bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment and Classification of Day Reporting Center Clients
Authors: Kim Dae-Young , Joo Hee-Jong , McCarty William P.
Published: May 2008

The day reporting center (DRC) has become an increasingly popular sentencing option in many states that are using more community-based alternatives to jail and prison sentences. To protect the community and improve the likelihood of rehabilitation, improving the quality of risk assessment and classification at the DRC is an essential task. In this regard, with data collected in Nebraska, the study sought to identify significant variables influencing both termination from a DRC program and recidivism. This study found that a number of significant risk and need variables (e.g., education, employment, and relapse prevention) had been overlooked by the current risk assessment. The authors provide an alternative risk assessment and classification scheme by calculating predictive probabilities of a client's termination and recidivism through the use of logistic regression models.
Child Victimization and Parental Monitoring as Mediators of Youth Problem Behaviors
Authors: Robertson Angela A. , Baird-Thomas Connie , Stein Judith A.
Published: May 2008

This study examines the effects of family characteristics, parental monitoring, and victimization by adults on alcohol and other drug (AOD) abuse, delinquency, and risky sexual behaviors among 761 incarcerated juveniles. The majority of youth reported that other family members had substance abuse problems and criminal histories. These youth were frequently the victims of violence. Relationships between victimization, parental monitoring, and problem behaviors were examined using structural equation modeling. Monitoring was negatively related to all problem behaviors. However, type of maltreatment was related to specific problem behaviors. The effects of family substance abuse and family criminal involvement on outcomes were mediated by monitoring and maltreatment. The study underscores the need to provide family-focused and trauma-related interventions for juvenile offenders.
Goffman on Organizations
Authors: Manning Peter K.
Published: May 2008

This paper has two linked objectives: the first is to select those aspects of Goffman's immense body of work which continue, in my mind, to have a bearing/relevance for the organization studies field. The second is to offer one condensed empirical illustration, drawing upon an earlier published study which took purchase/inspiration from Goffman.
Harold Garfinkel, Ethnomethodology and Workplace Studies
Authors: Rawls Anne Warfield
Published: May 2008

Known primarily as the author of a method for studying work, Harold Garfinkel — and ethnomethodological studies of work, or workplace studies — also offer an important alternative theory of work. First articulated in the late 1940s and early 1950s as a theory of communication, organization, and information, it has been Garfinkel's proposal that mutual understanding (orienting objects, meaning, and identities) in interactions, including technical situations of work, requires constant mutual orientation to situated constitutive expectancies — taken-for-granted methods of producing order that constitute sense — accompanied by displays of attention, competence, and trust. Based on this premise, researchers need to enter worksites to learn the order properties of work. Conventional theories, by contrast, treat social orders (including work) as resulting from individual interests, external constraint, and/or some conjunction between the two. For Garfinkel, however, individual motivation, power, and constraint must be managed by workers in and through the details of work. He insists that the need for participants to mutually orient ways of producing order on each next occasion adequately explains the details of order and sensemaking. Thus, any worksite exhibits the details required to produce, manage and understand local orders of work, including power and constraint — details that are local matters, lost to general formulation, requiring a research approach focused on the order properties of those details.
Changing Sex or Changing Minds: Specialist Psychotherapy and Transsexuality
Authors: Hakeem Az
Published: May 2008

Hormones and surgery are the mainstay of treatments available routinely for transsexual patients in the UK. The condition and approach to it by mental health professionals are explored within the paper by the author who has run a specialist psychotherapy service for patients with gender dysphoria for eight years at The Portman Clinic in London. In the paper he describes the challenges posed by the therapist in treating these patients and important factors in the treatment to enable psychotherapy to be a useful treatment option. He details some of his experience of treating transsexual patients within a homogenous outpatient slow-open group analytic psychotherapy group.
Taking Care of Our Elders
Authors: Brown Carrie M. , Gibbons Judith L.
Published: May 2008

The present study is an initial exploration of the psychological well-being of residents of an assisted-living facility (ALF) designed and managed for elders of an American Indian tribe. A total of 56 tribal member elders, including 13 facility residents and 43 nonresidents, completed scales measuring happiness, quality of life, perceived social support, and loneliness. In addition, 5 residents participated in one-on-one interviews. Compared to nonresidents, facility residents reported significantly greater happiness and perceived social support and significantly less loneliness. Furthermore, loneliness was found to mediate the relationship between ALF residence and happiness. Interviews with the residents revealed four themes related to the ALF that contribute to the residents' well-being. Although this study is limited by its small sample size, it indicates that tribally owned and/or managed ALFs may be a good long-term care option for many American Indian elders. Further investigation of long-term care options for American Indian elders is needed.
Measuring Diffusion of Assaults Around Bars Through Radius and Adjacency Techniques
Authors: Murray Rebecca K. , Roncek Dennis W.
Published: May 2008

The emergence of user-friendly Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has revitalized interest in the study of urban crime patterns. Among the avenues of research from this expansion of interest is the study of diffusion of crime within neighborhoods or around urban structures. As with any new technology, initial use often focuses on the tasks and methods of the technology, with little discussion of the appropriateness of such use. This is evidenced in the diverse methodologies employed in measuring diffusion and lack of standardized method in this area. What is more, little research has demonstrated a comprehensive comparison of methods. The difference in employing two methods—radial buffers and adjacent blocks—to determine the number of assaults occurring in the area bordering or adjacent to bars in Omaha, Nebraska is investigated. Results indicate that the particular method used to identify diffusion effects could dictate substantially disparate findings. Implications of this comparison are discussed.
The Rights of the Child and `the Good of the Learners'
Authors: Payet Jean-Paul , Franchi Vijé
Published: May 2008

In contemporary South Africa, the abolition of corporal punishment symbolizes a break with the previous schooling system. A qualitative study in four formerly segregated schools south of Johannesburg showcases different realities and discourses on corporal punishment. The practices vary from its total abolition to its continued maintenance. Most learners in a Soweto-based school justify its use to maintain discipline in a hostile environment. Adding to conventional perspectives on the abolition of corporal punishment, a comprehensive approach provides a contextualized understanding of its function in the eyes of the school community, and reveals complex links between corporal punishment and a practice of care.
Historical Note
Authors: Ntafoulis Paulos , Gourzis Philippos , Trompoukis Constantinos
Published: May 2008

Although psychiatry was the last among the major branches of medicine to be recognized, taught and practised as a separate speciality, it is commonly accepted that even in antiquity there was a clear desire to study and understand mental illnesses, although they were not seen as distinct from physical diseases. Melampous is a figure balanced between historical reality and myth. Reading between the lines of the enchanting narrative preserved by Greek mythology, we can see the desire to comprehend mental illnesses and to propose systematic and credible treatments for them. In this article, an account is given of the myth of Melampous, with emphasis on the details that present him as a pioneer of contemporary psychiatric treatment and as having introduced pioneering approaches to psychiatric disorders.
Julius Ludwig August Koch (1841—1908): Christian, philosopher and psychiatrist
Authors: Gutmann Philipp
Published: May 2008

Being deeply rooted in a Christian faith and having much interest in moral and ethical issues, Koch published some philosophical works Die Wirklichkeit und ihre Erkenntnis (Reality and its knowledge; Koch, 1886), in which he tried to bring together critical Kantian philosophy and Christian conviction. In 1888 he published Kurzgefaßter Leitfaden der Psychiatrie (Short Textbook of Psychiatry). The next work, entitled Die psychopathischen Minderwertigkeiten (Psychopathic Inferiority; Koch, 1891—93) became one of his fundamental texts on the concept of personality disorders, a concept still used today. Although psychiatric disorders are nowadays classified differently, Koch's work still has great importance for the concept of personality disorders; furthermore, he provides very exact and detailed descriptions of a multitude of psychopathological symptoms.
A gentleman's mad-doctor in Georgian England: Edward Long Fox and Brislington House
Authors: Smith Leonard
Published: May 2008

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were a period of particular innovation in the history of British psychiatry. Enlightenment ideas brought a change in attitudes to insanity, reflected in the growing prevalence of psychologically based treatment techniques being implemented in both public and private institutions. A new group of practitioners, specializing in the treatment and management of insanity, was emerging. One of the most prominent and successful was Dr Edward Long Fox, a Bristol physician. His main venture was the establishment of Brislington House in 1806. Here he created a state-of-the-art asylum, catering mainly for the wealthier members of society. Its unique design, with seven distinct houses, enabled classification of patients according to social class as well as behavioural presentation. Within a context of safety and security, Fox sought to provide a therapeutic regime based on the principles and practices of moral management.
Age, geochemistry and distribution of the mid-Holocene Hekla-S/Kebister tephra
Authors: Wastegård Stefan , Rundgren Mats , Schoning Kristian , Andersson Sofia , Björck Svante , Borgmark Anders , Possnert Göran
Published: May 2008

The middle Holocene Hekla-S/Kebister tephra originates in the Hekla volcanic system on SW Iceland. The distal distribution of the tephra includes the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Central Sweden, indicating a main dispersal towards the east. The chemical composition of the tephra follows the pattern of other major eruptions of Hekla, and ratios between selected oxides may in some cases allow separation from other major Holocene tephras from Hekla. Tephra from the Plinian phase dominates in eastern sites, while tephra also from later phases is found in the Faroe sites. Wiggle-matching of radiocarbon dates around the tephra in a Swedish peat-bog suggests an age around 3720 cal. yr BP (3750—3700 cal. yr BP), which is in accordance with previous attempts to date this tephra. This is within a period with significant climate changes in NW Europe and opens possibilities for exact comparisons of peat and lake sediment records from different geographical areas.
Changes in late-Neoglacial perennial snow/ice extent and equilibrium-line altitudes in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Arctic Canada
Authors: Wolken Gabriel J. , England John H. , Dyke Arthur S.
Published: May 2008

Changes in late Neoglaical climate resulted in extensive modification of Arctic terrestrial ice cover. A substantial reduction in terrestrial ice cover in the Queen Elizabeth Islands (QEI) following the `Little Ice Age' (LIA) (~AD 1250—1900), is indicated by widespread, light-toned patches of poorly vegetated terrain, extending back to the modern ice mass. These patches display abrupt outer margins (trimlines), which record the former position and maximum extent of perennial snow/ice and, in many cases, mark the former equilibrium-line altitude (ELA). Trimlines surrounding terrain formerly covered by LIA perennial snow/ice were mapped using multispectral classification approaches applied to high-resolution satellite imagery. ELAs were reconstructed from trimlines associated with former perennial snow/ice produced by long-term snowline lowering. Between the end of the LIA and 1960, the area of terrestrial ice in the QEI decreased by 37% (62 387 km2). Most of this reduction (94%) occurred in the eastern QEI where the majority of the ice exists today; however, a 100% reduction in ice cover occurred on many of the western islands by 1960, an effect largely controlled by the subtle topography of these islands. The reconstructed LIA ELA trend surface was used with the 1960 mapped ELAs to calculate spatial variations in the change in height (Δ h) of the ELA trend surface throughout the QEI during the first half of the twentieth century. ELA Δ h between the LIA and 1960 reveal a high degree of local variability in the mountainous regions, ranging from 0 to >600 m; however a strong regional-scale pattern of change is shown over the QEI as a whole.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Frostegård J
Published: May 2008

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterised by presence of activated immune competent cells in middle-sized and large arteries and is the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The risk of CVD is very high in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE-related CVD and atherosclerosis are, therefore, important clinical problems but may in addition also have implications for the role of immune reactions in CVD in general. Others and we have recently demonstrated that risk factors for CVD in SLE are both traditional and non-traditional acting in concert. Traditional risk factors implicated in SLE include, for example, dyslipidemia (especially high triglycerides), hypertension, renal disease, non-traditional as inflammation, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation are also associated with CVD in SLE. Atherothrombosis is likely to be a major underlying mechanism and is not only an increased risk of thrombosis per se. It is possible that factors like proinflammatory reactions or prothrombotic factors, such as aPL, make atherosclerotic lesions in SLE more prone to rupture than in ‘normal’ atherosclerosis. Whether premature atherosclerosis is a general feature of SLE or only affects a subgroup of patients is presently not clear. Treatment of patients with SLE should include a close monitoring of traditional risk factors and also the abovementioned non-traditional for CVD.
T-regulatory cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: La Cava A
Published: May 2008

Thymus-derived CD4+CD25highFoxp3+T-regulatory cells (Tregs) have an important role in the mechanisms of peripheral immune tolerance and in the prevention of pathogenic autoimmunity through the suppression of proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in effector immune cells. Some studies have shown that in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the number of circulating Tregs may be decreased during active disease, and that the extent of such decrease may correlate with severity of the disease. Recent data in murine models of lupus have suggested the possibility to target Tregs for the modulation of SLE, and Treg-based intervention has been proposed as a novel therapeutic mean for a better management of the disease. This review provides an update on the role of Tregs in SLE, discussing new findings in relation to possible targeting of Tregs for immune modulation in lupus.
The Janus of lupus – benefits and risks with B-cell therapy
Authors: van Vollenhoven RF
Published: May 2008

Janus was the Roman god of doorways and beginnings. Thus, if B-cell directed therapy is indeed the beginning of a new era in SLE therapy, his would be an appropriate face to regard in this context. But there is a problem: he is a two-faced god. Janus faces in two different directions: past and future, youth and adulthood, barbarism and civility. With respect to biological treatments, perhaps Janus’ faces are the efficacy and the safety dimensions of therapy. In this review, I will consider Janus’ second face, the safety side of B-cell therapy. I will argue that, while safety data have been rather reassuring so far, vigilance is required; and I will point out three specific mistaken assumptions regarding the safety of B-cell directed therapy in SLE.
Continuity of Health Insurance Coverage and Perceived Health at Age 40
Authors: Probst Janice C. , Wang Jong-Yi , Moore Charity G. , Powell M. Paige , Martin Amy Brock
Published: May 2008

While a lack of health insurance or interrupted coverage has been shown to lead to poorer health status among preretirement populations, this phenomenon has not been examined among a large population of younger, working-age adults. We analyzed a nationally representative data set of persons born between 1957 and 1961, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth—1979, to examine the links between insurance continuity and self-assessed physical and mental health at age 40. Among respondents turning 40 in 1998 or 2000, 59.8% had been continuously insured during the decade before they reached age 40. In unadjusted analysis, persons who were continuously covered had the highest scores for both physical and mental health. After controlling for respondent characteristics, insurance coverage was not significantly associated with perceived physical or mental health.
Behavior Management Training for the Treatment of Reactive Attachment Disorder
Authors: Buckner Julia D. , Lopez Cristina , Dunkel Stephanie , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: May 2008

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a childhood disorder characterized by extremely inappropriate social relating across a variety of interactions that must be present by age 5. Although children diagnosed with RAD appear to demonstrate significantly more behavioral problems and psychosocial difficulties than children without RAD, there have been few examinations of empirically informed treatments for this disorder. One avenue that may be particularly promising is the use of treatments that have been successfully used to decrease similar problematic behaviors in children. The present case study outlines the use of behavior management training (BMT) in the treatment of a 7-year-old female child with RAD. Given the marked reduction in problematic behaviors exhibited by this child as a result of a typical course of BMT, it is recommended that randomized clinical trials be conducted to test the efficacy of BMT for RAD.
Conceptualizing a “Sustainability Business Model”
Authors: Stubbs Wendy , Cocklin Chris
Published: May 2008

According to one perspective, organizations will only be sustainable if the dominant neoclassical model of the firm is transformed, rather than supplemented, by social and environmental priorities. This article seeks to develop a “sustainability business model” (SBM)—a model where sustainability concepts shape the driving force of the firm and its decision making. The SBM is drawn from two case studies of organizations considered to be leaders in operationalizing sustainability and is informed by the ecological modernization perspective of sustainability. The analysis reveals that organizations adopting a SBM must develop internal structural and cultural capabilities to achieve firm-level sustainability and collaborate with key stakeholders to achieve sustainability for the system that an organization is part of.
In Defense of the American West
Authors: Luke Timothy W.
Published: May 2008

This article discusses Edward Abbey's Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness. It is a key foundational work of critical reflection from the growing canon of American environmental writing, and this book remains well-worth reading by the general public, environmental policy-makers, and ecological thinkers. The analysis reviews the conflicted but enduring popularity of Abbey in the American environmental movement based upon his remarkable meditations in this book about the desert Southwest, modern industrialism, the Grand Canyon, and American society as these thoughts grew out of his work as a park ranger at The Arches National Monument.
The Role of Procedural Integrity
Authors: Belfiore Phillip J. , Fritts Kevin M. , Herman Brian C.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of staff video self-monitoring (SM) training on the accuracy of delivering Discrete Trial Instruction (DTI) to students enrolled in a classroom for children with autism. Staff were trained to self-monitor a five-step DTI trial: (a) delivery of discriminative stimulus, (b) wait time for student response, (c) response-specific feedback, (d) immediacy of specific feedback, and (e) latency before delivery of next discriminative stimulus. The dependent measure was the accuracy of completing the five-step trial. Prior to intervention, staff were trained to criteria using videotapes of their teaching in scoring their DTI delivery. A multiple baseline design across staff was used to evaluate the effectiveness of SM. Results showed that video self-monitoring and self-evaluation increased the accuracy of DTI and, more specifically, the accuracy of managing the intertrial interval.
The Impact of Social Scripts and Visual Cues on Verbal Communication in Three Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Ganz Jennifer B. , Kaylor Maria , Bourgeois Bethany , Hadden Kathy
Published: May 2008

Social script and visual cue use with students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were examined. A multiple baseline design across activities with embedded withdrawal was used to measure student acquisition of verbal communication skills. Three children with ASD, two boys and one girl, were taught a series of scripts and were shown a “quiet” picture when they engaged in perseverative speech (e.g., repetitive phrases or words). The number of scripted statements increased during treatment, with reductions in perseverative speech for all three students. One student's unscripted statements increased during intervention. Analysis of percentage of nonoverlapping data indicated that the intervention was highly effective for scripted statements, ineffective for unscripted statements, and produced variable results for total communicative statements.
Localizing the internet beyond communities and networks
Authors: Postill John
Published: May 2008

As the numbers of internet users worldwide continue to grow, the internet is becoming `more local'. This article addresses the epistemological challenge posed by this global process of internet localization by examining some of the conceptual tools at the disposal of internet researchers. It argues that progress has been hampered by an overdependence on the problematic notions of community and network whose paradigmatic status has yet to be questioned by internet scholars. The article seeks to broaden the conceptual space of internet localization studies through a ground-up conceptualization exercise that draws inspiration from the field theories of both Pierre Bourdieu and the Manchester School of Anthropology, and is based on recent fieldwork in suburban Malaysia. This exploration demonstrates that a more nuanced understanding of the plural forms that residential sociality can take is needed in order to move beyond existing binaries such as `network sociality' versus `community sociality'.
Faked antikas and 'modern antiques'
Authors: van der Spek Kees
Published: May 2008

Located in the Theban Necropolis of the Luxor west bank, the village of al-Qurna was central in the large-scale supply of ancient Egyptian antiquities to private and institutional collectors during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a result, the quantity of antiquities being offered for sale to individual travellers diminished steadily. The continuing high demand for Egyptian artefacts under the influence of ever-expanding international tourism and the increasing impact of twentieth-century antiquities legislation gave rise to a new industry at al-Qurna: the production of fakes to be sold as genuine antiques and the production of Egyptian artefacts for sale to international visitors. This article explores the close connections between the archaeological landscape of the Theban Necropolis, international tourism, and the artisanal production and marketing of artefacts of ancient Egyptian design by local craftsmen.
Networks of history and memory
Authors: Wallis Neill J.
Published: May 2008

Many Archaic and Woodland period monuments in south-eastern North America were civic and ceremonial gathering centers. The built landscapes that emphasized these features are likely to have incorporated histories and memories in locally distinctive ways across the region. However, their attribution by archaeologists to broad temporal and social categories has tended to disguise this individuality. In this article I argue that the major structural changes that define the transition between the Archaic and Woodland periods were intersected by landscapes that were integral to the construction of locally important histories and memories. I point to an example from the Woodland period on the lower St Johns River, Florida, in which spatial relationships between monuments, recurrent deposition of mnemonic artifacts, and movement of people between places recreated a relational kind of social identity and personhood that was locally distinct.
Boundaries of Humanities: Writing Medical Humanities
Authors: Bolton Gillie
Published: May 2008

Literature and medicine is a discipline within medical humanities, which challenges medicine to reconfigure its scientific model to become interdisciplinary, and be disciplined by arts and humanities as well as science. The psychological, emotional, spiritual and physical are inextricably linked in people, inevitably entailing provisionality, disturbance and lack of certainty, and lack of closure and therefore of control. Arts and humanities approaches can foster significant interpretive enquiry into illness, disability, suffering, and care. Reflective expressive writing, undertaken and engaged with critically, and particularly when explorative of narrative and metaphor, can enable professionally developmental enquiry into values, ethics, identity and responsibilities. This article offers examples of reflexivity, reflection, and disciplined questioning of the narrative and perspectival nature of medical and healthcare clinicians' experience. Creative writing is a focus, as art can observe and connect from unconventional angles.
Digital Storytelling as a Signature Pedagogy for the New Humanities
Authors: Benmayor Rina
Published: May 2008

This essay argues that digital storytelling is a hybrid, multimedia narrative form that enables critical and creative theorizing. As an assets-based social pedagogy, digital storytelling constructs a safe and empowering space for cross-cultural collaboration and learning. As illustration, the essay analyzes in detail one student story, using as primary evidence the story script, visual images from the digital story, and excerpts from a recorded interview with the author. It concludes that the process of digital story making and theorizing empowers and transforms students intellectually, creatively and culturally. Thus, digital storytelling can be seen as a signature pedagogy for the new Humanities in the 21st century.
A Qualitative Evaluation of Fire Safety Education Programs for Older Adults
Authors: Diekman Shane T. , Stewart Tamara A. , Teh S. Leesia , Ballesteros Michael F.
Published: May 2008

This article presents a qualitative evaluation of six fire safety education programs for older adults delivered by public fire educators. Our main aims were to explore how these programs are implemented and to determine important factors that may lead to program success, from the perspectives of the public fire educators and the older adults. For each program, we interviewed the public fire educator(s), observed the program in action, and conducted focus groups with older adults attending the program. Analysis revealed three factors that were believed to facilitate program success (established relationships with the older adult community, rapport with older adult audiences, and presentation relevance) as well as three challenges (lack of a standardized curriculum and program implementation strategies, attendance difficulties, and physical limitations due to age). More fire safety education should be developed for older adult populations. For successful programs, public fire educators should address the specific needs of their local older adult community.
The Rural Nurse Work Environment and Structural Empowerment
Authors: Krebs Julianne P. , Madigan Elizabeth A. , Tullai-McGuinness Susan
Published: May 2008

Rural health care organizations struggle to attract and retain nurses, yet much of the research has focused on characteristics of the nurse work environment or empowerment in urban hospitals. The purpose of this study was to examine the nurse work environment in rural areas across settings by describing the relationship between structural empowerment and characteristics of the nurse work environment. Nurses ( N = 97) working in home care agencies and hospitals were surveyed. Significant differences were found between the groups, with home care nurses having significantly higher empowerment scores than medical/surgical nurses. A strong correlation was found between characteristics of the nurse work environment and empowerment. Policy makers are using evidence to guide development of policies, but much of the research has been conducted in urban hospital settings. This study begins to provide evidence that differences exist between urban and rural areas and between practice settings.
Seminar Review: Creative Compression Treatment in Challenging Situations
Authors: Flour Mieke
Published: May 2008

There are globally accepted insights and country-specific standards, preferences, and traditions regarding compression therapy. Although there is a wide choice of bandaging and compression materials, the use of these materials must be planned to meet individual patient's temporary needs using the most appropriate technique and optimal timing. Even though indications and contraindications exist for elastic and nonelastic materials and techniques, professionals must use the technical advantages of the several systems for the benefit of the patient. Whatever method is chosen, the effectiveness of compression depends on several technical and personal issues, including the anatomical and functional status of the limb to be treated. Notwithstanding the guidelines for treatment, there will always be situations where either standard or optimal treatment cannot be applied and where clinicians must be creative in the treatment offered. The aim of this article is to reflect on what is possible outside the margins of the normal consensus on compression treatment to stimulate debate.
Assessing Student Preconceptions of Sport Management Faculty
Authors: Sosa Jason , Sagas Michael
Published: May 2008

Latino individuals and women as a group have found it difficult to become established within the professorate. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine student preconceptions of Latino professors within sport management. The study was conducted within a sport management class ( N = 102), utilizing self-categorization theory based on race and gender. Results indicated significant effects for both race and gender. This study provides an initial assessment of potential biases that may exist within sport management.
Verbal Communication Improves Laparoscopic Team Performance
Authors: Shiliang Chang  , Waid Erin , Martinec Danny V. , Bin Zheng  , Swanstrom Lee L.
Published: May 2008

The impact of verbal communication on laparoscopic team performance was examined. A total of 24 dyad teams, comprisied of residents, medical students, and office staff, underwent 2 team tasks using a previously validated bench model. Twelve teams (feedback groups) received instant verbal instruction and feedback on their performance from an instructor which was compared with 12 teams (control groups) with minimal or no verbal feedback. Their performances were both video and audio taped for analysis. Surgical backgrounds were similar between feedback and control groups. Teams with more verbal feedback achieved significantly better task performance ( P = .002) compared with the control group with less feedback. Impact of verbal feedback was more pronounced for tasks requiring team cooperation (aiming and navigation) than tasks depending on individual skills (knotting). Verbal communication, especially the instructions and feedback from an experienced instructor, improved team efficiency and performance.
Correlates of Dietary Intake Among Men Involved in the MAN for Health Study
Authors: Ayala Guadalupe X. , Ornelas India , Rhodes Scott D. , Amell James W. , Dodds Janice M. , Mebane Elvira , Horton Earl , Montano Jaime , Armstrong-Brown Janelle , Eng Eugenia
Published: May 2008

The clustering of diet and other lifestyle behaviors and their psychosocial correlates were examined among 455 Latino and African American men in the U.S. Southeast. Men were recruited by male community health workers and surveys were self-administered in a group format. Latino men were younger, less educated, and more likely to be employed than African American men and reported a lower household income and larger household size. Fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with physical activity ( p ≤ .001). A more positive attitude toward health was associated with meeting vegetable dietary guidelines ( p ≤ .05) and consuming fast food less frequently ( p ≤ .01). Active coping was associated with meeting fruit and vegetable dietary guidelines ( p ≤ .01 and p ≤ .001, respectively), and avoidant coping was associated with greater fast-food consumption ( p ≤ .001). Latino fast-food consumption was associated with binge drinking ( p ≤ .001). This research provides evidence for tailoring dietary intervention for men of color.
A Path Analysis of Community Leadership within Viable Rural Communities in Florida
Authors: Ricketts K.G. , Ladewig H.
Published: May 2008

The article considers the issue of leadership within rural communities, and how sense of community and social capital work with leadership to encourage change. Drawing on the research of leadership through a comparative case study undertaken in two viable Florida communities, we examine the relationships and effects among the aforementioned variables. Using path analysis, results indicated only community empowerment and building social capital through trust had a direct effect on a community's openness to change. Conclusions illustrated leadership importance at the community level. Effective community leaders assisted in developing important relationships, establishing communication and imparting community direction, thereby providing the needed link between variables. Implications suggest a unique type of community leadership training is needed as well as further research focusing on leadership, change and development.
Making Sense of Leadership in Norway: The View from Management Consultants
Authors: Espedal Bjarne
Published: May 2008

The current article addresses how management consultants come to believe that some leaders will do well in the future. The findings from a study of Norwegian management consultants show that the way these professionals arrive at their beliefs depends on their seeing, liking, and trusting. The article suggests that what management consultants come to believe is important, because their beliefs and understanding may affect how leaders define their roles and identities, how we come to trust leaders, and how we legitimize leadership. Thus, management consultants are important sensemakers in the discussion about leadership. However, their sensemaking was path dependent, and they did not critically inquire into their own beliefs, thinking, and understanding.
Day service programmes for people with a severe intellectual disability and quality of life
Authors: Hartnett E. , Gallagher P. , Kiernan G. , Poulsen C. , Gilligan E. , Reynolds M.
Published: May 2008

This study focuses on the contributions of a community and campus based day programme to the quality of life of programme participants with a severe level of intellectual disability from the perspective of parents and staff. Qualitative interviews were carried out with parents and staff to explore the contribution that the two programmes had to participants' quality of life in the 6 months since the community based programme began. Schalock and Keith's Quality of Life Questionnaire was administered to supplement the qualitative data. Results indicated that the community based programme contributed more to participants' quality of life over the preceding 6 months than the campus based programme. This study revealed that community based participants' new-found social roles, their hobbies and their work opportunities had a positive effect on their quality of life.
Diffusion simulations of MC and M7C3 carbide coarsening in bcc and fcc matrix utilising new thermodynamic and kinetic description
Authors: Bratberg J. , Ågren J. , Frisk K.
Published: May 2008

A new thermodynamic database has been combined with an existing kinetic database to perform coarsening simulations in ternary systems including MC and M7C3 carbides in an fcc matrix. The kinetic database was revised taking into consideration the new experimental information on the Fe–Cr–V–C system obtained in the present work, and available experiments on the ternary Fe–Cr–C and Fe–V–C systems. After revision the agreement between experimental results and simulations was satisfactory. It was found that the interfacial energy of M7C3 was twice as large as that of the MC carbide. The calculations for commercial steels with 6 alloy elements gave results in satisfactory agreement with new experimental measurements. The present coarsening simulations use the calculated equilibrium state and the observed particle sizes as the state for the start of the simulations. All the simulations were performed with the DICTRA software.
Two-dimensional microstructure based modelling of Young's modulus of long fibre thermoplastic composite
Authors: Goel A. , Chawla K. K. , Vaidya U. K. , Chawla N. , Koopman M.
Published: May 2008

The dependence of physical and mechanical properties on microstructure is well known. Various numerical and analytical methods are routinely employed to predict the properties of multiphase materials but these models make certain simplifying assumptions about the microstructure of the material, such as homogeneity, that are not accurate. In the present work, a microstructure based finite element code called object oriented finite element method (OOF) has been used to investigate the longitudinal elastic modulus of a long fibre reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) composite (glass fibre/polypropylene). The modulus value predicted by OOF was then compared with the experimental value and values predicted by various models. It is shown that by taking into account the important microstructural parameters in the composite, i.e. the actual fibre orientation and distribution, accurate prediction of modulus can be obtained.
Analyses of murine GBP homology clusters based on in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Kresse Alexandra , Konermann Carolin , Degrandi Daniel , Beuter-Gunia Cornelia , Wuerthner Jan , Pfeffer Klaus , Beer Sandra
Published: May 2008

The interactions between pathogens and hosts lead to a massive upregulation of antimicrobial host effector molecules. Among these, the 65 kDa guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are interesting candidates as intricate components of the host effector molecule repertoire. Members of the GBP family are highly conserved in vertebrates. Previous reports indicate an antiviral activity of human GBP1 (hGBP1) and murine GBP2 (mGBP2). We recently demonstrated that distinct murine GBP (mGBP) family members are highly upregulated uponToxoplasma gondiiinfection and localize around the intracellular protozoaT. gondii. Moreover, we characterised five new mGBP family members within the murine 65 kDa GBP family. Here, we identified a new mGBP locus namedmGbp11. Based on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), expressed sequence tag (EST), and RT-PCR analyses this study provides a detailed insight into the genomic localization and organization of the mGBPs. These analyses revealed a 166-kb spanning region on chromosome 3 harboring five transcribed mGBPs (mGbp1, mGbp2, mGbp3, mGbp5, andmGbp7) and one pseudogene (pseudomGbp1), as well as a 332-kb spanning region on chromosome 5 consisting of six transcribed mGBPs (mGbp4, mGbp6, mGbp8, mGbp9, mGbp10, andmGbp11), and one pseudogene (pseudomgbp2). Besides the strikingly high homology of 65% to 98% within the coding sequences, the mGBPs on chromosome 5 cluster also exhibit a highly homologous exon-intron structure whereas the mGBP on chromosome 3 reveals a more divergent exon-intron structure. This study details the comprehensive genomic organization of mGBPs and suggests that a continuously changing microbial environment has exerted evolutionary pressure on this gene family leading to multiple gene amplifications. A list of links for this article can be found in the Availability and requirements section.
Genomic analysis of post-mating changes in the honey bee queen (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Kocher Sarah D , Richard Freddie-Jeanne , Tarpy David R , Grozinger Christina M
Published: May 2008

Background

The molecular mechanisms underlying the post-mating behavioral and physiological transitions undergone by females have not been explored in great detail. Honey bees represent an excellent model system in which to address these questions because they exhibit a range of "mating states," with two extremes (virgins and egg-laying, mated queens) that differ dramatically in their behavior, pheromone profiles, and physiology. We used an incompletely-mated mating-state to understand the molecular processes that underlie the transition from a virgin to a mated, egg-laying queen. We used same-aged virgins, queens that mated once but did not initiate egg-laying, and queens that mated once and initiated egg-laying.

Results

Differences in the behavior and physiology among groups correlated with the underlying variance observed in the top 50 predictive genes in the brains and the ovaries. These changes were correlated with either a behaviorally-associated pattern or a physiologically-associated pattern. Overall, these results suggest that the brains and the ovaries of queens are uncoupled or follow different timescales; the initiation of mating triggers immediate changes in the ovaries, while changes in the brain may require additional stimuli or take a longer time to complete. Comparison of our results to previous studies of post-mating changes in Drosophila melanogaster identified common biological processes affected by mating, including stress response and alternative-splicing pathways. Comparison with microarray data sets related to worker behavior revealed no obvious correlation between genes regulated by mating and genes regulated by behavior/physiology in workers.

Conclusion

Studying the underlying molecular mechanisms of post-mating changes in honey bee queens will not only give us insight into how molecular mechanisms regulate physiological and behavioral changes, but they may also lead to important insights into the evolution of social behavior. Post-mating changes in gene regulation in the brains and ovaries of honey bee queens appear to be triggered by different stimuli and may occur on different timescales, potentially allowing changes in the brains and the ovaries to be uncoupled.
cAMP potentiates InsP3-induced Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum in blowfly salivary glands
Authors: Schmidt Ruth , Baumann Otto , Walz Bernd
Published: May 2008

Background

Serotonin induces fluid secretion from Calliphora salivary glands by the parallel activation of the InsP3/Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways. We investigated whether cAMP affects 5-HT-induced Ca2+ signaling and InsP3-induced Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Results

Increasing intracellular cAMP level by bath application of forskolin, IBMX or cAMP in the continuous presence of threshold 5-HT concentrations converted oscillatory [Ca2+]i changes into a sustained increase. Intraluminal Ca2+ measurements in the ER of β-escin-permeabilized glands with mag-fura-2 revealed that cAMP augmented InsP3-induced Ca2+ release in a concentration-dependent manner. This indicated that cAMP sensitized the InsP3 receptor Ca2+ channel for InsP3. By using cAMP analogs that activated either protein kinase A (PKA) or Epac and the application of PKA-inhibitors, we found that cAMP-induced augmentation of InsP3-induced Ca2+ release was mediated by PKA not by Epac. Recordings of the transepithelial potential of the glands suggested that cAMP sensitized the InsP3/Ca2+ signaling pathway for 5-HT, because IBMX potentiated Ca2+-dependent Cl- transport activated by a threshold 5-HT concentration.

Conclusion

This report shows, for the first time for an insect system, that cAMP can potentiate InsP3-induced Ca2+ release from the ER in a PKA-dependent manner, and that this crosstalk between cAMP and InsP3/Ca2+ signaling pathways enhances transepithelial electrolyte transport.