bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vanda Station, Antarctica: a biography of the Anthropocene
Authors: Howkins Adrian , Chignell Stephen , Fountain Andrew
Published: September 2021

This article uses the history of New Zealand�s Vanda Station in Antarctica as a case study of the inseparability of human history and environmental change in the age of the Anthropocene. Vanda Station was built in the late 1960s to promote New Zealand�s sovereignty claims to Antarctica and to promote scientific research in the predominantly ice-free McMurdo Dry Valleys region. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, the levels of the nearby Lake Vanda rose dramatically, and in the early 1990s the decision was taken to close the station. Rather than seeing the closure of Vanda simply as a consequence of the rising lake levels, this article suggests instead that it was the result of a number of interconnected social, political, scientific, and environmental factors. Although the concept of the Anthropocene is not unproblematic, a biographical approach to the history of Vanda Station can add depth and nuance to our understanding of the geological age of humans. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, the �birth�, �life� and �death� of Vanda Station helps to demonstrate how the political status quo maintained itself through a partial adaptation to the new realities of the Anthropocene. This political adaptation, however, relies on maintaining human-nature dichotomies and resisting the full implications of viewing the region as an eco-social system.
Fixed Effects High-Dimensional Profiling Models in Low Information Context
Authors: Estes Jason P. , Sentürk Damla , Kürüm Esra , Rhee Connie M. , Nguyen Danh V.
Published: September 2021

Profiling or evaluation of health care providers, including hospitals or dialysis facilities, involves the application of hierarchical regression models to compare each provider’s performance with respect to a patient outcome, such as unplanned 30-day hospital readmission. This is achieved by comparing a specific provider’s estimate of unplanned readmission rate, adjusted for patient case-mix, to a normative standard, typically defined as an “average” national readmission rate across all providers. Profiling is of national importance in the United States because the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) policy for payment to providers is dependent on providers’ performance, which is part of a national strategy to improve delivery and quality of patient care. Novel high dimensional fixed effects (FE) models have been proposed for profiling dialysis facilities and are more focused towards inference on the tail of the distribution of provider outcomes, which is well-suited for the objective of identifying sub-standard (“extreme”) performance. However, the extent to which estimation and inference procedures for FE profiling models are effective when the outcome is sparse and/or when there are relatively few patients within a provider, referred to as the “low information” context, have not been examined. This scenario is common in practice when the patient outcome of interest is cause-specific 30-day readmissions, such as 30-day readmission due to infections in patients on dialysis, which is only about ~ 8% compared to the > 30% for all-cause 30-day readmission. Thus, we examine the feasibility and effectiveness of profiling models under the low information context in simulation studies and propose a novel correction method to FE profiling models to better handle sparse outcome data
Mapeamento da vulnerabilidade à contaminação de um sistema aquífero cristalino no município de Redenção/CE
Authors: Brito Antonio Patrick Meneses de , Santos Ãtalo Magno de Melo , Nogueira Rafaella da Silva
Published: September 2021

A escassez hídrica se caracteriza como um dos principais problemas do semiárido brasileiro. Apesar da grande importância ambiental que os recursos hídricos apresentam, a cada dia estes vem passando por um intenso processo de degradação e contaminação. Nessa perspectiva a pesquisa tem como objetivo mapear as áreas vulneráveis à contaminação hídrica de um sistema aquífero localizado na serra Olho d´água dos Constantinos no município de Redenção (CE). Para isso utilizou-se o método GOD (Groundwater hydraulic confinement, Overlaying strata, Depth to groundwater table) para identificar a vulnerabilidade natural do aquífero, Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais (AIA) nas nascentes, por meio de parâmetros macroscópicos relacionado ao uso antrópico e medidas de conservação nas nascentes, e o mapeamento das áreas suscetíveis a contaminação, por meio do cruzamento da vulnerabilidade natural com as cargas contaminantes identificadas in loco. Identificou-se que o uso da água destina-se principalmente as atividades domésticas (45,5%) e ao consumo humano (36%).  Em relação ao grau de preservação das nascentes, observou-se que a maioria foram classificadas em péssimo e ruim estado de conservação (55,5%). A vulnerabilidade natural classificou-se em inexistente e baixa, com índice GOD de 0,0 a 0,11. As principais fontes de contaminação mapeadas foram agricultura, efluentes domésticos e as edificações, resultando em duas áreas com alto risco de contaminação hídrica. Desse modo, conclui-se que os resultados apresentados corroboram para uma análise situacional do recurso hídrico, indicando as áreas que mais necessitam de cuidados, para que assim, possa evitar a degradação e contaminação do recurso tão necessário a comunidade e de grande importância ambiental.
Predação de Ramphocelus carbo (Pallas, 1764) por Oxybelis fulgidus (Daudin, 1803) no Sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Barbosa Raul Afonso Pommer , Silva Geovanna Santos da , Oliveira Marcela Alvares
Published: September 2021

Relatamos neste trabalho uma observação de predação de Ramphocelus carbo (Pallas, 1764) por Oxybelis fulgidus (Daudin, 1803) na área rural da cidade de Espigão D'Oeste, estado de Rondônia, Brasil, no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. O local é um sítio particular, em uma plantação de Café (Coffea canephora). A O. fulgidus predou o Ramphocelus carbo numa altura de aproximademente 120 cm do solo. Este relato de comportamento é de interesse pois demonstra o hábito de serpentes arborícolas de caçar próximo a fontes de alimento de suas presas (Ramphocelus carbo), assim aumentando a probabilidade de encontrar presas como aves.
Bedømmelsens kompleksitet
Authors: Schmidt Elsa
Published: September 2021

I artiklen sammenholdes hverdagens bedømmelser af mennesker med de bedømmelser, der sker ved eksaminer. Der er forskelle på grund af det retlige grundlag, men også ligheder. Konkrete erfaringer med klage- og ankesager gennem 8 år fra faget psykologi på landsplan opsummeres. Nogle få praktiske løsninger beskrives.
Breakfast at Milliways – The didactic challenges of bioethics
Authors: Gjerris Mickey
Published: September 2021

This article discusses some of the main challenges in doing and teaching bioethics from the perspective of a teacher of the subject. The emphasis is put on the interconnectedness between the methodology of teaching and the general ethical outlook that the teaching seeks to promote. The article is mainly based on practical experiences – and just a twist of phenomenology.
Undervisning i klynger – en artikel om erfaringer med at organisere en form for undervisning, der skaber forbindelse mellem projektarbejde og bredere faglige temaer
Authors: Gitz-Johansen Thomas , Rasmussen Kim , Wulf-Andersen Trine
Published: September 2021

Forfatterne har på RUC arbejdet med at udvikle og beskrive den form for undervisning, som til dagligt går under betegnelsen klynge, hvis hovedformål er at skabe sammenhæng mellem de studerendes projektarbejde og et bredere fagligt og socialt miljø. Artiklen behandler forfatternes erfaringer med at gennemføre et klyngeforløb samt de pædagogiske principper, der er lagt til grund for klyngeundervisningen.
IT-baserede læreprocesser – nogle muligheder og nogle begrænsninger
Authors: Dohn Nina Bonderup
Published: September 2021

Artiklen giver et fænomenologisk inspireret bud på, hvad der ligger til grund for nogle ofte oplevede muligheder og begrænsninger ved IT-baserede læringsrum i sammenligning med læringsrum baseret på ansigt-til-ansigt-undervisning. Der argumenteres for, at ord i sidstnævnte har en langt større meningsmæssig fylde grundet deltagernes fysiske tilstedeværelse, og at der derfor i sådanne sammenhænge kan etableres en faglig-social-personlig baggrundsforståelse, som har afgørende betydning for hver enkelts faglige forståelse såvel som for de lærendes forståelse af hinanden. Givet en sådan baggrundsforståelse, kan virtuelle rum (specielt det asynkront skriftlige) imidlertid byde på en større refleksionsmulighed og mulighed for mindre fastlåsning i bestemte sociale roller, grundet den større grad af direkte fokusering på ordene.
Asynkron e-læring: Skriften på nettet?
Authors: Hansen Stig Børsen
Published: September 2021

Indlæggets to første afsnit præsenterer Marx som ophav til en meget indflydelsesrig tradition inden for teknologifilosofien. Dernæst vises, hvordan Marx’ analyse af teknologi kan bidrage til belysningen af IT-baserede læreprocesser, hvor der her fokuseres på asynkron e-læring. For det første fremhæves teknologiens centrale rolle i et modsætningsfyldt forhold mellem brugere af teknologi og arbejdsgivere. Forestillingen om en økonomisk motiveret »deprofessionalisering« er her central. Dernæst stilles der med udgangspunkt i Langdon Winners tænkning spørgsmålstegn ved den opfattelse af teknologisk udvikling, der ofte synes at ligge til grund for diskussionen af IT på universiteterne.
Dansk Universitetspædagogisk Netværk (DUN) – før, nu og fremover
Authors: Harboe Thomas
Published: September 2021

Thomas harboe tegner et historisk billede af DUN gennem de seneste 15 år. Det fremgår, hvorledes DUN har udviklet sig fra at være en græsrodsbevægelse til i dag at væreen strømlinet organisation med vedtægter, opdateret hjemmeside, lang medlemsliste, fast årlig konference, internationalt samarbejde og et tidsskrift. Endvidere tegnes der et billede af, hvorfor den politiske diskurs for undervisningen nødvendiggør, at der er et talerør som DUN, hvor uddannelsesudviklere og undervisere kan hente inspiration og debattere.
Gruppebaseret eller individuel projekteksamen – fordele og ulemper
Authors: Kolmos Anette , Holgaard Jette Egelund
Published: September 2021

I forbindelse med ministeriernes afskaffelse af gruppeeksamen (LBEK 280 of 21/03/2006), blev der etableret en større komparativ undersøgelse på Aalborg Universitet (AAU) af den gruppebaserede eksamensform med individuel bedømmelse og den individuelle eksamensform. I denne artikel præsenteres resultater for spørgeskemaundersøgelse blandt studerende, vejledere og censorer, hvad angår styrkerne og svaghederne ved de to eksamensformer. Resultaterne viser, at den individuelle eksamensform ikke rummer den samme mulighed for at teste en række centrale projektkompetencer, og den respons, de studerende får til deres projekt ved denne eksamensform, vurderes som mindre tilfredsstillende. Derfor er de didaktiske argumenter for den individuelle eksamensform svære at finde. Hertil kommer, at majoriteten blandt de mere end 1000 studerende, eksaminatorer og censorer, der besvarede undersøgelsen, ville foretrække en gruppebaseret projekteksamen.
Ph.d.-vejledning og ph.d.-vejlederkurser i Europa – hvor er ph.d.- vejledning på vej hen?
Authors: Rienecker Lotte , Jørgensen Peter Stray
Published: September 2021

Reportage fra en europæisk konference om ph.d.-uddannelse.
Interesse – en vigtig forudsætning for biologistuderendes engagement i zoofysiologi
Authors: Dohn Niels Bonderup
Published: September 2021

Interesse er en vigtig motivationsfaktor, som har stor indflydelse på studerendes læringsmotivation. I artiklen præsenteres en undersøgelse af, hvad der fanger studerendes interesse i relation til undervisningen på et kursus i zoofysiologi. Undersøgelsen er dels baseret på deltagerobservation og uformelle interviews, dels på en spørgeskemaundersøgelse. Resultaterneviser, at situationsbestemte forhold som levende dyr i laboratoriet, ahaoplevelser, oplevet meningsfuldhed, socialt engagement og humor kan stimulere interesse og engagement hos studerende. Det er alle forhold, som underviseren har indflydelse på og bør overveje i forbindelse med undervisningsforberedelse.
Det problembaserede undervisningsdesign. Fra ProPrak, til teori, til gruppearbejde
Authors: Hovgaard Mads
Published: September 2021

Artiklen beskriver, begrunder og eksemplificerer det problembaserede undervisningsdesign ‘Fra ProPrak, til teori til gruppearbejde’, som gennemgående blev anvendt i et problembaseret og metodisk funderet undervisningsforløb på Syddansk Universitets idrætsuddannelse. Indholdet, opbygningen og undervisningsformerne i forløbet tog direkte afsæt i det problembaseredefagområdes teori og metoder, således at undervisningsdesignet direkte havde integreret, hvad de studerende skulle stimuleres til at lære i henhold til studieordningens kompetencemål. Artiklen har til hensigt at inspirere universitetsundervisere til, hvordan god undervisning kan udvikles,tilrettelægges og realiseres i praksis.
Frafald på de videregående uddannelser – hvad ved vi om årsagerne?
Authors: Troelsen Rie
Published: September 2021

Omkring en tredjedel af de studerende på de videregående uddannelser afbryder deres studie – de fleste inden for det første år. Selvom en stor del af afbryderne hurtigt begynder på et andet studie, er tallet alligevel bekymrende og årsag til en række undersøgelser. Artiklen samler 7 danske undersøgelser af årsagerne til frafald på de videregående uddannelser, dels medhenblik på at skabe overblik over hvor og hvordan der inden for de seneste 10 år er blevet foretaget frafaldsundersøgelser, og dels med henblik på at kunne pege områder ud, hvor derfremtidigt er brug for viden og forskning.
Samskabelse af engagement – om fastholdelse af de studerendes deltagelse i undervisning
Authors: Thøgersen Ulla
Published: September 2021

Formålet med artiklen er at bidrage til en generel diskussion om motivation i relation til universitetsdidaktik set inden for rammerne af en frafaldsproblematik på undervisningsniveau.Mere specifikt sigter artiklen på at nuancere forståelsen af motivation i retning af samskabelse af engagement. Det centrale argument er, at motivation ikke kun skal ses som noget allerede eksisterende – enten i form af subjektivt givne behov eller oplevede problemsituationer – en underviser kan (forsøge at) koble sig på, men underviseren har også mulighed for at tilrettelægge aktiviteter, så motivation emergerer i selve samspillet mellem deltagerne i undervisningen.
Erfaringer med e-porteføljer og personlige læringsmiljøer
Authors: Ryberg Thomas , Wentzer Helle
Published: September 2021

Siden 2007 har undervisere og studerende på Humanistisk Informatiks første semester løbende eksperimenteret med implementering af digitale porteføljer, og hvad der kan betegnes som personlige læringsmiljøer. I denne artikel fremhæver vi de pædagogiske motiver for eksperimenterne samt analyserer og diskuterer de erfaringer, som især den seneste interventionhar tilvejebragt omkring pædagogiske, organisatoriske og systemmæssige udfordringer og problematikker.
"Jonas, derefter Katrine og Sebastian" - en enkel metode til at lære alle de studerendes navne
Authors: Jørgensen Anker Helms
Published: September 2021

Denne artikel præsenterer en enkel, systematisk metode til at lære alle de studerendes navne i universitetsundervisning. Metoden er ret effektiv: I sidste semester lærte forfatteren 30 studerendes navne på 1,5 time; det svarer til 3 minutter pr. studerende og 6 minutter pr. uge. Erfaringen viser, at dette virker fremmende på undervisningsmiljøet. Dette blev bekræftet af en empirisk undersøgelse: De studerende føler sig velkomne, anerkendt og ikke anonyme; det forbedrede atmosfæren og gav større tryghed; og det bidrog til bedre dialog og øget socialisering.
Når uddannelsessystemet skal rumme de mange og de særlige - en midlertidig status på og diskussion af den særlige optagelsesprocedure i kvote 2 på Syddansk Universitet
Authors: Vonsild Maria Cecilie , Wallstedt Birgitta
Published: September 2021

En midlertidig status for optagelsesproceduren i kvote 2 på SDU viser, at studerende der er optaget i kvote 2 har et signifikant lavere frafald sammenlignet med kvote 1 optagne. Det diskuteres hvordan optagelsesproceduren kan bidrage til en særlig talentudvælgelse samt matchning af ansøgerne i forhold til uddannelsens faglige profil. Significantly lower drop-out rates have been noted for students admitted during the temporary implementation of the quota 2 admission procedure at the the University of Southern Denmark compared with quota 1 students. We’ll discuss how the admission procedure can contribute to selection of talents and matching of the applicants to the academic, educational profile.
Praktiske færdigheder i professionsrettede sundhedsuddannelser
Authors: Nielsen Carsten Munch , Stenholt Britta , Lomborg Kirsten , Bjørk Ida Torunn
Published: September 2021

Artiklen har fokus på, hvordan læring af praktiske færdigheder kan understøttes og evalueres. Forfatterne er i forbindelse med en litteraturgennemgang blevet opmærksomme på, at der i såvel sygeplejerskeuddannelsen som i lægeuddannelsen arbejdes med at skærpe et analytisk perspektiv på og finde systematiske metoder, som kan give støtte til læring og evaluering af praktiske færdigheder. Artiklen argumenterer for potentialerne i at udvikle et såkaldt globalt vejlednings- og evalueringsinstrument, der er knyttet til læring af praktiske færdigheder. Et globalt instrument er kendetegnet ved at være generisk (kan anvendes til forskellige praktiske procedurer), holistisk (inddrager såvel humanistiske som proceduremæssige og tekniske elementer), multi­professionelt (kan anvendes af forskellige professioner), multigraderet (kan anvendes af såvel novicer som erfarne praktikere) og multimodalt (kan anvendes i forskellige kontekster). I artiklen præsenteres og diskuteres potentialerne i to globale instrumenter eller modeller til læring og evaluering af praktiske færdigheder. De to model­­ler er The Leicester Clinical Procedure Assessment Tool og Model for prak­tisk færdighedsudøvelse. Med artiklen vil vi gerne invitere til fagdidaktiske drøftelser med andre universiteter og professionshøjskoler om at videreudvikle globale undervisnings- og evalueringsinstrumenter. Bag dette ligger også et ønske om at få en dybere indsigt i de praktiske handlingers natur. Målet med at udvikle et globalt vejlednings- og evalueringsredskab er at styrke de studerendes kompetencer til at udføre praktiske handlinger med kvalitet samt at give dem redskaber til at tilegne sig nye praktiske færdigheder i deres fremtidige karriere.  The article focuses on how the learning of practical skills can be supported and evaluated. In connection with a literature review, the authors became aware of efforts to find an analytical perspective and a systematic method that can support learning and evaluation of practical skills in both nursing and medicine. The article argues in favour of the benefits of developing a so-called global instrument in teaching and formative evaluation. Two potential models are presented and discussed: The Leicester Clinical Procedure Assessment Tool and The Model of Practical Skill Performance. The authors hope this research will stimulate interest in other research settings. Collaboration is needed both on the development of global instruments that help students strengthen competence and improve their performance, and on the development of a deeper understanding of the nature of practical skills.
Årg. 8, Nr. 15 (2013): Ph.d.-studerendes arbejdsmiljø og uddannelse
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: September 2021

Dette er en samlet udgave af DUT15.
Progression og underviserkompetencer
Authors: Bager Lene Tortzen
Published: September 2021

På baggrund af en kvalitativ interviewundersøgelse af undervisere ved Aarhus Universitet lavet i 2012, tematiserer artiklen, hvordan undervisere udvikler deres faglige og pædagogiske kompetencer i forhold til at kunne skabe progression inden for innovation og entreprenørskab forstået enten som didaktik, arbejdsformer i faglige forløb eller som fag på universitetet. I arbejdet med progression er det en udfordring at integrere de nye faglige dimensioner i det kernefaglige felt. Den seneste model for progression inden for innovation og entreprenør-skab siger, at det er den lærendes generelle erfaringsniveau, der er den afgørende progressionsskabende faktor (Progressionsmodellen, Fonden for Entreprenørskab, 2013b). Samtidig skelner international forskning inden for studiekompetenceområdet mellem niveauer, hvor indlejret viden er det mest avancerede kompetenceniveau (Barrie, 2002).Ifølge progressionsmodellen og den nævnte kompetenceforskning er erfaring og dybt integreret læring altså centrale dimensioner i progression. Men hvad er underviserens rolle heri? Underviserens professionelle udviklingsarbejde forekommer at være underbelyst i forhold til, at underviseren er den legitime garant for integrationen af nye faglige dimensioner og for den studerendes kompetenceniveau. Interviewundersøgelsen forholder sig til spørgsmålet om progression gennem de deltagende underviseres beskrivelse af betydningslag i entreprenørskabsbegrebet koblet til de praksisformer i undervisningen, der knytter sig hertil samt et indblik i undervisernes refleksioner over deres kompetenceudviklingsprocesser. Artiklens bidrag til progression er at se underviserens motivation og kompetenceudvikling som forudsætninger herfor.  Based on a qualitative study of five teachers in the Faculty of Arts at Aarhus University that took place during 2012, the article thematizes how teachers develop their professional and educational qualifications in innovation and entrepreneurship. The study uses categories such as didactics, working processes in academic courses or courses at university as key themes. Participating teachers’ descriptions of their concepts of entrepreneurship in their teaching practices are used to chart their progress. This material provides an insight into the teachers’ reflections on their development processes, challenges and different modes of teacher authority related to entrepreneurship teaching in universities. Together, the gathered data contribute to discussions on student teacher development by identifying the importance of the teachers’ motivation as a precondition for professional and educational development.
ASIC1a is required for neuronal activation via low-intensity ultrasound stimulation in mouse brain
Authors: Lim Jormay , Tai Hsiao-Hsin , Liao Wei-Hao , Chu Ya-Cherng , Hao Chen-Ming , Huang Yueh-Chun , Lee Cheng-Han , Lin Shao-Shien , Hsu Sherry , Chien Ya-Chih , Lai Dar-Ming , Chen Wen-Shiang , Chen Chih-Cheng , Wang Jaw-Lin
Published: September 2021

Accumulating evidence has shown transcranial low-intensity ultrasound can be potentially a non-invasive neural modulation tool to treat brain diseases. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive and the majority of studies on animal models applying rather high-intensity ultrasound that cannot be safely used in humans. Here, we showed low-intensity ultrasound was able to activate neurons in the mouse brain and repeated ultrasound stimulation resulted in adult neurogenesis in specific brain regions. In vitro calcium imaging studies showed that a specific ultrasound stimulation mode, which combined with both ultrasound-induced pressure and acoustic streaming mechanotransduction, is required to activate cultured cortical neurons. ASIC1a and cytoskeletal proteins were involved in the low-intensity ultrasound-mediated mechanotransduction and cultured neuron activation, which was inhibited by ASIC1a blockade and cytoskeleton-modified agents. In contrast, the inhibition of mechanical-sensitive channels involved in bilayer-model mechanotransduction like Piezo or TRP proteins did not repress the ultrasound-mediated neuronal activation as efficiently. The ASIC1a-mediated ultrasound effects in mouse brain such as immediate response of ERK phosphorylation and DCX marked neurogenesis were statistically significantly compromised by ASIC1a gene deletion. Collated data suggest that ASIC1a is the molecular determinant involved in the mechano-signaling of low-intensity ultrasound that modulates neural activation in mouse brain.
Hippocampal replay of experience at real-world speeds
Authors: Denovellis Eric L , Gillespie Anna K , Coulter Michael E , Sosa Marielena , Chung Jason E , Eden Uri T , Frank Loren M
Published: September 2021

Representations related to past experiences play a critical role in memory and decision-making processes. The rat hippocampus expresses these types of representations during sharp-wave ripple (SWR) events, and previous work identified a minority of SWRs that contain ‘replay’ of spatial trajectories at ∼20x the movement speed of the animal. Efforts to understand replay typically make multiple assumptions about which events to examine and what sorts of representations constitute replay. We therefore lack a clear understanding of both the prevalence and the range of representational dynamics associated with replay. Here, we develop a state space model that uses a combination of movement dynamics of different speeds to capture the spatial content and time evolution of replay during SWRs. Using this model, we find that the large majority of replay events contain spatially coherent, interpretable content. Furthermore, many events progress at real-world, rather than accelerated, movement speeds, consistent with actual experiences.
Human embryo polarization requires PLC signaling to mediate trophectoderm specification
Authors: Zhu Meng , Shahbazi Marta , Martin Angel , Zhang Chuanxin , Sozen Berna , Borsos Mate , Mandelbaum Rachel S , Paulson Richard J , Mole Matteo A , Esbert Marga , Titus Shiny , Scott Richard T , Campbell Alison , Fishel Simon , Gradinaru Viviana , Zhao Han , Wu Keliang , Chen Zi-Jiang , Seli Emre , de los Santos Maria J , Zernicka Goetz Magdalena
Published: September 2021

Apico-basal polarization of cells within the embryo is critical for the segregation of distinct lineages during mammalian development. Polarized cells become the trophectoderm (TE), which forms the placenta, and apolar cells become the inner cell mass (ICM), the founding population of the fetus. The cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to polarization of the human embryo and its timing during embryogenesis have remained unknown. Here, we show that human embryo polarization occurs in two steps: it begins with the apical enrichment of F-actin and is followed by the apical accumulation of the PAR complex. This two-step polarization process leads to the formation of an apical domain at the 8–16 cell stage. Using RNA interference, we show that apical domain formation requires Phospholipase C (PLC) signaling, specifically the enzymes PLCB1 and PLCE1, from the eight-cell stage onwards. Finally, we show that although expression of the critical TE differentiation marker GATA3 can be initiated independently of embryo polarization, downregulation of PLCB1 and PLCE1 decreases GATA3 expression through a reduction in the number of polarized cells. Therefore, apical domain formation reinforces a TE fate. The results we present here demonstrate how polarization is triggered to regulate the first lineage segregation in human embryos.
Long distance (>20 km) downstream detection of endangered stream frogs suggests an important role for eDNA in surveying for remnant amphibian populations
Authors: Villacorta-Rath Cecilia , Hoskin Conrad J. , Strugnell Jan M. , Burrows Damien
Published: September 2021

Background

Globally, amphibian species have suffered drastic population declines over the past 40 years. Hundreds of species are now listed as Critically Endangered, with many of these considered “possibly extinct”. Most of these species are stream-dwelling frogs inhabiting remote, montane areas, where remnant populations are hard to find using traditional surveys. Environmental DNA (eDNA) could revolutionize surveys for ‘missing’ and endangered amphibian populations by screening water samples from downstream sections to assess presence in the upstream catchments. However, the utility of this survey technique is dependent on quantifying downstream detection probability and distances.

Methods

Here we tested downstream detection distances in two endangered stream frogs (Litoria lorica and L. nannotis) that co-occur in a remote stream catchment in north-east Australia, and for which we know precise downstream distributional limits from traditional surveys. Importantly, the two last populations of L. lorica persist in this catchment: one small (~1,000 frogs) and one very small (~100 frogs). We conducted eDNA screening at a series of sites kilometers downstream from the populations using precipitation from two fixed water volumes (15 and 100 mL) and via water filtering (mean 1,480 L).

Results

We detected L. nannotis and the small L. lorica population (~1,000 frogs) at most sampling sites, including 22.8 km downstream. The filtration method was highly effective for far-downstream detection, as was precipitation from 100 mL water samples, which also resulted in consistent detections at the far-downstream sites (including to 22.8 km). In contrast, we had limited downstream detection success for the very small L. lorica population (~100 frogs).

Discussion

The ecological aspects of our study system, coupled with thorough traditional surveys, enabled us to measure downstream eDNA detection distances with accuracy. We demonstrate that eDNA from a small population of approximately 1,000 frogs can be detected as far as 22.8 km downstream from the population. Water filtration is considered best for eDNA detection of rare aquatic species—indeed it was effective in this study—but we also achieved far-downstream detections when precipitating eDNA from 100 mL water samples. Collecting small water volumes for subsequent precipitation in the lab is more practical than filtration when surveying remote areas. Our downstream detection distances (>20 km) suggest eDNA is a valuable tool for detecting rare stream amphibians. We provide recommendations on optimal survey methods.
Daniel 1–6 in Classical Islamic Culture and the Gospel According to Ibn Hishām
Authors: Silverstein A. J.
Published: September 2021

This article assesses the importance of the biblical book of Daniel in the first four Islamic centuries, focusing in particular on the legendary materials contained in Daniel 1–6. The article is divided into three sections. In the first section the treatments of Daniel 1–6 in Isrāʾīliyyāt works are examined, and it is shown that summaries of Daniel 1–6 in these works display evidence of oral transmission. Additionally, it is shown that some authors’ familiarity with Daniel legends led them to insert this character into “biblical” narratives that do not otherwise relate to him. In the second section it is argued that Daniel’s exploits were so widely known that they served as a sort of yardstick for judging the relative importance of some other “heroic” figures who are described in classical Islamic sources. In the third section it is postulated that the introductory sections of Ibn Hishām’s Sīra consciously relate stories with Danielic associations in order to bring the Sīra into line with the Christian Gospels.
Jayati Bhagavāñ Jinendraḥ!
Authors: Bisschop Peter C. , Cecil Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2021

In the fifth–sixth century CE the rulers of the Kadamba dynasty claimed the town of Halsi (ancient Palāśikā) in modern Karnataka as the northern capital of their expanding polity. Their investments in this locale are recorded in a corpus of copper-plate inscriptions spanning four generation of kings. The plates record the growth of a thriving Jain community at Palāśikā and are revelatory of their relationships with the Kadamba rulers and their agents. This study of the donative and political processes converging in Palāśikā shows that the use of Sanskrit inscriptions as media for royal representation and public self-fashioning was highly developed in the Kadamba polity, where idioms and trends developed independent of the Gupta royal model. Moreover, the evidence from Halsi is indicative of the centrality of Jain religious communities, ideologies, and institutions in the administration of the Kadamba polity and the expression of a lineage identity.
Influence of Family Background on Learning Outcome of Agricultural Undergraduates in Indian Conditions
Authors: Krishnaveni T. R. Sridevi , Arunachalam R.
Published: September 2021

Family as an entity teaches many concepts like social, economic, technical, moral concepts to the children for a better living. Thus the contribution of a family in an educational environment is undeniable. Thus this paper attempts to cull out various aspects of family background that influence the learning situation of the agricultural undergraduate students in the Indian conditions. Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore of TNAU were taken as the study center. B. Sc. (Agriculture) degree program was purposefully selected. 114 students studying final year were considered for the study by employing saturated sampling technique. Majority of the respondents’ families were found to be economically sound with stable occupation under any one sector. Being hostellers, the parents did not have adequate scope to engage in educational activities and interact with the institution. But they always find ways to back the students in all possible ways in other means.
Teachers’ Perceptions about Principal’s Instructional Leadership Practices under Trashi Yangtse District in Bhutan
Authors: Tshering Karma , Nima .
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to explore the teachers’ perceptions about principals’ instructional leadership practices in the schools. A total of 202 teachers working in 30 schools in Bhutan were involved as the research sample. The researcher used mixed method design to explore the study. The survey structured questionnaire and semi-structured interview tools were administered to collect data from the sample group. As for the data analysis, the findings were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and thematic analysis. The findings of the study indicated that teachers tend to develop positive perception toward their principals’ instructional leadership practices in the schools. Further analysis of teachers’ perception in relation to their demographic and institutional factor indicated insignificant leadership practices.
Discussion and Improvement on the Calculation of the Relationship between the Base Emitter of the Bipolar Junction Transistor and the Temperature by Using MATLAB Software
Authors: Lin Ming-Jong
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this article is to explore and improve the effect of Bipolar Junction Transistor amplifier base-emitter on temperature changes. The prelude starts with Shockley's theory and its formula calculation. Research motivation, literature data and book principles cooperate with MATLAB application software skills to develop programs; it is used to calculate the relationship between various component parameters and temperature changes. The artificial calculation steps are too cumbersome and prone to clerical errors. Therefore, the program approach has been developed with report-style calculation results with both text and pictures. The feature of computer program calculation is the ability to compare and analyze the results produced at different temperatures, rapidly and repeatedly. The lack of known Bipolar Junction Transistors is replaced by Field Effect Transistors that are not affected by temperature. If the Bipolar Junction Transistor is used as the basis for the design, temperature changes must be considered to ensure the design quality. The purpose of this article is to introduce that the process of calculation has made the shift from an artificial-based way to a computer-based one.
Assessment of Patients’ Satisfaction Level with Radio-Diagnostic Services in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Efeoghene M. P. , Eze J. C. , Idigo F. U. , Ohagwu C. C. , Okpalaeke M. S. , Ezechukwu U. N.
Published: September 2021

Patient satisfaction may be regarded as a subjective idea which helps patient assess and rate the quality of care they obtain from healthcare providers. This study was aimed to assessing patients’ satisfaction level with radio-diagnostic services in National Orthopaedic Hospital, Igbobi Lagos (NOHIL), Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 194 patients that visited the General Outpatient Department (GOPD) clinic twice or more from July 2019 to August 2019. Convenience sampling technique was used for sample collection. Ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research and Ethics Committee of NOHIL and participants’ consent was also obtained.  Data were collected by the use of questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Findings were significant at P < 0.05. The findings from the study showed that majority of the patients (92.3%) were satisfied with the quality of the x rays produced and the friendly nature of the radiographers (77.8%).The patients’ satisfaction with radio diagnostic services in this center could be said to be very low as patients opined that they were dissatisfied with most of the services rendered. There is a need for the radiographers to be punctual to duty as this will help reduce the long waiting time experienced by the respondents.
Awareness of Breast Self-Examination: Information, Attitude, and Practice among Female in Chennai City, India
Authors: Bharathi A. R.
Published: September 2021

Now a days, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in December 2020 states that Breast cancer is the number one common cancer around the world and it has surpassed lung cancer occurrence. WHO and IARC in 2020 have decided to join hands in eradicating or minimising deaths caused due to breast cancer by creating an awareness of breast health, early diagnosis and providing quality care to everyone in need. The occurrence of cancer has not gone down but doubled in the last 20 years. It was estimated to be 10 million in 2000 but has raised to an alarming 19.3 million in 2020. Currently it is projected that 20% of the world population will develop cancer. It is an utmost significant fact that Breast among other cancers can be cured if detected well in advance. The present study aimed to analyse the awareness about self- examination to find out the breast cancer among the female. The participants were patients and their relatives in a government hospital (n=100). Only, 24% of them had showed adequate knowledge on self-examination and 51% having known about it but, not on practicing. The remaining, 25% of even did not know about such a method. This study showed that the important of creating awareness among women, especially, on the illiterates.
Features of Providing Emergency Medical Care to Patients with Thermal and Chemical Injuries during the Spread of COVID-19: Providing Antiviral Protection for Medical Workers and Developing Practical Treatment Protocols
Authors: Bairamkulova Amina Magometovna , Gadzhaliev Ismail Rasim ogly , Alekseeva Tatiana Dmitrievna , Bairamkulova Sherifat Magometovna , Iakimenko Olga Rostislavovna , Paromova Yana
Published: September 2021

In modern conditions, the burden on the staff of medical institutions has increased many times. This is due to the fact that for more than a year and a half, the planet has been overwhelmed by waves of the coronavirus pandemic. Having come from China, this virus spread like lightning across the planet, causing an economic crisis, violation of the usual foundations of human life, etc. However, despite the undulating incidence of COVID-19 and a significant number of cases, other diseases and medical emergencies also occur, and doctors need to provide patients with the necessary assistance.

It should be said that, despite the high level of protective measures in medical institutions, the provision of emergency medical care to patients is associated with a certain risk for doctors, since assistance should be provided to such patients immediately, and it is not always possible to quickly assess whether they are carriers of the virus, unfortunately. For this reason, the risk of infection to medical workers providing emergency care to patients, especially surgical ones, is extremely high.

During the epidemic, the treatment of burn patients who have not confirmed the absence or presence of a coronavirus infection, the processes of establishing intravenous access, endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, wound treatment and surgical intervention are the points of risk of infection. The introduction of an effective, appropriate degree of protection and the development of practical medical procedures will increase the level of protection of the medical worker and reduce the risk of infection with COVID-19.

The aim of the work is to investigate the features of providing antiviral protection for medical workers and to study the existing practical treatment protocols for providing emergency medical care to patients with thermal and chemical injuries during the spread of COVID-19.
Physicians' Opinions on the Required Information about Biosimilars and the Need for Biosimilars Related Education
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J.
Published: September 2021

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate physicians' opinions on the required information about biosimilars and the need for biosimilars related education.

Methodology: The study included a survey that was prepared using a survey from a previous study and after face validation and content validation, it was prepared as an online form using the SurveyMonkey platform.

Results: The majority of physicians stated that the most important information about biosimilars are studies that provide clinical immunogenicity data for the biosimilar and reference product (93.33%) in addition to studies that directly compare clinical efficacy and safety between reference products and biosimilars (88.89%). The majority of physicians stated that tracking safety events with biosimilars (94.45%) and access to information on studies comparing biosimilars with reference biologics (91.11%) are important issues related to biosimilars in professional environments.

Conclusion: The present study highlights the needs of physicians for biosimilar education. More efforts are needed to increase the awareness regarding biosimilars by different formats in order to integrate biosimilars into clinical practice and to counsel patients about biosimilars.
Frequently Thickened Nerve in Hansen’s Disease
Authors: Shivaraman P. Vignesh , Thomas Jayakar
Published: September 2021

Background: Leprosy by definition is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and superficial nerves in the skin caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. [1] It most commonly involves the nose, eyes, throat, and sometimes the testicles. The bacilli are most frequently transmitted via droplets, from the nose during close contact with untreated cases of leprosy. Leprosy was first mentioned in 700BC. Leprosy is common in tropical and subtropical Asia, some Pacific countries, Africa, and South America [2]. It is not known how leprosy is transmitted. Although skin lesions and nerve thickening manifest together, they also appear as separate entities. This study aims to find out the frequently thickened nerves in different spectrums of Hansen’s disease.

Objectives: To determine the frequently thickened nerves in different spectrums of Hansen’s disease.

Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Chettinad Hospital and the Research Institute from June 2021 to August 2021. The patients were biopsy-proven Hansen's disease in a different spectrum of the disease, nerve thickening was obtained using palpation method. The Sample size was small due to the prevailing covid situation at the period during which the study was conducted.

Results: The data collected from the examination of the different spectrum of disease, the pattern of frequently thickened nerves were evaluated. A total number of 30 patients were examined by palpation method among which 10 patients showed ulnar nerve thickening,7 patients showed greater auricular nerve thickening, 4 patients showed radial cutaneous nerve thickening, 9 patients showed sural nerve thickening.

Conclusion: In our study, the most common thickened nerve was the ulnar nerve, secondary to that was the sural nerve. This study concludes the only examination done by palpation method, further diagnostic studies might increase the accuracy and specificity of the above-collected data.
In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf as a Natural Food Preservative in Chicken Burgers.
Authors: Alqurashi Randah Miqbil , Aldossary Huda Mohammed
Published: September 2021

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant its content phytochemicals, rich in vitamin and minerals and high nutritional value. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bioactive compounds in Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves and their potential as antimicrobial agents for use as natural food additives to increase the shelf-life of chicken burgers. Seven types of chicken burger were prepared including a control (without antioxidant), with 0.5 % MO polyphenol extract (MOPE) added, 1 % MOPE, 2 % MOPE, 0.5 % whole MO powder (WMOP), 1 % WMOP, and 2 % WMOP. The results showed that chicken burgers treated with MOPE and WMOP at concentrations of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 % had significantly (p < 0.05) lower total plate counts (TPCs) at the end of the storage period (6 days) compared to the control. Burgers with added MOPE and WMOP had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total phenolic content, flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity compared to the control. Acceptability of chicken burger was not affected by the addition of MOPE or WMOP. Our findings suggest that adding MOPE and WMOP at concentrations of 1 % and 2 % could be an effective natural food preservative in chicken burgers.
Assessment of the characteristics of the fresh quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) from different geographical origin and year of harvesting
Authors: Cascales Esther Vidal , García José María Ros
Published: September 2021

Quince fruits from different geographical origin and year of harvesting (2019 and 2020) were characterized from physicochemical and nutritional viewpoint. Quince fruits were collected at maturity (September) in Murcia (Spain). The pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, colour, moisture, water activity, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, vitamin C and flavonoids were measured for all samples. There were significant differences among quince fruits characteristics. The comparison of quinces from the different origins and the comparison of quinces from the same origin and harvested two different years indicate differences in both physicochemical and nutritional characteristics, being greater the variation in the nutritional characteristics. This is to be considered by the quince industry, since the reality is that quinces from different geographical origin are the raw material of the quince industry every season.
Incidents related to health care in an emergency hospital / Incidentes relacionados à assistência à saúde em um hospital de emergência
Authors: Barbosa Cristiana Vilete , Bassi Iara Barreto , Hadad Ana Carolina Amaral de Castro
Published: September 2021

Objetivos: analisar as notificações de incidentes relacionados à assistência à saúde em um hospital de urgência e emergência. Métodos: estudo transversal analítico, com as fichas de notificação de incidentes registradas pelo Núcleo de Segurança do Paciente, no período de Janeiro de 2017 a Junho de 2018. Foram aplicados testes de regressão logística simples e múltipla, os quais associaram a variável resposta “dano ao paciente” a um ou mais fatores. Resultados: das 385 notificações, 53% foram incidentes com dano. Houve prevalência de eventos classificados como “outros” (30,9%) e das “falhas de procedimento” (17,9%). Os dados demonstraram associação estatística entre ocorrência de evento com dano e o óbito. Conclusão: tornam-se imprescindíveis esforços voltados à capacitação dos profissionais para o conhecimento dos processos corretos de notificação, das práticas para prevenção de incidentes e promoção da segurança do paciente.