bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS CONTRIBUTING TO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN SPECIALTY POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Reddivari Lavanya , Miller J. Creighton
Published: June 2019

Antioxidants have been widely reported to play an important role in disease prevention. In addition to preventing cancer, stroke, heart diseases, and inflammation, they are also involved in immune surveillance. Since the per capita consumption of potatoes in the U.S. is about 137 lb, even moderate levels of antioxidants in this most important vegetable crop probably have an important human health benefit. About 75% to 80% of antioxidant activity in specialty potatoes is due to phenolics and carotenoids. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate antioxidant activity and total phenolic and carotenoid content of specialty potato selections from the Texas Potato Variety Development Program, and to identify candidate compounds for cancer cell culture investigations. Potato tubers were also used to identify and quantify individual phenolics and carotenoids. Some 320 specialty selections were screened for antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolic content (TP) and carotenoid content (CC) using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FCR (Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent) and colorimetric assays, respectively. After the initial screening, the top 10% were used for analysis of individual phenolics and carotenoids using HPLC. Wide variability for antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and carotenoid content was found among specialty potato selections, providing evidence for genetic control of theses traits. The specialty selection CO112F2-2P/P (purple flesh, purple skin) had the highest AA (832 μg trolox equivalents/g fw), TP (1553 μg chlorogenic acid equivalents/g fw) and CC (590 μg lutein equivalents/100 g fw). Chlorogenic acid (55% to 60%), caffeic acid (≈5%), gallic acid (18% to 20%), and catechin (18% to 20%) were found to be the most prevalent phenolic acids, and lutein and zeaxanthin were the most prominent carotenoids contributing to antioxidant activity. Gallic acid was identified as the candidate compound for use in cancer cell culture investigations.
POLLEN DISPERSION IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY
Authors: Brevis Patricio , NeSmith Scott , Seymour Lynne
Published: June 2019

Poor fruit set is one of the most important horticultural problems of the rabbiteye blueberry industry. Rabbiteye blueberries require cross-pollination and several bee species are expected to transfer pollen from one cultivar to another. A novel method was developed to measure bee-mediated pollen dispersion in rabbiteye blueberry. Pollen diameters were used to predict the proportion of cross-pollen in bumble bees' pollen load. Bumble bees visiting blueberry flowers had low proportions of cross-pollen. It is proposed that inadequate levels of cross-pollination play a major role in the failure of rabbiteye blueberries to set adequate commercial crops. The composition of bees' pollen load changed with the phenology of the crop. Data indicate that the greatest likelihood for cross-pollination occurred around the time of maximum bloom overlap of the two studied cultivars.
SHORT DURATION HEAT PRECONDITIONING AND HEAT TOLERANCE IN ORNAMENTAL BEDDING PLANTS
Authors: Natarajan Seenivasan , Kuehny Jeff S. , Board James E.
Published: June 2019

One of the greatest impediments to production of marketable ornamental herbaceous plants in southern U.S. is high temperature stress. Exposure of plants to sub-lethal temperature (heat preconditioning) before sustained heat stress helps some plants to tolerate subsequent heat stress a phenomenon often referred as acquired thermotolerance. The objective of this research was to examine various morphological, physiological and anatomical responses of `Vista red' (heat tolerant) and `Sizzler red'(heat sensitive) cultivars of Salvia splendens to heat preconditioning (HC) and subsequent heat stress treatments (challenging temperatures, CT). Cultivars of Salvia were subjected to short duration HC of 35 °C for 3 hours every third day until 5 weeks after germination and subsequent exposure to two CT treatments 30/23 °C and 35/28 °C (D/N) cycles in growth chambers for the next five weeks. Plant growth, marketable quality, stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis declined for Sizzler Red without HC treatment. Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, heat preconditioned Sizzler Red had 38.28% higher root dry weight, 95% greater leaf thickness, 50% higher marketable quality at 35/28 °C heat stress condition. Heat preconditioning helped both Vista Red and Sizzler to survive in both the heat stress treatments. Vista Red had greater heat tolerant traits than Sizzler Red, these traits exacerbated with heat preconditioning treatment. The results demonstrated that heat preconditioning enhanced heat tolerance in cultivars of Salvia, which could be related to maintenance of dense plant growth with shorter internodes, thicker stems, greater stomatal conductance, extensive root growth that compensated the transpirational water loss and overall cooling of plants.
A SURVEY OF VIRUSES IN BLACKBERRY NURSERY STOCK
Authors: Bray Mark M. , Clark John R. , Gergerich Rose
Published: June 2019

In 2004, two surveys were conducted to assess the presence of four viruses in marketable blackberry nursery stock. The U.S. survey consisted of dormant nursery stock received from 11 nurseries in the southern, southeastern, midwestern, northeastern, and Pacific northwestern regions of the U.S. The second survey was focused only on Arkansas licensed propagating nurseries with samples collected during the growing season. Samples were tested using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of Blackberry yellow vein associated virus (BYVaV), Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). Of the total samples in the U.S. survey, there were 9% that tested positive for virus infection. Ninety percent of the positives were infected with BYVaV. Forty percent of these were detected in `Triple Crown', 40% in `Chickasaw', and 20% in `Apache'. The remaining 9% of the total positive virus samples were infected with TRSV and 100% of these were in `Triple Crown'. No viruses were found on any samples of `Chester Thornless'. In the Arkansas survey, 11% of the total samples tested positive for virus. Of these, 50% were infected with BYVaV.

The percent infected with BYVaV was distributed evenly among `Apache', `Chickasaw', and `Kiowa'. The other 50% of the infected samples were positive for TRSV (67% `Apache', 33% `Chickasaw'). There was one mixed infection of BYVaV and TRSV detected in `Apache'. These findings indicate that BYVaV is the most prevalent virus found in nursery stock and that the occurrence of BYVaV is not restricted to a single region or cultivar.
CANNING AND TASTING EVALUATION OF THE SOUTHERNPEA COOPERATIVE TRIAL IN ARKANSAS
Authors: Williams Danielle , Morelock Teddy , Stiles Eddy
Published: June 2019

There are four southernpea breeding programs left in the United States: USDA-South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas and the largest at University of Arkansas. Selected breeding lines from these programs are grown in the Southernpea Cooperative Trial along with industry standards as checks. The yield trial is conducted in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. Each location collects yield data; at the University of Arkansas-Fayetteville samples are also canned at the Department of Food Science Pilot Plant Facility. The process we use for canning southernpeas is similar to that used in the industry. Dry weights are recorded then soaked overnight in water. Imbibed weights are recorded after the peas are drained, blanched, and cooled. A weighed amount of peas are placed in each can; prepared brine (water, salt, and preservatives) is poured to the top of the can. The cans are sealed then cooked in a retort. The cans set a month before the tasting evaluation. For the tasting evaluation we use a minimum of 10 individuals for a consumer panel. Panelists rate pea color, liquor color, wholeness, texture, flavor, and the general appearance on a scale of 1–10, 10 being best. The industry standards are included, these are used as checks. This allows breeders to see how their lines look and taste as a canned product.
ASSESSING THE NEED FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION COURSES IN HORTICULTURE CURRICULA
Authors: Rom C.R. , Friedrich H. , Harper K.
Published: June 2019

Higher education curricula should be alert to trends in production and science, and responsive to needs of producers and consumers in our society. A recent trend has emerged nationally and internationally for the production and consumption of certified organic produce which is increasing at a significant rate. Following the creation of the National Organic Program and formal federal regulations for certification which govern production, it has been questioned whether horticulture programs in land grant institutions have adjusted curricula appropriately to train producers, consultants, extension specialists, teachers and research scientists to be engaged in organic production systems. According to USDA statistics, several states in the southern region have significantly fewer certified organic farms and certifying agencies than the northeast, Midwest or western regions. A review horticulture and crops programs at 36 land grant universities (1862 and 1890) in 14 southern region states indicated although several institutions had research and outreach programs for sustainable and organic production, there were only three classes on organic gardening, two classes on organic crops production, and one field-based organic production course that could be identified in existing curricula. It appears that with the growth of the organic industry worldwide that students in programs in the southern region may be under-served in this educational area. Further, it may be questioned whether the lack of production and certifying agencies in the southern region is associated with the lack of science-based education provided by the land grant universities. A recent survey of faculty indicated a perceived need for stand-alone coursework on organic, sustainable, and ecologically-based production systems.
ETHNOBOTANY EDUCATION AND OUTREACH THROUGH EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
Authors: Haque M. , Baker M. , Roper C. , Wallace C. Carver , Whitmire M. , Zabel S. , Arnold J. , Petty L. , Dabbs A. , Jordan B. , Keydoszius R. , Wagner L.
Published: June 2019

The term Ethnobotany describes the study of people's relationships to plants as foods, fibers, medicines, dyes, and tools throughout the ages. Using the student active technique of experiential learning, undergraduate students enrolled in landscape design and implementation classes at Clemson University planned and installed an Ethnobotany garden in partnership with the South Carolina Botanical Garden (SCBG) staff, volunteers, and Sprouting Wings children. Sprouting Wings is an after-school gardening and nature exploration program for under-served elementary school students. College students and faculty working on this service-learning project contributed over 1,000 hours to their community while learning more about both the art and the science of landscape design and implementation. Students enrolled in the landscape Implementation class were surveyed to evaluate their perceptions on a variety of possible learning outcomes for this class. Students indicated that their service learning experience with the Ethnobotany project allowed them to acquire and practice new skills, broadened their understanding of the surrounding community, increased their ability to work in real world situations, introduced new career possibilities, gave students a better understanding of their course work, increased their ability to work on a team, increased their knowledge of environmental sustainability, and allowed them to discover or develop leadership capabilities. In a survey question regarding preference for service learning rather than traditional classes, the majority of students prefer the service learning pedagogy. In addition, most students reported a high degree of initiative for this project in their reflections.
INTERNATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUBURN HORTICULTURE STUDENTS
Authors: Sibley J.L. , Williams J.D. , Waters L. , Lu W.
Published: June 2019

International experiences enhance opportunities for future employment in that many companies, and particularly government agencies desire graduates that comprehend the global economy of our world. Traditional and emerging opportunities with ports of entry, Homeland Security, and international companies are increasing. There are seven primary avenues to an International Experience for Auburn Horticulture students. In recent months, some students have been deployed to military assignments. Through the IPPS we have been able to facilitate student exchange programs. Several graduate students have accompanied faculty on plant expeditions or in agricultural development or research efforts. However, these three types of opportunities are not long-term or sustainable. The E.T. and Vam York Endowment provides monetary support, often equal to air fare, to faculty and graduate students for short duration trips. A similar endowment created by Bill and Margaret Stallworth provides monetary awards for airfare and other incidentals to undergraduates on international internships six months or longer in duration. The Henry P. Orr Fund for Excellence commemorates out-of-the-classroom experiences championed by Orr for almost 40 years at Auburn. The purpose of the Orr Endowment is to provide short-term study tours of gardens of the world for students and faculty. In Summer 2005 we begin our first Horticulture Study Abroad Program operated on a cost recovery basis providing 13 semester hours of academic credit at a cost similar to taking the same course load on campus. Altogether, our current goal is to involve about 10% of our students annually in international opportunities.
A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION IN FLORICULTURE—CONCEPTS
Authors: Thomas P.A. , Pennisi B.V.
Published: June 2019

In Georgia, horticulture is now the number two commodity in the state. The labor needs of the industry is increasing, however, enrollment in horticulture classes at UGA has been dropping. Most entry-level employees joining horticulture firms are completely without training or understanding of the industry, the type of work or the basic skills necessary to be functional. If horticulture was taught, it was by persons with Vo-Ag training in small engines, or animal husbandry etc. Students reported teachers had very little enthusiasm for the subject, no school facilities and that the school principle/administration had no vision for, or understanding of, horticulture. We are addressing this situation through an innovative partnership between Georgia High Schools, The Georgia Department of Education, and the University of Georgia. We can reverse the trend by training new and existing high school teachers by providing them a standardized floriculture curriculum and comprehensive training in greenhouse management, classroom teaching methods, industry awareness and a provide a long-term link to UGA. Our objective is to increase the number of students who are trained, motivated and willing to work in the field of horticulture as entry level workers. To do this we set about to standardize the course curriculum statewide, certify the high-school, faculty and administration for commitment and program continuity, Set up a model training greenhouse system at UGA, and conduct new teacher training at UGA through ALEC, and conduct postcertification training for teachers at UGA during the summer to upgrade skills, enthusiasm. The venture, including a model greenhouse at UGA, has been funded for over $100,000. The program currently has 218 Schools, 64 w/labs and greenhouses, 215 teachers and 25,049 students participating.
FUNGICIDAL PROPERTIES OF GARLIC EXTRACT IN Sphagnum PEAT- AND SAND-BASED SUBSTRATES
Authors: Sealy Ramsey , Evans Michael R. , Rothrock Craig
Published: June 2019

Growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium ultimum, Pythium irregulare, Phytophthora nicoctianae, Phytophthora cinnomomi, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Thielaviopsis basicoli was inhibited in vitro when grown in a clarified V-8 nutrient solution containing 10% garlic extract. After exposure to 10% garlic extract for 3 days, all fungi and fungal-like organisms failed to grow after being washed and transferred to fresh cornmeal agar nutrient medium without garlic extract. When Sphagnum peat was inoculated with P. aphanidermatum and drenched with solutions containing varying concentrations of garlic extract, a single drench of 35% garlic extract or two drenches of 15% garlic extract were required to rid the substrate of viable P. aphanidermatum. In sand, a single application of 25% garlic extract or two applications of 10% garlic extract were required to rid the sand of viable P. aphanidermatum Thus, Sphagnum peat appeared to partially inactivate the components in garlic and did so to a greater extent than sand. Therefore, efficacy of garlic extract as a soil drench fungicide will be affected by the type of substrate or soil to which the garlic extract is applied.
SORBIC ACID AND GARLIC PRODUCTS
Authors: Koh Foong M. , McClure Gloria B. , Wilson Paul W.
Published: June 2019

In Summer 2003, sorbic acid was detected in a processed Louisiana product that had been shipped internationally. This discovery caused the food product to be rejected by the foreign market since sorbic acid was not declared on the label. The source was eventually traced by an analytical lab to a garlic powder component used in the product. Subsequent evaluations by the lab of fresh and dried garlic products obtained from stores indicated sorbic acid. The presence of sorbic acid suggested that it might either be a contaminant or a previously unreported naturally occurring component of garlic. To determine which was more likely, 12 garlic varieties were planted in Baton Rouge, La., during September 2003 and harvested the following spring. In addition to this harvested garlic, fresh garlic, garlic juice and garlic powder were purchased in May 2004 from three local stores. All these samples plus the original product were analyzed for sorbic acid using spectrophotometry and HPLC methods at the LSU Horticulture Dept. None of the samples contained measurable quantities of sorbic acid except for the original product. Since there appears to be no naturally occurring sorbic acid in garlic, it is likely that at least a portion of the fresh and processed garlic distributed in the U.S. during 2003 may have been adulterated with sorbic acid.
FERMENTATION OF JALAPENO PEPPER MASH
Authors: Wilson Paul W. , McClure Gloria B. , Hall Julian C. Miller
Published: June 2019

The demand for hot sauce products continues to expand in the U.S. In the case of jalapeno pepper sauce, there are many cultivars available for sauce production but those best suited for processing have not been adequately determined. Six cultivars (four replications) of jalapeno peppers (`Coyame', `Grande', `Jalapeno-M', `Mitla', `Tula' and `Veracruz') were evaluated for mash fermentation. The attributes studied during mash aging were color spectra, capsaicin content and fermentable sugars. Fructose and glucose were the predominant sugars in jalapeno peppers and these sugars were utilized gradually with time indicating slow fermentation by microorganisms in the 15% salt mash. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were the predominant capsaicinoids in the jalapeno peppers with `Tula' containing the greatest concentration and `Veracruz' the least. All mashes displayed an apparent and unexpected rise in measurable capsaicinoids up to 6 months with a decline at 12 months. Color changes in the pepper mash were rapid initially but slowed after the first month of fermentation. Percent reflectance in fresh ground peppers was strongest in the range of 550–560 nm but, after salting, reflectance shifted to 580–590 nm and remained throughout the fermentation. Based on the characteristics tested, any of these cultivars would make a suitable mash for sauce. The heat content of the final product could be controlled by cultivar selection or through blending.
PERFORMANCE OF GARDEN ROSES UNDER MINIMAL INPUT CONDITIONS IN NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS
Authors: Mackay W. A. , McKenney C.M. , Colbaugh P.F. , George S.A. , Sloan J.J. , Cabrera R.I.
Published: June 2019

To enlarge the palette of environmentally-responsible landscape plants, 117 garden rose cultivars were evaluated under minimal input conditions. Other than mulching and irrigation, no other inputs were provided, including no fertilization and no pesticide applications. Plants were established in completely randomized blocks with four reps in the spring of 1998 with data collection beginning in 2000 and continued through 2002. Data on overall performance (an index comprised of flower number, percent of plant covered with flowers and plant growth) and relative chlorophyll content were collected the first and third week of each month from April through October. Disease ratings or incidence ratings were collected for Diplocarpon rosae Wolf (black spot), Alternaria sp. (petal blight) and Sphaerotheca pannosa (powdery mildew). Statistical analysis was performed on the mean data for all dates. `Knockout' was the top rose for overall quality with little or no disease observed, high foliage quality, and continuous flowers from spring until late in the fall. `Knockout' also ranked among the top rose cultivars in terms of overall nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, and Fe) in new growth tissue. Most of the hybrid tea roses such as `Peace' and `Double Delight' died in at least three blocks due to disease and a lack of vigor.
ASSESSMENT OF PHENOLIC ACID QUANTITATION METHODOLOGIES FOR SWEETPOTATOES
Authors: Padda M.S. , Picha D. H.
Published: June 2019

Phenolic acids are one of several classes of naturally occurring antioxidant compounds found in sweetpotato. Simplified but reliable methodologies were developed to quantitate total and individual phenolic acids in sweetpotato roots. Total phenolic acid content was measured using both Folin-Denis and Folin-Ciocalteu reagents. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent gave an overestimation of total phenolic acids due to the absorbance of interfering compounds (i.e., reducing sugars and ascorbic acid). The average total phenolic acid content in `Beauregard' sweetpotatoes was 60.9 mg/100 g fresh weight. Individual phenolic acids were separated with two reversed-phase C18 columns of different dimensions and particle size. The columns tested were a 7 × 53 mm, 3 μm, Alltima Rocket (Alltech Assoc.) and a 3.9 × 150mm, 4 μm, Nova-Pak (Waters Corp.). Different mobile phases were also evaluated. The Alltima C18 column using a mobile phase of 1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution: acetonitrile: 2-propanol, pH 2.5 (70:22:8) provided the best separation of individual phenolic acids. Total analysis time was less than 5 minutes. Chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic acid found in sweetpotato root tissue (15.8 mg/100 g fresh weight). In a comparison of different tissue preparation states (fresh, frozen, freeze-dried), fresh tissue gave the highest concentration of total and individual phenolic acids. Among the 3 extraction solvents tested (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, and 80% acetone), 80% methanol and 80% ethanol gave higher, but similar, phenolic acid extraction efficiency.
HORTICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAYHAW (Crataegus opaca) CLONES FROM A 36-YEAR-OLD NATIVE POPULATION
Authors: Trappey Alfred F. , Johnson Charles E. , Whitley Kristi
Published: June 2019

National demand for authentic Southern cuisine has contributed to the increased utilization of mayhaw fruit. Certain fruit characteristics are essential for the processing of mayhaw. Most of the mayhaw fruit used in processing comes from wild populations. Efforts are being made to identify superior clones from native populations. This study was undertaken to determine the chances of finding a superior clone with desirable processing attributes in a completely random population of mayhaw seedlings. Trees were removed from a 36 year-old mayhaw seedling orchard and relocated to a new orchard. The original orchard contained over 1500 trees. Five years after establishment in the new orchard, fruit were harvested from 75 of the trees and evaluated for fruit weight, percent malic acid, percent soluble solids, and color. Of the 75 trees, 48 were within one standard deviation of the mean trunk diameter. Seven trees fell below 12.1 cm and only 4 trees were larger than 19 cm. The mean fruit weight was 2.1 g with a range from 1.77-2.4 g. Sixty-seven percent of the trees produced fruit having weights within one standard deviation of the mean. Percent malic acid of mayhaw juice averaged 1.35% among the 75 trees. Seventy-two percent of the trees produced fruit with percent malic acid within one standard deviation of the mean. Mean percent soluble solids of mayhaw juice were 6.1 with a range of 5.36% to 7.01%. Seventy-three percent of the trees produced fruit with soluble solids percentages within one standard deviation of the mean. The probability of finding individuals in this population that exceeded the mean of these parameters (percent malic acid,%SS, and fruit weight) is less than 10%.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF BIRCH TAXA (Betula L.) UNDER VARIED IRRADIANCE AND CO2 CONCENTRATION
Authors: Gu Mengmeng , Rom Curt R. , Robbins James A. , Choi Hyun-Sug
Published: June 2019

The genus Betula consists of approximately 50 deciduous species throughout northern hemisphere. Net CO2 assimilation ([A]) of four birch taxa (Betula alleghaniensis Britton, B. davurica Pall., B. nigra L. `Heritage', and B. papyrifera Marsh.) was measured with a portable gas exchange system, CIRAS-I. Light was increased from 0 to 2000 μmol· m-2·s-1 at increments of 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000 μmol·m–2·s–1 to create an [A] light-response curve. CO2 concentration was gradually increased to 1100 ppm in increments 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 ppm to create an [A]-Ca (ambient CO2) curve. B. davurica had significantly higher potential A capacity than the other taxa under high CO2 conditions. Betula nigra `Heritage' had the highest carboxylation efficiency among four taxa. B. davurica and B. nigra `Heritage', had higher [A] when ambient CO2 is 0ppm. Betula davurica and B. nigra `Heritage', had higher light-saturated rate of gross [A] than B. alleghaniensis and B. papyrifera.
INCORPORATING CREATIVE LEARNING INTO HORTICULTURE CLASSES
Authors: Whitmire Heather , Haque Mary
Published: June 2019

The Clemson University Communication Across The Curriculum program is coordinating a creative response for learning (CRL) project to provide students with creative learning and critical thinking opportunities relevant to course content while creating a learning community. Faculty representing numerous disciplines asked their students to respond with creative projects (e.g., drawings, poems, posters, multimedia, sculpture, music, etc.) to the subject matter of the course. Students in Horticulture courses responded by writing poems in a Landscape Appreciation class, designing creative solutions to environmental problems in a Landscape Design Class, and installing an Ethnobotany Garden in a landscape implementation class. The landscape design and implementation classes used a service learning methodology to identify and solve problems in local communities. Following a four-part process of preparation, action, reflection, and celebration, students in the design class completed plans for thirteen theme gardens constituting a Children's garden in the South Carolina Botanical Garden. The following semester, landscape implementation students built the first of the series, an Ethnobotany Garden, using teamwork and university/community partnerships. They also practiced individual creative thinking and building skills through the design and installation of creative projects including a bat house, a stained glass and a broken tile birdhouse, four container gardens, artistic stepping-stones, and a dramatic metal sculpture of a butterfly representing the sustainable wildlife habitat aspect of the Children's garden. College students and faculty working on the Ethnobotany Garden project alone contributed over 1,000 hours to their community while learning more about both the art and the science of landscape design and implementation.
LYCOPENE AND TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT OF AUTUMN OLIVE (Elaegnus umbellata) SELECTIONS
Authors: Perkins-Veazie Penelope , Black Brent , Fordham Ingrid , Howard Luke
Published: June 2019

Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) is a small red berry that grows on shrubs from Maine to Alabama. This plant originated in China and was introduced to the U.S. in the late 1800s for erosion control. About 20% of the berry' fresh weight is in its single, large seed. The berries of Autumn olive are extremely rich in lycopene (30–50 mg/100 g). The berries are astringent, indicating that fruit may be high in phenolic compounds as well as carotenoids. There has been great interest in producing the plants in domesticated plantings, and in using the fruit as a natural source of lycopene.

This study was done to determine the relative contents of lycopene and phenolics among selections and varieties of autumn olive. The lycopene content of six selections and varieties was 30 to 55 mg·g–1. The lycopene content of berries did not increase after 4 days storage at 25 °C followed by 2 days at 5 °C. Autumn olives are high in soluble solids content (11% to 17%), and relatively high in acidity (1.7% to 5.5% citric acid). The astringent flavor of the berries may be due to the high total phenolic content (1700 mg·kg–1 chlorogenic acid equivalents). The berries were found to be high in flavanols and hydroxybenzoic acids (33 rutin and 31 gallic acid mg·kg–1 equivalents), while the seeds were high in hydroxycinnamic acids and extremely high in hydroxybenzoic acids (35 chlorogenic acid and 184 gallic acid mg·kg–1 equivalents).
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS ON Acer rubrum `AUTUMN BLAZE' AND Acer rubrum `RED SUNSET'ON POT-IN-POT NURSERY PRODUCTION
Authors: Wimberley Kathryn , Williams Dr. Pat
Published: June 2019

Kentucky West Nursery Cooperative, producers of pot-in-pot trees, needed recommendations on slow-release fertilizer applications due to regional environmental influences affecting production. Murray State University established a pot-in-pot tree nursery to research these influences in 2004. Two different fertilizer applications in three different treatments were tested on one-year old bare-root whips of Acer rubrum `Red Sunset' and `Autumn Blaze'. These trees were planted in 100% pine bark in 15-gallon pots and placed in the sockets with a complete random split-block design. Drip irrigation by spray stakes watered each pot. Nursery floor was kept clean by landscape fabric. New growth was pruned as needed to keep the trees within nursery standards. Tree calipers were measured on 1 Apr. and 1 Dec. 2004 at the beginning and end of growth. Leaves for chlorophyll readings were randomly selected to measure nitrogen uptake in late summer. Measurements were analyzed by SAS 9.1 and results found no significant differences among the treatments either in caliper increase or in chlorophyll levels (SAS, 2002). This experiment recommends a treatment using one application of slow-release fertilizer, versus split or additional applications, provides equal, quality growth of Acer rubrum `Autumn Blaze' and `Red Sunset'. The information gathered will direct fertilizer applications for KWNC and reduce their labor costs.
CORN GLUTEN MEAL: ALTERNATIVE WEED CONTROL FOR SQUASH
Authors: Webber Charles L. , Shrefler James W.
Published: June 2019

Corn gluten meal (CGM) has been identified as a potential organic preemergence and preplant-incorporated herbicide. It is an environmentally friendly material that has demonstrated ability to decrease seedling development and plant survival by inhibiting root and shoot development. Unfortunately, CGM can also decrease the development and plant survival of direct-seeded vegetable crops. As a result, the use of CGM is not recommended in conjunction with direct-seeded vegetables. The development of equipment to apply CGM in banded configurations has created an opportunity to investigate whether banded CGM applications will provide significant crop safety for direct-seeded vegetables. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of banded CGM applications on squash plant survival and yields. A factorial field study was conducted during the summer of 2004 on 81-cm-wide raised beds at Lane, Okla., with two application configurations (banded and solid), two CGM formulations (powdered and granulated), two incorporation treatments (incorporated and non-incorporated), and three application rates (250, 500, and 750 g·m–2). The two CGM formulations at three application rates were uniformly applied in both banded and solid patterns on 18 Aug. The banded application created a 7.6-cm-wide CGM-free planting zone in the middle of the raised bed. The CGM applications were then either incorporated into the top 2.5 to 5.0 cm of the soil surface with a rolling cultivator or left undisturbed on the soil surface. `Lemondrop' summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) was then direct-seeded into the center of the raised beds. When averaged across the other factors, there was not a significant difference between powdered and granulated CGM formulations or incorporating and non-incorporating the CGM for either squash plant survival or yields. CGM application rates made a significant difference for both squash survival and yields, when averaged across all other factors. As the CGM application rate increased, the plant survival and yields decreased. When averaged across all other factors, the banded application resulted in significantly greater crop safety (59% plant survival) and yields (228 cartons/ha) than the solid applications (25% plant survival and 118 cartons/ha). The research demonstrated the potential usefulness of CGM in direct-seeded squash production, if used in a banded application configuration. Additional research should further investigate the interaction of CGM application rates and the width of the CGM-free zone on crop safety for various vegetables.
TOMATO YIELD AND SPOTTED WILT VIRUS INCIDENCE AMONG CULTIVARS IN A MISSISSIPPI TRIAL
Authors: Evans W.B. , Ingram D.M. , Waldrup C. , Layton B. , Milling A. , Bishop T. , Lee V.
Published: June 2019

Mississippi's two largest tomato-growing areas are in Smith and George Counties. The Truck Crops Branch Experiment Station in Crystal Springs is the closest vegetable research site to Smith County but does not share the same soil type. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) reduces fruit yield and marketability, and its incidence appears to be increasing in the state. The objectives of this trial were 1) to determine fruit yield and TSWV incidence in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in central Mississippi, and 2) compare yield and relative yield among cultivars and between locations. Tomato seedlings were transplanted to the field in April 2004 in Smith and Copiah County plots. Production practices included raised beds, black plastic mulch, drip irrigation, and fertilizer applied pre-plant and as side-dressings based on soil test and regionally recommended practices. TSWV incidence was recorded in each plot in Smith Co. in June 2004. In both locations, `Amelia' and `Mountain Spring' were among the top yielding entries. In Smith, the top entries also included `BHN 543' and two commercial experimental entries. In Copiah, `Florida 47 R', `Biltmore', `Mountain Fresh', and `BHN 543' also produced high marketable yields. `Florida 47R', `Bush Celebrity', and `Mountain Fresh' were among the poorest yielding varieties in Smith County. Incidence of TSWV was not formally rated in Copiah. In Smith, percent symptomatic plants per plot were negatively correlated with yield. Symptoms were found on entries reportedly resistant or tolerant to TSWV.
DOWNY AND POWDERY MILDEW MANAGEMENT FOR WINTER SQUASH
Authors: Beany A.H. , Pernezny K. , Stoffella P. J. , Havranek N. , Sanchez J.
Published: June 2019

Control of downy (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and powdery mildew [(Podosphoera xanthii (Sphaerotheca fuliginea)] on `Sweet Dumpling' winter squash (Cucurbita maxima) was evaluated at the University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center (IRREC) in Fort Pierce, Florida during Spring 2004. Seven foliar spray fungicide treatments were evaluated against an untreated control. Powdery and downy mildew ratings (estimated percentage of foliage damage) and marketable yields (mt/ha) were measured. Plants in the untreated plots had significantly higher powdery and downy mildew ratings. All fungicide treatments reduced powdery mildew on adaxial leaf surfaces. Downy mildew appeared unusually late in the crop season and all fungicide treatments significantly reduced it. There were no significant differences among treatments for marketable yield. Although the level of disease occurrence was not sufficient to reduce yields, each foliar spray treatment significantly reduced powdery and downy mildew.
PUMPKIN CULTIVAR TRIALS, 2003 AND 2004
Authors: Andersen Craig R , Williams Danielle B.
Published: June 2019

Pumpkin cultivar trials were held in 2003 and 2004 at the Agricultural Experiment Station Fayetteville, AR. 18 cultivars were direct seeded the 4th week of June. Plots 8 plants each, spaced 3 ft apart, 12 ft between rows were randomly replicated 6 times. Pumpkin fruit were harvested October 1 and evaluated for number, size shape, and quality. Plots were irrigated by drip irrigation and standard production practices were followed. During 2004 the same practices were followed except plots were planted during the second week of July. In 2003 large fruited pumpkins yielded 700 to 1950 fruit per acre. Howden, the industry standard yielded 700 fruit, averaging 16 lb each, with a gross return of $700/acre. Cultivar fruit size ranged from 15 to 27 lb, and yields ranged from 10200 to 52000 lbs to the acre. Based on the 1 Oct. 2003 prices from USDA AMS, gross returns ranged from $744 to $1760 per acre. Specialty types Jack be Quick, Rouge, and Long Island Cheese yielded 15700, 1800, and 1470 fruit per acre valued at $2100, 1950, and 3400 respectively. Excessive rain in June 2004, and cooler that normal weather during July and early August significantly affected quality and yields of pumpkin fruit. Fruit number and size per plot were reduced up to 75%. Yields ranged from 10% to 20% of 2003 yields. Fruit quality was significantly affected making most of the fruit harvest unmarketable due to immaturity and size.
FIELD EVIDENCE FOR A NEW RACE OF POWDERY MILDEW ON MELON
Authors: McCreight James D. , Coffey Michael D. , Turini Thomas A. , Matheron Michael E.
Published: June 2019

Races 1 and 2 of Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea) were defined in Imperial Valley, Calif. 1938 when P. xanthii overcame genetic resistance in `PMR 45'. Race 3 was first observed in the U.S. in 1976 in Texas; 15 additional races of P. xanthii have been reported in the literature since 1996. Races 1 and 2 have been common in Arizona and California based upon the effectiveness of the powdery mildew resistance genes in commercially available melon cultivars grown in these states. Field data from 11 commonly used melon P. xanthii race differentials in 2001 and 2002 indicated the presence of race 1 in the Imperial Valley and San Joaquin Valley of California, and Yuma, Arizona. In spring 2003, the powdery mildew race situation changed. The first evidence was the occurrence of a severe and widespread infection of powdery mildew in a commercial cantaloupe field. The 11 powdery mildew race differentials were susceptible to powdery mildew in a nearby replicated field test. PI 313970, a melon from India, was resistant to this apparent new race of powdery mildew.
IR4 SUPPORTED PEST CONTROL PRODUCT RESEARCH PLANS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION FOR YEAR 2005
Authors: Meister Charles
Published: June 2019

The three IR4 Programs(Food-Use, Ornamentals, Biopesticides) research pest control needs that originate from stakeholders in each state. Pest control needs are documented as Project Clearance Requests. Researchable projects are identified at the National Food UseWorkshop anda research plan is developed at National Headquarters. This year IR4will research magnitude of residue projects to secure labels on 25 pest product and vegetable crop combinations. The list of projects will be distributed. The IR4 Project, Southern Region has augmented this process by establishing the Southern Region Performance Program(SRPP). Research scientists are asked to submit funding proposals to evaluate pest control products. Each proposal is scrutinized to prioritize needs and identify the most appropriate pest control product technologies. Product registrants, IR4 coordinators and stakeholders are consulted before a final decision is made. More than 70 research scientists from all states in the Southern Region will participate in the SRPP in 2005. Research data will be documented by in the IR4 National Data Mining process and many new project requests will be produced and others expanded to provide workshop participants information as they set priorities for IR4 researchin year2006.
MELON PEST MANAGER—CHALLENGES OF A NEW INFORMATION RESOURCE
Authors: Shrefler Jim , Bourne Mike , Damicone John , Edelson Jonathan , Pair S. , Roberts Warren , Taylor Merritt
Published: June 2019

Geographical dispersion of production hampers watermelon integrated pest management (IPM) information delivery in Oklahoma. Melon Pest Manager (MPM) was created to educate and provide advisory information on IPM. Available at www.lane-ag.org, the site emphasizes information relevant to the area. MPM was conceived as Internet availability grew and was recognized to have potential for enhancing IPM implementation. Survey of producers suggested the value of Web-based information may depend on how easily it can be accessed. MPM was designed to provide easy access to watermelon IPM information. Compared to printed literature, web-based format is easier to revise and suited to presentation of information that applies yearly as well as that which may change frequently. MPM provides general discussion of melon IPM tactics and pest-identification and time sensitive information such as pest advisories and pesticide registration changes. MPM offers opportunity for novel presentation of educational information such as the real-time posting of field demonstrations. An initial challenge was to balance site development, promotion and education. Promotion and education followed placement of watermelon IPM tactic information on MPM but preceded advisory and pest identification. Pest identification links to existing sources are enhanced by material prepared for MPM. Progress is slowed by the need for expert intervention and the availability of images and descriptive information. Education on use of advisory resources (e.g., disease forecasters) is a high priority. However, availability and applicability of such products is dependent on the home site. The original concept envisaged mapping of pest activity using grower, extension agent and expert input. Time demands of other components of the site delay development of this aspect. Pest alerts are posted and distributed to county extension offices.
REGIONALIZATION AND FRUIT CROPS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION: INTRODUCTION
Authors: NeSmith D. Scott
Published: June 2019

Regionalization is a contemporary issue facing those of us involved in research, teaching and extension in the area of agricultural and environmental sciences. Primarily, regionalization involves sharing of intellectual resources (i.e., scientists, specialists) across institutional boundaries to accomplish common objectives. While at times it seems that regionalization is simply a euphemism for down-sizing, the issue can actually be broader reaching than that. Given our increased ability for virtual technology transfer, the global market our clientele face, and the ever decreasing budgets for agriculture, regionalization may well be a key to meeting the needs of those we serve in the most cost efficient way. Hopefully, as we regionalize, the efforts will be synergistic. There also has to be awareness that personal contact with our constituents is still highly desirable for many. The purpose of this forum is to gain perspectives, both pros and cons, from those involved in regional efforts. These perspectives will include an administrator, a regional faculty, and an extension specialist/agent. Also, there will be two examples of regional efforts that are underway: the USDA–ARS Southern Horticultural Laboratory and the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium.
REGIONALIZATION AND FRUIT CROPS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION: SPECIALIST'S POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Lockwood David W.
Published: June 2019

Regional efforts among research and extension workers in Southeastern fruit crops have evolved from early meetings to write pest control recommendations to more formal interactions such as regional research projects, meetings and publications. For apples, there are currently three individuals in the Southeast working in more than one state. Why regionalize? Similar growing conditions, the need to react quickly to critical issues, intensification within production, broadening of responsibilities and a dramatic reduction in the number of research and extension personnel to address these issues necessitate cooperative efforts. Regional efforts pose special challenges such as increased workloads and greater travel demands, often without increased funding. Conversely, regionalization may enable specialists and researchers to focus their attention on fewer commodities and areas, thus becoming better resources for growers and the industry. In this vein, regional responsibilities entirely within research or extension might be a better option than split appointments encompassing research, extension and, perhaps teaching, within a state. In the future, state lines will become less distinct with research and extension appointments reflecting regional responsibilities. Growers do not care where their information comes from as long as it is available and pertinent to their operations. Regionalization is a positive step for increasingly challenging times.
REGIONALIZATION AND FRUIT CROPS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION: UPDATE ON THE SOUTHERN REGION SMALL FRUIT CONSORTIUM
Authors: Ballington Jim
Published: June 2019

The Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium (SRSFC) was established in 1999 through a Memorandum of Understanding signed by representatives from NC State University, Clemson University and the University of Georgia.

The mission of the SRSFC is to promote the small fruit industry in the south through education, research and outreach by regional collaboration utilizing the expertise of the member institutions. The University of Tennessee joined the SRSFC in 2002. Annual dues for membership in the consortium are $35,000. The SRSFC is governed by a steering committee comprised of university and industry personnel from the four member states. The SRSFC has sponsored 10 agent trainings since 1999 on various small fruit topics involving a total of 233 agents from the member states and adjacent states. From 2001 to 2004, the SRSFC awarded $221,300 to research and outreach projects in the member states. A web site has been established (http://www.smallfruits.org) to provide information on small fruits. The site averaged 2,059 hits per day for 2004.Challenges facing the SRSFC are renewal of the MOU in 2007; equal distribution of research and outreach funds in the member states; continuity of leadership; and recruitment of new members.