bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discriminant analysis followed by unsupervised cluster analysis including exosomal cystatins predict presence of chronic rhinosinusitis, phenotype, and disease severity
Authors: Miyake Michelle M. , Workman Alan D. , Nocera Angela L. , Wu Dawei , Mueller Sarina K. , Finn Kristen , Amiji Mansoor M. , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: July 2019

Background

Cystatins are epithelial protease inhibitors that participate in sinonasal immunity and inflammation. Nasal mucus–derived exosomes (NMDEs) are small vesicles secreted by epithelial cells that carry protein cargo reflective of their host cell. NMDEs have been used as a noninvasive biomarker source to study chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) proteomics with superior sensitivity to whole mucus. The purpose of this study was to noninvasively quantify exosomal cystatins in a heterogenous population to determine their utility in predicting phenotype and disease severity.

Methods

This was an Institutional Review Board–approved study in which NMDEs were purified from 105 patients undergoing sinonasal surgery by ultracentrifugation. Demographic and clinical variables were collected and phenotypes were assigned a priori. Linear discriminant analysis was executed based on normalized Cystatin values as phenotype predictor variables. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed using Ward's linkage followed by Duda/Hart Je(2)/Je(1) index cluster stopping rules. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Welch's test, and Fisher's exact tests were used for continuous and categorical variables.

Results

NMDE Cystatin‐2 expression segregated by phenotype (mean ± standard error [SEM]): control (23.4 ± 4.2 pg/µg, n = 32); CRS without NP (CRSsNP) (56.6 ± 8.3 pg/µg, n = 33); and CRSwNP (130.5 ± 16.7 pg/µg, n = 40) (p < 0.0001). Seven clusters were identified among patients where the highest NMDE Cystatin‐2 levels clustered with asthma, tissue eosinophilia, and aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD).

Conclusion

Cystatin levels in NMDEs predict CRS phenotype and disease severity. As a “liquid biopsy,” noninvasive NMDE collection offers a promising opportunity to study disease pathophysiology, discriminate disease states, and potentially reveal novel therapeutic targets.
Molecules, Photons, and Spins
Authors: Forbes Malcolm D. E.
Published: July 2019

Malcolm D. E. Forbes
is a Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Center for Photochemical Sciences at Bowling Green State University (USA). He is one of the current Chairs of the ChemPhotoChem Editorial Board.
Off‐site cohorts ease process of adults’ return to college
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: July 2019

Realizing that adults seeking to go back to school lead hectic and often unpredictable lives, administrators at Delaware Valley University in Pennsylvania have designed off‐site cohort programs in business and psychology that try to limit any surprises students may encounter.
Decoding stratigraphic evolution of the Hailar Basin: Implications for the late Mesozoic tectonics of NE China
Authors: Zhu Ji‐Chang , Meng Qing‐Ren , Feng You‐Liang , Yuan Hong‐Qi , Wu Feng‐Cheng , Wu Hai‐Bo , Wu Guo‐Li , Zhu Ri‐Xiang
Published: July 2019

The Hailar Basin is located in the northern portion of NE China and preserves relatively complete Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous volcanic and clastic successions. The understanding of the basin's Mesozoic stratigraphic development can help reveal Mesozoic tectonic complexity in NE China. This study focuses on Mesozoic sequences of the Hailar Basin based mainly on interpretations of seismic profiles and logging data. Three tectono‐stratigraphic sequences are dividable, the pre‐Mesozoic, the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous, and the Upper Cretaceous successions, respectively. Two angular unconformities separate the three sequences, with one below the Middle Jurassic and the other atop the Lower Cretaceous. Noticeable is the absence of the two angular unconformities in the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sequence, which are usually observed in the northern North China Block. Instead, a disconformity occurs between the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The absence of angular unconformities in the Hailar Basin implies that this region had not been affected by crustal shortening or the Yanshanian Orogeny that had strongly influenced the northern North China Block in the late Mesozoic. It is concluded that the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean exerted little impact on the continent on the south, and flat subducting of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate might have been responsible for the occurrence of the Yanshan Orogeny.
Development of dissociative force field for all‐atomistic molecular dynamics calculation of fracture of polymers
Authors: Fujimoto Kazushi , Payal Rajadeep Singh , Hattori Tomonori , Shinoda Wataru , Nakagaki Masayuki , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Okazaki Susumu
Published: July 2019

A dissociative force field for all‐atomistic molecular dynamics calculations has been developed to investigate impact fracture of polymers accompanying dissociation of chemical bonds of polymer main chain. Energy of dimer molecules was evaluated as a function of both bond‐length b and bond‐angle θ by CASPT2 calculations, whose quality is enough to describe dissociation of chemical bonds. Because we found that the bond dissociation energy D decreases with increasing bond‐angle, we employed the Morse‐type function
VBond(b, θ) = {D − VAngle(θ)}[1 − exp{−α(b − b0) − β(b − b0)2}] where a quartic function
VAngle(θ) = k1(θ − θ0) + k2(θ − θ0)2 + k3(θ − θ0)3 + k4(θ − θ0)4. This function reproduced well the CASPT2 potential energy surface in a wide range of b and θ. The parameters have been obtained for four popular glassy polymers, polyethylene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(styrene), and polycarbonate. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ex situ and operando study of LiCoO2 thin films by Raman spectroscopy: Thermal and electrochemical properties
Authors: Le Van‐Jodin Lucie , Rouchon Denis , Le Van‐Hoan , Chevalier Isabelle , Brun Jean , Secouard Christophe
Published: July 2019

Lithiated transition metal oxides are active materials used as positive electrode in lithium ion cells thanks to their high capacity and air stability when. Amongst lithiated oxides, LiCoO2 is the most commonly and practically used due to its high‐specific energy and its excellent cycle life. This work focuses on phase transformation of LiCoO2 thin films during the annealing step and during the cycling life. The formation of unwanted products is highlighted by an innovative method: in situ Raman analysis. During the annealing used to transform the almost amorphous as‐deposited LiCoO2 into the rhombohedral structure useful for electrochemical cycling, the formation of Co3O4 has been observed. The second studied phase transformation is due to the electrochemical cycling and highlights the kinetics of the structure change. The study was done by comparing ex situ and operando results and highlights the main advantages of operando analysis: more data in a shorter time and the ability to assess the time dependence of phenomena.
Rapid acquisition of the 3D MRI gradient impulse response function using a simple phantom measurement
Authors: Rahmer Jürgen , Mazurkewitz Peter , Börnert Peter , Nielsen Tim
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To provide a simple tool for rapid measurement of the 3D gradient modulation transfer function (GMTF) of clinical MRI systems using a phantom. Knowledge of the transfer function is useful for gradient chain characterization, system calibration, and improvement of image reconstruction results.

Methods

Starting from the well‐established thin slice method used for phantom‐based measurement of the 1D GMTF, we add phase encoding to partition the thin slices into voxels that act as localized field probes. From the signal phase evolution measured at the 3D voxel positions, the GMTF can be derived for cross and higher order spatial terms represented by spherical harmonics up to 3rd order.

Results

Using spherical phantoms, 16 GMTFs representing all terms up to 3rd order harmonics can be determined in a scan time of <2 min. A large voxel volume of >1 mL yields high SNR, enabling signal acquisition using the system's body coil. The method is applied for improving system calibration and for characterizing the effect of additional hardware in the bore.

Conclusion

The presented method seems well‐suited for rapid measurement of the GMTF of a clinical system, as it delivers high‐quality results in a short scan time.
Addressing the Challenges of High‐Throughput Cancer Tissue Proteomics for Clinical Application: ProCan
Authors: Tully Brett , Balleine Rosemary L. , Hains Peter G. , Zhong Qing , Reddel Roger R. , Robinson Phillip J.
Published: July 2019

The cancer tissue proteome has enormous potential as a source of novel predictive biomarkers in oncology. Progress in the development of mass spectrometry (MS)‐based tissue proteomics now presents an opportunity to exploit this by applying the strategies of comprehensive molecular profiling and big‐data analytics that are refined in other fields of ‘omics research. ProCan (ProCan is a registered trademark) is a program aiming to generate high‐quality tissue proteomic data across a broad spectrum of cancer types. It is based on data‐independent acquisition–MS proteomic analysis of annotated tissue samples sourced through collaboration with expert clinical and cancer research groups. The practical requirements of a high‐throughput translational research program have shaped the approach that ProCan is taking to address challenges in study design, sample preparation, raw data acquisition, and data analysis. The ultimate goal is to establish a large proteomics knowledge‐base that, in combination with other cancer ‘omics data, will accelerate cancer research.
High‐throughput method to analyze tegafur and 5‐fluorouracil in human tears and plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Shiokawa Ritsuko , Lee Xiao‐Pen , Yamada Miho , Fujishiro Masaya , Sakamaki Hiroshi , Hasegawa Chika , Ishida Hiroo , Ikeda Kenichiro , Fujita Ken‐ichi , Iwabuchi Shigehiro , Onda Hidetoshi , Kumazawa Takeshi , Sasaki Yasutsuna , Sato Keizo , Matsuyama Takaaki
Published: July 2019

Rationale

We developed a new high‐throughput method to analyze tegafur (FT) and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in tear and plasma samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).

Methods

The tear samples (10 μL) spiked with FT, 5‐FU, and 5‐chlorouracil (internal standard) were diluted using 40 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 250 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid; 20 μL of plasma spiked with the two drugs and internal standard was diluted with 80 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 500 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant extract (15 μL) was directly injected into the HILIC/MS/MS instrument, and each drug was separated on a Unison UK‐Amino column (50 mm × 3 mm i.d., 3 μm particle size) with a linear gradient elution system composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. We performed quantification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with negative‐ion atmospheric‐pressure chemical ionization.

Results

Distinct peaks were observed for the drugs on each MRM channel within 2 min. The regression equations showed good linearity within the range 0.04–4.0 μg/mL for the tear and plasma samples with detection limits at 0.02–0.04 μg/mL. Recoveries for target analytes (FT and 5‐FU) for the tear and plasma samples were in the 94–128% and 94–104% ranges, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation for the two drugs were lower than 10.8%. The accuracies of quantitation were 97–115% for both samples.

Conclusions

We established a high‐throughput, reproducible, and practical procedure for analyzing FT and 5‐FU in human tear and plasma samples using HILIC/MS/MS analysis with an aminopropyl‐bonded mixed‐mode separation column. This method can be applied to the high‐throughput routines used in clinical analyses.
Generic dijet soft functions at two-loop order: correlated emissions
Authors: Bell Guido , Rahn Rudi , Talbert Jim
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We present a systematic algorithm for the perturbative computation of soft functions that are defined in terms of two light-like Wilson lines. Our method is based on a universal parametrisation of the phase-space integrals, which we use to isolate the singularities in Laplace space. The observable-dependent integrations can then be performed numerically, and they are implemented in the new, publicly available package SoftSERVE that we use to derive all of our numerical results. Our algorithm applies to both SCET-1 and SCET-2 soft functions, and in the current version it can be used to compute two out of three NNLO colour structures associated with the so-called correlated-emission contribution. We confirm existing two-loop results for about a dozen e
+
e
− and hadron-collider soft functions, and we obtain new predictions for the C-parameter as well as thrust-axis and broadening-axis angularities.
CP violation and material interaction of neutral kaons in measurements of the CKM angle γ using B± → DK± decays where D → K0sπ+π−
Authors: Bjørn M. , Malde S.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

As measurements of the CKM angleγin decays ofb-hadrons become increasingly precise, it is important to consider the impact of processes that affect secondary and tertiary decay products and can contribute to the observedCPviolation. The golden decay mode used to measureγisB→DK, whereD→Ks0π+π−. Due to the presence of aKs0meson in the final state,γmeasurements based on this mode are affected by neutral kaonCPviolation and matter regeneration, and this study examines the potential size of the impact. Previous studies determine the impact of kaonCPviolation to be a few degrees in size, but make simplifying assumptions about how experimental measurements are implemented. These assumptions are lifted in the present study, and the matter regeneration effect is included for the first time. The results are presented within the context ofγmeasurements to be made using the LHCb and Belle II detectors. It is found that the expected biases due to ignoring the effects ofCPviolation and matter regeneration in neutral kaons is small and less than 0.5° degrees in all experimental scenarios considered.
Limits of three-dimensional gravity and metric kinematical Lie algebras in any dimension
Authors: Matulich Javier , Prohazka Stefan , Salzer Jakob
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We extend a recent classification of three-dimensional spatially isotropic homogeneous spacetimes to Chern-Simons theories as three-dimensional gravity theories on these spacetimes. By this we find gravitational theories for all carrollian, galilean, and aristotelian counterparts of the lorentzian theories. In order to define a nondegenerate bilinear form for each of the theories, we introduce (not necessarily central) extensions of the original kinematical algebras. Using the structure of so-called double extensions, this can be done systematically. For homogeneous spaces that arise as a limit of (anti-)de Sitter spacetime, we show that it is possible to take the limit on the level of the action, after an appropriate extension. We extend our systematic construction of nondegenerate bilinear forms also to all higher-dimensional kinematical algebras.
A demonstration of extracting the strength and wavelength of the magnetic field generated by the Weibel instability from proton radiography
Authors: Du Bao , Cai Hong-Bo , Zhang Wen-Shuai , Zou Shi-Yang , Chen Jing , Zhu Shao-Ping
Published: July 2019

The Weibel instability and the induced magnetic field are of great importance for both astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion. Because of the stochasticity of this magnetic field, its main wavelength and mean strength, which are key characteristics of the Weibel instability, are still unobtainable experimentally. In this paper, a theoretical model based on the autocorrelation tensor shows that in proton radiography of the Weibel-instability-induced magnetic field, the proton flux density on the detection plane can be related to the energy spectrum of the magnetic field. It allows us to extract the main wavelength and mean strength of the two-dimensionally isotropic and stochastic magnetic field directly from proton radiography for the first time. Numerical calculations are conducted to verify our theory and show good consistency between pre-set values and the results extracted from proton radiography.
Phase diagram of quasi-static immiscible displacement in disordered porous media
Authors: Hu Ran , Lan Tian , Wei Guan-Ju , Chen Yi-Feng
Published: July 2019

Immiscible displacement in porous media is common in many practical applications. Under quasi-static conditions, the process is significantly affected by disorder of the porous media and the wettability of the pore surface. Previous studies have focused on wettability effects, but the impact of the interplay between disorder and contact angle is not well understood. Here, we combine microfluidic experiments and pore-scale simulations with theoretical analysis to study the impact of disorder on the quasi-static displacement from weak imbibition to strong drainage. We define the probability of overlap to link the menisci advancements to displacement patterns, and derive a theoretical model to describe the lower and upper bounds of the cross-over zone between compact displacement and capillary fingering for porous media with arbitrary flow geometry at a given disorder. The phase diagram predicted by the theoretical model shows that the cross-over zone, in terms of contact angle range, expands as the disorder increases. The diagram further identifies four zones to elucidate that the impact of disorder depends on wettability. In zone I, increasing disorder destabilizes the patterns, and in zone II, a stabilizing effect plays a role, which is less significant than that in zone I. In the other two zones, invasion morphologies are compact and fingering, respectively, independent of both contact angle and disorder. We evaluate the proposed diagram using pore-scale simulations, experiments in this work and in the literature, confirming that the diagram can capture the effect of disorder on displacement under different wetting conditions. Our work extends the classical phase diagrams and is also of practical significance for engineering applications.
Ozawa's class𝒮for locally compact groups and unique prime factorization of group von Neumann algebras
Authors: Deprez Tobe
Published: July 2019

We study class𝒮for locally compact groups. We characterize locally compact groups in this class as groups having an amenable action on a boundary that is small at infinity, generalizing a theorem of Ozawa. Using this characterization, we provide new examples of groups in class𝒮and prove a unique prime factorization theorem for group von Neumann algebras of products of locally compact groups in this class. We also prove that class𝒮is a measure equivalence invariant.
ETHNOGRAPHY IN CAESAR'SGALLIC WARAND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR COMPOSITION
Authors: Creer Tyler
Published: July 2019

After long neglect, in English-language scholarship at least, the question of how Julius Caesar wrote and disseminated hisGallic War—as a single work? in multi-year chunks? year by year?—was revived by T.P. Wiseman in 1998, who argued anew for serial composition. This paper endeavours to provide further evidence for that conclusion by examining how Caesar depicts the non-Roman peoples he fights. Caesar's ethnographic passages, and their authorship, have been a point of contention among German scholars for over a century, but reading them and the rest of the text with eyes unclouded by the exhausted debate about possible interpolation reveals details that bear upon wider questions of composition. In these passages Caesar devised an ethnographic framework in order to rank against one another the levels of threat posed by different barbarian peoples, downplaying the relative ferocity of the Gauls in contrast to other groups in an effort to magnify the peril the others posed to Rome and the glory to be obtained from their defeat. This ethnographic framework is significant for understanding Caesar's method both because it provides insight into Caesar's reasons for including the ethnographic passages and because it implies that theGallic Warwas composed in, at a minimum, four stages: Books 1–2, where the framework is first developed and used, by 56b.c.; Books 3–4 and 5–6, where it is elaborated and extended, by 54 and 52b.c.respectively; and finally Book 7, after 52b.c., when Caesar, in recounting the campaign against Vercingetorix, was forced to abandon and contradict the ethnographic framework in a fashion that suggests that the earlier books were already in circulation, preventing him from adjusting them to the new circumstances of the campaign of that year.
Bitcoin’s Not-So-Carbon-Friendly Footprint
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: July 2019

New research finds that verifying cryptocurrency produces about the same amount of carbon emissions as the Kansas City metropolitan area.
Accurate determination of the layer thickness of a multilayer polymer film by non-invasive multivariate confocal Raman microscopy
Authors: Zou Mingyi , Barton Bastian , Geertz Guru , Brüll Robert
Published: July 2019

We present a confocal Raman depth profiling technique combined with multivariate spectral decomposition. The method allows for non-invasive layer structure and chemical composition determination on polymer multilayer films with micrometer accuracy.
Tyrosine, cysteine, and proton coupled electron transfer in a ribonucleotide reductase-inspired beta hairpin maquette
Authors: McCaslin Tyler G. , Pagba Cynthia V. , Hwang Hyea , Gumbart James C. , Chi San-Hui , Perry Joseph W. , Barry Bridgette A.
Published: July 2019

Tyrosine residues act as intermediates in proton coupled electron transfer reactions (PCET) in proteins.
Recent advances in alkoxy radical-promoted C–C and C–H bond functionalization starting from free alcohols
Authors: Wu Xinxin , Zhu Chen
Published: July 2019

This feature article summarizes our recent achievements in alkoxy radical-promoted C–C and C–H bond functionalization starting from free alcohols.
Control of the nucleation and growth processes of metal–organic frameworks using a metal ion-doped polymer substrate for the construction of continuous films
Authors: Ohhashi Takashi , Tsuruoka Takaaki , Takashima Yohei , Akamatsu Kensuke
Published: July 2019

Densely-packed continuous MOF crystal-based films can be prepared by controlling the nucleation and growth processes.
Mechanochromism of a dumbbell D–π–A–π–D phenothiazine derivative
Authors: Wang Sisi , Li Lingbo , Li Kechang , Zhang Tong , Zhao Zhen , Xue Pengchong
Published: July 2019

A dumbbell D–π–A–π–D phenothiazine derivative changes its fluorescence color from orange to red under force stimuli due to π-stacking conversion between H- and J-aggregates.
La gestion des déchets radioactifs à vie longue : confiés à l’argile ou bien gérés par la société ?
Authors: Mercadal Georges
Published: July 2019

La révision du Plan national de gestion des déchets et matières radioactives (PNGMDR) exige l’organisation d’un débat public par la Commission nationale du débat public (CNDP). C’est l’occasion de rappeler les résultats du débat public de 2005–2006, notamment en ce qui concerne le stockage géologique profond des déchets radioactifs ultimes à vie longue. Une alternative au projet CIGEO avait été proposée lors de ce débat : « Confiés à l’argile vs. gérés par la société ». Cette proposition alternative n’avait pas été retenue à l’époque pour différentes raisons. Cet article a pour but de revisiter cette alternative et sa pertinence encore aujourd’hui dans le présent débat national.
Strukturiert die Schulter befunden – Der Berner Schulteralgorithmus BeSos
Authors: Haupt-Bertschy Bettina
Published: July 2019

Bis heute gibt es in der Literatur keinen Standard, wie man Patienten mit Schulterbeschwerden strukturiert befundet. Ein Team des Universitätsspitals Bern entwickelte deshalb den Berner Schulteralgorithmus (BeSos). Darin beschreiben sie beispielsweise, wann welcher Test zum Einsatz kommt und wie der Therapeut die Ergebnisse interpretieren sollte.
Aktuelle Evidenz physiotherapeutischer Maßnahmen bei
Hüftarthrose
Authors: Sperl Angelika , Neubauer Michaela , Wondrasch Barbara
Published: July 2019

Hüftarthrose ist eine häufig auftretende degenerative Erkrankung. Aufgrund der
steigenden Lebenserwartung gewinnt sie im Gesundheitsmanagement zunehmend an
Bedeutung.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Literaturstudie war, die wissenschaftliche Evidenz
hinsichtlich der Wirkung der gängigen Therapiemaßnahmen Manuelle Therapie,
Trainingstherapie und eine Kombination beider Maßnahmen aufzuzeigen.

Für den effektiven Einsatz von Manueller Therapie und Trainingstherapie ergaben
sich gute Anhaltspunkte. Dagegen blieb der zusätzliche Nutzen einer Kombination
aus beiden Maßnahmen fraglich. Alle Therapiemaßnahmen zeigten eine positive
Wirkung auf Schmerz und Funktion, jedoch nur einen geringen positiven Effekt auf
die Lebensqualität.

Für die Therapiewahl und Interventionswirkung ist eine umfassende ICF-basierte
Diagnostik ausschlaggebend. Weitere hüftspezifische Studien sollten dies
zusammen mit patientenspezifischen Charakteristika und dem Erkrankungsstadium
berücksichtigen.
Lemierre-Syndrom im Rahmen einer akuten Sinusitis sphenoidalis
Authors: Stadler Matthias
Published: July 2019

Fallbeschreibung und klinischer Befund

Wir berichten über einen 22-jährigen Mann kaukasischer Herkunft, der an unserer Akutambulanz mit Einweisung vom Hausarzt aufgrund eines hochfieberhaften Infekts und Verdacht auf Meningitis vorstellig wurde. Der Patient präsentierte sich verwirrt und lichtempfindlich. Es bestanden immer wieder somnolente Phasen, Fieber konnte bei Novalgin-Einnahme zum Aufnahmezeitpunkt keines gemessen werden. Der Patient war zudem tachypnoisch, es bestand bei der klinisch-neurologischen Untersuchung ein deutlicher Meningismus. Zusätzlich war eine prominente Schwellung des rechten Oberlids ohne nennenswerte Rötung auffällig. Seit vier Tagen wurde eine vom Hausarzt verordnete orale Antibiose (Makrolid) eingenommen. Ansonsten bestanden keinerlei Vorerkrankungen und auch keine Dauermedikation.
Wo und wie wirkt – Eine wissenschaftliche Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Cramer Holger
Published: July 2019

Yoga wird vermehrt in Prävention und Therapie eingesetzt – und zum Teil sogar von den Krankenkassen bezuschusst. Doch hält Yoga, was er verspricht, oder überwiegen die Risiken den Nutzen? Eine stetig wachsende Evidenzbasis widmet sich dieser Frage und kann helfen, individuelle Empfehlungen zu erarbeiten.
Towards trigonometric deformation of sl^2 coset VOA
Authors: Feigin B. , Jimbo M. , Mukhin E.
Published: July 2019

We discuss the quantization of the sl^2 coset vertex operator algebra WD(2,1;α) using the bosonization technique. We show that after quantization, there exist three families of commuting integrals of motion coming from three copies of the quantum toroidal algebra associated with gl2.
Thermal effects on laser-assisted field evaporation from a Si surface: A real-time first-principles study
Authors: Uchida Kazuki , Suzuki Yasumitsu , Watanabe Kazuyuki
Published: July 2019

This work assessed thermal effects on laser-assisted field evaporation from a Si surface using real-time time-dependent density functional theory calculations. These assessments focused on finite electron and lattice temperatures, both of which were characterized on different time scales. The results show that dangling bonds at clean surfaces assist thermal excitation in response to increased finite electron temperature. It was also determined that thermal excitation induces electron transfer from the surface to the interior of Si in the presence of an electrostatic field, resulting in ionization of the surface atoms. The finite electron temperature effect on evaporation dynamics, however, was found to be negligible. In contrast, increases in the finite lattice temperature evidently induce atomic motion both parallel and perpendicular to the surface, thus appreciably enhancing the evaporation rate in the presence of electrostatic and laser fields. The real-time first-principles simulations “without empirical parameters” presented herein provide theoretical evidence for thermal effects during laser-assisted field evaporation, and this method should also be applicable to various nonequilibrium thermal phenomena, such as laser ablation.
Coexistence of oscillation and quenching states: Effect of low-pass active filtering in coupled oscillators
Authors: Lei Xiaoqi , Liu Weiqing , Zou Wei , Kurths Jürgen
Published: July 2019

Effects of a low-pass active filter (LPAF) on the transition processes from oscillation quenching to asymmetrical oscillation are explored for diffusively coupled oscillators. The low-pass filter part and the active part of LPAF exhibit different effects on the dynamics of these coupled oscillators. With the amplifying active part only, LPAF keeps the coupled oscillators staying in a nontrivial amplitude death (NTAD) and oscillation state. However, the additional filter is beneficial to induce a transition from a symmetrical oscillation death to an asymmetrical oscillation death and then to an asymmetrical oscillation state which is oscillating with different amplitudes for two oscillators. Asymmetrical oscillation state is coexisting with a synchronous oscillation state for properly presented parameters. With the attenuating active part only, LPAF keeps the coupled oscillators in rich oscillation quenching states such as amplitude death (AD), symmetrical oscillation death (OD), and NTAD. The additional filter tends to enlarge the AD domains but to shrink the symmetrical OD domains by increasing the areas of the coexistence of the oscillation state and the symmetrical OD state. The stronger filter effects enlarge the basin of the symmetrical OD state which is coexisting with the synchronous oscillation state. Moreover, the effects of the filter are general in globally coupled oscillators. Our results are important for understanding and controlling the multistability of coupled systems.
A proposal for the structure of high- and low-density fluctuations in liquid water
Authors: Camisasca Gaia , Schlesinger Daniel , Zhovtobriukh Iurii , Pitsevich George , Pettersson Lars G. M.
Published: July 2019

Based on recent experimental data that can be interpreted as indicating the presence of specific structures in liquid water, we build and optimize two structural models which we compare with the available experimental data. To represent the proposed high-density liquid structures, we use a model consisting of chains of water molecules, and for low-density liquid, we investigate fused dodecahedra as templates for tetrahedral fluctuations. The computed infrared spectra of the models are in very good agreement with the extracted experimental spectra for the two components, while the extracted structures from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations give spectra that are intermediate between the experimentally derived spectra. Computed x-ray absorption and emission spectra as well as the O–O radial distribution functions of the proposed structures are not contradicted by experiment. The stability of the proposed dodecahedral template structures is investigated in MD simulations by seeding the starting structure, and remnants found to persist on an ∼30 ps time scale. We discuss the possible significance of such seeds in simulations and whether they can be viable candidates as templates for structural fluctuations below the compressibility minimum of liquid water.
Community engagement in general practice: a qualitative study
Authors: Rowe N. , Keenan R. , Lack L. , Malloy N. , Strasser R. , Lawrenson R.
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUNDCommunity engagement is believed to be an important component of quality primary health care. We aimed to capture specific examples of community engagement by general practices, and to understand the barriers that prevent engagement.
METHODSWe conducted 20 distinct interviews with 31 key informants from general practice and the wider community. The interviews were semi-structured around key relevant topics and were analysed thematically.
RESULTSKey themes identified from the interview transcripts included an understanding of ‘community’, examples of community engagement and the perceived benefits and barriers to community-engaged general practice. We particularly explored aspects of community engagement with Māori.
CONCLUSIONSGeneral practices in the study do not think in terms of communities, and they do not have a systematic framework for engagement. Although local champions have generated some great initiatives, most practices seemed to lack a conceptual framework for engagement: who to engage with, how to engage with them, and how to evaluate the results of the engagement.
Sensing of apoptotic cells through Axl causes lung basal cell proliferation in inflammatory diseases
Authors: Fujino Naoya , Brand Oliver J. , Morgan David J. , Fujimori Toshifumi , Grabiec Aleksander M. , Jagger Christopher P. , Maciewicz Rose A. , Yamada Mitsuhiro , Itakura Koji , Sugiura Hisatoshi , Ichinose Masakazu , Hussell Tracy
Published: July 2019

Epithelial cell proliferation, division, and differentiation are critical for barrier repair following inflammation, but the initial trigger for this process is unknown. Here we define that sensing of apoptotic cells by the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase Axl is a critical indicator for tracheal basal cell expansion, cell cycle reentry, and symmetrical cell division. Furthermore, once the pool of tracheal basal cells has expanded, silencing of Axl is required for their differentiation. Genetic depletion of Axl triggers asymmetrical cell division, leading to epithelial differentiation and ciliated cell regeneration. This discovery has implications for conditions associated with epithelial barrier dysfunction, basal cell hyperplasia, and continued turnover of dying cells in patients with chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
Did the Universe Have a Chance?
Authors: McCoy C. D.
Published: July 2019

In a world awash in statistical patterns, should we conclude that the universe’s evolution or genesis is somehow subject to chance? I draw attention to alternatives that must be acknowledged if we are to have an adequate assessment of what chance the universe might have had.
What Is a Lineage?
Authors: Neto Celso
Published: July 2019

This article defends lineage pluralism; the view that biological lineages are not a single, unified type of entity. I analyze aspects of evolutionary theory, phylogenetics, and developmental biology to show that these areas appeal to distinct notions of lineage. I formulate three arguments for lineage pluralism. These arguments undercut the main motivations for lineage monism; the view that biological lineages are a single, unified type of entity. Although this view is rarely made explicit, it is often assumed in philosophy and biology. Hence, this article sheds light on this monistic assumption and shows why lineage pluralism should be adopted instead.
Advances in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease
Authors: Yan Ziying , McCray Jr Paul B , Engelhardt John F
Published: July 2019

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multiorgan recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Gene therapy efforts have focused on treating the lung, since it manifests the most significant life-threatening disease. Over two decades have past since the first CF lung gene therapy trials and significant advances in the therapeutic implementation of pharmacologic CFTR modulators have renewed the field's focus on developing gene therapies for the 10% of CF patients these modulators cannot help. This review summarizes recent progress made in developing vectors for airway transduction and CF animal models required for understanding the relevant cellular targets in the lung and testing the efficacy of gene therapy approaches. We also highlight future opportunities in emerging gene editing strategies that may offer advantages for treating diseases like CF where the gene target is highly regulated at the cellular level. The outcomes of CF lung gene therapy trials will likely inform productive paths toward gene therapy for other complex genetic disorders, while also advancing treatments for all CF patients.
Implementation of Case-Based Surveillance and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Monitor Bacterial Meningitis Pathogens in Chad
Authors: Paye Marietou F , Gamougame Kadidja , Payamps Sarah K , Feagins Alicia R , Moto Daugla Doumagoum , Moyengar Ronelngar , Naïbeï Nathan , Vuong Jeni , Diallo Alpha Oumar , Tate Ashley , Soeters Heidi M , Wang Xin , Acyl Mahamat Ali
Published: July 2019

Background

Meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) was introduced in Chad during 2011–2012. Meningitis surveillance has been conducted nationwide since 2003, with case-based surveillance (CBS) in select districts from 2012. In 2016, the MenAfriNet consortium supported Chad to implement CBS in 4 additional districts and real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) at the national reference laboratory (NRL) to improve pathogen detection. We describe analysis of bacterial meningitis cases during 3 periods: pre-MACV (2010–2012), pre-MenAfriNet (2013–2015), and post-MenAfriNet (2016–2018).

Methods

National surveillance targeted meningitis cases caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens, inoculated trans-isolate media, and/or isolates from suspected meningitis cases were tested via culture, latex, and/or rt-PCR; confirmed bacterial meningitis was defined by a positive result on any test. We calculated proportion of suspected cases with a specimen received by period, and proportion of specimens with a bacterial meningitis pathogen identified, by period, pathogen, and test.

Results

The NRL received specimens for 6.8% (876/12813), 46.4% (316/681), and 79.1% (787/995) of suspected meningitis cases in 2010–2012, 2013–2015, and 2016–2018, respectively, with a bacterial meningitis pathogen detected in 33.6% (294/876), 27.8% (88/316), and 33.2% (261/787) of tested specimens. The number of N. meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) among confirmed bacterial meningitis cases decreased from 254 (86.4%) during 2010–2012 to 2 (2.3%) during 2013–2015, with zero NmA cases detected after 2014. In contrast, proportional and absolute increases were seen between 2010–2012, 2013–2015, and 2016–2018 in cases caused by S. pneumoniae (5.1% [15/294], 65.9% [58/88], and 52.1% [136/261]), NmX (0.7% [2/294], 1.1% [1/88], and 22.2% [58/261]), and Hib (0.3% [1/294], 11.4% [10/88], and 14.9% [39/261]). Of specimens received at the NRL, proportions tested during the 3 periods were 47.7% (418), 53.2% (168), and 9.0% (71) by latex; 81.4% (713), 98.4% (311), and 93.9% (739) by culture; and 0.0% (0), 0.0% (0), and 90.5% (712) by rt-PCR, respectively. During the post-MenAfriNet period (2016–2018), 86.1% (678) of confirmed cases were tested by both culture and rt-PCR, with 12.5% (85) and 32.4% (220) positive by culture and rt-PCR, respectively.

Conclusions

CBS implementation was associated with increased specimen referral. Increased detection of non-NmA cases could reflect changes in incidence or increased sensitivity of case detection with rt-PCR. Continued surveillance with the use of rt-PCR to monitor changing epidemiology could inform the development of effective vaccination strategies.
Variation of mass accretion rate on to the white dwarf in the dwarf nova VW Hyi in quiescence
Authors: Nakaniwa Nozomi , Hayashi Takayuki , Takeo Mai , Ishida Manabu
Published: July 2019

We have analysed a series of Suzaku data and one data set of XMM–Newton of the SU UMa type dwarf nova VW Hyi in optical quiescence. The observed spectra in the 0.2–10 keV band are moderately well represented by multitemperature thermal plasma emission models with a maximum temperature of 5–9 keV and bolometric luminosity of (2.4–5.2) × 1030 erg s−1. The mass accretion rate derived from the hard X-ray spectra does not show any clear trend as a function of time since the last superoutburst, in contradiction to theoretical predictions of the disc behaviour of an SU UMa type dwarf nova. The mass accretion rate, on the other hand, shows a clear declining trend with time since the last outburst (including the superoutburst). The rate of decline is of the same order as that evaluated from the hard X-ray light curves of the other two dwarf novae SS Cyg and SU UMa. The standard disc instability model, on the other hand, predicts that the mass accretion rate should increase throughout the optically quiescent phase. We need further observation and theoretical consideration to resolve this discrepancy.
Magnetic inhibition of centrifugal instability
Authors: Komissarov Serguei S , Gourgouliatos Konstantinos N , Matsumoto Jin
Published: July 2019

Recently, it was shown that the centrifugal instability may be important in the dynamics of astrophysical jets undergoing reconfinement by external pressure. However, these studies were limited to the case of unmagnetized flows. Here, we explore the role of the magnetic field within both the Newtonian and relativistic frameworks. Since the jet problem is rather complicated, we focus instead on the simpler problem of cylindrical rotation and axial magnetic field, which shares significant similarity with the jet problem, and consider only axisymmetric perturbations. The studied equilibrium configurations involve a cylindrical interface and they are stable to non-magnetic centrifugal and magnetorotational instabilities everywhere except this interface. We use a heuristic approach to derive the local stability criterion for the interface in the magnetic case and numerical simulations to verify the role of the magnetic field. The theory and simulations agree quite well for Newtonian models but indicate a potential discrepancy for the relativistic models in the limit of high Lorentz factor of the rotational motion at the interface. In general, the magnetic field sets a critical wavelength below which the centrifugal modes are stabilized. We discuss the implication of our findings for the astrophysical jets, which suggest that the centrifugal instability develops only in jets with relatively low magnetization. Namely, the magnetic pressure has to be below the thermal one and for the relativistic case the jets have to be kinetic-energy dominated.
CtIP is essential for telomere replication
Authors: Stroik Susanna , Kurtz Kevin , Hendrickson Eric A
Published: July 2019

The maintenance of telomere length is critical to longevity and survival. Specifically, the failure to properly replicate, resect, and/or form appropriate telomeric structures drives telomere shortening and, in turn, genomic instability. The endonuclease CtIP is a DNA repair protein that is well-known to promote genome stability through the resection of endogenous DNA double-stranded breaks. Here, we describe a novel role for CtIP. We show that in the absence of CtIP, human telomeres shorten rapidly to non-viable lengths. This telomere dysfunction results in an accumulation of fusions, breaks, and frank telomere loss. Additionally, CtIP suppresses the generation of circular, extrachromosomal telomeric DNA. These latter structures appear to arise from arrested DNA replication forks that accumulate in the absence of CtIP. Hence, CtIP is required for faithful replication through telomeres via its roles at stalled replication tracts. Our findings demonstrate a new role for CtIP as a protector of human telomere integrity.
Polymorphic G:G mismatches act as hotspots for inducing right-handed Z DNA by DNA intercalation
Authors: Satange Roshan , Chuang Chien-Ying , Neidle Stephen , Hou Ming-Hon
Published: July 2019

DNA mismatches are highly polymorphic and dynamic in nature, albeit poorly characterized structurally. We utilized the antitumour antibiotic CoII(Chro)2 (Chro = chromomycin A3) to stabilize the palindromic duplex d(TTGGCGAA) DNA with two G:G mismatches, allowing X-ray crystallography-based monitoring of mismatch polymorphism. For the first time, the unusual geometry of several G:G mismatches including syn–syn, water mediated anti–syn and syn–syn-like conformations can be simultaneously observed in the crystal structure. The G:G mismatch sites of the d(TTGGCGAA) duplex can also act as a hotspot for the formation of alternative DNA structures with a GC/GA-5′ intercalation site for binding by the GC-selective intercalator actinomycin D (ActiD). Direct intercalation of two ActiD molecules to G:G mismatch sites causes DNA rearrangements, resulting in backbone distortion to form right-handed Z-DNA structures with a single-step sharp kink. Our study provides insights on intercalators-mismatch DNA interactions and a rationale for mismatch interrogation and detection via DNA intercalation.
ANanog-dependent gene cluster initiates the specification of the pluripotent epiblast
Authors: Allègre Nicolas , Chauveau Sabine , Dennis Cynthia , Renaud Yoan , Estrella Lorena Valverde , Pouchin Pierre , Cohen-Tannoudji Michel , Chazaud Claire
Published: July 2019

The epiblast (Epi) is the source of embryonic stem (ES) cells and all embryonic tissues. It differentiates alongside the primitive endoderm (PrE) in a randomly distributed “salt and pepper” pattern from the inner cell mass (ICM) during preimplantation of the mammalian embryo. NANOG and GATA6 are key regulators of this binary differentiation event, which is further modulated by heterogeneous FGF signalling. When and how Epi and PrE lineage specification is initiated within the developing embryo is still unclear. Here we generated NANOG and GATA6 double KO (DKO) mouse embryos and performed single-cell expression analyses. We found that the ICM was unable to differentiate in theDKOmice, allowing us to characterize the ICM precursor state. The normally heterogeneous expression ofFgf4between cells was significantly reduced inDKOICMs, impairing FGF signalling. In contrast, several pluripotency markers did still display cell-to-cell expression variability inDKOICMs. This revealed a primary heterogeneity independent of NANOG, GATA6 and FGF signalling that may also be conserved in humans. We found that NANOG is key in the initiation of epiblast specification already between the 16- and 32-cell stages, enabling the cell-clustered expression of many pluripotency genes. Our data uncover previously unknown biology in the early mouse embryo with potential implications for the field of pluripotent stem cells in human and other mammals.