bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A working reality: Evaluating enhanced intersectoral links in supported employment for people with psychiatric disabilities
Authors: Sherring Joanne , Robson Emma , Morris Adrienne , Frost Barry , Tirupati Srinivasan
Published: March 2010

Background/aim: Supported employment (SE) program‐mes have been found to improve the rates of competitive employment for people with severe mental illness. Evidence has suggested that the most effective SE model is one in which the employment specialist is co‐located with mental health services. However, this may not always be achievable. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the enhanced intersectoral links approach to SE.

Methods: A total of 43 people with a mental illness participated in the programme in which formal links were created between a community mental health team and three employment services. The outcomes of the programme were evaluated over 24 months.

Results: Of all participants, 77% achieved a competitive employment outcome, with 60.6% remaining in employment at the end of the evaluation period. The average duration of employment was 44.8 weeks. For those who were unable to maintain a job, the average period of employment was 14.2 weeks. The study found that participants with less severe symptoms at baseline were more likely to obtain employment and those who had worked in the year preceding entry into the programme were employed for a higher proportion of time. The factors related to job loss were the short‐term nature of the position, cognitive difficulties and social skills.

Conclusions: The study found that the enhanced intersectoral links approach was effective in achieving outcomes consistent with international studies of SE programmes and may offer a viable alternative to the co‐location of employment specialists with community mental health teams.
A meta‐study of the essentials of quality nursing documentation
Authors: Jefferies Diana , Johnson Maree , Griffiths Rhonda
Published: March 2010

Jefferies D, Johnson M, Griffiths R. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 112–124 A meta‐study of the essentials of quality nursing documentation

The aim of this study was to synthesize all relevant information about nursing documentation and present the essential aspects of quality nursing documentation. Literature searches, limited to the English language, were conducted on both CINAHL (1982 to week 3, April 2008) and MEDLINE (1996 to April 2008) using the following search terms: attitude, audit, care, culture, documentation, guideline health, in service, legal, liability, medical, nurses, nursing, organizational, patient, personnel, planning practice, quality, records, research and training. One hundred and seventy‐one papers were reviewed for their relevance to the clinical question. Twenty‐eight articles were read by two researchers. Data informing the clinical question were extracted and categorized into key concepts by an analysis of similarities. The seven major themes (essentials) of quality nursing documentation were identified. This paper has reviewed contemporary literature, research evidence and local policies to identify the seven essential components of quality nursing documentation. Some of the barriers or more controversial aspects of the final policy are described.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Indonesia: Does primary health care as a prevention and intervention strategy work?
Authors: Ibrahim Kusman , Songwathana Praneed , Boonyasopun Umaporn , Francis Karen
Published: March 2010

Ibrahim K, Songwathana P, Boonyasopun U, Francis K. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 87–91 The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Indonesia: Does primary health care as a prevention and intervention strategy work?

The continuing increase in the number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Indonesia is impacting on society. Various policies and strategies have been adopted and implemented to tackle this epidemic including primary health‐care (PHC) initiatives. This paper describes the current HIV/AIDS epidemic in Indonesia and highlights a range of prevention and intervention initiatives introduced to limit the spread and impact of this disease factors, such as the characteristics of high‐risk groups, the decentralization policy in the health sector, and the lack of skilled human resources and supplies in health centres have been identified as influencing access to health‐care services among high‐risk groups. Revitalization of a PHC approach coupled with adequate fiscal, infrastructure and human resources if addressed will increase of PLWHA and other risk groups to health care.
Observation results of handwashing by health‐care workers in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Caglar Seda , Yıldız Suzan , Savaser Sevim
Published: March 2010

Caglar S, Yıldız S, Savaser S. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 132–137 Observation results of handwashing by health‐care workers in a neonatal intensive care unit

This research was conducted as a descriptive study to determine the status of handwashing, which is important and an effective method of preventing and controlling hospital infections, by health‐care workers in a neonatal intensive care unit and to make recommendations based on the results. The research sample included 28 health‐care workers (physicians and nurses) who agreed to participate voluntarily in the study. A total of 344 observations were made of situations requiring handwashing. The health‐care workers' handwashing compliance rate was 58.14% and no statistically significant difference between physicians and nurses was found in whether or not handwashing was done. However the percentage of handwashing compliance was higher for the nurses (62.50%) than for the physicians (52.63%). In the analysis of handwashing technique and duration, the physicians (23.75%) had a higher percentage of correct technique and duration than the nurses (13.33%), but the difference was not statistically significant.
Nurses' knowledge and attitudes to HIV/AIDS—An international comparison between Finland, Estonia and Lithuania
Authors: Suominen Tarja , Koponen Niina , Mockiene Vida , Raid Ulla , Istomina Natalja , Vänskä Maj‐Lis , Blek‐Vehkaluoto Mari , Välimäki Maritta
Published: March 2010

Suominen T, Koponen N, Mockiene V, Raid U, Istomina N, Vänskä M‐L, Blek‐Vehkaluoto M, Välimäki M.International Journal of Nursing Practice2010;16: 138–147 Nurses' knowledge and attitudes to HIV/AIDS—An international comparison between Finland, Estonia and Lithuania

This paper presents baseline data on nurses' knowledge of and attitudes to HIV/AIDS in three countries: Finland, Estonia and Lithuania. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is steadily increasing in Finland, Estonia and Lithuania. At the same time, labour mobility and also nursing mobility between these countries increases. Previous international studies have shown that lack of knowledge and negative attitudes continue to exist. A total of 681 registered nurses from one Finnish (n = 322), one Estonian (n = 191) and one Lithuanian (n = 168) hospital were surveyed in spring 2006. The questionnaire was originally developed by Held in 1993 and modified for this study. The questionnaire has three scales: demographic and other background variable, nurses' knowledge related to HIV/AIDS, and nurses' attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS and towards the disease itself. Across the whole sample respondents showed average levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS. Years of work experience correlated negatively with the knowledge and attitude levels. A significant correlation was found between the level of knowledge and attitudes. Significant differences were found between countries, Finnish nurses showing the highest knowledge levels and most positive attitudes towards patients with HIV/AIDS. Factors positively influencing levels of knowledge and attitudes were education, previous experience of providing care to HIV/AIDS patient or knowing someone with the infection, and willingness to provide care to HIV/AIDS patients. Supplementary education is needed to strengthen nurses' knowledge. It is important to recognize that there might be differences in knowledge and attitudes between neighbour countries. This needs to be taken into account when planning education for degrees and for further nursing education.
A shared care model vs. a patient allocation model of nursing care delivery: Comparing nursing staff satisfaction and stress outcomes
Authors: Tran Duong T , Johnson Maree , Fernandez Ritin , Jones Sonya
Published: March 2010

Tran DT, Johnson M, Fernandez R, Jones S.International Journal of Nursing Practice2010;16: 148–158 A shared care model vs. a patient allocation model of nursing care delivery: Comparing nursing staff satisfaction and stress outcomes

This study compared nurse outcomes between the shared care in nursing (SCN) and patient allocation (PA) models of care. A quasi‐experimental design was used. Job satisfaction, stress and aspects of role were measured at baseline and 6 months after the implementation of the SCN model using validated instruments. Nurses in the PA (n = 51) and SCN (n = 74) units were comparable at baseline. Nurses from both groups were satisfied with their job and experienced clarity in their role despite some levels of pressure. ‘Satisfaction with co‐workers’ in the SCN group decreased, emphasizing the challenges of supervising staff. Matched pair sample sizes at follow‐up were small. The SCN represents an innovative model of care delivery that is responsive to increasing proportions of enrolled nurses and assistants in nursing within wards. Both models have been found to be supportive of nursing staff. Although difficulties with follow‐up data were experienced, this study represents the first Australian quasi‐experimental research, comparing two models with validated measures. New tasks such as negotiating with co‐workers might create some new challenges for nurses. Hospital administrators should consider the repertoire of care delivery models available.
Army nursing practice challenges in humanitarian and wartime missions
Authors: Agazio Janice
Published: March 2010

Agazio J. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 166–175 Army nursing practice challenges in humanitarian and wartime missions

The research question guiding this study was: What are the nursing practice challenges for Army nurses in military operations other than war (MOOTW), or humanitarian missions and wartime? Using a descriptive qualitative design, 75 Army Nurse Corps officers with deployment experience participated in a focused interview either in person or by telephone. Deployment locations included Bosnia, Honduras, Iraq, Afghanistan and other worldwide locations. Nurses recounted challenges and adjustments made to deliver high quality patient care to soldiers and civilian casualties especially for multi‐level traumatic injuries. Specialized skill sets and personal adaptation were necessary for practice under austere conditions in these environments. By understanding the practice of nursing in MOOTW and wartime, nurses can best prepare and train to effectively function and care for patients in these challenging settings.
Clinical placements and nursing students' career planning: A qualitative exploration
Authors: McKenna Lisa , McCall Louise , Wray Natalie
Published: March 2010

McKenna L, McCall L, Wray N.International Journal of Nursing Practice2010;16: 176–182 Clinical placements and nursing students' career planning: A qualitative exploration

Many nursing students enter undergraduate programmes with preconceived ideas about their future nursing careers, and intend to practice in particular areas such as midwifery or paediatrics. Through clinical placements, students are exposed to different clinical areas and professional socialization is facilitated. However, little is known about the influence of clinical placements on students' career intentions. This paper reports nursing findings drawn from a large qualitative study conducted in Victoria, Australia that sought to explore the influence of health professional students' clinical placements on their future career intentions. Participants were invited to be involved in either face‐to‐face or focus group interviews depending upon their own preference. Thematic data analysis revealed three main themes: ‘re‐affirming career choice’, ‘working in a particular area’ and ‘work location’. Findings from the study add to our understanding of factors influencing nursing students' planning for their future careers including the impact of clinical placements.
OVERVIEW OF REVIEW: Non‐medical management of asthma in adults
Authors: Roberston‐Malt Suzie
Published: March 2010

Roberston‐Malt S. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 208–219 Non‐medical management of asthma in adults

Overview of reviews, compiling evidence from multiple Cochrane reviews into one accessible and usable document, is a new methodology being developed by the Cochrane methods group and mastered by the Child Health Network. Overviews of reviews are rapidly gaining in popularity as a ‘friendly front end’ to the Cochrane Library. Through collating the results of multiple reviews on a single subject, overview of reviews provides the reader with a quick bottom line regarding the quality and utility of existing evidence on the clinical decision at hand. This overview presents a summary of the results of all previous Cochrane reviews on the effect of complementary therapies (non‐medical) for the treatment of asthma in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched for all systematic reviews examining the complementary therapies (non‐medical) treatment of asthma in adults. All reviews that were under the heading ‘asthma’ on the Cochrane Airways Group's Topic List were reviewed. Data were extracted and entered into tables; data were synthesized using qualitative and quantitative methods. Currently, twenty‐three (23) reviews are published in the CDSR related to non‐medical interventions for the management of asthma in adults. The known complexities associated with measuring the effect of complementary therapies resulted in all reviews being unable to find studies which—at least in the form reported—had the strenth of evidence that could be generalized beyond the variables of the specific trial.
Description and ultrastructure of araphid diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) morphologically similar to Pseudostaurosira elliptica (Schumann) Edlund et al.
Authors: Morales Eduardo A. , Edlund Mark B. , Spaulding Sarah A.
Published: March 2010

Several populations identified and reported from North America and Mongolia under the names Fragilaria elliptica Schumann or Staurosira elliptica (Schumann) Williams et Round were analyzed in detail using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis yielded three variants that can not be ascribed to ‘elliptica’ of the type. Furthermore, two of the variants could not be related to published taxa and we describe them as new species, Staurosira ambigua sp. nov. and Staurosira dimorpha sp. nov. A third variant was identified as Pseudostaurosira trainorii Morales, a taxon originally reported from ponds and a river in the north‐eastern USA. The combined LM and SEM analysis used here allowed for a more thorough circumscription of taxonomic boundaries among morphologically similar taxa and for better delimitation of their geographic distributions. A discussion of the taxonomy and ecology of these taxa based on literature and recent ecological data is presented.
Morphology and molecular relationships of Leptofauchea rhodymenioides (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta), a new record for Japan
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Nakayama Takeshi , Yoshizaki Makoto
Published: March 2010

Leptofauchea rhodymenioides Taylor (Faucheaceae, Rhodymeniales) is reported from Japan for the first time, based on detailed morphological studies and molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear‐encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and plastid‐encoded rbcL gene sequences. This is the first report of male gametophytes and detailed carposporophyte development in the genus Leptofauchea. This species is characterized as follows: (i) flat, membranous, and regularly and dichotomously branched thalli; (ii) the older blades are constricted below the apices; (iii) the cortex is composed of a continuous layer with an irregularly arranged outer layer, and the medulla of two to three incomplete layers; (iv) gametophytes are dioecious; (v) in males, the cortical cells cut off two to three spermatangial mother cells, which produce terminal spermatangia; (vi) in females, the procarp is composed of a three‐celled carpogonial branch and a two‐celled auxiliary cell branch; (vii) upon fertilization, the carpogonium directly contacts the auxiliary cell; (viii) the auxiliary mother cell fuses with vegetative cells, and forms a large trunk‐like fusion cell; (ix) gonimoblast filaments develop outwardly, and transform completely into carposporangia; (x) the carposporophyte is covered with a pericarp with a well‐defined tela arachnoidea; (xi) the mature cystocarp is spherical, has an ostiole, and protrudes from the blade margins; and (xii) the cruciately divided tetrasporangia are formed in nemathecia, produced laterally from paraphyses or terminally on short filaments. Molecular analyses suggest that Leptofauchea forms a strong sister alliance with the genus Webervanbossea. The families Faucheaceae and Lomentariaceae, and the genera Leptofauchea and Webervanbossea are monophyletic, but the latter two genera are not included in the Faucheaceae.
Effect of laminaran accumulation on maturation in sporophyte fragments from Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) under various laboratory light and temperature conditions
Authors: Iwao Toyoki , Yamaguchi Takashi , Kurashima Akira , Maegawa Miyuki
Published: March 2010

Fragments of Ecklonia cava Kjellman were cultured under controlled laboratory conditions of light irradiance, water temperature, and photoperiod. To clarify the relationship between the maturation of E. cava and the photosynthetic products, laminaran, the content in the fragments was measured with the progress of maturation. The culture conditions ranged from 12.5 to 100 µmol m−2 s−1, 10–25°C, and 14 : 10 h LD (light : dark) to 10 : 14 h LD. In the case of low light conditions, despite an optimum temperature for maturation, the fragments did not form sori and laminaran was not accumulated during the culture period. In the case of sufficient light and non‐optimum temperature conditions, the fragments did not form sori, but laminaran was accumulated. When the fragments were cultured under optimum light and temperature conditions for maturation, laminaran was accumulated in the early stage of maturation, just before or after cortex of the bladelets thickened, and decreased with the progress of maturation, and all fragments matured regardless of the length of the photoperiod. So, these results support the idea that laminaran is used as the main respiratory substrate in the maturation of E. cava.
Agar from the red seaweed, Laurencia flexilis (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from northern Philippines
Authors: Villanueva Ronald D. , Romero Jumelita B. , Ragasa Anita Linda R. , Montaño Marco Nemesio E.
Published: March 2010

The worldwide production of the gelling agent agar mainly rely on the red algae of the order Gracilariales and Gelidiales for raw material. We investigate here the potential of a species from another red algal order, Ceramiales as an agar source. The agar from Laurencia flexilis collected in northern Philippines was extracted using native and alkali treatment procedures and the properties of the extracts were determined using chemical, spectroscopic and physical methods. The native agar, 26% dry weight basis, forms a gel with moderate gel strength (200 g cm−2). Alkali‐treatment did not enhance the gel strength, indicating insignificant amounts of galactose‐6‐sulfate residue, the precursor of the gel‐forming 3,6‐anhydrogalactose (3,6‐AG) moieties. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared and chemical analysis showed low sulfate and high 3,6‐AG levels, not affected significantly by the alkali treatment. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis revealed 3‐linked 6‐O‐methyl‐D‐galactose and 4‐linked 3,6‐anhydro‐L‐galactose as the major repeating unit of the native extract, with minor sulfation at 4‐position of the 3‐linked galactose residues. The native and alkali treated agars have comparably high gelling and melting temperatures, whereas the former exhibits higher gel syneresis. Laurencia flexilis could be a good source of agar that possesses physico‐chemical and rheological qualities appropriate for food applications. Due to the inability of alkali treatment to enhance the key gel qualities of the native extract, it is recommended that commercial agar extraction from this seaweed would be done without pursuing this widely‐used industrial procedure.
Retrovesical cystic lesions in female patients with unilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia
Authors: Shimada Kenji , Matsumoto Fumi , Matsui Futosi , Obara Takasi
Published: March 2010

Objectives:  To review our experience with female children who have unilateral renal agenesis or renal dysplasia associated with cystic lesions in the reproductive system.

Methods:  Between 1991 and 2007, we treated 26 patients with unilateral renal agenesis or renal dysplasia associated with pelvic, retrovesical or interlabial cystic lesions. In 16 patients, an abnormality either of the kidney or a cystic lesion was detected during the perinatal period. Another 10 patients presented clinical symptoms, including urinary incontinence in five, urinary tract infection in one, and vaginal discharge in four.

Results:  Based on clinical features and imaging findings, the patients were divided into four groups: those with Gartner's duct cyst (Group 1, n = 9); those with uterovaginal duplication with obstructed hemivagina (Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome [HWW]; Group 2, n = 3); those with both Gartner's duct cyst and HWW syndrome (Group 3, n = 3); and those without definitive diagnosis (Group 4, n = 11). In Group 1, leakage completely stopped after nephrectomy in three patients, whereas six patients continued to be incontinent despite the removal of dysgenetic kidneys. In Group 2, after the excision of a vaginal septum, no patient presented urinary incontinence. In patients in Group 3, both the mesonephric remnant and mullerian structures were confirmed on imaging or through endoscopy.

Conclusions:  Because of the high coincidence of genital and renal anomalies, it is recommended that genital systems in female patients with renal anomalies associated with cystic lesions behind the lower urinary tract be investigated. The best imaging modality to use remains under scrutiny. It is importantt to follow the patients until the age of puberty. The importance of a long‐term follow‐up in these patients needs to be emphasized.
Fenofibrate concomitantly decreases serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and very‐low‐density lipoprotein particle concentrations in statin‐treated type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Chan D. C. , Hamilton S. J. , Rye K. A. , Chew G. T. , Jenkins A. J. , Lambert G. , Watts G. F.
Published: March 2010

Aim: Diabetic dyslipidaemia, characterized by hypertriglyceridaemia as a result of elevated serum very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations, contributes to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) may play a role in regulating VLDL metabolism. We investigated the effect of fenofibrate on serum PCSK9 and VLDL particle concentrations in T2DM patients already receiving statin therapy.

Methods: In a double‐blind randomized crossover study, 15 statin‐treated T2DM patients (63 ± 8 years, body mass index (BMI) 29 ± 3 kg/m2) were treated with fenofibrate (145 mg/day) or matching placebo for 12 weeks. Serum PCSK9 concentrations were measured by immunoassay. VLDL particle concentration and size were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results: Fenofibrate decreased serum triglycerides (−23%), VLDL‐triglycerides (−51%), total cholesterol (−11%), LDL‐cholesterol (−16%), apolipoprotein B‐100 (−16%), apolipoprotein C‐III (−20%) and PCSK9 (−13%) concentrations compared with placebo (p < 0.05). Fenofibrate also decreased serum concentrations of large (−45%), medium (−66%) and small VLDL (−67%) particles (p < 0.05), without altering VLDL particle size. Serum PCSK9 reduction correlated with decreases in total (r = 0.526, p = 0.044) and small (r = 0.629, p = 0.021) VLDL particle concentrations.

Conclusions: Fenofibrate concomitantly decreased serum PCSK9 and VLDL particle concentrations in statin‐treated T2DM patients. These findings support a mechanistic link between PCSK9 and VLDL metabolism, possibly through an effect of PSK9 on VLDL receptor degradation.
NmDef02, a novel antimicrobial gene isolated from Nicotiana megalosiphon confers high‐level pathogen resistance under greenhouse and field conditions
Authors: Portieles Roxana , Ayra Camilo , Gonzalez Ernesto , Gallo Araiz , Rodriguez Raisa , Chacón Osmany , López Yunior , Rodriguez Mayra , Castillo Juan , Pujol Merardo , Enriquez Gil , Borroto Carlos , Trujillo Luis , Thomma Bart P.H.J. , Borrás‐Hidalgo Orlando
Published: March 2010

Plant defensins are small cysteine‐rich peptides that inhibit the growth of a broad range of microbes. In this article, we describe NmDef02, a novel cDNA encoding a putative defensin isolated from Nicotiana megalosiphon upon inoculation with the tobacco blue mould pathogen Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina. NmDef02 was heterologously expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, and the purified recombinant protein was found to display antimicrobial activity in vitro against important plant pathogens. Constitutive expression of NmDef02 gene in transgenic tobacco and potato plants enhanced resistance against various plant microbial pathogens, including the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of the economically important potato late blight disease, under greenhouse and field conditions.
Social Volunteering in Welfare States: Where Crowding Out Should Occur
Authors: Stadelmann-Steffen Isabelle
Published: March 2010

This article evaluates the influence of welfare state policy on individual social volunteering. Unlike previous studies that have investigated the relationship between the welfare state and civic engagement, this contribution focuses on those areas of civil society that are most directly related to public welfare state activities. Moreover, it is assumed that welfare state policy does not uniformly affect the civic engagement of various social groups. The analyses provide support for the crowding out hypothesis: individual social volunteering is lower in extensive welfare states than it is in countries that spend less on welfare state policy. However, when group-specific welfare state effects are modelled, it is revealed that the crowding out effect of public social services does not hold for the low-income group. Additionally, extensive welfare policy reduces the negative effect of low affluence on social volunteering. Crowding out and crowding in thus go hand in hand: while state activities indeed serve as a substitute for social volunteering in some places, in others they are found to have a stimulating effect.
Transient focal cerebral ischemia significantly alters not only EAATs but also VGLUTs expression in rats: relevance of changes in reactive astroglia
Authors: Sánchez‐Mendoza Eduardo , Burguete María C. , Castelló‐Ruiz María , González María Pilar , Roncero Cesáreo , Salom Juan B. , Arce Carmen , Cañadas Sixta , Torregrosa Germán , Alborch Enrique , Oset‐Gasque María Jesús
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 1343–1355.

The involvement of plasma membrane glutamate transporters (EAATs – excitatory aminoacid transporters) in the pathophysiology of ischemia has been widely studied, but little is known about the role of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) in the ischemic process. We analyzed the expression of VGLUT1–3 in the cortex and caudate‐putamen of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Western blot and immunohistochemistry revealed an increase of VGLUT1 signal in cortex and caudate‐putamen until 3 days of reperfusion followed by a reduction 7 days after the ischemic insult. By contrast, VGLUT2 and 3 were drastically reduced. Confocal microscopy revealed an increase in VGLUT2 and 3 immunolabelling in the reactive astrocytes of the ischemic corpus callosum and cortex. Changes in VGLUTs and EAATs expression were differently correlated to neurological deficits. Interestingly, changes in VGLUT1 and EAAT2 expression showed a significant positive correlation in caudate‐putamen. Taken together, these results suggest a contribution of VGLUTs to glutamate release in these structures, which could promote neuroblast migration and neurogenesis during ischemic recovery, and a possible interplay with EAATs in the regulation of glutamate levels, at least in the first stages of ischemic recovery.
The Effects of International Shocks on Australia's Business Cycle*
Authors: LIU PHILIP
Published: March 2010

This article examines the sources of Australia's business cycle fluctuations. The cyclical component of gross domestic product is extracted using the Beveridge–Nelson decomposition and a structural Vector autoregressive model (VAR) model is identified using robust sign restrictions derived from a structural small open economy model. In contrast to previous VAR studies, international factors are found to contribute to over half of the output forecast errors whereas demand shocks have relatively modest effects.
CB1 cannabinoid receptors promote oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and cell death in a murine nephropathy model
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Partha , Pan Hao , Rajesh Mohanraj , Bátkai Sándor , Patel Vivek , Harvey‐White Judith , Mukhopadhyay Bani , Haskó György , Gao Bin , Mackie Ken , Pacher Pál
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Accumulating recent evidence suggests that cannabinoid‐1 (CB1) receptor activation may promote inflammation and cell death and its pharmacological inhibition is associated with anti‐inflammatory and tissue‐protective effects in various preclinical disease models, as well as in humans.

Experimental approach:  In this study, using molecular biology and biochemistry methods, we have investigated the effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of CB1 receptors on inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and cell death pathways associated with a clinically relevant model of nephropathy, induced by an important chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin.

Results:  Cisplatin significantly increased endocannabinoid anandamide content, activation of p38 and JNK mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), apoptotic and poly (ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐dependent cell death, enhanced inflammation (leucocyte infiltration, tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β) and promoted oxidative/nitrosative stress [increased expressions of superoxide‐generating enzymes (NOX2(gp91phox), NOX4), inducible nitric oxide synthase and tissue 4‐hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine levels] in the kidneys of mice, accompanied by marked histopathological damage and impaired renal function (elevated creatinine and serum blood urea nitrogen) 3 days following its administration. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of CB1 receptors with AM281 or SR141716 markedly attenuated the cisplatin‐induced renal dysfunction and interrelated oxidative/nitrosative stress, p38 and JNK MAPK activation, cell death and inflammatory response in the kidney.

Conclusions and implications:  The endocannabinoid system through CB1 receptors promotes cisplatin‐induced tissue injury by amplifying MAPK activation, cell death and interrelated inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress. These results also suggest that inhibition of CB1 receptors may exert beneficial effects in renal (and most likely other) diseases associated with enhanced inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and cell death.

This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
Vasorelaxation toN‐oleoylethanolamine in rat isolated arteries: mechanisms of action and modulation via cyclooxygenase activity
Authors: Wheal AJ , Alexander SPH , Randall MD
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: The endocannabinoid‐like moleculeN‐oleoylethanolamine (OEA) is found in the small intestine and regulates food intake and promotes weight loss. The principal aim of the present study was to evaluate the vascular effects of OEA.

Experimental approach: Perfused isolated mesenteric arterial beds were pre‐contracted with methoxamine or high potassium buffers and concentration‐response curves to OEA were constructed. Combinations of inhibitors to block nitric oxide production, sensory nerve activity, cyclooxygenase activity, potassium channels, chloride channels and gap junctions, and a cannabinoid CB1receptor antagonist, were used during these experiments. The effects of OEA on caffeine‐induced contractions in calcium‐free buffer were also assessed. Isolated thoracic aortic rings were used as a comparison.

Key results: OEA caused concentration‐dependent vasorelaxation in rat isolated mesenteric arterial beds and thoracic aortic rings, with a greater maximal response in mesenteric vessels. This relaxation was sensitive to inhibition of sensory nerve activity and endothelial removal in both preparations. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin reversed the effects of capsaicin pre‐treatment in perfused mesenteric arterial beds and indomethacin alone enhanced vasorelaxation to OEA. The OEA‐induced vasorelaxation was inhibited by a CB1receptor antagonist only in aortic rings. In mesenteric arteries, OEA suppressed caffeine‐induced contractions in calcium‐free buffer.

Conclusions and implications: The vasorelaxant effects of OEA are partly dependent on sensory nerve activity and a functional endothelium in the vasculature. In addition, vasorelaxation to OEA is enhanced following cyclooxygenase inhibition. OEA may also interfere with the release of intracellular calcium in arterial preparations.

This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
The phospholipase C inhibitor U‐73122 inhibits Ca2+release from the intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+store by inhibiting Ca2+pumps in smooth muscle
Authors: MacMillan D , McCarron JG
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) releases Ca2+via inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) in response to IP3‐generating agonists. Ca2+release subsequently propagates as Ca2+waves. To clarify the role of IP3production in wave generation, the contribution of a key enzyme in the production of IP3was examined using a phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) inhibitor, U‐73122.

Experimental approach: Single colonic myocytes were voltage‐clamped in whole‐cell configuration and cytosolic Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]cyto) measured using fluo‐3. SR Ca2+release was evoked either by activation of IP3Rs (by carbachol or photolysis of caged IP3) or ryanodine receptors (RyRs; by caffeine).

Key results: U‐73122 inhibited carbachol‐evoked [Ca2+]cytotransients. The drug also inhibited [Ca2+]cytoincreases, evoked by direct IP3R activation (by photolysis of caged IP3) and RyR activation (by caffeine), which do not require PI‐PLC activation. U‐73122 also increased steady‐state [Ca2+]cytoand slowed the rate of Ca2+removal from the cytoplasm. An inactive analogue of U‐73122, U‐73343, was without effect on either IP3R‐ or RyR‐mediated Ca2+release.

Conclusions and implications: U‐73122 inhibited carbachol‐evoked [Ca2+]cytoincreases. However, the drug also reduced Ca2+release when evoked by direct activation of IP3R or RyR, slowed Ca2+removal and increased steady‐state [Ca2+]cyto. These results suggest U‐73122 reduces IP3‐evoked Ca2+transients by inhibiting the SR Ca2+pump to deplete the SR of Ca2+rather than by inhibiting PI‐PLC.

This article is commented on by Hollywoodet al., pp. 1293–1294 of this issue. To view this commentary visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00795.x
The role of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite in the anti‐arrhythmic effects of preconditioning and peroxynitrite infusion in anaesthetized dogs
Authors: Kiss Attila , Juhász László , Seprényi György , Kupai Krisztina , Kaszaki József , Végh Ágnes
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Both ischaemia preconditioning (PC) and the intracoronary infusion of peroxynitrite (PN) suppress ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R)‐induced arrhythmias and the generation of nitrotyrosine (NT, a marker of PN). However, it is still unclear whether this latter effect is due to a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) or superoxide (O2‐) production.

Experimental approach:  Dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and urethane were infused, twice for 5 min, with either saline (control) or 100 nM PN, or subjected to similar periods of occlusion (PC), 5 min prior to a 25 min occlusion and reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Severities of ischaemia and ventricular arrhythmias, as well as changes in the coronary sinus nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels were assessed throughout the experiment. The production of myocardial NOx, O2‐ and NT was determined following reperfusion.

Key results:  Both PC and PN markedly suppressed the I/R‐induced ventricular arrhythmias, compared to the controls, and increased NOx levels during coronary artery occlusion. Reperfusion induced almost the same increases in NOx levels in all groups, but superoxide production and, consequently, the generation of NT were significantly less in PC‐ and PN‐treated dogs than in controls.

Conclusions and implications:  Since both PC and the administration of PN enhanced NOx levels during I/R, the attenuation of endogenous PN formation in these dogs is primarily due to a reduction in the amount of O2 produced. Thus, the anti‐arrhythmic effect of PC and PN can almost certainly be attributed to the preservation of NO availability during myocardial ischaemia.
Revisiting the Role of Ergots in the Treatment of Migraine and Headache
Authors: Baron Eric P. , Tepper Stewart J.
Published: March 2010

(Headache 2010;50:1353‐1361)

The harmful side effects of the ergots described by early civilizations have been overcome with efficacious treatment for headaches including migraine, cluster, and chronic daily headache. Use of ergots contributed to initial theories of migraine pathogenesis and provided the substrate for development of the triptans. Triptans are very efficacious for many migraineurs, and since their widespread use, use of ergots has significantly declined. Unfortunately, there remain many migraineurs who benefit little from triptans, yet respond very well to ergots. Discoveries in migraine pathophysiology have given us better understanding of the complex processes involved, although there remain many unknown factors in migraine treatment. Additional, unrecognized therapeutic targets may exist throughout the neuronal connections of the brainstem, cortex, and cerebral vasculature. Ergots interact with a broader spectrum of receptors than triptans. This lack of receptor specificity explains potential ergot side effects, but may also account for efficacy. The role of ergots in headache should be revisited, especially in view of newer ergot formulations with improved tolerability and side effect profiles, such as orally inhaled dihydroergotamine. Redefining where in the headache treatment spectrum ergots belong and deciding when they may be the optimal choice of treatment is necessary.
Proarrhythmic ECG Deterioration Caused by Myocardial Ischemia of the Conus Branch Artery in Patients with a Brugada ECG Pattern
Authors: OGANO MICHIO , IWASAKI YU‐KI , MORITA NORISHIGE , TANABE JUN , SHIIBA KUNITO , MIYAUCHI YASUSHI , KOBAYASHI YOSHINORI , TANAKA KEIJI , KATOH TAKAO , MIZUNO KYOICHI
Published: March 2010

The Brugada‐type electrocardiogram (ECG) is characterized by ST‐segment elevation in the right precordial ECG leads and has been reported to have the potential of sudden death. Right ventricular outflow tract supplied from the conus branch of the coronary artery (CB) is considered as the anatomopathologic substrate of Brugada syndrome. We experienced two asymptomatic patients with a saddleback Brugada‐type ECG who exhibited a dynamic ECG conversion to a coved type following a ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (VT/VF) episode when myocardial ischemia occurred exclusively at the CB. Some types of Brugada syndrome might be caused VT/VF by selective myocardial ischemia at the CB. (PACE 2011; 34:e26–e29)
Role of Residual Potentials Inside Circumferential Pulmonary Veins Ablation Lines in the Recurrence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: KIM YONG‐HYUN , LIM HONG EUY , PAK HUI‐NAM , KWAK JAE‐JIN , PARK JAE‐SEOK , CHOI JONG‐IL , PARK SANG‐WEON , KIM YOUNG‐HOON
Published: March 2010

Residual Potentials After Pulmonary Vein Isolation. Background: Residual gaps due to incomplete ablation lines are known to be the most common cause of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after catheter ablation. We hypothesized that any residual potentials at the junction of the left atrium and pulmonary vein (PV), inside the circumferential PV ablation (CPVA) lines, would contribute to the recurrence of AF or post‐AF ablation atrial flutter (AFL); therefore, the elimination of these potentials increases AF‐/AFL‐free survival rates.

Methods and Results:
One hundred and two patients with paroxysmal AF (PAF) were enrolled and prospectively randomized to a group with ablation of residual potentials as add‐on therapy to CPVA + PV electrical isolation (PVI) (group 1, n = 49), or a group without ablation of the residual potentials (group 2, n = 53). Post‐CPVA residual potentials, inside the ablation lines, were identified by contact bipolar electrode mapping catheter and a detailed 3‐dimensional voltage map. Twenty‐three patients in group 1 and 18 patients in group 2 had post‐CPVA residual potentials (46.9% vs 34.0%, P = 0.182). The AF‐/AFL‐free survival rate during follow‐up of 23.3 ± 7.9 months was not different in comparisons between the 2 groups (P = 0.818), and 79.6% and 81.1% of the patients in groups 1 and 2 maintained a sinus rhythm (P = 0.845), respectively.

Conclusions:
Residual potentials inside CPVA were commonly found in the patients with PAF after CPVA + PVI. Further ablation of residual potentials did not increase the efficacy of catheter ablation in patients with PAF. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 959‐965, September 2010)
Idiopathic Reentrant Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia With Presystolic Potential of Central Pathway
Authors: YOKOSHIKI HISASHI , MITSUYAMA HIROFUMI , UENO MICHIHIKO , TSUTSUI HIROYUKI
Published: March 2010

Idiopathic Reentrant RVOT VT With Presystolic Potential. A 12‐year‐old girl with recurrent palpitation due to idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) with a left bundle branch block configuration and inferior axis was referred to our hospital. During the VT, a spiky presystolic potential (SP) was recorded at the septum of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) just below pulmonary valve. The SP was entrained with a decremental property by pacing from right ventricular apex. Concealed entrainment was observed by pacing where the SP was recorded. Delivery of radiofrequency current targeting the SP abolished the VT. The SP with the decremental property could represent the central pathway of this idiopathic RVOT reentrant VT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 1174‐1177)
Cardiomyocyte precursors and telocytes in epicardial stem cell niche: electron microscope images
Authors: Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Popescu L. M.
Published: March 2010

A highly heterogeneous population of stem and progenitor cells has been described by light immunohistochemistry in the mammalian adult heart, but the ultrastructural identity of cardiac stem cells remains unknown. Using electron microscopy, we demonstrate the presence of cells with stem features in the adult mouse heart. These putative cardiac stem cells are small (6–10 μm), round cells, with an irregular shaped nucleus, large nucleolus, few endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and mitochondria, but numerous ribosomes. Stem cells located in the epicardial stem cell niche undergo mitosis and apoptosis. Cells with intermediate features between stem cells and cardiomyocyte progenitors have also been seen. Moreover, electron microscopy showed that cardiomyocyte progenitors were added to the peripheral working cardiomyocytes. Telocytes make a supportive interstitial network for stem cells and progenitors in the stem cell niche. This study enhances the hypothesis of a unique type of cardiac stem cell and progenitors in different stages of differentiation. In our opinion, stem cells, cardiomyocyte progenitors and telocytes sustain a continuous cardiac renewal process in the adult mammalian heart.
Effects of mixology courses and blood lead levels on dental caries among students
Authors: Chang Wei‐Hsiang , Yang Ya‐Hui , Liou Saou‐Hsing , Liu Ching‐Wen , Chen Chiu‐Ying , Fuh Lih‐Jyh , Huang Shih‐Li , Yang Chun‐Yuh , Wu Trong‐Neng
Published: March 2010

Chang W‐H, Yang Y‐H, Liou S‐H, Liu C‐W, Chen C‐Y, Fuh L‐J, Huang S‐L, Yang C‐Y, Wu T‐N. Effects of mixology courses and blood lead levels on dental caries among students. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 222–227. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objective:  Dental caries can be affected by alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption also increases blood lead levels (BLLs) in humans and BLLs have been correlated with caries. Culinary students participate in mixology courses on either an elective or a mandatory basis. Therefore, we conducted this study to elucidate the effects of mixology courses and elevated BLLs on dental caries among students.

Methods:  This study had a cross‐sectional design. We recruited first‐year at one hospitality college and one university in southern Taiwan in September 2004. We applied a questionnaire, collected a blood specimen and performed a dental caries examination for each student. The subjects comprised 133 students who had ever participated in a mixology course (≥2 credits) during high school (exposure group) and 160 who had not participated in such a course (control group).

Results:  Compared with the control group, the exposure group had a higher prevalence of a DMFT index ≥0 (92.5% versus 81.2%, P = 0.005), a higher DMFT index [5.59 ± 3.53 (mean ± SD) versus 4.21 ± 3.64 teeth, P ≤ 0.001], and a higher BLL (3.12 ± 1.02 versus 2.67 ± 0.83 μg/dl, P ≤ 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, dental caries was significantly associated with participation in a mixology course.

Conclusions:  Alcohol exposure associated with participation in a mixology course may have an effect on caries in students. These findings suggest that occupational safety and health education should be applied to students participating in mixology courses.