bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression Model*
Authors: Mei Chang‐Lin , He Shu‐Yuan , Fang Kai‐Tai
Published: February 2004

Abstract. A mixed, geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is useful in the situation where certain explanatory variables influencing the response are global while others are local. Undoubtedly, how to identify these two types of the explanatory variables is essential for building such a model. Nevertheless, It seems that there has not been a formal way to achieve this task. Based on some work on the GWR technique and the distribution theory of quadratic forms in normal variables, a statistical test approach is suggested here to identify a mixed GWR model. Then, this note mainly focuses on simulation studies to examine the performance of the test and to provide some guidelines for performing the test in practice. The simulation studies demonstrate that the test works quite well and provides a feasible way to choose an appropriate mixed GWR model for a given data set.
Effect of dietary cortisol administration on growth and reproductive success of channel catfish
Authors: Small B. C.
Published: February 2004

The effect of cortisol administration on reproductive performance was investigated in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus broodfish. Cortisol was added to a commercial catfish feed by dissolving in ethanol and spraying the feed to yield a dietary concentration of 150 mg kg−1 feed. The cortisol diet and the control (no cortisol) diet were offered at a rate of 1% of biomass to three replicate ponds each containing 28 female and 14 male broodfish, respectively, three times per week for 11 weeks. Spawning began 10 days after the start of the experiment, and continued for 10 weeks. In fish fed cortisol, body mass and the hepato‐somatic index were reduced (P ≤ 0·02) and concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were significantly higher (P ≤ 0·0003) compared to those of controls. The relative frequency of spawning was similar between the two treatments; however, cortisol‐fed channel catfish had an average of 47·1% more spawns than the control‐fed fish. On average, there were 25·5 spawns per pond in the treated groups compared to 12·3 spawns per control pond (P = 0·10). No effect was observed on egg production, with individual egg mass, fecundity, and hatching success being similar (P ≥ 0·27) for both treatments. Despite the observed negative effects of cortisol on somatic and hepatic growth, the increased reproductive output coupled with no observable effects on the eggs or hatching success demonstrates that cortisol does not suppress channel catfish reproduction.
A new species of Creagrutus Günther (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), from the upper Rio Paraná basin, central Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro A. C. , Benine R. C. , Figueiredo C. A.
Published: February 2004

Creagrutus varii n. sp. is described based on material from the Rio São Marcos basin, in the upper Rio Paraná system, Goiás State, Brazil. This is the first record of Creagrutus in the upper Rio Paraná. The new species is proposed to be the sister group of the remaining species of Creagrutus. Creagrutus varii differs from congeners in the morphology of the maxilla, primordial ligament, premaxillary dentition and other features. The evolution of premaxillary tooth morphology in Piabina and Creagrutus and the biogeography of the Rio Paranaíba basin are discussed.
Growth in length and in body depth in young‐of‐the‐year perch with different predation risk
Authors: Magnhagen C. , Heibo E.
Published: February 2004

Body shape of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) perch Perca fluviatilis, and number and size of potential predators (perch and pike Esox lucius) were compared across five lakes in northern Sweden. Body depth and dorsal fin ray length of YOY perch differed between lakes, with high relative body depth and long dorsal fin rays found in the lakes where the number of large piscivores was the highest. The most slender fish were found in the lake where the perch population had the smallest individuals and pike occurred in very low numbers. The average body mass in YOY perch from the two lakes with highest and lowest body depth, respectively, were the same, which indicates a difference between lakes in the relation between growth in length and in depth. Both body depth and fin ray length were correlated with predation risk by pike. Fin ray length was also correlated with number of piscivorous perch. Selection for different body shapes can be caused by different biotic and abiotic factors, singly or in combination, and the results from this study indicates that predation risk is one of these factors affecting body depth and fin ray length in perch.
A lectin histochemical study of the oesophagus of shi drum
Authors: Pedini V. , Dall’Aglio C. , Parillo F. , Scocco P.
Published: February 2004

The saccharide composition of surface and secretion glycoconjugates in the oesophagus of Umbrina cirrosa was examined by means of lectin histochemistry. Mucous cells showed the presence of N‐acetylgalactosamine, N‐acetylglucosamine and sialic acid linked to the dimer galactosyl(β1→3) N‐acetylgalactosamine. Columnar epithelial cells had a positive reaction with almost all the lectins employed, located in the supranuclear region and in the cell coat. The presence of abundant and various glycoconjugates in the secretions of shi drum oesophagus was correlated to the absence of salivary glands in fishes in general.
Diel distribution patterns of fishes in a temperate large lowland river
Authors: Wolter C. , Freyhof J.
Published: February 2004

During the day, juveniles and typical inshore species in the lower Oder River, Germany, inhabited the littoral (0·05–1·50 m deep) while potamal species inhabited the mid‐channel (40–100 m from the banks). During the night, two behavioural groups were distinguished: 1) potamal species and large individuals of other species, moved from offshore to the littoral, and 2) nocturnal foraging species, became active and increased in inshore and offshore habitats. Inshore, the most significant differences at night was the increasing density of silver bream Blicca bjoerkna increasing both total biomass and total length of fishes caught. Offshore, the increasing density of whitefin gudgeon Gobio albipinnatus at night was most significant. Additional night electrofishing improved the assessment of the abundance, age and size structure of typical potamal fish species. It should be incorporated in large river fish monitoring programmes.
Anti‐predator response of naïve and experienced common bully to chemical alarm cues
Authors: Kristensen E. A. , Closs G. P.
Published: February 2004

Histological analysis of the skin of common bully Gobiomorphus cotidianus, a New Zealand native eleotrid fish, revealed the presence of club cells in the epidermis. Epidermal club cells are frequently associated with the production of alarm substance (Schreckstoff). The behavioural responses of perch‐naïve and perch‐experienced common bullies to either conspecific skin extract or chemical cues from an introduced predator, perch Perca fluviatilis, were then examined. Both perch‐naïve and perch‐experienced common bullies exhibited a behavioural response when exposed to conspecific skin extract, indicating the probable presence of an alarm substance. In contrast, only perch‐experienced common bullies recognized and exhibited a subsequent behavioural response to the odour of perch. This study is the first to document the presence of epidermal club cells and a behavioural response to a conspecific chemical alarm signal for fishes in the Eleotridae. The results indicate that common bully can learn to recognize perch odour as a threat, and that this ability may be a result of previous predator labelling involving a conspecific alarm substance.
Stocking success of newly hatched pike evaluated by radioactive strontium (85Sr) marking
Authors: Sutela T. , Korhonen P. , Nyberg K.
Published: February 2004

The stocking of newly hatched pike Esox lucius labelled with radioactive strontium (85Sr) and later electrofishing of the same area was found to be a workable tool in assessing the success of pike stockings. 85Sr‐labelled individuals constituted 96% of the 0+year pike catch from late summer electrofishing in the stocked littoral areas of the heavily regulated Lokka Reservoir. The density of 0+year pike reached 2·1 individuals 100 m−2 in the stocked areas in comparison to 0·3 individuals 100 m−2 in the reference areas. In the three other stocked lakes the proportion of labelled pike in the catch ranged from 0 to 42% in late summer. The results suggest that pike stockings are profitable in filling empty or nearly empty 0+year pike habitats of regulated lakes or other waterbodies, where the natural reproduction of pike has declined due to human activities.
Habitat use and early winter movements by juvenile Atlantic cod in a coastal area of Newfoundland
Authors: Cote D. , Moulton S. , Frampton P. C. B. , Scruton D. A. , McKinley R. S.
Published: February 2004

Acoustic telemetry was used to monitor the movements and landscape scale habitat use of age 2–3 year juvenile Atlantic codGadus morhuain Newman Sound, a coastal fjord of Newfoundland, during late autumn and early winter (24 October 1999 to 22 January 2000). Substratum, bathymetric relief and depth use were studied to determine if it differed from the pattern expected given an absence of selectivity (habitat use proportional to habitat availability). Prior to winter migrations, most Atlantic cod maintained small home ranges (0·5–33·4 ha, median = 2·1 ha) although a few individuals moved more widely. No relationship between total length (LT) and home range size was detected. In Inner Newman Sound, Atlantic cod occupied depths of 10–29 m more than expected given availability, while depths of 0–9 and 40–59 m were underutilized. No significant relationship between depth andLTwas detected. Areas of medium (5–10%) or high (>10%) bathymetric relief and boulder or kelp habitats were used significantly more than expected given the availability of these habitats. Sand and eelgrass substrata were underutilized given availability, although many Atlantic cod used sandy‐bottomed areas to some degree. Flexibility in habitat use by the individuals that were studied suggested reduced predation risk relative to younger conspecifics. Winter migrations to deeper water beyond Newman Sound began in mid‐November, coinciding with the disappearance of the thermocline, and continued until 27 December. Approximately 30% of monitored individuals did not migrate and maintained their home ranges into the winter season. No significant differences inLTbetween migrating and resident groups were detected, however, the condition of migrating fish was significantly higher than in resident fish. This finding supports the theory that feeding history plays a role in the decision to undertake migration.
Influence of familiarity on shoaling behaviour in Texas and blacktail shiners
Authors: Farmer N. A. , Ribble D. O. , Miller D. G.
Published: February 2004

The Texas shiner Notropis amabilis and the blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta demonstrated statistically significant preferences for the side of the tank holding their familiar shoalmates, and significantly stronger shoaling behaviour with their familiar shoalmates, than with unfamiliar fish.
Food partitioning between coexisting Atlantic salmon and brook trout in the Sainte‐Marguerite River ecosystem, Quebec
Authors: Mookerji N. , Weng Z. , Mazumder A.
Published: February 2004

Food resource partitioning between similar‐sized, sympatric Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was examined as a possible mechanism enabling their coexistence in a stream (Allaire) of the Sainte‐Marguerite River ecosystem, Quebec, Canada. Fish stomach contents and invertebrate drift were collected concurrently during three diel cycles in August to September 1996. The food and feeding habits of an allopatric brook trout population in a nearby stream (Epinette) were studied for comparison. The diel feeding rhythms of the two coexisting fish species were similar. The composition of their diet, however, showed significant differences. Atlantic salmon predominantly (60–90%) fed on aquatic insects, mainly Ephemeroptera (35–60% of the diet). The brook trout mostly (50–80%) fed upon the allochthonous terrestrial insects (mainly adults of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera) which comprised 5–40% of the stream drift. The allopatric brook trout fed opportunistically on the more abundant aquatic insects and terrestrial insects rarely formed 25% of its diet. The allopatric trout fed nearly twice as much as the sympatric brook trout during a day. The results suggest that the differences in feeding by brook trout in the two streams (with and without Atlantic salmon) are the result of inter‐specific interaction with Atlantic salmon and are not related to the differences in food availability between the two streams. Food resource partitioning between Atlantic salmon and brook trout may be viewed as an adaptive response resulting in a greater exploitation of available resources and coexistence.
Absence of shared mitochondrial DNA haplotypes between sea lamprey from North American and Spanish rivers
Authors: Rodríguez‐Muñoz R. , Waldman J. R. , Grunwald C. , Roy N. K. , Wirgin I.
Published: February 2004

Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus from the River Miño and Sella, Spain, showed an almost identical frequency for three observed haplotypes. None of these haplotypes were found among three North American populations. These results indicate an absence of exchange among sea lamprey populations spawning in the west and south‐east Atlantic coasts. The similarity between the collections from the two Spanish rivers suggests that homing does not occur in anadromous sea lamprey.
Paternal effects on haddock early life history traits
Authors: Rideout R. M. , Trippel E. A. , Litvak M. K.
Published: February 2004

Paternal effects on haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus early life history traits were examined by crossing eggs and sperm in a nested design and analysing the progeny at 0, 5 and 10 days post‐hatch (dph). The proportion of the variance in early life history traits that was due to paternity was significant for hatching success, larval standard length, myotome height, jaw length and yolk size, but not eye diameter or yolk utilization efficiency. Some morphological traits were influenced more by paternity than maternity. The findings suggest that the importance of males in the early life history success of marine fishes be reconsidered.
Male traits influence odour‐based mate choice in the three‐spined stickleback
Authors: Häberli M. A. , Aeschlimann P. B.
Published: February 2004

Female three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus preferred odour stemming from males with a nest over ‘neutral’ water and odour from males without any nest in an experimental flow channel. Males without any nest were preferred over females when either having the same major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class lI genotype or being unattractive in respect to MHC class II alleles.
Natural mortality of puffadder shysharks due to Cape fur seals and black‐backed kelp gulls at Seal Island, South Africa
Authors: Martin R. A.
Published: February 2004

Natural mortality of puffadder shysharks Haploblepharus edwardsii due to two species of marine tetrapod, the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus and the black‐backed kelp gull Larus dominicanis vetula, is reported. These data constitute the first multiple observations of natural mortality of any cartilaginous fish due to object play or kleptoparasitism by marine tetrapods. Evidence of range extension of the puffadder shyshark to False Bay, South Africa is presented.
Habitat selection in whiting
Authors: Atkinson C. J. L. , Bergmann M. , Kaiser M. J.
Published: February 2004

Given a choice of habitats in a laboratory experiment, whiting Merlangius merlangus preferentially spent most time over sand, then gravel and least time over a habitat with emergent structures. The introduction of a predator stimulus increased the preference for the sand habitat for large whiting, whereas small whiting had an increased preference for the habitat with emergent structures.
Reproductive biology of female big‐bellied seahorses
Authors: Poortenaar C. W. , Woods C. M. C. , James P. J. , Giambartolomei F. M. , Lokman P. M.
Published: February 2004

In this study, ovarian morphology, reproductive condition and sex steroid levels were investigated in the big‐bellied seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis, collected by snorkel and SCUBA diving in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Within the ovary, oocytes were contained between an outer muscular wall and an inner layer of luminal epithelium. Two germinal ridges ran along the entire length of the ovary. In cross‐section, oocytes were arranged in sequential order of development beginning at the germinal ridges and ending at the mature edge. Ovarian lamellae were absent. Vitellogenic and advanced cortical alveoli oocytes were elongated in shape, whereas maturing oocytes were distinctively pear‐shaped. Mature oocytes were large (2·6 – 4·4 mm in length) and aligned with the animal pole towards the muscular wall. Reproductively mature females were found throughout the year indicating a protracted reproductive season. The gonado‐somatic index was significantly different between all ovarian stages, but the hepato‐somatic index was not. Females with previtellogenic ovaries had significantly higher plasma concentrations of testosterone than females with vitellogenic or maturing ovaries. There was no significant difference in plasma concentrations of testosterone between females with vitellogenic or maturing ovaries, or in plasma concentrations of 17β‐oestradiol between females in all ovarian stages. This study contributes to the knowledge on the reproductive biology of female syngnathids.
Energy allocation in juvenile sablefish: effects of temperature, ration and body size
Authors: Sogard S. M. , Spencer M. L.
Published: February 2004

The lipid deposition of juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria was examined, in particular, the changes in allocation over time. Growth rates of early juveniles (initial size 36–50 mm total length, LT) were manipulated using two temperatures (10 and 20° C) and two rations (ad libitum and 3–4% body mass day−1). Fish LT, mass and lipid content were measured every 3 weeks for 15 weeks. Irrespective of treatment, the relationship of total lipid content with body size was clearly hyperallometric; small juveniles allocated relatively more energy to growth and less to lipid storage than large juveniles. After adjusting for the influence of body size, temperature and ration significantly influenced body composition but these effects varied over the course of the experiment. In the first 3 week time period, fish on the high ration, high temperature treatment had reduced lipid storage relative to other treatments, but in all subsequent time periods their lipid concentrations were similar to or higher than those of fish on other treatments. In contrast, fish held at low rations and low temperatures initially had average levels of lipid concentration, but after 6 weeks their levels were lower than other treatments. Estimation of allocation to lipid storage over time (proportion of dry mass increase comprised of lipid) suggested that fish in all of the treatments were approaching an asymptotic level of lipid concentration (c. 50–60% of dry mass) but with different rates of lipid increase. Within a treatment, it was predicted that individual differences in allocation would result in trade‐offs between somatic growth and storage. This trade‐off was evident only for fish held on low rations at low temperatures. In contrast, fish held on high rations at high temperatures exhibited the opposite pattern of a positive correlation between somatic growth and storage. These results suggest that lipostatic regulation of appetite is unlikely in juvenile sablefish. When resources are unlimited, this species appears to adopt a maximizing strategy for both somatic growth and lipid accumulation.
The relationship between specific dynamic action and otolith growth in pike
Authors: Armstrong J. D. , Fallon‐Cousins P. S. , Wright P. J.
Published: February 2004

The hypothesis was tested that the daily increment width (IW) of the otolith comprises two components, one that correlates with basal metabolic rate (as has been demonstrated previously) and the other that correlates with apparent specific dynamic action (Rsda)(the post‐prandial elevation in metabolism). Simultaneous measurements of IW and metabolic rate before and after a meal were collected from individual pike Esox lucius. After feeding, IW and metabolic rate increased above basal levels for 5–6 days. There was no correlation between daily IW and Rsda, reflecting within‐individual difference in the shapes of the post‐prandial responses of the two variables. There was a significant relationship between the total changes of IW and metabolic rate integrated following meals. The magnitude of the post‐prandial response as a proportion of the basal level was larger for metabolic rate than IW, mirroring the previously reported responses of these variables to acute temperature change. This study suggests that analysis of IW has the potential to provide a historic record of energy intake but only when integrated over a period equivalent to the digestion time. Consideration of energy budget theory indicates that IW is unlikely to provide a robust record of short‐term somatic growth if activity metabolism is significant and variable.
The use of haematoxylin stain to improve contrast of growth increments in otoliths of larval whitemouth croaker
Authors: Albuquerque C. Q. , Muelbert J. H.
Published: February 2004

Otoliths of larval whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri, treated with haematoxylin, exhibited a clearer pattern of incremental and discontinuous zones than untreated otoliths. Precision of age estimates was better after the staining procedure.
Electrofishing and salmonid movement: reciprocal effects in two small montane streams
Authors: Young M. K. , Schmetterling D. A.
Published: February 2004

The effects of electrofishing on salmonid movement and of salmonid movement on electrofishing‐derived abundance estimates were studied in two streams in western Montana, U.S.A. Electrofishing increased emigration of salmonids from study reaches for 1 day, but not for succeeding days, whereas immigration to study reaches was unaffected. Movement of most emigrating fishes was downstream. On these small streams, electrofishing did not appear to cause fishes to flee during sampling. Numbers of salmonids migrating between mark and recapture runs were small relative to the fish abundance estimates in study reaches, usually much less than the 95% CL for those estimates, thus disregarding movements of marked fishes from the study reaches would have produced small positive biases in abundance estimates. Overall, for this suite of salmonid species in mid‐summer in these streams, the effects of electrofishing on fish movement and of fish movement on abundance estimates were minor.
Early ontogeny of sunbleak
Authors: Pinder A. C. , Gozlan R. E.
Published: February 2004

The early development of sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus, from activation of ovum to juvenile, was recorded using both living and preserved materials. Five embryonic steps, one free embryo and five larval steps were identified. Hatching occurred between 73 h 25 min and 85 h 25 min (post‐activation); the free embryo period was extremely short in duration (3–16 h). The transition from larva to juvenile occurred in c. 96 days when the fish were fully scaled and the lateral line organ clearly visible. During early development, developmental thresholds were identified between steps, which suggested possible switches in ecology, microhabitat, behaviour, performance or any combination of these. During both embryo and larva periods of development, steps increased in time duration, indicating different rates of complexity of physiological and morphological developments within each step. From the results, a ‘step like’ model is proposed for the early development of sunbleak.
Differences in response to hypoxia in the three‐spined stickleback from lotic and lentic localities: dominance and an anaerobic metabolite
Authors: Sneddon L. U. , Yerbury J.
Published: February 2004

Dominance hierarchies of the three‐spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus from river and pond populations were subjected to hypoxia (20%, range ± 1%). Under hypoxia, the hierarchies were less stable in terms of rank position and tissue L‐lactate was higher in river fish than pond fish under normoxia and hypoxia. Dominant fish gained mass under normoxia but lost mass under hypoxic conditions possibly due to them maintaining high levels of aggression.
Using literature as a therapeutic tool with people with moderate and borderline learning disabilities in a forensic setting
Authors: Cocking Andy , Astill Jackie
Published: February 2004

In the past, it was rare for services for people with learning disabilities to focus on meeting the emotional and personal development needs of their clients, concentrating instead on interventions that aimed to improve self‐care, develop appropriate social skills and reduce challenging behaviours. However, recent work using psychotherapeutic interventions and art therapies has started to remedy this traditional shortfall. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the successful use of an art‐based therapy, using literature (often termed Biblio‐therapy and Poetry Therapy in published research) that has been hitherto generally overlooked with a client group of men with learning disabilities who have offended, on account of their lack of literacy skills and likely lack of understanding of the use of metaphor. The paper describes the background to the work, the preparation of materials, the presentation of the psychotherapeutically‐based group work and it's effectiveness in encouraging the development of emotional maturity and self‐expression within a mixed‐ability client group of young men in a high security setting.
Carers – the sympathy and services stereotype
Authors: Clements Luke
Published: February 2004

In two recent cases the courts have declined to accord to carers any formal right to a private and family life with the person for whom they care. This paper briefly considers why it is that the courts still view carers as people merely in need of services and sympathy – rather than people entitled to such basic human rights.
Clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of cutaneous lymphocytosis in 23 cats
Authors: Gilbert S. , Affolter V. K. , Gross T. L. , Moore P. F. , Ihrke P. J.
Published: February 2004

Abstract Clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous lymphocytosis, an uncommon disease histologically resembling well‐differentiated malignant lymphoma, were characterized in 23 cats. Clinical outcome was correlated with histomorphology and immunophenotype in an attempt to predict benign vs. malignant behaviour. The disease mainly affected older cats. Lesions were solitary in 61% of cats and often characterized by alopecia (73.9%), as well as erythema, scaling and ulceration. The lateral thorax was most commonly affected (43.5%). Pruritus was frequent (65.2%). Systemic signs included anorexia and weight loss. Morphologically, lesions were characterized by dermal infiltrations of well‐differentiated CD3+ T‐cells (100%) and aggregates of CD79+ B‐cells (64.3%). Cutaneous lymphocytosis is slowly progressive and relatively benign, although in some cats systemic signs led to euthanasia. Four of 12 euthanized cats and one live cat also had lymphoid infiltrates in internal organs. Unfortunately, we were unable to predict clinical outcome by histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of skin lesions.
Feline lymphangiosarcoma – definitive identification using a lymphatic vascular marker
Authors: Galeotti Franca , Barzagli Fabio , Vercelli Antonella , Millanta Francesca , Poli Alessandro , Jackson David G. , Abramo Francesca
Published: February 2004

Abstract  Three cases of feline exudative dermatitis associated with lymphangiosarcoma are described. The animals, an 11‐year‐old, neutered male and two 10‐year‐old, neutered female short hair European cats, presented with a 2‐month history of transparent liquid oozing from the skin of the groin and caudal abdomen. On physical examination the neutered male cat and one of the females were slightly depressed and showed loss of weight. Skin lesions were similar in all cats and characterized by the presence of alopecia and moist dermatitis in the ventral abdomen, groin and inner thigh. The hair at the periphery appeared matted by the fluid. In all three cases, histopathological examination of skin biopsies from the abdomen identified poorly defined neoplasia involving dermis and subcutis, characterized by proliferation of spindle cells aligned along pre‐existing collagen bundles. The dissection of collagen bundles gave rise to irregular shaped anastomosing, often blind‐ending vascular channels and trabeculae. Vascular spaces were mostly optically empty. These histological features were strongly suggestive of lymphangiosarcoma. Neoplastic cells were positive for the blood vascular marker Von Willebrand factor, and a lymphatic vascular marker LYVE‐1 (Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial receptor – 1), demonstrating the mixed vascular origin of the tumour. Ultrastructural findings confirmed the final diagnosis of lymphangiosarcoma.
Eleven cases of vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus in Shetland sheepdogs and rough collies: clinical management and prognosis
Authors: Jackson H. A.
Published: February 2004

Abstract A cutaneous ulcerative disease is recognized to affect the adult Shetland sheepdog and rough collie. This has a distinct clinical and histological appearance consistent with a vesicular variant of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (VCLE). Retrospective information on the clinical outcome and response to therapy was collected from 11 cases of histologically confirmed VCLE. In 8/11 dogs the onset of disease was in the summer; in three dogs recrudescence occurred in subsequent summers. In eight dogs the skin disease was judged to be 75–100% controlled with therapy after a minimum follow‐up of 9 months. Successful treatment in seven of these cases comprised immunosuppressive doses of oral glucocorticoids, alone (one dog), in combination with azathioprine (five dogs) and doxycycline (one dog). One case responded to topical fluocinolone. Three dogs were euthanased for reasons directly related to the disease, one prior to initiating any therapy. Vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus in the rough collie and Shetland sheepdog can be a debilitating skin disease which is best managed with aggressive immunosuppressive therapy. Sun avoidance or the use of sunscreens is an important additional management recommendation.
Alopecia and dermatopathy of the lower back following pelvic fractures in three cats
Authors: Declercq Jan
Published: February 2004

Abstract  An alopecia and dermatopathy following pelvic fractures associated with vehicular trauma is reported in three cats. The animals presented 3–4 weeks post injury with acute hair loss, glistening appearance of the skin and erosions involving the lower back. Histological examination revealed atrophy of the hair follicles and adnexal structures and follicular telogenization, dermal fibroplasia and mild lymphocytic infiltrate, fibroplasia and inflammation in the panniculus. Vascular damage secondary to the external trauma to blood vessels supplying the skin over the lumbar region and subsequent ischaemia may represent the pathomechanism of this type of alopecia. Focal permanent hair loss can be expected.
Cutaneous vascular malformation in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Osofsky Anna , De Cock Hilde E. V. , Tell Lisa A. , Norris Aimee J. , White Stephen D.
Published: February 2004

Abstract A skin lesion classified as a vascular malformation is reported in a young‐adult, female guinea pig. The physical examination revealed a 3 × 2‐cm irregularly shaped violaceous plaque located on the left caudal flank. The surface of the plaque was ulcerated and bled intermittently, resulting in fatal blood loss. On histology the mass consisted of variably sized vascular spaces filled with red blood cells and variable amounts of extramedullary haematopoietic cells, lined by well‐differentiated endothelial cells often surrounded by one layer of spindle‐shaped cells. Based on immunohistochemistry, the spindle cell population was confirmed to be smooth muscle cells and no proliferation of endothelial cells was found with the Ki67 proliferation marker. Histological and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with a vascular malformation. Classification of vascular malformations and potential treatments are discussed. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of a cutaneous vascular lesion in a guinea pig.
The clinical effect of environmental control of house dust mites in 60 house dust mite‐sensitive dogs
Authors: Swinnen Christine , Vroom Margreet
Published: February 2004

Abstract  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of benzyl benzoate, an acaricide for the control of house dust mites, in 60 house dust mite‐sensitive dogs. All dogs showed positive reactions on intradermal skin testing for house dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) alone, or house dust mites with storage mites (Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Glycophagus domesticus). House dust samples from the owners’ houses were collected and sent to the clinic, where the authors performed a test (Acarex® test) to semiquantify the amount of guanine, a house dust mite product. Treatment with benzyl benzoate was repeated until the house dust samples were negative for house dust mite guanine. After treatment, 29 out of 60 house dust mite‐sensitive dogs (48%) showed no skin lesions or pruritus. Moderate results were achieved in 22 dogs (36%), with reduced pruritus and minimal skin lesions, but still requiring medication. In 13 dogs, this involved regular treatment (3–4 times a year) with antibiotics and antiyeast medication, and in eight dogs, immunotherapy was used. One dog was controlled with essential fatty acids as monotherapy and one dog was controlled with immunotherapy and essential fatty acids. In the remaining nine dogs (15%), the pruritus remained the same, and these dogs were controlled with oral corticosteroids. These results indicate that house dust mite elimination is a useful tool in the management of house dust mite‐sensitive dogs.
Seborrhoeic dermatitis in a goat due to Malassezia pachydermatis
Authors: Pin Didier
Published: February 2004

Abstract  A 6‐year‐old female goat was presented with a seborrhoeic dermatosis of 5 months duration. The condition developed following a severe enteritis associated with weight loss. Dermatological examination showed a generalized greasy seborrhoeic dermatosis, which spared the head and extremities of the limbs. Microscopic examination of impression smears of lesional skin revealed numerous yeasts typical of Malassezia sp. Culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar yielded Malassezia pachydermatis growth. Histopathological examination of haematoxylin/eosin and safranin (HES) stained sections of biopsies showed mild lymphocytic superficial perivascular hyperplastic dermatitis. Numerous budding yeasts were visible both on the surface, and follicular keratin, in HES and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stained sections. A dramatic response was observed after 1 week of a topical anti‐Malassezia treatment, and the resolution of the condition was complete after 4 weeks.
Promoter polymorphism of SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) confers susceptibility to autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus in Japanese
Authors: Takahashi K. , Satoh J. , Kojima Y. , Negoro K. , Hirai M. , Hinokio Y. , Kinouchi Y. , Suzuki S. , Matsuura N. , Shimosegawa T. , Oka Y.
Published: February 2004

Abstract: Defective function of antigen‐presenting cells has been postulated to be one of the non‐HLA‐linked susceptibility factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus, though the underlying genetic factors remain unclear. SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1), a divalent cation transporter, plays a crucial role in macrophage activation. We performed a case‐control study in 224 healthy and 95 type 1 diabetic Japanese subjects, examining the length polymorphisms in the promoter region (−377 to −222) of SLC11A1, which may influence transcriptional activity. Alleles designated 2, 3, and 7 have been identified in Japanese subjects. The frequency of allele 7 was significantly higher in subjects with type 1 diabetes (9.47%) than in the healthy controls (4.46%). The difference is more marked in the subpopulation of Japanese subjects with type 1 diabetes; diabetic subjects with at least one protective HLA class II allele and those without any susceptibility HLA class II haplotypes, DR4‐DQ4 or DR9‐DQ9, had a much higher allele 7 frequency than controls. These findings suggest that the novel promoter polymorphism of SLC11A1 influences the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Japanese subjects.
Identification of two new HLA‐B alleles, HLA‐B*0732 and HLA‐B*5809, by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Longhi E. , Frison S. , Poli F. , Espadas de Arias A. , Zanuso C. , Guizzardi E. , Scalamogna M.
Published: February 2004

Abstract: Here, we have described the characterization of two novel human leukocyte antigen‐B (HLA‐B) alleles. The new alleles, HLA‐B*0732 and HLA‐B*5809, were identified in Italian Caucasian individuals. B*0732 differs from HLA‐B*0708 by one nucleotidic change at position 412 (from G to A) in exon 3, leading to an amino acidic substitution from Asp (GAC) to Asn (AAC) at codon 114. The sequence of B*5809 is identical to that of HLA‐B*5801, except for a point mutation at position 583 in exon 3, where a T is substituted by a C. This change leads to an amino acidic substitution from Tyr (TAC) to His (CAC) at codon 171.
Additional diversity within the B70 serotype: identification of B*1580 in a Caucasoid blood donor
Authors: Kervaire B. , Tiercy J.‐M.
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  A new B70 variant, B*1580, has been identified in a Swiss Caucasoid blood donor. Sequencing of exons 2 and 3 revealed that the HLA‐B*1580 differs from its closest matching allele B*1518 by two substitutions in exon 3, leading to two amino acid changes, threonine to isoleucine and leucine to isoleucine at codons 94 and 95, respectively. The complete human leukocyte antigen type of the donor is: A*2402, A*2601; B*5101, B*1580; Cw*0704, Cw*1402/05; DRB1*0801, DQB1*0402. The B*1580 is a new member of the B70 cluster, characterized by the SEE motif at positions 24, 45, and 46 in the α1‐domain. Substitutions at codons 94 and 95, also found in some B62 and B75 alleles, do not appear to interfere with the B70 serological reactivity. Based on sequence similarity and linkage with Cw*0704, the rare alleles B*1509, B*1529, B*1564, and B*1580 are possibly derived from the B*1518 haplotype.
A new HLA‐DRB1*11 allele, DRB1*1144, identified by cloning and sequencing
Authors: Nesci S. , Buffi O. , Iliescu A. , Luchetti M. , Battarra M.R. , Amadei M. , Visani G. , Andreani M.
Published: February 2004

Abstract: We report here the identification of a novel DRB1*11 allele, DRB1*1144, identified during sequence‐based HLA‐DRB1 typing. Molecular cloning and direct sequencing confirmed that the new allele is identical to DRB1*110401 at exon 2, except for a single nucleotide substitution (GTG→GCG) changing codon 38 from Valine to Alanine.
Identification of a new HLA‐DRB1 allele, HLA‐DRB1*0436
Authors: Chu C.C. , Lee H.L. , Lin M.
Published: February 2004

Abstract: A novel allele, HLA‐DRB1*0436, was identified in a Taiwan indigenous individual by sequence‐based typing. DRB1*0436 was identical to DRB1*0403 in exon2 but differed at codons 67–74 with five nucleotide substitutions. This corresponded to three amino acid changes within the P4 peptide‐binding pocket of the DR molecule. These substitutions constitute a motif that is also seen in other DRB1*11 alleles. It is possible that the new allele resulted from a gene conversion event.
Ambiguities of human leukocyte antigen‐B resolved by sequence‐based typing of exons 1, 4, and 5
Authors: Swelsen W.T.N. , Voorter C.E.M. , Van Den Berg‐Loonen E.M.
Published: February 2004

Abstract: The elucidation of the sequences of human leukocyte antigen‐B (HLA‐B)‐exons 1 through 5 has led to an increase of ambiguities with alleles having identical exon 2 and 3 sequences, but differences in other exons. At the moment, 26 HLA‐B alleles show such ambiguities which can be resolved by sequencing the exons in which the differences are located. Here we report a sequence‐based typing (SBT) strategy for heterozygous sequencing of exons 1, 4, and 5, in addition to the previously described exons 2 and 3. The strategy was validated against a panel of 25 individuals, carrying HLA‐B alleles from 33 different allele groups. Correct assignment of all HLA‐B alleles was obtained for exons 1 through 5. In addition, the SBT protocol was used to resolve ambiguities in 50 individuals. The ambiguous combinations studied were B*0705/06, B*0801/19N, B*1512/19, B*180101/17N, B*270502/13/0504, B*350101/42/40N, B*390101/0103, B*400102/0101, B*440201/19N/27, and B*510101/11N/0105/30/32. In all cases, sequencing revealed the first allele to be present, except for three individuals with B*07. One of them typed B*0705; the other two were B*0706. The described SBT protocol for sequencing exons 1, 4, and 5 is a valuable tool for resolving ambiguities of HLA‐B alleles with differences in these exons, as well as for studying the polymorphism of HLA‐B outside exons 2 and 3.
Increased expression of the B‐cell‐regulatory molecule CD72 in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Smith A.J.F. , Gordon T.P. , Macardle P.J.
Published: February 2004

Abstract: To determine whether there is an intrinsic abnormality of B‐cell signaling in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), the expression of B‐cell coreceptors was determined in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and healthy and disease controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were labeled with monoclonal antibodies to CD21, CD22, or CD72, and then the pan B‐cell marker CD19. The expression of these coreceptors on the total CD19+ population was determined. There was a significant increased expression of CD72 on the B cells of pSS patients (MFI, 215 ± 6) compared to normal controls (MFI, 141 ± 6). The increased CD72 expression was disease specific for pSS, as it was not observed in systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. The effect of B‐cell stimulation on coreceptor expression was determined by culturing cells with B‐lymphocyte‐activating factor (BAFF) and/or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or without either. Following culture, CD72 expression was decreased in both pSS and normal controls, regardless of the presence of BAFF or PWM. The upregulation of CD72 in pSS might be a compensatory response to increased B‐cell receptor stimulation or a primary abnormality leading to uncontrolled B‐cell activation.
Candidate gene region 2q33 in European families with coeliac disease
Authors: Holopainen P. , Naluai Å.T. , Moodie S. , Percopo S. , Coto I. , Clot F. , Ascher H. , Sollid L. , Ciclitira P. , Greco L. , Clerget‐Darpoux F. , Partanen J. ,   Members of the European Genetics Cluster on Coeliac Disease
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Chromosome region 2q33 harbours a cluster of genes, CTLA‐4, CD28, ICOS and closely located PD‐1, all related to immune activation and considered as promising candidate genes for susceptibility to coeliac disease (CD). We present here the results of a genetic linkage and association analysis of nine markers located in this gene region in a large combined European material of 796 families with CD from Finland, Sweden, Norway, UK, France and Italy. The joint analysis supports earlier findings that this susceptibility locus, assigned as CELIAC3, merits further studies. Nominally significant linkage to CD was found in 314 families including affected sib pairs. Each of the five populations showed weak associations to several marker alleles, but the analysis revealed, however, no conclusive evidence for a primary functional gene or gene variant present in the total set of families. The results suggest that the CD risk due to 2q33 gene region is complex and may involve more than one susceptibility allele, which possibly differ from other autoimmune diseases.
Natural killer cell receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I and related molecules in cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: López‐Botet M. , Angulo A. , Gumá M.
Published: February 2004

Abstract: Downmodulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules by cytomegalovirus (CMV) impairs the engagement of specific leucocyte‐inhibitory receptors, rendering infected cells vulnerable to natural killer (NK) cells. Members of the murine Ly49 and human KIR families, CD85j (ILT2 or leucocyte Ig‐like receptor‐1), as well as the CD94/NKG2A‐inhibitory killer lectin‐like receptor (KLR) fulfil this surveillance role. On the other hand, NK‐activating receptors specific to ligands expressed on virus‐infected cells may overcome the control by inhibitory receptors. In this regard, NKG2D and Ly49H lectin‐like molecules trigger NK‐cell functions recognizing, respectively class I‐related stress‐inducible molecules and the m157 murine CMV glycoprotein. Among a variety of immune evasion strategies, CMV promotes the synthesis of class I surrogates and selectively preserves the expression of some class I molecules in infected cells; moreover, CMV interferes with the expression of ligands for NKG2D. We herein review these aspects of the host–pathogen interaction, discussing a number of open issues.
Identification of two new C4 alleles by DNA sequencing and evidence for a historical recombination of serologically defined C4A and C4B alleles
Authors: Hui J. , Oka A. , Tomizawa M. , Tay G.K. , Kulski J.K. , Penhale W.J. , Iaschi S.P.A. , Makino S. , Tamiya G. , Inoko H.
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Nucleotide polymorphisms of the C4 genes were investigated by direct sequencing of seven different homozygous typing cells from the 10IHW panels. Two novel sequences were identified within the C4d region of the C4 genes. Our sequencing analyses extend previous findings suggesting that a recombination hot spot is likely to have occurred between codon positions 1157 and 1186 within the C4d region. The classification of electrophoretically defined C4A and C4B alleles can be further subtyped by sequencing. Because the central major histocompatibility complex region that carries various copies of the C4 gene has been associated with a range of disorders; further analysis at the sequence level within the C4 locus may provide informative genetic markers for the investigation of disease‐associated polymorphisms.