bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ustawa o kontroli niektórych inwestycji jako mechanizm zapewniający bezpieczeństwo energetyczne
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski: Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Katedra Prawa i Postępowania Administracyjnego, Bałdowski Michał
Published: December 2024

W 2015 r. Sejm uchwalił ustawę z dnia 24 lipca 2015 r. o kontroli niektórych inwestycji (dalej: ustawa o kontroli lub uok), która wprowadziła specjalny reżim prawny dotyczycący nabywania akcji, udziałów, przedsiębiorstwa lub zorganizowanej części przedsiębiorstwa spółek wpisanych do rozporządzenia wykonawczego wydanego na podstawie ustawy o kontroli jako podmiotów podlegających ochronie. Głównym celem omawianej regulacji jest wprowadzenie administracyjnoprawnych mechanizmów kontroli i nadzoru dotyczących struktur właścicielskich spółek o strategicznym znaczeniu dla bezpieczeństwa państwa oraz administracyjnoprawnych mechanizmów ochrony takich podmiotów przed próbami wrogich przejęć, w szczególności dokonywanych przez zagraniczne podmioty. W obecnie obowiązującym stanie prawnym połowę spółek objętych ochroną ustawy o kontroli stanowią spółki działające w sektorze energetycznym lub sektorach blisko z nim związanych. W związku z powyższym nadzór nad obrotem m.in. udziałami albo akcjami takich spółek sprawowany przez ministra właściwego do spraw energii stanowi istotne narzędzie mające na celu zapewnienie ochrony szeroko pojętego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju. W obecnym kształcie ustawa o kontroli jest jednak nieprecyzyjna oraz zapewnia organom kontroli bardzo szeroką możliwość interpretacyjną poprzez instrumenty, które pozwalają w praktyce na uniemożliwienie dokonania wszelkich transakcji skutkujących osiągnięciem istotnego uczestnictwa lub dominacji w spółkach energetycznych podlegających ochronie omawianej regulacji. Ponadto, analiza najważniejszych instrumentów prawnych uregulowanych ustawą o kontroli, takich jak między innymi zawiadomienie uprzednie oraz następcze, a także decyzji administracyjnych uregulowanych wspomnianą ustawą wskazuje na liczne problemy interpretacyjne pojawiające się na tle regulacji. W szczególności najistotniejsze wątpliwości dotyczą stosowania przepisów dotyczących milczącego załatwiania sprawy do postępowań regulowanych uok, kwestia charakteru prawnego oraz problemów związanych z decyzjami administracyjnymi wprowadzonymi tą ustawą oraz wybrane zagadnienia związane z zawiadomieniem uprzednim i następczym. Biorąc pod uwagę znaczenie ustawy o kontroli dla bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju, a także implikacje, które wywołuje ona na gruncie prawa energetycznego, obecne jej brzmienie należy oceniać krytycznie.
O potrzebie zastąpienia Prezesa UOKiK kolegialnym organem ochrony konkurencji
Authors:   Instytut Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Podrecki Paweł
Published: December 2024

Mając na uwadze zbliżającą się trzydziestą rocznicę utworzenia nowoczesnego systemu ochrony konkurencji w Polsce, opartego o jednoosobowy, centralny organ administracji państwowej (rządowej) – Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów, autorzy artykułu chcą na nowo rozpocząć i włączyć się debatę nad formą instytucjonalną polskiego organu ochrony konkurencji. Niniejszy artykuł zwięźle podsumowuje dotychczasowe dyskusje prowadzone w tym zakresie przez przedstawicieli nauki. Autorzy identyfikują również najistotniejsze deficyty obecnego modelu instytucjonalnego – przede wszystkim w świetle standardów ochrony praw człowieka, jak i wymogów dyrektywy ECN+. Artykuł zawiera również konkretną propozycję przekształcenia obecnego, monokratycznego organu ochrony konkurencji w organ kolegialny (Komisję Ochrony Konkurencji) i argumenty przemawiające za proponowanym modelem.
O skuteczności zwalczania naruszeń wertykalnych. Komentarz do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z 15 lutego 2019 r. w sprawie I NSK 10/18 (Anyro)
Authors:   Departament Ochrony Konkurencji UOKiK, Polański Jan
Published: December 2024

Artykuł stanowi komentarz do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego, w którym sąd ten krytycznie odniósł się do orzeczenia Sądu Apelacyjnego w Warszawie uchylającego decyzję Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów w sprawie porozumienia cenowego na rynku zegarków. W swoim wyroku Sąd Najwyższy wypowiedział się co do trzech istotnych zagadnień: określania uczestników antykonkurencyjnych porozumień oraz adresatów decyzji stwierdzających naruszenie, definiowania rynków właściwych oraz stwierdzenia naruszeń „ze względu na cel”. W odniesieniu do każdego z tych zagadnień orzeczenie Sądu Najwyższego sprzyja skutecznemu stosowaniu prawa oraz spójności we wdrażaniu polskich i unijnych reguł konkurencji.
Mikrobiāli pieejamā fosfora daudzuma ierobežošanas ietekme uz mikrobioloģisko ūdens kvalitāti iekšējā dzeramā ūdens apgādē
Authors:   , Zemīte Marta
Published: December 2024

Fosfora daudzuma ierobežošana samazina baktēriju augšanu un bioplēves veidošanos, tādējādi tā var būt efektīva arī potenciāli patogēno mikroorganismu augšanas kontrolei. Tomēr informācija par fosfora samazināšanas ietekmi iekšējā dzeramā ūdens apgādē, kur bieži rodas galvenās ūdens kvalitātes pasliktināšanās problēmas, ir ierobežota. Promocijas darbā pētīta mikrobiāli pieejamā fosfora koncentrācijas samazināšanas ietekme iekšējā dzeramā ūdens apgādē, izmantojot granulētā dzelzs hidroksīda sorbcijas filtru, un izvērtēta tā ietekme uz tādiem oportūnistiskiem patogēniem kā Legionella baktērijas.
MLCK/MLCP regulates mammalian axon regeneration via the redistribution of the growth cone F-actin
Authors: Saijilafu  , Wang Wei-Hua , Ma Jin-Jin , Yin Yin , Ma Yan-Xia
Published: December 2024

Axon regrowth is a key determinant of the restoration of the biological function of the nervous system after trauma. However, mature mammalian neurons have limited capacity for axon regeneration. We have previously demonstrated that neuronal axon growth both in the central and the peripheral nervous systems is markedly enhanced when non-muscle myosin II (NMII) is inhibited with blebbistatin. The activity of NMII is primarily regulated by MLCK and MLCP
via
the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of its light chain, respectively; however, the functional roles of MLCK and MLCP in mammalian axonal regeneration remain unknown. In the present study, we provide strong evidence that the inhibition of MLCK activity significantly blocks axon regeneration in the mouse. Conversely, inhibition of MLCP promotes axon regrowth of both peripheral and central nervous system. Our findings further indicate that the MLCK/MLCP regulates axon regeneration via the reorganization of F-actin distribution in the growth cone, and this result suggests that direct regulation of the growth cone machinery is a potential strategy to promote axon regeneration.
Screening the MMV Pathogen Box reveals the mitochondrial bc1-complex as a drug target in mature Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites
Authors: Maus Deborah , Putrianti Elyzana , Hoffmann Tobias , Laue Michael , Seeber Frank , Blume Martin
Published: December 2024

The apicomplexan parasite
Toxoplasma gondii
infects 25-30% of the global human population and can cause life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised patients. The chronically infectious forms of the parasite, bradyzoites, persist within cysts in brain and muscle tissue and are responsible for its transmission and remission of the disease. Currently available treatment options are very limited and are only effective against the fast-replicating tachyzoites but fail to eradicate the chronic stages of
T. gondii
. The cause of these treatment failures remains unclear. Here, we utilized our recently developed human myotube-based culture model to screen compounds from the MMV Pathogen Box against pan-resistant in vitro bradyzoites and identified multiple compounds with simultaneous activity against tachyzoites and bradyzoites. Stable isotope-resolved metabolic profiling on tachyzoites and bradyzoites identified the mitochondrial
bc
1
-complex as a target of bradyzocidal compounds and defines their metabolic impacts on both parasite forms. Our data suggest that mature bradyzoites rely on mitochondrial ATP production.
Physical constraints and biological regulations underlie universal osmoresponses
Authors: Ye Yiyang , Wang Qirun , Lin Jie
Published: December 2024

Microorganisms constantly transition between environments with dramatically different external osmolarities. However, theories of microbial osmoresponse integrating physical constraints and biological regulations are lacking. Here, we propose such a theory, utilizing the separation of timescales for passive responses and active regulations. We demonstrate that regulations of osmolyte production and cell wall synthesis allow cells to adapt to a broad range of external osmolarity with a threshold value above which cells cannot grow, ubiquitous across bacteria and yeast. Intriguingly, the theory predicts a dramatic speedup of cell growth after an abrupt decrease in external osmolarity due to cell-wall synthesis regulation. Our theory rationalizes the unusually fast growth observed in fission yeast after an oscillatory osmotic perturbation, and the predicted growth rate peaks match quantitatively with experimental measurements. Our study reveals the physical basis of osmoresponse, yielding far-reaching implications for microbial physiology.
Prefrontal working memory signal primarily controls phase-coded information within extrastriate cortex
Authors: Parto-Dezfouli Mohsen , Vanegas Isabel , Zarei Mohammad , Nesse William H , Clark Kelsey L , Noudoost Behrad
Published: December 2024

In order to understand how prefrontal cortex provides the benefits of working memory (WM) for visual processing we examined the influence of WM on the representation of visual signals in V4 neurons in two macaque monkeys. We found that WM induces strong β oscillations in V4 and that the timing of action potentials relative to this oscillation reflects sensory information-i.e., a phase coding of visual information. Pharmacologically inactivating the Frontal Eye Field part of prefrontal cortex, we confirmed the necessity of prefrontal signals for the WM-driven boost in phase coding of visual information. Indeed, changes in the average firing rate of V4 neurons could be accounted for by WM-induced oscillatory changes. We present a network model to describe how WM signals can recruit sensory areas primarily by inducing oscillations within these areas and discuss the implications of these findings for a sensory recruitment theory of WM through coherence.
Genomic and structural insights into Jyvaskylavirus, the first giant virus isolated from Finland
Authors: de Freitas Almeida Gabriel Magno , Leppänen Miika , de Azevedo Bruna Luiza , Abrahao Jonatas Santos , Andreani Julien , Zabeo Davide , Ravantti Janne , Arriaga Iker , Abrescia Nicola GA , Sundberg Lotta-Riina
Published: December 2024

Giant viruses of protists are a diverse and likely ubiquitous group of organisms. Here, we describe Jyvaskylavirus, the first giant virus isolated from Finland. This clade B marseillevirus was found in
Acanthamoeba castellanii
from a composting soil sample in Jyväskylä, Central Finland. Its genome shares similarities with other marseilleviruses, including conserved Nucleocytoviricota genes, histone-like genes, and three unique ORFans. Helium ion microscopy and electron microscopy of infected cells unraveled stages of the Jyvaskylavirus lifecycle, such as single virions attached to the cell membrane, likely triggering endocytosis, and virus-rich vesicle formation within the cytoplasm. We also reconstructed the Jyvaskylavirus particle to 6.3 Å resolution using cryo-EM. The ∼2,500 Å diameter virion displays structural similarities to other
Marseilleviridae
giant viruses. The capsid comprises of 9,240 copies of the major capsid protein ORF184, which possesses a double jellyroll fold arranged in trimers forming pseudo-hexameric capsomers. Below the capsid shell, the internal membrane vesicle encloses the genome. Through cross-structural and -sequence comparisons with other
Marseilleviridae
using AI-based software in model building and prediction, we elucidated ORF142 as the penton protein, which plugs the twelve vertices of the capsid. Five additional ORFs were identified, with models predicted and fitted into densities that either cap the capsomers externally or stabilize them internally.The isolation of Jyvaskylavirus, along with other virus-like particles, not only suggests that these viruses may be widespread in the boreal environment but also provide insights extendable to other marseilleviruses, addressing the previously lacking structural data on minor capsid proteins.
Key epigenetic and signaling factors in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier
Authors: Sadanandan Jayanarayanan , Thomas Sithara , Mathew Iny Elizabeth , Huang Zhen , Blackburn Spiros L , Tandon Nitin , Lokhande Hrishikesh , McCrea Pierre D , Bresnick Emery H , Dash Pramod K , McBride Devin W , Harmanci Arif , Ahirwar Lalit K , Jose Dania , Dienel Ari C , Zeineddine Hussein A , Hong Sungha , Kumar T Peeyush
Published: December 2024

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the movement of molecules into and out of the central nervous system (CNS). Since a functional BBB forms by mouse embryonic day E15.5, we reasoned that gene cohorts expressed in CNS endothelial cells (EC) at E13.5 contribute to BBB formation. In contrast, adult gene signatures reflect BBB maintenance mechanisms. Supporting this hypothesis, transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct cohorts of EC genes involved in BBB formation and maintenance. Here, we demonstrate that epigenetic regulator’s histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) control EC gene expression for BBB development and prevent Wnt/β-catenin (Wnt) target genes from being expressed in adult CNS ECs. Low Wnt activity during development modifies BBB genes epigenetically for the formation of functional BBB. As a Class-I HDAC inhibitor induces adult CNS ECs to regain Wnt activity and BBB genetic signatures that support BBB formation, our results inform strategies to promote BBB repair.
Estradiol elicits distinct firing patterns in arcuate nucleus kisspeptin neurons of females through altering ion channel conductances
Authors: Qiu Jian , Voliotis Margaritis , Bosch Martha A , Li Xiao Feng , Zweifel Larry S , Tsaneva-Atanasova Krasimira , O'Byrne Kevin T , Rønnekleiv Oline K , Kelly Martin J
Published: December 2024

Hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are vital for pubertal development and reproduction. Arcuate nucleus Kiss1 (Kiss1ARH) neurons are responsible for the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In females, the behavior of Kiss1ARH neurons, expressing Kiss1, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (Dyn), varies throughout the ovarian cycle. Studies indicate that 17β-estradiol (E2) reduces peptide expression but increases Slc17a6 (Vglut2) mRNA and glutamate neurotransmission in these neurons, suggesting a shift from peptidergic to glutamatergic signaling. To investigate this shift, we combined transcriptomics, electrophysiology, and mathematical modeling. Our results demonstrate that E2 treatment upregulates the mRNA expression of voltage-activated calcium channels, elevating the whole-cell calcium current that contributes to high-frequency burst firing. Additionally, E2 treatment decreased the mRNA levels of canonical transient receptor potential (TPRC) 5 and G protein-coupled K+ (GIRK) channels. When Trpc5 channels in Kiss1ARH neurons were deleted using CRISPR/SaCas9, the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential was eliminated. Our data enabled us to formulate a biophysically realistic mathematical model of Kiss1ARH neurons, suggesting that E2 modifies ionic conductances in these neurons, enabling the transition from high-frequency synchronous firing through NKB-driven activation of TRPC5 channels to a short bursting mode facilitating glutamate release. In a low E2 milieu, synchronous firing of Kiss1ARH neurons drives pulsatile release of GnRH, while the transition to burst firing with high, preovulatory levels of E2 would facilitate the GnRH surge through its glutamatergic synaptic connection to preoptic Kiss1 neurons.
The co-receptor Tetraspanin12 directly captures Norrin to promote ligand-specific β-catenin signaling
Authors: Bruguera Elise S , Mahoney Jacob P , Weis William I
Published: December 2024

Wnt/β-catenin signaling directs animal development and tissue renewal in a tightly controlled, cell- and tissue- specific manner. In the mammalian central nervous system, the atypical ligand Norrin controls angiogenesis and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier and blood-retina barrier through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Like Wnt, Norrin activates signaling by binding and heterodimerizing the receptors Frizzled (Fzd) and Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 or 6 (LRP5/6), leading to membrane recruitment of the intracellular transducer Dishevelled (Dvl) and ultimately stabilizing the transcriptional coactivator β-catenin. Unlike Wnt, the cystine-knot ligand Norrin only signals through Fzd4 and additionally requires the co-receptor Tetraspanin12 (Tspan12); however, the mechanism underlying Tspan12-mediated signal enhancement is unclear. It has been proposed that Tspan12 integrates into the Norrin-Fzd4 complex to enhance Norrin-Fzd4 affinity or otherwise allosterically modulate Fzd4 signaling. Here, we measure direct, high-affinity binding between purified Norrin and Tspan12 in a lipid environment and use AlphaFold models to interrogate this interaction interface. We find that Tspan12 and Fzd4 can simultaneously bind Norrin and that a pre-formed Tspan12/Fzd4 heterodimer, as well as cells co-expressing Tspan12 and Fzd4, more efficiently capture low concentrations of Norrin than Fzd4 alone. We also show that Tspan12 competes with both heparan sulfate proteoglycans and LRP6 for Norrin binding and that Tspan12 does not impact Fzd4-Dvl affinity in the presence or absence of Norrin. Our findings suggest that Tspan12 does not allosterically enhance Fzd4 binding to Norrin or Dvl, but instead functions to directly capture Norrin upstream of signaling.
Caspar specifies primordial germ cell count and identity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Das Subhradip , Hegde Sushmitha , Wagh Neel , Sudhakaran Jyothish , Roy Adheena Elsa , Deshpande Girish , Ratnaparkhi Girish S
Published: December 2024

Repurposing of pleiotropic factors during execution of diverse cellular processes has emerged as a regulatory paradigm. Embryonic development in metazoans is controlled by maternal factors deposited in the egg during oogenesis. Here, we explore maternal role(s) of Caspar (Casp), the Drosophila orthologue of human Fas-associated factor-1 (FAF1) originally implicated in host-defense as a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling. Maternal loss of either Casp or it’s protein partner, transitional endoplasmic reticulum 94 (TER94) leads to partial embryonic lethality correlated with aberrant centrosome behavior, cytoskeletal abnormalities, and defective gastrulation. Although ubiquitously distributed, both proteins are enriched in the primordial germ cells (PGCs), and in keeping with the centrosome problems, mutant embryos display a significant reduction in the PGC count. Moreover, the total number of pole buds is directly proportional to the level of Casp. Consistently, it’s ‘loss’ and ‘gain’ results in respective reduction and increase in the Oskar protein levels, the master determinant of PGC fate. To elucidate this regulatory loop, we analyzed several known components of mid-blastula transition and identify the translational repressor Smaug, a zygotic regulator of germ cell specification, as a potential critical target. We present a detailed structure-function analysis of Casp aimed at understanding its novel involvement during PGC development.
Progressive neural engagement within the IFG-pMTG circuit as gesture and speech entropy and MI advances
Authors: Zhao Wanying , Li Zhouyi , Li Xiang , Du Yi
Published: December 2024

Semantic representation emerges from distributed multisensory modalities, yet a comprehensive understanding of the functional changing pattern within convergence zones or hubs integrating multisensory semantic information remains elusive. In this study, employing information-theoretic metrics, we quantified gesture and speech information, alongside their interaction, utilizing entropy and mutual information (MI). Neural activities were assessed via interruption effects induced by High-Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Additionally, chronometric double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and high-temporal event-related potentials were utilized to decipher dynamic neural changes resulting from various information contributors. Results showed gradual inhibition of both inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) as degree of gesture-speech integration, indexed by MI, increased. Moreover, a time-sensitive and staged progression of neural engagement was observed, evidenced by distinct correlations between neural activity patterns and entropy measures of speech and gesture, as well as MI, across early sensory and lexico-semantic processing stages. These findings illuminate the gradual nature of neural activity during multisensory gesture-speech semantic processing, shaped by dynamic gesture constraints and speech encoding, thereby offering insights into the neural mechanisms underlying multisensory language processing.
Leveraging deep learning for toxic comment detection in cursive languages
Authors: Shahid Muhammad , Umair Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Amjad , Rashid Muhammad , Akram Sheeraz , Zubair Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Social media platforms enable individuals to publicly express opinions, support, and criticism. Influencers can launch campaigns to promote ideas. Most people can now share their views and feelings through visual or textual comments, which can range from appreciation to hate speech, potentially inciting societal violence and hatred. Detecting these noxious comments and thoughts is critical to protecting our communities from their negative social, psychological, and political impact. Although Urdu (a low-resource language) is one of the most popular Asian languages around the globe, a standard tool does not exist to detect toxic comments posted in this language. Tokenization and then categorizing cursive text is challenging due to its complex nature, especially when dealing with toxic comments, which are often ungrammatical and very brief. This study proposes a novel model to identify salient features in Urdu sentences. It uses transformers to identify and flag toxic comments using deep learning binary classification of the text. Statistically, the proposed fine-tuned model outperforms the existing ones by achieving a precision of 88.38%. Among the models evaluated, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) demonstrated superior performance with an accuracy 85.45%, precision 85.71%, recall 85.45%, F1 score 85.41%, and a Cohen Kappa 70.83% on the full feature set. Conversely, GPT-2 was identified as the lowest-performing model. The outcomes of this research represent a noteworthy advancement in the broader endeavor to improve and optimize content moderation mechanisms across diverse languages and platforms.
Geographic variation and core microbiota composition of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting a single host across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients
Authors: Aluja Martín , Cerqueda-García Daniel , Altúzar-Molina Alma , Guillén Larissa , Acosta-Velasco Emilio , Conde-Alarcón Juan , Moya Andrés
Published: December 2024

Anastrepha ludens is a pestiferous tephritid fly species exhibiting extreme polyphagy. It develops optimally in hosts rich in sugar but low nitrogen content. We studied the geographical influence on the composition of A. ludens’s larval and newly emerged adult gut microbiota in altitudinal (0–2,000 masl) and latitudinal (ca. 800 km from 17° to 22°N latitude) transects along the coastline of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. In the 16 collection sites, we only collected Citrus x aurantium fruit (238 samples of A. ludens larvae and adults, plus 73 samples of pulp) to control for host effect, hypothesizing that there exists a conserved core microbiota that would be dominated by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We found that latitude triggered more significant changes in the gut microbiota than altitude. Northern and southernmost samples differed the most in microbiota composition, with a trade-off between Acetobacteraceae and Rhizobiaceae driving these differences. As hypothesized, the core microbiota in each sampling site, contained the functional group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We conclude that A. ludens larvae can acquire multiple diazotrophic symbionts along its wide distribution range where it infests fruit with a high C:N ratio in the pulp.
A comparative study on leaf anatomy and photosynthetic characteristics of different growth stages of Horsfieldia hainanensis
Authors: Xu Jianwang , Tang Jianmin , Jiang Haolong , Zou Rong , Wei Xiao
Published: December 2024

The rare and endangered wild plant, Horsfieldia hainanensis, has been listed as a second-level key protected plant in China. Currently, its habitat is severely damaged, and the population has dramatically declined, necessitating urgent intervention for protection. In this study, the aim was to explore the correlations and differences from the perspectives of photosynthetic characteristics and leaf structure, providing scientific references for in-situ conservation and ex-situ cultivation. The results revealed the following: (1) The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and light saturation point (LSP) of mature trees were significantly higher than those of seedlings, while the light compensation point (LCP), CO2 compensation point (CCP), and CO2 saturation point (CSP) were significantly lower in seedlings. (2) The average daily net photosynthetic rate of mature trees was significantly higher than that of seedlings. When both mature trees and seedlings exhibited a “midday depression” phenomenon, accompanied by an increase in intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), it indicated that the “midday depression” was caused by non-stomatal limiting factors. (4) Both mature trees and seedlings showed peak values of water use efficiency (WUE) under low light conditions. Mature trees had smaller upper and lower epidermis thickness but larger leaf thickness, and their leaf structure, characterized by well-developed palisade and spongy tissues, conformed to the cellular structure adaptations for low light. Therefore, both were more adapted to low light conditions. (5) The stomatal density (SD) and individual stomatal area (SA) of seedlings were significantly higher than those of mature trees. (6) The total chlorophyll content of mature trees was significantly higher than that of seedlings, while the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio was significantly lower in mature trees and remained below three in both cases. In summary, the photosynthetic capacity and light adaptability of mature trees are stronger than those of seedlings, but both mature trees and seedlings exhibit shade-tolerant characteristics. For in-situ conservation, it is possible to promote the growth and development of seedlings by appropriately employing artificial “windowing” or shading methods based on the actual growth environment of the seedlings. In the case of ex-situ cultivation, seedlings should be provided with appropriate shading initially, while ensuring sufficient moisture and CO2 concentration. As the plants grow, the shading intensity can be gradually reduced. Once the plants reach maturity, they have a broader range of light adaptability and can be transplanted to environments with less shading.
Explicit Dynamic Failure Analysis of a Reinforced Concrete Beam Using Impact Load
Authors: Xie Libin
Published: December 2024

Concrete beam is one of the common components in building structure, in the long-term use process, may be affected by various factors and damage, such as chloride ion penetration, carbonization, cracks and so on. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the failure mechanism of concrete beams. This paper analyzes the failure of a reinforced concrete beam by using the method of display dynamics simulation, analyzes its failure process, the research shows that: When the beam is subjected to load, it has a large displacement and deformation. The maximum displacement is 164.12mm; the stress distribution is uneven, and the maximum equivalent stress is about 25Mpa; after the load reaches a certain degree, the beam appears obvious cracks and failures, and the scope of failure gradually expands with the increase of the load.
Analysis of Rice Productivity and Sustainable Food Security in Bantul Regency
Authors: Sodik Jamzani , Murdiyanto Eko , Artaningtyas Wahyu Dwi
Published: December 2024

This study aims to find out how much rice production is in order to achieve sustainable food security in Bantul Regency in 2017-2023, and to find out how the productivity level of rice fields is. The initial idea of this study was due to the increase in the population in Bantul Regency from 2017-2023 which caused the conversion of rice fields to settlements, this will reduce agricultural land resources for rice production. This study uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach, the data needed in this study is secondary data obtained from BPS Bantul Regency and analyzed using Microsoft Excel by comparing the demand side and the supply side. To determine the level of productivity of rice fields, the carrying capacity formula of agricultural land is used. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, it was obtained that in terms of demand or need for rice in 2023, it can be calculated based on the number of population and physical consumption figures of 81995.9989 tons. Meanwhile, the results of the calculation in terms of rice availability or production in Bantul Regency in 2023 are 83290.32986 tons. So if we compare the need with availability, Bantul Regency has a surplus, which means that the number of rice needs in Bantul Regency in 2023 is above the number of needs or demand. Based on the projection calculations, Bantul Regency will still experience a surplus until 2035, meaning that the rice availability in Bantul Regency until 2035 will be higher than the demand or required amount. Furthermore, when viewed from the level of rice field productivity in 2023 based on rice production or availability, it shows that Bantul Regency has a surplus with an availability of 0.082512239 tons, this figure is slightly above the minimum physical consumption figure of the population of Bantul Regency of 81.23 kg/person/day (0.08123 tons/year). Productivity based on the carrying capacity of agricultural land also experienced a deficit, the value of a shows 0.0000000010063, less than 1 (a < 1).
Empowering Vulnerable Populations and Fostering Entrepreneurship through Financial Literacy: A Case Study of Economic Benefits in the U.S
Authors: Abu Jacob K.
Published: December 2024

The lack of financial literacy contributes to broader economic challenges as financially illiterate individuals are often more susceptible to predatory lending practices, financial fraud, and poor investment decisions, which can lead to financial instability and economic insecurity. Thus, the study examined financial Literacy as a tool for empowering vulnerable populations and fostering entrepreneurship: a case study of economic benefits in the U.S. The specific objectives were to: examine whether financial literacy significantly empowers vulnerable populations in the US; ascertain whether financial literacy significantly fosters entrepreneurship among vulnerable populations in the US. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design on a target population comprising vulnerable individuals in Mississippi, including low-income families, minorities, and unemployed or underemployed individuals. A sample size of 150 respondents was determined to ensure a diverse representation of the vulnerable groups. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using the Kendall’s Tau correlation method. The findings showed that: financial literacy significantly empowers vulnerable populations in the US (tau_b = .331, p = .000); financial literacy significantly fosters entrepreneurship among vulnerable populations in the US (tau_b = .656, p = .000). In conclusion, by investing in financial education and implementing policies that promote financial literacy, we can help individuals achieve financial stability, support entrepreneurial endeavors, and drive economic growth. The study recommends that community-based organizations should develop and implement targeted financial literacy programs tailored to the specific needs of vulnerable populations, focusing on essential skills like budgeting, saving, and financial decision-making, to enhance their empowerment and financial stability.
Effectiveness of Spirulina Meal in Enhancing Platy Fish (Xiphophorus maculatus)
Authors: Titin  , Lestari Dewi Putri , Dwiyanti Septiana
Published: December 2024

This study was to determine the effectiveness of adding spirulina meal in increasing the color of platy fish and to determine the right dose of spirulina in feed on the intensity of the color of platy fish. The study was conducted in the maintenance activities at the Production and Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Mataram University and used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method, experiments, with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. In P1 (100% control feed), P2 (99% feed + 1% spirulina meal), P3 (97% feed + 3% spirulina meal) and P4 (95% feed + 5% spirulina meal). The commercial feed used was in the form of powder mixed with spirulina meal according to the treatment. The fish used were platy fish seeds with a length of 1-2 cm. Observations of carotenoids on feed were carried out before feeding the test fish. The brightness level of the platy fish skin was measured on days 0, 15, 30 and 45, as many as 3 fish in each treatment using a colourimeter. The level of color brightness, lightness, redness, yellowness, hue and chroma based on the day and dose of ANOVA results showed that feeding with the addition of different spirulina meal had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the level of color brightness, the growth rate of platy fish, while the survival rate of platy fish had no significant effect. Conclusion this experimentadding 3% spirulina meal with a maintenance period of 30 days can improve the color of platy fishwith a Lightness (L*) value of 47.26, Redness (a*) of 24.63, Yellowness (b*) of 24.90, Hue of 61.77 and Chroma value of 44.77 with a carotenoid content of 15.56 µmol/l. The use of spirulina meal in feed for platy fish produces a survival rate of over 90%.
Exploring Generative AI: Models, Applications, and Challenges in Data Synthesis
Authors: Ramalakshmi S. , Asha G.
Published: December 2024

Generative AI has emerged as a transformative field within artificial intelligence, enabling the creation of new data that mimics real-world information and expands the boundaries of what machines can autonomously generate. This study discuss the various models of generative AI, focusing on Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and Auto-Regressive models, each offering distinct approaches and strengths in data generation. VAEs excel in learning latent representations, making them ideal for applications like anomaly detection and data imputation. GANs, renowned for their high-quality image synthesis, have found extensive use in tasks ranging from text-to-image conversion to super-resolution. Auto-Regressive models, on the other hand, are particularly effective in sequential data generation, such as text generation, music composition, and time series prediction.
The paper highlights key applications of these models across diverse domains, including image synthesis, text generation, drug discovery, and simulation tasks in fields like healthcare, finance, and entertainment. Additionally, the study emphasizes the evaluation metrics are also called the comparitive parameters crucial for assessing the performance of generative models, such as perceptual quality metrics, Inception Score (IS), and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID), which provide quantitative insights into the quality and diversity of generated data.
This study employs a systematic methodology comprising a comprehensive literature review, strategic search queries, and thematic data synthesis to explore generative AI. Key areas of focus include models (VAE, GAN, auto-regressive, flow-based), applications, evaluation techniques, challenges, and recent advances. The analysis identifies emerging trends, novel methods, and critical gaps in the field.
This study also compares the performance of three Gen –AI models along with the comparative parameters like data type, Data Type, Applications, Training Complexity, Output Quality, Interpretability, Limitations, Advantages, Computational Cost and Scalability.
Generative AI raises ethical concerns, including biases in training data that perpetuate stereotypes and marginalization. It can be misused for harmful purposes like creating deepfakes or spreading misinformation, impacting trust and privacy. Questions of accountability and ownership arise when AI-generated content infringes on intellectual property or causes harm. Addressing these issues is essential for responsible AI deployment.
Analysis of the Signal Strength of the Key Telecommunication Networks in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf Samson Dauda , Mohammed Kabiru Osu , Loko Abdulmumini Zubairu
Published: December 2024

Despite the widespread use of mobile phones in Nigeria, the quality of network services, particularly signal strength, remains inconsistent across different parts of Nigeria especially Nasarawa State which is the gateway to Abuja the Federal Capital. This study analyzes the signal strength coverage levels of key telecommunication network providers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria using the Signal Strength Info App for 4G mobile Networks base stations located in Urban, Sub-Urban, and Non-Urban environments of Nasarawa State. The study focused on five selected Local Government Areas including Nasarawa, Karu, Lafia, Keffi, and Akwanga. The data was analyzed to determine the mean signal strength for each network in each LGA and to identify trends and patterns in signal strength across the different networks and LGAs. The results shows that the order of service coverage for urban areas is higher in Lafia (AMN & CMN>BMN>DMN), followed by Karu (AMN>BMN & CMN>DMN) and Keffi (CMN>AMN & BMN>DMN), while for sub-urban areas Nasarawa (CMN>AMN>BMN>DMN), and for non-urban areas Akwanga (CMN & AMN>bmN>DMN). This implies that, AMN & CMN have the best service coverage across the urban terrain, while CMN have the best service coverage across the sub-urban terrain and AMN & CMN have the best service coverage across non-urban terrain. Findings from this study have revealed that, service coverage in Nasarawa State is best at the non-urban terrain, followed by the urban terrain, while it is poor at the sub-urban terrain. Overall, AMN and BMN networks have the best signal quality service across Nasarawa State with signal strength coverage levels of 51.91% and 50.95% respectively, followed by CMN (47.74%) and DMN (21.55%). The findings highlight the importance of improving network infrastructure and BTS placement to enhance signal strength coverage, especially in sub-urban areas. Therefore, telecommunication companies should invest in improving their network infrastructure, strategically place BTS and consider environmental factors that may affect signal strength especially DMN network.
Exploring the Horticultural Sector in Arunachal Pradesh, India: Status and Prospects
Authors: Boi Cherom , Sood Yachna , Raj Dev
Published: December 2024

The horticultural industry in Arunachal Pradesh, a state renowned for its abundant biodiversity and unique agroclimatic conditions, is examined in this research. In this area, horticulture features a variety of crops, including citrus, kiwi, spices, and medicinal plants, and is positioned as a crucial area for addressing food security and economic sustainability. The study looks at developments in productivity, production, and cultivation from 2014 to 2024, providing information on how changes in crop focus and land usage affect the dynamics of the industry. Issues with market access, infrastructure limitations, and shrinking crop regions continue to be obstacles despite its potential. In order to meet changing market demands and environmental concerns, this article examines the strategic significance of horticulture revitalization through an analysis of important growth measures.
Parity‐Time Symmetry in Non‐Hermitian Complex Optical Media
Authors: Gupta Samit Kumar , Zou Yi , Zhu Xue‐Yi , Lu Ming‐Hui , Zhang Li‐Jian , Liu Xiao‐Ping , Chen Yan‐Feng
Published: December 2019

The exploration of quantum‐inspired symmetries in optical and photonic systems has witnessed immense research interest both fundamentally and technologically in a wide range of subject areas in physics and engineering. One of the principal emerging fields in this context is non‐Hermitian physics based on parity‐time symmetry, originally proposed in the studies pertaining to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory and recently ramified into a diverse set of areas, particularly in optics and photonics. The intriguing physical effects enabled by non‐Hermitian physics and PT symmetry have enhanced significant application prospects and engineering of novel materials. In addition, there has been increasing research interest in many emerging directions beyond optics and photonics. Here, the state‐of‐the art developments in the field of complex non‐Hermitian physics based on PT symmetry in various physical settings are brought together, and key concepts, a background, and a detailed perspective on new emerging directions are described. It can be anticipated that this trendy field of interest will be indispensable in providing new perspectives in maneuvering the flow of light in the diverse physical platforms in optics, photonics, condensed matter, optoelectronics, and beyond, and will offer distinctive application prospects in novel functional materials.
Atomic‐Scale Metal–Insulator Transition in SrRuO3 Ultrathin Films Triggered by Surface Termination Conversion
Authors: Lee Han Gyeol , Wang Lingfei , Si Liang , He Xiaoyue , Porter Daniel G. , Kim Jeong Rae , Ko Eun Kyo , Kim Jinkwon , Park Sung Min , Kim Bongju , Wee Andrew Thye Shen , Bombardi Alessandro , Zhong Zhicheng , Noh Tae Won
Published: December 2019

The metal–insulator transition (MIT) in transition‐metal‐oxide is fertile ground for exploring intriguing physics and potential device applications. Here, an atomic‐scale MIT triggered by surface termination conversion in SrRuO3 ultrathin films is reported. Uniform and effective termination engineering at the SrRuO3(001) surface can be realized via a self‐limiting water‐leaching process. As the surface termination converts from SrO to RuO2, a highly insulating and nonferromagnetic phase emerges within the topmost SrRuO3 monolayer. Such a spatially confined MIT is corroborated by systematic characterizations on electrical transport, magnetism, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations and X‐ray linear dichroism further suggest that the surface termination conversion breaks the local octahedral symmetry of the crystal field. The resultant modulation in 4d orbital occupancy stabilizes a nonferromagnetic insulating surface state. This work introduces a new paradigm to stimulate and tune exotic functionalities of oxide heterostructures with atomic precision.
MoS2 and Perylene Derivative Based Type‐II Heterostructure: Bandgap Engineering and Giant Photoluminescence Enhancement
Authors: Obaidulla Sk Md , Habib Mohammad Rezwan , Khan Yahya , Kong Yuhan , Liang Tao , Xu Mingsheng
Published: December 2019

2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are a promising material system for optoelectronic applications. However, their key figure of merit, the room‐temperature photoluminescence (PL), is extremely low. To overcome this challenge, TMDs need interfacing with other semiconducting materials and discover the underlying physical phenomena. Herein, the optical properties and PL mechanisms of molybdenum disulfide‐organic perylene derivative (PDI/MoS2) based type‐II heterostructures, i.e., PTCDA/MoS2 and PTCDI‐Ph/MoS2, are studied experimentally and theoretically. The PL of MoS2 in PTCDA/MoS2 is enhanced, while a dramatic PL quenching of MoS2 is observed on PTCDI‐Ph/MoS2. The significant radiative PL enhancement of PTCDA/MoS2 is primarily due to the bandgap reduction, high exciton/trion ratio, and epitaxial growth of PTCDA. In contrast, “trap‐like” states in heterointerface, relatively low exciton/trion ratio, and less ordered morphology are responsible for PL quenching of PTCDI‐Ph/MoS2 heterostructure. These findings would provoke a new way to engineer the light‐matter interactions in organic/TMD hybrids, which enables light‐emitting, light‐harvesting applications, and neuromorphic devices.
Nanoscale Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly and Microscale Polymer Film Dewetting: Progress in Understanding the Role of Interfacial Energies in the Formation of Hierarchical Nanostructures
Authors: Brassat Katharina , Lindner Jörg K. N.
Published: December 2019

Block copolymer (BCP) self‐assembly (SA) can be exploited for next‐generation lithography for the advanced nanopatterning of surfaces with versatile nanoscale features. To render BCP‐SA suitable for the creation of tailored surface patterns, a fundamental understanding of interfacial interactions is crucial. This progress report gives an overview on the interplay of BCP microscale film thickness modulation and nanoscale microphase separation during BCP‐SA. Light is shed on the role of interfacial energies in both events. Microscale processes determining the topography of BCP films, i.e., hole/island formation and dewetting into droplets, are presented. Nanoscale microphase separation into energetically favorable pattern orientations in dependency on the polymer film thickness and influenced by surface polarities are discussed critically. Finally, examples are shown in which the combination of microscale dewetting and nanoscale microphase separation are exploited to create hierarchical nanostructures from BCPs. An outlook is given presenting successful applications of both mechanisms on prepatterned surfaces in order to control position and morphology of the hierarchical nanostructures. This approach is particularly promising for the creation of advanced surface architectures.
Regulating Voltage Window and Energy Density of Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors by Pinecone‐Like Hollow Fe2O3/MnO2 Nano‐Heterostructure
Authors: Chen Lingfang , Huang Jun , Zeng Rong , Xiong Yushuai , Wei Junchao , Yuan Kai , Chen Yiwang
Published: December 2019

Aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are promising candidates for energy storage device because of their advanced merits of high power density, long cycling life, nontoxicity, and low cost. However, the energy density of the aqueous ASCs is still limited by the low operating voltage windows and the unmatchable capacitances of cathode and anode. Herein, pinecone‐like hollow Fe2O3/MnO2 nano‐heterostructures (Fe2O3/MnO2 NHs) cathode is developed with high potential window (0–1.2 V) and specific capacitance (297 F g−1 at 1 A g−1). Owing to the opposite operating voltage windows and similar capacitances value of the Fe2O3/MnO2 NHs as cathode and reduced graphene oxide/Fe2O3 (rGO/Fe2O3) aerogels as anode (−1.1 to 0 V, 274 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), the assembled Fe2O3/MnO2//rGO/Fe2O3 aqueous ASCs deliver a wide voltage window up to 2.4 V and a high energy density of 57.0 Wh kg−1. The as‐fabricated ASC also presents outstanding cycling stability (with 88.9% retention after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1) and well rate performance. Moreover, Fe2O3/MnO2//rGO/Fe2O3 all‐solid‐state ASC exhibits excellent voltage window (2.3 V), capacitance, and ratability. Thus, this study provides a novel approach for constructing high‐voltage aqueous ASC with high energy density.