bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction and Evaluation of The Wind Tunnel Technique for Estimating Ammonia Volatilization from Land
Authors: Ghanizadeh Hesar Laleh , İnce Ahmet , Ekinci Kamil , Gücüm Huseyin , Vurarak Yasemin
Published: January 2024

Agriculture is mainly responsible for ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Among all agricultural activities, livestock and especially animal manures are the most important sources of NH3 emissions. Manure application which not only exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions, but also leads to eutrophication of water bodies. Many studies have shown that surface application of manure can lead to large ammonia losses and run off, on the other hand that tillage can substantially reduce these losses. It is necessary to determine ammonia flux from manure-amended soils to improve management manure handling practices for minimizing agriculture’s impact on the environment. From this point of view, one of the direct measured method was used to determine this volatilization. The objections of this work were: i) The design, construction, physical calibration, and operation of the little wind tunnels. ii) Recover ammonia loss from bovine slurry by little wind tunnel method. iii) Determine the effect of slurry application depth on ammonia emission. The little wind tunnel system consisted of plastic canopy covering the treatment area (2 m long by 0.5 m wide). By was using a fan, it was imitated the natural wind speed in the test area (1-1.5 m/s). Nitrogen losses were measured with this method in surface application, 50 mm and 100 mm subsurface. In the surface application, the highest ammonia emission was observed. It was approximately 68% higher in compared to another methods. There is significantly (P=0.05) different in the ammonia emission, between the surface apply method and injection manure in soil methods. But There isn’t any significantly different between ammonia emission amount in injection subsurface methods (100 mm and 50 mm deep).
Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Applications on Yield And Chlorophyll Content of Yedikule Lettuce (Lactuva Sativa L.) Plant
Authors: Keçe Yusuf Murat , Yetişir Halit , Güneş Adem
Published: January 2024

This study was conducted in Erciyes University Agricultural Research and Application Land in 2020 to determine the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers applied from the base to the Yedikule lettuce plant on plant yield and plant chlorophyll content. In the study, solid worm manure (100 kg da-1) was preferred as organic fertilizer, while 15 - 15 - 15 compound bottom fertilizer was preferred as chemical fertilizer. Seedlings of lettuce plants were planted with 16 plants in each plot, with a row spacing of 25 cm and a spacing of 50 cm between rows. In the study, the chlorophyll content of plant leaves (SPAD) was examined, as well as the yield parameters of plant height (cm), plant width (cm) and plant fresh weight (g/plant). As a result of the examination, it was determined that chemical fertilizer application had a positive effect on the fresh weight of the plant, and organic fertilizer application had a positive effect on the chlorophyll content.
Detecting key stroke risk factor easier and cheaper
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: January 2024

Research establishes the theoretical basis for a non-invasive multi-sensor arterial plaque detector.
Effects of molecular assembly on heterogeneous interactions in electronic and photovoltaic devices
Authors: Sil Manik Chandra , Yadav Sonali , Chen Ting-An , Pitchai Chandrasekaran , Chen Chih-Ming
Published: January 2024

Heterogeneous junctions extensively exist in electronic and photovoltaic devices. Due to essential differences, the contacts of heterogeneous junctions are imperfect with structural discontinuity and chemical inconsistency, which have negative impacts on the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of devices. To improve the heterogeneous interactions, surface/interfacial modification approaches are developed in which molecular assembly engineering appears to be a promising strategy. Versatile functionalities can be accomplished by smart arrangement and design of the functional groups and geometry of the organic molecular layers. Specific functionality can also be maximized by well organization of the grafting orientation of molecules at the heterogeneous contacts. This article comprehensively reviews the approaches of molecular assembly engineering employed in the construction of the heterogeneous junctions to improve their mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Following the introduction of molecular assembly engineering at the target surface/interface, examples are introduced to show the efficacy of molecular assembly engineering on the interfacial adhesion, atomic interdiffusion, dielectric nature, charge injection and recombination, and thermoelectric property in electronic and photovoltaic devices.
Experimental Design and Analysis for Tree Improvement
Authors: Williams E. , Harwood C. , Matheson A.
Published: January 2024

Experimental Design and Analysis for Tree Improvement provides a set of practical procedures to follow when planning, designing and analysing tree improvement trials. Using examples, it outlines how to:

design field, glasshouse and laboratory trials
efficiently collect and construct electronic data files
pre-process data, screening for data quality and outliers
analyse data from single and across-site trials
interpret the results from statistical analyses.

The authors address the many practical issues often faced in forest tree improvement trials and describe techniques that will give meaningful results. The techniques provided are applicable to the improvement of not only trees, but to crops in general.

This fully revised third edition includes the construction of p-rep and spatial designs using the commercially available software package for design generation (CycDesigN). For analysis of the examples, it provides online Genstat and SAS programs and a link to R programs.
The ergodicity question when imaging DNA conformation using liquid cell electron microscopy
Authors: Li Jia-Ye , Liu Fan , Xu Jing , Kim Ye-Jin , Kwon Oh-Hoon , Xia Bin , Wang Huan , Granick Steve
Published: January 2024

Assessing the ergodicity of graphene liquid cell electron microscope measurements, we report that loop states of circular DNA interconvert reversibly and that loop numbers follow the Boltzmann distribution expected for this molecule in bulk solution, provided that the electron dose is low (80-keV electron energy and electron dose rate 1–20 e
−
Å
−2
s
−1
). This imaging technique appears to act as a “slow motion” camera that reveals equilibrated distributions by imaging the time average of a few molecules without the need to image a spatial ensemble.
Artificial swim by undulating rigid flagellum with joint controllers
Authors: Yano Ryosuke , Kuroda Hisayasu
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we investigate the locomotion of artificial (robotic) swimmers by an undulating rigid flagellum, whose joints are controlled by actuators. The locomotion of a swimmer with an undulating rigid flagellum inside a two-dimensional channel sandwiched by two non-slip walls is numerically analyzed using the immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method. Multi-relaxation-time scheme is applied to calculate the flow field under a high Reynolds number (Re). Our numerical results show that the optimal Re exists to maximize the locomotion distance, whereas the direction of locomotion can be reversed in the lower and higher Re limits.
Bioinspired Fano-like resonant transmission: frequency selective impedance matching
Authors: Esposito Gennaro Andrea , Tallarico Domenico , Sayed Ahmed Moustafa , Miniaci Marco , Shahab Shima , Bergamini Andrea
Published: January 2024

The study of the impedance mismatch between the device and its surroundings is crucial when building an acoustic device to obtain optimal performance. In reality, a high impedance mismatch would prohibit energy from being transmitted over the interface, limiting the amount of energy that the device could treat. In general, this is solved by using acoustic impedance matching layers, such as gradients, similar to what is done in optical coatings. The simplest form of such a gradient can be considered as an intermediate layer with certain qualities resting between the two media to impedance match, and requiring a minimum thickness of at least one quarter wavelength of the lowest frequency under consideration. The desired combination(s) of the (limited) available elastic characteristics and densities has traditionally determined material selection. Nature, which is likewise limited by the use of a limited number of materials in the construction of biological structures, demonstrates a distinct approach in which the design space is swept by modifying certain geometrical and/or material parameters. The middle ear of mammals and the lateral line of fishes are both instances of this method, with the latter already incorporating an architecture of distributed impedance matched underwater layers. In this paper, we develop a resonant mechanism whose properties can be modified to give impedance matching at different frequencies by adjusting a small set of geometrical parameters. The mechanism in question, like the lateral line organ, is intended to serve as the foundation for the creation of an impedance matching meta-surface. A computational study and parameter optimization show that it can match the impedance of water and air in a deeply sub-wavelength zone.
Corrosion-resistant behavior and structural optimization of Ti/Cr, Ti/Cu, Cr/Cu, Ti/Cr/Cu multimetallic layer coatings in simulated seawater
Authors: Xu Jing , Cai Linxuan , Lian Jiadi , Liao Yihong
Published: January 2024

This article is based on the sacrificial anode cathodic protection principle and the optimization method of multilayer structure. According to the standard electrode potential of metals, starting from the corrosion-resistant passive film formed by the metal itself, Ti/Cr, Ti/Cu, Cr/Cu, and Ti/Cr/Cu coatings were prepared on a 316L stainless steel substrate using magnetron sputtering technology. The corrosion performance of the coatings was studied to explore the interaction patterns between them. The results showed that in artificial seawater, the Cr/Cu, Ti/Cu, and Ti/Cr metal bilayer film coatings exhibited an increasing impedance arc radius and widening phase angle plateau in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In the polarization curve, the self-corrosion current, the self-corrosion potential and polarization resistance are all better than the substrate. In the static immersion test, the weight loss rate of the metal multi-layer film gradually decreased, with all samples showing a lower weight loss rate in the second week compared to the first week, ranging from 27% to 52%. By further designing the microstructure of the coating to mitigate the contradiction between hardness and toughness, and reduce the generation of pores, the corrosion performance of the new Ti/Cr/Cu coating is significantly improved. The coating can repair surface defects of the material, fill in micro and nano gaps, and enhance the cathodic protection effect of sacrificial anodes.
Four-phonon scattering of so-As and improvement of the thermoelectric properties by increasing the buckling height
Authors: Sun Yong , Shen Hui-Xue , Duan Man-Yi , Zhang Tian , Mu Yi , Cheng Cai
Published: January 2024

In recent years, more and more thermoelectric (TE) materials have been discovered as the research boom of TE materials advances. However, due to the low conversion efficiency, most of the current TE materials cannot meet the commercial demand. The low-dimensional nanomaterials are promising to break the current status quo of low conversion efficiency of TE materials. Here, we predicted a stable two-dimensional TE material, namely so-As, based on density functional theory. The so-As has an ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity, κl
= 1.829 W m−1 K−1 at 300 K, and when the temperature rises to 700 K the κl
is only 0.788 W m−1 K−1 . This might be caused by the strong anharmonic interaction among the so-As phonon and the out-of-plane vibration of the low-frequency acoustic modes. Moreover, the maximum ZT value of the p-type so-As is 0.18 at room temperature (0.45 at 700 K), while that of the n-type can even reach 0.75 at 700 K. In addition, we have also studied the difference between the four- and three-phonon scattering rates. The increase of scattering channels leads to the ultra-low κl
, which is only 3.33 × 10−4W m−1 K−1 at room temperature, showing an almost adiabatic property. Finally, we adjust the TE properties of so-As by changing the buckling height. With the buckling height is increased by 2%, the scattering rate of so-As is extremely high. When T is 700 K, the maximum ZT of the n-type is 0.94 (p-type can also reach 0.7), which is 25% higher than the pristine one. Our work reveals the impact of buckling height on the TE figure of merit, which provides a direction for future search and regulation of the high ZT TE materials.
Radiation exposure in augmented fluoroscopic bronchoscopy procedures: a comprehensive analysis for patients and physicians
Authors: Lian Meng-En , Yee Wong Guang , Yu Kai-Lun , Wu Guan-Yi , Yang Shun-Mao , Tsai Hui-Yu
Published: January 2024

Cancer is a major health challenge and causes millions of deaths worldwide each year, and the incidence of lung cancer has increased. Augmented fluoroscopic bronchoscopy (AFB) procedures, which combine bronchoscopy and fluoroscopy, are crucial for diagnosing and treating lung cancer. However, fluoroscopy exposes patients and physicians to radiation, and therefore, the procedure requires careful monitoring. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement and the International Commission on Radiological Protection have emphasised the importance of monitoring patient doses and ensuring occupational radiation safety. The present study evaluated radiation doses during AFB procedures, focusing on patient skin doses, the effective dose, and the personal dose equivalent to the eye lens for physicians. Skin doses were measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters. Peak skin doses were observed on the sides of the patients’ arms, particularly on the side closest to the x-ray tube. Differences in the procedures and experience of physicians between the two hospitals involved in this study were investigated. AFB procedures were conducted more efficiently at Hospital A than at Hospital B, resulting in lower effective doses. Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) contributes significantly to patient effective doses because it has higher radiographic parameters. Despite their higher radiographic parameters, AFB procedures resulted in smaller skin doses than did image-guided interventional and CT fluoroscopy procedures. The effective doses differed between the two hospitals of this study due to workflow differences, with cone-beam CT playing a dominant role. No significant differences in left and right eye Hp
(3) values were observed between the hospitals. For both hospitals, the Hp
(3) values were below the recommended limits, indicating that radiation monitoring may not be required for AFB procedures. This study provides insights into radiation exposure during AFB procedures, concerning radiation dosimetry, and safety for patients and physicians.
With an infrared camera in an amusement park: heating and cooling of magnetic brakes
Authors: Pendrill Ann-Marie
Published: January 2024

A handheld infrared camera was used to visualize heating and cooling of magnetic brakes in drop towers and roller coasters. The images also display the cooling effect of trees and the warming effect of clouds. This paper discusses what can be discerned from the photos with connections to data from data sheets, as well as from accelerometer and barometer sensors. The heating and cooling processes were also studied using the hot point feature of the FLIR One Pro LT camera attached to a smartphone.
A three-year comparative study of dominant misconceptions among first-year physics students at a South African university
Authors: Chrysostomou Anna , Cornell Alan S , Naylor Wade
Published: January 2024

This article discusses a three-year study (2020–2022) of dominant misconceptions (DMs) for a large cohort of first-year physics course students at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Our study considered pre-test scores on the force concept inventory using a graphical method, where we found statistical differences between the mean DM scores for the 2020 cohort, as compared to the 2021 and 2022 cohort; possibly due to the onset of COVID lockdowns. We also compared our data from South Africa with cohorts based in Spain and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where the method of DMs was also applied. From this comparison, we found some differences in the preconception knowledge of the cohorts. Furthermore, we included an analysis of DMs through the ‘gender lens’ for the South African cohort, finding no statistically significant difference between the means for DM scores of students who identify as male or female. Finally, given the diverse language backgrounds and levels of matriculation preparation foruniversity level physics courses, we have also shown how quickly responding to student misconceptions can be efficiently addressed using the method of DMs.
Using a machine vision sensor for wavelength estimation by measuring an Airy disk, with didactic purposes
Authors: Rivera-Ortega Uriel
Published: January 2024

In this manuscript, it is presented a simple and automated educational resource with the aim of determining the wavelength of a laser source that uses the Airy disk generated by a circular aperture. It is known that there is a relationship between the diameter of the central disk and the distance between the circular aperture and the image plane. These two parameters are automatically measured by using a machine vision sensor and an ultrasonic distance sensor, respectively. This resource can be applied in graduate or undergraduate Physics and Engineering laboratories and classrooms for educational, demonstrative, or measuring purposes.
What happens next? Resonance
Authors: Featonby David , Dovalova Kristina
Published: January 2024

We know that resonance occurs between two oscillating bodies when the frequencies are identical, however does resonance only occur under these conditions. Can resonance be induced when the frequencies are not the same?.
Thermal-vibration correlation study for high-temperature superconducting maglev intelligent monitoring based on back propagation neural network analysis
Authors: Pang Peng , Zheng Jun , Zhao Yonghai , Xu Le , Xian Chenling
Published: January 2024

The internal temperature rise inside the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) superconductor (SC) resulting from irregular magnetic field (MF) above the permanent magnet guideway is a major factor contributing to the decline of levitation performance. Real-time monitoring of the temperature rise inside YBCO SC is an important issue for the safe operation of the maglev train systems. However, the existing temperature rise testing method involves destructive intrusion less or more, easily affected by strong MF, occupying limited space and sensors prone to detachment. This paper innovatively proposes a non-contact internal temperature rise testing method combining artificial intelligence (AI) methods. Vibration is common signal of a maglev train system, which inspires to establish a fundamental thermal-dynamic levitation force synchronous testing device for YBCO SC. Then, a set of temperature rise-vibration dataset exposed to different alternating MF frequencies is created. The wavelet transform is chosen to extract the frequency band energy of vibration, and the backpropagation neural network is used to identify the corresponding temperature rise. The recognition accuracy can reach over 99.9%, which firstly proves the effectiveness of AI algorithms in the thermal-vibration correlation analysis for the HTS maglev system. The results can provide the foundation reference for the intelligent monitoring and fault diagnosis of thermal-dynamics stabilities of HTS maglev train in the future.
Silica Gel Supported Chlorosulfonic Acid Catalyzed Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime in Liquid Phase
Authors: Tian Cheng , Zheng Yanchun , Wu Shihua , Chen Hanming , Xie Dong , Zhu Mingqiao
Published: January 2024

The Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in the liquid phase using fuming sulfuric acid as a catalyst is a traditional method, which brings many problems, such as environmental pollution, corrosion of equipment, and difficulty in treating the by-product ammonium sulfate. This paper designs and prepares a silica gel-supported chlorosulfonic acid solid acid catalyst for the liquid-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam. The factors affecting the preparation of the catalyst and the optimal reaction conditions for Beckmann rearrangement were investigated. It was found that the best catalyst preparation conditions were as follows: mass ratio of silica gel: chlorosulfonic acid of 1:0.2, room temperature, stirring time of 3 hours, solvent dichloromethane, and silica gel mesh size of 100-200 mesh, and best Beckmann rearrangement conditions were as follows: mass ratio of cyclohexanone oxime: catalyst of 1:1, temperature of 140°C, solvent benzonitrile volume of 40 mL/g cyclohexanone oxime, reaction time of 5 hours. Under the above conditions, the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime is 74%, and the selectivity of caprolactam is 40%.
Preparation of Carbon Quantum Dots Based on Willow Leaves as Raw Materials and Their Use as Fluorescent Probes for High-Sensitivity Detection of Pyrophosphatase
Authors: He Wen , Wu Shukai , Cui Renjie , Zhang Jiaduo , Lim Soh Fong
Published: January 2024

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with fluorescent properties were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method using willow leaves as raw materials, and based on the ability of Cu2+ to form complexes with CQDs and pyrophosphate (PPi), an “off-on-on” fluorescent probe was constructed to realize the selective and highly sensitive detection of pyrophosphatase (PPase). The substance that has been quantified can serve as an indicator for the timely detection of rheumatoid arthritis. The optimal conditions for the preparation of CQDs were investigated, and the optimal reaction temperature was 200°C, the reaction pH was 7.4, and the reaction time was 12h. The FL intensity of different concentrations of pyrophosphatase was measured by using the prepared CQDs as a fluorescent probe and a standard curve was made. It was concluded that PPase had a good linear relationship in the range of 0-0.8 U/mL with the linear equation of Y=-656.83X+710.43, linear correlation coefficient R
2=0.9968, and the recoveries ranged from 98.67% to 102.7%.
Study on the Strength, Permeability, and Drying Shrinkage of Mortar with Portland Cement and Sulphoaluminate Cement
Authors: Nong Xinzhong , Yuan Yanmei , He Juan , Liang Yuehua , Wang Dian , Liu Qi
Published: January 2024

Adding sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) to Portland cement (PC) can affect the growth of hydration products and further affect the properties of the matrix. In this paper, the influence of SAC content on the impermeability, drying shrinkage and strength of mortar was studied by replacing PC with no more than 20% SAC. The results show that with the increase of SAC content, acicular ettringite (AFt) in cement stone gradually decreases, the compressive and flexural strength of mortar decreased first and then increased, and the strength was lowest when the content of SAC was 10%. The addition of SAC intensified the drying shrinkage of mortar. The greater the amount of SAC added, the higher the dry shrinkage value and the worse the impermeability of mortar.
Electric Current-Assisted TLP: Bonding of Ultrathin-Walled Inconel 718 Capillaries Temperature Field Simulation and Microstructural Analysis
Authors: Song Yueshuai , Zhao Rui , Wan Min
Published: January 2024

This study achieved the effective bonding of Inconel 718 ultra-thin-walled capillaries by employing a self-designed apparatus and a novel approach involving current-assisted transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding using BNI-2 brazing material in a vacuum environment. During the bonding process, rapid heating and a subsequent period of maintenance were achieved using Joule heating, followed by rapid cooling in the furnace. Compared to the traditional furnace-based TLP bonding, this method significantly improved the bonding efficiency, reduced energy consumption, and minimized the thermal impact on the base material. A temperature field simulation of the ultra-thin-walled capillary bonding was conducted using COMSOL multiphysics simulation software, allowing for the visualization of temperature distribution through temperature contour plots. Microstructural observations of specimens under various process parameters revealed the existence of the Diffusion Affected Zone (DAZ) and Isothermally Solidified Zone (ISZ) in the vertical brazed area of the capillary. Inadequate control of process parameters can lead to defects such as weld seam voids and channel blockage. Given the limited heat resistance of the thin-walled capillaries, excessive current and prolonged bonding time can result in elevated temperatures, which, in turn, may compromise the mechanical properties of the thin-walled capillary.
Extraction of Polysaccharides from Shiitake Mushroom Based on Pineapple Enzymatic Technology
Authors: He Wen , Liu Jie , Shen Jiajun , Du Fei , Yu Anping
Published: January 2024

The pineapple enzymatic technique was used to extract polysaccharides from shiitake mushrooms, with glucose serving as the standard for calculating the yield of the polysaccharides. The effects of acidity, alkalinity, extraction time, extraction temperature, enzyme dosage, and number of extractions on the extraction rate of mushroom polysaccharides were investigated under the control of a single factor. Orthogonal tests showed that the optimal process combination for the extraction of mushroom polysaccharides under the influence of multiple factors was pH 5, an extraction time of 1.5 hours, extraction temperature of 45°C, enzyme dosage of 0.8/100 g, and the number of extraction times of 3. The yield of mushroom polysaccharides under optimal processing conditions could reach 6.47%. The method is easy to operate, accurate, highly efficient, and it is a non-polluting and cost-effective process for extracting shiitake polysaccharides.
Effect of Alloy Elements on the Performance of Al Sacrificial Anode
Authors: Liu Xin , Lin Yufeng , Liu Nian , Yuan Huiwu
Published: January 2024

Al-Bi-Ga alloy is a good sacrificial anode material, but research on its electrochemical performance in seawater, freshwater, and soil is limited. This article focuses on Al-Bi-Ga-Pb-In and Al-Bi-Ga-Sn-In alloys. The working potential, current efficiency, and corrosion morphology of aluminum alloys under constant current conditions were studied through electrochemical performance testing, microstructure observation, and composition detection. The influence of alloy elements (Bi, Ga, Pb) on the electrochemical performance of aluminum alloys was analyzed. The results indicate that the dissolution morphology of Al-Bi-Ga-Sn-In is better than that of Al-Bi-Ga-Pb-In, and the distribution of Bi element in Al-Bi-Ga-Sn-In is more extensive. The destruction of the oxide film on the surface of aluminum alloy is more uniform, exhibiting better dissolution morphology; As the Bi content increases, the corrosion rate shows a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing. The current efficiency first decreases and then increases, usually stopping and rebounding around 4.5%; Ga can increase the corrosion rate and reduce the surface impedance value; When the Ga content is greater than 0.10%, the corrosion rate significantly increases; As the Ga content increases, the current efficiency first decreases and then increases, then stops decreasing and rebounds around 0.2%.
Research on the Anti-corrosion Performance of Corrosion Inhibitor under Salt Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Authors: Wu Xiazhi , Jiang Minghui , Xiong Lin , Xin Qiaoling , Liu Jun , Qiao Xiongwei
Published: January 2024

In this study, a multifunctional corrosion inhibitor (referred to as CI) was incorporated into C30 concrete. The effect of CI on the free chloride content, Tafel curves of reinforcement, and quality loss rate (QLR) were investigated under salt freeze-thaw cycles (SFTCs). Additionally, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to examine the corrosion of the reinforcement surface. The results indicated that CI was beneficial in reducing the internal free chloride content within the concrete. It could also form an adsorption film on the reinforcement surface, effectively lowering the corrosion rate and minimizing QLR, and providing excellent protection for the steel reinforcement.
A Material Spectral Feature Degradation Characterization Model Based on Weighted Joint Regression Network
Authors: Wu Hulin , Deng Xianming , Zhang Yixiang , Zhu Fan , Zhang Tiancai , Liu Jun
Published: January 2024

A characterization model of material spectral feature degradation based on weighted joint regression network was proposed. This model fully combines the advantages of several classical regression networks and takes full account of L1 and L2 regularization. It overcomes the phenomenon that the model parameters obtained by Lasso regression are approaching 1 or 0, which leads to too many features being sparse to 0, and Ridge regression has insufficient regularization degree and the regression coefficient decays too slowly. It not only ensures the correctness of the calculation of training data, but also ensures the generalization ability of test data, and takes into account the fitting ability and prediction ability of the model. The test results show that, based on the verified weighted joint regression network, the degradation law of the spectral image fusion degree between the material sample and the desert natural environment is modeled, and the correlation coefficient is better than 0.99.
Degradation of Low Concentration Chloroquine Phosphate by Ozone Oxidation
Authors: Han Qi , Huang Yi , Wang Xiaojiang , Liu Yang , Lin Wu , Zhang Fan , Chen Xiaodan
Published: January 2024

In this study, the degradation of low-concentration chloroquine phosphate (CQP, 0.1 mg/L) by ozone oxidation technology was studied systematically by investigating the effects of different factors, including pH (3.0-11.0), temperature (10-40°C) and ozone dosage (0.048-0.384 mg/L). In addition, the toxicity was also investigated about its variation and controlling effect. The experimental results showed that as the solution pH was 7.0, the temperature was 30°C, and the ozone dosage was 0.192 mg/L, CQP could be completely degraded. The toxicity of the water sample rapidly increased at the initial stage of the reactions. As CQP was deeply degraded, the toxicity was effectively controlled. In addition, the toxicity was controlled faster and more significantly by increasing the ozone dosage. When the dosage of ozone was 0.384 mg/L, the toxicity could be fully controlled within 40 min, which could meet the emission standards.
Evaluation of Regional Carbon Neutrality Efficiency in China
Authors: Suo Yuanlu
Published: January 2024

In the context of “3060 Carbon Neutrality”, there will be both theoretical and practical significance to finding out the status quo, laws and key factors about efficiency of carbon neutrality in various regions of China. This paper considers carbon neutrality system as a black-box combining “carbon absorption” with “carbon fixation”. According to these two major functions, we aim to measure efficiency of carbon neutrality among 30 provinces in China by constructing the three-stage DEA model. The results point that there exists obvious regional differentiation of efficiency distribution patterns; Key factors that determine the level of carbon neutralization efficiency mainly include spatial effects, industrial modernization, technological and innovative levels, and natural resources, etc. In summary, this paper provides suggestions and counter measures to promote carbon neutralization efficiency within various regions from two perspectives of regional low-carbon economy and regional linkage development.
Microstructural changes near the interface of eleven-layered AZ31/AA1050 composites fabricated by single-shot explosive welding
Authors: Puchlerska S , Paul H , Miszczyk M M , Petrzak P , Prażmowski M
Published: January 2024

The evolution of the microstructure of reaction regions in as-welded and annealed states was thoroughly investigated by SEM and TEM in the eleven-layered AZ31/AA1050 composite plates fabricated via a single-shot explosive welding process. With the detonation velocities used, only the first and second interface is wavy, while the others are flat. Near all interfaces, local melting and rapid solidification processes lead to the formation of reaction regions composed of phases of different chemical compositions and structures. Even though 2 equilibrium phases of γ-Mg17Al12 and β-Mg3Al2 have been found a large part of the solidified melt region consists of non-equilibrium phases that exhibit an amorphous or ultrafine-grained structure. Further heat treatment of the multilayer composite resulted in rapid nucleation and growth of the γ-Mg17Al12 and β-Mg2Al3 phases in the form of hard layers. Within the pre-existing reaction regions, the systematic transformation of phases of different chemical compositions into one β-Mg2Al3 phase was observed. It was found that using a pressure of 3 MPa is very important in preventing delamination of the clad during heating, but it is not able to block the formation of the linear cracks in the β-Mg3Al2 phase, which crucially reduces the composite formability.
Interfacial reactions in Ta/304L and Ta/Cu/304L composites during single-shot explosive welding and post-processing annealing
Authors: Paul H. , Puchlerska S. , Chulist R. , Szulc Z. , Miszczyk M.M. , Schell N. , Mania I.
Published: January 2024

This work presents a study of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanism controlling chemical composition and the microstructure of reaction regions in a Ta/304L steel composite with and without Cu interlayers fabricated by explosive welding, both during composite formation and post-processing annealing. The microstructure of solidified melt regions (SMR) were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy while phase composition by X-ray synchrotron radiation. It was found that SMR in Ta/304L plates are composed of ultra-fine-grained microstructure with a varied chemical compositions, containing elements from both combined sheets. In Ta/Cu/304L composites the melted regions located close to Ta/Cu interface composed only of a combination of Cu and Ta (small dendrites and ultra-fine grains), when the areas near the Cu/304L interface consisted of nano-grains with a more diverse chemical composition, containing elements from both sheets. No significant effect of the annealing (under the applied temperature of 700°C and for times up to 103 h) on changes in the microstructure of the SMR was observed in both plates.
Influence of PVA resin and cross-linking agent on the structure and properties of semi-refined carrageenan-based packaging films
Authors: Zhang S , Guo H G , Cran M J
Published: January 2024

For the high content of carrageenan in some seaweed and the low cost and easy availability of semi refined carrageenan (SRC), SRC resin powder was selected as our research object. Due to its water solubility, a solution casting method was adopted to form film, hoping to prepare food packaging materials that partially replace petroleum based resin. The pure SRC resin casting film is very brittle and cannot be formed. Therefore, 40wt% glycerol was added to the formula to plasticize and improve the flexibility and demoulding ability of SRC. The plasticized SRC film still has limitations. Soluble petroleum based polymer poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) resin was used as a blending modifier, cinnamaldehyde (CIN) as a crosslinking agent for acetal reaction with hydroxyl groups, boric acid (BA) as a provider of acidic environment and an auxiliary agent for generating partial hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups. Eight experimental research formulas were designed and FTIR, XRD, thermodynamic properties and mechanical properties of the modified films were analyzed. Both microscopic and macroscopic analyses have shown that under the acidic conditions of BA, CIN undergoes an acetal reaction with SRC and PVA, therefore mass ratio of the formula that SRC/glycerol/PVA/CIN/BA is 100/40/33.3/10/10, the film has the best tensile strength of 34.85Mpa, higher than that of other films. It has been proven that CIN does indeed act as a crosslinking agent in the formula, forming a network structure that enhances it.
Crystallization temperature dependence of hardness and energy storage properties in phosphotitanate-based glass-ceramics
Authors: Chen C. , Li B.
Published: January 2024

In this study, we selected an appropriate crystallization temperature (750 °C) to obtain glass-ceramics with the excellent hardness and energy storage properties. Besides, increasing the dielectric breakdown strength (DBS) increases along with the crystallization temperature was owing to the dense microstructure. Consequently, the good energy properties, including a high energy efficiency of 89.79% with a high recoverable energy density of 1.74 J/cm3can be achieved in the sample crystallized at 750 °C for 2 h. More significantly, the corresponding hardness of the energy storage glass-ceramics has not been reported before. These results demonstrate that the prepared sample has promise use in the dielectric capacitors field.
Effect of voltage on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced concrete
Authors: Chen S C , Shi X L , Yu X M
Published: January 2024

Under various voltages, the performance variations and compressive and flexural failure modes of carbon fiber concrete were investigated. The findings indicate that while the general concrete will display a cone upon failure, the compressive carbon fiber concrete specimen maintains its integrity under the influence of voltage, displaying a state of surface cracking with similar-sized crack spacing. With an increase in voltage level, the compressive strength of carbon fiber reinforced concrete first rises and then falls. The compressive strength of carbon fiber concrete at a voltage level of 15V is 66% higher than that of carbon fiber concrete without voltage. Similar to the flexural strength test phenomenon of uncharged carbon fiber concrete, the flexural strength test phenomenon of concrete beams when applying voltage is immediate fracture. The maximum strength of carbon fiber reinforced concrete is only 10% higher, and the flexural strength is only marginally improved, fluctuating.
Effect of viscosity and thermal properties on mechanical properties of PLA materials
Authors: Gao Luyao , Tong Yingfang
Published: January 2024

Mechanical properties are regularly motivated by the physical and chemical properties of materials. Fundamentally, they are determined by molecular weight, the movement of molecular chains and the interaction between molecules. As we all known, thermal properties (the glass transition temperature, the melting and cooling temperatures) and rheological property (viscosity) are influenced by these factors as well. Therefore, there should be specific relationship between them. In this work, we employed three kinds of materials: PLA3051D, PLA3052D and PLA4032D to scrutinize the relationship between mechanical properties and thermal properties, mechanical properties with rheology property. In agreement with the results, the effect of thermal properties and viscosity on mechanical properties are exhibited to mathematical equations.
Effect of building direction on microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM TC4 alloy
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Li Lei , Liu Qiao , Chen Yun , Mao Dexin , Zhang Weidong
Published: January 2024

In the selective laser melting (SLM) technology, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the sample were affected by the building direction. In this paper, the effects of building direction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM TC4 alloy were investigated of using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, microhardness tester and MTS-Landmar material testing machine. The results show that the microstructure of SLM TC4 alloy consists of acicular martensitic α′ phase. The microstructure of SLM TC4 alloy in the horizontal build direction (H) was observed to have “checkerboard” shape, while the microstructure of SLM TC4 alloy in the vertical build direction (V) was observed to have column shape. The microhardness of SLM TC4 alloy with different building directions are almost the same and the tensile properties are different. The yield and tensile strengths of sample H are higher at 995.5 MPa and 1139.3 MPa, but the fracture elongation of sample V is better at 10.3%. The fracture mechanism of SLM TC4 alloy is ductile fracture and the V sample has large and deep dimples.
Development of UV curable superhydrophobic graphene anti-corrosion coating
Authors: Chen Q , Zhao Y J , Xia B , Guo M , Shi J B , Guo Y , Xie X W , Zhao C F
Published: January 2024

This article has developed a super hydrophobic graphene anti-corrosion coating, consisting of fluorinated monomers, UV curable resins, silica, and graphene oxide. The coating does not contain organic solvents and can quickly solidify to form a superhydrophobic anti-corrosion coating. Research has shown that when the crosslinking agent is 3%, the graphene content is 1%, and the silicon dioxide content is greater than 2%, the hydrophobic angle of the coating exceeds 150 °C, and the coating has good self-cleaning performance. The corrosion voltage of the coating after adding graphene and silicon dioxide is -36.5mV, and the corrosion current can reach 1.17 × 10-9A, with the best anti-corrosion performance.
A novel Ag/g-C3N4/GCE sensor for highly efficient electrochemical detection of sulfamethoxazole
Authors: Liu Rui , Zhang Xin , Zhang Chaojun , Deng Xiaochun , Wu Tianheng , Liu Rijia , Sun Yuan
Published: January 2024

An electrochemical sensor for rapid detection of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) was constructed by glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with Ag/g-C3N4 nanomaterials. The morphology and structure of this sensor were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectoscopy (FT-IR). The effects of scanning rate and pH on the electrochemical response were investigated. The Ag/g-C3N4/GCE sensor showed that the Ag/g-C3N4/GCE sensor had a low detection limit, high recovery, and good selectivity. The recovery rate of real water samples was between 94.2% ∼ 104.6%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 0.54% ∼ 4.29%. This innovative electrode proved to be a sensor for sensitive and accurate estimation of SMZ content in water samples.
Comparative study of reciprocating sliding wear of HNBR on the effects of temperature
Authors: Qiao Zhangyu , Guo Yanbao , Zhang Zheng , Wang Deguo
Published: January 2024

The wear of the sealing rubber of packers, which are widely used in the field of oil production, has drawn more and more attention nowadays. This research conducted the reciprocating sliding wear tests of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) at 20 °C, 60 °C, 100 °C and 140 °C in different downhole mediums (dry, water, crude oil). The results show that the coefficient of friction (COF) curves fluctuate greatly under dry sliding and water medium condition, but keep a stable state in crude oil medium. In dry sliding condition, the average COFs and wear volume increase firstly, then diminish and reach the minimum at 140 °C due to the reduced hardness and matrix binding force. Schallamach waves, little debris and pits feather the worn surface of HNBR at lower test temperature (20 °C and 60 °C). Plastic deformation and cracks occur at 100 °C and 140 °C, indicating the combined mechanism of abrasive wear and fatigue wear at this condition. Both the average COF and wear volume increase slightly with temperature in water and crude oil medium. This paper has guiding significance to improve the sealing performance of packer.
DYNAP-SE2: a scalable multi-core dynamic neuromorphic asynchronous spiking neural network processor
Authors: Richter Ole , Wu Chenxi , Whatley Adrian M , Köstinger German , Nielsen Carsten , Qiao Ning , Indiveri Giacomo
Published: January 2024

With the remarkable progress that technology has made, the need for processing data near the sensors at the edge has increased dramatically. The electronic systems used in these applications must process data continuously, in real-time, and extract relevant information using the smallest possible energy budgets. A promising approach for implementing always-on processing of sensory signals that supports on-demand, sparse, and edge-computing is to take inspiration from biological nervous system. Following this approach, we present a brain-inspired platform for prototyping real-time event-based spiking neural networks. The system proposed supports the direct emulation of dynamic and realistic neural processing phenomena such as short-term plasticity, NMDA gating, AMPA diffusion, homeostasis, spike frequency adaptation, conductance-based dendritic compartments and spike transmission delays. The analog circuits that implement such primitives are paired with a low latency asynchronous digital circuits for routing and mapping events. This asynchronous infrastructure enables the definition of different network architectures, and provides direct event-based interfaces to convert and encode data from event-based and continuous-signal sensors. Here we describe the overall system architecture, we characterize the mixed signal analog-digital circuits that emulate neural dynamics, demonstrate their features with experimental measurements, and present a low- and high-level software ecosystem that can be used for configuring the system. The flexibility to emulate different biologically plausible neural networks, and the chip’s ability to monitor both population and single neuron signals in real-time, allow to develop and validate complex models of neural processing for both basic research and edge-computing applications.
ViralWasm: a client-side user-friendly web application suite for viral genomics
Authors: Ji Daniel , Aboukhalil Robert , Moshiri Niema
Published: January 2024

Motivation

The genomic surveillance of viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 has been critical to modern epidemiology and public health, but the use of sequence analysis pipelines requires computational expertise, and web-based platforms require sending potentially sensitive raw sequence data to remote servers.

Results

We introduce ViralWasm, a user-friendly graphical web application suite for viral genomics. All ViralWasm tools utilize WebAssembly to execute the original command line tools client-side directly in the web browser without any user setup, with a cost of just 2-3x slowdown with respect to their command line counterparts.

Availability and implementation

The ViralWasm tool suite can be accessed at: https://niema-lab.github.io/ViralWasm