bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using of Nano-poly Chitosan Cephalexin Drug to Inhibit Spread Cancer Cells
Authors: Abbas Aliaa H , Al-Baiati Mohammad  N
Published: April 2023

In our work, a natural chitosan nano polymer was synthesized and characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diff raction (XRD) techniques. Then the nano-chitosan was linked with cephalexin drug, which FTIR characterized, and 1H-NMR techniques. The biological activity of the nano-chitosan- cephalexin drug was studied by measured cell line breast cancer. Where it showed a high rate in preventing the spread of breast cancer.
Insights of In-silico Neurotoxicity Studies of Glucuronolactone, Taurine and Gluconolactone Correlating the Induced Neuronal Alteration in Rat Pups
Authors: Boyina Revathi , Dodoala Sujatha , Gindi Sumalatha , M Pooja Reddy , Desu Prasanna  K
Published: April 2023

Background: Signifi cant concentrations of food additives found in energy drinks have the potential to be neurotoxic and promote oxidative stress, among other negative consequences. Pregnant rats were split up into six groups for the current study. Group 1 received vehicle, CAF standard (25 mg/kg p.o.), groups 3-6 received GLUR (5 mg/kg p.o.), TAU (8 mg/kg p.o.), GLU (84 mg/kg p.o.), and combinations of the three chosen food additives (CF), respectively. From prenatal day 3 through postnatal day 15, certain food additives were administered to pregnant rats at signifi cant doses. After parturition on PND 21, behavioral changes were assessed using the Rotarod, active avoidance, and elevated plus maze tests. On PND 30, 45, and 60, rat brain tissue had its acetylcholine and epinephrine levels evaluated. Further, on days 30 and 60, brain tissue was assessed for the presence of oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Finally, histopathological studies were carried out in brain hippocampal region. Further in-silico studies were carried out on selected receptors. Results: Rat pups fed with food additives showed a signifi cant (p < 0.001) change in behavior, including memory, cognition, and motor activity. Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased anti-oxidant enzymes were signifi cant in TAU and CF groups. Further in-silico studies were carried out, where GLUR showed high binding affi nity to specifi c receptor targets, GABA A and NMDA1 receptors, and specifi c enzyme targets MAO A and MAO B neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes compared to caff eine hinted the decrease in neurotransmitters as in-vivo studies. Conclusion: The current fi ndings support the hypothesis that the chosen dose and mix of food additives altered rat pups’ neurobehavioral and neurotransmitter profi les.
Synthesis of Thiolated Cashew Gum and Its Evaluation as an Improved Mucoadhesive Agent in Drug Delivery
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Pranab K , Nayak Amit K
Published: April 2023

The objectives of present research work were to extract cashew exudate gum (CG), perform thiolation of extracted CG, and evaluate the synthesized thiolated cashew exudate gum (TCG) as a mucoadhesive agent in designing metronidazole mucoadhesive gels and metronidazole mucoadhesive buccal discs. The CG was thiolated or thiol-modifi ed via esterifi cation utilizing thioglycolic acid and hydrochloric acid. Metronidazole mucoadhesive gels and metronidazole mucoadhesive buccal discs made of unmodifi ed CG and TCG (as mucoadhesive agent) were formulated and evaluated to reveal their bio-mucoadhesive potentials in drug delivery. The yield of thiolated product (TCG) was 56.24%, and the thiol-group content in TCG was found to be 9.06 mM of thiol group/g of CG. FTIR analysis indicated the thiolation of CG in the synthesized TCG. Both types of formulations (mucoadhesive gels and buccal discs) made of TCG exhibited excellent improved ex-vivo bio-mucoadhesion and consistent pattern of metronidazole releasing over a prolonged time. The synthesized TCG can be utilized as an improved mucoadhesive material in designing bio-mucoadhesive systems for drug delivery.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of CdO: Ag NPs using Moringa Leaves Extract for Use as Anti-microbial Activity
Authors: Muhammed Suaad A A , Abass Nada K
Published: April 2023

The current research focuses on synthesizing cadmium oxide (CdO), CdO: Ag nanoparticle (NPs) by green method using the Moringa leaves Extract (MLE) and its anti-microbial activity. Using UV-vis spectroscopy to determine the formation of CdO: Ag NPs where the energy gap of the prepared samples was 2.79, 2.67, and 2.46 for CdO, CdO: Ag 3% and CdO: Ag 5%, respectively. The biological substances in responsibility of capping the produced NPs were identifi ed using FTIR. The NPs were further characterized by X-ray diff ractograms (XRD). The average grain size for CdO, CdO: Ag (3 and 5%) were 15.322, 15.5, and 36.84 nm, respectively, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and atomic force microscope (AFM), were obtained the average diameter 18.88, 43.48, 99.15 nm for CdO, CdO: Ag 3% and CdO: Ag 5%, respectively. The anti-bacterial activity of green synthesized CdO: Ag(NPS) was investigated against (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia) at diff erent concentrations, showing clear inhibition zones from 30 to 38 mm, thereby indicating its inhibitory activity.
Rheological and Thermal Behavior of Choline-based Deep Eutectic Ionic Liquid and its Impact on a Poorly Soluble Drug Model
Authors: Raad Rafif , Maraie Nidhal K , Raauf Ayad MR
Published: April 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to prepare a deep eutectic ionic liquid based on choline chloride and malonic acid (Maline) in diff erent molar ratios and evaluate the maline properties to designate the best ratio for solubilizing risperidone, a poorly soluble drug model. Method: Malines were prepared using choline chloride and malonic acid in 1:0.8, 1:0.9 and 1:1 molar ratios. The characterization of malines involved pH rating, rheological test and thermal behavior using DSC. In addition to estimating the interactions that occur between the choline chloride and malonic acid to form the malines theoretically using the computational prediction program Mercury and experimentally by 1H-NMR and FTIR. Results: This study shows that all malines (M1-M3) represents an acidic pH and high viscosity with a non-newtonian behavior (shear thinning property ) at low temperature while a Newtonian behavior (shear rate-independent) at high temperatures. In malines (M1-M3) thermograms, the absence of pure compounds melting point peaks with a glass transition temperature at -14○C that confi rms the DES property. FTIR and 1H-NMR results represent a hydrogen bond formation between choline chloride and malonic acid and further between maline and risperidone which is similar to the computational prediction. Maline (M1) with molar ratio of 1:1 had a preferable solubilizing eff ect on risperidone reaching 20.5 mg/mL, while in (M2) (1:0.9) reaches 13.6 mg/mL, and in (M3) reaches 11.9 mg/mL. Conclusion: Maline (M1) was chosen as the optimum molar ratio to form a deep eutectic ionic liquid that successfully enhances risperidone solubility and boosts its bioavailability.
The Protective Potential eff ect of Metformin during Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity through Nrf2 Activation
Authors: Mohsin Safa H , Arif Inam S , Hameed Muthanna I
Published: April 2023

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol [APAP]) is the most commonly used medication for the relief of pain and fever around the world. Although APAP is safe and eff ective at a therapeutic level, acute overdose causes hepatotoxicity and severe liver damage. The hepatotoxicity induced by APAP is a persistent global problem that results in hepatotoxicity cases; acute liver failure and even death worldwide. This toxicity is characterized by extensive oxidant stress which consequently causes hepatocyte cell death. On the other hand, scientifi c studies have proven that MET shows hepatoprotective eff ect against hepatotoxicity induced by APAP through numerous mechanisms, e.g., antioxidant activity that alleviate the hepatotoxicity by activating Nrf2 pathway. The activation of Nrf2 pathway is anticipated to protect cells from oxidative stress that forms during hepatotoxicity. The benefi cial of using MET to protect against hepatotoxicity after APAP has been performed in an in-vitro experiment using Hep2G cell culture. However, up to our knowledge non, an in-vivo study (experimental animal) has been used to approve the benefi t of MET. Justifi cation: Nrf2 pathway activation by MET is one of the most important issues that need to be explained and followed up in laboratory animals since it has been previously studied in-vitro. Our study focuses on studying Nrf2 pathway in-vivo, since the results of in-vivo study are more relevant and similar to that of human beings. Aim of the study: To examine the possible stimulant eff ect of MET on Nrf2 pathway in experimental animals and its role in protecting the liver from oxidative stress that formed during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Methodology: Twenty-four wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups (six rats/Grp). Grp1; normal saline orally, Grp2; toxic dose of APAP (1000 mg/kg) orally; Grp3; 200 mg/kg of MET ip after 1-hour of APAP (1000 mg/kg) orally, Grp 4; 200 mg/kg MET ip for 24 hours. Then sera from experimental animals were collected for subsequent assessments of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activities. Liver tissue was harvested to detect the expression of keap1 which is the negative regulator of Nrf2, and HO-1 and GST A1, which are related to Nrf2 pathway, by western blotting technique. Results: The results were showed a signifi cant elevation in ALT and AST activities in APAP treated group while MET normalized these biomarkers (AST and ALT). Western blotting assay showed that keap1 expression increased in APAP-treated animals while MET showed a signifi cant decrement in keap1 expression. The expression of antioxidant proteins HO-1 and GST A1 are decreased signifi cantly in APAP-treated animals while increased signifi cantly by MET treatment. Conclusion: The present results demonstrated that MET has a hepatoprotective eff ect in experimental animals against hepatotoxicity induced by APAP through activating Nrf2 pathway.
Impact of Lipid Type and Ratio in Rizatriptan Benzoate Nanostructured Lipid Carrier
Authors: Rajab Nawal A , Jawad Mohammad S
Published: April 2023

Nanotechnology represents a magic wand to solve most problems related to improving drug effi ciency, one of the most important of these problems is the drug’s permeability through biological membranes. Rizatriptan benzoate was used for the treatment of acute migraine, it has poor permeability and is diffi cult to administer through the nose. This study aims to design a nanostructured lipid carrier containing rizatriptan benzoate as a trial to enhance its biological permeability. A high shear homogenization technique was utilized as a method of preparation; glyceryl monostearate and becs wax are used as solid lipids while oleic acid and castor oil were used as liquid lipids in diff erent ratios. Particle size analysis, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment effi ciency, and loading effi ciency were considered the main criteria for the evaluation, meanwhile, the in-vitro release test was done for the formulas having smallest particle size. Moreover, the infrared spectroscopy and diff erential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are investigated for the selected formula. The obtained outcome revealed a signifi cant eff ect on the particle size and entrapment effi ciency upon enhancing the ratio of liquid lipid. Furthermore, changing the type of solid and liquid lipid leads to a dramatic alteration in the criteria of evaluation, also biphasic release pattern was seen. The infrared spectroscopy shows an intact rizatriptan benzoate, while DSC revealed a change of drug molecule to an amorphous state. In conclusion, a high shear homogenization can be used to formulate a successful nanostructured lipid carrier with good physical properties.
The Probable Association between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Authors: Salman Omar D , Merdaw Maysoon A Z , Almaliky Ahmed A
Published: April 2023

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder that constitutes a major health problem worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that may infect any nucleated cell. Toxoplasmosis is becoming a worldwide health threat, infecting 30–50% of the world’s human population. The studies that have been undertaken to investigate the link between T. gondii infection and diabetes have shown contradictory fi ndings. This research aimed to look at the possible link between T2DM and T. gondii infection. Methods and Subjects: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach was used to screen for T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in 69 patients with T2DM and 92 seemingly healthy persons as controls. Results: The results demonstrate that all participants were IgM negative, the percentage of T. gondii latent infection was (52.1%) among patients with T2DM and (31.5%) among non-diabetic individuals. The frequency of infection diff ers signifi cantly between diabetic and non-diabetic people. T. gondii infection was not linked to the studied risk factors. Conclusion: There is serological evidence of a link between T2D and T. gondii infection. Furthermore, Toxoplasmosis is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Development of the Formulation and Evaluation of the Anti-arthritic Activity of Vitex negundo Gel and Latex
Authors: Rajguru Jeevan R , Shirsat Mrunal K , Navale Sampat D
Published: April 2023

The important oil is Vitex negundo Linn. It is used in the treatment of eye diseases, toothache, infl ammation, leukoplakia, splenomegaly, skin ulcers, catarrh, rheumatoid arthritis, gonorrhea and bronchitis. It is also used as a tonic, insect repellent, galactagogue, menstrual agent, antibacterial, antipyretic and antihistamine. The plant component arrangements of V. negundo, are used commercially in a variety of Ayurvedic medicines and ointments for the treatment of a variety of ailments including rheumatism, arthritis, gout, cervical spondylitis, infl ammatory musculoskeletal, hemorrhoids (hemorrhoids), painful wounds, painful wounds. wounds, painful sores, burns and fungal infections of the skin. From the in vitro diff usion of drugs, we concluded that Emulgel composed of HPMC polymers can control drug secretion for a long time, which helps to prevent more fl uctuation and also reduces the cost of treatment. Due to the advantages of latex for improved spreadability, adhesion, viscosity, and extrudability, this new type of drug delivery is gaining popularity, besides systemic action, the local topical utility of hydrophobic dispensers is also of interest.
The Protective Eff ect of Cinnamic Acid against Ulcerative Colitis in Mice
Authors: Hussein Maysam A , Abdulrazzaq Munaf H
Published: April 2023

Objective: To study the protective eff ects of cinnamic acid on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Materials and methods. Forty adult male mice were randomLy divided into fi ve groups, control group, an induction group received 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 consecutive days. Two treatment groups received oral suspension of cinnamic acid 50 and 25 mg/kg, respectively and 3% DSS in drinking water, for 7 consecutive days. The fi nal group received oral suspension of cinnamic acid 50 mg/kg for the latter 7 days without DSS in drinking water. All the animals were euthanized on day eight. The colon of animals was extracted and divided into two sections, the middle was homogenized and biochemically analyzed using the mean levels of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde, catalase, the distal for histopathological examination Results: Total SOD, malondialdehyde, and catalase show signifi cant results in the model group when compared to thecontrol group. DSS with cinnamic acid 50 mg/kg group and DSS with cinnamic acid 25 mg/kg revealed a signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in total SOD and MDA and signifi cant reduction in catalase when compared to the model group. Histopathological examination showed a signifi cant reduction of infl ammatory signs in all cinnamic acid-treated groups compared to the DSS model group. Conclusion: The treatment with cinnamic acid signifi cantly decreased the levels of DSS-associated oxidative stress. This fi nding supports the idea that the use of this substance could be used as a potential therapy for patients with ulcerative colitis.
Formulation and Characterization of Raloxifene loaded Biodegradable Polymeric Nanomicelles
Authors: Dave Pooja , Detroja Chetan
Published: April 2023

Raloxifene has been used to treat breast cancer; nevertheless, it has poor water solubility and a low bioavailability fraction because higher fi rst-pass metabolism hinders its application raloxifene nano micelles by using PLGA50:50 to enhance solubility and bioavailability. The solvent evaporation technique was used to prepare polymeric nano-micelles. Ral-loaded polymeric micelles had a zeta potential of - 0.71 mV, implying a practically neutral surface charge. Blank micelles and RAL-loaded micelles had similar average sizes of 84.29 nm and 95.41 nm, respectively. The drug encapsulating and drug loading capacity was found to be 16.08 ± 0.34% and drug loading 5.04 ± 0.002% (w/w), respectively. An in-vitro study illustrates a 95.10% sustained release drug profi le for 120 hours.
Controlled Release Levetiracetam Loaded Eudragits Microspheres for Oral Drug Delivery: Preparation and Evaluation
Authors: Khalid Arshed A , Ali Wedad  K
Published: April 2023

This work aims to prepare controlled release microspheres loaded with levetiracetam (LEV) for oral use that will have a targeted release site, thus reducing dose frequency and improving patient compliance. Levetiracetam is a 2nd generation antiepileptic medication with a T/half-life of 7 hours that is administered twice daily, which makes it suitable for formulation that will reduce dosing intake. The microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method using Eudragit E100, L100, and S100 polymers as matrix core polymers at diff erent ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 with levetiracetam. These polymers have diff erent pH sensitivity profi les, which will aid the release of levetiracetam in a controlled manner along the gastrointestinal tract. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for yield percentage, entrapment effi ciency (EE%), morphological characteristics and in-vitro release profi le. The yield percentage and EE% for the formulation at diff erent ratios ranged from 69–99%. The in-vitro release analysis showed favorable targeted release of the drug at specifi c pH ranges matching specifi c sites in the gastrointestinal tract.
Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacological Activity of Solidago canadensis L. against H1N1 Virus, involving the Separation and Identifi cation of Three New Compounds
Authors: Hasan Hayder T , Kadhim Enas J
Published: April 2023

Solidago canadensis L. (S. canadensis) is a member of the Asteraceae family, which comprises over a 100 species. The aerial portion of S. canadensis was defatted by maceration in hexane for 24 hours; the defatted plant components were extracted for 24 hours using a Soxhlet apparatus and aqueous ethanol 85%, and then fractionated by diff erent solvents. The ethyl acetate, and chloroform fractions were examined using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). The examination revealed the presence of several phenolics, coumarins, and fl avonoid compounds. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC) was utilized to isolate several compounds. Eugenol-o-glucoside, 2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, and 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (Hircinol) have been isolated and identifi ed in the plant for the fi rst time. High-throughput cytopathic eff ect (CPE) inhibitory tests for the H1N1 virus on vero cells were developed to investigate new potential antiviral agents. A crystal violet uptake assay was used to measure the cytotoxic and antiviral eff ects. The polyphenols in the ethyl acetate fraction showed high antiviral activities against H1N1 with a selective index (SI) = estimated CC50/estimated IC50 = 23.6. Consequently, the tested samples are good candidates for further experiments as anti-infl uenza H1N1
The Effect of Metformin and Biological Therapy on Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Psoriatic Patients
Authors: Al-Oudah Ghadah Ali , Al-Hattab Mohammed K , Sahib Ahmed S , Mohammed Shaimaa M
Published: April 2023

Psoriasis refers to a medical condition involving long-term infl ammation, high insulin resistance, obesity and a likelihood of cardiovascular disease. Objective: This paper attempts to fi nd out if the addition of metformin to biological therapy has the benefi cial eff ect of increasing insulin sensitivity in moderate to severe Iraqi psoriatic patients. Subjects and Methods: The experimental group comprises 24 patients suff ering from moderate to severe psoriasis. They were randomly selected into two groups: group A comprises 13 psoriatic patients treated with 40 mg of adalimumab twice monthly for 12 weeks. While group B contains 11 psoriatic patients treated with 40 mg of adalimumab twice monthly and a single daily dose of 850 mg of metformin for 12 weeks. The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), as well as insulin-resistance parameters, which include fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting serum insulin (FSI) are estimated for each patient before and after completion of therapy. Results: The two groups showed a signifi cant reduction in insulin resistance. Nonetheless, group B showed greater reduction. Furthermore, the PASI score of the two groups exhibited improvement, but group B exhibited a higher percentage improvement than group A, and the diff erence was signifi cant (p <0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that adding a single daily dose of 850 mg of metformin has a more benefi cial eff ect on insulin resistance (IR) in psoriasis patients than using only biological therapy.
Pharmacological Evaluation of Alcoholic Extract of Clitoria ternatea Root for Anxiolytic and Anticonvulsant Activity
Authors: Reddy N V L S.V , Raju M G , Niharika M , Pratyusha B , Thorat Mahesh , Tare Harshal
Published: April 2023

Recent scientifi c studies have indicated that some of the same medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine to treat epilepsy may also have anticonvulsant qualities, suggesting that they may be a possible source of novel anticonvulsants. Anticonvulsant properties have been studied in animal models. Clitoria ternatea Linn’s ethanolic root extract was examined for antiepileptic, anxiolytic, and phytochemical properties. Phenytoin 25 mg/kg, as a reference medicine, the extract was tested against strychnine-induced convulsion in rats at oral doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The elevated plus maze and staircase test were used to examine mice’s anxiolytic activity with lorazepam (the gold standard) at 0.05 mg/kg. When using a strychnine-induced convulsion model, the ethanolic extract markedly accelerated the start of convulsions. In the elevated plus maze test, Clitoria ternatea Linn ethanolic root extract at 200, 400, and standard doses signifi cantly increased the time and number of the entry in open arms compared to the control group. In a staircase test, the ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea increased the number of steps climbed and lowered rearing compared to the control group. Docking scores in mcule software indicate that interactions with the glycine agonist (PDB: 5I57) and the GABA agonist (PDB: 4MS3) receptors for epilepsy and anxiety, respectively, are highly eff ective. Evidence for the biochemical evaluation of GABA, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic action, as well as in-silico activities, of the ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea was reported in this work.
The Effectiveness of Salvadora persica Extracted Miswak and ZnO NPs on Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Ibraheem Muntaha R
Published: April 2023

Salvadora persica, (Miswak) deem oral hygiene essential biological and chemical activities. The current study aimed to study the biological activity of S. persica of extract using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show that contains analysis of the FTIR test results of miswak extract. While the analysis using UV-vis displays that the extract contains analysis of UV-vis test for miswak extract. The extract shows higher activity against bacteria than fungi. The inhibition zone of Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus, and the ZnO nanoparticles show high biological activity against (bacteria and fungi). The chewing stick which is commonly known as the Miswak tree and its scientifi c name is S. persica L, occurs in most of the countries of Asia and Africa. The plant has long been prized in the Middle East for its vital biological and chemical properties and its usage in mouth hygiene, as mentioned in ethnobotanical records. This research aims to summarize this species’ biological eff ects (antibacterial and antifungal) by testing the eff ect of diff erent concentrations of extracted Miswak (aqueous extracts) in E. coli as gram-negative In addition to use diff erent measurement devices, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and gas chromatography (GC) to analyze the extracted Miswak. We found that S. persica has benefi cial therapeutic eff ects and has the potential to be used as a useful adapt genic herbal treatment based on its chemical and pharmacological characteristics.
Evaluation of the Eff ectiveness of the Copper (II) Complex with a New Ligand derived from Benzothiazole and Anthranilic Acid as Anticancer and Antioxidant
Authors: Ali Maysson H . , Jamel Hayder O .
Published: April 2023

Four steps were used to convert 2-mercaptobenzothiazole into the new ligand (2-((2-((4-(1-((4’-(benzothiazol-2-ylamino)- [1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)imino) ethyl) phenyl)imino)-1,2diphenylethylidene) amino)benzoic acid (LH) type of schiff bases: The fi rst step included preparing compound (A) N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-[1, 1’-biphenyl]-4, 4’-diamine by the reaction 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with benzidine. The second step was prepared the compound(B) 2 OXO-1, 2-diphenylethylidene) amino) benzoic -(( 2- acid by the reacting anthranilic acid with benzil As for the third step, it included the reaction of the product of the fi rest step with 4-aminoacitophenon and the formation compound (C). The fourth step was the preparation ligand (LH) by reacting compound(B) with compound (C). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), UV-vis, melting points, molar conductivity, CHN, atomic absorption, magnetic sensitivity, and other measurements were used to determine the structure of the ligand (LH) and its complex with copper (II). The MTT method was used to evaluate the activity of the ligand (LH) and its complex with copper (II) in-vitro as an anticancer (human breast cancer (MCF7). Nd (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the ligand schiff base in-vitro anticancer activity of a Cu(II) complex against human breast cancer MCF7
Factors Aff ecting Foam Stability of Clotrimazole Vaginal Foam
Authors: Falhi Jumana M , Kassab Hanan J
Published: April 2023

Clotrimazole (CLT) is a broad-spectrum antifungal, synthetic imidazole derivative, used for Candida albicans the major cause of vaginitis. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) symptoms can cause discomfort and lower a women’s quality of life. Foams are used to apply formulation without the use of fi ngertips, the more stable the foam the better for coverage of larger surface area. CLT 2% vaginal foam were prepared as an O/W emulsion using Tween 20 and Span 20, Lemon oil, PEG 400, SLS, cetyl alcohol, and the formulas were evaluated for foamability and foam stability, foam density, cycles of freezing and thawing, heating, and cooling, and the impact of the chosen formula on Candida culture are all taken into consideration. The results showed that the CLT prepared successfully as vaginal foam, and the selected formula (F24) considered as the best formula which has good miscibility, texture and acceptable homogeneity, pH (4.8), drug content (97.5%), acceptable foamability and foam stability; foam expansion FE (70%), foam liquid stability (FLS) (40%), foam volume stability FVS (23.5%), gas fraction (GF) (35 mL), acceptable foam density (0.90), good stability at temperature changes, freeze–thaw cycle (pass), heating–cooling cycle (pass) with no phase separation, fast complete drug release (100% in about 40 min), no interaction between the solid components of the formula and acceptable inhibition zone against Candida strains. Finally, we can conclude that formulation of CLT as vaginal foam is an optimum method to improve patients’ compliance and cure the disease with low recurrence possibility due to fast release and long contact time with the aff ected area.
Preparation and Evaluation of PVA, Chitosan Polymeric Matrixes and In-vitro Study for their Controlled Release of Enzalutamide
Authors: Hatem Oraas A , Alebady Zainab A H
Published: April 2023

Enzalutamide is an eff ective androgen signaling receptor inhibitor that aff ects the androgen pathway in various ways. Enzalutamide can reduce the competitive binding of testosterone to the androgen receptor. It also inhibits the translocation of the activated androgen receptor for the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and its binding to DNA and cofactors recruitment to the binding site. This study evaluated polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan hydrogels as a pH-sensitive matrix drug delivery system for enzalutamide. The release of enzalutamide from PVA/CS hydrogel were determined at the simulated gastric and intestinal fl uid (SGF and SIF, respectively). Various kinetic models were employed to evaluate the drug release’s kinetic mechanism. The drug release was infl uenced by the concentration of polymers, the pH of the release medium, and the amount of cross-linking agent. Hydrogels containing (60:40) PVA to chitosan showed a higher release percentage of about 98% at SIF. The kinetic models showed that the release process follows the Higuchi model in SGF with a regression coeffi cient of 0.925. In contrast, SIF follows the fi rstorder model with a regression coeffi cient value of 0.994. The results confi rmed that the new formed PVA/CS hydrogels are potential systems for enzalutamide-controlled drug delivery
Eff ect of Tea Extract on Few Bacterial Species Isolated from Tonsillitis by Adding Some Concentrations of NaCl
Authors: Jasim Afrah A , Ahmed Noor S , Hussein Marwan A
Published: April 2023

Several bacterial species associated with tonsillitis were isolated from the samarra general hospital, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The extract of alcohol and water tea was used to observe its eff ect in inhibiting the growth of bacteria with the addition of 3 concentrations of NaCl (5, 7.5, 10 g/L ) to the medium used (Muller hinton agar, Nutrient agar), the results showed that the eff ect of S. aureus on the alcohol and water extracts and all the concentrations used in addition to the use of the muller hinton agar and the use of nutrient agar the result showed that the bacteria were aff ected by alcohol extract and all the concentrations used however when adding the water extract the eff ect of bacteria was observed when adding the third concentration of NaCl , The eff ect of E. coli was observed by alcoholic and water extract of tea with the addition of the third concentration of NaCl using the muller hinton agar and the use of the nutrient agar the growth of E. coli was observed by alcoholic extract only and by the addition of the third concentration of NaCl, The eff ect of the bacteria was observed with alcohol extract only for the tea and all the concentrations using the muller hinton agar and using the nutrient agar the eff ect of bacterial growth was observed by the extract when adding the third concentration of NaCl to the medium, we conclude are diff erences in the eff ect of extract on isolated bacterial species
Design, Development and Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Ocular Delivery of an Antifungal Agent
Authors: Mahal Raff ah K , Al-Gawhari Fatima
Published: April 2023

Oral and intravenous dosing of the second-generation antifungal drug voriconazole (VCZ), with its wide range of antifungal action, is commercially accessible. Visual and hepatic problems might occur when VCZ is used in large doses. Voriconazole SLNs were prepared in this study with the goal of increasing corneal penetration and drug release. The thin fi lm hydration approach was used to make VCZ SLNs. The central composite experimental design was used to maximize the impacts of independent processing factors on vesicle size (R1), drug entrapment effi ciency (%EE) and zeta potential (ZP; R3) responses on lipid concentration (X1), surfactant concentration (X2), and sonication duration (X3). An evaluation of the drug release profi le, corneal penetration, antifungal susceptibility, and cytotoxicity of the improved formula was conducted. The improved recipe achieved the best results with a ZP of -39.6 ± 0.28 mV, an average particle size of 156 ± 3.84 nm, and an EE% of 89.2 ± 2.01. When compared to the unformulated drug solution, the VCZ-SLNs had a prolonged 10 hours drug release profi le with improved corneal penetration, with Papp and Jss measuring 14.35×10-2 cm h-1 and 4.61 mol h-1, respectively, instead of 7.28×10-2 cm h-1 and 2.48 mol h-1. Non-irritating VCZ-SLNs were determined to be corneal tissue, according to the study. Improved corneal penetration and higher antifungal activity without harmful eff ects on ocular tissues were achieved by VCZ-SLNs
Bacterial Inhibition by Nanoparticles Treated Eucalyptus Extract Rana S. Hasan1, Maha E. Irzoqy2, Jalal M. Z. Jalal1, Safaa M. Sultan1
Authors: Hasan Rana S , Irzoqy Maha E , Jalal Jalal M Z , Sultan Safaa M
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to test the effi ciency of eucalyptus extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) supplemented with zinc nanoparticles in inhibiting gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria isolated in patients and their identifi cation. The results showed the identifi cation of two gram-negative bacteria: Salmonella and Entamoeba coli. Three types of gram-positive bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus epidermidis The eff ect of the aqueous extract of eucalyptus on the aforementioned species was tested, as it proved highly eff ective in infl uencing the growth of gram-positive bacteria than it is with gram-negative bacteria. While the eff ect of the alcoholic extract on the growth of negative bacteria was greater than its eff ect on the gram-positive bacteria and it proved highly eff ective on E. coli compared to Salmonella. The results of the synergistic action of the above-mentioned extracts when mixed with nano-zinc, showed a signifi cant increase in the inhibition of the growth of bacterial species. Whereas the turbulent eff ect of the alcoholic extract with nano-zinc showed a signifi cant eff ect on the growth of dye-negative bacteria compared to the eff ect of the aqueous extract supplemented with nano-zinc, which gave the highest eff ect in inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria.
Improvement of Entrapment and Ocular Permeability of Ganciclovir Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Using Various Conditions of Preparations
Authors: Salih Zainab T , Al-Gawhari Fatima
Published: April 2023

Ganciclovir (GCV) is a drug included in BCS-Class III, having high solubility and low permeability. It is a synthetic acyclic nucleoside analog of 2′-deoxyguanosine, considered a potent inhibitor of herpes viruses and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common and are also considered a major cause of corneal blindness. This study intended to advance a pioneering nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) system for improving the ocular permeability of GCV. Several procedures were used for the preparation. Cold homogenization, solvent injection, and emulsifi cationultrasonication methods. A mixture of palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) as a lipid matrix, cremophore EL, and transcutol HP were used as emulsifi ers. To evaluate the optimum method, the particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment effi ciency (EE), and drug loading (DL%) were determined for the prepared NLCs. Due to the decreased particle size value, the polydispersity index, and the high value of EE%, emulsifi cation/ultrasonication outcomes were more practical than cold homogenization and solvent injection procedures. The fi ndings demonstrated that the preparation procedure had a substantial impact on the EE%.The emulsifi cation method can prepare the NLCs of GCV successfully.
Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation and Eff ect of Cucurbita maxima Seeds Oil on Burn Wound Healing in Iraq
Authors: Naser Estabraq H , Alansari Haifaa R , Kashmer Abbas M
Published: April 2023

Cucurbita maxima seeds oil were extracted by hot and cold method, identifi ed their phytochemical components as it contains alkaloids, fl avonoids, saponins and tannins and analyzed to explain its ability to heal burn wound. Male albino 32 Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into four rats in each cage which included a positive control group (Mebo ointment): two rats for fi rst-degree burn and two for the second one, negative control group: two rats for fi rst-degree burn and two for the second one, cold method: 100% concentration with two rats for fi rst-degree burn and two for the second one and hot method: 100, 75, 50, 25 and 10% concentration with two rats for fi rst-degree burn and two for the second one for each concentration. The results showed that the extracts of C. maxima seeds oil at fi rst and second-degree burn by the cold method were not effi cient so it could neglect where it compared to the hot procedure at the same time the concentrations 100, 75, 50, 25, and 10% were signifi cant as LSD5% were more than 0.01 when compared with the negative standard, while when compared with the positive standard 100 and 75% were signifi cant while 25, 10% were insignifi cant and 50% had the same activity as the positive standard. Also, there is a signifi cant diff erence between concentration at fi fth week; 100 and 75% has the largest signifi cant diff erences which is 0.01 among the other concentrations. At second-degree burn we notice that all the concentrations 100, 75, 50, 25, and 10% were signifi cant as LSD5% were more than 0.01 when compared with the negative control, while when compared with the positive control 100 and 75% were signifi cant while 25, 10% were insignifi cant and 50% had the same activity as the positive standard. Also there is a signifi cant diff erence between concentrations at fi fth week, 75% has the largest signifi cant diff erence among the other concentrations. As a fi nal result the concentration 100 and 75% were the best concentration in the treatment of burn wound as the 100% contained a large amount of extract and 75% contained a suffi cient quantity of extract in addition to the ointment base vaseline which aid in keeping the skin wet enough to avoid shrinkage of it and help in the rehabilitation of skin epithelial cells. This study of C. maxima seeds oil is the fi rst study in the healing of burn wound on rats in Iraq
High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Method Development to Estimate Phytoconstituents in Hedychium species
Authors: Karde Samiksha , Jha Srishti , Pimple Bhushan , Kuchekar Mohini , Kore Padmaja , Ghangale Gauri , Tare Harshal
Published: April 2023

Objective: The H. coronarium (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant. Chinese immigrants introduced the H. coronarium species as an ornamental plant in 1888. Its attractive fl owers make it a desirable ornamental plant. The present study aims to evaluate the physiochemical characteristics and development of the (HPTLC) Fingerprint sequence profi le of Hedychium coronarium leaves. Method: Pharmacognostic characteristics and physiochemical parameters were performed according to the method prescribed. The mobile phase confi rmation was completed using by performing (TLC). The development of the HPTLC fi ngerprint was performed with some modifi cations to get exact separation of phytochemicals using mobile phases such as Toluene: chloroform: ethanol (4:4:1). Result: Pharmacognostic study reported the presence of unicellular trichomes, vessels, epidermal cells, oil globules, and vascular bundles. Pharmacognostic and physiochemical parameters like color, nature, odor, taste, foreign organic matter, loss on drying, ash value, extractive value, and the foaming index were found to be satisfi ed as documented in the results. The HPTLC fi ngerprinting reveals the presence of various chemical compounds expressed as Rf value. Conclusion: From current scientifi c research work, Hedychium coronarium can be useful in modern medicine as various bioactive secondary metabolites were detected.
Infl uences of Nitrogen, Magnesium and Soil Moisture Contents and their Interactions on Yield Quality and Tolerance Indices of Rosemary (Rosmarinus offi cinalis L.)
Authors: Khaleel Nahla M.A , Sarmamy Abdulghany O  I
Published: April 2023

The present study was carried out in the glasshouse of the Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University- Erbil, and laboratories of Research Center in Erbil Polytechnic University, from April 21st, 2019 to July 26th, 2020, to determine the eff ects of foliar application of nitrogen (N1:100, N2:200, and N3:300 kg. h-1) and magnesium (Mg1:0.0, Mg 2:30, and Mg3:60 kg. h-1) applied under two diff erent soil moisture contents (SM1:100% fi eld capacity (FC) and SM2: 60% FC) on some physiological properties and yield quality of rosemary plants (Rosmarinus offi cinalis L.). A factorial experiment was laid out according to a completely randomized design with four replications. Two cuttings were taken from the rosemary shoots (in March, and July, 2020). Results showed that SM2 decreased phenolic compounds in cut 1 (cut 1), dry matter percent in leaves in cut 2 and relative nitrogen yield in cut 1, cut 2 & cut 1+2. N3 increased dry matter in leaves shoots in cut2 signifi cantly, proline, phenolic compounds in leaves, stress tolerance index (STI), modifi ed stress tolerance index 1(MSTIK1), & modifi ed stress tolerance index 2 (MSTIK2). The interaction treatment SM2Mg2 increased the proline content in dry leaves. The proline content was increased by the triple interactions SM2N3Mg2 and SM2N3Mg3.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of Azo Dye Derived from 2-methoxyaniline and its Complexes
Authors: Mohammed Hasan S , Alzamili Saif D K
Published: April 2023

The azo ligand of guanine namely 8-[2-methoxyphenylazo]-guanine (MPAG) was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, FTIR and UV-vis spectroscopies. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of MPAG ligand were prepared under mole ratio equal to 2:1 as MPAG ligand to metal ions and characterized by 1H-NMR, FTIR, UV-vis, XRD powder and mass spectroscopies and elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility as well as molar conductance. The solvents did not have a signifi cant eff ect on the NAPAG ligand, and the MPAG ligand exhibited potential changes under diff erent pH values. The MPAG ligand may be utilized as a colorimetric sensor for the particles of Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn in watery solutions. The MPAG ligand is tridentate and the complexes are electrolyte and octahedral.
Liquid Chromatographic Approach for Analysis of Favipiravir–A Repurpose Drug for COVID-19
Authors: Godela Ramreddy , Beda Durga P , Kolure Rajini , Bhavani Sheerisha , Yagnambatla Rajendar
Published: April 2023

Favipiravir is a potential repurpose moiety to treat COVID-19 by depletion of virus load in infectious patients. To analyze and separate Favipiravir with remarkable effi ciency, X-Bridge C8 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μ) and a solvent phase of 0.1% TEA and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v) with 1-mL/min fl ow rate were used. The eluted favipiravir and possible degradants were detected at 225 nm. Further, the process was validated by using ICH (Q2R1) guidelines to ensure the method’s suitability in the pharmaceutical sector. The RT of Favipiravir was observed at 3.7 min with good linearity of 2 to 30 μg/mL. %RSD of both system and method precision was assessed in the series of 0.32 to 0.98. The mean percentage recovery of Favipiravir was in the range of 99.0–100.4%. The limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantifi cation (LoQ) were assessed to be 0.024 and 0.084 μg/mL for favipiravir. The outcomes confi rmed that the projected approach was economical, insightful, simple and precise with better sensitivity. Investigation of Favipiravir in the incidence of a variety of stressed or forced degradation environments ensures stability indicating quality of the developed approach
Synthesis and Evaluation of In-vitro Anticancer Activity of Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Holam Machchhindra R , Komala M
Published: April 2023

A series of substituted 1-methyl-6-oxo-2-[(4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)amino]-4-phenyl-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile were synthesized by multicomponent type of reaction using ethyl cyanoacetate, thiourea and aromatic aldehyde. The anticancer potential of every produced substance were evaluated through HT29 and A549 cell lines. In the given series, compounds 7m and 7r showed the highest anticancer potential on HT29 and A549 cell lines with IC50 of 10.0 and 17.2 μg/mL. The in-silico ADME of 7m and 7r showed good pharmacokinetic properties.
Pre-clinical Evaluation and In-silico Docking of Coriandrum sativum on Stress and Cognitive Defi cits in Rodents
Authors: Vanukuru N.V.L.S.R , Mudunuri Ganga R , Bhimasani Prathyusha , Malipatel Niharika , Thorat Mahesh , Tare Harshal
Published: April 2023

Ethanolic extract aerial portions of Coriandrum sativum (EECS) were tested for their anxiolytic eff ects on the cold-resistant stress test after seven days of treatment and their cognitive boosting eff ects after eight days of therapy (EECS). Total phenolic content and fl avonoid compound levels were calculated. C. sativum showed anti-stress effi cacy in a cold-resistant stress animal at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol levels, as well as the weight of the adrenal glands are all aff ected by the stimulation of the HPA in stressful situations. Pre-treatment with EECS and Geriforte, which contain secondary metabolites such as fl avonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds, signifi cantly reduced stress-induced changes in these biochemical levels in cold stress animals. Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity in-vitro using Ellman’s approach increased AChE inhibition dose-dependently in the brains of mice. The data proved that the extract’s potential to reduce pain in-vitro is what led to the observed cognitive benefi ts in-vivo. Animals given EECS at 200 and 400 mg/kg had their infl exion ratio improved as a result of the memory defi cit being reversed. The scopolamine-induced amnesia group of mice showed degeneration of vacuolated cells, pyramidal cells, pyknosis, loss of architecture and the creation of lesions in the hippocampus; however, these characteristics were restored by EECS and standard therapy. Eff ective docking scores in mcule software were observed for interactions with receptors PDB: 4K5Y (CRF-1) for adaptogenic and PDB: 1E66 (AChE) for cognition, according to in-silico research. The ethanolic extract of C. sativum has been shown to have positive and scientifi cally-supported eff ects on human health when used as a nutraceutical, with the in-vitro acetylcholinesterase Inhibition assay, anti-stress, and cognitive enhancement activities, and in-silico studies all corroborated by this study.