bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copyright and the Commodification of Authorship in 18th- and 19th-Century Europe
Authors: Borghi Maurizio
Published: April 2018

The modern concept of authorship evolved in parallel with the legal recognition of the author as the subject of certain property rights within the marketplace for books. Such a market was initially regulated by a system of printing privileges, which was replaced by copyright laws at the juncture of the 18th and 19th centuries. The inclusion of copyright under the umbrella of property and the dominating economic discourse marked the naissance of a new figure of the author, namely, the author as supplier of intellectual labor to the benefit of society at large. In this sense, products of authorship became fully fledged commodities to be exchanged in the global marketplace.

Focusing on the transition between the privilege and the copyright systems, and the prevailing economic rationale for the protection of works of authorship, leads to a more original understanding of authorship as rooted in the human need for reciprocal communication for the sake of truth. Modern authorship, being grounded in a narrow utilitarian understanding of authors’ rights, is detached from both the economic logic of the privilege system and the rational foundation of copyright.
Cluster Evolution
Authors: MacGregor Nydia , Madsen Tammy L.
Published: April 2018

A substantial volume of research in economic geography, organization theory, and strategy examines the geographic concentration of interconnected firms, industries, and institutions. Theoretical and empirical work has named a host of agglomeration advantages (and disadvantages) with much agreement on the significance of clusters for firms, innovation, and regional growth. The core assertion of this vein of research is that geographically concentrated factors of production create self-reinforcing benefits, yielding increasing returns over time. The types of externalities (or agglomeration economies) generally fall into four categories: specialized labor or inputs, knowledge spillovers, diversity of actors and activity, and localized competition. Arising from multiple sources, each of these externalities attracts new and established firms and skilled workers.

Along with recent advancements in evolution economics, newer research embraces the idea that the agglomeration mechanisms that benefit clusters may evolve over time. While some have considered industry and cluster life-cycle approaches, the complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory provides a well-founded framework for developing a theory of cluster evolution for several reasons. In particular, the content and stages of complex adaptive systems directly connect with those of a cluster, comprising its multiple, evolving dimensions and their interplay over time. Importantly, this view emphasizes that the externalities associated with agglomeration may not have stable effects, and thus, what fosters advantage in a cluster will change as the cluster evolves. Furthermore, by including a cluster’s degree of resilience and ability for renewal, the CAS lens addresses two significant attributes absent from cyclical approaches.

Related research in various disciplines may further contribute to our understanding of cluster evolution. Studies of regional resilience (usually focused on a specific spatial unit rather than its industrial sectors) may correspond to the reorganization phase associated with clusters viewed as complex adaptive systems. In a similar vein, examining the shifting temporal dynamics and development trajectories resulting from discontinuous shocks may explain a cluster’s emergence and ultimate long-term renewal. Finally, the strain of research examining the relationship between policy initiatives and cluster development remains sparse. To offer the greatest theoretical and empirical traction, future research should examine policy outcomes aligned with specific stages of cluster evolution and include the relevant levels and scope of analysis. In sum, there is ample opportunity to further explore the complexities and interactions among firms, industries, networks, and institutions evident across the whole of a cluster’s evolution.
Communicating About Clean Energy and Efficiency Policies
Authors: Shapiro Matthew A. , Bolsen Toby , McCaghren Fleming Anna
Published: April 2018

Public opinion plays a central role in determining the feasibility of efforts to transform energy systems in the coming years, yet scholarship on communication effects and public opinion about clean energy and energy efficiency seems to have expanded only relatively recently. There is a growing body of work that explores how targeted and strategically framed messages affect individuals’ beliefs and motivations to act on matters affecting household energy choices as well as energy policies. One must attend particularly to the principal communication-based factors that shape the public’s understanding of clean energy sources and promote efficiencies in energy use. To better understand the communication vehicles for improving both household energy efficiency and conservation, two research foci are most relevant: (1) field experiments that primarily assess how household energy consumption shifts after receiving energy consumption reports and (2) surveys/laboratory experiments that focus on the nuances of energy-related communications, paying particular attention to the role of politics and ideology. This bimodal classification of clean energy and efficiency communication research genres is not exhaustive but can be synthesized into two major contributions. First, providing households with information about specific benefits that would result from a greater reliance on clean energy may increase support for its development and move individuals toward energy efficiency outcomes; however, exposure to counter-messages that emphasize costs associated with clean energy and the associated policies can negate the effects of pro-clean energy messages. Second, there is still no reprieve from the politicization of energy, and thus the role of partisanship and motivated reasoning must be accounted for when assessing how individuals modify their decision-making processes regarding energy efficiency.
Group Processes
Authors: Stangor Charles
Published: April 2018

Group process refers to the behaviors of the members of small working groups (usually between three and twelve members) as they engage in decision-making and task performance. Group process includes the study of how group members’ characteristics interact with the behavior of group members to create effective or ineffective group performance. Relevant topics include the influences of group norms, group roles, group status, group identity, and group social interaction as they influence group task performance and decision-making, the development and change of groups over time, group task typologies, and decision-making schemes. Relevant group outcomes include group cohesion, process losses and process gains in performance, free riding, ineffective information sharing, difficulties in brainstorming, groupthink, and group polarization. Other variables that influence effective group process include group member diversity, task attractiveness, and task significance. A variety of techniques are used to improve group process.
Police Violence
Authors: Milani Jenna , Bradford Ben , Jackson Jonathan
Published: April 2018

The ability of the police to assert social control and reproduce social order depends, crucially, on the capacity to use force to achieve these ends—whether when restraining someone attempting to self-harm or shooting dead an armed terrorist. But what do we know about police use of force in the United States and England and Wales? Why does unjustified police use of force occur? And why do citizens have different views on the acceptability and unacceptability of various forms of police violence?
Active Electroreception in Weakly Electric Fish
Authors: Caputi Angel Ariel
Published: April 2018

American gymnotiformes and African mormyriformes have evolved an active sensory system using a self-generated electric field as a carrier of signals. Objects polarized by the discharge of a specialized electric organ project their images on the skin where electroreceptors tuned to the time course of the self-generated field transduce local signals carrying information about impedance, shape, size, and location of objects, as well as electrocommunication messages, and encode them as primary afferents trains of spikes. This system is articulated with other cutaneous systems (passive electroreception and mechanoception) as well as proprioception informing the shape of the fish’s body. Primary afferents project on the electrosensory lobe where electrosensory signals are compared with expectation signals resulting from the integration of recent past electrosensory, other sensory, and, in the case of mormyriformes, electro- and skeleton-motor corollary discharges. This ensemble of signals converges on the apical dendrites of the principal cells where a working memory of the recent past, and therefore predictable input, is continuously built up and updated as a pattern of synaptic weights. The efferent neurons of the electrosensory lobe also project to the torus and indirectly to other brainstem nuclei that implement automatic electro- and skeleton-motor behaviors. Finally, the torus projects via the preglomerular nucleus to the telencephalon where cognitive functions, including “electroperception” of shape-, size- and impedance-related features of objects, recognition of conspecifics, perception based decisions, learning, and abstraction, are organized.
Cephalopod Nervous System Organization
Authors: Wang Z. Yan , Ragsdale Clifton W.
Published: April 2018

Over 700 species of cephalopods live in the Earth’s waters, occupying almost every marine zone, from the benthic deep to the open ocean to tidal waters. The greatly varied forms and charismatic behaviors of these animals have long fascinated humans. Cephalopods are short-lived, highly mobile predators with sophisticated brains that are the largest among the invertebrates. While cephalopod brains share a similar anatomical organization, the nervous systems of coleoids (octopus, squid, cuttlefish) and nautiloids all display important lineage-specific neural adaptations. The octopus brain, for example, has for its arms a well-developed tactile learning and memory system that is vestigial in, or absent from, that of other cephalopods. The unique anatomy of the squid giant fiber system enables rapid escape in the event of capture. The brain of the nautilus comprises fewer lobes than its coleoid counterparts, but contains olfactory system structures and circuits not yet identified in other cephalopods.
Xinjiang Under the Qing
Authors: Kim Kwangmin
Published: April 2018

Xinjiang is a 642,800-square-mile area about the size of Iran, comprised of two different ecological zones (northern steppe and southern oases) in the heart of Eurasia. After subjugating the Zunghar Mongols, based in the area, in 1754–1759, the Qing stationed 25,000–45,000 troops there. The empire transferred 850,000–4,000,000 taels of silver from China annually for the financial support of the troops. The Qing also encouraged migration of Han and Muslim Chinese (Tungan) merchants and colonists to develop the underpopulated north, and they relied on oasis Muslim (or “Uyghur”) landlords (beg) to do the same in the south. For the first sixty years, the region witnessed the unprecedented expansion of local economy and the rise of a new regional identity. However, the Qing faced stiff challenges to their authority from the 1820s to the 1860s, as the former ruler of the area of southwestern oases, the Islamic saintly family (khwaja) that lived in exile in Central Asia after the Qing conquest, invaded Kashgar and Yarkand, often supported by the opportunistic ruler of the neighboring Khoqand khanate. The Qing was eventually able to fend off the khwaja challenge. However, the discontinuation of the silver transfer from China during the Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864) led to the fall of Qing rule in 1864. Tungans and native Muslims rose in revolt in the name of holy war, which culminated in the formation of an independent Islamic state presided over by the Khoqandi general Ya’kūb Beg. After the Qing empire reconquered Xinjiang in 1877, the Qing transformed Xinjiang into a Chinese province (sheng) in 1884, largely in response to the increasing activities of the Russia empire, driven by its commercial and territorial ambition. However, the subsequent opening of numerous “treaty ports” across Xinjiang, where extraterritorial condition prevailed, rendered the Qing government’s territorial control over the region incomplete.
The Zanzibar Revolution and Its Aftermath
Authors: Burgess G. Thomas
Published: April 2018

The term “Zanzibar Revolution” refers to (1) the overthrow in January 1964 of the islands’ first postcolonial regime, barely a month after gaining independence from British rule; (2) a period of several weeks following the overthrow when Africans targeted islanders of mostly Arab heritage and identity for violence, plunder, and vengeance seeking; and (3) the years from 1964 through the 1970s, when Zanzibar’s revolutionary regime sought to level island society at the expense of Arabs and South Asians, whose numbers continued to dwindle, mostly through emigration, some of it coerced. While aided and advised by socialist experts from overseas, and inspired by socialist models such as China and the Soviet Union, the regime charted its own unique course, a course influenced by the revolutionaries’ own understanding of the role of race in island society.

The Zanzibar Revolution was exceptional in several ways. Arguably, it was the most lethal outbreak of anti-Arab violence in Africa’s postcolonial history. It was also remarkable in the extent to which it attempted to bring an end to long-standing social and economic inequalities. Since the early-19th century, all the wealthiest and most privileged islanders were Arab or South Asian. Yet after a decade of revolutionary policies, they and their less well-off kinsmen were killed, forced into exile, or reduced to relative poverty. Thus, despite its modest size and population, Zanzibar produced one of sub-Saharan Africa’s only postcolonial revolutions. While scholars may disagree as to what constitutes a “revolution,” if that term refers to a situation in which one regime overthrows another, and then afterwards seeks to “turn society upside down,” then it is an accurate characterization of Zanzibar in the 1960s and 1970s.
HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Authors: Hodes Rebecca
Published: April 2018

Approximately 36.7 million people worldwide are living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Almost 20 percent of South Africa’s adult population (aged fifteen to forty-nine) is HIV-positive, and about one in every five people living with HIV worldwide is in South Africa. The pandemic, and the political controversies it elicited, have come to define both local and global understandings of the post-apartheid nation. The history of HIV in South Africa begins in the 1980s during an era of heightened repression by the apartheid state, in which discriminatory laws and fearful public responses tapped into broader prejudices relating to race and sexuality. During the 1990s, as South Africa transitioned to democracy and as rates of HIV reached pandemic levels, partnerships were built between civil society and state actors to confront the many challenges that the HIV epidemic presented. However, from the late 1990s, corruption and the abuse of political power within the Department of Health, together with the government’s refusal to provide life-saving antiretroviral treatment (ART), ignited a new era in health advocacy. While the HIV-treatment activist movement won the struggle for public access to treatment, Jacob Zuma’s succession to President Thabo Mbeki heralded a new era of political controversies in the state’s HIV response. A copious historiography on the HIV epidemic in South Africa maps the contemporary chronology and evolution of the disease, including a focus on changing public understandings and responses
The Making of the Maghrib: 600–1060 CE
Authors: Fromherz Allen
Published: April 2018

The history of North Africa from the coming of Islam to the rise of the Almoravid Empire in the 11th century is a crucial period in the making of the Islamic Maghrib. From 600 ce to 1060 ce Berbers and Arabs interacted in a variety of ways and through a process of acculturation. This interaction created a distinctive cultural and historical zone called the “Maghrib” or the “land of the setting sun,” a zone that would be recognized throughout the Islamic world. While many questions remain unanswered or yet to be explored from this period due to issues with sources, the first centuries after the coming of Islam to the Maghrib (7th—11th centuries) set the stage for the rise of the great Berber and Muslim empires: the Almoravid and Almohads. This period is crucial for understanding the development and history of Maghribi Islam.
Mixed Frequency Models
Authors: Ghysels Eric
Published: April 2018

The majority of econometric models ignore the fact that many economic time series are sampled at different frequencies. A burgeoning literature pertains to econometric methods explicitly designed to handle data sampled at different frequencies. Broadly speaking these methods fall into two categories: (a) parameter driven, typically involving a state space representation, and (b) data driven, usually based on a mixed-data sampling (MIDAS)-type regression setting or related methods. The realm of applications of the class of mixed frequency models includes nowcasting—which is defined as the prediction of the present—as well as forecasting—typically the very near future—taking advantage of mixed frequency data structures. For multiple horizon forecasting, the topic of MIDAS regressions also relates to research regarding direct versus iterated forecasting.
Behavioral Experiments in Health Economics
Authors: Galizzi Matteo M. , Wiesen Daniel
Published: April 2018

The state-of-the-art literature at the interface between experimental and behavioral economics and health economics is reviewed by identifying and discussing 10 areas of potential debate about behavioral experiments in health. By doing so, the different streams and areas of application of the growing field of behavioral experiments in health are reviewed, by discussing which significant questions remain to be discussed, and by highlighting the rationale and the scope for the further development of behavioral experiments in health in the years to come.
History of European Vernacular Grammar Writing
Authors: Haßler Gerda
Published: April 2018

The grammatization of European vernacular languages began in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance and continued up until the end of the 18th century. Through this process, grammars were written for the vernaculars and, as a result, the vernaculars were able to establish themselves in important areas of communication. Vernacular grammars largely followed the example of those written for Latin, using Latin descriptive categories without fully adapting them to the vernaculars. In accord with the Greco-Latin tradition, the grammars typically contain sections on orthography, prosody, morphology, and syntax, with the most space devoted to the treatment of word classes in the section on “etymology.” The earliest grammars of vernaculars had two main goals: on the one hand, making the languages described accessible to non-native speakers, and on the other, supporting the learning of Latin grammar by teaching the grammar of speakers’ native languages. Initially, it was considered unnecessary to engage with the grammar of native languages for their own sake, since they were thought to be acquired spontaneously. Only gradually did a need for normative grammars develop which sought to codify languages. This development relied on an awareness of the value of vernaculars that attributed a certain degree of perfection to them. Grammars of indigenous languages in colonized areas were based on those of European languages and today offer information about the early state of those languages, and are indeed sometimes the only sources for now extinct languages. Grammars of vernaculars came into being in the contrasting contexts of general grammar and the grammars of individual languages, between grammar as science and as art and between description and standardization. In the standardization of languages, the guiding principle could either be that of anomaly, which took a particular variety of a language as the basis of the description, or that of analogy, which permitted interventions into a language aimed at making it more uniform.
Words Versus Rules (Storage Versus Online Production/Processing) in Morphology
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: April 2018

Speakers of most languages comprehend and produce a very large number of morphologically complex words. But how? There is a tension between two facts. First, speakers can comprehend and produce novel words, which they have never experienced and therefore could not have stored in memory. For example, English speakers readily generate the plural form of wug. These novel words often look like they are composed of recognizable parts, such as the plural marker -s. Second, speakers also comprehend and produce many words that cannot be straightforwardly decomposed into parts, such as bought or brunch. Morphology is the paradigm example of a quasi-regular domain, full of only partially productive, exception-ridden patterns, many of which nonetheless appear to be learned and used by speakers and listeners. Quasi-regularity has made morphology a fruitful testing ground for alternative views of how the mind works.

Every major approach to the nature of the mind has attempted to tackle morphological processing. These approaches range from symbolic rule-based approaches to connectionist networks of simple neuron-like processing units to clouds of richly specified holistic exemplars. They vary in their assumptions about the nature of mental representations; particularly, those comprising long-term memory of language. They also vary in the computations that the mind is thought to perform; including the computations that are performed by a speaker attempting to produce or comprehend a word. In challenging all major approaches to cognition with its intricate patterns, morphology continues to provide a valuable window onto the nature of the mind.
Medical Management of Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Authors: Russell E. Anne , Walsh Warren F. , Costello Ben , McLellan Alex J. A. , Brown Alex , Reid Christopher M. , Tran Lavinia , Maguire Graeme P.
Published: April 2018

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an important cause of heart disease globally. Its management can encompass medical and procedural (catheter and surgical) interventions. Literature pertaining to the medical management of RHD from PubMed 1990–2016 and via selected article reference lists was reviewed. Areas included symptom management, left ventricular dysfunction, rate control in mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, infective endocarditis prophylaxis, and management in pregnancy. Diuretics, angiotensin blockade and beta-blockers for left ventricular dysfunction, and beta-blockers and If inhibitors for rate control in mitral stenosis reduced symptoms and improved left ventricular function, but did not alter disease progression. Rhythm control for atrial fibrillation was preferred, and where this was not possible, rate control with beta-blockers was recommended. Anticoagulation was indicated where there was a history of cardioembolism, atrial fibrillation, spontaneous left atrial contrast, and mechanical prosthetic valves. While warfarin remained the agent of choice for mechanical valve implantation, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants may have a role in RHD-related AF, particularly with valvular regurgitation. Evidence for anticoagulation after bioprosthetic valve implantation or mitral valve repair was limited. RHD patients are at increased risk of endocarditis, but the evidence supporting antibiotic prophylaxis before procedures that may induce bacteremia is limited and recommendations vary. The management of RHD in pregnancy presents particular challenges, especially regarding decompensation of previously stable disease, the choice of anticoagulation, and the safety of medications in both pregnancy and breast feeding.
Antithrombotic Management of Patients With Prosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Sanaani Abdallah , Yandrapalli Srikanth , Harburger Joseph M.
Published: April 2018

Valvular heart disease is a major public health issue. The prevalence of valvular heart disease is expected to increase due to an aging population. Valve dysfunction manifests as valve stenosis, regurgitation, or both due to various etiologies. Valve repair and replacement are the main treatment options for severe valve dysfunction. Valve replacement is achieved by using either a mechanical or a bioprosthetic valve. Mechanical valves are more durable but require lifelong anticoagulation with associated complications. Bioprosthetic valves usually require anticoagulation only transiently after implantation but are less durable and degenerate more rapidly. In this article, we discuss antithrombotic regimens in persons after valve operations. We discuss general issues and antithrombotic recommendations for patients undergoing surgical bioprosthetic valve replacement, mechanical valve replacement (including different regimens for different positions and types of mechanical valves), mitral valve repair, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement. In addition, we discuss the antithrombotic management of patients in special circumstances, including patients with mechanical valves who have recurrent bleeding or thrombotic events, patients with mechanical valves undergoing surgery, and pregnant women with mechanical valves.
Cardioprotection in the Modern Era of Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Godishala Anuradha , Yang Shu , Asnani Aarti
Published: April 2018

The current arsenal of cancer chemotherapy is broad and rapidly expanding and includes conventional cytotoxic agents and targeted and immune-based therapies. As cancer survival rates have improved, the acute and latent cardiotoxicities of chemotherapy have emerged as important contributors to morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. All chemotherapeutic agents have the potential for cardiac complications, with manifestations ranging from subclinical left ventricular dysfunction and asymptomatic QT prolongation, to congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, myocarditis, arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death. Efforts are ongoing to identify patients at high risk of cardiac complications and to develop evidence-based approaches to cardioprotection. In this review, we describe antitumor agents commonly associated with cardiotoxicity, with a focus on risk assessment, surveillance strategies, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions aimed at preventing and mitigating chemotherapy-induced myocardial dysfunction.
The pulmonary artery catheter: is it still alive?
Authors: De Backer Daniel , Vincent Jean-Louis
Published: April 2018

Purpose of review

The present review discusses the current role of the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) in the hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients.

Recent findings

The PAC has an important role in the characterization and management of hemodynamic alterations in critically ill patients. Use of the PAC has decreased in the last 30 years because of recent advances in less invasive hemodynamic monitoring techniques, in particular transpulmonary thermodilution and echocardiography, combined with the publication of the results of several randomized trials that failed to show improvements in outcome with the use of the PAC in various settings. Although it is obvious that the PAC should not be used in most critically ill patients, the PAC is still indicated in some patients with circulatory and/or respiratory failure, especially when associated with pulmonary hypertension or left heart dysfunction. As for any technique, optimal PAC use requires expertise in insertion, acquisition, and interpretation of measurements. The decrease in use of the PAC may unfortunately limit exposure of junior doctors and nurses to this device, so that they become less familiar with using the PAC, making it more complicated and less optimal.

The PAC still has an important role in the cardiopulmonary monitoring of critically ill patients.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver is Contributing to the Increase in Cases of Liver Disease in US Emergency Departments
Authors: Bush Haley , Golabi Pegah , Otgonsuren Munkhzul , Rafiq Nila , Venkatesan Chapy , Younossi Zobair M.
Published: April 2018

Goals/Background:

We aimed to assess temporal changes in the different types of liver disease (LD) cases and outcomes from emergency departments (EDs) across the United States.

Study:

We used data from the National Inpatient Survey database from 2005 to 2011. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) clinical modification codes identified hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and other LDs including autoimmune hepatitis. We excluded cases without LD, nonhepatocellular carcinoma–related cancers, human immunodeficiency virus infection, or those with missing information. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Controls were matched to cases without LD.

Results:

During the study period, 20,641,839 cases were seen in EDs. Of these, 1,080,008 cases were related to LD and were matched to controls without LD (N=19,557,585). The number of cases with LD increased from 123,873 (2005) to 188,501 (2011) (P<0.0001). Among cases with LD, diagnosis of HCV, HBV, and ALD remained stable during the study years (41.60% vs. 38.20%, 3.70% vs. 2.80%, and 41.4% vs. 38.5%, respectively), whereas NAFLD doubled [6.00% of all LD (2005) to 11.90% of all LD (2011) (P<0.0001)]. Diagnosis of LD in the ED independently predicted increased patient mortality [odds ratio, 1.20 (1.17 to 1.22)].

Conclusions:

The number of LD cases presenting to EDs is increasing, and a diagnosis of LD is associated with a higher patient mortality for those admitted through the ED. There is a dramatic increase of NAFLD diagnoses in the ED.
Markers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Are Associated With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Tanzanian Children
Authors: Etheredge Analee J. , Manji Karim , Kellogg Mark , Tran Hao , Liu Enju , McDonald Christine M. , Kisenge Rodrick , Aboud Said , Fawzi Wafaie , Bellinger David , Gewirtz Andrew T. , Duggan Christopher P.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Chronic exposure to enteropathogens may result in environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a subclinical condition associated with poor child growth. Growth faltering is strongly associated with poor neurodevelopment, and occurs during sensitive periods of postnatal brain development. We investigated the role of novel EED biomarkers, systemic inflammation, and micronutrient status on neurodevelopment in Tanzanian children.

Methods:

Non‐stunted subjects with 6‐week and 6‐month blood samples and neurodevelopmental measures (n = 107) were included in this study. Samples were tested for biomarkers of gastrointestinal function (citrulline, antibodies to lipopolysaccharide, and flagellin), micronutrient status (iron, retinol binding protein [RBP], and vitamin D), systemic inflammation (C‐reactive protein [CRP] and alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein), and growth (insulin‐like growth factor and insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3).

Results:

Cognitive scores at 15 months were associated with higher concentrations of 6‐month anti‐lipopolysaccharide IgG (β = 1.95, P = 0.02), anti‐flagellin IgA (β = 2.41, P = 0.04), and IgG (β = 2.99, P = 0.009). Higher receptive language scores were positively associated with anti‐flagellin IgG (β = 0.95, P = 0.05), and receptive language and gross motor scores were positively associated with citrulline at 6 months (β = 0.09, P = 0.02; β = 0.10, P = 0.03, respectively). Gross motor scores were positively associated with RBP at 6 months (β = 1.70, P = 0.03). Markers of systemic inflammation were not significantly associated with neurodevelopment.

Conclusions:

Plasma citrulline, a marker of gastrointestinal mucosal surface area, and vitamin A status were associated with higher gross motor development scores. Novel markers for EED, but not inflammation, were positively associated with cognitive scores, suggesting a possible mechanistic pathway involving immune response and neuroprotection.
Measuring work functioning in individuals with musculoskeletal disorders with reference to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: a systematic literature review
Authors: Sternberg Annika , Bethge Matthias
Published: April 2018

The assessment of work functioning is important to define needs in the context of vocational rehabilitation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) serves as a framework to describe functioning and health. In reference to the ICF, work functioning can be described as consisting of work activities and work participation. A range of instruments are used in rehabilitation practice to assess work functioning. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify questionnaires measuring work functioning with reference to the ICF and to describe these instruments, their linkage to the ICF, and their psychometric properties. Instruments should be suitable for individuals with musculoskeletal disorders. Web of Science and PubMed were searched for English and German studies published between 2001 and 2015. We focused on self-reported questionnaires measuring work functioning with reference to the ICF. Sixteen questionnaires fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The instruments varied in their linkage to the ICF and in their focus on work functioning. Questionnaires measuring concrete work activities differ from instruments measuring aspects of work participation in terms of absenteeism. The Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire is the instrument covering most ICF categories. The results show a range of different instruments that could be useful in certain settings. The description and comparison of the questionnaires can help to choose appropriate instruments in practice.
Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Volumetric Neuroimaging Data and Its Relationship With Cognitive Function in Treated HIV Disease
Authors: Underwood Jonathan , Cole James H. , Leech Robert , Sharp David J. , Winston Alan ,   for the CHARTER group
Published: April 2018

Background:

Accurate prediction of longitudinal changes in cognitive function would potentially allow for targeted intervention in those at greatest risk of cognitive decline. We sought to build a multivariate model using volumetric neuroimaging data alone to accurately predict cognitive function.

Methods:

Volumetric T1-weighted neuroimaging data from virally suppressed HIV-positive individuals from the CHARTER cohort (n = 139) were segmented into gray and white matter and spatially normalized before entering into machine learning models. Prediction of cognitive function at baseline and longitudinally was determined using leave-one-out cross-validation. In addition, a multivariate model of brain aging was used to measure the deviation of apparent brain age from chronological age and assess its relationship with cognitive function.

Results:

Cognitive impairment, defined using the global deficit score, was present in 37.4%. However, it was generally mild and occurred more commonly in those with confounding comorbidities (P < 0.001). Although multivariate prediction of cognitive impairment as a dichotomous variable at baseline was poor (area under the receiver operator curve 0.59), prediction of the global T-score was better than a comparable linear model (adjusted R
2 = 0.08, P < 0.01 vs. adjusted R
2 = 0.01, P = 0.14). Accurate prediction of longitudinal changes in cognitive function was not possible (P = 0.82). Brain-predicted age exceeded chronological age by mean (95% confidence interval) 1.17 (−0.14 to 2.53) years but was greatest in those with confounding comorbidities [5.87 (1.74 to 9.99) years] and prior AIDS [3.03 (0.00 to 6.06) years].

Conclusion:

Accurate prediction of cognitive impairment using multivariate models using only T1-weighted data was not achievable, which may reflect the small sample size, heterogeneity of the data, or that impairment was usually mild.
Cavernous Sinus Aneurysm Associated With Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma in an Adult With von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Authors: Zhou Hui , Sun Shuo , Shi Hui , Ma Kui
Published: April 2018

A case of cerebellar hemangioblastoma with von Hippel-Lindau disease and an aneurysm of the cavernous sinus segment of the internal carotid artery is presented here. A 60-year-old woman presented with a cerebellar solid tumor manifesting as headache of 4 months, progressive vomiting, and ataxia of half a month. Four-vessel angiography revealed a high stain mass tumor located in the posterior fossa; an aneurysm on the cavernous sinus segment of the internal carotid artery was demonstrated at the same time. The ipsilateral anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) branches were the main feeding vessels of the hemangioblastoma. The patient underwent left-lateral suboccipital craniectomy to remove the highly vascular hemangioblastoma. Successful total excision of the tumor was demonstrated on postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images. The unruptured cavernous sinus aneurysm in this case was not on the feeding artery, which was asymptomatic and has not been treated further. The patient was in good condition in 1-year follow-up.
Cardiac Arrest and Death Attributable to the “Diving Response” Triggered During Incision and Debridement of an Abscess of the Forehead
Authors: Kane Steven M. , Davis Jacob
Published: April 2018

The authors discuss about a patient who, while undergoing a routine procedure to drain a subcutaneous abscess within his forehead, suffered cardiac arrest that we conclude was caused by an activation of the diving response. This reflex affects homeostatic function which alters respiration and preferentially distributes oxygen stores to the heart and brain. Under some conditions, however, this reflex can also trigger cardiovascular collapse and death. The diving reflex is can begin with triggering receptors that are sensitive to cold water, submersion, or pressure within the nasal cavity and other areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve. Studies have shown that this afferent response primarily involves branches of the infraorbital nerve and the anterior ethmoidal nerve. However, other more superior nerves such as those exclusive to the forehead region may also be involved. This study demonstrates for the first time the risks and dangers involved in surgical procedures or manipulation of the trigeminal innervated areas of the human face and in particular the forehead.
Early Lactate Values After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Associations With One-Year Outcome
Authors: Laurikkala Johanna , Skrifvars Markus B. , Bäcklund Minna , Tiainen Marjaana , Bendel Stepani , Karhu Jaana , Varpula Tero , Vaahersalo Jukka , Pettilä Ville , Wilkman Erika
Published: April 2018

Background:

Previous studies have shown associations between high admission serum lactate, lower lactate clearance, and increased short-term mortality after out-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We studied whether lactate levels predict long- term outcome after OHCA.

Methods:

We included 458 OHCA patients with lactate measurements during intensive care unit (ICU) stay from the prospective FINNRESUSCI study. We evaluated thresholds for time-weighted (TW) mean lactate values for the first 24, 48, and 72 h. We analyzed lactate clearance and used multivariate regression to assess the prognostic value of the different measurement time points.

Results:

The admission lactate (median [IQR] 3.06 [2.68–3.44] mmol/L vs 4.76 [4.29–5.23] mmol/L) and the last measured lactate (0.98 [0.90–1.06] mmol/L vs 2.40 [2.03–2.78] mmol/L) were higher in non-survivors than in survivors, as were the lowest (0.73 [0.67–0.79] mmol/L vs 1.83 [1.52–2.14] mmol/L) and the highest (3.44 [3.05–3.83] mmol/L vs 5.25 [4.76–5.74] mmol/L) lactate values (all P < 0.001). Time-weighted mean lactate values for the first 24, 48, 72, and for the entire ICU stay were lower in patients with good outcome (P < 0.001). In multivariate backward regression models, time-weighted mean lactate for the entire ICU stay (OR 1.41 per mmol/L, CI 95% 1.08–1.86, P = 0.013) and the last measured lactate in the ICU (OR 2.16 per mmol/L, CI 95% 1.47–3.18, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of poor 1-year outcome.

Conclusions:

In the present study time-weighted mean lactate values for the entire ICU stay, and the last measured lactate value in the ICU, but not admission lactate or lactate clearance were independent predictors of poor 1-year outcome.
Adherence to 20 Emergency General Surgery Best Practices
Authors: Ingraham Angela M. , Ayturk M. Didem , Kiefe Catarina I. , Santry Heena P.
Published: April 2018

Objective:

To examine national adherence to emergency general surgery (EGS) best practices.

Background:

There is a national crisis in access to high-quality care for general surgery emergencies. Acute care surgery (ACS), a specialty leveraging strengths of trauma systems, may ameliorate this crisis. A critical component of trauma care is adherence to clinical guidelines. We previously established best practices for EGS using RAND Appropriateness Methodology and pilot data.

Method:

A hybrid (postal/electronic) questionnaire measuring adherence to 20 EGS best practices was administered to respondents overseeing EGS at all eligible adult acute care general hospitals across the US (N = 2811). Questionnaire responses were analyzed using bivariate methods and multiple logistic regression.

Results:

The response rate was 60.1%. Adherence ranged from 8.5% for having an EGS registry to 86.2% for auditing 30-day postoperative readmissions. Adherence was higher for practices not restricted to EGS (eg, auditing readmissions) compared to EGS-specific practices (eg, registry, activation system). Adopting an ACS model of care increased adherence to practices for deferring elective cases; tiering urgent operations; following National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines; reversing anticoagulants; auditing returns to intensive care, time to evaluation, time to operation, and time to source control; and having transfer agreements to receive patients, ICU admission protocols, as well as EGS-specific activation systems, outpatient clinics, morbidity and mortality conferences, and registries.

Conclusions:

There is substantial room for performance improvement, and adopting an ACS model predicts better performance. This novel overview of adherence to EGS best practices will enable surgeons and policymakers to address variations in EGS care nationally.
Treatment Optimization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Elderly Patients in a Japanese Nationwide Cohort
Authors: Kaibori Masaki , Yoshii Kengo , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Ogawa Asao , Kubo Shoji , Tateishi Ryosuke , Izumi Namiki , Kadoya Masumi , Kudo Masatoshi , Kumada Takashi , Sakamoto Michiie , Nakashima Osamu , Matsuyama Yutaka , Takayama Tadatoshi , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: April 2018

Objective:

We reviewed nationwide follow-up data to determine outcomes of different treatments for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in elderly patients.

Summary Background Data:

Outcomes of early-stage HCC treatments in elderly patients have not been prospectively compared.

Methods:

We included 6490 HCC patients, aged ≥75 years at treatment, who underwent curative hepatic resection (HR, n = 2020), radiofrequency ablation (RFA, n = 1888), microwave ablation (MWA, n = 193), or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE, n = 2389), and compared their characteristics and survival. We used matching propensity score analysis (PSA) between the HR and RFA subgroups with tumors ≤3 cm to overcome baseline bias.

Results:

The HR group had significantly longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) than the RFA, MWA, and TACE groups [RFA vs HR—hazard ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–1.37, P < 0.001; MWA vs HR—hazard ratio: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.22–1.88, P < 0.001; TACE vs HR—hazard ratio: 2.70, 95% CI: 2.44–2.99, P < 0.001). HR and RFA patients had significantly longer overall survival (OS) than the TACE group (RFA vs HR—hazard ratio: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.87–1.17, P = 0.919, TACE vs HR—hazard ratio: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.86–2.40, P < 0.001). PSA successfully matched HR and RFA patients from with primary HCC tumors ≤3.0 cm and similar liver function and tumor characteristics; and showed significantly longer RFS (hazard ratio: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.29–2.10, P < 0.001) and OS (hazard ratio: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.12–2.20, P = 0.009) for HR than for RFA (including subgroup analyses). In Cox proportional hazard analysis, HR offered better prognosis than RFA.

Conclusions:

HR decreases recurrence risk and improves OS in patients aged ≥75 years with primary HCC tumors ≤3.0 cm.
Eight Syndrome: Horizontal Gaze Palsy Plus Ipsilateral Seventh Nerve Palsy
Authors: Green Kemar E. , Rastall David P. W. , Eggenberger Eric R.
Published: April 2018

A 62-year-old woman developed a right horizontal gaze palsy and ipsilateral facial nerve palsy due to a right pontine tegmentum infarct. This constitutes a forme fruste of the eight-and-a-half syndrome that we have termed the eight syndrome.