bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of magnetic helicity on 3D equilibria and self-organized states in KTX reversed field pinch
Authors: Liu Ke , Yu Guodong , Huang Yuhua , Mao Wenzhe , Xie Yidong , Nie Xianyi , Li Hong , Lan Tao , Xie Jinlin , Ding Weixing , Liu Wandong , Zhuang Ge , Zhu Caoxiang
Published: April 2024

The reversed field pinch (RFP) is a toroidal magnetic configuration in which plasmas can spontaneously transform into different self-organized states. Among various states, the ‘quasi-single-helical’ (QSH) state has a dominant component for the magnetic field and significantly improves confinement. Many theoretical and experimental efforts have investigated the transitions among different states. This paper employs the multi-region relaxed magnetohydrodynamic model to study the properties of QSH and other states. The stepped-pressure equilibrium code (SPEC) is used to compute MHD equilibria for the Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX). The toroidal volume of KTX is partitioned into two subvolumes by an internal transport barrier. The geometry of this barrier is adjusted to achieve force balance across the interface, ensuring that the plasma in each subvolume is force-free and that magnetic helicity is conserved. By varying the parameters, we generate distinct self-organized states in KTX. Our findings highlight the crucial role of magnetic helicity in shaping these states. In states with low magnetic helicity in both subvolumes, the plasma exhibits axisymmetric behavior. With increasing core helicity, the plasma gradually transforms from an axisymmetric state to a double-axis helical state and finally to a single-helical-axis state. Elevated core magnetic helicity leads to a more pronounced dominant mode of the boundary magnetic field and a reduced core magnetic shear. This is consistent with previous experimental and numerical results in other RFP devices. We find a linear relationship between the plasma current and helicity in different self-organized states. Our findings suggest that KTX may enter the QSH state when the toroidal current reaches 0.72 MA. This study demonstrates that the stellarator equilibrium code SPEC unveils crucial RFP equilibrium properties, rendering it applicable to a broad range of RFP devices and other toroidal configurations.
Biological, physical and morphological factors for the programming of a novel microbial hygromorphic material
Authors: Birch Emily , Bridgens Ben , Zhang Meng , Dade-Robertson Martyn
Published: April 2024

The urgency for energy efficient, responsive architectures has propelled smart material development to the forefront of scientific and architectural research. This paper explores biological, physical, and morphological factors influencing the programming of a novel microbial-based smart hybrid material which is responsive to changes in environmental humidity. Hygromorphs respond passively, without energy input, by expanding in high humidity and contracting in low humidity. Bacillus subtilis develops environmentally robust, hygromorphic spores which may be harnessed within a bilayer to generate a deflection response with potential for programmability. The bacterial spore-based hygromorph biocomposites (HBCs) were developed and aggregated to enable them to open and close apertures and demonstrate programmable responses to changes in environmental humidity. This study spans many fields including microbiology, materials science, design, fabrication and architectural technology, working at multiple scales from single cells to ‘bench-top’ prototype.

Exploration of biological factors at cellular and ultracellular levels enabled optimisation of growth and sporulation conditions to biologically preprogramme optimum spore hygromorphic response and yield. Material explorations revealed physical factors influencing biomechanics, preprogramming shape and response complexity through fabrication and inert substrate interactions, to produce a palette of HBCs. Morphological aggregation was designed to harness and scale-up the HBC palette into programmable humidity responsive aperture openings. This culminated in pilot performance testing of a humidity-responsive ventilation panel fabricated with aggregated Bacillus HBCs as a bench-top prototype and suggests potential for this novel biotechnology to be further developed.
Interaction of barn owl leading edge serrations with freestream turbulence
Authors: Midmer Alden , Brücker Christoph , Weger Matthias , Wagner Hermann , Bleckmann Horst
Published: April 2024

The silent flight of barn owls is associated with wing and feather specialisations. Three special features are known: a serrated leading edge that is formed by free-standing barb tips which appears as a comb-like structure, a soft dorsal surface, and a fringed trailing edge. We used a model of the leading edge comb with 3D-curved serrations that was designed based on 3D micro-scans of rows of barbs from selected barn-owl feathers. The interaction of the flow with the serrations was measured with Particle-Image-Velocimetry in a flow channel at uniform steady inflow and was compared to the situation of inflow with freestream turbulence, generated from the turbulent wake of a cylinder placed upstream. In steady uniform flow, the serrations caused regular velocity streaks and a flow turning effect. When vortices of different size impacted the serrations, the serrations reduced the flow fluctuations downstream in each case, exemplified by a decreased root-mean-square value of the fluctuations in the wake of the serrations. This attenuation effect was stronger for the spanwise velocity component, leading to an overall flow homogenization. Our findings suggest that the serrations of the barn owl provide a passive flow control leading to reduced leading-edge noise when flying in turbulent environments.
Modelling and experimental analysis of high-temperature effect on rubberized concrete
Authors: Covatariu D , Alexa-Stratulat M S , Covatariu G
Published: April 2024

The study presents results concerning the comparison of modelling and experimental work on rubberized concrete exposed to high temperatures. Crumb rubber was used in different concentrations to replace coarse aggregate. Experiments were made on flat-cylindrical specimens extracted from larger samples in order to be analysed. Simulations have been employed to calibrate measurements and to further analyse the specimens in an effort to prove their worth as a viable mechanism in studying larger-scale phenomena.
Earthquake behavior of flat slab structures, particularities and opportunities for use in the building stock of the Chisinau municipality
Authors: Sîli A A
Published: April 2024

The Republic of Moldova is characteristic for active seismic phenomena and there is always a direct danger of strong earthquakes. The building stock of the country has a complex character, this aspect is manifested in the municipality of Chisinau, where we have different buildings in terms of materials used, structural systems and height regime. New trends in construction are focused on buildings with a load-bearing frame structural system and a frame with a flat slab structure. The usual design practice is characteristic for the implementation of beam-column systems, where the plates are supported by the beams and the beams are supported by the columns. Nowadays, for the residential buildings design, a more elegant and ergonomic floor system is used - the flat slab system. Therefore, the slabs are subjected to increased loads, which requires special attention in the design and implementation of these types of structures.
Evaluation Methods for Traditional Houses in Dobrogea
Authors: Şeitan T , Andrieş D I , Grămescu A M
Published: April 2024

Assessing the technical condition of earthen constructions is an extremely difficult task due to the fact that the materials, methods and techniques used in construction have been replaced by new materials and installation procedures. Although they have a fairly large share in the existing housing stock, earthen constructions have not benefited from the same interest in the field of construction. This paper proposes a review of the current assessment possibilities applicable to earthen constructions in relation to the current level of knowledge on a local and international level.
Predicting multi-span bridge maximum deflection: Numerical simulation and validation
Authors: Brinissat M , Ray R P , Kuti R
Published: April 2024

Deflection is one of the main parameters often required to reflect and monitor the overall health state of bridge structures. Several approaches have been developed to monitor deflection accurately and economically. This research proposes a theoretical method to estimate the maximum deflection of the longest section of a seven-span continuous bridge using stress data collected through strain gauges. Firstly, initial data were collected from field tests under various controlled loadings to obtain the maximum deflections and stresses. Then, the stress-deflection regression equations are derived to reconstruct deflection from estimated gauges. Finally, the maximum deflection values are compared with analytical results using finite element simulations to verify the method’s effectiveness.
The influence of soil specimens shape and dimensions on consolidation parameters used in foundation settlement prediction
Authors: Dascălu A V , Lungu I , Aniculăesi M , Bejan F
Published: April 2024

The theory of elasticity is used in geotechnical engineering for the calculation of foundation settlement. The equation used in the evaluation of consolidation settlement uses the soil compressibility parameters which usually are determined on cylindrical soil specimens with ϕ 71.4 mm. Laboratory tests performed on soil specimens showed that the parameters that are used in foundation settlement analysis are influenced by the dimensions of the tested soil specimens and the shape of that specimen. The paper presents the influence of specimen size, shape and method used for the coefficient of consolidation evaluation on the final value of the foundation settlement. The analysis was performed using the Settle3 software from Rocsience, considering the case of an elastic foundation flexible square foundation (1.5 m × 1.5 m) which transmits to the ground a pressure of 100 kPa.
The influence of the geometric characteristics on the behavior of braces with restrained buckling - case study of perforated steel core.
Authors: Mocanu Basalic C P , Luca S G , Lungu I , Mihai P
Published: April 2024

Buckling restrained braces are elements that equip the building with additional capacity for resistance and stability when subjected to earthquakes. As an answer to the problem of the possible loss of stability of the buckling-preventing component, the “perforated-core buckling restrained braces” (PCBRB) is a concept that involves the introduction of gaps, in the core of the bracing, to control the plasticizing mechanism of the dissipative element. The research addresses the behavior of PCBRB groups where all the elements belonging to the same group have the same area and length of the section considered active dissipative. A numerical analysis environment was developed that simulates the support conditions and material behavior. Based on the results of the numerical analyses, the influence of the geometry (b/t ratio) of the section of the dissipative zone on the behavior and the mechanism of stress strain distribution in the bracing core. It can be noticed the development of over-resistance to the compressive stress and non-uniform distribution of stresses on the surface of the elements whose b/t ratio exceeds the value of 5.5; for the elements whose b/t ratio has a value lower than 1.75 local instability problems in the dissipative zone occurred.
Demolition of a reinforced concrete overpass. Case study
Authors: Boacă G , Scutaru M C , Iriciuc C S , Gimiga G R , Dima D N
Published: April 2024

Bridges are built to fulfil different roles depending on the needs of the site. One of the most important role is to provide easy and non-life-threating access to different areas of community interest. Over the period of their operation, structures suffer various degradations whose extension may endanger the integrity of the construction, or the changing needs of the users. This raises the problem of finding the most efficient methods of removing the structure from use and returning the land to other uses adapted to the period needs. The structure to which we have turned our attention in this article is located in Bucharest. It is represented by an overpass built in a frame solution with inclined pillars, having the shape of the letter ”V”. The construction material consists mainly of monolithic cast reinforced concrete. The present article presents a modern methodology for the demolition of the reinforced concrete overpass in discussion, through the progressive dismantling of the component construction elements. This method has many advantages, particularly in terms of the possibility of recycling the construction materials used and in terms of minimising traffic congestion on the railway.
The impact of the embankment and the recreational lake on capturing front with drilling wells
Authors: Marcoie N , Toacă D , Toma D , Boboc V , Hrăniciuc T A , Mitroi R
Published: April 2024

This paper presents the influence on the levels from the well caption front Gherăeşti-Bacău, located on the right side of the Bistrița River, through the construction, on the right shore, of a 2.25 km long perimetral embankment, and a recreational lake with a surface of 3.18 hectares and average depth of 5.5 m (Figure 1). Through numerical modelling, using the modelling software of Visual Modflow aquifer, the influence on the hydrostatic level from drilled wells was determined, as well as the influence on the phreatic flow through the making of the recreational lake, which captures a part of the underground water. The use of the mathematical model allows the determination of the optimal parameters for an extraction from the aquifer known through classical methods. To achieve the mathematical model the method of filtration resistances was used, which is applied in the case of a sudden curvature of the streamlines (in the proximity of the imperfect permeable/impervious borders: channels, drains, well systems, screens), hence they are applied during pressure/level drops. This method allows the following equalizations: the imperfect wells can be considered as perfect; the lines of perfect/imperfect wells can be considered as perfect trenches (channels) with a flow equal to the sum of all wells; a stratified aquifer (up to 3 layers) can be equivaled with a homogenous one. Aspects regarding the flow were taken into consideration: with a free level or under pressure, the dimensioning of the model, the initial conditions of the aquifer layer, the lithostratigraphic characteristics, homogeneity, anisotropy, the transfer mechanisms in the domain’s interior, the studied hydrogeological structure was schematized, having done a monolayer model. The calibration of the model consists of adjusting, in reasonable conditions, of the domain data (the permeabilities), boundary conditions, so that through the running of the model and obtaining the corresponding piezometric lines and the obtained data will overlap the levels of the existing drillings.
Culture insert device with perfusable microchannels enhances in vitro skin model development and barrier function assessment
Authors: Mikimoto Dina , Mori Masahito , Toyoda Akemi , Yo Kazuyuki , Oda Haruka , Takeuchi Shoji
Published: April 2024

The ever-stricter regulations on animal experiments in the field of cosmetic testing have prompted a surge in skin-related research with a special focus on recapitulation of the in vivo skin structure in vitro. In vitro human skin models are seen as an important tool for skin research, which in recent years attracted a lot of attention and effort, with researchers moving from the simplest 2-layered models (dermis with epidermis) to models that incorporate other vital skin structures such as hypodermis, vascular structures, and skin appendages. In this study, we designed a microfluidic device with a reverse flange-shaped anchor that allows culturing of an in vitro skin model in a conventional 6-well plate and assessing its barrier function without transferring the skin model to another device or using additional contraptions. Perfusion of the skin model through vascular-like channels improved the morphogenesis of the epidermis compared with skin models cultured under static conditions. This also allowed us to assess the percutaneous penetration of the tested caffeine permeation and vascular absorption, which is one of the key metrics for systemic drug exposure evaluation.
Charging behavior of ZnMn2O4 and LiMn2O4 in a zinc- and lithium-ion battery: an ab initio study
Authors: Sousa O M , Assali L V C , Lalic M V , Araujo C M , Eriksson O , Petrilli H M , Klautau A B
Published: April 2024

In the field of sustainable energy storage systems, zinc-ion batteries (ZIB) employing aqueous electrolytes have emerged as viable successors to the widely used lithium-ion batteries, attributed to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and intrinsic safety features. Despite these advantages, the performance of ZIBs is significantly hindered by the scarcity of suitable cathode materials, positioning manganese zinc oxide (ZnMn2O4) as a potential solution. In this study, we describe the ZnMn2O4 (ZMO) compound focusing on its properties variations during Zn extraction and potential battery applications. For the sake of comparison, we also analyze the same properties of the LiMn2O4 in its tetragonal phase (TLMO), for the first time, motivated by a recent discovery that the substitution of Zn ions by Li in ZMO forms isostructural TLMO compound at room temperature. The study was conducted within the density functional theory (DFT) framework, where the structural, electronic, magnetic, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties of ZMO and TLMO are investigated under various conditions. Although both systems crystallize in tetragonal structures, they demonstrate distinct electronic and magnetic properties due to different oxidation states of the Mn. Computationally optimized lattice parameters align closely with experimental values. The TLMO exhibits a narrower band gap compared to ZMO, indicating enhanced electrical conductivity. In addition, TLMO presented a lower diffusion energy barrier than ZMO, indicating better ionic conductivity. To evaluate the potential application of these materials in battery technologies, we further explored their volume changes during charging/discharging cycles, simulating Zn or Li ions extraction. TLMO underwent a significant volume contraction of 5.8% upon complete Li removal, while ZMO experienced a more pronounced contraction of 12.5% with full Zn removal. By adjusting ion extraction levels, it is possible to reduce these contractions, thereby approaching more viable battery applications. Voltage profiles, constructed from DFT-based simulation results, unveiled an average voltage of 4.05 V for TLMO, closely matching experimental values. Furthermore, spectroscopy results provide insights into the electronic transitions and validate the computational findings, consolidating our understanding of the intrinsic properties of ZMO and TLMO.
Global dynamics of a nonlocal reaction-diffusion-advection two-species phytoplankton model
Authors: Jiang Danhua , Cheng Shiyuan , Li Yun , Wang Zhi-Cheng
Published: April 2024

We continue our study on the global dynamics of a non- local reaction-diffusion-advection system modeling the population dynamics of two competing phytoplankton species in a eutrophic environment, where the species depend solely on light for their metabolism. In our previous works, we proved that system (1.1) is a strongly monotone dynamical system with respect to a non-standard cone, and some competitive exclusion results were obtained. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate the existence of coexistence steady state as well as competitive exclusion. Our results highlight that advection in dispersal strategy can lead to transitions between various competitive outcomes.
Against Recognizability as a Criterion of Work-Performance
Authors: Kania Andrew
Published: April 2024

Over the past few decades, various philosophers of music have appealed to the notion of recognizability in their theories of the performance of works of Western classical music. In this paper, I attempt to clarify that notion and examine whether it can actually do the jobs it is called upon to execute. I begin with a discussion of Jerrold Levinson’s appeal to (something like) work-recognizability as a criterion of successful work-performance and its influential uptake by Stephen Davies. I then attempt to clarify the notion of work-recognizability. I argue that the concept cannot do the task it is asked to in theories of work-performance, and that we should instead appeal to a robust notion of the intention to perform a work.
A comprehensive survey on deep learning-based identification and predicting the interaction mechanism of long non-coding RNAs
Authors: Diao Biyu , Luo Jin , Guo Yu
Published: April 2024

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered to be extensively involved in eukaryotic epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulatory processes with the advancements in sequencing technology and genomics research. Therefore, they play crucial roles in the body’s normal physiology and various disease outcomes. Presently, numerous unknown lncRNA sequencing data require exploration. Establishing deep learning-based prediction models for lncRNAs provides valuable insights for researchers, substantially reducing time and costs associated with trial and error and facilitating the disease-relevant lncRNA identification for prognosis analysis and targeted drug development as the era of artificial intelligence progresses. However, most lncRNA-related researchers lack awareness of the latest advancements in deep learning models and model selection and application in functional research on lncRNAs. Thus, we elucidate the concept of deep learning models, explore several prevalent deep learning algorithms and their data preferences, conduct a comprehensive review of recent literature studies with exemplary predictive performance over the past 5 years in conjunction with diverse prediction functions, critically analyze and discuss the merits and limitations of current deep learning models and solutions, while also proposing prospects based on cutting-edge advancements in lncRNA research.
3Dmapper: a command line tool for BioBank-scale mapping of variants to protein structures
Authors: Ruiz-Serra Victoria , Valentini Samuel , Madroñero Sergi , Valencia Alfonso , Porta-Pardo Eduard
Published: April 2024

Motivation

The interpretation of genomic data is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms of biological processes. Protein structures play a vital role in facilitating this interpretation by providing functional context to genetic coding variants. However, mapping genes to proteins is a tedious and error-prone task due to inconsistencies in data formats. Over the past two decades, numerous tools and databases have been developed to automatically map annotated positions and variants to protein structures. However, most of these tools are web-based and not well-suited for large-scale genomic data analysis.

Results

To address this issue, we introduce 3Dmapper, a stand-alone command-line tool developed in Python and R. It systematically maps annotated protein positions and variants to protein structures, providing a solution that is both efficient and reliable.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/vicruiser/3Dmapper
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma care across Europe: insights from the HORIZON programme
Authors: Roccuzzo Gabriele , Calvão Joana , Dobos Gabor , Morsia Erika , Mozas Pablo , Peterknecht Elizabeth , Schrader Anne M R , Zottarelli Francesca , Bagot Martine , Stadler Rudolf , Vermeer Maarten , Quaglino Pietro , Scarisbrick Julia
Published: April 2024

In this perspective we provide BJD readers with an overview of the HORIZON programme. It illuminates the diverse perspectives of specialists across five prominent European centres of excellence in the field of CTCL.
Draft genome sequence and tissue expression panel of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira)
Authors: Nakamura Yoji , Yasuike Motoshige , Fuji Taiki , Suyama Satoshi , Mekuchi Miyuki
Published: April 2024

Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) is an important fish in several countries. Notably, the catch of this fish has markedly decreased recently, which might be due to environmental changes, including feeding habitat changes. However, no clear correlation has been observed. Therefore, the physiological basis of Pacific saury in relation to possible environmental factors must be understood. We sequenced the genome of Pacific saury and extracted RNA from nine tissues (brain, eye, gill, anterior/posterior guts, kidney, liver, muscle, and ovary). In 1.09 Gb assembled genome sequences, a total of 26,775 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 26,241 genes were similar to known genes in a public database. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 24,254 genes were expressed in at least one of the nine tissues, and 7,495 were highly expressed in specific tissues. Based on the similarity of the expression profiles to those of model organisms, the transcriptome obtained was validated to reflect the characteristics of each tissue. Thus, the present genomic and transcriptomic data serve as useful resources for molecular studies on Pacific saury. In particular, we emphasize that the gene expression data, which serve as the tissue expression panel of this species, can be employed in comparative transcriptomics on marine environmental responses.
Applications of three-dimensional printing in percutaneous closure of aortic-to-right ventricle fistula after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a case report
Authors: Echarte-Morales Julio , Toribio-García Irene , Diéguez Alfredo Redondo , de Prado Armando Pérez , Fernández-Vázquez Felipe
Published: April 2024

Background

Percutaneous closure of aortic-to-right ventricle (ARV) fistula has emerged as an alternative to surgical management in selected cases. The use of three-dimensional (3D) printing in interventional planning for structural heart disease provides a concrete understanding, and it is useful in diagnostic assessment and to guide treatment approaches and to simulate procedures.

Case summary

We report a case of a 70-year-old male presenting in cardiogenic shock due to severe aortic stenosis and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. The patient had several comorbidities and was deemed not eligible for cardiac surgery. After transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), an ARV fistula was discovered on the TTE. Due to complex anatomical considerations, a 3D printed model of the patient’s anatomy was employed to supplement the decision-making process and technical planning of percutaneous ARV closure. Successful closure of the fistula with the use of the Amplatzer atrial septal occluder was subsequently performed.

Discussion

Three-dimensional printing improves the understanding of complex structures of cardiac diseases, allowing for enhanced planning and simulation of the procedure. This case, demonstrating the effective percutaneous closure of a TAVR-related ARV fistula facilitated by the use of 3D printed anatomical models in the pre-procedural phase, highlights the technology’s potential in advancing patient-specific treatment approaches.
Speckle-tracking global longitudinal strain predicts death and cardiovascular events in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Stronati Giulia , Guerra Federico , Benfaremo Devis , Dichiara Cristina , Paolini Federico , Bastianoni Gianmarco , Brugiatelli Leonardo , Alfieri Michele , Compagnucci Paolo , Dello Russo Antonio , Moroncini Gianluca
Published: April 2024

Aims

Albeit often asymptomatic, heart involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) represents a negative prognostic factor, accounting for nearly one-fourth of all deaths. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is accurate in detecting heart involvement in patients with SSc and no overt cardiac disease and allows early detection and longitudinal monitoring, but its association with clinical endpoints has not been tested so far. The primary outcome was the association between left and right GLS and mortality for all causes. The secondary outcome was the association between left and right GLS and hospitalizations.

Methods and results

A prospective longitudinal study enrolling all consecutive patients with SSc without structural heart disease or previous cardiovascular event.

A total of 164 patients were enrolled, of whom 19 (11.5%) died during follow-up and 48 (29.3%) were hospitalized. Both left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) GLS at enrolment were independently associated with an increased risk of death for all causes and hospitalizations. Patients with biventricular GLS impairment, respectively, had a 4.2-, 4.9-, and 13.9-fold increased risk of death when compared with patients with only LV, only RV, or no impairment (P < 0.001). The incidence of hospitalization in patients with biventricular GLS impairment was nearly four times higher when compared with patients with only LV or only RV impairment, and nine times higher when compared with normal biventricular GLS (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Biventricular GLS is associated with an increased risk of death and hospitalization in patients with SSc during a median of 3-year follow-up, acting as a reliable and accurate prognostic tool in everyday practice.
Childhood Book Availability Helps to Preserve Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Low Education: Results From the NEIGE Study
Authors: Tani Yukako , Kawahara Tomoki , Sugihara Genichi , Machida Masaki , Amagasa Shiho , Murayama Hiroshi , Inoue Shigeru , Fujiwara Takeo , Shobugawa Yugo
Published: April 2024

Objectives

It is well known that low educational attainment is associated with cognitive function decline in older age. Childhood book availability may help to preserve cognitive function in older adults with low education. The study objective was to examine the association between childhood book availability and cognitive function among older adults with low educational attainment, and to investigate the mediating effect of the volume of reading-related brain regions (e.g., superior temporal cortex).

Methods

A cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older Japanese adults aged 65–84 years was conducted (n = 474). Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Childhood book availability was assessed using a retrospective questionnaire. Brain region volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate regression modeling and structural equation modeling were used for analysis.

Results

Both high educational attainment and childhood book availability were independently associated with high MMSE score. Stratification of educational level showed that childhood book availability was positively associated with MMSE score among participants with low educational attainment (coefficient = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31 to 2.66), but not among those with moderate or high educational attainment (coefficient = −0.01, 95% CI: −1.44 to 1.42 and −1.21, 95% CI: −3.85 to 1.42, respectively). Among participants with low educational attainment, left superior temporal cortex volume mediated the association between childhood book availability and MMSE score.

Discussion

The availability of books in childhood helps to preserve cognitive function in older adults with low education via left superior temporal cortex volume. Further research is needed to replicate these findings.
Thermodynamics of mantle minerals – III: the role of iron
Authors: Stixrude Lars , Lithgow-Bertelloni Carolina
Published: April 2024

We expand the scope of HeFESTo by encompassing the rich physics of iron in the mantle, including the existence of multiple valence and spin states. In our previous papers, we considered iron only in its most common state in the mantle: the high-spin divalent (ferrous) cation. We now add ferric iron end-members to six phases, as well as the three phases of native iron. We also add low-spin states of ferrous and ferric iron and capture the behaviour of the high-spin to low-spin transition. Consideration of the multi-state nature of iron, unique among the major elements, leads to developments of our theory, including generalization of the chemical potential to account for the possibility of multiple distinguishable states of iron co-existing on a single crystallographic site, the effect of the high-spin to low-spin transition on seismic wave velocities in multiphase systems, and computation of oxygen fugacity. Consideration of ferric iron also motivates the addition of the chromia component to several phases, so that we now consider the set of components: Ca, Na, Fe, Mg, Al, Si, O and Cr (CNFMASO+Cr). We present the results of a new global inversion of mineral properties and compare our results to experimental observations over the entire pressure–temperature range of the mantle and over a wide range of oxygen fugacity. Applications of our method illustrate how it might be used to better understand the seismic structure, dynamics and oxygen fugacity of the mantle.
Membrane Lipids Augment Cell Envelope Stress Signaling via the MadRS System to Defend Against Antimicrobial Peptides and Antibiotics in Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Miller William R , Nguyen April , Singh Kavindra V , Rizvi Samie , Khan Ayesha , Erickson Sam G , Egge Stephanie L , Cruz Melissa , Dinh An Q , Diaz Lorena , Thornton Philip C , Zhang Rutan , Xu Libin , Garsin Danielle A , Shamoo Yousif , Arias Cesar A
Published: April 2024

Enterococci have evolved resistance mechanisms to protect their cell envelopes against bacteriocins and host cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) produced in the gastrointestinal environment. Activation of the membrane stress response has also been tied to resistance to the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin. However, the actual effectors mediating resistance have not been elucidated. Here, we show that the MadRS (formerly YxdJK) membrane antimicrobial peptide defense system controls a network of genes, including a previously uncharacterized 3-gene operon (madEFG) that protects the Enterococcus faecalis cell envelope from antimicrobial peptides. Constitutive activation of the system confers protection against CAMPs and daptomycin in the absence of a functional LiaFSR system and leads to persistence of cardiac microlesions in vivo. Moreover, changes in the lipid cell membrane environment alter CAMP susceptibility and expression of the MadRS system. Thus, we provide a framework supporting a multilayered envelope defense mechanism for resistance and survival coupled to virulence.
An examination of the predictors of change in BMI among 38 026 school students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Banany Mohammed , Gebel Klaus , Sibbritt David
Published: April 2024

Background

The prevalence of childhood obesity has substantially increased in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, including Saudi Arabia. The Rashaka initiative is a Saudi national school-based multicomponent intervention that was introduced in the school year 2016–2017 to address childhood overweight and obesity. This study aims to examine the effect of the Rashaka initiative on students’ body mass index (BMI) for two academic years (2016–2017 and 2018–2019) and to analyse predictors of BMI change.

Methods

Secondary data for this pre–post study was provided by the Ministry of Health for 38 026 students from 89 intermediate and secondary schools that implemented the initiative in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. It was analysed using non-parametric tests and multiple regressions at a 5% level of significance.

Results

Over 2 y of implementation, BMI was reduced significantly across the schools (p < 0.001). Based on the regression modelling, school gender and education stage were found to be the only significant predictors of BMI change. Girls and intermediate schools had greater BMI reductions than boys and secondary schools (p < 0.001 and p = 0.031).

Conclusions

This study provides tentative evidence for the effectiveness of the Rashaka intervention in Makkah City. In addition, our study has identified that the Rashaka initiative may require modification to improve its effect on boys and students in secondary schools.
Assessing quality of critical care during an ongoing health emergency—a novel approach to evaluate quality of care at Lebanese public ICUs during COVID-19
Authors: AbouNader Karim , Abou Mourad Ghada , Chalouhi Georges , Rady Alissar , Von Schreeb Johan , Halmin Märit
Published: April 2024

Background: Quality of care has been systematically monitored in hospitals in high-income countries to ensure adequate care. However, in low- and middle-income countries, quality indicators are not readily measured. The primary aim of this study was to assess to what extent it was feasible to monitor the quality of intensive care in an ongoing health emergency, and the secondary aim was to assess a quality of care intervention (twinning project) focused on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) quality of care in public hospitals in Lebanon.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study nested within an intervention implemented by the World Health Organization (WHO) together with partners. To assess the quality of care throughout the project, a monitoring system framed in the Donabedian model and included structure, process, and outcome indicators was developed and implemented. Data collection consisted of a checklist performed by external healthcare workers (HCWs) as well as collection of data from all admitted patients performed by each unit. The association between the number of activities within the interventional project and ICU mortality was evaluated.

Results: A total of 1679 patients were admitted to five COVID-19 ICUs during the study period. The project was conducted fully across four out of five hospitals. In these hospitals, a significant reduction in ICU mortality was found (OR: 0.83, P < 0.05, CI: 0.72–0.96).

Conclusion: We present a feasible way to assess quality of care in ICUs and how it can be used in assessing a quality improvement project during ongoing crises in resource-limited settings. By implementing a quality of care intervention in Lebanon’s public hospitals, we have shown that such initiatives might contribute to improvement of ICU care. The observed association between increased numbers of project activities and reduced ICU mortality underscores the potential of quality assurance interventions to improve outcomes for critically ill patients in resource-limited settings. Future research is needed to expand this model to be applicable in similar settings.
‘I Feel Like I’m with You; Therefore, I’m Having Fun’: The Effects of Social Comparison and Belongingness on Continuous Play Intention for Online Games and Loyalty
Authors: Lee Jihyeon , Kim Hanku
Published: April 2024

Playing a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) is no longer just a personal hobby, and the genre has evolved into a forum that encourages continual interaction among its users. To determine the motivation behind the user’s participation of MMORPG, we suggest social comparison and self-expansion theories. Specifically, this study proposes a research model that comprehensively identifies the effects of psychological motives (social comparison motive and belongingness) and immersive gaming behaviors (social presence and flow experience) on behavioral factors (continuous play intention and loyalty). We analyzed 274 valid survey questionnaire responses. Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature that identifies the motives of users to play MMORPGs by applying social comparison and self-expansion theories to understand the factors that influence people to play MMORPGs. Furthermore, the study’s results have practical implications for game developers, suggesting that they should develop content strategically to attract users.
The quantitative genetic basis of variation in sexual versus non-sexual butterfly wing colouration: autosomal, Z-linked, and maternal effects
Authors: Kemp Darrell J , Wedell Nina
Published: April 2024

Viability indicator traits are expected to be integrated extensively across the genome yet sex-limited to ensure that any benefits are sexually concordant. Understanding how such expectations are accommodated requires elucidating the quantitative genetic architecture of candidate traits in and across the sexes. Here we applied an animal modelling approach to partition the autosomal, allosomal, and direct maternal bases of variation in sexual versus non-sexual dorsal wing colouration in the butterfly Eurema hecabe. The sexual colour trait—coherently scattered ultraviolet that is under strong directional selection due to female choice—is brighter and more expansive in males, and overlays non-sexual pigmentary yellow markings that otherwise dominate both wing surfaces in each sex. Our modelling estimated high and sexually equivalent autosomal variances for ultraviolet reflectance (furnishing h2 ~ 0.58 overall and ~0.75 in males), accompanied by smaller but generally significant Z-linked and maternal components. By contrast, variation in non-sexual yellow was largely attributed to Z-linked sources. Intersexual genetic correlations based upon the major source of variation in each trait were high and not different from 1.0, implying regulation by a pool of genes common to each sex. An expansive autosomal basis for ultraviolet is consistent with its hypothesized role as a genome-wide viability indicator and ensures that both sons and daughters will inherit their father’s attractiveness.
Phylogeography, systematics, and conservation status of pocket mice (Chaetodipus) of the Sonoran–Sinaloan thorn forest
Authors: Hafner David J , Light Jessica E , Neiswenter Sean A , Hernandez Krymsen L , Riddle Brett R
Published: April 2024

Three species of pocket mice (Chaetodipus artus, C. goldmani, and C. pernix) characterize the Sinaloan subregion of the Sonoran regional desert. They occur primarily in Sinaloan thornscrub and monsoon (dry deciduous) forest biotic communities, both of which have suffered from agricultural conversion. Sinaloan thornscrub occurs along the coastal plains of southern Sonora and Sinaloa, México, and grades into monsoon forest in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental. We describe the geographical and ecological distributions of the 3 species of Chaetodipus, evaluate evolutionary relationships within each species based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data, and compare these to previously described phenetic, allozymic, and chromosomal variation. We elevate the subspecies of C. pernix to full species, delineate evolutionary units within C. goldmani and C. artus that we formally recognize as subspecies, and evaluate the conservation status of all 3 species of Chaetodipus.
Spatial variations in leaf trichomes and their coordination with stomata in Quercus variabilis across Eastern Asia
Authors: Zhu Yanhua , Zheng Ji , Kang Hongzhang , Hui Nan , Yin Shan , Chen Zhicheng , Du Baoming , Liu Chunjiang
Published: April 2024

Leaf trichomes are derived from epidermal cells and serve an important function in regulating leaf heat balance and gas exchange. Variation in leaf functional traits is critical for predicting how plants will react to global climate change. In this study, we aimed to investigate how leaf trichome densities vary along large geographic gradients and how they interact with stomata in response to environmental change. We investigated the leaf trichome densities of 44 Quercus variabilis populations in Eastern Asia (24°–51.8° N, 99°–137° E) and their correlation with climatic factors and stomatal traits. In addition, 15 populations were grown in a common garden to study their adaptive variation and coordination with stomata. The mean value of trichome density in situ conditions was 459.78 trichome mm−2 with a range of 325.79–552.38 trichome mm−2. Trichome density increased with latitude and decreased with longitude. Both temperature and precipitation reduced the trichome density. Moreover, trichome density was positively correlated with stomatal density whether in situ or in the common garden, and both increased with drought. Our results suggested that leaf trichomes possess highly adaptive variation and are in close coordination with stomata in response to climate change. Our findings provide new insights toward elucidating the interactions between leaf traits and the adaptive strategies of plants under climate change.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: galaxy spin is more strongly correlated with stellar population age than mass or environment
Authors: Croom Scott M , van de Sande Jesse , Vaughan Sam P , Rutherford Tomas H , Lagos Claudia del P , Barsanti Stefania , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Brough Sarah , Bryant Julia J , Colless Matthew , Cortese Luca , D’Eugenio Francesco , Fraser-McKelvie Amelia , Goodwin Michael , Lorente Nuria P F , Richards Samuel N , Ristea Andrei , Sweet Sarah M , Yi Sukyoung K , Zafar Tayyaba
Published: April 2024

We use the SAMI Galaxy Survey to examine the drivers of galaxy spin, $\lambda _{R_{\rm e}}$, in a multidimensional parameter space including stellar mass, stellar population age (or specific star formation rate), and various environmental metrics (local density, halo mass, satellite versus central). Using a partial correlation analysis, we consistently find that age or specific star formation rate is the primary parameter correlating with spin. Light-weighted age and specific star formation rate are more strongly correlated with spin than mass-weighted age. In fact, across our sample, once the relation between light-weighted age and spin is accounted for, there is no significant residual correlation between spin and mass, or spin and environment. This result is strongly suggestive that the present-day environment only indirectly influences spin, via the removal of gas and star formation quenching. That is, environment affects age, then age affects spin. Older galaxies then have lower spin, either due to stars being born dynamically hotter at high redshift, or due to secular heating. Our results appear to rule out environmentally dependent dynamical heating (e.g. galaxy–galaxy interactions) being important, at least within 1 Re where our kinematic measurements are made. The picture is more complex when we only consider high-mass galaxies (M* ≳ 1011 M⊙). While the age-spin relation is still strong for these high-mass galaxies, there is a residual environmental trend with central galaxies preferentially having lower spin, compared to satellites of the same age and mass. We argue that this trend is likely due to central galaxies being a preferred location for mergers.
BRD2 promotes antibody class switch recombination by facilitating DNA repair in collaboration with NIPBL
Authors: Gothwal Santosh K , Refaat Ahmed M , Nakata Mikiyo , Stanlie Andre , Honjo Tasuku , Begum Nasim A
Published: April 2024

Efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks in the Ig heavy chain gene locus is crucial for B-cell antibody class switch recombination (CSR). The regulatory dynamics of the repair pathway direct CSR preferentially through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) over alternative end joining (AEJ). Here, we demonstrate that the histone acetyl reader BRD2 suppresses AEJ and aberrant recombination as well as random genomic sequence capture at the CSR junctions. BRD2 deficiency impairs switch (S) region synapse, optimal DNA damage response (DDR), and increases DNA break end resection. Unlike BRD4, a similar bromodomain protein involved in NHEJ and CSR, BRD2 loss does not elevate RPA phosphorylation and R-loop formation in the S region. As BRD2 stabilizes the cohesion loader protein NIPBL in the S regions, the loss of BRD2 or NIPBL shows comparable deregulation of S-S synapsis, DDR, and DNA repair pathway choice during CSR. This finding extends beyond CSR, as NIPBL and BRD4 have been linked to Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a developmental disorder exhibiting defective NHEJ and Ig isotype switching. The interplay between these proteins sheds light on the intricate mechanisms governing DNA repair and immune system functionality.