bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenging Cases in Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Kelly Michael A. , Singh Jasmine , Balabanov Alexandra , Wadina Adam , Dasovic Braden
Published: November 2022

Disorders involving the vascular system of the brain are numerous and sundry. Atherosclerotic thromboembolism of large vessels and lacunar infarctions of small vessel disease are well known. Brain infarction due to cardioembolism is common as well, and even more so when diligently sought. Rupture of intracranial blood vessels results in subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhage. We present four cases of stroke of uncommon cause and remind clinicians to be open minded to the many possible causes of stroke, in particular because early recognition and treatment is often critical. Case 1 discusses a patient with inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The presentation, ability to recur, and current treatment considerations are reviewed. Case 2 discusses microangiopathic thrombotic angiopathy. Diagnosis and treatment are considered. An association with interferon therapy and the evolving terminology of this and related conditions are discussed. Case 3 discusses intracranial hemorrhage secondary to acute promyelocytic leukemia. Patients with acute leukemias require aggressive management of their coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, and the disease itself. Finally, Case 4 discusses ischemic stroke due to a paradoxical embolism in the setting of a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Both medical and surgical management of a PFO for stroke prevention are considered.
Brachistochrone of off-centered cylinders
Authors: Sambath Krishnaraj , Nagarajan Vidhya
Published: November 2022

We consider the problem of finding paths of shortest transit time between two points (popularly known as brachistochrone) for cylinders with off-centered center of mass, rolling down without slip, subject solely to the force of gravity. This problem is set up using principles of classical rigid body dynamics and the desired path function is solved for numerically using the method of discrete calculus of variations. We discover a distinct array of brachistochrone trajectories for off-centered cylinders, demonstrate a critical dependence of such paths on the initial location and orientation of cylinders’ centers of mass and bring new insights into the family of brachistochrone problems and solutions.
Convergence rate analysis of the coefficient identification problems in a Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation
Authors: Cao Kai
Published: November 2022

The convergence rate results of the mixed total variation (TV) and L

p
regularization to the identification of the unknown anti-diffusion coefficient, and the mixed H
2-L

p
regularization for the identification of the unknown diffusion coefficient in a Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KS) equation are investigated with some additional observation. Under suitable source conditions, the convergence rates to regularized solutions for the TV-L

p
regularization of the anti-diffusion coefficient are obtained. Analogously, for the identification of diffusion coefficient with H
2-L

p
regularization, the convergence rates are derived with proper source conditions. In addition, simple and easily interpretable source conditions are also established to deduce the same convergence rates under some assumptions to the sought coefficients. For the source conditions in both two coefficient identification problems, no restrictive smallness condition to the source functions is required.
A facile covalent strategy for ultrafast negative photoconductance hybrid graphene/porphyrin-based photodetector
Authors: Li Mengshan , Ma Xiaoqing , Mu Yanqi , Xie Guancai , Wan Hongfeng , Tao Minli , Guo Beidou , Gong Jian Ru
Published: November 2022

As a powerful complement to positive photoconductance (PPC), negative photoconductance (NPC) holds great potential for photodetector. However, the slow response of NPC relative to PPC devices limits their integration. Here, we propose a facile covalent strategy for an ultrafast NPC hybrid 2D photodetector. Our transistor-based graphene/porphyrin model device with a rise time of 0.2 ms and decay time of 0.3 ms has the fastest response time in the so far reported NPC hybrid photodetectors, which is attributed to efficient photogenerated charge transport and transfer. Both the photosensitive porphyrin with an electron-rich and large rigid structure and the built-in graphene frame with high carrier mobility are prone to the photogenerated charge transport. Especially, the intramolecular donor-acceptor system formed by graphene and porphyrin through covalent bonding promotes photoinduced charge transfer. This covalent strategy can be applied to other nanosystems for high-performance NPC hybrid photodetector.
Output characteristics of series-parallel triboelectric nanogenerators
Authors: He Xinsheng , Zhang Huaiyi , Jiang Jiajie , Liu Xin
Published: November 2022

To tackle the problem of the low output power of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), the output characteristics of multiple TENGs in series and parallel were explored. An experimental device for multilayer TENGs was developed. Through the method of experimental modeling, the equivalent circuits and mathematical models in series and parallel are established respectively, and the working principle is expounded. The experiment found that when multiple TENGs are connected in parallel, the voltage, current, and output power can be regularly increased. When the TENGs are connected in series, the output power is only related to the performance of the first and last two triboelectric generators and has nothing to do with the number of series-connected TENGs. This finding has a certain reference value for the design of high-efficiency triboelectric nanogenerators.
Automatic segmentation for plan-of-the-day selection in CBCT-guided adaptive radiation therapy of cervical cancer
Authors: Zhang Chen , Lafond Caroline , Barateau Anaïs , Leseur Julie , Rigaud Bastien , Chan Sock Line Diane Barbara , Yang Guanyu , Shu Huazhong , Dillenseger Jean-Louis , de Crevoisier Renaud , Simon Antoine
Published: November 2022

Objective. Plan-of-the-day (PoD) adaptive radiation therapy (ART) is based on a library of treatment plans, among which, at each treatment fraction, the PoD is selected using daily images. However, this strategy is limited by PoD selection uncertainties. This work aimed to propose and evaluate a workflow to automatically and quantitatively identify the PoD for cervix cancer ART based on daily CBCT images. Approach. The quantification was based on the segmentation of the main structures of interest in the CBCT images (clinical target volume [CTV], rectum, bladder, and bowel bag) using a deep learning model. Then, the PoD was selected from the treatment plan library according to the geometrical coverage of the CTV. For the evaluation, the resulting PoD was compared to the one obtained considering reference CBCT delineations. Main results. In experiments on a database of 23 patients with 272 CBCT images, the proposed method obtained an agreement between the reference PoD and the automatically identified PoD for 91.5% of treatment fractions (99.6% when considering a 5% margin on CTV coverage). Significance. The proposed automatic workflow automatically selected PoD for ART using deep-learning methods. The results showed the ability of the proposed process to identify the optimal PoD in a treatment plan library.
Implementation of the surface gradiometer receive coils for the improved detection limit and sensitivity in the single-sided MPI scanner
Authors: McDonough C , Pagan J , Tonyushkin A
Published: November 2022

Objective. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) promises to enhance diagnostic capabilities of the existing clinical imaging modalities. Traditional MPI scanners utilize cylindrical bore geometry that prevents scaling up the MPI to accommodate full human subject. Single-sided geometry, on the other hand, has all the hardware located on one side providing an unrestricted imaging volume. Approach. Our single-sided MPI device utilizes a field-free line topology with a single drive coil and a surface receive coil, which is used to detect the nanoparticles. Unlike closed bore systems, single-sided devices cannot adapt well established solenoid gradiometer receive coil, which result in impinging potential sensitivity gain. Main results. In this work we study multiple receive coil configurations with compensation for the purpose of removing feedthrough, whilst preserving the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle signal. Moreover, we present a compensated surface receive coil design that provides highest sensitivity in the single-sided geometry and demonstrate a new detection limit in a single-sided scanner of 100 ng of iron. In addition, we demonstrate 1D imaging of a sample without use of receive filter recovering signal at fundamental harmonic. Significance. These advancements in the receive chain are crucial for developing a practical MPI scanner with a single-sided geometry.
Application of the triple-probe technique to magnetized plasmas
Authors: Dimitrova M , Popov Tsv K , Dejarnac R , Kovačič J , Ivanova P , Gyergyek T , Losada U , Hidalgo C , Panek R , Stöckel J
Published: November 2022

The triple-probe technique (TPT) is a diagnostic widely used to determine the electron temperature in various devices and plasma conditions. It was developed for measurements in low-pressure gas-discharge plasmas in the absence of a magnetic field. This paper presents a comparison of the experimental results obtained by swept Langmuir probe (LP) measurements with those obtained by the TPT in magnetized plasmas in three experimental machines with different magnetic field magnitudes (0.01–1.15 T). The reliability of the triple-probe results for the electron temperature in tokamak plasmas at higher magnetic fields is discussed. It was found that the larger the magnetic field, the more the TPT overestimates the electron temperature compared with single swept LPs. The explanation proposed in this paper is based on a shift in the floating potential towards the plasma potential in the presence of a magnetic field, yielding a more positive voltage measured by the TPT and therefore higher electron temperatures. Using the extended formula for the electron probe current in the presence of a magnetic field a correction factor is derived such that the TPT yields a temperature similar to that of the swept LP techniques.
Cortical theta–gamma coupling tracks the mental workload as an indicator of mental schema development during simulated quadrotor UAV operation
Authors: Gu Heng , Chen He , Yao Qunli , Wang Shaodi , Ding Zhaohuan , Yuan Ziqian , Zhao Xiaochuan , Li Xiaoli
Published: November 2022

Objective. In the emerging field of neuroergonomics, mental workload assessment is one of the most important problems. Previous studies have made some progress on the relationship between task difficulties and mental workload, but how the mental schema, a reflection of the understanding and mastery degree of a task, affects mental workload has not been clearly discussed. Approach. There is emerging appreciation for the role of theta–gamma coupling (TGC) in high-level cognitive functions. Here, we attempt to further our understanding of how mental schema development and task difficulty had an impact on mental workload from the perspective of TGC. Specifically, the variation of TGC coupling strength and coupling pattern was estimated with different test orders and task difficulties performed by 51 students in a ten-day simulated quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle flight training and test tasks. Main results. During the training, TGC increased with mental schema development. For the test tasks, TGC did not change with increasing task difficulty before the operator formed a mental schema but decreased with the increasing mental workload after the formation of the mental schema. Significance. Our results suggest that TGC was a robust indicator of mental schema development and could be biased by task difficulty. In conclusion, TGC can be a promising measure of mental workload, but only for experienced operators.
Learning curves of generic features maps for realistic datasets with a teacher-student model*
Authors: Loureiro Bruno , Gerbelot Cédric , Cui Hugo , Goldt Sebastian , Krzakala Florent , Mézard Marc , Zdeborová Lenka
Published: November 2022

Teacher-student models provide a framework in which the typical-case performance of high-dimensional supervised learning can be described in closed form. The assumptions of Gaussian i.i.d. input data underlying the canonical teacher-student model may, however, be perceived as too restrictive to capture the behaviour of realistic data sets. In this paper, we introduce a Gaussian covariate generalisation of the model where the teacher and student can act on different spaces, generated with fixed, but generic feature maps. While still solvable in a closed form, this generalization is able to capture the learning curves for a broad range of realistic data sets, thus redeeming the potential of the teacher-student framework. Our contribution is then two-fold: first, we prove a rigorous formula for the asymptotic training loss and generalisation error. Second, we present a number of situations where the learning curve of the model captures the one of a realistic data set learned with kernel regression and classification, with out-of-the-box feature maps such as random projections or scattering transforms, or with pre-learned ones—such as the features learned by training multi-layer neural networks. We discuss both the power and the limitations of the framework.
Deep networks on toroids: removing symmetries reveals the structure of flat regions in the landscape geometry*
Authors: Pittorino Fabrizio , Ferraro Antonio , Perugini Gabriele , Feinauer Christoph , Baldassi Carlo , Zecchina Riccardo
Published: November 2022

We systematize the approach to the investigation of deep neural network landscapes by basing it on the geometry of the space of implemented functions rather than the space of parameters. Grouping classifiers into equivalence classes, we develop a standardized parameterization in which all symmetries are removed, resulting in a toroidal topology. On this space, we explore the error landscape rather than the loss. This lets us derive a meaningful notion of the flatness of minimizers and of the geodesic paths connecting them. Using different optimization algorithms that sample minimizers with different flatness we study the mode connectivity and relative distances. Testing a variety of state-of-the-art architectures and benchmark datasets, we confirm the correlation between flatness and generalization performance; we further show that in function space flatter minima are closer to each other and that the barriers along the geodesics connecting them are small. We also find that minimizers found by variants of gradient descent can be connected by zero-error paths composed of two straight lines in parameter space, i.e. polygonal chains with a single bend. We observe similar qualitative results in neural networks with binary weights and activations, providing one of the first results concerning the connectivity in this setting. Our results hinge on symmetry removal, and are in remarkable agreement with the rich phenomenology described by some recent analytical studies performed on simple shallow models.
Particle dual averaging: optimization of mean field neural network with global convergence rate analysis*
Authors: Nitanda Atsushi , Wu Denny , Suzuki Taiji
Published: November 2022

We propose the particle dual averaging (PDA) method, which generalizes the dual averaging method in convex optimization to the optimization over probability distributions with quantitative runtime guarantee. The algorithm consists of an inner loop and outer loop: the inner loop utilizes the Langevin algorithm to approximately solve for a stationary distribution, which is then optimized in the outer loop. The method can thus be interpreted as an extension of the Langevin algorithm to naturally handle nonlinear functional on the probability space. An important application of the proposed method is the optimization of neural network in the mean field regime, which is theoretically attractive due to the presence of nonlinear feature learning, but quantitative convergence rate can be challenging to obtain. By adapting finite-dimensional convex optimization theory into the space of measures, we analyze PDA in regularized empirical/expected risk minimization, and establish quantitative global convergence in learning two-layer mean field neural networks under more general settings. Our theoretical results are supported by numerical simulations on neural networks with reasonable size.
Relative stability toward diffeomorphisms indicates performance in deep nets*
Authors: Petrini Leonardo , Favero Alessandro , Geiger Mario , Wyart Matthieu
Published: November 2022

Understanding why deep nets can classify data in large dimensions remains a challenge. It has been proposed that they do so by becoming stable to diffeomorphisms, yet existing empirical measurements support that it is often not the case. We revisit this question by defining a maximum-entropy distribution on diffeomorphisms, that allows to study typical diffeomorphisms of a given norm. We confirm that stability toward diffeomorphisms does not strongly correlate to performance on benchmark data sets of images. By contrast, we find that the stability toward diffeomorphisms relative to that of generic transformations
R

f
correlates remarkably with the test error ϵ
t. It is of order unity at initialization but decreases by several decades during training for state-of-the-art architectures. For CIFAR10 and 15 known architectures we find

ϵ

t

≈
0.2

R

f

, suggesting that obtaining a small R

f
is important to achieve good performance. We study how R

f
depends on the size of the training set and compare it to a simple model of invariant learning.
A preliminary study on the hollow anode of a 450 kV rod-pinch diode
Authors: Qu J.F. , Feng Y.W. , Ma X. , Li H.T.
Published: November 2022

This paper proposes a hollow rod as the anode of a rod-pinch diode (RPD) at about 450 kV voltage. Two kinds of hollow rod anodes that may enhance the central radiation dose are obtained through PIC and Monte Carlo simulations. The experimental results show that the hollow anode made by Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) can effectively enhance the forward central dose of the 450 kV rod-pinch diode, which helps to improve the radiation imaging definition.
Fire severity and the legacy of mountain pine beetle outbreak: high-severity fire peaks with mixed live and dead vegetation
Authors: Talucci Anna C , Meigs Garrett W , Knudby Anders , Krawchuk Meg A
Published: November 2022

Bark beetle outbreaks and wildfires are two of the most prevalent disturbances that influence tree mortality, regeneration, and successional trajectories in western North American forests. Subboreal forests have experienced broad overlaps in these disturbances, and recent wildfires have burned through landscapes with substantial tree mortality from prior outbreaks. This study investigated how fuel conditions associated with mountain pine beetle outbreaks influence the probability of high burn severity (i.e. stand-replacing fire) across a range of fire weather conditions in subboreal forests of central interior British Columbia, Canada. We focused on three large fires that occurred in 2012, 2013, and 2014. We characterized outbreak severity, outbreak-influenced prefire vegetation, and subsequent burn severity using Landsat spectral vegetation indices, high-resolution imagery, and field observations. Substantial portions of the prefire landscape contained mixtures of live and dead vegetation created by variable beetle damage and vegetation response—spatial patterns that are related to, but distinct from, peak outbreak severity. We evaluated drivers—fuels, weather, and topography—of high-severity fire under ‘extreme,’ ‘moderate,’ and ‘benign’ fire weather conditions (i.e. burning conditions) using Boosted Regression Trees. While fire weather was a primary driver in most cases, prefire vegetation was an influential predictor variable across all burning conditions, and the probability of high-severity fire was highest when prefire vegetation was a mixture of tree mortality from bark beetles and live vegetation. Thus, while weather and drought are important drivers of wildfires in subboreal forests, bottom-up drivers of elevation and vegetation, including the fuel legacies of bark beetle outbreaks, are crucial factors influencing high-severity burning. The legacy of recent bark beetle outbreaks will continue for decades on these landscapes, affecting fuel structures, future wildfires, forest dynamics, and the broader social-ecological systems of the region.
On the geometry of the Titchmarsh counterexample
Authors: Schleich W P , Tkáčová I , Maier H
Published: November 2022

We study the lines of constant phase corresponding to the ratio formed by the building blocks of the Titchmarsh counterexample, that is by two Dirichlet L-functions whose characters are the complex conjugate of each other. This ratio on the critical line is sensitive to zeros off the critical line.
The Aesthetic Enkratic Principle
Authors: Martínez Marín Irene
Published: November 2022

There is a dimension of rationality, known as structural rationality, according to which a paradigmatic example of what it means to be rational is not to be akratic. Although some philosophers claim that aesthetics falls within the scope of rationality, a non-akrasia constraint prohibiting certain combinations of attitudes is yet to be developed in this domain. This essay is concerned with the question of whether such a requirement is plausible and, if so, whether it is an actual requirement of aesthetic rationality. Ultimately, this paper defends the view that aesthetics is no different from other domains in that it requires coherence between a subject’s mental states (in the aesthetic case, between what is judged and what is aesthetically liked).
Foliar water uptake in Pinus species depends on needle age and stomatal wax structures
Authors: Roth-Nebelsick Anita , Hacke Uwe G , Voigt Dagmar , Schreiber Stefan G , Krause Matthias
Published: November 2022

Background and aims

Foliar water uptake (FWU) has been documented in many species and is increasingly recognized as a non-trivial factor in plant–water relationships. However, it remains unknown whether FWU is a widespread phenomenon in Pinus species, and how it may relate to needle traits such as the form and structure of stomatal wax plugs. In this contribution, these questions were addressed by studying FWU in current-year and 1-year-old needles of seven Pinus species.

Methods

We monitored FWU gravimetrically and analysed the needle surface via cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, we considered the effect of artificial wax erosion by application of the surfactant Triton X-100, which is able to alter wax crystals.

Key results

The results show for all species that (1) FWU occurred, (2) FWU is higher in old needles compared to young needles and (3) there is substantial erosion of stomatal wax plugs in old needles. FWU was highest in Pinus canariensis, which has a thin stomatal wax plug. Surfactant treatment enhanced FWU.

Conclusions

The results of this study provide evidence for (1) widespread FWU in Pinus, (2) the influence of stomatal wax plugs on FWU and (3) age-related needle surface erosion.
A stable sensory map emerges from a dynamic equilibrium of neurons with unstable tuning properties
Authors: Chambers Anna R , Aschauer Dominik F , Eppler Jens-Bastian , Kaschube Matthias , Rumpel Simon
Published: November 2022

Recent long-term measurements of neuronal activity have revealed that, despite stability in large-scale topographic maps, the tuning properties of individual cortical neurons can undergo substantial reformatting over days. To shed light on this apparent contradiction, we captured the sound response dynamics of auditory cortical neurons using repeated 2-photon calcium imaging in awake mice. We measured sound-evoked responses to a set of pure tone and complex sound stimuli in more than 20,000 auditory cortex neurons over several days. We found that a substantial fraction of neurons dropped in and out of the population response. We modeled these dynamics as a simple discrete-time Markov chain, capturing the continuous changes in responsiveness observed during stable behavioral and environmental conditions. Although only a minority of neurons were driven by the sound stimuli at a given time point, the model predicts that most cells would at least transiently become responsive within 100 days. We observe that, despite single-neuron volatility, the population-level representation of sound frequency was stably maintained, demonstrating the dynamic equilibrium underlying the tonotopic map. Our results show that sensory maps are maintained by shifting subpopulations of neurons “sharing” the job of creating a sensory representation.
Are classrooms equalizers or amplifiers of inequality? A genetically informative investigation of educational performance
Authors: Stienstra Kim , Knigge Antonie , Maas Ineke , de Zeeuw Eveline L , Boomsma Dorret I
Published: November 2022

We investigate the influence of the classroom environment on educational performance and its dependency on parental socio-economic status (SES). The classroom environment can have a compensatory effect and decrease educational inequality, in which case the classroom context is more important for children originating from lower SES families. Alternatively, there can be an amplifying effect, in which case the classroom environment is more important for high-SES children. This would increase educational inequality. We investigate the two alternatives by applying a twin design to data from 4,216 twin pairs from the Netherlands Twin Register (birth cohorts 1991–2002). Some twin pairs share a classroom and other twins from the same pair are in different classrooms. We use this fact to decompose the variance in educational performance at the end of primary school into four components: genetic variance, classroom variance, shared environmental variance, and non-shared environmental variance. We find that of the total variance in educational performance, only a small part (2 per cent) can be attributed to differences between classrooms within schools. The influence of the classroom was larger when the level of parental SES was lower (up to 7.7 per cent) indicating a compensatory effect.
Cuttlefish conservation: a global review of methods to ameliorate unwanted fishing mortality and other anthropogenic threats to sustainability
Authors: Barrett C J , Bensbai J , Broadhurst M K , Bustamante P , Clark R , Cooke G M , Di Cosmo A , Drerup C , Escolar O , Fernández-Álvarez F A , Ganias K , Hall K C , Hanlon R T , Hernández-Urcera J , Hua Q Q H , Lacoue-Labarthe T , Lewis J , Lishchenko F , Maselli V , Moustahfid H , Nakajima R , O’Brien C E , Parkhouse L , Pengelly S , Pierce G J , Ramírez J G , Robin J-P , Sajikumar K K , Sasikumar G , Smith C L , Villanueva R , Yến D T H
Published: November 2022

Cuttlefish are an important global fisheries resource, and their demand is placing increasing pressure on populations in many areas, necessitating conservation measures. We reviewed evidence from case studies spanning Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia encompassing diverse intervention methods (fisheries closures, protected areas, habitat restoration, fishing-gear modifications, promoting egg survival, and restocking), and we also discuss the effects of pollution on cuttlefish. We conclude: (1) spatio-temporal closures need to encompass substantial portions of a species’ range and protect at least one major part of their life cycle; (2) fishing-gear modifications have the potential to reduce unwanted cuttlefish capture, but more comprehensive trials are needed; (3) egg survival can be improved by diverting and salvaging from traps; (4) existing lab rearing and restocking may not produce financially viable results; and (5) fisheries management policies should be regularly reviewed in light of rapid changes in cuttlefish stock status. Further, citizen science can provide data to reduce uncertainty in empirical assessments. The information synthesized in this review will guide managers and stakeholders to implement regulations and conservation initiatives that increase the productivity and sustainability of fisheries interacting with cuttlefish, and highlights gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed.
Development of Novel Early Detection Technology for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)
Authors: Sanders Meg , Tardani Renee , Locher Alexandra , Geller Kathryn , Partridge Charlyn G
Published: November 2022

Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, threatens hemlock forests throughout eastern North America. Management efforts focus on early detection of HWA to ensure rapid management responses to control and stop the spread of this pest. This study’s goal was to identify an affordable, efficient trap to aid with airborne environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling approaches as an early monitoring tool for HWA. We initially compared HWA detection success between a standard sticky trap, commonly used for HWA monitoring, and trap designs potentially compatible with eDNA protocols (i.e., passive trap, funnel trap, and motorized trap). Passive, funnel, and motorized traps’ estimated capture success probabilities compared to sticky traps were 0.87, 0.8, and 0.4, respectively. A secondary evaluation of a modified version of the motorized trap further assessed trap performance and determined the number of traps needed in a set area to efficiently detect HWA. By modifying the original motorized trap design, its estimated capture success probability increased to 0.67 compared to a sticky trap. Overall, the cumulative capture success over the 16-week sampling period for the motorized trap was 94% and 99% for the sticky trap. The number of traps did impact capture success, and trap elevation and distance to infested hemlocks influenced the number of adelgids captured per trap. As eDNA-based monitoring approaches continue to become incorporated into invasive species surveying, further refinement with these types of traps can be useful as an additional tool in the manager’s toolbox.
Miscible fluids mixing via alternating injection in a radial Hele-Shaw cell: experimental and numerical studies
Authors: Chou Chi-Chian , Kumar Avdhesh , Lu Po-Chun , Chen Ching-Yao
Published: November 2022

An alternating injection scheme is experimentally employed to study the mixing performance of miscible viscous fluids in a radial Hele-Shaw cell. The concept of the covered area is introduced to quantify the mixing efficiency and various numerical simulations are performed to support and verify the experimental results. It has been observed that the alternating injection can improve the mixing efficiency, depending on the prominence of the channeling interactions. The alternating injection can effectively improve the mixing efficiency under certain conditions, where weaker fingering interactions are dominated by diffusive mixing. However, the results under the high Péclet number conditions are inconsistent, i.e. the mixing efficiency is reduced due to the emergence of orderly viscous fingers prevailing random chaotic interactions. This phenomenon is similar to the channeling interaction in the heterogeneous permeability fields in which less viscous fluid flows through favorable paths due to the local pressure difference between two successively emerging fingers.
On the computational properties of basic mathematical notions
Authors: Normann Dag , Sanders Sam
Published: November 2022

We investigate the computational properties of basic mathematical notions pertaining to ${\mathbb R}\rightarrow {\mathbb R}$-functions and subsets of ${\mathbb R}$, like finiteness, countability, (absolute) continuity, bounded variation, suprema and regularity. We work in higher-order computability theory based on Kleene’s S1–S9 schemes. We show that the aforementioned italicised properties give rise to two huge and robust classes of computationally equivalent operations, the latter based on well-known theorems from the mainstream mathematics literature. As part of this endeavour, we develop an equivalent $\lambda $-calculus formulation of S1–S9 that accommodates partial objects. We show that the latter are essential to our enterprise via the study of countably based and partial functionals of type $3$.
Firearm-Related Issues in Therapeutic Contexts
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on the application of gun-related considerations to therapeutic contexts in which medical and mental health professionals often find themselves. For instance, it addresses such in relation to conducting mental health intakes, screenings, and routine assessments in both inpatient and outpatient settings. In addition, readers are presented with Pirelli et al.’s Know, Ask, and Do (KAD) model, which is applied here to navigating scenarios in which patients have likely access to guns. Furthermore, this chapter sets forth considerations for responding to patients’ requests for gun-specific “clearance,” as well as for treating law enforcement, corrections, military, and related professionals. Lastly, considerations for conducting mental health evaluations and comprehensive assessments at the outpatient and inpatient levels are addressed.
Ethical Considerations for Medical and Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides medical and mental health professionals with an overview of ethical considerations across disciplines. Specifically, the purpose of ethics codes and professional guidelines is reviewed, followed by relevant notations to the ethics codes of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Counseling Association, and the American Mental Health Counselors Association. Two sets of guidelines are also addressed, those of the American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. The chapter then consists of a review of ethical decision-making models, whereby forensic psychology is highlighted as exemplar, and the application of such models to firearm-related contexts is addressed. Then, biased decision-making is noted via a review of concepts such as hired guns, forensic identification, adversarial allegiance, and cognitive bias. The final section addresses ethical principles and professional guidelines particularly relevant to firearm-related matters; namely, identifying the client; dual roles and relationships, the “therefore” problem, and weapon focus; termination of services; cultural competence and personal beliefs and experiences; breaking confidentiality, including but not limited to duty to warn and protect provisions; and considerations for internet-based data.
Navigating Violent Spaces
Authors: Moeschberger Scott L. , White BreeAnna
Published: November 2022

Children who are in alternative care facilities experience unacceptable rates of violence prior to entering care, during care, and potentially after they leave care. Prior to a transition into care, children are often exposed to violence in the home through abuse or neglect, or in their community or broader socioecological context. This chapter uses a polyvictimization framework to explore how violence impacts children in various types of alternative care from larger scale institutions such as orphanages to family-based care models like foster care. Children face increased risks of violence across this continuum and continue to be vulnerable after they “age out” of the alternative care available for them. Institutional care heightens the risk of trafficking both into and out of orphanages. Policy implications are discussed, including strengthening protective policies, increased research attention to the context and scope of violence against children, and strengthening training and resourcing for caregivers.
Teacher Violence
Authors: Hecker Tobias , Masath Faustine Bwire , Ssenyonga Joseph , Nkuba Mabula , Hermenau Katharin
Published: November 2022

This chapter first focuses on the global prevalence of teacher violence in schools, taking an in-depth look at countries on the African continent. Subsequently, it provides an overview of the possible drivers and consequences of teacher violence on the mental health and well-being as well as psychosocial and academic functioning of children. The third part of the chapter deals with the prevention of teacher violence. First, it gives an overview of evidence-based prevention approaches and then presents the intervention approach Interaction Competencies with Children—for Teacher (ICC-T) in more depth. The chapter concludes with a summary of the current state of the research field and provides an outlook on future priorities for research and prevention.
Addressing Violence Against Children in Low-Resource and Humanitarian Settings
Authors: Puffer Eve S. , Johnson Savannah L. , Sim Amanda L.
Published: November 2022

Violence against children is an enormous global problem and one of the many adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that have long-term effects on children’s physical and psychological health. ACEs are more likely to occur in the context of poverty, multiplying family stressors and compounding consequences on child development. This chapter focuses on interpersonal violence within resource-constrained households and communities globally, including humanitarian settings. Family-based interventions have great potential in low-resource settings for prevention and reduction of violence, as well as promotion of protective factors to bolster resilience. Parenting and family-strengthening approaches have reduced harsh discipline and improved positive family interactions. This chapter reviews three specific examples: a parenting intervention in post-conflict Liberia, a family-strengthening approach for Burmese migrant families in Thailand, and a family therapy–based approach in Kenya. Future directions include development and evaluation of multilevel interventions that integrate family-strengthening approaches with multilevel poverty alleviation strategies.
Psychosocial Support for Syrian Refugee Youth
Authors: Townsend Dana , Raknes Solfrid , Hammoud Mahmoud
Published: November 2022

There is an urgent need for upscaling accessible mental health interventions to support refugees. The current study uses mixed methods to examine the impact of the Helping Hand, a digital cognitive behavioral game for Syrian adolescents in Beqaa and Arsal, Lebanon. The game was implemented as part of a larger blended learning program during two separate trials, which each varied regarding the facilitators’ background and the amount of training and support provided. In total, 15 group facilitators and 35 groups of displaced Syrian adolescents (N = 372) took part in a 10-session program from March to September 2021. Results showed that the program resulted in significantly higher well-being among adolescents when the group facilitators received more training and support. This study contributes to evidence on the potential for e-health and serious games to enhance well-being for all, including displaced youth growing up in poverty.
Measuring trust in institutions
Authors: Carlsson Fredrik , Demeke Eyoual , Martinsson Peter , Tesemma Tewodros
Published: November 2022

Trust in institutions is important for economic prosperity. We present results from a field study where we compare stated trust in institutions in general, stated trust in employees at institutions, and amount sent to employees at institutions using a trust game. Including more than 250 entrepreneurs in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, we examine levels of trust towards entrepreneurship development agency, district administration, tax authority, and electric utility. There is a positive and sizeable significant correlation between stated trust and trust game. Furthermore, we find that generalized trust is weakly correlated with trust in specific institutions both compared with stated trust, and trust game. Given the large heterogeneity in levels of trust to specific institutions, we argue it is important to elicit institution-specific levels of trust.
Making the cut: How panel reviewers use evaluation devices to select applications at the European Research Council
Authors: Brunet Lucas , Müller Ruth
Published: November 2022

The European Research Council (ERC) receives many high-quality applications, but funds only a few. We analyze how members of ERC review panels assess applications in the first, highly competitive step of evaluations for ERC Starting and Consolidator Grants. Drawing on interviews with ERC panel members in different fields, we show that they adopt a set of evaluation devices that offer pragmatic and standardized ways of evaluating in a time-constrained and highly competitive setting. Through the use of evaluation devices, panel reviewers enact and generate a distinct reviewing expertise that encompasses subject-specific knowledge and knowledge about how to accomplish evaluation within a situated setting. We find that ERC panel reviewers employ four evaluation devices during the first step of ERC reviews: first, reviewers base judgments on applicants’ prior achievements (delegation devices); second, they adjust their evaluations of individual applications to the quality of a given set of applications (calibration devices); third, they combine multiple elements to assess the feasibility of proposals (articulation devices); and finally, they consider the impact of the proposed research on science and society (contribution devices). We show that the current use of these devices generates what we have termed evaluative pragmatism: a mode of reviewing that is shaped by and accommodated to the need to review many high-quality proposals in a short time period with possibly limited expert knowledge. In conclusion, we discuss how the prevalence of evaluative pragmatism in the first step of ERC panel reviews shapes candidate selection, particularly regarding human and epistemic diversity in European research.
DETERMINATION OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN BLACK AND WHITE SANDS USED FOR BUILDINGS AND ESTIMATION OF RADIATION HAZARDS IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION OF ETHIOPIA
Authors: Abate Tadesse , Eshete Sitotaw
Published: November 2022

One hundred and two black and white sand samples were compiled from disparate sand excavates from the affluent rivers of Lake Tana. The supreme values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were calculated in Bq Kg−1 units from black sand samples, while the undermost deals were found from pieces of white sand. The potential radiological health parameters were sized up by determining the radium equivalent progressively activity (Raeq), outdoor immersed gamma potion rate (Dout), annual effective potion rate, internal hazard (Hin) and external hazard (Hex) indices and gamma index from using those sands in the erection of dwellings and large buildings. The outcomes acquired show that the annual potion immersed by occupants due to sand construction use in the north-west region of Ethiopia is <1.0 mSv y−1, while the outdoor absorbed dose rate, gamma index and internal hazard index are higher than the quoted values of 55 nG h−1, 1 and 1, respectively.
COMBINING HI-RESOLUTION SCAN MODE WITH DEEP LEARNING RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS IN CARDIAC CT
Authors: Mørup Svea Deppe , Stowe John , Precht Helle , Kusk Martin Weber , Lambrechtsen Jess , Foley Shane J
Published: November 2022

To investigate the impact of combining the high-resolution (Hi-res) scan mode with deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithm in CT. Two phantoms (Catphan600® and Lungman, small, medium, large size) were CT scanned using combinations of Hi-res/standard mode and high-definition (HD)/standard kernels. Images were reconstructed with ASiR-V and three levels of DLIR. Spatial resolution, noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were assessed. The radiation dose was recorded. The spatial resolution increased using Hi-res & HD. Image noise in the Catphan600® (69%) and the Lungman (10–70%) significantly increased when Hi-res & HD was applied. DLIR reduced the mean noise (54%). The CNR was reduced (64%) for Hi-res & HD. The radiation dose increased for both small (+70%) and medium (+43%) Lungman phantoms but decreased slightly for the large ones (−3%) when Hi-res was applied. In conclusion, the Hi-res scan mode improved the spatial resolution. The HD kernel significantly increased the image noise. DLIR improved the image noise and CNR and did not affect the spatial resolution.
The resurrection of Cerasommatidiidae, an enigmatic group of coccinelloid beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea) based on molecular and morphological evidence
Authors: Arriaga-Varela Emmanuel , Tomaszewska Wioletta , Szawaryn Karol , Robertson James , Seidel Matthias , Ślipiński Adam , Fikáček Martin
Published: November 2022

The family Cerasommatidiidae was proposed by Brèthes in 1925 for his new genus Cerasommatidia from Brazil, described as an intermediate taxon between Endomychidae and Coccinellidae (Coccinelloidea). This group was neglected for decades until 1994 when the resemblance of Cerasommatidia with the eupsilobiine genus Ibicarella was noticed, and Cerasommatidiidae was synonymized with Eupsilobiinae (Endomychidae). Based on the newly discovered material from the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions with clear resemblance to Cerasommatidia and Ibicarella, the phylogenetic placement of these taxa and new allied genera was reassessed based on phylogenetic analyses of molecular, morphological and combined datasets. The data were analysed under Bayesian (BI), maximum likelihood (ML) and parsimony (MP) frameworks. Our results support the restoration of Cerasommatidiidae as a distinct family in Coccinelloidea. Close affinity of Cerasommatidiidae with Coccinellidae, Eupsilobiidae and Mycetaeidae is recovered and the sister-relationship to Mycetaeidae is highly supported. Ibicarella is found to be a junior synonym of Cerasommatidia. Three new genera and six new species are described and illustrated: Yamuy gen. nov. (type species, Y. marginatus sp. nov.; and Y. constratus sp. nov.) and Karumbe gen. nov. (type species, K. geiseri sp. nov.; K. brethesi sp. nov. and K. pakaluki sp. nov.) from the Neotropics and Mahavelo gen. nov. (type species, M. madagasus sp. nov.) from Madagascar.