bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypnotic anaesthesia and the circle‐touch test: investigating the components of the instructions
Authors: Wilton Heather J. , Barnier Amanda J. , McConkey Kevin M.
Published: February 2006

High hypnotizable individuals were administered a suggestion for hypnotic anaesthesia in a circular area on the palm of the hand, and the suggestion was assessed through the circle‐touch test. The test was given under three instructional conditions: (1) to say ‘yes’ when touched outside the hypnotically anaesthetized circle, and ‘no’ when touched inside the circle; (2) to say ‘yes’ when touched outside the circle; and (3) to say ‘no’ when touched inside the circle. The findings indicated particular similarities and differences across the instructional conditions in the pattern of subjects' responses to touches with aesthesiometers inside and outside the circular area. Specifically, subjects instructed to say ‘yes’ when touched in the non‐anaesthetized area did so, and those instructed to say ‘no’ when touched in the anaesthetized area also tended to do so. The instruction to say ‘yes’ when touched outside the circle influenced responding outside, but not inside, the circle; the instruction to say ‘no’ when touched inside the circle influenced responding both inside and outside the circle. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the conduct of the circle‐touch test and the understanding of hypnotic anaesthesia. In addition, the implications for understanding trance logic, or the tolerance of logical incongruity by hypnotized individuals, and for appreciating the social and cognitive processes operating in the hypnotic setting, are highlighted. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Strategy selection and hypnotic performance
Authors: Gorassini Donald R.
Published: February 2006

A scale of hypnotic suggestibility was administered to 447 participants who were asked to describe the strategies they used to respond to suggestions. Responses as planned generally corresponded to responses that actually occurred; the more actively and directly subjects sought to produce the classic phenomena of hypnotic performance, including non‐volitional experiencing, the more frequently the outcomes occurred. The implications of these findings for an action control account of hypnotic suggestibility are discussed. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A note on ‘experts’ in forensic hypnosis
Authors: Vingoe Frank J.
Published: February 2006

Wagstaff (1995), referring to the Expert Criterion Group that was used in Vingoe's (1995) article on the beliefs about forensic hypnosis, suggested that it would be interesting to know the views of those potential expert subjects who were not used in the Expert Criterion Group since, he argued, that a lack of practice in forensic hypnosis would not necessarily invalidate a person's opinions, especially in the area of memory. Results of comparing both groups on the 30 items of the Forensic Hypnosis Understanding and Beliefs Scale, indicated fairly close agreement on 18 items, including eight of the ten‐item Memory and Hypnosis subscale. Using an arbitrary difference in response of 30%, it was found that the groups differed in their response on six items. In conclusion, Wagstaff's suggestion was well supported. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Brief hypnotherapy with passive children
Authors: Browne S.E.
Published: February 2006

This is a report of the successful use of hypnotic suggestions aimed at encouraging self‐assertion and self‐acceptance in 51 children aged from 6–15 seen in a general medical practice with psychogenic enuresis or abdominal pain, school phobias, behavioural problems or chronic anxiety. All children treated were passive, timid and unassertive. The psychodynamics of passivity and of assertive therapy are discussed. Thirty‐nine children were rated at a two‐year follow‐up as completely recovered; twelve made no permanent improvement. The average total time spent on treatment was only one and a half hours so this approach to hypnotherapy may be of interest to general medical practitioners as well as child psychiatrists and therapists. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Yellow pagesTM hypnotherapists: a survey of the south
Authors: West Victoria , Easton Simon , Fellows Brian
Published: February 2006

A questionnaire survey was conducted in order to investigate the professional uses of hypnosis by individuals who advertised in the ‘Hypnotherapists’ section of the Yellow PagesTM in the south of England. This study was conducted as a follow up to a national survey of members of the British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis (BSECH) (West, Fellows & Easton, 1995). The questionnaire was based on that used in the BSECH survey and was designed to provide background data and information on training experiences, professional activities, theoretical orientation and clinical practices. One hundred and ten individuals were sent the questionnaire and 39 responded (36% response rate). Findings are discussed with reference to the BSECH survey findings (West et al, 1995). The results indicated some similarities, and several differences, between the Yellow PagesTM sample and the BSECH. In contrast to the BSECH, the Yellow PagesTM sample were all in private practice, were more sympathetic to the concept of a hypnotic state, saw smoking as being successfully treated and were more likely to persevere with hypnosis with unresponsive participants. However, both samples had similar views about the relevance of hypnotic susceptibility and reported a similar incidence of complications. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis and cognitive‐experiential self‐theory: a new conceptualization for hypnosis?
Authors: Brown Richard J. , Oakley David A.
Published: February 2006

Evidence for a shift from analytical to holistic processing during hypnosis is presented as a basis for a new conceptualization of hypnosis in terms of Epstein's integrative theory of personality, Cognitive‐Experiential Self‐Theory (CEST; e.g., Epstein, 1973, 1990, 1994). Support for this view comes from parallels between the hypnotic state and the experiential system as embodied in CEST and from converging lines of enquiry from cognitive psychology. It is concluded that there is significant heuristic value in such a conceptualization, which can form a framework within which to organize data and generate research, and can serve as an interface between cognitive psychology, the psychology of individual differences and hypnosis theory. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Adlerian psychology and hypnosis
Authors: Jones Philip R.
Published: February 2006

This article gives an outline of ‘Individual Psychology’ and the typical framework of Adlerian counselling. It further describes how hypnosis can be used within this framework in a diagnostic and therapeutic capacity. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Individual differences and the suggestibility of human memory
Authors: Ost James , Fellows Brian , Bull Ray
Published: February 2006

The present study was conducted to identify individual difference measures that correlate with memory suggestibility. An adapted version of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale was used to measure student participants' suggestibility for real, distorted and entirely fabricated autobiographical statements on a questionnaire detailing recollections of their induction week. The individual suggestibility scores for each of these events were then correlated with the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (ICMI) scale, the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Social Desirability Scale (SDS).

Analysis indicated that both the ICMI and DES were positively correlated with suggestibility scores for misleading statements. The results also suggest that dissociation, as well as being a supposed cause of amnesia for childhood abuse, is also related to higher confidence scores for suggested events that did not occur. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
An investigation into the influence of hypnosis on the confidence and accuracy of eyewitness recall
Authors: Kebbell Mark R. , Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: February 2006

Research suggests that although confidence–accuracy (C–A) relationships are typically low, investigative interviewing with hypnosis may have a particularly adverse influence on C–A relationships. However, it is possible that researchers may have paid insufficient attention to the issue of item difficulty. To address this issue an experiment was conducted which measured recall of information seen in a video film. Questions were constructed to range in difficulty and no misleading post‐event information and/or leading questions were presented. Subjects' were assigned to either a hypnosis condition or one of two control conditions. Higher C–A correlations than have been usually reported were found, regardless of interview condition. Also, when subjects were ‘absolutely certain’ that a piece of information was correct they almost invariably were accurate, and again interview condition did not influence this. Some practical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Response expectancies and beliefs about hypnosis: another look
Authors: Page Roger A. , Handley George W. , Green Joseph P.
Published: February 2006

The present study found 266 undergraduates' pre‐induction beliefs about hypnosis and their self‐reported expectation of experiencing hypnosis to correlate with their performance on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & Orne, 1962). Futhermore, participants tended to label their hypnotic experience (on a 7‐point scale employed by Radtke and Spanos, 1982) in a manner consistent with their pre‐induction beliefs and expectancies. Finally, the present study showed that pre‐induction expectancies about the likelihood of being hypnotized influenced post hoc ratings of participants apart from actual hypnotic performance. Findings are discussed as supporting Kirsch's (1985) expectancy model of hypnosis. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties of Lanthanide(III) Complexes with N‐Protected Aminoacid of N‐p‐Tosylglycinate
Authors: Zhang Man‐Bo , Chen Zi‐Lu , Hu Rui‐Xiang , Liang Fu‐Pei , Zhou Zhong‐Yuan
Published: February 2006

Complexes {[Ln(H2O)2(TsGlyH)3]m·nH2O}∞ (Ln=La (1), m=2, n=6; Nd (2), m=2, n=7; Eu (3), m=2, n=0; Gd (4), m=2, n=2; Er (5), m=3, n=5 and Yb (6), m=3, n=0, TsGlyH=N‐p‐tosylglycine monoanion), have been prepared and characterized by IR spectra, elemental analysis, and TG‐DTG. 4 and 5 were structurally determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis, showing that both of them are comprised of a one dimensional chain structure established via the coordination of μ‐carboxylate groups from N‐p‐tosylglycinate to the corresponding lanthanide(III) ions. The one dimensional chains were found inclined to form two‐dimensional network via hydrogen bonding and then three dimensional network structure via non‐classical hydrogen bonding. The fluorescence spectra of them revealed that the fluorescence of the ligand was quenched by Ln(III) ions. In the tested biological activity experiments, they behaved inhibiting effects against the growth of bacteria, indicating that it is a potential medicament worthy of further investigation.
Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Calculation of the Fulleropyrrolidines Containing Triphenylamine
Authors: Wang Ting‐Ting , Zeng He‐Ping
Published: February 2006

N‐Methyl‐2‐(4‐N,N‐diphenylaminophenyl)fulleropyrrolidine andN‐methyl‐2‐(4‐di‐p‐tolylaminophenyl)fulleropyrro‐ lidine were synthesized via the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions under microwave irradiation. The molecular structures were identified and characterized by MS, UV‐Vis, FT‐IR,1H NMR and fluorescence spectra. Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer process from C60moiety to triphenylamine moiety have been studied by nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The optimized structure and the distribution of the frontier molecular orbitals for C60‐TPA were obtained by using DFT method at B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. The results indicated that the intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer could occur in these compounds, which were in excellent agreement with the nanosecond transient absorption spectra observed experimentally in polar solvent. The electronic spectrum of the compound C60‐TPA was studied by ZINDO method on the basis of the optimized geometrics, which was essentially consistent with experimental values.
Synthesis and Characterization of [Cp2Ln(μ‐η1:η2‐OC(SR)CPh2)]2 (R=Bn, Ph and Ln=Yb, Er, Y)
Authors: Zhang Chun‐Mei , Liu Rui‐Ting , Chen Zhen‐Xia , Zhou Xi‐Geng
Published: February 2006

[Cp2Ln(μ‐SR)]2 was reacted with Ph2CCO to yield ketene mono‐insertion products [Cp2Ln(μ‐η1:η2‐OC(SR)=CPh2)]2 [R=Bn, Ln=Yb (1), Er (2), Y (3) and R=Ph, Ln=Yb (4)], indicating that the reactions of organolanthanide thiolates with ketenes are independent of the nature of the thiolate ligand and the ketene as well as the reaction condition. These reactions could provide an efficient method for the synthesis of organolanthanide complexes with the α‐thiolate‐substituted enolate ligand. All these complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic properties and the structure of complex 1 was determined through X‐ray single crystal diffraction analysis.
Studies on the Physicochemical Properties, Structure and Antitumor Activity of Polysaccharide YhPS‐1 from the Root of Cordalis yanhusuo Wang
Authors: Tao Yi‐Wen , Tian Geng‐Yuan
Published: February 2006

A polysaccharide named YhPS‐1 was isolated from the root of Cordalis yanhusuo Wang and purified by means of gel‐permeation chromatography and ionexchange chromatography. Its physicochemical properties, including monosaccharide composition, carbohydrate content, molecular weight and elemental composition, were determined. The structure of YhPS‐1 was elucidated by chemical methods along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy ways, such as including two‐dimensional HMQC and HMBC experiments. These results show that YhPS‐1 possesses a backbone consisting of terminal α‐Glcp‐(1→, α‐Glcp‐(1→6), α‐Glcp‐(1→4) and α‐Glcp‐(1→4,6). The bioactive assay showed that it could inhibit the growth of Sarcoma 180 and Lewis pulmonary carcinoma implanted in mice.
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies on the Interaction between Tetracoordinate Macrocyclic Copper(II), Nickel(II) and Cobalt(III) Complexes with DNA
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Sheng , Niu Shu‐Yan , Jie Gui‐Fen , Li Xue‐Mei , Qu Bin
Published: February 2006

Mononuclear copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(III) tetracoordinate macrocyclic complexes were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The crystal structure of the three compounds were determined by X‐ray crystallography. The electrochemical experimental results indicate that the three complexes could interact with DNA mainly by electrostatic interaction. The interaction of tetracoordinate macrocyclic cobalt(III) complex with DNA was studied by cyclic voltammetry and UV‐vis spectroscopy. The experimental results reveal that tetracoordinate macrocyclic cobalt(III) complex could interact with DNA by electrostatic interaction to form a 1:1 DNA association complex with a binding constant of 7.50×103 L·mol−1.
Enhancement of Optical Density of Photochromic Diarylethene with Multiphotochromophores
Authors: Zeng De‐Xing , Chen Yi
Published: February 2006

3,4‐Diaryl‐2,5‐dihydropyrrole with multiphotochromophore units 1a was synthesized and its photochromic properties were investigated. It showed that all photochromophore units underwent reversible ring‐opening (1a) and ring‐closing (1b) photoisomerization reactions in both solution and polymer film with UV/Vis light irradiation, and photochromic properties of 1a were similar to those of photochromic diarylethene with monophotochromophore 2a. It was found that the optical density of 1b was increased linearly with increase of the photochromophore units by comparison with that of 2b in the same condition. It was also found that no significant changes in absorption band and response time between diarylethenes with multiphotochromophores and monophotochromophore were detected in the same condition.
Porous 2D Copper(I) Complex of 1,3‐Dicyanobenzene for Anion Exchange and Reversible Incorporation of Guest Molecules
Authors: Liu Shu‐Qin , Xiao Qin , Kuroda‐sowa Takayoshi , Ning Gui‐Ling , Munakata Megumu
Published: February 2006

The 2D porous copper(I) complex with 1,3‐dicyanobenzene (DCB), [Cu(DCB)2](PF6)(Me2CO) 1, exhibits channels along axis c, in which one molecule acetone and one anion PF−6 per formula unit are included respectively. The reversible incorporation of guest acetone and acetonitrile, as well as the anion exchange from PF−6 to BF−4 or CF3SO−3, was investigated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, 1H NMR spectra and/or infrared absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, the incorporation of benzene and toluene into complex 1 was also discussed. Complex 1 exhibited size selectivity for guest inclusion or anion exchange.
Rapid Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ones Using Zn(NH2SO3)2as a Catalyst under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Min , Li Yi‐Qun , Zhou Mei‐Yun
Published: February 2006

Rapid synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ones (THPO) from aromatic aldehydes,β‐ketoester and urea (or thiourea) using zinc sulfamate as the catalyst under microwave irradiation was described here. Compared with the classical Biginelli reaction, this new method consistently has the advantages of good yields (76%–96%), short reaction time (3–15 min), no corrosion to equipments, ease of manipulation, and low cost catalyst.
Outcome of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Stipa Francesco , Yoon Sam S. , Liau Kui Hin , Fong Yuman , Jarnagin William R. , D'Angelica Michael , Abou‐Alfa G. , Blumgart Leslie H. , DeMatteo Ronald P.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL‐HCC) is a rare variant of hepatocellular carcinoma, has distinct pathologic features, and typically occurs in young patients without underlying hepatitis or cirrhosis.

METHODS

Forty‐one patients with the pathologic diagnosis of FL‐HCC evaluated at our institution between 1986 and 2003 were identified from a prospective database.

RESULTS

Median age of all patients was 27 years. None of these patients had underlying hepatitis or cirrhosis, and only 3 (7%) patients had an α‐fetoprotein level > 200 ng/mL. Twenty‐eight patients with primary disease underwent complete gross resection, and 13 patients were unresectable. In patients treated with resection, median tumor size was 9 cm (range, 3–17), 9 (36%) had vascular invasion, and 14 (50%) had lymph node metastases. There were no perioperative deaths. With a median follow‐up of 34 months, 5‐year overall survival for resected patients was 76%. However, 5‐year recurrence‐free survival was only 18%, and of the 9 resected patients with more than 5 years of follow‐up, 7 had recurrences. Lymph node metastasis was the only significant negative prognostic factor. Seventeen (61%) patients underwent a second operation for recurrent disease. Median survival for unresected patients with FL‐HCC was only 12 months, and no patient survived beyond 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS

FL‐HCC occurs in a distinctly different population of patients than common HCC, and patients with FL‐HCC generally fare better after complete resection. These tumors have a relatively indolent tumor biology, and late recurrences are common. Repeat resections for recurrence should be considered given the lack of other effective treatment options. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Oriented Attachment Mechanism in Anisotropic Nanocrystals: A “Polymerization” Approach
Authors: Ribeiro Caue , Lee Eduardo J. H. , Longo Elson , Leite Edson R.
Published: February 2006

The kinetic model of stepwise polymerization is revisited, with some adaptations for its application to the kinetics of oriented attachment of nanoparticles in colloidal suspensions, which results in the formation of anisotropic particles. A comparison with experimental data reported in the literature shows good agreement with the model and supports comparisons with other systems.
Predictive validity of different definitions of hypertension for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gulliford Martin C. , Charlton Judith , Latinovic Radoslav
Published: February 2006

Background

Models to predict diabetes or pre‐diabetes often incorporate the assessment of hypertension, but proposed definitions for ‘hypertension’ are inconsistent. We compared the classifications obtained using different definitions for ‘hypertension’.

Methods

We compared records for 5158 cases from 181 family practices, who were later diagnosed with diabetes and prescribed oral hypoglycaemic drugs, with 5158 controls, matched for age, sex and family practice, who were never diagnosed with diabetes. We compared classifications obtained using definitions of hypertension based on medical diagnoses, prescription of blood pressure lowering drugs or both. We compared family practices where diagnosis or prescribing varied systematically.

Results

Classification of hypertension based on recorded medical diagnoses gave a sensitivity of 32.2% for diabetes (95% confidence interval from 30.4 to 34.1%). Prescription of blood pressure lowering drugs in the 12 months before diagnosis gave a sensitivity of 47.2% (45.7 to 48.7%). Combining either a medical diagnosis or a blood pressure lowering prescription gave a sensitivity of 52.8% (51.3 to 54.3%). In family practices where hypertension was least frequently recorded, a diagnosis of hypertension gave a sensitivity of 19.5% for diabetes (17.4 to 21.6%) compared with 50.8% (46.3 to 55.3%) in the highest quintile. Prescription of blood pressure lowering drugs gave a sensitivity of 36.1% (33.1 to 39.0%) in the lowest prescribing practices but 58.2% (55.5 to 61.0%) in the highest quintile.

Conclusions

Misclassification errors depend on the definition of hypertension and its implementation in practice. Definitions of hypertension that depend on access or quality in health care should be avoided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is remission in adolescent anorexia nervosa? A review of various conceptualizations and quantitative analysis
Authors: Couturier Jennifer , Lock James
Published: February 2006

Objective

The current article evaluated models of remission in anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

A dataset from 86 adolescents with AN was used to model definitions of remission by using (a) Morgan–Russell categories, (b) criteria proposed by Pike, (c) criteria proposed by Kordy, et al. (d) DSM‐IV‐text revision criteria, (e) other weight thresholds, (f) psychological symptoms (Eating Disorder Examination [EDE] scores), and (g) combinations of these.

Results

The mean age was 15.2 ± 1.6 years. Remission rates varied from 3% to 96% depending on the method used. Combining percent ideal body weight and EDE scores appeared to reduce the variability in rates, capture the most meaningful aspects of remission, and avoid the pitfalls of other methods.

Conclusion

These methods of defining remission produce a wide range of outcomes, demonstrating the importance of defining remission consistently. Weight and psychological variables combined appear most important in defining remission. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Alexithymia and facial emotion recognition in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Kessler Henrik , Schwarze Markus , Filipic Suzanne , Traue Harald C. , von Wietersheim Joern
Published: February 2006

Objective

Patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa are reported to show high levels of alexithymia and to have difficulties recognizing facially displayed emotions. The current study tested whether it could be that facial emotion recognition is a basic skill that is independent from alexithymia.

Method

We assessed emotion recognition skills and alexithymia in a group of 79 female inpatients with eating disorders and compared them with a group of 78 healthy female controls. Instruments used were the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling (FEEL) test, and the revised Symptom Check List (SCL‐90‐R).

Results

There were no significant differences between patients and controls in their emotion recognition scores, but patients with eating disorders displayed significantly more alexithymia and psychopathology. Emotion recognition in patients was not related to alexithymia, psychopathology, or clinical symptoms.

Conclusion

We suggest that the reported alexithymia of patients with eating disorders is complex and independent from basic facial emotion recognition. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Why do individuals with anorexia die? A case of sudden death
Authors: Derman Talia , Szabo Christopher P.
Published: February 2006

Objective

The mechanism of death in anorexia nervosa (AN) is unclear.

Method

We present a case of sudden death in AN with unexpected autopsy findings. A 36‐year‐old woman with long‐standing AN presented to the eating disorders unit. She was severely underweight with a body mass index of 12.5. Ten days after admission, she went into coma with no obvious precipitant.

Results

Clinical examination and investigations failed to reveal its cause. Despite attempts at resuscitation, she died the following morning. A postmortem examination revealed multiple bilateral pulmonary thromboemboli and bilateral calf vein thrombosis.

Conclusion

This case illustrates that in AN, pathology may not manifest with obvious clinical features. A high level of clinical vigilance is required. The cause of death in AN cannot reliably be established from antemortem clinical features. We recommend that any AN death be reported and that, where possible, an autopsy be performed. This may lead to advances in knowledge and treatment practices. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Purging and alcohol‐related effects in college women
Authors: B. Adams Troy , Araas Teresa E.
Published: February 2006

Objective

Previous research indicates that college students who purge are more likely to consume alcohol in an unhealthy manner. The current study replicates and extends a previous study but employs a much larger, national sample. This study addresses 2 questions: (a) Are 18–24‐year‐old college women who purge more likely to engage in high‐risk alcohol behavior? (b) Are 18–24‐year‐old alcohol‐drinking college women who purge more likely to report greater negative consequences of alcohol use.

Method

47,202 U.S. students completed the National College Health Assessment during Spring 2004. Alcohol consumption and negative alcohol‐related consequences were compared in purging and nonpurging groups.

Results

Respondents who purged reported heavier alcohol use and more negative consequences.

Conclusion

The current study expands previous research regarding the association between purging behaviors and consequences of alcohol use. Further research is necessary to elucidate the most effective prevention and treatment programs. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Detection of adulteration in camellia seed oil and sesame oil using an electronic nose
Authors: Hai Zheng , Wang Jun
Published: February 2006

An electronic nose was used for the detection of maize oil adulteration in camellia seed oil and sesame oil. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the sensor signals of different kinds of oil are significantly different from each other. Principal component analysis (PCA) cannot be used to discriminate the adulteration of camellia seed oil, but can be used in the discrimination of adulteration in sesame oil. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is more effective than PCA and can be used in adulteration discrimination for both camellia seed oil and sesame oil. In order to check the discriminative power of LDA, canonical discriminant analysis was performed as well. Acceptable results were also obtained: The accuracy of prediction was 83.6% for camellia seed oil and 94.5% for sesame oil. The artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to detect the percentage of adulteration in camellia seed oil and sesame oil. The results showed that, based on ANN as its pattern recognition technique, the electronic nose cannot predict the percentage of adulteration in camellia seed oil, but can be used in the quantitative determination of adulteration in sesame oil.
A Short and Efficient Enantiomeric Synthesis of Antitumor Fused Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Pinacho Crisóstomo Fernando R. , Padrón José M. , Martín Tomás , Villar Jesús , Martín Víctor S.
Published: February 2006

A short and efficient enantiomeric synthesis of fused tetrahydrofuran derivatives is reported. The methodology is based on a regio‐ and stereoselective double exo‐cyclization of enantiomeric bis‐epoxy‐diols. The six stereocenters of the bis‐epoxy diols were introduced by the application of Katsuki–Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions. In vitro cytotoxicities on HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells were determined for the bicyclic products. Active products showed exceptionally steep dose–response curves and DNA laddering. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Enantioselective Synthesis of O‐Methoxycarbonyl Cyanohydrins: Chiral Building Blocks Generated by Bifunctional Catalysis with BINOLAM‐AlCl
Authors: Baeza Alejandro , Casas Jesús , Nájera Carmen , Sansano José M. , Saá José M.
Published: February 2006

(R)‐ or (S)‐BINOLAM‐AlCl, generated in situ, work as bifunctional catalysts in promoting the enantioselective cyanoalkoxycarbonylation of aldehydes. The reaction is wide in scope and the mechanistic evidence gathered suggests the intervention of an indirect process involving enantioselective hydrocyanation by HCN, followed by O‐alkoxycarbonylation. The resultant O‐alkoxycarbonyl cyanohydrins are shown to be important chiral building blocks for synthesis. Chemoselective hydrolysis can thus be directed either to provide enantioenriched β‐hydroxy esters, or acids, or instead to give O‐methoxycarbonyl β‐hydroxy acids, esters, or amides. In addition, the enantiopure cyanocarbonates can be converted into β‐amino alcohols by reduction with lithiumaluminium hydride. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Beyond TPPTS: New Approaches to the Development of Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Aqueous‐Phase Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Shaughnessy Kevin H.
Published: February 2006

Water is an attractive solvent for metal‐catalyzed reactions with both economic and environmental sustainability benefits. In addition, the use of a hydrophilic catalyst in an aqueous‐biphasic solvent system provides the opportunity to easily recover, and potentially recycle, the catalyst species. The feasibility of cross‐coupling reactions catalyzed by hydrophilic palladium catalysts was first demonstrated using sulfonated analogs of triphenylphosphane, such as tris(3‐sulfonatophenyl)phosphane trisodium salt (TPPTS). Catalysts derived from TPPTS and other structurally similar hydrophilic phosphanes are generally effective only with aryl iodides and activated aryl bromides. This microreview will focus on more recently developed hydrophilic ligands with increased steric demand and electron‐donating abilities that are effective in coupling reactions of aryl bromides and chlorides under mild conditions in aqueous solvents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Amperometric Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on the Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) on the Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly Films of Gold Colloidal Nanoparticles and Toluidine Blue
Authors: Chen Shihong , Yuan Ruo , Chai Yaqin , Xu Lan , Wang Na , Li Xuenian , Zhang Lingyan
Published: February 2006

The precursor film was first formed on the Au electrode surface based on the self‐assembly of L‐cysteine and the adsorption of gold colloidal nanoparticles (nano‐Au). Layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly films of toluidine blue (TB) and nano‐Au were fabricated by alternately immersing the electrode with precursor film into the solution of toluidine blue and gold colloid. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were adopted to monitor the regular growth of {TB/Au} bilayer films. The successful assembly of {TB/Au}n films brings a new strategy for electrochemical devices to construct layer‐by‐layer assembly films of nanomaterials and low molecular weight materials. In this article, {TB/Au}n films were used as model films to fabricate a mediated H2O2 biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase, which responded rapidly to H2O2 in the linear range from 1.5×10−7 mol/L to 8.6×10−3 mol/L with a detection limit of 7.0×10−8 mol/L. Morphologies of the final assembly films were characterized with scanning probe microscopy (SPM).
Cadmium Complexation in Culture Media
Authors: Ceretti Helena M. , Vullo Diana L. , Zalts Anita , Ramírez Silvana A.
Published: February 2006

Square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW‐ASV) has been applied to monitor changes in the complexing capacity (CC) in a microbiological culture medium through different physiological states, focusing on cadmium interactions with the potential ligands. Total ligand concentration (Lt) is evaluated both from the titration curve and Ruzic linearization, with good agreement between the methods. Values obtained for the conditional stability constant suggest the occurrence of moderate ligands. Results show that the studied culture medium is capable of complexing cadmium and that the complexing capacity is affected by the physiological states of bacteria.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Measurement of Bismuth in Seawater and Drug with 1,2‐Phenylenedioxydiacetic Acid by Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Gholivand M. B. , Romiani A. A.
Published: February 2006

A new method is presented for determination of bismuth based on cathodic adsorptive stripping of complex bismuth with 1,2‐phenylenedioxydiacetic acid (PDA) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The effect of various parameters such as pH, concentration of ligand, accumulation potential and accumulation time on the selectivity and sensitivity were studied. The optimum conditions for determination of bismuth include nitric acid concentration 0.01 M, 8.0×10−4 M PDA and accumulation time 120 s, accumulation potential of −200 mV. The limits of detection are 0.25 and 0.05 nM, and responses are linear 1–1000 and 0.1–400 nM at tacc of 60 and 120 s, respectively. Many common anions and cations do not interfere in the determination of bismuth. The method was applied to the determination of bismuth in some real samples such as sea – and spring water and drug.
Simulations demonstrating interaction between coarse and fine sediment loads in rain‐impacted flow
Authors: Kinnell P. I. A.
Published: February 2006

Rain‐impacted flows dominate sheet and interrill erosion and are important in eroding soil rich in nutrients and other chemicals which may have deleterious effects on water quality. Erosion in rain‐impacted flow is associated with raindrop detachment followed by transport either by the combination of flow velocity and raindrop impact (raindrop‐induced flow transport, RIFT) or the inherent capacity of the flow to transport detached material. Coarse particles tend to be transported by RIFT, while fine particles tend to be transported without any assistance from raindrop impact. Because the transport process associated with coarse particles is not 100 per cent efficient, it generates a layer of loose particles on the soil surface and this layer protects the underlying soil from detachment. Simulations were performed by modelling the uplift and downstream movement of both fine and coarse particles detached from the soil surface by individual raindrop impacts starting with a surface where no loose material was present. The simulations produced a flush of fine material followed by a decline in the discharge of fine material as the amount of loose material built up on the bed. The decline in the discharge of fine material was accompanied by an increase in the discharge of coarse material. The relative amounts of coarse and fine material discharged in the flow varied with flow velocity and cohesion in the surface of the soil matrix. The results indicate that the discharge of various sized sediments is highly dependent on local soil, rain and flow conditions and that extrapolating the results from one situation to another may not be appropriate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of essential oils of two submerged macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Vallisneria spiralis L.
Authors: Qiming Xian , Haidong Chen , Huixian Zou , Daqiang Yin
Published: February 2006

The essential oils from leaves of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Vallisneria spiralis L. from China were isolated by steam distillation in yields of 0.15% and 0.10%, respectively, and their chemical composition was examined by GC and GC–MS. More than 50 constituents were identified, representing 87% of the total oils. The main components were basically the same in the two plants' essential oils. 2‐Methylpropanoic acid 3‐hydroxy‐2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl ester (>15%), 2‐methylpropanoic acid 2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)propyl ester (>3%), β‐ionone‐5,6‐epoxide (>7%), toluene (>6%), hexanal (>5%) and 1,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid di(2‐methylpropyl) ester (>5%) were the major components. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel synthesis of flavour quality γ‐lactones
Authors: Zope Dhananjay D. , Patnekar Shridhar G. , Kanetkar Vinod R.
Published: February 2006

The cyclization of 3‐alkenoic acids with 80% sulphuric acid in the synthesis of γ‐lactones is always associated with fumes of sulphur dioxide gas and traces of cyclopentenones. The cyclopentenones formed during the reaction give off‐odours to the γ‐lactones formed. Two catalysts, p‐toluene sulphonic acid and o‐phosphoric acid, with a catalytic amount of perchloric acid, were tried in the lactonization reaction to obtain γ‐lactones in high yields, and the reaction was free from sulphur dioxide gas fumes and cyclopentenones. A comparison of these catalysts with 80% sulphuric acid in the synthesis of γ‐lactones was also made. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asterella africana (Mont.) A. Evans grown on Madeira and in mainland Portugal: morphological data and composition of the essential oil
Authors: Figueiredo A. Cristina , Barroso José G. , Pedro Luis G. , Fontinha Susana S. , Sim‐Sim Manuela , Sérgio Cecília , Luis Leena , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: February 2006

Asterella africana (Mont.) A. Evans was collected on Madeira and in mainland Portugal at distinct locations and collection dates. The morphology of this marchantioid liverwort was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The Madeiran A. africana showed a large variability in spore and elater dimensions, but marked differences have not been found in most of the morphological characters. Essential oil samples isolated by distillation‐extraction were analysed by GC and GC–MS. These samples were dominated by the monoterpene fraction (79–84%); the sesquiterpene and non‐terpenoid fractions amounted to 1–2% and 4–8%, respectively. Myrtenyl acetate (30–42%) and α‐pinene (10–17%) were the dominant components of all A. africana oil samples; the percentage contents of the other main components differed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oil composition of Hypericum scabrum L. from Iran
Authors: Morteza‐Semnani Katayoun , Saeedi Madjid , Changizi Shayesteh
Published: February 2006

The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Hypericum scabrum L. (Hypericaceae) was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Eighty‐five components were identified in this oil. The major constituents of the essential oil were α‐pinene (45.3%), n‐nonane (5.6%) and thymol (5.3%). The essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of H. scabrum was rich in monoterpenoids. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Headspace analysis of the volatile constituents from Juniperus communis L. ‘berries’ (cones) grown wild in Greece
Authors: Chatzopoulou P. S. , Katsiotis S. T.
Published: February 2006

The fraction of highly volatile compounds is quite important to define the first sensory impact of an aromatic smell, and one of the most accurate ways to examine it is almost always by the headspace technique. A panel of 20 characteristic aromatic constituents, also shown to be the main constituents, has been studied in relation to juniper aroma. The results from the static headspace–GC (SH–GC) technique applied for the extraction and analysis of the volatile components from Juniperus communis L. berries (cones) showed that: (a) the monoterpene hydrocarbons formed the main group of constituents (73.5–93.7%); (b) temperatures and extraction times were significant factors, influencing the amounts of all the groups of volatiles; and (c) comminution of the plant material influenced the headspace procedure differently. Remarkable differences were observed, particularly between the quantitative synthesis of the distillate and the headspace extract. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Pluchea arabica from Oman
Authors: Suliman Fakhr Eldin O. , Fatope Majekodunmi O. , Al‐Saidi Salim H. , Al‐Kindy Salma M. Z. , Marwah Ruchi G.
Published: February 2006

Fresh twigs of Pluchea arabica (Boiss) Qaiser & Lack (Compositae) were steam‐distilled and the essential oil obtained was analysed by GC–MS. Forty‐four components were identified, accounting for 93.2% of the total components detected. The major constituents were δ‐cadinol (26.8%), 9‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐bicyclo[6.1.0]nonane (10.8%), caryophyllene oxide (10.0%), methyleugenol (9.2%) and β‐caryophyllene (6.9%). The essential oil of P. arabica was active against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Bacillus subtilis when tested against seven organisms. The oil was found to be less fragrant than Ocimum forskaoli oil in an odour test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Centaurea huber‐morathii Wagenitz isolated from seeds by microdistillation
Authors: Başer K. Hüsnü Can , Özek Gülmira , Özek Temel , Duran Ahmet
Published: February 2006

The volatile constituents of the seeds of Centaurea huber‐morathii Wagenitz (Asteraceae), obtained by microdistillation, were analysed by GC and GC–MS. Eighty‐five constituents were identified in the oil, with octanol (17.8%), hexadecanoic acid (8.0%), p‐cymene (4.9%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.3%) as the major components. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents from headspace and aqueous solution of genipap (Genipa americana) fruit isolated by the solid‐phase extraction method
Authors: Pinto Alice B. , Guedes Clarissa M. , Moreira Ricardo F. A. , Maria Carlos A. B. De
Published: February 2006

Volatiles of genipap fruit were isolated by both headspace and liquid‐phase adsorptive chromatography and analysed by means of gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID), GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC–olfactometry (GC–O)/aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). A total of 52 volatiles were identified; among these, 32 were reported as genipap constituents for the first time. Thirty‐seven volatiles were positively identified in genipap fruit aroma. Low‐boiling esters predominated in the headspace fraction. Based on GC–O/AEDA, hexanoic, 2‐ and 3‐methylbutanoic acids and the corresponding methylbutanoic esters were the most potent odorants in both fractions. Thus they might be related to the first odour impression of the fruit. Odorants with lower odour potencies, such as methyl hexanoate, methyl and ethyl octanoate and acetic and 2‐methylpropanoic acids could have some additional effect on the fruit aroma. Vanillin, which was identified for the first time in this fruit, might also contribute to the overall genipap flavour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study on the antimicrobial activities of different sandalwood essential oils of various origin
Authors: Jirovetz Leopold , Buchbauer Gerhard , Denkova Zapriana , Stoyanova Albena , Murgov Ivan , Gearon Valerie , Birkbeck Steve , Schmidt Erich , Geissler Margit
Published: February 2006

In total, eight samples of different sandalwoods [Amyris balsamifera L., Santalum album L. and Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC.] and a mixture of α‐ and β‐santalols, as well as eugenol as reference compound, were tested by an agar dilution and agar diffusion method for their antimicrobial activities against the yeast Candida albicans, the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The main compounds of each essential oil were investigated by gas chromatographic–spectroscopic (GC‐FID and GC–MS) and –olfactory methods to obtain information about the inßuence of these volatiles on the observed antimicrobial effects. For the santalol mixture, as well as for one S. album and one S. spicatum sample with moderate concentrations of santalols, antimicrobial activity was found against all the strains used. The A. balsamifera sample, containing only a small quantity of α‐santalol and nearly no β‐santalol, showed high effects only against Klebsiella pneumoniae, while against the other strains weak or no activity was observed. Therefore, santalols in medium and/or high concentrations in sandalwood oils show a significant inßuence on antimicrobial potential in such natural products. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of four Plinia species (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Apel Miriam A. , Sobral Marcos , Zuanazzi José ångelo , Henriques Amélia T.
Published: February 2006

The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from fresh leaves of four Plinia species were analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Fifty‐two compounds were identified, accounting for 83.9–98.0% of the total oil. The four Plinia species were characterized by the dominance of sesquiterpenes, especially oxygenated sesquiterpenes. For P. edulis, β‐caryophyllene and its oxide, caryophyllene oxide, were present in high percentage (39.3%), followed by spathulenol (11.9%). P. trunciflora oil showed β‐caryophyllene (8.2%), bicyclogermacrene (10.6%), globulol (10.8%) and γ‐muurolene (9.2%) as the main components. The oil of P. cauliflora was dominated by spathulenol (27.2%), caryophyllene oxide (21.6%) and epi‐globulol (8.1%) and that of P. cordifolia was especially characterized by compounds with a bisabolane nucleus, such as α‐bisabolol oxide A (28.0%), α‐bisabolol oxide B (7.0%) and α‐bisabolol (5.8%). This last species also showed a high percentage of β‐caryophyllene (15.9%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of benzoin gums: Siam and Sumatra, part 3. Fast characterization with an electronic nose
Authors: Fernandez Xavier , Castel Cécilia , Lizzani‐Cuvelier Louisette , Delbecque Claire , Venzal Sophie Puech
Published: February 2006

The quality control of natural raw materials is a challenging issue for the food, cosmetic, perfume and tobacco industries. The applicability of an electronic nose for the discrimination of origin, qualities and harvesting year of a natural raw material (benzoin gum) currently used by all those industries was tested. An electronic nose including 18 metal oxide sensors was used to analyse and discriminate 56 benzoin gum samples according to their origin (Siam and Sumatra), quality grade, variety (mixture of gums traded as benzoin gums) and year of harvesting. Thanks to its sensitivity, the electronic nose based on metal oxide sensors demonstrated a high ability to assess both the quality and the organoleptic features of the benzoin gum samples. Fast analysis and ease of use make this instrument a good quality control tool. A comparison with an electronic nose based on fingerprint mass spectrometry was also studied. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.