
Published: February 2021

Стаття присвячена особливостям відображення художнього світовідчуття в малій прозі – оповіданнях і «вінцях» – російськомовного українського письменника, лауреата літературних премій Івана Степановича Маслова, життя й доля якого були пов’язані з Харківщиною. Окремі твори І.С. Маслова неодноразово ставали об’єктом вивчення українських учених-літературознавців, проте особливості художнього світосприймання в оповіданнях і «вінцях» І.С. Маслова не були предметом спеціального наукового дослідження. Тому метою статті стає аналіз маловідомих широкому українському читачеві оповідань І.С. Маслова та його «вінців», дослідження їхніх художніх особливостей. Методами дослідження є біографічний, культурно-історичний, порівняльно-історичний, історико-генетичний. У ході дослідження з’ясовано, що І.С. Маслов відчував потребу опанувати смисловий простір образу. Його творам притаманна суперечність стилю. У них поєднані філософічність, метафоризм, психологізм і символізм. Письменник часто звертається до просторіччя, що інтенсивно забарвлює і мову героїв, і авторську мову. У своїх творах письменник звертається до тем кохання, смерті, війни й повоєнного життя, до сьогодення «продажного часу», які проходять крізь увесь творчий шлях І.С. Маслова. Його твори гостро полемічні, стиль переважно автобіографічний, спогади про воєнний і повоєнний побут його самого і його родини – джерело вічних цінностей, як і поняття «чистоти» в його оповіданнях і «вінцях». Мала проза І.С. Маслова дозволяє відчути перебіг часу, що визначає долю людини. Дослідження акцентовано на розкритті трагічних процесів перебудови як докорінного старого побуту, так і зламу суспільних стосунків селян, колгоспників, на минулому перебудови, відгомонах переламної епохи, прикметах часу, отриманні незалежності Україною, житті її людей, їхніх бажань та очікувань. Письменник І.С. Маслов у повсякденному житті природи й людей знаходить своєрідні цінності, створює поетичні описи Слобожанщини та її жителів. Він відзначає щонайменші зміни в природному циклі й житті селян, застосовує особливий підхід до розкриття теми відносин людини й природи, підкреслює спорідненість людини з усім світом і через поетичне зображення природи розкриває суть людського буття.
Medicinal Information Available in the Palm Leaf Manuscripts of the Eastern Sri Lanka – A Study
Authors: J Kennedy , S Oshanithy
Published: February 2021

The Palm leaf manuscripts are seen as documents that preserve the cultural heritage of the people. In that respect, palm leaf manuscripts have been maintained by the Eastern Tamil people for a long time. These palm leaf manuscripts can be classified into three types; literature, medicine and astrology. Literary palm leaf manuscripts include Ammanai, Drama etc. Palm leaf manuscripts related to astrology contain information such as Similarly, medical palm leaf manuscripts contain much medical information. It is noted that a medical palm leaf manuscript was discovered for in the East recently. This study is intended to introduce the structure, medical information and herbs of this palm leaf manuscript. This palm leaf manuscript has solutions for many ailments such as headaches, asthma, cough peenisam, pittam and rheumatism. There is also information on the preparation of sanjeevi legiyam. Neem, Milk, Honey Basil, etc. have been identified as having high Medicinal properties.
The social psychology of economic inequality
Authors: Easterbrook Matthew J.
Published: February 2021

In this review, I provide an overview of the literature investigating the social psychology of economic inequality, focusing on individuals’ understandings, perceptions, and reactions to inequality. I begin by describing different ways of measuring perceptions of inequality, and conclude that absolute measures—which ask respondents to estimate inequality in more concrete terms—tend to be more useful and accurate than relative measures. I then describe how people understand inequality, highlighting the roles of cognitive heuristics, accessibility of information, self-interest, and context and culture. I review the evidence regarding how people react to inequality, suggesting that inequality is associated with higher well-being in developing nations but lower well-being in developed nations, mostly because of hopes or fears for the future. The evidence from developed nations suggests that inequality increases individuals’ concerns about status and economic resources, increases their perception that the social world is competitive and individualistic, and erodes their faith in others, political systems, and democracy in general.
The U.S. Marine Corps’ Tank Doctrine, 1920–50
Authors: Estes Kenneth W. , Cansière Romain
Published: February 2021

Major Joseph DiDomenico’s study of U.S. Army influence on U.S. Marine Corps tank doctrine appeared in the Summer 2018 issue of this journal, titled “The U.S. Army’s Influence on Marine Corps Tank Doctrine.” Mobilizing an impressive array of primary and secondary sources, DiDomenico laid considerable credit for the Corps’ improvements to its nascent World War II tank and amphibious tractor doctrine on the Army’s Armor School at Fort Knox as well as the improved Army doctrinal publications that had emerged by 1944. Major DiDomenico excoriated the Marine Corps’ neglect of “critical vulnerabilities for armor supporting amphibious operations.” The benchmark for Marine Corps tank doctrine’s failures to “synthesize” Army tank doctrine for Marine Corps missions is unsurprisingly the Battle of Tarawa. According to DiDomenico, the failures registered at Tarawa “indicated an institutional ignorance in the operational art of combined arms.” This article presents some common misconceptions of Marine Corps tank policy and doctrine and aims to correct those misconceptions.
GAMBARAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PENANGANAN PERTAMA HIPOTERMIA PADA UNIT KEGIATAN MAHASISWA PECINTA ALAM (UKM MAPALA)
Authors: Vauzy Firmansyah Rizki , Herdiani Ida , Rosidawati Ida
Published: February 2021

Tercatat pada tahun 2006 hingga tahun 2019 terdapat beberapa kejadian kematian akibat hipotermia. Mapala adalah sebuah organisasi yang beranggotakan mahasiswa dan memiliki kesamaan minat dan kepedulian terhadap alam liar, yang obe di antaranya dalam pendakian gunung lebih dari 3000 mdpl, sehingga UKM terancam hipotermia saat melakukan aktivitas alam di pegunungan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan pengetahuan yang cukup dalam penanganan pertama korban hipotermia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan tentang pengobatan pertama hipotermia pada mahasiswa pecinta natutal (Mapala) di kota tasikmalaya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah simple stratifiend random sampling dengan sampel 43 orang pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, analisis data secara univariat distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan responden terbanyak sebanyak 33 orang (76,7%), baik 4 orang (9,3%) maupun kurang 6 (14,0%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diharapkan profesi keperawatan meningkatkan kualitas perawat dengan memberikan edukasi dan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat awam dan pecinta alam (Mapala) tentang penanganan pertama hipotermia yaitu deskriftif kuantitatif.
PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN HIV AIDS TERHADAP TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN SISWA SISWI KELAS XI SMA MUHAMMADIYAH TASIKMALAYA
Authors: Dwi Lukitasari Erva , Brahmantia Bayu
Published: February 2021

HIV/AID merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi menular yang dapat disebabkan oleh hubungan seksual. Proporsi remaja yang mengalami HIV/AID di Indonesia masih tinggi. Hal ini dapat terjadi akibat rendahnya pengetahuan tentang seksual pranikah sehingga dapat berakibat pada kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Oleh karena itu pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi remaja yang dilakukan oleh sekolah merupakan salah satu upaya untuk membimbing remaja mengatasi masalah seksualnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan HIV/AIDS terhadap pengetahuan siswa/siswi kelas XI SMA Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan quasi eksperimen, desain pre test (T1) dan post test (T2). Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan quasi eksperimen design. Besar sampel sebanyak 66 orang dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Data diperoleh dengan kuesioner dan dianalisis secara analitik menggunakan Uji T Dependent. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pengetahuan siswa/siswi kelas XI tentang HIV/AIDS sebelum diberikan pendidikan kesehatan memiliki skor rata-rata sebesar 10.82. Sedangkan sesudah diberikan pendidikan kesehatan rata-rata sebesar 18.87. Hasil uji statistic diperoleh p value 0.000 terdapat pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan HIV/AIDS terhadap pengetahuan siswa/siswi kelas XI SMA Muhammadyah Tasikmalaya. Instansi pendidikan disarankan memasukan materi kesehatan reproduksi khususnya mengenai HIV/AIDS ke dalam materi mata pelajaran.
FAKTOR RISIKO HIPOGLIKEMIA PADA DIABETES MELLITUS: LITERATURE RIVIEW
Authors: Budiawan Heri , Permana Hikmat , Emaliyawati Etika
Published: February 2021

Pendahuluan : Identifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipoglikemia penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor resiko kejadian hipoglikemia, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai dasar acuan pencegahan hipoglikemia berat dan hipoglikemia berulang. Objektif : Bertujuan untuk melakukan Literature review mengenai faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipoglikemia pada pasien diabetes mellitus. Metode : Metode penelusuran sumber data pada Literature review ini yaitu melakukan penulusuran database terdiri dari Google Scholar, Pubmed, Ebsco dengan kata kunci yang digunakan untuk pencarian pada databased Internasioanal yang pertama yaitu “Diabetes mellitus” AND “Risk factor hypoglycemia” “OR” Predictor hypoglycemia” Sedangkan pada databased Nasional menggunakan kata kunci yang pertama yaitu “Diabetes Mellitus “ dan” Faktor resiko hipoglikemia.”. Artikel diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan melakukan critical apraisel pada setiap artikel. Hasil : Berdasarkan hasil pencarian ditetapkan 8 artikel dengan design Kuantitatif publikasi 10 tahun terakhir (2009-2019). Faktor resiko yang berkaitan dengan kejadian hipoglikemia pada pasien diabetes mellitus yaitu terapi insulin, sulfolinurea, dan terapi kombinasi merupakan prediktor kuat terjadinya hipoglikemia, namun ada beberapa faktor lain yang berkaitan dengan kejadian hipoglikemia diantaranya nilai HbA1c, BMI,  usia, jenis kealmin, pekerjaan, tingkat pendidikan, lama menderita diabetes mellitus, penyakit penyerta (penyakit ginjal kronis), dukungan keluarga, dan gaya hidup (konsumsi alcohol). Kesimpulan: Faktor resiko kejadian hipoglikemia pada pasien diabetes mellitus berkaitan dengan faktor medikasi (pemberian insulin, sulfolinurea, terapi kombinasi) dan faktor demografi pasien, oleh karena itu pengkajian resiko hipoglikemia pada pasien diabetes mellitus penting untuk diketahui, sehingga dapat berpotensi mencegah kejadian atau menurunkan kejadian hipoglikemi dan dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien diabetes mellitus
ANALISIS FAKTOR PEMBERIAN IMUNISASI DASAR LENGKAP PADA BAYI DI PUSKESMAS TAMALATE MAKASSAR
Authors: Talib Muhammad Thabran , Albar Satriani
Published: February 2021

Pemberian imunisasi dapat dilihat dari banyaknya balita yang meninggal akibat penyakit dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi. Data World Health Organization menunjukkan bahwa satiap tahun, setidaknya 1,7 juta anak meninggal karena penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan vaksin yang sudah tersedia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor pemberian imunisasi dasar lengkap antara pengetahuan dan sikap ibu tentang imunisasi. Penelitian Puskesmas Tamalate Makassar. Populasi adalah ibu yang memiliki anak usia imunisasi di Puskesmas Tamalate Makassar dengan jumlah sampel 122 orang. Data sekunder dari laporan tahunan imunisasi yang ada di Puskesmas Tamalate Makassar, data primer dengan pembagian kuisioner yang diisi responden. Analisa data dilakukan yaitu analisa Univariat dan analisa bivariat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Nopember-Desember 2019. Dengan jenis penelitian Desain dengan Cross Sectional Study. Hasil penelitian analisa univariat, pengetahuan baik 107(87,7%) responden dan pengetahuan responden yang kurang 15(12,2%) responden. Sedangkan sikap baik 115(94,2%) responden, sedangkan sikap yang kurang 7(5,7%) responden. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan pemberian imunisasi dasar lengkap pada bayi yaitu p: 0,002 dan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara sikap dengan pemberian imunisasi dasar lengkap pada bayi yaitu p: 0,038. Saran yaitu upaya peningkatan pembinaan dan pendidikan tentang pentingnya pemberian imunisasi secara lengkap pada bayi.
Intracompany reporting in the enterprise management system
Authors: Zadorozhnyi Zenovii-Mykhailo , Ometsinska Iryna
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The modern conditions of enterprise operation have led to changes in management reporting approaches and have caused more discussions in nonfiction about its identity with intracompany reporting. Informatization of society, globalization processes in the economy and its sustainable development have led to the expansion of management reporting functions and to clear definition of main characteristics of intracompany reporting, which is created by the staff for its internal use with the adherence of principles of confidentiality. The impact of external factors, which are mostly negative nowadays (economic crisis, restrictions caused by the global pandemic, unfair actions of competitors, cyberattacks) require qualitative developments of intracompany reporting forms, which should ensure rapid detection of the negative changes at the enterprise and timely provide the information for its effective elimination.The purpose of the study lies in scientific and theoretical justification of the concept «intracompany reporting», in determination of the role for enterprise management and also in outlining the principles of reporting formation and techniques of its preparation taking into account the modern conditions of enterprises activity.Methods. In the research process the following methods were used: theoretical generalization, comparison, abstract-logical for distinguishing the concepts of «management reporting» and «intracompany reporting»; grouping, generalization,  analogy,  analysis and synthesis for identifying the principles of formation of intracompany reporting and its qualitative characteristics; modeling, induction and deduction, structural-logical, tabular for establishing the stages of reports formation at the enterprise and the techniques of its preparation.Results. The essence of management and intracompany reporting as an information field for necessary decisions making by their users is investigated. The role of intracompany reporting for enterprise management is established and it is proved that it is an integral part of management reporting. The formation and usage principles of intracompany reporting in the context of two groups are outlined: the principles that are used in the formation      of financial and intracompany reporting; principles that are used in the formation of intracompany reporting. The qualitative characteristics of such reporting are clarified. The stages of its formation at the enterprise are highlighted. The expediency of construction the intracompany reporting information map at the enterprise is established and its form  is offered. The necessity of development of Regulations (standard) of the intracompany reporting is proved. Perspectives. Further researches should be aimed at developing the Regulations (standard) of intracompany reporting, as well as formation of standardized forms of such reporting, taking into account enterprises’ branch peculiarities.
Broadband piston mode operation of solidly mounted resonator employing A1 Lamb mode on lithium niobate
Authors: Wu Zhaohui , Wong Yu-Po , Wu Ting , Bao Jing-fu , Hashimoto Ken-ya
Published: February 2021

This paper discusses the impact of etched holes given to the solidly mounted resonator (SMR)-supported A1 Lamb mode resonators. The authors pointed out that the etched holes are effective at suppressing the lateral leakage and the transverse mode resonances for free-standing A1 Lamb mode resonators, and the technique was named the broadband piston mode (BPM). First, the SMR structure is designed for an A1 Lamb mode resonator, and it is shown that the release windows are effective in the suppression of transverse mode resonances even when the SMR is added. Detailed analysis is given to spurious responses that newly appeared by applying the SMR. Then, the discussion is extended to the impact of partial etching of the SMR layers underneath the release windows. The result indicates that the etching of the top SMR layer is enough for recovery of the BPM function.
Sensitive label-free immunoglobulin G detection using a MEMS quartz crystal microbalance biosensor with a 125 MHz wireless quartz resonator
Authors: Zhou Lianjie , Kato Fumihito , Ogi Hirotsugu
Published: February 2021

We present a wireless quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor fabricated using MEMS technology. The MEMS QCM biosensor contains a 125 MHz AT-cut quartz resonator embedded in the microchannel. Because of the compact design, the MEMS QCM biosensor is suitable for mass production and device miniaturization. We performed immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection measurements with different concentrations of IgG. The detection limit was 1 ng ml–1 or less, which is superior to that of the gold-standard surface plasma resonance method. Furthermore, we studied the binding affinity between protein A and IgG by studying the frequency response of the QCM biosensor. We found good agreement with reported values. Therefore, the presented MEMS QCM biosensor has the advantages of compactness, low cost, low power consumption, high sensitivity, and reliability.