bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turnover Intentions of the Faculty at a Teaching-Focused University
Authors: Heckert Teresa M. , Farabee Angela M.
Published: September 2010

Research on turnover in academia suggests faculty primarily resign to obtain higher salaries and for personal reasons; however, the samples of most such studies have been from research institutions. Correlates were examined for turnover intentions among 190 faculty members at a university that emphasized teaching. Although current turnover intention was low, seven measures of satisfaction explained 31.5% of the variability in turnover intent, and satisfaction with pay, work itself, and teaching/service load together explained 26% of the variance. Findings support the hypothesis that salary is an important element in explaining turnover consideration at teaching institutions. Although satisfaction with collegial relations was related significantly to turnover intent, it was not as important as some of the other characteristics.
Effects of Audience Awareness on Procedural Text Writing
Authors: Sato Koichi , Matsushima Kazutoshi
Published: September 2010

Effects of audience awareness were examined. Some participants acted as writers and the others acted as readers. Writers wrote a text describing a geometrical figure. Readers read the text and tried to draw the figure according to the description. In Exp. 1, audience awareness was manipulated among undergraduate students, 11 men and 34 women. Writers in the high audience-awareness condition spent more time planning and writing texts than writers in the low audience-awareness condition. Texts in the high audience-awareness condition consisted of more letters and sentences with descriptions elaborating the texts. In Exp. 2, prototype texts were constructed based on the results of Exp. 1. Undergraduate students, 11 men and 47 women, who read the prototype text in the high audience-awareness condition could draw the figure more accurately. In Exp. 3, effects of feedback from readers were examined. Ninth-grade students, 22 boys and 34 girls, participated as writers and 7th-grade students, 22 boys and 34 girls, participated as readers. Merely being told to attend to an audience did not improve the quality of texts written by 9th-grade students. However, feedback from the readers who were 7th-grade students was effective. Writers could revise the texts appropriately according to feedback and improve the quality of texts. In addition, the experience of revising the text according to feedback transferred to later writing. Educational implications of the results are discussed.
The Plural Self and a Taoist Orientation in Two Cultures
Authors: Zeyrek Emek Yüce , Lester David
Published: September 2010

A positive association between having a Taoist orientation to life and unity in the subjective perception of the self was found in samples of both American ( n = 99) and Turkish ( n = 100) respondents.
Preliminary Study of a Scale Measuring Depression and Somatic Symptoms
Authors: Hung Ching-I , Su Yi-Jen , Weng Li-Jen , Liu Chia-Yih
Published: September 2010

This description concerns the development of a scale measuring depression and somatic symptoms and the selection of its items for a Taiwanese sample. 102 Taiwanese outpatients (28 men, 74 women) with major depressive disorder completed a 44-item preliminary scale. All had experienced a major depressive episode but had not been treated by antidepressants within the prior two weeks. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was administered to evaluate the validity of the Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale (DSSS). Items, 12 for the Depression Subscale and 10 for the Somatic Subscale, were selected for the Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale according to their frequency and their association with rated severity of depression and clinical practices. The mean Hamilton Depression score was 23.9 ( SD = 5.2) versus 38.4 ( SD = 11.3) for the total DSSS; means for the Depression subscale were 23.5 ± 6.0 and the Somatic subscale 14.9 ± 6.8. Cronbach alpha was .88 for the total DSSS, .78 for the Depression subscale, and .86 for the Somatic subscale. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the two scales was .59 ( p < .01). The new scale had adequate internal consistency reliability and convergent validity. Much study is required to assess its structure, item characteristics, and in judging its applicability and limitations, and sensitivity to cultural differences in clinical settings.
Exploring the Effect of Stress on Mood, Self-Esteem, and Daily Habits with Psychology Graduate Students
Authors: McKinzie Charla , Burgoon Erica , Altamura Vivian , Bishop Christopher
Published: September 2010

There are few empirical studies on the issues of psychology graduate students beyond dissertation research. Data from a sample of 65 psychology graduate students were analyzed to explore how stress relates to self-esteem, mood, and daily habits (eating, sleeping, smoking, exercise, and alcohol consumption). The results suggest that sleep patterns, exercise habits, and negative mood were significant correlates and predictors of stress. Findings prompt further investigation of the effects of the stress on psychology graduate students, which might aid in developing interventions leading to increased productivity, satisfaction, and global well-being for both graduate students and faculty.
Using Cognitive Dissonance to Enhance Faculty Members' Attitudes toward Teaching Online Courses
Authors: Chiou Wen-Bin
Published: September 2010

Adopting a reward strategy for inducing college faculty to teach online courses is expected to cause a positive shift of their attitudes. Based upon dissonance theory, a smaller reward will lead to greater attitude change, and this effect will be more pronounced in individualists. The results of an experimental study showed that individualist teachers exhibited greater attitude change under low reward than under high reward, but the reward effect was not prominent in collectivist teachers. Implications for enhancing college teachers' attitudes toward teaching online courses are discussed.
Variability among Deese-Roediger-McDermott Lists in Eliciting False Recall for People's Names
Authors: Mukai Akira
Published: September 2010

According to previous research, the variability of lists in eliciting false recall in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is large. A list structure made by Mukai, in which people's names were used as critical lures, was used to investigate the variability of lists. The materials were composed of 6 pairs of lists, in which the critical lure and its contextually associated study item (referred to as critical presented item) were assumed to play an important role in eliciting false recall. 80 participants ( M age = 21.7 yr.; SD = 2.6) were tested. The difference of the list pair in eliciting false recall was positively correlated with list pair differences in free association rate from critical presented item to critical lure ( r = .82, p <.05) and negatively correlated with the length of critical lure ( r = −.94, p < .01). It was shown that the variability of lists in eliciting false recall can be explained by these two factors. Moreover, the length of the lure was also negatively correlated with an index of unsuccessful source monitoring ( r = −.87, p < .05). The results were discussed in terms of the activation/monitoring theory.
Changing Self-Perception: Success in Independent Living for Individuals with Chronic Mental Illness
Authors: Husted John , Wentler Sherry
Published: September 2010

Rates of rehospitalization of individuals with serious and persistent mental illness were compared prior to and after they were moved into 4-bed corporate foster homes. Results showed a significant drop in the number of rehospitalizations and in the total number of days hospitalized after moving into a 4-bed home. The data suggest that living in a 4-bed home-like environment may result in significantly fewer and shorter hospitalizations for these types of mentally ill individuals.
Energies and Landé factors for some excited levels in Lu I (Z = 71)
Authors: Karaçoban Betül , Özdemir Leyla
Published: September 2010

We have calculated relativistic energies and Landé factors for 5d6s
2, 5d
26s, 6s6p
2, 6s
27s, 5d
3, 5d6s7s, 6s
26p, 5d6s6p, 5d
26p and 6s
27p excited levels outside the core [Xe]4f
14 in neutral lutetium (Lu I, Z = 71). These calculations are based on the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) method, within the framework of the Breit-Pauli relativistic corrections. Moreover, the results obtained have been compared with other works.
Professional Development Training through the Veterinary Curriculum at the University of Minnesota
Authors: Root Kustritz Margaret V. , Nault André J.
Published: September 2010

Veterinary education has traditionally focused on clinical skills. Success as a practicing veterinarian, however, also depends on good communication skills, emotional intelligence, and other professional skills that can lead to greater employee and employer satisfaction and increased practice revenue. The University of Minnesota has approached this curricular need by convening a task force and creating a series of courses aimed at improving leadership skills, teamwork, and verbal and written communication; managing conflict; and understanding ethics and personal finance. This article describes the evolution and structure of these professional classes and the challenges in securing faculty and student buy-in essential for success.
Assessment of Technical Skills: Best Practices
Authors: May Stephen A. , Head Stanley D.
Published: September 2010

Assessment is an important aspect of veterinary education from the point of view of setting standards, driving learning, providing feedback, and reassuring society that veterinarians are competent to assume the responsibilities entrusted to them. However, no single format exists that can, by itself, assess the complex mixture of knowledge and skills essential to the veterinarian's role. The areas that are most challenging to assess are those involving behaviors and attitudes. These include the various technical skills required for diagnosis and treatment. One approach, aimed at retaining validity but improving reliability compared with traditional, more subjective methods, first described in medicine 35 years ago, is the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), which has been introduced into veterinary education as the Objective Structured Practical Veterinary Examination (OSPVE) and run at the Royal Veterinary College since 2004. This approach is good for the assessment of competence in relation to isolated techniques and whole procedures but has been criticized for the way in which these are tested out of context. However, further development of structured clinical assessments, such as the mini-Clinical Examination and the Direct Observation of Procedural Skills, may help address some of these limitations, and the use of multi-source feedback, particularly client feedback, may allow the further domains of professional behaviors, attitudes, and communication to be judged and developed.
Dairy Reproductive Management: Assessing a Comprehensive Continuing Education Program for Veterinary Practitioners
Authors: Schuenemann Gustavo M. , Bas Santiago , Workman Jeffrey D. , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J.
Published: September 2010

Comprehensive continuing veterinary medical education (CVME) programs are critical for veterinary practitioners to update their knowledge and improve their skills and services. CVME must offer an educational environment in which veterinarians can effectively rejuvenate their knowledge and skills and learn about new practices. The Ohio Dairy Health and Management Certificate Program is a comprehensive CVME program for practicing dairy veterinarians that was developed to provide advanced training on previously identified needs of the dairy industry. Our objectives in this article were (1) to provide a description of a comprehensive CVME program designed to enhance the flow of applied, research-based knowledge from educators and researchers to dairy veterinary practitioners and (2) to provide an assessment of outcomes achieved and experiences gained after the delivery of the first two modules on advanced dairy reproductive management. Findings from the two reproductive modules suggested that (1) the designed dairy reproductive management program was able to meet the participants' educational needs, (2) the implemented delivery methods significantly increased participants' knowledge level, and (3) additional educational needs should be addressed with future programming. In conclusion, results from the participants' self-reports suggested that both reproductive modules were relevant and effective, offering new information with immediate field application. These types of educational programs are important for dairy veterinary practitioners because they are a vital source of information and service providers for dairy producers. For the program to be considered completely successful, a detailed follow-up assessment of participants' behavior change, adoption of new practices and skills, and their on-farm impact is needed.
Epilogue: Towards an Experience Ecology of Relational Emotions
Authors: Ek Richard
Published: September 2010

No abstract available.
Indice de défavorisation matérielle et sociale : son application au secteur de la santé et du bien-être
Authors: Pampalon Robert , Raymond Guy
Published: September 2010

The interest in measuring social inequalities in health in Québec is relatively recent and has been hampered by the lack of socioeconomic information in the administrative databases on health. To compensate for this lack of data, a material and social deprivation index has been introduced into a dozen of these databases, making it possible to carry out numerous analyses. The present article describes the design and uses of this index and underlines the importance of social inequalities in terms of population health (healthy life expectancy), certain health and social problems (intentional or unintentional injuries, problems experienced by youth), use of health and social services at the national (hospitalization, day surgery and long-term care facilities) and local (services offered by local community service centres) levels, and allocation of public resources (physician compensation and funding of community organizations). The advantages and limitations of this index are also put into perspective, as are the possibilities it offers for research and decision-making.
Les élèves immigrants nouvellement arrivés et l’école québécoise
Authors: Armand Françoise
Published: September 2010

Au fil des trente dernières années, la population des écoles québécoises est devenue plus diversifiée en termes de culture, de religion et de langue d’origine. La présence accrue de cette diversité ethnoculturelle a mené le système scolaire, et en particulier les écoles francophones montréalaises, à amorcer une transformation radicale. Celle-ci s’est traduite par la mise en place d’un ensemble de mesures et de programmes destinés, entre autres, aux nouveaux arrivants. Cet article présente une vue d’ensemble de ce processus de transformation. L’auteure expose tout d’abord un portrait récent de la diversité de la population scolaire québécoise (essentiellement montréalaise) avant d’aborder plus spécifiquement la question des élèves immigrants nouvellement arrivés (caractéristiques, historique des services offerts, documents officiels, pratiques actuelles, cheminements et performances scolaires). L’accent est mis ensuite sur un groupe moins connu: celui des élèves immigrants en situation de grand retard scolaire. Enfin, sont exposées quelques données de recherches portant sur les perceptions des enseignants et des élèves sur différents thèmes reliés à la présence de la pluriethnicité en milieu scolaire montréalais.
Épidémiologie de la maltraitance et de la violence envers les enfants au Québec
Authors: Clément Marie-Ève , Chamberland Claire , Trocmé Nico
Published: September 2010

Au Québec, les mauvais traitements à l’endroit des enfants sont explicitement sanctionnés par la Loi de la protection de la jeunesse depuis 1979. Or, malgré la législation, seules les situations les plus sévères d’abus et de négligence sont signalées aux autorités. La surveillance épidémiologique nécessite donc de documenter le phénomène par le biais de diverses sources d’informations de manière à obtenir un portrait plus représentatif des situations de victimisation familiale vécues par les enfants. Le présent article résume l’état actuel des connaissances en matière d’épidémiologie de la maltraitance et de la violence familiale envers les enfants québécois. On y présente les études réalisées selon les sources d’information, soit les enquêtes réalisées auprès des services de protection de la jeunesse, auprès des professionnels avec ou sans pouvoir d’enquête et auprès de la population générale. La discussion fait ressortir les principaux constats des études selon les stratégies d’enquête et met en lumière les défis liés à la surveillance longitudinale des situations de mauvais traitements et de violence familiale.
Evolution of breeding systems and fruits in New WorldGaliumand relatives (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Soza Valerie L. , Olmstead Richard G.
Published: September 2010

•Premise of the study: Dioecy occurs in only about 6% of angiosperms, yet it has evolved many times from hermaphroditism. Polygamy is an even more uncommon condition within angiosperms, in which both unisexual and bisexual flowers occur within a species. Polygamy, dioecy, and hermaphroditism all occur within a New World clade ofGalium(Rubiaceae), in which dioecy is hypothesized to have evolved from hermaphroditism via polygamy. At least five sections ofGaliumas traditionally defined by fruit morphology occur within this group. We tested the monophyly of sections defined by fruit morphology and sought to determine origins and pathways of breeding systems within this group.

•Methods: We obtained chloroplast (rpoB‐trnC, trnC‐psbM, trnL‐ndhJ) and nuclear ribosomal (external transcribed spacer) DNA sequences for 89 taxa from theCruciata‐Galium‐Valantia(CGV) clade to estimate the phylogeny. Ancestral states for breeding systems, fruit types, and fruit hairs were reconstructed using parsimony and likelihood analyses.

•Key results: We identified nine well‐supported lineages of New WorldGaliumtaxa. However, none of the sections traditionally defined by fruit morphology are monophyletic. Dioecy is inferred to have arisen at least three times from hermaphroditism; polygamy is inferred to have arisen at least twice from dioecy and at least six times from hermaphroditism.

•Conclusions: Polygamy appears to be a terminal condition in the CGV clade and not a pathway to dioecy. Fruit characters traditionally used in the taxonomy of this group have arisen multiple times within this clade ofGaliumand are not reliable indicators of shared evolutionary history.
Pharmacy 2.0
Authors: Grindrod Kelly A. , Gavura Scott
Published: September 2010

It's the not-so-distant future. A new patient tells you that he's been reading reviews of your pharmacy online. He suffers from a chronic disease and your pharmacy's specialty services were recommended in an article by a local blogger. Later that day, while you're talking with a new mom about the safety of routine immunizations for her children, she references Facebook, YouTube and something she calls “mommy blogs” when discussing concerns over autism and seizure disorders. After work, you're introduced to a local physician at the gym who has just opened a new practice. You ask for her business card, and she replies, “I'm on LinkedIn.” That night, the local news reports the results of a huge research trial. Anticipating phone calls and questions when you get to work tomorrow morning, you wonder where you can quickly find some of the experts' thoughts on this new data. Welcome to Pharmacy 2.0.
Facilitating Access to Evidence-Based Weight Management in Canada: A Consensus
Authors: Tytus Richard , Clarke Carol , Duffy Karen , Krawchenko Iris , Lau David C.W. , Smiley Tom , Sharma Arya M.
Published: September 2010

Obesity is a chronic disease that has reached epidemic status in Canada and around the world. In April 2009, 7 Canadian obesity experts convened to discuss the challenges of raising public awareness of the health issues associated with obesity and the limited access to evidence-based obesity treatment. The panel identified several important challenges to effective management of obesity, including education, access to evidence-based therapies and behavioural support. The public, as well as health care professionals and health care policy makers, must understand that obesity is not a lifestyle issue, but rather a chronic disease that requires ongoing sustainable intervention. The panel agreed that there is a need for safe, proven pharmacotherapies, as well as a need to dispel the myths around non-evidence-based treatments. The panel concluded that pharmacists and other health care professionals are well placed and should be encouraged to provide ongoing behavioural support as well as education about the disease and the role of evidence-based treatments in obesity management.
Characteristics of Patients with Juvenile Onset Systemic Sclerosis in an Adult Single-center Cohort
Authors: FOELDVARI IVAN , NIHTYANOVA SVETLANA I. , WIERK ANGELA , DENTON CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: September 2010

Objective.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare connective tissue disease in childhood. We compared the characteristics of adult patients with juvenile-onset SSc (jSSc) from a single-center cohort to an adult-onset group.

Methods.

Patients with disease onset before the age of 17 years were included in the jSSc cohort, while subjects with SSc onset after age 17 formed the adult-onset cohort.

Results.

We identified 52 adult subjects with jSSc and compared them to 954 patients with adult-onset SSc. The mean ± SD age at disease onset of the patients with jSSc was 14 ± 2 years, 39 (75%) of them were women, and 24 (46%) had the diffuse cutaneous subset of SSc (dcSSc). There were no differences between the 2 cohorts in terms of sex and disease subset. Overlaps were significantly more frequent among the jSSc cohort (37%) compared to the adult-onset group (18%; p = 0.002). Autoantibody analysis demonstrated significantly more antitopoisomerase I antibody-positive subjects (33% vs 20%; p = 0.034) and significantly fewer anticentromere antibody-positive subjects (2% vs 25%; p < 0.001) in the jSSc cohort. Compared to the adult-onset group at 10 years from disease onset, survival was significantly higher among the subjects with jSSc (98% vs 75%; p = 0.001), pulmonary arterial hypertension had a significantly lower incidence (2% vs 14%; p = 0.032), and there was no difference in terms of pulmonary fibrosis (22% vs 21%) and cardiac scleroderma (3% vs 2%) between the 2 groups.

Conclusion.

The high survival rates and lower proportion of dcSSc in the adult jSSc cohort may represent a survival bias.
A New ‘Reform Text' of Uruinimgina : UKG 63
Authors: Vukosavović Filip
Published: September 2010

Résumé Cet article présente un texte nouvellement identifié de la « réforme » d’Uruinimgina, auquel nous donnons le numéro Ukg 63. Ce fragment de cône est conservé à la Cornell University (CUNES 49-14-001) et donne un témoignage d’un nouveau, le quatrième, exemplaire du groupe des textes de la « réforme » d’Uruinimgina. Une étude détaillée de ce texte et de tous les autres de la « réforme » d’Uruinimgina sera fournie par l’auteur dans sa thèse de doctorat à venir.
Der auf /-e(d)/ gebildete Stamm des Sumerischen Verbums
Authors: Keetman Jan
Published: September 2010

Résumé Dans cet article nous proposons une nouvelle compréhension du suffixe verbal sumérien /-e(d)/. Selon nous, /-e(d)/ n’est pas un “participe marû ”, mais constitue une forme qui est combinée avec le marû probablement pour des raisons fonctionnelles. Aucun “participe marû ” n’existe. Cette proposition permet de résoudre des questions de grammaire sumérienne, et celles qu’elle laisse en suspens ne sont pas très problématiques.
Accusative as Casus Pendens? A Hitherto Unrecognized Emphatic Construction in early Akkadian Royal Inscriptions
Authors: Kogan Leonid
Published: September 2010

Résumé La forme inhabituelle du pronom relatif introduisant la personne maudite dans les formules de malédiction des inscriptions royales sargoniques a souvent été observée par les assyriologues : à la place du nominatif attendu ( casus pendens ) * šu , la forme accusative ša est régulièrement attestée. Dans les études récentes, cette particularité a été parfois considérée comme un reste d’une particularité linguistique antérieure à la forme standard de l’akkadien littéraire sargonique. Selon l’argumentation du présent article, ce phénomène n’est pas restreint aux formules de malédiction, ni au corpus sargonique en général. Des parallèles clairs en ont été détectés dans divers contextes dans les inscriptions royales akkadiennes du début du deuxième millénaire av. J.-C. Nous sommes ainsi confrontés à un motif stylistique utilisé sciemment dont l’arrière plan linguistique reste à élucider.
New Evidence for Warad-Sîn's Mu-Malgium-Basig (‘The Destruction of Malgium') Year Name
Authors: Abraham Kathleen
Published: September 2010

Résumé La tablette cunéiforme de la Collection Moussaieff publiée ci-dessus est une liste de noms d’années de Warad-Sîn, roi de Larsa. Elle contient onze des quatorze noms d’année qui sont connus pour ce roi, entre autres le nom mu-Malgium-basig. Par conséquent, elle rouvre la discussion concernant le ou les noms de la quatrième année de Warad-Sîn, et nous invite à remettre en question la durée de son règne. L’édition de cette tablette est suivie d’une analyse approfondie de la composition de la liste, en particulier en comparaison avec d’autres listes de dates de Warad-Sîn. Cet article conclut par la question de savoir si le choix de certains événements pour certaines des premières années de Warad-Sîn et leur arrangement qui est sans parallèle dans la nouvelle liste de dates ont été motivés par des considérations politiques.
A propos d'une perle inédite : un élément de la parure-subi de Ninisina ?
Authors: Abrahami Philippe
Published: September 2010

Résumé La perle présentée ici porte une inscription relevant d’une catégorie pour l’heure non documentée sur ce type de support. Il s’agit de la copie d’un texte commémorant la reconstruction par Warad-Sîn du temple de Ninisina à Larsa. L’étude propose de considérer cette perle comme un élément de la parure en pierre subi de Ninisina (peut-être le contrepoids d’un collier), ornement caractéristique de la déesse qui aurait donc constitué un support idéal pour y graver le récit de la construction de son temple et cela malgré les contraintes liées à la nature de l’objet.
On Leeches, Dogs, and Gods in Old Babylonian Medical Incantations
Authors: Wasserman Nathan
Published: September 2010

Résumé Cet article examine un petit groupe d’incantations paléo-babyloniennes traitant des “vers” qui montre qu’il s’agit en fait de sangsues - probablement leur plus ancienne description connue jusque-là. Les rapports entre les sangsues et la déesse de la guérison, Gula, sont clairs, mais la question de l’utilisation exacte de ces créatures énigmatiques dans la médecine mésopotamienne reste ouverte.
New Evidence for the ‘Craftsmen's Charter'
Authors: Payne Elizabeth E.
Published: September 2010

Résumé Cet article présente un nouveau texte provenant des archives néo-babyloniennes de l’Eanna (BM 114525) qui est en bien des points similaire à la soi-disant “Craftsmen’s Charter” (YNR 1, 1). Ces deux textes illustrent les efforts du temple pour contrôler les activités de ses forces de travail mobiles, et, de façon plus importante, de limiter toutes pertes en matières premières de valeur à leur disposition. Il est aussi suggéré que le conflit au centre de ces textes puisse avoir un rapport avec la question plus large des relations entre Uruk/Eanna et le “Pays de la mer”. Une édition complète de BM 114525 ainsi qu’une ré-édition (incluant des collations) de YNER 1, 1 sont fournies.
Quelle psychothérapie pour quel patient ? Données de recherche et problèmes cliniques
Authors: Despland Jean-Nicolas
Published: September 2010

Résumé De très nombreuses recherches portant sur l’évaluation des psychothérapies ont été conduites ces dernières décennies. Cet article résume les principaux résultats de ces études dans le domaine des troubles psychiatriques. La question de leur généralisation à la psychothérapie des addictions est posée. Un certain nombre de données du Project Match Research Group et du National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaïne Treatment Study sont résumées. Leurs résultats permettent de mettre en évidence la spécificité du champ des addictions, tant en ce qui concerne la question de l’efficacité relative, que des rôles respectifs de l’alliance thérapeutique et de la technique du psychothérapeute.
L'influence du genre ? Les usages féminins de cannabis au sein du public des « consultations jeunes consommateurs »
Authors: Obradovic Ivana
Published: September 2010

Résumé Au cours des deux premières années d’activité, les « consultations jeunes consommateurs » (CJC) ont accueilli 45 000 usagers de produits, le plus souvent au titre du cannabis. Près de 20 % de cette population sont des femmes. Le ratio hommes-femmes des patients accueillis pour un problème d’usage de cannabis apparaît plus bas que dans les structures spécialisées dans la prise en charge au titre d’autres drogues. L’article décrit les spécificités du public féminin, en faisant ressortir les différences de structure avec les usagers masculins. Hommes et femmes viennent en CJC avec des attentes et par des biais différents, ce qui induit des profils sociodémographiques, des pratiques d’usage et des motivations à consommer en de nombreux points dissemblables. Le public féminin, en moyenne plus âgé, comprend de plus fortes proportions de demandes spontanées et de demandes d’aide à la réduction de leur consommation, quand les hommes viennent plus souvent sans objectif précis. Les consultantes féminines déclarent des niveaux d’usage de cannabis élevés, souvent plus intensifs et associés à des polyconsommations de substances illicites ou de médicaments psychotropes. Les usages féminins de cannabis sont plus nettement centrés sur des motivations « autothérapeutiques » en lien avec la régulation d’une angoisse. À l’inverse, le public masculin recouvre une majorité d’usagers de cannabis adressés par la justice, le plus souvent âgés de 18 à 25 ans, socialement insérés, rapportant leur usage à des considérations hédonistes et à une sociabilité particulière.
Les idéologies à Rome : les modalités du discours politique de Cicéron à Auguste
Authors: Le Doze Philippe
Published: September 2010

Résumé À travers l’analyse de textes allant de la fin de la République au Principat d’Auguste, l’auteur se propose de vérifier la validité du concept d’idéologie dans la société romaine. Sous la République, le droit à commander relevait plus de la vertu et de l’appartenance à une gens illustre que d’une vision de l’avenir, d’un dessein communautaire. Ce qui était demandé aux dirigeants, c’était d’assurer le bon fonctionnement des institutions et la sécurité des citoyens. Le monde romain se refusait à imaginer une société autre. Lors d’une crise, il s’agissait de restaurer, non de proposer. Avec le Principat d’Auguste, le discours officiel se modifie et tend désormais à lier le destin de Rome et l’abondance à la gensAugusta. Dans le même temps, un discours d’opposition apparaît lié à la forme du régime. Si l’on ne peut parler de réelle idéologie, le Principat d’Auguste marque au moins l’apparition d’une proto-idéologie.
Les maréchaux de la Ligue
Authors: El Hage Fadi
Published: September 2010

Résumé Considérés comme une anomalie institutionnelle, les maréchaux de France choisis par le duc de Mayenne au temps de la Ligue ont souvent été négligés par l’historiographie. Leur illégalité présumée est soulignée par le fait que nombre d’entre eux se rallièrent à Henri IV, qui les confirma dans leur dignité, faisant d’eux des « bâtards légitimés ». Cependant, au-delà de ce rejet historiographique du vainqueur, la question des maréchaux de la Ligue aide à mieux connaître les raisons sociales et institutionnelles qui aboutirent à une telle « dissidence ». Le devenir de ces maréchaux, dont le nombre exact a curieusement échappé à la plupart des auteurs s’étant intéressés de près ou de loin à ce problème, met en évidence la diversité des manières de mettre fin à la guerre civile.
L'âme est à Dieu et l'honneur à nous
Authors: Drévillon Hervé
Published: September 2010

Résumé Dans l’ Esprit des lois , Montesquieu établit que l’honneur est « principe du gouvernement monarchie ». Souvent, ce postulat a été considéré comme l’expression d’une nostalgie aristocratique. Or la culture de l’honneur n’est pas restée l’apanage exclusif des duellistes ou des gentilshommes « malcontents ». Elle a été partagée par l’ensemble des individus de la société d’ancien régime. L’honneur, en effet, est une équation personnelle par laquelle un individu définit ce qu’il doit aux autres et ce que les autres lui doivent. En ce sens, ce principe ne forme pas un système inerte, mais constitue bien une pratique sociale par laquelle un individu affirme son adhésion à un ensemble de codes et de valeurs formant une identité collective, dont il se proclame l’incarnation et le juge souverain. En ce sens, le sentiment de l’honneur a contribué à l’émergence de l’individu dans le cadre d’une société d’ordres et de privilèges.
La cartografía colonial española durante la Segunda República (1931-1936)
Authors: Urteaga Luis , Nadal Francesc
Published: September 2010

La Segunda República dedicó cuantiosos recursos, económicos y humanos, a la cartografía de las posesiones coloniales. Los sucesivos gobiernos republicanos mantuvieron una fuerte continuidad, organizativa y funcional, en el ámbito de la cartografía colonial, sin que se detecte ningún cambio significativo respecto a los planes trazados en etapas anteriores. La actividad cartográfica continuó centrada en el territorio de Marruecos, y fue protagonizada por una unidad dependiente del Ministerio de la Guerra, la Comisión Geográfica de Marruecos y Límites. En este trabajo, que se apoya en fuentes primarias, se ofrece una descripción del marco institucional de la cartografía colonial durante el período republicano, se identifica a sus artífices, y se da cuenta de los levantamientos cartográficos realizados.

[fr] La Deuxième République a consacré nombreux ressources, économiques et humains, à la cartographie des possessions coloniales. Les successifs gouvernements républicains ont tenu une forte continuité, d’organisation et fonctionnelle, dans le domaine de la cartographie coloniale, sans qu’on ne puisse détecter aucun changement significatif en relation aux plans tracés en étapes antérieures. L’activité cartographique a continué centrée sur le territoire du Maroc et a été menée à bien par une unité dépendant du Ministère de la Guerre: la Commission Géographique de Maroc et Limites. Dans ce travail, élaboré à partir de sources primaires, on offre une description du cadre institutionnel de la cartographie coloniale pendant la période républicaine, on identifie à leurs protagonistes et on explique les levées réalisés.
Transformaciones agrícolas y despoblamiento en las comunidades rurales de la Región Pampeana Argentina
Authors: Stratta Fernández Ricardo , De los Ríos Carmenado Ignacio
Published: September 2010

El objetivo de este trabajo, es realizar una caracterización del proceso histórico del desarrollo agrícola en la Región Pampeana, examinando al mismo tiempo, los rasgos principales del proceso de despoblamiento rural. La caracterización se realiza definiendo cuatro etapas históricas, de acuerdo a cuatro criterios que marcan las particularidades de cada una de ellas: 1) las condiciones económicas externas; 2) el marco político y económico interno; 3) el comportamiento de los factores de la producción e innovación y 4) las variaciones demográficas urbano-rurales. Se demuestra que una de las alteraciones más importantes de este proceso histórico, ha sido la pérdida de población rural. Desde esta caracterización histórica se ponen de manifiesto las transformaciones agrícolas ocurridas y se analizan los efectos del despoblamiento y la concentración urbana. La reflexión sobre los cambios y efectos ocurridos servirán para entender mejor la región y plantear políticas de desarrollo local adecuadas que permitan la sostenibilidad de las comunidades rurales.

[fr] L’objectif de ce travail est de faire une caractérisation du processus historique du développement agricole dans la Région Pampéenne tout en examinant les traits principaux du processus de dépeuplement rural. La caractérisation est faite en définissant les quatre étapes historiques, selon quatre critères qui marquent les particularités de chacune d’elles: 1) les conditions économiques externes; 2) le cadre politique et économique interne; 3) le comportement des facteurs de la production et de l’innovation et 4) les variations démographiques urbano-rurales. On démontre que l’une des altérations les plus importantes de ce processus historique a été la perte de population rurale. À partir de cette caractérisation historique on met en évidence les transformations agricoles produites et on analyse les effets du dépeuplement et la concentration urbaine. La réflexion sur les changements et sur les effets produits serviront pour mieux comprendre la région et pour proposer des politiques de développement local adéquates qui permettent la durabilité des communautés rurales.
Designing Fail-Safe Biomaterials against Wear for Artificial Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Huda Zainul
Published: September 2010

This review paper presents a fail-safe approach in designing biomaterials against wear for application in an artificial total hip replacement in view of the recent advances in orthopedic bioengineering materials. It has been established that substantially different alloys should be used for minimizing wear in bearing surfaces. Frictional forces at these rubbing counter-faces must be minimized to prevent loosening of the femoral stem and acetabular socket assembly from their positions secured by the fixation agent. A comparative analysis of various wear-resistant biomaterials resulted in the lowest production of wear particles in a total hip where a ceramic socket articulates against the ceramic ball: it produces only 0.004 cubic millimeters of ceramic wear particles. Surface modification, through the application of coatings, offers the potential to reduce the wear rate without compromising the bulk mechanical behavior of the implant material. These hard coatings were found to include diamond-like carbon, amorphous diamond, and titanium nitride.
Degradable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering – Part I: Synthesis by RAFT Polymerization and Characterization of PHEMA Containing Enzymatically Degradable Crosslinks
Authors: Keen Imelda , Lambert Lynette , Chirila Traian V. , Paterson Stefan M. , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: September 2010

A nonapeptide, which is sensitive to enzymatic digestion by collagenase, was modified by the covalent attachment of an acrylamido group at the terminal positions. The functionalized peptide was used as a crosslinking agent during polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method was used to obtain a polymer (PHEMA) with an average theoretical molecular weight of 4000 Da, containing enzymatically labile peptide crosslinks. The functionalized peptide was analyzed in detail by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The polymerization reaction was monitored by near infrared spectrometry, while the resulting polymer was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography and solid NMR spectrometry. The peptide-crosslinked PHEMA was subjected to an in-vitro degradation assay in the presence of collagenase. At the highest concentration of enzyme used in the study, a weight loss of 35% was recorded after 60 days of incubation in the collagenolytic medium. This suggests that crosslinking with enzymatically degradable peptides is a valid method for inducing biodegradability in polymers that otherwise are not degradable.
CD8 Controls T Cell Cross-Reactivity
Authors: Wooldridge Linda , Laugel Bruno , Ekeruche Julia , Clement Mathew , van den Berg Hugo A. , Price David A. , Sewell Andrew K.
Published: September 2010

Estimates of human αβ TCR diversity suggest that there are <108 different Ag receptors in the naive T cell pool, a number that is dwarfed by the potential number of different antigenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules that could be encountered. Consequently, an extremely high degree of cross-reactivity is essential for effective T cell immunity. Ag recognition by T cells is unique in that it involves a coreceptor that binds at a site distinct from the TCR to facilitate productive engagement of the pMHC. In this study, we show that the CD8 coreceptor controls T cell cross-reactivity for pMHCI Ags, thereby ensuring that the peripheral T cell repertoire is optimally poised to negotiate the competing demands of responsiveness in the face of danger and quiescence in the presence of self.
Bim Dictates Naive CD4 T Cell Lifespan and the Development of Age-Associated Functional Defects
Authors: Tsukamoto Hirotake , Huston Gail E. , Dibble John , Duso Debra K. , Swain Susan L.
Published: September 2010

With age, peripheral naive CD4 T cells become both longer lived and functionally impaired and they express reduced levels of Bim, a proapoptotic Bcl family member. In this study, we show that reduced Bim expression by naive CD4 T cells intrinsically mediates their longer lifespan in the periphery. Moreover, using mixed bone marrow chimeras reconstituted with Bim+/+ and Bim+/− bone marrow cells, Bim+/− naive CD4 T cells exhibit accelerated development of age-associated dysfunctions, including reduced proliferation and IL-2 production and defective helper function for B cells, without any increase in their turnover. However, newly generated Bim+/− naive CD4 T cells in middle-aged mice are not defective, indicating an additional requirement for their persistence in the periphery. These age-associated immune defects develop independently of the “aged” host environment and without extensive division, distinguishing them from classic “senescence.” We suggest that the reduction of Bim levels with age in naive CD4 T cell is the initiating step that leads to increased cellular lifespan and development of age-associated functional defects.
C1q Deficiency Leads to the Defective Suppression of IFN-α in Response to Nucleoprotein Containing Immune Complexes
Authors: Santer Deanna M. , Hall Brian E. , George Thaddeus C. , Tangsombatvisit Stephanie , Liu Chih Long , Arkwright Peter D. , Elkon Keith B.
Published: September 2010

Almost all humans with homozygous deficiency of C1q develop systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The precise cellular mechanism(s) by which C1q prevents the development of SLE remains unclear. In this study, we tested the role of C1q in the regulation of IFN-α induced by immune complexes (ICs) in vitro, as well as the consequences of lack of C1q in vivo. Our experiments revealed that C1q preferentially promotes the binding of SLE ICs to monocytes rather than plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but this inhibition was not due to the induction of inhibitory soluble factors. The presence of C1q also altered the trafficking of ICs within monocytes such that ICs persisted in early endosomes. In patients with C1q deficiency, serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of IFN-α and IFN-γ–inducible protein-10 levels were elevated and strongly correlated with Ro autoantibodies, demonstrating the clinical significance of these observations. These studies therefore associate C1q deficiency with defective regulation of IFN-α and provide a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which C1q prevents the development of IC-stimulated autoimmunity.
The Capacity To Induce Cross-Presentation Dictates the Success of a TLR7 Agonist-Conjugate Vaccine for Eliciting Cellular Immunity
Authors: Oh Jason Z. , Kedl Ross M.
Published: September 2010

Covalent conjugation of TLR agonists to protein Ags often facilitates the generation of a CD8+ T cell response. However, mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the conjugate over its unconjugated counterpart have been largely uninvestigated. In this study, we show that conjugation of a TLR7 agonist enhances CD8+ T cell responses without affecting Ag persistence and with minimal impact on cellular uptake of the Ag in vivo. Instead, the conjugated form induced a robust accumulation of dendritic cells (DCs) in regional lymph nodes. Perhaps more importantly, cross-presentation in DCs was detected only when the Ag was delivered in the conjugated form with the TLR7 agonist. Collectively, these data represent the first demonstration that a TLR agonist–Ag conjugate elicits CD8+ T cell responses based not on its capacity to induce DC maturation or Ag persistence and uptake, but on the engagement of DC cross-presentation pathways.
Electrochemical Performance Measurements of PBI-Based High-Temperature PEMFCs
Authors: Parrondo Javier , Venkateswara Rao Chitturi , Ghatty Sundara L. , Rambabu B.
Published: September 2010

Acid-doped poly(2,2′-m-phenylene-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) membranes have been prepared and used to assemble membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with various contents of PBI (1–30 wt.%) in the gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The MEAs were tested in the temperature range of140∘C–200∘C showing that the PBI content in the electrocatalyst layer influences strongly the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell. The MEAs were assembled using polyphosphoric acid doped PBI membranes having conductivities of 0.1 Scm−1at180∘C. The ionic resistance of the cathode decreased from 0.29 to 0.14 Ohm-cm2(180∘C) when the content of PBI is varied from 1 to 10 wt.%. Similarly, the mass transfer resistance or Warburg impedance increased 2.5 times, reaching values of 6 Ohm-cm2. 5 wt.% PBI-based MEA showed the best performance. The electrochemical impedance measurements were in good agreement with the fuel cell polarization curves obtained, and the optimum performance was obtained when overall resistance was minimal.
Pricing Damaged Goods
Authors: McAfee R. Preston
Published: September 2010

Companies with market power occasionally engage in intentional quality reduction of a portion of their output as a means of offering two qualities of goods for the purpose of price discrimination, even absent a cost saving. This paper provides an exact characterization in terms of marginal revenues of when such a strategy is profitable, which, remarkably, does not depend on the distribution of customer valuations, but only on the value of the damaged product relative to the undamaged product. In particular, when the damaged product provides a constant proportion of the value of the full product, selling a damaged good is unprofitable. One quality reduction produces higher profits than another if the former has higher marginal revenue than the latter.
Wage Dispersion, Over-Qualification, and Reder Competition
Authors: Schlicht Ekkehart
Published: September 2010

The expansion of higher education in the Western countries has been accompanied by a marked widening of wage differentials and increasing over-qualification. While the increase in wage differentials has been attributed to skill-biased technological change that made advanced skills scarce, this explanation does not fit well with the observed increase in over-qualification which suggests that advanced skills are in excess supply. By “Reder-competition” I refer to the simultaneous adjustment of wage offers and hiring standards in response to changing labor market conditions. I present a simple model of Reder competition that depicts wages as driven by labor heterogeneity, rather than scarcity. The mechanism may give rise to a simultaneous increase in wage differentials and over-qualification.