bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Group 13 Metal Halide Based Coordination Polymers of Al, Ga, In and 2,4,6‐Tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine
Authors: Schäfer Thomas , Sedykh Alexander E. , Becker Jonathan , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: March 2020

Four isotypic one‐dimensional coordination polymers (CP) were synthesized using the group 13 metal halides AlBr3, GaCl3, GaBr3, and InI3 and the tridentate ligand 2,4,6‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tpt) serving as bidentate linker. The neutral one‐dimensional CPs 1∞[AlBr3(tpt)], 1∞[GaCl3(tpt)], 1∞[GaBr3(tpt)], and 1∞[InI3(tpt)] are constituted by zigzag‐shaped chains in the crystal structure, in which one coordination site of the tpt ligand remains uncoordinated. All CPs were characterized by SCXRD, PXRD, simultaneous DTA/TG, elemental‐analysis and IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, three complexes of the composition [(AlBr3)3(tpt)], [(GaCl3)3(tpt)], and [(GaBr3)3(tpt)] were structurally characterized by SCXRD, being preliminary and side products of the formation of the coordination polymers.
Impact of isolation and fiducial cuts on qT and N-jettiness subtractions
Authors: Ebert Markus A. , Tackmann Frank J.
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Kinematic selection cuts and isolation requirements are a necessity in experimental measurements for identifying prompt leptons and photons that originate from the hard-interaction process of interest. We analyze how such cuts affect the application of the qT and N -jettiness subtraction methods for fixed-order calculations. We consider both fixed-cone and smooth-cone isolation methods. We find that kinematic selection and isolation cuts both induce parametrically enhanced power corrections with considerably slower convergence compared to the standard power corrections that are already present in inclusive cross sections without additional cuts. Using analytic arguments at next-to-leading order we derive their general scaling behavior as a function of the subtraction cutoff. We also study their numerical impact for the case of gluon-fusion Higgs production in the H → γγ decay mode and for pp → γγ direct diphoton production. We find that the relative enhancement of the additional cut-induced power corrections tends to be more severe for qT, where it can reach an order of magnitude or more, depending on the choice of parameters and subtraction cutoffs. We discuss how all such cuts can be incorporated without causing additional power corrections by implementing the subtractions differentially rather than through a global slicing method. We also highlight the close relation of this formulation of the subtractions to the projection-to-Born method.
Background field method for nonlinear sigma models in nonrelativistic string theory
Authors: Yan Ziqi , Yu Matthew
Published: March 2020

Abstract

We continue the study of nonrelativistic string theory in background fields. Nonrelativistic string theory is described by a nonlinear sigma model that maps a relativistic worldsheet to a non-Lorentzian and non-Riemannian target space geometry, which is known to be string Newton-Cartan geometry. We develop the covariant background field method in this non-Riemannian geometry. We apply this background field method to compute the beta-functions of the nonlinear sigma model that describes nonrelativistic string theory on a string Newton-Cartan geometry background, in presence of a Kalb-Ramond two-form and dilaton field.
Higher-order Sudakov resummation in coupled gauge theories
Authors: Billis Georgios , Tackmann Frank J. , Talbert Jim
Published: March 2020

Abstract

We consider the higher-order resummation of Sudakov double logarithms in the presence of multiple coupled gauge in. The associated evolution equations depend on the coupled β functions of two (or more) coupling constants αa and αb, as well as anomalous dimensions that have joint perturbative series in αa and αb. We discuss possible strategies for solving the system of evolution equations that arises. As an example, we obtain the complete three-loop (NNLL) QCD⊗QED Sudakov evolution factor. Our results also readily apply to the joint higher-order resummation of electroweak and QCD Sudakov logarithms.

As part of our analysis we also revisit the case of a single gauge interaction (pure QCD), and study the numerical differences and reliability of various methods for evaluating the Sudakov evolution factor at higher orders. We find that the approximations involved in deriving commonly used analytic expressions for the evolution kernel can induce noticeable numerical differences of several percent or more at low scales, exceeding the perturbative precision at N3LL and in some cases even NNLL. Therefore, one should be cautious when using approximate analytic evolution kernels for high-precision analyses.
Two-element structures modulo primitive positive constructability
Authors: Bodirsky Manuel , Vucaj Albert
Published: March 2020

Primitive positive constructions have been introduced in recent work of Barto, Opršal, and Pinsker to study the computational complexity of constraint satisfaction problems. Let $${\mathfrak {P}}_{\mathrm {fin}}$$Pfin be the poset which arises from ordering all finite relational structures by pp-constructability. This poset is infinite, but we do not know whether it is uncountable. In this article, we give a complete description of the restriction $${\mathfrak {P}}_{\mathrm {Boole}}$$PBoole of $${\mathfrak {P}}_{\mathrm {fin}}$$Pfin to relational structures on a two-element set. We use $${\mathfrak {P}}_{\mathrm {Boole}}$$PBoole to present the various complexity regimes of Boolean constraint satisfaction problems that were described by Allender, Bauland, Immerman, Schnoor and Vollmer.
Double‐Tract Reconstruction Designed to Allow More Food Flow to the Remnant Stomach After Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy
Authors: Fujimoto Daisuke , Taniguchi Keizo , Kobayashi Hirotoshi
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy (LPG) is a function‐preserving surgery performed on patients with cancer of the upper third of the stomach. However, if much of the ingested food passes through the jejunum, LPG might function broadly like a total gastrectomy. We devised a jejunogastrostomy with double‐tract reconstruction (DTR) to ensure that most food flows easily to the remnant stomach.

Methods

A side‐to‐side jejunogastrostomy was created between the remnant stomach's posterior wall and the jejunum 10 cm below the esophagojejunostomy, and the common stab incision was also closed with a linear stapler. The jejunogastrostomy was created as a delta‐shaped anastomosis by using only linear staplers. The 15 patients who underwent delta‐shaped anastomosis from 2017 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed to collect and analyze their surgical and postoperative outcomes, including nutritive conditions, in comparison to the reconstruction that was performed before then.

Results

Operative times and postoperative complications were not significantly different compared to the previous reconstruction. We confirmed significant differences in operative bleeding and passage of food through the remnant stomach. The level of nutritional indicators at the end of postoperative year one did not tend to be lower, but total weight loss (TWL) and %TWL were significantly lower. As expected, there was a correlation between differences in jejunogastrostomy type and postoperative malnutrition.

Conclusions

This method devised for intracorporeal DTR provided patients with improved postoperative nutritional status by directing more food through the remnant stomach after LPG.
Homogenized Daily Relative Humidity Series in China during 1960–2017
Authors: Li Zhen , Yan Zhongwei , Zhu Yani , Freychet Nicolas , Tett Simon
Published: March 2020

Surface relative humidity (RH) is a key element for weather and climate monitoring and research. However, RH is not as commonly applied in studying climate change, partly because the observation series of RH are prone to inhomogeneous biases due to non-climate changes in the observation system. A homogenized dataset of daily RH series from 746 stations in Chinese mainland for the period 1960–2017, ChinaRHv1.0, has been developed. Most (685 or 91.82% of the total) station time series were inhomogeneous with one or more break points. The major breakpoints occurred in the early 2000s for many stations, especially in the humid and semi-humid zones, due to the implementation of automated observation across the country. The inhomogeneous biases in the early manual records before this change are positive relative to the recent automatic records, for most of the biased station series. There are more break points detected by using the MASH (Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization) method, with biases mainly around −0.5% and 0.5%. These inhomogeneous biases are adjusted with reference to the most recent observations for each station. Based on the adjusted observations, the regional mean RH series of China shows little long-term trend during 1960–2017 [0.006% (10 yr)−1], contrasting with a false decreasing trend [−0.414% (10 yr)−1] in the raw data. It is notable that ERA5 reanalysis data match closely with the interannual variations of the raw RH series in China, including the jump in the early 2000s, raising a caveat for its application in studying climate change in the region.
The Role of Perceived Inter-Ethnic Classroom Climate in Adolescents’ Engagement in Ethnic Victimization: For Whom Does it Work?
Authors: Bayram Özdemir Sevgi , Özdemir Metin
Published: March 2020

Immigrant and minority youth are at risk of experiencing victimization due to their ethnic, cultural, or religious background. Despite an increasing number of studies that aims at understanding the consequences of being the target of such negative experiences, little attention has been paid to the factors that might counteract the occurrence of ethnic victimization. The present study aimed to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the possible role of school context. Specifically, the present study examined the extent to which perceived positive contact norms in class and teachers’ reactions to ethnic victimization are linked to engagement in ethnic victimization. It also examined whether such links differ across adolescents with different levels of tolerance toward immigrants. The sample included 963 adolescents residing in Sweden (Mage = 13.11, SD = 0.41; 46% girls). The results showed that perceived positive contact norms in class were associated with a lower likelihood of engagement in ethnic victimization across youth with different levels of tolerance toward immigrants. When adolescents perceived their teachers as not tolerating ethnic victimization, those with high levels of tolerance were less likely to engage in it. However, teacher reactions did not affect the behaviors of adolescents with low and moderate levels of tolerance toward immigrants. The findings indicate the importance of classroom context and teachers in counteracting negative interactions among students of diverse backgrounds.
Tsunami evacuation simulation considering road blockage by collapsed buildings evaluated from predicted strong ground motion
Authors: Ito Eri , Kawase Hiroshi , Matsushima Shinichi , Hatayama Michinori
Published: March 2020

Tsunami evacuation simulations are often used to determine necessary countermeasures that will reduce human loss effectively after earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis. However, so far there has been no simulation for the estimated building damage using up-to-date knowledge of seismic engineering. In this study, in order to clarify the effect of building damage on a tsunami evacuation, we first predicted building damage based on the nonlinear response analysis for a realistic strong ground motion and then simulated a tsunami evacuation considering road blockage due to the collapsed buildings. We used one district in Tanabe City in Wakayama Prefecture in Japan where we expect to have a 12 m of tsunami height after an earthquake along the Nankai Trough plate boundary. We found that the prepared capacity of evacuation sites is not enough to let everyone evacuate and that the number of survivors increases by 3–4% if all of the buildings and houses are seismically reinforced. Considering this, plus 1% of expected casualties inside the collapsed houses, it appears to be not as efficient to reinforce buildings and houses to prevent human loss in comparison with increasing the capacity of tsunami evacuation sites in the target district. However, the damage to building and houses will cause a lot of side effects which are not considered here, but will prolong the evacuation time. Thus, we concluded that we need to reinforce the buildings and houses as well as consider the appropriate placement, number, and capacity of the evacuation sites.
Two-sided ultrasonic surface rolling process of aeroengine blades based on on-machine noncontact measurement
Authors: Yao Shulei , Cao Xian , Liu Shuang , Gong Congyang , Zhang Kaiming , Zhang Chengcheng , Zhang Xiancheng
Published: March 2020

As crucial parts of an aeroengine, blades are vulnerable to damage from long-term operation in harsh environments. The ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP) is a novel surface treatment technique that can highly improve the mechanical behavior of blades. During secondary machining, the nominal blade model cannot be used for secondary machining path generation due to the deviation between the actual and nominal blades. The clamping error of the blade also affects the precision of secondary machining. This study presents a two-sided USRP (TS-USRP) machining for aeroengine blades on the basis of on-machine noncontact measurement. First, a TS-USRP machining system for blade is developed. Second, a 3D scanning system is used to obtain the point cloud of the blade, and a series of point cloud processing steps is performed. A local point cloud automatic extraction algorithm is introduced to extract the point cloud of the strengthened region of the blade. Then, the tool path is designed on the basis of the extracted point cloud. Finally, an experiment is conducted on an actual blade, with results showing that the proposed method is effective and efficient.
Gesundheits-Apps als Instrumente der Prävention? – Eine Interviewstudie zu Potenzialen für das hausärztliche Setting
Authors: Wangler Julian , Jansky Michael
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Angesichts massenhafter Verfügbarkeit und Nutzung von Gesundheits-Apps stellt sich die Frage, wie diese sich so ins Gesundheitswesen integrieren lassen, dass positive Effekte bei Prävention und Therapie erzielt werden können. Die Hausarztmedizin ist ein vielversprechendes Anwendungsgebiet.

Ziel der Arbeit

Die Studie geht der Frage nach, welche Sichtweisen Hausärzte in Bezug auf Gesundheits-Apps vertreten. Neben der Akzeptanz und wahrgenommenen Einsatzpotenzialen werden bisherige Erfahrungen mit Apps in der Patientenversorgung beleuchtet. Ebenso wird eruiert, welche Hindernisse bei der Nutzbarmachung von Apps bestehen.

Material und Methoden

Im Zuge qualitativer Interviews wurden zwischen Juli und Oktober 2019 insgesamt 35 Hausärzte in Hessen befragt.

Ergebnisse

Positiv eingestellte Ärzte heben Motivations- und Compliance-Vorteile aufgrund einer App-Nutzung hervor; skeptische Ärzte sind misstrauisch in Bezug auf Datensicherheit, das ordnungsgemäße Funktionieren von Apps und rechtliche Fragestellungen bei der Einbeziehung solcher Programme. Zudem besteht die Sorge vor einer Mehrbelastung. Gleichwohl nehmen die meisten Interviewten einen Nutzen von Gesundheits-Apps wahr, wenn es um präventions-, erinnerungs- und lebensstilunterstützende Funktionen geht. Eine Mehrheit wünscht sich verbindliche Datenschutz- und Qualitätsstandards, eine klare Rechtslage in Bezug auf die App-Anwendung und Tools, die einen Überblick verfügbarer Apps ermöglichen.

Diskussion

Hausärzte sind sich der positiven Beiträge, die Gesundheits-Apps im Bereich der Gesundheitsvorsorge haben können, bewusst. Allerdings bestehen Vorbehalte und Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich der Überschaubarkeit, Transparenz und Sicherheit von Apps. Diese Bedenken sollten adressiert werden, um Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Integration von Gesundheits-Apps in die allgemeinärztliche Versorgung zu schaffen.
Zu den Zusammenhängen zwischen paraphilen Störungen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Sexualdelinquenz
Authors: Hörburger Theres Anna , Habermeyer Elmar
Published: March 2020

Studien zeigen einen robusten Zusammenhang zwischen psychischen Störungen und Sexualdelinquenz. Im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung sind bei Sexualstraftätern sowohl paraphile Störungen als auch Persönlichkeitsstörungen überrepräsentiert. Auch zeigen persönlichkeits- und paraphil gestörte Sexualstraftäter gegenüber Sexualdelinquenten ohne solche Diagnosen neben anderen psychischen Störungen häufiger psychosoziale Auffälligkeiten, Schwierigkeiten im Bereich der Behandlung und ungünstigere Legalprognosen. Es lassen sich zudem deliktspezifische Unterschiede beobachten: Vergewaltiger und Sexualmörder weisen diagnostisch eher Persönlichkeitsstörungen aus dem Cluster B und einen sexuellen Sadismus auf, während Täter mit Kindern als Opfern vermehrt im Cluster C zu finden sind und mit einer Pädophilie diagnostiziert werden. Diskutiert werden unterschiedliche Hypothesen zu den Verbindungen zwischen Sexualdelinquenz und Persönlichkeits- sowie paraphilen Störungen. Diagnostisch relevante Normabweichungen in Sexualität und Persönlichkeit bieten zwar keine monokausale Erklärung für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Sexualdelinquenz, sind jedoch oftmals elementar für ein umfassendes Deliktverständnis und bedürfen in der Planung und Umsetzung der Behandlung von Sexualstraftätern besonderer Aufmerksamkeit.
A particle image velocimetry study of dual-rotor counter-rotating wind turbine near wake
Authors: Hollands Eloise O. , He Chuangxin , Gan Lian
Published: March 2020

This experimental work studied the flow characteristics in the near wake region behind dual-rotor wind turbines using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry. Two auxiliary rotors of 50% and 80% scale of the main rotor were installed upwind and operated in counter-rotating condition, which are compared to the conventional single-rotor turbine. In all the three configurations, a constant Reynolds number$$9.5\times 10^4$$9.5×104was applied, and all the rotors operated at a fixed tip speed ratio of 3.46. The mean and phase-averaged velocity fields were investigated together with the turbulence kinetic energy. It was found that the two auxiliary rotors do not result in a significantly different wake flow property. The configuration implementing the$$50\%$$50%auxiliary rotor sees a slightly better wake characteristics, in terms of weaker main rotor tip vortices and a counter-rotating swirling shear region at the mid-span behind the main rotor. The decay rates of the peak vorticity of the main rotor tip vortices and their circulation are found to follow an exponential manner.

Graphic abstract
The Role of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in the Management of Cavernositis With Multifocal Abscesses: A Report of Case Series
Authors: Bakhsh Abdulaziz , Daqqaq Tareef , Alhasan Ayman , Alnazari Mansour , Rajih Emad
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Cavernositis is a rare acute infection of the corporal bodies of the penis. It might result in corporal cavernosal abscesses, fibrosis, and subsequently erectile dysfunction if the treatment is inadequate. Previous reports advocate penile aspiration when cavernosal abscesses were significantly present.

Aim

We report 2 cases of cavernositis treated by the standard antimicrobial therapy in addition to the daily use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (iPDE-5).

Methods

We include 2 patients who fulfill the criteria for the diagnosis of cavernositis. They were diagnosed clinically based on history and physical examination. Patient 1 had multifocal abscesses on initial penile contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This patient showed rapid clinical improvement with the addition of phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEi) to the antimicrobial therapy without the need for surgical drainage of the abscesses. Patient 2 had persistent infection despite 3 weeks of oral second-generation cephalosporin (Cefuroxime). But he showed significant clinical improvement after being started on PDEi in conjunction with the current antimicrobial therapy. Follow-up after 3 months by clinical examination and penile magnetic resonance imaging in both patients showed normal erectile function with no scarring.

Conclusion

PDEi have promising results on disease progression and outcomes. It synergizes the effect of antimicrobial therapy and can potentially reduce the residual corporal fibrosis and erectile dysfunction. However, large studies are required to validate and generalize this treatment approach.
Compersion: An Alternative to Jealousy?
Authors: BRUNNING LUKE
Published: March 2020

Compersion is an important concept for non-monogamous people. Often described as jealousy's opposite, compersion labels positive feelings toward the intimacy of a beloved with other people. Since many people think jealousy is ordinary, intransigent, and even appropriate, compersion can seem psychologically and ethically dubious. I make the case for compersion, arguing it focuses on the flourishing of others and is thus not akin to pride, vicarious enjoyment, or masochistic pleasure. People cultivate compersion by softening their propensity to be jealous and by attending to the flourishing of others, which requires them to tackle entitlement and temper vulnerability. I argue that jealousy is not a valuable emotional disposition; its instrumental benefits are minor, unstable, and have to be traded against the harms of aggression. Arguments that conclude that jealousy is a virtue rest on contentious premises and overlook the practical question as to whether jealousy and compersion could be cultivated together.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Cytometry: Utility in Central Nervous System Lymphoma Diagnosis
Authors: Au Ka Loong Kelvin , Latonas Sarah , Shameli Afshin , Auer Iwona , Hahn Christopher
Published: March 2020

Background:

Flow cytometry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used in isolation or as an adjunct to cytology to increase the sensitivity of detecting central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of CSF flow cytometry as a diagnostic screening tool for primary CNS lymphoma in patients presenting with undifferentiated neurologic symptoms.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed all CSF samples received by the Calgary Laboratory Services Flow Cytometry Laboratory from 2012 to 2015. Clinical data, laboratory investigations, radiologic imaging studies, and pathological data were analyzed. Clinical review extended to 2 years post-CSF flow cytometric testing.

Results:

Only 43/763 (5.6%) samples of CSF flow cytometry in 28/573 (4.9%) patients were found to be positive for a hematological malignancy in patients with undifferentiated neurologic symptoms. The overall sensitivity of the test was 13.8% with 25 patients with negative CSF flow cytometry later having a positive biopsy for CNS lymphoma. CSF flow cytometry was negative in all cases when at the time of CSF examination the patient did not have a previous hematological malignancy or findings of abnormal enhancement on MRI (n = 249).

Conclusion:

CSF flow cytometry has low utility in screening for primary CNS lymphoma in the absence of a previous history of hematologic malignancy or findings of abnormal enhancement on MRI.
Hot water and cutting for control ofImpatiens glandulifera
Authors: Oliver Benedikte W. , Berge Therese W. , Solhaug Knut A. , Fløistad Inger S.
Published: March 2020

Ornamental jewelweed (Impatiens glanduliferaRoyle) is an alien invasive plant in Europe. This annual plant often grows in riparian habitats where herbicides are prohibited. Several studies have reported the negative effect on ecosystem and ecosystem services by this species. However, limited research is published on control measures and the aim of our study was to explore use of hot water and cutting to controlI. glandulifera. A lab experiment showed that the lethal water temperature for seed was between 45 and 50 C. In a pot experiment with seeds in soil, emergence ofI. glanduliferawas reduced by 78% and 93% compared with the untreated control with volumes of hot water (80 C) of 7.2 and 14.5 L m−2, respectively. When treatments were conducted on relatively tall plants (almost 60 cm) in late June, hot water gave significantly better control than cutting. Compared with an untreated control,I. glanduliferacover was reduced by 97% and 79% after hot water and cutting, respectively. Application of hot water to smaller (<40 cm) and less developed plants (BBCH 12–13) in early June and cutting of plants with visible flower buds (mid-July) led to no significant difference in cover. Compared with an untreated control,I. glanduliferacover was reduced by 99% (cut below first node) and 91% (hot water and cut above first node). When relatively tall plants (almost 60 cm) were treated, hot water use was high (31.1 L m−2) and required twice as many work hours (4.8 min m−2) as cutting (2.4 min m−2). When smaller plants (<40 cm) were targeted, work hours and hot water use were reduced to 2.1 min m−2and 13.7 L m−2, respectively.
Indigenous Standpoint Theory: ethical principles and practices for studying Sukuma people in Tanzania
Authors: Iddy Hassan
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Indigenous Standpoint Theory (IST) is yet to be widely applied in guiding the conduct of research that involves Indigenous people in Africa. In reference to Tanzania, this approach is new. There has been no study in the context of Tanzania which has used IST, despite the presence of many Indigenous people in the country. IST is widely used in Australia, New Zealand and Canada to guide the conduct of research when studying Indigenous people. In this paper, I show how I developed nine ethical protocols for conducting culturally, respectful and safe research with the Sukuma people in Tanzania and how I used those protocols within a research project on girls and secondary education in rural Tanzania. By developing these protocols, a significant new contribution to the area of IST in Tanzania and Africa in general has been established. These protocols may serve as a starting reference point for other future researchers in Tanzania if they apply IST in their research such that the voices of Indigenous people may be heard, and the community has a greater degree of control and input in the planning and designing of the project, as well as the analysis and dissemination of the information.
New Early Devonian (late Emsian) placoderms from Belarus
Authors: Plax Dmitry P. , Newman Michael J.
Published: March 2020

Four placoderm fishes are described from the Lepel Beds of the Vitebsk Regional Stage of the Lower Devonian (upper Emsian) of Belarus. Two forms are new (Stipatosteus svidunovitchi new genus, new species and Actinolepis zaikai new species) and the other two taxa are left in open nomenclature (Coccosteidae gen. indet. sp. indet.; Placodermi indet. 1). Specimens of all four forms consist of disarticulated, mostly well-preserved plates (some are worn at the edges) originating from the cores of six boreholes. Additionally, the paper presents data on organic remains with the placoderms. A detailed lithological description of the enclosing rocks and a taphonomic description of the ichthyofauna are also provided. The 2010 Stratigraphic Chart of the Devonian deposits of Belarus was used as the stratigraphic basis. The presence of the genus Actinolepis Agassiz, 1844 in these deposits as well as in the Emsian of the Baltic region and Spitsbergen suggests a regional paleogeographic connection at this time.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/368b44df-e9e9-417c-a0e0-f7e138b7f4ec
HIDDEN DEBATES OVER THE STATUS OF THE CASAMANCE DURING THE DECOLONIZATION PROCESS IN SENEGAL: REGIONALISM, TERRITORIALISM, AND FEDERALISM AT A CROSSROADS, 1946–62
Authors: AWENENGO DALBERTO SÉVERINE
Published: March 2020

The article studies the contexts in which the idea of a separation of the Casamance from the rest of Senegal arose during the process of decolonization. The idea was an outgrowth of colonial representations forged since the end of the nineteenth century. It was first formulated by the French authorities in secret discussions with the representatives of the Casamance in the context of the 1958 referendum. It was taken over by local political leaders who saw it as a possible answer to the debates over representation that arose in the post-war process of democratization, and later by proponents of political mobilization at the sub-regional level after independence. By examining this little-known moment of possibility, the article shows that the claims of the current armed independence movement are in fact part of a longer, more ambivalent history in which a separatist imaginary of the Casamance took shape.
THE NORTHEASTERN FACTOR IN SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY: REEVALUATING THE VOLUME OF THE SLAVE TRADE OUT OF DELAGOA BAY AND ITS IMPACT ON ITS HINTERLAND IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: CHEWINS LINELL , DELIUS PETER
Published: March 2020

This article, largely on the basis of in-depth research in archives in Lisbon, provides an account of the trading systems linking Delagoa Bay to its southern hinterland. Within this framework we argue that the role of the slave trade has been previously underestimated. There is evidence that the booming demand for slaves in Brazil and on the Mascarene Islands hit this region with force. The scale of that trade is difficult to establish because it was, by and large, illicit and so not systematically recorded. There are indications of a significant trade prior to 1823 and a substantial one after that date. There is also evidence that northern Nguni groups, including the Zulu kingdom, were deeply involved in this trading system. The main sources of captives, however, were militarily weak societies, like the Tembe, which lived closer to the Bay.
Effekt: Capability-passing style for type- and effect-safe, extensible effect handlers in Scala
Authors: BRACHTHÄUSER JONATHAN IMMANUEL , SCHUSTER PHILIPP , OSTERMANN KLAUS
Published: March 2020

Effect handlers are a promising way to structure effectful programs in a modular way. We present the Scala libraryEffekt, which is centered around capability passing and implemented in terms of a monad for multi-prompt delimited continuations.Effektis the first library implementation of effect handlers that supports effect safety and effect polymorphism without resorting to type-level programming. We describe a novel way of achieving effect safety using intersection types and path-dependent types. The effect system of our library design fits well into the programming paradigm of capability passing and is inspired by the effect system of Zhang & Myers (2019,Proc. ACM Program. Lang.3(POPL), 5:1-5:29). Capabilities carry an abstract type member, which represents an individual effect type and reflects the use of the capability on the type level. We represent effect rows as the contravariant intersection of effect types. Handlers introduce capabilities and remove components of the intersection type. Reusing the existing type system of Scala, we get effect subtyping and effect polymorphism for free.
Doo bee doo bee doo
Authors: CONVENT LUKAS , LINDLEY SAM , MCBRIDE CONOR , MCLAUGHLIN CRAIG
Published: March 2020

We explore the design and implementation of Frank, a strict functional programming language with a bidirectional effect type system designed from the ground up around a novel variant of Plotkin and Pretnar’s effect handler abstraction. Effect handlers provide an abstraction for modular effectful programming: a handler acts as an interpreter for a collection of commands whose interfaces are statically tracked by the type system. However, Frank eliminates the need for an additional effect handling construct by generalising the basic mechanism of functional abstraction itself. A function is but the special case of a Frankoperatorthat interprets no commands. Moreover, Frank’s operators can bemultihandlerswhich simultaneously interpret commands from several sources at once, without disturbing the direct style of functional programming with values. Effect typing in Frank employs a novel form of effect polymorphism which avoids mentioning effect variables in source code. This is achieved by propagating anambient abilityinwards, rather than accumulating unions of potential effects outwards. With the ambient ability describing the effects that are available at a certain point in the code, it can become necessary to reconfigure access to the ambient ability. A primary goal is to be able to encapsulate internal effects, eliminating a phenomenon we calleffect pollution. Moreover, it is sometimes desirable to rewire the effect flow between effectful library components. We propose adaptors as a means for supporting both effect encapsulation and more general rewiring. Programming with effects and handlers is in its infancy. We contribute an exploration of future possibilities, particularly in combination with other forms of rich type systems.
Outcomes of paediatric cardiac patients after 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to extracorporeal support
Authors: Anton-Martin Pilar , Moreira Axel , Kang Paul , Green Michael L.
Published: March 2020

Objectives:

To characterise the mortality and neurological outcomes of paediatric cardiac patients requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation for more than 30 minutes prior to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation and to identify risk factors associated with adverse outcomes in this population.

Materials and methods:

Observational retrospective cohort study in paediatric cardiac patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation for greater than 30 minutes prior to cannulation in a tertiary children’s hospital, from July 2000 to July 2013.

Results:

Seventy-three paediatric cardiac patients requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation for more than 30 minutes prior to cannulation were included in the study. Survival to hospital discharge was 43.8%, with 75% of survivors having either normal neurologic function or only mild disability. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that increased use of calcium during resuscitation (odds ratio 14.5, p 0.01), cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration >50 minutes (odds ratio 4.12, p 0.03), >6 interruptions of chest compressions during cannulation (odds ratio 6.40, p 0.03), the need for continuous renal replacement therapy (odds ratio 11.1, p 0.001), and abnormal pupillary response during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (odds ratio 33.9, p 0.006) were independent predictors for hospital mortality.

Conclusion:

Survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation for more than 30 minutes prior to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation in our paediatric cardiac cohort was 43.8%. Factors associated with mortality included calcium use during resuscitation, longer cardiopulmonary resuscitation, increased chest compression pauses during cannulation, the use of continuous renal replacement therapy, and abnormal pupils during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. A prospective assessment of these factors in paediatric cardiac patients may be beneficial in improving outcomes.
Heart University: a new online educational forum in paediatric and adult congenital cardiac care. The future of virtual learning in a post-pandemic world?
Authors: Tretter Justin T , Windram Jonathan , Faulkner Theresa , Hudgens Michelle , Sendzikaite Skaiste , Blom Nico A , Hanseus Katarina , Loomba Rohit S , McMahon Colin J , Zheleva Bistra , Kumar Raman Krishna , Jacobs Jeffrey P , Oechslin Erwin N , Webb Gary D , Redington Andrew N
Published: March 2020

Online learning has become an increasingly expected and popular component for education of the modern-day adult learner, including the medical provider. In light of the recent coronavirus pandemic, there has never been more urgency to establish opportunities for supplemental online learning. Heart University aims to be “the go-to online resource” for e-learning in CHD and paediatric-acquired heart disease. It is a carefully curated open access library of paedagogical material for all providers of care to children and adults with CHD or children with acquired heart disease, whether a trainee or a practising provider. In this manuscript, we review the aims, development, current offerings and standing, and future goals of Heart University.
An Impact Crater Origin for the InSight Landing Site at Homestead Hollow, Mars: Implications for Near Surface Stratigraphy, Surface Processes, and Erosion Rates
Authors: Warner N. H. , Grant J. A. , Wilson S. A. , Golombek M. P. , DeMott A. , Charalambous C. , Hauber E. , Ansan V. , Weitz C. , Pike T. , Williams N. , Banks M. E. , Calef F. , Baker M. , Kopp M. , Deahn M. , Lethcoe H. , Berger L.
Published: March 2020

The InSight mission to Mars landed within Homestead hollow on an Early Amazonian lava plain. The hollow is a 27‐m‐diameter, 0.3‐m‐deep quasi‐circular depression that shares morphologic and sedimentologic characteristics to degraded impact craters. Unlike the intercrater plains outside of the hollow, the interior lacks cobbles and is dominated by loose sand, granules, and pebbles. Fresher craters near the landing site exhibit meter‐scale bedforms in their ejecta and on their floors due to sediment trapping. The sedimentology of the interior fill of Homestead hollow suggests similar trapping. The hollow falls along a morphologic continuum that requires low rates of rim degradation and fill. Crater degradation rates (rim erosion plus filling) in the landing site decline nonlinearly through time from 10−2 to 10−4 m/Myr as craters evolve to a hollow‐like form. Rim erosion rates are lower initially, at 10−3 m/Myr, but converge with degradation rates to 10−4 m/Myr. This implies that while filling plays an important role soon after crater formation, it is limited in later stages. Crater statistics indicate that the bulk of the fill occurred in the first ~50 Myr for Homestead hollow. The estimated maximum age of the hollow is ~400 to 700 Myr. This requires near‐zero fill aggradation and long‐term soil stability for the bulk of the crater's history. Fill stability manifests in Homestead hollow as a ~5‐ to 10‐cm‐thick duricrust, formed by exchanges of atmospheric water vapor with soil. The estimated degradation in the hollow requires ~2 to 3 m of sedimentary fill beneath the lander.
Snowpack Data Sets Put to the Test
Authors: Shultz David
Published: March 2020

A new study compares the accuracy of three observation-based methods of calculating snow water equivalent, a key component in water management.
New Models Give Global Picture of Mercury Content in Oceans
Authors: Shultz David
Published: March 2020

Concentrations of methylated mercury in high latitudes show the importance of sunlight and biological activity for cycling the metal.
Correction to: AFF1 and AFF4 differentially regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs
Authors: Zhou Chen-Chen , Xiong Qiu-Chan , Zhu Xin-Xing , Du Wen , Deng Peng , Li Xiao-Bing , Jiang Yi-Zhou , Zou Shu-Juan , Wang Cun-Yu , Yuan Quan
Published: March 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Transcriptome profiles reveal that gibberellin-related genes regulate weeping traits in crape myrtle
Authors: Li Suzhen , Zheng Tangchun , Zhuo Xiaokang , Li Zhuojiao , Li Lulu , Li Ping , Qiu Like , Pan Huitang , Wang Jia , Cheng Tangren , Zhang Qixiang
Published: March 2020

Plant architecture includes vital traits that influence and benefit crops, and economically important trees. Different plant architectures provide natural beauty. Weeping ornamental plants are aesthetically appealing to people. The regulatory mechanism controlling the weeping trait is poorly understood in crape myrtle. To investigate the weeping trait mechanism, transcriptional profiling of different organs in weeping and upright crape myrtle was performed based on phenotype. Phenotypic and histological analyses demonstrated that endodermal cells were absent, and that new shoot phenotypes could be rescued by the GA3 treatment of weeping plants. The transcriptional analysis and coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes indicated that GA synthesis and signal transduction pathways play a role in weeping traits. When the expression level of a negative element of GA signaling, LfiGRAS1, was reduced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), new branches grew in infected plants in a negatively geotropic manner. An integrated analysis implied that GA had a strong influence on weeping crape myrtle by interacting with other factors. This study helps to elucidate the mechanism governing the weeping trait and can improve the efficiency of breeding in Lagerstroemia.
Kinesiologist-guided functional exercise in addition to intradialytic cycling program in end-stage kidney disease patients: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bogataj Špela , Pajek Jernej , Buturović Ponikvar Jadranka , Hadžić Vedran , Pajek Maja
Published: March 2020

Intradialytic cycling is a widely used workout mode, whereas added benefit of other exercise modalities remains unknown. This is the first randomised controlled trial on the effects and sustainability of functional training and counselling in addition to intradialytic cycling. Patients were randomly assigned to a kinesiologist-guided functional training in addition to intradialytic cycling (n = 20, experimental group) or intradialytic cycling only (n = 20, control group) over 16 weeks. The experimental group attended predialysis functional exercise in the first eight weeks and afterward performed functional training at home for the next eight weeks. The primary study endpoint was 10-repetition-sit-to-stand test time at eight weeks: at this test, the experimental group improved significantly better than controls (−4.5 ± 1.9 s, 95%CI −8.4 to −0.7; P = 0.021), which was maintained at week 16 (−4.7 ± 2.1 s, 95%CI −9.0 to −0.3; P = 0.037). At week 8, the experimental group significantly outperformed controls also at handgrip strength (P = 0.004), lower body flexibility test (P < 0.001), balance test (P < 0.001), and upper body flexibility test (P = 0.003). At week 16, superior results of the experimental group in secondary end-points remained preserved for handgrip strength, balance, and upper body flexibility tests. Functional training with exercise counselling meaningfully improves physical performance and successfully prepares patients for sustainable home exercise.
Exploiting Dual-Gate Ambipolar CNFETs for Scalable Machine Learning Classification
Authors: Kenarangi Farid , Hu Xuan , Liu Yihan , Incorvia Jean Anne C. , Friedman Joseph S. , Partin-Vaisband Inna
Published: March 2020

Ambipolar carbon nanotube based field-effect transistors (AP-CNFETs) exhibit unique electrical characteristics, such as tri-state operation and bi-directionality, enabling systems with complex and reconfigurable computing. In this paper, AP-CNFETs are used to design a mixed-signal machine learning logistic regression classifier. The classifier is designed in SPICE with feature size of 15 nm and operates at 250 MHz. The system is demonstrated in SPICE based on MNIST digit dataset, yielding 90% accuracy and no accuracy degradation as compared with the classification of this dataset in Python. The system also exhibits lower power consumption and smaller physical size as compared with the state-of-the-art CMOS and memristor based mixed-signal classifiers.
Conspecific and heterospecific pheromones stimulate dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes during quiescence
Authors: Kaplan Fatma , Perret-Gentil Abigail , Giurintano Julie , Stevens Glen , Erdogan Hilal , Schiller Karl C. , Mirti Amaleah , Sampson Edith , Torres Cedric , Sun Jiayi , Lewis Edwin E. , Shapiro-Ilan David
Published: March 2020

Ascaroside pheromones stimulate dispersal, a key nematode behavior to find a new food source. Ascarosides produced by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) drive infective juvenile (IJ) emergence from consumed cadavers and dispersal in soil. Without ascarosides from host cadavers, Steinernema feltiae (EPN) reduce dispersal substantially. To determine whether other Steinernema spp. exhibit the same behavior, we compared S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae IJs without host cadaver pheromones. Unlike S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae IJs continued to disperse. However, S. carpocapsae IJs exhibited a temperature-dependent quiescent period. The IJ quiescent period increased at ≤20 °C but did not appear at ≥25 °C. Consistent with this, S. carpocapsae IJ quiescence increased from 30 min to 24 h at ≤20 °C over 60 days. The quiescent period was overcome by dispersal pheromone extracts of their own, other Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. Furthermore, S. carpocapsae IJ ambush foraging associated behaviors (tail standing, waving, and jumping) were unaffected by the absence or presence of host cadaver pheromones. For S. feltiae, IJ dispersal declined at all temperatures tested. Understanding the interaction between foraging strategies and pheromone signals will help uncover molecular mechanisms of host seeking, pathogenicity and practical applications to improve the EPN’s efficacy as biocontrol agents.
Quantification of plasticity via particle dynamics above and below yield in a 2D jammed suspension
Authors: Galloway K. Lawrence , Jerolmack Douglas J. , Arratia Paulo E.
Published: March 2020

We present a novel dimensionless scaling that characterizes the emergence of plasticity within amorphous materials.
Interlocking increases the persistence of N-heterocyclic carbenes in solution
Authors: Hsueh Fang-Che , Tsai Chi-You , Lai Chien-Chen , Liu Yi-Hung , Peng Shie-Ming , Chiu Sheng-Hsien
Published: March 2020

Encircling macrocycles around N-heterocyclic carbenes, in the form of [2]rotaxanes, is a practical approach for increasing the persistence of these highly reactive species in solution.
Why does B2O3 suppress nepheline (NaAlSiO4) crystallization in sodium aluminosilicate glasses?
Authors: Deshkar Ambar , Gulbiten Ozgur , Youngman Randall E. , Mauro John C. , Goel Ashutosh
Published: March 2020

Addition of B2O3 in aluminosilicate glasses leads to structural changes that cause increase in liquidus viscosity and thereby suppresses crystallization.
Remarkable improvement in phosgene detection with a defect-engineered phosphorene sensor: first-principles calculations
Authors: Ghambarian Mehdi , Azizi Zahra , Ghashghaee Mohammad
Published: March 2020

A drastic improvement in the phosgene sensitivity of black phosphorene with defect engineering is reported for the first time within a periodic density functional theory framework.
Heteronuclear DNP of 1H and 19F nuclei using BDPA as a polarizing agent
Authors: Gennaro Antonio , Karabanov Alexander , Potapov Alexey , Köckenberger Walter
Published: March 2020

The study reveals heteronuclear-thermal mixing – a novel mechanism of dynamic nuclear polarization in a system with 1H and 19F nuclei.
Understanding the intrinsic fluorescence of piperine in microheterogeneous media: partitioning and loading studies
Authors: Debnath Sanchari , Mishra Jhili
Published: March 2020

Piperine, an ingredient of black pepper, is widely used in pharmaceutical applications.
Water-stable LnIII-based coordination polymers displaying slow magnetic relaxation and luminescence sensing properties
Authors: Gao Wei , Zhou Ai-Mei , Wei Han , Wang Cui-Li , Liu Jie-Ping , Zhang Xiu-Mei
Published: March 2020

Six Ln-CPs were synthesized: Dy-CP shows slow magnetic relaxation, and Eu-CP and Tb-CP exhibit recyclable and multi-responsive sensing for Fe3+, MnO4−, CrVI-anions (CrO42−, Cr2O72−) and TNP in an aqueous system.
An ionic liquid-modified reduced graphene oxide electrode material with favourable electrochemical properties
Authors: Dong Chang , Yu Yijia , Zhang Xiaoling , Huang Liyan , Wu Ying , Li Jun , Liu Zhengping
Published: March 2020

The supercapacitor assembled by a RGO–IL material showed an outstanding energy density (50.19 W h kg−1) and could light an LED for 30 s.
Li deposited on LiCl: an efficient reducing agent
Authors: Su Xiaojun , Laperriere Leif E. , Martin Caleb D.
Published: March 2020

Lithium was deposited onto lithium chloride powder in a ∼5% weight/weight ratio and demonstrated to be an effective reducing reagent.