bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microglial Hv1 proton channel promotes cuprizone‐induced demyelination through oxidative damage
Authors: Liu Junli , Tian Daishi , Murugan Madhuvika , Eyo Ukpong B. , Dreyfus Cheryl F. , Wang Wei , Wu Long‐Jun
Published: July 2015

NADPH oxidase (NOX)‐dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in inflammatory cells including microglia plays an important role in demyelination and free radical‐mediated tissue injury in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism underlying microglial ROS production and demyelination remains largely unknown. The voltage‐gated proton channel, Hv1, is selectively expressed in microglia and is required for NOX‐dependent ROS generation in the brain. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of microglial Hv1 proton channels in a mouse model of cuprizone‐induced demyelination, a model for MS. Following cuprizone exposure, wild‐type mice presented obvious demyelination, decreased myelin basic protein expression, loss of mature oligodendrocytes, and impaired motor coordination in comparison to mice on a normal chow diet. However, mice lacking Hv1 (Hv1−/−) are partially protected from demyelination and motor deficits compared with those in wild‐type mice. These rescued phenotypes in Hv1−/− mice in cuprizone‐induced demyelination is accompanied by reduced ROS production, ameliorated microglial activation, increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (NG2) proliferation, and increased number of mature oligodendrocytes. These results demonstrate that the Hv1 proton channel is required for cuprizone‐induced microglial oxidative damage and subsequent demyelination. Our study suggests that the microglial Hv1 proton channel is a unique target for controlling NOX‐dependent ROS production in the pathogenesis of MS.

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Hv1 proton channel is required for cuprizone‐induced microglial activation and ROS production. Mice lacking Hv1(Hv1−/−) have reduced ROS production, increased oligodendrocyte progenitor (NG2) proliferation, and are partially protected from demyelinatioin and motor deficits that follow curpizone exposure. These results suggest that Hv1 proton channel is a unique target for controlling NOX‐dependent ROS production in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
The mitochondrial uncoupling protein‐2 is a master regulator of both M1 and M2 microglial responses
Authors: De Simone Roberta , Ajmone‐Cat Maria Antonietta , Pandolfi Manuela , Bernardo Antonietta , De Nuccio Chiara , Minghetti Luisa , Visentin Sergio
Published: July 2015

Microglial activation is a dynamic process, central to neuroinflammation, which can have beneficial or pathogenic effects to human health. Mitochondria are key players in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, common to most brain diseases. To the best of our knowledge on the role of mitochondria in the modulation of neuroinflammation, we focused on the mitochondrial uncoupling protein‐2 (UCP2), known to control mitochondrial functions and to be implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In primary microglial cultures, the M1 stimulus lipopolysaccharide induced an early and transitory decrease in UCP2 levels. The initial UCP2 down‐regulation was paralleled by mitochondrial inner membrane potential (mMP) depolarization and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. The key role of UCP2 in controlling mMP and reactive oxygen species production was confirmed by both pharmacological inhibition and down‐regulation by RNA interference. Additionally, UCP2‐silenced microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide showed an enhanced inflammatory response, characterized by a greater production of nitric oxide and interleukin‐6. UCP2 was differently regulated by M2 stimuli, as indicated by its persistent up‐regulation by interleukin‐4. In UCP2‐silenced microglia, interleukin‐4 failed to induce M2 genes (mannose receptor 1 and interleukin‐10) and to reduce M1 genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumour necrosis factor‐α). Our findings indicate that UCP2 is central to the process of microglial activation, with opposite regulation of M1 and M2 responses, and point to UCP2 manipulation as a potential strategy for redirecting microglial response towards protective phenotypes in several brain diseases where neuroinflammation is recognized to contribute to neurodegeneration.

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We show that the mitochondrial uncoupling protein‐2 (UCP2) is central to the process of microglial activation, with opposite regulation of M1 and M2 responses. In UCP2‐silenced microglia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers an enhanced inflammatory response characterized by a greater expression of M1 genes, whereas interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) fails in inducing M2 genes and reducing M1 genes. We propose UCP2 manipulation as a potential strategy for redirecting microglial response towards protective phenotypes.
Pinnatoxins E, F and G target multiple nicotinic receptor subtypes
Authors: Hellyer Shane D. , Indurthi Dinesh , Balle Thomas , Runder‐Varga Vanda , Selwood Andrew I. , Tyndall Joel D.A. , Chebib Mary , Rhodes Lesley , Kerr D. Steven
Published: July 2015

Pinnatoxins are members of the cyclic imine group of marine phycotoxins that are highly toxic in in vivo rodent bioassays, causing rapid death due to respiratory depression. Recent studies have shown that pinnatoxins E, F and G, found in New Zealand and Australian shellfish, act as antagonists at muscle‐type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction. In the present study, binding affinities and modes of these pinnatoxin isomers at neuronal and muscle nAChRs were assessed using radioligand binding, electrophysiological and molecular modelling techniques. Radioligand‐binding studies revealed that all three pinnatoxins bound with high affinity to muscle‐type nAChRs, as well as to the α7 and α4β2 neuronal receptors, with an order of affinity of muscle type > α7 > α4β2. The rank order of potency at all receptors was pinnatoxin F > G > E. Pinnatoxins F and G also antagonized ACh‐evoked responses in α7 and α4β2 neuronal receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Molecular modelling revealed that pinnatoxins E, F and G make multiple hydrogen bond interactions with the binding site of muscle‐type and α7 receptors, with few interactions at the α4β2 binding site, reflecting the binding affinity and functional data. This study shows for the first time that pinnatoxins E, F and G bind to, and functionally antagonize neuronal nAChRs, with interactions potentially playing a role in pinnatoxin toxicity.

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We used a three‐pronged approach of radioligand binding, electrophysiological recording and molecular modelling to determine the nicotinic antagonist properties of the marine algal pinnatoxins E, F and G. These high‐affinity toxins bind to and antagonize muscle nicotinic receptors, as well as homomeric and heteromeric neuronal nicotinic receptors, and show a preference for homomeric neuronal and muscle‐type receptors over heteromeric neuronal receptors. Modelling of pinnatoxin/receptor interactions revealed potential determinants for binding to each of the receptor subtypes. This high‐affinity nicotinic binding presumably underlies the neuromuscular and CNS symptoms associated with pinnatoxin intoxication.
Subtle visuomotor difficulties in preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mollica Maria A. , Navarra Jordi , Fernández‐Prieto Irune , Olives Jaume , Tort Adrià , Valech Natalia , Coll‐Padrós Nina , Molinuevo José L. , Rami Lorena
Published: July 2015

Background

Individuals with preclinical Alzheimer's disease (Pre‐AD) present nonimpaired cognition, as measured by standard neuropsychological tests. However, detecting subtle difficulties in cognitive functions may be necessary for an early diagnosis and intervention.

Objectives

A new computer‐based visuomotor coordination task (VMC) was developed to investigate the possible presence of early visuomotor difficulties in Pre‐AD individuals. Associations between VMC task performance and AD biomarkers were studied. The influence of ApoE status on participants’ performance was addressed, as well as the relationship between performance and subjective cognitive decline (SCD).

Methods

Sixty‐six cognitively normal (CN) elders (19 Pre‐AD and 47 control participants [CTR]) and 15 patients with AD performed the VMC task, which consisted in executing visually guided goal‐directed movements that required the coordination of the visual and motor systems. All participants underwent ApoE analysis and lumbar puncture. CN participants also completed an extensive standard neuropsychological battery.

Results

Despite presenting normal cognition in standard tests, Pre‐AD participants exhibited higher response times (RTs) to complete the VMC task than CTR (p < .01). Besides, patients with AD showed higher RTs than CTR (p < .001) and Pre‐AD (p < .05), and more errors than CTR (p < .005). RTs in ApoE4 carriers were higher than that observed in ApoE4 noncarriers (p < .01). In CN individuals, RTs were related to amyloid β‐protein 42 (AB42) biomarker (p < .01) and informant‐rated SCD (p < .01).

Conclusions

The VMC task is able to discriminate Pre‐AD from CTR individuals. Moreover, VMC results are associated with AB42 levels in CN individuals, suggesting that visuomotor dysfunction may be a sensitive marker of Pre‐AD.
The Evolution of World Health Organization's Initiatives for the Strengthening of Nursing and Midwifery
Authors: Ventura Carla Aparecida Arena , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa , Fumincelli Laís , Trevizan Maria Auxiliadora
Published: July 2015

Purpose

To describe the evolution in the resolutions approved by World Health Organization (WHO)’s World Health Assembly (WHA) to strengthen nursing and midwifery.

Methods

Qualitative and descriptive study, undertaken through a search of resolutions presented by WHA, on the WHO website, regarding the theme “strengthening of nursing and midwifery.” The resolutions on the theme “nursing and midwifery” were included, whose titles were available and whose full texts were accessed, excluding those on general health themes. The key words used were resolutions, strengthening, and nursing and midwifery. Among the 20 resolutions found, 12 were selected, adopted between 1948 and 2013, in accordance with the study inclusion criteria. The data were interpreted using thematic qualitative analysis, identifying and grouping the data in categories related to the study theme.

Findings

Based on the content analysis of the 12 resolutions studied, three thematic categories were defined: “nursing and midwifery in primary health”; “role of nursing and midwifery in health for all”; and “nurses and midwives' professional training.”

Conclusions

Based on the categories, the evolution in the strengthening of nursing and midwifery was demonstrated through the initiatives and resolutions approved by WHA, highlighting the importance of nurses and midwives as multiprofessional health team members and their fundamental role in the improvements of the health system. Therefore, in accordance with the needs of each country, the member states can implement strategies presented by the WHA resolutions to strengthen nursing and midwifery services.

Clinical Relevance

This study has relevance for the development of health policies considering the relevant contributions of nurses and midwives to healthcare systems and services, based on the analysis of WHO resolutions involving these professions.
Synaptic‐like vesicles and candidate transduction channels in mechanosensory terminals
Authors: Bewick Guy S.
Published: July 2015

This article summarises progress to date over an exciting and very enjoyable first 15 years of collaboration with Bob Banks. Our collaboration began when I contacted him with (to me) an unexpected observation that a dye used to mark recycling synaptic vesicle membrane at efferent terminals also labelled muscle spindle afferent terminals. This observation led to the re‐discovery of a system of small clear vesicles present in all vertebrate primary mechanosensory nerve terminals. These synaptic‐like vesicles (SLVs) have been, and continue to be, the major focus of our work. This article describes our characterisation of the properties and functional significance of these SLVs, combining our complementary skills: Bob's technical expertise and encyclopaedic knowledge of mechanosensation with my experience of synaptic vesicles and the development of the styryl pyridinium dyes, of which the most widely used is FM1‐43. On the way we have found that SLVs seem to be part of a constitutive glutamate secretory system necessary to maintain the stretch‐sensitivity of spindle endings. The glutamate activates a highly unusual glutamate receptor linked to phospholipase D activation, which we have termed the PLD‐mGluR. It has a totally distinct pharmacology first described in the hippocampus nearly 20 years ago but, like the SLVs that were first described over 50 years ago, has since been little researched. Yet, our evidence and literature searches suggest this glutamate/SLV/PLD‐mGluR system is a ubiquitous feature of mechanosensory endings and, at least for spindles, is essential for maintaining mechanosensory function. This article summarises how this system integrates with the classical model of mechanosensitive channels in spindles and other mechanosensory nerve terminals, including hair follicle afferents and baroreceptors controlling blood pressure. Finally, in this time when there is an imperative to show translational relevance, I describe how this fascinating system might actually be a useful therapeutic drug target for clinical conditions such as hypertension and muscle spasticity. This has been a fascinating 15‐year journey in collaboration with Bob who, as well as having an astute scientific mind, is also a great enthusiast, motivator and friend. I hope this exciting and enjoyable journey will continue well into the future.
Spatial Causalities in Resource Rushes: Notes from the Finnish Mining Boom
Authors: Kröger Markus
Published: July 2015

Since the mid‐2000s, the world has seen an unprecedented expansion in corporate resource extraction. This global phenomenon has not been restricted to the Global South, but has also been, unexpectedly and interestingly, felt in the Global North in contexts that were considered to be ruled by political systems where the impacts of rapid resource extraction would not be felt. Between 2005 and 2010, for example, the volume of metallic ore and waste rock mining in Finland increased from fewer than 5 million tons to 46 million tons, mostly through the inauguration of four large mines in the east and north of the country. This paper examines the various explanations for the mining expansion, based on expert interviews, participant observation and a spatial analysis of the change dynamics. The importance and causalities in the control and divisions of social, physical and symbolic spaces are assessed, drawing on and interweaving the theories of Arrighi and Harvey, and conceptualizations of Moore and Bourdieu. A series of fertile conceptual tools for analysing the role of spatial dynamics in land‐use changes is developed and put to work in the empirical analysis. The results are significant for the literatures on spatial dynamics and Arctic land‐use change.
Protein loss in human hair from combination straightening and coloring treatments
Authors: França‐Stefoni Simone Aparecida , Dario Michelli Ferrera , Sá‐Dias Tânia Cristina , Bedin Valcinir , de Almeida Adriano José , Baby André Rolim , Velasco Maria Valéria R.
Published: July 2015

Background

Hair chemical treatments, such as dyeing and straightening products, are known to cause damage that can be assessed by protein loss.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hair protein loss caused by combined chemical treatments (dye and relaxer) using the validated bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method. Three kinds of straighteners, based on ammonium thioglycolate, guanidine hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, were evaluated and the least harmful combination indicated.

Methods

Caucasian virgin dark brown hair tresses were treated with developed natural brown color oxidative hair dyeing and/or straightening commercial products based on ammonium thioglycolate, sodium hydroxide, or guanidine hydroxide. Protein loss quantification was assessed by the validated BCA method which has several advantages for quantifying protein loss in chemically treated hair.

Results

When both treatments (straightening and dyeing) were combined, a higher negative effect was observed, particularly for dyed hair treated with sodium hydroxide. In this case, a 356% increase in protein loss relative to virgin hair was observed and 208% in relation to only dyed hair. The combination of dying and relaxers based on ammonium thioglycolate or guanidine hydroxide caused a small increase in protein loss, suggesting that these straightening products could be the best alternatives for individuals wishing to combine both treatments.

Conclusions

These results indicated that when application of both types of products is desired, ammonium thioglycolate or guanidine hydroxide should be chosen for the straightening process.
Comparison of therapeutic effects of liposomal Tranexamic Acid and conventional Hydroquinone on melasma
Authors: Banihashemi Mahnaz , Zabolinejad Naghmeh , Jaafari Mahmoud Reza , Salehi Maryam , Jabari Asma
Published: July 2015

Background

Melasma is one of the most common cosmetic disorders with skin darkening. Although several treatment modalities are available, none is satisfactorily used in management of this condition. Tranexamic acid (TA), a plasmin inhibitor, is reported to improve melasma when injected locally or used as oral and topical forms.

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare therapeutic effects of liposomal tranexamic acid and conventional hydroquinone on melasma.

Methods

Thirty women with bilateral melasma were enrolled in a split‐face trial lasting 12 weeks. Patients blindly applied 5% topical liposomal TA and 4% hydroquinone cream, to the designated sides of the face twice daily in addition to the assigned sunscreen in the morning. Skin pigmentation was measured using MASI (Melasma Area and Severity Index) at each visit separately for each side at the base line and every month until one month after treatment course. Data were obtained from patients file and were analyzed statistically using SPSS software, paired samples t‐test, and repeated measured ANOVA.

Results

Twenty‐three patients completed the study. The mean MASI scores significantly reduced in both treated sides (P < P = 0.001) after 12 week. A greater decrease was observed with 5% liposomal TA, although this difference was not statistically significant.

Irritation occurred in three patients with hydroquinone, while no serious adverse events occurred with TA.

Conclusion

On the basis of these results, topical liposomal TA can be used as a new, effective, safe, and promising therapeutic agent in melasma.
Effect of professional self‐concept on burnout among community health nurses in Chengdu, China: the mediator role of organisational commitment
Authors: Cao Xiaoyi , Chen Lin , Tian Lang , Diao Yongshu , Hu Xiuying
Published: July 2015

Aims and objectives

To examine the associations among professional self‐concept, organisational commitment and burnout, and to analyse the mediating role of organisational commitment on the relationship between professional self‐concept and burnout among community health nurses in Chengdu, China.

Background

Previous studies have focused on work environmental variables that contributed to burnout in nurses. However, no study has explored the mediating effect of organisational commitment on the correlation between professional self‐concept and burnout in community health nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive study.

Methods

This study was conducted at 36 community health centres in Chengdu, China with 485 nurses sampled using a two‐stage sampling method. The measures used in our study included Nurses’ Self‐concept Questionnaire, Organisational Commitment Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Results

The results of structural equation model techniques indicated that, in the direct approach, positive professional self‐concept resulted in increased organisational commitment and reduced burnout. Higher organisational commitment resulted in less burnout. In the indirect approach, organisational commitment performed as a partial mediator on the correlation between professional self‐concept and burnout.

Conclusions

Positive perception of professional self‐concept can result in reduced burnout via enhancing organisational commitment.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is crucial for nursing administrators to develop effective intervention strategies such as skills escalator training and assertive training, and establishing a supportive working environment to enhance nurses’ professional self‐concept and organisational commitment, and decrease burnout.
Motor vehicle collision‐related accidents in pregnancy
Authors: Azar Tania , Longo Cristina , Oddy Lisa , Abenhaim Haim Arie
Published: July 2015

Aim

Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are a major contributor of worldwide morbidity and mortality; however, relatively little is known about the incidence and consequences of traffic accidents on pregnant women. Our aim is to compare rates and outcomes of motor vehicle collision‐related accidents in pregnant women.

Material and Methods

We conducted a population‐based retrospective cohort study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2003 to 2011. The risk of different MVA and injuries were compared among pregnant and non‐pregnant subjects using conditional logistic regression.

Results

We identified 5936 cases of collision‐related MVA in pregnancy and age‐matched them at a 1:10 ratio to 59 360 non‐pregnant women with collision‐related MVA. As compared to non‐pregnant women, pregnant women who were admitted after an MVA suffered less severe injuries and consequently required fewer therapeutic interventions and a shorter hospital stay. Pregnant women who had a collision‐related MVA were, however, at increased risk of requiring genitourinary surgery (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–1.69). When restricted to women with a fracture, pregnant women were even more likely to require genitourinary surgery (OR, 2.93; 95%CI, 2.32–3.71) as well as require a blood transfusion (OR, 1.21; 95%CI, 1.01–1.44).

Conclusion

Pregnant women admitted to hospital after a collision‐related MVA tend to sustain less severe injuries compared to non‐pregnant women. However, the influence of admissions for fetal monitoring, rather than maternal injury, could not be determined from our dataset. Pregnant women who experienced a collision‐related MVA also required less surgical intervention, with the exception of genitourinary surgery, which may be indicative of more cesarean deliveries.
Reconsideration of postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy with fluorouracil and cisplatin for uterine cervical cancer
Authors: Takekuma Munetaka , Kasamatsu Yuka , Kado Nobuhiro , Kuji Shiho , Tanaka Aki , Takahashi Nobutaka , Abe Masakazu , Hirashima Yasuyuki
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Aim

The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze data for patients with stage IB–IIB uterine cervical cancer who were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy with fluorouracil (5‐FU) and cisplatin (CCRT‐FP) as postoperative adjuvant therapy and to re‐examine these issues and further treatment.

Methods

Patients with high risk for recurrence underwent CCRT‐FP as postoperative adjuvant therapy. A total of 73 patients who met these criteria were included in this study. Data related to survival, toxicity, and treatment feasibility were analyzed, and the question of whether there were differences in survival and toxicity according to the number of dissected lymph nodes at surgery was evaluated.

Results

Median patient age was 45 years (range, 24–67 years). Two‐thirds of patients had squamous cell histologic type, 41 patients (56.2%) had parametrial invasion, and 60 patients (82.2%) had lymph node metastases. Estimated 4‐year progression‐free survival, overall survival, and local control rates were 71.8%, 84.1%, and 88.5%, respectively. Sixteen patients (21.9%) had grade 3–4 neutropenia and one of them died of septic shock. Non‐hematological toxicities were also common: 13 (17.8%) experienced grade 3–4 nausea, and nine (12.3%) experienced grade 3–4 diarrhea. Ileus occurred in 17 patients (23.3%), and seven of them (9.6%) were not yet cured. One patient experienced gastrointestinal perforation.

Conclusions

CCRT‐FP in the postoperative setting resulted in good survival outcome but toxicity remained problematic. Development of appropriate treatment for patients with high‐risk prognostic factors after radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy is required.
Influence of maternal body mass index on sonographic fetal weight estimation prior to scheduled delivery
Authors: Aksoy Hüseyin , Aksoy Ülkü , Karadağ Özge İdem , Yücel Burak , Aydın Turgut , Babayiğit Mustafa Alparslan
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Aim

To investigate the possible effect of maternal obesity on the accuracy of sonographically estimated fetal weight in the third‐trimester shortly before induction of labor and to compare the accuracy of the estimation between normal weight, overweight, and class I, class II and class III obese groups.

Methods

This was a prospective study of singleton pregnancies with sonographic fetal weight estimation prior to scheduled delivery. Women were classified according to current body mass index (BMI) into five categories: normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n = 41), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, n = 44), obese class I (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2, n = 40), obese class II (BMI, 35.0–39.9 kg/m2, n = 38) and obese class III (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2, n = 35). The estimated fetal weight was compared with the actual birthweight, and the difference between them was recorded as the error.

Results

Mean absolute error of sonographic fetal weight estimation was 106.97 ± 80.83 g, 198.88 ± 124.32 g, 248.82 ± 122.75 g, 308.31 ± 138.97 g and 446.00 ± 151.46 g in the normal, overweight, obese class I, obese class II, and obese class III groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The corresponding mean absolute percentage errors were 3.51 ± 2.76, 6.37 ± 3.91, 7.93 ± 4.81, 9.87 ± 4.32 and 14.06 ± 5.83 (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Maternal obesity decreases the accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation. Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of sonographic fetal weight estimation, especially in obese patients.
Goal‐directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well‐being
Authors: Xiao Wei , Duan Qingfang , Zhao Lei , Chi Xinzuo , Wang Fengying , Ma Daqing , Wang Tianlong
Published: July 2015

Aim

To investigate whether goal‐directed fluid therapy (GDFT) with the LiDCOrapid system can reduce the incidence of maternal hypotension and improve neonatal outcome.

Methods

One hundred healthy term parturient women scheduled for elective cesarean section were recruited. After loading with 10 mL/kg Lactated Ringer's solution, parturient women were randomized to the GDFT and control group. In the GDFT group, individualized fluid therapy was implemented to optimize stroke volume, guided by the LiDCOrapid system. The control group received routine fluid therapy. Primary endpoints included onset of maternal hypotension, and vasopressor doses prior to delivery. The secondary endpoints included umbilical blood gas abnormalities and neonatal adverse events.

Results

Incidence of hypotension and mean phenylephrine dose administered prior to delivery were significantly higher in the control group than in the GDFT group (P < 0.01). There was no difference in Apgar score between the two groups. In the control group, mean umbilical artery and vein blood pH were significantly lower, corresponding to significantly higher incidences of neonatal hypercapnia and hypoxemia, compared with the GDFT group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

LiDCOrapid‐guided GDFT may provide benefit to healthy parturient women and their newborns.
Impaired incretin effect is an early sign of glucose dysmetabolism in nondiabetic patients with psoriasis
Authors: Gyldenløve M. , Vilsbøll T. , Zachariae C. , Holst J. J. , Knop F. K. , Skov L.
Published: July 2015

Background

Patients with psoriasis have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The gastrointestinal system plays a major role in normal glucose metabolism, and in healthy individuals, postprandial insulin secretion is largely mediated by the gut incretin hormones. This potentiation is termed the incretin effect and is reduced in type 2 diabetes. The impact of psoriasis on gastrointestinal factors involved in glucose metabolism has not previously been examined.

Objective

To investigate whether the incretin effect, gastrointestinal‐mediated glucose disposal (GIGD) and/or secretion of glucagon and gut incretin hormones are impaired in normal glucose‐tolerant patients with psoriasis.

Methods

Oral glucose tolerance tests and intravenous isoglycaemic glucose infusions were performed in 12 patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis and 12 healthy matched control subjects.

Results

In patients with psoriasis, the incretin effect (39% vs. 57%, P = 0.02) and GIGD (53% vs. 61%, P = 0.04) were significantly reduced compared to control subjects. In addition, patients were glucose intolerant and showed exaggerated glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses.

Conclusion

These novel findings support the notion that psoriasis is a prediabetic condition and suggest that gastrointestinal‐related mechanisms are involved in the increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in patients with psoriasis.
Understanding the Social Role of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. , Wright Mike
Published: July 2015

There is a need to rethink and redefine the social value added of entrepreneurial activities to society. In this paper we develop five pillars on which the evolving social role of entrepreneurship can rest and have its impact: (1) connecting entrepreneurial activities to other societal efforts aimed at improving the quality of life, achieving progress, and enriching human existence, (2) identifying ways to reduce the dysfunctional effects of entrepreneurial activities on stakeholders, (3) redefining the scope of entrepreneurial activities as a scholarly arena, (4) recognizing entrepreneurship's social multiplier, and (5) pursuing blended value at the organizational level, centring on balancing the creation of financial, social and environmental wealth. In a final section we discuss implications for practices and for further research.
Presurgical fMRI and DTI for the Prediction of Perioperative Motor and Language Deficits in Primary or Metastatic Brain Lesions
Authors: Bailey Paul D. , Zacà Domenico , Basha Mahmud Mossa , Agarwal Shruti , Gujar Sachin K. , Sair Haris I. , Eng John , Pillai Jay J.
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

To determine whether lesion to activation distance (LAD) on presurgical blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and degree of white matter involvement by primary or metastatic brain lesions predict perioperative motor and language deficits.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 76 patients with intra‐axial brain lesions referred for presurgical fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We measured expressive, receptive, global language and motor LAD and assessed degree of involvement of the corticospinal tract (CST) and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). We performed a Wilcoxon rank‐sum test to determine whether the LAD and the degree of CST/SLF involvement were statistically significantly different between patients with and without preoperative or postoperative neurological deficits.

RESULTS

In preoperatively symptomatic patients, motor and expressive language LAD were significantly lower (z = –3.78, P = .0002, and z = –2.51, P = .01, respectively) than in asymptomatic patients. No significant difference was noted in LAD between postoperative symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, except for a trend level effect for motor LAD (P = .07). The degree of CST involvement was significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (z = 3.40, P = .0007 and z = 2.97, P = .003, respectively, for pre‐ and postoperative motor deficits).The degree of SLF involvement was significantly different between preoperatively (but not postoperatively) symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (z = 2.85, P = .004).

CONCLUSION

Presurgical motor and expressive language LAD as well as degree of tract involvement on DTI are predictive of preoperative but not postoperative deficits, except for CST DTI and (trend level) motor LAD; inability of language LAD to predict postoperative deficits suggests that preoperative fMRI is valuable to neurosurgeons in avoiding resection of eloquent cortex.
The job crafting intervention: Effects on job resources, self‐efficacy, and affective well‐being
Authors: van den Heuvel Machteld , Demerouti Evangelia , Peeters Maria C. W.
Published: July 2015

This quasi‐experimental field study examines the effects of an intervention designed to boost job resources, affective well‐being, and self‐efficacy via job crafting behaviour. Employees (n = 39) in a Dutch police district received a 1‐day training, after which they worked towards self‐set crafting goals for a period of 4 weeks. The intervention concluded with a half‐day reflection session in which learning points were consolidated. Participating in the intervention was expected to boost job resources such as opportunities for development and leader–member exchange (LMX), as well as enhance self‐efficacy and positive affect and to reduce negative affect. Repeated measures ANOVAs did not yield significant results. However, pre–post comparison tests showed that the intervention group reported less negative affect as well as increased self‐efficacy, developmental opportunities and LMX in the post‐measure compared with the pre‐measure. The control group (n = 47) showed no significant changes from pre‐ to post‐measure. In addition, in weeks during which individuals sought more resources, they also reported more developmental opportunities, LMX, and positive affect. Although further research is needed, the job crafting intervention seems to have potential to enable employees to proactively build a motivating work environment and to improve their own well‐being.

Practitioner points

Job crafting is proactive behaviour at work that allows employees to redesign their own jobs.

In weeks when employees actively focus on building job resources, they also find more job resources and experience more positive affect.

The job crafting intervention may help employees to build resources and affective well‐being at work.
Burning With Envy? Dispositional and Situational Influences on Envy in Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Authors: Neufeld Darren C. , Johnson Edward A.
Published: July 2015

Research on narcissism and envy suggests a variable relationship that may reflect differences between how vulnerable and grandiose narcissism relate to precursors of envy. Accordingly, we proposed a model in which dispositional envy and relative deprivation differentially mediate envy's association with narcissistic vulnerability, grandiosity, and entitlement. To test the model, 330 young adults completed dispositional measures of narcissism, entitlement, and envy; one week later, participants reported on deprivation and envy feelings toward a peer who outperformed others on an intelligence test for a cash prize (Study 1) or earned higher monetary payouts in a betting game (Study 2). In both studies, structural equation modeling broadly supported the proposed model. Vulnerable narcissism robustly predicted episodic envy via dispositional envy. Entitlement—a narcissistic facet common to grandiosity and vulnerability—was a significant indirect predictor via relative deprivation. Study 2 also found that (a) the grandiose leadership/authority facet indirectly curbed envy feelings via dispositional envy, and (b) episodic envy contributed to schadenfreude feelings, which promoted efforts to sabotage a successful rival. Whereas vulnerable narcissists appear dispositionally envy‐prone, grandiose narcissists may be dispositionally protected. Both, however, are susceptible to envy through entitlement when relative deprivation is encountered.
Harsh Parenting, Deviant Peers, Adolescent Risky Behavior: Understanding the Meditational Effect of Attitudes and Intentions
Authors: Neppl Tricia K. , Dhalewadikar Jui , Lohman Brenda J.
Published: July 2015

Although research supports the influence of parents and peers on adolescent risky behavior, less is known about mechanisms proposed to explain this relation. This study examined the influence of adolescent attitudes and intentions about such behaviors. Prospective, longitudinal data came from rural youth who participated throughout adolescence (n = 451). Observed harsh parenting and relationship with deviant peers was assessed in early adolescence, attitudes and intentions were measured during middle adolescence, and risky behavior was assessed in late adolescence. Results indicated that parenting and deviant peers was related to engagement in tobacco use, alcohol use, and risky sexual behaviors. Moreover, attitudes and intentions mediated this relationship even after parent use and adolescent early involvement in these behaviors were taken into account.
Diagnosis and management of paediatric concussion
Authors: Bressan Silvia , Babl Franz E
Published: July 2015

Heightened recognition of concussions and concerns about their sequelae in children has become an increasing community and public health concern. Biomarkers and clinical tests are being explored, but the diagnosis of concussion in the emergency department continues to be based on clinical signs and symptoms. While the majority of children go on to recover from post‐concussive symptoms within 2 weeks, it is unclear which patients with concussion will go on to develop short‐ or long‐term sequelae. A number of more or less evidence‐based guidelines have become available which seek to guide clinicians on how to manage children post‐concussion. In general, care after the emergency department is focused on reducing the risk of re‐injury and rest until cerebral recovery with a graduated return to school and then play.
Innovations—Doomed to Fail? Investigating Strategies to Overcome Passive Innovation Resistance
Authors: Heidenreich Sven , Kraemer Tobias
Published: July 2015

The constant and successful market introduction of new products is of major concern to companies throughout all industries. However, empirical research points to high failure rates of innovations, indicating that most new products fail as they are rejected by consumers due to their resistance to innovation. Several studies have confirmed the importance of passive innovation resistance as a dominant barrier, which has to be overcome before new product adoption can start. However, empirical evidence on how to overcome passive innovation resistance is still lacking. This study intends to address this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of marketing instruments (i.e., mental simulation and benefit comparison) to reduce negative effects of passive innovation resistance on new product adoption. The results of a scenario‐based experiment (n = 679) confirm high effectiveness for both instruments. However, the effectiveness varied with the type of passive innovation resistance present. More specifically, mental simulation was found to be the most effective instrument in the case of cognitive passive resistance, whereas benefit comparison was found to be most effective in the case of situational passive resistance. Thereby, the effect of both marketing instruments was stronger the more radical the new product was perceived. Hence, companies should assess the type of passive innovation resistance that is predominant in their target market, and align their choice of marketing instruments that accompany a new product launch to most effectively overcome passive innovation resistance. Employing such new product launch tactics should decrease initial market resistance and thus help companies in reducing innovation failure rates.
Can Perceived Support for Entrepreneurship Keep Great Faculty in the Face of Spinouts?
Authors: Nicolaou Nicos , Souitaris Vangelis
Published: July 2015

Despite the recent increase in academic entrepreneurship research, we still know relatively little about the degree of involvement of academic inventors in university spinouts. In this study, we distinguish between academic inventors who leave the university after the creation of a spinout (academic exodus) and those who maintain their university affiliation (academic stasis). Drawing from the literature on innovation‐supportive climates and from organizational support theory, we argue that perceptions of institutional support and departmental norms regarding entrepreneurship are associated with the exodus versus stasis decision. We find that inventors who have higher perceptions of institutional support for entrepreneurship are less likely to leave. This relationship is enhanced by perceptions of favorable departmental norms toward entrepreneurship. We discuss the implications of our work for the literature on academic entrepreneurship, innovation‐supportive climates, and perceived organizational support. Our study has clear policy implications for universities, policymakers, and funders who aim to stimulate academic entrepreneurship, but are concerned about losing entrepreneurial faculty. Specifically, we advise universities and policymakers to actively support academic inventors wishing to spin out and to monitor this support in a customer‐friendly manner, in order to ensure that the inventors' perceptions of support are favorable. It is also important for universities to look out for inconsistencies between a supportive environment for entrepreneurship at the institutional level and unfavorable norms toward entrepreneurship at the departmental level; such inconsistencies can lead good faculty members out of academia. More broadly, universities can pursue an aggregation strategy that aims to retain both a research and commercialization identity while building strong links between them.
Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement for primiparous pregnant sows
Authors: Shi M. , Shi C. X. , Li Y. K. , Li D. F. , Wang F. L.
Published: July 2015

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimal standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) level in diets fed to primiparous sows during gestation. A total of 150 (Landrace × Large White) crossbred gilts (weighing 149.9 ± 3.1 kg) were fed gestation diets (12.55 MJ of ME/kg) containing SID Lys levels of 0.43, 0.52, 0.60, 0.70 or 0.80% respectively. Gilts were fed 2.0 kg/day from day 1 to 80 and 3.0 kg/day from day 80 to 110 of gestation respectively. Gilts were allocated to treatments based on their body weight on the day of breeding. Weight gain from day 80 to 110 increased with increasing dietary SID Lys levels (p = 0.044). Fitted broken‐line (p = 0.031) and quadratic plot (p = 0.047) analysis of body weight gain indicated that the optimal SID Lys level for primiparous sows was 0.70 and 0.69% respectively. During gestation, neither backfat thickness nor loin eye area was affected by dietary SID Lys level. Increasing dietary Lys had no effect on the litter size at birth or pigs born alive per litter. Litter weight at birth was not affected by dietary SID Lys level. The litter weight variation at birth quadratically decreased with increasing dietary SID Lys (p = 0.021) and was minimized at 0.70% dietary SID Lys. Gilts fed the 0.70% SID Lys diet had the highest dry matter (p = 0.031) and protein (p = 0.044) content in colostrum. On day 110 of gestation, gilts fed the 0.70% SID Lys diet tended to have the highest serum prolactin (p = 0.085) and serum insulin (p = 0.074) levels. The data demonstrate that the optimal dietary SID Lys was 0.70% for pregnant gilts, which is similar to the recommendation of 0.69% that was estimated by the NRC (2012).
Moving to the Next Level: Why Our Discipline Needs More Multilevel Theorization
Authors: Carter Craig R. , Meschnig Gavin , Kaufmann Lutz
Published: July 2015

Numerous phenomena in supply chain management (SCM) involve more than one level of theory and analysis, such as individuals within groups, groups within organizations, and organizations in the supply chain. Furthermore, multilevel analysis has made the simultaneous testing of hypotheses at multiple levels a reality. However, while other disciplines have made steps toward adopting a multilevel perspective, the majority of SCM research still conceptualizes research questions at a single level. We provide theoretical reasoning for incorporating multilevel research into our discipline and a framework that outlines future research opportunities that would benefit from the incorporation of a multilevel approach. We also provide examples from the SCM literature to demonstrate how multilevel research can be used to enrich understanding of real‐world SCM phenomena.
Using phylogenomics to resolve mega‐families: An example from Compositae
Authors: Mandel Jennifer R. , Dikow Rebecca B. , Funk Vicki A.
Published: July 2015

Next‐generation sequencing and phylogenomics hold great promise for elucidating complex relationships among large plant families. Here, we performed targeted capture of low copy sequences followed by next‐generation sequencing on the Illumina platform in the large and diverse angiosperm family Compositae (Asteraceae). The family is monophyletic, based on morphology and molecular data, yet many areas of the phylogeny have unresolved polytomies and interpreting phylogenetic patterns has been historically difficult. In order to outline a method and provide a framework and for future phylogenetic studies in the Compositae, we sequenced 23 taxa from across the family in which the relationships were well established as well as a member of the sister family Calyceraceae. We generated nuclear data from 795 loci and assembled chloroplast genomes from off‐target capture reads enabling the comparison of nuclear and chloroplast genomes for phylogenetic analyses. We also analyzed multi‐copy nuclear genes in our data set using a clustering method during orthology detection, and we applied a network approach to these clusters—analyzing all related locus copies. Using these data, we produced hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships employing both a conservative (restricted to only loci with one copy per targeted locus) and a multigene approach (including all copies per targeted locus). The methods and bioinformatics workflow presented here provide a solid foundation for future work aimed at understanding gene family evolution in the Compositae as well as providing a model for phylogenomic analyses in other plant mega‐families.