bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Soft Composites As Thermal Protecting Substrates for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Shi Yingli , Wang Chengjun , Yin Yafei , Li Yuhang , Xing Yufeng , Song Jizhou
Published: August 2019

Thermal management of wearable electronics integrated with biological tissues remains one of the critical challenges for their practical applications. The undesired heating can cause thermal discomfort or even thermal damage to biological tissues. Here, a novel thermal protecting substrate design is proposed for wearable electronics with abilities to manipulate the heat flow and efficiently absorb the excessive heat energy without the compromise of substrate flexibility. The thermal protecting substrate features a functional soft composite, which incorporates the embedded phase change material with a thin metal film on the top in a soft polymer. Compared with conventional substrate, the proposed thermal protecting substrate can reduce the peak temperature increase by over 85% with appropriate parameters. Experimental and numerical studies reveal the fundamental aspects of the design and operation of functional soft composite to effectively avoid excessive heating of biological tissues. Influences of geometrical parameters on temperature reduction are investigated. Device demonstration of thermal protecting substrate in a wearable heater on pig skin illustrates the unusual capability to reduce the maximum skin temperature, thereby enabling practical applications of wearable electronics and creating engineering opportunities in biointegrated applications requiring thermal protection of biological tissues.
Proliferating Oxygen Reduction Reaction by High Volume of Mesopores in Regular Nickel–Nitrogen Codoped Carbon Nanocubes
Authors: Mao Jianxin , Liu Peng , Li Jiawen , Liang Dongxue , Yan Jianyue , Song Wenbo
Published: August 2019

Theoretically, nickel–nitrogen codoped carbon (Ni–N/C) is a promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst. However, precisely controllable synthesis of Ni–N/C nanostructures with large surface area and high volume of mesopores remains insurmountable challenge. In this work, a mesoporous nickel–nitrogen codoped carbon nanocube (denoted as Ni–N/C‐NCs) catalyst with high specific surface area of 1085 m2 g−1 is illustrated. The high volume of mesopores is confirmed to not only allow the great exposure of highly active C‐N site, but also facilitates the mass transfer and gas diffusion, resulting in promotion of ORR activity and kinetics. In 0.1 m KOH, a diffusion‐limited current density of 6.61 mA cm−2 is achieved, which is 20% higher than that of commercial 20 wt% Pt/C and superior to most catalysts reported to date. The Ni–N/C‐NCs prepared by the new synthetic route not only show excellent ORR performance, but also exhibit high structural thermostability, which makes it a promising catalyst for industrial applications.
Lewis Acid‐Mediated Cyanation of Phenols Using N‐Cyano‐N‐phenyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide
Authors: Zhang Wu , Li Tao , Wang Qingli , Zhao Wanxiang
Published: August 2019

Lewis acid‐mediated cyanation of phenol derivatives with N‐cyano‐N‐phenyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) has been developed. The reaction proceeded efficiently with high regioselectivity to produce aromatic nitriles in moderate to excellent yields, which provides a direct and practical access to valuable products.

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Estimating potential beggar‐thy‐neighbor effects of state labeling programs
Authors: Neill Clinton L. , Holcomb Rodney B. , Lusk Jayson L.
Published: August 2019

In the past 40 years, federal and state policies have financially and philosophically supported the establishment of state‐branded food marketing programs in each state. The intention of the programs is to increase consumer demand for locally grown foods. However, the benefits of such programs are likely to be reduced when multiple states simultaneously market their own local foods. To investigate this issue, we conducted a survey of 6,900 consumers residing in an eight‐state contiguous region. We find that preferences are heterogeneous when neighboring state‐branded products are available, and some consumers will instead buy products from other states. The results suggest caution in estimating the policy impacts of state branding programs without considering how neighboring states react.
Place of Strength: Indigenous Artists and Indigenous Knowledge is Prevention Science
Authors: Straits Kee J.E. , deMaría Jaelyn , Tafoya Nadine
Published: August 2019

The Place of Strength (PoS) project represents an effort to Indigenize program evaluation with Indigenous communities by melding art with prevention science. We propose that Native artists as evaluators: (a) opens avenues of communication for Indigenous perspectives; (b) provides opportunities to capture spiritual, relational, and emotional impacts of prevention programming; and (c) maintains Indigenous processes, language, and values at the center of knowledge production. The New Mexico Tribal Prevention Project (NMTPP) funded seven Southwestern tribes to develop substance abuse prevention programs. In response to their expressed negative experiences with evaluation of prevention strategies, NMTPP piloted PoS. PoS shifted systematic knowledge paradigms to Tribal thought, values, and perspectives embodied in art. Art exists in Native communities as a way of documenting lifeways and historical experiences through various cultural forms. We share the process of collaborating with Native artists to document the impact of substance abuse prevention initiatives through their art within a community context. We offer concepts derived from this project as a community psychology model for re‐conceptualizing evaluation utilizing Indigenous knowledge.
A Polymer Solution To Prevent Nanoclustering and Improve the Selectivity of Metal Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wei Zichao , Thanneeru Srinivas , Meng Michael , Kruzyk Megan , Ung Gaël , Liu Ben , He Jie
Published: August 2019

The stability of metal nanocatalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is of key importance for practical application. We report the use of two polymeric N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) (polydentate and monodentate) to stabilize metal nanocatalysts (Au and Pd) for efficient CO2 electroreduction. Compared with other conventional ligands including thiols and amines, metal–carbene bonds that are stable under reductive potentials prevent the nanoclustering of nanoparticles. Au nanocatalysts modified by polymeric NHC ligands show an activity retention of 86 % after CO2 reduction at −0.9 V for 11 h, while it is less than 10 % for unmodified Au. We demonstrate that the hydrophobicity of polymer ligands and the enriched surface electron density of metal NPs through σ‐donation of NHCs substantially improve the selectivity for CO2 reduction over proton.
Fabrication of uvioresistant poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) fibers based on hydrogen bond
Authors: Li Zhenfen , Lu Fei , Lu Shanshan , Liu He , An Boyuan , Wang Yanhong , Huang Yudong , Hu Zhen
Published: August 2019

The poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber with excellent performance is vulnerable to the irradiation of UV light, which significantly limits their application in advanced composites. Therefore, finding feasible and efficient ways to improve the uvioresistant properties of PBO fiber is of significance. In this work, a facile one‐pot method is developed for continuously preparing the PBO/poly(2,5‐dihydroxy‐1, 4‐phenylpyridimidazole) (PIPD) copolymer fiber to greatly enhance the anti‐UV properties of PBO fibers. The experimental results demonstrate that the fabricated PBO/PIPD copolymer fiber (molar ratio of 7:1) with greatly improved surface wetting properties (the maximum increase can reach about 179%) possesses satisfactory and desired uvioresistant performance, which is 30.8% higher than that of pure PBO fibers after 480 h UV aging irradiation. The fabricated PBO/PIPD copolymer fiber with improved UV stability has the potential to be applied to many important application areas even in a severe and harsh environment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48432.
Preparation of waterborne elastic polyesters by chain extension with isophorone diisocyanate as a chain extender
Authors: Zheng Yanping , Zhu Puxin , Cheng Fei , Zhou Mi , Zhang Kang , Wang Tianping
Published: August 2019

Isophorone diisocyanate was used as a chain extender to coupling the soft segment water‐borne polyester with the hard segment water‐borne polyester, to overcome the disadvantages of low molar mass and poor mechanical properties of waterborne sulfonate‐containing polyesters. The molecular structure of the extended polyester was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR, and the increased molar mass of the resultant was characterized by SEC. The extended products could be dispersed in water with the emulsion particle size less than 50 nm in diameter, slightly larger than that of precursors of soft‐ and hard‐segment polyesters. The emulsion viscosity of polyesters after the chain extension was lower when the emulsion concentration was not larger than 25 wt%, which is conducive to the spraying application of the polyester for coating. DSC analysis indicated that the polyester after chain extension had two different glass temperatures, suggesting that the polyester bulk had a microphase separation structure. The mechanical performance of the coupled polyester manifested an obviously improved elongation at break and had a feature of higher elastic recovery rate. The results of this study indicate that the chain extension is an effective method to increase the molar mass and improve mechanical properties of waterborne polyesters. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48453.
Repair scars preserve decadal‐scale patterns of predation intensity despite short‐term ecological disturbances
Authors: Tyler Carrie L. , Molinaro Darrin J. , Mendonca Steven E. , Schneider Chris L. , Barclay Kristina , Leighton Lindsey R.
Published: August 2019

Recent ecological disturbances have dramatically altered the composition of rocky intertidal Pacific coast communities of North America, particularly top invertebrate predators. Predation is an important regulatory force on intertidal gastropod communities, and the depletion or loss of predators is therefore likely to have a considerable community‐wide short‐term impact. However, assessing the magnitude and nature of the resulting ecological changes may be problematic in the absence of data recording pre‐disturbance conditions.

Here, the effectiveness of traces of unsuccessful crab predation on gastropod shells at providing a long‐term, decadal record of predation intensity in Barkley Sound (Vancouver Island, British Columbia) was evaluated subsequent to multiple large‐scale ecological disturbances, including sea star wasting disease, abnormally high sea surface temperatures, and harmful algal blooms.

The frequency of failed crab attacks recorded by repair scars on six populations of the intertidal gastropod Tegula funebralis were surveyed to compare spatial patterns in predation intensity before and after disturbance (2013 and 2015 respectively). The repair frequency gradient observed in 2013 was also recorded by repair scars in 2015 (Spearman's ρ = 1, P = 0.002), and repair frequency was not affected by gastropod size in either 2013 (Spearman's ρ = 0.14, P = 0.80) or 2015 (Spearman's ρ = 0.66, P = 0.18).

These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that repair frequency provides decadal records of predation intensity and may be effective to establish persistent levels of predation intensity prior to disturbances in rocky intertidal habitats.
Anatomical, Histological, and Histochemical Analyses of the Scent Glands of the Scorpion Mud Turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides)
Authors: Bezerra Andréa M. , Rebelo Luane G. B. , De Sousa Diego F. , Branco Érika R. , Giese Elane G. , Pereira Washington L. A. , De Lima Ana R.
Published: August 2019

Fossil evidence suggests that scent glands are basal features of Testudines. However, we know little about the structure of these glands in the Brazilian Kinosternidae. In this study, we described the macroscopic anatomy, histology, and histochemistry of the scent glands of three males and three females of Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides from the Marajó mesoregion, Pará State, Brazil. In all of the specimens analyzed, regardless of sex, we found four scent glands, including two axillary and two inguinal glands that were structurally similar to each other. Each gland consisted of a single holocrine secretory lobule, a large lumen surrounded by relatively thin glandular secretory epithelium, an adjacent narrow layer of loose connective tissue, and a thick layer of skeletal striated muscle tissue surrounded by a serous tunic. The secretory epithelium produced a characteristic malodorous yellowish substance that was passed via a single duct through a bone channel in the bridge connecting the carapace to the plastron and excreted through an outer pore in the plate of each respective gland. Histologically, the secretory epithelium presented cells with two types of secretory vacuoles. Type 1 vacuoles stained red were the largest and most frequently found, and stained positively with Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), suggesting they contained glycoproteic complexes. Type 2 vacuoles were translucent, smaller in size and fewer in number, and negative for PAS staining. Because they are very primitive structures, scent glands must play important roles in the lives of chelonians, but their real function remains unknown. Several hypotheses suggest that they can act as protection against ectoparasites, as a repellent of predators, in addition to attracting mates and eliciting other pheromonal responses. In this study, all animals reacted by exuding malodorous substances when handled, as a form of defense. However, these are just assumptions that need to be clarified with additional studies on animal behavior. Anat Rec, 303:1489–1500, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Complement Activation in Patients With Probable Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Ability to Predict Progression to American College of Rheumatology–Classified Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Alexander Roberta Vezza , Massarotti Elena M. , Wallace Daniel J. , Narain Sonali , Arriens Cristina , Collins Christopher E. , Saxena Amit , Putterman Chaim , Kalunian Kenneth C. , O'Malley Tyler , Dervieux Thierry , Weinstein Arthur
Published: August 2019

Objective

To evaluate the frequency of cell‐bound complement activation products (CB‐CAPs) as a marker of complement activation in patients with suspected systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the usefulness of this biomarker as a predictor of the evolution of probable SLE into SLE as classified by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria.

Methods

Patients in whom SLE was suspected by lupus experts and who fulfilled 3 ACR classification criteria for SLE (probable SLE) were enrolled, along with patients with established SLE as classified by both the ACR and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria, patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and patients with other rheumatic diseases. Individual CB‐CAPs were measured by flow cytometry, and positivity rates were compared to those of commonly assessed biomarkers, including serum complement proteins (C3 and C4) and autoantibodies. The frequency of a positive multianalyte assay panel (MAP), which includes CB‐CAPs, was also evaluated. Probable SLE cases were followed up prospectively.

Results

The 92 patients with probable SLE were diagnosed more recently than the 53 patients with established SLE, and their use of antirheumatic medications was lower. At the enrollment visit, more patients with probable SLE were positive for CB‐CAPs (28%) or MAP (40%) than had low complement levels (9%) (P = 0.0001 for each). In probable SLE, MAP scores of >0.8 at enrollment predicted fulfillment of a fourth ACR criterion within 18 months (hazard ratio 3.11, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Complement activation occurs in some patients with probable SLE and can be detected with higher frequency by evaluating CB‐CAPs and MAP than by assessing traditional serum complement protein levels. A MAP score above 0.8 predicts transition to classifiable SLE according to ACR criteria.
Language regression is associated with faster early motor development in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Manelis Liora , Meiri Gal , Ilan Michal , Flusser Hagit , Michaelovski Analya , Faroy Michal , Kerub Orly , Dinstein Ilan , Menashe Idan
Published: August 2019

Language regression (LR) is a consistent and reproducible phenomenon that is reported by ~25% of parents who have children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is controversy regarding the etiological and clinical significance of this phenomenon. Here, we examined data from a cohort of 218 children with ASD from the Negev Autism Center in Israel. We identified 36 children with ASD who were reported to exhibit clear LR by their parent on three independent occasions and compared them to 104 children whose parents did not report any concern of regression (NR). We compared a variety of key developmental characteristics across these two groups. We found that the age at which children with ASD in the LR group achieve key developmental milestones of crawling, walking, and use of first words is significantly younger than the age of children in the NR group, and comparable to the age of typically developing children. In contrast, no differences were observed in physical growth characteristics such as head circumference, weight, or height between the groups. Furthermore, almost all children with LR were born close to full term (>35 weeks) and none had a history of hypotonia. Notably, despite their apparently typical early development, children with LR were diagnosed with more severe symptoms of ASD than children with NR. These results strengthen the motivation to continue and study LR among children with ASD and suggest that early detection and intervention studies of ASD may benefit from stratifying children into LR and NR groups.Autism Res2020, 13: 145–156. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The presence of language regression (LR) among children with autism is still a matter of scientific debate. Here, we show that children with autism and reported LR start to crawl, talk, and walk at the same age as other typically developing children and significantly earlier than other children with autism. These findings, along with other medical differences between these groups, suggest that children who experienced LR comprise a distinct subgroup within the autism spectrum.
On Mohan's Property of the Poisson Distribution
Authors: Panaretos John
Published: August 2019

Two interesting results encountered in the literature concerning the Poisson and the negative binomial distributions are due to Moran (1952) and Patil & Seshadri (1964), respectively.

Morans result provided a fundamental property of the Poisson distribution. Roughly speaking, he has shown that if Y, Z are independent, non‐negative, integer‐valued random variables with X = Y | Z then, under some mild restrictions, the conditional distribution of Y | X is binomial if and only if Y, Z are Poisson random variables.

Motivated by Morans result Patil & Seshadri obtained a general characterization. A special case of this characterization suggests that, with conditions similar to those imposed by Moran, Y | X is negative hypergeometric if and only if Y, Z are negative binomials.

In this paper we examine the results of Moran and Patil & Seshadri in the case where the conditional distribution of Y | X is truncated at an arbitrary point k – 1 (k = 1, 2, …). In fact we attempt to answer the question as to whether Morans property of the Poisson distribution, and subsequently Patil & Seshadris property of the negative binomial distribution, can be extended, in one form or another, to the case where Y | X is binomial truncated at k – 1 and negative hypergeometric truncated at k – 1 respectively.
Estimation of Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equation Model Under Specification Error
Authors: Srivastava S. K. , Srivastava V. K.
Published: August 2019

Postulating a slightly general set‐up of a two equation model specification errors in estimating the coefficient in a seemingly unrelated regression equation model, utilizing asymptotically more efficient estimators than the least square method, are considered and symptotic properties are analyzed.
Response Surface Analysis for Continous Regressors Applied to Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Pesticides
Authors: Mager Peter P.
Published: August 2019

Usually, the purpose of the response surface optimization is to be able to locate the optimum operating levels of the regressors. In quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) studies, the predicting variable reflects any biological property, and the regressors are structural and physico‐chemical terms. By contrast to the Box‐Wilson approach, the regressors are continously distributed. The working technique is demonstrated on an example adapted from organophosphorus pesticide research. It was found that the maximum neurotoxicity depends on lipophilic and steric substituent properties.
Network analysis, and human and animal studies disclose the anticystitis glandularis effects of vitamin C
Authors: Ge Bo , Guo Chao , Liang Yujia , Liu Meizhen , Wu Ka
Published: August 2019

Background

Our present study aimed to unravel the therapeutic biotargets of vitamin C (VC) against cystitis glandularis (CG), and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for VC treating CG.

Methods

Network pharmacology was used to predict therapeutic targets of VC against CG, and to identify molecular mechanisms. In addition, further human and animal studies were designed to validate the bioinformatic findings through biochemical tests, computerized tomography scans, and immunostaining assays.

Results

In bioinformatic analyses, pathogenic targets of CG and putative targets of VC were identified, respectively. An interaction network between biological target and functional protein was produced before screening and collecting the key therapeutic targets of VC against CG, biological processes, and signaling pathways. In addition, ingenuity pathway analysis with cloud platform indicated that anti‐CG mechanisms of VC were achieved through modulating a cluster of molecular pathways, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway. Meanwhile, 18 core targets of VC against CG were identified, and the most important TNF, interleukin‐6 (IL6), and Jun biotargets were obtained, respectively. In further validation in human study, cellular TNF‐α, IL6, and c‐Jun expressions in patient's CG samples were elevated significantly, accompanied with detectable urinary tract infection. Beneficially, VC‐dosed CG mice resulted in downregulated expressions of endogenous TNF‐α, IL6, and c‐Jun in blood and bladder samples.

Conclusion

Collectively, these bioinformatic findings and experimentative data uncover the therapeutic targets and biological mechanisms of VC for treating CG, in which the key biomarkers of TNF‐α, IL6, and c‐Jun may be the potential molecules for treating CG in clinical application.
Diversity of DNA Nanostructures and Applications in Oncotherapy
Authors: Zhan Yuxi , Ma Wenjuan , Zhang Yuxin , Mao Chenchen , Shao Xiaoru , Xie Xueping , Lin Yunfeng
Published: August 2019

DNA nanotechnology is a new frontier in the field of tumor biotherapy. Simple DNA strands can be precisely constructed for integration into nanostructures of desired shapes and sizes, with excellent stability and biocompatibility. In this review, an account of the wide range of nanostructures composed of DNA sequences and related advances in oncotherapy using aptamers and chemical drugs is given. Functional ligands, including enzymes, antibodies, and agents, have been appended to DNA frameworks based on their external and internal modifiability. Hence, additional functionalities, such as immunogenicity and enzymatic activity, have been obtained, which extend their practical applications. Importantly, aptamers and drugs can be attached to or incorporated into the wireframes, bringing in highly selective targeting and killing abilities for the modified DNA nanostructures (DNs). In conclusion, distinct DNA sequences, various functional molecules, and different interactions and modifications lead to the diversity of DNs. Currently, one of the leading areas is their applications in tumor therapy. But beyond that, DNs should have much wider application prospects.
Gold Immunochromatographic Assay for Rapid On‐Site Detection of Lincosamide Residues in Milk, Egg, Beef, and Honey Samples
Authors: Guo Lingling , Wu Xiaoling , Liu Liqiang , Kuang Hua , Xu Chuanlai
Published: August 2019

Lincosamides (LMs), include clindamycin (CLIN), lincomycin (LIN), and pirlimycin (PIR), that are widely used as veterinary drugs. LM residues in edible animal origin foods endanger human health and are in urgent need of establishing fast, simple, and highly sensitive detection methods. A gold immunochromatographic strip is prepared to detect CLIN, LIN, and PIR residues simultaneously with a single monoclonal antibody. This antibody is obtained with the design of a novel Hapten and can simultaneously recognize CLIN, LIN, and PIR. Under optimized conditions, the strip results can be semi‐quantitatively evaluated with the naked eye within 15 min, with cut‐off values in phosphate‐buffered saline of 1 ng mL−1 for CLIN, 10 ng mL−1 for LIN, and 25 ng mL−1 for PIR, respectively. Besides, the strip can also be quantified using a hand‐held strip scanner, and the spiked samples are used for establishing matrix curves. The limits of detection for CLIN, LIN, and PIR in spiked milk, egg, beef, and honey samples can satisfy the detection requirement. The utility of this strip is also confirmed by positive honey sample. In short, this strip should be expected to be a useful tool for the rapid on‐site screening of lincosamide residues in milk, egg, beef, and honey samples.
An idea to explore: Genotyping bull sperm to introduce basic molecular biology techniques in an animal science course
Authors: De Groef Bert , Grommen Sylvia V. H.
Published: August 2019

The laboratory exercise described here aims to provide a relevant context for learning basic DNA techniques in an introductory animal science course at tertiary level. In two 4‐hr laboratory sessions, students assess the suitability of bulls for inclusion in a gene‐assisted selection program for A2 β‐casein by genotyping commercial bull sperm. Sperm cells are lysed to extract the genomic DNA, and PCR with primers for the β‐casein gene is performed. Using the principle of amplification‐created restriction sites, restriction digestion with TaqI can be used to distinguish between the A1 allele and the A2 allele of the gene. Cut PCR amplicons are separated by gel electrophoresis to evaluate the genotype of each bull. Students then write a diagnostic report with accompanying letter to their fictional client, explaining the DNA test, and interpreting the results. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(6):708–711, 2019.
Childhood‐onset cerebellar ataxia in Japan: A questionnaire‐based survey
Authors: Ono Hiroya , Shimizu‐Motohashi Yuko , Maruo Kazushi , Takeshita Eri , Ishiyama Akihiko , Saito Takashi , Komaki Hirofumi , Nakagawa Eiji , Sasaki Masayuki
Published: August 2019

Objective

The diagnosis of childhood‐onset cerebellar ataxia (CA) is often challenging due to variations in symptoms and etiologies. Despite the known regional differences in the prevalence of etiologies underlying CA, the frequency and characteristics of CA in Japan remain unclear. We conducted a questionnaire‐based survey to identify the clinical characteristics of childhood‐onset CA in the Japanese population.

Materials and Methods

Questionnaires were sent to 1,103 board‐certified pediatric neurologists in Japan from 2016 to 2017. The primary survey requested the number of patients with CA under care, and the follow‐up secondary questionnaire requested additional clinical characteristics of the patients.

Results

The primary survey obtained 578 responses (response rate, 52.4%) on 385 patients with CA, including 171 diagnosed and 214 undiagnosed cases (diagnostic rate, 44.4%). The most frequent etiology was dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), followed by mitochondrial disorders and encephalitis. The secondary survey obtained the clinical characteristics of 252 cases (119 diagnosed and 133 undiagnosed cases). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that a younger age at onset, hearing issues, and short stature were associated with a higher risk of remaining undiagnosed with CA in Japan.

Conclusions

The diagnostic rate of childhood‐onset CA in the current study was comparable to those reported in other countries. The high prevalence of autosomal dominant ataxia, especially DRPLA, was a signature of CA in Japan. These data offer insights into the characteristics of childhood‐onset CA in the Japanese population.
Building reciprocity: From safety‐net to social transformation programmes
Authors: Minas Maria , Ribeiro Maria Teresa , Anglin James P.
Published: August 2019

Topics of societal concern such as mental health and poverty reduction increasingly require action programmes that operate within broad psychosocial and social justice perspectives. Models of practice centred in individual needs, although important, are not powerful enough to bring about social change when they operate in isolation. In this article, we present the findings resulting from the observation of programmes engaged in collaborating with socio‐economically disadvantaged individuals, families, and communities. The programmes selected for study were nationally or internationally recognized for the quality and innovation of their methodologies or for having been subjected to scientific attention; some met both criteria. Altogether, 15 programmes were visited, in North and South America and Europe. Through a grounded theory methodology, the processes of data collection and analysis led to the development of a theoretical framework that identifies a continuum of programmes aimed at supporting the development of individuals, families, and communities and that has at its core the central process of building reciprocity. This article presents and describes the continuum of programmes and how each type relates to the process of building reciprocity and establishes links with other relevant and significant concepts in the framework. Finally, implications for further research are explored.
An ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoid Isolated from Rabdosia excisa Suppresses Bcr‐Abl Protein Expression in Vitro and in Vivo and Induces Apoptosis of CML Cells
Authors: Xia Yan , Feng Miao , Wang Erkang , Chen Li , Wang Jin , Hou Ruibin , Zhao Yinping
Published: August 2019

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a disease of the blood stem cells that features the oncoprotein Bcr‐Abl. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used to treat CML patients, but these have limited efficacy due to the emergence of resistance via genetic mutation. Kamebakaurin is an ent‐kaurane diterpenoid that has been isolated from Rabdosia excisa (Maxim.) H.Hara. Herein, we investigate the potential of kamebakaurin as a chemotherapy reagent for the treatment of CML. We conducted in vitro and in vivo biological experiments and found that kamebakaurin potently inhibits cell proliferation, mainly by enhancing cell apoptosis and down‐regulating Bcr‐Abl protein levels. In addition, kamebakaurin was found to inhibit tumor growth and has no side effects on five internal organs for in vivo experiment. These results suggest that kamebakaurin is a potential anticancer agent and is a key compound for further investigations.
Formulating Pantone colors by unused base inks, formulation software, and a spectrophotometer
Authors: Altay Bilge N. , Husovska Veronika , Pekarovicova Alexandra , Fleming Paul D.
Published: August 2019

Unused base inks that are not going to be used for printing production are considered to be hazardous materials. Their disposal is expensive, and strict environmental regulations should be followed for their disposal. As an alternative, this article describes how spectral data of unused base inks can be gathered and mixed to generate new colors to incorporate them back to print production for small‐volume jobs. In this study, 30 different Pantone colors were selected as target colors. The CIE L*a*b* spectral data of Pantone colors and unused base inks were gathered via a spectrophotometer. A commercial formulation software, based on multiflux theory and CIE L*a*b* color space, was used to formulate ink recipes that contained the base inks. To quantify the performance of ink recipes, they were mixed and printed using an offset printability tester. The CIELAB ΔE*ab metric, developed by CIE, was used to detect the visual differences between the target Pantone Color and printed colors.
Retracted: The moderating effects of employee corporate social responsibility motive attributions (substantive and symbolic) between corporate social responsibility perceptions and voluntary pro‐environmental behavior
Authors: Afsar Bilal , Al‐Ghazali Basheer M. , Rehman Zia Ur , Umrani Waheed Ali
Published: August 2019

The primary aim of this study is to investigate how employees' corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions contribute to their voluntary pro‐environmental behaviors. This study also seeks to understand the moderating effects of employees' CSR motive attribution (substantive and symbolic) on the relationship between CSR perceptions and voluntary pro‐environmental behaviors. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 784 employees working in various industries such as telecommunication, pharmaceutical, medical, manufacturing, hospitality, and electronic. Results revealed that CSR perceptions positively affected voluntary pro‐environmental behaviors of employees. Moreover, employee's substantive CSR motive attribution strengthened the positive effect of CSR perceptions on voluntary pro‐environmental behavior, whereas symbolic CSR motive attribution weakened the positive effect of CSR perceptions on voluntary pro‐environmental behavior. This study provides guidance for managers who wish to address sustainability and CSR issues to enhance employees' voluntary pro‐environmental behavior. Organizations should integrate CSR initiatives into their sustainable strategy to increase employee's voluntary pro‐environmental behavior.
Does CEO media exposure affect corporate social responsibility?
Authors: Godos‐Díez José‐Luis , Cabeza‐García Laura , Fernández‐Gago Roberto , Nieto‐Antolín Mariano
Published: August 2019

Given the central role played by CEOs in the arena of strategic decision making, this article focuses on their impact on the implementation of socially responsible initiatives, which try to comply with the stakeholders' demands. Specifically, and drawing upon the relevant influence of media on decision makers, we analysed how CEOs' media exposure affects the development of their companies' corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. Moreover, relying mainly on the agency and stakeholder theories, we also considered a potential moderating effect of other CEO characteristics. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis carried out on a sample of 60 publicly listed Spanish companies in 2014 suggest that greater CEO media exposure can lead to a greater commitment to CSR. Furthermore, it was observed that this relationship may be affected by CEO tenure and prior political experience.
Quickest physical‐layer MGD anomaly detection for jamming attacks in centralized modulated wideband converter‐based ROC curve
Authors: Moumena Ahmed
Published: August 2019

In wireless communication systems, physical‐layer security menaces have evolved from jammers. Jammers, due to their furtive nature, make wireless communication systems vulnerable. The novelty in this work is to combine centralized modulated wideband converter, which is a networking system developed from the modulated wideband converter–based sub‐Nyquist sampling theory with a multivariate Gaussian distribution (MGD) anomaly detector‐based receiver operating characteristic curve that plot the detection rate (DR) versus false alarm rate (FAR) at various threshold values. We supposed the presence of a group of jammers in the spectrum corrupted with the primary source signal and noise. The received primary signal at each cognitive radio (CR) receiver is converted in to a digital signal using an analog‐to‐information converter. Each CR receiver give minimum number of samples denoted N1. All these compressed samples from every CR receiver are collected in the form of matrix called compressed sampling matrix, which is considered directly as the input of the MGD detector. The intelligent MGD detector proposed in the level of fusion center is based on the characteristics of the MGD. The numerical results show that this new system of combination detects faster anomalies perfectly in the presence of jammers in the spectrum in real‐time scenarios. Performance evaluation is performed in terms of DR versus FAR at different detection threshold values, under the presence of attacks in the system. By employing well‐known machine learning algorithms called MGD, the performance of this new proposed system shows good.
Angiotensin II‐induced micro RNA‐21 culprit for non‐small‐cell lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Luan Zhaoji , Liu Baoliang , Shi Lina
Published: August 2019

Lung cancer is among the most complicated cancers, with an estimated 1.6 million deaths each year for both men and women. However, the proportion of lung cancer patients in developing nations has increased from 31% to 49.9% in the last two decades. There are two main subtypes of lung cancer, small‐cell lung carcinoma and non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), accounting for 15% and 85% of all lung cancer, respectively. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers in men and women regardless of their age. Chemicals in cigarette smoke and nicotine enter our bloodstream and can then affect the entire body and finally lead to the activation of several important, pro‐survival signaling pathways. The biologically active peptide of RAAS on overstimulation enhance Ang II mediates cell proliferation, fibrosis and inflammatory effects via AT1 receptor. Very few studies highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs with the EGFR‐regulated miRNA‐21.
Historical faunal exchange between the Pontocaspian Basin and North America
Authors: Vandendorpe Justine , van Baak Christiaan G. C. , Stelbrink Björn , Delicado Diana , Albrecht Christian , Wilke Thomas
Published: August 2019

Ecrobia is a genus of small brackish‐water mud snails with an amphi‐Atlantic distribution. Interestingly, the species occurring in the northwestern Atlantic, Ecrobia truncata, is more closely related to the Pontocaspian taxa, Ecrobia grimmi and Ecrobia maritima, than to the species occurring in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. At least three colonization scenarios may account for this peculiar biogeographical pattern: (1) a recent human‐mediated dispersal, (2) a historical transatlantic interchange, and (3) a historical transpolar interchange. To test these three scenarios, we used five operational criteria—time of species divergence, first appearance in the fossil record, dispersal limitation as well as environmental filtering and biotic interactions along the potential migration routes. Specifically, we inferred a time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny for Ecrobia and reconstructed a paleogeographical map of the Arctic Ocean at 2.5 million years ago (Mya). Based on the five operational criteria, scenarios 1 and 2 can likely be rejected. In contrast, all criteria support scenario 3 (historical transpolar interchange). It is therefore suggested that a bird‐mediated and/or ocean current‐mediated faunal interchange via the Arctic Ocean occurred during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. This dispersal was likely facilitated by reduced distances between the Eurasian and North American/Greenland landmasses, marine introgressions, and/or a stepping‐stone system of brackish‐water habitats in northern Siberia, as well as a lack of competition along the migration route. As for the direction of dispersal, the scientific data presented are not conclusive. However, there is clearly more support for the scenario of dispersal from the Pontocaspian Basin to North America than vice versa. This is the first study providing evidence for a natural faunal exchange between the Pontocaspian Basin and North America via the Arctic Ocean.
pH‐Responsive Switching Properties of a Water‐Soluble Metallamacrocyclic Phenylalaninehydroximate La(III)–Cu(II) Complex: Insight into Tuning Protonation Ligand States
Authors: Katkova Marina A. , Zabrodina Galina S. , Rumyantcev Roman V. , Zhigulin Grigory Yu. , Ketkov Sergey Yu. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Fomina Irina G. , Eremenko Igor L.
Published: August 2019

The water‐soluble copper(II)‐lanthanum(III) complex based on phenylalaninehydroximate ligands La(H2O)4[15‐MCCuPhalaha‐5](Cl)3(1) has been synthesized and characterized structurally and spectroscopically. The X‐ray structure of1demonstrated that the ring copper ions are placed in distorted square pyramidal geometries with various axial coordination ligands. UV/Vis absorption spectra reveal halochromic behavior of1in the aqueous solution which represents reversible color changes from blue to colorless in response to pH variations. This effect has been described as pH‐induced “on‐off‐on” switch through protonation and deprotonation of the phenylalaninehydroximate ligands in the metallamacrocyclic complex1. To investigate the electronic structures of the complexes as well as the plausible mechanism of the halochromism, DFT calculations on the La(H2O)4[15‐MCCu(II)Phalaha‐5]3+ion and the protonated La[15‐MCCu(II)Phalaha(H)‐5]4+species were carried out. The calculations demonstrate that the protonation of the phenylalaninehydroximate ligands in the metallacrown is accompanied by variations in the electron density distribution and HOMO‐LUMO energy gap, which correlate with the spectroscopic changes observed.
Comparative Analysis of the Developmental Toxicity in Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio Induced by Al2O3 Nanoparticle Exposure
Authors: Ismail Tayaba , Lee Hyun-Kyung , Kim Chowon , Kim Youni , Lee Hongchan , Kim Jun-Hyeong , Kwon Song , Huh Tae-Lin , Khang Dongwoo , Kim Sang-Hyun , Choi Sun-Cheol , Lee Hyun-Shik
Published: August 2019

Engineered aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) having high-grade thermal stability and water-dispersion properties are extensively used in different industries and personal care products. Toxicological response evaluation of these NPs is indispensable in assessing the health risks and exposure limits because of their industrial disposal into the aquatic environment. We assessed and compared the developmental toxicity of Al2O3 NPs in Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio over a period of 96 h using the frog embryo teratogenic assay Xenopus and a fish embryo toxicity assay. Engineered Al2O3 NP exposure produced dose-dependent embryonic mortality and decreased the embryo length, indicating a negative effect on growth. Moreover, Al2O3 NPs induced various malformations, such as small head size, a bent/deformed axis, edema, and gut malformation, dose-dependently and altered the expression of heart- and liver-specific genes in both X. laevis and D. rerio, as revealed by whole-mount in-situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, the toxicological data suggest that Al2O3 NPs are developmentally toxic and teratogenic and negatively affect the embryonic development of X. laevis and D. rerio. Our study can serve as a model for the toxicological evaluation of nanomaterial exposure on vertebrate development that is critical to ensure human and environmental safety. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2672–2681. © 2019 SETAC
A synthetic library of allylmethoxyphenyl esters: spectral characterization and gas chromatographic behavior
Authors: Mladenović Marko Z. , Radulović Niko S.
Published: August 2019

A recent identification of eugenyl (allylmethoxyphenyl) esters as Anthemis segetalis Ten. (Asteraceae) essential oil constituents, accomplished by means of organic synthesis, motivated us to expand the existing synthetic library with an aim to examine the generality of structure‐chromatographic property relationships within this series of volatiles. Herein, the design, synthesis, gas–chromatographic and spectral characterization of members of a library of 85 allylmethoxyphenyl esters (64 are completely new) were described. Analysis of experimentally obtained RI data showed that esters of the same acid and different allylmethoxyphenols always elute in the same order from an apolar gas chromatography (DB‐5MS) column: 2‐allyl‐6‐methoxyphenyl < 2‐allyl‐3‐methoxyphenyl < 2‐allyl‐5‐methoxyphenyl < 2‐allyl‐4‐methoxyphenyl < 4‐allyl‐2‐methoxyphenyl esters. Based on the obtained RI values, several quantitative structure–property relationship models were built up that correlated several easily available parameters (e.g. Wiener [WI], Balaban [BI], and molecular topological [MTI] indices) of the mentioned esters and their RI data. The generated various quantitative structure–property relationships models (equations that predict RIs of esters of different regioisomers of allylmethoxyphenols with the same acids and the ones that predict RIs of esters of different acids with the same allylmethoxyphenols) were tested on data of previously known related esters. RI data of esters of allylmethoxyphenol regioisomers could be successfully predicted based on 1D topological indices, such as the Balaban, Wiener, and molecular topological indices. Together with RI and MS data accumulated in this work, these models represent a new and simple tool for the identification of allylmethoxyphenyl esters that might potentially represent new or rare natural products.
Using adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system and multiple linear regression to estimate orange taste
Authors: Mokarram Marzieh , Amin Hosein , Khosravi Mohammad R.
Published: August 2019

In this research, some characteristic qualities of orange fruits such as vitamin C and acid content; weight; fruit and skin diameter; and red (R), green (G), and blue (B) values of the RGB color model for 70 samples were used to predict the taste of orange grown in Darab, southeast of Fars Province, Iran, by multiple linear regression (MLR) and adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). To use MLR, firstly the most important input data were selected, and then, the best model to predict the taste of orange was applied. In this research, methodology of ANFIS consisted of selection of dependent orange taste, fuzzification, fuzzy inference rule, membership function, and defuzzification process. The predictive capability of these models was evaluated by various descriptive statistical indicators such as mean square error (MSE) and determination coefficient (R2). The results showed that the prediction performance of the MLR model has a strong significant relationship between orange taste and vitamin C (0.897**), red color (0.901**), and blue color (0.713*). Also, the results of ANFIS model showed that with low error for train and check data increased the most accuracy for prediction of orange taste. Moreover, the results indicated that the success rate of taste determination for orange is higher by using ANFIS compared to the MLR. This research was to provide valuable information for orange taste.