bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The state of information infrastructure for global climate governance
Authors: Engvall Tove Sofia , Flak Leif Skiftenes
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The world is facing global challenges that require international collaboration. This study aims to describe and analyze how digital technologies are applied in global governance to respond to such critical challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply an interpretive case study of climate reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a case of digitalization in global governance. It includes interviews with officials in the Swedish public administration and the UNFCCC secretariat to cover national and international levels. The authors describe the reporting process and analyze the role of information systems through the lens of information infrastructures.

Findings

“Information infrastructure” is a valuable instrument to understand digitalization in global governance as a complex interplay between information systems, information, standards, organizations, people and social structures. The level of sophistication is, however, basic with a large potential for improvement – for instance in analytical and communicative services to support evidence-based decision-making and assessment of progress.

Research limitations/implications

The data collection is limited to one governance process: reporting. Future studies should complement the findings by broadening the scope to other processes. The authors propose that digital global governance is dependent on an effective information infrastructure, and that the five design principles by Hanseth and Lyytinen (2016) offer guidance when developing this.

Practical implications

The results indicate a large unutilized potential of digital technologies to improve progress assessment, communicate more effectively with stakeholders and identify new ways of visualizing data to support decision making in global climate policy.

Social implications

Use of digital technologies, as suggested in the article, could strengthen the implementation capability of climate goals, which is of urgent need.

Originality/value

While most research in digital governance considers the national or municipal level, this study provides empirical insight and theorization of digital technologies in a global governance setting.
Phenotypic plasticity contributes more to the variations in nutrient resorption than genetic differentiation in a grassland dominant
Authors: Zhang Zuxin , Zheng Jing , Guang Yingjie , Chen Lijun , Luo Xinping , Chen Dali , Hu Xiaowen
Published: July 2022

Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation are the two important processes determining the leaf nutrient resorption among and within plant species, which is critical for understanding the adaptability of plants. However, relative contributions of these two processes have never been quantified at a large geographical scale.

Here, we investigated intraspecific variations in nutrient resorption among 14 Stipa breviflora populations along a latitude gradient in 2018 and 2019. Furthermore, we sow seeds from these populations in two common gardens at different latitudes and examined the variations in nutrient resorption.

Our results showed that nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency (NRE and PRE) among S. breviflora populations in nature were positively related to latitude, while this trend disappeared in the common gardens. The heritability of NRE and PRE was 11.45% and 16.78%, respectively. These results suggested that phenotypic plasticity contributed much more than genetic variation to nutrient resorption of S. breviflora. Moreover, the structural equation modelling (SEM) suggested that latitude indirectly affected nutrient resorption mainly by altering soil nutrients. With the increasing of latitude, soil nutrients decreased while nutrient resorption increased. This phenomenon indicated that the main process regulating nutrient resorption is negative feedback to soil nutrient availability.

Our study provides new insights into the role of nutrient resorption in plant adaptations to geographic variations.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Microseismic wavefield propagation in a fracture‐induced anisotropic medium based on a general dislocation source model
Authors: Yao Yi , Wang Yibo , Kong Liyun
Published: July 2022

The propagation of microseismicity in subsurface media is complex. We developed an anisotropic petrophysical model based on an empirical formula, linear slip theory and the bond transform method considering real underground conditions. Using Biot's equations, the seismic response to a general dislocation source in fracture‐induced anisotropic two‐phased media was solved using a staggered grid high‐order finite‐difference algorithm. To understand the relationship between the microseismic wave and fracture parameters, we then designed several different models to calculate the wavefield snapshots and analyse the effect of the fracture volume ratio and orientation. The modelling results indicate that the shear faulting source generates three types of waves in two‐phase media. Fractures can render homogeneous media anisotropic, and anisotropy becomes more noticeable with an increase in the fracture volume ratio. This decreases the velocity of the fast longitudinal and transverse waves in the vertical direction and increases the velocity of the slow longitudinal wave in a certain range. The fracture orientation mainly influences the moment tensor and then affects the wavefronts. These simulations lay the foundation for further studies on microseismic wave propagation in fracture‐induced anisotropic media.
Source and receiver deghosting by demigration‐based supervised learning
Authors: de Jonge Thomas , Vinje Vetle , Zhao Peng , Poole Gordon , Iversen Einar
Published: July 2022

Deghosting of marine seismic data is an important and challenging step in the seismic processing flow. We describe a novel approach to train a supervised convolutional neural network to perform joint source and receiver deghosting of single‐component (hydrophone) data. The training dataset is generated by demigration of stacked depth migrated images into shot gathers with and without ghosts using the actual source and receiver locations from a real survey. To create demigrated data with ghosts, we need an estimate of the depth of the sources and receivers and the reflectivity of the sea surface. In the training process, we systematically perturbed these parameters to create variability in the ghost timing and amplitude and show that this makes the convolutional neural network more robust to variability in source/receiver depth, swells and sea surface reflectivity. We tested the new method on the Marmousi synthetic data and real North Sea field data and show that, in some respects, it performs better than a standard deterministic deghosting method based on least‐squares inversion in the τ‐p domain. On the synthetic data, we also demonstrate the robustness of the new method to variations in swells and sea‐surface reflectivity.
What does not kill you can make you stronger: Variation in plasticity in response to early temporally heterogeneous hydrological experience
Authors: Wang Shu , Callaway Ragan M.
Published: July 2022

Temporally heterogeneous environments may drive rapid and continuous plastic responses, leading to highly variable plasticity in traits. However, direct experimental evidence for such meta‐plasticity due to environmental heterogeneity is rare.

Our objective was to investigate the effects of early experience with temporally heterogeneous water availability on the subsequent plasticity of plant species in response to water conditions.

We subjected eight plant species from three habitats, four exotic and four native to North America, to initial exposure to either a first round of alternating drought and inundation treatment (Ehet, temporally heterogeneous experience) or a consistently moderate water supply (Ehom, homogeneous experience), and to a second round of drought, moderate watering or inundation treatments. Afterwards the performance in a series of traits of these species, after the first and second rounds of treatments, was measured.

Compared withEhom,Ehetincreased final mean total mass of all species considered together but did not affect mean mortality.Ehetrelative toEhom, decreased the initial total mass of native species as a group, but increased the mass of exotic species or species from hydric habitats;Ehetalso increased the late growth of natives, but did not for exotics, and increased the late growth of mesic species more than xeric and hydric species.

Our results suggest that previous exposure to temporal heterogeneity in water supply may be not beneficial immediately, but can be beneficial for plant growth and response to water stress later in a plant's lifetime. Heterogeneous experiences may not necessarily enhance the degree of plasticity but may improve the expression of plasticity in terms of better performance later, effects of which differ for different groups of species, suggesting species‐specific strategies for dealing with fluctuating abiotic environments.

Synthesis. Previous temporally heterogeneous experience can benefits plant growth later in life though modulating the expression of plasticity, leading to adaptive meta‐plasticity. Studies of meta‐plasticity may improve our understanding not only on the importance of variable plasticity in relation to how plants cope with environmental challenges but also on the costs versus benefits of plastic responses and its limits over the long term.
The discriminative potential of palatal geometric analysis for sex discrimination and human identification
Authors: Simon Botond , Aschheim Kenneth , Vág János
Published: July 2022

Previous 3D superimposition studies of digital scans of the human palate, using geometric and surface morphology comparisons, have shown its usefulness in assisting in the identification process, including its ability to distinguish identical twins. This study aimed to evaluate the discriminative potential when only simple geometric analysis is used. Its aim is not only to determine if geometric comparison alone is sufficient not only to assist in identification but if it supports the hypothesis of assisting in sex discrimination when no other comparative data is available. The palates of 64 monozygotic (M.Z.T.) and 39 dizygotic (D.Z.T.) twins were digitized three times using a scanner. Digital smoothing was used to remove the rugae, and palatal height, depth, and width were measured. The study confirmed that the smoothing function had little effect on the discriminatory function since the Mean Absolute Distance (MAD) between M.Z.T. (0.430 ± 0.018 mm versus 0.425 ± 0.022 mmp = 0.061) or D.Z.T. (0.621 ± 0.058 mm versus 0.586 ± 0.053 mm,p = 0.284) scans show little change. By combining the height, depth, and width into a discriminative function, the sex correctly correlated 83.9% of the time, identity by 91.2% sensitivity, and twining by 68.5%. The difference in the 3D palatal model between twin siblings is primarily due to palate geometrics. Since geometric comparison requires far less computation time, geometric comparison alone can be used as an adjunct metric for limiting the possible matches in a dental 3D database in determining both sex and identity, especially if no other evidence is available.
University League Tables have no Legs to Stand on
Authors: Barnett Adrian , Gadd Elizabeth
Published: July 2022

What really makes one higher education institution “better” than another? The ranking of the world's universities is big business built on a flimsy statistical approach, say Adrian Barnett and Elizabeth Gadd
The Real Scale of Domestic Violence During Covid-19
Authors: Anderberg Dan , Rainer Helmut , Siuda Fabian
Published: July 2022

Victims of domestic abuse may struggle to contact the police. But they are likely to seek help on the internet. By using internet search data to measure domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic, Dan Anderberg, Helmut Rainer and Fabian Siuda found an increase several times larger than that suggested in official police records
Hopeful tourism to grapple and engage with emotions in the Anthropocene
Authors: Westoby Ross , Clissold Rachel , McNamara Karen E.
Published: July 2022

The Anthropocene is characterised by people’s significant influences on global systems, which generate both high levels of uncertainty and profound change in our lifetime. We must start to better engage with what it might mean to inhabit and know the world differently, especially as we experience extensive loss and change, and because grief is increasingly with us. At the same time, we must better engage with our emotions productively and find hope through active, conscious processing and mourning. In this commentary, we explore the potential of engaging in nature‐based tourism to help us grapple with, process, and positively engage with the emotions of the Anthropocene. We gained insights about such potential for healing by collaborating with two eco‐tourism enterprises in Australia: Mount Barney Lodge in Southeast Queensland and Salt and Bush Eco Tours in the Peel River Region on the west coast of Australia. We found that nature immersion can heal and renew. Moreover, guides who know about and are connected to or living closely with nature play critical roles as interpreters or intermediaries with nature. They can also inspire gratitude and positive emotions by encouraging us to (re)connect with nature and provide new and transformative perspectives that bring comfort and motivate action.
Research progress on the formation mechanism and detection technology of bread flavor
Authors: Yang Yuxia , Zhao Xiuhong , Wang Rong
Published: July 2022

With a long history of fermentation technology and rich flavors, bread is widely consumed by people all around the world. The consumer market is huge and the demand is wide. However, the formation mechanism of bread baking flavor has not been completely defined. In order to improve the breadmaking process and the quality of bread, the main flavor substances produced in bread baking, the formation mechanism, and the detection technology of bread baking flavor are carefully summarized in this paper. The generation conditions and formation mechanism of flavor substances during the bread baking process are expounded, and the limitations of some current bread flavor detection technologies are proposed, which will provide theoretical basis for effectively regulating the generation of flavor substances in the bread baking process and making bread with good flavor and rich nutrition in the future.
Thermal aggregation behavior of egg white protein and blue round scad (Decapterus maruadsi) myofibrillar protein
Authors: Yi Shumin , Wu Qi , Tong Shengnan , Wang Wei , Li Xuepeng , Mi Hongbo , Xu Yongxia , Li Jianrong
Published: July 2022

In the present study, egg white protein (EWP) and myofibrillar protein (MP) were mixed in different ratios (0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 100/0 for EWP/MP) and subjected to unheated, preheated (40°C/30 min), two‐step heated (40°C/30 min, 90°C/20 min), and one‐step heated (90°C/20 min) treatments to study the thermal aggregation of the two proteins. Their aggregation behavior was characterized by turbidity, active sulfhydryl, degree of protein cross‐linking, protein characteristic spectra, and microscopic morphology. The results indicated that for the mixed protein system composed of EWP and MP, the mixed protein aggregation volume was larger and regular at an EWP/MP of 30/70, when the degree of cross‐linking was best. When the ratio of EWP/MP was 50/50, the aggregate–protein interaction was dominant, and the excess EWP acted as a barrier to cross‐linking and wrapped around the surface of the aggregates to form larger aggregates. Comparing the two‐step heated and one‐step heated conditions, the former is superior.

Practical Application

The combination of egg white protein and myofibrillar protein can provide a theoretical reference for the protein content in surimi products, and moderate addition has an enhancing effect on surimi protein cross‐linking and promotes gel formation. Excessive addition will form aggregates outside the egg white protein wrapping phenomenon, and the quality of surimi gel products will be affected.
Efficacy of lymphocyte immunotherapy in the treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss from alloimmunity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Francisco Phorenice D. , Tan‐Lim Carol Stephanie C. , Agcaoili‐De Jesus Maria Socorro L.
Published: July 2022

Problem

The efficacy of lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) in the treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) from alloimmunity has been debated for years. There is conflicting evidence on the therapeutic role of LIT, since the etiology of most cases of RPL is previously classified as idiopathic.

Method of study

A systematic search of PubMed and Cochrane databases was done for randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of paternal lymphocyte or third donor LIT among patients with primary or secondary RPL. The primary outcome was live birth rate after LIT. Random‐effect meta‐analysis was conducted using the software RevMan 5.4. Pre‐planned subgroup analyses of source of lymphocytes, timing and frequency of administration, and concentration per immunization dose were conducted.

Results

Data from eight trials showed a statistically significant benefit of LIT (RR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.05‐2.01). The overall live birth rate is higher in the treatment group (65.6%) compared to placebo or no treatment (45.2%). Subgroup analysis based on source of lymphocytes revealed a trend towards benefit with paternal LIT but with wide confidence interval (RR = 1.34, 95% CI = .84‐2.14). Multiple doses of immunotherapy before pregnancy and low dose (5×106 cells) LIT showed significant benefit. Sensitivity analysis involving studies with a low risk of bias demonstrated significant benefit of increased live birth rate among patients treated with LIT compared to those who received placebo or no treatment (RR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.53‐2.53).

Conclusion

LIT demonstrate benefit in improving pregnancy outcome of patients with RPL from alloimmunity.
A mixed‐methods evaluation of a health‐promoting café located in a small health service in rural Victoria, Australia
Authors: Whelan Jillian , Love Penelope , Aitken John , Millar Lynne , Morley Catherine , Melgren Ngareta , Allender Steven , Bell Colin
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Residents of rural areas internationally typically experience chronic disease risk profiles worse than city dwellers. Poor diet, a key driver of chronic disease, has been associated with unhealthy food environments, and rural areas often experience limited access to healthy, fresh and affordable food.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the first three years of a health promoting social enterprise café established in a small rural health service.

Design

A mixed‐methods evaluation study. Quantitative sales data, surveys and key informant interviews that included both quantitative and qualitative responses.

Findings

Three years of sales data were included; 111customer surveys and five key informant interviews were conducted. Food and beverages on displayed and sold consistently met or exceeded the healthy criteria set by policy. Stakeholders supported the traffic light system, the social enterprise model and rated the likelihood of sustainability of the café as high.

Discussion

Customers used the ‘traffic light’ system to inform food choices, placed value on the warmth of the staff and on the welcoming environment created through the social enterprise model. Resources remain tight although all stakeholders are committed to the sustainability of the YarriYak café.

Conclusion

The study shows the acceptability, feasibility and sustainability of a health promoting social enterprise café in a rural area.
Learning to self‐lead: Examining self‐leadership strategies, personality traits and learning attainment
Authors: Woods Stephen A. , Napiersky Uwe , Rivkin Wladislaw
Published: July 2022

This study examined self‐leadership, an integrative concept in organisational behaviour and psychology, that represents a person's ability to manage themselves and improve their own performance through a combination of behavioural, cognitive and motivational strategies, in the context of learning and development outcomes. Change in three aspects of self‐leadership (termed the Doing‐self, Thinking‐self and Energising‐self) following a short development intervention was examined in a sample of management school students in a pre‐intervention and postintervention design. The study also expanded upon the role of personality traits in moderating self‐leadership change. The data additionally provide evidence of the association of self‐leadership with learning attainment. The findings of this study underline the potential benefits of self‐leadership learning and development. Implications for theory and practice in organisations are discussed.
International cooperation during COVID‐19: Case study vaccine cooperation and its impact in Indonesia
Authors: Pratiwi Fadhila Inas , Muttaqien M. , Samy Muhammad , Fadli Jilan Hanifah , Intan Angelique Angie , Kusuma Nugraha Ryadi
Published: July 2022

This policy review analyzes the international cooperation experienced in Indonesia during the COVID‐19 pandemic, specifically concerning vaccine cooperation. It examines the policy debates of vaccine cooperation within Indonesia from the government, parliament, religious organizations, civil society, and mass media. Although some feel pessimistic about vaccine cooperation, the results found that vaccine cooperation has a positive impact on Indonesia. This is because gradually after the highest COVID‐19 cases in July 2021, the government continued to increase the vaccination rate and by the end of September 2021, Indonesia finally reached the lowest case numbers. Therefore, the vaccine cooperation between Indonesia and other countries proved to be effective in reducing the COVID‐19 cases in Indonesia. International cooperation is necessary in times of crisis.
Primary nonadherence to drugs prescribed by general practitioners: A Dutch database study
Authors: Hempenius Mirjam , Rijken Simone , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , Hek Karin , de Boer Anthonius , Klungel Olaf H. , Gardarsdottir Helga
Published: July 2022

Aim

Primary nonadherence (PNA) is defined as not filling the first prescription for a drug treatment. PNA can lead not only to poor patient outcomes but also to exposure misclassification in written prescription databases. This study aims to estimate PNA in primary care in the Netherlands and to investigate associated factors.

Methods

Patients from the Nivel Primary Care Database (Nivel‐PCD) who received a new prescription (>1 year not prescribed) from a general practitioner in 2012 were linked to pharmacy dispensing information of consenting pharmacies based on sex, year of birth, four‐digit postal code and at least 50% matching Anatomical Therapeutic Classification codes. PNA was defined as not having a prescription dispensed within 30 days from the prescribing date. PNA was assessed overall and per drug class. The associations between PNA and several patient‐ and prescription‐related characteristics were assessed using mixed‐effects logistic regression models.

Results

After matching 86 361 of 396 251 subjects (21.8%) in the Nivel‐PCD records to the pharmacy records, this study included 65 877 subjects who received 181 939 new drug prescriptions. Overall, PNA was 11.5%. PNA was lowest for thyroid hormones (5.5%) and highest for proton pump inhibitors (12.8%). Several factors were associated with PNA, such as having comorbidities (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37‐1.56 for >3 active diagnoses, compared to no active diagnoses) or reimbursement status (OR 2.78, 95% CI 2.65‐2.92 for not reimbursed drugs compared to fully reimbursed drugs).

Conclusions

A total of 11.5% of newly prescribed drugs were not dispensed. This can lead to overestimation of the actual drug exposure status when using written prescription databases.
Center-Augmented ℓ2-Type Regularization for Subgroup Learning
Authors: He Ye , Zhou Ling , Xia Yingcun , Lin Huazhen
Published: July 2022

The existing methods for subgroup analysis can be roughly divided into two categories: finite mixture models (FMM) and regularization methods with an ℓ1-type penalty. In this paper, by introducing the group centers and ℓ2-type penalty in the loss function, we propose a novel center-augmented regularization (CAR) method; this method can be regarded as a unification of the regularization method and FMM and hence exhibits higher efficiency and robustness and simpler computations than the existing methods. In particular, its computational complexity is reduced from the of the conventional pairwise-penalty method to only , where n is the sample size and K is the number of subgroups. The asymptotic normality of CAR is established, and the convergence of the algorithm is proven. CAR is applied to a dataset from a multicenter clinical trial, Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opiate Dependence; a larger R2 is produced and three additional significant variables are identified compared to those of the existing methods.
Real-world data on the effectiveness, safety and drug survival of dupilumab: an analysis from the TREATgermany registry
Authors: Stölzl Dora , Sander Nicole , Heratizadeh Annice , Haufe Eva , Harder Inken , Abraham Susanne , Heinrich Luise , Kleinheinz Andreas , Wollenberg Andreas , Weisshaar Elke , Schäkel Knut , Ertner Konstantin , Wiemers Franca , Wildberger Julia , Worm Margitta , von Kiedrowski Ralph , Effendy Isaak , Asmussen Andrea , Augustin Matthias , Pawlak Mario , Sticherling Michael , Zink Alexander , Hilgers Melanie , Handrick Christiane , Quist Sven , Schwarz Beate , Staubach-Renz Petra , Bell Magnus , Hong-Weldemann Sun-Hei , Homey Bernhard , Brücher Jens-Joachim , Schmitt Jochen , Werfel Thomas , Weidinger Stephan ,   the TREATgermany study group
Published: July 2022

This interim analysis from the atopic dermatitis registry TREATgermany shows robust long-term efficacy, favourable safety and high persistence of dupilumab under real life conditions.
Complete responses to odronextamab in two patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma refractory to chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy
Authors: Weinstock Matt , Elavalakanar Pavania , Bright Susan , Ambati Srikanth R. , Brouwer‐Visser Jurriaan , Pourpe Stephane , Fiaschi Nathalie , Jankovic Vladimir , Thurston Gavin , Deering Raquel P. , Chaudhry Aafia , Joyce Robin , Arnason Jon
Published: July 2022

Outcomes remain poor for patients with relapsed/refractory B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (R/R B‐NHL). While chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy has revolutionised treatment, a significant proportion of patients relapse or fail to respond. Odronextamab is a CD20 × CD3 bispecific antibody that has demonstrated durable responses and a manageable safety profile in patients with R/R B‐NHL in a first‐in‐human trial (NCT02290951). Here, we document two patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma refractory to CART‐cell therapy. Both achieved complete responses that remain ongoing for ≥2 years following odronextamab. Neither patient experienced Grade ≥3 cytokine release syndrome or Grade ≥3 neurological adverse events during treatment.
Editorial Perspective: How can we help the children of Ukraine and others affected by military conflict?
Authors: Calam Rachel , El‐Khani Aala , Maalouf Wadih
Published: July 2022

Parents and caregivers play a key role in protecting children from the stresses of war. Their own experiences, changes they see in children in their care and the nature of the parenting they provide can have a profound effect on childrens' reactions. The adoption of a pyramid of resources from universally available psychoeducational materials to specialised forms of trauma‐informed interventions allows for screening and provision of appropriate levels of assistance. The importance of consideration of the family's context, the evidence base and the capacity of informal and professional networks to support caregiving is discussed. Resources available through the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime are provided to share experiences of building a pyramid of interlinked, evidence‐based, trauma‐informed interventions which have been developed in collaboration with families and practitioners experiencing life through the contexts of military conflict, displacement and resettlement.
Learning from the experience of parents in poverty: The power of recognition
Authors: Sanfelici Mara
Published: July 2022

This study aims to contribute to the literature exploring the parents' perspective on what parenting in poverty means in their everyday life and how they are able to cope with the challenges that arise from a condition of economic deprivation. Forty parents living in different Italian regions had been interviewed. Data gathering and data analysis were conducted as a simultaneous and iterative process, oriented by the constructivist grounded theory. Our findings provide a clear picture of the parents' constant struggle to protect their children from an environment in which structural conditions and dominant narratives lead to normalize and personalize disadvantages. Parents described enabling and disabling processes that interplay at a material, relational and symbolic level, influencing their movement along a continuum that depicts different experiences in different moments of their lives, as the output of processes where vulnerabilities and strengths are combined. The parents' knowledge helps to explain the wider social processes and the day‐to‐day social interactions that influence the flow along this continuum. The final purpose is to allow their voices to be heard and to learn from their perspective, as it is essential in designing policies and services that are supposed to help them.
Event‐based Dynamic Graph Drawing without the Agonizing Pain
Authors: Arleo A. , Miksch S. , Archambault D.
Published: July 2022

Temporal networks can naturally model real‐world complex phenomena such as contact networks, information dissemination and physical proximity. However, nodes and edges bear real‐time coordinates, making it difficult to organize them into discrete timeslices, without a loss of temporal information due to projection. Event‐based dynamic graph drawing rejects the notion of a timeslice and allows each node and edge to retain its own real‐valued time coordinate. While existing work has demonstrated clear advantages for this approach, they come at a running time cost. We investigate the problem of accelerating event‐based layout to make it more competitive with existing layout techniques. In this paper, we describe the design, implementation and experimental evaluation of MultiDynNoS, the first multi‐level event‐based graph layout algorithm. We consider three operators for coarsening and placement, inspired by Walshaw, GRIP and FM3, which we couple with an event‐based graph drawing algorithm. We also propose two extensions to the core algorithm: AutoTau and Bend Transfer. We perform two experiments: first, we compare MultiDynNoS variants to existing state‐of‐the‐art dynamic graph layout approaches; second, we investigate the impact of each of the proposed algorithm extensions. MultiDynNoS proves to be competitive with existing approaches, and the proposed extensions achieve their design goals and contribute in opening new research directions.
Children's dimensions of poverty: Qualitative studies in urban China
Authors: Yang Lichao , Walker Robert , Zhang Guanli
Published: July 2022

The dimensionality of child poverty is not well understood because children are seldom asked systematically to describe their poverty experience. This hinders the prediction of poverty's long‐term consequences and constrains policy design. In this research, 55 children aged 8–12 from Hangzhou and Beijing China were each interviewed individually for 0.5–2 h and participated in 3–4 focus group sessions on poverty experience. Integrating their understanding with the perspectives of parents and teachers suggests nine dimensions of poverty: four structural (material deprivation, limiting home environment, constrained education, restricted opportunities); three relational (violence, negative social relations, lack of confidence) and two core (shame, neglected agency).
Associations between social determinants of health and abdominal solid organ transplant wait‐lists in the United States
Authors: Johnson Wali R. , Rega Scott A. , Feurer Irene D. , Karp Seth J.
Published: July 2022

Background

Societal factors that influence wait‐listing for transplantation are complex and poorly understood. Social determinants of health (SDOH) affect rates of and outcomes after transplantation.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study investigated the impact of SDOH on additions to state‐level, 2017–2018 kidney and liver wait‐lists. Principal components analysis, starting with 127 variables among 3142 counties, was used to derive novel, comprehensive state‐level composites, designated (1) health/economics and (2) community capital/urbanicity. Stepwise multivariate linear regression with backwards elimination (n = 51; 50 states and DC) tested the effects of these composites, Medicaid expansion, and center density on adult disease burden‐adjusted wait‐list additions.

Results

SDOH related to increased community capital/urbanicity were independently associated with wait‐listing (starting models: B = .40, P = .010 Kidney; B = .36, P = .038 Liver) (final models: B = .31, P = .027 Kidney, B = .34, P = .015 Liver). In contrast and surprisingly, no other covariates were associated with wait‐listing (P ≥ .122).

Conclusions

These results suggest that deficits in community resources are important contributors to disparities in wait‐list access. Our composite SDOH metrics may help identify at‐risk communities, which can be the focus of local and national policy initiatives to improve access to organ transplantation.
Levels of donor‐derived cell‐free DNA and chemokines in BK polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy
Authors: Mayer Katharina A. , Omic Haris , Weseslindtner Lukas , Doberer Konstantin , Reindl‐Schwaighofer Roman , Viard Thierry , Tillgren Amanda , Haindl Susanne , Casas Silvia , Eskandary Farsad , Heinzel Andreas , Kozakowski Nicolas , Kikić Željko , Böhmig Georg A. , Eder Michael
Published: July 2022

Background

BK polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) carries a risk of irreversible allograft injury. While detection of BK viremia and biopsy assessment are the current diagnostic gold standard, the diagnostic value of biomarkers reflecting tissue injury (donor‐derived cell‐free DNA [dd‐cfDNA]) or immune activation (C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL]9 and CXCL10) remains poorly defined.

Methods

For this retrospective study, 19 cases of BKPyVAN were selected from the Vienna transplant cohort (biopsies performed between 2012 and 2019). Eight patients with T cell‐mediated rejection (TCMR), 17 with antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR) and 10 patients without polyomavirus nephropathy or rejection served as controls. Fractions of dd‐cfDNA were quantified using next‐generation sequencing and CXCL9 and CXCL10 were detected using multiplex immunoassays.

Results

BKPyVAN was associated with a slight increase in dd‐cfDNA (median; interquartile range: .38% [.27%‐1.2%] vs. .21% [.12%‐.34%] in non‐rejecting control patients; p = .005). Levels were far lower than in ABMR (1.2% [.82%‐2.5%]; p = .004]), but not different from TCMR (.54% [.26%‐3.56%]; p = .52). Within the BKPyVAN cohort, we found no relationship between dd‐cfDNA levels and the extent of tubulo‐interstitial infiltrates, BKPyVAN class and BK viremia/viruria, respectively. In some contrast to dd‐cfDNA, concentrations of urinary CXCL9 and CXCL10 exceeded those detected in ABMR, but similar increases were also found in TCMR.

Conclusion

BKPyVAN can induce moderate increases in dd‐cfDNA and concomitant high urinary excretion of chemokines, but this pattern may be indistinguishable from that of TCMR. Our results argue against a significant value of these biomarkers to reliably distinguish BKPyVAN from rejection.
Rapid bird species recovery following high‐severity wildfire but in the absence of early successional specialists
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Blanchard Wade , Bowd Elle , Scheele Ben C. , Foster Claire , Lavery Tyrone , McBurney Lachlan , Blair David
Published: July 2022

Aim

The distribution and abundance of forest biodiversity can be shaped by multiple drivers, including disturbances like wildfires. We quantified the influence of wildfire severity and bird life history attributes on temporal patterns of bird site occupancy.

Location

Wet eucalypt forests of Victoria, Australia.

Methods

We employed a Before, After, Control, Impact experimental design, gathering occupancy data on birds 5 years before, and for 10 years after, a wildfire in 2009. We quantified post‐fire decline and then recovery on sites subject to high‐severity fire, comparing these temporal patterns with those for birds at sites that were unburnt or burnt at moderate severity. We also tested the influence of life history attributes on bird responses to wildfire. Data were analysed using joint species distribution modelling, accounting for imperfect detection.

Results

We found a two‐way interaction between fire severity and time period for overall bird site occupancy. The largest change between time periods was on sites burnt at high severity where bird occupancy declined immediately after fire followed by a strong recovery. Occupancy patterns remained largely unchanged on unburnt sites. For many individual species, interactions between fire severity and time period were similar to overall species occupancy. On sites subject to high‐severity fire, most species recovered to pre‐fire levels within 6 years. We found no evidence of a three‐way interaction between fire severity, time period, and life history attributes, with all trait groups of birds examined largely recovered to pre‐fire site occupancy levels 10 years post‐fire.

Main conclusions

The Victorian 2009 wildfires were severe, but their impacts on common bird species were relatively short‐lived, with immediate post‐fire declines mostly reversed within ~10 years. Rapid post‐fire stand regeneration appears a likely driver of these responses and may account for the relatively limited influence of life history attributes on bird species recovery. However, diet influenced bird species occupancy after fire, with nectivores recovering slower than insectivores on sites subject to high severity fire. Our findings may be relevant to other forests types globally where there can be rapid post‐fire vegetation growth and stand regeneration.
Dorsal bed nucleus of stria terminalis in depressed and nondepressed temporal lobe epilepsy patients
Authors: Dhaher Roni , Bronen Richard A. , Spencer Linda , Colic Lejla , Brown Franklin , Mian Ali , Sandhu Mani , Pittman Brian , Spencer Dennis , Blumberg Hilary P. , Altalib Hamada
Published: July 2022

Objective

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and depression are common comorbid disorders whose underlying shared neural network has yet to be determined. Although animal studies demonstrate a role for the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST) in both seizures and depression, and human clinical studies demonstrate a therapeutic effect of stimulating this region on treatment‐resistant depression, the role of the dBNST in depressed and nondepressed TLE patients is still unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this structure is morphologically abnormal in these epilepsy patients, with an increased abnormality in TLE patients with comorbid depression.

Methods

In this case‐controlled study, 3‐T structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained from TLE patients with no depression (TLEonly), TLE patients with depression (TLEdep), and healthy control (HC) subjects. TLE subjects were recruited from the Yale University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, diagnosed with the International League Against Epilepsy 2014 Diagnostic Guidelines, and confirmed by video‐electroencephalography. Diagnosis of major depressive disorder was confirmed by a trained neuropsychologist through a Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. The dBNST was delineated manually by reliable raters using Bioimage Suite software.

Results

The number of patients and subjects included 35 TLEonly patients, 20 TLEdep patients, and 102 HC subjects. Both TLEonly and TLEdep patients had higher dBNST volumes compared to HC subjects, unilaterally in the left hemisphere in the TLEonly patients (p = .003) and bilaterally in the TLEdep patients (p < .0001). Furthermore, the TLEdep patients had a higher dBNST volume than the TLEonly patients in the right hemisphere (p = .02).

Significance

Here, we demonstrate an abnormality of the dBNST in TLE patients, both without depression (left enlargement) and with depression (bilateral enlargement). Our results demonstrate this region to underlie TLE both with and without depression, implicating it as a target in treating the comorbidity between these two disorders.
Postoperative progression of brain metastasis is associated with seizures
Authors: Wolpert Fabian , Grossenbacher Bettina , Moors Selina , Lareida Anna , Serra Carlo , Akeret Kevin , Roth Patrick , Imbach Lukas , Le Rhun Emilie , Regli Luca , Weller Michael , Galovic Marian
Published: July 2022

Seizures in patients with brain metastases have an impact on morbidity and quality of life. The influence of tumor growth on the risk of seizures in these patients is not well defined. In this cohort study, we evaluated adult patients from the University Hospital of Zurich following resection of brain metastases from solid tumors, with or without preoperative seizures, at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was assessed for tumor progression using the Response Assessment in Neuro‐Oncology criteria. The quarterly risk of unprovoked seizures was modeled with mixed effects logistic regression. We analyzed 444 time frames in 220 patients. Progression of brain metastases was independently associated with seizures during the respective quarterly follow‐up period (odds ratio = 3.9, 95% confidence interval = 1.3–11.3, p = .014). Complete resection of brain metastases was associated with a lower risk of seizures (odds ratio = .2, 95% confidence interval = .04–.7, p = .015). Postoperative progression of brain metastases quadrupled the risk of seizures; therefore, vigorous follow‐up may be useful to identify tumor progression and gauge the risk of seizures. The identification of patients at high seizure risk may have implications for treatment decisions and influence aspects of daily life. Breakthrough seizures may indicate brain metastases progression.
Duodenoduodenal intussusception in a 16‐year‐old German Warmblood mare
Authors: Mathys Rebecca , Graubner Claudia , Kaiponen Taina , Grau‐Roma Llorenç , Van der Vekens Elke , Koch Christoph , Brünisholz Hervé
Published: July 2022

A 16‐year‐old German Warmblood mare was presented with an acute history of abdominal pain that failed to respond to medical treatment. Diagnostic evaluations including transabdominal and transrectal ultrasound and palpation were suggestive of a small‐intestinal intussusception. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a duodenoduodenal intussusception of the proximal and middle third of the duodenum. The horse was subjected to euthanasia due to the poor prognosis. The post‐mortem examination showed the intussusception to be associated with a pseudodiverticulum orally to the intussusception and duodenal muscular hypertrophy.
Promoting physical activity for people with haemophilia in the age of new treatments
Authors: Matlary Ruth Elise D. , Grinda Nathalie , Sayers Fionnuala , Versloot Olav , McLaughlin Paul ,   EAHAD Physiotherapists Committee
Published: July 2022

Haemophilia treatment has seen great advances in recent years with an accompanied reduced risk of physical activity (PA) related bleeds. Based on its known health benefits, people with haemophilia (PWH) are currently encouraged to regularly engage in PA. However, this may not always translate to increased levels of PA. In this narrative review we aim to provide a brief overview of what is currently understood regarding PA levels and influences for the three broad age groups of children and adolescents, adults and older adults. We also provide recommendations for members of the haemophilia team on important aspects related to promotion of PA in their clinical practice. We highlight that PA behaviour is multifactorial and that many PWH still have limited access to adequate care. Whilst some still face unique challenges to being more physically active, overall, the barriers and facilitators to activity are very similar to that of the general population.
Exercise capacity in people with haemophilia: A systematic review
Authors: Cruz‐Montecinos Carlos , Núñez‐Cortés Rodrigo , Vasconcello‐Castillo Luis , Solís‐Navarro Lilian , Carrasco‐Alonso Bernardita , Calatayud Joaquín , Pérez‐Alenda Sofía , Torres‐Castro Rodrigo
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Exercise capacity has been established as a protective factor against joint impairment in people with haemophilia (PWH). However, little is known about how exercise capacity is affected in PWH.

Aim

To analyse exercise capacity, as assessed by standardised laboratory or field tests in PWH.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to identify manuscripts investigating physical capacity in PWH. An electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL and CINAHL was conducted from inception to 13 April, 2022. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and assessed study quality using the critical appraisal tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute.

Results

Nineteen studies with 825 patients were included. Most studies used the six‐min walk test (6MWT) or peak/maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). In children, the distance walked ranged from 274 ± 36.02 to 680 ± 100 m. In adults, the distance walked ranged from 457.5 ± 96.9 to 650.9 ± 180.3 m. VO2max ranged from 37 ± 8 to 47.42 ± 8.29 ml kg–1 min–1. Most studies reported lower values of exercise capacity compared to standardised values. Overall, the quality of the studies was moderate.

Conclusion

Most of the studies showed that PWH have lower exercise capacity compared to reference values of 6MWT or VO2max. Based on these results, it is necessary to emphasise in both the promotion and the prescription of physical exercise in PWH.
In vitro effect on the proteolytic activity of papain with proteins of the skin as substrate
Authors: Trevisol Thalles Canton , Henriques Rosana Oliveira , Cesca Karina , Souza Ana Júlia Antunes , Furigo Agenor
Published: July 2022

Objective

This work aims to evaluate the effects of enzyme concentration, pH, temperature and time course degree of hydrolysis (DH) of papain regarding further development of pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.

Methods

The hydrolysis of casein, collagen, keratin and porcine skin at pH and temperature ranges of the human skin was evaluated. Also, low contact times of enzyme–substrate were studied. The incorporation of 3mM of cysteine improved the caseinolytic (PU), collagenolytic (CU) and keratinolytic (KU) activities of papain. Results: In general, the increase from 0.1 to 1.0 or 2.0 mgmL−1 of papain improved PU, CU and KU. When 2.0 mgmL−1 of papain was used, the highest DH of casein, collagen and keratin was obtained at 240min (14%, 35% and 6% respectively). The decrease in pH and temperature reduced all proteolytic activities, but papain maintained at least 50% and 40% of its activity at 26°C and pH  4.5 respectively. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface of the skin showed that papain application had exfoliating activity.

Conclusion

This preformulation study demonstrated that papain concentration, time of application and pH of the product should be evaluated when developing a product to promote the hydrolysis of the proteins of the skin.