bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abiotic conditions rather than resource availability cues determine aerial dispersal behaviour in spiderlings of Dolomedes triton (Araneae: Pisauridae)
Authors: Frost Carol M. , Graham Alice K. , Spence John R.
Published: February 2013

Many species respond to risks and benefits of dispersal that vary over the short term through condition-dependent dispersal. We used wind tunnels to investigate how abiotic factors, spiderling age, and indicators of environmental quality affect aerial dispersal behaviour of spiderlings in Dolomedes triton (Walckenaer) (Araneae: Pisauridae), a denizen of temporary habitats. More than half of all spiderlings exhibited preballooning, ballooning, or spanning behaviours. Warm temperatures (>22.5 °C) and low wind speeds (<2.0 m/second) increased aerial dispersal. Aerial dispersal behaviour increased significantly until 5 days after hatch, after which it decreased, coinciding with the onset of active hunting by spiderlings. In contrast, cues about ambient food availability (egg sac number and food limitation of the mother) and potential resource competition or risk of cannibalism (conspecific density) did not affect aerial dispersal propensity. Offspring from different females ballooned in different proportions, except at the peak of dispersal, but a female's reproductive output and propensity of her offspring to balloon were uncorrelated. Thus, it appears that spiderlings of D. triton adopt a fixed strategy of high dispersal rate under optimal abiotic conditions, rather than reducing dispersal in response to cues about local food availability or conspecific density.
Impact of Water-Vending Kiosks and Hygiene Education on Household Drinking Water Quality in Rural Ghana
Authors: Opryszko Melissa C. , Guo Yayi , MacDonald Luke , MacDonald Laura , Kiihl Samara , Schwab Kellogg J.
Published: February 2013

Innovative solutions are essential to improving global access to potable water for nearly 1 billion people. This study presents an independent investigation of one alternative by examining for-profit water-vending kiosks, WaterHealth Centers (WHCs), in rural Ghana to determine their association with household drinking water quality. WHCs' design includes surface water treatment using filtration and ultraviolet light disinfection along with community-based hygiene education. Analyses of water samples for Escherichia coli and household surveys from 49 households across five villages collected one time per year for 3 years indicate that households using WHCs had improved water quality compared with households using untreated surface water (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.07, 95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.21). However, only 38% of households used WHCs by the third year, and 60% of those households had E. coli in their water. Recontamination during water transport and storage is an obstacle to maintaining WHC-vended water quality.
Coxiella burnetii in Humans, Domestic Ruminants, and Ticks in Rural Western Kenya
Authors: Knobel Darryn L. , Maina Alice N. , Cutler Sally J. , Ogola Eric , Feikin Daniel R. , Junghae Muthoni , Halliday Jo E. B. , Richards Allen L. , Breiman Robert F. , Cleaveland Sarah , Njenga M. Kariuki
Published: February 2013

We conducted serological surveys for Coxiella burnetii in archived sera from patients that visited a rural clinic in western Kenya from 2007 to 2008 and in cattle, sheep, and goats from the same area in 2009. We also conducted serological and polymerase chain reaction-based surveillance for the pathogen in 2009–2010, in human patients with acute lower respiratory illness, in ruminants following parturition, and in ticks collected from ruminants and domestic dogs. Antibodies against C. burnetii were detected in 30.9% (N = 246) of archived patient sera and in 28.3% (N = 463) of cattle, 32.0% (N = 378) of goats, and 18.2% (N = 159) of sheep surveyed. Four of 135 (3%) patients with acute lower respiratory illness showed seroconversion to C. burnetii. The pathogen was detected by polymerase chain reaction in specimens collected from three of six small ruminants that gave birth within the preceding 24 hours, and in five of 10 pools (50%) of Haemaphysalis leachi ticks collected from domestic dogs.
The Use of Fluorescent Fragment Length Analysis (PCR-FFL) in the Direct Diagnosis and Identification of Cutaneous Leishmania Species
Authors: Tomás-Pérez Míriam , Fisa Roser , Riera Cristina
Published: February 2013

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by different species belonging to the genus Leishmania. It presents different epidemiological and clinical features and requires the development of rapid, sensitive techniques to improve specific diagnosis. In this study, we compared the traditional technique of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with PCR-fluorescent fragment length analysis (PCR-FFL). Fluorescently tagged primers, designed in the rRNA fragment ITS-1 and 7SL region, were used to amplify fragments, which were later digested and whose sizes were accurately determined using an automated DNA sequencer. We validated the technique using 19 Leishmania strains from five cutaneous Leishmania species before testing 36 clinical samples: 23 skin biopsies and 13 skin scrapings/lesion exudates on filter paper. In real diagnostic, PCR-FFL has proved to be quick, accurate, and more sensitive (83.3% testing the ITS-1 fragment and 94.4% testing the 7SL) than PCR-RFLP analysis (75% and 80.6%). Filter papers improved the specific diagnosis in both techniques using non-invasive samples.
Temperature and Dengue Virus Infection in Mosquitoes: Independent Effects on the Immature and Adult Stages
Authors: Alto Barry W. , Bettinardi David
Published: February 2013

Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting biological processes of mosquitoes, including their interactions with viruses. In these studies, we show independent effects of rearing temperature on the immature aquatic stages and holding temperature on the adult terrestrial stage in terms of alterations in adult survival and progression of dengue-1 virus infection in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. Our studies show that adult survival was determined by adult-holding temperature, regardless of rearing conditions of the immature stages. In contrast, spread of virus throughout the body of the mosquito, a pre-requisite for transmission, was reduced when the immature stages were reared in cool conditions. These results show that immature-rearing temperature selectively modified mosquito traits that influence competency for viruses, and they further our understanding of the nature of temperature effects on interactions between mosquitoes and virus pathogens and risk of disease transmission.
Visceral Leishmaniasis Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in the Saran District of Bihar, India, from 2009 to July of 2011
Authors: Perry Diana , Dixon Kandice , Garlapati Rajesh , Gendernalik Alex , Poché David , Poché Richard
Published: February 2013

India is one of three countries that account for an estimated 300,000 of 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occurring annually. Bihar State is the most affected area of India, with more than 90% of the cases. Surveys were conducted in two villages within the Saran district of Bihar, India, from 2009 to July of 2011 to assess risk factors associated with VL. Forty-five cases were identified, and individuals were given an oral survey. The results indicated that men contracted the disease more than women (58%), and cases over the age of 21 years accounted for 42% of the total VL cases. April to June showed the highest number of new cases. Of 135 households surveyed for sleeping conditions, 95% reported sleeping outside, and 98% slept in beds. Proximity to VL cases was the greatest risk factor (cluster 1 relative risk = 11.89 and cluster 2 relative risk = 138.34). The VL case clustering observed in this study can be incorporated in disease prevention strategies to more efficiently and effectively target VL control efforts.
Coxiella burnetii in Rodents on Heixiazi Island at the Sino-Russian Border
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Baoliang Xu , Yingqun Fu , Ming Li , Yu Yang , Yong Hou , Shasha Wang , Manxia Hu , Tianyu Guo , Chao Jiang , Xiaohong Sun , Jing Wang
Published: February 2013

This work is a molecular epidemiologic study to detect the incidence of Coxiella burnetii in rodents on Heixiazi Island at the Sino-Russian border of Heilongjiang Province. Liver tissues were extracted and processed to test the incidence of C. burnetii infection using polymerase chain reaction analysis. In total, 18% (66 of 370) of rodents tested positive for infection. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that infection with C. burnetii was associated significantly with weight and month of capture, and infection was found in all rodent species that were observed; there was no significant difference of sex on the infection of C. burnetii. Though phylogenetic analysis disclosed heterogeneity in the nucleotide sequences isolated from the island rodents, the majority of observed strains were among the most common strains found worldwide. This is the first report on the incidence of C. burnetii in rodents on Heixiazi Island at the Sino-Russian border.
Simultaneous Infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) lainsoni in a Peruvian Patient with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Veland Nicolas , Valencia Braulio Mark , Alba Milena , Adaui Vanessa , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro , Arevalo Jorge , Boggild Andrea K.
Published: February 2013

Conventional understanding suggests that simultaneous infection with more than one species of Leishmania is unlikely. In Peru, co-infections are clinically relevant because causative species dictates prognosis, treatment response, and follow-up. We describe a case of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) lainsoni co-infection in a Peruvian patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis.
A Foodborne Outbreak of Brucellosis at a Police Station Cafeteria, Lima, Peru
Authors: Román Karina , Castillo Rosa , Gilman Robert H. , Calderón Maritza , Vivar Aldo , Céspedes Manuel , Smits Henk L. , Meléndez Paolo , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Guerra Humberto , Maves Ryan C. , Matthias Michael A. , Vinetz Joseph M. , Saito Mayuko
Published: February 2013

Brucella melitensis is highly infectious for humans and can be transmitted to humans in a number of epidemiological contexts. Within the context of an ongoing brucellosis surveillance project, an outbreak at a Peruvian police officer cafeteria was discovered, which led to active surveillance (serology, blood culture) for additional cases among 49 police officers who had also eaten there. The cohort was followed up to 18 months regardless of treatment or symptoms. Active surveillance estimated the attack rate at 26.5% (13 of 49). Blood cultures from four cases were positive; these isolates were indistinguishable using multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis. This investigation indicates the importance of case tracking and active surveillance for brucellosis in the context of potential common source exposure. These results provide rationale for public health investigations of brucellosis index cases including the bioterrorism-related dissemination of Brucella.
Galvanically Induced Intergranular Corrosion of AA5083-H131 Under Atmospheric Exposure Conditions: Part 1—Experimental Characterization
Authors: Mizuno D. , Kelly R.G.
Published: February 2013

In a two-part series of papers, the galvanic corrosion behavior of sensitized aluminum alloy (AA)5083-H131 (UNS A95083) when coupled with AISI 4340 (UNS G43400) steel was studied experimentally and computationally, with an emphasis on atmospheric conditions. In Part 1, the electrochemical kinetics of AA5083-H131 and steel in salt solutions of relevance to atmospheric corrosion were determined, including the influence of the degree of sensitization (DoS), potential, and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in the context of intergranular corrosion (IGC) propagation. More severe IGC was seen on materials with higher degrees of DoS, with damage depths of 1 mm or more developing in 100 h. The extent of IGC damage over 100 h was proportional to potential for a wide range of NaCl concentrations. These results from full immersion were compared with exposure testing and scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) measurements conducted under atmospheric conditions. It was found that the extent and spatial distribution of IGC damage on the atmospherically exposed material corresponded well to the IGC damage distribution expected from the SKP potential measurements and the damage results from the full immersion experiments. These findings are used as the input data for the computational model to predict the IGC damage distribution presented in the second paper.
Effects of Phosphate on Pit Stabilization and Propagation in Copper in Synthetic Potable Waters
Authors: Ha Hung M. , Scully John R.
Published: February 2013

Addition of less than 0.32 mM phosphate (10 mg/L as P) to synthetic potable waters delayed pit stabilization in copper by raising the pitting potential. Phosphate additions to synthetic drinking waters also repassivated propagating artificial copper pits but only at high phosphate concentrations such as 1.6 mM or 3.2 mM (50 mg/L or 100 mg/L as P). The inhibition efficacy of phosphate was a function of both phosphate concentration and preexisting artificial pit depth. Pit growth was easier to suppress when artificial pits were shallow (e.g., ~20 μm) compared to deep pits (e.g., ~250 μm). The inhibition effect of phosphate on copper pitting corrosion was reversible. Upon removal of phosphate from the bulk solution, pits grew at increasing rates. Two inhibition mechanisms capable of explaining the effect of phosphate on copper pitting are discussed.
Modelling the global atmospheric transport and deposition of radionuclides from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear accident
Authors: Christoudias T. , Lelieveld J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. We modeled the global atmospheric dispersion and deposition of radionuclides released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident. The EMAC atmospheric chemistry – general circulation model was used, with circulation dynamics nudged towards ERA-Interim reanalysis data. We applied a resolution of approximately 0.5 degrees in latitude and longitude (T255). The model accounts for emissions and transport of the radioactive isotopes 131I and 137Cs, and removal processes through precipitation, particle sedimentation and dry deposition. In addition, we simulated the release of 133Xe, a noble gas that can be regarded as a passive transport tracer of contaminated air. The source terms are based on Chino et al. (2011) and Stohl et al. (2012); especially the emission estimates of 131I are associated with a high degree of uncertainty. The calculated concentrations have been compared to station observations by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO). We calculated that about 80% of the radioactivity from Fukushima which was released to the atmosphere deposited into the Pacific Ocean. In Japan a large inhabited land area was contaminated by more than 40 kBq m-2. We also estimated the inhalation and 50-year dose by 137Cs, 134Cs and 131I to which the people in Japan are exposed.
Detecting tropical forest biomass dynamics from repeated airborne Lidar measurements
Authors: Meyer V. , Saatchi S. S. , Chave J. , Dalling J. , Bohlman S. , Fricker G. A. , Robinson C. , Neumann M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Reducing uncertainty of terrestrial carbon cycle depends strongly on the accurate estimation of changes of global forest carbon stock. However, this is a challenging problem from either ground surveys or remote sensing techniques in tropical forests. Here, we examine the feasibility of estimating changes of tropical forest biomass from two airborne Lidar measurements acquired about 10 yr apart over Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama from high and medium resolution airborne sensors. The estimation is calibrated with the forest inventory data over 50 ha that was surveyed every 5 yr during the study period. We estimated the aboveground forest biomass and its uncertainty for each time period at different spatial scales (0.04, 0.25, 1.0 ha) and developed a linear regression model between four Lidar height metrics and the aboveground biomass. The uncertainty associated with estimating biomass changes from both ground and Lidar data was quantified by propagating measurement and prediction errors across spatial scales. Errors associated with both the mean biomass stock and mean biomass change declined with increasing spatial scales. Biomass changes derived from Lidar and ground estimates were largely (36 out 50 plots) in the same direction at the spatial scale of 1 ha. Lidar estimation of biomass was accurate at the 1 ha scale (R2 = 0.7 and RMSEmean = 28.6 Mg ha−1). However, to predict biomass changes, errors became comparable to ground estimates only at about 10-ha or more. Our results indicate that the 50-ha BCI plot lost a~significant amount of biomass (−0.8 ± 2.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1) over the past decade (2000–2010). Over the entire island and during the same period, mean AGB change is −0.4 ± 3.7 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Old growth forests lost biomass (−0.7 ± 3.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1), whereas the secondary forests gained biomass (+0.4 ± 3.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1). Our analysis demonstrates that repeated Lidar surveys, even with two different sensors, is able to estimate biomass changes in old-growth tropical forests at landscape scales (>10 ha).
Direct observation of 134Cs and 137Cs in surface seawater in the western and central North Pacific after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident
Authors: Kaeriyama H. , Ambe D. , Shimizu Y. , Fujimoto K. , Ono T. , Yonezaki S. , Kato Y. , Matsunaga H. , Minami H. , Nakatsuka S. , Watanabe T.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The horizontal distribution of radioactive cesium (Cs) derived from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) in the North Pacific is still unclear due to the limitation of direct measurement of the seawater in the open ocean. We present the result of direct observation of radioactive Cs in surface seawater collected from broad area in the western and central North Pacific in July, October 2011 and July 2012. We also conducted a simple particle tracking experiment to estimate the qualitative spatial distribution of radioactive Cs in the North Pacific. 134Cs were detected at 94 stations out of 123 stations and 137Cs was detected at all stations. The high 134Cs and 137Cs concentrations more than 10 mBq kg−1 were observed in the area where the northern part of Kuroshio extension at 144° E and 155° E in July 2011, in the area 147° E–175° E around 40° N in October 2011, and the northern part of Kuroshio extension at 155° E and 175° 30´ E in July 2012. Combining the result of direct observations and particle tracking experiment, the radioactive Cs derived from FNPP had been dispersed eastward to the central North Pacific during 2011. It was considered from the horizontal distribution that radioactive Cs was dispersed not only eastward but also north- and southward in the central North Pacific. Pronounced dilution process of radioactive Cs from FNPP during study period is suggested from temporal change in the activity ratio of 134Cs/137Cs which was decay corrected at 6 April 2011, and relationships between radioactive Cs and temperature.
Real-time flood forecasting coupling different postprocessing techniques of precipitation forecast ensembles with a distributed hydrological model. The case study of may 2008 flood in western Piemonte, Italy
Authors: Cane D. , Ghigo S. , Rabuffetti D. , Milelli M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. In this work, we compare the performance of an hydrological model when driven by probabilistic rain forecast derived from two different post-processing techniques. The region of interest is Piemonte, northwestern Italy, a complex orography area close to the Mediterranean Sea where the forecast are often a challenge for weather models. The May 2008 flood is here used as a case study, and the very dense weather station network allows us for a very good description of the event and initialization of the hydrological model. The ensemble probabilistic forecasts of the rainfall fields are obtained with the Bayesian model averaging, with the classical poor man ensemble approach and with a new technique, the Multimodel SuperEnsemble Dressing. In this case study, the meteo-hydrological chain initialized with the Multimodel SuperEnsemble Dressing is able to provide more valuable discharge ranges with respect to the one initialized with Bayesian model averaging multi-model.
The Influence of Pelvic Tilt on Acetabular Orientation and Cover: A Three-Dimensional Computerised Tomography Analysis
Authors: Dandachli Wael , Islam Saif Ul , Richards Robin , Hall-Craggs Margaret , Witt Johan
Published: February 2013

The orientation of the pelvis influences that of the acetabulum. In particular, pelvic tilt in the sagittal plane may lead to inaccurate interpretation of plain pelvic radiographs. We therefore quantified the relationship between this pelvic tilt and acetabular orientation in native hips, and determined whether pelvic tilt affects femoral head cover. We analysed computed tomography scans of 93 hips (36 normal, 31 dysplastic, 26 with acetabular retroversion) and measured acetabular anteversion, inclination, and femoral head cover at pelvic tilt angles ranging from −20° to 20° in relation to the anterior pelvic plane using 5° increments. Pelvic tilt changed acetabular version with a decrease in anteversion ranging from 2.5° to 5° for every 5° of forward tilt. The effect on inclination was less marked and varied. In normal and dysplastic hips pelvic tilt increased apparent femoral head cover. A greater understanding of the influence of pelvic tilt may allow improvements in the radiological diagnosis and surgical treatment of acetabular abnormalities, particularly in relation to acetabular reorientation procedures and femoroacetabular impingement.
Self-Practices and the Experiential Gap
Authors: Geerts Robert-Jan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2013

As a way to mitigate climate change, ways to reduce electricity consump­tion are being explored. I claim Briggle and Mitcham’s experiential gap offers a useful framework to understand the workings of our environment regarding this consumption. Via Foucauldian ethics, which holds people need to relate to their environment through ‘self practices’ in order to make moral choices, I argue that the complex and opaque electrical network makes it particularly difficult to consciously curb consumption. Efforts to make the network simpler and more transparent could enable engagement and ‘ethical consumption,’ but at the cost of decreased usability.
Dissolving Nature
Authors: Vaccari Andrés ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2013

This paper is an enquiry into the philosophical fault-line that leads from mechanicism to posthumanism. I focus on a central aspect of posthumanism: the erosion of the distinction between organism and machine, nature and art, and the biological and engineering sciences. I claim that this shift can be placed in the seventeenth century, in Descartes’s biology. The Cartesian fusion of the natural and technological opened the door to distinctly posthuman understandings of the living body, its relation to technological extensions, and the possibility of its drastic alteration. Descartes’s mechanicism demanded a reconceptualization of bodily boundaries, organismic unity, natural finality, causation, and bio/technological instrumentality; all of which Descartes boldly theorized in terms of the wondrous technologies of his day. This radical proposal obscured the possibility of thinking the human as ontologically unique, or as having an ideal unity. This paper will examine the posthuman ramifications of these aspects of Descartes’s philosophy.
The Engineering Thesis in Machine Consciousness
Authors: Boltuc Piotr ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2013

I argue here that consciousness can be engineered. The claim that functional consciousness can be engineered has been persuasively put forth in regards to first-person functional consciousness; robots, for instance, can recognize colors, though there is still much debate about details of this sort of consciousness. Such consciousness has now become one of the meanings of the term phenomenal consciousness (e.g., as used by Franklin and Baars). Yet, we extend the argument beyond the tradition of behaviorist or functional reductive views on consciousness that still predominate within cognitive science. If Nagel-Chalmers-Block-style non-reductive naturalism about first-person consciousness (h-consciousness) holds true, then, eventually we should be able to understand how such consciousness operates and how it gets produced (this is not the same as bridging the explanatory gap or solving Chalmers’s hard problem of consciousness). If so, the consciousness it involves can in principle be engineered.
Economists and the Powerful
Authors: Häring Norbert , Douglas Niall
Published: February 2013

Economists and the Powerful: Convenient Theories, Distorted Facts, Ample Rewards explores the workings of the modern global economy  an economy in which competition has been corrupted and power has a ubiquitous influence upon economic behavior. Based on empirical and theoretical studies by distinguished economists from both the past and present day, this book argues that the true workings of capitalism are very different from the popular myths voiced in mainstream economics. Offering a closer look at the history of economic doctrines  as well as how economists are incentivized  Economists and the Powerful exposes how, when and why the theme of power was erased from the radar screens of mainstream economic analysis  and the influence this subversive removal has had upon the modern financial world. [NP] For more information please see the book website: www.economistsandthepowerful.anthempressblog.com/
Competitiveness and Development
Authors: Shafaeddin Mehdi , Reinert Erik S.
Published: February 2013

In Competitiveness and Development, the author explains the confusion surrounding the concept of competitiveness in the context of developing countries; proposes policies for achieving competitiveness at a high level of development; examines its possibilities and constraints; and suggests policy changes necessary at the national and international levels. Shafaeddin illustrates how developed countries impose restrictive policies on developing countries through international financial institutions and the WTO, as well as regional and bilateral agreements, which limit their policy space for promoting dynamic comparative advantage in order to achieve competitiveness at a high level of development. Ultimately, such policies lock developing countries that are at early stages of development in specialization based on static comparative advantage and competitiveness at a low level of development.
A New Species of Land Planarian, Diporodemus merridithae, and Cohabitant Specimens from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina, U.S.A
Authors: Glasgow Benny C.
Published: February 2013

A new endemic species of land planarian, Diporodemus merridithae, belonging to subfamily Microplaninae is described from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This is the first report of a new land planarian of the subfamily Microplaninae from the United States since 1954 (Hyman 1954). Species external and internal anatomy is described using photographs and a drawing and notes on species distribution, habitat, and conservation are provided. Identifications and previous reports of land planarians from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the United States, and Europe is discussed, as are collections of two cohabitants and the observation of asexual reproduction observed in one cohabitant specimen.
Den kulturelle skolesekken: Passiv tilstedeværelse eller aktiv danning?
Authors: Oftedal Kristin Helene
Published: February 2013

Med utgangspunkt i erfaringer med Den kulturelle skolesekken – en nasjonal satsing som skal bidra til at alle skoleelever i Norge får møte profesjonell kunst og kultur av alle slag – ser denne artikkelen nærmere på kunst som estetisk erfaring.  På bakgrunn av filosofene Jacques Rancières og John Deweys tekster, undersøkes danningspotensialet i estetisk erfaring som resepsjon, eller mottagelse. Fra henholdsvis et politisk og et evolusjonistisk perspektiv, peker både Rancière og Dewey på at den estetiske erfaring handler om en indre aktivitet som både er skapende og kritisk. Kunsterfaringen kjennetegnes ikke bare av harmoniske stunder av samsvar, men er også er en prosess som betinges av spenningsfull rekonstruksjon og tolkning av det følte og sansede. Slik tilbyr publikumsrollen mulighet for aktiv danning.
Mamma Danser: Teater for de minste som kunstnerisk forskning
Authors: Hovik Lise
Published: February 2013

Artikkelforfatteren tar opp ulike innfallsvinkler til kunstnerisk forskning med utgangspunkt i sitt eget kunstneriske forskningsprosjekt. Prosjektet handler om å utvikle teater for de aller minste, der barna gis rom for aktiv medvirkning i forestillingen. Den dramaturgiske strukturen i den improviserte dansekonserten Mamma Danser (2011) veksler mellom felles fokus, eget fokus og multifokus. Artikkelen diskuterer hva dette innebærer for barna, utøverne og den forskende kunstneren. I forskningsprosessen forstås ofte et klart fokus og et reflektert perspektiv som avgjørende for resultatet, mens kunstprosessens mer intuitive og improviserte valg kan gi en annen type kunnskap. Denne kunnskapen, som ikke er så tilgjengelig gjennom et hermeneutisk fortolkende "utenfra" perspektiv, blir synlig i det man setter fortolkningene i dialog med hverandre og med utøvernes kroppslige erfaringer. Henk Borgdorffs inndeling i et fortolkende, et instrumentelt og et performativt forskningsperspektiv tas i bruk for å gi et utfyllende bilde av den forskende prosessen med å skape kunst for de aller minste. Forfatteren konkluderer med at prosjektet demonstrerer muligheten for en felles kunsterfaring mellom voksne og barn, der begge parter kan møtes i en form for gjensidighet, samhandling og improvisasjon.
2D:4D Is Negatively Associated to Aggressive Dominance in Men: A Response to Voracek (2013)
Authors: van der Meij Leander , Almela Mercedes , Buunk Abraham P. , Dubbs Shelli , Salvador Alicia
Published: February 2013

We do not agree with the interpretation and evaluation of our article by Voracek. We feel that our results and our interpretation of the results are supported by our data analyses and do add to the current understanding of the relationship between 2D:4D and personality. We feel confident we can address many, if not all, of Voracek's criticisms. However, we fully agree that 2D:4D research would benefit from more replication and from the use of larger sample sizes. Aggr. Behav. 39:88–89, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Real‐time hoist scheduling for multistage material handling process under uncertainties
Authors: Tian Na , Che Ada , Feng Jianguang
Published: February 2013

Significance

Zhao et al. have recently developed an interesting mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) model for real‐time hoist rescheduling in a multistage electroplating line. In this letter, we reformulate the hoist movement constraints in their model. Due to this reformulation, we obtain a more compact MILP model in terms of the number of constraints and variables. Computational experiment shows that our improved model can be solved several times faster than Zhao et al.'s model. Such a reduction in computation time is significant in a real‐time hoist rescheduling context.
Fifty Fertile Years: Anthropologists' Studies of Reproduction in High Altitude Natives
Authors: Vitzthum Virginia J.
Published: February 2013

Early European colonists of the Andes had difficulties in reproducing, a fact that underpins the hypothesis that reproduction is impaired amongst all humans at high altitudes. Yet a 16th century missionary wrote, “… the Indians are healthiest and where they multiply the most prolifically is in these same cold air‐tempers, … [yet most children of the Spaniards] when born in such regions do not survive.” These observations suggest that humans at high altitudes are subjected to strong natural selection from hypoxia, cold and limited food sources and, furthermore, that human populations can and have adapted, and continue to adapt, to these conditions. Informed by multiple approaches and theoretical frameworks, anthropologists have investigated to what extent and precisely how high altitude environments impact human reproductive functioning and fertility. Analyses of the proximate determinants of natural fertility suggest that behaviors (breast/infant feeding practices in the Andes, and marriage practices and religious celibacy in the Himalaya) are major determinants of fertility in high altitude populations. Furthermore, data from Project REPA (Reproduction and Ecology in Provincía Aroma), a longitudinal study in rural Bolivia, demonstrate that fecundity is not impaired in this indigenous altiplano population, and that the risk for early pregnancy loss (EPL) is not elevated by environmental hypoxia but does vary seasonally with the agricultural cycle (contra to the assumption that EPLs are due almost entirely to genetically flawed concepti). This review discusses these and other findings that reveal the complex and dynamic adaptations of human reproductive functioning in high altitude environments. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:179–189, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in two ethnic groups in Southeastern Kenya: Perspectives from the northeastern periphery of the bantu expansion
Authors: Batai Ken , Babrowski Kara B. , Arroyo Juan Pablo , Kusimba Chapurukha M. , Williams Sloan R.
Published: February 2013

The Bantu languages are widely distributed throughout sub‐Saharan Africa. Genetic research supports linguists and historians who argue that migration played an important role in the spread of this language family, but the genetic data also indicates a more complex process involving substantial gene flow with resident populations. In order to understand the Bantu expansion process in east Africa, mtDNA hypervariable region I variation in 352 individuals from the Taita and Mijikenda ethnic groups was analyzed, and we evaluated the interactions that took place between the Bantu‐ and non‐Bantu‐speaking populations in east Africa. The Taita and Mijikenda are Bantu‐speaking agropastoralists from southeastern Kenya, at least some of whose ancestors probably migrated into the area as part of Bantu migrations that began around 3,000 BCE. Our analyses indicate that they show some distinctive differences that reflect their unique cultural histories. The Taita are genetically more diverse than the Mijikenda with larger estimates of genetic diversity. The Taita cluster with other east African groups, having high frequencies of haplogroups from that region, while the Mijikenda have high frequencies of central African haplogroups and cluster more closely with central African Bantu‐speaking groups. The non‐Bantu speakers who lived in southeastern Kenya before Bantu speaking groups arrived were at least partially incorporated into what are now Bantu‐speaking Taita groups. In contrast, gene flow from non‐Bantu speakers into the Mijikenda was more limited. These results suggest a more complex demographic history where the nature of Bantu and non‐Bantu interactions varied throughout the area. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:482–491, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
‘Are we being de‐gifted, Miss?’ Primary school gifted and talented co‐ordinators’ responses to the Gifted and Talented Education Policy in England
Authors: Koshy Valsa , Pinheiro‐Torres Catrin
Published: February 2013

Over a decade ago the UK government launched its gifted and talented education policy in England, yet there has been very little published research which considers how schools and teachers are interpreting and implementing the policy. By seeking the views of the gifted and talented co‐ordinators (For ease of reference, the term gifted and talented (G&T) co‐ordinator is used throughout the paper as a generic shorthand for the research participants who were either designated school gifted and talented co‐ordinators or teachers or head teachers with responsibility for policy implementation) with responsibility for addressing the requirements of the policy, the study reported in this paper explored how primary schools in England responded to the policy. Drawing on data gathered using questionnaires with a national sample of primary schools as well as follow‐up in‐depth interviews with a sample of G&T co‐ordinators, the authors report their findings. The study found that there was considerable unease about the concept of identifying and ‘labelling’ a group of pupils as ‘gifted and talented’. G&T co‐ordinators found it difficult to interpret the policy requirements and were responding pragmatically to what they considered to be required by the government. Curriculum provision for the selected group of gifted and talented pupils was patchy. The paper concludes by identifying a need for further professional development for teachers and by challenging the policy's over‐emphasis on identifying and labelling gifted and talented pupils. We posit whether the gifted and talented education policy would have been better introduced and enjoyed greater success by leaving the identification of pupils to one side and by placing greater emphasis on developing effective learning and teaching strategies instead.
The anatomy of vascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Thomas Krystin L. , Vilensky Joel A.
Published: February 2013

The etiological basis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is unknown but vascular (arterial and venous) compression of the trigeminal nerve roots has emerged as the likely cause in most cases. Here we examine the evidence for the “brain sagging/arterial elongation hypothesis” with reference to the cerebral arteries and veins believed to cause the compression. Most often implicated are the superior cerebellar artery, the anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, and the superior petrosal vein including several of its tributaries. The reviewed data suggest that the theoretical support for a vascular compressive etiology of TN is weak, albeit the surgical outcome data are relatively convincing. Clin. Anat. 27:89–93, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of maximum likelihood multivariate curve resolution to noisy data sets
Authors: Dadashi Mahsa , Abdollahi Hamid , Tauler Roma
Published: February 2013

In this work, two different maximum likelihood approaches for multivariate curve resolution based on maximum likelihood principal component analysis (MLPCA) and on weighted alternating least squares (WALS) are compared with the standard multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR‐ALS) method. To illustrate this comparison, three different experimental data sets are used: the first one is an environmental aerosol source apportionment; the second is a time‐course DNA microarray, and the third one is an ultrafast absorption spectroscopy. Error structures of the first two data sets were heteroscedastic and uncorrelated, and the difference between them was in the existence of missing values in the second case. In the third data set about ultrafast spectroscopy, error correlation between the values at different wavelengths is present. The obtained results confirmed that the resolved component profiles obtained by MLPCA‐MCR‐ALS are practically identical to those obtained by MCR‐WALS and that they can differ from those resolved by ordinary MCR‐ALS, especially in the case of high noise. It is shown that methods that incorporate uncertainty estimations (such as MLPCA‐ALS and MCR‐WALS) can provide more reliable results and better estimated parameters than unweighted approaches (such as MCR‐ALS) in the case of the presence of high amounts of noise. The possible advantage of using MLPCA‐MCR‐ALS over MCR‐WALS is then that the former does not require changing the traditional MCR‐ALS algorithm because MLPCA is only used as a preliminary data pretreatment before MCR analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐Axis Anisotropic Exchange Coupling in the Single‐Molecule Magnets NEt4[MnIII2(5‐Brsalen)2(MeOH)2MIII(CN)6] (M=Ru, Os)
Authors: Dreiser Jan , Pedersen Kasper S. , Schnegg Alexander , Holldack Karsten , Nehrkorn Joscha , Sigrist Marc , Tregenna‐Piggott Philip , Mutka Hannu , Weihe Høgni , Mironov Vladimir S. , Bendix Jesper , Waldmann Oliver
Published: February 2013

We have investigated the single‐molecule magnets [MnIII2(5‐Brsalen)2(MeOH)2MIII(CN)6]NEt4 (M=Os (1) and Ru (2); 5‐Brsalen=N,N′‐ethylenebis(5‐bromosalicylidene)iminate) by frequency‐domain Fourier‐transform terahertz electron paramagnetic resonance (THz‐EPR), inelastic neutron scattering, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. The combination of all three techniques allows for the unambiguous experimental determination of the three‐axis anisotropic magnetic exchange coupling between MnIII and RuIII or OsIII ions, respectively. Analysis by means of a spin‐Hamiltonian parameterization yields excellent agreement with all experimental data. Furthermore, analytical calculations show that the observed exchange anisotropy is due to the bent geometry encountered in both 1 and 2, whereas a linear geometry would lead to an Ising‐type exchange coupling.
Discrete Divalent Rare‐Earth Cationic ROP Catalysts: Ligand‐Dependent Redox Behavior and Discrepancies with Alkaline‐Earth Analogues in a Ligand‐Assisted Activated Monomer Mechanism
Authors: Liu Bo , Roisnel Thierry , Maron Laurent , Carpentier Jean‐François , Sarazin Yann
Published: February 2013

The first solvent‐free cationic complexes of the divalent rare‐earth metals, [{RO}REII]+[A]− (REII=YbII, 1; EuII, 2) and [{LO}REII]+[A]− ([A]−=[H2N{B(C6F5)3}2]−; REII=YbII, 3; EuII, 4), have been prepared by using highly chelating monoanionic aminoether‐fluoroalkoxide ({RO}−) and aminoether‐phenolate ({LO}−) ligands. Complexes 1 and 2 are structurally related to their alkaline‐earth analogues [{RO}AE]+[A]− (AE=Ca, 5; Sr, 6). Yet, the two families behave very differently during catalysis of the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide (L‐LA) and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) performed under immortal conditions with excess BnOH as an exogenous chain‐transfer agent. The ligand was found to strongly influence the behavior of the REII complexes during ROP catalysis. The fluoroalkoxide REII catalysts 1 and 2 are not oxidized under ROP conditions, and compare very favorably with their Ca and Sr congeners 5 and 6 in terms of activity (turnover frequency (TOF) in the range 200–400 molL‐LA (molEu h−1)) and control over the parameters during the immortal ROP of L‐LA (Mn,theor≈Mn,SEC, Mw/Mn<1.05). The EuII‐phenolate 4 provided one of the most effective ROP cationic systems known to date for L‐LA polymerization, exhibiting high activity (TOF up to 1 880 molL‐LA⋅(molEu h)−1) and good control (Mw/Mn=1.05). By contrast, upon addition of L‐LA the YbII‐phenolate 3 immediately oxidizes to inactive REIII species. Yet, the cyclic carbonate TMC was rapidly polymerized by combinations of 3 (or even 1) and BnOH, revealing excellent activities (TOF=5000–7000 molTMC⋅(molEu h)−1) and unusually high control (Mn,theor≈Mn,SEC, Mw/Mn<1.09); under identical conditions, the calcium derivative 5 was entirely inert toward TMC. Based on experimental and kinetic data, a new ligand‐assisted activated monomer ROP mechanism is suggested, in which the so‐called ancillary ligand plays a crucial role in the catalytic cycle. A coherent reaction pathway computed by DFT, compatible with the experimental data, supports the proposed scenario.
A Novel Convergent Synthesis of the Antiglaucoma PGF2α Analogue Bimatoprost
Authors: Dams Iwona , Chodyński Michał , Krupa Małgorzata , Pietraszek Anita , Zezula Marta , Cmoch Piotr , Kosińska Monika , Kutner Andrzej
Published: February 2013

The 17‐phenyl PGF2α analogue bimatoprost (10a) is the most efficacious ocular hypotensive agent currently available for the treatment of glaucoma or ocular hypertension. A novel convergent synthesis of 13,14‐en‐15‐ol prostamideF2α analogues was developed employing Julia–Lythgoe olefination of the structurally advanced phenylsulfone (+)‐(5Z)‐15 with an enantiomerically pure aldehyde ω‐chain synthon (–)‐(S)‐16a. Subsequent hydrolysis of protecting groups and final amidation of the diol 26a yielded bimatoprost (10a). The main advantage of the current strategy is the preparation of high‐purity bimatoprost (10a). The novel convergent strategy allows the synthesis of a whole series of 13,14‐en‐15‐ol prostamideF2α analogues with the desired C‐15 asymmetric center configuration from a common and structurally advanced prostaglandin intermediate (+)‐(5Z)‐15. The preparation and identification of two synthetic impurities, 15‐epi isomer (10b) of bimatoprost and a new prostaglandin related amide (+)‐(5Z)‐18, are also described. Chirality 25:170–179, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimising chlorine compression design with vapour phase nitrogen trichloride destruction
Authors: Maka K. , Norval Graeme W.
Published: February 2013

Nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) is a by‐product of electrolytic chlorine manufacture, produced when the brine is contaminated with ammonia. A common treatment method is a thermal destruction process in which the NCl3 is absorbed in a solvent (CHCl3) using a distillation column with no liquid bottoms product. The chlorine gas is cooled through direct contact with liquid chlorine, which flashes and condenses the solvent and NCl3 vapours. The condensate drains through trays to a reboiler in which the NCl3 decomposes while the chlorine, solvent, NCl3 solution boils. This process is well‐known and widely practiced but is known to experience catastrophic detonations. A vapour phase thermal decomposition of NCl3 does occur, particularly when the heat added through compression is considered. The known data on this decomposition reaction have been collected and converted in a rate expression that allows for integration within an ASPENPLUS process model. Different options for the compressor, precooler, intercooler and liquefier operations are considered, and their impact on the compressor and liquefier duties is reported. A different approach to the design and operation for a chlorine compression/liquefaction train is presented and discussed. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether over γ‐Al2O3 catalyst: Intrinsic kinetics and effectiveness factor
Authors: Zhang Liang , Zhang Haitao , Ying Weiyong , Fang Dingye
Published: February 2013

Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) over a commercial γ‐Al2O3 catalyst was studied at the temperature interval 513–613 K, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.9–6.0 h−1 and pressures between 0.1 and 1.0 MPa. The effect of different operation conditions on the dehydration of methanol was investigated in an isothermal fixed bed reactor. A kinetic equation which describes a Langmuir–Hinshelwood surface controlled reaction with dissociative adsorption of methanol was found to fit the experimental results quite well. An activation energy of 62.4 kJ/mol was obtained for the catalyst. A two‐dimensional reaction–diffusion model was established for a cylindrical‐shaped methanol dehydration catalyst. The internal effectiveness factor and the concentration distribution of methanol in the catalyst were obtained by the finite element method in MATLAB. The reaction–diffusion model was verified by the global kinetics data. The calculation data agreed well with the experimental data, so the model can be used to describe the processes of reaction and diffusion in the cylindrical‐shaped catalyst.