bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Long and Reversibly Self‐Assembling 1D DNA Nanostructure Built from Triplex and Quadruplex Hybrid Tiles
Authors: Lat Prince Kumar , Schultz Clayton W. , Yu Hua‐Zhong , Sen Dipankar
Published: February 2021

We report a new DNA nanostructure, an extended 1‐dimensional composite built for the first time out of structurally robust yet conveniently disassembled DNA triple helices, interspersed with short stretches of G‐quadruplexes. These “TQ Hybrid” 1‐dimensional nanostructures require potassium ions and modestly acidic pH for their formation and are easily disassembled by changes to either of these requirements. We initially prepared and characterized a “monomeric” TQ Hybrid tile; followed by “sticky” TQstiles, incorporating unique guanine‐only sticky ends, that enable efficient self‐assembly via G‐quartet formation of nanostructures >150 nm in length, as seen with atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We anticipate that such DNA TQ Hybrid structures will find unique and varied application as communication modules within larger nanostructures, and as sensors, logic gates, as well as in other aspects of DNA nanotechnology.
Permeation eines 5.1‐kDa‐Peptides durch einen Proteinkanal: Molekulare Basis der Translokation von Protamin durch CymA aus Klebsiella Oxytoca**
Authors: Pangeni Sushil , Prajapati Jigneshkumar Dahyabhai , Bafna Jayesh , Nilam Mohamed , Nau Werner M. , Kleinekathöfer Ulrich , Winterhalter Mathias
Published: February 2021

Wir quantifizieren den Fluss von Protamin (Ptm) durch CymA, einen passivem Membrankanal zur Aufnahme von Cyclodextrin. Unter Verwendung eines Fluoreszenztests auf Reporterpaarbasis konnten wir den Eintritt von Ptm in CymA‐haltige Liposomen nachweisen. Die Kinetik des Ptm‐Eintrags war unabhängig von seiner Konzentration, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Permeation durch CymA der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Faktor ist. In einem weiteren Experiment haben wir einzelne CymA‐Kanäle in planare Lipiddoppelschichten eingebaut und die Ionenstromschwankungen in Gegenwart von Ptm aufgezeichnet. Hierbei konnten wir den spannungsabhängigen Eintritt einzelner Ptm‐Peptidmoleküle in den Kanal auflösen. Die Extrapolation auf null Transmembranspannung ergab in Übereinstimmung mit der Liposomenstudie etwa 1–2 Ereignisse pro Sekunde. Computersimulationen erlauben eine atomistische Ansicht der Permeationsereignisse. Unsere Studien zeigen, dass ein Konzentrationsgradient von 1 μm Ptm zu einer Translokationsrate von etwa einem Molekül pro Sekunde und pro Kanal führt.
Monomer Controlled Switchable Copolymerization: A Feasible Route for the Functionalization of Poly(lactide)
Authors: Huang Yuezhou , Hu Chenyang , Zhou Yanchuan , Duan Ranlong , Sun Zhiqiang , Wan Pengqi , Xiao Chunsheng , Pang Xuan , Chen Xuesi
Published: February 2021

Switchable polymerization is an attractive strategy to enable the sequential selectivity of multi‐block polyesters. Besides, these well‐defined multi‐block polyesters could enable further modification for wider applications. Herein, based on the reversible insertion of CO2 by Salen‐MnIII, a new monomer controlled self‐switchable polymerization route was developed. Chemoselective ring opening copolymerization of O‐carboxyanhydrides (OCAs) and lactide (LA) was explored without cocatalyst. The sequential conversion of OCAs and LA into the polymer chain could form multi‐block polyesters. Based on this strategy, a series of multi‐block polyesters with different pendant groups were synthesized. Furthermore, by modifying the propargyl‐containing copolymers with quaternary ammonium groups, we have realized antibacterial functionalization of PLA. These results imply the potential application of this strategy for the fabrication of functional polymers for biomedical applications.
Allostery‐Mimicking Self‐assembly of Helical Poly(phenylacetylene) Block Copolymers and the Chirality Transfer
Authors: Cai Siliang , Chen Junxian , Wang Sheng , Zhang Jie , Wan Xinhua
Published: February 2021

Allostery can regulate protein self‐assembly which further affects biological activities, and achieving precise control over the chiral suprastructures during self‐assembly remains challenging. Herein, to mimic the allosterical nature of proteins, the poly(phenylacetylene) block copolymers PPA‐b‐PsmNap with the dynamic helical backbone were synthesized to investigate their conformational‐transition‐induced self‐assembly. As the helical conformation of the block PsmNap spontaneously transforms from cis‐transiod to cis‐cisoid, the decreasing solubility of PsmNap blocks in THF induced self‐assembly of PPA‐b‐PsmNap. The self‐assembly structures of copolymers can sequentially evolve from vesicles to nanobelts to helical strands during the process of conformation transformation. The screw sense of final helical strands was strictly correlated to the helicity of the block PsmNap. This is helpful to understand the mechanism of allostery‐modulated self‐assembly.
A General Supramolecular Approach to Regulate Protein Functions by Cucurbit[7]uril and Unnatural Amino Acid Recognition
Authors: Cao Wenbing , Qin Xuewen , Wang Yong , Dai Zhen , Dai Xianyin , Wang Haoyu , Xuan Weimin , Zhang Yingming , Liu Yu , Liu Tao
Published: February 2021

Regulation of specific protein function is of great importance for both research and therapeutic development. Many small or large molecules have been developed to control specific protein function, but there is a lack of a universal approach to regulate the function of any given protein. We report a general host–guest molecular recognition approach involving modification of the protein functional surfaces with genetically encoded unnatural amino acids bearing guest side chains that can be specifically recognized by cucurbit[7]uril. Using two enzymes and a cytokine as models, we showed that the activity of proteins bearing unnatural amino acid could be turned off by host molecule binding, which blocked its functional binding surface. Protein activity can be switched back by treatment with a competitive guest molecule. Our approach provides a general tool for reversibly regulating protein function through molecular recognition and can be expected to be valuable for studying protein functions.
Impacts of aerosols produced by biomass burning on the stratocumulus‐to‐cumulus transition in the equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Ajoku Osinachi F. , Miller Arthur J. , Norris Joel R.
Published: February 2021

The impact of aerosols produced by biomass burning on the stratocumulus‐to‐cumulus transition (SCT) in the equatorial Atlantic is studied using satellite‐based and reanalysis data for the month of June. The month of June is highlighted because it represents monsoon onset as well as the largest sea surface temperature gradient in the summer, which is the peak season of tropical African biomass burning. Boundary layer deepening and increasing temperatures put the location of the SCT within the Gulf of Guinea. Satellite retrievals indicate that the bulk of aerosols occur near 1,500 m in altitude, either above or below the boundary layer depending on latitudinal position. Changes in smoke loading over the Gulf of Guinea due to greater transport from southern Africa leads to increases in low‐level cloud cover above cloud decks and decreases when mixed within the boundary layer. Further south, we find significant changes to temperature, cloud top height, tropospheric stability and moisture availability near maximum aerosol loading. In addition, changes in vertical velocity during dirty conditions further reinforce changes in tropospheric stability. These effects combine to shorten the SCT in space during increased aerosol loading episodes.
Modeling and experimental validation of covalent immobilization of Trametes maxima laccase on glyoxyl and MANA‐Sepharose CL 4B supports, for the use in bioconversion of residual colorants
Authors: Cutiño‐Avila Bessy V. , Sánchez‐López María I. , Cárdenas‐Moreno Yosberto , González‐Durruthy Michael , Ramos‐Leal Miguel , Guerra‐Rivera Gilda , González‐Bacerio Jorge , Guisán José M. , Ruso Juan M. , del Monte‐Martínez Alberto
Published: February 2021

Our novel strategy for the rational design of immobilized derivatives (RDID) is directed to predict the behavior of the protein immobilized derivative before its synthesis, by the usage of mathematic algorithms and bioinformatics tools. However, this approach needs to be validated for each target enzyme. The objective of this work was to validate the RDID strategy for covalent immobilization of the enzyme laccase from Trametes maxima MUCL 44155 on glyoxyl‐ and monoaminoethyl‐N‐aminoethyl (MANA)‐Sepharose CL 4B supports. Protein surface clusters, more probable configurations of the protein–supports systems at immobilization pHs, immobilized enzyme activity, and protein load were predicted by RDID1.0 software. Afterward, immobilization was performed and predictions were experimentally confirmed. As a result, the laccase‐MANA‐Sepharose CL 4B immobilized derivative is better than laccase‐glyoxyl‐Sepharose CL 4B in predicted immobilized derivative activity (63.6% vs. 29.5%). Activity prediction was confirmed by an experimentally expressed enzymatic activity of 68%, using 2,6‐dimethoxyphenol as substrate. Experimental maximum protein load matches the estimated value (11.2 ± 1.3 vs. 12.1 protein mg/support mL). The laccase‐MANA‐Sepharose CL 4B biocatalyst has a high specificity for the acid blue 62 colorant. The results obtained in this work suggest the possibility of using this biocatalyst for wastewater treatment.
Predictable increase in female reproductive window: A simple model connecting age of reproduction, menopause, and longevity
Authors: Innan Hideki , Vaiman Daniel , Veitia Reiner A.
Published: February 2021

With the ever‐increasing lifespan along with societal changes, women can marry and procreate later than in previous centuries. However, pathogenic genetic variants segregating in the population can lead to female subfertility or infertility well before the average age of normal menopause, leading to counter‐selection of such deleterious alleles. In reviewing this field, we speculate that a logical consequence would be the later occurrence of menopause and the extension of women's reproductive lifespan. We illustrate this point with a simple model that applies to other variants that contribute to female infertility, including epigenetic variation. We also consider the effect of medical interventions and lifestyle.
Integrated process development: The key to improve Fab production in E. coli
Authors: Fink Mathias , Schimek Clemens , Cserjan‐Puschmann Monika , Reinisch Daniela , Brocard Cécile , Hahn Rainer , Striedner Gerald
Published: February 2021

Bioprocess development and optimization is a challenging, costly, and time‐consuming effort. In this multidisciplinary task, upstream processing (USP) and downstream processing (DSP) are conventionally considered distinct disciplines. This consideration fosters “one‐way” optimization disregarding interdependencies between unit operations; thus, the full potential of the process chain cannot be achieved. Therefore, it is necessary to fully integrate USP and DSP process development to provide balanced biotechnological production processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate how different host/secretory signal/antigen binding fragment (Fab) combinations in E. coli expression systems influence USP, primary recovery performance and the final product quality. We ran identical fed‐batch cultivations with 16 different expression clones to study growth and product formation kinetics, as well as centrifugation efficiency, viscosity, extracellular DNA, and endotoxin content, important parameters in DSP. We observed a severe influence on cell growth, product titer, extracellular product, and cell lysis, accompanied by a significant impact on the analyzed parameters of DSP performance. Our results provide the basis for future research on integrated process development considering interdependencies between USP and DSP; however, individual products need to be considered specifically. These interdependencies need to be understood for rational decision‐making and efficient process development in research and industry.
The development of the human vaginal fornix and the portio cervicis
Authors: Fritsch Helga , Auer Ramona , Hörmann Romed , Pechriggl Elisabeth , Regauer Sigrid , Reich Olaf
Published: February 2021

Introduction

One of the transitional zones of the human body is situated in the cervix uteri. The developmental differentiation of epithelial and stromal characteristics in such a region is of high clinical interest. However, few studies have focused on the development of this region, and information in anatomical and clinical textbooks is limited. We therefore examined the development of the human vaginal fornix and the cervix uteri during prenatal development.

Materials and Methods

We examined 29 female embryos and fetuses between 20 and 34 weeks and two newborns using histology and immunohistochemistry.

Results

The characteristic shape of the portiocervicis and the vaginal fornix first became visible in mid‐term fetuses because of the different muscular coats and of an uncategorized Müllerian‐derived epithelium, which was rapidly replaced by a multilayered squamous epithelium. Only thereafter, in older fetuses, were there organogenetic differentiation of the epithelia and the underlying stroma of the cervical canal. UGS‐derived p63/CK17‐positive cells could be identified as precursor cells for the squamous epithelium, and Müllerian‐derived CK7‐positive cells for the columnar‐type epithelium. Both cell types and different stromal zones were already present in a prenatal transformation zone. Initial functional differentiation could be observed in perinatal stages.

Conclusions

Our results on prenatal human development strongly support the view that two different cell lineages meet at the transitional zone of the cervix uteri and that these lineages depend on alternative signals from the underlying stromal compartment.
Differential diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis from asthma by 18‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography
Authors: Ono Mariko , Maeda Yuki , Koyama Nobuyuki , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Aoshiba Kazutetsu
Published: February 2021

About a half of all patients with relapsing polychondritis show airway involvement, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from this disease. FDG‐PET/CT is useful in the differential diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis from asthma.
Performance Study of MXene/Carbon Nanotube Composites for Current Collector‐ and Binder‐Free Mg–S Batteries
Authors: Kaland Henning , Håskjold Fagerli Frode , Hadler‐Jacobsen Jacob , Zhao‐Karger Zhirong , Fichtner Maximilian , Wiik Kjell , Wagner Nils P.
Published: February 2021

The realization of sustainable and cheap Mg‐S batteries depends on significant improvements in cycling stability. Building on the immense research on cathode optimization from Li‐S batteries, for the first time a beneficial role of MXenes for Mg‐S batteries is reported. Through a facile, low‐temperature vacuum‐filtration technique, several novel current collector‐ and binder‐free cathode films were developed, with either dipenthamethylene thiuram tetrasulfide (PMTT) or S8 nanoparticles as the source of redox‐active sulfur. The importance of combining MXene with a high surface area co‐host material, such as carbon nanotubes, was demonstrated. A positive effect of MXenes on the average voltage and reduced self‐discharge was also discovered. Ascribed to the rich polar surface chemistry of Ti3C2Tx MXene, an almost doubling of the discharge capacity (530 vs. 290 mA h g−1) was achieved by using MXene as a polysulfide‐confining interlayer, obtaining a capacity retention of 83 % after 25 cycles.
Synthesis, Structures, and Electrochemical Properties of Bis‐ and Tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)tetrathiafulvalenes Extended with an Anthraquinoid Spacer
Authors: Yoshimura Aya , Henmi Keisuke , Handa Ayaka , Kagawa Kohei , Shirahata Takashi , Misaki Yohji
Published: February 2021

Bis‐ and tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)tetrathiafulvalenes extended with an anthraquinoid spacer were successfully synthesized. X‐ray structure analysis revealed that the phosphorus atoms adopt the typical distorted tetrahedral geometry. Their average C−P−C angles and phosphorus−carbon distances resemble those of diphenylphosphino‐substituted TTF derivatives. The cyclic voltammograms consisted of one pair of irreversible, simultaneous two‐electron transfer waves. A combination of cyclic voltammetry experiments and DFT calculations suggested the coexistence of two different reduction processes depending on the scan rate.
Late‐onset and nonlate‐onset schizophrenia: A comparison of clinical characteristics in a multicenter study
Authors: Abou Kassm Sandra , Limosin Frédéric , Naja Wadih , Vandel Pierre , Sánchez‐Rico Marina , Alvarado Jesús M. , von Gunten Armin , Hoertel Nicolas ,   CSA Study group
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Data are scarce regarding the potential clinical differences between non‐late onset schizophrenia (NLOS, i.e., disorder occurring before 40 years of age), late‐onset schizophrenia (LOS, occurring between ages 40 and 60 years) and very‐late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis (VLOSLP, occurring after 60 years of age). Furthermore, previous research compared LOS patients with non‐age matched NLOS patients. In this study, we sought to examine potential clinical differences between patients of similar age with LOS and NLOS.

Methods/Design

This is a cross‐sectional multicentre study that recruited in‐ and outpatients older adults (aged ≥55 years) with an ICD‐10 diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with NLOS and LOS. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidity, psychotropic medications, quality of life, functioning, and mental health care utilization were drawn for comparison.

Results

Two hundred seventy‐two participants (79.8%) had NLOS, 61 (17.9%) LOS, and 8 (2.3%) VLOSLP. LOS was significantly and independently associated with greater severity of emotional withdrawal and lower severity of depression (all p < 0.05). However, the magnitude of these associations was modest, with significant adjusted odds ratios ranging from 0.71 to 1.24, and there were no significant between‐group differences in other characteristics.

Conclusion

In an age‐matched multicenter sample of elderly patients with schizophrenia, older adults with LOS were largely similar to older adults with NLOS in terms of clinical characteristics. The few differences observed may be at least partially related to symptom fluctuation with time. Implications of these findings for pharmacological and nonpharmacological management is yet to be determined.
Retracted: Design and synthesis of two epoxide derivatives from 3‐ethynylaniline
Authors: Figueroa‐Valverde Lauro , Francisco Diaz Cedillo , Maria Lopez‐Ramos , Marcela Rosas‐Nexticapa , Virginia Mateu‐Armand , Tomas Lopez‐Gutierrez , Magdalena Alvarez‐Ramirez
Published: February 2021

For several years ago, several epoxide derivatives have been prepared using different methods; however, some protocols use reagents which could be expensive and require specials conditions. The aim of this investigation was to prepare two new epoxide‐derivatives from 3‐ethynylaniline using some reactions such as oximation, acetylation, 2 + 2 addition, functionalized chloroamides, and epoxidation via Darzens reaction. The chemical characteristics of epoxide derivatives were determinate through a spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. In conclusion, it is noteworthy that the reactions used in this study do not involve expensive reagents or special conditions for the synthesis of epoxide derivatives.
Synthesis and urease inhibition studies of some new quinazolinones
Authors: Akyüz Gülay
Published: February 2021

In this study, novel quinazolinones were designed, synthesized, characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR spectral data, and LC–MS. New compounds inhibitory activities on urease were assessed. All of the compounds exhibited potent urease inhibitory activities. Especially in the synthesized compounds, 2‐benzyl‐3‐({5‐[(4‐nitrophenyl)amino]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol2‐yl}methyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one has the best inhibitory effect against Jack bean urease with IC50 = 3.30 ± 0.09 μg/mL. And also, N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐[(4‐oxoquinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)acetyl] hydrazinecarbothioamide, N‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐[(4‐oxoquinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)acetyl] hydrazinecarbothioamide, and 2‐benzyl‐3‐({5‐[(4‐fluorophenyl)amino]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2yl} methyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one have best activities among the synthesized compounds.
Endemic infections, vaccinations, and variability of SARS‐COV2 worldwide epidemiology: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Goswami Rudra Prosad , Ganguli Bhaswati , Chatterjee Moumita
Published: February 2021

The present article aims to analyze epidemiologic aspects of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID‐19) over different countries across the globe. While analyzing the overall spread of the disease, clusters of countries could be identified where the population‐adjusted number of cases and mortality rates (MRs) were significantly different from the others. To draw a comparison over the countries at the same stage of infection, the nature and spread of the infection was evaluated at the 90th day of the pandemic for each country. It was observed that the countries with prevalent malarial transmission tended to have lesser population‐adjusted COVID‐19 caseloads. It was further observed that high population coverage of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination was negatively associated with population‐adjusted caseloads and MRs due to COVID‐19. The present cross‐sectional study is an attempt to bring in several social, economic, and structural confounders into understanding of the nature and spread of this novel pandemic globally.
Assessing the safety of an epiphyseal plate biopsy in a translational lamb model
Authors: Epperson Richard T. , Williams Dustin L. , Rogers Brady , Maxwell John , Stevens Peter
Published: February 2021

The literature demonstrates that obtaining a biopsy of the physis may be beneficial for diagnostic purposes. A small biopsy of the epiphyseal plate may allow for earlier detection of certain conditions and be used to monitor the healing of diseased and/or damaged physes. However, due to the fear of a growth arrest in a growing child, biopsies are not currently performed. In this study, we investigated the effects of a biopsy of the epiphyseal plate in 3‐month‐old lambs. A total of 4.2 mm biopsy samples were captured in the proximal tibiae and distal femora physes. The lambs were monitored 12‐ and 24‐week post‐biopsy. Computed tomography (CT) and micro‐CT scans were obtained to determine if any angular deformities occurred, while scanning electron microscope (SEM) and histological analysis were utilized to assess the bone response due to the biopsy. The contralateral limbs served as unaltered controls for direct comparison within each lamb. The data demonstrated no signs of angular deformities following a 4.2 mm biopsy of the physis. Bone growth/elongation was confirmed by CT, SEM, and fluorochrome analyses and indicated that the lambs were in fact immature and still growing at the time of the biopsy. Clinical Significance: This investigation demonstrated that a small biopsy of the epiphyseal plate can be obtained safely without the cause of growth arrest and angular deformities. The ability to precisely diagnose, treat, and/or monitor at‐risk children at an earlier timepoint by way of a biopsy sample could be an important advancement in regard to researching diseased and/or damaged physes.
Intra‐articular treatment with hyaluronic acid associated with gold nanoparticles in a mechanical osteoarthritis model in Wistar rats
Authors: Filho Mario Cesar Búrigo , dos Santos Haupenthal Daniela Pacheco , Zaccaron Rubya Pereira , de Bem Silveira Gustavo , de Roch Casagrande Laura , Lupselo Fernando Silva , Alves Naiara , de Sousa Mariano Samara , do Bomfim Fernando Russo Costa , de Andrade Thiago Antônio Moretti , Machado‐de‐Ávila Ricardo Andrez , Silveira Paulo Cesar Lock
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intra‐articular treatment with hyaluronic acid (HA) associated with GNPs in a mechanical model of osteoarthritis induced by median meniscectomy (MM). Fifty Wistar rats (2 months weighing between 250 and 300 g) were used, divided into five groups of 10 animals each: Sham, osteoarthritis (OA), OA + HA, OA + gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and OA + HA + GNPs. Intra‐articular treatment was started 30 days after the model was induced, with a frequency of 2 weeks for 60 days. Fifteen days after the last application, the animals were euthanized with the removal of the joint tissue for biochemical and histological analysis. The model used was able to mimic osteoarthritis, characterized by the presence of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and degeneration of joint surfaces (Grade III, according to SCORE OARSI). The isolated use of HA or GNPs provided beneficial results to the joint; however, only the group subjected to the association between HA and GNPs showed the attenuation of oxidative stress and reduced proinflammatory markers, with a simultaneous increase in levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Upon histological analysis, only the OA + HA + GNPs group achieved the restoration of the thickness of the joint cartilage with reduced damage and return to the intact joint surface. The results found demonstrated that the association of GNPs with HA was able to reverse the deleterious effects caused by the model by inhibiting the progressive degeneration of joint surfaces, representing a promising treatment for osteoarthritis.
Characterization of penumbra sharpening and scattering by adaptive aperture for a compact pencil beam scanning proton therapy system
Authors: Grewal Hardev S. , Ahmad Salahuddin , Jin Hosang
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To quantitatively access penumbra sharpening and scattering by adaptive aperture (AA) under various beam conditions and clinical cases for a Mevion S250i compact pencil beam scanning proton therapy system.

Methods

First, in‐air measurements were performed using a scintillation detector for single spot profile and lateral penumbra for five square field sizes (3 × 3 to 18 × 18 cm2), three energies (33.04, 147.36, and 227.16 MeV), and three snout positions (5, 15, and 33.6 cm) with Open and AA field. Second, treatment plans were generated in RayStation treatment planning system (TPS) for various combination of target size (3‐ and 10‐cm cube), target depth (5, 10, and 15 cm) and air gap (5–20 cm) for both Open and AA field. These plans were delivered to EDR2 films in the solid water and penumbra reduction by AA was quantified. Third, the effect of the AA scattered protons on the surface dose was studied at 5 mm depth by EDR2 film and the RayStation TPS computation. Finally, dosimetric advantage of AA over Open field was studied for five brain and five prostate cases using the TPS simulation.

Results

The spot size changed dramatically from 3.8 mm at proton beam energy of 227.15 MeV to 29.4 mm at energy 33.04 MeV. In‐air measurements showed that AA substantially reduced the lateral penumbra by 30% to 60%. The EDR2 film measurements in solid water presented the maximum penumbra reduction of 10 to 14 mm depending on the target size. The maximum increase of 25% in field edge dose at 5 mm depth as compared to central axis was observed. The substantial penumbra reduction by AA produced less dose to critical structures for all the prostate and brain cases.

Conclusions

Adaptive aperture sharpens the penumbra by factor of two to three depending upon the beam condition. The absolute penumbra reduction with AA was more noticeable for shallower target, smaller target, and larger air gap. The AA‐scattered protons contributed to increase in surface dose. Clinically, AA reduced the doses to critical structures.
Palliative care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinics: A survey of NEALS consortium membership
Authors: Mehta Tejas R. , Bayat Elham , Govindarajan Raghav
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition managed with a multidisciplinary approach. Palliative care is important for this approach, but there is a lack of recommendations for the role and involvement of palliative medicine (PM) specialists in multidisciplinary ALS care.

Methods

This questionnaire‐based survey assessed the state of palliative care in selective sites that are a part of Northeast Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Consortium (NEALS).

Results

Twenty‐seven percent of the sites included palliative care specialists as a part of their ALS clinics and they were introduced to the patients and family by ALS specialists (75.94%) usually at an advanced stage of ALS.

Discussion

Our study when compared with other study results having a similar aim showed that there is a variability in the practice of palliative care specialists in ALS clinics. Having evidence‐based guidelines will help in the management of ALS patients more effectively.
Effects of Harvest, Natural Mortality, and Escapement on Reservoir Walleye Populations
Authors: Weber Robert E. , Weber Michael J.
Published: February 2021

Walleye Sander vitreus are commonly introduced to reservoirs and provide valued fisheries. Walleye are lost though harvest and natural mortality in all systems, but escapement may also reduce reservoir populations. However, the effects of harvest, natural mortality, and escapement loss on reservoir Walleye populations are not known. Our objective was to quantify Walleye harvest, natural mortality, and escapement in two Iowa reservoirs (Big Creek Lake and Brushy Creek Lake) to understand how these factors limit populations. We also assessed Walleye behaviors and compared them among escaped, harvested, and in-lake Walleye to determine if behavior was associated with fate. Walleye were radio-tagged beginning in October 2016 and tracked through May 2019. Telemetry was used to estimate annual core and home ranges, seasonal depth use, and movement rates. Detection histories were analyzed using a multistate capture–recapture model with environmental covariates to estimate weekly harvest, natural mortality, and escapement. Harvest was greater in Big Creek than Brushy Creek and was higher in April through July compared to other months. Natural mortality was positively related to water temperature but did not differ between systems. No Walleye escaped from Big Creek (fish barrier on spillway), but escapement at Brushy Creek (no fish barrier) was positively related to mean water levels during April. During 2017–2018, annual Walleye escapement ranged from 22% to 47% at Brushy Creek (0% at Big Creek), harvest ranged from 13% to 27%, and natural mortality ranged from 36% to 38%. Depth of habitat occupied by Walleye was shallower during spring and summer when escapement occurred, intermediate in fall, and deepest during winter. Escaped Walleye at Brushy Creek used greater depths and moved less than in-lake Walleye; however, other behaviors did not differ among Walleye groups. Our results suggest that escapement can have a larger effect than harvest on reservoir Walleye populations in systems without physical barriers, and it should be taken into consideration when managing reservoir Walleye fisheries.
Fish Community Changes Associated with Bullhead Removals in Four Northern Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: Sikora Logan W. , VanDeHey Justin A. , Sass Greg G. , Matzke Gregory , Preul Michael
Published: February 2021

Bullheads Ameiurus spp. are found throughout much of the United States and are infrequently studied species. Although limited information has been published on the Black Bullhead A. melas and Yellow Bullhead A. natalis, it has been shown that bullheads can dominate the fish biomass in some north temperate U.S. lakes, resulting in a fish community exclusive of Walleye Sander vitreus and Yellow Perch Perca flavescens. Recently, recruitment and abundances of popular coolwater sport fishes, such as Walleye and Yellow Perch, have been declining in some northern Wisconsin lakes. These observed declines, coupled with high bullhead densities, led fisheries biologists to conduct whole-lake bullhead removals on four northern Wisconsin lakes. Removal of Black and Yellow bullheads from these lakes resulted in substantial changes in the fish communities. The CPUE of naturally reproduced age-0 Walleye increased in Lake Metonga and Patten Lake following the removal of bullheads. Additionally, survival of stocked Walleye increased in Crane and Pickerel lakes after bullhead removals, resulting in higher CPUE of age-0 and age-1 Walleye. Subsequently, adult Walleye abundance has increased or remained steady in all bullhead removal lakes. Significant declines in abundance of Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and increases in abundance of Yellow Perch and Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus were also observed after bullhead removals, further illustrating a shift in fish community composition. Our observations suggest that when at high densities, bullheads can play a significant role in structuring fish communities and the removal of bullheads can increase recruitment, survival, and abundance of sport fishes like Walleye and Yellow Perch.
Wheezing in preterm infants and children
Authors: Rhoads Eli , Montgomery Gregory S. , Ren Clement L.
Published: February 2021

Wheezing is a common outcome of preterm birth. This article will review the mechanisms, epidemiology, and treatment of wheezing in preterm children with and without a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Effectiveness of postural lung recruitment on postoperative atelectasis assessed by lung ultrasound in children undergoing lateral thoracotomy cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: He Pan , Wu Chi , Yang Yanyan , Zheng Jijian , Dong Wei , Wu Junzheng , Sun Ying , Zhang Mazhong
Published: February 2021

Objectives

To assess the effects of postural lung recruitment maneuvers on the postoperative atelectasis assessed by lung ultrasound (LUS) compared with supine position recruitment maneuvers in children undergoing right lateral thoracotomy cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods

In this randomized and controlled trial, 84 patients aged 3 years or younger, scheduled for right lateral thoracotomy cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomly allocated to postural lung recruitment group or control group. The first LUS exam was performed immediately upon completion of the cardiac surgery (T1), and a repeat ultrasound exam started 1 min after lung recruitment maneuvers (T2). The primary outcome was the incidence of significant atelectasis at T2.

Results

The incidence of significant atelectasis at T2 in the postural lung recruitment maneuver group was lower compared with that in the control group (30.2% vs. 58.1%; odds ratio: 0.31; 95% confidence interval: 0.13–0.76; p = .009). The LUS scores for consolidations and B‐lines of the left lung were higher than those of the right lung in both groups at T1. More significant reduction of the left LUS scores and sizes of atelectatic areas were found in the postural lung recruitment group than those in the control group.

Conclusions

Postoperative postural recruitment maneuver was more effective to improve reaeration of lung than supine position recruitment maneuver in children undergoing right lateral thoracotomy cardiac surgery with CPB.
Could myocardial function be predictive of successful extubation in newborns and infants?
Authors: Massolo Anna C. , Clemente Maria , Patel Neil , Cantone Giulia V. , Toscano Alessandra , Ficial Benjamim , Landolfo Francesca , Calzolari Flaminia , Capolupo Irma , Biban Paolo , Dotta Andrea
Published: February 2021

Objective

To investigate the relationship between cardiac function and extubation readiness in infants using speckle tracking echocardiography.

Working hypothesis

Cardiac function combined with established clinical parameters may better identify readiness for extubation.

Study Design

Pilot prospective observational study.

Patient selection

Mechanically ventilated infants were included.

Methodology

Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography immediately before extubation. Systolic and diastolic function in the left (LV) and right ventricles (RV) were assessed by measurement of longitudinal strain (LS), and circumferential strain (CS) in the LV only. Pulmonary artery pressures were assessed using the velocity of tricuspid regurgitation jet (TR), septal position, and end‐systolic eccentricity index (EI ES). Cases who extubated successfully (Group 1) were compared to cases who required reintubation (Group 2).

Results

Twenty‐five cases were included. LV CS and RV LS were significantly lower in those who required reintubation (Group 2) compared to those who were successfully extubated (Group 1) (LV CS, −21 (12)% vs. −33 (3)%, p = .001; RV LS −19 (2.7)% vs. −20 (2.5)%, p = .04). TR was absent in all cases. The septal shape was normal in 18 cases (72%), displaced to the left in 7 (28%) cases. No significant differences were found in LV EI ES between groups.
Pierre Robin and breathing: What to do and when?
Authors: Poets Christian F. , Wiechers Cornelia , Koos Bernd , Muzaffar Arshad R. , Gozal David
Published: February 2021

Robin sequence is characterized by mandibular retrognathia, airway obstruction, and glossoptosis; 80%–90% also have a cleft palate. Various treatment approaches exist, and although controlled studies are rare, objective assessment of treatment outcomes that address the leading clinical issues, namely obstructive sleep apnea and failure to thrive, are essential. Sleep‐disordered breathing may be detected using cardiorespiratory polygraphy or polysomnography. Pulse oximetry alone may miss infants with frequent obstructive apneas, yet no intermittent hypoxia. Among conservative treatment options, the Tubingen Palatal Plate with a velar extension shifting the tongue base forward is the only approach that corrects the underlying anatomy and that has undergone appropriate evaluation. Of the surgical treatment options, which are not necessarily the first line of therapy, mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is effective and has been most extensively adopted. Notwithstanding, it is puzzling that MDO is frequently used in some countries, yet hardly ever in others, despite similar tracheostomy rates. Thus, prospective multicenter studies with side‐by‐side comparisons aimed at identifying an optimal treatment paradigm for this potentially life‐threatening condition are urgently needed.
Identification of a serum biomarker signature associated with metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Kuci Emruli Venera , Liljedahl Leena , Axelsson Ulrika , Richter Corinna , Theorin Lisa , Bjartell Anders , Lilja Hans , Donovan Jenny , Neal David , Hamdy Freddie C. , Borrebaeck Carl A. K.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Improved early diagnosis and determination of aggressiveness of prostate cancer (PC) is important to select suitable treatment options and to decrease over‐treatment. The conventional marker is total prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in blood, but lacks specificity and ability to accurately discriminate indolent from aggressive disease.

Experimental design

In this study, we sought to identify a serum biomarker signature associated with metastatic PC. We measured 157 analytes in 363 serum samples from healthy subjects, patients with non‐metastatic PC and patients with metastatic PC, using a recombinant antibody microarray.

Results

A signature consisting of 69 proteins differentiating metastatic PC patients from healthy controls was identified.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The clinical value of this biomarker signature requires validation in larger independent patient cohorts before providing a new prospect for detection of metastatic PC.
Identification of differentially expressed proteins between fused and open sutures in sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis during suture development by quantitative proteomic analysis
Authors: Bala Krithi , Cuellar Araceli , Herren Anthony W. , Boyadjiev Simeon A.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS), the premature fusion of cranial sutures, results in an abnormal skull shape and is associated with a significant morbidity. Proteomics is a promising tool for disease characterization and biomarker discovery; we aimed to identify biologically relevant differentially expressed proteins for NCS.

Experimental design

Label‐based quantitative proteomic profiling using TMT was performed on protein extracted from mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and bone tissue of five open and five fused sutures of sagittal NCS (sNCS) and analyzed using quantitative LC‐MS/MS based bottom‐up proteomics. Differential protein abundance between open and fused sutures was determined to identify biologically relevant proteins of interest. Proteins were validated in an independent sample set by western blot and immunohistochemistry.

Results

We observed 838 differentially expressed proteins between open and fused sutures of sNCS. Decorin, lumican, and asporin were significantly downregulated while COL4A1 and TGFβ1|1 were upregulated in fused compared to open sutures.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The majority of significantly differentially expressed proteins between open and fused sutures were observed in the proteomes of osteoblasts suggesting that protein changes contributing to premature sagittal suture fusion occur predominantly at the osteoblast level. Our findings suggest a possible ineffective ECM deposition at the osteoblast cell stage.
Recovery of Ammonium Perchlorate from Obsolete Ammunition and Its Application in Synthesis of Lithium Perchlorate
Authors: Shim Yong‐Ho , Ha Sang‐Wook , Yoo Eun‐Sil , Jang Hye‐Ri , Kim Ae Rhan , Ramakrishnan Shanmugam , Yoo Dong Jin
Published: February 2021

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is used as a strong solid oxidizer in propellants, gun powder, fireworks, and light signals. Recycling or recovery of AP from demilitarization or outdated propellant items is a challenging task. Herein, we report the purchase of recycled crude AP from commercially, and then subsequently AP was purified through filtration with activated carbon and recrystallization. After recrystallization, the yield of AP was 85 %, and the resultant product was characterized by various techniques including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These results indicate that recrystallized AP had excellent purity and crystallinity compared to crude AP. In addition, purified AP was used as source material for the synthesis of lithium perchlorate (LP), which was characterized using various analytical techniques. This process provides a new avenue for recycled AP that could be effectively used as starting material for synthesis of LP.
Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Viscosity Measurement of Solid Propellant Slurry by Press Bar‐Fall Ball Viscometer
Authors: Yue Wu , Kuan Li
Published: February 2021

The experimental viscosity measurement of a certain type of the solid propellant slurry is carried out by using the press bar‐fall ball viscometer. Moreover, the CFD simulation is performed through the ANSYS Fluent software to numerically investigate the press bar‐fall ball viscometer. The viscosity‐time characteristics of the slurry are studied in detail. The present study shows that, when the steel ball falls in the static slurry, the ball is initially accelerated so that its velocity increases. On the other hand, when the ball velocity reaches a certain value, called the terminal velocity, forces are balanced and the velocity remains constant. The medium viscosity is experimentally measured in the present study. Then proper corrective correlations are applied to the Stokes equation to calculate the medium viscosity according to the simulation results. Comparisons show that results of the numerical simulation are in good agreement with the ones from the experiment. It is observed that the viscosity of the slurry rises exponentially with time, due to the curing reaction. Furthermore, since the shear stress of the dropping ball in the solution is small, the shear rate of the solution during the falling of the ball is very low. Therefore, it is concluded that the falling ball method is capable to accurately determine the static viscosity of the slurry.
Achieving optimal adherence to medical therapy by telehealth: Findings from the ORBITA medication adherence sub‐study
Authors: Thompson David , Al‐Lamee Rasha , Foley Michael , Dehbi Hakim M. , Thom Simon , Davies Justin E. , Francis Darrel P. , Patel Prashanth , Gupta Pankaj ,   ORBITA Investigators
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The ORBITA trial of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus a placebo procedure for patients with stable angina was conducted across six sites in the United Kingdom via home monitoring and telephone consultations. Patients underwent detailed assessment of medication adherence which allowed us to measure the efficacy of the implementation of the optimization protocol and interpretation of the main trial endpoints.

Methods

Prescribing data were collected throughout the trial. Self‐reported adherence was assessed, and urine samples collected at pre‐randomization and at follow‐up for direct assessment of adherence using high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC MS/MS).

Results

Self‐reported adherence was >96% for all drugs in both treatment groups at both stages. The percentage of samples in which drug was detected at pre‐randomization and at follow‐up in the PCI versus placebo groups respectively was: clopidogrel, 96% versus 90% and 98% versus 94%; atorvastatin, 95% versus 92% and 92% versus 91%; perindopril, 95% versus 97% and 85% versus 100%; bisoprolol, 98% versus 99% and 96% versus 97%; amlodipine, 99% versus 99% and 94% versus 96%; nicorandil, 98% versus 96% and 94% versus 92%; ivabradine, 100% versus 100% and 100% versus 100%; and ranolazine, 100% versus 100% and 100% versus 100%.

Conclusions

Adherence levels were high throughout the study when quantified by self‐reporting methods and similarly high proportions of drug were detected by urinary assay. The results indicate successful implementation of the optimization protocol delivered by telephone, an approach that could serve as a model for treatment of chronic conditions, particularly as consultations are increasingly conducted online.
High‐Performance Polymer Photodetectors using ZnO Nanocrystal Trap States
Authors: Zhou Xin , Yan Chao , Deng Rui , Hu Yufeng , Deng Zhenbo , Cui Qiuhong , Lou Zhidong , Hou Yanbing , Teng Feng
Published: February 2021

A metal oxide interfacial layer is introduced into polymer photodetectors (PPDs) to achieve low dark current and high photocurrent. Although the defects of the metal oxide play a key role in device operation, defect effects on PPDs are poorly understood. Herein, PPDs using nanoparticle (NP) and amorphous zinc oxide (ZnO) films as the indium tin oxide (ITO) modification layer are realized and characterized, and the former device shows high performance in every figure of merit: external quantum efficiency of 1980%, detectivity of 1.03×1014 Jones, responsivity of 9.51 A W−1, response time of ≈10 μs, and linear dynamic range of over 100 dB at a low reverse bias. The comparison of the NP ZnO and amorphous ZnO‐based devices and the ultraviolet (UV) light illumination effect on the devices imply the underlying operation mechanism. The surface defects in the ZnO NPs efficiently block external charge injection, whereas the defect‐induced photogenerated charge accumulation at the interface between the ZnO layer and the active layer leads to a tunneling current under illumination. This methodology provides universal guidance for fabricating high‐performance PPDs based on a metal oxide interfacial layer.