bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships between bottom water carbonate saturation and element/Ca ratios in coretop samples of the benthic foraminifera Oridorsalis umbonatus
Authors: Dawber C. F. , Tripati A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Elemental ratios in benthic foraminifera have been used to reconstruct bottom water temperature and carbonate saturation (Δ[CO32−]). We present elemental data for the long-ranging benthic foraminifera Oridorsalis umbonatus from sediment core tops that span a narrow range of temperatures and a wide range of saturation states. B/Ca, Li/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios exhibit positive correlations with bottom water carbonate saturation. The sensitivity of individual element/calcium ratios to bottom water Δ[CO32−] varies considerably, with B/Ca being most sensitive and Sr/Ca the least sensitive. The empirically derived sensitivity of B/Ca, Li/Ca, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca to bottom water Δ[CO32−] are 0.433 ± 0.053 and 0.0561 ± 0.0084 μmol mol−1 μmol kg−1 and 0.0164 ± 0.0015 and 0.00241 ± 0.0004 mmol mol−1μmol kg−1, respectively. To assess the fidelity of these relationships and the possibility of applying these relationships to earlier periods of Earth history, we examine the mechanisms governing elemental incorporation into foraminiferal calcite. Empirical partition coefficients for Li and Sr are consistent with Rayleigh fractionation from an internal pool used for calcification. For O. umbonatus and other benthic species, we show that the fraction of Ca remaining in the pool is a function of bottom water Δ[CO32−], and can be explained by either a growth rate effect and/or the energetic cost of raising vesicle pH at the site of calcification. Empirical partition coefficients for Mg and B may also be controlled by Rayleigh fractionation, but require that either the fractionation factor from the internal pool is smaller than the inorganic partition coefficient and/or additional fractionation mechanisms. O. umbonatus element ratio data may also be consistent with fractionation according to the surface entrapment model and/or the presence of discrete high- and low-Mg calcite phases. However, at present we are limited in our ability to assess these mechanisms. The new X/Ca data for O. umbonatus provide constraints to test the role of these mechanisms in the future.
A model for simulating the timelines of field operations at a European scale for use in complex dynamic models
Authors: Hutchings N. J. , Reinds G. J. , Leip A. , Wattenbach M. , Bienkowski J. F. , Dalgaard T. , Dragosits U. , Drouet J. L. , Durand P. , Maury O. , de Vries W.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Complex dynamic models of carbon and nitrogen are often used to investigate the consequences of climate change on agricultural production and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. These models require high temporal resolution input data regarding the timing of field operations. This paper describes the Timelines model, which predicts the timelines of key field operations across Europe. The evaluation of the model suggests that it is broadly capable of simulating the timing of field operations for a range of arable crops at different locations. Systematic variations in the date of harvesting and in the timing of the first application of N fertiliser to winter crops need to be corrected and the prediction of soil workability and trafficability might enable the prediction of ploughing and applications of solid manure in preparation for spring crops. The data concerning the thermal time thresholds for sowing and harvesting underlying the model should be updated and extended to a wider range of crops.
Climate and African precipitation changes in the mid-Holocene simulated using an Earth System Model MIROC-ESM
Authors: Ohgaito R. , Sueyoshi T. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Hajima T. , Watanabe S. , Kim H.-J. , Yamamoto A. , Kawamiya M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The importance of evaluating models using paleoclimate simulations is becoming more recognized in efforts to improve climate projection. To evaluate an integrated Earth System Model, MIROC-ESM, we performed simulations in time-slice experiments for the mid-Holocene (6000 yr before present, 6 ka) and preindustrial (1850 AD) times under the protocol of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5/Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project 3. We first overview the simulated global climates by comparing with simulations using a previous version of the MIROC model (MIROC3), which is an atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, and then comprehensively discuss various aspects of climate change with 6 ka forcing. We also discuss the 6 ka African monsoon activity. The 6 ka precipitation change over northern Africa according to MIROC-ESM does not differ dramatically from that obtained with MIROC3, which means that newly developed components such as dynamic vegetation and improvements in the atmospheric processes do not have significant impacts on representing the 6 ka monsoon change suggested by proxy records. Although there is no drastic difference in the African monsoon representation between the two models, there are small but significant differences in the precipitation enhancement in MIROC-ESM, which can be related to the representation of the sea surface temperature rather than the vegetation coupling, at least in MIROC-ESM.
Relating trends in streamflow to anthropogenic influences: a case study of Himayat Sagar catchment, India
Authors: Nune R. , George B. A. , Teluguntla P. , Western A. W.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Catchment development has been identified as potentially causing major changes in streamflow in India. This paper tests for trends in rainfall and streamflow in Himayat Sagar catchment and shows major declines in streamflow without significant changes in precipitation. It then relates the streamflow trends to anthropogenic influences in Himayat Sagar catchment. A simple rainfall-runoff regression model was used to quantify the change in magnitude of rainfall-runoff relationship over the study period. Then, the anthropogenic changes in the catchment including land use, watershed development, groundwater abstractions and storages, and evapotranspiration were quantified. The changes in the components of the water balance were then compared. Streamflows were found to decline at a rate of 3.6 mm yr−1. The main land use change was found to be a conversion from rainfed to irrigated agriculture, fed by groundwater extractions. Irrigated area increased from 8% to 23% of the cropping area during the monsoon (Kharif) season (June–November) and from 8% to 16% of cropping area during the dry (Rabi) season (December–March). Various estimates of changes in evapotranspiration/irrigation water use were made. Well inventories suggest groundwater extractions increase of 7.2 mm yr−1, typical irrigation practices suggests applied water increased by 10.8 mm yr−1, while estimates of evapotranspirations using AVHRR images showed an increasing rate of 4.1 mm yr−1. Surface water storage capacity for various small watershed development structures increased 2 mm over 7 yr. Taken together, the streamflow trends and groundwater information suggest the most plausible estimates of evapotranspiration changes comes from the AVHRR imagery.
Variability of sea ice deformation rates in the Arctic and their relationship with basin-scale wind forcing
Authors: Herman A. , Glowacki O.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. In this paper, temporal variability of the moments of probability distribution functions (pdfs) of total sea ice deformation rates in the Arctic is analyzed in the context of the basin-scale wind forcing acting on the ice. The pdfs are estimated for 594 satellite-derived sea ice deformation maps from 11 winter seasons between 1996/1997 and 2007/2008, provided by the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System. The moments of the pdfs, calculated for a range of spatial scales, have two dominating components of variability: a seasonal cycle, with deformation rates decreasing throughout winter towards a minimum in March; and a short-term, synoptic variability, strongly correlated with the area-averaged magnitude of the wind stress over the Arctic, estimated based on the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis-2 data (correlation coefficient of 0.71 for the mean deformation rate). Due to scaling properties of the moments, logarithms of higher moments are strongly correlated with the wind stress as well. By demonstrating that a very simple model can provide an explanation for the observed relationships, we show that they reflect the dominating balance of forces in the compact, quasi-stationary ice pack. Finally, we suggest that a positive trend in seasonally-averaged correlation between sea ice deformation rates and the wind forcing, present in the analyzed data, may be related to an observed decrease in the multi-year ice area in the Arctic, indicating possibly even stronger correlations in the future.
The Opposing Roles of Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins in Cancer
Authors: Lau R. , Pratt M. A. C.
Published: August 2012

Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2) are members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family that has been implicated in the pathology of human cancers due to their overexpression and function as blockers of cell death in various cancers. As a result, small molecule IAP antagonists have been developed and are currently under clinical evaluation for potential therapeutic use. In contrast, recent evidence has indicated a tumour-suppressing role for the cIAPs. Mutations in or loss of cIAPs have been identified as molecular lesions that contribute to constitutive activation of NF-κB in hematopoietic malignancies. These studies reveal a context-dependent role for the cIAPs wherein both their overexpression and loss may contribute to tumourigenesis.
The Welfare Impacts of Rural Electrification in Bangladesh
Authors: Khandker Shahidur R. , Barnes Douglas F. , Samad Hussain A.
Published: August 2012

Lack of access to electricity has been considered a major impediment to the growth and development of rural economies. Thus, the provision of electricity and other forms of modern energy has been a priority for many development organizations, including the World Bank. However, few impact studies of electrification have taken the endogeneity of the grid connection into account. Using a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2005 of 20,900 rural households in Bangladesh, this paper examines the welfare impacts of household access to grid electricity after controlling for endogeneity bias. The econometric analysis shows that grid electrification has significant positive impacts on household income, expenditure, and education. The household gain in total income due to electrification is as high as 21 percent, with a 1.5 percentage point reduction in poverty per year. The results also suggest that the income and expenditure effects ofelectricity connection are higher for better-off households.

doi: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol33-No1-8
Institutional Sexism
Authors: Andreasen Robin O. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

What is sexism? What are its underlying causes? What makes it morally wrong? Can whole institutions, practices and policies, contribute to the unjust distribution of benefi ts and burdens? Or does sexism, when it exists, occur on an individual basis? This article analyzes the notion of institutional sexism for its conceptual, causal, and moral character. The author compares the notions that institutional sexism largely pertains to the oppression of women to those which say that it pertains broadly to any unjust treatment on the basis of sex. She examines the historical and cultural sources of sexism. When it exists, do the sources of sexism rest with attitudes of individuals or the very structure of institutions themselves? She shows why individual attitudes themselves are often not the sole sources of sexism, where it exists. Institutional structure can equally contribute to its existence.
Sweatshops and Respect for Persons
Authors: Arnold Denis G. , Bowie Norman E. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Most shoppers like bargains. Do bargains come at the expense of workers in sweatshops around the world? The authors argue that many large multinational corporations are running the moral equivalents of sweatshops and are not properly respecting the rights of persons. They list a set of minimum standards of safety and decency that they claim all corporations should meet (and that many are not). Finally, they defend their call for improved working conditions by replying to objections that meeting improved conditions will cause greater harm than good, even to the workers themselves. They consider many specifi c corporations and name names and point the finger at various forms of disrespect for persons, along the way.
Corporations, Democratic Legitimacy, and Republicanism
Authors: Crosson Nicholas ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Are the current practices of large corporations incompatible with democratic political ideology? Are multinational corporations too powerful to be constrained by democracy in practice? This paper makes a strong case that the answers may be “yes.” For example, large local corporations can constrain the democratic process in small towns on matters such as tax exemption, by threatening to leave the area. also large multinational companies can apply force to national congressional votes on product safety reform by threatening to move home offi ces to other countries (taking their products and tax dollars with them). The author argues that in many cases democracy is not functioning properly due to the power of corporations to constrain the ability of citizens to freely enact laws.
Vegetarianism, Traditional Morality, and Moral Conservatism
Authors: Detmer David ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

“Moral vegetarianism,” the doctrine that it is immoral to eat meat, is widely dismissed as eccentric. But I argue that moral vegetarianism is thoroughly conservative—it follows directly from two basic moral principles that nearly everyone already accepts. One is that it is morally wrong to cause unnecessary pain. The other is that if it is wrong in one case to do X, then it will also be wrong to do so in another, unless the two cases differ in some morally relevant respect. Since everyone agrees that it is wrong to kill humans for food,this principle entails that defenders of meat eating must find some morally relevant difference between eating humans and eating other animals if they are to justify their practice. I argue that this burden cannot be met. Finally, I offer four arguments against the claim that the moral permissibility of eating meat is intuitively evident.
Perspectives on Ethics and Water Policy in Delaware
Authors: Kauffman Gerald J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Water is a finite resource held in common by the community yet coveted by individuals and special interests. The water management field is filled with disputes about water allocation, rights, and pollution. Environmental ethics is a basis for equitable water policy making in Delaware. The resource allocation dilemma is examined in relation to conflicting objectives imposed by a market economy between individual self-interests and community environmental well being. Two forms of water law are practiced in the USA—eastern riparianrights and western prior appropriation. Both forms seek an ethical balance to resolve conflicts and protect individual water rights while protecting downstream users (the common good). Delaware Valley case studies discuss how environmental ethics can help the water policy specialist make difficult decisions during conflicts. Surveys polls indicate that 81 percent have values supportive of a balance between the economy and environment, or pro-environment, indicating that an environmental ethic is central to decisions concerning water policy.
Frankenfood, or, Fear and Loathing at the Grocery Store
Authors: Welchman Jennifer ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Genetically modified food crops have been called ‘frankenfoods’ since 1992. Although some might dismiss the phenomena as clever marketing by anti-GM groups, of no philosophic interest, its resonance with the general public suggests otherwise. I argue that examination of the intersection of popular conceptions of monsters, nature, and food at which ‘frankenfood’ stands reveals significant and disturbing trends in our relationship to organic nature of interest to moral and social philosophy and to environmental ethics.
A Clone by any Other Name
Authors: Rogers Katherin A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

The possibility of cloning human beings raises the difficult question: Which human lives have value and deserve legal protection? Current cloning legislation tries to hide the problem by illegitimately renaming the entities and processes in question. The Delaware cloning bill, (SB55 2003/2004) for example, permits and protects the creation of human embryos by cloning, as long as they will be destroyed for research and therapeutic purposes, but it adopts terminology which renders its import unclear. I show that, in the case of cloning legislation, the burden of proof is on those who would adopt new terminology, and it has not been met.
Wrongful Life, Suicide, and Euthanasia
Authors: Elster Jakob ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

“Wrongful life” claims are made by persons born with a disease to the effect that they should not have been born. I ask whether we can say that if someone claims that he would have been better off if he were not born, he would be better off if he died. I examine the relationship between the following propositions:(1) It would have been better for me if I were not born.(2) My life (as a whole) is not worth living.(3) It would be better for me if I died.(4) I desire to die.(5) I should commit suicide/ ask for euthanasia.If a person claims that he would have preferred not to be born, this normally implies that it would be better for him if he died. But this does not necessarily imply that he desires to die, or that he should commit suicide.
Are We Good Enough?
Authors: Bellantoni Lisa ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

If we can enhance ourselves genetically, should we? A plague of recent works in bioethics insist that we should not. Bill McKibben, for example, joins a chorus of theorists who oppose enhancement efforts not because they might harm individuals or undermine social practices, but because they imperil a human nature that is already “good enough,” and threaten to catapult us into a “post-human” world. But what’s wrong, exactly, with being post-human? These positions never answer that question. They fail biologically, sociologically, and ethically, I argue, because just as ethics aims to improve us, bioethics aims properly to direct biotechnologies to enhance human life prospects. To refuse that injunction is to assert that we can, but will not, improve ourselves. It is to undercutany basis for bioethics, and for human progress, moral or material. It is, to re-work Leon Kass’s singularly apt phrase, moral hubris run amok.
Learning to Cope with Ambiguity
Authors: Mellon Brad F. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

The present study, “Learning to Cope With Ambiguity: Reflections on the Terri Schiavo Case” looks at the many complexities of dealing with Persistent Vegetative State (PVS). By its very nature PVS is ambiguous. It is difficult to diagnose and, even when the diagnosis appears to be certain, there is a multiplicity of ethical issues and treatment options to consider. There are four high profile PVS court cases that can help us understand the Schiavo situation. They are Karen Ann Quinlan, Nancy Kruzan, Helga Wanglie, and Daniel Fiori. These cases share many common features with each other and with Schiavo. In the final analysis, the judicial decisions inevitably point us to the ongoing need to live and cope with ambiguity.
Truly Human Reproduction
Authors: Cohen Alexander R. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

For two million years, members of Homo sapiens (and the species from which it emerged) have shaped to their purpose almost everything they found in nature. Yet we are still reproducing by sex. This is a poor method of conceiving human beings, because it surrenders many of the future child’s characteristics to luck. Both parents and children are better off the more parents control their children’s genotypes. The emerging technologies that enable this do not reduce free will and will not eliminate human characteristics (such as certain forms of “mental illness”) that are worth preserving; rather, they will match types of children to parents who can appreciate them. Technological reproduction, not reproduction by sex, should be regarded as truly human. It is the application of the power of thought to human reproduction, and, like the application of that power to external objects and to memes, it will enhance our capacities.
An Ethical Evaluation of the Supreme Court Decision Regarding ERISA Interpretation
Authors: Lefebvre Kristin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Although the ethical and legal worlds are often at odds, a wealth of information is gained by evaluating legal decisions from an ethical perspective. Evaluating court decisions from an ethical viewpoint, increases our knowledge, and helps to beneficially influence future court precedent. Of particular importance to the relationship between the law, business, and ethics, is the ideal of beneficence and non-maleficence. It is the court’s role to protect the rights of individuals, especially with regards to their health care provision. These issues are especially present in conflicts that relate to the availability and access to health care and insurance coverage. Patient autonomy, physician malpractice and informed consent are all influenced by such current court precedent as addressed bythe Employee Retirement Income and Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). This leads us to the central theme of this discussion on the ethical implications of the Supreme Court precedent on ERISA.
Why Shouldn’t Insurance Companies Know Your Genetic Information?
Authors: Manson Neil A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

In this paper I state and reject two of the most commonly given arguments for regulating access by insurance companies to the results of genetic tests. I then argue that since we cannot assume a priori that those genetically predisposed to disease will have worse health outcomes than those not so disposed, we cannot know a priori that genetic discrimination will emerge as a major problem in a free market health insurance system. Finally, I explore the possibility of a free-market solution to the problem of genetic discrimination:genetic insurance.
A Rational Defense of Animal Experimentation
Authors: Nobis Nathan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Many people involved in the life sciences and related fields and industries routinely cause mice, rats, dogs, cats, primates and other non-human animals to experience pain, suffering, and an early death, harming these animals greatly and not for their own benefit. Harms, however, require moral justification, reasons that pass critical scrutiny. Animal experimenters and dissectors might suspect that strong moral justification has been given for this kind of treatment of animals. I survey some recent attempts to provide such a justification and show that they do not succeed: they provide no rational defense of animal experimentation and related activities. Thus, the need for a rational defense of animal experimentation remains.
At the Edge of Humanity
Authors: Streiffer Robert ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Experiments involving the transplantation of human stem cells and their derivatives into early fetal or embryonic nonhuman animals raise novel ethical issues due to their possible implications for enhancing the moral status of the chimeric individual. Although status-enhancing research is not necessarily objectionable from the perspective of the chimeric individual, there are grounds for objecting to it in the conditions in which it is likely to occur. Translating this ethical conclusion into a policy recommendation, however, iscomplicated by the fact that substantial empirical and ethical uncertainties remain about which transplants, if any, would significantly enhance the chimeric individual’s moral status. Considerations of moral status justify either an early-termination policy on chimeric embryos, or, in the absence of such a policy, restrictions on the introduction of pluripotent human stem cells into early-stage developing animals, pending the resolution of those uncertainties.
Fantastic Voyage: Designing Self‐Powered Nanorobots
Authors: Sengupta Samudra , Ibele Michael E. , Sen Ayusman
Published: August 2012

The use of swarms of nanobots to perform seemingly miraculous tasks is a common trope in the annals of science fiction.1 Although several of these remarkable feats are still very much in the realm of fiction, scientists have recently overcome many of the physical challenges associated with operating on the small scale and have generated the first generation of autonomous self‐powered nanomotors and pumps. The motors can be directed by chemical and light gradients, pick up and deliver cargo, and exhibit collective behavior.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of ACu9Tt4 (A: Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu; Tt: Si, Ge, Sn) — Tetragonally Distorted Ternary Variants of the Cubic NaZn13 Structure Type. Improved Structure Refinement of SrCu2Ge2.
Authors: Schaefer Marion C. , Yamasaki Yuki , Fritsch Veronika , Bobev Svilen
Published: August 2012

The title compounds are synthesized from the elements using excess Cu and Si, Ge, or Sn as a flux (alumina crucibles, 1100 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Properties of Perovskites ScCrO3 and InCrO3 with Small Ions at the A Site.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Tanaka Masahiko , Takayama‐Muromachi Eiji
Published: August 2012

The title compounds are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of In2O3, Sc2O3, and Cr2O3 (Au capsule, 6 GPa, 1500 K, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Reductive Amination of Aliphatic Ketones by Benzothiazoline as Hydrogen Donor.
Authors: Saito Kodai , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: August 2012

A highly enantioselective protocol for the reductive amination of aliphatic ketones with aromatic amines catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Arene Functionalization Through Sequential Oxidative and Non‐oxidative Heck Reactions.
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Elizarov Nelli
Published: August 2012

A sequence of acetamide directed oxidative Heck reaction and deacetylation—diazotation—Heck coupling allows the removal of the acetamide group and its dual exploitation as a catalyst directing group and leaving group.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Terminal Alkynes Using Umemoto′s Reagent.
Authors: Luo Dong‐Fen , Xu Jun , Fu Yao , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: August 2012

The reaction proceeds under mild conditions to give trifluoromethylated alkynes with tolerance of a variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Reduction of Nitrobenzenes to Aminobenzenes Having Reducible Groups by a Titanium(IV) Oxide Photocatalyst under Gas‐ and Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Imamura Kazuya , Hashimoto Keiji , Kominami Hiroshi
Published: August 2012

The title reaction is performed in the presence of oxalic acid as a hole scavenger without the use of a precious metal or a reducing gas.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Nucleophilic Monofluorobenzylation of Carbonyl Compounds: Synthesis of Enantiopure vic‐Fluorohydrins and α‐Fluorobenzylketones.
Authors: Arroyo Yolanda , Sanz‐Tejedor M. Ascension , Parra Alejandro , Garcia Ruano Jose Luis
Published: August 2012

Asymmetric addition of in situ generated chiral α‐fluoro‐γ‐sulfinylbenzyl carbanion towards aromatic (II) and aliphatic aldehydes (VI) proceeds with complete control of facial selectivity at the carbanion and with moderate to high anti‐diastereoselectivity to afford the product fluorohydrins in up to 92% d.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Acetate as a Catalyst for the Hydroacylation Reaction of Azodicarboxylates with Aldehydes.
Authors: Qin Yuancheng , Zhou Dan , Li Mingjun
Published: August 2012

Zn(OAc)2 is an effective catalyst for the title hydroacylation, tolerating a variety of functional groups and affording the corresponding products in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfides under Base‐Free Conditions Using Selenium Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Thurow Samuel , Ostosi Naiana T. , Mendes Samuel R. , Jacob Raquel G. , Lenardao Eder J.
Published: August 2012

The hydrothiolation of terminal alkynes affords mixtures of three vinyl sulfides.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Cyclodextrin Immobilized onto Dowex Resin: A Unique Microvessel and Heterogeneous Catalyst in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions.
Authors: Kiasat Ali Reza , Zarinderakht Nasrollah , Sayyahi Soheil
Published: August 2012

The reaction is conducted under environmentally benign conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: NaOH—Al2O3 Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Triarylpentane‐1,5‐diones Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Condition and Crystal Structure of 3‐(2′,4′‐Dichlorophenyl)‐1,5‐diphenylpentane‐1,5‐dione.
Authors: Huang Xianqiang , Feng Qiu , Sun Yanliang , He Qingpeng , Wang Yong
Published: August 2012

An efficient, mild and fast procedure for the preparation of title series (III) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael Addition of N‐Boc‐Protected Oxindoles to Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by a Chiral Secondary Amine.
Authors: Wang Chuan , Yang Xuena , Enders Dieter
Published: August 2012

Among 14 prolinol ethers tested in the reaction of oxindole (Ig) with nitrostyrene, didodecylprolinol Tms‐ether PRO affords the best result with respect to both yield and diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity of the addition product.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Methyl/Methylene Oxygenation and C—H Formylation with a DABCO—DMSO System for the Synthesis of Carbonyl Indoles and Pyrroles.
Authors: Wang Yi‐Feng , Zhang Feng‐Lian , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: August 2012

The conditions which are used for the aerobic oxidation process can also be applied to the direct C‐3 formylation.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of 2‐Substituted Azomethine N‐Oxides with N‐Benzyl Maleimides Leading to the Synthesis of Stereoisomers.
Authors: Badru Rahul , Shah Sakshi , Singh Baldev
Published: August 2012

Azomethine N‐oxides (I) and (V) react with N‐benzylmaleimide (II) to provide a mixture of stereoisomers having cis (III), (VII) and trans (IV), (VI) configurations with respect to the proton on the C‐3 azomethine carbon.
ChemInform Abstract: An Easy Access to 4,5‐Disubstituted Thiazoles via Base‐Induced Click Reaction of Active Methylene Isocyanides with Methyl Dithiocarboxylates.
Authors: Lingaraju Gejjalagere S. , Swaroop Toreshettahally R. , Vinayaka Ajjampura C. , Kumar Kothanahally S. Sharath , Sadashiva Marilinganadoddi P. , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S.
Published: August 2012

The method allows a simple and rapid approach to the title compounds (23 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Synthesis of Substituted Benzothiazoles in Water.
Authors: Deng Hang , Li Zhengkai , Ke Fang , Zhou Xiangge
Published: August 2012

In the presence of an optimized catalyst system, the reaction of iodoanilines, aromatic, heteroaromatic or aliphatic aldehydes, and an excess of sulfur affords the corresponding 2‐substituted benzothiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐{4a,6‐Dimethyl‐4a,9a‐dihydropyrano[3,4‐b]indol‐9(1H)‐yl}ethanone (VI).
Authors: Skladchikov D. A. , Fatykhov A. A. , Gataullin R. R.
Published: August 2012

by copper/palladium‐catalyzed heterocyclization of amide (V)
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) Hexafluorophosphate Catalyzed Coumarin Synthesis via Pechmann Condensation under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Soleimani Ebrahim , Khodaei Mohammad Mehdi , Batooie Nasim , Samadi Saadi
Published: August 2012

Pechmann condensation of phenols with β‐ketoesters under mild conditions leads to formation of coumarin derivatives in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrahydroquinazoline‐Substituted Chromones from Diels—Alder Reaction of (E)‐2‐Styrylchromones and Pyrimidine ortho‐Quinodimethane.
Authors: Patoilo Diana T. , Silva Artur M. S. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Santos Clementian M. M. , Tome Augusto C. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S.
Published: August 2012

The reaction produces 2 regioisomers, where the trans configuration of the starting material remains intact.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Light‐Stabilizing Ability of a Series of Hindered Piperidine Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Wei , An Ping , Chen Yan‐Xue , Li Yang , Yan Xi‐Long , Chen Li‐Gong
Published: August 2012

The oxidation resistance and photostabilization efficiency of title compounds (Ia) and (Ib) is better than that of HALS tinuvin 770, chimassorb 944, tinuvin 622 and irganox B215.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Isoquinolinium Zwitterionic Salts by Metal‐Free C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Hou Hong , Zhang Yuan , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: August 2012

The synthesis of 25 examples of the title series via a multicomponent reaction of in situ formed N‐benzylisoquinolinium bromides with aromatic aldehydes and cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 69. Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐1,2‐dihydro[1]benzofuro[3,2‐d]furo[2,3‐b]pyridines and Their Transformations to Related Compounds.
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Takano Jun‐ichi , Hirota Takashi , Sasaki Kenji
Published: August 2012

Ring closure reaction of 1,6‐dinitriles (I) in the presence of strong base proceeds via Thorpe—Ziegler pathway to give oxepine derivatives (II), and via Truce—Smiles rearrangement to give difuropyridines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] and [4 + 3] Annulation Reactions of C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines with Allenoates.
Authors: Jing Chengfeng , Na Risong , Wang Bo , Liu Honglei , Zhang Lei , Liu Jun , Wang Min , Zhong Jiangchun , Kwon Ohyun , Guo Hongchao
Published: August 2012

The reaction pathways can be triggered by choice of the allenoate and the phosphine catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiourea Dioxide in Water as a Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4‐diones.
Authors: Verma Sanny , Jain Suman L.
Published: August 2012

A convenient protocol is developed for the synthesis of the biologically important scaffolds (IV) via three‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Domino Benzannulation of α‐Oxo Ketenes: Preparation of 1,3‐Dihydro‐2H‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Castillo Juan‐Carlos , Presset Marc , Abonia Rodrigo , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: August 2012

The title reaction of 2‐diazo‐1,3‐diones and o‐phenylenediamines in the absence of any additive affords bi‐ or tricyclic benzodiazepinones by a domino Wolff rearrangement/nucleophilic addition/intramolecular imination sequence with the formation of three new covalent bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Organophosphorus—Selenium Heterocycles from the Selenation of Conjugated Ketones and Enals.
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: August 2012

α,β‐Unsaturated ketones and aldehydes react with Woollins′ reagent (II) to give novel five‐membered heterocycles as diasteromeric and isomeric mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiodivergent Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of (S)‐ and (R)‐(Z)‐9‐Dodecyl‐4,5,8,9‐tetrahydro‐3H‐oxonin‐2‐one as Analogues of Topsentolides.
Authors: Wetzel Isolde , Krauss Juergen , Bracher Franz
Published: August 2012

Key steps in the new approach to enantiopure title compounds (IV) are a kinetic enzymatic resolution of racemic alcohol (I) and the Grubbs I catalyzed stereoselective ring‐closing metathesis to the desired (Z)‐lactones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bismuth Pseudocubes by Thermal Decomposition of Bi2Et4.
Authors: Schulz Stephan , Heimann Stefan , Woelper Christoph , Assenmacher Wilfried
Published: August 2012

Highly crystalline, nearly monodisperse 25 nm sized bismuth pseudocubes are prepared by a low temperature thermolysis reaction of Bi2Et4 in the presence of Na[N(SiMe3)2] and poly(1‐vinylpyrolidone)‐graft‐(1‐triacontene) (50 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The Preparation of Highly Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays by an Anodization Method and Their Applications
Authors: Jun Yongseok , Park Jong Hyeok , Kang Man Gu
Published: August 2012

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetochemical Methods and Models in Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Koegerler Paul
Published: August 2012

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tryptophanol‐Derived Oxazolopiperidone Lactams: Valuable Building Blocks for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidine‐Containing Alkaloids
Authors: Santos Maria M. M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Containing and Gold‐Generated 1,n‐Dipoles as Useful Platforms Toward Cycloadditions and Cyclizations
Authors: Garayalde David , Nevado Cristina
Published: August 2012

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N,N‐Dihaloamines
Authors: Collier S. J. , Xiang W.
Published: August 2012

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategies for the Construction of δ‐Carbolines. A Chemical Ladder in Search of Novel Drugs
Authors: Gupta Ankur , Kamble Bhagyashree , Joghee Nanjan Moola , Nanjan Chandrasekar Moola Joghee
Published: August 2012

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pictet—Spengler Reaction Revisited: Engineering of Tethered Biheterocycles into Annulated Polyheterocycles
Authors: Kundu Bijoy , Agarwal Piyush K. , Sharma Sudhir K. , Sawant Devesh , Mandadapu Anil K. , Saifuddin Mohammad , Gupta Sahaj
Published: August 2012

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin Waves in Ferromagnetic Nanowires and Nanotubes
Authors: Lim Hock Siah , Kuok Meng Hau
Published: August 2012

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Capsules Derived from Resorcin[4]arenes by Metal‐Coordination
Authors: Schroeder Tobias , Sahu Satya Narayan , Mattay Jochen
Published: August 2012

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Container Molecules Based on Imine Type Ligands
Authors: Schulze A. Carina , Oppel Iris M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Physicochemical Characterization of Pharmaceutical Solids
Authors: Debnath Smita
Published: August 2012

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimicrobial Macromolecules: Synthesis, Methods and Future Applications
Authors: Li Peng , Li Xiang , Saravanan Rathi , Li Chang Ming , Leong Susanna Su Jan
Published: August 2012

Review: 201 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Oligoribonucleotides That Act as Agonists of TLR7 and/or TLR8
Authors: Lan Tao , Kandimalla Ekambar R.
Published: August 2012

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids Designed for Advanced Applications in Bioelectrochemistry
Authors: Fujita Kyoko , Murata Kenichi , Masuda Miyuki , Nakamura Nobuhumi , Ohno Hiroyuki
Published: August 2012

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2D Carbon‐Heteroelement Correlation
Authors: Berger Stefan
Published: August 2012

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 3D and 4D Heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Clore G. Marius , Gronenborn Angela M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 53 refs.
Geometric invariants under illuminant transformations
Authors: Centore Paul
Published: August 2012

An object colour's Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage XYZ coordinates can change when it is viewed under different illuminants. The set of XYZ coordinates for all object colours, which is called the object‐colour solid, likewise varies under different illuminants. This article shows that, despite these changes, some properties are invariant under illuminant transformations. In particular, as long as the illuminant is nowhere zero in the visible spectrum, optimal colours take the same Schrödinger form, and no two optimal colours are metameric. Furthermore, all object‐colour solids have the same shape at the origin: they all fit perfectly into the convex cone (which we will call the spectrum cone) generated by the spectrum locus. The spectrum cone, itself, does not vary when the illuminant changes. The object‐colour solid for one illuminant can be transformed into the solid for another illuminant, by an easily visualized sequence of expansions and contractions of irregular rings, called zones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 179–187, 2014
Magic truffles or Philosopher's stones: a legal way to sell psilocybin?
Authors: Pellegrini Manuela , Rotolo Maria Concetta , Marchei Emilia , Pacifici Roberta , Saggio Francesco , Pichini Simona
Published: August 2012

“Magic mushrooms” is the most common name given to hallucinogenic fungi containing the psychoactive alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin. In recent years, fungis' sclerotia, commonly called “magic truffles” have become a form of supply of psychoactive Psilocybe alkaloids since Psilocybe sclerotia are not specifically included in the laws banning the sale, the purchase and the use of such substances and mushrooms containing them.

A liquid chromatography –tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed for the rapid determination of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe sclerotia. Following a simple step extraction with methanol, the alkaloids were separated on a reversed‐phase column using a gradient of 0.1% formic acid – acetonitrile s a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.. Separated analytes were detected by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The developed method was linear over the calibration range for all two substances under investigation, with a r2 > 0.99. The detection and quantification limits were 0.3 µg and 1 µg per 100 mg truffles, for both psilocin and psilocybin and the intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation were always better than 15%.

Using this method, the presence of only psilocybin was demonstrated in examined Psilocybe sclerotia. The content of psilocybin was found to vary over a concentration range of 59.3 to 167.8 µg per 100 mg of fresh sclerotia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature alters reproductive life history patterns in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a lethal pathogen associated with the global loss of amphibians
Authors: Voyles Jamie , Johnson Leah R. , Briggs Cheryl J. , Cashins Scott D. , Alford Ross A. , Berger Lee , Skerratt Lee F. , Speare Rick , Rosenblum Erica Bree
Published: August 2012

Understanding how pathogens respond to changing environmental conditions is a central challenge in disease ecology. The environmentally sensitive fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, has spread globally causing amphibian extirpations in a wide variety of climatic regions. To gain an in‐depth understanding of Bd's responses to temperature, we used an integrative approach, combining empirical laboratory experiments with mathematical modeling. First, we selected a single Bd isolate and serially propagated two lineages of the isolate for multiple generations in two stable thermal conditions: 4°C (cold‐adapted lineage) and 23°C (warm‐adapted lineage). We quantified the production of infectious zoospores (fecundity), the timing of zoospore release, and zoospore activity in reciprocal temperature transplant experiments in which both Bd lineages were grown in either high or low temperature conditions. We then developed population growth models for the Bd lineages under each set of temperature conditions. We found that Bd had lower population growth rates, but longer periods of zoospore activity in the low temperature treatment (4°C) compared to the high temperature treatment (23°C). This effect was more pronounced in Bd lineages that were propagated in the low temperature treatment (4°C), suggesting a shift in Bd's response to low temperature conditions. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which Bd can thrive in a wide variety of temperature conditions, potentially altering the dynamics of chytridiomycosis and thus, the propensity for Bd to cause amphibian population collapse. We also suggest that the adaptive responses of Bd to thermal conditions warrant further investigation, especially in the face of global climate change.
Food authentication of commercially‐relevant shrimp and prawn species: From classical methods to Foodomics
Authors: Ortea Ignacio , Pascoal Ananías , Cañas Benito , Gallardo José M. , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge , Calo‐Mata Pilar
Published: August 2012

Although seafood species identification has traditionally relied on morphological analysis, sometimes this is difficult to apply for the differentiation among penaeid shrimps owing to their phenotypic similarities and to the frequent removal of external carapace during processing. The objective of this review is to provide an updated and extensive overview on the molecular methods for shrimp and prawn species authentication, in which several omics approaches based on protein and DNA analysis are described. DNA‐based methods include the amplification by PCR of different genes, commonly the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase I genes. A recently described method based on RFLP coupled to PCR turned out to be particularly interesting for species differentiation and origin identification. Protein analysis methods for the characterization and detection of species‐specific peptides are also summarized, emphasizing some novel proteomics‐based approaches, such as phyloproteomics, peptide fragmentation, and species‐specific peptide detection by HPLC coupled to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS, the latter representing the fastest method described to date for species authentication in food.
Incidence of jaw lesions and activity and gene expression of hepatic P4501A enzymes in mink (Mustela vison) exposed to dietary 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
Authors: Bursian Steven J. , Moore Jeremy , Newsted John L. , Link Jane E. , Fitzgerald Scott D. , Bello Nora , Bhat Virunya S. , Kay Denise , Zhang Xiaowei , Wiseman Steve , Budinsky Robert A. , Giesy John P. , Zwiernik Matthew J.
Published: August 2012

This study assessed the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), and 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) on the incidence of jaw lesions and on hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) endpoints in mink (Mustela vison). Adult female mink were assigned randomly to one of 13 dietary treatments (control and four increasing doses of TCDD, PeCDF, or TCDF) and provided spiked feed for approximately 150 d (60 d prior to breeding through weaning of offspring at 42 d post-parturition). Offspring were maintained on their respective diets for an additional 150 d. Activity of hepatic CYP1A enzymes in adult and juvenile mink exposed to TCDD, PeCDF, or TCDD was generally greater compared with controls, but changes in other CYP1A endpoints were less consistent. Histopathology of the mandible and maxilla of juvenile mink suggested a dose-related increase in the incidence of jaw lesions. The dietary effective doses (ED) for jaw lesions in 50% of the population (ED50) were estimated to be 6.6, 14, and 149 ng/kg body weight (bw)/d for TCDD, PeCDF, and TCDF, respectively. The relative potencies of PeCDF and TCDF compared with TCDD based on ED10, ED20, and ED50 values ranged from 0.5 to 1.9 and 0.04 to 0.09, respectively. These values are within an order of magnitude of the World Health Organization toxic equivalency factor (TEFWHO) values of 0.3 and 0.1 for PeCDF and TCDF, respectively. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2545–2556. © 2012 SETAC