bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Laboratory Culture Types on Researchers' Safety Behavior: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Safety Climate
Authors:   Form of Public Safety and Culture, Jo Han Jin , Lee Hwang Won , Roh Young Hee
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study is to classify laboratory culture types into four types: group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture, and to confirm the mediating effect of safety climate in the relationship of influence on safety behavior. Through this, we aim to contribute to preventing accidents that occur in laboratories by providing basic data for establishing future laboratory safety-related policies and securing safety education directions. To this end, a survey tool was developed based on previous research to test the influence between laboratory culture type, safety climate, and safety behavior. The survey was conducted online targeting people engaged in research activities subject to the Laboratory Safety Act, a total of 420 were collected, and the final 364 were used for analysis.
The main research results are as follows. First, the types of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture were all found to have a positive effect on the laboratory safety climate. Second, the types of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture were all found to have a positive effect on the safety behavior of researchers. Third, the laboratory safety climate was found to play a mediating role in the relationship between the influence of laboratory culture type on researchers' safety behavior. Fourth, among the sub-factors of laboratory safety climate, safety regulations and safety education were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between the influence of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture on safety compliance behavior, which is a sub-factor of safety behavior. Fifth, among the sub-factors of laboratory safety climate, safety education and safety communication were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between the influence of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture on safety participation, which is a sub-factor of safety behavior.
Summarizing these results, all types of laboratory culture were found to have a positive effect on the safety behavior of researchers, and safety climate was found to play a mediating role in these relationships. In detail, it was found that in order to increase safety compliance behavior, the laboratory's safety regulations and safety education should be strengthened, and in order to increase safety participation behavior, laboratory safety education and safety communication should be strengthened. In particular, among the safety climate sub-factors, safety education appears to mediate the relationship between all variables, so institutional safety environment managers and laboratory directors need to pay special attention to ensure that safety education is successfully completed by those engaged in research activities.
Factors influencing on disaster response self-efficacy of Nursing Students
Authors:   Form of Public Safety and Culture, Ha Young Ok , An Ji Yeon
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to assess the disaster preparedness, disaster awareness, and disaster response self-efficacy among nursing students who need to act as field responders in the medical disaster, and to identify the factors influencing disaster response self-efficacy. Based on this research, we sought to identify key factors that could improve nursing students' disaster response self-efficacy and provide essential information for the development of programs to strengthen disaster response capabilities.
A descriptive research design was used with a convenience sample of 400 nursing students. Data for this study were collected from nursing students in four universities located in the Gyeonggi, Jeolla, and Gyeongsang province of South Korea. A survey was conducted from May 1 to June 30, 2019 using a structured questionnaire. A total 336 questionnaires were used for analysis, excluding those with incomplete responses. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS/WIN Statistics 21.0. In the multiple regression analysis, statistically significant variables were input in a stepwise manner through difference testing and correlation analysis between general characteristics and disaster response self-efficacy, and nominal variables were recoded as dummy variables.
As a result of the analysis, the averages of disaster preparedness, disaster awareness, and disaster response self-efficacy were 2.95±2.81, 3.68±0.48, and 2.97±0.51. disaster response self-efficacy was significantly correlated with age(r=-.16, p=.004) and disaster awareness(r=.22, p<.001). The factors influencing disaster response self-efficacy were grade(4th grade)(β=-.588, p=<.001), area of residence(Jeolla-do)(β=-.206, p=.001), area of residence(Gyeongsang-do)(β=.486 p=<.001), size of residence(city)(β=.153, p=.021), experience with disaster nursing education(yes)(β=.151, p=.002) and disaster awareness(β=.216, p<.001), which explained 28.7% of the variances.
These findings suggest that disaster response self-efficacy may vary based on exposure to disaster-related information or education. Therefore, disaster education should be continuously provided through regular or non-regular courses. Additionally, as disaster response self-efficacy may differ based on the residence area and its size, it is important to consider individual characteristics related to students' homes, schools, and local communities when developing or implementing disaster response programs. Consequently, various educational media and intervention programs should be utilized to enhance nursing college students' disaster preparedness, disaster awareness, and disaster response self-efficacy.
Investigation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation related Knowledge Level and Educational Experience of Female High School Students
Authors:   Form of Public Safety and Culture, Lee Hyun Jung
Published: December 2023

The knowledge level and educational experience of high school students on CPR, which can contribute to saving more lives and increasing the survival rate of cardiac arrest patients by applying CPR when students face cardiac arrest patients, was grasped. This study was attempted to provide basic data for policy establishment that includes the contents of CPR in the high school curriculum in the future.
Convenience sampling was conducted on 129 female high school students attending Y girls' high school located in G region and C city, and the survey was conducted from November 1 to November 30, 2021. A structured questionnaire consisting of 3 questions for general characteristics, 1 question for subjective awareness of CPR knowledge, 8 questions related to CPR knowledge, and 16 questions related to grasping CPR educational experience was used. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA analysis were applied to the final 120 responses using SPSS WIN 25.0.
The female high school students scored an average of 5.57 points out of 8 points, and their knowledge of basic life support was moderate. Looking at the results of knowledge about CPR by item, the minimum correct answer rate was higher than 60.0% for 7 out of 8 items, but the breathing check method was the lowest at 9.2%. 96.7% of the students received training on CPR. As for the place where they were educated, school was 95.7%, student group activities (clubs) 7.8%, and fire station 3.4%. The total number of times of training was 3 times or more, 47.4%, 1 time, 34.5%, and the total training time was 3 hours or more, 48.2%. If education is opened in the future, schools (46.7%), Korea Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Association (27.5%), and fire stations (13.3%) were the preferred educational institutions. The difference in CPR knowledge according to the subject's grade, religion, and the presence or absence of heart disease among family or friends was not statistically significant.
When integrating the results of this study and previous studies, it was confirmed that the students' ability to use CPR and the use of an automatic defibrillator was at a low level, although CPR education was being conducted in schools due to the revision of the School Health Act in 2014, and countermeasures are needed. In particular, it is necessary to prepare improvement methods such as strengthening practical education. It is necessary to clarify first aid education regulations such as CPR for students, expand CPR practice including AED practice, expand supply of AED and CPR manikin for practice, and strengthen education capacity of health teachers. And continuous repetitive education should be conducted according to the CPR guidelines that are revised every 5 years.
Analysis of Patient Safety Incidents in the Department of Psychiatry (2017-2021): A focus on general hospitals and advanced general hospitals with over 200 beds
Authors:   Form of Public Safety and Culture, Shim Hyun Joo , Hong Eun Young
Published: December 2023

The study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and risk levels of patient safety incidents in the mental health department of domestic medical institutions, aiming to provide essential data for formulating strategies to prevent such incidents in the future.
The data for this study were collected nationwide from medical institutions accredited by the Korean Institute for Healthcare Accreditation, with a focus on patient safety statistics. A total of 521 cases from comprehensive and tertiary hospitals with more than 200 beds, classified under the department of mental health and psychiatry, were analyzed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/WIN 27.0 software, encompassing descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis, and binary logistic regression.
The results showed that the number of patient safety incidents increased slightly in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2017. However, the level of harm caused by these incidents indicated a trend of increasing near misses and decreasing adverse events from 2017 to 2021. Comprehensive hospitals had a significantly higher proportion of adverse events in patient safety incidents compared to tertiary hospitals. The results of binary logistic regression analysis revealed that comprehensive hospitals had a 2.459 times higher risk of adverse events compared to tertiary hospitals. When comparing incident types, the risk of adverse events for falls was 10.677 times higher, and for suicide and self-harm events, it was 66.103 times higher compared to medication errors. Regarding age groups, the risk of adverse events for the 20-39 age group was 3.335 times higher compared to the 0-19 age group. For the 40-59 age group, the risk was 4.911 times higher for the 60-79 age group, it was 5.340 times higher, and for the 80 years and above age group, it was 4.027 times higher . The goodness of fit test for the final model indicated a good fit, and the model's explanatory power was 30.2%.
Based on the study results, there is a need for a systematic analysis of nursing staff levels in comprehensive hospitals and their relationship with patient safety incidents and it is crucial to prioritize comprehensive hospitals when devising patient safety incident prevention measures in mental health. Suicide and self-harm prevention, and fall prevention strategies, should be considered as indispensable components. Furthermore, it is recommended to give priority to implementing patient safety incident prevention strategies for individuals aged 60-79 years of age.
Understanding and responding to victimisation of whistleblowers
Authors: Dussuyer Inez , Smith Russell
Published: December 2023

Speaking out in the public interest—being a whistleblower—can be risky. Media reports and public inquiries into allegations of misconduct in the public and private sectors regularly recount the negative consequences that those who make reports in the public interest have experienced—despite the presence of legislation that seeks to prevent reprisals and retaliation for disclosing misconduct. Instances in which whistleblowers have lost employment and careers, suffered harassment and intimidation, and experienced threats or acts of violence continue to occur in Australia. This study sought to understand the nature of victimisation experienced by whistleblowers who had reported or attempted to report wrongdoing in their workplace. Information was obtained from in-depth interviews with 36 whistleblowers and 21 people who dealt with their reports in public and private sector organisations. The results confirm the nature of the harms that almost all whistleblowers experience as a consequence of reporting misconduct. The paper concludes by identifying ways in which whistleblowers could better be protected from victimisation and how the procedures and safeguards involved in the whistleblowing process could be strengthened.
Assessing Algerian EFL Learners’ Metacognitive Strategy Use in Listening Comprehension
Authors: FODIL-CHERIF Siham BOUZAR
Published: December 2023

Despite the importance attributed to the teaching of English in Algeria which covers the diverse language building blocks namely speaking, writing, reading and listening, students experience constant difficulties with the listening skills. In reality, the listening instruction provided fails to include the strategies that help less-effective learners to understand the oral input with confidence and without any anxiety. Therefore, with the perspective to investigate how listening tasks are processed by EFL learners, an assessment of this proficiency was achieved via adopting a listening test, a questionnaire and a retrospective interview. The results of this investigation helped to uncover the strategies used by Algerian students to overcome their learning difficulties and process the aural input.
Recent advances in synthesis of MXene-based electrodes for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors
Authors: Akhoondi Asieh , Nassar Mostafa Y. , Yuliarto Brian , Meskher Hicham
Published: December 2023

Various energy storage sources have been developed so far, among which supercapacitors are more important for the forthcoming generations due to their small size and portability. Supercapacitors as good alternatives to batteries have recently attracted more attention because they have higher power and excellent charging-discharging rate which is considered as a challenging issue that limits the use of batteries. Supercapacitors also have other advantages over batteries, including higher reversibility and cycle life, lower maintenance costs, and safer electrode materials. MXenes have emerged as a new class of 2D composites in electrode materials for supercapacitors as low-cost and environment-friendly carbides and nitrides. MXenes are suitable inorganic compounds with excellent electrochemical properties and mechanical integrity to improve supercapacitor energy density at a new interval. This review presents new synthesis strategies to prevent the self-accumulation of MXene layers. First, the fundamental working theories of different supercapacitors are outlined. Next, an overview of the electrode material based on MXenes is outlined, and the latest solutions for increasing the active sites and improving the ion transfer rate have been collected. Hybridization and doping of MXenes change the properties of the composite, leading to a transformation in the structure and an increase in the capacitance. Furthermore, the utilization of double-transition metal MXenes solves challenges such as structural destruction and short life spans in multiple charge-discharge cycles. Then evaluation of the new MXene-based electrode materials in all-solid-state supercapacitors has been summarized. Finally, an overview of the latest developments in the creation of all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors as well as our predictions for future lines of inquiry is provided.
Late Medieval Central Greece in Turmoil: Thessaly, Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries C.E.
Authors: Savvides Alexios G. C.
Published: December 2023

Thessaly’s importance in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, within the framework of the study of medieval Greek history in the final phase of the later Byzantine period (1204–1461/1479), warrants its bibliographical promotion, so to speak, as well as its placement alongside the other Byzantine exiled states of the post-1204 period, that is, those of the Lascarids of Nicaea (1204–1261), the Angeli-Ducae-Comneni of Ep(e)irus (1204/1205–1348/1449/1479), the Grand Comneni of Trebizond (1204–1461), as well as the Cantacuzeni and the Palaeologi of the later Despotate of the Morea/Mystras (1262/1348–1460/1461), while the early (thirteenth-century) history of this Thessalian Byzantine “state” should be studied on a parallel basis with that of the Latin Empire of Constantinople (“Romania”: 1204–1261) and the other major by-product of the Fourth Crusade, that is, the Latin/Lombard Kingdom of Thessalonica (1204/1207–1224). The article covers the period from C.E. 1204/1212–1213 to C.E. ca. 1470, with particular emphasis from the years 1212 or 1213/1222 onward, when the Thessalian area was initially incorporated in the rising Epeirote state (principality), until the final phases of the Ottoman annexation of the area, between ca. 1454 to ca. 1470.
Carotid Imaging in 2023: Stenosis and Beyond
Authors: Salgado Rodrigo
Published: December 2023

In the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the further understanding of carotid atherosclerosis and stroke risk. While currently practical stratification regarding a surgical intervention in patients with symptomatic carotid disease is made based on the degree of luminal narrowing, several plaque features have been identified as independent risk factors for the development of downstream ischaemic events. Several of these plaque features can be readily identified on routine CT- and MR-examinations, and will be discussed during this lecture. Consequently, a contemporary radiology report must go beyond a mere description of the presence and degree of luminal narrowing, and must also provide information on plaque morphology and other vessel wall characteristics. This comprehensive approach will enable the referring clinical to better stratify their patients regarding current and future risk, leading to better patient management and clinical outcomes.
Dental Implant Survival after Postoperative Infection
Authors: Baig Iman , Mushtaq Talha Bin , Sajjad Batool , Shaikh Waheed Gul , Noor Maria , Zafar Shaista , Ali Waqar
Published: December 2023

Aim: Dental implant failure might be brought on by an early postoperative infection. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of acute postoperative infection in survived and failed implants and the associated factors. Methods: This cohort cross-sectional study held in the Oral surgery department of Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi for two-years duration from January 2021 to December 2022 and evaluate early postoperative infection after dental implant surgery. The location of the implant, the patients' ages and genders, smoking, postoperative antibiotic therapy, bone augmentation and the time of infection development or diagnosis were among the study variables. The study's results showed which implants failed and which survived. Two groups of patients; those who survived implants included in Group A and those who had failed implants were included in group B. Results: Out of 190 patients, 12 (6.3%) patients, including 8 men and 4 women, experienced a postoperative infection after implant insertion. In group A of implant survival, 5 implants (41.7%) acquired post-operative infection while 7 implants (58.3%) in the failed group experience infections. The significant variations among the both groups were noted in terms of the smoker patients, the timing of diagnosis, patients who got bone transplant and fresh socket versus delayed implant placement. Relating to the variables, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that when infection developed 4 days after surgical procedure in subjects not given antibiotic treatment postoperatively, the probability of implant failure increased by 1.1 times (hazard ratio). If the infection developed after six days in people who smoked and after nine days in people who do not smoked and were given antibiotics postoperatively, the likelihood of failure rose. Conclusion: In light of the study's findings, it appears that smoking, early infection, implants placement in newly created sockets, and implants placement in conjunction with bone substitutes may all enhance the failure ratio of dental implants following acute infection. Keywords: antibiotic, implant, infection, and bone
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Batı Cephesi
Authors: Turan Mustafa , Uzman Nasrullah
Published: December 2023

The Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mondros on October 30, 1918 and withdrew from World War I. The Armistice of Mondros put the Ottoman Empire in a difficult situation in many respects. Immediately after the Armistice, the Entente States started to occupy the lands under the control of the Ottoman Empire based on Article 7, which allowed them to occupy the places where they saw as a threat to their security. Many cities, including Mosul, Ayntab, Maras, Urfa, Batumi, Iskenderun, Mersin and Adana, were occupied by the Allies during this period. On May 15, 1919, Izmir was occupied by Greece with the support of Britain. The last straw for the Turkish nation was the occupation of Izmir by Greece. The Greek occupation of Izmir was a turning point for the National Struggle. Greece expanded its occupation zone in Western Anatolia in a short time and tried to take the whole of Western Anatolia under its control. In this context, Afyonkarahisar, Manisa, Aydın, Kütahya, Uşak and Eskişehir were also occupied by Greece. Turks living in these cities under Greek occupation were subjected to intolerable persecution. Many people were massacred, wounded, insulted and even raped by the occupying Greek soldiers. In the face of these events, the Turkish nation had to defend itself. In these cities, Associations for Defence of National Rights were established, and with the self-sacrificing efforts of the established associations, Kuvâ-yı Milliye troops were formed, the National Struggle was initiated and the Western Front was established.
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Eskişehir
Authors: Erşan Mesut
Published: December 2023

Eskişehir was one of the cities that was occupied immediately after the signing of the Armistice of Mondros and hosted many military and political developments due to its location. The city, which was subjected to British occupation in January 1919, was subjected to Greek occupation on June 20, 1921, which had more severe consequences. Until the end of the occupation on September 2, 1922, many important military and political events took place in the city, making it a center that carried the burden of the National Struggle. In military aspect, undoubtedly the most important battles of the National Struggle took place in this region. First, Ali Fuat Pasha's First and Second Eskişehir Offensives to end the British occupation, then First and Second Inönü Battles, Kütahya- Eskişehir Wars, the presence of the Western Front headquarters here and the efforts to resupply the army show the military importance of the region. By September 2, 1922, when the city was liberated, the occupation and wars had left a burnt, destroyed and tired city. The pro-Istanbul government administrators in the city showed an interesting example of the political struggles between Istanbul and Anatolia with their mismanagement against the National Struggle movement in Western Anatolia and the Sivas Congress. Seeing the resistance of the people and their support for the National Struggle, Corps Commander Kiraz Hamdi Pasha fled to Istanbul and Mutasarrıf Hilmi Bey was assassinated. In this city, which showed sensitivity and support from the first days of the National Struggle, after the end of the British occupation, organization was started rapidly and the struggle took a more systematic form by forming a Association for Defence of National Rights. Developments such as the Circass Ethem Incident, the Green Army Movement, the Eskişehir Independence Court, and the establishment of the Ayn-Pe intelligence organization made the city one of the most important centers of the National Struggle. Mustafa Kemal Pasha's biggest supporter in the National Struggle was undoubtedly the people of Anatolia. At every stage of both military and civilian structuring, the greatest support was the support of the people. Mustafa Kemal Pasha felt the support of the people from the beginning of the National Struggle and the support of the people was the biggest factor in the success of the struggle. One of the greatest support for Mustafa Kemal Pasha came from the people of Eskişehir. The city had been in an environment of chaos and conflict since the first moments of the National Struggle; however, the course of the struggle changed after the national forces had a say in the city, and the first signs of victory were seen. The influence of the Heyet-i Temsiliye on the national struggle in Western Anatolia could only be ensured with the capture of this city, and the opportunity to act jointly was found; a unity of strategy was achieved. As a result, the oppressed and victimized Turkish nation overcame its bitter fate here.
Anadolu’yu İşgal Eden Yunanlıların Demografik Yapıyı Değiştirmeye Yönelik Faaliyetleri: Sürgün ve İskân
Authors: Sarısır Serdar
Published: December 2023

The Greeks living under the Ottoman Empire were introduced to separatist ideas shaped by the influence of imperial states, first according to the desires of Russia and later by the French Revolution. The Greek revolts, which were initiated with the support of Russia and Western states, evolved into an independence movement over time. During the Greek independence process (1821-1832), Russia's increasing influence and the possibility of increasing its influence and effectiveness in the Mediterranean led Britain to change its policies and support the Greeks more prominently. France also sided with the Greeks with a similar political preference. Greece, which received the support of Western states, continued its territorial gains in line with the Megali Idea since its foundation; it almost doubled its territory by acquiring the Seven Islands in 1864, Thessaly in 1881 and Crete in 1912. In Greek irredentist politics, relocation has often been used as an effective method to dominate a territory and create a demographic structure that is identical in its favor. From the first Greek revolts to the occupation of İzmir, Greece, which practiced similar practices, considered relocation as a key to demographic legitimacy and tried to benefit from it. Having received the approval to realize his demands at the Paris Peace Conference, Venizelos landed troops in İzmir on May 15, 1919, starting a process that would lead to the occupation of Anatolia and thus the beginning of new relocations. There are many serious works on the Greek invasion of Anatolia, and this study has benefited greatly from these pioneering publications. However, in the existing works, it has been observed that the subject is usually brought up as a detail of the main research or as a sub-section title and that it is not evaluated within the integrity of a demographic project as it is tried to be handled. In this sense, the aims, methods, dimensions, results and consequences of the relocation of Greek/Greek immigrants and the resettlement of Greek/Greek immigrants, which were carried out by the Greeks who occupied Anatolia in order to transform the demographic structure in their favor, form the scope of this research. In the preparation of this study, efforts have been made to utilize original sources such as archival documents, official reports and memoirs, and the data obtained have been tried to be presented in a way that emphasizes interpretation and evaluation rather than a narrative approach, taking into account the integrity of the subject and chronological consistency.
İtalyan Kaynaklarında Bir Kahraman: Yörük Ali Efe
Authors: Çelebi Mevlüt
Published: December 2023

There are many known, unknown and unnamed heroes of the National Struggle. One of them is Yörük Ali Efe, who differed from other National Forces members with his modesty. Yörük Ali Efe had to deal with the Italians while fighting against the Greeks. Especially Italians closely followed the activities of the Kuvâ-yı Milliye members operating in the occupied regions. One of the people they showed the most interest was Yörük Ali Efe. They met and collaborated on various occasions. In the reports sent by the Italian military officials, they gave information about Yörük Ali Efe and his activities. In the same period, although not much, Italian newspapers also talked about him. However, we found that they gave more information after the victory was won. The most important of them is the article by Filippucci Giustiniani in which he describes his encounter with Yörük Ali Efe. This article was first published in the newspaper Il Messaggero, November 3, 1922. Giustiniani described this meeting in more detail in his memoir, which was published later. In this encounter, Yörük Ali Efe’s logical, critical and rightful words and approaches attracted the attention of the Italian journalist. Efe’s short and sharp comments with the depth of a philosopher increased the Italian journalist’s respect for him. However, the influence of Yörük Ali Efe on Italians was not limited to journalists. Some Italian officers who knew him during the years of the National Struggle also spoke highly of Yörük Ali's heroism years later.
Millî Mücadele’de Aydın Sancağında Din Adamları ve Faaliyetleri
Authors: Güneş Günver
Published: December 2023

The National Struggle was a total war and every segment of the society participated in this war. Like soldiers and bureaucrats, clergymen also took sides with Anatolia against Istanbul in the war of fatwas, in mosque pulpits against the occupation forces, in rallies organized in squares, and in the birth and survival of the power of resistance and independent living inherent in the Turkish nation during the National Struggle. They assumed an important role by fighting within the Associations for Defence of National Rights they founded and of which they were members, and by guiding the people on the frontlines. As in many parts of Anatolia, clergymen in the Sanjak of Aydın also took part in many stages of the National Struggle and played an active role. Very few of them were under the influence of the Istanbul Government or acted with the occupation forces. Hacı Süleyman Efendi, Mehmet Esad Efendi, Bozdoğan Mufti Hasan Tahir Efendi, Mehmet Emin Efendi, Karacasu Mufti Mustafa Hulusi Efendi, Çine Mufti Ahmet Zühtü Efendi took an active part in the formation and development of the Aydın Kuvâ-yı Milliyya and fulfilled a very important task with their efforts. With the volunteers they gathered, they formed a strong resistance front against the Greek advance, took part in the Committees of Nationalization, and brought the national forces together by leading the convening of the Nazilli Congress. Hacı Süleyman Efendi, Mehmet Esat Efendi, Mehmet Emin Efendi took part in the Grand National Assembly as members. This article focuses on the struggles of clergymen in Aydın during the period of the National Struggle and their steps towards social unification. Except for a few general studies in Türkiye, the services of clergymen who were active in Aydın during the National Struggle have not been sufficiently revealed. In this study, the services of these clergymen in the National Struggle are discussed by utilizing archival documents, memoirs and local and national press of the period.
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Denizli
Authors: Köstüklü Nuri
Published: December 2023

"As soon as the news of the occupation of Izmir was heard in Denizli in the early hours of the morning of May 15, 1919; Denizli Governor, Recruitment District President, Mayor, Denizli Mufti and some people from the notables came together to try to create a spirit of national resistance in Denizli against the occupations. A big rally was held in Denizli that day, and then the national organization started immediately. Measures were taken against the spread of the Greek occupation in the direction of Denizli to the homeland. In a short time, national organizations were established in Denizli and its districts, which later became Association for Defense of National Rights. With the support of these organizations and the military and civil authorities in the region, militia volunteer forces were formed. On the other hand, logistic support activities for the defense of the front were accelerated. So much so that the Greek advance on the front established in the west of Denizli was largely stopped. At the time when all kinds of sacrifices were made for the defense of the homeland in Denizli Sanjak, the counter-propaganda and activities of some minorities and opposition groups against the National Struggle, especially those of the Hürriyet and Entente Party, were not lacking. But despite all these difficulties, the people of Denizli took their place in the defense of the homeland with all their material and moral strength until the end of the National Struggle. As far as can be determined from the available data, more than five hundred Denizli people were martyred in the National Struggle."
Millî Mücadele Yıllarında Isparta Sancağında Eğitim
Authors: Sarıçelik Kerim
Published: December 2023

"Sanjak of Isparta had a deep-rooted education tradition with many madrasas built from the early period. In the 19th century, due to the modernization of education, new modern schools were opened and primary schools, which were classical basic education institutions, were reformed. At the end of this century, the number of madrasas and students attending these institutions had increased rapidly in the sanjak. Along with the newly built ones in the Second Constitutional Era, seventy-two primary schools, six secondary schools, one high school, one teachers college for girls and dozens of madrasas were providing education in the sanjak. Education in the Sanjak had reached a certain level both quantitatively and qualitatively. The great earthquake in 1914 around Isparta and the ensuing World War I brought devastating results for the education in the sanjak. Due to the earthquake, education and training activities were interrupted and the damage could not be repaired for a long time. After this, the grueling years of the long war began. The general mobilization, which was strictly implemented, left many educational institutions without students and teachers. In addition, schools that could not be financed due to financial problems began to close one by one. It is seen that the Grand National Assembly took the issue of education seriously during the National Struggle Period. First of all, the need for teachers was met by increasing the number of teacher schools and introducing military service exemption. In order to finance education expenditures, it has been tried to put sufficient allocations in the provincial special budgets. In order to revive the madrasas that were closed during World War I, a new regulation was prepared and mufti offices were asked to open madrasas in their regions. The effects of all these initiatives were also seen in Isparta Sanjak. With the support of the people in the sanjak, many schools were brought into education in 1921 and 1922 and four madrasas started education by enrolling students."
Millî Mücadele Yıllarında Antalya’da Eğitim (1918-1923)
Authors: Mayak Faysal
Published: December 2023

"While military, political and economic issues constitute the agenda in the general framework during war periods, subjects such as culture, education and art are naturally pushed to the second or even the third plan. While the school buildings were sometimes used as military shelters during the war days, they were sometimes used as an arsenal and sometimes as a hospital. It seems plausible that the money allocated to education in the ordinary budget should be spent on other sectors during the war. The human element in education is also a force to be utilized in times of war. Teachers or students were sent to the front and used to reinforce the army, and female students or female teachers were sometimes evaluated in ammunition production, logistics or transportation, and sometimes they were employed in the treatment of wounded soldiers such as nurses. Considering that the Ottoman Empire participated in almost non-stop wars in the last ten years, it will be understood how much of a blow the educational activities took on the above-mentioned situations. When we look at the issue in the Turkish War of Independence, it will be seen that the conflicts with the occupying forces in many regions have created a similar situation. The main purpose of this study is to show the course of education and training activities in the city of Antalya, which was occupied and freed from the Italian occupation during the years of the National Struggle. Another purpose of the study is to show the viewpoint of the people and administrators on education in the city of Antalya, which was occupied by a foreign state before the negative effects of the First World War, to reveal what kind of work the teachers do in this field, to indicate the situation of schools and students in this painful period. While creating the study, archival sources were consulted as much as possible, the local press of the period was examined and research works were used. It was aimed to reveal the original aspect of the issue by comparing the memories that touched on this subject, even if only a little, with other documents and information."
Maraş’ın İşgali ve Kurtuluşu
Authors: Günay Nejla
Published: December 2023

"After the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Maraş was occupied by the British soldiers. The British gathered the returning Armenians at mountainous and strategic points of the city and did not allow them to come face to face with the Turks. They did not interfere with the daily lives of the Turks and the administrative functioning. Later, Britain and France signed the Syria Treaty between themselves and reorganized their occupation zones. England left Çukurova and its surroundings to the French in return for France leaving Mosul to British hands. This pleased the Armenians, some of whom were Catholics and established good relations with the French. On the other hand, Turks of Maraş, organized around Arslan Bey and Kılıç Ali against the occupation. They refused to perform Friday prayers as long as the enemy occupation continued. The lowering of the Turkish flag from the castle caused outrage among the Turks. Sutcu Imam fired the first bullet when the atrocities of Armenians wearing French uniforms increased. Following this, the clashes continued for 22 days. In this study, the national struggle of Maraş and the liberation of Maraş from the enemy occupation will be discussed. The fact that Maraş was the first place to be liberated from occupation raised hopes that other occupied regions in Anatolia could also be liberated and led the Turkish nation to act in a sense of unity and solidarity will be investigated. In this study, documents obtained from the Presidency of State Archives and Ankara University Turkish Revolution History Institute Archive will be used. The memoirs and personal experiences of the Turks and Armenians who lived through the war and previous studies on the subject. will also be examined in the study."
Hatay’ın İşgali ve Kurtuluşu
Authors: Can Mustafa
Published: December 2023

"After the Armistice of Mudros, the first occupations in Anatolian lands took place in the Hatay region. Firstly, Iskenderun (Alexandretta) was occupied by the British on 9 November 1918. On 27 November 1918, the French, who landed troops in the region after the British, established the Sanjak of Alexandretta, which included the towns of Iskenderun, Belen, Antakya, and Harim, and appointed a French military governor. The vindictive and ruthless behaviour of the Armenians, who acted in partnership with the French, led to the early start of armed resistance in the Hatay region. The resistance in Hatay took place mainly in the Gâvur Mountains in the north of the region and in the Amik Valley-Kurd Mountain and Antakya- Al-Qusayr regions in the south. While in the İskenderun-Dörtyol region in the north of Hatay, figures from the Kuvâ-yı Milliye such as Kara Hasan and Bey Hakkı came to the fore, in the south, names such as Tayfur Mürsel, Asım Bey and Ahmet Türkmen played an important role. The Hatay resistance became more organised as a result of the contact established with the National Struggle movement led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, and Hatay was included in the Southern Front of the National Struggle. While the clashes continued in the region, the Treaty of Ankara (the Franklin-Bouillon Agreement) was signed between Türkiye and France on 20 October 1921. Thus, the state of war between the two States ended and the Türkiye-Syria border was drawn. With this treaty, while Dörtyol (including Payas) and Hassa remained within the borders of Türkiye, it was decided to establish a special form of administration for the Iskenderun region and to grant some privileges to the Turks here. Thus, it was accepted, albeit reluctantly, that the Antakya-Iskenderun region, which was included in the borders of Mîsâk-ı Millî (the National Pact), would remain in Syria in order to end the fighting on the Southern Front. This situation was also accepted in the Treaty of Lausanne, as it was expected that the appropriate time and conditions would emerge. In this study, the occupation and resistance movements in the Hatay region after the Armistice of Mudros will be discussed."
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Kayseri
Authors: Erdoğan Haşim
Published: December 2023

"Since Kayseri is located in the middle of Anatolia, it has been a pioneer in providing east- west and north-south connections during the National. In addition to its importance in logistics activities, its close location to Sivas and Ankara has also increased this importance. Mustafa Kemal Pasha stayed in Kayseri on his way from Sivas to Ankara and followed the activities in the city closely. During the National Struggle, besides a branch of Hilal-i Ahmer in Kayseri, many societies founded by officers, teachers and women were active. Many national newspapers, especially Yenigün newspaper, published articles in favor of the National Struggle by publishing from Kayseri at certain times and formed a public opinion about the participation of the people in the national struggle. Banditry activities were also one of the issues dealt with during the National Struggle. During the Battle of the Sakarya, the relocation of the Assembly to Kayseri came to the discussion. In addition to all these mentioned, the witnessing of the historical events of Kayseri High School and its place in this historical process, archival documents of the period, memoirs, periodicals and copyright and examination works that are in the nature of reference work were used. In this study, the National Struggle in Kayseri and its present districts and the memory of the resistance in Kayseri against the occupations in the surrounding provinces has been attempted to be revealed."
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Konya
Authors: Güven Cemal
Published: December 2023

"Konya had a strategic position in the National Struggle as it was a city at the crossroads of the Baghdad Railroad. It was subjected to occupation and uprisings. The Italians pursued a soft occupation policy and withdrew from Konya before the opening of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye. The uprisings in the region were suppressed in a short time, and public order and authority were restored. As a result, Konya, as a city behind the front lines, became one of the most important and active centers during the National Struggle. With national organizations, rallies, Mustafa Kemal Pasha's visits and inspections, enthusiastic celebration programs of festivals and victories, support and assistance to the national army, the establishment of volunteer battalions, and the smooth execution of military services, the people of Konya and the official authorities made great contributions to the liberation of the homeland from occupation and the unity and integrity of the country by mobilizing with all their material and moral means. The Headquarters of the Western Front was moved to Akşehir, a district of Konya, on November 18, 1921. This was the place where the preparations and plans of the Great Offensive were made and the decision was made. This research was conducted through data collection and document analysis in order to reveal and better understand the place and importance of Konya in the National Struggle. This research focuses on the press, Italian occupation, rallies, uprisings, Konya Independence Court, Mustafa Kemal Pasha's visits to Konya, Konya before and after the Battle of Sakarya, feast and victory celebrations, Konya martyrs in the War of Independence."
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Nevşehir
Authors: Öztürk İbrahim
Published: December 2023

"Cappadocia and its surroundings, which has hosted many civilizations throughout history, it has been under Seljuk rule since the 11th century. Muşkara, located in this region, was reconstructed by Grand Vizier Damat İbrahim Pasha and its name was changed to Nevşehir. During the Ottoman period, the city was a district of Sanjak of Niğde. This situation continued during the National Struggle period. As the Istanbul Government followed a capitulating policy in the face of the invasions that started after the Mudros Agreement, protests and public demonstration were organized against the occupations by establishing Association for Defence of Rights across the country. After Mustafa Kemal Pasha went to Anatolia, the regional struggle turned into the National Struggle. In this process, although Nevşehir and its surroundings were not occupied, they took part in the National Struggle. Dellalzade Hacı Osman Efendi attended the Sivas Congress as a Nevşehir delegate. The people of Nevşehir provided financial support to the National Struggle and fought on the Western and Southern Fronts."
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Amasya
Authors: Evsile Mehmet
Published: December 2023

"Amasya is one of the important cities in national struggle. After Atatürk landed on Samsun, he came to Amasya in 12th June, 1919 and continued his activities here. When he was in Samsun and Havza, he declared some decisions about the position of the country in those years and he ended his preparations in Amasya. During his stay in Amasya between 12 and 26 June 1919, the “Amasya Declaration”, which determined the course of the National Struggle, was published in Amasya on 22 June 1919. The core of these decisions can be described with these words ‘’ the independence of the nation is saved by the determination and the decision of the nation’’. The Amasya negotiations were made between 20 and 22 October 1919 and after these negotiations ‘’Amasya Protocols’’ were signed and published which resulted in assembleting Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire). After Rebuplic was established, Atatürk as the President of Türkiye visited Amasya on 24th September, 1924, he expressed the importance of the Amasya Protocol with these words “I had the honor of having that member sign an agreement here, which fundamentally embodies respect for the existence and compliance with the will of the nation. Therefore, Amasya has always held a position of great importance in the history of Revolution and the Republic”. In National Struggle period, Association for the Defence of the Country was established with the guidance of Atatürk in Amasya on 14th June, 1919 and performed its national activities. On 7 and 8 August 1921, Amasya also made significant contributions to the National Struggle in accordance with the Tekâlif-i Milliye Orders. After the decleration of Turkish Republic, Atatürk visited Amasya on 24th September 1924, 18th September, 1928, and 22nd October 1930 for various reasons and made meetings with the local people."