bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regeneration Limitations of Hippophae rhamnoides Population After Successfully Encroached on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Fan Baoli , Gao Pengfei , Tian Tingting , Jiang Jinhua , Ding Nana , Wan Yongkuan , Ma Miaojun , Sun Kun
Published: December 2024

Shrub encroachment can alter the structure and function of grassland ecosystems, leading to their degradation. Therefore, population regeneration dynamics after shrub encroachment on the influence of grassland should not be ignored. H. rhamnoides, as a pioneer species, has significantly encroached with large areas on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) due to climate change and over‐grazing. However, few studies have focused on the dynamics of population regeneration following successful encroachment. Therefore, we studied H. rhamnoides natural population in the alpine grasslands, investigating population regeneration pattern, seed, bud production and storage, and limitation imposed by microhabitats (soil, light and feeding). Our aim was to explore population regeneration strategies and identify key limiting factors for population regeneration after successful encroachment. Our findings revealed several key points: (i) H. rhamnoides entered the alpine grassland by relying on seeds, it would seize resources by low‐cost clonal reproduction, then increase sexual reproduction to improve genetic diversity. (ii) The production and storage of seeds and buds was sufficient, seed vigor was high, seed emergence rate was higher due to mechanical restriction of hard seed coat was weakened by the water transport channels in the palisade layer, and formation of seedlings was less restricted. (iii) H. rhamnoides population regeneration was mainly limited by microhabitats light and feeding. However, light and feeding significantly affected seedlings photosynthesis and carbon storage, their interaction significantly reduced the seedlings survival, and further restricted population regeneration. The results can provide theoretical basis for the restoration and management of alpine grassland degradation caused by shrub encroachment.
The Impact of Exclosure Duration on Plant Species Diversity in a Desert Grassland and the Relative Contribution of Plant Groups
Authors: Huang Jiaojiao , Lv Shijie , Liu Hongmei , Ma Shengyun
Published: December 2024

Plant species diversity has long been a focal point in ecological studies. In order to study the changes in species diversity at different spatial scales (α, β, and γ diversities) in the restoration process of grassland vegetation in fragile desert steps, this study took desert steppe of Inner Mongolia as the research object and employed a two‐factor experimental design that combined exclosure years (the years when an area was isolated to prevent grazing and other disturbances) with years of monitoring (the years when data were collected). It analyzed the plant groups (dominant species, common species, and rare species) and species diversity, and obtained the preliminary conclusions as follows: The optimal exclosure duration for promoting species diversity balance in desert steppe management is between 16 and 18 years. Short‐term exclosure enhances species diversity by promoting recovery in overgrazed systems, while long‐term exclosure may reduce diversity due to dominant species proliferation and inhibited regeneration. Increasing the duration of exclosure (the period from the initial exclosure year to the year of monitoring) can improve plant species diversity. Exclosure years and years of monitoring exhibited a significantly positive influence on α, β, and γ diversities, with a negative interaction effect between exclosure years and years of monitoring. In addition, plant groups played a significant role in diversity at different spatial scales. Contribution to α diversity ranked as follows: rare species > common species > dominant species; contribution to β diversity ranked as rare species > dominant species > common species; contribution to γ diversity ranked as common species > dominant species > rare species. Rare species played a crucial role in maintaining diversity stability within the community and diminishing gradient differences, and common species were instrumental in upholding landscape features.
Novel Drop‐Sampler for Simultaneous Collection of Stereo‐Video, Environmental DNA and Oceanographic Data
Authors: Thompson Samuel , Jarman Simon , Griffin Kingsley , Spencer Claude , Cummins Gabrielle , Partridge Julian , Langlois Tim
Published: December 2024

There is an increasing interest in environmental DNA (eDNA) as a method to survey marine biota, enhancing traditional survey methods, and a need to ground truth eDNA‐based interpretations with visual surveys to understand biases in both the eDNA and visual datasets. We designed and tested a rapidly deployable, robust method pairing water sampling for eDNA collection and stereo‐video imagery, comparing inferred fish assemblages with interspersed baited remote underwater video (stereo‐BRUV) samples. The system is capable of rapidly collecting simultaneous wide‐field stereo‐video imagery, oceanographic measurements and multiple water samples across a range of habitats and depths (up to 600 m). A platform demonstration was conducted in a no‐take National Park Zone of the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia, with samples being collected whilst the system is resting on the seafloor. Combining simultaneous visual survey data with eDNA species estimates increased the total diversity of the fish assemblage by ca. 6.5% over eDNA estimates alone, whilst the analysis of the assemblage composition sampled by each method revealed significant differences. The platform demonstration highlights the biases of each sampling method and their complementarity to one another. We suggest that these biases will be better understood by advancements that allow eDNA metabarcoding to discriminate the abundance and life stage of marine biota. Furthermore, investigation of the relationship between eDNA metabarcoding data and concomitant imagery‐derived length, age and habitat data is needed.
Short‐Term Effects of Attaching Animal‐Borne Devices on the Behavior of Juvenile Green Turtles
Authors: Robinson Nathan J. , Doñate‐Ordóñez Ruth , Chatzievangelou Damianos , Brooks Annabelle M. L. , Cuffley Jack , Fields Candace Y. A. , Hoefer Sebastian , Pinou Theodora , Smith Alexander , Mills Sophie
Published: December 2024

The use of animal‐borne devices (= biologgers) has revolutionized the study of marine megafauna, yet there remains a paucity of data concerning the behavioral and physiological impacts of biologger attachment and retention. Here, we used animal‐borne cameras to characterize the behavior and dive duration of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in The Bahamas for up to 210 min after biologger deployment (n = 58). For a “control,” we used unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) to collect comparable data from nonhandled green turtles (n = 25) in the same habitats. Animal‐borne footage revealed that immediately after release turtles spent 70%–80% of their time swimming with a mean dive duration of 45.3 ± 34.3 s (SD). Over time, the percentage of time spent swimming decreased alongside an increase in dive duration until reaching a plateau around 90 min. However, the “control” UAV data for time spent swimming and dive durations were more comparable to the behaviors observed immediately after biologger deployment than during the plateau. We observed no significant differences in dive durations based on body size, and differences in behaviors based on body size were also minimal. We conclude that the effects of handling stress and biologger attachment on the behavior and dive duration of juvenile green turtles are evident up to 90 min postdeployment. After that, it is possible that either: (1) the effects of biologger deployment and retention are negligible, but UAVs may produce biased data that overestimates the proportion of time turtles typically spend swimming or (2) longer durations (> 210 min) are necessary for turtle behaviors to return to nonhandled levels and UAVs accurately represent the proportion of time turtles typically spend swimming. Answering this question, alongside further research into the physiological and behavioral implications of handling stress and biologger attachment, is essential to improve ethical biologging guidelines for sea turtles.
Follow or Question? Hidden Diversity and Miscellaneous Thought on the Subspecific Classification of Marchantia emarginata Reinw., Blume & Nees (Marchantiaceae, Marchantiophyta) Complex
Authors: Zheng Tian‐Xiong
Published: December 2024

Marchantia emarginata Reinw., Blume & Nees, with nearly 30 assigned names, is considered the most taxonomically complex species in the family Marchantiaceae. Currently, this species is segregated into three subspecies, and this subspecific classification is widely accepted since its formal inception. However, due to its extensive morphological variation and ambiguous intraspecific delimitation, many bryologists struggle to accurately identify this species at a subspecific level. Through scrutiny of related literatures and morphological examination of over 200 herbarium specimens, the taxonomic history, issues, and various perspectives on this species were newly summarized. Each subspecies was found to exhibit excessive morphological diversity. Consequently, the prevalent subspecific classification of M. emarginata was partly challenged by the morphological evidence obtained in the present study. This species urgently requires taxonomic revision using an integrative approach.
Cryptic Hybridization Dynamics in a Three‐Way Hybrid Zone of Dinopium Flamebacks on a Tropical Island
Authors: Ranasinghe Rashika W. , Seneviratne Sampath S. , Irwin Darren
Published: December 2024

Island ecosystems have emerged as vital model systems for evolutionary and speciation studies due to their unique environmental conditions and biodiversity. This study investigates the population divergence, hybridization dynamics, and evolutionary history of hybridizing golden‐backed and red‐backed Dinopium flameback woodpeckers on the island of Sri Lanka, providing insights into speciation processes within an island biogeographic context. Utilizing genomic analysis based on next‐generation sequencing, we revealed that the Dinopium hybrid zone on this island is a complex three‐way hybrid zone involving three genetically distinct populations: two cryptic populations of golden‐backed D. benghalense in the north and one island‐endemic red‐backed population of D. psarodes in the south of Sri Lanka. Our findings indicate asymmetric introgressive hybridization, where alleles from the southern D. psarodes introgress into the northern D. benghalense genome while phenotype remains adapted to their respective northern arid and southern wet habitats. The discovery of two genetically distinct but phenotypically similar D. benghalense populations in northern Sri Lanka highlights the process of cryptic population differentiation within island ecosystems. These populations trace their ancestry back to a common ancestor, similar to the Indian form D. b. tehminae, which colonized Sri Lanka from mainland India during the late Pleistocene. Subsequent divergence within the island, driven by selection, isolation by distance, and genetic drift, led to the current three populations. Our findings provide evidence of cryptic diversification and within‐island population divergence, highlighting the complexity of hybridization and speciation processes. These findings further emphasize the intricate nature of evolutionary dynamics in island ecosystems.
Agriculture and Water Availability Show Contrasting Effects on Bats in a Mediterranean Island of Outstanding Chiropteran Biogeographical Value
Authors: Cistrone Luca , Augusto Ana Margarida , Fichera Gaetano , Rebelo Hugo , Russo Danilo
Published: December 2024

With their unique ecosystems and evolutionary dynamics, small islands offer fascinating contexts to explore animal diversity. Island bats are key players in maintaining ecological balance. However, their populations are threatened worldwide, necessitating comprehensive research and conservation strategies. Pantelleria, a small Mediterranean island and a biogeographic crossroad between Europe and Africa, offers an excellent model to exemplify the challenges to bat conservation in such geographic contexts. We tested three hypotheses: (1) bats would show weak preference patterns for landscape composition due to the island's heterogeneous landscapes, (2) farmland (especially vineyards) would strongly affect bat activity, and (3) distance from water sources would highly influence bat richness and activity. We surveyed bats acoustically using Audiomoth recorders covering most of the island's surface. We recorded seven bat species, including endangered Plecotus gaisleri, Myotis punicus and Rhinolophus mehelyi. Bats showed weak preferences for specific landscape composition, but the dominant species (Pipistrellus kuhlii) decreased its activity for increasing portions of vineyards within the landscape. Moreover, distance to water critically influenced bat richness and activity. Agricultural expansion, pesticide use and human activities pose significant threats to bats on Pantelleria. We advocate for sustainable farming practices and careful water resource management to safeguard bat habitats and mitigate these threats. Conservation should target vineyards, a key economic resource to produce world‐renowned wine ‘Passito di Pantelleria’ by reducing pesticide use and adopting organic management. Water might be supplemented in critical dry habitats. We urge the preservation of bat diversity to support ecosystem health and resilience on small islands like Pantelleria.
Ecofriendly Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide for Glyphosate Adsorption
Authors: Marconi Eleonora , Lopez Alberto , Bertelà Federica , Meneghini Carlo , Battocchio Chiara , Mirabile Gattia Daniele , Vanga Giuseppina , Centomo Paolo , Zecca Marco , Rizzotto Valentina , Pettenuzzo Silvia , Roverso Marco , Bogialli Sara , Simon Ulrich , Chen Peirong , Tortora Luca
Published: December 2024

The widespread use of glyphosate for weed control in agricultural, silvicultural, and urban areas worldwide is causing concerns about its potential toxicity and mobility in environment. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop treatment processes to mitigate the effects of glyphosate, its metabolites, and/or coadjutants on the environment. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs), among the most widely used engineered NPs, have recently attracted significant attention for glyphosate adsorption. In this study, TNPs were obtained through two synthesis procedures working at low temperatures and with a reduced amount of organic solvent. The first involves a polycondensation reaction of alkoxide precursors at 70 °C in a water‐in‐oil (W/O) microemulsion with a 1 : 1 volume ratio, employing cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) as a cationic surfactant to obtain crystalline TNPs. In the second method, two resins characterized by different morphologies were used as a template, to grow amorphous TNPs. Glyphosate adsorption tests performed at different pH values, i.e. 4.0 and 8.5, revealed that the analyte is more effectively retained by the TNPs at pH 4.0, at which TiO2 surfaces are positively charged and better interact with anionic glyphosate species. TNPs obtained via microemulsion using titanium alkoxide as the precursor and calcined at 450 °C showed excellent performance, removing from the solution nearly 99% of glyphosate, even at pH 8.5. Similarly, resin composites work efficiently in eliminating a high percentage of glyphosate, taking advantage of a better dispersion of amorphous TiO2 and a higher surface‐to‐volume ratio. This study demonstrates the effective capture of glyphosate by titanium dioxide nanoparticles, highlighting some factors contributing to the adsorption ability, and their potential as a unique tool for adsorbing glyphosate in a one‐pot process.
Tailoring the Multi‐Protolytic Equilibrium of Tin Porphyrins as Promising Molecular Catalyst for the Two‐Electron Oxidation of Water in Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Joseph Reshma , Baby Haritha , Kaiprampattuparambil Gopi Aswathy , Kanjirathingal Ibrahim Shabna , Kallattil Aparna , Thomas Arun , Mathew Siby , Haridas Suja , Kuttassery Fazalurahman , Tachibana Hiroshi , Inoue Haruo , Nybin Remello Sebastian
Published: December 2024

Two‐electron oxidation of water to form hydrogen peroxide is an alternative approach to overcome the photon‐flux density problem as the bottleneck subject in artificial photosynthesis associated with molecular systems for photochemical water splitting. Tin‐porphyrin complexes show promising activity and selectivity for the two‐electron water‐oxidation pathway. A key aspect of the reaction mechanism of these systems is the attack of OH−/H2O to the activated axial oxygen atom as the reaction center of the one‐electron oxidized species to form O−O bond, which is feasible when an odd electron is localized on axial oxygen. DFT calculations show that the spin of the odd electron is mostly localized on the axial oxygen atoms when they are in deprotonated states; hence, their pKa determine the applicability of these systems under the pH conditions adopted. The milder pH conditions are most preferable. To explore the conditions the effect of various porphyrin ring substituents on the pKa of the protonation–deprotonation process in A4 and A3B tin‐porphyrin complexes have been studied here by spectrophotometric titration. Tetra‐fluorophenyl (Sn−F4), tetra‐chlorophenyl (Sn−Cl4), and tetra‐methoxycarbonylphenyl (SnTCPPMester)‐substituted Sn−A4 porphyrins have pKa1 values of 10.1 (Sn−F4), 9.8 (Sn−Cl4), and 6.7 (SnTCPPMester), which are in the increasing order of the electron‐withdrawing effect, ‐F (σp=0.06)<‐Cl (0.23)<‐COOMe (0.45). For A3B (A=fluorophenyl or chlorophenyl, B=methoxycarbonylphenyl) Sn‐porphyrins, pKa1 shifts to the smaller value (Sn−F3Mester: 9.4, Sn−Cl3Mester: 6.6), improving the pH range of the active species from basic to ambient pH. This study shows how the pH range of the active species can be effectively tailored by choosing the meso‐substituents.
Mechanistic Studies on the Michael‐type Addition of Amines to 2‐Arylvinylidenebisphosphonates: Bisphosphonate Elimination via a Retro‐Aza‐Michael‐type Reaction
Authors: Sonego Juan M. , Beviglia Martina E. , Stortz Carlos A. , Rodriguez Juan B.
Published: December 2024

Encouraged by the potent inhibitory effect exhibited by long chain 2‐alkylaminoethyl‐1,1‐bisphosphonates against proliferation of the clinically more relevant form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), and against tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii, the responsible agent of toxoplasmosis, it was conceived a new series of structurally related 1,1‐bisphosphonates bearing a phenyl group at the C‐2 position of the title compounds. The synthetic approach to access these compounds employed a Michael‐type addition by reaction of tetraethyl 2‐phenylvinylidenebisphosphonate or substituted phenyl group with a suitable amine. To our surprise the reaction experienced a retro‐Michael type reaction resulting in an imine formation instead of the hypothetical and expected Michael‐type adduct. Obtainment of the imine derivatives was observed regardless of the nature of the substituent at the phenyl moiety. The source of the alkyl chain was the alkyl group of the amine substrate. Interestingly, when mercaptans were used as soft nucleophiles, the Michael‐type adducts were obtained in all cases.
Recent Advances in Allylic Fluoride Synthesis
Authors: Tomon Daiki , Arimitsu Satoru
Published: December 2024

The recent decades have witnessed considerable progress in the development of fluorinated‐building‐block strategies and direct‐fluorination techniques selectively affording allylic monofluorides and gem‐difluorides. For allylic monofluorides, high enantioselectivities were achieved, even for fluorinated tertiary carbons, with expanded substitution patterns on vinylic moieties enabling precise structural control over di‐, tri‐, and tetrasubstituted fluorides. Advances in defluorofunctionalization and direct C−H fluorination have addressed the limitations of raw materials and made these species more accessible. Additionally, considerable progress has been achieved in the related photoredox reactions, and electrochemistry has emerged as a valuable tool for allylic fluoride synthesis. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis of allylic fluorides, focusing on transition metal catalysis, organocatalysis, and noncatalytic methodologies.
Chiral Sulfoxide Ligands in Asymmetric Allylic Substitution
Authors: Li Xiao , Zheng Sheng‐Cai , Zhao Xiao‐Ming
Published: December 2024

Chiral nitrogen‐, and phosphorus‐based ligands have been extensively investigated in the asymmetric allylic reactions. However, chiral sulfoxides have not been deemed as a class of practical chiral ligands until last decade, despite several distinct advantages over traditional ligand scaffolds, such as the proximity of the chiral information to the metal center and the ability to switch between S and O coordination. This perspective collects the recent development of chiral sulfoxide ligands for asymmetric allylation since the beginning of 2013. In addition, insights into the future development of this type of promising ligand are discussed.
Alkynyl Phenyl Selenides as Intermediates in the Metal‐Free Cyclisation of N‐Tosyl Homopropargyl Amides to γ‐Lactams
Authors: Temperini Andrea , Brufani Giulia , Santoro Stefano , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: December 2024

In this work, we present an efficient Brønsted acid‐catalysed intramolecular hydroamination reaction of homopropargyl N‐tosyl amides to produce synthetically useful substituted γ‐lactams through the corresponding alkynyl phenyl selenide intermediates. Our focus on optimising the cyclisation protocol under flow conditions has led to a significant enhancement in efficiency, thereby reducing the time and resources required for the process. DFT calculations of the reaction mechanism for the catalytic transformation of a model alkynyl phenyl selenide were also conducted.
Use of Real‐Time In‐Situ UV‐vis Spectrophotometry as a Tool for Monitoring Electrochemically‐Mediated Organic Synthesis
Authors: Schroeder Chelsea M. , Leadbeater Nicholas E.
Published: December 2024

A real‐time in‐situ UV‐vis reaction monitoring tool is used for the optimization and substrate screening of two electrochemically‐mediated reactions, namely the dehydrogenation of 1,2‐diphenylhydrazines, and the hydrogenation of azobenzenes. Key reaction parameters were assayed easily and effectively, this enabling rapid optimization and substrate screening.
Research on Fire Smoke Characteristics and Key Factor Evaluation in High‐Altitude Traffic Tunnels
Authors: Yang Keqing , Sun Jianchun , Xiang Fen , Yang Shiyong , Ling Weihao
Published: December 2024

Given the seriousness of fire safety issues in high‐altitude traffic tunnels, it is essential to investigate the spatial temperature characteristics under the coupling of multiple factors and their correlation with fire safety elements. This study systematically conducted full‐scale simulation analyses of highway tunnels to reveal the distribution of transverse and longitudinal spatial temperature as well as the longitudinal smoke diffusion patterns. Based on the simulation data, an integrated approach utilizing orthogonal test analysis, deviation analysis, and sensitivity analysis was employed to explore the impacts of various factors, including altitude, the transverse position of the fire source, fire scale, and wind speed, on tunnel fire safety. The results indicate that the influence of altitude on the longitudinal temperature along the arch and the position of spatial cross‐section characteristic points varies. Longitudinal ventilation speed is a relatively key factor affecting tunnel fire safety, particularly in terms of arch temperature and smoke backflow length, where its impact is significant. Additionally, fire scale has a notable impact on evacuation safety, with its overall influence ranking just below that of wind speed. In contrast, altitude and fire source position have relatively minor effects on tunnel fire safety. Inadequate longitudinal ventilation hinders the escape of personnel during tunnel fires, indicating that the design and operation of ventilation systems should be prioritized in fire prevention and control strategies. The findings of this study have significant practical implications for optimizing fire prevention and response capabilities in high‐altitude tunnels.
The Submental Artery Island Flap for Reconstruction of Acquired Maxillary and Palatal Defects After Tumor Ablation: Reversed Flow Versus the Extended Antegrade Design
Authors: Amin Ayman A. , Jamali Omer M. , Farid Ramez , Zedan Mohamed H. , Ghobrial Romany Esshak , Zakka Reem , Rifaat Mohammed A.
Published: December 2024

Background

The submental artery island flap (SIF) is a valid option for palatal reconstruction. However, the main limitation for its application for palatal defects is the arc of rotation. A novel modification for tunneling of the antegrade design of SIF that allows a compliant easy reach to the defect is described.

Methods

Eighteen patients with Brown class II maxillectomy defects were included. Reconstruction started using reversed flow SIF in five patients then shifted to the modified antegrade technique in the remaining patients. Speech, swallowing, chewing, other parameters, and oncological outcomes were assessed.

Results

The reversed flow group has high complications. In the antegrade SIF group, all flaps survived. One developed marginal flap necrosis that healed spontaneously. The follow‐up period ranged from 1 to 4.2 years with favorable functional outcome and with no evidence of recurrence.

Conclusion

The modified SIF antegrade design is a reliable option for palate reconstruction that allows favorable functional and oncological outcome.
Vitamin C Ameliorates Potassium Dichromate‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction via PGC‐1α/Nrf‐2/TFAM Pathway
Authors: Fatima Sabiha , Alrashoudi Reem H. , Alqarni Sana S. , Alshehri Samiyah , Alsaigh Sara M. , Malik Abdul , Siddiqi Nikhat J. , Umrani Arbila
Published: December 2024

Exposure to potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is well known for its nephrotoxic effects on humans and animals. This study investigated the protective effects of vitamin C against K2Cr2O7‐induced nephrotoxicity, focusing on its impact on altered carbohydrate metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and associated molecular mechanisms in the cortical and medullary kidney segments. Male Wistar rats (n = 8) were divided into four groups: Group I received saline, Group II received a single 250 mg/kg body weight (bwt) intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of vitamin C, Group III received K2Cr2O7 (15 mg/kg bwt, i.p.), and Group IV received vitamin C 6 h before K2Cr2O7 administration. Vitamin C significantly mitigated K2Cr2O7‐induced nephrotoxic effects, restoring normal renal function and histological architecture. It preserved the activities of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes altered by K2Cr2O7. Additionally, vitamin C mitigated K2Cr2O7‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction by maintaining tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes, electron transport chain proteins, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and ATP content. It also reduced oxidative stress markers and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. The protective mechanism of vitamin C against K2Cr2O7‐induced renal damage involved upregulation of the protein expression of peroxisome proliferation‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), which further elevated the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf‐2) and transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), crucial for protecting cells from oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function, and promoting cellular health. Overall, this study highlights the significant protective role of vitamin C against K2Cr2O7‐induced renal damage by preserving carbohydrate metabolism and mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction through the PGC‐1α/Nrf‐2/TFAM pathway, offering valuable insights into its protective mechanisms in nephrotoxicity.
MicroRNAs as Biomarker in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenesis to Clinical Relevance
Authors: Qamar Tooba , Ansari Md. Samsuddin , Masihuddin  , Mukherjee Sayali
Published: December 2024

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as intricate players in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), holding promise as discerning biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The lack of sensitivity and specificity in current diagnostic techniques, such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti‐citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), causes diagnosis delays in RA. The miR‐146a and miR‐155 act in inflammatory cascades and reduce joint deterioration, and miR‐223 is paradoxical, acting differently in different illness scenarios. The microenvironment of RA is shaped by the complex modulation of gene expression and cytokine dynamics by miR‐126 and miR‐24. miRNAs serve as a promising candidate for precision medicine in the management of RA. There are obstacles encountered in validation, delivery optimization, and off‐target effect mitigation before miRNA‐based biomarkers may be applied in clinical settings. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have been used to integrate miRNA expression patterns with clinical data to greatly advance the treatment of RA. Because of the disease's inherent complexity and variability, these state‐of‐the‐art models provide accurate predictions regarding the onset, development, and response to treatment of RA. By using clinical information and miRNA expression data, ML algorithms are revolutionizing the treatment of RA by predicting the onset and course of the disease with remarkably high accuracy. The development of therapeutic modalities and miRNA profiling has great potential to transform the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of RA, providing fresh hope for better patient outcomes.
CT‐Based Body Composition and Frailty as Predictors of Survival Among Older Adults With Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Authors: Giri Smith , Harmon Christian , Hess Daniel , Cespedes Feliciano Elizabeth M. , Fumagalli Ijeamaka Anyene , Caan Bette , Lenchik Leon , Popuri Karteek , Chow Vincent , Beg Mirza Faisal , Bhatia Smita , Williams Grant R.
Published: December 2024

Background

Older adults with cancer are at an increased risk of treatment related toxicities and early death. Routinely collected clinico‐demographic characteristics inadequately explain this increased risk limiting accurate prognostication. Prior studies have suggested that altered body composition and frailty are independently associated with worse survival among older adults with cancer; however, their combined influence remains unclear.

Methods

We used data from a single‐institution prospective cohort study of older adults (≥ 60 years) who underwent geriatric assessment (GA) at the time of initial consultation with a medical oncologist from September 2017 to December 2020 and available baseline abdominal computed tomography within 60 days of GA. Using multi‐slice CT images from T12 to L5 level, we assessed volumetric measures of skeletal muscle (SMV), visceral adipose tissue (VATV), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SATV) and averaged skeletal muscle density (SMD), computing sex‐specific z for each measure. Frailty was measured using a 44‐item frailty index using the deficit accumulation approach. Primary outcome of interest was overall survival (OS) defined as time from GA to death or last follow up. We used multivariable Cox regression model to study the independent association between the above four body composition measurements and OS adjusted for baseline confounders and frailty.

Results

We included 459 patients with a mean age of 69.7 ± 7.5 years, 60% males and 77% non‐Hispanic Whites. Most had colorectal (27%) or pancreatic cancer (20%) and 48% had stage IV disease. Over a median follow up of 39.4 months, 209 patients (46%) died. In multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, cancer type, cancer stage and frailty, skeletal muscle volume (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.58–0.96; p = 0.02, per 1 SD increment) was independently associated with OS. The addition of body composition variables to baseline clinico‐demographic variables and frailty led to a slightly improved model discrimination.

Conclusions

SMV is independently associated with OS among older adults with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancers. Capturing body composition measurements in oncology practice may provide additional prognostic information for older adults with cancer above and beyond what is captured in routine clinical assessment including frailty.
Ensuring the Future Pool of Gastroenterologists in the United Kingdom Is Imperative
Authors: Bharadwaj Hareesha Rishab , Rao Medha Sridhar , Gaur Aditya , Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed Khabab , Dhali Arkadeep
Published: December 2024

This perspective article explores the importance of fostering interest in gastroenterology among medical students and addressing the barriers that deter them from pursuing careers in this specialty. The paper highlights the critical role of early exposure to research, specialized electives, and mentorship in encouraging students to consider gastroenterology as a career choice. Current challenges include limited access to specialized electives and research opportunities within UK medical schools, inadequate hands‐on experience, and a perceived lack of stability and control over future training pathways. Additionally, suboptimal working conditions in the National Health Service (NHS) and uncertainty in the allocation of foundation jobs further discourage students from specializing in gastroenterology. To address these issues, the paper proposes several strategies: expanding gastroenterology electives, increasing research opportunities through grassroots initiatives and developing targeted mentorship programs to guide and inspire students. Furthermore, enhancing diversity and representation within the specialty by removing barriers for female medical students is crucial for creating a more inclusive environment. This article combines insights from existing literature, personal experiences, and innovative educational initiatives to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of gastroenterology training for medical students. The recommendations aim to inspire new approaches to medical education and training that will cultivate a well‐prepared, diverse, and motivated workforce ready to advance the field of gastroenterology.
Linkage to Care of People With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Blood Donors: Experience From an Apex Treatment Centre Under National Viral Hepatitis Control Program, India
Authors: Ahammed Sk Mahiuddin , Singh Boby Maibam , Saren Swapan , Dey Pratik , Roy Raja , Chowdhury Abhijit
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

Chronic viral hepatitis is a major public health challenge. The World Health Organization (WHO) and many national programs have set goals for elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030. Screening, Linkage to care (LTC), and access to treatment are very important steps to eliminate viral hepatitis. The study aimed to assess the cascade of chronic viral hepatitis care and the barrier of LTC in the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (NVHCP).

Methods

In this observational cross‐sectional study, healthy voluntary blood donors from two leading blood banks, who were HBsAg or anti‐HCV reactive, were advised to attend the clinic of NVHCP.

Results

Among 116 569 healthy blood donors, prevalence of chronic HBV and HCV were 0.5% and 0.2% respectively. LTC was very poor. Only 27.7% HBsAg positive and 8.9% anti HCV positive patients attended NVHCP clinic. However, those who attended the clinic, 87.8% HBV and 100% HCV‐infected patients were retained. All HCV patients (n = 16) achieved SVR‐12. Among HBV‐infected patients, treatment eligibility was 21%.

Conclusions

In this study, LTC was very poor. Only 27.7% of chronic HBV and 9% of HCV patients attended the NVHCP clinic. Immediate interventions are required to enhance LTC for asymptomatic patients with chronic viral hepatitis.
Multicenter Evaluation of the QIAstat‐Dx and the BioFire Multiplex Panel Tests for the Detection of Respiratory Pathogens
Authors: Gosert Rainer , Koller Roger , Meyer Jakob , Dräger Sarah , Ramette Alban , Bingisser Roland , Nickel Christian H. , Bassetti Stefano , Sutter Sarah Tschudin , Keller Peter M. , Bittel Pascal , Leuzinger Karoline
Published: December 2024

Syndromic multiplex panel testing enables simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory pathogens, but limited data is available on the comparative diagnostic performance of different testing systems. In this multicenter prospective study, we aimed to compare the QIAstat‐Dx Respiratory Panel 2.0 (QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0) with the widely used BioFire‐RP2.1, using 269 respiratory clinical specimens. Concordant test results were obtained in 232 (86.3%) cases. Discordant test results included 33 BioFire‐RP2.1(+)/QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0(−) and 4 BioFire‐RP2.1(‐)/QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0(+) results. Discordant samples showed significantly lower pathogen loads than concordant ones (p < 0.01). Overall, the QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0 showed an analytical sensitivity of 50%–100% depending on the respiratory target, with an analytical specificity ≥ 99.0%. Most significant differences were found for the detection of adenovirus, human coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, human rhinovirus/enterovirus and SARS‐CoV‐2 (kappa‐score: 0.67–0.91). Co‐detections of respiratory pathogens were identified in 47 cases by BioFire‐RP2.1 and 29 by QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0. Agreement rates between the two multiplex panel tests decreased from 91.8% for single pathogen detections to 65.0% and 42.9% for co‐detecting two and three pathogens, respectively. Pathogen loads were significantly lower in co‐detections compared to single pathogen detections (p < 0.01), potentially explaining the lower detection rates with the QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0 in cases of multiple pathogens. In conclusion, our prospective multicenter evaluation showed good diagnostic performance of the QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0 assay, but lower detection rates for some respiratory targets compared to BioFire‐RP2.1. As QIAstat‐Dx‐RP2.0 offers advantages in handling, noise emission, cost effectiveness, and provides semi‐quantitative results compared to BioFire‐RP2.1 an updated version with enhanced analytical sensitivity would be a viable alternative syndromic testing system for detecting respiratory pathogens.
Modulation of Preceding Tibetan Plateau Tropospheric Thermal Anomaly on Summer Temperature Anomalies in the Yangtze and Huaihe River Valleys
Authors: Li Di , Zhang Ting , Liu Ge , Liu Jingpeng , Zhou Changyan , Qi Dongmei , Feng Yuhan , Zhou Yuwei
Published: December 2024

Anomalous warm surface air temperatures (SATs) appeared in eastern China, especially the middle and lower Yangtze and Huaihe River valleys (MLYHRV), in the summer of 2022. Using the 2022 SAT anomaly as a case, this study analyses the reasons for the variation of summer SATs in the MLYHRV and explores the precursory signals for the summer MLYHRV SAT and related mechanisms. The findings indicate that the preceding May mid‐upper (500–300 hPa) tropospheric temperature (TT) over the Arabian Sea and India and the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) can reflect the persistence of the TT anomaly over the western TP and its eastward extension to the Japan Sea from May to summer, which causes downstream East Asian circulation (i.e., the South Asian high and western Pacific subtropical high) and related SAT anomalies over the MLYHRV during summer (especially July–August). In addition, the May La Niña SST can reflect the summer La Niña SST pattern and therefore affect the summer MLYHRV SAT by modulating the East Asian circulations. Using TT and SST precursory signals, a statistical prediction model was developed to predict the summer MLYHRV SAT. This model based on the TT and SST signals shows better prediction ability than the model based only on the traditional La Niña SST signal. The May ASI‐WTP TT may be regarded as a crucial supplementary precursor for forecasting the summer MLYHRV SAT.
Composite Analysis of Explosive Cyclones in the Southern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Andrade Hugo Nunes , Nunes André Becker , Teixeira Mateus Silva , de Quadro Mário Francisco Leal , de Avila Vilson Dias , de Oliveira Fabrício Sanguinetti Cruz , Alves Rita de Cássia Marques
Published: December 2024

Composite analysis of the atmospheric mechanisms in South Atlantic explosive cyclones was performed utilising ERA5 reanalysis for the 2010–2020 period. By a manual tracking method, 271 cases were found (127 weak, 104 moderate and 40 intense). The cyclones follow the preferential displacement from northwest to southeast. There is a trend that, as the explosive cyclone's intensity increases, its trajectory becomes less zonal and has a more significant impact in the coastal areas of Southern Brazil and Uruguay. These intensity frequencies were discretized through a compositing technique for studying explosive cyclones. The results revealed that explosive cyclones begin following the classical model from Bjerknes and Solberg, and, at the end of the explosive phase, they tend to become Shapiro–Keyser type, especially in moderate and intense ones. Vertical movements appeared more significantly at the beginning of the explosive stage. It was observed that intense explosive cyclones transition from the equatorial side of the high‐level jet to the polar side. In addition, surface latent heat flux may significantly impact the cyclone's development both in the beginning and during the explosive phase, especially in intense systems. A horizontal dipole pattern is seen for surface sensible heat fluxes, as the ocean loses and gains heat in the cold and warm sectors, respectively, at roughly the same amount.
Association between a 6‐h feeding protocol and postprocedure hospital length of stay following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in hospitalized adults: A before‐and‐after cohort study
Authors: Roberson Jeffrey L. , Passman Jesse E. , Aloupis Marianne , Caballero‐Tilleria Yessenia , Audia Anthony , Ramirez Melissa R. , Quinones Patricia Martinez , Kim Patrick , Kaufman Elinore J. , Sharoky Catherine E.
Published: December 2024

Background

Tolerance of enteral nutrition following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a barrier to discharge. This study investigated the impact of an expedited feeding protocol following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on postprocedure length of stay (LOS).

Methods

We performed a before‐and‐after cohort study on hospitalized adults in whom percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was placed by surgeons following the implementation of a standardized feeding protocol in which enteral feeds were resumed at the preoperative rate 6 h later.

Results

Enteral feeding resumed within 6 h postoperatively in 93% of patients after protocol initiation. The mean ± SD time to the goal enteral rate after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was significantly shorter following protocol implementation (15 ± 10 vs 50 ± 26 h, P ≤ 0.0001). Compared with the preprotocol cohort, there was no change in postoperative aspiration at 1 week (6% vs 4%, P = 0.531) or rates of tube dislodgement (10% vs 9%, P = 0.89), return to the operating room (10% vs 6%, P = 0.36), and surgical‐site infection (9% vs 8%, P = 0.92) at 1 month in the protocol implementation cohort. On multivariable regression, an expedited feeding protocol generated a significantly shorter postprocedure LOS for patients remaining in the hospital for ≤1 week (β = −2.14, 95% CI, −2.98 to −1.30; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

An expedited feeding protocol following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement had a high degree of provider uptake without any significant change in safety outcomes. Beginning enteral nutrition within 6 h postoperatively at the preoperative rate reduced LOS by >2 days, suggesting that these protocols can address common delays to discharge.
Enhancing Patient Decision‐Making in Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Decision Aid Efficacy
Authors: Graziano Francis D. , White Donovan R. , Plotsker Ethan L. , Shammas Ronnie L. , Smith‐Montes Elizabeth , Nelson Jonas A. , Stern Carrie S.
Published: December 2024

Background

Patients often struggle to select a breast reconstruction option that aligns with their personal values. Decision aids have become popular tools to assist patients in navigating these choices. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of available breast reconstruction decision aids.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search across five databases from inception to December 2022, identifying studies related to the development, validation, or implementation of decision aids in breast reconstruction.

Results

Out of 4621 reports, 24 studies met inclusion criteria, covering 14 unique decision aids. These included 13 randomized controlled trials, 9 qualitative studies, and 2 case series. Nine studies reported reduced decisional conflict and 2 studies showed decreased decisional regret. Additionally, 13 studies found improved satisfaction with the information provided, and all seven studies that measured knowledge retention showed improvements. However, none of the studies found a reduction in anxiety or depression following the use of decision aids.

Conclusions

Decision aids are effective in reducing decisional conflict, enhancing patient satisfaction, and improving knowledge retention in breast reconstruction. Future research should focus on integrating these tools into clinical practice.
Evaluating the Role of Surgical Resection and Reconstruction in the Management of Ewing sarcoma of the Chest Wall in the Paediatric Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rice Darragh , Barrett Seán , Lavan Naomi , Daly Patricia , Owens Cormac , Pears Jane , Capra Michael , McGuinness Jonathan
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

Ewing sarcoma is the most common malignant chest wall tumour in the paediatric population. Following neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens, the role and extent of surgical resection and reconstruction of the chest wall remain unclear.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines across four major literature databases. Data regarding overall survival, rate of recurrence, role of surgery and adjuvant therapy role was extracted.

Results

Three thousand ninety‐one studies were initially identified via the search, with 25 single‐centre observational studies (458 patients) and 10 retrospective reviews of multicentre trials (961 patients) included in the final analysis. Five‐year overall survival ranged from 35% to 90%.

Discussion

Along with chemotherapy, local control with surgical resection provides the cornerstone of the management of Ewing sarcoma of the chest wall in children. The literature favours delaying surgery until after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and there appear to be limited benefits to extensive resection according to pre‐chemotherapy margins, advocated for in current guidelines. Radiotherapy is no longer advocated for all patients, but rather should be guided by surgical margins and the histological response to chemotherapy in the resected specimens. Surgical reconstructive techniques need to be tailored for the growth potential of these paediatric patients to avoid long‐term sequalae, including scoliosis and pulmonary restrictive disease.