bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between cost overruns and complexity in engineering projects: a mixed approach
Authors: Bohórquez-Castellanos Jherson Jhadir , Mejía Guillermo
Published: October 2021

Currently, cost overrun is a worldwide phenomenon in engineering projects. Severals studies have quantified cost overruns in projects, while others have determined the leading factors of cost overruns. Among these factors, researchers and practitioners have taken an interest in construction complexity. Some authors suggest further analysis of the relationship between project complexity and project success because construction complexity influences decision-making and produces adverse effects on project cost performance. This study aimed at both an alternative mixed analysis of project complexity and cluster analysis of cost performance, based on project data of published studies. This study proposed three levels of complexity, validated by a clustering silhouette coefficient (> 0.7), which indicated the extent of cohesion among projects. Projects related to urban infrastructure development indicated low complexity; projects related to transport infrastructure projects, medium complexity; and projects related to special construction, involving high uncertainty, indicated high complexity. The computed pooled mean of cost overruns suggested that projects with high complexity are prone to have higher cost overruns (25.6%) on average; low complexity projects showed a cost overrun of 8.0% on average, and medium complexity projects showed a cost overrun of 9.0% on average. This evidence leads practitioners to be aware of the complexity and its relationship with cost overruns.
Utilising a simulated clinical rotation elective to prepare pharmacy students for experiential education
Authors: Bowers Riley , Dircksen Katie , Baker Carrie
Published: October 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an Introduction to Internal Medicine (ITIM) elective course on student preparedness for experiential education.   
Methods: A one-credit elective was offered to second and third-year professional students. It was designed to simulate a typical day as a fourth-year student on rotation while utilising a simulated electronic health record. Upon completion of the course, a survey was sent to assess student preparedness for rotational activities. The students’ reported level of preparedness was compared to their preceptors’ assessment of these same survey items.   
Results: Thirty-six students and their preceptors responded to the survey. Students rated their preparedness highly, with 80% responding as moderately prepared or higher in navigating a patient chart, identifying patients’ problems, presenting a patient, and identifying treatments for common disease states. Preceptors also noted that over 90% of the students were moderately or much better prepared than students who did not complete the elective.   
Conclusion: Students completing the ITIM elective course demonstrated high levels of preparedness for a variety of rotational activities from patient care to professional communication.
Instrumento para medir el desarrollo económico a través del empoderamiento del sector de bajos recursos
Authors: Acosta Mellado Erika , Ruíz Pérez Roberto , Cejudo Galindo Eduardo
Published: October 2021

Con el paso del tiempo la fortuna o el poder adquisitivo de las personas se ha divido, debido a las diferentes oportunidades que se presentan en lo largo de la vida, para unos pueden ser más favorables mientras que para otros son escazas o nulas. Se han tratado de implementar distintas propuestas para la integración del sector de bajos recursos a la cadena de valor. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo, Diseñar y validar un instrumento de medición para encontrar algunos factores críticos que coadyuven al logro de una integración exitosa del sector de bajos recursos en la cadena de valor. El instrumento es una adaptación al español del autor Dr. Mario César Dávila Aguirre, el proceso de validación de contenido se llevo a cabo por expertos. Como resultado en la validación del intrumento se obtuvo que hay ciertas preguntas que requieren ser modificadas para que el grado de validez aumente.
A Sociedade dos Ciberhumanos: qual a sociedade que queremos construir?
Authors: Rodrigues Christyne Marques
Published: October 2021

Este artigo examina a sociedade cibernética. Parte da análise das transformações identificadas na comunicação, na cultura, na economia e na política, geradas a partir da intensa ampliação da rede mundial e das tecnologias usadas tanto na produção de materiais, quanto na disseminação do conhecimento. Baseia-se para isto em teorias já existentes, associadas à observação de práticas atuais. Sabendo-se que este é um processo em curso e que por isso, muitas mudanças ainda virão, não existe a pretensão de esgotar o assunto. O que se busca com este estudo é traçar uma perspectiva de possibilidades dentro deste universo de opções. Onde persiste a consciência de que existe espaço para todos os sujeitos e todos os mercados; e que isto depende basicamente das ações humanas e do desenvolvimento social.
Evaluación de las necesidades educativas en pacientes con osteoartritis de rodilla en una cohorte latinoamericana
Authors: García Coello Adriana Denisse , Rillo Oscar , Quintero Maritza , Brigante Alejandro , Sciortino Rosa , Espinosa Morales Rolando , Herrero Martha , Ponce Yessica , Lencina Verónica , Kohan Paula , Papasidero Silvia , Cosentino Vanesa , Pereira Dora , Pendón Gisela , Riopedre Augusto , Herrera Velazco Blanca , Sapagq Ana , Albanese Miguel , Coimbra Ibsen , Radrigan Francisco , Santos Moreno Pedro , Rodríguez Fernando , Salas Siado José , Caballero Uribe Carlo V , Chico Araceli , Vallejo Carlos , Möller Ingrid , García Kutzbach Abraham , Esquivel Jorge , Pineda Carlos , Gutiérrez Marwin , Lozada Carlos , Angulo Juan , Castañeda Oswaldo , Díaz Coto José Francisco , Khoury Vianna , Souto Renee , Rossi Cesar , Reginato Anthony , Nava Quintero Oriana , Riera Humberto , Granados Ysabel , Acosta Carlota , Rodríguez Ana Julia , Fernández Félix , Verges Josep , Arape Rodolfo del Carmen
Published: October 2021

El Educational Needs Assessment Tool-versión española (SpENAT) es un cuestionario que evalúa las necesidades educativas (NE) de pacientes. Este estudio estableció las fuentes de información que los pacientes utilizan y evalúa las NE de pacientes con OA de rodilla utilizando el SpENAT.
Pembelajaran Literasi Membaca Siswa Sekolah Dasar Kelas I
Authors: Syarif Ahmad
Published: October 2021

This study aims to understand deeply the learning of literacy reading in elementary school class I. The research problem is based on the low student interest in learning, low literacy reading skills, and the teacher is too focused on the 2013 curriculum without facilitating student needs. The research method uses a qualitative approach to the design of phenomenology with the stages of essence deepening, variations in imagination, and reduction of phenomenology. The time and place of the study were conducted at Cijambu Elementary School in Elementary School I class, located at Jln Cigombong Station, Bogor Regency. The study was conducted for six months. The results were obtained that reading literacy learning uses Curriculum 2013 with the aim of reading comprehension. Learning media use word cards and learning strategies use the phonic approach for those who cannot read and the direct approach for those who have mastered phonemic awareness. Evaluation of learning is carried out formally according to the curriculum without an innovation development in the form of literacy assessment. Recommendations namely, this research should be developed in other aspects of language to be more comprehensive.

Keywords: Learning, Reading Literacy, Grade I Students
Hukum Ayah Biologis Menikahi Anak Luar Nikah Menurut Madzahib Arba’ah dan KHI
Authors: Hamdan Hamdan , Arief Suyud , Sobari Ahmad
Published: October 2021

Examines the views of the fuqaha of four madhhab imams and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) regarding children born out of wedlock. More detail is the problem of biological fathers marrying children born out of wedlock. This study aims to analyze the views of four madhhab imams and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) on the marriage of biological fathers with children out of wedlock. This research is a research that uses quantitative descriptive method. namely describing the views of four imams of different schools of thought. Hanafi and Hanabilah scholars are of the opinion that it is haram. they argue that adultery can lead to haraam such as the prohibition of besanan (mushaharah) so that the marriage of a biological father with his child is unlawful. Meanwhile, according to the Malikiyah scholars, it is halal. and according to the Syafi'iyah scholars it is lawful but makruh. They argue that adultery cannot cause haraam such as the prohibition of besanan (mushaharah) so that the marriage of a biological father with his child is lawful. The Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) argues that it is halal to marry a child born out of wedlock if it triggers the market 39 and article 100 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI).
Peranan Guru Fiqih Terhadap Pembinaan Sholat Berjama’ah Siswa Kelas IX MTs Jam’iyah Mahmudiyah Desa Batu Melenggang
Authors: Sabariah Hayatun_ , Ramadhani Ima Sari , Pramita Sindi , Hanim Mudrika
Published: October 2021

This research uses 3 stages, namely; the research instrument preparation stage, the research instrument trial stage, the research implementation stage. The subjects of this study were teachers and students of MTs Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Batu Melenggang Village. Data collection techniques used interviews, observations, document research,   literature   studies   and   questionnaires/questionnaires.   Fiqh   Learning   Process   at   MTs   Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Batu Melenggang V0illage .which has an average result of 55.63, a median of 54.17, a mode of 50.5, a variant of 91.32 and a standard deviation of 9.55 acceptable with a significance limit of good tolerance and meets the criteria. Congregational Prayer Guidance for Class IX Students at MTs Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Batu Melenggang Village has an average result of 66.27, a median of 56.62, a mode of 58.06, a variant of 28.27 and a standard deviation of 5.32 accepted with a tolerance significance limit. There is a significant relationship between the role of the Fiqh teacher on the formation of congregational prayer for Class IX students at MTs Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah in Batu Melenggang Village with the results of Fcount = 10,903 and Ftable (1.31) (0.01) = 7.53 which can be concluded Fcount≥Ftable by accepting Ha and rejecting H0 with the regression line equation of 49.55+0.29 X.
COMMUNICATING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ACTIVITIES FOR THE REPUTATION OF AVIATION INDUSTRY IN KENYA
Authors: Manyala Nelly , Mberia Hellen
Published: October 2021

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to establish the impact of communication strategies used by Kenya Airports Authority while conducting CSR activities.

Materials and Methods: The theories that informed this study were: Attribution theory, Grunig theory and Hunt Model theory. Descriptive research design was adopted. The research targeted a population of 2,800 participants of KAA. Data was collected through questionnaires and administered to respondents in Kenya Airports Authority (KAA).  The study employed both stratified and simple random technique. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer software package (SPSS statistics version 22). Descriptive statistics drawn include mean, and standard deviation which were presented in tables and graphs. Inferential statistics drawn include multiple regression and correlation analysis.

Results: The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between Self-Centred Communication Strategy and the reputation of Aviation Industry in Kenya. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between Mediated Communication Strategy and the reputation of Aviation Industry in Kenya. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between Dialogic Communication Strategy and the reputation of Aviation Industry in Kenya.

Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended to the airlines in Kenya to consider incorporating the communication strategy, and especially the Dialogic Communication Strategy, in their CSR activities in order to have a desirable reputation. The study findings also recommended that more studies be done in future to establish the role played by other communication strategies used to communicate Corporate Social Responsibility activities on the reputation of aviation industry. The study also recommends the need to not only engage the publics through dialogic communication, but also acting on the feedbacks received.
Novel Alhagi maurorum leaves mediated synthesis of titanium nanoparticles for human breast carcinoma applications: a preclinical trial
Authors: Ye Jiahui , Shi Jiajun , Zhang Meng , Zhang Yin , Tao jinqiu , Jiang Songsong , Wang Yinhe , Zhang Weijie , Yao Yongzhong , Zhou Jing
Published: October 2021

Introduction

In this study, titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs) were synthesized in an aqueous medium using Alhagi maurorum extract as stabilizing and reducing agents.

Material and methods

Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) were the techniques to characterize the biosynthetic of TiNPs. According to the XRD analysis. To survey the anti-human breast cancer effects of TiNPs, MTT assay was used on the common breast cancer cell lines i.e., breast cancer (Breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), infiltrating ductal cell carcinoma (Hs 319.T), inflammatory carcinoma of the breast (UACC-732), and metastatic carcinoma (MDA-MB-453) cell lines.

Results

16.08 nm was measured for TiNPs crystal size. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in range size of 12.16 to 43.46 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles respectively. The cell viability of breast carcinoma cells decreased dose-dependently in the titanium nanoparticles presence. The IC50 of A. maurorum and titanium particles on MCF7 cell line were 680 and 359 µg/mL, on Hs 319.T cell line were 507 and 191 µg/mL, on UACC-732 cell line were 477 and 217 µg/mL, and on MDA-MB-453cell line were 507 and 191 µg/mL, respectively. TiNPs had high anti-breast cancer activities dose-dependently against MCF7, Hs 319.T, UACC-732, and MDA-MB-453 cell lines.

Conclusions

The best result of anti-breast cancer effects was seen in the case of the Hs 319.T cell line.
Risk Analysis Application in Aviation Sector with Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS Method
Authors: ÜNLÜKAL Ceren , YÜCEL Mustafa
Published: October 2021

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is one of the risk analysis techniques often used in many industries to recognize, assess, and avoid potential failures. Although FMEA is an analytical technique with strengths, such as helping to identify and reduce potential risks in processes and products, and being widely used, it has been criticized at some points. It is not easy to appoint a mathematical number between 1 and 10 to risk factors by the experts and decision makers who make the risk assessment. At this point, the use of linguistic variables offered by the intuitionistic fuzzy logic approach provides convenience to decision makers and increases the accuracy of risk assessments. This study purposes to assess the risks that may arise throughout the production process of a company operating in the aviation industry with FMEA. Considering the possibility that risk factors are ignored and risk priorities cannot be determined correctly, intuitionistic fuzzy logic approach is integrated into the study. For this purpose, risk factors have been weighted by experts. In problem solving, failures have been prioritized by experts with the support of linguistic variables by using the Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS method.
Una genealogía de la visión liberal de la pobreza
Authors: Dávilo Beatriz
Published: October 2021

Este artículo traza una genealogía de la concepción de la pobreza como carencia en el campo filosófico y político del liberalismo anglófono de los siglos XVIII, XIX y XX. Interrogamos de manera transversal textos provenientes de la literatura y la filosofía para reconstruir el suelo arqueológico de las distintas figuraciones sobre los pobres, su condición y su situación. Así se podrán identificar, a través de regularidades y rupturas, las sucesivas capas de sentido que se fueron sedimentando en el concepto de pobreza y que se reactivan de manera intermitente en el discurso público y en el imaginario de buena parte de la sociedad contemporánea.
Facebook me!: Initial insights in favour of using social networking as a tool for translator training
Authors: Desjardins Renée
Published: October 2021

This paper argues in favour of integrating and using online social networking, more specifically Facebook, within the translation classroom. This has numerous benefits in terms of aptly preparing trainees for the marketplace and also helping to foster a classroom community by encouraging a collaborative learning environment. A descriptive analysis of five undergraduate courses suggests that using online social networking as a teaching strategy has a significant impact: from engaging students through collaborative translation projects, to peer-reviewing assignments, to establishing ‘telepresence’, Facebook allows the trainer to ‘connect’ the classroom.
Note-taking in consecutive interpreting. On the reconstruction of an individualised language
Authors: Kohn Kurt , Albl-Mikasa Michaela
Published: October 2021

To facilitate the process of consecutive interpreting, professional interpreters typically use a special system of note-taking. In the approaches developed on the basis of practical interpreting experience, these notations are commonly regarded as a note-taking technique, and in relevant specialist literature they are often conceived as a language-independent instrument. Against the background of a cognitive approach, however, it can be shown that the so¬called note-taking TECHNIQUE can adequately be described by means of the theoretical constructs LANGUAGE and DISCOURSE. The language dimension is explored with regard to word meanings, word formation and inflection, semantic relations at sentence and text level as well as pragmatic functions. The discourse dimension is mainly discussed from the perspective of rele¬vance theory with a particular emphasis on the balance between the explicit and the implicit.
La bi-langue ou l’(en)jeu de l’écriture bilingue chez Abdelkebir Khatibi
Authors: Mabrour Abdelouahed
Published: October 2021

“Quand j ’écris en français, ma langue maternelle se met en retrait: elle s ’écrase. Elle rentre au harem. Qui parle alors? Qui écrit? Mais elle revient (comme on dit). Et je travaille à la faire revenir quand elle me manque” (Khatibi 1978: 49). This statement made by Abdelkebir Khatibi, a Moroccan sociologist, poet and essayist, can clearly be seen in a number of his writings. In this article, we will attempt to examine closely the staging of this inter/trans-cultural experience that the author-narrator designates by a bilangue. Amour bilingue is a text in which romance and autobiography meet providing a suitable example of this peculiar, complex and priviliged situation which prevails in Morocco and on an extended scale, the Maghreb countries. The pro blematic (conceptual order) of bi/multi-lingualism coupled with a di/tri-glossia is treated by Khatibi under a fictional and poetic outlook. The bi-langue is considered by the author-narrated as a “between-two ”, a third language by means of which he succeeded in assuming the coexistence in him of a foreign language (the language of the other which no one still considers as a colonizing language anymore, the instrument of cultural uprooting) and of the mother tongue.
Prinzipien der botanischen Nomenklatur in der Renaissance
Authors: Selosse Philippe
Published: October 2021

The aim of this paper is to bring to light the pattern underlying botanical nomenclature in the Renaissance. The analysis shows that this nomenclature was conceived within the framework of the Renaissance episteme, i.e. within a logical and religious framework and that it is characterized by a threefold purpose: the appellations must give an essential definition of plants, reflect the classification of the botanists, and be easy to remember , that is, they must be short. Consequently, the nomenclature is structured by various principles: philosophical (logical division), linguistic (anaphora, polysemy) and cognitive (typicality). Finally, the analysis leads to a definition of the concept of ‘nomenclature’ in the Renaissance.
Javier Marías and Antonio Muñoz Molina: between two languages
Authors: Amador Moreno Carolina P.
Published: October 2021

The reader that Spanish novelists Javier Marías and Antonio Muñoz Molina have in mind in Todas las Almas, Corazón tan blanco and Carlota Fainberg is not only an educated reader , but also a reader who is presumed to be pro-ficient in English, and who will, therefore, be able to comprehend the numerous examples of code-switching, the “philological dissections” and cultural references to the English-speaking world that appear in their respective novels. This paper shows how these two authors create fictional images of linguistic interference and translation in order to add credibility to both their characters and narrators. It also addresses the question of whether or not, while still writing from an une quivocally Spanish perspective, they manage to successfully integrate (both in aesthetic terms and in terms of mimetic accuracy) elements pertaining to the English-speaking world into their novels, endowing them with an intercultural dimension.
The cultural turn in Community Interpreting. A brief analysis of epistemological developments in Community Interpreting literature in the light of paradigm changes in the humanities
Authors: Rudvin Mette
Published: October 2021

This essay traces some of the major epistemological shifts in the humanities over the last century, in particular anthropology, which have informed and profoundly altered language- and literary disciplines in Western academia, especially those relating to the subjectivity of the observer (the anthropological ‘gaze ’), the complex interconnectedness of language and the surrounding socio-cultural network, the ephemeral nature of language itself, and the issue of textual authorship-ownership. This paper attempts to put into relief the interface of philosophical issues that arises as a result of these paradigmatic shifts with practical issues of professional ethics and role-definition in community interpreting. The paper also attempts to show that what emerged in translation studies as the ‘cultural turn ’ has already taken place in community interpreting (not necessarily across the board in other forms of interpreting) due both to influences from other related domains and to the specific cross-cultural nature of community interpreting itself.
The history of Community Interpreting studies in Japan
Authors: Mizuno Makiko
Published: October 2021

The study of CI in Japan began in the late 1980s, and its first researchers were law professors and attorneys who advocated human rights. They discussed the plight of non-Japanese-speaking defendants in legal settings. Subsequently, interpreters and theorists of interpretation discussed ethics, cultural issues, training and so on. Recently, however , a new wave of studies has emerged, with a greaterfocus on linguistic approaches such as discourse analysis, corpus studies etc. This paper willfirst briefly review the earlier CI research in general and thenfocus on legal interpreting, which is the most advanced and noteworthy area of CIstudies in Japan.
Research and methodology in healthcare interpreting
Authors: Pöchhacker Franz
Published: October 2021

This paper reviews the evolution and main strands of research on interpreting in health care, one of the most important domains of inter - preting in the community. The diverse body of literature generated since about the 1970s is first described with regard to different disciplinary perspectives and then surveyed in terms of thematic orientations, including a focus on the interpreting product, interpreter performance, communicative practices, and the provision of care. A number of examples are cited to illustrate both the breadth of content and the variety of methods used. The latter are then discussed from an overall perspective with regard to some broad methodological distinctions and choices.
Intervention in new amateur subtitling cultures: a multimodal account
Authors: Pérez-González Luis
Published: October 2021

Recent developments in the audiovisual marketplace have led to an increasing compartmentalization of subtitling audiences and the emergence of amateur subtitling cultures that aim to cater for the idiosyncratic demands of their target audience niche. Fansubbing, i. e. the subtitling of Japanese animated films by fans, is one of the most influential and successful of such amateur cultures. This article examines the genealogy of this peculiar phenomenon, describes some of its most distinctive subtitling practices and explores the effects of its interventionist agenda. Drawing on the apparatus of multimodal theory and the insights provided by a small purpose-built corpus, this paper argues that fansubbing exploits traditional meaningmaking codes in a creative manner and, more importantly, criss-crosses the traditional boundaries between linguistic and visual semiotics in innovative ways.
Surtitling today: new uses, attitudes and developments
Authors: Mateo Marta
Published: October 2021

Surtitling has exerted a noticeable twofold effect on the opera world, in which it originated: it has contributed substantially to increasing the number of opera goers, making opera more accessible and “audience-friendly” and changing audiences’ expectations towards their operatic experience, which has in turn affected the reception of works in the audience ’s native language; secondly, it has brought about innovations in opera production, introducing new languages and pieces in opera houses. Besides, surtitles have now been put to new uses, as some theatre productions have adopted them enabling drama to travel more extensively. This article will focus on the changes surtitling has produced in the contexts using it, the impact of technical advances on its own production and reception, as well as on its new consumers and uses.
Music to my ears, but words to my eyes? Text, opera and their audiences
Authors: Desblache Lucile
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the translation of opera libretti throughout the history of the genre. Opera was born of a need to make words more prominent in vocal music and to express emotions through their musical setting. We shall first consider how attitudes to languages and to the audiences have impacted on different ways of providing translated versions of the operatic text through its relatively short history. Then, we shall focus on the most recent form of transfer available, on surtitling, show how it is governed by a desire for accessibility and is provided within the context of making classical music available to a wider and more diversified public.
Designing a Course on Audio Description and Defining the Main Competences of the Future Professional
Authors: Matamala Anna , Orero Pilar
Published: October 2021

Considering Audio Description as a type of intersemiotic translation, and being aware of future opportunities in this field once laws are enforced, a course on Audio Description has been developed within the MA in Audiovisual Translation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), compelling us to define the main competences a future professional in audio description will have to acquire. In this article, the skills put forward by various academics and professionals are analysed in order to establish the main competences that should be acquired by an audio describer, and sample activities that are used in class are discussed.
A cultural studies approach to semantic instability: The case of news translation
Authors: Conway Kyle
Published: October 2021

This article explores news translation and the semantic instability of politi-cally charged words and their translations. Such pairs are linked in a pa-radoxical relationship of dependence (one is a translation of the other) and independence (they have evolved and continue to evolve within different conceptual horizons). This paper describes a methodology for addressing this phenomenon by considering such pairs as examples of ‘essentially contested concepts’ (Gallie 1956). This methodology derives from a circuit model of culture, and it provides translation studies scholars with tools to describe the dynamic, historically conditioned relationships linking politi-cally charged words, their translations, and their contested, frequently contradictory meanings.
Translational equivalence in Statistical Machine Translation or meaning as co-occurrence
Authors: Macken Lieve , Lefever Els
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we will describe the current state-of-the-art of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), and reflect on how SMT handles meaning. Statistical Machine Translation is a corpus-based approach to MT: it de-rives the required knowledge to generate new translations from corpora. General-purpose SMT systems do not use any formal semantic representa-tion. Instead, they directly extract translationally equivalent words or word sequences – expressions with the same meaning – from bilingual parallel corpora. All statistical translation models are based on the idea of word alignment, i.e., the automatic linking of corresponding words in parallel texts. The first generation SMT systems were word-based. From a linguistic point of view, the major problem with word-based systems is that the mean-ing of a word is often ambiguous, and is determined by its context. Current state-of-the-art SMT-systems try to capture the local contextual dependen-cies by using phrases instead of words as units of translation. In order to solve more complex ambiguity problems (where a broader text scope or even domain information is needed), a Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) module is integrated in the Machine Translation environment.
Can Machine Translation meet the needs of official language minority communities in Canada? A recipient evaluation
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: October 2021

Canada is an officially bilingual country, but the only legal requirement is for federal services to be offered in both official languages. Therefore, services provided by provincial and municipal governments are typically offered only in the language of the majority, with cost being cited as the main obstacle to providing translation. This paper presents a recipient evaluation designed to determine whether machine translation could be used as a cost-effective means of increasing translation services in Canadian official language minority communities. The results show that not all communities have the same needs, and that raw or rapidly post-edited MT output is more suitable for information assimilation, while maximally post-edited MT output is a minimum requirement when translation is intended as a means of cultural preservation and promotion. The survey also suggests that average recipients are more receptive to MT than are language professionals.
DIY & More-than-Human Media Architecture, Allegories, Entanglements & Speculative Practice
Authors: Gonsalves Kavita , Waldemar Jenek , Caldwell Glenda , Foth Marcus , Nijs Greg , Laureyssens Thomas , Coenen Jorgos , Vande Moere Andrew
Published: October 2021

In recent years, research in the fields of Media Architecture and urban informatics have made calls to move beyond the human-centred city and towards a “more equitable multispecies city” (Van Dooren & Rose, 2012). Working towards future more-than-human cities, the design of hybrid digital-physical urban spaces - with an ethos of inclusivity and diversity - will require methods, tools, approaches, platforms, etc. to engage different communities, environments, and all kinds of nonhuman entities and creatures. This workshop posed the following question: While considering different characteristics (such as gender, race, class, abilities, creed, digital skills, habitat, bio-systems), how can citizens engage in creating DIY and More-than-Human Media Architecture to actively shape their spaces and foster imaginaries of more-than-human urban futurity, all while being kinder towards our stressed and fragile urban ecology? As a first step, DIY Media Architecture proposes that communities of experts support non-experts to create and design Media Architecture as active instigators of change in their own right. A possible strategy may lie in mobilizing allegories, entanglements, multispecies world-making, speculative prototyping, i.e. techniques to frame and engage more-than-human urban futures. This is positioned as empowering the less heard as taking charge of their digital-physical canvases throughout urban spaces and, as a next step, staking their and all creatures’ rights to the city. The workshop was conducted online from 24th-29th June 2021. The workshop provided the platform for discussions on alternative materials, platforms, strategies and tools for enabling DIY processes of the less heard in anthropocentric engagement. The workshop, further, encouraged participants to bring prototypes, demos, videos and examples to broaden the conversation on DIY and More-than-Human Media Architecture. This was collated towards two outcomes; 1) conceptual prototypes and 2) participants were invited to co-author a publication. This is in keeping with MAB2020’s Themes & Issues of “Citizen’s Digital Rights”, “Playful and Artistic Civic Engagement” and “More-Than-Human Cities”.
Nuevas geometrías, fósforo y redes epistolares. Algunas de las estrategias de Leibniz para formar parte de la Académie des sciences
Authors: Palomo Miguel
Published: October 2021

Entre 1676 y 1680 Leibniz intentó conseguir un puesto remunerado en la Académie des sciencesque quedó vacante tras el fallecimiento de Roberval en 1675. Al mismo tiempo, Leibniz ofrece en cartas a Huygens varios métodos, recetas e invenciones que podrían ser de utilidad para la academia parisina: entre ellos encontramos el analysis situs, una discusión sobre el método de Becher para encontrar oro, la receta del fósforo, el método inverso de tangentes, la cuadratura aritmética y su propia red epistolar. La hipótesis de este trabajo defiende que estas discusiones fueron presentadas a Huygens con la finalidad de conseguir el puesto remunerado en la Académie, lo cual no ha sido lo suficientemente tenido en cuenta en la literatura científica.
Del ser al deber ser. La ética ontológica de Antonio Rosmini
Authors: Caro Plaza Ramón
Published: October 2021

El ensayo expone críticamente la fundamentación ontológica de la ética en Antonio Rosmini. Al mismo tiempo, propone una solución al problema de Hume sobre la deducción de proposiciones normativas a partir de las descriptivas. Rosmini parte del análisis del conocimiento. Desde aquí consigue acreditar el paso del pensamiento al ser, distinguiendo tres modos: ser real, ideal y moral. El filósofo identifica el tercero con una estructura agradable en todo lo naturalmente existente. Catalogar esta dimensión ontológica le permite definir el bien universal como el orden amable del ser, y así conectar modernamente con la filosofía antigua. Mediante la contemplación del bien intrínseco de todo ente natural, del orden particular de su esencia, Rosmini puede validar también el salto del ser al deber ser. En efecto, pues del bien propio de cada realidad se desprende una necesidad objetiva, que a su vez aterriza en la constitución intelectiva y volitiva de la persona como necesidad subjetiva. El bien moral consistirá precisamente en el reconocimiento del sujeto de ese bien necesario
La insuficiencia de la concepción técnica de la naturaleza: la prioridad ética de la teleología kantiana
Authors: Pessis G. Begoña
Published: October 2021

La tesis que este artículo persigue desarrollar es que en el pensamiento de Kant hay una remisión de la teleología natural a la teleología ética, particularmente en la tercera Crítica. La primera ha de remitirse a la segunda para evitar la trivialidad. A despecho de las lecturas que se centran en las implicancias epistemológicas y científicas del juicio teleológico kantiano, este acercamiento pone énfasis en su dimensión ética, instancia definitiva y necesaria en la que culminan los esfuerzos del autor. En esta dirección, se develará la insuficiencia de una teleología meramente natural y se aportarán materiales de análisis para evidenciar la prominencia del compromiso ético en el seno de la obra
5G Versus Wi-Fi: Challenges for Economic, Spectrum, and Security Policy
Authors: Layton Roslyn , Witkowski David
Published: October 2021

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) declares that 5G and Wi-Fi are complementary technologies. This sanguine observation belies the intense competition between policy actors to secure finite radio spectrum for these technologies. Although consumers may experience the “seamlessness” enabled by wireless technologies, there are important economic, spectrum, and security differences between 5G and Wi-Fi. The technical elements of 5G and Wi-Fi have different security vulnerabilities in protocols, infrastructure, encryption, authentication, and equipment. The FCC spectrum allocation decisions have inherent security implications, particularly when it can deem a spectrum band for licensed or unlicensed use. To demonstrate the differences and the policy implications, the article reviews the FCC's C-band auction for 280 MHz for 5G and the FCC's 6 gigahertz (GHz) proceeding for 1200 MHz for unlicensed use, though Wi-Fi is considered the leading application. Although an imperfect analysis, a preliminary comparison suggests that the C-band spectrum provides 4.5 times more economic value per MHz than Wi-Fi in the 6 GHz band. The article briefly explores the role of institutional entrepreneurship to suggest that the FCC's spectrum decisions are not necessarily a straightforward comparison of the cost and benefits of the technologies but rather the outcome of a complex interplay of policy actors, particularly trade associations. The recent experience offers a counterpoint to the regulatory enthusiasm for unlicensed use and suggests a revisiting of the calculations of opportunity cost in spectrum allocation models.
Higher Education in a Pandemic: Global Implications Based on a Case Study from Bulgaria
Authors: Stefanova Albena , Zabunov Georgi
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an ultimate challenge affecting all areas of human activity. Higher education had to respond by revealing its potential to adapt to and tackle the negative effects of the crisis so as to keep the quality of academic education and research. This critical situation served as a litmus test for HEIs readiness to face and manage crises. The potential of such experience is considered based on the authors’ experience as well as on a survey including HEI stakeholders and revealing their attitudes and perceptions on their work in the pandemic. Global implications are made about educational opportunities and benefits.
New Testament Theology Re-Loaded: Integrating Biblical Theology and Christian Origins
Authors: Bird Michael F.
Published: October 2021

This study examines the problem of balancing the historical and theological components of New Testament Theology. It presents a critique of both Biblical Theology and Christian Origins and finally argues for a ‘Theology of the New Covenant’ where theology emerges out of the interface of canon and community.
The End of the Bible?: The Position of Chronicles in the Canon
Authors: Gallagher Edmon L.
Published: October 2021

Scholars have argued for the originality of the position of Chronicles at the end of the canon based on both external and internal considerations. As for the latter, various ‘closure phenomena’ allegedly indicate that Chronicles either was written for the purpose of concluding the scriptural canon or was redacted for that purpose. The external evidence includes the Talmudic order of books (b. Bava Batra 14b), various Masoretic manuscripts, and a passage from the Gospels (Matt. 23:35 // Luke 11:51). This paper argues that while Chronicles surely forms an appropriate conclusion to the Bible, the evidence to hand does not demonstrate that it actually took up its place at the end of the Bible before the rabbinic period.
Investigation on the Development Status and Consumption Demand of China's Bottled Water Market Based on the Consumption Market of Youth Groups in Anhui Province
Authors: Feng Xiaoyan , Zhou Zejiong
Published: October 2021

With the development of economy and society and the improvement of people's living standards, people have higher and higher requirements for drinking water quality. Therefore, the bottled water market has great development space in the future, but it is also accompanied by many prominent problems such as many manufacturers and fierce competition. In order to understand the young people's cognition and purchase preference of bottled water in Anhui Province, the research group used online questionnaires, expert interviews, field research and other methods to explore the development status, consumption needs and main problems of the bottled water industry. Firstly, we conduct descriptive statistical analysis on the survey data to understand the distribution of samples, and use contingency analysis and decision tree analysis to analyze the purchase preference of youth bottled water in Anhui Province. Secondly, from the four aspects of price, advertising, publicity and sales, AHP is used to explore the influencing factors of young people's purchase of bottled water. Thirdly, the structural equation model is used to explore the transmission mechanism of each influencing factor of bottled water purchase. Finally, from the dimensions of purchase habits, purchase scenes and purchase needs, this paper uses cluster analysis to describe the purchase behavior of five types of youth in Anhui Province.
تأثير عاملي الحرارة والأمطار على بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية والكيميائية بالجبل الأخضر، ليبيا
Authors: هابيل أحمد يوسف , أبوراس مراد ميلاد , محمد سري فرج
Published: October 2021

أجريت هذه الدراسة بإقليم الجبل الأخضر، شمال شرق ليبيا، بهدف رصد وتقييم دور الأمطار ودرجة الحرارة ضمن منطقة الدراسة في تعديل بعض الخواص الأساسية للتربة السطحية مما قد يكون له بعض الأثر سلبا أو ايجابا على جودتها. تم اختيار مناطق الدراسة على هيئة مسارين متوازيين يمتدان من جنوب إقليم الجبل الأخضر إلى شماله، وذلك لغرض تمثيل التباين في متوسط معدلات سقوط الأمطار السنوية. تم إجراء التوصيف الكامل للمظاهر التضاريسية لمناطق الدراسة، كما تم جمع عينات التربة للاختبارات المعملية لعمق يصل إلى 10 سم، كون الطبقة السطحية هي الأسرع تغيرا والأكثر تأثراً بالعناصر المناخية. وجدت الدراسة أن أقل قيمة لمفصول الرمل كانت في منطقة شحات (16.0 %)، وأكبرها في منطقة المخيلي (52.2 %)، بينما اتخذت نسب الطين اتجاها معاكساً له، حيث كان أعلاها في منطقة شحات والتي بلغت 52 %، وأدناها في منطقة المخيلي التي لم تتجاوز 20 %. أما فيما يتعلق بالسلت فقد أظهر نسباً شبه متقاربة تبعا للأقاليم المناخية. قيم معامل الارتباط أكدت وجود علاقة عكسية متميزة بمعامل ارتباط قوي يقدر بحوالي 0.94 ما بين محتوى الرمل ومتوسط الأمطار السنوية، بينما كانت هذه العلاقة طردية ذات دلالة معنوية قوية للمحتوى الطيني بقيمة 0.95 تقريبا، مما يشير لدور هام للأمطار في زيادة حصة الطين، رغم الدور المؤكد والمعروف للرياح في عمليات نقل التربة وزيادة الجزء الخشن على ترب أراضي المنحدرات جنوب خط تقسيم المياه. كذلك اتصفت تقديرات المحتوى العضوي لمناطق الدراسة بمعامل اختلاف كبير يقدر بحوالي 48 %، وذلك لارتباطها بكثافة الغطاء النباتي المتأثر بمستويات درجات الحرارة ومعدلات الأمطار بين مناطق الدراسة. كما أظهر معامل ارتباط الكثافة الظاهرية علاقة طردية ذات مستوى معنوي مع مفصول الرمل قدرت بحوالي (0.99) ويمكن أن نستخلص أن توزيع قيم الكثافة الظاهرية كان متطابقا مع توزيع معدلات الأمطار. إن هذه الاختلافات التي رصدتها الدراسة قد تؤثر على جودة وإنتاجية الطبقة السطحية من التربة خصوصا على أراضي تتصف بشكل عام بضحالة سمكها مما قد يحدد فرص استثمارها واستخدامها.
Isolation and Identification of Fungi Contaminating Potato Chips Intended for Children’s Consumption and Assessing their Toxins
Authors: AL-Ameri Hadeel A. , Ramadan Nadeem A.
Published: October 2021

The study aims to investigate the presence of fungi and their toxins in different samples of potato chips imported from different origins. Fifteen chips’ samples were collected from the local markets of Mosul city/Iraq which included various global origins with several flavors of pepper, paprika, hot spices, and cheese. It appears that all potato chips’ samples were contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins. It was evident that Penicillium spp. were the most predominant fungi followed by Aspergillus spp. and Rhodotorella spp. came third, while Geotrichumspp and yeasts came in fourth. Potato chips from the brand Pringles was contaminated with Penicillium spp., and Geotrichum spp. at a percentage of 50, 30% respectively. The Hum Hum brand samples were contaminated with A.terrus and Penicillium spp. at 40, 30% respectively. Dream brand samples were contaminated with A.jamanicum., and Penicillium., at percentages of 30, 60% respectively. Lays1 with tomato ketchup samples were contaminated with four genera: Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Rhodotorellaspp., and yeast with percentages of 40, 20, 10, and 10% respectively. Lays2 with French cheese variety was contaminated with the same fungi of laystype but with the addition of Aspergilli (A. versicolor and A. niger), which were 60 and 30% respectively. The Patos brand potato chips were contaminated with two Aspergilli (A.astus and A.jamanicum), at 30 and 40% respectively. Zearalenone was found to be the highest contaminant (13.81ppm) of mycotoxins followed by aflatoxins (0.26ppm). Ochratoxin was the least contaminant (0.16ppm) in the analyzed potato chips. It can be concluded that all tested potato chips’ samples showed the presence of fungi and mycotoxins. However, all mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone) in the food commodities were within the permissible limits intended for human consumption.
מחקר פעולה
Authors: סילוואל זהבית
Published: October 2021

מחקר הפעולה מתאפיין בגישות ובזרמים שונים והמשותף לכולם הוא מעורבותם של החוקרים כחלק מהצוות השואף לשיפור בתהליך השלם, הכולל תכנון, יישום ובדיקה של פעולתם. נקודות המוצא של החוקרים במחקר הפעולה הן היכולת לזהות ולהגדיר מה מטריד אותם במציאות שבה הם פועלים, והיכולת לנסח בבהירות מהי הבעיה המהותית שאותה הם רוצים ללמוד ולחקור. מחקרי הפעולה בתחום החינוך משמשים לפיתוח תוכניות לימודים בית־ספריות, לפיתוח מקצועי של מורים ולשיפור בית הספר.
Analisis Penerapan Metode Lossy Pada Kompresi Citra Steganografi
Authors: Sembiring Abdul Sani
Published: October 2021

The internet has become a very important part of communication development in the world. Exchange of information over the internet has many advantages compared to other communication media, especially in terms of speed. But information sent via the internet, security cannot be accounted for. Tapping on confidential information, very often occurs in this communication media. Channels used by the internet are generally not safe channels.

By using the lossy compression method, compression can only be applied to images that have similarities to themselves (self similiarity) so that the size of the image gets smaller and saves storage space and accelerates the sending of the image using internet media.