bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One in a Million
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

Since the 1990s, various forms of popular music have become associated with values few could have foreseen decades earlier: militarism, misogyny, nativism, and outright racism. Historic changes in geopolitics, economics, technology, and culture have redefined rock’s assumed role as the soundtrack of rebellion and dissent. As acts both progressive (Rage Against the Machine, Pearl Jam, Green Day) and regressive (Guns n’ Roses, a revived Lynyrd Skynyrd, and the indestructible Ted Nugent) win fans, and as white rappers like Eminem and Kid Rock have upset old stereotypes, it is clear that rock ‘n’ roll has changed as much as its consumers have.
Conclusion
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

In the end, the working-class contingent who favored blue-collar boogie may be on their way to demographic and economic extinction, but they are not going down without a fight, and the legacy of their music, and the music’s enduring appeal, can reveal much about where how our society has evolved and where it may yet lead. From being juvenile affronts to decency, dangerous incitements to rebellion, and heralds of social revolution, the songs are now the sound of defiant traditionalism, wisdom, and resilience. Seventy years since its inception, rock ‘n’ roll today carries many meanings besides the ones originally associated with it.
Font of Pardon and New Life
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

This book is a study of the historical development and impact of John Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy. The primary questions it addresses are (1) whether Calvin taught an “instrumental” doctrine of baptism, according to which the external sign of the sacrament serves as a means or instrument to convey the spiritual realities it signifies, and (2) whether Calvin’s teaching on baptismal efficacy remained constant throughout his lifetime or underwent significant change. Secondarily, the work also examines whether such spiritual blessings, in Calvin’s view, are conferred only in adult (believer) baptism or also in the baptism of infants, and what impact Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy had on the Reformed confessional tradition that followed him. The book examines all of Calvin’s writings on baptism—his Institutes, commentaries on Scripture, catechisms, polemical writings, and consensus documents—chronologically through five stages of his life and then analyzes the doctrine of baptismal efficacy in eight of the major Reformed confessions and catechisms from the age of confessional codification. It concludes that Calvin did indeed hold to an instrumental view of baptism; that this doctrine underwent change and development over the course of his life but not to the extent that some in the past have suggested; that his view of the efficacy of infant baptism was consistent with his doctrine of baptism in general; and that versions of Calvin’s teaching can be found in many, though not all, of the major Reformed confessional documents of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Rules for Wrongdoers
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: March 2021

Ripstein’s lectures, which constitute the central texts of this book, focus on the two bodies of rules governing war: the ius ad bellum, which regulates resort to armed force, and the ius in bello, which sets forth rules governing the conduct of armed force and applies equally to all parties. The lectures argue that both sets of rules constitute prohibitions rather than permissions, and that recognizing them as distinctive prohibitions can reconcile the seeming tension between them. By understanding that the central wrong of war is that war is the condition which force decides, Ripstein contends that the law and morality of war are in fact aligned; the rules governing the conduct of hostilities must apply equally to parties in the right and parties in the wrong in an armed conflict, because the prohibitions outlined in the rules governing war are prohibitions that restrain war. Ripstein’s method of analysis and the substantive argument he puts forward offer an opportunity for rigorous critical engagement in subsequent essays by commentators Hathaway, Kutz, and McMahan, followed by a response from Ripstein.
Al-Rāzī
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2021

This book introduces readers to Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (known as Rhazes in Latin), one of the most innovative and divisive figures of the early philosophical tradition in the Islamic world. It attempts to reconstruct his notorious theory of “five eternals” which posited four principles alongside God for the creation of the world, which led Razi to be charged with heresy by other authors. Central to the interpretation of this theory is Razi’s concern with theodicy, and his idea that Platonist physics is more fundamental than Aristotelian physics. Other topics discussed in depth include his critical reaction to contemporary Islamic theology, his medical works, his alchemical theories, his works on ethics, and his controversial views on religion and prophecy.
Medicine
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides a look at the philosophically interesting aspects of Razi’s abundantly extant works on medicine, which were heavily influenced by Galen but also independent-minded and informed by Razi’s own medical practice. After surveying the range of his medical works and their various purposes, the chapter examines specific topics including his anthropology and anatomical theory and his medical epistemology, under which heading it is asked how far medicine is based on empirical evidence as opposed to theories taken over from natural philosophy. Finally, the chapter examines Razi’s authorial persona in his medical output. This is itself based on Galen’s self-presentation as an unusually skilled doctor who could correct the judgments of both contemporaries and ancient authorities.
Skeptical Theism
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W.
Published: March 2021

This chapter critically examines skeptical theism, roughly the point of view that God exists but that God’s reasons for permitting evils are beyond our abilities to discern. Matters addressed include the epistemic import of appearances of pointlessness, the skeptical theses and analogies for the human condition with respect to apparently pointless evils defended by Michael Bergmann, and concerns about skeptical spread. The chapter provides support for the idea that, if there were God-justifying reasons for evils, we would see them, thereby defending a key premise in the argument from pointless evils and the argument from facts about evil.
Conclusion
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W.
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the case that has been made in the book in defense of the argument from pointless evils and the argument from the facts about evil in support of atheism. It highlights important claims about agency and claims about value that have been brought out by close examination of the punishment theodicy, the free will theodicy, the character-building theodicy, the divine intimacy theodicy, and the position of skeptical theism. The chapter also points toward directions for further work on the problem of evil in the philosophy of religion.
Narratives of Failure
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: March 2021

This chapter interrogates the challenges and obstacles that are a frequent theme in the WPS stories I have collected. Specifically, it examines the ways in which failure, limitations, and challenges are narrated in the WPS agenda and juxtaposes these “failure narratives” with the “success stories” presented in the previous chapter. The first section, which sketches out the fabula of these tales of failure, shows how the telling of these stories produces a collective subject jointly responsible for the limitations perceived in the agenda as it stands. This construction reinforces the authority of the UN as well as its culpability as a WPS actor in the stories of these shortcomings, relevant to the logics of (dis)location that situate the agenda at/in the Security Council, and simultaneously disperses it spatially, locating it “in country” or “on the ground.” The resolution to the acknowledged shortcomings is often presented as more frequent, more granular monitoring (in addition to further resources and stronger political will), which reinforces the construction of the agenda itself as a quantifiable knowledge object.
Concealed Advantage
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond
Published: March 2021

Chapter 3 traces the sources of the 2008–2009 and 2020 financial and economic implosions and the winners and losers of the Fed’s massive responses. Across two distinct crises, the Fed’s policies followed a similar pattern of favoring large financial institutions and big business while neglecting or altogether ignoring homeowners, small- and medium-sized businesses, and state and local governments. This conclusion is based on tracking detailed institutional features: the assertion of emergency power; the redefinition of the Fed’s boundaries to aid financial and corporate firms that previously lacked direct contacts with the Bank; the generous stretching of loan duration; and the considerable weakening of collateral requirements.
Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 charts a new direction for reviving America’s central bank to become more effective, accountable, and attentive to mitigating economic and racial inequalities. The Bank of Canada’s track record for effectiveness and success in containing the 2008–2009 crisis without favoring finance and big business offers lessons for improving the Fed’s accountability. The tumult of a pandemic and the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020 has ratcheted up interest in Congress and the Biden administration in steering the Fed toward aiding state and local governments and strengthening regulation to protect consumers, as well as borrowers who are of low- and medium-income or people of color. Change is also coming to the Fed itself to diversify its leadership and key personnel. The Fed may face the most serious demands for change in its history.
Visible and invisible women in ancient linguistic culture
Authors: Luhtala Anneli
Published: March 2021

In Classical Antiquity, the study of language and literature was a crucial part of education. Girls generally only took part of primary education, and women who progressed further did so by private tuition. Women were expected to be married and produce children and to practice their virtue in the traditional role of the wife and mother. Many women were well read in both Latin and Greek literature, and some twenty female poets are known from antiquity. However, women lacked training in formal rhetorical skills, because they were expected to speak and write in a different style. Nor were women supposed to enter into the places where public lectures took place. All the same, we know of women who received higher education and even taught philosophy (probably in private houses) or occupied themselves with philology. The women philosophers were normally born into philosophic households or married to philosophers. When grammar—a discipline dealing with language and literature—gradually became an independent subject in the first century BCE, it was taught in secondary schools. From the first century CE on we can get glimpses of female teachers of letters, but their achievements were not recorded. Thus, we have neither grammatical nor philosophical doctrine attributed to a female scholar, and this article deals with the general conditions of women scholars rather than their individual contributions to scholarship. Many prejudices prevailed concerning the inferiority of women. Aristotle thought that women were weaker than men not only physically but also intellectually. This remained common consensus, even if the Stoics and Platonists argued that women’s souls are not as such inferior to the souls of men. The Christians reinforced these prejudices, although they thought that men and women share a common human nature. Yet the Apostle Paul had said ‘I do not permit a woman to teach’ (I Tim. 2:12). However, Christian women could refuse marriage and follow an ascetic life, which brought about new opportunities for them as prophets, deaconesses, patrons, and occasionally even as teachers.
The contribution of women to the Spanish linguistic tradition
Authors: Calero Vaquera María Luisa
Published: March 2021

In Spain, despite the unfavourable environment, some exceptional women in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were eager readers of the classics; ‘learned in grammar’ and professors of Latin. At the same time, female ascetic-mystic writers helped to dignify the Spanish Romance language. The eighteenth century witnessed a proliferation of literary salons presided over by distinguished women, while translators abounded. By the late nineteenth century, female university professors were ceasing to be uncommon; they shone as translators and philologists, although certain renowned linguistic and literary institutions continued to close their doors to them. These women with a passion for languages made a key contribution to linguistics in Spain, but were sidelined due to the historical circumstances in which they lived; since then, they have faced a further exclusion, in that they are conspicuously absent from official linguistic historiography.
The extraordinary and changing role of women in Dutch language history
Authors: van der Wal Marijke , Noordegraaf Jan
Published: March 2021

Since the second half of the sixteenth century, there has been a tradition of publishing grammars, dictionaries, and linguistic treatises, composed by male authors of various professions. Although women do not seem to have played a visible role in language codification and language studies in the Netherlands, at least two extraordinary femmes savantes stand out. The first of these from the seventeenth century was Anna Maria van Schurman, a highly admired scholar and polyglot who maintained an international network of correspondence and was familiar with a wide range of languages. Her eighteenth-century counterpart, Johanna Corleva, was interested in rational grammar, translated the Grammaire générale et raisonnée (1660) into Dutch, and compiled a Dutch dictionary according to particular explicit principles. Attention will also be paid to female activities in education, from elementary schools to academia. Throughout this chapter, the leading question will be why, despite the activities described, Dutch ‘linguistics’ was such a predominantly male enterprise for more than three centuries.
Language studies by women in Australia
Authors: Simpson Jane
Published: March 2021

Few women contributed to documenting Indigenous Australian languages in the nineteenth century. Brief accounts are given of six settler women who did so: Eliza Dunlop (1796–1880), Christina Smith (‘Mrs James Smith’; 1809?–1893), Harriott Barlow (1835–1929), Catherine Stow (‘K. Langloh Parker’; 1856–1940), Mary Martha Everitt (1854–1937), and Daisy May Bates (1859–1951). Their contributions are discussed against the background of forty-four other settler women who contributed to language study, translation, ethnography, or language teaching. Reasons for the relative absence of women in language documentation included family demands, child raising, and lack of education, money, and patrons, as well as alternative causes such as women’s rights. Recording Indigenous languages required metalinguistic analytic skills that were hard to learn in societies that lacked free education. Extra obstacles for publication were remoteness from European centres of research, and absence of colleagues with similar interests.
The sedimentary environment
Authors: Thrush Simon F. , Hewitt Judi E. , Pilditch Conrad A. , Norkko Alf
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces the roles of sediment properties and hydrodynamic conditions in influencing soft-sediment communities. It identifies environmental factors that are commonly used to characterise soft-sediment habitats and used to tease out the role of habitat variation from other factors that influence populations and communities. The differences between cohesive and non-cohesive sediments that profoundly influence ecosystem functions are described. Hydrodynamics particularly at the sediment–water interface are introduced as a critical factor affecting many ecosystem processes. The chapter introduces the differences in laminar and turbulent flows. Coastal soft sediments in particular are places of high organic matter remineralisation and thus critical for the recycling of primary nutrients and primary production, particularly by microphytobenthos. These factors underpin the important role of marine sediments in biogeochemistry and earth system processes.
Varieties of Technopopulism
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores technopopulism as an empirical phenomenon. The primary claim of this chapter is that technocratic and populist appeals can be combined in a variety of different ways. The chapter lays out three ideal-types of such syntheses and explores each ideal-type through an exemplary case. The first ideal-type is ‘technopopulism through the party’, explored through a discussion of the British ‘New Labour’ Party of the 1990s and 2000s. The second ideal-type is ‘technopopulism from below’, explored through the case of the Italian Five Star Movement. The third ideal-type is ‘technopopulism from above’, explored through the case of Emmanuel Macron and his ‘En Marche’ movement. The chapter also discusses a number of cases that are products of both the ideological and the technopopulist political logics, such as Spain’s Podemos and the Lega in Italy.
Conclusion
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi
Published: March 2021

This conclusion outlines the most recent incarnations of technopopulism. Since technopopulism is not vested in any particular politician or party but as a political logic operates in a way that shapes the constraints and incentives political actors face, the precise identity of technopopulists and the synthesize they achieve between technocracy and populism will change over time. The conclusion then takes up the question of the whether technopopulism can endure as a political logic. Using the corona virus crisis as its starting point, and based on the normative discussion of technopopulism in chapter five, the conclusion looks at various ways in which we may go beyond technopopulism. We conclude that whereas technopopulism is an unstable political logic, there are good reasons to think that it will endure and continue to shape and structure political attitudes and behaviour well into the future.
Key Issues in Taxing Profit
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John
Published: March 2021

This chapter sets out the key conceptual issues that arise in designing a business-level tax on profit in an international setting. It is in four parts—each addressing a basic question. First, what is meant by a tax on profit? We identify different approaches to taxing profit and show that there are a number of equivalences between taxes. Second, what criteria should be used for evaluating a business-level tax on profit in an international setting? We set out five criteria in some detail: economic efficiency, fairness, robustness to avoidance, ease of administration, and incentive compatibility. Third, given these criteria, is a business-level tax on profit a useful addition to the set of taxes that can be employed by national governments? We consider different possible underlying rationales for taxing business profit, especially in an international context. Fourth, is taxation at both the business and the owner-level problematic? We consider whether there is need for relief from this form of double taxation.
Residual Profit Allocation by Income
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John
Published: March 2021

This chapter sets out our first detailed reform proposal: the Residual Profit Allocation by Income (RPAI). This is one of a family of schemes based on separating multinational profit into ‘routine’ and ‘residual’ profit, a distinction that exists under the current system. The RPAI allocates the right to tax routine profit to the country where functions and activities take place. It allocates the right to tax residual profit to the market, or destination, country where sales are made to third parties. We evaluate the RPAI against our five criteria. We conclude that while it is far from perfect, it performs well against these criteria. Its superior performance stems primarily from allocating taxing rights for residual profit to the destination country, where there is a relatively immobile third party purchaser of goods and services sold by the company.
Milton and Transcendent Authorship
Authors: Dobranski Stephen B.
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines Milton’s notion and practice of authorship over the first half of his career. Beginning with Sonnet 8 and some of Milton’s other early poems—‘On Shakespeare’, Mansus, ‘The Passion’, and Lycidas—the chapter shows how as a young writer he embraced an idealistic notion of poetry’s preservative power but always in terms of his texts’ material transmission. Two crucial experiences helped to develop Milton’s thinking about his authorship: the outrage prompted by his divorce tracts underscored his works’ vulnerability, while the printing of his Poems in 1645 drove home the need for collaboration if his writing were to survive. All of Milton’s early works illustrate how his concept of authorship anticipates the monist philosophy that will animate Paradise Lost. He understood early on that his writing was both letter and spirit: his words needed an appropriate material form if they were to have a lasting spiritual life.
Repackaging Milton for the Late Seventeenth-Century Book Trade
Authors: Depledge Emma
Published: March 2021

This chapter focuses on the magisterial 1688 folio edition of Paradise Lost, published by Jacob Tonson and Richard Bentley, exploring the possible reasons why these men chose to publish Milton at this time, as well as the impact the edition had both on Milton’s authorial afterlife and on their careers as stationers. The chapter places the 1688 Paradise Lost folio in the wider context of Tonson’s career, including his involvement in pirate publication schemes and his status (from 1678) as Dryden’s publisher, to argue that the 1688 edition of Paradise Lost, one of the most profound turning points in Milton’s authorial afterlife, had less to do with the political context of 1688 and the perceived vendibility of the poem and more to do with Tonson’s own ambitions and frustrations as a stationer.
Young Milton’s Pauline Temper
Authors: Reisner Noam
Published: March 2021

This chapter attempts to look at young Milton’s formative negotiation of Pauline theology, idiom, and authorial self-representation in his early poetry and anti-prelatical political writings. Specifically, the chapter argues that the classical-Christian tension so often commented on in Milton’s early poetry and prose is not an abstract productive tension between classical humanism and Protestant theology but instead a specific authorial tension between Milton’s competing admiration above all for his two favourite writers—Ovid and Paul. In channelling and synthesizing the erotic creativity of the former with the spiritual teachings on sin and redemption of the latter, Milton slowly developed a unique poetic-spiritual stance that in time formed the basis of his future mature work, as an exploration of ‘peculiar grace’ always struggling in the world for poetically creative inward liberty.
Milton’s Ludlow Maske and Remaking English Nationhood
Authors: Loewenstein David
Published: March 2021

Recent scholarship has devoted increasing critical attention to the complexities of Milton’s expressions of nationalism and England’s exceptionalism, although with less attention to his early works. This chapter examines Milton’s Ludlow Maske (1634) in order to address the young writer’s efforts to assert himself as an author engaged in debates about remaking English nationhood. Milton treats significant national issues uniquely at a moment when the Caroline masque, including Thomas Carew’s lavish Coelum Britannicum (1634), was giving national exceptionalism spectacular representation. In A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle the notion of refashioned English nationhood remains an ideal not yet realized in ‘this dim spot / Which men call Earth’; English nationhood requires continual and strenuous testing. A Maske looks forward to the arduous remaking of godly English nationhood that would characterize Milton’s controversial writings during the crises of the revolutionary decades and their aftermath.
Inscribing Textuality
Authors: Willie Rachel
Published: March 2021

In The Preface to Gondibert (1650), William Davenant proposes a new literary aesthetic predicated upon philosophical and scientific learning. Like Milton, he was concerned with poetic form, though, unlike Milton, Davenant wrote numerous plays. Milton’s minimal engagement with dramatic form could be construed as representative of him positioning himself in opposition to the aesthetics of drama and the politics of the Restoration stage. This chapter addresses how Davenant’s notions of aesthetics and how Milton’s engagement with the theatricality of ink informed their ideas of drama. By placing these two authors in dialogue with one another, we are presented with a rich cultural poetics that is underpinned by questions of authorship and continued anxieties regarding the moral and didactic space of the stage and of the page.
‘Londini Sum Natus’
Authors: Hale John K.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores Milton’s record of his own life and character in the Second Defence, to see what is lost in the translations or is becoming dulled by their familiarity. The chapter examines sentence length, syntax, imagery, and more, to show that the plainness of the life account is not entirely plain, and certainly not flat. The presentation of his life modulates into his thought, and the style changes with it, into a more complex self-characterization, occasioned by the events of the crisis of Church and state to 1654, when Milton was 45. As a whole, the life account in Defensio Secunda does match other evidence, yet it was also composed as self-defence. Milton tells the truth, as he wishes it be seen, against outside vilification. The chapter elicits from close reading and from Latin style what can be revealed of Milton’s mind, ultimately asking: how open was it?
Milton Among the Iconoclasts
Authors: Zlatar Antoinina Bevan
Published: March 2021

This chapter seeks to focus on an aspect of Milton’s alleged Puritan persona, namely his iconoclasm. Since E. B. Gilman’s subtly nuanced Iconoclasm and Poetry in the English Reformation (1986), it has become fashionable to discuss Milton the iconoclastic polemicist or to debate the extent of his iconoclastic poetic strategies. All too often this criticism rehearses the old Puritan / Laudian binary and assumes that Milton the Puritan is intrinsically iconoclastic. Yet, as the notorious 1632 Star Chamber trial of Henry Sherfield demonstrates, Calvinist iconoclasm was but the most extreme end of a rich spectrum of Protestant attitudes to images in seventeenth-century England. By reading Milton’s embodied representation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in Paradise Lost in the context of the Sherfield trial, I hope to make the case for a more iconophile poet, thus rescuing Milton from the refashioning conducted by later writers and critics.
Milton’s Erotic Dramas
Authors: Forsyth Neil
Published: March 2021

This chapter considers recent performances of Book IX of Paradise Lost, preceded by a play in Middle English from the York Mystery Cycle also telling the Fall of Adam and Eve, and A Maske Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle. Considering the first two together emphasizes anew the intensity with which Milton dramatizes the quarrel and the Fall sequence. The production served as a brilliant reminder of how theatrical is the scene, and how it echoes, or anticipates, the other major dramas among Milton’s works such as A Maske. Seeing the scene from the epic in relation to the medieval play made it obvious how Milton’s imagination worked in dramatic terms, and indeed reminds us that Milton had originally set out to write a tragedy of the story. The chapter focuses on the extremely odd choice that Milton made to retell the myth of Adam and Eve as a love story.
Afterword
Authors: Sauer Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

The Afterword situates the subject of ‘making Milton’ in the broader context of Milton’s value, that is, of making Milton matter, historically, intellectually, and materially. Sauer explains how the volume’s contributions bring Milton Studies into conversation with scholarship on book history, material culture, and the mechanisms of public dissemination. The volume’s tripartite structure is shown to highlight relationships among printing and book trade practices, authorship, and the generation of afterlives, while the collection at large demonstrates how the historical and material operations of ‘making Milton’ intersect. Marking a material turn in Milton Studies, Making Milton serves as a welcome resource and rewarding contribution to the cultural capital of collective book production and reception. While reviewing the book’s key features and arguments, the Afterword also maps out future directions in this ever expanding field.
The Jus Post Bellum of Illegally Transferred Settler Populations
Authors: Kontorovich Eugene
Published: March 2021

This chapter studies the jus post bellum regime for dealing with settlers in occupied territories. This chapter proceeds by examining several major conflicts that involve the migration of civilians from the territory of an occupying power into an occupied territory, since the adoption of the Fourth Geneva Convention. After describing the nature of possible violations in each case, the chapter examines the post bellum treatment of the settlers. Several of these conflicts (Indonesia/East Timor; Vietnam/Cambodia; Russia/the Baltics) have actually gone through the post bellum phase. These provide the most robust evidence for how workable conflict resolution deals with settlers. Regarding the ongoing conflicts, this chapter examines the proposed international models for the post bellum situation, none of which contemplates a removal of settlers.
Population Genetics with R
Authors: Láruson Áki Jarl , Reed Floyd Allan
Published: March 2021

Population genetics is an inherently quantitative discipline. Because the focus of population genetics studies is usually on abstract concepts like the frequencies of genetic variants over time, it can at first glance be difficult to conceptualize and appropriately visualize. As more and more quantitative models and methods have become established in the discipline, it has become necessary for people just entering the field to quickly develop a good understanding of the many layers of complex approaches, so as to correctly interpret even basic results. An unfortunate side effect of the widespread implementation of ready-to-use quantitative software packages is that some facets of analysis can become rote, which at best might lead to implementation without the full understanding of the user and at worst, inappropriate application leading to misguided conclusions. In this book a “learning by doing” approach is employed to encourage readers to begin developing an intuitive understanding of population genetics concepts. The analytical software R, which has increasingly been the program of choice for early exposure to basic statistical programming, is freely available online, has cross-platform compatibility (Windows, Mac, and Linux all support distributions of R), and offers the potential for hands-on implementation by the students, in addition to using pre-packaged functions.
Population Differences
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter addresses different approaches to quantifying genetic divergence between populations. It discusses the concept of “missing heterozygosity” and uses this to quantify the level of divergence between two populations with a measure called FST. The chapter works through how to determine a population of origin from blue whale data and touches on the concept of DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals.
Pointing the Way to Additional Topics
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A.
Published: March 2021

This concluding chapter highlights many of the concepts that are important to understanding modern-day population genetics research and explains that while they may not have been covered in this book, they are built on the foundations laid out in the preceding chapters. A series of small sections are provided which briefly introduce important concepts for continued learning. These focus especially on the coalescent theory but also touch on tests of neutrality, linkage disequilibrium, deleterious alleles, fixation probability, selfish genetic elements, future directions, and R packages.
Understanding Professional Expertise in Unfamiliar Face Matching
Authors: White David , Towler Alice , Kemp Richard I.
Published: March 2021

Deciding whether or not two images are of the same unfamiliar face is an important task in many professions. These decisions are a critical part of modern identity verification processes with direct—and often profound—consequences for individual rights and the security of society. As a result, the public expect the people entrusted with these decisions to perform accurately. But do they? Here we review 29 published tests comparing face matching accuracy in professional and novice groups. Twelve of these tests show no significant differences between professional and novice groups, suggesting that merely performing the task in daily work is not sufficient to improve accuracy. However, specialist groups of facial examiners and police super-recognizers consistently outperform novices. Staff selection, mentorship, deliberate practice, motivation, feedback and training may all contribute to enhancing the performance of individuals working in these groups, and future research is necessary to delineate their relative contributions.
Possession, Relative Title, and Ownership in English Law
Authors: Rostill Luke
Published: March 2021

This book is concerned with two foundational principles of English property law: the principle of relativity of title and the principle that possession is a source of title. It is impossible to understand the relationship between possession and ownership in English law unless one has a sound understanding of these principles. Yet the principles have been interpreted in different ways by judges, practitioners, and academics. The book seeks to illuminate this area of law by addressing four questions: (1) What is possession? (2) What is the nature of the title acquired through possession? (3) What are the grounds of relativity of title? (4) What is the relationship between relativity of title and ownership?
The Grounds of Relative Title
Authors: Rostill Luke
Published: March 2021

Since it is not possible to fully understand a rule unless one understands its grounds, this chapter seeks to identify the grounds of the rules that confer proprietary interests on possessors. It argues that there is a genuine obligation-based reason for conferring a right to exclude on possessors who owe a special duty to keep the chattel safe, but that this is not, and has not been regarded by the law as, a reason to institute rules that confer general property interests on possessors generally. The chapter goes on to argue that the rules that confer proprietary interests on possessors are primarily based on the genuine need to provide greater certainty over title to chattels and (unregistered) land and greater security to those who possess or deal with such things.
Taking Soundings
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces themes that are important throughout this work. Augustine’s doctrine of original sin continues to hold sway for many theologians and the chapter briefly discusses recent works that have taken his thinking seriously in the light of evolution. The chapter also begins to map the relationships between sin, evil, natural evil, and moral evil. This blurring between natural and moral evil represents the most recent example of why an adequate understanding of sin that takes account of humanity’s embedded relationship with the natural world is so important. The chapter begins with a very brief discussion of shame, conscience, and evolutionary explanations of religion in early human societies. Following this is a brief review of Western theological explanations for the persistence of evil through a review of current literature on original sin. The chapter then argues, following traditional sources, that sin is worth exploring in order to understand virtue; in other words, an exploration of vices helps to elucidate the meaning of virtues. The chapter then comments on the common dichotomy between natural and moral evil and argues for a much greater blurring of that boundary in thinking through the biocultural origins of sin and guilt. J.M. Coetze’s novel Disgrace captures the complex and ambiguous interlacing of human sin and animality. The rest of the present volume intends to show more clearly what that blurring signifies as well as the distinctive nature of human sin and its symbolic character, which has semiotic properties amounting to a grossly distorted form of wisdom, shadow sophia.
Greed, Envy, and Gluttony
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: March 2021

The vices of greed, envy, and gluttony are named as three of the ‘deadly sins’ in the Christian tradition. All are more specific instances of what ‘free riding’ looks like by individuals in a community. Evolutionary psychology introduced the concept of ‘free riding’ as a problem that arises in a cooperative community. This chapter will focus most attention on greed or avarice understood as taking more than is needed. The chapter will explore key theological and biblical issues related to greed and discuss how the perception of the vice has changed through time. Moreover, the chapter will briefly explore envy, the desire for the goods of another, before moving to gluttony, which is self-indulgence related to food. In the classic tradition, gluttony included alcoholic drink and negatively impacted the body, but it also has wider implications for the community. The chapter will end by discussing how evolutionary, psychological, and medical theories for the origins of these vices compare with theological interpretations.
Deception, Lying, and Lust
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: March 2021

Primatologists have identified the apparent ability to deceive others in more dominant positions in order to gain sexual or other privileges. Evidence for the deliberative quality of deception in primates is much harder to assess. This chapter explores the biological capacity to deceive and shows how common it is among social animals even though relationships involving honest signalling are usually dominant. The chapter investigates the potential evolutionary roles for deception and how it plays out in the human sphere at different societal levels. Lying, however, which relies on language, brings in aspects to deception which are unique to our species. The human capacity for complex symbolic thought in which language emerges also influences the biocultural evolution of language and associated capacity for lying. Theological ethical debates about whether Thomas Aquinas ever permitted lying in situations where greater harm would ensue are worth considering in the light of the biological advantages of deception. Lust (illicit sexual desire) is another of the seven deadly sins and has been given perhaps greater pride of place in the Christian tradition because of a common interpretation of Augustine linking sex with original sin.
The Emotion of Fulfillment and Its Phenomenology
Authors: Kim Hyunseop
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, I identify and analyze the emotion of fulfillment and explain its evaluative phenomenology and the value thereof. I build on Susan Wolf’s account of meaning in life and argue that meaningfulness consists in correct fulfillment (Section 1). I analyze fulfillment into attraction and satisfaction, and argue that its evaluations are non-conceptual (Section 2). I argue that fulfillment has a distinctive evaluative phenomenology that is irreducible to sensory, cognitive, or agentive phenomenology (Section 3). Finally, I argue that the evaluative phenomenology of fulfillment has hedonic, epistemic, and motivational values (Section 4).
From Known to Knower
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the history of a certain kind of argument in the philosophy of mind, which stretches from Plato to the medieval period. According to this style of argument, we can establish the nature of the mind by thinking about the nature of its object. Thus, from the fact that the mind grasps propositions that are universal in scope and necessary in modality, we can rule out that the mind is made of a physical organ, which would “particularize” the content of its thoughts. It will be shown how this sort of assumption underlies arguments for the incorporeality of mind in several philosophers of the Islamic world, especially Averroes and Avicenna, and then shown how the affinity argument was rejected by thinkers who came after Avicenna and arguably defended intuitions much closer to those held by philosophers today.
Locke on Persons and Personal Identity
Authors: Boeker Ruth
Published: March 2021

This book offers a new perspective on John Locke’s account of persons and personal identity by considering it within the context of his broader philosophical project and the philosophical debates of his day. Ruth Boeker’s interpretation emphasizes the importance of the moral and religious dimensions of his view. She argues that taking seriously Locke’s general approach to questions of identity over time, means that his account of personhood should be considered separately from his account of personal identity over time. On this basis, Boeker argues that Locke endorses a moral account of personhood, according to which persons are subjects of accountability, and that his particular thinking about moral accountability explains why he regards sameness of consciousness as necessary for personal identity over time. Moreover, she shows that Locke’s religious beliefs in an afterlife and a last judgement make it attractive to distinguish between the ideas of persons, human beings, and substances, and to defend a consciousness-based account of personal identity. In contrast to some neo-Lockean views about personal identity, she argues that Locke’s account of personal identity is not psychological per se, but rather his underlying moral, religious, metaphysical, and epistemic background beliefs are relevant for understanding why he argues for a consciousness-based account of personal identity. Taking his underlying background beliefs into consideration not only sheds light on why many of his early critics do not adopt Locke’s view, but also shows why his view cannot be as easily dismissed as some of his critics assume.
Introduction
Authors: Boeker Ruth
Published: March 2021

This introductory chapter outlines Locke’s innovative contributions to debates about persons and personal identity. His view builds, first, on moral and legal conceptions of a person, which can be found in natural law theory, second, on metaphysical debates about individuation and identity, and, third, on metaphysical and religious debates about the afterlife and the state of the soul between death and resurrection. The chapter shows that he not only builds on these debates, but also how he systematically brings the different debates together in new ways and how his distinction between the ideas of person, man, and substance makes it possible to advance the debates of his day. Moreover, this chapter presents the aims and scope of the book and offers a summary of the subsequent chapters.
Locke’s Kind-dependent Approach to Identity
Authors: Boeker Ruth
Published: March 2021

This chapter offers a close analysis of Locke’s approach to questions of individuation and identity over time. It examines how Locke distinguishes individuation from identity and proposes that Locke’s approach to identity is best understood as kind-dependent. This means that the persistence conditions vary depending on the kind of being under consideration. For Locke it is important to first examine the kind under consideration, before persistence conditions for members of this kind can be specified. More precisely, if the nominal essences of kind F and kind G vary, then it is likely that the persistence conditions for members of kind F will vary from the persistence conditions for members of kind G. This chapter provides the framework for the subsequent discussion of Locke’s account of persons and personal identity.
Practical Necessity and Historical Necessity in Historical Materialism
Authors: James David
Published: March 2021

Practical necessity is shown to play a key role in Marx’s explanation of the historical necessity to which historical materialism is committed and to facilitate the adoption of a first-person standpoint that introduces minimal assumptions about what would lead the relevant agents to act in ways that bring about certain events and states of affairs. It is argued that Marx’s commitment to the idea of historical necessity, on the one hand, and his account of the possibility of a society in which freedom and necessity are reconciled, on the other, generate a problem in relation to the historical necessity of a phase of history that precedes a post-capitalist society in which freedom and necessity are reconciled. The idea of historical necessity would not apply to this phase of history, whereas to claim that it does so implies the existence of ‘surplus’ practical necessity.
Messing About in Boats
Authors: Hofmann Michael
Published: March 2021

The title—borrowed from The Wind in the Willows—is here re-purposed to cover four talks (the 2019 Clarendon Lectures) on four poems about boats; the ‘messing about’ is done by the poet and critic Michael Hofmann. In amiable, associative, exploratory terms, the writer discusses Rainer Maria Rilke’s ‘Emigrant Ship (Naples)’, Arthur Rimbaud’s ‘Drunken Ship’, Eugenio Montale’s ‘Boats on the Marne’, and Karen Solie’s ‘The World’. The suggestion is that there is a sort of symbolic equivalence between boat and poem, that the terms in which we think of boats and voyages are just as applicable to poets and poetry. The different boats, the different voyages, the different poems elicit an array of subtle, informative, and surprising responses. Taken as a whole, the lectures are four instances in how poetry, even across languages and translations, may still be read for enjoyment.
Common Ground
Authors: Begby Endre
Published: March 2021

This chapter outlines a way to study the social dynamics of prejudice even in the absence of “prejudiced believers.” Stereotypes often serve to provide us with “social scripts.” We often comply with these scripts even though we don’t endorse their content, simply because we have reason to believe that others endorse them, and because they are typically backed up by sanctions. But others may be in the same situation. Accordingly, we could find ourselves in situations where nobody endorses the stereotypes encoded in our social scripts, even as these scripts continue to govern our mutual interactions. Reverting to notions of “collective” or “shared” epistemic responsibility provides no real traction on these kinds of situations, nor any novel perspectives on remedial action. As a case study, this chapter offers the paradox of “perceived electability,” where voters fail to support a preferred minority candidate because they believe others will not vote for her.