bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anşa Bacılı-Beydili Köyü Örneğinde; Türk Kültüründe Tabiat Kültleri
Authors: KARACA İbrahim
Published: December 2022

Bu çalışma Sivas’ın Hafik ilçesine bağlı Beydili köyü örneğinde, Anşa Bacılı Türkmen Alevilerinde tabiat kültlerini Türk kültürü bağlamında ele almaktadır. Anşa Bacılılar topluluğu, Anadolu Aleviliği içerisinde yer alan ve birbirlerine kan bağı ile bağlı olan bir topluluktur. Günümüzde Sivas, Tokat ve Amasya’da yaşamaktadırlar. Anşa Bacılılar, Oğuzlar’ın Beydili boyuna mensupturlar. Beydili köyü, geleneksel Alevi topluluklarından olan Anşa Bacılı’lardan oluşmaktadır. Beydili köyünde yaşayan Anşa Bacılılar geleneksel topluluk olma özelliklerini Alevi değerler sistemi içerisinde, günümüzde de göstermektedirler. Düzenli olarak yapılan ritüeller ve ortak anlatıma sahip olan mitler yapılan alan çalışması sırasında gözlemlenmiştir. Bu kültürel kodlar kendisini tabiat kültleri olarak ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Beydili köyünde çok sayıda örnekleri bulunan; kahraman atalar kültü, ağaç ve su kültü, ateş kültü, dağ kültü, taş ve kaya inançları gibi eski Türk inançlarında var olan inanışlar bir sistem dâhilinde kendisini gündelik hayatta göstermektedir. Geleneksel Türk dini içerisinde yer alan tabiat kültlerini Anşa Bacılılar’ın gündelik hayatlarını gözlemleyerek ortaya çıkarmak bu çalışmanın amacıdır. Bu çalışma, belirtilen konu ve amaca uygun olarak kendisine etnografiyi yöntem olarak belirlemiştir. Bu amaçla Nisan 2016’da Sivas’ın Hafik ilçesi, Beydili köyünde alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Doğal ortamda gerçekleştirilen alan araştırması sonucunda, nitel yönteme göre, katılımlı gözlem ve derinlemesine görüşmeler ile veriler elde edilmiştir.
Gerçek Yaşam Temelli Projelerle İngilizce Öğrenme ve Geliştirme: Bir Süreç ve Metafor Analizi
Authors: KEMALOĞLU ER Elif
Published: December 2022

Globalleşme ve internetin yaşamımızın merkezine yerleştiği günümüz dünyasında İngilizce dili öğreniminin sadece sınıf içi uygulama ve alıştırma rutini içerisinde değil, doğrudan yaşamın içerisine girerek ve insanlarla etkileşimde bulunularak gerçekleştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Gerçek yaşam temelli yaklaşımlardan proje tabanlı öğrenmeyi esas alan bu çalışmada yükseköğrenim İngilizce hazırlık öğrencileri, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen öğrenme modeline uygun gerçek yaşam temelli proje uygulamaları gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Bu niteliksel vaka incelemesi bu proje tabanlı yabancı dil öğrenim modeline ait her bir adımın olumlu yönlerini ve zorluklarını öğrenci görüşleri aracılığı ile derinlemesine araştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışma bunun yanı sıra öğrencilerin söz ettikleri zorluklarla ilgili çözüm önerilerini ve öğrencilerin proje süreci ile ilgili olarak kullandıkları metaforları da analiz etmektedir. Araştırma verileri proje günlükleri, odak grup mülakatları ve sınıf tartışmalarının yanı sıra metafor odaklı açık uçlu anketler aracılığıyla toplanmış ve tematik analiz yoluyla incelenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, öğrenciler, proje çalışmalarına ait adımların verimli geçtiğini belirtmişler, hem İngilizcelerini geliştirdiklerini hem de üniversite akademik yaşamına hazırlandıklarını vurgulamışlardır. Katılımcıların proje sürecini tanımlamak için kullandıkları metaforların analizleri ise proje sürecinin uzun ve zorlayıcı ve aynı zamanda zevkli ve öğretici olduğuna ve katılımcılarda yeni ufuklar açtığına işaret etmektedir. Çalışma gerçek yaşam temelli projelerle gerçekleştiren uygulamaların İngilizce dili öğrenme ortamlarında etkin ve anlamlı bir öğrenme aracı olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.
Duygusal Zekânın Hedonik Tüketim Davranışına Etkisi: Ordu ve Giresun İli Örneği
Authors: AYAR Murat , YILDIZ Deniz
Published: December 2022

Varoluşumuzdan günümüze kadar her gün çeşitli konularda düşünmeye başlar ve sonrasında bu düşünceleri hayata geçirmeye başlarız. Aklımızı kullanarak yerine getirdiğimiz bu işlevi zekâ olarak ifade ederiz. Daha rahat, anlaşılır, refah seviyesi ve standardı yüksek bir yaşam sürmek için en önemli düşünsel faktör olan zekâmızı kullandığımız yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Zeka kavramının çeşitlendirilerek farklı alanlarda kullanılması bilime katkı sunması amacından dolayı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çeşitli alanlardan biri de örgütsel davranış konularından olan duygusal zekâdır. Duygusal zekâ bireylerin davranışlarını şekillendirmede dürtülerini belirleyen en önemli unsurlardan biridir. Hedonik tüketim ise, ihtiyaç gidermek için yapılan geleneksel tüketim davranışının aksine, keyif ve haz almak için yapılan tüketim davranışıdır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada duygusal zekâ düzeyi ile günümüzde oldukça yaygın bir tüketim davranışı olan hedonik tüketim davranışı arasındaki ilişki değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmayı gerçekleştirmek için anket yöntemi tercih edilmiş ve Ordu ve Giresun ilinde alışveriş yapan 544 katılımcı araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir.Duygusal zekânın ve hedonik tüketim üzerindeki ilişkiyi ölçmek için korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Duygusal zekânın ve hedonik tüketim değişkenleri arasındaki etkiyi ölçmek için ise regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra demografik özellikler ile uygusal zekâ ve hedonik tüketim arasında anlamlı farklılık olup olmadığını tespit etmek için bağımsız t-istatistiği ve tek yönlü varyans (ANOVA) analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın analiz sonuçlarına göre iki değişken arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir.
Comparison of shear bond strength of rebonded brackets prepared with different methods of resin removal: an in vitro study
Authors: Sobouti Farhad , Etemadi Ardavan , Seifi Sara , Bakhshi Maryam , Chiniforush Nasim , Dadgar Sepideh
Published: December 2022

Aim: Clinicians and researchers have always made every effort to achieve proper bonding between the surface of the tooth and the rebonded orthodontic brackets in order to prevent the re-fracture failure of orthodontic pressures throughout treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the bond strength of rebonded brackets by four adhesive removal methods.

Materials and methods: Seventy-five orthodontic brackets were bonded to the extracted first premolar teeth and then debonded. Fifteen of these teeth were rebonded to new brackets after adhesive removal and were named as the control group. Sixty debonded brackets were divided into four groups by means of resin-removal: laser, burr, sandblast, and direct flame. These recycled brackets were re-bonded to the teeth with the same basic bonding methods. The shear bond strength (SBS) was measured at the speed of 0.5 mm/min and the data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests (α=0.05).

Results: SBS was significantly different in all four groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). The burr and sandblast groups had the lowest levels of SBS. Although the laser and flame groups had the highest levels of SBS, they did not show a significant difference (p=0.99).

Conclusions: 5W Er:YAG irradiation and direct flame due to relatively good bond strength can be recommended as proposed methods for orthodontic brackets recycling.
Evaluation of dentin penetration of three different endodontic sealers in the presence and absence of the smear layer
Authors: Bolbolian Marjan , Hamzei Atefeh , Mohammadi Navid , Tofangchiha Maryam
Published: December 2022

Introduction: A sealer’s ability to effectively and stably penetrate the dentinal tubules is an essential factor for selecting an effective root canal obturation material. Evaluation of the sealers’ penetration into the dentinal tubules provides valuable data in the endodontic treatment outcome.

Aim: To compare the dentin penetration of AH Plus, Endoseal MTA, and Syntex endodontic sealers in the presence and absence of the smear layer.

Materials and methods: Thirty single-rooted teeth were selected in the present in vitro study and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n=10). Half of the samples were prepared by removing the smear layer in each group, and the remaining samples were prepared without removing the smear layer. Root canal preparation was carried out with the Perfect Rotary system up to file T3. The root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus, Endoseal MTA, or Syntex endodontic sealers. The samples were incubated at 100% relative humidity at 37°C for one week. Each root was sectioned at 2-, 5-, and 8-mm distances from the apex, and sealer penetration depth at each section was determined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA was used to compare penetration depths.

Results: There were significant differences in sealer penetration between the samples with and without smear layer removal in each group. The maximum and minimum sealer penetration was at the coronal and apical sections, respectively. The maximum sealer pe-netration depths in descending order were observed with AH Plus, Syntex, and Endoseal MTA sealers (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Elimination of smear layer increased three sealers’ dentin penetration depth, with the deepest penetration for the AH Plus sealer in the coronal section without the smear layer.
In search of dermatophytes – frequency and etiology of fungal infections in patients with and without diabetes mellitus
Authors: Vazheva Gergana Z. , Zisova Liliya G. , Becheva Elena A. , Chonov Veselin R. , Dichev Valentin D. , Miteva-Katrandzhieva Tsonka M. , Rachkovska Zoya V. , Orbetzova Maria M. , Belovezhdov Veselin T.
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Onychomycosis is a frequent nail disorder, accounting for up to 50% of all nail problems. Treatment of onychomycosis is expensive and requires a long time of antifungal medications. Consequently, a proper and faster diagnosis is necessary. Especially for those patients with diabetes mellitus, where onychomycosis is among the most significant predictors of foot ulcer and possible severe complications.

Aim: To compare the sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time between direct microscopy, culture, histology, and real-time PCR. In addition, to compare the frequency and etiology of onychomycosis in patients with and without DM.

Materials and methods: This study included 102 patients, divided into two groups. One group consisted of patients with diabetes mellitus and the other – without diabetes. Nail samples were collected and examined by direct KOH microscopic examination, culture, histology, and real-time PCR.

Results: From the 102 patients with clinical onychomycosis, positive KOH was found in 38 (37.3%). Culture – 82 out of 102 samples (80.4%) were positive for dermatophytes, yeasts, and/or NDM. Positive histology samples were 32 (41.6%). The PCR was positive in 57 (55.9%) out of the 102. We discovered that there is no significant statistical difference in the etiology of the fungal infections between the two groups.

Conclusions: All mycological investigations have their place in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Direct microscopy, culture, and histology are useful methods for clinicians to diagnose and follow up the post-treatment period. The advantages of RT-PCR include obtaining results faster and accurately identifying fungi, thus becoming more valued in the diagnosis of OM.
De l’Océanie divisée à l’Océanie unifiée par la mer. En mémoire de Epeli Hau‘ofa
Authors: Tcherkézoff Serge
Published: December 2022

L’Océanie, peu après avoir été inventée par les géographes européens comme la «cinquième» région du monde, autrement dit simplement un ‘reste’ après les quatre continents, fut divisée en compartiments étanches, à la suite du privilège donné au début du 19e siècle à la théorie des ‘races’ humaines dans le monde. Il fallut attendre 1993 pour une déclaration, désormais célébrée comme historique, par un enseignant et écrivain océanien, Epeli Hau‘ofa, qui proclamait l’unité de l’Océanie par le fait même d’être une région “océanique”. On rappellera cette évolution, la discussion des appellations “Pacifique”/“Océanie”, et la postérité historique aujourd’hui, ainsi qu’une évocation de la vie et de l’œuvre de Epeli Hau‘ofa. Enfin, la comparaison entre deux visions du continent (d’Urville et Hau‘ofa) permettra également de réfléchir aux différentes interprétations et représentations de la mer et de l'océan en tant qu'espaces qui, dans un cas, divisent et, dans l'autre, unissent.
Une appellation transnationale pour l’Océan Pacifique: Te moana nui a Kiwa (Nouvelle-Zélande) - Te moana nui a Hiva (Tahiti)
Authors: Saura Bruno
Published: December 2022

L’appellation «(Te) moana nui a Hiva» est usitée de plus en plus largement, depuis une génération, à Tahiti, pour désigner, de manière extensive, l’océan Pacifique. Elle semble une adaptation tahitienne contemporaine d’une appellation maorie (Nouvelle-Zélande) plus ancienne, «(Te) moana nui a Kiwa». Après un retour vers les traditions polynésiennes, il sera procédé à une analyse du terme moana (océan) ainsi que de la nomenclature mā’ohi (autochtone) relative à la mer, à l’océan. Puis, on procèdera à un retour vers le terme Hiva, récurrent dans la toponymie et dans la culture ancienne des îles de la Polynésie de l’est, porteur de significations multiples. Notre ultime question aura trait à l’existence - ou non - d’une vision large, extensive, de l’océan, par les anciens Polynésiens de cette aire culturelle.
L’espace marin entre un pluralisme juridique et la sauvegarde du patrimoine à Henua ‘Enana / Fenua ‘Enata (îles Marquises)
Authors: Nerici Giacomo
Published: December 2022

Dans cette contribution, l’espace marin des îles Marquises (Henua ‘Enana / Fenua ‘Enata) est abordé en réfléchissant aux processus récents de patrimonialisation et aux projets de “développement durable” promus ces dernières années par les autorités politiques et les élites culturelles de l’archipel. En bref, on tentera de mettre en évidence comment la centralité de la mer est liée à une préoccupation pour les espaces et les espèces insulaires et à un besoin de préserver les activités humaines et les éléments culturels qui leur sont associés. A cette fin, les projets d’inscription de certaines zones terrestres et maritimes à l’UNESCO, la construction de la grande Aire Marine Protégée (AMP), et enfin la réglementation de la pêche confiée aux “rahui/kahui” sur l’île de Ua Huka seront examinés. Dans le but de promouvoir un développement écologiquement durable à l’échelle communautaire, ces initiatives de “patrimonialisation de la mer” s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’un “pluralisme juridique” qui articule le droit international avec les “systèmes traditionnels”.
Changement climatique. Sur les cartes et les narrations
Authors: Bougleux Elena
Published: December 2022

Les stratégies d’adaptation et de résilience face aux changements climatiques défient les distinctions en cours entre le naturel et le culturel. Il s’agit de deux concepts appariés qui néanmoins deviennent totalement indépendants dans certaines situations de changement environnemental, quand les représentations traditionnelles deviennent inadéquates pour décrire les espaces transformés. La cartographie a fait des progrès au niveau local mais elle doit inclure des théories du passé à comparer avec les nouveaux groupes d’information. L’article traite des cas de représentations de changement spatial développées par les communautés aborigènes qui vivent en contact étroit avec leur environnement naturel. L’article se focalise sur le cas du Territoire du Nord de l’Australie qui fait face à une condition de coexistence durable avec les marées basses et une dégradation de la terre à cause des vastes incendies. Cela car le système d’orientation des communautés aborigènes par terre et par mer a changé en raison des technologies GIS, un langage hybride techno/visuel se développe, permettant de représenter à la fois leur espace et eux-mêmes par des moyens visuels et des aspects techniques.
Sorvegliare, punire, assimilare. Il collegio autoctono di Sept-Îles a Maliotenam
Authors: D’Orsi Annalisa
Published: December 2022

Attivo dal 1952 al 1971, il collegio autoctono di Notre-Dame de Sept-Îles, a Maliotenam, accolse ogni anno circa duecento bambini innu provenienti, soprattutto, dalla Côte-Nord del Quebec. Dopo una breve presentazione della storia delle scuole residenziali canadesi e della Prima nazione innu, l’articolo approfondisce la realtà specifica del collegio di Maliotenam. L’analisi della disciplina come tecnologia di potere e di assoggettamento condotta da Michel Foucault si dimostra uno strumento utile per meglio comprendere numerosi aspetti della vita imposta ai convittori e la tremenda forza assimilativa di questa istituzione. Vengono in seguito considerate le violenze psicologiche, spirituali, fisiche e sessuali inflitte ai bambini e agli adolescenti che la frequentarono. La seconda parte dell’articolo prende in considerazione l’impatto a medio e lungo termine di questo collegio, gli aspetti positivi ricordati dagli ex convittori, ma soprattutto l’istaurazione di un ciclo di comportamenti disfunzionali che vengono trasmessi di generazione in generazione e ai quali gli ex convittori e le loro famiglie stanno faticosamente cercando di sottrarsi. L’articolo considera infine come la presa di coscienza e la denuncia delle violenze e delle politiche assimilative subite in collegio siano parte di un più ampio processo di resistenza e guarigione in corso nelle comunità innu e siano diventate un’importante leva di azione e d’impegno sociale.
Premières observations sur les ateliers de verriers de la rue Marie-Clémence-Fouriaux à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Louis Aurore , Stocker Pascal
Published: December 2022

Le site de la rue Marie-Clémence-Fouriaux vient combler la longue absence de données rémoises sur les ateliers de verriers antiques et complète les connaissances sur la mise en œuvre des fours de fabrication. Bien que d’un modèle standard, ils possèdent des caractéristiques propres aux traditions locales de construction et liées aux ressources présentes dans leur environnement. Les déchets découverts indiquent que ces ateliers produisaient des vases en verre bleuté, jaune et verdâtre à la fin du ier s. apr. J.‑C. et des vases en verre incolore et bleu-vert au iiie s. apr. J.‑C., certainement des petits contenants (balsamaires ou petites bouteilles prismatiques).
Une figurine en terre cuite dorée d’époque romaine à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Androuin Loïc
Published: December 2022

Les fouilles archéologiques menées en amont de la construction du tramway à Reims en 2007-2008 ont permis la découverte d’un ensemble de figurines en terre cuite gallo-romaines. Au sein de ces dernières, une Vénus sous édicule présente un décor inédit, attribuable au potier/coroplaste éduen Pistillus. La dorure apposée sur une partie de sa surface fait de cette figurine un exemplaire unique en Gaule romaine.
Gestion, évaluation et stabilisation de cuirs archéologiques provenant de la fouille du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Bonnot-Diconne Céline
Published: December 2022

Un important volume de cuirs archéologiques gorgés d’eau a été découvert sur la ZAC du Vieux-Port, boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims. Une gestion raisonnée de ce mobilier, complexe à traiter, a permis sa conservation grâce à un protocole de stabilisation d’abord mis en place progressivement, puis systématiquement grâce au soutien d’un mécénat local qui a ainsi rendu possible son étude exhaustive.
Une histoire du paysage végétal à travers les analyses palynologiques du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Boulen Muriel
Published: December 2022

La fouille du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims, en contexte humide de bord de berge, a livré des contenus sporo-polliniques très bien conservés. Les résultats de leur analyse couvrent la Protohistoire ainsi que les époques antique et médiévale. Ils offrent donc une vision diachronique du paysage végétal et des rejets anthropiques, dont certains sont liés à des activités textiles. Si toutes les phases de l’occupation antique ne sont pas représentées, la période y est néanmoins très bien documentée, avec une chronologie précise, couvrant d’abord le ier s. apr. J.‑C., puis le iiie s.
Reims antique, acquis et perspectives
Authors: Cavé Magalie , Rollet Philippe , Bontrond Régis
Published: December 2022

Les résultats des fouilles de ces trente dernières années et les programmes de recherches en cours permettent aujourd’hui de restituer les grandes étapes de l’évolution de Reims/Durocortorum (Marne) et les grandes lignes du tissu urbain, aussi bien dans le cœur historique de la ville que dans les quartiers excentrés ayant alimenté les dernières grandes avancées archéologiques notables. La ville du Haut-Empire conserve le centre hérité de l’oppidum et s’étend de manière concentrique jusqu’à atteindre une superficie de 600 ha à l’intérieur d’un grand fossé d’enceinte creusé sous Auguste. La nouvelle organisation urbaine se développe rapidement sous les règnes d’Auguste, Tibère et Claude, et ne changera quasiment pas jusqu’à la construction de l’enceinte tardive, confirmant ainsi la pérennité et la cohérence de ce vaste plan d’urbanisme. La démarche adoptée dans cet article consiste à faire un bilan des connaissances acquises sur l’organisation spatiale de l’agglomération, avec les hypothèses en vigueur et en les enrichissant des pistes de recherche les plus récentes.
Les bois de construction du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Tegel Willy
Published: December 2022

Les sites gallo-romains du nord des Alpes sont peu nombreux à avoir livré autant de bois de construction que celui du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims, surtout dans un tel état de conservation. Pour obtenir une datation précise des pièces de bois employées, la méthode utilisée ici, connue sous le nom de dendrochronologie, se fonde sur l’examen des cernes. La réponse aux questions d’ordre chronologique forme la base de cette analyse, qui se prolonge avec la mise en relation des informations recueillies et des questionnements archéologiques. Les datations ainsi obtenues fournissent des points d’ancrage pour l’histoire de l’occupation de la périphérie méridionale de la ville antique de Reims. Le nombre exceptionnel de bois sur le site permet également d’informer non seulement sur l’état de la forêt à cette époque, mais aussi sur sa gestion, qui peuvent être tous deux liés à l’évolution des conditions environnementales et aux processus socio-économiques.
L’amphithéâtre de Reims/Durocortorum : nouveaux éléments de localisation et de datation
Authors: Mathelart Pierre
Published: December 2022

Comme nombre de villes en Gaule romaine, celle de Reims/Durocortorum (Marne) était dotée d’un amphithéâtre. Des vestiges encore visibles dans le paysage durant l’époque médiévale et moderne, ainsi que des découvertes faites lors de la réurbanisation du quartier au xixe s. ont conduit à localiser ce monument dans la partie nord de la ville. Une opération d’archéologie liée au projet de la construction d’une nouvelle ligne de tramway a permis d’explorer plus récemment ce secteur. Après un rapide rappel de l’historiographie et des données déjà acquises concernant cet édifice de spectacle, l’article présente les niveaux qu’on associe à sa construction, ainsi que les structures antérieures découvertes à l’occasion de cette fouille récente. Le mobilier, fragments de vaisselle en terre cuite et monnaies, est décrit et analysé. Les arguments pour un rattachement de ce mobilier à la chronologie rémoise sont évoqués avant de proposer une datation pour la construction de l’amphithéâtre. Parvenu à ce point, une synthèse vise à le replacer dans la ville et met en perspective sa datation, de manière très brève, par rapport aux autres édifices du même type en Gaule.
Le mobilier en cuir antique et médiéval du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Leguilloux Martine
Published: December 2022

Les excellentes conditions d’enfouissement, en milieu humide, de la ZAC du Vieux-Port située boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims ont favorisé la conservation des éléments organiques dont une très riche collection d’éléments en cuir. Le lot de 400 semelages de chaussures portées par les populations fréquentant le quartier entre le iiie s. et le xive s. permet de compléter et d’approfondir nos connaissances dans de nombreux domaines : compréhension des techniques de montage et d’assemblage des modèles, variété des formes, évolution des modèles, des décors, des techniques de fabrication et des différenciations culturelles ou de genre.
Géographie et hydrologie de la ville de Reims/Durocortorum et de ses environs
Authors: Devos Alain , Pichard Claire , Fronteau Gilles , Laratte Sébastien
Published: December 2022

Les principales caractéristiques du cadre naturel de Reims en font une ville de plaine, dépourvue de cours d’eau majeur, dans une situation de marge entre deux secteurs de bas plateaux. À l’ouest, les territoires formés par la Brie, le Soissonais et le Laonnois, sont composés de couches du Cénozoïque (Tertiaire) entaillées par différentes vallées bien incisées. À l’est s’étend la Champagne crayeuse, bien plus plane, dont les couches de craie du Crétacé (Mésozoïque) forment des reliefs peu marqués, qui facilitent le passage des voies de communication terrestres. Cette situation de contact entre deux régions naturelles bien différentes confère à Reims des ressources agricoles variées et des potentialités diversifiées en géomatériaux. Outre les richesses géologiques et agricoles de la plaine rémoise, cet article détaille par ailleurs le cadre hydrologique de la ville de Reims, dont le cœur historique est localisé en rive droite d’un petit cours d’eau, la Vesle, bordé de zones marécageuses et à faible énergie, dans un environnement relativement ouvert.
La flore sauvage du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot à Reims/Durocortorum : approche carpologique de l’environnement du site et des productions de denrées végétales
Authors: Matterne Véronique , Pagnoux Clémence
Published: December 2022

Pour la ville de Reims, la fouille du boulevard Dr Henri-Henrot avec ses niveaux archéologiques restés en eau est la mieux documentée en matière de macrorestes végétaux, avec un total de 44 échantillons qui ont livré 13 255 restes, dont 110 carbonisés et 13 145 imbibés (gorgés d’eau), et ont permis d’identifier 328 taxons. La grande richesse du spectre carpologique, un des plus étendus pour un site d’époque romaine métropolitain, permet d’appréhender les évolutions survenues dans les modes de production et de consommation des denrées végétales, entre le tournant de l’ère et le début du ive s. (autour de 307 apr. J.‑C.), et de restituer l’environnement du site. Cinq grands types de milieux sont représentés : les champs cultivés et les moissons ; les terrains vagues, jardins et cultures sarclées ; les prairies et herbages ; la végétation du bord des eaux ; celle des haies, ourlets forestiers et boisements. Seuls les deux premiers semblent avoir été fortement affectés par l’homme, car la part des espèces non indigènes y est importante, avec 46 % d’archéophythes parmi les adventices et 32 % au sein des rudérales. Par contraste, la pression anthropique sur les prairies, les lieux humides et les boisements apparaît beaucoup plus modérée.
L’emploi antique des géomatériaux à Reims/Durocortorum
Authors: Fronteau Gilles , Laratte Sébastien , Devos Alain , Pichard Claire
Published: December 2022

Les études réalisées depuis une vingtaine d’années sur les géomatériaux locaux du pays rémois et de nombreux corpus archéologiques antiques permettent désormais de cerner les principales caractéristiques des approvisionnements et emplois au sein de la ville gallo-romaine de Reims/Durocortorum. Ceux-ci sont essentiellement marqués par le manque de bonne pierre de taille à proximité de l’agglomération, ce qui a conduit d’une part à une importation massive des éléments de grand appareil depuis des carrières distantes d’environ 30 à 45 km et d’autre part à une optimisation de l’emploi des ressources locales : pierres à moellons, argiles, dont celles destinées à la fabrication d’adobes, sans oublier le matériau sur lequel est construite la ville : la craie. Dans cet article, nous décrivons le contexte géologique de Reims et ses abords, puis nous définissons la nature des principaux géomatériaux utilisés dans la ville antique et nous présentons les stratégies d’emplois de ces différentes ressources.
De la clandestinité au web : radios libres italiennes et mobilité des années soixante-dix à l’arrivée d’Internet (1970-2001)
Authors: Doro Raffaello
Published: December 2022

Au cours des années 1970, les radios libres ont transformé en profondeur le paysage radiophonique italien. Les nouvelles stations ont innové en terme de mobilité, tant du point de vue de la production que de l'écoute des contenus. Les radios démocratiques militantes sont celles qui, en devenant les porte-parole des mouvements de lutte, proposent une transformation de l'information radiophonique. De Radio Popolare à Radio Città Futura, de Radio Radicale à Radio Alice, les radios démocratiques ont définitivement changé le rapport entre mobilité et radio en Italie. Après la fin de l'ère des radios libres, avec l'arrivée des webradios, ce sera Radio Gap, un réseau composé de sept stations et d'une agence de presse pour informer sur les journées et le G8 à Gênes en 2001, à recevoir le témoin des radios démocratiques des années soixante-dix, comme expression d'un désir d'information devenu mondial grâce à l'utilisation du Web.
Canine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Reynolds Herbert Y. , Johnson John S.
Published: December 2022

Canine colostrum was examined for its content of immunoglobulins, in particular IgA and 7Sγ1, which were isolated. The IgA immunoglobulin was characterized to a limited extent. 7Sγ1 is present in significant amounts in colostrum and is distinctly different from the IgA in colostrum and serum. Whereas 7Sγ1 previously was thought to be a separate immunoglobulin class, it now appears to be related to the IgG class through heavy chain determinants and may be an IgG subclass.
Rapid Detection of Australia Antigen by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Gocke David J. , Howe Calderon
Published: December 2022

This report describes the detection of Australia antigen by counterelectrophoresis in agar gel. With this technique small amounts of antigen with relatively rapid electrophoretic mobility can be detected by specific precipitation with antibody in 1 hr (1, 2). In addition to its speed the technique is at least 10 times as sensitive as the Ouchterlony double diffusion method.

Materials and Methods. Sera containing Australia antigen were obtained from patients with acute viral hepatitis. Specific antisera were from hemophiliacs who had received numerous blood transfusions and were thus repeatedly exposed to hepatitis virus. The standard sera containing Australia antigen used in this laboratory, as well as the homologous antisera, have been shown to have the same specificities as those employed by Blumberg (3) and Prince (4).

Counterelectrophoresis is carried out on Kodak projection slides (3.25 × 4 in) covered with 10 ml of 0.85% Agarose in Veronal buffer, 0.05 M, pH 8.2.
The Effect of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Upon Graft-vs-Host Activity in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Cantor Harvey , Asofsky Richard , Levy Hilton B.
Published: December 2022

Natural and synthetic polymers of nucleic acids have been shown to enhance humoral antibody responses to sheep red blood cells and bovine γ globulin (1–4). The double stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:poly C), is a potent inducer of interferon production (5) and recently has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of some types of tumors in mice (6). One explanation for the anti-tumor activity of poly I:poly C may be that it acts as an adjuvant in cellular immune reactions, causing enhanced immunologic rejection.

In order to test this hypothesis, spleen cells obtained from animals that were treated with poly I:poly C were injected into neonatal recipients. Graft-vs-host (GVH) reactions that resulted were compared to those obtained with spleen cells from untreated donor animals using a quantitative spleen-weight assay.

Materials and Methods. A modification (7) of the spleen assay described by Simonsen (8) was performed. The assay is based upon the observation that splenomegaly in recipient neonatal F1 mice is an early and constant finding following injections of lymphoid cells obtained from mice of one parental strain.
Immunology of Interferons
Authors: Levy-Koenig R. E. , Golgher R. R. , Paucker K.
Published: December 2022

Human interferons prepared by uv-irradiated Newcastle disease virus (NDVuv) in six different cell types protected cultures of primary rabbit kidney cells at least as well as human foreskin fibroblasts against challenge with vesicular stomatitis virus. In addition, interferon obtained from human peripheral leukocytes protected L cells in low dilution. At adequate dose levels, all human interferons tested primed NDVuv-induced interferon production in L cells. The heterospecific antiviral resistance promoted by human interferons in rabbit cells is not enhanced by treatment of the cultures with various polyionic compounds. The heterospecific protecting and priming effects of human interferons are neutralized by antibodies against rabbit and mouse cell interferons. The findings indicate that common antigens are shared by these three interferons, which may explain the unorthodox behavior of human interferons in heterologous systems.
Defective Lymphocyte Transformation and Delayed Hypersensitivity in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Authors: Oppenheim Joost J. , Blaese R. Michael , Waldmann Thomas A.
Published: December 2022

Patients with the sex-linked recessive Wiskott-Aldrich (W-A) syndrome have impaired antibody responses to carbohydrate and some protein antigens, defective delayed hypersensitivity, and delayed homograft rejection. The in vitro transformation of peripheral lymphocytes of 7 patients and 18 controls was compared using morphologic criteria, radioautography and tritiated thymidine incorporation. Unstimulated W-A lymphocyte cultures showed more “spontaneous” transformation than did cultures of normal lymphocytes (p < 0.025). Their responses to optimal doses of nonspecific stimulants such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed and staphylococcal filtrate were normal. However, suboptimal doses of PHA stimulated W-A lymphocytes significantly less well than normal cells, and the delayed hypersensitivity reactions of the patients to intradermal PHA were also subnormal. Lymphocytes from both immunized normal and W-A subjects failed to respond to purified pneumococcal polysaccharides. Some antigens such as endotoxins, whole heat-killed pneumococci and Brucella abortus stimulated a low but normal proportion of the W-A lymphocytes to transform. In contrast the W-A lymphocyte response to streptolysin-0 was much lower than normal (p < 0.001). Furthermore, despite repeated booster doses, transformation of the patients' lymphocytes with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids remained below normal (p < 0.001). The W-A lymphocyte reactions were also defective both to mitomycin C-treated normal leucocytes, and to homologous W-A leucocytes. These findings indicate that the cellular immune mechanisms of W-A patients are impaired in that they manifest defective lymphocyte transformation, as well as diminished delayed hypersensitivity.
Biosynthetic Events in Rabbit Regional Lymph Nodes Following Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Moav Boaz , Harris T. N.
Published: December 2022

Biosynthetic events have been studied in rabbit lymph node cells following antigenic stimulation. The earliest change observed was an increase in the rate of DNA synthesis in the immunized regional lymph node as compared with a control node from the same rabbit. The increase in DNA synthesis was accompanied by an increase of the number of cells in the node, which appeared to be largely the result of entrance of cells from the circulation. Twenty-four hours after primary immunization an increase in the number of ribosomes per cell was observed, accompanied by synthesis of ribosomal RNA. The appearance of messenger RNA for immunoglobulin, as indicated by the parallel increase in the rate of protein synthesis in the cells and in a cell-free system, occurred 3 to 4 days after a secondary injection of antigen. The cell-free system derived from lymph node cells showed a limited degree of polypeptide synthesis with practically no release of complete chains. Release of the nascent peptides was achieved by adding puromycin to a cell-free system containing in vitro-labeled ribosomes. The system demonstrated a high degree of fidelity and the presence of streptomycin did not cause detectable errors of translation.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Richie Ellen R. , Woolsey Marion E. , Mandy W. J.
Published: December 2022

Evidence for the reaction of a naturally-occurring antibody (HR), previously shown to react specifically with Fab and Fab′ fragments of IgG, was extended to the demonstration of similar reactivity with Fab" fragments.

Cross-adsorption and cross-inhibition experiments indicated that the reactions with Fab, Fab′ and Fab" fragments were different. Thus, it was concluded that normal rabbits possess at least three different specificities of HR. Moreover, the IgG molecule contains at least three different buried determinants, each exposed by papain, pepsin or CNBr digestion. A combination of sequential digestions of the fragments permitted the step-wise exposure of the determinants.

From these efforts, it was possible to construct a modified scheme of that region of the heavy chain which is particularly susceptible to cleavage with papain, pepsin or CNBr, i.e., the hinge region. Furthermore, by taking into consideration the known amino acid sequence between the sites of papain and CNBr cleavage and the data presented, pertinent points of polypeptide chain folding were introduced as a means by which the determinants are concealed in the intact IgG molecule.
A Direct Method of Demonstrating the Absorption of Incompletely Digested Proteins in Normal Human Beings
Authors: Walzer Matthew
Published: December 2022

All immunological procedures for demonstrating the absorption of incompletely digested protein from the digestive tract has heretofore been based on one of the following principles: (a) The appearance of specific precipitins in the blood and urine to the antigen subsequent to its ingestion by mouth (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); (b) the antigenic property of urine and blood collected shortly after ingestion of the antigen in sensitizing guinea pigs (2, 6); (c) the development of anaphylactic symptoms in sensitized guinea pigs following the enteral introduction of the specific antigen (7). Results with these methods of investigation were by no means uniform (8, 9). The general consensus of opinion of most workers, while admitting the possibility of absorption of undigested protein, does not seem to consider this a common or usual phenomenon, but the result of some abnormal circumstance. This is not the impression to be derived from the results of the various studies with the technic which is about to be described.
The Antigenic Properties of Extracts of Horse Dander
Authors: Longcope W. T. , O'Brien D. P. , Perlzweig W. A.
Published: December 2022

In a previous communication (1) it was shown that extracts of horse dander contain an antigen, or antigens, that are capable of sensitizing guinea pigs. This can be brought about quite readily, so that guinea pigs sensitized by one or two intraperitoneal injections of the extract, die in typical anaphylactic shock when, at least three weeks later, comparatively small amounts of the extract are injected intravenously. Sensitization can also be demonstrated by employing the uterine muscle strip. The extract likewise acts as a specific antigen, for guinea pigs sensitized to it do not react to horse serum, or to the extracts of dander of dogs and cats; nor do guinea pigs sensitized to horse serum react to extracts of horse dander. The present studies were made with the object of investigating the nature of the antigen or antigens contained in these extracts.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Vitro
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: December 2022

Rabbits were primed with Ascaris antigen (Asc) included in either aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), followed by immunization with DNP-coupled Asc (DNP-Asc) in alum at 4 weeks. Effect of priming with free carrier on the development of DNP-specific (B)2 memory cells was analyzed by measuring in vitro antihapten antibody response of their mesenteric lymph node cells to DNP-Asc. The lymph node cells obtained from these animals responded to the antigen in a similar manner as the cells obtained from the animals which were immunized by two 4-weeks-apart injections of DNP-Asc, with respect to: 1) the class distribution of the antibodies between IgG and IgM; and 2) the optimal antigen concentration required for maximal antibody response. These cells formed more IgG antibody than IgM antibody, whereas the lymph node cells obtained after a primary immunization with DNP-Asc formed more IgM than IgG antibody. The optimal antigen concentration required for maximal antibody formation became less when the donors were preimmunized with free carrier, indicating that carrier-specific helper cells may have involved in emergence or selective proliferation of hapten-specific memory cells bearing high affinity receptor. Priming with free Asc in alum showed the carrier effect on the anti-DNP IgE antibody formation, whereas priming with the same antigen in CFA did not. Mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from the alum group formed anti-DNP IgE antibody but the cells from the CFA group failed to do so. No significant difference was observed between the CFA group and alum group with respect to the anti-Asc and anti-DNP IgG antibody titer or to the ability of their lymph node cells to form the IgG antibodies in vitro. The findings indicated that the difference between the two groups in the IgE antibody response is due to some difference in the carrier-specific (T) cell population. The results suggest that carrier-specific (T) helper cells regulate the class distribution and affinity of antihapten antibodies through the exertion of some selective pressure on the generation of hapten-specific (B) memory cells.
Morphologic, Chemical, and Immunologic Studies of Amyloid-Like Fibrils Formed from Bence Jones Proteins by Proteolysis
Authors: Linke R. P. , Zucker-Franklin D. , Franklin E. C.
Published: December 2022

Seventy-five Bence Jones Proteins (BJP) were digested with pepsin. Forty-six of 61 λ and 9 of 14 k-BJP formed precipitates but only 10 of them (9 λ and 1 κ) showed strong congo red uptake, green polarization birefringence, and dichroism. Electron microscopic studies revealed fibrils in eight of which three resembled isolated human amyloid fibrils and five had fibrils atypical for amyloid. Digestion of one BJP with different enzymes resulted in amyloid-like fibrils having different morphologic appearances.

One VλI Oz(-) BJP (CAR) was investigated more intensively. Its peptic digest consisted of 70% of an 8000 dalton fragment and 30% of a 12,000 m.w. fragment which were able to form amyloid-like fibrils even after purification. Both appeared to be derived from the variable region by peptide maps. The amino acid sequence of the first 10 residues of the 8000 m.w. fragment placed it in the V region commencing with residue 5.

Tryptic digestion yielded a 13,000 m.w. preamyloid fragment which remained soluble at neutral pH and thus proved suitable for immunologic studies. Studies with antisera to native BJP CAR, the tryptic preamyloid and oxidized BJP CAR indicated that the preamyloid contained idiotypic variable region antigenic determinants which could be revealed either by oxidation or proteolytic digestion of the native precursor BJP. These findings may help to explain the failure of most antisera to native L-chains to react with naturally occurring amyloid proteins.
Genetic Control of Immune Response toward the Loop Region of Lysozyme
Authors: Maron Elchanan , Scher Howard I. , Mozes Edna , Arnon Ruth , Sela Michael
Published: December 2022

Analysis of the immune response toward the lysozyme “loop” region attached to multichain poly-dl-alanine (loop-A-L) in DBA/1 (high responder) and SJL (low responder) mouse strains, as well as in their F1 hybrids and backcrosses, showed that the antibody production to loop is genetically controlled by a unigenic dominant trait, which is not linked to the major histocompatibility locus H-2.

The strain-dependent differences, in the response to the loop, observed previously upon immunization with loop-A—L, were now confirmed with the loop-Pro—L (loop attached to multichain polyproline) conjugate, with the exception of the SWR mice—high responders to loop-A-L and low responders to loop-Pro-L—which were also found incapable of responding to the Pro-L carrier.

Immunization of several inbred mouse strains with conjugates of a synthetic loop derivative yielded similar strain-dependent differences to those obtained with the conjugates of the natural lysozyme loop.
The Role of Antigenic Determinants in the Control of IgM and IgG Antibody Responses to Denatured DNA
Authors: Gruenewald Ruben , Stollar B. David
Published: December 2022

Rabbits immunized with complexes of denatured calf thymus DNA and methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) produced only IgM antibodies to denatured DNA, confirming the results of previous studies. In contrast, both IgM and IgG antibodies were induced by MBSA complexes of T4 and T6 bacteriophage DNA, in which the normal base cytosine is replaced by glucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine. The glucose in not essential for this switch, since a preparation of modified T2 phage DNA, which contained nonglucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine, also induced the formation of both classes of antibodies. With or without glycosylation, the hydroxymethylcytosine served as a dominating determinant for specificity as well as a signal for 7S antibody production. The validity of complement fixation as an assay for these responses was confirmed by quantitative precipitation tests.
Intracellular Localization of Mammalian Type C Virus Species-Specific (gs-1) and Interspecies-Specific (gs-3) Antigenic Determinants with the Indirect Immunoperoxidase Technique and Light Microscopy
Authors: Girardi Anthony , Hampar Berge , Hsu Konrad C. , Oroszlan Stephan , Hornberger Elizabeth , Kelloff Gary , Gilden Raymond V.
Published: December 2022

The indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique was used for localizing by light microscopy the intracellular species-specific and interspecies-specific antigenic determinants of a panel of murine and hamster type C viruses, and was compared to the immunofluorescent technique. The antisera were prepared against antigens purified by isoelectric focusing and also were obtained from MSV tumor-bearing rats. The results indicate that the immunoperoxidase technique is suitable for detecting antigens associated with mammalian type C viruses, and appears to be more sensitive than the immunofluorescent procedure without sacrificing specificity.
Complement: a Reversible Temperature-Dependent Alteration in the Reactivity of EAC1 with C4
Authors: Linscott William D.
Published: December 2022

Conditions which favored the production of hemolytically competent C4 sites over incompetent C4 sites on IgM-sensitized cells included a low ratio of Ab:C1 (SA:SAC1 ratio), prior exposure of the EAC1 to 0°C for 30 min or more, and reactive with C4 at 0°C. Other important factors included Ab class, C1 and C4 multiplicity, and the time of incubation. The status of a given C4 site seemed to be set irrevocably at the time C4 first interacted with SAC1, and this status was associated with the affinity with which the C1 was bound to the cell. Cell-bound C1 underwent a completely reversible “super-activation” at 0°C which increased the proportion of hemolytically competent C4 sites generated during subsequent interaction with C4. The configuration of a C1 molecule, as determined by the affinity with which it is bound to a cell, may determine the hemolytic competence of a C4 molecule reacting with that site.
Water Buffalo Blood Groups. IV. Antigenic Determinant Located beneath the Surface of Red Cells
Authors: Iannelli D. , Bettini T. M. , Oreste U.
Published: December 2022

In water buffalo, two paternal half-sibs have been identified which, when used as recipients, produced antibodies of the same specificity as those they stimulated when used as donors. The apparent serologic paradox is presumably due to an antigenic determinant located beneath the surface of erythrocytes.