bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ParlaMint II: advancing comparable parliamentary corpora across Europe
Authors: Erjavec Tomaž , Kopp Matyáš , Ljubešić Nikola , Kuzman Taja , Rayson Paul , Osenova Petya , Ogrodniczuk Maciej , Çöltekin Çağrı , Koržinek Danijel , Meden Katja , Skubic Jure , Rupnik Peter , Agnoloni Tommaso , Aires José , Barkarson Starkaður , Bartolini Roberto , Bel Núria , Calzada Pérez María , Darģis Roberts , Diwersy Sascha , Gavriilidou Maria , van Heusden Ruben , Iruskieta Mikel , Kahusk Neeme , Kryvenko Anna , Ligeti-Nagy Noémi , Magariños Carmen , Mölder Martin , Navarretta Costanza , Simov Kiril , Tungland Lars Magne , Tuominen Jouni , Vidler John , Vladu Adina Ioana , Wissik Tanja , Yrjänäinen Väinö , Fišer Darja
Published: December 2024

The paper presents the results of the ParlaMint II project, which comprise comparable corpora of parliamentary debates of 29 European countries and autonomous regions, covering at least the period from 2015 to 2022, and containing over 1 billion words. The corpora are uniformly encoded, contain rich metadata about their 24 thousand speakers, and are linguistically annotated up to the level of Universal Dependencies syntax and named entities. The paper focuses on the enhancement made since the ParlaMint I project and presents the compilation of the corpora, including the encoding infrastructure, use of GitHub, the production of individual corpora, the common pipeline for producing their distribution, and use of CLARIN services for dissemination. It then gives a quantitative overview of the produced corpora, followed by the qualitative additions made within the ParlaMint II project, namely metadata localisation, the addition of new metadata, such as the political orientation of political parties, the machine translation of the corpora to English and its tagging with semantic classes, and the production of pilot speech corpora. Finally, outreach activities and further work are discussed.
Expanded extractivism, confinement, and (im)mobilized labor in city-making: a longue durée perspective
Authors: Caglar Ayse
Published: December 2024

Compartmentalized historiography of cities and labor hinders us from seeing the common grounds and contour lines connecting disparate places, periods, processes, institutions, and groups of actors in the making and remaking of cities. Through exploring the historical geography of a street in Linz (Austria), I call for shifting our lens to expanded extractivism to bring economies of (im)mobile labor and confinement and the governance of the displaced inscribed to distinct periods and regimes within a common analytical lens. The longue durée perspective I adapt enables us to situate the commodification of the containment and care of refugee and asylum seekers within the broader dynamics of extractivism.
Self-Knowledge of Belief Requires Understanding of Propositions
Authors: Schwengerer Lukas
Published: December 2024

I show that from common views about propositions as sets of possible worlds and knowledge requiring a sufficiently strong safety condition one can derive a condition stating that self-knowledge of belief is only possible if the content of that belief is fully understood. I show this by a reductio. If a subject S lacks full understanding of a proposition p, then S’s belief about believing that p cannot amount to knowledge. Even though my argument is based on particular views about propositions and knowledge, I argue that the same kind of argument is also available for other knowledge conditions that rule out relevant luck and other accounts of propositions. However, for many of these other accounts of knowledge the requirement for understanding p will not be full understanding, but only sufficiently high understanding. These results tell us how self-knowledge, ruling out luck and understanding belief contents relate.
Application of Learning Analytics for the Study of the Virtual Campus Activity in an Undergraduate Fluid Mechanics’ Course in Bachelors of Engineering
Authors: Oro J. M. Fernández , Regodeseves P. García , Bertolín L. Santamaría , Pérez J. González , Barrio-Perotti R. , Blanco A. Pandal
Published: December 2024

Learning Analytics tools are employed to assess student engagement with the Virtual Campus in an undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course at university level in Spain. This is aimed at obtaining a diagnosis of the course problematics which include low attendance rates, poor performance on activity tests and exams and a high number of re-enrolments. A total amount of 67,902 records from the online platform are analyzed to understand activity trends and information distribution. Specific indicators like percentage gap are defined and correlated with evaluation data for deeper insights. Different profiles of students are identified as a function of the interaction level with the platform. Significant correlation has been found between the level of interaction and the academic results of the students. While proactive profiles exhibit remarkable performance rates, no low-activity profiles were capable of passing the course. The continuous evaluation was found neither correlated with the interaction nor with the final exam marks, so its redefinition is suggested as future work. It is also shown that the higher the average number of student enrolments, the lower the participation and performance in the course. No bias was observed with respect to the gender variable. Moreover, the daily analysis of the records has discovered overall trends about the students’ habits. Learning Analytics is demonstrated as a useful tool for the specified purpose. It is also proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of further actions for the improvement of the course in future academic years.
The Narrative Coherence of Autistic Children’s Accounts of an Experienced Event in Response to Different Interviewer Prompts: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Almeida Telma Sousa , Yang Fuming , Zhang Heying , Lamb Michael E.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study explored the narrative coherence of the accounts of an experienced event produced by autistic and neurotypical children (ages 6–15 years) after delays of two weeks and two months.

Methods

The sample comprised 27 autistic children and 32 neurotypical peers, who were interviewed about the event using the Revised National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Investigative Interview Protocol. The study focused on assessing the narrative coherence of children’s reports, emphasizing key story grammar elements and temporal features in their narratives.

Results

Results revealed that, over time, both autistic and neurotypical children showed a decrease in narrative coherence. Autistic children, particularly those who were cognitively and verbally able, demonstrated the ability to convey their experiences coherently, with performances comparable to those of their neurotypical peers. Interviewer prompts differentially influenced the narrative coherence of autistic and non-autistic children’s accounts.

Conclusion

This research showed that, when questioned appropriately, cognitively and verbally able autistic children can effectively communicate their personal experiences, even after significant delays.
Content Specialists’ Anti-Plagiarism Pedagogical Interventions: A Thematic Review
Authors: Li Yongyan , Chen Hui , Liu Xiaoling , Wang Simon
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a thematic review of the anti-plagiarism instruction of content specialists as reported in a range of articles published in the decade of 2014–2023. A total of 28 articles were identified through systematic searching and a ChatGPT-assisted selection process based on a set of inclusion criteria. Specifically, we aimed to include those articles that contain sufficient details of the instructional procedure as well as an evidence-based report of the effectiveness of the pedagogical intervention. A coding scheme of two dimensions (“Rationales for the pedagogical interventions” and “Characteristics of the pedagogical interventions”) provided a framework for our analysis of the focal literature. By focusing on content teachers’, as opposed to language teachers’, pedagogical practices in addressing the issue of plagiarism in varied geographical and institutional contexts, this review study provides insights for both content and language specialists to draw upon and will serve to raise awareness for the value of collaboration between content and language teachers in handling academic literacy issues such as plagiarism.
Early career teachers’ beliefs and management of work intensification in Norway and Spain
Authors: Antonsen Yngve , Portela Pruaño Antonio , Stenseth Anna-Maria , Skytterstad Remi
Published: December 2024

This article provides a comparative analysis of primary and secondary early career teachers (ECTs) in Norwegian and Spanish schools. We compared ECTs’ beliefs on what work intensification involves and the ways they address it at their workplaces across these two different national contexts. The theory of practice architectures is used as an analytical lens to thematically examine data from two qualitative studies that involved semi-structured interviews with 26 Norwegian and 23 Spanish ECTs, plus four Spanish focus groups. The participating ECTs from both countries described tensions linked to the responsibility in work and tensions linked to relational work. The lack of resources in schools had a negative influence on the teachers’ work, especially to plan and perform student-active teaching and inclusive education. The ECTs faced tensions in sustaining positive relations for all their students and parents but reached out to their colleagues for support. This article discusses how ECTs in both countries manage work intensification in their practice by using strategies of ‘being less responsible’, ‘lowered work standards’, and detachment. The theory of practice architectures helped to widen our understanding of work intensification and how teachers could manage it.
Protectionism in Disguise? EU Anti-Dumping Measures Targeting PRC Iron and Steel Products
Authors: Hornung Lukas J. , Stöckmann Nico
Published: December 2024

As dumping can harm industries by distorting competition, the World Trade Organization holds the option for its members to take anti-dumping measures. The European Union (EU) responds collectively to such threats and adjusts the supposedly dumped goods’ prices through tariffs back to their apparent “fair” value. Some critics argue though that the EU’s anti-dumping measures reduce economic efficiency and are actually protectionism in disguise. Our analysis of EU anti-dumping measures on Chinese iron and steel products points out that the “fair” value is indeed fair. Using the augmented synthetic control method, we show that the total EU import volume in the sanctioned product class remains constant, the import volume from China after introducing the tariff is significantly reduced, and the increase in total world import price is insignificant. Results thus suggest that supply from China is substituted through imports of countries outside the single market and that claims of protectionism are largely unfounded
Day-to-day variation in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of northern and southern silver birch in a common garden
Authors: Akinyemi Olusegun Olaitan , Čepl Jaroslav , Keski-Saari Sarita , Stejskal Jan , Tomášková Ivana , Keinänen Markku , Kontunen-Soppela Sari
Published: December 2024

We used fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients (OJIP) to study provenance-related differences in photosynthetic performance and the magnitude of day-to-day chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) variation in northern (67° N) and southern (62° N) silver birches in a common garden at 62° N. ChlF transients were measured five times during two weeks in the middle of summer to avoid seasonal variation. Differences in growth and leaf morphological traits between the provenances were also examined. The northern trees had higher chlorophyll content, larger leaf areas, and higher leaf fresh and dry mass than the southern trees, but the leaf mass per area did not differ between the provenances. The southern trees were taller and showed higher annual shoot growth than the northern trees. For all the ChlF parameters, day-to-day variation was significant and followed the same pattern for both provenances with no significant provenance × day interaction, suggesting a similar response to environmental variation. The northern provenance had higher values in parameters related to the reduction of end electron acceptors at the Photosystem I (PSI) acceptor side as probed by ChlF. This and higher values for performance indices PIabs and PItot in northern than in southern trees suggest higher photosynthetic performance of northern trees in line with the latitudinal compensation strategy. Provenance differences in these parameters increased towards the end of the measurement period, suggesting preparation for earlier growth cessation in northern trees triggered by the shortening day length. The study shows that provenance differences in ChlF can be relatively stable regardless of environmental variation but might be influenced by physiological alterations in preparation for future changes in environmental conditions.
Identification and Evaluation of Natural Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of NS2B-NS3 Zika Virus Protease: A Computational Approach
Authors: Anede Nada , Ouassaf Mebarka , Rengasamy Kannan R. R. , Khan Shafi Ullah , Alhatlani Bader Y.
Published: December 2024

The Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus within the Flavivirus genus, is associated with severe neurological complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in affected individuals and microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. With no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments available, there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic options. This study aimed to identify new natural compounds with inhibitory potential against the NS2B-NS3 protease (PDB ID: 5LC0), an essential enzyme in viral replication. An e-pharmacophore model was generated using a five-point (ADDRR) feature approach in the PHASE module of Schrodinger and used for the virtual screening of 26,689 natural compounds from the PubChem database. The screening yielded 14,277 prioritized compounds based on fitness scores, further refined through extra precision (XP) docking in GLIDE, resulting in 24 compounds. Eight top hits were selected following ADME analysis with SwissADME, and toxicity screening with ProTox-II identified four non-toxic lead candidates. Molecular dynamic simulations confirmed the stability of the three most promising leads, CID 44418637, CID 163078083, and CID 68734190, with binding affinities of − 7.721, − 8.226, and − 8.307 kcal/mol, respectively. MM/GBSA analysis revealed that Compounds 68734190 (− 50.192 kcal/mol) and 163078083 (− 49.947 kcal/mol) possess superior binding affinities to the ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease compared to the reference compound (− 38.347 kcal/mol). Given their natural origin, these compounds may offer safer options to mitigate severe ZIKV-related symptoms while providing a favourable safety and pharmacokinetic profile. This study lays the groundwork for developing targeted ZIKV therapies, potentially addressing a significant unmet need in public health by reducing the incidence of ZIKV-related complications. Further experimental validation is required to confirm efficacy and address potential development challenges.

Graphical abstract
Social Support, Self-Concept and Resilience as Protectors Against School Maladjustment During Adolescence
Authors: Azpiazu Lorea , Ramos-Díaz Estibaliz , Axpe Inge , Revuelta Lorena
Published: December 2024

School maladjustment results in greater emotional and academic distress and reduces subjective well-being among adolescents. It is therefore important to identify the variables that contribute to school adjustment problems in order to enable interventions designed to improve or mitigate them during this developmental period. The aim of the present study is to use structural equation modeling to examine the potential impact of social support, self-concept and resilience on school adjustment problems. Participants were 1397 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.88 and SD = 1.27). The results reveal that peer support has a direct negative relationship on school integration problems, and that support from families and teachers has an indirect contribution through self-concept and resilience. The percentage of variance in school integration problems explained by the variables included in the study was 36.4%. The results have serious theoretical–practical implications that broaden the range of possibilities for preventing problems of this kind.
Pathological complete response after chemotherapy in initially unresectable distal cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Nakayama Toshihiro , Nakano Hiroshi , Matsushita Reika , Hayakawa Tomoaki , Takagi Shimpei , Tanaka Yuya , Ozaki Takahiro , Matsushita Tsunehisa , Sumi Yasuhiro , Takagi Masayuki
Published: December 2024

Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for cholangiocarcinoma, but it is often diagnosed at advanced stages, making surgical resection infeasible. Recently, the concept of conversion surgery has expanded the indications for surgical treatment, thanks to advancements in both perioperative management and chemotherapy. However, it remains unclear which patients benefit most from this treatment strategy. We present a case of initially unresectable cholangiocarcinoma in which a pathologic complete response was achieved following chemotherapy. A man in his seventies presented with jaundice and was referred to our hospital. Abdominal computed tomography revealed dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts and thickening of the common bile duct, suggestive of distal cholangiocarcinoma. The tumor was initially unresectable due to metastatic para-aortic lymph nodes, and chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin was initiated. After six courses of chemotherapy, the lymph nodes showed a partial response, and tumor markers returned to normal levels. However, further chemotherapy was intolerable due to thrombocytopenia. Our cancer board then decided to perform a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Pathologic examination of the resected specimen showed complete disappearance of the primary tumor, but viable cancer cells were found in the resected lymph nodes. Seven months post-surgery, recurrence in the para-aortic nodes was detected through imaging and elevated tumor markers. Despite this, the patient remains alive 16 months post-surgery with normal tumor marker levels, following additional chemotherapy. Pathologic complete response of the primary tumor is rarely observed in patients with initially unresectable distal cholangiocarcinoma, and a multidisciplinary approach, including conversion surgery, may be effective in such cases.
Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Yager Power Operators and Possibility Degree-Based Group Decision-Making Model
Authors: Rani Pratibha , Mishra Arunodaya Raj , Deveci Muhammet , Alrasheedi Adel Fahad , Alshamrani Ahmad M. , Pedrycz Witold
Published: December 2024

As an extended form of intuitionistic fuzzy set, the theory of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (IVIFS) can describe fuzziness more flexibly. This study aims to develop a group decision-making model based on the distance measure, Yager power aggregation operators and the possibility measure in the context of IVIFSs. For this purpose, new distance measure is proposed to quantify the dissimilarity between two IVIFSs. In addition, comparison with existing distance measures is performed to illustrate the efficiency of introduced measure. Combining the Yager’s triangular norms with the proposed distance-based power operators, a series of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) Yager power aggregation operators are introduced with their desirable properties. Moreover, a possibility measure is developed for pairwise comparisons of IVIFSs, which overcomes the shortcomings of existing IVIF-score function, IVIF-accuracy function, and IVIF-possibility measures. The developed possibility measure is further utilized to compute the weights of criteria. To prove the practicality and effectiveness of introduced model, it is applied to a case study of manufacturing plant location selection problem with IVIF information. Finally, sensitivity and comparative analyses are carried out to test the stability and robustness of the proposed method under the setting of IVIFSs.
Markov chain and RATGOS-driven fuzzy decision-making for prioritizing cybersecurity measures in microgrid systems
Authors: Eti Serkan , Yüksel Serhat , Pamucar Dragan , Dinçer Hasan , Deveci Muhammet , Gökalp Yaşar
Published: December 2024

Necessary precautions must be taken to increase cybersecurity to improve the performance of microgrid systems. However, because these actions create costs, it is not possible to improve all of these variables at the same time. There is a significant need for a new study that will conduct a priority analysis of the factors affecting the increase of cyber security. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the most significant factors to increase the cybersecurity of microgrids. For this purpose, a novel machine learning methodology adopted fuzzy decision-making model has been generated that has three different stages. Firstly, the weights of the experts are computed by the help of dimension reduction with machine learning. At the second stage, the criteria for cybersecurity in microgrids are weighted via Markov chain with Spherical fuzzy sets. The final stage examines the performance of group of seven (G7) economies with respect to the cybersecurity performance in microgrid projects. The use of Markov chain in criterion weights is the biggest contribution of this study to the literature. The Markov chain examines possible states by considering the next transition probabilities of the states. Based on this transition matrix, the limit state can be obtained and the general situation in the problem can be obtained. With this analysis, it is aimed to obtain the importance of the general criteria in the problem, taking into account the transitivity of the criteria in the problems. The findings indicate that the most important issue in cyber security in microgrids is the quality of the structure of the network used. Similarly, the emergency action plan and redundancy is the second most critical factor in this regard. The ranking results give information that Germany and France are the most successful countries with respect to the cybersecurity increase performance of microgrids.
Innate immune memory in chronic HIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): potential mechanisms and clinical implications
Authors: Capriotti Zachary , Klase Zachary
Published: December 2024

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved the outlook of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, people living with HIV (PLWH) on suppressive therapy are still at higher risk for a range of comorbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), among others. Chronic inflammation and immune activation are thought to be an underlying cause of these comorbidities. Many of the factors thought to drive chronic inflammation and immune activation in HIV overlap with factors known to induce trained immunity. Trained immunity is a form of innate immune memory that metabolically and epigenetically reprograms innate immune cells to mount enhanced inflammatory responses upon secondary encounter with unrelated inflammatory stimuli. While this phenotype has been characterized in a variety of disease states in animals and humans, very little is known about its potential contribution to chronic HIV pathogenesis. In this review, a broad overview of innate immune memory in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) is provided and the evidence for trained immunity in the context of HIV is considered. In PLWH on ART, this phenotype could contribute to the chronic inflammation and immune activation associated with HIV comorbidities and could complicate HIV cure strategies due to the potential persistence of the phenotype after eradication of the virus. Further research into this immune state in the context of HIV may open the door for new therapeutics aimed at treating HIV comorbidities like HAND.
Magnetic nanoparticle detection methods in the context of complex fluids
Authors: Orujov Alirza , Pikal Jon M. , Chien TeYu , Carter Jefferson A. , Aryana Saman A.
Published: December 2024

Foams improve mobility control in injection operations within geological settings. Nanoparticles, such as iron-oxide, have been shown to enhance the stability of foams when combined with surfactants. In this research, we leverage the magnetic properties of these nanoparticles to detect their presence as a surrogate for monitoring the geologic extent of injected fluids in the subsurface. The feasibility of using these nanoparticles for monitoring purposes stems from their detectability at low concentrations in subsurface environments. We developed two distinct methods to detect the presence of magnetite nanoparticles in complex fluids. To simulate complex subsurface fluids in a laboratory setting, we included various ions and surfactants and investigated their effects on the detection of nanoparticles. To this end, we designed an experimental setup and tested two magnetic detection methods: Induction Heating (IH) and Oscillator Frequency Shift (OFS). The IH method involves applying a high-frequency alternating magnetic field to a solution containing small amounts of magnetic nanoparticles and measuring the temperature response. We built an experimental setup to generate this magnetic field for different samples, with temperature changes recorded by an infrared camera. The results indicate that nanoparticle concentrations linearly affect the solution's temperature rise. However, the presence of ions and surfactants also influences the temperature response. The OFS method measures shifts in the resonance frequency of a circuit caused by changes in magnetic permeability inside a coil. This coil is part of a transistor oscillator circuit that produces a sinusoidal voltage waveform, with the oscillation frequency depending on the coil’s inductance. The presence of nanoparticles causes a shift in resonance frequency, which were precisely measured for various samples. The drop in resonance frequency is a linear function of nanoparticle concentration, and both methods detect concentrations as low as 150 mg/L of Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
Cubic planar vector fields with high local cyclicity
Authors: Torregrosa Joan
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we present two new one-parameter families of cubic systems exhibiting twelve small-amplitude limit cycles for exceptional parameter values.
Improving Generalization of Genetic Programming for High-Dimensional Symbolic Regression with Shapley Value Based Feature Selection
Authors: Wang Chunyu , Chen Qi , Xue Bing , Zhang Mengjie
Published: December 2024

Symbolic Regression (SR) on high-dimensional datasets often encounters significant challenges, resulting in models with poor generalization capabilities. While feature selection has the potential to enhance the generalization and learning performance in general, its application in Genetic Programming (GP) for high-dimensional SR remains a complex problem. Originating from game theory, the Shapley value is applied to additive feature attribution approaches where it distributes the difference between a model output and a baseline average across input variables. By providing an accurate assessment of each feature importance, the Shapley value offers a robust approach to select features. In this paper, we propose a novel feature selection method leveraging the Shapley value to identify and select important features in GP for high-dimensional SR. Through a series of experiments conducted on ten high-dimensional regression datasets, the results indicate that our algorithm surpasses standard GP and other GP-based feature selection methods in terms of learning and generalization performance on most datasets. Further analysis reveals that our algorithm generates more compact models, focusing on the inclusion of important features.
Beyond Juul: The New Face of Underage Nicotine Addiction - A Survey of College Students
Authors: Riggs Griffin , Church Terry David
Published: December 2024

Background

Youth nicotine addiction is a major public health concern in the United States. Disposable Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), or disposable vapes, are commonly sought out by youth despite not having received premarket authorization from the FDA. The objective of this study was to identify factors contributing to underage consumption of disposable ENDS.

Methods

An anonymous survey was deployed to college students to understand young adults’ perceptions and patterns of use of disposable ENDS.

Results

Disposable ENDS are very popular among youth. The results of this study revealed the popular brands, flavors, modes of access, and attractive aspects of disposable ENDS. Survey results combined with information from the literature reveal that disposable ENDS gained popularity in the years following the decline in the popularity of pod-based ENDS, such as JUUL, following strict regulatory action from the FDA.

Conclusion

To ultimately address underage nicotine addiction, the FDA must hold disposable ENDS to the same regulatory standards as other tobacco products and produce regulations specifically targeted at disposable ENDS. The results of this study emphasize the importance of making effective regulatory reform and functional educational resources to prevent young people from initiating the use of disposable ENDS.
Prolonged Storage of Bound Organic Carbon in Wetland but Not Upland Soils: A 13C and 14C Perspective
Authors: Ma Tian , Wang Yiyun , Dai Guohua , Jia Juan , Liu Zongguang , Jia Yufu , Wang Simin , Zhu Erxiong , Zhang Xinying , Haghipour Negar , Wacker Lukas , Jia Bingrui , He Jin‐Sheng , Zhang Hailong , Zhao Meixun , Eglinton Timothy I. , Feng Xiaojuan
Published: December 2024

Protection by metal (hydr) oxides is one of the key mechanisms for the long‐term stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the source and turnover of (metal‐) bound organic carbon (OC) in soils are poorly constrained. Here we present the first large‐scale study on the 13C and 14C characteristics of bound OC in 15 wetland and upland soil profiles. We find that bound OC has similar δ13C as SOC, suggesting no preference for plant‐ or microbe‐derived carbon. However, bound OC Δ14C is more negative than SOC in wetland but not upland mineral soils, and decreases with increasing reactive minerals. Hence, in contrast to the conventional assumption, bound OC is better preserved relative to SOC in wetlands with high contents of reactive metals. Our finding highlights the dynamic exchange of bound OC with SOC in upland soils and calls for a better recognition of reactive metals in stabilizing OC in wetlands.
Higher‐Order Gravity Waves and Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances From the Polar Vortex Jet on 11–15 January 2016: Modeling With HIAMCM‐SAMI3 and Comparison With Observations in the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
Authors: Vadas Sharon L. , Themens David R. , Huba Joseph D. , Becker Erich , Bossert Katrina , Goncharenko Larisa , Maguire Sophie J. , Figueiredo Cosme A. O. B. , Xu Shuang , Harvey V. Lynn , Frissell Nathaniel A. , Molzen Michael J. , Pisano Thomas J. , Nykiel Grzegorz
Published: December 2024

In Vadas et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ja032521), we modeled the atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) during 11–14 January 2016 using the HIAMCM, and found that the polar vortex jet generates medium to large‐scale, higher‐order GWs in the thermosphere. In this paper, we model the traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) generated by these GWs using the HIAMCM‐SAMI3 and compare with ionospheric observations from ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, Incoherent Scatter Radars (ISR) and the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). We find that medium to large‐scale TIDs are generated worldwide by the higher‐order GWs from this event. Many of the TIDs over Europe and Asia have concentric ring/arc‐like structure, and most of those over North/South America have planar wave structure and occur during the daytime. Those over North/South America propagate southward and are generated by higher‐order GWs from Europe/Asia which propagate over the Arctic. These latter TIDs can be misidentified as arising from geomagnetic forcing. We find that the higher‐order GWs that propagate to Africa and Brazil from Europe may aid in the formation of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) there. We find that the simulated GWs, TIDs and EPBs agree with EISCAT, PFISR, GNSS, and SuperDARN measurements. We find that the higher‐order GWs are concentrated at N at 200 km, in agreement with GOCE and CHAMP data. Thus the polar vortex jet is important for generating TIDs in the northern winter ionosphere via multi‐step vertical coupling through GWs.
Extracting Site Effects From P‐wave spectra: Application of Cluster‐Event Method 2 (CEM2) in the Tohoku Region, Japan
Authors: Jian Pei‐Ru , Kuo Ban‐Yuan
Published: December 2024

Theories related to the Earth's attenuation effect and earthquake source properties predict a similar spectral falloff of body waves, creating severe trade‐off problems when determining these two processes from waveform spectra. Previous efforts attempted to suppress this trade‐off by either applying an empirical Green's function or conducting linear inversion with a specially designed event–station configuration. However, both approaches encounter difficulties when dealing with large datasets or site effect contamination. In this study, we modify a previously used cluster‐event method (CEM), combining both the spectral amplitude and the spectral ratio of the P‐waves for the clustering of events (CEM2); we then apply CEM2 to the High‐Sensitivity Seismograph Network data in the Tohoku region of Japan. An initial inversion with CEM2 yields the first estimates of the source and path parameters, that is, the corner frequency (fc) and the quality factor (Q). The residuals of this inversion demonstrate distinct spectral characteristics that are well correlated with vertical‐to‐horizontal (V/H) spectral ratios of the P‐coda waves at each station, suggesting that they represent a form of site response unaccounted for by theoretical predictions of Q and fc. After removing this particular site response, the second inversion yields an improved determination of Q. We hypothesize that this site effect is dominated by P to SV conversion upon P‐wave arrival and develops and amplifies toward the coda waves. Furthermore, the site effect demonstrates systematic regional characteristics, some of which correlate well with those derived from the V/H spectral ratios of the P‐coda waves.
Operational Capability of Drone‐Based Meteorological Profiling in an Urban Area
Authors: Inoue Jun , Seko Hiromu , Sato Kazutoshi , Sakai Tetsu
Published: December 2024

During the Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Demonstration Campaign (UAS‐DC), led by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), twice‐daily meteorological profiling was conducted for 2 months at the Meteorological Research Institute in Tsukuba City (Japan), which is identified as a densely inhabited district. This campaign was instigated to assess the feasibility of obtaining continuous daily measurements for the long term (over a period of more than 1 month), to distribute the data in a format designated for numerical weather prediction, and to evaluate data quality compared to conventional meteorological data. Three types of uncrewed aircraft systems were utilized, that is, a meteorological medium‐sized hexacopter and medium‐ and small‐sized commercial drones with meteorological sensors attached. The maximum flight height was limited to 900 m above ground level owing to airspace regulations around the observation site. Compared with routine radiosonde data, the bias of air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed measurements was less than 0.3 K, 1.5%, and 0.6 m , respectively, thereby meeting WMO requirements. Moreover, data transfer to the WMO‐prepared repository was completed within 30 min after measurement acquisition. Based on user experience, several aspects regarding the UAS‐DC campaign were discussed from the perspective of sustainable operation and atmospheric boundary layer research.
Oblique Impact Adjacent to Chang'E−5 Sampling Site: Fine‐Scale Analysis and Implication on the Provenance of Returned Samples
Authors: Wu Wenhui , Ren Xin , Chen Zhaopeng , Zhang Peng , Liu Dawei , Zeng Xingguo , Chen Yuan , Chen Wangli , Yan Wei , Liu Bin , Zhang Xiaoxia , Liu Jianjun
Published: December 2024

Impact ejecta is a major source of lunar regolith. Symmetric ejecta thickness models are widely used to estimate ejecta distribution. However, they cannot accurately describe the asymmetric distributions from oblique impacts. Here, the Xu Guangqi crater provides an example for the study of oblique impacts. High‐resolution data from this crater, acquired during the Chang'E−5 mission, has facilitated studies of a potential oblique impact, the development of a correction model for asymmetric ejecta distribution, and a detailed analysis of regolith provenance at the sampling site. The results show that the Chang'E−5 returned samples mainly originate from the Xu Guangqi crater formed by an oblique impact at 25°–45°, and its corrected ejecta thickness at the sampling site is about 80 cm, an increase of about 30% over the estimate from the original symmetric ejecta thickness model. Within the uppermost 5 cm, the Chang'E−5 returned regolith is modeled to consist mainly of Xu Guangqi ejecta (∼99%) and a small number of local materials (∼1%), but both are similar in composition composed of local mare basalts. Although small quantities (∼0.7%) of nonlocal mare components from Sharp B, Copernicus, Harpalus, and Aristarchus occur at the bottom of the drilled samples (80–90 cm), the samples are still dominated by Xu Guangqi ejecta (∼88%) and local materials (∼11%). Our study demonstrates the possible effect of an oblique impact to be considered when discussing the sample provenance for a lunar sample returning mission.
Ratio of River Channel Bar to Bank Height Sets Bank Erosion Rate
Authors: Inoue Takuya , Hiramatsu Yuki , Johnson Joel P. L. , Dempo Junya , Mishra Jagriti
Published: December 2024

River channel changes during floods, including bank erosion and bar deposition, are difficult to predict but important for infrastructure, river management, and riparian zone health. Upstream dams can also drive disequilibrium changes to channel morphology, potentially changing bar and bank susceptibility to flooding. To understand feedback between bar morphology, flood flow, bank erosion and channel cross‐sectional evolution, we (a) evaluate how bank erosion during natural floods in six gravel‐bed rivers with alternate and/or mid‐channel bars varied with bar and bank height, and (b) conduct laboratory experiments scaled to the Chubetsu River in Japan, a pseudo‐meandering gravel‐bed river that has experienced bank erosion influenced by alternate bars. The field data show a strong correlation between bank erosion during floods and the bar to bank height ratio measured before the respective floods. We also find that rivers with upstream dams tend to have higher bar to bank height ratios. In the experiments, we systematically vary flood discharge, initial bar height, and initial bank height, and measure bank erosion and bar evolution. We experimentally find that bank erosion initially increases with bar height and flood discharge. As bar height evolves, bank erosion rates tend to converge under different initial conditions. Bank erosion rate increases with decreasing bank height. Because bars in natural rivers tend to not be adjusted to the largest floods, our experimental results and field data suggest that surveyed ratios of bar height to bank height could be used to infer relative bank erosion risks prior to large floods.
Deep Learning‐Based Approach for Enhancing Streamflow Prediction in Watersheds With Aggregated and Intermittent Observations
Authors: Mangukiya Nikunj K. , Sharma Ashutosh
Published: December 2024

Accurate daily streamflow estimates are crucial for water resources management. Yet, many regions lack high‐temporal‐resolution data due to limited monitoring infrastructure, often relying on monthly aggregates or intermittent observations. Predicting streamflow in these sparsely sampled watersheds remains challenging. This study proposes a deep learning‐based approach using Long Short‐Term Memory, leveraging its inherent advantages in learning long‐term dependencies within hydrological variables and processes to enhance streamflow predictions in sparsely sampled watersheds. The approach was evaluated for simulating daily flow patterns from monthly aggregated and monthly or weekly intermittent observations in two contrasting hydrological settings: near‐natural and human‐influenced watersheds. Results showed that the proposed approach reliably predicts daily flows from monthly aggregates with a median Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.61 for near‐natural and 0.48 for human‐influenced watersheds. The proposed approach performed even better for daily flow predictions from monthly or weekly intermittent observation, achieving a median NSE of 0.70 and 0.55 for near‐natural and human‐influenced watersheds, respectively. The proposed approach remained robust across different seasons and hydrological regimes, with a median percentage bias of ±5%, except in arid regions. Moreover, data sensitivity analysis indicated that data from wet seasons were crucial for improving model predictions and that weekly data could yield results comparable to daily observations. Overall, this study demonstrates that the deep learning‐based approach offers a robust and accurate representation of daily streamflow patterns from aggregated or intermittent observations, providing valuable hydrological insights and promising solutions for improving water resource management in regions with limited monitoring infrastructures.
Modelling Infiltration Based on Source‐Responsive Method for Improving Simulation of Rapid Subsurface Stormflow
Authors: Shen Xuhui , Liu Jintao , Han Xiaole , Yang Hai , Liu Hu , Ni Feiyu
Published: December 2024

In humid hilly regions, macropore preferential flow in soils dominates the distribution of event water, thereby influencing the generation and development of runoff. However, the mechanism of how soil functions on macropore drainage and matrix absorption remains poorly understood due to complex soil water dynamics in a multi‐porosity subsurface network. In this study, based on the source‐responsive method that divides the soil into source‐responsive and diffusive domains, the allocation ratio of infiltrated water in macropores recharging the matrix were derived and it was coupled with PIHM (Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model) as PIHM‐SRM (PS). By simulating the soil moisture process at profile scale and the runoff process at catchment scale, it was found that the PS overcame the difficulty of most hydrologic models in describing the process of replenishing moisture in dry soil. This leads to more satisfactory performance for flood peaks at the outlet (CCC > 0.84) and soil moisture peaks at three profiles (CCC = 0.97) compared to original PIHM models. Moreover, the separate channel of film flow in the PS further improves the simulation accuracy of peak response speed in subsurface floods under rainstorms (TP > 40 mm). Additionally, sensitivity analysis shows that the storage‐discharge capacity of soil profiles dominates torrential flood forecasting in humid headwaters when considering the influence of macropores. Finally, considering the parameter‐predictive property in the PS, field‐based parameterized strategies are vital for distributed catchment modeling. This will enable the PS to improve flash torrent predictions in headwaters and be applied at catchment scales.
Developing Storylines of Plausible Future Streamflow and Generating a New Warming‐Driven Declining Streamflow Ensemble: Colorado River Case Study
Authors: Salehabadi Homa , Tarboton David G. , Wheeler Kevin , Prairie James , Smith Rebecca , Baker Sarah
Published: December 2024

Plausible future streamflow time series are essential for evaluating policies and management strategies in river basins and testing the operation of water resource systems. Relying solely on stationary historical data is not sufficient in a changing climate. However, uncertainty in the range of streamflow projections from General Circulation Models calls into question their direct use in water resources planning. An intermediate approach is needed to identify ensembles of streamflow time series based on well‐defined assumptions that represent plausible future hydrologic conditions. This paper suggests multiple quantitative storylines of plausible future conditions, each matched with a representative streamflow ensemble to serve as inputs for planning models where, to account for uncertainty, plans or policies that are robust to a range of plausible futures are developed. Applying this approach in the Colorado River Basin we found that, while three storylines were well matched with existing ensembles, there was no suitable ensemble representing increasing variability around a declining mean. To address this gap, we developed a general method to create new streamflow ensembles that account for future changes by combining observed and paleo‐reconstructed flows and adjusting the marginal distribution of the streamflow time series to incorporate the estimated decline in, and increasing variability of, future flow. The results are a set of quantitative storylines that justify a range of plausible future conditions, and a new warming‐driven declining streamflow ensemble for use in Colorado River Basin scenario evaluation and decision‐making representing the plausible increasing variability around a declining mean storyline.
Parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large language models using semantic knowledge tuning
Authors: Prottasha Nusrat Jahan , Mahmud Asif , Sobuj Md. Shohanur Islam , Bhat Prakash , Kowsher Md , Yousefi Niloofar , Garibay Ozlem Ozmen
Published: December 2024

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining significant popularity in recent years for specialized tasks using prompts due to their low computational cost. Standard methods like prefix tuning utilize special, modifiable tokens that lack semantic meaning and require extensive training for best performance, often falling short. In this context, we propose a novel method called Semantic Knowledge Tuning (SK-Tuning) for prompt and prefix tuning that employs meaningful words instead of random tokens. This method involves using a fixed LLM to understand and process the semantic content of the prompt through zero-shot capabilities. Following this, it integrates the processed prompt with the input text to improve the model’s performance on particular tasks. Our experimental results show that SK-Tuning exhibits faster training times, fewer parameters, and superior performance on tasks such as text classification and understanding compared to other tuning methods. This approach offers a promising method for optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness of LLMs in processing language tasks.