bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coal, Corporatism, and Labour
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

The active participation of organized labour in managing the affairs of the West German hard-coal industry, of the whole Ruhr economy itself, and, indirectly, of the Federal Republic does not represent an isolated phenomenon, an unprecedented performance by a unique organization. It can be argued that the union’s activity merely demonstrates, in an advanced and compact manner, the propensities generally evident in the wider labour movement. Special factors influenced the precise form and nature of this union’s contribution, but the basic thrust of its response and its ability to lead positively is characteristic of a constructive, conciliatory labour stance which was very much in evidence before the Second World War and, indeed, before the First World War.
Debates and Questions
Authors: wick R L Borth
Published: November 2023

There are broadly two views of debate in the House of Lords. The first tends to be disparaging: to see it as ‘rhetoric from yesterday’s men’, an opportunity for bores to pontificate. The alternative view holds that one of the chief claims to usefulness that the House of Lords can advance is its capacity to debate issues of the day in the light of the experience and expertise of its members. Compared to the Commons, the Lords has greater flexibility in its timetable, less pressure of business (at least for part of the year), a wider range of expertise and experience, and last, but probably not least, a less partisan atmosphere in which, potentially, speakers may have more impact on their audience.
A Person-Affecting Theory of Rights
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

§1. All rights-based justifications for redistribution face a serious and immediate problem. The problem is that there is no consensus on the answers to two closely related questions about moral rights: (1) What do we mean when we say that someone has a moral right? and (2) What moral rights do we have? The second question is addressed in the three chapters that follow this one. The principal concern in this chapter is with the first question. It is my intention to outline what I shall call the person-affecting theory of rights. The central tenet of that theory is that the ascription of moral rights should ultimately reflect a fundamental concern either for what happens to the right-holder or for the ability of the right-holder to determine what will happen.
Two Conceptions of Liberty Rights: Agency and Integrity
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

§1. The statement that individual A has the liberty right to x means that it is at the discretion of A whether to do x or not to do x. The fact that A has this discretion does not mean that there are not any reasons against A doing x nor that there are not any reasons against A not doing x. Furthermore, the fact that A has the liberty right to x does not provide him or her with a reason either to do or not to do x. Suppose that I have the right to look at pornography. It does not, I think, follow that therefore I have a reason to look at pornography nor does it follow that I have a reason not to look at pornography. What does follow, however, is that others have a reason, in the form of a moral requirement, not to interfere with my looking at pornography.
Rights and Deprivation: The Enabling Model
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

§1. In the previous chapter, I argued that we feel compelled to undertake redistributive transfers to help those suffering from handicaps with two distinct objectives in mind: (1) to compensate for the effects of those handicaps on income, and (2) to remedy those handicaps per se. While concern with distributional equality might underlie the first objective, it cannot underlie the second. That concern also cannot be captured by the effect of those handicaps on a person’s welfare or utility. We would not be inclined to say that because a person with a particular handicap is especially cheerful or happy, he or she therefore forgoes any claim to compensation he or she might otherwise have had. What then is our concern when we feel compelled to compensate in this case and others with in-kind benefits?
The Analysis of International Regimes, Towards a European-American Research Programme
Authors: Keohane Robert O
Published: November 2023

The concept of international regimes originated not from social scientists’ urge to invent new terms for their own sake, but as a way to understand international co-operation, defined as co-ordinated mutual adjustment of states’ policies yielding benefits to participants. Systematically organized co-operation is extensive in world politics; yet very few rules are hierarchically enforced. Rather, most co operation appears to be organized horizontally rather than vertically, through the practice of reciprocity. Specific agreements are embedded in a multi-layered system in which agreements are ‘nested’ within a more comprehensive set of agreed-upon rules. Understanding the formation and impact of these systems of rules is therefore essential for an appreciation of the conditions under which international co-operation could occur (Keohane 1983: 150).
Bringing the Second Image (Back) In About the Domestic Sources of Regime Formation
Authors: Zürn Michael
Published: November 2023

Assessments of the state of regime theory usually conclude with a complaint about the neglect of domestic sources of international regimes. Regime formation and change, according to this criticism, cannot be understood without consideration of the societal forces that either benefit from, or are harmed by, international co-operation.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In the course of 23 years’ solid work for the party, during which I held senior office at both constituency and area level, I cannot recall any period of total demoralisation comparable to the situation we now face. The Tory party is a geriatric organisation, now in an advanced state of decline.
Joining the Conservative Party
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Having examined a profile of the social-background characteristics and attitudes of the Conservative party members in the survey, we are now in a position to examine the question of why people join the Conservative party. Though the principle focus of this chapter is explaining the recruitment of party members, we will also examine the mechanics of joining and the experiences which individuals had in becoming party members. This throws considerable light on the effectiveness of the party organization at the local level in recruiting new members.
Defending and Promoting a Sectoral Interest within the European Community: The Case of the Textile Polyolefins Industry
Authors: Peckstadt Jean-Pierre , Mazey Sonia , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The origins of the European Association for Textile Polyolefins . (EATP) can be traced back to the jute industry. Originally, carpet backings, rope, bags and sacks, etc. were made from jute. When, some twenty years ago, the promotion of polypropylene began, it quickly became apparent that it was an innovation with great potential for the industry. Initially, a specific group, representing the manufacturers of the new product, was set up within the existing trade association. The rate of innovation with polypropylene was such that it soon proved necessary to set up a separate association-namely EATP. Thus, not only does technical innovation lead to the formation of whole new industries-it also leads to the creation of new interests which became politically motivated and with which supranational agencies and national governments have to deal.
The Internal Balance of Power and Relative Economic Decline
Authors: Ward Hugh
Published: November 2023

In his editorial introduction to a volume on the economic decline of ancient empires, Carlo Cipolla stresses how the political rigidity of such societies blocked the necessary changes on the supply side: ‘Change hurts vested interests … Conservative people and vested interests cluster around obsolete institutions, and each element supports the other powerfully. Innovating minorities are bound to see their efforts frustrated by this combination.’1 This passage suggests social immobilism—where no group has the resources to force through change against combinations of other interests—an internal balance of power. The idea that blocking coalitions are inimical to growth is common to both the left and the right on standard cases of relative economic decline such as Britain, the US, and the former Soviet Union.2 In this chapter I will attempt to make this idea more precise.
The Loyalist Agenda
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

So that we can see clearly where the loyalists are now and where they might go politically, I will briefly review the history of the political positions of the loyalist paramilitaries and of the evangelicals, and then try to explain what it is they want, are prepared to accept, or will oppose with degrees of violence.
Introduction
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

The proposition that a state that emerges victorious in war is entitled to claim ownership or jurisdiction of territory of which it has taken possession during a war was a recognized principle of international law until the early years of this century. This study is an enquiry into the place traditionally occupied by the right of conquest in international relations, and the causes and consequences of its demise in the twentieth century.
The 1948 War, Armistice, and Peace Offers
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe
Published: November 2023

By the mid-194os, then, the positions of both Syria and the Zionist movement had become crystallized and were highly antagonistic. The Jewish Zionist community in Palestine was determined to create its own state in part of Palestine and to secure American and British support for this policy. Zionist leaders also hoped to gain the backing of some Arab leaders, particularly King Abdallah of Transjordan, as well as prominent Egyptian personalities, like the prime minister, Ismail Sidqi.
Ba'athist Extremism and Israeli Activism: The Road to War
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe
Published: November 2023

The road to the 1967 war was indeed being paved, in many respects, from 1963, with the beginning of a new phase in Syrian-Israeli relations. In March 1963 a radical Ba’thist government was established in Damascus by means of a military coup. It was an ideological Arab nationalist and extremely anti-Zionist regime, its hostility to Israel highly motivated, also reinforced by Soviet support, intense rivalry with Nasser, and the need to channel domestic pressures towards an external enemy, Israel.
Asad vs. Rabin
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe
Published: November 2023

As might be expected, both Rabin and Asad lost no time in compensating for the heavy losses incurred by their armies in weapons and other equipment in the devastating October war. Thus, in addition to receiving massive arms airlifts during the war, Syria and Israel continued their efforts to obtain more weapons from the USSR and the United States, respectively.
Peace Negotiations
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe
Published: November 2023

The Israeli Labour Party, as we know, has adopted a different interpretation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338: accepting the principle of’territorial compromise within the framework of full and viable peace’, but also insisting that Israeli settlement and military control in the Golan should continue even if there were peace with Syria. To be sure, several senior members of the party, particularly those who belonged to the Knesset Golan lobby, are categorically opposed to any compromise in that region. At one stage they were headed by Shlomo Hillel, former Speaker and one of Labour’s candidates for the presidency.
Social Capital and Exits from Unemployment
Authors: Paugam Paolo Barbieri with Serge , Russell Helen
Published: November 2023

The job matching process is one of the most important characteristics of Western European societies. In most of the countries of continental Europe, entering the labour market is a crucial step in an individuals’ life history: given strong labour market segmentation, the high level of unemployment and labour market exclusion, and slow economic growth, the moment when job supply meets job demand strongly influences an individual’s work his tory and consequently his or her overall life opportunities. For this reason, the manner in which job matching processes are institutionally regulated can be considered as a way of regulating and redistributing social inequality. This chapter will examine the role played by a person’s social capital in finding a job, and subsequently in determining the type and quality of employment obtained.
The Institutional Roots of Childcare Politics
Authors: Randall Vicky
Published: November 2023

The origins of contemporary childcare policy in Britain lie in the ninetenth century. Social and political change, ensuing from the cumulative processes of industrialization and urbanization, combined with the imperatives of British policy as an imperial power to pose in stark and visible terms the issue of the care and education of young children. The institutional arrangements that emerged, certainly as they were crystallized in the aftermath of the First World War, though in some ways provisional, embodied central assumptions about responsibility for childcare, and particularly about the respective roles of mothers and the state, with significant and lasting consequences. At the same time a new educational doctrine, based on the child’s own developmental needs, was beginning to gain adherents and would play a growing though not yet decisive part in the future determination of childcare policy.
Post-war Policy and the ‘Rediscovery of Poverty’
Authors: Randall Vicky
Published: November 2023

By the 1950s the issue of child daycare appeared to have returned in good measure to the status quo ante, that is to its position before the war. The level and fragmentation of public provision were back to prewar rates, and such provision was justified in ways which often seemed to hark back to the earlier period, although they also took new forms. This chapter examines the challenge to this ‘traditional’ pattern that emerged in the 1960s and ‘70s. As in the previous chapter, while developments are analyzed in broadly chronological fashion, the material is organized around a succession of central questions, which are aimed both at trying to answer why childcare policy was as it was and how we can most fruitfully think about these matters. We must begin by establishing the status of child daycare as an issue in the early post-war years.
Childcare and Neo-liberal ‘Restructuring’
Authors: Randall Vicky
Published: November 2023

What is certain is that by the time of the Conservative victory in May 1979, childcare was established as a public policy ‘issue’, however low down the policy agenda, and in framing the issue the needs of working mothers, though accorded low priority, were increasingly invoked. What difference did the advent of a Conservative government make to childcare policy and policy-making?
Jenkins as Leader: 1982–1983
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The period from the autumn of 1981 to the early spring of 1982 marked the high point of the SDP’s fortunes. During that period the new party won parliamentary and local by-elections, did well in the polls and was seldom out of the news; talk of an SOP—Liberal government, though far-fetched, was not absurd. But in the early months of 1982 the Alliance began to lose momentum. First, it failed to win new support and then, gradually, it started to lose its existing support. By-election victories became less frequent, press and television coverage less lavish. The Liberals and the SDP continued to claim in public that they hoped, indeed expected, to form the next government; but in private such optimistic talk gradually petered out.
Introduction
Authors: Wallace Helen
Published: November 2023

This volume started out as a mapping exercise, with the aim of identifying the range and variety of actors engaged in efforts to influence European regulatory policy. We were specifically not seeking to answer Robert Dahl’s (1961) question about ‘who governs’ in the European Union (EU), but rather to ascertain ‘who participates’. This aim grew out of several concerns. The first was a dissatisfaction with ‘either/or’ analyses of European policy-making: either the European level or the national level predominates; either member governments or some combination of the Commission and private economic interests determine the outcomes; either European policy is a projection of traditional forms of politics or it represents the end of state-based politics in Western Europe. None of these seems to capture the fluid reality of European governance, that is to say the institutions and processes through which collective European policies emerge.
The Interplay of Corporate, National, and European Interests
Authors: Cohen Elie
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the way in which corporate strategies, national policies for industry, and European policies have evolved since 1985, with particular reference to the French experience. At first sight one might conclude that the French ‘normalized’ their economic policy, by creating an orthodox free market, under pressure from the European Community (EC). However, the shift in macroeconomic policy was in 1982-3 and the massive reorganization of French industry began in 1983-4, thus preceding the liberalization propelled by the 1985 Single European Market (SEM) programme and the 1986 Single European Act (SEA).
The Changing Dynamic of EU-Industry Relations: Lessons from the Liberalization of European Car and Airline Markets
Authors: Holmes Peter , Mcgowan Francis
Published: November 2023

This paper explores how the relationship between European firms and their associations, on the one hand, and European institutions (specifically the Commission), on the other, has been changed by market liberalization. It does so by examining the dynamic between policy proposals, the lobbying process, and industry structure in two industries: cars and airlines. Although very different in most respects (manufacturing vs. service, predominantly public vs.
Consumption without Representation? Consumers in the Single Market
Authors: Young Alasdair R
Published: November 2023

The Single European Market (SEM) programme poses challenges and creates opportunities for the European Union’s (EU) nearly 370 million consumers. By reducing impediments to trade the creation of the single market should facilitate competition and thereby increase consumer choice and reduce prices. Creating a single market, however, also raises the related issues of how to handle the consequences of economic integration for consumers and what is the appropriate level of governance for consumer protection. Even if economic integration has increased consumer welfare overall, it has not necessarily translated into economic gains that consumers recognize as such. Nor do they feel engaged in the accompanying policy process.
The Dual Purpose of Elections
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

What does ‘electoral reform’ mean? The most common answer to this question would probably be ‘the introduction of proportional representation’. And what is the problem about an electoral system? The most common answer to this question would probably be ‘whether or not to have proportional representation’. These answers are due to conditioning-to endless repetition in newspaper articles and the speeches of politicians.
PR and the Alternative to it
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

The second of our two questions was this: Given the preferences of the electors in the nation at large between the political parties, (A) what should be the distribution of seats within Parliament among those parties, and (B) what electoral system will as often as possible bring about such a distribution? This chapter is devoted to a first look at the first half of this second double question, that is, to question (2A). We shall not be concerned with what electoral system will achieve whatever result we decide that we want; only with what the division of parliamentary seats between the parties ought to be, given the preferences of the electorate.
Who will Win? Who ought to Win?
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

Voting is used to resolve differences of opinion and differences of desire, usually a mixture of the two. Suppose that an appointments committee, having interviewed the applicants for a post of librarian and studied their testimonials, has drawn up a short list of six: the committee members now proceed to a vote. They are probably all agreed on the qualities needed in a librarian, but differ only on which of the applicants has them to the highest degree: this is therefore a pure case of voting to resolve differences of opinion.
Majority Preferences
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we first examined the case of a constituency election with three candidates in which, under the plurality system, B won, with some electors voting tactically, but in which, if all the electors had voted for the candidate of their first choice, C would have won. We asked which was the fairer outcome: which of these two candidates was the truest representative of the constituency? We answered by considering which of the two was preferred to the other by a majority of the electors: in other words, what the outcome would have been if the third candidate, A, had dropped out or been disqualified before the election. We then considered a second case, in which, had all voted sincerely, C would again have won, but in which, with some very judicious tactical voting, A might have won.
The Wasted Vote
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

Unlike ‘the Alternative Vote’, ‘the Wasted Vote’ is not the name of an electoral system. It is, rather, a phrase whose meaning is highly uncertain, though much in use by advocates of AV and STV. It was said at the end of Chapter 9 that AV is not based on any clear principle. It might have been fairer to say that it is not based on any clear criterion for the most representative candidate, such as Condorcet’s and Borda’s criteria. It is based on an idea, though that idea is far from being a clear one.
The Failure of the Great Powers to Coerce Small States in the Balkans, 1875-1877 and 1914: Situational Versus Tactical Explanations
Authors: Kagan Korina
Published: November 2023

One of the perennial issues in the study of negotiation and bargaining is the relative importance of background conditions versus tactics in affecting the outcome. Namely, do the parties in bargaining tend to prevail due to an initial favourable situation, or to their negotiating skill?1 This is an aspect of a more general debate in International Relations theory on the relative influence of environment versus process on international outcomes.2 In this chapter, I will address this question in the context of coercion-that is, bargaining with threats of force.
Democratization and the Developmental State The Search for Balance
Authors: Manor James
Published: November 2023

In his initial chapter, Gordon White reminded us of three sets of polit¬ical dichotomies which Larry Diamond (1996) has noted-between conflict and consensus, between representativeness and governability, and between consent and effectiveness. In White’s view, ‘effective democratic governance would seem to rely on the ability to establish balances between these conflicting principles through a process of in-cremental institutional accumulation rooted in political contest and accommodation and guided by skilled leadership’. The present chapter calls attention to six other dualities, between which some sort of balance must be achieved if democratization and a new kind of devel¬opmental state-the two main concerns of this book-are to make much headway. We deal here with the need for balance:
The Developmental Implications of Federal Political Institutions in India
Authors: Jenkins Rob
Published: November 2023

It is widely accepted that a democratic state’s developmental performance can be influenced profoundly by the specific configuration of its political institutions. This chapter argues that a particularly important axis of institutional variation is whether state power is constituted as a unitary government or a federal system comprising multiple levels of political contestation and authority. Any attempt to assess the developmental implications of federalism as an independ¬ent institutional variable is complicated by the variety of federal sys¬tems in existence and the broad range of social and political contexts within which they operate. While we cannot isolate federalism as a distinct and uniform variable for comparative analysis, it is possible to examine the ways in which political dynamics created by multi-level systems facilitate or inhibit the achievement of developmental aims within particular countries.
Democratization and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
Authors: Davies Susanna
Published: November 2023

Elites and analysts of the so-called third wave of democratization have very different agendas from those of the rural poor.1 This majority are largely invisible both in the theory and practice of democratization in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the 1990s, despite the simultaneous pre¬ occupation with promoting sustainable development and livelihoods on their behalf.2 Democratization in SSA has been conceived of and is being implemented by a narrow urban and largely middle-class elite (with some urban working-class support for its initial establishment), often in alliance with northern donors. This bias is reflected in recent polit¬ical analyses and exacerbated by their emphasis on formal political systems and formal civil society.
Religion
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

In the history of social science research on the social bases of political behavior, class has undoubtedly received more attention than religion. This is true even for the United States, despite its unusually high rates of religious adherence and diverse array of faiths. So strong was the assumption that religion did not affect political behavior in the early days of survey research that when Paul Lazarsfeld informed George Gallup that his 1940 study of voters in Erie County, Ohio showed that religious differences were associated with voting preferences even after controlling for class and other sociodemographic attributes, Gallup expressed utter disbelief.1 Under the sway of the dominant secularization model, the earlier generation of American historians and social scientists saw little benefit in extensive study of contemporary religious influences on politics.
Gender
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

The existence of a clear and persistent gender cleavage in recent national elections is a relatively unique feature of American politics. No similar ‘gender gap’ has developed in other democratic polities. The size of the gender gap has often been larger than the margin of victory for Democratic candidates in recent presidential or congressional elections. For both Democratic and Republican political strategists, the gender gap has become a matter of intense concern. After decades of slowly increasing their initially lower levels of participation in national elections, women voters since 1980 have participated at higher rates than men.
Conclusion
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

Having reached the end of our investigations, we can now consider in greater detail the political and theoretical relevance of our results. Understanding the social bases of the two major political parties in the United States cannot, by itself, explain which party is likely to win the next election. There are many other causal factors than social cleavages that affect election outcomes. Moreover, a central assumption of our approach is that the political consequences of social cleavages for electoral outcomes are mediated by other, more proximate factors (which in turn have multiple causes). None the less our findings have implications for the future trajectories of the Democratic and Republican parties in light of postindustrial social and economic developments and cultural changes in American society. We identify the most important of these changes and their likely impacts on the social bases of party coalitions below.
Planning in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

Sri Lanka is a crowded island. Its total area of 652000 km gives the 20 million population 0.33 ha per person, but only 0.15 ha of arable land per person. Even this last figure is inflated by the high proportion of chenathat is, shifting cultivation (Table 10.1 ). Population growth is only moderate and the total is expected to level off at some 26 million in 2050 (medium projection of the Department of Census and Statistics, 1992).Nearly 80 per cent of the population lives in rural areas, with nearly 60 per cent in the wet zone that occupies the south-west quadrant of the island (Figs 10.1 and 10.2); for more than seventy years this growing rural population.
The Dictionary
Authors: Heery Edmund , Noon Mike
Published: November 2023

ability to pay is the principle that pay rates and pay increases should be set with primary regard to the financial performance of the individual employing organization. Ability to pay can be contrasted with other principles of pay determination, such as the rate for the job and comparability, which seek to establish a link between pay rates within the firm and those outside. According to some, the principle of ability to pay has exercised increasing influence over pay determination as a result of the decline of trade unions and collective bargaining.
The Poor City: National and Local Perspectives on Changes in Residential Patterns in the British City
Authors: Lee Peter , Murie Alan
Published: November 2023

Residential patterns in cities are changing under the combined influence of economic restructuring and the reshaping of welfare state systems. In the United Kingdom, as elsewhere, major demographic, economic, and labour market changes have contributed to the emergence of new social divisions characterized by a growing inequality in wealth and incomes, social exclusion, long-term unemployment, and growing insecurity of employment. While economic and employment changes are the driving forces for urban change, their consequences for patterns of housing and residence, and patterns of social segregation cannot be taken as given.
When States Unravel: How China’s Cadres Shaped Cultural Revolution Politics
Authors: Walder Andrew G
Published: November 2023

One of the most unfortunate consequences of recent social science writing on states and societies is the way in which the people who happen to earn a living as officials in state structures are treated implicitly as being outside ‘society’. To be sure, recent writers have urged us to pay greater attention to the internal characteristics of state structures—their unity, organizational capacity, administrative reach, and so forth—and to the intimate interaction between states and societies. But even this work is still wedded to the notion that the state is an organization or a collective actor—albeit with variable aggregate characteristics-rather than a collection of individuals whose actions are no less problematic or consequential than those in ‘society’.

Nowhere is this treatment of the ‘state’ more evident than in research on political movements and revolution. Collective political movements emerge from among groups and individuals in ‘society’ and rise up to challenge ‘the state’. ‘Society-centred’ explanations see the organization and mobilization of individuals as problematic, while more recent ‘state-centred’ explanations also emphasize the internal vulnerability of states to challenges ‘from below’. Neither, however, make the actions of the state itself problematic by viewing them as the outcome of collect ive political behaviour among individual officials, analogous to the political movements that rise up from ‘society’.
Towards a New International Regime for Orderly Movements of People
Authors: Ghosh Bimal
Published: November 2023

The present international migration system is clearly under strain. There are visible signs that the system is finding it increasingly hard to cope with the new challenges that movements of people now entail or to exploit the oppor tunities they present. Why is this so? In analysing the reasons for the situation this chapter highlights some of the inadequacies of existing migration policies and practices, and argues for a more comprehensive, balanced, and transparent multilateral regime to manage migration. What will such a regime look like? And why should nations opt for such a regime? These and other related questions are taken up in the concluding chapter which also revisits some of the key points raised in the intervening parts of the volume.
Representatives of the Dutch People: The Smooth Transformation of the Parliamentary Elite in a Consociational Democracy 1849—1998
Authors: Secker Ineke
Published: November 2023

On 23 February 1996, the President of the Dutch Lower House, the Second Chamber, opened a debate on ‘Representation of the People’. In his remarks, he referred not only to his contemporary fellow MPs, but also to those elected some centuries earlier, in 1896 and 1796. This discussion took place in the Hague on the very spot where, on 1 March 1796, the first elected National Assembly had met in the former ballroom of the Stadhouder, the Prince of Orange. This continued to be used until 1992, when a new building was inaugurated as the meeting-place of the Second Chamber.
Algebraic foundations
Authors: Dales H G
Published: November 2023

In our first chapter, we seek to establish the algebraic background for all our later work. Our philosophy is that we should explain and develop all the algebraic theory that we shall require before we begin the study of Banach and other topological algebras; thus it will be clearly apparent what is true for a general (usually complex) algebra satisfying various conditions specified algebraically. In later chapters, we shall see what further results hold if we hypothesize that our algebras are in fact Banach or topological algebras.
Beyond the Classical Theory of Computational Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Iseries Arieh
Published: November 2023

It is appropriate to commence this brief survey of the numerical analysis of ‘strange’ ordinary differential equations by quoting verbatim from Jack Lambert’s informative survey in the last State of the Art in Numerical Analysis proceedings [22]: where his the steplength and k the stepnumber.” Everything is here, in this single sentence, both the object of study and the tools for algorithmic development and mathematical analysis. Indeed, in many respects the computational work on this ‘plain-vanilla ODE problem’ was one of the great success stories of modern numerical mathematics. Guided by the seminal work of Germund Dahlquist, a whole generation of first-class numerical analysts have established a profound understanding of the subject on theoretical and practical levels alike. Arguably, computational ODE theory became the gold standard of the numerical analysis of differential equations and a subject for emulation by the more elusive theory of computational PDEs.
Approximation and interpolation
Authors: Partington Jonathan R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall bring together a variety of themes all to do with identification in the disc algebra. We shall begin with the idea of n-widths and uniform error bounds of approximations. We shall then relate this to Hankel-norm approximation as a tool in model order reduction. Another fundamental notion is that of a Schauder basis, and we shall discuss its role in identification and approximation in the disc algebra. We shall relate this also to the ideas of fundamental sets (complete model sets).
Orthogonal Latin squares
Authors: Anderson Ian
Published: November 2023

The main aim of this chapter is to present an account of the work of Bose, Shrikhande, Parker and others which culminated in the 1960 proof that two mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) of order n exist whenever n ≠2 or 6. Since this has been established indirectly via Theorems 1.3.5 and 3.4.1, there is strictly no need for a further proof. However, a particularly elegant constructive one is readily available. This proof was published independently by Bose (1938) and Stevens (1939), but, remarkably, the construction is present in E.H. Moore’s long 1896 paper.
Room squares and bridge tournaments
Authors: Anderson Ian
Published: November 2023

In the first chapter it was shown how to construct a league schedule for 2n teams in 2n - 1 rounds, each round consisting of n games, with each pair of teams meeting exactly once. Here, for example, is a possible league schedule for eight teams ∞,0, 1, …, 6. Suppose now that seven pitches are available, of different quality. Can the games be allocated to the pitches in such a way that each team will play exactly once on each pitch? If football is replaced by bridge and pitches by tables, the problem is to arrange for a bridge tournament in which each of 2n partnerships play in each round, and overall each partnership plays each other once, and each plays each table once. Here is a possible solution for n = 4 using the above league schedule.
Topological Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will see that topological spaces can be viewed as special types of approach spaces and that, more precisely, TOP can actually be embedded as a full and isomorphism-closed subconstruct of AP. As far as notation is concerned, from now on, whenever we say that (X, 𝒯) >is a topological space, 𝒯 will stand for the collection of open sets. Structures derived from 𝒯, such as the associated closure operator, will be denoted, for example, by cl7. If no confusion can arise we may also drop reference to 𝒯 altogether.
Metric Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we have seen that the description of topological spaces by means of the various equivalent approach structures did not yield “numerical” information. Of course this was to be expected, since the only numerical values which come into play in the setting of topological spaces are 0 and ∞. The situation already becomes considerably more interesting for metric spaces. What we discover in this chapter are the first indications that the “approach setup” allows for a canonical quantification of certain topological concepts. In particular in the setting of metric spaces, some of these quantifications with respect to convergence already exist in the literature on approximation theory. For the basic concepts and terminology concerning metric spaces we refer to Appendix B.
Uniform Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

The so-called epireflective hull (see Adamek et al. [1]) of pMET𝒯 in AP consists of all subspaces of products of oop-metric spaces. We will show that it is precisely this epireflective hull which fills in the position of the first question mark. Actually, there is a good reason why this is plausible at this point, namely the fact that CREG (the full subconstruct of TOP with objects all completely regular spaces) consists precisely of subspaces of products (in TOP) of 𝒯p-metrizable topological spaces. What we are about to show then is that this pattern repeats itself at the level of approach spaces.
Standard DNA duplexes and RNA:DNA hybrids in solution
Authors: Schmitz Uli , Blocker, Forrest]. H , James Thomas L
Published: November 2023

Following the current paradigm that biological function is encoded in three-dimensional molecular structure, the last 10 years have seen great efforts in the determination of well-defined solution structures of DNA using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods and modelling tools. Since the 1970s, NMR has emerged as the method of choice for the study of biomolecules under more physiological conditions than can be created in the crystalline state. Initially, it was successfully applied to the study of nucleic acids to yield only ‘low-resolution’ structural insights, such as secondary structure information or qualitative differences between similar samples.
Structures of guanine-rich and cytosine rich quadruplexes formed in vitro by telomeric, centromeric, and triplet repeat disease DNA sequences
Authors: Patel Dinshaw J , Bouaziz Serge , Kettani, Abdelali , Wang Yong
Published: November 2023

DNA sequences can adopt higher order architectures beyond duplex alignments, and research in this area is increasingly addressing the structural and energetics issues related to DNA triplexes (reviewed in refs 1-3 and Chapter 12), quadruplexes (4,5), and junctions (6,7, and Chapter 15). The range of strand directionalities and pairing alignments within these multistranded structures provides novel DNA architectures associated with molecular recognition and function.
Algebraic curves
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

How should we define an algebraic curve in the plane? Nowadays, it seems natural to define it as the set of points satisfying some algebraic equation.
Functions on algebraic curves
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we obtained a satisfactory definition of a plane algebraic curve. The next step is to investigate the behaviour of rational functions at points of the curve.
A survey of the theory of algebraic curves
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall state the main theorems of the theory of algebraic curves up to Riemann’s theorem. These theorems are important in constructing and establishing the properties of geometric Goppa codes, but they do not enter directly into the calculations, once the codes have been constructed. As the proofs of the principal theorems are deep, I defer them to Part II of the book. Here I shall show by means of examples and consequences derived from the results how they enable us to analyse the properties of curves.
Geometric Goppa codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

Goppa’s discovery of his codes based on algebraic curves has prompted a great volume of work both in coding theory and algebraic geometry (see Goppa 1981a, 1981b). The reason is that with these codes it is possible to describe sequences of codes which are dramatically better than any previously constructed codes. That topic is expanded in Chapter 15. This chapter discusses the construction of the Goppa codes, and the next two describe error processing techniques for the codes. We begin with a short recapitulation of the basic concepts for error correcting codes. For a more detailed introduction the reader is referred to my book (Pretzel 1996). For the purposes of this book we restrict our attention to linear block codes.
Curves and function fields
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider function fields in relation to plane curves and develop those parts of the theory that are related to the equation of a curve and a particular coordinate system (which we shall always take to be the (x,y)-system).
More on Goppa codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter we shall analyse the theoretical properties of geometric Goppa codes more deeply. Their main promise lies in providing codes with very high correction capabilities and reasonable decoding algorithms. Decoding algorithms were discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. Though these algorithms themselves are still too slow for practical use, refinements that improve their speed are al ready known (Justesen et al. 1992, Sakata et al. 1995).
Funda-mental Geometry: the Penrose-Hameroff ‘Orch OR’ Model of Consciousness
Authors: Hameroff Stuart
Published: November 2023

In The Emperor’s New Mind and Shadows of the Mind, Roger Penrose followed a delicate thread to begin to unravel the problem of consciousness. He concluded that conscious thought is more than computation—our minds utilize some type of non-algorithmic processing unavailable in computers. Regarding the identity of the proposed processing, the intrepid sleuth also searched for a ‘subtle and largely unknown physical principle’ capable of performing the needed non-computational actions. That principle was deduced to be ‘objective reduction’ (OR) of quantum coherent superposition, Penrose’s quantum gravity solution for the problem of wave function collapse in quantum mechanics. The next piece of the puzzle then became: where and how could quantum coherent superposition and OR occur in the brain? To that end, Penrose began collaboration with this author, who suggested that the logical and most likely source of macroscopic quantum effects in the brain lies in neuronal microtubules in the cell cytoskeleton.
Implications of Transience for Spacetime Structure
Authors: Shimony Abner
Published: November 2023

Answers are outlined to arguments of McTaggart and Barbour that temporal transience is illusory or derivative. Eight propositions concerning transience are distilled from Whitehead’s process philosopky. The question is posed: what theories of spacetime structure can implement these propositions? Some conjectures are made concerning this question, especially stochastic modifications of the Schroedinger equation. Agreement is expressed with the thesis of process philosophers that a world in which there is transience and mentality is a locus of value.
From Quantum Code-making to Quantum Code-breaking
Authors: Ekert Artur
Published: November 2023

Human desire to communicate secretly is at least as old as writing itself and goes back to the beginnings of our civilisation. Methods of secret communication were developed by many ancient societies, including those of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, but details regarding the origins of cryptology remain unknown (Kahn 1967). We know that it was the Spartans, the most warlike of the Greeks, who pioneered military cryptography in Europe. Around 400 BC they employed a device known as a scytale. The device, used for communication between military commanders, consisted of a tapered baton around which was wrapped a spiral strip of parchment or leather containing the message. Words were then written lengthwise along the baton, one letter on each revolution of the strip. When unwrapped, the letters of the message appeared scrambled and the parchment was sent on its way. The receiver wrapped the parchment around another baton of the same shape and the original message reappeared.
Decaying Neutrinos and the Geometry of the Universe
Authors: Sciama D W
Published: November 2023

It is a great privilege and also a great pleasure to be invited to speak at this celebration of Roger Penrose’s 65th birthday. We first met about 45 years ago when, as a research student at Cambridge, I shared an office with several colleagues, one of whom was Oliver Penrose, Roger’s older brother, and now a distinguished authority in statistical mechanics. My own first research interest was also in statistical mechanics, but when I changed to relativity and cosmology in the middle of my PhD studies, Oliver told me that I should meet his brother “who thinks geometrically”. When we did meet, we soon became close friends, and I found Roger’s global way of thinking of tremendous value to me. At that-time, and also over the years since, I have learnt so much from him. I am grateful for this opportunity to be able to thank him publicly for the warmth of his friendship and for the influence on me of his very special insights into the subtle relations between physics and geometry.