bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Continuous-Time Partial Markov Chain Construction by Heuristic Algorithms for Purpose of Approximate Transient Analysis
Authors: Valakevičius Eimutis , Bražėnas Mindaugas , Ruzgas Tomas
Published: January 2025

We investigate the construction of a partial absorbing continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) using a heuristic algorithm aimed at approximate transient analysis. The accuracy of transient state probabilities is indicated by the probability of absorbing state(s) at the specified time moment. A key challenge is the construction of a partial CTMC that minimizes the probability of reaching the absorbing state(s). The generation of all possible partial CTMCs is too computationally demanding, in general. Thus, we turn to investigation of heuristic algorithms that chose to include one state at a time based on limited information (i.e., the partial chain that is already constructed) and without any assumptions about the structure of the underlying CTMC. We consider three groups of such algorithms: naive, based on state characterization by the shortest path (obtained by Dijkstra method) and based on exact/approximate state probabilities. After introducing the algorithms, we discuss the problem of optimal partial CTMC construction and provide several examples. Then we compare the algorithm performance by constructing the partial CTMCs for two models: car sharing system and a randomly generated CTMC. Our obtained numerical results suggest that heuristic algorithms using state characterization via the shortest path offer a balance between accuracy and computational effort.
Stochastic Processes and Their Applications: In Honor of Prof. Sally McClean
Authors: Vassiliou P.-C. G. , Georgiou Andreas C.
Published: January 2025

Stochastic processes are foundational tools in many scientific disciplines, including biology, operational research, social sciences, and stochastic finance, among others [...]
Prioritization of Preventive Measures: A Multi-Criteria Approach to Risk Mitigation in Road Infrastructure Projects
Authors: Senić Aleksandar , Ivanović Marija , Dobrodolac Momčilo , Stojadinović Zoran
Published: January 2025

Risk management in construction projects is a critical process aimed at identifying, evaluating, and mitigating potential risks that could impact project performance. Preventive measures play a central role in this process, serving as proactive strategies to minimize the likelihood and impact of risks on project outcomes. This study involved 37 experts from multidisciplinary fields related to road infrastructure, ensuring a diverse and comprehensive perspective on risk evaluation and prevention. The DELPHI method was employed to systematically define key risks and their corresponding preventive measures, providing a structured foundation for further analysis. The experts evaluated 302 preventive measures across 56 risks using 4 predefined criteria: implementation costs, time required for implementation, implementation complexity, and probability of success. A multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was then applied to analyze these evaluations, enabling the prioritization of preventive measures and the allocation of resources toward the most effective strategies. Additionally, fuzzy logic was employed to analyze and validate the results, providing a complementary approach to the MCDM methodology. The results of this research provide a robust framework for risk management, offering practical guidance for decision makers in the construction industry. By integrating expert judgment, systematic evaluation, and advanced analytical methods, this study delivers actionable insights and establishes a reliable methodology for enhancing the effectiveness of risk mitigation in road infrastructure projects.
Droplet Trajectory Movement Modeling Using a Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printhead Simulations
Authors: Tofan Tim , Borodinas Sergejus , Jasevičius Raimondas
Published: January 2025

Previous studies of the authors were focused on the vertical movement of the jet print when the printed head was stationary. In this work, the following study was presented, in which the movement of droplets is achieved using a moving horizontal print head. The printed head moves at various velocities, which affects the time of printing and deposition accuracy. This study provides a 3D numerical model with a complete turnover/interchange of the droplet shape at different time steps during the formation and movement process. By considering the dynamics of a droplet surrounded by air, we modeled them using the two-phase flow coupling and level set function from the computational fluid dynamics module by COMSOL Multiphysics. The trajectory shifts of the inkjet droplet are considered from its ejection to its impact on the surface at each time step. The conclusions summarize all the factors responsible for the trajectory shift of the droplet during vertical fall.
A State-of-the-Art Fractional Order-Driven Differential Evolution for Wind Farm Layout Optimization
Authors: Tao Sichen , Liu Sicheng , Zhao Ruihan , Yang Yifei , Todo Hiroyoshi , Yang Haichuan
Published: January 2025

The wind farm layout optimization problem (WFLOP) aims to maximize wind energy utilization efficiency and mitigate energy losses caused by wake effects by optimizing the spatial layout of wind turbines. Although Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) have been widely used in WFLOP due to their discrete optimization characteristics, they still have limitations in global exploration capability and optimization depth. Meanwhile, the Differential Evolution algorithm (DE), known for its strong global optimization ability and excellent performance in handling complex nonlinear problems, is well recognized in continuous optimization issues. However, since DE was originally designed for continuous optimization scenarios, it shows insufficient adaptability under the discrete nature of WFLOP, limiting its potential advantages. In this paper, we propose a Fractional-Order Difference-driven DE Optimization Algorithm called FODE. By introducing the memory and non-local properties of fractional-order differences, FODE effectively overcomes the adaptability issues of advanced DE variants in WFLOP’s discreteness while organically applying their global optimization capabilities for complex nonlinear problems to WFLOP to achieve more efficient overall optimization performance. Experimental results show that under 10 complex wind farm conditions, FODE significantly outperforms various current state-of-the-art WFLOP algorithms including GA, PSO, and DE variants in terms of optimization performance, robustness, and applicability. Incorporating more realistic wind speed distribution and wind condition data into modeling and experiments, further enhancing the realism of WFLOP studies presented here, provides a new technical pathway for optimizing wind farm layouts.
The Effect of Systemic Inflammation and Clinicopathologic Features on Survival in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: A Multicenter Analysis
Authors: Sever Nadiye , Yıldırım Sedat , Gurbuz Ali Fuat , Karakaş Kılıç Delyadil , Zeynelgil Esra , Altintaş Yunus Emre , Çimik Berivan Deniz , Ağyol Yeşim , Güren Ali Kaan , Erel Pınar , Kocaaslan Erkam , Paçacı Burak , Tunç Mustafa Alperen , Çelebi Abdussamet , Demircan Nazım Can , Işık Selver , Arıkan Rukiye , Araz Murat , Karakaya Serdar , Sarı Murat , Köstek Osman , Bayoğlu İbrahim Vedat
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Identifying reliable prognostic factors is crucial for risk stratification and optimizing treatment strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of clinicopathologic factors and systemic inflammatory markers on survival outcomes in patients with MPM. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, multicenter study included 217 patients diagnosed with MPM between January 2009 and March 2024. Data on age, gender, histology, disease stage, treatment modalities, and inflammatory markers such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) were collected. Survival outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier methods, and prognostic factors were evaluated using Cox regression analysis. Results: CAR was identified as an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Patients with CAR < 0.98 had significantly longer OS (87.0 months vs. 14.0 months, p < 0.001) and PFS (17.61 months vs. 8.96 months, p = 0.010). While NLR was significant in univariate analysis (OS: 25.0 months for NLR < 2.58 vs. 21.0 months for NLR ≥ 2.58, p = 0.040), it did not retain significance in the multivariate model (p = 0.180). Epithelioid histology and early-stage disease were strongly associated with improved survival outcomes (OS: 32.0 vs. 11.0 months for epithelioid vs. non-epithelioid histology, p < 0.001; 32.0 vs. 12.0 months for early-stage vs. metastatic disease, p < 0.001). Conclusions: CAR is a strong independent prognostic factor in MPM, reflecting systemic inflammation and nutritional status. Epithelioid histology and early-stage disease are associated with significantly longer survival, underscoring the critical role of early detection in improving patient outcomes.
Spacer Designs for Improved Hydrodynamics and Filtration Efficiency in Sea Water Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Kerdi Sarah , Qamar Adnan , Tanudjaja Henry J. , Ghaffour Noreddine
Published: January 2025

Reverse osmosis (RO) filtration performance is heavily influenced by the design of the feed spacer. Spacer design impacts hydrodynamic patterns within the system, affecting water production and concentration polarization. Two spacer designs, namely pillar (P) and standard (S), were investigated to improve the performance of a commercially available spacer design (C) in the RO process. Two approaches were employed to evaluate spacer performance. First, direct numerical simulation (DNS) was utilized to fundamentally understand the hydrodynamics generated by each spacer design. Second, laboratory RO experiments were conducted to confirm the simulation results. The P and S spacers induced higher flow velocity and vorticity than the C spacer, as confirmed by simulations and experiments. Reduced dead zones were also demonstrated using P and S spacers. However, the standard spacer design exhibited a clear advantage in promoting more efficient mixing within the filtration channels. This enhanced mixing substantially reduced salt concentration at the membrane surface, improving the filtration performance. In agreement with the permeation velocity computation, the S spacer achieved the highest improvement (13%) in both flux yield and specific flux relative to the C spacer. This finding confirms the S spacer’s ability to enhance RO performance while reducing energy consumption.
Study on the Coarsening Behavior of Interphase Precipitates and Random Precipitates in Steel Under the High-Temperature Environment of Fire
Authors: Cong Jinghua , Yang Yongzhe , Zhu Haibin , Shang Xueliang , Wu Hongyu , Song Zhendong , Wang Xuemin , Xu Xiangyu
Published: January 2025

In the domain of fire-resistant steels, the characteristics of precipitates significantly influence material properties. This study developed a novel heat treatment protocol to concurrently achieve both interphase precipitation and random precipitation. Samples were subjected to isothermal treatments at various temperatures and durations, while techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to thoroughly analyze the coarsening behavior of the two types of precipitate and reveal their thermal stability differences. The results show that the growth and coarsening rates of interphase precipitates are substantially lower than random precipitates. Coarsening kinetics analysis reveals that the radius of random precipitates follows a 1/3 power law with time at 600 °C and 650 °C, whereas the radius of interphase precipitates adheres to a 1/6 power law at 600 °C and a 1/5 power law at 650 °C. Furthermore, interphase precipitation demonstrates excellent size uniformity, which hinders the formation of a concentration gradient, thereby reducing the coarsening rate and enhancing thermal stability. After prolonged tempering treatment, interphase precipitation maintains a higher strengthening contribution than random precipitation. This study provides novel insights and theoretical foundations for the design and development of fire-resistant steels.
Unveiling Silent Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Glycoprotein and Lipoprotein Lipidomics, and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: de Lope Quiñones Sara , Luque-Ramírez Manuel , Michael Fernández Antonio Carlos , Quintero Tobar Alejandra , Quiñones-Silva Jhonatan , Martínez García María Ángeles , Insenser Nieto María , Dorado Avendaño Beatriz , Escobar-Morreale Héctor F. , Nattero-Chávez Lía
Published: January 2025

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate whether glycoprotein and lipoprotein lipidomics profiles could enhance a clinical predictive model for carotid subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Additionally, we assessed the influence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) on these predictive models. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 256 patients with T1D. Serum glycoprotein and lipoprotein lipidomics profiles were determined using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) ≥ 1.5 mm. CAN was identified using the Clarke score. Predictive models were built and their performance evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and cross-validation. Results: Subclinical atherosclerosis was detected in 32% of participants. Patients with both CAN and atherosclerosis were older, had a longer duration of diabetes, and were more likely to present with bilateral carotid disease. Clinical predictors such as age, duration of diabetes, and smoking status remained the strongest determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis [AUC = 0.88 (95%CI: 0.84–0.93)]. While glycoprotein and lipoprotein lipidomics profiles were associated with atherosclerosis, their inclusion in the clinical model did not significantly improve its diagnostic performance. Stratification by the presence of CAN revealed no impact on the model’s ability to predict subclinical atherosclerosis, underscoring its robustness across different risk subgroups. Conclusions: In a cohort of patients with T1D, subclinical atherosclerosis was strongly associated with traditional clinical risk factors. Advanced glycoprotein and lipoprotein lipidomics profiling, although associated with atherosclerosis, did not enhance the diagnostic accuracy of predictive models beyond clinical variables. The predictive model remained effective even in the presence of CAN, highlighting its reliability as a screening tool for identifying patients at risk of subclinical atherosclerosis.
Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis
Authors: Wang Jiayin , Jia Dandan , Zhang Zhiwang , Wang Dan
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia, characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, is linked to physical disability, metabolic dysfunction, and an increased risk of mortality. Exercise therapy is currently acknowledged as a viable approach for addressing sarcopenia. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms behind exercise training or physical activity remain poorly understood. The disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis is implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Exercise training effectively delays the onset of sarcopenia by significantly maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, including promoting mitophagy, improving mitochondrial biogenesis, balancing mitochondrial dynamics, and maintaining mitochondrial redox. Exerkines (e.g., adipokines, myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines), signaling molecules released in response to exercise training, may potentially contribute to skeletal muscle metabolism through ameliorating mitochondrial homeostasis, reducing inflammation, and regulating protein synthesis as a defense against sarcopenia. Methods: In this review, we provide a detailed summary of exercise-induced exerkines and confer their benefit, with particular focus on their impact on mitochondrial homeostasis in the context of sarcopenia. Results: Exercise induces substantial adaptations in skeletal muscle, including increased muscle mass, improved muscle regeneration and hypertrophy, elevated hormone release, and enhanced mitochondrial function. An expanding body of research highlights that exerkines have the potential to regulate processes such as mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, autophagy, and redox balance. These mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, thereby supporting skeletal muscle metabolism and mitochondrial health. Conclusions: Through a comprehensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms within mitochondria, the context reveals new insights into the potential of exerkines as key exercise-protective sensors for combating sarcopenia.
Molecular Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with the Rhizosphere of Vachellia seyal Del. from Selected Saline Soils in Senegal
Authors: Manga Anicet Georges Bruno , Sene Godar , Diatta André Amakobo , Diop Tahir Abdoulaye , Barroso Gérard , Tuinen Diederik van
Published: January 2025

Drought and salinity are major environmental constraints that severely limit crop production, particularly in arid and semi-arid zones. We investigated the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of Vachellia seyal in three different soils from Senegal with varying levels of salinity. Soil and root samples were collected from under V. seyal and in the vicinity of the trees. After DNA extraction, nested PCR, and sequencing of the large subunit region of the rRNA gene, different phylotypes from rhizospheric soils, roots, and spores were compared by phylogeny in order to investigate the role of salinity in arbuscular fungal diversity. This study revealed several unidentified arbuscular fungi and a particularly high host specificity in V. seyal roots. The vast majority of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) isolated in this study had no homologous sequences in the databases.
Bloodstream Infections in Critical Care Units in England, April 2017 to March 2023: Results from the First Six Years of a National Surveillance Programme
Authors: Conroy Olivia D. , Mazzella Andrea , Choi Hannah , Elmes Jocelyn , Wilson Matt , Chudasama Dimple Y. , Gerver Sarah M. , Mihalkova Miroslava , Rhodes Andrew , Wilson A. Peter R. , Brown Nicholas , Islam Jasmin , Hope Russell
Published: January 2025

Background: Patients in critical care units (CCUs) are at an increased risk of bloodstream infections (BSIs), which can be associated with central vascular catheters (CVCs). This study describes BSIs, CVC-BSIs, organism distribution, percentage of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) organisms, and case fatality rates (CFRs) over the first six years of a voluntary national CCU surveillance programme in England. Methods: Surveillance data on BSIs, CVCs, and bed-days between 04/2017 and 03/2023 for adult CCUs were linked to mortality and AMR data, and crude rates were calculated. Results: The rates of CCU-BSIs and CCU-CVC-BSIs were stable for the first three years (3.6 and 1.7 per 1000 bed-days in 2019/20), before increasing by 75% and 94% in 2020/21, respectively, and returning to near pre-pandemic levels by 2022/23. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 50.3% of all CCU-BSIs, followed by Gram-positive bacteria (39.6%) and Candida spp. (8.6%). Klebsiella spp. saw increases in percentage AMR, whereas other organisms saw declines or similar levels. The overall CFR was 30.2%. Conclusions: BSI incidence in CCUs remained stable across the study period, except for an increase in 2020/21 which reverted by 2022/23. These data provide a benchmark for CCUs and give insight into long-term AMR patterns where comparable national data are limited.
Tempo-Spatial Tungsten Metallogeny in the Xing’an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt: Insights from the Early Cretaceous Shamai Tungsten Deposit Case Study in Northeastern China
Authors: Liu Zhenjiang , Wang Jianping , Cheng Shaobo , Liu Jiajun
Published: January 2025

The Xing’an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt (XMOB) is located in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The region’s notable tectonic complexity and extensive tungsten mineralization offer a unique opportunity to explore metallogeny mechanisms in orogenic areas. This study focuses on the Shamai tungsten deposit as a case study, presenting results from LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of fine-grained, medium-grained, and porphyritic biotite monzogranite samples from the deposit, along with in situ zircon Hf isotopic and plagioclase Pb isotopic analyses. The fine-grained, medium-grained, and porphyritic biotite monzogranite were emplaced at 142.5, 141.9, and 140.2 Ma, respectively. These samples contain zircons with εHf(t) values ranging from 3.2 to 7.9 and 4.2 to 7.6, respectively, yielding TDM2 model ages from 996 to 692 Ma and 923 to 708 Ma. These findings suggest that the magmas in the Shamai deposit were produced by partial melting of juvenile crustal material mixed with mantle-derived components. The tungsten mineralization periods in the Eastern XMOB region can be divided into three stages: Early Paleozoic (ca. 520–475 Ma), Triassic (ca. 250–200 Ma), and Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (ca. 190–130 Ma). The highest concentration of tungsten mineralization in the XMOB occurs within the Xing’an Block during the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous period. Yanshanian magmatism and the most significant tungsten metallogenic events are likely influenced by an extensional setting and oceanic slab rollback, shaped by the tectonic evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the Paleo-Pacific Ocean.
Effects of Sodium Silicate on Flotation Separation of Sphalerite and Dolomite and Its Mechanism
Authors: Ni Longqian , Lv Jinfang , Kong Lingyu , Qin Longwei
Published: January 2025

Sphalerite often co-exists with dolomite, a carbonate mineral containing calcium and magnesium. In the flotation process of sphalerite, dolomite entering into the concentrate will have a considerable negative impact on the subsequent smelting. Therefore, the effects of sodium silicate on the flotation separation of sphalerite and dolomite and its mechanism were investigated in this study. It was found that alkaline conditions and the addition of sodium silicate were conducive to the flotation separation of sphalerite and dolomite. Under alkaline conditions, sodium silicate improved the hydrophobicity of sphalerite and the slurry turbidity. The yield stress and apparent viscosity were significantly reduced when dolomite was present in slurry. In addition, the surface electrical properties of dolomite shifted from positive to negative with an increase in the dosage of sodium silicate at pH 11, leading to electrostatic repulsion between sphalerite and dolomite. EDLVO results indicated that the total interaction energy between dolomite and sphalerite particles was repulsive when sodium silicate was present. This study provided a theoretical basis for the flotation separation of sphalerite and dolomite.
Conjugation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids to Bicyclic-Amines for Analysis by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Darlington Daniel N.
Published: January 2025

Conjugation of short-chain fatty acids (SDFAs) to amines containing ring structures allows for better measurement by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). However, collision-induced dissociation (CID) results in breaking the conjugate back to the original SCFA and amine. We therefore set out to find an amine that would remain on the SCFA after CID and create a unique daughter for selectivity of measurement. Of twenty-seven amines with ring structures, we found four that contain bicycle-type structures (two rings connected by a carbon) with nitrogen in the second ring. CID removes the second ring at the nitrogen, leaving the first ring on the daughter. Of the four amines, 4-(pyrrolidine-1-ylmethyl) benzylamine (4PyBA) showed the strongest conjugation. Conjugation of 4PyBA to SCFA (C3–C6), their isomers and their phenylated versions (and isomers) resulted in good chromatographic peaks and separation. CID resulted in unique daughters that allowed for selectivity of measurement. Using this method, standard curves were generated that show good linearity (r2 > 0.99) in the nM and μM range with lower limits of detection between 40 and 229 nM for a 10 μL sample. Finally, we used this method to measure SCFA in plasma, liver, platelets, and red blood cells, demonstrating its use in biological systems. Because SCFAs are an index of microbiome diversity in the gastrointestinal track, this method will allow us to study changes in SCFAs and the microbiome in pathologic conditions including trauma, hemorrhage, and sepsis.
Selenium-Modified Biochar Synergistically Achieves the Safe Use of Selenium and the Inhibition of Heavy Metal Cadmium
Authors: Wang Wanjing , Jiang Haiyan , Tan Zebin , Yu Luyao , Chen Jie , Xiao Qingliang , Rong Qinlei , Zhou Chunhuo
Published: January 2025

To address cadmium pollution in China’s cultivated land, chitosan, inorganic and organic selenium were used to modify rice husk charcoal for cadmium inhibition. Basic physicochemical properties of rice husk carbons were characterized (BET, FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential). Kinetic and isothermal adsorption experiments studied the adsorption of Cd2+ by modified biochar under different pH and dosages. A350 and C350 had pore changes, and B350 had a smoother surface. The polarity and Zeta potential of A350, B350, and C350 differed. B350 and C350’s kinetic adsorption fit the pseudo second order model, A350’s fit both the pseudo first and second order. Their isothermal adsorption fit Langmuir (B350, C350) and Freundlich (A350). Intraparticle diffusion was three-stage with single-layer chemical adsorption. The pH increase raised removal and adsorption of CK350, A350, B350, and C350. The dosage increase hiked removal but cut unit adsorption. A350 had the highest max adsorption (57.845 mg/g). All modifications enhanced Cd2+ adsorption, and the effect could be altered by adjusting pH and dosage.
Magnetically Diluted Dy3+ and Yb3+ Squarates Showing Relaxation Tuning and Matrix Dependence
Authors: Takano Rina , Ishida Takayuki
Published: January 2025

A new compound [Y2(sq)3(H2O)4] (Y-sq; sq = squarate (C4O42–)) was prepared and structurally characterized. Since the RE-sq family (RE = Y, Dy, Yb, Lu) gave isostructural crystals, the objective of this study is to explore the effects of diamagnetic dilution on the SIM behavior through systematic investigation and comparison of diamagnetically diluted and undiluted forms. The 1%-Diluted Dy compounds, Dy@Y-sq and Dy@Lu-sq, showed AC magnetic susceptibility peaks without any DC bias field (HDC), whereas undiluted Dy-sq showed no AC out-of-phase response under the same conditions. The Orbach and Raman mechanisms are assumed in the Arrhenius plots, giving Ueff/kB = 139(5) and 135(8) K for Dy@Y-sq and Dy@Lu-sq, respectively, at HDC = 0 Oe. In contrast, Yb@Y-sq and Yb@Lu-sq behaved different; Yb@Y-sq can be regarded as a field-induced SIM because AC out-of-phase response was recorded only when HDC was present. On the other hand, Yb@Lu-sq showed a relaxation independent from temperature around 2 K at HDC = 0 Oe, possibly ascribed to a quantum-tunneling-magnetization mechanism. Applying HDC = 400 Oe afforded Ueff = 61.2(14) and 62.5(16) K for Yb@Y-sq and Yb@Lu-sq, respectively. The Y/Lu matrix dependence may be related to spin–phonon coupling. The dilution technique is a facile and versatile tool for modification of SIM characteristics.
High-Performance Hydrogen Sensing at Room Temperature via Nb-Doped Titanium Oxide Thin Films Fabricated by Micro-Arc Oxidation
Authors: Zhou Chilou , Ye Zhiqiu , Tan Yue , Wu Zhenghua , Guo Xinyi , Bai Yinglin , Xie Xuying , Wu Zilong , Feng Ji’an , Xu Yao , Deng Bo , Wu Hao
Published: January 2025

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) hydrogen sensors offer advantages, such as high sensitivity and fast response, but their challenges remain in achieving low-cost fabrication and stable operation at room temperature. This study investigates Nb-doped TiO2 (NTO) thin films prepared via a one-step micro-arc oxidation (MAO) with the addition of Nb2O5 nanoparticles into the electrolyte for room-temperature hydrogen sensing. The characterization results revealed that the incorporation of Nb2O5 altered the film’s morphology and phase composition, increasing the Nb content and forming a homogeneous composite thin film. Hydrogen sensing tests demonstrated that the NTO samples exhibited significantly improved sensitivity, selectivity, and stability compared to undoped TiO2. Among the fabricated samples, NTO thin film prepared at Nb2O5 concentration of 6 g/L (NTO-6) showed the best performance, with a broad detection range, excellent sensitivity, rapid response, and good specificity to hydrogen. A strong linear relationship between response values and hydrogen concentration (10–1000 ppm) highlights its potential for precise hydrogen detection. The enhanced hydrogen sensing mechanism of NTO thin films primarily stems from the influence of Nb2O5; nanoparticles doping in the anatase-phase TiO2 structure on the semiconductor surface depletion layer, as well as the improved charge transfer and additional adsorption sites provided by the Nb/Ti composite metal oxides, such as TiNb2O7 and Ti0.95Nb0.95O4. This study demonstrates the potential of MAO-fabricated Nb-doped TiO2 thin films as efficient and reliable hydrogen sensors operating at room temperature, offering a pathway for novel gas-sensing technologies to support clean energy applications.
Preparation and Gas-Sensitive Properties of Square–Star-Shaped Leaf-Like BiVO4 Nanomaterials
Authors: Liu Jin , Yang Mengdi , Lv Yuanyuan , Gao Yixin , Bai Danyang , Li Neng , Guo Haoru , Wang Anyi
Published: January 2025

In this study, square–star-shaped leaf-like BiVO4 nanomaterials were successfully synthesized using a conventional hydrothermal method. The microstructure, elemental composition, and gas-sensing performance of the materials were thoroughly investigated. Morphological analysis revealed that BiVO4 prepared at different reaction temperatures exhibited square–star-shaped leaf-like structures, with the most regular and dense structures formed at 150 °C, exhibiting a large specific surface area of 2.84 m2/g. The response performance of the BiVO4 gas sensors to different target gases was evaluated, and the results showed that the prepared BiVO4 gas sensor exhibited a strong response to NH3. At the optimal operating temperature of 300 °C, its sensitivity to 5 ppm NH3 reached 13.3, with a response time of 28 s and a recovery time of 16 s. Moreover, the gas sensor exhibited excellent repeatability and anti-interference performance. These findings indicate that square–star-shaped leaf-like BiVO4 holds great potential in environmental monitoring and industrial safety detection, offering new insights for the development of high-performance gas sensors.
Psychological–Emotional Aspect and Lifestyle in Professional Males Rugby Athletes
Authors: Palazzo Roberto , Bevilacqua Riccardo , Corsi Marco , Falconi Edoardo , Rosa Sara , Stefani Laura
Published: January 2025

Background: Recent research emphasizes the importance of integrating psychological–emotional factors with nutrition and body composition in athletes. This study investigates the correlations between these aspects in 36 professional rugby players, aiming to identify relationships that could optimize sports performance and overall well-being. Methods: The study sample included 36 male athletes (mean age: 24.4 ± 2.1 years, weight: 86.5 ± 7.1 kg, and height: 181.8 ± 5.7 cm). Four assessment tools were used: the Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) to evaluate quality of life, the Mediterranean diet adherence (MEDI-LITE), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and body composition measurements (stadiometer and BIVA). Statistical analyses, including the Shapiro–Wilk test, Pearson, and Spearman correlations, were conducted to explore relationships between the variables. Results: The athletes’ mental and physical health was comparable to the general population (mean MCS = 50.5 ± 7.4, PCS = 49.6 ± 9.6). Mediterranean diet adherence was low (mean MEDI-LITE = 8.6 ± 2.6), while physical activity levels were high (mean IPAQ = 2560.5 ± 950.1). Body composition indicated overweight status (mean BMI = 26.15 ± 1.62 kg/m2, body fat = 22 ± 4.3%). Positive correlations were observed between mental health, diet adherence, and physical activity, with a stronger link between physical activity and body composition. Conclusions: This study confirms a relationship between psychological–emotional factors, nutrition, and body composition in athletes, suggesting an integrated approach to optimize performance. However, causality remains unconfirmed, and the small sample size limits generalizability. Future research should include larger, more diverse samples to expand these findings.
The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in PCOS Management: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gautam Rohit , Maan Pratibha , Jyoti Anshu , Kumar Anshu , Malhotra Neena , Arora Taruna
Published: January 2025

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among reproductive-aged women. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle changes are suggested as first-line interventions in managing PCOS. This systematic review aims to assess the scientific evidence regarding the role of lifestyle modifications (dietary changes, physical activity, and behavioral changes) in improving reproductive, anthropometric, metabolic, and psychological outcomes in women with PCOS. Dietary interventions such as foods with low glycemic index scores; caloric restrictions; high-fiber, omega three fatty acid-rich diets; ketogenic diets; Mediterranean diets; antioxidant-rich food; and anti-inflammatory diets improve insulin sensitivity and hormonal balance in women with PCOS. Physical activity, like aerobic and resistance exercise, enhances insulin sensitivity, helps weight loss, and improves metabolic and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS. Further, behavioral and education modules can also be used to improve awareness, adherence, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment and to manage mental health issues related to PCOS. Collectively, lifestyle modifications not only improve the biochemical, hormonal, and anthropometric parameters in PCOS patients but also reduce the long-term risks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Cross-National Survey About Nutrition and Nutrition Communication Among Older Adults Aged 60 Years and Above
Authors: Juber Julia , Montez De Sousa Íris Rafaela , Kreher Johanna , Rademacher Christel , Brombach Christine
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The global population is undergoing a significant demographic shift characterised by an increasing proportion of older individuals. Healthy aging has become a priority for personal well-being and sustainable healthcare systems, with nutrition playing a pivotal role. However, the rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), malnutrition, and a shift in eating behaviour underscore the need for tailored, effective nutrition communication strategies. This research is intended to provide the basic data needed to support the development of tailored nutritional communication strategies and practices. Methods: To investigate these aspects, a cross-national survey about nutrition and nutrition communication was conducted within the framework of the Innovative Training Network SmartAge, focusing on older adults aged 60 years and above in Germany, Switzerland, Spain, and France (each 25%; N = 1000 persons). This paper specifically focuses on the development, methodology, and discussion of the survey and aims to investigate the characteristics of the sample in relation to their dietary patterns and food choices within the European context. Results: The analysis identified significant associations between various plant- and animal-based food items and the variables gender, age group, and country. Spanish participants showed a dietary pattern towards the Mediterranean Diet, while German participants showed tendencies towards the Western Diet. Furthermore, the findings revealed that protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, nuts and seeds, legumes, and (whole) grains were infrequently consumed, particularly among German and Swiss participants. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to promote adequate protein intake among older adults, emphasising diverse sources like legumes, nuts and seeds, (whole) grains, and lean meats to support healthy aging. For the development of future nutrition communication strategies, the influence of the specific social, cultural, and traditional factors needs to be considered.
The Mental Health of Older People Living in Nursing Homes in Northern Portugal: A Cross-Sectional Study Protocol
Authors: Rodrigues Cláudia , Carreira Sandra , Novais Rui , Braga Fátima , Martins Silvana , Araújo Odete
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: In Portugal, evidence regarding the mental health of institutionalized older people is limited, leaving this area poorly described and the mental health needs of this population largely unknown. This research aims to describe the mental health of older persons residing in nursing homes in Northern Portugal. Methods: A cross-sectional study will be conducted. We estimate that 567 participants will be recruited through convenience sampling. Potential participants must live in nursing homes in Northern Portugal, be aged 65 years or older, and exhibit cognitive impairment at an initial or intermediate stage. Ten web survey questionnaires will be administered to the participants, including one sociodemographic and health questionnaire and nine mental health assessment instruments evaluating fear of falling; sleep quality; frailty; anxiety, depression, and stress; loneliness and social isolation; risk of acute confusion; cognition; emotional literacy; and perceived hope. Data will be analyzed by employing descriptive, cluster, inferential, and bivariate analyses, with multiple regression models included. The study and the research protocol were submitted to and approved by the Ethics Committee of a major public university in Northern Portugal (CEICVS 007/2025). Expected Results: This is a pioneering study in Portugal, representing the first attempt to assess the mental health of older nursing home residents. Our study will enhance the understanding of the mental and multifactorial health needs of this population through a comprehensive description of their mental health, and sociodemographic and health characteristics.
Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis with a Bicortical Button and Proximity to the Axillary Nerve: An Anatomical Study
Authors: Eakin John L. , Whelan Ryan J. , Goodrum Jason T. , Swanson Kyle E.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Subpectoral biceps tenodesis using a bicortical button has been associated with the risk of damage to the axillary nerve. The purpose of this study is to describe the anatomical relationships between the long head of the biceps tendon tenodesis location, the bicortical tenodesis button, the pectoralis major tendon, and the axillary nerve to help clarify the safety of using bicortical button fixation. Methods: Subpectoral biceps tenodesis with a bicortical button was performed on ten cadaveric shoulders. The specimens were dissected to identify the tenodesis button, the pectoralis major tendon, and the axillary nerve. Distances were measured between the anterior cortical drill hole and the proximal border of the pectoralis major tendon and between the tenodesis button and the axillary nerve. Results: The distance between the tenodesis button and the axillary nerve demonstrated a very high positive and statistically significant correlation with the distance between the anterior cortical drill hole and the proximal border of the pectoralis major tendon (R = 0.9586, p = 1.22 × 10 −5). Conclusions: The proximal border of the pectoralis major tendon correlates with the level of the anterior branch of the axillary nerve. Subpectoral biceps tenodesis using a bicortical button is a safe procedure with regard to the axillary nerve given it is performed well below the proximal border of the pectoralis major tendon. The inferior border of the pectoralis major tendon is a useful intraoperative landmark.
Post-Marketing Pharmacovigilance of Canakinumab from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Chen Yunzhou , Yao Zeyu , Ouyang Mengling , Sun Minghui , Zou Shupeng
Published: January 2025

Background: Canakinumab, a humanized anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody, is known for its ability to suppress IL-1β-mediated inflammation. However, continuous monitoring of its safety remains essential. Thus, we comprehensively evaluated the safety signals of canakinumab by data mining from FAERS. Methods: We used a disproportionate analysis to quantify canakinumab-related adverse events (AEs) using four algorithms. Clinical prioritization of the detected signals was assessed with a semiquantitative score method. Serious and non-serious outcomes were compared by statistical methods. Additionally, a stratification analysis of serious infections was conducted at the system organ class (SOC) level. Results: A total of 28,496 canakinumab-related AEs were collected, and 71 suspicious signals detected. Among these, 19 preferred terms (PTs) were identified as unexpected signals, including deafness, appendicitis, brain oedema, cushingoid, cellulitis, and papilledema. Of the AEs, 16 were more likely reported as serious outcomes, such as pneumonia, abdominal pain, deafness, and infection. Based on clinical priority score, 44 PTs were classified as weak, 27 as moderate, and none as strong. Furthermore, 30 PTs demonstrated a high level of evidence, primarily derived from FDA prescribing information, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews. Stratification analysis of infections and infestations (serious outcomes) revealed a stronger association of severe infections with canakinumab in older or heavier individuals. All positive signals followed an early failure pattern, with the incidence of canakinumab-associated AEs decreasing over time. Conclusions: We found that most of the suspicious signals were associated with infections. More attention should be paid to serious infections, particularly in males, individuals aged ≥60 years, or those weighing >100 kg, who demonstrated the highest risk of serious infections.
A Finite Element Method for Modeling Diffusion and Drug Release from Nanocellulose/Nanoporous Silicon Composites
Authors: Zúñiga Paulo , Aravena Marcelo , Ponce Silvia , Hernandez-Montelongo Jacobo
Published: January 2025

Background and Objective: A previous study investigated the in vitro release of methylene blue (MB), a widely used cationic dye in biomedical applications, from nanocellulose/nanoporous silicon (NC/nPSi) composites under conditions simulating body fluids. The results showed that MB release rates varied significantly with the nPSi concentration in the composite, highlighting its potential for controlled drug delivery. To further analyze the relationship between diffusion dynamics and the MB concentration, this study developed a finite element (FE) method to solve Fick’s equations governing the drug delivery system. Methods: Release profiles of MB from NC/nPSi composites with varying nPSi concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) were experimentally measured in triplicate using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C, pH 7.4, and 100 rpm. Mathematical models incorporating linear and quadratic dependencies of the diffusion coefficient on the MB concentration were developed and tested using the FE method. Model parameters were refined by minimizing the error between simulated and experimental MB release profiles. Results: The proposed FE method closely matched experimental data, validating its accuracy and robustness in simulating the diffusion and release processes. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the significant impact of the nPSi concentration on enhancing release control and highlights the importance of material composition in designing drug delivery systems. The findings suggest that the FE method can be effectively applied to model other complex systems, paving the way for advancements in precision drug delivery and broader biomedical applications.
Tailoring Spectral Response of Grating-Assisted Co-Directional Couplers with Weighting Techniques and Rational Transfer Functions: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Lupu Anatole
Published: January 2025

This work addresses the tailoring spectral response of grating-assisted co-directional couplers (GADCs) in the context of wavelength filtering for fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) applications. Design methods for spectral response engineering by means of coupling profile apodization-type weighting techniques and also more advanced rational transfer functions fitting a predefined spectral window template are presented. Modeling results based on coupled mode theory are then applied for the design and experimental fabrication of InGaAsP/InP GADCs targeting 1.3+/1.3− µm diplexer application in FTTH access networks. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the modeling predictions. The design tools presented are quite general and can be easily adapted to other technology platforms, such as silicon photonics for the use of GADCs as add-drop wavelength division multiplexers. The field of parity–time symmetry is another avenue where these types of gain–loss-assisted GADCs as active components are of interest for switching applications, and the design methods presented here may find utility.
Multi-Color Channel Gamma Correction in Fringe Projection Profilometry
Authors: Sun Xiang , Zhang Yunpeng , Kong Lingbao , Peng Xing , Luo Zhenjun , Shi Jie , Tian Liping
Published: January 2025

Three-dimensional shape measurement plays an important role in various fields. As a way of three-dimensional measurement, fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is widely used because of its non-contact, simple structure, and high stability. One of the key challenges affecting measurement accuracy is the gamma effect. With the development of FPP technology, multi-color channels are gradually applied to the measurement, and the response of different colors in the projector-camera system (pro-cam system) is not exactly the same. Therefore, more accurate gamma correction for different color channels is required. To solve this problem, a model of joint gamma correction for different color channels is proposed. In this model, the light is subdivided into three channels: red; green; and blue (RGB). In the pro-cam system, the different responses of different colors and the influence of background light intensity on gamma correction are comprehensively considered, and some error compensation is made for color crosstalk. Compared with the traditional gamma correction methods, the gamma correction method proposed in this paper is more accurate and has a larger effective working range after correction. This method is particularly beneficial in scenarios where multiple color channels are used for measurement, as it more accurately reflects the true measurement results for each channel. The effectiveness and accuracy of the method are validated through experiments.