bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do 7‐month‐old infants process independent features or facial configurations?
Authors: Cohen Leslie B. , Cashon Cara H.
Published: January 2005

The present experiment tested whether 7‐month‐old infants process a face as a configuration or as a collection of independent features. Thirty‐two 7‐month‐old infants participated. Infants were habituated to two female faces and then tested on a familiar face, a switched face (consisting of all familiar features but a new combination of those features), and a novel face. It was reasoned that if infants processed only independent features of the face, the switched face should not look novel to them relative to the familiar face. If, however, infants processed the relationship among features (i.e. a configuration), the switched face should look novel. Furthermore, the study was based upon the well‐established finding that inversion disrupts configural processing of faces. Thus, one group of infants saw only upright faces throughout the experiment, whereas a second group saw only inverted faces. It was hypothesized that by the age of 7 months, infants should process an upright face as a configuration, but an inverted face as independent features. The findings confirmed this hypothesis. In the upright condition, infants looked longer at the composite (switched) face than at the familiar face, whereas in the inverted condition infants did not. These findings are consistent with other reports of 7‐month‐old infants' ability to process configurations of both faces and non‐faces and are consistent with the information processing approach proposed by Cohen (1998. An information‐processing approach to infant perception and cognition. In The Development of Sensory, Motor, and Cognitive Capacities in Early Infancy, Simion F, Butterworth G (eds). Psychology Press: East Sussex; 277–300). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Black and official exchange rate volatility and foreign exchange controls: evidence from Greece
Authors: Kanas Angelos , Kouretas Georgios P.
Published: January 2005

This paper examines the issue of volatility and capital controls to the official and black market exchange rates of the Greek Drachma using the monthly exchange rate against the US dollar for the period 1975–1993. Specifically, we apply a GARCH(1, 1) model to study the behaviour of the official and black market drachma/dollar exhange rate. The main findings of the analysis are: (i) in contrast to the findings of previous studies using monthly rates, GARCH processes characterize the drachma/dollar exchange rate series in both markets; (ii) the relaxation of foreign exchange controls increased the volatility of the exchange rate in the official market as implied by theory; (iii) the persistence of volatility is reduced when account is taken of the liberalization process of capital movements; and (iv) The forecasts of volatility are improved when the GARCH forecasts are used against traditional measures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Month of the year effect and January effect in pre‐WWI stock returns: evidence from a non‐linear GARCH model
Authors: Choudhry Taufiq
Published: January 2005

This paper investigates seasonal anomalies in the mean stock returns of Germany, the UK and the US during pre‐World War I (WWI) period. The anomalies studied are month of the year effect and the January effect. The empirical research is conducted using a non‐linear GARCH‐t model, and monthly returns. Results obtained provide evidence of the January effect and the month of the year effect on the UK and the US returns. The German returns shows the month of the year effect but no January effect. Given the lack of tax treatment of capital gains/loss before 1914 by these countries, the results fail to provide merit to the tax‐loss selling hypothesis of the January effect. Since we apply value‐weighted returns in all cases, results obtained also fail to provide support for the small firm effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion resistance of titanium–silver alloys in an artificial saliva containing fluoride ions
Authors: Shim Hyung‐Min , Oh Keun‐Taek , Woo Jae‐Young , Hwang Chung‐Ju , Kim Kyoung‐Nam
Published: January 2005

Dental gels and rinses for caries prophylactic contain fluoride at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1%. In addition, many types of fluoride‐releasing materials have been used in dental applications. The purpose of the study was to investigate the addition effect of fluoride into artificial saliva on the corrosion resistance of pure titanium and titanium–silver alloys. Titanium and titanium–silver alloys were arc melted, homogenized at 950°C for 72 h, hot rolled, and solution heat treated and quenched. In order to investigate the effect of the fluoride ions on the corrosion resistance, potentiodynamic polarization testing, potentiostatic testing, and open‐circuit potential measurements were performed in plain artificial saliva and 0.1 and 1% NaF‐added artificial saliva. The passive current densities of titanium and titanium–silver alloys increased with increasing fluoride‐ion concentration. Ti2.0Ag and Ti3.0Ag exhibited a low current density relatively and showed a stable behavior compared to titanium. The open‐circuit potential of titanium decreased and current density at 250 mV (SCE) potentiostatic testing reacted sensitively with increasing fluoride concentration. On the other hand, the open‐circuit potential of titanium–silver alloys with a high silver content (3.0–4.0 at %) reacted less sensitively to the fluoride‐ion concentration. Among titanium–silver alloys, Ti3.0Ag alloy had a higher resistance against the attack of fluoride ions and showed a more stable open‐circuit potential and current density than titanium in the fluoride‐containing solution. It is concluded that they are electrochemically stable and maintained good corrosion resistance in fluoride‐containing artificial saliva. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Thermochemical aspects of proton transfer in the gas phase
Authors: Gal Jean‐François , Maria Pierre‐Charles , Raczyńska Ewa D.
Published: January 2005

An Erratum for this article has been published inJournal of Mass Spectrometry 36(9) 2001, 1074

The beginning of the twentieth century saw the development of new theories of acidity and basicity, which are currently well accepted. The thermochemistry of proton transfer in the absence of solvent attracted much interest during this period, because of the fundamental importance of the process. Nevertheless, before the 1950s, few data were available, either from lattice energy evaluations or from calculations using the emerging molecular orbital theory. Advances in mass spectrometry during the last 40 years allowed studies of numerous systems with better accuracy. Thousands of accurate gas‐phase acidities or basicities are now available, for simple atomic and molecular systems and for large biomolecules. The intrinsic effect of structure on the Brønsted basic or acidic properties of molecules and the influence of solvents have been unravelled. In this tutorial, the basics of the thermodynamic principles involved are given, and the mass spectrometric techniques are briefly reviewed. Advances in the design and measurements of gas‐phase superacids and superbases are described. Recent studies concerning biomolecules are also evoked. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some reactions of phthalocyanines of silicon, germanium and tin under alkaline conditions
Authors: MYAKOV V. , CHUDAKOVA V. , LOPATIN M.
Published: January 2005

Phthalocyaninatosilicon(IV), germanium(IV) and tin(IV) dihydroxides react with potassium hydroxide in o-xylene in the presence of crown ether 15-cr-5 initially forming paramagnetic compounds of dark-blue color with absorption bands at 580–590 nm and 620–625 nm and then diamagnetic compounds of red color with an absorption band at 518–523 nm. The red compounds are very reactive towards proton donors, restoring the initial phthalocyanines, and oxidation agents under decomposition of the phthalocyanines. The color changes are due to the formation of the mono- and dianions, ( PcMO 2)2- and ( PcMO 2)-, accompanied with transfer of electrons from oxygen atoms to the tetrapyrrol macrocycle.
Free-base tetra-arylphthalocyanines for dye-sensitised nanostructured solar cell applications
Authors: ARANYOS VIVIANE , HJELM JOHAN , HAGFELDT ANDERS , GRENNBERG HELENA
Published: January 2005

Adsorption of phthalocyanines lacking conventional attaching substituents onto nanostructured TiO 2 electrodes has been studied, and some of the important factors for sensitisation have been identified. Tetra-dimethoxyphenyl phthalocyanine (2) and tetra-phenyl phthalocyanine (3), derived from 4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)phthalonitrile and 4-phenylphthalonitrile, respectively, are shown to successfully sensitise nanostructured TiO 2 electrodes, with IPCE max of 9 and 5% at λ = 650 nm . The dye-oxide systems have been characterised by UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and photoelectrochemical methods, and the dye–surface interactions are discussed.
Kinetics and mechanisms of the formation of a sitting-atop complex of N-alkylporphyrin with Al(III) in moist acetonitrile
Authors: TSUKAHARA KEIICHI , ONOUE YOSHIAKI , FUJIWARA NAOKO
Published: January 2005

The formation of a sitting-atop complex of a N-alkylporphyrin, containing a 6-hydroxyhexyl group, with Al 3+ was studied in moist acetonitrile by equilibrium and kinetic measurements. A sandwich type of metalloporphyrin, where a metal ion binds two N-alkylporphyrins, appears to be formed under the conditions that porphyrins exist in excess over a metal ion. When a large excess of metal ion was used, a 1:1 type of sitting-atop complex of Al(III) N-alkylporphyrin was produced through formation of the sandwich type of Al(III) N-alkylporphyrin.
Observation of the phase transition in phospholipid liposomes taking advantage of the particular optical properties of octa-α-butyloxy-H2phthalocyanines
Authors: ZEUG A. , PAUL A. , RÖDER B.
Published: January 2005

In this work we report on the influence of the polarity of the environment on the optical properties of octa-α-butyloxy-H2phthalocyanine ( H 2 PC ( OBu )8) in organic solvents and liposomes using steady-state absorption as well as time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). A change was found in Q-band absorption in various solvents. Taking into account that the absorption properties of H 2 PC ( OBu )8 are modulated by the polarity of the direct surrounding, polarities inside micro-heterogeneous systems can be probed. This was demonstrated for liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), with regard to the behavior during the phase transition between the gel and liquid-crystal state. Absorption spectra of H 2 PC ( OBu )8 embedded in DPPC-liposomes have been recorded in the temperature range from 15 to 70 °C, covering the phase transition region at about 36–39 °C. The Q-band absorption at temperatures below and above the phase transition resembles those in polar and non-polar solvents, respectively. Measurements of fluorescence lifetime confirm this equivalence. We explain this behavior by a change of the localization of the dye molecules inside the membrane. For H 2 PC ( OBu )8 embedded in DPPC-liposomes we demonstrated by using optical methods that the position of the dye molecules strongly depends on the phase-state of the phospholipid. In addition, H 2 PC ( OBu )8 can be used as a probe for phase transition processes taking advantage of the specific behavior in surroundings with different polarity.
Synthesis and catalytic properties of a novel phthalocyanine covalently grafted onto silica
Authors: MANGEMATIN S. , SOROKIN A. B.
Published: January 2005

The iron complex of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetra[1,5-di(3-triethoxysilyl-propyl)biuryl]phthalocyanine (1) was prepared by reacting iron tetraaminophthalocyanine with 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate. This complex was directly grafted onto silica to give a supported catalyst without preliminary modification of silica support. This supported catalyst was successfully applied in clean catalytic oxidations by using molecular oxygen in combination with isobutyraldehyde. Cyclooctene, cyclohexene and styrene were oxidized to corresponding epoxides with 90, 78 and 74% yields, respectively. 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol was selectively oxidized to 2,2',3,3',5,5'-hexamethyl-4,4'-biphenol.
Synthesis and molecular structures of N,N-dialkyl-4-nitrosoaniline adducts of formally d6 metalloporphyrins of ruthenium and cobalt
Authors: CHEN LI , FOX JESSE B. , YI GEUN-BAE , KHAN MASOOD A. , RICHTER-ADDO GEORGE B.
Published: January 2005

Para-aminosubstituted nitrosoarenes react with Ru ( CO )( OEP ) or [ Co ( TPP )( THF )2] SbF 6 (OEP2- = 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinato dianion, TPP2- = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion) to generate Ru ( OEP )( ONC 6 H 4 NMe 2)2 and [ Co ( TPP )( ONC 6 H 4 NR 2)2] SbF 6 ( R = Me , Et ), respectively, in fair to high yields. These N -bound nitrosoarene complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic methods. The complexes Ru ( OEP )( ONC 6 H 4 NMe 2)2 and [ Co ( TPP )( ONC 6 H 4 NMe 2)2] ClO 4 have also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Their structures represent the first reported solid-state structures of Ru and Co porphyrins containing C-nitroso ligands.
Strategic change stemming from e‐commerce: implications of multi‐agent systems on the supply chain
Authors: Cohen Marcel , Stathis Kostas
Published: January 2005

Electronic commerce (e‐commerce) raises a number of interesting business and technical issues. This paper addresses one important combination of business and technical issues — the implications of multi‐agent systems on the supply chain.

Multi‐agent systems give rise to a new approach of developing information systems where problems of various forms, ranging from complex computational tasks to a requirement of specific information, are solved by those software components best suited to do so.

The operational and strategic consequences of multi‐agent systems are examined.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The future of British brewing: strategies for survival
Authors: Lewis Chris
Published: January 2005

Globalization is gradually affecting the brewing industry, though at a slower pace than in other industries. The recent consolidation within the industry, and exits from it, are principally the result of two factors: (1) the strategies of major British brewers of developing a market for brands they did not own, therefore doing the work of their competitors for them; and (2) the London stock market's recent preference for Internet industries, coupled with a view that government regulation stifles growth in the highly vertically integrated UK beer industry.

National level competition is no longer viable in this industry. To be successful, major companies must own international brands.

Opportunities remain for family‐controlled smaller firms that are immune from stock market pressures or micro‐breweries with good products and strong brands.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BPR and the substance of change
Authors: Collins David
Published: January 2005

This paper offers a distinctive analysis of a key management process and buzzword — BPR (or BEEPEEARR).

Commentators have sought to dismiss BEEPEEARR as a ‘fad’ lacking in substance. This account seeks to offer a form of analysis designed to reverse this judgement.

The discussion of BEEPEEARR is placed within a larger analysis of organizational dynamics, and it is argued that BEEPEEARR is flawed because it discusses strategic change in terms of stability and regards organizational change as a linear process that may be predicted in advance.

It is also contended that BEEPEEARR brings too much substance to the study of organizational change and concludes by spelling out implications for management practice.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in polyphenol ability to produce astringency during roasting of cocoa liquor
Authors: Misnawi  , Jinap S , Jamilah B , Nazamid S
Published: January 2005

Polyphenols in cocoa products determine the astringent sensation due to their interaction with salivary proline‐rich protein. Changes in the ability of polyphenols to produce astringency during cocoa roasting have been studied through an evaluation of the polyphenol–protein interaction in cocoa cake/liquor roasted at 120 °C for 45 min, with and without enrichment with polyphenol extract. Roasting decreased the capacity of polyphenols to interact with protein, causing a decrease in astringency. However, the polyphenol–protein interaction products after roasting could still be oxidized enzymatically and most probably would still give cocoa products beneficial effects as functional food. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of non‐enzymatic glycosylation (glycation) of pea (Pisum sativum) albumins on their enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Cazacu‐Davidescu Luicia‐Michaela , Kostyra Henryk , Marciniak‐Darmochwal Katarzyna , Kostyra Elżbieta
Published: January 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of non‐enzymatic glycosylation (glycation) on the susceptibility of pea albumins to pepsin hydrolysis. It was proved that the aqueous albumin extract is de facto a nucleo‐glyco‐metalloprotein complex. The non‐enzymatic glycosylation of pea albumins decreased the content of nucleic acids, hexoses and zinc, which bound to this protein. Glycated pea albumins were more susceptible to hydrolysis by pepsin than non‐glycated ones. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of germination conditions on ascorbic acid level and yield of soybean sprouts
Authors: Xu Mao‐Jun , Dong Ju‐Fang , Zhu Mu‐Yuan
Published: January 2005

The effects of light illumination on the ascorbic acid content and growth of soybean sprouts were investigated. Among the six light qualities studied, ultraviolet light had the highest promoting effect on the ascorbic acid content in soybean sprouts, increasing it by 77.0% compared with the darkness control, while red light had the highest promoting effect on the growth of soybean sprouts, increasing the total fresh weight by 16.6% compared with the darkness control. Experiments with different durations of ultraviolet and red light illumination in a day showed that 12 h ultraviolet (500 Lx) and 12 h red (1000 Lx) light diurnal cycles had the highest promoting effects on both the ascorbic acid level and fresh weight of soybean sprouts, increasing the ascorbic acid content and total fresh weight by 78.7 and 17.4% respectively compared with the darkness control. The results indicated that germination of soybeans under 12 h ultraviolet and 12 h red light diurnal cycles was an effective process for increasing the yield and enhancing the nutritional quality of soybean sprouts. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of two headspace solid phase microextraction fibres for the detection of volatile chemical concentration changes due to industrial processing of orange juice
Authors: Jordán María J. , Goodner Kevin L , Castillo Manuel , Laencina Jose
Published: January 2005

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) with two polymeric coatings, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyacrylate (PA), was used to isolate and quantitate orange juice volatile compounds from the headspace of fresh orange juice after the finishing, deaeration and pasteurisation processes. The results from the two fibres were largely consistent. Statistically significant changes in concentration due to the deaeration process were detected for medium‐volatility alcohols, hexanal and seven terpenes as measured by SPME‐PDMS. However, when using the PA‐coated fibre, more statistically significant changes in concentration were detected for aldehydes and esters. Alcohols and terpenes presented similar results using both polymeric coatings. The pasteurisation process did not modify the aromatic profile of the deaerated orange juice, except for methyl butyrate. These results indicate that the PA coating seemed to be more suitable for the analysis of the evolution of the orange juice aromatic fraction during industrial processing. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Reliability of linear multistate multiple sliding window systems
Authors: Levitin Gregory
Published: January 2005

This paper proposes a new model that generalizes the linear consecutive k‐out‐of‐r‐from‐n:F system to multistate case with multiple failure criteria. In this model (named linear multistate multiple sliding window system) the system consists of n linearly ordered multistate elements (MEs). Each ME can have different states: from complete failure up to perfect functioning. A performance rate is associated with each state. Several functions are defined for a set of integer numbers ρ in such a way that for each r ∈ ρ corresponding function fr produces negative values if the combination of performance rates of r consecutive MEs corresponds to the unacceptable state of the system. The system fails if at least one of functions fr for any r consecutive MEs for r ∈ ρ produces a negative value. An algorithm for system reliability evaluation is suggested which is based on an extended universal moment generating function. Examples of system reliability evaluation are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
The continuous‐time single‐sourcing problem with capacity expansion opportunities
Authors: Huang Wei , Romeijn H. Edwin , Geunes Joseph
Published: January 2005

This paper develops a new model for allocating demand from retailers (or customers) to a set of production/storage facilities. A producer manufactures a product in multiple production facilities, and faces demand from a set of retailers. The objective is to decide which of the production facilities should satisfy each retailer's demand, in order minimize total production, inventory holding, and assignment costs (where the latter may include, for instance, variable production costs and transportation costs). Demand occurs continuously in time at a deterministic rate at each retailer, while each production facility faces fixed‐charge production costs and linear holding costs. We first consider an uncapacitated model, which we generalize to allow for production or storage capacities. We then explore situations with capacity expansion opportunities. Our solution approach employs a column generation procedure, as well as greedy and local improvement heuristic approaches. A broad class of randomly generated test problems demonstrates that these heuristics find high quality solutions for this large‐scale cross‐facility planning problem using a modest amount of computation time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
On the asymptotic optimality of algorithms for the flow shop problem with release dates
Authors: Liu Hui , Queyranne Maurice , Simchi‐Levi David
Published: January 2005

We consider the nonpermutation flow shop problem with release dates, with the objective of minimizing the sum of the weighted completion times on the final machine. Since the problem is NP‐hard, we focus on the analysis of the performance of several approximation algorithms, all of which are related to the classical Weighted Shortest Processing Time Among Available Jobs heuristic. In particular, we perform a probabilistic analysis and prove that two online heuristics and one offline heuristic are asymptotically optimal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Optimization of the synthesis of poly(octadecyl acrylate) by atom transfer radical polymerization and the preparation of all comblike amphiphilic diblock copolymers
Authors: Street G. , Illsley D. , Holder S. J.
Published: January 2005

The atom transfer radical polymerization of octadecyl acrylate (ODA) has been investigated and optimized to produce polymers with predetermined molecular weights and narrow polydispersities (<1.2). The poor solubility of the catalytic system formed with conventional ligands such as the N‐(n‐propyl)‐2‐pyridylmethanimine and 2,2′‐bipyridine with Cu(I)Br in nonpolar reaction conditions gave poor control over molecular weight characteristics in ODA polymerizations. The use of N‐(n‐octyl)‐2‐pyridylmethanimine in combination with Cu(I)Br yielded a more soluble catalyst that improved control over the polymerization. The products from the polymerizations were further improved when an initiator, octadecyl 2‐bromo‐2‐methyl‐propanoate, similar in structure to the monomer, was used. Together, these modifications produced polymerizations that showed true controlled character as well as products with predetermined molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. Diblock copolymers of PODA were prepared with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and olig(oethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA). The PODA‐block‐POEGMA copolymers are the first examples of all comblike amphiphilic block copolymers. One of PODA‐block‐POEGMA copolymer samples has been shown to self‐assemble as micelles in a dilute aqueous solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1129–1143, 2005
Preparation of oligoamide‐ended poly(ethylene glycol) and hydrogen‐bonding‐assisted formation of aggregates and nanoscale fibers
Authors: Hua Fengjun , Yang Xiaowu , Gong Bing , Ruckenstein Eli
Published: January 2005

An oligoamide‐ended poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a PEG weight‐average molecular weight of 5000 (PEG‐5000‐oligoamide), with 3,5‐bis‐[2‐(5‐acetylamino‐2‐isobutoxy‐benzoylamino)‐acetylamino]‐benzoyl as the oligoamide, was synthesized. PEG‐5000‐oligoamide aggregated in chloroform or toluene via hydrogen‐bonding interactions among the oligoamide strands as a core and PEG, which was soluble in the solvents, as a shell. When a chloroform solution of PEG‐5000‐oligoamide at a concentration of approximately 0.06 g/L was cast onto a silicon wafer or a mica plate, rapid solvent evaporation induced its self reassembly as nanofibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1119–1128, 2005
7‐(4,6‐Dimethoxypyrimidinyl)oxy‐ and ‐thiophthalides as novel herbicides: Part 1. CGA 279 233: a new grass‐killer for rice
Authors: Lüthy Christoph , Zondler Helmut , Rapold Thomas , Seifert Gottfried , Urwyler Bernhard , Heinis Thomas , Steinrücken Hans Christian , Allen James
Published: January 2005

A series of novel types of 7‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)oxy ‐ and ‐thio‐3‐methyl‐1 (3H)‐isobenzofuranones were discovered at Dr R Maag AG. From the thio‐isobenzofuranyl series, CGA 279 233—BSI‐proposed common name pyriftalid—was chosen for further development as a grass herbicide for use in rice. General synthetic approaches to these new phthalic acid‐derived compounds are given, with emphasis on the synthesis of pyriftalid and its physico‐chemical behaviour.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Persistence and metabolism of imidacloprid in different soils of West Bengal
Authors: Sarkar M A , Roy Sankhajit , Kole R K , Chowdhury Ashim
Published: January 2005

A laboratory experiment was performed to study the persistence of imidacloprid from two formulations (Confidor 200 g litre−1SL and Gaucho 700 g kg−1WS), and its metabolism in three different soils (Gangetic alluvial soil of Kalyani, lateritic soil of Jhargram and coastal alkaline soil of Canning) of West Bengal following application at 0.5 kg and 1.0 kg AI ha−1. Dissipation of imidacloprid in soil followed first‐order kinetics and DT50values ranged from 28.7 to 47.8 days. The shortest half‐lives (28.7 and 35.8 days) were observed in the lateritic soil of Jhargram for both liquid and powder formulations. The formation of two metabolites of imidacloprid, imidacloprid‐urea and imidacloprid‐olefin, was first detected on day 30 of degradation at 28 (±1) °C in all three soils.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Resistance to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides and isoproturon in UK populations of Lolium multiflorum: mechanisms of resistance and implications for control
Authors: Cocker Kay M , Northcroft David S , Coleman Julian O D , Moss Stephen R
Published: January 2005

Herbicide‐resistant Lolium multiflorum (Italian rye‐grass) was first reported in the UK in 1993 and had been confirmed on 25 farms by 1999. In this study, resistance to five herbicides belonging to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate, cyclohexanedione and phenyl‐urea classes was determined in six populations of L multiflorum from the UK under glasshouse and simulated field conditions. Glasshouse conditions tended to exaggerate the degree of resistance, but experiments performed in both environments detected resistance in four populations of L multiflorum. Four populations (Essex A1, Lincs A1, Wilts B1, Yorks A2) were resistant to diclofop‐methyl, fluazifop‐P‐butyl, tralkoxydim and partially resistant to isoproturon, but only the population from Yorkshire (Yorks A2) showed resistance to cycloxydim. Biochemical analyses of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) activity, oxygen consumption by thylakoids, diclofop metabolism and glutathione S‐transferase activity showed that, in three of the resistant populations, an enhanced rate of herbicide metabolism conferred resistance. This is the first report world‐wide of an enhanced metabolism mechanism of diclofop resistance in L multiflorum. In the Yorks A2 population, an insensitive ACCase was detected (target‐site resistance) which also conferred cross‐resistance to all of the other ACCase inhibitors investigated.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Palatability of bird repellents to Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Spurr Eric B , Porter Richard E R , Thomson Caroline
Published: January 2005

The palatability to captive, mostly laboratory‐bred, Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) of cereal‐based baits containing 0.02 g kg−1 brodifacoum, with and without bird‐repellent additives, was compared in a no‐choice experimental design. Methyl anthranilate (25 g kg−1), dimethyl anthranilate (25 g kg−1) and cinnamamide (2.5 g kg−1) reduced bait consumption by the rats, but all except one rat ate enough bait to receive a lethal dose. Cinnamamide (1 g kg−1), ortho‐aminoacetophenone (0.1 g kg−1) and tannic acid (20 g kg−1) did not reduce bait consumption and all rats died after eating baits. The concentration of cinnamamide palatable to rats has only a low and short‐lived repellency to birds, so it does not warrant further investigation. However, ortho‐aminoacetophenone and tannic acid should now be field‐tested for palatability to all three rat species in New Zealand and for repellency to native New Zealand birds.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Crystal‐state conformation of Cα,α‐dialkylated peptides containing chiral β‐homo‐residues
Authors: Romanelli Alessandra , Garella Isidoro , Menchise Valeria , Iacovino Rosa , Saviano Michele , Montesarchio Daniela , Didierjean Claude , Di Lello Paola , Rossi Filomena , Benedetti Ettore
Published: January 2005

Secondary structure formation and stability are essential features in the knowledge of complex folding topology of biomolecules. To better understand the relationships between preferred conformations and functional properties of β‐homo‐amino acids, the synthesis and conformational characterization by X‐ray diffraction analysis of peptides containing conformationally constrained Cα,α‐dialkylated amino acid residues, such as α‐aminoisobutyric acid or 1‐aminocyclohexane‐1‐carboxylic acid and a single β‐homo‐amino acid, differently displaced along the peptide sequence have been carried out. The peptides investigated are: Boc‐βHLeu‐(Ac6c)2‐OMe, Boc‐Ac6c‐βHLeu‐(Ac6c)2‐OMe and Boc‐βHVal‐(Aib)5‐OtBu, together with the C‐protected β‐homo‐residue HCl·H‐βHVal‐OMe. The results indicate that the insertion of a βH‐residue at position 1 or 2 of peptides containing strong helix‐inducing, bulky Cα,α‐disubstituted amino acid residues does not induce any specific conformational preferences. In the crystal state, most of the NH groups of β‐homo residues of tri‐ and tetrapeptides are not involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thus failing to achieve helical structures similar to those of peptides exclusively constituted of Cα,α‐disubstituted amino acid residues. However, by repeating the structural motifs observed in the molecules investigated, a β‐pleated sheet secondary structure, and a new helical structure, named (14/15)‐helix, were generated, corresponding to calculated minimum‐energy conformations. Our findings, as well as literature data, strongly indicate that conformations of βH‐residues, with the µ torsion angle equal to −60°, are very unlikely. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two short peptides including segments of subunit A of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase as potential probes to evaluate the antibacterial activity of quinolones
Authors: Marchetto Reinaldo , Nicolás Ernesto , Castillo Núria , Bacardit Jordi , Navia Margarita , Vila Jordi , Giralt Ernest
Published: January 2005

Quinolones constitute a family of compounds with a potent antibiotic activity. The enzyme DNA gyrase, responsible for the replication and transcription processes in DNA of bacteria, is involved in the mechanism of action of these drugs. In this sense, it is believed that quinolones stabilize the so‐called ‘cleavable complex’ formed by DNA and gyrase, but the whole process is still far from being understood at the molecular level. This information is crucial in order to design new biological active products. As an approach to the problem, we have designed and synthesized low molecular weight peptide mimics of DNA gyrase. These peptides correspond to sequences of the subunit A of the enzyme from Escherichia coli, that include the quinolone resistance‐determining region (positions 75–92) and a segment containing the catalytic Tyr‐122 (positions 116–130). The peptide mimic of the non‐mutated enzyme binds to ciprofloxin (CFX) only when DNA and Mg2+ were present (Kd=1.6×10−6 𝓂), a result previously found with DNA gyrase. On the other hand, binding was reduced when mutations of Ser‐83 to Leu‐83 and Asp‐87 to Asn‐87 were introduced, a double change previously found in the subunit A of DNA gyrase from several CFX‐resistant clinical isolates of E. coli. These results suggest that synthetic peptides designed in a similar way to that described here can be used as mimics of gyrases (topoisomerases) in order to study the binding of the quinolone to the enzyme–DNA complex as well as the mechanism of action of these antibiotics. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformation and ion channel properties of a five‐helix bundle protein
Authors: Dé Emmanuelle , Chaloin Laurent , Heitz Annie , Méry Jean , Molle Gérard , Heitz Frédéric
Published: January 2005

The primary amphipathic peptide Ac‐Met‐Gly‐Leu‐Gly‐Leu‐Trp‐Leu‐Leu‐Val‐Leu10‐Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐Leu‐Gln‐Gly‐Ala‐Lys‐Lys‐Lys20‐Arg‐Lys‐Val‐NH‐CH2‐CH2‐SH called SPM was able to induce formation of ion channels into planar lipid bilayers with main conductance values of 75 and 950 pS in 1 𝓂 KCl. The 75 pS value can be attributed to an aggregate composed of five monomers since the corresponding five‐unit bundle (5‐SPM) also presented a 70 pS channels under the same conditions. The upper 950 pS level would be generated by a hexameric aggregate. Ion channels induced by both SPM and its pentameric bundle are slightly cation selective but not voltage‐dependent. The structural studies showed that the SPM and 5‐SPM possess mainly an α‐helical structure (∼40%) and are strongly embedded in the bilayer. This behaviour and the strong hydrophobic interactions occurring between helices in the bundle induce a strong stabilization of 5‐SPM in the bilayer and would be responsible for the stepwise current fluctuations observed during the incorporation of 5‐SPM into the membrane. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression, refolding and indirect immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to cellulose via a phage‐selected peptide and cellulose‐binding domain (CBD)
Authors: Levy Ilan , Shoseyov Oded
Published: January 2005

We examined the potential immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to cellulose with cellulose‐binding domain (CBD) as a mediator, using a ligand selected from a phage‐displayed random peptide library. A 15‐mer random peptide library was panned on cellulose‐coated plates covered with CBD in order to find a peptide that binds to CBD in its bound form. The sequence I/LHS, which was found to be an efficient binder of CBD, was fused to a synthetic gene of HRP as an affinity tag. The tagged enzyme (tHRP) was then immobilized on microcrystalline cellulose coated with CBD, thereby demonstrating the indirect immobilization of a protein to cellulose via three amino acids selected by phage display library and CBD. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of β‐amyloid precursor peptide and presenilin segments
Authors: Baláspiri Lajos , Langel Ülo
Published: January 2005

It seems likely that the β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the presenilins (PS‐1/2) play important roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Attempts to mimic the biochemical actions of these proteins are often made by the application of fragments of these proteins. However, the synthesis of these segments by conventional methods of peptide synthesis is problematic. We have synthesized several C‐terminal fragments of APP and PS‐1/2 by solid‐phase synthesis through combination of automatic and manual methods of synthesis. This permits solution of the ‘difficult sequences’ in the solid‐phase synthesis of these peptides. Some details of the syntheses of nine segments are presented in this paper. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of analogues of the tetrapeptide N‐acetyl‐Ser‐Asp‐Lys‐Pro (AcSDKP), an inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation
Authors: Thierry Josiane , Grillon Catherine , Gaudron Sandrine , Potier Pierre , Riches Andrew , Wdzieczak‐Bakala Joanna
Published: January 2005

The tetrapeptide N‐Acetyl‐Ser‐Asp‐Lys‐Pro (AcSDKP), an inhibitor of haematopoietic stem cell proliferation, reduces in vivo and in vitro the damage to the stem cell compartment resulting from treatment with chemotherapeutic agents or ionizing radiations. In order to provide new molecules likely to improve the myeloprotection displayed by this tetrapeptide, we have prepared a set of analogues of AcSDKP. These compounds are derived from the parent peptide by substitution or modification of the N‐ or of the C‐terminus, or substitution of side chains. We report here that almost all investigated analogues retain the antiproliferative activity reducing in vitro the proportion of murine Colony‐Forming Units Granulocyte/Macrophage (CFU‐GM) in S‐phase and inhibiting the entry into cycle of High Proliferative Potential Colony‐Forming Cells (HPP‐CFC). This shows that the polar groups of Ser, Asp or Lys are critical for the expression of biological activity, but that the modification of the N‐ or C‐terminus mostly yielded compounds still retaining antiproliferative activity and devoid of toxicity. The efficacy of AcSDKP analogues in preventing in vitro the primitive haematopoietic cells from entering into cycle makes these molecules new candidates for further in vivo investigations. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PNA synthesis using a novel Boc/acyl protecting group strategy
Authors: Kofoed Thomas , Hansen Henrik F. , Ørum Henrik , Koch Troels
Published: January 2005

The synthesis of novel Boc/acyl protected monomers for the synthesis of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is described. The oligomerization protocol using these new monomers has been optimized with regard to coupling reagents. The use of base‐labile acyl protecting groups at the exocyclic amines of the heterocyclic bases (isobutyryl for guanine and benzoyl for adenine and cytosine) and a PAM‐linked solid support offers an attractive alternative to the present procedures used in PNA synthesis. This strategy has been applied for the synthesis of a test 17mer PNA on both control pore glass (CPG) and a polystyrene MBHA support and was used in the preparation of PNA–DNA chimeras. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnesium and biological activity of oxytocin analogues modified on aromatic ring of amino acid in position 2
Authors: Slaninová Jiřina , Maletínská Lenka , Vondrášek Jiří , Procházka Zdenko
Published: January 2005

For the purpose of evaluating substitution effects in the ortho, meta or para positions of the aromatic ring of tyrosine or phenylalanine in position 2 of oxytocin on uterotonic activity in vitro in the presence and absence of magnesium ions, six new analogues of oxytocin ([𝒹‐ and 𝓁‐m‐methylphenylalanine2]oxytocin, [𝒹‐ and 𝓁‐m‐methoxyphenylalanine2]oxytocin and [𝒹‐ and 𝓁‐o‐methyltyrosine2]oxytocin) were synthesized and several previously described analogues resynthesized. For the phenylalanine series, it is found that, in the absence of magnesium ions, substitution of the ortho and meta positions leads to loss of intrinsic activity (the analogues are antagonists) in contrast to the para position. In the tyrosine series, only methyl substitution in the meta position has this effect (substitution of ortho position only attenuates the agonistic biological activity). Addition of Mg ions restores to a certain degree the agonistic activity in the case of the o‐methylphenylalanine analogue and enhances the agonistic activity of o‐methyltyrosine oxytocin. All other analogues keep the original qualities as in the absence of Mg. Molecular modelling calculations of the structure of the above analogues was carried out to help explain these findings of the molecular level. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequences of polypeptide antibiotics stilboflavins, natural peptaibol libraries of the mold Stilbella flavipes
Authors: Jaworski Andreas , Brückner Hans
Published: January 2005

From the culture broths of the mold Stilbella flavipes CBS 146.81, a mixture of polypeptides could be isolated by adsorption on XAD polystyrene resin and purified by Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography. Using preparative thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) three groups of peptides, named stilboflavins (SF) A, B, and C could be separated. Each of the groups showed microheterogeneity when investigated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Employing on‐line HPLC‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the positive and negative ionization mode, together with gas chromatography‐selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry, enantioselective GC and quantitative amino acid analysis, the sequences of stilboflavins A and B could be determined. Exchange of Glu in stilboflavins A peptides (acidic) against Gln in stilboflavins B peptides (neutral) is the rational for different polarity of the peptide groups and their separatability by TLC. Since SF A and B are bioactive N‐acetylated 20‐residue peptides with a high proportion of α‐aminoisobutyric acid and C‐terminal bonded amino alcohols (either leucinol, isoleucinol or valinol) the peptides belong to the group of peptaibol antibiotics. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulky aromatic amino acids increase the antibacterial activity of 15‐residue bovine lactoferricin derivatives
Authors: Haug Bengt Erik , Skar Merete L. , Svendsen John S.
Published: January 2005

A model peptide, FKCRRWQWRMKKLGA, residues 17–31 of bovine lactoferricin, has been subjected to structure–antibacterial activity relationship studies. The two Trp residues are very important for antibacterial activity, and analogue studies have demonstrated the significance of the size, shape and aromatic character of the side chains. In the current study we have replaced Trp residues in the model peptide with bulky aromatic amino acids to elucidate further the importance of size and shape. The counterproductive Cys residue in position 3 was also replaced by these aromatic amino acids. The largest aromatic amino acids employed resulted in the most active peptides. The peptides containing these hydrophobic residues were generally more active against Staphylococcus aureus than against Escherichia coli, indicating that the bacterial specificity as well as the antibacterial efficiency can be altered by employing large hydrophobic aromatic amino acid residues. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and fluorescent labeling of beta‐amyloid peptides
Authors: Fülöp Lívia , Penke Botond , Zarándi Márta
Published: January 2005

Fluorescent cell analytical techniques require the incorporation of a fluorophore into the target molecule without causing a significant change in the native conformation. Many short peptides have a limited number of reactive groups that can be labeled without affecting the biological activity. In this work we present several methods for labeling β‐amyloid peptides (βA[25–35], βA[1–40]) and their derivatives (LPFFD, RIIGL and RVVIA) with different chromophores exclusively at the N‐terminus. In the case of liquid‐phase labeling, fluorescein isothiocyanate was used. The side‐chain amino function of Lys, if present in the sequence, was protected with an Fmoc group, whereby the hydrophobic character of the peptide was further increased. The labeling reaction was carried out in an appropriate deaggregating solvent, DMSO. For solid‐phase labeling, 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein and 7‐amino‐4‐methyl‐3‐coumarinylacetic acid were applied. Several cleavage cocktails were tested for removal of the labeled amyloid peptides from the resin in order to completely suppress the oxidation of Met. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positional games on random graphs
Authors: Stojaković Miloš , Szabó Tibor
Published: January 2005

We introduce and study Maker/Breaker‐type positional games on random graphs. Our main concern is to determine the threshold probability pℱ for the existence of Maker's strategy to claim a member of ℱ in the unbiased game played on the edges of random graph G(n, p), for various target families ℱ of winning sets. More generally, for each probability above this threshold we study the smallest bias b such that Maker wins the (1 : b) biased game. We investigate these functions for a number of basic games, like the connectivity game, the perfect matching game, the clique game and the Hamiltonian cycle game. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
Observation of the Yarrowia lipolytica peroxisome—vacuole dynamics by fluorescence microscopy with a single filter set
Authors: Nazarko Taras Y. , Nicaud Jean‐Marc , Sibirny Andrei A.
Published: January 2005

We constructed the fusion of peroxisomal acyl‐CoA oxidase 3 and the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) for fluorescent labeling of Yarrowia lipolytica peroxisomes. Using the spectral overlap between EYFP and FM4‐64, we developed a procedure for simultaneous observation of Y. lipolytica peroxisomes and vacuoles with the single fluorescein isothiocyanate filter set. Using this procedure we were able to follow the Y. lipolytica peroxisome—vacuole dynamics under pexophagy conditions and show that Y. lipolytica peroxisomes are degraded in the vacuoles by a macropexophagic mechanism.
Structure of the house dust mite allergen Der f 2: Implications for function and molecular basis of IgE cross‐reactivity
Authors: Johannessen Birthe R. , Skov Lars K. , Kastrup Jette S. , Kristensen Ole , Bolwig Caroline , Larsen Jørgen N. , Spangfort Michael , Lund Kaare , Gajhede Michael
Published: January 2005

The X‐ray structure of the group 2 major allergen from Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f 2) was determined to 1.83 Å resolution. The overall Der f 2 structure comprises a single domain of immunoglobulin fold with two anti‐parallel β‐sheets. A large hydrophobic cavity is formed in the interior of Der f 2. Structural comparisons to distantly related proteins suggest a role in lipid binding. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) cross‐reactivity between group 2 house dust mite major allergens can be explained by conserved surface areas representing IgE binding epitopes.