bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On‐line access to information: NSF as an aid to the indexer/cataloger
Authors: Bennelt John L.
Published: June 2007

When adding a document to a collection, an indexer should choose a representation which makes evident both the content of the document and its relation to other documents already in the collection. Toward this end, the Negotiated Search Facility (NSF) makes possible indexer‐controlled retrieval of information from a collection data base using tools beyond those available in a traditional bibliographic catalog. The design philosophy of NSF is to offer a framework to guide the indexer while allowing him freedom to retrieve any data which he iudges will help him make indexing decisions. An example which indicates how an indexer might use the facility also shows how the display formats and command language promote interaction. While the discussion is directed toward indexing, it should be clear that the facility would be equally useful to a searcher.
Indexing consistency and quality
Authors: Zunde Pranas , Dexter Margaret E.
Published: June 2007

A measure of indexing consistency is developed based on the concept of “fuzzy sets.” It assigns a higher consistency value if indexers agree on the more important terms than if they agree on less important terms. Measures of the quality of an indexer's work and exhaustivity of indexing are also proposed. Experimental data on indexing consistency is presented for certain categories of indexers; and consistency, quality, and exhaustivity values are compared and analyzed. The analysis of indexing exhaustivity leads to the conclusion that the increase of information as a result of group indexing is a process analogous to Bradford's law of information scattering, Lotka's law of scientific productivity, and Zipf's law of vocabulary distribution.
Toward a viable classification scheme: Some theoretical considerations
Authors: Borden George A. , Nelson William F.
Published: June 2007

Drawing on current psychological, philosophical, and rhetorical theories, a scheme is presented which will allow the classification, indexing, and retrieval of information using content‐free cues. The system is patterned after that of human information retrieval and with current software packages can be completely computerized.
Some independent agreements and resolved disagreements about answer‐providing documents
Authors: O'Connor John
Published: June 2007

Eighty‐two documents and 30 questions, in documentation and related areas, were compared to find answer‐providing documents (documents from which answers to questions can be inferred). Two judges (documentation experts) made comparisons independently. They discussed their disagreements, attempting to resolve them. In each case the positive judge (who had independently judged a document answer‐providing) was first asked to indicate what answer he inferred, and from what document passage(s). The further discussion depended on the details of each case. There were 32 independent agreements on positive judgments. There were 48 disagreements between independent judgments, all resolved by discussion. Thirty‐four resolutions were agreements on positive judgments, accomplished by pointing out overlooked passages, unnoticed connections, or alternative meanings. Fourteen resolutions were agreements on negative judgments, accomplished by pointing out document misinterpretations, the challenged positive judge being unable to describe an inference and joint work not finding one, or agreement that both judges lacked sufficient background knowledge. In general, the resolution procedures used will resolve a disagreement about whether a document is answerproviding or reduce it to a familiar kind of scientific disagreement (about a passage's meaning, a statement's correctness, or an inference's correctness). This seems better than treating relevance judgements as subjective and not open to rational discussion.
Charles babbage (1792‐1871)
Authors: Garwig Paul L.
Published: June 2007

Charles Babbage was an English mathematician who devoted most of his life to the design and construction of machines that would perform mathematical operations and produce printed mathematical tables. His first ambition was to build a mechanical calculating machine; his second ambition was to build a mechanical digital computer that could be programmed and used for the same purposes as those of modern electronic digital computers. Although Babbage showed great inventive genius in formulating how these machines were to be built, he only partly succeeded in making his ideas realities. His efforts were thwarted by lack of financial support, zeal on his part to build excessively large machines, far larger than he needed to prove the worth of his ideas, and by inadequate machine tools–he worked decades before machine shop practice could aspire to the kind of precision machinery he needed. As a pioneer in developing the underlying principles of digital computers, he is a major figure in the history of the information sciences. Babbage had many other scientific interests, and, as an indefatigable worker, he made notable contributions to most of the subjects he touched.
Educational resources and curriculum development
Authors: Stone C. Walter
Published: June 2007

Among major questions which must be answered before sound information science curricula can be developed are those which call for more precise definitions of the field and for analysis of present and anticipated career ladders. Also needing study and detailed specification are the aptitudes, knowledges, and skills prerequisite for successful pursuit of given career paths. Unfortunately, too many diverse and too few sound answers have been given these questions to date. Unfortunately also, there exists and persists a kind of mythology regarding the learning process which has been transferred to information‐science classes. For example, the view is sometimes put forth: “That the structure imposed upon knowledge by a discipline is the best structure for transmitting that knowledge to students.” Such myths fail to take into account the needs and possibilities for individualizing and improving the quality of the learning process and new modes and methods of instruction which have been shown to produce accelerated gains in relevant knowledge and abilities in a variety of fields of study. It is hoped that those responsible for planning and administration of professional education in the information sciences will take such possibilities into account.
How to win the pentathlon—unifying theories of information science
Authors: Hillman Donald J.
Published: June 2007

Curriculum development should aim at unifying the separate components in information science rather than standardizing the subject matter. The techniques that were applied to attack systems‐design problems have contributed towards the development of information retrieval theory. Unification of the theoretical activities within a unified framework should be pursued. Terminology reflects theory, so that standardization of terminology would be useful because it contributes toward regulating the theory it expresses.
Information science unlimited? … a position paper
Authors: Klempner Irving M.
Published: June 2007

Discussions relating to the identification of courses and the development of curricula for the informationscience field cannot yield meaningful results unless the conceptual framework of the field is first delimited and its basic segments defined. Starting with the current ASIS definition of information science, an analysis is made of the rationale of current thinking relevant to the conceptual boundaries and intellectual content of the field. Information science is analyzed to be comprised of the segments of: (1) Conceptualization, (2) Storage/Transmission, and (3) Utilization. Two of the segments are shown to be based on subjective notions, which can be investigated, for the most part, through the employment of statistical and normative survey methodology. One of the segments is shown to be susceptible of the application of more rigorous research methodology capable of yielding empirical proof. Since all three segments form integral parts of the field, they need to be fully represented in the information science curriculum. The technologist as well as the humanist can make significant contributions to the growth and development of the informationscience field.
Foundations of a concept for an education program in information science
Authors: Debons Anthony , Otten Klaus
Published: June 2007

Information science as a profession has its origin in the convergence of several information‐related sciences and technologies. These sciences and technologies were given impetus by developments during and following World War II. These made explicit the importance for the greater utilization of information technology to data processing and utilization for human decision functions. The need became evident for trained individuals to handle problems incident to greater information production and to develop systems to cope with such production. The program at the University of Dayton is an example of a graduate program to meet this need. The program postulates that there are training requirements at three levels, namely, Information Technologist at the undergraduate level, the Information System Specialist at the masters level, and the Information Scholar or Scientist at the doctoral level. Regardless of the level, the individual so trained should possess four capabilities; first, the ability to analyze problems systematically, second, the ability to communicate with individuals in other disciplines, third, to know the information technology and how to apply it, and fourth, to understand how the human element interacts with information processing and utilizing functions. To meet this requirement students are required to develop a program in four major areas, namely, in basic formalisms (mathematics, logic, scientific methodology, etc.), computed science, engineering (systems design, simulations, etc.) and behavioral science. Students are required to complete three graduate courses (nine hours) in each of the foregoing areas. Based on experience with the administration of such a program, several recommendations regarding courses and the role of students in the program are presented and discussed.
An analysis of information science programs
Authors: Hoyt Ronald H.
Published: June 2007

Preliminary analysis of information science curricula and courses of 57 institutions of higher education, emphasizing discussion of their structure and areas of concentration is reported. The objective of the study is to identify, by computer indexing and factor analysis programs, the basic concepts present in existing programs and the trends in their structure. Final results of this study will be published as a sequel to this paper.
Electronic transmission for interlibrary loans
Authors: King Ellis F.
Published: June 2007

A consideration of the economic and technical problems relating to facsimile and other forms of electronic transmission as a substitute for interlibrary loans. The author finds that transmission link capacity is enormous in terms of the present volume of interlibrary loans, that electronic transmission is economically practicable only for high volume and short distances, yet the possibilities of such electronic developments offer intriguing possibilities and many intangible benefits.
Hierarchical definition
Authors: Richmond Phyllis A.
Published: June 2007

A consideration of the relation of hierarchical definition to hierarchical classification, coding for machine literature searching, and alphabetical indexing. The author shows that the exact meaning of a term cannot be expressed without some indication of the context in which it is used. This context can be supplied by classification. Hierarchical definition is one of the essential features of contemporary information retrieval systems based upon the subject analysis of knowledge.
Automation in documentation A mechanised coordinate index system
Authors: Plankeel F. H.
Published: June 2007

A description is given of a mechanised and automated coordinate index system which by the substitution of punched tape for term cards and the use of film offers a wide range of new applications.

As in the Uniterm System, each document receives a number. Each position in the punched tape or film is numbered successively from a selected starting point and these numbers represent the numbers given to the documents. Each punched tape represents one term and a perforation in this tape reveals that the document, the number of which corresponds to that of the perforation, has this term as one of its characteristics.

A film contains at each perforation a greatly reduced image of a reference to the document the number of which corresponds to that of the perforation. Thus, if a punched tape and the film are read synchronously, each reference image with a number corresponding to a perforation in the tape will be automatically reproduced. In this way, then, references to all documents for which a particular term is a characteristic can be obtained.

On the other hand, by reading several tapes synchronously it is possible to record fully automatically the numbers belonging to those documents which possess all the terms represented by the tapes.
Mathematical analysis of various superimposed coding methods
Authors: Stiassny Simon
Published: June 2007

The chain‐spelling and random‐number superimposed coding methods and their variants are described. It is shown that for a given field and a given number of words to be punched therein, the above methods are equivalent as far as the probability of a match being false is concerned. For the above methods the optimum number of punches per word is 0.693 x (field size) ‐ (number of words punched) and does not depend on the vocabulary size. The staggered superimposed coding method is also described and analyzed. Charts giving the probabilities of a match being false for various vocabulary sizes, field sizes, and numbers of words punched are provided. Tables extending these figures to multi‐word inquiries are included.
Indexing of metal and thermit corporation research records on keysort cards
Authors: Moran Marguerite K.
Published: June 2007

The author describes in considerable detail a method using Keysort cards supplemented by other controls for the analysis of research records, note books, reports, technical correspondence, market reports, stabilizer evaluation tests, and shipping records. The file emphasizes halogenated synthetic resins and their stabilization against the deteriorating effects of heat and light.
Key word‐in‐context index for technical literature (kwic index)
Authors: Luhn H. P.
Published: June 2007

A distinction is made between bibliographical indexes for new and past literature based on the willingness of the user to trade perfection for currency. Indexes giving keywords in their context are proposed as suitable for disseminating new information. These can be entirely machine‐generated and hence kept up‐to‐date with the current literature. A compatible coding scheme to identify the indexed documents is also proposed. In it elements are automatically extracted from the usual identifiers of the document so that the coded identifier yields a maximum of information while remaining susceptible to normal methods of ordering.
Selective dissemination of new scientific information with the aid of electronic processing equipment
Authors: Luhn H. P.
Published: June 2007

Improvement of scientific communication is sought through machine assisted dissemination of new information. A service system is described in which a new document is characterized by a vocabulary or pattern of keywords. This pattern is then compared with the vocabularies or profiles characterizing each of the participants of the service. If a given degree of similarity exists between the two, the affected participants are notified by a card carrying an abstract. The recipient signifies whether the information is in fact relevant or not by returning or not returning a stub provided with the card. His affirmative response, which may include his request for a copy of the document, is reflected on his profile by incorporating the pattern of the accepted item. Profiles are kept current by discarding patterns after they have reached a certain age. The feedback includes notification of authors as to the reception of their work. The service also facilitates participants' referral of information to others and generally endeavors to promote interchange of information by personal contact.
A comparative study of three systems of information retrieval: A summary
Authors: Stevens Norman D.
Published: June 2007

Three approaches to the problems of information retrieval were examined to determine factors affecting conditions of use. Input costs and cost per usage were much higher for the mechanized approaches than for conventional library techniques. The mechanized system was, for certain types of questions, more efficient than the library reference approach in producing answers. The difference was not great enough to offset the higher basic costs; and a punched card‐handbook system of the type examined is not, therefore, recommended. Conditions under which such a system might be feasible, and what such a system should provide if used, are given. The major recommendation, however, points out the need to find ways in which library catalogs can be strengthened to provide a more efficient level of indexing and more ready access to concealed data.
Applications of machines to library techniques: Periodicals
Authors: McCann Anne
Published: June 2007

Throughout the years librarians have constantly searched for ways of accomplishing their objectives more simply—more directly—more quickly. New and more efficient equipment has frequently been their ally in the race against time and the ever‐mounting quantity of publication. Witness, for instance, the recent revolution in copying methods, which has brought quick‐copy equipment into even the smallest libraries to assure more effective use of resources. Of late a different kind of equipment has been responsible for some profound thinking on the part of librarians. I refer to the machinery which is the central feature of an entire complex of activities known as mechanized data processing. For some time we have wondered if our library operations, which usually involve multitudinous records of repetitious transactions, cannot be speeded and their cost lowered by machine data processing. The question is—how, and which operations? Today's discussion has been undertaken in order to explore the various ways in which punched cards are being used at present in library processing operations. Your speakers today will review library operations which are familiar to all of you and show how these operations have been converted step‐wise into machine operations.
Notes on the distinction between character recognition machines and perceiving machines
Authors: Jones Robert M. , Taube Mortimer
Published: June 2007

This paper attempts to develop formal distinctions between a machine that passively classifies its inputs into predetermined categories, and one that develops its own classificatory scheme. The greater generality of the latter as against the former is pointed out.
Methods of organizing information for storage and searching
Authors: Herner Saul
Published: June 2007

The following five factors are either going to have, or already have had, a basic effect on how information is organized for retrospective search: Uniterm indexing, keyword or KWIC indexing, the work of Stevens, Schultz, Stiles and Luhn in bridging the gap between the indexer and searcher, character‐recognition devices, and the Multiple Instantaneous Responses File or MIRF.
Retrieval of information from medical records
Authors: Kincaid William H.
Published: June 2007

Last year approximately thirty million patients were discharged from hospitals in the United States. Each left behind a medical record to be added to the more than half a billion records of hospitalizations already in the files of American hospitals. These records contain a vast amount of medical information of wide variety and an important reason for their retention is medical research.

The Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, through its major program, the Professional Activity Study, has been studying for the past nine years the problem of retrieval of information from these records for use in research. Through a system of voluntary participation on the part of hospitals the Commission has already established a library of more than five million abstracts of medical records and this research pool is growing at the rate of more than 1.8 million abstracts per year.

Through research studies using this storehouse of data much has been learned about the variations in medical practice both among hospitals and among physicians in the same hospital. Examples of research studies (average hemoglobin values and over‐all transfusion rates) demonstrate the potential usefulness of this approach. Perhaps someday electronic machines, by using to a full extent this vast amount of information, will be able to detect and report automatically even subtle changes in medical practice.
An abstract service for specific research areas of high current interest: A preliminary report
Authors: Most S. , Kessler S. Sim
Published: June 2007

In order to provide a rapid, comprehensive survey of specific research areas of high current interest, but of highly diversified literature, an abstract service was organized in August, 1958. Cancer Immunology Abstracts was the first of five publications; best known is Cancer Chemotherapy Abstracts; newest is Psychopharmacology Abstracts. Abstracts are prepared by a staff with bio‐medical graduate degrees who become familiar with and proficient in the areas of survey; papers are re‐read and checked by a second abstracter, then checked again by the editor. The emphasis is on selective and accurate abstraction from the viewpoint of the particular publication, with drug and data standardization. Scanning procedures included survey of 4700 biological and medical journals, with page‐by‐page analysis of a large number; abstracts, meetings and book reviews are included. Abstract journals and patent sources are covered for material not generally available; arrangements are made for direct receipt of these, since all abstracting is done from original sources.

Advantages to the reader are greater coverage, specific topic extraction, and speed. Among the analyses to be presented will be comparisons with other documentation sources as to: (1) number of references selected for specific therapeutic agents; (2) time interval between appearance of a meeting abstract and the full report; (3) number of subject entries per abstract; (4) percentage of references chosen from selective reference lists; and (5) time interval between publication of an article and appearance of its abstract.

Thorough coverage in depth of specific fields versus wide topic spread will be discussed.
Machine retrieval of pharmacodynamic data
Authors: Dietrich E. V.
Published: June 2007

This report discusses the use of IBM cards for the coding and recording of a multiparameter screen—the pharmacodynamic assay as developed at McNeil Laboratories. The author shows that such a practice is both feasible and practical for selecting and grouping data.
The role of the American documentation institute in international documentation
Authors: Dubester Henry
Published: June 2007

The international role or international contributions of the American Documentation Institute will, in effect, be a reflection of its domestic program. This is true not only for the future but also for the past in which ADI has made notable contributions, nationally and internationally, regardless of the character of its organizational relationships.
Semantic information
Authors: Maloney Clifford J.
Published: June 2007

Efforts to devise a calculus adequate as a foundation for information retrieval have taken a number of forms. Semantic and signal information theory have in common the mathematical model consisting of an n‐dimensional Euclidean space. In semantic information theory, however, probability plays no part. What is of interest are those codes in which the transformed space is isomorphic to the original space under transformation and which preserve a “match” relation. Code transformations are applied separately to each document and query vector in the system, and those documents which match a given query vector before the transformation must do so afterwards. Query vectors are distinguished from document vectors by the inclusion of one or more “joker” symbols which match all codes in the given vector position.

A major distinction between the communication and information retrieval context is shown in that, contrary to the former, shortened codes are only achieved at the cost of information in the latter.
A plan to reduce costs of technical library operations in the department of defense
Authors: Langenbeck Earl H.
Published: June 2007

Unnecessary expenditures exist in the duplication of cataloging technical reports by the technical libraries of the Department of Defense. This duplication can be eliminated by requiring each activity originating reports to do the complete cataloging. Cataloging information should be provided to all recipients of reports by making it an integral part of the reports. This plan requires the establishment of DOD‐wide standards for descriptive, subject, and subject code cataloging, and the creation of a standard code and dictionary for machine retrieval of technical information. The plan presents the framework for the elimination of the present duplication and indicates the potential savings to be realized.
Indexing and abstracting by association
Authors: Doyle Lauren B.
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the possibility of exploiting the statistics of word co‐occurrence in text for purposes of document retrieval. Co‐occurrence is defined and related to the mental processes of authors and readers; several means of quantitative measurement of word co‐occurrence are then scrutinized. It is shown that the most strongly co‐occurring word pairs, which are therefore “associated” in a statistical sense, can be represented in the form of an “association map.” The last half of the article presents two modes of use of association maps in literature searching.
Training in bibliography and information techniques for the soviet student
Authors: Buist Eleanor
Published: June 2007

For comparative purposes this paper presents a translation of the outline of a sixteen‐hour course designed to introduce Soviet students in higher educational institutions to sources of scientific and technical information. The plan provides for lecture and practice in the study of Soviet and foreign bibliography, adaptation to specialties, and an introduction to mechanized techniques.
Photochromic micro‐images, a key to practical microdocument storage and dissemination
Authors: Tauber Alfred S. , Myers Wilbur C.
Published: June 2007

Recent research and development within The National Cash Register Company has resulted in a new technique for the storage and dissemination of microdocuments. This new technique, Photochromic Micro‐Images (PCMI), had made very high‐density document storage feasible at linear reductions of 200:1, representing an area reduction of 40,000:1. Features of the PCMI process are described. Next, micro‐image system elements are reviewed with respect to their basic functions and potential incorporation into complete micro‐image systems. Finally, some potential future applications of microimages in the fields of document storage and retrieval, libraries, and microform publishing are discussed and explored.
Maxterm‐miniterm: An alpha numeric notation for significant document storage
Authors: Feichtinger H. George
Published: June 2007

While inverted indexing systems have provided new capabilities in information searching and retrieval, the use of nonsignificant or accession index notation and document storage has also imposed various fundamental restraints on the basic user‐collection relationship. The purpose of this paper is to outline an indexing notation approach which can modify these constraints and still retain the search simplicity and effectiveness of inverted indexing. This concept has been designated as Maxterm‐Miniterm.
Requirements for a scientific mission‐oriented information center
Authors: Shilling Charles W.
Published: June 2007

Planning for a mission‐oriented information center requires determination by the interested scientific group of: the subject area to be covered; the type and number of persons to be served; the kind of services desired, i.e., parameters of the customer's need, form of copy desired (original article, microform, abstract), how frequently services are desired; the extent of coverage in estimated number of articles; and what professional and financial support can be counted on. As a method of obtaining many of the answers, the interested group can provide B A I T as background information (Bibliography, Abstracts, Indexes, and Translation), using several of the newer techniques. For example, in preparing indexes, key‐word techniques should be used, and a citation index should be prepared in the crucial subject area.
SHIEF: A realizable form of associative memory
Authors: Cheydleur Benjamin F.
Published: June 2007

To map the connections between index terms and items, a threaded‐list system of organizing a standard computer memory is developed. Two regions of memory are required: one for effecting content‐addressability and the other for associativity and cross‐referencing. Through special microsequencing and finely structured linkaging, the system obviates serialized scanning as a search strategy. When joined with discs and bulk memory, the system can be used for information retrieval without recourse to batch‐processing of retrieval items. Since responses to any one of a large variety of queries can be made within human reaction time, a SHIEF system should meet the speed requirements satisfactory for browsability, including indirect referencing.
Is information retrieval approaching a crisis§
Authors: Bar‐Hillel Yehoshua
Published: June 2007

The argument of exponential growth of scientific publication as a reason for mechanizing information‐retrieval procedures is examined and rejected.
The use of diary and interview techniques in evaluating a system for disseminating technical information
Authors: Resnick A. , Hensley C. B.
Published: June 2007

Diary and interview techniques were employed to evaluate various aspects of a Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) System introduced in the International Business Machines Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. The test population consisted of a representative stratified sample of IBM Research employees. The design of the experiment utilized three sets of matched subjects, two as test groups and one as a control group. All three groups were asked to keep, for a specified two‐week period, a diary of all readings that were relevant to their work interests. After the diary period, all subjects were interviewed with regard to their information‐gathering habits. The two test groups were then exposed to the SDI System for approximately ten weeks, while the control group received no exposure to the system. During the last two weeks of the subjects' exposure to the SDI System, all three groups were again asked to keep diaries of pertinent readings, and then all subjects were again interviewed. In utilizing this test‐retest situation, it was anticipated that any significant changes in the reading habits or information‐gathering techniques of the subjects could be detected and perhaps consequently related to the SDI System. An evaluation of the techniques employed is discussed, and some of the findings are compared to results of other research workers in this area.
Some proposals for handling the information problem—a brief bibliographical essay
Authors: Quenzel Carrol H.
Published: June 2007

Computers are not a solution for all bibliographic problems. Nevertheless, more machine control of information in university and other research libraries seems inevitable because of the frequent necessity and difficulty of determining what, if any, research has been done on certain subjects.

The Library of Congress is currently conducting a computer feasibility study. The use of a Listomatic camera has increased the coverage and recency of The Index Medicus. One midwestern library is so pleased with the results of a preliminary study that it is planning to convert to an automated operation soon.

A radical reorganization of university and research libraries is envisioned by some writers. One proposal calls for a national research library from which copies of desired items could be obtained by dialing the appropriate number. Others would have this service provided by six regional core libraries.

Certain writers stress thorough investigation and extensive planning before any library decides to automate. Two of these specialists question the existence of a general information inundation.
New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing
Authors: Garfield E. , Sher I. H.
Published: June 2007

More than one million citations from the scientific literature have been processed by the Citation Index Project at the Institute for Scientific Information. The Project, sponsored by NSF and NIH, will be described briefly, and new methods of using citation data for evaluation of publications will be discussed.

Summaries of statistical data, compiled by computer methods such as the following, will be given.

Frequency of citation of one journal by another.

Frequency of current citations to the past literature.

Frequency of self‐citation by journals and authors.

Number of source citations per cited paper.

Number of references per source paper.

Number of papers published per journal.

Information scientists and research workers are encouraged to use this unique reservoir of information for additional statistics applicable to their fields of work as a basis for comparative studies on the efficacy of various indexing techniques.
A quantitative study of characters on biomedical catalogue cards—a preliminary investigation
Authors: Sprenkle Peter M. , Kilgour Frederick G.
Published: June 2007

The data reported in this paper were compiled for use in estimating computer memory file capacity required to store information from research medical library card catalogues. The computer file would be the basis for an automatic information‐retrieval system. The findings also provide comparisons of descriptive and subject cataloguing practices in the Columbia, Harvard, and Yale Medical Libraries as well as cataloguing of biomedical books at the Library of Congress. Such data seem not to have appeared in the literature before and are being published with the hope that they will be useful to others in the early stages of devising unconventional library information‐retrieval systems as well as mechanized cataloguing procedures.
The holy grail evades the search
Authors: Carlson William H.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents the views and reactions of one traditional librarian to the search for literature control by machine. Everyone in the cultural community with any perceptiveness and vision must be concerned about, possibly even a bit awed by, how much has been written, is being written, and by the rapidity of the quantitative increase. It is natural that man, in his efforts to keep the massive record of his articulate‐ness organized and findable, should look hopefully to the machine which he has bent to his will and needs in so many directions.
Some hierarchical models for automatic document retrieval
Authors: Salton Gerard
Published: June 2007

Within the last few years, several automatic indexing and abstracting systems have been designed which are based primarily on word frequency counts and on techniques for measuring word and document associations. These systems are not wholly successful because both the sentence structure and the semantic relations between words are normally disregarded.

An attempt is made in the present study to overcome the limitations of the strictly quantitative methods by presenting two systems for automatic document retrieval which are based on hierarchical storage arrangements as well as on the usual frequency counts and association measures. The first one utilizes a hierarchical arrangement similar to a library classification schedule, including lists of synonyms or related words, and cross‐references. The second uses, in addition, a simplified form of syntactic analysis, thus making it possible to represent the syntactic dependency structure between individual words. The required retrieval operations are described briefly and are compared with those of the simpler quantitative model.
On the occurrence of reversible words
Authors: Livant William Paul , Boyd John Paul
Published: June 2007

We consider the population of trigrams in printed English of the form consonant1‐vowel‐consonant2. It is shown that, if a trigram C1VC2 is an English word, then its symmetric permutation, C2VC1, is likely to be an English word more often than expected on the basis of the ratio of all words to all trigrams. It was conjectured that the set of trigram words tends to be closed under the formation of mirror images; i.e., the permutation of the consonants of one trigram word yields another trigram word rather than nonsense. But it is shown that the number of symmetric combinations (C1VC2: C2VC1), both of which are words, can be predicted from 1) the relative frequencies of letters in all trigram words and 2) the particular frequency distributions of consonants in C1 and C2.
Economics of journal publication
Authors: Kuney Joseph H.
Published: June 2007

The publisher of primary journals faces the problem of how to continue to pay the costs of publishing in the face of a steadily expanding flow of literature, particularly the trend toward specialization. The former tends to add to his costs, while the latter tends to reduce the number of those willing to share the cost of publication.

As new publications become more specialized in character and content, they tend to approach highly individualized information systems. It also becomes more difficult to maintain interdisciplinary contact. The resultant problems are significant to all concerned.

It seems clear that the economics of the situation is going to be a decisive factor in reaching ultimate solutions. Whether we find new ways to support primary journals or seek to finance the dissemination of primary information by developing new methods of distribution will depend largely on how well we use our creative abilities to analyze our needs and to provide the answers.
The distribution of term usage in manipulative indexes
Authors: Houston Nona , Wall Eugene
Published: June 2007

A semi‐empirical correlation, based on data from nine indexes, permits the prediction of the percentage of terms in a manipulative index vocabulary which will be used to index any given number of documents. This is a function of the total number of index entries in the system. A log‐normal relationship, similar to Zipf's Law, exists between total index entries and distribution of term usage. Based upon the correlation, optimum vocabulary size and growth rate can be inferred, as well as the most efficient arrangement of index entries in a storage medium. The results agree well with published data and appear to be particularly useful for designers of mechanized retrieval or publication operations.
Detailed discussion of bar‐hillel's “theoretical aspects of the mechanization of literature searching”
Authors: Manly Ron
Published: June 2007

Bar‐Hillel is criticized as tending to use the terms “impossible” or “unfeasible” for almost anything that cannot be done immediately. This is considered inappropriate for evaluating research. It is stated that there seems to be no reason why a lower limit in the costs of machine processing should exist that would be above comparable costs of human processing. This is presented to counter Bar‐Hillel's doubts as to whether machines can do complex information processing tasks (in the area of documentation) cheaper than present methods. A “proof” that machines are capable of fully‐automatic, high‐quality indexing, extracting, abstracting, etc., is presented to refute Bar‐Hillel's doubts on this point (and as a counter‐proof to Bar‐Hillel's demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully‐automatic, high‐quality machine translation of languages). Other topics discussed include: types of information retrieval systems and distinctions between various complex information processing tasks.
Cost analysis and simulation procedures for the evaluation of large information systems
Authors: Bourne Charles P. , Ford Donald F.
Published: June 2007

A computer program has been written and used which simulates the several‐year operation of an information system and computes estimates of the expected operating costs as well as the amount of equipment and personnel required during that time period. The program has been used for the analysis of several large systems and has proven itself to be a useful research tool for the study of systems with so many components and interrelated operations that an equivalent manual analysis would be extremely cumbersome and time consuming, and perhaps even impractical. This paper describes this program and shows, as an example, some of the results of a simulation of two of several suggested designs for a specific information system.
Boeing SLIP: Computer produced and maintained printed book catalogs
Authors: Weinstein Edward A. , Spry Joan
Published: June 2007

The Boeing SLIP system provides a method for producing distributable printed book catalogs for all types of library materials, utilizing IBM 7094, 7090, or 709 computers. Initial input is by either punched paper tape or cards. Basic to the program is a core storage method utilizing string tables and sorting principles analogous to those of LC. Outputs are alphabetical printed lists in a variety of formats.
The structure, objectives, and findings of a study of scientific information exchange in psychology
Authors: Garvey William D. , Griffith Belver C.
Published: June 2007

The general objective of this study was to develop a description of the scientific information exchange environment in psychology by determining the responsibilities of the persons and institutions associated with the origination, transmission, storage, and use of scientific information; the characteristics of the processes involved in the fulfillment of each of these functions and of the storage properties they afford; and, finally, the utilization of scientific information. To accomplish this objective sixteen specific studies were designed of which nine are available as technical reports. Findings trace the dissemination of information from initiation of research through archival publication (stressing that type of communication occurring at conventions); discuss access to and use of archival media; and determine the characteristics of the user's behavior in his search for and use of needed information. Subsequent work will emphasize the user's behavior and will develop and test communication innovations which seem practical and desirable.
Identifying key contributions to information science
Authors: Cuadra Carlos A.
Published: June 2007

Several alternative aproaches were examined to determine how one might identify the key contributions to “information science.” The advice of experts provides some assistance, provided one is prepared to cope with their differing value systems. Reliance on current textbooks can also be helpful, provided it is recognized that they show very considerable variation in point of view, subject coverage and — apparently — in the selection of references. For example, of 911 distinct references contained in the six current texts that were analyzed, only 14% of them appeared in more than one of the books. The unclear selective patterns in current bibliographies in the information science field also presented problems. The present attempt to identify key contributions suggests that we are far from common agreement on the conceptual, methodological, or practical contributions to the information science field.
Analogy between information retrieval and education
Authors: Heilprin Laurence B. , Goodman Frederick L.
Published: June 2007

This work is presented as a challenge paper for a symposium on education for information science to be held by the American Documentation Institute in September, 1965. The paper suggests that both searching for information in a collection of stored messages and searching for information in the process of education have been subject to and shaped by one basic constraint—the very limited rates of flow of information into human sense channels. It is shown how information retrieval and education each have surmounted the same difficulty in the same way, by many‐1 homomorphic transformations on messages which greatly reduce their word (or bit) content while preserving certain minimum invariants which identify the messages. From the homomorphic reductions, sensing time has been reduced further by means of the equivalence classes derived from the “vocabularies” in which the reduced messages are recoded. A quantitative partial model of information retrieval (to be presented in greater detail elsewhere) is suggested as homomorphic with education. Some possible applications to education in general and to education for information science in particular are discussed.
Testing, comparison, and evaluation of recall, relevance, and cost of coordinate indexing with links and roles
Authors: Montague Barbara A.
Published: June 2007

This paper evaluates the effect of system components such as links, roles, depth of indexing, vocabulary control, generics, and search strategy on recall, relevance, and cost of a patent index and compares retrievability and cost of coordinate indexing with classification.
An on‐line technical library reference retrieval system
Authors: Drew D. L. , Summit R. K. , Tanaka R. I. , Whiteley R. B.
Published: June 2007

In October 1964, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company (LMSC) started to experiment with an on‐line reference retrieval system which uses a coordinate search strategy. Installation of the retrieval system was greatly facilitated by the existence of the LMSC on‐line Automatic Data Acquisition (ADA) system which provided the vehicle for this application.

Experience with the current hardware‐limited design has led to a more flexible “conversational” approach which is currently being implemented. The current system and the second‐generation design using a “dialogue” are briefly described.
On laws of special abilities and the production of scientific literature
Authors: Mantell Leroy H.
Published: June 2007

A quantitative estimate is made of the magnitude of the problem posed by the quantity of scientific and technical literature produced using improved estimation procedures, which produce more conservative estimates than those previously offered. The key is a method of estimation of literary productivity per man. The possibility that many contributions are presented in more than one publication is suggested.
Indexing problems and some of their solutions
Authors: Loukopoulos Loukas
Published: June 2007

This paper concerns problems of redundancy and inaccuracy in the indexing of technical information, illustrated by the coordinate indexing scheme employed in the NASA Information System. A proposal is made for the elimination of “panacea” or “catch‐all” terms, and a rule for uniform grammatical negation is given. The effects of synonyms, antonyms, and negations on the overall efficiency of the information system are illustrated. Merits are discussed and rules are given for indexing under acronyms whenever possible. Finally, the concept of a “pictorial thesaurus” is proposed to exhibit hierarchy and connectivity of terms as an aid to indexing and retrieving of information.