bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydride and Carbonyl RuMo3S4 Cubane Clusters
Authors: Takei Izuru , Kobayashi Koji , Dohki Keita , Nagao Shoken , Mizobe Yasushi , Hidai Masanobu
Published: March 2007

Treatment of [(Cp*Mo)3(μ3-S)4RuH2(PPh3)][PF6] (1; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) with aqueous HCl afforded the trichloride cluster [(Cp*Mo)3(μ3-S)4RuCl3] (2), which was reduced with Cp2Co in the presence of PR3 under H2 to give the hydride cluster [(Cp*Mo)3(μ3-S)4RuH(PR3)] (R = Cy (3a), i-Pr (3b); Cy = cyclo-C6H11). Cluster 3 was further converted into the chloride cluster [(Cp*Mo)3(μ3-S)4RuCl(PR3)] (R = Cy (4a), i-Pr (4b)) by reaction with CCl4. Reaction of cluster 4 with NaPF6 under CO resulted in the formation of the carbonyl cluster [(Cp*Mo)3(μ3-S)4Ru(CO)(PR3)][PF6] (R = Cy (5a), i-Pr (5b)), while the reaction under H2 gave the dihydride cluster [(Cp*Mo)3(μ3-S)4RuH2(PR3)][PF6] (R = Cy (6a), i-Pr (6b)).
Vitamin D Receptor 3′ Haplotypes Are Unequally Expressed in Primary Human Bone Cells and Associated With Increased Fracture Risk: The MrOS Study in Sweden and Hong Kong
Authors: Grundberg Elin , Lau Edith MC , Pastinen Tomi , Kindmark Andreas , Nilsson Olof , Ljunggren Östen , Mellström Dan , Orwoll Eric , Redlund-Johnell Inga , Holmberg Anna , Gurd Scott , Leung Ping Chung , Kwok Timothy , Ohlsson Claes , Mallmin Hans , Brändström Helena
Published: March 2007

The VDR is a prime candidate gene for osteoporosis. Here, we studied three common VDR haplotypes in relation to bone phenotypes in 5014 participants of the global MrOS Study. We also studied the relative expression of the haplotypes in human bone cells. One haplotype was associated with increased fracture risk and differently expressed in primary human bone cells.

Introduction: Vitamin D plays an essential role in skeletal metabolism by binding to its nuclear steroid receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The heritability of BMD is well established, and the VDR gene is considered a prime candidate suggested to partially account for genetically controlled BMD variance in the population.

Materials and Methods: Here, we reconstructed common haplotypes in the VDR 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and studied the association to BMD and risk of vertebral fractures in elderly men from Sweden (n = 3014) and Hong Kong (n = 2000), all participants of the global MrOS Study. To assess any functional implications of the VDR polymorphisms, we studied allele-specific expressions of the different VDR 3′ UTR haplotypes in the normal chromosomal context of 70 unrelated human trabecular bone samples. This was performed by quantitative genotyping of coding polymorphisms in RNA samples and in corresponding DNA samples isolated from the bone samples.

Results: Three major haplotypes were reconstructed and in agreement with the previously well-defined baT, BAt, and bAT haplotypes, herein denoted Hap1, Hap2, and Hap3. The Hap1 haplotype was independently associated with increased risk of vertebral fractures in Swedish men (OR, 1.655; 95% CI, 1.146–2.391; p < 0.01) and with lower lumbar spine BMD in elderly men from Sweden (p < 0.01) and Hong Kong (p < 0.05). The VDR gene was also shown to exhibit a 3′ UTR haplotype dependent allelic imbalance, indicating that the VDR Hap1 allele was overexpressed in human trabecular bone samples.

Conclusions: The results indicate that the relatively overexpressed VDR Hap1 haplotype could be considered a risk allele for osteoporosis regardless of ethnicity.
Exclusion of Focal Vertebral Artifacts From Spine Bone Densitometry and Fracture Prediction: A Comparison of Expert Physicians, Three Computer Algorithms, and the Minimum Vertebra
Authors: Tsang James F , Leslie William D
Published: March 2007

Expert physicians and automated methods for the exclusion of vertebral levels in DXA scans containing focal artifacts were compared. All methods of vertebral exclusion led to a small improvement in fracture prediction. Computer algorithms performed at least as well as physicians.

Introduction: Lumbar spine DXA is often confounded by focal artifacts. Clinical rules and automated methods for vertebral exclusion have been proposed, but their concordance, effect on diagnosis, and fracture prediction is unknown.

Materials and Methods: We analyzed clinical DXA scans of the lumbar spine (20,478 women and 1534 men) performed from 1998 to 2002 (Province of Manitoba, Canada). Longitudinal health service records were assessed for the presence of nontrauma fracture codes after BMD testing. The effect of vertebral exclusions by expert physicians and several automated methods on diagnosis and prediction of incident fractures was compared.

Results: Vertebral exclusions were reported by physicians in over one quarter of the scans (31% of women and 29% of men). All methods of vertebral exclusion significantly decreased the mean spine T-score and increased the proportion of women designated as osteoporotic. κ values and ROC area under the curve (AUC) for physician-computer agreement in the identification of abnormal scans indicated fair to moderate agreement in both women and men. Compared with no vertebral exclusions, a small increase in the hazard ratio and AUC for spine fracture and osteoporotic fracture prediction was seen after physician and computer exclusions. Compared with physician exclusions, AUC for prediction of osteoporotic fractures in men increased significantly with one computer algorithm (p = 0.004). The minimum vertebral T-score enhanced fracture prediction compared with no exclusions but approximately doubled the prevalence of osteoporotic categorization.

Conclusions: We observed fair to moderate agreement between the physician and computer methods for vertebral level exclusion. All methods of vertebral exclusion led to a small improvement in fracture prediction using the lumbar spine measurement. The automated algorithms performed at least as well as physicians when fractures were used as the endpoint.
Ten-Year Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures in Postmenopausal Chinese Women According to Clinical Risk Factors and BMD T-Scores: A Prospective Study
Authors: Kung Annie W C , Lee Ka-Kui , Ho Andrew Y Y , Tang Grace , Luk Keith D K
Published: March 2007

Independent risk factors for osteoporotic fracture were identified for a Southern Chinese postmenopausal population. Clinical risk factor assessment with or without BMD measurement was shown to be an effective predictor of 10-yr risk of osteoporotic fracture and provides a more accessible tool for patient evaluation.

Introduction: Asian-specific data on risk factors for osteoporosis remain sparse. However, risk factor assessment, in addition to BMD measurement, is increasingly recognized as a reliable predictor of absolute osteoporotic fracture risk. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the specific independent risk factors for osteoporotic fracture and to predict the 10-yr risk of osteoporotic fracture in the postmenopausal Southern Chinese population.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1435 community-dwelling, postmenopausal, treatment-naive women were recruited. Baseline demographic characteristics and clinical risk factors were obtained, and BMD at the spine and hip was measured. Subjects were followed for outcomes of incident low trauma fracture. Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fracture was predicted from the risk factor assessment and BMD measurement by Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: The mean age of subjects was 63.4 ± 8.3 yr. After 5.0 ± 2.3 yr (range, 1.0–11.0 yr) of follow-up, 80 nontraumatic new fractures were reported during follow-up. Eight independent clinical risk factors identified at baseline were found to be significant predictors of osteoporotic fracture, with the most important being use of walking aids (RR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.7–6.7; p < 0.001) and a history of fall (RR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.5–6.2; p < 0.001). Other predictive factors included being homebound, calcium intake < 400 mg/d, age > 65 yr, history of fracture, and BMI < 19 kg/cm2. Subjects with three to eight clinical risk factors had a predicted 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture of 25%, which increased to 30% if they also had total hip BMD T-score ≤ −2.5.

Conclusions: Clinical risk factor assessment, with or without BMD measurement, is a reliable predictor of 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture and may be particularly useful in regions or primary care clinics without access to bone densitometry equipment.
Implementation of a Combined Association-Linkage Model for Quantitative Traits in Linear Mixed Model Procedures of Statistical Packages
Authors: Beem A. Leo , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: March 2007

A transmission disequilibrium test for quantitative traits which combines association and linkage analyses is currently available in several dedicated software packages. We describe how to implement such models in linear mixed model procedures that are available in widely used statistical packages such as SPSS. We also briefly mention a few extensions of the model that become naturally available once the model is implemented in such procedures.
Effects of Angiotensinogen and Angiotensin II Type I Receptor Genes on Blood Pressure and Left Ventricular Mass Trajectories in Multiethnic Youth
Authors: Wang Xiaoling , Zhu Haidong , Dong Yanbin , Treiber Frank A. , Snieder Harold
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of variations of the angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type I receptor (AGTR1) genes on progression of blood pressure (BP) and left ventricular mass (LVM) in multiethnic youth. The study was longitudinal involving 581 European American (EA) and African American (AA) youth with 12 assessments over a 15-year period. AGT M235T and three AGTR1 polymorphisms (C-521T, L191L and A1166C) were genotyped and individual growth curve modeling analyses were conducted. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses found a significant 3-way interaction between M235T, ethnicity and gender on BP levels. Systolic BP (SBP) levels were 5.8 mmHg (p = .00003) and diastolic BP (DBP) levels were 2.6 mmHg (p = .005) lower in carriers versus noncarriers of the M235 allele in AA males only. Furthermore, the AGTR1 L191 allele showed a SBP lowering effect in subjects with a high socioeconomic status (SES; p = .048) and a DBP lowering effect in AAs (p = .038). Haplotype analyses identified a protective haplotype (C-521, 191L and A1166) for LVM levels (p = .03). LVM in individuals homozygous for this haplotype was 12.9 g lower than those homozygous for the most common haplotype (–521T, 191L and A1166). No significant interactions were found between the AGT M235T polymorphism and any of the single SNPs or haplotypes of the AGTR1 gene. Our results in multiethnic youth uncover an ethnicity and gender-specific effect of the AGT M235T polymorphism and a SES or ethnicity-specific effect of the AGTR1 L191L polymorphism on the progression of hypertension risk. A protective AGTR1 haplotype for LVM was also identified.
A Test of the Equal Environment Assumption (EEA) in Multivariate Twin Studies
Authors: Derks Eske M. , Dolan Conor V. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: March 2007

In the classic twin design, estimation of genetic and environmental effects is based on the assumption that environmental influences are shared to the same extent by monozygotic and dizygotic twins (equal environment assumption, EEA). We explore the conditions in which the EEA can be tested based on multivariate phenotypic data. We focus on the test whether the correlation between shared environmental factors in dizygotic twins (rC) is less than 1. First, model identification was investigated analytically in Maple and Mx. Second, statistical power was examined in Mx. Third, the amount of bias caused by violation of the EEA was evaluated. Finally, applications to empirical data concern spatial ability in adolescents and aggression in children. Bivariate and trivariate models include several instances in which the EEA can be tested. The number of twin pairs that is needed to detect violation of the EEA with a statistical power of .80 (α = .05) varied between 508 and 3576 pairs for the situations considered. The bias in parameter estimates, given misspecification, ranged from 5% to 34% for additive genetic effects, and from 4% to 34% for shared environmental effects. Estimates of the nonshared environmental effects were not biased. The EEA was not violated for spatial ability or aggression. Multivariate data provide sufficient information to test the validity of the EEA. The number of twin pairs that is needed is no greater than the number typically available in most twin registries. The analysis of spatial ability and aggression indicated no detectable violation of the EEA.
The Natural Course of Monochorionic and Dichorionic Twin Pregnancies: A Historical Cohort
Authors: Hack Karien E. A. , Derks Jan B. , de Visser Veerle L. , Elias Sjoerd G. , Visser Gerard H. A.
Published: March 2007

Current early diagnosis, surveillance and intervention options make it hard to determine the natural course of twin pregnancies, especially regarding spontaneous preterm delivery and perinatal mortality. We studied the natural course in monochorionic (MC) and dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies in a historical cohort. Twin pregnancies were studied in a unique database of 651 twin pairs born in the period 1907 to 1938. We examined the effect of chorionicity on gestational age, birthweight, peri-natal mortality, intertwin birthweight differences, the incidence of preeclampsia and maternal mortality. Perinatal mortality was 27.7% for MC and 15.8% for DC twins (p < .001). Gestational age and birthweight were stronger predictors of perinatal mortality than chorionicity. Perinatal outcome was poorer for the second twin, especially in DC twins. Delivery before 37 weeks of gestation occurred more often in MC twin pregnancies (48.8% compared to 33.3% in DC twin pregnancies). DC twins were on average 288 g (95% confidence interval 201–376) heavier than MC twins. Severe birthweight discordancy occurred equally in MC and DC twins (18.1%). However, if present, mortality was only increased in MC twins. The birthweight of girls was not affected by the presence of a male co-twin. In this historical cohort MC twin pregnancies had a higher perinatal mortality, caused by a high incidence of low birthweight mainly due to preterm delivery. Mortality did not differ in deliveries after 31 weeks of gestation, which is in contrast to recent data. Apparently, modern obstetrics is more effective in reducing mortality in DC twins.
Discordant Fetal Infection for Parvovirus B19 in a Dichorionic Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Dickinson Jan E. , Keil Anthony D. , Charles Adrian K.
Published: March 2007

There are only a few reports of fetal parvovirus infection in the circumstance of a twin pregnancy. We report a case of differential fetal infection following maternal parvovirus B19 infection in a dichorionic twin pregnancy culminating in a dual live-birth. A 32-year-old woman was diagnosed with parvovirus infection following exposure to her infected child at 19 weeks' gestation in a dichorionic twin gestation. Maternal IgG seroconversion was documented and maternal blood parvovirus B19 DNA was detected by PCR testing. Fetal monitoring with serial ultrasound assessment was instituted. At 25 weeks' gestation Twin I (male) displayed minor ascites, small pericardial effusion, placentomegaly and oligohydramnios. Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA PSV) studies were abnormal. Twin II (female) was sonographically unremarkable. A single fetal intravascular transfusion for Twin I was performed (pretransfusion Hb 80 g/L). Twin I fetal blood parvovirus B19 DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serum demonstrated both B19 IgG and IgM. Following fetal transfusion the hydrops resolved, although the placentomegaly persisted. Two live infants were delivered at 37 weeks' gestation. Individual neonatal venepuncture detected B19 DNA by PCR in Twin I but not in Twin II. B19 IgM was present in Twin I but not Twin II. Both neonates had B19 IgG antibodies. Placental histopathology demonstrated mild edema for Twin I but no inclusion cells. The placenta of Twin II was unremarkable. This case demonstrates the ability for differential transplacental infection of this virus and the assistance of fetal MCA flow studies to guide therapy in a multiple pregnancy at risk of parvovirus infection.
From neglect to re-discovery: Language and identity amongst Spanish migrants in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gutirrez Alicia Pozo
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between language and identity in the context of post-war European migration as it relates to a group of Spaniards who settled permanently in Hampshire and Dorset between 1950 and 1974. Using oral history testimonies and data extracted from Spanish
migrant periodicals published in the United Kingdom during the 1970s and early 1980s, the article focuses on the tension between the maintenance of the Spanish mother tongue and the acquisition of English, the majority language of the host country, arguing that a considerable language shift
towards English has taken place, which may only now begin to be reversed given the increasing popularity that the Spanish language and Hispanic cultures are currently enjoying in Anglo-speaking cultural contexts.
Moral philosophy as the foundation of normative media theory: The case of African Ubuntuism
Authors: Fourie Pieter J
Published: March 2007

In the South African debate about the role of the media in the new (post-apartheid) South African society, the African moral philosophy ubuntuism is from time to time raised as a framework for African normative media theory. Up till now, the possibility of using ubuntuism as a normative framework can, however, not yet be described as a focused effort to develop a comprehensive theory on the basis of which media performance could be measured from ‘an African perspective’. Rather, the topic of ubuntuism as normative media theory should be seen in the context of the African Renaissance as part of an intellectual quest to rediscover and re-establish idealized values of traditional African culture(s) and communities and to apply it to contemporary phenomena such as the media. However, given South Africa's history of apartheid in which Christian nationalism was misused as a moral philosophy to mobilize a patriotic media in the service of volk and vaderland, it is not too early to ask critical questions about ubuntuism as a possible framework for normative media theory. Such questioning is the purpose of this article. Against the background of a postmodern and a postcolonial perspective on normative theory, questions related to the following are raised: the expediency of ubuntuism in the context of changed African cultural values, the distinctiveness of ubuntuism as an African moral philosophy, the vulnerability of moral philosophy to political misuse, ubuntuism in the context of the future of normative theory in a globalized world and changed media environment, and, the implications of ubuntuism for journalism practice. It is concluded that ubuntuism may pose a threat to freedom of expression. Given the nature of contemporary South African society and its media system, a postmodern emphasis on diversity and pluralism as the cornerstone of future normative theory is supported.
Ignatius' Pagan background in Second Century Asia Minor
Authors: Brent Allen
Published: March 2007

Die Vorstellungen des Ignatius von Antiochien über die Kirchenordnung und -struktur (zumindest in der sog. Mittleren Rezension) lassen sich besonders gut auf dem Hintergrund zeitgenössischer Vorstellungen politischer Theologie griechischer Stadtstaaten in Kleinasien interpretieren. Diese stehen wiederum auf dem Hintergrund der sog. Zweiten Sophistik. Das zeigt bereits die besondere Bedeutung der homonoia, wie sie etwa für die Gründung der Stadt Oioanda durch Iulius Demosthenes unter Trajan nachweisbar ist. Hierbei zeigt sich der Zusammenhang von homonoia und liturgischem Geschehen, das in Prozessionen den Kaiser durch entsprechende Bilder und Opfer präsent werden läßt. Auf diesem Hintergrund wird Ignatius' Bemühen um die Ordnung in den Kirchen theologisch verständlich: In Zusammenkünften und Prozessionen sowie der Ordnung des Klerus (verstanden als „Träger“ Gottes, Christi bzw. des Heiligen oder der 12 Apostel) wird Christus als der Herr der universalen Kirche selbst präsent.
Das unendliche Sichausstrecken (Epektasis) zum Guten bei Gregor von Nyssa und Plotin. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung
Authors: Alexopoulos Theodoros
Published: March 2007

A comparison between the concepts of Plotinus and Gregory of Nyssa shows important congruences. Not only general concepts as the concept of the beautiful, the goodness of God, the impact of love for attracting the soul in higher realms or the importance of the free decision of the will, but even the infinite character of the ascent of the soul towards God can be named. Beside of these similarities even important differences must be stated, namely the role of Christ and the sacramental life of the church. The most important point, however, seems to be the different concept of mystical ascent: while for Plotinus there can be a true union during the ekstasis, Gregory denies exactly that stressing the infinite character of each ascent.
P. Vindob. G 2325: Einige Modifikationen von Transkription und Rekonstruktion
Authors: Kraus Thomas J
Published: March 2007

The article offers a couple of minor, but nevertheless important new readings of the Fayûm-Gospel.
Book Reviews
Authors: White Carolyn L.
Published: March 2007

Archaeologies of Materiality by Lynn Meskell, ed., Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. 229 pp.

Carolyn L. White is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at University of Nevada, Reno. A historical archaeologist, she is particularly interested in material culture that can be linked to individual people, such as personal adornment and shoes. Her book, American Artifacts of Personal Adornment, 1680–1820: A Guide to Identification and Interpretation, was published in 2005 by AltaMira Press. She is co‐editor of the Guides to American Artifacts series, published by Left Coast Press.
Structural Innovators and Core-Framing Tasks: How Socially Responsible Mutual Fund Companies Build Identity among Investors
Authors: Markowitz Linda
Published: March 2007

Institutional entrepreneurs in organizational fields sometimes adopt collective-action frames that generate subcultural identities among consumers and mobilize them into purchasing goods. This article examines how socially responsible (SR) mutual fund companies use core-framing tasks to shore up the “corporate social responsibility” collective-action frame and to create an “SR” identity among investors. Analyzing the Web sites of thirty-four mutual fund companies that offer SR funds, the author finds that there are two types of entrepreneurs. Generalists attempt building on a universal SR identity and use core-framing tasks similar to social movement innovators. Specialists, on the other hand, nurture a specific SR identity and seem more concerned with values alignment rather than diagnostic, prognostic, or motivational framing. These two innovators stand in contrast to conventionalists, traditional mutual fund companies that respond to the entrepreneurs by offering their own SR mutual funds, yet use little framing or values alignment to attract investors.
Does Social Capital Still Matter? Immigrant Minority Disadvantage in School-Specific Social Capital and its Effects on Academic Achievement
Authors: Kao Grace , Rutherford Lindsay Taggart
Published: March 2007

Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the authors examine the determinants of social capital and its effects on school achievement for minority and immigrant students. The authors use two measures of social capital—intergenerational closure and parent-school involvement—and distinguish minority groups by generational status. Results indicate that compared to third-generation White students, immigrant Asians and Hispanics and third-generation Black students possess less social capital. Minority and immigrant children receive differential returns to intergenerational closure and parent-school involvement.
Some geomechanical properties of soil–rock mixtures in the Hutiao Gorge area, China
Authors: Xu W.-J. , Hu R.-L. , Tan R.-J.
Published: March 2007

Soil–rock mixtures, which are very complicated inhomogeneous materials, are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering projects. In this paper, in situ tests were performed on six samples of soil–rock mixtures in the Hutiao Gorge reservoir area to examine their mechanical characteristics. The deformation of the mixtures is closely related to the weight proportion of rock fragments and their size distribution, indicating that there may be critical fragment sizes that influence their mechanical properties, particularly cohesion. The soil–rock mixtures are sensitive to water. The results of the comparison between the tests of natural soil–rock mixtures and simulated-rain soil–rock mixtures give useful measured data for engineering evaluation and design. For natural soil–rock mixtures the cohesion c was 1·53 kPa and the internal friction angle ϕ was 46·0°; for saturated soil–rock mixtures c was 0·30 kPa and ϕ was 59·2°.
Interpretation of the seismic cone test in granular soils
Authors: Schnaid F. , Yu H. S.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a simple theoretical approach to the interpretation of the seismic cone test in granular soils. In particular it is demonstrated that there is a theoretical justification for using the ratio of elastic stiffness (estimated from the measured shear wave velocity) to the cone resistance to derive fundamental mechanical soil properties. Using the cavity expansion-based correlation for cone resistance and a well-established correlation between the elastic stiffness and soil void ratio and stress level, theoretical correlations are established between the ratio of elastic stiffness to cone resistance and in situ state parameter and soil friction angle. Application to data obtained from field, calibration chamber and centrifuge tests in various granular soils generally confirms the validity of the proposed theoretical approach. Scatter in predicted values is significant, and further validation is required.
Stiffness and damping of infilled steel frames
Authors: Ghazimahalleh M. Mohammadi
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on 15 masonry, concrete and multilayer infill specimens. Two types of frames are considered. The first one, having pinned connections, has a small-scale and is composed of very stiff beams and columns. The second has a medium-scale and has rigid connections. The frames represent lower storeys of high-and medium-rise buildings, respectively. The effects of reinforcement and bond beam on masonry infill panels are investigated. It is shown that the efficiency of horizontal reinforcements and bond beams on the behaviour of infill panels depends on the dominant cracking pattern. The results show that adding the steel fibres to the material of infill corners can considerably increase the ultimate strength of concrete panels. It is also concluded that the behaviour of multilayer or fibrous concrete panels is better than single-layer panels and they are preferred when strengthening buildings against lateral loads. A new explanation for infill stiffness, named practical stiffness, is proposed and a new formula is suggested to estimate stiffness of the specimens. Eventually, damping ratios of all specimens are presented. The results show that damping ratios of specimens are indicators of structural damage.
Behaviour of reinforced self-consolidating concrete frames
Authors: Said A. , Nehdi M.
Published: March 2007

Multi-storey reinforced concrete (RC) structural frames represent some of the most congested structural elements. Placing and consolidating concrete in such structural frames imposes substantial challenges. This offers a unique area of application for self-consolidating concrete (SCC) because of its inherent ability to flow under its own weight and fill congested sections, complicated formwork and hard-to-reach areas. Research is, however, needed to demonstrate the ability of SCC structural frames adequately to resist vertical and lateral loads. In the present study, full-scale 3 m high beam-column joints reinforced as per the Canadian Standards CSA A23·3-94 and ACI-352R-02 were made with normal concrete (NC) and SCC. They were tested under reversed cyclic loading applied at the beam tip and at a constant axial load applied on the column. The beam–column joint specimens were instrumented with linear variable displacement transducers and strain gauges to determine load–displacement traces, cumulative dissipated energy and secant stiffness. The current paper compares the performance of reinforced NC and SCC structural frames and discusses the potential use of SCC in such structural elements. Results indicate that reducing the coarse aggregate content in SCC mixtures can reduce the contribution of the aggregate interlock mechanism to total shear resistance, which leads to more rapid deterioration under cyclic loading. Further research is needed to ensure the safety of using low coarse aggregate content in SCC in highly seismic areas and assess the safety of already existing buildings cast using SCC.
Hug Drug or Thug Drug? Ecstasy Use and Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Reid Lesley Williams , Elifson Kirk W. , Sterk Claire E.
Published: March 2007

While clinical studies have established a link between aggression and ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine [MDMA]), no research has attempted to explore how this link manifests itself in behavioral outcomes. In this research we examine the effects of ecstasy on aggressive and violent behavior in a sample of active users. Data were collected from 260 ecstasy users in Atlanta, Georgia. Data analysis included ordered logit regression to examine the likelihood of engaging in aggressive behavior, controlling for key predictors of aggression independent of ecstasy use. Our results indicate that those with a higher prevalence of lifetime ecstasy use exhibit higher levels of aggressive and violent behavior. However, the effect of lifetime ecstasy use differs by levels of low self-control as a measure of propensity for aggression. Those who exhibit low self-control are more affected by ecstasy use than those who do not in terms of aggression. Our findings add an important dimension to our current knowledge about the relationship between aggression and ecstasy.
Random Evolutions
Authors: Koroliuk V.S. , Limnios N.
Published: March 2007

This article gives a short presentation of random evolutions. First, the following two examples are presented: dynamical stochastic systems and increment processes, both in Markov media. Then, an introduction to semi‐Markov Random evolution in a Banach space is given, where the previous evolutionary systems are obtained as particular cases. Finally, two abstract limit theorems of average and diffusion approximation for continuous and jump semi‐Markov random evolutions are presented. Remarks on bibliography and further topics related to random evolutions are given.
Transverse electrodes for improved DNA hybridization in microchannels
Authors: Das Siddhartha , Chakraborty Suman
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the modality, in which localized transverse electric fields can be successfully employed, to augment the rate of DNA hybridization at the capturing probes that are located further downstream relative to the inlet section of a rectangular microchannel. This is in accordance with an enhanced strength of convective transport that can be achieved, on account of increments in the wall zeta potential at the transverse electrode locations. In the present model, the overall convective transport, which is an implicit function of the magnitude and the location of the transverse electrical field being employed, is essentially coupled with the surface kinetics of the bare silica wall and also the kinetics that are involved in the dual mechanisms of DNA hybridization. Parameters that govern the overall transport phenomena, such as the pH of the inlet buffer, the length of the transverse electrodes, and the voltages at which these electrodes are maintained are critically examined, in an effort to obtain an optimized wall pH distribution, which in turn can ensure favorable DNA hybridization rates at the capturing probe locations. Practical constraints associated with the upper limits of the strength of the transverse electrical fields that can be employed are also critically analyzed, so as to ensure that an optimized rate of DNA hybridization can be achieved from the bio‐microfluidic arrangement, without incurring any adverse effects associated with the overheating of the DNA molecules leading to their thermal denaturation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase I by Natural and Synthetic Mono‐ and Dimeric Protoberberine Alkaloids
Authors: Qin Yong , Pang Ji‐Yan , Chen Wen‐Hua , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen , Liu Liang , Jiang Zhi‐Hong
Published: March 2007

A series of natural (i.e., 1–7) and synthetic (i.e., 8–23) protoberberine alkaloids were evaluated for their inhibitory activities towards DNA topoisomerase I. Both the natural, monomeric protoberberine alkaloids and their mono‐modified congeners showed only minor activities. In contrast, most of the dimeric protoberberine alkaloids, especially compounds 12–22, were highly active, with a similar cleavage efficiency as camptothecin (CPT), a well‐known, potent topoisomerase‐I inhibitor. Thus, these dimeric compounds are promising candidates to be further elaborated as anticancer leads. The mechanism of topoisomerase‐I inhibition seems to be dependent on drug concentration for the dimeric protoberberines. At low concentration, they exhibit similar characteristics as CPT. At high concentration, this ability is mostly lost, and the dimers inhibit the relaxation activity of topoisomerase I. Thus, we suppose that the active, dimeric protoberberines strongly bind to plasmid DNA at elevated drug concentration. This most likely results in blocking the enzyme's access to plasmid DNA, thus inhibiting its relaxation.
Inter‐ and Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Allyl Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Allylindium Generated In Situ from Allyl Acetates, Indium, and Indium Trichloride
Authors: Seomoon Dong , Lee Kooyeon , Kim Hyunseok , Lee Phil Ho
Published: March 2007

Inter‐ and intramolecular palladium‐catalyzed allyl cross‐coupling reactions using allylindium generated in situ by treatment of allyl acetates with indium and indium trichloride in the presence of Pd0 catalyst and nBuNMe2 in DMF were successfully demonstrated. Allylindium species generated in situ by reductive transmetalation of π‐allylpalladium(II) complexes, obtained from a variety of allyl acetates in the presence of Pd0 catalyst together with indium and indium trichloride, were found to be capable of acting as effective nucleophilic coupling partners in Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. A variety of allyl acetates such as but‐1‐en‐3‐yl acetate, crotyl acetate, and 2‐methylallyl acetate afforded the corresponding allylic compounds in good yields in cross‐coupling reactions. Various electrophilic cross‐coupling partners such as aryl iodides and vinyl bromides and triflates participate in these reactions. Not only intermolecular but also intramolecular Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions work equally well to produce the desired allylic coupling products in good yields.
Anion Separation with Metal–Organic Frameworks (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 10/2007)
Authors: Custelcean Radu , Moyer Bruce A.
Published: March 2007

The cover picture shows the concept of selective anion separation using metal–organic frameworks. Functionalization of the coordination polymers with hydrogen‐bonding groups for specific anion binding and recognition results in highly selective separations by direct anion exchange or competitive crystallization processes. The diagram in the lower‐left corner depicts a qualitative model for anion separation selectivity, captured in three orthogonal concepts: complementarity (strength and number of anion‐binding interactions), organizational rigidity of the framework, and softness (or degree of covalency for anion binding). The solvation‐controlled (Hofmeister) selectivity that is normally observed in anion separations can be reversed (anti‐Hofmeister) or completely replaced by peak selectivity (non‐Hofmeister) when rigid, structurally constrained frameworks having a sufficient number of complementary anion‐binding groups are employed, or when the anion is bound with a strong degree of covalency (soft–soft interactions). The background shows a structurally rigid metal–organic framework functionalized with –COOH anion‐binding groups that exhibit peak selectivity for the Cl(H2O)4− anionic cluster. Details are presented in the Microreview by R. Custelcean and B. A. Moyer on p. 1321 ff.
Simplified 2‐D CE‐MS mapping: Analysis of proteolytic digests
Authors: Erny Guillaume L. , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: March 2007

It has been demonstrated that CE‐MS is a very useful hyphenated technique for proteomic studies. However, the huge amount of data stored in a single CE‐MS run makes it necessary to account with procedures able to extract all the relevant information made available by CE‐MS. In this work, we present a new and easy approach capable of generating a simplified 2‐D map from CE‐MS raw data. This new approach provides the automatic detection and characterization of the most abundant ions from the CE‐MS data including their mass‐to‐charge (m/z) values, ion intensities and analysis times. It is demonstrated that visualization of CE‐MS data in this simplified 2‐D format allows: (i) an easy and simultaneous visual inspection of large datasets, (ii) an immediate perception of relevant differences in closely related samples, (iii) a rapid monitoring of data quality levels in different samples, and (iv) a fast discrimination between comigrating polypeptides and ESI‐MS fragmentation ions. The strategy proposed in this work does not rely on an excellent mass accuracy for peak detection and filtering, since MS values obtained from an IT analyzer are used. Moreover, the methodology developed works directly with the CE‐MS raw data, without interference by the user, giving simultaneously a simplified 2‐D map and a much easier and more complete data evaluation. Besides, this procedure can easily be implemented in any CE‐MS laboratory. The usefulness of this approach is validated by studying the very similar trypsin digests from bovine, rabbit and horse cytochrome c. It is demonstrated that this simplified 2‐D approach allows specific markers for each species to be obtained in a fast and simple way.
Separation of Nile Blue‐labelled fatty acids by CE with absorbance detection using a red light‐emitting diode
Authors: Breadmore Michael C. , Henderson Rowan D. , Fakhari Ali Reza , Macka Miroslav , Haddad Paul R.
Published: March 2007

The separation of fatty acids derivatised with Nile Blue (NB) by CE with detection using a red light‐emitting diode (LED) was examined. NB was selected as the derivatisation agent due to its high molar absorption coefficient of 76 000 M−1cm−1 at 633 nm, making it well suited for sensitive absorbance detection using a red 635 nm LED. NB‐labelled fatty acids were separated by both MEKC using SDS micelles, i‐PrOH and n‐BuOH and by NACE in a number of solvents including MeOH, EtOH and ACN. The sensitivity of NACE was superior to MEKC, with detection limits of 5×10−7–7×10−7 M obtained for each acid, approximately 20 times lower than the MEKC method. The NACE detection limits are approximately 100 times lower than previous reports on the separation of fatty acids by CE using indirect absorbance detection, ten times lower than using indirect fluorescence detection and are inferior only to those obtained using precapillary derivatisation and direct fluorescence detection. The efficiency of the NACE method was also superior to MEKC and allowed the separation of unsaturated fatty acids to be examined, although it was not possible to baseline‐resolve linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids in a reasonable time. The method was used to analyse the fatty acid profile of two edible oils, namely sunflower and sesame oils, after alkali hydrolysis, where it was possible to identify both the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in each sample.
Screening for biomarkers in plasma from patients with gangrenous and phlegmonous appendicitis using CE and CEC in combination with MS
Authors: Johannesson Nina , Olsson Louise , Bäckström Daniel , Wetterhall Magnus , Danielsson Rolf , Bergquist Jonas
Published: March 2007

Today a high degree of “false” appendicitis diagnoses are occurring. In this study, a screening experiment of biomarkers of two different kinds of appendicitis, gangrenous and phlegmonous, were conducted with CE and CEC coupled to MS. Plasma samples were obtained from patients pre‐ and post‐surgery. A large amount of data was generated to be able to compare them, and chemometrics tools were utilized to visualize the differences. Indicative patterns were found for both pre‐ and post‐surgery of the two types of inflammation as well as between them. The divergences were traced back to the MS peaks obtained in the CE‐ and CEC‐MS setups as possible biomarkers for the two forms of appendicitis.
Multilocus mutation scanning for the analysis of genetic variation within Malassezia (Basidiomycota: Malasseziales)
Authors: Cafarchia Claudia , Otranto Domenico , Campbell Bronwyn E. , Latrofa Maria Stefania , Guillot Jacques , Gasser Robin B.
Published: March 2007

Members of the genus Malassezia are budding yeasts, characterized by a thick cell wall. Recently, these yeasts have received attention as emerging pathogens. They are common commensals on the skin of animals and can become pathogenic under the influence of various predisposing factors. Central to studying their taxonomy, systematics, and ecology and to diagnosis is the accurate identification of species or operational taxonomic units. To overcome the limitations of current phenotypic and biochemical methods of identification, a PCR‐coupled SSCP approach, utilizing sequence variation (0.4–33.5%) in short regions (∼250–270 bp) of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS‐1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the chitin synthase‐2 gene (chs‐2), was assessed for the identification and differentiation of different species/genotypes of Malassezia, characterized previously by DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA samples (n = 30) from Malassezia isolates cultured from canine skin scrapings were assessed by SSCP analysis of the two different genetic loci, and unequivocal delineation between genotypes and species was achieved. This SSCP approach is considered to provide a practical tool for the rapid and reliable genetic characterization of Malassezia genotypes/species from dogs and for investigating their population genetics and ecology. It will also provide a powerful tool for studies of Malassezia isolates from other animal species.
Cytogenetic effects of short‐ and long‐term exposure of chick embryos to the phenoxyherbicide 2,4‐D
Authors: Arias Elio
Published: March 2007

Before incubation, chick embryos were treated with the herbicide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D) by injecting onto the inner shell membrane solutions of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg 2,4‐D. A commercial formulation containing 37% 2,4‐D iso‐octyl ester as active ingredient and pure 2,4‐D were tested. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell cycle kinetics were examined at days 4, 7, and 10 from 22 to 30 embryos per group. After 4 days of exposure to commercial 2,4‐D, a small (P < 0.05) dose‐related increase of SCE was seen for the 4‐mg group. An enhanced SCE response upon long‐term exposure to 2,4‐D was apparent. After 10 days of exposure, SCE frequencies for the 2‐ and 4‐mg commercial 2,4‐D, and 4‐mg pure 2,4‐D groups were significantly higher than for the controls. A significant slowing of cell cycle at concentrations at and above 1 mg was seen. Also observed was a slight, not statistically significant proliferative effect at the lowest dose of 0.5 mg/embryo. Consistent with the results from other test systems, the present findings indicate that 2,4‐D has a low to moderate genotoxic activity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repaired R/C members under cyclic loading
Authors: Popov Egor P. , Bertero Vitelmo V.
Published: March 2007

As a part of a general programme at the University of California, Berkeley, in the study of the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete members, several of the severely cracked test specimens were repaired. The repair was made using either epoxy resin or concrete. In this paper a comparison of the performance of the original specimens with their performance after the repair is given. The repaired specimens were found to behave in a very satisfactory manner except where the injected epoxy had to restore a large region of destroyed bond between the concrete and the reinforcing steel. This condition was found to be particularly prevalent at the interior beam‐column joints of moment‐resisting frames. In such joints the bottom reinforcing steel of a beam tends to slip through a column due to the gradual bond degradation under cyclic loading. This is mainly caused by the formation of plastic hinges at the column faces. In order to avoid this condition, special details of reinforcement are suggested for controlling the location of plastic hinge formation.
Stresses in column‐supported hyperboloidal shells subject to seismic loading
Authors: Gould Phillip L. , Suryoutomo Herman , Sen Subir K.
Published: March 2007

The computation of stresses within a finite element displacement method analysis of a shell of revolution is considered. The common procedure of applying the kinematic and constitutive laws to the displacement functions is examined and justified for models where the displacements are represented by high‐order polynomial expansions. Also, two alternative computational formats within this technique are explored.

The influence of the column‐supported base condition on a hyperboloidal shell of revolution is studied with respect to the stresses calculated from a response spectrum analysis. These studies emphasize the importance of accurately modelling the base region of a column‐supported shell such as a hyperbolic cooling tower.
Earthquake response of steel‐framed multistorey buildings with set‐backs
Authors: Humar J. L. , Wright E. W.
Published: March 2007

A study is made of the dynamic behaviour of multistorey steel rigid‐frame buildings with set‐back towers. The effects of set‐backs upon the building frequencies and mode shapes are examined. Then the effects of set‐backs on seismic response are investigated by analysing the response of a series of set‐back building frame models to the El Centro ground motion. Finally, the computed responses to the El Centro earthquake are compared with some code provisions dealing with the seismic design of set‐back buildings.

The conclusions derived from the study include the following:

The higher modes of vibration of a set‐back building can make a very substantial contribution to its total seismic response; this contribution increases with the slenderness of the tower.

Some of the important response parameters for the tower portion of a set‐back building are substantially larger than for a related uniform building.

For very slender towers, the transition region between the tower and the base may be subjected to very large storey shears.