bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Investigation of Magnesium Slag as Desulfurizier
Authors: Fan Bao Guo , Jin Yan , Zheng Xian Rong , Qiao Xiao Lei , Wang Xu Tao
Published: October 2011

An experimental study has been performed on the desulfurization performance of the original magnesium slag (from the process of magnesium production). The total content of CaO and Ca2SiO4 is near 90% in the slag, but its conversion rate is below to 30% as desulfurizer directly in the experimental conditions. The aim of this paper is to enhance the performance of the slag by the hydration treatment process. In the hydration process, the slag, additives and water are mixed proportionally in slurry, then dehydrated and dried. Compared different slag performance by TGA, the optimal hydration method is found. The results show that a much higher calcium conversion rate (about 40%) of the slag is obtained after the hydration process. By means of XRD, Sorptomtic Instrument and SEM, the related parameters of the original slag and the hydration treated slag are analyzed. It is found that the composition, appearance and surface area changed obviously. The principle is basically studied that the hydration may enhance the desulfurization performance of the slag.
An Economic Comparison of CO2 Pipeline Transport Processes for Dongfang 1-1 Gas Field EGR Program
Authors: Zhang Shuang Lei , Li Chang Jun , Zhang Ji Chuan , Li Jun
Published: October 2011

As more and more natural gas fields with high content of CO2 have been exploited, it is a strategic significance to capture and take good use of the waste gas while reducing CO2 emission to atmosphere. Pipelines have been identified as the primary means of transporting CO2 from point-of-capture to storage sites, but there is little published work on the economics of CO2 pipeline transport study either exclude transport costs or assume a given cost per tonne of CO2 in addition to capture costs.This paper simulates the CO2 pipeline transport processes of different diameters by liquid and supercritical phase, and estimates the total costs of different transport cases. By comparing the economic value of different cases comprehensively, the optimal transport option for Dongfang 1-1 gas field EGR program has been analyzed.
Extraction of Gatifloxacin in Water by Use of Ionic Liquid–Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System
Authors: Zhao Wen Yan , Zhang Jing , Ge Xiang , Lu Yue , Hu Rui Sheng
Published: October 2011

An ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate( [BMIM] BF4) / salt aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was presented as a simple, rapid and effective sample pretreatment technique coupled with double-beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer for analysis of gatifloxacin in water. For the purpose to choose optimal conditions, various factors were considered systematically, and the results indicated that the pH value, the salt-out ability of salt and the amount of [BMIM] BF4 had great inﬂuence on phase separation and extraction. Under the optimal condition, gatifloxacin in different concentration were enriched and determined, the recovery was 87.3–91.5%.
The Status, Causes and Strategies of the Waste Oil in China
Authors: Wang Jian
Published: October 2011

Environment Protection and Food Security are included in the key issues of people’s livelihood during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. The waste oil, which direct discharge of it would pollute the environment, thus threatening the environment; what’s more, it would do great harm to the health of people, challenges food security seriously. Enhancing the supervision of waste oil is an important task of social problem. Based on the practical researches in some areas such as Beijing and Chongqing, with other studies about the same subject and comparison of the experience abroad, this article elaborates on the current status, causes and hazards of the waste oil systematically. It also has put forward a sound system of supervision. All of these are important for people to have better understanding and complete solution of the problem.
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium-Contaminated Wastewater by Micro-Emulsion Liquid Membrane Method
Authors: Zhu Chun Shan , Qiu Li , Song Jia , Yuan Yan Li
Published: October 2011

The micro-emulsion liquid membrane (MELM) was prepared for the extraction of hexavalent chromium (Cr (Ⅵ)) from wastewater. The membrane phase consists of kerosene as a membrane solvent, tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a mobile carrier, and sorbitan monooleate(Span80) as a surfactant. A NaOH solution is the internal aqueous phase. The effects of different conditions on the extractive of Cr (Ⅵ) were discussed. The results showed that the removal rate of Cr (Ⅵ) could reach 99.78% when the NaOH concentration was of 0.1mol•L-1 in internal phase, the pH values 1.0-1.75 in external phase, Rew of 1:3 and Roi of 2:1, stirring time of 12min and stirring rate of 320r•min-1, 10% of carrier and 15%-17% of surfactant.
Preparation of Foam Concrete from Graphite Tailing
Authors: Wang Shao Hai
Published: October 2011

This graphite belongs to graphite schist deposits, the main mineral component is feldspar, quartz, diopside, amphibole, followed by mica, chlorite, calcite, pyrite, etc.; The average particle size of the mineral is 0.10 mm. After experimental evidence, the direct use of graphite mine tailings, ordinary cement, foamer and other materials for prepared foam concrete, and its performance fully meet the requirements of B07 density rate in JC/T 1062-2007 standard and the middle strength for the A2.5.
Theoretical Study of the 1CHCl + 3O2 Reaction
Authors: Shi Cong Yun , Liu Xing Zhong , Xu Da Xiao , Zhan Zhi Gang
Published: October 2011

Subscript textIn order to clarify the reaction mechanisms of the singlet monochlorocarbene radical (1 CHCl) with 3O2 on the singlet potential energy surface (PES), a detailed theoretical study was carried out at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. It is found that the first step is the formation of the planar adducts HClCOO via a barrierless association in the 1 CHCl +3 O2 reaction, and then some isomerizations and breakages of bonds takSuperscript texte place, producing P1 (HCO + ClO), P2 (CO2 + HCl) and P3 (CO + HOCl). The product channel of P2 (CO2 + HCl) is the most competitive one both kinetically and thermodynamically. P1 (HCO + ClO) is the least favorable.
Research on Leaching Out of Hazardous Trace Elements from Coal Gangue in Acidic Medium
Authors: Li Gang , Cui Shu Jun , Song Zhi Min
Published: October 2011

Leaching was an important way of hazardous trace elements from coal gangue causing environment pollution. Based on the leaching experiments of coal gangue from some mining area in Henan, the changing regularities of pH values and leaching contents of hazardous trace elements from coal gangue were studied. The different experiments of leaching impacted on the environmental significance of hazardous trace elements from coal gangue were probed in the paper.
Landfill Site Work Performance Based on Residents Perceptions of Environmental Impacts: Case Study in Malaysia
Authors: Nik Daud Nik Norsyahariati , Aziz Ruslina
Published: October 2011

The disposal of solid waste using landfilling method has become a critical issue in Malaysia especially when concerning their impact towards environment. Eventhough the landfilling strategy applied in Malaysia is a very much improved version; gas and leachate produced from the landfill site still gave a major health issue to the existing residents. Thus, the work performance has been questioned. This paper presents a survey study of the environmental impacts to the nearby residents emerged from the landfilling activities at Jabi town, located in Kedah state, Malaysia based on their awareness and perceptions. Using the data collected, the work performance at site can be assessed. The landfill site has been categorised as a semi aerobic sanitary landfill. A self-administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tools. The level of severity has been determined using Severity Index method. From the discussions, the environmental impacts at specific site can be categorized as light problems and in a control condition. The work performance of selected landfill can be categorised as good due to the level of severity concluded.
Treatment of K-2BP Wastewater by Photocatalytic Oxidation and Fenton Reagent
Authors: Wang Xiang Cheng , Li Jian , Zhu Hua
Published: October 2011

Photocatalytic oxidation and Photo-Fenton oxidation of active bright red K-2BP in aqueous was studied. Used nanometer Titanium dioxide as photocatalyst, invested the affection of value of photocatalyst, reaction temperature, light distance on the decolor rate of dyestuff ().Under the optimum condition, amount of catalyst 2.0g/800ml, initiative concentration of K-2BP 15mg/L, solution pH=4.0, the decolor rate by nanometer Titanium dioxide photocatalytic oxidation reached up 98.5% in 150min. And as a comparison, the decolor rate by photo-Fenton oxidation of K-2BP could be about 99% within 30min.
Culture of PRJ-1 Demulsifying Bacteria and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Liu Qing Wang , Zhang Yong Kun , Lei Xu Dong , Zhang Yong Hui
Published: October 2011

Bio-demulsifier has not been applied in industrial scale due to its production cost. In order to reduce the production cost and improve the efficiency of demulsification, cheap materials such as oilfield sludge, workshop waste oil and edible waste oil were used in experiments as carbon sources to culture PRJ-1 demulsifying bacteria. As a result, cell concentrations of 5.4g/L, 3.7g/L and 4.2g/L were gotten, which were higher than the concentration of 2.6g/L cultivated by using paraffin. PRJ-1 demulsifying bacteria were used to prepare the demulsifying solution with a concentration of 10g/L, which was used in the demulsification experiment on Liaohe crude oil with a water cut of 80%. With 100 ml/L being added into the crude oil, the demulsification efficiency at 12h reached 91%, which was higher than that of 100mg/L chemical demulsifier. Demulsification efficiency of 96% can be achieved by using the combination of 60ml/L demulsifying bacteria and 40mg/L chemical demulsifier, furthermore, the demulsifying speed was higher and dehydrated water was clearer.
The Retrieval and Use of Components from AMPS Production Residue
Authors: Wang Hai Jing , Feng Jin Sheng
Published: October 2011

2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) is commonly used in the synthesis of polyacrylamide which is widely used as surface-active agents, water treatment chemicals and oil-displacing agents. In the production process of AMPS, there are some byproducts. In this paper, the residue from AMPS production is analyzed. The main byproducts in the residue are ascertained by means of HPLC and ESI-MS, which are butylacrylamide (TBAA) and acrylamide. By external standard method, the residue is analyzed quantitatively. Using the residue as raw materials, a kind of polyacrylamide with low molecular weight is synthesized, which can be used as paper reinforcing agent or emulsifier. After the residue is purified, the high molecular weight polyacrylamide is synthesized, which can be used as flocculating agent or oil-displacing agent.
Preparation and Investigation of Magnetic Fluid with the Iron Oxide Spent Catalyst
Authors: Shao Hui Ping , Ji Ye , Liu Xiao Ting , Guo Zhi Meng
Published: October 2011

The water-based magnetic fluid (WMF) and oil-based magnetic fluid (OMF) were prepared successfully with the iron oxide spent catalyst by mechanochemical method. The iron oxide spent catalyst contains about 75% magnetite, 15% alkali metal and 10% ceria. The experimental purpose is to reclaim the spent catalyst and decrease the environment pollution. In this paper, the peculiarity of magnetic fluids was characterized by VSM, XRD, and TGA, etc. As a result, the saturated magnetizations of water-based and oil-based MFs are 22.09 emu/g and 30.02 emu/g, respectively. Their particle sizes are 15.11 nm and 16.07 nm, respectively. The prepared MFs would be used in separating low density metal from scrap, thereby decreasing the environmental pollution. Therefore, not only good magnetic fluid was prepared with the spent catalyst for the first time, but also the spent catalyst was recycled in an effective way to reduce environmental pollution.
Design of Integrated Treatment Process of Municipal Solid Waste in Shanghai
Authors: Gao Guo Long , He Min Hua
Published: October 2011

Based on analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Shanghai city, a related integrated treatment process of MSW was studied. MSW was classified into organic, combustible, recyclable and other parts. The designed integrated treatment process includes mixed waste sorting, anaerobic digestion of the biodegradability organic waste, RDF production systems of combustible waste and deodorizing system. Organic MSW is digested under anaerobic conditions and produce biogas for power generation for electricity plant. The residue can be used to prepare organic and inorganic fertilizer; Combustible MSW has low water, high calorific value and can be prepared RDF; The recyclable trash (plastic, metal) are on sale. Other MSW is land filled. The designed integrated treatment process may provide a route to solve the problems of MSW in Shanghai.
On Cause Analysis and Treatment Strategy of River Water Pollution in Northern China
Authors: Si Wei Bin , Lv Yong Tao , Liu Xiao Jun
Published: October 2011

Taking the Weihe River in Baoji area as an example, the paper discusses the contaminants’ (counted with COD) production, treatment capacity, pollutant amount into the river, river water quality and relationship between annual water inflow distribution and river water quality in river channel. It is argued that it is impossible by relying solely on the sewage treatment to control the pollutant amount into the river and solve the river water pollution. The paper also presents that sewage reclamation is a new method to treat the river water pollution in Northern China.
Biological Stability of Drinking Water in an Eastern China City
Authors: Chen Lu , Wang Meng Hui , Jia Rui Bao , Li Li
Published: October 2011

In this study, the indicators assimilable organic carbon (AOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) and microbially available phosphorus (MAP) were measured to evaluate the biological stability of drinking water in Jinan, an east China city, which uses different water sources in its distribution system. The results were shown that the concentration of AOC below 50μg ac-C•L-1 covered the detection of 58% sampling points in the city distribution systems. The difference of source water exercised a great influence to the concentration of AOC. The lower heterotrophic colony counts were detected when the AOC values were higher, and vice versa. The value of AOC/DOC showed its irregularity. MAP was negatively correlated with the AOC. Higher values of AOC and HPC were detected in pumping water than that in pipe water, while values of MAP were equivalent to each othe
Distribution of SO2 and the Meteorological Factors in Yantai Urban Areas from 2008 to 2010
Authors: Chang Ming , Liu Wei , Zhang Xiu Li , Ji Yong Zhi , Song Jian Guo
Published: October 2011

The purpose is to study the temporal and spatial distribution features of SO2 and its relationship with impact factors such as wind, humidity and precipitation in urban areas of Yantai. The results demonstrate that the emission of SO2 had been capable controlled from 2008 to 2010. The meteorological conditions also take the key part in spread of SO2, wind and precipitation are the main factors affecting of it in Yantai. Concentrations change significantly with seasons, which remain low in vast majority of periods. Contamination is generally concentrated in the range of major pollution sources within 7 kilometers. And it implies that after the reduction of SO2 pollutant concentrations, the planning and adjustment of industrial areas and residential areas still need to be paid attention.
Fuzzy Mathematics Applied to Heavy Metal Pollution in the Marine Environment, the Calculation of Water Quality Assessment - A Case Study of Lianyungang Marine
Authors: Chen Wen Bin
Published: October 2011

Reference fuzzy mathematics of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, Select a representative indicator of pollutants to establish fuzzy comprehensive evaluation index system to evaluate the virulence of Lianyungang marine heavy metal pollution levels; by the monitoring data to establish indicators of each factor on the degree of membership at all levels of the standard form a membership matrix, then make the weight factor multiplied by the membership matrix, get the fuzzy product, obtain a comprehensive evaluation set which indicating that water quality standards for water quality at all levels of membership level, reflecting the ambiguity of comprehensive water quality level, then based on the message obtain the integrated environmental pollution of Lianyungang Marine, provide the scientific basis of environmental pollution control for Lianyungang Marine.
Energy Embodiment of Water Supply: A Comparison between the US and China
Authors: Mo Wei Wei , Zhang Qiong , Wang Rong Chang
Published: October 2011

Under the rapid growth of world’s economy and population, the demand for water and energy has been increasing accordingly. Moreover, water and energy are interrelated and form a reinforcing feedback loop. Energy is used not only onsite of water supply systems, but also indirectly for producing materials used in the water systems. As a result, it is important to understand and evaluate the energy embodiment of water supply for sustainable water and energy management. This study uses the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment software to estimate and compare the embodied energy of one China water supply system (System A) and one US water supply system (System B). It has been found that System B in the US has comparable direct operational energy consumption with System A in China; however, System B consumes much more indirect energy and constructional energy than System A. Possible reasons for the higher indirect energy use in System B might be more administrative and engineering (maintenance and repairing) services involved, lower transportation efficiency, more self water usage within the system and higher labor rates. To satisfy the water demand for the large population, China’s water supply systems have to reduce direct energy consumption during the operation phase by conducting energy budget and adopting energy efficient technologies.
Recirculating Cooling Water Treatment Process of Low Carbon & Environmental Protection in Fossil-Fueled Power Plant
Authors: Huo Shu Hao , Zheng Xue Jing , Ma Zhao Qin
Published: October 2011

The recirculating cooling water treatment process of low carbon & environmental protection adopts advanced design concepts of passive and energy saving and emission reduction. This process will be used widely in fossil-fueled power plant, which uses municipal reclaimed water or coal mine drainage. The operation results show that the effluent quality is stable, the concentration ratio is higher and the recirculating cooling water quality is better than the design criteria. It meets the safety and economic operation of units.
The Analysis and Improvement Measure of Chemical Stability of Water Quality in Jinan City Water Distribution System
Authors: Ma Ji Ping , Xu Yu Jin , Lv Mou , Xu Hui , Li Jin Song , Wang Jian Jun
Published: October 2011

The water quality chemical stability of Jinan's three waterworks (Quehua, Yuqing and Nanjiao waterworks) was analyzed through determination of several parameters affecting the chemical stability of water quality, including temperature, pH, Ca content, alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, chlorides, sulfates. For comprehensive and objective evaluation of the chemical stability of water, four water stability indexes LSI, RSI, AI, LR were used in this paper. The resulted index values indicated the corrosion in Jinan water distribution system may occur, and different source waters have different chemical characteristics. Yellow river water (Yuqing and Quehua) is high in chlorides and sulfates, while Nanjiao water is low in chlorides and sulfates. The improvement measure to chemical stability of water quality in Jinan City water distribution system included adding alkalinity, and blending water from different waters to reduce LR. The research proposed a way to control red water problem, which is meaningful to protect pipe works and improve tap water quality.
Improvement of Grey Clustering Model for Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental Quality: A Case Study in Water Environment
Authors: Fan Liang Qian , Zhang Qing Yu , Liu Qi , Wu Zu Cheng , Yu Bo , Tian Wei Li , Chen Ying Xu , Xu Wei Guo
Published: October 2011

The comprehensive assessment of environmental quality is useful for comparison of environmental quality and identification of pollution trends. In the comprehensive assessment methods, many studies proved that grey clustering method is accurate and effective. However, the zero-weight problem occurs in the traditional grey clustering method (TGCM). This flaw may lead to the assessment result distortion. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a modified grey clustering method (MGCM) in which the linear whitening functions in the traditional grey clustering method is replaced by exponential functions. The modified method was applied to assess water quality of four monitoring sections in the Yuhang section of the Tiaoxi River. Then, the results were compared with those obtained with the TGCM. The comparisons show that solving the zero-weight problem can lead to different assessment results and the MGCM is effective to solve the zero-weight problem. The MGCM is more accurate than the TGCM.
Study on the Biodegradability of Hyperbranched Surfactant
Authors: Wang Xue Chuan , Fu Yu Qiao , Ren Long Fang , Qiang Tao Tao
Published: October 2011

The methods of COD30 and respiratory curve were adopted to evaluate the biodegradability of hyperbranched surfactant which was used as the substrate of microorganism. The main results obtained by the method of respiratory curves were as follows. When the concentration of substrate was 0~250mg/L, the respiratory curves of the substrate were above the curve of endogenous, which showed that the substrate was easy to utilize by microorganism. The main results obtained by the method of COD30 were as follows: when sludge concentration was 1000mg/L and pH was 7, the biodegradation rate of 200mg/L hyperbranched surfactant was 97.8%. The main results obtained by the method of respiratory curves were as follows: When the concentration of substrate was 200 mg/L, the utilization of the substrate by microorganism was the most, respectively. Moreover, the effect of pH, inoculation amount and salinity on the biodegradability of the substrate was obvious. Through experiments, the optimum conditions for the substrate to be degraded could be listed as follows: pH was 8.5, salinity was 0.3% and the range of inoculation amount was 3000mg/L.
Characteristics of Water Soluble Ions in Atmospheric Aerosol on Clear and Hazy Days at Lin’an Regional Background Station, China
Authors: Xu Hong Hui , Liu Jie , Mao Min Juan , Yao Jie
Published: October 2011

To investigate the characteristics of size distributions and water-soluble ions compositions of atmospheric aerosol in different weather conditions in the area of Yangtze River delta in China, aerosol samples were collected with Andersen cascade sampler on typical clear and hazy days at Lin’an regional background station. The water-soluble ionic concentrations were analyzed by the ion chromatography (IC). Results showed the concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and K+ on hazy days were 20.14, 17.45, 10.30, and 1.27µg m-3 in fine particles, respectively, and the concentrations of NO3-, NH4+ and K+ were 14.50, 2.35 and 0.50µg m-3 in coarse particles, respectively. This was 1.1-2.9 times higher than on clear days. The concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and Cl- on hazy days were 2.67, 1.33, 0.37, and 1.03µg m-3 in fine particles, respectively, and the concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- were 4.34, 1.27, 0.41, 0.89 and 2.08µg m-3 in coarse particles, respectively. This was 0.6-0.9 times lower than on clear days. K+ and secondary particles including sulfate, nitrate and ammonium came from the long-range transport which mainly from the area of Yangtze River delta, which was the main cause of formation of haze.
Study on Ecological Footprint Calculation of Beijing Urban Agricultural Fertilizer and Agricultural Straw
Authors: Li Ying , Guo Ting Ting , Li Pan Pan
Published: October 2011

Beijing urban agricultural fertilizer dosage is large, low utilization efficiency, serious pollution, according to the two different disposal status of combustion and gasification of agricultural straw, combining with the calculation method of greenhouse gas recognized by 2006 IPCC which related scholars had studied, ecological footprint calculation of Beijing urban agricultural fertilizer and agricultural straw was summarized and developed systematically, to laid foundation for the study of Beijing urban ecological carrying capacity.
Process Simulation on Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis of Biomass
Authors: Wang Chao , Chen Guan Yi , Ma Wen Chao , Zhu Xin Li , Wang Yu
Published: October 2011

Aspen Plus is a process software with great functions, almost all chemical process could be described by using it. Based on experimental equipment composition and related experimental results, a simulation model of biomass pyrolysis process occurring in a fluidized bed reactor is successfully developed. Via sensitivity analysis on products’ output change along with reaction temperature’s change and analysis of mutual relationship between fractions of product residues, reaction regulation of biomass pyrolysis process could be received. As a result, this model provides a useful description of the process for producing gas, liquid and solid products, however, receiving more data from experiment is the precondition of the simulation model’s optimization.
Three-Dimensional Simulation for Perikinetic Flocculation of Fine Sediment under the Ionization in Still Water
Authors: Liu Lin Shuang , Luo Xin , Yang Guo Lu , Yu Ming Hui
Published: October 2011

A simulation based on Brownian dynamic for perikinetic flocculation of fine sediment under the ionization is presented. The Langevin equation is used as dynamical equation for tracking each particle making up a floc. Monte Carlo method was used for simulate random variation in particle movement. An initial condition and periodic boundary condition which conformed to reality well is used for calculation. In each cell 1000 particles of 10 m, 15m, 20m, 25m, 30m in diameter were served as primary particles. Floc growth is based on the thermal force and the electrostatic force. The electrostatic force on a particle in the simulation cell is considered as a sum of the electrostatic force from other particles in the original cell. The particles are supposed to be motion with uncharged and charged state in dispersion system. A comparison of the initial flocculent time and smashing time in sludge density 1010kg/m3, 1025 kg/m3, 1050 kg/m3, 1075 kg/m3, 1100 kg/m3 were present to show the effect of it on floc growth. The increase of sludge density deferred the flocculation rate. To study morphological shape of floc, the radius of gyration was revealed under different situations. On one hand the radius of gyration presented random variation with uncharged particle, On the other hand, the radius of gyration increases gradually with the increase of polar electrical charges on primal particle. Moreover, the morphological shape for the charged floc was more open than that of unchanged state. Finally, a series of experimental results are present, which is coincide with model well.
Annual Runoff Forecasting Based on Wavelet De-Noising SPA Model
Authors: Li Ai Yun , Lu Jia Hai
Published: October 2011

The annual runoff forecasting of set pair analysis (SPA) based on SPA principle that describe error distribution of prediction model from identical, discrepancy and contrary, and to describe the precision by correlation degree, Therefore the prediction model was built. According to the nonlinear and the multi-time scale character of hydrological sequence, the establishment of hydrological forecast model is not high precision, Here we apply wavelet de-noising characteristics, and use 1959-1989 years of data of Fenhe reservoir baxia station to establish wavelet de-nosing SPA model. Through contrast between the single prediction model and the synthetic prediction model of hydrological forecasting and measured series. The results show that the synthetic prediction model is superior to the single prediction model.
Application of Isotopic Technology in Aqueous Environment
Authors: Hu Hai Ying
Published: October 2011

The aqueous environment quality plays an important role in controlling the circulation track of ecological environment. Environmental isotopes widely exist in various kinds of water and can be extensively applied in water environment. Isotopes as natural tracers can be used to trace the transportation process of water in hydrologic cycle and the variations of isotopic value can also provide the information about the transference of contamination. The dynamical process of the movement and mix of waters can be studied by applying the composition characteristics of stable isotopes contained in natural waters, thus the main processes of water resources formation and aqueous environment evolution as well as their driving forces mechanism can be revealed. In this paper, the development history of the application of stable isotopes in the water circulation is reviewed, the application theory and analytical method of the environmental stable isotopes, and the new progress of the applied study on water resources formation and aqueous environment evolution are mainly discussed.
Research on Influence of Water Source Heat Pump System to Groundwater - A Case Study of New Campus of Taiyuan University
Authors: Gao Shu Qin , Feng Yu Ming
Published: October 2011

Water source heat pump system(WSHPS) is a new energy saving and environmentally air conditioning system, its degree of influence to groundwater related to the feasibility of construction of WSHPS and development & protection of regional groundwater. After introducing WSHPS, this paper analyzed the influence of WSHPS to groundwater, brought up the protection method to reduce influence. At last, a case study of new campus of Taiyuan university was carried out. The results showed that running of WSHPS won’t bring up disadvantage to groundwater environment.
Application of the Lattice Boltzmann Method in Shallow Water Lake
Authors: Liu Hai Fei , Li Min , Zhao Yan Wei
Published: October 2011

A typical sub-region of Baiyangdian Lake is selected as the practical study area, which is characterized by irregular geometry and complex bathymetry. The coupled lattice Boltzmann model for simulating shallow water flow and pollutant transport in two dimensions is set up and applied to it. The wind stress is regarded as the main driven force. The bed friction and the gravitional force relating to bed slops are involved. The simulation results well represent the flow field and the distribution of pollutant concentration under the predominant wind. This study demonstrates that the lattice Blotzmann method possesses the robust capacity to deal with complex boundaries and irregular topography.
Evolution of Hydro-Climatic Elements in the Three Gorges Reservoir under Changing Environment
Authors: Ding Xiang Yi , Zhou Huai Dong , Wang Yu Hui , Wang Yu Chun
Published: October 2011

Climate change is one of the major global issues commonly concerned by international communities. Taking the Three Gorges Reservoir which is the largest water conservancy project in China as the study area, this study attempts to evaluate the variability of hydro-climatic elements including precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours during past 49 years (1961-2009) based on observed meteorological data, and predict the evolution trends of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and runoff in the future 30 years (2021-2050) under climate change based on a distributed hydrological model and climate model outputs. Specifically, the temporal variations and sudden changes of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours during past 49 years in the Three Gorges Reservoir are analyzed combining moving-average and linear regression with Mann-Kendall method, and the precipitation and temperature data in the future 30 years are obtained from the average dataset of 20 global climate models using a statistical downscaling model, and the evapotranspiration and runoff data in the future are obtained based on the validated hydrological model. The results indicate that: 1) during 1961-2009, the precipitation slightly decreased and the estimated sudden change time was 1973, the temperature significantly increased and the estimated sudden change time was 1963, the relative humidity decreased but there was no sudden change time estimated, the sunshine hours significantly decreased and the estimated sudden change time was 1967; 2) in the future, comparing with the historical average, the temperature in the region will increase by 1.3°C and the evapotranspiration will increase by 2.8%, while the precipitation and runoff will decrease by 0.8% and 8.2% respectively. Although the precipitation will not change greatly, the reduction extent of runoff is larger than that of precipitation, bringing forward higher requirements for integrated water resources management in the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation on Growth of Stony Desertification - Grown White Clover (Trifolium) by Rhizobium sp. SWFU27, SWFU29
Authors: Wang Jin Hua , Zhang Wu Xian , Lai Guo Lian , Zhao Yu Bo , Li Biao , Zhang Li Ping , Xiong Zhi
Published: October 2011

Effects of Rhizobium inoculation on plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), leaf transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) of stony desertification-grown white clover (Trifolium) by Rhizobium sp. SWFU27, SWFU29 were studied during Spring 2011. Seeds were soaked for 30min in strain SWFU27, SWFU29 cell suspensions respectively, growing individually in autoclaved stony desertification soil under nursery conditions at ambient temperatures. Datum were collected from 90-day-old plants on a sunny day. Rhizobium inoculation by SWFU27 significantly increased PH and LA by 50% and 91.58% separately, and SWFU29 by 129.17% and 158.95. Pn, Tr, WUE for three sets of plants all in turn: SWFU29 > SWFU27 > CK, suggesting that maximum growth of stony desertification-grown plant requires the Rhizobium inoculation to promote the growth, between the two inoculation systems, SWFU29 had a high photosynthesis efficiency, transpiration potential and water use efficiency than SWFU27 and SWFU29 is much light-tolerance species than SWFU27, thereto signify the phenomena that white clover inoculated by Rhizobium sp. SWFU29 is growing better and to be a pioneer dominant in Karst stony desertification area.
Dynamics on the Interaction between Vegetation Growth and Aeolian Dust Deposition
Authors: Zhang Fei Fan , Zhang Hua Yong , Huang Tou Sheng
Published: October 2011

From the holistic perspective, a new dynamic model is proposed in this research to investigate the interaction between vegetation growth and aeolian dust deposition. Three cases of equilibrium distribution can be obtained and the stability of interior equilibriums is determined. When there is a stable interior equilibrium, a critical curve exists and separates the coexistent area where vegetation can survive in the environment of aeolian dust deposition, from the other area where vegetation is to be excluded. Simulation analysis further reveals the variation of the critical curve with the parameters and the anthropic influences. The critical curve and the coexistent equilibrium described by the model may be used as a theoretical basis to evaluate the feasibility of vegetation restoration in the environment of aeolian dust deposition.
Effects of Sand Burial and Water Regimes on Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Two Desert Species
Authors: Peng Fei , Tsuji Wataru , Wang Tao , Tsunekawa Atsushi
Published: October 2011

Reaumuria songarica (Pall.) Maxim and Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. are two species growing on nebkhas in dune system. But N. tangutorum distributes more widely than R. songarica does. Sand burial and drought are two major disturbing factors in the field. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to investigate sand burial depth and simulated precipitation amount on seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling mass of the two shrubs to explain the dominance of N. tangutorum over R. songarica. Seeds were buried at 6 depths (0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 8 cm) and irrigated with 3 water regimes (5, 7, 10 mm) in plastic pots (8 cm in diameter and 11 cm in height) under the same light intensity and alternating temperature in an environment controlled growth chamber. R. songarica has a greater germination percentage than N. tangutorum under each burial depth with any water regime. R songarica seed germination increased with burial depth at each water regime and when depth is deeper than 1.5 cm all the seeds germinated under 7 and 10 mm water treatment. N. tangutorum seed germination increased until an optimal burial depth and then decreased. The optimal burial depth shifts with water regime. Seedling emergence of R songarica did not occur at depth deeper than 1.5 cm under any water regime. N. tangutorum seedling emergence maximized at 3, 1.5 and 0.5 cm with 5, 7 and 10 mm water supply regime respectively. Under all the treatments, N. tangutorum seedlings had larger dry mass than R. songarica seedlings. Higher N. tangutorum seedling emergence percentage and seedling mass with given water supply enhance its possibility to appear on nebkhas in the study area.
Nitrogen and Water Uptake on Sloping Lands of Thailand
Authors: Siriwong Sireetorn , Kongkaew Thanuchai , Cadisch Georg , Hilger Thomas
Published: October 2011

Cultivation in the tropical mountainous regions by using hedgerow systems as erosion control measures is recommended due to its effectiveness in reducing soil erosion and in supplying N. However, competition for nutrients and water between crops and hedges reduces crop performance and yield response. 13C stable isotope signature in combination with data on N and water availability and uptake in soil and plants framework was used to assess whether N or water function as a main driving force for spatial variability of crop yield along the alleys. The leaf δ13C values of maize were significantly (p<0.05) less depleted close to the hedges, suggesting that water stress was not the main driving force for spatial variability along the alleys. In the opposite, significant (p<0.05) N concentration depleted in maize leaf of plot with L. Leucocephala hedges, in particular at the row closed to hedgerow, in combination with significant (p<0.05) increase in δ13C values of leaf of the corresponding plot indicating the influence of N stress on poor maize performance and yield decrease. In addition, the significant (p<0.05) negative correlation between leaf δ13C values of maize, leaf N concentration and yield confirmed that N plays as a major role in crop decline towards hedgerows. Therefore, increasing amount of N fertilization to cropped area close to the hedgerows should be recommended for farmers, in order to encourage the acceptance of hedges system in tropical mountainous regions.
The Design of Demountable Freezer
Authors: Yang Yong An , Xu Qiu Bo , Liu Sheng Chun
Published: October 2011

Facing up to problem that the extant freezer is not convenient to disassemble and transport, we design a demountable freezer which is based on the concept “modularization”. The volume and shape of newly-designed freezer is modulated by the addition and remove of the modules. Demountable freezer could be widely utilized in daily life, military field and emergency aid e.t.c. Its demountability is dramatically beneficial to the user’s need, not only because it can be assembled when it is needed, but because it could save more space for people when it is set aside. The convenience, its economic and social effect and its optional structure because of the current high-tech of demountable freezer is unmatched by the traditional freezer.
Effects of Si+, K+ and Ca2+ on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Osmolytes in Halocnemum strobilaceum under Salt Stress
Authors: Su Dan , Chen Nian Lai , Gao Tian Peng , Wang Chun Yan , Sheng Hong Mei , Yang Cai Ling
Published: October 2011

We evaluated the effects of silicon , potassium, and calcium on the salt-tolerant plant Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pal.l) Bie under salt stress. The experimental treatments consisted of a NaCl-only treatment (150, 450, or 900 mmol/l NaCl), a complex salts treatment (NaCl with K+, Ca2+,andSi+at total concentrations of 150, 450, or 900 mmol/l;(Na+:K+:Ca2+:Si+=1:0.03:0.14:0.004), and a control with no complex ions or NaCl. After 20 and 60 days of treatments, we investigated activities of the major antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), as well as succulence and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline(Pro) and glycine betain (GB). We found that additions of K+, Ca2+, and Si+partially alleviated the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing the salt tolerance of the plant. The improved salt tolerance was associated with increased Pro, GB,and increased activities of SOD, CAT, and POD,and decrease MDA. In contrast, the NaCl-only treatments caused marked decreases in succulence and soluble protein contents. The results of these experiments suggest that K+, Ca2+, and Si+can alleviate the damaging effects of salt on H. strobilaceum by preventing oxidative membrane and oxidant enzyme activities damage, and that they may be associated with osmotic adjustment.
Influences of Synthesis Procedure on the Photocatalytic Activities of CdS
Authors: Xue Li , Cheng Ying Zhi , Sun Xiu Yu
Published: October 2011

Using cadmium acetate and sodium sulfuret as Cd and S sources, CdS samples were synthesized by chemical precipitation method. The conditions of supersaturation and aging time had been investigated, which could influence the activity of CdS for photocatalytic degrading methyl orange. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The CdS samples synthesized under low supersaturation showed better photocatalytic activities. A phase transformation of hexagonal CdS to cubic CdS was observed when CdS precipitation aging and the presence of proper amount of hexagonal CdS should improve the photocatalytic performance of cubic CdS.
Concentration of Cadmium in Different Rice Cultivars
Authors: Liu Jian Guo , Zhong Xiao Mei , Wang Ming Xin
Published: October 2011

In order to study the variations among rice cultivars in cadmium (Cd) concentration abilities, pot soil experiments were conducted with six rice cultivars of different types at different soil Cd levels, i.e. 0.12 (the control), 5, 10 mg/kg. The results showed that there were great or obvious variations among the rice cultivars in Cd concentration abilities. But the magnitudes of the variations differed with soil Cd levels and plant organs. Generally, the magnitudes of the variations were larger for soil Cd treatment (5 and 10 mg/kg) than for the control. The magnitudes of the differences among the rice cultivars were higher in grains than in other plant organs. With regard to Cd concentrations in different organs of rice plant, they fell fast from root to grain. Bio-concentration factors (BCF) of Cd in rice plants were in the order: root > stem > leaf > grain. On the differences of soil Cd levels, BCF were in the order: the control > 5 mg/kg soil Cd treatment > 10 mg/kg soil Cd treatment.
Experimental Study on Coal Pyrogenation Characteristic and Dynamic Model of Reaction
Authors: Lv Tai , Li Bin , Zhou Ting Ting
Published: October 2011

The study effort was in progress through a thermogravimetric analyzer which export experimental data for construction pyrogenation dynamic model when import varied coal grain diameter in non-isothermal thermogravimetry method. This paper chiefly introduces a study on coal pyrogenation process with different altering parameter like temperature rise rate, grain diameter of coal that has been proved to affect in a big way in the whole work. The experimental research represents that there are four stages of the coal thermal decomposition, taking volatile release feature index as basic characteristic reflection to establish a thermogravimetry dynamic model.
Effect of Acid Deposition on Soil Ca2+ Contents of Two Forest Ecosystems in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve
Authors: Wu Jian Ping , Ying Pan , Tan Pei Yuan , Liu Tao
Published: October 2011

Acid rain is one of the global environmental problems that have become a very serious issue especially in southern China. Calcium ions are the nutrients needed by plants, the Ca2+ contents in forest soils would change greatly when influenced by acid deposition, and even limiting the growth of plants seriously. In this paper, two major forests’ soil of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (MEBF) and Pine and broad-leaf mixed forest (PBMF), which located at the low subtropics of China, were selected to discuss the dynamics of exchangeable calcium ions under different acidity. It showed that in 2009, the calcium ions’ background values, (0.2918mg/L), in the MEBF are higher than that of the PBMF, (0.1345mg/L). For the two forests’ soils, the contents of exchangeable Ca2+ varied greatly with soil depth, but the MEBF ecosystem would be more stable than the PBMF.
Environmental Security Evaluation Method for Oil Field
Authors: Yan Guang Xu , Weng Yi Bin , Chang Lei , Chen Ze Xin , Guo Shao Hui
Published: October 2011

Oil field exploitations have a considerable impact on environmental security. The method of oil field environmental security evaluation method should be introduced into oil field exploitations for protection of environmental security. The frame model of pressure-state-response (P-S-R) was selected for oil field environmental security evaluation. Assessment levels were classified into five levels according to the value of synthetical index (SI), which was determined by the calculation of information entropies and value assignment of analytic hierarchy process. Finally, quantitative assessments of oil field environmental security situation were presented.
Review of Secrete Industry Discharge in China and the Corresponding Reasons
Authors: Zhou Xuan , Zuo Miao , Deng Guang Tian , Zhou Chun Fang
Published: October 2011

Based on the review of some typical secrete industry discharges in China in recent years, the characteristics of secrete discharge are summarized as follows: most of the secret discharge industries are of heavy pollution with high toxicity, heavy COD concentration and expensive treatment cost, and these companies include private, state-owned or multinational corporations, and some even own a variety of honors. Main reasons for secret emissions include inadequate environmental policies and institutional issues, no-in-place law enforcement, low costs of illegal discharge and lack of economically viable technologies, etc. Therefore, some measures are proposed: reform of environmental policies and performance evaluation mechanism, improve the capacity of environmental supervision, increase the cost of illegal discharge, innovation development model, implementation of cleaner production, and strengthening international cooperation, etc. Introduction