bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF FOLIAGE-DWELLING INSECT PESTS IN COMMERCIAL FIELDS AND INSECTICIDE-FREE PLOTS OF POTATO IN MANITOBA
Authors: Senanayake D.G. , Holliday N.J.
Published: November 2009

Patterns of seasonal abundance of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris), potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), and aphids on potato cv. Norland are reported for the 1983–1985 growing seasons in southern Manitoba. Each year, Colorado potato beetles and potato flea beetles underwent one generation on the crop. There were two peaks of leafhopper abundance in 1983 and 1984, but only one was evident in 1985. Aphid populations rose to a single peak in August of each year.

In experimental plots in the absence of insecticides, Colorado potato beetles completely defoliated plants in two seasons out of the three. In commercial fields, insecticide sprays applied in July and early August greatly reduced populations of Colorado potato beetles for the rest of the season, and there was no defoliation at harvest. Insecticides had less effect on potato flea beetle populations. Leafhopper and aphid populations were small at the time of spraying.
POPULATION DENSITY ESTIMATION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE FROM 45-CM MID-CROWN BRANCH TIPS
Authors: Régnière Jacques , Lysyk Timothy J. , Auger Michel
Published: November 2009

The 45-cm mid-crown branch tip from balsam fir and white spruce is described in terms of surface area, fresh weight, and bud density. Fresh weight is suggested as the most appropriate unit to express density of all stages of the spruce budworm’s,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.), life cycle, particularly for the purposes of comparisons between host species and locations with different foliage conditions.

Changes in distribution of the spruce budworm in the crown of balsam fir are documented for all stages of the insect’s life cycle. Correction factors to account for these changes when estimating density on the basis of the 45-cm branch tip sampling unit are given for balsam fir and white spruce.

The amount of error in detection of spruce budworm larvae on foliage of both host trees by sampling personnel varied systematically and consistently as a function of insect development. A method to compensate for this type of error is also suggested.
ESTIMATING STAGE SURVIVAL FROM RECRUITMENT AND DENSITY DATA, WITH REFERENCE TO EGG MORTALITY IN THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELDIAE)
Authors: Van Driesche R.G. , Bellows T.S. , Ferro D.N. , Hazzard R. , Maher A.
Published: November 2009

Stage survival is typically calculated from estimates of numbers entering two successive life stages. We present a method that estimates stage survival by reference to the difference between directly measured recruitment to the stage and the estimate of recruitment obtained from Southwood and Jepson’s graphical technique. The method assumes mortality is constant within the stage. The method is applied to two generations (at two sites) of the egg stage of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and the predicted stage survivals are compared, for two generations, with direct field measurements of egg mortality.
THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): DISTRIBUTION, TEMPERATURE ADAPTATIONS, AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY
Authors: Gerber G.H.
Published: November 2009

Most of the range of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, lies within the Western Cordillera and Interior Plains physiographic regions of North America between latitudes 45°N and 68°N. Entomoscelis americana is associated mainly with three types of vegetation: forests, forest–grasslands, and grasslands. Temperature adaptations in the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages that permit E. americana to occupy its present range are outlined. Host plant abundance may be the main factor preventing eastward extension of its range. Climate and host plant abundance together appear to limit E. americana to low altitude locations north of 60°N latitude. Eight of the temperature adaptations of the egg and adult stages together seem to limit southward extension of the range. Entomoscelis Chevr. appears to have a Holarctic distribution, with 11 species in the Palearctic region and one (E. americana) in the Nearctic region. The stock giving rise to E. americana may have migrated to North America during the Pleistocene when the Bering land bridge was in existence. Entomoscelis americana likely spent the Wisconsinan glacial period south of the ice in the Western Cordillera and (or) in central United States.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), LARVAE ON FOLIAGE OF GYMNOSPERMS
Authors: Miller Jeffrey C. , Hanson Paul E.
Published: November 2009

The development of gypsy moth larvae was monitored in the laboratory on the foliage of 39 species belonging to 18 genera in the Araucaraceae, Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Pinaceae, Taxaceae, and Taxodiaceae. Larval survival through successive molts, time of larval development, live female pupal weights, and adult female production of ova were measured as indicators of host plant suitability for the gypsy moth. The criteria for distinguishing the most suitable hosts were as follows: (1) greater than 80% survival of first-instar larvae, (2) development to pupation in less than 41 days, (3) female pupal weights over 1099 mg, and (4) the production of more than 350 ova. The most suitable species were in the Pinaceae, in particular, Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don, Larix decidua Mill., and Picea pungens Engelm. The least suitable species were in the Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Taxaceae. First-, second-, and third-instar larvae often differed in their ability to survive on new foliage compared with foliage from the previous year. Overall, first-instar larvae successfully developed into adults on 20 of the species tested but second-instar larvae developed into adults on 29 of the species tested. First- through fourth- or fifth-instar larvae failed to develop into adults on eight of the species tested.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OFLASIOGLOSSUM(EVYLAEVS)COOLEYI(CRAWFORD), AN EUSOCIAL HALICTINE BEE (HYMENOPTERA: HALICTTDAE)
Authors: Packer Laurence , Owen Robin E.
Published: November 2009

A nesting aggregation ofLasioglossum(Evylaeus)cooleyi(Crawford) was studied on the campus of the University of British Columbia in July 1988. This species is primitively eusocial. There was a 7.3% size difference between queens and their workers; 40% of the latter had well-developed ovaries and 14% were mated. Thus, this species is one of the most primitively social members of its subgenus. The cells were not gathered together in a cluster or surrounded by a cavity. This species has a haploid chromosome number of 18, the largest number yet recorded for any Halictid bee.
CONSTANCY OF STYLOSTOME FORM IN TWO WATER MITE SPECIES
Authors: Lanciani Carmine A. , Smith Bruce P.
Published: November 2009

Recent studies have suggested that the stylostome of parasitic larval water mites of the genus Arrenurus Dugès is a product of the mite, not the host. We tested this hypothesis by comparing stylostomes of the similar species Arrenurus novimarshallae Wilson and Arrenurus pseudotenuicollis Wilson formed in each of two mosquito species, Anopheles crucians Wiedemann and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say: if the stylostome is produced by the mite, not the host, then stylostome form is likely to be constant in different host species parasitized by the mite.

The stylostome of A. pseudotenuicollis is a short, broad, convoluted sac, and stylostomes within the two host species did not differ significantly. The stylostome of A. novimarshallae is a long, thin, convoluted tube, and although it was significantly smaller in A. quadrimaculatus than in A. crucians, its form remained constant. Dark pigment deposits around the stylostome’s attachment point and along the tube may represent host defense that reduces stylostome growth in A. quadrimaculatus. Laboratory-reared A. novimarshallae often die after a brief engorgement period on A. quadrimaculatus but not on A. crucians.

Thus, the stylostome of these two mite species has a consistent form in each of two host species, an observation compatible with the hypothesis that the stylostome is a product of the mite. In addition, the ease of distinguishing these two mite species on the basis of stylostome morphology attests to the potential value of the stylostome as a taxonomic character.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF RHYNCHOLIMNOCHARES KITTATINNIANA HABEEB (HYDRACHNIDIA: LIMNOCHARIDAE)
Authors: Smith Bruce P.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of Rhyncholimnochares kittatinniana Habeeb are described — the first larval description within the subfamily Rhyncholimnocharinae. The larval instar is apparently wholly aquatic, making members of this genus the fourth lineage within the Hydrachnidia to have acquired this lifestyle independently. Various morphological characteristics of larval R. kittatinniana are adaptations associated with crawling through boundary-layer flow within the gravel of stream beds. Larvae and nymphochrysalids were found attached to the abdominal tergites of elmid beetles within the respiratory airspace.
DESCRIPTION OFSCAPULEREMAEUS KOBAUENSISGEN.NOV., SP.NOV. (ACARI: ORIBATIDA: CYMBAEREMAEIDAE) FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: November 2009

Adults ofScapuleremaeus kobauensisgen.nov., sp.nov. are described from British Columbia. The systematic relationship of this genus to other genera in the Cymbaeremaeidae is discussed.
REVIEW OFOBTUSICAUDA(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, WITH A KEY TO SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A.G. , Halbert Susan E.
Published: November 2009

A review is given for the genusObtusicaudaSoliman in America north of Mexico. The subgenusArtemisaphisKnowlton and Roberts is restored to its original rank of genus. The speciesObtusicauda essigiSoliman,O.jonesi(Gillette and Palmer),O.albicornus(Knowlton and Allen), andO.flavila(Knowlton and Allen) are considered to be synonyms ofO.coweni(Hunter). The speciesO.cefsmithi(Knowlton and Allen) andO.zerohypsi(Knowlton and Allen) are considered to be synonyms ofO.filifoliae(Gillette and Palmer). A key and an annotated list are given for the remaining six species ofObtusicauda.
DESCRIPTION OF DEUTONYMPHS AND ADULTS OF OREGONACARUS RIVULICOLUS GEN.NOV., SP.NOV. (ACARI: LEBERTIOIDEA: ANISITSIELLIDAE)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Deutonymphs and adults of Oregonacarus rivulicolus gen.nov., sp.nov. are described, and distributional data are given for this and other species of Anisitsiellinae inhabiting seepage water habitats in western North America. A revised key to the nearctic genera of Anisitsiellinae and a brief discussion of their phylogenetic relationships are presented.
NORTH AMERICAN WATER MITES OF THE FAMILY MOMONIIDAE VIETS (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA). I. DESCRIPTION OF ADULTS OF CYCLOMOMONIA ANDREWI GEN.NOV., SP.NOV., AND KEY TO WORLD GENERA AND SUBGENERA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Adults of Cyclomomonia andrewi gen.nov., sp.nov. are described from interstitial habitats in small, cascading streams in western North America. The genus Cyclomomonia and the subfamily Cyclomomoniinae are proposed and diagnosed, based primarily on the distinctive, complex structure of the dorsal and ventral shields and the genital field. Possible relationships between Cyclomomonia and other Momoniidae are discussed, and a new key to the world genera and subgenera of the family is presented.
A NEW PEST IN CANADA: RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID, DIURAPHIS NOXIA (MORDVILKO) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Jones J.W. , Byers J.R. , Butts R.A. , Harris J.L.
Published: November 2009

Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, was first detected in Canada in late July 1988 when a few were found on late-maturing spring cereals in southern Alberta near the International Boundary between Coutts and Aden. By the end of September, after dispersal or further immigration influx, it was widespread in Alberta south of Highway #3 and in southwestern Saskatchewan as far east as Swift Current. By mid-October more than 30% of the plants in many fields of winter wheat and fall rye in southern Alberta and up to 20% of plants in some fields of fall rye in southwestern Saskatchewan were infested. In November, Russian wheat aphid was also found on winter wheat in the Creston Valley of British Columbia.
DIAPAUSE TERMINATION AND MORPHOGENESIS OFHOLCOTHORAX TESTACEIPESRATZEBURG (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), AN INTRODUCED PARASITOID OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER,PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA(F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Wang T. , Laing J.E.
Published: November 2009

Low temperature is a major factor regulating diapause development inHolcothorax testaceipesRatzeburg. Diapausing pupae required a cold period of 0°C, 5°C, or outdoor (≤0°C) for ca. 15 weeks to terminate diapause. The pupae required a further 21–27 days at 21°C for 50% emergence. Longer periods and higher temperatures of storage often were associated with shorter times of morphogenesis and duration of emergence. Percentage emergence ofH.testaceipeswas constant after various periods of cold storage at low temperatures. After storage at 0°C, pupae held at 21°C and a 16-h photophase reached 50% emergence sooner than those held at the same temperature but at a 12-h photophase. Photoperiod did not affect percentage or duration of emergence of the parasitoid. The threshold temperature for development of pupalH.testaceipeswas estimated to be 9°C regardless of sex or host species. The thermal constant did not vary with sex of the parasitoids but differed significantly forH.testaceipesreared onPhyllonorycter ringoniellaMatsumura (237 DD) and onPhyllonorycter blancardella(F.) (202 DD). Temperatures from 11 to 29°C did not affect percentage and duration of emergence from overwintered pupae, which were 75.5% and 2.4 days respectively, when reared onP.ringoniella, and 86.2% and 1.7 days respectively, onP.blancardella. These results suggest thatH.testaceipesacceptsP.blancardellaas a host and will be synchronized with its development in Ontario.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLATYHYDRACARUS GEN. NOV. FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH REMARKS ON CLASSIFICATION OF ATHIENEMANNIIDAE (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: ARRENUROIDEA)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Larvae, deutonymphs, and male and female adults of Platyhydracarus juliani sp.nov., and adults of P. parvipalpis sp.nov., are described from rheocrenes and small streams in western North America. The genus Platyhydracarus gen.nov. is proposed and diagnosed, based primarily upon the presence of genital acetabula both in the gonopore and on acetabular plates flanking the gonopore, and of a group of thickened setae anterior to the gonopore, in male adults. Possible relationships between Platyhydracarus and other Athienemanniidae are discussed, and a new key to the genera of Athienemanniinae is presented.
DIPALTA SERPENTINA OSTEN SACKEN (DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE) AS A PREDATOR ON PUPAE OF THE ANTLION MYRMELEON IMMACULATUS DEGEER (NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE) IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Leech Robin , MacDonald-Leech B.J.
Published: November 2009

The first record of Dipalta serpentina Osten Sacken, 1877, preying on larvae of Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer, 1773, was by Smith (1934: 136-137), who stated that the fly larvae were “parasitic” on the antlion larvae. Cole and Schlinger (1969: 251) stated that the fly larva of this species “…is parasitic on the larvae of Myrmeleontidae.”

Although the fly larvae may prey upon the larvae of the antlion, we have established that they definitely prey upon the antlion pupae (Fig. 1). Judging from the emergence dates (early September 1988) of the flies, each had preyed upon an antlion pupa within its cocoon. Each antlion cocoon had one hole in it. An examination of the contents of each antlion cocoon revealed the cast skin of the antlion larva and the empty, clear skin of the antlion pupa. The pupal skins were not split open, which they would have been if the adult antlion had emerged. They were shrivelled, and looked much as if the contents had been sucked out.
EVIDENCE FOR A SEX PHEROMONE IN THE MULLEIN BUG, CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Thistlewood H.M.A. , Borden J.H. , Smith R.F. , Pierce H.D. , McMullen R.D.
Published: November 2009

Male mullein bugs, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), were attracted in field experiments in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia to traps baited with females, extracts of crushed females, or Porapak Q-captured volatiles from females on common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. Extracts from the female head and thorax attracted more males than did abdominal extracts. Traps baited with C. verbasci of both sexes caged together were not attractive. Analysis by coupled gas chromatography – mass spectrometry revealed n-butyl butyrate and n-hexyl butyrate in female extracts and captured volatiles, but only the latter compound in male extracts. However, these esters were unattractive, either alone or combined. We suggest that Porapak Q-captured volatiles could be used in pheromone isolation, and that pheromone-baited traps have promise in monitoring populations of C. verbasci.
COMPARATIVE OPTIMAL TIMES OF APPLICATION OF BENZOYLPHENYL UREAS TO WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Worner Susan P. , Preisler Haiganoush K.
Published: November 2009

Four benzoylphenyl ureas (BPU’S) were tested on the four feeding larval instars of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, from a nondiapausing laboratory colony. BPU’s compared were chlorfluazuron, penfluron, triflumuron, and XRD-473 (N-(((3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl-amino)carbonyl)-2, 6-difluorobenzymide). Although previous evidence suggested that BPU’S were generally most active on younger instars, last-instar western spruce budworm larvae were most susceptible to three of the four tested. Contour plots of estimated effectiveness during development of a western spruce budworm laboratory population indicated that the optimal time of application (lowest LC90) for XRD-473 would be ca. 16 days after the first group of larvae hatched, but the optimal time for the other three BPU’s would be between 40 and 50 days after hatch began. However, chronological age of insects in natural populations is difficult to estimate because of the influence of factors such as climatic conditions (e.g. temperature) and other ecological factors. The need to estimate optimal timing for application of BPU’s and other chemicals in terms of physiological time during population development is discussed.
PERFORMANCE OF A WILLOW-FEEDING BEETLE, CHRYSOMELA KNABI BROWN, AS AFFECTED BY HOST SPECIES AND DIETARY MOISTURE
Authors: Horton David R.
Published: November 2009

Larval performance and adult size of Chrysomela knabi Brown varied with host quality and species. Beetles reared on a low moisture diet of Salix humilis Marsh. or a novel host, S. nigra Marsh., showed reduced growth rates, survival, and adult size compared with performance on the local host, S. humilis, at high moisture. For all performance variables, beetles were least successful on the novel host. Development (hatch to pupation) was 1.2 and 3.9 days faster on the high moisture diet than on the low moisture diet or novel host, respectively. Survival (hatch to pupation) was 8 and 20% higher on the local host (high moisture) than on the low moisture diet and novel host, respectively. Weight and elytral length of newly eclosed adults showed these same trends.
EFFECTS OF CROWDING ON SUPLHURETYLENCHUS SPP. (NEMATODA: ALLANTONEMATIDAE) IN THE HAEMOCOEL OF THEIR BARK BEETLE HOSTS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Tomalak Marek , Welch Harold E. , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

Nematode parasites of bark beetles are taxonomically diverse, and may, in some cases, cause serious pathological and behavioural changes in their hosts (Kaya 1984). Their potential as biological control agents has long been recognized, but to date there is a shortage of elementary information on host-parasite interactions. Though the effects of superparasitism and subsequent crowding on the parasite have been studied for some mermithids (Petersen 1972) and steinernematids (Sandner and Stanuszek 1971), no such observations have been reported for bark beetle parasites. During a survey of nematode parasites of bark beetles in Manitoba, we encountered two examples where nematodes were detrimentally affected at the higher infection rates observed. It was our objective, therefore, to examine the relationship between intensity of infection, and impact on growth and reproduction of the parasites.
MAPPING FOUR LOCI IN GLOSSINA MORSITANS SUBMORSITANS NEWSTEAD (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE)
Authors: Gooding R.H. , Rolseth B.M. , Nesbitt S.A.Tarimo
Published: November 2009

Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead has two pairs of autosomes, a pair of sex chromosomes (males are heterogametic), and from two to seven supernumerary (=B) chromosomes (Southern and Pel1 1973). The only information allowing assignment of loci to linkage groups in this subspecies is that electrophoretic evidence suggests that five polymorphic loci, including Est-2 and Mdh, are autosomal (Gooding 1984a), and breeding experiments indicate that sex ratio distortion, favoring production of females, is due to an X chromosome-linked factor (Gooding 1986).
SPATIAL–TEMPORAL VARIABILITY AND THE STUDY OF AQUATIC INSECTS,
Authors: Resh Vincent H. , Rosenberg David M.
Published: November 2009

Spatial and temporal variability are essential considerations in the study of aquatic insects. Traditionally, these two sources of variability are treated separately; however, they should be considered together because they occur concurrently in natural systems. To illustrate this interaction, we constructed two-way variability tables in which spatial (habitat, reach or zone, system, intersystem) and temporal (within a day, within a season, within a year, year to year) scales were ordered on separate axes, and examples of concurrent spatial and temporal variability were entered at the intersects of the scales. We examined three aspects of aquatic insect life histories in lotic and lentic waters using such tables: emergence, feeding and growth, and movements and migrations. It proved easier to find examples for the stream tables than for the lake tables, perhaps because of greater spatial and temporal variability in lotic than lentic waters. Also, more papers have been published on stream than on lake insects over the last decade or so. Spatial and temporal scales at which lotic and lentic research is done were determined by examining the recent contents of five key aquatic journals (≈ 500 articles). Research on aquatic insects appears generally to be done at relatively long temporal scales, but at smaller spatial and shorter temporal scales in lotic than lentic systems. Perusal of the literature to find examples of concurrent spatial and temporal variability revealed the prevalence of a “mean-values” appproach to data analysis, in which investigators “homogenize” data to reduce spatial and temporal variability. However, it is this spatial and temporal variability that often provides an explanation of factors causing the patterns observed. A “variance” approach, in which data are disaggregated and fluctuations or extremes are considered, may be far more informative and may elucidate underlying mechanisms.
An immanent approach to death: Theological implications of a secular view
Authors: Du Toit Cornel W.
Published: November 2009

The thesis of this article is that contemporary people are increasingly ousting death from their consciousness and focussing instead on the complexities of life in a context of horizontal transcendence. This replaces the Pauline notion that death is the fruit of sin and will be overcome if its real cause, sin, is vanquished through the death and resurrection of Christ. The article shows how religions, the state and civil society have abused human fear of death in the course of history. It examines the way science has ‘biologised’ death and the impact this has on concepts such as soul, the hereafter and identity. Reflection on the hereafter tends to make light of death. The article deals with some philosophical models (especially those of Hegel and Heidegger) that incorporate the negative (non-being, death) into life (the subject). I then outline a model incorporating death into life at a horizontal transcendental level in order to make death plausible. The example cited is Sölle’s work. The article concludes with a discussion of some theological implications of an immanent approach to death.
Healthy economics or cautionary tales? The narrative microeconomics of four Matthean healing stories
Authors: Anderson Laura
Published: November 2009

This article explores the four Matthean stories wherein an individual supplicant requests a healing on behalf of someone else: the centurion for his paralyzed servant, the ruler for his dead daughter, the Canaanite woman for her demon-possessed daughter, and the man for his epileptic son. The paper proposes a methodology of narrative microeconomic analysis. By applying the method to the stories, a pattern of three primary exchanges is observed: the locational, healing and conflict exchanges. By examining how the stories conform to and deviate from this pattern, a complex picture of the textual microeconomies emerges, one that contradicts the unitary macro-narrative of healing. The microeconomic analysis reveals Jesus to be a complex, ambivalent figure: He creates conflicts that hinder the healing process and invariably excludes someone or some group before completing any healing. The pedagogical, formational and theological implications of these omplexities are briefly considered in local and global contexts.
Prospective and Retrospective Measures of Child Maltreatment and Their Association With Psychopathology
Authors: Baldwin Jessie R. , Coleman Oonagh , Francis Emma R. , Danese Andrea
Published: May 2024

Importance

Prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment identify largely different groups of individuals. However, it is unclear if these measures are differentially associated with psychopathology.

Objective

To analyze the associations of prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment with psychopathology.

Data Sources

Based on a preregistered protocol, Embase, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE were searched for peer-reviewed studies published by January 1, 2023, that measured the associations of prospective and retrospective measures of child maltreatment with psychopathology.

Study Selection

Titles and abstracts of all articles captured by the search and full texts of potentially eligible studies were independently screened by 2 authors. Observational studies with measures of the association of prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment with psychopathology were included.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Multiple investigators independently extracted data. Multilevel random-effects meta-analyses were used to pool the results and test predictors of heterogeneity.

Main Outcome and Measures

Associations between prospective or retrospective measures of child maltreatment and psychopathology, both unadjusted and adjusted (ie, the association between prospective measures of maltreatment and psychopathology adjusted for retrospective measures, and vice versa), and moderation of these associations by preselected variables.

Results

The meta-analyses were based on 24 studies including 15 485 individuals (51.0% female; mean age, 21.3 years at retrospective report). Retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment showed stronger associations with psychopathology relative to prospective measures in both unadjusted analyses (retrospective measures: odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95%, 1.94-2.42 vs prospective measures: OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.39-1.76) and adjusted analyses (retrospective measures: OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.90-2.42 vs prospective measures: OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.13-1.41). There was no statistically significant moderation of the unadjusted or adjusted associations between prospective measures of child maltreatment and psychopathology. The associations between retrospective measures and psychopathology were stronger when the assessment of psychopathology was based on self-reports and was focused on internalizing or emotional disorders.

Conclusions and Relevance

Psychopathology is more strongly associated with retrospective measures—which capture the first-person, subjective appraisal of childhood events reflected in memory recall—compared to prospective measures—which essentially capture third-person accounts of such events. Maltreatment-related psychopathology may be driven by subjective interpretations of experiences, distressing memories, and associated schemas, which could be targeted by cognitive interventions.
Management of Gallstone Pancreatitis
Authors: McDermott James , Kao Lillian S. , Keeley Jessica A. , Nahmias Jeffry , de Virgilio Christian
Published: May 2024

Importance

Gallstone pancreatitis (GSP) is the leading cause of acute pancreatitis, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. Without appropriate and timely treatment, patients are at increased risk of disease progression and recurrence. While there is increasing consensus among guidelines for the management of mild GSP, adherence to these guidelines remains poor. In addition, there is minimal evidence to guide clinicians in the treatment of moderately severe and severe pancreatitis.

Observations

The management of GSP continues to evolve and is dependent on severity of acute pancreatitis and concomitant biliary diagnoses. Across the spectrum of severity, there is evidence that goal-directed, moderate fluid resuscitation decreases the risk of fluid overload and mortality compared with aggressive resuscitation. Patients with isolated, mild GSP should undergo same-admission cholecystectomy; early cholecystectomy within 48 hours of admission has been supported by several randomized clinical trials. Cholecystectomy should be delayed for patients with severe disease; for severe and moderately severe disease, the optimal timing remains unclear. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is only useful for patients with suspected cholangitis or biliary obstruction, although the concomitance of these conditions in patients with GSP is rare. Modality of evaluation of the common bile duct to rule out concomitant choledocholithiasis varies and should be tailored to level of concern based on objective measures, such as laboratory results and imaging findings. Among these modalities, intraoperative cholangiography is associated with reduced length of stay and decreased use of ERCP. However, the benefit of routine intraoperative cholangiography remains in question.

Conclusions and Relevance

Treatment of GSP is dependent on disease severity, which can be difficult to assess. A comprehensive review of clinically relevant evidence and recommendations on GSP severity grading, fluid resuscitation, timing of cholecystectomy, need for ERCP, and evaluation and management of persistent choledocholithiasis can help guide clinicians in diagnosis and management.
Design and Preparation of Multicolor Long‐Lifetime Fluorescent Material Based on Charge‐Separated States
Authors: Lu Peng , Zhou Mengdie , Yuan Yongjie , Yu Yan , Zhang Hailiang
Published: May 2024

Afterglow materials have the advantages of long luminescent lifetime and large stokes shift, which show good application prospects in fields such as probes, anti‐counterfeiting, and organic light‐emitting diode (OLED). Nevertheless, the preparation of multicolor long afterglow materials with simple components remains a challenge. This article proposes a general strategy for preparing room temperature long‐lifetime fluorescent polymer materials. This strategy involves doping various fluorescent small molecules containing electron‐donating groups into polymers containing electron‐withdrawing groups. The results show the two components can form charge‐separated state by long‐range charge transfer, and the excitons recombined in fluorescent molecules and emitted long‐lived fluorescence. After photoactivation, the P3COMe film doped with 1% RhB can emit red fluorescent afterglow. The lifetime can achieve 39.4 ms, and the afterglow can last 4.17 s. Meanwhile, by introducing fluorescent molecules with different luminescent colors, the multicolor long‐lifetime fluorescence is also realized. In addition, the influence of the structure of luminescent small molecules on the afterglow fluorescent properties of their doped films is also elucidated.
Polyacrylic Acid‐Coated Selenium‐Doped Carbon Dots Inhibit Ferroptosis to Alleviate Chemotherapy‐Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Li Jiahuan , Fu Chengcheng , Feng Baoli , Liu Qingquan , Gu Jiangjiang , Khan Mohammad Nauman , Sun Lvhui , Wu Honghong , Wu Hao
Published: May 2024

Cisplatin‐associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe clinical syndrome that significantly restricts the chemotherapeutic application of cisplatin in cancer patients. Ferroptosis, a newly characterized programmed cell death driven by the lethal accumulation of lipid peroxidation, is widely reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cisplatin‐associated AKI. Targeted inhibition of ferroptosis holds great promise for developing novel therapeutics to alleviate AKI. Unfortunately, current ferroptosis inhibitors possess low bioavailability or perform non‐specific accumulation in the body, making them inefficient in alleviating cisplatin‐associated AKI or inadvertently reducing the anti‐tumor efficacy of cisplatin, thus not suitable for clinical application. In this study, a novel selenium nanomaterial, polyacrylic acid‐coated selenium‐doped carbon dots (SeCD), is rationally developed. SeCD exhibits high biocompatibility and specifically accumulates in the kidney. Administration of SeCD effectively scavenges broad‐spectrum reactive oxygen species and significantly facilitates GPX4 expression by releasing selenium, resulting in strong mitigation of ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells and substantial alleviation of cisplatin‐associated AKI, without compromising the chemotherapeutic efficacy of cisplatin. This study highlights a novel and promising therapeutic approach for the clinical prevention of AKI in cancer patients undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy.
Analytic Continuation of Multipoint Correlation Functions
Authors: Ge Anxiang , Halbinger Johannes , Lee Seung‐Sup B. , von Delft Jan , Kugler Fabian B.
Published: May 2024

Conceptually, the Matsubara formalism (MF), using imaginary frequencies, and the Keldysh formalism (KF), formulated in real frequencies, give equivalent results for systems in thermal equilibrium. The MF has less complexity and is thus more convenient than the KF. However, computing dynamical observables in the MF requires the analytic continuation from imaginary to real frequencies. The analytic continuation is well‐known for two‐point correlation functions (having one frequency argument), but, for multipoint correlators, a straightforward recipe for deducing all Keldysh components from the MF correlator had not been formulated yet. Recently, a representation of MF and KF correlators in terms of formalism‐independent partial spectral functions and formalism‐specific kernels was introduced by Kugler, Lee, and von Delft [Phys. Rev. X 11, 041006 (2021)]. This representation is used to formally elucidate the connection between both formalisms. How a multipoint MF correlator can be analytically continued to recover all partial spectral functions and yield all Keldysh components of its KF counterpart is shown. The procedure is illustrated for various correlators of the Hubbard atom.
tert‐Butyl as a Functional Group: Non‐Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C−H Bonds
Authors: Chan Siu‐Chung , Palone Andrea , Bietti Massimo , Costas Miquel
Published: May 2024

The tert‐butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol−1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert‐butyl C−H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro‐tert‐butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese‐oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert‐butyl C−H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site‐selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert‐butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late‐stage hydroxylation at tert‐butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert‐butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
Innovative Approach to Chiral Polyurethanes: Asymmetric Copolymerization with Isocyanates
Authors: Teng Yong‐Qiang , Ren Bai‐Hao , Liu Ye , Gao Jie , Ren Wei‐Min , Lu Xiao‐Bing
Published: May 2024

The introduction of nitrogen‐containing functional groups to chiral polymer backbones enables the tailoring of physical properties and offers opportunities for further post‐polymerization modification. However, the substrate scope of such polymers is extremely limited because monomers having nitrogen‐containing groups can change coordination state with respect to the metal centers, thus decreasing the activity and enantioselectivity and even poisoning the catalyst completely. In this paper, we report our attempts to carry out the asymmetric copolymerization of meso‐epoxide with highly reactive isocyanates. In particular, we found that biphenol‐linked bimetallic Co(III) complexes with multiple chiral centers are very efficient in catalyzing this asymmetric copolymerization reaction, affording optically active polyurethanes with a completely alternating nature and a high enantioselectivity of up to 94 % ee. Crucially, we identified that the steric hindrance at the phenolate ortho position of the ligand strongly influences the catalytic activity and product enantioselectivity. In addition, density functional theory calculations revealed that the highly sterically bulky substituents change the mechanism from bimetallic to monometallic, and result in the unexpected inversion of the chiral induction direction. Moreover, the high stereoregularity of the produced polyurethanes enhances their thermal stability, and they can be selectively decomposed into oxazolidinones. This study offers a versatile methodology for the synthesis of chiral polymers containing nitrogen functionalities.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Trisulfides from S‐Substituted Sulphenylthiosulphates
Authors: Liang Shuaishuai , Ma Liye , Guo Zihao , Liu Fanmin , Lin Zijian , Yi Wenbin
Published: May 2024

Trisulfide unit is widely found in natural products and has garnered attention due to the unique pharmacological and physiochemical properties. However, despite limited progress, widely applicable approaches for constructing unsymmetrical trisulfides have so far remain scarce. In this work, an easy‐to‐prepare, solid‐state and scalable reagent, S‐substituted sulphenylthiosulphate, has been developed for the divergent synthesis of unsymmetrical trisulfides. Alkyl electrophile substrates, including bromides, chlorides, iodides and tosylates, with diverse substituents are smoothly converted to the corresponding trisulfides with S‐substituted sulphenylthiosulphates and thiourea as another sulfur source. Furthermore, the late‐stage modification of drug molecules was successfully achieved through this method.
Synergistic effects of miR‐143 with miR‐99a inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in breast cancer
Authors: Doosti Zahra , Ebrahimi Syed Omar , Ghahfarokhi Mahshid Samie , Reiisi Somayeh
Published: May 2024

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type and the fifth leading cause of cancer‐related deaths. The primary goals of BC treatment are to remove the tumor and prevent metastasis. Despite advances in BC treatment, more effective therapies are required. miRNAs can regulate many targets involved in biological processes and tumor progression; these molecules have emerged as a promising cancer treatment strategy. In the present study, we investigated the effects of miR‐99a and miR‐143 in single expression plasmids for BC inhibition. In this study, the precursor structure of miRNAs in the expression vector pEGFP‐N1 entered single and double states, and MCF7 and T47D cells were transfected. The miRNAs expression level after transfection was then measured using qPCR. The MultiMiR package was used to obtain predicted and validated miRNA targets. MTT assay, qRT‐PCR, migration test, and flow cytometry were used to assess the effect of miRNA and gene modulation. The qPCR results revealed that miRNA constructs were significantly expressed after the transfection of both cell lines. The biological function of miRNAs showed that upregulation of miR‐99a and miR‐143 in any of the two selected BC cells inhibited their proliferation and migration rate, significantly inducing apoptosis (p < 0.01). Also, miR‐99a/miR‐143 co‐treatment has a synergistic anticancer effect in cancer cells via Akt1 and CDK6 targeting. These findings suggest that miR‐99a/miR‐143 plays synergistic regulatory roles in BC, possibly via a shared signaling pathway, providing a therapeutic strategy for BC treatment.
Quantitative detection of mpox antigen using time‐resolved fluorescence immunochromatography
Authors: Liang Huankun , Chen Cuicui , Liu Tiancai , Dong Wenqi , Li Laiqing
Published: May 2024

Recently, concern has been raised about the spread of human mpox virus, and the demand for rapid detection reagents for mpox virus has increased. This study aims to establish a time‐resolved fluorescence immunochromatography (TRFICO) method for qualitative/quantitative detection of mpox virus. A double‐antibody sandwich TRFICO method was optimized and established using mpox recombinant fusion antigen and its paired monoclonal antibody. The test performance of the method was evaluated using mpox fusion antigen and control serum, including sensitivity, linearity range, specificity, precision, and reference interval. We successfully established a TRFICO method for qualitative/quantitative detection of mpox antigen, its linearity range 0–100 ng/mL, analytical sensitivity 0.017 ng/mL, and reference intervals greater than 0.045 ng/mL. No cross‐reaction was detected with various poxvirus and clinical negative controls, with good specificity. All average recoveries of the intra‐ and inter‐batch ranged from 81.33% to 97.83%, and all CVs were below 10%. Additionally, the TRFICO strips can be stably stored at 37°C for 7 days without significant changes in the fluorescence intensity. This TRFICO method, with high sensitivity, linearity range, specificity, precision, and stability with 16‐min detection time, provides a new option for qualitative/quantitative and convenient testing of mpox virus.
Effect of IRSL‐BLSL‐TSL reading modes combination on thermoluminescence (TL) response of BeO dosimeter
Authors: Kharfi Faycal , Şahiner Eren , Benkhelifa Chahra‐Zed , Garoui Aymen
Published: May 2024

The ultimate goal of this work is the study of the effect of luminescence stimulations and signals reading modes combinations on the thermoluminescence intensity and glow curve behaviour for the same X‐ray irradiation dose. Three interesting stimulating and reading modes are considered, namely, infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), blue light‐emitting diode stimulated luminescence (BLSL) and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL). The studied stimulation and reading modes combination protocols are (Protocol 1) IRSL‐TSL, (Protocol 2) IRSL‐BLSL‐TSL and (Protocol 3) BLSL‐IRSL‐TSL. Experiments are performed on beryllium oxide (BeO) dosimeter. Results demonstrate well that the combination of reading modes have direct impact on the TL signal in terms of intensity and glow curve shape. It was also found that when reading modes are correctly combined, particularly when IRSL is applied first, then BLSL and TL, it is possible to collect two or more exploitable signals of different stimulation types for the same irradiation that can be used for different purposes and final applications.
Diagnosis and treatment intraorbital foreign body: A case report
Authors: Zhao Hongqing , Feng Hui , Du Lei
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Wooden foreign bodies inside the eye socket are an uncommon kind of eye injury that falls into a distinct category of intraorbital foreign bodies. Due to the wide range of clinical presentations and imaging features of intraorbital wooden foreign bodies, misinterpretation and failure to diagnose correctly often happen.

Wooden foreign bodies inside the eye socket are an uncommon kind of eye injury that falls into a distinct category of intraorbital foreign bodies. The condition mostly manifested in individuals of youthful and middle age. Due to the wide range of clinical presentations and imaging features of intraorbital wooden foreign bodies, misinterpretation and failure to diagnose correctly often happen during the first examination. The risk of orbital infection might greatly rise if there is a delay in diagnosing woody foreign substances inside the eye socket. The majority of patients need surgical intervention as the recommended course of therapy. Nevertheless, it is essential to avoid disregarding undetected diagnoses and the existence of foreign material remnants after prior surgical procedures. Hence, achieving a precise diagnosis relies on a comprehensive assessment of the patient's trauma history, meticulous examination of the eyes, vigilant monitoring of clinical symptoms, accurate imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT), and prompt and thorough removal of wooden foreign objects within the eye socket.