bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiplet analysis by strong-coupling-artifact-suppression 2D J-resolved NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Zhan Haolin , Zhan Fengqi , Gao Cunyuan , Lin Enping , Huang Chengda , Lin Xiaoqing , Huang Yuqing , Chen Zhong
Published: July 2021

Benefitting from the capability of recording scalar (J) couplings and bonding information, 2D J-resolved NMR spectroscopy constitutes an important tool for molecular structure analysis and mixture component identification. Unfortunately, conventional 2D J-resolved experiments generally encounter challenges of insufficient spectral resolution and strong coupling artifacts. In this study, a general NMR approach is exploited to record absorption-mode artifact-free 2D J-resolved spectra. This proposal adopts the advanced triple-spin-echo pure shift yielded by chirp excitation element to eliminate J coupling splittings and preserve chemical shifts along the F2 dimension, and it additionally utilizes the echo-train J acquisition to reveal the multiplet structure along the F1 dimension in accelerated experimental acquisition. Thus, it permits one to extract multiplet structure information from crowded spectral regions in one-shot experiments, with considerable resolution advantage resulting from completely decoupling F2 dimension and absorption-mode presentation, thus facilitating analysis on complex samples. More importantly, this method grants the superior performance on suppressing strong coupling artifacts, which have been affirmed by experiments on a series of chemical samples. As a consequence, this proposed method serves as a useful tool for J coupling measurements and multiplet structure analyses on complex samples that contain crowded NMR resonances and strong coupling spin systems, and it may exhibit broad application potentials in fields of physics, chemistry, and medical science, among others.
Size-consistent explicitly correlated triple excitation correction
Authors: Kállay Mihály , Horváth Réka A. , Gyevi-Nagy László , Nagy Péter R.
Published: July 2021

A new approach is proposed to reduce the basis set incompleteness error of the triple excitation correction in explicitly correlated coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples calculations. Our method is similar to the intuitive triples correction approach of Knizia et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 130, 054104 (2009)] but, in contrast to the latter, is size-consistent. The new approximation is easy to implement, and its overhead is negligible with respect to the conventional (T) correction. The performance of the approach is assessed for atomization, reaction, and interaction energies as well as for bond lengths and harmonic vibrational frequencies. The advantages of its size consistency are also demonstrated.
Diffusive barrier crossing rates from variationally determined eigenvalues
Authors: Berezhkovskii Alexander M. , Gopich Irina V. , Szabo Attila
Published: July 2021

Kramers’ procedure for calculating the rate of activated processes involves partitioning space into reactant, barrier, and product regions by introducing two dividing surfaces. Then, a nonequilibrium steady state is established by injecting particles on one surface and removing them when they reach the other. The rate is obtained as the ratio of the steady-state flux between the surfaces and the population of the initial well. An alternative procedure that seems less artificial is to estimate the first non-zero eigenvalue of the operator that describes the dynamics and then equate its magnitude to the sum of the forward and backward rate constants. Here, we establish the relationship between these approaches for diffusive dynamics, starting with the variational principle for the eigenvalue of interest and then using a trial function involving two adjustable surfaces. We show how Kramers’ flux-over-population expression for the rate constant can be obtained from our variationally determined eigenvalue in the special case where the reactant and product regions are separated by a high barrier. This work exploits the modern theory of activated rate processes where the committor (the probability of reaching one dividing surface before the other) plays a central role. Surprisingly, our upper bound for the eigenvalue can be expressed solely in terms of mean first-passage times and the mean transition-path time between the two dividing surfaces.
Eigen microstates and their evolution of global ozone at different geopotential heights
Authors: Chen Xiaojie , Ying Na , Chen Dean , Zhang Yongwen , Lu Bo , Fan Jingfang , Chen Xiaosong
Published: July 2021

Studies on stratospheric ozone have attracted much attention due to its serious impacts on climate changes and its important role as a tracer of Earth’s global circulation. Tropospheric ozone as a main atmospheric pollutant damages human health as well as the growth of vegetation. Yet, there is still a lack of a theoretical framework to fully describe the variation of ozone. To understand ozone’s spatiotemporal variance, we introduce the eigen microstate method to analyze the global ozone mass mixing ratio between January 1, 1979 and June 30, 2020 at 37 pressure layers. We find that eigen microstates at different geopotential heights can capture different climate phenomena and modes. Without deseasonalization, the first eigen microstates capture the seasonal effect and reveal that the phase of the intra-annual cycle moves with the geopotential heights. After deseasonalization, by contrast, the collective patterns from the overall trend, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), quasi-biennial oscillation, and tropopause pressure are identified by the first few significant eigen microstates. The theoretical framework proposed here can also be applied to other complex Earth systems.
OsPDCD5
negatively regulates plant architecture and grain yield in rice
Authors: Dong Shiqing , Dong Xianxin , Han Xiaokang , Zhang Fan , Zhu Yu , Xin Xiaoyun , Wang Ying , Hu Yuanyi , Yuan Dingyang , Wang Jianping , Huang Zhou , Niu Fuan , Hu Zejun , Yan Peiwen , Cao Liming , He Haohua , Fu Junru , Xin Yeyun , Tan Yanning , Mao Bigang , Zhao Bingran , Yang Jinshui , Yuan Longping , Luo Xiaojin
Published: July 2021

Significance

Rice breeding programs aim to develop cultivars with improved traits, including high grain yield and superior quality. In rice,
OsPDCD5
encodes a programmed cell death 5 protein. Targeted mutagenesis of
OsPDCD5
enhanced grain yield and plant architecture. Statistical analysis indicated that plot grain yield of
OsPDCD5
knockout lines was enhanced by 6.25 to 20.13% in 11 popular or newly bred rice cultivars compared with the corresponding wild types. The
OsPDCD5
knockout lines showed increases in milled rice percentage and gel consistency, and a decrease in amylose content. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which
OsPDCD5
influences grain yield and plant architecture, and highlight a promising candidate gene for use in breeding programs designed to develop super rice cultivars.
Low-Reynolds-number, biflagellated Quincke swimmers with multiple forms of motion
Authors: Han Endao , Zhu Lailai , Shaevitz Joshua W. , Stone Howard A.
Published: July 2021

Significance

We demonstrate a centimeter-scale swimmer that converts direct current electric power into thrust in the low Reynolds number regime with minimal design and engineering. The swimmers show multiple forms of motion despite their simple geometry, which are reminiscent of some swimming microorganisms in nature. We map the state diagram to reveal how the swimmers translate and rotate and how they switch between these different forms of motion. Finally, our experiments confirm a theoretically predicted self-oscillation in such systems due to an elastohydrodynamic–electrohydrodynamic instability, which is a fundamentally different driving mechanism from the forced oscillation exploited by other artificial swimmers.
Orbit topology analyzed from π phase shift of magnetic quantum oscillations in three-dimensional Dirac semimetal
Authors: Lee Sang-Eon , Oh Myeong-jun , Ji Sanghyun , Kim Jinsu , Jun Jin-Hyeon , Kang Woun , Jo Younjung , Jung Myung-Hwa
Published: July 2021

With the emergence of Dirac fermion physics in the field of condensed matter, magnetic quantum oscillations (MQOs) have been used to discern the topology of orbits in Dirac materials. However, many previous researchers have relied on the single-orbit Lifshitz–Kosevich (LK) formula, which overlooks the significant effect of degenerate orbits on MQOs. Since the single-orbit LK formula is valid for massless Dirac semimetals with small cyclotron masses, it is imperative to generalize the method applicable to a wide range of Dirac semimetals, whether massless or massive. This report demonstrates how spin-degenerate orbits affect the phases in MQOs of three-dimensional massive Dirac semimetal, NbSb
2
. With varying the direction of the magnetic field, an abrupt π phase shift is observed due to the interference between the spin-degenerate orbits. We investigate the effect of cyclotron mass on the π phase shift and verify its close relation to the phase from the Zeeman coupling. We find that the π phase shift occurs when the cyclotron mass is half of the electron mass, indicating the effective spin gyromagnetic ratio as
g

s

= 2. Our approach is not only useful for analyzing MQOs of massless Dirac semimetals with a small cyclotron mass but also can be used for MQOs in massive Dirac materials with degenerate orbits, especially in topological materials with a sufficiently large cyclotron mass. Furthermore, this method provides a useful way to estimate the precise
g

s

value of the material.
Methylation of viral mRNA cap structures by PCIF1 attenuates the antiviral activity of interferon-β
Authors: Tartell Michael A. , Boulias Konstantinos , Hoffmann Gabriela Brunsting , Bloyet Louis-Marie , Greer Eric Lieberman , Whelan Sean P. J.
Published: July 2021

Significance

The cap structure present at the 5′ end of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) regulates RNA stability, translation, and marks mRNA as self, thereby impeding recognition by the innate immune system. Cellular transcripts beginning with adenosine are additionally modified at the N6 position of the 2’-O methylated cap-proximal residue by the methyltransferase PCIF1 to m
7
Gpppm
6
A
m
. We define a function for this N6-adenosine methylation in attenuating the interferon-β–mediated suppression of viral infection. Cells lacking PCIF1, or defective in its enzymatic activity, augment the cell-intrinsic suppressive effect of interferon-β treatment on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV) gene expression. VSV and RABV mRNAs are efficiently methylated by PCIF1, suggesting this contributes to viral evasion of innate immune suppression.
Neu3 neuraminidase induction triggers intestinal inflammation and colitis in a model of recurrent human food-poisoning
Authors: Yang Won Ho , Westman Julia S. , Heithoff Douglas M. , Sperandio Markus , Cho Jin Won , Mahan Michael J. , Marth Jamey D.
Published: July 2021

Significance

The environmental triggers of human colitis are unknown, while current treatments have limited efficacy. To find better therapies, various animal models of colitis have been investigated including studies of inborn genetic defects and chemical toxin ingestion. However, such models do not appear to identify common triggers of disease among human populations. We recently developed a recurrent food-poisoning model of colitis involving theSalmonellabacterial pathogen, a major source of human foodborne illness, and discovered that repeated infections over the adult lifespan cause a progressive intestinal inflammation that leads to a severe and enduring colitis. We have identified the Neu3 neuraminidase as essential in disease onset and provide rationale for the development of Neu3 inhibitors to prevent and treat colitis.
Nonsteady fracture of transient networks: The case of vitrimer
Authors: Shen Tong , Song Zhaoqiang , Cai Shengqiang , Vernerey Franck J.
Published: July 2021

Significance

This paper explores the unusual fracture behavior of vitrimers, a transient polymer network whose rupture displays various regimes including flow, crack propagation and arrest, controlled by loading rates. The existence of these regimes was not previously reported in the literature and cannot be explained by current fracture theories. This study therefore extends the fracture criterion to a time-dependent version and relates crack velocity in a vitrimer to the force-dependent kinetics of the bond exchange reaction. This framework not only successfully describes experimental results over a large range of loading conditions but also pinpoints the distinct roles of network kinetics and external loading on the deformation history of a pre-existing defect.
The recent evolution of first languages in Catalonia
Authors: Flors-Mas Aveŀlí , Sorolla Natxo , Pradilla Miquel Àngel , Vila F. Xavier
Published: July 2021

The case of Catalonia has often been pointed out as a case of success in the field of language policy, based on the improvement in its legal situation, the increase in the number of people who know it, and the extension of its use in certain fields. To contribute to a complete evaluation of the current language policy model in Catalonia, this article assesses the evolution of the first languages of the population over the last fifteen years. The study shows that during this period, despite some oscillations, Catalan has remained in stable numbers of L1 speakers in absolute terms, thanks essentially to very strong patterns of intergenerational transmission in both linguistically homogeneous and mixed couples. However, significant immigration during this period has substantially increased the weight of other languages and, to a lesser degree, Castilian, so that in relative terms Catalan has been reduced as a first language between 2003 and 2018.
Talin rod domain–containing protein 1 (TLNRD1) is a novel actin-bundling protein which promotes filopodia formation
Authors: Cowell Alana R. , Jacquemet Guillaume , Singh Abhimanyu K. , Varela Lorena , Nylund Anna S. , Ammon York-Christoph , Brown David G. , Akhmanova Anna , Ivaska Johanna , Goult Benjamin T.
Published: July 2021

Talin is a mechanosensitive adapter protein that couples integrins to the cytoskeleton. Talin rod domain–containing protein 1 (TLNRD1) shares 22% homology with the talin R7R8 rod domains, and is highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, although little is known about its function. Here we show that TLNRD1 is an α-helical protein structurally homologous to talin R7R8. Like talin R7R8, TLNRD1 binds F-actin, but because it forms a novel antiparallel dimer, it also bundles F-actin. In addition, it binds the same LD motif–containing proteins, RIAM and KANK, as talin R7R8. In cells, TLNRD1 localizes to actin bundles as well as to filopodia. Increasing TLNRD1 expression enhances filopodia formation and cell migration on 2D substrates, while TLNRD1 down-regulation has the opposite effect. Together, our results suggest that TLNRD1 has retained the diverse interactions of talin R7R8, but has developed distinct functionality as an actin-bundling protein that promotes filopodia assembly.
MICAL2 fine-tunes Arp2/3 for actin branching
Authors: Olson Michael F. , Machesky Laura M.
Published: July 2021

The ARP2/3 complex promotes branched actin networks, but the importance of specific subunit isoforms is unclear. In this issue, Galloni, Carra, et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202102043) show that MICAL2 mediates methionine oxidation of ARP3B, thus destabilizing ARP2/3 complexes and leading to disassembly of branched actin filaments.
How dissociated fragments of multiatomic molecules saturate all active surface sites—H2O adsorption on the Si(100) surface
Authors: Chang Chan-Yuen , Lin Cheng-Yu , Lin Deng-Sung
Published: July 2021

A fundamental question for the adsorption of any gas molecule on surfaces is its saturation coverage, whose value can provide a comprehensive examination for the adsorption mechanisms, dynamic and kinetic processes involved in the adsorption processes. This investigation utilizes scanning tunneling microscopy to visualize the H2O adsorption processes on the Si(100) surface with a sub-monolayers (<0.05 ML) of chemically-reactive dangling bonds remaining after exposure to (1) a hydrogen atomic beam, (2) H2O, and (3) Cl2 gases at room temperature. In all three cases, each of the remaining isolated single dangling bonds (sDB) adsorb and is passivated by either of the two dissociation fragments, the H or OH radical, to form a surface Si–H and Si–OH species. A new adsorption mechanism, termed ‘dissociative and asynchronous chemisorption’, is proposed for the observation presented herein. Upon approaching a sDB site, the H2O molecule breaks apart into two fragments. One is chemisorbed to the sDB. The other attaches to the same or the neighboring passivated dimer to form a transition state of surface diffusion, which then diffuses on the mostly passivated surface and is eventually chemisorbed to another reactive site. In other words, the chemisorption reactions of the two fragments after dissociation occur at different and uncorrelated time and places. This adsorption mechanism suggests that a diffusion transition state can be an adsorption product in the first step of the dissociative adsorption processes.
Optimal Design of Oxygenator Structure Using Taguchi Method
Authors: Kai Zheng , De-ping Liu , Dong-mei LI
Published: July 2021

In order to reduce the blood damage of the oxygenator at work, the Taguchi method combined with finite element analysis was used to optimize the blood flow channel structure of the oxygenator with multi-objective optimization. The order of the degree of the influence of each parameter on blood damages was obtained and the optimal blood flow channel structure was determined. The results show that the most critical control factor affecting blood damages is the diversion component at the end of the blood inlet under this design condition. With the increase of the length of inlet and outlet pipes, the blood damage is reduced, but the processing difficulty is increased. The standard hemolysis index value of the oxygenator after optimization is reduced by 0.001284g/100L compared to before optimization. This research provides a reference to the optimal design of oxygenator and other medical devices.
Surface water, vegetation, and fire as drivers of the terrestrial Arctic-boreal albedo feedback
Authors: Webb E E , Loranty M M , Lichstein J W
Published: July 2021

The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the global average, due in part to the albedo feedbacks of a diminishing cryosphere. As snow cover extent decreases, the underlying land is exposed, which has lower albedo and therefore absorbs more radiation, warming the surface and causing a positive feedback to climate change. Changes in terrestrial snow-free albedo (e.g. changes in vegetation or surface water) could also affect Earth’s energy balance, but their importance for contemporary climate change is relatively unknown. Here we show that changes in surface water are significantly altering Artic-boreal albedo, and explain up to 27% of the spatial variation in monthly albedo change from 2000 to 2019. The increase in radiative forcing due to changes in surface water extent is most pronounced in the continuous permafrost zone, contributing to a positive feedback between permafrost thaw and climate change. Additionally, we show that fire history and changes in tree cover and surface water extent together account for at least 15% of albedo-induced radiative forcing over the study period, indicating that these processes are a regionally important aspect of the climate-albedo feedback.
Climate-driven acceleration in forest evapotranspiration fuelling extreme rainfall events in the Himalaya
Authors: Singh Nilendu , Singh Jayendra , Gupta Anil K , Bräuning Achim , Dimri A P , Ramanathan A L , Sharma Vikram , Tiwari Reet Kamal , Chakraborty Joyeeta Singh , Chauhan Pankaj , Shukla Tanuj , Singhal Mohit , Rawat Suman , Agarwal Shefali , Raja P
Published: July 2021

Warming-induced expansion in vegetation coverage and activity can accelerate the montane hydrological regimes. However, the climate impacts on ecohydrology of forested valleys of the Himalaya are uncertain. In this study, utilizing results of about three centuries of cellulose isotope chronologies (δ13C andδ18O) of dominant tree species, geo-chronological proxies, bio-geophysical dataset and simulations including satellite observations, we show an activation in the ecophysiological processes including evapotranspiration (ET) since the 1950s. Observation suggests rapid greening, while isotopic records indicate enhanced assimilation and transpiration in deciduous species vis-à-vis conifers post 1950s. Given strong vegetation-precipitation feedback and superimposed on the increasing trends of conducive atmospheric factors affecting valley-scale convective processes, intensification in forest ET is manifesting in a progressive enhancement in extreme rainfall events (EREs) since the last few decades. Results suggest that representation of ecophysiological processes and dynamics of seasonal moisture loading in observational and modelling framework is critical for understanding EREs under climate change.
The potential of Moringa oleifera as immune booster against COVID 19
Authors: Fajri M
Published: July 2021

COVID-19 is a new disease that has become a pandemic. This disease should be watched out for because transmission is relatively fast, has a mortality rate that cannot be ignored, and there is no definitive therapy. After COVID 19, people will be more selective in the food they eat. The types of food chosen were those that have health benefits, especially as immunity boosters. The problem was what types of products can provide these benefits en masse, cheap, and easy to access. This review aims to explore the potential of the Moringa plant as a plant that can be a source of functional food as a post-COVID 19 immune booster. The method used was to review various journal references that discuss research results related to the use of Moringa plants and specifically those related to the anticipation of COVID 19. Based on the results of a review of various literature, it was found that the Moringa plant has various functional properties. These health functions include, among others, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anticancer, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, antiurolithiasis, anthelmintic, anti-fertility, antihyperthyroid, and anti-Alzheimer. One of the roles of Moringa plants in dealing with COVID 19 was as an immune booster. This is important because one of the factors that cause the different severity of COVID 19 patients is immunity. People with good body immunity tend to be able to survive infection and attacks by the SARS-Cov-2. Some of the components of Moringa that play a role in this were kaempferol, pterygospermin, morphine, quercetin, and apigenin-7-O-rutinoside. Apigenin has the highest activity against SARS-Cov-2-MPro (the main protease of COVID 19). From the results of this review, it can be concluded that the Moringa plant has the potential as an immune booster against the SARS-Cov-2 (COVID 19).
The contribution of housewives in timber and non-timber harvesting activities during the Covid-19
Authors: Dassir Muhammad , Dalya Nurdin , Esye Semoin Christine
Published: July 2021

The current pandemic situation has a major impact on the economic sector, especially household income. Housewives often contribute to the family economic system, one of the ways is by utilizing forest products. This research aims to describe the role of housewives on harvesting timber and pine resin products, and to determine the time spent and the contribution of income generated by these housewives. Data collection process was carried out directly using interview techniques to 27 selected samples by purposive sampling. Data from interview then processed and analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. The results showed that the role of housewives in harvesting wood forest products was used as raw material for charcoal production, with an average flow of work time of 43% and an income contribution by 42,5%. While in harvesting pine sap, housewives act as pine sap collectors with an average working time of 48% and an income contribution by 26%.
Farming system of food crop keep going to produce on a time climate change and COVID-19 Pandemic in Timor - Indonesia
Authors: Seran Y L , da Silva H , Kario N
Published: July 2021

Each body needs some foods to consume every day. But to produce food in all region face many factors as challenges. Challenges that farmers always face in the dryland region are limited water for supplying to crop, and the soil has low fertile and low input production into manage farming system. In addition, producing food crops on the COVID-19 Pandemic face new challenges like the availability of input production, distribution, and marketing of products. However, food production should be prepared to fulfil human needs. The research objectives are (1) to know farmers’ activity on the food crop farming system. (2) to know the way farmer’s availability input production, distribution, and marketing of product. And (3) to know the productivity of food crops on the COVID-19 Pandemic. This research used to survey and observation Method to the farming system that farmers do. This research shows that farmers always are doing their farming system of food crop despite happen climate change, especially have no rain for a long time and the COVID-19 Pandemic. For doing their farming intensively, farmers should get input production from distribution agents. And farmers’ success in selling their product in the local market. However, products that should be sold on the other island or products for the industry market often face challenges, especially transportation.
Designing business models for rural agroindustry to increase the added value of coconut
Authors: Wulandari Suci , Alouw Jelfina C.
Published: July 2021

Indonesia is the world’s largest coconut producer, where smallholder plantations play a significant role. Income-generating from coconut farming currently very low because there is no by-products processing. The integrated coconut industry is a strategy to produce processed products with added value by utilizing all product components. However, implementing a rural-based integrated coconut industry faced several constraints. This paper aims to analyze the constraints of increasing coconut added value and identify the integrated coconut industry’s business model, followed by a support system analysis. The constraints faced include raw material, processing, human resource capacity, and support system. These constraints are not only related to technical problems but also managerial aspects. Therefore, the required approach must be system-based, where the development of a business model with its supporting system is a strategic step to overcome. Three business model patterns can be built, distinguished by business model structure, role sharing, and risk management. The development of a business model requires an innovation system that allows the transfer of knowledge and technology. It focuses on capacity building, technology transfer, market access, and financial support. The system will involve small-medium enterprises, local government, research institutes, coconut associations, and financial institutions.
Strengthening women’s entrepreneurship capabilities in the palm cattle integrated farming system
Authors: Wulandari Suci , Villano Renato
Published: July 2021

Rural women entrepreneurs play a significant role in economic, social, and sustainable agriculture development aspects, increase the added value of a product, create a thriving community system, and encourage a competitive agribusiness system. One of the agribusiness systems that is developing in Indonesia is palm cattle integration. However, women’s entrepreneurial capabilities in palm cattle integration are still limited due to underlying issues and challenges. Using qualitative techniques, this paper aims to evaluate the women’s entrepreneurship aspects in palm cattle integration and identify the potential strategies to strengthen women’s entrepreneurship skills. The performance of women entrepreneurship is influenced not only by individual-specific factors but also by external factors driven by the organizational factors and the external environments. Organizational factors are related to the agribusiness system in palm cattle integration, including human resources, social capital, operational skills, managerial skills, and technology applications. The external environments include entrepreneurial culture, market opportunity, infrastructure, and government policy. Strategy to strengthen women’s entrepreneurship can be considered through the assistance program and facilitation support. The results offer useful insights for policymakers and stakeholders to address women entrepreneurship issues in accelerating palm cattle integration implementation.
The role of cooperatives in marketing arabica coffee: A case study of the Benteng Alla Farmers’ cooperative in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Busthanul N , Summase I , Syafiuddin M , Heliawaty  , Ibrahim T , Rukka R M. , R Abdul
Published: July 2021

Cooperatives are a product of the government’s efforts to improve the national economy. The agricultural sector is the backbone of the national economy, so if the cooperative in the agricultural sector functions properly, it will greatly assist in improving the national economy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of the Benteng Alla Farmers’ Cooperative in marketing Arabica coffee, and to analyze the development strategy of the Benteng Alla Farmers’ cooperative in Marketing Arabica Coffee. The analysis technique used is the SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the Benteng Alla farmer s’ cooperative is not only used as a forum for members to gather but a place where they can gain experience and knowledge about the activities carried out by the cooperative, and with the cooperative it will also build farmers and rural communities who have quality human resources excellence which includes increasing expertise and skills (business and organization), knowledge, and developing the entrepreneurial spirit of the farmers themselves.
Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the community in supporting food security
Authors: Setiani C , Ambarsari I , Wulanjari M E
Published: July 2021

Seedling-system transformation has been gradually shifted the seed authority management from farmer and breeder to multinational companies. This circumstance should be balanced with farmer capability in producing seeds independently to prevent capitalization. Thus, the Ministry of Agriculture has declared the seed self-reliance villages as a community-based program to face those challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of institutional strengthening through the seed self-reliance villages program to improve food security and increase farmer welfare. This research was conducted based on the survey method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) at five districts (Kendal, Boyolali, Tegal, Klaten, and Sragen) in Central Java. A survey through informal interview involved 30 representative participants from farmer groups of each district, while the FGD was performed through in-depth discussion with 22 participants, including farmers, extension or agricultural officers, and other related stakeholders. The result showed that global agreement obstructs the community-based seedling system, particularly in breeding and certification. A community-based rice seedling institution threatened to quit due to asymmetric interaction between the actors. Moreover, this seedling institution should be strengthened in the technological aspect and property right management. In the end, the government’s role as a facilitator is critical in this community-based seedling institution, especially in capital aspects.
Strengthening competitiveness of agricultural products through reactivation of agribusiness sub-terminal in pulang pisau, central kalimantan
Authors: Anugrah I S , Dewi Y A
Published: July 2021

The potential of small medium entreprises (SMEs) of agricultural product in Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan is enormous. One of the opportunities to support the marketing of SMEs products is through reactivation of the Agribusiness Sub-Terminal (AST) institutional which has been built for a long time but its activities have not been optimal. This paper aims to analyze the institutional function of AST in supporting the empowerment of SMEs agricultural products, especially in expanding product marketing, so that it becomes a brand image for local products in specific areas of Pulang Pisau and Central Kalimantan. The research was conducted in 2015 in Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province. The location and the respondents were determined purposively. The data collection method was carried out by structured and unstructured interviews, direct discussions and Forum Group Discussion (FGD) with various stakeholders. The data were analysed descriptively. The results of the analysis showed that the ATS concept is very strategic to be used as a centralized facility, as an entrance and center for product information, marketing media of SMEs products and mapping of SMEs activity clusters. The synergy of the roles and policies of local governments as well as the active role of stakeholders is required to encourage the existence of AST, so agricultural products become better known, have a wider consumer market, absorb agricultural production, and robust the local economy.
Comparing satisfaction index on traditional pigmented rice plant attributes between upland and lowland farmers
Authors: Hanifa Arini Putri , Millner James , McGill Craig , Sjahril Rinaldi
Published: July 2021

This study is conducted to evaluate the satisfaction index of traditional pigmented rice plant attributes from farmer perspectives. Farmer respondents are selected from two regions of traditional pigmented rice producers in South Sulawesi: the lowland of Jeneponto and the upland of Toraja. Face to face data collection using questionnaires are used as a research instrument. Respondents were required to rate the importance and satisfaction of plant attributes based on five-point Likert scales. The answers are analysed using Customer Satisfaction Index formula. Result showed that the satisfaction index in the lowland of Jeneponto is higher than in upland of Toraja, as much as 67.16 and 56 respectively. Similar agreement from both lowland and upland farmers was found in lower yield performance of traditional pigmented rice than expected. As the end-user of released varieties, farmers’ perspective on importance and satisfaction level on plant attributes is essential for guidance in breeding and varietal improvement.
Isolation, characterization and identification of nitrogen fixing bacteria with organic fertilizer applications in paddy soil
Authors: Hadija  , Kuswinanti T. , Jayadi M. , Larekeng S.H
Published: July 2021

The high organic matter content allows soil microbial activity to recycle organic matter, which is essential for life, such as the nitrogen cycle. The process of biological nitrogen fixation by microorganisms is crucial for nitrogen entry into the nitrogen cycle. This study aims to isolate and characterize nitrogen-fixing bacteria in paddy soil using organic fertilization applications. This study was conducted in Salassae Village, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi, Laboratory of Microbiology, Soil Science Department, Hasanuddi University. This research method is a descriptive study using morphological Characterization, biochemical tests, and molecular identification. This study succeeded in isolating ten nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates from wetland soil samples using organic fertilizers. Morphological characterization results showed quite different results in terms of color, size, shape, and level. The highest nitrogen-fixing ability test was obtained in isolates. L1.P, where the highest nitrogen fixation ability was 0.26%. Biochemical Characterization using VITEK®. 02 shows that almost all biochemical tests show a positive reaction. The identification of Nitrogen-fixing bacteria species using 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that L1.P was identified with 99% similarity to Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtillis str. 168.
The daytime indoor and outdoor temperatures of the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) tunnel
Authors: Arinana  , Philippines I , Koesmaryono Y , Sulaeha S , Maharani Y , Indarwatmi M
Published: July 2021

The termite’s life cycle is affected by weather conditions, including temperature. To keep its activities safe from any direct light, termites design tunnels to hide. This research aims to analyze the temperature subterranean termite tunnel Coptotermes curvignathus inside and outside the room. Tunnel temperature measurement was carried out by thermocouple tool. The research was conducted at Forest Products Research and Development Center, Gunung Batu, Bogor. The results showed that the temperature in the tunnel’s indoor ranged between 25.8 - 34.1 °C while temperatures in the tunnel’s outdoor ranged between 25.0 - 32.7 °C. The tunnel’s indoor temperature was 0.8 °C to 1.4 °C warmer than the tunnel’s outdoor temperature, while the surrounding’s indoor temperature was 0.2 °C warmer than the surrounding’s outdoor temperature.
Green house gases emission of livestock sector in East Kalimantan using Tier-1 2019 refinement
Authors: Arifin M D , Gunawan S G , Amin M , Mubarak H
Published: July 2021

The livestock sector is a significant contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) emissions, especially methane CH4 and nitrous oxide N2O. Each livestock species has a specific characteristic of emission. This research aims to determine the contribution of the livestock sector to GHG emissions in 2019 in East Kalimantan and to predict GHG from this sector over the next ten years. This research estimates the amount of GHG emitted by the livestock sector using formulas and constant values from the IPCC method Tier-1 2019 Refinement. The GHG emission is calculated for each gas based on the population of each species obtained from the East Kalimantan Statistical Center. The projection of GHG is calculated based on the population growth for each livestock species. The result shows the highest emission is contributed by Kutai Kartanegara Regency, 24 % and Beef Cattle 155.14 Gg CO2e or 79%. The projection shows GHG emissions increasing to 340,4 Gg CO2-e in 2030, assuming no significant mitigation effort was conducted.
Ability of rhizosphere fungi isolated from Swietenia mahagoni litter to produce organic matter-degradating enzymes
Authors: Mukrimin M , Gusmiaty G , Patandean H
Published: July 2021

In general, soil is inhabited by various microorganism, including fungi, which greatly influence the plant growth. Fungi producing enzymes are very helpful in term of decomposition process. The composting process requires an activator in organic matter decompotion. To determine wheater fungi produce enzymes, it is necessary to evaluate the activity of the enzyme substrates in the fungi particularly producing cellulose, amylase, chitinase and pectinase enzymes. To assess enzyme production, those isolates were inoculated onto Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) media added with Triphenylmethane dyes, as well as cellulose, starch, chitin and pectin substrates. The results of this study revealed that the genus Rhizopus and Fusarium were the most effective fungi producing cellulase, amylase, chitinase, and pectinase. This study is the first report on the fungal activities degrading organic matter isolated from S. mahagony.
Impact of climate and land use change on the erosion of the upstream Kelara Watershed
Authors: Limbong A , Barkey R , Umar A , Rijal S , Nursaputra M , Chairil A
Published: July 2021

South Sulawesi has been affected in recent years by natural disasters. One of the areas affected by the flood disaster is the Jeneponto District, which is included in the Kelara Watershed ecosystem’s boundary. Extreme weather conditions cause flood disasters, and land use in the upper reaches of the Kelara watershed do not match its designation, which causes an increase in the rate of erosion. Climate change analysis with projected precipitation from the CSIRO General Circulation Model Mk3.5. The estimated land cover change uses a combination of the Geographic Information System, remote sensing, and Markov Chain Cellular Automata method with Landsat images. Prediction of erosion rates using the Universal Soil Loss Equation method. The annual rainfall of 2026 has decreased due to a significant decrease in rainfall during the dry season. In 2006-2016, changes in land use were not significant. In the land-use projection for 2026, there will be significant changes in land use. The use of paddy fields has increased over a wider area, while other land uses continue to follow the previous trend of reducing the surface. The prediction of future erosion will only increase by one ton/ha/year. Intense erosion classes will experience a reduction in the area of about 200 hectares in 2026. Based on this, the land is not a problem in the future, but an issue that must be prepared for its management is a drought when considering climate change conditions.
An assessment of high carbon stock and high conservation value approaches in mining area
Authors: Larekeng S H , Nursaputra M , Nasri  , Hamzah A S , Mustari A S , Arif A R , Ambodo A P , Lawang Y , Ardiansyah A
Published: July 2021

The impact of forest degradation due to open-pit mining activities causes sustainable ecological damage. Mining activities that are not organized due to the mineral exploration process have resulted in many forest areas experiencing degradation. This degradation certainly reduces the level of carbon sequestration in the area, impacting the sustainability of environmental functions around the mining area. The high carbon stock (HCS) approach is a way to help companies implement their ‘no deforestation’ commitments. The high carbon stock approach will identify forests that must be protected and land that can be developed. Forests with high carbon stocks are maintained because they function as carbon stores, habitats for biodiversity, and provide the necessities of life for local communities. Therefore, this study aims to obtain data on the potential for carbon stocks and create a spatial model for distributing carbon content in the concession area of PT. Vale Indonesia can later be determined as high conservation value (HCV) areas using the high carbon stock approach. Measurement of carbon content in the study used an allometric equation that has been developed, then the distribution of carbon was made using the spatial vegetation index model obtained from Sentinel 2 imagery. The results showed an area of 30,526.49 (42.97%), which had high carbon stock with an average carbon stock of 106.09 ton/ha, which needed to be maintained as an area of high conservation value in the mining area of PT. Vale Indonesia.
Mapping of energy demand and potential of biofuel development in Kelara watershed
Authors: Kartopa Delwin Ipang , Barkey Roland , Soma Andang Suryana , Rijal Syamsu , Nursaputra Munajat , A Chairil
Published: July 2021

The increase in population on earth is increasing, stimulating the need for energy to grow. The Indonesian Government is looking for alternative renewable energies such as Biofuels. Various types of biofuel plants have been developed, such as Nyamplung and Kemiri Sunan. These biofuel crops can also be used for land rehabilitation and reduced carbon emissions in the Kelara watershed, which have been in critical condition. On this basis, a study on the mapping of energy needs and potential for the Development of biofuel plants in the Kelara watershed. This study makes extensive use of the analysis of geographic information systems. The analysis begins with the zoning of the watershed morphology (upstream, middle, and downstream). Watershed morphology zoning in a watershed for energy demand data collection using the energy list recording method. This method represents energy use data, including the type and volume of energy use, the affordability of energy sources, the availability of energy stocks, and people’s purchasing power for energy. Also, spatial analysis of land suitability for Nyamplung and Kemiri Sunan plants as a function of biophysical conditions and critical lands for biofuel energy development. Biophysical conditions include elevation, slope, annual precipitation, dry months, soil pH, and soil texture. Most Kelara watershed people work as farmers, with the most significant number of dependents of 3-5 persons/heads of households around 73.68%. The average energy needs of the community are around 396,437 kcal/day for LPG and firewood. The potential for biofuel development for the Nyamplung type is 10,130 hectares, with an area of 5,477 hectares in critical lands. The potential for the Development of Kemiri Sunan biofuels 17,370 ha with an area of 3,479 ha. The future Development of biofuel energy is a concept of sustainable Development. Economically, biofuel crops serve as sources of income for the community and ecologically improve soil conditions, carbon storage sources, and function hydrology.
Policy analysis of the adaptation of Makassar city’s government for climate change and global warming
Authors: Sipato W Dg. , Darlin E D , Mustari K , Kaimuddin
Published: July 2021

Government plays important role in adapting, planning, and implementing to work and Program succeeded with the right target depend on central government, regional government, and national institutions, also international institution involvement. The research aims to analyze Makassar regional government to adapt to climate-changing by seeing programs include adaptation, funding pattern, and knowledge of regional government about climate changing and global warming issues. Research implementing in Makassar in August-October and continued by doing a comparative study in Semarang to complete the data. Sampling uses non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling approach. Data analysis using descriptive, qualitative, and comparative. The result has shown Makassar regional Government has been responding to climate changing. This is shown by policy and adaptation strategy in document RAD-API. But, the government has a barrier in coordinating and funding their implementation. This makes the adaptation could not work effectively. Further, the lack of government knowledge about climate changing and global warming issues also contributes to preventing integration of policy process to regional development planning.
Screening and identification of cellulolytic fungi at rhizosphere of safira taro plant
Authors: Wisdawati E , Kuswinanti T , Rosmana A , Nasruddin A
Published: July 2021

Agriculture waste and pathogen cell wall of plant contain a lot of cellulose which are very difficult to degrade. One of the ways to hydrolyse them is through utilizing cellulase, an enzyme produced from secondary metabolite of cellulolytic fungi. This research was aimed at isolating fungi from rhizosphere of safira taro plant and testing the isolate capability to produce cellulase enzyme to be able to act as decomposer and biocontrol of the plant. The research methods are isolating rhizosphere fungi, testing isolate capability in producing cellulase enzyme and identifying potential isolate producing cellulolytic fungi. It obtained 10 fungi isolates, 4 were negative and 6 positive in producing cellulase enzyme with cellulolytic index 1.16 – 1.66. The highest index was RTB14 isolate which belongs to Aspergillus flavus.