bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Weather Events Affect Freeway Demand Patterns
Authors: Dehman Amjad , Drakopoulos Alexander
Published: September 2017

The ability to estimate freeway traffic demand during inclement weather events is critically needed for demand and supply management, level-of-service assessment, capacity verification, and other freeway operational and planning applications. Reliable travel demand prediction is also a useful input for freeway travel time reliability analyses and advanced traveler information systems. This paper investigates the effect of inclement weather on freeway demand with the use of hourly traffic and weather data collected for 5 years (2011–2015) at 15 urban freeway locations in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which represents a North American region experiencing distinct seasons with significant snowfall and cold temperatures in the winter. About 489,300 hourly traffic demand observations were used in the analysis, and more than 52,800 of those were under inclement weather. Freeway demand reduction factors were introduced for diverse weather variables, precipitation intensities, visibility levels, temperatures, weekdays and weekends, and different times of day. Variability across seasons and sites was also examined. The paper further explores traffic demand in the hours immediately preceding or following inclement weather events. Finally, freeway weather-related demand and capacity adjustment factors are compared. Lessons learned from the study along with recommendations for future Highway Capacity Manual editions are summarized.
Can Bird Abundance Declines be Detected by Citizen Science Programmes? A Case Study Using Common Cuckoo Cuculus Canorus
Authors: Sparks T.H. , Atkinson S. , Lewthwaite K. , Dhap R. , Moran N.J. , Tryjanowski P.
Published: September 2017

Using data from two independent UK citizen science schemes we investigate evidence for declines in abundance of Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, a species that is particularly easy to record. One of the schemes (Nature's Calendar) involves phenological recording across various taxa and is open to the general public, the other (BirdTrack) targets more committed birdwatchers. Results show a very strong correlation between the two schemes and confirm their ability to detect the marked decline in the abundance of Common Cuckoo in the UK in the 21st century. Furthermore, the first scheme allows some tentative regional comparisons with data from a century earlier, and suggests regional differences in Common Cuckoo decline over the longer term.
Leucocyte Profiles and Family Size in Fledgling Greylag Geese (Anser Anser)
Authors: Wascher Claudia A.F. , Hemetsberger Josef , Kotrschal Kurt , Frigerio Didone
Published: September 2017

In precocial species, large brood sizes are usually considered as beneficial and individuals in larger broods grow faster and are more dominant compared to individuals in small broods. However, little is known whether family size also beneficially affects the offspring's physiology. In the present study, we investigated whether leucocyte profiles in fledgling Greylag Geese ( Anser anser) are affected by (1) family size, (2) individual characteristics, i.e. age, body condition or sex, or (3) characteristics of the parents, i.e. previous reproductive success. From spring 2013 to autumn 2015, we collected blood samples from 100 juvenile Greylag Geese from 20 different pairs. From these samples we determined the absolute leucocyte number, an individual's differential blood cells count and an individual's haematocrit (HCT). The number of fledglings in a family and therefore the number of siblings a focal individual had, was positively related to the percentage of basophils, negatively to the heterophils/lymphocytes ratio (H/L), and tended to be negatively related to the percentage of monocytes and eosinophils in a sample. H/L ratio was negatively related to age in days and tended to be negatively related to body condition, whereas the percentage of basophils tended to be positively related to it. Absolute leucocyte number did not differ between individuals depending on family size. However, composition of different leucocyte types (basophils, eosinophils, H/L ratio) was modulated mostly by the social environment (family size) and not by the characteristics of the individual or the parents. In conclusion, even though we did not find clear evidence of a positive health effect, i.e. a better immune system, in fledgling Greylag Geese of large versus small families, our results suggest that family size modulates different components of the immune system hinting at its stress-reducing effect.
Registration of ‘TUFRunner ‘297’ ’ Peanut
Authors: Tillman B. L.
Published: September 2017

‘TUFRunner ‘297” (Reg. No. CV‐135, PI 674183) is a large‐seeded, high‐oleic, runner market‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar developed by the University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center near Marianna, FL. It was tested under the experimental designation UF12303 and was approved for release in 2014. TUFRunner ‘297’ has a semiprostrate growth habit, with a tall and prominent center stem and medium green leaves. The testa of TUFRunner ‘297’ seed are tan in color, and the seeds are slightly larger than those of ‘Georgia‐06G’, the dominant cultivar in the southeastern United States (83.7 vs. 76.7 g 100 seed−1, P < 0.0001). TUFRunner ‘297’ was released for its pod yield potential, grading potential, disease resistance, and high‐oleic oil chemistry. Over the 6‐yr period from 2010 to 2015, in three Florida locations, TUFRunner ‘297’ had higher pod yield (7270 vs. 6890 kg ha−1, P = 0.004) than Georgia‐06G. The total sound mature kernels grade of TUFRunner ‘297’ was slightly less than that of Georgia‐06G (77.9 vs. 79.4%, P < 0.0001). TUFRunner ‘297’ also has the benefit of high oleic oil chemistry, in which its oil is 76.6% oleic fatty acid compared with 60.8% for Georgia‐06G (P < 0.001). TUFRunner ‘297’ combines excellent agronomic, grade, disease, and oil chemistry traits and should be beneficial to farmers and manufacturers of peanut foods.
A New Slow‐Darkening Pinto Bean with Improved Agronomic Performance: Registration of ‘ND‐Palomino’
Authors: Osorno Juan M. , Vander Wal Albert J. , Kloberdanz Michael , Pasche Julie S. , Schroder Stephan , Miklas Phillip N.
Published: September 2017

‘ND‐Palomino’ (PVP no. 201700085, Reg. No. CV‐319, PI 680582) is a new slow‐darkening pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar jointly developed by the USDA‐ARS and North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Pinto beans are prone to seed darkening caused by delayed harvest and/or poor storage conditions. Growers are penalized by receiving a discounted price while creating marketing issues for processors and packers. In addition to the slow‐darkening trait, ND‐Palomino has shown competitive agronomic performance comparable with other pinto cultivars commonly grown in the region. Averaged across 31 common environments, seed yield of ND‐Palomino (2965 kg ha−1) was statistically similar to that of ‘Stampede’ (2877 kg ha−1), and across 33 common environments, seed yield of ND‐Palomino (2755 kg ha−1) was statistically similar to that of ‘Lariat’ (2796 kg ha−1). However, across 34 common environments, seed yield of ‘Windbreaker’ (3038 kg ha−1) and ‘La Paz’ (3042 kg ha−1) was ∼200 kg ha−1 higher than that of ND‐Palomino (2819 kg ha−1). Still, any small difference would be compensated for or even exceeded by not having discounted prices due to poor seed quality. Moreover, seed yield of ND‐Palomino is significantly higher than the original sources of the sd gene, which shows genetic progress for improving seed yield within this market class. Other traits of agronomic or economic importance are within acceptable commercial ranges for pinto beans.
‘TV-like’: Aesthetics, Quality and Genre in the Regulation of Video-on-Demand Services
Authors: Síthigh Daithí Mac
Published: September 2017

From 2010 to 2015, video-on-demand services in the UK were regulated by the Authority for Television on Demand (ATVOD), under an agreement with the statutory regulator Ofcom and applying the pan-European standards introduced through the 2007 EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive. A key question for the regulators and for service providers was whether any given service fell within the ‘scope’ of the law – that is, which services met the legal definition of an on-demand audiovisual media service. This is a study of how Ofcom exercised its role as the final arbiter of that definition, through a close examination of its fifteen decisions in appeals against initial determinations by ATVOD. The use of the legal test for ‘comparability’ with conventional television services, and the regulatory focus on ‘TV-like’ on-demand services, has demonstrated the significance of production and aesthetics as a determinant of regulation. In particular, production decisions regarding titles, credits and duration, as well as a range of issues of perceived quality (audio, video, voice-over, editing and the like), have been taken into account. It is contended that Ofcom has relied on focus group research rather than on wider insights from television studies research in assessing these factors, and that the underlying Directive may have been flawed in its concepts and definitions.
Grateful People Are Happy and Healthy—But Why?
Authors: Alkozei Anna , Smith Ryan , Killgore William D. S.
Published: September 2017

What are you grateful for today? Scientists have found that people who feel grateful more often are also happier, get better grades, and are more satisfied at school. They also sleep better, have less pain, and do not get sick as often. One explanation for this is that grateful people think about the world in a more positive way. Another explanation is that grateful people have better friendships, because they offer more help and receive more help in return. Thinking more positively about things that happen to you and having better friendships can both increase your happiness and improve your physical health. The good news is that practicing gratitude is a skill that you can get better at by simply writing down a few things that you are grateful for each day.
Coordinated Control Strategies for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System
Authors: Tiwari Ramji , Padmanaban Sanjeevikumar , Neelakandan Ramesh
Published: September 2017

In this paper, a novel co-ordinated hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-pitch angle based on a radial basis function network (RBFN) is proposed for a variable speed variable pitch wind turbine. The proposed controller is used to maximise output power when the wind speed is low and optimise the power when the wind speed is high. The proposed controller provides robustness to the nonlinear characteristic of wind speed. It uses wind speed, generator speed, and generator power as input variables and utilises the duty cycle and the reference pitch angle as the output control variables. The duty cycle is used to control the converter so as to maximise the power output and the reference pitch angle is used to control the generator speed in order to control the generator output power in the above rated wind speed region. The effectiveness of the proposed controller was verified using MATLAB/Simulink software.
Energy Demand Reduction in the Residential Building Sector: A Case Study of Korea
Authors: Park Kwon , Kim Mi
Published: September 2017

This study sought to examine ways of reducing energy demands in the residential building sector by measuring energy usage and associated factors in Bundang District. This District represents the first phase of new towns in the Seoul metropolitan region to implement current polices directed at climate change. The majority of residential buildings in this district were constructed between 1991 and 1995, prior to the announcement of the integrated building design criteria directed at saving energy and intensifying thermal transmittance. The proportion of small households was increased by almost 40% from 2000 to 2010. Further, a number of weather records have been broken in the last two decades. These changes are strongly related to energy consumption patterns and trends; however, current polices, acts, and regulations do not sufficiently address these issues. This study suggests building energy-saving strategies that: (i) improve energy performance in existing buildings; (ii) strengthen building design criteria to address climate change issues, especially in relation to design and construction; and (iii) offer a framework to revitalize Korea’s energy-savings policies.
Speed Control of Matrix Converter-Fed Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors under Unbalanced Voltages
Authors: Yousefi Borzou , Soleymani Soodabeh , Mozafari Babak , Gholamian Seid Asghar
Published: September 2017

Five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have special applications in which highly accurate speed and torque control of the motor are a strong requirement. Direct Torque Control (DTC) is a suitable method for the driver structure of these motors. If in this method, instead of using a common five-phase voltage source inverter, a three-phase to five-phase matrix converter is used, the low-frequency current harmonics and the high torque ripple are limited, and an improved input power factor is obtained. Because the input voltages of such converters are directly supplied by input three-phase supply voltages, an imbalance in the voltages will cause problems such as unbalanced stator currents and electromagnetic torque fluctuations. In this paper, a new method is introduced to remove speed and torque oscillator factors. For this purpose, motor torque equations were developed and the oscillation components created by the unbalanced source voltage, determined. Then, using the active and reactive power reference generator, the controller power reference was adjusted in such a way that the electromagnetic torque of the motor did not change. By this means, a number of features including speed, torque, and flux of the motor were improved in terms of the above-mentioned conditions. Simulations were analyzed using Matlab/Simulink software.
BARHL1 Is Downregulated in Alzheimer’s Disease and May Regulate Cognitive Functions through ESR1 and Multiple Pathways
Authors: Barh Debmalya , García-Solano María , Tiwari Sandeep , Bhattacharya Antaripa , Jain Neha , Torres-Moreno Daniel , Ferri Belén , Silva Artur , Azevedo Vasco , Ghosh Preetam , Blum Kenneth , Conesa-Zamora Pablo , Perry George
Published: September 2017

The Transcription factor BarH like homeobox 1 (BARHL1) is overexpressed in medulloblastoma and plays a role in neurogenesis. However, much about the BARHL1 regulatory networks and their functions in neurodegenerative and neoplastic disorders is not yet known. In this study, using a tissue microarray (TMA), we report for the first time that BARHL1 is downregulated in hormone-negative breast cancers and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, using an integrative bioinformatics approach and mining knockout mouse data, we show that: (i) BARHL1 and Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) may constitute a network that regulates Neurotrophin 3 (NTF3)- and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)-mediated neurogenesis and neural survival; (ii) this is probably linked to AD pathways affecting aberrant post-translational modifications including SUMOylation and ubiquitination; (iii) the BARHL1-ESR1 network possibly regulates β-amyloid metabolism and memory; and (iv) hsa-mir-18a, having common key targets in the BARHL1-ESR1 network and AD pathway, may modulate neuron death, reduce β-amyloid processing and might also be involved in hearing and cognitive decline associated with AD. We have also hypothesized why estrogen replacement therapy improves AD condition. In addition, we have provided a feasible new mechanism to explain the abnormal function of mossy fibers and cerebellar granule cells related to memory and cognitive decline in AD apart from the Tau and amyloid pathogenesis through our BARHL1-ESR1 axis.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Function after Paediatric Injuries in India: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Jagnoor Jagnoor , Prinja Shankar , Christou Aliki , Baker Jannah , Gabbe Belinda , Ivers Rebecca
Published: September 2017

Paediatric injuries can lead to long-term functional impairment and reduced health-related quality of life, and are a growing public health issue in India. To date, however, the burden has been poorly characterized. This study assessed the impact of non-fatal injuries on health-related quality of life in a prospective cohort study of 373 children admitted to three hospitals in Chandigarh and Haryana states in India. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and King’s Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) were administered at baseline (pre-injury) and at 1, 2, 4, and 12 months post-injury by telephone interview. Follow-up at all-time points was completed for 277 (77%) of all living participants. Less than one percent reported ongoing disability at 4 months, and no disability was reported at 12 months. PedsQL physical health scores were below healthy child norms (83.4) at 1 month in the cohort for ages 8–12 years and 13–16 years. Although injuries are prevalent, ongoing impact on functioning and disability from most childhood injuries at 12 months was reported to be low. The results raise questions about reliability of generic, Western-centric tools in low- and middle-income settings, and highlight the need for local context-specific tools.
The Influence of Water Sorption of Dental Light-Cured Composites on Shrinkage Stress
Authors: Bociong Kinga , Szczesio Agata , Sokolowski Krzysztof , Domarecka Monika , Sokolowski Jerzy , Krasowski Michal , Lukomska-Szymanska Monika
Published: September 2017

The contraction stress generated during the photopolymerization of resin dental composites is the major disadvantage. The water sorption in the oral environment should counteract the contraction stress. The purpose was to evaluate the influence of the water sorption of composite materials on polymerization shrinkage stress generated at the restoration-tooth interface. The following materials were tested: Filtek Ultimate, Gradia Direct LoFlo, Heliomolar Flow, Tetric EvoCeram, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Tetric EvoFlow, Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill, X-tra Base, Venus BulkFil, and Ceram.X One. The shrinkage stress was measured immediately after curing and after: 0.5 h, 24 h, 72 h, 96 h, 168 h, 240 h, 336 h, 504 h, 672 h, and 1344 h by means of photoelastic study. Moreover, water sorption and solubility were evaluated. Material samples were weighted on scale in time intervals to measure the water absorbency and the dynamic of this process. The tested materials during polymerization generated shrinkage stresses ranging from 6.3 MPa to 12.5 MPa. Upon water conditioning (56 days), the decrease in shrinkage strain (not less than 48%) was observed. The decrease in value stress in time is material-dependent.
The Formation of Self-Organized Domain Structures at Non-Polar Cuts of Lithium Niobate as a Result of Local Switching by an SPM Tip
Authors: Turygin Anton , Alikin Denis , Alikin Yury , Shur Vladimir
Published: September 2017

We have studied experimentally the interaction of isolated needle-like domains created in an array via local switching using a biased scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip and visualized via piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) at the non-polar cuts of MgO-doped lithium niobate (MgOLN) crystals. It has been found that the domain interaction leads to the intermittent quasiperiodic and chaotic behavior of the domain length in the array in a manner similar to that of polar cuts, but with greater spacing between the points of bias application and voltage amplitudes. It has also been found that the polarization reversal at the non-polar cuts and domain interaction significantly depend on humidity. The spatial distribution of the surface potential measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy in the vicinity of the charged domain walls revealed the decrease of the domain length as a result of the partial backswitching after pulse termination. The phase diagram of switching behavior as a function of tip voltage and spacing between the points of bias application has been plotted. The obtained results provide new insight into the problem of the domain interaction during forward growth and can provide a basis for useful application in nanodomain engineering and development of non-linear optical frequency converters, data storage, and computing devices.
On the Material Characterisation of Wind Turbine Blade Coatings: The Effect of Interphase Coating–Laminate Adhesion on Rain Erosion Performance
Authors: Cortés Enrique , Sánchez Fernando , O’Carroll Anthony , Madramany Borja , Hardiman Mark , Young Trevor
Published: September 2017

Rain erosion damage, caused by repeated droplet impact on wind turbine blades, is a major cause for concern, even more so at offshore locations with larger blades and higher tip speeds. Due to the negative economic influence of blade erosion, all wind turbine Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are actively seeking solutions. In most cases, since the surface coating plays a decisive role in the blade manufacture and overall performance, it has been identified as an area where a solution may be obtained. In this research, two main coating technologies have been considered: In-mould coatings (Gel coating) applied during moulding on the entire blade surface and the post-mould coatings specifically developed for Leading Edge Protection (LEP). The coating adhesion and erosion is affected by the shock waves created by the collapsing water droplets on impact. The stress waves are reflected and transmitted to the laminate substrate, so microstructural discontinuities in coating layers and interfaces play a key role on its degradation and may accelerate erosion by delamination. Analytical and numerical models are commonly used to relate lifetime prediction and to identify suitable coating and composite substrate combinations based on their potential stress reduction on the interface. Nevertheless, in order to use them, it is necessary to measure the contact adhesion resistance of the multi-layered system interfaces. The rain erosion performance is assessed using an accelerated testing technique, whereby the test material is repeatedly impacted at high speed with water droplets in a Whirling Arm Rain Erosion Rig (WARER). The materials, specifically the coating–laminate interphase region and acoustic properties, are further characterised by several laboratory tests, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), pull-off testing, peeling–adhesion testing and nanoindentation testing. This body of work includes a number of case studies. The first case study compares two of the main coating technologies used in industry (i.e., gel coating and LEP); the second case investigates the effects of the in-mould gel coating curing; and the third considers the inclusion of a primer layer on a LEP configuration system. Following these case studies, the LEP is found to be a far superior coating due to its appropriate mechanical and acoustic properties and the interface between the coating and the substrate is highlighted as a key aspect, as poor adhesion can lead to delamination and, ultimately, premature failure of the coating.
Sterols from the Green Alga Ulva australis
Authors: Li Guo-Liang , Guo Wei-Jie , Wang Guang-Bao , Wang Rong-Rong , Hou Yu-Xue , Liu Kun , Liu Yang , Wang Wei
Published: September 2017

Three new sterols, (24R)-5,28-stigmastadiene-3β,24-diol-7-one (1), (24S)-5,28-stigmastadiene-3β,24-diol-7-one (2), and 24R and 24S-vinylcholesta-3β,5α,6β,24-tetraol (3), together with three known sterols (4–6) were isolated from the green alga Ulva australis. The structures of the new compounds (1–3) were elucidated through 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. Compounds 4–6 were identified as isofucoterol (4), 24R,28S and 24S,28R-epoxy-24-ethylcholesterol (5), and (24S)-stigmastadiene-3β,24-diol (6) on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses and comparison with those reported in the literature. Compounds 4–6 were isolated from U. australis for the first time. These compounds, together with the previously isolated secondary metabolites of this alga, were investigated for their inhibitory effects on human recombinant aldose reductase in vitro. Of the compounds, 24R,28S and 24S,28R-epoxy-24-ethylcholesterol (5), 1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6′-sulfo-α-d-quinovopyranosyl) glycerol, (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[α-d-galactopyranosyl(1→2)β-d-galactopyranosyl] glycerol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 8-hydroxy-(6E)-octenoic acid weakly inhibited the enzyme, while the three new sterols, 1–3, were almost inactive.
Development of a Cantilever-Type Electrostatic Energy Harvester and Its Charging Characteristics on a Highway Viaduct
Authors: Koga Hideaki , Mitsuya Hiroyuki , Honma Hiroaki , Fujita Hiroyuki , Toshiyoshi Hiroshi , Hashiguchi Gen
Published: September 2017

We have developed a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) electrostatic vibratory power generator with over 100 μ W RMS of (root-mean-square) output electric power under 0.03 G RMS (G: the acceleration of gravity) accelerations. The device is made of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and is fabricated by silicon micromachining technology. An electret built-in potential is given to the device by electrothermal polarization in silicon oxide using potassium ions. The force factor, which is defined by a proportional coefficient of the output current with respect to the vibration velocity, is 2.34 × 10 − 4 C/m; this large value allows the developed vibration power generator to have a very high power efficiency of 80.7%. We have also demonstrated a charging experiment by using an environmental acceleration waveform with an average amplitude of about 0.03 G RMS taken at a viaduct of a highway, and we obtained 4.8 mJ of electric energy stored in a 44 μ F capacitor in 90 min.
A Novel Eco-Friendly Vanadium Precipitation Method by Hydrothermal Hydrogen Reduction Technology
Authors: Zhang Guobin , Zhang Yimin , Bao Shenxu , Huang Jing , Zhang Liuhong
Published: September 2017

In view of the serious pollution problems caused by the traditional vanadium precipitation process, the eco-friendly technology of hydrothermal hydrogen reduction was first applied to precipitate phase pure vanadium sesquioxide (V2O3) products from stripped pentavalent vanadium (V (V)) solution extracted from vanadium-bearing shale. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrate the method of hydrothermal hydrogen reduction is feasible for precipitating V2O3 from V (V) solution at a suitable pH range, and the reduction should better be carried out at a lower pH under the pH range in which V2O3 can exist stably. The V2O3 products of 99.92% in purity and a high vanadium precipitation percentage of 99.25% were achieved under a facile reaction condition of initial solution pH of 6, reaction temperature of 523 K, H2 partial pressure of 4 MPa and reaction time of 2 h. Based on the analysis of XRD and FE-SEM with EDS for the precipitation products obtained at serial reaction times, the phase transformation mechanism was summarized to serial reductions with the phase transformation of HxVyOz(2z−x−5y)− → NaV2O5 → VO2(H2O)0.5 → VOOH → V2O3. Compared with the two-step traditional method of precipitating vanadium with ammonium salt and roast-reduction (react at above 773 K for more than 3 h) for preparing V2O3, this method only experiences one-step reduction under a green atmosphere of H2 gas with a lower reaction temperature of 523 K and a shorter reaction time of 2h. Therefore, this method for vanadium precipitation is characterized by being eco-friendly, having a short process and being low-energy consumption, which has great significance for the sustainable development of vanadium industry.
In Vitro Assessment of the Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Expression and Function of ABC Transporters and Their Interactions with ABCC2
Authors: Grewal Gurpreet , Kukal Samiksha , Kanojia Neha , Madan Krateeka , Saso Luciano , Kukreti Ritushree
Published: September 2017

ABC transporters have a significant role in drug disposition and response and various studies have implicated their involvement in epilepsy pharmacoresistance. Since genetic studies till now are inconclusive, we thought of investigating the role of xenobiotics as transcriptional modulators of ABC transporters. Here, we investigated the effect of six antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) viz. phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate and levetiracetam, on the expression and function of ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2 and ABCG2 in Caco2 and HepG2 cell lines through real time PCR, western blot and functional activity assays. Further, the interaction of AEDs with maximally induced ABCC2 was studied. Carbamazepine caused a significant induction in expression of ABCB1 and ABCC2 in HepG2 and Caco2 cells, both at the transcript and protein level, together with increased functional activity. Valproate caused a significant increase in the expression and functional activity of ABCB1 in HepG2 only. No significant effect of phenytoin, lamotrigine, topiramate and levetiracetam on the transporters under study was observed in either of the cell lines. We demonstrated the interaction of carbamazepine and valproate with ABCC2 with ATPase and 5,6-carboxyfluorescein inhibition assays. Thus, altered functionality of ABCB1 and ABCC2 can affect the disposition and bioavailability of administered drugs, interfering with AED therapy.
Valorization of Lignin by Partial Wet Oxidation Using Sustainable Heteropoly Acid Catalysts
Authors: Demesa Abayneh , Laari Arto , Sillanpää Mika , Koiranen Tuomas
Published: September 2017

The production of carboxylic acids by partial wet oxidation of alkali lignin at elevated temperatures and pressures was studied experimentally. Two different heteropoly acids, phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40) and phosphomolybdic acid (H3PMo12O40), were used to catalyze the oxidation of lignin under hydrothermal conditions. Factors influencing the total yield of carboxylic acids formed during the partial oxidation of lignin were investigated. Formic, acetic and succinic acids were the major products identified. Of the two catalysts used, phosphomolybdic acid gave the most promising results, with carboxylic acid yields and lignin conversions of up to 45% and 95%, respectively.
Ionic Liquids as Surfactants for Layered Double Hydroxide Fillers: Effect on the Final Properties of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)
Authors: Livi Sébastien , Lins Luanda , Peter Jakub , Benes Hynek , Kredatusova Jana , Donato Ricardo , Pruvost Sébastien
Published: September 2017

In this work, phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) based on tetra-alkylphosphonium cations combined with carboxylate, phosphate and phosphinate anions, were used for organic modification of layered double hydroxide (LDH). Two different amounts (2 and 5 wt %) of the organically modified LDHs were mixed with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) matrix by melt extrusion. All prepared PBAT/IL-modified-LDH composites exhibited increased mechanical properties (20–50% Young’s modulus increase), decreased water vapor permeability (30–50% permeability coefficient reduction), and slight decreased crystallinity (10–30%) compared to the neat PBAT.
Assessing Religious Orientations: Replication and Validation of the Commitment-Reflectivity Circumplex (CRC) Model
Authors: Isaak Steven , James Jesse , Radeke Mary , Krauss Stephen , Schuler Keke , Schuler Eric
Published: September 2017

The Commitment-Reflectivity Circumplex (CRC) model is a structural model of religious orientation that was designed to help organize and clarify measurement of foundational aspect of religiousness. The current study successfully replicated the CRC model using multidimensional scaling, and further evaluated the reliability, structure, and validity of their measures in both a university student sample (Study 1) and a nationally representative sample (Study 2). All 10 subscales of the Circumplex Religious Orientation Inventory (CROI) demonstrated good reliability across both samples. A two-week test-retest of the CROI showed that the subscales are stable over time. A confirmatory factor analysis of the CROI in the representative adult sample demonstrated good model fit. Finally, the CROI’s validity was examined in relation to the Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Quest measures. Overall, the CROI appears to clarify much of the ambiguity inherent in the established scales by breaking down what were very broad orientations into very specific suborientations. The results suggest that the CRC model is applicable for diverse populations of adults. In addition, the CROI appears to be construct valid with good structural and psychometric properties across all 10 subscales.
Deriving Spatio-Temporal Development of Ground Subsidence Due to Subway Construction and Operation in Delta Regions with PS-InSAR Data: A Case Study in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Wang Huiqiang , Feng Guangcai , Xu Bing , Yu Yongping , Li Zhiwei , Du Yanan , Zhu Jianjun
Published: September 2017

Subways have been an important method for relieving traffic pressures in urban areas, but ground subsidence, during construction and operation, can be a serious problem as it may affect the safety of its operation and that of the surrounding buildings. Thus, conducting long-term ground deformation monitoring and modeling for subway networks are essential. Compared with traditional geodetic methods, the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) technique offers wider coverage and denser measurements along subway lines. In this study, we mapped the surface deformation of the Guangzhou subway network with Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) and Phased Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data using the Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) technique. The results indicate that newly excavated tunnels have regional subsidence with an average rate of more than 8 mm/year, as found on Lines Two, Three, Six, and GuangFo (GF). Furthermore, we determined the spatio-temporal subsidence behavior of subways with PALSAR in delta areas using Peck’s formula and the logistic time model. We estimated the tunneling-related parameters in soft soil areas, which had not been previously explored. We examined a section of line GF, as an example, to estimate the ground settlement trough development. The results showed the maximum settlement increased from −5.2 mm to −23.6 mm and its ground loss ratio ranged from 1.5–8.7% between 13 July 2008 and 19 January 2011. In addition, we found that the tunnels in line GF will become stable after a period of about 2300 days in peak subsidence areas. The results show that the proposed approach can help explain the dynamic ground subsidence along a metro line. This study can provide references for urban subway projects in delta areas, and for the risk assessment of nearby buildings and underground pipelines along metro lines.
A Machine Learning Approach to Argo Data Analysis in a Thermocline
Authors: Jiang Yu , Gou Yu , Zhang Tong , Wang Kai , Hu Chengquan
Published: September 2017

With the rapid development of sensor networks, big marine data arises. To efficiently use these data to predict thermoclines, we propose a machine learning approach. We firstly focus on analyzing how temperature, salinity, and geographic location features affect the formation of thermocline. Then, an improved model based on entropy value method for the thermocline selection is demonstrated. The experiments adopt BOA Argo data sets and the experimental results show that our novel model can predict thermoclines and related data effectively.
Link Scheduling Algorithm with Interference Prediction for Multiple Mobile WBANs
Authors: Le Thien , Moh Sangman
Published: September 2017

As wireless body area networks (WBANs) become a key element in electronic healthcare (e-healthcare) systems, the coexistence of multiple mobile WBANs is becoming an issue. The network performance is negatively affected by the unpredictable movement of the human body. In such an environment, inter-WBAN interference can be caused by the overlapping transmission range of nearby WBANs. We propose a link scheduling algorithm with interference prediction (LSIP) for multiple mobile WBANs, which allows multiple mobile WBANs to transmit at the same time without causing inter-WBAN interference. In the LSIP, a superframe includes the contention access phase using carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and the scheduled phase using time division multiple access (TDMA) for non-interfering nodes and interfering nodes, respectively. For interference prediction, we define a parameter called interference duration as the duration during which disparate WBANs interfere with each other. The Bayesian model is used to estimate and classify the interference using a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and the number of neighboring WBANs. The simulation results show that the proposed LSIP algorithm improves the packet delivery ratio and throughput significantly with acceptable delay.
Optical Spring Effect in Micro-Bubble Resonators and Its Application for the Effective Mass Measurement of Optomechanical Resonant Mode
Authors: Chen Zhenmin , Wu Xiang , Liu Liying , Xu Lei
Published: October 2017

In this work, we present a novel approach for obtaining the effective mass of mechanical vibration mode in micro-bubble resonators (MBRs). To be specific, the effective mass is deduced from the measurement of optical spring effect (OSE) in MBRs. This approach is demonstrated and applied to analyze the effective mass of hollow MBRs and liquid-filled MBRs, respectively. It is found that the liquid-filled MBRs has significantly stronger OSE and a less effective mass than hollow MBRs, both of the extraordinary behaviors can be beneficial for applications such as mass sensing. Larger OSE from higher order harmonics of the mechanical modes is also observed. Our work paves a way towards the developing of OSE-based high sensitive mass sensor in MBRs.
Sustainable Agriculture and Quality of Working Life: Analytical Perspectives and Confirmation from Research
Authors: Gosetti Giorgio
Published: September 2017

We begin by examining the multidimensional nature of sustainability, a concept we generally understand in terms of three overarching dimensions (environmental, social and economic), and propose that the concept of social sustainability be translated in terms of those aspects that we believe connote good working conditions. Stepping beyond a concept of sustainability that is dependent on the imposition of limits, we take as our starting point the concept of decent work adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and argue that it is possible to conceive of, and even design, a sustainable job within a sustainable economy and society by thinking in terms of quality of working life. Subsequently, having introduced some of the changes we are witnessing in the world of work, and in the agricultural sector in particular, we provide a theoretical and methodological description of a model framework we propose for analysing quality of working life. In the concluding part of the essay, we include some of the results of a research project that investigated quality of working life among employees of farms and agricultural businesses in a province in northern Italy.
Sponsorship for the Sustainability of Historical-Architectural Heritage: Application of a Model’s Original Test Finalized to Maximize the Profitability of Private Investors
Authors: Dolores Luigi , Macchiaroli Maria , De Mare Gianluigi
Published: September 2017

This paper deals with private sponsorship as a tool for the redevelopment of Italy’s vast wealth of historical-architectural public heritage sites. Italian law provides for the stipulation of sponsorship agreements by and between public sector agencies or entities (which need financial resources to restore or re-qualify property) and private sector investors (which guarantee the capital sought by the public sector in exchange for significant returns on their investments) raising various economic issues, particularly in connection with the profitability thresholds for private sector investors in return for the public sector’s use of their financial resources. In this paper, the authors focus on how private sector investors determine how much of their businesses turnover constitutes the optimal percentage level of overall income that may be invested in sponsorships to maximize business profitability. For this purpose, a model based on past works on the subject (Bucci et al., 2003) has been chosen by the authors. Such model gives a solution for verifying a sponsorship’s profitability. This model is static and is applicable to single-product companies that invest in sponsorships, under the theories of monopolistic competition and of Cobb-Douglas production function. Our objectives are to present this model, explaining in detail the mathematical steps, simplifying the model where possible in order to reduce the levels of complexity in its application, and finally to apply it to real case scenarios of cultural sponsorships.
Implementation of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Practices in Industry: Providing the Right Incentives
Authors: Gurzawska Agata , Mäkinen Markus , Brey Philip
Published: September 2017

Abstract: Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a term used by policy-makers and academics to refer to research and innovation that is ethically acceptable and socially desirable. Despite the fact that the vast majority of research and innovation (R&I) is funded and produced by industry, companies tend to have no awareness or recognition of this concept. This is unfortunate, as the RRI paradigm could be mutually beneficial for both business and society: it could help businesses realise competitive opportunities while also leading to positive economic, societal and environmental impacts. This paper investigates how industry can be incentivised to engage in research and innovation following the approach of RRI. We propose a matrix of incentives for stimulating the adoption of RRI. We categorise incentives according to three dichotomies: external and internal, instrumental and non-instrumental, direct and indirect. The incentives are formalised in a causal loop diagram, which can be used to demonstrate the sound character of investing in RRI from a business perspective. We discuss examples of incentives, including corporate reputation and critical consumerism, certification, employee engagement, and governance. Lastly, to ensure effective implementation of RRI, we outline factors for the realisation of successful incentives for RRI in industry.
Alternagin-C (ALT-C), a Disintegrin-Like Cys-Rich Protein Isolated from the Venom of the Snake Rhinocerophis alternatus, Stimulates Angiogenesis and Antioxidant Defenses in the Liver of Freshwater Fish, Hoplias malabaricus
Authors: Monteiro Diana , Selistre-de-Araújo Heloisa , Tavares Driele , Fernandes Marisa , Kalinin Ana , Rantin Francisco
Published: September 2017

Alternagin-C (ALT-C) is a disintegrin-like protein isolated from Rhinocerophis alternatus snake venom, which induces endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the systemic effects of a single dose of alternagin-C (0.5 mg·kg−1, via intra-arterial) on oxidative stress biomarkers, histological alterations, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, and the degree of vascularization in the liver of the freshwater fish traíra, Hoplias malabaricus, seven days after the initiation of therapy. ALT-C treatment increased VEGF levels and hepatic angiogenesis. ALT-C also enhanced hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, decreasing the basal oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in the fish liver. These results indicate that ALT-C improved hepatic tissue and may play a crucial role in tissue regeneration mechanisms.
Comment: Characterization of Two Historic Smallpox Specimens from a Czech Museum
Authors: Porter Ashleigh , Duggan Ana , Poinar Hendrik , Holmes Edward
Published: September 2017

The complete genome sequences of two strains of variola virus (VARV) sampled from human smallpox specimens present in the Czech National Museum, Prague, were recently determined, with one of the sequences estimated to date to the mid-19th century. Using molecular clock methods, the authors of this study go on to infer that the currently available strains of VARV share an older common ancestor, at around 1350 AD, than some recent estimates based on other archival human samples. Herein, we show that the two Czech strains exhibit anomalous branch lengths given their proposed age, and by assuming a constant rate of evolutionary change across the rest of the VARV phylogeny estimate that their true age in fact lies between 1918 and 1937. We therefore suggest that the age of the common ancestor of currently available VARV genomes most likely dates to late 16th and early 17th centuries and not ~1350 AD.
Effects of Amprenavir on HIV-1 Maturation, Production and Infectivity Following Drug Withdrawal in Chronically-Infected Monocytes/Macrophages
Authors: Borrajo Ana , Ranazzi Alessandro , Pollicita Michela , Bruno Rosalinda , Modesti Andrea , Alteri Claudia , Perno Carlo , Svicher Valentina , Aquaro Stefano
Published: September 2017

A paucity of information is available on the activity of protease inhibitors (PI) in chronically-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and on the kinetics of viral-rebound after PI removal in vitro. To fill this gap, the activity of different concentrations of amprenavir (AMP) was evaluated in chronically-infected MDM by measuring p24-production every day up to 12 days after drug administration and up to seven days after drug removal. Clinically-relevant concentrations of AMP (4 and 20 μM) drastically decreased p24 amount released from chronically-infected MDM from Day 2 up to Day 12 after drug administration. The kinetics of viral-rebound after AMP-removal (4 and 20 μM) showed that, despite an initial increase, p24-production over time never reached the level observed for untreated-MDM, suggesting a persistent intracellular drug activity. In line with this, after AMP-removal, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infectivity and intracellular the p24/p55 ratio (reflecting virion-maturation) were remarkably lower than observed for untreated MDM. Overall, AMP shows high efficacy in blocking HIV-1 replication in chronically-infected MDM, persisting even after drug-removal. This highlights the role of protease inhibitors in preventing the establishment of this important HIV-1 reservoir, thus reducing viral-dissemination in different anatomical compartments.
Characterization of the Burkholderia cenocepacia TonB Mutant as a Potential Live Attenuated Vaccine
Authors: Pradenas Gonzalo , Myers Julia , Torres Alfredo
Published: September 2017

Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen prevalent in cystic fibrosis patients, which is particularly difficult to treat, causing chronic and eventually fatal infections. The lack of effective treatment options makes evident the need to develop alternative therapeutic or prophylactic approaches. Vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines, are an unexplored avenue to treat B. cenocepacia infections. Here we constructed and characterized a B. cenocepacia tonB mutant strain, which was unable to actively transport iron, to test whether this single gene deletion mutant (strain renamed GAP001) protected against an acute respiratory B. cenocepacia lethal infection. Here we show that the mutant strain GAP001 is attenuated, and effective at protecting against B. cenocepacia challenge. Intranasal administration of GAP001 to BALB/c mice resulted in almost complete survival with high degree of bacterial clearance.