bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus and Divergences of the Legal Definition of “CI-SHAN”
Authors: Ma Jianyin
Published: November 2016

This article analyzes the divergence on the legal definition of “ci-shan” (charity) and the orientation of The Charity Law of the People’s Republic of China (clprc), in the context of legislative process, in particular the stage led by the National People’s Congress since 2013. This article also discusses the achievements and the shortcomings in the discourse of clprc, which will have impact on the future charity legislation as the national strategy “rule of law” in full swing.

This article indicates the two confusions in the basic orientation of clprc. First, clprc with the tendency toward organic law ignores the behavior law’s logic of the charity institution; Second, there is the understanding of the basic legal relationship in a reverse priority, charitable legal system carries strong inertia of public law and needs a revising process of “privatizing public law.” Consequently, some issues should be called for special attention, especially in the following three aspects: The first aspect is that the related administrative framework is not enough to support/promote this charitable ideal of philanthropy (da ci-shan); the second aspect is that this charity law does not touch upon the tax system, and it is uncertain that the new authority will be in agreement with the fundamental preference of this charity legislature in the future tax legislation; the third aspect is that the basic orientation of the charity law will continue to be discussed in the public sphere, and the organic and public law complex is still very strong in the field of charity and philanthropy in the future several years.
Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European Deponents
Authors: Grestenberger Laura
Published: November 2016

This paper argues that the Proto-Indo-European voice system, despite undergoing several waves of morphological renewal on the way to the daughter languages (Jasanoff 2003), was typologically that of early IE languages like Vedic and Greek, and contemporary languages such as Modern Greek, and that the syncretic voice systems of these languages share the property of having deponents. While previous discussions of middle-only verbs have focused on a few morphologically archaic but semantically unsurprising middles, I show that PIE also had agentive, syntactically active middles that escaped the expected remodeling as formally active verbs and surface as deponents in the IE daughter branches. Reconstructing verbs with “unexpected” voice morphology may seem counter-intuitive, but is necessary to cover the empirical facts and may also serve as a diagnostic for the relative chronology of the morphological innovations that occurred in the domain of PIE voice morphology.
The Formation of Greek Place-nouns in -εών/-ών
Authors: Barth Emily
Published: November 2016

This paper sets forth a new theory for the origin of the ancient Greek class of place-noun derivatives characterized by a stem formant that appears as either -ών- or -εών- depending on the dialect. In the classical period and afterward, the stem formant acts as a simple productive suffix that derives place-nouns from noun bases. I propose that these place-nouns were originally formed as further derivatives of derived adjectival bases. Later, but still at a relatively early stage of Greek, the combination of the genitival suffix -ε(ι)ο- and the substantivizing ‘Strabon suffix’ -ō̆n- was reanalyzed as monomorphemic and propagated as a productive unitary formant.
The Origin of the Caland System and the Typology of Adjectives
Authors: Bozzone Chiara
Published: November 2016

This paper argues that the Caland system rests on a Pre-PIE verb-like adjective class, which formed root aorists. The Caland system as we know it came to be when PIE shifted to having a noun-like adjective class, and the Caland roots had to be adapted to the new system via derivation (while the old root aorists were gradually lost). Evidence for root aorists to Caland roots in Vedic is reviewed, and a typologically informed scenario for the shift is proposed. Finally, the paper argues that this scenario clarifies the origin of the *-eh1- stative in Indo-European (following Jasanoff (2002–2003)’s account), which would have arisen as PIE shifted from verb-like adjectives to nominal adjectives, and came to have a switch adjective system based on aspect.
Preposition Repetition in Tocharian
Authors: Kuritsyna Anna
Published: November 2016

The paper is devoted to the Tocharian phenomenon of preposition repetition, which occurs when a preposition governs conjuncts. This phenomenon is well known in Old Russian, but it is also described for some other ancient and modern languages, e.g. Latin, Greek, Hebrew and modern French. In the majority of these languages, the occurrence of reiterated prepositions is optional. This is different in Tocharian: although there are cases of both repetition and nonrepetition of prepositions with conjuncts, repetition seems to be obligatory. On the basis of an analysis of all available contexts, it will be argued that preposition repetition in Tocharian is a regular syntactic mechanism unless metrical characteristics of particular verse texts cause omission of the preposition.
Negative Interrogatives and Whatnot
Authors: Hackstein Olav
Published: November 2016

The present article examines the attenuation and conversion of outer and inner negations under interrogative scope (interrogative negation). Interrogative scope over outer and inner negations triggers network processes at the interface of syntax, semantics and pragmatics, which may in the long run result in the bleaching of their negating function. This explains the crosslinguistically frequent homophony of negations with non-negating particles, conjunctions and complementizers. I discuss four mechanisms, the Asking > Calling-into-Question Implicature (§§ 2, 3), the Asking-for-Confirmation Implicature (§§ 2, 3), the Affirmative-Negative Equivalence under Disjunction (§ 4), and the Litotes Effect (§ 5).
Variation versus Change
Authors: Goldstein David M.
Published: November 2016

Enclitic distribution in Greek (and archaic Indo-European generally) is governed by a set of generalizations known as Wackernagel’s Law, according to which enclitics occur in “second position.” As has long been known, surface exceptions to Wackernagel’s Law in Homer are uncommon, but in Herodotus are far more frequent. Wackernagel himself attributed this difference to syntactic change: in Homer a single mechanism is responsible for second-position clitic distribution, while in Herodotus the old second-position rule competes with new placement rules. Although the nature of these innovative mechanisms has never been explicated, philologists have adopted this view with apparent unanimity. The central claim of this paper is that the alleged syntactic change is an illusion. What Wackernagel and others have observed in Homer and Herodotus is a difference in usage, not grammar. Specifically, Herodotus uses constructions that yield non-canonical surface patterns (i.e., the clitic is not “second” in its clause) more often than Homer. As the same generalizations capture the distribution of clitics in both Homer and Herodotus, there is no validity to the claim that Wackernagel’s Law is weaker in the classical period than in the archaic, or that there are new distributional rules at work.
Six new species of the lichen genus Pyrenula (Pyrenulaceae) from Northeast Brazil
Authors: MENDONÇA CLÉVERTON DE OLIVEIRA , APTROOT ANDRÉ , CÁCERES MARCELA EUGENIA DA SILVA
Published: November 2016

Six new Pyrenula species are described as new to science, viz. Pyrenula aurantiothallina C. O. Mendonça, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with orange thallus with KOH+ purple anthraquinone, simple low conical ascomata, inspersed hamathecium, and ascospores 3-septate, 19.5–22.5 × 7–8.5 µm, generally somewhat constricted at the septa; Pyrenula coccinea C. O. Mendonça, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with yellowish brown thallus and ascomata with 6 to 25 together immersed in a pseudostromata with partly fused outer walls but separate, apical ostioles, covered with red pruina, ascospores 3-septate, 15–18(–20) × 5–6 µm; Pyrenula diamantinensis C. O. Mendonça, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with thallus yellowish brown, corticate, partly with a layer of whitish pruina, with (often eroded) pseudocyphellae, ascomata flattened to subglobose, numerous, partly covered by a layer of whitish pruina, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., mostly with 2–10 sideways touching but not totally fused, clypeus in upper half much thicker than below, ascospores 3-septate, 26–33 × 11–16 µm, lumina mostly obliquely quadrangular; Pyrenula lilacina C. O. Mendonça, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with lilac thallus, simple ascomata, and ascospores 3-septate, 31–37 × 11–14 µm; Pyrenula supralaetior C.O. Mendonça, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, which is similar to P. laetior Müll. Arg., but with ascospores 25–31 × 11–13 µm; and Pyrenula violaceastroidea C. O. Mendonça, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with ascomata pyriform, aggregated by 3–6 perithecia with a shared ostiole but without joint walls (parmentarioid), ostiole, ascomata and thallus partly covered by wine-red to purplish, KOH+ purple, anthraquinone. They were all found by the first author during several recent field trips in the North and Northeast of Brazil.
Consolidated Checklist of Hard Corals of the Genus Acropora Oken, 1815 (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in North Borneo, East Malaysia
Authors: ROBERT ROLANDO , LEE DEXTER JIUNN HERNG , RODRIGUES KENNETH FRANCIS , HUSSEIN MUHAMMAD ALI SYED , WAHEED ZARINAH , KUMAR S. VIJAY
Published: November 2016

Acropora is the most biologically diverse group of reef-building coral, and its richness peaks at the Indo-Malay-Philippine Archipelago, the centre of global coral reef biodiversity. In this paper, we describe the species richness of Acropora fauna of North Borneo, East Malaysia, based on review of literature and as corroborated by voucher specimens. Eighty-three species of Acropora are reported here; four species are literature based and 79 are supported by voucher specimens that were subsequently photographed. New records for North Borneo were recorded for 12 species, including Acropora suharsonoi Wallace 1994 that was previously thought to be confined to a few islands along Lombok Strait, Indonesia. The diversity of Acropora in North Borneo is comparable to that of Indonesia and the Philippines, despite the area’s smaller reef areas. This further reinforces its inclusion as part the global hotspot of coral biodiversity.
ADDENDUM to Roca-Cusachs, M. & Goula, M. 2016. New genus and species of ant-like true bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) from the Canary Islands. Zootaxa 4173 (1): 066–074.
Authors: ROCA-CUSACHS MARCOS , GOULA MARTA
Published: November 2016

Genus Perenotus and species Perenotus malobae were recently described as a new genus and species by Roca-Cusachs & Goula (2016). Article 16.4.2 of ICZN (1999) requires a statement of intent that the holotype is deposited in a collection and a statement indicating the name and location of that collection. Unfortunately, it is unclear if this requirement was satisfied.
A new species of Chirothripoides (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera) from India and Malaysia
Authors: TYAGI KAOMUD , MOUND LAURENCE A. , KUMAR VIKAS
Published: November 2016

Chirothripoides brahmaputrai sp.n. is described based on a holotype female from Assam State, India, and a paratype female from Peninsular Malaysia. A key to the six species of Chirothripoides is provided, and partial sequence data of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (mtCOI) from the holotype of the new species is generated and submitted to Barcode of Life Database.
Opisa takafuminakanoi, a new species of Opisidae from Hokkaido, Japan (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Authors: NARAHARA-NAKANO YUKIKO , KAKUI KEIICHI , TOMIKAWA KO
Published: November 2016

Opisa is a small amphipod genus including three species: O. eschrichtii (Krøyer, 1842) from the North Atlantic Ocean (Sars 1895; Bousfield 1987), the Arctic Ocean (Bousfield 1987), and the western Pacific Ocean (Stebbing 1906; Derzhavin 1929); O. odontochela Bousfield, 1987 from the southeast Alaska (Bousfield 1987); and O. tridentata Hurley, 1963 from the Pacific coasts of North America (Bousfield 1987). During field survey of the marine benthic fauna of Hokkaido, Japan, one of the authors (KK) collected an undescribed species of Opisa from off the southeast of Akkeshi Bay using a sledge net. This paper describes and illustrates the new species in detail.
A new cave species of Coecobrya Yosii (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Entomobryinae) from South Africa, with an identification key to the genus
Authors: CIPOLA NIKOLAS GIOIA , BELLINI BRUNO CAVALCANTE
Published: November 2016

Coecobrya anaguilae sp. nov., a new species of springtail from Cango Caves, South Africa is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to other species of tenebricosa-group such as C. communis (Chen & Christiansen), C. edenticulata (Handschin), and C. tropicalis Qu, Chen & Greenslade in some elements of dorsal chaetotaxy, absence of eyes, unguis with one unpaired median tooth, and manubrium without smooth chaetae, but differs from them in dorsal head, mesothoracic and collophore chaetotaxy. This is the first species of Coecobrya described from Africa as well as the first indisputable record of the genus for the whole continent. In this study an updated key to the species of the genus is provided, adding 14 species to the most recently published identification key. We also discuss some aspects of distribution and evolution of Coecobrya.
Two new species of Amphinemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from the Gaoligong Mountains of Yunnan, China
Authors: LI WEIHAI , WANG YING , YANG DING
Published: November 2016

Two new species of the nemourid genus Amphinemura, A. apicilobata sp. nov. and A. bimaculata sp. nov. are described from the Gaoligong Mountains of Yunnan Province, China. The new species are compared with related congeners.
The Re-discovery of live populations of Cnemaspis tropidogaster (Boulenger, 1885) (Sauria, Gekkonidae) from Sri Lanka after 120 years
Authors: AMARASINGHE A.A. THASUN , CAMPBELL PATRICK D. , MADAWALA MAJINTHA B. , BOTEJUE W. MADHAVA S. , GABADAGE DINESH E. , SILVA ANSLEM DE , KARUNARATHNA D.M.S. SURANJAN
Published: November 2016

Gonatodes kandianus var. tropidogaster was described by Boulenger (1885) with only “Ceylon” (=Sri Lanka) as its locality. This taxon was later assigned to the genus Cnemaspis and then recorded from many different parts of the country. Misleading taxonomic publications and muddled nomenclatural issues has since rendered its taxonomic position unclear. Recent studies have revealed, however, that C. tropidogaster is a species complex, and the species and its types have been redescribed. Unfortunately, no live populations of this species have been recorded until now. Here we report the rediscovery of live populations of this species 120 years after its last collection date records. C. tropidogaster was rediscovered from a low elevation (50–80 m asl.) of the wet zone of Sri Lanka. The rediscovered population was attributed to C. tropidogaster on the basis of a suite of matching morphometric and meristic characters that distinguish C. tropidogaster from other Sri Lankan Cnemaspis.
The subfamily Mendesellinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Brazil, with the description of six new species
Authors: BORTONI MARCO AURÉLIO , SOUZA-GESSNER CAROLINA DA SILVA , PENTEADO-DIAS ANGÉLICA MARIA
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we study the Mendesellinae wasps from Brazil deposited at Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil collection. Two new species of Epsilogaster (E. masoni sp. n. and E. whitfieldi sp. n.) and four new species of Mendesella (M. albipleura sp. n., M. itatiaia sp. n., M. japi sp. n., M. yamadai sp. n.) are described and illustrated.
Two remarkable new species of Hypothenemus Westwood (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Southeastern USA
Authors: JOHNSON ANDREW J. , ATKINSON THOMAS H. , HULCR JIRI
Published: November 2016

Two new Hypothenemus species found in southern and southeastern USA are described: Hypothenemus piaparolinae sp. n. and Hypothenemus subterrestris sp. n. The distribution and habits suggest these species are native and widely distributed, but elusive, and not recently arrived exotics. Both appear to have unusual biology: H. subterrestris appears to live in material on or in the ground, and H. piaparolinae has only been collected from the xylem of extensively rotten, fungus-filled twigs.
Papuaneon, a new genus of jumping spiders from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae: Neonini)
Authors: MADDISON WAYNE P.
Published: November 2016

The genus Neon Simon stands alone as a phylogenetically isolated astioid jumping spider, the only member of the Neonini. The new genus Papuaneon is established for the jumping spider Papuaneon tualapa sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea. Resembling a large, hirsute Neon, it is here shown to be the sister group to Neon, based on data from the nuclear 28S and Actin 5C, and the mitochondrial 16SND1 region. Photographs of living specimens are provided.
Impact of Simulated Twenty-First-Century Changes in Extratropical Cyclones on Coastal Flooding at the Battery, New York City
Authors: Roberts Keith J. , Colle Brian A. , Korfe Nathan
Published: November 2016

This paper explores simulated changes to the cool-season (November–March) storm-surge and coastal-flooding events at the Battery in New York City, New York (NYC), during most of the twenty-first century using several climate models and a previously developed multilinear regression model. The surface wind and pressure forcing for the surge predictions are obtained from an ensemble of 6 coupled global climate models (GCM) and 30 members from the Community Earth System Model. Using the “RCP8.5” emission scenario, both the single-model and multimodel ensemble means yielded insignificant (significance level p > 0.05) simulated changes to the median surge event (>0.61 m above astronomical tide) between a historical period (1979–2004) and the mid-to-late twenty-first century (2054–79). There is also little change in the return interval for the moderate-to-high surge events. By the mid-to-late twenty-first century, there is a poleward shift of the mean surface cyclone track in many of the models and most GCMs demonstrate an intensification of the average cyclone. There is little effect on the future surge events at the Battery because most of these storm changes are not in a region that favors more or higher-amplitude surges at NYC. Rather, projected sea level rise dominates the future simulated change in the number of flooding events by the mid-to-late twenty-first century. For example, the projections show about 23 times as many coastal-flooding events (tide + surge ≥ 2.44 m above mean lower low water; 1983–2001) in 2079 when compared with 1979, and the return intervals for some major coastal floods (e.g., the December 1992 northeaster) decrease by a factor of 3–4.
Characterizing Drought in India Using GRACE Observations of Terrestrial Water Storage Deficit
Authors: Sinha Debanjan , Syed Tajdarul H. , Famiglietti James S. , Reager John T. , Thomas Reis C.
Published: November 2016

Frequent recurrences of drought in India have had major societal, economical, and environmental impacts. While region-specific assessments are abundant, exhaustive appraisal over large spatial scales has been insubstantial. Here a new drought index called Water Storage Deficit Index (WSDI) is devised and analyzed for holistic representation of drought. The crux of the method is the employment of terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) for quantification of drought intensity and severity. Drought events in recent times are well identified and quantified using the approach over four homogenous rainfall regions of India over the period from April 2002 to April 2015. Among the four regions, the highest peak deficit of −158.00 mm is observed in January 2015 over central India. While the drought of 2002–04 is prominent in peninsular and west-central India, the drought of 2009–10 and 2012–13 is conspicuous in almost all four regions of India. The longest deficit period of 23 months (from February 2009 to December 2010) and the highest severity value of −26.31 are observed in central and northwestern India, respectively. WSDI values show an increasing trend in west-central India (0.07 yr−1), indicating recovery from previously existing drought conditions. On the contrary, a decreasing trend in WSDI is observed in northwestern (−0.07 yr−1) and central (−0.18 yr−1) India. Results demonstrate considerable confidence in the potential of WSDI for robust characterization of drought over large spatial scales.
Hydrologic State Influence on Riverine Flood Discharge for a Small Temperate Watershed (Fall Creek, United States): Negative Feedbacks on the Effects of Climate Change
Authors: Knighton James O. , DeGaetano Arthur , Walter M. Todd
Published: November 2016

Watershed flooding is a function of meteorological and hydrologic catchment conditions. Climate change is anticipated to affect air temperature and precipitation patterns such as altered total precipitation, increased intensity, and shorter event durations in the northeastern United States. While significant work has been done to estimate future meteorological conditions, much is currently unknown about future changes to distributions of hydrologic state variables. High-resolution hydrologic simulations of Fall Creek (Tompkins County, New York), a small temperate watershed (324 km2) with seasonal snowmelt, are performed to evaluate future climate change impacts on flood hydrology. The effects of hydrologic state and environmental variables on river flood stage are isolated and the importance of groundwater elevation, unsaturated soil moisture, snowpack, and air temperature is demonstrated. It is shown that the temporal persistence of these hydrologic state variables allows for an influence on watershed flood hydrology for up to 20 days. Finally, six hypothetical climate change forcing scenarios are simulated to estimate the influence of catchment conditions on the watershed runoff response. The possibility of drier summers and wetter springs with a reduced winter snowpack in the Northeast is also simulated. These hydrologic changes influence flood discharge in the opposite direction as climate effects because of a reduced snowpack accumulation and melt time. Strong hydrologic state influence on flood discharge may be most attributable to increased air temperature and decreased precipitation. Hydrologic state variables may change both the location and shape of seasonal flood discharge distributions despite expected consistency in the shape of precipitation statistic distributions.
Comparing Impacts of Satellite Data Assimilation and Lateral Boundary Conditions on Regional Model Forecasting: A Case Study of Hurricane Sandy (2012)
Authors: Zhu Tong , Boukabara Sid Ahmed , Garrett Kevin
Published: November 2016

The impacts of both satellite data assimilation (DA) and lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model forecasts of Hurricane Sandy 2012 were assessed. To investigate the impact of satellite DA, experiments were run with and without satellite data assimilated, as well as with all satellite data but excluding Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Sounder data. To gauge the LBC impact, these experiments were also run with a variety of outer domain (D-1) sizes. The inclusion of satellite DA resulted in analysis fields that better characterized the tropical storm structures including the warm core anomaly and wavenumber-1 asymmetry near the eyewall, and also served to reduce the forecast track errors for Hurricane Sandy. The specific impact of assimilating the GOES Sounder data showed positive impacts on forecasts of the storm minimum sea level pressure. Increasing the D-1 size resulted in increases in the day 4/5 forecast track errors when verified against the best track and the Global Forecast System (GFS) forecast, which dominated any benefits from assimilating an increased volume of satellite observations due to the larger domain. It was found that the LBCs with realistic environmental flow information could provide better constraints on smaller domain forecasts. This study demonstrated that satellite DA can improve the analysis of a hurricane asymmetry, especially in a shear environment, and then lead to a better track forecast, and also emphasized the importance of the LBCs and the challenges associated with the evaluation of satellite data impacts on regional model prediction.
Ultraviolet Raman Wide-Field Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer for Standoff Trace Explosive Detection
Authors: Hufziger Kyle T. , Bykov Sergei V. , Asher Sanford A.
Published: November 2016

We constructed the first deep ultraviolet (UV) Raman standoff wide-field imaging spectrometer. Our novel deep UV imaging spectrometer utilizes a photonic crystal to select Raman spectral regions for detection. The photonic crystal is composed of highly charged, monodisperse 35.5 ± 2.9 nm silica nanoparticles that self-assemble in solution to produce a face centered cubic crystalline colloidal array that Bragg diffracts a narrow ∼1.0 nm full width at half-maximum (FWHM) UV spectral region. We utilize this photonic crystal to select and image two different spectral regions containing resonance Raman bands of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and NH4NO3 (AN). These two deep UV Raman spectral regions diffracted were selected by angle tuning the photonic crystal. We utilized this imaging spectrometer to measure 229 nm excited UV Raman images containing ∼10–1000 µg/cm2 samples of solid PETN and AN on aluminum surfaces at 2.3 m standoff distances. We estimate detection limits of ∼1 µg/cm2 for PETN and AN films under these experimental conditions.
The impact of the Canterbury Earthquakes on the temporal and spatial patterning of crime in Christchurch, New Zealand
Authors: Breetzke Gregory D , King Marcus , Fabris-Rotelli Inger
Published: November 2016

The Canterbury Earthquakes struck the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand between September 2010 and February 2011. The Earthquakes resulted in widespread structural damage to Christchurch, the main city of the region, and greatly impacted other aspects of society including crime. In this study, we adopt an exploratory approach to investigate the impact that these earthquakes have had on the temporal and spatial patterning of four types of crime in Christchurch: assault, domestic violence, burglary and arson. Overall crime has decreased in post-quake Christchurch with the notable exception of domestic violence. We found remarkably similar temporal signatures of crime for all crime types occurring across both the pre- and post-earthquake periods. Spatially, crime has increased in the majority of neighbourhoods in Christchurch post-quake despite overall crime levels being down. Explanations for this paradoxical and other finding are outlined in the context of a rebuilding and recovering city.
Vulnerability Versus Opportunity: Dissecting the Role of Low Self-Control and Risky Lifestyles in Violent Victimization Risk Among Korean Inmates
Authors: Reyns Bradford W. , Woo Youngki , Lee Heeuk D. , Yoon Ok-Kyung
Published: November 2016

The present study explores self-control, risky lifestyles, and domain-specific opportunities as explanations of violent victimization among adult male inmates from South Korea. Data were collected from the Inmate’s Conduct and Prison Security Survey in South Korea ( N = 951). Structural equation modeling was used by applying a four-step process to examine the indirect effects of low self-control on prison victimization via risky lifestyles. We find that low self-control indirectly affects violent victimization via opportunities through risky lifestyles, and that risky lifestyles fully mediate the effect of low self-control on violent victimization in prison settings. Findings from the current study reinforce the contention that the relationship between low self-control and victimization includes a connection to opportunities for victimization. The results further suggest that the vulnerability that comes with possessing low self-control operates through the opportunities generated in living a risky lifestyle.
Performing and orchestrating governance learning for systemic transformation in practice for climate change adaptation
Authors: van Bommel Séverine , Blackmore Chris , Foster Natalie , de Vries Jasper
Published: November 2016

Barriers to climate change adaptation might not lie so much in ‘gaps’ in scientific or technical understandings but rather in the complexities of social, institutional and cultural transitions in climate change governance. Effective responses to complex environmental issues seem to require ‘co-learning for systemic governance transformations’. However, this process remains poorly understood. This article analyses the performance and orchestration of governance learning for systemic transformation in practice, drawing on examples from the international climate change adaptation and water governance (CADWAGO) project. We show that in these examples the interplay of ‘separating’ and ‘connecting’ is central to transforming governance in the European water management landscape. The article concludes that an orientation to boundary work and co-production of knowledge contributes to scientific narratives that can inspire meaningful connective action and move complex socioecological systems into a more sustainable trajectory.
An investigation into the aspirations, governance and management challenges of Māori farming trusts
Authors: Phillips Tom , Woods Christine , Lythberg Billie
Published: November 2016

This article investigates areas for possible improvement in the governance and management of large New Zealand Māori dairy farm businesses. Building on the innovative practices of their tūpuna (ancestors), Māori are defining their own aspirations, realities and goals in the dairy farming world and their accompanying challenges, as expressed by individuals and collectives currently engaged in Māori dairy farm businesses. The Māori way of doing business is described in this study as having a ‘quadruple bottom line’ of profit, people, environment and community business objectives. Māori are genuine leaders of dairy farm environmental management, due in part to their attitudes to land ownership, business values and holistic world views. The top tier of Māori farming trusts comprises fast growing enterprises, which are rapidly improving business performance. The expertise and governance of large corporate farms have much to offer other farming businesses.
An evaluation of DEVS simulation tools
Authors: Van Tendeloo Yentl , Vangheluwe Hans
Published: November 2016

DEVS is a popular formalism for modeling complex dynamic systems using a discrete-event abstraction. Owing to its popularity, and the simplicity of the simulation kernel, a number of tools have been constructed by academia and industry. However, each of these tools has distinct design goals and a specific programming language implementation. Consequently, each supports a specific set of formalisms, combined with a specific set of features. Performance differs significantly between different tools. We provide an overview of the current state of eight different DEVS simulation tools: ADEVS, CD++, DEVS-Suite, MS4 Me, PowerDEVS, PythonPDEVS, VLE, and X-S-Y. We compare supported formalisms, compliance, features, and performance. This paper aims to help modelers in deciding which tools to use to solve their specific problems. It further aims to help tool builders, by showing the aspects of their tools that could be extended in future tool versions.
Polymorphic Students
Authors: Levin John S. , Viggiano Tiffany , López Damián Ariadna Isabel , Morales Vazquez Evelyn , Wolf John-Paul
Published: November 2016

Objective: In an effort to break away from the stale classifications of community college students that stem from the hegemonic perspective of previous literature, this work utilizes the perceptions of community college practitioners to demonstrate new ways of understanding the identities of community college students. Method: By utilizing Gee’s identity theory and Grillo’s theory of intersectionality, we analyze interviews with community college practitioners from three different community colleges on the West coast of the United States to answer these questions: What identities (i.e., natural, institutional, and discursive) do faculty and administrators recognize in community college students? In what ways do community college faculty and administrators describe and conceptualize community college students? Findings: First, community college student identities are intricate and have changed with time; there are two different institutional views held by organizational members—the educational view and the managerial view—which both shape the construction of student identities and play a prominent role in determining which students are disadvantaged. Second, organizational members constructed meanings of student achievement and value (i.e., attributes or outcomes of the ideal student, or what policy makers and institutions refer to as success) according to organizational priorities and perspectives. Conclusion: This investigation encapsulates and elucidates the portrayals and understandings of community college students held by community college administrators and faculty as a means to acknowledge the diverse identities among these students. Scholars and practitioners are encouraged to acknowledge the polymorphic identities of this diverse population to improve scholarship and practice.
Capstone experiences in small MPA programs in the United States
Authors: Kim Younhee
Published: November 2016

A capstone experience, as an exit degree requirement, allows Master of Public Administration (MPA) students to build quasi-experimental practices by applying learned knowledge and skills throughout their curriculum in the United States. Accredited MPA programs have implemented their capstone courses differently to achieve required standards. Small programs have faced more challenges in organizational capacities than big programs. Although no consensus on standard capstone course components has been made, this study intends to discuss feasible capstone formats for small programs by reviewing the relatively small accredited MPA programs. The majority of the comparable programs have adopted the professional paper model with different course structures. In response to the program reviews and the pilot experience, three components are suggested to redesign a capstone course for small programs: faculty-directed; group-based; and project-focused. The capstone pilot experience has confirmed that ownership by the involvement of many faculty and external inputs in designing the course is critical to implement successful capstone experiences for small programs.
A Bayesian Robust IRT Outlier-Detection Model
Authors: Öztürk Nicole K. , Karabatsos George
Published: November 2016

In psychometric practice, the parameter estimates of a standard item-response theory (IRT) model can become biased when item-response data, of persons’ individual responses to test items, contain outliers relative to the model. Also, the manual removal of outliers can be a time-consuming and difficult task. Besides, removing outliers leads to data information loss in parameter estimation. To address these concerns, a Bayesian IRT model that includes person and latent item-response outlier parameters, in addition to person ability and item parameters, is proposed and illustrated, and is defined by item characteristic curves (ICCs) that are each specified by a robust, Student’s t-distribution function. The outlier parameters and the robust ICCs enable the model to automatically identify item-response outliers, and to make estimates of the person ability and item parameters more robust to outliers. Hence, under this IRT model, it is unnecessary to remove outliers from the data analysis. Our IRT model is illustrated through the analysis of two data sets, involving dichotomous- and polytomous-response items, respectively.
Active Collaborative Learning Through Remote Tutoring
Authors: Gehret Austin U. , Elliot Lisa B. , MacDonald Jonathan H. C.
Published: November 2016

An exploratory case study approach was used to describe remote tutoring in biochemistry and general chemistry with students who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH). Data collected for analysis were based on the observations of the participant tutor. The research questions guiding this study included (1) How is active learning accomplished in synchronous, remote tutoring for chemistry and biochemistry with students who are D/HH? and (2) Why might active learning be important to include in synchronous, remote tutoring for this student population? Findings included that (a) students approached remote tutoring with the same questions and materials they brought to in-person tutoring and (b) the degree to which tutoring materials could be imbedded into a remote session influenced the session’s efficiency and the ability of students to actively participate in remote tutoring.
The ‘new’ discourse of the Front National under Marine Le Pen: A slight change with a big impact
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Barisione Mauro
Published: November 2016

In recent years, the Front National, under the leadership of Marine Le Pen, has experienced a political revival. In elections, membership numbers and public opinion polls, the party has made impressive gains. We argue in this article that these gains stem, at least in part, from a strategic repositioning of the party based on a more populist discourse and communication style. Through a content analysis of posts (press releases) on the party’s Facebook page from 2013 to 2015, we first highlight that, besides giving the Front National a more presentable image, Marine Le Pen has changed the Front National on two fronts: (1) she has rendered the party’s discourse more populist and (2) she has managed to reframe the party’s leitmotif of immigration. Second, through quantitative analysis of ‘Likes’ for each post, we find that this new discourse resonates well with Front National sympathizers.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Like Traits and Distractibility in the Visual Periphery
Authors: Panagiotidi Maria , Overton Paul G. , Stafford Tom
Published: November 2016

We examined the performance of nonclinical subjects with high and low levels of self-reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like traits in a novel distractibility paradigm with far peripheral visual distractors, the likely origin of many distractors in everyday life. Subjects were tested on a Sustained Attention to Response Task with distractors appearing before some of the target or nontarget stimuli. When the distractors appeared 80 ms before the targets or nontargets, participants with high levels of ADHD-like traits were less affected in their reaction times than those with lower levels. Reducing the distractor-target or nontarget interval to 10 ms removed the reaction time advantage for the high group. We suggest that at 80 ms, the distractors were cueing the arrival of the target or nontarget, and that those with high levels of ADHD-like traits were more sensitive to the cues. Increased sensitivity to stimuli in the visual periphery is consistent with hyperresponsiveness at the level of the superior colliculus.
The Social Individual and the Last Human: Marx and Nietzsche Agree to Disagree
Authors: Landa Ishay
Published: November 2016

In their appreciation of modernity, Marx and Nietzsche have a lot in common. It is mistaken, for example, to assume that Nietzsche was interested chiefly in ethical and cultural matters, as opposed to Marx’s supposed fixation on the economic ‘base’. Nietzsche’s whole notion of culture was predicated upon a keen appreciation of the indispensable role of the economic base in sustaining all culture, while Marx, conversely, was deeply concerned about the fate of civilization. In that respect, it is useful to underline their ‘agreement’. Their disagreement concerns their respective social vantage-points: Marx envisioned a society overcoming class divisions, whereas Nietzsche directed all his powers at preventing precisely such an outcome. I will attempt to illustrate the usefulness of juxtaposing Marx’s notion of ‘the social individual’ with Nietzsche’s famous depiction of ‘the Last Human’, arguing that their true meaning emerges best when they are brought together.
Aerodynamic optimization method based on Bezier curve and radial basis function
Authors: Yang Fan , Yue Zhufeng , Li Lei , Yang Weizhu
Published: November 2016

Aerodynamic design is of great importance in the overall design of flight vehicles. In this study, an approach to aerodynamic design optimization is proposed by integrating Bezier curve parameterization and radial basis interpolation to enable large variation of aerodynamic profile during optimization. The Bezier curve uses the shape of a given airfoil and the radial basis function interpolation is applied to smoothly transfer the perturbation to the mesh in the whole flow field. Using design of experiments technique, the prominent design parameters that significantly affect the aerodynamic performance are determined. Aerodynamic optimizations are conducted for a wing airfoil and a blade airfoil to verify the efficiency of the proposed method. Genetic algorithm is employed in both single-objective and multiobjective design cases. Design results show that the present method can significantly improve the aerodynamic performance due to its capability to handle large shape changes of the airfoil. This work provides a useful and powerful tool to aerodynamic design with applications to various flight vehicles.
Board Gender Diversity, Financial and Social Performance of Indian Firms
Authors: Sanan Neeti Khetarpal
Published: November 2016

Gender diversity of boards is an important dimension of corporate governance but there have been limited studies in this regard using Indian data. The present study is motivated by the need to extend research on impact of gender diverse boards, an integral element of corporate governance, in the Indian context. Specifically, the study investigates impact of gender-wise heterogeneous boards on financial and social performance of Indian firms. The sample consists of 54 companies drawn from Economic Times ranking, spread over widely different industry segments, 38 of which belong to the private sector and 16 to the public sector. The study uses Blau’s diversity index to capture gender diversity of the Board. With regard to financial performance, this study uses accounting-based return on capital employed (ROCE) as a proxy measure because accounting-based measures more effectively capture the internal efficiency of firms. In order to measure social performance, the research develops firm-specific corporate social responsibility score (CSRS) using the KLD (Kinder, Lyderberg, & Domini) assessment parameters namely shareholder relationships, environment, product, community and employee relations. Controlling for variables such as firm size (measured by natural logarithm of assets), leverage (measured by debt to equity ratio) and board size (measured by natural logarithm of number of people constituting the board) that might impact financial and social performance, the study examines interrelationship with gender diversity using regression analysis. Results of the current research do not find a significant association of gender diversity of corporate boards with financial performance of firms. Also, the study is unable to establish significant association between gender diversity of boards and social performance. The study concludes that relationship between this element of corporate governance and firm performance in India requires investigation over a longer duration. This line of research is expected to provide useful insights into whether there is a business case for gender diverse corporate boards. This input would have significant firm-specific and public policy implications.
Commitments Inked in Paris: Can India Deliver by 2020?
Authors: Blah Montgomery
Published: November 2016

The Paris Agreement on Climate Change was adopted at the close of the 21st Conference of Party on 12 December 2015. This agreement has been approved after a marathon negotiation in which parties under the aegis of the United Nations have finally agreed on the terms and conditions to implement it by 2020. The prime objective of the Paris Agreement is to ensure member states of the United Nations take appropriate and concrete actions in combating the menace of climate change that poses a challenging threat to humanity. It includes keeping temperature rise below 2°C by this century and limiting the temperature increase even further to 1.5°C above the pre-industrial levels. India has announced voluntary pledges during the conference which include carbon intensity growth by 33–35 per cent over the 2005 level, to raise the share of non-fossil fuel power to 40 per cent by 2030 and to produce 175 gigawatt (GW) of renewable power by 2022. Hence, the basic objective of this article is to examine India’s commitments and its initiatives to combat climate change in line with the Paris framework agreement to be implemented by 2020 and also to highlight the implications and drawbacks which India confronted.
Effects of VA Facility Dog on Hospitalized Veterans Seen by a Palliative Care Psychologist: An Innovative Approach to Impacting Stress Indicators
Authors: Krause-Parello Cheryl A. , Levy Cari , Holman Elizabeth , Kolassa John E.
Published: November 2016

The United States is home to 23 million veterans. In many instances, veterans with serious illness who seek healthcare at the VA receive care from a palliative care service. Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) is gaining attention as a therapeutic stress reducing modality; however, its effects have not been well studied in veterans receiving palliative care in an acute care setting. A crossover repeated-measures study was conducted to examine the effects of an animal-assisted intervention (AAI) in the form of a therapy dog on stress indicators in 25 veterans on the palliative care service at the VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System in Denver, CO. Veterans had a visit from a therapy dog and the dog’s handler, a clinical psychologist (experimental condition) and an unstructured visit with the clinical psychologist alone (control condition). Blood pressure, heart rate, and the salivary biomarkers cortisol, alpha-amylase, and immunoglobulin A were collected before, after, and 30-minutes after both the experimental and control conditions. Significant decreases in cortisol were found when the before time period was compared to the 30-minutes after time period for both the experimental ( p = 0.007) and control condition ( p = 0.036). A significant decrease in HR was also found when the before time period was compared to the 30-minutes after time period for both the experimental ( p = 0.0046) and control ( p = 0.0119) condition. Results of this study supported that a VA facility dog paired with a palliative care psychologist had a measurable impact on salivary cortisol levels and HR in veterans.