bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geotechnical Quality Assurance of Construction of Disposal Facilities
Authors: Spigolon S. Joseph , Kelley Michael F.
Published: January 2008

This paper summarizes the technical resource document of the same name (U.S. EPA-600/S2-84-040, March 1984). Although the technical resource document is specifically addressed to the construction of hazardous waste disposal facilities within the U.S.A., most of the topics discussed and most of the general suggestions made are of universal applicability. The need for a quality assurance programme as a management practice which assures the protection of the human health and environment is discussed within the framework of the EPA regulations promulgated on 26 July 1982, The permittee of a hazardous waste disposal facility is shown to be somewhat unique in the construction industry given the three responsibilities, design, construction and operations, and quality assurance, all consolidated with him. The geotechnical parameters which should be tested, observed and documented during the construction, operation and closure of a disposal facility are identified. The limitations of design properties tests and the applicability of index properties tests are discussed. A summarized statistical analysis of sampling size, frequency and distribution to support a hazardous waste disposal facility quality assurance programme is presented. Accepted and commonly used methods for testing water content, unit weight, specific gravity, grain-size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, cohesive soil consistency, water content/density/compactive effort, cohesionless soil relative density, and geomembranes/geotextiles are identified. The criteria for the selection of a particular test method are discussed. A quality assurance programme, suitable for the somewhat unique permittee of a hazardous waste disposal facility, is presented. Considerations for such a quality assurance programme are also addressed.
Utilization By Trees in Hungary
Authors: Gal Janos
Published: January 2008

Pot and field experiments with liquid sewage-sludge, for improving poor sandy soil and its utilization by forestry, have been conducted by the Afforestation Department of the University for Forestry and Timber Industry since 1977 for VITUKI (Research Institute for Water Management).

The following tree species were involved in the experiments: Italian poplar, "Robusta" poplar, white willow and black locust. Doses of sludge used were 0 (control), 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 m3 ha-1. There were four repetitions, treatments being multiply repeated.

From this experiment the following conclusions can be drawn. Best results were attained when "I-214" poplar was fertilized with a sewage-studge dose of 1000 m3 ha -1. This treatment was carried out in the dormant season and repeated in a second year. The best dose for "Robusta" poplar was 500 m3 ha-1. In the case of "I-214" poplar, doses of sludge greater than indicated above resulted in positive effects, but these were somewhat reduced by the harmful salt concentrations caused by the sludge. For "Robusta" popular, 2000 and 3000 m3 ha-1 doses were of negative effect in comparison with the control plants. There was no justifiable positive effect of sludge treatment for other tree species. Weeds have proved to be good indicators for the degree of sludge treatment. The more sludge had been given to it the more weedy was the soil. Untreated control plots were practically weedless. There was no evidence that toxic materials and heavy metals would accumulate in the trees at higher quantities of sludge.
Monitoring of Heavy Metals By Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Lorber Karl E.
Published: January 2008

Fundamentals and salient features of a projected heavy metals monitoring system are discussed. Determination of mass concentrations is achieved by using a new dust emission monitor, consisting of a "Zero Pressure Probe" for isokinetic sampling, which is connected to a "Longitudinally Oscillating Band" mass detector. The thin dust layer, precipitated on the surface of heat resistant filter tapes could be analysed nondestructively by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Using a small portable EDXRF-system with radioisotope-excitation, quasi-continuous monitoring of particulate heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Sb, Zn, Sn) suspended in incinerator stack gases is expected to be feasible. Another application of EDXRF-analysis is the reported investigation of electrostatic precipitator ash (ESP-fly ash). Using the "Linear Multi-Elemental-Standard Addition Method" as a fast and simple routine technique, results are reported for the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in fly ash samples which had been collected in different fields (hoppers) of the electrostatic precipitator.
Heavy Metals From "Energy From Waste" Plants-Comparison of Gas Cleaning Systems
Authors: Carlsson Kurt
Published: January 2008

Municipal waste incinerators produce more heavy metals calculated per usable energy unit (g MWh-1 ) than other solid fuel fired plants, e.g. coal, peat and wood waste. This paper presents a comparison of some modern proven gas cleaning methods including an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) followed by a scrubber with condensation or an electrostatic scrubber, and a dry scrubbing systems using slurry injection followed by ESP or powder injection followed by fabric filter. The comparison shows that the system with fabric filter has a lower emission of many heavy metals than the other methods.
Mercury From Hogdalen Incineration Plant in Stockholm, 1972-1985
Authors: Westergard Bengt
Published: January 2008

Measurements of mercury in flue gases from the Högdalen incinerator (which burns most of the garbage in Stockholm), taken before the electrostatic precipitator (ESP), provide some information on the contents of this metal in the municipal garbage. Total mercury increased from about 1 to nearly 5 g tonne-1 of refuse from 1972 to 1982. At this time a campaign to collect mercury batteries in Sweden was started and approximately half of the mercury sold in batteries has been accounted for in collections.

Since the compaign started, the mercury content of flue gases has dropped to about 2 g tonne-1 as shown in Table 1. Over the same period particulate cadmium averaged 3.2 g tonne-1 and particulate lead 80 g tonne-1. Maximum fluctuations of single measurements have been from 0.5 to 2 times the average.
Performance of Electrostatic Precipitators
Authors: Petersen H. Høgh
Published: January 2008

The large majority of municipal refuse incinerators utilize electrostatic precipitators for control of particulate emission. Precipitator performance is determined by the detailed chemical and physical properties of the fly ash and the gas in which it is suspended. Variations in the composition of the refuse burnt, of seasonal or other nature, as well as variations in the operation of the incinerator installation have a pronounced effect on precipitator exit emissions. Large temporal variations in the particulate emissions, not related to normally registered variations in refuse composition and plant operation, occur, as illustrated by measurements at a large Danish incinerator plant. Such variations, resulting from the variability of the process parameters, should be taken into account for the sizing and design of precipitators for new incinerator installations, and also when evaluating emission data from existing incinerator plants.
The Specific Role of Cadmium and Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration
Authors: Vogg H. , Braun H. , Metzger M. , Schneider J.
Published: January 2008

Requirements with respect to reducing the emission of pollutants, in particular dust constituents such as heavy metals, especially cadmium and mercury are imposed on processes of municipal solid waste incineration. In the process of incineration, cadmium is volatilized as cadmium chloride to a considerable extent. In a series of in situ measurements it has been demonstrated that 99% of this cadmium condenses on dust particles and can be removed together with fly ash. The cadmium concentration in clean flue gas dusts amounts to about 2000 μg g-1. Therefore dust emission values should not be higher than 20-30 mg dust Nm-3. The ultimate disposal of filter ash increasingly poses difficulties on account of the mobility of cadmium.

More than 80% of all mercury is released into the gas phase. The optimization of the various flue gas purification techniques depends on information about the mercury species occurring at the boiler outlet. In order to clarify the speciation the condensation and solubility behaviour of samples is referred to. In the crude gas mercury (II)-chloride and, to a lesser extent, mercury (I)-chloride are present. The occurrence of metallic mercury can be excluded. The mechanism underlying mercury removal by the dry sorption and wet scrubbing techniques is clarified. Recommendations are given for improving the removal efficiency.
Critical Review: Measurement of Mercury Combustion Aerosols in Emissions From Stationary Sources
Authors: Shendrikar Arun D. , Ensor D.S.
Published: January 2008

This review attempts to critically evaluate mercury aerosol emissions due to toxic and hazardous waste incineration. Since the literature surveyed indicated that sufficient information does not exist on this subject the technical discussion deals primarily with the emissions of mercury due to fossil fuel (e.g. coal) combustion.

Sampling methods commonly used to evaluate mercury emissions from utility stacks are discussed. The limitations of such methods are pointed out, and attempts by the authors and others to improve collection efficiency are also mentioned. The problems of sample instability are mentioned, and data on mercury size-dependent emissions are included. Commonly used analytical methods for mercury quantification are discussed and their limitations pointed out. Detection limits of some of the ideal analytical methods are also tabulated. Conclusions and recommendations for future work in the area of mercury emissions due to refuse incineration are also given.
The Destruction of Chrysotile Asbestos Using Waste Acids
Authors: Heasman Leslie , Baldwint Grant
Published: January 2008

The destruction of chrysotile asbestos by some waste acids that are available in considerable quantities in the U.K. was examined. A nitric/chromic waste from the electroplating industry was most effective causing essentially complete destruction of asbestos at room temperature in 10 h using fibre:fluid ratios up to 1:10 without agitation. Reagent grade nitric acid was far less effective while a waste sulphuric acid from the titanium dioxide industry and a mixture of acids from the metal finishing industry were intermediate in behaviour.
Landfilling Operations—Being a Good Neighbour
Authors: Eldredge Richard W.
Published: January 2008

Some basic rules of good public relations which can help make landfills into good neighbours are reviewed: use an experienced and knowledgeable consultant engineer to design and follow construction; keep good records; use an objective review panel including neighbours of the site; try to make the environs attractive; appoint a spokesman and develop a good relation with the news media. Compensation for loss of property values in areas adjoint to a landfill is a legitimate part of site selection.
Liner Materials Exposed To Toxic and Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Haxo H.E. , Haxo Robert S. , Nelson Nancy A. , Haxo Paul D. , White Richard M. , Dakessian Suren
Published: January 2008

A research project was undertaken to assess the relative effectiveness and durability of a wide variety of liner materials when exposed to hazardous wastes under conditions simulating various aspects of service in waste storage and disposal facilities. The materials studied included compacted soil, admixes, sprayed-on asphalt and 32 polymeric membranes. Four partially crystalline polymeric sheetings, though not compounded for use as liners, were included in the study because of their known chemical resistance and their use in applications requiring good chemical and ageing resistance.

The lining materials were exposed in test cells to 10 hazardous wastes (two acidic, two alkaline, three oil, a blend of lead, a pesticide and a briny industrial waste) and three media of known composition—deionized water, 5% aqueous solution of salt and a saturated solution of low-concentration (0.1%) tributyl phosphate. The polymeric materials were also exposed to wastes or environmental conditions under a variety of conditions that included primary one-sided exposure, immersion testing, two types of outdoor exposure and a pouch test. Some of the exposures were as long as 2700 days. New methods for testing polymeric materials are presented. Results indicated that some of the liner materials performed satisfactorily in contact with certain wastes but, because waste combinations can be highly specific, compatibility testing is needed to select a liner for a given waste.
Treatment of Landfill Leachate At Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Authors: Schuk Walter W. , James Stephen C.
Published: January 2008

This project investigates the discharge of landfill leachate into a municipal wastewater collection system with subsequent treatment at the municipal treatment plant. Leachates from disposal sites can be mixed with municipal wastewater and treated by wastewater treatment plants using secondary aerobic treatment. The leachates are effluents, high in organic content which are in many instances similar to industrial effluents. Experimental studies with simulated landfill leachate have shown that if a wastewater treatment plant is to accept this type of effluent, the following conditions must be met. First, air supply and oxygen transfer capacity must be sufficient to maintain aerobic conditions within the aeration basin with the increase in the organic loads. Second, sufficient nutrient concentrations (especially phosphorus) must be observed in order to maintain necessary operating conditions.
Modelling Congestion At Refuse Reception Installations
Authors: Humphries Michael Peter
Published: January 2008

The planning of waste reception arrangements must take into account the risk of congestion in the deposition areas because the cost of queueing must be balanced against the cost of increasing the size of the installation. Ways of modelling the performance and forecasting congestion are reviewed including the use of computer simulation as an alternative to queueing theory. Data from existing sites are compared with known probability distributions. A computer program is introduced which seeks to assist designers by taking into account various arrival and service time patterns and which permits the effect of interruptions to the process to be included. A worked example is used to illustrate the methods described.
The Use of Industrial Sludges as Raw Materials in the Cement Industry
Authors: Riganti V. , Fiumara A. , Odobez G.B.
Published: January 2008

Sludge arising from physico-chemical treatment of industrial waste waters can be used as a component of clinker meals in cement plants.

The material on which the present experimental work is focused was obtained from industrial sludge poor in organic matter and rich in aluminium, iron and heavy-metal hydroxides. The metals are rendered inert by cement-based binders in full compliance with the current Italian provisions. The material was checked to verify that its components comply with the acceptability limits established by the users, and to assess the level of pollution produced at the processing site. The eluate obtained with CO2-treated water from the treated material does not show appreciable release of heavy-metals. Emission values at the chimney of the cement plant depend on the effectiveness of the gas filtering system. The addition of treated industrial sludge to kiln feed does not have an appreciable effect on the cement-plant chimney dust, and reduces operating cost, without affecting the properties of the product (clinker) and the plant's operating stability.
Capital Costs of Resource Recovery Facilities in the U.S.a
Authors: Rhyner Charles R. , Wenger Robert B.
Published: January 2008

The capital costs of existing and proposed resource recovery facilities in the U.S.A. are analysed as a function of facility size and type. Empirical relationships are developed to relate capital costs of modular incinerators, heat-recovery incinerators, rotary combustors, and refuse-derived fuel facilities to design capacities. The scale factors are compared to published values. Economies of scale are not present except for small refuse-derived fuel and steam generating facilities handling less than 1000 tonne day-1.
Evaluation of Compost Maturity By Means of Chemical and Microbial Analyses
Authors: Riffaldi R. , Levi-Minzi R. , Pera A. , de Bertoidi M.
Published: January 2008

Several chemical and microbiological parameters were tested during a 140 day period to characterize the stabilization process of a paper processing wastewater sludge composted with straw. The parameters indicate two months as a suitable period for the establishment of an equilibrium in the decay process, although some parameters show that compost reaches an acceptable level of stability in 30 days. Evaluation of stability in the end-product is difficult to define by only one parameter, whether it be chemical or biological.
Survival of Faecal Indicator Micro-Organisms in Refuse/Sludge Composting Using the Aerated Static Pile System
Authors: Pereira-Neto J.T. , Stentiford E.I. , Smith D.V.
Published: January 2008

Four compost piles, employing the aerated static pile system were studied with respect to pathogen inactivation. This was evaluated by means of the commonly used indicator organisms: E. coli, faecal streptococci and salmonellae. Samples from three separate sites within the piles were used, which had experienced different temperature/time profiles during composting. All three sites were located in the section of the pile just below the cover layer. E. coli, and faecal streptococci were reduced from approximately 107 org/g.ww to less than 102 org/g.ww.
Parallel Sampling for Dioxins Using Various Sampling Techniques At a Swedish Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator
Authors: Marklund Stellan , Söderstrom Gunilla , Ljung Karin , Rappe Christoffer , Kraft Michael , Hagenmaier Hanspaul
Published: January 2008

Parallel sampling was carried out in a Swedish municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator, on two consecutive days, with five different sampling techniques. The samples were analysed for chlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and chlorodibenzofurans (PCDFS) at two laboratories, one in Sweden and the other in Germany. Two different spiking protocols were used, both including pre-sampling or clean-up spikes from each homolog group of the tetra to octa CDDs and CDFs. Comparable results were obtained for all five sampling methods for the emission data and the recoveries for all pre-sampling spikes were above 50%. The agreement between the two laboratories was good. The different sampling methods resulted in very similar congener distributions (congener profiles) or isomer distributions (isomer patterns). However, the sampling techniques differ considerably in the distribution of PCDDs/PCDFs in various sampling compartments, The sampling techniques where large contribution of PCDDs and PCDFs could be found in the wash solvent may suffer from losses and/or cross-contamination problems unless the washing is carried out properly. The use of a cooled probe in combination with an adsorption (polyurethane foam plug) or absorption (ethoxyethanol) trap, where the main portion of the PCDDs and PCDFs were found in the condensate, is considered as a convenient and efficient sampling technique.
Dioxin Emissions: Techniques for Maintaining the Limit of 0.1 ng Te m-3 (as of 1990/91)
Authors: Reimann Dieter O.
Published: January 2008

Processes which will achieve up to 100-fold reduction of exhaust gas emissions of dioxin as proposed for the new German Standards are reviewed. A combination of processes which remove fly ash, NOx, SOx, HCl and other pollutants will also remove dioxins. Reduction of chlorinated compounds fed to the incinerator is not likely to make any significant difference. Good turbulence with elimination of cold spots in the firebox will ensure initial thermal destruction. Dioxins are synthesized on fly ash particles at temperatures between 200 and 400° C. Rapid temperature reduction across this range by water injection will greatly reduce dioxin levels. Catalytic inhibitors can also be used. Since dioxin is adsorbed on fly ash, efficient scrubbing is essential for high removal efficiency. Sorption on active carbon beds is also being evaluated.
A Review of Geosynthetic Liner System Technology
Authors: Fluet J.E. , Badu-Tweneboah K. , Khatami A.
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a general review of geosynthetic liner systems design considerations. The paper emphasizes the fundamental differences between a liner and a liner system, discusses the types of liner systems that are effective in landfill applications, and discusses how the components of a liner system may vary depending on the type of application, regulatory requirements, site hydrogeologic and climatic conditions, and the availability of materials. Regarding regulatory considerations, the paper discusses how liner systems must be selected and designed in conformance with regulatory performance standards in order to ensure long-term protection of the environment, and notes that many American state regulations for municipal waste landfills include minimum design guidelines that may be inadequate to meet the state's performance standards. The two aspects of chemical compatibility—retention and resistance to chemical attack—are discussed, and a generalized approach to designing geosynthetic liner systems is presented. The paper concludes with a discussion on future needs of the discipline and the industry.
Leachability of Heavy Metals Blasting Waste
Authors: Madany Ismail M. , Raveendran E.
Published: January 2008

This investigation presents the results of leaching tests, using the multiple-batch procedure, on cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, and chromium from copper blasting grit waste generated from a shipbuilding and repair company in Bahrain. The leaching test results have demonstrated that the metals tested were generally released in low concentrations except for copper and zinc. Metal leachability appeared to be dependent upon the pH and composition of the leaching medium.
Management of Hazardous Waste
Authors: Suess Michael J.
Published: January 2008

The size and the health significance of the hazardous waste problem are reviewed. Proper engineering and management practice are discussed, including the elimination, if possible, reduction, changing processes and product lines, treatment and reuse, and disposal by landfill and incineration. Exports should be drastically reduced, also using complex administrative measures. International organizations concerned should encourage good national and international management practices. A siting for collection, treatment and disposal, remote from human habitation, and established under an international agreement, would release countries from managing a difficult problem within their own national borders.
Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash as a Source of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) To the Environment
Authors: Wild S.R. , Mitcheill D.J. , Yelland C.M. , Jones K.C.
Published: January 2008

Arrested fly ash samples from most currently operating municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators on the U.K. mainland have been analysed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ashes have a mean ΣPAH content of about 227 μg kg -1. This is generally lower than concentrations observed in U.K. surface soils. Benzo-[ ghi]perylene was the most abundant individual compound, and the most frequently detected. The ΣPAH content of ashes does not appear to be related to incinerator type, but rather it is likely that poor gas phase combustion favours higher PAH levels. The significance of PAHs in ash residues and their possible fate following disposal to landfill are discussed.
Pay and Job Satisfaction in the Federal Civil Service
Authors: Lewis Gregory B.
Published: January 2008

Recent years have seen increasing concerns in the public administration community that declining pay and increasing bureaucrat bashing have seriously damaged both the morale and quality of the civil service, making it difficult to recruit or retain excellent employees. Much of the evidence has been impressionistic, however. Using data from surveys by the Federal Executive Institute Alumni Association, the National Opinion Research Center, the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, and the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, this article finds little evidence of a major decline in federal employee satisfaction over the past decade.
Performance Appraisal in North Carolina Municipalities
Authors: Daley Dennis
Published: January 2008

This study surveys performance appraisal practices, focusing upon North Carolina municipal governments. General appraisal procedures involving performance standards, specific types of performance appraisal systems, add-on practices (designed to enhance appraisal effectiveness), and the various purposes underlying appraisals are examined. In addition, the effects of city and organizational size and that of governmental structure on these personnel practices are studied.

In general, performance appraisal practices are little used among North Carolina's municipal governments. Under a third claim generic procedures, and a sixth do not have any specific system. Among add-on options only interviews and interim appraisals garner use in as much as a quarter of the towns. Purposes fare somewhat better, with nearly half using performance appraisal as a guide for merit pay decisions. For the most part, performance appraisal is but marginally used in aiding personnel decisions.

Population and workforce effects are somewhat in evidence among the Tarheel towns. Larger communities and organizations are slightly more likely to engage in these practices. However, a somewhat more clear cut case can be made with regard to professional managers. While the employment of a town manager is not a sufficient condition, it may be a necessary one if performance appraisal practices are to be properly employed.
Flame Propagation in Stratified Methane-Air Mixtures
Authors: Badr Osama , Karim Ghazi
Published: January 2008

This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation aimed at establishing the nature of flame propagation within stratified mixtures of methane and air in circular tubes. Flames propagating upwards, horizontally, and downwards through concentration gradients of up to 3 percent by volume of methane per meter were studied. The velocities of decelerated flames were observed to be up to 70% higher than the corresponding flame velocities under homogeneous mixture conditions. Empirical correlations were then developed for flame velocities within stratified mixtures in terms of corresponding velocities under homogeneous conditions, concentration gradients, and homogeneous flame velocities corresponding to mixture concentrations at the ignition point.
The Suitability of the Din 53436 Test Apparatus for the Simulation of a Fire Risk Situation With Flaming Combustion
Authors: Einbrodt H.J. , Hupfeld J. , Prager F.H. , Sand H.
Published: January 2008

The fundamental considerations about the suitability of the DIN tube furnace for simulating the various fire models are discussed. By preliminary tests including the variation of test parameters it could be demonstrated, that in comparison to other decomposition models this method seems to be suitable to simulate real fire situations.
Fire Retardant Wood-Fiber Insulating Board
Authors: Östman Birgit A-L.
Published: January 2008

Two types of fire retardant insulating wood-fiber boards have been developed in laboratory and mill scale. Both include treatments which are incorporated in the normal wet process for manufacturing such boards with a concentration of the fire retardant to one side of the board. One type involves addition of a calcium borate mineral, colemanite, to the top fiber layer of the board. Scandinavian class II and British class 1 are achieved. The other type involves addition of a pre-condensate of melamine-dicyandiamide-phosphoric acid mixed with a commercial phosporus-nitrogen compound on the wet lap. Scandinavian class I and British class 1 are achieved. The first type, colemanite, creates no problem in normal board production or in respect to product properties. It is readily suited to full scale application. The second type has a better fire classification but is accompanied by production and product problems, e.g. mildew growth at humid exposure, and needs further development.

Both board types have been exposed in ceiling application for 8 years without any reduction in fire classification.
Critical Appraisal of Three Ideas for Community Development in the United States
Authors: Ganapati Sukumar
Published: January 2008

What is the connection among the moral, social, and physical aspects of the community? To explore this question, this article reviews three approaches: communitarianism, social capital, and new urbanism and smart growth. They are linked by a conceptual mapping along two dimensions: geographical scale (local to global) and strength of community (strong to weak). The approaches meld at local and regional geographical scales. Since the strong community in all three is susceptible to community determinism, I privilege the weak community. The approaches put a renewed emphasis on public and civic spaces, which are moral, social, and physical spaces for the weak community.
Central City Dominance in Metropolitan Areas and the Availability of Affordable Housing
Authors: Ottensmann John R.
Published: January 2008

Fragmented suburban jurisdictions dominating a metropolitan area may limit the availability of affordable housing because of their restrictive land use regulations. When the central cities are dominant, however, their less restrictive land use regulations may result in the increased availability of affordable housing. In a study of 46 of the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, it was found that those areas where over half of the population or land was contained in central cities had fewer land use restrictions; and those areas with fewer land use restrictions had more affordable housing. Central city dominance in metropolitan areas plays an important role in determining the levels of restrictions on land use and must be considered by those concerned with the availability of affordable housing.
Integrating Communication Skills and Planning Techniques
Authors: Dandekar Hemalata C. , Clark Gerald R.
Published: January 2008

Practitioners have long stressed the need to teach professional commumcations skills to planning students. This paper describes ten years of experience in teaching a course in which communications skills and techniques of gathering and analyzing information are taught concurrently while investigating a problem of importance in the community. The course involves an ongoing collaboration, a "marriage of convenience," between an academic and a planner, casting city/county planning staff as clients for students This has proven useful for pedagogy and has had some positive impact on the community.
The Lane County Survey: An Episode in the Development of Rural Planning
Authors: Hibbard Michael
Published: January 2008

One of the major social concerns at the turn of the twentieth century—how best to cope with massive urbanization and industrialization—stimulated the rise of modern American urban and regional planning. Most of those active in the nascent field of planning directed their efforts toward the receiving end of the population shift, the cities. But the changes in rural places, and especially the meaning of rural change for society as a whole, also received much attention. A variety of activities sprang up in the 1910s and '20s in an effort to strengthen rural institutions. In this article I focus on one category of those activities, the rural survey. The surveys are an important precursor to current approaches to rural socio-economic development planning: they highlight the key roles that culture and community play in the development process.

I first describe the perceived situation in rural America at the turn of the century. Next I discuss the development of the rural survey as a method to diagnose rural problems. I then examine one example of a rural survey, that done in Lane County, Oregon, in 1915 and '16. Finally, I consider the legacy of rural surveys—their impact on the development of planning for rural areas.
Public Support for Local Comprehensive Planning Under Statewide Growth Management: Insights From Maine
Authors: Gale Dennis E. , Hart Suzanne
Published: January 2008

Maine's Growth Management law provides an opportunity to examine public attitudes about state-mandated local comprehensive planning. A survey revealed an overall favorable public reaction, but important differences appeared among some subgroups. It was apparent that some socioeconomic characteristics offered the best predictors of support for local comprehensive planning, although the literature is not consistent on this issue. Attitudes on related issues such as environmental spending and highway development were only weakly linked to those on comprehensive planning. The results suggest directions for public policy development in states considering passage of growth management laws.
Staffing the Revolution: GIS Education for Planners
Authors: Godschalk David R. , McMahon Gerard
Published: January 2008

Computerized information processing is profoundly altering, even revolutionizing, the potential for planning and decision support resulting in greatly increased demand for professionals with the knowledge and skills to use this new technology, especially its expression in geographic information systems (GIS). Drawing upon the authors' experience in teaching GIS to planners, this article proposes a strategy for staffing the planning side of the GIS revolution. It speculates about reasons for lag in introducing GIS in planning schools, describes the potential for use of GIS tools in planning, and presents a case study of the introduction of GIS into the curriculum at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Electroencephalography in Infants With Periventricular Leukomalacia: Prognostic Features at Preterm and Term Age
Authors: Biagioni Enrico , Bartalena Laura , Boldrini Antonio , Pieri Rossella , Cioni Giovanni
Published: January 2008

Cystic periventricular leukomalacia represents the most severe white-matter lesion in preterm infants and its occurrence accounts for most cases of neurologic impairment in these subjects. Electroencephalographic (EEG) findings and their prognostic value in relation to motor and cognitive outcome were investigated in a group of preterm infants affected by different degrees of cystic periventricular leukomalacia. EEG recordings were carried out in the early postnatal period (first 2 weeks of life) on 24 infants and at term age on 29. In the early postnatal period, background EEG abnormalities ("dysmaturity") were significantly more apparent in affected infants than in a control group, and, among infants with cystic periventricular leukomalacia, this parameter related to the occurrence of cerebral palsy; moreover, at the same age, the incidence of abnormal EEG transients seemed to show a correlation with cognitive outcome. At term age, these latter abnormalities were significantly more apparent in neonates with cystic periventricular leukomalacia than in control subjects, but they did not show any prognostic value. In conclusion, these data indicate that, during the early postnatal period, the EEG is a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool for preterm infants with white-matter lesions, whereas at term age, the role of EEG tracings appears secondary. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:1-6)
Disability Evaluation in Children With Hemidecorticectomy: Use of the Activity Scales for Kids and the Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory
Authors: Graveline Chantal , Young Nancy , Hwang Paul
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of disability of children who are either candidates for or have undergone a hemidecorticectomy. The Activity Scales for Kids and the Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory were demonstrated to be useful measurement tools yielding comparative results between subgroups. Overall, children with congenital disease seemed less autonomous postoperatively than were preoperative patients or children with acquired disease. Age at surgery and the interval between seizure onset and surgery are potentially important predictors of disability. This could reflect the importance of timing of surgery, development, environment, and possibly brain plasticity processes in this population. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:7-14).
Childhood Head Tremor
Authors: DiMario Francis J.
Published: January 2008

We report here four children (three girls, one boy) with head tremor followed longitudinally, ages 15 months to 11 years, with follow-up over 1 to 8 years. Each demonstrated onset of head tremor between the ages of 5 and 10 months. In each case head tremor was characterized by a predominant "yes-yes" or "no-no" movement of the head. In two of the children the movement was slightly skewed with chin movement toward the shoulder. Oscillations were at a frequency of about 1 to 2 Hz. They were accentuated when sitting upright without head support, increased at times of movement, and dissipated while lying flat or sleeping. The children were unable to voluntarily suppress the action and did not experience any sensation of movement. Three of the children had shuddering spells prior to onset of head tremor. Two children have developed mild dystonic posturing of the legs when intently concentrating. Their general and neurologic examinations were normal. Normal investigations included brain magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, urine amino acids and organic acids screening, serum lactate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibodies, and ceruloplasmin and copper levels. A family history of tremor was present in two children, maternal epilepsy in one child, and infantile shuddering occurred in the father of one child. Therapy included trials of selective and nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers, alpha-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, and amantadine. One child responded well to both timolol and trihexyphenidyl. A second child responded moderately to primidone. Two have not been treated. Two have had head tremor spontaneously remit. We conclude from this small series of children with head tremor that it can evolve from a prior history of shuddering spells, occurs in the context of a positive family history of tremor, and can be accompanied by the development of a mild dystonia. Therapeutic response is variable to multiple agents. Spontaneous remission occurs, suggesting a benign course. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:22-25).
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response in Newborns and Infants
Authors: Kohelet David , Arbel Eliana , Goldberg Michael , Arlazoroff Aharon
Published: January 2008

Brainstem auditory evoked response studies were carried out on 105 neonates, with gestational ages ranging from 26 to 43 weeks. The mean chronologic and postconception ages of the subjects were 6.5 weeks and 40.6 weeks, respectively. Statistically significant relationships between brainstem auditory evoked response and gestational age, postconception age (gestational age plus chronologic age), and the 5-minute Apgar score, were demonstrated. Shortening of brainstem auditory evoked response as related to postconception age was demonstrated and this trend was statistically significant. However, of these factors a statistically significant shortening (maturation) of evoked response was demonstrated only in relation to postconception age. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:33-35).
Neurologic Presentations of Mitochondrial Disorders
Authors: Nissenkorn Andreea , Zeharia Avraham , Lev Dorit , Watemberg Nathan , Fattal-Valevski Aviva , Barash Varda , Gutman Alisa , Harel Shaul , Lerman-Sagie Tally
Published: January 2008

This article describes the neurologic presentations of children with mitochondrial disorders. The charts of 42 children with highly suspect mitochondrial disorders were reviewed. Thirty-seven children were diagnosed as having definite mitochondrial disorders based on a suggestive clinical presentation and at least one accepted criteria, while in five patients the diagnosis remained probable. All patients had nervous system involvement, but it was the presenting symptom in 28 of 42. Eighteen children had normal intelligence and 24 had mental retardation or developmental delay at the onset of their disease. Twenty-five patients had either an acute regression or a progressive encephalopathy. The most frequent neurologic manifestations were abnormal tone, seizures, extrapyramidal movements, and autonomic dysfunction. The eyes were involved in 11 children. Nerve deafness was found in seven patients. Myopathy was found in only six patients. In conclusion, a complex neurologic picture, especially with other organ involvement, warrants a full mitochondrial evaluation. (J Child Neurol 2000; 15:44-48).
Long-Term Computer-Assisted Outpatient Electroencephalogram Monitoring in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Foley Catherine M. , Legido Agustin , Miles Daniel K. , Chandler Darryl A. , Grover Warren D.
Published: January 2008

The aims of this study were (1) to define the role of long-term computer-assisted outpatient electroencephalographic monitoring (COEEG) in children and adolescents with known or suspected epilepsy, and (2) to compare COEEG data with routine interictal electroencephalograms (EEG). We performed 18-channel COEEG in 84 children and adolescents with diagnosed (group 1, n = 49) or suspected (group 2, n = 35) epilepsy. Mean recording time was 1.4 days. Overall, COEEG was useful in 87% of patients. In group 1, events were recorded in 73% of patients and were electrographic seizures in 45%. In group 2, events were detected in 86% of patients and were electrographic seizures in 17%. Nocturnal and partial seizures predominated. Seizure diagnosis and classification by COEEG was concordant with interictal EEG findings in 19% and discordant in 63% of patients. COEEG is a useful technique for the diagnosis of epileptic and nonepileptic events among selected children and adolescents. When compared to routine interictal EEG, COEEG could offer additional accuracy in the classification of seizures in pediatric patients. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:49-55).
Syndrome of Microcephaly, Mental Retardation, and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Associated With Features of Rett Syndrome
Authors: Shetty Avinash K. , Chatters Rachael , Tilton Ann H. , Lacassie Yves
Published: January 2008

We report a 12-year-old girl with features of the syndrome of microcephaly, mesobrachydactyly, and tracheoesophageal fistula, who also developed distinctive features of Rett syndrome including regression of milestones with repetitive actions, autistic-like behavior, stereotypic hand movements, and seizures. This unique combination of clinical manifestations appears to constitute a "new syndrome." We speculate that this association may represent a contiguous gene syndrome. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:61-63).
Psychogenic Seizures After Head Injury in Children
Authors: Pakalnis Ann , Paolicchi Juliann
Published: January 2008

A total of 148 patients with a history of probable seizure disorder were studied prospectively with long-term video electroencephalography over a 1-year period. Sixteen (11%) were identified with psychogenic seizures. Eleven (69%) of 16 were boys, with a mean age of 10.5 years. Seven (44%) of the 16 had an antecedent history of head injury prior to the development of these episodes; of these patients 85% were boys. Our results suggest that contrary to findings in the adult population, psychogenic seizures can be commonly seen in boys. The prevalence of antecedent head injury suggests that it is a notable risk factor in children as well as adults in the occurrence of psychogenic seizures. (J Child Neicrol 2000;15:78-80).
Quantitative Morphology of the Corpus Callosum in Children With Neurofibromatosis and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kayl Anne E. , Moore Bartlett D. , Slopis John M. , Jackson Edward F. , Leeds Norman E.
Published: January 2008

Neurofibromatosis-1 is a common autosomal-dominant genetic disorder associated with numerous physical anomalies and an increased incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies of children with idiopathic ADHD have suggested a link between corpus callosum size and symptom severity. This study examines the contribution of corpus callosum morphology to symptoms of ADHD in children with neurofibromatosis. Eighteen control subjects and 36 children with neurofibromatosis underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Twelve subjects with neurofibromatosis had evidence of ADHD and 24 did not. Subjects with neurofibromatosis had significantly larger total corpus callosum area and significantly larger regional measurements in three of seven areas. However, there were no differences between the neurofibromatosis alone and neurofibromatosis plus ADHD groups. Increased severity of attention problems was associated with smaller total callosal areas. These results suggest that some features of ADHD in children with neurofibromatosis could be linked to quantifiable differences in brain morphology, but the nature of the genetic mutation in neurofibromatosis suggests that neurochemical effects also could be important. (J Child Neurol 2000;15:90-96).
Introduction to the Series
Authors: Sarnat Harvey B.
Published: January 2008

The accompanying article, "How to construct a neural tube," is the first in a new series. This series is designed to present new data on ontogeny and molecular genetic programming in terms meaningful to practicing clinicians who treat children with neurologic diseases.

This new series, entitled The New Neuroembryology, is about development. Development is a term that to the neuroscientist represents a well-programmed sequence of anatomic and physiologic changes that occur from conception to maturity. Many clinicians, however, use the same term in reference to the functional acquisition of skills, and a whole discipline, developmental pediatrics, has evolved in this context. Both uses are correct— related but different. The New Neuroembryology is about molecular genetic programming of the nervous system, induction, trophic factors, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion molecules, migrations, intercellular communication, and substrates of cellular differentiation and maturation: normal and abnormal.

Breakthroughs in biologic science that change forever our understanding of primordial life processes are rare events, despite the misperceptions and hyperbole of the popular media. A fountainhead of new molecular genetic information on embryonic and fetal development has erupted in the past decade and even the most skeptical and cautious scientist would concede that it does represent a conceptual breakthrough. The new concepts disclosed are inspiring not only in terms of depth of understanding, but also in their promise of new approaches to diagnosis and perhaps even treatment that were not even wildly speculated just a few years ago. These new data explain ontogeny as histology has never done to elucidate the pathogenesis and mechanisms of malformations of the nervous system. The Journal of Child Neurology proudly acknowledges this conceptual revolution in our chosen specialty as we enter a new decade and introduce pediatric neurology into a new millennium.