bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TÜRK BANKACILIK SİSTEMİNDE DİJİTALLEŞME-KÂRLILIK ETKİLEŞİMİ
Authors: ULUSOY Ahmet , DEMİREL Dr.öğretim Üyesi Serkan
Published: September 2021

Dünyadaki gelişmelere paralel olarak Türk bankacılık sektörü hızla dijitalleşmektedir. Dijitalleşmenin sürdürülebilirliği ancak kârlılığın sağlanmasıyla mümkün olabilir. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada dijitalleşmenin bankaların aktif kârlılığı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Dijital bankacılık müşteri memnuniyeti ve sadakatinin artmasına, işlem maliyetinin azalmasına ve bankaların kâr etmesine katkı sağlayarak kazanç artışına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 2008-2020 dönemi, çeyrek dönemlik veriler kullanılarak dijitalleşme ve kârlılık ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar dijitalleşme ve kârlılık arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, hem mobil ve internet bankacılık kullanan müşteri sayısının hem de mobil bankacılık ve internet bankacılığı aracılığıyla yapılan işlem hacimlerinin aktif kârlılık üzerinde pozitif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durumun yanı sıra internet bankacılığı aracılıyla yapılan işlem hacmi büyüklüğünün bankaların aktif kârlılığı üzerinde etkili olan en önemli faktör olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca mobil bankacılık işlem hacminin kârlılık üzerindeki etkisinin internet bankacılığı işlem hacminin kârlılık üzerindeki etkisine göre daha düşük bir seviyede kaldığı bulunmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bir diğer sonuç ise mobil bankacılık müşteri sayısındaki artışın, internet bankacılığı müşteri sayısındaki artışa göre kârlılık üzerinde yaklaşık iki katlık bir etkiye sahip olduğudur.
Injury prevention in football: Knowledge and behaviour of players and availability of medical care in a Nigerian youth football league
Authors: Owoeye OBA , Akinbo SRA , Olawale OA , Tella BA , Ibeabuchi NM
Published: September 2021

Background. Exposure to competitive football is increasing among male youth football players in Nigeria. However, medical support to abate the impact of injuries appears inadequate and there is limited literature to show whether youth football players are knowledgeable about, and practise effective measures for injury prevention in football (IPF).Objective. To assess the knowledge and behaviour of male youth football players regarding IPF and the availability of medical care for players.Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study among all registered first-division players of a male youth football league in Lagos, Nigeria. Using a self-administered questionnaire, we assessed players’ knowledge regarding IPF, awareness of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ injury-prevention programme, injury-prevention behaviour and availability of medical attendants during training and competitive matches.Results. The mean age of the players was 18.5 years (standard deviation (SD) ±1.7; range 12 - 19). Their overall mean knowledge score regarding IPF was 4.40 (SD ±1.92) from a total score of 9, with the majority falling into the poor (39.1%) and fair (43.9%) knowledge categories. Most (79.3%) players were not aware of the FIFA 11+ programme. Less than half (40.5%) wore shin guards during training sessions, while 52.5% reported wearing shin guards during matches. Less than two-thirds always warmed up or cooled down at training or matches. About three-quarters (73.1%) and over half (52.1%) reported not having medical attendants working with their teams during matches and training, respectively.Conclusion. There is a clear deficiency in the knowledge and behaviour of injury-prevention measures among Nigerian male youth football players, and adequate medical care is lacking. There is a need for injury-prevention advocacy and implementation of effective interventions to bridge the identified deficiencies in youth football in Nigeria.
EY, DÜNYE EY ROMANINDA KAZAKLARDAKİ LAKAP TAKMA, İSİM VERME ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
Authors: KORAŞ Hikmet , SHAİKENOVA Gulshat
Published: September 2021

İsim verme ve lakap takma bütün toplumlar ve kültürlerde insanın yaratılışı ile ortaya çıkmıştır. İsimler, toplumdan toplama değişmekle birlikte genellikle kişilerin birinci derecede yakınları tarafından verilirken lakaplar kişilere arkadaşları veya çevresi tarafından verilir. Bu sonradan isimlendirme, bir taraftan kişinin karakterini, toplumdaki konumunu, yaptığı işi, çevresiyle ilişkisini, etnik kökenini yansıtırken diğer taraftan lakabı verenlerin de kişiye bakışını, ona verdiği değeri, toplum içindeki gördüğü konumu veya görmek istediği konumu ile bu çevrenin sosyal ve kültürel durumu gibi özellikleri de yansıtır. Bazı isimler ve lakaplar insanları ve toplumu yönlendirmek amacıyla konmuştur, bazıları ise yaptığı kötü bir iş ve yanlıştan dolayı yergi amacı taşır. Bazıları tarihi özellikler taşır ve hem kişiye hem çevresine unutulmaması gereken tarihe veya tarihi şahsiyetlere vurgu yapar, bazıları sadece geleneğin gereği konmuştur ama altından bir milletin miti çıkar. Bu isim ve lakapların özgün şeklinde bulunan veya sadece kullanımda eklenen ekler de dil incelemesinde önemlidir. Koyan kişinin isim koyduğu ve lakap taktığı kişiye olan yakınlığı, bakışı, verdiği değer sezilir. Bazılarında toplumun başka toplumlarla ilişkisi, ilişkinin yönü ve derecesi görülür. Toplumların aynası olan edebi eserde ise durum aynı olmakla birlikte biraz farklılık arz eder. Edebi eserlerdeki kişilerin lakapları, bir taraftan bahsettiğimiz özellikleri yansıtırken diğer taraftan yazarın dönem, kişiler, kişilerin edebi eserdeki diğer kişilerle ilişkisini hatta yazarın siyasi, sosyal ve edebi bakışını da yansıtır. Bu gerçekler dikkate alınarak Beksultan Nurjekeulı’nın “Ey, Dünya Ey!” romanında kullanılan lakaplar ve isimler ele alınmış, lakap ve isimler dışında bu konuyla ilişkili olarak kişilerin yakınlarının isimlerini kullanırken yaptıkları tasarruf ve değiştirmeler de incelenmiştir.
Sample collection and eDNA extraction from Sterivex filter units v1
Authors: E Chiang Oscar , Inostroza Pedro
Published: September 2021

The following workflow covers several steps in the DNA analysis of environmental samples, from the water collection to the analysis back in the lab. The samples can be taken from several water systems (i.e. sea, lakes, rivers, streams) and collected in triplicate (1 L) in Sterivex sterile filter units (Merck, cat. no. SVGP01050). The DNA extraction protocol modifies the Dneasy PowerWater Sterivex kit (Qiagen, cat. no. 14600-50-nf).
NEBNext® Varskip Short ARTIC SARS-CoV-2 FS Library Prep Kit (Illumina®) E7658Express Protocol with One Clean-up Step v1
Authors: Gautreau Isabel
Published: September 2021

This protocol details methods for the NEBNext® ARTIC SARS-CoV-2 FS Library Prep Kit (Illumina®), NEB #E7658S/L 24/96 reactions. This protocol follows an alternate variant-tolerant approach for targeting SARS-CoV-2 by utilizing NEBNext VarSkip Short SARS-CoV-2 Primer Mixes. The NEBNext VarSkip Short SARS-CoV-2 Primer mixes cannot be added to the same cDNA amplification reaction as the NEBNext ARTIC SARS-CoV-2 Primer Mixes. This protocol does not include a cleanup step for each sample after cDNA synthesis and after adaptor ligation. Performing RNA input normalization prior to cDNA synthesis and targeted amplification and/or normalizing final libraries prior to sequencing promotes more even distribution of reads across libraries. Skipping RNA input normalization, final library normalization, and cleanups reduces hands on time but may require deeper sequencing depth to reach sufficient coverage of each sample. For other NEBNext® ARTIC SARS-CoV-2 protocols, please see the NEBNext ARTIC Protocols Collection.
Effectiveness of rehabilitation for osteoarthritis of the knee associated with isolated meniscus injury: a scoping review protocol v1
Authors: Hayashi Masateru , Koga Shusaku , Kitagawa Takashi
Published: September 2021

Objective: The purpose of this scoping review is to examine whether there are differences in rehabilitation according to the degree of damage to the isolated medial and lateral meniscus and to determine whether it is of value to conduct a systematic review in the future. ⮚ Introduction: The prevalence of meniscus injuries in middle-aged and elderly people (>50 years) is 31%, and they occur more frequently in medial meniscus injuries than in lateral meniscus injuries (28%＞12%). The treatment of meniscus injuries consists of conservative therapy and surgery, and the benefit of combining surgery with rehabilitation has become clear. However, the effectiveness of rehabilitation alone, according to the degree of isolated meniscus injury, has not been clarified. ⮚ Eligibility criteria: The review will be a scoping review of the effectiveness of rehabilitation for osteoarthritis of the knee with unilateral or bilateral isolated meniscus injuries in patients over 40 years of age. Outcomes will be pain, function, and re-injury. All types of research will be accepted without restrictions as to location, race, gender, or language of the original article. ⮚ Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) databases using the keywords "meniscus" and "physical therapy" will be conducted during September 2021. In addition, we will not limit the language of the search, in order to include all studies. Data extraction tools will be used to specifically show findings in extracted articles related to participants, concepts, context, research design, and review questions. Outcomes should be pain, function, and re-injury, and results should be specified for each outcome.
Modern possibilities of using immunotherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer
Authors: Tarasova A. V. , Ganina K. A. , Meshkova M. A. , Solovyeva Yu. V. , Ivanova E. E. , Akimov L. N.
Published: September 2021

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Every year, more than 500,000 women are diagnosed with CC, and the disease leads to more than 300,000 deaths worldwide. Infection with the human papillomavirus is the cause of CC in most cases. The disease is largely preventable through preventive vaccination. Approximately 90 % of CC cases are diagnosed in low-and middle-income countries where there are no organized human papillomavirus screening and vaccination programs. A special group in this disease consists of patients who develop recurrent / metastatic CC. To date, the most promising direction of drug treatment for this pathology is drugs that act on the control points of immunity – the PD-1 receptor / PD-L1 ligand, which are used by the tumor to block the immune system. The article presents a clinical case demonstrating the efficacy of the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab for the treatment of recurrent / metastatic CC.
Development of the predictive model for I stage breast cancer
Authors: Ismagilov A. Kh. , Vanesyan A. S. , Khuzina D. R.
Published: September 2021

Objective: development of a predictive model based on binary regression to determine the likelihood of progression of I stage breast cancer.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of data of 385 patients with T1N0M0 stage breast cancer was performed. The minimum follow-up period was 120 months and the maximum made 256 months, with an average follow-up of 191 ± 36 months (16 ± 3 years). Using a forward stepwise selection (binary regression), the most important prognostic factors were selected, on the basis of which the predictive model “Risk Assessment Algorithm for Recurrence of Breast Carcinoma” was constructed.

Results. During the study period, recurrence of stage I breast cancer was reported in 67 patients, representing 17.4 % of the total cohort. Five prognostic factors were selected by binary regression: grade, histological type, estrogen receptor expression, HER2 / neu overexpression and Ki-67 amplification. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards method demonstrated the influence of each of the selected factors on disease-free survival. Comparative analysis with other existing models showed that our prognostic model is inferior to Adjuvant! Online in terms of sensitivity (85 % ver- sus 95 %). However, it is superior in specificity (58 % versus 38 %), PPV (69 % versus 63 %) and AUC (84 % versus 70 %).

Conclusions. In I stage breast cancer, factors such as grade, histological type, estrogen receptor expression, HER2 / neu overexpression and Ki-67 amplification are the most significant predictive factors influencing recurrence rates. The algorithm for assessing the risk of recurrence of stage I breast cancer can predict the risk of tumour progression with a sensitivity of 84 % and a specificity of 58 % (p <0.05).
Early postoperative complications in patients operated on for breast cancer using different surgical techniques
Authors: Ismagilov A. Kh. , Karasev V. E.
Published: September 2021

Background. Given the steady and intense increase in the incidence of breast cancer, the problem of the development of early complications of reconstructive operations, depending on the characteristics of surgery, remains urgent.

Objective: to analyze the characteristics of the early postoperative period in patients operated on for breast cancer using different surgical techniques.

Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of clinical examination data was carried out, as well as laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods for 353 women with stage I to IIIA breast cancer after various surgical treatment options and 40 patients after mammoplasty.

Results and conclusions. It has been shown that neither single-step nor delayed reconstructive operations after radical mastectomy increase the incidence of complications in the early postoperative period. Single-step breast reconstruction with the help of an expander can be used in patients with I–IIIA stages of the tumor process.
Ribociclib in the treatment of HR+ HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: updated results from the randomized clinical trials and their role in the clinical practice
Authors: Kolyadina I. V.
Published: September 2021

The luminal HER2-negative subtype is the dominant variant of metastatic breast cancer; modern combined endocrine therapy with CDK4/6 inhibitors due to significantly change the prognosis of the disease, not only for increasing progression free survival, but also for significantly prolonging the life expectancy of patients. This review presents the features of the mechanism of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors, the most significant and updated results of large, randomized trials with ribociclib (MONALEESA-2, MONALEESA-3, and MONALEESA-7) assessing the efficacy and safety of combined endocrine therapy with various endocrine partners in a population of premenopausal women and menopausal patients. The prospects for the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors for therapy patients with visceral crisis are shown.
Glassy cell carcinoma of cervix
Authors: Safronova K. V. , Artemieva A. S. , Ulrikh E. A. , Berlev I. V. , Urmancheeva A. F.
Published: September 2021

Objective:to identify the features of the frequency of occurrence, clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment of vitreous cell carcinomas of the cervix.

Materials and methods.The publication highlights 4 cases of diagnosed GCC of the cervix at the N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Oncology Center for a five-year period from 2015 to 2020.

Results.The incidence of vitreous cell carcinomas of the cervix is 1.08 % of all cases of cervical cancer. The study included only patients with locally advanced forms of stage II and III diseases. All patients underwent individualized treatment. In three cases, progression of the disease was observed during treatment.

Conclusions.The main problem is the rare occurrence of vitreous cell carcinomas of the cervix. The choice of treatment tactics is decided only on a multidisciplinary basis and requires further research.
CONFRONTATION IN THE CIRCLES OF UKRAINIAN INTERWAR EMIGRATION: TWO VISIONS OF PRESERVATION OF THE NATIONAL MONUMENTS
Authors: Kahamlyk Svitlana
Published: September 2021

The aim of the article is to analyze the specifics of archival and museum activities of Ukrainian emigrants of the 20s - 30s of the XX century and finding out the essenсe and reasons for their differences of opinion on the preservation of Ukrainian archival heritage.
The phenomenon of Ukrainian interwar emigration was a unique phenomenon in Ukrainian history and culture given the importance of its functioning in all spheres - state, political, cultural. Characterizing the conditions and specifics of the second wave of Ukrainian emigration, it should be noted that it was complicated by material shortages and lack of consolidated unity, which led to the confrontation of certain groups in solving various problems of everyday emigration.
Based on the analysis of published and out-of-date archival materials, the article concludes that there was no common vision in the circles of Ukrainian interwar emigration on the protection of national monuments, which caused confrontation between its separate groups. The causes of the conflict largely lay in the party affiliation of the conflicting parties (the Petliurists, represented by the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and the Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries), through whose prism the preservation of Ukrainian monuments was considered. Party interests were placed above national ones, resulting in a lack of understanding and a loss of unity of Ukrainian patriotic forces.
CHANGING OF PARADIGM IN MILITARY-POLITICAL THINKING IN THE DOCTRINES AND STRATEGIES OF MILITARY SECURITY OF UKRAINE OF THE 20th AND 21th CENTURIES
Authors: Tsiurupa Mykhailo
Published: September 2021

The time limits of the life of one generation are about 25-30 years, so lived in the struggle for building its own state and its armed defence, this time for Ukraine goes down in the history of the first generation of creation and attempts to comply with four military doctrines (1993-2004-2012-2015), in which our own defence course was proclaimed.
The theoretical basis of these official documents of significance were certain paradigms of military-political thinking, according to which Ukraine did not consider it a continuation of politics. The direction and principles of military policy (defence or security policy in European terminology) for modern Ukraine from the mid-20s of the XIX century, as well as 100 years ago, again came to the fore in connection with the implementation of previously abstract concepts " annexation "," occupation "," war ", which allegedly did not exist for our country in recent history. But today they have been embodied or, in the image of Franz Kafka, "reincarnated" into threatening forms of Russia's military practice against our state, the end of which is not yet visible in the near future. The military-theoretical and political response was the "Military Strategy of Ukraine" in 2021, which "opened" a new generation of paradigms of militarypolitical thinking. The main thesis is the belief that the protection of sovereignty and strengthening of military security is the military-theoretical and political response was the "Military Strategy of Ukraine" in 2021, which "opened" a new generation of paradigms of military-political thinking. The main thesis is the belief that the protection of sovereignty and strengthening of military security is the creation of a "comprehensive defence system" with the integration of all forces of the state and civil society, law enforcement agencies and volunteers, administrative regions and territorial communities.
The military-theoretical and political response was the "Military Strategy of Ukraine" in 2021, which "opened" a new generation of paradigms of military-political thinking. We will prove that this is a philosophy of military security instead of the previously expressed doctrinal military-political ideas of entrusting a matter of national importance to the forces of the defence sector. The new generation of public life Ukraine will begin with a new paradigm of militarypolitical thinking, the central idea of which is the transition from hopes for the political levers of defence for international cooperation to the creation of a system of comprehensive national security with the synergistic potential of Ukrainianity.
LİDER-ÜYE ETKİLEŞİMİNİN OLUMLU VE OLUMSUZ SONUÇLARININ TESPİT EDİLMESİ: ÜNİVERSİTE ÇALIŞANLARI AÇISINDAN BİR İNCELEME
Authors: Gençer Çelik Gülşah , Öngel Volkan
Published: September 2021

Araştırmanın amacı, lider-üye etkileşiminin işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinde zorunlu vatandaşlık davranışının aracılık rolünün belirlenmesidir. Araştırma kapsamında üç farklı vakıf yükseköğretim kurumundaki akademik ve idari personellerden anket formları aracılığı ile veri toplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 398 çalışandan veri elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 25 paket programı ve SPSS Process 2.16 makrosu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde faktör analizi, güvenilirlik analizi, tanımlayıcı istatistikler, korelasyon analizi, normal dağılım testleri ve aracılık analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda lider-üye etkileşiminin zorunlu vatandaşlık davranışını azalttığı, lider-üye etkileşiminin işte ayrılma niyetini azalttığı ve zorunlu vatandaşlık davranışının işten ayrılma niyetini arttırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Diğer yandan lider-üye etkileşiminin işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinden zorunlu vatandaşlık davranışının kısmi aracılık rolünün bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın değişkenleri arasındaki ikili ilişkilerin alanyazındaki önceki çalışmalar ile uyumlu iken, zorunlu vatandaşlık davranışının kısmi aracılık rolü alanyazından farklı bir sonuçtur. Söz konusu farklılık lider-üye etkileşiminin işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinde önemli olarak görülebilecek farklı bir faktörün olduğunu gösterme açısından önemlidir.
Madunun Kentteki Gölgesi: Zerre
Authors: TAŞ ÖZ Perihan , YİĞİT Zehra
Published: September 2021

2000 sonrası Yeni Türkiye Sineması’nda, dönemin toplumsal heterojenliğine paralel olarak toplumsal
cinsiyet, sınıf, kimlik ve mekan gibi öğeler üzerinden farklı sinemasal temsiller üretildiği görülmektedir. Bu
dönem anlatılarında sıklıkla yer alan temsillerden biri de madun imgesidir. Çalışmanın amacı Yeni Türkiye
Sineması’nda madunların gündelik yaşam pratiklerine, sıkıntılarına, çelişkilerine, toplumsal tahakküm ve
tabiiyet ilişkilerine ve eğer varsa ürettikleri direniş yöntemlerine nasıl yer verildiğini saptamaktır. Örneklem
olarak Zerre (Erdem Tepegöz, 2012) filmi, ana karakteri Zeynep’in madun konumunu bütünlüklü
bir şekilde; mekansal, sınıfsal ve bedensel sınırlılıklar çerçevesinde ele alan bir film olması nedeniyle
seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın kuramsal altyapısını, Antonio Gramsci, Ranajit Guha, Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak, Gyanendra Randey ve Dipesh Chakrabarty gibi sosyolog ve kuramcıların çalışmalarıyla şekillenen
Maduniyet Çalışmaları teorisi oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda film analiz edilirken maduniyeti çerçeveleyen
toplumsal koşullar referans alınarak sosyolojik eleştiri yöntemi ile madun kavramının filmde nasıl temsil
edildiği saptanmıştır. Madun imgesini öyküsünün merkezinde tutan Zerre, kentsel yoksulluk ve işsizlik
çıkmazı içerisindeki bireylerden biri olan Zeynep’in var olma mücadelesini aktarırken, aynı zamanda
maduniyetin sosyo-ekonomik şekillenişini de anlatısallaştırmıştır. Bununla birlikte, Maduniyet Çalışmaları
kuramcılarının sıklıkla işaret ettiği, madun ile egemen olanın ilişkisinde cinsiyet vurgusunun önemi,
çalışmanın yaptığı analizle de belirginleşmiş; madunun cinsiyetinin kadın olduğu durumlarda egemen
olanın dayattığı tahakkümlerin çok daha ağır olduğu ve daha çok bedensel politikalar üzerinden kurulduğu
sonucuna varılmıştır.
Some methods for determining acceleration and tilt by use of pendulums and accelerometers
Authors: Bradner Hugh , Reichle Michael
Published: September 2021

abstract

We consider the use of a system of horizontal and vertical pendulums to determine linear and rotational components of ground motion. Accelerometers can be viewed as a special case of pendulums. Fourth-order equations are always required for determining horizontal displacement unless the natural period of at least one sensor lies far below the passband of interest.

Applications to guidance and to seismology are mentioned briefly.
A procedure for elucidating fine structure of the crust and upper mantle from seismological data
Authors: Kurita Tuneto
Published: September 2021

abstract

A formulation is presented to elucidate the layered structure down to a depth of over 200 km from long-period body-wave records of teleseismic deep-focus earthquakes. This formulation utilizes the ratios of vertical to horizontal motions of P and SV waves, and the ratio of SH motion to horizontal motion of SV waves. A strong advantage of the basic assumption of this method is that a postulation of horizontal parallel layering is limited to a few hundred kilometers. A two-step procedure is proposed and justified which makes a separate determination of the structure of crust and upper mantle. In each step, the truncated transfer ratio is used in which factors naturally incorporated in observed spectra, such as finiteness of the record, data window, instrumental response, source function, and later phases are all taken into account. Methods are developed to evaluate effects of the noise and the deviation of the direction of wave approach on the transfer ratio. This formulation makes it possible to elucidate the fine, regionalized structure of the crust and upper mantle such as transitional layering and details of the upper-mantle low-velocity zone.

A routine procedure for determining fine structure of the crust and upper mantle around recording stations is proposed. This cyclic procedure is a combined study of all available seismological methods such as body-wave transfer ratios, surface-wave dispersion, travel times, and synthetic seismograms, and a study of body-wave transfer ratios is in the heart of it. This approach leads to an unambiguous estimation of the layered structure in the upper part of the Earth.
Trans-California seismic profile, death Valley to Monterey Bay
Authors: Carder Dean S.
Published: September 2021

abstract

An experiment to investigate the major earth structure along a profile from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) to the Pacific Ocean across two sections of the Sierra Nevada, one in the Kings Canyon area and the other which includes Huntington Lake, was undertaken by the Earthquake Mechanism Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Instrumental coverage included 35 temporary and seven permanent seismographs. Energy sources included four high-yield and 20 intermediate- to low-yield nuclear explosions under the NTS, one high-yield explosion under Amchitka Island of Alaska, two earthquakes near Santa Rosa, and one earthquake in Monterey Bay. An upper-mantle speed of 7.9 km/sec satisfied most of the observed data except under the Sierra where the velocity was somewhat lower than this. An earthquake in Monterey Bay helped to close the west end of the profile. The Sierra Nevada “root” in large part can be attributed to relatively low upper-mantle speed under the Sierras (estimated at 7.64 km/sec) which extends to an indefinite depth and which possibly may serve as lens to refract late arriving high-energy waves to coastal areas. Crustal thickness from the Sierra foothills eastward varies from 25 to 35 km, the thinner portion under the Sierra crest and Owens Valley, near Independence, and the thicker sections under the western Sierra and the basin ranges east of Owens Valley. West of Fresno, the crust thins more or less gradually to about 20 km in thickness under the western coast ranges. This profile contrasts with that from an earlier study, across the Central Valley south of Stockton, where no such thinning under the Central Valley was observed. The sub-Sierra crust east of Fresno is somewhat complicated. Low-angle thrusting toward the east is indicated.
Upper-mantle discontinuity from amplitude data ofP′P′and its precursors
Authors: Teng Ta-Liang , Tung James P.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Recent observations of P′P′ and its precursors, identified as reflections from within the Earth's upper mantle, are used to examine the structure of the uppermantle discontinuities with specific reference to the density, the S velocity, and the Q variations. The Haskell-Thomson matrix method is used to generate the complex reflection spectrum, which is then Fourier synthesized for a variety of upper-mantle velocity-density and Q models. Surface displacements are obtained for the appropriate recording instrument, permitting a direct comparison with the actual seismograms. If the identifications of the P′P′ precursors are correct, our proposed method yields the following: (1) a structure of Gutenberg-Bullen A type is not likely to produce observable P′P′ upper-mantle reflections, (2) in order that a P′P′ upper-mantle reflection is strong enough to be observed, first-order density and S-velocity discontinuities together with a P-wave discontinuity are needed at a depth of about 650 km, and (3) corresponding to a given uppermantle velocity-density model, an estimate can be made of the Q in the upper mantle for short-period seismic body waves.
Effect of topography on surface motion
Authors: Bouchon Michel
Published: September 2021

abstract

The effect of topography on surface motion is investigated in the cases of incident SH, P and SV waves. Several types of topography ranging from a ridge to a valley are used. Different incidence angles are considered for a wavelength interval extending from 2h to 20h, where h is the vertical dimension of the anomaly. The computation is made by using a single frequency method developed by Aki and Larner and by synthesizing the results in order to get a solution in the time domain. A method of correction taking into account the residual stress is added. The surface displacement appears to be very much influenced by surface irregularities. In the case of a ridge, a zone of amplification takes place near the top, whereas, for a depression, a zone of attenuation occurs near the bottom. An application to the Pacoima Dam accelerograph site suggests that the high accelerations recorded there during the San Fernando earthquake could have been amplified between 30 and 50 per cent by the uneven topography.
Some aspects of band-pass filtering of surface waves
Authors: Herrmann Robert B.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Narrow band-pass filtering of multi-mode surface-wave signals can be used to extract information concerning the group velocities and spectral amplitudes of each mode. A detailed examination of narrow band-pass filtering shows the effect of epicentral distance and the shape of the group-velocity curve upon the filtered signal. With this knowledge, the filtered signal can be used to make accurate estimates of the spectral amplitudes of each mode. A rectangular and a Gaussian filter are considered in detail. A numerical example is provided to indicate the values and limitations of the technique for determining the spectral amplitudes of each mode.
Upper mantle velocities determined from local observations of deep earthquakes
Authors: Smith Warwick D.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A method for determining upper mantle velocities is presented. Observations of deep earthquakes at small epicentral distances enable standard travel-time tables to be modified for regional studies. This is done by calculating the ratio of the actual travel time to that given in the tables, for a range of focal depths. Local velocity models may then be determined.

The Jeffreys-Bullen travel times have been modified to suit the New Zealand region. Strong evidence is presented for velocities higher than the Jeffreys-Bullen values at depths less than about 160 km, and below that a low-velocity zone extending to a depth of at least 300 km.
Prediction and suppression of long-period nonpropagating seismic noise
Authors: Ziolkowski Anton
Published: September 2021

abstract

Approximately half the noise observed by long-period seismometers at LASA is nonpropagating; that is, it is incoherent over distances greater than a few kilometers. However, because it is often strongly coherent with microbarograph data recorded at the same site, a large proportion of it can be predicted by convolving the microbarogram with some transfer function. The reduction in noise level using this technique can be as high as 5 db on the vertical seismometer and higher still on the horizontals. If the source of this noise on the vertical seismogram were predominantly buoyancy, the transfer function would be time-invariant. It is not. Buoyancy on the LASA long-period instruments is quite negligible. The noise is caused by atmospheric deformation of the ground and, since so much of it can be predicted from the output of a single nearby microbarograph, it must be of very local origin. The loading process may be adequately described by the static deformation of a flat-earth model; however, for the expectation of the noise to be finite, it is shown that the wave number spectrum of the pressure distribution must be band-limited.

An expression for the expected noise power is derived which agrees very well with observations and predicts the correct attenuation with depth. It is apparent from the form of this expression why it is impossible to obtain a stable transfer function to predict the noise without an array of microbarographs and excessive data processing. The most effective way to suppress this kind of noise is to bury the seismometer: at 150 m the reduction in noise level would be about 10 db.
Deterrence and false alarms in seismic discrimination
Authors: Weichert D. H. , Basham P. W.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The statistical capabilities of Ms:mb earthquake-explosion discrimination are derived from cumulative distributions of a linear discrimination parameter with confidence limits estimated by a distribution-free method. Cumulative discriminant distributions are shown to be preferable to previously employed “operating characteristics” because of difficulties of construction and interpretation of the latter. Three sets of Ms:mb discrimination data, two regional (North American and Eurasian) and one global, are employed to estimate false alarm probabilities at given “deterrence” (probability of correct identification of an explosion) for situations of both a ban and no ban on underground testing. In the hypothetical situation of monitoring a test ban using the Ms:mb criterion, reasonable deterrence (nominally 30 per cent, with a 95 per cent confidence that it is greater than 10 per cent) will be accompanied by a false alarm probability estimated from global data of about 0.1 per cent.
Regional variations in the structure of the crust in the central United States from P-wave spectra
Authors: Kurita Tuneto
Published: September 2021

abstract

Regional variations in the crustal structure in the central United States have been inferred by the transfer ratio method from an analysis of long-period P waves recorded at SHA, OXF, FLO and MDS, the stations nearly along 89°W longitude. The crustal structure in this region is approximated by a stack of horizontal parallel layers except possibly in the area around FLO, where the structure is rather complicated. The crustal thickness is predominantly controlled by the thick silicic upper crust, whereas the mafic lower crust is about 10 km thick throughout this region. The P-wave velocity of the lower crust is about 6.9 to 7.0 km/sec except probably in the area around FLO, where 7.4 km/sec velocity is more likely. A sedimentary layer with a velocity of about 3.0 km/sec, having a thickness of about 3 km near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, tapers out to the north within the Gulf Coastal Plain. Deep discontinuities in the crust may be replaced by transitional layers up to 10 km thick. The Moho is about 33 km deep near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, deepens to about 41 km near an intersection of the Gulf coastal plain and the interior plain, reaches about 47 km or more in the midst of the interior plain, and rises to about 41 km toward an intersection of the interior plain and the superior upland. As for the midst of the interior plain, however, the depth of the Moho reduces by as much as 5 km, if the velocity in the lower crust is about 7.0 km/sec instead of about 7.4 km/sec. In any case, the general trend of the depth of the Moho may match with the topographic feature from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Superior.
Seismicity of the southeastern United States
Authors: Bollinger G. A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Review and analysis of the existing data base for southeastern United States earthquakes indicate that the spatial pattern of energy release can be interpreted to occur in zones both parallel (southern Appalachian seismic zone) and transverse (central Virginia and South Carolina-Georgia seismic zones) to the regional Appalachian structural trend. The temporal pattern, for events V ≦ Io ≦ VIII, can be expressed by the recursion relationship, log N = 3.01 − 0.59 Io.

Felt areas are, in general, one order of magnitude greater than for similar west coast events. Their configuration is elliptical and aligned with regional structure, except in central Virginia and Alabama and in coastal South Carolina. These latter areas have circular or lobate felt areas that may be caused by differences in focal depths and/or focal mechanisms.

A tentative local magnitude formula is developed that employs the vertical component of the short-period Lg phase. It appears that the regional attenuation characteristics of this phase are similar to those found by Nuttli (1973a) in the central United States.
Local Richter magnitude and total signal duration in southern California
Authors: Real Charles R. , Teng Ta-Liang
Published: September 2021

abstract

Seismograms of 320 earthquakes (1,486 observations) from short-period seismometers occurring from January 1969 to April 1971 and 91 earthquakes (257 observations) during 1971 have been used to establish a relationship between total signal duration and the local Richter magnitude for the CIT and BHSN telemetered seismic networks in southern California. The data have been fitted using regression analysis to relationships of the form

M τ = C 0 + C 1 log ⁡ τ + C 2 Δ M τ ≦ 3.8 M τ = C 0 + C 1 ( log ⁡ τ ) 2 + C 2 Δ M τ > 3.8

where τ is the total duration in seconds and Δ is the epicentral distance in kilometers. These relations explain up to 88 per cent (CIT) and 94 per cent (BHSN) of the variation in the data and yield magnitudes having standard deviations as low as 0.15 (CIT) and 0.14 (BHSN) magnitude units. It has been found that the local magnitude based on signal duration is relatively insensitive to variations in azimuth and source effects.

In view of the limited distribution and low magnifiation of the Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer, and the previously recognized problems of “saturation” and instrument response associated with the amplitude technique, it is concluded that the method of duration applied to vertical short-period seismograph records will greatly improve the assignment of local magnitude to earthquakes in the southern California region.
Travel-time equations and energy propagation for an elastic, heterogeneous, isotropic medium: Correction and approximate inversion
Authors: Jobert Georges
Published: September 2021

Expressions identical to the formulas of a preceding paper are obtained when due allowance is made for the variation of quantities which were erroneously taken as constant. A method for the approximate inversion of the travel-time curves is presented for the case where the surfaces of equal velocity are planes with an infinitesimal dip.
The time distribution of the reservoir-associated foreshocks and its importance to the prediction of the principal shock
Authors: Papazachos B. C.
Published: September 2021

The time distribution in the occurrence of foreshocks of the Kremasta, Koyna, and Kariba large earthquakes, which are believed to be associated with artificial lakes, has been studied. The relation, n(t)dt = no(τ−t)−hdt, fits the data well. The values of the parameter h are between 1.5 and 2.6, and the durations of the foreshock sequences are of the order of several months. The possibility of using this relation to predict the time of occurrence of the principal earthquakes associated with artificial lakes is examined, and the importance of systematic investigation of the time distribution of foreshocks for controlling the earthquake risk is noted.
Use of reflection phases on microearthquake seismograms to map an unusual discontinuity beneath the Rio Grande rift
Authors: Sanford Allan R. , Alptekin Ömer , Toppozada Tousson R.
Published: September 2021

Microearthquake seismograms recorded by stations located in or bordering the Rio Grande rift near Socorro, New Mexico, frequently have two sharp impulsive phases following direct S. These phases have been identified as SxP and SxS reflections from a sharp discontinuity that has a depth beneath Socorro of 18 km and dips northward at an angle near 6° for a distance of 30 km. Farther north, the dip steepens so that at a distance of 60 km from Socorro the depth is about 30 km. Ratios of SxP to SxS amplitudes in conjunction with plane-wave reflection theory indicate a zone of very low rigidity beneath the discontinuity. Large SxS amplitudes are believed to be the result of the large velocity contrast across the discontinuity and a fault mechanism that radiates more S-wave energy downward than outward from the focus.
Problems related to PcP and the core-mantle boundary illustrated by two nuclear events
Authors: Buchbinder Goetz G. R. , Poupinet Georges
Published: September 2021

Two large nuclear explosions produced a considerable number of PcP phases. Analysis of the P and PcP travel times shows a scatter of ±2 sec. It is pointed out that PcP and P times must be considered together to eliminate gross upper mantle effects on the travel times. On a worldwide basis, the PcP peak-to-peak amplitudes exhibit a scatter of up to one order of magnitude, and, thus, the reflection coefficient of the core-mantle boundary (cmb) may not be determined with any significance from them. Comparing the wave form of PcP and the wave form of P waves convolved with thin-layered models of the cmb suggests that the cmb may be approximated by a thin high-impedance liquid layer of several kilometers in thickness embedded between the mantle and the core. Such a model can explain observed dilatational arrivals and a small decrease in amplitude near Δ ≈ 30°. The data do not permit exact determination of the model parameters because of uncertainty in the data and insensitivity of the method and because the cmb also may be laterally inhomogeneous.

The frequency-dependence of the reflection and transmission coefficients of a layered cmb would have serious effects on the determination of inner core parameters.
The Ghir earthquake of April 10, 1972 in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran: seismotectonic aspects and some results of a field reconnaissance
Authors: Dewey James W. , Grantz Arthur
Published: September 2021

The southern Iran earthquake of April 10, 1972 (Ms = 6.9) killed more than 5,000 people in the region of Ghir, Fars Province, in the folded belt of the Zagros Mountains. Aftershocks of the earthquake, relocated with respect to the hypocenter of the main shock by the method of joint hypocenter determination, and the radiation pattern of P and S waves suggest that the earthquake occurred on a west-northwest-striking reverse fault. This fault had a moderate dip and a strike that was parallel to the local trend of the folds and thrust faults of the Zagros folded belt, which are of latest Cenozoic (Pliocene and Quaternary) age. The inferred fault rupture of the main shock propagated approximately 35 km east-southeast from its epicenter, terminating in the epicentral region of a Ms = 5.6 earthquake that occurred on September 14, 1968. The zone of heaviest damage to adobe structures follows closely the trend indicated by the relocated epicenters of the main shock and principal aftershocks. Beyond 25 km from this trend, damage to adobe structures was negligible.
Earthquake modeling by stick-slip along precut surfaces in stressed foam rubber
Authors: Brune James N.
Published: September 2021

Stick-slip along precut surfaces in stressed foam rubber is similar to earthquake faulting, stick-slip in rock specimens, and theoretical predictions. An additional feature is the common occurrence of multiple events. A significant amount of slip occurs as fault creep.

For simple one-slip events on a long fault, the peak particle velocities near the center of the fault average about half the value Δσβ/μ, with Δσβ/μ apparently being a good upper bound. The variation is probably due to focusing by rupture propagation. On a circular fault, the peak values average 3 to 4 times less, partly a result of a greater amount of fault creep, and probably, partly a result of focusing by rupture propagation. Total stress drops are typically about 10 to 20 per cent of the absolute stress, and during individual events about 80 to 90 per cent of the released strain energy is dissipated as friction.

For multiple events the cumulative source time function is usually much longer than the source dimension divided by the shear-wave velocity. Thus, the far-field spectrum would have the shape for fractional stress drop, but the low-frequency spectral corner would not correspond to the fault dimension; thus, the inferred stress drops would be too low. Multiple events may explain some anomalously low inferred stress drops for small earthquakes and may partly explain the success of surface-wave excitation as a method of distinguishing underground nuclear explosions from earthquakes. Foam rubber models may be used to study strong motion around various types of faults and, thus, aid in the problem of microzonation.
Area-based tests of long-term seismic hazard predictions
Authors: Ward Steven N.
Published: September 2021

This article develops several area-based tests of long-term seismic hazard predictions. The tests stem from the hypothesis that the observed fractional area of hazard exceedence should follow in proportion to the region's predicted likelihood of exceedence. For example, a prediction is successful if roughly 30% of the area mapped as having a 30% likelihood of exceeding some hazard threshold in a certain time interval, actually does suffer this level of shaking. Although tests of earthquake predictions are always equivocal, the success or failure of a forecast hazard map can be argued strongly from a statistical assessment of the hundreds of individual point predictions comprising the map. The specific forecasts to be examined are the 30-yr probabilities of peak ground acceleration exceedence that were presented by Ward (1994) for southern California. In lieu of a lengthy historical set of recorded peak accelerations, observational data for the tests were derived from the 150-yr earthquake catalog and standard attenuation relationships. In all cases, the observed hazard ratios were highly correlated with the predictions. Within 95% confidence bounds, the observed levels of hazard coincided with the predicted hazard from models that included a low-magnitude cutoff of M = 5.5 to 6, approximately the same limit as enlisted in the earthquake catalog. I propose a pass/fail criterion for acceleration hazard maps and I suggest that all seismic hazard predictions submit to area-based tests.