bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and evaluation of morphological and yield traits of tamarind genotypes
Authors: POOJA G K  , Nagarajappa Adivappar  , Shivakumar B. S.  , Lakshmana D.  , Sharanabasappa
Published: August 2023

The evaluation of morphological and yield traits of tamarind genotypes was carried out during 2017-18 at Forest Research Station, Govinkovi, Honnali taluk, Davangere district. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 16 genotypes and three replications. Trees were 14-years-old and of grafted origin. All the morphological and yield traits showed significant difference among the selected genotypes indicating the presence of adequate variations. The genotypes recorded morphological variation in terms of tree shape (semi-circle to irregular shape), foliage arrangement (dense to sparse), flowering time (early, mid and late), stem colour (dark brown, brown and light brown), bud colour (greenish white, pink, dark pink), petal colour (yellow and pale yellow), pod colour (greyish brown, brown, light brown and dark brown), pulp colour (light brown, brown and reddish brown), pod shape (straight, slightly curved, curved and deeply curved) and pod size (very big, big, medium and small). The analysis of variance revealed significant difference with respect to tree height, stem girth, pod traits, pod yield per tree (K-9 : 12.80 kg), number of pods per tree (NTI-52 : 989.07) and pulp per cent (K-9 : 48.87). Among the 16 genotypes, the genotype K-9 was found superior with respect to pod size, pod weight, pulp weight and pod yield per tree. Genotype K-9 was found promising and due to perennial in nature further evaluation is required for stability.
Optimization of freeze drying parameters for moringa (Moringa oleifera) flower powder by using response surface methodology and principal component analysis
Authors: G Pandidurai , S Amutha , S Kanchana , S Vellaikumar , K Prabhakaran
Published: August 2023

Moringa oleifera Lam. is an incredible plant because of vital nutrients such as minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals. The present work is focused on studying the optimization and quality attributes retention in moringa flowers in a freeze dryer (FD). Because the conventional drying process takes more time and energy which will affect the product quality and safety. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the effect of drying temperature (- 65 to - 45°C), vacuum pressure (0.5 to 2.5 mmHg) and drying time (18 to 24 h.) on the vitamin C, total antioxidant activity(TAA) and hygroscopicity (HS) of moringa flower. The developed model response R2 values of vitamin C 0.96, total antioxidant activity 0.97 and hygroscopicity0.95. Based on response surface and desirability (0.74) functions, moringa flower was freeze sdried at - 63.75°C for18 hr under 0.55 vacuum pressure had an optimum level of vitamin C 285.84 mg/100g, TAA 453.20 mg/100g and HS 1.57 percent. Freeze dried moringa flower powder at -55°C had maximum drying characteristics with special reference to high powder recovery (98.75%) and excellent flowability.The first principal component, accounting for 52.15 per cent and two 23.02 per cent of the total variance resolved the different drying temperatures.
Assessment of growth and yield parameters in Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) through correlation and path analysis under hilly zone of Karnataka
Authors: Hiremata Virupakshi , Narayanaswamy M  , Shet R M
Published: August 2023

Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) commonly called as betel nut is a high value commercial cropof coastal and Malnad region of Kerala and Karnataka. The present study was carried outat Agricultural and Horticultural research station Sringeri, UAHS Shivamogga in 2018. Thestudy attempts the correlation studies in the germplasm will help to understand the mutualrelationship among various traits and thereby assist in selecting the character contributingto the yield. In addition to this the selection for yield directly is ineffective as yield is affected by many other traits. The highest positive significant for the association of fruit yield per palm was with the fresh kernel weight per palm (0.96g) followed by dry weight of husk per palm (0.89g) and fresh weight of husk per palm (0.89g). Path analysis revealed that nineteen out of thirty-four characters recorded that fruit volume (2.40cc) had highest positive direct effect on fruit yield per palm followed by fresh fruit weight (2.17g) and breadth of leaf sheath (2.11m). It can be concluded that growth and yield characters may be considered in selection criteria for the improvement of yield in arecanut.
19. Yüzyılda Görülen Batılılaşmanın 20. Yüzyıla Tesiri: Dârü’l-Elhân Örneği
Authors: KARABAŞOĞLU Cemal , DİLBER Murat Can
Published: August 2023

19. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Tanzimat fermanıyla başlayan süreçte özellikle siyasi, askeri ve eğitim alanlarında yapılan ıslahat ve yeniliklerin Osmanlı müzik kültürü üzerinde önemli etkileri olmuştur. Bu etkilerin ortaya çıkmasında geleneksel saray okulu Enderun’un yerine kurulan eğitim kurumları ile Mehterhâne-i Hümâyun’un yerine kurulan Mûzikâ-yı Hümâyun, müzik kültüründeki değişimin de başlangıcı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Özellikle geleneksel müzik eğitim ve icrâsının yapıldığı kurumların faaliyetlerinin sonlanması ve yerlerine Mûzikâ-yı Hümâyun’un ihdas edilmesi neticesinde batılılaşmanın ve Batı müziğinin kurumsal tarzda icrâ edilmeye başlanması önemli bir değişimi ifade etmektedir. 19. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde yaşanan bu değişimin bir sonucu olarak Batı müziği icrâcılığı ve bestekârlığı, yüzyılın sonuna doğru bilhassa saray ve çevresinde yaygınlaşmıştır. Batı müziğinin bu düzeyde yaygınlaşması ve kurumsal olarak icrâ edilmesi karşısında Türk mûsikîsi çevrelerinde de kurumsallaşma çalışmaları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma ile 19. yüzyılda başlayan değişimin bir sonucu olarak 20. yüzyılın başlarında kurulan Dârü’l-elhân’ın, kurumsal yapısı ve eğitim sistemi üzerinden Türk mûsikîsindeki değişim ve dönüşüm açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.
EARLY MOBILIZATION AND THE ELASTIC BAND, AN EFFICIENT SOLUTION FOR AN INTUBATED SUBJECT: A CASE STUDY
Authors:   PhD student, Doctoral school, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, email: delia.stan@ubbcluj.ro, STAN Delia-Claudia , SANDOR Iosif ,   Doctoral school, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT. Introduction: In severely ill patients, weakness acquired in the intensive care unit is a frequent consequence. The advantages of early mobilization for adult intensive care unit patients include shorter stays in the intensive care unit and hospitals, a shorter need for mechanical ventilation, fewer days of harmful bedrest, fewer negative or dangerous occurrences, and increased walking distance. Early mobilization and rehabilitation programs using elastic bands for patients with severe illnesses in intensive care units enhance the weaning success and shorten ventilation times while also enhancing arm muscular power. Objective: This study case aimed to present the fact that early mobilization and elastic band exercises were efficient solutions for an intubated subject from the intensive care unit. Methods: A mechanically ventilated subject postoperatively for hiatal hernia and suspected phrenic nerve paresis, benefited from early mobilization and elastic band exercises and was assessed for the state of consciousness with the Richmond Agitation Scale, and muscle strength for the upper limb with the EH101 digital dynamometer. Results: Muscle strength at the level of the upper limbs increased from weak to normal and the subject was successfully extubated. Conclusions: In this case study we consider that early mobilization and the elastic band exercises program were effective, safe, inexpensive, and suitable for an intensive care unit, and it was the right solution for the success of weaning from the ventilator.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HUMAN CAPITAL MEASUREMENT AND DISCLOSURE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT FOR THE ZIMBABWEAN MINING COMPANIES
Authors: MPOFU Queen , SCHUTTE Daniel P.
Published: August 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a research instrument to measure and disclose human capital value in the financial statements. The study has been motivated by a lack of guidelines that determine key aspects of human capital despite its contribution to value creation and financial performance. Methodology: This study adopted a post-positivist research philosophy which endorses a quantitative research approach. Quantitative data were collected using the survey questionnaire instrument from the six listed mining companies in Zimbabwe. A convenience sampling technique was utilised and a human capital measurement and disclosure instrument was validated using the exploratory factor analysis. Findings: The paper established eight factors namely; human capital measurements, profitability measures, employee competencies, value drivers, performance-related factors, market-related factors, employee exposures and structure-related factors. The developed questionnaire instrument can be of use to other scholars and policymakers if their studies are aiming to investigate the respondents’ perceptions towards human capital reporting. This will also, provide a basis for the development of a standardised universal approach to measuring human capital value.
JEL Classification: J24, D19
Article history: Received: May 5, 2023; Reviewed: June 7, 2023; Accepted: June 15, 2023; Available online: July 31, 2023; Available print: August 30, 2023.
Independent Learning Curriculum in School Education Concepts and Planning in Islamic Religious Education Perspective
Authors: Mutiani Ria , Mardiah Ainun
Published: August 2023

This study tries to describe and analyze the importance of the "Freedom of Learning" curriculum seen from the concept and planning of education at SD Negeri 75 West Pontianak from the perspective of Islamic religious education. Educational "Freedom of Learning" at SD Negeri 75 West Pontianak from the perspective of Islamic religious education. The data were obtained using observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, following qualitative research procedures. While the analytical technique used was the inductive analysis technique. The results of this study show that in the independent curriculum design, the government emphasizes four programs, namely: USBN, UN, RPP, and PPDB Zoning. SD Negeri 75 Pontianak Barat has prepared itself to participate in innovation following the "Independent Learning" Curriculum program and is currently making preparations and designs regarding this matter. it's like One of them is that the school has provided workshops for teachers so that schools can instill the mindset that the goal of simplifying the RPP does not mean that the special teachers of Islamic Religious Education are lazy, but rather simplifying the RPP so that more teachers can learn.
Inclusive Education Policy in Madrasah
Authors: Muskania Ricka Tesi
Published: August 2023

Inclusive education is an educational reform for children with special needs so that they have the same rights to obtain an education. This policy of inclusive education is increasingly being promoted with the perception that all Indonesian citizens have the same rank as the fulfillment of human rights in all aspects of life. This study aims to describe policies related to inclusive education in madrasah under the auspices of the Ministry of Religion. This research is a literature study that analyzes the ministry of religion's policies related to inclusive education. The results of the literature study show that inclusive education policies in madrasah are still limited to normative and regulatory policies. The implementation of the policy has not been supervised by all madrasah at the primary education level (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah), and secondary education (Madrasah Tsanawiyah and Madrasah Aliyah).
Policy Analysis Of Competence Development Of Civil Servants Through Education
Authors: Mulyono Adi
Published: August 2023

The development of the competence of civil servants (PNS) is guaranteed in Law Number 5 of 2014. Technically this policy is regulated in the Circular Letter of the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform (MENPAN RB) Number 28 of 2021. This policy is a general policy, giving rise to challenges in its implementation for Ministries, Institutions, Local Governments (K/L/D), civil servants, and the State Civil Service Agency (BKN) or Menpan RB as regulators and implementers of education policies for civil servants. This research is a public policy analysis process, the analysis is carried out qualitatively with a scenario writing approach. The author is of the opinion that the existing policies still have aspects that need to be clarified by regulators, both Menpan RB and BKN and at the same time translated by K/L/D in their operational policies. Policy formulation offered: Strict acknowledgment of education for civil servants who completed their education before 1 year to become civil servants because they studied before being civil servants. The assignment of study assignments must be in line with the Human Resource Development Program and be carefully formulated, trimming the bureaucratic path for determining study assignments by integrating the release of temporary positions, and determining study assignment allowances for state lecturers. available data on legality and accreditation of study programs that can be chosen by civil servants. the accessibility of accredited study programs can be expanded by the availability of valid distance classes or weekend classes and temporary transfer of civil servants to other work units close to the study location. A measured period of study is required followed by a tightening of obligations. a policy from BKN or Menpan RB is needed regarding the model, time frame, and implementation of the re-entry program. The opportunity for recognition of PNS Degrees/Education Improvement is formulated by BKN to ensure legal certainty for the recognition of PNS titles. Expected implications Competence increases and legal certainty is met.
Design and Implementation of P300 Brain-Controlled Wheelchair with a Developed Wireless DA Converter
Authors: Li Zizhu , Li Boning , Luo Wenping , Cao Jianting
Published: August 2023

This article presents a P300 brain-controlled wheelchair system utilizing a wireless Digital-to-Analog converter for signal transmission. The wireless Digital-to-Analog converter addresses issues with device connectivity and simplifies signal transmission, removing the need for complex serial port protocols. A support vector machine model is trained to extract the P300 component from the Electroencephalogram signal. A P300 stimulator is designed to elicit the P300 component response, with subjects controlling the wheelchair's movement by looking at randomly flickering white circles. Experimental validation is conducted on a modified wheelchair, demonstrating the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method.
Use of expanded carrier screening for retrospective diagnosis of two deceased siblings with Van Maldergem syndrome 2: case report
Authors: Rahmani Nasim , Ahmadvand Mohammad , Khakpour Golnaz
Published: August 2023

Van Maldergem syndrome (VMLDS) is a recessive disease which affects multiple organs including the face, ear, and limb extremities. It can be caused by pathogenic variants in either the gene DCHS1 or FAT4. Diagnosis of VMLDS is complicated, especially regarding its similarity of symptoms to Hennekam syndrome, another disorder caused by FAT4 variants. Reported patients are two infantile siblings with multiple congenital anomalies, who deceased without clinical diagnosis. Whole exome sequencing was exploited for expanded carrier screening (ECS) of their parents, which revealed a novel splicing variant in the gene FAT4, NM_024582.6: c.7018+1G>A. In silico analysis of the variant indicates loss of canonical donor splice site of intron 6. This variant is classified as pathogenic based on ACMG criteria. Reverse phenotyping of patients resulted in likely diagnosis of VMLDS2. This study reaffirms the possibility of using ECS, leading to the genetic diagnosis of a rare disease with complicated clinical features.
Comparison of dietary intake between fixed orthodontic patients and control subjects
Authors: Shirazi Alireza Sarraf , Mobarhan Majid Ghayour , Nik Elham , Kerayechian Navid , Ferns Gordon A.
Published: August 2023

Background: Adolescence is a period of rapid physiological and psychological development which is associated with an increased demand in nutritional requirements. Orthodontic therapy is also commonly initiated during this phase of life and nutritional intake may also change during treatment.

Aims: To compare the nutrient intakes of adolescents wearing fixed orthodontic appliances and a control group matched for age and gender.

Method: A total of 180 patients aged between 15 and 17 years participated in this study (90 in the study group and 90 controls). Demographic data were collected by questionnaire and dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour memory recall and was analysed using Dietplan6 software (Forestfield Software Ltd, UK). Comparisons between groups were assessed by the Independent sample t-test and the SPSS was used for statistical analysis.

Results: Orthodontic patients consumed a similar number of total calories, protein and carbohydrate (p > 0.05); however, they had a greater intake of total fat, saturated fat, monosaturated fat, polysaturated fat, linolenic fat, linoleic fat and cholesterol and significantly lower intake of fibre, chromium and beta-carotene (p < 0.05) compared with the Control group. The intake of other macro- and micro-nutrients did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions: Adolescents receiving orthodontic treatment have an altered dietary intake that can be harmful to their health.

As adolescents are at a critical stage of development and dietary intake is of particular importance, it is recommended that targeted nutritional guidance is provided to patients during orthodontic treatment.
Evaluation of primary surgical outcomes in New Zealand patients with unilateral clefts of the lip and palate
Authors: Jack Hannah C. , Antoun Joseph S. , Fowler Peter V.
Published: August 2023

Objective: To evaluate and compare the primary surgical outcomes of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients in two New Zealand cleft care centres.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of two providers of cleft care in New Zealand: Centre A in the North Island and Centre B in the South Island of New Zealand. Pre-orthodontic study models were evaluated from 28 UCLP patients from Centre A with primary surgical repairs performed between 1987–1999 and 31 UCLP patients from Centre B with primary surgical repairs performed between 1984–2000. Dental arch relationships were measured using the Goslon Yardstick. A Goslon score of 1 is considered to be an excellent outcome, whereas a score of 5 is a very poor treatment outcome.

Results: Intra- (Kappa: 0.84 – 0.93) and inter-examiner (Kappa: 0.63 – 0.69) reliabilities revealed good to very good agreement between examiners using the Goslon Yardstick. The mean Goslon score for Centre A was 3.5, with no cases in Group 1, five cases in Group 2 (17.9 per cent), nine cases in Group 3 (32.1 per cent), 11 cases in Group 4 (39.3 per cent) and three cases in Group 5 (10.7 per cent). The mean score for Centre B was 3.1, with one case in Group 1 (3.2 per cent), nine cases in Group 2 (29.0 per cent), eight cases in Group 3 (25.8 per cent), 11 cases in Group 4 (35.5 per cent) and two cases in Group 5 (6.5 per cent). There were no statistically significant differences between the two centres (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: The outcome scores from the two cleft centres, based on historic records, were disappointing and higher than expected. It is recommended that a review of primary surgical protocols be implemented to ensure outcomes comparable with international standards. The results provide useful benchmarks for future comparisons of treatment.
A comparative diagnostic assessment of anterior tooth and bone status using panoramic and periapical radiography
Authors: Le Tina , Nassery Khash , Kahler Bill , Ao Geoffrey Heithersay
Published: August 2023

Aims: The aim of the present study was to compare diagnostic assessments of anterior tooth and bone status in a randomised cohort of pre-orthodontic patients using panoramic and periapical radiographs.

Method: Four hundred and forty-four cases with matched periapical and panoramic radiographs were examined by three observers. Two were final-year postgraduate endodontic students and the other, a final-year Honours degree dental student. Multi-rater Kappa values were used to assess the reliability of the observers, with a value of 1 equating to complete agreement.

Results: With the exception of endodontic Class 1 and 2 palatal invaginations, reliability exceeded 0.95 for all three observers. An assessment of the graduate endodontic students revealed only a marginal increase in the kappa values. Statistical analysis (p < 0.05) determined that developmental anomalies or tooth/bone pathoses were more reliably detected by observers using periapical radiographs compared with panoramic films. This finding has relevance given the likelihood of anterior dental trauma among young children.

Conclusion: While there have been considerable improvements in the quality of dental panoramic radiography, the present study indicated that a reliable pre-orthodontic or post-trauma diagnostic assessment should include both panoramic and intra-oral radiographs.
The safety zone for mini-implant maxillary anchorage in Mongoloids
Authors: Wey Mang Chek , Shim Chung Nam , Lee Meng Yit , Jamaluddin Marhazlinda , Ngeow Wei Cheong
Published: August 2023

Aim: This study aimed to establish a safety zone for the placement of mini-implants in the buccal surface between the second maxillary premolar (PM2) and first maxillary molar (M1) of Mongoloids.

Methods: Thirty-two digital orthopantomograms of Mongoloids were selected and the interdental distance between the second premolar and first molar at 2, 5, 8 and 11 mm from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) was measured. The distance between the PM2 and M1 root apices and from the apices to the maxillary sinus was also determined.

Results: The average width (mm) at 2 mm was 2.58 ± 0.53; 5 mm was 3.47 ± 0.61; 8 mm was 4.00 ± 0.74, 11 mm was 4.36 ± 0.71 and the distance between the apices was 7.49 ± 0.79. Only half of the samples were measured at 11 mm, as many of the root apices were superimposed over the maxillary sinus. The measurement (mm) from PM2 root apex to the sinus was -0.18 ± 1.56, from the mesiobuccal root apex of M1 (MB1) to the sinus was -1.94 ± 1.70 and from the midpoint between their apices to the sinus was -2.96 ± 2.06 (superimposed on the sinus).

Conclusion: The safest area to place mini-implants between the second premolar and the first molar in the maxilla of Mongoloids is between 5 to 8 mm above the CEJ.
Validity and reliability of tooth size and dental arch measurements: a stereo photogrammetric study
Authors: Al-Khatib Ali R. , Rajion Zainul A. , Masudi Sam’an M. , Hassan Rozita , Townsend Grant C.
Published: August 2023

Background: The development of three-dimensional computer imaging has many applications in dentistry, including the analysis of dental casts.

Aims: To assess the validity and reliability of a dental stereophotogrammetric imaging system.

Methods: The sample consisted of 35 sets of dental casts. Maxillary and mandibular dental crown widths and selected dental arch dimensions were measured directly using digital calipers. Cast images were also captured by a stereophotogrammetric system and analysed using Australis software. Dahlberg’s formula, paired t-tests and intra-class correlations were used to assess the random error, validity and reliability of the measurements, respectively.

Results: Most values demonstrated no significant difference between the direct and three-dimensional measurements with mean differences ranging from 0.05 - 0.21 mm. Moreover, values of intra-class correlation coefficients ranged between 0.80 - 0.99 for intra-examiner reliability.

Conclusions: Mesiodistal crown widths and dental arch dimensions may be measured accurately with relatively small error by the specially-designed 3D system and confirms its suitability for clinical and research purposes.
The effect of fluoride exposure on the load-deflection properties of superelastic nickel-titanium-based orthodontic archwires
Authors: Ahrari Farzaneh , Ramazanzadeh Barat-Ali , Sabzevari Berahman , Ahrari Ali
Published: August 2023

Background: It has been demonstrated that fluoride prophylactic agents may cause hydrogen absorption in NiTi wires and degrade their mechanical properties.

Aims: To investigate the effect of a fluoride mouthwash on load-deflection characteristics of three types of nickel-titanium-based orthodontic archwires.

Methods: Twenty maxillary 0.016 inch round specimens from each of the single-strand NiTi (Rematitan ‘Lite’), multi-strand NiTi (SPEED Supercable) and Copper NiTi (Damon Copper NiTi) wires were selected. The specimens were kept in either 0.2% NaF or artificial saliva solutions at 37°C for 24 hours (N = 10). The wire load-deflection properties were measured by a Zwick testing machine, using a three-point bending test. An un-paired student’s t-test, a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test were used to assess statistical significance.

Results: Immersion in NaF solution affected the load-deflection properties of NiTi wires. The unloading forces at 0.5 and 1.0 mm deflections were significantly lower in fluoride-treated specimens compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). Unloading forces at 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mm deflections were not statistically different between fluoride- and saliva-treated specimens (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: The results suggested that subjecting NiTi wires to fluoride agents decreased associated unloading forces, especially at lower deflections, and may result in delayed tooth alignment.
A qualitative investigation of specialist orthodontists in New Zealand: Part 2. Orthodontists’ working lives and work-life balance
Authors: Soma Kieran J. , Murray Thomson W. , Morgaine Kate C. , Harding Winifred J.
Published: August 2023

Background: Orthodontics is the most widely practised form of specialist dentistry in New Zealand. To date, no known qualitative research has been published examining the work-life balance of practitioners. The aim of this study was to investigate the working lives and work-life balance of NZ orthodontists in order to generate an understanding of the reality of orthodontic specialist practice and its effects on orthodontists’ professional and personal lives.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted involving 19 practising orthodontists (four females, 15 males; mean age 50 years) from throughout New Zealand and selected for maximum variation in the sample. Transcribed interviews were analysed for themes using an applied grounded theory approach.

Results: A core category of ‘practising orthodontist’ was derived, and related themes were grouped under the sub-categories of: (a) NZ orthodontic specialist practice; (b) NZ specialist orthodontists; and (c) Work-life balance. The present paper reports on the final sub-category. Themes emerging from the work-life sub-category were further divided into two sub-themes of ‘work’ and ‘life’. Themes in the ‘work’ sub-group included time off, injuries and illness, regrets, personality traits, job stress and criticism, establishing a practice, peer support and contact, and success in orthodontics. Themes in the ‘life’ sub-group were personal development, family life, life balance and interests outside work, and financial security.

Conclusions: This was the first qualitative investigation of the orthodontic profession in New Zealand. The findings provided a valuable insight into the working lives of New Zealand orthodontists and effects on their day-to-day lives. It will be revealing and interesting to observe how the modernisation of orthodontic practice will affect the work-life balance of New Zealand orthodontists in the future.
Bone density and miniscrew stability in orthodontic patients
Authors: Samrit Vilas , Kharbanda Om Prakash , Duggal Ritu , Seith Ashu , Malhotra Varun
Published: August 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate bone density in buccal inter-radicular bone between second premolars and first permanent molars and its association with the clinical stability of miniscrews used for en masse retraction of anterior teeth in extraction cases.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight miniscrews were placed in ten patients (8 females, 2 males: mean age, 18.9 ± 4.12 years) to provide indirect orthodontic anchorage. Twenty miniscrews were placed in the maxilla and eighteen were inserted in the mandible. All of the miniscrews were placed in the buccal inter-radicular bone between the second premolar and the first permanent molar. Bone density at each miniscrew site was recorded by computed tomography and recorded in Hounsfield units (HU) before miniscrew placement. Nickel-titanium closed-coil springs were used to apply an orthodontic force of 2N within one week following placement.

Results: Cortical bone density values ranged from 506.7 - 1705.6 HU (Mean, 929.27 ± 322.12 HU) in the maxilla and 503.8 - 1544.8 HU (Mean, 1116.2 ± 298.33 HU) in the mandible. Cancellous bone density values ranged from 185.9 - 930.8 HU (Mean, 450.09 ± 205.66 HU) in the maxilla and 197.3 - 803.6 HU (Mean, 561.87 ± 170.83 HU) in the mandible. There was no statistically significant difference between right and left sides. A bone density comparison between the maxilla and mandible revealed statistically significant higher values in mandibular cortical bone (p = 0.008), while no significant difference was found in cancellous bone values (p = 0.097). Clinically, the success rate of miniscrews in the maxilla was 100% but only 77.8% in the mandible. Miniscrew failures were associated with peri-implant inflammation and miniscrew proximity to dental roots. No relation was found between bone density and miniscrew stability.

Conclusion: The present study determined that no definitive association could be established between miniscrew success and bone density.
Effect of chlorhexidine varnish application on Streptococcus mutans colonisation in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances
Authors: Attin Rengin , Yetkiner Enver , Aykut-Yetkiner Arzu , Knösel Michael , Attin Thomas
Published: August 2023

Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the re-colonisation pattern of Streptococcus mutans (MS) in high-level MS-colonised patients with fixed orthodontic appliances following 40% chlorhexidine varnish application prior to bracket placement.

Materials and methods: The subjects of this single-blinded clinical trial were 13-14-year-old adolescents (N = 14) with significant orthodontic treatment need, a high salivary MS count but without any carious lesions. Baseline MS levels were determined by the cultivation of saliva collected from each subject using strips developed for this purpose (Strip-mutans, Orion Diagnostica, Espoo, Finland). Prior to the bonding of orthodontic brackets, 40% chlorhexidine varnish (EC 40, Explore, Nijmegen, Netherlands) was applied to all teeth for 10 minutes. The re-colonisation of MS was assessed at one, two, four and six week time periods. The data obtained were subjected to a repeated measures design.

Results: Chlorhexidine varnish reduced salivary MS significantly at the first, second and fourth weeks compared to baseline values. Significant MS suppression lasted less than six weeks and MS colonisation gradually returned to baseline level.

Conclusion: Repeated application of chlorhexidine varnish in orthodontic patients with high MS levels may be beneficial throughout fixed appliance orthodontic treatment.
Reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks on facial images captured on a 3D camera
Authors: Othman Siti Adibah , Ahmad Roshahida , Merican Amir Feisal , Jamaludin Marhazlinda
Published: August 2023

Objective: Fast and non-invasive systems of the three-dimensional (3D) technology are a recent trend in orthodontics. The reproducibility of facial landmarks is important so that 3D facial measurements are accurate and may be applied clinically. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks using a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera.

Material and methods: Twenty-four soft tissue landmarks on 3D facial images captured using a VECTRA-3D dual module camera system for full face imaging (Canfield Scientific Inc, Fairfield, NJ, USA) were viewed and analysed using Mirror software on 30 adult subjects (15 males and 15 females, in the age range of 20–25 years). The landmarks were identified, recorded and measured twice on each 3D facial image by one examiner after a 2-week interval. Intra-class correlations and paired t-test or Wilcoxon Rank test were performed for each landmark to assess intra-examiner reproducibility.

Results: Intra-class correlation coefficients for all 24 landmarks ranged from 0.68 to 0.97, indicating moderate to high reliability and reproducibility of all facial soft tissue landmarks. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Rank test also revealed that there were no significant differences in all 24 facial soft tissue landmarks measurements (p = 0.17 – 0.99).

Conclusion: The results indicated that the reproducibility of identification of landmarks by one operator on facial images captured using a VECTRA-3D camera was acceptable. This device may be useful in treatment planning and may provide accurate information in making clinical decisions. However, it is suggested that further studies on inter-examiner reproducibility should be undertaken.
Aesthetic perception and factors associated with dentofacial midline awareness
Authors: Guo Congcong , Zhou Chen , Quan Chuntian , Wang Yuanyuan , Fan Mingling , Wang Weicai , Bao Baicheng
Published: August 2023

Aims: To examine orthodontic patients’ aesthetic perception and factors likely to influence the detection of a dentofacial midline discrepancy.

Methods: An electronic questionnaire was designed to invite an orthodontic population to evaluate and select an ideal value, a detectable value and a tolerable value from a series of images exhibiting a dentofacial midline discrepancy. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate possible influencing factors.

Results: A barely discernable dentofacial midline discrepancy ranged between -0.020 ± 0.38 mm. The personal characteristics of the evaluators appeared to have no appreciable effect at this level. A detectable value was 1.33 ± 0.63 mm and the education level, orthodontic history and malocclusion severity were influencing factors amongst the assessors. A tolerable value was 2.63 ± 0.94 mm and influencing factors included the education level and the malocclusion severity of the evaluators.

Conclusion: The barely discernable value, detectable value and tolerable value could be used to quantify the aesthetic perception of orthodontic patients regarding a dentofacial midline discrepancy. The aesthetic perception was influenced by observer education level, orthodontic history and personal malocclusion severity, but not by age, gender, and subjective evaluation of dentofacial appearance.
The evidence supporting methods of tooth width measurement: Part II. Digital models and intra-oral scanners
Authors: Naidu Devan , Freer Terrence J.
Published: August 2023

Digital models and intra-oral scanners are gaining increasing popularity in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning by allowing clinicians to store and ‘virtually’ analyse dental casts. The present paper reviews the various digital model programs and available intra-oral scanners and presents the research which has tested their accuracy. With this information, clinicians may be better informed to adopt the most appropriate system.
Permanent mandibular canine(s) impaction: expansion of our understanding
Authors: Jain Shikha , Sadashiva Shetty K. , Prakash Anaveri T. , Agrawal Mamta , Jain Shweta
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Eruption disturbances, tooth size and specific malocclusions are known to be genetically influenced. The clinical association between these traits may indicate common genetic controls.

Objectives: A cross-sectional clinical study was designed to test the null hypothesis that the maximum mesiodistal crown diameter (MMD) of maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors and the prevalence of various classes of incisor relationships (Class I, II/1, II/2 and III) do not differ between the subjects with and without permanent mandibular canine(s) impaction.

Methods: Dental models of 43 subjects diagnosed with mandibular canine(s) impaction (Impaction Group - IG) were compared with those of 86 subjects of a control reference sample (Control Group - CG). Independent t-test and chi-square tests were used to determine the association between mandibular canine(s) impaction and the MMD of the incisors and the incisor relationship, respectively. The likelihood of various incisor relationships between the IG and CG were evaluated according to odds ratios.

Results: A fourfold increase (p < 0.0001) in the overall frequency of Class II/2 incisor relationship was observed in the IG when compared to controls.

Conclusions: The null hypothesis was rejected. Subjects with mandibular canine(s) impaction appeared to be characterised with wider incisors and a remarkably high rate of Class II/2 malocclusion. This information assists the understanding of genetically controlled dental anomalies, which are likely to co-exist with mandibular canine(s) impaction.
Treatment effects of a Twin-Force Bite Corrector versus an Activator in comparison with an untreated Class II sample: a preliminary report
Authors: Dalci Oyku , Altug Ayse Tuba , Memikoglu Ufuk Toygar
Published: August 2023

Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the treatment outcomes of a fixed-functional appliance (Twin-Force Bite Corrector - TFBC) and a conventional removable functional appliance (Activator) in the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusions.

Methods: The TFBC and Activator Groups each included 10 young adults possessing a skeletal Class II malocclusion, and the treatment outcomes of both groups were quantified and compared, using lateral cephalometric radiographs, with an untreated skeletal Class II Control Group.

Results: A skeletal Class I relationship and a marked reduction in overjet were achieved in both treatment groups; however, the duration of treatment was significantly shorter in the TFBC Group (0.45 years) when compared with the Activator Group (1.37 years) (p < 0.001). Effective length and sagittal positioning of the mandible underwent significant changes in the TFBC and Activator Groups. Vertical facial dimensions increased in each group; however, these increases were significantly greater in the Activator Group when compared to the TFBC and Control Groups (p < 0.05). Dentoalveolar changes also contributed to the reduction in overjet.

Conclusions: Although both appliances succeeded in eliminating the Class II relationship and improving the overjet and overbite, the short treatment time in the TFBC Group raises questions regarding the long-term stability of the results.
Cortical bone thickness of the adult alveolar process - a retrospective CBCT study
Authors: Germec-Cakan Derya , Tozlu Murat , Ozdemir Fulya
Published: August 2023

Objectives: To investigate and compare cortical bone thickness of the posterior alveolar process in adult patients presenting with skeletal Class I, II and III malocclusions.

Methods: Cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images of 196 adult subjects, aged 20–45, were evaluated. Cortical bone thickness was measured 4 mm from the alveolar crest, as the shortest bucco-lingual dimension of the cortical bone at interdental sites from the distal of the maxillary canine to the mesial of the maxillary second molar.

Results: There were no differences between the malocclusion groups in mean age, gender, or vertical pattern (p > 0.05). At all sites measured, there were no statistically significant differences in the means of cortical bone thickness between the groups (p > 0.05). Maxillary palatal bone thickness was reduced in the Class I (p < 0.0001), and Class II (p < 0.001) groups; but mandibular buccal thickness increased significantly (p < 0.001) in all malocclusion groups from anterior to posterior.

Conclusions: There was no difference in cortical bone plate thickness between Class I, II and III subjects when related to mini– implant placement sites. As the measurement site moved towards the posterior, maxillary palatal cortical thickness decreased except in Class III cases, while mandibular buccal bone thickness increased in all malocclusion groups.
Severity and outcome assessments of patients undertaking surgical orthodontic treatment
Authors: Zhao Yilong , Fowler Peter V.
Published: August 2023

Background: Combined orthognathic-orthodontic treatment can be lengthy and expensive. It is therefore important to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed treatment and the likely outcomes.

Objectives: To determine the demographic and surgical details of patients who received orthognathic-orthodontic treatment at Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand, and to assess treatment using the Severity and Outcome Index (SOI).

Methods: An observational and retrospective study was conducted of patients who received surgical orthodontic treatment between 2005 and 2012 at Christchurch Hospital. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 93 patients were evaluated. Seven cephalometric parameters were assessed using the Severity and Outcome Index. A severity score ranged from 0 for the most severe to 7 for the least severe, while the outcome score ranged from 0 for the worst to 7 for the best outcome.

Results: Class II patients had a severity score of 3.4 and the best outcome score of 6.2. Class III patients had a severity score of 3.3 and an outcome score of 6.1. Patients with an anterior open bite (AOB) had the worst severity score of 3.0, and the worst outcome score of 5.9. The overall treatment outcome scores for all groups were statistically significantly greater than the severity scores, which increased from 3.4 to 6.1 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Favourable outcomes were achieved for a group of patients with a high need for treatment. Christchurch Hospital appeared to be treating cases of increased severity and gained better treatment outcomes when compared with a United Kingdom (UK) national audit.
In vitro spectrophotometric evaluation of Vivera® clear thermoplastic retainer discolouration
Authors: Zafeiriadis Anastasios A. , Karamouzos Andreas , Athanasiou Athanasios E. , Eliades Theodore , Palaghias George
Published: August 2023

Aims: To investigate the in vitro effect of different staining solutions on the colour stability of Vivera® retainers.

Methods: Thirty flat specimens fabricated using the Vivera® material (Align Technology Inc., CA, USA) were assigned into five Groups (A, B, C, D and E) and immersed at 37°C in solutions of distilled water (control), coffee, tea, red wine, and Coca-Cola®. The CIE colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) of each specimen were measured before immersion (T0) and after 12 hours (T1), three days (T2) and seven days (T3) of solution exposure. Colour differences (ΔΕ) between the interval groups were calculated.

Results: Significant differences were observed concerning (i) L* between T3 and T0, T1 and T2 for Group B; (ii) a* between T0 and T1, T2 and T3 for Groups B, C, D and E, as well as between T1 and T2 for Group C; and (iii) b* between T0 and T1, T2 and T3 for Group B and between T0 and T2 and T3 for Group C. The differences between ΔΕ(T1-T0), ΔΕ(T2-T0) and ΔΕ(T3-T0) were statistically significant for Groups B and C, as well as the difference between ΔΕ(T1-T0) and ΔΕ(T2-T0) for Group D.

Conclusions: Coffee, tea and red wine caused visible changes in the retainers’ colour.
Body dysmorphic disorder and orthodontics – an overview for clinicians
Authors: Anthony Marshneil Trista , Farella Mauro
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) often seek aesthetic medical treatment including orthodontics to correct their perceived physical defects. When the disorder pertains to the dentofacial region, it is important for orthodontists to be familiar with this condition.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on BDD and its relationship to orthodontics.

Method: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases were searched for publications relating to BDD and orthodontics. Further articles were sourced from the reference lists of the articles identified through the search.

Results: The literature recommends that orthodontic patients suspected of having BDD should be referred to a psychiatrist for a definitive diagnosis and subsequent management. However, this may be difficult to implement in clinical practice. Management by a psychiatrist could include pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy. There is still debate as to whether orthodontic treatment should be provided for these patients.

Conclusion: As health care workers providing aesthetic treatment to patients, orthodontists should be aware of BDD and its implications. Risks include repeated requests for unnecessary treatment, dissatisfaction with the result and thus potential for litigation. BDD still remains a challenge to diagnose, and further research is needed to determine the appropriate management of orthodontic patients suffering from the disorder.
PD-1 Blockage Facilitates Cytotoxic T and NK Cells Tumoricidal Phenotype in a Murine Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Tripković Sanja , Jocić Miodrag , Stanisavljević Isidora , Jovanović Marina , Jurišević Milena , Petrović Andjela , Jovanović Milan , Milev Boško , Marić Veljko , Jovanović Marina
Published: August 2023

In breast cancer therapy, as the leading cause of death in women, besides chemo-radiotherapy, immunotherapy has been increasingly used. PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade primarily acts on T lymphocytes, the main effectors of acquired immune response. NK cells, which are part of the innate immune response, also play a role in the anti-tumor response through the blockade of this signaling pathway. The study was conducted to examine the effects of anti-PD-1 therapy on NK and T cells in mouse breast cancer. Female BALB/c mice were used, divided into two groups, one with induced breast cancer and one treated with anti-PD-1 antibody. Breast cancer cell line was used to induce the cancer, and the anti-PD-1 antibody was applied intraperitoneally. Cell populations in spleen and tumor microenvironment were examined using flow cytometry. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. The percentage of NK cells expressing FasL, NKG2D, and IFN-γ is significantly higher in spleen and tumor-infiltrating NK cells upon anti-PD-1 therapy, while the expression of inhibitory markers Foxp3 and IL-10 in regulatory NK cells is significantly lower. The percentage of T lymphocytes expressing CD107a and IL-17 is significantly higher in the spleen, while a higher number of T lymphocytes expressing CD69 is present in the tumor microenvironment. The study suggests that anti-PD-1 therapy can activate NK and T cells, and improve anti-tumor immune response in breast cancer. Further research is needed to understand the interplay between these cells during PD-1 blockage.