bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shortening heart rate variability measurement time to 1 minute using deep learning: Implication of real-time measurement of heart rate variability
Authors: Shin Junghwa , Lee Byung-Chae , Jeong Kee Sam , Kim Kwang Yoon , Kim Bom-Taeck
Published: October 2023

Heart rate variability (HRV) is an effective predictor of cardiovascular diseases. The current standard 5-min recording time is lengthy compared with routine clinical examinations such as blood pressure measurement. Previous studies have observed that the indices of 3-min HRV data are as clinically meaningful as those of 5-min HRV data; however, shorter durations are considered unreliable, and there have been no attempts to challenge this notion. This study aimed to validate the outcomes of 1-min HRV recordings reconstructed using deep learning algorithms. Three-minute HRV recordings from 34,885 participants were included in the analysis. Of the recordings, 60% (20,931), 30% (10,465), and 10% (3,489) were allocated to the training, validation, and test sets, respectively. Data from 1-min excerpts of the 3-min recordings were used as the input for the deep learning models to predict the data of the 3-min recordings. Various deep learning models were applied to each indicator, and the model that produced the lowest mean absolute error was selected as that particular indicator’s learning model. There was no statistical difference between the values of the 1-min recordings reconstructed by deep learning and those of the 3-min recordings. The 1-min recordings reconstructed by deep learning demonstrated a higher correlation with the 3-min recordings when compared with the 1-min recordings that were not processed by deep learning. They also strongly agreed with the 3-min recordings in the Bland–Altman analysis. The 1-min HRV recordings reconstructed by deep learning were as reliable as the 3-min HRV recordings, suggesting that a 1-min recording could serve as a proxy for real-time HRV monitoring in the future.
Improved particle swarm optimization based on multi-strategy fusion for UAV path planning
Authors: Ye Zijing , Li Huan , Wei Wenhong
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Path planning is an important part of UAV mission planning. The main purpose of this paper is to overcome the shortcomings of the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) such as easy to fall into the local optimum, so that the improved PSO applied to the UAV path planning can enable the UAV to plan a better quality path.

Design/methodology/approach

Firstly, the adaptation function is formulated by comprehensively considering the performance constraints of the flight target as well as the UAV itself. Secondly, the standard PSO is improved, and the improved particle swarm optimization with multi-strategy fusion (MFIPSO) is proposed. The method introduces class sigmoid inertia weight, adaptively adjusts the learning factors and at the same time incorporates K-means clustering ideas and introduces the Cauchy perturbation factor. Finally, MFIPSO is applied to UAV path planning.

Findings

Simulation experiments are conducted in simple and complex scenarios, respectively, and the quality of the path is measured by the fitness value and straight line rate, and the experimental results show that MFIPSO enables the UAV to plan a path with better quality.

Originality/value

Aiming at the standard PSO is prone to problems such as premature convergence, MFIPSO is proposed, which introduces class sigmoid inertia weight and adaptively adjusts the learning factor, balancing the global search ability and local convergence ability of the algorithm. The idea of K-means clustering algorithm is also incorporated to reduce the complexity of the algorithm while maintaining the diversity of particle swarm. In addition, the Cauchy perturbation is used to avoid the algorithm from falling into local optimum. Finally, the adaptability function is formulated by comprehensively considering the performance constraints of the flight target as well as the UAV itself, which improves the accuracy of the evaluation model.
I share because I care! Smallholder farmers’ perceptions of the usefulness of word of mouth for their market participation decisions
Authors: Ismail Ismail Juma , Amani David , Changalima Ismail Abdi , Kazungu Isaac
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The approach to integrate concepts from different disciplines so as to solve the problems facing smallholder farmers has gained momentum in recent years. However, very little is known about how word-of-mouth (WOM) dimensions can be used in agricultural marketing to explain market participation among smallholder farmers. Therefore, this study investigates the perceived usefulness of WOM in explaining smallholder farmers’ market participation.

Design/methodology/approach

The cross-sectional design was carried out to survey a sample of 467 smallholder farmers. This study used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4 to test hypotheses.

Findings

The results revealed that WOM dimensions such as expertise differential, strong tie and trustworthiness among smallholder farmers significantly influence the WOM message delivery. Likewise, the findings suggest that WOM message delivery significantly influences market participation among smallholder farmers. Finally, it was revealed that WOM message delivery significantly mediates the relationship between WOM dimensions and market participation.

Practical implications

This study provides useful insights to smallholder farmers on how to use WOM dimensions to enhance more market participation in formal markets, especially through proper WOM message delivery.

Originality/value

The current study solves the problem of information asymmetry among smallholder farmers through WOM. It is perhaps the first study to establish the link between WOM dimensions and market participation among smallholder farmers in the context of developing countries.
The current role and contribution of ‘forensic clinical psychologists’ (FCPs) to criminal investigation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sigurdardóttir Tinna Dögg , West Adrian , Gudjonsson Gisli Hannes
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This study aims to examine the scope and contribution of Forensic Clinical Psychology (FCP) advice from the National Crime Agency (NCA) to criminal investigations in the UK to address the gap in current knowledge and research.

Design/methodology/approach

The 36 FCP reports reviewed were written between 2017 and 2021. They were analysed using Toulmin’s (1958) application of pertinent arguments to the evaluation process. The potential utility of the reports was analysed in terms of the advice provided.

Findings

Most of the reports involved murder and equivocal death. The reports focused primarily on understanding the offender’s psychopathology, actions, motivation and risk to self and others using a practitioner model of case study methodology. Out of the 539 claims, grounds were provided for 99% of the claims, 91% had designated modality, 62% of the claims were potentially verifiable and 57% of the claims were supported by a warrant and/or backing. Most of the reports provided either moderate or high insight into the offence/offender (92%) and potential for new leads (64%).

Practical implications

The advice provided relied heavily on extensive forensic clinical and investigative experience of offenders, guided by theory and research and was often performed under considerable time pressure. Flexibility, impartiality, rigour and resilience are essential prerequisites for this type of work.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to systematically evaluate forensic clinical psychology reports from the NCA. It shows the pragmatic, dynamic and varied nature of FCP contributions to investigations and its potential utility.
Peer parental advocacy: a narrative review of the literature
Authors: Devine Richard , Benson Katy , Fitz-Symonds Samantha , Westlake David , Campbell Katie , Diaz Clive
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the current state of literature on peer parental advocacy, offering practical insights and ideas for researchers and practitioners interested in this evolving field.

Design/methodology/approach

This narrative review is a comprehensive, critical and objective analysis of the current knowledge on peer parental advocacy.

Findings

Parental peer advocacy (PPA) has seen growing interest, with increasing research detailing the benefits and challenges. It is now being considered within children’s services across the UK, drawing upon the success of similar initiatives, especially in the USA. There is a compelling case for PPA, not least as it may contribute to resolving the longstanding challenges within children services of families having the opportunity to meaningfully participate in decision-making (Corby et al., 1996; Muench et al., 2017; Bekaert et al., 2021).

Research limitations/implications

Parental advocacy (PA) continues to be an evolving area of academic research and policy development both in the United Kingdom and internationally. Emerging research suggests a compelling case for an expansion in PPA within child welfare and protection systems, specifically in case, program and policy advocacy.

Practical implications

PA continues to be an evolving area of academic research and policy development both in the United Kingdom and internationally. Emerging research suggests a compelling case for an expansion in PPA within child welfare and protection systems, specifically in case, program and policy advocacy.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first UK-based narrative reviews that critically analyses the research, highlighting the limitations and strengths of adopting PPA as an approach.
Integrated care for older persons who live with complex health and social care requirements: a core set of indicators
Authors: Prorok Jeanette , Kay Kelly , Morrison Adam , Horgan Salinda Anne
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Performance measures are an important mediating mechanism that influences the design and delivery of care. Unfortunately, it is still commonly the case that acute care indicators are employed to assess the efficacy of integrated care. This hinders the ability to accurately assess and continuously improve integrated care efforts for priority populations, including older persons who live with complex health and social care requirements. A core set of indicators is needed from which to assess the quality and impact of integrated care on these older persons and care partners.

Design/methodology/approach

A modified Delphi process was employed that comprised of the following steps: (1) selection of an indicator inventory (2) defining criteria for ranking and achieving consensus, (3) recruiting participants, (4) iterative voting rounds and analysis and (5) selection of a core indicator set.

Findings

The study produced a core set of 16 indicators of integrated care that pertain to older persons who live with health and social care requirements. The set can be applied by health and social care organizations and systems to assess the quality and impact of integrated care for this population across the continuum of care.

Research limitations/implications

Although the gap in the availability of relevant indicators was the impetus for the study, this also meant there was a dearth of validated indicators to draw from. There are significant gaps in commonly used data sets with respect to indicators of integrated care as it relates to older persons and care partner.

Practical implications

The indicator set is intended to follow the older person and care partner throughout their health journey, enabling a whole systems view of their care. The set can be used in full or in part by health and social care systems and organizations across various primary, acute, rehabilitative and community settings for program development and evaluation purposes.

Social implications

The core set of indicators that emerged out of this study is a first step toward ensuring that older persons who live with complex health and social care requirements and their care partners receive quality integrated care across the continuum of care.

Originality/value

The findings are informed by the perspectives of older persons, care partners and healthcare professionals. Future research is needed to test, validate and potentially expand the indicator set.
Commentary: “Back to the future” or “trapped in the future”? The future of services practice and research
Authors: Hollmann Thomas
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The aim of this commentary is to encourage service researchers to reflect on the state of the field as it pertains to the academia–industry intersection. The author puts forth a call to action to continue the work of the field’s founders in developing the foundations of the field and to carry the models and frameworks of the field deeper into industry practice.

Design/methodology/approach

Personal reflections and in-depth interviews.

Findings

The services discipline is based on foundational theories, models and frameworks developed, in part, as a response to needs expressed by industry. The development of these frameworks has not progressed to the level and format needed by industry, and the field is increasingly operating in silos. Resultantly, the services marketing domain has not developed its foundations to the level of depth needed to answer the call for “assistance” made by Shostack (1977).

Research limitations/implications

The author encourages researchers to build a next set of paradigmatic foundations that broaden the field as a truly interdisciplinary endeavor and deepen its impact in industry. To accomplish these goals, it will be necessary to question original theoretical frameworks and show situations in which they require modification.

Originality/value

This work suggests that researchers may be overemphasizing the silo aspects of the field and underestimating the lack of completeness of the service science field.
Do all roads lead to Rome? A multi-case analysis of informal learning and team innovation
Authors: Marodin Joyce Klein , Wechtler Heidi , Lehtonen Miikka J.
Published: October 2023

Purpose

In this study, the authors use the actor-network theory (ANT) as a theoretical framework to better understand constructing learning as part of the networking process to produce innovations. Focussing on the antecedents of innovation within three teams in an engineering company, the authors propose a framework to enhance understanding of the innovative processes. The authors apply ANT to examine how informal learning is distributed amongst human and non-human actors.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on 27 interviews in a large Australian engineering company, the authors' qualitative investigation shows that innovation can have very different antecedents. The authors mobilised ANT as the authors' vantage point to explore inanimate actors and their effect on social processes or, more specifically, networks and informal learning.

Findings

The authors propose a framework to better understand innovative processes by exploring the network aspects of non-human actors and their connection to learning. More specifically, findings contribute towards a more granulated understanding of how networks, learning and non-human actors contribute towards innovations in organisations.

Practical implications

This study has three significant implications for managers and organisations looking to improve their innovation processes. Firstly, fostering open communication is essential for developing successful innovation processes. Secondly, a close relationship with the customer and/or the final users has often been found to positively contribute to innovation processes. Finally, intrateam motivation is also critical when it comes to creating an environment that supports innovation processes.

Originality/value

Surprisingly, leadership, communication and motivation did not give the best innovative outcome as the authors expected. Challenging traditional theorisations, low teamwork spirit and high individual performance orientation were some of the powerful drivers of highly innovative teams.
Collaboration and cross-pollination: teaching garden-based learning through PDS partnerships
Authors: Cramer Sarah , Tichenor Mercedes
Published: October 2023

Purpose

School gardening and garden-based learning (GBL) have gained great popularity in recent years, and the COVID-19 pandemic forced many educators to think creatively about safe, outdoor education. Scholarship from diverse disciplines has demonstrated the positive impact of GBL on student learning, attitudes toward school and various health outcomes. Despite widespread interest in school gardening, GBL remains absent from most teacher education programs. This is a critical disconnect, as teacher education programs deeply inform the pedagogy of future teachers. In this article, the authors discuss an independent study course for pre-service teachers designed to bridge this gap and share the perspectives of the future teachers who completed the course.

Design/methodology/approach

To understand and evaluate the experiences of the preservice teachers engaged in the GBL independent study course, the authors conducted an exploratory qualitative case study.

Findings

The authors argue that GBL curriculum integration in teacher education programs, along with garden-focused PDS partnerships, can be powerful levers in expanding gardening initiatives and preparing pre-service teachers to garden with their future students.

Originality/value

The authors also provide GBL suggestions for universities and partnership schools.
Deep learning and analytical study of void regional formation in flip-chip underfilling process
Authors: Ling Calvin , Azahari Muhammad Taufik , Abas Mohamad Aizat , Ng Fei Chong
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to study the relationship between the ball grid array (BGA) flip-chip underfilling process parameter and its void formation region.

Design/methodology/approach

A set of top-down scanning acoustic microscope images of BGA underfill is collected and void labelled. The labelled images are trained with a convolutional neural network model, and the performance is evaluated. The model is tested with new images, and the void area with its region is analysed with its dispensing parameter.

Findings

All findings were well-validated with reference to the past experimental results regarding dispensing parameters and their quantitative regional formation. As the BGA is non-uniform, 85% of the test samples have void(s) formed in the emptier region. Furthermore, the highest rating factor, valve dispensing pressure with a Gini index of 0.219 and U-type dispensing pattern set of parameters generally form a lower void percentage within the underfilling, although its consistency is difficult to maintain.

Practical implications

This study enabled manufacturers to forecast the void regional formation from its filling parameters and array pattern. The filling pressure, dispensing pattern and BGA relations could provide qualitative insights to understand the void formation region in a flip-chip, enabling the prompt to formulate countermeasures to optimise voiding in a specific area in the underfill.

Originality/value

The void regional formation in a flip-chip underfilling process can be explained quantitatively with indicative parameters such as valve pressure, dispensing pattern and BGA arrangement.
Investigation on the surface hardness and durability-related properties of concrete containing coconut shell as partial substitute to coarse aggregates
Authors: Benito Emel Ken D. , Aragoncillo Ariel Miguel M. , Morales Kylyn A. , Revilleza Dalisa Mars L. , Catindig Laurence V. , Madlangbayan Marish S.
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Using coconut shell aggregates (CSA) in concrete benefits agricultural waste management and reduces the demand for mineral resources. Several studies have found that concrete containing CSA can achieve strengths that are comparable to regular concrete. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the concrete’s durability-related properties to supplement these earlier findings.

Design/methodology/approach

Cylindrical specimens were prepared with a constant water–cement ratio of 0.50 and CSA content ranging from 0% to 50% (at 10% increment) by volume of the total coarse aggregates. The specimens were cured for 28 days and then tested for density, surface hardness, electrical resistivity and water sorptivity. The surface hardness was measured to describe the concrete resistance to surface wearing, while the resistivity and sorptivity were evaluated to describe the material’s resistance to fluid penetration.

Findings

The results showed that the surface hardness of concrete remained on average at 325 Leeb and did not change significantly with CSA addition. The distribution of surface hardness was also similar across all CSA groups, with the interquartile range averaging 59 Leeb. These results suggest that the cement paste and gravel stiffness had a more pronounced influence on the surface hardness than CSA. On the other hand, concrete became lighter by about 9%, had lower resistivity by 80% and had significantly higher initial sorptivity by up to 110%, when 50% of its natural gravel was replaced with CSA. Future work may be done to improve the durability of CSA when used as coarse aggregate.

Originality/value

The present study is the first to show the lack of correlation between CSA content and surface hardness. It would mean that the surface hardness test may not completely capture the porous nature of CSA-added concrete. The paper concludes that without additional treatment prior to mixing, CSA may be limited only to applications where concrete is not in constant contact with water or deleterious substances.
Factionalism and schisms: Analyzing network structure and characteristics of online opinion leaders in an international religious crisis
Authors: Morehouse Jordan , Boatwright Brandon
Published: October 2023

This study addresses gaps in the crisis communication literature by examining the role and influence of online opinion leaders in an overlooked type of crisis—organizational factionalism and schisms. This study examined network attributes and characteristics of online opinion leaders during an international religious crisis by conducting a social network analysis of 27,710 posts on Twitter concerning the impending schism within the United Methodist Church. By bridging research on religious crises, organizational factions and schisms, and online opinion leadership in the public relations literature, our results advance theorizing in crisis communication, particularly for Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT). Results reveal online opinion leaders are influential entities and sources of information regarding the crisis, and are not homogeneous in their opinions, thus reflecting the ideological diversity present within factionalism crises. This study confirms and advances previous research by arguing that traditional methods of categorizing crises according to SCCT should not be solely relied on for factionalism and organizational schisms.
‘After a long period of being in hibernation – These little green shoots were growing’. Lived experiences of effective support for autistic young people who have experienced extended school nonattendance
Authors: Neilson Claire , Bond Caroline
Published: October 2023

Extended school nonattendance has been identified across previous literature as problematic for autistic pupils and prevalence rates are considerably higher for this cohort than their neurotypical peers. The neurodiversity paradigm calls for a shift towards qualitative and participatory research methodologies, which was identified as a suitable approach for the current study to understand autistic young people's lived experiences. This participatory inquiry adopted a flexible and reflective approach with two autistic adolescents who had extended school nonattendance and aimed to explore how Kas and Z experienced this and described effective support to meet their needs. Adolescents' perspectives were supported by three parental viewpoints. The participatory design allowed participants to identify key themes of effective support: a nuanced relationship with time; internal processes of control and motivation; relationships and safe environments; perspectives around their diagnosis of autism. A thematic map was developed to highlight the interaction between adolescents' perspectives and parental viewpoints and the superordinate, researcher‐identified theme of Understanding and Acceptance of Individual Lived Experience of Autism. The methodology and themes suggest considerations for professionals to develop practice to support autistic pupils who experience extended school nonattendance. Implications for future research are discussed.
Hollowing out of middle‐pay jobs in Ohio: An exploratory analysis
Authors: Pham Tuyen , Khalaf Christelle , Jolley G. Jason , Belleville Douglas Eric
Published: October 2023

Hollowing out is a term that refers to the decline in the share of middle‐pay and middle‐skilled jobs relative to low‐pay and high‐pay jobs. This study employs county‐level occupational data at the place of employment to document hollowing out of middle‐pay jobs across regions in Ohio. The county‐level data with occupational information allow us to study how regions' economic heterogeneity contributes to the decline of middle‐paying jobs in Ohio over the 2001–2019 period. Of 88 counties in Ohio, 77 counties experienced declines in the shares of middle‐paying jobs. On average, Appalachian Ohio counties experienced higher hollowing out rates than other counties. We found that the hollowing out of middle‐paying jobs in Ohio is associated with the declines in the shares of manufacturing and mining jobs.
Accounting for changes in income inequality in China, 2002–2018: evidence from household survey data
Authors: Zhuang Juzhong , Zhan Peng , Li Shi
Published: October 2023

This paper examines causes behind recent changes in income inequality in China, especially its moderation since 2008, using household survey data and decomposition analyses. It is found that, by income sources, contributors to the moderation in inequality were wage income, pension, and other transfers, offset somewhat by the inequality‐increasing effect of changes in net farm and nonfarm business incomes, net asset income, imputed rent, and personal income tax and social security contribution. By household characteristics, contributors to inequality moderation were a narrowing in the urban–rural income gap, rural–urban migration, and a decline in regional income disparity, offset by widening inter‐industry earning differentials, a rise in the education premium, and changes in some unknown factors. These results are likely an outcome of some fundamental drivers working together, including processes of catch‐up growth and structural transformation, market‐driven forces including technological progress and globalisation, government policy actions, and remaining market distortions.
IGJ and SPATS2L immunohistochemistry sensitively and specifically identify BCR::ABL1+ and BCR::ABL1‐like B‐acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Gestrich Catherine K. , De Lancy Shanelle J. , Kresak Adam , Meyerson Howard , Pateva Irina , Yalley Akua K. , Ryder Christopher , Shetty Shashirekha , Bledsoe Jacob , Moore Erika M. , Oduro Kwadwo A.
Published: October 2023

Therapeutic management and prognostication for patients with B‐acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) require appropriate disease subclassification. BCR::ABL1‐like B‐ALL is unique in that it is defined by a gene expression profile similar to BCR::ABL1+ B‐ALL rather than a unifying recurrent translocation. Current molecular/cytogenetic techniques to identify this subtype are expensive, not widely accessible, have long turnaround times and/or require an adequate liquid biopsy. We have studied a total of 118 B‐ALL cases from three institutions in two laboratories to identify surrogates for BCR::ABL1+/like B‐ALL. We report that immunoglobulin joining chain (IGJ) and spermatogenesis associated serine‐rich 2‐like (SPATS2L) immunohistochemistry (IHC) sensitively and specifically identify BCR::ABL1+/like B‐ALL. IGJ IHC positivity has a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 89% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90%. SPATS2L staining has similar sensitivity and NPV but lower specificity (85%) and PPV (70%). The presence of either IGJ or SPATS2L staining augments the sensitivity (93%) and NPV (95%). While these findings would need to be validated in larger studies, they suggest that IGJ and/or SPATS2L IHC may be utilized in identifying BCR::ABL1‐like B‐ALL or in selecting B‐ALL cases for confirmatory molecular/genetic testing, particularly in resource‐limited settings.
Online health information on sinonasal inverted papillomas: An assessment on readability and quality
Authors: Nicholls Benjamin , Acharya Vikas , Slim Mohd Afiq Mohd , Haywood Matthew , Sharma Rishi
Published: October 2023

Background/Objectives

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) is a rare but serious diagnosis, with a paucity of patient‐centred information regarding this condition. As more patients are seeking healthcare information online, the quality and comprehensibility of this information becomes ever more important. The aim of the study was to investigate the readability and quality of websites on inverted papilloma.

Methods

The term IP and seven of its synonyms were inputted into the three of the most commonly used search engines in the English‐speaking world (Google, Yahoo and Bing). The first 20 results returned for each search term were then screened with our exclusion criteria. The remaining websites were assessed for their readability using the using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and average grade level (AGL). Quality was assessed using the DISCERN questionnaire.

Results

Of the 480 websites returned using our search strategy, 410 were excluded using our screening criteria. Removal of duplicates from the remaining 70 websites left 14 for inclusion in the final analysis. The mean FRES score of the remaining websites was 30.5 ± 10 and the mean AGL was 15.2 ± 1.1, corresponding to a reading age of a 21‐year‐old. The median DISCERN score was 33.5 (30.5–36.5), a score which falls within the ‘poor quality’ range.

Conclusion

The readability and quality of online patient information on IP is far below the expected standard. Healthcare providers have a responsibility to direct patients to appropriate sources of information or consider producing new material should a lack of appropriate sources exist.
Bayesian Surprise Predicts Human Event Segmentation in Story Listening
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Goldstein Ariel , Michelmann Sebastian , Zacks Jeffrey M. , Hasson Uri , Norman Kenneth A.
Published: October 2023

Event segmentation theory posits that people segment continuous experience into discrete events and that event boundaries occur when there are large transient increases in prediction error. Here, we set out to test this theory in the context of story listening, by using a deep learning language model (GPT‐2) to compute the predicted probability distribution of the next word, at each point in the story. For three stories, we used the probability distributions generated by GPT‐2 to compute the time series of prediction error. We also asked participants to listen to these stories while marking event boundaries. We used regression models to relate the GPT‐2 measures to the human segmentation data. We found that event boundaries are associated with transient increases in Bayesian surprise but not with a simpler measure of prediction error (surprisal) that tracks, for each word in the story, how strongly that word was predicted at the previous time point. These results support the hypothesis that prediction error serves as a control mechanism governing event segmentation and point to important differences between operational definitions of prediction error.
Questions About Quantifiers: Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Quantity Processing by the Brain
Authors: Szymanik Jakub , Kochari Arnold , Bremnes Heming Strømholt
Published: October 2023

One approach to understanding how the human cognitive system stores and operates with quantifiers such as “some,” “many,” and “all” is to investigate their interaction with the cognitive mechanisms for estimating and comparing quantities from perceptual input (i.e., nonsymbolic quantities). While a potential link between quantifier processing and nonsymbolic quantity processing has been considered in the past, it has never been discussed extensively. Simultaneously, there is a long line of research within the field of numerical cognition on the relationship between processing exact number symbols (such as “3” or “three”) and nonsymbolic quantity. This accumulated knowledge can potentially be harvested for research on quantifiers since quantifiers and number symbols are two different ways of referring to quantity information symbolically. The goal of the present review is to survey the research on the relationship between quantifiers and nonsymbolic quantity processing mechanisms and provide a set of research directions and specific questions for the investigation of quantifier processing.
When Native Speakers Are Not “Native‐Like:” Chunking Ability Predicts (Lack of) Sensitivity to Gender Agreement During Online Processing
Authors: Pulido Manuel F. , López‐Beltrán Priscila
Published: October 2023

Previous work on individual differences has revealed limitations in the ability of existing measures (e.g., working memory) to predict language processing. Recent evidence suggests that an individual's sensitivity to detect the statistical regularities present in language (i.e., “chunk sensitivity”) may significantly modulate online sentence processing. We investigated whether individual chunk sensitivity predicted the online processing of gender cues, a core linguistic feature of Spanish. In a self‐paced reading task, we examined native speakers’ processing of relative clauses in which gender cues were variably exploited to induce processing costs. Even after considering the effect of working memory and cognitive control, the results revealed a significant effect of chunking ability in modulating online sentence processing. Critically, higher‐chunking ability speakers’ reading times showed online sensitivity to core linguistic cues online; while low‐chunking ability readers showed no sensitivity to manipulations, indicating shallow real‐time processing of their native language.
Surface and Contextual Linguistic Cues in Dialog Act Classification: A Cognitive Science View
Authors: Linders Guido M. , Louwerse Max M.
Published: October 2023

What role do linguistic cues on a surface and contextual level have in identifying the intention behind an utterance? Drawing on the wealth of studies and corpora from the computational task of dialog act classification, we studied this question from a cognitive science perspective. We first reviewed the role of linguistic cues in dialog act classification studies that evaluated model performance on three of the most commonly used English dialog act corpora. Findings show that frequency‐based, machine learning, and deep learning methods all yield similar performance. Classification accuracies, moreover, generally do not explain which specific cues yield high performance. Using a cognitive science approach, in two analyses, we systematically investigated the role of cues in the surface structure of the utterance and cues of the surrounding context individually and combined. By comparing the explained variance, rather than the prediction accuracy of these cues in a logistic regression model, we found that (1) while surface and contextual linguistic cues can complement each other, surface linguistic cues form the backbone in human dialog act identification, (2) with word frequency statistics being particularly important for the dialog act, and (3) the similar trends across corpora, despite differences in the type of dialog, corpus setup, and dialog act tagset. The importance of surface linguistic cues in dialog act classification sheds light on how both computers and humans take advantage of these cues in speech act recognition.
5‐Year simulation of diabetes‐related complications in people treated with tirzepatide or semaglutide versus insulin glargine
Authors: Niu Shu , Alkhuzam Khalid A. , Guan Dawei , Jiao Tianze , Shi Lizheng , Fonseca Vivian , Laiteerapong Neda , Ali Mohammed K. , Schatz Desmond A. , Guo Jingchuan , Shao Hui
Published: October 2023

Aim

This study compared the 5‐year incidence rate of macrovascular and microvascular complications for tirzepatide, semaglutide and insulin glargine in individuals with type 2 diabetes, using the Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) diabetes simulation model.

Research Design and Methods

This study was a 5‐year SURPASS‐2 trial extrapolation, with an insulin glargine arm added as an additional comparator. The 1‐year treatment effects of tirzepatide (5, 10 or 15 mg), semaglutide (1 mg) and insulin glargine on glycated haemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein and body weights were obtained from the SUSTAIN‐4 and SURPASS‐2 trials. We used the BRAVO model to predict 5‐year complications for each study arm under two scenarios: the 1‐year treatment effects persisted (optimistic) or diminished to none in 5 years (conservative).

Results

When compared with insulin glargine, we projected a 5‐year risk reduction in cardiovascular adverse events [rate ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61‐0.67] and microvascular composite (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.64‐0.70) with 15 mg tirzepatide, and 5‐year risk reduction in cardiovascular adverse events (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.72‐0.79) and microvascular composite (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.76‐0.82) with semaglutide (1 mg) under an optimistic scenario. Lower doses of tirzepatide also had similar, albeit smaller benefits. Treatment effects for tirzepatide and semaglutide were smaller but still significantly higher than insulin glargine under a conservative scenario. The 5‐year risk reduction in diabetes‐related complication events and mortality for the 15 mg tirzepatide compared with insulin glargine ranged from 49% to 10% under an optimistic scenario, which was reduced by 17%‐33% when a conservative scenario was assumed.

Conclusion

With the use of the BRAVO diabetes model, tirzepatide and semaglutide exhibited potential to reduce the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes, compared with insulin glargine in a 5‐year window. Based on the current modelling assumptions, tirzepatide (15 mg) may potentially outperform semaglutide (1 mg). While the BRAVO model offered insights, the long‐term cardiovascular benefit of tirzepatide should be further validated in a prospective clinical trial.
“Want to help someone? Shut up and listen”: Foreign aid, maladaptation, and community development practices in the Pacific
Authors: Vunibola Suliasi
Published: October 2023

Motivation

Through a Fiji case analysis, this article elaborates on how well‐intentioned foreign aid initiatives can result in maladaptation for local communities. When most well‐intentioned foreign aid institutions become aware of development problems in the Pacific Island Countries, they start planning development interventions. However, maladaptation can occur where there is insufficient community input, creating conditions that worsen situations and make communities more vulnerable.

Purpose

The study highlights a way to improve the sustainability and effectiveness of development projects with local communities by analysing two case studies. One is a community project driven by a civil society organization (CSO) and the other is community‐driven development (CDD) project in Fiji.

Approach and methods

The researcher engaged in community field studies while working as a civil servant in Fiji for 12 years and has continued these studies as a researcher for five years. The data used in this article are both experiential and research‐based. Action research took place when the author supported CDD programmes based on traditional farming. This study provides a longitudinal view that includes critical auto‐ethnography and talanoa.

Findings

This study finds that the CSO did not appreciate community aspirations and local knowledge, leading to community maladaptation in response to their programme intervention. By contrast, CDD in the same locale saw community members take control of strategizing, carrying out development activities, and monitoring. This directly contributed to community resilience and collective well‐being, in addition to making the CDD activities more sustainable than those dependent on donor funding.

Policy implications

This article showcases the value of CDD for Pacific communities and the importance of accounting for local aspirations and worldviews. Thus, policies in Pacific Island Countries should ensure that any community development programmes respect people's culture and understand their notions of well‐being and resilience, and so contribute to more self‐determined development.
Ceremonial expenditures, informal networks and economic consequences: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Aldashev Alisher
Published: October 2023

We estimate the effect of spending on festivities on various economic outcomes in an IV framework. The estimates show that ceremonial spending causes reduction in food expenditure. Households with higher spending on festivities are more likely to borrow money. Moreover, children are more likely to miss school in such households. One possible explanation for ceremonial expenditure despite its high economic cost is reliance on informal networks. Using the control function approach, we show that ceremonial spending is the means to maintain these networks. Moreover, ceremonial spending reduces the household's income variation. This suggests that these networks may serve the role of informal insurance. We also distinguish between events that are intertemporarily flexible (such as weddings) and intertemporarily inflexible (such as funerals). Intertemporarily inflexible ceremonial spending is less income elastic and thus may present the biggest financial stress to households.
Mathematical analysis and dynamical transmission of monkeypox virus model with fractional operator
Authors: Farman Muhammad , Akgül Ali , Garg Harish , Baleanu Dumitru , Hincal Evren , Shahzeen Sundas
Published: October 2023

Monkeypox virus is one of the major causes of both smallpox and cowpox infection in our society. It is typically located next to tropical rain forests in remote villages in Central and West Africa. The disease is brought on by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus and the Poxviridae family. For analysis and the dynamical behaviour of the monkeypox virus infection, we developed a fractional order model with the Mittag‐Leffler kernel. The uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of the model are treated with fixed point theory results. A Lyapunov function is used to construct both local and global asymptotic stability of the system for both endemic and disease‐free equilibrium points. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out using the effective numerical scheme with an extended Mittag‐Leffler function to demonstrate the accuracy of the suggested approaches.
Divide and conquer: Coparenting and parent involvement in families with young children
Authors: DeMartini Sarah E. , Hazen Nancy L.
Published: October 2023

Background

Despite average‐sized U.S. families having more than one child, coparenting in families with two children is understudied.

Objective

The main aim of this exploratory study was to provide the first steps toward investigating the construct of divide‐and‐conquer coparenting, a coparenting strategy that emerges in families consisting of two parents and two children in which each parent focuses their attention on one child at a time. Specifically, the aim of the study was to provide preliminary evidence for the validity of a new observational rating scale to assess divide‐and‐conquer coparenting and to examine its relation to coparenting quality.

Method

Observations of whole‐family interactions (N = 52 families) were coded for overall use of divide‐and‐conquer coparenting, each parents' involvement with each child, and quality of coparenting (i.e., cooperative and competitive). Parents were also asked to write responses to an open‐ended question concerning how their coparenting had changed since having a second child.

Results

Divide‐and‐conquer coparenting was positively associated with parent involvement patterns in which each parent mainly focuses on one child at a time, with parents' endorsement of use of divide‐and‐conquer coparenting in the open‐ended question, and with cooperative coparenting. It was negatively associated with competitive coparenting.

Conclusions

Results provide support for the existence of a divide‐and‐conquer coparenting strategy in families with two young children and preliminary validation of our divide‐and‐conquer coparenting rating scale, as well as suggesting that this strategy is related to high‐quality coparenting.

Implications

Implications for family intervention and future empirical work in this area are discussed.
Returns to scale in cost, revenue, and profit for European banks: New results from nonparametric local linear methods
Authors: Wu Ji , Zhao Shirong
Published: October 2023

The continuously increasing bank sizes have received much attention from both policymakers and researchers. We present new estimates of returns to scale in cost, revenue, and profit for European banks over 2000–2020 based on nonparametric, local‐linear methods. We find that most banks faced increasing returns to scale in cost and decreasing returns to scale in revenue and profit across years, across European countries, and across bank size quartiles. Our results suggest that restricting the size of banks may not bring too much loss of revenue and profit, but could prevent European banks from exploiting increasing returns to scale in cost.
Career trajectory and cross‐system mobility: Career planning of doctoral students in Macao
Authors: Ge Yun
Published: October 2023

This study investigates career trajectory and work locations of doctoral students trained in Macao and analyses how their career paths are shaped by perceived macro‐level factors. Respondents from four applied disciplinary areas were selected for semi‐structured in‐depth interviews. Research results show that doctoral students who graduated from Macao higher education institutions enjoy good career prospects in Mainland China. Their competitiveness in the research‐related job market benefits from having a multi‐level support system and a training mode that promotes government–university–industry collaboration. Policies and demand from industrial sectors are involved in students' learning experience through channels such as financial support, project collaboration and networks. Doctoral students in Macao are strategic planners and actors in leveraging their human capital. As Macao becomes an emerging destination for cultivating high‐level research labour, findings from this study capture a model of human capital formation in China's cross‐system context.