bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Mechanisms for Anti-Fibrotic Functions of Statins on Radiotherapy Induced Fibrosis
Authors: Chao Li  , Wei Li  , Lathika Mohanraj  , Qing Cai  , Mitchell S. Anscher  , Youngman Oh
Published: February 2014

Radiotherapy-induced fibrosis (RTIF) presents a challenge in radiotherapy for cancer patients. Although numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms leading to RTIF, the pathogenesis of RTIF at the cellular and molecular level is still incompletely described. One key component involved in the post-radiation injury is the pleuripotent cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. TGF-β signaling pathway has been under intensive investigation about its critical role in radiation-induced fibroproliferative disease. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2 (IGFBP-rP2) is a potent regulator of fibroblast proliferation, cell adhesion, and stimulation of extracellular matrix production. CTGF is known as a major downstream mediator of the chronic fibrotic effects of TGF-β. Here we have demonstrated that irradiation and TGF-β induced CTGF, subsequently upregulates fibrotic factors such as fibronectin and type IV collagen. Furthermore, as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins inhibit expressions of CTGF and downstream fibrotic proteins in both normal human fetal fibroblasts (HFL-1) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) on TGF-β treatment or irradiation. Our study also demonstrates that simvastatin not only suppressed TGF-β-induced fibrosis through inhibition of CTGF production but also CTGF-induced fibrosis. We further show that simvastatin may act in a TGF-β-independent manner by inhibiting Rho kinase pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that radiotherapy may upregulate CTGF expression in a TGF-β-dependent and -independent manner, thereby enhancing expression of profibrotic factors and inducing lung fibrosis.
Revue systématique d’interventions par des pairs usagers de drogues par injection
Authors: Noël Lina , Gagnon Dominique
Published: February 2014

L’utilisation de drogues par injection demeure un facteur de risque important pour la transmission du VIH. Une recension des travaux, portant sur le recours à l’intervention par des pairs usagers de drogues par injection (UDI) pour promouvoir l’adoption de comportements de santé sécuritaires, indique que cette pratique peut entraîner des effets bénéfiques, notamment sur la réduction des pratiques d’injection à risque comme le partage de seringues. Plusieurs des études recensées misent aussi sur un recrutement dans les réseaux sociaux des personnes UDI permettant ainsi de rejoindre celles qui ne sont pas en contact avec les programmes de prévention. Néanmoins, cette approche soulève également la nécessité de bien former et de soutenir les pairs UDI au moyen de diverses approches théoriques. En effet, les interventions menées sont rarement uniques ; elles reposent plutôt sur une combinaison d’approches théoriques qui cherchent à la fois à induire des changements de comportements et à soutenir l’action préventive par l’augmentation des compétences des pairs UDI. La réplication d’un même type d’intervention par des pairs UDI, sous différentes conditions et dans divers contextes sociaux et culturels, témoigne ainsi du grand potentiel de cette approche. Il serait donc approprié de proposer des interventions par les pairs, basées sur différentes approches théoriques telles que proposées dans les études recensées et d’en évaluer les effets dans le contexte québécois.
L’évaluation d’un projet d’intervention par les pairs et le respect de ses principes d’action : le cas du GIAP
Authors: Greissler Elisabeth , Rivard Jacinthe , Bellot Céline
Published: February 2014

La question de l’évaluation de l’intervention sociale pose différents types d’enjeux lorsqu’il est question de mesurer les effets d’un projet. Dans ce texte, à partir de deux expériences d’évaluation du Groupe d’Intervention Alternative par les Pairs (GIAP), les auteures démontrent les défis que pose l’évaluation de ce type d’intervention. D’une part, la démarche doit favoriser la mise au jour des particularités de ces modèles d’intervention. D’autre part, le regard évaluatif doit considérer ces particularités dans le choix des critères et des indicateurs mobilisés. Ainsi, il s’agit de démontrer, à travers l’analyse des logiques d’évaluation mises en place, comment évaluer peut constituer une occasion de reconnaître les valeurs d’un projet, sa dynamique, le rôle qu’il joue dans son milieu ainsi que la place qu’il réserve à ses acteurs.
CORRELATION BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTUITIVE DECISIONMAKING STYLE AMONG TOP AND MIDDLELEVEL MANAGERS IN SLOVENIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Authors: Erenda Ivan , Meško Maja , Bukovec Boris
Published: February 2014

A high level of dynamics in automotive industry requires a high level of skillsfrom its managers to deal with the surprising and unexpected new challenges.According to the testimony of scientific evidence through the use of intuition and intime limited resources, decision-making can improve the time needed to solve them,as well as improve the quality of decisions. The main purpose of the study is toidentify possible correlation between level of emotional intelligence and intuitivedecision-making among top and middle-level managers in Slovenian automotiveindustry. The study included 150 managers in Slovenian automotive industry. Thedata was collected by using two questionnaires. The first questionnaire was used inorder to determine emotional intelligence (SSEIT questionnaire) and the secondquestionnaire was used to identify decision-making style (GDMS questionnaire)among researched managers. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS forWindows 17.0, which showed high correlation between level of emotionalintelligence and intuitive decision-making style among top and middle-level managersin Slovenian automotive industry.
RAZLOZI I INTERESI ZA REGULACIJU BANAKA // REASONS AND INTERESTS FOR THE BANKS' REGULATION
Authors: Žiravac Mladenović Marijana Lj.
Published: February 2014

Povećane aktivnosti na polju regulacije banaka, u poređenju sa drugim vrstamakompanija opravdane su zbog same činjenice da se bilans stanja banke u velikoj merirazlikuje od bilansa stanja obične, nefinansijske kompanije. Zato je banka ranjivija odnefinansijske kompanije, što nas vodi ka razmišljanju da neočekivani gubitak naračun neispunjenja suprotne strane (gubitak dela imovine banke) možda nemadovoljno pokrića na strani izvora sredstva, tačnije u kapitalu. To je jedan od razlogazašto regulatori finansijskog sistema utiču na banke da povećaju udeo svog kapitalana nivo koji je određen kao minimalno potreban za pokrivanje potencijalnih gubitaka,a tako da se rizik neispunjenja suprotne strane ne prenosi domino efektom dalje naklijente banke. Osim toga, banke igraju važnu ulogu u ekonomiji svake države, apogotovo država u tranziciji gde predstavljaju noseći stub finansijskog sistema idominante finansijske posrednike u njemu. Zato je prirodno da je područjebankarskog poslovanja strogo regulisano, jer propast banke može uticati naekonomiju cele države. Iz do sada napisanog, možemo izvesti jedan od ciljevaregulacije banaka, a to je izbegavanje slučajeva propadanja banaka i zaštita klijenatabanke, da bi se osiguralo postojanje stabilnog i zdravog bankarskog sistema, i osimtoga, zaštićene i stabilne nacionalne valute.
IMMIGRATION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Čošabić Jasna
Published: February 2014

Immigration to European Union (hereinafter referred to as the ‘EU’) as a realityand a need of refreshing its ageing population has made the EU to recently adoptsome important documents. Traditionally, European countries seem to be more closedtowards the immigration comparing to United States of America and Canada whichenabled the entry of new population even through various lotteries. However, EU didrecognize the need for import of experts from various areas. Thus the Council hasadopted the EU Blue Card Directive for highly skilled workers (Directive2009/50/EC). Still, having in mind the legal power of a EU Directive, the membercountries are given the power to adopt their immigration policies. This paper analysesthe regulations on immigration enacted by the EU and the implementation of suchregulations at the level of member countries. Although the EU does regulate theimmigration policy, it is up to the member states to deal with particular cases. In thatrespect the paper shall also address the issues of immigration which violated theEuropean Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by analyzing thekey judgments of the European Court for Human Rights in Strasbourg. The issue ofresidence v. citizenship as the grounds of immigration shall also be explained. Theshort overview of inter migration in the EU, is presented for the purposes ofcomparison. The paper is based on a hypothesis that immigration policies in membercountries still lack some consistency in the implementation of EU regulations, andtherefore reveal weaknesses of the EU immigration policy. Method used in this paperis normative analysis, method of induction and deduction, comparative method andcase study.
INTERNET OGLAŠAVANJE – OSVRT NA TRENDOVE U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ // INTERNET ADVERTISING – A REVIEW OF TRENDS IN CROATIA
Authors: Jurković Zvonimir , Katolik Andreja
Published: February 2014

Internet kao oglašivački medij velikom brzinom svrstao se u skupinu najbržerastućih svjetskih biznisa. Danas se na Internetu može oglašavati gotovo sve, a kakoje Internet mjesto skupljanja informacija, uspješnost oglašavanja sve je veća. Stoga,cilj rada odnosi se na prikaz općih informacija o Internet oglašavanju i sažetom skupupodataka o online oglašavanju u Republici Hrvatskoj, dok su znanstvenim metodamakao što su deduktivna, metoda deskripcije te metoda kompilacije dani temeljireprezentativnosti radu. Internet je znatno drugačiji od ostalih medija. Ova spoznajaima svoje temelje u činjenici da oglašavanje na Internetu traje i dostupno je 365 danau godini. Iako u Republici Hrvatskoj postoji pad ulaganja u oglašavanje unazadnekoliko godina zbog opće gospodarske krize, oglašivačka industrija najbrže jerastuća djelatnost u Hrvatskoj. Poznato je da je Internet kampanju moguće pokrenuti usvega nekoliko sati, te da su rezultati vidljivi u gotovo realnom vremenu. Premapodacima Hrvatske udruge reklamnih agencija, Internet oglašavanje postalo jepopularnije od reklamiranja u tisku. Oglašavanje na Internetu za mnoge velike tvrtkeu svijetu predstavlja idealan način pristupa do najšireg kruga potencijalnih korisnika –ne samo u jednom gradu, zemlji ili regiji, već u cijelom svijetu. S druge pak strane,ekonomska kriza nagnala je tvrtke da se uključe u pronalaženje jeftinijih načinaoglašavanja. Uporaba Interneta i njegov utjecaj nastavlja rasti iz dana u danprogresivnom dinamikom. Zbog sve većeg broja korisnika, svakodnevnog poboljšanjakvalitete, obogaćivanja sadržaja informacijama i kontinuiranog razvoja onlineoglašavanja pronalazi se uzrok zašto se sve veći broj poduzeća oglašava na Internetu.Sveukupno gledajući, ključna prednost Internet marketinga u odnosu na tradicionalni ostaje u razlogu da će Internet ostati najpovoljniji i najjeftiniji, ali i postati jedan odnajučinkovitijih sredstava oglašavanja.
INOVACIJE NA TRŽIŠTU KAPITALA ŠANSA ZA RAZVOJ BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE // INNOVATIONS ON THE CAPITAL MARKET THE CHANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Authors: Kumalić Ismet
Published: February 2014

Ovaj rad ima za cilj da se istraži međuovisnost i uloga inovacija na tržišta kapitalai moguće implikacije na razvoj Bosne i Hercegovine. Tržište kapitala je mjesto gdjese pojavljuju masovni investitori koji žele da zadovolje svoje različite interese. Oni ćeinvestirati u instrumente koji zadovoljavaju njihove interese i koji im omogućujuizbor. Na drugoj strani emitenti instrumenata na tržištu kapitala žele da maksimizirajusvoje ciljeve. Što je tržište kapitala bogatije sa instrumentima to su prilike za izbor iinvestiranje veće. Inovacije na finansijskom tržištu kreiraju nove prilike i odnose iomogućuju investitorima veći izbor, a emitentima postizanje različitih ciljeva.Inovacije koje nose dodatne opcije omogućuju sprovođenje ciljane ekonomskerazvojne politike. Zemlje koje se nalaze u procesu tranzacije, kreiranjem različitihinstrumenata, imaju mogućnost da kreiranjem novih instrumenta ostvare više ciljeva uisto vrijeme. U radu se na primjeru „buy back“ obveznica razrađuje ideja postizanjavišestrukih ciljeva. „Buy buck“ obveznice, kao novi instrument na tržištu kapitala uBosni i Hercegovini, predstavljaju inovaciju koja može biti efikasan instrument zarazvoj tržišta kapitala, postupno sprovođenje privatizacije u strateškim sektorima,prilagođavanje novim izvorima kapitala i dovoljna sigurnost investitorima uvrijednosne papire. Primjenom i kombinacijom naučnih metoda analize i sinteze,kvantitativne i komparativne metode i metode deskripcije i kompilacije potvrđena jehipoteza: da inovacije na tržištu kapitala dovode do jačanja tržišta kapitala i stvaranjauslova za brži ekonomski razvoj.
Potiskivanje žena u savremenom društvu – socio-ekonomski aspekti
Authors: Vilić Dragana
Published: February 2014

Uporedo sa stvaranjem uslova za napredak i emancipaciju žena u društvu, razvijali su se instrumenti i metodi sprečavanja ostvarivanja ovih uslova. Iako je evidentno formalno-pravno izjednačavanje žena s muškarcima u svim sferama života, u savremenom društvu postoje razni oblici potiskivanja i samopotiskivanja žene (psihološko, ekonomsko, kulturno, pristajanje žena „bez pobune“ na vrijednosti i pravila koja im muškarci postavljaju i sl.). Sve većom prisutnošću žena u javnoj sferi, njihovo potčinjavanje, diskriminacija i subordinacija premještaju se iz privatne u javnu sferu – (ne)mogućnost pristupa javnim službama, zapošljavanje, nivo zarade i sl. Uzroci ovoga potiskivanja nalaze se, najčešće, u karakteru društvenih odnosa još uvijek u ukorijenjenim patrijar-halnim obrascima u nametanju „muških“ principa i pravila svakodnevnog života čime se žene potiskuju iz važnih segmenata društvenih odnosa.
Energetics and electronic structures of polymerized cyclobutadiene
Authors: Maruyama Mina , Nakada Kyoko , Okada Susumu
Published: February 2014

We investigated electronic and geometric properties of polymerized cyclobutadiene (C4) as a metallic form of a two-dimensional carbon allotrope using first-principles calculations. Our calculations show that the polymerized structure is stable with a total energy that is slightly higher than that of C60 fullerene and close to that of small fullerene polymers. This two-dimensional covalent network with tetragonal symmetry is a metal with linear dispersion bands at the Fermi level due to the inflection point in the cosine bands. We also studied the stable stacking arrangement and electronic structures of layered system comprising the C4 polymer. The calculations show that the AA stacking is a favorable stacking arrangement among four representative stacking structures. Although small but substantial interlayer interaction, electronic structures of the layered system of C4 polymer are almost the same as that of the monolayer of C4 polymer.
Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013
Authors: Mouginot J. , Rignot E. , Scheuchl B.
Published: February 2014

We combine measurements of ice velocity from Landsat feature tracking and satellite radar interferometry, and ice thickness from existing compilations to document 41 years of mass flux from the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) of West Antarctica. The total ice discharge has increased by 77% since 1973. Half of the increase occurred between 2003 and 2009. Grounding‐line ice speeds of Pine Island Glacier stabilized between 2009 and 2013, following a decade of rapid acceleration, but that acceleration reached far inland and occurred at a rate faster than predicted by advective processes. Flow speeds across Thwaites Glacier increased rapidly after 2006, following a decade of near‐stability, leading to a 33% increase in flux between 2006 and 2013. Haynes, Smith, Pope, and Kohler Glaciers all accelerated during the entire study period. The sustained increase in ice discharge is a possible indicator of the development of a marine ice sheet instability in this part of Antarctica.
Springtime ENSO phase evolution and its relation to rainfall in the continental U.S.
Authors: Lee Sang‐Ki , Mapes Brian E. , Wang Chunzai , Enfield David B. , Weaver Scott J.
Published: February 2014

Springtime El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase evolution and associated U.S. rainfall variability are explored by performing composite analysis of observational data. Although the tropical Pacific ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies are weaker and less coherent in boreal spring compared to those in winter, there are unique and significant patterns of U.S. rainfall anomalies frequently appearing during the onset and decay phases of ENSO. In early spring of a decaying El Niño, the atmospheric jet stream and associated storm track shift southward, causing more frequent wet conditions across the southern U.S. and dry conditions in a belt south and east of the Ohio River. In late spring of a developing El Niño, the synoptic activity over the U.S. reduces overall and the southwesterly low‐level winds that carry moist air from the Gulf of Mexico to the U.S. shift westward, causing a similar dipole of rainfall anomalies between the southern U.S. and the Ohio Valley.
Was the Midcontinent Rift part of a successful seafloor‐spreading episode?
Authors: Stein Carol A. , Stein Seth , Merino Miguel , Randy Keller G. , Flesch Lucy M. , Jurdy Donna M.
Published: February 2014

The ~1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift (MCR), the 3000 km long largely buried feature causing the largest gravity and magnetic anomaly within the North American craton, is traditionally considered a failed rift formed by isolated midplate volcanism and extension. We propose instead that the MCR formed as part of the rifting of Amazonia (Precambrian northeast South America) from Laurentia (Precambrian North America) and became inactive once seafloor spreading was established. A cusp in Laurentia's apparent polar wander path near the onset of MCR volcanism, recorded by the MCR's volcanic rocks, likely reflects the rifting. This scenario is suggested by analogy with younger rifts elsewhere and consistent with the MCR's extension to northwest Alabama along the East Continent Gravity High, southern Appalachian rocks having Amazonian affinities, and recent identification of contemporaneous large igneous provinces in Amazonia.
Greenland ice sheet melt from MODIS and associated atmospheric variability
Authors: Häkkinen Sirpa , Hall Dorothy K. , Shuman Christopher A. , Worthen Denise L. , DiGirolamo Nicolo E.
Published: February 2014

Daily June‐July melt fraction variations over the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (2000–2013) are associated with atmospheric blocking forming an omega‐shape ridge over the GIS at 500 hPa height. Blocking activity with a range of time scales, from synoptic waves breaking poleward (<5 days) to full‐fledged blocks (≥5 days), brings warm subtropical air masses over the GIS controlling daily surface temperatures and melt. The temperature anomaly of these subtropical air mass intrusions is also important for melting. Based on the years with the greatest melt (2002 and 2012) during the MODIS era, the area‐average temperature anomaly of 2 standard deviations above the 14 year June‐July mean results in a melt fraction of 40% or more. Though the summer of 2007 had the most blocking days, atmospheric temperature anomalies were too small to instigate extreme melting.
Daytime wave characteristics in the mesosphere lower thermosphere region: Results from the Balloon‐borne Investigations of Regional‐atmospheric Dynamics experiment
Authors: Pallamraju Duggirala , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Singh Ravindra P. , Laskar Fazlul I. , Mendillo Christopher , Cook Timothy , Lockwood Sean , Narayanan R. , Pant Tarun K. , Chakrabarti Supriya
Published: February 2014

Results obtained from a joint INDO‐US experiment on the investigations of mesosphere/lower thermosphere wave dynamics using balloon‐borne optical dayglow measurements in combination with ground‐based optical, radio, and magnetometer data are presented. Ultraviolet OI 297.2 nm dayglow emissions that originate at ~ 120 km were measured from low‐magnetic latitudes from onboard a balloon on 8 March 2010. This paper describes the details of a new spectrograph that is capable of making high spectral resolution (0.2 nm at 297.2 nm) and large (80°) field of view ultraviolet dayglow emission measurements and presents the first results obtained from its operation onboard a high‐altitude balloon. Waves of scale sizes ranging from 40 to 80 km in the zonal direction were observed in OI 297.2 nm emissions. Meridional scale sizes of similar waves were found to be 200 km as observed in the OI 557.7 nm emissions that originate from ~ 100 km. Periodicities were also derived from the variations of equatorial electrojet strength and ionospheric height on that day. Common periodicities of waves (in optical, magnetic, and radio measurements) were in the range of 16 to 30 min, which result in intrinsic horizontal wave speeds in the range of 21 to 77 m s−1. It is argued that gravity waves of such scale sizes and speeds at these heights are capable of propagating well into the thermosphere because the background wind directions were favorable. These waves were potentially capable of forming the seeds for the generation of equatorial plasma irregularities which did occur on that night.
The origin of Saturn's magnetic periodicities: Northern and southern current systems
Authors: Southwood D. J. , Cowley S. W. H.
Published: February 2014

The recent survey by Andrews et al. (2012) of the separate northern and southern ~10.7 h periodic magnetic signals in Saturn's magnetosphere limits very much their governing current systems. The existence of signals with pure or close to pure northern or southern periods in respective polar caps taken with the relatively narrow bandwidth of the signals indicates that the actual periodicities are imposed independently from northern and southern polar regions, i.e., the open field line regions. Field‐aligned currents must flow on the boundaries of these regions to exclude signals from the other hemisphere. Equatorward of the polar cap, on closed magnetic shells, there are distinct north and south “cam” source currents, the distinction being made clear by a difference in polarization. We outline the consequences for the governing current systems and the implications for sustaining the energy and power dissipation in the system.
Pacific‐to‐Indian Ocean connectivity: Tasman leakage, Indonesian Throughflow, and the role of ENSO
Authors: van Sebille Erik , Sprintall Janet , Schwarzkopf Franziska U. , Sen Gupta Alex , Santoso Agus , England Matthew H. , Biastoch Arne , Böning Claus W.
Published: February 2014

The upper ocean circulation of the Pacific and Indian Oceans is connected through both the Indonesian Throughflow north of Australia and the Tasman leakage around its south. The relative importance of these two pathways is examined using virtual Lagrangian particles in a high‐resolution nested ocean model. The unprecedented combination of a long integration time within an eddy‐permitting ocean model simulation allows the first assessment of the interannual variability of these pathways in a realistic setting. The mean Indonesian Throughflow, as diagnosed by the particles, is 14.3 Sv, considerably higher than the diagnosed average Tasman leakage of 4.2 Sv. The time series of Indonesian Throughflow agrees well with the Eulerian transport through the major Indonesian Passages, validating the Lagrangian approach using transport‐tagged particles. While the Indonesian Throughflow is mainly associated with upper ocean pathways, the Tasman leakage is concentrated in the 400–900 m depth range at subtropical latitudes. Over the effective period considered (1968–1994), no apparent relationship is found between the Tasman leakage and Indonesian Throughflow. However, the Indonesian Throughflow transport correlates with ENSO. During strong La Niñas, more water of Southern Hemisphere origin flows through Makassar, Moluccas, Ombai, and Timor Straits, but less through Moluccas Strait. In general, each strait responds differently to ENSO, highlighting the complex nature of the ENSO‐ITF interaction.
A mechanism for the latitudinal dependence of peak‐spectrum sea surface height variability
Authors: Lin Xiaopei , Yin Yuqi , Zhai Ping , Yang Jiayan
Published: February 2014

Previous studies have shown that the power spectrum of satellite‐observed sea surface height (SSH) variability peaks at a certain frequency (or a wave number) band at a given latitude. Lin et al. (2008) attributed this latitudinal dependence to the critical frequency of the first baroclinic mode Rossby waves in the tropical and subtropical oceans. Their study was based on the linear Rossby wave theory and focused on SSH variability in the tropical and subtropical oceans since the altimetry data do not adequately resolve lengths of baroclinic Rossby waves at and near the critical frequency in high latitudes. In this study, we expand their analysis to high‐latitude oceanic basins and to include nonlinear eddy effects, by using a linear wave model and a high‐resolution model output from the OGCM for the Earth Simulator (OFES). It is found that the linear wave mechanism by and large remains valid in the tropical and subtropical oceans. In higher latitudes as well as in some regions in the western tropical and subtropical oceans, other mechanisms, like nonlinear eddy, play more important role in determining the SSH variability.
Thermal tides during the 2001 Martian global‐scale dust storm
Authors: Guzewich Scott D. , Wilson R. John , McConnochie Timothy H. , Toigo Anthony D. , Banfield Donald J. , Smith Michael D.
Published: February 2014

The 2001 (Mars Year 25) global dust storm radically altered the dynamics of the Martian atmosphere. Using observations from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer onboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft and MarsWRF general circulation model simulations, we examine the changes to thermal tides and planetary waves caused by the storm. We find that the extratropical diurnal migrating tide is dramatically enhanced during the storm, particularly in the southern hemisphere, reaching amplitudes of more than 20 K. The tropical diurnal migrating tide is weakened to almost undetectable levels. The diurnal Kelvin waves are also significantly weakened, particularly during the period of global expansion at Ls = 200°–210°. In contrast, the westward propagating diurnal wavenumber 2 tide strengthens to 4–8 K at altitudes above 30 km. The wavenumber 1 stationary wave reaches amplitudes of 10–12 K at 50°–70°N, far larger than is typically seen during this time of year. The phase of this stationary wave and the enhancement of the diurnal wavenumber 2 tide appear to be responses to the high‐altitude westward propagating equatorial wavenumber 1 structure in dust mixing ratio observed during the storm in previous works. This work provides a global picture of dust storm wave dynamics that reveals the coupling between the tropics and high‐latitude wave responses. We conclude that the zonal distribution of thermotidal forcing from atmospheric aerosol concentration is as important to understanding the atmospheric wave response as the total global mean aerosol optical depth.
Carbon release from boreal peatland open water pools: Implication for the contemporary C exchange
Authors: Pelletier Luc , Strachan Ian B. , Garneau Michelle , Roulet Nigel T.
Published: February 2014

While peatland ecosystems overall are long‐term net carbon (C) sinks, the open water pools that are characteristic of boreal peatlands have been found to be C sources to the atmosphere. However, the contribution of these pools to the ecosystem level C budget is often ignored even if they cover a significant area of the peatland surface. Here we examine the annual CO2 and CH4 ecosystem‐atmosphere exchange, including the release following ice melt, from pools in a boreal maritime peatland, in order to estimate the annual loss of C from these water bodies. Over a 16 month period, dissolved CO2 and CH4 were measured periodically in five pools while continuous measurements of CO2 were made in one pool using a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor. Fluxes were calculated using the thin boundary layer model and the eddy covariance technique (spring release only). We calculated an annual C release from pools of 103.3 g C m−2 yr−1 of which 15% was released during the spring ice melt. This release is the same order of magnitude, but with the opposite sign, as the average net ecosystem carbon balance for pool‐free northern peatlands (−22 to −70 g C m−2 yr−1). We discuss the origin of the released C, as the magnitude of the release could have a significant impact on the contemporary C exchange of boreal peatlands.
Comparison of joint versus postprocessor approaches for hydrological uncertainty estimation accounting for error autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity
Authors: Evin Guillaume , Thyer Mark , Kavetski Dmitri , McInerney David , Kuczera George
Published: February 2014

The paper appraises two approaches for the treatment of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in residual errors of hydrological models. Both approaches use weighted least squares (WLS), with heteroscedasticity modeled as a linear function of predicted flows and autocorrelation represented using an AR(1) process. In the first approach, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation parameters are inferred jointly with hydrological model parameters. The second approach is a two‐stage “postprocessor” scheme, where Stage 1 infers the hydrological parameters ignoring autocorrelation and Stage 2 conditionally infers the heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation parameters. These approaches are compared to a WLS scheme that ignores autocorrelation. Empirical analysis is carried out using daily data from 12 US catchments from the MOPEX set using two conceptual rainfall‐runoff models, GR4J, and HBV. Under synthetic conditions, the postprocessor and joint approaches provide similar predictive performance, though the postprocessor approach tends to underestimate parameter uncertainty. However, the MOPEX results indicate that the joint approach can be nonrobust. In particular, when applied to GR4J, it often produces poor predictions due to strong multiway interactions between a hydrological water balance parameter and the error model parameters. The postprocessor approach is more robust precisely because it ignores these interactions. Practical benefits of accounting for error autocorrelation are demonstrated by analyzing streamflow predictions aggregated to a monthly scale (where ignoring daily‐scale error autocorrelation leads to significantly underestimated predictive uncertainty), and by analyzing one‐day‐ahead predictions (where accounting for the error autocorrelation produces clearly higher precision and better tracking of observed data). Including autocorrelation into the residual error model also significantly affects calibrated parameter values and uncertainty estimates. The paper concludes with a summary of outstanding challenges in residual error modeling, particularly in ephemeral catchments.
Complete seismic release of tectonic strain and earthquake recurrence in the Apennines (Italy)
Authors: D'Agostino N.
Published: February 2014

Here I compare estimates of tectonic strain rates from dense Global Positioning System measurements with the seismicity released in the last ~500 years in the Apennines (Italy). The rates of seismic moment accumulation from geodesy and of historical seismic release by earthquakes agree within the uncertainties, ruling out significant aseismic deformation. Within the considered 400 km long section of the Apennines, this balance yields an average recurrence interval of 30–75 years forMW≥6.5 events without requiring a future earthquake larger than those observed historically (MW~7). A minimum estimate of unreleased strain allowsMW≥6.5 andMW≥6.9 events to be released in ~35%and ~10%of the central‐southern Apennines, respectively. The definition of the seismic potential for smaller events is more uncertain, and their occurrence remains a significant threat throughout the Apennines.
A GRACE‐based water storage deficit approach for hydrological drought characterization
Authors: Thomas Alys C. , Reager John T. , Famiglietti James S. , Rodell Matthew
Published: February 2014

We present a quantitative approach for measuring hydrological drought occurrence and severity based on terrestrial water storage observations from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. GRACE measurements are applied by calculating the magnitude of the deviation of regional, monthly terrestrial water storage anomalies from the time series' monthly climatology, where negative deviations represent storage deficits. Monthly deficits explicitly quantify the volume of water required to return to normal water storage conditions. We combine storage deficits with event duration to calculate drought severity. Drought databases are referenced to identify meteorological drought events in the Amazon and Zambezi River basins and the southeastern United States and Texas regions. This storage deficit method clearly identifies hydrological drought onset, end, and duration; quantifies instantaneous severity and peak drought magnitude; and compares well with the meteorological drought databases. It also reveals information about the hydrological effects of meteorological drought on regional water storage.
Creating a Culture of Student Success: The SEEK Scholars Peer Mentoring Program
Authors: Zevallos Ana L. , Washburn Mara
Published: February 2014

The authors provide an overview of the peer mentor training program at City College of New York, CUNY.
Why Didn't I Think of That? Dodging Big Ruts for Big Ideas in Higher Education
Authors: Shushok Frank
Published: February 2014

Frank Shushok Jr. challenges us to “think free.”
Eye Movements Indicate the Temporal Organisation of Information Processing in Graph Comprehension
Authors: Körner Christof , Höfler Margit , Tröbinger Barbara , Gilchrist Iain D.
Published: February 2014

Hierarchical graphs (e.g. file system browsers and preference trees) represent objects (e.g. files and folders) as graph nodes and relations between them (e.g. sub‐folder relations) as lines. We investigated the temporal organisation of two processes that are necessary for comprehending such graphs—search for the graph nodes and reasoning about their relation. We tracked eye movements to change graphs while participants interpreted them. In Experiment 1, we masked the graph at a time when search processes had finished but reasoning was hypothetically ongoing. We observed a dramatic deterioration in comprehension compared with unmasked graphs. In Experiment 2, we changed the relation between critical graph nodes after search for them had finished, unbeknownst to participants. Participants mostly based their response on the graph as presented after the change. These results suggest that comprehension processes are organised in a sequential manner, an observation that can potentially be applied to the interactive presentation of graphs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale Analysis of a Hierarchical Hybrid Solar Cell in 3D
Authors: Divitini Giorgio , Stenzel Ole , Ghadirzadeh Ali , Guarnera Simone , Russo Valeria , Casari Carlo S. , Bassi Andrea Li , Petrozza Annamaria , Di Fonzo Fabio , Schmidt Volker , Ducati Caterina
Published: February 2014

A quantitative method for the characterization of nanoscale 3D morphology is applied to the investigation of a hybrid solar cell based on a novel hierarchical nanostructured photoanode. A cross section of the solar cell device is prepared by focused ion beam milling in a micropillar geometry, which allows a detailed 3D reconstruction of the titania photoanode by electron tomography. It is found that the hierarchical titania nanostructure facilitates polymer infiltration, thus favoring intermixing of the two semiconducting phases, essential for charge separation. The 3D nanoparticle network is analyzed with tools from stochastic geometry to extract information related to the charge transport in the hierarchical solar cell. In particular, the experimental dataset allows direct visualization of the percolation pathways that contribute to the photocurrent.
Direct Arylation Polycondensation: A Promising Method for the Synthesis of Highly Pure, High‐Molecular‐Weight Conjugated Polymers Needed for Improving the Performance of Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Kuwabara Junpei , Yasuda Takeshi , Choi Seong Jib , Lu Wei , Yamazaki Koutarou , Kagaya Shigehiro , Han Liyuan , Kanbara Takaki
Published: February 2014

Alternating conjugated polymers of ethylenedioxythiophene and fluorene are prepared using three different synthetic methods to investigate the effects of these synthetic methods on the purity, field‐effect transistor (FET) performance, and organic photovoltaic (OPV) performance of the polymer. In this study, microwave‐assisted direct arylation polycondensation is used to obtain a high‐purity, high‐molecular‐weight (147 kDa) polymer. This pure polymer exhibits a high FET hole mobility of 1.2 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and high OPV performance with a power conversion efficiency of 4%, even though the polymer forms an amorphous film, which absorbs in a limited region of the spectrum.
Inkjet Printed Negative Supercapacitors: Synthesis of Polyaniline‐Based Inks, Doping Agent Effect, and Advanced Electronic Devices Applications
Authors: Chiolerio Alessandro , Bocchini Sergio , Porro Samuele
Published: February 2014

Low frequency negative supercapacitors and high frequency negative capacitors are realized developing a polyaniline (PANI) based ink for piezoelectric inkjet printers, water based. PANI is synthesized by oxidation polymerization starting from the aniline dimer, thus avoiding the use of a toxic/mutagen substance such as aniline. In order to work in aqueous phase, the reverse addition of the dimer in the oxidative solution is made. The chlorinated emeraldine salt of PANI is produced and emeraldine base is prepared by dedoping. Two different doped PANI solutions are produced by solubilization of the emeraldine salt in dimethylsulphoxide and addition of respectively trifluorosulfonic acid and camporsulfonic acid, and then used as inks for the fabrication of inkjet‐printed tracks of different geometries. The properties of inkjet‐printed devices are characterized both in DC and AC regimes, showing very good performances under specific measurement conditions in terms of conductivity, as well as extremely interesting phenomena whose origin is still under debate, such as low frequency negative supercapacitance, high frequency negative capacitance and negative resistance. The realization of the highest negative supercapacitance realized so far, of –2.3 mF @ 30 Hz, corresponding to a specific mass capacity of –799 F g−1, is reported.
Multi‐Stimuli‐Responsive Microcapsules for Adjustable Controlled‐Release
Authors: Wei Jie , Ju Xiao‐Jie , Zou Xiao‐Yi , Xie Rui , Wang Wei , Liu Ying‐Mei , Chu Liang‐Yin
Published: February 2014

Novel multi‐stimuli‐responsive microcapsules with adjustable controlled‐release characteristics are prepared by a microfluidic technique. The proposed microcapsules are composed of crosslinked chitosan acting as pH‐responsive capsule membrane, embedded magnetic nanoparticles to realize “site‐specific targeting”, and embedded temperature‐responsive sub‐microspheres serving as “micro‐valves”. By applying an external magnetic field, the prepared smart microcapsules can achieve targeting aggregation at specific sites. Due to acid‐induced swelling of the capsule membranes, the microcapsules exhibit higher release rate at specific acidic sites compared to that at normal sites with physiological pH. More importantly, through controlling the hydrodynamic size of sub‐microsphere “micro‐valves” by regulating the environment temperature, the release rate of drug molecules from the microcapsules can be flexibly adjusted. This kind of multi‐stimuli‐responsive microcapsules with site‐specific targeting and adjustable controlled‐release characteristics provides a new mode for designing “intelligent” controlled‐release systems and is expected to realize more rational drug administration.
Three‐Dimensional Paper‐Based Model for Cardiac Ischemia
Authors: Mosadegh Bobak , Dabiri Borna E. , Lockett Matthew R. , Derda Ratmir , Campbell Patrick , Parker Kevin Kit , Whitesides George M.
Published: February 2014

In vitro models of ischemia have not historically recapitulated the cellular interactions and gradients of molecules that occur in a 3D tissue. This work demonstrates a paper‐based 3D culture system that mimics some of the interactions that occur among populations of cells in the heart during ischemia. Multiple layers of paper containing cells, suspended in hydrogels, are stacked to form a layered 3D model of a tissue. Mass transport of oxygen and glucose into this 3D system can be modulated to induce an ischemic environment in the bottom layers of the stack. This ischemic stress induces cardiomyocytes at the bottom of the stack to secrete chemokines which subsequently trigger fibroblasts residing in adjacent layers to migrate toward the ischemic region. This work demonstrates the usefulness of patterned, stacked paper for performing in vitro mechanistic studies of cellular motility and viability within a model of the laminar ventricle tissue of the heart.
25th Anniversary Article: Isoindigo‐Based Polymers and Small Molecules for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Wang Ergang , Mammo Wendimagegn , Andersson Mats R.
Published: February 2014

Driven by the potential advantages and promising applications of organic solar cells, donor‐acceptor (D‐A) polymers have been intensively investigated in the past years. One of the strong electron‐withdrawing groups that were widely used as acceptors for the construction of D‐A polymers for applications in polymer solar cells and FETs is isoindigo. The isoindigo‐based polymer solar cells have reached efficiencies up to ∼7% and hole mobilities as high as 3.62 cm2 V−1 s−1 have been realized by FETs based on isoindigo polymers. Over one hundred isoindigo‐based small molecules and polymers have been developed in only three years. This review is an attempt to summarize the structures and properties of the isoindigo‐based polymers and small molecules that have been reported in the literature since their inception in 2010. Focus has been given only to the syntheses and device performances of those polymers and small molecules that were designed for use in solar cells and FETs. Attempt has been made to deduce structure‐property relationships that would guide the design of isoindigo‐based materials. It is expected that this review will present useful guidelines for the design of efficient isoindigo‐based materials for applications in solar cells and FETs.
Price Discovery in the Chinese Corn Futures Market, With Comparisons to Soybean Futures
Authors: Yan Yunxian , Reed Michael
Published: February 2014

The Chinese corn futures market is the second largest after the CBOT in terms of trading volume in contracts. In 2012, the trading volume of corn futures was 37 million contracts (or 378 million metric tons). The relationship between Chinese corn futures and spot prices is studied to gauge the price discovery process. Formal statistical tests are conducted based on Johansen's co‐integration, Granger causality and the Garbade‐Silber approach for the corn spot prices and futures prices. All empirical analysis is also performed for GMO and non‐GMO soybeans to provide a contrast with the corn futures market. The results suggest that Chinese corn futures prices guide the spot prices; that is, the corn futures market can serve as legitimate guide for future cash prices. This conclusion is valid for GMO futures market, but is not found to be the case for non‐GMO soybeans, where spot prices guide futures prices.
Cross‐stream migration vs. anisotropic relaxation: Non‐Boltzmann distributions in dissipative systems
Authors: Squires Todd M.
Published: February 2014

Polymers and Brownian rods have been predicted and observed to migrate across streamlines in flowing systems, potentially impacting rheological measurements, material processing, and microfluidic systems. In particular, gradients in cross‐stream diffusivity give rise to concentration gradients across streamlines, in direct contrast with naive expectations from equilibrium statistical mechanics. Here, we provide a simple, physicially intuitive understanding for the subtle mechanisms that underlie this counter‐intuitive effect. Specifically, we identify three minimal ingredients: (1) the cross‐stream diffusivity of the solute must depend on its internal degrees of freedom, (2) internal degrees of freedom must be driven nonconservatively in a position‐dependent manner, and (3) a mechanism must exist for the concentration to relax to a steady state spatial proflie. Significantly, we argue that the inhomogeneous steady‐state distributions that have been observed do not result from directed cross‐stream migration. In fact, we show that no migration occurs in systems without spatial relaxation. Rather, concentration gradients are established due to anisotropic rates of spatial relaxation, and the lack of directed cross‐stream migration that would be found in a conservative system. We demonstrate with simple model systems analogous to Brownian rods, externally triggerable two‐state molecules, and in externally imposed temperature or solute gradients, which affect steady concentration profiles beyond what would be expected from thermophoresis or diffusiophoresis. Our results have implications for separation strategies and for various microfluidic and processing flows. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1434–1450, 2014
Ontogenetic changes in intralimb proportions in a Romano‐Christian period sample from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Bleuze Michele M. , Wheeler Sandra M. , Williams lana J. , Dupras Tosha L.
Published: February 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to document the appearance of adult patterns in intralimb indices during ontogeny in a skeletal sample from the Kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. In addition, this study explores evolvability in intralimb indices to understand relative differences in sensitivity to ecogeographic variables.

Methods

Brachial and crural indices were compared across age cohorts with Welch's ANOVA tests andpost‐hocDunnett‐Tukey‐Kramer (DTK) pairwise multiple comparison tests. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used to examine developmental conservation and evolvability in intralimb proportions.

Results

Brachial and crural indices are greatest in the fetus/perinate cohort as compared to all other cohorts, decrease during infancy and early childhood, and increase during middle/late childhood. The adult pattern in the brachial index is first evident in infancy, but is not maintained throughout development. Conversely, the adult pattern in the crural index appears during early childhood and is maintained throughout development. The brachial index shows a higher degree of evolvability than the crural indexin utero.

Conclusions

The shifting pattern in intralimb proportions during development in the Kellis 2 sample is similar to that previously reported from globally diverse samples, which likely reflects the differential growth acceleration of proximal and distal intralimb skeletal elements during ontogeny. The brachial index may be more responsive to climatic conditions while the crural index may be more conserved due to functional demands. The data indicate that Kellis 2 juveniles were under strong selective pressures from climatic factors. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:221–228, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.