bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPERIENCE AND ATMOSPHERE OF THE BUILT HERITAGE IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Jouan P. , Sadzot P. , Laboury D. , Hallot P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The digital documentation of heritage places produces accurate 3D restitution of their geometry in a virtual environment and can be related to multiple semantic layers to archive, represent, preserve and transmit the knowledge gathered along their lifecycle. The combination of high-density point clouds with other sources of information advises virtual reconstitutions of historical states of a place’s physical realm. The cultural significance of the built heritage lies in the values associated with its tangible and intangible dimensions. Apart from aspects of values related to historical sites’ physical attributes, 3D models can support the representation of intangible elements influencing visitors’ perception of their Genius Loci and supporting new interpretations about their cultural significance. In this framework, 3D animation, rendering, and simulation technologies allow recreating aspects of a place’s atmosphere, like the simulation of lighting conditions and the user’s immersive experience of a heritage site into a virtual environment. This paper focuses on the light perception recreated in a funeral chapel of the Theban Tomb environment by considering the strong spiritual dimension in the conception of funeral sites in ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom period (1550–1069 BC). We investigate the potential of 3D simulation and animation technologies to represent hypotheses about original lighting conditions in such sites. The proposed research is based on the case study of Sennefer’s tomb chapel, also referred to as TT96A, located on the western bank of the Nile, opposite modern Luxor.
REMOTE SENSING AND CITY INFORMATION MODELING FOR REVEALING THE COMPLEXITY OF HISTORICAL CENTERS
Authors: La Russa F. M. , Galizia M. , Santagati C.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Historical centers represent the outcome of transformations and stratifications of the cities across the centuries. The knowledge of a historical urban environment requires an analytical methodology articulated on several interconnected levels of investigation to model a multi-layered complexity that encompasses the geometric and stylistic features of places (blocks irregularities, narrow streets, stratified buildings), the accessibility (pedestrial zone, no flyzone), the use of existing data (GIS, cartographies). Today the challenge for historical centers is dual: on the one side to make use of expeditious technologies to acquire data, on the other one to create 3D city models that allow to manage, visualize, enquire and use these data in a unique digital ecosystem. Our research deals with a multi-sensor data acquisition, evaluation and integration with the aim of creating informed and responsive 3D city models (CIM) that constitute a synthesis of the survey conducted and become the support for simulations in various contexts (seismic risk, hydraulic, energy performance).
DOCUMENTATION OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND MATERIAL DECAY PHENOMENA IN H-BIM SYSTEMS
Authors: Lanzara E. , Scandurra S. , Musella C. , Palomba D. , di Luggo A. , Asprone D.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The paper presents the results of an experimental research activity aimed to individuate digital tools for an intelligent mapping of structural and material decay of historical buildings.The activities carried out are part of the context of Scan-to-BIM processes, as they establish a workflow that, starting from 3D survey data, leads to an information model enriched by information related to the conservation state of surfaces and to the structural characteristics of the real building. The experimentation has been performed with the support of a software house, looking forward to turning this workflow into an actual implementation on a BIM software. In this regard, this research becomes part of the context of the studies concerned in the digital management processes of the historical built heritage, setting and testing specific parametrical objects that add to H-BIM models the possibility of documenting and sharing graphical, numerical and descriptive data of decay phenomena and, through integrative information sheets, damage phenomena.
YINGSHAO: A FLEXIBLE DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT PLATFORM FOR CHINA’S HERITAGE SITES
Authors: Li B. , Zhao W. , Gu P. , Zhang G.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The advancement of geoinformatics technologies promotes national-level attention to heritage inventories and digital platforms. The management of heritage sites requires a more efficient and flexible collection methodology to collect GIS data and support extended applications. This paper discusses the system design and application of Yingshao platform, a more flexible and efficient data collection platform for Chinese heritage sites and full lifecycle management. It applis a framework of WebGIS, MobileGIS and WebGL and adopts a data storage scheme of MySQL and MangoDB. Based on the advanced system architecture, the platform has formed better solutions: (1) establishing a standard and cooperative workflow; (2) integrating diverse data sources; (3) building a flexible geospatial database with a time dimension; (4) ensuring data security and safety. In the applications in China's heritage sites, it significantly improves the efficiency and flexibility during collection. Meanwhile, the collected data could well support management scenarios. We believe that the platform could become an effective and flexible data collection and management tool for China's heritage sites, and it has the potential to become the foundation for full lifecycle management.
THE VIRTUAL HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CERCHIA DEI NAVIGLI OF MILAN: FROM HISTORICAL ARCHIVES, 3D SURVEY AND HBIM TO THE VIRTUAL VISUAL STORYTELLING
Authors: Banfi F. , Bolognesi C. M. , Bonini J. A. , Mandelli A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In the last decades, thanks to the development of eXtended Reality (XR) development platforms, research studies have envisaged new possibilities for disseminating tangible and intangible values of the past through historical virtual reconstructions. More recently, experimentation in the field of virtual archaeology has led to the development of interactive experiences based on advanced virtual and augmented reality (VR-AR) technologies. In this context, the authors intend to support the transmissibility of the historical and cultural background through validated and sustainable workflow-oriented to create virtual historical reconstruction using different sources such as 3D survey (laser scanning and digital photogrammetry), Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) models and historical reports. The XR project’s development included reconstructing the main historical sections and water basins of the Cerchia dei Navigli in Milan: the Conca dell’Incoronata, the Conca di Viarenna and Via Senato. The main objective is to achieve realistic and suggestive Virtual Visual Storytelling (VVS), recreating the atmospheres and scenes of everyday life when the waterways were still present. The result is engaging content on an emotional level, which leaves the visitor with dynamic memory and the feeling of reliving lost moments.
TOWARD A WIDER AUDIENCE, SYSTEMATIC APPROACH OF REINTERPRETATION AND REPRESENTATION OF THE EAST MAIN HALL OF FOGUANG TEMPLE BASED ON DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION AND 3D VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: Li Z. Y. , Gu Y. , Zhang R.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Rebuilt in 857 AD, the East Main Hall of Foguang Temple is the highest ranking wooden architecture to survive from the Tang Dynasty, and is regarded as a rare cultural and architectural gem of China and of the world at large1. Since its rediscovery in 1937, extensive research on the East Main Hall of Foguang Temple has been conducted, mostly about its high values and methods applicable to its conservation and management, while less attention is given to its interpretation and representation, especially to the public audiences.Based on continued digital documentation and study of the East Main Hall of Foguang Temple by Tsinghua Univeristy and Beijing Guowenyan Cultural Heritage Conservation Center over the past 16 years, this paper is a comprehensive overview of the ongoing systematic attempt to leverage digital documentation and acquired research results as content and tool for heritage interpretation and presentation. The works involved include translation of digital survey and documentation of the wooden structure, colored statues and murals of Foguang Temple as content in three approaches: the first approach is the development of an on-site digital display system for Foguang Temple; the second approach involves the planning and designing of a large-scale interactive museum exhibition; the third approach, which wraps up the whole system into a public-centered storytelling experience, involves an ongoing animation series on air at multiple social media platforms that tells unknown stories about Foguang Temple. All three approaches are intended at developing emotional connections between the public and the cultural heritage through reinterpretation and representation, with the aim of making heritage dissemination more dialogical and sustainable by bringing history to life.
RESEARCH ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF HISTORIC PATTERNS OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND GEO-DATABASE: A CASE STUDY OF KULIANG IN FUZHOU, CHINA
Authors: Lin Y.-N. , Yang C. , Ye Y.-H. , Zhang Z.-R.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Cultural landscapes are the result of the interactions between cultural and natural features over time. Historic research and site investigation are two conventional methods for identifying the transformation of cultural landscapes. Over the past few decades, with the massive development of computer and internet, technologies such as aerial photogrammetry, GPS and GIS provide new approaches for the study of landscape transformation. The aim of this research is to investigate and present the transformation of a cultural landscape using aerial photogrammetry and geo-database. Kuliang in Fuzhou, a former foreigners’ summer resort established by missionaries in 1886, was used as an instrumental case study. This research has identified historical mountain trails by superimposing historical maps and GPS-recorded tracks. Historic sites were found through a comparison of historical photos and low-altitude drone images. Drone-based orthophotos of the sites provide significant evidence for the restoration of the historical buildings. Furthermore, based on the integration of multiple sources of data in a geo-database, this research reveals Kuliang’s landscape patterns and their transformation over time. The conclusion shows that the use of aerial photogrammetry and geo-database can effectively integrate fragmented cultural landscape information, and identify the transformation of cultural landscape patterns, thereby providing significant references for landscape heritage restoration and sustainable development.
AN ACCURATE DIGITAL RESTORATION METHOD BASED ON ARCHITECTURAL SITE INFORMATION – A CASE STUDY OF THE JIUJING SANSHI HALL IN CHANGCHUN GARDEN
Authors: Ma Y. , Zhao J. , Xu B.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Using records, documents, and research on Jiujing Sanshi Hall in Changchun Garden as an example, this paper showcases a method to digitally restore lost constructions to the maximum level of precision in their size, scale, architectural design, and structure using digital technology. The digital restoration can also be dynamically adjusted based on latest data. Information used to form such restorations include historical records, measurement data, and unknown data, which were then analyzed and recombined. This method fulfills the technical gap in high-precision digital restoration in China. The paper proposes an evaluation standard that involves "triple-evidence verification chain" and restoration accuracy, which can be used for most unmovable cultural relics, especially large ruins with few, scattered remains. The standard can provide a qualitative basis for the whole field of restoration research. The resulting restoration method is useful in cooperation and research between multiple cross-discipline organizations, as well as improving work efficiency and information sharing. Moreover, this restoration plan has integrated various virtual assembly methods and improved the integrity and authenticity of the site remains. It made breakthroughs in display methods of lost constructions and ruins such as enhanced showcasing of vanished ruins and changes over time. The plan also was able to enrich cultural connotation and existing contents of the ruins. The resulting restoration can be updated, and the information can be shared and used in open research.
GENERATION OF INDOOR POINT CLOUDS EXPLOITING GEOMETRIC SYMMETRIES AND REGULARITIES
Authors: Masiero A. , Guarnieri A. , Tucci G. , Vettore A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. 3D building modeling is becoming an important support in civil engineering, architecture and cultural heritage applications. Despite static laser scanning can be considered as the state-of-the-art in such kind of applications, mobile mapping techniques can be considered as a suitable alternative to quickly gather geospatial information. Outdoor mobile mapping can be considered as a mature technique, which takes into advantage of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-laser scanning information fusion. Instead, indoor mobile mapping is typically more challenging: the unavailability of GNSS makes the mapping system rely either just on the inertial navigation system, or on some control points. A drift in the navigation solution, and consequently in the 3D reconstruction, is typically visible after a while in the former case, whereas the use of other surveying instruments is required in the latter.This work aims at exploiting geometric characteristics of the buildings, such as symmetries and regularities, to reduce the drift effect in indoor mobile mapping, in particular when dealing with affordable systems. The proposed approach is based on the segmentation of the point clouds acquired with a time of flight camera (ToF), detecting in particular vertical planar surfaces. It is well known that aligning planar surfaces can be a viable way for reducing the drift in this kind of applications. Nevertheless, this paper aims also at investigating the use of geometric symmetries to such aim.The proposed approach is tested on a case study, a building of the University of Padova, whose reconstruction was produced by an ad hoc affordable mobile mapping system, integrating low cost inertial sensors, RGB and ToF camera.
MULTI-SENSOR DATA ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION PROCESSES FOR THE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF THE CHURCH OF SANTA MARIA DEGLI ANGELI IN PIZZOFALCONE IN NAPLES
Authors: Pulcrano M. , Scandurra S. , Fragalà E. , Palomba D. , di Luggo A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The paper presents the results of a research carried out on the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Pizzofalcone in Naples, in which multi-sensor surveys have been performed in order to assess the architectonical, geometrical and colorimetric characteristics of the majestic basilica. The use of integrated technologies made it possible to realize 3D digital models that allowed the complete representation of the building, integrating data and filling the gaps of the different previous surveys. The performances of the various reality-based technologies employed have been subjected to critical analysis in order to maximize their potential, optimize survey and data elaboration phases, and obtain the expected results. These latter have been defined through the derived digital re-elaborations and representations. Hence, the objective of the research is to carry out a comparative analysis on the 3D models generated through the different active and passive sensors employed in order to proceed with their integration and achieve an accurate, original and updated methodology of building survey.
STUDY ON DETERIORATION OF HISTORIC MASONRY IN THE FORBIDDEN CITY IN BEIJING AIDED BY GIS
Authors: Qin T. , Yu H. , Dai S. , Zhang P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The Forbidden city in Beijing is one of the first culture heritage to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage in 1987. The mass and complexity of this imperial palace brings challenges to scientific surveys and documentations. This graduation project adopted the technology of GIS to record, evaluate and analyze historic masonry and their deteriorations across the palace. Aided by ArcGIS, the deterioration degree of every accessible masonry element was accurately and efficiently evaluated and recorded, as well as connected to its precise location among the Forbidden City. All accessible masonry elements in Forbidden City were divided into different types as buildings, walls, foundations, and stairs. The common deteriorations of masonry in Forbidden City were defined and graded according to their degree of severity so that the deterioration was quantified, and a database was established. Before the survey, the mechanism of masonry deterioration in the Forbidden City was presumed to be related to several possible factors. Adopting ArcGIS to set up a database enabled to visualize the distribution of masonry deterioration in the site and lead to a preliminary conclusion, as well as a further mathematic analysis of the data to better understand the cause of deterioration.
GIS-BASED VIEWSHED ANALYSIS ON THE CONSERVATION PLANNING OF HISTORIC TOWNS: THE CASE STUDY OF XINCHANG, SHANGHAI
Authors: Ren L. , Cao Y.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. This paper discuss an application of the GIS software to analysis the visual effect from specific observation points in the historic towns. The viewshed tool in GIS platforms, including ArcGIS and QGIS, are applied in order to generate observation points and viewshed maps. Dozens of key nodes are selected in Xinchang Ancient Town, such as the protected buildings, the historic bridges, and the historic street intersections, as the observation points of viewshed analysis. The result of the analysis is to generate the viewshed map from each observation point. Subsequently, the observation points are merged and the result of the viewshed analysis of the whole ancient town is created. Based on the viewshed analysis results, the characteristics of the visual effect in the town with gentle terrain and dense building is discussed. The features of the ancient town remind elements that need attention in conservation planning, and guides the building regulation within and outside the set boarder of the protected area.
A HOLISTIC SOLUTION INTEGRATING MULTIPLE INTERPRETATION TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE SUSTAINABILITY OF POORLY ACCESSIBLE WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF HAILONGTUN
Authors: Ren W. , Zhu Y. , Du M. , Lai J.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Cultural Heritage sites with poor accessibility preventing tourists visiting, and there are few studies that specifically explore the practical problems and measures faced by poorly accessible world cultural heritage sites in terms of sustainable development. This research suggested a holistic solution that integrates six emerging technology methods and implements them with the case study Hailongtun Tusi, in Guizhou Province, China. This research provides a new idea for promoting sustainable development of world heritage based on 3D digital technology. Due to its simple technology and controllable cost, it also provides a model for other countries faced with similar issues in managing their world cultural heritage sites.
HISTORICAL AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES: MAPPING SEASONAL CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
Authors: Rolando A. , Scandiffio A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The current research aims at exploring the relationships between historical agricultural landscapes and sustainable tourism, by combining the potential of aerial and ground observation methods, that are able to detect the seasonal landscape changes. These phenomena are strongly interlaced with the annual cycle of plants, which have many implications for ecological processes, agriculture, health, tourism, regional/urban planning and economy. In many countries, similar phenomena as the timing of spring-blooming or the timing of autumn coloring foliage are of great visual value and can be of touristic interest, so to enhance the overall attractiveness of a territory. The research analyzes the case study of the historical agricultural landscape, localized in the in-between territories Turin and Milan, which is characterized by large portions of paddy-rice fields, which assume different aesthetical configurations over the year. This landscape, made up of an articulated system of waterways that support large portions of rice cultivation, protected natural areas, historical farmhouses, urban settlements, is the result of a long process of interaction between natural elements and human activities. Remote sensing and ground observations can play an important role in a high-accuracy mapping of the seasonal conditions of this kind of landscape. The flooding of paddy-rice fields determines a high scenic value of large portions of the rural landscape, that can be detected through remote sensing. The specificity of rice cultivation is that plants grow on flooded soils. Such a temporary condition of the landscape can become an unexpected tourist destination. From the methodological point of view, the research combines the potential of time series of satellite high-resolution imagery, for computing vegetation indexes (i.e. NDVI, NDWI etc.), and ground observations, through GIS mapping tools. This interpretation tools are useful to trace a network of slow scenic routes that allow perceiving such temporary landscape conditions and that support a territorial strategy aiming at a sustainable development of these fragile territories.
INTERPRETATION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURE FOR NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT USING EYE TRACKING
Authors: Saleem M. R. , Straus A. , Napolitano R.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. With the aims of ensuring safety and decreasing maintenance costs, previous studies in bridge inspection research have worked to elucidate damage indicators and understand their correspondence to structural deficiency. During this process, understanding how an inspector looks at a structure comprehensively as well as how they localize on damage is vital to examining diagnostic bias and how it can play a role in the preservation and maintenance process. To understand human perception and assess the humaninfrastructure interaction during the feature extraction process, eye tracking can be useful. Eye tracking data can accurately map where a human is looking and what they are focusing on based on metrics such as fixation, saccade, pupil dilation, and scan path. The present research highlights the use of eye tracking metrics for recognizing and inferring human implicit attention and intention while performing a structural inspection. These metrics will be used to learn the behavior of human eyes and how detection tasks can change a person’s overall behavior. A preliminary study has been carried out for damage detection to analyze key features that are important for understanding human-infrastructure interaction during damage assessment. These eye tracking features will lay the foundation for human intent prediction and how an inspector performs inspection on historic structures for existing types of damage. In future, the results of this work will be used to train a machine learning agent for autonomous and reactive decision making.
HOLOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF BIG POINT CLOUD
Authors: Bolognesi C. M. , Teruggi S. , Fiorillo F.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The work aims to present and validate the workflow from the 3D survey to the visualization of cultural heritage objects using the innovative Euclideon Hologram Table©. Three case studies surveyed with three different systems and at three different scales have been selected: Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan (terrestrial laser scanner for an architecturalscale), the village of Ghesc in the Ossola valley (UAV survey for an environmental scale) and the cuneiform clay tablet number 727 (structured light system for a detailscale). The whole process of transforming the 3D point/mesh model to hologram was verified, analysing the file formats, technical performance and specifications, file dimensions manageable, and details viewable. The first test shows great potentiality, becausethe hologram exploring is impressively fluid even when zooming to view a higher detail level, despite the high number of points/polygons. The power and performance of the point cloud 3D rendering engine result impressive. Nonetheless,different aspects need further research, from point cloud visualization quality to enhancing 3D model interaction.
MODALITIES OF VALORISATION AND PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH ICT: ADDING NEW MILESTONES TO THE “STANDARD” PRACTICE
Authors: Tommasi C.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Nowadays, in the academic field, it is growing the demand for digital competencies bounded to advanced communication strategies. More and more national and international project required to the scientific community to be increasingly open to new targets of public, even not expert one. The focus point is that the research must be accessed not only by professionals, but it has to engage a broader public, starting from local communities to the public of the web. This statement is testified by the European funds calls that ask for communication activities and strategies, along with dissemination and exploitation. Why these three activities are so important? Because they are strictly related to the impact that a project can have, not only for the academic world, but also for the outside. This trend is growing fast in each scientific field: also in Cultural Heritage conservation, where it is more and more common the uses of 3D digital models not only for maintenance purposes, but also as a bridge between the heritage and non-expert publics. The question is how advanced digital techniques can help the process of valorisation of Cultural Heritage at different stages? The article wants to look for a standard practice to promote and enhance Cultural Heritage using digital technologies. Through the analysis of a series of case studies, it wants to show how to build a valorisation strategy, considering all the components of CH, and how it can be implemented adding new disciplines and skills (communication and promotion), enhancing users’ access and interaction.
UNVEILING LARGE-SCALE HISTORICAL CONTENTS WITH V-SLAM AND MARKERLESS MOBILE AR SOLUTIONS
Authors: Torresani A. , Rigon S. , Farella E. M. , Menna F. , Remondino F.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Augmented Reality (AR) is already transforming many fields, from medical applications to industry, entertainment and heritage. In its most common form, AR expands reality with virtual 3D elements, providing users with an enhanced and enriched experience of the surroundings. Until now, most of the research work focused on techniques based on markers or on GNSS/INS positioning. These approaches require either the preparation of the scene or a strong satellite signal to work properly. In this paper, we investigate the use of visual-based methods, i.e., methods that exploit distinctive features of the scene estimated with Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (V-SLAM) algorithms, to determine and track the user position and attitude. The detected features, which encode the visual appearance of the scene, can be saved and later used to track the user in successive AR sessions. Existing AR frameworks like Google ARCore, Apple ARKit and Unity AR Foundation recently introduced visual-based localization in their frameworks, but they target mainly small scenarios. We propose a new Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) methodology that exploits OPEN-V-SLAM to extend the application range of Unity AR Foundation and better handle large-scale environments. The proposed methodology is successfully tested in both controlled and real-case large heritage scenarios. Results are available also in this video: https://youtu.be/Q7VybmiWIuI.
CULTURAL HERITAGE MONUMENT DOCUMENTATION THROUGH ADAPTIVE PARAMETRIC DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: Tryfonos G. , Ioannides M. , Anastasi A. G. , Apostolou V. A. , Pieri P. P. , Koundouris M. A. , Savva F. G.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The paper presents a novel adaptive parametric documentation, modelling and sharing methodology, which aims to achieve a continuous holistic documentation, data processing and sharing process for cultural heritage community, such as architects, engineers, archaeologists, conservators, programmers, fabricators, contest creators, game developers, scholars and common citizens. Thus, the use of advance parametric and building information modelling software allows the processing and specification of all data by creating the 3D models needed for the multidisciplinary experts. Two Cypriot case studies from the medieval time period have been chosen for the development, and evaluation of our proposed methodology in order to investigate the process of modelling and sharing all the given metadata and 3D data. The first one is the Asinou Church, a UNESCO Heritage stone monument in the Troodos Mountains with a unique interior and the Kolossi Castle, a former Crusader stronghold on the west of the city of Limassol on the island of Cyprus.
PORTA PALATINA HISTORIC SURVEY DRAWINGS: DIGITAL REPLICAS AND COMPARISON WITH UPDATED DIGITAL ACQUISITION
Authors: Vitali M. , Giovannini E. C.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The proposed research aims at a comparison of the main historical surveys conducted on the Porta Palatina by different authors, with the data of a current digital survey. Through a work of redrawing and superimposition of information deducted from historical drawings, the analysis will highlight the consistency, discrepancies and inconsistencies of these drawings compared to the current state of the artefact. Therefore, the instrumental survey, necessary for the subsequent stages of graphical analysis, was carried out using photogrammetric techniques and Metashape software.The drawings taken into consideration for this work are those by Sangallo (1494–1497 ca.), by Palladio (1566 ca.), by Promis (1869) and by D'Andrade (1883): they constitute a very interesting documentary heritage, although heterogeneous, in which qualitative drawings (Sangallo), scaled drawings (D'Andrade), measured drawings (in vicentine’s feet for Palladio, in meters for Promis) alternate.
A NEW INDOOR LIDAR-BASED MMS CHALLENGING COMPLEX ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Bonfanti C. , Patrucco G. , Perri S. , Sammartano G. , Spanò A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The use of moving devices equipped with range- and image-based sensor, generically defined Mobile Mapping systems (MMS), have been quite a disruptive innovation in the development of Geomatics techniques for 3D surveying large indoor-outdoor spaces and offer multiple solutions. The recent expansion of portable devices in the form of trolleys, backpacks, handheld tools largely implements SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) algorithms and technology based on both Lidar and/or visual solutions for answering to the positioning and the 3D reconstruction problems. The research on MMS is directed to improve both multi-sensor integration implementation and usability of systems in diversified use contexts and application fields. The aim of the presented research is the evaluation of the potential of the Swift system recently developed by FARO Technologies, that has been fine-tuned for regular and large extent interiors mapping (such as factories, hospitals, airports, offices). The work tries to preliminary investigate the data delivery and usability of the integrated system. This is based on three elements mounted on a sliding trolley moved by the operator walking: the ScanPlan profilometer working for the 2D SLAM mapping, the static TLS Focus S-series, and the smartphone managing the sensors operation and the acquisition progress. The evaluation strategy undertaken will be based on the global and local performance analysis related to the trajectory, the data accuracy, the metric content and consistency. Two test studies belonging to the 20th century. architecture are presented in a preliminary framework of evaluation and validation: a Liberty-style cinema and the Torino Esposizioni Hall B designed in ferrocement by pier Luigi Nervi.
DAMAGE CLASSIFICATION TO HISTORICAL WOODEN STRUCTURES: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR DONG MINORITY DRUM TOWERS
Authors: Wang S.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Wood as a common construction material in historical buildings, material characteristics and environmental condition is always the main causes to degradation. Dong minority Drum Tower is one of the essential parts of Chinese wooden structural heritage. However, Drum Towers are, at present, in a poor state of conservation, especially suffering from fire risks, biological attacks, mechanical failures and bad interventions.This paper aims to record the observed damage through a classification approach that poses negative impact on the aesthetics and stability of Drum Towers. Firstly, based on the definition and term in relevant standards, a clear and structured damage classification on historical wooden structures is concluded according to the different hazard grades and causes, which are alteration, defect, deterioration and mechanical failure. Secondly, the characteristics of each damage in Drum Towers are revealed through the field survey and classification. At last, the actual condition is presented through a case study of Zengying Drum Tower. Subsequently, a multi-risks prevention in the Drum Tower is discussed, recommendations are proposed with the purpose of controlling the most fatal risks, ranging from insects and fungi risks with operable acceptance by local people and authorities.
SPATIAL PATTERN EVOLUTION AND DRIVING FACTORS OF PM2.5 CONCENTRATIONS IN THE GRAND CANAL REGION FROM 2000 TO 2018
Authors: Wang X. , Hou M. , Cao S. , Li B.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In recent years, air pollution related to PM2.5 has caused a significant impact on human health. The Grand Canal (GC) is not only a great Cultural heritage created in ancient China but also the longest and largest canal in the world. Based on remotely sensed PM2.5 gridded data in the GC region covering 2000 to 2018, we used the holistic methods of standard deviation ellipse, local moran index, slope trend analysis to reveal the spatiotemporal evolutions of PM2.5 concentrations in the GC regions and investigated the driving factors of PM2.5 concentrations by using the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Results show that (1) PM2.5 concentrations in the GC region exhibited an increasing trend and followed by a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2018 (the turning point emerged in 2010). (2) The standard deviation ellipse analyses show that the spatial distributions of PM2.5 concentrations featured more and more concentrated over time, whereas, after the year 2010, the distributions gradually featured scattered. (3) The concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited the strong effects of local spatial autocorrelation and areas with "high-high" agglomeration were mainly located in the central and west regions of the GC region and gradually expanded to the north over time. (4) The areas of regions with rapidly increasing in PM2.5 concentrations gradually decreased over time, however, those with rapidly decreasing in PM2.5 concentrations increased. (5) The influences of the natural factors and socio-economic factors on the distributions of PM2.5 concentrations varied spatially. In detail, the elevation was negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentrations, whereas an opposite relationship between industrial structure and PM2.5 concentrations was observed. The coefficients of rainfall, population density, GDP per capita and foreign investment show different results in positive and negative correlations depending on the position.
EXPLORATION OF DIGITAL HERITAGE STRATEGY BASED ON PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION THEORY
Authors: Wang Z. , Liu H.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The frequent occurrence of heritage disasters highlights the necessity of digital preservation of heritage. There are two technical difficulties in Digitization: one is the high cost, the other is the poor applicability of the achievement. This is because the emphasis is only on data volume and accuracy, but neglecting the demand for conservation in the process of digitalization. Preventive Conservation has become the mainstream of heritage conservation. Based on this theory, this paper takes the digitization of several stone tablets in the Forbidden City as an opportunity to explore the strategy of digitization of heritage. Through the assessment of the values and state of preservation, the key points of digitization are obtained. By comparing the collection efficiency, achievement accuracy, expression characteristics, workload and cost of the various technologies, the authors draw a conclusion.
MAXIMIZING THE VALUE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS IN THE CONSERVATION OF WALL PAINTINGS
Authors: Wong L. , Rose W. , Dhanda A. , Flavin A. , Barazzetti L. , Ouimet C. , Santana Quintero M.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In the field of wall painting conservation, photogrammetric surveys are an increasingly common documentation tool. The outputs from these surveys, including captured images, orthophotos, and three-dimensional models, are used by conservators to monitor and record condition phenomena and conservation treatments. To serve these conservation needs, the outputs should have visual fidelity, meaning they are a close representation of the subject based on their spatial resolution, overall focus, even lighting and color accuracy. However, wall paintings present unique technical challenges for photogrammetry considering their often large scale, irregular topography, range of surface attributes, and access issues. As a documentation technique more commonly applied to capture the geometry of buildings and objects, using photogrammetry to record both the topography and fine surface details of a wall painting requires thorough planning. This paper examines specific challenges in documenting wall paintings and how collaboration between conservators and heritage-recording specialists has improved practice and maximized the value of photogrammetric surveys for conservation.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNOLOGY IN DISEASE EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF STONE MONUMENTS
Authors: Yu Z. , Hu Y. , Hou M.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. With thousands of years of glorious history and culture, China, which is the origin of Chinese civilization has also survived with a magnificent amount of stone cultural heritage. Stone monuments are one of the most important components of Chinese monuments and contain a wealth of historical information by themselves. Due to the fact that some stone monuments and stone architectural elements are often exposed to the natural environment, they are subject to physical, biological, chemical and human damage over a long period of time, which leads to the formation of various kinds of damages. Therefore, it is an important issue to extract and analysis the diseases information effectively. In this paper, we were going to examine these issues in the context of existing surveying and mapping techniques.
INTEGRATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND ENDOSCOPY FOR GYROSCOPE 3D DIGITIZATION
Authors: Zhan K. , Fritsch D. , Wagner J. F.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Cultural heritage preservation via 3D digitization is becoming more and more important. Besides conventional buildings and landmarks, many technical instruments and artifacts, which belong to tech heritage (TH), are also of great importance, historically and didactically. Gyroscopes, which can be dated back for 200 years, are fascinating instruments with complex structures and different working principles. With such properties, any 3D digitization of Gyroscopes could not be realized by simply using conventional solutions of photogrammetry or laser scanning. In our work, we introduce photogrammetry, endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) for an integrated 3D digitization solution. Though photogrammetry has been widely used for the purpose of cultural heritage preservation, 3D reconstructions using the other two sensor systems have their own challenges. For an endoscope, a pre-calibration solution has been put forward and the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) process has been optimized to deal with the drift caused by a long imaging trajectory. Regarding the CT 3D reconstruction, we mainly focus on the 3D representation’s completeness and the denoising process. In the section of data integration, we designed different methods according to the characteristics of the objects as well as the 3D models from different sonsors. In case of limited overlap between the pair of point clouds, the Gauss-Helmert model with manually picked control points is applied for the estimation of the transformation matrix. CT point clouds, which hold only the intensity values representing the material attenuation, could be integrated with photogrammetry data via a surface color mapping method using the photogrammetric images or the primitive based corresponding virtual control points. Through our research, the concept of integrating photogrammetry, endoscopy and CT for 3D digitization of Gyroscopes is validated. Furthermore, advantages and disadvantages involved in the complete process are discussed and a solid foundation has been laid for further research.
SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION METHOD ACCELERATED QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGES
Authors: Zhang M. , Li Z. , Wu X.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Rapid investigation and quantitative analysis are crucial for heritage conservation and renewal design. As an important category of architectural heritage - traditional settlements - with their large number and complex spatial characteristics, their spatial character patterns are an important support to assist settlement conservation and renewal design. However, the current means of analysis often requires manual data collection, secondary mapping of the collected data, extraction of individual elemental patterns and village boundaries. Then settlement boundary form, settlement density will be calculated by mathematical methods. The above methods are inefficient and prone to manual mapping errors, making it difficult to quantify and analyze a large number of traditional villages in a short period of time. Semantic segmentation is a computer vision technique for quickly segmenting different objects. Based on the collected remote sensing data of traditional villages, this paper established a dataset of semantic segmentation of spatial features of traditional settlements, segmenting village buildings, water systems, roads and plants. Using Transfer learning, data augmentation and other methods, a model was trained that can automatically segment elements of the villages. From the national traditional villages that have been announced so far, 60 traditional villages from different regions in the north and south were selected for analysis. The experiments show that the model established in this paper has an accuracy rate of above 86% in segmenting elements of villages, can effectively identify the location of different elements in remote sensing images, effectively improves the quantification rate of spatial features of settlements and saves the cost of mapping and data transcription. The results of the spatial characteristics of the 60 villages studied in this paper can also provide some theoretical basis and inspiration for the study, conservation, design and transformation of traditional villages.
Pengaruh Current ratio, Return on equity, Earning per share dan Debt To Equity Terhadap Harga Saham Pada Perusahaan Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Zulkarnain  , Mursalim Laekkeng  , Asdar Djamereng
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh current ratio, Return on equity, Earning per share dan debt to equity ratio terhadap harga saham pada perusahaan sub sektor makanan dan minuman yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan sub sektor makanan dan minuman yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia sebanyak 18 perusahaan. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengambilan sampel yaitu Teknik purpose sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 10 perusahaan selama periode tahun 2015 – 2019, sehingga diperoleh data sebanyak 50 data pengamatan perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial current ratio berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham dengan nilai thitung sebesar -2,232 dan signifikan 0,031 < 0,05. Return on equity berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap harga saham dengan nilai thitung sebesar 0,640 dan signifikan 0,525 > 0,05. Earning per share berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham dengan nilai thitung sebesar 5,990 dan signifikan 0,000 < 0,05. Debt to equity ratio berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham dengan nilai thitung sebesar – 2,271 dan signifikan 0,028 < 0,05.
Modification of the properties of milk-fat emulsions with the phase structure of "oil in water" in the dependence on the mass part of the lipoid and the stabilizing systems
Authors: Stadnyk Igor , Bodnarchuk Oksana , Kopylova Kateryna , Petrov Pylyp , Bal-Prylypko Larysa , Narizhnyy Sergiy
Published: August 2021

The composition and properties of cream with fat levels from 30% to 70% were investigated. It has been established that the decrease of fat level and, accordingly, the increase of plasma level in the cream leads to significant changes in the physicochemical parameters of the fat emulsion. Accordingly, the production of low-fat dairy products requires adjustment of the cream properties. It has been shown that using different doses of structure stabilizers: QNA colloid as a consistency stabilizer in the amount of from 1 to 2% and the Dimodan emulsifier U/G – from 0 to 1 % (Danisco, Denmark) changes the physicochemical properties (effective viscosity, sedimentation stability) and organoleptic properties (consistency, taste) of cream with fat level 40%. It has been conducted mathematical modeling, aimed to calculate dosing for improving the properties of milk-fat emulsions, structure formation and further ensuring of the necessary consistency of cream pastes. Optimal doses of colloid QNA as a consistency stabilizer and a U/G Dimodan emulsifier have been determined. It has been established that their content should be 1,0% and 0,5%, relatively, for pastes with a fat level of 40%. The effectiveness of the joint action of consistency stabilizers and emulsifiers in obtaining milk-fat emulsions were defined by the level of effective viscosity. Moreover, the use of the emulsifier had less effect on the effective viscosity of the milk-fat emulsions. It has been found that using the structure stabilizers could improve the formation of low-fat products and the formation of the desired paste-like consistency of high-fat cream with a fat level of 70%. Thus, it is possible to adjust the composition and properties of raw material as a basis for milk-fat emulsions by optimizing the ratio of structure stabilizers. Comparative evaluation of the physicochemical properties of milk-fat emulsions and high-fat cream makes it possible to predict their potential for conversion into a creamy paste with a given consistency.