bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder: Where we are and where we need to go
Authors: Cai Ru Ying , Richdale Amanda L. , Uljarević Mirko , Dissanayake Cheryl , Samson Andrea C.
Published: July 2018

Emotion dysregulation is a common issue experienced by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and has been associated with a wide range of negative mental and physical health outcomes. This commentary highlights the role emotion dysregulation plays in ASD by first considering the literature on emotion regulation (ER) in the general population and then summarizing the ER research in ASD. Based on the evaluation of previous research findings, we conclude that individuals with ASD have more ER difficulties and consistently self‐report or demonstrate a less adaptive pattern of ER strategy use. In addition, the higher prevalence of internalizing and externalizing issues seen in ASD are associated with the greater habitual use of some ER strategies and less habitual use of others. Conceptual and methodological limitations are discussed, including the use of coping measures and single‐method approaches, and ASD gender distribution. We propose a set of new directions for investigating ER in ASD, incorporating knowledge from other literatures on the role of flexibility in healthy adaptation, overlaps between flexibility and executive function deficits, the adaptive value of up‐regulation of positive emotions, and the importance of emotional self‐awareness. Increasing our capacity for identifying the mechanisms underlying co‐morbid affective disorders can ultimately inform the design of effective interventions to maximize the wellbeing of individuals with ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 962–978. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Research has shown that people diagnosed with autism tend to have difficulties with regulating their own emotions. This commentary article summarizes the main information from emotion regulation research conducted both in autism and in other populations. We make suggestions on how we can improve emotion regulation research in autism, with the ultimate goal being to use the learning gained from research to design effective interventions that can improve the wellbeing of people with autism.
The deletion of M4 muscarinic receptors increases motor activity in females in the dark phase
Authors: Valuskova Paulina , Forczek Sandor T. , Farar Vladimir , Myslivecek Jaromir
Published: July 2018

Objectives

M4 muscarinic receptors (MR) presumably play a role in motor coordination. Previous studies have shown different results depending on genetic background and number of backcrosses. However, no attention has been given to biorhythms.

Material and Methods

We therefore analyzed biorhythms under a light/dark cycle obtained telemetrically in intact animals (activity, body temperature) in M4KO mice growth on the C57Bl6 background using ChronosFit software. Studying pure effects of gene knockout in daily rhythms is especially important knowledge for pharmacological/behavioral studies in which drugs are usually tested in the morning.

Results

We show that M4KO mice motor activity does not differ substantially from wild‐type mice during light period while in the dark phase (mice active part of the day), the M4KO mice reveal biorhythm changes in many parameters. Moreover, these differences are sex‐dependent and are evident in females only. Mesor, night–day difference, and night value were doubled or tripled when comparing female KO versus male KO. Our in vitro autoradiography demonstrates that M4MR proportion represents 24% in the motor cortex (MOCx), 30% in the somatosensory cortex, 50% in the striatum, 69% in the thalamus, and 48% in the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). The M4MR densities were negligible in the subparaventricular zone, the posterior hypothalamic area, and in the suprachiasmatic nuclei.

Conclusions

We conclude that cholinergic signaling at M4MR in brain structures such as striatum, MOCx, and probably with the important participation of IGL significantly control motor activity biorhythm. Animal activity differs in the light and dark phases, which should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results.
A High‐Voltage Electrochemical Cell Operating with Two Aqueous Electrolytes of Different pH Values
Authors: Ratajczak Paula , Béguin François
Published: July 2018

A concept of a carbon/carbon electrochemical cell using aqueous electrolytic solutions of potassium hydroxide and sodium sulfate as catholyte and anolyte, respectively, and a cation exchange membrane as separator is presented. Owing to the pH difference between the two electrolytes, the theoretical potential difference between water oxidation and reduction is enlarged. Experimentally, an optimized cell could be charged up to 1.5 V, while the operating potential range of the electrodes fitted in the thermodynamic stability limits of the electrolytes. The cell demonstrated a good life span, with constant capacitance and resistance values, when it was kept at imposed voltage of 1.5 V for a total number of 120 hours.
Mechanisms and Regulation of Intestinal Phosphate Absorption
Authors: Hernando Nati , Wagner Carsten A.
Published: July 2018

States of hypo‐ and hyperphosphatemia have deleterious consequences including rickets/osteomalacia and renal/cardiovascular disease, respectively. Therefore, the maintenance of appropriate plasma levels of phosphate is an essential requirement for health. This control is executed by the collaborative action of intestine and kidney whose capacities to (re)absorb phosphate are regulated by a number of hormonal and metabolic factors, among them parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3, and dietary phosphate. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the transepithelial transport of phosphate across enterocytes are only partially understood. Indeed, whereas renal reabsorption entirely relies on well‐characterized active transport mechanisms of phosphate across the renal proximal epithelia, intestinal absorption proceeds via active and passive mechanisms, with the molecular identity of the passive component still unknown. The active absorption of phosphate depends mostly on the activity and expression of the sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐IIb (SLC34A2), which is highly regulated by many of the factors, mentioned earlier. Physiologically, the contribution of NaPi‐IIb to the maintenance of phosphate balance appears to be mostly relevant during periods of low phosphate availability. Therefore, its role in individuals living in industrialized societies with high phosphate intake is probably less relevant. Importantly, small increases in plasma phosphate, even within normal range, associate with higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, therapeutic approaches to treat hyperphosphatemia, including dietary phosphate restriction and phosphate binders, aim at reducing intestinal absorption. Here we review the current state of research in the field. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1065‐1090, 2018.
Platelet‐Activation Mechanisms and Vascular Remodeling
Authors: Rubenstein David A. , Yin Wei
Published: July 2018

This overview article for theComprehensive Physiologycollection is focused on detailing platelets, how platelets respond to various stimuli, how platelets interact with their external biochemical environment, and the role of platelets in physiological and pathological processes. Specifically, we will discuss the four major functions of platelets: activation, adhesion, aggregation, and inflammation. We will extend this discussion to include various mechanisms that can induce these functional changes and a discussion of some of the salient receptors that are responsible for platelets interacting with their external environment. We will finish with a discussion of how platelets interact with their vascular environment, with a special focus on interactions with the extracellular matrix and endothelial cells, and finally how platelets can aid and possibly initiate the progression of various vascular diseases. Throughout this overview, we will highlight both the historical investigations into the role of platelets in health and disease as well as some of the more current work. Overall, the authors aim for the readers to gain an appreciation for the complexity of platelet functions and the multifaceted role of platelets in the vascular system. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1117‐1156, 2018.
Role of Short Chain Fatty Acid Receptors in Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology
Authors: Priyadarshini Medha , Kotlo Kumar U. , Dudeja Pradeep K. , Layden Brian T.
Published: July 2018

Nutrient sensing is a mechanism for organisms to sense their environment. In larger animals, including humans, the intestinal tract is a major site of nutrient sensing for the body, not surprisingly, as this is the central location where nutrients are absorbed. In the gut, bacterial fermentation results in generation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a class of nutrients, which are sensed by specific membrane bound receptors, FFA2, FFA3, GPR109a, and Olfr78. These receptors are expressed uniquely throughout the gut and signal through distinct mechanisms. To date, the emerging data suggests a role of these receptors in normal and pathological conditions. The overall function of these receptors is to regulate aspects of intestinal motility, hormone secretion, maintenance of the epithelial barrier, and immune cell function. Besides in intestinal health, a prominent role of these receptors has emerged in modulation of inflammatory and immune responses during pathological conditions. Moreover, these receptors are being revealed to interact with the gut microbiota. This review article updates the current body of knowledge on SCFA sensing receptors in the gut and their roles in intestinal health and disease as well as in whole body energy homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1091‐1115, 2018.
Demonstration of viability and fertility and development of a molecular tool to identify YY supermales in a fish with both genotypic and environmental sex determination
Authors: Hattori Ricardo Shohei , Tashiro Seiya , Zhang Yan , Kakuta Naoya , Yokota Masashi , Strüssmann Carlos Augusto , Yamamoto Yoji
Published: July 2018

The pejerrey possesses a genotypic sex determination system driven by the amhy gene and yet shows marked temperature‐dependent sex determination. Sex‐reversed XY females have been found in a naturally breeding population established in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. These females could mate with normal XY males and generate YY “supermale” individuals that, if viable and fertile, would sire only genotypic male offspring. This study was conducted to verify the viability, gender, and fertility of YY pejerrey and to develop a molecular method for their identification. Production of YY fish was attempted by crossing a thermally sex‐reversed XY female and an XY male, and rearing the progeny until sexual maturation. To identify the presumable YY individuals, we first conducted a PCR analysis using amhy‐specific primers to screen only amhy‐positive (XY and YY) fish. This screening showed that 60.6% of the progeny was amhy‐positive, which suggested the presence of YY fish. We then conducted a second screening by qPCR in order to identify the individuals with two amhy copies in their genome. This screening revealed 13 individuals, all males, with values twice higher than the other 30 amhy‐positive fishes, suggesting they have a YY complement. This assumption as well as the viability, fertility, and “supermale” nature of these individuals was confirmed in progeny tests with XX females that yielded 100% amhy‐positive offspring. These results demonstrate that qPCR can obviate progeny test as a means to identify the genotypic sex and therefore may be useful for the survey of all three possible genotypes in wild populations.
The use of systematic reviews to justify anaesthesiology trials: A meta‐epidemiological study
Authors: Engelking A. , Cavar M. , Puljak L.
Published: July 2018

Aims

New randomized clinical trials (RCTs) should be initiated if previous systematic reviews (SRs) indicate that new trials are needed. We analysed whether RCTs published in anaesthesiology journals mentioned previous SRs as a rationale for conducting trial and for discussing results.

Methods

This was a meta‐epidemiological, descriptive cross‐sectional study. We analysed RCTs published in the seven first‐quartile anaesthesiology journals between 2014 and 2016. We studied text and bibliography of the RCTs to assess whether the authors made a reference to previous SRs when justifying the need for their own clinical trial and discussing the results.

Results

In the 622 studied RCTs 126 (20%) mentioned verbatim or cited one or more SRs as justification for conducting a trial, most commonly in introduction of a manuscript. Almost half of the included RCTs (44%) did not cite a single systematic review. There was no significant difference between the years in the number of explicitly mentioned SRs as justification for conducting a trial (F = 0.540, p = 0.583). Trials citing, mentioning or explicitly using SRs as a justification were published in journals with significantly higher impact factor and included significantly higher number of participants, while there was no difference in using SRs in trials in terms of funding type, type of intervention or positive versus negative results.

Conclusions

Trialists should use evidence from existing SRs for planning a trial, while ethics committees, peer‐reviewers and editors should require authors to provide evidence that a new trial is indeed necessary.

Significance

Since less than a fifth of trials published in high‐impact journals in the field of anaesthesiology explicitly mention previous systematic review as a justification for conducting the trial, authors, ethics committees, editors and peer‐reviewers need to increase their awareness of the need for proper justification regarding the necessity for a new trial.
Nondental orofacial pain in dental practices – diagnosis, therapy and self‐assessment of German dentists and dental students
Authors: Ziegeler C. , Wasiljeff K. , May A.
Published: July 2018

Background

Patients with non‐dental orofacial pain syndromes will often primarily consult general dentists and other dental specialists. Early and correct diagnosis and therapy is crucial to prevent chronification.

Methods

We assessed the experience of dentists (general dentists and dental specialists; n = 533) and knowledge level of dental students (n = 130) on the diagnosis and treatment of non‐dental orofacial pain. We used an anonymized survey containing 14 items with the four main themes (1) prescription patterns, (2) treatment strategies in non‐dental orofacial pain, (3) interdisciplinary cooperation, and (4) self‐assessment of knowledge as well as post‐graduate education.

Results

Ninety‐two percent of dental students stated that they feel either ‘not at all’ (56%) or only ‘somewhat’ (36%) prepared for the diagnosis or treatment of non‐dental orofacial pain. Only 23% of the dentists reported ‘good’ or ‘very good’ confidence for the diagnosis of non‐dental orofacial pain. NSAID were the analgesics of choice when the pain is unspecific (25%) or even neuralgic (10%). Dentists referred patients with non‐dental orofacial pain mostly to ENT‐physicians (59%), oral and maxillofacial surgeons (54%) or TMD specialists (51%).

Conclusion

Interdisciplinary pain treatment seems to be well acknowledged, however, with a focus on referral within the community of dental specialists. Dental curricula and post‐graduate trainings need to implement the diagnosis and treatment options of non‐dental orofacial pain.
Fruit and vegetable consumption and breast cancer incidence: Repeated measures over 30 years of follow‐up
Authors: Farvid Maryam S. , Chen Wendy Y. , Rosner Bernard A. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Willett Walter C. , Eliassen A. Heather
Published: July 2018

We evaluated the relation of fruit and vegetable consumption, including specific fruits and vegetables, with incident breast cancer characterized by menopausal status, hormone receptor status and molecular subtypes. Fruit and vegetable consumption, cumulatively averaged across repeated, validated questionnaires, was examined in relation to risk of invasive breast cancer among 182,145 women initially aged 27–59 years in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, 1980–2012) and NHSII (1991–2013). Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for known risk factors, was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed tumors by hormone receptor status and molecular subtypes. We prospectively documented 10,911 invasive breast cancer cases. Greater intake of total fruits and vegetables, especially cruciferous and yellow/orange vegetables, was associated with significantly lower breast cancer risk (>5.5 vs. ≤2.5 servings/day HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83–0.96; ptrend = 0.006). Intake of total vegetables was especially associated with lower risk of estrogen receptor negative tumors (HR per 2 additional servings/day as a continuous variable = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.77–0.93; pheterogeneity = 0.02). Among molecular subtypes, higher intake of total fruits and vegetables (HR per 2 additional servings/day as a continuous variable) was most strongly associated with lower risk of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐enriched (HR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.67–0.93), basal‐like (HR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.72–0.97) and luminal A (HR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.89–0.99), but not with luminal B tumors (pheterogeneity = 0.03). In conclusion, our findings support that higher intake of fruits and vegetables, and specifically cruciferous and yellow/orange vegetables, may reduce the risk of breast cancer, especially those that are more likely to be aggressive tumors.
Rotating night shift work and colorectal cancer risk in the nurses’ health studies
Authors: Papantoniou Kyriaki , Devore Elizabeth E. , Massa Jennifer , Strohmaier Susanne , Vetter Céline , Yang Lin , Shi Yan , Giovannucci Edward , Speizer Frank , Schernhammer Eva S.
Published: July 2018

Animal and human data have suggested that shift work involving circadian disruption may be carcinogenic for humans, but epidemiological evidence for colorectal cancer remains limited. We investigated the association of rotating night shift work and colorectal cancer risk in two prospective female cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS2, with 24 years of follow‐up. In total, 190,810 women (NHS = 77,439; NHS2 = 113,371) were included in this analysis, and 1,965 incident colorectal cancer cases (NHS = 1,527; NHS2 = 438) were reported during followup (NHS: 1988–2012, NHS2: 1989–2013). We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for a wide range of potential confounders. We did not observe an association between rotating night work duration and colorectal cancer risk in these cohorts (NHS: 1–14 years: Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.04, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.16; 15+ years: HR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.39; Ptrend = 0.14 and NHS2: 1–14 years: HR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99; 15+ years: HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.64 and Ptrend = 0.88). In subsite analysis in NHS, rectal cancer risk increased after long‐term (15+ years) rotating night shift work (proximal colon cancer: HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.34, Ptrend = 0.90; distal colon cancer: HR 1.27, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.85, Ptrend = 0.32; rectal cancer: HR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.34, Ptrend = 0.02). We found no overall evidence of an association between rotating night shift work and colorectal cancer risk in these two large cohorts of nurses. Risk for rectal cancer significantly increased with shift work duration, suggesting that long‐term circadian disruption may play a role in rectal cancer development.
Activation of WNT/β‐catenin signaling results in resistance to a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells harboring PIK3CA mutations
Authors: Park Ye‐Lim , Kim Hwang‐Phill , Cho Young‐Won , Min Dong‐Wook , Cheon Seul‐Ki , Lim Yoo Joo , Song Sang‐Hyun , Kim Sung Jin , Han Sae‐Won , Park Kyu Joo , Kim Tae‐You
Published: July 2018

PIK3CA is a frequently mutated gene in cancer, including about ~15 to 20% of colorectal cancers (CRC). PIK3CA mutations lead to activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which plays pivotal roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the mechanism of resistance of PIK3CA‐mutant CRC cell lines to gedatolisib, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. Out of a panel of 29 CRC cell lines, we identified 7 harboring one or more PIK3CA mutations; of these, 5 and 2 were found to be sensitive and resistant to gedatolisib, respectively. Both of the gedatolisib‐resistant cell lines expressed high levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3‐beta (GSK3β) and harbored the same frameshift mutation (c.465_466insC; H155fs*) in TCF7, which encodes a positive transcriptional regulator of the WNT/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Inhibition of GSK3β activity in gedatolisib‐resistant cells by siRNA‐mediated knockdown or treatment with a GSK3β‐specific inhibitor effectively reduced the activity of molecules downstream of mTOR and also decreased signaling through the WNT/β‐catenin pathway. Notably, GSK3β inhibition rendered the resistant cell lines sensitive to gedatolisib cytotoxicity, both in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. Taken together, these data demonstrate that aberrant regulation of WNT/β‐catenin signaling and active GSK3β induced by the TCF7 frameshift mutation cause resistance to the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor gedatolisib. Cotreatment with GSK3β inhibitors may be a strategy to overcome the resistance of PIK3CA‐ and TCF7‐mutant CRC to PI3K/mTOR‐targeted therapies.
Temporal changes in characteristics and outcomes among pregnant women with pre‐gestational diabetes
Authors: Alessi Janine , Wiegand Daniela M. , Hirakata Vânia N. , Oppermann Maria L.R. , Reichelt Angela J.
Published: July 2018

Objective

To evaluate pregnancy outcomes among women with pre‐gestational diabetes.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes attending a university hospital in Brazil. Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared among deliveries between May 1, 2005, and December 31, 2010, and between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2015. Risks were calculated by Poisson regression.

Results

In total 220 women were included. Type 1 diabetes was more frequent in 2005–2010 than in 2011–2015, and type 2 diabetes was more frequent in 2011–2015 (P=0.005). History of macrosomia (P=0.011), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (P=0.015), and pre‐gestational excess weight (body mass index >25 kg/m2; P=0.003) was more frequent in 2011–2015. For women with type 1 diabetes, pre‐gestational weight (P=0.007) and glycated hemoglobin (P=0.026) were higher in 2011–2015. For women with type 2 diabetes, previous hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (P=0.032) were more prevalent and family history of diabetes (P<0.001) less prevalent in 2011–2015. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were similar for type 1 and type 2, and across both periods.

Conclusion

Type 2 diabetes became more common over the two time periods and women with type 1 diabetes had higher pre‐gestational weight. Perinatal outcomes were similar.
Managing Awareness in a CURVE‐y World: Agile Systems Engineering for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Schindel Bill
Published: July 2018

Awareness is vital to agility. Based on an INCOSE agile systems engineering case study, this article illustrates different perspectives on enabling, exploiting, and balancing awareness, including issues of networks versus hierarchies, teaming and leadership, pattern exploitation, model uncertainty, and optimal estimation and control. The SPAWAR System Center Pacific (SSC‐Pac) in San Diego, US‐CA established capability to facilitate agile development of unmanned systems. As a case study in the INCOSE Agile Systems Engineering Life Cycle Model (ASELCM) Discovery Project, SSC‐Pac provided an example of agility challenges and issues of awareness in addressing them. The model‐based ASELCM Pattern helped us analyze this example beyond the context of agile software methods.
Integrating SysML and Agent‐Based Modeling for Rapid Architecture Evaluation
Authors: Maheshwari Apoorv , Raz Ali K. , DeLaurentis Daniel A. , Murphy Andrew , Kolawole Oluwatomi
Published: July 2018

In the face of the changing operational requirements and demands for new capabilities, it often is necessary for systems architects to make substantial changes in a system's architecture. However, traditional systems engineering processes, where architects finalized architecture during the initial concept development stages and engineers develop system simulations during later lifecycle phases, do not support a rapid architecture evolution. In this article, we propose a model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) process to facilitate the rapid evaluation of changes in systems architecture and/or design artifacts for complex systems. This process specifies the minimum set of information that engineers need to include in systems architecture using SysML diagrams with traceability between the diagrams and the agent‐based simulation (ABS) models of a complex system. By integrating SysML and ABS models early in the development lifecycle, teams can readily trace any future evolution of systems architecture represented by the SysML diagrams to changes in an ABS model and hence can rapidly evaluate the impact of architectural evolution. We demonstrate the application of the proposed process using a NASA‐sponsored case study for developing ab initio architectures of the National Airspace System (NAS) where we achieved significant time savings in developing an ABS model of evolving NAS architecture based on SysML‐ABS integration.
easySLM‐STED: Stimulated emission depletion microscopy with aberration correction, extended field of view and multiple beam scanning
Authors: Görlitz Frederik , Guldbrand Stina , Runcorn Timothy H. , Murray Robert T. , Jaso‐Tamame Angel L. , Sinclair Hugo G. , Martinez‐Perez Enrique , Taylor James R. , Neil Mark A. A. , Dunsby Christopher , French Paul M. W.
Published: July 2018

We demonstrate a simplified set‐up for STED microscopy with a straightforward alignment procedure that uses a single spatial light modulator (SLM) with collinear incident excitation and depletion beams to provide phase modulation of the beam profiles and correction of optical aberrations. We show that this approach can be used to extend the field of view for STED microscopy by correcting chromatic aberration that otherwise leads to walk‐off between the focused excitation and depletion beams. We further show how this arrangement can be adapted to increase the imaging speed through multibeam excitation and depletion. Fine adjustments to the alignment can be accomplished using the SLM only, conferring the potential for automation.
Value of routine duodenal mucosal biopsies in the evaluation of anemia in a large Australian referral centre
Authors: Young Edward , Ooi Marie , Nguyen Nam Q
Published: July 2018

Background and Aim

Small bowel mucosal biopsies (SBBx) are routinely performed to investigate unexplained anemia; however, previous studies have demonstrated a low yield in diagnosing celiac disease. Our aim was to determine the yield of routine SBBx in a large cohort of patients who underwent gastroscopy for the investigation of anemia.

Methods

Data from consecutive patients who underwent gastroscopy for the investigation of anemia in a tertiary hospital, from January 2008–December 2011, were prospectively collected. Measured outcomes were the prevalence of celiac disease, the yield of duodenal biopsies, and the correlation between celiac serology and diagnosis.

Results

Over 4 years, 987 patients (385 M:602 F; 48.27 ± 15.89 years) underwent endoscopy for anemia, of which 534 (54.1%) had proven iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Abnormal SBBx consistent with celiac disease were found in 2% (22/987), with a higher prevalence in females (3.2%, n = 19 vs 0.8%, n = 3 in males) and in those with IDA (3.6%, n = 19 vs 0.7%, n = 3 in non‐IDA). Macroscopic endoscopic abnormalities were present in 86% (19/22) of patients with celiac disease. Of the 178 patients who had celiac serology, tissue transglutaminase antibody had the highest sensitivity (80%) and specificity (99%). Combined serology had a sensitivity of 85.7%.

Conclusion

Only 2% of patients with unexplained anemia had abnormal SBBx consistent with celiac disease and even fewer patients in non‐IDA. Given the availability and high sensitivity of celiac serology and macroscopic changes on endoscopy, SBBx should not be routine during endoscopy but should be limited to those with positive celiac serology, abnormal endoscopic appearance, or females with IDA.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Antimicrobial Agents Containing Carbazole and Thiazole Moieties
Authors: Jasass Rabab S. , Alshehrei Fatimah , Farghaly Thoraya A.
Published: July 2018

An efficient synthesis of new derivatives of carbazole incorporated with thiazole moiety via the reaction of carbazole thiosemicarbazone with hydrazonoyl chloride under microwave irradiation. The spectral results and the electronic absorption data proved the postulated structures of the resulting compounds. The starting thiosemicarbazone and all the new derivatives were evaluated against two fungi, four G+ bacteria and G− bacteria. The results obtained explore the high potency of some of the tested compounds compared with the employed standard bactericides and fungicides.
Synthesis, Structure Elucidation, and Biological Activities of Pyrazoles Against Human Lung and Hepatocellular Cancer
Authors: Masaret Ghada S.
Published: July 2018

Two new series of pyrazoles and bipyrazoles were synthesized, and their structures were elucidated according to all data results from spectral and elemental analyses. The pathway of the formation of the new bipyrazole derivatives was discussed. Further, all the synthesized derivatives were screened for their antitumor activity on human lung (A‐549) and hepatocellular cancer (HepG‐2) cell lines. The results of antitumor screening have exhibited that several derivatives are more potent than the reference drug.
Effect of counterface on cartilage boundary lubricating ability by proteoglycan 4 and hyaluronan: Cartilage‐glass versus cartilage–cartilage
Authors: Abubacker Saleem , McPeak Allison , Dorosz Sam G. , Egberts Philip , Schmidt Tannin A.
Published: July 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sliding interface materials (counterface) on the cartilage lubricating ability of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) by measuring the kinetic coefficient of friction on cartilage‐glass and cartilage–cartilage interfaces over a wide range of sliding velocities. The lubrication properties of PRG4 and HA were assessed at cartilage‐glass and cartilage–cartilage interfaces using a previously described test setup with a stationary area of contact. Samples were articulated at varying effective sliding velocities of 10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.01 mm/s. The response of PRG4 and HA as effective friction‐reducing cartilage boundary lubricants was varied and was dependent primarily on the test counterface. At a physiological cartilage–cartilage interface both HA and PRG4 effectively reduced friction compared to PBS at slower speeds while at higher speeds PRG4 was similar to PBS, and HA similar to SF. Conversely, at a cartilage‐glass interface HA demonstrated no friction reducing ability compared to PBS, and PRG4 appeared just as effective as SF. Cartilage‐glass friction coefficients were also significantly greater than cartilage–cartilage friction coefficients. These results indicate the in vitro friction coefficient of putative cartilage boundary lubricants can be affected by the test counterface and suggest that use of synthetic surfaces in studying cartilage boundary lubrication may not always be appropriate for all molecules of interest. As such, care should be taken when interpreting such data, specifically when comparing to in vitro data obtained at a cartilage–cartilage interface, and especially when extrapolating to in vivo situations. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2923–2931, 2018.
Expression of Francisella pathogenicity island protein intracellular growth locus E (IglE) in mammalian cells is involved in intracellular trafficking, possibly through microtubule organizing center
Authors: Shimizu Takashi , Otonari Shiho , Suzuki Jin , Uda Akihiko , Watanabe Kenta , Watarai Masahisa
Published: July 2018

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the infectious disease tularemia and is designated a category A bioterrorism agent. The type VI secretion system encoded by the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) is necessary for intracellular growth; however, the functions of FPI proteins are largely unknown. In this study, we found that the FPI protein intracellular growth locus E (IglE) showed a unique localization pattern compared to other FPI proteins. Deleting iglE from Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida (F. novicida) decreased intracellular growth. Immunoprecipitation and pull‐down assays revealed that IglE was associated with β‐tubulin. Additionally, GFP‐fused IglE colocalized with microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) in 293T cells. The iglE deletion mutant was transferred with dynein toward MTOCs and packed into lysosome‐localizing areas. Conversely, the wild‐type F. novicida exhibited intracellular growth distant from MTOCs. In addition, IglE expressed in 293T cells colocalized with dynein. These results suggest that IglE helps to prevent dynein‐ and MTOC‐mediated intracellular trafficking in host cells to inhibit the transport of F. novicida toward lysosomes.
Inflammation, immunity, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: II. immune‐modulating therapies
Authors: Wosiski‐Kuhn Marlena , Lyon Miles S. , Caress James , Milligan Carol
Published: July 2018

With the emerging popularity of immune‐modulatory therapies to treat human diseases there is a need to step back from hypotheses aimed at assessing a condition in a single‐system context and instead take into account the disease pathology as a whole. In complex diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the use of these therapies to treat patients has been largely unsuccessful and likely premature given our lack of understanding of how the immune system influences disease progression and initiation. In addition, we still have an incomplete understanding of the role of these responses in our model systems and how this may translate clinically to human patients. In this review we discuss preclinical evidence and clinical trial results for a selection of recently conducted studies in ALS. We provide evidence‐based reasoning for the failure of these trials and offer suggestions to improve the design of future investigations. Muscle Nerve 59:23–33, 2019
Low‐Bandgap Terpolymers for High‐Gain Photodiodes with High Detectivity and Responsivity from 300 nm to 1600 nm
Authors: Han Jinfeng , Yang Dezhi , Hu Liuyong , Ma Dongge , Qiao Wenqiang , Wang Zhi Yuan
Published: July 2018

Three strong electron‐withdrawing monomers and one electron‐donating monomer were chosen by design to impart some desirable properties to the target terpolymers (P1‐P3) for use in the photodiodes, such as strong donor‐acceptor charge transfer, low bandgap, high mobility and good film morphology. Photodiodes with a device structure of ITO/ZnO/active layer/BCP/Al exhibited a significant increase of EQE only under forward bias. In particular, the P2‐based device had the specific detectivity greater than 1013 Jones from 330 nm to 1060 nm and 1011 Jones from 300 nm to 1600 nm under 0.5 V and linear dynamic range over 100 dB under 2.0 V. In comparison, after the UV light treatment to the ZnO layer, the P2‐based photodiodes exhibited a high gain in photocurrent under both forward and reverse bias and had specific detectivity above 1013 Jones at 320–1140 nm, 1012 Jones at 300–1460 nm and 1011 Jones at 300–1600 nm under 0.5 V. Our work has firstly demonstrated that high gain and high detectivity in polymer photodetector could be readily achieved under forward bias without the UV light treatment.
Flexural responses of nanobeams with coupled effects of nonlocality and surface energy
Authors: Limkatanyu Suchart , Sae‐Long Worathep , Horpibulsuk Suksun , Prachasaree Woraphot , Damrongwiriyanupap Nattapong
Published: July 2018

This paper proposes a beam model with inclusion of surface and nonlocal effects. Beam‐bulk kinematics is formulated within the framework of Euler‐Bernoulli beam theory; Eringen nonlocal elasticity theory is employed to account for long‐range atomic interactions of a nanoscale beam; and Gurtin‐Murdoch surface elasticity theory is used to represent the size‐dependent effect inherent to a nanoscale beam. Surface‐layer balance equation between the surface and bulk stresses is treated in a consistent manner. Virtual displacement principle is exploited to consistently derive the governing differential equilibrium equation as well as the natural boundary conditions of the problem. The general form of beam bending solution is presented. Two numerical simulations employing the proposed beam model are conducted to study characteristics and behaviors of the nanobeam with various model parameters. The first simulation investigates the coupled effects of nonlocality and surface energy on transverse displacement and bending moment characteristics of nanowires under various support conditions. The second examines the influences of several model parameters as well as the size‐dependent effect on the effective bulk Young's modulus of the nanobeam.
Holographic subregion complexity under a thermal quench
Authors: Chen Bin , Li Wen-Ming , Yang Run-Qiu , Zhang Cheng-Yong , Zhang Shao-Jun
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We study the evolution of holographic subregion complexity under a thermal quench in this paper. From the subregion CV proposal in the AdS/CFT correspondence, the subregion complexity in the CFT is holographically captured by the volume of the codimension-one surface enclosed by the codimension-two extremal entanglement surface and the boundary subregion. Under a thermal quench, the dual gravitational configuration is described by a Vaidya-AdS spacetime. In this case we find that the holographic subregion complexity always increases at early time, and after reaching a maximum it decreases and gets to saturation. Moreover we notice that when the size of the strip is large enough and the quench is fast enough, in AdS

d+1(d ≥ 3) spacetime the evolution of the complexity is discontinuous and there is a sudden drop due to the transition of the extremal entanglement surface. We discuss the effects of the quench speed, the strip size, the black hole mass and the spacetime dimension on the evolution of the subregion complexity in detail numerically.
Response of twelve Florida cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) populations to herbicide treatment
Authors: Enloe Stephen F. , Lucardi Rima D. , Loewenstein Nancy J. , Lauer Dwight K.
Published: July 2018

Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv.] is an invasive grass in the southeastern United States, and its impacts strongly affect the region, especially Florida. Herbicide strategies have been limited to glyphosate in natural areas and imazapyr in managed pine forests and non-crop areas where its soil residual activity is of less concern. This lack of options has raised concern for herbicide resistance, which has never been documented forI. cylindrica. Land managers have also reported variableI. cylindricacontrol, especially with glyphosate. To determine whether herbicide resistance was a possible explanation, we examined glyphosate response ofI. cylindricafrom 12 Florida populations. We also tested aminocyclopyrachlor with and without glyphosate and flumioxazin with glyphosate. Results indicated that herbicide performance was similar acrossI. cylindricapopulations: glyphosate and aminocyclopyrachlor reducedI. cylindricabiomass by 78% and 76%, respectively, and the combined tank mix reduced cogongrass biomass by 91%. Flumioxazin tank mixed with glyphosate did not improve control compared with glyphosate alone. There were no differences in pretreatmentI. cylindricashoot height, with the exception of two panhandle populations that were shorter. Subsequent harvests indicated few differences in shoot and root plus rhizome weights among untreated controls for almost all populations, with the exception of one of the initially shorter panhandle populations. Our findings indicate that variability in glyphosate efficacy, as suggested by managers, is unlikely due to any conferred resistance. Other abiotic factors such as drought and shade and applicator factors such as carrier water quality should be examined to better understand this issue. Additional studies examining non-target impacts of aminocyclopyrachlor should be conducted to determine its potential fit intoI. cylindricamanagement.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STATUS AND GENETICS IN SUCCESSION TO TITLES, HONOURS, DIGNITIES AND COATS OF ARMS: MAKING THE CASE FOR REFORM
Authors: Agnew of Lochnaw Crispin , Black Gillian
Published: July 2018

The significant evolution in family law in the last four decades has seen the breaking down of traditional barriers: illegitimacy has been swept away, and children conceived through assisted reproduction are now recognised as the legal children of their parents, even absent a genetic link. Transgender heirs are also fully recognised in their new gender. Yet fundamental exceptions remain in the case of succession to titles, honours, dignities and coats of arms, discriminating against children born out of marriage, or non-genetic children, or transgender children. The decision of the Privy Council in Pringle of Stichill emphasised this divergence, and raised the question of whether law reform is needed. In this article, we explore the rules which govern succession to titles and dignities and the two-tier system which has arisen. By pointing out the inconsistencies and lack of rationale therefor, we make the case for law reform to bring titles and dignities into line with the current understanding of family and succession.
Foreword: special issue on term and graph rewriting
Authors: ECHAHED RACHID
Published: July 2018

Rewriting techniques constitute a foundational theory of computing science. They are being investigated for several structures, such as lambda-terms, strings, first-order terms or graphs, and have been successfully used in many areas such as programming languages, automated reasoning, program verification, security, etc. The growing interest in this research area is witnessed by the leading international events, such as ICGT (International Conference on Graph Transformation) and the recent FSCD conference (International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction), which gathers all topics of the former international conferences RTA (Rewriting Techniques and Applications) and TLCA (Typed Lambda Calculi and Applications). During the last decade, a particular interest has been devoted to the study of the impact of shared structures in term and graph rewriting through the international workshops editions of TERMGRAPH and GCM (Graph Computation Models).
The Abernethy malformation with inferior caval vein hypoplasia: a tailored technique for transcatheter closure and an insight into embryological perspective
Authors: Sheth Ronak , Sivakumar Kothandam
Published: July 2018

Abernethy malformations manifest as hepatopulmonary syndrome, pulmonary vasculopathy, or encephalopathy. A novel intervention in a child with portosystemic shunt and inferior caval vein hypoplasia led to complete normalisation of hypoxia and relief of obstruction in the inferior caval vein. Embryological explanations of venous anomalies may indicate that inferior caval vein anomalies are frequent but under-recognised in patients with Abernethy malformation.
Qualitative study on identification of common coping strategies practised by Indigenous Peoples (Orang Asli) in Peninsular Malaysia during periods of food insecurity
Authors: Law Leh Shii , Norhasmah Sulaiman , Gan Wan Ying , Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib
Published: July 2018

Objective

To examine the types of coping strategies practised by Indigenous women or Orang Asli (OA) in Peninsular Malaysia during times of food shortage and to determine the level of severity for food insecurity that will trigger each specific coping strategy.

Design

A qualitative case study was conducted. Pertinent information about each type of coping strategy was gathered by in-depth interviews. To gauge the level of severity for each of the coping strategies, focus group discussions (FGD) were held. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis.

Setting

OA villages in the states of Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Selangor, Malaysia.

Subjects

Sixty-one OA women from three ethnic groups (Senoi, Proto-Malay and Negrito) for in-depth interviews and nineteen OA women from the Proto-Malay ethnic group for three FGD.

Results

The findings identified twenty-nine different coping strategies and these were divided into two main themes: food consumption (sub-themes of food consumption included dietary changes, diversification of food sources, decreasing the number of people and rationing) and financial management (sub-themes of financial management included increasing household income, reducing expenses for schooling children and reducing expenses on daily necessities). Three levels of severity were derived: less severe, severe and very severe.

Conclusions

This information would enable local authorities or non-governmental organisations to more precisely target and plan interventions to better aid the OA communities needing assistance in the areas of food sources and financial management.
PROPERTY AND POLITICAL NORMS: HANAFI JURISTIC DISCOURSE IN AGRARIAN BENGAL
Authors: SARTORI ANDREW
Published: July 2018

This article explores the reception of discourses about land and property in Islamic jurisprudence in colonial Bengal. I argue that Hanafifiqhprovided a sophisticated conceptual repertoire for framing claims to property that agrarian political actors in Muslim Bengal drew upon. Yet the dominant framework for understanding property claims in postclassical jurisprudence was ill-fitted to claims of the kind that agrarian movements in colonial Bengal were articulating. As a result, twentieth-century agrarian movements in the region spoke the language offiqh, but nonetheless inhabited the ideological landscape of a much broader twentieth-century world of political aspirations and norms.
LEGAL FLOWS: CONTRIBUTIONS OF EXILED LAWYERS TO THE CONCEPT OF “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY” DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Authors: VON LINGEN KERSTIN
Published: July 2018

This article addresses the normative framework of the concept of “crimes against humanity” from the perspective of intellectual history, by scrutinizing legal debates of marginalized (and exiled) academic–juridical actors within the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC). Decisive for its successful implementation were two factors: the growing scale of mass violence against civilians during the Second World War, and the strong support and advocacy of “peripheral actors,” jurists forced into exile in London by the war. These jurists included representatives of smaller Allied countries from around the world, who used the commission's work to push for a codification of international law, which finally materialized during the London Conference of August 1945. This article studies the process of mediation and the emergence of legal concepts. It thereby introduces the concept of “legal flows” to highlight the different strands and older traditions of humanitarian law involved in coining new law. The experience of exile is shown to have had a significant constitutive function in the globalization of a concept (that of “crimes against humanity”).