bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating the G.I. Bill
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The end of World War II seemed to signal to Americans at least a moment of relief from a decade and a half of struggle. After the stock market crashed in 1929, unemployment and impoverishment ravaged the nation. The despair they produced hung like a dust cloud that would not abate until, on December 7, 1941, a different crisis emerged. With the attack on Pearl Harbor, a nation long reluctant to enter the growing world war found itself undeniably catapulted into the conflict. Jobs at last became plentiful, but goods grew scarce, and all citizens were asked to do their part to sacrifice and help support the war effort. Most costly of all, nearly every family had to bid farewell to at least one of their own who answered the call to serve the nation in the military, some never to return. When troops stormed the coast of France on D-Day, June 6, 1944, over fourteen hundred Americans were counted among the dead, and casualties mounted as they made their way across Europe. Between mid-December 1944 and early January 1945, the Battle of Ardennes—also known as the Battle of the Bulge—eclipsed the Battle of Gettysburg as the bloodiest event in American history: fifty-five thousand were killed or wounded and eighteen thousand taken prisoner. In the Pacific theater, young Americans engaged in combat on a string of islands with names most had never heard of before; the intensity of warfare culminated in battles on Iwo Jima and Okinawa, where American fatalities totaled nearly twenty thousand. By the time Germany finally surrendered in May, followed by Japan in August, the United States had suffered over one million dead or wounded—more than in any other war in which Americans have participated before or since.
Mobilizing for Equal Rights
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Hosea Williams, son of blind African American parents, grew up in poverty in the segregated South, working as a cleaner, caretaker, and farm worker before the war began and he joined the Army. When his platoon of thirteen men was hit by a shell in France, Williams alone survived. He spent over a year in the hospital and endured permanent disabilities, walking with a limp the rest of his life. Upon returning home, he dared to drink from a whites-only water fountain at a segregated bus station and was beaten nearly to death by a mob of whites. The incident proved a turning point in the making of a civil rights activist. After he recovered from his injuries, Williams both joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and resumed his education, using the G.I. Bill to complete high school and then bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry from Morris Brown College and Atlanta University. He was hired by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a research chemist, becoming one of the first blacks to hold such a position in the South. Meanwhile, Williams grew increasingly involved in the struggle for equal rights, emerging as a leader in demonstrations throughout the later 1950s; over the years he was arrested at least 124 times. Martin Luther King Jr. recruited him, first to join the Southern Christian Leadership Council and later to join his staff. On March 7, 1956, Williams led a march from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights. A national audience of television viewers watched as the participants knelt in prayer and state troopers attacked them with whips, tear gas, and nightsticks; Williams himself was beaten unconscious and left with a severe concussion and fractured skull.
John Demjanjuk: is He “Ivan the Terrible”?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Many highly celebrated criminal trials throughout American history, such as the Lindbergh baby kidnapping and O. J. Simpson cases, have remained controversial. Debate continues over the guilt or innocence of the defendants in these cases long after the trials have finished. One of the reasons that some cases remain unresolved, at least in the minds of some, is the absence of eyewitnesses to the crimes. Therefore, many controversial cases— such as Scott Peterson who is the California man convicted and sentenced to death for the murder of his pregnant wife—must be tried on the basis of circumstantial evidence.
Constructing Capital Crimes and Defendants Death Penalty Case-Specific Biases and Their Effects
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

The media’s intense focus on crime-related issues and the tendency to concentrate on unrepresentative, sensational crimes help to heighten the public’s fear of crime and to elevate the importance that citizens attach to crime control as a pressing social and political issue. As suggested in the last chapter, in addition to this agenda-setting function, the media’s coverage of crime-related issues shapes the broad climate of opinion in which beliefs about crime control policy are formed. Beyond exaggerating the nature and amount of violence in our society and increasing fears of victimization, the media often portray violent crime as the exclusive product of evil, depraved, even monstrous individual criminals. This framework of understanding, in turn, helps to convince many citizens that only the harshest, most punitive sanctions—including the death penalty—are likely to be effective in the war against crime.
Misguided Discretion
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the one that follows focus on some of the forces that more immediately influence the capital jury’s crucial choice between life and death. To finally deliberate and render penalty-phase verdicts, jurors are required to perform a number of complex and emotionally charged tasks. To do so, they must bring to bear their diverse ideas about blameworthiness, culpability, and punishment. They also experience a range of natural human emotions in response to the tragic stories that often are told by both the prosecution and defense. In addition, as I have noted throughout this book, jurors must grapple with their own deep-seated inhibitions against violence. How the law purports to manage the complicated matrix of forces that are at work here is critically important to any fair and just resolution of a capital case. In a sense, what transpires at this stage of the process is the culmination of everything that has gone before.
Real Enemies
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

Many Americans believe that their own government is guilty of shocking crimes. Government agents shot the president. They faked the moon landing. They stood by and allowed the murders of 2,400 servicemen in Hawaii--or 3,000 civilians in New York. In their zeal to cover up their crimes, they killed witnesses, faked evidence, and stole into secure offices to snatch incriminating documents from the files. Although the paranoid style has been a feature of the American scene since the birth of the Republic, in Real Enemies, Kathryn Olmsted shows that it is only in the twentieth century that strange and unlikely conspiracy theories have become central to American politics. While Americans had worried about bankers, Jews, and Catholics for decades, Olmsted sees World War I as a critical turning point for conspiracy theories. As the federal government expanded, Americans grew more fearful of the government itself--the military, the intelligence community, and even the President. Perhaps more important, Olmsted examines why so many Americans believe that their government conspires against them, why more people believe these theories over time, and how real conspiracies by government officials--such as the infamous Northwoods plan--have fueled our paranoia about the government. She analyzes Pearl Harbor, Cold War and anticommunist plots, the JFK assassination, Watergate, and 9/11. Along the way, she introduces readers to a lively cast of characters, from the Nobel prize-winning scientist who became a leading conspiracist to a housewife who believed she could unlock the secrets of the JFK assassination. Polls show that thirty-six percent of Americans think that George W. Bush knew in advance of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Real Enemies, an engaging work on a timely, important topic, sheds light on such theories, revealing how the rampant fear of conspiracy at once invigorates and undermines American democracy.
Mastering Depression Through Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

This book is a user-friendly guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), an empirically-tested and effective approach to treating depression. It is intended for persons affected by depression who are seeking or currently undergoing IPT. This book begins with a description of depression disorders and addresses common patient concerns. It then introduces the patient to Interpersonal Psychotherapy and also answers frequently-asked questions about the psychotherapeutic relationship. The next chapters, which are organized around common causes of depression, describe the process of treating depression with IPT and offer typical case examples at the end of each problem area. Throughout the book, worksheet guides help the patient think about problems and solutions to depression in constructive ways. This book helps readers learn about depression, its symptoms, and how they relate to events in the patient’s life. When used as a part of therapy with IPT and in conjunction with the accompanying monitoring forms, this book can help patients manage the effects of depression.
Conclusion
Authors: Menon Rajan
Published: November 2023

At the end, we return to the beginning—to impermanence, which evokes excitement because it brings newness, but also anxiety because it displaces familiar routines. Impermanence is a double-edged sword. We like it—and don’t. Paradigm shifts, dramatic manifestations of impermanence, appear in various walks of life, including, as we observed in the introductory chapter, the history and grand strategies of nations. The changes in established grand strategies created by paradigm shifts can be sharp, though not necessarily sudden, and the accompanying reorientations are often unforeseen, so implausible did they seem before signs of their arrival became undeniable. Not infrequently, these shifts are resisted, for they steer states into unfamiliar waters, making existing maps obsolete.
Gender Stereotyping and Prejudice in Young Children A Developmental Intergroup Perspective
Authors: Arthur Andrea E , Bigler Rebecca S , Liben Lynn S , Gelman Susan A , Ruble Diane N
Published: November 2023

From a remarkably early age, young children exhibit stereotyping and prejudice on the basis of gender. Between the ages of two and three, they become knowledgeable about some cultural gender stereotypes and develop preferences for peers of their own gender (Ruble & Martin, 1998). The very early emergence of these phenomena has raised important questions about the origins of gender stereotyping and prejudice. How do such young children come to endorse stereotypic views? Why do they develop preferences for children of their own sex and biases against children of the other? What factors shape the development of gender attitudes among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers? was based on a reading of the broad literatures on stereotyping and prejudice within social and developmental psychology. The theory also draws upon recent empirical advances in our knowledge of intergroup attitude formation that stem from the burgeoning number of developmental researchers who conduct intergroup research (see Abrams, Rutland, & Cameron, 2003; Bennett & Sani, 2006; Killen, Lee-Kim, McGlothlin, & Stangor, 2002; Levy, Taylor, & Gelman, 1995; Rutland, Cameron, Milne, & McGeorge, 2005; Verkuyten, this volume). Developmental intergroup theory is described in broad terms in Bigler and Liben’s (2006) article, which includes brief examples of applications of the model to a variety of domains of stereotyping and prejudice (e.g., race, gender, physical attractiveness). Here we use the lens of DIT to examine the development of gender stereotyping and prejudice.
A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil
Authors: Perlo Ber van
Published: November 2023

This book is the first comprehensive field guide to the birds of Brazil, featuring 187 beautifully drawn full-color plates with 1796 species accounts, including a distribution map for each species. The volume contains information on bird features, habitat, calls, and species distribution, and pays special attention to the species endemic to Brazil. Species names are given in both English and Portuguese, and frequently used terms are translated in an appendix.
The Prefrontal Cortex Stores Structured Event Complexes That Are the Representational Basis for Cognitively Derived Actions
Authors: Grafman Jordan , Krueger Frank
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on actions at the level of cognitive event execution—whether the person is engaged in the action or making a judgment about a perceived action. It presents studies of events that make up so-called structured event complexes (SECs). SECs contain parsed and recognizable events that fall into a structured sequence. Evidence is presented that the human prefrontral cortex (PFC) stores SECs. It is argued that SECs are the key to understanding the human ability to build and execute daily life activities. Such knowledge, when stored as memories, provides a link between past, current, and future activities.
Decision Utility, Incentive Salience, and Cue-Triggered “Wanting”
Authors: Berridge Kent C , Aldridge J Wayne
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines brain mechanisms of reward utility operating at particular decision moments in life—moments such as when one encounters an image, sound, scent, or other cue associated in the past with a particular reward or perhaps just when one vividly imagines that cue. Such a cue can often trigger a sudden motivational urge to pursue its reward and sometimes a decision to do so. Drawing on a utility taxonomy that distinguishes among subtypes of reward utility—predicted utility, decision utility, experienced utility, and remembered utility—it is shown how cue-triggered cravings, such as an addict’s surrender to relapse, can hang on special transformations by brain mesolimbic systems of one utility subtype, namely, decision utility. The chapter focuses on a particular form of decision utility called incentive salience, a type of “wanting” for rewards that is amplified by brain mesolimbic systems. Sudden peaks of intensity of incentive salience, caused by neurobiological mechanisms, can elevate the decision utility of a particular reward at the moment its cue occurs. An understanding of what happens at such moments leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms at work in decision making in general.
Hussein
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Soon after I began my research, I asked a neighbor in Ouarzazate if he had acquaintances I might interview in Agdez, his small hometown to the south. He immediately thought of Hussein, who had failed his second-year exams at the university in Agadir and come home two years ago to live with his family. He often rode the bus to Ouarzazate to run errands, apply for jobs, and see his friends, so he might have time free to talk with me. Two weeks later, we met over tea at my neighbor’s house. Hussein appeared as a thin, slightly frail young man with finely chiseled features, fastidious in his Western-style dress, and deferential and almost fidgety in his demeanor.
Phenomena of Consciousness
Authors: Bachmann Talis , Breitmeyer Bruno , men Haluk Ög˘
Published: November 2023

Although it was treated respectfully by early researchers such as Wilhelm Wundt, William James, and Edward Titchener, the concept of consciousness virtually disappeared from academic psychology until the 1980s, when it made a triumphant return to the behavioural sciences and reappeared as a legitimate subject of empirical study. There is, however, no succinct handbook or dictionary covering the most important experimental phenomena and research paradigms that have become the psychophysical basis for the modern empirical study of consciousness. This volume provides the first systematic listing and description of the typical experimental phenomena and effects where consciousness appears as a variable of interest. The authors describe the names and labels of these phenomena, the principal authors behind the respective research, the basic experimental designs needed to produce research, and provide a list of useful references that will help readers to expand and deepen their own knowledge of the consciousness.
Computing Brains
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: November 2023

How can brains support computation — not just overt calculations that minds schooled in arithmetics carry out when balancing a checkbook, but the pervasive processing of representations that all minds are made of? As it became clear by the end of Chapter 2, a given computation can be realized in many different ways, depending on the means available for embodying the representations in question and for manipulating them to achieve the desired result. You also saw that banishing the homunculus from our theory of the mind requires that the representations that inhabit the brain be capable of actively manipulating themselves. On the conceptual level, you are thus ready to see the brain metaphorically as an arena in which many active representations interact with each other, with the rest of the body, and with the external world.
Thinking
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: November 2023

What gets you through life is, in a nutshell, this: an ability to figure out what to do next, by thinking. The constant need to plan ahead and choose a course of action arises on all the levels of information processing in which embodied minds are engaged. This makes THINKING an eclectic category that includes both the niceties of millisecond-timescale motor control and the strategic planning of behavior. There is, however, a good reason to regard thinking as a natural kind: all the problems that necessitate it are computationally quite similar to each other. Consider the task that I am presently facing: writing a 15, 000-word chapter that would help myself and perhaps others make computational sense of thinking. Because of the discrete nature of the writing system I use, this overarching task must eventually be re-expressed in terms of about 108, 000 distinct actions, each culminating in the pressing of a key on the keyboard of my notebook.
Memories: To Forget is to Remember
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

In the beginning of the twentieth century, a young woman was hospitalized with such pervasive memory loss as a result of serious brain damage that the staff and her doctor had to reintroduce themselves every time. Slightly annoyed by this, Dr. Edouard Claparède set out to find out whether the young woman really had completely forgotten. Rather mischievously, he hid a pin in his hand the next time he reintroduced himself by offering a handshake. Claparède then le & the room and came back a while later. The young woman was still unable to recognize him, but she refused to shake hands from then on. She was unable to explain why, but she was apparently able to remember without being conscious of being able to remember. ‘is case demonstrates how the brain’s hedonic evaluations may proceed nonconsciously and come to shape our behavior without us knowing why.
Central Gustatory System Lesions and Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Reilly Steve
Published: November 2023

To eat, or not to eat: that is the question. Faced with a novel food, an animal is confronted with a decision that cannot be taken lightly. While consumption may lead to a nutritious meal, it may, if the food is poisonous, cause death. Unsurprisingly, then, powerful learning effects have evolved to guide ingestive behavior. The present review is concerned with the most important of these phenomena: conditioned taste aversion (CTA; Garcia, Kimeldorf, & Koelling, 1955; Lemere & Voegtlin, 1950; Rzóska, 1954). CTAs not only prevent the repeated ingestion of toxic food but they are also implicated in many other situations relevant to our well-being. Thus, in addition to the intrinsic value of determining the normal functioning of the brain, research into the physiological mechanisms of CTA will surely lead to a better understanding of a wide range of health-related issues, perhaps the most clinically salient of which are the adverse dietary side effects of chemotherapy and the associated anticipatory nausea.
Ethical Decision Making In Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

This is an up-to-date guide to ethical decision-making in the daily practice of clinical neuropsychology. Emphasising positive ethics, the book provides a model of a decision-making process by which practitioners can successfully resolve common ethical challenges. It is organised around the Ethical Standards of the American Psychological Association, each of which is systematically applied to neuropsychology and brought to life through extensive case studies that show the ethical decision-making model in action. The book reflects the most recent published ethical, professional and legal requirements and guidelines and synthesises the latest research. The book includes a Continuing Education (CE) component administered by the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology. Those who wish to earn CE credit after reading the book are directed to a test on the AACN website.
Education, Training, Research, and Publication
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

The two academically focused sections of the Ethics Code (Ethical Standard 7, Education and Training, and Ethical Standard 8, Research and Publication) are discussed in this chapter. These sections are presented together because, although it is critically important to neuropsychological ethics, neuropsychologists spend relatively little professional time engaged in these activities compared with clinical activities. Sweet and colleagues (2002) found that about 9 percent of neuropsychologists’ professional time per week is spent in teaching or training, and about 7 percent is spent conducting research, compared to about 70 percent spent in clinical activities. In addition, academically oriented activities result in relatively few ethics complaints and (in my experience) generate much less ethics discussion among clinical neuropsychologists than other professional activities. Thus, the briefer focus on ethical issues in academic activities occurs not because ethical dilemmas are less common, less changing, or less important in such activities but simply because clinical neuropsychologists as a group spend less time engaged in these activities than in applied activities.
Introduction
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

My earlier book The Executive Brain has lived 2 parallel lives in 12 languages: as a trade book for the general public interested in the brain, and as a text read by students, clinicians, and cognitive neuroscientists. The New Executive Brain is a successor book which reflects some of my own more recent thinking as well as the recent discoveries in the vibrant field of cognitive neuroscience. In writing this book I have tried to maintain a balance between it being sufficiently rigorous and informative to be of value to the scientific and professional audience, and sufficiently accessible and entertaining to the general readership.

I hope that The New Executive Brain will also enjoy two parallel lives. Currently, brain research is among the most vibrant and rapidly developing fields of scientific inquiry. In the last 8 years, myriad new developments have taken place, some of which I have tried to reflect here. In addition, numerous general-interest books about the brain have been published, with the brain, brain research, brain ailments such as ADHD and Alzheimer’s disease, and brain remedies including various forms of cognitive enhancement and innovative pharmaceuticals becoming all the rage. Today members of the general educated public are vicarious participants in the incredible journey that neuroscience has become. For these readers my message is, enjoy! I hope that my book will help you take part in this journey.
The Orchestra’s Front Row:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

To appreciate the role of the conductor, one must recognize the complexity of the orchestra. The brain orchestra consists of a large collection of players—the skills, competencies, and knowledge that comprise our mental world. And the neocortex indisputably includes the brain orchestra’s most accomplished players.

Scientists have long been intrigued by the complexity and functional diversity of the brain, particularly its most advanced part, the cortex. Most of us have seen, in college textbooks or on junk-store shelves, old phrenological maps. Today they are mostly dismissed as bizarre quackery. Yet they reflect the state-of-the art understanding of brain organization around the early nineteenth century, when the father of phrenology, Franz Joseph Gall, published his influential work.1 Phrenologists looked at the bumps on the surface of the skull and related them to individual mental abilities and personality traits. They then constructed elaborate maps of those relationships, placing specific mental attributes in specific parts of the brain.

From the standpoint of contemporary science, phrenological maps represented a false start. Like alchemy’s relation to chemistry, phrenology belongs to the prehistory of neuroscience, rather than its early history.
Breaking and Entering
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

While still an undergraduate at the Moscow State University, I was attracted to the idea that for neuroscience to become a mature discipline it needed its own theoretical arm, analytical tools, and mathematics, which would do for brain research what the invention of calculus by Newton and Leibnitz did for physics. It can be argued that the importance of theoretical models is greater in neuroscience than in most other areas of scientific inquiry because the systems of interest are more complex and less linear and have a greater richness of emergent properties, given the complex patterns of interactivity that characterize the brain. While all these attributes make our field of inquiry so exciting, it imposes very severe constraints on the power of strictly experimental methods. No matter how many electrodes one implants into a poor monkey’s brain, the recordings are not likely to reveal the complex neural interactions in play—they are simply too numerous, complex, and nonlinear. Our current attempts to capture such interactions in the human brain with functional neuroimaging are equally limited, for similar reasons.
Epilogue
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

By the the time I wrote this book I had lived significant portions of my life in the East and in the West, and by most realistic projections I had entered its final part—the time of integration, an executive task indeed. In retrospect, my own intellectual journey has been an amalgam and a melding of influences derived from these two worlds, and to the extent that I can claim an intellectual and scientific style of my own, it was shaped by this fusion. I am a man of the East in Western cultural cloth, so to speak. At the beginning of my life’s seventh decade I am still a nomad. I run my clinical practice in New York, and do my research and lecture worldwide.

This book began with the discussion of the brain and ended with the discussion of society and history. The paradigm has been reversed; it is common in the history of ideas to use the concepts of a more mature science as a heuristic metaphor for a more embryonic one. For centuries neuroscience has been the embryonic science borrowing its metaphors from more evolved disciplines: mechanics (hydraulic pumps of the seventeenth century), electric engineering (the telephone switchboard of the early twentieth century), and computer science (the second half of the twentieth century). But now brain science is coming of age and it may be ready to offer its own heuristic metaphors to shed light on other complex systems, including society.
Neuroethology of Pleasure
Authors: Watson Karli K , Shepherd Stephen V , Platt Michael L
Published: November 2023

Readers unacquainted with Hindi, Czech, or Danish may find these words unfamiliar, but all three sayings capture the same idea. In English, they translate as “wine, women, and song”—or, perhaps more familiarly, in the modern era “sex, drugs, and rock’n’roll.” These clichés are relatively pancultural because they speak to all humans about our goals and joys. We pursue water to slake our thirst and wine to please the palate. We pursue the companionship of friends, the dalliances of lovers, and the bonds of matrimony. And we pursue beauty in music, landscape, ideas, and art.
The Dialectics of Pleasure
Authors: Cabanac Michel
Published: November 2023

However, in the middle of the 20th century, the palaeontologist–philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, in his attempt to reconcile biology with physics and astronomy removed the Pascalian anguish. His reconciliation was the result of his reckoning that the human phenomenon represents also an infinite. He considered that matter is organized in living beings and, as a rough estimate of this organization, he counted the number of atoms coordinated in autonomous entities such as the human body.
The Sweetest Taboo: Functional Neurobiology of Human Sexuality in Relation to Pleasure
Authors: Georgiadis Janniko R , Kortekaas Rudie
Published: November 2023

Every organism that is alive today is a direct descendant of one or two ancestors: one in the case of asexual reproduction and two in the case of sexual reproduction. This self-evident truth tells us two things about those ancestors: (i) they reached sexual maturity in a su0ciently healthy state and (ii) they actually replicated. These two achievements, individual survival and species survival, are essential for the continuity of life and, as a result, any trait that increases the ability to execute them is favored by natural selection. It is tempting to call these achievements the goals of life, but apparent goals is a safer term to use.
The Hedonic Brain: A Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Pleasure
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L
Published: November 2023

Pleasure is central to our lives and intimately linked to emotional and reward processing in the brain. In general, hedonic experience is arguably at the heart of what makes us human, but at the same time it is also one of the most important factors that is keeping us from staying healthy (Kringelbach, 2004b; Saper et al., 2002). Understanding the underlying brain mechanisms can therefore help us understand and potentially treat the serious problems of affective disorders, such as, for example unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, chronic pain, and the worldwide epidemic of obesity.
Pain and Pleasure: Masters of Mankind
Authors: Leknes Siri , Tracey Irene
Published: November 2023

For Bentham, the study of pleasures and pains was the study of hedonic feelings. All good feelings were pleasures, and “pain” could describe all that humankind sought to avoid (Bentham, 1789). Everyday expressions (“what a pain!”, “my pleasure” etc.) indicate that this type of categorization of positive and negative hedonic feelings is still in use today. In modern-day science, however, the terms reward and punishment have largely replaced Bentham’s pleasures and pains. For instance, a recent PubMed search of “reward and brain” yielded over 20 times more entries than “pleasure and brain.”
Setting the Stage for Mastery:Developing a Working Hypothesis, Goals for Growth, and a Plan of Action
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Five-year-old Javier has always been challenging, but recently he’s become frighteningly explosive. This intense boy with the big smile is doing so poorly that his childcare program’s director has urgently assembled a meeting of all staff who work with him. Teachers jump in quickly with a range of concerns, reporting that they’ve had to evacuate Javier’s classroom twice in the last week when he started knocking over chairs and tables, that he has to be shadowed constantly for safety reasons, and that in recent days they’ve been kicked and spat at in the midst of his angry episodes. Everyone involved cares a lot about Javier, whose life at home has never been easy. But they fear having to ask him to leave the program. Though they’re used to youngsters from such stressed families, and committed to nurturing them through their preschool years, this level of upset can’t go on much longer.
Helping the High-Energy and/or Inattentive Child:Getting to Work When a Child Has Trouble Slowing Down or Tuning In
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Children who struggle to harness attention can be divided into two basic groups: the spacey dreamers who seem to float through their days, and the “wiggly ones” whose activity levels are so high that it’s hard for them to stop, look, and listen. With the first group, we mostly look to support increased focus. With the second, we target a combination of strengthened attention and body state regulation. This chapter explores approaches to both sets of children because the strategies used to address their vulnerabilities blend together.
Helping the Disengaged, Offbeat, or Gifted but Rigid Child: Getting to Work When a Child Has Trouble Relating With Interest and Flexibility
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at children struggling with a range of interpersonal difficulties. Some have trouble establishing and maintaining a basic sense of relatedness. Others are interested in connecting but do so too much on their own terms. Experiencing profound discomfort when faced with demands for sociability, children in the first group appear emotionally unavailable. Without an easy ability to share ideas, space, and materials, children in the second seem unaware of the nature of social interchange.
Additional IssuesAddressing Trauma and Loss, Monitoring Media Choices, Providing Guidance During Crises, and More
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Adaptations to the strategies explored thus far are often needed in the face of situations that cause children and families extreme distress: abuse, domestic violence, serious illness or death of a family member, divorce or separation, homelessness, parental substance abuse or incarceration, community violence, significant parental (or sibling) mental health issues. The list is long and sobering. Added to it are the complexities of living in a culture that is saturated with violence, violence children hear about and see in the world around them, and watch on film, television, and computer screens. One book can’t explore all these issues in depth without becoming encyclopedic. This chapter takes a brief look at how clinicians address a few of them, including how we help children deal with trauma and loss, death and serious illness, and separation and divorce. It also explores how to support parents in making healthy media and entertainment choices for their children. Lastly, it discusses the importance of having resources on hand for times of crisis and stress. None of these topics are covered thoroughly; clinicians in need of more extensive information will find additional resources listed in this chapter’s endnotes.
An intense laboratory life
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

Between 1889 and 1891, the threat posed by the theory of the neuron had compelled Golgi to focus his research on the nervous system. But his interest in infectious diseases—in particular, malaria—had continued unabated, and his collaborators, particularly Monti, were very active in this field.
Using the Blues
Authors: Miller D Quentin
Published: November 2023

American music underwent profound changes in the twentieth century. With the advent of recording and the rise of radio and film, music was widely accessible and no longer strictly dependent on local, live performance. Its accessibility helped listeners appreciate and explore its diversity: folk-music traditions merged with European-derived classical traditions and challenged the dominance of the classical tradition. One indigenous American form that was a product of such a merging was jazz, an amalgam of the blues, gospel, and classical music.
Are American Voters Polarized?
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

While american voters express considerable disdain for the two-party political system, they are still fairly loyal members of their respective parties, as we show in Chapter 2. And while popular election commentary pays relatively little attention to the enduring importance of party identification, journalists and pundits are nonetheless (and somewhat paradoxically) fascinated by the notion that the American electorate has become polarized. Polarization is a hot topic in the media because, from their perspective, it often entails political conflict of the most visceral kind. The Red state–Blue state metaphor that has become so popular among political commentators involves more than partisan disagreement; in its most extreme incarnation, it represents a clash of values and worldviews pitting traditional religious and moral beliefs against modernism and moral relativism.
Hard Facts and Conventional Wisdom as We Look to the Future
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

The foundation of much of what we know about American voters stems from the research conducted during the 1950s with the advent of large-scale, academic public opinion surveys. The important role that families and peer groups play in shaping our party attachments, the enduring loyalty that party members show for their own parties, and the influence these party attachments have on political choices continue to be as true today as they were almost sixty years ago. As we write this book during the late summer of 2007, it is sometimes hard to reconcile the durability of these hard facts with the enormous social, political, and technological transformations that mark the past sixty years. When Angus Campbell and his colleagues were writing The American Voter in the late 1950s, citizens got their political news from newspapers and radios (and from families, friends, and co-workers).
The Problem of Resistance
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, I have presented a general model of optimal and pathological development in childhood. In this model, the pathogenic process begins with some form of emotional injury—social rejection, academic failure, inability to elicit joyful responsiveness, harsh or persistent criticism. When normal reparative processes fail to mitigate these injuries, painful affects remain active in the mind of the child, leading to prolonged (or easily evoked) states of demoralization—withdrawal or defiant anger. I have compared this process to a malignancy: painful emotions, especially feelings of shame, resentment, and envy, become chronic aspects of the child’s thoughts, fantasies, and behavior, intensify the child’s always present inner conflicts, and increasingly shape the child’s expectations of himself and others. And I have presented a corollary perspective on the therapeutic process, emphasizing the power of empathic understanding to arrest this malignant psychological development and set in motion a process of repair.
Parent Guidance II: Helping Parents with Common Problems of Daily Living
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Parents present us with many concerns about their children. They may initially seek consultation and treatment because of a child’s aggressive behavior or difficulty making friends. But, in the course of our work, other problems are regularly brought to our attention: a child’s difficulty falling asleep at night; fighting with siblings; and battles over chores, homework, and, increasingly, television and electronic games. For these common concerns, many parents ask our “expert” guidance; often, they have “tried everything.”

In this chapter, I will offer strategies to help families resolve or ameliorate many of these common, yet often intractable, problems of daily living. These recommendations are informed by the same basic principle that underlies all of our therapeutic efforts: we help children learn, in manageable increments, to tolerate—and then bounce back from—the anxieties, frustrations, and disappointments that occur, on a daily basis, in childhood and throughout life.
Introduction to Applied Algebraic Systems
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

This upper-level undergraduate textbook provides a modern view of algebra with an eye to new applications that have arisen in recent years. A rigorous introduction to basic number theory, rings, fields, polynomial theory, groups, algebraic geometry and elliptic curves prepares students for exploring their practical applications related to storing, securing, retrieving and communicating information in the electronic world. It will serve as a textbook for an undergraduate course in algebra with a strong emphasis on applications. The book offers a brief introduction to elementary number theory as well as a fairly complete discussion of major algebraic systems (such as rings, fields, and groups) with a view of their use in bar coding, public key cryptosystems, error-correcting codes, counting techniques, and elliptic key cryptography. This is the only entry level text for algebraic systems that includes an extensive introduction to elliptic curves, a topic that has leaped to prominence due to its importance in the solution of Fermat’s Last Theorem and its incorporation into the rapidly expanding applications of elliptic curve cryptography in smart cards. Computer science students will appreciate the strong emphasis on the theory of polynomials, algebraic geometry and Groebner bases. The combination of a rigorous introduction to abstract algebra with a thorough coverage of its applications makes this book truly unique.
History of Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Magic squares go back in ancient history, before the Romans, before the Greeks, before the Hebrews, to the ancient Chinese. Over 4,000 years ago, 2200–3000 b.c., the mythical Emperor Yu is said to have observed some curious markings on the undershell of a large tortoise that had emerged from the Lo River. The marks had the shape of a square, and when they were counted either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally they produced the same number. This was interpreted as a mystical or magical phenomenon and thus these mathematical structures have become known as magic squares. The first written reference to the magic square appeared in 300 b.c. in thewritings of Zhuang Zi [69].
Exotic Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Because a magic square requires that the rows, columns, and diagonals yield the magic constant, there would inevitably spring up some contrary-minded joker who would devise a square in which all these lines yield different sums. One such mind twister was puzzle master Sam Lloyd, who dreamed up a square like this in the nineteenth century. These squares are given the name heterosquares, and one is shown in Figure 8.1 (Heinz and Hendricks [22]).
Solutions to the Puzzles
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

A magic square of order 3 contains cells for nine numbers. Nine odd numbers beginning with 1 are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17. The middle number in this series is 9, and this is also the middle number of the square. It may be attained by adding the first and last numbers of the series and dividing the sum by two. Thus 1 + 17 = 18/2 = 9. It can also be achieved by adding all the numbers in the series and dividing by nine, thus 81/9 = 9. The magic constant is obtained by adding all the numbers in the sequence and dividing by the order of the magic square, thus 81/3 = 27. An easier way is to multiply the middle term by the order of the square, namely, 9×3 = 27. Now, knowing the middle number and the magic constant, we can find four triple sets with 9 in the middle that add to give the magic constant.
Shaky Foundation
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

If agencies are by nature overzealous, failing to adequately account for costs and generally overregulating and overburdening the economy, then it makes sense for central reviewers and judges to put in place a scheme designed primarily to apply the brakes, so long as the central reviewers can be counted on to be more neutral than agencies. This has been the operating theory of the system of regulatory review since President Reagan’s 1981 executive order. Both prongs of this argument, however, are faulty. First, there is no reason to believe that agencies systematically overregulate. Second, it is naïve to expect that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) will be systematically better at maximizing social welfare than regulatory agencies.
Research on Learning Disabilities in Adults
Authors: Mapou Robert L
Published: November 2023

The premise of this book is that assessment of learning disabilities (and ADHD) in adults should be guided by research. In the early to mid-1990s, it was often necessary to guide assessment based on learning disability research on children. However, this is no longer the case. As an aside, it is interesting to note that this is the one area in clinical neuropsychology in which clinicians have had to extrapolate research findings on children upward to clinical assessment of adults. This is very different from assessment of neurological disorders in which, for many years, research on adults was extrapolated downward, often erroneously, to guide assessment of children. Fortunately, most of what has been learned about childhood learning disabilities and ADHD turns out to be applicable to adults. The literature on adults with learning disabilities has grown tremendously over the past ten years, although it is still dwarfed by the amount of research on children. In the past, much of the literature was descriptive, clinical, or theoretical. However, there has been a large increase in the number of studies focusing on neuropsychological and cognitive aspects of learning disabilities in adults, as well as those using functional neuroimaging.
Client Feedback and Documentation
Authors: Mapou Robert L
Published: November 2023

No evaluation is complete without feedback in oral and written form. For the adult seeking assessment of a learning disability or ADHD, direct client feedback is especially important, because he or she will often be using the report to advocate for accommodations and support. Consequently, feedback should be provided in a form that the client can understand, in which professional terms and jargon are minimized or defined as needed. This will also assist others who read the report, and especially those who are not neuropsychologists, in understanding the client’s problems in everyday terms and what is needed to help the client. This chapter discusses issues related to client feedback and documentation. First, the chapter describes the interpretive conference, in which oral feedback is provided, followed by important considerations when writing a report documenting a learning disability or ADHD. Also included is a discussion and brief description of documentation guidelines, with which clinicians completing these evaluations should be familiar. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion regarding the distinction between impairment and a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and how to document that a client is disabled. This includes differences between public education law for primary and secondary students and the ADA as related to documentation and service delivery, how the term disability has been interpreted in different contexts, difficulties for the gifted adult with relative weaknesses in academic skills, common errors made by clinicians when documenting a learning disability or ADHD.