bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forced marriage in Serbian legislation: Between legal tradition and new legal challenges
Authors: Miladinović-Stefanović Dušica
Published: November 2020

The right to freely decide on the conclusion or dissolution of marriage traditionally falls into the corpus of human and civil rights which are guaranteed both at the international and the national level. In Serbian legislation, the implications of being deprived of this right, particularly as a result of coercion or duress, are two-fold: in the sphere of civil law, it is one of the legal grounds for voidability of marriage (Art. 38 of the Family Act) while, in the field of criminal law, it is qualified as a special criminal offence of forced marriage (Art. 187a of the Criminal Code). The initial text of the Criminal Code did not contain the incrimination of forced marriage, it was introduced by novelties in 2016, during the process of harmonising domestic legislation with the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (the Istanbul Convention), which was signed and ratified by the Republic of Serbia. Thus, Serbia assumed an obligation to adjust and enhance its system for the protection of victims of violence. The author in this paper seeks to examine the criminal protection from forced marriage in its historical vertical, analyzing earlier criminal-law responses to this phenomenon, critically considering the capacities of positive law, but also dealing with possible directions for its further development.
Digital labour platforms and its impact on employment relations
Authors: Božičić Darko
Published: November 2020

Information technology made significant changes in our everyday life and there is no exception in employment relations as well. Within, it brought new actor in demand and supply for labour which is represent in digital labour platforms. Although first impression is that they are intermediate between labour and need for it, actually they have some functions which are characteristic for employers. But, at the end, main (negative) consequence is up to digital worker. In this paper, our main aim is to highlight work through digital platforms and its impact on legal position of digital workers.
Legitimate expectations in administrative procedure
Authors: Milkov Dragan , Radošević Ratko
Published: November 2020

The principle of legitimate expectations is one of the new principles of Serbian administrative procedure. Unfortunately, it is regulated in a very wage and imprecise manner. This is why the authors have tried to determine its true meaning. They have also posed the following question: is the principle of legitimate expectations necessary in Serbian administrative procedure? In reply to this question, they have confirmed their basic hypothesis and concluded that the answer is: no. This "principle" is just another way to name and explain some other principles - such as legality, equality and legal certainty. Legitimate expectations are just a reflection of these principles; they do not form some new and special principle. In Serbian administrative procedure, they change nothing and mean nothing
Novine u opštem delu Krivičnog zakonika
Authors: Milić Ivan
Published: November 2020

Prvog decembra 2019. godine stupio je na snagu Zakon o izmenama i dopunama Krivičnog zakonika. Vladajuće je mišljenje da je njegova najveća novina uvođenje kazne doživotnog zatvora. Suprotnom takvom mišljenju, autor smatra da će ostale izmene i dopune KZ da pogode najveći broj učinilaca krivičnih dela, te da će se "osuđenička populacija u kaznenim zavodima" povećati.
About the Plain English movement
Authors: Ćorić Dragana
Published: November 2020

Creating law is a complex process. It stems from the constant learning and refinement of knowledge of law - both theory and practice; from recognizing social reality and attitudes and intentions of members of society, but also knowing the state itselffrom the inside. The ultimate outcomes of the process of creation of law are "sent" to ordinary citizens, in order to understand them and act according to their content. If we translate the result of this process of law-making into clear, precise and common language written rules of conduct that the average citizen can quickly understand, both the law-making process and its results will be more acceptable to end-users. The use of specific legal terminology or other professional terminologies in the legal acts and rules governing the relations between the addressees need not necessarily be the sole and exclusive channel of communication between the law makers and the addressee. Domestic best-known law theorists constantly emphasize the need ofuse everyday, lively, folk language, with properly "dosed"use of professional terminology,with appropriate" translation "of the same terminology in every act into the everyday language of the average person. Only in this way, law will become more understandable, more accepted by the addressee and more respected in the society. In this paper, we introduce the Plain English movement, inspired by use of the simple vocabulary when writing legal acts (only in English-speaking countries). The recommendations and guidelines that prominent representatives of this movement make to their lawyers can be applied also in our, domestic law and in the process of creating our law.
Legal regulation of air pollution in urban environments at the level of the European Union
Authors: Bugarski Tatjana , Tubić Bojan , Pisarić Milana
Published: November 2020

Air pollution in urban areas is currently one of the major risks to the environment and human health. Directives at the level of the European Union require Member States to monitor and control the concentration of certain pollutants in the air, especially in urban areas. However, despite the fact that there is a legal framework for controlling the concentration of air pollutants, the data show that a number of Member States fail to meet air quality standards, and thus to protect the health of the population. This paper presents individual air quality standards in urban areas at the level of the European Union and analyzes the application of these standards through several examples. In addition, the multiple importance of the control system for the concentration of certain air pollutants in urban areas was pointed out, in terms of the impact of polluted air on human behavior and the growth of crime rates.
Productive Technology Use in Mathematics Explorations
Authors: Coleman Thomas D. , Walkoe Janet D. K.
Published: November 2020

We investigate different ways interactive diagrams can be used in secondary mathematics classrooms.
GPS: Socially Distant Numbers
Authors: Frisoli Paul A. , Andrusiak Richard A.
Published: November 2020

Growing Problem Solvers provides four original, related, classroom-ready mathematical tasks, one for each grade band. Together, these tasks illustrate the trajectory of learners’ growth as problem solvers across their years of school mathematics.
MicroRNAs of the miR-17~92 family maintain adipose tissue macrophage homeostasis by sustaining IL-10 expression
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Liu Jianguo , Wu Li , Hu Xiaoyu
Published: November 2020

Macrophages are critically involved in not only immune and inflammatory responses but also maintenance of metabolic fitness of organisms. Combined genetic deficiency of three clusters in the miR-17~92 family drastically shifted macrophage phenotypes toward the inflammatory spectrum characterized by heightened production of pro-inflammatory mediator TNF and diminished expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Consequently, macrophages residing in the adipose tissues from myeloid-specific miRNA triple knockout mice spontaneously developed inflammatory phenotypes and displayed alterations of overall physiological conditions as evidenced by obesity and compromised glucose tolerance. Mechanistically, miR-17~92 family miRNAs sustained IL-10 production by promoting transcription of the Fos gene, which is secondary to downregulation of Fos by transcription factor YY1, a direct target of miR-17~92 family miRNAs. Together, these results identified miR-17~92 family miRNAs as crucial regulators of the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and exemplified how macrophage-intrinsic regulatory circuit exerted impactful influence on general physiology.
Cannabidiol in epilepsy: The indications and beyond
Authors: Ryan Melody
Published: November 2020

Epilepsy, although common, remains difficult to treat with as much as 30% of patients having treatment-resistant conditions. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome are childhood-onset epilepsies and among the most difficult to treat. Cannabidiol has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat these conditions in individuals over 2 years of age; however, there is a great deal of interest in off-label use. This article examines 3 cases: 1 of a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 1 of off-label use of cannabidiol to treat epilepsy, and 1 of nonprescription forms of cannabidiol to treat epilepsy.
Management of treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Ansara Elayne D.
Published: November 2020

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry. Around half of the patients treated for GAD will fail to respond to initial treatment. Treatment-resistant (or refractory) GAD is defined as failure to respond to at least 1 trial of antidepressant therapy at adequate dose and duration. Review of the literature indicates several potential medication classes and individual agents that can be used as augmentation strategies to treat residual symptoms when recommended therapy per clinical practice guidelines fails. A thorough literature search revealed 2 medication classes with the largest amount of data to support their use in treatment-resistant GAD treatment: gamma-aminobutyric acid–related agents and atypical antipsychotics. This article focuses on evidence-based recommendations for the use of these agents as adjunctive therapies for patients with treatment-resistant GAD. Different pharmacologic approaches to use these agents are demonstrated through 2 patient cases in which patients have failed first-line treatment options.
Attitude Verbs
Authors: Pearson Hazel
Published: November 2020

Attitude verbs give rise to a number of puzzles concerning the interpretation of sentences in their scope: so‐called “opacity effects.” This chapter introduces two of these puzzles, taking them as a window on the proper semantic analysis of attitude predicates, based on a proposal from Hintikka. The core case isbelieve, but the chapter shows that the basic approach can be applied to other verbs, such assayand (with some modification)want. One challenge to the view developed comes from reports of attitudesde se, which suggests that attitude verbs should receive a more fine‐grained analysis than that proposed by Hintikka. The chapter closes by considering two current research directions that inform and are informed by the study of attitude verbs: perspective‐sensitive expressions such as predicates of personal taste and epistemic modals, and the acquisition of attitude verbs, with a focus onthink.
Context and Conversation
Authors: Green Mitchell
Published: November 2020

What a speaker says and thereby means, and how her words are best interpreted, can be influenced in complex ways by the conventional meanings of those words, the intentions with which she speaks, and by the conversation in which she is participating. In this chapter we first lay out certain of the principal mechanisms involved in this process, and then invoke them to help account for some communicative phenomena. In aid of the former task, we will explore the relations among illocutionary force, speaker meaning, and semantic content; develop a taxonomy of conversational projects; elucidate some conversational norms and the concept of common ground; and consider the context‐sensitivity of certain expressions. These tools will then be used to illuminate four pragmatic phenomena: quantity implicature, presupposition accommodation, domains of discourse, and so‐called illocutionary silencing.
2D Hexagonal Covalent Organic Radical Frameworks as Tunable Correlated Electron Systems
Authors: Santiago Raul , Alcón Isaac , Ribas‐Arino Jordi , Deumal Mercè , de P. R. Moreira Ibério , Bromley Stefan T.
Published: November 2020

Quantum materials hold huge technological promise but challenge the fundamental understanding of complex electronic interactions in solids. The Mott metal–insulator transition on half‐filled lattices is an archetypal demonstration of how quantum states can be driven by electronic correlation. Twisted bilayers of 2D materials provide an experimentally accessible means to probe such transitions, but these seemingly simple systems belie high complexity due to the myriad of possible interactions. Herein, it is shown that electron correlation can be simply tuned in experimentally viable 2D hexagonally ordered covalent organic radical frameworks (2D hex‐CORFs) based on single layers of half‐filled stable radical nodes. The presented carefully procured theoretical analysis predicts that 2D hex‐CORFs can be varied between a correlated antiferromagnetic Mott insulator state and a semimetallic state by modest out‐of‐plane compressive pressure. This work establishes 2D hex‐CORFs as a class of versatile single‐layer quantum materials to advance the understanding of low dimensional correlated electronic systems.
Designing Advanced In Situ Electrode/Electrolyte Interphases for Wide Temperature Operation of 4.5 V Li||LiCoO2 Batteries
Authors: Ren Xiaodi , Zhang Xianhui , Shadike Zulipiya , Zou Lianfeng , Jia Hao , Cao Xia , Engelhard Mark H. , Matthews Bethany E. , Wang Chongmin , Arey Bruce W. , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Liu Jun , Zhang Ji‐Guang , Xu Wu
Published: November 2020

High‐energy‐density batteries with a LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode are of significant importance to the energy‐storage market, especially for portable electronics. However, their development is greatly limited by the inferior performance under high voltages and challenging temperatures. Here, highly stable lithium (Li) metal batteries with LCO cathode, through the design of in situ formed, stable electrode/electrolyte interphases on both the Li anode and the LCO cathode, with an advanced electrolyte, are reported. The LCO cathode can deliver a high specific capacity of ≈190 mAh g−1 and show greatly improved cell performances under a high charge voltage of 4.5 V (even up to 4.55 V) and a wide temperature range from −30 to 55 °C. This work points out a promising approach for developing Li||LCO batteries for practical applications. This approach can also be used to improve the high‐voltage performance of other batteries in a broad temperature range.
Insight into the Electrical Double Layer of Ionic Liquids Revealed through Its Temporal Evolution
Authors: Han Mengwei , Kim Hojun , Leal Cecilia , Negrito Maelani , Batteas James D. , Espinosa‐Marzal Rosa M.
Published: November 2020

Ionic liquids (ILs) are proposed as potentially ideal electrolytes for use in electrical double layer capacitors. However, recent discoveries of long‐range electrostatic screening in ILs have revealed that this understanding of the electrical double layer in highly concentrated solutions is still incomplete. Through precise time‐dependent measurements of wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and surface forces, novel molecular insight into their electrical double layer is provided. An ultraslow evolution of the nanostructure of three imidazolium ILs is observed, which reflects the reorganization of the ions in confined and unconfined (bulk) states. The observed phase transformation in the bulk consists of the ILs ordering over at least 20 h, reflected in an expansion or contraction of the spacing between the ions organized in domains of ≈10 nm. This transformation justifies the evolution of the electrical double layer measured in force measurements. Subtle differences between the ILs arise from the intricate balance between electrostatic and non‐electrostatic interactions. This work reveals a new time scale of the evolution of the IL structure and offers a new perspective for understanding the electrical double layer in ILs, with implications on diverse areas of inquiry, such as energy storage, lubrication, as well as micro‐ and nanoelectronics devices.
Barium Titanate Nanostructures and Thin Films for Photonics
Authors: Karvounis Artemios , Timpu Flavia , Vogler‐Neuling Viola V. , Savo Romolo , Grange Rachel
Published: November 2020

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a synthetic crystal used in electromechanical transducers and multilayer ceramic capacitors. Since it is not available in nature, a variety of growth methods has been employed to produce in large scale, with high quality and low‐cost. BaTiO3, as a metal oxide meets practical requirements such as physical hardness, stability and tunable optoelectronic properties. The plethora of characteristics renders it functional in diverse fields of applications from energy harvesting to biophotonics. Related to optical properties, it is a dielectric material from the near ultraviolet to the near‐infrared part of the spectrum with low optical losses and relatively high refractive index. The strong second‐order nonlinear response has resulted in several breakthroughs in bioimaging, while its intrinsic electrooptic response is among the highest within the existing materials. The properties of the BaTiO3 may also be modified by doping or hybridization with other materials. This review presents the basic optoelectronic properties of BaTiO3, reports on the recent advances in BaTiO3 nanostructures and thin films related to photonic applications, and oversees photonic technologies that may benefit from this material platform in the near future.
Taming the Photonic Behavior of Laser Dyes Through Specific and Dynamic Self‐Assembly onto Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Avellanal-Zaballa Edurne , Bañuelos Jorge , Manzano Hegoi , Chiara Jose Luis , Cerdán Luis , Garcia-Moreno Inmaculada
Published: November 2020

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) display a set of unique properties such as surface charge, nanometric size, and giant dipole moment that have not been considered so far to tame the luminescent properties of organic dyes upon soft and hard photoexcitation. Herein, the first comprehensive analysis on the photonic behavior of laser dyes adsorbed onto CNCs through physically dynamic driving forces is reported. By systematically varying the solvent, the dye molecular structure, and dye/CNC ratios, it is shown that the dye absorption and emission signatures are drastically modified when CNCs are incorporated into the solutions. The photonic characterization, together with molecular dynamic simulations, allows to unravel the labeling interaction processes and unambiguously assigns both the physicochemical properties of the surrounding media and the giant permanent dipole moment of CNCs as the most important factors taming the photophysical and lasing properties of dyes adsorbed on it. Accordingly, a CNC‐induced Stark effect accounts for the absorption and emission spectral changes recorded upon CNC incorporation. Herein, the widely expanding applications of CNCs toward the design of advanced photoactive nanomaterials based on these renewable building blocks are opened up.
The CAR T‐Cell Mechanoimmunology at a Glance
Authors: Li Rui , Ma Chao , Cai Haogang , Chen Weiqiang
Published: November 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell transfer is a novel paradigm of adoptive T‐cell immunotherapy. When coming into contact with a target cancer cell, CAR T‐cell forms a nonclassical immunological synapse with the cancer cell and dynamically orchestrates multiple critical forces to commit cytotoxic immune function. Such an immunologic process involves a force transmission in the CAR and a spatiotemporal remodeling of cell cytoskeleton to facilitate CAR activation and CAR T‐cell cytotoxic function. Yet, the detailed understanding of such mechanotransduction at the interface between the CAR T‐cell and the target cell, as well as its molecular structure and signaling, remains less defined and is just beginning to emerge. This article summarizes the basic mechanisms and principles of CAR T‐cell mechanoimmunology, and various lessons that can be comparatively learned from interrogation of mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse in normal cytotoxic T‐cell. The recent development and future application of novel bioengineering tools for studying CAR T‐cell mechanoimmunology is also discussed. It is believed that this progress report will shed light on the CAR T‐cell mechanoimmunology and encourage future researches in revealing the less explored yet important mechanosensing and mechanotransductive mechanisms involved in CAR T‐cell immuno‐oncology.
Pathway and Length Control of Supramolecular Polymers in Aqueous Media via a Hydrogen Bonding Lock
Authors: Helmers Ingo , Ghosh Goutam , Albuquerque Rodrigo Q. , Fernández Gustavo
Published: November 2020

Programming the organization of π‐conjugated systems into nanostructures of defined dimensions is a requirement for the preparation of functional materials. Herein, we have achieved high‐precision control over the self‐assembly pathways and fiber length of an amphiphilic BODIPY dye in aqueous media by exploiting a programmable hydrogen bonding lock. The presence of a (2‐hydroxyethyl)amide group in the target BODIPY enables different types of intra‐ vs. intermolecular hydrogen bonding, leading to a competition between kinetically controlled discoidal H‐type aggregates and thermodynamically controlled 1D J‐type fibers in water. The high stability of the kinetic state, which is dominated by the hydrophobic effect, is reflected in the slow transformation to the thermodynamic product (several weeks at room temperature). However, this lag time can be suppressed by the addition of seeds from the thermodynamic species, enabling us to obtain supramolecular polymers of tuneable length in water for multiple cycles.
Capacitive properties of promising energy storage material based on thiophene containing perylenediimide polymer
Authors: Varol Tuğba Ören , Topal Sebahat , Haklı Özgül , Sezer Esma , Anık Ülkü , Öztürk Turan
Published: November 2020

In this study, electropolymerization of pre‐synthesized N,N′‐di‐[3‐[2‐(3‐thienyl)ethyl] phenyl] perylene‐3,4,9,10‐bis(dicarboximide) (ThPDITh) was performed on Au button electrode and the properties of the resultant polymer P(ThPDITh) were investigated by electrochemical techniques. Effect of the polymerization charge on the redox behaviors of the polymer film was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the polymer film was further characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Corresponding electrical equivalent circuit was applied to the experimental data to explain the electrochemical phenomenon on the interface of the Au/P(ThPDITh). In order to obtain information on the energy storage properties of P(ThPDITh) as a pseudo‐capacitive electrode material, important cell characteristics, such as redox process in anodic and cathodic potential ranges, stability of galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) curves, coulombic efficiency, capacitance, energy and power density values were determined. Capacitance values, obtained through different measurements (CV, EIS and GCD) are all in good agreement with each other. All the results suggested that P(ThPDITh) is capable of undergoing multiple reversible redox processes, and a good candidate for improving the capacitance and energy density of electrode material while still offering high power capability.
Forschung vernetzen hilft Mehrwert erzielen
Authors: Benninger Gerlinde , Scholl Stephan
Published: November 2020

Die stärkere Verzahnung der pharmazeutischen Wirkstoff‐ und Produktforschung mit der verfahrenstechnischen Entwicklung neuer und Optimierung bestehender Produktionsverfahren und Produkte ist die Mission des interdisziplinären Forschungszentrums für Pharma
About the History of Gas and Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Jansen Walter
Published: November 2020

Gaskinetik, Reaktionskinetik und Massenwirkungsgesetz beruhen auf der Vorstellung, dass die Materie aus kleinsten Teilchen, den Atomen, besteht, die sich auch im festen Zustand in dauernder Bewegung befinden. Vom griechischen Altertum war es allerdings ein langer Weg, ehe im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert erste zutreffende Hypothesen über den Gaszustand entwickelt und erste Gesetze über Gase gefunden wurden. Auf dieser Grundlage konnte sich dann Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts durch Krönig und Clausius die Gaskinetik und Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts durch van't Hoff die Reaktionskinetik entwickeln.
Comparing resonance and hyperconjugation – Understanding concepts using kinetic measurements at SN1 reactions
Authors: Schmitt Catharina , Schween Michael
Published: November 2020

Konzepte zur mechanistischen Problemlösung in der Organischen Chemie zu nutzen, gehört zu den größten Herausforderungen für Lernende. Dabei finden sich grundlegende Konzepte in vielen organisch‐chemischen Reaktionen wieder und bieten damit ein großes Potential zur Vernetzung der verschiedenen Lerninhalte. Bei der Diskussion von Reaktionsverläufen und Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten spielt die Stabilisierung von reaktiven Zwischenstufen eine große Rolle. Um die Vernetzung von konzeptuellem Wissen zu fördern, haben wir zwei Konkurrenzexperimente als Contrasting Cases entwickelt, bei denen der Einfluss der Wirkung von Mesomerie und Hyperkonjugation anhand einfacher qualitativer kinetischer Messungen von Lernenden selbstständig untersucht werden kann. Dazu wird der Reaktionsverlauf der SN1‐Reaktionen von tert‐Butylchlorid bzw. Triphenylmethylchlorid mit Ethanol anhand von Leitwertmessungen verfolgt und über die sehr unterschiedlich schnelle Bildung von Ionen auf die unterschiedliche Stabilisierung der Zwischenstufen geschlossen.
Exploring the hormonal and neural correlates of paternal protective behavior to their infants
Authors: Lotz Anna M. , Verhees Martine W. F. T. , Horstman Lisa I. , Riem Madelon M. E. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Buisman Renate S. M.
Published: November 2020

Infant protection is an important but largely neglected aspect of parental care. Available theory and research suggest that endocrine levels and neural responses might be biological correlates of protective behavior. However, no research to date examined associations between these neurobiological and behavioral aspects. This study, preregistered on https://osf.io/2acxd, explored the psychobiology of paternal protection in 77 new fathers by combining neural responses to infant‐threatening situations, self‐reported protective behavior, behavioral observations in a newly developed experimental set‐up (Auditory Startling Task), and measurements of testosterone and vasopressin. fMRI analyses validated the role of several brain networks in the processing of infant‐threatening situations and indicated replicable findings with the infant‐threat paradigm. We found little overlap between observed and reported protective behavior. Robust associations between endocrine levels, neural responses, and paternal protective behavior were absent.
Party politics and civil society: The role of policy entrepreneurs in nuclear power politics in Taiwan
Authors: Chung Yousun
Published: November 2020

This article analyzes the development of nuclear power politics in Taiwan since 2016. In particular, it attempts to identify changing and/or recurring patterns of interaction between parties/politicians and civil society. Although more fluid forms of interest representation have emerged in recent decades, partisan strategies are still useful tools for social movements, especially as environmental/energy issues are highly politicized. Thus, existing institutional channels such as referendums and elections easily become battlefields for pro‐ and anti‐nuclear camps. How do the relevant actors in nuclear power politics interact regarding the current Democratic Progressive Party government's plan for a nuclear power phase‐out? While adopting a mechanism‐based approach, this article focuses specifically on explicating the interactions between parties/politicians and civil society. This article particularly highlights the role of civil society organizations and their activists, who straddle the line between political parties and civil society. These actors demonstrate both potential and limitations when it comes to changing the dynamics that exist between relevant actors in an iron triangle.
Mechanism Controlling High‐Temperature Degradation of Sunflower Oil Triacylglycerols in the Absence of Oxygen
Authors: Kyselka Jan , Cihelková Klára , Lopes‐Lutz Daise , Chudoba Josef , Váchalová Tereza , Alishevich Katsiaryna , Hrádková Iveta , Berčíková Markéta , Mikolášková Monika , Filip Vladimír
Published: November 2020

The aim of the present study is to describe the mechanism controlling heat‐induced formation of sunflower oil triacylglycerol and fatty acid methyl ester oligomers. The unique combination of high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography with hyphenated electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐MS, and high‐temperature gas chromatography‐MS techniques allows differentiating between radical coupling species and Diels–Alder cycloadducts. Targeted analysis of thermally degraded sunflower oils confirms the exact structures of various acyclic oligomers accompanied by less‐abundant products of pericyclic transformations. A series of model experiments simulate the impact of dienophile nature on the course of Diels–Alder reactions. Thus, α‐tocopherylquinone, δ‐tocopherylquinone, and methyl‐(E)‐11‐oxoundec‐9‐enoate are synthesized as naturally occurring dienophiles bearing electron‐withdrawing groups. The geometry of poor dienophiles does not affect concerted cyclization, while the structure of electron deficient dienophiles can overcome low reactivity.

Practical Application: In the absence of oxygen, heat‐induced degradation of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols proceed predominantly via a radical pathway, whereas concerted reactions represent minor mechanisms. Sunflower oil triacylglycerol molecules in the system without propagation stage can be effectively protected by natural and/or synthetic antioxidants. Application of chelates is also recommended. However, antioxidant‐derived quinones, such as α‐tocopherylquinone, can enter the Diels–Alder reaction even more easily than dienophiles without electron‐withdrawing groups. Unsaturated core aldehydes possess the same reactivity. Examination of the mechanism controlling high‐temperature degradation of triacylglycerols is especially important for processing engineers in edible oil refineries and food technologists. New perspective may help them to minimize undesirable changes in polyunsaturated species.
Regional disease control in sinonasal mucosal melanoma: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: De Virgilio Armando , Costantino Andrea , Canzano Federica , Accorona Remo , Mercante Giuseppe , Ferreli Fabio , Malvezzi Luca , Colombo Giovanni , Pellini Raul , Spriano Giuseppe
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To systematically analyze the regional disease control after sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) primary treatment.

Methods

The study was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines searching on Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases.

Results

A total of 15 studies with 936 patients (median age: 68.0 years, IQR 65‐71) were included. Overall, the cumulative regional recurrence rate (RRR) was 18.4% (n = 917, 99% CI: 14.0%‐23.4%), with a median follow‐up of 30.0 months (n = 765, IQR 22.0‐37.0). The RRR in clinical node negative patients was 17.0% (99% CI: 12.2%‐22.5%), with a median follow‐up of 22.0 months (n = 327, IQR 21.5‐31.5).

Conclusions

The RRR of SNMM after primary treatment is not to be neglected. Further prospective studies should be encouraged to clarify if elective treatment of the neck could be recommended at least in a subgroup of patients.
Optimizing environmental flow and macrophyte management for restoring a large eutrophic lake‐marsh system
Authors: Xu Zhihao , Yang Ying , Yu Chunxue , Yang Zhifeng
Published: November 2020

With increasing environmental degradation from eutrophication, management strategies associated with eutrophic water restoration initiatives are necessary and have garnered wide interest. Macrophytes contribute to water quality improvement in lake‐marsh systems through nutrient uptake, while causing considerable water loss through transpiration. In reverse, hydrological variations affect macrophyte growth status and thus phytoremediation performance. The interactions between hydrological and ecological processes in lake‐marsh systems are complex, but environmental flow management strategies accounting for these interactions have been rarely proposed. Accordingly, this study combines environmental flow and macrophyte management in the restoration of a large eutrophic lake‐marsh system, accounting for interactions between hydrological and nutrient removal processes. We consider both nutrient uptake and transpiration‐driven water loss of macrophytes as well as the impacts of hydrological conditions on macrophyte growth status and sediment biological denitrification. Regulating upstream dam operation is an effective measure for environmental flow management. Thus, we develop an optimization model to guide upstream water release while simultaneously regulating macrophyte area in a lake‐marsh system, aiming to minimize the ratio of environmental flow demand to reservoir water availability and maintain satisfactory water quality in the system throughout the year. A genetic algorithm is adopted for solving the optimization model. By applying the method in a typical lake‐marsh system (Baiyangdian) in China as a case, we introduce a new macrophyte management regime (for area cover and harvesting regimes) and an optimal environmental flow management schedule. Results show that appropriate monthly fluctuations in wetland water level are beneficial to phytoremediation performance, and harvesting macrophytes in stages is effective in reducing transpiration‐driven water loss without inordinately damaging nutrient uptake by macrophytes. This study offers a useful tool for lake‐marsh system restoration management and highlights the significance of regulating hydrological processes in water quality restoration.
Modeling of metal distribution when coating flat metal plates in electroplating baths
Authors: Pchelintseva Irina Yu. , Pchelintsev Alexander N. , Litovka Yuriy V.
Published: November 2020

Electrolytic metal coating processes are used to protect products from corrosion, decorative surface finish and other purposes. Electroplated coating has an important quantitative characteristic, which is coating thickness. Since the electric field in the electrolyte is not uniform, the coating thickness at different points on the surface of detail is different. An important task here is to apply a more uniform coating. To solve this problem, it is necessary to calculate the distribution of potentials in a galvanic bath from Laplace's equation. The study aims to increase the convergence rate of the numerical procedure in order to solve Laplace's equation with nonlinear boundary conditions by developing a numerical scheme based on Newton's method. Based on a numerical solution of Laplace's equation with nonlinear boundary conditions describing the potential distribution in a galvanic bath, the thickness of the nickel deposition layer on the surface of a flat metal cathode plate was calculated for different sizes of galvanic baths and anode voltages. A feature of the numerical calculation scheme is the use of Newton's method for the approximate solution of the resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations with a given accuracy. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the applied numerical method: the quadratic convergence rate of Newton's method gives a time gain of 10 times in comparison with one of the best numerical methods for this type of problem.
Autoregressive process of monthly rainfall amounts in Catalonia (NE Spain) and improvements on predictability of length and intensity of drought episodes
Authors: Lana Xavier , Rodríguez‐Solà Raül , Martínez M. Dolors , Casas‐Castillo M. Carmen , Serra Carina , Kirchner Ricard
Published: November 2020

Advantages offered by a pluviometric network in Catalonia (NE Spain) have permitted a detailed analysis of the two primary results derived from the autoregressive ARIMA process applied to monthly rainfall amounts. The first was the spatial distribution of the necessary number of previous monthly amounts needed to predict the next amount. The second was the spatial distribution of discrepancies between the real recorded amount and those derived from the autoregressive process. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of both parameters of the ARIMA process is in accordance with the complex spatial distribution of the monthly rainfall regime in Catalonia and fractal/multifractal analyses of several monthly rainfall time series. The statistical distribution of monthly discrepancies also permits a prediction of the probable evolution at monthly scale of drought episodes in terms of length and accumulated rainfall deficit. The results of the ARIMA algorithm are characterized by a few cases of rain gauges with remarkable differences (10–20 mm⋅month–1) between real and autoregressive amounts, a predominant number of emplacements lowering 10 mm⋅month–1 and a not negligible number of cases with discrepancies lower than 5 mm⋅month–1. In terms of percentages with respect to average monthly amounts, most of discrepancies do not exceed 15%, and only in a very few cases they are within the 20–40% range. It is also worth mentioning that the discrepancies between real and predicted drought lengths use to be no longer than 1 month. Results corresponding to monthly series recorded at two Earth Sciences observatories are described with more detail to illustrate the advantages offered by the ARIMA autoregressive process in the prediction of beginning, continuity and end of drought episodes.
Biomechanical evaluation of total ankle arthroplasty. Part I: Joint loads during simulated level walking
Authors: Steineman Brett D. , Quevedo González Fernando J. , Sturnick Daniel R. , Deland Jonathan T. , Demetracopoulos Constantine A. , Wright Timothy M.
Published: November 2020

In total ankle arthroplasty, the interaction at the joint between implant and bone is driven by a complex loading environment. Unfortunately, little is known about the loads at the ankle during daily activities since earlier attempts use two‐ or three‐dimensional models to explore simplified joint mechanics. Our goal was to develop a framework to calculate multi‐axial loads at the joint during simulated level walking following total ankle arthroplasty. To accomplish this, we combined robotic simulations of level walking at one‐quarter bodyweight in three cadaveric foot and ankle specimens with musculoskeletal modeling to calculate the multi‐axial forces and moments at the ankle during the stance phase. The peak compressive forces calculated were between 720 and 873 N occurring around 77%–80% of stance. The peak moment, which was the internal moment for all specimens, was between 6.1 and 11.6 N m and occurred between 72% and 88% of the stance phase. The peak moment did not necessarily occur with the peak force. The ankle joint loads calculated in this study correspond well to previous attempts in the literature; however, our robotic simulator and framework provide an opportunity to resolve the resultant three‐dimensional forces and moments as others have not in previous studies. The framework may be useful to calculate ankle joint loads in cadaveric specimens as the first step in evaluating bone–implant interactions in total ankle replacement using specimen specific inputs. This approach also provides a unique opportunity to evaluate changes in joint loads and kinematics following surgical interventions of the foot and ankle.
Plant biomass allocation and driving factors of grassland revegetation in a Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau chronosequence
Authors: Gao Xiaoxia , Dong Shikui , Xu Yudan , Fry Ellen L. , Li Yu , Li Shuai , Shen Hao , Xiao Jiannan , Wu Shengnan , Yang Mingyue , Zhang Jing , Zhi Yangliu , Liu Shiliang , Shang Zhanhuan , Yeomans Jane C.
Published: November 2020

Biomass allocation is a key factor in understanding how ecosystems respond to changing environmental conditions. The role of soil chemistry in the above‐ and belowground plant biomass allocation in restoring grassland is still incompletely characterized. Consequently, it has led to two competing hypotheses for biomass allocation: optimal partitioning, where the plants allocate biomass preferentially to optimize resource use; and the isometric hypothesis, which postulates that biomass allocation between roots and shoots is fixed. Here we tested these hypotheses over a chronosequence of alpine grasslandsion undergoing restoration in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, these range from severely degraded to those with 18 years of revegetation with an intact grassland (as a reference). A high proportion of biomass was allocated to the roots in the revegetated grasslands, and more biomass to shoots in the degraded and intact grasslands. The grasslands gradually decreased their root to shoot ratio as revegetation continued, with the lowest value in year 18 of revegetation. Our results showed that aboveground biomass (AGB) was increased by available phosphorus (P), soil moisture, and negatively related to bulk density, while belowground biomass (BGB) was positively impacted by total P and negatively by nitrate nitrogen (N). The trade‐off between them was positively associated with available P and nitrate‐N, and soil nutrient availability is more linked to increased AGB relative to BGB. Our study indicates that biomass allocation is highly variable during the revegetation period from degraded grassland, and is linked with soil properties, thus supporting the optimal partitioning hypothesis.
The Global Lake Area, Climate, and Population Dataset: A New Tool for Addressing Critical Limnological Questions
Authors: Meyer Michael F. , Brousil Matthew R. , Cramer Alli N. , Lanouette Brian P. , Padowski Julie C. , Hampton Stephanie E.
Published: November 2020

Given climatic uncertainty and human population growth, tracking the world's freshwater availability is essential. Fortunately, data necessary to identify surface water patterns are abundant. Wrangling these data into an analytically friendly format, however, can be difficult for researchers not experienced in data manipulation and high‐performance computing. To increase data accessibility, we developed the Global Lake area, Climate, and Population (GLCP) dataset. The GLCP offers annually aggregated surface area, temperature, precipitation, and human population estimates for over 1.42 million lakes globally between 1995 and 2015. Our dataset is peer‐reviewed and publicly available in a tabular format, enabling researchers with a range of skill levels to effectively work with the data. All aggregation procedures were performed within Google Earth Engine and R, empowering future users to replicate and modify scripts. Three case studies are presented to highlight concrete applications of the GLCP with emphasis on natural resource management at local, regional, and national scales.
Myocardial arterial spin labeling in systole and diastole using flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery with parallel imaging and compressed sensing
Authors: Henningsson Markus , Carlhäll Carl‐Johan , Kihlberg Johan
Published: November 2020

Quantitative myocardial perfusion can be achieved without contrast agents using flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) arterial spin labeling. However, FAIR has an intrinsically low sensitivity, which may be improved by mitigating the effects of physiological noise or by increasing the area of artifact‐free myocardium. The aim of this study was to investigate if systolic FAIR may increase the amount of analyzable myocardium compared with diastolic FAIR and its effect on physiological noise. Furthermore, we compare parallel imaging acceleration with a factor of 2 with compressed sensing acceleration with a factor of 3 for systolic FAIR. Twelve healthy subjects were scanned during rest on a 3 T scanner using diastolic FAIR with parallel imaging factor 2 (FAIR‐PI2D), systolic FAIR with the same acceleration (FAIR‐PI2S) and systolic FAIR with compressed sensing factor 3 (FAIR‐CS3S). The number of analyzable pixels in the myocardium, temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio (TSNR) and mean myocardial blood flow (MBF) were calculated for all methods. The number of analyzable pixels using FAIR‐CS3S (663 ± 55) and FAIR‐PI2S (671 ± 58) was significantly higher than for FAIR‐PI2D (507 ± 82; P = .001 for both), while there was no significant difference between FAIR‐PI2S and FAIR‐CS3S. The mean TSNR of the midventricular slice for FAIR‐PI2D was 11.4 ± 3.9, similar to that of FAIR‐CS3S, which was 11.0 ± 3.3, both considerably higher than for FAIR‐PI2S, which was 8.4 ± 3.1 (P < .05 for both). Mean MBF was similar for all three methods. The use of compressed sensing accelerated systolic FAIR benefits from an increased number of analyzable myocardial pixels compared with diastolic FAIR without suffering from a TSNR penalty, unlike systolic FAIR with parallel imaging acceleration.
Modeling and numerical investigation of fractional‐order bovine babesiosis disease
Authors: Ahmad Aqeel , Farman Muhammad , Naik Parvaiz Ahmad , Zafar Nayab , Akgul Ali , Saleem Muhammad Umer
Published: November 2020

In this paper, analysis and modeling of bovine babesiosis disease are designed with fractional calculus. The solution for a bovine babesiosis disease and tick populations fractional order system is determined using the Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo (ABC) fractional derivatives. Applying the homotopy analysis method and the Laplace transform with polynomial homotopy, the analytical solution of the bovine babesiosis disease has obtained. Furthermore, using an iterative scheme by the Laplace transform, and the Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral, special solutions of the model are obtained. Uniqueness and existence of the solutions by the fixed‐point theorem and Picard–Lindel of approach are studied. Numerical simulation has been established for both Caputo and ABC fractional derivative of the proposed system is carried out. The numeric replications for diverse consequences are carried out, and data attained are in good agreement with theoretical outcomes, displaying a vital perception about the use of the set of fractional coupled differential equations to model babesiosis disease and tick populations.