bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “Limit of Detection” in Spectrographic Analysis: Further Thoughts and Experiments
Authors: Hobbs D. J. , Iny A.
Published: October 2005

A new hypothesis of spectrochemical excitation is proposed to explain the region of uncertain detectability, whereby it is possible to formulate equations that will cover the two concentration ranges found in spectrographic analysis. The first concentration range occurs when in replicate analysis on the same material all results are detected, the second concentration range when some results in the replicates are not detected. An example is quoted where the over-all correlation for these two levels is 0.9972 and χ2 for three degrees of freedom is found to be 0.12.
Concentration-Spectrographic Determination of Parts per Billion of Some Impurities in Metallurgical Products
Authors: Golden G. S. , Atwell M. G.
Published: October 2005

A method is described for the determination of Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ge, In, Pb, Sb, Sn, Te, and l at the sub-part per million level in a variety of materials. The elements are concentrated as sulfides using molybdenum as a carrier. After conversion to MoO3, the residue is excited with a dc arc. Gold is used as both a chemical recovery and spectrographic internal standard. The method is applicable to any material whose matrix does not precipitate in acid sulfide solution. A single set of MoO3-base synthetic standards is used.
A Background Correction Technique for Furnace or Flame Atomic Absorption with Double Beam Spectrophotometers
Authors: Woodriff Ray , Culver Bruce R. , Olson Kenneth W.
Published: October 2005

Using furnace atomic absorption an optical method for reducing the effects of the background absorption, especially with solid samples, is discussed. The system is suitable for both furnace and flame atomic absorption. With Cu, Co, Cr, Mg, Mn, Al, and Dy hollow cathodes no blank reading was recorded. Calibration curves for Co, Cr, and Ag were obtained. Both solid and liquid samples were run. An optical system employing a Glan–Taylor calcite polarizer was used. A Beckman model D. B. was used to compare the polarized beams from a hollow cathode and a continuous background source. Sensitivities ranged from about 10−11 g for solid samples and 10−10 g/ml for liquid samples.
β-Amyloid Immunotherapy Prevents Synaptic Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Buttini Manuel , Masliah Eliezer , Barbour Robin , Grajeda Henry , Motter Ruth , Johnson-Wood Kelly , Khan Karen , Seubert Peter , Freedman Stephen , Schenk Dale , Games Dora
Published: October 2005

Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is characterized by key features that include the deposition of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) into plaques, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and the loss of neurons and synapses in specific brain regions. The loss of synapses, and particularly the associated presynaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin in the hippocampus and association cortices, has been widely reported to be one of the most robust correlates of Alzheimer's disease-associated cognitive decline. The β-amyloid hypothesis supports the idea that Aβ is the cause of these pathologies. However, the hypothesis is still controversial, in part because the direct role of Aβ in synaptic degeneration awaits confirmation. In this study, we show that Aβ reduction by active or passive Aβ immunization protects against the progressive loss of synaptophysin in the hippocampal molecular layer and frontal neocortex of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. These results, substantiated by quantitative electron microscopic analysis of synaptic densities, strongly support a direct causative role of Aβ in the synaptic degeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease and strengthen the potential of Aβ immunotherapy as a treatment approach for this disease.
Behavioral Evidence That Segregation and Representation Are Dissociable Hippocampal Functions
Authors: Kubík Štěpán , Fenton André A.
Published: October 2005

Hippocampal activity is thought to encode spatial representations in a distributed associative network. This idea predicts that partial hippocampal lesions would spare acquisition and impair retrieval of a place response as long as enough connections remained intact to encode associations. Water maze experiments supported the predictions, but the prediction of impaired retrieval was not supported when tetrodotoxin (TTX) was injected into one hippocampus and rats were tested in a place avoidance task on a rotating arena with shallow water. The rotation dissociated relevant distal stimuli from irrelevant self-motion stimuli. To explain the discrepancy, we hypothesized that the segregation of relevant and irrelevant stimuli and stimuli association into representations are distinct hippocampus-dependent operations, and whereas associative representation is more sensitive to disruption during retrieval than learning, stimulus segregation is more sensitive to disruption during learning than during retrieval. The following predictions were tested: (1) the TTX injection would spare learning but (2) impair retrieval of a place response in the water maze, which has a high associative representational demand but a low demand for segregation; (3) the injection would impair learning but (4) spare retrieval of place avoidance in the rotating arena filled with water, which has a high demand for stimulus segregation but a low associative representational demand. All four predictions were confirmed. The hypothesis also explains the pattern of sparing and impairment after the TTX injection in other place avoidance task variants, leading us to conclude that stimulus separation and association representation are dissociable functions of the hippocampus.
Position, Direction of Movement, and Speed Tuning of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells during Circular Manual Tracking in Monkey
Authors: Roitman Alexander V. , Pasalar Siavash , Johnson Michael T. V. , Ebner Timothy J.
Published: October 2005

The cerebellum plays an essential role in pursuit tracking with the eye and with the hand. During smooth pursuit eye movements, both tracking position and velocity are signaled by Purkinje cells. Purkinje cell simple spike discharge is also modulated by direction and speed during linear manual tracking. This study evaluated how all three parameters, position, movement direction, and speed, are signaled in the simple spike discharge of Purkinje cells during circular manual tracking.

Three rhesus monkeys intercepted and then tracked a target moving in a circle in both counterclockwise and clockwise directions across a range of constant target speeds. Two sets of analyses of the simple spike firing of 97 Purkinje cells examined the effects of position, movement direction, and speed. The first approach was the incremental improvement of regression models, initially modeling a pure position dependence, then incorporating movement direction, and finally incorporating speed dependence. The second was a model-independent approach, without any explicit assumptions about the character of the directional tuning or speed effects. Both analyses revealed the same three results: (1) Purkinje cell discharge is spatially tuned, to both the position and direction of movement, and (2) this spatial tuning is not altered by the speed, except (3) the speed scales the average firing and/or depth of modulation.

The results suggest that the population of Purkinje cells forms a representation of the entire position-direction space of arm movements, and that the speed modulates the scale of that representation. This speed scaling provides insights into the cerebellar processing of movement-related timing.
Differential Expression of KCNQ4 in Inner Hair Cells and Sensory Neurons Is the Basis of Progressive High-Frequency Hearing Loss
Authors: Beisel Kirk W. , Rocha-Sanchez Sonia M. , Morris Ken A. , Nie Liping , Feng Feng , Kachar Bechara , Yamoah Ebenezer N. , Fritzsch Bernd
Published: October 2005

HumanKCNQ4mutations known asDFNA2cause non-syndromic, autosomal-dominant, progressive high-frequency hearing loss in which the cellular and molecular basis is unclear. We provide immunofluorescence data showing thatKcnq4expression in the adult cochlea has both longitudinal (base to apex) and radial (inner to outer hair cells) gradients. The most intense labeling is in outer hair cells at the apex and in inner hair cells as well as spiral ganglion neurons at the base. Spatiotemporal expression studies show increasing intensity of KCNQ4 protein labeling from postnatal day 21 (P21) to P120 mice that is most apparent in inner hair cells of the middle turn. We have identified four alternative splice variants ofKcnq4in mice. The alternative use of exons 9-11 produces three transcript variants (v1-v3), whereas the fourth variant (v4) skips all three exons; all variants have the same amino acid sequence at the C termini. Both reverse transcription-PCR and quantitative PCR analyses demonstrate that these variants have differential expression patterns along the length of the mouse organ of Corti and spiral ganglion neurons. Our expression data suggest that the primary defect leading to high-frequency loss inDFNA2patients may be attributable to high levels of the dysfunctionalKcnq4_v3variant in the spiral ganglion and inner hair cells in the basal hook region. Progressive hearing loss associated with aging may result from an increasing mutational load expansion toward the apex in inner hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons.
Central and Systemic Endotoxin Challenges Exacerbate the Local Inflammatory Response and Increase Neuronal Death during Chronic Neurodegeneration
Authors: Cunningham Colm , Wilcockson David C. , Campion Suzanne , Lunnon Katie , Perry V. Hugh
Published: October 2005

The contribution of inflammation to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion diseases is poorly understood. Brain inflammation in animal models of these diseases is dominated by chronic microglial activation with minimal proinflammatory cytokine expression. However, these inflammatory cells are “primed” to produce exaggerated inflammatory responses to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges. We show that, using the ME7 model of prion disease, intracerebral challenge with LPS results in dramatic interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, neutrophil infiltration, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the brain parenchyma of prion-diseased mice compared with the same challenge in normal mice. Systemic inflammation evoked by LPS also produced greater increases in proinflammatory cytokines, pentraxin 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase transcription in prion-diseased mice than in control mice and induced microglial expression of IL-1β. These systemic challenges also increased neuronal apoptosis in the brains of ME7 animals. Thus, both central and peripheral inflammation can exacerbate local brain inflammation and neuronal death. The finding that a single acute systemic inflammatory event can induce neuronal death in the CNS has implications for therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
Stereotyped Axon Pruning via Plexin Signaling Is Associated with Synaptic Complex Elimination in the Hippocampus
Authors: Liu Xiao-Bo , Low Lawrence K. , Jones Edward G. , Cheng Hwai-Jong
Published: October 2005

Plexin signaling is required for stereotyped pruning of long axon collaterals in the vertebrate CNS; however, a cellular basis for plexins on stereotyped pruning has not been determined. Using quantitative electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, we found that infrapyramidal mossy fiber axon collaterals form transient synaptic complexes with basal dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells in the early postnatal mouse hippocampus. At later postnatal ages, these synaptic complexes stop maturing and are removed before stereotyped pruning by a mechanism that does not involve axon degeneration and glial cell engulfment. In knock-out mice that lack plexin-A3 signaling, the synaptic complexes continue to mature, and, as a result, the collaterals are not pruned. Thus, our results suggest that intact plexin-A3 signaling contributes to synaptic complex elimination, which is associated with stereotyped axon pruning.
Juxtacellular Recording/Labeling Analysis of Physiological and Anatomical Characteristics of Rat Intergeniculate Leaflet Neurons
Authors: Thankachan Stephen , Rusak Benjamin
Published: October 2005

The thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) is involved in mediating effects of both photic and nonphotic stimuli on mammalian circadian rhythms. IGL neurons containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been implicated in mediating nonphotic effects, but little is known about those involved in photic entrainment. We used juxtacellular recording/labeling in rats to characterize both photic responses and neurochemical phenotypes of neurons in the lateral geniculate area, focusing on the IGL and ventral lateral geniculate (VLG). Single neurons were recorded to characterize photic responsiveness and were labeled with Neurobiotin (Nb); tissue was stained for Nb, NPY, and in some cases for orexin A. Three classes of neurons were identified in the IGL/VLG. Type I neurons lacked NPY and showed sustained activations during retinal illumination and moderate firing rates in darkness. Type II neurons contained large amounts of NPY throughout the soma and showed varied responses to illumination: suppression, complex responses, or no response. Type III neurons had patches of NPY both on the external soma surface and within the soma, apparently representing internalization of NPY. Type III neurons resembled type I cells in their sustained activation by illumination but were virtually silent during the intervening dark period. These neurons appear to receive NPY input, presumably from other IGL cells, which may suppress their activity during darkness. These results demonstrate the presence of several classes of neurons in the IGL defined by their functional and anatomical features and reinforce the role of the IGL/VLG complex in integrating photic and nonphotic inputs to the circadian system.
Activin Induces Tactile Allodynia and Increases Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide after Peripheral Inflammation
Authors: Xu Pin , Van Slambrouck Charles , Berti-Mattera Liliana , Hall Alison K.
Published: October 2005

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a sensory neuropeptide important in inflammatory pain that conveys pain information centrally and dilates blood vessels peripherally. Previous studies indicate that activin A increases CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) sensory neuronsin vitro, and following wound, activin A protein increases in the skin and more neurons have detectable CGRP expression in the innervating dorsal root ganglion (DRG). These data suggest some adult sensory neurons respond to activin A or other target-derived factors with increased neuropeptide expression. This study was undertaken to test whether activin contributes to inflammatory pain and increased CGRP and to learn which neurons retained plasticity. After adjuvant-induced inflammation, activin mRNA, but not NGF or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, increased in the skin. To examine which DRG neurons increased CGRP immunoreactivity, retrograde tracer-labeled cutaneous neurons were characterized after inflammation. The proportion and size of tracer-labeled DRG neurons with detectable CGRP increased after inflammation. One-third of CGRP-IR neurons that appear after inflammation also had isolectin B4 binding, suggesting that some mechanoreceptors became CGRP-IR. In contrast, the increased proportion of CGRP-IR neurons did not appear to come from RT97-IR neurons. To learn whether central projections were altered after inflammation, CGRP immunoreactivity in the protein kinase Cγ-IR lamina IIi was quantified and found to increase. Injection of activin A protein alone caused robust tactile allodynia and increased CGRP in the DRG. Together, these data support the hypothesis that inflammation and skin changes involving activin A cause some sensory neurons to increase CGRP expression and pain responses.
Modeling of modifier‐solute peak interactions in chromatography
Authors: Ströhlein Guido , Morbidelli Massimo , Rhee Hyun‐Ku , Mazzotti Marco
Published: October 2005

The behavior of a chromatographic column where a single solute is fed in the presence of a suitable modifier is analyzed in the context of equilibrium theory. In particular, the pulse propagation of the solute, whose retention depends on the modifier concentration, has been analyzed as a full‐fledged binary problem by the method of hodograph transformation applied to the pair of quasilinear differential equations. It has been shown that all possible operating conditions can be summarized with respect to the modifier concentration into three cases. These have been solved analytically by constructing the solution first in the hodograph plane, and then mapping it onto the physical plane using the method of characteristics. The peculiar properties of the derived hodograph plane were explained, and their impact on the pulse propagation for the three different cases has been elucidated. For the cases of intermediate adsorptivity of the modifier, the occurrence of solute peaks with infinitely high concentrations; that is, solute impulse, has been proven as well as the phenomena of double solute peaks. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Step and pulse response methods for identification of wiener processes
Authors: Park Ho Cheol , Lee Jietae
Published: October 2005

Lack of simple identification methods for nonlinear processes hinders field applications of nonlinear control systems. For identification methods that are as simple as those for the first order plus time delay models of linear dynamical processes, graphical and least squares methods to identify Wiener‐type nonlinear processes from standard responses, such as step, pulse, and square‐wave responses, are proposed. Static nonlinear functions are identified independently in Wiener‐type nonlinear processes. Graphical methods extract discrete points of the nonlinear static function or a continuous non‐parametric model of the nonlinear static function iteratively. The least squares method provides a parametric model of the nonlinear static function. The identified static nonlinear function can be used to design a simple linearizing control system. To illustrate the proposed identification methods, simulation and experimental results are given. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Titanium Implant Materials with Improved Biocompatibility through Coating with Phosphonate‐Anchored Cyclic RGD Peptides
Authors: Auernheimer Jörg , Zukowski Daniel , Dahmen Claudia , Kantlehner Martin , Enderle Anja , Goodman Simon L. , Kessler Horst
Published: October 2005

One key point for improving osseous integration of implants is to render them osteopromotive by specifically favoring the adhesion of osteoblasts. Mimicking the physiological adhesion process of osteoblasts to the extracellular matrix improves cell adhesion in vitro and results in improved and earlier osseous integration of implants in vivo. Our approach involves coating titanium implants with a tailor‐made cyclic‐RGD peptide, thus allowing them to bind to specific integrin receptors on the cell surface through multimeric phosphonates. The advantages of this very stable, new type of anchoring for practical application are presented.
A First Principles Study of Hydrogen Storage in NaAlH4‐Related Complex Hydrides.
Authors: Arroyo y de Dompablo M. E. , Ceder G.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Single Crystals of La[AsO4] with Monazite‐ and Sm[AsO4] with Xenotime‐Type Structure.
Authors: Kang Dong‐Hee , Schleid Thomas
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Crystal Structures of Ln3CuSnS7 (Ln: La—Nd, Sm, Gd—Ho).
Authors: Gulay L. D. , Olekseyuk I. D. , Wolcyrz M. , Stepien‐Damm J.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure of MCM‐70: A Microporous Material with High Framework Density.
Authors: Dorset Douglas L. , Kennedy Gordon J.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Compounds Sn20Zn4P22‐νI8 (ν = 1.2), Sn17Zn7P22I8, and Sn17Zn7P22Br8: Synthesis, Properties, and Special Features of Their Clathrate‐Like Crystal Structures.
Authors: Shevelkov Andrei V. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Single Crystals of ZSM‐5/Silicalite Composites.
Authors: Miyamoto Manabu , Kamei Takashi , Nishiyama Norikazu , Egashira Yasuyuki , Ueyama Korekazu
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Enantioselective C—C Bond Forming Conjugate Additions with Vinyl Sulfones.
Authors: Li Hongming , Song Jun , Liu Xiaofeng , Deng Li
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Semiempirical Calculations of Isatylidine, Thioisatylidine and Acenaphthylidine Derivatives of Imidazolidine, Thiazolidine, Oxazolidine and Pyrimidinetrione.
Authors: Pardasani R. T. , Pardasani P. , Gupta B. , Londhe A. V. , Kohli S.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ionic Liquid as Reagent. A Green Procedure for the Regioselective Conversion of Epoxides to Vicinal‐Halohydrins Using [AcMIm]X under Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Banerjee Subhash
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Selective N‐Allylation of Hydrazines.
Authors: Matunas Robert , Lai Amy J. , Lee Chulbom
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterogeneous Reductive Isomerization Reaction Using Catalytic Pd/C and H2.
Authors: Caspi Daniel D. , Garg Neil K. , Stolz Brian M.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ZrOCl2×8H2O as a New Solid Phase and Recyclable Catalyst for an Efficient Knoevenagel Condensation under Solvent‐Free Microwave Irradiation Conditions.
Authors: Yakaiah T. , Reddy G. Venkat , Lingaiah B. P. V. , Rao P. Shanthan , Narsaiah B.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acetonitrile: A Convenient Reagent for the One‐Pot Preparation of Perfumery Nitriles from Aldehydes.
Authors: Kanetkar Vinod R. , Zope Dhananjay D. , Subrahmanyam Y. V. V.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regio‐ and Chemoselective Coupling of Polyalkynes: A Convenient Access to Polyarylacetylenes and Polyenynes.
Authors: Halbes‐Letinois Ulla , Vasiliev Aleksander , Pale Patrick
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of Diphenylcarbamate Derivatives as Highly Potent and Selective IP Receptor Agonists: Orally Active Prostacyclin Mimetics. Part 3.
Authors: Hattori Kouji , Tanaka Akira , Okitsu Osamu , Tabuchi Seiichiro , Taniguchi Kiyoshi , Nishio Mie , Koyama Satoshi , Higaki Masahide , Seki Jiro , Sakane Kazuo
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Simple Aqueous N‐Heterocyclization of Aniline Derivatives: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of N‐Aryl Azacycloalkanes.
Authors: Ju Yuhong , Varma Rajender S.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic [3 + 3] Addition of Dimedone N‐Alkylimines to Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxaline‐1,2,4‐triones
Authors: Bozdyreva Ksenia S. , Maslivets Andrei N. , Aliev Zainutdin G.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oceanalin A, a Hybrid α,ω‐Bifunctionalized Sphingoid Tetrahydroisoquinoline β‐Glycoside from the Marine Sponge Oceanapia sp.
Authors: Makarieva Tatyana N. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Guzii Alla G. , Santalova Elena A. , Stonik Valentin A. , MacMillan John B. , Molinski Tadeusz F.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal‐Complexed Catenanes and Rotaxanes as Light‐Driven Molecular Machines Prototypes
Authors: Collin Jean‐Paul , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pauson—Khand Reactions
Authors: Struebing D. , Beller M.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Oxidation of Amines and Sulfides
Authors: Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkenes, Alcohols, Amines, Amides, β‐lactams, Phenols, and Hydrocarbons
Authors: Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Komiya Naruyoshi
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The McMurry Reaction and Related Transformations
Authors: Fuerstner Alois
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Thiel Oliver R.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cancer in an incarcerated population
Authors: Mathew Paul , Elting Linda , Cooksley Catherine , Owen Steven , Lin James
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

The challenge posed to prison health systems in the U.S. by an immense incarcerated population is significant. However, the patterns of presentation and associated mortality of cancer among the incarcerated population is unknown.

METHODS

An historical cohort of cancers diagnosed among inmates of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice over the course of 20 years who were followed at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas was identified. There were 1807 inmates who were diagnosed with cancer. Two cohorts were chosen for comparison: a random sample of 179,757 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, and an age‐matched, gender‐matched, race‐matched SEER population comprised of 6124 patients (MSEER). Disease sites and associated mortality of the inmate cancer patients were determined and compared with SEER cohorts.

RESULTS

A marked rise in cancer diagnoses among inmates paralleled the rise in the inmate population. The leading cancers were lung carcinoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and carcinomas of the oral cavity and pharynx. Among women, cervical carcinoma was the most common. Lung carcinoma, NHL, and hepatic carcinoma accounted for more cancer deaths among inmates than in the SEER cohort (P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Lung carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, and NHL were significantly more common in the inmate cohort than in the MSEER cohort (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). The median survival was inferior in the inmate cohort (21 mos) compared with the SEER cohort (55 mos) and the MSEER cohort (54 mos) (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons).

CONCLUSIONS

Cancers with unique epidemiology and high associated mortality have emerged among the incarcerated. This has significant implications for prison health systems. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A Chemoenzymatic Approach for the Synthesis of Unnatural Disaccharides Containing D‐Galacto‐ or D‐Fucofuranosides
Authors: Euzen Ronan , Lopez Gérald , Nugier‐Chauvin Caroline , Ferrières Vincent , Plusquellec Daniel , Rémond Caroline , O’Donohue Michael
Published: October 2005

Unusual diglycosides composed of D‐hexofuranosyl entities were prepared by a chemoenzymatic route using the α‐L‐arabinofuranosidase, AbfD3. The required, unprotected monosaccharidic donors were first prepared according to multi‐step syntheses. Since one goal of this study was the investigation of donor –1 subsite in the active site of the enzyme, we focused on D‐fucofuranosyl and 6‐deoxy‐6‐fluoro‐D‐galactofuranosyl derivatives which present stereochemical similarities with L‐arabinose series, but also structural variations on the side arm. These substrates were then used in AbfD3‐catalysed hydrolyses to determine the parameters Km and kcat and in AbfD3‐catalysed transglycosylation to evaluate their ability to serve as donor/acceptor. Four disaccharides were thus isolated and characterised, two resulting from β‐(1,2) connection along with two β‐(1,3)‐regioisomers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The effect of Nb addition on mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and metal‐ion release of ZrAlCuNi bulk metallic glasses in artificial body fluid
Authors: Qiu C. L. , Liu L. , Sun M. , Zhang S. M.
Published: October 2005

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) of Zr65 − xNbx‐ Cu17.5Ni10Al7.5 with Nb = 0, 2, and 5 at % were prepared by copper mold casting. Compression tests reveal that the two BMGs containing Nb exhibited superior strength and plasticity to the base alloy. The corrosion behavior of the alloys obtained was investigated in artificial body fluid by electrochemical measurements. It was found that the addition of Nb significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the Zr‐based BMG, as indicated by a remarkable increase in corrosion potential and pitting potential. XPS analysis revealed that the passive film formed after anodic polarization was enriched in aluminum oxide and depleted in phosphate ions for the BMGs containing Nb, which accounts for the improvement of corrosion resistance. On the other hand, metal‐ion release of different BMGs were determined in PPb (ng/mL) level with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) after being immersed in artificial body fluid at 37°C for 20 days. It was found that the addition of Nb considerably reduced the ion release of all kinds of metals of the base system. This is probably attributed to the promoting effect of Nb on a rapid formation of highly protective film. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Textural characterization of finished and polished composites over time of intraoral exposure
Authors: Turssi Cecilia Pedroso , Rodrigues Antonio Luiz , Serra Mônica Campos
Published: October 2005

This in situ study sought to evaluate the surface roughness evolution of resin composites finished and polished by different methods. A total of 108 rectangular‐shaped specimens of a microfilled and a hybrid composite were cured against a Mylar matrix strip and left unpolished or instrumented with diamond burs, Al2O3‐coated disks, Al2O3‐impregnated UDMA disk, or with diamond burs followed by either one of the disks. After specimens had been profiled for the average surface roughness (Ra, μm), 18 volunteers wore a removable palatal appliance, which accommodated one specimen of each one of the 12 groups investigated. Surface roughness for up to 28 days of intraoral exposure was then measured at 1‐ or 7‐day intervals. A split‐plot ANOVA (α = 0.05) revealed a significant interaction between group and time. Tukey's test and regression analyses ascertained that initially finishing with burs only provided the roughest surface to both composites. Unpolished surfaces and those specimens polished with Al2O3‐coated disks, regardless of previous use of diamond burs, attained smoother surface. The Al2O3‐impregnated UDMA disk was capable of smoothening the surface of the hybrid material previously finished with diamond burs. The roughness achieved after finishing and polishing composites may be either smoothened or roughened after intraoral exposure. On the basis of the roughness range, it is advisable to use Al2O3‐coated disks, regardless of whether diamond burs were previously used. Al2O3‐impregnated UDMA disks (with or without previous application of diamond burs) may be also suitable for instrumenting hybrid restoratives. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Study on the drug release property of cholesteryl end‐functionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone) microspheres
Authors: Yu Lan , Zhang Hua , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Li Hua
Published: October 2005

End‐functionalized poly/oligo(ε‐caprolactone)s were synthesized through the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone initiated by cholesterol with a hydroxyl group. Using the end‐functionalized poly/oligo(ε‐caprolactone)s with different molecular weights, the microsphere drug delivery systems were fabricated using a convenient melting‐emulsion method. The drug release properties of microspheres were investigated with the presence of an enzyme, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase, as well as in the absence of the enzyme. The release profiles can be fitted nicely by the classical empirical exponential expression. Under the hydrolytic condition, the drug release is mainly controlled by Fickian diffusion, and the high molecular weight of the matrix results in a slower drug release rate. Under the enzymatic condition, the drug release is dominated by combined degradation and diffusion mechanism, and the high molecular weight sample exhibits a faster release rate that is mainly caused by the higher degradation rate of the sample with lower cholesteryl moiety content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Molecular and cellular characterization of SEL‐OB/SVEP1 in osteogenic cells in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Shur I. , Socher R. , Hameiri M. , Fried A. , Benayahu D.
Published: October 2005

We describe a novel human gene, named SEL‐OB/SVEP1, expressed by skeletal tissues in vivo and by cultured osteogenic cells. The mRNA expression was analyzed on frozen tissues retrieved by laser‐capture microscope dissection (LCM) and was detected in osteogenic tissues (periosteum and bone) but not in cartilage or skeletal muscle. The SEL‐OB/SVEP1 cDNA of 11,139 bp was in silico translated into a 3574AA protein with expected molecular weight of 370 kDa. The protein is composed of multiple domains including complement control protein (CCP) modules with selectin superfamily signature; sushi and other domains, such as vWA, EGF, PTX, and HYR. Stromal osteogenic cells were analyzed for the protein expression using anti‐SEL‐OB/SVEP1 for immuno‐precipitation and Western blot application confirm the presence of high molecular weight protein. Immuno‐histochemistry and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) were applied to detect SEL‐OB/SVEP1 on the surface of stromal cells. ELISA quantified the dependence of protein expression on cell density. Bioinformatic analysis of SEL‐OB/SVEP1 revealed domains compositions recognized in cell surface molecules and suggested its role in cell adhesion. Analysis of mesechymal osteogenic cells' adhesion in presence of anti‐SEL‐OB/SVEP1 antibody demonstrated its interference with initial adhesion stages. In summary, present study describes novel SEL‐OB/SVEP1 protein with a unique composition of functional domains, restricted pattern of expression in skeletal cells and demonstrated involvement in attachment of mesenchymal cells. The unusual composition of functional domains puts SEL‐OB/SVEP1 in the discrete new group of membrane proteins involved in cell adhesion processes. All together makes SEL‐OB/SVEP1 an attractive marker for studying the role of stromal osteogenic cells and their interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment creating a network that regulates the skeletal homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 206: 420–427, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial production of oxidants is necessary for physiological calcium oscillations
Authors: Camello‐Almaraz M. Cristina , Pozo Maria J. , Murphy Michael P. , Camello Pedro J.
Published: October 2005

Mitochondrial involvement in Ca2+ signaling is thought to be due to the effect of mitochondrial Ca2+ removal from and Ca2+ release to cytosolic domains close to ryanodine and IP3 Ca2+ channels. However, mitochondria are a source of low levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species, and Ca2+ release channels are known to be redox‐sensitive. In the present work, we studied the role of mitochondrial production of oxygen species in Ca2+ oscillations during physiological stimulation. Mitochondria‐targeted antioxidants and mitochondrial inhibitors quickly inhibited calcium oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated by postprandial levels of the gut hormone cholecystokinin. Confocal microscopy using different redox‐sensitive dyes showed that cholecystokinin‐induced oscillations are associated with mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species. This production is inhibited by application of mitochondria‐targeted antioxidants and mitochondrial inhibitors. In addition, we found no correlation between inhibition of oscillations and mitochondrial depolarization. We conclude that low level production of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria is a necessary element in the development of Ca2+ oscillations during physiological stimulation. This study unveils a new and unexplored aspect of the participation of mitochondria in calcium signals. J. Cell. Physiol. 206: 487–494, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel photoinimer for the polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates
Authors: Nayak Bishwa R. , Mathias Lon J.
Published: October 2005

A new class of multifunctional photoinitiating system based on 3‐(acryloyloxy)‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate (AHM), N,N,N′‐trimethylethylenediamine (TMED) and 3‐benzoylbenzoyl chloride present in the same molecule has been synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. This self‐contained photoinitiator‐monomer (photoinimer) was used to efficiently initiate polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates. Both rate of polymerization and percentage conversion increased with increase in initiator concentration. An increment in rate of polymerization observed when the benzophenone moiety was directly attached to the parent molecule (obtained from the Michael addition reaction between AHM and TMED) appears to be due to proximity effect: chemical bonding provides a high local concentration of both components of the photo‐activated system involving benzophenone and a hydrogen atom source from an electron‐rich tertiary amine. For the three initiating systems investigated, lowering the initiator concentration plays an important role; i.e., the polymerization rate for the chemically linked system was about two times faster than the mixed initiating system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5661–5670, 2005
MOVPE growth and surface reconstructions of GaAsN(001) surfaces
Authors: Ehlert R. , Poser F. , Esser N. , Vogt P. , Richter W.
Published: October 2005

In this study we present comparative in‐situ Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS) studies of GaAs1–xNx under MOVPE conditions and in UHV for samples with a nitrogen content of up to 5%. The samples were grown by MOVPE and after growth capped with an amorphous As‐layer, transferred to UHV and decapped by annealing. Three different surface reconstructions (c(4 × 4), (2 × 4), (4 × 2)) were obtained after decapping and prolonged annealing at different temperatures. These reconstructions, though similar to those found on the GaAs(001) surface show clear nitrogen‐related features in the RAS line shape. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rashba spin–orbit effect on shot noise in ferromagnetic/semiconductor/ferromagnetic heterojunctions
Authors: Zhang Ying‐Tao , Guo Yong , Li You‐Cheng
Published: October 2005

Using the scattering approach, shot noise in ferromagnetic/semiconductor/ferromagnetic heterjunctions in the presence of Rashba spin–orbit interaction has been studied theoretically. The quantum size effect, degree of spin‐polarization, and Rashba spin–orbit interaction are considered simultaneously. The results indicate that the Fano factors for spin‐polarized electrons oscillate strongly due to the influence not only of the Rashba spin–orbit coupling but also of the length of the semiconductor layer. For a certain length of semiconductor, the Fano factors can be determined by the strength of the Rashba spin–orbit coupling. Further, it is found that the higher the degree of spin‐polarization, the larger the Fano factors. These results may be useful in the measurement of Rashba spin–orbit coupling via shot noise. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bio‐mimetic trajectory generation using a neural time‐base generator
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiyuki , Tsuji Toshio , Sanguineti Vittorio , Morasso Pietro G.
Published: October 2005

This paper presents a neural time‐base generator (TBG) that can generate a family of neural control signals with a controllable finite duration and bell‐shaped velocity profile. Then, a bio‐mimetic trajectory generation method using the neural TBG model is explained. Using the proposed model, the generation ability of human‐like trajectories is examined through comparisons between computer simulations and human arm trajectories during reaching movements according to the curvature of constrained trajectories. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From task parameters to motor synergies: A hierarchical framework for approximately optimal control of redundant manipulators
Authors: Todorov Emanuel , Li Weiwei , Pan Xiuchuan
Published: October 2005

We present a hierarchical framework for approximately optimal control of redundant manipulators. The plant is augmented with a low‐level feedback controller, designed to yield input‐output behavior that captures the task‐relevant aspects of plant dynamics but has reduced dimensionality. This makes it possible to reformulate the optimal control problem in terms of the augmented dynamics, and optimize a high‐level feedback controller without running into the curse of dimensionality. The resulting control hierarchy compares favorably to existing methods in robotics. Furthermore, we demonstrate a number of similarities to (nonhierarchical) optimal feedback control. Besides its engineering applications, the new framework addresses a key unresolved problem in the neural control of movement. It has long been hypothesized that coordination involves selective control of task parameters via muscle synergies, but the link between these parameters and the synergies capable of controlling them has remained elusive. Our framework provides this missing link. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling population dynamics of a tea pest with temperature‐dependent development: predicting emergence timing and potential damage
Authors: Satake Akiko , Ohgushi Takayuki , Urano Satoru , Uchimura Koichiro
Published: October 2005

The tea leaf roller, Caloptilia theivora Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariinae), is one of the serious pests of tea plants in Japan. To understand the mechanism of seasonal occurrence of this insect pest, we developed a population dynamics model that explicitly incorporates the temperature‐dependent development of the pest. The model predictions were compared with observed captures in pheromone traps at the experimental site of the Kagoshima Tea Experiment Research Station in Japan. The results showed that the emergence timing of the insect pest observed in the field was determined primarily by temperature. The relationship between the timing of adult emergence and the leaf damage level was also studied using a logistic regression model. The infestation level decreased as the interval between the adult peak emergence date and the date of tea plucking increased, implying that asynchrony between plant phenology and emergence of the insect pest is a critical factor reducing damage level. We examined how the damage level changes according to global warming. Increased temperature made the timing of insect appearance forward and enhance asynchrony of plant–pest phenology. Therefore, reduction of damage level by the insect pest is expected under global warming.
Reversal of myocardial injury using genetically modulated human skeletal myoblasts in a rodent cryoinjured heart model☆
Authors: Ye Lei , Haider Husnain Kh. , Jiang Shujia , Ling Lieng H. , Ge Ruowen , Law Peter K. , Sim Eugene K.W.
Published: October 2005

Background:

We hypothesized that combination therapy using human myoblasts and VEGF165 will lead to better prognosis in a failing heart.

Methods:

Forty‐eight female Wistar rats with cryoinjured hearts were randomized into non‐treated normal (group‐1, n=12), DMEM injected (group‐2, n=10), myoblast‐transplanted (group‐3, n=12) and myoblast–hVEGF165 (group‐4, n=14). Ten days after cryoinjury, 200 μl DMEM containing 3 × 106 cells or without cells was injected into the injured myocardium. Animals were maintained on cyclosporine for 6 weeks post cell transplantation. Heart function was assessed by echocardiography. Animals were sacrificed and hearts were processed for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies.

Results:

Histological examination showed survival of the donor myoblasts expressing lac‐z and hVEGF165 in rat cardiac tissue. Fluorescent immunostaining for vWillebrand Factor‐VIII and smooth muscle actin expression at low power microscope (× 100) showed significantly higher blood vessel density in group‐4 (31.25±1.82; 24.63±0.92) as compared to group‐2 (13.29±1.0; p<0.001; 9.71±0.81, p<0.001) and group‐3 (16.50±1.43, p<0.001; 14.5±1.34, p<0.001). Echocardiography showed that ejection fraction and fractional shortening of group‐3 (93.36±1.52%, p=0.005; 75±3.75%, p=0.024) and group‐4 (94.8±1.62%, p=0.003; 76.13±2.15%, p=0.011) significantly improved as compared to group‐2 (81.8±3.3%, 55.1±7.18%).

Conclusion:

Myoblasts carrying of hVEGF165 are potential therapeutic transgene carriers for cardiac repair.
Pre‐pregnancy and pregnancy‐related factors and the risk of excessive or inadequate gestational weight gain
Authors: Brawarsky P. , Stotland N.E. , Jackson R.A. , Fuentes‐Afflick E. , Escobar G.J. , Rubashkin N. , Haas J.S.
Published: October 2005

Objective: Gestational weight gain consistent with the Institute of Medicine's recommendations is associated with better maternal and infant outcomes. The objective was to quantify the effect of pre‐pregnancy factors, pregnancy‐related health conditions, and modifiable pregnancy factors on the risks of inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain. Method: A longitudinal cohort of pregnant women (N = 1100) who completed questions about diet and weight gain during pregnancy and delivered a singleton, full‐term infant. Results: Gestational weight gain was inadequate for 14% and excessive for 53%. Pre‐pregnancy factors contributed 74% to excessive gain, substantially more than pregnancy‐related health conditions (15%) and modifiable pregnancy factors (11%). Pre‐pregnancy factors, pregnancy‐related health conditions, and modifiable pregnancy factors contributed fairly equally to the risk of inadequate gain. Conclusion: Interventions to prevent excessive gestational gain may need to start before pregnancy. Women at risk for inadequate gain would also benefit from interventions directed toward modifiable factors during pregnancy.
accidents, hooks and theory
Authors: kronengold charles
Published: October 2005

records often include accidents. i suggest this tells us something about the flexibility of musical practices and the limits of theories. musical ‘hooks’ provide useful test-cases because the hook is normally considered the least accidental part of a song. we imagine it emerging fully formed in a moment of inspiration – the catchy phrase that comes into a songwriter's head – or at least of calculation: ‘i’ll see your vibraphone and raise you a mellotron'. but hooks sometimes incorporate accidents or happen accidentally. if hooks are less than completely determinate, then every aspect of the popular record must be subject to contingency. i argue for theories – and views of musical practices – which begin with the recognition that accidents happen.
land of a thousand dances: an r&b fable
Authors: garza oscar
Published: October 2005

as a life-long music lover, i've always been fascinated by ‘cover tunes’ – versions of songs recorded by artists other than the composer. sometimes the original can't be improved; in other instances a cover tune can transcend the original and become the best-known version. one of the better-known ‘cover’ stories involves otis redding and aretha franklin. redding had written the pulsating ‘respect’ and recorded it in 1965. but when redding heard franklin's searing version, recorded two years later, he was said to have remarked: ‘i just lost my song. that girl took it away from me.’