bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between preferred chewing side and dynamic occlusal parameters
Authors: Haralur Satheesh B. , Majeed Muhammad Irfan , Chaturvedi Saurabh , Alqahtani Nasser M. , Alfarsi Mohammed
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Evaluation of dynamic occlusal parameters can help dentists to understand the association of occlusion with the preferred chewing side (PCS) and enable optimal restoration of masticatory efficiency. This study evaluated the association between PCS and dynamic occlusal parameters.

Methods

One hundred participants (50 each, right and left PCS) were included in this study. PCS was determined by the visual spot-checking method, and occlusal analysis was conducted by T Scan. Occlusal parameters evaluated included initial contact, center of force, tooth contact area, occlusal interferences, and occlusal time. Data were assessed by chi-squared test and eta correlation coefficient.

Results

Initial contact towards the PCS was observed in 68% and 70% of right and left unilateral chewers, respectively. Likewise, center of force towards the PCS was present in 72% and 66% of right and left unilateral chewers, respectively. A larger area of tooth contact was predominant towards the PCS in 70% and 72% of right and left unilateral chewers, respectively. Chi-squared analysis showed a strong positive correlation between PCS and occlusal parameters at maximum intercuspation. Eta correlation coefficients between PCS and occlusal interferences, as well as centric and eccentric occlusion, revealed negligible associations.

Conclusion

Dynamic occlusal parameters may be associated with PCS.
Masseter muscle rigidity and the role of DNA analysis to confirm malignant hyperthermia susceptibility
Authors: Hudig Kate , Pollock Neil , Bulger Terasa , Machon Roslyn G , Woodhead Andrew , Schiemann Anja H , Stowell Kathryn M
Published: February 2019

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an uncommon, autosomal dominant disorder of skeletal muscle, triggered by inhalational anaesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. Masseter muscle rigidity (MMR) can be regarded as potentially a preceding sign for an MH reaction. Susceptibility to MH can be determined by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) or DNA analysis where a familial variant is known. Our aims were to review patients with MMR, where IVCT and DNA analysis had been undertaken, to determine if DNA analysis could be used as an initial screening tool for MH susceptibility, and, by reviewing standard monitored variables (SMVs), to determine if any clinical characteristics could be used to differentiate between MMR patients who are MH susceptible (MHS) and those who are not. Patients with MMR were identified from the Palmerston North Hospital MH Reactions Database. IVCT and DNA analysis results were documented. DNA testing was performed retrospectively in the majority of patients as many patients had presented before DNA analysis was available. Forty-one patients were analysed. Fourteen were DNA positive/IVCT positive and six DNA positive only (48% in total), seven were IVCT positive/DNA negative and 14 were IVCT normal. Increased creatine kinase (>18,000 units/L) was consistent with MH susceptibility. Severity of MMR was not linked to MH susceptibility. This study confirmed that DNA analysis can be used as a first-line test for MH susceptibility in patients presenting with MMR (consistent with European MH Group recommendations). Creatine kinase was the only SMV that was significantly different between MHS and MH normal individuals.
Age related metabolic modifications in the migraine brain
Authors: Lisicki Marco , D'Ostilio Kevin , Coppola Gianluca , Parisi Vincenzo , de Noordhout Alain Maertens , Magis Delphine , Schoenen Jean , Scholtes Felix , Versijpt Jan
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility that migraine patients exhibit specific age-related metabolic changes in the brain, which occur regardless of disease duration or the frequency of attacks.

Methods

We analysed the relation between brain glucose (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) uptake and age in healthy volunteers (n = 20) and episodic migraine patients (n = 19). In the latter, we additionally compared the correlation between18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and disease duration and monthly migraine days.

Results

In contrast to controls, in migraine patients advancing age was positively correlated to increased metabolism in the brainstem (especially the posterior pons), hippocampus, fusiform gyrus and parahippocampus. Conversely, no significant correlations between cerebral metabolism and disease duration or migraine days were observed.

Conclusions

Findings of this cross-sectional study show that episodic migraine patients exhibit specific metabolic brain modifications while ageing. As such, age is correlated with metabolic changes in key regions of the brain previously associated with migraine's pathophysiology to a better extent than disease duration or the number of monthly migraine days. More than the repeated headache attacks, the continuous interaction with the environment seemingly models the brain of migraine sufferers in an adaptive manner. A positive control (e.g. chronic pain) is missing in this study and therefore findings cannot be proven to be migraine-specific.
Development and Assessment of a Connected Vehicle Training Program for Truck Drivers
Authors: Ahmed Mohamad M. , Yang Guangchuan , Gaweesh Sherif
Published: February 2019

In Wyoming, because of the high likelihood of dangerous winter driving conditions, truck-related crashes on the freeway have resulted in remarkable fatalities, extended closures, and significant economic losses. The emerging connected vehicle (CV) technology has the potential to communicate road and traveler information to commercial truck drivers, which would eventually promote traffic safety. Nevertheless, currently there is a lack of a systems training program to deliver the CV technology to truck drivers. This paper developed a CV training program which contained an e-learning conceptual education module and a hands-on driving simulator training module. The e-learning module presented the concept of various CV warnings and notifications, including forward collision warning (FCW), distress notification (DN), and traveler information messages (TIMs). The hands-on driving simulator training module provided participants with a simulated environment where they could practice the CV warnings that they had met during the e-learning. Five simulation scenarios were provided to the participants, including two single-alert scenarios and three multiple-alert scenarios. A quiz section in the e-learning module and a comprehensive post-training questionnaire survey within the hands-on module were employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed CV training program. Based on the feedback of 18 professional snowplow truck drivers from the Wyoming Department of Transportation, it was found that the proposed training program provided truck drivers with up-to-date knowledge and experience on CV technology.
Resettled Bhutanese Refugees in Ottawa: What Coping Strategies Promote Psychological Well-Being?
Authors: Subedi Anita , Edge Dana S. , Goldie Catherine L. , Sawhney Monakshi
Published: February 2019

Background

Since 2008, Bhutanese refugees have been resettled in Canada, including Ottawa. This relocation and resettling process is associated with significant physical and psychological stress, as individuals acclimatize to a new country.

Purpose

To assess the relationship between coping strategies and psychological well-being of Bhutanese refugees resettled in Ottawa.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey utilizing a convenience sample of adults (n = 110) was conducted in the fall of 2015 in Ottawa. Two tools, Brief COPE and general well-being schedule were used.

Results

Bhutanese refugees were in moderate distress. Using multiple linear regression, age, education, and three coping strategies (positive reframing, self-blame, and venting) were identified as predictors of general well-being ( F (11, 96) = 3.61, p < .001, R2 = 21.2%). Higher levels of education and positive reframing were associated with greater general well-being scores, while self-blame and well-being between ages 41 and 50 years were inversely associated with general well-being.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that a broad intersectorial approach between nurses and partner agencies is needed to enhance the mental health of this population for better adjustment in the host country. Nurses could provide support and counseling to minimize the use of self-blame and venting and promote positive coping strategies.
The 24-Hour Intensivists Staffing Model Improves the Outcome for Nighttime Admitted Patients: A Matched Historical Control Study
Authors: Min-Jie Ju , Zhun-Yong Gu , Yan Han , Yu-Jing Liu , Hong-Yu He , Yi-Mei Liu , Guo-Wei Tu , Jian-Feng Luo , Du-Ming Zhu , Zhe Luo
Published: February 2019

Introduction:

We previously showed that a “10-hour daytime on-site” and “nighttime (NT) on-call” staffing strategy was associated with higher mortality for intensive care unit (ICU) patients admitted during NT than it was for patients admitted during office hours (OH). In here, we evaluated the clinical effects of a 24-hour intensivist staffing model.

Methods:

We formed an intervention group of 3034 consecutive ICU patients hospitalized from January 2013 to December 2015, and a control group of 2891 patients from our previous study (2009-2011). We applied propensity score matching (PSM) for whole and subgroup analyses adjusting for confounding factors. We compared clinical outcomes of patients under the 2 staffing models using multivariate logistic regression and survival analyses.

Results:

After PSM, we balanced the clinical data between the complete cohorts and the subgroups. Comparison of ICU survivals between the intervention and control cohorts yielded no significant differences. However, the intervention was significantly associated with a higher ICU survival in the NT (5:30 pm-07:30 am) admission patients ( P = .049) than in those admitted during OH (07:30 am to 5:30 pm; P = .456). Additionally, the intervention shortened the LOSHOS ( P = .001) and/or LOSICU ( P < .001), reduced the hospital ( P = .672) and/or ICU ( P = .004) expenses, and resulted in earlier mechanical ventilation extubation ( P = .442) as compared to the same variables in the control group, especially for NT admissions.

Conclusions:

The 24-hour intensivists staffing could significantly improve ICU outcomes, especially for NT-admission patients in high-acuity, high-volume ICUs with frequent NT admissions.
Youth Strategies for Positive Bystander Action in Situations of Dating and Sexual Violence: Implications for Measurement and Programming
Authors: Lee Katherine D. M. , Edwards Katie M. , Banyard Victoria L. , Eckstein Robert P. , Sessarego Stephanie N.
Published: February 2019

Research on bystander behavior in situations of dating violence (DV) and sexual violence (SV) in youth populations is growing; yet, there is a distinct lack of qualitative studies to identify nuances in specifically how and when youth are taking action to help to inform theory, measurement, and programming. The current study examined bystander action plans of high school youth after their participation in a classroom-based, bystander-focused prevention program, to inform bystander behavior measurement and programming within the context of DV and SV research and practice. High school youth ( N = 889) from schools across New England completed a bystander-focused violence prevention curriculum and subsequently wrote a bystander plan of action addressing a situation of DV or SV that they had seen before or were likely to see again in the future. The responses were qualitatively coded for type of situation and bystander action, while noting situational aspects (e.g., location, relationship to those involved, engagement of others). Students reported a variety of strategies (ranging from directly telling the perpetrator to stop to creating a distraction) and ways of thinking about situations of DV and SV, and related behaviors (e.g., bullying). Many students listed unique situations and bystander behaviors that were not addressed as part of the curriculum. Bystander action plans also varied as a function of situational variables (e.g., relationship to those involved). These results indicate that measures of bystander behavior for high school students need to look different from established measures for older age groups. Furthermore, bystander programming may be more effective if more thoughtful attention is given to how youth see helping in situations of DV and SV as connected to other problematic behaviors.
Predictors of Job Stress Among Southern Correctional Staff
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Keena Linda D. , Haynes Stacy H. , May David , Leone Matthew C.
Published: February 2019

Job stress is a problem in corrections. Although the very nature of correctional work is stressful, workplace variables also contribute to correctional staff job stress. The job demands-resource model holds that job demands increase negative outcomes (e.g., job stress) and decrease positive outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction), whereas job resources help increase positive outcomes and decrease negative outcomes. An ordinary least squares regression analysis of self-reported survey data from 322 staff at a Southern prison indicated that input into decision-making and quality supervision had statistically significant negative effects on job stress, whereas role overload and fear of victimization had significant positive effects. Instrumental communication, views of training, and role clarity all had nonsignificant associations with stress from the job in the multivariate analysis. The results partially supported the job demands-resources model; however, the specific work environment variables varied in terms of their statistical significance. Correctional administrators need to be aware of the contribution that workplace variables have on job stress and make changes to reduce staff job stress.
Impact of Diabetes and Disease Duration on Work Status Among U.S. Older Adults
Authors: Mutambudzi Miriam , Gonzalez Gonzalez Cesar , Wong Rebecca
Published: February 2019

Objectives: To examine the effects of diabetes and disease duration on work status over a 9-year period. Method: Multinomial logistic regression models examined the probability of retirement and disability impeding work, using data from the Health and Retirement Study ( n = 5,576). Results: Among participants who had retired in 2012, almost 14% had incident diabetes (4.91 mean years with diabetes, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [4.67, 5.15]). Approximately 22% of participants who reported a disability impeded labor force participation had prevalent diabetes (17.1 mean years with diabetes, 95%CI = [16.41, 17.71]). Only prevalent diabetes that indicated longer disease duration was associated with disability (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.83, 95% CI = [1.30, 2.57]). There was evidence of effect modification among Hispanics only ( p = .02). Discussion: Diabetes increased risk of exiting the workforce due to disability, and mean disease duration was associated with changes. Disease management and workplace interventions may enable older adults to continue being productive should they choose to remain in the workforce.
Acquiring Incorruption: Maximian Theosis and Scientific Transhumanism
Authors: Torrance Eugenia
Published: February 2019

Several theologians have pointed to resonances between the Greek Patristic doctrine of deification or theosis and recent transhumanist narratives: both discourses indicate death as the final enemy of humankind and invest heavily in a hoped-for transcendence of life as we know it. These resonances will be investigated further by comparing the approach to human nature found in Maximus the Confessor and in the prominent transhumanists Nick Bostrom and John Harris. In addition to sharing with transhumanists a disavowal of death and a trajectory towards transcendence, Maximus also shares a view of human nature that is more dynamic and open-ended than is commonly attributed to his Late Antique context. On the other hand, Maximus also insists on the persistence of this dynamic nature in its integrity even into the eschaton. He does so for a number of reasons that should give Christians pause about any rhetoric that calls for an abandonment of human nature: (1) that theosis depends precisely on sharing a human nature with Christ; (2) that our vocation as mediators in creation depends on our physical bodies as the locus of shared existence with the material world; and (3) that corruption has a providential use in binding us together with our neighbors and in cultivating virtue as we strain for the incorruptible and supernatural gift of theosis.
Investigation of flow instability characteristics in a low specific speed centrifugal pump using a modified partially averaged Navier–Stokes model
Authors: Ye Weixiang , Luo Xianwu , Huang Renfang , Jiang Zhiwu , Li Xiaojun , Zhu Zuchao
Published: February 2019

In this study, a modified partially averaged Navier–Stokes (MPANS) model is applied to investigate the flow instability characteristics in a low specific centrifugal pump. In MPANS model, the unresolved-to-total ratio of kinetic energy fk is determined according to the local grid size and turbulence length scale. The numerical results by MPANS model are compared with that simulated by SST k-ω model and the available experimental data. It is noted that MPANS model shows better performance for investigating the unstable flow in the current pump under part-load operation conditions. The time-averaged internal flow and flow incidence in the pump impeller depicts that with the decreasing flow coefficient, flow separation develops in the impeller. Owing to the strong separation flow as well as vortex evolution, incidence angle is large and varies remarkably at the entrance of blade-to-blade passage in the pump impeller. The evolution dynamics of rotating stall is further discussed in detail based on vorticity transport equation. During the evolution of rotating stall, the vortex stretching term has an important effect on vorticity transport under the part-load conditions. The analysis of the pressure fluctuations excited by periodic evolution of rotating stall shows that the rotating stall cell propagates along the rotational direction, and identifies the rotating stall frequency ( fstall), which is much lower than the rotational frequency of the impeller, fn ( fstall = 8.76% fn). Finally, two-dimensional Lagrangian coherent structure (LCS) is used to reveal the separation flow in blade-to-blade passages of the pump by monitoring the trajectory of the particles. Both LCS and vortex structure by λ2 can clearly demonstrates the passage blockage and flow separation under the part-load operation conditions, depicting that the separation flow occurs at blade suction side and develops from the leading edge to the main passage in the impeller.
Stereological examination of effects of ethanol on optic nerve in experimental alcohol model
Authors: Igit T , Colcimen N
Published: February 2019

The objective of the present study was to perform histological and stereological examination of alcohol-induced changes in the optic nerve, considered an extension of white matter of the brain, in rats. This study included 20 male Wistar albino rats aged 60 days and weighing 190–220 g. The rats were divided into three groups: ethanol ( n = 7), maltodextrin ( n = 7), and control ( n = 6) groups. The ethanol group was administered ethanol at a dose of 6.4% (v/v) instead of water for 18 days; the maltodextrin group received maltodextrin for the same time period, and the control group was the sham group. At the end of the experiment, a 0.5-mm long section of the optic nerve starting from the optic chiasma was dissected and examined with routine microscopic histological examination methods. The modified Cavalieri method was used for stereological measurement. Total tissue area ratios were calculated with a point grid provided by the Shtereom 1.5 software package. The statistical comparison of the groups revealed that the ethanol group had a significant reduction in the number of axons and sheath area of the optic nerve compared to the control and maltodextrin groups ( p < 0.017, p < 0.022, respectively). These results indicate the toxic effects of ethanol on the optic nerve.
Regulatory T-cell levels in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhu Y , Huang Y , Ming B , Wu X , Chen Y , Dong L
Published: February 2019

Background

The contribution of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis remains a matter of debate. The objective of this study was to quantify the association between peripheral blood Tregs and disease status in SLE patients.

Method

EMBASE and PubMed databases were searched using ‘systemic lupus erythematosus’ and ‘regulatory T-cells’ as relevant key terms. A meta-analysis of studies that examined the proportion of Tregs among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+T-cells was performed using Stata software. Subgroup analysis was performed based on ethnic groups and Treg definition markers.

Results

The Treg/PBMC and Treg/CD4+T-cell ratios were significantly lower in SLE patients than in healthy controls (HCs), whereas patients with active and inactive SLE showed no difference in these indicators. A subgroup analysis indicated that Asian SLE patients had a substantially lower proportion of Tregs/PBMCs than HCs, but this difference was not seen for white and Latin American SLE patients. Patients defined by CD4+CD25+Foxp3+, CD4+CD25+ and CD4+Foxp3+ had a much lower Treg/PBMC ratio compared with HCs. Ethnic groups and choice of Treg definition markers had no influence on the proportion of Tregs/CD4+T-cells.

Conclusion

The proportion of Tregs among both PBMCs and CD4+T-cells was significantly decreased in SLE patients. Ethnic group and Treg definition markers may influence the proportion of Tregs among PBMCs. Further study of the correlation between SLE disease activity and the proportion of Tregs in peripheral blood is needed to determine the physiological role of this association.
Distinguishing scientific knowledge: The impact of different measures of knowledge on genetically modified food attitudes
Authors: Rose Kathleen M. , Howell Emily L. , Su Leona Y.-F. , Xenos Michael A. , Brossard Dominique , Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: February 2019

The impact of knowledge on public attitudes toward scientific issues remains unclear, due in part to ill-defined differences in how research designs conceptualize knowledge. Using genetically modified foods as a framework, we explore the impacts of perceived familiarity and factual knowledge, and the moderating roles of media attention and a food-specific attitudinal variable (food consciousness), in shaping these relationships. Based on the differential effects on “negative attitudes” toward genetically modified foods, we provide further evidence that the measures of knowledge are separate concepts and argue against a one-dimensional view of scientific knowledge. We discuss implications for understanding the relationship between knowledge and science attitudes.
Multifocal Synchronous Upper Urinary Tract Carcinosarcoma (Sarcomatoid Carcinoma) With Rhabdomyoblastic Differentiation
Authors: Takemura Kosuke , Motoi Toru , Tonooka Akiko , Funata Nobuaki , Nakanishi Yasukazu , Kataoka Madoka , Ito Masaya , Sakamoto Kazumasa , Suzuki Hiroaki , Tobisu Ken-ichi , Koga Fumitaka
Published: February 2019

Carcinosarcoma of the upper urinary tract is very rare. In this article, we report a case of upper urinary tract carcinosarcoma with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation showing distinct transition between the epithelial and mesenchymal components confirmed by morphology and immunohistochemistry. An 81-year-old female underwent radical nephroureterectomy under the diagnosis of left ureteral urothelial carcinoma (UC). Multiple invasive tumors showed combined histology with UC and rhabdomyosarcomatous elements (pT2-ureter and pT3-renal pelvis, pN0, u-lt0, ly0, v0, RM0). Each element demonstrated typical epithelial or mesenchymal staining patterns (positive for AE1/AE3 in the former and positive for vimentin and myogenin in the latter). Notably, immunohistochemical transition patterns of GATA-3, p63, SOX2, and myogenin between UC and rhabdomyosarcomatous elements were observed, implying possible involvement of neoplastic stem cells in the process of carcinosarcoma formation. The patient did not receive any adjuvant therapy and eventually succumbed to multiple visceral metastases (lungs and liver) at 11 months postoperatively. No autopsy was performed.
Sound transmission loss of sandwich panel with closed octahedral core
Authors: Wen Zhi-Hui , Wang Dong-Wei , Ma Li
Published: February 2019

In this paper, an ultralightweight sandwich panel with closed octahedral core is proposed, which demonstrates excellent acoustic property of sound transmission loss as well as great mechanical performance. Simulation models are established with considerations of acoustic-structure interactions. The validity of simulation calculations is checked against experimental measurements with the tested specimens provided by additive manufacturing. Numerical discussions are conducted to demonstrate the effects of incident angles, topological parameters, and so on which should be helpful for practical design. This novel class of sandwich structure with closed octahedral core constructions shows promising engineering applications.
Marshallese Beliefs, Perceptions, and Practices Related to Child Feeding Among Marshallese in the United States: Implications for Childhood Obesity
Authors: Johnson Kelly Vowell , Scott Allison L , Shreve Marilou , Ayers Britni L , Seaton Victoria S , McElfish Pearl A
Published: February 2019

Introduction:

Obesity affects more than 40 million children globally. Efforts to promote proper nutrition in an attempt to reduce childhood obesity should consider maternal beliefs and cultural customs around food. Little is known regarding child feeding, including weaning practices and foods consumed in the first years of life among Marshallese children, a sub-group of Pacific Islanders, residing in the United States.

Methods:

This study aims to explore the influences on introduction of complementary foods among Marshallese mothers and caregivers residing in the United States, to serve as the basis for promotion of improved nutrition. Focus groups and demographic surveys were conducted with Marshallese mothers and caregivers (N = 27) to explore child-feeding beliefs, perceptions, and practices.

Results:

All mothers reported breastfeeding their infants, and 80% reported using some type of milk supplementation. There was a difference in mother and caregiver responses regarding which first foods to introduce and average age of introduction.

Discussion:

Analysis revealed three themes identified as being influential for child-feeding practices: Marshallese breastfeeding customs, introduction of solid foods, and Marshallese family feeding customs.
Possibly Late-Onset Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Unique Triglyceride Deposition by Analysis of Lipid Contents
Authors: Yamamoto Kentaro , Guo Xin , Mizutani Ken-ichi , Kurose Nozomu , Kumagai Motona , Shioya Akihiro , Nakada Satoko , Terauchi Toshie , Ikeda Yoshihiko , Aoki Hirofumi , Kajinami Kouji , Yamada Sohsuke
Published: February 2019

We presented an unusual arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) case of a late-60s elderly man’s death, due to severe pericardial/pleural effusion and ascites, and arrhythmic events, with unique pathological features. The hypertrophic heart grossly displayed yellowish to yellow-whitish predominantly in the variably thinned wall of the dilated right ventricle. Microscopic findings showed diffuse fatty/fibrofatty replacement in not only the right but left ventricular myocardium, together with an outer lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. According to the lipid contents analysis, the triglyceride content, but not the cholesterol content, in our patient’s right and left ventricular cardiac muscle was much higher than that in the control subject. We propose that this unique triglyceride deposition in our possibly late-onset ARVC case might be one of new clues to understand its enigmatic cause. Further prospective studies are needed to validate the presence and significance of a greater volume of triglyceride deposit, after collecting and investigating a larger number of early and late-onset ARVC cases examined.
A randomised controlled trial of the Group Stepping Stones Triple P training programme for parents of children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Ruane Ailbhe , Carr Alan , Moffat Valerie , Finn Tania , Murphy Angela , O’Brien Orla , Groarke Hilary , O’Dwyer Roisin
Published: February 2019

The central aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Group Stepping Stones Triple P (GSSTP) in an Irish context for families of children with both developmental disabilities and internalising and externalising behavioural problems. Parents of 84 children (mean age = 5.73; SD = 2.06) with developmental disabilities and co-occurring behaviour problems attending Irish public health services were randomly assigned to a 9-week GSSTP group or a waiting list control (WLC) group. All parents completed self-report measures before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) the programme and parents in the GSSTP group were assessed at 3- to 5-month follow-up (Time 3). At Time 2, clinical improvement and reliable change rates on the primary dependent variables (summary scales of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) were significantly higher in the GSSTP group than in the WLC group. At Time 2, mean scores of the GSSTP group showed significant, small to medium improvements relative to the WLC group on parent-reported child behaviour problems, parenting skills and confidence, and parental adjustment. Most of these improvements were maintained at 3- to 5-month follow-up. These results indicate that GSSTP is a promising intervention for improving child behaviour and parenting outcomes in a mixed-disability group in an Irish context.
The tomato paste tin can: An African journey (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Champy Muriel
Published: February 2019

In Burkina Faso, where imported goods now constitute the basic ingredients of the daily urban diet, tomato paste seems to epitomize the country’s position at the end of the globalized food chain. With the expansion of this manufactured comestible, the empty tomato paste tin can also has gradually replaced previously used calabashes and plastic bowls to become the sole recipient used by child beggars for receiving food donations. As such, it has become the primary graphic symbol for child begging, in particular, and for African underdevelopment in general. But this iconic status should not eclipse the fact that most Burkinabe households use this same can for a large array of daily tasks. This article patiently follows ‘the can’ through the variety of its uses, from tomato paste container to water recipient, measuring instrument, begging device, seat or cooking pot, thus offering a contribution to the social study of objects. It reveals that street children and Koranic students are both marginalized by using it, and also included in the various informal networks it ties together. Usually framed as an emblem of ‘underdevelopment’ and ‘poverty’, the can becomes a symbol of the transformations of the Burkinabe economy and of the rapid changes of consumption patterns the country is experiencing.
Developing a student well-being model for schools in Pakistan
Authors: Zulfiqar Asma , Syed Faiza Rahman , Latif Fatima Farida
Published: February 2019

This article aims to explore the concept of student well-being and how it can be introduced and integrated within Pakistan’s educational structure. The basis of the discussion is built around the need for having a student well-being model for schools in Pakistan. For the purpose of the study, the information is gathered inductively through a detailed literature review of the relevant data, which was further supplemented by three case studies from the public, private and catholic schools in Victoria, Australia. Along with this, extensive literature review was made of Pakistan’s education system. Following the completion of the literature review and case studies, a comprehensive framework is proposed along with a student well-being management plan for developing and integrating the student well-being model into the existing educational programme in the country.
Understanding vulnerability and encouraging young adults to become active citizens through education: the role of adult education professionals
Authors: Toiviainen Hanna , Kersh Natasha , Hyytiä Jaakko
Published: February 2019

The recent debate on active citizenship and adult education has been strongly underpinned by the discussion on how active citizenship could be exercised in a way that would promote inclusion and participation. The paper focuses on the role of adult educators in encouraging young adults in vulnerable life situations to become active citizens specifically through two empirical cases, from Finland and England (UK). The central questions the paper seeks to answer are: how do adult educators conceptualise vulnerability, and how do they see their role as facilitating young adults' active citizenship through their teaching? The consideration of socio-cultural, socio-economic and political dimensions of active participatory citizenship provides the conceptual lens to explore young adults’ participation in different social contexts. The analysis of the case studies supports the argument that active participatory citizenship is indirectly rather than directly included in the education and training of vulnerable young adults. This leads the article to highlight the adult educators’ mediation work in facilitating the socio-economic and political dimensions of active participatory citizenship in interaction with the students. Their mediator role is broadly invisible and in contrast with the ideal of adult education as the straightforward path to socio-economic citizenship and employability.
Effect of Source-Detector Distance on the Measurement of Hemoglobin Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Breast Cancer
Authors: Hayashi Maho , Yoshizawa Nobuko , Ueda Yukio , Mimura Tetsuya , Ohmae Etsuko , Yoshimoto Kenji , Wada Hiroko , Nasu Hatusko , Ogura Hiroyuki , Sakahara Harumi
Published: February 2019

We measured total hemoglobin concentrations in breast tumors by near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Muscles interfere with measurement when the probe is close to the chest wall. Since the target area of measurement depends on the distance between the light source and probe detector, we inferred that this issue could be solved by reducing the source-detector distance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the source-detector distance on the measurement of total hemoglobin concentration in the breast. We examined 26 patients with breast tumors. Total hemoglobin concentration was measured in tumors and the contralateral normal breasts at source-detector distances of 20 and 30 mm. The difference in total hemoglobin concentration between each tumor and the contralateral breast was calculated. The normal breast total hemoglobin concentration was significantly smaller for the source-detector distance of 20 mm than for the source-detector distance of 30 mm. Differences in source-detector distance did not significantly affect tumor total hemoglobin. The difference in total hemoglobin concentration between the tumor and the contralateral breast obtained at the source-detector distance of 20 mm was significantly higher than that obtained at the source-detector distance of 30 mm. From these results, we considered that measurement with a source-detector distance of 20 mm is less affected by the chest wall than with a source-detector distance of 30 mm and that the difference in total hemoglobin concentration between the tumor and the contralateral breast at a source-detector distance of 20 mm can better reflect the net total hemoglobin concentrations of the breast tumors. In conclusion, using a probe with a source-detector distance of 20 mm can more accurately evaluate the total hemoglobin concentration in breast tumors.
64Cu-based Radiopharmaceuticals in Molecular Imaging
Authors: Zhou Yeye , Li Jihui , Xu Xin , Zhao Man , Zhang Bin , Deng Shengming , Wu Yiwei
Published: February 2019

Copper-64 (T1/2 = 12.7 hours; β+: 19%, β−: 38%) has a unique decay profile and can be used for positron emission tomography imaging and radionuclide therapy. The well-established coordination chemistry of copper allows for its reaction with different types of chelator systems. It can be linked to antibodies, proteins, peptides, and other biologically relevant small molecules. Two potential ways to produce copper-64 radioisotopes concern the use of the cyclotron or the reactor. This review summarized several commonly used biomarkers of copper-64 radionuclide.
Intestinal phosphate absorption: The paracellular pathway predominates?
Authors: Saurette Matthew , Alexander R Todd
Published: February 2019

Hyperphosphatemia is nearly universal in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. Given the considerable negative sequelae associated with hyperphosphatemia, i.e. increased cardiovascular disease, hastening of renal failure and death, reducing serum phosphate is a goal of therapy. In the absence of sufficient renal function, intestinal phosphate absorption is the remaining target to reduce plasma phosphate levels. Much work has been done with respect to understanding transcellular phosphate absorption. Both animal studies using inducible or intestinal NaPi-2b knockout mice and specific NaPi-2b inhibitors revealed this transporter as the primary mechanism mediating transcellular phosphate absorption in the intestine. However, this has not translated into effective phosphate lowering therapies in patients with kidney disease. More recently, it was observed that inhibition of the epithelial sodium hydrogen exchanger, sodium–hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), or its genetic deletion, decreases intestinal phosphate absorption. The mechanism mediating this effect is through increased transepithelial resistance and reduced paracellular phosphate permeability. Thus, NHE3 inhibition reduces paracellular phosphate permeability in the intestine. The transepithelial potential difference across intestinal epithelium is lumen negative and phosphate commonly exists as a divalent anion. Further, consumption of the typical Western diet provides a large lumen to blood phosphate concentration gradient. Based on these observations we argue herein that the paracellular phosphate absorption route is the predominant pathway mediating intestinal phosphate absorption in humans.

Impact statement

This review summarizes the work on transcellular intestinal phosphate absorption, arguing why this pathway is not the predominant pathway in humans consuming a “Western” diet. We then highlight the recent evidence which is strongly consistent with paracellular intestinal phosphate absorption mediating the bulk of intestinal phosphate absorption in humans.
Systematic review of community pharmacy–based and pharmacist-led foot care interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Soprovich Allison L. , Sharma Vishal , Tjosvold Lisa , Eurich Dean T. , Johnson Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2019

Background:

To prevent diabetic foot disease, proper foot care is essential for early detection and treatment. Pharmacists are well suited to provide accessible foot care to adults with type 2 diabetes. Limited research has examined this role.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic review of community pharmacy–based and pharmacist-led foot care interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes compared to usual care. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition and Google Scholar, plus Google and hand-searching. Original research studies reported in English, focused on community pharmacy–based or pharmacist-led foot care interventions were eligible for review. Participants were adults with type 2 diabetes. Studies were summarized narratively; pooled data were not possible.

Results:

Seven studies were included in this review, 3 focusing on improving foot self-care behaviours and 4 on promoting foot examinations by the health care provider. Only 2 studies were randomized and were assessed as high quality. Six out of 7 studies reported significantly positive findings related to foot care practices.

Discussion:

An opportunity to influence foot care exists at each clinical encounter. Pharmacists are accessible health care practitioners and appropriate to provide a range of diabetes foot care interventions.

Conclusions:

Seven studies examined community pharmacy–based and pharmacist-led foot care interventions for people with type 2 diabetes. Community pharmacies and pharmacists are capable of providing a variety of foot care interventions to patients with diabetes, helping detect problems early and leading to prompt intervention.
Q-learning trajectory planning based on Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy parallel distributed compensation structure of humanoid manipulator
Authors: Wen Shuhuan , Hu Xueheng , Lv Xiaohan , Wang Zongtao , Peng Yong
Published: February 2019

NAO is the first robot created by SoftBank Robotics. Famous around the world, NAO is a tremendous programming tool and he has especially become a standard in education and research. Aiming at the large error and poor stability of the humanoid robot NAO manipulator during trajectory tracking, a novel framework based on fuzzy controller reinforcement learning trajectory planning strategy is proposed. Firstly, the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model based on the dynamic equation of the NAO right arm is established. Secondly, the design and the gain solution of the state feedback controller based on the parallel feedback compensation strategy are studied. Finally, the ideal trajectory of the motion is planned by reinforcement learning algorithm so that the end of the manipulator can track the desired trajectory and realize the valid obstacle avoidance. Simulation and experiment shows that the end of the manipulator based on this scheme has good controllability and stability and can meet the accuracy requirements of trajectory tracking accuracy, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Defining treatment effects: A regulatory perspective
Authors: Permutt Thomas
Published: February 2019

The proposed addendum to the International Conference on Harmonization document, Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials, can be read in two ways. There is a new framework for talking about estimands, but is it about fitting present methods into the framework? Or is it about changing methods? My answer: some of each. Where different methods are needed, there are challenging problems in estimating some desirable estimands, but there may also be desirable estimands that can be estimated easily and robustly.
EPS mid-career prize lecture 2017: Writing systems, reading, and language
Authors: Rastle Kathleen
Published: February 2019

Skilled reading reflects an accumulation of experience with written language. Written language is typically viewed as an expression of spoken language, and this perspective has motivated approaches to understanding reading and reading acquisition. However, in this article, I develop the proposal that written language has diverged from spoken language in important ways that maximise the transmission of meaningful information, and that this divergence has been central to the development of rapid, skilled reading. I use English as an example to show that weaknesses in the relationship between spelling and sound can give rise to strong regularities between spelling and meaning that are critical for the rapid analysis of printed words. I conclude by arguing that the nature of the reading system is a reflection of the writing system and that a deep understanding of reading can be obtained only through a deep understanding of written language.
Ears, heads, and eyes: When singers synchronise
Authors: Palmer Caroline , Spidle Frances , Koopmans Erik , Schubert Peter
Published: February 2019

We examined the relationship between endogenous rhythms, auditory and visual cues, and body movement in the temporal coordination of duet singers. Sixteen pairs of experienced vocalists sang a familiar melody in Solo and two Duet conditions. Vocalists sang together in Unison (simultaneously producing identical pitches) and Round Duet conditions (one vocalist, the Follower, producing pitches at an eight-tone delay from their partner, the Leader) while facing Inward (full visual cues) and Outward (reduced visual cues). Larger tempo differences in partners’ spontaneous (temporally unconstrained) Solo performances were associated with larger asynchrony in Duet performances, consistent with coupling predictions for oscillators with similar natural frequencies. Vocalists were slightly but consistently more synchronous in Duets when facing their partner (Inward) than when facing Outward; Unison and Round performances were equally synchronous. The greater difficulty of Rounds production was evidenced in vocalists’ slower performance rates and more variable head movements; Followers directed their head gaze away from their partner and used bobbing head movements to mark the musical beat. The strength of Followers’ head movements corresponded to the amount of tone onset asynchrony with their partners, indicating a strong association between timing and movement under increased attentional and working memory demands in music performance.
Comparison of the biomechanics of radial head prostheses with dynamic loading in the radiocapitellar joint
Authors: Sun Yucheng , Adikrishna Arnold , Hong Hanpyo , Tan Jun , Jeon In-Ho
Published: February 2019

We used eight fresh cadaveric elbows to evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of the native radial head, an anatomic radial head prosthesis, and a non-anatomic radial head prosthesis using a dynamic model. The biceps, brachialis, and triceps were attached to pneumatic actuators loaded to mimic muscle force. The radiocapitellar contact pressure and area were measured in real time, and the associated curves were depicted simultaneously. No significant differences in the contact area or associated curves were found between native radial head and the anatomic radial head prosthesis. The contact pressure and associated curve for the anatomic radial head prosthesis were better than those for the non-anatomic radial head prosthesis. We conclude from this study that the contact pressure and area of the elbow with anatomic radial head prosthesis are similar to those of the native radial head. The anatomic radial head prosthesis appears to be more suitable in clinical use.
Reach out and grasp the opportunity: reconstructive hand surgery in tetraplegia
Authors: Fridén Jan , Lieber Richard L.
Published: February 2019

Reconstructive upper extremity surgeries in tetraplegia are technically challenging because of the many complicated real-time decisions that need to be made, e.g. extent of release of donor muscle-tendon complex, routing of donor muscles, tissue preparation and optimization, tensioning of muscle-tendon units, balancing joints and suturing tendon-to-tendon attachments. Nerve transfer surgeries can add functionality but also make the reconstruction planning more complex. In this overview, we present some of the fundamental muscle-tendon-joint mechanics studies that allow for single-stage surgical reconstruction of hand function as well as early postoperative activity-based training in patients with cervical spinal cord injuries. We foresee an increased need for studies addressing combined nerve and tendon transfer reconstructions in parallel with patient-perceived outcome investigations. These should be combined with implementation of assistive technology such as functional electrical stimulation for diagnostic, prognostic and training purposes.