bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica: Representações Sociais de idosos sobre a doença e seu tratamento
Authors: Leão e Silva Leonardo Oliveira , Dias Carlos Alberto , Rodrigues Suely Maria , Soares Marina Mendes , Oliveira Mericley Angela de , Machado Carla Jorge
Published: August 2013

Estudo descritivo do tipo transversal, objetivou identificar as Representações Sociais em torno da hipertensão e da terapêutica que contribuem para a adesão ou não de pacientes idosos ao tratamento da doença. Os dados foram coletados entre os meses de junho e setembro de 2010, por meio de entrevista realizada com99 idosos hipertensos, residentes em dois distritos rurais do município de Governador Valadares-MG. Para a avaliação da adesão fez-se uso do teste de Morisky-Green e para o levantamento das Representações Sociais da técnica de associação livre de palavras. O software EVOC possibilitou a identificação do núcleo da representação, sendo os elementos mais citados pelos participantes: Cefaléia, Coração, Derrame, Morte e Nervosismo. Conclui-se que as representações sociais que idosos possuem em relação à terapêutica influenciam os diferentes níveis de adesão ao tratamento. Além disso, elascondicionam a forma como os pacientes fazem uso de medicamentos e adotam as sugestões de cuidados para saúde.
Estado nutricional de pré-escolares de creche pública: um estudo longitudinal
Authors: Pereira Alessandra da Silva , Peixoto Natasha Gabrielle de Araújo , Nogueira Neto José Firmino , Lanzillotti Haydée Serrão , Soares Eliane de Abreu
Published: August 2013

O objetivo do estudo foi monitorar o estado nutricional de pré-escolares de uma creche pública. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, antes (t0) e depois (t1), com 51 crianças de 2 a 4 anos de idade. Os procedimentos foram: avaliação antropométrica (P/I, P/E e E/I - OMS 2006, classificação SISVAN-2008); avaliação bioquímica (colesterol total, HDLc, LDLc, triglicerídeos e glicose); avaliação hematológica (hemoglobina); avaliação dietética (pesagem direta dos alimentos e registro alimentar). Para determinação de energia, carboidratos, lipídeos, proteína, fibra alimentar, cálcio, ferro, vitaminas A e C, utilizou-se software Diet Pro, 4.0. Utilizando-se o Índice de Adequação (IA= média do consumo/ EAR ou AI), avaliou-se a adequação do consumo alimentar. As ações em nutrição foram: modificações nos cardápios, atividades pedagógicas, oficina culinária e palestras com os pais e equipe da creche. Observou-se redução de prevalência para déficit E/I e P/I, redução da prevalência de anemia, aumento do consumo de energia, carboidratos, proteínas, vitaminas A e C, ferro e redução discreta do cálcio. Energia, ferro, cálcio e vitamina C apresentaram probabilidade de adequação ≥50%. Concluiu-se que se torna importante o monitoramento do estado nutricional de crianças pré-escolares atendidos em creches públicas, bem como ações de educação nutricional.
Sobrevida e evolução leucêmica de portadores de síndromes mielodisplásicas
Authors: Ferreira Júnior Marcos Antonio , Ivo Maria Lúcia , Pontes Elenir Rose Cury Jardim
Published: August 2013

As síndromes mielodisplásicas constituem um grupo de doenças de ordem clonal hematopoética evidenciadas por estudos em todo o mundo. A estimativa de sobrevida dos pacientes e de casos que apresentam evolução leucêmica requer investigação na população brasileira, pois não se conta com nenhum dado dessa natureza. Assim, este estudo objetivou caracterizar e estimar a sobrevida e evolução leucêmica de portadores de síndromes mielodisplásicas acompanhados em um serviço de referência. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizada de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2010. Para análise descritiva foi utilizado o programa Epi Info 2002, versão 3.5.2, e para os cálculos das probabilidades de sobrevida foi empregado o método de Kaplan-Meier pelo uso do programa Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 10.0. Os cálculos da probabilidade de associação entre as características analisadas e o gênero foram realizados pelos testes do qui-quadrado de tendência, de Fisher, Mann Whitney, e de Log Rank. O nível de significância considerado foi de 0,05. O trabalho foi aprovado em seus aspectos ético e metodológico pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL), sob o Protocolo n. 432/10. Dos 29 pacientes selecionados, houve predomínio de idosos, do sexo masculino, com baixa escolaridade. Apresentaram baixa probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida e índices de evolução leucêmica em torno de 27%, sem nenhum resultado satisfatório para o tratamento quimioterápico, bem como nenhuma indicação de transplante de medula óssea como possibilidade de cura. Fazem-se necessárias pesquisas com populações maiores para caracterização em todo território nacional.
Análise espacial dos casos de hanseníase, com enfoque à área de risco, em uma unidade básica de saúde no município de Cáceres (MT)
Authors: Garcia Daniele Rodrigues , Ignotti Eliane , Cortela Denise Costa Boamorte , Xavier Diego Ricardo , Barelli Carla Simone Girotto de Almeida Pina
Published: August 2013

OBJETIVO: Identificar áreas de risco para a ocorrência de hanseníase e a relação de contatos domiciliares e de vizinhança no território de adscrição de uma unidade de saúde da família em Cáceres (MT). MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de análise espacial da hanseníase dos casos novos diagnosticados no período de 2001 a 2007. A posição geográfica de cada caso novo foi identificada por meio de Global Position Space. Para estimar a área de influência dos casos, utilizou-se técnica de buffer. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticados 34 casos novos de hanseníase, e observou-se que 35,3% dos casos novos diagnosticados eram contatos domiciliares ou de vizinhança e, para cada seis casos novos diagnosticados, um contato apresentou hanseníase. CONCLUSÃO: As residências de indivíduos diagnosticados com hanseníase e domicílios vizinhos configuram-se como as principais áreas de risco para a ocorrência de casos novos da doença, corroborando o exame de contatos relevante para o controle da endemia.
Estruturação da assistência farmacêutica: plano de ação para a seleção de medicamentos essenciais
Authors: Magarinos-Torres Rachel , Pepe Vera Lucia Edais , Osorio-de-Castro Claudia Garcia Serpa
Published: August 2013

A adoção da lista de medicamentos essenciais favorece o acesso e contribui com o uso racional de medicamentos à medida em que são incluídos apenas fármacos necessários, com comprovada eficácia, segurança, menor custo tratamento/dia e apresentação mais adequada ao manejo. O texto apresenta um plano de ação para execução da seleção de medicamentos essenciais em esferas governamentais, que pode ser também empregado como instrumento para nortear o processo em instituições de saúde. O desenho metodológico abrigou revisão documental das experiências de seleção de medicamentos da União e dos estados e o exame do caso do estado do Rio de Janeiro. O plano, à luz do referencial teórico da avaliação de serviços, foi organizado em três momentos. A partir do objetivo de cada um, metas e ações necessárias ao seu alcance foram listadas, totalizando 8 metas e 16 ações interligadas e sequenciais. Cada ação é acompanhada pelo detalhamento de sua contribuição para o objetivo, proposta metodológica para realização, recursos necessários, período estimado de execução e indicadores para mensurar se os objetivos específicos foram alcançados. Estima-se que o produto possa subsidiar os processos de seleção em municípios e estados, bem como as revisões periódicas das listas de medicamentos.
Excesso de peso entre adolescentes em zona rural e a alimentação escolar oferecida
Authors: Barros Mariana Simões , Fonseca Vania Matos , Meio Maria Dalva Barbosa Baker , Chaves Célia Regina
Published: August 2013

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a composição nutricional e a aceitabilidade da alimentação escolar, o estado nutricional e a segurança alimentar dos adolescentes das escolas municipais da zona rural de Carmo no Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: Participaram 121 adolescentes de 7 escolas públicas em um município do interior do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizado o método de pesagem direta dos alimentos, calculando-se as porções médias oferecidas. A segurança alimentar e a aceitabilidade da alimentação escolar foram avaliadas a partir de questionários validados. O estado nutricional foi determinado pelo Índice de Massa Corporal por Idade (IMC/I) e estatura/idade e sexo. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 28,9%, baixo peso 1,7% e baixa estatura por idade 0,8%. Todas as escolas ofereceram valores de nutrientes superiores à recomendação, exceto para fibras, vitamina C, magnésio e cálcio. A oferta de alimentos de elevada densidade calórica foi alta. A maioria dos alunos (92%) com insegurança alimentar consumia a alimentação escolar e nenhum destes possuía baixo peso ou estatura. CONCLUSÃO: Os alunos apresentaram um bom estado nutricional, mas sendo as prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade próximas àquelas de áreas urbanas. É necessária maior ênfase na educação nutricional e planejamento da alimentação escolar sobre os grupos de alimentos oferecidos.
Priming in the microbial landscape: periphytic algal stimulation of litter‐associated microbial decomposers
Authors: Kuehn Kevin A. , Francoeur Steven N. , Findlay Robert H. , Neely Robert K.
Published: August 2013

Microbial communities associated with submerged detritus in aquatic ecosystems often comprise a diverse mixture of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes, including algae, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Recent studies have documented increased rates of plant litter mass loss when periphytic algae are present. We conducted laboratory and field experiments to assess potential metabolic interactions between natural autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities inhabiting submerged decaying plant litter of Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus. In the field, submerged plant litter was either exposed to natural sunlight or placed under experimental canopies that manipulated light availability and growth of periphytic algae. Litter was collected and returned to the laboratory, where algal photosynthesis was manipulated (light/dark incubation), while rates of bacterial and fungal growth and productivity were simultaneously quantified. Bacteria and fungi were rapidly stimulated by exposure to light, thus establishing the potential for algal priming of microbial heterotrophic decay activities. Experimental incubations of decaying litter with 14C‐ and 13C‐bicarbonate established that inorganic C fixed by algal photosynthesis was rapidly transferred to and assimilated by heterotrophic microbial decomposers. Periphytic algal stimulation of microbial heterotrophs, especially fungal decomposers, is an important and largely unrecognized interaction within the detrital microbial landscape, which may transform our current conceptual understanding of microbial secondary production and organic matter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems.
Minidrillstem Tests To Characterize Formation Deliverability in the Bakken
Authors: Kurtoglu B.. , Kazemi H.. , Boratko E.C.. C. , Tucker J.. , Daniels R..
Published: August 2013

Characterization of reservoir deliverability is fundamental for the economic development of any field. In the Bakken, there is a need for reliable pressure-transient tests to provide the effective formation permeability of the fracture/matrix system in this formation for deliverability calculations. This effective permeability can then be compared with laboratory-measured core permeability of the matrix rock samples. This comparison is the basis for planning early-production options and subsequent enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) decisions. This comparison is particularly important because of the influence of massive hydraulic-fracture stimulation on reservoir performance.

Determining well-deliverability potential by conventional drill-stem tests (DSTs) or traditional wireline formation tests (WFTs) in the past has resulted in mixed success in the Bakken. On the other hand, the mini-DST has increased the reliability of pressure-transient tests because the formation interval of interest is produced at a precise constant rate into a chamber between two inflated packers with negligible wellbore-storage effects. Also, the operation of a mini-DST tool requires much less time than the classical DST, and multiple zones can be tested sequentially to assess the individual-zone deliverability. The mini-DST tool uses the conventional WFT configured with a dual-packer module and downhole pump. Tests are conducted by inflating the dual-packer module to isolate a 3-ft interval of the wellbore. The formation fluid is pumped out from the packer-isolated wellbore interval to conduct pressure-drawdown and -buildup tests in the interval. An overlay of all the pressure-drawdown and -buildup results from various intervals is compared on a single plot to identify the most productive interval. Finally, conventional pressure-transient analyses are performed to interpret all pressure-drawdown and -buildup tests.

In this paper, we present several field tests that were analyzed both by the preceding procedure and by numerical simulation.

The analyses of several mini-DST results have provided insight into a better understanding of the flow mechanism in the Bakken both during primary production and in forecasting various improved-recovery and EOR proposals. The results can also serve as a basis for test design in similar low-permeability reservoirs elsewhere.
Study on the Volumetric Behavior of Base Oils, Brines, and Drilling Fluids Under Extreme Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Zamora Mario , Roy Sanjit , Slater Kenneth , Troncoso John
Published: August 2013

Drilling-fluid densities vary significantly over wide ranges of temperature and pressure, a concern that is particularly critical in deepwater, Arctic, and high-pressure/high-temperature. The variations can affect well integrity, well design, regulatory compliance, and drilling efficiency.

Drilling-fluid densities depend on the compressibility and thermal expansion of the fluids (liquids) and solids used in their formulation. Suitable pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) correlations for these fluids previously have been fairly inaccessible, primarily because of continually changing base fluids and blends, and the lack of readily available test equipment.

This study was conducted to measure the volumetric behavior under extreme temperatures and pressures of a broad range of the oils, synthetics, and brines currently used in industry to prepare oil-, synthetic-, and water-based drilling fluids. It follows a recent study that successfully qualified the commercially available test equipment.

For the most part, tests for this study were run at temperatures from 36 to 600°F and pressures from atmospheric to 30,000 psi, ranges that generally exceed those provided in other published studies. Correlation coefficients are provided for reference and to demonstrate their use in a compositional, material-balance model to accurately predict drilling-fluid density as a function of temperature and pressure. Tests run on field drilling fluids are included to demonstrate how these data can be used in procedures and software to predict equivalent static density and hydrostatic pressure during drilling operations.
Incorporating Geomechanical and Dynamic Hydraulic-Fracture-Property Changes Into Rate-Transient Analysis: Example From the Haynesville Shale
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Qanbari F. , Nobakht M. , Heffner L.
Published: August 2013

It is well-known that many unconventional reservoirs experience porosity and permeability changes with pressure change during production. In recent work, authors have incorporated geomechanical modeling into production-analysis procedures to account for stress sensitivity of permeability of unconventional gas reservoirs, such as shale gas. Such corrections are necessary both for deriving accurate estimates of reservoir and hydraulic-fracture properties from rate-transient analysis (RTA) and for developing accurate long-term forecasts.

It is possible with some shale-gas reservoirs that dynamic changes may occur in both the induced hydraulic fracture and matrix permeability, which could have a substantial impact on shale-gas productivity. The stress dependence of shale-gas permeability has been quantified in the laboratory by several researchers, but measurements of this kind for propped or unpropped fractures under in-situ conditions are less routinely acquired. For the latter, a variety of mechanisms, caused in part or wholly by stress changes in the induced hydraulic fracture, could lead to conductivity changes.

In the current work, we investigate the impact of both stress-dependent matrix permeability and fracture-conductivity changes on rate-transient signatures and derived reservoir and hydraulic-fracture properties. Stress-dependent matrix permeability is incorporated into RTA by use of modified pseudopressure and pseudotime formulations, and fracture-conductivity changes are approximated by applying a time-dependent (dynamic) skin effect.

We demonstrate that when RTA incorporates both matrix permeability changes and dynamic skin, the resulting rate-transient signature looks very similar to those of other shale plays (longterm transient linear flow). Uncorrected data appear to have a very short transient-linear-flow period, followed by apparent boundary-dominated flow. The impact of the applied corrections on the estimates of system permeability and fracture half-length is demonstrated, as is the impact on production forecasts.
Fractured-Well Performance Under Anomalous Diffusion
Authors: Raghavan R.. , Chen C..
Published: August 2013

It is shown that pressure distributions in a fractal network that are descriptive of flow in porous media produced through fractured wells may be obtained by computing integrals of the form ∫x∞λaKv(λ)dλ, where a ≠ 0 is a constant. A simple series solution for computing this integral in terms of well-known expressions is provided. Solutions for the pressure distribution are derived in terms of the Laplace transform, and the viability of the computations is demonstrated. Potential extensions of the derived solutions are noted.
Rings at the Wrong Place: Acute Penile Incarceration, A Case Report and Review of Treatment Options
Authors: Sharma Pritam , Iyyan Bhalaguru , Pillai Sunil , Hedge Padmaraj
Published: August 2013

Penile strangulation and entrapment is an unusual acute urologic emergency with a potential for serious complication. It can occur in adults and children. Penile incarceration from metallic and non-metallic objects has been reported since 1755. Patients present with various grades of penile injury & treatment varies with the grade at presentation. Removal of the offending objects can be cumbersome and tricky at times. We present a case and review the treatment options in such situations. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-4 (2013), Pages 40-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i4.7641
Sacral Chordoma Metastatic to Bilateral Clavicle - A Rare Clinical Presentation and Review of Literature
Authors: Agrawal Rashi , De Sudarsan , Srivastava Alpana , Gupta Sweety , Singh Dinesh , Agrawal Sandeep
Published: August 2013

Chordoma is an uncommon tumor , so the metastatic cases generally are given more attention. Various cases with central nervous system involvement, cutaneous and mandible metastases have been reported. Metastases to bone is noted in literature but metastases to bilateral clavicle is not reported yet to the best of our knowledge. We hereby present a rare case of sacral chordoma with clavicular metastases. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-4 (2013), Pages 24-27 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i4.7999
Extraocular Myocysticercosis Involving Levator Palpebrae Superioris-Superior Rectus Complex: A Rare case Report
Authors: Ansari Sajid , Gupta Mukesh Kumar , Ahmad Kaleem , Dhungel Kanchan , Kumar Abhishek , Rauniyar Raj Kumar
Published: August 2013

The ocular involvement of the cysticercosis is a rare entity involving eyelids, extraocular muscles, orbit, conjunctiva, anterior chamber, uvea, retina, vitreous and optic nerve. All the extraocular muscles are involved in myocysticercosis. Ultrasonography and Computed tomography are the imaging modalities for evaluation of ocular cysticercosis. The patients can be treated with systemic steroids and albendazole; however surgical excision is the treatment of choice. We report a rare case of extraocular myocysticercosis in nine years old boy diagnosed on ultrasonography and computed tomography. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-4 (2013), Pages 36-39 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i4.8163
Primary Orbital Myxoid Liposarcoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Niu Chen , Rana Netra , Min Zhi Gang , Zhang Ming
Published: August 2013

Liposarcomas are common malignant soft-tissue tumors, which come from primitive mesenchymal cells and differentiate into adipose tissue. These tumors are more commonly found in lower limbs and retroperitoneal region but also reported in pharynx, lung, liver, digestive tract, diaphragm, as well as in the spermatic cord. We reported a case of primary orbital myxoid liposarcoma in a 20-year-old female patient presented with a painless proptosis of the right eye. The mass was pathologically diagnosed as a myxoid liposarcoma. The tumor recurred in 9 months after surgical intervention. The second surgery was performed and followed by postoperative local radiotherapy. No recurrence has been reported after one year of follow-up. We highlighted the role of CT and MRI findings in the tumor diagnosis and the importance of local radiotherapy after surgery. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-4 (2013), Pages 28-32 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i4.8311
Amisulpride versus Risperidone in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia
Authors: Ranjan S , Vyas JN
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Amisulpride and risperidone are both atypical antipsychotic having different receptor affinity characteristics. Although there are many studies comparing the efficacy of both drugs with conventional antipsychotics, studies comparing the efficacy of amisulpride with risperidone are less. There are no such studies published till yet from Nepal. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of amisulpride with that of risperidone in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia in Nepal. Methods: 100 patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia were randomly put on flexible dose of amisulpride (200-1000mg/day) or risperidone (2-10mg/day) for six weeks after three to six day placebo wash-out period. Efficacy was assessed by changes in score of Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS). Safety assessment was done by adverse event reporting, physical examination, blood pressure, heart rate monitoring and applying modified Simpson-Angus Scale for extra pyramidal symptoms. Results: Most of the patients in both group responded equally to medication. 84% of amisulpride receiving patients versus 86% in risperidone group responded to treatment. Both drugs were safe and caused comparable extra pyramidal symptoms (amisulpride/risperidone: 14/16). However, risperidone caused more weight gain than amisulpride (64% vs. 12%). Conclusion: Amisulpride and risperidone are equally effective in the treatment of acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Both drugs were well tolerated. Amisulpride was associated with less weight gain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i1.8417   Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.1(1) 2013:  15-19
An Approach to a Case of Cloudy Urine
Authors: Aswani Rakesh , Pokhrel Saroj , Shakya Smriti
Published: August 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i1.8422 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.1(1) 2013: 33-38
Effect of Nanoclay Surface Modifier Chemical Reactivity on Morphology and Rheological Properties of PP/PA6 Blend Nanocomposite
Authors: Pircheraghi G. R. , Nazockdast H. , Salehi M. M.
Published: August 2013

An attempt was made to explore the role of nanoclay surface modifier chemical reactivity on the morphology and the rheological properties of a polypropylene/polyamide6 (PP/PA6 75/25) nanocomposite blend. The Na-MMT surface was modified with two types of cations; a) diamine cation (D-Clay), and b) a combination of diamine and quaternary alkylammonium cations (A-Clay) via cation exchange reaction. The nanocomposites samples compatibilized with PP-g-MA were prepared by melt compounding in an internal mixer. The XRD patterns indicated the intercalated/exfoliated microstructure for both nanocomposite samples. The SEM results showed a significant decreases in the PA6 droplet size, from 3.2 μm of the simple blend to the 0.4 μm in the D-Clay containing sample. Moreover, in the sample containing A-Clay the average droplet size was found to be 1 μm. The D-Clay containing sample showed the rheological properties similar to a simple blend in high frequencies with a nonterminal behavior in low frequencies storage modulus. This was explained by locating of D-Clay layers in the interphase and hence, significantly reducing the effective interfacial tension, α/R. In contrast, the sample containing A-Clay showed an increased complex viscosity and storage modulus within a range of frequencies, which was attributed to presence of a large amount of A-Clay layers in the PP matrix. These types of nanoclay partitioning were explained by the possibility of chemical reaction between amine group of nanoclay surface modifier and maleic group of PP-g-MA compatibilizer or in-situ formed block copolymer. Consequently, the D-Clay layers bounded with PP-g-MA is preferentially located in the interphase, while, the non reactive nanoclay layers (containing alkylammonium cations) is dispersed in the PP matrix by assistance of PP-g-MA. These findings were also evidenced by TEM micrograph of both nanocomposite samples.
Thermal Mold Design in Consideration of the Temperature Control Fluid Flow
Authors: Hopmann C. , Nikoleizig P.
Published: August 2013

The striving for injection molded parts with an increasing functional density leads to more complex molds, which are more and more designed with injection molding simulation. Nowadays, software allows the operator to analyse not only the filling stage, but also the thermal activity within both, the mold and the part during the whole process cycle. However, commercial simulation software for injection molding does not offer the visualisation of the flow of the temperature control medium to get a reliable determination of the pressure drop and the local heat transfer coefficients (HTC). For this reason the potential of an exact implementation of the local HTC towards the temperature control medium, for improving the prediction precision of the thermal design, has been analysed at the Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV), Aachen. In order to use prior calculated HTCs from Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) simulations inside injection molding simulations, the development of an analogous model was required. An isolation layer between cooling channel and mold was therefore introduced, which allows to set a local heat transfer by varying the geometric dimensions of the layer. Several cooling channel layouts, which differ in geometric aspects (e.g. bends, diameter or fragmentation/consolidation of parallel channels) were studied with this set-up.
Experimental Assessment of Dispersion Failure of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics in a Twin Screw Extruder
Authors: Hirata K. , Ishida H. , Hiragohri M. , Nakayama Y. , Kajiwara T.
Published: August 2013

To investigate the conditions necessary for glass fiber bundle dispersion in the polymer compounding process, we developed a method for experimentally quantifying dispersion failure in this study. We employed a co-rotating twin-screw extruder in our experiment and investigated the dependence of frequency of occurrence of dispersion failure on screw configurations (a forward kneading disk (FKD) and a backward mixing screw (BMS) with different screw configurations), throughput (Q), and screw speed (Ns). From our experiments, we found that increasing the production rate promotes the occurrence of dispersion failure when a FKD is used. Dispersion failure is markedly suppressed when a BMS is used. We thus found that the production rate could be increased by using a BMS with a large length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio.
Melt Processing of Wood Cellulose Tissue and Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer Composites
Authors: Ariño R. , Boldizar A.
Published: August 2013

The difficulty of feeding cellulose fibers together with the polymer into the melt processing equipment is a serious disadvantage for the production of cellulose-containing composites on a large scale. In the present work, a continuous method of feeding cellulose in the form of a tissue into a twin-screw extruder through an opening downstream of the extruder cylinder was studied. With this method, composites with different fiber contents were obtained. The tissues used were one made mainly of softwood fibers and another mainly of hardwood fibers. In order to better understand how to improve the fiber dispersion by melt mixing, a second extrusion was performed with a single screw extruder with a barrier-flighted screw and also with the twin-screw used to compound the tissue with the polymer. The compounds produced were then injection molded into test bars. The test bars containing the softwood tissue exhibited some fiber aggregates also after a second extrusion, whereas no fiber aggregates were observed in samples made with the tissue containing hardwood fibers and two passes through the twin screw. The fiber length was in general reduced by each melt processing stage and the shortest fiber length was observed after two extrusions with the twin-screw and injection molding. The tensile modulus increased with increasing fiber content. A higher stiffness was obtained with more softwood fibers in the tissue whereas more hardwood fibers gave a higher tensile strength and greater elongation at break.
Design of a Novel Experimental Facility for Testing of Tidal Arrays
Authors: Pintar Matevz , Kolios Athanasios
Published: August 2013

In order to obtain the maximum amount of energy from tidal stream extraction devices, deployment in large arrays should be studied. The area of seabed with favorable conditions is fairly limited; therefore layout spacing has to be optimized. In this paper a feasibility study for a novel experimental facility, suitable for the testing of an array of tidal devices, is presented. To avoid space and scale limitations of towing tanks, testing is proposed to be performed in large lakes or calm seas using a self-propelled vessel, which will carry an array of devices with variable spacing, creating relevant speed differences and measuring their performance and loading. Using hydrodynamic scaling laws, an appropriate size for test turbines and the range of vessel speed was determined to fulfill experimental requirements. Computational fluid dynamic simulations, using the actuator disc method, have suggested a suitable turbine array configuration to resemble real application conditions. A simplified model of the vessel was analyzed using the finite elements method to determine the main scantlings. The hull resistance calculated by empirical formulae was found to be negligible compared to the resistance of the tested turbine. It was confirmed that turbine size and speed determined by scaling laws are also reasonable from a propulsion point of view.
Adaptive State of Charge Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries Based on an Unscented Kalman Filter with an Enhanced Battery Model
Authors: He Zhiwei , Gao Mingyu , Wang Caisheng , Wang Leyi , Liu Yuanyuan
Published: August 2013

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of batteries is one of the key problems in a battery management system. This paper proposes an adaptive SOC estimation method based on unscented Kalman filter algorithms for lithium (Li)-ion batteries. First, an enhanced battery model is proposed to include the impacts due to different discharge rates and temperatures. An adaptive joint estimation of the battery SOC and battery internal resistance is then presented to enhance system robustness with battery aging. The SOC estimation algorithm has been developed and verified through experiments on different types of Li-ion batteries. The results indicate that the proposed method provides an accurate SOC estimation and is computationally efficient, making it suitable for embedded system implementation.
A Facile Fabrication of Alginate Microbubbles Using a Gas Foaming Reaction
Authors: Huang Keng-Shiang , Lin Yung-Sheng , Chang Wan-Ru , Wang Yi-Ling , Yang Chih-Hui
Published: August 2013

Microbubble particles have been extensively utilized as temporal templates for various biomedical applications. This study proposes a facile strategy to obtain microbubble-containing alginate particles (i.e., microbubbles inside alginate gel particles, called alginate microbubbles). The chemical reaction of sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide to produce gaseous carbon dioxide and oxygen was utilized to form microbubbles within alginate particles. Uniform alginate particles were obtained by a stable needle-based droplet formation process. Kinetic reaction of gas formation was monitored for 2% alginate particles. The gas formation increased with the concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (1–5 wt%) and hydrogen peroxide (0–36.5 wt%).
A total evidence approach to understanding phylogenetic relationships and ecological diversity in Selaginella subg. Tetragonostachys
Authors: Arrigo Nils , Therrien James , Anderson Cajsa Lisa , Windham Michael D. , Haufler Christopher H. , Barker Michael S.
Published: August 2013

• Premise of the Study: Several members of Selaginella are renowned for their ability to survive extreme drought and “resurrect” when conditions improve. Many of these belong to subgenus Tetragonostachys, a group of ∼45 species primarily found in North and Central America, with substantial diversity in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. We evaluated the monophyly and the age of subgenus Tetragonostachys and assess how drought tolerance contributed to the evolution of this clade.

• Methods: Our study included most Tetragonostachys species, using plastid and nuclear sequences, fossil and herbarium records, and climate variables to describe the species diversity, phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and climatic niche evolution in the subgenus.

• Key Results: We found that subgenus Tetragonostachys forms a monophyletic group sister to Selaginella lepidophylla and may have diverged from other Selaginella because of a Gondwanan–Laurasian vicariance event ca. 240 mya. The North American radiation of Tetragonostachys appears to be much more recent and to have occurred during the Early Cretaceous–late Paleocene interval. We identified two significant and nested ecological niche shifts during the evolution of Tetragonostachys associated with extreme drought tolerance and a more recent shift to cold climates. Our analyses suggest that drought tolerance evolved in the warm deserts of southwest North America and may have been advantageous for colonization of cold and dry boreal climates.

• Conclusions: Our investigation provides a foundation for future research addressing the genomics of ecological niche evolution and the potential role of reticulate evolution in Selaginella subgenus Tetragonostachys.
Climate drives vein anatomy in Proteaceae
Authors: Jordan Gregory J. , Brodribb Timothy J. , Blackman Christopher J. , Weston Peter H.
Published: August 2013

• Premise of study: The mechanisms by which plants tolerate water deficit are only just becoming clear. One key factor in drought tolerance is the ability to maintain the capacity to conduct water through the leaves in conditions of water stress. Recent work has shown that a simple feature of the leaf xylem cells, the cube of the thickness of cell walls divided by the lumen width (t/b)3, is strongly correlated with this ability.

• Methods: Using ecologically, phylogenetically, and anatomically diverse members of Proteaceae, we tested the relationships between (t/b)3 and climate, leaf mass per unit area, leaf area, and vein density. To test relationships at high phylogenetic levels (mostly genus), we used phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic single and multiple regressions based on data from 50 species. We also used 14 within‐genus species pairs to test for relationships at lower phylogenetic levels.

• Key results: All analyses revealed that climate, especially mean annual precipitation, was the best predictor of (t/b)3. The variation in (t/b)3 was driven by variation in both lumen diameter and wall thickness, implying active control of these dimensions. Total vein density was weakly related to (t/b)3 but unrelated to either leaf area or climate.

• Conclusions: We conclude that xylem reinforcement is a fundamental adaptation for water stress tolerance and, among evergreen woody plants, drives a strong association between rainfall and xylem anatomy. The strong association between (t/b)3 and climate cannot be explained by autocorrelation with other aspects of leaf form and anatomy that vary along precipitation gradients.
Increased seed survival and seedling emergence in a polyploid plant invader
Authors: Hahn Min A. , Lanz Tabea , Fasel Dominique , Müller‐Schärer Heinz
Published: August 2013

•Premise of the study:Because seeds have essential functions in the life cycle of plants, even subtle changes in their characteristics may have important demographic consequences. In this study, we examined whether potential changes in seed characteristics as a result of polyploidy or postintroduction evolution may have contributed to the invasion ofCentaurea stoebe(Asteraceae). This plant occurs as diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in its native range in Europe, whereas only tetraploids have been found and become invasive in North America. Specific comparisons among these three “geo‐cytotypes” allow us to explore hypotheses of preadaptation resulting from polyploidy (European diploids vs. European tetraploids) and postintroduction evolution (European tetraploids vs. North American tetraploids).

•Methods:Using seeds collected from plants of each geo‐cytotype grown in a common maternal environment, we compared seed mass, morphology (achene and pappus size), dispersal potential (falling velocity, seed roughness), survival, germination, and seedling emergence in a combination of laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments.

•Key results:We found increased seed mass in North American tetraploids compared with European tetraploids. Seed morphology and dispersal potential were largely similar in all geo‐cytotypes. Seed survival under field conditions was higher in native and invasive tetraploids compared with diploids. Germination in the laboratory was similar among all geo‐cytotypes, but seedling emergence under field conditions was higher in invasive tetraploids than in the other geo‐cytotypes.

•Conclusions:Our findings suggest that a combination of preadaptation due to polyploidy (increased seed survival) and further postintroduction evolution in North American tetraploids (increased seed mass and seedling emergence) may have contributed to their invasion.
Growth habit of the late Paleozoic rhizomorphic tree‐lycopsid family Diaphorodendraceae: Phylogenetic, evolutionary, and paleoecological significance
Authors: DiMichele William A. , Elrick Scott D. , Bateman Richard M.
Published: August 2013

• Premise of the study: Rhizomorphic lycopsids evolved the tree habit independently of all other land plants. Newly discovered specimens allow radical revision of our understanding of the growth architectures of the extinct Paleozoic sister‐genera Synchysidendron and Diaphorodendron.

• Methods: Detailed descriptions of six remarkable adpression specimens from the Pennsylvanian of the USA and three casts from the late Mississippian of Scotland are used to revise and reanalyze a previously published morphological cladistic matrix and to reinterpret their remarkable growth forms.

• Key results: Contrary to previous assertions, Synchysidendron resembled Diaphorodendron in having a distinct and relatively complex growth habit that emphasized serially homologous, closely spaced, deciduous lateral branches at the expense of reduced monocarpic crown branches. Lateral branches originated through several strongly anisotomous dichotomies before producing during extended periods large numbers of Achlamydocarpon strobili. The comparatively large diameter of abscission scars remaining on the main trunk and the emergence of branches above the horizontal plane suggest that the lateral branch systems were robust. Lateral branches were borne in two opposite rows on the main trunk and continued upward into an isotomously branched, determinate crown; their striking distichous arrangement caused preferred orientation of fallen trunks on bedding planes.

• Conclusions: This discovery identifies the plagiotropic growth habit, dominated by serial lateral branches, as ubiquitous in the Diaphorodendraceae and also as unequivocally primitive within Isoetales s.l., a conclusion supported by both the revised morphological cladistic analysis and relative first appearances of taxa in the fossil record. Previously assumed complete homology between crown branching in Lepidodendraceae and that of all earlier‐divergent genera requires reassessment. Saltational phenotypic transitions via modification of key developmental switches remains the most credible explanation for architectural evolution in the group. The resulting architecture allowed Diaphorodendraceae to co‐dominate disturbed, clastic, equatorial wetlands from the Asbian to the Early Permian.
Shark IgW C Region Diversification through RNA Processing and Isotype Switching
Authors: Zhang Cecilia , Du Pasquier Louis , Hsu Ellen
Published: August 2013

Sharks and skates represent the earliest vertebrates with an adaptive immune system based on lymphocyte Ag receptors generated by V(D)J recombination. Shark B cells express two classical Igs, IgM and IgW, encoded by an early, alternative gene organization consisting of numerous autonomous miniloci, where the individual gene cluster carries a few rearranging gene segments and one C region, μ or ω. We have characterized eight distinct Ig miniloci encoding the nurse shark ω H chain. Each cluster consists of VH, D, and JH segments and six to eight C domain exons. Two interspersed secretory exons, in addition to the 3′-most C exon with tailpiece, provide the gene cluster with the ability to generate at least six secreted isoforms that differ as to polypeptide length and C domain combination. All clusters appear to be functional, as judged by the capability for rearrangement and absence of defects in the deduced amino acid sequence. We previously showed that IgW VDJ can perform isotype switching to μ C regions; in this study, we found that switching also occurs between ω clusters. Thus, C region diversification for any IgW VDJ can take place at the DNA level by switching to other ω or μ C regions, as well as by RNA processing to generate different C isoforms. The wide array of pathogens recognized by Abs requires different disposal pathways, and our findings demonstrate complex and unique pathways for C effector function diversity that evolved independently in cartilaginous fishes.
Neuromyelitis Optica IgG Causes Placental Inflammation and Fetal Death
Authors: Saadoun Samira , Waters Patrick , Leite M. Isabel , Bennett Jeffrey L. , Vincent Angela , Papadopoulos Marios C.
Published: August 2013

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS and affects women of childbearing age. Most patients with NMO have circulating Abs, termed NMO-IgG, against the astrocytic water channel protein aquaporin-4. In the CNS, NMO-IgG causes complement-mediated astrocyte damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and myelin loss. In this study, we show that aquaporin-4 is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast of human and mouse placenta. Placental aquaporin-4 expression is high during mid-gestation and progressively decreases with advancing pregnancy. Intraperitoneally injected NMO-IgG binds mouse placental aquaporin-4, activates coinjected human complement, and causes inflammatory cell infiltration into the placenta and placental necrosis. There was no damage to maternal organs that express aquaporin-4, including the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, and skeletal muscle. In control experiments, no placentitis was found in mice injected with NMO-IgG without complement, non–NMO-IgG with human complement, or in aquaporin-4 null mice injected with NMO-IgG and human complement. The infiltrating cells were primarily neutrophils with a few scattered eosinophils and macrophages. NMO-IgG and human complement–induced placentitis caused fetal death, but some fetuses were born normal when lower amounts of NMO-IgG and human complement were injected. Sivelestat, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, and aquaporumab, a nonpathogenic IgG that competes with NMO-IgG for aquaporin-4 binding, significantly reduced NMO-IgG and human complement induced placentitis and fetal death. Our data suggest that NMO-IgG can cause miscarriage, thus challenging the concept that NMO affects only the CNS. These findings have implications for the management of NMO during pregnancy.
The increase of serum Bcl-2 concentration in moderate head injury outcome: The role of ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10
Authors: Indharty Rr
Published: August 2013

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death and disability. Apoptosis after TBI contributes significantly to the final extent of tissue damage. The Bcl-2 family proteins are important apoptosis modulators which increased in injured neurons. Bcl-2 has shown an antiapoptotic effect in rats and mice. ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 is a synthetic short fragment of ACTH devoid of hormonal effects and has neuromodulatory properties. ACTH 4-10 Pro8-Gly9-Pro10 has been shown to increase levels of Bcl-2 and BDNF in vitro as well as in vivo. It has been postulated that ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 will result in improved clinical outcome and reduce hospital length of stay. The goal of this study is to compare the effect of standard therapy only with standard therapy and ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 , the increase of Bcl-2, and clinical outcome with reduction of hospital stay. Materials and Methods: Subjects of moderate head injury (MHI) with no indication of surgery were taken consecutively ( n = 40) and separated into two groups: standard treatment only and standard treatment combined with ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 . Blood samples were taken on day 1 and day 5 from each subject for measurements of Bcl-2 concentration. Barthel Index and MMSE were measured, at discharge and hospital length of stay was noted. Results: Forty subjects have been involved in this study, three subjects died in the standard therapy group, and one subject in ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 group. Bcl-2 serum level in standard therapy was 1.39 ± 0.75 ng/mL on day 1 and 1.48 ± 0.77 ng/mL on day 5. After treatment with ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 , Bcl-2 level was 1.39 ± 0.70 ng/mL on day 1 and 3.70 ± 1.02 ng/mL on day 5. The serum Bcl-2 concentration was significantly increased with ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 therapy with shorter hospital length of stay ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: ACTH 4-10 Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 increased serum Bcl-2 levels and reduced hospital length of stay significantly compared with standard therapy alone.