bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common Morality as an Alternative to Principlism
Authors: Clouser K. Danner
Published: July 2012

Unlike the principles of Kant, Mill, and Rawls, those of principlism are not action guides that stem from an underlying, integrated moral theory. Hence problems arise in reconciling the principles with each other and, indeed, in interpreting them as action guides at all, since they have no content in and of themselves. Another approach to "theory and method in bioethics" is presented as an alternative to principlism, though actually the "alternative" predates principlism by about 10 years. The alternative's account of morality stays close to ordinary, common morality with its rules and ideals, which in turn are grounded in aspects of human nature. As such, morality must be understood to be a rational, impartial, and public system that is incumbent on everyone. Morality is a unified and integrated system. The moral rules and ideals are also "culture-" and "profession-sensitive" in that they are interpreted more specifically within these various contexts.
Procuring Organs From a Non-Heart-Beating Cadaver: Commentary on a Case Report
Authors: Campbell Margaret L. , Weber Leonard J.
Published: July 2012

Procurement of organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors raises concerns. Standards for optimal patient care during withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy are evolving and continue to be debated and studied. Consensus on specific procedures and methods has not been attained, however, and protocols for the procurement of organs from patients following the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies may compromise the evolving standards and harm the patient and the attendant family. In addition, there is little evidence to suggest that such protocols will significantly increase the number of organs procured. "Non-heart-beating cadaver" protocols that do not give comprehensive attention to optimal patient/family care at the time of withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy ought not to be endorsed.
Should Basic Care Get Priority?: Doubts About Rationing the Oregon Way
Authors: Veatch Robert M.
Published: July 2012

Recognition of the need to ration care has focused attention on the concept of "basic care." It is often thought that care that is "basic" is also morally prior. This article questions that premise in light of the usual definitions of "basic." Specifically, it argues that Oregon's rationing scheme, which defines "basic" in terms of cost-effective care, fails to pay sufficient attention to important ethical principles such as justice.
Using Stories to Assess Values and Establish Medical Directives
Authors: Kielstein Rita , Sass Hans-Martin
Published: July 2012

While still developing in Germany, a consensus has emerged in the United States on the use of advance directives for guiding future medical decision making. This article outlines three phases in the evolution of advance directive forms—the legal phase, the checklist phase, and the story phase. The story-based approach is discussed as the best method for assessing patient values and incorporating them into advance directives, and a story-based advance directive form, which has been developed and tested during the past two years, is presented.
Double Agency and the Ethics of Rationing Health Care: A Response to Marcia Angell
Authors: Menzel Paul T.
Published: July 2012

The arguments against doctors as "double agents" that are presented by Marcia Angell in the preceding article do not defeat the core justification for rationing some relatively high-expense, low-benefit care, and they do not enable us to conclude that clinicians should be barred from any active, substantive role in decisions to limit that care. They do, however, reveal several important conditions that need to govern cost-conscious medical practice in order to preserve an ethic of fidelity to patients: insurers' profits and providers' incomes must be fair, providers must inform patients of any economic reasons that lead to the forgoing of care, and "direct incentive" arrangements must not be used to contain costs.
On the Semantic Derogation of Terms for Women in Korean, with Parallel Developments in Chinese and Japanese
Authors: Kim Minju
Published: July 2012

This study investigates two kinds of semantic change in terms for women in Korean, along with parallel developments in Chinese and Japanese, and examines the underlying mechanisms that cause these linguistic changes. In Korean and Chinese, polite terms for young women ( akassi and xiăo jiĕ , respectively) have been taking on strong sexual connotations, due to the terms’ association with professions in the sex trade. In Korean and Japanese, terms for older sister ( enni and oneesan/oneechan , respectively) have been adopted by more senior speakers to address young women, especially those in service interactions, including those in sex entertainment. This study demonstrates that besides sexist attitudes, other quite different motivations can be responsible for the semantic derogation of terms for women. In an effort to be polite, speakers have adopted positive female terms to address women of lower occupational status. Subsequently, the burden of the lower-status referents has caused the positive terms to undergo semantic derogation.
Imagining a Feminine Icon: Multiple Metamorphoses of Hwang Chin-i in Cinema and Television
Authors: Lee Hana
Published: July 2012

This article focuses on how images of Hwang Chin-i, one of the most fascinating characters in Korean literature and media, have evolved over time as well as how she could have maintained her position as a representative feminine icon in cinema and television. Characterizations of Hwang Chin-i have been reinterpreted according to the ethos of different ages, partially conditioned by the public persona of the top actresses of those periods. Despite the many versions of the Hwang Chin-i narrative, none has fully presented all the fascinating facets of her personality such as her artistry, her devastating social critiques, and her sexuality. Each version represents the values pursued by the audiences of those times. This is mainly because the historical dramas have tended to show audiences what they want to see rather than what really happened.
Mexico’s Concrete Block Landscape: A Modern Legacy in the Vernacular
Authors: Fry Matthew
Published: July 2012

En México, las estructuras construidas de bloque de concreto son muy comunes. Aproximadamente 70% de las casas urbanas y una cantidad creciente de casas rurales son hechas de bloque. Para un material tan prevalente y popular, existen pocos estudios sobre la historia, la escala de uso, la producción, la economía política, el impacto sociocultural, así como las posibles consecuencias de los paisajes dominados por bloque de concreto. Para poder entender la historia y la distribución presente de los bloques de concreto y de las estructuras construidas de este material en México, este artículo: (1) resume el uso histórico y la evolución de los bloques en México; (2) explora diferentes representaciones de los bloques y como han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo; y (3) sitúa el paisaje contemporáneo de bloque mexicano dentro de un contexto vernáculo. De este modo, el artículo demuestra que, como otros paisajes humanos, los paisajes de bloque de concreto son representaciones de historia, cultura, sociedad, e individuos.
Road Networks and Forest Fragmentation in the Amazon: Explanations for Local Differences with Implications for Conservation and Development
Authors: Perz Stephen G. , Caldas Marcellus , Walker Robert , Arima Eugenio , Souza Carlos
Published: July 2012

É óbvio que estradas facilitam o acesso aos recursos naturais. Contudo, não está tão claro porque a “arquitetura espacial” das estradas variam entre locais em áreas de florestas tropicais, que traz implicações para a “geometria espacial” dos fragmentos de floresta e a possibilidade de desenvolvimento sustentável baseado no uso dos recursos naturais. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma análise comparativa da arquitetura das redes viárias e da geometria dos fragmentos de floresta em dois locais na Amazônia Brasileira. Diferenças históricas entre os dois locais ocorreram em conseqüência do meio ambiente biofísico, planejamento e colonização inicial, e subseqüentes dinâmicas de mudanças. Estas diferenças oferecem uma explicação para as distintas estruturas de redes viárias e para os padrões de fragmentos de florestas, com implicações na conservação das florestas tropicais e o desenvolvimento sustentável da fronteira, via políticas e iniciativas baseadas na “governança de estradas.”
Latin America’s Transportation Conundrum
Authors: Keeling David J.
Published: July 2012

El transporte es fundamental al desarrollo de América Latina, pero poca atención ha sido prestada a su papel en formar a las sociedades modernas por los geógrafos generalmente o por los geógrafos Latinoamericanistas particularmente. Para entender porqué existen tales lagunas de investigación, este artículo reseña la literatura en la geografía del transporte de América Latina para dar la luz a las teorías y las metodologías dominantes que están formando análisis contemporáneos y para destacar las lagunas en la investigación. Entonces, examina la relación entre el transporte y el desarrollo en América Latina para sugerir cómo un aprecio enfocado y más matizado de esta interconexión pudo ayudar a enriquecer nuestra comprensión de la región. Finalmente, varias estrategias para la investigación futura sobre relaciones entre el transporte y el desarrollo se presentan. La región podría beneficiarse de una nueva ola de la investigación sobre la accesibilidad y la movilidad que pudieron ayudar a latinoamericanos a construir la infraestructura necesaria para hacer frente a los desafíos del siglo XXI con optimismo e igualdad.
Garment Maquiladoras in Rural Yucatán: An Environmental Tale
Authors: Navarrete Manuel
Published: July 2012

Este artículo analiza el impacto medio ambiental de una planta maquiladora textil, localizada en una zona rural de la península de Yucatán — ‘Industrias Y’, Motul Yucatán. El análisis se concentra en el consumo de agua, el tratamiento de aguas residuales, y en el tratamiento y depósito final de los desechos producidos por ‘Industrias Y’. Expedientes gubernamentales y una serie de veinte entrevistas a funcionarios de gobierno (de la SEMARNAT, CNA y PROFEPA a nivel municipal, estatal y local), constituyeron las principales fuentes de información. El análisis indica que ‘Industrias Y’ violó las normas medio ambientales mexicanas en repetidas ocasiones. A pesar de que la mayoría de los entrevistados consideró que la legislación medio ambiental Mexicana es satisfactoria, su aplicación queda, frecuentemente, en entredicho. Los objetivos económicos del estado de Yucatán fueron priorizados sobre los objetivos medio ambientales.
The X-bar theory of phrase structure
Authors: Kornai András , Pullum Geoffrey K.
Published: July 2012

X-bar theory is widely regarded as a substantive theory of phrase structure properties in natural languages. In this paper we will demonstrate that a formalization of its content reveals very little substance in its claims. We state and discuss six conditions that encapsulate the claims of X-bar theory: L EXICALITY —each nonterminal is a projection of a preterminal; S UCCESSION —each X n + 1 dominates an X n for all n ≥ 0; U NIFORMITY —all maximal projections have the same bar-level; M AXIMALITY —all nonheads are maximal projections; C ENTRALITY —the start symbol is a maximal projection; and O PTIONALITY —all and only nonheads are optional. We then consider recent proposals to 'eliminate' base components from transformational grammars and to reinterpret X-bar theory as a set of universal constraints holding for all languages at D-structure, arguing that this strategy fails. We show that, as constraints on phrase-structure rule systems, the X-bar conditions have hardly any effect on the descriptive power of grammars, and that the principles with the most chance of making some descriptive difference are the least adhered to in practice. Finally, we reconstruct X-bar theory in a way that makes no reference to the notion of bar-level but instead makes the notion 'head of the central one.
Extraposition and focus
Authors: Huck Geoffrey J. , Na Younghee
Published: July 2012

Two curious phenomena which have to this point been treated separately in the literature are seen to be consequences of the same general interpretive mechanism. We propose that the theory of focus not only accounts for the 'definiteness restriction' with respect to material extraposed from NP, but also contributes crucially to an explanation for the variable acceptability of sentences containing extractions from extraposed PPs.
Artificial punning in the Egyptian Arabic ballad: A reinterpretation of structuralist poetics
Authors: Eisele John C.
Published: July 2012

This article presents a linguistic analysis of a specific feature of a literary genre: the artificial punning found in the Egyptian Arabic narrative ballad (as described in Cachia 1989). A comparison of how these puns differ from regular processes in the phonology and morphology of the language reveals that this encoding by the poet-performer is very much a mirror image of regular processes. The audience's decoding of them, therefore, follows a pathway similar to regular processes. The dichotomy between the puns' linguistically based formal composition and their contextually based semantic interpretation is analyzed within a reinterpretation of a Jakobsonian structuralist framework involving a hierarchization of linguistic levels based on two factors : the degree of combinatoric freedom and the degree of semantic immediacy. This analysis reveals that the artificial punning in these ballads is actually the obverse of what one would expect to find following the definition of poetic discourse given by Roman Jakobson. This study thus shows that such artificial punning subverts normal expectations about poetic discourse and this has great implications for understanding the production and interpretation of literary word play in any tradition.
Two types of pronouns and variable binding
Authors: Noguchi Tohru
Published: July 2012

It is well known that personal pronouns in Japanese such as kare 'he' and kanozyo 'she', unlike their English counterparts, cannot be construed as bound variables in logical form. The purpose of this article is to argue that this cross-linguistic difference is due to the difference in syntactic categories. English personal pronouns are determiners (Postal 1969), exemplifying what will be referred to as D- PRONOUNS , and can be construed as bound variables, whereas Japanese personal pronouns are nouns, exemplifying what will be referred to as N- PRONOUNS , and cannot be so construed. I argue that this follows from a general condition on binding that applies only to functional items, and not to lexical ones. I provide empirical and conceptual support for this hypothesis on the basis of the behavior of such elements as articles, determiners, and demonstrative pronouns as well as that of personal pronouns.
Semantic typology and spatial conceptualization
Authors: Pederson Eric , Danziger Eve , Wilkins David , Levinson Stephen , Kita Sotaro , Senft Gunter
Published: July 2012

This project collected linguistic data for spatial relations across a typologically and genetically varied set of languages. In the linguistic analysis, we focus on the ways in which propositions may be functionally equivalent across the linguistic communities while nonetheless representing semantically quite distinctive frames of reference. Running nonlinguistic experiments on subjects from these language communities, we find that a population's cognitive frame of reference correlates with the linguistic frame of reference within the same referential domain.
Why surface syntactic structure reflects logical structure as much as it does, but only that much
Authors: McCawley James D.
Published: July 2012

The hypotheses that (1) with regard at least to scope, deep structure is identical to logical structure, e.g. a quantified expression is a sister of the S that is its scope, and (2) the rules relating deep structure to surface apply according to a strict principle of cyclicity, explain both why there are many systematic parallels between surface syntactic structure and logical structure (e.g. cases where surface c-command relations match logical scope relations) and why there are the derivations there are from these parallels (as where a tensed auxiliary verb in English can be in the scope of a following floated quantifier, contrary to an otherwise valid generalization). The approach is put to work in accounting for distinctions (explored in Heycock 1995) between cases in which anaphora constraints seem to require 'reconstruction' of an underlying structure vs. those in which they do not. The resulting analysis, which exploits some hitherto overlooked details of the logical structures and an improved statement of the restrictions on anaphoric relations, has no need of reconstruction.
Nasal vowels as two segments: Evidence from borrowings
Authors: Paradis Carole , Prunet Jean-François
Published: July 2012

We attempt to demonstrate that the substitution of a foreign segment in the borrowings of our database, which includes 14,350 segmental malformations from French and English loanwords in eight distinct languages, involves its replacement by a single native segment. This tendency is so strong in our database as to be virtually exceptionless, except where nasal vowels are concerned. These vowels are systematically adapted as an oral vowel followed by a nasal consonant (VN), a process we call UNPACKING . We document this process and suggest that it results from the fact that contrastive nasal vowels are fundamentally biphonemic, that is they have two root nodes. The influence of orthography is refuted, and a number of apparent counterexamples where segments other than nasal vowels seem to unpack are reanalyzed in terms of independent native processes.
Retirement, Retention, and Recruitment in Colorado Libraries: The 3Rs Study Revisited
Authors: Steffen Nicolle , Lietzau Zeth
Published: July 2012

Prompted by more than a decade of discussion about the "graying" of the library profession, the Library Research Service (LRS) undertook the study: Retirement, Retention, and Recruitment: The Future of Librarianship in Colorado (3Rs). During the last quarter of 2003, 1,241 librarians, paraprofessionals, library and information science (LIS) students, and independent information professionals from all over the state responded to a voluntary online survey asking them about their careers, their workplaces, and their attitudes about librarianship. Respondents included both library workers who planned to retire within the next five years and those who did not. The study showed that more than 20 percent of responding librarians expected to retire within the next five years, and of all responding school librarians almost half indicated plans to retire by the end of 2008. When asked about the effect of the 2001–2 downturn in the economy on their retirement plans, nearly half of all respondents (48 percent) indicated it had no effect. However, more than one in ten (11 percent) said they planned to retire later because of economic conditions. In 2009, with the country in the worst recession in generations, retirement plans continue to be affected. This article will discuss the 2003 study, as well as current findings from reader polls conducted by LRS.
The Blind Man Describes the Elephant: The Scope and Development of the 8Rs Canadian Library Human Resource Study
Authors: Sivak Allison , De Long Kathleen
Published: July 2012

The 8Rs Canadian Library Human Resource Study was prompted by anecdotal report that projected a future shortage of Canadian library workers. It represents a groundbreaking collection of data that examines institutional and individual perspectives on the eight key variables defined as fundamental to understanding human resources in Canadian libraries: recruitment, retirement, retention, remuneration, repatriation, rejuvenation, reaccreditation, and restructuring. The research methodology included a survey of over 450 library employers and 2,200 librarians and nearly 2,000 paraprofessionals, in-depth telephone interviews, and focus groups conducted with library administrators. The data analysis from the three-year project resulted in the release of The Future of Human Resources in Canadian Libraries (2005). It also prompted the Canadian Library Association to form a President's Council to define projects based upon the research and culminated in a National Human Resources Summit in October 2008. The Summit brought together over one hundred invited participants to strategize and collaborate on action planning directed to the dynamic and shifting human resource environment and capacity in Canadian libraries.
Designing and Implementing a Career Retrospective Web-based Survey of Library and Information Science Graduates
Authors: Morgan Jennifer Craft , Marshall Joanne Gard , Marshall Victor , Thompson Cheryl
Published: July 2012

Over the last decade the library and information science (LIS) field has experienced an increasing concern with workforce issues, including the aging of the workforce, the lack of minority presence in the field, and the need for succession planning. Little systematic research has been done to characterize the exact nature of the problems and to develop data collection models that can be used to track the workforce on an ongoing basis. The Workforce Issues in Library and Information Science 1 (WILIS 1) project is a three-year research project designed to study the career patterns of graduates of library and information science (LIS) programs in North Carolina. The purpose of this paper is to describe the study design and methodology of the career retrospective study fielded by the WILIS study and to discuss the methodological lessons learned from this experience. The WILIS 1 career retrospective survey was fielded as a Web-based survey with complex skip patterns and achieved a 35 percent response rate. Topics for which lessons were learned include: the identification of effective strategies for updating graduate contact records, the relative efficacy of paper versus e-mail contacts in the survey recruitment process, the contributions of a nonresponse study to issues of generalizability, issues related to survey length, and the use of incentives.
Answering the Calls of "What's Next" and "Library Workers Cannot Live by Love Alone" through Certification and Salary Research
Authors: Grady Jenifer
Published: July 2012

Members and staff of the American Library Association (ALA) worked diligently over more than a decade to develop a certification program for public library managers. Spurred by a long-standing trend in many other terminal-degree professions that have post-degree, voluntary certifications, the Certified Public Library Administrator Program was born. Legal authority recommended the establishment of a service organization, a 501(c)(6) to manage the program, which has become one of several programs that will be offered to library employees under the imprimatur of ALA. After the American Library Association–Allied Professional Association (ALA-APA) was instituted, advocacy for salary improvement initiatives was appended to the mission. One means of salary advocacy was to improve available data by expanding the scope and usefulness of the ALA Survey of Librarian Salaries, which resulted in the ALA-APA Salary Survey: Non-MLS—Public and Academic, conducted in 2006 and 2007 to collect salary data from more than sixty positions in the field that do not require a master's degree in Library Science. The experience of establishing two certification programs, the Certified Public Library Administrator Program (CPLA ® ) and the Library Support Staff Certification Program, has been a study in creating new national models of professional development. This article will also discuss the insights that have emerged from fulfilling elements of ALA strategic plans concerning the needs of support staff through certification and the salary survey.
Setting Up a Computerized Catalog and Distribution Database of Alternative Format Materials for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons in Nigeria
Authors: Atinmo Morayo Ibironke
Published: July 2012

The purpose of the project discussed in this article was to set up a computerized catalog and distribution database of alternative materials for visually impaired people in Nigeria. The project was based on the need to open wider the gates of information resources, nationally and internationally, to this category of information users by identifying the location and availability of resources throughout Nigeria and creating a database for access and retrieval. Another purpose was to create a template for database entry, which could be replicated by other developing countries. A state-by-state survey of educational institutions, state libraries, and nongovernmental organizations serving the visually impaired in all of the thirty-six states of Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was conducted. Three sets of data were gathered from a template for data entry of alternative materials and two questionnaires for institutions and the blind and visually impaired students. A database was designed and created using Microsoft Access. An American Disability Act (ADA) compliant Web site was designed, which has a "text-only" version for browsing by visually impaired persons (see www.alvi-laris.org).
Collaboration for Electronic Preservation
Authors: Besser Howard
Published: July 2012

Resource-sharing and knowledge dissemination have been the driving forces behind late twentieth century preservation collaboration. But with the challenge of digital preservation that emerged at the turn of the twenty-first century, collaboration for the discovery of new ways of doing things took on increased importance. Collaborative projects tackled problems like developing new methodologies, establishing standards and best practices, and developing procedures and tools for areas such as emulation and data recovery. This article explains the different driving forces behind collaboration for preservation of electronic material1 and situates them within recent U.S. preservation and library collaboration history. It then provides two case studies of collaborative electronic preservation projects that the author participated in. Finally, it uses the experiences of those studies to identify a modest set of predictors for success in such future projects.
Tending the Garden or Harvesting the Fields: Digital Preservation and the UNESCO Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage
Authors: Lusenet Yola de
Published: July 2012

The UNESCO Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage, adopted in October 2003, is important for affirming the role of (national) heritage institutions and extending existing systems for preservation of documentary heritage to cover digital materials. This approach has distinct advantages, but has also been criticized for taking too narrow a view of the dynamic diversity of the digital environment, particularly as found on the Web. To understand what digital heritage is, it is useful to look at the current debate on preservation of intangible heritage, as both share a number of characteristics. The charter is examined in the context of UNESCO programs on culture to indicate its relevance for UNESCO's mission and to point to political aspects of digital preservation that cannot be ignored.
Constructions of Authenticity
Authors: MacNeil Heather Marie , Mak Bonnie
Published: July 2012

Archivists and librarians play a critical role in preserving and making accessible cultural resources, but there is now an uncertainty as to whether their traditional expertise is sufficient when dealing with digital resources. A particular focus of concern is the authenticity of these resources. This article looks at how the concept of authenticity has been constructed in traditional environments, and specifically by philosophers, art conservators, textual critics, judges, and legislators. It is organized around three broad definitions of authenticity: authentic as true to oneself; authentic as original; and authentic as trustworthy statement of fact. The examination of these definitions of authenticity and their interpretation in different contexts suggests that authenticity is best understood as a social construction that has been put into place to achieve a particular aim. Its structures and goals vary from one field to the next and from one age to another. The article concludes that digital resources are comparable to traditional cultural resources such as art works, literary texts, and business records; they are in a continuous state of becoming and their authenticity is contingent and changeable.
Virtual Preservation: How Has Digital Culture Influenced Our Ideas about Permanence? Changing Practice in a National Legal Deposit Library
Authors: Mason Ingrid
Published: July 2012

Abstract This two-part article considers how digital culture has influenced ideas about permanence. It examines the change in collecting practices in one legal deposit library. The author considers how the idea of permanence, understood in cultural heritage terms, influences digital culture, and, thus, digital technology. The first part of the article addresses the concepts associated with permanence, digital culture, digital technology, social change, and cultural institutions, in relation to collecting digital cultural material. The second part focuses on changing collecting practices of the Alexander Turnbull Library at the National Library of New Zealand for electronically published material with the benefit of legal deposit.
Understanding, Respect, and Collaboration in Cultural Heritage Preservation: A Conservator's Developing Perspective
Authors: Ogden Sherelyn
Published: July 2012

Attitudes appear to be changing in the museum world about the preservation of cultural objects and of the cultures to which these objects are connected. The intangible nature of cultural objects is being addressed and is seen as equal in importance to, or in some cases greater, than an object's tangible nature. This significant trend in cultural heritage preservation is increasingly evident in professional conferences, publications, and discussions, and is beginning to have an impact on preservation methodologies. It is affecting the way preservation professionals approach their work and manage collections. Understanding, respect, and collaboration are more important than ever in carrying out work. Understanding all aspects of the nature of the significance of objects, respecting an object's intangible as well as tangible nature, and collaborating in a meaningful way with the cultural groups to which the items are connected are playing an increasingly prominent role. In this article I shall address a few of the insights I have gained regarding cultural heritage preservation. I will talk about cultural considerations in the care of objects, particularly those of indigenous people, and the questions these considerations raise for all of us who are charged with the protection of cultural heritage. Because I shall be discussing cultures different from mine, I will use the voices of people from those various cultures as much as possible. My examples will be mostly American Indian, but I shall refer in more general terms to other cultures as well. Of course the specific practices of different cultures vary, but the considerations and issues these practices raise are similar. I would like to acknowledge at the outset the American Indian people who provided gracious and [End Page 275] patient guidance to me and whose wisdom is reflected in many of the words quoted.
Crimes of War, Crimes of Peace: Destruction of Libraries during and after the Balkan Wars of the 1990s
Authors: Riedlmayer András J
Published: July 2012

Just as the Cold War came to an unexpectedly peaceful end in 1991, a series of wars engulfed the former Yugoslavia. The Balkan wars brought about the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people and the forced dislocation of millions more, singled out for persecution because of their ethnic and religious identity. The violence against human beings was accompanied by the systematic destruction of the cultural record—libraries, archives, and other cultural heritage. This article is an attempt to put the destruction of libraries during the wars in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo into a broader theoretical and legal context. It examines patterns and methods of destruction, the track record of legal and practical measures to protect endangered collections in time of armed conflict, the ongoing quest to bring those responsible for attacks on libraries to justice, the responses of the international community and of the library community to this cultural catastrophe during the war and in the post-war period, and the growing recognition of the nexus between cultural heritage and human rights. It also addresses the troubled aftermath of ethnic conflict and the perils of reconstruction in a post-war environment, in which libraries continue to be endangered by nationalist politics.
Valuing Preservation
Authors: Smith Abby
Published: July 2012

Preservation has value to society over and above the value of the content that is preserved. It is important to articulate this value in order to argue compellingly for the creation of public policies and economic models that adequately support preservation of culturally significant content. This article explores the societal value of preservation, discussing why questions about societal value arise in the context of the explosive growth of digital information and why they are qualitatively different questions from the ones that arose when the world knew only analog communication technologies. It assesses various ways to think about the value that inheres in content, particularly the distinctive attributes of cultural content that have societal value. It identifies benefits that preservation as such brings to society, over and above the sum of the value of the content preserved. It also examines the range of public policy issues that arise in light of the social values identified, virtually none of which are currently protected by law or regulation. In light of these societal values, it argues that the preservation community needs to collaborate with other sectors crucially dependent on long-term access to significant content to develop strategies that: make it easier and cheaper to preserve content; provide incentives and rewards for individuals and organizations to preserve; and protect the public interest in privately held content.
On Some Uses of Poetics in the Ethnographic Study of Speech: Lessons from Interaction in Language Shift Contexts
Authors: Tsitsipis Lukas D.
Published: July 2012

Research among speakers of a dying variety of Albanian (Arvanítika) as spoken in modern Greece suggests that a focus on narrative and performance can reveal aspects of interaction that do not surface if sociolinguistic investigation is restricted to a traditional correlational method. A combination of concepts and tools from poetics, the ethnography of speaking, and discourse analysis does more justice to the complex aspects of communication under conditions of rapid language shift than does a mere emphasis on linguistic structure and the macro-dimensions of social structure. Language and social structure are evident in discourse; thus, text and its contextualization as they are interrelated in narrative provide a more sophisticated basis for grasping interaction and change.
Diglossia as an Agent of Humor in the Writings of Elena Akrita
Authors: Canakis Costas
Published: July 2012

Diglossia, the existence of two language varieties within the same language community, can be used for humorous effect under certain conditions. Although linguistic approaches to humor are not widely available or formalized, it is possible to use a number of key concepts such as scripts, incongruity , and surprise , in relation to such sociolinguistic concepts as high and low varieties of language, in an attempt to explain why texts are funny. The work of Elena Akrita, a member of the new generation of Greek humorists, provides numerous instances of texts that are based on what I will call diglossic humor . Should one wish to poke fun at a once-revered language variety, that variety must have been "vilified" and thereby have lost its status. This is indeed the case with katharévusa, as Akrita's humor shows.
Nikos Kazantzakis and Process Theology: Thinking Theologically in a Relational World
Authors: Middleton Darren J. N.
Published: July 2012

At least for some theological interpreters of his novels, Nikos Kazantzakis stands out as a spiritual frontiersman grappling in his own searchingly honest way with intense problems of the spirit. The main theological problem in his work is his assertion that we are "saviors of God." Insofar as he struggles to understand "God," a theological reading of his work is appropriate. Although many scholars claim that Kazantzakis was an atheist, it is possible to interpret his creative writing as the anguish of an "antitheist" in search of a credible ontology of God. This is evidenced in Kazantzakis's own theistic vision, which may be termed "relational," which means that deity and the world are striving ceaselessly to surpass earlier stages of their own development. In this view, salvation is understood as a dialogical process. God "panentheistically" embraces the creative advance, setting us free, and we, by plunging deep within ourselves, liberate the divine. This way of picturing God is strikingly similar to process-relational theology, a major trend in Christian theology over the past half century.
"Tradition and Modernity": Kalymnian Constructions of Identity and Otherness
Authors: Sutton David E.
Published: July 2012

Throughout the world people employ the terms "modernity" and "tradition" (or local glosses) to describe the relationship between the West and the non-West. Yet the simple equation of the West with modernity and the non-West with tradition hides the complex discourses people use in constructing group identities as they place their societies in the world system. In particular it obscures the multiple national/international intersections of these discourses and their role in objectifying culture in ways that promote change. The inhabitants of the Dodecanese island of Kalymnos draw on a plethora of "others" in discussing the traits which, they believe, epitomize their own "culture" and "identity." The positive and negative valuations that Kalymnians give to these "others" suggest the different ways they face the dilemmas of "modernity" and transcend any simple division of Greek identity between "East"and "West."
The Process of Status Attainment in Greece
Authors: Psacharopoulos George
Published: July 2012

A 1977 sample of 6,112 male and 2,644 female employees in Greece is used to quantify the relationship between family background, ability, education, occupation, and earnings. Alternative path models fitted to the data give results as follows: education has a strong direct and indirect effect on earnings. Compared to education, ability and family background have a relatively small direct effect on earnings; however, the indirect influence of family background on the respondents' educational attainment is strong. The effect of education on earnings is stronger for females than for males. These results are compared to results obtained by similar models in other countries.
Politics and Citizenship in Greece: Cultural and Structural Facets
Authors: Charalambis Dimitris , Demertzis Nicolas
Published: July 2012

Greek political culture, i.e., the attitudes and behavior of Greek citizens, differs considerably from the mainstream West European participatory type of political culture. This difference, which may be understood as a paradox compared with the ideal typical interpretative model of modernity, results from certain formal and substantive particularities as far as the capitalist system, social coherence in general, and the composition of democracy are concerned. Since the labor market has been poorly developed in Greece, the grammar of social relationships is not structured by systemic rationality and normativity. As a consequence, legitimation is worked out in social spaces that lie outside of the typical institutional context. This peculiarity is grounded on a special articulation among (a) the historical-structural parameters ( macro -analytical level), (b) the formation of the capitalist market in Greece and the organization of Greece's political system (meso-analytical level), and (c) policy implementation and everyday political behavior (microanalytical level). Apart from dealing with the Greek case, these proposed three levels of explanation may be applied to other cases as a more general comparative model.
Private Higher Education in Greece: The "Platonian University"
Authors: Dimarogonas Andrew D.
Published: July 2012

Private higher education is historically connected with the brightest period of Greek culture. In ancient Athens it was considered the only form of education appropriate for a free people. Today there is an urgent need for expansion of the Greek higher education system owing to the continuing exodus of Greek students to other countries in order to obtain university degrees. The national cost for this is comparable to the major sources of Greece's national income. A small fraction of the cost of only one year's exodus would be sufficient to finance private universities that offered higher education of superior quality. A study shows that a private university in Greece is both financially and academically feasible. Beyond the financial gains, a private university would enhance competition and offer an alternative to governmental-controlled education.
Sunday Greek Revisited
Authors: Kazazis Kostas
Published: July 2012

In my paper "Sunday Greek" (1968), I discussed the effects that normative pressure from above, i.e., from the High diglossic mode ( katharevousa ), had on the speech of a young Greek male. Upon re-examining the behavior of the Greek speech community two decades toter, I find that there is increasingly, in addition to normative pressure from above, aho normative pressure from below, i.e., from an ideal, "pure" version of the Low diglossic mode (demotic). Normative pressure from below is not a new phenomenon in Greek: in their writing and public speaking, Greek intellectuals, motivated by demoticist noblesse oblige, have often used "lower" forms than the forms they use in ordinary conversation. What is new is that this normative pressure from below seems to be on the increase and is reflected in the mass media and in the linguistic norms encouraged in the schools.
Women in "Akritic" Song: The Hero's "Other" Voice
Authors: Sultan Nancy
Published: July 2012

Women have long been considered marginal in rural Greek society. In the mythic realm of Greek heroic song, however, women are empowered over the life-cycle of the wandering male hero. Through their connections with the natural world, their management of all rites of passage, and their timely verbal expressions of pónos in ritual laments, women control the hero's seasonality and have the power to bring his life full circle. The hero spends his youth as a wandering kseniteménos whose life is external and sterile, occupied with the exclusively male pónos of trials of manhood. Once the hero returns home, he is near death and begins the task of reintegrating into the world of women; it is through their voices that his heroic glory is made immortal.
Nikos Kazantzakis and The Last Temptation : Irony and Dialectic in a Spiritual Ontology of Body
Authors: Petrolle Jean Ellen
Published: July 2012

Nikos Kazantzakis's novel The Last Temptation presents a dialectical vision of the role of the body in spiritual development. One aspect of the dialectic equates body with spirit, suggesting that bodily experience is spiritual experience, and that spiritual aspirants need not look past earth in their pursuit of the transcendental; this may be termed a "somatist" perspective. The other aspect of the dialectic, which may be described as "anti-somatist," proves more traditional, positing the body as a temporary and inferior ontological state—although one necessary for spiritual development. The text's somatist vision emerges clearly through its attention to physical details and its characterizations of Jesus and Magdalene, especially in its exploration of each character's sexuality. Dialogue, symbolism, narrative convention, and intertextual resonances contribute to the novel's anti-somatist vision. Together, these elements create a complex, paradoxical discourse about the spiritual significance of body.
Teacher Education in Greece: Balancing Theory and Practice
Authors: Efthimiou Hariklia
Published: July 2012

Since the nineteenth century, Greece has been involved in efforts to improve the quality of teacher education. However, the salient characteristic of teacher preparation has been a disposition to disengage theory from practice and to disjoin the university from classroom experience. Taking the best of what is scientifically derived and historically understood, reformers of Greek education must develop a new vision for teacher preparation, one that involves isolation neither from the academy nor from everyday pedagogical and practical experience in the classroom. Teachers are simultaneously scholars and practitioners; thus their preparation should develop within a professional community that respects diverse ways of knowing and doing.
Contextualizing Modern Greek Storytelling: The Case of Historical Present and Constructed Dialogue
Authors: Georgakopoulou Alexandra
Published: July 2012

The latest approaches to spoken discourse in the linguistic area of Discourse Analysis draw attention to the context-dependence of formal choices. The idea put forth is that textual devices should not be treated as "given frames which have to be filled in but as constituted frames" (Bamberg 1990:281) shaped by their immediate and wider context of occurrence. In the present discussion, this contextualization thesis is employed as the interpretative frame for the devices of the Historical Present and Constructed Dialogue in Modern Greek storytelling. These were brought to the fore as major axes of narrative organization and evaluation by the analysis of authentic oral stories. However, their overwhelming occurrence in everyday stories among intimates was found to recede considerably in the case of stories addressed to children. Both these findings can be accounted for only with reference to situational and cultural constraints that underlie the Greek story's "recipient-design." Specifically, the devices' use is motivated by the all-embracing narrative function/purpose of performance and involvement; by contrast, their rare occurrence in stories for children is dictated by didactic purposes.
Animate Objects: Being, Obsolescence and the Limits of Citizenship in Gómez de la Serna
Authors: Davidson Robert A
Published: July 2012

I consider not only how Ramón’s privileging of objects brings them to life—literally—as co-citizens alongside human characters but also how their innate obsolescence as things conditions a general understanding of the inanimate in Ramón’s work as a whole. I establish a theoretical understanding of “community” as it relates to the narrated built environment and then pinpoint how Ramón animates the inanimate while detailing its case for citizenship within his urban world. Having considered the animate object’s “birth” and possible integration as a citizen, I engage the other finite extreme: the ostensible death of the object through obsolescence.