bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of persistence in YAG:Ce3+scintillator with pulsed synchrotron X-rays
Authors: Matsuo Tatsuhito , Yagi Naoto
Published: May 2011

The decay time of YAG:Ce3+phosphor was studied using a CMOS camera with a frame rate of 1302000 s−1and pulsed X-rays from SPring-8. A high-resolution X-ray detector with YAG:Ce3+was used with the camera to view the focused beam from the helical undulator. Mismatch between the ring circulation time and the frame time gave rise to a periodic variation of beam intensity in successive frames. Analysis of data obtained with two bunch modes showed that the decay time of YAG:Ce3+was 60 ns. The variation of the beam positions in isolated bunches was small enough to be neglected in experiments using the focused beam. The results also show the possibility of an X-ray diffraction study at high time and space resolution.
Gonadal development of triploid Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua
Authors: Feindel N. J. , Benfey T. J. , Trippel E. A.
Published: May 2011

During their third and fourth years of life, triploid Atlantic cod Gadus morhua females exhibited diminished ovarian development at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, with significantly lower gonado‐somatic indices (IG) and higher carcass yields (YC) than diploid females during spawning periods. In contrast, diploid and triploid testes were indistinguishable through macroscopic and histological assessment. No significant differences were found in male IG or YC in relation to ploidy, with the exception of a higher YC for triploids during the first of the two monitored spawning seasons. As a result of suppressed oogenesis, triploid female G. morhua, but not triploid males, can be used to eliminate sexual maturation in this species and advance the development of the G. morhua aquaculture industry.
Hypoxia and male behaviour in an African cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae
Authors: Gotanda K. M. , Reardon E. E. , Chapman L. J.
Published: May 2011

This study tested the prediction that hypoxia may reduce the frequency of energetically expensive behaviours by quantifying male mating and aggressive displays in the cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae after long‐term acclimation (5 months) to either high dissolved oxygen (DO) or low DO. Regardless of DO treatment, males engaged in more aggressive displays than mating displays; however, males acclimated to low DO reduced their total number of displays compared to high DO‐acclimated males.
Targets of selection in a disease resistance network in wild tomatoes
Authors: ROSE LAURA E. , GRZESKOWIAK LUKASZ , HÖRGER ANJA C. , GROTH MARTIN , STEPHAN WOLFGANG
Published: May 2011

Studies combining comparative genomics and information on biochemical pathways have revealed that protein evolution can be affected by the amount of pleiotropy associated with a particular gene. The amount of pleiotropy, in turn, can be a function of the position at which a gene operates in a pathway and the pathway structure. Genes that serve as convergence points and have several partners (so‐called hubs) often show the greatest constraint and hence the slowest rate of protein evolution. In this article, we have studied five genes (Pto, Fen, Rin4, Prf and Pfi) in a defence signalling network in a wild tomato species, Solanum peruvianum. These proteins operate together and contribute to bacterial resistance in tomato. We predicted that Prf (and possibly Pfi), which serves as a convergence point for upstream signals, should show greater evolutionary constraint. However, we found instead that two of the genes which potentially interact with pathogen ligands, Rin4 and Fen, have evolved under strong evolutionary constraint, whereas Prf and Pfi, which probably function further downstream in the network, show evidence of balancing selection. This counterintuitive observation may be probable in pathogen defence networks, because pathogens may target positions throughout resistance networks to manipulate or nullify host resistance, thereby leaving a molecular signature of host–parasite co‐evolution throughout a single network.
Interventional management of intractable sympathetically mediated pain by computed tomography‐guided catheter implantation for block and neuroablation of the thoracic sympathetic chain: technical approach and review of 322 procedures
Authors: Agarwal‐Kozlowski K. , Lorke D. E. , Habermann C. R. , Schulte am Esch J. , Beck H.
Published: May 2011

We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of computed tomography‐guided placement of percutaneous catheters in close proximity to the thoracic sympathetic chain by rating pain intensity and systematically reviewing charts and computed tomography scans. Interventions were performed 322 times in 293 patients of mean (SD) age 59.4 (17.0) years, and male to female ratio 105:188, with postherpetic neuralgia (n = 103, 35.1%), various neuralgias (n = 88, 30.0%), complex regional pain syndrome (n = 69, 23.6%), facial pain (n = 17, 5.8%), ischaemic limb pain (n = 7, 2.4%), phantom limb pain (n = 4, 1.4%), pain following cerebrovascular accident (n = 2, 0.7%), syringomyelia (n = 2, 0.7%) and palmar hyperhidrosis (n = 1, 0.3%). The interventions were associated with a total of 23 adverse events (7.1% of all procedures): catheter dislocation (n = 9, 2.8%); increase in pain intensity (n = 8, 2.5%); pneumothorax (n = 3, 0.9%); local infection (n = 2, 0.6%); and puncture of the spinal cord (n = 1, 0.3%). Continuous infusion of 10 ml.h−1 ropivacaine 0.2% through the catheters decreased median (IQR [range]) pain scores from 8 (6–9 [2–10]) to 2 (1–3 [0–10]) (p < 0.0001). Chemical neuroablation was necessary in 137 patients (46.8%). We conclude that this procedure leads to a significant reduction of pain intensity in otherwise obstinate burning or stabbing pain and is associated with few hazards.
Potentially inappropriate medications in geriatric outpatients with polypharmacy: application of six sets of published explicit criteria
Authors: Chang Chirn‐Bin , Chen Jen‐Hau , Wen Chiung‐Jung , Kuo Hsu‐Ko , Lu I‐Shu , Chiu Lee‐Shu , Wu Shwu‐Chong , Chan Ding‐Cheng (Derrick)
Published: May 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Many different criteria have been developed to detect potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), with wide variations in prevalence estimates and inconsistent associations with health outcomes.

• Without head‐to‐head comparisons, it is difficult to know whether some PIM criteria systematically detect more or fewer PIMs than others in the same cohorts.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Six sets of PIM criteria were applied to a single cohort, with PIM prevalence ranging from 24 to 73%.

• Criteria with a higher number of statements and a higher percentage of local market/institution drug availability tended to detect more PIMs.

• Caution should be exercised in applying PIM criteria developed in other regions when medication availability in the local market is limited.

AIM Our aim was to compare the practicability of six different potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) criteria in geriatric outpatients with polypharmacy.

METHODS We analysed baseline data from the Medication Safety Review Clinic in Taiwanese Elders (MSRC‐Taiwan) study. The prevalence and correlates of PIMs were determined on the basis of criteria developed in the USA, Canada, France, Norway, Ireland and Thailand. The percentage of PIMs considered as drug‐related problems and the problem‐solving rate are reported.

RESULTS In the 193 participants, the prevalence of PIM varied from 24 to 73%. Application of the criteria revealed that a high number of chronic medications was a common risk factor for having at least one PIM. Of the 1713 medications reviewed, 5.6–14.8% were considered PIMs. Only 30–40% of the identified PIMs were reported as drug‐related problems by the MSRC team experts. Criteria with a higher number of statements and a higher percentage of local market/institution drug availability tended to detect more PIMs.

CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PIM varied significantly when different criteria were applied. Caution should be exercised in applying PIM criteria developed in other regions when medication availability in the local market is limited.
Guideline on the management of haemophilia in the fetus and neonate*
Authors: Chalmers Elizabeth , Williams Michael , Brennand Janet , Liesner Ri , Collins Peter , Richards Michael ,   on behalf of the Paediatric Working Party of the United Kingdom Haemophilia Doctors’ Organization
Published: May 2011

Evidence‐based guidelines are presented for the management of haemophilia in the fetus and neonate. This includes information regarding the management of pregnancy and delivery as well as aspects of management during the early neonatal period. Specific issues regarding the mode of delivery and the risk of intra‐cranial and extra‐cranial haemorrhage are discussed.
A steroid‐independent regimen of bortezomib, liposomal doxorubicin and thalidomide demonstrate high response rates in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Sher Taimur , Ailawadhi Sikander , Miller Kena C. , Manfredi Debbie , Wood Margaret , Tan Wei , Wilding Gregory , Czuczman Myron S. , Hernandez‐Ilizaliturri Francisco J. , Hong Fredrick , Sood Raman , Soniwala Saif , Lawrence William , Jamshed Saad , Masood Aisha , Iancu Daniel , Lee Kelvin , Chanan‐Khan Asher
Published: May 2011

Novel agents have provided a new foundation for multiple myeloma therapies. When combined with other anti‐myeloma agents, these compounds significantly enhance clinical efficacy. High‐dose steroids are frequently used in anti‐myeloma combination regimens; however, the doses employed are often poorly tolerated, especially in patients with concurrent comorbid conditions. We hypothesized that a steroid‐independent combination regimen could be developed without significant compromise of efficacy. The availability of such a regimen will be important for patients whose concurrent ailments make them poor candidates for steroid containing anti‐myeloma regimens. A phase II single institute, non‐randomized clinical trial was conducted to investigate a novel steroid‐free three‐drug combination of bortezomib (V), pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (D), and thalidomide (T), the VDT regimen. Forty‐three newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients requiring treatment were enrolled on this study. The overall response rate and complete response (CR) + near complete response (nCR) rate was 78% and 35%, respectively. Median time to progression was 29·5 months. Fatigue, rash, neuropathy, constipation and infections were the most common side effects. We concluded that VDT is a tolerable and an effective regimen capable of inducing high response rates and can be employed in patients considered to be poor candidates for steroid‐based treatment regimens.
Family preservation services: incorporating the voice of families into service implementation
Authors: Mullins Jennifer L. , Cheung Justine R. , Lietz Cynthia A.
Published: May 2011

Family preservation services (FPS) include a set of services designed to prevent out‐of‐home placement for children at risk of child maltreatment. Research examining FPS is inconsistent, with some studies reporting positive results, while others fail to demonstrate improved outcomes for many families. To understand the experience of receiving these services from the perspective of consumers, this paper reports the qualitative findings from a mixed methods study to examine families' experiences with FPS. To accomplish this objective, a purposive sample of 36 families was followed from referral to case closure. Specifically, 85 semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews were conducted at onset, midpoint and case closure to examine the perceptions of clients throughout service delivery. Each interview was audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using open and secondary coding strategies. Findings suggest that similar to other studies, families' perceptions of FPS were mixed. Some found the services relevant and supportive, while others were less satisfied. The four qualitative themes discussed by these participants included service content, service delivery, emotional support and tangible support. These themes help to provide in‐depth descriptions of the perspectives of this sample of families. Implications for practice are discussed.
Hundred years of allergen immunotherapy
Authors: Frew A. J.
Published: May 2011

Allergic rhinitis was almost unknown until the early 19th century, but within 100 years it was described as a modern epidemic. Pollen was identified as the likely cause of hayfever and although the nature and mechanisms of the sensitivity remained obscure, it was speculated that hayfever might be caused by a toxin in pollen. Vaccination schedules were developed to treat this, but later it became clear that an antibody was responsible. The first clinical trials of specific immunotherapy (SIT) were published in 1911 and 1914 and were followed by several similar papers from the United States. The use of skin prick tests and new allergen extraction techniques accelerated the development of SIT, which became a widespread practice, especially in the United States. Formal controlled clinical trials were reported in 1953 (United Kingdom) and in 1965 (United States). Since then, many controlled clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy of SIT, and although some concerns have arisen around safety, SIT remains a valid option for treating allergic disease. Recent developments include the introduction of sublingual immunotherapy, and clinical trials of recombinant and peptide vaccines. Future developments should increase efficacy and safety, but the biggest challenge to the wider use of SIT is probably economic, as patients and healthcare providers become increasingly critical of all forms of allergy treatments.

Cite this as: A. J. Frew, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1221–1225.
Role of type 2 diabetes mellitus in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Filik L.
Published: May 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (12): 1367
Acoustic emissions associated with the formation of fracture sets in sandstone under polyaxial stress conditions‡
Authors: King M.S. , Pettitt W.S. , Haycox J.R. , Young R.P.
Published: May 2011

A polyaxial (true‐triaxial) stress‐loading system, developed originally for determining all nine components of P‐ and S‐wave velocities and attenuation and fluid permeability for 50.8 mm‐side cubic rock specimens tested to failure, has been modified to permit the measurement of acoustic emission events associated with the failure process. Results are reported for Crosland Hill sandstone tested to failure under loading conditions leading to the formation of sets of aligned microcracks, achieved by maintaining the minor principal stress at a low value while increasing the two other principal stresses until failure of the rock. An ultrasonic survey associated with the test has been employed to map the transversely‐isotropic velocity structure created by through‐going parallel fractures resulting from the sets of aligned microcracks. This velocity structure has then been employed to locate acoustic emission events recorded during the test by four acoustic emission sensors located in each of the six specimen loading platens. A selection of acoustic emission events associated with one of the fractures has been processed for moment tensor analysis information, in order to determine the source type and orientation of microcracking as the fracture grows. The mechanisms indicate tensile behaviour during initial fracture propagation. Shear failure, however, appears to dominate as the fracture finally approaches the opposite face of the cubic specimen. The work presented here has, in part, led to the development of new rock testing systems and geophysical monitoring and processing technologies that will enable laboratory study of rock behaviour under conditions better resembling those experienced in situ.
Out‐of‐area provision for adults with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour in England: policy perspectives and clinical reality
Authors: Barron D. Andrea , Hassiotis A. , Paschos D.
Published: May 2011

Background  The use of out‐of‐area placements to meet the needs of individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour has been increasing in the UK. Such placements claim a large proportion of service budget expenditure; therefore, it is important to consider whether they offer the best‐quality care. This paper reports on current evidence relating to such placements and uses a scoping review across five London boroughs to illustrate key issues on provider characteristics and aspects of good practice.

Methods  We conducted a literature review to identify papers that describe out‐of‐area placements and carried out a postal survey of 54 service providers that delivered services to service users from five London boroughs.

Results  Individuals with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour are more likely to be placed out‐of‐area in services of variable quality and a minority may underperform. Our empirical data suggest that the private sector that is the main accommodation provider is most likely to underperform on meeting standards of care.

Conclusion  Overall, the majority of out‐of‐area providers appear to supply a good standard of care but there are many factors that continue to hinder the local treatment of individuals who present with challenging behaviour. There is an imperative to identify poorly performing providers as well as exploring ways in which service users, out‐of‐area, can be supported effectively.
Mental health aspects of autistic spectrum disorders in children
Authors: Skokauskas N. , Gallagher L.
Published: May 2011

Background  Previous studies have reported variable and at times opposite findings on comorbid psychiatric problems in children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD).

Aims  This study aimed to examine patterns of comorbid psychiatric problems in children with ASD and their parents compared with IQ matched controls and their parents.

Methods  Behavioural/emotional problems were evaluated in a sample of children with ASD [a diagnosis of ASD was given if they met criteria for ASD on both of the ADI‐R (Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised) and ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule)] and an age and IQ matched control group using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6–18). Parental psychological distress for both groups was evaluated with the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI).

Results  There were 59 (88%) boys and 8 (12%) girls in the ASD group. Similarly, 57 (85%) of the control group were male and 10 (15%) were female. The groups did not differ significantly on mean age, mean IQ scores, gender and parents mean age. Results of the CBCL/6–18 revealed that the majority of parents reported their child with ASD as having either internalising (clinical range: 47.8%; borderline range: 16.4%) or externalising problems (clinical range: 10.4%; borderline range: 20.9%). In the control group more parents reported their children having externalising (clinical range: 46.3%; borderline range: 16.4%) than internalising problems (clinical range: 35.8%; borderline range: 11.9%). Almost a half of the ASD group met CBCL DSM criteria for clinically significant attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (44.78%) and anxiety (46.2%) problems. Based on the Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index 22.4% of fathers and 23.8% of mothers of ASD children produced scores that were indicative of possible psychopathology.

Conclusions  High rates of clinically significant psychiatric problems were detected in ASD children, with anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder being the most frequently detected syndromes.
Mismatch between subjective alertness and objective performance under sleep restriction is greatest during the biological night
Authors: ZHOU XUAN , FERGUSON SALLY A. , MATTHEWS RAYMOND W. , SARGENT CHARLI , DARWENT DAVID , KENNAWAY DAVID J. , ROACH GREGORY D.
Published: May 2011

Subjective alertness may provide some insight into reduced performance capacity under conditions suboptimal to neurobehavioural functioning, yet the accuracy of this insight remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether subjective alertness reflects the full extent of neurobehavioural impairment during the biological night when sleep is restricted. Twenty‐seven young healthy males were assigned to a standard forced desynchrony (FD) protocol (n = 13; 9.33 h in bed/28 h day) or a sleep‐restricted FD protocol (n = 14; 4.67 h in bed/28 h day). For both protocols, subjective alertness and neurobehavioural performance were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), respectively; both measures were given at various combinations of prior wake and circadian phase (biological night versus biological day). Scores on both measures were standardized within individuals against their respective baseline average and standard deviation. We found that PVT performance and VAS rating deviated from their respective baseline to a similar extent during the standard protocol, yet a greater deviation was observed for PVT performance than VAS rating during the sleep‐restricted protocol. The discrepancy between the two measures during the sleep‐restricted protocol was particularly prominent during the biological night compared with the biological day. Thus, subjective alertness did not reflect the full extent of performance impairment when sleep was restricted, particularly during the biological night. Given that subjective alertness is often the only available information upon which performance capacity is assessed, our results suggest that sleep‐restricted individuals are likely to under‐estimate neurobehavioural impairment, particularly during the biological night.
Intravenous drug use: not a barrier to achieving a sustained virological response in HCV infection
Authors: Jafferbhoy H. , Miller M.H. , Dunbar J.K. , Tait J. , Mcleod S. , Dillon J.F.
Published: May 2011

Summary.  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is commonly transmitted by intravenous drug use (IDU) but drug users are under represented in many treatment cohorts, this is because of the assumption of lowered treatment success. We assessed HCV treatment outcomes in active intravenous drug users and patients on opiate substitution therapy. The Tayside HCV treatment database was retrospectively analysed for consecutively treated patients based on risk factor for acquisition of HCV. Primary end point was sustained virological response (SVR). Two hundred and ninety‐one consecutively treated patients were assessed. The overall SVR rate was 55.3%. The SVR rates by risk factor were; Non‐IDU 61.4%, Ex‐IDU 54.8% and Active IDU 47.1% (P = n/s). In the groups G1 patients SVR was; Non‐IDU 52.7%, Ex–IDU 30.7% and active IDU 35.4% (P = n/s). In the non‐G1 patients: non‐IDU 65.1%, Ex‐IDU 76.7% and active IDU 53.5%. Ex‐IDU had a significantly better SVR than active IDU, other differences were not significant. Our results demonstrate that SVR rates in the active drug users and those on opiate substitution therapy can be achieved which are comparable with non‐IDU infected individuals. Intravenous drug use in those engaged with treatment services should not be seen as a barrier to treatment of HCV.
Gene genealogies reveal cryptic species and host preferences for the pine fungal pathogenGrosmannia clavigera
Authors: ALAMOUTI SEPIDEH M. , WANG VINCENT , DiGUISTINI SCOTT , SIX DIANA L. , BOHLMANN JÖRG , HAMELIN RICHARD C. , FEAU NICOLAS , BREUIL COLETTE
Published: May 2011

Grosmannia clavigerais a fungal pathogen of pine forests in western North America and a symbiotic associate of two sister bark beetles:Dendroctonus ponderosaeandD. jeffreyi. This fungus and its beetle associateD. ponderosaeare expanding in large epidemics in western North America. Using the fungal genome sequence and gene annotations, we assessed whether fungal isolates from the two beetles inhabiting different species of pine in epidemic regions of western Canada and the USA, as well as in localized populations outside of the current epidemic, represent different genetic lineages. We characterized nucleotide variations in 67 genomic regions and selected 15 for the phylogenetic analysis. Using concordance of gene genealogies and distinct ecological characteristics, we identified two sibling phylogenetic species: Gc and Gs. Where the closely relatedPinus ponderosaandP. jeffreyiare infested by localized populations of their respective beetles, Gc is present. In contrast, Gs is an exclusive associate ofD. ponderosaemainly present on its primary host‐treeP. contorta; however, in the current epidemic areas, it is also found in other pine species. These results suggest that the host‐tree species and the beetle population dynamics may be important factors associated with the genetic divergence and diversity of fungal partners in the beetle‐tree ecosystems. Gc represents the originalG. clavigeraholotype, and Gs should be described as a new species.
Genetic control of sorghum resistance to leaf anthracnose
Authors: da Costa R. V. , Zambolim L. , Cota L. V. , da Silva D. D. , Rodrigues J. A. S. , Tardin F. D. , Casela C. R.
Published: May 2011

A study was carried out to investigate the inheritance of resistance to anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, in sorghum. Crosses between resistant and susceptible parents and backcrosses between F1 plants and the susceptible parents were carried out under field conditions. The F1 generations and the segregant populations were evaluated under artificial inoculation conditions in the greenhouse. In the F1 generation of all crosses with the respective isolates, all of the plants presented a resistance reaction except for the F1 plants resulting from the BR009 × SC283 cross. In the F2 generation, the frequencies of resistant and susceptible plants conformed to the hypothesis that one gene with two alleles controls host resistance, except in one cross. Out of the eight backcrosses, six presented segregation that corresponded to the hypothesis formulated. For most crosses, resistance was dominant, and the proportions of resistant and susceptible plants in the segregant populations conformed to the frequencies expected under the hypothesis of gene‐for‐gene resistance and dominant gene action.
Chilli leaf curl Palampur virus is a distinct begomovirus species associated with a betasatellite
Authors: Kumar Y. , Hallan V. , Zaidi A. A.
Published: May 2011

Capsicum frutescens (chilli) plants exhibiting leaf curl symptoms, collected from Palampur, Himachal Pradesh region of India, were found associated with a begomovirus and a betasatellite‐like molecule. Viral DNA was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The begomoviral genome and the betasatellite consisted of 2775 and 1376 nucleotides respectively. The virus appeared to be monopartite. The genome sequence had <87·9% identity with all other begomovirus sequences, below the threshold for species demarcation, suggesting that the isolate represents a distinct species for which the name Chilli leaf curl Palampur virus (ChiLCPaV) is proposed. Infectious clones consisting of partial tandem repeats of the viral genome (1·9‐mer) and the betasatellite (1·7‐mer) were constructed in the binary vector pCAMBIA‐1300 and agroinoculated to chilli and Nicotiana benthamiana. The viral clone did not produce leaf curl symptoms when inoculated alone but the plants were stunted compared to controls. Typical leaf curling and stunting symptoms were observed when the viral clone was inoculated with the betasatellite. In a phylogenetic analysis with other closely related begomoviruses, the new sequence grouped with an isolate of Papaya leaf curl virus‐[Pakistan:2008] from Rhynchosia capitata and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus‐[India:2006] from tomato. The betasatellite showed most identity (94%) with an isolate of Chilli leaf curl betasatellite from Pakistan. Using the rdp3 recombination detection program, a recombination event involving Croton yellow vein mosaic virus‐[India:2007] as a major parent and Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus‐[India:2007] as a minor parent was detected in the ChiLCPaV sequence. No significant recombination event was detected in the betasatellite sequence.
Proper gibberellin localization in vascular tissue is required to control auxin‐dependent leaf development and bud outgrowth in hybrid aspen
Authors: Mauriat Mélanie , Sandberg Linda G. , Moritz Thomas
Published: May 2011

Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are involved in many developmental aspects in the life cycle of plants, acting either directly or through interaction with other hormones. One way to study the role of GA in specific mechanisms is to modify the levels of bioactive GA in specific tissues. We increased GA catabolism in different parts of the vascular tissue by overexpressing two different GA 2‐oxidase genes that encode oxidases with affinity for C20‐ or C19‐GA. We show that, irrespective of their localization in the vascular tissue, the expression of different members of this gene family leads to similar modifications in the primary and secondary growth of the stem of hybrid aspen. We also show that the precise localization of bioactive GA downregulation is important for the proper control of other developmental aspects, namely leaf shape and bud dormancy. Expression under the control of one of the studied promoters significantly affected both the shape of the leaves and the number of sylleptic branches. These phenotypic defects were correlated with alterations in the levels and repartitioning of auxins. We conclude that a precise localization of bioactive GA in the vasculature of the apex is necessary for the normal development of the plant through the effect of GAs on auxin transport.
Polarization of PIN3‐dependent auxin transport for hypocotyl gravitropic response in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Rakusová Hana , Gallego‐Bartolomé Javier , Vanstraelen Marleen , Robert Hélène S. , Alabadí David , Blázquez Miguel A. , Benková Eva , Friml Jiří
Published: May 2011

Gravitropism aligns plant growth with gravity. It involves gravity perception and the asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin. Here we provide insights into the mechanism for hypocotyl gravitropic growth. We show that the Arabidopsis thaliana PIN3 auxin transporter is required for the asymmetric auxin distribution for the gravitropic response. Gravistimulation polarizes PIN3 to the bottom side of hypocotyl endodermal cells, which correlates with an increased auxin response at the lower hypocotyl side. Both PIN3 polarization and hypocotyl bending require the activity of the trafficking regulator GNOM and the protein kinase PINOID. Our data suggest that gravity‐induced PIN3 polarization diverts the auxin flow to mediate the asymmetric distribution of auxin for gravitropic shoot bending.
Larval environmental stress altersAedes aegypticompetence for Sindbis virus
Authors: Muturi Ephantus J. , Kim Chang‐Hyun , Alto Barry W. , Berenbaum May R. , Schuler Mary A.
Published: May 2011

Objective To evaluate how stress at the larval stage alters adult mosquito performance and susceptibility to viral infection.

Methods We used a model system consisting of Sindbis virus (SINV) and the yellow fever mosquitoAedes aegypti.Larvae were either reared under optimal conditions (control) or exposed to one of four types of stressors; suboptimal nutrients, starvation, elevated temperature, and a low dose of the insecticide malathion and adult females were fed SINV infectious blood meal. Differential expressions of stress, immune‐specific and detoxification genes was measured in fourth instar larvae (HSP70, HSP83, cecropin, defensin, transferrin and CYP6Z6) and 3‐day‐old females (cecropin, defensin, transferrin) to identify plausible molecular mechanisms associated with mosquito response to stress.

Results There were stress‐specific variations in mosquito performance (survival, development time, female size), but all stressors had a consistent effect of significantly increasing susceptibility to viral infection and dissemination relative to the controls. Three genes were up‐regulated in fourth instar larvae exposed to temperature stress (cecropin, defensin and CYP6Z6) compared to single genes in suboptimal nutrient (cecropin) and malathion (transferrin) stress treatments and down‐regulation of all the six genes in starvation treatments. In adult samples, transferrin was up‐regulated in all but starvation treatments while defensin was up‐regulated in starvation and temperature stress treatments.

Conclusions Stress during larval development may cause alterations in adult mosquito phenotype and immunity that can increase their susceptibility to pathogens.
Efficacy of Chloroquine and Sulphadoxine‐Pyrimethamine either alone or in combination before introduction of ACT as first‐line therapy in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, India
Authors: Mullick Shrabanee , Das Sonali , Guha Subhasish K. , Bera Dilip K. , Sengupta Samudra , Roy Debasis , Saha Pabitra , Biswas Asit , Das Madhusudan , Ray Krishnangshu , Kundu Pratip K. , Maji Ardhendu K.
Published: May 2011

Objective  In India, till recently, Chloroquine was used as first‐line therapy in areas with Chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) has introduced artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) as first‐line option to treat all P. falciparum cases in the country. This study was carried out to ascertain the efficacy of Chloroquine and Sulphadoxine‐Pyrimethamine, either alone or in combination, before the launch of ACT by NVBDCP.

Methods  A total of 300 P. falciparum malaria cases were enrolled randomly in three study arms, Chloroquine (CQ), Sulphadoxine‐Pyrimethamine (SP) and Chloroquine plus Sulphadoxine‐Pyrimethamine (CQ + SP). All patients were followed up for 28 days as per WHO (Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria, Geneva, 2003) Protocol. Paired blood samples of treatment failure cases were collected and subjected to MSP 1, MSP 2 and GLURP genotyping for differentiation between re‐infection and recrudescence. The data were analysed by Kaplan–Meier survival curve according to WHO standard procedures.

Results  The overall failure rate including both early treatment failure (ETF) and late treatment failure (LTF) of CQ, SP and CQ + SP were 61%, 14% and 8%, respectively, in the study area. Of 60 recurrent malaria cases, genotyping was successful in 49 cases, revealing that most of the (46/49; 94%) cases of recurrent malaria were due to recrudescence.

Conclusion  In Jalpaiguri District the overall failure rate of CQ was 61% and of SP 14%, which was well above the WHO recommended cut‐off threshold level (10%) for change of drug policy.
Non‐target‐site‐based resistance should be the centre of attention for herbicide resistance research: Alopecurus myosuroides as an illustration
Authors: DÉLYE C , GARDIN J A C , BOUCANSAUD K , CHAUVEL B , PETIT C
Published: May 2011

Délye C, Gardin JAC, Boucansaud K, Chauvel B & Petit C (2011). Non‐target‐site‐based resistance should be the centre of attention for herbicide resistance research: Alopecurus myosuroides as an illustration. Weed Research51, 433–437.

Non‐target‐site‐based resistance (NTSR) mechanisms can confer unpredictable resistance to herbicides with different chemistries or modes of action. In two French fields, 18% and 40% individual plants of Alopecurus myosuroides (black‐grass), respectively, were resistant via NTSR to all the most effective herbicides approved for A. myosuroides control in wheat (fenoxaprop, clodinafop, pinoxaden, iodosulfuron+mesosulfuron and pyroxsulam) and to the broad‐leaf‐selective herbicide quizalofop. Pinoxaden and pyroxsulam had never been applied to these populations. In the absence of new herbicide modes of action, this renders a purely chemical control of A. myosuroides in winter cereals much more complex in these fields. A segregation analysis showed that multi‐resistant phenotypes were endowed by multiple NTSR genes, underlining the complexity of NTSR. Yet, despite the threat posed to weed control, our lack of knowledge on NTSR is obvious. NTSR should therefore become the priority in herbicide resistance research.
Over 500 pancreas transplants by a single team in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Perosa Marcelo , Crescentini Fabio , Noujaim Huda , Mota Leonardo T. , Branez Juan Rafael , Ianhez Luiz Estevam , Ferreira Gustavo , de Oliveira Rodrigo Azevedo , Genzini Tércio
Published: May 2011

Perosa M, Crescentini F, Noujaim H, Mota LT, Branez JR, Ianhez LE, Ferreira G, de Oliveira RA, Genzini T. Over 500 pancreas transplants by a single team in São Paulo, Brazil. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E422–E429. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Pancreas transplantation (PT) remains a developing practice in Latin America.

From 1996 to 2009, 506 PTs were performed by our team in the following categories: simultaneous pancreas–kidney (SPK), simultaneous deceased donor pancreas and living‐donor kidney (SPLK), pancreas after kidney (PAK), and pancreas transplant alone (PTA). Enteric drainage was preferred for SPK and bladder drainage for solitary PT or SPLK. Immunosuppression was with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids, and anti‐lymphocytic drugs were used to induce solitary PT and SPLK.

The series includes 254 SPK, 60 SPLK, 94 PAK, and 98 PTA. The one‐yr patient survivals were 82% for SPK, 90% for SPLK, 95% for PTA, and 93% for PAK. The one‐yr pancreas graft survivals were 70% for SPK, 86% for SPLK, 86% for PAK, and 77% for PTA. The one‐yr kidney graft survivals were 77.5% for SPK and 89% for SPLK.

This represents the largest reported PT series in Latin America. Results comparable to those of developed countries were achieved, with the exception of the SPK category. This has led our program to prioritize solitary PT and SPLK.
MICB polymorphisms and haplotypes with MICA and HLA alleles in Koreans
Authors: Cha C.‐H. , Sohn Y.‐H. , Oh H.‐B. , Ko S.‐Y. , Cho M.‐C. , Kwon O.‐J.
Published: May 2011

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain‐related gene B (MICB) is located within the human MHC class I region. The location of MICB in the MHC region may imply the presence of linkage disequilibrium with polymorphic MICA and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. MICB is also polymorphic; however, MICB polymorphisms have not been investigated in Koreans. Using sequence‐based typing (SBT), we estimated the allelic frequencies of MICB and haplotypes with MICA, HLA‐B, and HLA‐DRB1 at high resolution in a population of 139 unrelated Korean individuals. Eight MICB alleles were identified. The most frequent allele was MICB*005:02/*010 (57.2%), followed by *002 (11.5%), *004 (8.3%), *005:03 (8.3%), and *008 (6.8%). The most common two‐locus haplotypes were MICB*005:02/*010‐MICA*010 (19.4%), MICB*005:02/*010‐DRB1*15:01 (6.5%), and MICB*005:02/*010‐B*15:01 (10.4%); the most common three‐locus haplotypes were B*15:01‐MICA*010‐MICB*005:02/*010 (5.8%) and MICA*010‐MICB*005:02/*010‐DRB1*04:06 (10.4%); and the most common four‐locus haplotype was B*15:01‐MICA*010‐MICB*005:02/*010‐DRB1*04:06 (5.8%). This is the first study to provide information about MICB allele frequencies and haplotypes with HLA in Koreans. These study results should help understand mechanisms of disease association between the MICB locus and neighboring loci in Koreans.
Alterations in the metabolic fingerprint of Cladonia portentosa in response to atmospheric nitrogen deposition
Authors: Freitag Sabine , Hogan Erika J. , Crittenden Peter D. , Allison Gordon G. , Thain Simon C.
Published: May 2011

Nitrogen availability has profound ecological consequences in nutrient‐limited systems. In terrestrial settings these would include the upland heaths, sand dunes and blanket bogs of temperate latitudes. Understanding the physiological consequences of nitrogen enrichment is a first critical step in predicting possible consequences. Results are presented from a metabolic fingerprinting study using Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect biochemical differences in the lichen Cladonia portentosa collected from 25 sites across mainland Britain varying in their nitrogen input. Partial least‐squares regression analysis of the FTIR data demonstrated that changes in broad biochemical classes were consistently correlated with mean annual wet inorganic nitrogen deposition loads. These results demonstrated a direct coupling of a broad range of metabolic processes in C. portentosa to nitrogen deposition.
Manipulating developmental stress reveals sex‐specific effects of egg size on offspring phenotype
Authors: LOVE O. P. , WILLIAMS T. D.
Published: May 2011

The general lack of experimental evidence for strong, positive effects of egg size on offspring phenotype has led to suggestions that avian egg size is a neutral trait. To better understand the functional significance of intra‐specific variation in egg size as a determinant of offspring fitness within a life‐history (sex‐specific life‐history strategies) and an environmental (poor rearing conditions) context, we experimentally increased developmental stress (via maternal feather‐clipping) in the sexually size‐dimorphic European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and measured phenotypic traits in offspring across multiple biological scales. As predicted by life‐history theory, sons and daughters had different responses when faced with developmental stress and variation in egg size. In response to developmental stress, small egg size in normally faster‐growing sons was associated with catch‐up growth prior to attaining larger adult size, resulting in a reduction in developmental stability. Daughters apparently avoided this developmental instability by reducing growth rate and eventual adult body mass and size. Interestingly, large egg size provided offspring with greater developmental flexibility under poor growth conditions. Large‐egg sons and daughters avoided the reduction in developmental stability, and daughters also showed enhanced escape performance during flight trials. Furthermore, large egg size resulted in elevated immune responses for both sexes under developmental stress. These findings show that there can be significant, but complex, context‐specific effects of egg size on offspring phenotype at least up to fledging, but these can only be demonstrated by appreciating variation in the quality of the offspring environment and life histories. Results are therefore consistent with egg size playing a significant role in shaping the phenotypic outcome of offspring in species that show even greater intra‐specific variation in egg size than starlings.
Beiträge zur Frage der Körperentwicklung und Futterverwertung des schwarzbunten Niederungsrindes im zweiten Lebensjahr
Authors: Schmidt J. , Vogel H. , Duckstein F.
Published: May 2011

Die Untersuchungen stellen die Fortsetzung früherer Arbeiten der Verfasser dar, welche sich mit der Körperentwicklung und Futterverwertung des schwarzbunten Niederungsrindes im 1. und 2. Lebenshalbjahr befassen. Das Versuchsmaterial bildeten schwarzbunte Niederungsrinder des Versuchsgutes Friedland des Tierzucht‐Instituts der Universität Göttingen. Die Versuchstiere kamen zu Anfang des 2. Lebensjahres mit einem Durchschnittsgewicht von 320 kg in den Versuch und wogen am Ende des 2. Lebensjahres durchschnittlich 452 kg; die durchschnittliche tägliche Zunahme der Versuchstiere betrug im 2. Lebensjahre demnach 362 g. Die Entwicklung der Körperform wurde durch periodische Abnahme der wichtigsten Körpermaße festgestellt. Während der Weidezeit erfolgte keine Beifütterung; in der Stallfütterungsperiode wurde nach einem einheitlichen Futterplan gefüttert, der für die 83.—104. Lebenswoche nur Heu, Stroh und Futterrüben ohne Kraftfutterzulage vorsah. In dieser Zeit waren zur Erzeugung von 100 kg Zuwachs 48,2 kg verdauliches Eiweiß in 746,3 kg Stärkewerten nötig. Unter Verwendung der Versuchsergebnisse wurde ein Fütterungsplan aufgestellt, welcher einen Anhalt für die Fütterung von Jungrindern geben soll.
Case–control study of statin prevention of mould infections
Authors: Thompson Jessica N. , Huycke Mark M. , Greenfield Ronald A. , Kurdgelashvili George , Gentry Chris A.
Published: May 2011

Invasive mould infections (IMI) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In vitro studies have demonstrated that hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have activity against several pathogenic moulds including Zygomycetes and Aspergillus spp. The aim of our study was to determine if statin use is a preventive factor for the development of IMI. This was a retrospective case–control study of 10 United States Veterans Affairs Medical Centers that comprise the Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 16. Cases with IMI and controls were identified from 2001 to 2008. Controls were matched by age, facility, history of transplantation, presence of chronic steroid use and presence of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV). Two hundred and thirty‐eight patients were included. Independent variables associated with the development of IMI were history of solid malignant tumours (OR 2.63, 1.41–4.87) and hypertension (OR 2.29, 1.13–4.68). Statin use within 3 months of index date was not an independent variable for prevention or development of IMI. No level of exposure to a statin drug appeared to influence the development of infection. This retrospective case–control study suggests that despite evidence of in vitro activity, statins may not decrease risk of IMI. Prospective, controlled trials may be necessary to investigate any potential clinical benefit.
Current issues in the clinical management of invasive candida infections – the AGIHO, DMykG, ÖGMM and PEG web‐based survey and expert consensus conference 2009
Authors: Karthaus M. , Rüping M. J. G. T. , Cornely O. A. , Steinbach A. , Groll A. H. , Lass‐Flörl C. , Ostermann H. , Ruhnke M. , Vehreschild J. J.
Published: May 2011

The objectives of this study were to identify unsolved issues in the management of invasive candidiasis, identify controversies and achieve consensus. The German Speaking Mycological Society (Deutschsprachige Mykologische Gesellschaft, DMykG e.V.) asked other German infectious diseases (ID) and mycological societies to submit unsolved issues concerning the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections. Based on these contributions, a digital web‐based questionnaire of 12 questions on Candida infections was designed to be completed by experts of the participating societies. Controversial results were identified by a mathematical model and were discussed at a consensus conference during the 43rd Annual Meeting of the DMykG e.V. in Cologne, Germany. Forty‐two individuals completed the questionnaire. Analysis showed a strong consensus on treatment indications, choice of antifungals for clinical situations, handling of central venous catheters, duration of treatment and role of susceptibility testing. Opinions diverged on: initial treatment of haemodynamically stable neutropenic and haemodynamically unstable non‐neutropenic patients, step down to oral treatment and the differential role of the echinocandins. These questions were presented for discussion at the expert consensus conference. In three of four questions, consensus was achieved. A two‐step approach – web‐based survey plus classical panel discussion – allows to capture expeditiously the opinions of a large and diverse group of individuals, to identify controversial issues and to resolve them in a personal, interactive setting. Thus, expert consensus was achieved on nine of 12 important questions on how to treat invasive candidiasis.