bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Inclusion of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights in the Gatt/WTO
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

Historical background The GATT is one of several international instruments aimed at avoiding the mistakes that led to the world economic crisis in the 1930s. In 1930, the USA, followed by another twenty-five countries, increased their tariffs by about 60 per cent on the basis of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. As a consequence, world trade decreased by two-thirds. The resulting world economic crisis, which was worse than any before, was also considered one of several reasons for the emergence of totalitarian systems in Europe and for the Second World War. Against the background of these experiences, the founders of the GATT sought to prevent any protectionism and closed national economies; instead, the liberalization of trade, in particular by abolishing or reducing tariffs and by unhampered competition on the world markets, was viewed as crucial means for worldwide prosperity, full employment, and healthy economies—and, as a consequence, as a guarantee for peace.
The WIPO Development Agenda
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

General politics increasingly influence the expert bodies of international entities, such as the Specialized UN Agency WIPO. One major, recent political movement aims at generally strengthening developing and least developed countries (LDCs)—an approach considered necessary not least in order to diminish the negative consequences of globalization in these countries. Notably, in September 2000 the General Assembly of the UN adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration, which contains eight millennium development goals to improve the situation in developing countries and LDCs. Many other actions, declarations, and developments towards such improvements followed in this and other international organizations; for example, the current WTO Doha Round adopted the ‘Doha Development Agenda’ in November 2001; and the World Summit on the Information Society addressed the so-called ‘digital divide’ and similar issues.
Introduction
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P
Published: October 2023

On 10 September 2005, the worst rioting in Northern Ireland in twenty years was sparked by a parade of mysterious bowler-hatted men wearing Orange sashes accompanied by hard-thumping marching bands and throngs of young spectators. Many outsiders know the Orange Order as the incomprehensible organization at the centre of the conflict-ridden July marching season in Northern Ireland. This book presents the first modern history and social analysis of the Orange Order, and is based upon the Orange Order’s treasure trove of internal documents—whose contents have never been exposed to a non-Orange audience.
Conclusion
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P
Published: October 2023

The history of the Orange Order since 1963 is one of modernization. The secularizing, individualist, egalitarian ethos which swept through all Western societies in the sixties was refracted by the particular environment of Northern Ireland into a unique trajectory of change. Instead of ushering in an age of liberal individualism, ethnic decline, and lifestyle subcultures, modernity led to a rise in ethnic fundamentalism among the generations which came of age during the Troubles. Like young Muslims in Pakistan or Egypt, Ulster ’s youth have rejected tradition in favour of the fundamentals (albeit of ethnicity rather than faith). This has refashioned Unionism and the Orange Order much as it is reshaping Hamas and Palestinian nationalism—all of which should lead us to question Francis Fukuyama ’s easy notion that all advanced societies are heading towards a liberal ‘End of History ‘ while ethnic nationalism is a growing pain of developing societies.
The open economy
Authors: Heijdra Ben J
Published: October 2023

From national income accounting principles we know that for the open economy aggregate output can be written as: where Y is aggregate output, C is private consumption, I is investment, G is government consumption, EX are exports, and IM are imports. Aggregate spending by domestic residents is called absorption and is defined as A C + I + G. Exports are added to domestic absorption in the calculation of aggregate output because foreigners also spend on our goods, but imports must be deducted because what we import (i.e. parts of C, I, and G) does not lead to domestic production. >In view of the definition of absorption A, (10.1) can also be written as: which says that income equals aggregate spending by domestic residents plus net exports (the term in brackets).
Self-Incrimination, The Right to Silence, and the Reverse Burden of Proof
Authors: Bogan Paul
Published: October 2023

The privilege against self-incrimination, the right to silence, and the presumption of innocence are closely linked common-law rights. However, they have been subject to progressive statutory erosion by, respectively, compelled evidence, adverse inferences, and the reverse burden of proof. The right not to incriminate oneself and the right to silence are concepts which are inextricably bound together, though in the context of Convention jurisprudence they may be distinguished. The former is associated with protection against the coercive power of the state to compel a person, on threat of punishment, to provide information or evidence or to deliver up documents. Evidence obtained in that way is referred to as ‘compelled evidence’. The right to silence is considered in the context of the evidential use of silence in the face of questioning as proof of guilt: the adverse inference. The presumption of innocence may be compromised by the reversal of the burden of proof by which a defendant is required to establish the absence of an element of an offence or a defence to the charge.
Mental Health and Capacity
Authors: Weereratne Aswini
Published: October 2023

Criminal law sanctions interference with numerous human rights of the individual, and the right to liberty is the most fundamental of those where interference is permitted in the interests of punishing individuals and/or protecting society. Incarceration brings with it psychological trauma sometimes even for the most robust individuals. For those who are already vulnerable, through addiction or mental illness, there are additional considerations to bear in mind which will form the focus of this chapter—upon what criteria and for what reasons may mentally disordered persons be prosecuted, tried, imprisoned, or detained, and for how long (Articles 5–6); what conditions of detention are they entitled to, and crucially what examination or treatment, medical or otherwise, should they receive (Articles 3 and 8)?
Obligation to Prevent Crime and to Protect And Provide Redress to Victims of Crime
Authors: Gerry Alison
Published: October 2023

The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 (the Convention) as a human rights instrument predominantly protects and secures the rights of citizens as against the government or ‘state’. In contrast, the criminal law of a country provides a means by which individuals who perpetrate criminal acts can be brought to justice and is a means to protect people from the criminal acts of others. The two systems are not, however, unrelated and neither do they operate in isolation; human rights standards require that the state ensures that individuals be protected from the criminal acts of others, and a victim of a crime can also be a victim of a human rights violation by the state.
Honorary French citizen
Authors: Philp Mark
Published: October 2023

Paine had been one of seventeen foreigners accorded honorary French citizenship in August 1792, and four of the departmental electoral assemblies which met at the beginning of Sep tember had elected him as deputy to the new National Convention. Achille Audibert had been in London to urge Paine to accept the seat for Calais and play a part in the new order. He now conducted Paine through the obligatory ceremonies in Calais before seeing him off to attend the opening session of the convention on 21 September.
The impact of minimum wages on the distribution of earnings and employment in the USA
Authors: Bazen Stephen
Published: October 2023

Effective minimum wages necessarily have an impact on the earnings distribution. Whether employment is reduced or not, the introduction of, or an increase in, the minimum wage will decrease earnings inequality (unless the pay of workers earning more than the minimum increases more than proportionately). The nature of this distributional impact will depend on the direct and induced effects of the minimum wage on both earnings and employment. Being the lowest wage rate in the economy, the direct effect is to raise the wage of some employees compared to what they otherwise would have earned. Apart from this mechanical distributional effect, there are also a number of indirect distributional effects.
The Higgs Vacuum
Authors: Close Frank
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 6 we briefly met the idea of organization, in which large numbers of atoms and molecules can take on characteristics that individuals do not have. As the quantum void is filled with particles, it too can have unexpected properties that depend on how its constituents are organized. There are many familiar examples of organization, and as they have inspired modern ideas about the nature of the vacuum, I will start this chapter by describing some.
Conclusion: The Arabian Frontier of the Indian Empire
Authors: Onley James
Published: October 2023

The Gulf Residency was one of the largest and most important of the dozens of residencies maintaining the protective zone of informal empire surrounding British India. Since all these residencies were part of the same political residency system directed from British India and all used native political officers in the nineteenth century, it follows that they all must have operated to a great extent as the Gulf Residency did. Differences in local circumstances would have called for different strategies of influence and control, but all the residencies must have had a largely indigenous political infrastructure, and they all must have worked within indigenous political systems to whatever extent was possible.
Electricity Networks: The Innovation Supply Chain
Authors: Scott John , Evans* Gareth
Published: October 2023

Energy is once again centre stage both nationally and internationally. In addition to the recognized need for secure energy supplies to support society as we know it, the evidence grows year by year that energy use is presenting us with the first man-made threat to environmental sustainability. If there was ever a challenge that required us to invest intellectual effort to find new solutions, this must be it.
UK Oil and Gas Depletion Policy with Growing Import Dependence
Authors: Kemp Alexander G , Stephen* Linda
Published: October 2023

It is well known that the UK reverted to becoming a net gas importer in 2004, following a period from 1997 to 2003 as a net exporter. Ongoing net oil imports are frequently stated to be imminent. There are implications for depletion policy, the balance of trade, and security of energy supply. The prospective size of net imports over the longer term has often been discussed in rather alarmist terms, generally without adequate supporting information on supply and demand. The gas supply problems of the 2005–6 winter have added to concerns about the future security-of-supply situation.
The Investment Implications of Global Energy Trends
Authors: Birol Fatih
Published: October 2023

Although events that are short term in nature, such as spiking oil prices, typically dominate newspaper headlines, it is crucial that we keep our eyes open to the medium- and longer-term threats that environment, security and economic demands place on our energy system. To assist in this, the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s World Energy Outlook seeks to provide an analytical basis for understanding the drivers of energy markets and emerging energy challenges.
The Role Of Financial Markets And Innovation For Productivity And Growth In Europe
Authors: Heider Philipp Hartmann Florian , Duca Elias Papaioannou Marco Lo
Published: October 2023

An earlier version of this chapter was prepared upon request of the Finnish Presidency as a background document for a discussion of European Union finance ministers and central bank governors at the Informal Ecofin Meeting in Helsinki on 8 and 9 September 2006.
Asset Management In Europe
Authors: Mayer Julian Franks Colin , Silva Luis Correia Da
Published: October 2023

This chapter assesses the appropriate response of regulators to the risks of the asset management business and the way in which regulation should be framed at the European level. Difierent forms of investor protection give rise to difierent costs and benefits, including their impact on entry and competition. A key result of this study is that: industry structures difier markedly across countries; there is a close relationship between industry structures and regulation in difierent countries; and attempts to harmonize regulation across countries must be sensitive to these institutional difierences.
EU Securities Markets Regulation Problems, Policies, And Pro Cesses
Authors: Speyer Bernhard
Published: October 2023

It is widely understood that financial market integration brings substantial welfare gains. Nonetheless, even in the mid-1990s and despite decades of integration policy, Europe’s financial markets were still fragmented (and, despite considerable progress, continue to be so until today). This market fragmentation became even more glaring in the light of the run-up to European Monetary Union; in that context, market fragmentation also gave cause for concern:
Conclusion: Traumatized Perpetrators?
Authors: Taithe Bertrand
Published: October 2023

Joalland took a view commonly shared by his comrades, blaming the second in command for much of the preparation of the crime and even for most of the atrocities along the way. Chanoine had it within his nature to act as a brute, Voulet was betrayed by nature and illness drove him to the unnerved state of a feeble sufferer of neurasthenia, sometimes unable to move forward, sometimes paralysed by his own acts of transgression. In the era of decadent aesthetics he fitted another trope of banal brutality brought about by circumstances. In the terminology of psychiatry at that time, he showed the symptoms of traumatic neurosis. In this final chapter the madness of Voulet will be reassessed—not on clinical ground—there is no trace of it left in the archives—but as ameans of exploring themeaningsWestern societies give to the violence that takes place, away from our shores but always in our name.
Consultants’ Professional Indemnity Insurance For Architects
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the type of cover afforded to architects under a typical professional indemnity policy. The analysis set out below is based on the main standard wording that applies to architects. It is important to note, however, that the wording for any professional’s policy may vary widely and architects ought to check the terms of their policy carefully for any variations from the clauses set out below.
The Institutional Framework for Monetary Policy I: ‘Rules versus Discretion’
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea
Published: October 2023

In order to fulfil its macroeconomic and microeconomic tasks, a central bank needs an adequate institutional framework. This framework is formally laid down in the central bank constitution.
Important Building Blocks of Open-Economy Macroeconomics
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea
Published: October 2023

The most obvious implication of the switch from a closed-economy to an open-economy perspective is the more complex structure of the monetary policy transmission process.
Budgets and the Budgetary Process
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu
Published: October 2023

Government fiscal activity is reported to the nation through the budget. Governments perform a number of functions. Public expenditure and taxes are used to stabilize the economy, that is, when private demand is weak, expenditure maybe increased or taxes adjusted downward or both. Even if stabilization goals are satisfied, the government would still have to fulfil other roles in the economy, such as resource allocation and income distribution. These roles are embodied in the provision of certain public goods and services to society at large or separately to a specific group of individuals. Given the multiple roles the public sector performs in the economy, how can we analyse the allocation or assignment of these roles within the framework of a multi-level government? Also, how can we understand the actual performance of government in the past and present? All of these can be conveyed to us via the budgets and the budgetary process.
An Empirical Analysis of Balanced Budget Policy, 1953–65
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu
Published: October 2023

It is widely accepted that government expenditure and taxation can play an important role in the control of aggregate demand as a device for promoting economic stability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stabilizing effect of government fiscal activity in post-war Japan, and its scope is limited to two relatively simple considerations: (i) identifying empirically the cyclical behaviour of fiscal surplus and deficit, and thereby (ii) evaluating the planned and unplanned fiscal actions employed by the government during an earlier period of post-war Japan.
The Role of the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu
Published: October 2023

In addition to its fiscal activities, such as tax collection, borrowing, and public spending, the government also collects a substantial amount of public funds through credit programmes such as the postal savings and public pensions. By using these funds, the government can make loans and investments in various public institutions to seek specific policy goals. One such credit programme is the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme(FILP) separate from the on-budget activity in the general account of the national government. One of the marked features in the FILP is that the MOF centrally manages public funds to carry out a variety of national goals in line with fiscal and monetary polices. This is a very unique system that has attracted worldwide attention in relation to the promotion of economic growth in the past, but the FILP has recently posed a number of problems to be rectified in the wake of financial liberalization.
Republicanism and the French Revolution
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: October 2023

Republicanism and the French Revolution reassesses Jean-Baptiste Say's political economy by locating the author's ideas amidst the intellectual upheavals of Old Regime and revolutionary France. Traditionally Say has been portrayed as a rather staid figure, the archetypal liberal and classical political economist devoted to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. This study reveals the historic Say to have been altogether different; a passionate and committed republican intellectual and French patriot, he was as opposed to Britain's constitution, commerce, and political culture as he was to Bonaparte's First Empire. The relationship between Say's political thought and political economy, evinced in the full range of his writings from 1789 to 1832, is scrutinized for the first time, elucidating the true origins of his republicanism. This derived from a rich seam of political speculation among French and Genevan radicals concerning the possibility of transforming large and corrupt monarchies into modern republics whose political culture was characterized by commerce and virtue. By the 1790s such ideas had come to define the French Revolution itself, at once promising to restore French greatness and replace Britain as the leading cultural force in Europe. Say looked back to such luminaries as Diderot, Gibbon, and Franklin as members of the modern republican Pantheon and dedicated his life to formulating a political economy that would persuade legislators and ordinary citizens to embrace the republican creed.
The J.-B. Say Problem
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: October 2023

On his death in November 1832 Jean-Baptiste Say was lauded as a writer of singular importance. Fame as a political economist had been established across Europe and North America by the time of his appointment to the Chair of Economic industrielle at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers in 1819.
A Cross-Border Comparison of Reproductive Behaviour among the Punjabi and Bengali Communities of South Asia
Authors: Ramesh B M
Published: October 2023

The Indian subcontinent is often called an ‘ethnological museum’ because of its huge variety of races, religions and languages. An ethnic group may be defined as a population living in a contiguous geographical area, sharing common history, language, religion and a host of cultural traits including family, marriage, dress and food habits. Language is usually the most important factor defining ethnicity since people speaking the same language but living in different geographical locations or professing different religions are often observed to possess similar cultural traits. For instance, very little or no difference in culture is observed between the Punjabi speaking populations in Punjab and South India, or between Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Punjabi-speaking Sikhs. Thus, an ethnic group is very often identified in terms of the language it speaks, rather than its geographical location or religion.
The Continuing Fertility Transition
Authors: Visaria Leela
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers India’s fertility transition. It reviews present fertility trends and differentials, the socio-economic and cultural explanations for the transition, and discusses future fertility trends and some of the implications. Before the mid-twentieth century, average levels of human fertility were high. Indeed, given high death rates, birth rates had to be appreciable simply to maintain the population (Davis 1951). Although for women marriage was both early and universal, and there was little or no practice of deliberate birth control, fertility levels were restricted in several ways.
Prospects for Food Demand and Supply
Authors: Hanchate Amresh , Dyson Tim
Published: October 2023

This chapter assesses whether India’s food production can be raised to match the growth in demand which will arise from population growth. It also considers alterations in demand which will come from factors like urbanization and changes in people’s lifestyles. The data are frequently rough and inconsistent. Often all that can be done is to address issues with a broad brush. Moreover, the canvas is huge, so the need to simplify should require no explanation.
Current Developments, Assessment, and Prospects
Authors: Blackburn Robert
Published: October 2023

Most of the major developments now affecting the Convention, and those likely to do so in the foreseeable future, are or will be themselves driven by the immense new challenges and opportunities presented by the enlargement of the Council of Europe. Great care by the Directorate and Court of Human Rights in its administrative and judicial work needs to be supported by a strong commitment from member state governments in order to continue to establish and make successful the substantial organizational changes brought in by Protocol No. 11, for there are clearly some inherent problems. Above all, there is increasing pressure on the Court with the number of applications being brought before it increasing sharply over the past two years and set to rise even faster. The total number of judgments of the Court in its entire history to 1998 was 903, yet in the first nine months of 1999 alone the figure was 108. A press release issued by the Court Registrar on 26 June 1999, entitled ‘Steep Rise in Workload for European Court of Human Rights’, reported that the Court had before it 10,000 registered applications and more than 47,000 provisional files, as well as around 700 letters and more than 200 overseas telephone calls a day.
Greece
Authors: Ioannou Krateros
Published: October 2023

The Convention, so far as its application in Greece is concerned, has a unique history. Indeed, events like those that took place in Greece between the years 1967 and 1974 did not occur in any of the other member states of the Council of Europe, at least not during their membership. Greece signed the Convention on 20 November 1950, just one year after the end of a disastrous civil war. Parliamentary approval was given by Law 2329/ 1953. Between the years 1953 and 1967 the impact of the Convention on the Greek legal order was rather insignificant, although a great part of the legislation was undoubtedly violating the Convention. Neither judges nor the administrative authorities were seriously applying the Convention and questions of the international protection of human rights were not frequently debated in academic forums. In the very few cases where the Convention was referred to in Greek judgments it was only in order to discard its application in casu.
Hungary
Authors: Bokor-Szegö Hanna , Weller Mónika
Published: October 2023

The radical political and economic transformation which took place in Hungary in 1989–90 has led to the establishment of a pluralistic democracy. As a result of this evolution, legal order in Hungary had basically come into harmony, even prior to the ratification or the European Convention on Human Rights, with the norms of this Convention. The provisions of the Hungarian Constitution in force concerning human rights are concordant with those of the European Convention. The same can be stated in respect of several Acts of fundamental importance adopted before 1990. Such are the Acts on the freedom of association, on the freedom of assembly, on the functioning and management of political parties, and on freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
The Role of the State in the Development of Pensions and Pension Schemes
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

The development of UK pensions and pension schemes has been very much a British affair. With some exceptions, there have been no significant outside influences on that development. The exceptions have been few and far between, for example, the introduction of group life pension schemes from the USA in the 1920s and the European Community’s (and since 1 November 1993 the European Union’s) various rulings on the equal treatment of men and women from the 1970s.
Pension Funding in the United Kingdom
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we look at the most important features of pension funding in the UK. We begin with an examination of the different ways in which pensions can be financed, the various types of pension fund, and the different funds operating in the private and public sectors. We then examine the accounting framework for pension assets and liabilities established by Financial Reporting Standard 17 published by the UK Accounting Standards Board in 2000; this framework for the first time standardizes accounting practice in respect of company pension schemes.
The Ideal Pension Scheme
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

There is nothing magical or mystical about pensions. Neither is there anything emotive or emotional about them. Pension schemes are simply the mechanism by which consumption is transferred over time from youth to old age, from the time when someone is in work to the time when they are retired. Everyone can have a decent pension in retirement so long as sufficient savings are accumulated during their working lifetime.
Managing a Difficult Union: France and the LMU
Authors: Einaudi Luca
Published: October 2023

After the formal ratification in the first half of 1866 of the Convention creating the Latin Monetary Union (LMU), the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a campaign aimed at convincing European and North American countries to consider joining the LMU. Many States were favourably disposed to the proposal, but in the end the only formal addition to the LMU was Greece. This chapter examines the reasons why the LMU lost its chances of further enlargement and development even before the Franco Prussian War crushed the political equilibrium on which the Union was based.
On Hegel, Women, and Irony
Authors: Benhabib* Seyla
Published: October 2023

The 1980s have been named ‘the decade of the humanities’ in the USA. In many institutions of higher learning a debate is underway as to what constitutes the ‘tradition’ and the <canon’ in literary, artistic and philosophical works worth transmitting to future generations in the last quarter of the twentieth century. At the center of this debate is the question: if what had hitherto been considered the major works of the Western tradition are, almost uniformly, the product of a specific group of individuals, namely propertied, white, European and North American males, how universal and representative is their message, how inclusive is their scope, and how unbiased their vision?
We Are Not Sublime: Love and Sacrifice, Abraham and Ourselves
Authors: Agacinski Sylviane
Published: October 2023

When I started re-reading Fear and Trembling, a few years after I had written Aparte,1 I found myself fascinated once again by what Johannes de Silentio calls the sublimity of Abraham’s sacrifice, and my reflections here still bear the mark of that fascination. The ‘here I am’ with which Abraham replied to the God who was demanding the death of his son was always, for me, a paradigm of faith, of utter devotion, of the absolute risk of religious love. It seemed to offer a glimpse of a mysterious heroism that surpassed not only our under standing, but that of the religious poet too, or rather the poet of the religious.
The Dynamics of Knowledge Internalization: The Case of Fiat in the Technological District of Turin in the Mechanical Engineering Cluster
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the dynamics of the long-term growth of a firm as shaped by the interaction between innovation, growth, and technological opportunities stemming from the dynamics of technological complementarities in a technological district and a technological cluster. The aim of this chapter is to develop the implications, in terms of a theory of the firm, of the hypothesis outlined in previous chapters about the endogenous dynamics of technological complementarities.
New Directions in the Corporate Production of Technological Knowledge
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano
Published: October 2023

A significant shift in the economic understanding of the factors at play in the generation of technological knowledge has taken place over the last twenty years. For a long time, the corporation has been considered the main locus for the accumulation of technological knowledge and the object of relevant internal economies of scale and scope. A new approach to understanding and modelling the organization of the generation of technological knowledge is taking place: one where different forms of knowledge are identified and their interaction is appreciated.
Optimal Currency Crises
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas
Published: October 2023

The large movements in exchange rates that occurred in many South East Asian countries in 1997 have revived interest in the topic of currency crises. In many of the early models of currency crises, such as Kurgan (1979), currency crises occur because of inconsistent and unsustainable government policies (see Flood and Marion (1998) for a survey of the literature on currency crises). These models were designed to explain the problems experienced by a number of Latin American countries in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the recent South East Asian crises, by contrast, many of the countries which experienced problems had pursued macroeconomic policies that were consistent and sustainable. This characteristic of the recent crises has prompted a re-examination of theoretical models of currency crises.
Pitfalls in International Crisis Lending
Authors: Giannini Curzio
Published: October 2023

The unprecedented wave of foreign-exchange and fmancial crises which marked the last years of the millennium has spurred a wide-ranging debate on international institutional reform. The Bretton Woods architecture laid out in 1944 was explicitly aimed at keeping fmancial instability a national concern. This was achieved by making capital controls the rule rather than the exception in international relations and by forbidding the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to make its resources available to fmance a sustained outflow of capital. Accordingly, no provision was made in the otherwise comprehensive Bretton Woods agreement for coordinating bank supervision across countries or for establishing last-resort lending facilities for either international banks or countries.
The Last Medieval Queens
Authors: Laynesmith J L
Published: October 2023

The last medieval queens of England were Margaret of Anjou, Elizabeth Woodville, Anne Neville, and Elizabeth of York - four very different women whose lives and queenship were dominated by the Wars of the Roses. This book is not a traditional biography but a thematic study of the ideology and practice of queenship. It examines the motivations behind the choice of the first English-born queens, the multi-faceted rituals of coronation, childbirth, and funeral, the divided loyalties between family and king, and the significance of a position at the heart of the English power structure that could only be filled by a woman. It sheds new light on the queens' struggles to defend their children's rights to the throne, and argues that ideologically and politically a queen was integral to the proper exercise of mature kingship in this period.
Queens as Mothers
Authors: Laynesmith J L
Published: October 2023

Such were the words attributed by a felon in the prior of Canterbury ‘s gaol to his neighbour on the Isle of Thanet in 1448. For this neighbour, a farm labourer, childbearing was a queen ‘s defining function and Margaret ‘s failure to produce a son in three years of marriage rendered her unworthy of her title. As argued in preceding Chapters, the role of queen as understood by the political classes was very much richer and more complex than this. None the less, motherhood was a major aspect of the queen ‘s role. It enhanced her status, provided opportunities to extend her influence in local and national politics, and enabled her to complement and promote her husband ‘s kingship as well as to continue his dynasty. On occasion it could also conflict with her other duties as queen.
Introducing Games
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus
Published: October 2023

Three Examples In the movie Last Year at Marienbad directed by Alain Resnais (1961) a character, whom the script calls M, repeatedly persuades another, called X, to play a simple game. He arranges cards on the table in a triangular shape, one in the first row, three in the second, five in the third, and seven cards in the fourth and last row. The player who makes the first move may pick as many cards as he likes from one, but only one, row. Then the other player picks as many cards as he likes from one row. This goes on until one of the players has to pick the last card, and loses. Politely, the aristocratic M always lets X make the first move. But, alas, M always wins the game.
Games in Normal Form
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus
Published: October 2023

Normal Form The notion of a pure strategy is suggestive. Recall that a pure strategy (in an extensive form game) assigns a choice to each and every information set of a player. Given a pure strategy for each opponent, therefore, a player can figure out what she should do in all contingencies that may arise in the course of the game. If all players have done this, each of them has chosen a pure strategy and these pin down which plays may materialize (up to chance moves). Hence, after all players have decided on a pure strategy, they may well submit those to an umpire, who can then uniquely reconstruct what will happen in the game if it were actually played. This provides an alternative way to ascertain the outcome of a game, without having the players play it.
Is it Necessary to Look for the Universal in the Difference between the Sexes?
Authors: David-Menard Monique
Published: October 2023

Monique David-Menard was born in Lyon in 1947. She completed a master’s degree in philosophy with Paul David-Menard’s work has focused on the relations between psychoanalysis and philosophy, the status of notions of the universal, and questions of sexual difference. Her revisions of the history of European philosophy proceed by attending to details, issues, and texts considered marginal in traditional interpretations of pre­ eminent figures such as Kant (the philosopher with whom she has been most engaged).
Introduction: The Culture War
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

The cold war between the Soviet Union and the West was simultaneously a traditional political-military confrontation between empires, between the paxamericana and the paxsovietica, and at the same time an ideological and cultural contest on a global scale and without historical precedent. The cultural cold war was shaped by the new primacy of ideology; by the shared and bitterly contested heritage of the European Enlightenment; and, not least, by the astonishing global ascendancy of printing presses, of film, radio, and television, not overlooking the proliferation of theatres and concert halls open to the broad public, particularly in the USSR.
The Gladiatorial Exhibition
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

In the summer of 1959 two major national displays opened under the first cultural exchange treaty: the Soviet exhibition in New York, the American exhibition in Moscow. Tensions rose rapidly as the rivals prepared to put on show for the first time virtually everything they could claim to have achieved-economic, scientific, educational, and cultural-whether in reality, prototype, or dream. Rivalry was intense, competition ferocious: this was the era of Sputnik and Khrushchev’s ‘We will bury you’.
Soviet Cinema: The New Wave
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

After Stalin’s death the Soviet film industry was freer to produce films of high artistic quality aimed at Western festivals and audiences. Soviet papers began to publish lists of foreign films they would like to see and to make appreciative comments about Italian neo-realism. The New York Times reported Pravda’s praise for Delbert Mann’s Marty, a great work of American neo-realism shown at the Cannes Festival. The Pravda review, by Sergei Yutkevich, the Soviet member of the Cannes jury, lauded the film as truly depicting the life of simple folk in America.
Brecht and the Berliner Ensemble
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

In his Brecht in Context, the late John Willett commented that whereas other artists have confined their political commitment to particular aspects of their work, ‘Brecht systematically made it a part of everything he did. Far more than Picasso or Eluard, or George Grosz or Andre’ Malraux, he was all of a piece, fusing political and aesthetic considerations on a whole series of different levels. It is this that makes him special to admirers and critics alike . . .’ Certainly no twentieth-century dramatist and poet has excited such controversy, such adulation and furious condemnation, as Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956). No dramatist loomed larger in cold war cultural conflict than he.
Picasso and Communist Art in France
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

Pablo Picasso joined the French Communist Party (PCF) immediately after the Liberation of Paris, where he had been living throughout the war. Under the Nazi occupation he had continued to work but, classified as a ‘degenerate’ artist (like Matisse), was forbidden to exhibit. Periodically German officers would search his studio in the rue des Grands-Augustins. After the Liberation the invaders were admiring young Americans GIs.
Conclusion
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

Culture wars, unlike games of football and chess, do not yield undisputed winners and losers; they more towards the judgemental system prevailing in gymnastics, diving, and ice-dancing, with the jurors as much on trial as the performers.
Psychology and the Financial Markets: Applications to Understanding and Remedying Irrational Decision-Making
Authors: Hilton Denis J
Published: October 2023

The origin of this chapter lies in a report that I wrote for a financial think-tank in the City of London, in which my brief was to identify ways in which psychology driven applications could help banks make even more money (Hilton, 1999). The way I went about this was to identify some individual and collective biases in decision-making that are well-known to psychologists (e.g. Bazerman, 1998; Hogarth, 1987; Lopes, 1994; Russo and Schoe maker, 1991), and then seek empirical evidence that these biases influence real financial behavior.
Social Exclusion and Neighbourhoods
Authors: Lupton Ruth , Power Anne
Published: October 2023

Economic and demographic studies contribute to an understanding of the social exclusion of individuals and their families. In this chapter, we introduce a spatial dimension, exploring the relationship between neighbourhood and exclusion.
Does a Focus on ‘Social Exclusion’ Change the Policy Response?
Authors: Hills John
Published: October 2023

The earlier chapters of this book presented new evidence on the extent of social exclusion, the dynamics of incomes and earnings, intergenerational transmission of disadvantage, and area deprivation. Later ones looked in detail at some key policy areas related to this evidence: reducing child poverty; responses to unemployment, disability, and income security in old age; education; and the role of community, or ‘social infrastructure’.
Man of the Shade
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

The household at Sayes Court in the summer of 1669 consisted of the Evelyns and their four children: a son, Jack, of 14 and a ‘little flock of girls’, all much younger: 3-year-old Mary, Betty, who was not quite 2, and the baby Sue, from whose birth her mother was still recovering when she took her river voyage with the Howards. To this nucleus was added Evelyn’s father in law Sir Richard Browne, a bookish, courtly figure, now almost retired from public life; and for much of the time Jack’s resident tutor, a young Oxford clergyman called Ralph Bohun. At Deptford Mary Evelyn and her father were in their native place. For all his transformation of Sayes Court, Evelyn was always conscious that his was elsewhere.
Nuptial Love
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

Unlike her husband Mary Evelyn kept no diary and left no account of her own life. The narratives he encouraged her to write down of her vivid and coherent dreams, tantalizingly referred to in one of his letters,1 have now vanished. If, like many of her female contemporaries, she kept devotional notes these have also failed to survive. We know most about her from her letters. She had been familiar from her childhood with the salon culture of Paris and for all her modest and self-effacing demeanour she was essentially a social being; conversation and correspondence came more naturally to her than solitary self-communing.
Courtly Love
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

The court to which Margaret Blagge had been called consisted of two royal households subsisting side by side, the one headed by the King and the other by his brother. James. Duke of York. At the time of his Restoration Charles II was 30 but still single, his marriage having been delayed by his years of penurious exile. Until it should take place and produce issue, his heir remained his brother and his brother’s children, though they would be dis placed in the line of succession whenever the King should have legitimate children of his own. It was a situation of insecurity and tension for them and their households.
Godly Housekeeping
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

Margaret continued to live with the Warners as a single woman for several more weeks. Even to Godolphin’s sisters she still only hinted at being married. Writing to her sister Frances in Cornwall of a round of visits she had just made with ‘Mrs Blagge’, Jael Boscawen added that Margaret had told he something in the course of it ‘that has increased our familiarity, but you are not to make much reply to this nor imagine by it, a marriage, for I don’t think tis soe yet, & these are ill times to set up with upon their foundation’.1 There was more to this than the congenital caution of the family in such matters. Outwardly the fifteen-month prorogation of Parliament which began in November 1675 seemed a period of profound political tranquility, but Danby knew that he had covert opponents to deal with.
Operations Abroad: The I.R.A. in Britain
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: October 2023

From the 1790s onwards, Hibernian revolutionary endeavours have invariably spanned the Irish Sea. Indeed, if rebellions are measured in bullets and bombs, it was Britain, not Ireland, that was the main battlefield in nineteenth-century struggles to establish a republic. whatever yeast was lacking in the Fenian rising of 1867, for example, was more than made up for in England, where the Manchester Martyrs and the Clerkenwell bombers left a rich legacy of corpses, anthems, and anniversaries. The greatest of the ‘bold Fenian men’, William Lomasney, died not by a Saxon bullet on an Irish hillside, but by the Thames, blown up by his own bomb.’
The Protestant Experience of Revolution in Southern Ireland
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: October 2023

Between 1911 rand 1926 the twenty-six counties that became the Irish Free State lost 34 per cent of their Protestant population.’ To put this number into context, over the same period the Catholic populations in both the north and south fell by 2 per cent and the Protest1nt population in Northern Ireland rose by 2 per cent. Over the previous thirty years, that: two groups within the twenty-six counties had declined at almost exactly the same-gradually decreasing-rate (Protestants by 20 per cent, Catholics by 19 per cent).’ So this catastrophic loss ,vas unique to the southern minority and unprecedented: it represents easily the single greatest measurable social change of the revolutionary era. It is also unique in modern British history, being the only example of the mass displacement of a native ethnic group within the British Isles since the seventeenth century. Did the political and demographic upheavals coincide? How voluntary was this migration, and what were its causes? How sectarian was the Irish nationalist revolution?
Other Contracts For Sale Of Land
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

A pacte de preférénce included in a lease of business premises (Chapter 18) is treated as an agreement separate from the lease but ceases to have effect on the termination of the lease and is not renewed automatically on the renewal of the lease (Cass.21.12.88). However, during the period during which a business lessee may exercise his droit de maintien, he may still rely on it (Cass.16.6.99).
The Société Civile D’Attribution
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

This kind of société civile is of interest to buyers of property in France since it is not uncommon for property developers to make use of it to finance the building of blocks of flats rather than to resort to the ventes en l’  état futur (Chapter 8) or for the renovation of an existing building before selling off the newly created flats in it. The buyer acquires shares in the company in question which carry with them the right to have vested in him as shareholder a particular part of the company’s property on a distribution in specie on the liquidation of the company.