bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENT AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC) IN NIGERIA
Authors: EKHAISE F. O. , EKHAISE R. E.
Published: March 2023

Petroleum production and export play a dominant role in Nigeria's economy and account for about 90% of her gross earnings. This dominant role has pushed agriculture, the traditional mainstay of the economy, from the early fifties and sixties, to the background. The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) found in 1977 through the merger of some of the departments of the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, and the old Nigerian National Oil Corporation, is charged with the responsibility for upstream and downstream developments, regulating and supervising the oil industry on behalf of the Nigerian Government. Since the discovery of oil in Nigeria in the 1950s, the country has been faced with the negative environmental consequences of oil development. The growth of the country's oil industry, combined with population explosion and lack of environmental regulations, has led to substantial damage to Nigeria's environment, especially in the Niger Delta region, the centre of the country's oil industry. Nigeria's main environmental challenges result from oil spills, natural gas flaring and deforestation. Industrialization is vital to a nation‘s socio-economic development as well as its political structure in the comity of nations. It provides ready employment opportunities for a good percentage of the population in medium to highly developed economies. Although, industrialization is inevitable, various devastating ecological and human disasters which have continuously occurred over the last three decades or so, implicate industries as major contributors to environmental degradation and pollution problems of various magnitudes. It is therefore recommended that, nongovernmental organizations, international oil companies and well spirited individuals will have to work together to slow the degradation of Nigeria's environment and take steps to mitigate the problems that a half-century's worth of oil production already has caused.
ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF Alstonia boonei
Authors: OKPO S. O. , INIAGHE L. O. , AIGBEDE J. O.
Published: March 2023

The leaves of Alstonia boonei are generally used in some parts of Africa in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and other minor illnesses. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Alstonia boonei was evaluated using three acute models of inflammation, namely; carrageenan-induced and dextran-induced rat paw oedema and croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. The extract (100-400mg/kg body weight) produced significant (p<0.05) inhibitions of the carrageenan and dextran-induced rat paw oedema. The extract also caused a significant (p<0.05) inhibition of the croton oil induced ear oedema in mice. The effects of the extract on these models of inflammation were similar to that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug-indomethacin. It is revealed from the screening model used that the methanol extract of the leaves of this plant possesses acute anti-inflammatory activity. The results obtained suggest that the extract may elicit its anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
URETHRAL CATHETERISATION: ROLE IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Authors: AKORTHA E. E. , IBADIN K. O. , ENABULELE I. O. , OMOROKPE O. V.
Published: March 2023

The role of urethral catheterisation in the development of urinary tract infection (UTI) among patients in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City was studied. Mid-stream urine samples were collected from catheter tips of 112 catheterised patients. These were analysed and cultured using blood, MacConkey and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar. Out of the 112 patients studied, 77 (68%) had catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), with the male subjects recording higher prevalence rate (70.7%) than the females (60.8%). This difference was statistically significant at p<0.05. Microbial isolates identified were as follows: Klebsiella aerogenes 28 (36.3%), Escherichia coli 13(16.8%), Proteus mirabilis 10(12.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 9(11.6%), Proteus vulgaris 8(10.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4(5.1%), Enterobacter aerogenes 3(3.8%) and Candida albicans 2(2.5%). The organism‘s resistance against 10 antibiotics was conducted. Resistance rates observed were as follows: nitrofurantoin (90.6%), ampicillin (98.6%), tetracycline (100%), cotrimoxazole (98.6%), streptomycin (98.6%) nalidixic acid (98.6%), augmentin (58.6%), gentamicin (62.6%), ofloxacin (62.6%) and ciprofloxacin (61.3%). This study showed that the drug of choice for the management of CAUTI were ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin since most of the organisms isolated were susceptible to them. Urethral catheterisation has also been implicated as one of the predisposing factors in UTI. This medical procedure should be performed when less invasive measures are not feasible.
RESPONSES OF SOME GRASS SPECIES TO DIESEL FUEL CONTAMINATED SOIL
Authors: ABDULRAHAMAN A. A. , OLAYINKA B. U. , OLUMODEJI B. P. , OLADELE F. A.
Published: March 2023

Contamination of soil with petroleum products especially diesel fuel has been a major cause of concern. Automated gas oil (AGO) i.e. Diesel fuel is a complex mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons containing volatile, low molecule weight alkanes which are potentially phytotoxic, tonaphthalenes which may interfere with normal plant development. Two concentrations of diesel fuel namely 5g and 10g were used to contaminate soil. Thus six species of the family Poaceae namely Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Triticum aestivum were used to phytoremediate the polluted soil. Phytoremediation is an innovative technology that uses plants to remove environmental contaminants in the growth substrate through physical, chemical or biological processes. Decrease in levels of diesel was accompanied by better germination and growth. Initially, seed germination was low as compared to control but it improved steadily in experimental plants. Among the six species studied, S. bicolor exhibited a moderate germination, plant height and leaf length at 5% and 10% diesel contaminations when compared to the control, thus it can be used for phytoremediation of diesel contaminated soils.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITIES OF PLANTAIN FLOUR SOLD IN SOME MARKETS IN BENIN CITY
Authors: EMOGHENE A. O. , IMARHIAGBE E. E. , OBAYAGBONA O. N.
Published: March 2023

The microbiological, physicochemical and nutritional (proximate) qualities of plantain flour samples obtained from various markets located within the Benin City metropolis evaluated using standard methods. Microbial isolates identified include; Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus sp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Geotrichum sp, Mucor sp, Trichoderma sp and Helminthosporium sp. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the groups of microorganisms (P>0.05). The study also revealed that the carbohydrate and moisture content were relatively high, while fat and titratable acidity values were relatively low. The presence of a high bioload and variety of microorganisms some of which are of public health concern, detected and isolated from the flour samples, may be attributed to inadequate sanitary condition and poor handling practices in the production of plantain flour.
ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM CASSAVA PEELS AND POULTRY MANURE MIXTURE USING BAKER’S YEAST (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae): RESULTANT CHANGES IN REDUCING SUGAR, PROTEIN CONTENT AND MICROBIAL GROWTH
Authors: ANIGBORO, A. A.
Published: March 2023

Over the years, costly substrates such as corn, sugarcane, beets etc have been used in the production of ethanol. This research seeks to explore the availability of cassava peels and poultry manure (agricultural waste) as suitable substrates for the production of ethanol. 2% v/v H2SO4 was used to hydrolyze a mixture of cassava peels (in gram) and poultry manure (in gram) in the ratio 25:0, 24:1, 23:2, 22:3, 24:1 and 20:5 respectively and heated for some time. The hydrolyzed samples were then filtered and the filtrate inoculated with baker‘s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and was left to ferment for five (5) days. The total protein and reducing sugar content of all the sample groups (25:0 to 20:5) were determined before and after the period of fermentation. The growth of the baker‘s yeast (S. cerevisiae) and the alcohol produced were similarly determined. From the results, the protein content in group one (1) and two (2) formulation media increased but groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 had a decrease in protein content after five (5) days of fermentation with baker‘s yeast (S. cerevisiae). Also the reducing sugar content reduced considerably in all six (6) groups after fermentation. This appears to suggest that the activities of the baker‘s yeast (growth) affected the substrate which eventually yielded the useful by-product, ethanol. While cassava peels (g) and poultry manure (g) mixtures of the ratio 25:0, 24:1, 23:2, and 22:3 respectively yielded 1.44% v/v alcohol, that of 21 g:4 g yielded 1.313% v/v alcohol and 20 g:5 g yielded 1.575% v/v alcohol. It could be concluded therefore that cassava peels (g) / poultry manure (g) mixture of the ratio 20:5 seems to be a more suitable substrate for alcohol production using baker‘s yeast, since it yielded the highest amount of alcohol after the fermentation period
PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM CASSAVA FLOUR AND POULTRY MANURE MIXTURE USING RAFFIA WINE YEAST (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae): CHANGES IN REDUCING SUGAR, PROTEIN AND MICROBIAL GROWTH
Authors: ANIGBORO A. A.
Published: March 2023

Considering the ever-increasing multiple uses of biofuel in the world presently, an attempt was made in this study to produce bioethanol from locally available agricultural resources like cassava and poultry manure using raffia wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A mixture of these resources [cassava flour (g) and poultry manure (g) after being hydrolyzed with 2% (w/v) H2SO4 and heated), was filtered and the filtrate distributed into various ratios 25:0, 24:1, 23:2, 22:3, 21:4 and 20:5 respectively. These distributions were fermented with raffia wine yeast (S. cerevisiae) and left to grow for 5 days at room temperature. The total content of protein and jreducing sugar, as well as the microbial growth and ethanol produced were determined before and after the fermentation period. The results of the protein content and reducing sugar (mg/ml) showed that they were utilized for growth and subsequent production of ethanol by raffia wine yeast. However, the results show that cassava flour (g) and poultry manure (g) in the ratios 25:0, 24:1, 23:2, 22:3, 21:4 and 20:5 yielded 1.313, 1.181, 1.181, 1.181, 1.181 and 1.313% v/v ethanol respectively. It is therefore concluded that cassava flour (g) and poultry manure (g) combinations of 25:0 and 20:5 had the highest yield of alcohol after 5 days of fermentation. Thus, they are suitable substrates for bioethanol production using raffia wine yeast (S. cerevisiae).
FIELD EVALUATION OF Lablab Purpureus (L.) SWEET ACCESSIONS FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN THE NIGERIAN MOIST SAVANNA
Authors: EWANSIHA S. U. , CHIEZEY U. F.
Published: March 2023

Profitable livestock production during dry season in the moist savanna of Nigeria is limited by lack of adequate feed. However, introduced forage legumes that are drought tolerant have the potential to contribute to increased livestock productivity. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet commonly called lablab has been identified as a promising forage legume in the zone. 46 accessions were screened for drought tolerance. Four accessions (ILRI 730, NAPRI 3, PI 195851 and PI 388013) were selected as best choices in drought tolerance throughout the dry season (November-April). Seven others (BARSD 1, GRIF 1246, ILRI 4612, ILRI 6930, ILRI 7403, NAPRI 2 and NAPRI 4) were identified as drought tolerant up to mid dry season (January-February). Identified accessions either flowered late and had large biomass yields or had delayed leaf senescence (DLS)
CURATIVE EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Palisota Hirsuta ON NEPHROTOXICITY INDUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: IMAFIDON K. E. , OKUNROBO L. O. , OLADUGBA O. O.
Published: March 2023

This work was done to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Palisota hirsuta on nephrotoxicity induced by carbontetrachloride (CCl4). Biochemical analyses were carried out to determine the levels of creatinine, urea, total protein, chloride, carbonate using assay kits (products of Randox Laboratories Crumlin and Teco Diagnostics), sodium, potassium (method of Tietz,) and malondialdelyde (MDA) level (thiobarbituric acid assay) and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Consequently, twenty-five albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each, the animals were fed rats mash and water ad libitum. Group 1 (positive control) rats were administered only 0.5 ml/kg body weight of groundnut oil while groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with 0.5 ml/kg CCl4 and groundnut oil (1:1).The plant extracts were not administered to groups 1 and 2; while groups 3, 4 and 5 were administered 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of extract respectively. Results showed increased levels of creatinine, urea, chloride, carbonate and malondialdelyde levels and reduced levels of total protein and SOD activity in the group induced with CCl4, but not given the drug extract (negative control). These effects were ameliorated at different dose levels of administration of the drug extract. This work therefore demonstrates the protective effect of P.hirsuta against nephrotoxicity induced by CCL4.
INTERACTION OF IRON AND NICKEL ON THE ACTIVITIES OF CATALASE AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN THE ROOTS OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: UGBENI C. O. , OSUBOR C. C.
Published: March 2023

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of iron on the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase on the root of groundnut seedlings grown in Nickel contaminated soil. The soil sample used was divided in five groups labelled 1 to 5. Group 1 which was used as control was neither exposed to nickel nor iron. The groups labelled 2 to 5 were treated with 40ppm of Nickel. In addition groups 3 to 5 were co-treated with 30ppm, 45ppm and 75ppm of iron respectively. Viable seeds of groundnut were then planted in each sample. The roots of the groundnut seedlings from each group were harvested weekly starting from the second week of planting up to the fifth week. The root weight and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were determined. Statistical evaluation of the results showed that the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were depressed in the root of groundnut grown in nickel contaminated soil. However a dose dependent increase of the activities of these enzymes were observed with the groups co-treated with iron. At 75ppm of iron concentration, the activities of these enzymes showed no significant difference (p<0.05) from the control. Similarly, the root weight was significantly low but with iron treatment, a steady increase was observed both upstream and downstream.
BACTERIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DIESEL-CONTAMINATED SOIL IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: AKINNIBOSUN F. I. , ONWUDIWE J. C.
Published: March 2023

The bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis of diesel contaminated soil was carried out over a period of seven weeks. Different volumes of diesel were added to 1000g of soil in microplots. Microplot with no diesel added served as control and was labelled sample A. Samples B, C, D, and E contained 250ml, 500ml, 750ml and 1000ml of diesel respectively. Samples were collected weekly for analysis. The bacterial count ranged from 8.70 ± 0.92 x 104 cfu/g to 1.28 ± 0.89 x 105 cfu/g, 9.70 ± 0.05 x 104 cfu/g to 1.02 ± 0.11 x 105 cfu/g, 4.50 ± 1.40 x104 cfu/g to 9.10 ± 0.11 x 104 cfu/g, 3.20 ± 0.05 x 104 cfu/g to 8.80 ± 0.05 x 104 cfu/g and 1.00 ±0.05 x 104 cfu/g to 8.20 ± 0.05 x 104 cfu/g in samples A, B, C, D and E respectively, showing that the bacterial counts in the treated samples declined and later increased at week seven of the experiment. The bacteria isolated from the soil samples were Bacillus subtilis, Flavobacterium sp, Klebsiella sp., Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Analysis of the physico-chemical parameters showed that there was reduction in pH (8.80 ± 0.06 to 5.10 ± 0.06) and % Nitrogen (15.90 ± 0.06 to 4.90 ± 0.06) for the different concentrations as the weeks progressed. The temperature (28.00 ± 0.60 to 33.00 ± 0.60 0C), Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (105.00 ± 0.58 to 459.00 ± 0.58) and % Carbon (3.37± 0.06 to 23.99 ± 0.33) increased with time for the various concentrations of diesel contamination, compared to the control. The results of this study revealed that diesel altered the soils‘ physico-chemical properties and the biological activity of the soil environment
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY: TIME DISPARITY IN EGG LAYING AND HATCHING ON CARRIONS OCCASIONED BY DIFFERENT DEATH AGENTS
Authors: EKRAKENE T.
Published: March 2023

Thirty-six 36 white pigs (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) of mean weight 22.3±1.0 kg killed from three different death agents (slaughtered, oxygen deprived and monocrotophos poison) were monitored for carrion insects, egg laying and hatching time in Benin City, Nigeria. The consistently sampled carrion insects at the egg laying and hatching stages were Lucilia sericata and Chrysomya rufifacies (blowflies) in all seasons. The results revealed that, the factor of death accounted for the difference in both egg laying and hatching time by the visiting carrion insects with lowest times recorded by carrions killed by slaughtering while monocrotophos poisoned carrions scaled highest in both egg laying and hatching time in all considered seasons. The observed oviposition time ranged from 2-7 hours for both wet and dry seasons while the egg hatching time ranged from 1-14 days depending on factor of death. Interestingly, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the mean maggot sampled on account of killing agent with monocrotophos poisoned carrions recording no maggot mass. The result is an indication that, the factor of death determines egg laying and hatching time, hence the application of entomological data should take into account, the factors involved in time disparity in egg laying and hatching in carrion insects
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SHEA BUTTER ON CLINICAL ISOLATES OF SKIN INFECTIONS FROM UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL, BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Authors: ISICHEI-UKAH O. B. , OLU-OSEH P. A.
Published: March 2023

The antimicrobial activity of shea butter was tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial and fungal skin infections isolates from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods. The isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Shea butter purchased from a local market in Benin City, was tested against these isolates using agar-well diffusion method. When the crude and ethanol extracts of shea butter were tested with the test organisms, the results showed significant inhibitory effect against the test organisms. The crude extracts of shea butter and varying concentration of ethanol extracts on shea butter, was inhibitory against all the test isolates with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) having the highest zones of inhibition. This was followed by Candida albicans (16 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15 mm) and Streptococcus pyogenes (13 mm). The lowest (11 mm) was observed in Escherichia coli. Varying multiple resistances to conventional antibiotics was observed from the test isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes showed great resistance to the antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that the ethanol extracts inhibited the growth of all the test organisms at 3.125 mg/ml, indicating the good antimicrobial activity of shea butter. This suggests that shea butter may represent a better therapeutic agent to control some skin infections.
THE USE OF CHERRY (Chrysophyllum albidum) SEED AS A CULTURE MEDIUM FOR THE GROWTH OF SOME FUNGI
Authors: OSHOMA C. E. , ISICHEI-UKAH O. B.
Published: March 2023

This study evaluated the use cherry (Chrysophyllum albidum) seed as a culture medium. Proximate analysis of cherry seed cotyledon showed the presence of carbohydrates, protein, fats, moisture, fibre and trace ash. Defatted cherry seed cotyledons were evaluated as a component of microbiological medium for the growth of Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium notatum and Candida albicans. The cherry extract medium was supplemented with glucose, and compared with two commercially prepared potato dextrose agar (LAB M and Oxoid). From the cherry extract medium supplemented with glucose (CEG), Rhizopus stolonifer had the highest colony count and diametric growth of 94±0.70 Cfu/ml and 7.2±0.10 mm respectively. This was followed by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans showed lower colony counts and diametric growth, indicating poor growth. The formulated cherry seed medium was found to be very efficient in the growth of R. stolonifer and A. niger, where 100% efficiency was observed when compared with Lab M potato dextrose agar. The study demonstrated the importance of utilizing locally available plant materials for culture preparation in isolation and enumeration of fungi.
PTERYGIUM AMONG COMMERCIAL MOTORCYCLE RIDERS AND TRAFFIC WARDENS IN BENIN METROPOLIS
Authors: EBEIGBE J. A. , OBAHIAGBON E. A.
Published: March 2023

Pterygium is a triangular fibrovascular sub-epithelial in-growth of degenerative bulbar conjunctival tissue over the limbus onto the cornea. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of pterygium among commercial motor cycle riders and traffic wardens in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Data was collected with the aid of closed-end questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered on 50 Okada riders, 50 Traffic warden and 50 indoor workers, who acted as control group. Results showed the presence of pterygium in 33.33% of motorcycle riders, 32.07% of Traffic wardens and 7.27% of the control group. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of pterygium between the motorcycle riders and the traffic wardens (p=0.880). There was a significant difference (p=0.000) between wearing and non-wearing of protective goggles in the Okada riders and the traffic warden, while, no significant difference (p=0.220), when compared with the finding between the Okada riders and the traffic wardens. Also, the prevalence of pterygium increased with increase in duration of riding motor cycle and working as a traffic warder, as compared with the control groups. This finding was observed to be strongly connected with the outdoor occupational life of both groups, the duration of exposure and none use of protective eye wear. We recommend therefore that outdoor workers be advised to wear protective goggles with ultraviolet ray protection to prevent direct assault of sun rays, wind carrying dust and sand particles that can cause or induce recurrence of pterygium
CHANGES IN GLUTATHIONE -S- TRANSFERASE LEVELS AND THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN ADULT AMPHIBIANS (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis and Bufo maculatus) EXPOSED TO CADMIUM
Authors: ENUNEKU A. A. , EZEMONYE L. I.
Published: March 2023

The study evaluated changes in glutathione-S-transferase levels in the liver of Hoplobatrachus occipitalis and Bufo maculatus exposed to sub lethal concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00mg l-1) of cadmium. Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) levels and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) were determined after 28 days of exposure using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) #203 bioassay method. There were three replicate tanks per treatment and three amphibians per tank including control groups. There was a dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) in GST levels relative to controls. TBARS increased with increased cadmium concentration in both amphibians (p<0.05). The increased level of TBARS in the liver of cadmium exposed frogs was an indication of increased membrane lipid peroxidation which could lead to cell damage. The study suggests that the release of cadmium into the environment could possibly affect the well-being of anurans and cause further decline of these sensitive organisms that contribute significantly to the food web.
SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AMONG HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PATIENTS ATTENDING ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ART) CENTRE, AGBOR, NIGERIA
Authors: ADU E. M. , ISIBOR C. N. , EZIE E. , BINI E. N.
Published: March 2023

The prevalence of some infectious diseases (Hepatitis B) has changed with the incidence of HIV/AIDS pandemic. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients undergoing treatment in the Antiretroviral Treatment Centre Agbor, Delta State,Nigeria. A total of 538 HIV infected subjects were recruited for this study, comprising 156(29%) males and 382(71%) females aged between 1-70 years and were screened for Hepatitis B. Of the 538 samples , 12(7.7%) males and 8(2.0%) females were sero-positive for HBV. The highest seroprevalence (5.9%) was observed in the group aged 46-60 years, followed by the age group of 1-15 years (4.0%) and 31-45 years (3.5%). The lowest prevalence of (0%) was observed in the group aged 61-70 years. The difference in seroprevalence between the groups aged 1-15 years and 46-60 was statistically significant (P < 0.001) .Enlightenment campaigns should be intensified as well as immunization against Hepatitis B in order to achieve Hepatitis B free population.
SEROPREVALENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) AMONGST PATIENTS ATTENDING THE GENERAL PRACTICE CLINIC(GPC), UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL (UBTH), BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA.
Authors: Elimian K. O. , Eghafona N. O.
Published: March 2023

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide, presenting with high prevalence and transmissibility. A total of consented one hundred and ninety-two (192) male and female subjects attending the General Practice Clinic (GPC), University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) were recruited for this study. The seroprevalence to HPV was determined using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measuring IgG. The seroprevalence for IgG to HPV in the population studied was 5.7 %. Subjects within 30-34 and 35-39 years age groups recorded the highest IgG seroprevalence while those within age groups 15-19 and ?50 years recorded the lowest IgG seroprevalence. The female subjects (n=171) recorded 10 (5.8 %) prevalence of IgG positivity, the male subjects (n=21) recorded 1(4.8 %) prevalence of IgG positivity. Various risk factors for HPV infections namely multiple sex partners, smoking, alcohol and other miscellaneous factors contributed to the seroprevalence of IgG among the subjects studied. In a decreasing order, multiple sex partners accounted for the seroprevalence of IgG recording 80 %, followed by alcohol (50 %), cigarette smoking (33.3 %) and miscellaneous risks (16.7 %). The direct relationship between risk factors associated with HPV infections was significant both at p<0.05 and p<0.01. The statistical relationship between age and sex on IgG seroprevalence among the participants was insignificant (p>0.05). Routine screening of blood donors should be encouraged, methods of screening should be employed for better and accurate evaluation of HPV prevalence.
TREND TOWARDS HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE IN HIV-1 INFECTED SUBJECTS WITH SHORT TERM USAGE OF HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART) IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Authors: IGHARO O. G. , OSADOLOR H. B. , AMEGOR O. F. , IDEMUDIA U. O. , OGHAGBON S. E.
Published: March 2023

This study was designed to investigate the short term effects of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine on some liver enzymes of HIV-1 positive subjects in Benin City, between three and six months of usage. Test group 1 (n=78) and test group 2 (n= 71) comprised HIV- 1 seropositive individuals on HAART for one to three months; and five to six months respectively.55 newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive subjects naïve to HAART as control group 1 and 60 apparently healthy HIV-1 seronegative individuals as control group 2. The blood samples obtained were analyzed for activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) using standard enzymatic methods. Results obtained showed that ALP activity of test group 2 (24.54 ± 1.21U/L) was not significantly different from test group 1 (23.15 ± 1.26U/L), both were however significantly higher than control group 1 (17.08±0.88U/L) and control group 2 (18.16±1.40 U/L). AST activities in test group 2 (40.32±4.7 U/L) was not significantly different from test group 1 (33.32 ±2.11 U/L), but these values were highly significantly different from control groups 1 and 2 (17.69 ± 0.83 U/L and 20.58±1.39 U/L) respectively.Similar pattern of statistical differencewas observed in ALT activities of test groups 2 and 1; control groups 1 and 2 .This study reveals that hepatocellular damage associated with HAART usage could set in from one to six months of HAART usage. Liver enzymes should be monitored in the course of HAART usage possibly from the month of commencement and treatment plans should include reduction of liver enzymes elevation by being hepato-protective
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF Chromolaena Odorata (L.) King & Robinson and Boerhaevia Diffusa
Authors: OMOREGIE E. S. , OKUGBO O. T.
Published: March 2023

Based on local claims on the efficacy of Boerhaevia diffusa and Chromolaena odorata in the treatment of malaria, this study compared the proximate content and phytochemical constituents of ethanolic extracts of C. odorata (COE) and B. diffusa (BDE) leaves. Ethanolic extract of the plant leaves were obtained by using standard procedures. The results of the proximate analysis of the dried ground leaves of both plants revealed that COE exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) percentage of ash, lipid, fiber, carbohydrate (10.30 %, 1.20 %, 5.19 %, 6.58 %, respectively) with lower amount of protein (0.66 %) and moisture (75.80 %) in contrast to the BDE counterpart which had higher moisture (84.50 %) and protein (2.58 %) content but lower levels of the other parameters. The mineral elements of both plants samples were not significantly different (p>0.05) except for phosphorus which was very high for BDE (5mg/dl) when compared with COE (1.0mg/dl). Results of the phytochemical screening of the extracts showed that both extracts were positive for alkaloid, flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and anthraquinones. However, cardiac glycosides were detected in BDE but absent in COE. While reducing sugars and tannins were positive for COE and negative for BDE. The results reveal that both extracts had almost similar nutritive and phytochemical values with some variations. The occurrence of the nutrients and phytochemicals in both plants justifies local claims of their medicinal and nutritional values.
IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF EMBRYO AGE AND NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF MEDIA IN CALLUS GENERATION OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)
Authors: SHITTU H. O. , MGBEZE G. C. , OKOLOKO G. O. , ASEMOTA O. , EKE C. R.
Published: March 2023

Callus generation from embryo explants of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) was observed in relation to age of plants at time of explants excision and types of media used. The two stages of explants were those at 15 and 18 weeks after anthesis. Eeuwens and Murashige & Skoog‘s (MS) media supplemented with Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were used. These gave two media variations viz: MS medium supplemented with NAA and Eeuwens‘ medium supplemented with NAA. The best combination for the generation of callus from the embryo explants within 56 days in culture was determined by observing type of response, time of initiation of callus and callusing explants. It was found that callus generation was best from embryo explants taken from 18 weeks after anthesis cultured in Eeuwens‘ medium, supplemented with NAA. The optimum concentration of NAA was found to be 50 mgl-1, which initiated callus within 39 days in culture. The percentage of explants producing callus was 80 %. The results revealed the importance of the supplementation of nutrient media with NAA and the usefulness of selecting embryo explants of about 18 weeks after anthesis for use in callus generation in the oil palm
THE BACTERIOLOGY OF SELECTED PACKED FRUIT JUICES MARKETED IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OVIASOGIE F. E. , IGHODARO G. U.
Published: March 2023

Microbiological studies were carried out on 4 selected samples of packed fruit juices namely Dansa Classic Pineapple juice (P1), 5 alive citrus juice (P2), Chivita active juice (P3) and frutta natural apple juice (P4). These were cultured on various media; Mac Conkey agar, Blood agar, Mannitol salt agar and Nutrient agar. Biochemical tests and Gram staining were further employed for proper identification of isolates. Bacterial counts from each fruit juices were carried out at 4oC and room temperature (28oC) after 2 days intervals within a period of 12 days. There were no growth from the juice samples between days 0 and 9. However, Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were isolated from the pineapple juice. These isolates were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests using agar diffusion method. Both isolates were sensitive to Rocephin, Perfloxacin, Cyprofloxacin, Streptomycin, and Erythromycin. Growth in pineapple juice at day 12 likely resulted from contamination during storage and sampling. We conclude that the studies that fruit juices marketed in Benin City were especially sterile and suitable for human consumption
ASYMPTOMATIC MALARIA INFECTION AND ANAEMIA AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN IPOGUN, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: AKINBO F. O. , ADETITUN A. J. , ARUOMAREN A. I. , OKAKA C. E.
Published: March 2023

Malaria is a global problem and one of the five major childhood killers in tropical Africa, causing the death of one in every 20 of the under-five years old in the region. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among school children in Ipogun, Ondo State. A total of 109 students were recruited for this study and consisted of 52 males and 57 females with their age ranging from 10 to 19 years. Five milliliter of venous blood specimen was obtained from participants. Malaria diagnosis and haemoglobin estimation were carried out using standard techniques. A total of 55 (50.5%) out 109 students were infected with malaria parasite in this study. Gender (P=0.1022), age (P=0.0.0942), occupation of student parents (P=.03304) and body weight index (P=0.4788) did not significantly affect the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria. Asymptomatic malaria was a risk factor for anaemia among the students (OR=5.172; 95%CI=1.765, 15.158; P=0.0031). Measures to reduce the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria are advocated.
PRODUCTION OF YOGHURT FROM THE EXTRACT OF THE SEEDS OF Sesamum indicum (BENISEED)
Authors: LADESE M. A. , PONDEI J. O.
Published: March 2023

This study investigated the possibility of producing yoghurt from the highly nutritious extract of the seeds of Sesamum indicum (Beniseed), with the aid of day old standard yoghurt as starter culture. Samples of Beniseed were obtained from Jos Main Market, Nigeria. The seeds were processed to obtain a milky extract, which was subjected to pasteurization at 620C from 5 to 25 mins. The proximate analysis of the raw Beniseed extract and raw cow milk were determined. A range of starter culture obtained from day old yoghurt from 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % and 10 % were inoculated into the raw Beniseed and Beniseed extract supplemented with 2 % lactose. The pH and total acidity of the fermenting media were determined at 6 hrs intervals for 48 hrs. The result of the proximate analysis revealed that the raw Beniseed extract contains 29.56 ± 7.91% of proteins while, the raw cow milk was 3.37 ± 1.01 %. The pH of the fermenting beniseed extract decreases with fermentation time while, the total titratable acidity increases with fermentation time. The inoculum sizes of the starter culture range also had direct influence on the decrease of pH and the increasing values of the acidity. The lowest value observed for the pH was 4.06 at 10 % starter culture fermentation after 48 hrs. The highest value of the total titratable acidity was 1.99mg/L which was observed with 10 % starter culture after 48 hrs fermentation. The result of the survey done via the panel of respondents which investigated the acceptance of the core organoleptic qualities of the end-products showed 35% of the respondents has high preference for the quality and the taste of the Beniseed extract which has been supplemented with 2 % lactose over the other products.
THE SYMPTOMS OF REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY AMONG COMPUTER USERS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, NIGERIA
Authors: AZIKEN G. , EGBOKHARE F. A.
Published: March 2023

Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is one of the potential work hazards that computer users experience due to long exposures and performance of repetitive tasks. This research studied the symptoms of RSI among computer users in the University of Benin. Findings from the study showed that backache (43.1%), neck pain (39.0%), wrist pain (28.0%), shoulder pain (21.5%) and numbness (20.5%) were the most prevalent symptoms of RSI among the users. The findings also showed a dearth of knowledge on RSI among the users. Improper postures and lack of regular exercises during working periods were identified as some of the major causes of the RSI among computer users in the University of Benin. Appropriate recommendations were made to reduce the incidents of RSI.
A STUDY ON Hibiscus sabdariffa LINN CALYX EXTRACT AS A POSSIBLE ANTI-STRESS AGENT IN THE RABBIT AS ANIMAL MODEL
Authors: ORJI B. O. , OBI F. O.
Published: March 2023

The ability of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn calyx extract to act as anti-stress agent has been investigated by using its effect on stress-induced changes in serum cholesterol and cortisol levels in the rabbit as a measure of anti-stress action. Relative to zero time serum (zero time post stress) cholesterol value, the 120 minutes value of stressed rabbits treated with water was not significantly changed (67.40 ± 2.32 mg/dL (zero time); 46.80 ± 4.15 mg/dL (120 minutes). However, relative to zero time serum cholesterol value, the 120 minutes value of stressed rabbits treated with Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn calyx extract was significantly (P<0.05) reduced (62.40 ± 5.21 mg/dL (zero time); 27.60 ± 3.11 mg/dL (120 minutes). When compared to the zero time serum cortisol level, the 120 minutes cortisol value of rabbits stressed and treated with water was significantly (P<0.05) reduced (8.76 ± 2.11 ?g/dL (zero time); 5.02 ± 0.95 p,g/dL (120 minutes). For rabbits that were stressed and subsequently treated with Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn calyx extract, the zero time serum cortisol value was not significantly (P>0.05) different from the 120 minutes value, though the latter was lower in value (9.16 ± 1.76ug/dL (zero time); 5.90 ± 1.52 ?g/dL (120 minutes). These data suggest that Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn calyx extract protects against stress-induced changes in serum cholesterol and so possesses anti-stress ability. The apparent inability of the extract to produce significant reduction in serum cortisol status of stressed and extract treated rabbits is discussed.
CHALLENGES OF E-WASTE RECYCLING IN NIGERIA
Authors: EGWALI A. O.
Published: March 2023

In many developing countries like India, Ghana, Pakistan, China, Malaysia and Nigeria, the growing rise of e-waste as a result of advancement in technology, users behaviour and the lack of enforced high environmental standards and regulations to control e-waste disposal or recycling, calls for urgent concern because of the high volumes generated. For the e-wastes that are recycled, there are standards for the recycling processes with slight variance due to national economical diversities. This variance in Nigeria is accompanied with fewer requirements to protect workers and the environment. Thus, as these e-wastes undergo disassembling, treatment, burning and disposal in very loose environmental frameworks with underdeveloped facilities, it has negatively impacted on the industrial safety of employees in their specific operations and increased environment health hazard. Consequently some major challenges involve how to reduce the growing number of e-waste that is coming into the country, landfill usage, the growing number of e-waste generated, environmental pollution, the irregularities accompanying existing recycling methodologies and the exploitation of resources in Nigeria. To effectively address these aforementioned challenges, this paper proposed appropriate policies and technologies which involves three main sequential stages: collection, pre-processing (involving sorting, dismantling and mechanical treatment) and end-processing (involving refining and disposal).
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN CRAB Sesarma angolense FROM BENIN RIVER, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: ENUNEKU A. A. , EZENWA M. I. , ERHUNMWUNSE N. O. , IYAMAH A. A.
Published: March 2023

Heavy metals concentrations were determined in the crab (Sesarma angolense) and sediment of Benin River, Niger Delta Region, Southern Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Except for Cd and Ni, other heavy metal concentrations differed insignificantly (p>0.05) among the stations. Thus Cd and Ni are the principal elements responsible for spatial variability in terms of heavy metal concentration in the sediment. Mean values of the heavy metals Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, V, Cr, Pb and Ni in sediment from the three stations were 2.23, 0.39, 0.07, 0.08, 0.02, 0.04, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.12 respectively. Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, V, Cr, Pb and Ni were observed to exhibit average values of 37.33, 8.85, 7.57, 2.29, 0.74, 1.92, 3.84, 0.86 and 4.05 mg/kg respectively in whole tissues of Sesarma angolense sampled which indicated that the metals were bioaccumulated. The concentration of Cd and Pb in the crab were relatively higher than FAO/WHO permissible limit for items made to be consumed by man, thus this rendered population of S. angolense from Benin River unsafe for consumption. This calls for constant monitoring of the Niger Delta ecosystem in order to minimize adverse health impacts heavy metals.
A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ARISING FROM HOSPITAL WASTE DUMPSITES IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Authors: IDUGBOE S. O. , TAWARI-FUFEYIN P. , ONI-MENTOR I. P.
Published: March 2023

The study aimed at investigating the effects of hospital wastes on the physical, chemical and microbial parameters of the environment using the Stella Obasanjo Hospital (SOH) and the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) waste dumpsites based in Southern Nigeria as case studies. Soil and water samples were collected three times from the two stations in the rainy season, between the months of June to August, 2012 and analysed for physic-chemical parameters using standard method of APHA. The results of the analysis showed that temperature, total suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demands for water samples at SOH and the UBTH dumpsites were all within the same range and exceeded NESREA and WHO limits. While iron, zinc, copper and chromium exceeded NESREA limit for their concentration in soil. This study also revealed that none of the two hospitals treated its wastes before disposing.
CYTOPATHOLOGIC AND INTERLEUKIN-10 ASSAY IN UROGENITAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS INFESTATION AMONG INHABITANTS OF AGBOR, DELTA STATE, NIGE
Authors: ODIGIE B. E. , ODIGIE J. O.
Published: March 2023

Schistosomiasis, after malaria is the most important parasite disease in terms of public health impact. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the cytopathologic and interleukin-10 profile in urogenital schistosomiasis among infested individuals regardless of age and sex. Direct urine microscopy, cyto-diagnostic and semi-quantitative diagnosis on urine and serum samples were applied. Voided urine samples were collected into a universal sterile container while venous blood samples were collected into a sterile plain container. The samples were spun using the centrifuge while serum was subjected to interleukin 10 using ELISA kit to check if interleukin 10 were stimulated in serum by agglutination reaction. Results showed that from the two hundred and sixty eight consented volunteers, the mean IL-10 levels were elevated in heavy infestation (399.11 ? 105.01pg/ml) as compared to light (239 ? 10.04 pg/ml) which was statistically not significant (x2 = 2.14, p ?0.05). Increase in IL-10 levels may be a secondary immune response to infestation, while the difference in the mean sera levels of consented volunteers between males (261 ? 121.25 pg/ml) and females (298 ? 106.21 pg/ml) infested with schistosoma haematobium was statistically not significant. Cytodiagnosis revealed interstitial cystitis, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, atypical cytology cells, and nuclear irregularities; without evidence of malignancy or cancerous cells. Micro-haematuria was detected in strip test while urine cytology and direct urine microscopy showed mature eggs of schistosome haematobium. This study suggests that there exist sufficient cytopathologic evidence in human with chronic urogenital schistosomiasis infestation; where IL-10 levels are low or completely absent.
PREVALENCE OF PLACENTAL MALARIA IN NJIKOKA AND OYI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OKONKWO V. O. , OKAKA C. E. , AKINBO F. O. , OKONKWO C. A.
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the prevalence of placental malaria in state base on locality, age, parity and gravidity.Methods: a total of 457 pregnant women were enrolled in cross sectional community based survey during different transmission seasons in rural and urban area of South Eastern Nigeria. Demographic characters were collected using structured questionnaire for the women. Once pregnancy is confirmed and malaria test prove positive with or without febrile illness the women consent is seeked and subsequent enrollment on approval. Then followed until delivery. On delivery blood sample were collected from the fresh placenta immediately and placed into ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) for malaria test.Result: Pregnancy was a risk factor for malaria infection (P=0.001) Plasmodum falciparium was the only parasite implicate in the study; 225 (49.5%) out of 457 was positive to microscopic screening. Educational level of mothers was significant to the rate of infection in both locality under study. Gravidity and parity were highly significant to prevalence with the women. Gravidity and parity were highly significant to prevalence with the women in primigravidae showing higher prevalence 78 (73.6%) of 106 x2 (1N- 457) = 19.804; P= 0.001 (Table). Prevalence and Odd ratio of placental infection in Oyi and Njikoka LGAs was also significant and indicating (OR: 1.77‘ 95% CI: 1.14-3.04; x2 = 9.171; P=0.002 (Table 6)Conclusion: An overall prevalence of 48.91% of placental malaria infection was observed which was quite high. Age, gravidity and parity affect the prevalence of placental malaria. The knowledge, application and adherence to appropriate control of malaria during pregnancy may be valuable if advocacy change to new pattern of control strategies and compliance is strictly applied.