bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spirit media: the electronic media and Islam among the Dyula of northern Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Launay Robert
Published: April 2006

In 1973 the Muslim Dyula of northern Côte d'Ivoire, in their quarter of Korhogo town or in the villages, listened to the radio and might occasionally see an Italian ‘western’ at the cinema. Television was an exotic rarity; cassettes were a novelty. By 1984 television was ubiquitous; households that had not been interested in radio were now enthusiastic about watching television in the evening. Cassettes had become even more common than radios, and tapes were pirated and copied. The shift from radio and film to television and cassettes brought religion more fully into the forefront of the electronic media. For Muslims, religious cassettes consisted of sermons or ‘recitations’ in Dyula. Sermons, given in the open air and accompanied by refreshments, are festive occasions, a spectacle where the audience expects to be entertained. The form of the sermon bears a striking resemblance to Mande epic recitation, and are readily taped by individuals in the audience, to be listened to as entertainment; they are not a commercial commodity. Sermons on television, however, have very different requirements: the Thursday evening Muslim ‘show’ has younger, Saudi-oriented clerics who are not allowed to ramble; the ‘show’ is tightly scripted, with precise times allotted; clerics read from a text rather than quote from memory,extempore. Despite the generational divide in tastes and styles, the two genres still coexist side by side—though for how long?
Sacred Earthen Architecture in the Northern Southwest: The Bluff Great House Berm
Authors: Cameron Catherine M.
Published: April 2006

This article reports on the excavation of a “berm”—an earthen mound that surrounds the Bluff Great House in southeastern Utah. Comparisons are made to Chacoan-era (A.D. 850–1150) great house mounds in Chaco Canyon and to other berms and mounds at great houses throughout the Chacoan region. Great house mounds in Chaco Canyon and berms outside Chaco Canyon are assumed to have been ritual architecture, and continuity in the use of mounded earth and trash as a sacred place of deposit is traced through time from the Pueblo 1 period to modern Pueblos. The Bluff berm does not seem to have been constructed as the result of ceremonial gatherings (as has been suggested for the great house mounds in Chaco Canyon), but there is intriguing evidence that it continued to be used into the post-Chacoan era (A.D. 1150–1300), perhaps as a result of a restructuring or revival of Chacoan ideas in the northern San Juan region. Examination of the spatial distribution of berms suggests that they are most common at great houses south and west of Chaco Canyon; the northern San Juan region, where Bluff is located, has far fewer such features, possibly because the revival of Chacoan ideas in this region was short-lived.
Transition from Preclassic to Classic at Teotihuacán
Authors: West Michael
Published: April 2006

Four years of intensive archaeological survey, supplemented by excavations in the Teotihuacán Valley, Mexico, have greatly clarified our picture of the transition from Preclassic to Classic. The definition of two new phases of culture history, Tezoyuca and Patlachique, that belong to the Terminal Preclassic (post Late Ticoman) strongly suggests a local development of the great Classic city of Teotihuacán. This runs counter to the hypothesis that a great migration, possibly from the Gulf Coast region, was responsible for the fully developed Classic Teotihuacán culture. Present evidence indicates that the Patlachique phase is intrusive and appears in the Teotihuacán Valley possibly as the result of migrations from the southern Valley of Mexico, perhaps precipitated by the eruption of the volcano Xitli. When peoples carrying this culture entered the Teotihuacán Valley, they encountered the Tezoyuca culture and gradually absorbed it. The fusion of these two groups eventually produced Tzacualli, which is the first recognizable phase of the Teotihuacán culture.
On Puerto Rican Archaeology
Authors: Alegría Ricardo E.
Published: April 2006

Historical sources corroborated by archaeological research demonstrate that the Antillean area was inhabited by people of three cultural traditions. Puerto Rico, because of its intermediate position between the Greater and Lesser Antilles, is of great importance in determining the chronology and the distribution of West Indian aboriginal cultures. Recent radiocarbon dates demonstrate that Puerto Rico was first populated by a preceramic people who arrived before the Christian era. A relationship between these Indians and certain preceramic groups of Venezuela has been postulated, although neither the chronology of the sites nor their distribution correspond. Other radiocarbon dates from Puerto Rico establish a clear relationship between the different pottery styles of the island and those of the Lesser Antilles and Venezuela.
New Perspectives on Jamaican Archaeology
Authors: Howard Robert R.
Published: April 2006

Recent investigations still yield no sign of preceramic or of Arawak occupation of Jamaica before early Period III in the Rouse chronology. Jamaican sites indicate a characteristically Arawakan culture, but they lack the ceremonial elaboration developed in Haiti. Jamaican pottery shows relatively little change through time and only minor local variation. Four distinct styles are present: (1) Little River from early Period III; (2) White Marl, the dominant style of the island; (3) Montego Bay, probably the latest in time; and (4) a little-known Red Ware whose chronological position is not clear. The closest stylistic affiliations are with Bani of Cuba and Meillac of Haiti. The late Carrier style of Haiti did not diffuse to Jamaica. Certain distinctive burial practices and features of village construction have been revealed by recent excavations at White Marl and other southern coast sites.
Gordon Creek Woman Meets Kennewick Man: New Interpretations and Protocols Regarding the Peopling of the Americas
Authors: Swedlund Alan , Anderson Duane
Published: April 2006

Recent discoveries—particularly those of Kennewick Man—have renewed debates on the peopling of the Americas. Our vantage point comes from research on the Gordon Creek Burial which commenced some 30 years ago. We suggest that a contrast between the conditions under which Gordon Creek and Kennewick were recovered and analyzed provides insights into current interpretations and controversies. Specifically, we argue that bioarchaeologists cannot, and therefore should not, separate the sociopolítical issues from the scientific, that biological assignments of affiliation are extremely problematic in such cases, and that prior assumptions figure strongly in the interpretations presented. If more detailed understanding of the peopling of the Americas is a common goal, then we as bioarchaeologists must be prepared to reexamine our practices and learn from our mistakes.
Spatial and Multivariate Analysis, Random Sampling Error, and Analytical Noise: Empirical Bayesian Methods at Teotihuacan, Mexico
Authors: Robertson Ian G.
Published: April 2006

Methods of empirical Bayesian statistical inference can help archaeologists deal with problems inherent in variably-sized and, particularly, small artifact samples. The desirability of systematically controlling random effects of sampling error when mapping estimates of artifact type proportions is emphasized in this paper, and concrete examples are provided using ceramic data from the Central Mexican city of Teotihuacan. A Bayesian approach also may be beneficial for pretreating data destined for other kinds of quantitative analysis, such as exploratory multivariate analysis. Correspondence analysis using observed proportions of different types of pottery in assemblages pertaining to the Xolalpan and Metepec phases produces vague results that suggest little in the way of interpretable structure. However, a parallel analysis using posterior estimates of proportions reveals meaningful associations of ceramic categories that appear to relate to more general dimensions of behavioral variability.
A Historical Analysis and Synthesis of Grand Canyon Archaeology
Authors: Schwartz Douglas W.
Published: April 2006

This historically oriented description of the development of archaeological research and conceptualization in the area of Grand Canyon National Park begins with the contributions of the earliest Spanish explorers of the area and proceeds to research completed in 1964. Three periods of research are identified: discovery and exploration, 1540 to 1900; general investigation, 1900 to 1950; and concentrated analysis, 1951 to 1964. By the end of the first period the historic tribes and the presence of Pueblo ruins in the Grand Canyon area had been recognized. During the next 50 years many details were added to the understanding of the Pueblo material, including a sound temporal framework, the postulation of a second prehistoric group in the area, the Cohonina, and additional information on the ethnographic groups of the area accumulated. In the years between 1951 and 1964 there developed an increasingly complete description of the Cohonina branch, an analysis of Havasupai culture history, an examination of the Anasazi occupation within the depths of the Canyon, and the discovery of a Canyon occupancy some 2000 years earlier than had been known previously. Finally, a summary of the current conception of the area's culture history is presented, along with an indication of possible directions for future research.
The Mabaruma Phase: A Return to the More Probable Interpretation
Authors: Lathrap Donald W.
Published: April 2006

In a recent publication Evans and Meggers have accused me of reinterpreting their work in an erroneous manner on two separate occasions (Evans and Meggers 1964). In one instance (Lathrap 1963a), I suggested that the Machalilla complex of Coastal Ecuador might be a member of the same ceramic tradition which also gave rise to Early Tutishcainyo and Late Tutishcainyo in the central Ucayali Basin in Peru. In the other case (Lathrap 1964), I offered what appeared to me to be a more reasonable seriation of the excavated levels of the Mabaruma phase of northwestern British Guiana and suggested that the age of the Mabaruma phase had been underestimated by a large factor.
On Equifinality in Faunal Analysis
Authors: Rogers Alan R.
Published: April 2006

A faunal assemblage may be dominated by dense bones either because the soft ones have been transported away or because they have been gnawed beyond recognition. Archaeologists have often despaired of distinguishing between these hypotheses and have attributed the problem to equifinality-to the fact that different causes can produce identical outcomes. Yet under the models of transport and attrition studied here, these causes do not produce identical outcomes. It has been difficult to distinguish between them only because conventional statistical methods lack power. Using the new method of abcml (Analysis of Bone Counts by Maximum Likelihood), it is easy to distinguish assemblages that were deposited by different agents. It is also possible to distinguish between assemblages that have suffered differing degrees of attritional damage, but this distinction is more difficult to make. It is also shown that the conventional method for recognizing attritional damage in faunal assemblages is remarkably low in power. The paper closes with a discussion of the word "equifinality" itself.
Weighing and Counting Shell: A Response to Glassow and Claassen
Authors: Mason Roger D. , Peterson Mark L. , Tiffany J. A.
Published: April 2006

Glassow discusses several "problems" with the use of minimum number of individuals (MNI) in archaeological shellfish analysis, including the difficulty of identifying non-repetitive elements (NRE) to species level for several taxa. However, these problems, especially fragmentation, are more critical for the weight method than for MNI estimates. We have successfully identified thousands of NRE for all species common in southern California coastal archaeological sites. We also suggest that a measure, such as MNI, that provides estimates of numbers of individuals is a more reliable and valid measure with which to address most research questions. The weight method only provides a measure of the weight of some of the fragments from the shells of those individuals.
A Cylinder Seal from Tlatilco
Authors: Kelley David H.
Published: April 2006

A cylinder seal, apparently from the Olmec occupation at Tlatilco, is inscribed with what may be the oldest writing known from Mesoamerica. The writing system is unlike any previously known and is typologically more advanced than other Mesoamerican systems.
Gendered Citation Practices inAmerican Antiquityand Other Archaeology Journals
Authors: Hutson Scott R.
Published: April 2006

Citation is one of many practices affected by the sociopolitics of archaeology. Examination of citation practices inAmerican Antiquity, theJournal of Field Archaeology, Ancient Mesoamerica, andSoutheastern Archaeologyyields mixed results with regard to equity issues for women. InAmerican Antiquity, theJournal of Field Archaeology, andAncient Mesoamerica, men cite women at rates that are statistically similar to the rates at which women cite women. Historical data show that this has not always been the case forAmerican Antiquity. InSoutheastern Archaeology, men cite women significantly less than women cite women. Despite statistical parity between the sexes in three of the four journals, both men and women inAmerican AntiquityandAncient Mesoamericacite women less than expected given the rate at which women publish. Such under-referencing of women might imply a devaluation of women's archaeological labor. This paper also examines other factors besides the gender of the citing author that might affect the rate of citation to women.
Stature at Tikal, Guatemala: Implications for Ancient Maya Demography and Social Organization
Authors: Haviland William A.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents an analysis of stature of the prehistoric population from the Maya site of Tikal, Guatemala. From this analysis, based on 55 skeletons from the Tikal burial series, three important conclusions emerge with respect to ancient Maya demography and social organization. (1) Tikal was settled by people of moderate stature, and this remained relatively stable over several centuries. A marked reduction in male stature in Late Classic times may be indicative of a situation of nutritional stress, which may have had something to do with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization. (2) Stature differences between those buried in tombs and others at Tikal suggest that, in the last century B.C., a distinct ruling class developed at Tikal. This simple class division of rulers and commoners may have become more complex in Late Classic times. (3) There was a marked sexual dimorphism in stature between males and females at Tikal. This is probably partially genetic and partially a reflection of relatively lower status for women as opposed to men in Maya society.
Hollywood Riviera: An Early Milling Stone Horizon Site in Los Angeles County, California
Authors: Wallace William J.
Published: April 2006

Construction activities at Torrance County Beach in Los Angeles County, California, recently removed the last remnant of Hollywood Riviera, a once important archaeological site. Among the artifacts recovered during earth-moving operations and from earlier surface hunts are numerous handstones, milling stones, and cobble hammers. Also included in the collection are two mortars, a pestle, and a few rude choppers. Smaller stone-work consists of large, coarsely flaked projectile points, broken knife blades, simple flake scrapers, and an unusual chipped "crescent." The plentiful seed-grinding implements testify to a seed-collecting mode of subsistence for Hollywood Riviera's former inhabitants, whereas a near absence of molluscan remains in the archaeological deposit suggests that they were an inland people, recently moved to the seashore, who had not yet acquired a taste for shellfish. Occupation at the site appears to have occurred entirely within the Early Milling Stone horizon of the southern California coast, dated roughly between 5000 and 2000 B.C., and presumably during an early phase of it.
Pottery Types of the Manuelito District
Authors: Reed Erik K.
Published: April 2006

Travelers bound east up the Puerco Valley on Highway 66, or on the Santa Fe Railroad, come into New Mexico from Arizona as they enter a pass through a red sandstone cliff which runs north and south just east of Lupton.
A Chronological Problem Presented by Sandia Cave, New Mexico
Authors: Bliss Wesley L.
Published: April 2006

Sandia Cave is located in an escarpment of Pennsylvania limestone in Ellis Canyon, thirty miles northeast of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It presents an interesting problem in regard to the time when man existed in North America contemporaneously with the horse (equus?), the ground sloth (nothrotherium), and other extinct Pleistocene forms. In the United States, discoveries of artifacts with extinct mammals do not show necessarily that man existed in the Pleistocene or ice age, but may indicate that the mammals have survived that period and become extinct in more recent times. The best criteria for dating would be collections made in the glaciated areas and associated with glacial deposits. However, this is not always possible, and other means must be sought. Dating can be done to some degree of accuracy by the interpretation of climatic conditions that existed at the time the deposits were laid down.
A Preliminary Report on Pottery Making at Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts
Authors: Fewkes Vladimir J.
Published: April 2006

The Gay Head people make two types of product, namely unfired clay receptacles and fired ware. The craft is surviving because there is a fairly profitable tourist trade demanding a supply of souvenirs.

The peculiar varicolored clay banks provide raw material of unique merit. The individual clays—red, white, green, yellow, etc.—are dug, with shovels or sticks, and kept separately. The preparation of the paste and the building processes are the same whether the finished piece is fired or not. The clay is first allowed to dry, then broken up into fine particles and sifted through a household sieve to rid it of lumps. There are no megoscopically discernible inclusions in the clays, and the adding of temper is unknown. The mixing of the paste is done in an iron receptacle, usually with a wooden pounder, and invariably with the aid of a roughly whittled wooden spatula.
Preliminary Report on a Buried Yuma Site in Wyoming
Authors: Howard Edgar B. , Satterthwaite Linton , Bache Charles
Published: April 2006

A new and interesting archaeological site was discovered in the Wyoming Basin, just west of the Continental Divide, by Mr. O. M. Finley of Eden, Wyoming, in 1940. It represents a Yuma camp site associated with bison bones.

In the spring of 1940, Mr. Finley discovered seven stone points or fragments on the surface among sand dunes, ahout four miles southeast of Eden. They were concentrated in an area about five by twenty meters at the base of a dune, and the presence of decalcified bone led Mr. Finley to the conclusion that they had weathered out of a Yuma site nearby. A slight amount of excavation produced additional points, in place, along with decalcified bison bone fragments. A Folsom point with the tip gone had been picked up by Mr. Finley in a blow-out about six hundred and fifty meters to the north, which added interest to the site.
Meteorite Collecting among Ancient Americans
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: April 2006

During the past two years the field activities of the Nininger Laboratory (now the American Meteorite Laboratory, Inc.) have brought to light four new meteorites on old Indian camp sites in eastern Colorado (Plate 5) and western Kansas. The mere fact of these several associations strongly suggests that the aborigines recognized a special significance in these fallen stones. However, it must be admitted that, without additional evidence, these associations could be regarded as accidental.
Additional Evidence of Scalping
Authors: Snow Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Interest in the evidence of early scalping in aboriginal America was stimulated by Georg K. Neumann in an article which appeared in American Antiquity. Since then, another specimen coming from prehistoric Middle Mississippi horizons a t Mound State Monument, has been described.

It came to my attention, quite accidentally, that a specimen from the Earth Mound Ruins, Nebraska, described by HrdliCka, presents such a markedly similar appearance to that found at Moundville, that a comparison of the two is in order.
Tapajó Pottery
Authors: Kroeber A. L.
Published: April 2006

In Etnologiska Studier 8, 1939, Helen Palmatary analyzes former Tapajó pottery from Santarem, Brazil. On pages 122–123, she gives a tabulated list of thirty-five structural and stylistic pottery traits from eleven South and North American areas. These areas, she says, are “generalized somewhat,” and they are not defined. Her symbols in the table are 3, 2, 1 for frequent, less frequent, rare; p for probably present; a for probably absent; n for no data.
Descubrimientos Arqueologicos en Tierras de los Chibchas
Authors: Alba Gregorio Hernandez de
Published: April 2006

Los Primeros historiadores de la conquista de América que tuvieron conocimiento personal de los pueblos indígenas que desaparecieron rápidamente, exterminados sus habitantes o reemplazadas sus culturas por usos europeos, nos dejaron un incompleto relato etnológico de tales pueblos cuyos verdaderos fenómenos en lo religioso, social, industrial, técnico o artístico solo pueden ser comprobados ahora por el descubrimiento arqueologico. Tal es el caso de los Chibchas Muiskas que habitaron las altiplanicies andinas de Bogota y de Tunja en Colombia. De los dos autores mas autorizados que relataron los usos y costumbres de tales indígenas—Fray Pedro Simón y Don Juan de Castellanos—mucho hay en sus obras de fantasia y de opinión ultra católica. Los demás cronistas como Fray Pedro de Aguado, Lucas Fernández Piedrahita, y Gonzalo Fér-nández de Oviedo parecen repetir a los primeros.
Archaeology in the Rock and Pelican Lake Area of South-Central Manitoba
Authors: Vickers Chris
Published: April 2006

The notes which follow are the work of an amateur. I am fully aware of the possibility that all of the conclusions, speculations, and suggestion s contained in them may be refuted by further inquiry. This would not be unwelcome, for the main reason for compiling the material was the hope that some day The National Museum of Canada and the various scientific institutions in the province would attack the intriguing problems of our archaeology. The University of Manitoba, The Manitoba Museum Association, The Manitoba Historical Society, The Natural History Society, The Government of the Province of Manitoba, and others should be aware of the rich story of our past and should give earnest consideration to securing the necessary funds and properly trained personnel to interpret that story.
Edged (Tanning?) Stones from South Central Montana and North Central Wyoming. Their Possible Use and Distribution
Authors: Lewis Oscar T.
Published: April 2006

In June of 1937 my attention was called to a very stylized artifact found in the vicinity of the Indian Caves by Mr. John Nelson of Billings, Montana. Mr. Nelson had some very fine specimens of this artifact.

The location and description of these artifacts are described by Mr. Nelson as follows:

Beveled edged stones were found along the Yellowstone and Clarks Fork Rivers drainage to a point 60 miles northeast of Billings, Montana. The first one of these beveled stones to be collected by me in 1933–Fig. 28, No. 1, green diorite–was on the head of the Middle Fork of Canyon Creek 20 miles west of Billings, beneath a sandstone escarpment in a deep dry wash near the immediate vicinity of a large camp site. At this particular camp site as well as most of the sites where these beveled stones are found, they are found in association with the oval manos and metate.
A Shell Bracelet Manufactory
Authors: Woodward Arthur
Published: April 2006

Some of the most common artifacts found on all of the ancient Hohokam sites in southern Arizona, and upon many of the Pueblo sites further to the north in both Arizona and New Mexico, are the thin, well-made bracelets, earrings and finger rings, fashioned from the Glycimeris shell. The broken fragments of these specimens are particularly noticeable in the great trash heaps marking the Hohokam villages. The normal type is a plain, smoothly-cut, well-polished circlet of shell, usually perforated with a small hole at the apex of the hinge.

Although archaeologists have long been familiar with these, and know that the shells from which they were made are found in the Gulf of California, the origin of the artifacts themselves has not been established. It has been inferred that the Indians of the interior obtained the complete shells in trade, or that in ancient times the inhabitants of the Gila and Salt valleys traveled to the Gulf, a nine days' journey on foot, even as the Pima and Papago have resorted thither for salt in more recent historic times.
Supplementary Data on Early Man in America
Authors: Fischel Hans E.
Published: April 2006

E. H. Sellards’ recent paper, Early Man in America, was intended to be an index to all localities in which human remains are reported to have been found associated with extinct animals or in deposits that appear to be of an age equivalent to those that elsewhere contain extinct animals. The author states that some localities doubtless have been overlooked that should have been included.

It so happens that prior to writing the Folsom paper to which Sellards refers, I had outlined a general discussion of Early Man in America. In so doing I came across a considerable part of the literature which was never reproduced in the abbreviated Folsom paper as published. A check with Sellards’ paper allows me to add the following sites for which the same reservation holds which Sellards made, insofar as some of these sites might not meet the requirements of bona fide antiquity.
Statistical Classification
Authors: Kroeber A. L.
Published: April 2006

I present herewith four-cell coefficients calculated from data given in two recent midwestern archaeological reports by Webb and Griffin. The purpose is not controversial, since in a simple situation involving a small number of culturally related sites a competent archaeologist saturated in his material can draw all important classificatory inferences and it would be vain to hope that any statistical device would add anything fundamental. What calculations can do in such a case is this: (1) Check errors and oversights of “intuitive” or inspectional interpretation. This of course holds both ways: if there is serious disagreement, a coraputatory error may be at fault. (2) Present results with added clarity and incisiveness, especially after numerical coefficients have been translated into diagrams. (3) Indicate minor revisions of classification. (4) Sometimes suggest the factor at work if a classification comes out conflicting or dubious at certain points.
A New Method of Sherd Classification
Authors: Drier Roy Ward
Published: April 2006

In times long before history was recorded in America, a people or peoples mined native copper on the shores of Lake Superior. Every copper-bearing vein mined here by modern man has shown indications of mining by prehistoric man. The copper which the primitives mined, and the artifacts made of the copper, were found by early settlers and explorers of this continent to be distributed throughout the Mississippi Valley and the Northeast.
The Archaeology of Jamaica: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Howard Robert R.
Published: April 2006

Jamaica, the third largest island in the West Indies, has probably received less archaeological attention than any other island in the Greater Antilles. There are several reasons for this neglect. Jamaican archaeological remains are not very spectacular and offer few features to excite the interest or curiosity of the casual observer. The Jamaican Arawak were exterminated so early and so effectively by the Spaniards that they were able to contribute virtually nothing ethnically or culturally to the history of the island in the historic period.
A Chinese Soapstone Carving from Yucatan
Authors: Cammann Schuyler V. R.
Published: April 2006

J. Alden Mason (1951) described two soapstone figurines which seemed to be of Chinese manufacture that have turned up in Mexico and Guatemala, respectively. In connection with these, I should like to call attention to still another object of the same substance, discovered in Yucatan, which is undoubtedly of Chinese manufacture.

Gann (1918) illustrates a “soapstone lamp” which he had found in a mound near Bacalar in Quintana Roo. He describes this “lamp” as decorated in front with a floral design and at the back by wing or feather-like ornaments possibly meant to represent the tail and halffolded wings of a bird, and remarks that its pleasing design and flowing lines are totally unlike the cramped and highly conventional style found in “similar small objects of ancient Maya manufacture.”
Radiocarbon Age of the Damariscotta Shell Heaps
Authors: Bradley W. H.
Published: April 2006

The large oyster shell heaps on both sides of the Damariscotta River, just north of the towns of Damariscotta and Newcastle, Maine, have been known for many years and both geologists and archaeologists have speculated about their age. During the summer of 1955 I made 2 collections of Mya shells from the largest shell heap on the west side of the river (Glidden estate) for radiocarbon age determinations.
Rejoinder to Taylor
Authors: MacNeish Richard S.
Published: April 2006

In a review of MacNeish"s Preliminary Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico, Taylor claims that the sequence of phases is built largely on the evidence from Diablo Cave and that the method of analysis is based on the premise that one congery of artifacts equals one phase. MacNeish rejects these claims by reviewing the way in which he used single components and stratigraphically unmixed deposits from several sites to work out the phase sequence.
Coiled Sherds from the High Plains
Authors: Metcalf George
Published: April 2006

Several sherds from western Kansas, probably associated with Upper Republican or Woodland material, are from vessels made by coiling, in contrast to the “noncoiled” or “lump-modeled” technique usually considered characteristic of Plains pottery.
Trade Goods Research Techniques
Authors: Kidd Kenneth E.
Published: April 2006

The Past Decade has witnessed a phenomenal development of historical archaeology in America; concomitantly, there is an upsurge of interest in the European artifacts found on the sites which have been excavated. On sites which were exclusively European in occupancy, these goods had served domestic purposes only; on Indian sites, they represented the new needs of the aborigines, the policies of colonial administration, and numerous other facts which it is not necessary to detail here. These European artifacts, and particularly the ones found on sites occupied by Indians, have aroused the interest of archaeologists, partly for their own sake, and partly because they seem to offer a new means of dating. It is with the last-named possibility that this article is concerned.

Indian sites of historic vintage frequently yield European artifacts, especially along the coastal areas. Many of these villages, however, are otherwise unknown to history. If some means of accurately dating them could be devised, they would at least be assignable to some specific period.
The Geological Approach to Dating Archaeological Sites
Authors: Péwé Troy L.
Published: April 2006

Abasic Question that must be answered for any archaeological site is, how old is it? Although some archaeological sites can be dated on the basis of archaeological correlations alone and although dendrochronological (Giddings, 1952, pp. 105-110) and radiocarbon methods give absolute ages for other sites, many sites can be dated only by methods based on the geologists’ knowledge of geographic and climatic changes during the last few tens of thousands of years. The dates of these changes are established in part by radiocarbon and related methods. Study of archaeological sites accurately dated by radiocarbon methods will amplify the geologists’ understanding of late Quaternary events.

The well known techniques of dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating need no discussion. The interrelations of methods that depend ultimately on our knowledge of Quaternary climatic and geographic changes are not always well understood, however, by archaeologists. The present paper is intended to clarify some of these interrelations.
The Role of the Nonprofessional in the Local Society
Authors: Webb Clarence H.
Published: April 2006

The history of the natural sciences is replete with instances of valuable contributions by nonprofessionals, from the discovery of new stars, the recognition and description of new species of flora and fauna, the collection and accurate recording of specimens, to the interpretation of the sciences to the general public through the media of the written and spoken word. Many museums have been founded or enriched through the generosity of amateur enthusiasts. Unfortunately, on the other side of the coin there are too many instances of commercialism, hoaxes, and fakes in many sciences. Archaeology is a favorite field of the nonprofessionals, who are to be found in every city or town, running the full gamut of boyhood curio seeker, amateur collector, Boy Scout explorer, private museum owner, serious nonprofessional student, pot hunter, commercial collector and trader, manufacturer and purveyor of false artifacts, and manipulator of skillful hoaxes.
Contributions to the Archaeology of Northern Honshu: Part II, Ogawara Pit-House Culture
Authors: MacCord Howard A.
Published: April 2006

This is the second in a series of 3 articles describing recent finds by the writer in northern Honshu, Japan. The first article (AMERICAN ANTIQUITY, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 12- 31) was devoted to an introduction to the series and to the description of sites and materials of the Jomon (Neolithic) period. This article is a description of the protohistoric (Haji period) sites found and explored in Kamikita Gun, Aomori Prefecture, Honshu. These sites are primarily those of small villages, in 3 instances fortified by a ditch or an earthen wall. The outstanding characteristic of all these sites is that the old house pits can still be located by the circular, saucer-like depressions showing on the present surface. In addition to the concentrations of house pits which represent villages, many individual house pits may be found scattered about the region.
Metalworking Tools from the Central Coast of Peru
Authors: Lothrop S. K.
Published: April 2006

Hammering and embossing are the most primitive forms of metalworking and they appear at the beginning of the history of Peruvian metals, but they have maintained their popularity in that country during all periods until the present. It is an archaeological characteristic of the coast of Peru that most copper or bronze objects were cast and that most gold and silver artifacts were hammered to shape. The Peruvians not only hammered flat surfaces but hollow'goblets and even hollow figures of men and animals. These were made in various sections and were joined by solder, an art mastered at a very early period.
The Artificial Small Group Study and Archaeological Excavation
Authors: Dupree Louis
Published: April 2006

When archaeologists go into the field to excavate, they generally pass up excellent opportunities to contribute to ethnology, physical anthropology, linguistics, or some other branch of this ever-widening subject of anthropology. Before undertaking such extracurricular research, the archaeologist must familiarize himself with the general ethnography of his region. Such tools as the Outline of Cultural Materials (1950) and Notes and Queries on Anthropology, Sixth Edition (1951), can be used to obtain such ethnographic control.

By hiring workmen the archaeologist creates a unique research tool — an artificial small group within an already functioning society. This group is artificial in the sense that it does not arise from the society itself, and is likely to cease functioning after the departure of the diggers. The artificial small group consists of locally hired workmen, plus the archaeological party, and seldom numbers over 50. This artificially created group will become a “face to face” or “natural group” (Coon 1948: 563) as it meets from day to day.
An Early Pottery Site in the Chukchi Peninsula
Authors: Chard Chester S.
Published: April 2006

Discovery of a second small prehistoric site in the interior of the Chukchi Peninsula during the summer of 1952 is of interest despite the paucity of the material recovered. The finds, including the first pottery from the region, are sufficient to shed some light on a littleknown area whose past is of great concern to Americanists. Okladnikov's report (1953) forms the basis for this account.

The first interior site, consisting of surface finds on the Yakitikiveem River judged on typological grounds to be of “Neolithic” age in the East Siberian sense of the term, was summarized by Krader (1952). Previously, archaeological knowledge of the extreme northeast tip of Siberia had been limited to coastal sites left by a sedentary sea hunting population — ancestors of the Eskimo. The oldest of these are not thought by Russian investigators to go beyond 500 B.C. The Yakitikiveem finds undoubtedly represent the wandering reindeer hunters of the tundra who must have preceded the historic reindeer-breeding population in the interior of the Chukchi Peninsula.
Chibcha Aesthetics
Authors: Burland C. A.
Published: April 2006

When we look at modern works of art we too often talk of the aesthetic taste of the individual artist without taking into consideration his place in a national culture, or an economic group. Towards “primitive” art we take a completely opposite viewpoint. Even when considering such a highly sophisticated art as that of pre-Columbian America, we are prone to give it an archaeological label and call a work of art an “interesting specimen.”
Anthropomorphic Mat from New Mexico
Authors: Hughes Jack T.
Published: April 2006

Several Southwestern archaeologists who have seen the mat pictured in Figure 136 consider it unusual enough to merit description in print, despite a scarcity of information about its provenience and associations.

The mat has catalog number 943/7 in the collections of the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum at Canyon, Texas. It was donated to the Museum by Henry Crain of Canyon in 1942. Mr. Crain informs me that he found the mat in a multiroomed cave about 1/2 mile above the mouth of Mule Creek, a tributary of the San Francisco River in the Mogollon Range of southwestern New Mexico, not far from Clifton, Arizona. He and several hunting companions removed the mat and other archaeological materials from the cave in 1899, when he was ranching in the Mogollon region. Other items included 2 small brown pottery bowls, 2 wooden bows 4 or 5 feet long, and a number of obsidian-tipped arrows.
The Tipi Rings of the High Plains
Authors: Malouf Carling
Published: April 2006

Stone circles known as tipi rings are a common feature of the Northern and Northwestern Plains of western North America. There are several types of stone circles: (1) a single course of stone in a simple circle; (2) more complex circles with several courses of stones; (3) circular walls made of piled-up stones; (4) corrals or forts of horizontal logs and stones; (5) stone circles of unusual size or with lines of rocks inside the circle. Studies of tipi-ring sites in Montana, Wyoming, and adjacent regions are summarized. The clusters of circles are usually found along main routes of travel and near water, fuel, and good hunting areas. Although many of these sites have been mapped, only a few of them have been excavated. Despite the paucity of cultural remains found in the excavations, the tipi-ring clusters are generally considered to be the archaeological remains of camps and villages of people who dwelt in conical, skin-covered lodges. The stones are believed to have been used to hold the skin lodge cover snug against the ground. Historical records, ethnographic observations, and the recollections of present-day Indian informants confirm these interpretations. Data from 136 recently studied tipi-ring sites along a 300-mile pipe-line from Greenriver, Wyoming, to Denver, Colorado, provide further archaeological demonstration of the domestic origin of the tipi rings. Only the very small or very large rings, or those with spokes or lines of rocks through them, such as the so-called medicine wheels, are considered to have served a ceremonial purpose.
Navajo and Anglo Reconstruction of Prehistoric Sites in Southeastern Utah
Authors: Adams William Y.
Published: April 2006

Examples of the rebuilding of a boulder structure by Navajo and of a cliff dwelling by uranium prospectors, both buildings in Pueblo III sites in the lower San Juan River drainage, illustrate the difficulty of establishing universally valid, diagnostic house types.
The Schaake Village Site in Central Washington
Authors: Swanson Earl H.
Published: April 2006

This is a preliminary report on a stratified site in the Vantage region of the Columbia Plateau (Fig. 1). The earliest occupation dates from 10,000 years or more ago, and the sequence terminates with historic aboriginal habitations. The geology has been treated elsewhere (Swanson 1956), and the Early Man remains are being prepared for publication. This report concerns the last inhabitants of the site, who lived at various times in a small village on the surface of the floodplain terrace (Fig. 2).
A Paleo-Indian Bison-Kill in Northwestern Iowa
Authors: Agogino George A. , Frankforter W. D.
Published: April 2006

The lowest levels of the Simonsen site produced projectile points, scrapers, and knives in association with Bison occidentalis. The level is dated by radiocarbon at 6471 B.C. ± 520 years. The triangular, side-notched, and concave-based Simonsen point resembles points from the Turin and Hill sites in Iowa and the Logan Creek site in Nebraska. The close resemblances between the collections from the Simonsen site and the Logan Creek site, which is also radiocarbon dated, provide a basis for dating the essentially similar preceramic material from the Turin and Hill sites.
Cultural and Natural Areas before Kroeber
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Kroeber's classic study of the “Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America” has been invaluable to eth' nologists and archaeologists working with cultural phenomena more recent than the beginning of the Christian era. However, it has become increasingly evident that the cultural and natural areas of the neo-Indian (the term used by Griffin, 1946, p. 38) were not necessarily those of the paleo-Indian (the term used by Roberts, 1940, pp. 51-116). It is therefore my intent here to outline briefly, and without much detail, the cultural and natural areas of the paleo-Indian.

I have focused my attention upon glaciation, because the presence of a continental glacier seems to have been a major factor of North American paleogeography in the periods here considered. Climate, which possibly is more the result of, than the cause of, glaciation, I have interpreted in terms of pollen levels, and any other phenomena that I could understand.
Identification of Lithic Implements of Contemporary Manufacture
Authors: Wormington H. M.
Published: April 2006

With an increasing number of flint knappers producing stone implements in an effort to study the techniques used by prehistoric man, there is a possibility that these specimens will ultimately find their way into collections and be regarded as prehistoric artifacts. This danger can be largely eliminated if the knappers will use a small diamond nib to inscribe their initials and the last two digits of the year of manufacture on the specimens.
Seriation Methods for Archaeological Materials
Authors: Gelfand Alan E.
Published: April 2006

This paper considers two recently developed mathematical techniques in archaeological seriation. Both techniques take as given, a similarity matrix between the objects to be ordered. The first method is a "linkage" procedure, while the second (and preferred) is an "averaging" procedure. The second method, though a bit more mathematical, has been very successful in application to real data. Both techniques have several good features which will be considered. For both illustrative and comparative purposes, the methods have been applied to several sets of archaeological data considered by other researchers. As the comparisons will show, the results have been surprisingly good. More specifically, for such comparisons to be made, a criterion for comparing the "goodness" of different serial orders for a particular set of data is of great interest. A criterion, or "goodness of fit" index of this type will be developed and interpreted as well as used for the comparisons of interest. Lastly, a section is devoted to more general discussion of what sorts of data are suitable for reduction by seriation techniques.
Middle Mississippian Agricultural Fields
Authors: Fowler Melvin L.
Published: April 2006

Aerial photographs made with hand-held cameras and taken from small aircraft revealed soil discolorations on two sites in Illinois. The light and dark parallel lines were interpreted as evidence of prehistoric agricultural fields. Evidence of houses in the center of these fields was also noted. Ground reconnaissance, controlled surface collecting, and cross-trenching tended to confirm this interpretation. These data were compared with archaeological evidence from Macon Plateau in Georgia and historic records for the Great Lakes region. It is proposed that Mississippian agriculture was based upon a field system and a technique of ridge-furrow cultivation that made it possible to utilize low-lying river bottom land.
Atlatl Spurs from California
Authors: Riddell Francis A. , McGeein Donald F.
Published: April 2006

Atlatl engaging spurs are recorded from most regions of California and are placed provisionally into three types. Type I, “Snake head,” is composed primarily of specimens made of stone and has Central California Early horizon, Martis complex, and Early-Transitional Lovelock affinities. Type II, “Acorn,” is composed primarily of bone or antler specimens with Central California Middle horizon affinities. Type III may be a variant of Type I and has, as yet, undefined cultural and temporal affinities.