bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das ,,Jüngere Europa“: Wo ist es, und wenn ja, wie lange?
Authors: Wünsch Thomas
Published: December 2023

Nimmt man die von dem Lubliner Mediävisten Jerzy Kłoczowski (1924–2017) vorgenommene Begriffsfüllung eines ,,Jüngeren Europa“ (poln.: Młodsza Europa)1 als These über die Entstehung und Gestalt eines Teils von Europa ernst,
dann stellt sich die Frage nach der Verselbständigung und Essentialisierung des Begriffs. Wird, vielleicht schon bei der Begriffsprägung, und dann aber vor allem bei der weiteren Begriffsverwendung, hier einem bestimmten Raum ein ,,Wesen“ zugeschrieben – was aus einer
These eine Tatsache machen und den (irreführenden) Anschein von räumlicher Homogenität und zeitlicher Konstanz vermitteln würde?
Der Steuersatz des städtischen Zentrums und der umliegenden ländlichen Peripherie: Der Bezirk Täbris nach dem osmanischen Steuerregister von 1728
Authors: Mustafayev Shahin
Published: December 2023

Eines der wichtigsten Probleme, die einer genaueren Betrachtung und Erforschung bedürfen, ist die Frage, welche Rolle die muslimische Stadt des Nahen Ostens im Leben der Gesellschaft spielte, die sowohl infolge weltgeschichtlicher Veränderungsprozesse als auch unter dem Einfluss
interner Faktoren unweigerlich zum wirtschaftlichen und politischen Rückgang tendierte. Wir sprechen hierbei besonders über das 18. Jahrhundert, als die Unterschiede zwischen dem Nahen Osten und dem sich rasch entwickelnden Europa für die politischen Eliten in den muslimischen
Gesellschaften offensichtlich wurden und als die ersten Anzeichen für den Wunsch dieser Eliten nach Reformen und der Einführung bestimmter, westlichen Praktiken entlehnter Innovationen auftraten. So ist es die erste Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts, insbesondere die sogenannte ,,Tulpenzeit“,
in der das unverhohlene Interesse der osmanischen Elite an den Merkmalen des europäischen Gesellschaftslebens zu beobachten ist. Wenig später führte Nader Schah Afschar im Iran Reformen in seiner Armee durch, bei denen er einige Elemente aus der Praxis der europäischen
Armeen übernahm. Unterdessen stellt sich die Frage, wie der wirtschaftliche Aufstieg des Westens und die allmähliche Umwandlung des Nahen Ostens in eine Peripherie des kapitalistischen Weltsystems die Transformation der nahöstlichen Gesellschaft beeinflusste. Wie war die wirtschaftliche
Situation der städtischen Zentren im Nahen Osten? In welchem Verhältnis standen die Einnahmen der Staatskasse aus der Besteuerung der städtischen und landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe zueinander? Inwieweit erfüllte die muslimische Stadt im Nahen Osten weiterhin ihre Hauptfunktion
der ,,Konzentration und Verteilung der Überschussprodukte“?1
Rational design of novel phenol ether derivatives as non-covalent proteasome inhibitors through 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and ADMET prediction
Authors: Yuan Miao , Ji Hanwen , Sun Fengxin , Chen Qiang , Cheng Ping
Published: December 2023

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to use different structures and ligand-based drug design methods properly to provide theoretical guidance for the design of novel non-covalent proteasome inhibitors, and conduct theoretical analysis of the binding interaction mode between receptors and ligands. At the same time, the pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction, drug-likeness, and synthesis prediction were made for the screened novel drugs. Therefore, potentially attractive non-covalent proteasome inhibitors with low toxicity could be found as anticancer drugs.
Methods: In this work, computer-aided drug design methods, including quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology (ADMET) prediction, and drug-likeness prediction methods were performed.
Results: In this study, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a series of non-covalent proteasome inhibitors were studied and the optimal comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA; Q2 = 0.574, r2 = 0.999, r2pred = 0.755) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA)-SEHA (Q2 = 0.584, r2 = 0.989, r2pred = 0.921) models were obtained. According to the results of the QSAR model, some vital clues were found that would effectively enhance the biological activity of the compound. Based on these clues, 24 novel non-covalent proteasome inhibitors (D01–D24) were finally designed and screened. While the binding models between proteasome [protein data bank (PDB) code: 3MG6] and three representative compounds (15, 20, and D24) were also analyzed by using the molecular docking method. The results suggested that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction played a key role in binding interaction between the receptor and ligand. In addition, the results of ADMET prediction indicated that the new designed compounds had reasonable PK parameters and drug-like properties.
Conclusions: These statistical results can provide theoretical guidance for structural optimization, design, and synthesis of more effective non-covalent proteasome inhibitors in the future.
Assessment of Diabetes Related Knowledge among Libyan Diabetic patients
Authors: El-Shareif Hawa
Published: December 2023

Abstract Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, stroke, amputations, blindness, and end-stage renal failure, knowledge of various aspects of diabetes mellitus (DM) is important for the patient to make a number of daily self-management decisions and perform complex care activities. Objective: To assess the knowledge of diabetes mellitus among Tune Liban diabetic patients. Methods and Materials: We interviewed 140 Libyan patients attending the Outpatient clinic of the Endocrine Department at Tripoli Medical Center (TMC). Diabetes related knowledge was assessed using a 52.item multiple choice Results: 140 diabetic patients were interviewed, 87 (62.1%) females and 53 (37.9%) males. The mean age was 47.5+11.1 Range 22-671 years. The overall score was 48.1216.4%. The mean score for questions related to basic knowledge about pathophysiology of the disease, diet and exercise, and medications was 46.7%. 48.8%. 47.4% and 44.1% respectively. The lowest score was in questions related to monitoring of glycemic control. 31.427.5%, and the highest score was in question that examine their awareness of chronic complications, 93.6421.5%. level of education was a significant predictor of better knowledge. questionnaire. Conclusion: Diabetic patients attending the Tripoli Medical Center outpatient clinic have poor knowledge on several aspects of the disease. This rise, the need for developing diabetes educational programs
Effect of Cavity Configuration on Postoperative Hypersensitivity of Posterior CompositeRestorations
Authors: Betama Naeimar , Zyou Omer , Farge Abdelghffar
Published: December 2023

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effect of cavity configuration iC-factori on occurrence of postoperative hypersensitivity. ity (POH) of posterior direct resin composite restorations. Methodology: A total of 247 direct posterior composite restorations were evaluated. 118 Class 1 (O and 129 Class II (MO, DO, and MOD) restorations were placed in 139 males and female patients with a mean age of 31.58 28.62 years. Four types of cavity configurations were prepared on premolars and molars teeth, and their dimensions were measured using periodontal probes. The preparations were restored with a total-etch adhesive system Tetric N.Bond and Tetric N-Ceram resin composite (Ivoclar Vivadent) using incremental packing technique. Patients were recalled at 1, 4, and 13 weeks to question about occurrence of POH to cold, hot, sweet stimuli, mastication and clinching, and answers were recorded using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 16 to determine whether any relationship existed between different cavity configurations and the occurrence of POH. Results: Chi-Square and t-tests revealed no significant difference in occurrence of POH between class I and class II cavity configurations (P>0.05). At week 1. Post-treatment, incidence of POH was 0.8% (1/118) in class I (0], and 1.6% (2/129) in class II (DO) restorations. The three reported restorations presented with mild to moderate (3-5 VAS) sensitivity to cold stimuli, 2/247 (0.8%) restorations were presented with hyperocclusion. No POH among MO and MOD restorations. No POH at week 4. and 13. recall visits. Conclusions: Cavity configurations (C factor) had no influence on the occurrence of POH reported by patients at 1, 4, and 13-weeks post-treatment. POH expected in the high C-factor class I composite restorations were not detected. The restorative technique used resulted in excellent outcomes for class I and Il cavity configurations.
An Audit of Nasal Fracture Bone and Managementement
Authors: Elfeleh Salem , Albargaty Halima , Belkhair Hussain
Published: December 2023

This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of O.R.L, 7th April Hospital, Benghazi. Patients were divided into four groups depending upon the causes of the fracture; l-Fall Down. II-Road Traffic Accident (R.T.A). III-Physical aggression (Blow). IV-Sports. The most frequent causes were physical aggression (blow) in males 77(57.5% and 7 (5.2%) in females, the most common age was between 11 and 30 years. The incidence cause of fracture nasal bone due to fall down in females 17 (12.7%), and decreased in male's patients 10 (7.4 %), the most common age was between 11-20 years. R.T.A, was 14 (10.5%), the most common are was between 21-30 years, Sports was lower most cause of fracture nasal bone, which were 9 (6.79 years.
Libyan War Amputees: Surgical Profile
Authors: Abuzid Ioan , Faiz Khaled , Gamaty Jamal , Ghadi Mousa , Mesalatti Rajab , Sanussi Osarna
Published: December 2023

At the time of Libya Liberation War treatment of mass casualty incidents was a challenge for suryons in

ya who were not trained for weaponry trauma associated with military operations, Nearby hospitals were prepared for crisis management. Combat injuries involve high-velocity shells and explosives are likely to result in injuries that are very different from those seen in civilian trauma.We aimed to do some effort to improve limb salvage to asse magnitude of injuries that will help in building up our causality and hospital care in non-military community Study

prospective study Place and duration of study: BENGHAZI MEDICAL CENTER (BMC) from Feb 2011 till October 2011 Methodology. In the current study we analyzed profiles of 86 amputees who had war-related amputations during the Libya Liberation War from Feb 2011 till October 2011. We described the mechanism and distribution of the injury. 

Result: High velocity gunshot landmines tars are the main causative agents Prolonged hypotension, extensive muscle

estruction, presence of multisystem injury are the prevalent factors in all amputees.Conclusion: Emergency system and surgeon training is an important issue for conflicts and violence. A team of different specialties works together to address the continuation of treatment, social and vocational rehabilitation is highly needed.
LOCAL EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF SCAPHOID NONUNION WITH AND WITHOUT AVASCULAR NECROSIS
Authors: Aljayar Abdulrahim , Shakeer Monem , Aljayar Mutaz
Published: December 2023

Early _

detection and_ proper adequate treatment of scaphoid fractures are essential to avoid complications of ma lunion1 delayed union, nonunion and the avascular necrosis, with their disabling 

sequelae The aim of this study is to assess prospectively the clinical and radiological results using 

the modified Matt1:Russe technique , for the treatment of scaphoid nonunion with and without 

questionable viability of the proximal fragment. With our experience of the numerous procedures 

and techniques proposed for the treatment of this complex problem, we are reporting our results in 

23 cases, 8 of which were associated with avascular necrosis of their proximal fragments. Although 

the data were hm11ed for cases of nonunion scaphoid fracture, with proximal pole avascular necrosis, we noticed that mcreased bone density is a reliable sign of a vascularity. Our success rate in 

cases without avascular necrosis was (93%) , while it was (75%) in the presence of avascular necrosis. Hence the conclusion was: The modified free bone grafting technique of Matti-Russe, which was 

normally recommended for the treatment of scaphoid nonunion, is yet effective even in presence 

of avascular necrosis; and with this technique fixation seems unnecessary.
INFLUENCES OF TYPE OF POST-TRAUMATIC LESIONS ON OUTCOME FROM HEAD INJURY
Authors: Zentani Seraj , Boshaallah Salmam , Shembesh Faisal , Buzgheia Mohamed
Published: December 2023

retrospective study conducted over a one year period (January 2011 to December 2011) involving one hund forty six (146) patients including two groups, adult and children with severe head injury who were admitted to the tensive care unit (ICU) of Al-Jala Hospital, Benghazi, Libya Basic demographic, clinical, biologic, and radiologic de were recorded at admission and during the intensive care unit stay. All patients had been imaged by computerized tomography (CT) scanning Surgical management was performed in 50.7% of the cases and medical manageme in 49.3% The best outcomes in the surgical cases group were in epidural hematoma (EDH). While poor outcome observed with intracerebral haematoma (ICH) and subdural hematoma (SDH) The favorable outcomes in the medical cases group were in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) particularly in subdural hematomas (SDH).
INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF INTRADIALYTIC HYPOTENSION IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: EL.Kharraz Sahar , Lawgaly Sami , Rajab Ashraf , Ezwaie Mohamed
Published: December 2023

Intradialytic hypotension is a common clinical complication that patients on renal replacement ther apy encounter during their hemodialysis sessions. It is associated with decreased dialysis compliance and increased morbidity in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Both patient-specific factors (autonomic insufficiency, cardiac disease) and dialysis treatment-related factors (ultrafiltration, increased core body temperature) are thought to have significant causative roles. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study, to explore the magnitude of the problem; the inci. dence of Intradialytic hypotension, and its risk factors in thrice weekly chronic hemodialysis patients.
OPEN CONVENTIONAL VERSUS LIGASURER HEMORRHOIDECTOMY
Authors: Hamad Ahmad , Fadeel Hasan , Abumokhtadha Hussein , Bashir Abdelkarim
Published: December 2023

LigaSure ® vessel sealing is a method for ligating vessels of up to 7mm in diameter that is widely used in dominal and thyroid surgery. The literature describes the benefits of the technique also for treating hemorrhoid. OBJECTIVES In this study we aimed to determine the operative and postoperative characteristics of hemorrhoidectomy usina the LignSurex technique compared with the conventional open technique. METHODS Patients with grade III or IV hemorrhoids, operated between 2010 and 2013, using the LigaSure in 18) or the conventional open technique (n-20) were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were thrombosed or stranu Inted hemorrhoids, concomitant perianal disease, history of recurrent perianal surgery and known tendency for bleeding. Patient characteristics, duration of operation, complications, analgesic requirement, and hospital stay were compared between the two groups retrospectively. Patient characteristics (female: male ratio, mean age, hemorrhoid grade, and symptom duration) were similar between the two groups. RESULTS: LigaSure and conventional hemorrhoidectomy patients did not differ significantly in terms of complications or hospital stay. However, the duration of the surgical operation was significantly shorter with LigaSure (94 vs. 26.6 mill, p<0.001). The mean total dose of pethidine requirement was 33.4 mg in the Ligasures, group and 75 mg in the open conventional group (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: In our experience, a shorter duration of surgical intervention, and a lower analgesia requirement, was the only advantage of LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy. However, the small sample sizes of the study groups, and the retro spective analysis of the results are some limitations of this study.
THE EFFICACY OF TOPICAL TACROLIMUS OINTMENT 0.03% AS MONOTHERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE CASES OF VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTMTIS
Authors: Elzlitni Nacima , Bukhatwa Samar
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% as monotherapy for the treat ment of severe cases of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Setting DAR EL TAMUS private ophthalmology clinic in Benghazi Libya METHODS: A prospective observational study of 32 cves of 16 patients was carried out in the period from (01-01 2017 to (31-12-2017). All the patients attended DAR EL TAMAIUS private ophthalmology clinic in Benghazi Libya, the clinical subjective oc ular signs and the objective ocular symptoms of severe cases of vernal Keratoconjunctivitis were assessed. All patients were treated only with Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% applied to the conjunctival sac once at night in each eye for consecutive 8 weeks, where the signs and symptoms of vernal Keratoconjunctivitis followed prospectively at 1st week, Ist month, 2nd month, 3rd month, 6th month and 12th month. RESULT: By the end of 8th weeks there was a dramatic relief in the total score of symptoms and signs from baseline were recorded at each visit and no need for further treatment up to the end of this study period 12th months. No rele vant adverse effects were reported except mild burning sensation Conclusion:Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% was well tolerated and effective as monotherapy in reducing the signs and symptoms of severe cases of vernal Keratoconjunctivitis and a valuable treatment option for this condition that may substitute for steroids treatment with its adverse effect.
Materials and Techniques used by General Dental Practitioners in Libya during Endodontic Treatment of Permanent Molar Teeth
Authors: Salih Randa F , Buzaripah Khadeejah S , Asheibi Fatma , Betamar Naeima M
Published: December 2023

Aim: To investigate the current trends in routine endodontic treatment of molar teeth performed by Labyan genral dental practitioners (GDPs). Materials and methods: A total of 750 structured questioners enquiring about various aspects of endodontie Treatment were dispersed among GDPs who work in public and private clinics in five major Libyan cities (Tripoli, Benghazi, Sabha, Misrata, Albida).Results: of the 750 questionnaires, 337 completed replies were received. The response rate was 44.9%. Amongst those 88.1% performed endodontic treatment for molar teeth, while 11.9% mentioned that they refe difficult clin cal cases to endodontie specialists. 21.1% of GDPs used rubber dam for isolation About 95.3% used radiograph for working length determination and only 4.7% used apex locater. More than half of participants (58.2 never found MB2 canal in upper molars, and only 2% of them used magnification tools during root canal treatment. The majority of GDPs 190.89.) used sodium hypochlorite as an intra-canal irrigant, while calcium hydroxide was used by 60.5% of GDPs as an intra-canal medicament, followed by formecresol (39.5%. The step-back and crown down preparation techniques were the methods of choice in this study with a percentage of 61.4% and 24.9% respec tively. Hand instruments were used by 64.4% and rotary instruments were used by 35.6% of the GDPs. Cold lat eral condensation was used by 76.6%, while the rest used single cone technique for obturation. Zinc oxide eugenol was used by 73.9%. The majority of the GDPs completed root canal treatment in three visits or even more (85.4%).Conclusions: Majority of Libyan GDPs performed root canal treatment for molar teeth starting with pre-operative radiograph, used variety of endodontic materials and techniques, and implemented new materials and technol ogies when they became obtainable. Yet, most GDPs used step-back technique for canal preparation and lateral condensation for obturation. Few GDP's used rubber dam which highlights the importance of applying policy and regulations for good-quality practice.
Relationship between body mass index and development of Varicocele
Authors: Elkhafifi Muftah . H. , Beltamer Walid . M.
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Varicocele is characterized by abnormal elongation, dilatation and tortuosity of the pampiniform plexus within the spermatic cord and is the most commonly see and correctable cause of male factor infertility. Objectives: Our study aimed to ind hy abnormal elongation, dilatation and tortuosity of the pampiniform and is the most commonly see and correctable cause of male factor infertility. to investigate the correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and development of  Varicocele among a cohort of infertile patients as compared with the number of subject without Varicocele (control group).Patents and methode: Between January 2016 and December 2017, atotal of 102 patients underwent surgerv underwent history taking careful physical examination and scrotal ultrasound scan Cand severity of Varicoceles. An age-matched controls group consisted of 103 subiects aricoceles according to physical examination only. The age, weight, height, and BMI Addition both grades and side were analyzed in patients group. Results: The mean age was 33.38 ±5.68 in patients group and 38.63 ±7.150 in control group. Of the 102 patients 29(28.43%) were grade I, 70 (68.63%) were grade II, and 3(2.94%)were grade III. All 102 patients had left-side varicoceles and 18 of them had bilateral varicoceles. No cases with only right side involvement.The BMI (mean ±SD)of 102 with varicoceles  was (26.55± 4.4)while that of control group was (28.30± 4.3) which is clinically significant (p=0.0001).
الهيكل التنظيمي العام للمنشأت الشعبية
Authors: مسکونی د.صبيح
Published: December 2023

مقدمة
من المشاكل القائمة اليوم في الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية ، هي مشكلة تنظيم المنشآت الشعبية في اطار الاقتصاد الاشتراكي في مرحلة التحول ، وباعتبار هذا التنظيم في حد ذاته أمرا فريدا في تاريخ التجارب الاشتراكية ، ويستدعي ضرورة تطبيق أساليب جديدة لادته وتنظيم المنشآت الشعبية بما يتلاءم مع اطروحات الثورة . كما أنه أمر  بحكم أن المنشات الشعبية ، أصبحت هي الاطار الاقتصادي لعنصر العمال في النظام الجديد ، وفي احتكاك مع الجزء الأعظم من الشعب كمنتج مستهلك .
غير أن تنظيم المنشآت الشعبية مرت بمراحل متعددة قبل أن يتخلل صورته الحالية أو المقترحة ، كما اتخذت هذه المنشآت شكل المؤسسات العامة أحيانا أو الشركات العامة . وتباينت أيضا النظم القانونية التي تحكمها تلك للتحولات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية .
فالكلام عن الاحكام التي تنظم الوحدات الاقتصادية هيكلا وادارة لا يعني وجود تشريع واحد ينظمها . فقد تعددت القوانين بتعدد الوحدة المذكورة . كما أضاف «الواقع » الذي أملاه الزحف الثوري على المنشأة الاقتصادية في القطاعين العام والخاص حلقة من حلقات التنظيم والإدارة  (التلقائيين ).
المدارس الفقهية في القانون الجنائي
Authors: سلامة د.مأمون
Published: December 2023

أن التطور الذي لحق الفكر العالمي منذ أواخر القرن الماضي كان له اثره الكبير في الفكر الجنائي . وقد أستشعر هذا الفكر ذبذبات المذاهب الفلسفية المختلفة وظهر هذا بوضوح في الخلافات المتأججة حول منهج البحث في موضوع القانون الجنائي وأي من جوانبه المختلفة تكون له الغلبة : اهي القاعدة الجنائية وما تتصف به من تحديد ام للجريمة كما تظهر في العالم الخارجي باعتبارها 

حدثة طبيعية يقوم على سلوك مادي للإنسان ، ام في النهاية المجرم. وفي محيط الجريمة باعتبارها سلوكه انسانية هل يتعين فهم السلوك الاجرامي كأي واقعة مادية طبيعية ذات فاعلية سببية معينة أم يجب فهمه على انه فقط واقعة قانونية يأخذها المشرع بعين الاعتبار ويرتب عليها آثاره قانونية معينة ام في النهاية ، يتعين على الباحث في السلوك الاجرامي أن يركز على العنصر النفسي في السلوك باعتباره تعبير عن ارادة صاحبه والتي تخر لنا في العالم الخارجي في صورة فعل انساني ؟
النظام القانوني للقطاع العام في ليبيا
Authors: الشرقاوي د.محمود
Published: December 2023

يعد الحديث عن القطاع العام في واقع الأمر حديثا عن المشروع العام الذي يعد الوسيلة الفنية لتحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية في مجتمع الكفاية و العدل ، ولذا فاني سأقسم هذا الموضوع الى أقسام ثلاثة اتكلم في الاول عن ظهور المشروع العام واعرض في الثاني لنظرية المشروع العام واخصص الثالث للأحكام القانونية للمشروع العام.
دراسات في القرآن الكريم
Authors: مولود عبد الحميد د.عمر
Published: December 2023

القرآن له الصدارة :
يعتبر القرآن الكريم المصدر الأول من مصادر التشريع التي تستقى منها الأحكام الشرعية وتؤخذ منها الفروع الفقهية . ولم يخالف أحد من المسلمين في هذا الاعتبار . لأن الأدلة النقلية والعقلية تشهد له بذلك . 
تعريفه : 
القرآن والكتاب بمعنى واحد غير أن لفظ القرآن أوضح و أشهر من لفظ الكتاب في الدلالة على المعنى المراد منه ، وهو مصدر قرأ كالغفران مصدر غفر ، يقال : قرأ قراءة و قر آنا . ومنه قوله تعالى : "لا تحرك به لسانك لتعجل به إن علينا جمعه وقرآنه فإذا قرأناه فاتبع قرآنه" . 
أما معناه الاصطلاحي فهو : اللفظ العربي المنزل على سيدنا محمد (ص) للاعجاز المنقول إلينا بالتواتر كتابة و مشافهة جيلا بعد جيل. 
وعلى ذلك فإن ما صدر عن الرسول (ص) من لفظ أو فعل أو تقرير الإفادة حكم أوحي إليه به و هو ما يسمى بالأحاديث النبوية . وكذلك الأحاديث التي ذكرها الرسول(ص) فيما يرويه عن ربه وهو ما يسمى بالأحاديث القدسية لا يكونان من القرآن، لأن لفظهما ليس من عند الله، كما أنهما لا يكونان في مرتبته من حيث الحجية ولا تثبت لهما بعض الأحكام الثابتة له، و ذلك كجواز التعبد و صحة الصلاة به وغير ذلك من الأمور التي انفرد بها القرآن الكريم.
مدى مشروعية تحصين المشرع لبعض القرارات الإدارية من رقابة القضاء
Authors: زايد الكاديكي د.عبد الله
Published: December 2023

مبدأ المشروعية ورقابة القضاء لأعمال الادارة : 
ان الادارة العامة وهي تمارس وظيفتها في تنفيذ القوانين وتسيير المرافق العامة بالدولة ، تتمتع بسلطات واسعة و امتیازات خاصة قد تجنح بها نحو التعسف والاعتداء على حقوق الأفراد وحرياتهم . لذا اقتضى مبدأ المشروعية Principe de la légalité الذي تقوم عليه الدولة الحديثة والذي يتمثل في سيادة حكم القانون ، اقتضى هذا المبدأ وجوب خضوع تصرفات الادارة للقانون سواء في ذلك أعمالها القانونية وهي القرارات التنظيمية والفردية والعقود الادارية ، أو أعمالها المادية التي يترتب عليها مسئولية الادارة التقصيرية ، فالقانون بمعناه الواسع أي جميع القواعد الملزمة في الدولة سواء كانت مكتوبة أو غير مكتوبة هو الذي يرسم الحدود التي يجب أن تجري تصرفات الادارة ضمنها ويضع القيود التي تحد من سلطات الادارة وتعسفها . 
وهكذا تلتزم الادارة بمبدأ المشروعية ومبدأ المسئولية أي احترام القانون والخضوع له، و تعویض الأفراد عن الأضرار التي قد تسببها تصرفاتها القانونية Actes Juridiques أو المادية Actes Materiels غير المشروعة . 
على أن هذه الرقابة ليست واحدة وأنما تتنوع بحسب الجهة التي تتولاها فهي قد تكون رقابة سياسية يمارسها البرلمان تجاه السلطة التنفيذية أو رقابة إدارية تمارسها هيئات الإدارة ذاتها بعض على بعض، على أن أهم أنواع الرقابة واجداها هي الرقابة القضائية حيث يكون نشاط الإدارة خاضعاً للمحاكم القضائية.
محل السرقة الموجبة للقطع في التشريع الليبي
Authors: محمد عوض د.عوض
Published: December 2023

الشروط الواجب توافرها في المسروق :

بينت المادة الأولى من القانون رقم 148 لسنة 1972 شروط المسروق فنصت في فقرتها الثالثة على انه يشترط للقطع أن يكون المسروق منقولا متمولا محترما مملوكا للغير في حرز مثله وألا تقل قيمته عن عشرة دينارات ليبية وقت حدوث السرقة . ويتضح من هذا النص أن شروط المسروق هي:
القصد الجنائي في جريمة أعطاء صك دون مقابل الوفاء
Authors: غالي الدهبي د.إدوار
Published: December 2023

أن المشرع لم ير الاكتفاء بالقصد الجنائي العام في جريمة اصدار صك بدون رصيد واشترط لتوقيع العقاب وجوب توفر القصد الجنائي الخاص لدى مصدر الصك ، فعبر عن ذلك بقوله كل من اعطى بسوء نية ، أي أنه لا يمكن تجريم الصاحب ومعاقبته الا بعد أن تقتنع محكمة الموضوع بأن نيته كانت منصرفة الى التدليس والاحتيال على المستفيد بإلهائه بهذه الورقة دون أن يحصل على قيمة الصك اضرارا به او اثراء على حسابه ، لإن عبارة سوء النية تفيد معنی زائدا عن مجرد علم الصاحب بعدم وجود رصيد له وقت اعطائه الصك ، وهذا المعنى هو الذي يتضمن معنی الإساءة.
الملكية في الكتاب الأخضر
Authors: أنيس الأسيوطي د.ثروت
Published: December 2023

أرض الله«قل لمن الأرض ومن فيها أن كنتم تعلمون . سيقولون لله قل افلا تذكرون » .« قل لمن ما في السموات والارض قل لله » .«لله ملك السموات والارض» ، « له ما في السموات وما في الارض وما بينهما وما تحت الثری » أما الناس فالله يستخلفهم في الارض كما استخلف الذين من قبلهم ، ثم هو يرث الأرض ومن عليها واليه يرجعون •جاء في كتاب الله : (ما أفاء الله على رسوله من أهل القرى فلله وللرسول ولذي القربى واليتامى والمساكين وابن السبيل کي لا يكون دولة بين الاغنياء منكم ... للفقراء المهاجرين ... والذين تبوءوا الدار والايمان من قبلهم ... والذين جاءوا من بعدهم ۰۰» ۰
المحاكم الشعبية وإمكانيات قیامها في الجماهيرية
Authors: السعدی د.حميد
Published: December 2023

سوف نحاول في السطور التالية أن نبحث في فكرة مثالية كانت ولا زالت تراود خواطر فريق من المثقفين ورجال القانون الشباب الذين في الوطن العربي الا وهي فكرة تحقيق شعبية القضاء لكي تصبح في المجتمع عدالة الجماهير في آمالها والأمها وتطلعاتها نحو العدل والمساواة ولكي ينكسر ذلك الطوق السميك الذي يحيط بالقضاء المنعزل عن الشعب ولكى تعود اليه رسالته السامية كما كانت في الاسلام احقاق الحق وازهاق الباطل بلا خشية ولا وجل ولكن بضمير وعقل بصیر.ولا يخفى أن هذه الفكرة التي نود طرحها في هذا البحث لا یمكن أن تنحصر في اطار الخصائص العامة للقضاء ، وانما تتطلب النظر الي حيث علاقتها بالعدالة الاشتراكية في بلد اخذ بالتحول الاشتراكي في مجالات شتى من الحياة الاقتصادية.
LE RÔLE DU DROIT A L'EPOQUE DU CHANGEMENT VERS LE SOCIALISME
Authors: GLEIZAL Jean-Jacques
Published: December 2023

1o) Le « Livre vert » définit le projet politique de la LIBYE. en vient ainsi à déterminer ce que doit être la « loi de la société »: La loi véritable d'une société est la coutume ou la religion: toute tre tentative en dehors de ces deux sources est inutile et illo que ». 

Mais une question se pose au juriste: le droit a-t'il une place ns la réalisation de la « loi de la société »? Le colonel KADHAFI pond sur ce point dans les entretiens qu'il a eu avec M. BIANCO: our ce qui se réfère aux lois, il est bien évident qu'on ne peut s s'en passer. Cependant, nous récusons toute loi qui empêche it les masses d'accéder au pouvoir, de même que nous récusons - lois qui s'efforcent de protéger la bureaucratie ou les groupes 

pression. C'est uniquement dans ces limites que nous avons rogé certaines lois. Ensuite, on va codifier, au fur et à mesure, 

qui a été abrogé; c'est à ce moment là que la loi va primer à =uveau, en reprenant toute sa force.
Clinical and Histopathologic observations in a cohort of Libyan patients with Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: S H Ingafou Mohamed , M Elmurtadi Ali
Published: December 2023

This study describes the clinical and histological features in a cohort of 72 Libyans with a histologically confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP) seen in the academic department of Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology of dental faculty in Benghazi in the period between 1997 and 2015.The cases were followed up clinically from the time of first visit up to periods extending from 4-14 years. In addition, serial biopsies were taken (whenever it deemed necessary) for those patients diagnosed with epithelial dysplasia to monitor its behaviour within the lesion. All the epithelial dysplastic changes were found in erosive, atrophic and bullous form, and none was detected in the white keratotic types. Only One case had undergone malignant transformation after 14 years of the first presentation. Most of the cases responded invariably to management by topical corticosteroids, however, systemic corticosteroids were used for short periods in 5 cases, while benzydamine hydrochloride proven to be beneficial for the relief of mild to moderate pain that sometimes associates with OLP.
Gynecologists Awareness Regarding Periodontal Disease and Adverse Pregnancy Out- come
Authors: O. Mahfoud Salma , Elmoghrbi Marie , B. Al Ghazal Logien , K. Al magrahi Warda , M. El Barasi Ame-Asaad , Bazina Manal
Published: December 2023

Pregnancy adverse outcomes are known as preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW). Up to date theexact mechanism by which adverse outcomes occur is not known. One of the conditions that is reported by theliterature could be associated or linked to it is periodontal disease (PD). Gynecologists are the primary health careproviders, and are in constant contact with pregnant women. It has been recommended that gynecologist shouldhave an acceptable level of knowledge regarding periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcome. Objective:To assess the level of awareness among gynecologists practicing in Benghazi, regarding to the association between

periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Cross-sectional interview structured question-naire study, was conducted to assess the level of awareness among gynecologists practicing in Benghazi city about

the effect of chronic periodontal disease (PD) on pregnancy outcome. One hundred and seven Gynecologists par-ticipated in this study. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions that assessed knowledge and attitude among

the participated gynecologists. Results: The current study showed that while the majority of gynecologists knewabout hormonal effects on the periodontium, and the common signs and symptoms of PD, only 20.6% were awareabout the importance of a regular dental check-up during pregnancy. About 22.4% of them considered that PDcould be a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. We found that 87% of the gynecologists show an agreement

that periodontal treatment should be an essential part of prenatal care program. Conclusions: this study con-cludes despite high level of awareness among gynecologist, very few refer or advise their patients to receive dental

treatment during pregnancy. We suggest that continuing medical and dental education programs and intercom-munication between healthcare providers may provide a better-quality healthcare service to the community.
The Effect of Training Programs on the Performance of Healthcare Workers at Benghazi Medical Center (BMC)
Authors: Gadalla Randa , Ali Mukhtad Amal
Published: December 2023

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are considered as one of the cornerstones and play an important role inside the healthcare sector. However, health care workers (HCWs) in developing countries frequently work in challenging environments, mainly dealing with sciences and technology development. Thus, attention to involve the HCWs into training programs to meet their needs and to achieve a better level of work performance and to provide better health services in their institutions.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study, aimed to explore the effects of training programs on healthcare workers performance at Benghazi Medical Center (BMC) in Benghazi city, Libya. 51 questionnaires were collected from March 2019 and end in June 2019 by using the impact of training on workers performance. Data were fed to statistical software package version 20.0 SPSS. Approval of the Ethical Committee of faculty of public health was obtained.

Results: High percentage (72.5%) of the study respondents had undergone training programs with healthcare institutions. The results also show that the majority of these respondents (59.5%) participated in training on the purpose of performance consideration and 75% associate training to their enhanced performance at work.

Conclusion: It may be indicated that training to a big extent can lead to an improved worker's performance but still it is not the only factor that can enhance worker's performance rather it is a combination of factors. Thus, further researches can be done on different factors in the healthcare sector, specifically concerning workers' performance factors such as training needs assessment, training programs design, development, are significant to study for exploring their effects on the workers' performance in the healthcare sector.
Ameloblastoma: A Clinical and Histopathological Study of 28 Cases Diagnosed in Benghazi
Authors: Elfergani Marwa , Abd Alhamid Hamad Mansora , El Maddani Rehab , AL Jilali Huda , Elmurtadi Ali
Published: December 2023

Aims:

The study aims to describe the characteristics of of ameloblastoma in a retrospective sample of cases reported at the faculty of dentistry, University of Benghazi, Libya

Methods

 A retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed with a ameloblastoma between 2001 and 2016 at faculty of dentistry -Benghazi-libya were reviewed histologically. The cases were then subclassified according to the basic criteria of the World Health Organization. In addition, cases were analysed in terms of clinicopathologic and histopathologic features.

Results:

A total of 28 ameloblastomas types were identified: 8 conventional, 2 peripheral, and 17 unicystic (4 cases ameloblastoma arising in dentigerous cysts) and 1 case is malignant ameloblastoma. Tumours were distributed throughout the jaws with 26 cases in mandibular, 2 cases in maxilla, (2 cases and cross midline, and 2 cases in an anterior location).

Conclusion:

The clinical epidemiological profile of the patients from the present study is very similar to other populations with regards to gender, age and tumor location, with unicystic ameloblastoma being the most common subtype in our population, in contrast to other reports.
Infection Control Practice: A cross-sectional Survey on Dental Laboratory Technicians in Benghazi, Libya
Authors: A. Elnaili Salma , Alabidi Saied , S Jaweesh Rashad , A. M. Kundie Fathie
Published: December 2023

Objectives: Infection control represents the main concern in dental laboratories in recent years regarding the perceived risk of patients and professionals from getting infected. Even if the dental technicians do not come in direct contact with the patient's oral cavity, there is a risk of contamination from the prosthetic items coming from the dental office. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental lab technicians toward infection control protocols at the dental laboratories of Benghazi, Libya.

Materials and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among prosthodontic dental technicians in the city of Benghazi, Libya. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed as a hard copy to the dental lab technicians working at both governmental and private dental laboratories (3 governmental and 7 private dental laboratories). The data was conducted using the SPSS program (SPSS 16 for windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA); a P-value of 0.05 or less was considered significant.

Results: The response rate among dental technicians was 93%. The major age group of participants was (21-40 years) who work in a private dental laboratory with less than ten years of experience. 60.2% of the technicians had a valid hepatitis B vaccination, and 46.2% had received infection control training courses as part of their orientation, when respondents were asked about the most dangerous steps in the dental laboratory 60.1% of them answered dealing with impressions.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, the respondents demonstrated varying levels of knowledge, attitude and infection control practices. More efforts are needed to improve infection control practices and to apply appropriate policies in order to ensure the safety of the technicians and patients.
Evaluation of Intern Students Knowledge of Complete Denture Impression Practice in Benghazi University
Authors: Mahjoub Hana E.
Published: December 2023

Objectives: The aim of treatment with complete denture is to restore function and esthetics and maintain patient health. Making an accurate impression is a very critical factor for success or failure of the complete dentures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge of intern dental students about procedures followed in impression practice for complete denture construction in the city of Benghazi.

Materials and method:  This descriptive cross-sectional study was done amongst dental intern students in Benghazi city, Libya. A total of 120 students were selected randomly. A survey was conducted through a printed standard questionnaire with 13 multiple-choice questions, only 81 questionnaires returned. Data from the completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed, the statistical analysis was done using SPSS statistical software version 23 (SPSS, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results: Low knowledge scores were found regarding the final impression material, the tray fabrication steps (spacer and relieve holes) and the timing of previous denture discontinuation prior to the primary impression step. Also, a low level of knowledge was found regarding the stage of posterior palatal seal establishment. The scores for all the questions were calculated and tabulated; the scores 1,2 and 3 are low knowledge (57%), good knowledge (43%) and excellent knowledge 0% respectively.

Conclusion: The percentage of low knowledge level was significantly higher than expected, as observed in the overall results indicating that there are procedures and information about complete denture impression practice that remains unknown to the interns, which influence the denture satisfaction of the patient. Changes in the undergraduate education system to focus on these aspects may facilitate the interns to gain more knowledge regarding complete denture impression procedures especially final impression.
تقدير نسبة الأضرار وحجم المخلفات الإنشائية الناتجة عن الدمار الذي تخلفه الحروب منطقة الحي الجامعي بمدينة بنغازي كحالة دراسية
Authors: قادربوه السنوسي
Published: December 2023

تمثل تداعيات قضية المخلفات الصلبة بصفة عامة والمخلفات الإنشائية بشكل خاص هاجساً لدى جهات صنع القرار، مع ما يحيط بهذه القضية من ضبابية في الرؤية بشأن الحجم التقديري ومحاذير إعادة التدوير ومقدار المنفعة الممكن تحقيقه من وراء المخلفات الإنشائية الناتجة عن الدمار الذي تخلفه الحروب، وبالنظر لما تسببت به الأعمال العسكرية التي شهدتها منطقة الحي الجامعي في مدينة بنغازي لمدة ناهزت السنة والنصف وما نتج عنها من دمار كبير في مباني هذه المنطقة، ولوضع السلطات المحلية في المدينة في صورة المشكلة التي تعانيها هذه المنطقة، فقد جاءت هذه الدراسة لتقدير حجم هذه المخلفات الإنشائية واقتراح التوصيات الملائمة بشأنها.

ولهذا الغرض تم تقييم أوضاع 342 منزل من حيث مستوى التضرر، وتم اقتراح مقياس لنسبة الأضرار في حالات عدم التضرر والضرر الطفيف والضرر المتوسط والضرر الجسيم والضرر الكلي، وتم تقدير حجم مواد الخرسانة العادية والخرسانة المسلحة ومباني الطوب اللازمة لإنشاء منزل واحد وفقاً لخريطة نمطية تم اقتراحها لغرض هذه الدراسة، وبناء على المعطيات التي توافرت وفقاً لهذه المنهجية فقد تم التوصل إلى نسبة تقديرية للأضرار التي لحقت بمباني المنطقة تقارب20% وبحجم مخلفات للخرسانة العادية والخرسانة المسلحة والطوب الأسمنتي في حدود 23670متر مكعب، وهذه الأرقام والنسب يلزم وضعها أمام جهات الاختصاص  لتتخذ  ما يلزم من قرارات بخصوص الإستراتيجية المثلى للتعامل معها.
Building Integrated Photovoltaics for Energy Load Reduction and Supply
Authors: Hawiwo Mohamed
Published: December 2023

Photovoltaics as an environmentally friendly source of energy are still considered as an economically expensive method of electricity production.  However, replacing the conventional elements of the building envelope (façade, shading devices, skylights, etc.) with PV modules, the total cost of a built construction is remarkably reduced. The main aims of this study to use building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system beside its functions that has mentioned above, to reduce the energy consumption from the cooling load of buildings in warm climate regions.  The paper investigated the optimum integration of the photovoltaic system into the building envelope that could produce a reasonable power output and minimizes the heat gains in warm climate regions. The simulation software Autodesk Ecotect Analysis was used to simulate three main PV integrations, window sunshade, roof screen and double skin façade into an assumed office-building model located in the city of Benghazi, Libya. The simulations provided good information for analyzing the potential contribution of the BIPV system on the energy saving according to the PV thermal performance and the power supply generated from the sun, and the final discussion results in choosing the sunshade PV integration as the optimum integration that could produce a reasonable power output and minimizes the heat gains in warm climate regions.
Effect of Roughness, Compliance and Adhesion on Perception of Softness
Authors: Abreiak Salima , Holt Raymond , Henson Brian
Published: December 2023

This paper concerns the perceived softness of objects, which is an important aspect of haptic perception. To design tactile displays, there are many unanswered questions about human touch perception and its relationship with material properties. This paper explores how the interaction of material properties affects perception of softness through the use of two psychophysical experiments. The first experiment used a set of nine stimuli representing three materials of different compliance, embossed with three different patterns to vary their surface roughness. The second used three materials of different compliance with three different coatings to vary their stickiness. Magnitude estimation was used to assess the perceived softness for the stimuli in both experiments under two conditions: pressing into the stimulus with the finger, and sliding the finger across the stimulus. The results indicated that compliance affected perception of softness when pressing the finger, but not when sliding; and that compliance, friction and thermal conductivity all influenced the perception of softness. This work is an essential step to understand interactions between compliance and other material properties. The new knowledge can be applied to the design of tactile displays for laparoscopic surgery.
Experimental Assessment of The 100 mV Polarization Shift Criterion for Cathodic Protection Systems of the Prestressed Concrete Cylinder pipes
Authors: Kuwairi Belied , Elfergani Hisham
Published: December 2023

In this work, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the 100 mV polarization shift criterion for confirming the effectiveness of applied cathodic protection viz via zinc sacrificial anodes to arrest progress of corrosion in uncorroded or partially corroded high tensile grade prestressing steel wires of the same grade as the one used to manufacture the prestressed concrete cylinder pipes (PCCP). 
Total number of 14 wire samples were placed under constant tension approximately 55% of their ultimate tensile strength by the use of specially designed and fabricated holding metal frames. All samples were individually immersed in glass vessels filled with alkaline solutions of pH around 12 and variable chloride ions concentration ranging from 500 to 3000 ppm. With the exception of one wire sample left unprotected; the remaining samples were cathodically protectedby systems of zinc sacrificial anodes such that an average measured polarization shift near 100 mV with variable chloride content in solution was maintained for 9 samples and near 75, 50, and 25 mV with constant chloride content of 3000 ppm.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of wire samples suggested that 100 mV criterionand more than sufficient to confirm the adequacy and effectiveness of zinc sacrificial anodes cathodic protection system to arrest progress of corrosion of partially corroded and uncorroded prestressing steel wires in alkaline passivating environment contaminated with chloride ions up to 3000 ppm in solution and for shifts in polarization as low as 25 mV.
It was also evident that corrosion progress in the prestressing steel wires can not be arrested in the 3000 ppm chloride environment without the application of cathodic protection.