bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smart Grid Technologies as a Concept of Innovative Energy Development: Initial Proposals for the Development of Ukraine
Authors: Pliuhin Vladyslav , Teterev Vitaliy , Lapko Anatolii
Published: October 2021

The formation of the concept of Smart Grid is associated with a number of issues, including theoretical and methodological. One of the main problems in forming such theory is to build its basis, the starting point for the development of which is the definition of Smart Grid as a systems of views concept on the future of power engineering, the principles of operation and technological basis of which undergoes significant changes compared to modern energy. The paper is aimed at reviewing and developing directions and approaches to the definition of Smart Grid in combination with machine learning mechanisms, highlighting their diverse and common nature to develop a holistic innovative energy development. In this paper, a study of the energy sector in Ukraine was conducted. Its efficiency and innovative development are considered. Problems with the implementation of Smart Grid technology, which arise when using alternative sources and monitoring and administration systems, were highlighted. The ways of mathematical formulation of the Smart Grid optimization problem are determined using the Data Science approach based on the machine learning system and neural networks. Big Data processing methods, Data Mining, statistical methods, artificial intelligence methods, and Machine Learning are analyzed. The design and development of databases and application software will be done using the Data Science method. Smart-technologies will take over the processes of control, accounting and diagnostics of assets, which will provide promising opportunities for self-recovery of the power system, as well as efficient operation of fixed assets. With the introduction of Smart Grid technologies for the Ukrainian power industry, significant fundamental changes will take place. This is the transition from centralized methods of generation and transmission of electricity to distributed networks with the ability to control energy production facilities and network topology at any point, including at the consumer level. Replacement of centralized demand forecasting according to the methodology of active consumer influence becomes an element and subject of the management system. A high-performance information and computing infrastructure will be built as the core of the energy system. This approach creates the preconditions for the widespread introduction of new devices that increase the maneuverability and controllability of the equipment. The creation of next-generation operational applications (SCADA/EMS/NMS) allows the use of innovative algorithms and methods of power system management, including its new active power elements.
Features of Spatial-Temporal Hierarchical Structures Formation
Authors: Dulfan Anna , Voronko Iryna
Published: October 2021

The degree of ordering of the structure of technologically important materials formed as a result of the evolution of complex physicochemical systems determines their physical properties, in particular optical. In this regard, the primary task for the theoretical study of methods for obtaining materials with predetermined physical properties is to develop approaches to describe the evolution of fractal (scale-invariant) objects in the formation of self-similar structures in systems exhibiting chaotic behavior. The paper forms an idea of the processes of evolution in materials formed as a result of stochastic processes. It is established that the conduct of ultrametrics in time space allows to characterize the time of the evolutionary process of fractal dimension, which is calculated either theoretically or model. The description of evolutionary processes in a condensed medium, accompanied by topological transformations, is significantly supplemented by the method of describing the stages of evolution of structures, which makes it possible to analyze a wide range of materials and can control their properties, primarily optical. It is shown that the most large-scale invariant structures, due to the investigated properties, can be used as information carriers. It is demonstrated that the presence in physical systems of fractal temporal dimension and generates a self-similar (consisting of parts in a sense similar to the whole object) evolutionary tree, which, in turn, generates spatial objects of non-integer dimension, observed in real situations. On the other hand, temporal fractality provides analysis of systems with dynamic chaos, leading to universal relaxation functions. In particular, in systems with a large-scale invariant distribution of relaxation characteristics, an algebraic law of relaxation is manifested, which leads to rheological models and equations of states, which are characterized by fractional derivatives. It is argued that the fractal dimension of time hierarchies stores information that determines the process of self-organization. Developed in the paper ideas about the processes of building the structure of materials, which lead to the fractal geometry of objects, can be used to predict their properties, in particular, optical.
РОЗВИТОК ЕМОЦІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ СТУДЕНТІВ-ПСИХОЛОГІВ У ГРУПАХ АКТИВНОГО СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО НАВЧАННЯ
Authors: Гульбс О. , Кобець О.
Published: October 2021

У статті розкривається значущість у структурі особистості студентів-психологів емоційних здібностей (емпатії, рефлексії, саморегуляції та управління почуттями та емоціями інших людей). Специфіка праці психолога полягає в тому, що фахівцеві необхідно протистояти професійним труднощам, управляти своїм емоційним станом.
ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ ПОДОЛАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО СТРЕСУ У ФАХІВЦІВ
Authors: Авраменко М. , Корольчук М. , Корольчук В.
Published: October 2021

У статті автором наведено результати аналізу наукових поглядів вчених з розгляду проблеми професійного стресу та його подолання. Встановлено, що досі не існує узгодженої класифікації наявних сьогодні стратегій подолання стресу. Виокремлено найпоширеніші з них. Визначено, що усі стратегії мають адаптаційну мету зменшити або подолати стрес. Водночас, ефективність стратегій подолання професійного стресу залишається актуальною проблемою, яка потребує подальшого вивчення.
Pembiasaan Jiwa Entrepreneurship dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi Kreatif di Pondok Pesantren
Authors: Basuki Hari
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana strategi pengembangan jiwa entrepreneurship di lingkungan Pondok Pesantren dalam menciptakan ekonomi kreatif. Metodologi yang dipakai berlandaskan pada filsafat postpositivisme, digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi obyek yang alamiah, di mana peneliti sebagai instrumen kunci, teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan secara triangulasi (gabungan), analisis data bersifat induktif atau kualitatif, dan hasil penelitian kualitatif lebih menekankan makna dari pada generalisasi. Penelitian dilakukan di Pondok Pesantren Al-Khoirot Putri Kabupaten Malang. Ditemukan bahwa strategi pengembangan jiwa entrepreneurship karena adanya kesadaran bahwa keberadaan ekonomi kreatif memiliki peran penting bukan bagi pesantren saja melainkan juga masyarakat sekitar karena dengan adanya keterampilan dapat dijadikan sebagai ladang mengais rezeki para alumni ataupun masyarakat sekitar pesantren jadi Pondok pesantren juga berperan sebagai pemberdayaan masyarakat sekitar Pondok Pesantren.
Effect of Cooling Rate on The Microstructure And Cryogenic Impact Toughness of HAZ in 9% Ni Steel
Authors: Eom Hae Won , Won Joo Yeon , Shin Sang Yong
Published: October 2021

The effects of cooling rate on the microstructure and cryogenic impact toughness of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) and inter-critically reheated coarse-grained HAZ (IC CGHAZ) in 9% Ni steel were investigated. CGHAZ and IC CGHAZ specimens were prepared from 9% Ni steel by controlling the cooling rate of the simulated welding process. The microstructure of the CGHAZ specimens consisted of autotempered martensite and lath martensite. As the cooling rate increased, the volume fraction of the autotempered martensite and the effective grain size decreased. A large amount of fine carbides was distributed inside the auto-tempered martensite, the dislocation density was low, and high angle grain boundaries were not observed. The microstructure of the IC CGHAZ specimens consisted of tempered martensite and lath martensite. As the cooling rate increased, the volume fraction of the tempered martensite and effective grain size decreased. Finer carbides were distributed inside the tempered martensite than in the auto-tempered martensite, the dislocation density was low, and high angle grain boundaries were not observed. Cryogenic fracture revealed that ductile fracture occurred in the auto-tempered martensite and tempered martensite, and brittle fracture occurred in the lath martensite. The crack propagation path was zig-zag in the high angle grain boundaries of the lath martensite. The volume fraction of auto-tempered martensite and tempered martensite and the effective grain size in the HAZ specimens had a significant effect on cryogenic impact toughness. In the IC CGHAZ specimens, cryogenic impact toughness decreased and then became constant as the cooling rate increased, due to a decrease in the volume fraction of the tempered martensite and effective grain size.
Method for Predicting Thermoelectric Module Efficiency Using MATLAB/Simulink
Authors: Lee Nayoung , Ye Sungwook , Ur Rahman Jamil , Tak Jang-Yeul , Cho Jung Young , Seo Won Seon , Shin Weon Ho , Commerell Walter , Nam Woo Hyun , Roh Jong Wook
Published: October 2021

Development new high-performance thermoelectric materials for more efficient power generation systems and eco-friendly refrigerating systems has been challenging. Over the past few decades, thermoelectric studies have been focused on increasing the thermoelectric properties of materials. However, for conventional applications, developing of thermoelectric devices or modules with lower cost and simpler fabrication processes is also important. Simulation models that can predict the thermoelectric efficiency of modules using the thermoelectric properties of materials are needed for this purpose. In this study, we developed a simple model for calculating the efficiency of thermoelectric modules using MATLAB/Simulink. In this model, the temperature difference between the hot source and heat sink was fixed to ensure the precise comparisons of thermoelectric efficiency. The electric resistivity and Seebeck coefficient of thermoelectric materials was used in order to predict the efficiency of the thermoelectric modules. Then, the efficiency of the thermoelectric modules was verified using measured values which had been reported in prior experimental works. In this study, the simulated values were higher than the real thermoelectric effiency values. To address this, the simulations should consider the thermal resistance or electric contact resistance between the thermoelectric materials and electrodes.
Wellbeing and Worldbuilding: The Science Fiction of Wellbeing Measurement
Authors: Walton Jo
Published: October 2021

Wellbeing has evolved into a fragmented, contextual, and multi-dimensional construct, underpinned by numerous measurement methodologies at many different scales. To explore wellbeing through science fiction and fantasy (SFF), we don’t just need SFF about health and happiness. We also need SFF about measurement: SFF that explores surveillance, data infrastructures, the political economy of personal data, ‘the metric gaze,’ social analytics, and the social life of metrics. This chapter explores just a few linkages between wellbeing, measurement, and SFF, mainly emphasising dystopian fiction. Has SFF struggled to imagine wellbeing policy — or any holistic stance on the myriad factors that inform the happiness and flourishing of populations — except where the interested party is some sinister elite? How might SFF's narratives of distant planets and more-than-human intelligences help us to formulate a more inclusive understanding of the wellbeing of the many morally weighty beings and worlds that inhabit this planet?
Telemonitoring alat fisioterapi pasien pasca stroke berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Mustafa Lis Diana , Imamuddin Azam Muzakhim , Isnomo Yoyok
Published: October 2021

Stroke Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) adalah kondisi stroke ringan yang dapat disebabkan oleh berkurangnya suplai darah menuju otak diakibatkan pembuluh darah tersumbat. Kurangnya aliran darah ke otak dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan, biasanya hanya pada satu sisi tubuh seperti pada siku dan lutut. Fisioterapi pada pasien pasca stroke ringan dilakukan dengan metode terapi gerakan antara lain yaitu elbow dan knee flexion. Saat ini pasien datang ke terapis atau sebaliknya untuk melakukan gerakan terapi, sehingga dibuatlah sebuah sistem telemonitoring alat fisoterapi pasien pasca stroke menggunakan sensor MPU6050 yang terhubung ESP 232 dan jaringan internet serta dapat dimonitoring oleh terapis dan admin klinik tempat terapinya. Sistem ini membantu monitoring latihan gerakan elbow dan knew flexion menggunakan sensor MPU6050 yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi sudut serta banyaknya gerakan rehabilitasi pasien pasca stroke. Dari hasil pengujian akurasi sensor ini mampu mendeteksi sudut gerakan elbow dari 00-1500 dan sudut knee flexion 00-1350 sebesar 99%. Aplikasi telemonitoring alat fisioterapi pasien pasca stroke berbasis android ini dilengkapi dengan menu terapis sehingga jumlah gerakan dan rata-rata sudut gerakan lutut maupun siku dapat dimonitoring oleh terapis, alat ini juga dapat digunakan dimana dan kapan saja dikarenakan bentuk alat ini yang portable.
ABSTRACT
Stroke Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a mild stroke condition that can be caused by reduced blood supply to the brain due to blocked blood vessels. Lack of blood flow to the brain can cause paralysis, usually only on one side of the body such as the elbows and knees. Physiotherapy in post-stroke patients is carried out using movement therapy methods, including elbow and knee flexion. Currently, patients come to the therapist or vice versa to perform therapeutic movements, so a telemonitoring system for post-stroke patient physiotherapy tools is made using the MPU6050 sensor which is connected to ESP 232 and the internet network and can be monitored by therapists and clinic admins where the therapy is done. This system helps monitor elbow and knew flexion exercises using the MPU6050 sensor which is used to detect the angle and number of rehabilitation movements of poststroke patients. . From the results of testing the accuracy of this sensor is able to detect the angle of elbow movement from 00-1500 and knee flexion angle of 00-1350 by 99%.The telemonitoring application for physiotherapy tools for post-stroke patients based on Android is equipped with a therapist menu so that the number of movements and the average angle of movement of the knees and elbows can be monitored by the therapist, this tool can also be used anywhere and anytime due to the portable form of this tool.
Aplikasi solidwork untuk rancangan CAD 3D pada mesin 3D printer 2x2x2 meter
Authors: Setiawan Budhy , Triyanti Isa , Walid Achmad , Prasetyo Ryan , Umro Virna , Cahya Delila
Published: October 2021

Mesin 3D printing dapat membuat proses produksi menjadi singkat dan sederhana, keunggulan ini menjadikan banyak peneliti mulai menggembangkan mesin printing. Pengembangan mesin printing yang sudah dilakukan salah satunya adalah mesin 3D printer 2 x 2 x 2 meter. Keberhasilan mesin printing dapat dilihat dari hasil printing yang sesuai dengan desain yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan aplikasi yang dapat membantu merancang desain objek 3D pada mesin printer 2x2x2 meter, salah satunya menggunakan aplikasi CAD (Computer Aided Design) “SolidWork”. Aplikasi “SolidWork” bersifat opensource yang dapat membantu mengetahui pengaruh desain 3 dimensi menggunakan software CAD terhadap jarak, sudut dan skala objek pada mesin printer 2x2x2 meter. Desain objek 3D “SolidWork” disimpan dalam dalam format file STL, kemudian diproses di dalam Simplify 3D, objek akan diiris secara software. Hasil irisan gambar 3D akan menghasilkan sebuah file G-Code. Output koordinat dari G-Code digunakan untuk menggerakan motor stepper. Hasil cetak objek 2D memiliki error ukuran bentuk segitiga 4,62%, bentuk straight slog 7,49%, bentuk oval 5,54%, error sudut sebesar 0% dan error skala objek 0%. Sedangkan untuk objek 3D memiliki error rata – rata sebesar 0,29%. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian aplikasi “SolidWork” dapat menujukkan kinerja mesin dan membantu dalam pembuatan desain 2D dan 3D pada mesin 3D printer 2x2x2 meter di Lab Elektro Prodi Elektronika Politeknik Negeri Malang.
ABSTRACT
3D printing machines can make the production process short and simple, this advantage has made many researchers start to develop printing machines. One of the developments in printing machines that have been carried out is the 2 x 2 x 2 meter 3D Printer machine. The success of the printing machine can be seen from the printing results by the expected design. Therefore, an application is needed that can help design 3D object designs on a 2x2x2 meter printer machine, one of which is using the CAD (Computer-Aided Design) application "SolidWork". The application "SolidWork" is open source which can help determine the effect of 3-dimensional design using CAD software on the distance, angle, and scale of objects on a 2x2x2 meter printer machine. "SolidWorks" 3D object design is saved in STL file format, then processed in Simplify 3D, the object will be sliced automatically. The sliced 3D image will produce a G-Code file. The coordinate output from the G-Code is used to drive the stepper motor. The printout of 2D objects has a triangular size error of 4.62%, a straight slog shape of 7.49%, an oval shape of 5.54%, an angle error of 0%, and a scale error of 0%. Meanwhile, 3D objects have an average error of 0.29%. Based on the results of testing the "SolidWork" application can show machine performance and assist in making 2D and 3D designs on a 2x2x2 meter 3D printer machine at the Electrical Lab of Electronics Study Program, State Polytechnic of Malang.
Rancang bangun sistem deteksi suhu tubuh dan hand sanitizer nirsentuh pada prototype pintu geser otomatis
Authors: Mas`udia Putri Elfa , Kusumawardhani Mila , Marya Dianthy , Varadiba Khayyinah , Bagaskara Marviyanto Etnika
Published: October 2021

Dalam situasi pandemi Covid-19, roda perekonomian harus tetap berjalan dengan mengedepankan protokol kesehatan. Melansir dari keputusan menteri kesehatan bahwa setiap kantor di Indonesia yang tetap melaksakan Work From Office selama PSBB berlangsung maka harus melakukan pengukuran suhu tubuh, menyediakan hand sanitizer dengan konsentrasi alkohol minimal 70% atau menyediakan sarana cuci tangan di depan pintu masuk. Masalah yang sering terjadi adalah pengukuran suhu tubuh masih dilakukan secara manual oleh satpam kantor, dan tidak terbiasanya para karyawan untuk menggunakan hand sanitizer. Sebagai upaya pendisiplinan karyawan, maka dirancang prototype pintu otomatis yang hanya bisa terbuka jika suhu tubuh normal dan karyawan sudah menggunakan hand sanitizer.   Deteksi suhu tubuh dilakukan menggunakan sensor suhu  MLX90614 dan deteksi objek tangan menggunakan sensor infrared. Pintu geser digerakkan oleh Stepper Motor NEMA 17, pintu secara otomatis akan terbuka ketika suhu terdeteksi normal, jika tidak maka buzzer akan berbunyi dan pintu tetap tertutup. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperoleh hasil pengujian keakuratan sensor suhu MLX90614 sebesar 96.8%, posisi tangan optimal yaitu posisi tangan menengadah dengan jarak 1cm terhadap sensor, dan volume hand sanitizer yang cukup untuk mengcover seluruh telapak tangan dewasa adalah pada delay 500 ms yaitu sebesar 2.2991 gram.

 

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the economics activities must go on with strict health protocols. From the recommendation of health ministry, that every office in Indonesia that still performs Work From Office during the pandemic, temperature measurements must be carried out at the entrance to the office and hand sanitizer that contains minimum of 70% alcohol or hand washing facilities must be provided as well. The problem is that body temperature measurements are still done manually by security officer, and some employees are still not familiar to use hand sanitizer periodically. As an option to make employees discipline, a prototype of automatic door is designed in this research. It can only open if the body temperature of employee is normal and the employee has used hand sanitizer. Body temperature detection is carried out by using the MLX90614 temperature sensor and hand object detection will utilize infrared sensor. The sliding door is driven by the NEMA 17 Stepper Motor, the door will automatically open when the temperature is detected normally, otherwise the buzzer will sound and the door will be still closed. From the testing results in this research, the accuracy of the MLX90614 temperature sensor is 96.8%, the optimal position of the hand is 1 cm from the sensor with looking up position. And the volume of the hand sanitizer that is sufficient to cover all adult palms with 500 ms delay is 2.2991 grams.
СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ИММУНОЛОГИЯ: ПРОТИВОРЕЧИВОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ В «МИРЕ ИДЕЙ» И В «МИРЕ ВЕЩЕЙ»
Authors: Маничкин Нестор Александрович , Головизнин Марк Васильевич
Published: October 2021

В интервью обсуждается эволюция представлений о так называемой «жизненной силе» организма, повлиявших на становление и развитие иммунологии как науки. Современная иммунология испытывает ряд теоретических и методологических сложностей, связанных с «субъектностью» ее базовых категорий «свое – чужое», «сигнал опасности» и т.п., а также с «объектностью» ее материальных составляющих: иммунных клеток, антител, цитокинов и пр. Все это представляет большой интерес для медицинской антропологии. Затронут вопрос влияния культурного дискурса на моделирование медицинских знаний. Уделено внимание вероятным перспективам развития понятия «иммунитет» и иммунологии в целом.
ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ТЮРКО-МОНГОЛЬСКИХ НАРОДОВ ВНУТРЕННЕЙ АЗИИ О ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯХ КОЖИ: ПРИРОДА ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ И ПРИЕМЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ
Authors: Содномпилова Марина Михайловна
Published: October 2021

В статье анализируется корпус представлений тюрко-монгольских народов Внутренней Азии о заболеваниях кожного покрова, а также магические приемы их исцеления. В число таких заболеваний входили дерматологические поражения (чесотка, парша, лишаи, рожистое воспаление кожи, аллергические высыпания) и иные заболевания, сопровождающиеся болезненными проявлениями на коже (ветрянка, оспа, корь, сифилис). Происхождение значительной части кожных заболеваний связывались с огнем домашнего очага. Другая причина таких заболеваний в представлениях тюрко-монголов – мифологически связанные с огнем животные: волк/собака, орел. В статье представлен круг людей, наделенных искусством исцелять кожные заболевания, и применявшиеся этими людьми методы лечения. Анализ имеющихся материалов приводит к заключению, что в понимании тюрко-монголов связь заболеваний кожи с огнем обосновывалась внешним сходством ожогов и иных поражений кожи, а также представлениями о духах, наказывающих людей за те или иные провинности.
Improvement of Nicotine Removal and Ethanol Fermentability From Tobacco Stalk by Integration of Dilute Sulfuric Acid Presoak and Instant Catapult Steam Explosion Pretreatment
Authors: Zhang Hongsen , Fu Chenqing , Ren Tianbao , Xie Hui , Mao Guotao , Wang Zhimin , Wang Fengqin , Song Andong
Published: October 2021

The nicotine from tobacco stalk showed obvious inhibitory effect on the activity of cellulase and fermentability of microorganisms, which seriously hinders the utilization of tobacco stalk. Dilute sulfuric acid presoak of tobacco stalk was used to enhance the performance of instant catapult steam explosion (ICSE) for tobacco stalk pretreatment. The presoak was beneficial to break the recalcitrant structure of tobacco stalk, reduce nicotine content to relieve the inhibition on the activity of cellulase and metabolism of microorganisms, and promote the performance of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation. The optimized 0.8% sulfuric acid (w/w) presoak–integrated ICSE pretreatment resulted in 85.54% nicotine removal from tobacco stalk; meanwhile, the total sugar concentration from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated tobacco stalk increased from 33.40 to 53.81 g/L (the ratio of dry tobacco stalk to water was 1:8, w/w), ethanol concentration increased 103.36% from 5.95 to 12.10 g/L in flask, compared with separate ICSE pretreatment. Finally, the ethanol concentration achieved the highest 23.53 g/L in a 5-L fermenter with the ethanol yield from the glucose of tobacco stalk hydrolysate achieving 71.40% by increasing the solid loading of the tobacco stalk in the enzymatic hydrolysis process (the ratio of dry tobacco stalk to water was 1:4, w/w). These results achieved the expected purpose of efficient utilization of discarded tobacco stalk.
How Physical Factors Coordinate Virus Infection: A Perspective From Mechanobiology
Authors: Liu Wei , Tang Daijiao , Xu Xin-Xin , Liu Yan-Jun , Jiu Yaming
Published: October 2021

Pandemics caused by viruses have threatened lives of thousands of people. Understanding the complicated process of viral infection provides significantly directive implication to epidemic prevention and control. Viral infection is a complex and diverse process, and substantial studies have been complemented in exploring the biochemical and molecular interactions between viruses and hosts. However, the physical microenvironment where infections implement is often less considered, and the role of mechanobiology in viral infection remains elusive. Mechanobiology focuses on sensation, transduction, and response to intracellular and extracellular physical factors by tissues, cells, and extracellular matrix. The intracellular cytoskeleton and mechanosensors have been proven to be extensively involved in the virus life cycle. Furthermore, innovative methods based on micro- and nanofabrication techniques are being utilized to control and modulate the physical and chemical cell microenvironment, and to explore how extracellular factors including stiffness, forces, and topography regulate viral infection. Our current review covers how physical factors in the microenvironment coordinate viral infection. Moreover, we will discuss how this knowledge can be harnessed in future research on cross-fields of mechanobiology and virology.
Rab5ab-Mediated Yolk Cell Membrane Endocytosis Is Essential for Zebrafish Epiboly and Mechanical Equilibrium During Gastrulation
Authors: Marsal Maria , Hernández-Vega Amayra , Pouille Philippe-Alexandre , Martin-Blanco Enrique
Published: October 2021

Morphogenesis in early embryos demands the coordinated distribution of cells and tissues to their final destination in a spatio-temporal controlled way. Spatial and scalar differences in adhesion and contractility are essential for these morphogenetic movements, while the role that membrane remodeling may play remains less clear. To evaluate how membrane turnover modulates tissue arrangements we studied the role of endocytosis in zebrafish epiboly. Experimental analyses and modeling have shown that the expansion of the blastoderm relies on an asymmetry of mechanical tension in the yolk cell generated as a result of actomyosin-dependent contraction and membrane removal. Here we show that the GTPase Rab5ab is essential for the endocytosis and the removal of the external yolk cell syncytial layer (E-YSL) membrane. Interfering in its expression exclusively in the yolk resulted in the reduction of yolk cell actomyosin contractility, the disruption of cortical and internal flows, a disequilibrium in force balance and epiboly impairment. We conclude that regulated membrane remodeling is crucial for directing cell and tissue mechanics, preserving embryo geometry and coordinating morphogenetic movements during epiboly.
Prognosis and Immunotherapy Significances of a Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts-Related Gene Signature in Gliomas
Authors: Chen Zhimin , Zhuo Shenghua , He Guiying , Tang Jingzhi , Hao Weijie , Gao Wei-Qiang , Yang Kun , Xu Huiming
Published: October 2021

As a cold tumor, malignant glioma has strong immunosuppression and immune escape characteristics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) provides the “soil” for the survival of malignant tumors, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the architects of matrix remodeling in TME. Therefore, CAFs have potent regulatory effects on the recruitment and functional differentiation of immune cells, whereby they synthesize and secrete numerous collagens, cytokines, chemokines, and other soluble factors whose interaction with tumor cells creates an immunosuppressive TME. This consequently facilitates the immune escape of tumor cells. Targeting CAFs would improve the TME and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Thus, regulation of CAFs and CAFs-related genes holds promise as effective immunotherapies for gliomas. Here, by analyzing the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas and the Cancer Genome Atlas database, the proportion of CAFs in the tumor was revealed to be associated with clinical and immune characteristics of gliomas. Moreover, a risk model based on the expression of CAFs-related six-gene for the assessment of glioma patients was constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and the results showed that a high-risk group had a higher expression of the CAFs-related six-genes and lower overall survival rates compared with those in the low-risk group. Additionally, patients in the high-risk group exhibited older age, high tumor grade, isocitrate dehydrogenase wildtype, 1p/19q non-codeletion, O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter unmethylation and poor prognosis. The high-risk subtype had a high proportion CAFs in the TME of glioma, and a high expression of immune checkpoint genes. Analysis of the Submap algorithm indicated that the high-risk patients could show potent response to anti-PD-1 therapy. The established risk prediction model based on the expression of six CAFs-related genes has application prospects as an independent prognostic indicator and a predictor of the response of patients to immunotherapy.
Is There a Histone Code for Cellular Quiescence?
Authors: Bonitto Kenya , Sarathy Kirthana , Atai Kaiser , Mitra Mithun , Coller Hilary A.
Published: October 2021

Many of the cells in our bodies are quiescent, that is, temporarily not dividing. Under certain physiological conditions such as during tissue repair and maintenance, quiescent cells receive the appropriate stimulus and are induced to enter the cell cycle. The ability of cells to successfully transition into and out of a quiescent state is crucial for many biological processes including wound healing, stem cell maintenance, and immunological responses. Across species and tissues, transcriptional, epigenetic, and chromosomal changes associated with the transition between proliferation and quiescence have been analyzed, and some consistent changes associated with quiescence have been identified. Histone modifications have been shown to play a role in chromatin packing and accessibility, nucleosome mobility, gene expression, and chromosome arrangement. In this review, we critically evaluate the role of different histone marks in these processes during quiescence entry and exit. We consider different model systems for quiescence, each of the most frequently monitored candidate histone marks, and the role of their writers, erasers and readers. We highlight data that support these marks contributing to the changes observed with quiescence. We specifically ask whether there is a quiescence histone “code,” a mechanism whereby the language encoded by specific combinations of histone marks is read and relayed downstream to modulate cell state and function. We conclude by highlighting emerging technologies that can be applied to gain greater insight into the role of a histone code for quiescence.
Preclinical Application of Conditional Reprogramming Culture System for Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Dong Yanbo , Wang Jian , Ji Wei , Zheng Mengzhu , Wang Peng , Liu Liangfa , Li Shanhu
Published: October 2021

Management of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LHSCC) remains highly challenging due to highly variable therapeutic responses. By establishing an in vitro model for LHSCC based on conditional reprogramming (CR), a cell-culture technique, we aim to investigate its potential value on personalized cancer therapies. Herein, a panel of 28 human LHSCC CR cells were established from 50 tumor tissues using the CR method. They retained tumorigenic potential upon xenotransplantation and recapitulated molecular characteristics of LHSCC. Differential responses to anticancer drugs and radiotherapy were detected in vitro. CR cells could be transformed to xenograft and organoid, and they shared comparable drug responses. The clinical drug responses were consistent with in vitro drug responses. Collectively, the patient-derived CR cell model could promisingly be utilized in clinical decision-making and assisted in the selection of personalized therapies for LHSCC.
Semi-Synthesis of Marine-Derived Ilamycin F Derivatives and Their Antitubercular Activities
Authors: Li Jun , Liu Zhiyong , Hong Mingye , Sun Changli , Zhang Tianyu , Zhang Hua , Ju Jianhua , Ma Junying
Published: October 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a global disease threatening people’s lives. With the emergence of multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis the prevention and control of tuberculosis faces new challenges, and the burden of tuberculosis treatment is increasing among the world. Ilamycins are novel cyclopeptides with potent anti-TB activities, which have a unique target protein against M. tuberculosis and drug-resistant strains. Herein, ilamycin F, a major secondary metabolite isolated from the marine-derived mutant strain Streptomyces atratus SCSIO ZH16 ΔilaR, is used as a scaffold to semi-synthesize eighteen new ilamycin derivatives (ilamycin NJL1–NJL18, 1–18). Our study reveals that four of ilamycin NJLs (1, 6, 8, and 10) have slightly stronger anti-TB activities against Mtb H37Rv (minimum inhibitory concentration, 1.6–1.7 μM) compared with that of ilamycin F on day 14th, but obviously display more potent activities than ilamycin F on day 3rd, indicating anti-TB activities of these derivatives with fast-onset effect. In addition, cytotoxic assays show most ilamycin NJLs with low cytotoxicity except ilamycin NJL1 (1). These findings will promote the further exploration of structure-activity relationships for ilamycins and the development of anti-TB drugs.
Production of p-cresol by Decarboxylation of p-HPA by All Five Lineages of Clostridioides difficile Provides a Growth Advantage
Authors: Harrison Mark A. , Kaur Harparkash , Wren Brendan W. , Dawson Lisa F.
Published: October 2021

Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is capable of causing severe symptoms, such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. An unusual feature of C. difficile is the distinctive production of high levels of the antimicrobial compound para-cresol. p-Cresol production provides C. difficile with a competitive colonization advantage over gut commensal species, in particular, Gram-negative species. p-Cresol is produced by the conversion of para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPA) via the actions of HpdBCA decarboxylase coded by the hpdBCA operon. Host cells and certain bacterial species produce p-HPA; however, the effects of p-HPA on the viability of C. difficile and other gut microbiota are unknown. Here we show that representative strains from all five C. difficile clades are able to produce p-cresol by two distinct mechanisms: (i) via fermentation of p-tyrosine and (ii) via uptake and turnover of exogenous p-HPA. We observed strain-specific differences in p-cresol production, resulting from differential efficiency of p-tyrosine fermentation; representatives of clade 3 (CD305) and clade 5 (M120) produced the highest levels of p-cresol via tyrosine metabolism, whereas the toxin A-/B+ isolate from clade 4 (M68) produced the lowest level of p-cresol. All five lineages share at least 97.3% homology across the hpdBCA operon, responsible for decarboxylation of p-HPA to p-cresol, suggesting that the limiting step in p-cresol production may result from tyrosine to p-HPA conversion. We identified that elevated intracellular p-HPA, modulated indirectly via CodY, controls p-cresol production via inducing the expression of HpdBCA decarboxylase ubiquitously in C. difficile populations. Efficient turnover of p-HPA is advantageous to C. difficile as p-HPA has a deleterious effect on the growth of C. difficile and other representative Gram-negative gut bacteria, transduced potentially by the disruption of membrane permeability and release of intracellular phosphate. This study provides insights into the importance of HpdBCA decarboxylase in C. difficile pathogenesis, both in terms of p-cresol production and detoxification of p-HPA, highlighting its importance to cell survival and as a highly specific therapeutic target for the inhibition of p-cresol production across C. difficile species.
Innate Immunity in the Middle Ear Mucosa
Authors: Massa Helen M. , Spann Kirsten M. , Cripps Allan W.
Published: October 2021

Otitis media (OM) encompasses a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from the readily identifiable Acute OM (AOM), which is characterised by otalgia and fever, to chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) where impaired hearing due to middle ear effusion may be the only clinical symptom. Chronic suppurative OM (CSOM) presents as a more severe form of OM, involving perforation of the tympanic membrane. The pathogenesis of OM in these varied clinical presentations is unclear but activation of the innate inflammatory responses to viral and/or bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract performs an integral role. This localised inflammatory response can persist even after pathogens are cleared from the middle ear, eustachian tubes and, in the case of respiratory viruses, even the nasal compartment. Children prone to OM may experience an over exuberant inflammatory response that underlies the development of chronic forms of OM and their sequelae, including hearing impairment. Treatments for chronic effusive forms of OM are limited, with current therapeutic guidelines recommending a “watch and wait” strategy rather than active treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Overall, there is a clear need for more targeted and effective treatments that either prevent or reduce the hyper-inflammatory response associated with chronic forms of OM. Improved treatment options rely upon an in-depth understanding of OM pathogenesis, particularly the role of the host innate immune response during acute OM. In this paper, we review the current literature regarding the innate immune response within the middle ear to bacterial and viral otopathogens alone, and as co-infections. This is an important consideration, as the role of respiratory viruses as primary pathogens in OM is not yet fully understood. Furthermore, increased reporting from PCR-based diagnostics, indicates that viral/bacterial co-infections in the middle ear are more common than bacterial infections alone. Increasingly, the mechanisms by which viral/bacterial co-infections may drive or maintain complex innate immune responses and inflammation during OM as a chronic response require investigation. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic OM, including host innate immune response within the middle ear is vital for development of improved diagnostic and treatment options for our children.
Bioinformatic Teaching Resources – For Educators, by Educators – Using KBase, a Free, User-Friendly, Open Source Platform
Authors: Dow Ellen G. , Wood-Charlson Elisha M. , Biller Steven J. , Paustian Timothy , Schirmer Aaron , Sheik Cody S. , Whitham Jason M. , Krebs Rose , Goller Carlos C. , Allen Benjamin , Crockett Zachary , Arkin Adam P.
Published: October 2021

Over the past year, biology educators and staff at the U.S. Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) initiated a collaborative effort to develop a curriculum for bioinformatics education. KBase is a free web-based platform where anyone can conduct sophisticated and reproducible bioinformatic analyses via a graphical user interface. Here, we demonstrate the utility of KBase as a platform for bioinformatics education, and present a set of modular, adaptable, and customizable instructional units for teaching concepts in Genomics, Metagenomics, Pangenomics, and Phylogenetics. Each module contains teaching resources, publicly available data, analysis tools, and Markdown capability, enabling instructors to modify the lesson as appropriate for their specific course. We present initial student survey data on the effectiveness of using KBase for teaching bioinformatic concepts, provide an example case study, and detail the utility of the platform from an instructor’s perspective. Even as in-person teaching returns, KBase will continue to work with instructors, supporting the development of new active learning curriculum modules. For anyone utilizing the platform, the growing KBase Educators Organization provides an educators network, accompanied by community-sourced guidelines, instructional templates, and peer support, for instructors wishing to use KBase within a classroom at any educational level–whether virtual or in-person.
Association Between Factors Involved in Bone Remodeling (Osteoactivin and OPG) With Plasma Levels of Irisin and Meteorin-Like Protein in People With T2D and Obesity
Authors: Cherian Preethi , Al-Khairi Irina , Jamal Mohammad , Al-Sabah Suleiman , Ali Hamad , Dsouza Carol , Alshawaf Eman , Al-Ali Waleed , Al-Khaledi Ghanim , Al-Mulla Fahd , Abu-Farha Mohamed , Abubaker Jehad
Published: October 2021

The musculoskeletal system consisting of bones and muscles have been recognized as endocrine organs secreting hormones that are involved in regulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with several musculoskeletal system complications. We hypothesized that an interaction exists between adipomyokines namely, irisin and METRNL, and various molecules involved in bone remodeling in individuals with obesity and T2D. A total of 228 individuals were enrolled in this study, including 124 non-diabetic (ND) and 104 T2D. A Multiplex assay was used to assess the level of various osteogenic molecules namely osteoactivin, Syndecan, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteonectin/SPARC. Our data shows elevated levels of Osteoactivin, Syndecan, OPG and SPARC in T2D as compared to ND individuals (p ≤ 0.05). Using Spearman’s correlation, a positive correlation was observed between irisin and Osteoactivin as well as OPG (p < 0.05). Similarly, a positive association was observed between METRNL and Osteoactivin (p < 0.05). The strong positive association shown in this study between irisin, METRNL and various molecules with osteogenic properties emphasize a possible interaction between these organs. This report suggests that having a dysregulation in the level of the aforementioned molecules could potentially affect the development of bone and muscle related complications that are associated with obesity and T2D.
Quantifying the Impacts of Pre- and Post-Conception TSH Levels on Birth Outcomes: An Examination of Different Machine Learning Models
Authors: Sun Yuantong , Zheng Weiwei , Zhang Ling , Zhao Huijuan , Li Xun , Zhang Chao , Ma Wuren , Tian Dajun , Yu Kun-Hsing , Xiao Shuo , Jin Liping , Hua Jing
Published: October 2021

Background

While previous studies identified risk factors for diverse pregnancy outcomes, traditional statistical methods had limited ability to quantify their impacts on birth outcomes precisely. We aimed to use a novel approach that applied different machine learning models to not only predict birth outcomes but systematically quantify the impacts of pre- and post-conception serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and other predictive characteristics on birth outcomes.

Methods

We used data from women who gave birth in Shanghai First Maternal and Infant Hospital from 2014 to 2015. We included 14,110 women with the measurement of preconception TSH in the first analysis and 3,428 out of 14,110 women with both pre- and post-conception TSH measurement in the second analysis. Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) was applied to adjust the imbalance of outcomes. We randomly split (7:3) the data into a training set and a test set in both analyses. We compared Area Under Curve (AUC) for dichotomous outcomes and macro F1 score for categorical outcomes among four machine learning models, including logistic model, random forest model, XGBoost model, and multilayer neural network models to assess model performance. The model with the highest AUC or macro F1 score was used to quantify the importance of predictive features for adverse birth outcomes with the loss function algorithm.

Results

The XGBoost model provided prominent advantages in terms of improved performance and prediction of polytomous variables. Predictive models with abnormal preconception TSH or not-well-controlled TSH, a novel indicator with pre- and post-conception TSH levels combined, provided the similar robust prediction for birth outcomes. The highest AUC of 98.7% happened in XGBoost model for predicting low Apgar score with not-well-controlled TSH adjusted. By loss function algorithm, we found that not-well-controlled TSH ranked 4th, 6th, and 7th among 14 features, respectively, in predicting birthweight, induction, and preterm birth, and 3rd among 19 features in predicting low Apgar score.

Conclusions

Our four machine learning models offered valid predictions of birth outcomes in women during pre- and post-conception. The predictive features panel suggested the combined TSH indicator (not-well-controlled TSH) could be a potentially competitive biomarker to predict adverse birth outcomes.
In-Situ FTIR Study of Heterogeneous Oxidation of SOA Tracers by Ozone
Authors: Wang Runhua , Huang Yajuan , Hu Qian , Cao Gang , Zhu Rongshu
Published: October 2021

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) play an important role in global climate change and air quality, and SOA tracers can directly characterize the source and reaction mechanism of SOA. However, it is not well known that whether the tracers can be oxidized or how the instability of the tracers in the atmosphere. In this paper, in-situ FTIR was used to analyze the chemical structure changes of erythritol, analogue of 2-methyl erythritol (AME) that is, a tracer of isoprene SOA, and 2, 3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (DHOPA), a tracer of toluene SOA, when exposed to high concentration of ozone for short periods. Under the condition of 20 ppm ozone exposure for 30 min, the change rate of absorption area of AME at 3,480 and 1700 cm−1 was −0.0134 and 0.00117 int.abs/s, respectively, and the change rate of the absorption area of DHOPA at 1,640 and 3340cm−1 was −0.00191 and 0.00218 int.abs/s, respectively. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant kapp were 1.89 × 10−8 and 2.12 × 10−7 s−1, and the uptake coefficients of ozone on the surface of AME and DHOPA were (1.3 ± 0.8) × 10−8 and (4.5 ± 2.7) × 10−8, respectively. These results showed the oxidation processes of AME and DHOPA were slow in the presence of high concentrations of ozone, which implied that AME and DHOPA could be considered to be stable in the atmospheric environment with ozone as the main oxidant.