bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and population structure of Algerian chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes: use of agro-morphological traits and molecular markers linked or not linked to the gene or QTL of interest
Authors: Bellemou Djihad , Millàn Teresa , Gil Juan , Abdelguerfi Aissa , Laouar Meriem
Published: March 2020

Assessment of genetic diversity among chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm at the morphological and molecular levels is fundamental for chickpea breeding and conservation of genetic resources. Genetic variability of 46 chickpea genotypes including 42 Algerian genotypes and four control varieties was evaluated by using 15 agro-morphological traits. Eleven molecular markers including nine simple sequence repeats, one sequence characterised amplified region (SCY17) and one gene-specific (CaETR4) were used to characterise the 46 genotypes and eight references varieties added for disease resistance or susceptibility. Genotypes resistant to ascochyta blight were identified by the markers SCY17 and CaETR4 present together. High diversity was observed for all measured morphological traits between genotypes. Yield components, plant height, phenological traits and growth habit were the traits most involved in variation among genotypes and were partitioned into four groups by using principal component analysis. All molecular markers were polymorphic. In total, 91 alleles were obtained ranging from 2 to 21 per locus with average of 8.27 alleles per marker. Polymorphism information content ranged from 0.58 to 0.99 with an average value of 0.87. UPGMA clustering and Bayesian-based model structure analysis grouped genotypes into two clusters, but the distribution of the genotypes by cluster was not the same for the two analyses. According to the presence of markers indicating resistance to ascochyta blight (SCY17 and CaETR4), three resistant genotypes (FLIP 82-C92, ILC 6909, ILC 7241) were selected and should be tested in controlled conditions for confirmation. Considering the narrow diversity of cultivated chickpea, the Algerian genotypes can be considered as interesting for future breeding programs.
Social and behavioural research prospects for sexually transmissible infection prevention in the era of advances in biomedical approaches
Authors: Hogben Matthew , Dittus Patricia J. , Leichliter Jami S. , Aral Sevgi O.
Published: March 2020

In the past two decades, major advances in biomedical intervention approaches to prevent HIV and many sexually transmissible infections (STIs) have shown great promise. However, challenges to prevention remain in the area of achieving population-level impact for biomedical prevention approaches. In this paper we address what social and behavioural research approaches can contribute beyond well-known behaviour change and counselling interventions. We organise work into five areas. Adherence and disinhibition research is primarily into individual-level constructs pertaining to maximising intervention effectiveness. Coverage research represents a population-level construct germane to maximising efficient prioritisation for prevention. Research covering social determinants, a second population-level construct, contributes to both prioritisation and effectiveness. Finally, disparities and social inequities need to be incorporated into prevention, given the pervasive and persistent disparities found in rates of HIV and STIs and in their antecedents.
Change and spatial variability of soil organic matter humification after long-term tillage and olive mill wastewater application in arid regions
Authors: Ben Mbarek Hadda , Gargouri Kamel , Mbadra Chaker , Chaker Rayda , Souidi Yousra , Abbas Ouissam , Baeten Vincent , Rigane Hafedh
Published: March 2020

The changes of soil organic matter (SOM) humification induced by long-term combination of tillage and olive mill wastewater (OMW) application compared to natural and cultivated soil have been little investigated. This study aimed to compare effects of no cultivation with natural vegetation soil (NC), tillage (CT1) for 80 years and combination of tillage with OMW application (CT2) for 20 years on SOM humification degree. Fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-visible ratios (E4/E6 and CHA/CFA) were used to study soil humic acids (HAs). The SOM and humification distribution was determined for the whole field area using the Inverse Distance Weighting method. Results showed that SOM content, fluorescence emission area and E4/E6 and CHA/CFA ratios were higher in NC. Tillage reduced SOM amount, molecular size, aromatic condensation and humification degree as shown by the strong correlation between fluorescence area and CHA/CFA ratio in CT1 conversely to E4/E6. Contradictory results between fluorescence emission area and E4/E6 ratio found in NC and CT1 indicated that E4/E6 ratio was not a reliable indicator of SOM humification degree. The SOM amount, CHA/CFA ratio and emission fluorescence area increased conversely to E4/E6 ratio in CT2. This revealed a greatly humified organic matter and aromatic structure condensation with tillage and OMW application. Spatial distribution showed a progressive increase of SOM and CHA/CFA from north-west to south-east linked to the positive relationship between CHA/CFA ratio and SOM amount independent of soil management practices. Soil amended with OMW provided a favourable environment for the development of HAs which improved soil quality. The UV-visible ratio CHA/CFA with fluorescence emission area can be used as parameters to investigate SOM humification degree.
Variation in the reflexive in Australian Kriol
Authors: Dickson Greg , Durantin Gautier
Published: March 2020

With 20,000 speakers across Northern Australia, Australian Kriol is well known to exhibit geographic variation but this has never been systematically studied. This article stems from the first dialectological study of Kriol, focusing on the eastern portion of the Kriol-speaking area. It analyses variation in forms of the Kriol reflexive, which is derived from the English form ‘myself/meself’ but is invariant for person and number. The analysis utilises random forests modelling to analyse the importance of factors, a new method available to variation studies that is particularly useful when applied to small languages with small datasets. With geography confirmed as the major factor accounting for variation, areal patterns showing variation in lexical form of the reflexive, the medial consonant, the final vowel and the final consonant are considered. This study also documents new variants of the Kriol reflexive and incorporates perceptual dialectology, combining to better inform classifications of Kriol dialects.
Linguistic embodiment in linguistic experience
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: March 2020

This chapter is a corpus-based study of the relationship between language and thought in general and linguistic and conceptual metaphors in particular, focusing on instances of linguistic embodiment. It attempts to show, with evidence from relevant linguistic corpora, that salient features in linguistic patterns, both qualitative and quantitative, may affect the underlying conceptual patterns of the language users. Native speakers of that language inherit their linguistic experience as part of their cultural and cognitive heritage. It is possible that they inherit the underlying conceptual patterns through their linguistic experience learning and using linguistic patterns with salient qualitative and quantitative features.
Body part terms in musical discourse
Authors: Kiš Žuvela Sanja
Published: March 2020

This chapter is a corpus-based, cross-linguistic study of musical terms related to body parts in several European languages (Latin and seven modern European languages of different origin: Croatian, German, Italian, English, French, Russian and Polish). Special focus is placed on the role of embodiment, conceptualization and etymology in term formation processes. This rarely researched aspect of musical terminology includes three major thematic areas of musical discourse where body part terms seem to play an important role: organological terminology (terms denoting musical instruments and their parts), terminologies of the theories of musical form (terms denoting various types of musical forms as wholes and their individual parts) and notational terminology (terms denoting Western notational symbols and their parts). While organological and notational terms related to body parts seem to be easily and univocally determinable, the boundaries of the elements of musical form (such as the head, the body, or the tail of a theme or a musical piece) tend to be the subject of interpretation. Similarities between equivalent terms in the examined European languages, together with the restricted collocations in which they occur, reveal the underlying cross-cultural conceptualization processes and shed light on linguistic borrowing. This study, which is a part of a larger terminological project (http://www.muza.unizg.hr/conmusterm/english/), has no direct precedents in musicological literature and provides new avenues for further research.
The metonymic folk model of language in Turkish
Authors: Baş Melike
Published: March 2020

Situated within the framework of linguistic embodiment, this chapter examines the speech-related terms ‘voice’, ‘mouth’, ‘tongue’, ‘lips’ and ‘chin’ in Turkish to reveal how speech and language are conceptualized in regards to these terms based on the metonymic chain model (Radden, 2001). The data of the study come from idiomatic constructions, which are analyzed in terms of their figurative uses, and the underlying conceptual metaphors and metonymies. The findings agree with Radden’s (2001) metonymic chain (i.e. speech organ – speaking – speech – language), which is expressed in conceptual code as speech organ for speaking, speaking for speech, and speech for language. The data unveil cognitive mechanisms for each term such as mouth/lip is a container, tongue movements for expression skill, chin for long talk that yield a general cognitive understanding of them. The study confirms the embodiment of verbal behavior as well as the existence of culture-specific patterns in the conceptualization of speech and language.
How less means more in the comments section of vegan food
blogs
Authors: Gerhardt Cornelia
Published: March 2020

Recipes in (vegan) food blogs are often advertised as not
having certain ingredients such as gluten or refined sugar. In the
comments sections of posts topicalising such exgredients
(linguistically, no-X constructions like soy-free
or no nuts), extreme case formulations (e.g.
always or entirely) are
employed to (a) construct the urgency of a request for an
alternative, (b) index the liability and safety of a suggestion for
an alternative as expert advice, (c) construct alternatives as rare
and precious finds to share with the community, and (d) compliment
the blogger.
The local and the global in airline food
Authors: Bieswanger Markus
Published: March 2020

Catering on board of commercial airplanes and in airline
lounges, referred to as airline food, is one of the main features
characterizing different travel classes. This study investigates the
language used to describe airline food on websites of different
airlines and identifies observable patterns concerning the depiction
of different travel classes and lounge types. These patterns are
compared to the findings of Jurafsky (2014), who, among other things, found that
expensive restaurants tend to stress the local origin of the food.
Despite the global nature of aviation, the results show that the
descriptions of airline food associated with the premium travel
classes are in many respects similar to the menus of expensive
restaurants, as local references play a prominent role.
閩南語元音演變路徑與觸發因素
Authors: Liu Hsiuhsueh
Published: March 2020

抽象

本文從次方言比較角度，對比台南、新竹、廈門、鹿港、金門等五地，尋找閩南語單元音歸併演變路徑及其相關變化的可能觸發因素。台南與厦門（鼓浪嶼一帶）的發音相似，傳統閩南語的o、ɔ分立，都轉爲ə、o分立，顯示語言異地同變之追求系統均衡的普遍趨勢。若系統存在固有央元音ə、ɨ音位，傾向阻擋o前移，以免降低固有ə與o區別度，在泉州腔的金門與同安均可見此現象。鹿港老一輩可見到僅以舌位高低區別o、ɔ，但中青年層也普遍出現o元音前移趨勢；說明固有央元音ə阻擋o央化不是必然，次方言接觸強度會進一步誘發差異演變。語言優勢效應也影響了閩南語元音變化，當優勢華語進入生活各領域，促使閩南語中青年層元音系統朝向等同於華語的三個舌位高度發展；目前廈門、金門與台灣各地青年層閩南語元音都是三個舌位高度。總結而言，元音系統內部平衡機制、優勢語言影響、與次方言接觸強度等動力，綜合影響了當今閩南語元音系統歸併變化。
潮陽地區四降調系統的變異及演化
Authors: Zhang Jingfen
Published: March 2020

抽象

本文在地域上將粵東潮陽地區分為郊區與中心區，基於陰上調的讀音差異，將發音人區分為老派和新派，通過詳細考察這「兩區四派」共81位發音人的聲調材料，發現該地區的聲調在地域及年齡上的共時變異可用兩條鏈式演化加以解釋：一是陰上調的槽形鏈移，陰上由高緩降演變為高平（或中平），繼而演變為微升（或高升）；二是陰上、陽去、陰平參與的拉鏈鏈移，該鏈移由陰上的變化啟動，利用聲調的人際差異可確定聲調的演化方向。本文還以潮陽郊區方言23位老派發音人為例，分析其聲調系統中四個降調的對立實質，發現斜率是兩個高降調（高緩降與高直降）的最主要的區別特徵，時長則是重要的伴隨特徵。潮陽地區四降調系統的演化過程體現了漢語方言聲調發展的一個趨勢，即朝著曲拱對立更為豐富的格局發展。
A bene placito*
Authors: Poppi Fabio I. M. , Sandberg Sveinung
Published: March 2020

Sex work is often interpreted through master narratives that see women as victimized and subjected to stigmas and negative attitudes. This paper offers an insight into narratives that challenge or can be seen as an alternative to these narratives. Data are from a sample of 15 interviews with women who show an interest in sex work, conducted in a netnographic context. While widespread master narratives about sex work tend to revolve around the notion of commodification, these alternative narratives present scenarios in which sex work is interpreted as a complex activity of networking and self-promotion. The women’s narratives describe how sex work can have positive implications for the development of careers, social impact and female emancipation, and is morally coherent. Arguably, they can be important in understanding the stories that instigate and sustain sex work.
The epistemics of narrative performance in conversation
Authors: Norrick Neal R.
Published: March 2020

This article investigates the flow of information in conversational narrative performance in light of research on the epistemics of talk in interaction and epistemic vigilance on the part of story recipients. Based on examples from a range of corpora, it reassesses the relationship between storytellers and recipients consistent with recipient design, and investigates cases of too little and too much information in narrative. Viewing narrative performance as sharing territories of knowledge provides new insights into the notions of telling rights and tellability as well as teller competence and credibility. The narrative performance may contain gaps and discrepancies along with clusters of copious information from which recipients must pick and choose to construct a dynamic narrative model to be tested against further information. In the communal presentation of family narratives, territories of knowledge merge, shared events are illuminated from separate perspectives, gaps in knowledge are filled, and evaluations are enriched.
Metacommunication process during a 3-day digital storytelling
workshop for patients recovering from hematopoietic cell
transplantation
Authors: Kim Wonsun , Davis Olga Idriss , Larkey Linda , Langer Shelby , Suh Bin , Hoffmann Nicole , Thakur Ramesh Devi , Khera Nandita
Published: March 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to qualitatively analyze
metacommunication during the digital storytelling (DST) workshop process for
patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).

Methods: HCT survivors who had undergone transplant within the
past 2 years were recruited at a cancer center in the Phoenix Metropolitan area.
Participants (M age = 51.5 years) attended a 3-day DST workshop
telling and creating digital stories around their HCT experiences. Using a
constructivist grounded theory approach, line by line coding and content
analysis were conducted with four research team members.

Results: Four themes emerged from the data: (1) communal
connection; (2) expressing and processing emotions; (3) self-empowerment; and
(4) multi-dimensional coping. Participants described telling and sharing their
story with other HCT patients as therapeutic.

Conclusion: DST shows promise as a potential coping tool and
offers multiple dimensions of the role of narrative as a coping technique, in
community building, and in patient-centered contexts within HCT.
Inflection
Authors: Schwarzwald Ora Rodrigue
Published: March 2020

Inflection in Modern Hebrew is described as involving the following categories:
Tense (Past, Future), Mood (Imperative), Person, Number, and Gender in verbs; Number,
Gender, and Construct-State in nouns; Number and Gender in adjectives. Most inflection is
manifested by suffixes, except for Person inflection on Future tense verbs. Inflection is
obligatory for Tense in verbs (except for nominalized forms) and in Prepositions,
Adjectives, and Participles. Noun inflection varies, depending on the features of Count for
Number and Animacy for Gender. Accusative-case marking on verbs and Genitive-case marking on
nouns are increasingly replaced by analytic alternatives in Modern Hebrew. The chapter first
details the pronominal system, and then proceeds to description of the major lexical classes
of Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives, concluding with a brief discussion of conservative features
as against variability and changes in MH inflection.
Nominalizations
Authors: Berman Ruth A.
Published: March 2020

The chapter details structural and usage-based properties of three types of
verb shifts to nouns in MH: Action Nominals. Gerunds, and Infinitives. It starts by
specifying morphological and syntactic criteria for these three constructions as
nominalizations: They are fully productive grammatical systems; directly
associated with verb binyan patterns; and alternate syntactically with
their verbal source-forms, so often paraphrasable by tensed subordinate clauses. These
criteria mean that several other classes of verb-related nouns are excluded from discussion,
including: adjective-based stative nominals, nouns derived by syntactic conversion from
benoni ‘intermediate’ participial cum present–tense
verbs, and other classes of verb-derived nouns denoting Disease, Collective, Location, etc.
The chapter characterizes (i) abstract Action Nominals, i.e., šmot^ peula
‘names:cs action’ = nouns/names of an action, activity, act’ (e.g., from the
b1verb haras ‘destroy’, harisa ‘destruction,
destroying’ ~ héres ‘destruction’) and two constructions both termed
šem^ póal ‘name:cs verb = the noun/name of a verb’ in the form of
(ii) Gerunds (e.g., be-hors-o ‘in-destroying-his = on his destroying
[something]’) and (iii) Infinitives (e.g., la-haros ‘to-destroy’).1 The relatively recent Action Nominals are highly
productive, although largely confined to more formal registers of usage, classical Gerunds
are restricted to syntactically bound constructions and are relatively rare in current
usage, while Infinitives are pervasive at all levels of usage, displaying a broad range of
functions in the absence of other, less widely occurrent, non-finite verbs. The chapter
concludes by comparing the three constructions analyzed in relation to more general features
of MH structure and use.
Impersonal and pseudo-impersonal constructions
Authors: Halevy Rivka
Published: March 2020

The domain of impersonal constructions is highly complex and heterogeneous in
Hebrew as in other languages. It includes sentences that lack an overt constituent bearing
the properties of a referential and identifiable subject or that are altogether lacking in
canonical subject properties. The aim of the present chapter is to present an up-to-date
classification of the major impersonal and generalized or impersonalized constructions in
Modern, primarily spoken, Hebrew. To this end, the coding properties of such constructions
are analyzed, based on the typological characterization of Modern Hebrew (MH) as a non-subject-oriented and
non-configurational language characterized by synthetic inflectional morphology with marking
of person in finite verbs, so not requiring an expletive or ‘dummy’ subject. Functional
properties of impersonal and generalized constructions in MH are noted in relation to
pragmatic underpinnings of their patterning and use.
List constructions
Authors: Inbar Anna
Published: March 2020

The primary concern of this study is to examine list
constructions in spoken Hebrew, from two perspectives: an intentional perspective
setting out the properties that a linguistic expression needs in order to be considered a
list construction (the concept) and an extensional perspective specifying
the objects that fall under this construction (typology). The study reviews the nature of
list constructions in general, with the grammatical, lexical, semantic, and prosodic
features of such constructions analyzed in relation to their discourse functions in everyday
spoken Hebrew. The description of list constructions is based on examples from the CoSIH
database of conversational interactions recorded during 2001 and 2002.
Changes affecting relative clauses in Late Modern English
Authors: Bacskai-Atkari Julia
Published: March 2020

This paper presents the results of a corpus study
comparing relative markers (relative complementisers and relative
pronouns) in the King James Bible and its modernised version,
focusing on subject and object relative clauses involving a human
referent. The attested differences indicate changes affecting
Standard (British) English during Late Modern English. The paper
discusses three important aspects: in Early Modern English, (i)
which was available for human subjects, (ii)
that-relatives had a higher proportion, and
(iii) the equative element as could introduce
relative clauses as a complementiser. The paper argues that the
disappearance or reduction of alternative forms to
who/whom was driven both by
internal and by external factors, and that significant differences
can be observed between the standard variety and regional
dialects.
A diachronic constructional analysis of locative alternation in
English, with particular attention to load and
spray
Authors: Ishizaki Yasuaki
Published: March 2020

This paper is devoted to explaining the
historical development of constructions of the representative
locative alternation verbs load and
spray from a diachronic construction grammar
perspective. These verbs can occur in at least two syntactic frames:
the location-as-object variant (e.g., load the wagon with
hay) and the locatum-as-object variant (e.g.,
load hay onto the wagon). These two variants
have undergone different historical developments. This paper
proposes that the prototype of the constructions with
load/spray was the adjectival “[location] (be)
loaded/sprayed with [locatum]” construction,
from which the location-as-object variant developed. The
locatum-as-object variants for load and
spray, in contrast, developed in the
Present-day English period, independently of the location-as-object
variants or, at most, the two variants are linked metonymically.
“Divided by a common language”?
Authors: Busse Ulrich
Published: March 2020

The present study investigates the treatment of
the term Americanism and its plural form in their
generic sense in selected British and American reference works of
the 19th and early 20th centuries. It concentrates on two special
types of reference books, namely dictionaries of Americanisms and
usage guides from both sides of the Atlantic. By analyzing whether
the paraphrase or the labelling conveys a positive, a neutral, or a
negative stance, the terms Americanism(s) serve as
keywords for Anglo-American linguistic attitudes towards the “other”
variety. Methodologically, the study combines socio-lexicography and
meta-pragmatics; the results show a change in the relationship of
the two varieties and also substantive differences in how the two
types of reference book deal with the topic.
What is nominalization? Towards the theoretical foundations of nominalization
Authors: Shibatani Masayoshi
Published: March 2020

過而不改、是謂過矣

(孔子)

This paper discusses foundational issues in nominalization, focusing on empirical, conceptual, and theoretical problems that have plagued the field for years. Current definitions of nominalization are based on narrow observations on verbal-based nominalizations, while languages across the globe display nominal-based ones, many of which share morphology with the former. Nominalization morphology in many languages also applies to units larger than words, yielding grammatical nominalizations besides lexical nominalizations. The imbalance in the past studies, which have focused on so-called relative clauses at the expense of grammatical nominalizations, has resulted in a lopsided view on the relationship between the two. This, in turn, has led to the mishandling of different manifestations of nominalizations as if they are derivatives of relative clauses, as suggested by the widely used terms such as “headless relative clause” and “internally-headed relative clause”. We demonstrate that these, including the ordinary restrictive relative clause, are not independent grammatical structures but are epiphenomena arising from the uses of grammatical nominalizations. A clear distinction between structures and their use is a theoretical prerequisite in arriving at a satisfactory understanding of the nature of grammatical nominalizations and their role in grammar.
Nominalization in cross-linguistic diachronic perspective
Authors: Cristofaro Sonia
Published: March 2020

While more and more data are now available on languages rich in nominalizations, such as those of Latin America, the literature on nominalization is mainly synchronically orientented. The paper discusses several pieces of diachronic evidence about the origins of nominalization cross-linguistically. This evidence challenges the idea, widely held in the functional-typological literature, that the use of nominalizations reflects a non-default treatment of particular expressions, and that this motivates the distinguishing properties of nominalizations vis-a-vis other constructions. Diachronic evidence also points to possible motivations for the fact that nominalizations fail to consistently display the same structural properties, both cross-linguistically and within individual languages, and fail to be consistently used in the same contexts from one language to another.
On habitual periphrasis in Cuzco Quechua
Authors: Cahlon Rammie
Published: March 2020

In Cuzco Quechua, a periphrastic construction composed of a lexical subject nominalization in conjunction with the copula is used to express habitual events anchored in the past, regardless of formal tense marking. The aim of this paper is to analyze the construction and evaluate its diachronic development with respect to established grammaticalization clines of past habitual. The variation appears to be the direct result of an on-going process which replicates, in part, an established grammaticalization pathway of past-habitual grams (Bybee et al. 1994). This process of language change sheds light both on the pathway mentioned and reasserts the claim that nominalizations serve source for main clause morphology (Gildea 2008).
Nominalization and switch-reference in Iskonawa (Panoan, Peru)
Authors: Zariquiey Roberto
Published: March 2020

The present chapter presents a characterization of grammatical nominalizations in Iskonawa, an obsolescing language in the Panoan family. It is shown here that grammatical nominalizations are highly isomorphic with independent (non-nominalized) clauses in terms of their internal syntax, but that the external syntax of nominalizations is highly nominal. A characterization of their relativization function is also offered, showing that the type of relativizing construction in which a grammatical nominalization may appear is highly dependent upon the participant with which it is coreferential. Finally, a discussion of switch-reference and its interactions with nominalization is presented, arguing that the situation found in Iskonawa, which has a relatively small inventory of switch-reference makers, is crucial for understanding the development of the category in the family.
Nominalization and its pervasiveness in Xavante
Authors: Estevam Adriana M.
Published: March 2020

The aim of this presentation is to show the ubiquitous character of nominalizations in Xavante, a Jê language spoken in central Brazil by approximately 15,000 speakers. After a brief presentation of background information, we will give a synchronic description of lexical and grammatical nominalizations. The section devoted to grammatical nominalization points out the hybrid nature of constituents we are inclined to call ‘nominalized clauses’: it offers an analysis of their internal (clausal) structure and their syntactic (nominal) behaviour. A final section presents a diachronic hypothesis involving several contexts where nominalizations can be argued to have operated at the clause level in a previous state of the language.
Innovation in nominalization in Tupí-Guaraní languages
Authors: da Cruz Aline , Praça Walkíria Neiva
Published: March 2020

This paper focuses on nominalizations within Tupí-Guaraní, a sub-group of the Tupí linguistic family. For this purpose, we first analyze two very conservative Tupí-Guaraní languages, Tupinambá and Apyãwa (Tapirapé), and then compare them with a very innovative Tupí-Guaraní language, Nheengatú (língua geral). By doing so, we show that the nominalizers are correlated to more general typological properties of the sub-group, such as the omnipredicative pattern. More specifically, we address the historical development of these languages showing that the loss of omnipredicative properties led to the restructuration of the forms and the functions of nominalization.
Concise synthesis of heliolactone, a non-canonical strigolactone isolated from sunflower
Authors: Yamamoto Shunya , Atarashi Taiki , Kuse Masaki , Sugimoto Yukihiro , Takikawa Hirosato
Published: March 2020

Heliolactone is one of the earliest identified non-canonical strigolactones. Its concise synthesis was achieved by employing Knoevenagel-type condensation and semi-reduction of a malonate intermediate as the key steps. This synthesis was performed in a non-stereoselective manner, and thus a racemic and diastereomeric mixture of heliolactone was obtained. The developed synthetic route is fairly concise and straightforward.
Distinct roles for luminal acidification in apical protein sorting and trafficking in zebrafish
Authors: Levic Daniel S. , Ryan Sean , Marjoram Lindsay , Honeycutt Jamie , Bagwell Jennifer , Bagnat Michel
Published: March 2020

Epithelial cell physiology critically depends on the asymmetric distribution of channels and transporters. However, the mechanisms targeting membrane proteins to the apical surface are still poorly understood. Here, we performed a visual forward genetic screen in the zebrafish intestine and identified mutants with defective apical targeting of membrane proteins. One of these mutants, affecting the vacuolar H+-ATPase gene atp6ap1b, revealed specific requirements for luminal acidification in apical, but not basolateral, membrane protein sorting and transport. Using a low temperature block assay combined with genetic and pharmacologic perturbation of luminal pH, we monitored transport of newly synthesized membrane proteins from the TGN to apical membrane in live zebrafish. We show that vacuolar H+-ATPase activity regulates sorting of O-glycosylated proteins at the TGN, as well as Rab8-dependent post-Golgi trafficking of different classes of apical membrane proteins. Thus, luminal acidification plays distinct and specific roles in apical membrane biogenesis.
How videos are used in secondary school physics teaching
Authors: Kettle Maria
Published: March 2020

Short videos are widely used in secondary level physics classes, part of a portfolio of strategies for teaching and learning. However, research into how they are used, why they are used and the optimum design for learning is in its infancy. This paper seeks to examine how videos are used in UK physics classrooms for the communication of physics ideas and for practical work. It features the results of a small survey of physics teachers and the results of a search through the relevant literature.
Hot moments in ecosystem fluxes: High GPP anomalies exert outsized influence on the carbon cycle and are differentially driven by moisture availability across biomes
Authors: Kannenberg Steven A , Bowling David R , Anderegg William R L
Published: March 2020

The ‘hot spot-hot moment’ concept is a long-standing and popular framework often invoked to explain spatially or temporally variable rates of biogeochemical cycling. However, this concept has been rarely extended to ecosystem fluxes such as gross primary productivity (GPP), in part due to the lack of a quantitative definition of hot moments that can be applied to large flux datasets. Here, we develop a general statistical framework for quantifying hot moments in GPP and identify their spatial patterns and climatic drivers. Using 308 site-years of eddy covariance data from the FLUXNET2015 dataset spanning 32 U.S. sites, we found hot moments in GPP to comprise a disproportionate percentage of annual carbon (C) uptake relative to the frequency of their occurrence. For example, at five sites over 12% of annual C uptake occurred during the ∼2% most extreme half-hourly or hourly observations of GPP. Hot moments were most quantitatively important for the C cycle in short-stature, arid ecosystem such as grasslands, woody savannas, and open shrublands, where these positive anomalies in GPP were caused by increases in moisture availability. In contrast, hot moments were less important for annual C uptake in more mesic ecosystems, where their occurrence was largely determined by high temperature and light availability. Our results point to a need to consider how short-term spikes in environmental conditions exert an outsized influence on annual GPP, and how future shifts in these conditions could impact the terrestrial C cycle.
Current chance of unprecedented monsoon rainfall over India using dynamical ensemble simulations
Authors: Jain Shipra , Scaife Adam A , Dunstone Nick , Smith Doug , Mishra Saroj K
Published: March 2020

In the past, India has suffered severe socio-economic losses due to recurring floods and droughts during boreal summer (June–August). In this analysis, we estimate the chance of extreme summer rainfall, i.e. flood and drought over India for the present climate using the UNprecedented Simulated Extremes using ENsembles (UNSEEN) method. This is the first application of the method to the hindcasts from multiple coupled atmosphere-ocean models. We first test individual models against the observed rainfall record over India and select models that are statistically indistinguishable from observations. We then calculate the chances of floods, droughts and unprecedented rainfall using 1669 realizations of summer precipitation from the selected set of models. It is found that the chance of drought is larger than the chance of flood in the present climate. There is a clear El Niño (La Niña) signal in dry (wet) summers and the occurrence of more frequent and intense droughts than floods in both models and observations is partly due to El Niño Southern Oscillation phase asymmetry. The chances of record-breaking drought and flood are 1.6% and 2.6%, respectively. There is also an estimated chance that a 30% rainfall deficit could occur around once in two centuries, which is far beyond the record deficit over India.
Integrating collapse theories to understand socio-ecological systems resilience
Authors: Rubiños Cathy , Anderies John M
Published: March 2020

The world is facing new environmental challenges that may trigger the collapse of some social-ecological systems (SES). More extreme weather events may be much more common in the decades to come due to climate change. Although we have an idea of what climatic events to expect in each region, we know less about how SES can cope with these challenges. We study The Peruvian Piura Basin, which has been exposed to harsh environmental events associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) for centuries. The Piura basin was home to the ancient Moche civilization, which collapsed due to a combination of factors, but strong El Niño events likely played a significant role. To analyze the resilience of The Piura Basin to flood events, we used as guidance the Robustness Framework and different propositions from prominent collapse theories to carry out a longitudinal study based on both primary and collected secondary data. We found that the Piura basin is very fragile based on almost all of the predictions of collapse theories (especially with respect to selfish elites, centralized governance, systems interconnection, anticipation capacity and sensitive dependence on resources), but the biggest strength is its growing stock of social capital. In small steps, user associations have been collectively working towards solutions for water conservation and public-infrastructure maintenance. There is a long way to go, but with the right policies to encourage the strengthening of these associations, the Piura basin could become more resilient to future El Niño events. This study also provides methodological and theoretical insights that can contribute to theory building for the resilience of SES.
Effect of Sr on the luminescence properties of Eu3+ activated xZnO-(1-x) SrO-Al2O3 phosphors
Authors: Revupriya  , Anjana P S , Gopakumar N , Anju M S
Published: March 2020

Europium-doped xZnO-SrO-Al2O3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1) phosphors were synthesized by the traditional Solid-State Reaction (SSR) method. The structure of the phosphors prepared was analysed with the x-ray diffraction technique. The xZnO-(1-x) SrO-Al2O3:Eu3+ (0.1 mol%) (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1) exhibits varying PL intensity and is maximum for 0.8ZnO-0.2SrO-Al2O3: Eu3+ (0.4 mol%) and hence treated as the most prominent phosphor among these combinations. In the photoluminescence spectrum of the phosphors prepared, a sequence of emission bands were visible at various wavelengths viz., 576, 586, 602, 620, 656 and 702 nm as a result of the transitions of Eu3+ ions [5D0 - 7Fj where (j  = 0–4)] and an excitation spectrum at 620 nm. An efficient orange-red phosphor thus developed capable of yielding a quantum efficiency of about 12%. Studies revealed that the commercially available red phosphors having an efficiency of only 9.6% (λex = 394 nm) & 4.2% (λex = 395 nm). Hence the current sample could be an ideal alternative for an efficient phosphor near UV LEDs. The mechanoluminescence of the 0.8ZnO-0.2SrO-Al2O3: Eu3+ (0.4 mol%) phosphor was also measured. The phosphor composition was analysed using XPS. The present paper also reports the thermoluminescence and OSL properties of Europium doped Zinc Strontium Aluminate phosphor at different gamma-ray dosages. Peak shape method was employed to evaluate kinetic parameters like activation energy, frequency factor and symmetry factor.
Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles using Brassica oleracea var. italic extract for its antifungal application
Authors: Renuga D , Jeyasundari J , Shakthi Athithan A S , Brightson Arul Jacob Y
Published: March 2020

Green synthesis has emerged as a reliable, sustainable and ecofriendly protocol for synthesizing a wide range of nanomaterials and hybrid materials. In this paper, we report the synthesis of Copper oxide nanoparticles by a simple biological route using the extract of Brassica oleracea var. italic and copper (II) acetate as the metal precursor. The synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, FESEM, EDAX, and XRD techniques. UV –Visible analysis shows a characteristic peak around 220 nm for copper oxide nanoparticles. FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize various capping and reducing agents present in the plant extract responsible for nanoparticle formation. The surface morphology was characterized using FESEM. The EDAX and XRD pattern suggested that prepared copper oxide nanoparticles were highly pure. The average particle size was calculated as 26 nm using the XRD technique. Further, the nanoparticles were found to exhibit the highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida Albicans.
Effect of chromium content on the erosion-corrosion behavior of Fe-Cr alloy produced by ball milling liner in weakly alkaline slurry
Authors: Zheng Zhibin , Chen Shengqian , Long Jun , Zheng Kaihong , Wang Haiyan , Li Hui
Published: March 2020

Fe-Cr alloys with different chromium contents have been designed in the current study for the ball mill liner working in weakly alkaline slurry. The structure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and erosion-corrosion behavior of the alloys were investigated. The result shows that with the increasing Cr content, the hardness and corrosion resistance of the alloy are improved. However, the impact toughness of the alloy shows a decreasing trend with the increase of Cr content. The alloy with the Cr content of 6.978 wt% exhibits the best erosion-corrosion resistance among all alloys in the weakly alkaline slurry. Further analysis shows that the erosion-corrosion mass loss of these alloys in weakly alkaline slurry mainly results from pure mechanical erosion and the interaction between corrosion and erosion. The damage process has also been discussed by interaction models of corrosion and erosion. The result is beneficial to provide reference for selection and development of erosion-corrosion resistant material for ball mill liner working in weakly alkaline medium.
Effects of laboratory salmon louse infection on osmoregulation, growth and survival in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Fjelldal Per Gunnar , Hansen Tom J , Karlsen Ørjan
Published: March 2020

Anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rely on long ocean migrations to build energy stores for maturation and spawning. In seawater, wild Atlantic salmon are threatened by high salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation levels resulting from intensive salmonid sea-cage aquaculture. Salmon lice infection can cause a stress response and an osmotic imbalance in the host. The lice infection intensity threshold values for these responses, however, remain to be identified in Atlantic salmon. In order to define this under laboratory conditions, individually tagged F1 wild origin Atlantic post-smolts (40 g) were infected with salmon lice copepodids or left as uninfected controls. Twenty-eight days post infection, infected post-smolts had a mean of 0.38 (range of 0.07–0.9) mobile lice g−1 fish weight. During this period, specific growth rates (SGRs) were lower in infected than control fish (0.4 vs 1.0% day−1). Higher plasma Na+, Cl− and osmolality in infected fish also indicate osmoregulatory impairment. SGR correlated negatively with plasma Na+, Cl−, osmolality and cortisol in the infected, but not in the control group. Infection intensity (lice g−1 fish) correlated positively with mortality rate and plasma Na+, Cl−, osmolality and cortisol and correlated negatively with SGR and condition factor. Calculated lice intensity threshold values for changes in plasma ions were 0.18 lice g−1 for plasma Cl−, and 0.22 lice g−1 for plasma Na+. Moribund infected fish occurred at infection intensities above 0.2 lice g−1, and these fish had extreme plasma Cl−, Na+, osmolality and cortisol levels. There was a positive correlation between plasma cortisol and plasma Na+, Cl− and osmolality in infected fish. This study provides vital information that can be used to define thresholds in the monitoring and conservation of wild Atlantic salmon populations affected by aquaculture-driven salmon lice infestations.
Women’s participation in decision-making and its implications for human capital investment
Authors: Sariyev Orkhan , Loos Tim K , Zeller Manfred
Published: March 2020

We evaluate the implications of women’s participation in domestic decision-making on diets and investments in human resources in Ethiopian rural households. We create a metric to capture intra-household decision-making, which we use to estimate a positive association between women’s participation in decision-making and household-level dietary diversity. Moreover, we find that an increase in women’s participation in intra-household decision-making is associated with higher financial investments in human resources.
Probiotic antigenotoxic activity as a DNA bioprotective tool: a minireview with focus on endocrine disruptors
Authors: Garcia-Gonzalez Natalia , Prete Roberta , Perugini Monia , Merola Carmine , Battista Natalia , Corsetti Aldo
Published: March 2020

Nowadays, the interest in the role of dietary components able to influence the composition and the activity of the intestinal microbiota and, consequently, to modulate the risk of genotoxicity and colon cancer is increasing in the scientific community. Within this topic, the microbial ability to have a protective role at gastrointestinal level by counteracting the biological activity of genotoxic compounds, and thus preventing the DNA damage, is deemed important in reducing gut pathologies and is considered a new tool for probiotics and functional foods. A variety of genotoxic compounds can be found in the gut and, besides food-related mutagens and other DNA-reacting compounds, there is a group of pollutants commonly used in food packaging and/or in thousands of everyday products called endocrine disruptors (EDs). EDs are exogenous substances that alter the functions of the endocrine system through estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity, which interfere with normal hormonal function in human and wildlife. Thus, this paper summarizes the main applications of probiotics, mainly lactobacilli, as a bio-protective tool to counteract genotoxic and mutagenic agents, by biologically inhibiting the related DNA damage in the gut and highlights the emerging perspectives to enlarge and further investigate the microbial bio-protective role at intestinal level.
Heterogeneous Long-Term Trajectories of Dependency in Older Adults: The PAQUID Cohort, a Population-Based Study over 22 years
Authors: Edjolo Arlette , Dartigues Jean-François , Pérès Karine , Proust-Lima Cécile
Published: March 2020

Background

A critical step toward successful aging is to identify opportunities for prevention of functional decline. Our aim was to describe the heterogeneity in trajectories of dependency preceding death in elders and to identify factors associated with this heterogeneity.

Methods

The study relied on 3,238 participants of the prospective population-based PAQUID cohort aged 65+ at baseline in 1988. Dependency was defined from an 11-item scale of basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL: bathing, dressing, toileting, continence, eating, and transferring; instrumental activities of daily living (IADL): telephoning, shopping, using transport, handling medication, and managing finances) collected over 22 years. Heterogeneous trajectories were estimated using a longitudinal item response theory model including latent classes.

Results

Five distinct profiles of functional dependency were identified over the two last decades of life: persistently high (12%), moderate (26%), persistently low (40%), and accelerated high dependency (15%), and no dependency (8%). Main factors associated with heterogeneity included age at death, sex, education, initial cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score and dementia), initial disability, and poly-medication.

Conclusions

In the two last decades of life, more than 9 elders in 10 were characterized as functional decliners. On average, around half of the elders died with no or mild dependency, while 27% live several years with a high level of limitations and would need assistance in activities of daily living, at least for 2–4 years preceding death. The identified factors associated with these trajectories are important to understand functional heterogeneity in elders and to propose interventions to postpone or prevent “chronic” disability.