bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium Phosphate‐Induced Injury in Kidney Tubular Cells—Supersaturated Solution vs Preformed Crystals
Authors: Ukaeje Onyebuchi C. , Roy Sanjit K. , Shin Samuel , Raheem Sumiyya , Reyes Cory , Bandyopadhyay Bidhan C.
Published: January 2025

Crystalline nephropathy (CN) is characterized by deposition of microcrystals within the kidney tubular microstructure, specifically in the renal tubular cells. Nephropathic conditions have been observed in kidney stone patients as nephrocalcinosis, resulting from the deposition of calcium phosphate (CaP) microcrystals mainly within the renal tubule. CaP microcrystals trigger nephrotoxicity and cell death leading to acute and chronic kidney disease and in some cases end stage renal disease. Although supersaturation of calcium (Ca2+)‐ and phosphate (PO43−) ions in the urine was described as a main factor the precise mechanism of cell death by distinguishing the impact of supersaturated solution vs the crystalline substances is unclear. Here we show the differential effect of CaP solution vs preformed crystal (as crystalline CaP) on the nephrotoxicity and the degree and type of cell death using a murine kidney tubular cell line, LLCPK1. We examined the cellular [cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and H2O2 releases and Annexin+ propidium iodide (PI) staining] and molecular events [gene expressions, oxidative and endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress] towards understanding the mechanism of CN. The results of the study demonstrated that CaP in solution exerts injury effect on LLCPK1 cells. The addition of CaP solution showed stronger necrosis than the preformed crystals as shown by PI staining and the releases of LDH and H2O2. Overall, the results in the study revealed a novel mechanism differentiating the kidney cell injury between the insult mediated by supersaturated CaP solution and preformed CaP crystals.
Targeted Therapies: The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in Disease Management
Authors: Salah Akram N. , Hashem Amr H. , Zaki Mohamed Bakr , Abulsoud Ahmed I. , Atta Asmaa M. , Elkalla Wagiha S. , Moustafa Hebatallah Ahmed Mohamed , El‐Dakroury Walaa A. , El‐Tokhy Fatma Sa'eed , ElBoghdady Jasmine A. , Rizk Nehal I. , Abdel Mageed Sherif S. , Mohammed Osama A. , Abdel‐Reheim Mustafa Ahmed , Alghamdi Huda O. , Doghish Ahmed S.
Published: January 2025

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a key class of biotherapeutic medicines used to treat a wide range of diseases, such as cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and hemophilia. They can be engineered for greater effectiveness and specific applications while maintaining their structural elements for immune targeting. Traditional immunoglobulin treatments have limited therapeutic uses and various adverse effects. That makes mAbs show rapid growth in the pharmaceutical market, with over 250 mAbs in clinical studies. Although mAbs offer higher specificity, they are less effective against complex antigens. They have become essential in treating diseases with limited medical options, providing innovative solutions that improve patients' quality of life through increasing survival rates, shortening the length of stay in hospitals with an improved treatment outcome, and reducing side effects. This review outlines the mechanisms, applications, and advancements of mAbs, highlighting their transformative role in modern medicine and their potential to shape future therapeutic interventions.
Microscopic Characterization Based Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. Leaf Extract: Their Biological Approaches and Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye
Authors: Bharathi Arasangam , Saipraba Sivakumar , Ravichandran Devaraj , Meena Raji , Prakash Palanisamy , Gatasheh Mansour K. , Ahamed Anis , Murugesan Subban
Published: January 2025

The green methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has developed popularity recently due to the low preparation costs, environmental friendliness, and non‐toxicity of the precursors. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using leaf extract from Merremia quinquefolia. Spectroscopic techniques were used for analyzing the functional groups, morphology, crystalline phase, and elemental composition of nanomaterials. The ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrometry absorption spectra of the AgNPs had a surface plasmon resonance band at 459 nm and Fourier transformed infrared spectrum (FTIR) analysis showed the presence of elements groups. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates the crystalline structure and the energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis shows strong signals for the silver element. Morphological analysis using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that the AgNPs exhibited spherical shapes with an average size of 14 nm. Furthermore, it was indicated by the Raman spectra vibrational peak at 240 and 470 cm−1. The disk diffusion method showed that AgNPs were highly effective in inhibition of Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus with a high inhibitory zone (14 ± 0.23 mm). Antioxidant activity, the IC50 values for assays DPPH (145.7 μg/mL) and ABTS (112.09 μg/mL), and albumin denaturation in human red blood cells showed higher anti‐inflammatory activity. AgNPs had an IC50 value of 4.62 μg/mL against breast cancer (MCF‐7) cells. Methylene blue (MB) degrading studies were used to assess the photocatalytic activity of AgNPs. They are at 240 min observed sunlight, the MB degradation efficiency was 94.89%. Overall, although M. quinquefolia synthesizes AgNPs for environmentally friendly applications, the study is indicated to fully understand the potential involved in treating breast cancer cells.
Effects of Static and Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fields on Gene Expression
Authors: Zablotskii Vitalii , Gorobets Oksana , Gorobets Svitlana , Polyakova Tatyana
Published: January 2025

Substantial research over the past two decades has established that magnetic fields affect fundamental cellular processes, including gene expression. However, since biological cells and subcellular components exhibit diamagnetic behavior and are therefore subjected to very small magnetic forces that cannot directly compete with the viscoelastic and bioelectric intracellular forces responsible for cellular machinery functions, it becomes challenging to understand cell–magnetic field interactions and to reveal the mechanisms through which these interactions differentially influence gene expression in cells. The limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying biomagnetic effects has hindered progress in developing effective therapeutic applications of magnetic fields. This review examines the expanding body of literature on genetic events during static and low‐frequency magnetic field exposure, focusing particularly on how changes in gene expression interact with cellular machinery. To address this, we conducted a systematic review utilizing extensive search strategies across multiple databases. We explore the intracellular mechanisms through which transcription functions may be modified by a magnetic field in contexts where other cellular signaling pathways are also activated by the field. This review summarizes key findings in the field, outlines the connections between magnetic fields and gene expression changes, identifies critical gaps in current knowledge, and proposes directions for future research.

Level of Evidence

NA

Technical Efficacy

Stage 4
An Evaluation of Treatment Time and Intrafraction Motion in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
Authors: Rough Leila , Burbery Julie , Hargrave Catriona , Brown Elizabeth
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Image guided‐radiation therapy (IGRT) protocols are adopted to ensure the accurate dose delivery of patient treatments. This is especially important in hypofractionated treatments, such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), as high doses of radiation are delivered, and incorrect treatment can have a significant impact on tumour control and toxicity. This study aimed to establish mean treatment times from the localisation image to the post‐treatment image in SBRT liver, lung and spine patients that utilised Elekta Intrafraction Imaging (IFI). The magnitude of intrafraction motion exhibited as time elapses during the treatment fraction was also determined.

Methods

IGRT data for 20 SBRT patients was retrospectively collected, including imaging times and shifts made from each pre‐, during and post‐treatment cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan. Total treatment fraction time, time between each image acquired and the 3D vector of the shifts were calculated. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.

Results

The IGRT data associated with 332 CBCT images was evaluated. The average treatment time was longest in the liver (19.3 min), followed by lung (14.9 min) and spine (14.2 min). Liver patients had a mean shift 3D vector (0.1 cm), with 7.8% of shifts > 0.3 cm. Lung patients had a mean vector of 0.1 cm with 3.8% > 0.3 cm, and spine patients had a mean vector of 0 cm with 0% > 0.2 cm. Vectors > 0.3 cm occurred at multiple imaging timepoints (range: 4.9–24.4 min) for liver and lung patients.

Conclusion

Intrafraction imaging is required in liver and lung SBRT treatments to identify instances where clinical tolerances are exceeded.
Comparative analysis of left bundle branch area pacing in patients with and without a history of open‐heart surgery
Authors: Nohno Yasumasa , Kozu Ryosuke , Ito Kii , Chikazawa Yuta , Maruyama Shusaku , Hasegawa Tomoya , Tsuchiya Hiromi , Tachibana Takahiro , Kimura Hikaru , Yazaki Yoshikazu
Published: January 2025

Background

Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is widely performed in routine clinical practice. Achieving LBBAP requires deep insertion of the lead into the interventricular septum. LBBAP may be challenging in patients with a history of open‐heart surgery (OHS) because of myocardial fibrosis associated with surgical trauma. This study aimed to report the feasibility and safety of performing LBBAP in patients with a history of OHS.

Methods

This retrospective analysis included patients who underwent successful LBBAP between November 2020 and September 2024, with approval from our institutional review board. LBBAP was performed using a 3830 SelectSecure lead, and pacing parameters were assessed before and after implantation.

Results

One hundred patients were analyzed, including 26 in the OHS group and 74 in the non‐OHS group. The success rates of LBBAP were 84.6% in the OHS group and 90.5% in the non‐OHS group (p = 0.375). Notably, the number of LBBAP lead placements was higher in the OHS group (3.0 ± 2.1 vs. 2.0 ± 1.4, p = 0.017). The left ventricular activation time in lead V6 was comparable between the groups at implantation (73.6 ± 13.3 ms vs. 75.6 ± 12.1 ms, p = 0.522). The QRS duration was significantly wider in the OHS group at implantation (131.3 ± 14.6 vs. 121.1 ± 12.3 ms, p = 0.002), but parameters remained stable at 1 year.

Conclusions

LBBAP in patients with a history of OHS may present a slightly higher level of technical difficulty, but it is both feasible and safe.
MTiTaO6: Cr3+ (M = Al3+, Ga3+, Sc3+) Phosphors with Ultra‐Broadband Excitation Spectra and Enhanced Near‐Infrared Emission for Solar Cells
Authors: Jiang Lipeng , Zhang Liangliang , Jiang Xue , Wang Jing , Zhang Junji , Jiang Weiwei , Li Guojun , Yu Hongbo , Si Wei , Shi Zhongxiang , Zhang Zhihua , Su Yanjing
Published: January 2025

Achieving ultra‐broadband absorption and enhancing the near‐infrared (NIR) emitting properties of NIR phosphors is a key challenge to realize its multiple applications, such as solar spectrum conversion, spectral analysis, and night vision. Here, a novel NIR phosphor system MTiTaO6: Cr3+ (M = Al3+, Ga3+, Sc3+), with an excitation spectrum as broad as 421 nm and enhanced NIR emission is reported. It is the widest excitation spectrum among the known Cr3+‐doped NIR phosphors. Structural and spectroscopic analysis shows that the ultra‐broadband excitation spectrum originates from the overlap of multiple luminescence centers. Additionally, the emission peak is red‐shifted from 816 to 871 nm with increasing M ion radius, and the emission intensity is enhanced, which not only makes the emission spectra more compatible with the response curve of c‐Si solar cells, but also gives it an advantage in NIR spectroscopy applications. Comparison of the excitation spectra with the solar spectrum and spectral analysis of the emission spectra of water and alcohol demonstrate its promising applications.
Exploring the Impact of Non‐Ablative Erbium Laser Therapy on Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis
Authors: Gaspar Adrian , Calderon Alicia , Mora Josue Vargas , Silva Joaquin , Bojanini Juan Fernando , Araujo Maria Jose , Geada Leticia Lazzaleta , Ivanova Elena , Helvacioglu Yeksin , Coello Pedro Peña , Zelaschi Delfina , Lucas Maria Fernanda , Mitraud Larissa , Carneiro Virginia , Cogorno Mariela , Mikić Aleksandra Novakov , Vasilescu Mihaela
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To assess the effect of non‐ablative Er:YAG laser therapy on the symptoms and microbiological conditions of women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC).

Materials and Methods

One hundred and sixty‐seven women (mean age 34.1 ± 8.57 years) participated in this cohort study. Women diagnosed with RVVC received four vaginal laser therapies within 4 months. At baseline, 3 months, and 9 months after the last laser therapy microbiological assessment, improvement of five bothersome symptoms related to vaginal infection (burning, itching, dyspareunia, dysuria, and abnormal discharge), and the safety of the laser therapy and overall patient satisfaction were assessed.

Results

Non‐ablative vaginal Er:YAG laser therapy resulted in improvements of all bothersome symptoms and was statistically significant at 3 and 9 months following the therapy. A complete resolution in symptoms (VAS = 0) was observed in 38%–74% of women, depending on the symptom. Nine months after therapy, the prevalence of Candida albicans dropped from 80% to 30%, and a complete elimination of pathogens was detected in 64% of the women. The laser therapy appeared to be effective in the elimination of non‐albicans Candida species. A total of 86% of the patients reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the therapy. Only minor and transient adverse effects were recorded during the study.

Conclusion

Non‐ablative vaginal Er:YAG laser therapy proved to be a promising treatment for RVVC in women. The effect was achieved by improving their vaginal health by lowering the load of pathogenic yeast and by promoting the restoration of a favorable environment for normal microflora.
Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Polyphenylene Dendrimers with Different Surface Functionalization in Solvent/Non‐Solvent Mixtures
Authors: Weigold Svenja , Brödner Kerstin , John Torsten , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F. , Weil Tanja , Fytas George , Müllen Klaus
Published: January 2025

This work compares the self‐assembly of nanometer‐sized amphiphilic Janus‐type and patched polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs) in solvent/non‐solvent mixtures utilizing static and dynamic light‐scattering measurements. First‐ and second‐generation (G1 and G2) dendrimers are functionalized with substituents of different polarity, i.e., polar neo‐pentyl sulfonate or sulfonic acid groups are combined with non‐polar propyl groups. Neo‐pentyl sulfonate PPDs give rise to defined supramolecular assembly structures, irrespective of their amphiphilic surface functionalization or size. In contrast, the self‐assembly of PPDs with sulfonic acid substitution exhibits a pronounced dependence upon substitution pattern and generation. In particular, the Janus dendrimers demonstrate an increased tendency toward self‐assembly compared to their patched counterparts. This trend is more pronounced for G2 than for G1 PPDs.
Mussel‐Like Silk Fibroin Hydrogel With Skin Compliance Soft Electrode for Wearable Devices
Authors: Zhang Yonggen , Liu Andeng , Hao Wenzhe , Guo Wenxi , Xu Jun
Published: January 2025

Flexible wearable electronic devices, capable of real‐time physiological monitoring for personalized health management, are increasingly recognized for their convenience, comfort, and customization potential. Despite advancements, challenges persist for soft electrodes due to the skin's complex surface, biocompatibility demands, and modulus mismatch. In response, a mussel‐inspired polydopamine‐nanoclay‐silk fibroin hydrogel (DA‐C‐SFH) is introduced, synthesized via a two‐step process. The initial polydopamine oxidation introduces free catechol groups through polydopamine‐incorporated nanoclay, followed by integration with silk fibroin, refining the fibroin network at the mesoscopic scale. This DA‐C‐SFH exhibits low modulus, high elasticity, adhesive properties, and biocompatibility, enabling conformal skin adhesion. It effectively detects subtle signals, such as pulse waves, and serves as a soft epidermal electrode, capable of recording various electrophysiological signals, including electrocardiograms and electromyograms, thus underscoring its potential in medical electronics and health monitoring applications.
Spatial–temporal variation of daily precipitation in different levels over mainland China during 1960–2019
Authors: Zhang Kexin , Wang Tiangui , Zhao Li , Peng Jiaoting , Ji Yan
Published: January 2025

Precipitation, essential for the water cycle and key to surface runoff and groundwater, causes floods and droughts when unevenly distributed. Understanding the variations in precipitation across China is vital for managing water resources and preventing weather‐related disasters. In this study, we analyzed the spatial–temporal variations in rainfall amounts and the number of rainy days across different levels in China using daily precipitation data during 1960–2019. We found a nonsignificant increase in annual total precipitation (ATP), but a significant decline in the number of days with ATP during this period. This shift suggests that precipitation is becoming more concentrated in fewer days, potentially due to an increase in the frequency of heavy rain (25 ≤ p < 50 mm/day, L3), rainstorm (50 ≤ p < 100 mm/day, L4), and heavy rainstorm (p > 100 mm/day, L5). The amount and frequency of precipitation in light rain (0.1 ≤ p < 10 mm/day, L1) and moderate rain (10 ≤ p < 25 mm/day, L2) exhibited a decreasing trend during this period, whereas the patterns for L3, L4, and L5 demonstrated an increasing trend. Notably, the decrease in the number of days with L1 and L2 precipitation was relatively minor compared with the substantial increase in the number of days experiencing L3, L4, and L5 precipitation. Despite L1 precipitation making up only 24.9% of China's ATP, it accounts for 78.6% of total precipitation days. This underscores the important role played by L1 precipitation events in determining the overall frequency of precipitation occurrences in China. Significant regional disparities are observed in both precipitation amounts and the number of precipitation days across different precipitation levels. Furthermore, large‐scale climate indices have consistently affected China's precipitation patterns since 1960, impacting not just the current year but possibly extending into the subsequent year.
Existence and Uniqueness of Renormalized Solutions for a Nonlinear p(x)$$ p(x) $$‐Parabolic Problem With Lower Order Term and General Data
Authors: Sabiry Abdelaziz , Zineddaine Ghizlane , Kassidi Abderrazak , Melliani Said
Published: January 2025

In this article, we focus on a class of nonlinear parabolic problems having variable exponents, a strictly increasing ‐function , and general measure data . The existence and uniqueness of a renormalized solution to the given problem are constructed by combining the theory of monotone operators, the truncation approach, and Marcinkiewicz estimation.
Vaginal Wall Thickness Measurement by 2D‐Ultrasound and Pelvic Floor Muscle Morphometry by 4D‐Ultrasound in Women With Vaginal Laxity Treated With Radiofrequency or Pelvic Floor Muscle Training
Authors: Pereira Glaucia Miranda Varella , de Almeida Cristiane Martins , Martinho Natalia , Jarmy‐Di‐Bella Zsuzsanna Ilona Katalin , de Andrade Kleber Cursino , Sartori Marair Gracio Ferreira , Juliato Cassia Raquel Teatin , Brito Luiz Gustavo Oliveira
Published: January 2025

Aim

To compare the vaginal wall thickness (VWT) measurement by two‐dimensional ultrasound (2D‐US) and pelvic floor muscle morphometry by four‐dimensional translabial ultrasound (4D‐TLUS) in women with vaginal laxity (VL) who underwent treatment with radiofrequency (RF) or pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) after 30 days and 6 months.

Methods

A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial that occurred between February 2020 and December 2021 was performed. Women with VL were enrolled and treated with RF or PFMT for 12 weeks. Ultrasound examiners were blinded for the groups. Transabdominal (TAUS) and transvaginal (TVUS) ultrasound were performed with 2D‐US analysis. The 4D‐TLUS was used for PFM morphometry assessment. We performed per‐protocol and intention‐to‐treat analysis (5% significance).

Results

Women with ballooning presented significantly worse scoring in sexual function (p = 0.037) and vaginal symptoms (p = 0.007) than women without ballooning. Analysis of variance among 2D‐US, intervention groups and assessment periods has shown that measurements of the TAUS proximal vagina increased in the PFMT group after 6 months (from 9.90 ± 3.14 mm to 10.53 ± 2.71 mm; p = 0.006). TAUS/TVUS distal vagina measurements were reduced after 6 months of RF (TAUS from 11.79 ± 3.67 mm to 10.51 ± 2.51 mm; p = 0.018/TVUS from 7.94 ± 1.83 mm to 7.32 ± 2.10 mm; p = 0.037). On the other hand, 4D‐TLUS measurements did not present differences according to the intervention and/or groups.

Conclusion

Women with ballooning on 4D‐TLUS presented significantly worse scoring in sexual function and vaginal symptoms. 2D‐US found that RF reduced the VWT of the distal vagina after 6 months and PFMT increased the VWT of the proximal vagina after 6 months.

Clinical Trial Registration: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos–REBEC—RBR‐2zdvfp as a clinical trial.
SBERO: Skill Al‐Biruni Earth Radius Optimization for Alzheimer's Disease Classification Using Magnetic Resonance Image
Authors: Gowsikraja P. , Geetha K. , Rajan C.
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline, often affecting behavior and speech. Early detection of AD remains a challenge due to its symptomatic overlap with normal aging and other cognitive disorders, necessitating precise classification methods. This paper proposes a novel Skill Al‐Biruni Earth Radius Optimization‐enabled Deep Spiking Neural Network (SBERO_Deep SNN) for AD classification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initially, input MRI images undergo enhancement through thresholding transformations. The segmentation is done using UNeXT, which is optimized by the hybrid SBERO algorithm. The SBERO combines the Skill Optimization Algorithm (SOA) and Al‐Biruni Earth Radius (BER). Statistical features, local binary patterns (LBP), and gradient directional patterns (GDP) are then extracted, and classification is performed using a Deep Spiking Neural Network (Deep SNN) trained with SBERO. The proposed method achieves 90.49% accuracy, 89.98% sensitivity, and 90.16% specificity, outperforming existing state‐of‐the‐art techniques in AD classification. The qualitative analysis highlights the robustness of the model in differentiating AD from other cognitive disorders, particularly in early stages, providing a reliable tool for clinical diagnosis.
Impact of Regulatory Action on Dose Maximalization for Vitamin B6 Dietary Supplements on the Reporting Pattern for Neuropathy
Authors: van Hunsel Florence , Scholl Joep , Vrolijk Misha , Ekhart Corine
Published: January 2025

Background

Vitamin B6 deficiency is linked to neurological disorders. However, supplementation with high doses of vitamin B6 has also been linked to neuropathy as an adverse drug reaction. Review of cases from the Dutch Spontaneous Reporting System (SRS) and other data led to a regulatory action to lower the maximum daily dose (DD) of vitamin B6 in supplements to 21 mg/day from October 1, 2018.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate if there was an effect of the regulatory action in 2018 on maximum daily dosage for vitamin B6 on the reporting pattern of neuropathy to the SRS in the Netherlands.

Methods

We investigated trends in the number of reports received until December 31, 2023, DD mentioned in the reports, and the correlation between DD and plasma vitamin B6 levels. A change point analysis was used to get insight into the pattern of reports over time.

Results

Two hundred and twenty‐four reports were included. After the regulatory action for dose maximization from October 2018, only one report mentions a dosage which is much higher than the recommended 21 mg DD. Only 15% of the variability in plasma levels mentioned in reports can be explained by the DD. Twelve statistical change points were noted, especially around some peaks in the reporting pattern for instance in 2018. However, from the second half of 2019, the number of reports on vitamin B6 and neuropathy per time period is lower and no change points were detected.

Conclusions

Although our study has limitations, we clearly see an effect of regulatory action on the doses of vitamin B6 used in neuropathy reports. However, some cases describing neuropathy related to vitamin B6 supplementation with lower doses are still reported after the regulatory action in 2018. Therefore, the association between low‐dose vitamin B6 products and neuropathy should be studied further.
Pulsating Drought and Insect Herbivory Cause Differential Effects on Soybean (Glycine max) Genotypes That Vary in Canopy Wilting Speed
Authors: Ayala Jessica , Gautam Manish , Peissel Adriana , George Justin , Kariyat Rupesh
Published: January 2025

As a result of climate change, global temperatures are increasing, and water scarcity is on the rise. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] is one of the most important crops in the world due to its importance as food and feed. One of the major limiting factors for soybean production is drought, which can cause up to 80% reduction in yield. Therefore, growers and plant breeders are turning to soybean accessions that demonstrate better water use efficiency (WUE). However, in addition to drought, insect herbivory by soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens, SBL) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW) can also reduce soybean yield by feeding on foliar and floral organs. Using soybean accessions that differ in their wilting speed, we examined the relationship between physiological traits associated with WUE, and how they affect both herbivore and host plant growth and development. Results showed that both fast‐ and slow‐wilting genotypes displayed strong overcompensation in terms of growth and development, but slow‐wilting genotypes produced higher‐quality pods and seeds. Regardless of treatment effects, FAW fed at a significantly higher rate than SBL despite being less specialized to feed on soybeans. While fast‐wilting plants produced more pods than slow‐wilting plants regardless of treatment, slow‐wilting plants produced heavier pods with larger and heavier seeds. Collectively, we show that despite fast‐wilting plants overcompensating in pod production and growth traits, slow‐wilting plants may still be better fit through seed functions.
Enhancing Efficiency of Lead‐Free Cs2TiIxBr6‐x Perovskite Solar Cells Through Linear and Parabolic Grading Strategies: Toward 31.18% Efficiency
Authors: Verma Akash Anand , Dwivedi D. K. , Lohia Pooja , Agarwal Surbhi , Kulshrestha Upendra , Kumar Manish , Pandey Rahul
Published: January 2025

The most amazing environmentally friendly energy source is solar energy, which can be captured with the aid of photovoltaic (PV) cells. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that are hybrid (organic–inorganic) have demonstrated remarkable PV ability. The advantages of halide‐based perovskite are numerous and include cheap cost, high efficiency, and simplicity in fabrication. Due to their poisonous nature, lead (Pb)‐based PSCs often pose a concern to the environment. They also have other drawbacks, such as stability problems, problems with scalability, and health risks associated with Pb exposure. Thus, the primary intent of this study is to examine the Pb‐free, inorganic titanium‐based perovskite complex Cs2TiIxBr6‐x, which serves as the active layer. When compared with other elements, titanium is nontoxic, strong, affordable, and easily accessible. To improve the efficiency of lead‐free (Au/CuSbS2/Cs2TiIxBr6‐x/CdS/FTO) device structure, both linear and parabolic grading methods are used in the simulation. The perovskite composition Cs2TiIxBr6‐x is a mixed halide system, with different amounts of iodine (I) and bromine (Br) ions integrated into the crystal lattice. Within the halide system, “x” indicates the percentage of iodide ions that replace bromide ions. Light absorption and energy conversion efficiency in solar cells may be maximized by fine tuning the material's band gap by varying “x,” which can range from 0 to 6. When the active layer is graded linearly, the band gap is adjusted by adjusting the composition x, which ranges from 0 to 6, throughout the active layer's thickness. The bending factor changes from 0 to 1 in the case of parabolic grading of the Cs2TiIxBr6‐x layer, indicating an enhancement in the device's PCE as a result of high wavelength photon absorption. Our simulations show a significant improvement in PCE, with an astounding result of 31.18% for parabolic grading, a 7.93% increase above PCE from linear grading, which is 28.89%. Other noteworthy metrics that exhibit exceptional outcomes include JSC 34.36 mA.cm−2, FF 86.81%, and VOC 1.0452 V. The stability in the output of the device in the realistic temperature range confirms the highly stable nature of the proposed PSC device. These results show how effectively our approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of Pb‐free PSC's. As we are interested in this realistic environmental temperature range of the whole world, we proposed that Cs2TiIxBr6‐x‐based PSCs are highly suitable and stable for the real‐time experiment, which is the need of PSCs nowadays.
The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Contribution of Listed Firms to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Disclosures in Ghana
Authors: Saeed Musah Mohammed , Mohammed Shahin Sultana , Adeniyi Abiola , Osei Michael
Published: January 2025

Effective corporate governance is essential for aligning corporate contributions with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Companies must embed SDG priorities into their strategies to balance social and financial objectives. This study examines how corporate governance influences SDG disclosures by publicly listed firms, focusing on prioritized SDG areas. Grounded in stakeholder theory, it explores how governance structures meet stakeholder expectations, promoting transparency and accountability in SDG reporting. The research highlights the urgency of integrating sustainability into corporate strategies to advance global SDG efforts. A quantitative analysis utilized data from 2009 to 2020 annual reports of financial firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange, supplemented by secondary data. The sample included 13 firms with at least 12 years of operation, totaling 156 firm‐year observations. Probit regression and descriptive statistics were applied for analysis. Findings reveal a limited impact of corporate governance on SDG contributions, with older firms more likely to engage in SDG efforts. Education and health‐related SDGs dominate the focus among contributing firms. The study recommends policies mandating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures to strengthen corporate SDG contributions. Policymakers could incentivize compliance through tax benefits or sustainability‐linked financing for firms aligned with SDGs. Capacity‐building programs for corporate leaders and board members are also necessary to integrate SDGs into business strategies. These findings offer critical insights for policymakers and a foundation for further research on corporate governance's role in advancing SDGs, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Theoretical Model and Shaking Table Experiment of Eddy Current–Enhanced Friction Pendulum Tuned Mass Damper
Authors: Du Jiandong , Du Jiaoyan , Bao Chao , Cao Jixing , Yu Ziying , Ma Xiaotong , Lu Jianning
Published: January 2025

Traditional pendulum tuned mass dampers (PTMDs) necessitate substantial vertical space, and conventional friction pendulum systems (FPS‐TMDs) struggle to balance low activation thresholds with adequate damping levels due to their reliance on friction forces. This study presents an innovative eddy current–enhanced friction pendulum tuned mass damper (ECEFP‐TMD), which capitalizes on eddy current damping to lower the activation threshold effectively. Simultaneously, incidental friction damping provides a complementary dual–damping scheme. We developed a robust theoretical model, underpinned by shaking table experiments, to demonstrate the ECEFP‐TMD's superior vibration mitigation. Findings reveal that eddy current damping not only diminishes the activation threshold but also streamlines the adjustment of damping levels. The integrated dual–damping mechanism substantially augments energy dissipation, thus reducing the acceleration response of structures subjected to seismic activity. Particularly, for FPS‐TMDs with minimal friction coefficients, the inclusion of eddy current damping substantially elevates seismic resilience, mitigating stick–slip behavior typically induced by excessive friction damping.
Predicting Compressive Strength of Oil Well Cement Slurries: Novel Moduli‐Based Analysis of Chemical Composition at Different Temperature Condition
Authors: Jamal Mohammed Ariwan , Mohammed Ahmed Salih , Ali Jagar A.
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates the impact of cement chemical composition on the compressive strength (CS) of cement slurries, utilizing silica fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) as additional materials. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 317 datasets from the literature, focusing on factors including silicon dioxide (SiO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), calcium oxide (CaO), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), water‐to‐binder (w/b) ratio, and SF and FA content, as well as curing time and temperature. The research presents three geochemical moduli, namely, silicate modulus (SM), aluminate modulus (AM), and hydraulic modulus (HM), to assess and forecast CS. The investigation utilizing full quadratic (FQ) and cubic (CUB) models underscores the precision of prediction models corroborated by statistical metrics, such as scatter index (SI), root mean squared error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (R2). Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate evaluations indicate that SM, AM, and HM significantly decrease input parameters while preserving or enhancing model accuracy. The ideal replacement percentages for SF and FA to maximize strength were determined to be 14.6% and 11.6%, respectively. The optimal values for SM, AM, and HM were 2.62, 1.38, and 2.21, respectively. The results establish a solid framework for optimizing cement formulations, presenting sustainable alternatives for improved mechanical performance and decreased material consumption in oil well cementing and building applications.
Surgical stabilisation of a radio‐ulno‐carpometacarpal luxation in a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) with a distal radio‐ulnar screw
Authors: Marical Julien , Zoller Graham , Jacqmin Maxime , Ferrand François‐Xavier
Published: January 2025

A 4‐year‐old, captive, male common buzzard (Buteo buteo) was presented for sudden inability to fly. A radio‐ulno‐carpometacarpal luxation was diagnosed using radiography. A complete closed reduction of the luxation was unsuccessful. A novel technique of open reduction and stabilisation with a distal radio‐ulnar screw proximal to the ulnar carpal bone was performed. The range of motion of the wing was normal in immediate postoperative because the ulnar carpal bone was not immobilised. Then, the wing was immobilised with a figure‐of‐eight bandage for 2 weeks and the bird had restricted exercise for 4 weeks postoperatively. Six months postoperatively, follow‐up radiographs revealed that the implant location was unchanged with periarticular fibrosis. Discrete loss of extension of the wing was observed. The bird recovered the ability to fly and training resumed 9 months after the surgery. The novel surgical technique described in this case report represents a feasible and effective technique for the treatment of an avian radio‐ulno‐carpometacarpal joint luxation.
Nutzerverhalten bei der Funktionsprüfung des Beatmungsgerätes: Analyse zu Einsatz des KURZcheck und Detektion fehlkonnektierter Beatmungsschläuche
Authors: Uzun Davut D. , Schäfer Johannes , Klemm Sascha , Lichtenstern Christoph , Weigand Markus A. , Neuhaus Christopher
Published: January 2025

Hintergrund und Fragestellung

Die Patientensicherheit bei Allgemeinanästhesien hat sich in den letzten Jahren verbessert, dennoch kommt es immer wieder zu anästhesiologischen Zwischenfällen, insbesondere im Bereich der Atemwegssicherung. Vor dem Einsatz eines Beatmungsgerätes ist ein obligatorischer Systemtest erforderlich, zusätzlich sollte der von der DGAI empfohlene KURZcheck vor Anschluss eines Patienten durchgeführt werden. Dennoch sind Fehlanschlüsse der Beatmungsschläuche, die nicht zwingend vom Gerät im Rahmen des Selbsttests erkannt werden, möglich. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Analyse des Nutzerverhaltens an modernen Anästhesiearbeitsplätzen im Hinblick auf den Einsatz des KURZcheck.

Material und Methoden

Es erfolgten eine monozentrische, prospektive Beobachtung des Nutzerverhaltens im Umgang mit dem KURZcheck im Rahmen eines medizinischen Simulationstrainings sowie eine prospektive, multizentrische, explorative, anonyme Befragung des anästhesiologischen Personals in verschiedenen deutschen Kliniken.

Ergebnisse

Von n = 30 beobachteten Probanden führten n = 28 (93,3 %) unmittelbar vor dem Anschluss des Simulationspatienten an das Beatmungsgerät einen KURZcheck durch. Nur einer dieser 28 erkannte die Fehlkonnektion der Beatmungsschläuche im Rahmen des KURZcheck. Den am Beatmungsgerät vorgehaltenen separaten Handbeatmungsbeutel nutzten trotz persistierender Beatmungsprobleme nur 20 % der teilnehmenden Ärzte. Die Online-Umfrage wurde von n = 187 Teilnehmenden beantwortet. 64,7 % der Teilnehmenden führen den KURZcheck nach eigenen Angaben immer durch, 31,5 % manchmal und 3,7 % nie. Das Vorhandensein eines separaten Handbeatmungsbeutels wird von 66,3 % der Befragten immer überprüft, von 29,8 % manchmal und von 3,8 % nie. 32 % der Ärzte waren der Meinung, dass der integrierte Selbsttest eine Fehlkonnektion der Beatmungsschläuche immer erkennt.

Schlussfolgerung

Die vorliegende Studie zeigt ein heterogenes Bild der Anwendung und des Verständnisses des von der DGAI empfohlenen KURZcheck. Die in der Umfrage offenbarten Wissenslücken in Bezug auf Durchführung, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Checks unterstreichen die Bedeutung einer Ausbildung mit den Schwerpunkten Human Factors, Kommunikation und Kooperation im Gegensatz zu einer rein prozeduralen Umsetzung bewährter Werkzeuge.

Graphic abstract
Photosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is not optimally regulated under very high CO2
Authors: Carrasquer-Alvarez Elena , Hoffmann Ute Angelika , Geissler Adrian Sven , Knave Axel , Gorodkin Jan , Seemann Stefan Ernst , Hudson Elton P. , Frigaard Niels-Ulrik
Published: January 2025

One strategy for CO2 mitigation is using photosynthetic microorganisms to sequester CO2 under high concentrations, such as in flue gases. While elevated CO2 levels generally promote growth, excessively high levels inhibit growth through uncertain mechanisms. This study investigated the physiology of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under very high CO2 concentrations and yet stable pH around 7.5. The growth rate of the wild type (WT) at 200 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and a gas phase containing 30% CO2 was 2.7-fold lower compared to 4% CO2. Using a CRISPR interference mutant library, we identified genes that, when repressed, either enhanced or impaired growth under 30% or 4% CO2. Repression of genes involved in light harvesting (cpc and apc), photochemical electron transfer (cytM, psbJ, and petE), and several genes with little or unknown functions promoted growth under 30% CO2, while repression of key regulators of photosynthesis (pmgA) and CO2 capture and fixation (ccmR, cp12, and yfr1) increased growth inhibition under 30% CO2. Experiments confirmed that WT cells were more susceptible to light inhibition under 30% than under 4% CO2 and that a light-harvesting-impaired ΔcpcG mutant showed improved growth under 30% CO2 compared to the WT. These findings suggest that enhanced fitness under very high CO2 involves modifications in light harvesting, electron transfer, and carbon metabolism, and that the native regulatory machinery is insufficient, and in some cases obstructive, for optimal growth under 30% CO2. This genetic profiling provides potential targets for engineering cyanobacteria with improved photosynthetic efficiency and stress resilience for biotechnological applications.

Key points

• Synechocystis growth was inhibited under very high CO

2

.

• Inhibition of growth under very high CO

2

was light dependent.

• Repression of photosynthesis genes improved growth under very high CO

2

.

Graphical Abstract
Porosity effect on the thermal conductivity of sintered powder materials
Authors: Montes J. M. , Cuevas F. G. , Cintas J. , Ternero F.
Published: January 2025

In this work, the effective thermal conductivity of sintered powder materials is studied. The extensive literature related to the proposed models about this property in all kind of porous materials is reviewed, and a new equation is proposed as a function of the fully dense material conductivity, the porosity of the material and the tap porosity of the starting powder. This equation covers the porosity range of powder aggregates from the tap porosity to zero porosity, and also applies to sintered powders. The proposed equation has been experimentally validated by fitting to experimental data of metallic sintered powder materials measured at room temperature, resulting very good agreements. Also, alternative models proposed by other authors have been fitted to the same experimental data to check the relative goodness of the proposed model. The results allow to conclude that a percolation model can describe the behaviour of the effective thermal conductivity of sintered powder materials with low and medium porosity levels.
The effect of pregnancy vitamin D supplementation on maternal blood pressure: real-world data analysis within the MAVIDOS randomised placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Citeroni-Clark Natasha L. , D’Angelo Stefania , Crozier Sarah R. , Kermack Alexandra , Godfrey Keith M. , Cooper Cyrus , Harvey Nicholas C. , Moon Rebecca J.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Observational studies have suggested negative associations between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia (PET)]. Data from intervention studies are limited. We hypothesised that vitamin D supplementation would lower maternal blood pressure (BP) during pregnancy and reduce the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Methods

The Maternal Vitamin D Osteoporosis Study (MAVIDOS) was a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Pregnant women with a baseline 25(OH)D of 25–100 nmol/l were randomized to either 1000 IU/day cholecalciferol or placebo from 14 to 17 weeks’ gestation until delivery. BP recordings documented during routine clinical pregnancy care were obtained from clinical records and grouped into gestational windows based on the schedule for routine antenatal care in the United Kingdom (23+0–24+6, 27+0–28+6, 33+0–35+6, 37+0–38+6, 39+0–40+6 and ≥ 41+0 weeks+days). Systolic and diastolic BP measurements in these gestational windows were compared between randomisation groups. Diagnoses of PIH or PET (in accordance with national guidelines) and the use of antihypertensive agents were also noted and compared between groups.

Results

Data for 734 women (366 cholecalciferol, 368 placebo) were included. Maternal mean systolic and diastolic BP did not differ between the randomization groups at any of the gestations studied. The incidences of PIH (placebo 1.6%, cholecalciferol 3.6%, p = 0.10) and PET (placebo 3.3%, cholecalciferol 3.8%, p = 0.68) were similar between the two groups.

Conclusions

Gestational vitamin D supplementation with 1000 IU/day from 14 to 17 weeks gestation did not lower maternal BP or reduce the incidences of PIH or PET in this trial.
Higher bone mineral density at six years of age in very preterm-born infants fed human milk compared to formula feeding. A secondary analysis of an RCT
Authors: Toftlund Line H. , Beck-Nielsen Signe Sparre , Agertoft Lone , Halken Susanne , Zachariassen Gitte
Published: January 2025

In very preterm-born infants, nutritional intake is important to reduce the risk of severe metabolic bone disease including the risk of a lower bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD (measured as BMC per bone area (BA)) at six years of age in very preterm-born infants fed different diets post-discharge. Data on this topic so far is insufficient, and with this study we aim to supply more useful data. A prospective follow-up study of 281 children born very preterm (gestational age ≤ 32 + 0 weeks) and enrolled in a multicentre RCT on post-discharge nutrition. Infants fed human milk (HM) were randomised respectively to be fed unfortified HM (UHM) or fortified human milk (FHM) from hospital discharge to four months’ corrected age. Those not fed HM received a preterm formula (PF). At six years of age, BMD and BMC in all the children were established by means of a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan (Lunar Prodigy) and adjusted for sex, age, and anthropometrics. A total of 192 very preterm-born children (59 fed UHM, 67 FHM and 66 PF) had a DXA scan performed at median 6 (5.8—8.3) years of age. No significant difference was found comparing UHM and FHM according to height, weight, BA, BMC, and BMD at six years of age. However, a multiple regression analysis showed significantly improved BMD in breastfed children compared to PF-fed children.

Conclusions: Fortified compared to non-fortified human milk post-discharge did not have an impact on BMD at 6 years of age in very preterm-born infants. Breastfed children demonstrated higher BMD than formula-fed children.

What is Known:

• Adequate nutritional intake is important to improve growth and to reduce the risk of severe bone disease in very preterm born infants.

• Bone mineralization is attained later in preterm born infants compared to term born infants.

What is New:

• Feeding human milk with fortification compared to non-fortified human milk did not improve bone mineral density in children born very preterm in this follow-up study at six years of age.

• Feeding human milk compared to formula was associated with increased BMD at six years of age among very preterm born infants.