bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The right kind of growth for everyone: policy challenges during the digital and green transformations
Authors: Coyle Diane
Published: December 2024

The UK, like other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies, has experienced a dismal decade and a half since the financial crisis. The reason lies in the dual technological transition, energy and digital, which is prompting structural shifts in the economy that require a co-ordinated policy response. This implies the need for more co-ordinated policies and more active intervention in the structure of the economy than has been the case in recent decades. It requires a broader measure of economic progress than short-term Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and above all a long-term perspective.
Outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis–associated acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ai SanXi , Feng Xiang , Sun Kai , Chen Gang , Liu XinPei , Miao Qi , Qin Yan , Li XueMei
Published: December 2024

Background

The outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis (IE)-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) are poorly understood.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in China to analyze the short- and long-term outcomes among patients with IE-associated AKI. The risk factors for 90-day mortality, long-term outcomes and kidney non-recovery were analyzed via multivariable logistic regression, the Cox regression, and the Fine–Gray competing risk model, respectively.

Results

Among 294 patients with IE-associated AKI, 14.3% died within 90 days, and the risk factors for 90-day mortality were similar to those identified in the general IE population. Among the 230 AKI survivors in whom 90-day kidney recovery could be assessed, 17.4% did not recover kidney function at 90 days. Kidney non-recovery at 90 days was associated with an increased risk of the long-term composite outcome of mortality, end-stage renal disease or sustained doubling of serum creatinine [hazard ratio (HR) 3.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–7.59]. Five variables were related to kidney non-recovery: low baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (HR 2.52, 95% CI 1.73–3.65), stage of AKI (HR 3.03, 95% CI 2.07–4.42 for stage 3), shock (HR 5.56, 95% CI 3.02–10.22), glomerulonephritis-related AKI (HR 3.04, 95% CI 1.93–4.77) and drug-related AKI (HR 2.77, 95% CI 1.86–4.13).

Conclusion

Patients with IE-associated AKI had a high 90-day mortality, and a substantial proportion of survivors did not recover kidney function at 90 days. Kidney non-recovery at 90 days was associated with adverse long-term outcomes. Low baseline eGFR, severe AKI, shock, drug-related AKI and glomerulonephritis-related AKI were risk factors for kidney non-recovery.
The management of chronic kidney disease in primary care in Denmark: patient characteristics, treatment, follow-up, progression and referral
Authors: Birn Henrik , Nelveg-Kristensen Karl Emil , Frederiksen Line Elmerdahl , Christensen Stefan , Mehtälä Juha , Smith Sarah , Bruun Michael , Bodholdt Ulrik
Published: December 2024

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is mainly managed in primary care, but detailed information on these patients is limited. This study describes CKD patients and the disease management and referrals by general practitioners (GPs) in Denmark in order to identify opportunities for improved care.

Methods

Patients with CKD, defined by at least two abnormal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) measurements ≥90 days apart during 2019–2020, were followed until May 2023 utilizing electronic health records.

Results

Among 1316 patients with one abnormal eGFR or UACR test, 993 (75%) had a second abnormal test within a median of 10.8 months, which confirmed CKD. Most patients (62%) were G-stage 3a, 89% had cardiovascular disease and 34% had diabetes. A UACR test was performed in 52% of patients around time of index. The use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors was high (67%), whereas sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors was low at inclusion (5%), although increasing during follow-up (15%). Patients had a median of 13.5 GP contacts/year, 1–2 eGFR and 0–1 UACR tests/year, and only 2.7% were referred to a nephrologist. The median decline in eGFR was modest; however, 15% experienced a drop of >5.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 during 3-years of follow-up.

Conclusions

The findings indicate a high likelihood of CKD following one abnormal measurement. CKD patients constitute a significant burden to primary care with frequent GP contacts, yet more focus on UACR testing and new treatment adaptation to improve CKD prognosis is warranted.
Correction of profound hyponatraemia following rapid bolus therapy: effectiveness of the Barsoum–Levine formula based on the Edelman equation
Authors: Nagase Koya , Imaizumi Takahiro , Yamamori Atsushi , Hiramatsu Yuna , Kambe Minori , Kang Yungri , Kishima Yukari , Kozaki Yoshiaki , Nagase Fumika N , Iwasaki Keita , Ito Yuuki , Ikai Hiroki , Yamamoto Mari , Murai Yukari , Yokoyama-Kokuryo Waka , Takizawa Naoho , Shimizu Hideaki , Fujita Yoshiro , Watanabe Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2024

Background

The optimal treatment for profound hyponatraemia remains uncertain. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that a standardized bolus of hypertonic saline is effective, but relying solely on this approach may not fully address the individual variability of hyponatraemia among patients. We evaluated the effectiveness of rapid bolus (RB) administration of hypertonic saline followed by predictive correction (PC) using an infusate and fluid loss formula identical to the Barsoum–Levine formula based on the Edelman equation (RB-PC) for managing profound hyponatraemia.

Methods

In this retrospective observational cohort study, we evaluated 276 patients aged >18 years with s[Na] levels ≤120 mEq/L (January 2014–December 2023). Using propensity score matching (PSM), we assessed s[Na] elevations at 6 h post-treatment initiation and the rate of appropriate hyponatraemia correction between the RB-PC and PC groups. We defined the appropriate correction as a change in s[Na] in the range of 4–10 mEq/L within the first 24 h and ≤18 mEq/L within the first 48 h following corrective treatment initiation.

Results

Among 276 patients with profound hyponatraemia (s[Na] ≤120 mEq/L), 49 and 108 underwent treatment with RB-PC therapy and with PC therapy without RB, respectively. Post-PSM, 84 patients were selected and allocated to the RB-PC (n = 42) or PC group (n = 42). In PSM analysis, patients with RB-PC experienced a higher elevation in s[Na] at 6 h after treatment initiation than PC (4.0 vs 2.4 mEq/L, P < 0.001). The rate of appropriate correction was similar between the RB-PC and PC groups (90.5% vs 90.5%, P = 1).

Conclusions

RB-PC can quickly elevate s[Na] levels and achieve appropriate correction of s[Na] in patients with profound hyponatraemia.
De novo sequencing allows genome-wide identification of genes involved in galactomannan synthesis in locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua)
Authors: Akutsu Mitsuaki , Shinozawa Akihisa , Nishiyama Tomoaki , Sakata Yoichi , Hiwatashi Yuji
Published: December 2024

Locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) accumulates the galactomannan (GM) locust bean gum (LBG) in its seeds. LBG is a major industrial raw material used as a food thickener and gelling agent, whose unique properties mean that it cannot be readily replaced by other GMs. Whereas much is known about GM accumulation and the genes associated with GM biosynthesis in legumes, the genes involved in GM biosynthesis in C. siliqua are largely unknown. Here, we present a genome-wide list of genes predicted to be associated with the GM biosynthesis pathway in C. siliqua. We confirmed high GM accumulation in endosperm using a newly established GM quantification method involving LC-MS/MS. Through de novo draft genome assembly, we comprehensively identified genes predicted to be related to the GM biosynthesis pathway in C. siliqua by identifying orthologous groups. In particular, we identified all genes predicted to encode mannan synthase (ManS) and galactomannan galactosyltransferase (GMGT), enzymes functioning in the final step of GM biosynthesis, from the C. siliqua draft genome. ManS and the GMGT paralogs were predominantly expressed in endosperm. The genome and transcriptome produced in this study should facilitate research examining why C. siliqua produces LBG, unlike other legumes.
Comparison between Duke, European Society of Cardiology 2015, International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases 2023, and European Society of Cardiology 2023 criteria for the diagnosis of transcatheter aortic valve replacement-related infective endocarditis
Authors: Boufoula Inès , Philip Mary , Arregle Florent , Tessonnier Laetitia , Camilleri Serge , Hubert Sandrine , Casalta Jean-Paul , Gouriet Frédérique , Camoin-Jau Laurence , Riberi Alberto , Lemrini Yassine , Mancini Julien , Lemaignen Adrien , Dion Fanny , Chane-Sone Nicolas , Lucas Claire , Renard Sébastien , Casalta Anne-Claire , Torras Olivier , Ambrosi Pierre , Collart Frédéric , Bernard Anne , Habib Gilbert
Published: December 2024

Aims

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement-related infective endocarditis (TAVR-IE) is associated with a poor prognosis. TAVR-IE diagnosis is challenging, and benefits of the most recent classifications [European Society of Cardiology (ESC)-2015, International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID)-2023, and ESC-2023] have not been compared with the conventional Duke criteria on this population. The primary objective was to compare the diagnostic value of the Duke, ESC-2015, ISCVID-2023, and ESC-2023 criteria for the diagnosis of TAVR-IE. The secondary objectives were to determine which criteria increase the diagnostic accuracy of each classification and to evaluate in-hospital and 1-year mortality of TAVR-IE.

Methods and results

From January 2015 to May 2022, 92 patients with suspected TAVR-IE were retrospectively included in two French centres, including 82 patients with definite TAVR-IE and 10 patients with rejected TAVR-IE as defined by expert consensus. Duke classification yielded a sensitivity of 65% [95% confidence interval (CI): 53–75%] and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 69–100%) for the diagnosis of TAVR-IE. ESC-2015 classification increased Duke criterion sensitivity from 65 to 73% (P = 0.016) but decreased specificity from 100 to 90%. ISCVID-2023 and ESC-2023 also increased Duke criterion sensitivity from 65 to 76% (P = 0.004) and 77% (P = 0.002), respectively, but also decreased specificity from 100 to 90%. A positive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) was the most helpful criterion, as 10 patients (11%) were correctly reclassified. In-hospital mortality after TAVR-IE was 21% and 1-year mortality was 38%.

Conclusion

A multimodality imaging approach, including 18F-FDG PET/CT and gated cardiac CT, is the cornerstone of TAVR-IE diagnosis and explains the higher sensitivity of ESC-2015 and recent classifications compared with Duke criteria.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis with cardiac and large vessel involvement: a case report with a constellation of rare complications
Authors: Dar Javaid Ahmad , Nayanegali Vinod , Manickavasagam Anand , Chase David
Published: December 2024

Background

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an autoimmune multisystem disorder characterized by small vessel vasculitis with granulomatous inflammation. In this report, we describe a unique case of GPA who presented with complete heart block (CHB) and developed complications due to intracranial large vessel involvement.

Case summary

A 47-year-old gentleman presented with CHB with a background history of arthralgia and blood-tinged nasal discharge. Whole body positron emission tomography–computed tomography scan showed soft tissue thickening with increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in basal interventricular septum and mitral leaflet aorta from the root up to the renal arteries. The patient developed subarachnoid haemorrhage and stress-induced cardiomyopathy after pacemaker implantation. The patient responded dramatically to steroids and rituximab and the CHB resolved on follow-up.

Discussion

Cardiac involvement in GPA is very rare as is the large vessel involvement. In this report, we describe the cardiac involvement of GPA in the form of basal interventricular septum and anterior mitral leaflet giving rise to CHB. The patient also had aortitis and vertebral artery aneurysm, which ruptured resulting in subarachnoid haemorrhage. The patient also developed stress-induced cardiomyopathy and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. The patient improved with steroids and rituximab and is doing well on follow-up.
Post-implant transcatheter aortic prosthesis deformation: tricuspid versus bicuspid valve
Authors: Moscarelli Marco , Venkatesh Aniket , Berland Katelynne , Yeats Breandan , Becker Taylor , Zaccone Gregorio , Pernice Vincenzo , Milo Sabrina , Zlahoda-Huzior Adriana , Dudek Dariusz , Trizzino Francesca , Speziale Giuseppe , Dasi Lakshmi Prasad , Fattouch Khalil
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVES

We sought to assess whether post-implant transcatheter aortic valve prosthesis multidetector computed characteristics differ between patients with native tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valve stenosis, as well as the effect on valve performance and clinical implications.

METHODS

We analysed 100 consecutive post-implant multidetector computed tomography scans to assess self-expandable prosthesis non-uniform expansion at 6 pre-specified valvular levels, and other specific parameters, including valvular and perivalvular thrombosis at 6 months follow-up. Echocardiographic prosthesis performance and clinical outcome were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Mean eccentricity was significantly higher in the bicuspid group (0.43 (0.09) vs 0.37 (0.08), P = 0.005, bicuspid vs tricuspid); valvular and perivalvular thrombosis were also significantly more frequent in the bicuspid than in the tricuspid group (81% vs 36.9%, P = 0.031); there was no significant difference in terms of mean prosthetic gradient at follow-up between (7.31 (5.53 mmHg) vs 7.09 (3.05 mmHg), P = 0.825); EOAi (indexed effective orifice area) was also similar between bicuspid and tricuspid (1.08 (0.12 cm2) vs 1.03 (0.13 cm2), P = 0.101), with no significant changes compared to discharge. However, the bicuspid valve was associated with a significantly higher risk of adverse events (HR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.07–13.4, P = 0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher level of eccentricity, which indicates prosthesis deformation, is often detected in bicuspid valves. Although echocardiographic performance was not affected, this might have led to an increased incidence of thrombosis at valvular and perivalvular levels and worse outcomes.
Age- and sex-stratified risks of myocarditis and pericarditis attributable to COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kitano Taito , Salmon Daniel A , Dudley Matthew Z , Saldanha Ian J , Thompson David A , Engineer Lilly
Published: December 2024

Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally very safe, the risks of myocarditis and pericarditis after receiving an messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine have been established, with the highest risk in young men. Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the risk of myocarditis or pericarditis have included passive surveillance data, which is subject to reporting errors. Accurate measures of age-, sex-, and vaccine dose– and type–specific risks are crucial for assessment of the benefits and risks of the vaccination. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risks of myocarditis and pericarditis attributable COVID-19 vaccines were conducted, stratified by age groups, sex, vaccine type, and vaccine dose. Five electronic databases and gray literature sources were searched on November 21, 2023. Article about studies that compared a COVID-19–vaccinated group with an unvaccinated group or time period (eg, self-controlled) were included. Passive surveillance data were excluded. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models. A total of 4030 records were identified; ultimately, 17 articles were included in this review. Compared with unvaccinated groups or unvaccinated time periods, the highest attributable risk of myocarditis or pericarditis was observed after the second dose in boys aged 12-17 years (10.18 per 100 000 doses [95% CI, 0.50-19.87]) of the BNT162b2 vaccine and in young men aged 18-24 years (attributable risk, 20.02 per 100 000 doses [95% CI, 10.47-29.57]) for the mRNA-1273 vaccine. The stratified results based on active surveillance data provide the most accurate available estimates of the risks of myocarditis and pericarditis attributable to specific COVID-19 vaccinations for specific populations.

Trial registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) Identifier: CRD42023443343
New technologies and jobs in Europe
Authors: Albanesi Stefania , Dias da Silva António , Jimeno Juan F , Lamo Ana , Wabitsch Alena
Published: December 2024

We examine the link between labour market developments and new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and software in 16 European countries over the period 2011–9. Using data for occupations at the three-digit level, we find that on average employment shares have increased in occupations more exposed to AI. This is particularly the case for occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers. While there exists heterogeneity across countries, only very few countries show a decline in employment shares of occupations more exposed to AI-enabled automation. Country heterogeneity for this result seems to be linked to the pace of technology diffusion and education, but also to the level of product market regulation (competition) and employment protection laws. In contrast to the findings for employment, we find little evidence for a relationship between relative wages across occupations and potential exposures to new technologies.
Brittle bridges: ethnic segregation across and within civic organizations
Authors: Dederichs Kasimir , Wiertz Dingeman
Published: December 2024

Civic organizations are often depicted as vehicles for social integration: Since they gather people around common interests and have relatively low entry barriers, they may facilitate interactions that bridge social divides prevailing in other domains. However, this hopeful portrayal rests on several critical yet largely untested assumptions. This study more closely investigates the bridging potential of civic organizations, focusing on ethnicity as a key social boundary. Using unique Dutch survey data, we show that: (i) There is strong ethnic segregation across civic organizations, which persists after accounting for educational differences between individuals and organizations; (ii) There is ethnic segregation within civic organizations in participants’ contacts with co-members; (iii) Participants integrate less well in organizations with more ethnic outgroup members and are more likely to leave such organizations. In sum, homophilous sorting dynamics when people join, interact within, and leave civic organizations limit their capacity to facilitate positive inter-ethnic contact. Additional efforts are thus necessary for civic organizations to fully live up to their bridging potential and mitigate rather than reinforce existing ethnic divides.
Screen-detected breast cancer and cancer stage by area-level deprivation: a descriptive analysis using data from the National Cancer Registry Ireland
Authors: White Philippa , Brennan Aline , McDevitt Joe , Murray Deirdre , Mohan Caroline Mason , Fitzpatrick Patricia , Mooney Therese , Smith Alan , Mullooly Maeve , Bambury Niamh
Published: December 2024

Breast cancer screening programmes can lead to better disease outcomes, but women from deprived backgrounds are less likely to participate and more likely to present with late-stage cancer. This study aimed to explore associations between deprivation and breast cancer screening outcomes in Ireland during 2009–2018. Data on all female breast cancer cases diagnosed in Ireland during 2009–2018 were extracted from the National Cancer Registry Ireland. Associations between area-level deprivation, using the Pobal Haase-Pratschke deprivation index, and detection of breast cancer through BreastCheck, Ireland’s breast screening programme, and stage of screen-detected breast cancer were explored. Unadjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Among screening eligible women in Ireland in 2009–2018, there was no difference in risk of breast cancer detection through BreastCheck across deprivation quintiles (RR for most compared to least deprived group: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.96–1.06). In women with screen-detected breast cancer, the risk of late-stage cancer detection increased with deprivation in 2009–2013 (RR for most compared to least deprived group: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.10–1.93), but no association was observed between deprivation and cancer stage in 2014–2018. Notwithstanding its limitations, including the risk of confounding by uncontrolled variables, this study suggests screening eligible women in Ireland have had similar outcomes from breast cancer screening, regardless of deprivation level, since the national roll-out of BreastCheck. Associations between deprivation and screening outcomes should continue to be monitored to ensure Ireland’s breast cancer screening programme is helping to reduce health inequities.
What can we gain from modeling complex hybrid incompatibilities?
Authors: Ayala-Lopez Julio A , Bank Claudia
Published: December 2024

Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated. The contribution of intrin-sic postzygotic incompatibilities to the buildup of reproductive isolation during the speciation process and their effectiveness as an isolating barrier upon secondary contact is contentious.Although the century-old (Bateson-)Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) model is widely accepted as an explanation for the existence of intrinsic hybrid incompatibilities, theory predicts that the resulting incompatibilities are poor barriers to gene flow. That is because the fitness landscape underlying the BDM model does not necessarily contain a fitness valley. Highlighting empirical evidence and theoretical studies of complex hybrid incompatibilities, we here argue how mod- els of multi-locus hybrid incompatibilities, which incorporate tunable epistasis and dominance,may challenge existing theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of the short- and long-term consequences of hybridization.
Living Apart Together and Older Adults’ Mental Health in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hu Yang , Coulter Rory
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Living apart together (LAT)—intimate partners living in separate households—is a common partnership type among older adults. Although the mental health benefits of intimate partnerships are widely documented, how LAT relates to older adults’ mental health remains understudied.

Methods

Analyzing Waves 3–13 (2011–2023) of the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study, we use fixed effects models to examine (1) how older adults’ mental health varies with LAT, marriage, cohabitation, and singlehood (never married, widowed, divorced/separated); and (2) how transitions into and out of LAT, compared to marriage and cohabitation, relate to older adults’ mental health.

Results

Overall, older adults have better mental health when LAT than when single, but little difference in mental health is found across LAT, cohabitation and marital partnerships. While older singles moving into LAT experience mental health improvements, those moving from LAT to singlehood suffer mental health declines. Although the mental health benefits of moving into LAT are smaller than those of entering cohabitation and particularly marriage, exiting LAT is associated with smaller mental health declines compared to exiting cohabitation and marriage. No statistically significant gender difference is found in the mental health benefits of LAT.

Discussion

The findings underscore LAT as a key form of family diversity in later life. They problematize the long-held ideal of coresidence in couple relationships and its role in sustaining older adults’ mental health. They encourage researchers to go beyond the household as a default unit of analysis and examine interhousehold intimate connections in older adults’ lives.
The discrepancy between objective and subjective assessments of catastrophic health expenditure: evidence from China
Authors: Guo Bingqing , Liu Chaojie , Yao Qiang
Published: December 2024

The pro-rich nature of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) indicators has garnered criticism, inspiring the exploration of the subjective approach as a complementary method. However, no studies have examined the discrepancy between subjective and objective approaches. Employing data from the Chinese Social Survey (CSS) 2013–2021 waves, we analysed the discrepancy between objective and subjective CHE and its associated socioeconomic factors using logit regression modelling. Overall, self-rating generated higher CHE incidence (28.35% to 33.72%) compared to objective indicators (9.92% to 21.97%). Objective indicators did not support 17.57% to 23.90% of self-rated cases of household CHE, while 2.73% to 8.42% of households classified with CHE by objective indicators did not self-rate with CHE. The normative subsistence spending indicator showed the least consistency with self-rating (70.66% to 74.28%), while the budget share method produced the most consistent estimation (72.73% to 76.10%). Living with elderly and young children [adjusted odds ratios (AOR): 1.069 to 1.169, P < 0.1], lower educational attainment (AOR: 1.106 to 1.225, P < 0.1), lower income (AOR: 1.394 to 2.062, P < 0.01), and lower perceived social class (AOR: 1.537 to 2.801, P < 0.05) were associated with higher odds of self-rated CHE without support from objective indicators. Conversely, low socioeconomic status (AOR: 0.324 to 0.819, P < 0.1) was associated with lower odds of missing CHE cases classified by objective indicators in self-rating. The commonly used objective indicators for assessing CHE may attract doubts about their fairness from socioeconomically disadvantaged people. The CHE subjective approach can be adopted as a complementary measure to monitor financial risk protection.
Advancements and strategies of genetic improvement in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz): from conventional to genomic approaches
Authors: Xiao Liang , Cheng Dong , Ou Wenjun , Chen Xin , Rabbi Ismail Yusuf , Wang Wenquan , Li Kaimian , Yan Huabing
Published: December 2024

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food of 800 million people in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its industrial utilization for bioethanol, animal feed, and starch are still continuously expanding. It was not until the 1970s that significant scientific efforts were undertaken to improve cassava, despite its considerable economic and social significance. Shorten the breeding cycle and improve the breeding efficiency are always the focus of the cassava breeding study. In this review, we provide a global perspective on the current status of cassava germplasm resources and explore the diverse applications of cassava breeding methods from hybridization, polyploidy and inbreeding to genomic selection and gene editing. Additionally, we overview at least six nearly complete cassava genome sequences established based on modern genomic techniques. These achievements have substantially supported the advancing of gene discovery and breeding of new cassava varieties. Furthermore, we provide a summary of the advancements in cassava’s functional genomics, concentrating on important traits such as starch quality and content, dry matter content, tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration, nutritional quality, and stress resistance. We also provide a comprehensive summary of the milestone events and key advancements in cassava genetic improvement over the past 50 years. Finally, we put forward the perspective of developing genomic selection breeding model and super-hybrids of cassava through building inbreeding population and emphasize the generation of triploid cassavas, allowing cassava to be a tropical model plant serve for basic biological research and molecular breeding.
A successful post-surgical treatment of cardiogenic shock using Impella via brachiocephalic artery
Authors: Sakai Ai , Iino Kenji , Yamamoto Yoshitaka , Takemura Hirofumi
Published: December 2024

Patients with low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis and ischaemic cardiomyopathy are at risk for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock and have a poor prognosis. Although Impella has emerged as a bridge therapy, traditional approaches for Impella insertion are infeasible in patients with peripheral vascular diseases. We successfully managed postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock in a patient with low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis and ischaemic cardiomyopathy and limited vascular access by introducing Impella via the brachiocephalic artery. Impella may enable the surgical treatment of high-risk patients.
The role of Impella in the pre-procedural management of post-infarct ventricular septal defect: a systematic review
Authors: Gemelli Marco , Ronco Daniele , Di Mauro Michele , Meani Paolo , Kowalewski Mariusz , Schwartz Gary , Arora Rakesh C , Whitman Glenn , Potapov Evgenij , Wiedemann Dominik , Zimpfer Daniel , Milojevic Milan , Nersesian Gaik , Salazar Leonardo , Gelsomino Sandro , Gerosa Gino , Lorusso Roberto
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVES

Post-infarct ventricular septal defect is a rare but devastating complication. Delayed treatment offers better outcomes than emergency surgery, but when acute cardiogenic shock or unstable haemodynamics occur, temporary mechanical circulatory support may be needed to stabilize patients until treatment. The aim of our systematic review was to assess the outcomes of using Impella in this setting.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed in the Medline and EMBASE databases, and all the papers about the use of Impella in this setting were assessed. The study followed the PRISMA criteria.

RESULTS

A total of 20 papers encompassing 68 patients with an Impella implanted after the diagnosis of post-infarct ventricular septal defect and before its treatment were included. More than 95% were in cardiogenic shock when Impella was implanted, and half had another mechanical circulatory support device. Most of the patients (62%) had a posterior defect, and 72% underwent surgical or percutaneous repair. Total in-hospital mortality was 47%, and a total of 29 Impella-related complications were observed. Patients with surgical Impella had a numerically lower in-hospital mortality (35% vs. 58%) and a lower rate of complications compared to percutaneous device.

CONCLUSIONS

Impella represents an effective device for diminishing low output syndrome, improving peripheral perfusion, and unloading both the ventricles. It can be used as an upgrade from another mechanical circulatory support or as an addition to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to provide adequate left ventricular or biventricular support. Despite this, Impella-related complications can occur after its implantation and must be considered.
Comprehensive analysis and optimization of a sustainable and eco-friendly polygeneration system driven by solar/biomass energies integrated with the desalination and carbon capture systems
Authors: Xiang Yun , Druzhinin Zumrat
Published: December 2024

This paper discusses an innovative polygeneration system. To supplement the heat source, a solar system under linear Fresnel reflector (LFRs) is incorporated. The findings indicate that the facility can generate 70.1 MW of net electric power, 1921.3 kg/h of methanol, 2936.4 kg/h of oxygen, 267.5 m3/h of potable water, and approximately 54.4 kg/h of hydrogen. From an energy perspective, the system demonstrates an efficiency of 52.1%, while from an exergy standpoint, the efficiency is 27.7%. Additionally, the facility’s total environmental footprint and operational cost are estimated to be around 0.292 Pts/s and 0.931 $/s, respectively.
Evaluation of deprescribing services in frail patients: a systematic review
Authors: Alshatti Dalal , Cox Anthony R , Hirsch Christine , Cheng Vicky , Aston Jeff
Published: December 2024

Background

Deprescribing, a process of dose reduction or withdrawal of inappropriate medication that no longer has benefit, is a proposed intervention in the care of older adults living with frailty.

Objective/Aim

To evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and clinical impact of deprescribing services in frail patients

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed in November 2023 using Scopus, CINAHL PLUS (EBSCO), MEDLINE (OVID and EMBASE), and Cochrane Library. The Mixed Methods Appraisal tool was used for appraising the methodological quality of the included papers. Studies were selected after title, abstract, and full-text screening, with independent review. Thematic analysis was used for analysing data from the selected articles.

Results

Five hundred ninety unique titles were identified, with nine (six trials, one interview, one survey, and one designed-delay study) meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Four main descriptive themes have been identified: challenges of deprescribing in frailty, facilitators of deprescribing in frailty, deprescribing processes in current practice in frail patients, and deprescribing outcomes. Additionally, two analytical themes have been identified: safety and quality.

Conclusion

A number of issues have been highlighted that impact the implementation of deprescribing services in frail patients. Currently, there is limited evidence showing strong benefits of such deprescribing services, such as reducing the number of potentially inappropriate medications and medication costs.
Perceptions of community pharmacists regarding pregabalin abuse: a survey from Sudan
Authors: Altayeb Lina , Zkriea Alaa , El imam Eman , GreebAlla Khansa , Hassan Rimah , Ahmed Ruba , Wazaify Mayyada
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Pregabalin abuse is increasing in prevalence and is associated with significant harm. This study aimed to assess community pharmacists’ perceptions of pregabalin abuse and their recommendations to address this issue.

Methods

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Omdurman locality, Khartoum in 2022. Community pharmacies were selected randomly and surveyed using a pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire held on a smartphone. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests were run using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26.

Key Findings

A total of 172 community pharmacists completed the questionnaire (77.8% aged 22-30 years, 65.1% females, 79.1% holding bachelor’s degrees, and 57.6% having ≤ 5 years of work experience). Most participants (81.4%) perceived that they had observed pregabalin abuse in the last 6 months. Participants indicated that they were aware of the abuse potential of pregabalin (97.7%) and that they routinely dispensed pregabalin only by prescription (92.4%). Most participants reported that people they suspected of abusing pregabalin were mainly men (98.8%), aged 21–30 years (90.7%), and did not regularly visit the pharmacy (72.7%). Actions taken for such customers included stating the product was not available (64.0%) and refusing to dispense (56.4%). The most recommended solutions were raising community awareness about the risks and consequences of pregabalin abuse (35.8%) and maximizing pharmacists’ adherence to dispensing regulations (36.5%).

Conclusions

Most pharmacists believed that they had observed pregabalin abuse and that it was increasing. They managed the situation primarily by reporting the drug was unavailable and refusing to dispense it. Effective community pharmacy-based interventions are strongly needed to tackle the issue of pregabalin abuse.
A conforming multi-domain Legendre spectral method for solving diffusive-viscous wave equations in the exterior domain with separated star-shaped obstacles
Authors: Yao Guoqing , Wang Zicheng , Wang Zhongqing
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we propose a conforming multi-domain spectral method that combines mapping techniques to solve the diffusive-viscous wave equation in the exterior domain of two complex obstacles. First, we confine the exterior domain within a relatively large rectangular computational domain. Then, we decompose the rectangular domain into two sub-domains, each containing one obstacle. By applying coordinate transformations along radial direction to each sub-domain, we map them into eight regular sub-blocks. Subsequently, we perform numerical simulations using classical spectral methods on these regular sub-blocks. Our analysis focuses on the optimal convergence of this approach. The numerical results demonstrate the high-order accuracy of the proposed method.
Anelloviruses and Cancer
Authors: Tang Jason Y , Chen Trevor B , Kouznetsova Valentina L , Tsigelny Igor F
Published: December 2024

Anelloviruses are among the most prevalent viruses within the human virome, detected in >90% of healthy individuals. Despite their ubiquity, the role of anelloviruses in human health remains elusive. This review examines the potential associations of the anelloviruses torque teno virus (TTV), torque teno midi virus (TTMDV), and torque teno mini virus (TTMV) with various cancers, highlighting the mixed conclusions from current epidemiological studies. Anelloviruses may modulate cancer development through abnormal gene fusion, immune response, and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation. On the other hand, anelloviruses might suppress tumor formation through TTV-derived apoptosis-inducing protein (TAIP) and NF-κB signaling inhibition. The high prevalence of anelloviruses in cancer patients could also be attributed to their immunocompromised status rather than a direct causative role of the viruses. This review underscores the need for more comprehensive studies, including in vitro and in vivo experiments, to clarify the role of anelloviruses in cancer development and progression.
Array of metabolic pathways in a kleptoplastidic foraminiferan protist supports chemoautotrophy in dark, euxinic seafloor sediments
Authors: Gomaa Fatma , Rogers Daniel R , Utter Daniel R , Powers Christopher , Huang I-Ting , Beaudoin David J , Zhang Ying , Cavanaugh Colleen , Edgcomb Virginia P , Bernhard Joan M
Published: December 2024

Investigations of the metabolic capabilities of anaerobic protists advances our understanding of the evolution of eukaryotic life on Earth and for uncovering analogous extraterrestrial complex microbial life. Certain species of foraminiferan protists live in environments analogous to early Earth conditions when eukaryotes evolved, including sulfidic, anoxic and hypoxic sediment porewaters. Foraminifera are known to form symbioses as well as to harbor organelles from other eukaryotes (chloroplasts), possibly bolstering the host’s independence from oxygen. The full extent of foraminiferal physiological capabilities is not fully understood. To date, evidence for foraminiferal anaerobiosis was gleaned from specimens first subjected to stresses associated with removal from in situ conditions. Here, we report comprehensive gene expression analysis of benthic foraminiferal populations preserved in situ on the euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) bathyal seafloor, thus avoiding environmental alterations associated with sample recovery, including pressure reduction, sunlight exposure, warming, and oxygenation. Metatranscriptomics, metagenome-assembled genomes, and measurements of substrate uptake were used to study the kleptoplastidic foraminifer Nonionella stella inhabiting sulfur-oxidizing bacterial mats of the Santa Barbara Basin, off California. We show N. stella energy generation under dark euxinia is unusual because it orchestrates complex metabolic pathways for ATP production and carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle. These pathways include extended glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, sulfide oxidation, and the presence of a membrane-bound inorganic pyrophosphatase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes inorganic pyrophosphate to actively pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane.
A retrospective cohort study on predicting infants at a risk of defaulting routine immunization in Uganda using machine learning models
Authors: Nantongo Bartha Alexandra , Nabukenya Josephine , Nabende Peter , Kamulegeya John
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Using machine learning models to predict infants at risk of defaulting routine immunization (RI) and identify significant features for Uganda.

Materials and Methods

Principal component analysis reduced dimensionality. Datasets were balanced using synthetic minority over-sampling technique. k-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Trees, Random Forests (RFs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve-Bayes, Logistic Regression (LR), XGBoost, Adoptive-Boosting, and Gradient-Boosting were used on Uganda’s 2016 Demographic and health survey data with social-economic and demographic factors as predictors. Experiments with and without K-fold cross-validation were performed. Models were evaluated for accuracy, recall, precision, and area under a curve (AUC).

Results and Discussion

Experimental results revealed that the rate of defaulting increases as an infant’s age increases at 5.3% Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 7.3% pentavalentI, 22.9% pentavalentIII, and 22.1% for measles. Significant predictors for BCG were immunization card, polio0, cluster altitude. Reception of pneumococcal1, BCG, and district for pentavalentI; polio3, pentavalentII for pentavalentIII; polio active and pentavalentIII for measles.

RF had the best performance at predicting vaccine defaulting with 96%, 95%, 94%, 84% accuracy for BCG, PentavalentI, pentavalentIII, measles, respectively. Similarly, RF had the same precision, recall, AUC at 1.0. However, XGBoost, SVM, LR displayed the worst discriminatory power among infants who received the vaccine from defaulters with AUC ≤0.57.

Conclusion

Immunization card, preceding vaccines reception, and district were the most influential predictors. RF was the best classifier among the 9 models to predict defaulting RI. The study recommends regular outreaches, daily vaccination, provision of immunization cards, and accessible water sources to reduce defaulting.
Prevalence of incomplete atypical femoral fractures using single energy absorptiometry after long-term anti-resorptive therapy
Authors: Chaaya Jessica Abou , Fuleihan Ghada El-Hajj , Cheung Angela M , Layla Hiba Abou , Arabi Asma
Published: December 2024

Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) have been reported with long-term use of anti-resorptive drugs. Early identification is crucial because it allows early intervention to stop the progression to complete fracture, thus potentially reducing the ensuing burden. It has been shown that extending the scan image to take a full-length image of the femur (FFI) using single energy (SE) X-rays at the time of a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan can detect findings in the spectrum of AFF. Following the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) recommendations, FFI by SE X-ray is being performed for all patients who present to the Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis program at AUBMC for bone mineral density measurement by DXA, if they have received anti-resorptive drug for a cumulative period of 3 years or more. Patients can be currently on anti-resorptive drug or have discontinued it within the past 5 years prior to scan, instead of the 1 year, as recommended by the ISCD. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence of findings in the spectrum of AFF using FFI by SE X-rays. We collected data on demographic factors, clinical risk factors for osteoporosis, and bone densitometry parameters. Out of the 948 patients, 18 patients were found to have findings in the spectrum of AFF; 14 underwent subsequent imaging studies to investigate and confirm these abnormalities. One patient out of 948 patients was found to have an incomplete AFF confirmed by computed tomography scan. Studying the prevalence of the signs of AFF on FFI in other studies and assessing the specificity of this technique by comparing its findings with more established methods is important. Future ISCD task forces may need to reassess efficacy and cost effectiveness of its recommended guidance on using SE femur in patients to prevent adverse outcomes.
Pharmacogenetic and microRNA mechanisms of beta blocker use on bone
Authors: Lary Christine W , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Spillane Jennifer , Nayema Zannatun , Roy Tyler A , Peters Rebecca , Scott Griffin T , Chen Hongyu , Nagarajan Archana , Brown Aaron , Motyl Katherine J , Monroe David G , Khosla Sundeep
Published: December 2024

Motivated by studies showing an association between beta blocker (BB) use and positive bone outcomes, a pilot randomized control trial was performed at the Mayo Clinic which randomized postmenopausal women to placebo, propranolol (40 or 80 mg twice daily), atenolol (50 mg/d), or nebivolol (5 mg/d) to determine changes in bone turnover markers (BTMs) and in BMD over 20 wk. Pharmacogenetic effects and microRNA-mediated mechanisms involving beta adrenergic receptor and related genes have previously been found. We sought to validate these effects and discover new candidates in an ancillary study to the pilot clinical trial. We genotyped all participants and performed microRNA (miRNA) sequencing at baseline and at 20 wk for 24 participants from the atenolol or placebo groups. We discovered several variants in ADRB1, ADRB2, and HDAC4 which showed significant pharmacogenetic effects with BMD at multiple sites and with BTMs. Our miRNA results showed a significant treatment effect for miR-19a-3p over time with atenolol use in the low-responder group compared to placebo. Overall, the longitudinal miRNA analysis showed a large number of miRNAs which were up-regulated over the trial in the low responders but not the high responders compared to placebo, of which miR-19a-3p was one example. Finally, we compared the response to atenolol treatment for cardiovascular traits (pulse and blood pressure) with the response for the bone resorption marker, C-terminal telopeptide, and found a largely independent effect. Our results have implications for personalized therapy and for understanding mechanisms of BB treatment effect on bone.