bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Exact Solutions and Complex Wave Excitations for the (2+1)-Dimensional Asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov System
Authors: Li Jiang-Bo , Zheng Chun-Long , Ma Song-Hua
Published: February 2015

Starting from an improved mapping approach and a linear variable separation approach, new families of variable separated solutions (including solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions and rational function solutions) with arbitrary functions for the (2+1)-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik- Novikov-Veselov (ANNV) system are derived. Based on the derived solutions, we obtain some special complex wave excitations.
Exact Travelling Wave Solutions of Toda Lattice Equations Obtained via the Exp-Function Method
Authors: Dai Chao-Qing , Wang Yue-Yue
Published: February 2015

We generalize the exp-function method, which was used to find new exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations or coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, to nonlinear differential-difference equations. As illustration, we study two Toda lattices and obtain some new travelling wave solutions by means of the exp-function method. As some special examples, some new exact travelling wave solutions can degenerate into the kink-type solitary wave solutions reported in open literatures.
Soliton Solutions, Pairwise Collisions and Partially Coherent Interactions for A Generalized (1+1)-Dimensional Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger System via Symbolic Computation
Authors: Li Li-Li , Tian Bo , Zhang Hai-Qiang , Lü Xing , Liu Wen-Jun
Published: February 2015

With the aid of symbolic computation, we investigate a generalized (1+1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system with mixed nonlinear interactions, which has potential applications in nonlinear optics and elastic solids. The exact analytical one-, two-, and three-soliton solutions are firstly obtained by employing the bilinear method under two constraints. Some main propagation and interaction properties of the solitons are discussed simultaneously.Moreover, some figures are plotted to graphically analyze the pairwise collisions and partially coherent interactions of three solitons.
Electronic Structure and Compton Profiles of Tungsten
Authors: Ahuja Babu Lal , Rathor Ashish , Sharma Vinit , Sharma Yamini , Jani Ashvin Ramniklal , Sharma Balkrishna
Published: February 2015

The energy bands, density of states and Compton profiles of tungsten have been computed using band structure methods, namely the spin-polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (SPR-KKR) approach as well as the linear combination of atomic orbitals with Hartree-Fock scheme and density functional theory. The full potential linearized augmented plane wave scheme to calculate these properties and the Fermi surface topology (except the momentum densities) have also been used to analyze the theoretical data on the electron momentum densities. The directional Compton profiles have been measured using a 100 mCi 241Am Compton spectrometer. From the comparison, the measured anisotropies are found to be in good agreement with the SPR-KKR calculations. The band structure calculations are also compared with the available data.
Effects of The Vibrational and Rotational Energy on Reaction Cross- Section in a Classical Trajectory Study of Atom-Diatomic Molecule Collisions
Authors: Abdel-Halim Hamzeh M. , Jaafreh Sawsan M.
Published: February 2015

Effects of the initial vibrational and rotational energy of a diatomic molecule on reaction rates of atom-diatomic molecule reactions have been studied using classical trajectory calculations. The reaction probabilities, cross-sections and rate constants were calculated using the three-dimensional Monte-Carlo method. Equations of motion, which predict the positions and momenta of the colliding particles after each step in the trajectory, have been integrated numerically by the Runge-Kutta-Gill and Adams-Moulton methods. Morse potential energy surfaces were used to describe the interaction between the atom and each atom in the diatomic molecule. Several atom-diatomic molecule systems were studied. Variation of the reaction cross-section with both vibrational and rotational quantum numbers has been studied. For all systems studied, it was found that the cross-section increases with the vibrational quantum number. However, the effect of rotational quantum number on cross-section varies from one system to another.

Results obtained in the present work were compared with experimental data and/or with results obtained theoretically. Good agreements were observed with experimental and with theoretical results obtained by other investigators using different calculation methods.
XAFS Study on Chlorination of Y2O3 in LiCl-KCl-ZrCl4 Melt
Authors: Okamoto Yoshihiro , Yaita Tsuyoshi , Shiwaku Hideaki , Suzuki Shinichi
Published: February 2015

The chlorination reaction of Y2O3 with ZrCl4 in LiCl-KCl eutectic melt was investigated by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) technique. The chlorination reaction was observed between 773 K and 823 K as the 1st peak shift of the Fourier transform magnitude function |FT(k3χ(k))|. The peak corresponding to the nearest Y3+-Cl− correlation was observed in the XAFS analysis at 823 K as the result of the chlorination. It was confirmed that the mixture melts after the reaction is almost equivalent to a molten 5% YCl3
-(LiCl-KCl eutectic) mixture.
The Variational Iteration Method for a Class of Eighth-Order Boundary-Value Differential Equations
Authors: Abbasbandy Saeid , Shirzadi Ahmad
Published: February 2015

The variational iteration method, a well-known method for solving functional equations, is employed to solve a class of eighth-order boundary-value problems, which govern scientific and engineering experimentations. Some special cases of the mentioned equations are solved as examples to illustrate the ability and reliability of the method. The results reveal that the method is very effective and convenient.
A Positive Real Eigenvalue Condition for the Determination of Unstable Steady States in Chemical Reaction Networks
Authors: Chao An-Chong , Li Hsing-Ya , Chuang Guo-Syong , Ho Pang-Yen
Published: February 2015

The interesting dynamical behaviours exhibiting in chemical reaction systems, such as multiple steady states and undamped oscillations, often result from unstable steady states. A positive real eigenvalue condition is proposed which gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the determination of an unstable steady state having a positive real eigenvalue in general isothermal reaction networks. Formulas are developed to construct an unstable steady state and a set of positive rate constants. The applications are illustrated by three examples. Two give rise to oscillations and one admits multiple steady states.
Phase Polymorphism of [Mn(DMSO)6](BF4)2 Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Migdał-Mikuli Anna , Skoczylas Łukasz
Published: February 2015

The tetrafluoroborate of hexadimethylsulfoxidemanganese(II) was synthesized and studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Five solid phases of [Mn(DMSO)6](BF4)2 were revealed. Specifically, four phase transitions of the first order were detected between the following solid phases: stable KIb↔stable KIa at TC4 = 215 K; metastable KIII↔overcooled K0 at TC3 = 354 K; metastable KII↔overcooled K0 at TC2 =377 K; stable KIa→stable K0 at TC1 =385 K. [Mn(DMSO)6](BF4)2 starts to decompose at 400 K with a loss of one DMSO molecule per formula unit and forms [Mn(DMSO)5](BF4)2 which next decomposes in one step to MnF2 at the temperature range of 460 - 583 K. From the entropy changes it can be concluded that the phases K0 and metastable KII are orientationally dynamically disordered (ODDIC) crystals. The stable phases KIb and KIa are ordered solid phases.
Dielectric Relaxation of Benzonitrile in Benzene
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Thakur Nagesh , Bisht Rajendra S.
Published: February 2015

The dielectric constant, ε′ , and dielectric loss, ε″ , of dilute solutions of benzonitrile (C6H5CN) in benzene have been measured at 9.885 GHz at 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C using standard standing microwave techniques. Following the single frequency concentration variational method of Gopala Krishna, the dielectric relaxation time, τ , and the dipole moment, μ, at various temperatures have been calculated. It was concluded that dielectric relaxation processes can be treated as rate processes just like the viscous flow process. Based on the above studies, the monomer structure of benzonitrile in benzene has been inferred. The solute-solvent molecular association of benzonitrile in benzene has been found. The energy parameters ΔHε , ΔFε , ΔSε for the dielectric relaxation process of benzonitrile in benzene at different temperatures have been calculated and compared with the corresponding energy parameters ΔHη , ΔFη , ΔSη for the viscous flow process.
Optical Absorption Spectra and Dynamic Jahn-Teller Effect of V2+ Ions in ZnSe
Authors: Zhou Yi-Yang
Published: February 2015

The Hamiltonian matrices for 3d3 ions in a cubic crystal field are introduced, based on a molecular orbital model, including the electronic Coulomb and tetrahedral crystal-field interactions and the spin-orbit coupling. The optical absorption spectra of V2+ ions in ZnSe are studied. Moreover, the various additional levels found close to 5680 cm−1 are considered. These levels are assumed to result from the dynamic Jahn-Teller splitting within the excitation levels 2T2 and 2T1 in ZnSe:V2+. The good agreement between the present results and the experimental observations indicates that the contribution of the covalence reduction factors NE and NT2 and of the Racah parameter A to the optical absorption spectra of V2+ ions in ZnSe is important. However, most of the previous theoretical studies of these spectra in ZnSe:V2+ have neglected the Racah parameter A, based on the classical crystalfield model. A significant charge-transfer effect found in recent works is confirmed in ZnSe:V2+.
Folded Localized Excitations and Chaotic Patterns in a (2+1)-Dimensional Soliton System
Authors: Ma Song-Hua , Fang Jian-Ping , Zheng Chun-Long
Published: February 2015

Starting from an improved mapping approach and a linear variable separation approach, new families of variable separation solutions (including solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions and rational function solutions) with arbitrary functions for the (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton system are derived. Based on the derived solitary wave solution, we obtain some special folded localized excitations and chaotic patterns.
Investigation of the Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters and the Local Structure of Ni2+ Ions in CsMgX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Crystals
Authors: Wei Qun
Published: February 2015

Taking into account spin-spin (SS), spin-other-orbit (SOO), and orbit-orbit (OO) interactions in addition to general spin-orbit (SO) interactions, the local structures of Ni2+ in CsMgX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) are theoretically investigated by using the complete diagonalization method (CDM). On this basis, it is found that the local angles, at the Ni2+ centres are larger than those, at the hosts. The contributions to the spin-Hamiltonian parameters from spin triplets and slight magnetic interactions are discussed.
Carrier Concentrations in Degenerate Semiconductors Having Band Gap Narrowing
Authors: Das Atanu , Khan Arif
Published: February 2015

The density-of-states effective mass approximation and the conduction-band effective mass approximation are employed to formulate carrier concentrations and the diffusivity-mobility relationship (DMR) for heavily doped n-semiconductors exhibiting band gap narrowing. These are very suitable for the investigation of electrical transport also in heavily doped p-semiconductors. Numerical calculations indicate that the DMR depends on a host of parameters including the temperature, carrier degeneracy, and the non-parabolicity of the band structure.
Distribution of Eu3+ Dopant Ions in C3i and C2 Sites of the Nanocrystalline Sc2O3:Eu Phosphor
Authors: Concas Giorgio , Spano Giorgio , Bettinelli Marco , Speghini Adolfo
Published: February 2015

The actual occupancy of the two available cation sites by luminescent Eu3+ ions, in the cubic bixbyite-type structure of nanocrystalline sesquioxides, has been investigated by 151Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. It was found that one fourth of the europium ions is in the more symmetric site C
3i and three fourths in the less symmetric site C
2; the distribution is random. In the series of the Eu-doped sesquioxides Sc2O3, Lu2O3, Y2O3 and Eu2O3, the covalency of the Eu-O bond and the Eu site distortion increase with the difference in ionic radii between europium and the cation of the host compound. The magnetic susceptibility has been analyzed as sum of the contributions of the free Eu3+ ion, of the crystal-field effect and of the exchange interaction between europium ions.
Effects of Gamma Radiation on Tertiary Butylhydroquinone and its Dosimetric Features
Authors: Tuner Hasan , Korkmaz Mustafa
Published: February 2015

The effects of gamma radiation on tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are reported using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. While unirradiated (control) TBHQ exhibited no ESR signal, irradiated one presented an ESR spectrum with five characteristic resonance peaks extended over a magnetic field region of 1.5 mT. Variations of the heights of the resonance peaks and the spectrum area as function of the microwave power, applied dose, storage time, and temperature were studied. The kinetic features and spectroscopic parameters of the species responsible for the experimental ESR spectrum were investigated by annealing studies performed at four different temperatures and simulation calculations, respectively. A model based on the presence of two species having different kinetic and spectroscopic features was found to describe best the experimental results. The dosimetric potential of TBHQ was also investigated, and it was concluded that the discrimination of irradiated TBHQ from unirradiated one was possible even long after the radiation treatment, and that radiation doses above 5 kGy could be measured with an accuracy better than 3% by using TBHQ. Two tentative radical species were proposed.
Variational Principles for Some Nonlinear Wave Equations
Authors: Tao Zhao-Ling
Published: February 2015

Using the semi-inverse method proposed by Ji-Huan He, variational principles are established for some nonlinear wave equations arising in physics, including the Pochhammer-Chree equation, Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation, Korteweg-de Vries equation, Zhiber-Shabat equation, Kawahara equation, and Boussinesq equation.
Generalizing the McClelland Bounds for Total π-Electron Energy
Authors: Gutman Ivan , Indulal Gopalapillai , Todeschinic Roberto
Published: February 2015

In 1971 McClelland obtained lower and upper bounds for the total π-electron energy. We now formulate the generalized version of these bounds, applicable to the energy-like expression EX = Σn
i =1 |xi − x̅|, where x1,x2, . . . ,xn are any real numbers, and x̅ is their arithmetic mean. In particular, if x1,x2, . . . ,xn are the eigenvalues of the adjacency, Laplacian, or distance matrix of some graph G, then EX is the graph energy, Laplacian energy, or distance energy, respectively, of G.
Dirac Particle in a Constant Magnetic Field: Path Integral Treatment
Authors: Merdaci Abdeldjalil , Boudiaf Nadira , Chetouani Lyazid
Published: February 2015

The Green functions related to a Dirac particle in a constant magnetic field are calculated via two methods, global and local, by using the supersymmetric formalism of Fradkin and Gitman. The energy spectrum as well as the corresponding wave functions are extracted following these two approaches.
Effect of Vacuum Properties on Electroweak Processes – A Theoretical Interpretation of Experiments
Authors: Stumpf Harald
Published: February 2015

Recently for discharges in fluids induced nuclear transmutations have been observed. It is our hypothesis that these reactions are due to a symmetry breaking of the electroweak vacuum by the experimental arrangement. The treatment of this hypothesis is based on the assumption that electroweak bosons, leptons and quarks possess a substructure of elementary fermionic constituents. The dynamical law of these fermionic constituents is given by a relativistically invariant nonlinear spinor field equation with local interaction, canonical quantization, selfregularization and probability interpretation. Phenomenological quantities of electroweak processes follow from the derivation of corresponding effective theories obtained by algebraic weak mapping theorems where the latter theories depend on the spinor field propagator, i. e. a vacuum expectation value. This propagator and its equation are studied for conserved and for broken discrete symmetries. For combined CP- and isospin symmetry breaking it is shown that the propagator corresponds to the experimental arrangements under consideration. The modifications of the effective electroweak theory due to this modified propagator are discussed. Based on these results a mechanism is sketched which offers a qualitative interpretation of the appearance of induced nuclear transmutations. A numerical estimate of electron capture is given.
Application of an Empirical Internal Mobility Equation to the Molten Binary Bromide System (Li,K)Br Studied by Chemla’s Group
Authors: Okada Isao , Lantelme Frédéric
Published: February 2015

The empirical equation previously presented for the internal mobilities of molten salts is found to be valid for the data obtained by Chemla’s group on the binary system (Li,K)Br containing a trace amount of Na+ [Chemla et al., Electrochim. Acta 14, 505 (1969)]. The value of uM(Vm −V0M) (uM denotes the internal mobility of Li+, Na+ and K+, and V0M is the correction of Vm) is constant independently of the molar volume Vm in the whole investigated concentration range at given temperatures 823 K, 923 K, and 1023 K, except for K+ in pure LiBr at 1023 K, which may be attributed to the agitation effect by Li+ ions. The values of V0M are evaluated and their physical meaning is discussed.
Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of the AgCl-NdCl3 Binary System
Authors: Szymanska-Kolodziej Monika , Kolodziej Pavel , Rycerz Leszek , Gaune-Escard Marcelle
Published: February 2015

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the phase equilibrium in the AgCl- NdCl3 system. This binary mixture represents a typical example of simple eutectic system, with eutectic composition x(AgCl)=0.796 and temperature Teut = 668 K, respectively. The electrical conductivity of AgCl-NdCl3 liquid mixtures, together with that of pure components was measured down to temperatures below solidification. Results obtained are discussed in terms of possible complex formation.
Effects of Ions on the Propagation of Langmuir Oscillations in Cold Quantum Electron-Ion Plasmas
Authors: Rhee Hyun-Jae , Jung Young-Dae
Published: February 2015

The effects of ions on the propagation of Langmuir oscillations are investigated in cold quantum electron-ion plasmas. It is shown that the higher and lower frequency modes of the Langmuir oscillations would propagate in cold quantum plasmas according to the effects of ions. It is also shown that these two propagation modes merge into one single propagation mode if the contribution of ions is neglected. It is found that the quantum effect enhances the phase and group velocities of the higher frequency mode of the propagation. In addition, it is shown that the phase velocity of the lower frequency mode is saturated with increasing the quantum wavelength and further that the group velocity of the lower frequency mode has a maximum position in the domains of the wave number and quantum wavelength.
Plasma Acceleration and Heating Using Hybrid Magnetic Fields
Authors: Pozwolski Alexandre
Published: February 2015

The repulsive force between two wires with large currents flowing in opposite directions through the wires can be used to propel a light circular conductor located above a massive ring. Then the axial velocity can reach 500 km/s and an auxiliary constant magnetic field controls the radial velocity. This allows to get a high concentration of energy at any distance from the laboratory equipment. A further application could be the investigation of the equation of state of matter at high densities and the triggering of fusion reactions.
Effect of Annealing Temperatures and Pre-Heating on the Characteristics of a Nanocrystalline Zno Thin Film Prepared by the Sol-Gel Dip-Coating Method
Authors: Habibi Mohammad Hossein , Sardashti Mohammad Khaledi
Published: February 2015

For effectively fabricating nanocrystalline ZnO thin films by the sol-gel method, the relationships between the temperature of the heat treatment and the quality of the ZnO thin films was observed. The decomposition of the sol was analyzed by TG-DTA. The orientation of the c-axis of the ZnO thin film was identified by XRD. The morphology was observed and estimated by SEM. The experimental results did show that the orientation of the c-axis is determined by the pre-heating and annealing temperatures, and that the grain size and roughness of the ZnO thin films are mainly influenced by the annealing temperature. A qualified ZnO thin film was prepared by using a sol-gel with a preheating temperature of 275 °C for 10 min and an annealing temperature of 550 °C for 60 min.
Design and Construction of Equipment to Make Adsorption at Pilot Plant Scale of Heavy Metals
Authors: Moreno-Piraján Juan C. , Rangel David , Amaya Bibiana , Vargas Edgar M. , Giraldo Liliana
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this paper was to illustrate the procedure to obtain activated carbon from lignocellulosic residues through chemical and physical paths. A general surface characterization was made and aqueous solution isotherms were obtained in order to evaluate the behaviour of each carbon atom in solutions contaminated with selective ions. The other purpose was to show a simple way to perform a scale-up process of an absorber from the laboratory level to an industrial level, using the breaking curves in fixed beds developed through the continuous pursuit of the Pb(II) and Cr(VI) ions concentration in the effluent of the bed. Activated carbon was used to study the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cr(VI). Isotherms of aqueous adsorption were determined. This model was developed in order to examine its efficiency and to compare it with an experimental model made in the laboratory, which rendered very similar results. The main characteristic of the feasibility of the application of this design is the fact that neither tedious calculations nor mass transfer coefficients are required in order to construct the above-mentioned curves. The model was developed by applying concepts such as mass transfer zone (MTZ) and length of unused bed (LUB), which are the dynamical basis understanding for the adsorption process in fixed beds.

As a complementary item of the experiment, within a pilot plant scale, a filter was developed in order to achieve flexibility when manipulating the most important adsorption parameters and to enable the control of the variables involved in the process that change the operating conditions.
Electrolytic Generation of Nano-Scale Carbon Phases with Framework Structures in Molten Salts on Metal Cathodes
Authors: Novoselova Inessa A. , Oliinyk Nikolai F. , Voronina Anastasiya B. , Volkov Sergei V.
Published: February 2015

An electrochemical study of mechanisms of electrodeposition of carbon solid phases from halide melts (Na,K|Cl; Na,K,Cs|Cl), saturated with carbon dioxide under an excessive pressure of up to 1.5 MPa, has been carried out in the temperature range 550 - 850 °C by cyclic voltammetry. It has been found that the cathode process occurs in three steps at sweep rates of less than 0.1 Vs−1, and its electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical (ECE) mechanism is suggested. It has furthermore been found that cathodic deposits contain nano-sized carbon particles of different forms and structure: blocks of amorphous carbon, crystalline graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and nanofibres. The outer diameter of the tubes is 5 - 250 nm, and the internal diameter is 2 - 140 nm. A correlation between the product structure and yield against electrolysis conditions and regimes has been established.
Study on Intermediate Valence Fluctuation in Samarium Telluride (SmTe)
Authors: Ariponnammal Shanmuga Sundaram , Rathika Somasundarapandian Kameswaran
Published: February 2015

Intermediate valence fluctuation of samarium telluride (SmTe) is analyzed by charge transfer calculation using experimental and theoretical X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data. The direction and amount of charge transfer are determined by plotting and comparing the structure factor components. The charge transfer thus obtained for SmTe is 0.11 electrons from Sm to Te.
Recurrence Plots for Diesel Engine Variability Tests
Authors: Longwic Rafał , Litak Grzegorz , Sen Asok K.
Published: February 2015

Cycle-to-cycle variations of maximum pressure in a diesel engine are studied by using the methods of recurrence plots and recurrence quantification analysis. The pressure variations are found to exhibit strong periodicities in low frequency bands and intermittent oscillations at higher frequencies. The results are confirmed by wavelet analysis.
A Generalized (G'/G)-Expansion Method for the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Variable Coefficients
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Ba Jin-Mei , Sun Ying-Na , Dong Ling
Published: February 2015

In this paper, a generalized (G'
/G)-expansion method, combined with suitable transformations, is used to construct exact solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with variable coefficients. As a result, hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and rational solutions with parameters are obtained. When the parameters are taken as special values, some solutions including the known kink-type solitary wave solution and the singular travelling wave solution are derived from these obtained solutions. It is shown that the generalized (G'
/G)-expansion method is direct, effective, and can be used for many other nonlinear evolution equations with variable coefficients in mathematical physics.
The Temperature Effects on the Coherent Structures Induced by the Modulational Instability in Photovoltaic Photorefractive Crystal Circuit
Authors: Hong Woo-Pyo
Published: February 2015

The temperature effects on the modulational instability of broad optical beams in a photovoltaic photorefractive crystal circuit has been investigated. The analytic gain formula for the modulational instability has been obtained by applying a linear stability analysis. Non-zero gain of the modulational instability is shown to exist both for positive and negative photovoltaic fields for a wide range of modulational instability frequency. The evolutions of the initial broad beam under the modulational instability are numerically investigated for the BaTiO3 crystal as a photovoltaic photorefractive medium with a positive photovoltaic field by varying the crystal temperatures. Some symmetric and asymmetric solitary-waves and periodic waves have been shown to exist as results of mutual interactions between the localized beams induced by the modulational instability. Their dynamical behaviour and mutual interaction are sensitive to the variation of crystal temperature.
Chemical Transformation of Crystalline Hafnium Tetrafluoride Studied by Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Dey Chandi Charan C.
Published: February 2015

The chemical transformation of the trihydrate hafnium tetrafluoride crystal has been studied with varying temperature using the time-differential perturbed angular correlation technique. The 133 - 482 keV γ -γ cascade of 181Ta after the β
−
-decay of 181Hf has been selected and a four detector BaF2-BaF2 coincidence set up has been used for measurements. The crystal was produced by evaporating a solution of HfF6
2
−complex in HF at room temperature. Contrary to the earlier report, it has been found that the trihydrate hafnium tetrafluoride compound dehydrates directly to HfF4 without producing any intermediate monohydrate and present results do not support the earlier idea that two water molecules of HfF4
·3H2O are loosely bound. Present investigations exhibit a superheated state for the hafnium tetrafluoride crystal. In dehydrated HfF4, two different Hf sites have been observed which suggests two different structures for the anhydrous HfF4.
Hall and Heat Transfer Effects on the Steady Flow of a Sisko Fluid
Authors: Hayat Tasawar , Maqbool Khadija , Asghar Saleem
Published: February 2015

This investigation is concerned with the flow and heat transfer analysis between two disks rotating about non-coaxial axes normal to the disks. The constitutive equation of an incompressible Sisko fluid is used. The fluid is electrically conducting and the Hall effect is taken into account. Analytic solutions of the governing nonlinear problem is obtained by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The graphs are presented and discussed. Finally a comparison is made between the results of viscous and Sisko fluids
Application of He’s Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving Fractional Fokker-Planck Equations
Authors: Mousa Mohamed M. , Kaltayev Aidarkhan
Published: February 2015

The fractional Fokker-Planck equation (FFPE) has been used in many physical transport problems which take place under the influence of an external force field and other important applications in various areas of engineering and physics. In this paper, by means of the homotopy perturbation method (HPM), exact and approximate solutions are obtained for two classes of the FFPE initial value problems. The method gives an analytic solution in the form of a convergent series with easily computed components. The obtained results show that the HPM is easy to implement, accurate and reliable for solving FFPEs. The method introduces a promising tool for solving other types of differential equation with fractional order derivatives
New Exact Solutions and Novel Localized Excitations for the (2+1)-Dimensional Broek-Kaup System with Variable Coefficients
Authors: Ma Song-Hua , Fang Jian-Ping , Hong Bi-Hai
Published: February 2015

In this paper, a new projective equation (Φ' = σΦ +Φ2) is used to obtain the variable separation solutions with two arbitrary functions of the (2+1)-dimensional Broek-Kaup system with variable coefficients (VCBK). Based on the derived solutions and by selecting appropriate functions, some novel folded solitary wave evolutional behaviours are investigated
Kratzer Potential for Vibrational Levels in Molecular Hydrogen
Authors: Van Hooydonk Guido
Published: February 2015

The vibrational part of the dihydrogen Hamiltonian obeys a quantized Sommerfeld-Kratzer potential, which takes into account internal H2 symmetries. All constants ωe, k
e, and re needed for the H2 vibrational system derive from hydrogen mass. Ionic Kratzer bond theory gives covalent bond energy within 0.08% and all levels within 0.02%, which is 30 times better than with a Dunham oscillator and as accurate as early ab initio quantum mechanics
Study on the Absorption Spectra of Ga2Se3:Co2+ Single Crystals
Authors: Ni Chao , Huang Yi , Du Maolu
Published: February 2015

Introducing the average covalent factor N and considering the interaction of the cubic crystal field, the spin-orbit coupling and Tree’s correction effects, the crystal field parameter Dq was calculated. Also the varying tendency of Dq with the bond length R was investigated. Using the complete diagonalizing method the energy levels of the fine structure of Ga2Se3:Co2+ single crystal were calculated and assigned. The calculated and assigned results are consistent with the experimental data
Influences of Size and Relaxation Time on Optical Free Induction Decay in a Small Spherical CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dot Quantum Well
Authors: Xu Qianqian , Yao Duanzheng
Published: February 2015

The optical free induction decay (OFID) induced by the transition between 1s and 1p state in a small isolated spherical CdSe/ZnS quantum dot quantum well (QDQW) has been studied numerically under the framework of effective-mass approximation. The size and relaxation time-dependent properties of the OFID have been obtained and analyzed. It shows that the OFID-change mechanisms dependent on shell thickness and core size are different. Moreover, the OFID signal decays sharply in amplitude and life as the transverse relaxation time being reduced while the change is slight to the longitudinal relaxation time. By comparing these two factors, we infer that the size mainly influences the amplitude of the decay signal and the delay time is basically determined by the relaxation time
Voltage Regulated Uptake and Release of L-Glutamate from a Molecularly Selective Switch for Physiological Applications
Authors: Fuchs Kathrin , Hauff Elizabeth von , Parisi Jürgen , Weiler Reto
Published: February 2015

In this paper results are presented on the development of a device demonstrating the uptake and release of L-glutamate in solutions with neutral pH. A device which selectively regulates the concentration of biomolecules, such as the primary neural transmitter L-glutamate, could be useful for many biological and medical applications. In the literature it has been demonstrated that polypyrrole (PPy) is a promising material for the recognition basis of molecularly selective devices [1, 2]. In this study we investigated the feasibility of the PPy based “glutamate switch” for the voltage dependent uptake and release of L-glutamate for physiological applications
Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Mohyud-Din Syed Tauseef , Noor Muhammad Aslam
Published: February 2015

We apply a relatively new technique which is called the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) for solving linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. The suggested algorithm is quite efficient and is practically well suited for use in these problems. The proposed iterative scheme finds the solution without any discretization, linearization or restrictive assumptions. Several examples are given to verify the reliability and efficiency of the method. The fact that the HPM solves nonlinear problems without using Adomian’s polynomials can be considered as a clear advantage of this technique over the decomposition method
Blow Up of Solutions for a System of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Equations with Damping Terms in Rn
Authors: Liu Wenjun , Yub Shengqi
Published: February 2015

We consider a coupled system of nonlinear viscoelastic equations with linear damping and source terms. Under suitable conditions of the initial data and the relaxation functions, we prove a finitetime blow-up result with vanishing initial energy by using the modified energy method and a crucial lemma on differential inequality
Effects of Grain Size on the Bremsstrahlung Spectrum of Electron-Dust Grain Collisions in Dusty Plasmas
Authors: Kim Seo-Hee , Jung Young-Dae
Published: February 2015

The grain size effects on the bremsstrahlung emission spectrum due to nonrelativisitc electrondust grain collisions are investigated in dusty plasmas. Using the Born approximation for the initial and final states of the projectile electron, the bremsstranhlung radiation cross section is obtained as a function of the grain size, dust charge, Debye radius, collision energy, and radiation photon energy. It is found that the effects of the grain size enhance the bremsstrahlung radiation cross section, especially for soft-photon radiations. The effect of the Debye radius on the bremsstrahlung cross section is found to be increased with an increase of the magnitude of the charge number of the dust grain. In addition, the grain size effect on the bremsstrahlung spectrum is found to be more significant for highly charged dusty grains
Screened Collision-Induced Quantum Interference in Collisional Plasmas
Authors: Na Sang-Chul , Jung Young-Dae
Published: February 2015

The effects of neutral particle collisions on the quantum interference in electron-electron collisions are investigated in collisional plasmas. The effective potential model taking into account the electronneutral particle collision effects is employed in order to obtain the electron-electron collision cross section including the total spin states of the collision system. It is found that the collision effects significantly enhance the cross section. In addition, the collision-induced quantum interference effects are found to be significant in the singlet spin state. It is shown that the quantum interference effects decrease with increasing the thermal energy of the plasma. It is also shown that the quantum interference effects increase with an increase of the collision energy
Report on the State of Research in the 5-Dimensional Projective Unified Field Theory
Authors: Schmutzer Ernst
Published: February 2015

The author presents a historical sketch of the projective relativity theory before and (with new qualitative arguments) after World War II. Then he treats the development of his Projective Unified Field Theory since 1957 up till now with applications to a closed cosmological model, with the result of a vanishing big bang and satisfying numerical cosmological parameters in good agreement with the experiments.
Affinity and Reaction Rates: Reconsideration of Theoretical Background and Modelling Results
Authors: Pekař Miloslav
Published: February 2015

The phenomenological affinity approach to chemical kinetics based on mass-action rate expression is revised. It is shown that the reaction rate is not an unambiguous function of affinity and that in ideal mixtures with only elementary reactions thermodynamic coupling, i. e. a positive reaction rate and negative affinity of some reaction step at the same time, is not possible. Neither does thermodynamic coupling occur in a non-ideal system of elementary reactions where the mass-action rate equation is written with activities in place of concentrations. The non-ideality and/or non-equality of reaction orders to stoichiometric coefficients lead to more complex affinity-rate relationships than commonly given which puts no explicit restrictions on affinity and rate signs. Theoretical considerations are completed with results of numerical modelling made on several simple mechanisms. Various combinations of affinity and rate signs and complex affinity-rate profiles were obtained. Modelling results support the idea that affinity is much more a result of the time evolution of a reacting system and corresponding time profiles of concentrations than the actual cause of reaction rates.
Investigation on Dynamics of the Extended Duffing-Van der Pol System
Authors: Yu Jun , Li Jieru
Published: February 2015

The chaotic motion in periodic self-excited oscillators has been extensively investigated through experiments and computer simulations. However, with the advent of the study of chaotic motion by means of strange attractors, Poincar´e map, fractal dimension, it has become necessary to seek for a better understanding of nonlinear system with higher order nonlinear terms. In this paper we consider an extended Duffing-Van der Pol oscillator by introducing a nonlinear quintic term. The dynamical behaviour of the system is investigated by using Melnikov analysis and numerical simulation. The results can help one to understand the essence of given nonlinear system.
Structural Analysis of Al, Ni, and Cu Using the Maximum Entropy Method, Multipole and Pair Distribution Function
Authors: Robert Muthaian Charles , Saravanan Ramachandran , Saravanakumar Krishnamoorthy , Rani Murugesan Prema
Published: February 2015

The average and local structures of the metals Al, Ni, and Cu have been elucidated for the first time using the MEM (maximum entropy method), multipole and PDF (pair distribution function). The bonding between the constituent atoms in all these systems is found to be well pronounced and clearly seen from the electron density maps. The MEM maps of all three systems show the spherical core nature of the atoms. The mid bond electron density profiles of Al, Ni, and Cu reveal the metallic nature of the bonding. The local structure using the PDF profile of Ni is compared with that of previously reported results. The R value in the present work using low Q XRD data for the PDF analysis of Ni is close to the value in the literature using high Q synchrotron data. The cell parameters and displacement parameters are also studied and compared with the reported values.
A Complete Product Operator Theory for IS (I=1, S = 1) Spin System and Application to 3D HMQC-COSY NMR Experiment
Authors: Şaka İrfan , Gümüş Sedat , Gençten Azmi
Published: February 2015

There exist a variety of multi-pulse NMR experiments for spectral assignment of complex molecules in solution. The conventional heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) NMR experiment provides correlation between weakly coupled hetero-nuclei. The COSY is one of the most popular two-dimensional NMR experiment which is used to correlate J-coupled homo-nuclei of spectral assignment. The combination of the conventional HMQC and COSY NMR experiments yields a new experiment called 3D HMQC-COSY NMR experiment. The product operator theory is widely used for the analytical descriptions of multi-pulse NMR experiments for weakly coupled spin systems in liquids. In this study, complete product operator theory for weakly coupled IS (I = 1, S = 1) spin system is presented by obtaining the evolutions of the product operators under the spin-spin coupling Hamiltonian. As an application and a verification, analytical descriptions of 3D HMQC-COSY NMR experiment are obtained for weakly coupled ISnI’_S’m (I = I’ = 1/2; S = S’ = 1; n = 1,2, 3; m = 1, 2) multi-spin systems. Then the estimated spectra of this experiment for various multi-spin systems are explained in detail.
Investigations on the EPR Parameters for the Square Planar Cu2+ Centers in K2PdX4 (X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Fu Chuan-Ji , Wu Shao-Yi , Hu Yue-Xia , Wang Xue-Feng , Wei Wang-He
Published: February 2015

The EPR parameters g factors g||, g⊥ and the hyperfine structure constants A|| and A⊥ for the square planar Cu2+ centers in K2-PdX4 (X = Cl, Br) are theoretically investigated from the perturbation formulas of these parameters for a 3d9 ion under tetragonally elongated octahedra. In these formulas, not only the contributions from the conventional crystal-field (CF) mechanism, but also those from the charge-transfer (CT) mechanism are taken into account. The related molecular orbital coefficients are uniformly determined from the cluster approach, and the tetragonal field parameters Ds and Dt are obtained from the superposition model and the local structures of the systems. Based on only one adjustable parameter, the present results are in reasonable agreement with the observed values. Importance of the charge-transfer contributions is more significant for ligand Br than that for Cl due to the stronger covalency and much larger spin-orbit coupling coefficient of the former.
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure Oscillations in a Natural Gas Combustion Engine
Authors: Litak Grzegorz , Gęca Michał , Yao Bao-Feng , Li Guo-Xiu
Published: February 2015

Fluctuations in a combustion process of natural gas in the internal spark ignition engine have been investigated. We measured pressure of the cyclic combustion and expressed its cyclic oscillations in terms of indicated mean effective pressure per cycle. By applying the statistical and multifractal analysis to the corresponding time series we show the considerable changes in engine dynamics for a different equivalence ratio decreases from 0.781 to very lean conditions.
Double Wronskian Solution and Conservation Laws for a Generalized Variable-Coefficient Higher-Order Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation in Optical Fibers
Authors: Meng Xiang-Hua , Zhu Hong-Wu , Li Juan , Yao Zhen-Zhi , Tian Bo
Published: February 2015

With applications in the higher-power and femtosecond optical transmission regime, a generalized variable-coefficient higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger (VC-HNLS) equation is analytically investigated. The multi-solitonic solutions of the generalized VC-HNLS equation in double Wronskian form is constructed and further verified using the Wronskian technique. Additionally, an infinite number of conservation laws for such an equation are presented. Finally, discussions and conclusions on results are made with figures plotted.
Rotatory Thermosolutal Convection in a Couple-Stress Fluid
Authors: Kumar Pardeep , Singh Mahinder
Published: February 2015

The thermosolutal instability of couple-stress fluid in the presence of uniform vertical rotation is considered. Following the linearized stability theory and normal mode analysis, the dispersion is obtained. For the case of stationary convection, the stable solute gradient and rotation have stabilizing effects on the system, whereas the couple-stress has both stabilizing and destabilizing effects. The dispersion relation is also analyzed numerically. The stable solute gradient and the rotation introduce oscillatory modes in the system, which did not occur in their absence. The sufficient conditions for the non-existence of overstability are also obtained.
Effects of Concentration, Temperature and Hydrostatic Pressure on the Local Lattice Structure of Ni2+ Doped Zn(BF4)2 · 6H2O Crystal
Authors: Gao Ming-Liang , Kuang Xiao-Yu , Li Hui-Fang , Wanga Huai-Qian
Published: February 2015

A theoretical method for studying the inter-relationship between electronic and molecular structure is presented by means of complete energy matrices. As an application, the effects of temperature, concentration and hydrostatic pressure on the local structures of Ni2+ doped Zn(BF4)2 ・6H2O crystal have been studied. Our results show that the local lattice structures of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ coordination complex have expansion distortions as the temperature rises. Meanwhile, we find that the local structure parameter θ becomes smaller with the increasing concentration of Ni2+ ions doped in Zn(BF4)2 ・6H2O crystal. Furthermore, the pressure dependence of θ and anisotropic g-factors are discussed and the relationship between zero-field splitting parameter D and Δg is determined.
Non-TravellingWave Solutions of the (2+1)-Dimensional Dispersive Long Wave System
Authors: Hassan Mamdouh M.
Published: February 2015

With the aid of symbolic computation and the extended F-expansion method, we construct more general types of exact non-travelling wave solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long wave system. These solutions include single and combined Jacobi elliptic function solutions, rational solutions, hyperbolic function solutions, and trigonometric function solutions.
Thin Film Flow of a Third Grade Fluid with Variable Viscosity
Authors: Nadeem Sohail
Published: February 2015

The effects of variable viscosity on the flow and heat transfer in a thin film flow for a third grade fluid has been discussed. The thin film is considered on the outer side of an infinitely long vertical cylinder. The governing nonlinear differential equations of momentum and energy are solved analytically by using homotopy analysis method. The expression for the viscous dissipation and entropy generation are also defined. The graphical results are presented for various physical parameters appearing in the problem
Homotopy Perturbation Method for Higher Dimensional Nonlinear Evolutionary Equations
Authors: Hızela Emanullah , Küçükarslan Semih
Published: February 2015

In this paper, an iterative numerical solution of the higher-dimensional (3+1) physically important nonlinear evolutionary equations is studied by using the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). For this purpose, the Kadomstev-Petviashvili (KP) and the Jumbo-Miwa (JM) equations are analyzed with the HPM and the available exact solutions obtained by the homogenous balance method will be compared to show the accuracy of the proposed numerical algorithm. The results approves the effectiveness and accuracy of the HPM.