bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing predictive models of behaviour: Do rockwallabies receive an antipredator benefit from aggregation?
Authors: Blumstein DT , Daniel JC
Published: November 2018

Many species receive an antipredator benefit from aggregation such that animals in larger
groups are able to allocate more time to foraging and less to antipredator vigilance. These
beneficial ?group size effects? must be traded-off against the costs of increased competition for
limited resources that may result from aggregation. Certain species, or species living in certain
habitats, may be predisposed to receive greater benefits from aggregation than others. Based on
the results of a study of captive yellow-footed rock-wallabies (Petrogale xanthopus; a
?Vulnerable? macropodid marsupial), we predicted that because rock-wallabies must defend
vital resources (the locations where they shelter by day), there are costs which reduce the
overall antipredator benefits obtained from aggregation while foraging. We tested this
prediction by observing three different species of free-living rock-wallabies as they foraged in
aggregations of different sizes. Allied (P. assimilis) and unadorned (P. inornata) rock-wallabies
received no obvious antipredator benefits from aggregation since there was no effect of group
size on time spent vigilant by individuals. Mareeba rock-wallabies (P. mareeba) may receive
antipredator benefits, since animals tended to forage more and looked less as group size
increased. However, this result was influenced by two observations that had substantial
leverage. Additionally, even if present, the specific shape of this group-size function suggests
that intraspecific competition in P. mareeba increases with group size. As a clade, rockwallabies
appear to have costs which reduce or eliminate antipredator benefits associated with
aggregation. Conservation efforts to recover populations should consider the likely importance
of intraspecific competition for these species, and generalizations about introducing or
translocating social animals socially should rest upon their being demonstrable benefits from
aggregation.
Nocturnal home ranges and social interactions of the brushtailed rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata at Hurdle Creek, Queensland.
Authors: Laws RJ , Goldizen AW
Published: November 2018

The nocturnal ranges of six male and 15 female adult brush-tailed rock-wallabies (Petrogale
penicillata) were calculated from November 2001 to March 2002 at Hurdle Creek, Queensland.
Social interactions were recorded during the same period. Nocturnal range data were collected
by walking transects with a spotlight, and identifying individuals from their colour-coded
reflective eartags. Males? nocturnal home ranges averaged 2.84 + 0.32 ha, while those of
females averaged 2.01 + 0.20 ha, using the 100% minimum convex polygon method. Home
ranges at this site were thus smaller than those described for this species at other sites. The
nocturnal home ranges of males and females overlapped with those of several other individuals
of both sexes. There appeared to be three groups within the population who emerged from their
diurnal refuges along separate lengths of cliffs, had nocturnal ranges that overlapped highly
with those of their own group and associated more often with members of their own group than
with those of others, indicating social structuring within the population. Males and females
associated with and had sexual interactions with several different partners, and there was no
indication of long-term guarding of females by males at night. However, males may have
monitored the oestrus state of females during the day and guarded females at night only during
their oestrus periods.
Monitoring the activity of a southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons, using temperature dataloggers.
Authors: Finlayson GR , Shimmin GA , Temple-Smith PD , Handasyde K , Taggart DA
Published: November 2018

THERE is limited information on the activity of the
southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons,
due predominantly to the cryptic nature of this
species and its burrowing lifestyle. As part of a recent
field study of L. latifrons, temperature data loggers
were employed to determine the usefulness of this
equipment for studying activity patterns in this
species including; emergence times, total length of
bouts of activity, patterns and variation in activity
throughout the year. Data from this pilot study
suggest that temperature dataloggers provide an
extremely useful and relatively non-invasive means
of determining activity patterns in a semi-fossorial
mammal.
An additional record of the dusky hopping mouse Notomys fuscus in South Australia.
Authors: Waudby H. P. , How T.
Published: November 2018

The dusky hopping mouse (Notomys fuscus) is present in the arid areas of South Australian, north-west New South Wales and south-west Queensland. In October-November 2007 during the seventh year of annual fauna monitoring on the Beverley mine lease, north of Lake Frome, 4 animals were detected. The closest known population is 70 km north-east. Heavy rainfall earlier in the year may have contributed to their presence.
Social and Behavioural Characteristics of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in northern New South Wales, Australia.
Authors: Hawkins E. R. , Gartside D. F.
Published: November 2018

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) are one of the most common genera of cetacea encountered throughout the world?s tropical and temperate regions. However, there is relatively little knowledge on the populations of bottlenose dolphins in Australia. The present study assessed the pod characteristics, behaviour, movement patterns and social structure of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in coastal inshore waters off northern New South Wales, Australia, using vessel-based and land-based surveys. Dolphins spent most time travelling (38%), followed by milling (31%), feeding (19%), and socialising (12%). The mean pod size of dolphins in Byron Bay was 13 (S.D. = 12). The social foundation of this population was characterised by sexual segregation. Significant variations were found between the mean size of mother-calf pods (21; S.D. = 15) and adult-only pods (5; S.D. = 5). Two ?resident? groups of females were identified that occupied adjacent territories of between 177 km� and 320 km�. ?Resident? females appeared to maintain loose associations with other ?resident? females (HWI = 0.28; S.D. = 0.66). Despite the large differences in environmental conditions, habitats and prey species, it appeared that the social organisation, movement patterns and behaviour of T. aduncus populations in coastal regions is similar. The Byron Bay population of dolphins is not presently heavily impacted by interactions with humans, compared to populations with regular commercial dolphin-watching operations. This means the population may provide important base-line data for assessment of potential human impacts on dolphin populations.
The Bactericidal Properties of Certain Cationic Detergents
Authors: Salton MRJ
Published: November 2018

Using the F.D.A. method of testing germicides, the bactericidal propertiesof two cationic detergents, "Cetavlon" and "Fixanol C," were tested againstten organisms at seven pH levels betwee::l 5.2 and 8.2. The results for thetwo detergents were similar. Gram-positive organisms were more susceptiblethan Gram-negative. There was considerable variation in the'relationship betweensusceptibility and pH. Staph. aureus, Staph. albus, Strep. faecalis, andProteus vulgaris were all most suceptible under slightly alkaline conditions;whereas Ps. fluorescens, Ps. pyocyanea, Achromobacter Uquefaciens, and Bacteriumcoli were most susceptible under slightly acid conditions. The susceptibilityof Corynebacterium equi was unaffected by pH within the rangestudied.
Relative Effects of Zinc and Copper Deficiencies on Lucerne and Subterranean Clover
Authors: Millikan CR
Published: November 2018

The symptoms of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover (var. Dwalganup) and lucerne (var. Hunter River) are described. Bronze spotting was caused by the localized collapse of cells of the upper epidermis. Spherical coacervates which occurred in the underlying cells were different in appearance in the two species. Microchemical tests indicated the presence of phosphorus compounds in the membrane enveloping the coacervates of subterranean clover. The "little leaves" were variable in thickness owing to hypertrophy of the palisade cells. Reduced light delayed the date of appearance of these symptoms.
Studies on Aerobacillus Polymyxa V. The Significance of the Michaelis Constants of the Hydrogeni.Yase Systems and Related Enzymes
Authors: Crewther WG
Published: November 2018

Washed-cell suspensions of Aerobacillu8 polymyxa have been used to determine the Michaelis constants of the enzyme systems producing molecular hydrogen from formate, glucose, and pyruvate and of the dehydrogenases acting on these substrates. For each substrate the Km value of the dehydrogenase was considerably smaller than for the analogous hydrogenlyase.
Studies on Aerobacillus Polymyxa VI. Some Properties of the Hydrogenlyase Systems of Bacteria
Authors: Crewther WG
Published: November 2018

The formic hydrogenlyase, glucose hydrogenlyase, and hydrogenase systems of Aerobacillus polymyxa were inactivated by dilution, repeated washing, or oxygenation of a washed-cell suspension of the organism. The hydrogenase and glucose hydrogenlyase systems were less sensitive. than the formic hydrogenlyase, and during inactivation by oxygenation the relationship between the activities of these enzymes was rectilinear over the lower range of enzyme activities. Formic dehydrogenase and pyruvic dehydrogenase were both readily inactivated by the above procedures whereas the enzyme system transferring hydrogen from glucose to methylene blue was unaffected.
Studies on the Nucleic Acids of the Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium Berghei (Vincke & Lips)
Authors: Whitfeld PR
Published: November 2018

Changes in� the nucleic acid content of the solid residue obtained by haemolysing the blood of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei have been examined. The residue from blood in which 25 per cent. of the red blood cells were parasitized contained 20-25 times as much ribosenucleic acid (RNA) and 12 times as much desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) as the residue from uninfected blood.
The Influence of Thyroid Function on the Allen-Doisy Dose Response Line Obtained by the Administration of Oestrone and Oestradiol-3,17ß in Mice
Authors: Biggers JD , Claringbold PJ
Published: November 2018

Hypothyroidism significantly increases the slope of the dose response line obtained by the subcutaneous and intravaginal administration of oestrone and concomitantly decreases the M.E.D. Hyperthyroidism has the reverse effect. Hypothyroidism, however, has no influence on the dose response line obtained by the intravaginal administration of oestradiol-S,17(J.
Osmotic Pressure and Diffusion Constant of Protein Extracted From Wool With Urea-Bisulphite Solutions
Authors: Friend JA , O'donnell IJ
Published: November 2018

Wool treated with 8M urea, OAM NaHS03 at 60�C forms a polydisperse soluble protein of number-average molecular weight 12,000-16,000 as deduced from osmotic pressure measurements. The values lie within this range whether 20 or 70 per cent. of the wool is dissolved. The pH of measurement or of extraction has no effect on the molecular weight of the solute over the range 5.6-8.0. 'The diffusion constant, Dzo, W' of the soluble protein is 4.5 X 10-7 cm2sec-1 .
Host Pathogen Relations in Powdery in Mildew of Barley II. Changes in Respiratory Pattern
Authors: millerd Adele , Scott K
Published: November 2018

The histological natUl'e of resistance of barley seedlings to infection hy EI'!l8illhe rrl'wninis val'. hOl'de'i is woll understood. Infootion b~' this obligato pal'asito causos marked bioehemical changes in the hosL These changos al'e expressed in an increased l'ospimtory rate. The pattei'll of l'oHpirator,Y ehallgo is differont. and typical for tho varietal typos tested and may be correlated with the ebsorvecl histological changes. This inoreasod respimtion may woll he duo to t.he formatioll, oit.hor by t.ho pathogen or by tho host pathogen oombination, of an agellL which uncouples diroetly 01' indirectly the coneomitant phosphorylations normally limiting tho l'cRpiratory rate.
The Genetical Control of Incompatibility in Phalaris Coerulescens Desf.
Authors: Hayman DL
Published: November 2018

Pha/a1'is roau/c8CeJ18 Des!'. is a completely Relf-incompatible, diploid, perennial gmss. incompatible pollen gmins germinate normally but the pollen tubes fail to penetrate far into tho 8Lyle. The ineompatibility interrelationships of parents and progenios were dotermined by olmen-ing the pollen tubes and pollen grains after pollination. This eould be clone successfully only in plants induced to Hower early by eXJlosure to 100tg day treatment. Incompatibility is controlled by two loci, each with a series of multiple alleles. The loci are probably not linked but the data would not. allow detection of loose linlmge. Pollen determination is gametophytic, and the genes aet indepoudelltly in the style. 'eho rolationship of this incompatihility system to previously described systems is eonsid(lred, and theoretically possible incompatihility systems based on genetical eOlltrol nt. two loci are suggested.
Nucleic Acid Content of Petkus Rye Embryos in Relation to Vernalization and Devernalization
Authors: Finch LR , Carr DJ
Published: November 2018

Pot,jms winter rye hus been subjectcd to vernalization treatmullts using the techniquo orrostricted moisture content in plastic boxoB lillod with filter paper. Grain so troated has also he en subjeeted to the dovol'l1aJizing action of temperat1ll'es highOl' than those aL which vernalization proceods
Increased Thioglycollate Extraction of Wool Proteins Following Supercontraction
Authors: Gillespie JM , Lennox FG
Published: November 2018

Superc.ontracti.on .of W.o.ol .or .of W.o.ol cells by heating in 9M LiCl .or 8M phen.ol facilitates the subsequent extracti.on .of the pr.oteins with alkaline 0'1M thi.oglyc.ollate s.oluti.ons during 20 min at 50�C. The am.ount .of pr.otein extracted with 0'1M thi.oglyc.ollate initially at pH 10'0, f.or example, appr.oximates t.o that rem.oved fr.om untreated W.o.oI with 0�1M thi.oglyc.ollate initially at pH 10�5. The electr.oph. oresis patterns .of the pr.oteins extracted fr.om superc.ontracted W.o.ol als.o resemble the patterns .of extracts .of n.ormal W.o.ol .obtained at higher pH values. This, t.ogether with evidence f.or the absen6e .of amide b.ond splitting, suggests that fracti.onal extracti.on with alkaline thi.oglyc.ollate yields pr.oteins pre-existing in the W.o.ol and nc:>t f.ormed during extracti.on. The electr.oph.oresis patterns W.ould theref. ore appear t.o reflect the pr.otein c.omp.ositi.on .of reduced W.o.ol.
The Fractionation of S-Carboxymethyl Kerateine 2 from Wool
Authors: Gillespie JM
Published: November 2018

The solubility relations of the S�carboxymethy1 derivative of kerateine 2 (a soluble protein extracted from reduced wool) are studied in systems containing salts in high concentration, mixtures of ethanol and water, and low concentrations of certain divalent cations.
Studies on Marsupial Nutrition II. The Rate of Passage of Food Residues and Digestibility of Crude Fibre and Protein by The Quokka, Setonix Brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard)
Authors: Calaby JH
Published: November 2018

The rate of passage of food residues through the digestive tract of a small grazing marsupial, Setonix brachyuru8 (Quoy & Gaimard) was determined. The animals were fed various mixtures of lucerne chaff, concentrates, and oaten chaff. The marked meal generally first appeared in the faeces 8-12 hr after feeding; 90 per cent. was excreted in about 1!-2! days and the meal was usually totally eliminated in 3-6 days. The rate of passage was slower with low food intake than with high food intake, and also with relatively coarser food. S. brachyuru8 excretes food residues in a pattern similar to that of domestic ruminants but at a faster rate, particularly in the terminal stages.
Simulation of Genetic Systems by Automatic Digital Computers
Authors: Barker JSF
Published: November 2018

A new approach to analysis of the effect of selection on gene frequencies is described. An electronic digital computer (the SILLIAC) is used to simulate the selection processes that operate in populations. The Monte Carlo method permits inclusion of stochastic processes so that results should simulate those in natural or experimental populations.
Selection for Canalization of the Scute Phenotype in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Rendel JM , Sheldon BL
Published: November 2018

Selection for low variance of scutellar bristle number in scute flies resulted in canalization about a mean of two bristles. Selection for high variance appeared ineffective. The sensitivity of high selection lines to changes in temperature at which the flies were reared was much greater than the sensitivity of the low selection lines and the sensitivity of wild�type cultures.
Electrolyte and Haematocrit Changes in The Blood of Sheep From Foetal to Postnatal Life
Authors: Evans JV , Blunt MH
Published: November 2018

Foetal and postnatal packed cell volume percentages and whole blood, plasma, and erythrocyte potassium and sodium concentrations have been studied in the sheep.
The Direct Assay of 14C in Dried Plant Materials
Authors: O'brien TP , Wardlaw IF
Published: November 2018

An apparatus is described and illustrated which enables the direct assay of 14C in dried and, ground plant material. The effect of five factors upon the measurement of the 14C�content of the powder are discussed. It is concluded that this technique provides an efficient, accurate. and rapid method for the assay of lAC in plant materials.
Mitotic Activity in Wool Follicle Bulbs
Authors: Schinckel PG
Published: November 2018

The quantitatIve significance of mitosis in wool follicle bulbs in relation to the rate of fibre growth was investigated in 10 major fleece phenotypes (fine .Merino, medium Merino mosaic, strong Merino, Merino lustre mutant, Corriedale carpet-wool, Corriedale mosaic, Southdown, and Border Leicester). Mitotic activity in the follicle bulbs was estimated with the aid of colchicine and the volume rate of fibre growth was inferred from fibre diameter.
Bioelectric Oscillations of Bean Roots: Further Evidence foraFeedback Oscillator III. Excitation and inhibition of Oscillations by Osmotic Pressure, Auxins, and Antiauxins
Authors: Jenkinson IS
Published: November 2018

After bean roots have been subjected to prolonged application of oscillations in osmotic pressure or ,8-indolylacetic acid (IAA) at the natural period, they exhibit an increased tendency for oscillatory behaviour. The amplitude of transient oscil-lations, reSUlting from sudden changes in osmotic pressure or in IAA concentration, is increased and the damping is decreased. In addition, the application of oscil-lations in osmotic pressure or in IAA of period considerably different from the plant's natural period, tends to evoke oscillations of the plant's natural period as well as those of the applied period. These effects are greatest at the root's elongating zone and have been interpreted in terms of an increase in the gain of a physio-logical feedback system responsible for oscillations in potential.
Selection for an invariant Character, Vibrissa Number, in the House Mouse III. Correlated Responses
Authors: Fraser AS , Kindred BM
Published: November 2018

Selection for increased and decreased total number of secondary vibrissae has been practised on the mutant mice of a stock in which the tabby gene is segregating. Five separate groups of vibrissae contribute to the total number and differences were found in the response of individual groups of vibrissae to selection. These differences occur both in the main selection experiment and in subsidiary experi-ments based on rare non-tabby mice with abnormal scores which occur with very low frequency in ordinary mouse stocks.
Models for The Distribution on Pasture of Infective Larvae of the Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites of Sheep
Authors: Tallis GM , Donald AD
Published: November 2018

Two models are proposed for the distribution on pasture of infective larvae of the gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep. These models were developed to include as many as possible of the known biological components. Procedures for estimating the parameters of the models are outlined and advantages of these models over earlier attempts to describe the distribution of infective larvae on pasture are briefly discussed.
An Improved Chromatographic Separation of Wheat Gluten Proteins
Authors: Wrigley CW
Published: November 2018

Gel electrophoresis is at present the best procedure for the analytical fractiona-tion of wheat gluten proteins. Procedures more suitable for preparative studies, such as gel ffitration and column chromatography, have provided only partial fractionation on the basis of gel electrophoresis (Graham 1963; Lee et al. 1963; Wright, Brown, and Bell 1964). Gel electrophoretic patterns of fractions resulting from the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) fractionation of Simmonds and Winzor (1961) have been published by Graham (1963) and by Lee et al. (1963). These results showed that each fraction was heterogeneous, with considerable overlapping of electrophoretic bands from neighbouring fractions, and that fractions eluted late in the chromatogram were contaminated because of tailing of earlier fractions. The modification of the Simmonds and Winzor procedure described below results in an improved fractionation of gluten proteins as judged by starch-gel electrophoresis.
On the Nitrogen Nutrition of Silage Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Brady CJ
Published: November 2018

Consideration is given to the adequacy of the free amino acids in plant juices at the time of harvest as nitrogen substrate for strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from silage. The requirements of several strains of the bacteria for free amino acids in synthetic media were compared with the concentration of these acids in the liquid phase of plants at the time of harvest; this comparison suggested that several amino acids, and particulady lysine, may at times be rate.limiting. Ethanolic extracts of plants, sampled before and after a period of post-harvest wilting, were assayed as nitrogen substrates for the bacteria. A marked response to additions of lysine, some response to arginine, and evidence of deficiency of other acids were noted. The importance of post-harvest proteolysis to the amino acid nutrition of the bacteria in the silage environment is discussed. Certain fractions of the plant extracts were found to promote early growth of the bacteria in the synthetic medium, and the distribution of this activity in different fractions is described.
Uptake and Metabolism of Inorganic Forms of Selenium-75 by Spirodela Oligorrhiza
Authors: Butler GW , Peterson PJ
Published: November 2018

The duckweed Spirodela oligorrhiza was cultured at both pH 5 and 7�2 in sterile nutrient solutions containing 75Se-labelled selenite or selenate. At both pH values, selenite was absorbed and assimilated about three times more readily than selenate_ Colloidal selenium-75 at pH 7�2 was also investigated and found to be metabolized to a considerable extent. The labelling patterns observed were very similar for all three inorganic forms of selenium, with a predominance of selenomethionine incorporated into proteins.
Succinic Acid Production by Rumen Bacteria II. Radioisotope Studies on Succinate Production by Ruminococcus Flavefaciens
Authors: Hopgood MF , Walker DJ
Published: November 2018

Strain C of R. flavejaciens ferments [1_14C]glucose with the production of methyl-labelled succinic and acetic acids, and the specific activity of the succinic acid produced is one-half that of the substrate. Fermentation of glucose in the presence of [14C]bicarbonate gives rise to carboxyl-labelled succinic acid. Formic acid is also labelled, either by direct exchange with 14C02 or by exchange of 14C02 with the carboxyl group of pyruvate. These results are compatible with the formation of succinate from glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and carboxylation of pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate.
Activity of Enzymes in the Endometrium, Caruncles, and Uterine Rinsings of Progestogen-Treated and Naturally Cycling Ewes
Authors: Murdoch RN , White IG
Published: November 2018

The activity of several enzymes has been measured in the endometrium, caruncles, and uterine rinsings of ewes at various stages of the oestrous cycle. Ewes were either allowed to cycle naturally or were synchronized by progestogenimpregnated sponges inserted into the vagina. Most (86%) of the progestogentreated ewes came into oestrus 2 or 3 days after removal of the sponges, and the uterus contained higher levels of amylase and alkaline phosphatase than did naturally cycling ewes. Amylase, succinate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were maximal during the luteal phase of the cycle. Endometrial alkaline phosphatase activity followed the growth and retrogression of the corpus luteum more closely than that of the other enzymes studied.
Gibberellin and the Growth of Peach and Apricot Fruits
Authors: I Jackson D
Published: November 2018

Levels of gibberellin in purified extracts from developing peach fruits were compared with rates of cell division and cell expansion in the fruit tissues. No gibberellin was found in the ovary before full bloom. Immediately after full bloom gibberellin activity was found in the seed, and later in the mesocarp and endocarp as well. Gibberellin concentration was closely correlated with the rate of cell expansion in each tissue, but not with cell division. Until the final growth phase, when activity was found only in the mesocarp, the highest gibberellin level was always found in the seed.
Effects of Light and Temperature During Plant Growth on Subsequent Leaf Co2 Assimilation Rates Under Standard Conditions
Authors: Hesketh JD
Published: November 2018

The rate of photosynthetic C02 assimilation and transpiration as measured under standard conditions was determined for Zea maY8, Amaranthus palmeri, Helianthus annuus, Triticum ae8tivum, G088ypium hir8utum, and Phaseolus vulgare after culture at a range of temperatures (15/10 to 36/31�C day/night temperatures) and natural (seasonal) or artificial light conditions. In general, the relative classi� fication of the six species as to rate of C02 uptake was the same for plants grown under a wide range of conditions. C02 assimilation was depressed at the lower temperature limits for growth in Z. maY8 and G. hirsutum where plants were chlorotic. C02 assimilation shifted from one class of rates to another in H. annuus and G. hir8utum as seasonal radiation increased from winter to summer. Some of this change was caused by a factor inside the leaf, after seasonal variations in transpiration were accounted for. Much of the variation in CO2 assimilation within and between H. annUU8, T. ae8tivum, G. hir8utum, and P. vulgare was associated with differences in transpiration or the conductance for diffusion of CO2 into the leaf.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Chara Australis Xi. Chloride Fluxes
Authors: Coster HGL , Hope AB
Published: November 2018

Influx and efflux of chloride ions in Ohara australis have been measured under a variety of conditions in an attempt to relate the active transport inwards to a particular aspect of metabolism. Influx across the plasmalemma in single cells was 1-4 p-equiv_ cm-2 sec-I. The rate constant for exchange of cytoplasmic chloride was of the order of 10-3 sec-1 and the content of chloride in the cytoplasm was found to be about 100 n-equiv. cm-2? From these values the influx across the tonoplast was inferred to be ~ 100 p-equiv. cm-2 sec-I. Most of the cytoplasmic chloride was probably in the chloroplasts.
Effeot of Moisture Stress on Submicrosoopic Struoture of Maize Roots
Authors: Nir I , Klein S , Poljakoff-Mayber A
Published: November 2018

The effect of dehydration on root behaviour and its submicroscopic structure was studied. Root segments were dehydrated above sodium chloride solutions of various concentrations and the degree of dehydration was expressed as percentage loss of weight. Loss of more than 70% of initial weight proved lethal. On loss of 60-70% some of the roots preserved their ability to resume growth on rehydration.
The Prediction of Selection Response in a Self -Fertilizing Species
Authors: Pederson DG
Published: November 2018

The response to truncation selection is considered for populations which reproduce by self-fertilization. Family structure is disregarded in the selection process, and individuals are selected or rejected on the basis of phenotypic value. For k unlinked loci of small effect, the expected response from n cycles of selection is the sum of
The Uptake of Orthophosphate and Its Incorporation into Organic Phosphates Along Roots of Pinus Radiata
Authors: Bowen GD
Published: November 2018

An automatic scanning-recording method showed that relative incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate along sterile pine roots into both the nucleic acid fraction and the phospholipid-phosphoprotein fraction was usually much greater in the apical 1-and 2-cm segments than in the remainder of the root. Relative incorporation into phosphate fractions was modified considerably by the phosphate uptake and phosphate status at different parts of the root_ Relative incorporation into the readily acid-soluble fraction was greatest at sites of greatest phosphate uptake along the root, and was less with phosphate-deficient plants than with high-phosphate plants. Description of root behaviour as an average of the entire root is inadequate and is likely to lead to erroneous interpretation of nutrient uptake and use by roots_
Keratin Fibres II. Separation and Analysis of Medullary Cells
Authors: Bradbury JH , O'shea JM
Published: November 2018

A mild method is described for the separation of the medullae of keratin fibres. The method consists of staining with gold, which is deposited preferentially in the medulla. The fibre is then disrupted by agitation in formic acid and the heavy medullary cells separated by density.gradient centrifugation. By means of model experiments on whole fibres and medulla produced by dissection of porcupine quills, it is concluded that (except for some oxidation of cystine to cysteic acid) a negligible amount of modification of the medulla results from the separation procedure.
The Esterification of Wool
Authors: Holt LA , Milligan B
Published: November 2018

The reaction of wool with methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol in
the presence of 0 �IM HCI as catalyst has been found to be non-specific. In addition
to the esterification of carboxyl groups, significant conversion of primary amide
groups into esters occurs, especially with the higher alcohols. Experiments with
[l4C]methanol show that the number of methyl groups bound during esterification
considerably exceeds the methoxyl content, which in turn exceeds the ester content.
Indirect evidence suggests that these extra methyl groups are introduced by Nand
O-methylation of peptide bonds.
The Absorption and Metabolism of [14c]Ddt in Ddt-Resistant and Susceptible Strains of the Cattle Tick Boophilus Microplus
Authors: Sohnitzerling HJ , Roulston WJ , Sohuntneb CA
Published: November 2018

Engorged female cattle ticks of a DDT -resistant strain absorbed [l4C]DDT at a
rate similar to females of a DDT -susceptible strain, but larvae of the resistant strain
absorbed it at a faster rate than susceptible larvae
Photosynthesis by Thin Leaf Slices in Solution I. Properties of Leaf Slices and Comparison With Whole Leaves
Authors: Jones HG , Osmond CB
Published: November 2018

The preparation and photosynthetic properties of thin leaf slices from several plants were examined. Photosynthesis was measured either as oxygen evolution in a polarographic electrode, or as 14C02 fixation. Oxygen uptake in the dark gave a measure of the dark respiration rate.
Deep Freezing of Boar Semen I. Effects of Diluent Composition, Protective Agents, and Method of Thawing on Survival of Spermatozoa
Authors: Salamon S , Wilmut I , Polge C
Published: November 2018

A series of factorial experiments was conducted to examine the effects of sugars and polyols (inositol, dulcitol), glycerol, low molecular weight polyols and cell "non-permeating" agents as cryoprotectives, and method of thawing on survival of boar spermatozoa after freezing by the pellet method.
Studies on Monotreme Proteins VII. Amino Acid Sequence of Myoglobin From the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus Anatinus
Authors: Fisher WK , Thompson EOP
Published: November 2018

Myoglobin isolated from skeletal. muscle of the platypus contains 153 amino acid residues. lhe complete amino acid sequence has been determined following cleavage with cyanogen bromide and further digestion of the four fragments with trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and thermolysin. Sequences of the purified peptides were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure. The amino acid sequence showed 25 differences from human myoglobin and 24 from kangaroo myoglobin. Amino acid sequences in myoglobins are more conserved than sequences in the exand fi-globin chains, and platypus myoglobin shows a similar number of variations in sequence to kangaroo myoglobin when compared with myoglobin of other species. The date of divergence of the platypus from other mammals was estimated at 102 � 31 million years, based on the number of amino acid differences between species and allowing for multiple mutations during the evolutionary period. This estimate differs widely from the estimate given by similar treatment of the ex- and fi-chain sequences and a constant rate of mutation .of globin chains is not supported.
Studies on Metatherian Sex Chromosomes IV. X Linkage of PGK-A with Paternal X Inactivation Confirmed in Erythrocytes of Grey Kangaroos by Pedigree Analysis
Authors: VandeBerg JL , Cooper DW , Sharman GB , Poole WE
Published: November 2018

Pedigree and population data are presented for erythrocyte phosphoglycerate kinase A (PGK-A) allozymes in the two species of grey kangaroo. The pedigree data confirm the hypothesis that PGK-A is X linked, the paternally derived X chromosome being inactive in nucleated erythroblast precursors of the enucleate erythrocytes in females. The existence of different allozyme variants in eastern and western grey kangaroos further supports their division into separate species.
A Thermodynamic Assessment of Possible Substrates for Sulphate-reducing Bacteria
Authors: Wake LV , Christopher RK , AD Rickard Pamela , Andersen JE , Ralph BJ
Published: November 2018

A thermodynamic feasibility study was applied as a means of predicting suitable energy-yielding substrates for growth of sulphate-reducing microorganisms. The average free energy release per electron pair for a substrate-sulphate oxidoreduction may be more or less than the energy requirement for ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi. Substrates were divided into two groups on this thermodynamic basis and the division was shown to accord with previous experimental reports; those substrates which released an average of at least 8� 4 kcal per electron pair (35�2 kJ per electron pair) were able to support growth whilst those releasing less than 8� 4 kcal were unable to do so. It is proposed that the thermodynamic assessment could be applied to a wide range of possible substrates to predict the likelihood of their serving as sole substrates for growth of these organisms.
Cytogenetical Studies in Wheat. IX. Monosomic Analyses, Telocentric Mapping and Linkage Relationships of Genes Sr21, Pm4 and Mle
Authors: The TT , McIntosh RA , GA Bennett Fiona
Published: November 2018

Gene Sr21 for resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici in five hexaploid derivatives of the diploid Triticum monococcum was located in chromosome 2A. Since only one chromosome was involved in resistance, abnormal ratios found in some diploid wheat crosses and in one hexaploid derivative were attributed to differential transmission of gametes rather than to gene duplication in the diploid wheat sources. By using 2AS and an unknown telocentric presumed to be 2AL in telocentric mapping, Sr21 was placed 2�4�0�9 recombination units from the centromere in 2AL.
Production of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Sheep Using a Prepared Low-Iodine Diet
Authors: Potter BJ , Jones GB , Buckley RA , Belling GB , McIntosh GH , Hetzel BS
Published: November 2018

Extensive tests on dietary materials suitable for ingestion by sheep have led to the preparation of an appropriate diet which, when fed to the sheep, caused severe iodine deficiency. The deficiency was manifested by daily urinary excretion values which fell to levels of less than 20 pg iodine and by thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in blood plasma which were reduced from more than 90 and 1�80 nmol/l to the low levels of less than 2�58 and 0�31 nmol/l respectively. The values were attained 5 months after feeding the low-iodine diet. Goitre was present in most of the animals and the reductions in T4 and T3 values were accompanied by increased concentrations of plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from less than 8�6 to more than 68 ng/ml. Samples of wool removed from selected areas of the sheep showed that the iodine-deficient diet also caused a reduction in the growth of wool.
Opposing Modes of Selection on the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Locus in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Oakeshott JG , Gibson JB , Anderson PR , Champ A
Published: November 2018

Three experiments have been carried out which show that exogenous environments of ethanol impose selection on the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus of D. melanogaster. This locus is widely polymorphic for two alleles, AdhF and Adhs, and AdhF generally produces about twice as much alcohol dehydrogenase activity as Adhs. In the first experiment, AdhF IAdhF and AdhF/Adhs flies survived equally often and Adhs/Adhs flies less frequently after exposure for 7 days to medium impregnated with ethanol. The same pattern of survival differences was found in the second experiment in which flies were exposed for 1 day to an aqueous solution of ethanol and sucrose. In contrast, in the third experiment survival was scored after exposure for 45-min to ethanol fumes, and Adhs/ Adhs flies survived more often than AdhF/Adhs, both these genotypes surviving more frequently than Adh F / Adh F. We doubt whether anyone of the three experiments by itself adequately represents the ecology of natural populations of D. melanogaster exposed to ethanol. It is likely that mixtures of the three experimental conditions approximate more closely the natural environments and therefore we suggest that, overall, selection might favour intermediate levels of alcohol dehydrogenase activity, producing a net advantage for heterozygotes at the Adh locus.
Sulfur and Methionine Metabolism in Sheep. V. Utilization of Methionine Isomers
Authors: Doyle PT
Published: November 2018

Merino wethers were fed 600 g dry matter per day of a ground and pelleted 50 : 50 oaten chaff: lucerne chaff diet. The ration was fed in 12 equal protions at 2-hourly intervals. The diet of some sheep was supplemented with infusions of 2�5 g/day of either L-, DL- or D-methionine into either the rumen or duodenum. Ruminal sulfide-sulfur pools, the amount of sulfur flowing at the duodenum and excreted in faeces and urine, and the amount of sulfur incorporated into wool were measured. [35Sl-LMethionine injections were given to each sheep and the excretion of [35Sl-sulfur and its incorporation into wool were measured.
Two Low-molecular-weight Apoproteins (Apovitellenins I and II) from a Lipoprotein of Goose?s Egg Yolk: A Comparison with Related Species
Authors: Inglis AS , Strike PM , Burley RW
Published: November 2018

As part of a comparative study of egg yolk from different avian species, the major lipoprotein and its mixed apoproteins from the egg yolk of the chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) have been prepared. From the apoprotein mixture, two new proteins, of molecular weight approximately 10000 and 22000 according to gel electrophoresis in detergent, have been isolated by gel-filtration chromato-graphy in urea. The protein of lower molecular weight corresponds in amino acid sequence to apovitellenin I, a protein previously isolated from other avian species. As a comparison with other members of the same avian family (Anatidae), the amino acid sequence of apovitellenin I from the pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos) was re-investigated and that of the muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) investigated. These were found to be identical to the sequence of goose's apovitellenin I. The second new protein is similar in composition, molecular weight, and solubility to apovitellenin II, a protein present in small amount in hen's egg yolk. A protein corresponding to apovitellenin II could not, however, be detected in the egg yolk of either species of duck.
Timing of Anti-uterotrophic Effects of a Single Injection of Progesterone in the Oestrogen-stimulated Uterus: Comparison of the Sheep and Mouse
Authors: Miller BG , Tassell R , Stone GM
Published: November 2018

Progesterone (P) is anti-uterotrophic in the oestradiol (E2)-stimulated uterus of the mouse but not the sheep. To further understand this species difference, the time course of some early effects of a single injection of P on the E2-stimulated uterus has been examined. In the mouse, P caused a prompt (2-4 h) decline in uterine wet weight and in vitro rate of RNA synthesis, and a more gradual decrease (4-12 h) in RNA: DNA and protein: DNA ratios and in vitro rate of protein synthesis in whole uterus. In the sheep, P had no effect at any time on either whole uterus or caruncular endometrium. The results support the concepts that (l) anti-uterotrophic effects of Pin E2-stimulated mice are mediated by a direct P effect on nuclear E2 receptor level, and (2) in the sheep P is not anti-uterotrophic because it does not regulate nuclear E2 receptor level.
Intrinsic Noise and the Design of the Genetic Machinery
Authors: Reanney DC , MacPhee DG , Pressing J
Published: November 2018

Darwinian theory envisages 'selection pressure' as a stress imposed on the genotype by the environment. However, noise in the replicative and translational mechanisms in itself imposes a significant 'pressure' on the adaptive fitness of the organism. We propose that the biosphere has been shaped by both extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (noise-generated) factors. Because noise has been a remorseless and ever-present background to the evolutionary process, adaptations to this intrinsic pressure include not only a variety of familiar genetic mechanisms but also many anatomical and life-style characteristics that focus on the transmission of information between generations.
Partitioning of Nutrients in Merino Ewes. 11 Glucose Utilization by Skeletal Muscle, the Pregnant Uterus and the Lactating Mammary Gland in Relation to Whole Body Glucose Utilization
Authors: H Oddy V , Gooden JM , Hough GM , Teleni BE , Annison EF
Published: November 2018

The net uptake and oxidation of glucose by leg muscle, pregnant uterus, and lactating mammary gland, together with the rate of irreversible loss and oxidation of glucose in the whole body of Merino ewes are reported. The ewes were fed on either chaffed oaten hay (OR), chaffed lucerne hay (L), or a mixture of chaffed oaten and lucerne hays (OHL). Measurements were made during five different physiological states: dry (nonpregnant), at 94 and 125 days of pregnancy, and at 20 and 50 days after lambing.
The identity of Monomia argentata (Crustacea : Brachyura : Portunidae) resolved by X-ray, computed tomography scanning and molecular comparisons
Authors: Koch Milan , Kamanli Seyit A. , Crimmen Oliver , Lin Chia-Wei , Clark Paul F. , Duriš Zdenek
Published: November 2018

In his catalogue of British Museum Crustacea, Adam White listed two swimming crabs from Borneo as a new species, Amphitrite argentata, but he did not provide a description and therefore the name was a nomen nudum. Later, Alphonse Milne-Edwards described the larger of these male specimens as Neptunus argentatus and credited the species to White. Now assigned to Monomia Gistel, 1848, M. argentata was recently considered to represent a species-complex; however, its nomenclature and taxonomy have been confused over a long period of time. Furthermore, the larger syntype examined by Alphonse Milne-Edwards is no longer extant. The present study compared the smaller extant M. argentata male of White, here designated as the lectotype, with the description by A. Milne-Edwards. This dried specimen was re-examined using X-ray and computed tomography scanning techniques in order to reveal the general morphology of the first male gonopod (G1). Fresh material was collected and identified with confidence as M. argentata. This species was redescribed to modern standards including illustrations, details of coloration and new scanning electron micrographs of the G1 were provided. The validity of this species was further endorsed by comparing DNA sequences with congeners from the South China Sea. To conclude, the type status, authority and associated species-complex of M. argentata are discussed.
Twenty years of seagrass networking and advancing seagrass science: The International Seagrass Biology Workshop Series.
Authors: Coles Rob , Short Fred , Fortes Miguel , Kuo John
Published: November 2018

SEAGRASSES are a group of some 72 species of marine flowering plants found in the world’s shallow coastal oceans (Green and Short 2003, Short et al. 2011). There is now scientific consensus that they create an important marine habitat not only by themselves, but also as a component of more complex ecosystems within marine coastal zones. Seagrasses contribute to the
health of coral reefs and mangroves, salt marshes and oyster reefs (Dorenbosch et al. 2004; Duke et al. 2007; Heck et al. 2008; Unsworth et al. 2008). Seagrasses have high primary productivity and are a basis of many marine food webs through
direct herbivory and the through a detrital cycle (Hemminga and Duarte, 2000). They have enormous value in providing nutrients (N and P) and organic carbon to other parts of the oceans, including the deep sea, and they contribute significantly
to carbon sequestration (Suchanek et al. 1985; Duarte et al. 2005).

Armed with this knowledge today it is interesting to remember that it is only just over a hundred years since scientists first began speculating on the roles and values of seagrass in the marine environment, with the first focus occurring in Europe on eelgrass (Zostera marina). Many at the time discounted seagrass as an important primary producer (den Hartog 1980). It was not until after the 1930s, when vast areas of Zostera marina were lost in the northern hemisphere from a wasting disease that scientists and governments started to understand and investigate the value of seagrass to coastal ecosystems (Milne and Milne 1951). The loss of Zostera marina led to obvious declines in migratory waterfowl, crustaceans, finfish and shellfish populations (Thayer et al. 1984)

In response to those concerns about ongoing losses of Zostera marina and other seagrass species, a meeting of scientists in Fairbanks, Alaska in early 1973 decided to coordinate seagrass research globally. This led to the first International Seagrass Workshop being organized and held in Leiden, The Netherlands, later that year. The report of that conference (McRoy and Helfferich 1977) makes interesting reading, looking back from the perspective of the 21st century. There is only one contribution from the southern hemisphere (Larkum 1977) with Australia referred to as a “little known region”. What we now know as the centre of seagrass biodiversity, Insular Southeast Asia and the broader Indo Pacific region, receives no mention at all. A significant and long-lasting outcome of the Leiden meeting was the birth of the journal “Aquatic Botany”.