Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study reveals novel genetic signals for lung function decline
Authors: Patchen Bonnie K. , Zhang Jingwen , Gaddis Nathan , Bartz Traci M. , Chen Jing , Debban Catherine , Leonard Hampton , Nguyen Ngoc Quynh , Seo Jungkun , Tern Courtney , Allen Richard , DeMeo Dawn L. , Fornage Myriam , Melbourne Carl , Minto Melyssa , Moll Matthew , O’Connor George , Pottinger Tess , Psaty Bruce M. , Rich Stephen S. , Rotter Jerome I. , Silverman Edwin K. , Stratford Jeran , Barr R. Graham , Cho Michael H. , Gharib Sina A. , Manichaikul Ani , North Kari , Oelsner Elizabeth C. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Tobin Martin D. , Yu Bing , Choi Seung Hoan , Dupuis Josee , Cassano Patricia A. , Hancock Dana B. 
Published: November 2024

Rationale

Accelerated decline in lung function contributes to the development of chronic respiratory disease. Despite evidence for a genetic component, few genetic associations with lung function decline have been identified.

Objectives

To evaluate genome-wide associations and putative downstream functionality of genetic variants with lung function decline in diverse general population cohorts.

Methods

We conducted genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses of decline in the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and their ratio (FEV1/FVC) in participants across six cohorts in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the UK Biobank. Genotypes were imputed to TOPMed (CHARGE cohorts) or Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) (UK Biobank) reference panels, and GWAS analyses used generalized estimating equation models with robust standard error. Models were stratified by cohort, ancestry, and sex, and adjusted for important lung function confounders and genotype principal components. Results were combined in cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific meta-analyses. Selected top variants were tested for replication in two independent COPD-enriched cohorts.

Measurements and Main Results

Our discovery analyses included 52,056 self-reported White (N=44,988), Black (N=5,788), Hispanic (N=550), and Chinese American (N=730) participants with a mean of 2.3 spirometry measurements and 8.6 years of follow-up. Functional mapping of GWAS meta-analysis results identified 361 distinct genome-wide significant (p<5E-08) variants in one or more of the FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC decline phenotypes, which overlapped with previously reported genetic signals for several related pulmonary traits. Of these, 8 variants, or 20.5% of the variant set available for replication testing, were nominally associated (p<0.05) with at least one decline phenotype in COPD-enriched cohorts (White [N=4,778] and Black [N=1,118]). Using the GWAS results, gene-level analysis implicated 38 genes, including eight (XIRP2,GRIN2D,SATB1,MARCHF4,SIPA1L2,ANO5,H2BC10, andFAF2) with consistent associations across ancestries or decline phenotypes. Annotation class analysis revealed significant enrichment of several regulatory processes for corticosteroid biosynthesis and metabolism. Drug repurposing analysis identified 43 approved compounds targeting eight of the implicated 38 genes.

Conclusions

Our multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses identified numerous genetic loci associated with lung function decline. These findings contribute knowledge to the genetic architecture of lung function decline, provide evidence for a role of endogenous corticosteroids in the etiology of lung function decline, and identify drug targets that merit further study for potential repurposing to slow lung function decline and treat lung disease.