bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Status and Prospects of Lignocellulosic Butanol as a Road Transportation Fuel in Indonesia: A Review
Authors: Mansur Dieni , Aiman Syahrul
Published: October 2020

An increase in the demand for fuel, depleting petroleum resources, and enhancing for a better atmospheric are significant reasons to drive countries competing to find out petroleum fuel alternatives. Bio-alcohol, especially ethanol (C2H5OH) and butanol (C4H9OH), are considered by experts as potential substances for future fuel, especially for road transportation fuel. Compared with ethanol, the physical and chemical properties of butanol are close to gasoline. Hence the studies of butanol as a fuel alternative for transportation were conducted comprehensively in several countries. Butanol could derive from various resources such as petroleum-derived products, lignocellulosic biomass, food crops, microalgae, or waste gas from specific manufacturing industries. This study reviewed the advancement of lignocellulosic butanol production technology and challenges for increasing production scale. Besides that, it is also considered local R&D activities on biobutanol and its results and evolution of the government plan and regulation to utilize Alcohol as a transportation fuel.
Exploring learners’ emotions and emotional profiles in simulation-based medical education
Authors: Keskitalo Tuulikki , Ruokamo Heli
Published: October 2020

Medical education can be emotionally charged for many reasons, while simulation-based activities in particular are designed to generate emotional reactions. However, few studies have concentrated on the relationship between learning and emotions in this field, despite widespread interest in the topic in other areas. The aim of this research was to study the emotional experiences of participants before and after simulation-based teaching and learning activities. Data were collected from 238 participants using pre- and post-questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics, a paired samples t test, factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, a linear regression analysis and k-means cluster analysis. Participants were clustered into engaged, neutral and anxious learners based on their emotional profiles. The results showed that simulation-based learning invoked mainly positive emotions, whereas negative emotions decreased to a slight degree during an educational course. This study also revealed variables that may explain emotional variations. The article provides practical implications of the findings for simulation-based medical education and higher education in general.

Implications for practice or policy:

Positive emotions in simulation-based education can be promoted by challenging participants and providing activities at the appropriate level of difficulty.

Learners may benefit from individual guidance and support, reducing their anxiety and building their sense of medical competence.

Being cognisant of emotional subgroups among participants can help tailor instruction for individual learners.

Simulation-based education can be targeted to educate learners to cope with difficult emotions and how to seek help.
Przyczyny opóźnień w transpozycji dyrektyw europejskich do polskiego porządku prawnego w świetle analizy ilościowej krajowego procesu legislacyjnego
Authors: Sokołowski Jacek K. , Stolicki Dariusz
Published: October 2020

W świetle tabel wyników rynku wewnętrznego Komisji Europejskiej Polska należy do krajów członkowskich o najwyższym deficycie zgodności prawa krajowego z unijnym, przede wszystkim ze względu na powtarzające się istotne opóźnienia w zakresie transpozycji dyrektyw. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia rezultaty badań ilościowych, opartych na bazie aktów prawnych implementujących prawo UE po 2004 r i poszukuje przyczyn opóźnień, w szczególności poddając analizie, czy są one powodowane w większym stopniu przez działania władzy wykonawczej, czy ustawodawczej. Z naszych ustaleń wynika, że o ile parlamentarny proces stanowienia prawa przebiega w odniesieniu do ustaw implementacyjnych z reguły szybciej niż w odniesieniu do ustaw zwykłych, o tyle inicjacja tegoż procesu dokonuje się tak późno, że zazwyczaj nie jest już możliwe dokonanie terminowej transpozycji aktu unijnego. W istocie, większość projektów ustaw implementacyjnych wnoszonych jest do Sejmu w momencie, gdy przewidziany dla implementowanej dyrektywy termin transpozycji już upłynął. Wyniki sugerują, że to raczej rząd, a nie parlament jest odpowiedzialny za rosnące opóźnienia, jak również że skuteczność rządu w implementacji prawa UE ulega systematycznemu pogorszeniu (najmniejszeopóźnienia w transpozycji występowały bezpośrednio po akcesji). Szereg aspektów analizowanego zjawiska – jak np. rola konfliktu politycznego w generowaniu opóźnień – wymaga jednak dalszych badań.
The schemes for institutional consumer protection in the European Union
Authors: Malczyńska-Biały Mira
Published: October 2020

The article is based on the analysis of the legal acts, literature concerning the subject and information found in the official website of the institution of protection. The work elaborates the scheme of institutional consumer protection developed in the European Union. Selected aspects of institutional and legal consumer protection matters were discussed. The institutions directly concerned with the creation of the consumer protection standards have been pointed out. Moreover, some of the institutional schemes of consumer protection in the selected States in EU were named. The final part of the article is the conclusion that elaborates the matter of importance of institutional consumer protection in the European Union.
Waldemar Sęczyk, Struktura i zadania propagandy komunistycznej w Polsce w latach 80. XX w. Wstęp do zagadnienia, Adam Marszałek Publishing House, Toruń 2019, pp. 485.
Authors: Rezmer-Płotka Kamila
Published: October 2020

Review
The Right to Social and International Order on the Example of the Activities of the United Nations
Authors: Żarna Krzysztof
Published: October 2020

The subject of the article are the reflections on the right to social and international order on the example of the activities of the United Nations. The United Nations has passed many human rights acts, such as declarations and legally binding laws. The conclusion is that, the unquestionable achievement of the United Nations is the adoption of a large number of legal acts, which guarantee the social and international order. In spite of it, there are no effective mechanisms to guarantee these rights and to seek justice on the international forum.
WPŁYW CZYNNIKÓW WEWNĘTRZNYCH I ZEWNĘTRZNYCH NA ROZWÓJ TERRORYZMU W AZJI CENTRALNEJ
Authors: Fiedler Radosław
Published: October 2020

W Azji Centralnej współwystępują czynniki zewnętrze, jak i wewnętrzne mające wpływ na rozwój terroryzmu. Szczególne sąsiedztwo z Afganistanem, jak i Pakistanem umożliwiają tworzenie sieci powiązań pomiędzy różnymi grupami. Kotlina Fergańska stanowi przykład czynników wewnętrznych, takich jak ubóstwo, brak odpowiedniej infrastruktury oraz konflikty etniczne jako odpowiedni grunt dla rozwoju terroryzmu.
CHIŃSKI MODEL ROZWOJU SPOŁECZNO-GOSPODARCZEGO I JEGO POTENCJALNA ADAPTACJA W EUROPIE
Authors: Walkowski Maciej
Published: October 2020

Nagłaśniane od ponad trzech dekad sukcesy gospodarcze ChRL spowodowały, że w ostatnich latach znaczenia nabrała debata nie tylko na temat specyficznych cech, ale i potencjalnej uniwersalności tzw. chińskiego modelu rozwoju, zwanego najczęściej Konsensusem Pekińskim lub autorytarnym modelem kapitalizmu państwowego (state capitalism). Model ten ostatnimi laty stał się bardzo atrakcyjny dla wielu rządów, głównie słabiej rozwiniętych państw w świecie. Szczególnie widoczne jest to w Afryce, Ameryce Łacińskiej i Azji Centralnej, gdzie wyjątkowo aktywne są chińskie przedsiębiorstwa i politycy. Trwający od 2008 r. globalny kryzys finansowy i ekonomiczny w wielu regionach świata podważył zaufanie do anglosaskiego modelu gospodarki wolnorynkowej i towarzyszącej mu ideologii neoliberalnej. Szybkość, z jaką Chiny przeszły ze statusu biednego kraju rolniczego do globalnej potęgi gospodarczej, budzi podziw w wielu społeczeństwach. Także w Unii Europejskiej trwa debata na temat kształtowania prawidłowych relacji handlowo-inwestycyjnych z Chinami i oceny chińskiej formuły rozwojowej. Dyskusja dotyczy korzyści i kosztów społeczno ekonomicznych chińskiej formuły rozwojowej oraz jej adaptowalności. Zauważalnej intensyfikacji uległa ona w kontekście realizacji i popularyzacji chińskiej koncepcji połączenia Azji z Europą, czyli projektu Pasa i Drogi (One Belt One Road). Autor w prezentowanym artykule pragnie przybliżyć specyfikę chińskiego modelu rozwoju, przedstawić jego silne i słabe strony na poszczególnych etapach rozwoju i dać odpowiedź na pytanie na ile użyteczny byłby on w Unii Europejskiej, zarówno na poziomie porozumień bilateralnych, jak i strategicznego partnerstwa Chin z całą UE.
SIPRI YEARBOOK 2016
Authors: Magiera Maciej
Published: October 2020

Komentarz poświęcono „SIPRI YEARBOOK 2016” i zawartym w nim najważniejszym tendencjom potwierdzonych najbardziej aktualną wiedzą. Coroczne opracowanie w kompleksowy sposób ukazuje aktywność aktorów międzynarodowych w kwestii światowych wydatków zbrojeniowych, międzynarodowych transferów broni, produkcji zbrojeniowej, sił nuklearnych, konfliktów zbrojnych czy multilateralnych operacji pokojowych. ędzynarodowych w kwestii światowych.
Sprawozdanie z XXVI Międzynarodowej Konferencji Bezpieczeństwa Ameryka i bezpieczeństwo euroatlantyckie - ustanawiając nowy porządek?, Kraków, 27 marca 2017
Authors: Morozowski Tomasz
Published: October 2020

abstrakt
Sprawozdanie z czwartej edycji programu Indonesian Interfaith Scholarship 2017, Dżakarta - Semarang - Dżokdżakarta - Bali 24-30 lipca 2017
Authors: Potyrała Anna
Published: October 2020

abstrakt
THE IMPACT OF WEST BANK SETTLEMENTS ON ISRAELI NATIONAL SECURITY
Authors: Kohavi Itai , Nowiak Wojciech
Published: October 2020

Since the 1967 war in the Middle East, The Israeli settlements in the West Bank have always been one of the most controversial topics in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This article deals with the question: What is the impact of the West Bank settlements on the national security of Israel? The approach used to explore these issues is face-to-face in-depth interviews, during 2016, with 27 high-ranking Israeli Generals from the Military Intelligence (Aman), the National Intelligence Agency (Mossad), the Internal Security Agency (Shabak), the National Security Council (Malal), the Planning Branch of the General Staff (Agat), and the Prime Minister’s close circle of advisors. The interviews revealed three perspectives on the importance of the settlements for the Israeli national security. The first, views the settlements as a contribution to the national security of Israel, the second, views the settlements as a heavy national security liability, and the third, views the question as an irrelevant one, explaining that no one asks if Tel Aviv is important for the national security of Israel. As securitization of political messages is arguably at least as common in Israel as in other countries, with immediate national security challenges, the detailed perspectives of the Israeli National Security Elite (INSE) helps to extract the professional security rationales from the misleading political clatter. The article can be of interest to policy makers and researchers who deal with national security in general and in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PEACE AND STABILITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: Kaczmarek Filip
Published: October 2020

This analysis of the situation of Sub-Saharan Africa states shows that it is impossible to achieve permanent, sustainable development in the conditions of war or other military conflicts. External aid for such countries is first and foremost humanitarian aid. Although such aid is necessary and helps save human lives, it does not eliminate the reasons for conflicts and is unable to ensure stable development. In the states with the worst situation, humanitarian aid does not have a significant influence on reducing migration trends. Before permanent development occurs, conflicts have to be efficiently resolved and their reasons eliminated or radically limited. The social and economic development of SSA states, which are currently suffering from armed conflicts and instability, is therefore primarily dependent on political rather than economic solutions.
Teologiczna ocena prośby o obcą interwencję przeciw rodakom w 1 Mch 6,21-27
Authors: Nawrot Janusz
Published: October 2020

The passage 1 Macc 6: 21-27 contains no less than a request of renegades from the Jewishcommunity for military intervention of the Seleucid troops in Judea. This request serves to endthe Maccabean Revolt and continue with the policy of transforming Israel into a region completely submitted to the central royal authority. As such, and from a theological point of view, the renegades’ request receives a completely negative evaluation from the inspired author. The question why the citadel’s besieged defenders even manage to escape and do it successfully is given here much thought. If God is in one way or another the foundation and cause of all human activity in the theology of the Old Testament, then the successful escape could be evaluated as God’s objection to the arbitrary actions taken by Judas, who becomes too intoxicated with his previous achievements. The siege of the citadel might be perceived as the insurgents’ insubordination to God’s will and consequently a beginning of His withdrawal from supporting the rebels, which ultimately ends in their defeat in the soon-to-come Battle of Elasa.
Duch jest zadatkiem naszego dziedzictwa w oczekiwaniu na odkupienie (Ef 1,14). Nowotestamentowe metafory Ducha Świętego jako przedsmak pełni zbawienia w życiu przyszłym
Authors: Ostański Piotr
Published: October 2020

The aim of this paper is to propose a new distinctive view, different from the traditional one, of the person and work of the Holy Spirit, or speaking more precisely, how St. Paul and the author of the Hebrews understand the gift of the Holy Spirit in Christian life. According to their pneumatology the presence of the Holy Spirit in a baptized person marks the beginning or the first part of salvation that will be completed in the age to come. To spell out their approach they both use the language of metaphors. The first metaphor arrabōn derives from commercial life (2 Cor 1:22; 5:5; Eph 1:14). It stands for the “downpayment” or “earnest” which in trade language means the part of the whole sum of money resulting from the sale-purchase contract, the first installment and the guarantee that the deal will be kept and the total amount of money paid.When Paul calls the Holy Spirit “the first installment”, he means He is like a down payment and a foretaste of eternal happiness and future heritage prepared for the saved. In other words the Spirit is a pledge and a guarantee: what now is paid partially, will be paid completely in eternal life. The second metaphor aparchē (Rom 8:23) originates from the agricultural life. The term “first fruits” pertains to the first grain from the field or to first fruits from the orchard. The Israelites were obliged to offer them to Yahweh. When offering Him a small part of the first produce, they actually gave Him the whole crop. In St. Paul’s view the Holy Spirit is like the first sheaf of grain offered to the Christians, and points out to the future complete harvest of salvation in heaven.The third metaphor of the Holy Spirit – a forerunner of future fullness – is taken from the domestic life. The Spirit is considered by the author of the Hebrews as food which is tasted by the baptized (geuomai; Heb 6:4). In fact, tasting is not yet the exact eating, but consuming a small amount of a dish in order to know what it is like. Christians filled with the Holy Spirit just sample “the powers of the age to come” (Heb 6:5), because He is a foretaste of the eternal banquet in heaven.The three studied metaphors introduce an unexpected perspective of the Holy Spirit. In earthly life He is the first installment or an advance payment of big riches provided for the believers; He is the first fruits indicating the heavenly harvest and the foretaste of an eternal banquet with God. He is also a pledge and a guarantee that what was promised by God to His people, will be granted.
Wtajemniczenie chrześcijańskie bramą i drogą do nowego życia paschalnego. Refleksja na kanwie propozycji bpa Zbigniewa Kiernikowskiego
Authors: Kiejkowski Paweł
Published: October 2020

Following the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church notices the need for the existence in particular dioceses of an institutional way of Christian initiation for adults who wish to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. At the same time, there is a universal recognition of the need to organize in local churches and relatively big parishes special places where it would be possible for adults to gradually experience post-baptismal initiation. Zbigniew Kiernikowski, the Bishop of Legnica, offers us a comprehensive proposition of Christian initiation for adults, which can be experienced both prior to and after the celebration of the sacraments of Christian initiation. He updates the way of initiation in a very specific manner, which the Church recommends in the Rite of Christian initiation of adults adjusted to Polish customs. His proposition is firmly set in the biblical, liturgical, ecclesial and existential contexts. Its great asset is the author’s pastoral practice. The outline of the catechumenate and proposed catecheses were not created by him while sitting at a desk, but rather as a result of his ministry, the long-term programmes implemented personally in the dioceses of Siedlce and Legnica, the catecheses delivered, the scrutinies carried out and the sacraments celebrated. Yet, it needs to be stressed that the presented catecheses do not deal with all the essential dimensions of a Christian’s new life. Neither are they a systematic theological lecture on the sacraments of initiation. His numerous texts contain very interesting intuitions related to the existence of a new man, the Son of God, who is born thanks to being immersed in the waters of baptism. His proposition of experiencing initiation is incredibly valuable and unique against the backdrop of the Polish contemporary thought and sacramental practice.
O narodzinach Odnowy Charyzmatycznej w polskim Kościele
Authors: Jeziorny Dariusz
Published: October 2020

O narodzinach Odnowy Charyzmatycznej w polskim Kościele
The origin and theological content of the Litany of the Most Holy Name of Jesus
Authors: Kwiatkowski Dariusz
Published: October 2020

The article presents the sources, origin and theology of the Litany to the Holy Name of Jesus. The rst part shows the mystery of names. It is the symbolism of man and the process of mutual communication that is the core. Names are the living souls of every being. Thanks to names, human beings are not anonymous. In ancient times, names would never be overlooked as insigni cant conventional terms as they had a meaningful part in the role that a given being took on in the uni- verse. The name has a meaning and is treated as a kind of a spiritual substance, as something real, something that truly exists. The sources of Jesus’ titles present in the Litany to the Name of Jesus are the Holy Scriptures, the writings of the Fathers of the Church and popular piety. The Litany to the Holy Name of Jesus shows the richness of the content in the Name of Jesus, which contains the truth about His deity and His in nite love for the whole of creation and especially for every human being. The Litany is a summary of the entire history of salvation, in which the name of Jesus became “a name above all names” (see Flp 2: 8-11).
Przepowiadanie homilijne i katechetyczne w kontekście regionalnym
Authors: Zellma Anna , Wiszowaty Edward
Published: October 2020

Every individual listening to the word of God, delivered either in the Holy Mass homily or parish catechesis, lives in a speci c cultural environment, sometimes referred to as a “small home- land”. It provides the “regional context” of preaching.This paper presents the inspiring role of this “context” in contemporary preaching of the Gos- pel. In view of dominant globalization trends, this context seems to gain increasing importance. To avoid misunderstanding, the paper starts with presenting necessary de nitions, such as the meaning of the term: “homily”, “parish catechesis” or “regional context”. Since the realization of the word of God delivered during the homily or parish catechesis always takes place in a speci c life of an individual who lives, works or rests in a speci c local community and who is immersed in its cul- ture, the signi cance of this context in preaching the word of God is demonstrated. Additionally, the paper presents the content of the regional culture to be used both in the homily and in the parish catechesis.In this context, homiletic and catechetical suggestions are indicated, among which the need for spiritual sensitivity and openness of homilists and catechists to the values of cultural heritage of the region comes to the fore.
Diets for patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant—a review
Authors: Stuhler Rivanna
Published: October 2020

At present there is no known consensus or standard of practice when recommending diet modifications for patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). There is large variation between centres in terms of which patients are required to follow a restricted diet, what foods are or are not permitted, and how long patients should follow a modified or restricted diet. Some centres continue to recommend outdated highly restrictive “neutropenic” or “low bacteria” (ND/LBD) diets despite a lack of evidence indicating benefit. Many centres are now moving towards more liberalized diets based on a “food safety” approach which follows guidelines from food and health agencies such as the FDA, CDC, and Health Canada, as well as research that shows that these diets are equally safe and potentially more beneficial than ND/LBD in terms of acceptance, satisfaction, and adherence. This article reviews and discusses the current body of literature relating to diet post-HSCT.

Statement of novelty: An up-to-date review of diets recommended post-HSCT and a rationale for moving towards a food-safety based approach over neutropenic or low bacteria diets, which continue to be widely followed.
Tunable optical metasurfaces enabled by multiple modulation mechanisms
Authors: Che Yuanhang , Wang Xiaoting , Song Qinghai , Zhu Yabei , Xiao Shumin
Published: October 2020

With their ultrathin characteristics as well as the powerful and flexible capabilities of wavefront modulation, optical metasurfaces have brought a new understanding of the interaction between light and matter and provided a powerful way to constrain and manage light. However, the unmodifiable structures and the immutable materials used in the construction lead to the unsatisfactory applications in most functional devices. The emergence of tunable optical metasurfaces breaks the aforementioned limitations and enables us to achieve dynamic control of the optical response. The work in recent years has focused on achieving tunability of optical metasurfaces through material property transition and structural reconfiguration. In this review, some tunable optical metasurfaces in recent years are introduced and summarized, as well as the advantages and limitations of various materials and mechanisms used for this purpose. The corresponding applications in functional devices based on tunability are also discussed. The review is terminated with a short section on the possible future developments and perspectives for future applications.
Novel Large-Scale Three-Dimensional Fracturing Experimental Apparatus and Application to Vertical-Well Hydraulic Fracturing of Hard Roof
Authors: Pan Chao , Xia Binwei , Yu Bin , Yu Peng , Luo Yafei
Published: October 2020

Effective control of high-position hard roofs (HHRs) is important to meet the requirements of safe and efficient mining. Vertical-well hydraulic fracturing (VWHF) is an innovative control method developed for releasing strong ground pressure behavior induced by HHRs. Understanding the hydraulic fracture extension law and its spatial form is critical for VWHF applications on HHRs. To address this problem, we have developed a large-scale three-dimensional fracturing simulation apparatus. The effective sample size is 2,060 by 1,200 by 1,200 mm. The primary loading subsystem maintains full closed-loop control of stress and displacement and can perform one-way, two-way, three-way, and step-wise independent loading and unloading with a maximum three-dimensional loading capacity of 10 MPa. The apparatus can achieve gas sealing of 3 MPa. The time-space distribution law of multiple parameters in the apparatus can be monitored using 240 simultaneous test channels, and experimental phenomena can be observed in real time using the visual monitoring system. The fracturing subsystem can achieve flow infinite transformation between 0 to 107 mL/min and water pressure up to 51.7 MPa. The apparatus simulates hydraulic (supercritical carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen) fracturing of coal-rock mass under complex stress and a gas-containing environment. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first large-scale three-dimensional fracturing simulation experiments performed on hard roof sandstone samples. We analyze the distribution and change of acoustic emission signal and stress before and after fracturing and determine the hydraulic fracture propagation law, which reflects characteristics of hydraulic fracturing hard roof processes in a large-scale fracture network. These experiments validate the capability and reliability of the newly developed apparatus. The results provide strong technical support for VWHF to weaken HHRs.
Beliefs About Emotion Shift Dynamically Alongside Momentary Affect
Authors: Veilleux Jennifer C. , Warner Elise A. , Baker Danielle E. , Chamberlain Kaitlyn D.
Published: October 2020

This study examined if beliefs about emotion change across emotional contexts in daily life, and it investigated whether people with prominent features of borderline personality pathology experience greater shifts in emotion beliefs during emotional states. Undergraduate participants with (n = 49) and without borderline features (n = 50) completed a 1-week ecological momentary assessment study where they provided ratings of affect, nine different beliefs about emotion, and indicators of momentary self-efficacy. Results support the notion of beliefs as relatively schematic. However, most of the beliefs about emotion shifted with either positive or negative affect, and they predicted momentary self-efficacy for tolerating distress and exerting willpower. Those with borderline features experienced greater instability of beliefs, and borderline features moderated the relationships between affect and many beliefs. Results confirm that there are implications for emotion beliefs for people who struggle with emotion regulation and impulsivity (i.e., people with features of borderline personality).
Iodine contrast prior to or during pregnancy and neonatal thyroid function: a systematic review
Authors: van Welie Nienke , Portela Maite , Dreyer Kim , Schoonmade Linda J , van Wely Madelon , Mol Ben Willem J , van Trotsenburg Adrianus S P , Lambalk Cornelis B , Mijatovic Velja , Finken Martijn J J
Published: October 2020

Objective

Thyroid dysfunction is a known side effect of iodinated contrast media. There is some evidence to suggest that iodinated contrast media administered to pregnant women may cause thyroid dysfunction not only in themselves but also in their offspring. Here, we systematically evaluated literature on the use of iodinated contrast media prior to or during pregnancy on the offspring’s thyroid function.

Design

Systematic review of published literature.

Materials and methods

Relevant studies were identified by PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library up to June 5, 2020. All study designs, reporting on the foetal or neonatal thyroid function after exposure to iodinated contrast media prior to or during pregnancy, were included. We undertook random effects meta-analysis and pooled the estimates as proportions with 95% CIs.

Results

We identified 402 articles, of which 26 were included. Six studies reported (n = 369) on exposure to iodinated contrast media prior to pregnancy by hysterosalpingography and 20 studies (n = 670) on exposure to these media during pregnancy by amniofetography, urography or CT. There was low to high risk of bias. The proportion of (transient) neonatal thyroid dysfunction was 0.0% (95% CI: 0.0–2.9% based on 3 studies) for hysterosalpingography, 2.25% (95% CI: 0.03–6.55% based on 2 studies) for amniofetography and 0.0% (95% CI: 0.0–0.02% based on 5 studies) for CT. There was a tendency towards an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction with higher amounts of contrast used.

Conclusions

Exposure to iodinated contrast media prior to or during pregnancy may increase the risk of thyroid dysfunction in offspring. We recommend keeping the amount of contrast used as low as possible.
Aproximaciones a una propuesta de educación para la paz con perspectiva de género para el caso del postconflicto colombiano
Authors: Pedraza Goyeneche Clara Esperanza
Published: October 2020

Las mujeres en América Latina han sido víctimas de la violencia en el conflicto armado; por ello —como respuesta a la violencia vivida— han optado por participar en la construcción de la paz. En el caso colombiano, las mujeres lograron incluir en el Acuerdo Final de paz la transversalización del enfoque de género, de tal manera que esta acción se constituyó en un hito histórico que invitó a la reflexión acerca de cuál es el rol de la mujer en la construcción de la paz y cuáles son las condiciones de formación más apropiadas para potenciar su liderazgo, en el camino hacia una paz perdurable y sostenible. Esta pregunta justificó esta investigación sobre educación, género y paz que se propuso diseñar una propuesta educativa para la construcción de relaciones de género saludables, equitativas y pacíficas, en el postconflicto en Colombia. Este artículo muestra los resultados de la fase exploratoria de la investigación, que explican la percepción que tenían 134 hombres y mujeres excombatientes de las FARC-EP, en el año 2018, en relación con la transversalización de la perspectiva de género en el Acuerdo Final de paz.
How Good Are Predictions of the Effects of Selective Sweeps on Levels of Neutral Diversity?
Authors: Charlesworth Brian
Published: October 2020

Selective sweeps are thought to play a significant role in shaping patterns of variability across genomes; accurate predictions of their effects are, therefore, important for understanding these patterns. A commonly used model of selective sweeps assumes that alleles sampled at the end of a sweep, and that fail to recombine with wild-type haplotypes during the sweep, coalesce instantaneously, leading to a simple expression for sweep effects on diversity. It is shown here that there can be a significant probability that a pair of alleles sampled at the end of a sweep coalesce during the sweep before a recombination event can occur, reducing their expected coalescent time below that given by the simple approximation. Expressions are derived for the expected reductions in pairwise neutral diversities caused by both single and recurrent sweeps in the presence of such within-sweep coalescence, although the effects of multiple recombination events during a sweep are only treated heuristically. The accuracies of the resulting expressions were checked against the results of simulations. For even moderate ratios of the recombination rate to the selection coefficient, the simple approximation can be substantially inaccurate. The selection model used here can be applied to favorable mutations with arbitrary dominance coefficients, to sex-linked loci with sex-specific selection coefficients, and to inbreeding populations. Using the results from this model, the expected differences between the levels of variability on X chromosomes and autosomes with selection at linked sites are discussed, and compared with data on a population of Drosophila melanogaster.
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВЛЕНОСТІ БІГУНІВ-БАР’ЄРИСТІВ НА КОРОТКІ ДИСТАНЦІЇ НА ЕТАПІ ПОПЕРЕДНЬОЇ БАЗОВОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ
Authors: Павленко Віктор , Рожков Владислав , Павленко Єлена
Published: October 2020

Мета: визначити розвиток загальної підготовленості юних спортсменів віком 12–13 років, які займаються спринтерським бар’єрним бігом.

Матеріал і методи: у дослідженнях взяли участь 30 легкоатлетів (14 дівчат та 16 хлопців) віком 12-13 років, які займаються у дитячо-юнацьких спортивних школах Харківської області. У процесі педагогічного експерименту використовувалися такі методи: аналіз науково-методичної літератури, педагогічне тестування; спеціальні педагогічні спостереження за навчально-тренувальною діяльністю юних бігунів, які спеціалізуються у бар’єрному бігу на короткі дистанції, педагогічний експеримент, математична статистика. Результати: за результатами тестування фізичної підготовленості бар’єристів на короткі дистанції було виявлено, що середньостатистичні значення показників фізичної підготовленості у дівчат та хлопців відповідають нормативам навчально-тренувальної групи попередньої базової підготовки. Експериментальна група працювала за цією програмою і в тренувальні заняття включали вправи швидкісного та швидкісно-силового характеру. Темпи приросту показників спеціальної фізичної підготовленості у дівчат та юнаків відображено у таблицях 2 і 3, аналіз яких дозволяє виявити за час проведення експерименту позитивні зміни показників фізичної підготовленості бар’єристів на короткі дистанції.

Висновки: проаналізовані та узагальнені дані науково-методичної літератури щодо фізичної підготовки бігунів-бар’єристів на короткі дистанції. Визначено та оцінено рівень загальної фізичної підготовленості юних спортсменів віком 12–13 років, які займаються бар’єрним бігом на короткі дистанції. Експериментально підтверджено вплив засобів швидкісно-силової спрямованості на спеціальну фізичну підготовленість бігунів-бар’єристів на короткі дистанції.

Ключові слова фізична підготовка, бар’єрний біг, спеціальна фізична підготовленість.
ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ПРОЦЕСУ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ 10-11-РІЧНИХ СПОРТСМЕНІВ З ВАДАМИ СЛУХУ, ЯКІ ЗАЙМАЮТЬСЯ ДЖИУ-ДЖИТСУ
Authors: Мішин Максим , Петренко Ірина , Кийко Андрій
Published: October 2020

Мета: визначити зміни рівня фізичної підготовленості спортсменів 10-11 років з вадами слуху під впливом занять джиу-джитсу.

Матеріал і методи: у досліджені брали участь 12 юних спортсменів з вадами слуху (10-11 років) – представники Полтавського регіонального центру з фізичної культури і спорту інвалідів «Інваспорт» Полтавської обласної ради. Дослідження проводилося на базі спортивної зали Полтавського навчального центру ТСОУ з вересня 2019 року по лютий 2020 року. Для вирішення поставлених завдань дослідження використовувався наступний комплекс методів: аналіз науково-методичної літератури; педагогічне спостереження; педагогічне тестування; методи математичної статистики. Визначення зміни рівня фізичної підготовленості юних спортсменів з вадами слуху, які займаються джиу-джитсу, протягом експерименту, проводилося за допомогою блоку контрольних тестів.

Результати: за допомогою порівняльного аналізу середніх показників тестувань виявлено статистично достовірний приріст результатів: швидкісно-силових якостей («стрибок у довжину з місця»; (t=7,24); силових якостей («згинання і розгинання рук в упорі лежачи»; t=7,19, «підтягування на перекладені»; t=5,93); швидкості («біг на 30 м»; t=6,63); спритності та координаційних здібностей («човниковий біг 4х9 м»; t=6,46); гнучкості («нахил тулуба вперед з положення сидячи»; t=5,00).

Висновки: побудова тренувальних занять з урахуванням специфічних особливостей спортсменів з вадами слуху, а саме застосування акробатичних вправ в підготовчій частині занять та використання спеціальних засобів корекції функцій організму, корекції і розвитку координаційних здібностей; корекції функції рівноваги; корекції вестибулярної функції, сприяло створенню умов для поліпшення фізичної підготовленості дітей 10-11 років, які займаються джиу-джитсу.

Ключові слова джиу-джитсу, юні спортсмени, фізична підготовка, спортсмени з вадами слуху.
СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ОЦІНКИ СТОМЛЕННЯ
Authors: Волкова Ярослава
Published: October 2020

Мета: визначити загальні та сучасні методи оцінки стомлення.

Матеріал і методи: у вирішенні поставлених завдань використовувалися такі методи: аналіз і узагальнення науково-методичної літератури за темою вивчення процесів стомлення; узагальнення досвіду практичної роботи тренерського контингенту, що працює з дітьми в групах спортивних танців; модифікованого методу клінічної антропометрії М.Я. Брейтмана; педагогічний експеримент, методи математичної статистики і математичного моделювання.

Результати: проведено аналіз теорії стомлення з точки зору фізіології, а також з точки зору сучасних технологій. Виявлено, що на даному етапі розвитку сучасних технологій вивчення процесів стомлення, а також діагностика початку цього процесу можна проводити за допомогою математичного моделювання та теорії систем, що самоорганізовуються.

Висновки: за результатами проведеного аналізу літератури визначено які існують теорії стомлення з точки зору фізіології. Також встановлено, що на даному етапі технічного прогресу є можливість вивчення процесу стомлення із застосуванням новітніх технологій та математичних методів моделювання. Вивчення теорій стомлення, що існують дає можливість розглянути різноманіття причин виникнення процесу стомлення в організмі людини з точки зору фізіології. Розуміння причин процесу стомлення дозволяє розробляти системи, здатні відновлювати організм людини, використовуючи можливість додаткового підживлення необхідними речовинами для діяльності або вводячи обмеження щодо інтенсивності і часу проведення дій. Для більш ефективної діагностики ступеня процесу стомлюваності можливе застосування методів математичного моделювання і прогнозування, а також розгляд процесу стомлення з точки зору стійкості систем, що самоорганізуються (зокрема застосування рівнянь Вольтерра, проточного культиватора). Сучасні методи дослідження з використанням математичного апарату та інформаційних засобів дають можливість більш якісної і швидкої обробки та аналізу великих масивів даних.

Ключові слова стомлення, теорії стомлення, математична модель, метод М.Я. Брейтмана, спортивні танці.
I, the Undernamed Fedor Dostoevsky... (Oath of Service Loyalty, August 20, 1841)
Authors: Tikhomirov Boris
Published: October 2020

The publication introduces into scientific circulation an archival document that occupies a special place in the biography of Fedor Dostoevsky. It is a so-called “sworn list” dated August 20, 1841, that contains an Oath Declaration with twenty-one signature autographs (including Dostoevsky's signature) of students of the lower officer class of the Main Engineering School, who were recently (two weeks prior) awarded the first officer rank — field engineer-ensigns (class XIV, according to the Table of Ranks). During his studies at the Main Engineering School, Dostoevsky took the oath twice — in 1838, after being assigned to a conductor company, and in 1841, when switching to officer classes. The text of the Oath Declaration was legally approved and published in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire as “Form of the national oath of allegiance to citizenship.” Dostoevsky’s autograph under the printed text of the Oath Declaration leads researchers to construe it as a personal official document, which necessitates its inclusion in the main body of the academic Complete Works of the writer. Twenty signature autographs of Dostoevsky’s classmates under the Oath Declaration, as well as the signature of the priest who swore them in, allow us to significantly expand the understanding of the future writer's environment during his studies at the Main Engineering School.
Acknowledgements
Authors: Journal Engaged Scholar
Published: October 2020

The quality of our Journal depends on scholarly collaboration between the two groups of scholars, the authors and the anonymous peer-reviewers of their work. We thank both groups for their interest in and support of our Journal. We are especially grateful to the peer-reviewers listed below, who reviewed submissions to the current issue (Volume 4 Issue 2), for their time and commitment to excellent scholarship.
Monoblock silencers for pistols
Authors:   Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, Pylypenkо O.V. , Konovalov N.A. ,   Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, Kovalenko V.I. ,   Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, Semenchuk D.V. ,   Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine
Published: October 2020

This paper presents the stages of development of silencers with monoblock spreaders for pistols. The features of two groups of monoblock silencer designs (with and without a central tube) are identified and described. The use of different materials for different silencer parts is substantiated: the body and the monoblock are made of an aluminium alloy, the covers and the unions are made of a titanium alloy, and the perforated tubes are made of steel or titanium. The paper shows the features of design solutions and describes the design of internal components and their effect on the operating efficiency for different embodiments of theirs. The mamufacture of silencers of this design is less labor intensive in comparison with silences with discrete components (bodies, bushings, etc.), thus offering a lower cost due to the use of advanced technologies in the manufacturing of the silencer components and the silencer as a whole. The paper presents the results of firing range and shooting gallery full-scale tests of monoblock silencers with Glock 17 and Fort 14 pistols using 9х18 mm і 9х19 mm cartridges. The results show that: - in sound suppression efficiency, the silencers compare well with their best foreign counterparts and outperform the standard silencers of Research and Production Company Fort at comparable dimensions and mass. The efficiency of the silencers developed was measured with a precision pulsed sound level meter and verified by comparison tests with basic prototypes developed earlier and foreign silencers. The efficiency proved to be (25 – 36) dB(A). - the silencers do not affect pistol automatics and sustain standard firing regimes, - the silencers do not affect the shot grouping characteristics, and - the silencers do not affect other performance characteristics either. Hence the silencers for Fort or similar pistols developed at the Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine are efficient and reliable.
Investments to a modernization of Ukraine’s metallurgical enterprises and their effect on the formation of both a structure and a quality of the personnel potential of the branch
Authors:   Consortium ", Naumov D. Yu. ,   Industrial group"
Published: October 2020

The author determines the tendencies of the use of capital investments by Ukraine’s enterprises for the technical reconstruction and modernization of the production; estimates the effect of investments on the main sectoral indicators of labor, as well as on the structure and quality of the personnel potential; and defines the key directions of the state’s socio-economic policy aimed at the enhancement of the quality of the personnel potential of enterprises (by the example of the metallurgical branch).
Рatterns of spreading of heavy metals in soils of urbanized landscapes (on the example of Brovary city)
Authors: Splodytel Anastasiia O.
Published: October 2020

Results of the study about pollutants content in soils of urbanized landscapes are presented. Patterns of their migration and accumulation in main soil types of Brovary are grounded. Correlation relationships between the individual components of ecologicalgeochemical system of urbanized territory were analyzed. Dependences of landscape resistance to technogenic pollution on the level of conservation of natural geochemical parameters of soils, degree of their anthropogenic transformation and level of heavy metals were determined. According to geochemical criteria technogenic associations of heavy metalsin soils are determined, which are represented by the following elements: Cu>Pb>Zn>Co>Cr>V>Mo>Mn>Ni. Level of gross content of chemical elements compounds in soils of different zones of the city is heterogeneous. City zones with the highest polyelement contamination of soil have been identified. Maximum technogenic load is recorded in urban areas of transport infrastructure zone and zone of production and communal-warehouse facilities. Ecological and geochemical assessment on the total index of pollution by using methods of Y.E. Saeta, is shown. Value of this topsoil parameter in Brovary (0-10 cm) ranges from 30 to 106, the average is 65, which corresponds to hazardous level of soil pollution. According to the total indicator of technogenic pollution, Brovary belongs to cities with high pollution level. Soils in all parts of the city, except for residential areas, are classified as hazardous. Studied soils of the city are characterized by plumbum geochemical specialization. High levels of zinc, manganese, cobalt and chromium were also found (the maximal permissible concentrations in soil exceeds by 1.7-4.7 times). Especial attention is paid to the patterns, mechanisms of pollutants influence on the complex of soil properties and processes that determine the ecological condition of soils and their resistance to anthropogenic flows. Soil contamination by pollutants leads to changes in their physical and chemical properties (cation exchange capacity pH, organic matter content) which causes a low buffering capacity of soil cover of the city.