bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ON‐LINE SYSTEM OF UNION CATALOGUES AND INTERLIBRARY LOAN IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Willemsen Arie W
Published: February 2008

Union catalogues form the main instrument of interlending in the Netherlands. The most important ones are maintained by the Royal Library in The Hague, the Technical University at Delft, and the Library of the Agricultural University at Wageningen. On‐line library automation will have an increasing impact on interlending, and the challenge is being met by these libraries by setting up an on‐line catalogue of serials, monographs and conference publications combined with an on‐line system for handling interlibrary loan requests developed by the Project for Integrated Catalogue Automation (PICA). The first phase — the serials system — came on‐line in May 1983, and it is hoped the monograph system will be in operation by early 1986.
DOCUMENT SUPPLY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: PATENTS
Authors: Robson Peter J
Published: February 2008

With a few exceptions copies of patents are easy and relatively cheap to acquire. The patents holdings of major depositories are listed and some of the potential pitfalls affecting requests for copies are considered. The value of tapping the bibliographical skills of the supplying libraries is emphasized.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: X
Authors: Cornish Graham P
Published: February 2008

The review begins with a study of several analyses of statistics relating to interlibrary loan. The subjective nature of some of these is stressed and the danger of using statistical data in isolation is highlighted. Statistical evidence is also brought into the discussion about the conflict between interlending and preservation which centres on the difference between the book and the text. Whilst two authors take a rather conservative approach, the third looks on the problem with a more liberal attitude. Although the intrinsic safety of the materials involved is a partial barrier to interlending in developing countries, writers from both Africa and Latin America emphasize the major obstacles to advancing ILL are professional attitudes and jealousies. The proceedings of a seminar in India are reported in which a number of participants put forward possible interlending models for their country. The deliberations in Australia also centre round the alternative models available, and arguments over the costs involved persist leading to some novel arguments about making ILL a free service. The development of interlending in Illinois is examined in some detail. The impact of interlending on acquisitions policies is discussed in two papers which show that interlending is still a backup for low use material when viewed in this context. The review closes with a discussion of the future particularly in terms of money and resources which are likely to become more and more limited. The demise of the US plan for a National Periodicals Center is used to show that money and power are major elements in deciding the fate of interlending schemes.
THE OUTPUT AND AVAILABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS: THE UK PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Allott Angela M
Published: February 2008

International standards are produced and made available by a variety of organizations, some with worldwide authority and others with a special geographical or subject responsibility. They are usually referred to in the literature by code number and it is necessary to understand these codes before trying to locate the standards. A number of on‐line data bases are concerned solely with, or include, standards. In the UK collections of standards are maintained by the larger public libraries, some academic libraries and in research organizations. By far the best collection is at the British Standards Institute which also provides a first‐class information service.
INTERLIBRARY LOAN AND DOCUMENT DELIVERY IN JAPAN: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Koide Izumi
Published: February 2008

The article considers the status of interlibrary co‐operation in Japan in terms of its historical development and future needs. The number of libraries has doubled in the last twenty years. The identification and location of bibliographic information is seen as a particular problem: available tools are discussed and future developments considered. Statistical and background information is provided for a variety of library types: university, public, special, and the major library networks. Special attention is paid to the National Diet Library where a Library Co‐operation Department is seen as addressing some of the major problems. The view of the library in Japan as being an isolated unit with services available to a select group of patrons, is changing, the slow development of interlibrary co‐operation giving way to a growing awareness of the need for increased diffusion and availability of information.
A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: XI
Authors: Cornish Graham P
Published: February 2008

The review begins with a look at the interlending of audiovisual materials. The main obstacles in this area are fear of damage in transit and packaging problems, costs of transportation, copyright and contractual restrictions, the lending/reference conflict, and problems of incompatibility of technical equipment. The general problems are discussed and also the situation in the United Kingdom and Australia. The interlending of music is examined with a critical look at an ambitious scheme for combining ILL and publication on demand by using telefacsimile. A continued growth in the volume of interlending traffic is detected by analysing figures from Canada, the USA, the German Democratic Republic, and the UK. The administration of ILL systems is critical for their efficiency and the questions of staffing and finance are examined. The nature of ILL work has changed so as to require more qualified staff and it is necessary to look at all the components of interlending work to estimate what elements, if any, should be charged to the system itself and what are overheads for general library use. Finally the value of grandiose networking schemes in Third World countries is questioned in the light of experiences from the Arab World, India, and Brazil.
UNIVERSAL AVAILABILITY OF PUBLICATIONS AND MUSIC
Authors: Reed Tony
Published: February 2008

Universal Availability of Publications (UAP) presents special problems for music scores, which have received little attention to date in publications on the IFLA Programme. Some of these problems pose particular difficulties and are given general consideration: bibliographic peculiarities, format, publishing patterns and the international nature of the material involved. The nature of use is seen as being particularly important with factors such as a user's requirements for performance or study purposes, and the library's need to preserve or bind material, sometimes in conflict with UAP. A review of the current situation highlights a variety of national patterns of supply and provision presently in operation, few of which can be seen as adequate. General trends in music availability are discussed based on a number of recurrent themes arising from the national studies: developments in central and distributed methods of provision; perspectives on different categories of material; co‐operative against central acquisition; economic factors; new technology and the influence of publishers. General improvements in access and availability are dependent on those involved adopting a higher profile and recognizing all requirements of specialist materials.
DOCUMENT SUPPLY IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY: THE ALBERTA, CANADA EXPERIENCE
Authors: Gil Olga J
Published: February 2008

Alberta is particularly representative of the multicultural nature of Canadian society. With over 40% of its population neither British nor French and ethno‐cultural groups expressing desires to preserve their heritage, a multilingual library service programme was instituted in Alberta to provide reading materials in languages other than French and English. The service's collection encompasses thirty languages with holdings being notified to local libraries via printed catalogues and libraries requesting titles to satisfy local needs. The service is seen as constantly evolving in line with changing user needs, utilizing consultation to assist libraries in analyzing and identifying ethnic requirements and undertaking studies to ensure satisfactory service development.
DOCUMENT SUPPLY IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY: THE BRITISH PUBLIC LIBRARY EXPERIENCE
Authors: Lipniacka Ewa
Published: February 2008

Problems posed by the provision of material for Indic‐speaking ethnic groups included the formulation of cataloguing and transliteration schemes and ways of announcing material to user communities. The London and South Eastern Library Region (LASER), recognizing the needs for simplified schemes, surveyed all its member libraries and set up a scheme, the Co‐operative of Indic Language LASER Authorities (CILLA), using mother‐tongue speakers to catalogue and select material in their own languages. CILLA developed cataloguing and transliteration standards based on consistency, ease of use and accuracy, and the production and publication of a printed quarterly booklist has extended the reach of the scheme. The need is seen to provide similar, easily digestible aids for non‐Indic language speakers, while self‐help and co‐operation, proved to work by CILLA, will enable UK libraries to utilize available stock.
FROM DECENTRALIZATION TO CENTRALIZATION: ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS IN FRANCE
Authors: Chauveinc Marc
Published: February 2008

The traditional decentralization of interlending services based on the good will of individuals and organizations has created a number of problems in France leading to a fundamental disorganization and inability to provide even a tentative assurance of success. Interlibrary co‐operation depends upon union catalogues and upon a number of specialized centres: the Centre de Documentation Scientifique et Technique (CDST), the Centres d'Acquisition et de Diffusion de l'Information Scientifique et Technique (CADIST) and the Centre Nationale de Prêt (CNP), for example. The unsatisfactory nature of the present system for the user has finally been recognized, and projects are being launched to improve the situation. One of these, the Agence Nationale de l'Information Scientifique et Technique (ANIST), is seen as addressing the major problems by considering the document requirements of different user types. The national body shows the potential to become the required co‐ordinating centre for data‐base support and document supply.
THE IMPACT OF OCLC ON INTERLIBRARY LOAN IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Boucher Virginia
Published: February 2008

The OCLC Interlibrary Loan Subsystem became available for use 1 April 1979. The advantages and disadvantages of the ILL Subsystem are examined, as well as the composition and use of the OCLC on‐line union catalogue. Library staffing has had to change because of the way some tasks are now accomplished. Library patrons expect and receive better service. OCLC is conspicuously successful in helping libraries to cope with ever‐increasing numbers of interlibrary loan requests.
THE PROBLEMS OF LIBRARY CO‐OPERATION IN KENYA
Authors: Otike JN
Published: February 2008

This article opens with an examination of the information system in Kenya and goes on to highlight the lack of formal co‐operative agreements in the country's library system. An obstacle to resource sharing is the desire of many libraries to maintain the independence of their own collections. The resulting duplication can be seen as a waste of already‐scarce resources. The costs of interlending also militate against co‐operation, which is made even more difficult by physical problems such as distance and the scarcity of reprographic facilities. The demise of the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute's co‐operative scheme is regretted, and the author suggests that consideration needs to be given to a new scheme to enable Kenyan libraries to maximize their coverage by sharing their resources.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: XII
Authors: Cornish Graham P
Published: February 2008

The majority of the articles reviewed this time deal with ILL and public libraries in one way or another. The review begins by looking at school libraries and their ability to handle ILL requests satisfactorily amongst themselves and then examines several papers critical of networking in public libraries. There is an argument that public libraries hardly need ILL at all because of the nature of their users and their needs. ILL is an expensive operation and the issue of fees and charges is much debated; the discussion examined here includes the suggestion that users can travel to consult materials and public libraries might ration ILL requests per user including children. The idea of using ILL as a revenue earner, or at least paying for itself, is questioned and a study of commercial document supply services is examined which pays special attention to the performance of the many sources available. A paper on ILL costing almost nothing is criticized as not taking account of all factors. Time, as well as money, is important and a study of supply time to the user shows that more could be done by requesting libraries to speed supply to the end‐user. The impact of network membership on ILL is considered and shows that net borrowers can soon become net lenders and vice‐versa. The reorganization of document supply from the US National Library of Medicine had considerable impact on the use of NLM which is analysed. Finally a note on the political aspects of ILL in southern Africa is noticed as dealing with an issue of potential significance.
LITERATURE SUPPLY FOR THE HUMANITIES: USE AND PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS IN THE GERMAN INTERLIBRARY LOAN SYSTEM
Authors: Lehmann Klaus‐Dieter
Published: February 2008

Literature supply in the Federal Republic of Germany is organized on a decentralized, co‐operative basis; the bulk of requests submitted is handled by libraries located in one interlending area. The supply of literature in the fields of technology, medicine, agriculture and economics is the special responsibility of 4 central subject libraries, while the humanities are covered by 17 special subject collections housed in various university libraries. There has been a significant growth in interlibrary loan requests in the last 10 years and the traffic is currently around 2.2 million requests per year.
SURVEY OF DEMAND FOR JAPANESE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIAL LITERATURE
Authors: Smith Betty , King Shirley V , Stewart Ian
Published: February 2008

There is a growing awareness worldwide of the importance of the information available in Japanese scientific, technical and commercial literature. A survey of the demand for Japanese serial literature was carried out at the British Library Document Supply Centre in late 1985, and the results were compared with the demand for literature in general. Results suggest that the Japanese are more interested in western developments than other countries are in Japanese science and technology; in other words, the language barrier affects westerners far more than it affects the Japanese. Academic institutions are the predominant UK users of Japanese literature, followed closely by industry/commerce. With overseas users, most use comes from the industrial/commercial sector. A significant amount of Japanese scientific, technical and business literature is largely underused: Japanese journals seeking to expand their readership would need to consider increasing their English language content.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND 1986/87
Authors: Bradbury David
Published: February 2008

The year 1986/87 was a year of consolidation and continued work on initiatives reported last year, rather than one featuring many new interlending developments. The ritish Library has continued to expand its lending services following its reorganization; the National Committee on Regional Library Co‐operation (NCRLC) is still examining its future role; the Arthur Young Transport Review was completed, but was only pub‐lished in June 1987;2 co‐operation in the field of music and audio‐visual material continued to make steady progress; and the VISCOUNT Project developed further, but still did not reach the full trial stage.
SPEED OF DOCUMENT DELIVERY OVERSEAS: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF AIRSTREAM AND MULTIMAIL, FEBRUARY—APRIL 1987
Authors: Pilling Dennis
Published: February 2008

In February 1986 the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC) carried out a survey to monitor the speed of document delivery by the Post Office's airmail service and shortly afterwards, in an attempt to improve on the times recorded, started to use TNT's bulk‐mailing service, Multimail. Multimail's performance was monitored in July 1986 and found to be inferior to that of the Post Office. In the meantime the Post Office had introduced the bulk‐mailing service, Airstream, and in February—April 1987, as part of the constant search for a cost‐effective method of despatch, BLDSC monitored the two services simultaneously in order to assess their current levels of performance.
THE COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER:
Authors: Regan Kathlene , Riordan Virginia
Published: February 2008

The Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) was created to facilitate compliance with US copyright law. It serves both foreign and domestic copyright owners and the users of their work. Over the past ten years CCC has developed its major services. The Annual Authorizations Service (AAS) provides annual blanket licences to permit major companies to photocopy copyright material. Various statistical sampling methods are used to establish the level of use and thus the cost of the licences. In 1986 700,000 photocopies were made under this scheme. The Transactional Reporting Service (TRS) is the original scheme whereby users voluntarily report and pay copying fees for CCC‐registered publications on a per‐copy basis. At present some 2,400 users have established accounts with CCC under this scheme: approximately 3.3 million photocopies have been reported through the service since its inception in 1978, 600,000 of these in 1986. Despite the growing popularity of the AAS, this service is still showing a pattern of consistent growth. Reciprocal bilateral agreements with foreign Reproduction Rights Organizations are becoming increasingly significant to the work of CCC, since greater international co‐operation in the collection and distribution of photocopy royalties will be a vital factor in the development of international document delivery in the future.
LIBRARY RESOURCE SHARING IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE: BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS
Authors: Carmel Michael J
Published: February 2008

The United Kingdom library system has a two‐tier resource sharing network, with the regional library services operating at local level and the BLDSC at national level. Taking the National Health Service libraries as a basis, the author discusses regional co‐operation from the organizational, service and economic viewpoints. Interlibrary resource sharing is valuable not only for its tangible benefits, but also (provided it is reliable and economically sound) because it provides a basis for the sharing of specialist subject knowledge, searching skills and ideas, and it also permits more general professional interaction, thus frequently bearing unexpected fruit. Several ideas have been put forward for the extension of inter‐regional co‐operation, but the importance of cost‐benefit analysis when evaluating any such scheme cannot be over‐stressed. The true cost of staff time is an item often overlooked: an appendix here gives a method of calculating the economic benefit of a resource sharing scheme by comparing the cost of co‐operative interlibrary photocopying using a union list of serials with that of using prepaid BLDSC forms.
CANADIAN ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC MAIL AND INTERLIBRARY LOAN AUTOMATION
Authors: Lunau Carrol D
Published: February 2008

Because of Canada's regional and cultural diversity and the size of the country, interlibrary loan arrangements (both formal and informal) have long flourished. Within the last 5 years Canadian libraries have increasingly abandoned telex in favour of electronic mail when sending ILL requests. An OSI based ILL protocol has been developed by the National Library of Canada and automated systems using this protocol are now being implemented, with the help of information gained from an informal ILL survey conducted by the author in 1987. The National Library of Canada's protocol supported automated ILL system includes all functions required for location, lending and borrowing activities. Benefits of this system include better control of requests and greater efficiency due to standardization of procedures, also the optimization of resources and more cost‐effective use of staff time, resulting in an ILL service which operates with increased effectiveness. However, there still remains room for substantial research and development in the areas of directories, information retrieval, invoicing protocols, electronic document delivery and service management before technology's potential can be fully harnessed.
ADONIS—A NEW ERA IN DOCUMENT DELIVERY
Authors: Merry Karen
Published: February 2008

The ADONIS concept of storing journals in machine readable form has a long history. In a little under 10 years the project has moved from the idea of a costly system for 3,500 titles and using 30 cm optical discs to a trial on compact disc. Requests for copies from 219 high‐use titles in the field of biomedicine and published during 1987 and 1988 are being satisfied from the discs by major document delivery centres in Europe, USA, Japan, Mexico and Australia participating in the 2‐year trial. This article reviews the history of ADONIS with particular reference to the BLDSC's involvement and covers the current trial: a later article will continue the story with a report on the day‐to‐day operation of the ADONIS service.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL DOCUMENT SUPPLY SYSTEM IN CHINA: SOME PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS
Authors: Zhao Yangling
Published: February 2008

China has two separate systems engaged in library and information work. They have their own organizations, functions and tasks under their respective government departments. In China one of the major problems is that documents are not widely available. There is an obvious gap between the demands of users and their satisfaction. In view of China's present situation, interlending activities alone cannot cope completely with the problem of Chinese information needs. In the new situation following China's economic reformation, the structure of Chinese information users has greatly changed. To meet the increasing needs of the Chinese people, library and information systems must improve their methods of service and augment the scope of their service. Viewed as a whole, China needs to set up a nationwide document supply system in order to promote the supply of literature and the dissemination of information. The system may take a hierarchical form in which a number of regional systems are involved. Under the leadership of a central system, services would be provided not only to major scientific research and production and construction projects, but also to the general public at all levels of the country.
A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: XIV
Authors: Cornish Graham P
Published: February 2008

Verification is always a controversial topic, even establishing what it means and whether it is really necessary. The development of interlending in France and New Zealand is on very different lines and whether to join a national network or a local co‐operative is a problem faced by many: the solution is that probably both are necessary. Scandinavia has a long tradition of co‐operation and similar patterns have developed in each country. The results of a survey on document supply for business in Finland show that this is generally successful, with considerable reliance on international sources. The theory and practice of ILL in Tunisia differ considerably and the need for specialized document supply centres in Latin America is explored. Some of the problems of international financial limitations can be solved by a coupon system such as that proposed for AGRIS. The decision to introduce payments for ILL in Australia has caused much concern and a lot of anger and similar problems are now being faced in France with the restructuring of finances for universities. Statistical research into ILL is valuable but can cause problems unless written up well for a more general audience. Finally it is shown that document supply as an industry continues to grow throughout the world.
EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AND DOCUMENT DELIVERY: RESULTS OF THE EEC's DOCDEL PROGRAMME
Authors: Mastroddi FA
Published: February 2008

The Commission of the European Communities initiated over 1983—1986 a set of experiments in electronic publishing and electronic document delivery, in order to test the performance, costs and user acceptance of such systems. The experiments aimed to break the mould of conventional electronic information services set by the limitations of the ASCII character set and packet‐switched data networks. Full texts, including graphics, diagrams, mathematical formulae and different typefaces were experimented upon, as regards their electronic capture, storage, retrieval and distribution. A systematic independent evaluation of the experiments was carried out. This paper gives an overview of some of the results obtained, and of the major findings or spin‐offs which have been identified, which go to show that the impact of DOCDEL upon the information market has been considerable.
WITTGENSTEIN, FAMILY RESEMBLANCES AND THE THEORY OF CLASSIFICATION
Authors: McLachlan Hugh V.
Published: February 2008

Recently there has been much discussion of the relevance to sociology of Wittgenstein's philosophy. In this discussion, reference has been made to Wittgenstein's remarks on classification. For instance, Dutton writes “After Wittgenstein, we might say that the category of acts which may be labelled criminal (or deviant) is the category: “any” acts”. (Ditton, 1979, p. 20). According to Hughes, “Wittgenstein uses the term “family resemblances” to make the point that states of affairs falling under a common term, such as ‘games’ show overlapping similarities and resemblances rather than universal, finitely specifiable common properties”. (1977, p. 72). However, the philosophical importance of Wittgenstein's remarks and their relevance to the concerns of the sociologist have not been fully explored. What precisely is Wittgenstein thought to be asserting and denying with his observations about games? After all, on the face of it, it hardly seems controversial or interesting to say that games resemble each other. It has been argued, most notably by Bambrough, that Wittgenstein's remarks are directed towards “the problem of universals”.
THEORY TESTING: THE LESSONS OF THE HERZBERG CONTROVERSY
Authors: Russell Kevin J.
Published: February 2008

Theory testing is part of sociological analysis and the procedural aspects of problem solving are bounded, to a certain extent, by an “explicit set of operations” (Dubin, 1969). Broadly stated, validation assessment is judged to be satisfactory if the researcher interprets the theoretical constructs of the paradigm correctly, if he has used adequate methods to test the paradigm, and if the results are interpreted correctly (Whitsett and Winslow, 1967: 413). Unfortunately, most attempts at theory testing merely serve to highlight the discrepancy between what the researcher is obliged to do and what occurs in practice. On this basis, the research situation invariably leads to the prolongation of controversies in the social sciences. Importantly, if the prolongment of a controversy is taken as the gauge of the prevalence of interpretative and testing errors, then controversies are deserving of close scrutiny for the lessons they provide concerning the ways in which “the breakdown of a paradigm” (Kuhn, 1962) is inhibited. In making the assumption that a lengthy (and sometimes heated) controversy would provide a more varied lesson content, it follows that the means is provided for approaching the issue of theory testing from the standpoint of the inadequacy of the repeated tests of certain theories.
COMMUNITY STUDIES: THE SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL HERITAGE AND ITS POPULARITY IN IRELAND
Authors: Bell Desmond
Published: February 2008

A Community Studies tradition based on the theory and methods of a functionalist social anthropology has since the 1930's been the dominant one in both characterising the social structure of rural Ireland and in theorising social change in Ireland in general. This social anthropological method, while of possible utility in the study of primitive cultures and peoples, confronts certain difficulties when attempts are made to employ pure ethnographic analysis as a method for studying social change in either urban or rural settings in industrialising societies like Ireland. Despite attempts to do so, the Community Studies tradition has been unable to establish a coherent method for the study of local social systems and their structural relations of dependency on wider social, economic and political forces at play in capitalist social formations. Instead, it has fallen on an isolationist approach to studying local areas. In Irish sociology this abstractionism is inevitably undergirded by some variant of the modernisation thesis in which ‘traditional life and culture’ is progressively ‘threatened’ by the onslaught of urban‐industrial modernity.
TOWARDS A SPECIFIC THEORY OF SCOTTISH NATIONALISM
Authors: Graeme Hyslop A.
Published: February 2008

In his explication of nationalist activity in Scotland since 1707, Tony Dickson, although falling into the realms of economic expressivism, must be commended for raising a number of important issues which have until recently been elusive, or, at least, never considered together. It is the inter‐relation of these issues which, for the first time, allows us to begin to develop a specific theory of Scottish Nationalism. These issues may be compartmentalised into three broad pre‐requisites:
RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION IN THE SCOTTISH INSHORE FISHING INDUSTRY
Authors: Deas Barrie
Published: February 2008

The Scottish fishing industry may be divided into two distinct sectors: the inshore industry and the trawling industry. Both of these are centred on the North East of Scotland, trawling on Aberdeen and inshore at Peterhead, Fraserburgh, Buckie, Lossiemouth, Macduff and several other smaller harbours.
Report of The Tokyo meeting of the International Sociological Association on Employment and Participation
Authors: Kolaja Jiri
Published: February 2008

Research Committee No. 10 of the International Sociological Association that met prior to Uppsala in 1978, organised a workshop at Chuo University, Tokyo, November 6–8, 1980, entitled Employment and Participation. The following is a brief summary of most of the papers presented during the three days in the Japanese capital. Starting with reports focused on less industrialised societies and concluding with those focused on more developed countries. Some theoretical papers and a survey of some innovative approaches are also discussed. The largest group of authors was the Japanese contingent, followed by four authors coming from India, and one or two authors from Malaysia, Korea, Sweden, and one from Finland, Denmark, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and England as well as Australia. A Canadian colleague and myself were the only persons from the Americas.
SOCIAL POLICY IN IRELAND 1500–1800
Authors: Powell Fred
Published: February 2008

Social policy in early modern Ireland, like England, was primarily orientated towards the perennial problem of poverty. Despite the effect of war and famine, trade began to prosper in sixteenth century Ireland and continued to do so until after the Napoleonic Wars, albeit, interspersed with occasional depressions and minor famines. The effect of this growth in trade on population was explosive. Between 1672 and 1791 population more than tripled from 1.1 million to 3.8 million. England, as a result of the establishment of the Elizabethan Poor Law, in 1601, had achieved a relatively sophisticated poor relief system based on a crude categorisation according to abilities and needs, the introduction of a carceral system of discipline for the able‐bodied poor, and the compulsory levying of a poor rate. Ireland relied primarily on a system of punishments supplemented by proselytization, and tended to treat the poor as a unitary category, with the exception of children.
INFORMATION BROKERAGE AND ORGANISATIONAL DEPENDENCE
Authors: Perry N.
Published: February 2008

The discovery of “The State” has been one of the more visible characteristics of recent sociology, a cosmopolitan development which has transcended both national boundaries and the frameworks of particular specialties and sub‐specialties within the discipline. The present article incorporates an account of the structure and content of state action as it impinged upon a handful of Scottish firms. It is nonetheless intended primarily as a contribution to the sociology of organisations, incidentally to the sociology of Scotland and only peripherally to the sociology of the State. This is undertaken by way of reinterpretation of the work of Burns and Stalker.
NORTH SEA OIL AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE: AN ATTITUDINAL PROFILE OF EVANTON, EASTER ROSS
Authors: Knox P.L. , Cottam M.B.
Published: February 2008

Although a good deal has been written about the social, economic and cultural impact of oil‐related economic development in the Scottish Highlands, little evidence has been assembled on the affective response of people living in those communities which have borne the brunt of economic and demographic change. In this article we report on the quality of life in one such community as seen through the eyes of its inhabitants.
INTRODUCTION: RELIGION AND CHANGE
Authors: Wallis Roy
Published: February 2008

Religion has long been seen as a conservative force in society. This view has informed the rhetoric and theory of many reformers and social philosophers in Europe in recent centuries, where religious institutions often historically developed a rather too comfortable accommodation with the state and ruling class. Religion came, therefore, to be viewed as essentially supportive of the status quo and hostile to change. Marx was one of the reformers and social philosophers to voice just such a view. For him, religion was primarily an ideological tool by means of which the ruling class legitimated its position, and mystified those whom it exploited by conveying the conception that the prevailing social order was not simply a product of the ruthless exercise of a monopoly of power and profit in the interest of a particular social group, but rather a divinely ordained order. Religion, then, further undermined the capacity for protest and rebellion among the disadvantaged, by promising equity and justice in a life hereafter, contingent in part upon accepting the injustice and inequality of the life here below.
THE NEW RELIGIOUS LIFE IN THE SOVIET UNION: HOW AND WHY DOES IT DIFFER?(1)
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: February 2008

Acounts of new religious movements have been almost exclusively about those which have arisen in the last two decades in the most advanced capitalist societies, and theoretical explanations of their emergence and spread have very firmly connected them with the material standard and social ethos of that type of society. Although there have been significant new developments in the religious life of Soviet society there have been no religious movements forming such a radical break with the old religious life as those found in the West. In this article I shall be concerned with firstly, giving a brief outline of those transformations which have occurred in the religious life of Soviet society. Secondly, I shall show how and why they differ from the New Religious Movements in the West. I shall investigate in some detail why the latter could not and will not in the near future, take root in Soviet society.
KISHIN‐KAI: THE ROLE OF ANCESTOR WORSHIP IN A JAPANESE NEW RELIGION
Authors: Shiramizu Hiroko
Published: February 2008

A survey of Japan's new religions (1) shows “ancestor worship” (2) to have played an important part in various religious bodies (3), as a means for attaining happiness for the living. Generally speaking, new religions advocate that the adequate veneration of ancestors leads them to enter a “blissful state”, as a result of which they can bring happiness to their living descendants (4). At the same time, the new religions also teach that lack of proper consolation for ancestors results in misfortune for the living (5). This tendency to put importance on ancestor worship is a particular feature of the Reiyu‐kai group of new religions which denotes those religious bodies which were established by schism within Reiyu‐kai (lit. the Spirit Friends' Society) and by the subsequent re‐splitting of those bodies (6) which resulted. The parent organization, Reiyu‐kai, is a large‐scale new religion of lay Nichiren origin (7), which was founded by Kakutaro Kubo and Kimi Kotani in 1925, and its doctrine of memorial rites for ancestors, concentrating on the combination of ancestor worship and faith as found in the Lotus Sutra, draws upon that of the Bussho Gonen movement founded by Toshizo Nishida (8).
Area Policy and Area Strategies: The Origins and Lessons of the British Experience
Authors: Pardey Kenneth
Published: February 2008

The cardinal point to note here is that the development (and unfortunately the likely potential) of area policy is intimately related to the actualcharacterof British social policy. Whilst area policy has been strongly influenced by Pigou's welfare economics, by the rise of scientific management in the delivery of social services (cf Jaques 1976; Whittington and Bellamy 1979), by the accompanying development of operational analyses and by the creation of social economics (see Pigou 1938; Sandford 1977), social policy continues to be enmeshed with the flavours of Benthamite utilitatianism and Social Darwinism (see, above all, the Beveridge Report 1942; Booth 1889; Rowntree 1922, 1946; Webb 1926). Consequently, for their entire history area policies have been coloured by the principles of a national minimum for the many and giving poorer areas a hand up, rather than a hand out. The preceived need to save money (C.S.E. State Apparatus and Expenditure Group 1979; Klein 1974) and the (supposed) ennobling effects of self help have been the twin marching orders for area policy for decades. Private industry is inadvertently called upon to plug the resulting gaps in public provision. The conjunction of a reluctant state and a meandering private sector has fashioned the decaying urban areas of today. Whilst a large degree of party politics and commitment has characterised the general debate over the removal of poverty (Holman 1973; MacGregor 1981), this has for the most part bypassed the ‘marginal’ poorer areas (cf Green forthcoming). Their inhabitants are not usually numerically significant enough to sway general, party policies (cf Boulding 1967) and the problems of most notably the inner cities has been underplayed.
Democratic Enterprise: A Policy Proposal for the Labour Movement
Authors: Fyffe R.G.B.
Published: February 2008

This book is a policy proposal aimed at the democratic left. It is concerned with gradual but radical reform of the socio‐economic system. An integrated policy of industrial and economic democracy, which centres around the establishment of a new sector of employee‐controlled enterprises, is presented. The proposal would retain the mix‐ed economy, but transform it into a much better “mixture”, with increased employee‐power in all sectors. While there is much of enduring value in our liberal western way of life, gross inequalities of wealth and power persist in our society.
SOCIAL SYSTEMS IN MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Authors: Smolicz J.J.
Published: February 2008

In constructing a model of interaction among ethnic groups in multicultural societies we adopt a humanistic sociological perspective. This is the name given to that orientation in sociology which in Poland and the United States has been associated with the names of Florian Znaniecki, William I. Thomas and Robert M. MacIver. This school has emphasised the need ‘to accept human values and activities as facts, just as human agents themselves accept them’ (1), and stressed the need to interpret all social and cultural activities from the standpoint of the actors themselves, and not merely that of the outside observer.
FRAMEWORK OF THE SOCIAL SERVICES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF 11 ENGLISH SOCIAL SERVICE DEPARTMENTS (SSDs)
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew P.
Published: February 2008

Over the last two decades, change has been an important theme for the public services in England and Wales. The Salmon Report heralded the change era by attempting to rationalise the nursing hierarchy according to specific definitions of nursing tasks and grades of pay (1). The Seebohm Report followed suit, recommending that any improvements in the social services had to be accompanied by fundamental administrative re‐organisation(2). Seebohm stated that the three separately administered local authority social work departments of childrens' welfare and mental health (as part of the local health department) should be integrated in one organisation ‐ the social service department (SSD). The recommendations of the report were implemented by the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970. Within two years, the Local Government Act 1972 was in operation requiring substantial changes in local government boundaries and the re‐allocation of local government duties within the new units. The reason for the change of boundaries was that previously different local authorities had substantially different numbers of population in their catchment area. In order to promote equality of resource distribution nationwide, the new local government units were created to meet the demands of comparable population sizes. A year later, the Health Services were reformed on the grounds of attempting to establish comparable geographical boundaries with the newly created local govern‐ment units.
OIL AND CHANGING CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY IN BURRA ISLE, SHETLAND
Authors: Byron Reginald
Published: February 2008

At the beginning of the 1970's one of the most peripheral parts of the British Isles, by the end of the decade it could be argued that Shetland, because of oil, had become one of the most central places in the economic geography of Britain. This article describes some of the changes that have occured in the social and economic organisation of one Shetland community between 1971 and 1979.
ACCOUNTING FOR THE SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MILD MENTAL SUBNORMALITY: DETERMINISM, PROCESS AND STRUCTURE
Authors: Montgomery Stuart
Published: February 2008

The more severe cases of mental subnormality have shown a fairly random social distribution, but mild subnormality is typically a lower‐class phenomenon. Various deterministic formulations have been offered in explanation of this, ranging from hereditarian notions of “bad stock” among the lower classes to environmentalist em‐phasis upon the debilitating effect of poor social circumstances. This article argues that such attempts to account for the social distribution of subnormality in terms of aetiology are premature, because the processes whereby people come to be labelled as subnormal are largely unexamined.
PERIPHERAL WAYWARDNESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTTISH ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Authors: Mewett Peter G.
Published: February 2008

A detailed review of J. Ennew's The Western Isles Today, published by Cambridge University Press, 1980. The reviewer finds it to be a book that flounders on theoretical, methodical and empirical inadequacies.
THE ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Hobbs Sandy
Published: February 2008

The author reviews four books which deal with a variety of aspects of developmental social psychology. Although they vary in the extent to which they can be recommend‐ed to the reader, taken together they give reason to be pessimistic about the current activities of workers in this field.
SOCIAL VALUES, SOCIAL GOALS & MANPOWER
Authors: Conway O’Brien John
Published: February 2008

It is suggested that the approach of the social economist to social problems, if followed, would lead to The Good Society, one in which the lot of our “human resources” would be considerably ameliorated. For the social economist the goal of the economy is not private profit nor is it improvement in the fertility of the soil nor capital accumulation for their own sakes and that of their owners, but the material, moral and spiritual well‐being of homo sapiens. The social economist is concerned with the efficiency of the capitalist system relative to the broad goals of society, rather than the maximisation of private property.
EDUCATION, CLASS AND LABOUR FORCE ENTRY
Authors: Drudy Sheelagh
Published: February 2008

The relationship between education, class and labour force entry is examined. The first section reviews some of the ways in which the role of the educational system in industrial societies has been interpreted. The second section presents data on class differences in educational experience, job choice, and the outcome of the transition process.
THE IMPACT OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH, EXPANDING URBANISATION, AND OTHER FACTORS ON DEVELOPMENT IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA: THE CONTRASTING RESPONSES OF TANZANIA AND KENYA
Authors: Jo Huth Mary
Published: February 2008

When the nations of Sub‐Saharan Africa won independence some twenty years ago, they faced formidable constraints on development which continue to impede their economic and social progress, despite considerable interim achievements. This article discusses five of these constraints‐internal factors based largely on historical circumstances and the physical environment: (1) underdeveloped human resources; (2) military and political conflict; (3) the colonial institutional heritage; (4) climate and geography; and (5) the twin factors of rapid population growth and expanding urbanisation. However, as an urban sociologist, the author will focus on the fifth development constraint and on the contrasting policies Tanzania and Kenya have devised in response to it. These two countries were chosen because while Tanzania is a low‐income Sub‐Saharan African nation, defined by the World Bank as one with a per capita income of $370 or less, and Kenya is a middle‐income Sub‐Saharan African nation with a per capita income exceeding $370, Tanzania and Kenya are similar in total population, being the fourth and fifth most populous nations in Sub‐Saharan Africa (Nigeria ranks first with a population of 82.6 million; Ethiopia, second, with a population of 30.9 million; Zaire, third, with a population of 27.5 million; Tanzania and Sudan essentially tying for fourth place with populations of 18 million and 17.9 million, respectively; and Kenya, fifth, with a population of 15.3 million, its closest competitors being Uganda with a population of 12.8 million and Ghana with a population of 11.3 million). Moreover, Kenya and Tanzania had the same average annual rate of population growth‐3.4 percent‐between 1970 and 1980, and their projected populations for the year 2000 are only 1 million apart – 34 million and 35 million, respectively. Even more relevant to the theme of this article, however, is the fact that by 1980 Tanzania had reached nearly the same level of urbanisation – 12 percent and 15 percent, respectively, as well as nearly the same concentration of urban population in their capital or primate cities—50 percent and 57 percent, respectively (World Bank, 1983).
IDEOLOGIES AS BELIEF SYSTEMS
Authors: Carlton Eric
Published: February 2008

The central concern of this discussion is the relationship between belief and action. The underlying problem is how belief ‐ intellectualised as ideology ‐ affects or even determines social behaviour. As Talcott Parsons puts it, “While believing is not, ipso facto, doing, what one believes has much to do with what one does”(1).