bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Somatic inactivation of breast cancer predisposition genes in tumors associated with pathogenic germline variants
Authors: Lim Belle W X , Li Na , Mahale Sakshi , McInerny Simone , Zethoven Magnus , Rowley Simone M , Huynh Joanne , Wang Theresa , Lee Jue Er Amanda , Friedman Mia , Devereux Lisa , Scott Rodney J , Sloan Erica K , James Paul A , Campbell Ian G
Published: October 2022

Background

Breast cancers (BCs) that arise in individuals heterozygous for a germline pathogenic variant in a susceptibility gene, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, PALB2, and RAD51C, have been shown to exhibit biallelic loss in the respective genes and be associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and distinctive somatic mutational signatures. Tumor sequencing thus presents an orthogonal approach to assess the role of candidate genes in BC development.

Methods

Exome sequencing was performed on paired normal-breast tumor DNA from 124 carriers of germline loss-of-function (LoF) or missense variant carriers in 15 known and candidate BC predisposition genes identified in the BEACCON case-control study. Biallelic inactivation and association with tumor genome features including mutational signatures and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score were investigated.

Results

BARD1-carrying TNBC (4 of 5) displayed biallelic loss and associated high HRD scores and mutational signature 3, as did a RAD51D-carrying TNBC and ovarian cancer. Biallelic loss was less frequent in BRIP1 BCs (4 of 13) and had low HRD scores. In contrast to other established BC genes, BCs from carriers of CHEK2 LoF (6 of 17) or missense (2 of 20) variant had low rates of biallelic loss. Exploratory analysis of BC from carriers of LoF variants in candidate genes such as BLM, FANCM, PARP2, and RAD50 found little evidence of biallelic inactivation.

Conclusions

BARD1 and RAD51D behave as classic BRCA-like predisposition genes with biallelic inactivation, but this was not observed for any of the candidate genes. However, as demonstrated for CHEK2, the absence of biallelic inactivation does not provide definitive evidence against the gene’s involvement in BC predisposition.
What’s Old and New in Tuberculosis Vaccines for Children
Authors: Cranmer Lisa M , Cotton Mark F , Day Cheryl L , Nemes Elisa
Published: October 2022

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of global child mortality. Until the turn of the 21st century, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was the only vaccine to prevent TB. The pediatric TB vaccine pipeline has advanced in the past decade to include the evaluation of novel whole cell vaccines to replace infant BCG and investigation of subunit and whole cell vaccines to boost TB immunity during adolescence. We describe the history of BCG, current TB vaccine candidates in clinical trials, and the challenges and opportunities for future TB vaccine research in children. Children are a critical target population for TB vaccines, and expansion of the pediatric TB vaccine pipeline is urgently needed to end the TB pandemic.
Simultaneous operation of empyema and secondary thoracic deformity
Authors: Wang Wenlin , Long Weiguang , Liu Yang , Cai Bin , Luo Juan
Published: October 2022

Empyema often leads to secondary thoracic deformity, but it has not been treated before. In order to eliminate the harm of this deformity, we adopted simultaneous surgery to treat empyema and secondary deformity. In this article, we introduce the operation of a 35-year-old male patient with empyema and secondary thoracic deformity. We first cleared the lesions in the thoracic cavity, and then used MatrixRIB to correct the thoracic deformity, and achieved satisfactory results.
Surgical treatment of an overgrown asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy patient
Authors: Wang Wenlin , Long Weiguang , Liu Yang , Cai Bin , Luo Juan
Published: October 2022

Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy may affect the development of multiple organs of the body, so these kinds of patients are usually short and thin. We met a 16-year-old female patient whose development exceeded the normal level. Although she was only 16 years old, her height was 167 cm and her weight was 71 Kg. Such development is extremely rare for this kind of patient, and there is no similar report in the previous literature. Comparatively, her thorax was narrow and small, and the ratio of thorax to trunk was uncoordinated, which made her situation particularly serious. We adopted Wenlin procedure combined with Wang procedure for correction. Since these two procedures were ideal orthopaedic operations, and could correct the depression effectively, we finally achieved satisfactory results.
LncTarD 2.0: an updated comprehensive database for experimentally-supported functional lncRNA–target regulations in human diseases
Authors: Zhao Hongying , Yin Xiangzhe , Xu Haotian , Liu Kailai , Liu Wangyang , Wang Lixia , Zhang Caiyu , Bo Lin , Lan Xicheng , Lin Shihua , Feng Ke , Ning Shangwei , Zhang Yunpeng , Wang Li
Published: October 2022

An updated LncTarD 2.0 database provides a comprehensive resource on key lncRNA–target regulations, their influenced functions and lncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in human diseases. LncTarD 2.0 is freely available at (http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/LncTarD or https://lnctard.bio-database.com/). LncTarD 2.0 was updated with several new features, including (i) an increased number of disease-associated lncRNA entries, where the current release provides 8360 key lncRNA–target regulations, with 419 disease subtypes and 1355 lncRNAs; (ii) predicted 3312 out of 8360 lncRNA–target regulations as potential diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers in circulating tumor cells (CTCs); (iii) addition of 536 new, experimentally supported lncRNA–target regulations that modulate properties of cancer stem cells; (iv) addition of an experimentally supported clinical application section of 2894 lncRNA–target regulations for potential clinical application. Importantly, LncTarD 2.0 provides RNA-seq/microarray and single-cell web tools for customizable analysis and visualization of lncRNA–target regulations in diseases. RNA-seq/microarray web tool was used to mining lncRNA–target regulations in both disease tissue samples and CTCs blood samples. The single-cell web tools provide single-cell lncRNA–target annotation from the perspectives of pan-cancer analysis and cancer-specific analysis at the single-cell level. LncTarD 2.0 will be a useful resource and mining tool for the investigation of the functions and mechanisms of lncRNA deregulation in human disease.
Markedness and Unmarkedness in Identities and Social Interaction
Authors: Brekhus Wayne H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores how the semiotic processes of cultural markedness and unmarkedness influence perception, drive social attention, and shape identities and interactional constructions of meaning. Markedness and unmarkedness are advanced as central sensitizing concepts for an expansive symbolic interactionism focused on power and complex inequalities. Symbolic interactionism (SI), like many longstanding theoretical traditions, developed in a historical context where sociologists gave greater epistemological weight to the ideas of scholars who represented unmarked, privileged social standpoints (e.g., white, Anglo-European/colonizer, male) rather than to those who represented marked positions of marginality. This has unnecessarily narrowed SI’s analytic foci and limited our full potential to address issues of structural inequality related to the most significant social problems of the twenty-first century. We can correct this problem by broadening our guiding canonical concerns to focus on the interactional and discursive dynamics of markedness and unmarkedness in the construction of meaning and the production of social power and knowledge. Scholars taking on the challenge of developing a critical symbolic interactionism focused on how social inequalities are produced and reproduced in everyday life are highlighted as exemplars for advancing SI research that analytically emphasizes the complex interplay of the marked and the unmarked.
Fire and the Transformation of Landscapes
Authors: Rowe Cassandra , Stevenson Janelle , Connor Simon , Adeleye Matthew
Published: October 2022

Australia is a fire-prone continent, and its long-term history of burning is the product of millennia of interactions between climatic and cultural fire. Australia is also highly diverse, both in terms of landscape composition and fire regimes, as well as ecosystem responses to fire-regime changes. This article presents a compilation of research on Holocene fire histories across major climatic and biogeographic zones of Australia into New Guinea. It then brings together research on pollen-based vegetation change and fire history for key sites within each zone. The result is a series of ecosystem ‘fire moments’ that explore fire’s role as an environmental transformer, an artefact of climate, vegetation, and culture. This article seeks to promote collaborative research in the examination of fire and its effects in time and space, ultimately seeking fine-resolution transdisciplinary studies that encompass a range of knowledge systems in partnership research and as a means to address future methodological challenges.
The Meaning of Ditches
Authors: Ballard Chris
Published: October 2022

When is a ditch not—or not simply—a ditch? This article explores the idea of the ditch or drain, drawing on ethnographic, archaeological, and agronomic accounts of field systems in the New Guinea Highlands. The ways in which Huli speakers use ditches to manage their landscapes, subsistence regimes, social relationships, histories, and cosmologies demonstrate the links between field systems composed of ditches and other kinds of networks. Huli understandings of the potency of water and other fluids govern their approaches to wetland drainage and provide a daily, habitual model for the challenges of management in the maintenance of fertility on a cosmological scale. The failure and abandonment of Huli drainage projects needs to be understood within this cosmological frame of struggle and inevitable decline.
Introduction
Authors: Smith R. Scott , Trzaskoma Stephen M.
Published: October 2022

This introduction provides an overview of the contents of the handbook and attempts to situate the information and arguments of the individual chapters in the context of Greek and Roman mythographical studies today, which have changed dramatically in the last three decades. Additionally, a brief survey of the shifting modes of mythography in antiquity is presented. While a simple exposition is impossible and a complete overarching theory and definition cannot be provided, we note how many of the contributions point toward mythography as a mental orientation or intellectual impulse rather than a clear-cut genre—which better explains the great variety of mythographical products and the numerous occasions where mythography was integrated into other writing practices in the ancient world.
Diodorus Siculus, Library
Authors: Sulimani Iris
Published: October 2022

Diodorus Siculus wrote a universal history, a well-known genre, into which he introduced new criteria. Emphasizing especially its chronological and geographical scope, he resolved that a universal history should begin with the ancient mythologies and end in the author’s own day, covering the entire inhabited world. This chapter inspects Diodorus’s Bibliothēkē and his use of sources, underlining the recent change of tune in Diodorus scholarship, according to which he not only employed additional sources, but also incorporated his own thoughts, inspired by current events. This study also demonstrates that, as befits a universal history, Diodorus’s mythography is also “universal,” embracing the myths of various peoples. Diodorus did not tell the myths as he found them in his sources but produced them in a historicized version—that is, one that is a mixture of facts and fiction—as his descriptions of the journeys of gods and heroes illustrate. Diodorus’s methods of depicting the myths are examined and we infer that his preferred approach to interpreting the myths is rationalization, particularly Euhemerism, and that he rarely uses allegoresis. The chapter concludes by arguing that, attempting to make the mythical figures as historical as possible, Diodorus portrays them as mortals who became immortal because of their deeds, which are modeled on those of historical figures, notably, Alexander and Caesar.
Ovid and Mythography
Authors: Farrell Joseph
Published: October 2022

Few, if any, Greek or Latin authors have had greater influence on the reception of classical mythology than Ovid. The Metamorphoses is paramount in this regard, but Ovid’s entire oeuvre engages with mythology and mythography both by anticipating aspects of his magnum opus or by taking a pointedly different approach from it. Two aspects of Ovid’s work are mutually informing but readily distinguishable from each other. First, like other poets, Ovid reacts in sophisticated ways to earlier poetic treatments of specific myths. This aspect has to do with establishing his place in the canon of ancient Greek and Roman writers who were essential reading for any educated, cultivated person. Second, Ovid also appropriates the forms and procedures of mythographic scholarship in prose. The structure of the Metamorphoses, for instance, resembles that of a mythological handbook or encyclopedia, e.g., the one ascribed to Apollodorus, or of a universal history, such as that of Diodorus Siculus. It seems likely that Ovid meant his debt to both traditions, the literary and the scholarly, to be apparent, and that the energy generated through hybridization—by crossing “elevated” poetic genres with more “utilitarian” prose ones—is what makes Ovid so valuable to the artistic and scholarly reception of ancient mythography.
Byzantine Mythography
Authors: Garstad Benjamin
Published: October 2022

Byzantine education was based on a reading of Homer, and so mythological themes were of perennial interest to the learned society of Byzantium. Byzantine scholars had access to the ancient works of systematic mythography, but they also made their own contributions to the understanding of myth, even if not in a distinct genre of mythography. They had been taught by St. Basil that moral instruction might be found in myth, and by Eusebius of Caesarea that the gods of myth were defunct kings. So, much of the common stock of Byzantine mythographic knowledge was contained in the chronicle tradition, and practically all of it can be traced back to the chronicle of John Malalas. His first five books are preoccupied with what must strike us as odd and idiosyncratic stories of gods and heroes, including a particularly extensive and influential account of the Trojan War, but they were the norm in Byzantine literature. Mythographic material might also be found in lexica and encyclopedias, poetic descriptions of statuary, the lore of Constantinople, and even the Dionysiaca of Nonnus. John Tztetzes and Eustathius, in what amounted to Homeric commentaries, gave a historical background to Homer’s work indebted to Malalas and employed allegory to tease out deeper meanings in the epics. The later Byzantine centuries cultivated a poetic tradition that returned to Homer and Troy—with varying degrees of faithfulness—for its plots, characters, and themes, and even found room for translations of French treatments of the matière de Troie.
Mythography in Alexandrian Verse
Authors: Sistakou Evina
Published: October 2022

The chapter explores how the Alexandrian learned poets worked mythography into poetic form. This cultural and aesthetic trend is exemplified by catalog poems with mythological content, usually arranged around a common theme (e.g., metamorphosis, catasterism, or love). Mythography, stemming from archaic and classical poetic and prose sources, found its way into Alexandrian poetry in various ways. The emblematic Aetia by Callimachus, the blending of mythological cycles in Apollonius’s Argonautica, and the mythological enigmas in Lycophron’s Alexandra clearly reflect the aesthetics of collecting and rewriting rare, curious, or obscure stories as avant-garde poetry. Historical and literary sources exploited by the scholar-poets, principles of collection and arrangement, the authority of the collector-narrator, the fragmentation of mythological narratives and the aesthetics of mythography in poetic form are among the issues addressed.
Antihomerica
Authors: Dowden Ken
Published: October 2022

What is the point of Dictys’s Diary of the Trojan War or of Dares’s little book? They are not novels (despite their embrace by cognoscenti of the Ancient Novel), and they are not history (despite their embrace by Byzantine chroniclers). Their whole point is that Homer Was Wrong. And readers could enjoy bravura reconstruction of What Really Happened as though it were Thucydides in the archaeologia. Others played this game too (e.g., Dio Chrysostom and the enfant terrible, Ptolemy Chennus)—it is so characteristic of the end of the 1st century ce, though not without a revival in Philostratus’s Heroicus. And stylistically so innocent: just the plain facts of the case, the names, the places, and what caused what in what sequence. If only Laomedon had treated the Argonauts properly, none of this would have happened!
Antoninus Liberalis, Collection of Metamorphoses
Authors: Delattre Charles
Published: October 2022

Antoninus Liberalis is a Greek-language author of the Imperial period. He is known by a single text, an anthology of stories, preserved in only one Byzantine manuscript under the title Collection of Metamorphoses (Synagōgē Metamorphoseōn). The chapter focuses on the definition of this text, in the context of the manuscript (second half of the 9th century) and at the time of its composition (2nd or early 3rd century ce?), and it takes into account the hypotheses that can be made about its author. It proposes a general appreciation of the work, its structure, and its themes, and questions some of the author’s writing characteristics.
The Sound of MovementHearing Kathak Dance
Authors: Dalidowicz Monica
Published: October 2022

This chapter undertakes a phenomenological investigation of the musicking and moving body that examines how North Indian kathak dancers apprehend sound through movement and simultaneously perceive movement through sound. While our senses can be described empirically as discrete entities, phenomenologically speaking, this is not how we experience the world. It is this entangled and undifferentiated aspect of sensory experience that is explored here through an ethnographic description of the teaching and learning of kathak dance. Kathak dancers are in fact musicians producing complex rhythmic patterns through vocal rhythms and the sound of their bare feet slapping rhythmically on the floor. Learning how to hear dance is a vital part of the process of sensory enskillment that occurs in the learning of this art form.
Constructivist Contractualism and Future Generations
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf , Andersson Emil
Published: October 2022

In constructivist contractualist theories, such as Rawls’, principles of justice should mirror beliefs that we all, in some sense, share. One would then arrive at principles that everybody could, in that sense, accept. These principles should specify, among other things, to whom to distribute the relevant benefits and burdens and to whom to assign responsibility for the distribution. In addition to this classical assignment problem, however, constructivist contractualism must also deal with a new, and quite different, assignment problem sincewhat to count as beliefs that weall share depends on how the set of people that make up the “we” is delimited. Thus, for constructivist contractualism, the questions of whom to assign a part in the justification procedure and whom to exclude, and how to justify these inclusions and exclusions, are of crucial importance. In this chapter we consider the inclusion or exclusion of future generations, and how this case illuminates a general problem for constructivist contractualism.
From Interesting to Influential
Authors: Coulter Kendra
Published: October 2022

In addition to offering much-needed diagnostic and analytical insights that reflect the current realities of human-animal labour and relations, an attentive and ethically engaged organization studies can develop compelling, proactive, and forward-looking scholarship. Such generative analyses are particularly urgent and necessary to seriously recognize the physical, psychological, emotional, and intergenerational harm many forms of human labour and production cause to other species—and to particular groups of people. Accordingly, this chapter will consider the ways that organization scholars can build from a deeper understanding of the present, in order to offer valuable and nuanced ideas, proposals, and provocations focused on possible futures. Using the case of factory farming, the chapter will explore what more ethical, sustainable, and humane rural economic communities could look like after industrial animal agriculture, and how both human and animal wellbeing could be interwoven.
‘Secret Squirrel Reports for Duty’
Authors: Russell Stephanie
Published: October 2022

Animal metaphors have special significance to organizational studies and are common across cultures, but the use of animal costumes has been under-theorized. Drawing on Actor Network Theory (ANT), this chapter highlights the important role that nonhuman actors have in shaping the learning of complex workplace issues. The chapter focuses on how metaphors and costumes can convey a ‘Gung Ho’ culture, within the case study organization, Fireco. ANT provides a lens through which power relations are shared amongst human and nonhuman actors, resulting in more intelligible, accessible, and inclusive workplace practices which all employees understand, embrace—or where appropriate—challenge.
How Can We Reduce Speciesism? A Psychological Approach to a Social Problem
Authors: Schneeberger Doris
Published: October 2022

This chapter addresses the overarching question of how we could reduce humanity’s speciesism and expand our moral circle to include nonhuman animals through using ‘the speciesism scale’. As one of the great moral challenges that humanity faces in the twenty-first century, nonhuman animals are heavily involved in institutions and organizations created and dominated by humans—often involuntarily and to their detriment. Speciesism distorts human thinking, perceptions, and research efforts while causing suffering and harm to countless sentient beings in the present and future alike. In this chapter, a compassionate methodology is used with a qualitative interventionist research design in order to examine whether certain interventions reduce test subjects’ speciesism. Eight test subjects in a management school undergo a series of interventions designed to reduce speciesism according to ‘the speciesism scale’ and findings are presented in regard to possible changes in the individual speciesism levels and dietary habits. The chapter contributes to the methodology of compassionate research, expanding its scope of application to nonhuman animals. The intervention, tested among management doctoral candidates, could also offer insights into practical interventions that can be employed by managers to reduce speciesism in organizations.
Olly the Cat
Authors: O’Doherty Damian
Published: October 2022

This chapter draws on two and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork at Manchester Airport Group in the UK, part of which included extended study of ‘Olly the cat’ where the author grappled with the significance of his/her presence in matters of management and organization. The feline and multispecies ethnography developed in this chapter extends existing work in animal studies in management and organization to show how we can learn from the nonhuman animal in ways that ask us to reach beyond the modern principles of management knowledge and rationality. With the help of Olly, we are able to open a space where management can be seen to inhabit a constitutive impossibility where the ontological status of organization is rendered highly uncertain and paradoxical. Management finds its limits in these dimensions of organization but simultaneously gives inspiration to acts of incredible creativity and innovation that leaves organization poised in multiple and undecidable co-existing realities.
Husky Kennels as Animal Welfare Activists
Authors: García-Rosell José-Carlos
Published: October 2022

This chapter looks at corporate activism on animal welfare within the context of dog sledding tourism businesses in northern Finland. Using institutional theory and care ethics, the chapter explores and illustrates how a group of husky kennels engage in political action to induce change to improve the living and working conditions of sled dogs. In the chapter, special attention is given to the motivation of these small business owners as well as the barriers to, and strategies for, their political struggle. Finally, the theoretical framework used in the chapter makes a contribution to animal welfare activism in terms of an ethical position that is driven not only by justice, but also by care, compassion, and other feelings experienced through multispecies relationships.
Te Ao Māori and One Welfare in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Sayers Janet , Forrest Rachel
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses One Welfare, which is an influential approach to understanding the vital relationship between human and animal welfare in a variety of industries and organizations around the world. One Welfare Aotearoa recognizes the need for both a trans-disciplinary approach and partnership with Māori (the tangata whenua or Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand), around human-nonhuman-environmental interfaces to do with human and animal health and welfare. The One Welfare concept extends beyond physical health, recognizing that human wellbeing, animal welfare, and the natural environment are all interconnected. The chapter introduces a research project on attitudes to companion animals in Aotearoa to discuss a Te Ao Māori approach to One Welfare. The research project involved a Whānau Ora (family wellbeing) collaborative action research case study between local educators, tertiary students, researchers, and the PatuTM Aotearoa gymnasium and its whānau (staff and members) who were predominately Māori, along with their pets. The chapter discusses the Whānau Ora study to show how Indigenous worldviews contribute to understanding human-animal relations in both research and in local bodies such as regional councils. A focus on human-kurī (dog) relations and the issue of dog registration illustrate the chapter’s arguments and contributions to developing animal organizational studies is discussed.
Uncertainty Definitions and Their Problems
Authors: Weinhardt Justin M. , Schaefer Reiner
Published: October 2022

We are constantly faced with decisions where we are unsure. Although we experience uncertainty daily, we are uncertain about what uncertainty is. In this chapter, the authors critically examine different definitions of uncertainty and different forms of uncertainty from the decision-making, psychological, management, and philosophical literatures. The authors then propose that defining uncertainty as not knowing for sure is more useful than other definitions of uncertainty because it has both intuitive appeal and a long philosophical tradition supporting it. Moreover, this definition of uncertainty merely states that one is uncertain if one does not know for sure, without saying what specifically would (or should) make someone unsure. Therefore, a pluralistic approach can be taken to study uncertainty. Finally, the authors encourage scholars to embrace fallibility as a new way forward when studying uncertainty.
Emotional and Sexual Infidelity
Authors: Planke Julie A. , Di Santo Jacqueline M. , Geher Glenn
Published: October 2022

Infidelity can wreak havoc on the emotional, familial, and social lives of people. Reactions to infidelity may be erratic and pronounced, including anger, depression, violence, and even homicide. Reactions to infidelity motivate a substantial proportion of violent crimes across cultures. Understanding the psychology of infidelity thus has the capacity to shed light on substantial social and emotional issues. Importantly, work on the psychology of infidelity has identified two broad categories of infidelity: emotional infidelity and sexual infidelity. The current chapter will address research on the foundational psychological features that bear on these two categories of infidelity, using an evolutionarily informed framework as a guide. Sex-differentiated reactions to infidelity will be addressed in this discussion to shed light on the ways that infidelity and reactions to infidelity manifest in sex-specific ways. The integrative framework presented here will elucidate paths for future research as well as potential implications and applications of the research in this field.
Formation of a Primary Relationship with an Infidelity Partner
Authors: Belu Charlene F. , O’Sullivan Lucia F.
Published: October 2022

Infidelity can have devastating effects on romantic relationships, but it can also provide the foundation for new relationships. This chapter reviews research examining relationships formed from infidelity, drawing on the mate poaching literature. Mate poaching is a form of infidelity that occurs when a person successfully attracts someone who already is in an exclusive relationship into a new relationship. The chapter begins by providing a conceptual model to help understand some of the dynamics contributing to the initiation of new relationships from experiences of infidelity. It then discusses how common it is for primary relationships to develop from this form of infidelity and then it outlines the traits associated with individuals who form relationships from infidelity. It next reviews the research examining the quality of relationships formed from infidelity and discuss some of the processes that may explain these findings. It concludes by identifying limitations of the current literature and potential avenues for future research in this research domain.
Consequences of Infidelity in Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Hsu Yu-Hsun
Published: October 2022

Infidelity occurs in many socially monogamous animals. While infidelity may affect both sexes via sexually transmitted diseases, in general infidelity is beneficial to mated males but more often costly to mated females. Unfaithful females are therefore expected to receive either direct benefits (i.e., benefits increasing female survival, offspring survival, or number of offspring), indirect benefits (i.e., genetic benefits increasing the number of grandoffspring), or both, in order to balance the costs of infidelity. However, recent meta-analyses have provided only limited support for these adaptive explanations of female infidelity. Emerging hypotheses therefore posit that infidelity might be nonadaptive to females and is presumably maintained in females as a byproduct of other traits favored by selection. This chapter discusses our current understanding of the potential consequences of infidelity in socially monogamous nonhuman animals, including costs and benefits for both sexes, and suggests directions for future studies.
Predicting Infidelity in Nonheterosexual Relationships
Authors: Bowman Jonathan M. , Compton Benjamin L.
Published: October 2022

Myriad factors impact the likelihood of infidelity in relationships, and the literature on those impacts as found in nonheterosexual relationships is in some ways still an emerging field. At the same time, robust research on the nature of infidelity has been completed over many years, research that finds both similarities and differences between heterosexual and nonheterosexual relationships in the factors that predict infidelity. Factors that are considered in this chapter include individual differences (encompassing the categories of nonheterosexuality that one uses to describe oneself) and personality characteristics, as well as broader social factors based on perceived group membership. These broader social factors include one or both partners’ racial and ethnic identity, and one or both partners’ cultural backgrounds as well as the impact of those group memberships on other characteristics of the self and the relationship. The chapter also includes a discussion of the impact of perceptions of the third party on predicting infidelity. Finally, the ability to predict infidelity is discussed in terms of the limitations of the current research and offers a call for future research in specific areas of interest for how best to predict infidelity in nonheterosexual relationships.
Developing the Screenplay for Singin’ in the Rain (1952)
Authors: Buchman Andrew
Published: October 2022

In 2019, Jeanine Basinger wrote that “Singin’ in the Rain does what musicals are supposed to do…. The integration between the story and the music is exemplary.” This harmonious combination required many collaborative revisions between August 1950, when Betty Comden (1917–2006) and Adolph Green (1915–2002) completed their first draft of the script, through March 1952, when producer Arthur Freed (1894–1973) approved substantial cuts just before the film’s nationwide release. Some of the screenwriters’ wickedest wit was sacrificed in the process. Other adjustments simplified the main characters, minimized the roles of minor characters, and completely altered the initial ordering of songs and dances at the behest of co-director, choreographer, and star Gene Kelly (1912–1996). This chapter traces the chronology of the film’s creation, presents at least some of the reasons why so many changes were made, and suggests that, while the changes may have strengthened the film overall, they also sanitized the characters and streamlined the story.
“An Inescapable Failure”
Authors: Jayasuriya Katy
Published: October 2022

The Little Prince (1974) is a film musical adaptation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s novella of the same name (1943). It was directed by Stanley Donen (Singin’ in the Rain, 1952; Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, 1954; Funny Face, 1957) with a script and score by renowned Broadway and Hollywood collaborators Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe (Brigadoon, 1947; My Fair Lady, 1956; Camelot, 1960). Since its release, the film musical has sunk into obscurity, never listed among the canon of works attributed to the key figures involved, and largely neglected by film and music scholars. A study of its production history, however, reveals that while it may have been a critical and commercial failure, it is still an important film worthy of attention. The Little Prince represents a genre in crisis: an internal struggle between Golden Age values and the kind of cinematic realism that was driving the Hollywood industry at the time of its release.
From Snow White to the Snow Queen
Authors: Montgomery Colleen
Published: October 2022

The Disney Princess film is among Walt Disney Animation Studios’ most iconic, popular, and profitable media properties. While the studio’s production of princess films has fluctuated since the late 1930s, the animated singing princess has become largely synonymous with the Disney brand. As texts centered on and historically marketed to young girls, Disney Princess films also figure heavily in popular and academic debates over the representation of women, gender, and femininity in Disney animation. By contrast, relatively little work attends to the critical role the voice plays within the gendered representational economies of the Disney Princess film. To extend and deepen extant understandings of these gendered dynamics, this chapter begins by tracing the history of female vocality in Disney Princess films of the 1930s to the late 2000s. The study then turns to a close analysis of the relationship between the voice, identity, agency, and female (inter) subjectivity in two recent iterations of the Disney Princess film: Brave and Frozen.
The Virtuosic Camera
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2022

When La La Land premiered in 2016, critics praised the film for “mak[ing] musicals matter again” and predicted it would usher in a resurgence of the genre. It is a love letter to the art form, paying nostalgic homage to such classics as Singin’ in the Rain, West Side Story, The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, and the Astaire-Rogers films of the 1930s. In interviews, director Damien Chazelle and composer Justin Hurwitz have pointed out the many references in La La Land’s music, narrative, sets, costumes, and cinematic style to specific Hollywood films from the “Golden Age” of the 1930s to 1950s. Yet, there is something fundamentally different about the musical numbers in these films from those in the earlier films that they attempt to emulate, particularly regarding the films’ audiovisual syntax and their relationship between technology and performing onscreen bodies. This essay interrogates the aesthetic and cultural implications of the contemporary film musical’s audiovisual style, which began in 2001 with the release of Moulin Rouge! and crystallized in the second decade of the twenty-first century.
The Auteur as Ghost Star
Authors: Knapp Raymond
Published: October 2022

This chapter interprets director Vincente Minnelli as a different kind of costar for Judy Garland, one who was as given to camp as Mickey Rooney, but who turned that dimension into a kind of loving, liberating frame in their six filmic collaborations across the 1940s: Babes on Broadway (1941; “ghost theater” sequence), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), The Clock (1945), Ziegfeld Follies (1946), Till the Clouds Roll By (1947; “Look for the Silver Lining” and “Who”), and The Pirate (1948). In part, Minnelli freed Garland from not only Busby Berkeley’s frame-breaking style of camp, but also from song itself, as her performances in the middle films from this series aim increasingly for a kind of actorly realism. Notably, however, this more actorly element is itself framed by an overarching camp sensibility, emerging directly out of camp in their first collaboration and never quite escaping its gravitational pull, as camp reasserts itself with a vengeance in their final collaboration. Indeed, this reassertion of a strong, self-aware camp sensibility makes this film crucial to Minnelli’s status as an auteur.
Introduction
Authors: Walter Maggie , Kukutai Tahu , Henry Robert , Gonzales Angela A.
Published: October 2022

This chapter sets out the rationale for the Handbook. Included are explanations of the central premise of Indigenous lifeworlds, how this concept is sociologically applied across the separate chapters, and the Handbook’s organizing structure. The chapter also includes a critique of how Indigenous Peoples are seen, understood, and represented within the discipline, leading in turn to the identification of sociology’s irreconcilable flaw: a studied and deeply embedded blind spot to colonization and colonialism. This critique leads the editors to question the validity of what sociology offers in the study of societies. This question has direct relevance to Anglo-colonized nations—Australia, Canada, the United States, and Aotearoa New Zealand—but also has global salience. Over the last 500 years, most modern nation-states have been either the perpetrators (and beneficiaries) or sites of colonization (or both). Yet the omission from most national narratives of their past and continuing benefitting from the dispossession of Indigenous Peoples is reproduced within the discipline’s studied blindness to colonization as the genesis and ongoing foundation of the structure and function of society. Any discipline whose approach is based on a societal delusion, the authors argue, especially one where the justification for its very existence is the scientific observation and explanation of that same society, might not be worthy of the title.
Discreet Diversification in Latin America
Authors: Acosta Raúl
Published: October 2022

In contrast to the various hubs where superdiversity is commonly studied, Latin America experiences a discreet form of diversification. This is due partly the subcontinent’s slower globalization speed, but also, crucially, to the resistance to acknowledging such processes by locals and migrants. Such disinclination to openly accept an increasing number of outsiders and their influence can be historically linked to a regional preference for mestizaje and indigenismo as ways of addressing national identities. Both concepts have helped maintain power structures that include unspoken hierarchies along ideas of ethnicity and race. Difference is preferably not talked about but performed because people are expected to know their place in society and act accordingly. Outsiders thus enact their belonging and take a place in the existing hierarchies according to the circumstances of their arrival, their individual characteristics, and/or their personal preferences. In all cases, sympathies, empathies, and antipathies end up shaping social relations into what are here termed “bubble interactions.” In such a fragmented context, studies using superdiversity as an analytic approach may yield interesting results, but they will first need to break through the various efforts to hide diversification processes.
Peace in Ancient Greece
Authors: Roberts Jennifer T.
Published: October 2022

Once associated with Homeric heroes, military valor came in the more egalitarian world of the classical period to be the defining excellence of masculinity in all social classes. Athenian oratory consistently played down any defeats, fostering an unduly optimistic assessment of Athens’ chances in war, and Spartan social organization was geared entirely to war. At the same time, however, the quarreling among Athens, Sparta, and other city-states that reached its apex in the ruinous Peloponnesian War so amply documented by Thucydides made clear to the Greeks the need for peace within the Greek world, and the fourth century was marked by repeated attempts at arbitration and efforts to establish koine eirene, a Common Peace.
The Idea of Peace during the European “Middle Ages”
Authors: Lowe Ben
Published: October 2022

This chapter will examine the trajectory of peace discourse throughout the European Middle Ages, beginning with the classical and Christian heritage through to the mid-fifteenth century, when wars had become endemic among some emerging European nation-states. Pacifism has usually been associated conceptually with modern political activism and social movements, but peace ideas were clearly having an impact much earlier. Initially mediated through the church, peace was originally understood more in spiritual terms or as an objective attainable only in heaven. The proliferation of just-war theories and various laws of war and arms in the central Middle Ages, intended to mitigate large-scale violence, paved the way for more practical arguments in the later Middle Ages when an incipient military revolution exacerbated the harmful effects of war on civilians and economies. Several late medieval religious movements offered a prophetic voice recalling early church and biblical imperatives enjoining Christians to work toward peace on earth, believing for the first time that this might be achievable.
Beyond Justice
Authors: Viehoff Juri
Published: October 2022

Most discussions in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) ethics concern the avoidance of individual wrongs like discrimination, the violation of privacy, or algorithmic unfairness. Focusing instead on the collective good of community, this chapter assesses how AI will shape our ability to realize this value in contemporary polities. After characterizing the good of community and defining its societal prerequisites, I assess how AI advances will likely shape it in the future. I sketch some positive effects that AI could have: by providing us with unprecedented powers to control the social world, we could, in principle avoid many currently prevailing community-undermining phenomena. Then I contrast this hopeful vision with AI’s challenges. The chapter documents how its implementation has threatened community in existing, imperfect polities through entrenchment and dispersal and how it has contributed to anti-community pathologies and decommunitarization. Next I look at possible structural long-term shifts and their impact on democratic community, namely “datafication,” “automation” and a “disappearing public sphere.” Each of these phenomena challenge our ability to realize the ideal in rapidly transforming circumstances. Finally, I summarize the argument and points to some policies to both mitigate AI’s threats and harness its possibilities. For some challenges, received policy instruments may be sufficient. But for the most significant ones, democratic polities need to develop and implement genuinely new forms of collective political action to control where and how AI is implemented.
Women’s and Gender Studies in Africa
Authors: Musisi Nakanyike B.
Published: October 2022

The lives of women and men in Africa historically attracted the attention of observers and were documented by some early travelers, merchants, missionaries, amateur anthropologists, and colonialists. But systematic women’s and gender studies is a late 20th-century phenomenon. By reviewing and situating women’s and gender studies in Africa within shifts in the social sciences and humanities, this chapter seeks to answer five broad questions. First, under what conditions did African women’s and gender studies emerge on the African continent? Second, what is its historiography? Third, what key suppositions have underlain its methodological and theoretical approaches to defending specific epistemic positions? Fourth, what have the relationships between its knowledge producers and gender-based activism been? And lastly, what has its significance been? It is argued that in nearly five decades of existence, women’s and gender scholarship has had a far-reaching impact on several social science and humanities disciplines.
Assimilation in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Fouka Vasiliki
Published: October 2022

This chapter summarizes insights from work on assimilation in historical political economy. To organize the findings, the chapter provides a theoretical framework in which assimilation is the result of interdependent decisions made by members of a minority group and by members of a majority group or the state that represents it. Material and psychological considerations both may affect these decisions. The framework can help explain when assimilation is more likely, when assimilation policies may succeed, and when minority backlash may ensue. Empirical evidence from various historical contexts confirms these predictions and provides additional support for the assumptions underlying the theoretical framework.
Sermons
Authors: Weinbrot Howard D.
Published: October 2022

Twenty-eight of Johnson’s sermons, written for others between 1745 and 1777, survive; they relate divine guidance to desired human actions. Divinity offers wisdom to individuals in the daily world, the better to help them prepare for the next world. Johnson developed a distinctive voice in his sermons in order to stress such interchange between the human and the divine, the preacher and his hearer or reader, both in his religious and familiar moral works. Johnson develops an evidence-based theology in his sermons, and in these major works of moral art, faith, obedience, and repentance are the well-paved roads to salvation.