bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple, Superior, Practical Design of Brushless DC Motor System
Authors: Gao Xiao Zhuang , Zhang Peng , Wang Wei
Published: November 2013

The article mainly introduces the design and application of a small power brushless DC motor drive control system circuit, describes the special control function of the gate circuit chip, gives a typical application circuit, and explains.
Implementation of the Wireless Calibration for Electronic Transformer
Authors: Ai Bing , Jiang Bo
Published: November 2013

In order to adapt to the development of smart substation metering technology , and to improve the efficiency and quality of the on-site calibration of the electronic transformer. On the basis of the existing calibration system, combined with wireless transmission and of new synchronization technologies, focused on the IEC 61850 data and precision clock wireless transmission device to achieve difficult problems in-depth analysis, then the implementation of electronic transformer on-site wireless calibration system is proposed.
Sneak Circuit Partition Analysis Algorithm Based on Network Flow Simulation
Authors: Zou Tao , Zhao Yan , Zhou Guo Qiang , Chen Lu Lu
Published: November 2013

Sneak circuit analysis method is moving to intelligent and automation direction, the method based on network flow simulation has some representation. With the expansion of the circuit system topology and the increasement of the component's amount, the analysis time increases and the efficiency is difficult to be guaranteed. To solve this situation, the circuit system can be divided into some blocks for analysis. Based on the network flow simulation model, the adjacency matrix of circuit system is established. The analysis matrix of circuit system is obtained by the simplification of the adjacency matrix; use the analysis matrix as the network model for circuit system partition analysis. Select appropriate point from the network cutting point as the partition point, the circuit system can be divided into some sub-blocks by removing these points. Circuit system stratified analysis principle is proposed; determine the division method and analysis objectives of each convention level. This method can correctly analysis sneak circuit problem for circuit system, effectively reduce the analysis time and improve the analysis efficiency. It can be taken as an effective complement of sneak circuit analysis method based on network flow simulation for engineering application.
Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of 6500V 4H-SiC JBS Diode
Authors: Huang Run Hua , Tao Yong Hong , Chen Gang , Bai Song , Li Rui , Li Yun
Published: November 2013

4H-SiC JBS diode with breakdown voltage higher than 6.5 kV has been successfully fabricated on 4H-SiC wafers with epitaxial layer. In this paper, the simulation, the fabrication, and the electrical characteristics of 4H-SiC JBS diode were reported. The drift layer thickness and doping are 55 μm and 9×1014cm3respectively. 60 floating guard rings edge were fabricated as termination. The on-state voltage was 4 V at JF= 7A.
Sampling Inspection Method for Life Prediction of Smart Meters
Authors: Xue Yang , Zhang Xin Lei , Zhang Peng He , Xiao Cheng Dong
Published: November 2013

For the purpose of life prediction of smart meters, an analysis on the method of sampling inspection for smart meter with mathematical statistics is presented in this paper. Firstly, this paper introduces the sampling approaches for smart meters for inspection. Secondly, the mathematical model of sample size is established and the effect of sampling parameter on the accuracy of evaluation is discussed. Finally, on the basic of the mathematical model, the smart meters in Hei Longjiang province of China is token as an example and the sampling size is achieved.
The Application of the Improved Genetic Algorithm in the Aeroengine Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Liu Xiao Bo , Tu Jun Chao , Shen Liang Ni
Published: November 2013

A improved genetic algorithm is proposed based on a new fitness function in allusion to the problem that the traditional genetic algorithm is not fully consider the knowledge of the problem itself.The improved genetic algorithm is used to analyze the fault feature , to extract the fault and remove redundant characteristic parameters for the fault classification and calculation.The diagnosis example shows that the method has faster convergence speed and can be effective for fault identification.
The Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Zhang Kun Long , Song Li Xia
Published: November 2013

The objective of this work was to investigate the concept of knowledge in order to obtain useful for the techniques of artificial intelligence and knowledge representation. several definitions of knowledge proposed by various authors are analyzed, compared and graded, they are then merged into a new definition, which is partially formalized tools logical-algebraic, and finally, discusses the possible links with the areas of intelligence artificial intelligence and knowledge representation.
Research on the Intelligent Plant Growth System Temperature Acquisition Based on the Data Fusion
Authors: Chen Gao Li , Tian Li Guo , Li Meng , Liu Zhi Qi
Published: November 2013

The growth of plants needs certain temperature conditions, carried out relevant research for intelligent plant growth systems of temperature acquisition. For plant growth cabinet temperature is by the influence of many factors, and multi-sensor measurement error caused by temperature detecting, using the distribution display method of temperature detection divorced value removing method and the Bayesian estimation of multi-sensor data fusion method. The experiment results show that the algorithm is reasonable and reliable, improving the accuracy of the temperature acquisition, and effectively eliminate the error caused by the failure sensor.
EEG-Based Motor Imagery Feature Extraction
Authors: Liu Yang , Li Nian Qiang , Li Yong Xiang
Published: November 2013

In this study, we proposed a simple and effective approach for feature extraction of motor imagery (MI) data. Aside from the original use of continuous wavelet transform (CWT), the Blackman filter is proposed to further refine the selection of active segments. In the time domain we compute the energy feature by squared-amplitude of EEG; in the frequency domain BT method power spectrum density (PSD) is used to get energy feature. The method is simple and the classification accuracy is satisfactory, especially for classification 2.
Application of Wavelet Filter Method in Optical Tweezers Signal Processing
Authors: Wang Zi Qiang , Li Di , Zhong Min Cheng , Zhou Jin Hua , Li Yin Mei , Kong Fan Rang
Published: November 2013

One limitation on the performance of optical tweezers (abbreviated as OT) is the noise inherently present in each setup. Therefore, it is the desire to minimize and possibly eliminate the noise from the OT experiments. In this paper, a filter method based on wavelet analysis is proposed. At first we investigate the properties of OT outputs noise, and introduce the wavelet filtering method in simply. Following, we study on the OTs drift signal using different base: db4 and Haar. And also study on the signal using different filter algorithm: the soft,the hard threshold,and compulsive filter. These main conclusions based on foregoing analysis are reached: more larger the resolving scale is, more perfect the filtering effect is. The soft threshold value filtering effect is better than that of the hard threshold value filtering at the cost of calculation when the threshold value is same. The variance of the compulsive filtering is least when both the wavelet and the resolving scale are same for these filtering methods. For the compulsive filtering with same wavelets, the filtering effect of harr is better than that of db4 and the calculation of the former is fewer. Analysis the dynamic output of OT with different algorithm, it also shows that the effect of filter with the compulsive filtering is better than others. Accordingly, we found that applying the compulsive filtering with the Harr wavelet base and suitable resolving scale to the signal processing of OT outputs signal is helpful for the OT design and construction.
Optimization of Process Conditions on Landfill Leachate Treatment by CWAO Method
Authors: Zhang Yong Li , Sun Yan Ling
Published: November 2013

the landfill leachate was disposed by Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) method, and the monitoring indexes include CODCr, decolorization and pH. The results showed that the CODCr removal rate and the decolorization rate of landfill leachate increased with the increase of reaction temperature and reaction pressure. However, they first rose then reduced with the increase of catalyst dosage. Under the condition of the catalyst concentration 300 mg/L of Co (NO3)2, at the reaction pressure of 3.5 MPa and the reaction temperature of 180 °C, the CODCr removal rate and the decolorization rate reached 56.8% and 83.7%, respectively, and pH was 8.45 at the reaction time of 90 min.
Synthesis and Characterization of Co3O4 Nanoflowers for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Qing Xiao Xia , Yu Kun , Wang Xin Feng , Tian Xian Qing , Pang Xiao Qing , Liu Ning
Published: November 2013

The high capacity of Co3O4 nanoflowers (NFs) on Ni foam as anodes in Li ion batteries is reported in this paper. The NFs grown firmly on Ni foam is convenient for the construction of lithium ion batteries without any extra electrode preparation process. The NFs presents an initial discharge capacity of 811mAh g1 at a current of 1 C. Our facile solvothermal film growth technique offers an exciting opportunity for growth of metal oxide nanostructures on substrates with practical application in lithium ion batteries.
The Quality Interaction of Molten Salts in the Systems SiO2-Al2O3
Authors: Šolc Marek , Grambalová Eva , Šofranko Marian
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to realize and evaluate laboratory corrosion tests associated with problems such as wear of refractory materials, for example, at processing of aluminium. Corrosion tests were carried out by static crucible corrosion test in laboratory resistive furnace at 850 °C during 2 hours in air atmosphere. Two types of aluminum-silica molded refractories were used as a corroding material. As corrosive media were applied pure chlorides, namely: sodium chloride, potassium chloride. The results of corrosion tests were evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic, chemical and semiquantitative EDX analysis.
Electrospinning of Polycaprolactone in Dichloromethane/Dimethylformamide Solvent System
Authors: Kulpreechanan Narissara , Bunaprasert Tanom , Rangkupan Ratthapol
Published: November 2013

Electrospinning of polycaprolactone (PCL) in a mixed solvent of dichloromethane (DCM)/dimethylformamide (DMF) with 1:1 volumetic mixing ratio was studied. The effects of solution concentration (5-30 %w/v), applied voltage (10-25 kV), solution flow rate (0.1-2.0 mL/h) and collecting distance (10, 20 cm) on fiber formation and morphology were investigated. The size of PCL fibers obtained were in the range of 10s nm-2.6 μm with either bead on string or smooth fiber morphology. In this study, the solution concentration strongly affected fiber size exponentially. The fiber size also increased with an increase in solution flow rate. The applied voltage and the collecting distance have no or minimal effect on PCL fiber size.
Wavelet Method in Numerical Modeling of Quantum Dots Embedded in Matrix
Authors: Muc Aleksander , Banaś Aleksander
Published: November 2013

An analytical method of the solution of the governing nonlinear eigenproblem is proposed. It can be directly applied into the analysis of eigenstates in quantum mechanics. The method is based on the use of the separation of variables for specific shapes of quantum dots. In this way the analysis can be reduced to the disretization along one variable only the Daubechies wavelets. The eigenstates are derived with the use of the variational formulation combined with the method of the Rayleigh quotient
Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Austenitic Stainless Steels Welded by GTAW
Authors: Amudarasan N.V. , Palanikumar K. , Shanmugam K.
Published: November 2013

In this study, AISI 316 L types of austenitic stainless steels are welded by GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) using 430L and 2209 filler metals, respectively. Mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel weldments, such as tensile properties, hardness and impact properties are determined. GTA weld microstructures are presented by optical microscopy with 1000X magnifications of weld metal region. The values obtained for ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage of elongation for the welded joints are compared to the data obtained. From this investigation, the result shows that the yield, tensile strength and impact energy values of 316L stainless steels welded by GTAW using 2209 filler metal is superior compared to 430L filler metal.
Free Vibrations Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Chwał Małgorzata
Published: November 2013

In the case of possible using carbon nanotubes in nanoelectronics and nanodevices the dynamic behavior is the key property. Various methods used in the derivation of eigenfrequencies of carbon nanotubes are presented and discussed herein. In particular, the atomistic, continuum mechanics and the numerical modeling are described. The most important factors that characterize the values of the free vibration of carbon nanotubes are summarized. It is worth to mention that the eigenfrequencies for carbon nanotubes lie in the range from GHz to even THz.
Effect of Ge-Nanoislands on the Low-Frequency Noise in Si/SiOx/Ge Structures
Authors: Garbar N.P. , Kudina Valeriya N. , Lysenko V.S. , Kondratenko S.V. , Kozyrev Yu.N.
Published: November 2013

Low-frequency noise of the structures with Ge-nanoclusters of rather high surface density grown on the oxidized silicon surface is investigated for the first time. It was revealed that the 1/f γ noise, where γ is close to unity, is the typical noise component. Nevertheless, the 1/f γ noise sources were found to be distributed nonuniformly upon the oxidized silicon structure with Ge-nanoclusters. The noise features revealed were analyzed in the framework of widely used noise models. However, the models used appeared to be unsuitable to explain the noise behavior of the structures studied. The physical processes that should be allowed for to develop the appropriate noise model are discussed.
Properties of Low-Dimentional Polysilicon in SOI Structures for Low Temperature Sensors
Authors: Druzhinin Anatoly , Khoverko Yu. , Kogut Igor , Koretskii R.
Published: November 2013

The low temperature studies of SOI-structures have been carried out in a temperature range of 4.2÷300K at magnetic fields up to 14T. The samples with initial boron concentration of about 2.41018сm-3 have been investigated. The results of the studies of SOI-structure conductance at low temperatures in the range of hopping conductance and a possibility to use this material in sensors are analyzed.
Hybrid Solar Cells Based on CdS Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Grynko D.O. , Fedoryak O.M. , Smertenko P.S. , Ogurtsov N.A. , Pud A.A. , Noskov Yu.V. , Dimitriev Oleg P.
Published: November 2013

Three types of hybrid solar cells based on CdS nanowire crystals have been prepared, i.e., (i) nanocrystal - polymer, (ii) nanocrystal - dye and (iii) nanocrystal - organic donor-acceptor bulk heterojunction (BHJ), and the role of CdS layer in each of the above structures has been elucidated. It has been found that CdS plays the active role of acceptor in the first two types of solar cells, whereas it plays the role of an electron-transporting (hole-blocking) layer to rectify electron flow from the organic donor-acceptor BHJ to anode in the case (iii). By changing morphology of the CdS layer from a textured continuous film to a nanowire array we demonstrate an improved efficiency of collection of charge carriers due to the increased organic-CdS interface area. Overall, a bifunctional role of the CdS nanostructured layer as a bottom electrode with a high electron affinity and as a means to increase a hybrid interface for better electron collection from the organic active layer has been demonstrated.
Formation of Ordered Si Nanowires Arrays on Si Substrate
Authors: Evtukh A.A. , Druzhinin Anatoly , Ostrovskii I. , Kizjak A. , Grigoriev A. , Steblova O. , Nichkalo S.
Published: November 2013

The paper deals with investigation of silicon nanowires formation by LP CVD method on Si substrate using gold films as a mask. The average diameter of Si nanowires grown by LP CVD was about 60 nm. It was shown that using of Si-Au droplets as the mask allows to obtain vertically aligned silicon nanowires with average diameter of about 60 nm. The kinetics of radial and axial growth was investigated, the growth rates and kinetic coefficient of growth were calculated, which showed a good accordance to experimental data.
Internal Residual Strain Distribution in Chromium-Molybdenum Steel after Carburizing and Quenching Measured by Neutron Strain Scanning
Authors: Sakaida Yoshihisa , Yoshida Hajime , Yashiro Shigeki , Yamashita Shohei , Shobu Takahisa
Published: November 2013

A hollow cylinder specimen of Cr-Mo steel with 0.20 mass% C was used as a model which simplified a motor cycle transmission gear. The specimen was carburized in carrier gas and quenched in oil bath. After quenching, the internal residual strain distributions in the radial, axial and hoop directions were mapped nondestructively by neutron strain scanning, and were compared with results of elastoplastic finite element analysis. The carbon content and hardness gradients were also measured to determine the case depth. Residual strain was calculated from lattice spacing change. In this study, unstressed lattice spacing was determined experimentally by measuring diffraction angle of coupons that were cut from the interior of the same carburized cylinder specimen. As a result, the carbon content and hardness distributions were almost accorded with finite element analysis results. On the other hand, the measured strains in some measuring points discorded with the analyzed weighted average strains. The peak widths in the interior of specimen equaled to that of unstressed coupons. Internal residual strain distributions were complicated and found to be elastic strains that were balanced with equivalent plastic strains due to transformation plasticity of case layer.
Investigation of Residual Stress/Strain and Texture in a Large Dissimilar Metal Weld Using Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons
Authors: Ohms Carsten , Martins Rene V.
Published: November 2013

Bi-metallic piping welds are frequently used in light water nuclear reactors to connect ferritic steel pressure vessel nozzles to austenitic stainless steel primary cooling piping systems. An important aspect for the integrity of such welds is the presence of residual stresses. Measurement of these residual stresses presents a considerable challenge because of the component size and because of the material heterogeneity in the weld regions. The specimen investigated here was a thin slice cut from a full-scale bi-metallic piping weld mock-up. A similar mock-up had previously been investigated by neutron diffraction within a European research project called ADIMEW. However, at that time, due to the wall thickness of the pipe, stress and spatial resolution of the measurements were severely restricted. One aim of the present investigations by high energy synchrotron radiation and neutrons used on this thin slice was to determine whether such measurements would render a valid representation of the axial strains and stresses in the uncut large-scale structure. The advantage of the small specimen was, apart from the easier manipulation, the fact that measurement times facilitated a high density of measurements across large parts of the test piece in a reasonable time. Furthermore, the recording of complete diffraction patterns within the accessible diffraction angle range by synchrotron X-ray diffraction permitted mapping the texture variations. The strain and stress results obtained are presented and compared for the neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. A strong variation of the texture pole orientations is observed in the weld regions which could be attributed to individual weld torch passes. The effect of specimen rocking on the scatter of the diffraction data in the butt weld region is assessed during the neutron diffraction measurements.
Analysis of Residual Stresses in Pistons of Motor Vehicle Engines Using Neutron Diffraction at J-PARC
Authors: Hirano Tatsumi , Hidaka Kishio , Takamatsu Daiko , Takahashi Norikazu , Shishido Keitaro , Sasaki Masato , Kawashima Yuichi
Published: November 2013

Internal residual stresses in the pistons of motor vehicle engines were measured to verify the accuracy of residual stresses estimated by thermal simulations. Coarse crystal grains in aluminum casting alloys frequently make it difficult to measure neutron diffraction profiles if a conventional diffractometer is used for steady reactors [1]. Therefore, the Takumi diffractometer installed at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), which is a pulse neutron source, was applied to measure them. Residual stresses in pistons determined by the method of neutron diffraction were in good agreement with those estimated through thermal simulations. We concluded from these results that the thermal simulations could be applied to designing and producing pistons. Moreover, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for aluminum-silicon casting alloy were determined by using neutron diffraction. We also verified that internal residual stresses could be measured with a tensile sample holder by using the Takumi diffractometer.
Engineering Neutron Diffraction Data Analysis with Inverse Neural Network Modeling
Authors: Denizer Baris , Üstündag Ersan , Ceylan Halil , Li Li , Lee Seung Yub
Published: November 2013

Integration of engineering neutron diffraction data analysis and solid mechanics modeling is a powerful method to deduce in-situ constitutive behavior of materials. Since diffraction data originates from spatially discrete subsets of the material volume, extrapolation of the data to the behavior of the overall sample is non-trivial. The finite element model has been widely used for interpreting diffraction data by optimizing model parameters via iterative processes. In order to maximize the rigor of such analysis and to increase fitting efficiency and accuracy, we have developed an optimization algorithm based on the neural network architecture. The inverse neural network model reveals parameter sensitivity quantitatively during a training process, and yields more accurate phase specific constitutive laws of the composite materials compared to the conventional method once networks are successfully trained.
The High Energy Materials Science Beamline (HEMS) at PETRA III
Authors: Schell Norbert , King Andrew , Beckmann Felix , Fischer Torben , Müller Martin , Schreyer Andreas
Published: November 2013

The HEMS beamline at PETRA III has a main energy of 120 keV, is tunable in the range 30-200 keV, and optimized for sub-micrometer focusing with Compound Refractive Lenses. Design, construction, and main funding was the responsibility of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, HZG. Approximately 70 % of the beamtime is dedicated to Materials Research, the rest reserved for “general physics” experiments covered by DESY, Hamburg. The beamline P07 in sector 5 consists of an undulator source optimized for high energies, a white beam optics hutch, an in-house test facility and three independent experimental hutches, plus additional set-up and storage space for long-term experiments. HEMS has partly been operational since summer 2010. First experiments are introduced coming from (a) fundamental research for the investigation of the relation between macroscopic and micro-structural properties of polycrystalline materials, grain-grain-interactions, recrystallisation processes, and the development of new & smart materials or processes; (b) applied research for manufacturing process optimization benefitting from the high flux in combination with ultra-fast detector systems allowing complex and highly dynamic in-situ studies of microstructural transformations, e.g. in-situ friction stir welding; (c) experiments targeting the industrial user community.
The Transformation Mechanism of β Phase to ω-Related Phases in Nb-Rich γ-TiAl Alloys Studied by In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Stark Andreas , Oehring Michael , Pyczak Florian , Lippmann Thomas , Lottermoser Lars , Schreyer Andreas
Published: November 2013

In recent years intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys with additional amounts of the ternary bcc β Ti(Al,Nb) phase attracted increasing attention due to their improved workability at elevated temperatures. Depending on alloy composition and heat treatment the ductile high-temperature β phase can transform to several ordered phases at lower temperatures. However, currently available phase diagrams of these multiphase alloys are quite uncertain and the precipitation kinetics of some metastable phases is far from understood. In the present study various transformation pathways of the third phase were observed in situ by means of high-energy X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. A Ti-45Al-10Nb (at.%) specimen was subjected to a temperature ramp of repeated heating cycles (700 °C - 1100 °C) with subsequent quenching at different rates. Depending on the quenching rate reversible transformations of the B2-ordered βo phase to different ω-related phases were observed. The results indicate that the complete transformation from βo to hexagonal B82-ordered ωo consists of two steps which are both diffusion controlled but proceed with different velocities.
β2 Integrin–Mediated Crawling on Endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 Is a Prerequisite for Transcellular Neutrophil Diapedesis across the Inflamed Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: Gorina Roser , Lyck Ruth , Vestweber Dietmar , Engelhardt Britta
Published: November 2013

In acute neuroinflammatory states such as meningitis, neutrophils cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and contribute to pathological alterations of cerebral function. The mechanisms that govern neutrophil migration across the BBB are ill defined. Using live-cell imaging, we show that LPS-stimulated BBB endothelium supports neutrophil arrest, crawling, and diapedesis under physiological flow in vitro. Investigating the interactions of neutrophils from wild-type, CD11a−/−, CD11b−/−, and CD18null mice with wild-type, junctional adhesion molecule-A−/−, ICAM-1null, ICAM-2−/− , or ICAM-1null/ICAM-2−/− primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells, we demonstrate that neutrophil arrest, polarization, and crawling required G-protein–coupled receptor–dependent activation of β2 integrins and binding to endothelial ICAM-1. LFA-1 was the prevailing ligand for endothelial ICAM-1 in mediating neutrophil shear resistant arrest, whereas Mac-1 was dominant over LFA-1 in mediating neutrophil polarization on the BBB in vitro. Neutrophil crawling was mediated by endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 and neutrophil LFA-1 and Mac-1. In the absence of crawling, few neutrophils maintained adhesive interactions with the BBB endothelium by remaining either stationary on endothelial junctions or displaying transient adhesive interactions characterized by a fast displacement on the endothelium along the direction of flow. Diapedesis of stationary neutrophils was unchanged by the lack of endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 and occurred exclusively via the paracellular pathway. Crawling neutrophils, although preferentially crossing the BBB through the endothelial junctions, could additionally breach the BBB via the transcellular route. Thus, β2 integrin–mediated neutrophil crawling on endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 is a prerequisite for transcellular neutrophil diapedesis across the inflamed BBB.
Cell-Intrinsic In Vivo Requirement for the E47–p21 Pathway in Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Santos Patricia M. , Ding Ying , Borghesi Lisa
Published: November 2013

Major regulators of long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) self-renewal and proliferation have been identified, but knowledge of their in vivo interaction in a linear pathway is lacking. In this study, we show a direct genetic link between the transcription factor E47 and the major cell cycle regulator p21 in controlling LT-HSC integrity in vivo under repopulation stress. Numerous studies have shown that E47 activates p21 transcription in hematopoietic subsets in vitro, and we now reveal the in vivo relevance of the E47–p21 pathway by reducing the gene dose of each factor individually (E47het or p21het) versus in tandem (E47hetp21het). E47hetp21het LT-HSCs and downstream short-term hematopoietic stem cells exhibit hyperproliferation and preferential susceptibility to mitotoxin compared to wild-type or single haploinsufficient controls. In serial adoptive transfers that rigorously challenge self-renewal, E47hetp21het LT-HSCs dramatically and progressively decline, indicating the importance of cell-intrinsic E47–p21 in preserving LT-HSCs under stress. Transient numeric recovery of downstream short-term hematopoietic stem cells enabled the production of functionally competent myeloid but not lymphoid cells, as common lymphoid progenitors were decreased, and peripheral lymphocytes were virtually ablated. Thus, we demonstrate a developmental compartment–specific and lineage-specific requirement for the E47–p21 pathway in maintaining LT-HSCs, B cells, and T cells under hematopoietic repopulation stress in vivo.
Timothy yield and nutritive value with a three-harvest system under the projected future climate in Canada
Authors: Jing Qi , Bélanger Gilles , Qian Budong , Baron Vern
Published: November 2013

Jing, Q., Bélanger, G., Qian, B. and Baron, V. 2014. Timothy yield and nutritive value with a three-harvest system under the projected future climate in Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 213–222. Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is harvested twice annually in Canada but with projected climate change, an additional harvest may be possible. Our objective was to evaluate the impact on timothy dry matter (DM) yield and key nutritive value attributes of shifting from a two- to a three-harvest system under projected future climate conditions at 10 sites across Canada. Future climate scenarios were generated with a stochastic weather generator (AAFC-WG) using two global climate models under the forcing of two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenarios and, then, used by the CATIMO (Canadian Timothy Model) grass model to simulate DM yield and key nutritive value attributes. Under future climate scenarios (2040–2069), the additional harvest and the resulting three-harvest system are expected to increase annual DM yield (+0.46 to +2.47 Mg DM ha−1) compared with a two-harvest system across Canada but the yield increment will on average be greater in eastern Canada (1.88 Mg DM ha−1) and Agassiz (2.02 Mg DM ha−1) than in the prairie provinces of Canada (0.84 Mg DM ha−1). The DM yield of the first harvest in a three-harvest system is expected to be less than in the two-harvest system, while that of the second harvest would be greater. Decreases in average neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration (−19 g kg−1DM) and digestibility (dNDF, −5 g kg−1NDF) are also expected with the three-harvest system under future conditions. Our results indicate that timothy will take advantage of projected climate change, through taking a third harvest, thereby increasing annual DM production.
CDC WM-2 common bean
Authors: Bett K. E. , Vandenberg A. , Banniza S. , Lu Q. , Barlow B. , Ife S.
Published: November 2013

Bett, K. E., Vandenberg, A., Banniza, S., Lu, Q., Barlow, B. and Ife, S. 2014. CDC WM-2 common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 469–471. CDC WM-2 is a short-season, slow-darkening, pinto bean cultivar (CFIA Registration #6593) with indeterminate growth habit and tolerance to common bacterial blight and anthracnose races 73 and 105. It was developed using marker-assisted backcrossing and field testing.
Technical Note: Temporal change in averaging kernels as a source of uncertainty in trend estimates of carbon monoxide retrieved from MOPITT
Authors: Yoon J. , Pozzer A. , Hoor P. , Chang D. Y. , Beirle S. , Wagner T. , Schloegl S. , Lelieveld J. , Worden H. M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. It has become possible to retrieve the global, long-term trends of trace gases that are important to atmospheric chemistry, climate, and air quality from satellite data records that span more than a decade. However, many of the satellite remote sensing techniques produce measurements that have variable sensitivity to the vertical profiles of atmospheric gases. In the case of constrained retrievals like optimal estimation, this leads to a varying amount of a priori information in the retrieval and is represented by an averaging kernel (AK). In this study, we investigate to what extent the estimation of trends from retrieved data can be biased by temporal changes of averaging kernels used in the retrieval algorithm. In particular, the surface carbon monoxide data retrieved from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument from 2001 to 2010 were analyzed. As a practical example based on the MOPITT data, we show that if the true atmospheric mixing ratio is continuously 50% higher or lower than the a priori state, the temporal change of the averaging kernel at the surface level gives rise to an artificial trend in retrieved surface carbon monoxide, ranging from −10.71 to +13.21 ppbv yr−1 (−5.68 to +8.84 % yr−1) depending on location. Therefore, in the case of surface (or near-surface level) CO derived from MOPITT, the AKs trends multiplied by the difference between true and a priori states must be quantified in order to estimate trend biases.
Modeling analysis of the seasonal characteristics of haze formation in Beijing
Authors: Han X. , Zhang M. , Gao J. , Wang S. , Chai F.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ coupled with an aerosol optical property scheme was applied to simulate the meteorological field, major aerosol components (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt), and surface visibility over the North China Plain (NCP) in 2011. The modeled results in February and July 2011 were selected and analyzed to obtain an in-depth understanding of the haze formation mechanism in Beijing in different seasons. The evaluations suggested that the modeling system provided reliable simulation results of meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, and wind field), visibility, mass concentrations of gaseous pollutants (NO2 and O3), and major aerosol components in PM2.5 by compared with various observation data at several measurement stations over NCP. The simulation results showed that the visibility below 10 km covered most regions of NCP and dropped below 5 km over the urban areas of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang during the pollution episodes in February and July. The heavy particulate pollutants were concentrated in the same areas as well. The heavy loading of PM2.5 which could reach 300 μg m−3 in Beijing should be the main reason of haze occurrence in February, and the visibility generally decreased to 3–5 km when the mass concentration of PM2.5 exceeded 200 μg m−3. However, similar values of visibility also appeared in July when the mass concentration of PM2.5 was merely in the range of 120 μg m−3 to 200 μg m−3. Analysis presented that nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium were the three major aerosol components in Beijing and their total mass burden was even higher in July than that in February. Thus, the significantly higher relative humidity and larger mass proportion of soluble aerosol components resulted in more haze days in July. Sensitivity test shows that the mass concentration threshold of PM2.5 to cause haze occurrence was about 80 μg m−3 when the relative humidity was 70% in Beijing. The change of aerosol size distribution can significantly influence the threshold of haze occurrence in Beijing, particularly for particles of smaller size.
Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model
Authors: Yeo I.-Y. , Lee S. , Sadeghi A. M. , Beeson P. C. , Hively W. D. , McCarty G. W. , Lang M. W.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Winter cover crops are an effective conservation management practice with potential to improve water quality. Throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW), which is located in the Mid-Atlantic US, winter cover crop use has been emphasized and federal and state cost-share programs are available to farmers to subsidize the cost of winter cover crop establishment. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of planting winter cover crops at the watershed scale and to identify critical source areas of high nitrate export. A physically-based watershed simulation model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was calibrated and validated using water quality monitoring data and satellite-based estimates of winter cover crop species performance to simulate hydrological processes and nutrient cycling over the period of 1991–2000. Multiple scenarios were developed to obtain baseline information on nitrate loading without winter cover crops planted and to investigate how nitrate loading could change with different winter cover crop planting scenarios, including different species, planting times, and implementation areas. The results indicate that winter cover crops had a negligible impact on water budget, but significantly reduced nitrate leaching to groundwater and delivery to the waterways. Without winter cover crops, annual nitrate loading was approximately 14 kg ha−1, but it decreased to 4.6–10.1 kg ha−1 with winter cover crops resulting in a reduction rate of 27–67% at the watershed scale. Rye was most effective, with a potential to reduce nitrate leaching by up to 93% with early planting at the field scale. Early planting of winter cover crops (~30 days of additional growing days) was crucial, as it lowered nitrate export by an additional ~2 kg ha−1 when compared to late planting scenarios. The effectiveness of cover cropping increased with increasing extent of winter cover crop implementation. Agricultural fields with well-drained soils and those that were more frequently used to grow corn had a higher potential for nitrate leaching and export to the waterways. This study supports the effective implement of winter cover crop programs, in part by helping to target critical pollution source areas for winter cover crop implementation.
An optical model for deriving the spectral particulate backscattering coefficients in oceanic waters
Authors: Tiwari S. P. , Shanmugam P.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. An optical model is developed based on the diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) to estimate particulate backscattering coefficients bbp(λ) in oceanic waters. A large in situ data set is used to establish robust relationships between bbp(530) and bbp(555) and Kd(490) using an efficient nonlinear least-square method which uses the trust region algorithm with Bisquare weights scheme to adjust the coefficients. These relationships are obtained with good correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.786 and 0.790), low root mean square error (RMSE = 0.00076 and 0.00072) and 95% confidence bounds. The new model is tested with three independent data sets: the NOMAD SeaWiFS Match ups, OOXIX IOP algorithm workshop evaluation data set (Version 2.0w APLHA), and IOCCG simulated data set. Results show that the new model makes good retrievals of bbp at all key wavelengths (from 412–683 nm), with statistically significant improvements over other inversion models. Thus, the new model has the potential to improve our present knowledge of particulate matter and their optical variability in oceanic waters.
De-motivators of Employees in the Public Sector in Arua District, Uganda
Authors: Kwandayi Hardson , Jagero Nelson , Matata Jimmy
Published: November 2013

De-motivation of the public sector employees is a key aspect in Public Administration as far as human resources management is concerned. It is argued that people are without a doubt the most valuable resource to any organization. It is upon this ground that this study sought to assess the factors that de-motivated staff in the public sector of Uganda, specifically Arua District Local Government. In this study, 15 district staff (Heads of departments and office assistants), 30 sub county staff (Community Development Officers, Sub County Chiefs, Accounts Assistants and Extension staff) were used as the research subjects. Self-administered questionnaires were used as research instruments. The priority de-motivators were lack of autonomy and variety, low salary, organizational politics, unending clients’ demands and ineffective communication. The study recommends that, the government should initiate low cost housing schemes including soft loans for the public sector employees. In addition, official residences should be built for the staff at their work stations, this specifically would apply to the Sub County staff who would need to endure residing near their work places and this scheme would most likely contribute to the conduciveness of work environment.
Strangled Roses A Portrait
Authors: Rhodes Suzanne Underwood
Published: November 2013

The poem includes the voices of Edgar Allan Poe and Virginia Clemm Poe. His young wife speaks from the dead. When Edgar realized he had no likeness of his wife, he commissioned an artist to paint her portrait—the portrait of her corpse.
Golpe de Estado o Sucesión Constitucional en Honduras 2009
Authors: Núñez Moncada Sahira Karine
Published: November 2013

Lo acontecido en Honduras en su crisis política, ha generado múltiples posturas, el objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar en base a la Constitución de Honduras, otras leyes y la doctrina si lo sucedido en Honduras fue un Golpe de Estado o una Sucesión Constitucional. Después de realizar la investigación de tipo Jurídico-descriptivo, se llegó a la conclusión, que lo acontecido en el 2009 en Honduras fue un Golpe de Estado. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v30i0.1232 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 30, No. 1, año 2009; 29-53
El Recurso de Homologación y su origen en relación al Derecho de Arbitramiento consagrado en el artículo 139 de la Constitución de la República
Authors: Ortez Abadie Ramón
Published: November 2013

La Constitución de la República de Honduras consagra en su artículo 139 el Derecho del Arbitramiento bajo los efectos de su regulación jurídica. Con énfasis especial en el Derecho Laboral y bajo una historia de conflictos laborales producto de los procesos sindicales históricos, se plantea en el siguiente artículo como y de qué forma se logran integrar estos conceptos en la Legislación misma que recurre al órgano jurisdiccional competente con carácter voluntario y con el objetivo de Homologar la resolución adoptada la cual no es ajena a un procedimiento jurídico expedito y efectivo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v30i0.1234 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 30, No. 1, año 2009; 75-106
Novedades Legislativas Año 2009
Authors: Editora La
Published: November 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v30i0.1236 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 30, No. 1, año 2009; 131
La Interdependencia de la Democracia y los Procesos de Integración
Authors: Herrera Cáceres Roberto
Published: November 2013

El avance de la democracia en diferentes regiones y el acceso a las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación ha dado como resultado sociedades con alta exigencia hacia sus gobernantes y procesos de participación política. La interdependencia como producto de los procesos globales tanto económicos, sociales como políticos ha generado una serie de demandas sociales sobre la eficiencia de sus gobiernos en cuanto al uso y administración de sus finanzas para el desarrollo, identificando cada vez más a los constructores de agendas sociales cercanas a los pueblos y su integración nacional y regional. El presente documento, cita sendos procesos de Integración Regional Centroamericana que han iniciado una ruta al desarrollo interdependiente a través del proceso de desarrollo regional participativa, el cual si bien es cierto está en un modelo inicial e inspirador, se ha vuelto cada vez más pragmático y directo por sus resultados y filosofía, planteando al final un modelo de estado moderno y representativo y jamás fallido como lo platean algunos críticos sociales DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v31i0.1240 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 31, No. 1, año 2010; 5-25
Audiencia Preliminar el Nuevo Código Procesal Civil
Authors: López Flores Edna Jorgelina
Published: November 2013

Una de las muchas ventajas del nuevo Código Procesal Civil que entró en vigencia recientemente, es que las partes en contienda obtengan una justicia rápida, barata, ágil, cercana y eficaz, con una inmediatez y mayor actividad del juez en contacto directo con ellas. En ese orden de ideas, la Audiencia Preliminar tiene una relevancia sumamente importante porque regula el desarrollo del proceso, en ella el juez tiene un papel activo con facultades excepcionales de dirección del proceso, y se inicia después de que éste ha hecho un estudio minucioso previo de la demanda y de la contestación, convocando a las partes a una audiencia preliminar, en cuya celebración se cumplirán los principios de inmediatez, oralidad, contradicción, igualdad, legalidad procesal y formas, economía procesal, de oportunidad, dispositivo, aportación de parte, facultades procesales, valoración de prueba, elasticidad y preclusión, publicidad y de subsanación. En este trabajo hacemos un análisis de las diversas incidencias o estratos propios de esa Audiencia Preliminar, a fin de orientar de una manera rápida a todo estudioso del nuevo Código Procesal Civil para una mejor comprensión del tema. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v31i0.1241 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 31, No. 1, año 2010; 27-37
La Prueba en el Nuevo Código Procesal Civil
Authors: Ramos Cáceres Cesar Augusto
Published: November 2013

La Prueba de acuerdo al nuevo procedimiento civil en Honduras constituye un ítem de alto valor a la luz constitucional y ejercicio de las garantías civiles, que generara procesos transparentes, que eviten la congestión judicial con el evidente letargo judicial al cual estamos acostumbrados. Se pretende brindar al lector un análisis detallado, bajo los principios inspiradores de autores internacionales con expertis técnica en el área, exponiendo una a una las diferentes corrientes y sustentos doctrinales para las etapas del proceso civil en la cual destacan el principio de inmediación y la labor ardua que enfrentara el sistema judicial para reducir la mora y aumentar la eficiencia sin demeritar ninguna garantía constitu-cional del procesado y brindando en tiempo y forma una justicia pronta y segura.La exposición cronológica del contenido del código pretende dar luz doctrinal a un proceso judicial innovador que pasara su prueba de fuego en los primeros 5 a 7 años de vigencia del nuevo instrumento jurídico como lo es el Código Procesal Civil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v31i0.1242 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 31, No. 1, año 2010; 39-65
Programa Nacional de Empleo Por Hora Decreto N° 230-2010
Authors: Editora La
Published: November 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v31i0.1247 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 31, No. 1, año 2010; 151-161