bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copying list structures using bounded workspace
Authors: Lindstrom Gary
Published: July 2002

Two new algorithms are presented for list structure copying using bounded workspace. The first, of primarily theoretical interest, shows that without cell tag bits the task can be performed in time
n
2
. The second algorithm, assuming one tag bit in each cell, delivers attractive practical speed. Any noncyclic structure is copied in linear speed, while cyclic structures are copied in average time less than
n
log
n
. No foreknowledge of cycle absence is necessary to achieve linear speed. A variation of the second algorithm solves an open problem concerning list structure marking. That result demonstrates that marking can be done in average time
n
log
n
without the aid of supplemental tag bits or stacks.
A design for a number theory package with an optimized trial division routine
Authors: Wunderlich M. C. , Selfridge J. L.
Published: July 2002

A number theory package is described which uses doubly linked list structures for storing multiprecise integers. The package has been coded in IBM's Basic Assembly Language and makes heavy use of the macro language and conditional assembly. An optimally coded trial division routine is also described which can be used to determine the unique factorization of large integers.
A preliminary system for the design of DBTG data structures
Authors: Gerritsen Rob
Published: July 2002

The functional approach to database design is introduced. In this approach the goal of design is to derive a data structure which is capable of supporting a set of anticipated queries rather than a structure which “models the business” in some other way. An operational computer program is described which utilizes the functional approach to design data structures conforming to the Data Base Task Group specifications. The automatic programming technology utilized by this program, although typically used to generate procedure, is here used to generate declaratives.
A new technique for compression and storage of data
Authors: Hahn Bruce
Published: July 2002

The widespread tendency toward storage of large programs and blocks of text has produced a need for efficient methods of compressing and storing data. This paper describes techniques that can, in most cases, decrease storage size by a factor of from two to four. The techniques involve special handling of leading and trailing blanks, and the encoding of other symbols in groups of fixed size as unique fixed point numbers. The efficiency of the system is considered and pertinent statistics are given and compared with statistics for other information coding techniques.
A CRT editing system
Authors: Irons Edgar T. , Djorup Frans M.
Published: July 2002

A text-editing and manipulation program is described. The program operates from low-cost cathode-ray tube entry and display stations with keyboard and 13 function buttons. Applications, potential economy of operation, and some aspects of implementation are discussed.
Symbolic integration
Authors: Moses Joel
Published: July 2002

Three approaches to symbolic integration in the 1960's are described. The first, from artificial intelligence, led to Slagle's SAINT and to a large degree to Moses' SIN. The second, from algebraic manipulation, led to Manove's implementation and to Horowitz' and Tobey's reexamination of the Hermite algorithm for integrating rational functions. The third, from mathematics, led to Richardson's proof of the unsolvability of the problem for a class of functions and for Risch's decision procedure for the elementary functions. Generalizations of Risch's algorithm to a class of special functions and programs for solving differential equations and for finding the definite integral are also described.
Some criteria for time-sharing system performance
Authors: Stimler Saul
Published: July 2002

Time-sharing systems, as defined in this article, are those multiaccess systems which permit a terminal user to utilize essentially the full resources of the system while sharing its time with other terminal users. It is each terminal user's ability to utilize the full resources of the system that makes quantitative evaluation of time-sharing systems particularly difficult. Six criteria are described which have been successfully used to perform first-level quantitative time-sharing system performance evaluation.
Translator writing systems
Authors: Feldman Jerome , Gries David
Published: July 2002

A critical review of recent efforts to automate the writing of translators of programming languages is presented. The formal study of syntax and its application to translator writing are discussed in Section II. Various approaches to automating the postsyntactic (semantic) aspects of translator writing are discussed in Section III, and several related topics in Section IV.
Time-sharing and batch-processing
Authors: Gold Michael M.
Published: July 2002

An experimental comparison of problem-solving using time-sharing and batch-processing computer systems conducted at MIT is described in this paper. This study is the first known attempt to evaluate two such systems for what may well be the predominant user population within the next decade—the professionals who, as nonprogrammers, are using the computer as an aid in decision-making and problem-solving rather than as a programming end in itself.

Statistically and logically significant results indicate equal cost for usage of the two computer systems; however, a much higher level of performance is attained by time-sharing users. There are indications that significantly lower costs would have resulted if the time-sharing users had stopped work when they reached a performance level equal to that of the batch users. The users' speed of problem-solving and their attitudes made time-sharing the more favorable system.
Is automatic “folding” of programs efficient enough to displace manual?
Authors: Sayre D.
Published: July 2002

The operation of “folding” a program into the available memory is discussed. Measurements by Brawn et al. and by Nelson on an automatic folding mechanism of simple design, a demand paging unit built at the IBM Research Center by Belady, Nelson, O'Neill, and others, permitting its quality to be compared with that of manual folding, are discussed, and it is shown that given some care in use the unit performs satisfactorily under the conditions tested, even though it is operating across a memory-to-storage interface with a very large speed difference. The disadvantages of prefolding, which is required when the folding is manual, are examined, and a number of the important troubles which beset computing today are shown to arise from, or be aggravated by, this source. It is concluded that a folding mechanism will probably become a normal part of most computing systems.
A computer system for inference execution and data retrieval
Authors: Levien R. E. , Maron M. E.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a RAND project concerned with the use of computers as assistants in the logical analysis of large collections of factual data.

A system called the Relational Data File was developed for this purpose. The Relational Data File is briefly detailed and problems arising from its implementation are discussed.
A proposal for input-output conventions in ALGOL 60
Authors: Knuth D. E.
Published: July 2002

The ALGOL 60 language as first defined made no explicit reference to input and output processes. Such processes appeared to be quite dependent on the computer used, and so it was difficult to obtain agreement on those matters. As time has passed, a great many ALGOL compilers have come into use, and each compiler has incorporated some input-output facilities. Experience has shown that such facilities can be introduced in a manner which is compatible and consistent with the ALGOL language, and which (more importantly) is almost completely machine-independent. However, the existing implementations have taken many different approaches to the subject, and this has hampered the interchange of programs between installations. The ACM ALGOL committee has carefully studied the various proposals in an attempt to define a set of conventions for doing input and output which would be suitable for use on most computers. The present report constitutes the recommendations of that committee.
History and summary of FORTRAN standardization development for the ASA
Authors: Heising W. P.
Published: July 2002

The American Standards Association (ASA) Sectional Committee X3 for Computers and Information Processing was established in 1960 under the sponsorship of the Business Equipment Manufacturers Association. ASA X 3 in turn established an X3.4 Sectional Subcommittee to work in the area of common programming language standards. On May 17, 1962, X3.4 established by resolution a working group, X3.4.3-FORTRAN to develop American Standard FORTRAN proposals.
The structure of yet another ALGOL compiler
Authors: Kanner H. , Kosinski P. , Robinson C. L.
Published: July 2002

A high-speed “top down” method of syntax analysis which completely eliminates “back-up” of the source string has been implemented in a convenient macro-language. A technique of simulation at compile time of the use of a conventional run-time stack enables the generation of code for expressions which minimizes stores, fetches and stack-pointer motion at run time, while properly treating recursion and side effects of procedures. Block structure and recursion are handled without need for interpretive methods at run time. The “context problem” in the transmission to recursive procedures of parameters “called by name” is solved in a manner which permits the handling of the common cases of simple expressions and array identifiers with particular efficiency.
Method for hyphenating at the end of a printed line
Authors: Rich R. P. , Stone A. G.
Published: July 2002

A description of a method of hyphenation is presented as a result of application of several general rules. The character sets considered by the routine and the method are briefly outlined.
Computation of algebraic properties of elementary particle reactions using a digital computer
Authors: Hearn A. C.
Published: July 2002

A large number of calculations in high-energy elementary particle physics involve the manipulation of complicated algebraic expressions containing both tensor and noncommutative matrix quantities. Many of these calculations take several months to complete, although the operations involved follow straightforward rules. In this paper a program is described, which has been developed in LISP for solving such problems. The manner in which these problems are encountered is outlined, and their representation in the computer discussed. At present, about six months of human work takes less than fifteen minutes on an IBM 7090. Limitations of the present system and future plans are also outlined.
Do it by the numbers—digital shorthand
Authors: Bemer R. W.
Published: July 2002

Present communications systems transmit single characters in groups of coded pulses between simple terminal equipments. Since English words form only a sparse set of all possible alphabetic combinations, present methods are inefficient when computer systems are substituted for these terminals. Using numeric representations of entire words or common phrases (rather than character-by-character representations) requires approximately
one-third
of present transmission time. This saving is reflected in overall costs. Other benefits accrue in code and language translation schemes. Provision is made for transmission of purely numeric and/or binary streams, and for single character-transmission of non-dictionary words such as the names of people of places.
On-line analysis of the TCP acknowledgment delay problem
Authors: Dooly Daniel R. , Goldman Sally A. , Scott Stephen D.
Published: July 2002

We study an on-line problem that is motivated by the networking problem of dynamically adjusting of acknowledgments in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). We provide a theoretical model for this problem in which the goal is to send acks at a time that minimize a linear combination of the cost for the number of acknowledgments sent and the cost for the additional latency introduced by delaying acknowledgments. To study the usefulness of applying packet arrival time prediction to this problem, we assume there is an oracle that provides the algorithm with the times of the next
L
arrivals, for some
L
≥ 0.

We give two different objective functions for measuring the cost of a solution, each with its own measure of latency cost. For each objective function we first give an

O(n
2
)

-time dynamic programming algorithm for optimally solving the off-line problem. Then we describe an on-line algorithm that greedily acknowledges exactly when the cost for an acknowledgment is less than the latency cost incurred by not acknowledging. We show that for this algorithm there is a sequence of
n
packet arrivals for which it is Ω (***)-competitive for the first objective function, 2-competitive for the second function for
L
= 0, and 1-competitivefor the second function for
L
= 1. Next we present a second on-line algorithm which is a slight modification of the first, and we prove that it is 2-competitive for both objective functions for all
L
. We also give lower bounds on the competitive ratio for any deterministic on-line algorithm. These results show that for each objective function, at least one of our algorithms is optimal.

Finally, we give some initial empirical results using arrival sequences from real network traffic where we compare the two methods used in TCP for acknowledgment delay with our two on-line algorithms. In all cases we examine performance with
L
= 0 and
L
= 1.
Intuitionistic Light Affine Logic
Authors: Asperti Andrea , Roversi Luca
Published: July 2002

This article is a structured introduction to Intuitionistic Light Affine Logic (
ILAL
).
ILAL
has a polynomially costing normalization, and it is expressive enough to encode, and simulate, all
PolyTime
Turing machines. The bound on the normalization cost is proved by introducing the proof-nets for
ILAL
. The bound follows from a suitable normalization strategy that exploits structural properties of the proof-nets. This allows us to have a good understanding of the meaning of the § modality, which is a peculiarity of light logics. The expressive power of
ILAL
is demonstrated in full detail. Such a proof gives a hint of the nontrivial task of programming with resource limitations, using
ILAL
derivations as programs.
The professional development challenge for IT professionals
Authors: Schambach Thomas , Blanton J. Ellis
Published: July 2002

If IT professional development is good for overall corporate performance, as well as for IT professionals' employment prospects, security, self-esteem, and climbing the corporate ladder, why don't more of them do it?
SNA and OSI: three strategies for interconnection
Authors: Tillman Matthew A. , Yen David C.-C.
Published: July 2002

The rise of the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI) in the past five years is forcing IBM to rethink its plans for its proprietary network standard Systems Network Architecture (SNA). This article reviews three interconnection strategies to be considered.
SOME NEW STRUCTURAL ASPECTS AND OLD CONTROVERSIES CONCERNING THE CYTOCHROMEb6fCOMPLEX OF OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Cramer W. A. , Soriano G. M. , Ponomarev M. , Huang D. , Zhang H. , Martinez S. E. , Smith J. L.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The cytochrome b6f complex functions in oxygenic photosynthetic membranes as the redox link between the photosynthetic reaction center complexes II and I and also functions in proton translocation. It is an ideal integral membrane protein complex in which to study structure and function because of the existence of a large amount of primary sequence data, purified complex, the emergence of structures, and the ability of flash kinetic spectroscopy to assay function in a readily accessible ms–100 μs time domain. The redox active polypeptides are cytochromes f and b6(organelle encoded) and the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (nuclear encoded) in a mol wt = 210,000 dimeric complex that is believed to contain 22–24 transmembrane helices. The high resolution structure of the lumen-side domain of cytochrome f shows it to be an elongate (75 Å long) mostly β-strand, two-domain protein, with the N-terminal α-amino group as orthogonal heme ligand and an internal linear 11-Å bound water chain. An unusual electron transfer event, the oxidant-induced reduction of a significant fraction of the p (lumen)-side cytochrome b heme by plastosemiquinone indicates that the electron transfer pathway in the b6f complex can be described by a version of the Q-cycle mechanism, originally proposed to describe similar processes in the mitochondrial and bacterial bc1complexes.
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Anderson Dennis
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The costs and performance of renewable energy technologies have reached the stage where the number of economical applications in developing countries is increasing, particularly in the grid and off-grid markets for electricity. The paper provides a review of policies. The conclusions are as follows. (a) Investments in renewable energy should be helped by competition and regulatory reform in the energy industry, in the electricity industry in particular, since such reforms should reduce the subsidies, which historically have permeated the countries' industries, for electricity production from fossil and hydro resources. (b) The scope for further cost reductions is appreciable in all key technologies. There are positive externalities to investment, in the sense that each generation of investments is acting to reduce the costs of future generations; such benefits ideally need to be recognized in tax and regulatory policies and in budgetary allocations for research and development (R&D) and education and training. (c) The environmental advantages of renewable energy will become more apparent as developing countries begin to introduce their environmental policies on fossil fuels. The paper also evaluates the economists' recommendations for carbon taxes, which would favor renewable energy investments. The case for such taxes has been widely ignored by policy makers. The paper suggests that (d ) a more workable and focused policy would be to accelerate the development of the “renewable energy option”; this would be economically beneficial in itself and at the same time would reduce the uncertainties and costs of responding to the challenges posed by climate change.
FOODWEBS INPHYTOTELMATA: “Bottom-Up” and “Top-Down” Explanations for Community Structure
Authors: Kitching R. L.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The field study of food webs and the processes maintaining them is hampered by the sheer complexity and unreplicated nature of natural systems. The animal communities in phytotelmata—plant-held waters—are a convenient exception to this generalization. Tree holes, bamboo internodes, pitcher plants, tank bromeliads, and water-retaining plant axils contain a rich fauna, principally of arthropods, which constitute more or less complex, highly discrete food webs. They are widespread and replicated. The explanations for the community structure observed in these systems may call on “bottom-up” mechanisms such as simple environmental limitations, competition, predation, and facilitation, or they may adduce grander “top-down” theories, which explore biogeographic, energetic, dynamic, or biodiversity-related constraints. The existence of the bottom-up mechanisms is well established in experimental systems, and their consequences may be apparent in naturally occurring food webs. Top-down mechanisms demand a more holistic approach and are more difficult to test either by pattern analysis or experimental manipulation. The synoptic explanation of community composition and structure demands a multidimensional approach best expressed as a heuristic “template.” Phytotelmata represent nearly ideal natural instruments for further study of food web dynamics, and exciting opportunities exist for the development and testing of community theories through their manipulation.

This review is dedicated to the memory of Masanori Higashi and Gary Polis, food web theorists, colleagues, and friends, who were killed in a tragic accident while on field work in Mexico in March 2000.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
Authors: Fullwood, M.D Andrew , Drossman, M.D Douglas A.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity as well as more impaired psychosocial adjustment occur with the functional bowel disorders and are particularly high in self-selected referral patients compared with community populations. Reciprocally, some studies show higher rates of functional bowel disturbances in patients with psychiatric diagnoses. Remaining alert for and addressing coexisting psychiatric illness will enhance treatment outcome (increased patient compliance, functioning, and satisfaction). Additionally, psychological factors affect the clinical expression of structural disease. Resetting treatment goals from cure to coping with chronic illness and setting personal limits are important.
Retention of Iron by Infants
Authors: Fomon Samuel J. , Nelson Steven E. , Ziegler Ekhard E.
Published: July 2002

Throughout the world, the most common nutritional deficiency disorder of infants is iron deficiency. Developing effective strategies for preventing iron deficiency requires detailed knowledge of iron retention under ordinary living conditions. For the adult population, such knowledge is at an advanced stage, but relatively little is known about infants. Many reports of iron retention by infants have been based on the assumption that, as in normal and iron-deficient adults, 80%–100% of newly absorbed iron is promptly incorporated into circulating erythrocytes, but this assumption is not supported by available data. This communication presents a review of iron retention by term and preterm infants, as determined by metabolic balance studies or59Fe whole-body counting studies, and it explores the relationship between iron retention and postnatal age, iron nutritional status, iron intake (or dose), and type of feeding.
Art in the Age of Spiritual Machines: (with apologies to Ray Kurzweil)
Authors: Hovagimyan G.H.
Published: July 2002

Humanity is evolving towards a “post-human” society that may include enhanced human beings, hybrid humans, and artificial intelligences. As an artist working in digital media and network culture, I believe that the crucial issue of the time is to clear the path for networked art and to create the foundations for a new aesthetic discourse emerging from networked culture. In order to do this, one has to be willing to create art that may not be readily recognized as artwork. In this essay, I trace the common roots of structuralist philosophy, developmental psychology, reductivist art discourse, structural linguistics and neural nets in an attempt to create a basis for this new aesthetic discourse.
Lucid Mapping: Information Landscaping and Three-Dimensional Writing Spaces
Authors: Kirschenbaum Matthew
Published: July 2002

This paper documents an interactive graphics installation entitled Lucid Mapping and Codex Transformissions in the Z-Buffer. Lucid Mapping uses the Virtual Reality Modeling Language to explore textual and narrative possibilities within three-dimensional (3D) electronic environments. The author describes the creative rationale and technical design of the work and places it within the context of other applications of 3D text and typography in the digital arts and the scientific visualization communities. The author also considers the implications of 3D textual environments on visual language and communication, and discriminates among a range of different visual/ rhetorical strategies that such environments can sustain.
fMRI Study of Cognitive Interference Processing in Females with Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Tamm Leanne , Menon Vinod , Johnston Cindy K. , Hessl David R. , Reiss Allan L.
Published: July 2002

Females with fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited developmental and learning problems, are known to be impaired in executive function. The current study is the first to investigate the performance of females with fragile X on a cognitive interference task utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fourteen females with fragile X and 14 age-matched healthy controls were imaged while they performed a counting Stroop interference task. Compared to controls, females with fragile X appeared to have longer reaction times during the interference condition of the task, and adopted a strategy trading speed for accuracy. Females with fragile X also had a significantly different pattern of activation than controls. Whereas controls showed significant activation in the inferior/ middle frontal gyrus and inferior/superior parietal lobe, females with fragile X showed more extensive activation in the anterior region of the prefrontal cortex, and failed to show expected activation in the inferior/superior parietal lobe. Further, between-group analyses revealed that females with fragile X had reduced activation in the left orbitofrontal gyrus, thought to be involved in modulating goal-directed behavior. Females with fragile X also demonstrated a markedly different pattern of deactivation from controls. These findings suggest that deficits in cognitive interference processing during the counting Stroop task observed in females with fragile X may arise from inability to appropriately recruit and modulate lateral prefrontal and parietal resources.
Testing a Computational Account of Category-Specific Deficits
Authors: Perry Conrad
Published: July 2002

Patients displaying mild symptoms of Alzheimer's disease sometimes have more difficulty naming items from an artifact than from a natural kind category; others displaying more severe symptoms almost always have more difficulty naming items from a natural kind than from an artifact category. This paper examined a computational model of this double dissociation (Devlin, Gonnerman, Andersen, & Seidenberg, 1998). Four basic tests of the model were proposed: The model should be able to generalize to new exemplars, the model should be expandable such that training sets of a realistic size can be used, the model's performance should not be unduly affected by small changes in architecture, and the learning algorithm should produce results that are not inconsistent with any major underlying factor of semantic organization. The model was found to be deficient in all four areas. Results reported from the model may therefore have been idiosyncratic to the model and not reflect general properties of a real semantic system.
A Tighter Bound for Graphical Models
Authors: Leisink M. A. R. , Kappen H. J.
Published: July 2002

We present a method to bound the partition function of a Boltzmann machine neural network with any odd-order polynomial. This is a direct extension of the mean-field bound, which is first order. We show that the third-order bound is strictly better than mean field. Additionally, we derive a third-order bound for the likelihood of sigmoid belief networks. Numerical experiments indicate that an error reduction of a factor of two is easily reached in the region where expansion-based approximations are useful.
The Reliability of the Stochastic Active Rotator
Authors: Pakdaman K.
Published: July 2002

The reliability of firing of excitable-oscillating systems is studied through the response of the active rotator, a neuronal model evolving on the unit circle, to white gaussian noise. A stochastic return map is introduced that captures the behavior of the model. This map has two fixed points: one stable and the other unstable. Iterates of all initial conditions except the unstable point tend to the stable fixed point for almost all input realizations. This means that to a given input realization, there corresponds a unique asymptotic response. In this way, repetitive stimulation with the same segment of noise realization evokes, after possibly a transient time, the same response in the active rotator. In other words, this model responds reliably to such inputs. It is argued that this results from the nonuniform motion of the active rotator around the unit circle and that similar results hold for other neuronal models whose dynamics can be approximated by phase dynamics similar to the active rotator.
Independent Component Analysis: A Flexible Nonlinearity and Decorrelating Manifold Approach
Authors: Everson Richard , Roberts Stephen
Published: July 2002

Independent component analysis (ICA) finds a linear transformation to variables that are maximally statistically independent. We examine ICA and algorithms for finding the best transformation from the point of view of maximizing the likelihood of the data. In particular, we discuss the way in which scaling of the unmixing matrix permits a “static” nonlinearity to adapt to various marginal densities. We demonstrate a new algorithm that uses generalized exponential functions to model the marginal densities and is able to separate densities with light tails.

We characterize the manifold of decorrelating matrices and show that it lies along the ridges of high-likelihood unmixing matrices in the space of all unmixing matrices. We show how to find the optimum ICA matrix on the manifold of decorrelating matrices, and as an example we use the algorithm to find independent component basis vectors for an ensemble of portraits.
The Development of Electroacoustic Music in Colombia, 1965-1999: An Introduction
Authors: Camargo Lucio Edilberto Cuellar
Published: July 2002

The author presents a general view of the development of electroacoustic music in Colombia from its beginnings up to the recent present. The article covers major protagonists and events that have contributed to the development of this new field of music. The author also focuses on several key works in the development of this media and their creators.
Japan As Dystopia: Kawamura Takeshi's Daisan Erotica
Authors: Eckersall Peter
Published: July 2002

In the 1960s, the angura (underground) theatre movement was a site of radical culture. But by the 1980s and '90s, angura was co-opted. Even so, there is some critical and transgressive post-angura theatre worth noting, most especially Kawamura Takeshi's Daisan Erotica.
Online Evolution for a Self-Adapting Robotic Navigation System Using Evolvable Hardware
Authors: Keymeulen Didier , Iwata Masaya , Kuniyoshi Yasuo , Higuchi Tetsuya
Published: July 2002

Great interest has been shown in the application of the principles of artificial life to physically embedded systems such as mobile robots, computer networks, home devices able continuously and autonomously to adapt their behavior to changes of the environments. At the same time researchers have been working on the development of evolvable hardware, and new integrated circuits that are able to adapt their hardware autonomously and in real time in a changing environment. This article describes the navigation task for a real mobile robot and its implementation on evolvable hardware. The robot must track a colored ball, while avoiding obstacles in an environment that is unknown and dynamic. Although a model-free evolution method is not feasible for real-world applications due to the sheer number of possible interactions with the environment, we show that a model-based evolution can reduce these interactions by two orders of magnitude, even when some of the robot's sensors are blinded, thus allowing us to apply evolutionary processes online to obtain a self-adaptive tracking system in the real world, when the implementation is accelerated by the utilization of evolvable hardware.
ACTS OF ADMONITION AND REBUKE: A SPEECH ACT APPROACH TO 1 CORINTHIANS 6:1-11
Authors: Neufeld Dietmar
Published: July 2002

This paper attempts a reading of 1 Cor. 6:1-11 primarily from the perspective of speech act theory. The approach, however, will be augmented by insights from a variety of methodological perspectives. The conclusions of social scientists about honor-shame and patron-client relationships will permit conclusions about Paul's loss of institutional status. Determining the language and genre of 1 Corinthians and locating it in the context of exhortation, paraenesis and apologia is also useful. Ascertaining the social structure of the congregation in Corinth, as based on various sociological studies, permits the conclusion that secular models of leadership had infiltrated the congregation. Status-conscious members of the congregation were seeking to enhance their reputation in the community by taking each other to secular courts. Lawsuits were, in effect, social competitions for incremental increases in prestige through the game of challenge and riposte. Collectively, the litigious behaviour of the congregants also represented an aggressive public challenge that damaged Paul's achieved honor as founding father. In order to regain his status in the community and have it publicly recognised, Paul engaged in retaliatory verbal sallies—he rebuked and admonished them.
Explaining Support for Animal Rights: A Comparison of Two Recent Approaches to Humans, Nonhuman Animals, and Postmodernity
Authors: Franklin Adrian , Tranter Bruce , White Robert
Published: July 2002

Questions on "animal rights" in a cross-national survey conducted in 1993 provide an opportunity to compare the applicability to this issue of two theories of the socio-political changes summed up in "postmodernity": Inglehart's (1997) thesis of "postmaterialist values" and Franklin's (1999) synthesis of theories of late modernity. Although Inglehart seems not to have addressed human-nonhuman animal relations, it is reasonable to apply his theory of changing values under conditions of "existential security" to "animal rights." Inglehart's postmaterialism thesis argues that new values emerged within specific groups because of the achievement of material security. Although emphasizing human needs, they shift the agenda toward a series of lifestyle choices that favor extending lifestyle choices, rights, and environmental considerations. Franklin's account of nonhuman animals and modern cultures stresses a generalized "ontological insecurity." Under postmodern conditions, changes to core aspects of social and cultural life are both fragile and fugitive. As neighborhood, community,family,and friendship relations lose their normative and enduring qualities, companion animals increasingly are drawn in to those formerly exclusive human emotional spaces.With a method used by Inglehart and a focus in countries where his postmaterialist effects should be most evident, this study derives and tests different expectations from the theories, then tests them against data from a survey supporting Inglehart's theory. His theory is not well supported. We conclude that its own anthropocentrism limits it and that the allowance for hybrids of nature-culture in Franklin's account offers more promise for a social theory of animal rights in changing times.
THE TEACHING OF AMENEMOPE AND PROVERBS XXII 17-XXIV 22: FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON A LONG-STANDING PROBLEM
Authors:   Emerton
Published: July 2002

This article seeks to counter the scepticism of R.N. Whybray about the dependence of Prov. xxii 17-xxiv 22 on the Teaching of Amenemope. It is generally held that the influence of Amenemope may be seen in a number of Hebrew verses, but not that this part of Proverbs follows the Egyptian work closely throughout; rather, the author treated Amenemope with great freedom and also drew on other sources. There is a plausible case for reading selōsîm in Prov. xxii 20, where neither silsôm nor salîsîm makes good sense, and for the hypothesis that there are thirty sayings in Prov. xxii 22-xxiii 11. Ruffle's questioning of the relationship between the two texts has not succeeded in refuting the case built on the similarities in a number of verses.
FEMALE-FEMALE CONFLICT IN THE HAREM OF A SNAIL CICHLID (LAMPROLOGUS OCELLATUS): BEHAVIOURAL INTERACTIONS AND FITNESS CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Brandtmann Gesine , Scandura Massimo , Trillmich Fritz
Published: July 2002

Female intra-sexual competition plays an important role in the settlement process during pair or harem formation and in established harems of Lamprologus ocellatus , a small snail shell inhabiting cichlid from Lake Tanganyika. Larger females settle first and this could partly be due to male preference for larger females as shown in simultaneous choice tests but is also due to dominance of the larger female. Smaller females were unable to settle close to a larger one. Even when snail shells were not limiting the smaller was either unable to settle or had to settle at a considerable distance. This effect was independent of prior residence. Intense female-female aggression suggests that close settlement is disadvantageous to females. Genetic analyses of maternity using microsatellite length polymorphism at five loci showed a reproductive skew between females in a harem. Additionally, it proved brood mixing in aquaria as well as in the field. Brood mixing can be detrimental to female breeding success through interbrood cannibalism if size difference of juveniles amounts to 5 mm. Territoriality of juveniles, shown even between same-sized siblings, may cause indirect mortality through earlier dispersal of young. Females rejected experimentally added larger juveniles but accepted young smaller than their own fry. Acceptance of smaller juveniles could be advantageous through a dilution of predator attacks but it also appears to induce costs since females with young at the shell do not rear another brood. Large median distances of 91 cm maintained aggressively between breeding females in the field may serve to minimize the adverse effects of breeding in a harem.
Nematode parasitism of harvestmen (Opiliones: Arachnida)
Authors: Cokendolpher James , Karaman Ivo , Poinar George , Mitov Plamen , Čurčic Boźidar P.M.
Published: July 2002

New records of nematode parasitism of harvestmen (Opiliones: Arachnida) are reported and a list of all published records of nematode parasitism of these arachnids is presented. Nomenclatorial problems of early mermithid citations are discussed and the possible type of life cycle (indirect) is considered in light of what appears to be a type of behavioural 'immunity' of this host group to many invertebrate parasitic nematodes. Parasitisme des faucheurs (Opiliones: Arachnida) par les nématodes - Sont reportées de nouvelles observations du parasitisme des faucheurs (Opiliones: Arachnida) par les nématodes et une liste de toutes les observations publiées concernant les nématodes parasites de ces arachnides est donnée. Les problèmes nomenclatoriaux concernant les citations des premiers mermithides sont discutés et le type éventuel de cycle biologique (indirect) est considéré à la lumière de ce qui apparaît être un type ''d'immunité'' comportementale de ce groupe d'hôtes pour de nombreux nématodes parasites d'invertébrés.
Reproduction of Radopholus similis isolates after inoculation of carrot disks with one or more females
Authors: De Waele Dirk , Moens Maurice , Elbadri Gamal
Published: July 2002

Summary - The reproduction of Radopholus similis isolates from different origins and hosts was compared in carrot disk cultures at different temperatures. At 15°C, only the isolates collected from ornamental plants in Europe reproduced. The greatest fecundity was observed at 25°C. The reproduction factor (final population/initial population: Pf/Pi) ranked the isolates in similar order for four of the temperatures studied (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). When carrot discs at 28°C were inoculated with single females of isolates selected from those with different reproductive factors, this ranking was confirmed. This suggests that reproduction is controlled by intrinsic isolate characteristics which are not influenced by temperature. Isolates with most reproduction had a greater percentage of reproductive females than isolates with less reproduction, associated with a high ratio of females : males and a high proportion of females in the total production. The mean offspring per productive female was similar for high and low reproducing isolates.
The effects of indigenous and introduced microbes on deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, North Sea
Authors: Spark I. , Patey I. , Duncan B. , Hamilton A. , Devine C. , McGovern-Traa C.
Published: July 2002

Anaerobic bacteria were identified in live drilling muds and cores from nine different North Sea and Irish Basin oilfields, varying in depth from 3500 to 15000 ft, and at temperatures up to 150°C. The anaerobic bacteria may be introduced into the reservoir during drilling operations or injection of water, but in many cases the bacteria are indigenous to the oilfield reservoirs. Confirmation of the indigenous anaerobic bacteria was made using molecular biology techniques (16S rDNA sequence analysis), comparing microbial populations present in the blank drilling mud as supplied to wellsite, in the live drilling mud taken during coring, and in the live core. The role of anaerobic bacteria in oilfield diagenesis is not fully understood, though pyrite precipitation, and exopolymer and H2S gas production were noted in this study, up to temperatures of 95°C.
Glass-bearing felsic nodules from the crystallizing sidewalls of the 1944 Vesuvius magma chamber
Authors: Fulignati P. , Marianelli P. , Sbrana A.
Published: July 2002

In the 1944 Vesuvius eruption, the shallow magma chamber was disrupted during the highly energetic explosive phases. Abundant cognate xenoliths such as subvolcanic fergusites and cumulates, hornfels, skarns and rare marbles occur in tephra deposits.

Mineral chemistry, melt inclusions in minerals and glassy matrix compositions show that fergusites (highly crystalline rocks made of leucite, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, apatite, oxides and glass) do not correspond to melt compositions but result from combined sidewall accumulation of crystals, formed from K-tephriphonolitic magma resident in the chamber, and in situ crystallization of the intercumulus melt. Very low H2O contents in the intercumulus glass are revealed by FTIR and apatite composition. Whole rock compositions are essentially determined by the bulk mineral assemblages.

Glass–bearing fergusites constitute the outer shell of the magma chamber consisting of a highly viscous crystal mush with a melt content in the range 20–50 wt.%. The leucite/(clinopyroxene+olivine) modal ratio, varies with the extraction order of magmas from the chamber, decreasing upwards in the stratigraphic sequence. This reflects a vertical mineralogical zonation of the crystal mush. These data contribute to the interpretation of the subvolcanic low–pressure crystallization processes at the magma chamber sidewalls affecting alkaline potassic magmas.
Otavite from Montevecchio, Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Lattanzi Pierfranco , Zuddas Paola , Frau Franco
Published: July 2002

The rare mineral otavite CdCO3 was found at the abandoned Pb-Zn mine of Montevecchio (SW Sardinia, Italy). Otavite occurs in the oxidised gossan, in association with aurichalcite. SEM imaging shows that otavite is composed of lenticular hollow structures containing aggregates of tiny rhombohedral crystals. Oxidation of primary Cd-bearing sulphides (sphalerite and greenockite) releases up to 24 ppm of Cd to drainage waters of the Montevecchio area. These waters are generally saturated with respect to otavite. Therefore, this mineral might play an important role in controlling Cd mobility in
the environment.
Reduced oxidative-stress response in red blood cells from p45NFE2-deficient mice
Authors: Chan Jefferson Y. , Kwong Mandy , Lo Margaret , Emerson Renee , Kuypers Frans A.
Published: July 2002

p45NF-E2 is a member of the cap ‘n’ collar (CNC)-basic leucine zipper family of transcriptional activators that is expressed at high levels in various types of blood cells. Mice deficient in p45NF-E2 that were generated by gene targeting have high mortality from bleeding resulting from severe thrombocytopenia. Survivingp45nf-e2−/− adults have mild anemia characterized by hypochromic red blood cells (RBCs), reticulocytosis, and splenomegaly. Erythroid abnormalities inp45nf-e2−/− animals were previously attributed to stress erythropoiesis caused by chronic bleeding and, possibly, ineffective erythropoiesis. Previous studies suggested that CNC factors might play essential roles in regulating expression of genes that protect cells against oxidative stress. In this study, we found that p45NF-E2–deficient RBCs have increased levels of reactive oxygen species and an increased susceptibility to oxidative-stress–induced damage. Deformability of p45NF-E2–deficient RBCs was markedly reduced with oxidative stress, and mutant cells had a reduced life span. One possible reason for increased sensitivity to oxidative stress is that catalase levels were reduced in mutant RBCs. These findings suggest a role for p45NF-E2 in the oxidative-stress response in RBCs and indicate that p45NF-E2 deficiency contributes to the anemia inp45nf-e2−/− mice.
Mobilization and collection of peripheral blood CD34+ cells from patients with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Croop James M. , Cooper Ryan , Fernandez Christine , Graves Vicki , Kreissman Susan , Hanenberg Helmut , Smith Franklin O. , Williams David A.
Published: July 2002

A potential therapeutic option for patients with Fanconi anemia is collection of peripheral blood stem cells prior to the development of severe pancytopenia. These hematopoietic cells potentially could be infused when symptomatic bone marrow failure develops, as autologous rescue after chemotherapy in the event of leukemic transformation, or as targets for gene therapy. Eight patients with Fanconi anemia were mobilized with 10 μg/kg per day of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (median, 10 ± 4 days) to determine the feasibility of collecting peripheral blood stem cells for future use. Six patients achieved a peripheral blood CD34+ count of ≥ 6/μL and underwent apheresis. The collection goal was 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg based on a predicted weight 5 years from the date of collection. A mean of 2.6 ± 0.9 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg of the weight at the time of collection were collected, which corresponded to 1.9 ± 0.4 × 106 CD34+cells/kg of the target weight. The collections required a mean of 4 ± 3 days (range, 2-8 days) of apheresis. Six of the 8 subjects had ≥ 1 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg cryopreserved based on both actual and target weights, and 4 subjects had ≥ 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg cryopreserved based on the target weight. These results suggest that some patients with Fanconi anemia can have adequate numbers of CD34+ cells mobilized and collected from the peripheral blood prior to the onset of severe bone marrow failure, but they may require an extended mobilization and multiple days of collection.