bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracts from a Heteroglossary
Authors: Emerson Gary Saul Morson with Caryl
Published: November 2023

Readers of Bakhtin are aware of his tendency not to define his terms explicitly, but rather to illustrate them by use, often by passing them through many different contexts. It is a technique that makes maximal demands on the reader, and has often led to misunderstandings (about which he sometimes complained). To make matters still more confusing, Bakhtin sometimes used the same word (most notoriously, “dialogue”) in different senses, each of which would really require a separate definition to distinguish it from the word’s other senses.
Introduction
Authors: Adler Paul S
Published: November 2023

To the extent that businesses plan for the workforce implications of new process technologies that they introduce, it is often in a largely unconscious manner. The fantasy that often governs this unconscious process might be called the “de-skilling myth”: received wisdom and wishful thinking encourage many managers to believe that new technologies will permit them to get along not only with proportionately fewer workers-a perfectly reasonable assumption in many cases-but also with workers who are on average less skilled and doing narrower jobs.
Skill and Occupational Changes in U.S. Manufacturing
Authors: Attewell Paul
Published: November 2023

Many important changes have occurred in U.S. industry with the introduction of new technologies in manufacturing-computer-integrated manufacturing, computer-aided design (CAD) computer-controlled mate rials handling, and manufacturing resource planning (MRP). This chapter characterizes the resulting changes in the skill requirements and occupational mix of U.S. industry, with special emphasis on recent developments in the United States. It locates recent technological advances and their human resource implications within broader processes that have been unfolding over several decades, and suggests some prognoses for the decades ahead.
New Concepts of Production and the Emergence of the Systems Controller
Authors: Kern Horst , Schumann Michael
Published: November 2023

Lies have short wings, at least in the social sciences. Predictions are often contradicted by the subsequent course of social development. In 1984, with our book The End of the Division of Labor?, we presented an attempt at a prediction based on industrial sociology. At that time, we interpreted the situation of West German industry as one of radical transformation in which new approaches toward automation were being invented and implemented in a growing number of factories. We viewed this process as a fundamental change in the structure of industrial work, as a redistribution of living conditions in society, and as a challenge for politics. We forecast that new “concepts of production” were just around the corner.
The Social Symbolism Of Smoking And Health
Authors: Gusfield Joseph R
Published: November 2023

The mirror images of tobacco as harmful and immoral and smoking as harmless and innocently pleasurable have spiralled through Western history since tobacco was first brought to Europe (Gottsegen 1940; Best 1979; Troyer and Markle 1983). Though our economic, political and legal institutions have often been dominated by one or another assessment, both positive and negative images of tobacco have been a part of American life. The two concerns of health and morality have appeared in the perception of tobacco and its uses. The pleasures of smoking have been countered at times by claims of its bad effects on health, at times by its perception as an evil habit associated with vicious living. Dual images and dual criteria have been embodied in institutional practices and the recurring interests of various segments of the American population. Neither the rejecting nor the appreciative view of smoking has entirely disappeared from American life.
Disparate Treatment Of Smokers In Employment And Insurance
Authors: Sugarman Stephen D
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on disparate treatment of smokers and nonsmokers in the overlapping arenas of employment and insurance. The first section identifies public policy justifications for such treatment. The heart of the chapter, section II, considers several objections to disparate treatment. Smokers’ rights laws, a new response to disparate treatment, are discussed in section III.
The Impact Of Upper-Echelon Diversity On Organizational Performance
Authors: Glick William H , Miller C Chet , Hubere George P
Published: November 2023

The makeup of an organization’s upper echelon is a critical determinant of the organization’s performance. Indeed, when thinking about designing an organization, it is difficult to argue that any component is worthy of more attention and concern than the upper-echelon team. In this chapter, Glick, Miller, and Huber look at the influence of upper-echelon diversity on organizational performance. Based on previous research and on interviews with over 120 chief executives, they build a process model of the effects of demographic, structural, and cognitive diversity of upper-echelon management teams. They then test and improve the model with data from 79 strategic business units.
Managing The Process Of Organizational Innovation
Authors: Vene Andrew H Van De
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Van de Ven develops a process model of organizational innovation that can be used by innovation managers to guide their actions and by organizational scientists both as a basis for further research on innovation processes and as an aid in developing theories of organizational change in general. He begins by examining the classic innovation model developed by Everett Rogers, highlighting the fact that it pertains particularly to the development and marketing of innovations by organizations and the adoption of these innovations by individuals. He then introduces the multi-investigator, multiorganization, multiyear Minnesota Innovation Research Program (MIRP) and describes six ‘‘complexities’‘ that he and his associates in the MIRP studies found to commonly occur in the intraorganizational development and adoption of innovations (as contrasted with development by organization and subsequent adoption by individuals). The capstone to these two efforts is a model of organization innovation formed by superimposing the MIRP complexities on Rogers’s classic model.
Semantics, Culture, and Cognition
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

To what extent are languages ‘essentially the same’? Is every word in our language translatable into every other language, or are some of our words and concepts ‘culture specific’? In this innovative study, Wierzbicka ranges across a wide variety of languages and cultures, attempting to identify concepts which are truly universal, while at the same time arguing that every language constitutes a different ‘guide to reality’. The lexicons of different languages, she shows, do indeed suggest different conceptual universes. Not everything that can be said in one language can be said in another, and this is not just a matter of certain things being easier to say in one language than in another. Wierzbicka focuses on a few specific classes of words. One chapter looks at the language of emotion across cultures, and finds that there are numerous culture-specific words for feelings and emotions which have no analogues in other cultures. Another chapter considers moral concepts across cultures. A third examines names and titles. In her concluding chapter, Wierzbicka analyses the ways in which the Russian language and Australian English serve as mirrors of their respective cultures and ‘national characters’. Clearly and accessibly written, this important new study will be of great interest to scholars working in a wide range of disciplines, including linguistics, anthropology, philosophy, psychology and literary studies.
Reflex Control During Orthostasis
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

The studies of Hill (1895) and Hill and Barnard (1897) extended beyond hydrostatic effects on the circulation. Even without a knowledge of arterial baroreflexes, their two publications on vasomotor adjustments are nevertheless classics that encourage humility. Hill (1895) states: ‘‘ ... that pressure falls in the carotid artery under the influence of gravity in the feet-down posture, and rises in the feet-up posture, that compensation takes place more or less in normal animals (that is to say, the hydrostatic moment [which he also called a hydrostatic indifferent point] is compensated for by a dynamic moment), that this compensation takes place by vasoconstriction in the splanchnic area in the feet-down position-within some cases cardiac acceleration-and by cardiac inhibition and by vasodilation in the feet-up position “ The same importance assigned to the passive dynamic effects of respiration on the volume of the splanchnic reservoir was also assigned to vasomotor control. Hill and Barnard concluded that, if the vasomotor system is intact and people are essentially healthy, arterial blood pressure (mean) does not fall and may even rise on assumption of upright posture. They stated “so long as the vasomotor mechanism is intact, the splanchnic area forms the resistance box of the circulation and the effect of gravity is of no importance.” The importance of vasomotor control in the legs was not recognized until later.
The French National System of Innovation
Authors: Chesnais FranÇois
Published: November 2023

The French system is essentially a creation of the post-World War II period. The higher education sector, with its dual component (the Universities and the “Grandes Ecoles”) dates back to the late eighteenth century and to subsequent developments at given periods of the nineteenth century.
Evolution, Externalities, and Managerial Action
Authors: Shapira Zur
Published: November 2023

In the organizational sciences, the evolutionary approach of the population ecology perspective has gained a dominant position. Since its introduction (Hannan and Freeman, 1977), a debate on what constitutes proper and fruitful research in and on organizations started. In particular, questions about the proper level of analysis ensued. Research in the population ecology tradition has concentrated on studies of entire organizational populations over long periods; and ignored the role of the individual within organizations. Recently, however, some researchers have begun to examine the significance of microlevel processes for macrolevel dynamics (see for example, Burgelman and Mittman, chapter 4, this volume; March and Shapira, 1992). In this spirit, and to facilitate cross-pollination among the different levels of analysis in organizational research (cf. March and Shapira, 1982), I pursue here the idea that microlevel processes have macrolevel effects that may contribute to an increased integration of evolutionary dynamics at different levels of analysis. To explore this idea I discuss some methodological problems associated with the level of analysis question, the importance of externalities, and the emergent role of managerial action. Such an endeavor, if successful, may enhance our understanding of actions within and by organizations. For, if process (rather than content) is the focus of evolutionary analysis of organizations (see March, chapter 3, this volume), then all levels of analysis should be considered, the micro as well as the macro. Potential aggregations of interactions among these different levels should be a central theme of evolutionary analysis.
Surviving Schumpeterian Environments: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Levinthal Daniel
Published: November 2023

There is what at this point has become a rather considerable body of research documenting the dynamics of the Schumpeterian process of “creative destruction” (see Majumdar, 1982; Tushman and Anderson, 1986; Tilton, 1972; Malerba, 1985). While the collapse of market position and exit of established firms may constitute the main effect of a discontinuity in an industrial market, what this chapter considers is essentially the residual error term of such an event. The process of creative destruction is often not complete; that is, some established firms may survive such a discontinuity in their environment (Abernathy and Clark, 1985). Is this “residual” merely a purely random effect or are there some systematic forces influencing the set of established firms that persist? This question is of considerable practical importance, as well as an intriguing context in which to explore some recent debates on the nature of organizational and industry evolution. Instances of technological discontinuity and, more generally, of market disequilibria are occasions for the establishment of potentially long-enduring competitive positions. While business strategy is of importance even in situations of stable market conditions, the opportunity to change one’s competitive position fundamentally is far greater at times of change when former sources of competitive advantage decay and new opportunities for establishing competitive position emerge.
On Behalf of Nïveté
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

Peering Into Mirrors The phenomena we see reflect ourselves. When we report what we see, our reports tell much about ourselves-they may even tell more about us than about the phenomena we claim to be observing (Starbuck and Milliken, 1988). In research, the phenomena we see reflect our analytic procedures. When we report research findings, our reports tell much about our analytic procedures. Our reports may tell more about our analytic procedures than about the phenomena we claim to be analyzing (Starbuck, 1981; Webster and Starbuck, 1988). This chapter advocates changes in our theorizing and our testing of theories. These changes would help us to formulate more meaningful theories and to evaluate them more rigorously. Although the issues and prescriptions apply generally, the discussion emphasizes time series because these are central in studies of evolutionary dynamics. A time series is a sequence of observations collected over time-for example, annual counts of steel mills over 30 years.
Progress and Problems in Population Ecology
Authors: Tucker David J
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this commentary is to comment on the preceding chapters, somehow to consider how and what they contribute to knowledge about organizations, and what the implications are for future research programs. But, how to do this in a reflective and rational manner? One way is to start with the observation that over the past dozen or so years population ecology has been a very fruitful enterprise, with research studies proliferating and demonstrating ever-increasing levels of methodological sophistication. Following from this is the question of whether these chapters define and help solve important puzzles in population ecology that have not yet been addressed, and whether they do so in a scientifically rigorous manner. If the answers are yes on both counts, and they are, then it is clear that these chapters are part of the cumulative knowledge process that is helping to refine and affirm the ecological analysis of organizational populations as an important subfield in organization theory. This of course is the safe conclusion and means we are all on the right road (more or less) and can continue.
How Small Firms Can Achieve Competitive Advantage in an Interdependent World
Authors: Aharoni Yair
Published: November 2023

Small firms play a larger role in the economy than is often realized. Close to 90 percent of American firms employ fewer than twenty per sons, and almost half the work force is employed by companies with fewer than 500 employees. In smaller countries, an even larger percent age of the work force is employeed by small firms. More important, these smaller organizations are creating the new employment opportunities, not their bigger, better-known counterparts. The number of these firms that have cast their eyes beyond the domestic market may come as a surprise: A survey conducted for the Small Business Administration showed that 37 percent of the U.S. firms with fewer than 500 employees are exporting overseas, and that one quarter of all exporting companies, or more than 16,000, employ fewer than 100 people.
Downscoping
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

Large, diversified firms face unique challenges as they compete worldwide, and corporate restructuring is one way multinationals strive for competitive advantage. Weighing the pros and cons of a variety of approaches to restructuring, Downscoping offers executives a clear, strategic path through the maze. The authors show that when a multinational conglomerate fails to compete effectively, too much diversification may be the culprit. Whether the result of weak corporate governance or poor corporate strategy, over-diversification can make managers, unfamiliar with some of the markets in which they compete, opt for safety over innovation. This risk-aversion and lack of long-range commitment to innovation lead inevitably to stagnation over the longer term. The answer is not downsizing—closing offices and laying off personnel—but downscoping: a strategic approach to restructuring. The options include incentive and compensation adjustments for executives, leveraged buy-outs and capital structure changes, focusing on core skills, diversifying internationally while focusing on businesses in which a firm has strong competencies, and buying and selling mature businesses where product development is not a great concern. Regardless of the approach, executives must exercise strategic leadership during and after restructuring, including providing strategic direction, exploiting core competencies, deeloping human capital and sustaining the corporate culture. Based on systematic research rather than casual observation, Downscoping provides a strong description of restructuring alternatives and their resulting tradeoffs. Its specific guidelines for maintaining competitiveness will be essential reading for managers involved in corporate restructuring.
Songs of Zion
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

This is a study of the transplantation of a creed devised by and for African Americans--the African Methodist Episcopal Church--that was appropriated and transformed in a variety of South African contexts. Focusing on a transatlantic institution like the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the book studies the complex human and intellectual traffic that has bound African American and South African experience. It explores the development and growth of the African Methodist Episcopal Church both in South Africa and America, and the interaction between the two churches. This is a highly innovative work of comparative and religious history. Its linking of the United States and African black religious experiences is unique and makes it appealing to readers interested in religious history and black experience in both the United States and South Africa.
Fractal Physiology
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

This text explains the use of fractal patterns and measures of fractal dimensions in describing and understanding general aspects of biology, particularly human physiology. After describing the ubiqitous nature of fratal phenoma, the authors given examples of the properties of fractals in space and time. Proceeding from mathematical definitions, they develop detailed practical methods for assessing the fractal characteristics of wave forms varying with time, tissue density variation, and surface irregularities. Most importantly, they show how fractal variation defines internal spatial or temporal correlations within the fractal system or object. Simple, recursively applied rules can give rise to complex biological structures by a variety of methods. This suggests that genetic rules govern the general structuring on an organism, while rules implied by interactions at the biochemical, cellular, and tissue levels govern ontogenic development and therefore play the major role in the growth of an organism. Chaos, or non-linear dynamics, is introduced as a stimulating way to examine biological behaviour at the cellular and whole animal levels, even though proof of the chaotic nature of normal physiologic events is as yet meager. The later chapters give sets of examples of structural and behavioural fractal phenomena in nerve and muscle, in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and in growth processes. Why molecular interactions and complex systems give rise to fractals is explored and related to the ideas of emergent properties of systems operating at high levels of complexity.
Conjunction Contiguity Contingency
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

This monograph comprises three intimately related studies on the grammar of hieroglyphic Egyptian and its linear descendant, Coptic, covering a period of 4000 years of language history. Depuydt approaches the subject from the standpoint of the ‘Standard Theory’ developed by his mentor, the distinguished Egyptologist, Hans Jakob Polotsky. The first essay studies the verb form called ‘conjunctive’, arguing that the function of the conjunctive is to ‘conjoin’ a chain of two or more events into a single—though compound—notion. The second essay shows how a certain syntactic construction can be used to refer to events that are contiguous, that is, events that succeed one another rapidly in time. The third essay examines verb forms that refer to events whose occurrence is contingent on the occurrence of other events implied or explicitly mentioned in the context. The respective grammatical phenomena are labelled conjunction, continguity and contingency. Taken together, these three studies constitute a significant advance in our understanding of the ancient languages of Egypt.
Auxiliaries
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

Offering a new perspective on auxiliaries in particular and language structure in general, this study argues that language cannot be explained satisfactorily with reference to linguistic variables alone; what is required in addition are extra-linguistic parameters relating to how we perceive the world around us, and how we utilize the linguistic resources available to us to conceptualize our experiences, and to communicate successfully. Rather than a closed, self-contained system, language is an entity that is constantly shaped by such external factors as cognitive forces, pragmatic manipulation, history, etc. These factors are responsible for the emergence of chain-like linguistic structures, and auxiliaries are typical examples of such structures, which Heine describes as grammaticalization chains. A limited number of concrete event schemas are discussed and these schemas are shown to be responsible for much of the linguistic diversity that auxiliary constructions exhibit in the languages of the world.
South Korea: Structure and Changes
Authors: Choo Kwang-Yung , Kang Myung-Koo
Published: November 2023

Since the first century B.c., the Korean Peninsula has been invaded by a series of forces, including those of the Chinese Empire up until the late ninteenth century and the Japanese in 1910. The current Republic of Korea was founded in 1948. During and after World War II, Korea was once again occupied. At the Potsdam Conference, the Peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel into Soviet and U.S. spheres referred to as South and North Korea. South Korea, or Korea, occupies the southern 29,000 km2 of the Peninsula. It has a current population of 44 million people. It is one of the more remarkable growth stories in the Pacific with its current GDP at $US 240 billion.
Moore and Wittgenstein on Certainty
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: November 2023

Ludwig Wittgenstein’s On Certainty was finished just before his death in 1951 and is a running commentary on three of G.E. Moore’s greatest epistemological papers. In the early 1930s, Moore had written a lengthy commentary on Wittgenstein, anticipating some of the issues Wittgenstein would discuss in On Certainty. The philosophical relationship between these two great philosophers and their overlapping, but nevertheless differing, views is the subject of this book. Both defended the existence of certainty and thus opposed any form of scepticism. However, their defences and conceptions of certainty differed widely, as did their understanding of the nature of scepticism and how best to combat it. Stroll’s book contains a careful and critical analysis of their differing approaches to a set of fundamental epistemological problems.
National Security Law And The Power Of The Purse
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

The stuggle between Congress and the President for control of national security decision-making has been an on going one. In recent years, Congress has ceded the initiative to the President and then used the power of the purse later to ratify or restrict what the President has done. Banks and Raven-Hansen provide a comprehensive study of the history, procedures, and scope of the power of the purse in national security affairs, analysing the legal sources and issues involved.
Cases of Verb Third in Old High German*
Authors: Tomaselli Alessandra
Published: November 2023

This paper is organized into five sections. In the first section, I introduce and discuss the particular construction which this investigation will concentrate on: the cases of verb-third order in matrix clauses in Old High German (OHO henceforth). In SECTION 2 OHO data will be compared with Old English (OE) data (cf. Kemenade (1987)). The third section is devoted to the presentation and discussion of two alternative analyses of these verb-third word order pat terns already proposed in the literature: that in Lenerz (1985), and that in Kemenade (1987). Finally, in the last two sections, I will propose a partially new analysis, which will lead us to discuss two important issues: the clitic head relation and the wk-construction.
Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through Alliance
Authors: Bailey Elizabeth E , Shan Weijian
Published: November 2023

The business press is full of stories about corporate alliances: KLM and Northwest Airlines, Xerox and Fuji, Caterpillar and Mitsubishi, Amgen and Kirin Brewery, IBM, Siemens and Toshiba. Information about alliances is not limited just to the news stories. Recently, a clever advertisement in The Wall Street Journal asked “What have Bill Gates, John Sculley, Scott McNealy, John Young and Larry Ellison agreed to cooperate on?” The answer: to establish an alliance between Oracle and four other computer companies.

In recent years, the number of alliances has grown at an explosive pace. But what is the incentive for these arrangements? Who cooperates with whom? And what form do these cooperative ventures take? In this chapter we will focus on three of the major forces driving this trend—the increasingly global nature of competition, the accelerated pace of technological change, and the opening of new markets such as Eastern Europe—and how firms, and governments, are creating networks of alliances that yield sustainable competitive advantage.
Slavonic’s Closest Approach to Suffixaufnahme: The Possessive Adjective
Authors: Corbett Greville G
Published: November 2023

One of the aims of this volume on Suffixaufnahme is to see the phenomenon in terms of a broader typology of attributive constructions. It is in this area that the evidence of the Slavonic possessive adjectives is particularly important. Possessive adjectives clearly show similarities to Suffixaufnahme constructions; indeed, as Plank (1990: 1039) points out, some researchers have tried to treat even prototypical examples of Suffixaufnahme as adjectives. I shall show that Slavonic possessive adjectives, to varying degrees, do indeed show similarities to undisputed instances of Suffixaufnahme, but that there are also important differences. These can be explained by reference to the nature of the morphological systems of the Slavonic languages. In a nutshell, I claim that some Slavonic possessive adjectives come as close to Suffixaufnahme as is possible without contravening major regularities in the morphology.
Aspects of Discourse Configurationality in Somali
Authors: Svolacchia Marco , Mereu Lunella , Puglielli Annarita
Published: November 2023

Focus and to some degree topic are central to the syntax of Somali as there is obligatory focus of one element in every main, declarative clause. Unlike the focused verb in Somali the focused NP is syntactically marked in that it must occur in a specific position. The focused element is also lexically marked by an identifying particle, referred to as focus (indicator) particle in the literature. Owing to its obligatory syntactic and lexical indication of focus, Somali can be called a focus prominent language. It can also be considered a topic prominent language (Li and Thompson, 1976) in that topic in the form of NP dislocation and resumptive pronouns is a primary feature of Somali.
Focusing in Modern Greek
Authors: Tsimpli Ianthi Maria
Published: November 2023

This paper discusses the phenomenon of focusing in Modem Greek (MG). It has two major aims. The first aim is to distinguish the process of focusing from the processes of topicalization and wh-movement which are also attested in the language. The second aim is to develop a theory of focusing which accounts for the distribution of focus phrases both in the syntax and at LF.
Focus and Topic Movement in Korean and Licensing*
Authors: Choe Hyon Sook
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes to discuss properties of focus and topic in Korean and argue that Korean, which is head-final and known as a free word order language, employs syntactic focus movement and null (topic) operator movement to meet relevant licensing conditions on focus and topic (cf. Chomsky (1986a, 93) for the notion of licensing). The processes of focus movement under consideration are wh-movement (cf. Section 3.1.1.), movement of information focus, and movement of so-called contrastive focus (cf. Kuno’s (1973) contrastive wa in Japanese). Here, I call foci that are phonetically manifested information foci (cf. Holliday (1967)) to differentiate them from contrastive foci in Korean.
The End of Corporatism? Wage Setting in the Nordic and Germanic Countries
Authors: Lange Peter , Wallerstein Michael , Golden Miriam
Published: November 2023

The discovery of corporatism and its successes in the 1980s fueled a “growth indus try” for comparative political economy. By the early 1990s, its decline and even collapse shifted the terms of debate. Whereas initially interest was sparked by the need to investigate corporatist success, the new focus centered on the causes and consequences of corporatism’s seeming demise. The analysis of Swedish political economy is paradigmatic of this shift. In the 1970s, Sweden embodied the model corporatist country. Its highly centralized bar gaining between densely representative organizations of labor and capital was encouraged by government, which used social and economic policies to underpin and facilitate such arrangements. The outcomes were apparently beneficial for all concerned: the economy was efficient, as indicated by Swedish competitive success internationally, but also relatively equitable, as evidenced by the country’s record of redistribution.
Strikes Around the World: A Game Theoretic Approach
Authors: Tsebelis George , Lange Peter
Published: November 2023

The bargaining power of labor vis-a-vis capital declined in the 1980s. A series of conditions contributed to this decline. Unemployment rose in most OECD countries; left-wing governments were replaced by the political right; internal differentiation weakened labor in negotiations; increased capital mobility strengthened the bar gaining position of capital. However, these generalized conditions did not have a consistent impact on a central feature of the interaction between labor and capital in industrialized countries: strike activity. Days lost to strikes increased substantially in some OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, declined in others, and remained stable in still others (see Table 5.1).
Ellipsis
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

Lobeck elaborates a theory of ellipsis which brings the phenomenon under the aegis of very general and universal principles. She argues that the Empty Category Principle (ECP) constrain the distribution of ellipsis just as it constrains the distributions of traces and null pronouns, which has implications not only for ellipsis but for the study of empty categories as well.
Classificatory Particles In Kilivila
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: November 2023

Common among the world's languages is the phenomenon of classification, a partly or fully grammatical division of the noun lexicon into distinct classes that ultimately derives from the human need to classify and filter data on various levels while communicating. In this book, Senft describes and develops a grammar of classificatory particles in Kilivila, an Austronesian language of the Trobriand Islanders in Papua New Guinea. Drawing largely on his anthropological and linguistic fieldwork in the islands, and emphasizing the use of classifiers in a social context, Senft provides quantitative data and a statistical profile of the status and use of these particles, and the classifier system that employs them.
Introduction to Knowledge in Organizations
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

Japanese companies remain an enigma to most Westerners. They are not terribly efficient, entrepreneurial, or liberated. Yet, slowly but surely, they have advanced their position in international competition. Why have Japanese companies become successful? In this book we offer a new explanation. We argue that the success of Japanese companies is not due to their manufacturing prowess; access to cheap capital; close and cooperative relationships with customers, suppliers, and government agencies; or lifetime employment, seniority system, and other human resources management practices-although all of these factors, of course, are important. Instead, we make the claim that Japanese companies have been successful because of their skills and expertise at “organizational knowledge creation.” By organizational knowledge creation we mean the capability of a company as a whole to create new knowledge, disseminate it throughout the organization, and embody it in products, services, and systems. Organizational knowledge creation is the key to the distinctive ways that Japanese companies innovate. They are especially good at bringing about innovation continuously, incrementally, and spirally.
Middle-up-down Management Process for Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters presented our theoretical model of organizational knowledge creation and its practical application within Japanese firms. We shift our focus in the next two chapters to consider the most appropriate setting under which organizational knowledge creation will flourish. In this chapter we focus our attention on a management process that can best facilitate the creation of organizational knowledge. Since organizational knowledge creation calls for a radically different setting than that which exists today, we will turn our attention in the next chapter to the most appropriate organizational structure.
The Federal Government Role the Development of the U.S. Software Industry
Authors: Langlois Richard N , Mowery David C
Published: November 2023

The development of the U.S. computer software industry has been powerfully influenced by federal government policy during the postwar period. Its importance for the demands of cold war defense, especially strategic air defense during the 1950s, meant that the software industry received considerable federal R&D and procurement funding throughout the postwar period. But the very novelty of computer technology and software meant that a substantial portion of the defense-related spending in software was allocated to the creation of an infrastructure that would support a new area of R&D, training, and technology development. Federal support for the creation of this infrastructure provided important benefits to the commercial U.S. software industry. From the earliest years of the postwar era, private industry has been responsible for a great deal of innovation in software; but by the 1960s, these industrial innovations drew on research and manpower that had been generously supported by federal government funds.
We Can’t Go Home Again
Authors: Walker Clarence E
Published: November 2023

Afrocentrism has been a controversial but popular movement in schools and universities across America, as well as in black communities. But in We Can’t Go Home Again, historian Clarence E. Walker puts Afrocentrism to the acid test, in a thoughtful, passionate, and often blisteringly funny analysis that melts away the pretensions of this “therapeutic mythology.” As expounded by Molefi Kete Asante, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, and others, Afrocentrism encourages black Americans to discard their recent history, with its inescapable white presence, and to embrace instead an empowering vision of their African (specifically Egyptian) ancestors as the source of western civilization. Walker marshals a phalanx of serious scholarship to rout these ideas. He shows, for instance, that ancient Egyptian society was not black but a melange of ethnic groups, and questions whether, in any case, the pharaonic regime offers a model for blacks today, asking “if everybody was a King, who built the pyramids?” But for Walker, Afrocentrism is more than simply bad history—it substitutes a feel-good myth of the past for an attempt to grapple with the problems that still confront blacks in a racist society. The modern American black identity is the product of centuries of real history, as Africans and their descendants created new, hybrid cultures—mixing many African ethnic influences with native and European elements. Afrocentrism replaces this complex history with a dubious claim to distant glory. “Afrocentrism offers not an empowering understanding of black Americans’ past,” Walker concludes, “but a pastiche of ‘alien traditions’ held together by simplistic fantasies.” More to the point, this specious history denies to black Americans the dignity, and power, that springs from an honest understanding of their real history.
Parts and Wholes in Semantics
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

This book develops a unified account of expressions involving the notions of “part” and “whole “ in which principles of the individuation of part structures play a central role. Moltmann presents a range of new empirical generalizations with data from English and a variety of other languages involving plurals, mass nouns, adnominal and adverbial modifiers such as as a whole, together, and alone, nominal and adverbial quantifiers ranging over parts, and expressions of completion such as completely and partly. She develops a new theory of part structures which differs from traditional mereological theories in that the notion of an integrated whole plays a central role and in that the part structure of an entity is allowed to vary across different situations, perspectives, and dimensions.
Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika
Authors: Owen Thomas C
Published: November 2023

Professor Owen examines corporate capitalism under the Tsarist and late Soviet regimes. Covering two hundred years from the Tsarist period through perestroika and into the present, he demonstrates the historical obstacles that have confronted Russian corporate entrepreneurs and the continuity of Russian attitudes toward corporate capitalism.
A Language of Our Own
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

The Michif language — spoken by descendants of French Canadian fur traders and Cree Indians in western Canada — is considered an ‘impossible language’ since it uses French for nouns and Cree for verbs, and comprises two different sets of grammatical rules. Bakker uses historical research and fieldwork data to present the first detailed analysis of this language and how it came into being.
Introduction
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: November 2023

Chester I. Barnard’s remarkable and still influential book The Functions of the Executive was first published in 1938. The golden anniversary of that publication was celebrated with a seminar series of lectures held at the University of California, Berkeley, in the spring of 1988. Eight of those lectures were subsequently written down as essays and, with the exception of chapter 1, are published here for the first time.
Transaction Cost Economics and Organization Theory
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: November 2023

Economic and sociological approaches to economic organization have reached a state of healthy tension. That is to be contrasted with an earlier state of affairs in which the two approaches were largely disjunct, hence ignored one another, or described each other’s research agendas and re search accomplishments with disdain (Swedberg, 1990, p. 4). Healthy tension involves genuine give-and-take. Neither the obsolescence of organization theory, to which Charles Perrow has recently alluded (1992, p. 162), nor the capitulation of economics, to which James March (tongue-incheek) remarks, is implied.
Noisy Talk: Conversation and Collaboration in a Youth Writing Group
Authors: Tannock Stuart
Published: November 2023

Collaborative endeavor has frequently been described by educators and philosophers through an analogy with conversation or dialogue. Conversation, particularly through the work of conversation analysts, has been shown to be thoroughly collaborative. But the active role of conversation in furthering collaborative endeavor has been less frequently examined. Although reformers in schools, universities, and workplaces have become increasingly interested in collaborative work, they have paid limited attention to the ways in which conversational interaction structures and supports the successful completion of collaborative tasks.
Relatively Speaking
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: November 2023

Based upon 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork among the Mopan Maya in Belize, Eve Danziger examines the semantic complexity of particular kinship terms used among Mopan women and children and shows that a culture-specific analysis of their terms is superior to other non-ethnographically-based methods. In doing so she contributes not only to theoretical semantics and the ethnography of that area, but to the cross-cultural study of child development and language acquisition.
Three Exceptions: Sarah Childress Polk, Mary Todd Lincoln, and Julia Dent Grant
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd
Published: November 2023

Most historical patterns expose an exception-a conspicuous deviation from an otherwise straight, clear line. Presidents' wives are no different; and if in the middle half of the nineteenth century most preferred anonymity to exploring new possibilities in the job, a minority achieved prominence. Sarah Childress Polk (1845-1849) eschewed domestic de tails so that she could maintain a close working relationship with her husband. Mary Todd Lincoln (1861-1865) left observers unsure about whether or not she had any influence on important decisions, so that merchants, intent on catering to her, permitted her to run up enormous bills. Julia Dent Grant's activities (1869-1877) and those of her children received enough attention to qualify the Grants as the first”star" family in the White House. The three women totalled only a bit more than sixteen years in the White House, but they stand out in sharp contrast to the faceless First Ladies who preceded them.
The Paradoxical 1920s
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd
Published: November 2023

The most popular book on the 1920s emphasizes enormous contradictions in the American scene. At the same time that individuals experienced great strides in their personal lives, the nation took one giant step backward into”normalcy. A country tired of sacrificing for war and weary of high-minded slogans about”making the world safe for democracy" reverted to old ways that emphasized personal comfort and national isolation. Nowhere is the contradiction more apparent than in accounts of women’s lives. The view of the 1920s as”roaring" gives only half the picture. It is true that contraception and cosmetics became more available and acceptable; Freud and flapper fashions offered new freedoms. Electric appliances promised to diminish the time required for house work (if standards of acceptable cleanliness did not rise concurrently) and old barriers that had stood between the sexes, in matters such as smoking in public, dropped. Women increased their percentage of the labor force, and 450,000 of the new jobs were in the professions.
Twenty-First-Century Careers
Authors: Miles Raymonde. , Snow Charles C
Published: November 2023

A career is described as the evolving sequence of a person’s work experiences over time (Arthur, Hall, and Lawrence 1989). Effective careers benefit individuals, organizations, and society. From the individual’s perspective, an effective career is one that allows the full development and utilization of potential. Effective careers in organizations are achieved when individual competencies and organizational needs are consistently matched. From society’s perspective, effective careers not only enhance individual and organizational achievement, but they also integrate individuals into their communities and help them become better citizens (Wilensky, 1961).
Boundaryless Careers and Social Capital
Authors: Raider Holly J , Burt Ronald S
Published: November 2023

Social capital refers to the structure of individuals’ contact networks-the pattern of interconnection among the various people with whom each person is tied. The central idea behind social capital arguments is that differences in social contexts produce inequality. In fact, with regard to career attainment, social capital arguments reason that differences in social networks account for performance differences among similarly educated, able, and experienced individuals-that individuals with better social capital earn higher rates of return on their human capital.
Challenging the Last Boundary: Reconnecting Work and Family
Authors: Fletcher Joyce K , Bailyn Lotte
Published: November 2023

The needs of today’s business enterprises—responsiveness, adaptability, flexibility, and creativity in responding to global markets and to customers—are increasingly identified with their ability to cross internal and external boundaries, boundaries that for years have been considered inviolate. Indeed, boundary crossing is quickly becoming the hallmark of a new approach to business, one that has been called “co-opetition” (Lipnack and Stamps, 1993). The center piece of this approach is a recognition of the added value that comes from bridging barriers that traditionally have fostered competition, rather than cooperation, such as barriers between marketing, engineering, and research and development; barriers with external suppliers; and even competitive barriers between companies within the same industry (Handy, 1989; Ring and Van de Ven, 1994; Wheatley, 1993). In the words of Jack Welch, CEO of General Electric (quoted in Slater, 1994: 110):