bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zugkrafteinleitung in Beton bei mehraxialen Belastungsversuchen
Authors: Ritter Robert , Curbach Manfred
Published: November 2014

Treten mehraxiale Spannungszustände im Beton auf, haben diese einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Materialverhalten. Neben der festigkeitssteigernden bzw. festigkeitsmindernden Wirkung beeinflussen derartige Spannungszustände auch das Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Verhalten maßgeblich. Zur Ermittlung des Materialverhaltens von Beton unter mehraxialer Beanspruchung ist es daher notwendig, experimentelle Untersuchungen durchzuführen. Im Rahmen von mehraxialen Zug‐Druck‐Druck‐Versuchen an Ultrahochleistungsbeton wurde festgestellt, dass es bei Spannungsverhältnissen mit kleinen Zug‐ und großen Druckbeanspruchungen zu einem randnahen Versagen der Probekörper bzw. zu einem Ablösen der Zugkrafteinleitung an der Probekörperoberfläche kommt. Durch theoretische Überlegungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die dabei erzielten Festigkeiten nicht den tatsächlichen Festigkeitswerten des Materials entsprechen können und eine Verbesserung der Ausbildung der Zugkraftübertragung vorgenommen werden muss. Nach der Entwicklung einer neuen Zugkrafteinleitungsmethode ergaben sich signifikant höhere mehraxiale Festigkeitswerte, die auch die theoretisch festgelegte Grenze überschreiten, welche anhand von Versuchswerten, bei denen eindeutig ein Materialversagen vorlag, definiert wurde.

Tension load transfer to concrete at multiaxial loading tests

Multiaxial stress states have a significant influence on the material behaviour of concrete. Besides a strength increasing or decreasing effect, such stress states lead to changes of the stress‐strain‐behaviour. For the investigation of the material behaviour of concrete under multiaxial loading it is necessary to conduct experimental studies. Within the scope of multiaxial tests with ultra high performance concrete with small tension in the one and high compression loads in the other two directions it was observed, that the concrete failed close to the surface where the tensile force was initiated or, respectively, that the load transfer device detach from the specimen's surface. Because of theoretical consideration it was clear, that the achieved strength values at the tests couldn't be the “real” material strength values. Therefore, the method of tension load transfer had to be improved. After the development of a new tension load transfer method, significant higher strength values could be obtained at the tests. These values also pass the theoretically prescribed limit for “real” material strength, which was determined on experimental strength values where clearly material failure occurred.
Die CHIO Brücke in Aachen
Authors: Kerkeni Naceur , Roeser Wolfgang
Published: November 2014

Die CHIO Brücke in Aachen ist eine integrale Fußgängerbrücke mit S‐förmigem Grundriss, die als Schrägkabelbrücke von einem 65 m hohen Pylon abgespannt wird. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung beschreibt Planung und Bau dieses außergewöhnlichen Tragwerks, das als Entree für das Weltfest des Pferdesports 2014 in Aachen dient.

The Chio Bridge in Aachen

The Chio‐bridge in Aachen is an integral pedestrian bridge with an S‐shaped floor plan. It is a cable stayed bridge with a 65 m high pylon. This paper describes the design and the building process.
Vergleich der Durchstanzbemessung nach Model Code 2010 und Eurocode 2
Authors: Ricker Marcus , Siburg Carsten
Published: November 2014

Mit Model Code 2010 wurde ein neues Bemessungskonzept für den Durchstanznachweis vorgestellt, welches auf der Theorie der kritischen Schubrissbreite (Critical Shear Crack Theory) basiert. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden die Durchstanzwiderstände nach Model Code 2010, Eurocode 2 und den Regelungen des deutschen Anhangs zu Eurocode 2 vorgestellt und um Hintergrundinformationen ergänzt. Anhand von Parameterrechnungen und der Nachrechnungen von Durchstanzversuchen erfolgt ein Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Bemessungskonzepte. Dabei werden Sicherheitsdefizite identifiziert und die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Einflussparameter auf die Durchstanztragfähigkeit von Flachdecken‐Stützenknoten herausgearbeitet.

Comparison of punching shear design according to Model Code 2010 and Eurocode 2

Model Code 2010 introduces a new design concept for punching shear, which bases on the so‐called Critical Shear Crack Theory. In this paper, the design provisions for punching shear according to Model Code 2010, Eurocode 2 and the corresponding German National Annex to Eurocode 2 are presented and background information is given. By means of parameter studies and a comparison of the calculated resistances to test result, the different punching shear design provisions are critically reviewed. The safety levels of the code provisions are verified and the influence of the different punching parameters on the calculated resistances is examined in detail.
Evidence for Independent Glycerol Electrooxidation Behavior on Different Ordered Domains of Polycrystalline Platinum
Authors: Fernández Pablo S. , Martins Cauê A. , Angelucci Camilo A. , Gomes Janaina F. , Camara Giuseppe A. , Martins Maria E. , Tremiliosi‐Filho Germano
Published: November 2014

We investigate the electrooxidation of glycerol (GlOH) on polycrystalline Pt. The results obtained in the presence of GlOH were compared with those of fresh and disturbed low‐index Pt single crystals [(111), (100) and (110)]. Monitoring of the oxidation currents of GlOH by cyclic voltammetry on the different surfaces revealed that the electrooxidation of GlOH is highly sensitive to the order of the polycrystalline Pt atoms. Interestingly, after being disturbed by the application of voltammetric cycles, the combined responses of the disordered single crystals become similar to that of polycrystalline Pt. The changes in the current values associated with the specific potentials at which each oxidation peak takes place suggest that different ordered domains of Pt oxidize GlOH independently. This simple approach can clearly assist in our understanding of the effect of the order of surface atoms in a given reaction, not only in electrochemical reactions.
The First One‐Pot Synthesis of Metal–Organic Frameworks Functionalised with Two Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Platero‐Prats Ana E. , Bermejo Gómez Antonio , Samain Louise , Zou Xiaodong , Martín‐Matute Belén
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of a metal–organic framework (UiO‐67) functionalised simultaneously with two different transition metal complexes (Ir and Pd or Rh) through a one‐pot procedure is reported for the first time. This has been achieved by an iterative modification of the synthesis parameters combined with characterisation of the resulting materials using different techniques, including X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The method also allows the first synthesis of UiO‐67 with a very wide range of loadings (from 4 to 43 mol %) of an iridium complex ([IrCp*(bpydc)(Cl)Cl]2−; bpydc=2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐dicarboxylate, Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) through a pre‐functionalisation methodology.
Room‐Temperature Suzuki‐Miyaura Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles in Lactate‐Anion Ionic Liquid
Authors: Wang Furong , Tang Sisi , Ma Hao , Wang Lefu , Li Xuehui , Yin Biaolin
Published: November 2014

A palladium nanoparticle catalyst (PdNPs@[Bmim]Lac) has been prepared by a simple, mild and efficient chemical approach using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium lactate ([Bmim]Lac) ionic liquid) as a stabilizer. This catalyst exhibits excellent activity, stability, recyclability and simple manipulation in Suzuki‐Miyaura reactions at room temperature in air.
A Versatile Total Synthesis of 8‐Oxyberberine and Oxohomoberberines
Authors: He Yun , Zheng Yang , Hai Li , Wu Yong
Published: November 2014

The total syntheses of 8‐oxyberberine and oxohomoberberines were accomplished starting from commercially available 5‐bromobenzo[d][1,3]dioxole, piperonal and sesamol in high total yield. The key steps involved a modified Pomeranz‐Fritsch reaction and the intramolecular Heck cyclization. This approach is short, convenient and suitable for the preparation of homoberberine analogues.
Detecting trends in time series of functional data: A study of Antarctic climate change
Authors: Fraiman Ricardo , Justel Ana , Liu Regina , Llop Pamela
Published: November 2014

The Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I has been registering surface air temperatures with the frequency of one reading per 10 min since the austral summer 1987–1988. Although this data set contains valuable information about the climate patterns in and around Antarctica, it has not been utilized in any existing climate studies thus far because of the concern of its substantial missing data caused by the difficulty in collecting data in the extreme winter weather conditions there. Such data sets do not fit the standard setting covered by the existing times series techniques. However, by treating the temperature readings for each summer as a function, the temperature data can be viewed as a time series of functional data. We introduce new notions of increasing trends for general time series of functional data based on the so‐called record functions, and also develop useful nonparametric tests for such trends. Following our analysis, the data collected from Juan Carlos I Station exhibit an increasing trend in the Antarctic temperature. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 597–609; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
Electron paramagnetic resonance: a powerful tool to support magnetic resonance imaging research
Authors: Danhier Pierre , Gallez Bernard
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the areas where electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has provided unique information to MRI developments. The field of application mainly encompasses the EPR characterization of MRI paramagnetic contrast agents (gadolinium and manganese chelates, nitroxides) and superparamagnetic agents (iron oxide particles). The combined use of MRI and EPR has also been used to qualify or disqualify sources of contrast in MRI. Illustrative examples are presented with attempts to qualify oxygen sensitive contrast (i.e. T1‐ and T2*‐based methods), redox status or melanin content in tissues. Other areas are likely to benefit from the combined EPR/MRI approach, namely cell tracking studies. Finally, the combination of EPR and MRI studies on the same models provides invaluable data regarding tissue oxygenation, hemodynamics and energetics. Our description will be illustrative rather than exhaustive to give to the readers a flavour of ‘what EPR can do for MRI’. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mindfulness‐based cancer recovery and supportive‐expressive therapy maintain telomere length relative to controls in distressed breast cancer survivors
Authors: Carlson Linda E. , Beattie Tara L. , Giese‐Davis Janine , Faris Peter , Tamagawa Rie , Fick Laura J. , Degelman Erin S. , Speca Michael
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Group psychosocial interventions including mindfulness‐based cancer recovery (MBCR) and supportive‐expressive group therapy (SET) can help breast cancer survivors decrease distress and influence cortisol levels. Although telomere length (TL) has been associated with breast cancer prognosis, the impact of these two interventions on TL has not been studied to date.

METHODS

The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of MBCR and SET with a minimal intervention control condition (a 1‐day stress management seminar) on TL in distressed breast cancer survivors in a randomized controlled trial. MBCR focused on training in mindfulness meditation and gentle Hatha yoga whereas SET focused on emotional expression and group support. The primary outcome measure was relative TL, the telomere/single‐copy gene ratio, assessed before and after each intervention. Secondary outcomes were self‐reported mood and stress symptoms.

RESULTS

Eighty‐eight distressed breast cancer survivors with a diagnosis of stage I to III cancer (using the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system) who had completed treatment at least 3 months prior participated. Using analyses of covariance on a per‐protocol sample, there were no differences noted between the MBCR and SET groups with regard to the telomere/single‐copy gene ratio, but a trend effect was observed between the combined intervention group and controls (F [1,84], 3.82; P = .054; η2 = .043); TL in the intervention group was maintained whereas it was found to decrease for control participants. There were no associations noted between changes in TL and changes in mood or stress scores over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Psychosocial interventions providing stress reduction and emotional support resulted in trends toward TL maintenance in distressed breast cancer survivors, compared with decreases in usual care. Cancer 2015;121:476–484. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Production of Renewable Hexanols from Mechanocatalytically Depolymerized Cellulose by Using Ir‐ReOx/SiO2 catalyst
Authors: Liu Sibao , Okuyama Yasuyo , Tamura Masazumi , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Imai Akio , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: November 2014

Hexanols were produced in high yield by conversion of cellulose over Ir‐ReOx/SiO2 (molar ratio Re/Ir=2) catalyst in biphasic reaction system (n‐decane+H2O). The cellulose was depolymerized by mechanocatalysis with the aid of H2SO4. The influence of solvent amount, reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure was systematically investigated and the highest yield of hexanols reached 60 % under the conditions of n‐decane/water ∼2 (v/v), 413 K, 10 MPa H2 for 24 h. Mechanocatalytic depolymerization of cellulose with the aid of H2SO4 or HCl and the use of sufficient n‐decane were very crucial for the production of hexanols. H2SO4 not only catalyzed cellulose to water‐soluble oligosaccharides but also promoted the hydrogenolysis activity of Ir‐ReOx/SiO2 catalyst. The role of n‐decane was to extract hexanols and to suppress over‐hydrogenolysis of hexanols to n‐hexane.
HER2 testing in malignant effusions of metastatic gastric carcinoma: Is it feasible?
Authors: Wong Daniel D. , de Boer W. Bastiaan , Platten Michael A. , Jo Vickie Y. , Cibas Edmund S. , Kumarasinghe M. Priyanthi
Published: November 2014

HER2 testing on effusions of metastatic gastric carcinoma may provide a valuable alternative to testing on primary biopsies. This study assessed the feasibility of this method by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and silver in situ hybridization (SISH). Cell blocks from 46 effusions from metastatic gastric carcinoma were examined. IHC was scored using the modified criteria of Hofmann et al. An average of ≥6 signals per nucleus was considered amplification on SISH. Results were compared with histological specimens to assess HER2 status concordance. Cell blocks showed a poorly cohesive pattern in 30 (65%), aggregates in 7 (15%), and mixed pattern in 9 (20%). Seven (15%) showed an IHC 2+/3+ reaction with a membranous pattern, appearing more granular than in histology. Three (7%) showed HER2 amplification on SISH. In 18 cases (39%), HER2 status was compared with histological specimens, showing 100% concordance. Difficulties were encountered in distinguishing malignant cells from reactive mesothelial cells in 12 (26%). This study supports the feasibility of HER2 assessment on effusions. The incidence of HER2 positivity (7% with SISH+ and IHC 2+/3+) was lower than reported in histological samples. Further refinement and validation will enhance the use of this method in clinical practice and overcome difficulties encountered. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:80–85. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship between disordered eating and cigarette smoking among adult female twins
Authors: Fairweather‐Schmidt Kate , Wade Tracey D.
Published: November 2014

Objective

While previous studies have shown a link between cigarette smoking and disordered eating (DE), it is less clear whether this association can be explained by attempts to control weight and/or temperament. This study had two aims: to examine weight/shape and DE symptomatology associated with weight control‐related smoking and disordered eating; second, to investigate whether temperament‐based factors explain the association between compensatory smoking and weight and shape‐related characteristics, and disordered eating symptoms.

Method

Female twins (N = 1,002) from the Australian Twin Registry, aged 28–39 years, were assessed by interview yielding lifetime diagnostic information of disordered eating and use of cigarette smoking for weight control. Self‐report measures of temperament were available.

Results

Women who had never smoked (50.6%, n = 495) or had smoked for reasons other than weight and shape control (42.5%, n = 415) were generally not differentiated with respect to indicators of disordered eating. Women who smoked for reasons primarily associated with weight and shape control (6.9%, n = 67) had significantly higher levels of disordered eating than non‐smokers identified as being higher levels of purging (OR = 4.55, 95% CI = 2.41–8.59) and fasting (OR = 9.32, 94% CI = 4.43–19.90) but not objective binge episodes (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.71–3.99). Of those women diagnosed with lifetime eating disorders, weight‐control smokers had higher levels of purging (OR = 4.22, 95% CI = 1.13–15.80) than those who did not. There were no differences in temperament.

Discussion

Results support co‐occurrence of smoking for weight control and purging in both community and clinical groups, and indicate this association is related to weight control and not temperament. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:708–714)
Developmental validation of the AGCU 21+1 STR kit: A novel multiplex assay for forensic application
Authors: Zhu Bo‐Feng , Zhang Yu‐Dang , Shen Chun‐Mei , Du Wei‐An , Liu Wen‐Juan , Meng Hao‐Tian , Wang Hong‐Dan , Yang Guang , Jin Rui , Yang Chun‐Hua , Yan Jiang‐Wei , Bie Xiao‐Hua
Published: November 2014

In this study, we describe the developmental validation assay performed on a novel designed STR multiplex system, AGCU 21+1 STR kit. This kit contains a sex‐determining locus amelogenin and 21 noncombined DNA index system STR loci, that are, D6S474, D12ATA63, D22S1045, D10S1248, D1S1677, D11S4463, D1S1627, D3S4529, D2S441, D6S1017, D4S2408, D19S433, D17S1301, D1GATA113, D18S853, D20S482, D14S1434, D9S1122, D2S1776, D10S1435, and D5S2500. The 21+1 kit was validated by a series of tests including optimized PCR conditions, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, stutter ratio, DNA mixture, inhibitors, and species specificity according to the revised validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Our results in this study show that the kit is a useful tool for forensic application.
A hybrid dielectrophoretic and hydrophoretic microchip for particle sorting using integrated prefocusing and sorting steps
Authors: Yan Sheng , Zhang Jun , Yuan Yuan , Lovrecz George , Alici Gursel , Du Haiping , Zhu Yonggang , Li Weihua
Published: November 2014

This work explores dielectrophoresis (DEP)‐active hydrophoresis in sorting particles and cells. The device consists of prefocusing region and sorting region with great potential to be integrated into advanced lab‐on‐a‐chip bioanalysis devices. Particles or cells can be focused in the prefocusing region and then sorted in the sorting region. The DEP‐active hydrophoretic sorting is not only based on size but also on dielectric properties of the particles or cells of interest without any labelling. A mixture of 3 and 10 μm particles were sorted and collected from corresponding outlets with high separation efficiency. According to the different dielectric properties of viable and nonviable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells at the medium conductivity of 0.03 S/m, the viable CHO cells were focused well and sorted from cell sample with a high purity.
High‐throughput and sensitive particle counting by a novel microfluidic differential resistive pulse sensor with multidetecting channels and a common reference channel
Authors: Song Yongxin , Yang Jiandong , Pan Xinxiang , Li Dongqing
Published: November 2014

High‐throughput particle counting by a differential resistive pulse sensing method in a microfluidic chip is presented in this paper. A sensitive differential microfluidic sensor with multiple detecting channels and one common reference channel was devised. To test the particle counting performance of this chip, an experimental system which consists of the microfluidic chip, electric resistors, an amplification circuit, a LabView based data acquisition device was developed. The influence of the common reference channel on the S/N of particle detection was investigated. The relationship between the hydraulic pressure drop applied across the detecting channel and the counting throughput was experimentally obtained. The experimental results show that the reference channel designed in this work can improve the S/N by ten times, thus enabling sensitive high‐throughput particle counting. Because of the greatly improved S/N, the sensing gate with a size of 25 × 50 × 10 μm (W × L × H) in our chips can detect and count particles larger than 1.5 μm in diameter. The counting throughput increases with the increase in the flowing velocity of the sample solution. An average throughput of 7140/min under a flow rate of 10 μL/min was achieved. Comparing with other methods, the structure of the chip and particle detecting mechanism reported in this paper is simple and sensitive, and does not have the crosstalking problem. Counting throughput can be adjusted simply by changing the number of the detecting channels.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (Aquila chrysaetos) eagles from Washington and Idaho, USA
Authors: Spears Brian Lee , Isanhart John
Published: November 2014

Little is known about the exposure and accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the 2 species of eagles inhabiting North America. The authors analyzed the livers of 33 bald eagles and 7 golden eagles collected throughout Washington and Idaho, USA, for 51 PBDE congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 2.4 ng/g to 9920 ng/g wet weight. Bald eagles and eagles associated with large urban areas had the highest PBDE concentrations; golden eagles and eagles from more sparsely populated areas had the lowest concentrations. Congener patterns in the present study (brominated diphenyl ether [BDE]-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-154 dominating concentrations) were similar to those reported for other bird species, especially raptors. However, the authors also found elevated contributions of BDE-209 in golden eagles and BDE-77 in both species. Patterns in bald eagle samples reflected those in fillets of fish collected from the same general locations throughout Washington, suggesting local exposure to runoff-based contamination, whereas patterns in golden eagle samples suggest a difference in food chain uptake facilitated by atmospheric transport and deposition of BDE-209 and its degradation products into the terrestrial system. Data from the present study represent some of the first reported on burdens of PBDEs in juvenile and adult eagles from North America. The high PBDE liver concentrations associated with large metropolitan areas and accumulation of deca-BDE congeners are a cause for concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2795–2801. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Conventional and high‐dose daunorubicin and idarubicin in acute myeloid leukaemia remission induction treatment: a mixed treatment comparison meta‐analysis of 7258 patients
Authors: Sekine Leo , Morais Vinícius Daudt , Lima Karine Margarites , Onsten Tor Gunnar Hugo , Ziegelmann Patrícia Klarmann , Ribeiro Rodrigo Antonini
Published: November 2014

Previous meta‐analyses suggested that acute myeloid leukaemia induction regimens containing idarubicin (IDA) or high‐dose daunorubicin (HDD) induce higher rates of complete remission (CR) than conventional‐dose daunorubicin (CDD), with a possible benefit in overall survival. However, robust comparisons between these regimens are still lacking. We conducted a mixed treatment comparison meta‐analysis regarding these three regimens. Mixed treatment comparison is a statistical method of data summarization that aggregates data from both direct and indirect effect estimates. Literature search strategy included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scielo and LILACS, from inception until August 2013 and resulted in the inclusion of 17 trials enrolling 7258 adult patients. HDD [relative risk (RR) 1.13; 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.02–1.26] and IDA (RR 1.13; 95% CrI 1.05–1.23) showed higher CR rates than CDD. IDA also led to lower long‐term overall mortality rates when compared with CDD (RR 0.93, 95% CrI 0.86–0.99), whereas HDD and CDD were no different (RR 0.94, 95% CrI 0.85–1.02). HDD and IDA comparison did not reach statistically significant differences in CR (RR 1.00; 95% CrI 0.89–1.11) and in long‐term mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CrI 0.91–1.11). IDA and HDD are consistently superior to CDD in inducing CR, and IDA was associated with lower long‐term mortality. On the basis of these findings, we recommend incorporation of IDA and HDD instead of the traditional CDD as standard treatments for acute myeloid leukaemia induction. The lack of HDD benefit on mortality, when compared with CDD in this study, should be cautiously addressed, because it may have been susceptible to underestimation because of statistical power limitations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefit of slow titration of paroxetine to treat depression in the elderly
Authors: Olgiati Paolo , Bajo Emanuele , Serretti Alessandro ,   the C.E.A.P (Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis on Psychiatric Disorders) ‐ group
Published: November 2014

Objective

Paroxetine is commonly used to treat depression in the elderly; however, titration issues have been raised. Rapid titration may lead to increased anxiety and early dropout. The aim of this cost–utility analysis was to compare the potential benefit of standard (10 mg the first day) versus slow titration (2.5 mg gradually increased).

Methods

Clinical analysis was based on a naturalistic trial integrated with a decision‐analytic model representing second treatments for those who initially did not respond and for dropout cases. Treatment setting was a public outpatient center for mental disorders in Italy. Service use data were estimated from best practice guidelines, whereas costs (Euros; 2012) were retrieved from Italian official sources.

Results

Slow titration approach produced 0.031 more quality‐adjusted life years (remission rate: 57% vs 44% in standard titration group) at an incremental cost of €5.53 (generic paroxetine) and €54.54 (brand paroxetine syrup). Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) values were €159 and €1768, respectively, in favor of slow titration approach. Cost‐effectiveness threshold, defined as ICER < 1 GDP per capita according to World Health Organization criteria, is about €25 000 in Italy.

Conclusions

Our results are consistent with a superiority of slow titration of paroxetine in older depressed patients. However, these findings, in part based on simulated data, need to be replicated in clinical trials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment source apportionment in Laurel Hill Creek, PA, using Bayesian chemical mass balance and isotope fingerprinting
Authors: Stewart Heather A. , Massoudieh Arash , Gellis Allen
Published: November 2014

A Bayesian chemical mass balance (CMB) approach was used to assess the contribution of potential sources for fluvial samples from Laurel Hill Creek in southwest Pennsylvania. The Bayesian approach provides joint probability density functions of the sources' contributions considering the uncertainties due to source and fluvial sample heterogeneity and measurement error. Both elemental profiles of sources and fluvial samples and13C and15N isotopes were used for source apportionment. The sources considered include stream bank erosion, forest, roads and agriculture (pasture and cropland). Agriculture was found to have the largest contribution, followed by stream bank erosion. Also, road erosion was found to have a significant contribution in three of the samples collected during lower‐intensity rain events. The source apportionment was performed with and without isotopes. The results were largely consistent; however, the use of isotopes was found to slightly increase the uncertainty in most of the cases. The correlation analysis between the contributions of sources shows strong correlations between stream bank and agriculture, whereas roads and forest seem to be less correlated to other sources. Thus, the method was better able to estimate road and forest contributions independently. The hypothesis that the contributions of sources are not seasonally changing was tested by assuming that all ten fluvial samples had the same source contributions. This hypothesis was rejected, demonstrating a significant seasonal variation in the sources of sediments in the stream. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal design of rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment, Australia
Authors: Adhikary Sajal Kumar , Yilmaz Abdullah Gokhan , Muttil Nitin
Published: November 2014

Rainfall data are a fundamental input for effective planning, designing and operating of water resources projects. A well‐designed rain gauge network is capable of providing accurate estimates of necessary areal average and/or point rainfall estimates at any desired ungauged location in a catchment. Increasing network density with additional rain gauge stations has been the main underlying criterion in the past to reduce error and uncertainty in rainfall estimates. However, installing and operation of additional stations in a network involves large cost and manpower. Hence, the objective of this study is to design an optimal rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia. The optimal positioning of additional stations as well as optimally relocating of existing redundant stations using the kriging‐based geostatistical approach was undertaken in this study. Reduction of kriging error was considered as an indicator for optimal spatial positioning of the stations. Daily rainfall records of 1997 (an El Niño year) and 2010 (a La Niña year) were used for the analysis. Ordinary kriging was applied for rainfall data interpolation to estimate the kriging error for the network. The results indicate that significant reduction in the kriging error can be achieved by the optimal spatial positioning of the additional as well as redundant stations. Thus, the obtained optimal rain gauge network is expected to be appropriate for providing high quality rainfall estimates over the catchment. The concept proposed in this study for optimal rain gauge network design through combined use of additional and redundant stations together is equally applicable to any other catchment. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Protein folding pathways extracted by OFLOOD: Outlier FLOODing method
Authors: Harada Ryuhei , Nakamura Tomotake , Takano Yu , Shigeta Yasuteru
Published: November 2014

The Outlier FLOODing method (OFLOOD) is proposed as an efficient conformational sampling method to extract biologically rare events such as protein folding. In OFLOOD, sparse distributions (outliers in the conformational space) were regarded as relevant states for the transitions. Then, the transitions were enhanced through conformational resampling from the outliers. This evidence indicates that the conformational resampling of the sparse distributions might increase chances for promoting the transitions from the outliers to other meta‐stable states, which resembles a conformational flooding from the outliers to the neighboring clusters. OFLOOD consists of (i) detections of outliers from conformational distributions and (ii) conformational resampling from the outliers by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Cycles of (i) and (ii) are simply repeated. As demonstrations, OFLOOD was applied to folding of Chignolin and HP35. In both cases, OFLOOD automatically extracted folding pathways from unfolded structures with ns‐order computational costs, although µs‐order canonical MD failed to extract them. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of deactivation of H‐zeolites on product selectivity in the oxidation of chlorinated VOCs (trichloroethylene)
Authors: Aranzabal Asier , Romero‐Sáez Manuel , Elizundia Unai , González‐Velasco Juan Ramón , González‐Marcos José Antonio
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

The literature on the activity of diverse catalytic formulations for the oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds is very large. Catalyst stability or durability has been investigated to a lesser extent, and particularly the effect of deactivation on selectivity, although it is a key factor for commercial scale applicability.

RESULTS

H‐zeolites suffered from rapid deactivation to some lower residual activity in the oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE). The catalyst deactivation led to a decrease of selectivity to HCl and CO2, but to an increased selectivity for tetrachloroethylene (PER) and CCl4. By co‐feeding water vapour, deactivation was avoided and the selectivity to PER and CCl4 dropped near to zero.

CONCLUSIONS

These effects were due to the loss of hydroxyl groups, which were partially chlorinated while TCE was adsorbed and decomposed. The selectivity data of PER and CCl4 with time on stream (TOS) did not allow the conclusion that the formation of PER and CCl4 took place by chlorination of TCE through HCl(g) or Cl2(g), as was previously suggested by some authors in the literature. It was concluded that formation of PER and CCl4 takes place through the chlorination of TCE by chlorine species previously adsorbed on the surface of the zeolite. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Anuran larval developmental plasticity and survival in response to variable salinity of ecologically relevant timing and magnitude
Authors: Kearney Brian D. , Pell Rebecca J. , Byrne Phillip G. , Reina Richard D.
Published: November 2014

Salinity in affected freshwater ecosystems fluctuates with seasonal rainfall, tidal flux, rates of evaporation, chemical runoff and the influence of secondary salinization. Environmental stressors such as salinity can have lasting effects on anuran development, yet little is known about the effects of fluctuating salinity on tadpole ontogeny or the effects of differing magnitudes of salinity exposure, as would occur in natural wetland systems. We examined how salinity fluctuations affected survival, growth and development of Litoria ewingii by exposing tadpoles to a range of salinity concentrations (5.6–10.85 ppt) at three different stages of development (hind limb‐bud formation; toe differentiation and forearm development). We also investigated the plasticity of tadpole growth rates in response to non‐lethal, transient salinity influxes, specifically examining the capacity for compensatory growth and its relationship to the timing, magnitude or frequency of salinity exposure. Our results show that later‐stage tadpoles are more tolerant to elevated salinity than those exposed at a younger age, and that exposure to high salinity later in life suppresses the potential for compensatory growth. Tadpoles exposed to transient low salinity lost less mass during metamorphosis than animals in constant salinity treatments, indicating a possible alternate to compensatory growth. Exposure to near‐lethal salinities early in development did not alter tadpole responses to subsequent salinity stress. Our results provide some of the first evidence that both the timing and magnitude of transient environmental stressors can have an effect on anuran development and developmental trade‐offs in a stressful environment. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 541–549, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No scope for social modulation of steroid levels in a year‐round territorial damselfish
Authors: Ros Albert Frank Huascar , Damjanovic Katarina , Glauser Gaétan , Bshary Redouan
Published: November 2014

Both latitude and mating system have been proposed to shape relationships between steroid hormone levels and social behavior. Recently it has been postulated that species with long lasting non‐seasonal territorial behavior have low androgen responsiveness. Tropical damselfishes are an ideal family to test this proposition because they show a large variety in mating systems. Here we contribute to the comparative dataset by measuring the response in steroid levels after social modulation in the banded sergeant, Abudefduf septemfasciatus, a species with non‐seasonal territoriality. In highly territorial and brooding males, we found low androgen and cortisol levels that did not increase after experimental intraspecific simulated territorial intrusions (STI tests). No relationship was found between the variation in steroid hormone levels and territorial responses to naturally occurring territorial intrusions. Although steroid levels were low, male A. septemfasciatus were highly territorial both to STI challenges and to fishes that passed the territory. They often chased intruders for several meters away from the territory. This indicates that during nest defence in a non‐seasonal territorial damselfish species, territorial behaviors are shown independent of variation in androgen and cortisol levels. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 80–88, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of beef treated with high‐intensity ultrasound and stored at 4 °C
Authors: Caraveo Omaro , Alarcon‐Rojo Alma D , Renteria Ana , Santellano Eduardo , Paniwnyk Larysa
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

The application of high‐intensity ultrasound causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of biological materials including meat. In this study the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of beef after the application of high‐intensity ultrasound for 60 and 90 min and subsequent storage at 4 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days were evaluated.

RESULTS

The ultrasound‐treated meat showed higher (P < 0.05) pH and luminosity than the control, with no difference (P > 0.05) between sonication times. The redness of ultrasound‐treated meat was initially lower than that of control meat, but no difference (P > 0.05) was observed after day 8 of storage. The 90 min ultrasound‐treated meat had higher (P < 0.05) yellowness during the entire storage period. Ultrasound decreased (P < 0.05) coliform, mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria in the meat throughout the storage period; however, the original microbial loads increased constantly during refrigeration. The 90 min ultrasound‐treated meat showed the greatest reduction in microbial load during storage. Coliforms and psychrophilic bacteria were the most affected by ultrasound.

CONCLUSION

The application of high‐intensity ultrasound to beef semitendinosus muscle stored at 4 °C decreased bacterial growth without affecting the physicochemical quality of meat. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of modern radiation therapy in the management of extremity sarcomas
Authors: Miller Eric D. , Xu‐Welliver Meng , Haglund Karl E.
Published: November 2014

For nearly half a decade, surgery and radiation therapy have been used in combination to achieve the goal of limb preservation in extremity soft tissue sarcoma, with success rates in excess of 90%. Common decision points in therapeutic radiation delivery for sarcoma are discussed, including preoperative versus postoperative irradiation, the postoperative boost, and when irradiation might be unnecessary. We describe specialized techniques, such as brachytherapy and intraoperative irradiation. The data driving current practice is summarized. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:599–603. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of Laser Cutting Quality with Design of Experiments
Authors: Wahab Hud , Gröninger Jürgen , Dickmann Klaus , Bruns P. , Voß M. , Kardosh I. , Meinschien J. , Aschke L.
Published: November 2014

Laser cut quality is strongly influenced by the cutting process parameters. In this study, 5 mm mild steel is cut with a high brightness 2.5 kW diode laser. The process parameters are optimized using systematic design of experiment (DOE) to obtain burr free laser cuts with minimal cut edge surface roughness. Varied factors include cutting speed, gas pressure, focus position, nozzle diameter and nozzle distance. The goal of this work is to relate these factors to burr formations and cut edge surface roughness. The relationship is generated and validated with help of a mathematical model, which is then used to predict and minimize burr heights and cut edge surface roughness.
Online estimation and monitoring of local permeability in resin transfer molding
Authors: Wei Bai‐Jian , Chang Yu‐Sung , Yao Yuan , Fang Jun
Published: November 2014

Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a popular manufacturing method of composite materials, which have been widely used in many areas including aeronautic, automotive industries, etc. In RTM, permeability of fiber reinforcement varies with its geometric formation and affects the property of resin flow, which influences the final product quality. Therefore, effective estimation of permeability is crucial to achieving good process control and satisfactory quality product. In this article, a method of online estimating and monitoring local permeability is proposed. It can deal with variation in local permeability within preform caused by irregular arrangement of fibers among different regions. This study is divided into three stages. In the first stage, flow visualization was realized and all hardware was integrated to acquire real‐time information in resin filling period. In the second stage, local pressure and flow front location were substituted into the Darcy's law, thus making online calculation of local permeability feasible. Then, in the third stage, the statistical process control charting technique was adopted to identify the changes in permeability. The proposed methods were used in trial RTM tests to compare their results to those from the reference method and to confirm their effectiveness. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:1249–1258, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Assessing treatment benefit with competing risks not affected by the randomized treatment
Authors: Korn Edward L. , Dignam James J. , Freidlin Boris
Published: November 2014

The comparison of overall survival curves between treatment arms will always be of interest in a randomized clinical trial involving a life‐shortening disease. In some settings, the experimental treatment is only expected to affect the deaths caused by the disease, and the proportion of deaths caused by the disease is relatively low. In these settings, the ability to assess treatment‐effect differences between Kaplan–Meier survival curves can be hampered by the large proportion of deaths in both arms that are unrelated to the disease. To address this problem, frequently displayed are cause‐specific survival curves or cumulative incidence curves, which respectively censor and immortalize events (deaths) not caused by the disease. However, the differences between the experimental and control treatment arms for these curves overestimate the difference between the overall survival curves for the treatment arms and thus could result in overestimation of the benefit of the experimental treatment for the patients. To address this issue, we propose new estimators of overall survival for the treatment arms that are appropriate when the treatment does not affect the non‐disease‐related deaths. These new estimators give a more precise estimate of the treatment benefit, potentially enabling future patients to make a more informed decision concerning treatment choice. We also consider the case where an exponential assumption allows the simple presentation of mortality rates as the outcome measures. Applications are given for estimating overall survival in a prostate‐cancer treatment randomized clinical trial, and for estimating the overall mortality rates in a prostate‐cancer screening trial. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photo Elicitation and the Visual Sociology of Religion
Authors: Williams Roman R. , Whitehouse Kyle
Published: November 2014

Visual research methods—image-based techniques for collecting, analyzing, and explaining data—are not mainstream in the social scientific study of religion. Few sociologists employ them, fewer still to study religion. While mainstream qualitative and quantitative methods have much to offer, words and numbers alone may miss important dimensions of religion and spirituality in the contemporary world. This research note provides an overview of work on the most commonly used visual research technique in the sociology of religion: photo elicitation (PE). We frame our essay around four questions. What is visual sociology? What is photo elicitation? How has PE been used in the social scientific study of religion? And how else could this technique be utilized in religious research?
Betadine has a ciliotoxic effect on ciliated human respiratory cells
Authors: Kim J H , Rimmer J , Mrad N , Ahmadzada S , Harvey R J
Published: November 2014

Objective:

This study investigated the effect of Betadine on ciliated human respiratory epithelial cells.

Methods:

Epithelial cells from human sinonasal mucosa were cultured at the air–liquid interface. The cultures were tested with Hanks' balanced salt solution containing 10 mM HEPES (control), 100 µM ATP (positive control), 5 per cent Betadine or 10 per cent Betadine (clinical dose). Ciliary beat frequency was analysed using a high-speed camera on a computer imaging system.

Results:

Undiluted 10 per cent Betadine (n = 6) decreased the proportion of actively beating cilia over 1 minute (p < 0.01). Ciliary beat frequency decreased from 11.15 ± 4.64 Hz to no detectable activity. The result was similar with 5 per cent Betadine (n = 7), with no significant difference compared with the 10 per cent solution findings.

Conclusion:

Betadine, at either 5 and 10 per cent, was ciliotoxic. Caution should be applied to the use of topical Betadine solution on the respiratory mucosal surface.
UNIFORM CONSISTENCY FOR NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATORS IN NULL RECURRENT TIME SERIES
Authors: Gao Jiti , Kanaya Shin , Li Degui , Tjøstheim Dag
Published: November 2014

This paper establishes uniform consistency results for nonparametric kernel density and regression estimators when time series regressors concerned are nonstationary null recurrent Markov chains. Under suitable regularity conditions, we derive uniform convergence rates of the estimators. Our results can be viewed as a nonstationary extension of some well-known uniform consistency results for stationary time series.
Relationality, Corporeality and Bioarchaeology: Bodies qua Bodies, Bodies in Context
Authors: Geller Pamela L. , Suri Miranda Stockett
Published: November 2014

The temporality of bodies has featured prominently in bioarchaeologists’ studies of embodiment, lifecycle, plasticity and ancestor veneration, amongst other topics. We focus here on the temporality of violence, as evidenced by peri-mortem marks on and post-mortem treatments of bodies. Such evidence can signal violence that is either interpersonal or symbolic, though we realize the distinction may be a materially subtle one. To this end, we look to archaeologists’ recent theoretical forays into temporality. More specifically, we deliberate about relationality, which invites reflective comparison between past and present bodies. Relationality allows bioarchaeologists to examine bodies qua bodies, as well as demands that they contextualize their ancient (or historic) case studies and present-day research in time and place. To explore these ideas, we draw upon a variety of sources, not all of which are traditional (i.e. impersonal) academic discussions. The latter can obfuscate or overlook the more emotional or politicized dimensions of violated bodies.