bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music And Emotion: Perspectives From Music Therapy
Authors: Bunt Leslie , Pavlicevic Mercédès
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the relationship between music and emotion from within what is generally called ‘improvisational music therapy’ and aims to explore how a music therapist begins to generate and receive patients’ emotional responses to the music in music therapy.We do not attempt to duplicate existing literature by reviewing the clinical and research literature of music therapy, nor do we provide an overview of the profession and the various applications of music as therapy. Instead, the chapter is divided into three main sections.We begin with some general background to music therapy and how connections with emotions are observed in clinical practice. Then follows a summary of a study that investigated how music therapists are able to judge the intended presentation of a series of basic emotions by listening to short improvisations played live by colleagues. This hopefully sheds light on the complex range of emotions within the more natural interplay of the patient’s and therapist’s improvised music. In the final section, we explore this world of co-created music with patients in music therapy by examining recent work on early infant development and elaborating on the connections between themusical and personal in improvisationalmusic therapy using the theoretical concept of dynamic form.
Dynamical Theory Of Crystal Lattices
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun
Published: November 2023

This book was begun during the War, about fourteen years ago. My first book on crystals had appeared during the First World War, under the title Dynamik der Kristallgitter (Teubner, 1915). A few years later I was invited by Sommerfeld to write an article on the subject for the Mathematical Encyclopaedia. This appeared in volume v, p. 527, under the title ‘Atomtheorie des festen Zustandes’ and was published as a separate book (Teubner, 1923).
Resistance and Revolt
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

If the later years of Aulus Plautius’ governorship seem to be a period of military consolidation within which a new province could be shaped, the period following is marked by violent reaction from the Britons. The Romans were manifestly here to stay, but one may wonder from subsequent events whether there would have been internal resistance but for Roman policy itself In the mean time, the change of governor in 47 was marked by an attack by hostile tribes from outside the conquered territory, thinking that, with the onset of winter, they would take a new commander by surprise. Publius Ostorius Scapula, however, was not the man to hesitate. He marched at speed at the head of a number of lightly armed cohorts, and stamped out all opposition. His next action, however, may have appeared to show military sense, but lacked political judgement. An attractive emendation of an apparently corrupt text of Tacitus, if correct, tells us that Ostorius ‘prepared to tame everything this side of the Trent and Severn’. It is likely to refer both to the establishment of some of the later Claudian forts and to the disarming of tribes within the south and east that had so far been allowed to keep their weapons. The decision may have stemmed from the intention to move more troops forward in preparation for forther conquest, but it can also be envisaged as part of the general policy of ‘reducing the nearest part of Britain into the form of a province’.
Marcus Aureliusand Commodus
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

163 by Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, well known to Romano British specialists because of the number of his building inscriptions on Hadrian’s Wall and forther south. Before either was appointed, however, there had been a greater event. Early in 161 Antoninus Pius died and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, now known more widely for his reputation as a philosopher than for his acts as emperor. Yet in many ways the power of his Meditations is due to the personal stress caused by his intense devotion to the twin ideals of Stoicism as recognized by the aristocracyservice to the state and withdrawal into self. Marcus suffered the extreme condition of the characteristically Roman conflict between otium and negotium, having a passionate feeling for philosophy but conducting a reign tormented by almost continuous warfare. We tend to think loosely of the ‘Antonine Age’ (by which is generally meant the period from the death of Hadrian to the accession of Septimius Severus in 193) as a unity, in many ways the golden age of the empire. Yet the pressures on the imperial government were very different under Marcus from those that faced Antoninus Pius. The relatively peaceful frontiers of Antoninus’ reign were now struck by major attack from outside: on the Rhine, in the east, and, by far the worst, on the Danube. Thereafter Rome was rarely to be free from serious pressure on her frontiers: the wars of the reign of Marcus were the harbingers of the imperial crisis that was to last for more than a century and transform the empire.
The Tetrarchy
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

‘Medieval history’ traditionally starts with the accession of Diocletian in ad 284. It has become conventional to accept the subsequent ‘reforms’—constitutional, political, military, social, economic, and religious—as marking a decisive break between the ancient and medieval worlds. Most of all, attention is drawn to the establishment of the ‘Christian Empire’ by Constantine (the Edict of Milan conferring imperial favour on the Church was issued in 313), and the foundation of Constantinople by the same emperor in 324. Nevertheless, the landmark date of 284 is of more convenience to the medieval historian and the Byzantinist than it is to those studying the ancient world. Whatever the magnitude of the changes in the forty years after the accession of Diocletian, fourth-century Britain had much more in common with its own history since the Claudian conquest than with its condition in the centuries after the end of Roman rule. With Diocletian, we are not entering the Middle Ages, but the ‘late Roman’ world.
Introduction
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

This is a narrative history of the USSR from the end of World War II to its collapse in 1991. It has been designed with the general reader in mind and does not set out to be comprehensive; foreign affairs and defense issues have been excluded. The emphasis is on the central themes of political, economic, social, and cultural development, with a good deal of attention being paid to the key problem of inter-ethnic relations. For whatever else the Soviet Union may have been, it was certainly an empire-although one of a peculiar kind, since it cost Russians dear as well as non-Russians.
Reorienting the Economy
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

In the post-Stalin era the command (‘planned’) economy, for all its built-in defects, still had reserves of strength that could be tapped to obtain a high rate of growth. Fundamentally this was a natural process of recovery from the ravages of war, as in Western countries at this time, but government policy also had much to do with it. In Stalin’s last years the interests of consumers, and peasants in particular, had been deliberately neglected in favour of investment of resources in producers’ goods-in Soviet parlance, ‘Group A’ industries as distinct from those in ‘Group B’ that catered to citizens’ current needs.
Hoping to heal
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 we encountered the metaphor at the literal heart of the term brainwashing: the use of water to cleanse and purify. We now turn to another, closely related metaphor: that of healing. From the time the word was born, analogies have been drawn between brainwashing and treating sick minds. Edward Hunter, for example, makes the comparison early on in Brain-washing in Red China when describing how he interviewed a Chinese student, Chi Sze-chen, who had undergone thought reform. Chi’s descriptions trigger Hunter’s memories of ‘a most modern sanitarium’ in America, where Hunter had gone to visit a sick friend.
Our ever-changing brains
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Neuroscience, the investigation of brains, is a child of the Enlightenment, born of the belief that nothing is out of bounds to science.1 Like her sister, genetics, she grew up in the twentieth century, overshadowed by their older sibling physics, who has changed all our lives and has blood on her altar to prove it. Genetics promises even greater accomplishments, boasting of how she will one day conquer the world. Compared to these showy teenagers, neuroscience is a quiet Cinderella. But some say that she will outstrip her sisters, changing not only the world we live in, not only the bodies we are born with, but the thoughts and selves and cultures we create.
That freedom thing
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

At the end of Chapter 6 I discussed six ideas central to brainwashing: power, change, causation, responsibility, the self, and free will. Brainwashing involves exerting power over a victim or victims, causing changes in both thought and behaviour. These changes may be so profound that they affect victims’ strongest beliefs, the core of the self. Brainwashed people no longer have free will: they must act as the brainwasher commands. Yet successful brainwashing leaves victims unaware of their new-found slavery; they still regard themselves as free, responsible agents. Unless their brainwashing becomes a matter of public knowledge, society will make the same judgement.
‘The Happiest Thought of my Life’
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

The February 17, 1921, issue of Nature is almost completely devoted to relativity. It appeared at a time when ‘in two cases predicted [by general relativity) phenomena for which no satisfactory alternative explanation is forthcoming have been confirmed by observation, and the third is still a subject of inquiry’ [L1]. The first two phenomena are the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the bending of light by the sun. Both effects had been calculated by Einstein in 1915. The first agreed very well indeed with long-known observations. The second had waited until 1919 for confirmation. The third was the red shift of radiation, the experimental magnitude of which was still under advisement in 1921.
The New Dynamics
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Einstein arrived at the special theory of relativity after thinking for ten years about the properties of light. Electromagnetism was not the only area of physics that attracted his attention during those years. In the intervening time, he also thought hard about statistical mechanics and about the meaning of Planck’s radiation law. In addition, he tried his hand at experiments. The final steps leading to his June 1905 paper were made in an intense burst of activity that lasted for less than two months. Einstein arrived at the general theory of relativity after thinking for eight years about gravitation. This was not the only area of physics which attracted his attention during those years. In the intervening time, he also thought hard about quantum physics and about statistical mechanics. In addition, he tried his hand at experiments. The final steps leading to his November 25, 1915, paper were made in an intense burst of activity that lasted for less than two months.
‘The Suddenly Famous Doctor Einstein’
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Part IV of this book began with an account of Einstein’s arrival in Berlin, his separation from Mileva, his reactions to the First World War, and his earliest activities in the political sphere. This was followed by a description of the final phases in the creation of general relativity. In the previous chapter, Einstein’s role in the further development of this theory and its impact on later generations of physicists were discussed. In this chapter, I turn to the impact of general relativity on the world at large, an impact that led to the abrupt emergence of Einstein as a charismatic figure and a focus of awe, reverence, and hatred. I also continue the story, begun in Section 14a, of Einstein’s years in Berlin. To begin with, I return to the days just after November 1915, when Einstein completed his work on the foundations of general relativity.
Preliminaries
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In 1948, I undertook to put together the Festschrift in honor of Einstein’s seventieth birthday [R1]. In a letter to prospective contributors, I wrote, ‘It is planned that the first article of the volume shall be of a more personal nature and, written by a representative colleague, shall pay homage to Einstein on behalf of all contributors’ [Pl]. I then asked Robert Andrews Millikan to do the honors, as the senior contributor.* He accepted and his article is written in his customary forthright manner.
The Photon
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

I now continue the tale of the light-quantum, a subject on which Einstein published first in 1905, then again in 1906. Not long thereafter, there began the period I earlier called ‘three and a half years of silence,’ during which he was again intensely preoccupied with radiation and during which he wrote to Laub, ‘I am incessantly busy with the question of radiation This quantum question is so uncommonly important and difficult that it should concern everyone’ [El). Our next subject will be two profound papers on radiation published in 1909. The first one [E2] was completed while Einstein was still a technical expert second class at the patent office. The second one [E3] was presented to a conference at Salzburg in September, shortly after he had been appointed associate professor in Zurich. These papers are not as widely known as they should be because they address questions of principle without offering any new experimental conclusion or prediction, as had been the case for the first light-quantum paper (photoeffect) and the paper on specific heats.
Interlude: The BKS Proposal
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In January 1924, Niels Bohr, Hendrik Anton Kramers, and John Clarke Slater submitted to the Philosophical Magazine an article [Bl] that contained drastic theoretical proposals concerning the interaction of light and matter. It was written after Compton’s discovery, yet it rejected the photon. It was also written after Einstein and Bohr had met. This chapter on the BKS proposal serves a twofold purpose. It is a postscript to the story of the photon and a prelude to the Bohr Einstein dialogue which will occupy us more fully later on. I have already mentioned that Einstein was immediately and strongly impressed by Bohr’s work of 1913. The two men did not yet know each other at that time. A number of years were to pass before their first encounter; meanwhile, they followed each other’s published work.
Of Tensors and a Hearing Aid and Many Other Things: Einstein’s Collaborators
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

All of Einstein’s major papers are his alone. However, over the years he had a remarkably large number, more than thirty, of co-workers. Einstein did not like crowds, never cared for teaching classes, and did not create a school. But he loved to talk physics, as was illustrated in such delightful ways during the session of the Einstein symposium in Princeton devoted to ‘working with Einstein’ [Wl]. The four men who reminisced on that occasion had all worked with him during the 1930s and 1940s. Their respective collaborative efforts all dealt with general relativity and unified field theory, Einstein’s exclusive interests during that period. All of them were men much younger than Einstein who had come to him in the formative stages of their development.
Portrait of Walton
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

William Walton's place in 20th-century music cannot easily be decided only a few years after his death. Regarded in his youth as an experimentalist and then hailed as Elgar's successor, he was increasingly 'written off' by some critics for repeating himself and for failing to fulfil the promise of his early masterpieces. He was displaced by Britten and later by Tippett. Yet he had champions among international conductors and soloists and his works retained their popularity with audiences. From Michael Kennedy's illuminating study Walton's personality emerges as complex and contradictory: appearing to deprecate himself, and to take life lightly, he was, in fact, profoundly conscientious and self-critical, easily hurt and depressed, prone to jealousy of others' achievements, and, at the end, frustrated by his creative impotence. But at the same time he was witty and generous, bore no grudges, and enjoyed the loyalty of a host of friends. Michael Kennedy draws on the composer's correspondence with influential figures of the day - among them Siegfried Sassoon, Benjamin Britten, Malcolm Arnold, and André Previn - and assesses Walton's life and music candidly and compassionately.
Emotion
Authors: Evans Dylan
Published: November 2023

Was love invented by European poets in the Middle Ages or is it part of human nature? Will winning the lottery really make you happy? Is it possible to build robots that have feelings? These are just some of the intriguing questions explored in this guide to the latest thinking about the emotions. Drawing on a wide range of scientific research, from anthropology and psychology to neuroscience and artificial intelligence, Emotion: The Science of Sentiment takes the reader on a fascinating journey into the human heart.
Short cuts to happiness
Authors: Evans Dylan
Published: November 2023

In an attempt to answer this question, psychologists have compiled a huge database on what makes people happy. Happiness is not the same as joy, but it is closely linked. Joy is a basic emotion, and, like the other basic emotions, a single episode lasts only a few seconds, rarely more than a minute. Happiness is a mood, and moods last much longer—from several minutes to several hours. Moods are background states that raise or lower our susceptibility to emotional stimuli. In a happy
The head and the heart
Authors: Evans Dylan
Published: November 2023

People have long been interested in the way that emotions affect our cognitive capacities. In his book on rhetoric, Aristotle noted that ‘feelings are conditions that cause us to change and alter our judgements’. In recent years, a growing amount of experimental work has helped to pinpoint the nature of these effects. This chapter explores some of this work in relation to three cognitive capacities: attention, memory, and logical reasoning.
Play: A Context for Mutual Regulation Within Mother-Child Interaction
Authors: Mccune Lorraine , Dipane Donna , Fireoved Ruth , Fleck Mary
Published: November 2023

Mothers and their infants are linked in a process of interaction whereby each continually affects the other (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The characteristic of mutual regulation within mother-child interaction can be addressed by focusing on two dynamic aspects of the interchange. The first aspect deals with the child’s developing maturity, as evidenced by level of cognition, language, and independence. The second involves the mother’s calibration of her own role in relation to the child’s level of functioning, which can be seen in her responsive and initiating actions with the child (Clarke-Stewart, Vanderstoep, & Killian, 1979; Rocissano & Yatchmink, 1983, 1984). Play situations provide the ideal opportunity for such mutual regulation to grow because rules, goals, and limits are established by the play partners rather than by external experiences. The goal of this chapter is to explore these two aspects in relation to their influence on the process of mutual regulation within the mother child interaction in a play setting. We will describe developmental trends in the character of mutual regulation and examine individual differences that are not immediately apparent in group findings.
Windows on Social Worlds: Gender Differences in Children’s Play Narratives
Authors: Tarullo Louisa B
Published: November 2023

Each of these brief stories paints a world of human relationships. But in the first story, life is perilous; there is more concern with ritual after death than with motivation for violence. The vivid scene is external, focusing on action rather than psychological experience. In the second story, we hear the conversations, internal and mutual, of the characters; we are privy to their worries and to their reconciliation. The first narrator is a boy, the second a girl. Their sharply contrasting narratives are not necessarily average, or typical, of their gender and social groups. Instead, they are narratives of a boy and a girl “at the extremes,” who let us see the subtle differences that may grow into different adult orientations toward relationships and morality.
Learned Helplessness in People
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

As we spelled out in Chapter 2, the controversy with regard to animal helplessness revolves around the adequacy of the learned helplessness model to explain the deficits produced in the laboratory by uncontrollability. In contrast, researchers investigating helplessness in people have proceeded differently, and controversy with regard to human helplessness reflects different issues. Human helplessness research started with an explanation for why people show deficits following uncontrollability: the cognitive account known as the learned helplessness model. The task of the researcher has been to produce in the laboratory the phenomenon explained by this model.
The physiological basis of selective attention: implications of event-related potential studies
Authors: Woods David L
Published: November 2023

Selective attention (SA)refers to the preferential detection, identification, and recognition of selected stimuli in an environment containing multiple sources of stimulation. SA is engaged at some level in almost all tasks, since even if a subject attends to only one object, proprioceptive and interoceptive inputs compete for attentional resources.
Event-Related Brain Potentials And Human Factors Research
Authors: Parasuraman Raja
Published: November 2023

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have been applied to many practical problems in medicine, most notably in neurology and, with somewhat less success, in neuropsychiatry. Applications of ERPs to problems in engineering and systems design have been much less frequent and, as a result, less visibly successful.
Biochromes: Pigments and Photoreception
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

Photosensitivity of living organisms depends on the absorption of light by a pigment molecule or a system of pigment molecules. Living organisms synthesize pigments to capture the energy of light. What are these pigments and how are they chemically structured for photoreception? We will identify these photoreceptor pigment molecules with their biosynthesis, chemical structure, and absorption spectra. Later, we will apply this information in our discussions of how they function in the photo processes of photosynthesis, phototropism, phototaxis, vision, and other photobiological phenomena.
Bird and Fish Eyes
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

We have previously discussed vertebrate eyes and how they are structured for vision. Here, I would like to indicate how birds and fish have eyes that are structured differently from those of land vertebrates.

In the evolutionary development of animal phyla (Figure 7.1), the chordates (fish, birds, and mammals) arose via separate pathways. Ancestral reptiles gave rise to modern reptiles and birds. Birds therefore have a reptilian origin, and the avian eye has many structural features in common with the reptilian eye.
Invertebrate Eyes: Variations in Structural Design for Vision
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

Invertebrates are the most numerous and diverse among all animal groups, and their eye structures and optical and photoreceptor systems are equally diverse. Image forming compound eyes evolved in arthropods (insects, arachnids, and crustacea) and are generally restricted to them.

Compound eyes are structured of eye facets, ommatidia (Figure 12.1). The number of ommatidia varies from only a few in certain species of ants to more than 2,000 in the dragonfly. Each ommatidium is a complete eye, containing two functional systems: the dioptric, or optical, system and the photoreceptor rhabdom system. The optical system is the corneal lens and the crystalline cone that transmit the image on to the rhabdom.
Light That Controls Behavior: Extraocular Photoreception
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

Eyes are not the sole means of photoreception, for photosensors are located over the general body surface. As a result eyeless and blind animals can sense light. This diffuse photosensitivity over the whole or parts of the animal’s skin is described as the dermal light sense. But, even deeper tissues in the body, such as neural and brain cells, are remarkably photosensitive. The photoreceptors that are outside the eye are referred to as extraocular or extraretinal.
The Central Nervous Organization of Reflex Circulatory Control
Authors: Spyer K M
Published: November 2023

The cardiovascular system plays an essential role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis) during the life of the individual. As indicated in Chapter 11, there are close similarities between the central organization of the nervous control of cardiovascular and respiratory activities as their fundamental role is the supply of oxygen to the tissues. This strong interrelationship extends even further to the reflex regulation of the two systems (see Daly, 1985 for review). Regulation of the cardiovascular system invariably involves the activation of several groups of receptors whose inputs to the CNS result in negative feedback reflex loops (see Heymans and Neil, 1958).
Adolescence and Puberty: An Overview
Authors: Potts D Malcolm
Published: November 2023

The prime objective of this book is to distill a few generalizations from the many insights gained into human adolescence and to apply them to the social and family issues facing modern America. The papers and discussions cover a wide range of issues, from the exquisite cytochemical study of hypothalamic neurons loaded with GnRH in the monkey hypothalamus (Cameron, Chapter 1), to the most depressing statistics about the current epidemic of unintended pregnancies in the United States (Forrest, Chapter 14). From a larger, biological perspective, this book covers a limited phase of reproduction in a small number of primates that probably had a common ancestor ten or twenty million years ago. Here I suggest some important themes that can be identified from among the many and diverse topics covered in this text.
The Free Energy and the Gruneisen Parameter
Authors: Anderson Orson L
Published: November 2023

A logical way to have constructed this book would have been to use the first chapter to define all required parameters of equations of state by means of derivations arising from a statistical mechanical approach. This is not done here, because it is important first to define the basic parameters of the equation of state in physical terms. I save the statistical mechanics presentation that is necessary to define high temperature and low temperature properties for Chapter 2. In Chapter 1 I also emphasize the relationships of physical properties to the thermodynamic functions. Although I think this organization will be helpful to students, there is a certain flaw in the logical flow of ideas. On three occasions I must define a property in terms of derivations yet to be made in Chapter 2. My decision is based on the observation that a number of students in geophysical disciplines and ceramics science who want to learn about equations of state have not been trained in statistical mechanics. For them, Chapter 1 will be helpful in learning the contents of Chapter 2.
Shocked Solids
Authors: Anderson Orson L
Published: November 2023

The generation of high pressures by shock waves relies on the inertial response to rapid acceleration, instead of equilibrium of forces as in a fixed static experiment. Although the time interval is short, very large pressures ( 300 GPa) can be achieved with simultaneous high temperatures. The shock wave can be visualized as a single stress discontinuity traveling in an undisturbed medium followed by an approximately uniform stress and subsequently by a relaxation of pressure. This is the shock-front profile. There is a connection between the physical properties of the solid and the structure of the shock front. The study of the behavior of solids under extreme shock conditions is rooted in hydrodynamics, finite elasticity, and plasticity. A highly stressed solid is not a fluid, although, as a good approximation, much of the mathematics of fluid hydrodynamics is applied to a shocked solid. Experimental data on solids are usually analyzed as though the total stress is a pressure and the total strain is a volume change, without regard to shear stresses. But the success of the hydrodynamic approach applied to many shocked solids should not lull the student away from the basic fact that the shock is a one-dimensional plane wave, and further that shear stresses and yield points are involved in the complete description of the state of the material under shock.
The Founding Of Israeli Democracy, 1948-1967
Authors: Medding Peter Y
Published: November 2023

Of the twenty-one countries which established democratic states after 1945, only Israel has remained a functioning democracy, despite the adverse conditions under which it was founded. In this study of Israel's founding years from 1948 to 1967, Peter Medding, a highly regarded scholar of Jewish society and politics, asks why this was the case. He provides a lucid account of the political and historical background to this distinctive period, the political relations which characterized it, and the changes in the balance of forces which brought it to an end. He describes the state-building process and the role played by David Ben-Gurion and other politicians in moving from consensus politics to a majoritarian democracy. Medding's analysis is further enriched by his comparisons of the development of Israeli democracy with that of other countries.
Mamlakhtiut: Partisan Interests and the Establishment of Centralized and Legitimate State Public Authority
Authors: Medding Peter Y
Published: November 2023

In chapter 6 we were concerned with the capacity of the leading political party to control decision making within the political structures, which often involved a considerable degree of centralization. In this chapter, we examine another aspect of the same process: the establishment of centralized, that is, state, political and administrative structures to perform functions and provide services in place of other social frameworks, be they voluntary, partisan, or private.
Academician L. V. Kantorovich (19 January 1912 To 7 April 1986)
Authors: Makarov V L , Sobolev S L
Published: November 2023

The outstanding Soviet scholar Leonid Vital’evich Kantorovich made invaluable contributions to the development of contemporary mathematics and economic science. His groundbreaking research in various branches of mathematics is still very important for its development and application to important applied problems. His students observe [1] that Kantorovich “liked to cook in fifty cauldrons.” This interest, often simultaneous, in many diverse areas of mathematics-and not only mathematics, but economics, computing technology, programming, mechanics, transportation problems, price formation, etc.-was characteristic of Leonid Vital’evich since his early years.
My Journey In Science (Supposed Report To The Moscow Mathematical Society) 1
Authors: Kantorovich L V
Published: November 2023

Members of the society are well familiar with the works of Moscow mathematicians whom they heard as students and met many times after­ wards. Mathematicians from out of town are far less known. Therefore my purpose is to introduce myself to the Mathematical Society. Incidentally, my first such introduction was in January 1930, when I gave my first report to the society, although hardly anybody from those present then is in the audience now.
When Each Continuous Operator Is Regular
Authors: Abramovich Yuri A
Published: November 2023

This chapter briefly surveys the development of a subject related to these theorems and poses several problems. Some of the terms used will be explained as they occur. All others may be found in Refs. [3)-[7). We remark that in Soviet mathematical literature Dedekind complete vector lattices are known as K-spaces (Kantorovich spaces).
Least Norm Solution Of Nonmonotone Linear Complementarity Problems
Authors: Mangasarian O L
Published: November 2023

We consider the fundamental linear complementarity problem [1] where M is an arbitrary n x n real matrix and q is in the real n-space Rn. Since M is arbitrary it may not be copositive plus [1] nor positive semidefinite, and hence the affine function Mx + q need not be monotone. Consequently, fundamental algorithms for solving (14.1), such as Lemke’s algorithm [1], fail in general, and the problem is known to be NP-complete [2]. Obviously there is no simple way of solving the problem then. When the problem is solvable, we propose the solution of a sequence of decreasingly perturbed quadratic programs (see (14.3)), the solutions of which have an accumulation point that is a least 2-norm solution of (14.1).
On Duality Results In Nonconvex Optimization
Authors: Elster K -H
Published: November 2023

When the theory of linear and convex optimization was established, considerable effort was made to treat nonconvex optimization problems, where theoretical and numerical results could be obtained. Nearly 50 years ago Kantorovich’s seminal paper [1] concerning linear optimization problems in connection with organization and planning of production ushered in a new and important part of mathematics, called mathematical optimization (mathematical programming). The development of optimization methods in the USSR and the GDR, especially in connection with economical applications, was treated in the 1985 book by Kantorovich et al. [2], which contains one of the last papers written by Kantorovich. Since dual optimization problems are not only of theoretical interest but are also important for describing economical models and processes, several duality concepts arose in linear and, especially nonlinear, optimization.
On The Core Of The Assignment Game
Authors: Balinski M L , Gale Dayid
Published: November 2023

The games of our title are also called matching games, assignment problems, or marriage problems, and they come in two types: ordinal [1] and cardinal [2]. The games involve two sets of players, P and Q, variously interpreted as firms and workers, buyers and sellers, students and colleges, or men and women. Each player of each set has a preference ordering over members of the opposite set. In the ordinal case this is simply a (strict) total ordering. In the cardinal case each player places a real value on each of the opposite members, this being some sort of measure of the satisfaction a player of P (of Q) receives from being “matched” with a player of Q (of P).
Optimum Patterns Of Capital Accumulation And External Indebtness In A Two-Sector Model Of Economic Growth
Authors: Uzawa H
Published: November 2023

One of the most puzzling problems in the theory of economic development is concerned with finding the extent to which processes of industrialization have to be financed through external debts. It is closely related to the problem of characterizing the pattern of resource allocation between the production of investment goods and consumption goods within the domestic economy. The latter problem has been discussed extensively in the literature of the theory of optimum economic growth, to note only a few: Ramsey (1928), Koopmans (1965), Cass (1965), Srinivasan (1964), Uzawa (1964), and von Weizsiicker (1965).
Providing Bridges from Known to New
Authors: Rogoff Barbara
Published: November 2023

Part II discusses processes of guided participation in which caregivers and children collaborate in arrangements and interactions that support children in learning to manage the skills and values of mature members of their society. Guided participation is presented as a process in which caregivers’ and children’s roles are entwined, with tacit as well as explicit learning opportunities in the routine arrangements and interactions between caregivers and children.
Structuring Situations and Transferring Responsibility
Authors: Rogoff Barbara
Published: November 2023

Caregivers and children arrange for socializing experiences through choice of situations and arrangements for structuring them, at a distance as well as in explicit social interaction. Both caregivers and children are responsible for determining children’s activities and roles, through tacit and pragmatic adjustment to children’s skills and interests, as well as through more explicit arrangements for children’s growing participation in the activities of their culture.
The Evolutionary Theory of Aging
Authors: Rose Michael R
Published: November 2023

Aging is a puzzling phenomenon for the theory of evolution by natural selection. The basic intuition of Darwin was that adaptation could be explained by the enhanced survival rates of individuals with heritable attributes that fostered survival and reproduction. Therefore, these heritable attributes should spread through species because of their higher rates of transmission. Mathematically, it has been shown that, in the absence of unusual patterns of selection, natural selection often acts so as to increase the mean fitness of a population (Nagylaki, 1977; Ewens, 1979). This result formally illustrates the validity of Darwin’s basic idea. So how does it happen that evolution has so frequently produced organisms with survival and reproductive rates that decline with adult age? It is not enough to assert that evolution by natural selection cannot achieve perfection, and thus aging is a reflection of the limits to its success in enhancing survival and reproduction.
The Exploration Play
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

At the end of the last chapter, I mentioned the contribution made to the body of assessment techniques by the discovery process modelers who studied the behavior of exploration plays. The purpose of this chapter is to examine more closely the behavior of wildcat drilling and the discovery rates within exploration plays. The analysis of the behavior of exploration plays began with the splendid work of J. J. Arps and T. G. Roberts (1958) on the economics of exploratory and development drilling on the eastern flank of the Denver basin. Although the main focus of their study was on exploration and development economics, the behavior they modeled was that of an exploration play. In addition, this paper contained several insightful remarks about the nature of the parent size population of oil and gas fields.
The Parent Population of Oil and Gas Fields Is Log-Geometric
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

When we started our work on the Gulf of Mexico, we had hoped that we would be successful in simultaneously estimating the parameters in the Arps and Roberts discovery process model. In Chapter 7, the story was told about how we acquired the data and of our partial success in achieving our goal of simultaneously estimating two parameters in the Arps and Roberts model for each field size class. As mentioned at the end of that chapter, we found out that the data contained other, far more important information. It is the purpose of this chapter to tell the story of the revelation of this information and how it was initially accepted in the fields of discovery process modeling and oil- and gas resource assessment. The results of the assessment of the undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Miocene-Pliocene and the Pleistocene trends in the Gulf of Mexico are presented at the end of this chapter.
Patterns of Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Rhesus Monkey Associated with Cortical Architecture
Authors: Barbas Helen , Pandya Deepak N
Published: November 2023

The prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey is situated rostral to the premotor cortex and extends from the arcuate sulcus to the frontal pole on the lateral surface, anterior to the supplementary motor cortex on the medial surface, and rostral to the temporal pole and the anterior insula on the basal surface. It is a heterogeneous region composed of several anatomic and functional subdivisions.
The Circuitry of Working Memory Revealed by Anatomy and Metabolic Imaging
Authors: Goldman-Rakic Patricia S , Friedman Harriet R
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in anatomical, behavioral, and physiological techniques have produced new infornation about the nature of prefrontal function, its cellular basis, and its anatomical underpinnings. A major advance in our understanding of prefrontal function is the recognition that prefrontal subdivisions such as the principal sulcus (Walker’s area 46) are embedded in a complex but delimited network involving a large number of other cortical areas and subcortical structures (Fig. 4-1) (Goldman-Rakic, 1988; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1988).
Intentional Motor Disorders
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Watson Robert T
Published: November 2023

The major efferent pathway from the brain that activates motor units in the brain stem and spinal cord is the corticospinal or pyramidal motor system. For the most part the cell bodies of the neurons in this system can be found in the precentral frontal areas or Brodmann’s area 4. This system can mediate an almost infinite number of movements. However, since the purpose of motor systems is to interact with the environment, the pyramidal motor neurons need to be guided by instructions or programs.
Learning Impairments Following Excisions of the Primate Frontal Cortex
Authors: Petrides Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter will review a series of studies demonstrating that the human frontal cortex plays a major role in the learning of conditional associative tasks (Petrides, 1985a; 1990). In such tasks, the subjects are faced with a situation in which there are various possible responses that can be performed on any given trial, but each one of these responses is correct only when it is performed in the presence of the appropriate sensory signal.
The Role of the Frontal Lobes in Affective Disorder Following Stroke
Authors: Starkstein Sergio E , Robinson Robert G
Published: November 2023

In spite of the large amount of experimental and clinical evidence indicating that the frontal lobes play an important role in behavior and emotion, the frontal lobes remain one of the most enigmatic areas of the brain. Using laboratory animals, the initial investigations of the role of the frontal lobes in behavior con ducted in the early 1900s generally produced negative findings. Compared with the clear motor or sensory deficits produced by lesions around the central sulcus, more anterior lesions in the frontal cortex produced no obvious behavioral changes.
Dementia of the Frontal Lobe Type
Authors: Neary David , Snowden Julie S
Published: November 2023

Non-Alzheimer forms of primary cerebral atrophy are well documented pathologically but are rarely diagnosed clinically as the cause of dementia. There would appear to be several reasons why this is so. First, there is an absence of adequate clinicopathologic correlation: In pathologic reports citing morphologic findings the neuropsychologic description is insufficient to permit recognition of the corresponding clinical syndrome.
A Context For Invention
Authors: Weber Robert J
Published: November 2023

I’m looking at a computer screen while my fingers are busily tapping at a keyboard made of a plastic. The entire computer is an artifact rather than a natural form. To be sure, natural materials are used to make the plastic of the keyboard and case, the chips inside the computer, the metal wires that connect the keyboard and the computer, and the glasslike face of the computer screen. But these natural materials are then processed into forms that do not occur in nature. Nor are particular natural materials essential to the computer as artifact. Almost certainly the present materials will be replaced in a few years with other materials, such as fiber optic cable instead of metal wire and a different plastic for the case. Ultimately, the computer is an artifact or invention of the mind. It consists of many fabricated materials that are new under the sun (and will be replaced by other new materials) and a concept. The concept is much more enduring than the physical components; it includes the ability to store and manipulate symbols, a perceptual interface to the human mind through a display (now visual output from the computer screen), and an interface for human motor activity (now a keyboard input).
Evaluating and Comparing Inventions
Authors: Weber Robert J
Published: November 2023

A mental lightning storm is going on in my head. I’m acting as the psychological coach for the chess master, and he keeps ignoring my advice. I want him to consider more candidate moves before making an actual move, and he fights my suggestions and insists on considering only three or four moves, carefully evaluating each one in tum. He can make scores of moves but persists in only considering a few. He shouldn’t be evaluating his moves until he has generated a number of candidates. Why won’t he listen to his brainstorming coach? Brainstorming as a method tells us that we should put off evaluation until we have generated a number of ideas. In certain contexts it can be quite useful. However, contrary to the advice of brainstorming, a useful skill that promotes invention, as it does chess, is the ability to evaluate quickly, realizing that we may need to backtrack if our chosen move is unsatisfactory. Similarly, in invention a rapid evaluation identifies those aspects that are wanting and can then become candidates for further invention and improvement. For any given invention, the potential forms of evaluation usually are numerous. Let’s look at some fairly general ones, without any necessary order of importance.
Ecological Implications of Genetic Variation in Plant Populations
Authors: Huenneke Laura Foster
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the protection of genetic diversity within species has become a priority for conservation efforts. The long-term objective is to maintain the evolutionary viability of the taxon, maximizing its chances for persistence in the face of changing environments. Genetic considerations may also have short-term importance in our strategies for managing rare plants. When taxa have become critically endangered, and direct manipulations of field populations or the establishment of ex situ populations are being planned, what genetic factors should be considered? Here I review evidence concerning the relevance of genetic variation to the ecology and persistence of plant populations, with the goal of developing guidelines for the genetic management of rare plants.
Sampling Strategies for Genetic Variation in Ex Situ Collections of Endangered Plant Species
Authors: Brown H D , Briggs J D
Published: November 2023

Strategies for the sampling of genetic resources should rest on a clear statement of the purposes for which the material is to be used. For ex situ collections of rare and endangered species, various purposes have been proposed (e.g., Given 1987). The major actual or potential roles for such collections are to provide material (1) to cultivate for study and display in botanic gardens; (2) to exploit commercially in horticulture, plantations, or forestry, and thereby replace commercial harvesting from natural populations; (3) to reestablish or enrich wild populations; (4) to be a source of single genes or characters for future transfer to domesticated species; and (5) to act as a refuge of last resort against extinction.