bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting the Berry curvature in photonic graphene
Authors: Heinisch R. L. , Fehske H.
Published: June 2016

We describe a method for measuring the Berry curvature from the wave‐packet dynamics in perturbed arrays of evanescently coupled optical waveguides with honeycomb lattice structure. To disentangle the effects of the Berry curvature and the energy dispersion we utilize a difference measurement by propagating the wave packet under the influence of a constant external force back and forth. In this way a non‐vanishing Berry curvature is obtained for photonic graphene with small sublattice bias or strain, where the relative error between the exact Berry curvature and the one derived from the semiclassical dynamics is negligible. For the strained lattice we demonstrate the robustness of the Berry curvature texture over the Brillouin zone compared to the energy dispersion. We also comment on the experimental realization of the proposed Berry curvature mapping in photonics.
Cognitive effects of second‐generation antidepressants in the elderly
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: June 2016

It is not uncommon for patients with depression to exhibit cognitive deficits, such as impaired attention, information processing, and memory.1 Some studies suggest that antidepressants can improve neurocognitive function via their beneficial effects on depressive symptomatology and neurophysiological changes in the brain. However, there is conflicting evidence, which could be related to the different receptor binding properties and sites of action of individual antidepressants. Currently, there is limited information regarding comparative cognitive effects among various antidepressants in elderly patients with depression.
Learn how to find, apply for grant funding to expand services, programming for students
Authors: Gaddy Stephanie
Published: June 2016

Providing support to help your students succeed is one of your top job priorities. Although many services and programs may be included in budgets and/or achieved through collaboration with your colleagues, there still may be some other areas where you would like to expand or add services and programming to provide enhanced support.
Ionic Liquid and Biofuel Blend: A Low–cost and High Performance Hypergolic Fuel for Propulsion Application
Authors: Bhosale Mr. Vikas K. , Kulkarni Suresh G. , Kulkarni Prashant S.
Published: June 2016

Hypergolic fuel has unique importance in missiles and satellite launch vehicles. Hydrazine and its derivatives (Monomethyl hydrazine, MMH and Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine, UDMH) are the continuous choices of fuel in bipropellant though it is carcinogenic and toxic. Development of new, green and cost‐effective fuel blends based on trust‐worthy, ionic liquid and biofuel in different volume proportion have been reported. The blends exhibit reasonably good stability (chemical and thermal), low viscosity (η < 15 mPa⋅s), high density (ρ > 1 g/cm3), low ignition delay and high performance in comparison with UDMH ‐ a proven liquid fuel presently being used as promising fuels for liquid rocket application. The reported blends appear to be a technologically promising, eco‐friendly and affordable fuel blend to replace currently used liquid toxic fuels.
Functionalization of Quinolines through Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Halogenation Reaction
Authors: Sahoo Harekrishna , Ramakrishna Isai , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: June 2016

A copper‐catalyzed chelation‐controlled remote C–H halogenation of quinolines is developed. The reaction is scalable and proceeded with excellent C5‐regioselectivity offering halogen‐substituted 8‐aminoquinolines in very high yields (up to 97 %). The products were further utilized for various cross‐coupling reactions en route to highly C5‐functinonalized quinolines. As an application, synthesis of a bioactive compound having tumor‐suppressor activity was accomplished.
Investigation of Size Sensitivity in the Hydrogen Production from Formic Acid over Carbon‐Supported Pd Nanoparticles
Authors: Navlani‐García Miriam , Mori Kohsuke , Nozaki Ai , Kuwahara Yasutaka , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: June 2016

The size effect in the hydrogen production from formic acid decomposition has been investigated using a series of carbon‐supported Pd NPs with different particle sizes ranging from 2.7 to 5.5 nm. A volcano type relationship between catalytic activity and NPs size was obtained. This result suggests that there is an optimum relative proportion of low‐ and high‐coordination surface atoms within a regular arrangement of the Pd NPs, which was achieved at 3.9 nm in diameter under the present experimental conditions. By performing calculations on the palladium crystallites, decomposition of formic acid is considered as a structure‐sensitive reaction, and high‐coordination sites principally act as catalytically active species in this size range. Kinetic isotope effect using HCOOD and DCOOH was well corresponded to the catalytic tendency. A kH/kD value obtained with Pd/C with optimal size was smallest among investigated, indicating the positive promoting effect in the rate‐determining C−H bond dissociation step from the Pd‐formate intermediate.
Extended π‐Conjugated Pyrene Derivatives: Structural, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Feng Xing , Seto Nobuyuki , Wang Chuan‐Zeng , Matsumoto Taisuke , Tanaka Junji , Wei Xian‐Fu , Elsegood Mark R. J. , Horsburgh Lynne , Redshaw Carl , Yamato Takehiko
Published: June 2016

This article presents a set of extended π‐conjugated pyrene derivatives, namely 1,3‐di(arylethynyl)‐7‐tert‐butylpyrenes, which were synthesized by a Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction of 1,3‐dibromo‐7‐tert‐butylpyrenes with the corresponding arylethynyl group in good yields. Despite the presence of thetert‐butyl group located at the 7‐position of pyrene, X‐ray crystallographic analyses show that the planarity of theY‐shaped molecules still exhibits strong face‐to‐face π‐π stacking in the solid state; all of the compounds exhibit blue or green emission with high quantum yields (QYs) in dichloromethane. DFT calculations and electrochemistry revealed that this category of compound possesses hole‐transporting characteristics. In addition, with strong electron‐donating (‐N(CH3)2) or electron‐withdrawing (‐CHO) groups in2 dor2 f, these molecules displayed efficient intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) emissions with solvatochromic shifts from blue to yellow (green) on increasing the solvent polarity. Furthermore, the compounds2 dand2 fpossess strong CT characteristics.
Improving scientific application execution on android mobile devices via code refactorings
Authors: Rodriguez Ana , Mateos Cristian , Zunino Alejandro
Published: June 2016

The increasing number of mobile devices with ever‐growing capabilities makes them useful for running scientific applications. However, these applications have high computational demands, whereas mobile devices have limited capabilities when compared with non‐mobile devices. More importantly, mobile devices rely on batteries for their power supply. We initially measure the battery consumption of different versions of known micro‐benchmarks representing common programming primitives found in scientific applications. Then, we analyze the performance of such micro‐benchmarks in CPU‐intensive mobile applications. We apply good programming practices and code refactorings to reduce battery consumption of scientific mobile applications. Our results show the reduction in energy usage from applying these refactorings to three scientific applications, and we consequently propose guidelines for high‐performance computing applications. Our focus is on Android, the dominant mobile operating system. As a long‐term contribution, our results represent one more step in the progress towards hybrid distributed infrastructures comprising fixed and mobile nodes, that is, the so‐called mobile grids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Let's Talk Change in a University: A Simple Model for Addressing a Complex Agenda
Authors: Zaini Raafat Mahmoud , Pavlov Oleg V. , Saeed Khalid , Radzicki Michael J. , Hoffman Allen H. , Tichenor Kristen R.
Published: June 2016

This paper reports on a real‐life study in a US university. In response to financial issues, the administration at an undergraduate tuition‐dependent university pushed for growth in student enrollment. The faculty, who argued that the quality of education had been declining, resisted the expansion. More students also affected the use of the university's infrastructure. By actively engaging key stakeholders, we developed a simple system dynamics model of university expansion. A major insight suggests that policy decisions made non‐holistically might result in counter‐intuitive outcomes that could take considerable time from which to recover. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HucMSC Exosome-Delivered 14-3-3ζ Orchestrates Self-Control of the Wnt Response via Modulation of YAP During Cutaneous Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Bin , Shi Yinghong , Gong Aihua , Pan Zhaoji , Shi Hui , Yang Huan , Fu Hailong , Yan Yongmin , Zhang Xu , Wang Mei , Zhu Wei , Qian Hui , Xu Wenrong
Published: June 2016

Numerous studies showed that mesenchymal stem cells derived exosome (MSC-Ex) markedly enhanced tissue regeneration, however, the issue of whether MSC-Ex could control stem cells expansion after a regenerative response to prevent tissue from overcrowding and dysplasia remains to be established. Herein, we found that human umbilical cord MSC (hucMSC)-exosomal14-3-3ζ mediated the binding of YAP and p-LATS by forming a complex to promote the phosphorylation of YAP, which orchestrate exosomal Wnt4 signal in cutaneous regeneration. First, we assessed deep second-degree burn rats treated with hucMSC-Ex and discovered that hucMSC-Ex promoting self-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at the remodeling phase of cutaneous regeneration. HucMSC-Ex restricted excessive skin cell expansion and collagen deposition at 4 weeks. Under high cell density conditions, hucMSC-Ex inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling through induction of YAP phosphorylation. Second, hucMSC-Ex proteomic analysis revealed that 14-3-3 proteins could be transported by exosome. Using gain- and loss-of-function studies, our results showed that hucMSC-exosomal 14-3-3ζ controlled YAP activities and phosphorylation at Ser127 site, and were required for the binding of YAP and p-LATS. Further studies revealed that 14-3-3ζ recruited YAP and p-LATS to form a complex under high cells density status and 14-3-3ζ other than YAP or p-LATS was the key regulatory molecule of this complex. These findings collectively indicate that hucMSC-Ex functions not only as an “accelerator” of the Wnt/β-catenin signal to repair damaged skin tissue but also as a “brake” of the signal by modulating YAP to orchestrate controlled cutaneous regeneration.
Glycoengineering of E-Selectin Ligands by Intracellular versus Extracellular Fucosylation Differentially Affects Osteotropism of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Dykstra Brad , Lee Jungmin , Mortensen Luke J. , Yu Haixiao , Wu Zhengliang L. , Lin Charles P. , Rossi Derrick J. , Sackstein Robert
Published: June 2016

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise in cellular therapeutics for skeletal diseases but lack expression of E-selectin ligands that direct homing of blood-borne cells to bone marrow. Previously, we described a method to engineer E-selectin ligands on the MSC surface by exofucosylating cells with fucosyltransferase VI (FTVI) and its donor sugar, GDP-Fucose, enforcing transient surface expression of the potent E-selectin ligand HCELL with resultant enhanced osteotropism of intravenously administered cells. Here, we sought to determine whether E-selectin ligands created via FTVI-exofucosylation are distinct in identity and function to those created by FTVI expressed intracellularly. To this end, we introduced synthetic modified mRNA encoding FTVI (FUT6-modRNA) into human MSCs. FTVI-exofucosylation (i.e., extracellular fucosylation) and FUT6-modRNA transfection (i.e., intracellular fucosylation) produced similar peak increases in cell surface E-selectin ligand levels, and shear-based functional assays showed comparable increases in tethering/rolling on human endothelial cells expressing E-selectin. However, biochemical analyses revealed that intracellular fucosylation induced expression of both intracellular and cell surface E-selectin ligands and also induced a more sustained expression of E-selectin ligands compared to extracellular fucosylation. Notably, live imaging studies to assess homing of human MSC to mouse calvarium revealed more osteotropism following intravenous administration of intracellularly-fucosylated cells compared to extracellularly-fucosylated cells. This study represents the first direct analysis of E-selectin ligand expression programmed on human MSCs by FTVI-mediated intracellular versus extracellular fucosylation. The observed differential biologic effects of FTVI activity in these two contexts may yield new strategies for improving the efficacy of human MSCs in clinical applications.
Screening of Human cDNA Library Reveals Two differentiation-Related Genes, HHEX and HLX, as Promoters of Early Phase Reprogramming toward Pluripotency
Authors: Yamakawa Tatsuya , Sato Yoshiko , Matsumura Yasuko , Kobayashi Yukiko , Kawamura Yoshifumi , Goshima Naoki , Yamanaka Shinya , Okita Keisuke
Published: June 2016

Gene screenings have identified a number of reprogramming factors that induce pluripotency from somatic cells. However, the screening methods have mostly considered only factors that maintain pluripotency in embryonic stem cells, ignoring a potentially long list of other contributing factors involved. To expand the search, we developed a new screening method that examined 2,008 human genes in the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), including not only pluripotent genes but also differentiation-related genes that suppress pluripotency. We found the top 100 genes that increased reprogramming efficiency and discovered they contained many differentiation-related genes and homeobox genes. We selected two, HHEX and HLX, for further analysis. These genes enhanced the appearance of premature reprograming cells in the early phase of human iPSC induction, but had inhibitory effect on the late phase. In addition, when expressed in human iPSCs, HHEX and HLX interfered with the pluripotent state, indicating inverse effects on somatic reprograming and pluripotent maintenance. These results demonstrate that our screening is useful for identifying differentiation-related genes in somatic reprograming.
Why we love ATC‐63: part ii, technology transfer
Authors: Hart Gary C. , Simsir Can C.
Published: June 2016

This paper represents a follow up (Part II) to the original paper published in 2008 in this journal. It presents the learning from the first paper and also the results of recent work by the authors to apply and illustrate to other structural engineers the many benefits of Applied Technology Council. . This includes the use of mathematical equations from structural reliability theory, incorporation of professional judgment of the structural engineer of record and maximum utilization of published peer reviewed laboratory and testing of building components and systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of long glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites at different injection temperature
Authors: Zhang Daohai , He Min , Luo Heng , Qin Shuhao , Yu Jie , Guo Jianbing
Published: June 2016

Long glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites were prepared using self‐designed impregnation device. Effects of the different injection temperature on mechanical properties, crystallization, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of long glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites were discussed. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that the melting peak temperature of PP/LGF composites gradually reduced, however, the crystallinity of PP/LGF composites gradually increased with increasing injection temperature. Thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA) results demonstrate that with increasing injection temperature, the temperature of the PP/LGF composites melt increased, the viscosity of the PP/LGF composites melt lowered, the mold filling of the PP/LGF composites melt was easy, the shear force of glass fiber was relatively low, which made the residual length of glass fiber in products increase. Dynamic thermal mechanical analyzer (DMA) results show that the storage modulus of PP/LGF composites is the highest while the injection temperature is at 290°C, and the peak value of tan σ of PP /LGF composites at 290°C is minimal, which indicates that the mechanical properties of PP /LGF composites at 290°C is the best. What' more, the injection temperature at 290°C significantly ameliorated “glass fiber rich skin” of products of glass fiber‐reinforced composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:233–238, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polycaprolactone‐hydroxy apatite composites for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Cesur Serap , Küçükgöksel Yelda , Taşdemir Şeyma , Ürkmez Aylin Şendemir
Published: June 2016

In this study, scaffolds with polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxy apatite (HA) were produced. Their properties are not sufficient to be used alone. Oleic Acid (OA) and glycerol monooleate (GMO) as organic additives were selected for a homogeneous distribution of the ceramic material in the polymer matrix. Biocomposite materials were prepared with solvent casting‐salt leaching technique using dichloromethane as the solvent. Salt was used as the porosifier. Materials were kept in simulated body fluid (SBF) to determine the bioactivity in vitro conditions. FTIR and EDX analyses for chemical characterization, tensile and compressive tests for mechanical properties, SEM analyses for surface properties and BET analyses for pore sizes, total surface areas and total pore volumes of scaffolds were performed. FTIR, EDX, and SEM analyses were repeated after SBF treatment. Pore diameters were highly increased with 3 and 20 wt% HA addition. Small amount of GMO addition is more effective on pore size. Mechanical properties of scaffolds were suitable for soft tissue applications, as smooth muscle cells, skin and cancellous bone. The cytotoxicity and cell proliferation on scaffolds were studied with smooth muscle cells (SMC) and L929 fibroblastic cells in vitro. No cytotoxic effect was observed for the scaffolds in both cell types. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:248–261, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Robust secret key extraction from channel secondary random process
Authors: Badawy Ahmed , Elfouly Tarek , Khattab Tamer , Chiasserini Carla‐Fabiana , Mohamed Amr , Trinchero Daniele
Published: June 2016

The vast majority of existing secret key generation protocols exploit the inherent randomness of the wireless channel as a common source of randomness. However, independent noise added at the receivers of the legitimate nodes affects the reciprocity of the channel. In this paper, we propose a new simple technique to generate the secret key that mitigates the effect of noise. Specifically, we exploit the estimated channel to generate a secondary random process (SRP) that is common between the two legitimate nodes. We compare the estimated channel gain and phase to a preset threshold. The moving differences between the locations at which the estimated channel gain and phase exceed the threshold are the realization of our SRP. We study the properties of our generated SRP and derive a closed form expression for the probability mass function of the realizations of our SRP. We simulate an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system and show that our proposed technique provides a drastic improvement in the key bit mismatch rate between the legitimate nodes when compared with the techniques that exploit the estimated channel gain or phase directly. In addition to that, the secret key generated through our technique is longer than that generated by conventional techniques. Moreover, we compute the conditional probabilities used to estimate the secret key capacity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood vessel crosstalk during organogenesis—focus on pancreas and endothelial cells
Authors: Azizoglu D. Berfin , Cleaver Ondine
Published: June 2016

Blood vessels form a highly branched, interconnected, and largely stereotyped network of tubes that sustains every organ and tissue in vertebrates. How vessels come to take on their particular architecture, or how they are ‘patterned,’ and in turn, how they influence surrounding tissues are fundamental questions of organogenesis. Decades of work have begun to elucidate how endothelial progenitors arise and home to precise locations within tissues, integrating attractive and repulsive cues to build vessels where they are needed. Conversely, more recent findings have revealed an exciting facet of blood vessel interaction with tissues, where vascular cells provide signals to developing organs and progenitors therein. Here, we discuss the exchange of reciprocal signals between endothelial cells and neighboring tissues during embryogenesis, with a special focus on the developing pancreas. Understanding the mechanisms driving both sides of these interactions will be crucial to the development of therapies, from improving organ regeneration to efficient production of cell based therapies. Specifically, elucidating the interface of the vasculature with pancreatic lineages, including endocrine cells, will instruct approaches such as generation of replacement beta cells for Type I diabetes. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:598–617. doi: 10.1002/wdev.240

This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling

Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches
Synthesis, Structures, and Photocatalytic Properties of Zinc(II) and Cobalt(II) Supramolecular Complexes Constructed with Flexible Bis(thiabendazole) and Dicarboxylate Linkers
Authors: Huan Dian‐Heng , Zhao Yan‐Qin , Hao Zeng‐Chuan , Cui Guang‐Hua
Published: June 2016

Three coordination complexes, namely, [Zn(btbp)(3‐npa)]n (1), [Co(btbh)(3‐npa)]n (2), and {[Co(btbb)(5‐nipa)(H2O)]·H2O}n (3) (btbp = 1,3‐bis(thiabendazole)propane, btbh = 1,6‐bis(thiabendazole)hexane, btbb = 1,4‐bis(thiabendazole)butane, 3‐H2npa = 3‐nitrophthalic acid and 5‐H2nipa = 5‐nitroisophthalic acid) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 features a fascinating meso‐helical chain, which is further extended into a 2D supramolecular framework involving π···π stacking interactions. Complexes 2 and 3 show dinuclear structures. Complex 2 is further connected through C–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions to afford a 2D supramolecular layer, whereas complex 3 is further extended to a rare 2‐nodal (3,4)‐connected supramolecular sheet with a point symbol of {3.42.5.6.7}2{3.82} by O–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions. The electrochemical behaviors of the two cobalt complexes 2 and 3 were reported. Moreover, the luminescent properties for 1 and the photocatalytic properties for the complexes were investigated.
Kidney Transplant Outcomes in the Super Obese: A National Study From the UNOS Dataset
Authors: Kanthawar Pooja , Mei Xiaonan , Daily Michael F. , Chandarana Jyotin , Shah Malay , Berger Jonathan , Castellanos Ana Lia , Marti Francesc , Gedaly Roberto
Published: June 2016

Background

We evaluated outcomes of super‐obese patients (BMI > 50) undergoing kidney transplantation in the US.

Methods

We performed a review of 190 super‐obese patients undergoing kidney transplantation from 1988 through 2013 using the UNOS dataset.

Results

Super‐obese patients had a mean age of 45.7 years (21–75 years) and 111 (58.4 %) were female. The mean BMI of the super‐obese group was 56 (range 50.0–74.2). A subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients with BMI > 50 had worse survival compared to any other BMI class. The 30‐day perioperative mortality and length of stay was 3.7 % and 10.09 days compared to 0.8 % and 7.34 days in nonsuper‐obese group. On multivariable analysis, BMI > 50 was an independent predictor of 30‐day mortality, with a 4.6‐fold increased risk of perioperative death. BMI > 50 increased the risk of delayed graft function and the length of stay by twofold. The multivariable analysis of survival showed a 78 % increased risk of death in this group. Overall patient survival for super‐obese transplant recipients at 1, 3, and 5 years was 88, 82, and 76 %, compared to 96, 91, 86 % on patients transplanted with BMI < 50. A propensity score adjusted analysis further demonstrates significant worse survival rates in super‐obese patients undergoing kidney transplantation.

Conclusion

Super‐obese patients had prolonged LOS and worse DGF rates. Perioperative mortality was increased 4.6‐fold compared to patients with BMI < 50. In a subgroup analysis, super‐obese patients who underwent kidney transplantation had significantly worse graft and patient survival compared to underweight, normal weight, and obesity class I, II, and III (BMI 40–50) patients.
The International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH): reflecting on 60 years of contributions to groundwater science and water management
Authors: Struckmeier Willi , Howard Ken , Chilton John
Published: June 2016

The 60th anniversary of the founding of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) is an important milestone that allows pause for reflection on how the association has evolved over the years and the contributions it has made to groundwater science and water management. IAH was founded in 1956 at the 20th International Geological Congress and developed rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s in response to a growing global interest in groundwater mapping and in sound approaches to resource protection and sustainable aquifer management. Incorporated in 2000, IAH has now secured its position as the world’s leading international association specialising in groundwater with over 4,100 members in 131 countries. Much credit for this success must go to members, past and present, whose individual efforts and collaboration with sister institutions are documented here. These members have shaped the association’s goals and contributed selflessly to its scientific programmes, publications and educational and charitable activities. Looking ahead to the next 60 years, it is essential that IAH does not rest on past achievements but listens and adjusts to the needs of members while continuing to pursue its mission of furthering the understanding, wise use and protection of groundwater resources throughout the world.
2013 Review and Update of the Genetic Counseling Practice Based Competencies by a Task Force of the Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling
Authors: Doyle Debra Lochner , Awwad Rawan I. , Austin Jehannine C. , Baty Bonnie J. , Bergner Amanda L. , Brewster Stephanie J. , Erby Lori A. H. , Franklin Cathi Rubin , Greb Anne E. , Grubs Robin E. , Hooker Gillian W. , Noblin Sarah Jane , Ormond Kelly E. , Palmer Christina G. , Petty Elizabeth M. , Singletary Claire N. , Thomas Matthew J. , Toriello Helga , Walton Carol S. , Uhlmann Wendy R.
Published: June 2016

The first practice based competencies (PBCs) for the field of genetic counseling were adopted by the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC), 1996. Since that time, there has been significant growth in established and new work settings (clinical and non‐clinical) and changes in service delivery models and the roles of genetic counselors. These changes prompted the ABGC to appoint a PBC Task Force in 2011 to review the PBCs with respect to their current relevance and to revise and update them as necessary. There are four domains in the revised PBCs: (I) Genetics Expertise and Analysis (II) Interpersonal, Psychosocial and Counseling Skills (III) Education and (IV) Professional Development and Practice. There are 22 competencies, each clarified with learning objectives or samples of activities and skills; a glossary is included. New competencies were added that address genomics, genetic testing and genetic counselors’ roles in risk assessment, education, supervision, conducting research and presenting research options to patients. With PBCs serving as the pre‐defined abilities or outcomes of training, graduating genetic counselors will be well prepared to enter the field with a minimum level of skills and abilities. A description of the Task Force's work, key changes and the 2013 PBCs are presented herein.
Identifying non-accidental fractures in children aged <2 years
Authors: Leaman Laura A. , Hennrikus William L. , Bresnahan James J.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Fractures are the second most common presentation of child abuse following soft-tissue bruising and burns. It is often difficult to determine potential abuse in a child presenting with a non-rib fracture(s) and without soft-tissue injuries.

Methods

One hundred and fifteen consecutive patients aged ≤2 years who presented with a fracture between January 2010 and June 2012 to our emergency department (ED) or pediatric fracture clinic were retrospectively analyzed. Statistical analyses were carried out for non-accidental fractures based on age (<1 year vs 1–2 years), location of presentation (ED vs pediatric fracture clinic), type of long bone fracture, number of fractures, and patient demographics.

Results

Fractures in 19 of 115 (17 %) patients were reported as non-accidental trauma (NAT). Eighty (70 %) of the 115 patients first reported to the ED. Thirty-two percent of fractures in children aged <1 year and 5 % of fractures in children aged 1–2 years were reported as NAT ( p < 0.001). Sixteen of 19 (84 %) patients reported for abuse had multiple fractures; 15 of these patients were aged <1 year. Eight of 11 (73 %) reported femoral fractures were transverse fractures. Corner fractures (12) only occurred in children aged <1 year and never occurred in isolation; all of them were reported as NAT. Four of 60 patients (7 %) with commercial insurance and 15 of 55 patients (28 %) with Medicaid were reported as NAT.

Conclusions

Age less than 1 year, multiple fractures, corner fractures, transverse fractures, and covered by Medicaid were the most common factors associated with reporting of NAT.
Characterization of miniature fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors based on hollow silica tube
Authors: Jia Pinggang , Fang Guocheng , Wang Daihua
Published: June 2016

A miniature fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer (MOFPI) fabricated by splicing a hollow silica tube (HST) with inner diameter of 4 µm to the end of a single-mode fiber is investigated and experimentally demonstrated. The theoretical relationship between the free spectrum range and the length of HST is verified by fabricating several MOFPIs with different lengths. We characterize the MOFPIs for temperature, liquid refractive index, and strain. Experimental results show that the sensitivities of the temperature, liquid refractive index, and strain are 16.42 pm/°C,–118.56 dB/RIU, and 1.21 pm/µε, respectively.
Colorectal cancer: comparative analysis of clinical and pathological characteristics in patients aged above and below 45 years of age and impact on prognosis
Authors: Pestana Joana Sofia Gomes , Martins Sandra Fátima Fernandes
Published: June 2016

Introduction Colorectal cancer, in Portugal, presents as the second most common cancer and of cancer death cause. CRC is a disease of the elderly; however, there has been an increase of incidence in younger patients and doubts have emerged about its behavior, characteristics and prognosis in this group.

Methods In this study, we have evaluated a sample of 512 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer submitted to surgical treatment in the period between January 1st, 2005 and January 1st, 2010, through a comparative clinical, pathological and survival analysis of patients under and over 45 years old (Groups I and II respectively).

Results Group I patients accounted for 5.5% of the sample. There was a predominance of males and the most common site was the left colon in both age groups. In the younger group, the histological type presents with a predominance of tumors with a mucinous component and with signet ring cells (p = 0.001), however, there was no difference in terms of overall survival and disease-free survival.

Conclusion In this study, colorectal cancer at younger ages shows similar characteristics to those of older patients.
Groove-induced changes of discharge in channel flows
Authors: Chen Yu , Floryan J. M. , Chew Y. T. , Khoo B. C.
Published: June 2016

The changes in discharge in pressure-driven flows through channels with longitudinal grooves have been investigated in the laminar flow regime and in the turbulent flow regime with moderate Reynolds numbers ($Re_{2H}\approx 6000$) using both analytical and numerical methodologies. The results demonstrate that the long-wavelength grooves can increase discharge by 20 %–150 %, depending on the groove amplitude and the type of flow, while the short-wavelength grooves reduce the discharge. It has been shown that the reduced geometry model applies to the analysis of turbulent flows and the performance of grooves of arbitrary form is well approximated by the performance of grooves whose shape is represented by the dominant Fourier mode. The flow patterns, the turbulent kinetic energy as well as the Reynolds stresses were examined to identify the mechanisms leading to an increase in discharge. It is shown that the increase in discharge results from the rearrangement of the bulk fluid movement and not from the suppression of turbulence intensity. The turbulent kinetic energy and the Reynolds stresses are rearranged while their volume-averaged intensities remain the same as in the smooth channel. Analysis of the interaction of the groove patterns on both walls demonstrates that the converging–diverging configuration results in the greatest increase in discharge while the wavy channel configuration results in a reduction in discharge.
Reynolds-number scaling of vortex pinch-off on low-aspect-ratio propulsors
Authors: Fernando John N. , Rival David E.
Published: June 2016

Impulsively started, low-aspect-ratio elliptical flat plates have been investigated experimentally to understand the vortex pinch-off dynamics at transitional and fully turbulent Reynolds numbers. The range of Reynolds numbers investigated is representative of those observed in animals that employ rowing and paddling modes of drag-based propulsion and manoeuvring. Elliptical flat plates with five aspect ratios ranging from one to two have been considered, as abstractions of propulsor planforms found in nature. It has been shown that Reynolds-number scaling is primarily determined by plate aspect ratio in terms of both drag forces and vortex pinch-off. Due to vortex-ring growth time scales that are longer than those associated with the development of flow instabilities, the scaling of drag is Reynolds-number-dependent for the aspect-ratio-one flat plate. With increasing aspect ratio, the Reynolds-number dependency decreases as a result of the shorter growth time scales associated with high-aspect-ratio elliptical vortex rings. Large drag peaks are observed during early-stage vortex growth for the higher-aspect-ratio flat plates. The collapse of these peaks with Reynolds number provides insight into the evolutionary convergence process of propulsor planforms used in drag-based swimming modes over diverse scales towards aspect ratios greater than one.
Compositional inhomogeneities as a source of indirect combustion noise
Authors: Magri Luca , O’Brien Jeff , Ihme Matthias
Published: June 2016

The generation of indirect combustion noise by compositional inhomogeneities is examined theoretically. For this, the compact-nozzle theory of Marble & Candel (J. Sound Vib., vol. 55 (2), 1977, pp. 225–243) is extended to a multi-component gas mixture, and the chemical potential function is introduced as an additional acoustic source mechanism. Transfer functions for subcritical and supercritical nozzle flows are derived, and the contribution of compositional noise is compared to entropy noise and direct noise by considering an idealized nozzle downstream of the combustor exit. It is shown that compositional noise is dependent on the local mixture composition and can exceed entropy noise for fuel-lean conditions and supercritical nozzle flows. This suggests that the compositional indirect noise requires potential consideration with the implementation of low-emission combustors.
Propagation of Love-Type Wave in a Corrugated Fibre-Reinforced Layer
Authors: Singh A. K. , Mistri K. C. , Das A.
Published: June 2016

The present paper investigates the propagation of Love-type waves in an initially stressed heterogeneous fibre-reinforced layer with corrugated boundary surfaces, lying over a viscoelastic half-space under hydrostatic state of stress. The dispersion relation is obtained in closed form and found to be in well-agreement with the classical Love wave equation. The substantial effect of reinforcement, position and undulation parameters (i.e.corrugation), heterogeneity, horizontal initial stress and hydrostatic state of stress are discussed briefly. It is established through comparative study that reinforced layer supports more to phase velocity of Love-type wave as compare to reinforced free layer.
Taxonomy and biogeography of the Pleistocene New Zealand sea lionNeophoca palatina(Carnivora: Otariidae)
Authors: Churchill Morgan , Boessenecker Robert W.
Published: June 2016

The Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions) are an important and highly visible component of Southern Hemisphere marine mammal faunas. However, fossil material of Southern Hemisphere otariids is comparatively rare and often fragmentary. One exception is the Pleistocene sea lionNeophoca palatinaKing, 1983a, which is known from a nearly complete skull from the North Island of New Zealand. However, the phylogenetic affinities of this taxon are poorly known, and comparisons with other taxa have been limited. We provide an extensive redescription ofNeophoca palatinaand diagnose this taxon using a morphometric approach. Twenty measurements of the skull were collected forN. palatina, as well as for all extant Australasian otariids and several fossilNeophoca cinereaPerón, 1816. Using principal component analysis, we were able to segregate taxa by genus, andN. palatinawas found to cluster withNeophocaaccording to overall size of the skull as well as increased width of the intertemporal constriction and interorbital region.N. palatinacan be distinguished from all other Australasian otariids by its unusually broad basisphenoid. Discriminant function analysis supported referral ofNeophoca palatinatoNeophocawith very high posterior probability. These results confirm the treatment ofNeophoca palatinaas a distinct species ofNeophocaand highlight the former broad distribution and greater tolerance for colder temperatures of this genus. These results also suggest that New Zealand may have played a pivotal role in the diversification of Southern Hemisphere otariid seals.
Redescriptions of some Lower Devonian gastropods from Tennessee currently considered to be platyceratids
Authors: Harper John A.
Published: June 2016

Three genera of gastropods described from the Lower Devonian Rockhouse Formation of Hardin County, Tennessee, currently are considered to be junior subjective synonyms ofPlatyceras(Visitator) Perner, 1911. Evaluation of the type specimens of these genera as well as types of two other gastropods from the same formation reveals the following:Platyostoma quadrangulare(Dunbar, 1920) is the only platyceratid gastropod among them;Saffordella tennessensisDunbar, 1920 has a selenizone above midwhorl so it is an eotomarioidean belonging to the Gosseletinidae;Aulopea nelsoniDunbar, 1920 and the lectotype ofDistemnostoma princepsDunbar, 1920 each has a broad subsutural sinus on the upper whorl surface similar to the Omphalotrochidae, as well as a basal sinus similar to certain primitive caenogastropods, so their systematic position is uncertain; I considerHolopea planidorsataDunbar, 1920 to be a juvenile specimen ofD. princeps; the fragmentary paralectotype ofD. princepspossibly represents a gerontic form ofDistemnostoma curtumDunbar, 1920, which possesses a well-developed selenizone on an upwardly projecting shoulder at the edge of the upper whorl surface. BecauseD. curtumappears to be unrelated toD. princeps, the genotype ofDistemnostoma, I propose the new generic nameOmocordellaforD. curtum. The new family Micromphalidae is erected to include OrdovicianSlehoferiaRohr and Fryda, 2001, lower CarboniferousMicromphalusKnight, 1945, andOmocordellan. gen.
Ideology and the US Congressional Vote
Authors: Shor Boris , Rogowski Jon C.
Published: June 2016

A large class of theoretical models posits that voters choose candidates on the basis of issue congruence, but convincing empirical tests of this key claim remain elusive. The most persistent difficulty is obtaining comparable spatial estimates for winning and losing candidates, as well as voters. We address these issues using candidate surveys to characterize the electoral platforms for winners and losers, and large issue batteries in 2008 and 2010 to estimate voter preferences. Questions that were answered by both candidates and citizens allow us to jointly scale these estimates. We find robust evidence that vote choice in congressional elections is both strongly associated with spatial proximity and that individual-level and contextual variables commonly associated with congressional voting behavior condition the magnitude of its importance. Our results have important implications for theories of voter decision-making and electoral institutions.
Effects of isoleucine on glucose uptake through the enhancement of muscular membrane concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT4 and intestinal membrane concentrations of Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT-1) and GLUT2
Authors: Zhang Shihai , Yang Qing , Ren Man , Qiao Shiyan , He Pingli , Li Defa , Zeng Xiangfang
Published: June 2016

Knowledge of regulation of glucose transport contributes to our understanding of whole-body glucose homoeostasis and human metabolic diseases. Isoleucine has been reported to participate in regulation of glucose levels in many studies; therefore, this study was designed to examine the effect of isoleucine on intestinal and muscular GLUT expressions. In an animal experiment, muscular GLUT and intestinal GLUT were determined in weaning pigs fed control or isoleucine-supplemented diets. Supplementation of isoleucine in the diet significantly increased piglet average daily gain, enhanced GLUT1 expression in red muscle and GLUT4 expression in red muscle, white muscle and intermediate muscle (P<0·05). In additional, expressions of Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 and GLUT2 were up-regulated in the small intestine when pigs were fed isoleucine-supplemented diets (P<0·05). C2C12 cells were used to examine the expressions of muscular GLUT and glucose uptakein vitro. In C2C12 cells supplemented with isoleucine in the medium, cellular 2-deoxyglucose uptake was increased (P<0·05) through enhancement of the expressions of GLUT4 and GLUT1 (P<0·05). The effect of isoleucine was greater than that of leucine on glucose uptake (P<0·05). Compared with newborn piglets, 35-d-old piglets have comparatively higher GLUT4, GLUT2 and GLUT5 expressions. The results of this study demonstrated that isoleucine supplementation enhanced the intestinal and muscular GLUT expressions, which have important implications that suggest that isoleucine could potentially increase muscle growth and intestinal development by enhancing local glucose uptake in animals and human beings.
Anticipating War? War Preparations and the Steps-to-War Thesis
Authors: Sample Susan G.
Published: June 2016

This study addresses what it means, theoretically and diplomatically, to argue that states anticipate war. The ‘steps-to-war’ thesis contends that territorial disputes are high salience issues, but war is relatively unlikely unless state policies, such as arms buildups, directly increase the probability of war. This framework contrasts with the argument that these policies simply reflect underlying conflict, seen as the primary cause of both policies and war. The historical analysis here indicates that states do ‘anticipate’ war, but, at least in the case of wars related to ongoing territorial conflicts, it is theoretically trivial: states anticipate war, engaging in final preparations after their relations have deteriorated over time, and the process occurs in ways predicted by the steps-to-war theory.
Mental disorders of known aetiology and precision medicine in psychiatry: a promising but neglected alliance
Authors: Fraguas D. , Díaz-Caneja C. M. , State M. W. , O'Donovan M. C. , Gur R. E. , Arango C.
Published: June 2016

Personalized or precision medicine is predicated on the assumption that the average response to treatment is not necessarily representative of the response of each individual. A commitment to personalized medicine demands an effort to bring evidence-based medicine and personalized medicine closer together. The use of relatively homogeneous groups, defined using a priori criteria, may constitute a promising initial step for developing more accurate risk-prediction models with which to advance the development of personalized evidence-based medicine approaches to heterogeneous syndromes such as schizophrenia. However, this can lead to a paradoxical situation in the field of psychiatry. Since there has been a tendency to loosely define psychiatric disorders as ones without a known aetiology, the discovery of an aetiology for psychiatric syndromes (e.g. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in some cases of schizophrenia), while offering a path toward more precise treatments, may also lead to their reclassification away from psychiatry. We contend that psychiatric disorders with a known aetiology should not be removed from the field of psychiatry. This knowledge should be used instead to guide treatment, inasmuch as psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and other treatments can all be valid approaches to mental disorders. The translation of the personalized clinical approach inherent to psychiatry into evidence-based precision medicine can lead to the development of novel treatment options for mental disorders and improve outcomes.
Living arrangements and intergenerational monetary transfers of older Chinese
Authors: CHEN TAICHANG , LEESON GEORGE W. , LIU CHANGPING
Published: June 2016

Previous studies show a decline in parent–child co-residence among the elderly. This study examined the effect of living away from adult children on upward intergenerational monetary transfers by analysing a 2006 survey of 19,947 persons aged 60 and above and selected from 20 provinces in China. Results indicate that elderly who were not co-residing but had at least one adult child living in another community/village within the city/county were likely to receive more intergenerational monetary transfers than those who were living with children. Living close to children, rather than co-residing with them, might be the primary living arrangement for older Chinese people in the foreseeable future. The findings have important programme and policy implications for countries such as China, which has the largest elderly population in the world. There is a strong need for the development of specific public care support systems focused on the elderly population, in general, and elderly in rural areas, in particular.
An almost-periodic solution of Hasegawa–Wakatani equations with vanishing resistivity
Authors: Kondo Shintaro
Published: June 2016

We consider the zero-resistivity limit for Hasegawa–Wakatani equations in a cylindrical domain when the initial data are Stepanov almost-periodic in the axial direction. First, we prove the existence of a solution to Hasegawa–Wakatani equations with zero resistivity; second, we obtain uniform a priori estimates with respect to resistivity. Such estimates can be obtained in the same way as for our previous results; therefore, the most important contribution of this paper is the proof of the existence of a local-in-time solution to Hasegawa–Wakatani equations with zero resistivity. We apply the theory of Bohr–Fourier series of Stepanov almost-periodic functions to such a proof.