bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confounding Complexity of Machine Action
Authors: Sætra Henrik Skaug
Published: December 2020

In this article, the core concepts in Thomas Hobbes's framework of representation and responsibility are applied to the question of machine responsibility and the responsibility gap and the retribution gap. The method is philosophical analysis and involves the application of theories from political theory to the ethics of technology. A veil of complexity creates the illusion that machine actions belong to a mysterious and unpredictable domain, and some argue that this unpredictability absolves designers of responsibility. Such a move would create a moral hazard related to both (a) strategically increasing unpredictability and (b) taking more risk if responsible humans do not have to bear the costs of the risks they create. Hobbes's theory allows for the clear and arguably fair attribution of action while allowing for necessary development and innovation. Innovation will be allowed as long as it is compatible with social order and provided the beneficial effects outweigh concerns about increased risk. Questions of responsibility are here considered to be political questions.
The Case for a Technology Solution to the Ethics Crisis in Academic Publishing
Authors: Wright Keith
Published: December 2020

This article integrates existing theory from distributed computing and cryptology with gray literature from industry to provide a comprehensive description of the minimum requirements of a technological solution to the current ethics crisis in academic publishing. The paper argues that such a solution could significantly reduce the biases and misconduct that now exist in the academic peer review process. Theory suggests such a system could operate effectively as a distributed encrypted telecommunications network where nodes are anonymous, do not trust each other, with minimal central authority. To incentivize the academic community to join such a community, the paper proposes a new pseudo-cryptocurrency called litcoin (literature coin). This litcoin-based system would create economic scarcity based on proof of knowledge (POK), which is a synthesis of the proof of work (POW) mechanism used in bitcoin, and the proof of stake (POS) mechanism used in various altcoin communities.
A Theodicy for Artificial Universes
Authors: Gualeni Stefano
Published: December 2020

“Simulation hypotheses” are imaginative scenarios that are typically employed in philosophy to speculate on how likely it is that one is currently living within a simulated universe as well as on the possibility for ever discerning whether one does in fact inhabit one. These philosophical questions in particular overshadowed other aspects and potential uses of simulation hypotheses, some of which are foregrounded in this article. More specifically, “A Theodicy for Artificial Universes” focuses on the moral implications of simulation hypotheses with the objective of speculatively answering questions concerning computer simulations such as: If one is indeed living in a computer simulation, what might be its purpose? What aspirations and values could be inferentially attributed to its alleged creators? And would living in a simulated universe affect the value and meaning one attributes to the existence?
Deletion of S100a8 and S100a9 Enhances Skin Hyperplasia and Promotes the Th17 Response in Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis
Authors: Defrêne Joan , Berrazouane Sofiane , Esparza Nayeli , Pagé Nathalie , Côté Marie-France , Gobeil Stéphane , Aoudjit Fawzi , Tessier Philippe A
Published: December 2020

High concentrations of the damage-associated molecular patterns S100A8 and S100A9 are found in skin and serum from patients suffering from psoriasis, an IL-17–related disease. Notably, although the expression of these proteins correlates with psoriatic disease severity, the exact function of S100A8 and S100A9 in psoriasis pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of S100A8 and S100A9 in psoriasis-associated skin hyperplasia and immune responses using S100a8−/− and S100a9−/− mice in an imiquimod-induced model of psoriasis. We found that S100a8−/− and S100a9−/− psoriatic mice exhibit worsened clinical symptoms relative to wild-type mice and increased expression of S100A9 and S100A8 proteins in keratinocytes, respectively. In addition, the loss of S100A8 enhances proliferation of keratinocytes and disrupts keratinocyte differentiation. We further detected elevated production of IL-17A and -F from CD4+ T cells in the absence of S100A8 and S100A9, as well as increased infiltration of neutrophils in the skin. In addition, treatment with anti–IL-17A and -F was found to reduce psoriasis symptoms and skin hyperplasia in S100a8−/− and S100a9−/− mice. These data suggest that S100A8 and S100A9 regulate psoriasis by inhibiting production of IL-17A and -F, thereby, to our knowledge, providing new insights into their biological functions.
Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by ILT3.Fc
Authors: Xu Zheng , Lin Chun-Chieh , Ho Sophey , Vlad George , Suciu-Foca Nicole
Published: December 2020

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS that is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis, and inflammation. The murine model of MS is the experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE) induced by immunization of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55. Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor expressed by tolerogenic human dendritic cells. In this study, we show that the recombinant human ILT3.Fc protein binds to murine immune cells and inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause the neuroinflammatory process that result in paralysis. Administration of ILT3.Fc prevents the rapid evolution of the disease in C57BL/6 mice and is associated with a profound reduction of proliferation of MOG35–55–specific Th1 and Th17 cells. Inhibition of IFN-γ and IL-17A in mice treated with ILT3.Fc is associated with delayed time of onset of the disease and its evolution to a peak clinical score. Neuropathological analysis shows a reduction in inflammatory infiltrates and demyelinated areas in the brains and spinal cords of treated mice. These results indicate that inhibition of Th1 and Th17 development provides effective suppression of EAE and suggests the feasibility of a clinical approach based on the use of ILT3.Fc for treatment of MS. Furthermore, our results open the way to further studies on the effect of the human ILT3.Fc protein in murine experimental models of autoimmunity and cancer.
A Critical Role for Na+/H+ Exchanger Regulatory Factor 1 in Modulating FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation
Authors: Kammala Ananth K , Syed Meesum , Yang Canchai , Occhiuto Christopher J , Subramanian Hariharan
Published: December 2020

Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that play pivotal roles in initiating and amplifying allergic/anaphylactic reactions in humans. Their activation occurs via multiple mechanisms, which include cross-linking of the IgE-bound, high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) by allergens or Ags and the binding of anaphylatoxins such as C3a to its receptor, C3aR. We have previously demonstrated that the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) promotes C3aR functions in human mast cells. In the current study, we show that NHERF1 regulates mast cell response following FcεRI stimulation. Specifically, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, activation of the MAPKs (ERK1/2 and P38), and production of cytokines (IL-13 and IL-6) following exposure to IgE/Ag were significantly reduced in mast cells from NHERF1+/‒ mice. In agreement with our in vitro data, mast cell–mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive systemic anaphylaxis were reduced in NHERF1+/‒ mice and mast cell–deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice engrafted with NHERF1+/‒ mast cells. Mechanistically, the levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate mast cell responses, miRNA 155-3p and miRNA 155-5p, were altered in mast cells from NHERF1+/‒ mice. Moreover, NHERF1 rapidly localized to the nucleus of mast cells following FcεRI stimulation. In summary, our results suggest that the NHERF1 acts as an adapter molecule and promotes IgE/Ag-induced mast cell activation. Further elucidating the mechanisms through which NHERF1 modulates mast cell responses will lend insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies to target mast cells during anaphylaxis or other allergic diseases.
Encephalitogenic and Regulatory CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models
Authors: Mockus Taryn E , Munie Ashley , Atkinson Jeffrey R , Segal Benjamin M
Published: December 2020

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease that affects millions worldwide, is widely thought to be autoimmune in etiology. Historically, research into MS pathogenesis has focused on autoreactive CD4 T cells because of their critical role in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the association between MS susceptibility and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the MHC class II region. However, recent studies have revealed prominent clonal expansions of CD8 T cells within the CNS during MS. In this paper, we review the literature on CD8 T cells in MS, with an emphasis on their potential effector and regulatory properties. We discuss the impact of disease modifying therapies, currently prescribed to reduce MS relapse rates, on CD8 T cell frequency and function. A deeper understanding of the role of CD8 T cells in MS may lead to the development of more effective and selective immunomodulatory drugs for particular subsets of patients.
Enhanced Proliferation of Ly6C+ Monocytes/Macrophages Contributes to Chronic Inflammation in Skin Wounds of Diabetic Mice
Authors: Pang Jingbo , Maienschein-Cline Mark , Koh Timothy J
Published: December 2020

Diabetic wounds are characterized by persistent accumulation of proinflammatory monocytes (Mo)/macrophages (MΦ) and impaired healing. However, the mechanisms underlying the persistent accumulation of Mo/MΦ remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that Ly6C+F4/80lo/− Mo/MΦ proliferate at higher rates in wounds of diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic mice, leading to greater accumulation of these cells. Unbiased single cell RNA sequencing analysis of combined nondiabetic and diabetic wound Mo/MΦ revealed a cluster, populated primarily by cells from diabetic wounds, for which genes associated with the cell cycle were enriched. In a screen of potential regulators, CCL2 levels were increased in wounds of diabetic mice, and subsequent experiments showed that local CCL2 treatment increased Ly6C+F4/80lo/− Mo/MΦ proliferation. Importantly, adoptive transfer of mixtures of CCR2−/− and CCR2+/+ Ly6Chi Mo indicated that CCL2/CCR2 signaling is required for their proliferation in the wound environment. Together, these data demonstrate a novel role for the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway in promoting skin Mo/MΦ proliferation, contributing to persistent accumulation of Mo/MΦ and impaired healing in diabetic mice.
Cutting Edge: Heterogeneity in Cell Age Contributes to Functional Diversity of NK Cells
Authors: Adams Nicholas M , Diaz-Salazar Carlos , Dang Celeste , Lanier Lewis L , Sun Joseph C
Published: December 2020

Heterogeneity among naive adaptive lymphocytes determines their individual functions and fate decisions during an immune response. NK cells are innate lymphocytes capable of generating “adaptive” responses during infectious challenges. However, the factors that govern various NK cell functions are not fully understood. In this study, we use a reporter mouse model to permanently “time stamp” NK cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) to characterize the dynamics of their homeostatic turnover. We found that the homeostatic turnover of tissue-resident ILC1s is much slower than that of circulating NK cells. NK cell homeostatic turnover is further accelerated without the transcription factor Eomes. Finally, heterogeneity in NK cell age diversifies NK cell function, with “older” NK cells exhibiting more potent IFN-γ production to activating stimuli and more robust adaptive responses during CMV infection. These results provide insight into how the functional response of an NK cell varies over its lifespan.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: December 2020

No abstract available.
Groundwater and River Interaction Impact to Aquifer System in Saigon River Basin, Vietnam
Authors: Long Tran Thanh , Koontanakulvong Sucharit
Published: December 2020

Since the 1990s, under the pressure of socio-economic growth in the Ho Chi Minh City and nearby provinces, the heavy-extraction of groundwater of this area has dramatically increased to meet high water demand for domestic and industrial purposes. Although the groundwater – Saigon River interaction significantly contributes to groundwater reserves, researchers have been less attentive to fully describe and understand the river recharge. This study attempts to explore the impact of groundwater-river interaction to aquifer system due to pumping increase via field seepage and (O18, H2) isotopic measurements in the Saigon River Basin, South East of Vietnam. The analysis showed that river bed conductance at 0 km, 30 km, 60 km, 80 km, and 120 km were 4.5 m2/day/m, 4.2 m2/day/m, 2.5 m2/day/m, 1.7 m2/day/m, and 0.25 m2/day/m respectively. The riverbed conductance relies on the sand percentage of sediment. The composition δO18 in groundwater, river, and precipitation indicates that river recharge to groundwater exists mainly in the lower part of the basin. In contrast to downstream, the composition of δO18 was signified that the river primarily gains water from groundwater upstream. Under pressure of developing economies, the groundwater pumping in the Saigon river basin increased from 175,000 m3/day in 1995 to 880,000 m3/day in 2017. As a consequence of the increased pumping rate, the groundwater discharge to the river decreases from 1.6 to 0.7 times of groundwater pumping in upstream, while the amount of Saigon river recharge increases by 33% to 50% of the total groundwater pumping downstream. Under the exceedance pumping rate, the aquifers in the Saigon River Basin release less water to the Saigon river and it tends to gain more water through the river - groundwater interaction process. Therefore, groundwater management in downstream aquifers needs better joint planning with surface water development plans, particularly for surface water supply utilities which still struggle to satisfy the water demand of the development plan.
Flood Risk Index for Land-Use Changes: Case Study of Pakpanang River Basin
Authors: Kittikhun Chonlatid , Pilailar Sitang , Chittaladakorn Suwatana , Jhonpadit Eakawat
Published: December 2020

Flood Risk Index (FRI) is the multi-criteria linked with the factors of vulnerability; exposure, susceptibility, and resilience. In order to establish local FRI, crucial local information have to be accumulated. However, under the limitation of land-use data, particular techniques were applied in this study. CA Markov model was used to analyze the past missing land-use data and, also forecast the future land-use of Pakpanang river basin under conditions of plan and without plan. The ratio changes of forest, agriculture, wetland and water, and urban areas were considered. Then, the result of LULC spatial-temporal changes was then applied to Hec-HMS and Hec-Ras , with Arc GIS extension of Hec-GeoHMS and Hec-GeoRas software, in order to evaluate the flood hydrographs and flood severity in three municipalities corresponding to 100-year return period rainfall. Afterward, the FRI of Pakpanang, Chianyai, and Hua-sai, which ranges from 0 to 1, were evaluated by using the modified FRI equations. It was found that sensitivity analysis in the area of forest on flood depth and inundation areas is incoherent. Nevertheless, without land-use planning, the changes in these three cities cause higher flood risk, where Chianyai is the riskiest as the FRIE is 0.58. Further consideration of FRIE and FRIP proportion that reveals the FRI deviation indicates that to reduce flood risk, Chianyai would need the most resources and highest effort comparison to Pakpanang and Hua-sai.
Finite Element Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened by ECC Jacketing under Eccentric Compressive Load
Authors: Memar Mohammad Javad , Kheyroddin Ali , Hemmati Ali
Published: December 2020

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) can be used for strengthening of concrete columns due to its similar structure and suitable connection to normal concrete and its special tension behavior. In this study, to analyse the columns, finite element (FE) method was used after verification by experimental results. Reference column was strengthened by normal concrete and ECC jacketing. The effects of type of jacket material, longitudinal reinforcement, compressive stress and ultimate tensile strain of ECC on variations of eccentric load-bending moment (P-M) interaction curves were investigated. Results showed that the use of ECC instead of normal concrete can increase load carrying capacity of strengthened column, due to tensile strain hardening behavior of this material. It was found that, amount of this increase depends on eccentricity of eccentric load and varying from 0.4-23%. In ECC jacketing, tensile cracks are continuous, but in concrete jacketing, there were discrete cracks and more quantity of damages. Due to higher load carrying capacity and better distribution of tensile cracks in ECC jacketing than normal concrete jacketing, the use of ECC is suitable for strengthening of reinforced concrete columns. Load carrying capacity of columns under concentric load and pure bending moment were calculated by theoretical method and the results were compared with FE.
XÁC ĐỊNH VỊ TRÍ VÀ DUNG LƯỢNG TRẠM BIẾN ÁP 22/0,4KV NHẰM GIẢM TỔN THẤT CÔNG SUẤT TRÊN LƯỚI ĐIỆN HẠ THẾ
Authors: VIỆT ANH TRƯƠNG , NGỌC TRIỀU TÔN , THANH LONG DƯƠNG , VINH QUANG BÙI
Published: December 2020

Hiện nay nhu cầu của phụ tải ngày càng tăng vì vậy việc mở rộng lưới điện hạ áp cần phải thực hiện nhằm đáp ứng với thực tế của lưới điện hạ áp. Để mở rộng khả năng cung cấp điện khi lưới điện hạ thế quá tải do nhu cầu phụ tải tăng cao thì việc lắp đặt thêm trạm biến áp là một giải pháp khả thi để thực hiện mở rộng lưới điện hạ thế. Bài báo này đề xuất thuật toán chuyển đổi nhánh cải tiến nhằm xác định vị trí và dung lượng của các trạm cần lắp đặt nhằm giảm tổn thất công suất trên lưới điện hạ thế là thấp nhất. Kết quả kiểm tra của thuật toán đề xuất được thực hiện trên lưới điện 35 nút đã cho thấy tính khả thi của phương pháp đề xuất.
AVALIAÇÃO DO CONSUMO DE SÓDIO EM DUAS UNIDADES DE ALIMENTAÇÃO E NUTRIÇÃO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors:   Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Alessio Alicia Macagnan , Lucca Stéfanie Simonis ,   Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Bruch-Bertani Juliana Paula ,   Universidade do Vale do Taquari
Published: December 2020

A pesquisa, realizada em duas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN), pretendeu avaliar o consumo de sódio extrínseco dos comensais preconizado pelo Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador (PAT). Analisou-se a quantidade de sal utilizada na ficha técnica, nas preparações das refeições e a quantidade de sal consumida nos saleiros. Comparou-se os valores de sódio entre as duas UANs, analisando a diferença entre o sódio estimado na ficha técnica em relação às preparações e ao sódio utilizado nos saleiros e comparados com valores de recomendações estabelecidos pelo PAT. Verificou-se diferença entre as duas UANs: sódio consumido no saleiro, sódio utilizado nas preparações, sódio estimado na ficha técnica e sódio das preparações somados com o sódio do saleiro. Na UAN 1, observou-se valores de sódio superiores nas preparações quando comparadas à ficha técnica, 1928,4 mg vs 1217,6 mg, respectivamente. Em ambas unidades, os valores da ficha técnica foram superiores à referência, 1217,6 mg para UAN 1 e 3112,4 mg para UAN 2, enquanto que os valores do saleiro foram inferiores à referência, 217,6 mg para UAN 1 e 283,2 mg para UAN 2. As unidades apresentaram consumo de sódio elevado, o que pode promover o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Visto que as duas unidades apresentaram resultados significativamente altos em relação à quantidade de sódio oferecida nas refeições, faz-se necessário reduzir o sal das preparações a fim de ofertar uma alimentação mais saudável.
ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE DIFERENTES CORES DE ELÁSTICOS EM CADEIA SINTÉTICOS: IN VITRO
Authors:   São Leopoldo Mandic, Cigognini Géssica Zamboni , Markoski Karoline ,   Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Karch Matheus ,   UNINGÁ - Centro Universitário Ingá, Giovanetti Marcos ,   São Leopoldo Mandic, da Silva Simone Camargo ,   UNINGÁ - Centro Universitário Ingá
Published: December 2020

Este estudo, in vitro, teve como meta medir a influência das cores sobre a degradação da força de elásticos ortodônticos em cadeia da marca Morelli®, após estirados e submersos em saliva artificial. Os valores foram obtidos após mensuração imediata (tempo zero), 30 minutos, 1 hora e 24 horas de submersão. Foram analisadas vinte amostras, escolhidas aleatoriamente, de cada uma das cores de elásticos em cadeia sintéticos. Cada amostra, composta por 4 elos, foi inicialmente pré-estiradas, com o auxílio de duas sondas exploradoras, até o estresse. A determinação da quantidade de estiramento dos elásticos para aferição corresponde a 50% do valor do pré-estiramento inicial. Após a leitura inicial, cada um dos elásticos foi retirado do dinamômetro com o auxílio de uma pinça clínica e em seguida assentados sobre um gabarito com pinos desenvolvidos para acomodação dos elásticos. Os conjuntos (gabarito + elásticos) foram imersos em saliva artificial a 37 °C (histerese ± 1°). Nos intervalos de tempo 30 minutos, 1 hora e 24 horas. As amostras no tempo zero apresentavam diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre as cores, com maior variação para a cinza e menor para a cor preta. Todas as cores mostraram maior degradação de força na primeira hora.
TERAPIAS NÃO FARMACOLÓGICAS UTILIZADAS PARA ALÍVIO DA DISMENORREIA PRIMÁRIA: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Alfenas, da Silva Bianca Aparecida Brito , Salles Thamyris Alexandre ,   Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Guedes Glauteice Freitas ,   Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul
Published: December 2020

A dismenorreia primária é considerada um distúrbio álgico em região suprapúbica associada também a outros sintomas, que ocorrem no período menstrual, provocando redução da qualidade das atividades de vida diária, atenuação da produtividade laboral e absenteísmo, constituindo-se um problema de saúde pública, o que torna imprescindível a busca por tratamentos eficientes. Diante dessa problemática e do grande número de mulheres que sofrem e são prejudicadas por esse distúrbio a pergunta norteadora desta pesquisa foi: “Quais as terapias não farmacológicas que podem combater ou amenizar a dismenorreia?” O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar na literatura evidências científicas sobre terapias não farmacológicas que podem ser utilizadas para o alívio da dismenorreia primária. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura, que explorou artigos nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online. O corpus da revisão foi composto por 29 publicações. Os métodos não farmacológicos relevantes para a redução da dismenorreia primária encontrados foram: acupressão; acupuntura; aromaterapia; bandagem elástica funcional; estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea; exercícios físicos; massagem aromaterapêutica; massagem terapêutica; moxabustão; pilates; raios infravermelhos; termoterapia e yoga. Os estudos apontaram que estes métodos foram efetivos para o alívio da dismenorreia primária. Nesse âmbito, é importante que os profissionais de saúde, tenham conhecimento acerca da efetividade destas terapias, o que contribui para a integralidade do cuidado, orientação eficiente e assertiva quanto aos inúmeros métodos alternativos existentes para estes quadros dolorosos.
TRATAMENTO MINIMAMENTE INVASIVO DE LESÕES CARIOSAS EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA
Authors:   Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Reis Isabelly da Costa , França Adílis Kalina Alexandria de ,   Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Duarte Maysa Lannes ,   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Letieri Aline dos Santos ,   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Soares Thaís Rodrigues Campos ,   Universidade Salgado de Oliveira
Published: December 2020

Dificuldades no atendimento odontológico das crianças, devido à necessidade de controle do comportamento e de suporte familiar adequado, além de peculiaridades relativas à anatomia dos dentes decíduos, suscitam o uso de técnicas de mínima intervenção para o controle da cárie dentária. Logo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tratamento minimamente invasivo de lesões de cárie em dentes decíduos, abordando as características, indicações e limitações de diferentes técnicas dentro desse conceito. O controle de biofilme sem selamento dentário é uma abordagem na qual nenhum tipo de material restaurador é colocado para selar as cavidades, sendo instituída a higiene bucal de modo eficiente como estratégia para paralisar as lesões de cárie. O selamento da lesão sem remoção de tecido cariado prevê a utilização de selantes resinosos ou coroas metálicas diretamente sobre as cavidades, sem remoção prévia de tecido cariado. Já a remoção seletiva de cárie seguida de restauração é a técnica mais aceita e utilizada em odontopediatria, sendo atualmente considerado o padrão ouro, em detrimento da remoção total de tecido cariado. Apesar de a mínima intervenção ser bem aceita pelas crianças, sua aceitabilidade pelos responsáveis e odontopediatras ainda é questionável. Verificou-se que todas essas técnicas se apresentam como alternativas eficazes para o tratamento minimamente invasivo em odontopediatria. Entretanto, é fundamental o entendimento, participação e comprometimento dos familiares, tendo em vista que o controle do biofilme e da dieta possuem papel fundamental para garantir o sucesso desses tratamentos.
Religious Associations in Tatar Assr under Conditions of Mass Political Repressions of the 1930
Authors: Ibragimov Ruslan Rustamovich , Fazliev Aivaz Minnegosmanovich , Samatova Chulpan Khamitovna
Published: December 2020

The paper discusses the situation of confessional associations in the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Tatar during the period of mass political repressions de in the late 1930s. The methodological basis was the civilizational approach, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, and social focus, which allowed the most effective development of the issue raised. The specificity of the period and the object of study are determined by the heyday of Stalinist repression and religious consciousness, which was carried by believers and clergy, and was not correlate with communist ideology. The very fact of the existence of the aforementioned believers and the clergy and the presence of Orthodox churches, mosques, Catholic churches and functioning religious buildings of other religions was fundamentally in line with the goals and objectives that the state authorities established during this period. By way of conclusion, the authors provide detailed statistical information (in support of their scientific arguments and conclusions) on the dynamics of the number of prayer buildings in the republic during the study period and at the same time account of the general conditions of mass repression that characterize the historical context.
The philosophy of private deterrence in the penal code
Authors: Abdulridha Jaafar Naser , Abbas Qusay Ali , Hashim Salwan Jaber
Published: December 2020

The aim of article was to discuss the philosophy of private deterrence under Iraq's penal code. The methodology adopted was the inductive approach, which helps to extrapolate legal texts with this study and the jurisprudence of legal jurists. The Legislator applies to the threat with punishment the harm and pain that will be inflicted on them if the crime is eaten by law, what is known as public deterrence speech. For its part, the special deterrent will be responsible for reforming the meaning and morality of the offender, following various means provided by the legislature and designing a method of education of the deprived of liberty, allowing them the voluntary work determined by the conditions of each penance conditions or even by the subsequent formal and informal reintegration mechanisms of ex-convictions. It is concluded that these methods and others can contribute significantly to the achievement of the deterrence objectives, which is to reform and evaluate the offender's conduct according to criminal gravity on a case-by-case basis.
Political, Military and Technical Cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Authors: Galiullin Marat Zufarovich , Gumarov Farkhad Linarovich , Kadyrov Ramil Rashitovich , Kamaletdinova Elvira Imbelevna
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main vectors of technical-military cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the Central Asia region. The SCO is widely believed to have been part of the Asian version of the North Atlantic Bloc and represents an organization with many areas of activity, where the technical-military cooperation of member countries plays an important role. The main objectives of the organization are to promote peace and stability in one more context, book the development of terrorism, separatism, extremism and drug trafficking, economic cooperation and energy partnership, cooperation and scientific. In made or use of the method anzé of systemic. It is concluded that cooperation in the technical-military field will provide the opportunity for the race to have a greater influence on global political and economic situations, without being abstracted solely from the tasks of the SCO, such as the mutual union of forces of major international organizations. The organization referred to will be in the resolution of various problems, both regionally and globally, to the extent that the tales objectives are consolidated and achieved.
Electronic technologies during local elections: new challenges
Authors: Perezhniak Boris , Karmazina Catherine , Dudnyk Ruslana , Solyannik Kostiantyn , Severinova Oleksandra
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic poses new challenges, as no one can propresa will burst a new wave of morbidity. It is therefore worth thinking about the implementation of the electronic voting procedure. In view of this, it is important to explore the role of electronic technology in local elections, share it with the experience of several countries, as well as as analyse new opportunities for the transformation of the electoral process. The aim of the work is to study the role of electronic technologies during local elections. The subject of research is electronic technologies during local elections and social relationships that arise, change and end during the use of electronic processes during local elections. The research methodology combined a set of philosophical, general, and special approaches to scientific knowledge. A study of electronic technologies in local elections has shown that electronic technologies play an important role in electoral processes. It is concluded that, under modern conditions, it is important for Ukraine to support the electoral process with the latest electronic technologies, because these technologies, if used correctly, ensuring election democracy and greater the efficiency of democracy institutions represents.
Features of Qualification and Prevention of Smuggling of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances: their Precursors or Analogues
Authors: Gazinurovna Khayrullina Rezeda , Dmitrievna Kravchenko Olga , Valerievna Tobolskaya Victoria , Yuryevna Nedorezova Olga
Published: December 2020

The article is dedicated to the consideration of factors influencing the state of the situation in Russia in the field of detection and repression of the smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors, and analogues. In the methodological field it is an analytical research based on documentary, close to legal hermeneutics. Specifically, thearticle analyses Russian legislation, offers options to solve problems in the field of smuggling narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors, and analogues. The authors consider the real problems of countering the drug threat, which is currently a serious obstacle to the development of the state. By way of concluding the nature and magnitude of the negative consequences, illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors, and analogues can be classified as direct threats to national security. Today, the issues of countering the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, using modern information technologies, improving mechanisms to convert goods obtained from illicit drug trafficking into state revenue are relevant.
Victimological measures to prevent violent offences for gain committed by children
Authors: Shablystyi Volodymyr , Kovalenko Andriy , Hetman Anastasiia , Kvasha Roman
Published: December 2020

The aim of the article is to be a victimological description of violent crimes for profit by children in Ukraine. The research methodology was based on the equal combination of the legal method, logical and semantic method, comparative method, documentary, test method, classification method, method, and method of system analysis. Among the most notable results of the study were victims who contribute to the commission of crimes for profit and. Everything allows that, the theory of victimological modeling is a logical result of victim thought in criminology, which aims to be the models of the concluding victim of victims of crime crimes, etc.) in order to develop measures that are advised of the victim. The objectives of preventing lost crimes through the development and implementation of long-term state programmed for prevention. The implementation of these laundry programs a mechanism for the effective prevention of victims, the effectiveness of the fight against crime and will ensure safety.
Influencia de la innovación en la competitividad de las medianas empresas del Ecuador
Authors: Jaramillo Paredes Marcia Fabiola , Romero Hidalgo Oscar Mauricio , Aguirre Benalcázar Martha Cecilia , Ruiz Carrillo Jonathan Alexander
Published: December 2020

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la influencia de la innovación en la competitividad de las medianas empresas del Ecuador. Los autores consideran a la innovación como la acción de generar ideas a través de la gestión del conocimiento mediante el aprovechamiento de la tecnología, con la finalidad de incidir en la competitividad de las empresas mediante la generación de valor agregado en la oferta de productos y servicios. La metodología del presente artículo se desarrolló como un diseño no experimental de tipo transversal, exploratorio y fundamentalmente bibliográfico para referenciar diferentes textos y contextos empresariales. En esencia, se trató de un trabajo de revisión teórica próximo a la hermenéutica. Entra las conclusiones más representativas se destaca que, la innovación como proceso integral que busca desarrollar al máximo las capacidades productivas de una empresa determinada tiene variadas implicaciones económicas y de competitividad, porque, por un lado, aumenta la cantidad y calidad de los bienes y servicios que se producen al mismo tiempo reduce los costos; por el otro, incide en el abanico de opciones que los pymes otorgan a sus clientes para satisfacer sus necesidades y deseos con ofertas de calidad en un contexto de creciente competencia nacional y global.
Editorial - Curriculum Reform in Jamaica: Case Studies of Teachers’ Experiences with the National Standards Curriculum
Authors: Roofe Carmel , Baldwin Andrea
Published: December 2020

Since its independence in 1962, Jamaica has been involved in an ongoing process of education reform to address inequities in its education system, respond to changing needs, and provide the best education for its populace. Achieving quality, access, and equity in the education system have been key principles underlying these reforms. Since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by the global community in 2015, Sustainable Development Goal Four, which seeks to “Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning,” has been the foundation driving these reforms.
An Investigation into Factors which Influence Teachers’ Implementation of Curriculum Reform: A Framework for Successful Implementation
Authors: Cameron Tamiko
Published: December 2020

This article reviews literature on teachers’ views of the implementation of curriculum reform and factors which influence teachers’ implementation of curriculum reform. It draws on published peer-reviewed articles and journals related to teachers and how they interface with new reforms within various subject areas and from various countries to organize the findings. It adopts the suggestions made by researchers Lim and Khine (2006) about managing barriers to curriculum reform as a benchmark to develop a framework for teachers’ successful implementation. The conclusion drawn is that curriculum reform is essential for successful development of a society and is best achieved through the bottom-up approach.
Teachers’ experiences implementing the National Standards Curriculum at the Riverbank High School
Authors: Scott Deandrea
Published: December 2020

This paper explores teachers’ experiences implementing the National Standards Curriculum at a secondary school in Jamaica. During a phenomenological case study, structured and semi-structured interviews were completed with 16 participants and data collected subsequently analysed using constant comparison. The aim was to ascertain how teachers described their experiences implementing the NSC, what teachers saw as challenges with implementing the NSC and what they saw as strengths of the NSC. The findings showed that most teachers described their experience as challenging. Improving the process for implementing new curriculums and guiding efforts to address challenges teachers face in order to better facilitate institutionalization of the NSC are benefits to be derived from these findings.
Cross-Language Community Engagement: Assessing the Strengths of Heritage Learners
Authors: DuBord Elise , Kimball Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

This article reports on university students’ learning outcomes stemming from their work as language partners in a community-based learning project in an English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) class with adult Spanish-speaking immigrants. We present a rubric designed to assess student learning in the collaborative, cross-language nature of the partnership that moves beyond notions of language acquisition. The rubric was used to score the reflective writing of students in two university classes who participated in this off-campus partnership, one in Spanish for majors, and one in English for general education students. Our analysis focuses on correlations between students’ language backgrounds and previous service experiences and the kinds of learning they experienced, in order to explore the strengths that different kinds of students bring to community work. Heritage learners in both university classes achieved the highest outcomes, and they did so regardless of whether they were heritage learners of Spanish or other languages. Students with low levels of previous community engagement—many of whom were students of color and/or heritage learners—also had higher outcomes than their peers with higher levels of previous community engagement. We argue that inclusive project design and local, critical assessment of student outcomes in community-based learning can foster constructive partnerships that recognize and build upon the strengths of heritage learners.
Voluntary Writing in the Heritage Language: A Study of Biliterate Korean-Heritage Adolescents in the U.S.
Authors: Yi Youngjoo
Published: December 2020

Until now, much of the research on heritage language (HL) education has focused on the use of oral language or traditional print-based texts by HL speakers who are born and raised in the U.S. In addition, many of the available studies concentrate on beginning-level HL students because few second generation immigrants reach advanced levels of literacy in Korean. Little is known about the use of the HL by individuals who are highly literate in both Korean and English. This paper attempts to address this gap by examining the voluntary writing practices of two adolescent Korean HL speakers with advanced proficiencies in both Korean and English. Through an inductive analysis of multiple data sources (interviews, literacy activity checklists, field notes, and literacy artifacts), this study shows that the two Korean adolescents moved fluidly between their two cultures and languages through their online and paper-based HL writing practices. In addition, their use of Korean in writing helped them socialize with their ethnic peer groups, pursue personal interests, and maintain ties with Korea on a daily basis. These findings inform HL literary instruction and offer insights into the ways HL literacy is situated in the daily lives of biliterate adolescents.
Recrowning Negara Hukum: A New Challenge, A New Era
Authors: Lubis Todung Mulya
Published: December 2020

The elections of 2014 are a critical juncture in Indonesian history. Fifteen years after the end of the authoritarian New Order, and after ten years of democratic rule under Yudhoyono, Indonesians must decide whether to consolidate the democratic reforms introduced after the fall of Soeharto, or dismantle them. This choice has polarised Indonesians and many feel confused by events this year. This paper looks at the increasingly divisive debate over democracy and Reformasi in Indonesia to assess whether his country will move backward or forward after the new administration is sworn in on 20 October. It then focuses on human rights and other key areas of law reform that need attention, as well as the threats they face, to set out an agenda for getting Indonesian Reformasi back on track.
The Second Decade - Looking Back, Looking Forward: Women’s Access to the Religious Courts of Indonesia
Authors: Sumner Cate , Zulminarni Nani
Published: December 2020

Reflecting on over a decade of collaboration that has contributed to more than a million more women accessing the Indonesian family courts for Muslims known as the Religious Courts, this paper considers the elements that contributed to the results and what is important for programmes that prioritise women’s access to justice and, in particular, access to the formal justice system. The authors also look forward and address changes needed in the coming decade to further accelerate improvements in women’s access to the courts and address the quality of service they receive. Six concluding reflections are offered, summing up some of the striking lessons. These: include: the importance of inclusive (and sometimes unlikely) networks or coalitions that support reform; the need for research and knowledge publications that lay an evidence base to present to national agencies that control budget resources; the value of adequate time to trial approaches, building trust to show results; and the importance of paralegals supporting women and girls to access the formal justice system. An earlier version of this paper was presented by the authors at the World Congress on Family Law and Children’s Rights in Dublin in June 2017.
Improving the Quality of Tutorials to Create a Quality Culture Through an Integrative Selection of Tutors
Authors: Titik Setyowati  , Setiani Rahyu , Sambada Dwi , Surasmi Wuwuh A. , Dwikoranto
Published: December 2020

Open University is needed to meet the needs of studying without being limited by space, time, amount, cost, age, and distance with a quality tutor. This study aims to describe the ideal form of tutor recruitment, the role of tutors and get quality tutors. This survey research was conducted at the Distance Learning Program Unit (DLPU) Surabaya with data collection methods through observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. Sources of data were obtained from Study groups, Tutors, Department of Education, Regional Responsibility in the tutorial period 2019.1 and 2019.2. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that: (1) The ideal form of tutor recruitment is through tutor selection, through the tutor candidate test, through agency recommendations and special offers. (2) The role of tutors in the professional learning process is that tutors are still needed for certain subjects, as innovators and motivators, to play a role in reducing dropout. (3) To get quality tutors and not only as a part-time job so that tutors in working remain professional is to build a sound system. The obligations and rewards that are received appropriately. Between taxes and a decent income. Also, between expertise or rank need to be adjusted to the level of compensation which is given.
Türkiye’de Siyasal İktidarlara Gösterilen Rıza: Seçmenlerin Oy Verme Modellerini Benimseme Düzeyleri
Authors: ARSLAN Mahmut Abdullah , CEYLAN Fatih , HANCIĞAZ Erhan
Published: December 2020

Günümüz dünyasında çok yaygın bir yönetim şekli olan demokrasinin en önemli unsuru seçimlerdir. Seçimler aracılığıyla seçmen, kendini yönetme yetkisini bir başkasına vermektedir. Bu açıdan siyasal yelpazede iktidarı elde etme amacıyla yarışanların üstesinden gelmesi gereken en önemli konu, seçmenin rızasını kazanmak olmuştur. Ayrıca “rıza” kavramı son zamanlarda üzerinde çalışılmaya başlanan önemli konulardan biridir. Bu açıdan bu çalışma ile seçmenlerin oy verme davranışlarını benimseme düzeyleri ve bu bağlamda oy verme kararlarının kendi rızalarını yansıtıp-yansıtmadığı anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma betimsel tarama modeli ile yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular incelenmiş ve genel sonuç olarak vatandaşların oy verme modellerini benimseme düzeylerinin modelden modele farklılık gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca bu farklılıklara bağlı olarak seçmenlerin oy verme kararlarındaki bireysel rızalarının da farklı olabildiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Para uma Filologia Política. Educação e justiça em Nietzsche
Authors: Oliveira Flávio Valentim de
Published: December 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar o itinerário reflexivo de Nietzsche sobre a educação, especialmente nas obras do chamado segundo período que são Humano, demasiado humano (1878), Aurora (1881),  Além do Bem e do Mal (1886), procurando perceber ao mesmo tempo como esse itinerário filosófico explicita as próprias noções nietzschianas de justiça e de crítica da modernidade política.
FİNANSAL KRİZLER İLE HALKA ARZLAR: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: USTA Berati , AYKAÇ ALP Elçin
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada; Borsa İstanbul’ da (BİST) halka arz olmuş şirketlerin hisse senedi getirileri arasındaki ilişkiler, Türkiye’de yakın geçmişte yaşanan krizler dikkate alınarak (2000-2001 ve 2008 krizleri) incelenmiştir. BİST’te 2000-2001 krizi öncesinde ve sonrasında halka arz olmuş şirketlerin aylık getirileri üzerinden, Markowitz ortalama-varyans modeli Sharpe kriterine göre, uzun dönemde ve 2008 kriz döneminde optimal portföyler oluşturularak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgular; 2000-2001 krizi öncesinde ve sonrasında halka arz olmuş şirketlerin, oluşturulan optimal portföylerdeki ağırlıkları, ilgili dönemler itibari ile farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.