bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Attitude of the Inhabitants of Nijandaris in the Conservation of Natural Resources - Peru
Authors: Fernández María Julieta De La Vega , Acevedo Ronald Révolo , Reymundo Bimael Quispe , Flores Saúl Caballón
Published: August 2021

The environmental attitude is a psychological tendency expressed by the evaluative (perceptions or beliefs) response towards the environment and natural resources flora, fauna, water, soil and air are naturally valuable products for development and continuity towards sustainability; relating both concepts in the Nijandaris population is the main objective of this research. Methodology: a probabilistic sampling was carried out at an age of [30 - 60 years] = 50 people respondents, questionnaire of 20 questions each; validated by the Rensis Likert scale 3 levels each, applying the Karl Pearson relationship coefficient and bilateral t-student. Conclusions: The environmental attitude of the inhabitants of Nijandaris is between bad to regular, likewise their conservative attitude towards natural resources ensures that they always do so. The relationship between environmental attitude and conservation turned out to be positive and significant. Regarding their dimensions, the association between affective attitude and conserving flora and fauna obtained r=0.38 positive median t=2.88; the correlation between cognitive attitude and conserving water and soil obtained an r=0.42 positive median t=3.21, and the relationship between conative attitude and conserved air has a considerable positive r=0.62 t=5.47. Therefore, we affirm that there is an environmental attitudinal concern towards the conservation of the natural resources of the adult population [30-60 years] in the Nijandaris Populated Center.
How does the magnitude of genetic variation affect ecological and reproductive character displacement?
Authors: Morita Keiichi , Yamamichi Masato
Published: August 2021

While previous studies on character displacement tended to focus on trait divergence and convergence as a result of long‐term evolution, recent studies suggest that character displacement can be a special case of evolutionary rescue, where rapid evolution prevents species extinction by weakening interspecific competition. Here we analyzed a simple model to examine how the magnitude of genetic variation affects evolutionary rescue via ecological and reproductive character displacement that weakens interspecific competition in exploitation of shared resources (i.e., resource competition) and in the mating process caused by incomplete species recognition (i.e., reproductive interference), respectively. We found that slow trait divergence due to small genetic variance results in species extinction in reproductive character displacement but not in ecological character displacement. This is because one species becomes rare in slow character displacement, and this causes deterministic extinction due to minority disadvantage of reproductive interference. On the other hand, there is no deterministic extinction in the process of ecological character displacement. Furthermore, species extinction becomes less likely in the case of positive covariance between ecological and reproductive traits as divergence of the ecological trait (e.g., root depths) increases the divergence speed of the reproductive trait (e.g., flower colors) and vice versa. It will be interesting to compare intraspecific genetic (co)variance of ecological and reproductive traits in future studies for understanding how ecological and reproductive character displacement occur without extinction.
Engineering Chameleon Prodrug Nanovesicles to Increase Antigen Presentation and Inhibit PD‐L1 Expression for Circumventing Immune Resistance of Cancer
Authors: Zhou Fengqi , Gao Jing , Tang Yang , Zou Zhifeng , Jiao Shi , Zhou Zhaocai , Xu Huixiong , Xu Zhi Ping , Yu Haijun , Xu Zhiai
Published: August 2021

Immune evasion is the major obstacle for T‐cell‐based cancer immunotherapy. The insufficient expression of the tumor‐rejection antigen causes the intrinsic immune resistance and high expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) induced by interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), which accounts for the inducible immune resistance. To deal with both the intrinsic and inducible immune resistance of cancer, a multifunctional prodrug nanovesicle is sequentially developed. It is first sorted out that doxycycline (Doxy) efficiently inhibits autophagy of the tumor cells, and increases the surface level of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC‐I). Then, chameleon‐inspired prodrug nanovesicles are engineered for tumor‐targeted delivery of Doxy. The prodrug nanovesicles integrating a sheddable poly(ethylene glycol) shell and CRGDK ligand are kept stable during blood circulation, while exposing the targeting ligand in the tumor, which significantly inhibits autophagy, elicits MHC‐I expression, increases tumor antigen presentation, recruits more tumor‐infiltrating T lymphocytes, and suppresses FN‐γ‐induced intratumoral PD‐L1 expression. After a proof of concept for overcoming intrinsic and inducible immune evasion, the prodrug nanovesicles are applied to validate the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in two tumor‐bearing mouse models. This research thus provides a novel targeting strategy for reducing tumor immune resistance and potentiating tumor immunotherapy.
Observing Electrochemical Reactions on Suspended Graphene: An Operando Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Approach
Authors: Khatun Salma , Cohen Sidney R. , Peled Sa'ar Shor , Rosenhek‐Goldian Irit , Weatherup Robert S. , Eren Baran
Published: August 2021

An electrochemical micro‐reactor sealed with a single‐layer graphene (SLG) membrane is demonstrated that allows straightforward measurement with established scanning probe microscopies. SLG serves as a working electrode which separates the liquid electrochemical environment from the ambient to enable direct energy‐level determination. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) thereby reveals the shifts in Fermi‐level of suspended SLG under electrochemical reaction conditions in aqueous alkaline media. Polymer‐free transfer to create suspended SLG minimizes contributions to doping related to any support or contaminants, such that changes in work function (WF) relate predominantly to the electrochemical system under study. These WF changes are rationalized in the context of a simple model of electrochemical gating, providing insight into the interplay between electronic and electrochemical doping (through redox of water) of suspended graphene. Further changes in WF are attributable to the reversible functionalization of graphene during the oxygen evolution reaction. Mechanical changes in the suspended graphene in the form of bulging also occur, which are attributed to electro‐wetting of graphene induced by charge‐carrier doping.
Remote Functionalization of 4‐(Alk‐1‐en‐1‐yl)‐3‐Cyanocoumarins via the Asymmetric Organocatalytic 1,6‐Addition
Authors: Romaniszyn Marta , Gronowska Katarzyna , Albrecht Łukasz
Published: August 2021

An organocatalytic 1,6‐addition using 4‐(alk‐1‐en‐1‐yl)‐3‐cyanocoumarins as acceptors has been developed. Dienolates derived from 5‐substituted‐furan‐2(3H)‐ones have been employed as pronucleophiles, therefore, enabling the synthesis of hybrid molecules bearing two biologically relevant units. Appropriate design of substrates and the application of quinine‐derived catalyst resulted in very good site‐selectivity as well as chemical and stereochemical efficiency of the process.

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Facile synthesis, characterization of various polymer immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles applying the coprecipitation method
Authors: Hayashi Kodai , Tomonaga Hitoshi , Matsuyama Tatsushi , Ida Junichi
Published: August 2021

In this study, systematic examination of the effect of different polymer types (functional groups) on the one‐step synthesis of polymer immobilized magnetite nanoparticle via the modified coprecipitation method was carried out. By using five different polymers with different functional groups of polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene imine (PEI), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), the effect of the polymer difference on magnetite nanoparticle formation, polymer immobilization, composite particle size, zeta potential and magnetic properties of the resulting composite were measured in detail. The results show that the immobilized polymer yield varied significantly depending on the type of polymer used and their order was as follows; PEG < PEI < PAM < PAA < PVA. Despite the simple method, PVA/MNP achieved high immobilized polymer amount of 0.2 g/(g‐Fe3O4), which was about 1.8 times larger than that prepared by a conventional method. Furthermore, the different zeta potentials and hydrodynamic diameter corresponding to each functional group of the immobilized polymer were observed. The results of the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement confirmed that all the polymer/MNP composites showed a superparamagnetic behavior. These results showed that the proposed method is very simple, facile, and applicable to various polymers to synthesize polymer immobilized on magnetite nanoparticle.
Postsynthetic ion exchange and characterization of alkali metal ions ordered in the pores of anionic Zr metal–organic framework
Authors: Chun Hyungphil
Published: August 2021

Binding alkali metal ions in solutions is an important yet difficult task and it is especially true for a solid host in aqueous systems. This study shows that a water stable, anionic metal–organic framework (Zr‐dobdc) is capable of capturing M+ (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) ions dissolved in water through ion exchange. The alkali metal ions captured at the unique cation‐binding pockets of Zr‐dobdc and their ordered alignments in the crystal lattice are unambiguously characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal and powder diffraction studies. The apparent selectivity for alkali metal ions over other metal ions is also explained.
Community college adjunct faculty: Picturing pedagogies of care
Authors: Ortiz Rosalinda , Rodesiler Carrie A. , Latz Amanda O. , Mulvihill Thalia
Published: August 2021

This article focuses on how adjunct faculty at a large Midwestern community college enact pedagogies of care, which is a teaching philosophy and practice grounded in a deep and holistic care for students.
Deflate‐inflate: Exploiting hashing trick for bringing inference to the edge with scalable convolutional neural networks
Authors: Nazir Azra , Naaz Mir Roohie , Qureshi Shaima
Published: August 2021

With each passing year, the compelling need to bring deep learning computational models to the edge grows, as does the disparity in resource demand between these models and Internet of Things edge devices. This article employs an old trick from the book "deflate and inflate" to bridge this gap. The proposed system uses the hashing trick to deflate the model. A uniform hash function and a neighborhood function are used to inflate the model at runtime. The neighborhood function approximates the original parameter space better than the uniform hash function according to experimental results. Compared to existing techniques for distributing the VGG‐16 model over the Fog‐Edge platform, our deployment strategy has a 1.7 ‐ 7.5 speedup with only 1–4 devices due to decreased memory access and better resource utilization.
Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in moderate intellectual disability. A case report
Authors: Folch Annabel , Gallo Daniel , Miró Jordi , Salvador‐Carulla Luis , Martínez‐Leal Rafael
Published: August 2021

Background

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a common problem after limb amputation. There is mounting evidence supporting the use of mirror therapy (MT) in the treatment of individuals with PLP. However, there is no research studying the effects of MT on PLP in individuals with intellectual developmental disorders (IDD). The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of MT when used with adults with IDD and PLP through a case study approach.

Methods

Here, we describe the use of MT with a 53‐year‐old female with moderate IDD and PLP, related to her left leg being amputated after ulcer complications. The study followed an A‐B‐A‐B design (baseline—treatment—withdrawal of treatment—re‐introduction of treatment), lasting 2 years, which included a long‐term follow‐up.

Results

The data showed that the PLP sensation decreased after the MT treatment, with a raw change of 3.92 points and a 48% decrease in mean pain intensity ratings from pre‐ to post‐treatment.

Conclusions

This is a unique case‐report on the use of MT with an individual with IDD suffering from PLP. The findings show that MT helped to significantly reduce the intensity of the PLP in this patient.

Significance

This is a case‐report that illustrates how mirror therapy can be applied to people with intellectual developmental disorders and phantom limb pain. The results showed that phantom limb pain decreased after the mirror therapy, with a raw change of 3,92 points and a percent change of 48%.
Implicit sentiment analysis based on graph attention neural network
Authors: Yang Shanliang , Xing Linlin , Li Yongming , Chang Zheng
Published: August 2021

Sentiment analysis is one of the crucial tasks in the field of natural language processing. Implicit sentiment suffers a significant challenge because the sentence does not include explicit emotional words and emotional expression is vague. This paper proposed a novel implicit sentiment analysis model based on graph attention convolutional neural network. A graph convolutional neural network is used to propagate semantic information. The attention mechanism is employed to compute the contribution to the emotional expression of words. In order to solve the problem of multiple attention preserving repeated information, orthogonal attention constraint was used to make different attention store different emotional information; given the uneven distribution of emotional information, score attention constraint was proposed to make the model focus on a limited number of essential words. The performance of the proposed model was verified on implicit sentiment datasets. The F value reached 88.16%, which is higher than the benchmark model in the literature. The attention mechanism is analyzed to verify the effectiveness of orthogonal constraint and score constraint.
Investigation of MHD free convection of power‐law fluids in a sinusoidally heated enclosure using the MRT‐LBM
Authors: Afsana Sadia , Parvin Afroja , Nag Preetom , Molla Md. Mamun
Published: August 2021

Magnetohydrodynamical free convective heat transfer flow of non‐Newtonian power‐law fluids has been analyzed numerically. For numerical simulation, the multiple‐relaxation‐time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been employed based on graphics process unit (GPU) computing. The computational domain is a two‐dimensional square cavity with thermally adiabatic upper and base walls, uniformly heated left wall, and sinusoidal heat distribution on the right wall. There is no research on non‐Newtonian fluid using MRT‐LBM using this configuration. Hence it is a new study in this field and novel results have been achieved with the magnetic field effect and sinusoidal wall temperature. The numerical simulations are carried out for different vital parameters such as thermal Rayleigh number , Hartmann number , and power‐law index () to study the characteristics of heat transport along with the flow physics inside the square enclosure. The streamlines and isotherms elucidate the distribution of fluid flow and energy within the cavity. The energy transfer phenomena are interpreted as the local Nusselt number distribution and the average Nusselt number along the heated wall. Computational results show that the rate of energy transfer is attenuated due to the augmentation of the magnetic field. However, exhibits direct correspondence with the Rayleigh number and an inverse relation with the power‐law index . The elevation of Hartmann number results in the diminution of and for pseudoplastic fluid () by 82.65% and 86.04%, respectively. Moreover, the temperature distribution () of amplifies by 95.83% compared to as the fluid transitions from pseudoplastic to dilation behavior. For GPU computing, the NVIDIA CUDA C programming platform is used in the present study.
The secondary tumor of the prostate derived from upper tract urothelial carcinoma: An autopsy case
Authors: Goto Keisuke , Kambara Takahiro , Kagiyama Yoshito , Takemoto Kenshiro , Kobatake Kohei , Ikeda Kenichiro , Inoue Shogo , Hayashi Tetsutaro , Takeshima Yukio , Teishima Jun
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Metastatic urothelial carcinomas are common in lung, liver, and lymph nodes. We present rare secondary tumor of the prostate metastasized from upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Case presentation

An 87‐year‐old man was diagnosed as urothelial carcinoma of left upper tract and bladder. Only transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed as palliative therapy to control hematuria. Thereafter, the tumor of left upper tract showed aggressive progression with multiple metastases involving lymph nodes and bilateral lungs. Finally, autopsy revealed swelling of left kidney due to tumor growth and systemic cancer disseminations involving bilateral lungs and renal hilar lymph nodes. In addition, prostate tumor was found incidentally. Histological examination including immunohistochemistry revealed the prostate tumor as metastatic tumor from urothelial carcinoma of left renal pelvis.

Conclusion

We reported rare secondary tumor of the prostate, derived from upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Further consideration would be required to provide better knowledge of the disease.
Effects of understory removal and litter addition on leaf and twig decomposition in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation
Authors: Wan Songze , Fu Shenglei , Zhang Chenlu , Liu Juan , Zhang Yun , Mao Rong
Published: August 2021

Subtropical plantations have been undergoing understory removal and increased plant litter inputs due to global change and anthropogenic activities. However, how understory removal and increased litter inputs affect litter decomposition is still unclear in these plantations. Using a field manipulation experiment, we assessed the effects of understory removal and litter addition on decomposition rates of leaf litter, twig litter, and mixed leaf and twig litter over 16 months of incubation in a subtropical Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation in southern China. We also examined the changes in soil chemical properties and fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after understory removal and litter addition. Litter decomposition rates were inhibited by understory removal due to the decreased fungal PLFAs and the associated declines in the ratio of fungal to bacterial biomass. Litter addition also retarded litter decomposition rates, despite the increases in soil NH4+‐N concentration and fungal PLFAs. However, both litter decomposition rates and soil microbial PLFAs remained unchanged in the presence of both understory removal and litter addition. In all treatments, mixed leaf and twig litter produced additive effects on litter decomposition rates. These results suggest that understory removal and litter addition interact to affect litter decomposition dynamics and highlight that litter mixture decomposition rates could be easily predicted from component litter in subtropical Chinese fir plantations of southern China.
Feedback delay control of highly nonlinear stochastic functional differential equations with discrete‐time state observations
Authors: Mei Chunhui , Liang Yong , Fei Weiyin , Mao Xuerong
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to give the delay control based on discrete‐time state observations to stabilize highly nonlinear hybrid stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs). It is considered that time lag generated by the controller in each discrete observation should be different. The new controlled hybrid SFDEs are affected the variable delay caused by the controller, the distributed delay, and the superlinear coefficients of the systems itself, which makes the problem handling more complicated. Then, a series of criteria for the exponential stability of the controlled SFDEs are obtained, and an upper bound for the discrete observation interval and variable delay is given. Finally, numerical example illustrates the proposed theoretical results.
Limited‐information learning observer for simultaneous estimation of states and parameters
Authors: Ran Dechao , Zhang Chengxi , Xiao Bing
Published: August 2021

The problem of simultaneous estimation of states and uncertainties by using limited information is investigated in this article. A sampled‐data learning observer (SLO) is presented for linear time‐invariant continuous systems, which can achieve successful estimation while only needs intermittent sampled‐data, saves computing resources, and does not require persistent excitation signals. The observer's demand for continuous measurement is reduced, that is, limited‐information is sufficient. Notably, the uncertainty estimation is performed by a learning equation with only simple addition operations, which is particularly suitable for actual digital system scenarios. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed SLO.
F‐type testing in functional linear models
Authors: Yi Menghan , Li Zaixing , Tang Yanlin
Published: August 2021

In this paper, an F‐type test is proposed for the functional association between a functional covariate and a scalar response in functional linear models (FLM). The proposed F test is based on the order statistics of functional principal components (fPCs), which is motivated by the phenomena that the power of the classical F test is sensitive to the choice of thresholds. Theoretical properties of the proposed test are established under both the null and alternative hypotheses, especially showing that it can detect the local alternative of order , that is, the fastest rate in the high‐dimensional linear model, wherenandSnare the sample size and the number of fPCs, respectively. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to demonstrate the finite sample performance, showing advantages to the existing tests. Moreover, our procedure is applied to a real data analysis related to the diffusion tensor imaging tractography study.
“I don't say that I'm a who's who”: Negotiating Identity through Humility Work
Authors: Laybourn SunAh M.
Published: August 2021

Research identifies how individuals negotiate undesirable assumptions of group membership through imbuing an identity with new meaning, reframing auxiliary characteristics, or introducing new criteria. When these strategies are limited, how do members retain the identity while navigating the negative inferences? To answer this question, this study examines identification and authentication processes among socialites in VIP bottle service nightlife. I identity a new form of identity talk—humility work—whereby individuals proactively avoid inauthentication of their identity, enact symbolic boundaries against other group members, and avoid the negative inferences of the identity by reframing their participation as an extension of their personal authenticity.
Effects of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy‐related proteins as well as the protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in neonatal rats
Authors: Zhou Jian , Li Honghui , Wang Faxuan , Wang Hengquan , Chai Ru , Li Jiangping , Jia Leina , Wang Kai , Zhang Pengju , Zhu Lingqin , Yang Huifang
Published: August 2021

The pesticide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) has neurotoxic effects, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, a 2,4‐D (75 mg/kg. b.w) exposure model was established in SD rats with colostrum. Lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg b.w) was used as the positive control, and Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP, 50 mg/kg b.w) was used as an intervention factor to explore the neurotoxic effect of 2,4‐D and the neuroprotective effect of LBP. Our research results show that 2,4‐D causes a decrease in the number of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells and pyknosis in nuclei with a triangular or irregular shape and that rats show signs of anxiety or depression. In rat serum, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity decreased, while malondialdehyde content increased. Protein and mRNA levels of TNFα, IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐18, NLRP3, ASC, caspase‐1, IL‐1β, IL‐18, and p62 increased, while those of LC3‐II/LC3‐I and Beclin‐1 decreased in hippocampal tissues. In conclusion, 2,4‐D increased the oxidative stress level, induced neuroinflammatory response, and decreased the autophagy level in experimental rats. LBP may have upregulated the autophagy level in the body by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus playing a neuroprotective role.
Health, Work and Education
Authors: Danisi Carmelo , Dustin Moira , Ferreira Nuno , Held Nina
Published: August 2021

In this chapter, we look at the experiences of SOGI minorities who are claiming asylum or who have reached the end of the asylum process in relation to health, work and education. We define these three spheres broadly, including, for example, volunteering and impacts from having experienced sexual violence torture, as well as sex work. Ostensibly, LGBTIQ+ asylum claimants experience the same difficulties in applying for work and accessing health and education as most other asylum claimants. In reality, this is not always the case. Here, referring back to our theoretical underpinnings, including intersectionality, highlights some particular areas of need, in many cases relating to the discrimination they encounter on the basis of SOGI in addition to other characteristics. As with the previous chapter, we again show that SOGI minorities encounter particular problems outside the legal asylum process as well as within it.
Amok
Authors: Sell Madlen
Published: August 2021

Im folgenden Kapitel wird, zunächst in Form einer chronologischen Übersicht, das Ergebnis einer intensiven Recherche nach historischen Quellentexten mit Bezug zu Amok vorgestellt. Die Quellen umfassen einen Untersuchungszeitraum von rund 500 Jahren und können in drei Gruppen eingeteilt werden: Literatur, Forschungsliteratur und Forschungsreiseliteratur.
School Shooting
Authors: Sell Madlen
Published: August 2021

Quantitative Erhebungen verzeichnen eine kontinuierliche Häufigkeitszunahme von angedrohten oder tatsächlich ausgeführten School Shootings weltweit seit Mitte der 1970er-Jahre. Mit einer Fallzahl von weniger als zehn School Shootings pro Jahr weltweit handelt es sich jedoch auch weiterhin um ein extrem seltenes Phänomen, dessen Häufigkeit in einem starken Gegensatz zu dem medialen Interesse an derartigen Gewalttaten steht. Um ein Vielfaches häufiger als tatsächlich ausgeführte School Shootings sind allerdings angedrohte oder angekündigte Taten.
Zusammenfassung
Authors: Sell Madlen
Published: August 2021

Amok leitet sich von dem malaiischen Wort „mĕngamok“ ab, das ins Deutsche übersetzt „wütend angreifen“ bedeutet. Mit den Schiffen der ersten Weltumsegler erreichte der in Europa bis dahin gänzlich unbekannte Begriff vor rund 600 Jahren erstmals die westliche Welt. Obwohl es sich um ein sehr seltenes Phänomen handelt, besitzen Amoktaten aufgrund der Plötzlichkeit ihres Auftretens, ihrer Explosivität und ihres rätselhaften Motivcharakters eine Sonderstellung im Spektrum aggressiver Verhaltensweisen.
Arbeits- & lernkulturelle Besonderheiten
Authors: Hein Rüdiger
Published: August 2021

Für die Kategorie „Arbeits- und lernkulturelle Besonderheiten“ lassen sich folgende Unterkategorien herausarbeiten, die für SE von besonderer und ebenso von eigener Relevanz sind und die in diesem Kapitel in dieser Reihenfolge dargestellt und diskutiert werden: Mission des Social Entrepreneurs und sozialunternehmerisch verankerten Vision; Networking/Kooperationsmanagement innerhalb und außerhalb der SE(O)-Landschaft; Gründung und Arbeitsverständnis im Team – oder als Solist; Personalarbeit/Human Resources Management; Sonderstatus: ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter; Handlungsprinzipien in Belastungssituationen; Bewertung des Scheiterns; Qualitätsbewusstsein und ganzheitlich-prozessorientiertes Präventionsverständnis. Schilderungen der Interviewpartner zu generierten Kodes werden zur Illustration eingearbeitet. Die Erkenntnisse werden im internationalen Forschungskontext gespiegelt und in der Forschungslandschaft verortet. Kapitelabschließend wird die Bedeutung der Erkenntnisse für das Wirkungsmodell zur Arbeitsgestaltung aufgezeigt.
The Relationship Between Age and Happiness Varies by Income
Authors: Toshkov Dimiter
Published: August 2021

The link between age and happiness has been the subject of numerous studies. It is still a matter of controversy whether the relationship is U-shaped, with happiness declining after youth before bouncing back in old age, or not. While the effect of age has been examined conditional on income and other socio-demographic variables, so far, the interactions between age and income have remained insufficiently explored. Using data from the European Social Survey, this article shows that the nature of the relationship between age and happiness varies strongly with different levels of relative income. People in the lowest decile of the income distribution experience a ‘hockey stick’: a deep decline in self-reported happiness until around age 50–55 and a small bounce back in old age. The classic U-curve is found mostly in the middle-income ranks. For people at the top of the income distribution, average happiness does not vary much with age. These results demonstrate the important role of income in moderating the relationship between age and happiness.
Laser-generated high entropy metallic glass nanoparticles as bifunctional electrocatalysts
Authors: Johny Jacob , Li Yao , Kamp Marius , Prymak Oleg , Liang Shun-Xing , Krekeler Tobias , Ritter Martin , Kienle Lorenz , Rehbock Christoph , Barcikowski Stephan , Reichenberger Sven
Published: August 2021

High entropy metallic glass nanoparticles (HEMG NPs) are very promising materials for energy conversion due to the wide tuning possibilities of electrochemical potentials offered by their multimetallic character combined with an amorphous structure. Up until now, the generation of these HEMG NPs involved tedious synthesis procedures where the generated particles were only available on highly specialized supports, which limited their widespread use. Hence, more flexible synthetic approaches to obtain colloidal HEMG NPs for applications in energy conversion and storage are highly desirable. We utilized pulsed laser ablation of bulk high entropy alloy targets in acetonitrile to generate colloidal carbon-coated CrCoFeNiMn and CrCoFeNiMnMo HEMG NPs. An in-depth analysis of the structure and elemental distribution of the obtained nanoparticles down to single-particle levels using advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods revealed amorphous quinary and senary alloy phases with slight manganese oxide/hydroxide surface segregation, which were stabilized within graphitic shells. Studies on the catalytic activity of the corresponding carbon-HEMG NPs during oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions revealed an elevated activity upon the incorporation of moderate amounts of Mo into the amorphous alloy, probably due to the defect generation by atomic size mismatch. Furthermore, we demonstrate the superiority of these carbon-HEMG NPs over their crystalline analogies and highlight the suitability of these amorphous multi-elemental NPs in electrocatalytic energy conversion.
Parts and Wholes: Reduction Allometry and Modularity in Experimental Folsom Points
Authors: Shott Michael J. , Otárola-Castillo Erik
Published: August 2021

Projectile points are a common subject of archaeological study. In the past decade, landmark-based geometric morphometrics (LGM) has increasingly been used to analyze points as whole objects. LGM and other studies document allometric changes in points—change in shape with change in size—as a product of resharpening. Allometry registers in part because different segments ormodulesof points are subject to different degrees of resharpening, with blades often experiencing more reduction than stems. Different modules retain varying degrees of morphological integrity as points move through their use lives. Most previous LGM studies involved two-dimensional point models, and few tested directly for modularity. We apply LGM methods to three-dimensional models of Folsom point replicas whose degree and pattern of reduction are known, finding evidence for both allometry and modularity, with modest integration. Complementary non-LGM data reveal similar results, indicating a robust pattern and ways to approximate LGM results in other data. Moreover, our dataset's experimental control clearly identifies the results as a function of the progressive reduction in use experienced by points.
Developing Public Health Emergency Response Leaders in Incident Management: A Scoping Review of Educational Interventions
Authors: Li Yang , Hsu Edbert B. , Pham NhuNgoc , Davis Xiaohong Mao , Podgornik Michelle N. , Trigoso Silvia M.
Published: August 2021

During emergency responses, public health leaders frequently serve in incident management roles that differ from their routine job functions. Leaders’ familiarity with incident management principles and functions can influence response outcomes. Therefore, training and exercises in incident management are often required for public health leaders. To describe existing methods of incident management training and exercises in the literature, we queried 6 English language databases and found 786 relevant articles. Five themes emerged: (1) experiential learning as an established approach to foster engaging and interactive learning environments and optimize training design; (2) technology-aided decision support tools are increasingly common for crisis decision-making; (3) integration of leadership training in the education continuum is needed for developing public health response leaders; (4) equal emphasis on competency and character is needed for developing capable and adaptable leaders; and (5) consistent evaluation methodologies and metrics are needed to assess the effectiveness of educational interventions.

These findings offer important strategic and practical considerations for improving the design and delivery of educational interventions to develop public health emergency response leaders. This review and ongoing real-world events could facilitate further exploration of current practices, emerging trends, and challenges for continuous improvements in developing public health emergency response leaders.
A Comparative Study on Virology, Epidemiology, and Clinical Features of SARS and COVID-19
Authors: Zhao Yanmei , Lu Qianying , Meng Xiangyan , Huang Siyu , Zhang Jianfeng , Dong Wenlong , Fan Haojun , Hou Shike
Published: August 2021

In December 2019, an outbreak of an unknown cause of pneumonia (later named coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) occurred in Wuhan, China. This was found to be attributed to a novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously named 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV). The SARS-CoV-2, a new type of highly pathogenic human coronavirus related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), spread rapidly worldwide and caused 246,303,023 confirmed infections, including 4,994,160 deaths, by October 31, 2021. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV vary in their specific characteristics, regarding epidemics and pathogenesis. This article focuses on the comparison of the virology, epidemiology, and clinical features of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to reveal their common and distinct properties, to provide an up-to-date resource for the development of advanced systems and strategies to monitor and control future epidemics of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses.
Suppose We Know Things
Authors: Duncan Matt
Published: August 2021

When contemporary philosophers discuss the nature of knowledge, or conduct debates that the nature of knowledge is relevant to, they typically treat all knowledge as propositional. However, recent introductory epistemology texts and encyclopedia entries often mention three kinds of knowledge: (i) propositional knowledge, (ii) abilities knowledge, and (iii) knowledge of things/by acquaintance. This incongruity is striking for a number of reasons, one of which is that what kinds of knowledge there are is relevant to various debates in philosophy. In this paper I focus on this point as it relates to the third kind of knowledge mentioned above – knowledge of things. I start by supposing that we have knowledge of things, and then I show how this supposition reshapes various debates in philosophy.
Multiplicative constants and maximal measurable cocycles in bounded cohomology
Authors: MORASCHINI M. , SAVINI A.
Published: August 2021

Multiplicative constants are a fundamental tool in the study of maximal representations. In this paper, we show how to extend such notion, and the associated framework, to measurable cocycles theory. As an application of this approach, we define and study the Cartan invariant for measurable$\mathrm{PU}(m,1)$-cocycles of complex hyperbolic lattices.
Standardizing States of Emergency: Fragmented Legitimacy of Model Public Health Lawmaking
Authors: Tolman Arielle W.
Published: August 2021

The promulgation of model laws—exemplary statutes that states can voluntarily choose to adopt—is a prominent strategy that reformers in public health agencies, the legal academy, and non governmental organizations use to improve US public health law and make it more uniform. This article applies the science and technology studies literature on standardization to the process of model lawmaking to analyze how developers negotiate between alternative forms of expertise and utilize different drafting processes to secure the techno-political legitimacy of their model statutes. Drawing on archival records and interviews with thirty-four experts involved in the development of four model public health laws produced between 1999 and 2007, I show how developers work to satisfy multiple, and, at times, competing, audiences. I observe that developers leveraged forms of legal expertise to secure their model laws’ technical legitimacy and emphasized their objectivity, representativeness, and flexibility to promote their political legitimacy. Comparing the four model laws across several indicia of legitimacy, I find that the developers experienced varying degrees of success. This study contributes to the socio legal scholarship on model laws by revealing how they are able to achieve legitimacy, albeit fragmented, even in the context of scientific uncertainty.
The unintended consequences of liberalization and austerity on higher education in Mozambique
Authors: Mubai Marlino Eugénio
Published: August 2021

Chronic shortages of resources to run the state have been a feature of Mozambique since the colonial period. Even before the adoption of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) in the late 1980s, conditions were austere due to the effects of Portuguese colonialism, a decade of liberation struggle, prolonged civil war and policy mistakes following independence in 1975. Drawing from archival research and oral accounts, this article analyses the impact of the liberalization of higher education in Mozambique. It explores the strategies adopted by intellectuals and academics to navigate reduced state support and donor conditionalities accompanying austerity measures from the late 1980s. It also highlights the paradoxical effects of austerity measures on fundraising, intellectual production, and the expansion of educational institutions. Austerity measures brought about by SAPs have forced universities and faculty to reinvent themselves by commercializing and privatizing higher education and seeking external funding for research. At the same time, scholars are now intellectually freer but more dependent on donors’ research agendas. Finally, the introduction of privately owned higher education institutions and the marketization of public institutions have increased divisions between the elites and the majority of Mozambicans who cannot afford to pay the fees charged.
Anglican Rites of Consecration and the Delineation of Sacred Space, ca. 1689–1735
Authors: Spicer Andrew
Published: August 2021

Between 1712 and 1715, the Convocation of the Church of England attempted to replace the existing informal orders used for the consecration of churches, chapels, and churchyards with a single uniform rite. While these efforts have been associated with the erection of the Fifty New Churches to provide for the populous and expanding suburbs of London and Westminster, the discussions actually arose out of the political divisions between the bishops and the Lower House of Convocation. The efforts to establish an official order of consecration was also a response to the changed ecclesiastical climate that followed the Toleration Act of 1689, which allowed for the registration of Dissenter chapels. The Established Church found its religious hegemony threatened and the particular status of its places of worship, achieved through consecration, challenged. The church responded to the criticism of their existing forms of consecration by reforming the liturgy as well as demonstrating the historical and legal basis for the practice. The sermons preached at the consecration or reopening of these churches provided a further opportunity for the clergy to justify the ceremony as well as to draw comparisons between these churches and Dissenting meetinghouses.
Exporting the Iranian Revolution: Ecumenical Clerics in Lebanon
Authors: Ataie Mohammad
Published: August 2021

From the dawn of the 1978–79 Iranian Revolution until the consolidation of Hizbullah in the late 1980s, a network of Iranian, Lebanese, and Palestinian clerics played a crucial role in spreading the revolution to Lebanon and laying the groundwork for Hizbullah. Whereas the historiography of the post-1979 Iran–Lebanon relationship is overwhelmingly focused on Hizbullah, the present study, by drawing on oral history interviews with these clerics and archival materials, contends that the Iranian Revolution came to Lebanon primarily through these Shi‘i and Sunni clerics, who joined ranks and established the Association of Muslim ‘Ulama’ in Lebanon in the wake of the 1982 Israeli invasion. This study argues that these clerics modeled their struggle on the ‘ulama’-led and mosque-based example of the 1978–79 revolution, which this paper describes as the Khomeinist script, to transcend sect to seed a revolution in Lebanon and mass mobilize against the invasion. This article concludes that the ecumenical script was highly appealing to non-Shi‘i Islamists, a key factor in the success of exporting the revolution and the rise of Hizbullah in Lebanon.
A spontaneous retropharyngeal haematoma: a suspected side-effect of indomethacin
Authors: Crossley E , Goldie S , Kirkby-Bott J , Hellier W
Published: August 2021

Background

Retropharyngeal haematomas are most commonly associated with trauma and anti-coagulant use. This paper describes the first reported case of a spontaneous retropharyngeal haematoma suspected to be due to indomethacin use.

Case report

It is proposed that the combination of indomethacin affecting platelet aggregation, alongside the patient coughing, may have led to this retropharyngeal haematoma.

Conclusion

The complexities of management are discussed and the current literature reviewed. In the absence of airway compromise or a rapidly enlarging haematoma, patients can be managed conservatively with observation and close discussion with the haematology department. Follow-up imaging is not necessary if the patient's symptoms settle; however, any increase in parathyroid hormone levels must be investigated to exclude a parathyroid adenoma.
Counter differential rigid-rotation equilibrium of electrically non-neutral two-fluid plasma with finite pressure
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Himura H. , Sanpei A.
Published: August 2021

We derive the two-dimensional counter-differential rotation equilibria of two-component plasmas, composed of both ion and electron (

$e^-$

) clouds with finite temperatures, for the first time. In the equilibrium found in this study, as the density of the

$e^{-}$

cloud is always larger than that of the ion cloud, the entire system is a type of non-neutral plasma. Consequently, a bell-shaped negative potential well is formed in the two-component plasma. The self-electric field is also non-uniform along the

$r$

-axis. Moreover, the radii of the ion and

$e^{-}$

plasmas are different. Nonetheless, the pure ion as well as

$e^{-}$

plasmas exhibit corresponding rigid rotations around the plasma axis with different fluid velocities, as in a two-fluid plasma. Furthermore, the

$e^{-}$

plasma rotates in the same direction as that of

$\boldsymbol {E \times B}$

, whereas the ion plasma counter-rotates overall. This counter-rotation is attributed to the contribution of the diamagnetic drift of the ion plasma because of its finite pressure.
Distance Learning: Political Education in the Persian Letters
Authors: Hanley Ryan Patrick
Published: August 2021

Montesquieu's Persian Letters offers a remarkable guide into the methods and substance of political education, and especially political education at a distance. In two particular series of epistolary exchanges between distant letter writers and recipients we are shown a talented educator in action, one especially adept on two fronts. First, in these exchanges Usbek shows himself to be uniquely sensitive to the concerns of his interlocutors. Second, his sensitivity to these concerns shapes not only the methods by which he presents his political teaching but also its substance. This paper argues that Usbek's political education speaks, by design, to the inclinations of its recipients, and that this political education is itself grounded on the teaching that the best regime in practice is that which most effectively responds to the inclinations of its inhabitants.
Head of a Young Woman: The thrilling recovery of a flying Picasso
Authors: Zambrana-Tévar Nicolás
Published: August 2021

The case of the illicit export of a Picasso painting by its owner and its confiscation and recovery by French and Spanish authorities provides an interesting example of the complexities of the transnational criminal, civil, and administrative law protection of national cultural heritage and of the ongoing efforts to achieve useful legal instruments at the European level, which foster and harmonize the current and often informal mechanisms of cooperation and judicial assistance among the different domestic enforcing agencies. It also attempts to show how Spanish authorities have made a legitimate, but possibly overreaching, use of existing European Union law in order to recover and appropriate a valuable work of art.
Real-time MLton: A Standard ML runtime for real-time functional programs
Authors: SHIVKUMAR BHARGAV , MURPHY JEFFREY , ZIAREK LUKASZ
Published: August 2021

There is a growing interest in leveraging functional programming languages in real-time and embedded contexts. Functional languages are appealing as many are strictly typed, amenable to formal methods, have limited mutation, and have simple but powerful concurrency control mechanisms. Although there have been many recent proposals for specialized domain-specific languages for embedded and real-time systems, there has been relatively little progress on adapting more general purpose functional languages for programming embedded and real-time systems. In this paper, we present our current work on leveraging Standard ML (SML) in the embedded and real-time domains. Specifically, we detail our experiences in modifying MLton, a whole-program optimizing compiler for SML, for use in such contexts. We focus primarily on the language runtime, reworking the threading subsystem, object model, and garbage collector. We provide preliminary results over a radar-based aircraft collision detector ported to SML.