bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
9 Catalonia Defiant
Authors: Ryder Alan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the power and authority of the Corts of Catalonia. For over two centuries, the Corts of Catalonia's control over legislation and extraordinary taxation had forced monarchs to treat them as partners, and sometimes as rivals, in government. In the Diputació del General de Catalunya — the permanent delegation that watched over their interests between sessions — the Corts possessed an executive instrument that rivaled any belonging to the crown.
17 A Rebellion in Ruins
Authors: Ryder Alan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the deterioration of the Catalan resistance. Even its ardent champions realized that the duke of Calabria's death had destroyed their last hopes of victory. They could extract nothing more from their own ruined land, and that the time had come to consider how they might make their peace.
A Broken Mirror: Gilbert Murray's Reflections of an Australian Childhood
Authors: West Francis
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Gilbert Murray's own childhood. It sheds light not only on what we did not know before, but what Murray forgot or misremembered. It identifies factual errors and omissions from Murray's autobiography, given the fact that he began writing it at age 83.
Gilbert Murray's Translations of Greek Tragedy
Authors: Morwood James
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Murray's work as a translator of Greek tragedy, examining the linguistic and dramatic aspects of his translations, and emphasizing the scale of his achievement in bringing tragedy to an greater audience. The chapter mentions his translations of Euripides' Hippolytus, Electra, and the The Trojan Women.
Overview
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents the basic designs and working principles of STM and AFM, as well as an elementary theory of tunneling and the imaging mechanism of atomic resolution. Three elementary theories of tunneling are presented: the one-dimensional Schrödinger's equation in vacuum, the semi-classical approximation, and the Landauer formalism. The relation between the decay constant and the work function, and a general expression of tunneling conductance versus tip-sample distance are derived. A brief summary of experimental facts on the mechanism of atomic resolution STM and AFM is presented, which leads to a picture of interplay between the atomic states of the tip and the sample, as well as the role of partial covalent bonds formed between those electronic states. As an introduction to the concept of equivalence of tunneling and atomic forces, atom and molecule manipulation is briefly presented.
1 Introduction
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter presents the subject of the book and its methodology. The approach to Cicero's philosophical writings is a literary one, focussing on historical representation to unlock the ideological complexities of Cicero's thinking. The ambition to bring philosophy from Greece to Rome was bound to cause tensions, and these tensions can be seen clearly if we look at the historical dimension of some of Cicero's philosophical texts. The aim of the book is to reinterpret Cicero to show that he was by no means aiming to provide a solid ideological definition of Rome, but rather his aim was to explore possibilities. By focussing on later traditions of reading Cicero, the obstacles to accessing such a reading will be made apparent. Cicero's interest in Academic philosophy will play a central role in this reassessment.
8 Divination, History, and Superstition
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: September 2007

The centre of this chapter is a reading of the late philosophical dialogue on divination, De divinatione. The work divides into two books, and the chapter argues for a continuation of the approach applied in earlier chapters, so that the speakers of both books are treated as fictional characters, and their arguments evaluated for their representational function. Thus, the speaker of book 2, Cicero, must be distinguished from the author. In this way, the work presents two opposing ideological messages: either Rome is a place where events follow a predictable pattern, one that can be discerned by examining historical anecdote, or one where events show that no providential guiding force exists. History is the testing ground for these hypotheses, and the work does not draw conclusions. Cicero's own presentation of himself as a politician and poet is used to corroborate these arguments.
11 Conclusions
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: September 2007

This chapter draws together the recurrent themes of the book. Rethinking Cicero's reception can reveal the obstacles to an easy appreciation of his sceptical and ironic treatment of Rome's history. The dialogic quality of his writing can then emerge more clearly. As a result, Cicero appears as a figure interrogating the ideological dilemmas of his own day, rather than as one determined to exploit his rhetorical accomplishments to place himself at the centre of Rome's history. Nevertheless, Cicero's engagement with history does provide a picture of the model citizen: it is one inflected by Cicero's own scepticism, who can simultaneously understand the need for a sense of identity grounded in history, but also step back and observe the problems of that process. This citizen is not engaged in the positive performance of identity emphasized in much recent scholarship on Roman rhetoric.
Analogy and Metaphor
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

Words in two sentences are used univocally if (and only if) there are the same syntactic and semantic criteria for their use; analogically if there are largely the same criteria; equivocally if there are largely dissimilar criteria. Following J. Ross, the chapter claims that having the same syntactic criteria consists of having the same synonyms, antonyms, determinates, and determinables. An analogical sense of a word may be a literal sense which it may have in many different sentences. A metaphorical sense of a word is a new sense generated by the meaning of the type sentence (in which the word occurs) and a new context. Metaphorical sentences have truth-values.
Defending the Society of States
Authors: Ralph Jason
Published: September 2007

This book is among the first to address the issues raised by the International Criminal Court from an International Relations perspective. By clearly outlining a theoretical framework to interpret these issues, it makes a significant contribution to the English School's study of international society. More specifically, it offers a concise definition of ‘world society’ and thus helps to resolve a longstanding problem in international theory. This groundbreaking conceptual work is supported by an indepth empirical analysis of American opposition to the ICC. The book goes beyond the familiar arguments related to national interests and argues that the Court has exposed the extent to which American notions of accountability are tied to the nation‐state. Where other democracies are willing to renegotiate their social contract because they see themselves as part of world society, the US protects its particular contract with ‘the American people’ because it offers a means of distinguishing that nation and its democracy from the rest of the world. In opposing the ICC, therefore, the US seeks to defend a society of states because this kind of society can accommodate American exceptionalism and advance particular US interests. This ‘sovereigntist’, or more accurately ‘Americanist’, influence is further illustrated in chapters on the customary international law, universal jurisdiction, transatlantic relations and US policy on international humanitarian law in the war on terror. The book concludes by evoking E.H. Carr's criticism of those great powers who claim that a harmony exists between their particular interests and those of wider society. It also recalls his argument that great powers sometimes need to compromise and in this context it argues that support for the ICC is a more effective means of fulfilling America's purpose and a less costly sacrifice for the US to make than that demanded by the ‘Americanist’ policy of nation‐building.
On the Ethics of War and Terrorism
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: September 2007

This book describes and explains the basic tenets of just war theory and gives a precise, succinct, and highly critical account of its present status and of the most important and controversial current debates surrounding it. Rejecting certain traditional, in effect medieval assumptions of just war theory and advancing a liberal outlook, it argues that every single individual is a legitimate authority and has, under certain circumstances, the right to declare war on others or the state. It also argues that just cause cannot be established independently of the other criteria of ius ad bellum (the justification for entering into war), except for right intention, which the book interprets more leniently than is traditional. Turning to ius in bello (which governs the conduct of a war) the book criticizes the doctrine of double effect and concludes that insofar as wars kill innocents, albeit as ‘collateral damage’, they cannot be just, but at best justified as the lesser evil. The book gives particular attention to the question why soldiers, allegedly, are legitimate targets and civilians not. Discussing four approaches to the explanation of the difference, it is argued that the four principles underlying them should all be taken into account and outlines how their comparative weighting can proceed when applied to concrete cases. The resulting approach does not square the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate targets with that between soldiers and civilians: this has extremely important consequences for the conduct of war. Finally, the book analyses the concept of terrorism, arguing that some forms of ‘terrorism’ are not terrorism at all and that, under certain circumstances, even terrorism proper can be justified.
4 Bending so as Not to Break: What the Bush Presidency Reveals about the Politics of Unilateral Action
Authors: Howell William G. , Kriner Douglas L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on congressional efforts to curtail the president's foreign policy over terrorism and the Middle East, almost all of which has been unilaterally instituted. With a series of case studies and new experimental survey data, it is shown that congressional opposition to the president systematically influences the willingness of average citizens to support the president's military campaigns abroad and, moreover, that such opposition has occasionally induced the president to back off from his preferred policies. So doing, it demonstrates that congressional checks on presidential war powers, though certainly diminished, remain a core feature of unilateral politics.
6 From Success to Failure? Iraq and the Organization of George W. Bush's Decision Making
Authors: Burke John P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines decision making in the Bush presidency by analyzing its formal organizational processes, including the structure of the advisory process, the access of advisers to the president, the coordination and management of the advisory process, and the president's penchant for delegation, his emphasis on loyalty, and his willingness to impose organizational discipline on top advisers. On each dimension, the process is found wanting. The administration's collegial deliberation is then considered, raising troubling questions about the president's failure to press critical questions (such as the reliability of evidence regarding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and the premises on which the administration planned for postwar Iraq) and his tendency to focus on how to accomplish something rather than whether to accomplish it. The issues of diversity of whom Bush chose to engage and the imbalance of power and influence among the principals are also addressed.
13 Policy Histories and Partisan Leadership in Presidential Studies: The Case of Social Security
Authors: Ross Fiona
Published: September 2007

This chapter seeks to illustrate the importance of both structural constraints deriving from the established trajectory of the policy regime itself and the relevance of the partisan character of key actors in understanding the scope for significant leadership. Institutionally embedded paths can be moved endogenously but change is usually subsequent to a pattern of path-erosion and conditional upon high levels of trust in the agents of change. Even when the returns generated by the extant path are impaired, the capacity for transformative leadership is often limited to actors who own the issue at hand. Combining these points, it is argued that presidential scholars can improve their predictive capacity by factoring the properties of the path and issue-ownership by key actors into their analyses: both factors would have generated the very clear prediction that partial privatization of Social Security by the Bush Administration would fail. Conversely, an analysis based on the standard short-term political and institutional variables of unified government, presidential commitment, speed, and focus very early in a new administration mistakenly inspired some confidence that George W. Bush enjoyed a window of opportunity for reform.
1 Anglicans and Empire: Historical Interpretations
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: September 2007

The connection between Anglicanism, missions, and empire began in 1701 with the foundation of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and not as a consequence of the Evangelical Revival at the end of the 18th century. These and other Christian missions were also a major ingredient in the propagation of national identity for the English, as well as for an understanding of English-British imperialism. This was brought about in the formation and dissemination of a public theological discourse of the English-British empire in the period 1700-c.1850.
Projection, Religion, and the External World
Authors: Kail P. J. E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the notion of projection through a comparison of Hume's accounts of the emergence of religious belief and the belief in the external world. It distinguishes between explanatory and feature projection. The chapter also shows that the accounts have extensive parallels that have yet been noticed.
Gilding: Projection, Value and Secondary Qualities
Authors: Kail P. J. E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Hume's comparison of values with secondary qualities. It is shown that Hume's account of secondary qualities and the comparison should be viewed against a French understanding of secondary qualities. It is not, as it is commonly assumed, a mistaken view of Locke. In the light of this, the point of the comparison is shown to lie in the attempt to understand the pre-theoretical view of values as properties thoroughly independent of human responses.
Chapter 6 Baby Boomers versus Their Parents: Economic Well‐Being and Health Status
Authors: Manchester Joyce , Weaver David , Whitman Kevin
Published: September 2007

The Social Security Administration's simulation model known as MINT (Modeling Income in the Near Term) is used to examine the projected health and economic status of Baby Boomers and their parents during retirement. Projections indicate that boomers will enjoy higher levels of economic well-being and health than their parents, yet the distribution of income and wealth is more unequal among Boomers. For example, the ratio of income to poverty-level income grows three times faster at the 90th percentile than at the 10th percentile. Health problems are concentrated among persons of lower economic status in both generations, but the degree of concentration does not increase across generations.
Plato on Metaphors and Models
Authors: Pender E. E.
Published: September 2007

‘Metaphor’ in Platonic vocabulary is included in the term for ‘image’ (eikôn), and structurally related to ‘models’ (paradeigmata) in identifying the similarities and differences between two subjects. As the Politicus makes clear, ‘models’ differ in providing a more developed and systematic exploration of these similarities and differences, and can be used to aid understanding of difficult or unfamiliar subjects. Although Plato to this extent foreshadows 20th-century cognitive theories of metaphor, he believes that neither ‘images’ nor ‘models’ can ultimately be of more than heuristic value.
Literary Metaphor and Philosophical Insight: The Significance of Archilochus
Authors: Crowther Paul
Published: September 2007

Aristotle’s emphasis on ‘vividness’ in his account of metaphor is missed by many later theories. Metaphor operates by the imaginative realization and traversal of connections which exist in the ‘latent field’ of possible associations for the tenor of the metaphor. As such, it exploits and draws attention to structural features involved in all acts of cognition. The poetry of Archilochus is explored as a case study of the way in which literature is created in metaphor.
9 The Roman Campagna
Authors: Sallares Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter studies malaria in the countryside around Rome, the Roman Campagna. It considers the interaction between malaria and the agricultural system of Latium in the past, in which animal husbandry was largely separated from agriculture by the practice of seasonal transhumance, which removed the animals (possible alternate prey for mosquitoes) from the lowlands in summer, the peak season for malaria. The relationship to malaria of the system of large estates, latifundia, is also discussed, as well as the effects of malaria on the distribution of viticulture and on other crops. The evidence of field surveys for depopulation in the Roman Campagna in antiquity is mentioned, and the increasing use of slave labour in the villa-based agricultural economy of the Roman Campagna is related to the diffusion of malaria, particularly in the vicinity of Setia.
2 The Second Century: Transformation
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the innovations in rhetorical theory that occurred in the 2nd and early 3rd centuries AD, with reference to types of style (idea-theory) and to techniques of argument (stasis or issue-theory). The changing significance of issue-theory from Hermagoras of Temnos (2nd century BC) onwards is explained and illustrated. The evidence for the early stages of the transformation of the theory in the second century AD is reviewed, and the contributions of Zeno and Minucianus — the immediate predecessors of Hermogenes of Tarsus whose treatise On Issues was to become the standard textbook on the subject — are assesed. The subsequent formation of a rhetorical corpus, including other works falsely attributed to Hermogenes, is traced.
The Civil Wars in Ireland and Scotland
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were a complicated mixture of civil wars, religious wars, wars of conquest, and wars of national liberation. The wars in Ireland and Scotland also demonstrated how the affairs of the Three Kingdoms were inextricably linked together. The civil wars in Ireland were complicated by the presence of four armies: a Royalist army, an army of Scots Covenanters, the Catholic Confederate army, and the ultimately victorious Parliamentary forces, which imposed a harsh peace settlement. In Scotland, the Covenanting Army compelled Charles I to recognize the Presbyterian religious settlement before being defeated by the New Model Army. The Cromwellian conquest of Scotland led to a more generous peace settlement than was the case in Ireland, because the Parliamentarians did not regard the mostly Protestant Lowlanders as being alien like the Catholic Irish and the Highlanders from the Isles, and also because the peace settlement was administered by the more moderate General George Monck. The Cromwellian conquest failed to bring complete peace to the two Celtic kingdoms, and guerilla warfare continued for some years afterwards.
The Williamite conquest of Scotland and Ireland
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

Because of widespread disaffection among officers of the English army and navy and the political elite, the Williamite invasion of England was relatively bloodless. The political allegiances of James VII and II’s Scottish and Irish kingdoms was more divided, and those realms had to be conquered by military force. The conquest of Ireland was especially protracted and bloody. Scotland was conquered more easily, and eventually provided a seemingly endless supply of manpower for the Dutch and British armies during the following century. The Irish Jacobite army, because it comprised mostly Catholics, passed into French service with very few exceptions.
The Development of Managers
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the development, education, and training of managers in Britain. It reviews national education and training institutions from basic education to universities and professional institutions, and from functional, and especially technical, skills to general management. It reflects a key theme: the slow transition to professionalism. Another main theme is that education reflects and reinforces some of the cultural factors underlying attitudes to management, since it is also an indicator of social status, a sifting mechanism into careers, and a selection process both for students and employers. The main providers of development are examined: in-house training, consultants, professional institutes, and business schools. In addition, there is an important demand dimension, namely, the lack of demand for professional managers, which was the single most important factor in the slow transition to professionalism.
Inventing Systems Integration
Authors: Sapolsky Harvey M.
Published: September 2007

The United States government needed more than money, a good strategy, and determination to wage the Cold War: it needed to invent the institutions that could sustain and coordinate the long-term enlistment of technology and industry for military purposes. The military structures that could command coordination when most in society were ready to accept military discipline and priorities were inadequate for managing the less than total mobilization that followed. This chapter describes the creation and institutionalization of a variety of special organizations and skills that allowed the military to manage effectively the design and development of complex weapons systems during the Cold War.
Systems Integration and the Social Solution of Technical Problems in Complex Systems
Authors: Johnson Stephen. B
Published: September 2007

As has been shown in books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of deep and heterogeneous information between design engineers, compounded by the difficulty of assuring foolproof manufacturing and integration of thousands of components. This chapter will show that most technical failures ultimately result from human error or miscommunication, and that the solutions to these problems, including systems integration, are likewise social in nature. Both engineering and historical analysis are used to point to the social basis of failure and dependability.
The Role of Technical Standards in Coordinating the Division of Labour in Complex System Industries
Authors: Steinmueller W. Edward
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines alternative theories of the technical compatibility standard-setting process as a means of coordinating component and sub-system suppliers in complex product systems industries, particularly those involving software, integrated circuits, and telecommunications. These industries are chosen to illustrate the different influences of the nature and pace of technological change on the choice of institution, and the governance process involved in standard-setting. The focus of existing theories of standards governance on relative institutional efficiency is contrasted with a theory, in which the nature and pace of technical advance have a fundamental influence on institutional design and process.
Integrated Solutions
Authors: Davies Andrew
Published: September 2007

Some of the world's leading companies are changing the strategic focus of their activities and following a similar path to success. Increasingly, firms compete by selling complex products and services as integrated solutions that address the needs of large business or government-owned customers. This chapter presents empirical findings within a conceptual framework which examines how the firms are changing the strategic focus of their activities, adapting to new positions in the value chain, and developing new sets of capabilities. To provide products and services as integrated solutions, firms are building core ‘systems integration’ capabilities to provide world-class products with equipment sourced from different vendors, and moving into the provision of services to maintain, finance, and operate a product throughout its life cycle.
Gellian Humanism Revisited
Authors: Beall Stephen M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter rehabilitates René Marache's concept of ‘Gellian humanism’, asking what it consists in and what core values motivated the Attic Nights' composition. By examining Gellius' insistence on the utility of knowledge for the conduct of life, his ‘Socratic’ accent on the manner as well as the object of investigation — due perhaps to his sympathy for the Academy and Scepticism — and his view of memory and effective eloquence not only as tools but as the marks of a higher intellect, it shows how Gellius invites his readers to a superior and more respectable lifestyle, of which both toil and pleasure are integral constituents. ‘Gellian humanism’ is thus a certain attitude towards the formative power of the liberal arts, not a philosophical, political, or even educational programme. Gellius' ideal is the erudite layman (homo civiliter eruditus), for whom learning is valuable in its possession and enjoyment, not merely in its application.
Americanization: Ideology or Process? The Case of the United States Technical Assistance and Productivity Programme
Authors: McGlade Jacqueline
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the New Left argument that the Marshall Plan evolved out of the corporatist framework of American foreign economic policy-making set before the Second World War. It also challenges the notion that the economic goals and programmes of the Marshall Plan enhanced and remained compatible with the thrust of cold war strategic defence. As evidence to the contrary, this chapter focuses on one Marshall Aid programme, the US Productivity and Technical Assistance Programme (USTA&P), and its struggle to advance business reform overseas in the face of shifting cold war military objectives and European reactions.
A Slow and Difficult Process: The Americanization of the French Steel-Producing and Using Industries after the Second World War
Authors: Kipping Matthias
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows that the Americanization of production technology, management methods, and market order in the French steel-producing and steel-using industries after the Second World War was a rather slow and difficult process. The steel-producing and steel-using industries have been chosen for in-depth analysis as they played a crucial role in post-war reconstruction and the subsequent ‘economic miracle’ in France. They also illustrate the effects of the mutual interdependence between basic materials and their transformation, mass-production industry, and machinery suppliers on the Americanization process. The chapter addresses both industries in turn, and this examination results in an overall conclusion and a brief epilogue dealing with the influence of Americanization during the immediate post-war period on subsequent developments.
The Governance of Innovation: The Case of Rolls-Royce plc
Authors: Lazonick William , Prencipe Andrea
Published: September 2007

This chapter highlights the regulatory power of a ‘soft’ mechanism, namely communities of expertise. It draws on an in-depth case study of the evolution of governance at Rolls-Royce. The study demonstrates how a strong and stable community of engineers, with extensive rights in resource allocation decision-making, has been central in sustaining growth, accumulation of experience and technical excellence, throughout the long history of the firm, a history marked by frequent changes in ownership structures and board composition. In other words, an informally governed horizontal organization, oriented to technical objectives and somehow decoupled from the financial objectives and structure of the firm, turned out to be compatible, if not complementary, with a variety of proprietary arrangements.
The Family in Christian Social and Political Thought
Authors: Waters Brent
Published: September 2007

The book provides a critical and constructive overview of historic and contemporary themes on the family in Christian social and political thought. The principal historic sources examined include Greco-Roman and biblical texts, patristic and medieval literature, and selected Reformation, Puritan, and 19th century authors. The development of modern liberal thought on marriage and family is subjected to extensive scrutiny by surveying the works of some of its leading founders, proponents, and contemporary critics, including a range of Christian theological responses. The chief weakness of late liberalism is that it promotes a voluntaristic vision of civil society, which portrays human associations solely as the outcome of the corporate will of autonomous individuals. The central constructive argument of the book is that such a vision has effectively eroded an understanding of the family as the most basic and natural form of human association, thereby diminishing contemporary Christian social and political thought. In order to rectify this situation, the philosophical and ideological presuppositions of late liberalism is subjected to critical analysis regarding its understanding of the nature of human associations in general, and the familial association in particular. Building upon this analysis, an alternative set of philosophical, theological, and moral presuppositions are developed, which provide the basis for developing a normative account of the family in opposition to that offered by late liberalism. This alternative account in turn may be used to inform contemporary Christian social and political thought.
James Ussher
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

The fractured identities of Ireland — religious, racial, cultural, and political — lie at the heart of modern Irish history: Catholic vs Protestant, Irish vs English, Nationalist vs Unionist. This book explores the nature and intellectual origins of one of these competing and mutually-hostile identities, Irish Protestantism, by examining the life and ideas of its effective creator, Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656). Born in Ireland of Anglo-Irish stock, Ussher — educated at Trinity College Dublin and the leading bishop of the Church of Ireland — became the dominant intellectual figure in early-modern Ireland and, almost single-handedly, mapped out the distinctive features of Irish Protestant identity: partly English, partly Irish, dependent on England yet proud of its separateness, deeply hostile to ‘popery’, yet living in a Catholic country. In exile in England in the 1640s, he contributed to the discussions about the nature of episcopacy and the government of the English church. After his death, he was feted by all, high and low churchmen, royalists, and parliamentarians, all of whom sought the posthumous endorsement of his saintly reputation. By looking at Ussher in three different contexts — as Protestant Irishman in Ireland, as an Irish scholar in England, and in terms of his posthumous reputation — this work brings out the tensions and ambiguities inherent in Ussher's life work, and in the relationship between Ireland and England.
Overview of the Host Business Systems
Authors: Edwards Tony , Gunnigle Paddy , Quintanilla Javier , Wächter Hartmut
Published: September 2007

This chapter establishes the distinctive characteristics of the four host business systems: the UK, Germany, Ireland, and Spain. After providing an overview of the role of foreign, particularly US, multinationals within each of the four economies, it establishes the key aspects of the industrial relations systems in each case, particularly those that contrast with the American system. Building on this, the chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which each of the countries are likely to be ‘receptive’ to the introduction of American-style employment practices.
Centralization
Authors: Ferner Anthony , Gunnigle Paddy , Quintanilla Javier , Wächter Hartmut , Edwards Tony
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the balance between central control and subsidiary autonomy in HR policy and practice. US multinationals have been shown to centralize control of international HR policy compared with multinationals of other nationalities. This chapter examines the organizational processes whereby particular patterns of centralization or autonomy are maintained, and how such patterns evolve over time. In explaining the mechanisms that drive changes in the centralization-autonomy balance, the chapter highlights the ability of actors at different levels of the multinational to influence policy choices through the deployment of a variety of power resources; the latter includes the leverage that local managers derive from their expert knowledge of the distinctive constraints and possibilities of their host business system. The factors that explain differences in the balance of centralization and autonomy between different multinationals are also explored.
Enemies of Rome? The Symbolic Alternatives
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv
Published: September 2007

All the historians developed to a certain degree their characterizations of those peoples who opposed Rome and the nature of the documented objections to her rule. In contrast to the previous chapters where the characterizations have been representative of the authors' own opinions, in this case the minds are hostile. Although the overwhelmingly negative and emotive quality of many of these passages might tempt one to see the passions as a reflection of some part of the author's own experience, judgement must be reserved until adequate analysis has been conducted. The types of enemies which inspired elaborate discussion in the core authors are divided between Eastern kings and ‘barbarians’.
Pivot Theory and the typology
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the extent to which it is possible to delineate a set of attested phonological pivots without resorting to stipulation. It is devoted to articulating and substantiating a theory of what constitutes a possible phonological pivot in language. Section 4.1 advances a theory of one major source of inductive bias that is crucial for morphological learning, called the Pivot Theory. The general typology of infixation organized by pivot positions is explored in Sections 4.2-4.8. The chapter sets out any broad descriptive generalizations which emerge from the typological investigation, as well as illustrations of how infixes might be accounted for within the declarative framework laid out in Chapter 3.
The Decentralization of American Manufacturing
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the changing structure of American durable manufacturing and the ensuing importance of the interfirm relationship. It argues that the decentralization of production has created space for innovation and gains for collaboration even at the middle level of small- and medium-sized component suppliers, and that their creation requires that the parties cede some exit options. As OEMs and suppliers navigate uncertainties that follow from the devolution of innovation responsibilities, they hedge relationships at multiple levels, defying the predictions of the segmentation hypothesis.
Approaching the End
Authors: Jones David Albert
Published: September 2007

This book considers two basic questions: how can we live well in the face of death?; and when, if ever, is it legitimate deliberately to bring human life to an end? It does so by considering the distinct theological approaches to death shown by four outstanding Christian thinkers: Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Rahner. These philosophers' thoughts constitute a single extended argument on the theology of death which can be set out in relation to the practical realities of grief, fear, and hope in the face of death. There is a rightful place for grief, a good grief, even for a Christian. Augustine teaches us that death is something with which we have to contend, and indeed that the difficult and painful process of contending with death is a means through which we are brought to our final joyful end. A key point for Thomas Aquinas is that, in itself, it is always wrong to kill a human being on account of the dignity of human nature. Rahner adds that it also stands in contradiction to the supernatural destiny of human beings. Rahner is at his most profound in describing how the need to surrender oneself to God in death is anticipated throughout life. The aim of this book is not primarily to make a contribution to the knowledge of the history of theology, but rather, through engagement with the thought of theologians of the past, to reflect on some of the practical and existential issues that the approach of death presents for us.
2 In Every Way a Good Thing: Death in the Thought of Ambrose of Milan
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

In De bono mortis, Ambrose puts forward three deaths: death to sin so as to live to God; death as the completion of this present life; and the death of the soul due to sin. Ambrose maintains that bodily death — death as the completion of this present life — is not neutral, but rather is always a good thing in itself. For everyone, it frees the soul from the prison of the body and for Christians it also brings the eternal joy of heaven. It was Ambrose's great achievement to unite Christian and Platonic piety and metaphysics into a single vision of the meaning of human death.
5 In One Way Natural, in Another Unnatural: Death in the Thought of Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

In the Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas develops Augustine's anthropology with the help of the rediscovered metaphysics of Aristotle. Thomas comes to stress that the power of understanding of the ‘separated soul’ is very weak. Death is natural as regards matter (the destructible body) but not as regards form (the indestructible soul). Death in itself is always a bad thing and it is only incidentally (per accidens) that death is, for some, the beginning of heavenly bliss. Thus, homicide and suicide can be seen to be wrong because, in themselves, they are acts of destruction.
11 How to Simplify Complex Electoral Systems
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

Resistance to simplifying a complex electoral system is at its least when the existing number and size of parties are not altered. The existing effective number of parties is most likely to be maintained, when the district magnitude used in the new simple electoral system is taken as the sixth power of the effective number of parties, divided by assembly size. The task remains risky, especially when one party is very large and the others very small.
Practical Psychology
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a new picture of the extent and nature of as well as the channels for the popularization of psychological thought and practice in Britain, focusing on the period from the start of the 20th century to the end of the 1930s. It downplays the enthusiasm for Freud and psychoanalysis, instead draws attention to the ‘practical psychology’ and New Thought movements as well as spiritualism and Pelmanism. It highlights their suspicion of expertise and their interest in self-improvement via the interrelationship between mind, body, and spirit. It uncovers the role of clubs, correspondence courses, and advice literature in the transmission of practical understanding. It also demonstrates a shift in the nature of popular psychology in the interwar period, with greater interest, for instance, in psychoanalysis, sex, and lifestyle, relating this to class, gender, and the increasing influence of experts in the field.
After the New Age
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the interest in psychology among intellectuals in the first half of the century. It focuses on the trajectories of a series of figures, including A. R. Orage, Dimitri Mitrinovic, James Caruthers Young, Maurice Nicoll, and David Eder, involved in a group to discuss psychology associated with the radical literary journal, The New Age. In doing so, it presents interest in Freud, sex, and psychoanalysis as just one path, setting it alongside interest in Adler and Jung, but also mystics such as Gudjieff and Ouspensky. Parallels are drawn with popular psychology, particularly in relation to the emphasis on the practical, the spiritual, and social. Elitism and the appeal of gurus are also highlighted. The link between psychology and analysis of economics and class is a theme throughout.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This conclusion reflects on the main arguments of the book. In particular, it highlights the role of psychology in offering values to ameliorate the difficulty of adjusting to and embracing secularization, democratization, expanding state welfare, mechanization, consumerism, total war, and the move towards a more permissive society. Psychological thinking imagined and designed practices for cultivating a subjectivity that was free but not self-centred, and that transcended mere individualism in its ethical, social, and spiritual ambitions. It summarizes the implications of the study for thinking about some of the central narratives in the writing of modern British history. Finally, it reflects on the extent to which its story is a peculiarly British one and highlights the links with and the comparison to developments in America.
Derived Categories of Surfaces
Authors: Huybrechts D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter completes the classification of algebraic surfaces from the point of view of their derived categories. Abelian, K3, and elliptic surfaces play a special role. For all other surfaces, the derived category determines the isomorphism type. The reduction to minimal surfaces is due to Kawamata, and the case of elliptic surfaces was dealt with by Bridgeland and Maciocia.
Security and techno-systems: A comparative analysis
Authors: Murayama Yuzo
Published: September 2007

This chapter extends the discussion into the area of security, which was thrust onto the policy and innovation system debate agenda in the wake of 9/11. It compares key features of the US and Japanese national innovation systems, and the respective roles of defence. Defence has played a relatively minor role in Japan's innovation system, but like civilian industry in the 1990s, Japan's defence industry failed to adapt to a dramatically changed (post Cold War) environment in the 1990s. In the new century, however, anzen-anshin (safety and security/peace of mind) concerns have the potential to influence both. The trajectory of influence is still fluid, but preference is given for a civilian-oriented security techno-system.
Technology management training in Japan: Government initiatives and their effects
Authors: Kaneko Atsushi , Nakata Yoshi-fumi , Yokoyama Muneaki
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines skills, focusing specifically on MOT. Five problem areas for MOT are outlined, which must be addressed with new skill sets. Identifying these is one thing; supplying them is another. After reviewing MOT education in the US, Europe, and elsewhere in Asia, its provision in Japan is discussed, identifying problems in curriculum design (hastily assembled, objectives unclear), teaching methods (too much one-way transmission), and teaching resources (too few competent teachers). On the corporate side, there is also much reliance on tacit knowledge. A common challenge is to find ways to make the key precepts for MOT explicit, so that they can be debated, developed, and diffused.
Electronic government in Japan: Towards harmony between technology solutions and administrative systems
Authors: Kita Toshiro
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at government and policy from a different perspective. E-Government has been an important if overlooked part of the e-Japan strategy, and central to this is Juki-net. The debacle of its introduction is analysed, which was marked by initial confrontation with anti Juki-net campaigners concerned about privacy and information security, and subsequently between administrative agencies and residents, where passive resistance virtually assigned the Juki-card to oblivion. A ‘customer-oriented’ solution to the impasse is proposed, which is considered symptomatic of the whole e-Japan programme. It is shown that policy makers are as much in need of MOT education as the engineers and managers who still believe in the linear model of innovation.
Root and Stem Infection of Rhododendron from Potting Medium Infested with Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Parke J. L. , Lewis C.
Published: September 2007

Phytophthora ramorum has been detected in soil and potting media, but the potential for root infections is not fully understood. To determine whether the root system could become infected and transmit disease, rhododendron ‘Nova Zembla’ plants grown from rooted cuttings and native Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) plants grown from seed were transplanted into a potting medium artificially infested with P. ramorum. Inoculum consisted of V8-brothvermiculite cultures of P. ramorum, chopped infected leaves, or zoospores. Plants were watered from the bottom to prevent splash dispersal of inoculum onto stems and foliage. Both infested amendments and applications of zoospores resulted in plant mortality within 3 to 7 weeks. P. ramorum was isolated from hair roots, large roots, and stems above and below the potting medium surface. Noninoculated control plants remained healthy and did not yield P. ramorum. Epifluorescence microscopy of tissue culture plantlets inoculated in vitro revealed attraction of zoospores to wounds and root primordia, and colonization of the cortex and vascular tissues of roots and stems, including the xylem. Transmission of P. ramorum from infested potting media to stems via infected, symptomless root tissue demonstrates the need to monitor potting media for presence of the pathogen to prevent spread of P. ramorum on nursery stock.