bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uterine leiomyomas in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome can be identified through distinct clinical characteristics and typical morphology
Authors: Uimari Outi , Ahtikoski Anne , Kämpjärvi Kati , Butzow Ralf , Järvelä Ilkka Y. , Ryynänen Markku , Aaltonen Lauri A. , Vahteristo Pia , Kuismin Outi
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) constitute a tumor susceptibility syndrome caused by germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene. The most common features are leiomyomas of the uterus and the skin. The syndrome includes a predisposition to early‐onset, aggressive renal cell cancer. It is important to identify women with HLRCC among other uterine leiomyoma patients in order to direct them to genetic counseling and to identify other affected family members.

Material and methods

We conducted a nationwide historical study to identify typical clinical characteristics, uterine leiomyoma morphology, and immunohistochemistry for diagnosing HLRCC. The study included 20 women with a known FH germline mutation and 77 women with sporadic uterine leiomyomas. The patient records of all women were reviewed to obtain clinical details regarding their leiomyomas. Uterine leiomyoma tissue specimens from 43 HLRCC‐related leiomyomas and 42 sporadic leiomyomas were collected and prepared for histology analysis. A morphologic description was performed on hematoxylin & eosin‐stained tissue slides, and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out for CD34, Bcl‐2, and p53 stainings.

Results

The women with HLRCC were diagnosed with uterine leiomyomas at a young age compared with the sporadic leiomyoma group (mean 33.8 years vs. 45.4 years, P < 0.0001), and their leiomyomas occurred as multiples compared with the sporadic leiomyoma group (more than four tumors 88.9% vs. 30.8%, P < 0.0001). Congruently, these women underwent surgical treatment at younger age compared with the sporadic leiomyoma group (mean 37.3 years vs. 48.3 years, P < 0.0001). HLRCC leiomyomas had denser microvasculature highlighted by CD34 immunostaining when compared with the sporadic leiomyoma group (112.6 mean count/high‐power field, SD 20.8 vs. 37.4 mean count/high‐power field, SD 21.0 P < 0.0001) and stronger anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 immunostaining when compared with the sporadic leiomyoma group (weak 4.7%, moderate 44.2%, strong 51.2% vs. 26.2%, 52.4%, 21.4%, respectively, P = 0.003). No differences were observed in p53 staining.

Conclusions

Women with HLRCC may be identified through the distinct clinical characteristics: symptomatic and numerous leioymyomas at young age, and morphologic features of FH‐mutant leiomyomas, aided by Bcl‐2 and CD34 immunohistochemistry. Further, distinguishing individuals with a germline FH mutation enables proper genetic counseling and regular renal monitoring.
Cell sorting and germ layer formation in reconstructed starfish embryos
Authors: Suzuki Sohei , Omori Ikuko , Kuraishi Ritsu , Kaneko Hiroyuki
Published: September 2021

Germ layer formation is driven by embryonic cell sorting during the early developmental stages. Starfish (Patiria pectinifera) embryos have a connected endoderm and ectoderm, albeit with few contact surfaces between the epithelia. To better understand the association between cell sorting and germ layer formation, we reconstructed P. pectinifera embryos and examined their germ layer formation. Initial observations showed that the presumptive endodermal (pEN) and presumptive ectodermal (pEC) portions of the embryonic body at the late‐blastula stage were preserved throughout development. Based on this, cells that were dissociated from each dermal fragment were mixed in a reconstruction experiment. Our results showed that the pEN and pEC cells were located inside and outside the reaggregates, respectively, to form an embryonic body containing two epithelial layers, separated by a blastocoel. During this process, the pEN cells were motile and shifted from smaller clumps to form a large clump. In contrast, in reaggregates formed in separate cultures, the pEN cells showed strong adhesion abilities, whereas the pEC cells underwent epithelialization. Unlike that in pEN cells, the reaggregation of pEC cells preceded cadherin expression. Filamentous actin was similarly observed in both reaggregates. These results suggest that during the reconstruction of starfish embryos, germ layer formation occurs via the sorting of pEN and pEC cells, depending on their adhesiveness, motility, and epithelialization. In vivo, these properties might embody the physiological significance of cell adhesion in the germ layers constituting the epithelial monolayer.
The prevalence and impact of adolescent hospitalization to adult psychiatric units
Authors: McRae Samantha , Edwards Jordan , Speechley Kathy N. , Sukhera Javeed , Zou Guangyong , Anderson Kelly K.
Published: September 2021

Background

With increasing psychiatric hospitalizations among adolescents and constrained hospital resources, there are times when youth are hospitalized in adult inpatient psychiatry units. Evidence on the prevalence of this practice and associated impacts is lacking.

Aims

We sought to explore the prevalence, determinants, and outcomes related to the hospitalization of adolescents aged 12–17 years on adult inpatient psychiatry units in Ontario.

Methods

Using health administrative data, we constructed a cohort of adolescents with an inpatient psychiatric admission in Ontario (2007–2011). We classified adolescents as having an admission to an adult psychiatry unit or to other inpatient units. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for factors associated with adult admission, as well as risk ratios (RR) for the impact of adult admission on length of stay, discharge against medical advice, and 30‐day readmission.

Results

Over the study period, 22.6% of adolescents with a psychiatric hospitalization (n = 16 998) had an admission to an adult psychiatry unit. Older age (16 vs. 15 years: PR = 2.27, 95% CI = 2.07–2.48; 17 vs. 15 years: PR = 2.91, 95% CI = 2.66–3.18), rural residence (PR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.38–1.55), psychotic (PR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.15–1.36) or personality disorder (PR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.41–1.80) diagnoses, and involuntary status (PR = 2.18, 95% CI = 2.05–2.31) were independently associated with adult admission. Adolescents admitted to adult units were more likely to be discharged against medical advice (RR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.45–2.17).

Conclusions

Nearly one in four adolescent psychiatric admissions occurs on an adult psychiatric unit. These findings help to fill gaps in the prior literature, and highlight the need for further research to inform policy decisions and resource allocation for adolescent inpatient psychiatric care.
Task‐dependent neural representations of visual object categories
Authors: Farzmahdi Amirhossein , Fallah Fatemeh , Rajimehr Reza , Ebrahimpour Reza
Published: September 2021

What do we perceive in a glance of an object? If we are questioned about it, will our perception be affected? How does the task demand influence visual processing in the brain and, consequently, our behaviour? To address these questions, we conducted an object categorisation experiment with three tasks, one at the superordinate level (‘animate/inanimate’) and two at the basic levels (‘face/body’ and ‘animal/human face’) along with a passive task in which participants were not required to categorise objects. To control bottom‐up information and eliminate the effect of sensory‐driven dissimilarity, we used a particular set of animal face images as the identical target stimuli across all tasks. We then investigated the impact of top‐down task demands on behaviour and brain representations. Behavioural results demonstrated a superordinate advantage in the reaction time, while the accuracy was similar for all categorisation levels. The event‐related potentials (ERPs) for all categorisation levels were highly similar except for about 170 ms and after 300 ms from stimulus onset. In these time windows, the animal/human face categorisation, which required fine‐scale discrimination, elicited a differential ERP response. Similarly, decoding analysis over all electrodes showed the highest peak value of task decoding around 170 ms, followed by a few significant timepoints, generally after 300 ms. Moreover, brain responses revealed task‐related neural modulation during categorisation tasks compared with the passive task. Overall, these findings demonstrate different task‐related effects on the behavioural response and brain representations. The early and late components of neural modulation could be linked to perceptual and top‐down processing of object categories, respectively.
Trace metal accumulation in agricultural soils from mineral phosphate fertiliser applications in European long‐term field trials
Authors: Bergen Benoit , Verbeeck Mieke , Smolders Erik
Published: September 2021

Mineral phosphate (P) fertilisers are the main suspected sources of uranium (U) and cadmium (Cd) input to agricultural soils. This study was set up to survey the general long‐term impact of P fertilisers on concentrations of Cd, U and other trace metals in European soils. A total of 218 soil samples was collected from 15 long‐term (3–78 years, median 18 years) P trials at 11 locations with a pairwise comparison of topsoil composition between the fertilised and corresponding unfertilised soils. Aqua regia soil extraction detected the effects of fertilisation more sensitively than the HF (real total) soil extraction. Statistically significant differences in aqua regia soluble metals due to fertiliser application were detected more frequently for U (10 of 15 trials) than for Cd (4 of 15 trials). The concentrations of U and Cd in soil linearly increased with cumulative applied P across all soils and sites; a total addition of 1 ton P ha−1 increased the mean topsoil (23 cm depth) concentrations by 0.11 mg U kg−1 soil (0.09–0.12 mg U kg−1, 95% CI) and 0.03 (0.02–0.04) mg Cd kg−1 soil. These results correspond with mass balance predictions (1 ton P ha−1; +0.15 mg U kg−1 soil and +0.02 mg Cd kg−1 soil) based on previously determined average trace element concentrations in European fertilisers. Data thus suggests that, on average among trials, losses of Cd from soil are undetectable. In contrast, about 30% of the theoretical U input from fertilisers is lost in the same trials. This study provides data to better evaluate the modelled trace metal accumulations in soil and to evaluate the prevailing metal limits in mineral fertilisers.

Highlights

U and Cd accumulation in agricultural soils correlates with cumulative mineral P‐fertiliser dose.

Accumulation of fertiliser‐derived U is more often detectable compared to Cd.

Due to its accumulation potential, U accumulation should be monitored.

Aqua regia soluble concentrations better detect metal accumulation in soil than real total concentrations.
PPARα at the crossroad of metabolic–immune regulation in cancer
Authors: Zeng Wenfeng , Yin Xiaozhe , Jiang Yunhan , Jin Lingtao , Liang Wei
Published: September 2021

Rewiring metabolism to sustain cell growth, division, and survival is the most prominent feature of cancer cells. In particular, dysregulated lipid metabolism in cancer has received accumulating interest, since lipid molecules serve as cell membrane structure components, secondary signaling messengers, and energy sources. Given the critical role of immune cells in host defense against cancer, recent studies have revealed that immune cells compete for nutrients with cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment and accordingly develop adaptive metabolic strategies for survival at the expense of compromised immune functions. Among these strategies, lipid metabolism reprogramming toward fatty acid oxidation is closely related to the immunosuppressive phenotype of tumor‐infiltrated immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, it is important to understand the lipid‐mediated crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) consist of a nuclear receptor family for lipid sensing, and one of the family members PPARα is responsible for fatty acid oxidation, energy homeostasis, and regulation of immune cell functions. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of PPARα‐associated metabolic–immune regulation in tumor‐infiltrated immune cells, and key metabolic events and pathways involved, as well as their influences on antitumor immunity.
Mapping the national web: Spaces, cultures and borders of diasporic mobilization in the digital age
Authors: Boichak Olga , Kumar Priya
Published: September 2021

National web is a series of interlinked online spaces, generated and visited by users who share a common national identity, language and/or an interest in a particular country. For diasporic communities living outside of their country of origin, national web is an entity that emerges through the production and circulation of culturally significant content and genres. A wealth of textual and visual data, produced in the process of mediated communication among diasporic actors, turn social media into a point of entry for mapping national webs. In this paper, we explore hyperlinking behaviours among Ukrainian Canadians to map geographic, linguistic and geopolitical boundaries of the Ukrainian national web. Shining light on the spaces and cultures of diasporic mobilization in the digital age, we identify distinct web spheres that mediate the Ukrainian Canadians’ relationship to their country of origin, demonstrating their elevated significance in the current geopolitical context.
Transnationalism unstuck: Precarious work and the transnational geographies of failed migration of Bangladeshi migrant workers in Singapore
Authors: Yea Sallie
Published: September 2021

This paper explores the ways exploitative labour migration arrangements leading to ‘failed migration’ can extend discussions of transnationalism. Specifically, failed migration produces different sorts of engagements in transnational social fields to those commonly discussed in the literature and in relation to migrants who are considered successful. These departures allow for reflection on key assumptions about the practices of connection and engagement across borders between migrants and non‐migrants that typify the operation of transnational social fields, including the ways constructions of gender shape these practices. The paper draws on a case study of Bangladeshi low‐waged, transient migrant workers in Singapore. I examine three registers of diluted connection, namely: protecting the family from anxiety; distress for migrants through imposition of censure and suspicion; and the shame associated with exploitation. Moral–cultural frames that inscribe particular economic and social expectations on migrants and, in this case, values associated with ‘being a man’ transferred from home provide a lens through which to understand the reconfiguration of transnational social fields in the context of failed migration.
Production of therapeutic iduronate‐2‐sulfatase enzyme with a novel single‐stranded RNA virus vector
Authors: Ohira Mari , Kikuchi Emika , Mizuta Shiori , Yoshida Naomi , Onodera Masafumi , Nakanishi Mahito , Okuyama Torayuki , Mashima Ryuichi
Published: September 2021

The Sendai virus vector has received a lot of attention due to its broad tropism for mammalian cells. As a result of efforts for genetic studies based on a mutant virus, we can now express more than 10 genes of up to 13.5 kilo nucleotides in a single vector with high protein expression efficiency. To prove this benefit, we examined the efficacy of the novel ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus vector harboring the human iduronate‐2‐sulfatase (IDS) gene with 1,653 base pairs, a causative gene for mucopolysaccharidosis type II, also known as a disorder of lysosomal storage disorders. As expected, this novel RNA vector with the humanIDSgene exhibited its marked expression as determined by the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein and IDS enzyme activity. While these cells exhibited a normal growth rate, the BHK‐21 transformant cells stably expressing the humanIDSgene persistently generated an active human IDS enzyme extracellularly. The human IDS protein produced failed to be incorporated into the lysosome when cells were pretreated with mannose‐6‐phosphate, demonstrating that this human IDS enzyme has potential for therapeutic use by cross‐correction. These results suggest that our novel RNA vector may be applicable for further clinical settings.
Complete characterisation of two new large Xq28 duplications involving F8 using whole genome sequencing in patients without haemophilia A
Authors: Jourdy Yohann , Bardel Claire , Fretigny Mathilde , Diguet Flavie , Rollat‐Farnier Pierre‐Antoine , Mathieu Marie‐Laure , Labalme Audrey , Sanlaville Damien , Edery Patrick , Vinciguerra Christine , Schluth‐Bolard Caroline
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Depending on the location of insertion of the gained region, F8 duplications can have variable clinical impacts from benign impact to severe haemophilia A phenotype.

Aim

To characterize two large Xq28 duplications involving F8 incidentally detected by chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) in two patients presenting severe intellectual disability but no history of bleeding disorder.

Methods

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in order to characterize the two large Xq28 duplications at nucleotide level.

Results

In patient 1, a 60–73 kb gained region encompassing the exons 23–26 of F8 and SMIM9 was inserted at the int22h‐2 locus following a non‐homologous recombination between int22h‐1 and int22h‐2. We hypothesized that two independent events, micro‐homology‐mediated break‐induced replication (MMBIR) and break‐induced replication (BIR), could be involved in this rearrangement. In patient 2, the CMA found duplication from 101 to 116‐kb long encompassing the exons 16–26 of F8 and SMIM9. The WGS analysis identified a more complex rearrangement with the presence of three genomic junctions. Due to the multiple micro‐homologies observed at breakpoints, a replication‐based mechanism such as fork stalling and template switching (FoSTeS) was greatly suspected. In both cases, these complex rearrangements preserved an intact copy of the F8.

Conclusion

This study highlights the value of WGS to characterize the genomic junction at the nucleotide level and ultimately better describe the molecular mechanisms involved in Xq28 structural variations. It also emphasizes the importance of specifying the structure of the genomic gain in order to improve genotype‐phenotype correlation and genetic counselling.
Experiences of healthcare for people living with multiple sclerosis and their healthcare professionals
Authors: Price Eluned , Lucas Robyn , Lane Jo
Published: September 2021

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system that commonly strikes in young adulthood and has no cure. Many people living with MS (PwMS) will have significant contact with a range of healthcare professionals (HCPs). To achieve optimal health outcomes in MS, it is important to understand factors that contribute to positive or negative healthcare experiences. Previous studies have shown that PwMS want clear communication and in‐depth relationships with their HCPs. However, many studies have lacked qualitative feedback from HCPs.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate healthcare experiences of PwMS and HCPs and identify areas that are working well and areas that could be improved.

Methods

Semistructured interviews with 15 PwMS and 11 HCPs (seven neurologists, four MS nurses) from across Australia were conducted. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.

Results

Both PwMS and HCPs valued clear communication, recognized uncertainties associated with MS and highlighted the importance of rapport. PwMS focused on decision‐making, understanding roles and expectations, self‐directed management and their needs for support. HCPs discussed issues related to medical management, providing hope and reassurance, barriers to healthcare and multidisciplinary care.

Conclusion

Greater transparency and communication, particularly around the approach to care and the roles played by HCPs, is likely to enhance healthcare experiences and contribute to better health outcomes for PwMS.

Public Contribution

PwMS and HCPs volunteered to be interviewed, and PwMS assisted with the development of interview content and structure.
Adenomatoid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract – a case‐series and review of the literature
Authors: Hissong Erika , Graham Rondell P , Wen Kwun Wah , Alpert Lindsay , Shi Jiaqi , Lamps Laura W
Published: September 2021

Aims

Adenomatoid tumours are mesothelial‐derived benign neoplasms with a predilection for the genital tract. Extragenital sites are rare and can cause significant diagnostic challenges. Herein, we describe the clinicopathological features of a cohort of adenomatoid tumours involving the gastrointestinal tract and liver in order to more clearly characterise their histological findings and aid in diagnosis.

Methods and results

The pathology databases at four institutions were searched for adenomatoid tumours involving the gastrointestinal tract or liver, yielding eight cases. Available clinicoradiological and follow‐up data were collected from the medical records. Six tumours were incidentally discovered during imaging studies or at the time of surgical exploration for unrelated conditions; presenting symptoms were unknown in two patients. Histologically, the tumours were well‐circumscribed, although focal ill‐defined borders were present in four cases. No infiltration of adjacent structures was identified. Architectural heterogeneity was noted in five (63%) tumours; an adenoid pattern often predominated. The neoplastic cells were flattened to cuboidal with eosinophilic cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic vacuoles mimicking signet ring‐like cells were present in five (63%) cases. Three (38%) cases showed involvement of the mesothelium with reactive mesothelial hyperplasia. Cytological atypia or increased mitotic activity was not identified. The surrounding stroma ranged from oedematous/myxoid to densely hyalinised. Immunohistochemistry confirmed mesothelial origin in all cases evaluated. No patients developed recurrence of disease.

Conclusions

The current study evaluates the clinicopathological findings in a collective series of gastrointestinal and hepatic adenomatoid tumours, correlating with those described in individually reported cases. We highlight common histological features and emphasise variable findings that could mimic a malignant neoplasm.
GETTING BACK TO NORMAL: ON NORMATIVITY IN HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: WOOLF DANIEL
Published: September 2021

Normativity has long been a central concept in ethics, medicine, and the social sciences. It has not been fully explored as an element in historiography or historical thought. This article contends that normativity, when taken as a metaconcept that underpins notions of the “normal,” “norms,” and “normality,” can help us understand changing attitudes to the possibility, actuality, and moral exemplarity of historical phenomena, but only if we disaggregate three different modes or registers of normativity: moral, metaphysical, and phenomenal. After exploring the place of moral normativity in historical thought and writing from antiquity to the early modern era, I discuss metaphysical and phenomenal normativity as filters that, from the Middle Ages through the seventeenth century, were applied to reported or recorded experience prior to any decision to derive from it any moral conclusions. I then argue that Baconian empiricism, Humean skepticism, classical probability theory, and mathematical statistics collectively gave rise to a modern sense of what constituted “normality” for past and present events. Finally, I conclude that the late Enlightenment bequeathed to modernity and postmodernity a normalized sense of fundamental rupture (exemplified by the French Revolution and characterized as the “historical sublime”) that we still experience and struggle through as we routinely reconstruct history as both a linear tradition and a discontinuous series of “new normals.” We also contend with this sense of fundamental rupture as we “renormalize” catastrophes that could reasonably be regarded as beyond normalization while simultaneously fetishizing the experience of disruption, which we have defined as a clinamenic swerve from one normality into another. This paradoxical process is accompanied by a deadened capacity to judge that which is, and is not, normal.
THE ESSENTIAL TENSION: HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE BETWEEN PAST AND PRESENT
Authors: GANGL GEORG
Published: September 2021

In this article, I scrutinize knowledge as it operates in historiography. Historians find themselves in a peculiar position: they need to employ the tools available to them in their present in order to say true things about a past that might have been very different. I argue that our knowledge of the past is best understood through an informational account of knowledge and a coherentist account of justification. In this framework, knowledge claims about the past and anachronisms introduce no special epistemic problems for historiography, and once the logic of historical (re)description and evaluation is understood, historiography stands firm among the historical sciences in terms of the feasibility of its goal of speaking truthfully about the past.
Developing food literacy in young children in the home environment
Authors: Wijayaratne Sanjeewa , Westberg Kate , Reid Mike , Worsley Anthony
Published: September 2021

Food literacy is a concept that encompasses a range of skills and knowledge required by consumers to navigate an increasingly complex foodscape and ensure healthy dietary behaviours. It is important that these skills are developed from a young age as food‐related consumption behaviours can persist into adulthood. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the family's dietary gatekeeper, the person primarily responsible for food shopping and meal preparation in the home environment, shares their food literacy skills and knowledge with young children and to identify any challenges they face in doing so. In‐depth semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with parents with high levels of food literacy who had children between 5 and 9 years old. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings identify that dietary gatekeepers share their food literacy capabilities with young children in four main ways as follows: (1) communicating the relationship between food and health, (2) engaging children in food selection, (3) involving children in simple food preparation tasks and (4) modelling healthy behaviours. These practices incorporate skills and knowledge related to the preparation, selection and eating domains of food literacy. Several challenges were also encountered by gatekeepers when trying to share food literacy including time pressure, safety concerns, lack of interest from children and conflict between siblings. The current study highlights the importance of developing initiatives to encourage and support dietary gatekeepers to educate and develop food literacy in young children and to assist them in overcoming the challenges in doing so.
Guidelines for Infection Control in the Urological Field, including Urinary Tract Management (revised second edition)
Authors: Takahashi Satoshi , Arakawa Soichi , Ishikawa Kiyohito , Kamei Jun , Kobayashi Kanao , Shigemura Katsumi , Takahashi Satoru , Hiyama Yoshiki , Hamasuna Ryoichi , Hayami Hiroshi , Yazawa Satoshi , Yasuda Mitsuru , Togo Yoshikazu , Yamamoto Shingo , Wada Koichiro , Watanabe Toyohiko
Published: September 2021

The Committee for the Development of Guidelines for Infection Control in the Urological Field, including Urinary Tract Management of the Japanese Urological Association, together with its systematic review team and external reviewers, have prepared a set of practice guidelines, an abridged version of which is published herein. These guidelines cover the following topics: (i) foundations of infection control, standard precautions, route‐specific precautions, and occupational infection control (including vaccines); (ii) the relationship between urologists and infection control; (iii) infection control in urological wards and outpatient clinics; (iv) response to hepatitis B virus reactivation; (v) infection control in urological procedures and examinations; (vi) prevention of infections occurring in conjunction with medical procedures and examinations; (vii) responses to urinary tract tuberculosis and bacillus Calmette–Guérin; (viii) aseptic handling, cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of urinary tract endoscopes (principles of endoscope manipulation, endoscope lumen cleaning, and disinfection); (ix) infection control in the operating room (principles of hand washing, preoperative rubbing methods, etc.); (x) prevention of needlestick and blood/bodily fluid exposure and response to accidental exposure; (xi) urinary catheter‐associated urinary tract infection and purple urinary bag syndrome; and (xii) urinary catheter‐associated urinary tract infections in conjunction with home care. In addressing these topics, the relevant medical literature was searched to the extent possible, and content was prepared for the purpose of providing useful information for clinical practice.
The octopamine receptor, OA2B2, modulates stress resistance and reproduction in Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Zhang Y. J. , Jiang L. , Ahamd S. , Chen Y. , Zhang J. Y. , Stanley D. , Miao H. , Ge L. Q.
Published: September 2021

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a resurgent pest of rice crops throughout Asia. We recently discovered that octopamine (OA) and OA2B2 operate in the BPH mating system, where it mediates a wide range of molecular, physiological and behavioural changes. Here, we report on outcomes of experiments designed to test the hypothesis that OA/OA2B2 signalling mediates responses to three abiotic stressors, starvation, high temperature (37 °C), and induced oxidative stress. We found per os RNAi‐mediated OA2B2 silencing led to significantly decreased survival, measured in days, following exposure to each of these stressors. We selected a biologically costly process, reproductive biology, as a biotic stressor. Silencing of OA2B2 led to decreased total protein content in ovaries and fat bodies, downregulated expression of vitellogenin (Vg) and Vg receptor (VgR), inhibited fat body Vg protein synthesis, shortened the oviposition period, prolonged the preoviposition period, reduced the number of laid eggs, body weight and female longevity. In addition, the silencing treatments also led to inhibited ovarian development, and ovarian Vg uptake, reduced numbers of egg masses and offspring and lower hatching rates and population growth index. These data support our hypothesis that OA2B2 acts in mediating BPH resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors.
Effects of demographic, occupational, and practice environment variables on organizational silence among nurse managers
Authors: Aslan Saliha Koç , Yalçın Begüm , Göktepe Nilgün , Türkmen Emine , Canbolat Sonay , Bakoğlu Neşe , Serbest Şehriban
Published: September 2021

Aim: To define nurse managers’ organizational silence behaviors and examine the demographic, occupational, and practice environment factors that may influence their silence.

Background: Organizational silence is affected by organizational structures, policies and procedures, team structures, and practice environments. Whether nurse managers’ behaviors affect the organizational silence and practice environment in particular has not been thoroughly studied.

Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted using an online survey of 169 nurse managers working in a group of private hospitals in Turkey. Data were collected using the Nurse Manager Practice Environment Scale, the Organizational Silence Behavior Scale, and a questionnaire with 16 sociodemographic and job‐related questions, and descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analyses were used to analyze the data.

Results: Nurse managers exhibited acquiescent silence and silence for the protection of the organization. There was a negative correlation between scores on the two scales. Regression analysis showed that nurse managers’ organizational silence was affected by the two subscales of nurse managers’ practice environment and the ability to express opinions openly.

Conclusion: Positive work environment and being able to express opinions comfortably decrease the level of organizational silence of nurse managers.

Implications for nursing and health policy: In order to reduce organizational silence behaviors, along with open‐door policies and a corporate culture where ideas can be expressed freely, health institutions should implement measures to ensure a positive work environment that empowers administrative leaders to create a culture of patient safety and culture of generativity. Regulating the roles and responsibilities of nurse managers at the institutional level and implementing appropriate nursing laws and regulations at the national level will facilitate changes to improve their management practices.
Are global forests performing in sync? The need to account for spatiotemporal biases in tree‐ring records
Authors: Shestakova Tatiana A. , Camarero Jesús J. , Voltas Jordi
Published: September 2021

Populations whose dynamics are driven by correlated environmental stochasticity face increased risk of extinction. Forests in particular are being pushed to their physiological limits under global change; hence, the analysis of common patterns of tree performance across scales becomes crucial to discern early warning signals and tipping points. Here, we critically evaluate customary and recent approaches for the analysis of time series of radial growth based on simple correlations as measure of direction and signal strength shared by spatially segregated forests (synchrony). By accounting for changes in spatial distribution of populations and temporal coverage of tree‐ring records, we show that growth synchrony has not substantially augmented for the past 150 years across Europe, a continent with high availability of tree‐ring series. We guard against the use of absolute correlations as a metric of synchrony and stress that robust analytical methods should be applied to evaluate synchrony trends when using biased spatiotemporal databases.
Assortative mating for between‐patch dispersal status in a wild bird population: Exploring the role of direct and indirect underlying mechanisms
Authors: Tamin Thibault , Doligez Blandine
Published: September 2021

Previous studies have reported functional integration between dispersal and other phenotypic traits allowing individuals to alleviate dispersal costs, and such associations can affect dispersal evolution in return. In sexually reproducing species, assortative mating according to dispersal can shape the maintenance of such trait associations. Despite the potentially crucial consequences of dispersal in natural populations, assortative mating for dispersal and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we assessed assortative mating for between‐patch dispersal status in a fragmented population of a small passerine bird, the collared flycatcher, and explored whether such assortative mating could result from (i) direct mate choice based on dispersal‐related behavioural (aggressiveness and boldness) and morphological traits (tarsus and wing length), (ii) biased mating due to spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in the distribution of dispersal phenotypes and/or (iii) post‐mating adjustment of dispersal phenotype or dispersal‐related traits. We found intrinsic assortative mating (i.e. positive among‐pair correlation) for current dispersal status (in the year of mating) but not for natal dispersal status, even though we could not exclude it due to limited power. We also found assortative mating for boldness and age category (yearlings vs. older adults), and the probability for pair members to be assorted for current dispersal status was higher when both pair members were of similar boldness score and of the same age compared with mixed‐age pairs. Mate choice based on boldness and age thus appears as a possible mechanism underlying assortative mating for dispersal status. Our analyses however remained correlative, and only an experimental manipulation of these traits could allow inferring causal links. Non‐random mating for dispersal‐related traits may affect the evolution of dispersal syndromes in this population. More work is nevertheless needed to fully assess the evolutionary implications of age‐ and behaviour‐based assortative mating for dispersal.
A comparison of passage efficiency for native and exotic fish species over an artificial baffled ramp
Authors: Franklin Paul A. , Baker Cindy F. , Reeve Kathryn A.
Published: September 2021

This study used an experimental approach to compare the passage success of native and exotic fish species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere over an artificial baffled fish ramp designed for overcoming low‐head (≤1.0 m) fish migration barriers. Passage efficiency was, on average, lower for the exotic species [koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)] compared to the native species [inanga (Galaxias maculatus), redfin bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni) and common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus)]. Nonetheless, there was considerable variation between individual species, with rainbow trout outperforming common bully and juvenile inanga, but koi carp and rudd failing to pass any of the ramps. The differences in predicted probability of passage success between the native and exotic fish species in this study were sufficient in some cases to indicate the potential for the baffled fish ramps to operate as a selective migration barrier. Nonetheless, further testing is required to validate these results across a broader range of conditions before deployment.
Detecting total acid content quickly and accurately by combining hyperspectral imaging and an optimized algorithm method
Authors: Jiang Xinna , Hu Xinjun , Huang Haoping , Tian Jianping , Bu Youhua , Huang Dan , Luo Huibo
Published: September 2021

The total acid content of Daqu during fermentation directly influences the quality of the Daqu. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to rapidly and accurately detect the total acid content of Daqu. The performances of two spectral ranges obtained by two hyperspectral cameras for Daqu total acid content were compared. Different pretreatment methods were used to build the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model, and the optimal pretreatment for the corresponding spectra was determined. A combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and successive projection algorithm (SPA) was used to select the feature wavelengths. The PCA algorithm optimized by SPA was more accurate than the PCA algorithm alone when extracting the feature wavelengths. PLSR, backpropagation neural network (BP), and the backpropagation‐genetic algorithm (BP‐GA) model were developed to predict the total acid content of the Daqu samples by using the full wavelengths and feature wavelengths, respectively. The predictive performance of each model was compared and analyzed. The optimal model was the MSC + PCA‐SPA+BP‐GA model ( = 0.8832, RMSEC = 0.1163, = 0.9724, RMSEP = 0.0593, RPD = 4.2860, AB_RMSE = 0.0570). In addition, the distribution of total acid content within the region of interest (ROI) of Daqu samples was visualized at different fermentation stages using the optimized model. These results show that HSI technology can rapidly and precisely detect the total acid content of Daqu and visualize the content distribution, which provides important technical support for upgrading and transforming the liquor.

Practical Applications

Daqu is the saccharifying agent, leavening agent, and aroma‐generating agent of liquor brewing. During the fermentation process, the total acid content is an important indicator for the quality evaluation of Daqu. Therefore, it is highly significant to detect the total acid content in Daqu quickly and accurately. The HSI technique is widely used to detect the contents of various substances in food. In this study, the HSI technique combining the PCA‐SPA and BP‐GA algorithms was established to detect the total acid content of Daqu, and a satisfactory result was obtained, showing that HSI technology combined with an optimized algorithm could be used to realize rapid and accurate detection of the total acid content of Daqu. In addition, the predictive model proposed in this study is not only applicable for detecting other food substances but also this method has great potential for real‐time indicators detection in winery for future work.
A framework for incorporating physical activity in treatment: Competencies, guidelines, and implications for family therapists
Authors: Novak Josh R. , Ellis Faith K.
Published: September 2021

Physical activity can have a profound impact on the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of our clients’ lives, and can even boost and sustain therapy outcomes. And yet, family therapists may not be trained or educated in the importance of physical activity nor how to assess, educate, and collaborate with health professionals to incorporate physical activity in treatment. As the evidence grows on the connection between physical activity and biopsychosocial functioning and more family therapists enter medical and healthcare settings, a framework for physical activity competencies is needed. As such, the purpose of this conceptual and empirical review paper is to (a) review the important brain‐boosting benefits of physical activity for mental, cognitive, and social health, (b) provide a framework for the domains for family therapists for incorporating exercise in assessment and treatment, and finally, (c) outline recommendations for practice, education and supervision, and research for family therapists.
Does the inability of CA1 area to respond to ischemia with early rapid adenosine release contribute to hippocampal vulnerability?
Authors: Gulyaeva Natalia V.
Published: September 2021

This Editorial highlights a remarkable study in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry in which Ganesana & Venton (2021) report new data showing that brain ischemia does not elicit transient adenosine release in the CA1 hippocampal area. Using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry at a carbon‐fiber microelectrode implanted in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, it was shown that none of three different ischemia/reperfusion models could increase spontaneous, transient adenosine release, and more severe models even suppressed this presumably neuroprotective release. Since the authors have previously shown that in the caudate putamen, ischemia increased the frequency of spontaneous adenosine release (Ganesana & Venton, 2018), the new data may disclose a mechanism underlying important regional differences in rapid neuroprotective adenosine signaling. The phenomenon of selective susceptibility of the hippocampus to ischemia/hypoxia is well‐documented, and the reported failure of its CA1 area to respond to ischemia by rapid adenosine release may be indicative of an insufficiency of this neuroprotective mechanism contributing to hippocampal vulnerability.

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New advances and controversies in the framework of balance‐of‐payments‐constrained growth
Authors: Blecker Robert A.
Published: September 2021

This article surveys selected recent contributions and debates regarding fundamental aspects of the theory of balance‐of‐payments‐constrained growth (BPCG). The survey focuses mainly on studies, from roughly the period since 2010, in four broad (and related) areas: whether and how relative prices and the real exchange rate affect export performance and long‐run growth; the role of endogenous technological progress; the causes and consequences of structural change; and the dynamics of adjustment toward (or cycles around) a long‐run growth equilibrium with a balance‐of‐payments constraint. The discussion also highlights the increasing incorporation of insights from other theoretical traditions (Kaleckian, Kaldorian, Schumpeterian, Goodwinian, and structuralist) into the BPCG framework. The survey suggests the need to clarify the underlying assumptions and policy implications of the BPCG model and to complement its focus on long‐run growth rates with analyses of medium‐run adjustments and level effects.
Global cerebrospinal fluid as a zero‐reference regularization for brain quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Dimov Alexey V. , Nguyen Thanh D. , Spincemaille Pascal , Sweeney Elizabeth M. , Zinger Nicole , Kovanlikaya Ilhami , Kopell Brian H. , Gauthier Susan A. , Wang Yi
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose

The objective ofthis study was to demonstrate a global cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) method for a consistent and automated zero referencing of brain quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).

Methods

Whole brain CSF mask was automatically segmented by thresholding the gradient echo transverse relaxation ( map, and regularization was employed to enforce uniform susceptibility distribution within the CSF volume in the field‐to‐susceptibility inversion. This global CSF regularization method was compared with a prior ventricular CSF regularization. Both reconstruction methods were compared in a repeatability study of 12 healthy subjects using t‐test on susceptibility measurements, and in patient studies of 17 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 10 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using Wilcoxon rank‐sum test on radiological scores.

Results

In scan‐rescan experiments, global CSF regularization provided more consistent CSF volume as well as higher repeatability of QSM measurements than ventricular CSF regularization with a smaller bias: –2.7 parts per billion (ppb) versus –0.13 ppb (t‐test p<0.05) and a narrower 95% limits of agreement: [−7.25, 6.99] ppb versus [−16.60, 11.19 ppb] (f‐test p<0.05). In PD and MS patients, global CSF regularization reduced smoothly varying shadow artifacts and significantly improved the QSM quality score (p<0.001).

Conclusions

The proposed whole brain CSF method for QSM zero referencing improves repeatability and image quality of brain QSM compared to the ventricular CSF method.
Age and sex differences in oral functions from junior high school to young adulthood: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Guo Ruoyan , Hama Yohei , Hosoda Akemi , Kubota Chieko , Minakuchi Shunsuke
Published: September 2021

Background

As oral function requires maintenance throughout life, it needs to be understood across age groups; however, few studies have investigated this in young individuals.

Objectives

To clarify age and sex differences in maximum occlusal force, maximum tongue pressure and tongue‒lip motor function; and the relationship among these oral functions in junior high school students and young adults.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study investigated oral functions in students aged 12–13 years, 14–15 years old and 16–17 years old (S1, S2 and S3), and young adults aged 20–40 years (YA). We analysed age group differences in each sex and sex differences in each age group. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for each sex using the maximum occlusal force as the dependent variable to investigate the associations among different oral functions.

Results

In 522 children and 100 young adults, there were significant increases in oral functions with age in males and a significant decrease in maximum tongue pressure between S2 and S3 in females. Maximum occlusal force and tongue pressure were higher in males than in females in S3 and YA; tongue‒lip motor function was higher in females than in males in S1. In multiple linear regression analysis, tongue‒lip motor function and age group were significant factors in both sexes and in males, respectively.

Conclusion

Maximum occlusal force, maximum tongue pressure and tongue‒lip motor function increased with increasing age groups in males. Our findings provide a basis for assessing oral function across age groups.