bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Second World War, the Myth, and the Postwar Generation
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

The First World War has been at the center of our analysis of the origins and evolution of the Myth of the War Experience. The Second World War was a different kind of war that would blur the distinction between the front line and the home front, which knew no trench warfare-so important in the evolution of the mythand where defeat and victory were destined to be unconditional.
Pliant Pipes
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

In most communication systems the least interesting components are the actual conduits. If you wire up a house, the main decision about the wires concerns their gauges, which you pick to handle the maxi mum current anticipated. The circulatory equivalent of that decision was touched upon when we talked about pipe diameters and Murray’s law. In most electronic circuits, the physical layout of the wires is a trivial matter, chosen mainly for convenience of assembly. Only what’s attached to the ends of those wires and the operation of those active components matters. In a plumbing system unnecessarily long conduits and sharp corners ought to be avoided since fluids have viscosity even if electrical currents don’t. But besides gauge and route, what’s left to worry the designer? In the design of the pipes of a circulatory system, as we’ll see, quite a lot. As we’ll also see, the details of their mechanical properties are exquisitely attuned to the various tasks they perform. To heighten interest in the story, these other features reflect some really subtle problems associated with nature’s general use of nonrigid materials.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Regret
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

The word regret has refashioned itself over time. An all-but-archaic use of the term emphasized losing someone or something dear, as in Shelley’s “that fair lady whom I regret.” Though this usage flowers in nineteenth-century novels by Jane Austen and others, I have never heard the term used in this way in contemporary colloquial speech. The former meaning of regret has been largely taken over by nouns like nostalgiaI and verbs like miss or long for. Shelley’s “that fair lady whom I regret” would today read “that fine woman whom I miss.11 The romantic, bittersweet connotation of regret seems to have drifted to an unromantic, simply bitter, emphasis on gaining something unpleasant. The modern sense of regret hauls a heavier load of pathology-an emotional tone and a stance that de­ sires distance from the past. The semantic drift of the word regret supports the idea developed in the previous chapter that part of our modern quarrel with regret concerns our quarrel with the past.
The Logic of Regret: Its Role in Decision Making
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

An acquaintance who makes his home in the humanities expressed astonishment when he heard me use the phrase that titles my Prologue, “the science and humanity of regret.” The humanity of regret he understood. But science of regret?What could that possibly mean?he asked. The answer to this question is to be found in good part in this chapter, which first details major theories of decision making (philosophical, psychological, economic), all of them challenged by the existence of regret. In this chapter I also take up certain serious problems with the standard theory of decision making, plus relevant arguments against the irrationality of regret. Then I suggest how adding regret to decision-making models helps remedy those problems.
Isolation and the Struggle for Contact
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

The departure of American diplomatic personnel and the decision of the American government to join its British and French Allies in military operations in north Russia and Siberia put an end to serious dialogue between American and Bolshevik representatives from August until December 1918. The predominant character of what exchanges survived was mutual recrimination: from the Bolsheviks, caustic references to Allied invasion, and from the Americans, increasing horror at the excesses of the Red Terror.
Paris II: Bullitt’s Mission to Lenin
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

William C. Bullitt’s secret mission to Moscow in March 1919 has received a great deal of attention from historians, partly because of the focus Bullitt himself placed on it in his extensive testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in the fall of 1919.2 Because the details of the Bullitt mission itself are well known, this treatment will place the mission in the broader context of discussions concerning the Bolsheviks in the Allied community in Paris, and debate about the mission in Moscow.
Long Time Passing: The Vietnamese, the French, and the Americans to 1946
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

What constitutes a long time? That is a central question of the vietnam war. For the vietnamese the fight represented the latest phase of a centuries-long, even millennial, effort to define themselves and cast out invaders. Vietnamese nationalists and revolutionaries who fought the French and Americans seemed infinitely patient, serenely confident that eventually outsiders would have to go. But for first the French, and then the Americans and their Vietnamese allies, war seemed to go on forever. The French and the Americans grew increasingly frustrated and impatient when the war did not end on their terms. The French, before the climactic battle of Dienbienphu in 1954 and the Americans in the 1960s and 1970s, heard a clock ticking ever more loudly with every battle, every report of a death in combat, every change in the government of Vietnam, and every anguished cry of opposition at home. No wonder two of the most popular American accounts of events in Vietnam after 1945 are called America’s Longest War and The Endless War. The war in Vietnam helped shape the contours of world politics after the era of European domination. For four hundred years, from the sixteenth to the middle of the twentieth century, the history of international relations was the story of what European states did—with one another and with other peoples and with states in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. But the European epoch ended in the twentieth century. The First World War eroded European power and the Second nearly destroyed it. World War II set the future course of world politics. The end of European pre-eminence foretold the demise of European empires in Asia and Africa. Before 1940 challenges to colonialism in Asia and Africa were mostly theoretical; after the war they became real. Although another fifteen turbulent years of anticolonial agitation were to pass, direct European rule was doomed.
To the Brink—And Beyond: 1963–1964
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

While the Kennedy administration had undertaken a reassessment of its tactics in Vietnam in September and October, the basic policy remained victory in the civil war over the NLF. Despite improvements in U.S.-Soviet relations in 1963, administration officials believed that the Cold War dominated international relations. The danger of direct nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union had diminished with the signing in August of a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space, and under the oceans, but competition between the superpowers for preeminence in the underdeveloped world might even have intensified. Limited improvement in relations with the Soviet Union did nothing to decrease U.S. rivalry in Asia with the People’s Republic of China. As long as the United States and the communist powers remained adversaries, the original reasons for the United States to help the Republic of Vietnam put down the insurrection remained as valid as ever to the principal U.S. government decision-makers. They continued to fear that a communist victory in South Vietnam would have repercussions throughout Asia and possibly in other areas of the underdeveloped world.

For more than fifteen years, the American public heard officials across the political spectrum explain the danger of dominoes falling in Asia. While it may have been possible to reverse public fears of communist revolution, it would have come at a terrible political cost domestically.
Bringing the War Home: 1964-1967
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

Controversy over the war in Vietnam brought vast changes to the United States in the 1960s. The war profoundly affected every institution in American life: universities, Congress, the presidency, the Democratic Party, the armed forces, labor unions, religious organizations, and the mass media. At the beginning of U.S.involvement in the war most Americans trusted their leaders to make appropriate choices, and the public held most large organizations in high regard. The prosperous white middle class created by the post-World War II economic expansion maintained an abiding faith in the future. A wide consensus, crossing party and social and economic lines, agreed that the United States had properly confronted the Soviet Union and other communist movements around the world since 1945. Nearly all public officials and most citizens believed that the United States was properly waging the Cold War. Most thought that the cost of the confrontation with the Soviet Union and its allies was equably borne by the United States. The minority of dissenters seemed marginal, nearly outlandish, figures who lacked understanding of the nature of the threat posed by communism and the ability of the United States to resist.

By 1968 this landscape had changed beyond recognition. A sizeable portion of the public no longer believed that government officials waged the Cold War properly. Many thought that the war in Vietnam had become a burden which the country no longer could afford.
Satan and Sin
Authors: Tanner John S
Published: November 2023

No discrepancy between Paradise Lost and The Concept of Anxiety is more conspicuous than their opposing treatments of the serpent. Kierke gaard, whose treatise aims at reducing Genesis to its essential philosophical position, all but dismisses the snake in Eden as a misleading human interpolation. For him, the malicious snake looks suspiciously like a rationalization for something that cannot be reduced-namely, the origin of sin. The snake’s unexplained, subtle malevolence masks the problems posed by an absolute origin of evil by letting human iniquity arise out of antecedent evil. It insinuates that sinfulness precedes sin, making human corruption appear to be simply the effect of contamination-not something new, not a leap. Hence, Kierkegaard regards the serpent as posing as much a temptation for exegetes as it did for Eve. The serpent can easily beguile biblical hermeneutics into presupposing that sin’s origin is explained naturalistically, unparadoxically, because depravity results so reasonably from the activity of a malignant tempter (CA, 48).
Slavery, Gender, and the “Social Fabrick”
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

When yeoman farmers went to town on court day, to a July Fourth barbecue, or an annual militia review and heard prominent politicians such as Robert Barnwell Rhett or James Henry Hammond defend slavery against the calumnies of abolitionists, they probably cheered as vociferously as the planters with whom they rubbed shoulders. For judging by the remains in the written record, those politicians and political theorist invariably rang what were to yeomen a series of familiar notes, embedding the defense of slavery in a social theory that was in many ways simply a more sophisticated version of the familial one yeomen enacted in their churches. Indeed, evangelical arguments replete with their gendered referents figured centrally in even the most secular venue. When push came to shove, lowcountry politicians could find no better defense of slavery than the biblical one. “What God ordains and Christ sanctifies should surely command the respect and toleration of man,” James Henry Hammond wrote in 1845 in his now famous letters to the British abolitionist Thomas Clarkson.1 This was an argument sure to move a yeoman audience. In using it and elaborating it through a broad theory of social relations-and especially through the analogy of marriage and slavery-he and his counterparts bid well to put proslavery discourses on a popular footing. And when they turned them to specifically political ends, as they invariably did in the protracted struggle over South Carolina’s fate in the nation, lowcountry politicians
Linguistics
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

Linguistics is, concisely but not uncontroversially, the science oflanguage. There are various circumlocutions available, if necessary, but language is unquestionably the object of study, and scientific best captures the spirit of investigation common to almost everyone who has examined that object in a way that (currently or retrospectively) fits the term, linguistic. Other approaches to studying language, and there are many, go by names like poetics, philology, and rhetoric, but as long as we have had the word in English, linguistics has been associated with the methods, goals, and results of science.’ When William Whewell (who is also responsible for the coinage, scientist) first proposed the term, it was in his History of the Inductive Sciences (1837.1:cxiv; he was borrowing it from the Germans, who, Teutonically enough, later came to prefer Sprachwissenschaft).
Whence and Whither
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

So, what happened?

Why was there a split in the first place? Chomsky was not moving quickly enough to the promised land. Syntactic Structures made modest promises about semantics, which helped attract a phalanx of eager recruits. Aspects compounded these promises. Cartesian Linguistics compounded them. Language and Mind compounded them. But, aside from his enrichment of deep structure by getting rid of generalized transformations, Chomsky did very little himself to satisfy those promises. The more direct work that had been done—by Fodor, Katz, and Postal—was suggestive, but dreadfully incomplete. There had been plenty of talk about meaning, but not enough action. Some form of program with a fuller, more explicit, semantics was inevitable, and it is clear from Chomsky’s earliest writings that he was never going to give meaning the controlling vote in his model. It is even clearer, from every word Chomsky has ever penned, that Chomsky was not going to give up. So, there was a new program and there was resistance, a guarantee for a schism. These, at any rate, are the local reasons; the more general answer is Raup’s observation that “new ideas breed disagreement” (1986:150).
Conclusion
Authors: Caldwell Richard
Published: November 2023

While Hesiod tended his sheep on the slopes of Mount Helicon, the Olympian Muses appeared to him in a dream, or daydream, or vision of some sort, and told him of the origin and history of the gods. Hesiod remembered this dream and wrote it down (or dictated it), no doubt with some changes, in the hexameter verse of epic poetry. His vision became the standard Greek version of the beginning of the world and its divine inhabitants, and the reasons for its success are probably the same reasons he had, and remembered, the vision in the first place.
Population Ecology of Tick Vectors: Interaction, Measurement, and Analysis
Authors: Wilson Mark L
Published: November 2023

The analysis of tick populations, as with of all living organisms, requires information on three fundamental processes that govern population change: birth, death, and migration. Populations of ticks increase with reproduction or immigration and decrease with deaths or emigration. This simple framework serves as an organizational base for asking questions about how, when, and why populations change, and whether one might successfully intervene in that process. Underlying this simplified perspective, however, are myriad factors that interact in sometimes complex ways to contribute to population change. The importance of each of these variables will differ among tick species, development stages, vertebrate hosts, associated parasites or predators, and environmental conditions. Ultimately, population and community analyses aim to define the role and pattern of these factors as they determine the dynamics of interaction. For ticks that act as vectors of disease agents of public or animal health importance, their capacity to do so becomes an extension of such population analysis.
Ecologically Based Strategies for Controlling Ticks
Authors: Schmidtmann Edward T
Published: November 2023

As obligate ectoparasites, all of the approximately 850 known species of ticks must feed from vertebrate hosts for their growth and development. Underlying this dependency on host blood are tick life-history strategies that reflect ecological, physiologic, and behavioral adaptations to finding and feeding from reptilian, bird, or mammalian hosts. Blood-feeding by ticks is relatively brief, from only 10 to 30 min in argasid species and from 3 to 12 days in ixodid ticks; longer periods of attachment invariably reflect mate finding. Thus, ticks spend only days to weeks attached to a host, but are free living for periods of 1 to many years during which they are exposed to ambient climatic factors. These climatic factors, the collective expression of seasonal temperature, humidity, saturation deficit, and rainfall are important determinants of tick survival. Ticks differ from endoparasites, where the host defines the parasite’s environment, but they are also subject to host immune responses during their periods of attachment.
Ecology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Authors: Linthicum Kenneth J , Bailey Charles L
Published: November 2023

Literature from as far back as the 12th century describes a hemorrhagic disease, now thought to be Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), from Tadzhikistan, Central Asia, which was transmitted by an arthropod that parasitized blackbirds (Hoogstraal, 1979). The arthropod described may well have been one or more species of Hyalomma tick larvae which frequently are found on blackbirds. In Central Asia, various hemorrhagic diseases known by such names as “cases of a peculiar gastro-intestinal hemorrhage,” “acute infectious capillarotoxicosis,” “acute infectious hemorrhagic disease,” and “Uzbezekistan hemorrhagic fever” were known for centuries to produce a disease similar to CCHF (Chumakov et al., 1976). The first detailed clinical description of CCHF (as Crimean hemorrhagic fever) was made during an epidemic in 1944-1945 in Crimea (Chumakov, 1945, 1946, 1971, 1974). An etiological agent, presumably a virus, was isolated from the blood of patients and from H. margitanum (as H. plumbeum) ticks. The disease produced an illness characterized by fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, backache, joint ache, and photophobia.
The Union and Its Members
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin
Published: November 2023

This work explores three key topics in social psychology: the manner in which labour unions shape organizational behaviour, a relationship which has been effectively ignored in the literature; the organization of the union itself, a fascinating test case for the organizational psychologist; and the way in which theories and methods of organizational psychology may assist labor organizations in achieving their goals. Since the union maintains unique characteristics of democracy, conflict, and voluntary participation within a larger organization, the authors offer a detailed study of a union's dynamics, including demographic and personality predictors of membership, voting behaviour, union commitment and loyalty, the nature of participation, leadership styles, collective bargaining, among other topics. This is the first book to be published in the new Industrial and Organizational Psychology Series. It will be of interest to not only industrial and organizational psychologists in industry, academica, and private and public organizations, but to graduate students in psychology departments and business schools, and to academics and professionals in business and management studying industrial relations.
Organizational Psychology and Unions
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin
Published: November 2023

Unions are fascinating organizations and contrary to what the prophets of doom would have us believe, they will not vanish in the near future. (Klandermans, 1986, p. 199) In this statement Klandermans (1986) articulates two critical assumptions for anyone interested in organizational functioning and unions. First, Klandermans reminds us that in and of themselves, unions are interesting, if not intriguing organizations. Second, despite pessimistic predictions to the contrary, Klandermans asserts that unions will be with us for a long time. We accept that Klandermans is correct on both accounts, and this raises an intriguing paradox for anyone studying organizational behavior, industrial relations, or both: Simply stated, organizational psychology has treated unions as both uninteresting and unimportant. At the same time, scholars of industrial relations have not looked to organizational psychology to further their understanding. As Strauss (1979, pp. 391-392) noted so cogently over a decade ago: Ir scholars have almost actively rejected psychological contributions; psychologists (with a few distinguished exceptions) have displayed little understanding of the institutional peculiarities of IR. Thus the institutional naivete of most psychological studies is matched only by the psychological naivete of IR analysis. Put another way, IR scholars too often view industrial relations as a unique institution regarding which lessons from other spheres of life are almost irrelevant; by contrast, psychologists tend to view industrial relations as mostly interpersonal relations, ignoring its institutional setting.
Union Participation
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin
Published: November 2023

Are you an active member, the kind that would be missed? Or are you just contented, that your name is on the list? Do you attend the meetings, and mingle with the flock? Or do you stay at home to criticize and knock? Do you ever go to visit with a member who is sick? Or leave the work to just a few and talk about the clique? Think this over, member-you know right from wrong? Are you an active member, or do you just belong? (Attributed by Perline & Lorenz to an anonymous union member) Throughout this book we have concentrated on the psychological process of individual attachment to labor unions. This process formally starts with the individual’s decision to join a union. Influences on this decision have been traced back to family socialization. The process continues with the development of affective attitudes of attachment to the union (union commitment), and results in the behavioral participation of members in various union activities. If union commitment is a crucial attitudinal component for unions to function effectively, union participation is an equally important contributor to “the very fabric of unions” (Gordon et al., 1980, p. 480). Union participation is also central to union democracy (Pateman, 1970), and to transforming social institutions and restraining union bureaucracy (Nicholson, Ursell, & Blyton, 1981 b).
Emergence of Chronic Diseases (I)
Authors: Young T Kue
Published: November 2023

Over the past several decades Native Americans have undergone the “epidemiologic transition,” characterized by the decline, though not disappearance, of infectious diseases and the increasing importance of the chronic, noncommunicable diseases, accidents, and acts of violence as causes of mortality and morbidity. In Chapters 4 and 5, several chronic diseases of particular significance among Native Americans are discussed in terms of their frequency of occurrence, risk factors, and methods of control. Included are cancer, cardiovascular diseases (including ischemic heart disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia), obesity, diabetes, and gallbladder disease.
The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender
Authors: Whites Leeann
Published: November 2023

It was a cold winter’s day and greenish ice flows clogged the turbulent river. Across its vast expanse, Eliza could see the far shore of Ohio and freedom. Behind her, coming ever closer, she could hear the baying dogs of the slavetrader, Haley. What could she do? On the one side was slavery and the certain loss of her child to the slavetrader. On the other was an impassable river and probable death. Looking down at her small son, Eliza knew only that she could not bear to lose him. And with one desperate burst of courage, she jumped onto the nearest ice flow. Scrambling and leaping from one teetering piece of ice to another, she struggled across the mighty Ohio and gained the far shore of freedom for herself and her child.
q
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Quealey, chelsea, tpt; b. Hartford, CT, 1905; d. Las Vegas NV, 5/6/50. First prominent dur. visit to Engl., where he rec. for Parlophone w. Fred Elizalde 1927. Back in US, worked w. California Ramblers; Paul Whiteman; to Calif. w. Ben Pollack. Rec. w. Mezz Mezzrow in NYC (Vict.) ’34 (“Apologies,” etc.); pl. w. Isham Jones ’35–6; Joe Marsala ’36; F. Trumbauer briefly ’37; Bob Zurke ’39–40. After freelancing w. small gps. at Nick’s in NYC, returned to Calif. ’46 working there and in LV. Rec. w. Goofus Five (Okeh) ’25, ’27; Isham Jones Juniors (Dec.) ’36. CDs: w. Mezzrow (Class.); The Little Ramblers (Timel.); Adrian Rollini (Topaz); Benny Carter (BB).
Pathogenesis of Viral Infections
Authors: Fields Bernard N
Published: November 2023

Many virologists, including John Holland, Peter Palese, and Howard Temin among the contributors to this volume, have noted the enormous capacity for viruses to change. If we are faced with the fact that viruses can do virtually anything, why hasn’ t this enormous diversity wiped out the earth? One of the major issues facing us is why this extreme catastrophe hasn’ t yet happened. I think the answer has to lie in the fact that there is an enormous difference in the selective pressures faced by a virus growing in the relatively undemanding environment of cell culture, which illustrates the capacity of a virus to change, and life in the real world, where the virus must survive in a specific environment and as welll as within a host, providing the virus with a series of constraints and selective pressures (Tyler and Fields, 1991). When the virus enters a host, there are a series of sequential steps within the host, each of which places further constraints on the virus (Sharpe and Fields, 1985). Because of these constraints, at many points in the life cycle of the virus, much of the potential of the virus to change results in viruses that cannot survive since it will be missing critical proper ties. We are dealing with a constantly shifting interaction between the virus in the host and its own intrinsic capacity to change.
Arthropod-Borne Viruses
Authors: Monath Thomas P
Published: November 2023

There are now over 520 registered arthropod-borne viruses (“ arbo viruses” ) (Karabatsos, 1985). Of these, approximately 100 cause disease in humans and another 25 are pathogenic for domesticated animals. At least 20 of these viruses fulfill the criteria for “ emerging viruses” , in the sense that they appear in epidemic form at unexpected times or at periodic and generally unpredictable intervals. Each of these diseases, of which I will discuss only a few examples, presents very interesting epidemiological and ecological features.
Seal Plague Virus
Authors: Mahy Brian W .J
Published: November 2023

In 1988, beginning about April and reaching a peak in August, several thousand dead seals were washed up on the shores of Europe. In the U.K. alone, 2,800 seals were found dead on the coast. Most were concentrated in East Anglia, where more than half of the seal population was affected. Towards the end of the epidemic, seals also began to be washed up around the Irish Sea, and there were considerable numbers found up in the Hebrides, the Orkney Islands, and the north of Scotland. Deaths also occurred in the Netherlands, Germany, and in various areas around the North Sea. The animals that actually washed up probably represented a third of the total numbers of dead seals. All the dea” d animals belonged to the species known as common, or harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Relatively few deaths have been reported among seals in the United Kingdom since the end of 1989 and it may well be that, like many of these plagues, this particular episode has ended. A similar disease in seals in Lake Baikal, Siberia, was seen somewhat earlier than the European epi zootic, in December 1987 (Grachev et al., 1989; Likhoshway et al., 1989; Osterhaus et al., 1989a, 1989b). The disease was also found in porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) (Kennedy et al., 1988) and more re cently evidence was obtained of a similar infection in Mediterranean dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) (Domingo et al., 1990).
Canine Parvovirus 2: A Probable Example of Interspecies Transfer
Authors: Parrish Colin R
Published: November 2023

The virus now known as canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) first emerged around 1978 as an epidemic disease of dogs. The attention and concern it aroused when it first appeared was reflected by a flurry of press stories in a variety of media. Even the National Enquirer ran headlines of the sort “ killer virus turns dog’ s heart to sponges” . After this understandable initial reaction, the interest has waned. There are reasonably good vaccines that control the disease under most circumstances, and the virus itself is now accepted as an endemic canine pathogen in most countries in the world. I will take the opportunity here to describe this virus and what we know of its origins.
Transforming Psychology
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Over the last two decades, a rich, diverse, yet sometimes contradictory body of research has been gathered under the general rubric of ‘psychology of women’. This burgeoning literature represents several disciplines, among them psychology, psychiatry, sociology, political science, and women’s studies. To bring sense to this agglomeration of views, both for the layperson and the student, the author looks at research in this area as a social process and refutes the notion that science can be objective about its search for universal truths. She asks us to refect on how we choose among explanations of behavior, calling the need to examine the psychology of women in a social and historical context. Throughout the book, Riger reveals how interpretive frameworks shape how we perceive research findings. Her central theme suggests that social factors shape the meaning and experience of biological femaleness.
Introduction
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Years Ago, I Heard A prominent scholar admonish her audience to “think against the grain” of traditional beliefs. Whether in response to that intellectual challenge or out of my own perversity, I have attempted to follow that advice in my journey through psychology. The essays contained in the two parts of this book map that journey. In part I, I challenge the underlying assumptions and methods of psychology as they apply to the study of women, and I offer alternatives. In part II, I spotlight various policies and practices that affect women, such as sexual harassment policies or programs to increase the numbers of women in management, that are rooted in traditional beliefs about women, and reframe them in light of feminist critiques.
Challenges of Success
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Creating Organizations That Serve and advocate for women has been an outstanding achievement of the feminist movement in the United States since the 1970s. Battered women’s shelters, women’s studies programs, health clinics, law firms, bookstores, theaters, art galleries, newspapers, and many other feminist organizations and enterprises have enriched women’s lives and furthered the process of social change. Having been involved in several of these groups as a participant, researcher, and consultant, I have noticed that organizations with very different purposes, united only loosely by feminist ideology, confront similar issues as they grow. Some of these issues arise in any small organization as it becomes larger and more complex; others are common to social movement organizations that use a collectivist structure. But particular problems emerge when feminist values encounter the demands of life in a growing organization. This chapter explores the challenges and choices that feminist organizations face as they grow.
From Devil’s Music To Jooking: Jazz Performance And The Black Community
Authors: Ogren Kathy J
Published: November 2023

The lack of self-worth he felt was expressed by a young poet who remarked “I want to be a poet-not a Negro poet.” Hughes attributed the failure of this young man to appreciate his racial heritage to the dominance of black bourgeois cultural values. Hughes castigated the black middle class for “aping things white.” Such aesthetic standards, according to Hughes, created “A very high mountain indeed for the would-be racial artist to climb in order to discover himself and his people.” Hughes passionately defended the creative qualities of black folk art and insisted that common people continued to offer the best inspiration for great art. They, unlike the middle class, had not been entirely seduced by white artistic standards.
Life in the Women’s Palaces
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks
Published: November 2023

Three things sustained the power of a Mughal emperor: his army, his treasury, and his women. Of these, the army was perhaps the least fixed and the most distant from the king, large parts of it being entrusted to underlings to whom rank was assigned for purposes of honor and income. The treasury, which rose and fell with the vagaries of politics, was also an impersonal, if fairly stable, symbol of the majesty of state. But the women of the zanana, the women of the inner apartments, were as constant, as unfailing, and yet as demanding a touchstone as any head of state could claim. Not only were they the closest to him in proximity and affection, but they could offer the emperor more personal pleasure, more unchallenged support, and more wise counsel than any other person or group. The zanana women went with the emperor everywhere, and if A. S. Beveridge can marvel at “how fully the fate of the ladies was involved in that of the Emperor,” then we must note with Roe that the emperor was in turn just as dependent upon the whims and the schedules of his women, for no court business could take place until after their needs had been fully satisfied.
Answers to Exercises
Authors: Norell Staffan E
Published: November 2023

Aspects: Quantity and frequency—for example, average number of cigarettes smoked per day. Type of cigarettes—for example, by size, filter, and content of active components. Type of smoking behavior—for example, depth of inhalation, and size of the cigarette end left. Patterns, timing, and duration of smoking could also be of interest depending upon the suggested mechanism of action.
Intentional Injuries: Homicide and Violence
Authors: Christoffel Katherine Kaufer
Published: November 2023

Currently, injury is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in childhood and adolescence. Where diarrhea, measles, and other such infectious diseases have been controlled, injury has emerged as the leading killer and maimer of the young. Contemporary students of pediatric epidemiology must therefore become familiar with patterns of injury.
Prediction of Adult Disease
Authors: Wadsworth Michael E J
Published: November 2023

The notion that childhood provides the basis of the adult’s intellectual and moral status is extremely old. However, with the exception of studies of height growth, the idea that the foundation of adult health is prepared in the early years of life has been slower to develop. In Britain the findings of the Boer War recruiting medical examinations (MacKenzie & Matthew, 1904) and the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration (British Parliamentary Papers, 1904) raised anxieties about the health of the nation’s young people. Although the outcome was of great value in terms of the public health care of mothers and infants (Dwork, 1987), the implications for epidemiologic studies of etiology were recognized much more slowly.
Ethnic Humor in Early American Jest Books
Authors: Secor Robert
Published: November 2023

There are few better indicators of the cultural anxieties and tensions behind ethnic attitudes than the jokes people tell. As Keith Thomas says, “When we laugh we betray our innermost assumptions. “One of the best sources for understanding ethnic attitudes in early America is the overlooked jest books that flourished in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The first jest book published in America was probably the pamphlet-sized Collection of Funny, Moral, and Entertaining Stories and Bon Mots, issued by Daniel Bowen of New Haven in 1787. Two years later, in the year of Washington’s first inauguration, John Wyeth published for Mathew Carey of Philadelphia America’s first extensive jest book, and its most popular: The American Jest Book, with its attached second part, The Merry Fellow’s Companion. About 200 pages long, it would see at least eight different editions by the end of the century. Jest books continued to proliferate into the 1830s (the last edition of The American Jest Book was 1833), when they faded before the advent of the comic almanacs. In all, the following discussion of ethnic humor results from a review of twenty-three jest books published in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with the focus on the ethnic attitudes revealed in those published between 1787 and 1811.
The Gratification of That Corrupt and Lawless Passion: Character Types and Themes in Early New England Rape Narratives
Authors: Williams Daniel
Published: November 2023

The crime of rape was not always a crime. In early New England, the legal status of rape was left unsettled throughout the colonial period. When Nathaniel Ward drafted the Body of Liberties in 1641, the Bay Colony’s first code of laws, he omitted rape from his list of twelve capital crimes, having found no biblical sanction for its inclusion.1 Not until after the notorious Fairfield case of the same year was rape included among the colony’s most serious crimes. Daniel Fairfield, a “half Dutchman” about 40 years old, was discovered to have been having frequent sexual relations with the three daughters of a neighbor, all of whom were under the age of 10. Popular opinion demanded his execution, but the magistrates hesitated for several months while they debated what to do with both the rapist and the issue of rape. Finally, “after much dispute,” the General Court concluded that Fairfield, though he was not to be executed, was to be severely punished.
The Heritage of American Ethnicity in Crèvecoeur’s
Authors: Saar Doreen Alvarez
Published: November 2023

Spurred on by the controversy over the nature of the canon, American scholars, particularly after the publication of Werner Sollors’s Beyond Ethnicity,1 have turned their attention to a reevaluation of the place and function of ethnic literature. Sollors’s work was an important corrective to the tendency to see ethnic literature as a nineteenth-and twentieth-century phenomenon; in fact, as this essay attempts to show, the mechanism of ethnic culture was set in place during the colonial period.
Plant Community Structure in Chamaecyparis Thyoides Swamps in the New Jersey Pinelands Biosphere Reserve, USA
Authors: Stoltzfus Dwight L , Good Ralph E
Published: November 2023

Forested wetlands dominated by Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. (Atlantic white cedar) occur in the New Jersey Pinelands Biosphere Reserve in the eastern United States Atlantic Coastal Plain. The development of plant community structure in these swamps is influenced by both autogenic and allogenic factors within the physical and biotic environment including water table, disturbance, soil layer, herbivory, and plant competition (Little 1950, Roman et al. 1990). Changes in the physical and biotic environment since human colonization appear to be affecting community structure resulting in the replacement of C. thyoides-dominated communities by communities dominated by Acer rubrum (red maple) and reductions in cedar swamp area (Roman et al. 1990). Cedar swamps have become increasingly fragmented as habitat patch size decreases, resulting in more isolated units with increased edge exposure to surrounding community types. The importance of physical and biotic environmental factors in determining species composition, dynamics, diversity, and physical structure within the highly disturbed cedar swamps is not completely understood. The effect of increased fragmentation on the community structure in cedar swamps also remains unclear.
Distribution and Ecology of Low Freshwater Coastal Forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Olmsted Ingrid , Carda Rafael Duran
Published: November 2023

Tropical freshwater coastal forests on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico (Fig. 16.1) are dominated by trees and shrubs capable of growing in areas that may be inundated almost all year with water depths up to 1 meter. The same species have to be able to withstand severe droughts for several months. In general, the forests are of low stature and are dominated by microphyllous, evergreen species, with twisted trunks, stratified crowns, and several dominant species with spines (Olmsted and Duran 1986).
The Effect of Sea Level Rise on Coastal Wetland Forests the Mississippi Delta, USA, as a Model
Authors: Conner William H , Day John W
Published: November 2023

Numerous reports have recently emphasized the potential impact of global warming trends on future sea level rise in coastal areas (e.g., Hoffman et al. 1983, Kerr 1991). Predictions are that many low-lying coastal areas, especially those dominated by wetlands, will be flooded as sea level rises from 30 to 50 cm over the next century. Current evidence indicates that sea level rise is leading to wetland loss in a number of coastal areas, but most research has concerned coastal marshes (Baumann et al. 1984). Little information is available on the impact of sea level rise on coastal wetland forests (Salinas et al. 1986, Conner and Day 1988b). There is a critical need to consider both the impacts of sea level rise and the possible policy responses to these impacts.
Chapter 01
Authors: Stannard David E
Published: November 2023

it’s GONE NOW, drained and desiccated in the aftermath of the Spanish conquest, but once there was an interconnected complex of lakes high up in the Valley of Mexico that was as long and as wide as the city of London is today. Surrounding these waters, known collectively as the Lake of the Moon, were scores of towns and cities whose population, combined with that of the outlying communities of central Mexico, totaled about 25,000,000 men, women, and children. On any given day as many as 200,000 small boats moved back and forth on the Lake of the Moon, pursuing the interests of commerce, political intrigue, and simple plea sure.’
Chapter 02
Authors: Stannard David E
Published: November 2023

Combined, North America and South America cover an area of 16,000,000 square miles, more than a quarter of the land surface of the globe. To its first human inhabitants, tens of thousands of years ago, this enormous domain they had discovered was literally a world unto itself: a world of miles-high mountains and vast fertile prairies, of desert shrub lands and dense tropical rain forests, of frigid arctic tundra and hot murky swamps, of deep and fecund river valleys, of sparkling water lakes, of canopied woodlands, of savannahs and steppes-and thousands upon thousands of miles of magnificent ocean coast. There were places where it almost never rained, and places where it virtually never stopped; there were places where the temperature reached 130 degrees Fahrenheit, and places where it dropped to 80 degrees below zero. But in all these places, under all these conditions, eventually some native people made their homes.
Chapter 05
Authors: Stannard David E
Published: November 2023

There is a Moment in Toni Morrison’s moving novel, Beloved, when Stamp Paid, a black man in the mid-nineteenth-century American South, notices something red stuck to the bottom of his flatbed boat as he is tying it up alongside a river bank. It was a particularly bad time for black people in a century of particularly bad times for them. “White folks were still on the loose,” writes Morrison: “Whole towns wiped clean of Negroes; eighty-seven lynching in one year alone in Kentucky; four cooled schools burned to the ground; grown men whipped like children; children whipped like adults; black women raped by the crew; property taken, necks broken.” And the smell of “skin, skin and hot blood ... cooked in a lynch fire” was everywhere.
The Southern Lady: Hostage to “the Lost Cause”
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill
Published: November 2023

The North was the birthplace of the woman suffrage movement and the home of most of its national leaders; the West furnished the movement its first crucial victories, eventually giving suffragists enough leverage in national politics to make an effective bid for a federal woman suffrage amendment; but the South was distinctive—indeed notorious—in the annals of the woman suffrage movement as the region that afforded the movement the greatest resistance and the least success.
Understanding The Implications Of Global Warming In Developing Regions: The Case Of Northeast Brazil
Authors: Magalhaes Antonio R
Published: November 2023

Northeast Brazil (NEB) is a large developing region. Its 1,548.6 thousand km2 (18.2 per cent of the country) make it larger than most countries in the world. With 43 million inhabitants in 1990 (28.5 percent of the Brazilian population), it is second in America only to the United States, Brazil and Mexico in population size.
Regional Boundaries And Global Climate Change: Northeast North America
Authors: Moomaw William R
Published: November 2023

When Governor Kun in made her comment on March 7, 1990, she was hosting a meeting of the Conference of the New England Governors and the Eastern Canadian Premiers on Sustainable Development for the Northeast Region. Just the day before, one-quarter of Vermont’s towns had rejected her hard won comprehensive land use plan. She was expressing some of the frustrations of a regional leader who has been a prominent spokesperson on global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, energy policy, transportation and land-use planning.
Policy Responses To Climate Change In Southeast Asia
Authors: Toth Ferenc L
Published: November 2023

The culmination of five years of intensive and widespread research efforts on climate change, the Villach Conference (WMO, 1986) called for studies to look at regional impacts of climate change in more detail and to analyze possible policy responses based on regional impact assessments. One response by the UNEP was the project on “Socio economic impacts and policy responses resulting from climate change:
New Ways of Urban Living
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

The hustle and bustle of modern New York quickened as a result of new technologies of transportation and communication. Electric lights had extended the day into night, and the city more than ever operated around the clock. The wide application of electricity to yet other technologies, more than any other factor, was responsible for increasing the pace and tempo of city life. The decades from about 1880 to 1920 were particularly abundant in these innovations and in lexical responses to them. The new source of energy directly or indirectly made possible all the new urban developments in this period—the building boom, mass transit, modern communications, the spatial reorganization of the city, and changing ways of life. New words about new ways of living in the city were part and parcel of the aura of popular culture surrounding the new technologies.