bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and Sport Participation in Youth with Congenital Heart Disease: Perceptions of Children and Parents
Authors: Moola Fiona , Faulkner Guy E.J. , Kirsh Joel A. , Kilburn Jennifer
Published: August 2016

This study explored perceptions toward physical activity and sport in the lives of youth with congenital heart disease. Thirteen cardiac participants were interviewed in the presence of their parents, and a process of inductive analysis was conducted. Sport was not considered a valued pursuit despite the belief that it is essential for the attainment of good health. Low-self efficacy and fatigue were influenced by covert fears and exclusion and further decreased the value ascribed to sport and physical activity. Nontraditional activities, support from others, and perceptions of mastery played a crucial role in enabling participation and facilitated the journey toward recovery. Findings are discussed within the context of self-efficacy theory and may inform the design of safe and enjoyable physical activity opportunities for this population.
Peers as Resources for Learning: A Situated Learning Approach to Adapted Physical Activity in Rehabilitation
Authors: Standal øyvind F. , Jespersen Ejgil
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the learning that takes place when people with disabilities interact in a rehabilitation context. Data were generated through in-depth interviews and close observations in a 2½ week-long rehabilitation program, where the participants learned both wheelchair skills and adapted physical activities. The findings from the qualitative data analysis are discussed in the context of situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998). The results indicate that peer learning extends beyond skills and techniques, to include ways for the participants to make sense of their situations as wheelchair users. Also, it was found that the community of practice established between the participants represented a critical corrective to instructions provided by rehabilitation professionals.
Multidimensional Self-Efficacy and Affect in Wheelchair Basketball Players
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2016

In the current study, variables grounded in social cognitive theory with athletes with disabilities were examined. Performance, training, resiliency, and thought control self-efficacy, and positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect were examined with wheelchair basketball athletes (N = 79). Consistent with social cognitive theory, weak to strong significant relationships among the four types of self-efficacy (rs = .22–.78) and among self-efficacy and affect (rs = -.40–.29) were found. Basketball players who were efficacious in their ability to overcome training barriers were also confident in their basketball skills and efficacious in their ability to overcome ruminating distressing thoughts while simultaneously cultivating positive thoughts. Athletes with strong resiliency and thought control efficacy also reported more PA and less NA. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the four efficacies predicted 10 and 22% of the variance in PA and NA, respectively.
Fundamental Locomotive Activity Time Efficiency with Differently Positioning Drive-Axis Wheelchairs Among Elders
Authors: Wang Yong Tai , Bernard Randy , Cope Clint , Chang Li-Shan , Limroongreungrat Weerawat , Sprigle Stephen
Published: August 2016

This study examined time efficiency in wheelchair locomotive activities among four different wheelchairs propelled by elders with arms and/or legs. Sixteen elder manual wheelchair users propelled her/his own wheelchair and three wheelchairs (the main drive-axis wheels positioning in front, middle, and rear, respectively) in the test of seven wheelchair locomotive activities of daily living. A Mixed-Model ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test (p < .05) were employed to determine the time efficiency among four wheelchairs and three groups. The results demonstrated better time efficiency resulted from propelling the mid drive-axis and/or rear drive-axis wheelchairs; using arms and legs simultaneously propelling wheelchairs was more time efficient than using the arms or legs only in the selected locomotive activities.
Do Children with Down Syndrome Perform Sufficient Physical Activity to Maintain Good Health? A Pilot Study
Authors: Shields Nora , Dodd Karen J. , Abblitt Casey
Published: August 2016

Our pilot study investigated if children with Down syndrome engaged in the recommended 60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) every day. Twenty-three children with Down syndrome (7 girls, 16 boys; mean age 11.7 years, SD = 3.1) wore a triaxial accelerometer for 7 consecutive days to measure their activity levels. The average daily MVPA undertaken was 104.5 min (SD = 35.3 min). Only 8 of 19 children (42.1%) completed at least 60 min of MVPA each day. Lower amounts of activity were associated with older children (r = -.67, p < .01). Parents, teachers, and health professionals need to encourage children with Down syndrome to take part in more frequent MVPA.
The Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Bone Mineral Density for a Person With a Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Study
Authors: Davis Ronald , Sanborn Charlotte , Nichols David , Bazett-Jones David M. , Dugan Eric L.
Published: August 2016

Bone mineral density (BMD) loss is a medical concern for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Concerns related to osteoporosis have lead researchers to use various interventions to address BMD loss within this population. Whole body vibration (WBV) has been reported to improve BMD for postmenopausal women and suggested for SCI. The purpose of this case study was to identify the effects of WBV on BMD for an individual with SCI. There were three progressive phases (standing only, partial standing, and combined stand with vibration), each lasting 10 weeks. Using the least significant change calculation, significant positive changes in BMD were reported at the trunk (0.46 g/cm2) and spine (.093 g/cm2) for phase 3 only. Increases in leg lean tissue mass and reduction in total body fat were noted in all three phases.
Children’s Beliefs Toward Cooperative Playing With Peers With Disabilities in Physical Education
Authors: Obrusnikova Iva , Block Martin , Dillon Suzanna
Published: August 2016

Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) was used to elicit salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs of children without disabilities toward playing with a hypothetical peer with a disability in general physical education. Participants were 350 elementary and middle school students who completed two questionnaires. Questionnaires were assessed for content validity. Participants provided more affective (68%) than instrumental (32%) responses for favorable behavioral beliefs and more instrumental (76%) than affective (24%) responses for unfavorable beliefs. Peer social pressure was prevalent in favorable (69%) and unfavorable (99%) responses. Social pressure significantly varied across five grades, χ2(4, N = 448) = 40.51, p < .01. Participants responded many factors in the class would positively (76%) or negatively (89%) influence the behavior.
The Accuracy of Pedometers for Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Pitchford E. Andrew , Yun Joonkoo
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of spring-levered and piezoelectric pedometers for adults with and without Down syndrome (DS). Twenty adults with DS and 24 adults without a disability walked for two minute periods on a predetermined indoor course at a self-selected, slower and faster pace. Pedometer recorded and criterion observed steps were compared to determine pedometer error. There was a significant interaction between pedometer model and walking speed. Piezoelectric pedometers demonstrated significantly less measurement error than spring-levered pedometers, particularly at slower walking speeds. There were also significant differences in pedometer error between adults with and without DS. The study concludes that pedometer measurement error is significantly different for adults with DS but also that piezoelectric pedometers can be used in the future to measure walking activity for adults with and without DS.
Relation Between Kinematic Analysis of Wheelchair Propulsion and Wheelchair Functional Basketball Classification
Authors: Crespo-Ruiz Beatriz M. , Del Ama-Espinosa Antonio J. , Gil-Agudo ángel M.
Published: August 2016

The objective was to conduct a methodological pilot study to analyze wheelchair propulsion upper limb kinematics in standard competitive play considering the functional classification of each athlete. Ten basketball players with a functional classification ranging from 1 to 4 were included in the study. Four camcorders (Kinescan-IBV) and a treadmill for wheelchairs were used. Temporal parameters were analyzed and the upper limb kinematics was obtained using ISB recommendations. The value of the temporal parameters such as push phase duration, the ratio of push phase/recovery phase, contact, and propulsion angle seems to reduce as the functional classification increases. A methodological protocol has been developed that allows the analysis of kinematic characteristics of wheelchair propulsion in basketball players taking into account their functional classification.
“What’s the Difference?” Women’s Wheelchair Basketball, Reverse Integration, and the Question(ing) of Disability
Authors: Spencer-Cavaliere Nancy , Peers Danielle
Published: August 2016

The inclusion of able-bodied athletes within disability sport, a phenomenon known as reverse integration, has sparked significant debate within adapted physical activity. Although researchers and practitioners have taken up positions for or against reverse integration, there is a lack of supporting research on the experiences of athletes who already play in such settings. In this study, we explore how competitive female athletes who have a disability experience reverse integration in Canadian wheelchair basketball. Athletic identity was used as the initial conceptual framework to guide semistructured interviews with nine participants. The results suggest that participation in this context contributed to positive athletic identities. Interviews also pointed to the unexpected theme of “what’s the difference?” that this sporting context provided a space for the questioning and creative negotiation of the categories of disability and able-bodiedness. Methodologically, this paper also explores the possibilities and challenges of inter- worldview and insider-outsider research collaboration.
Enhancing Physical Activity Guidelines: A Needs Survey of Adults With Spinal Cord Injury and Health Care Professionals
Authors: Foulon Brianne L. , Lemay Valérie , Ainsworth Victoria , Ginis Kathleen A. Martin
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine preferences of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and health care professionals (HCP) regarding the content and format of a SCI physical activity guide to support recently released SCI physical activity guidelines. Seventy-eight people with SCI and 80 HCP completed a survey questionnaire. Participants with SCI identified desired content items and their preferences for format. HCP rated the helpfulness of content items to prescribe physical activity. All content items were rated favorably by participants with SCI and useful by HCP. The risks and benefits of activity and inactivity, and strategies for becoming more active, were rated high by both samples. Photographs and separate information for those with paraplegia versus tetraplegia were strongly endorsed. These data were used to guide the development of an SCI physical activity guide to enhance the uptake of physical activity guidelines for people with SCI. The guide was publically released November 11, 2011.
Exercise Risks and Benefits for Diabetic Individuals: A Review
Authors: Coram Susan J. , Mangum Michael
Published: August 2016

The large number of diabetic individuals, children and adults, and the potential problems that may arise in a fitness setting calls for a better understanding of the diabetic state. This review is therefore intended to stimulate an awareness of the complexity of the diabetic state and to emphasize the beneficial and potential hazardous effects of exercise. An overview is provided to orient the reader to basic concepts concerning diabetes. A variety of topics related to exercise and the diabetic are then presented. These include the metabolic benefits from exercise, exercise and coronary heart disease risk factors, factors influencing decreased exercise performance in diabetics, hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis, preliminary considerations and precautions for diabetic participants, and the role of education and self-discipline in diabetic control. Finally, practical guidelines for the diabetic and the physical educator are suggested.
Addressing Personnel Preparation Needs to Meet the Challenges of the Future
Authors: Churton Michael W.
Published: August 2016

Development of personnel preparation programs has focused upon a progressive trend away from a strict adherence to a physical education philosophy to a philosophy that stresses more of a multidisciplinary approach. Early obstacles experienced by directors of personnel preparation programs included legislation, program development, and a limited body of knowledge. Future considerations include directors with varied educational backgrounds and a national movement toward quality education. Teacher training programs will need to redefine their curriculum offerings in adapted physical education to address quality assurance requirements. Future programs in adapted physical education will need to become more field based and address functional competencies that will prepare students to meet the psychomotor needs of handicapped children effectively.
The National Consortium on Physical Education and Recreation for the Handicapped: Addressing a Need
Authors: Bundschuh Ernest L.
Published: August 2016

Future directions of professional services in special physical education and therapeutic recreation are explored in light of past and present perspectives. Emphasis is given to fostering interdisciplinary approaches in the delivery of these services. Further discussion centers on the need for influencing advocacy in the determination of policy at the local, state, national, and international level. The importance of maintaining a perspective of equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities is emphasized in the context of a changing society.
Perspectives for the Future of the Disabled in Sport
Authors: Clarke Kenneth S.
Published: August 2016

Sports have value to the individual, and the atypical individual with a disability merits the same opportunity to pursue these values as the so-called able-bodied. Sports therefore are justified on the assumption that they serve as a medium for developing desirable attitudes and behavior that contribute to the fullest utilization of one’s own health. Today’s sport leaders see a two-prong approach to the organization of these opportunities: (a) down with the barriers that keep the atypical athlete from participating and competing with the able-bodied athletes when talent and commitment are equal to the challenge, and (b) up with the sport programs from which, were it not for these adaptations, those with disabilities could not benefit from the values of sport participation.
Early Research Concerns in Adapted Physical Education 1930–1969
Authors: Pyfer Jean L.
Published: August 2016

The vast majority of published research articles on adapted physical education between the years 1930 through 1969 were descriptive in design. During that 39-year span, 63 articles on adapted physical education appeared in Research Quarterly. Other journals that included adapted physical education studies were Training School Bulletin, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, Mental Retardation, Journal of the American Medical Association, Behavior Therapy, American Annals of the Deaf, Comparative Psychological Monographs, American Journal of Psychology, Perceptual and Motor Skills, and Exceptional Children.
Horseback Riding for Individuals with Disabilities: Programs, Philosophy, and Research
Authors: DePauw Karen P.
Published: August 2016

Although historical mention of horseback riding for individuals with disabilities can be traced through the centuries, programs of therapeutic riding were not established until the mid-1900s. Since its inception, horseback riding for the disabled has become diversified and increasingly sophisticated. As a result, the programs have a varying emphasis on riding as sport, recreation, education, or therapy. The literature contains articles describing therapeutic riding programs that include claims of medical and educational benefits for participants. Although the programs have existed for 30 years, interest in research on the benefits of horseback riding for the disabled is relatively new. Despite the progress made, it is critical that professionals in horseback riding for individuals with disabilities (a) collect empirical evidence supporting the claimed benefits, (b) develop appropriate evaluation instruments/tools, (c) identify effective intervention techniques, (d) provide for accessibility of publications/information from Europe, and (e) develop printed materials and audiovisuals for the health professional community.
Fostering Creativity in Handicapped Children
Authors: Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness of creativity as a goal of adapted physical education, to describe assessment techniques, and to suggest instructional approaches for developing creativity in the movement setting. Creative behaviors that can be developed in handicapped children and youth include fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration, risk-taking, courage, curiosity, and imagination. Research on creativity and handicapped children is identified and cited. Assessment instruments reviewed are Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Wyrick Test of Motor Creativity, Torrance Test of Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement, TWU Motor Creativity Rating Scale, and Brennan Test of Creative Motor Performance. Instructional approaches described are dance and movement education, games analysis intervention, and shared decision-making versus teacher decision-making. Also discussed are modeling and the influence of specific teaching behaviors on handicapped children’s classroom responses.
Relaxation Training Effects on Reaction/Response Time, Frontalis EMG, and Behavioral Measures of Relaxation With Hyperactive Males
Authors: Eason Robert L. , Brandon Jeffrey E. , Smith Theresa L. , Serpas Denise C.
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were to determine if three medically diagnosed hyperactive males could be taught to relax using a modified version of Behavioral Relaxation Training (BRT), as confirmed by frontalis electromyographic (EMG) data and by Poppen’s Behavioral Relaxation Scale (BRS), and to determine if a relaxed state is more optimal for performing attention-demanding motor tasks. After obtaining baseline data for relaxation and reaction/response time variables, subjects received six to eight sessions of BRT, followed by posttesting and a 1-month follow-up. Results indicated large reductions in BRS scores, EMG reductions in two of the three subjects, and reductions in reaction/response time. The results supported the use of relaxation training for facilitating information processing.
Young Athletes Program: Impact on Motor Development
Authors: Favazza Paddy C. , Siperstein Gary N. , Zeisel Susan A. , Odom Samuel L. , Sideris John H. , Moskowitz Andrew L.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effectiveness of the Young Athletes program to promote motor development in preschool-aged children with disabilities. In the study, 233 children were randomly assigned to a control group or the Young Athletes (YA) intervention group which consisted of 24 motor skill lessons delivered 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) showed that children who participated in the YA intervention exhibited mean gains of 7–9 months on the Peabody Developmental Motor Subscales (PDMS) compared with mean gains of 3–5 months for the control group. Children in the YA intervention also exhibited significant gains on the gross motor subscale of the Vineland Teacher Rating Form (VTRF). Teachers and parents reported benefits for children not only in specific motor skills, but also kindergarten readiness skills and social/play skills. The necessity for direct and intentional instruction of motor skills, as well as the challenges of involving families in the YA program, are discussed.
Jumping Coordination Patterns of Mildly Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: DiRocco Patrick J. , Clark Jane E. , Phillips Sally J.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to determine if mildly mentally retarded (MMR) children followed the same developmental sequence of coordination for the propulsive phase of the standing long jump as their nonhandicapped (NH) peers. Subjects for the study included 39 MMR and 90 NH children, ages 4-7 years. Each subject was filmed performing several standing long jumps. Jumping patterns were analyzed from the film records, and distance jumped also was determined from the film. Results indicated that the arm and leg patterns of coordination proposed for NH children by Clark and Phillips (1985) were comprehensive enough to include the MMR children. In spite of similar patterns of coordination, the age group means for the distance jumped by the MMR subjects were 2 to 3 years behind their NH peers. Two explanations are offered for this deficit in distance jumped: first, there may be differences in coordination between the arm and leg action, and second, there may be differences in control mechanisms.
Effects of Segregated and Integrated Programs on the Participation and Social Interaction of Moderately Mentally Handicapped Children in Play
Authors: Titus Julie A. , Watkinson E. Jane
Published: August 2016

This study examined the behavior of moderately mentally handicapped children in integrated and segregated programs. Seven subjects 5 to 10 years of age were observed during free play in two programs, one integrated and one segregated, to determine if they would benefit from placement in physical activity programs with nonhandicapped children. Socialization and activity participation were examined using a simple eight-category instrument on videotaped data. The presence or absence of play vehicles was also investigated to determine whether this play equipment would further affect behavior. Some 300 minutes of videotaped data were available for each subject. Behavior durations were recorded using an OS-3 Event Recorder. Inter-observer agreements were calculated on 15% of the data, with mean agreements of .96. Duration data were transformed to percentage of observable time for each subject in integrated and segregated settings, and when play vehicles were and were not available. Results from the study generally did not support the assumption that exposure to integrated programs will increase activity participation and social interaction. Activity participation did not appear to be affected by the presence of play vehicles in the environment. Social interaction levels were reduced significantly under this condition.
A Comparison of Static and Dynamic Balance in Congenitally Blind, Sighted, and Sighted Blindfolded Adolescents
Authors: Ribadi Hani , Rider Robert A. , Toole Tonya
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this investigation was to compare static and dynamic balance in sighted, sighted blindfolded, and congenitally blind students. The subjects (N = 51) ranged in age from 14.1 to 17.4 years of age. The sighted subjects (N = 34) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, 17 in the sighted and 17 in the sighted blindfolded group. The 17 congenitally blind subjects were selected from the total population of blind students attending a special school for the blind. All subjects were tested for static balance using the Stork Stand. Dynamic balance was measured using the stabilometer. The data analysis revealed significant differences between all three groups, with the sighted group demonstrating superior balance for both measures. The blind subjects performed significantly better than the sighted blindfolded group for dynamic balance only. The results of the study support previous investigations which have demonstrated that sighted individuals have better balance when compared with blind individuals. However, the fact that the blind subjects performed better on dynamic balance when compared to the sighted blindfolded group points to the need for immediate intervention in this area for adventitiously blind persons, or those acquiring blindness later in life.
Self-Actualization Profiles of Male Able-Bodied and Elite Cerebral Palsied Athletes
Authors: Sherrill Claudine , Rainbolt Wanda
Published: August 2016

Self-actualization profiles were plotted for 265 college-age able-bodied male athletes and 30 elite cerebral palsied male athletes, M age = 24.9, all of whom were international competitors. These profiles were examined in relation to one another and in relation to two normative groups, one consisting of adults and one consisting of college students. Results indicated that college-age able-bodied male athletes and elite cerebral palsied male athletes have similar self-actualization profiles. Elite cerebral palsied male athletes were found to be significantly less self-actualized than normal adults in the areas of time competence, existentiality, self-acceptance, nature of man, and synergy (Shostrom, 1964). Able-bodied college-age male athletes were generally more self-actualized than members of their age-appropriate reference group (i.e., male college students). Implications for sport psychology and counseling are discussed.
Physiological Responses of Quadriplegic and Able-Bodied Men during Exercise at the Same VO2
Authors: Figoni Stephen F. , Boileau Richard A. , Massey Benjamin H. , Larsen Joseph R.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare quadriplegic and able-bodied men on selected cardiovascular and metabolic responses to arm-crank ergometry at the same rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2). Subjects included 11 untrained, spinal cord-injured, C5–C7 complete quadriplegic men and 11 untrained, able-bodied men of similar age (27 years), height (177 cm), and mass (65 kg). Measurement techniques included open-circuit spirometry, impedance cardiography, and electrocardiography. Compared with the able-bodied group, at the V̇O2 of 0.5 L/min, the quadriplegics displayed a significantly higher mean heart rate and arteriovenous O2 difference, lower stroke volume and cardiac output, and similar myocardial contractility. These results suggest that quadriplegic men achieve an exercise-induced V̇O2 of 0.5 L/min through different central cardiovascular adjustments than do able-bodied men. Quadriplegics deliver less O2 from the heart toward the tissues but extract more O2 from the blood. Tachycardia may contribute to low cardiac preload and low stroke volume, while paradoxically tending to compensate for low stroke volume by minimizing reduction of cardiac output.
A Kinematic Analysis of 800-Meter Wheelchair-Racing Techniques
Authors: Ridgway Mary , Pope Carol , Wilkerson Jerry
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting efficiency of wheelchair propulsion by male subjects in the 800-m racing event. High-speed films were taken of finalists (n=31) at the 1986 National Wheelchair Track and Field Championships. Kinematic data were calculated on the head, trunk, upper arm, elbow, and thigh in addition to cycle velocity (wheelchair velocity), cycle duration, cycle rate, cycle distance, and percentage of propulsion and recovery. In general, fastest cycle velocities, rates, and greatest distances occurred in the higher classes. During propulsion, head movement was greatest in Classes II/III (13.9°) and trunk movement was greatest in Classes IV/V (7.8°). Additionally, the higher classes exhibited greater movement at the shoulder and elbow than did Classes IA/IB. The thighs were closest to the trunk in Classes IA/IB and were farthest from the trunk in Classes IV/V. Movement of the trunk and head, as well as positioning of the thighs during wheelchair racing, may help in propulsion and with aerodynamics.
Participation in Deaf Sport: Characteristics of Deaf Sport Directors
Authors: Stewart David A. , McCarthy Donald , Robinson Jo-Anne
Published: August 2016

Twenty-one deaf sport directors were surveyed to provide preliminary information of the characteristics of those involved in deaf sport and the socialization processes that lead to their involvement. Communication-related factors provided incentives for deaf individuals to participate in deaf sport. Schools for the deaf as well as deaf acquaintances were the dominant factors for socializing deaf individuals into deaf sport. More research on such sport is needed so that the nature of individuals who participate in it and the general implications that it has for them can be fully understood.
Effects of Special Olympics Participation on the Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Gibbons Sandra L. , Byshakra Frank B.
Published: August 2016

Little research has been conducted on the psychosocial outcomes that may occur in adapted populations who participate in Special Olympics. This study examined changes in perceived competence of participants and nonparticipants of a 1 1/2-day Special Olympics track and field meet. Pre- and posttest measures of the physical, cognitive, peer acceptance, and maternal acceptance subscales of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children were obtained from participants (N=24) and non-participant controls (N=24). A test of homogeneity of variance on pretest scores revealed that both groups were equivalent on the perceived competence and social acceptance measures. A MAHOVA was conducted to compare gain scores on all four measures between the two groups. Results indicated that both groups differed significantly on the perceived physical competence and peer acceptance measures. The stability of gains in perceived competence over time, and further examination of perceived competence and its correlates with adapted populations, were suggested as future directions for research.
Heart Rate Responses of Profoundly Retarded, Multiply Handicapped Children during Closed-Skill Fine Motor and Open-Skill Gross Motor Activities
Authors: Mulholland Richard , McNeill Alexander W.
Published: August 2016

This study compared the heart rate responses of two profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped children during the performance of closed-skill fine motor activities and open-skill gross motor activities. The fine motor skills were typical classroom activities, and the gross motor skills were a part of each child’s special physical education programming. Heart rates were recorded for 20-sec intervals from the onset of the performance of each skill until the task objective was obtained. Based upon the results of this study, we concluded that the closed-skill fine motor classroom activities induce physiological stress at levels never before suspected. It is suggested that the dramatic heart rate responses may result from a hyposensitive condition of the spindle afferents, the gamma efferents, and the kinesthetic joint receptors, or from a breakdown in the retrieval of the stored motor program resulting in inappropriate spatial and temporal summation. As a result of the heart rate responses, it is suggested that classroom learning programs may need to be redesigned to accommodate for fatigue in this type of child.
Increased Dermal Sensitivity Over Paralyzed Muscle after Peak Exercise
Authors: Burkett Lee N. , Chisum Jack , Pierce Jack , Pomeroy Kent
Published: August 2016

Twenty spinal injured wheelchair bound individuals were tested to peak VO2 on a wheelchair ergometer. Sixteen subjects were paraplegics (5 females, 11 males) and four were quadriplegic (2 females, 2 males). The level of injury ranged from C4-5 to L2-3. The mean age of the subjects was 29.9 years, with a mean weight of 63.66 kg. Prior to the peak VO2 and during the rest immediately after peak VO2, each subject was tested for the ability to discriminate touch over the skin of the thigh, leg, and foot. A chi square statistical technique was used to test for differences between pre- and postexercise sensitivity. The chi square was significant at the .003 level of significance. Because the increase in sensitivity was short, it was theorized that under peak exercise stress the body may recruit pathways that have been dormant, but not injured, explaining the increase in sensitivity.
Applying Principles of Coordination in Adapted Physical Education
Authors: Burton Allen W.
Published: August 2016

Adapted physical education specialists must design and carry out programs for students with movement coordination problems, but intervention strategies for such students are rarely included in adapted physical education textbooks. In response to the lack of information available to practitioners, the purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework for better understanding movement coordination, to briefly review some of the methods used by both researchers and practitioners to assess coordination, and to present some possible strategies for addressing movement coordination deficits. Two types of coordination solutions are discussed—neuromotor and mechanical—and specific activity progressions are given for jumping jacks and overhand throwing.
A Comparison of Isolate and Social Toys on Play Behaviors of Handicapped Preschoolers
Authors: Cowden Jo E. , Torrey Carol C.
Published: August 2016

This study set out to determine toy preference and use of isolate versus social toys in specific play categories. The relationship of children’s gross motor abilities to their preference for gross motor toys and of fine motor abilities to preference for fine motor toys was also examined. Additionally, the study examined the level of social versus nonsocial play behavior according to the Parten Scale of Social Participation. Twenty-four handicapped preschool children in groups of four to six were involved in three 20-min free-play sessions. Spontaneous interactions with the toys as well as among children were videotaped. Results indicated that the children did prefer to play with social toys rather than isolate toys, but play was nonsocial rather than social and occurred during 83% of the free unstructured play intervals. The children did not demonstrate a distinct relationship between gross or fine motor ability and toy preference. However, environmental or ecological variables appeared to influence their social play behaviors.
Movement Problem Solutions by Educable Mentally Handicapped Individuals
Authors: Bouffard Marcel
Published: August 2016

Educable mentally handicapped persons lag well behind nonhandicapped children in the development of both fine and gross movement skills. These persons have difficulty in solving movement problems. Based upon recent work done in cognitive science, it is argued that this lag in movement skill development is related to five major sources: (a) deficiencies in the knowledge base or lack of access to it, (b) lack of spontaneous use of strategies, (c) inadequate metacognitive knowledge and understanding, (d) lack of executive control, and (e) inadequate motivation and practice. A seven-step procedure to teach movement skills to mentally handicapped persons that takes into account these five factors is described. Implications for adapted physical activity are outlined briefly.
Review of Administration Procedures Used to Assess the Motor Skills of Deaf Children and Youth
Authors: Stewart David A. , Dummer Gail M. , Haubenstricker John L.
Published: August 2016

Administration procedures reported in studies on the motor skills of deaf children and youth are reviewed. There was general consensus among these studies that modification of administration procedures is necessary. However, the effect of instructional modifications on the validity and reliability of motor skill tests was never addressed. Furthermore, there is a range of communication systems used in the education of the deaf that complicates administration procedures. Implications for future studies include a call for researchers to become more aware of the communication needs of their deaf subjects and a willingness to use experts familiar with the linguistic and communication needs of a particular group of deaf subjects to help design and administer motor skill tests.
Fitness Data of Children with Ostomy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Vogler E. William
Published: August 2016

Twenty nine ostomy children (16 girls and 13 boys) with external openings in their urinary or intestinal tract for waste collection were assessed for fitness using the Health Related Physical Fitness test. The children, as a group, were discovered to be only in the 20th percentile in overall fitness when compared to the norm in the United States. Using guidelines established by the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, all 29 children were identified as candidates for an individualized adapted physical education program.
Assessing the Perceptual-Motor Interaction in Developmentally Disabled and Nonhandicapped Children
Authors: Burton Allen W.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this experiment was to design a gross-motor task that would quantify the perceptual sensitivity of developmentally disabled (DD) and nonhandicapped (NH) children to the relationship between their personal constraints and the constraints in the environment in a movement context. Three groups of subjects participated in this experiment: 17 DD preschoolers, 25 NH kindergarteners, and 27 NH fourth-graders. The subjects moved through a sequence of four high-jump barriers six times as quickly as possible, negotiating the barriers any way they wanted. They also went through the course without the barriers as quickly as possible to establish a baseline movement time. Relative to their own baseline, the fourth-graders moved through the obstacle course significantly faster than the kindergarteners, while the kindergarteners went through the course significantly faster than the DD preschoolers. In addition, significant differences were found between the NH kindergarteners and DD preschoolers for two sets of perceptual variables: percent error and the slopes of two identified transitions from one mode of locomotion to another. These results and further analyses showed that at least some of the movement problems experienced by DD children can be attributed to perceptual difficulties, and established the potential of the present methodology in examining perceptual sensitivity in a movement context in DD and NH children.
Physical Educators’ Attributes and Attitudes Toward Teaching Students with Handicaps
Authors: Rizzo Terry L. , Vispoel Walter P.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationship between selected attributes of physical educators (N=94) and their attitudes toward teaching students labeled educable mentally retarded, behaviorally disordered, and learning disabled. Data were collected through the administration of the Physical Educators’ Attitude Toward Teaching the Handicapped–II (PEATH–II) instrument. A forward stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that, of the eight selected teacher variables assessed, physical educators’ perceived competence in teaching students with handicaps was the best predictor of attitudes. A repeated-measures ANOVA and subsequent post hoc comparison tests indicated that learning disabled students were viewed more favorably than educable mentally retarded and behaviorally disordered students.
Prolongation of Simple Manual and Vocal Reaction Times in Down Syndrome
Authors: Henderson Sheila E. , Illingworth Sheelagh M. , Allen John
Published: August 2016

This study addressed the question of whether there is a specific reaction time deficit in individuals with Down syndrome. To investigate this question, the manual and vocal reaction times of 18 Down syndrome and 2 control groups were compared. One control group consisted of intellectually handicapped children matched on intellectual ability, the other consisted of younger nonhandicapped children also of similar mental age. The results confirmed that a specific RT deficit does indeed exist and is present for both manual and vocal responses.
Participation Motives in Competitive Sports: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Fung Lena
Published: August 2016

The motives for participating in competitive sports among male and female elite disabled athletes from different countries have not been studied. Similarities and differences were therefore examined in the rating of importance of the seven motive factors of fitness, team atmosphere, skill development, excitement and challenge, friendship, achievement and status, and energy release. The countries studied included the U.S., Great Britain, and Japan. Data were collected during the Seoul Paralympics from 15 male and 15 female track athletes ages 20–30 from each country. All subjects competed in wheelchairs and met the eligibility criteria of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The instrument used was a questionnaire designed by Gould, Feltz, and Weiss (1985) to examine motives for participating in competition. There were significant differences among athletes from the three countries in the motive factors of fitness, team atmosphere, and excitement and challenge. Gender differences were found in the motive factors of friendship as well as achievement and status.
An Alternative to Least Restrictive Environments: A Continuum of Support to Regular Physical Education
Authors: Block Martin E. , Krebs Patricia L.
Published: August 2016

The concept of least restrictive environments (LRE), originally conceived by Deno (1970) and Reynolds (1962) to advocate for a range of special education placements for children with disabilities, has become synonymous with a continuum of physical education placement options for students with disabilities. Many models have been presented over the years. Options range from full-time regular physical education in a regular school to full-time adapted physical education in a special school or facility, with various placement options in between. The emphasis of these models is on varying the placement to meet the needs of the student with disabilities. Taylor (1988) has identified several flaws to the concept of LRE placement options. In addition, many special education professionals advocate placing all students with disabilities in regular education with varying levels of support (e.g., Stainback & Stainback, 1990). This paper discusses an alternative to the traditional continuum of LRE placement options. This new model presents a continuum of support which emphasizes how much and what type of assistance is provided to a particular student with disabilities that will enable him/her to succeed in regular physical education.
Transition of Students with Disabilities into Community Recreation: The Role of the Adapted Physical Educator
Authors: Krebs Patricia L. , Block Martin E.
Published: August 2016

The mission of education is to prepare all students with and without disabilities for adult life in the community. Recent amendments to Public Law 94-142 now require transition services, which promote movement from school to postschool activities, for all students with disabilities to begin as early as age 14 and to be included in the student’s IEP. Most special education programs provide vocational, domestic, and community independent living skills training. However, the same cannot be said for lifelong sport and fitness training. A life-skills model for teaching sport and fitness skills that are chronologically age appropriate, functional, and community based is preferred to the traditional developmental approach for teaching adapted physical education. The life-skills model for teaching adapted physical education changes the setting–from school sport facilities to community sport and recreation facilities–in which adapted physical education classes are conducted. It also expands the role of the adapted physical educator from direct service provider to include transition team member, consultant to regular physical education and community sport and recreation agencies, trainer of support personnel, and environmental analyst.
Olympic Sport Governance Structures: The Case of Two National Governing Bodies in Gymnastics
Authors: Eagleman Andrea N. , Karg Adam , Rodenberg Ryan M.
Published: August 2016

This case explores the complex multi-layered governance structure in the international Olympic sport of gymnastics, describing in detail the governance structures and operations of each layer – the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), which is the international federation for gymnastics, and the national governing bodies (NGB) of gymnastics in the United States and Australia, USA Gymnastics and Gymnastics Australia. While both NGBs highlighted in this case are deemed to be successful on an international level, the case reveals many subtle differences between the two, which can be discussed in both governance and organizational behavior contexts. Finally, the timely issue of age fraud in gymnastics and the response from each level of governance are presented and provide an opportunity for further in-depth discussion.
Building an Athletic Brand: The University of South Carolina Beaufort Crafts a New Image
Authors: Nagel Mark S. , McGee Lynn W.
Published: August 2016

In 2002, the state of South Carolina authorized the University of South Carolina Beaufort (USCB) to alter its role and mission from a two-year college to a four-year, baccalaureate-granting institution. As part of its desire to become a “full-service” university, USCB planned to begin intercollegiate athletic competition by 2007. In addition to launching the athletic department, USCB needed to select a mascot and logo that would be appropriate not only for the new athletic department, but also for the two-campus institution that was located in the beautiful South Carolina Sea Islands. Rather than simply have the chancellor or the new athletic director select the mascot and color scheme, USCB formed a mascot selection committee comprised of various on and off-campus stakeholders who utilized survey research to solicit a wide variety of potential mascot choices before undertaking its evaluations and making its final recommendation. This case provides details regarding USCB’s mascot selection process and poses a variety of questions for students to contemplate when making athletic branding decisions.
Leveraging Sponsorships to Meet Organizational Marketing Objectives: A Case Study of a Consumer Packaged Good Product with the Super Bowl
Authors: Olejniczak Michael , Aicher Thomas J.
Published: August 2016

The sponsorship landscape has become increasingly cluttered, making it difficult for brands to stand out amongst ubiquitous sponsors. The National Football League (NFL) and the NFL Super Bowl have exemplified the marketing opportunities, business potential, and sponsorship challenges present in large-scale sporting events. In this case study, we present a fictitious consumer packaged goods beverage company, Staz, and their sponsorship of the NFL Super Bowl. Through the case study, we outline the objectives Staz is attempting to attain through its partnership with the NFL Super Bowl, as well as the activities they employed at national, local and site specific levels. Throughout the case, we present challenges brought on by Staz’s competitors, shortfalls in Staz’s hospitality activities, and the under-utilization of social media during their Super Bowl sponsorship campaign. The reader’s goal is to recognize the activities Staz executed well, while idealizing solutions for the brand’s less effective activation efforts.