bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Class I Isocyanurate Foams Blown with Pentane
Authors: Fishback T. , Reichel C.
Published: July 2017

The transition from CFCs to HCFCs and zero ODP compounds, as mandated by CFC phase out protocol, is well under way in most areas of urethane foam production. Specifically, the laminate board industry is in the process of converting to HCFC-141b as an intermediate solution to R-11 blown foams. The switch will serve the industry for the next few years. However, HCFCs also destroyozone, and 141b is perhaps the strongest ozone depleter among HCFCs in current use. Consequently, 141b must eventually be replaced with a zero ODP alternative. Recently announced EPA recommendations call for cessation of both production and consumption of 141b by the year 2003 [1].

Therefore, current research is concentrated on developing effective, economical, zero ODP options for laminate board production. The task is large, however, due to the many requirements imposed on the product. Good k-factors and flame resistance are important. In the past, these requirements were met through both the isocyanurate structure of the foam and the low flammability and thermal conductivity of the blowing gas.

BASF is currently investigating the use of hydrocarbons such as pentane as blowing agents for laminate board. Hydrocarbons are inexpensive, abundant liquids which have a zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) and a low GWP(global warming potential). We have produced laminate board foams with reasonable k-factors (0.135-0.146) and surprisingly good flame resistance using n-pentane, cyclopentane, and 2-chloropropane [2]. The good k-factors and improved flame resistance have been achieved through the use of such tools asincreased index, use of phosphorous-containing polyols, and the addition of halogenated inerting agents. Our results to date indicate that with a proper combination of these techniques, potential Class I rated laminate board blown with hydrocarbons is possible.
New High Resilience Slabstock Technologies Based on High Performance Polyols
Authors: Mispreuve H. , Knaub P.
Published: July 2017

The Dow Chemical Company has developed a new proprietary technology that makes it possible to produce high molecular weight polyether polyols with reduced by-products. This paper reviews the use of this new generation of High Performance Polyols (HPPs) in the flexible slabstock field. It demonstrates how they make it possible to significantly expand the quality and grade versatility of the current all-water blown High Resilience (HR) technologies.

In the TDI field, it was shown that the morphology of the polymer plays a key role. The absence of the polyurea precipitates explains the extreme softness achievable even at very high water levels. In these formulations, foams based on High Performance Polyols feature very high physical properties as expressed by comfort factor, resilience and fatigue properties. Enhanced mechanical properties make it possible to use HPPs over a wider range of isocyanate indices which increases the overall versatility of the system. They also help to reduce foam discoloration that is often observed at low density in the presence of liquid flame retardants.

In the MDI field, HPPs also allow a certain level of physical property improvement of foams. Using polyols of various molecular weights, the fell of the foam can be improved to get even closer to latex foams. The use of a new parameter, the Comfort Aspect (CA) is described to express numerically the improvement in the foam touch.
Thermal Conductivity Reduction of Polyurethane Insulating Foam by In Situ Carbon Dioxide Removal
Authors: Ferrero-Heredia M. A. , Day J. , Ward W. J.
Published: July 2017

Polyurethane foam of the type used for most refrigerator insulation is currently blown in the United States with a mixture of diclorofluoroethane (R-141b), and CO2. The object of this work has been to reduce the thermal conductivity of this foam by passively removing CO2 from the cell gas of the foam. This work is applicable to foams blown with R-141b, R-356, cyclopentane, and other low-boiling liquids plus CO2. In work with hand-mixed foams we demonstrated that NaOH in the form of beads or powder is an effective material for in situ CO2 removal from foam. After removal of CO2, originally present at 14%, foam thermal conductivity at refrigerator operating conditions was reduced 9%.
Open-Celled Polyurethane Foam Based Vacuum Panel Technology: A Fully Polyurethane Based Composite Technology for Vacuum Insulated Appliances
Authors: De Vos R. , Rosbotham D. , Deschaght J.
Published: July 2017

Vacuum based insulation technology results, when introduced into appliances, in a substantial reduction in energy consumption of these appliances. This reduction depends on two factors: primarily on the vacuum panel technology used, but also, very importantly, on the quality of the polyurethane foam used to fill the confined space in the refrigerator walls after incorporation of the vacuum panels. ICI Polyurethanes has now developed both an open-celled, fine-celled polyurethane foam, eminently suitable for vacuum panel technology, and a polyurethane foaming technology, based on both CO2 and physical blowing agents, including alkanes, specifically designed to complement the vacuum panel technology. This paper reports on the status of both technologies. Since the morphology and physical properties of the open-celled polyurethane foam are substantially different from existing vacuum technologies, a complete assessment of the technical requirements for the open-celled foam has been performed. We believe the cost effectiveness, weight and ease of production weigh heavily in favour of the polyurethane foam based vacuum technology. In addition, the specific requirements for the encapsulation foam will be presented in terms of flow performance, pressure and temperature build-up and adhesion towards several liner materials. Evaluation of our technology is ongoing with a number of appliance manufacturers.
Factors Affecting the Long Term Dimensional Stability of Rigid Foam for the Construction Industry
Authors: Daems D. , Rosbotham D. , Singh S. N. , Franco M. V.
Published: July 2017

For several years, the polyurethanes industry has critically examined its products in order to meet all present, and possible future, US environmental regulations. Formulations have had to be adapted to new types of blowing agents in order to compare favourably with the thermal and fire performances previously achieved.

These changes have highlighted a need to understand the fundamental factors which determine the long term dimensional stability of foams. From the theoretical understanding, it is then possible to assess the validity of current test methods and to design improved tests for the prediction of long term dimensional stability with the new systems.

In this paper, the relevant fundamental factors have been examined individually. Factors which predominantly affect polymer strength, processing, diffusion of gases and plasticisation have been grouped together, and their combined effect, under different conditions and in different applications within construction, are discussed.

Furthermore, the prediction of long term behaviour via modelling is highlighted. Based on fundamental understanding and model calculations, a new test has been designed and a comparison made with standard predictive tests. The behaviour of several HCFC-141b and pentane blown foams in the test are also given.

It has been shown that the effect of the combined action of all parameters influencing the long term dimensional stability of foams has changed in new systems based on benign blowing agents, compared to conventional CFC-11 blown foams. It has also been shown that the new predictive test is better adapted and more critical than the standard test for these new systems.
Flammability Study of Hydrocarbon-Blown Isocyanurate Foams
Authors: Riley R. E. , Fishback T. L. , Yu-Hallada L. C.
Published: July 2017

Due to the escalating interest in zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) blowing agents throughout the world, hydrocarbons are seriously being considered as potential candidates for rigid foam applications. However, many rigid foam applications require a certain degree of fire resistance, a characteristic which the flammable nature of hydrocarbons would seem to oppose. Last year we presented a paper which detailed our initial work with hydrocarbon-blown foams produced on a lab-scale high pressure machine [1]. In that work, several techniques were explored which improve the flame resistance of isocyanurate foams. These techniques included increased index, inclusion of phosphorous, and the use of inerting co-blowing agents. This paper will present further work concerning the flammability of rigid isocyanurate foams blown with hydrocarbons, with a particular emphasis on cyclopentane as the primary blowing agent.

In this study we have investigated the use of various foaming techniques to suppress flammability. As in our previous paper, all foams were produced on a high pressure foam machine. Options which were explored include fire retardants, co-blowing agents, and increased foam indices. Results from small-scale fire tests are presented in order to compare the effectiveness of the different approaches. Mini-tunnel and hot plate test results are featured.
Antioxidant Systems for Stabilization of Flexible Polyurethane Slabstock Foams
Authors: Clauss M. , Andrews S. M. , Botkin J. H. , Macena L.
Published: July 2017

The flexible slabstock polyurethane foam industry has been undergoing regulatory changes in recent years. The mandated reduction in halogenated blowing agents (CFCs) has profound implications for the development of adequate heat stabilization systems for the slabstock foam. Increased bun temperatures and concomitant scorching can result when CFCs are not present to assist in heat removal from the bun. Newer forced cooling processes (blown air or carbon dioxide) still incur high bun temperatures, and the possibility exists for loss of volatile stabilizer additives which could result in bun scorching and discoloration.

The historical, and still prevalent stabilization approach utilizes BHT as a primary phenolic antioxidant, with an alkylated diphenylamine as co-stabilizer in some cases. However, the volatilization and loss of BHT from slabstocks during manufacture is known, resulting in inadequate bun stabilization, staining, etc. Consequently, antioxidant strategies utilizing lower volatility additives still are sought that inhibit the free radical, autocatalytic mechanisms of degradation.

This paper will review and contrast traditional stabilization strategies for polyols and flexible foam polyurethanes. Emphasis on lower volatility antioxidant replacements for BHT will be discussed. Data to be presented include thermal analysis (DSC, OIT) testing of polyols and flexible foams. Since color evaluations in scorched foams have been related to the effectiveness of the stabilization system used, these data will be discussed for polyurethane foams that were prepared in the laboratory and subjected to microwave oven scorch testing.
Low k-factor and Low Density HCFC-141b Appliance Foam
Authors: Doerge Herman P.
Published: July 2017

HCFC-141b blown rigid foams have now been used successfully for a couple of years in North America as insulation in refrigerated home appliances. Manufacturers have had time to adjust to the differences in processing between these systems and the CFC-11 systems that they replaced. Many appliance manufacturers have now focused their interest on foams that will provide lower cost without sacrificing properties or processing characteristics.

Although there are a number of ways to reduce cost, one of the best ways is to reduce the density of the foam. Bayer Corporation has previously reported on low density HCFC-141b appliance foam which had similar densities to CFC-11 foams of around 1.9 to 2.0 pounds per cubic foot (pcf). These foams had somewhat higher k-factors but still were successful in replacing some of the CFC-11 foams commercially. Other HCFC-141b foam systems were developed that gave equivalent or lower k-factor foams but at somewhat higher densities. These systems replaced most of the commercial CFC-11 systems.

Thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams is to a large extent affected by the blowing agent, the closed cell content, cell size and the density. It has been reported that there exists a minimum thermal conductivity in the density range of around 2 to 3 pcf for CFC-11 blown foams. This appears to be true also for HCFC-141b foams, although the density range may be slightly different or narrower. It is not easy to reduce the density below 2 pcf without increasing the k-factor of the foam. Around or below 2 pcf, the increase in k-factor is caused not only by an increase in the radiation contribution to thermal conductivity due to coarser cells but to higher open cell content and possible convection currents within the cells. Since strength properties are also affected by density. There is a need by developers and manufacturers to evaluate long term dimensional stability of lower density foams.

This paper will discuss the development of new low density HCFC-141b appliance foams which have similar k-factors compared to the majority of commercial appliance foam systems in the 2.1 to 2.2 pcf range. These new systems will also be shown to have substantially lower k-factors with only a slight increase in density compared to a commercial system in the 1.9 to 2.0 pcf range. In addition, physical properties and processing characteristics of these foams will be compared to commercial foams.
Solubility of Blowing Agents HCFC 142b, HFC 134a, HFC 125 and Isopropanol in Polystyrene
Authors: Daigneault Louis E. , Handa Y. Paul , Wong Betty , Caron Louis M.
Published: July 2017

The vapor-liquid equilibria of HCFC 142b, HFC 134a, HFC 125 and isopropanol in polystyrene were determined in a closed high pressure vessel at temperatures up to 220°C. Complete solubility maps are presented for each blowing agent, including conditions for phase separation in the polystyrene phase. In order of decreasing solubility, the blowing agents rank isopropanol > HCFC 142b > HFC 134a > HFC 125. In the cases of isopropanol and HFC 134a, some solubility results obtained by the vapor pressure method and those using a high-pressure electrobalance are compared.
Polyurethane: The Material of Choice for Occupant Protection and Energy Management
Authors: Yu-Hallada Lorraine C. , Kuczynski Edward T. , Weierstall Mark
Published: July 2017

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is mandated to promote improvements in automotive occupant protection by specifying vehicle crash-worthiness regulations in terms of forces and accelerations measured during test crashes. A primary focus of these Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) has been in the area of energy-management during the "second collision"—the collision between the occupant and the automotive interior. As relevant to energy-absorbing materials, regulations are continuously being revised and upgraded: FMVSS 201, head impact [HIC(d)] for pillars, roof rails, visors and instrument panels; FMVSS 208, passive restraint for head, upper-thorax and upper-leg protection; FMVSS 213, for child safety seats; FMVSS 214, for side impact protection; and FMVSS 218, for motorcycle helmets. In addition, manufacturers need to be concerned about the potential product liability for enhanced injuries due to the "second collision" when superior alternate materials are technologically available and commercially practical. As a result of these demands to improve occupant protection through energy-management materials, it was necessary to examine those that may find use in these applications, including: expanded polypropylene (EPP), expanded polystyrene (EPS), expanded polyphenylene oxide/polystyrene (EPPE/PS), and polyurethanes (PU).

The areas of examination and analysis are dynamic impact and static compression testing; -physical properties; flammability; dimensional stability and energy-absorption as a function of temperature; and chemical resistance. The advantages of polyurethane technology are in its versatility, diversity and adaptability to customer and application needs. Energy-absorbing polyurethanes have properties (e.g., low weight, moldability, relative temperature insensitivity) which allow the automobile manufacturers greater design flexibility at lower cost. Whereas thermoplastics have the one-dimensional ability to vary energy-absorption profiles only through density adjustment, polyurethanes can be customized to meet an infinite variety of energyabsorption profiles and performance characteristics through adjustments in either density and/or polymer structure. Energy-management polyurethanes can be produced as: rigid foams, friable or crushable; recoverable semi-rigid foams; or visco-elastic foams.

The object of this paper is to compare the physical properties and impact performance characteristics of EPP, EPS, EPPE/PS, and rigid and recoverable polyurethane foams. The results will show that energy-management polyurethane foams have performance properties which make them particularly suitable for occupant protection applications.
Polyurethane-Based Aerogels for Use as Environmentally Acceptable Super Insulants in the Future Appliance Market
Authors: Biesmans G. , Randall D. , Francais E. , Perrut M.
Published: July 2017

ICI Polyurethanes has talked extensively about the introduction of VACPAC* panels (polyurethane-based vacuum insulation panels) into the appliance market. Details have been presented at previous SPI and Utech meetings. In the meantime, extensive field tests have been carried out and, recently, several commercial models have been launched based on "VACPAC" panel technology.

Researchers all over the world are now working on a next generation super-insulation material called aerogels. Aerogels are lightweight, air-filled materials with a low thermal conductivity. The microporosity of these materials greatly reduces the air conductivity. Most of these materials are silica based and rather brittle in nature. Some work has been reported on organic polymeric aerogels.

We have now completed the laboratory development work of polyurethane- and polyisocyanurate-based organic aerogels. These materials offer a thermal conductivity of 7 mW/mK at a modest vacuum of 10 mbar. When no vacuum is applied, and the aerogel is completely filled with air, the thermal conductivity is 22 mW/Mk.

This paper describes the factors that have been optimized to develop an aerogel material which, in the long term, it is believed, will be a viable filler material in moderate vacuum technology. The project has been focused towards the appliance industry where energy requirements are becoming more and more stringent.
Tailoring the Performance of Molded Flexible Polyurethane Foams for Car Seats
Authors: Casati F. M. , Herrington R. M. , Broos R. , Miyazaki Y.
Published: July 2017

The automobile seat is a major element of contact between the occupant, the vehicle and ultimately the road surface. Flexible polyurethane foams are the material of choice for this application, not only because of the economies offered by large scale operations, but also because the cushioning characteristics of the foam/seat assembly can be adjusted. Commercially useful foams can be made from a variety of polyurethane molding chemistries. Recent advances in polyol and copolymer polyol technology, together with multiple isocyanate choices and even new foam manufacturing technologies, present the foam producers, seat assemblers and seat designers with a myriad of options.

The automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEM's) worldwide are looking for optimization of the balance between foam weight and foam specifications, with more emphasis than ever on comfort and durability. This goes with specific requirements for the various foam pads, i.e., front cushion, rear cushion, front back-rest and rear back-rest.

This paper presents new data showing how the choice of molding chemistry impacts not only foam processing and physical properties, but also the comfort and durability that can be expected from the final seat assembly.

Results from recent studies carried out by The Dow Chemical Company on a global basis and concentrating on static and dynamic fatigue, resiliency, vibration damping characteristics and humid aging, are presented in an effort to provide foam producers and users worldwide with up-to-date information useful in helping them to meet their present and future performance targets.
Impacts of Hemispherical Strikers on Polystyrene Bead Foam
Authors: Mills N. J. , Moosa A. S. I.
Published: July 2017

Polystyrene bead foam mouldings were impacted with a hemispherical striker of radius equal to the moulding thickness. Localised densification was observed below the contact area. A number of annular cracks initiated at bead boundaries at the moulding surface; the inner one grew most and limited load spreading. The extent of the main crack is determined by the yielded zone size. The impact force versus deflection response was predicted considering the vertical compressive stresses and the gas-pressure hardening of the foam. This gave good predictions for all but the 80 kg m-3 density foams, where hardening is mainly due to plastic deformation of the polymer.
Hydrocarbon Blown Rigid Polyurethane Foam for the Boardstock Industry—A Novel Approach
Authors: Berrier R. E. , Singh S. N. , Costa J. S. , Bonapersona V.
Published: July 2017

A challenge facing rigid polyurethane foam insulation today is the development of foam formulations and processing technologies that use blowing agents which are environmentally acceptable and produce foam having an excellent balance of properties. Rigid polyurethane foams are known for their outstanding combination of density, thermal resistivity, structural and fire performance, and cost-effectiveness. Such attributes are essential for, maintaining a competitive edge over alternate insulation materials.

Currently, hydrocarbons and HFCs are the two leading classes of blowing agents under consideration to replace HCFCs. The benefits and challenges for each of the viable blowing agents are well known. This study focuses on hydrocarbon blown foam where the primary challenge is to meet the required regulatory firetests together with providing superior aged thermal resistance and structural performance at low densities.

Learning from the ongoing commercial production with pentanes in Europe as well as from prior published works, this study systematically looks at the effects of selected polyurethane formulation and processing variables on the key polyurethane foam and laminate board performance characteristics. Formulation variables examined include pentane composition, index, and fire retardant. Processing variables examined include temperature, laydown, and the physical state of the blend.

Physical properties of the laminate board and foam are discussed. ASTM E84 and Factory Mutual Calorimeter test results are presented. The results are analyzed keeping in perspective findings from years of experience with CFC-11 and HCFC-141b blown foam. Based on these evaluations, this paper outlines the key material and processing requirements for the successful use of hydrocarbon blowing agents in the North American boardstock industry.
HFC-365mfc: A Versatile Blowing Agent for Rigid Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Zipfel L. , Börner K. , Krücke W , Barthélemy P , Dournel P
Published: July 2017

HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa are now well documented as promising blowing agents, and their production will come on stream in a few years. However, none has the same ideal boiling point as CFC-11 or HCFC-141b. Blends may offer the best compromise to customize the different end-use requirements. Two different directions for further developments have emerged from our work:

Two binary, non-azeotropic blends of HFC-365mfc with HFC-245fa or HFC-134a open the door to non-flammable blowing agents with a convenient boiling point in the range of 20 to 25°C (depending on actual composition) and a very good gas phase thermal conductivity. These new blowing agents could be safely used in the same manner as CFC-11 or HCFC-141b, but would be the most expensive option in the series of blowing agents currently under examination. It would fit the needs of foamers looking especially for non flammability (ease of handling, low investments) and optimized foam thermal conductivity.

Three low boiling, binary azeotropes have been found with HFC-365mfc and the three pentane isomers (n-, iso-, and cyclo-pentane). Although these azeotropes are flammable, they open the door to more cost effective formulations with improved properties over formulations blown with straight pentane.

It is anticipated that each mixed blowing agent now under investigation will find applications in specific end-uses. HFC-365mfc appears to be a key building block to design a full range of blowing agents which offers a wide flexibility to system houses and polyurethane foamers, both in the direction of non flammable or flammable blowing agents.

Semi industrial trials with the blends and industrial trials with straight HFC-365mfc are reported as a practice related example of the suitability of these blowing agents.
Liquid Carbon Dioxide Foaming in Flexible Slabstock Foam Production—A Challenge to be Met with New Structural Building Blocks
Authors: Burkhart G. , Langenhagen R. , Weier A.
Published: July 2017

The introduction of liquid carbon dioxide foaming into the production of polyurethane foams a few years ago created a challenge for the whole industry. That is true for the equipment as well as for the raw material suppliers-and especially so for any additive supplier. The new foaming technology created a demand for processing conditions and ingredients that would meet the challenge of providing the additional nucleation required without sacrificing other important performance aspects. The important role of the surfactant used has been recognized even with the start of this future-shaping technology.

This alone justified a higher interest in the questions "How do the different structural parts of a surfactant molecule influence its performance?" and "Which structural pattern is useful for the controlled design of surfactant performance for the new level of nucleation needs?"

To keep other vital performance aspects, these structural patterns then have to be combined with the polydimethylsiloxane-polyether-copolymer structure of foam surfactants commonly utilized today which are mainly based on a combination of just three structural units: the methyl substituted siloxane backbone as well as a sophisticated combination of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide forming the attached polyethers.

This paper will describe our work in the liquid carbon dioxide field and the resulting structure-performance relationships of flexible slabstock polyurethane foam surfactants. It will also link those structure-performance relationships to different possible applications like fr-or non-fr-foams. A number of building blocks will be introduced for the novel design of these performance additives. Especially in view of further industrial trends, these novel structural units should open up the possibility for new foam surfactants with adjusted and improved performance profiles.
Current Developments in Police Accountability
Authors: Reid Kiron
Published: July 2017

This article provides an overview of recent and current developments affecting police accountability in England and Wales. The article also highlights key features of the government's police reform agenda, including legislation that is likely in the medium term. The Police Act 1996 consolidated changes to the traditional ‘tripartite’ system of police accountability but change has continued rapidly thereafter. The article explains the role of the National Crime Squad and National Criminal Intelligence Service and the increasing importance of Europol. These are likely to become of even greater importance post-11 September 2001. Other national developments such as changes to the military police, British Transport Police and proposals for an independent system of police complaints are also evaluated.
The Hybrid Hero: A Contagious Counterexample
Authors: Van Tourhout Benjamin
Published: July 2017

Fictional heroes have been considered as moral exemplars and as entertaining and soothing characters. Their creators, however, do not work in a vacuum. Therefore, the emergence of heroic narratives is closely connected to a specific space and time context. In this article, I propose a heroic cycle which consist of three different heroic types creators use to cope with events in reality. This cycle consists of the classic hero, the flawed hero, and the contemporary (post 9/11) type of hero which will be defined and described as a hybrid hero. This hybrid hero became very popular in recent years and just as its counterpart, the franchised hero tries with a specific set of characteristics and moral frameworks, to provide a jouissance for audiences (Barthes, 1975). By doing so, these heroes try to sooth, entertain, or challenge their audiences. Both the hybrid and the franchised hero focus on the reception by audiences although their means and behavior differ on many levels. Although the research and development of the hybrid hero is still at its initial stage, this article elaborates on its construction and conceptualizations as fictional character and as moral challenger in today’s fiction. The hybrid hero challenges both audience and creators on empathic, moral, and narrative levels and is a contemporary symbiosis of heroic and villainous features. The text consists of two parts: first, background and contextualization and second, a description of a case study ( The Borgia Trilogy, a theatre performance which Van Tourhout created) to clarify the empathic and narrative features of hybrid heroes.
Effective Mainstreaming for the Learning Disabled Student With Behavior Problems
Authors: Demers Lois A
Published: July 2017

This program was developed to minimize classroom disruptions which often occur when a behavior problem student from a special education homeroom is placed in the mainstream. The program also was designed to encourage on-task performance and work completion both in the homeroom and mainstream settings. Behavior change was the primary goal; it follows that academic progress frequently occurs as a result of increased task completion. Length of time in the program varied for each student from one to three years. The program initially was supportive and highly structured, however, according to program design, the pupil gradually became more self-reliant and less dependent on the system. Consequently, a more transitional return to the regular class or to a less restrictive educational environment could be shaped gradually. The program was most effective when used in its entirety. Some teachers, however, were more comfortable and have found some success by using modified versions or isolated aspects of the program.
A Review of Some Alternative Approaches to Drug Management of Hyperactivity in Children
Authors: Walden Everett L. , Thompson Sheila A.
Published: July 2017

Numerous theories concerning the etiology of hyperkinesis have been proposed in recent years, adding to the mystery of this syndrome. But, regardless of causation, the most outstanding symptom of hyperkinesis-hyperactivity-remains a problem for educators and parents.

The most common treatment for hyperactivity has been the use of psychotropic drugs, and is seen by many as a panacea for resolving hyperactive behavior problems. The rationale for their use is that if drugs can help decrease the symptoms of hyperactivity and increase the benefits of educational exposure, then drug therapy has served a useful purpose.

Since some children experience negative side effects, and the long-term consequences of chemical management have not been thoroughly investigated, drug therapy should be considered a more extreme alternative to nonmedical management. Available intervention techniques for treating the hyperactive child include a wide range of alternatives to chemical management and should be used whenever possible prior to the initiation of chemical intervention.
Does a Discussion by Any Other Name Sound the Same? Teaching Discussion in Three ELA Methods Courses
Authors: Alston Chandra L. , Danielson Katie A. , Dutro Elizabeth , Cartun Ashley
Published: July 2017

Facilitating discussions in English Language Arts can develop students’ skills as speakers and listeners and their ability to engage with diverse perspectives. However, classroom observations often demonstrate a lack of student talk, raising questions about the complexity of facilitating discussion and teachers’ opportunities to learn and hone the practice. In this article, we discuss how teacher educators leveraged a collaboratively designed specification of the practice of facilitating discussions to attempt some alignment across three programs. The teacher educators reached what we call alignment amid variation. There was consistency in the stances regarding the role of children in classrooms and understanding of the purposes for and key aspects of the practice that allowed for alignment amid variation in their work with novice teachers across programs. Our findings have implications for considering the work of cross-institutional collaborations to improve teacher preparation and K-12 student learning.
Segment Inventories for Speech Synthesis
Authors: Sivertsen Eva
Published: July 2017

Speech synthesis may be based on a segmentation of the speech continuum either into simultaneous components or into successive time segments. The time segments may be of varying size and type: phonemes, phoneme dyads, syllable nuclei and margins, half-syllables, syllables, syllable dyads, and words.

In order to obtain an estimate of the size of the segment inventory for each type of segment, a phonological study was made of the particular phoneme sequences which occur in English, particularly in relation to the immediate constituents of the syllable (nucleus and margin) and to the syllable. An estimate was also made of the number of prosodic conditions required for each type of phoneme sequence.

It was found that in general there is a direct relationship between the length of the segment and the size of the inventory. However, when the borders of the proposed segments do not coincide with the borders of linguistic units, the inventory has to be relatively large.

The value of using the various types of segment for speech synthesis is discussed, both for basic research on speech and for practical application to a communication system with high intelligibility.
The Interaction of Vocal Context and Lexical Predictability
Authors: Weinstein Robert S. , Feldstein Stanley , Jaffe Joseph
Published: July 2017

The study tested the hypothesis that there is a positive relation between increasing vocal and written context and the predictability of words deleted from texts of spontaneous speech. 5 steps of increasing context were distributed among 8 treatment groups. The first 4 steps ranged from deleted typed context alone to deleted typed context plus typed and recorded versions of additional undeleted context. The fifth step was a recorded version (appropriately deleted) of the deleted typed context that was added, in 4 of the treatment groups, to each of the first four steps. Analysis of variance yielded an F of 6.347 for the effects of the first 4 steps, and an F of 30.864 for the effect of the maximum, or deleted recorded context. The results suggest that vocal context does facilitate predictability when immediately pertinent to the predictive context or in combination with additional lexical context.
Lexical Choice and Social Class
Authors: Osser Harry , Endler Norman S.
Published: July 2017

Two groups of subjects varying in social class background were presented with a questionnaire designed to examine their language usage. It was hypothesized that upper-class subjects would, when given the choice between an American word and a British word, select the British word more often than lower-class subjects given the same choice. The results indicated that there was a significant interaction between social class membership and language usage. The UC subjects used more British words than the LC subjects, who in turn used more American words than the UC subjects. The results were interpreted in terms of the differences in cultural identification between the two groups.
Further Experiments in the "Search for Tonics"
Authors: Currie Karen L.
Published: July 2017

The experiments reported in the present paper were set up in order to restrict some of the syntactic and semantic criteria involved in the task of tonic identification. Experiment 2 examines tonic identification in a particular type of contrastive sentence and in cleft sentences. Experiments 3-5 examine the effect of the discourse on tonic identification. The results indicate that when the information focus is a contrasted element that contradicts a previous element, the information focus is identified consistently as tonic. When the information focus is a "new" element realized as the leftmost lexical item in a sentence, it is normally identified as the tonic, but if judges are asked to identify tonics in utterances that do not have a clear "given/new" structure, then several tonics are identified. The results indicate, therefore, that the tone group in its unmarked form will contain several peaks of prominence.
The Function of the Epiglottis in Speech
Authors: Laufer Asher , Condax I.D.
Published: July 2017

We have investigated the movements of the epiglottis in speech by speakers of Hebrew. The epiglottis functions as an articulator in the production of pharyngeal consonants and in the vowel /a/. It is also involved in whisper. In pharyngeals, the epiglottis articulates against the posterior pharyngeal wall; the constriction varies from a full closure (pharyngeal stop) in some examples of /?/ in slow careful speech, through a narrow opening for the fricatives /h/ and other examples of /?/ in connected speech, to a fairly open glide in yet other examples of /?/ in rapid or casual style. In the vowel /a/, the opening between the pharynx and the epiglottis is of the same general shape as for the pharyngeal consonants, but larger. In the case of both consonants and /a/, however, the size of the opening is never large enough to pull the lateral edges of the epiglottis away from the posterior pharyngeal wall. That is, air passes only through a passage bounded by the epiglottis and the pharynx, and never escapes along the tongue root lateral to the epiglottis. The epiglottis folds toward the pharyngeal wall independently of the tongue root in consonants; this independence is seen in some cases of /a/ and not others; in whisper, the epiglottis is generally more retracted than in normal speech but otherwise moves as usual. Our conclusions are based on 100 minutes of videotape made using a fiberscope positioned in the upper pharynx, spectrograms, and dissections. We conclude that the epiglottis is an active, independent, and acoustically significant articulator.
The Development of Idiomatic Meaning in Children
Authors: Prinz Philip M.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the development of idiomatic expression. Sixty subjects were presented with a series of drawings corresponding to sentences exhibiting dual semantic representation (i.e., a literal and an idiomatic component). A literalization strategy appeared to be operating between the ages of 6 and 9 years and an idiomatization strategy predominated from the age of 9 through adulthood. Comprehension of idiomatic meaning appeared to develop prior to the ability to verbally interpret idioms.
Parameters of Speech Rate Perception in German Words and Sentences: Duration, Fo Movement, and Fo Level
Authors: Kohler K. J
Published: July 2017

Through four sets of experiments, this paper examines the contributions of duration, overall Fo level and Fo movement to the perception of speech rate in German words and sentences, as well as the influences of perceived tempo changes on segment identity. Overall duration constitutes the most important cue, and overall Fo level is stronger than Fo movement. A higher Fo level cues a faster, a lower Fo level a slower speed, in relation to some medium reference. An Fo movement below or above a preceding Fo level signals a decrease or an increase in speech rate, respectively. Gliding changes have greater cue strength than stepwise changes, and early glides in stressed-unstressed syllable sequences are stronger than later ones. Segment perception that relies on local duration ratios takes their tempo-induced changes into account: The identification functions shift to higher ratios for slower speech rates and to lower ratios for faster speech rates. These perceptual findings are closely linked with the timing and Fo control in speech production.
When and Why Are Voters Correct in Their Evaluations of Specific Government Performance?
Authors: Naurin Elin , Oscarsson Henrik Ekengren
Published: July 2017

Democratic theories expect citizens to be able to accurately evaluate fulfilment of parties’ election pledges. We use specifically designed survey items from the Swedish National Election Study to compare citizens’ perceptions of the fulfilment of specific party pledges with actual fulfilment and assess circumstances that lead to correct evaluations. We find that political knowledge triumphs partisan attachments to incumbent parties when it comes to explaining why voters are correct. The results are interesting in light of common knowledge about the importance of partisan attachment in evaluations of general government performance: We argue that when specific election pledges are being evaluated, personal heuristics, such as attachments to incumbent parties, play a lesser role for judgements. Instead, the specificity embedded in the evaluation encourages citizens to engage in a more knowledge-based evaluation of whether pledges are fulfilled or not.
Effect of Light upon Wool: Part I: Greening and Yellowing by “Germicidal” Ultraviolet
Authors: Launer Herbert F.
Published: July 2017

Radiant energy from “Germicidal” lamps, consisting of 89% of ultraviolet at 253.7 mμ, caused undyed wool fabrics to become strongly greenish-yellow in air of normal moisture content. Comparative reflectance and absorption measurements indicate that the color is due to the production by this ultraviolet of probably two or more substances that absorb in the violet-blue and in the orange regions. The violet-blue absorber, which accounts for the yellowness, increased with time and temperature of irradiation. The orange (together with the violet-blue) absorber accounts for the greenness; it varied with time and temperature and reached a maximum in 45 min (direct contact with lamp). Greening was not evident under 2.5 min or over 10 hr. Both absorbers were produced in dark reactions that follow the initial photochemical reactions, as shown by the effect of temperature, which was greater for the orange absorber. The rate of formation of both absorbers, but especially the orange, was decreased by even moderately impeding the flow of air to the wool during irradiation. Ozone was not involved. Tristimulus and Munsell color values are given for comparison in one case. The effects of ultraviolet were practically indistinguishable for 6.1-oz flannel purified with solvents and for tropical worsted and 4.7-oz flannel of normal grease and oil content.
Studies on Chemically Modified Cotton
Authors: Pandey S. N. , Iyengar R. L. N.
Published: July 2017

This study describes the effects of chemical treatments with varying concentrations of ethylamine, ethylenediamine (EDA), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) on various properties of cotton fiber, such as crystallinity, moisture regain, DP, and tensile, mechanical, and optical properties. Concentrations of 70–90% EDA, 70% and higher ethylamine, 20% and higher KOH, and 7–10% LiOH showed marked changes in cellulose crystallinity and some other properties. Maximum change was produced by KOH and ethylamine, while EDA produced the least effect. Most of the treatments also reduced the DP, tensile strength at 0 gauge and birefringence values, but increased moisture regain, percent elongation and fiber toughness considerably.
Factional Behavior of Textile Yarns
Authors: Olsen J. S.
Published: July 2017

A method and an apparatus for determining frictional properties of continuous filament textile yarns are described. A general hypothesis relating friction with boundary, semi-boundary, and hydrodynamic conditions is presented along with a discussion on stick-slip friction. The influence of guide surface roughness, lubricant viscosity, threadline speed, guide temperature, guide diameter, and lubricant concentration on yarn friction is described. The relationship between friction mechanism and guide wear is also discussed.
Oil-Repellent Finish for Cotton Based on Fluorinated Amines
Authors: Ellzey S. E. , Connick W. J. , Drake G. L. , Reeves W. A.
Published: July 2017

A new finish for cotton fabric which imparts high oil repellency with low water repellency is described. The finish is based on the reaction of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium chloride and 1,1-dihydroperfluorooctylamine and is applied from aqueous emulsions with a gaseous ammonia cure. The emulsion is suitable for simultaneous application with a typical permanent-press agent to obtain wrinkle-recovery properties. In soiling tests, certain of the soiling properties of the finish showed an improvement over commercially used fluorocarbon treatments in the range of add-ons studied.
Effect of Zonal Structure of Some Fibers on the Penetration Thermokinetics
Authors: Balcerzyk Edward , Kozlowski Wojciech , Wlodarski Gabriel
Published: July 2017

Studies have been carried out on the thermokinetics of penetration of suitable selected liquids into cellulose, protein and polyvinyl alcohol fibers. The selection of penetrants was made on the basis of a previous finding that some liquids penetrate slowly into the accessible regions of particular types of fibers.

The thermokinetics of the action of these liquids on fibers of mono- and bizonal structures has been studied.

It has been found that, in the case of monozonal fibers the shape of thermogram is a result of, at least, two penetration processes which proceed at different rates, namely, a relatively quick penetration of liquid into interfibrillar spaces (micropores) and a slow penetration into intermolecular regions (intermolecular diffusion). As a result, “head-tail” and “two-maxima” type composite thermograms are obtained. The former is mostly common for monozonal fibers. In the case of bizonal fibers, the shape of the thermograms is dependent, first of all, on the fiber group. The thermograms have mostly two maxima. However, it is difficult to find a relation between the zonal structure of fiber and the shape of thermograms on the basis of a quality assessment. Examination of changes in the thermogram shape in the case of annealed samples or analysis of thermograms of the action of concentrated NaOH solution on fibers allow to find a closer relationship between the shape of thermograms and the zonal structure of fibers.
The Action of Periodic Acid and its Salts on Wool
Authors: Kantouch A. , Bendak A.
Published: July 2017

Sulfur and nitrogen of periodate-oxidized wool as well as resulting oxidation compounds were investigated. It was found that sulfur content decreased gradually with oxidation. The greatest part of this decrease was found in solution either as sulfuric acid or as sulfur-containing proteinic products. Nitrogen content of wool is nearly unaffected by periodate treatment. Aldehyde oxidation products condense with amino groups of wool, as indicated by infrared spectroscopy. The acid-binding capacity of periodate-treated wool decreased with oxidation, most probably because of the blocking of free amino groups. The amide content as well as the base-binding capacity increase with oxidation. A reaction mechanism for periodate oxidation with wool is suggested.