bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic (Spatial) Planning Reexamined
Authors: Albrechts Louis
Published: August 2004

In the 1990s a strategic approach to the organization of space at different levels of scale became more prevalent. Increasingly, it is being assumed that the solutions to complex problems depend on the ability to combine the creation of strategic visions with short-term actions. The creation of strategic visions implies the design of shared futures, and the development and promotion of common assets. Moreover, all of this requires accountability within a time and budgetary framework and the creation of awareness for the systems of power. Delivering on these new demands implies the development of an adapted strategic planning capacity and a shift in planning style in which the stakeholders are becoming more actively involved in the planning process on the basis of a joint definition of the action situation and of the sharing of interests, aims, and relevant knowledge. In this paper I aim to provide building blocks for such an ‘alternative’ strategic (spatial) planning approach. It is based on two different sources. The first source is critical planning literature and strategic thinking in business, which will be used to broaden the scope of the concept. The second source consists of European strategic planning practices.
How effective is spotlighting for detecting the squirrel glider?
Authors: Goldingay Ross L. , Sharpe David J.
Published: August 2004

Recent studies have questioned the reliability of spotlighting to detect certain species of arboreal marsupial or to provide an index of population size. This study assesses the reliability of transect spotlighting to detect the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) by comparison with grid trapping. Trapping was conducted for 3–4 nights, approximately every second month during 2001. Spotlighting was conducted monthly along four transects through the grid. The two techniques combined showed that at least 7–11 gliders were present during most of 2001 in the spotlit area. Trapping detected 1–4 individuals per census within this area. Only one was detected during 4 of 6 census periods. Spotlighting detected 2–4 individuals during 9 of 12 census periods. We estimate that spotlighting surveys detected an average of 25% of the squirrel gliders present; trapping surveys detected an average of 21% of gliders. We conclude that spotlighting under suitable conditions by experienced personnel was equally effective as trapping in detecting and providing a population index of squirrel gliders at our site. The generality of this finding must be tested at other sites. A review of published studies involving transect spotlighting of arboreal marsupials found that most incorporated repeat traverses of transects to improve detection, and standardised abundance or density for comparing site categories. Thus, the conclusions of these studies should not be affected by recognition that spotlighting detects only a proportion of the actual population size of a given species. We recommend further studies to assess detection of arboreal marsupials by spotlighting surveys.
A new trap-catch index of patchiness in animal distribution
Authors: Brown J. A. , McAuliffe R. J. , Hickling G. J.
Published: August 2004

Researchers and managers commonly use catch rates on trap-transects as an index of abundance for trappable wildlife species. We describe a method whereby the data collected from such surveys can be further analysed to obtain information on the patchiness of the trapped species' distribution on those transects. For certain applications, such as the management of wildlife disease, the index is likely to have significant advantages over traditional indices of spatial aggregation. One such situation is the management of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand to inhibit the spread of bovine tuberculosis within their populations. Trap-catch data from a possum survey are used to illustrate the proposed method, and the potential for application of such monitoring to wildlife populations is discussed.
An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales
Authors: Priddel David , Wheeler Robert
Published: August 2004

A total of 85 brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) from Western Australia and two sites in South Australia were translocated to Yathong Nature Reserve (YNR) in western New South Wales in October 2001. Aerial baiting to control the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) had been undertaken on YNR since 1996. Thirty-one bettongs were fitted with radio-transmitters at the time of release, and two subsequently. Trapping took place at irregular intervals after the translocation. In all, 73% of telemetered bettongs died within the first six months; all were dead within 13 months. Eight bettongs died within the first eight days immediately following their release, due to causes other than predation. These eight all originated from St Peter Island (SPI), South Australia. A low incidence of breeding on SPI supports the belief that this source population was in poor condition and unsuited for translocation. Overall, 19 of the 33 telemetered bettongs were killed by predators: 14 (74%) by feral house cats (Felis catus), two (11%) by birds, and three (16%) by predators, which, although they could not be fully identified, were not foxes. One month after release, surviving bettongs weighed less than they did at the time of their release (mean decrease in mass = 9.7%, range 2.6–22.4%, n = 11). Within two months of their release most had regained any lost mass (mean change in mass since release = –0.3%, range –5.9 to 10.5%). Food resources on YNR appeared sufficient to sustain adult brush-tailed bettongs, despite a period of severe drought. Small pouch young present at the time of release were subsequently lost. Females gave birth and carried small pouch young (up to 50 mm), but no young-at-foot were recorded. Bettongs did not disperse further than 10 km from their release site. Overall, 50% of aerial-tracking locations were no further than 3.2 km from the release site, and 92% no further than 7.0 km. This experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs failed due to predation by cats. It demonstrated that foxes were no longer a threat to wildlife on YNR and identified cats as the major impediment to the restoration of locally extinct fauna.
Yield, compensation and fertility control: a model for vertebrate pests
Authors: Hone Jim
Published: August 2004

A graphical and quantitative framework is described linking production yield, damage by vertebrate pests, their abundance and density-dependent responses to imposed sterilisation. Compensatory responses of yield to pest damage, and pest populations to fertility control are described as part of the modelling. The focal relationship is that between yield and the proportion of a pest population permanently sterilised, which is shown to be generally positive though the form of the relationship varies with differing assumptions. Compensatory responses to pest damage of production systems, such as crops, livestock, trees or fish, generate non-linear responses between yield and pest damage, and yield and pest abundance. Compensatory responses by a pest population generate linear or curved relationships between abundance and the proportion of females sterilised. The model is illustrated using data from empirical studies, especially of European rabbits in Australia and New Zealand. It is recommended that the framework be evaluated on wild populations of vertebrate pests.
Impact of bovine tuberculosis on a population of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) in the Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand
Authors: Arthur A. , Ramsey D. , Efford M.
Published: August 2004

Brushtail possums are the main wildlife vectors of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in New Zealand. Possum–Tb models form the basis of possum control aimed at eradicating the disease, and yet competing models show different behaviour, and are highly sensitive to parameters about which there is considerable uncertainty. One area of great uncertainty is the impact of the disease on possum populations. We investigated the impact of Tb on a local population of brushtail possums in the Orongorongo Valley, Wellington. Bovine Tb was first detected in 1997 at one site within an intensively studied population, but has not been detected in another intensively studied population 3 km away since the early 1980s. Using a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) analysis, detection of Tb coincided with a 42% (95% CI = 23–56%) reduction in the odds of apparent yearly survival of a possum >17 months of age, i.e. a decrease in yearly survival from 0.85 to 0.77 in 'good' years, and a decrease from 0.71 to 0.60 in 'bad' years. This suggests that Tb had a significant impact on overall survival. However, there was no impact on local population density in September each year due to compensatory recruitment.
A trypanothione-dependent glyoxalase I with a prokaryotic ancestry in
Leishmania major
Authors: Vickers Tim J. , Greig Neil , Fairlamb Alan H.
Published: August 2004

Glyoxalase I forms part of the glyoxalase pathway that detoxifies reactive aldehydes such as methylglyoxal, using the spontaneously formed glutathione hemithioacetal as substrate. All known eukaryotic enzymes contain zinc as their metal cofactor, whereas the
Escherichia coli
glyoxalase I contains nickel. Database mining and sequence analysis identified putative glyoxalase I genes in the eukaryotic human parasites
Leishmania major
,
Leishmania infantum
, and
Trypanosoma cruzi
, with highest similarity to the cyanobacterial enzymes. Characterization of recombinant
L
.
major
glyoxalase I showed it to be unique among the eukaryotic enzymes in sharing the dependence of the
E
.
coli
enzyme on nickel. The parasite enzyme showed little activity with glutathione hemithioacetal substrates but was 200-fold more active with hemithioacetals formed from the unique trypanosomatid thiol trypanothione.
L
.
major
glyoxalase I also was insensitive to glutathione derivatives that are potent inhibitors of all other characterized glyoxalase I enzymes. This substrate specificity is distinct from that of the human enzyme and is reflected in the modification in the
L
.
major
sequence of a region of the human protein that interacts with the glycyl-carboxyl moiety of glutathione, a group that is conjugated to spermidine in trypanothione. This trypanothione-dependent glyoxalase I is therefore an attractive focus for additional biochemical and genetic investigation as a possible target for rational drug design.
Twisting functors on 𝒪
Authors: Andersen Henning , Stroppel Catharina
Published: August 2004

This paper studies twisting functors on the main block of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand category

O

\mathcal {O}

and describes what happens to (dual) Verma modules. We consider properties of the right adjoint functors and show that they induce an auto-equivalence of derived categories. This allows us to give a very precise description of twisted simple objects. We explain how these results give a reformulation of the Kazhdan-Lusztig conjectures in terms of twisting functors.
Familles de caractères de groupes de réflexions complexes
Authors: Malle Gunter , Rouquier Raphaël
Published: August 2004

Nous étudions certains types de blocs d’algèbres de Hecke associées aux groupes de réflexions complexes qui généralisent les familles de caractères définies par Lusztig pour les groupes de Weyl. Nous déterminons ces blocs pour les groupes de réflexions spetsiaux et nous établissons un théorème de compatibilité entre familles etdd-séries de Harish-Chandra.
Character sheaves on disconnected groups, I
Authors: Lusztig G.
Published: August 2004

In this paper we begin the study of character sheaves on a not necessarily connected reductive algebraic group

G
G

. One of the themes of this paper is the construction of a decomposition of

G
G

into finitely many strata and of a family of local systems on each stratum.
A geometric approach to Standard Monomial Theory
Authors: Brion M. , Lakshmibai V.
Published: August 2004

We obtain a geometric construction of a “standard monomial basis” for the homogeneous coordinate ring associated with any ample line bundle on any flag variety. This basis is compatible with Schubert varieties, opposite Schubert varieties, and unions of intersections of these varieties. Our approach relies on vanishing theorems and a degeneration of the diagonal; it also yields a standard monomial basis for the multi–homogeneous coordinate rings of flag varieties of classical type.
On tight monomials in quantized enveloping algebras
Authors: Bédard Robert
Published: August 2004

In this paper, the author studies when some monomials are in the canonical basis of the quantized enveloping algebra corresponding to a simply laced semisimple finite dimensional complex Lie algebra.
Resolutions and Hilbert series of the unitary highest weight modules of the exceptional groups
Authors: Enright Thomas , Hunziker Markus
Published: August 2004

We give a sufficient criterion on a highest weight module of a semisimple Lie algebra to admit a resolution in terms of sums of modules induced from a parabolic subalgebra. In particular, we show that all unitary highest weight modules admit such a resolution. As an application of our results we compute (minimal) resolutions and explicit formulas for the Hilbert series of the unitary highest weight modules of the exceptional groups.
Representations of reductive groups over finite rings
Authors: Lusztig G.
Published: August 2004

In this paper we construct a family of irreducible representations of a Chevalley group over a finite ring

R
R

of truncated power series over a field

F

q

\mathbf F_q

. This is done by a cohomological method extending that of Deligne and the author in the case

R
=

F

q

R=\mathbf F_q

.
Character sheaves on disconnected groups, VI
Authors: Lusztig G.
Published: August 2004

We define the character sheaves on a connected component of a reductive group and we show that the restriction functor takes a character sheaf to a direct sum of character sheaves.
Nse1, Nse2, and a Novel Subunit of the Smc5-Smc6 Complex, Nse3, Play a Crucial Role in Meiosis
Authors: Pebernard Stephanie , McDonald W. Hayes , Pavlova Yelena , Yates John R. , Boddy Michael N.
Published: August 2004

The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins play key roles in the organization, packaging, and repair of chromosomes. Cohesin (Smc1+3) holds replicated sister chromatids together until mitosis, condensin (Smc2+4) acts in chromosome condensation, and Smc5+6 performs currently enigmatic roles in DNA repair and chromatin structure. The SMC heterodimers must associate with non-SMC subunits to perform their functions. Using both biochemical and genetic methods, we have isolated a novel subunit of the Smc5+6 complex, Nse3. Nse3 is an essential nuclear protein that is required for normal mitotic chromosome segregation and cellular resistance to a number of genotoxic agents. Epistasis with Rhp51 (Rad51) suggests that like Smc5+6, Nse3 functions in the homologous recombination based repair of DNA damage. We previously identified two non-SMC subunits of Smc5+6 called Nse1 and Nse2. Analysis of nse1-1, nse2-1, and nse3-1 mutants demonstrates that they are crucial for meiosis. The Nse1 mutant displays meiotic DNA segregation and homologous recombination defects. Spore viability is reduced by nse2-1 and nse3-1, without affecting interhomolog recombination. Finally, genetic interactions shared by the nse mutants suggest that the Smc5+6 complex is important for replication fork stability.
Celibate Exclusivity Is the Issue
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This introductory chapter argues that celibate exclusivity of the priesthood is the issue at the root of the malaise in the Catholic Church in America. Its symptom is priest shortage, and the issue of male exclusivity, sorely challenged by feminism, stands in the wings. This conclusion follows from a consideration of the social conditions that are changing the face of Roman Catholicism and society at large; it gives an outline of the sociological arguments that are used in the book. The last part of the introduction discusses the survival of the Eucharist in relation to the conduct of a new Sunday liturgy that can be celebrated in the absence of a priest, and argues that priest shortage – the loss of a critical economic resource in the Catholic Church and a linchpin linking the structural elements of the Church – is a powerful force for structural change. It includes a plan of the book.
Toward a Theory of Social Change in Organized Religion
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

The foundations of a theoretical model of social change in organized religion are laid down, drawing from classic and contemporary analyses of conflict and change in organizations, since in many ways religious organizations are just like any other. The writings of Max Weber provide the basis for the arguments advanced, and important recent developments are included from Michael Hannan and John Freeman's population ecology approach to organizational change and from Charles Perrow's qualified power model of organizations. The application of these models to religious organizations and to the Catholic Church in particular is referred to throughout.
The Transpersonal Paradigm
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

The previous chapter discussed the Catholic Church as if it were like any other modern organization, but institutionalized religion is different from all other types of organization in important ways. The aim of this chapter is to examine how to take account of this difference. It begins by observing that most organization theories focus exclusively on mundane rational behavior, and that given their philosophical and epistemological assumptions, such theories are inadequate for explaining social change in religious organizations. The second half of the chapter examines the place of religion in social life and describes a newly emerging theoretical paradigm (labeled as transpersonal) that incorporates the spiritual domain in a model of social change. This new paradigm allows examination of the stages of social development and the unique character of religious organizations.
The Special Character of Organized Religion
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

The chapter begins by trying to show that sacramentalism and sacerdotalism (the necessity for an ordained priesthood) are the primary and essential elements of the Catholic ministry because they represent structural forms whereby Roman Catholicism adapts to the transrational, spiritual elements of human development. It then explains that the explicit recognition of a transcendent domain and development of structures that take it into account are what makes religious organizations different. They are also different in an additional way in that organized religion relies on two kinds of power: relative power (as in other types of organization), of which the social form is hierarchy, and corresponds to sacerdotalism; and absolute power, of which the social form is hierophany, and corresponds to sacramentalism. In the Roman Catholic tradition, the routinization of hierophany and its integration with hierarchy result in sacramental sacerdotalism. The chapter concludes with a descriptive analysis of the routinized hierarchical form of priesthood that characterizes contemporary Catholicism.
Forces for Change in Catholic Ministry
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines seven historical trends related to the Catholic Church that have been gaining strength over the latter half of the twentieth century. Each trend comprises two countervailing forces in a dialectical relationship. Together they compose a matrix that is creating tension toward change in the structure of Catholic ministry that will lead first to married priests and then to the ordination of women in the Catholic Church. The seven trends are the demographic transition to a shortage of priests documented in the USA; the shift from dogmatism to pluralism; the shift from a Western to a world Church; celibacy and the growing personalism of human sexuality; the feminist movement; the lay movement; and the liturgical movement. Part III of the book (Chs. 7–9) further examines this trend.
Immanence and Transcendence
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last, explaining why each of the seven trends gaining strength in the Catholic Church consists of a pair of social forces in dialectical conflict, and how balancing the tension between them can resolve the conflict. The first to third trends in the matrix were discussed in the last chapter. This one examines the fourth and fifth trends, which affect the tension between immanence and transcendence. The fourth trend is declining transcendentalism and growing personalism in the social construction of human sexuality, which are reflected in the conflict over celibacy and marriage in the priesthood. The fifth trend is declining male dominance and growing female independence in relations between the sexes, which are reflected in the conflict over male hegemony and gender equality in the Catholic ministry.
Hierarchy and Hierophany
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last two, in examining trends six and seven of the seven trends in the matrix of social forces affecting the Catholic Church. These belong to the lay movement, which reflects the dynamic tension (conflict) between laity and clergy produced by the Catholic Church's division of labor and the liturgical movement, which reflects the tension between sacrament and Bible in Catholic worship. In other words, both the lay and liturgical movements draw their dynamism from the conflict between hierarchic and hierophanic power. Thus, the countervailing powers of hierarchy and hierophany are bound up in the tension between the forces of unity and diversity, and the tension between the forces of immanence and transcendence. Priest shortage (the first trend) brings these tensions to a head, and as the decline in the priest population continues, it is argued that it acts as a catalyst provoking a series of far‐reaching changes, most notably the loss of the sacrificial focus of the Mass.
Bureaucratic Counterinsurgency in Catholic History
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This chapter discusses the peculiar aspects of coalitionist behavior in a Catholic setting and analyzes coalition formation in recent Catholic history. In the latter respect, it summarizes three recent studies that analyze the role of the conservative coalition (a coalition composed of bureaucratic leaders who rely on hierarchical power) in the modern Catholic Church: Gene Burn's study of the papal battle against liberalism, Lester Kurtz's account of the mobilization of the papacy and international episcopacy in an attempt to stamp out modernism in the Church, and John Stephens's analysis of the impact of conservative Catholic forces on the transition to and breakdown of democracy in Western Europe. The last part of the chapter discusses Catholic coalitionist power in action.
Goodbye Father
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This concluding chapter reflects on the far‐reaching consequences of radical change in the Catholic Church. It discusses why the Church will settle the problem of celibate exclusivity in the ministry before it addresses male exclusivity (the patriarchal ministry) and the ordination of women, and notes that the effects of married priests and the ordination of women will reverberate throughout society, making the conflict over patriarchy the main agenda for the new millennium.
Transformation of the Welfare State
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

This book is the outgrowth of a large‐scale comparative project on the changing landscape of the welfare state initiated by the author in 1997. In it, it is argued that the changes in welfare policy being witnessed in Europe and the USA are not marginal adjustments to the borders of the welfare state, but represent a fundamental shift or transformation in the design and philosophy of social protection. The author argues that there has been a turn away from the conventional welfare‐state emphasis on broad‐based entitlements, passive income supports, and publicly delivered benefits, towards a new ‘enabling’ approach under which welfare allocations are more selective on the bases of income and behaviour, and are activity related, and privately delivered. The shift to this ‘enabling state’ is traced, and evidence provided of how the new system promotes work and economic inclusion over protection, and how it changes the nature of social cohesion, diluting the role of government and thickening the glue of civil society. The likely readership is sociologists, political scientists, economists, historians, and social workers.
New Course or Marginal Adjustment?
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

In the first part of the chapter, views are discussed on the changing arrangements for social protection that have occurred in the last decade of the twentieth century in many, if not all, of the industrialized nations. Some see these changes as a marginal adjustment in the borders of the welfare state, while others perceive the changing landscape of industrialized welfare states as the embodiment of major revisions in the principles and philosophy of social protection. Most welfare state analysts acknowledge that the reforms are spurred by the need for greater labour force adaptability and productivity in a global economy, by concerns on the erosion of individual responsibility, and by new institutional arrangements for social protection involving market competition. The last part of the chapter addresses the two main theories on how welfare states evolve – convergence under the pressures of broad impersonal structural forces, or divergence into distinct regimes responding to human interventions shaped by socio‐political factors.
Toward the Enabling State
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

The four main factors influencing the change from a welfare to an enabling state are discussed. Two of these influences are large‐scale structural changes involving demographic trends and globalization of the economy that generate the kind of impersonal forces that drive the development of the welfare state according to the convergence theory. The other two influences stem from changing ideas and normative views on the consequences of social policies and the appropriate role of the state; these changes animate socio‐political processes that give rise to divergent types of welfare states according to the theory of distinct regimes. The rest of the chapter discusses the changes that accompany the shift from a welfare to an enabling state, and the emergence of new social accounting to accompany the emergence of the alternative framework for social protection.
Protection to Inclusion
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

Over the last decade of the twentieth century, policies for social protection of the unemployed in the advanced industrial world have been reformulated from the provision of income maintenance (income support), to schemes for getting people back to work. This change has three connected rhetorical themes (a shift from passive to active policies; an emphasis on responsibilities over rights ; and a redefinition of objectives from income maintenance to social inclusion), which are discussed. An account is then given of experiences in the USA on the reform of public assistance. Next, the four most significant dimensions of policy change involved (restricting entrance and accelerating exit; the segmentation of participants; the introduction of contractual obligations; and the formulation of work‐oriented incentives and services) are discussed. The last part of the chapter discusses the legal aspects of implementation of work‐oriented policies, and the accompanying recommodification of labour.
Universal to Selective
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

The principle of universalism in the allocation of social benefits, that is the availability of social benefits to everyone as of right, is contrasted with allocation on a selective basis in which benefits are allocated on the basis of need as determined by means testing of income. The increasing drift towards income‐tested benefits is described, and the possible stigma of means testing discussed. The implications of methods of targeting social welfare benefits other than by means testing are discussed; these include age, behaviour (e.g. searching for work, training, and voluntary work), and functional impairment (disability). The lack of transparency of restrictive targeting is noted.
The Triumph of Capitalism—and Its Discontents
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

On the basis of the analysis of the changes in the welfare state over the last decade of the twentieth century described in the book, the occurrence of a paradigm shift is identified. The relative stances of the Left and Right on the changes in the welfare state, and the role of the free market in shaping the future course of welfare are discussed. The dangers of the enabling state as a handmaiden to the market are noted, and approaches to creating a healthier balance between the enabling state and market forces, and reviving the public sphere to some extent, are outlined.
Fixing God's Torah
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

Many scholars and learned readers believe that rabbinic Judaism assumes a dogmatic commitment to the notion that the Bible text, particularly the Torah text, is letter perfect; orthodox Jews often accept this notion as fact, others, as normative rabbinic doctrine. This position developed over the centuries as an internal theological and interpretative posture and as a response to external pressures. These factors include rabbinic indifference to alternative forms of the Bible text recovered from pre‐rabbinic times or non‐rabbinic sources, attacks from Christians and Muslims who accused the Jews of falsifying the text or failing to transmit it accurately, and mystical Jewish teachings that saw in the Torah a divinely revealed and perfectly transmitted document whose letters were, in their entirety, a divine name. The assumption of letter‐perfect accuracy sustains much of the midrashic literature and has become a cornerstone of the postmodern fad of decoding the text to reveal alleged references to phenomena that occurred long after its books were written. This study, based on careful examination of hundreds of authoritative rabbinic writings, offers a very different picture of the Bible's textual reality and the rabbinic beliefs about it. Beginning with late antiquity and progressing throughout the subsequent ages, this book explores Talmudic, midrashic, medieval, Renaissance, and modern rabbinic texts that address the question of the letter‐perfect accuracy of the Bible text; it is particularly attentive to the writings of Rabbis Solomon ben Adret, Jacob ben Ibn Adoniyah, and David Ibn Zimra, as well as others who lived between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. The documents analysed have been chosen from Bible commentaries, responsa, halakhic codes, guidebooks for scribes, studies of Bible manuscripts and the printed Bible, and many other rabbinic works. In presenting these sources, many translated here for the first time, the author explores the various rabbinic attempts to fix the Bible text—to correct it and to establish its authoritative spelling. He demonstrates conclusively that many of the same rabbinic figures whose teachings inform other contemporary Orthodox doctrines were quite open about the fact that their Bible texts, even their Torah scrolls, were not completely accurate. Moreover, though many of the variations are of little exegetical significance, these rabbis often acknowledged that, textually speaking, the situation was beyond repair.
Ibn Zimra's Responsum C: The Talmud, the Torah Scrolls, and Fixing the Torah Text
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

This chapter, and Chapters 2–3 and 5 explore the principles that underlie medieval rankings of various types of halakhic evidence for deciding on a number of questionable spellings of the Torah text, including an important shift in ranking that received much support in the sixteenth century; they centre on a closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Bible text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). A careful look at Ibn Zimra's responses offers an important glimpse into how a leading sixteenth century rabbinic authority evaluated his predecessors’ treatments of textual questions and ranked the conflicting witnesses to the spellings or orthographic irregularities of certain biblical words; it also clarifies the halakhic literature's overall approach to fixing the Bible text and reveals what appears to be a major inconsistency in Ibn Zimra's attitude towards the Masorah (the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself). Translations of each responsum are given, and an analysis made of the sources and nuances of their author's arguments, with observations on the relationships between these documents and other issues and compositions of masoretic and halakhic importance. The third responsum, which is covered in this chapter, deals with the unusual shape of the letter waw in the word šlwm, ‘peace’, in Num. 25: 12, and whether it was necessary to follow a talmudic teaching that required it to be cut.
The Literary Background of Ibn Zimra's Responsa: Rabbi Solomon Ben Adret and the Medieval Sefardi Halakhic Literature
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

This chapter builds on the previous four, which analysed the closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Torah text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). Ibn Zimra's approach was primarily halakhic, not masoretic, and to appreciate it an examination needs to be made of passages from both the halakhic and masoretic literature (the Masorah is the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself), especially the writings of Solomon ben Abraham Ben Adret, a prolific author and unchallenged rabbinic leader of Spanish Jewry until his death in 1310. Ibn Zimra cited Ben Adret several times, and the analysis presented begins with an anonymous question posed to Ben Adret on matters of spelling in the Torah, and goes on to give his response. Ibn Zimra's use of it is considered in the next chapter.
France: Old and New Civic and Social Ties in France
Authors: Worms Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines social capital changes in France. The simultaneous growth of inner-oriented, self-centred primary group social capital and reduction of other-oriented bridging and institutionally linked social capital are observed. Received social capital is becoming irrelevant to citizens’ emerging demands, attitudes, mores, and capabilities. Civil society is undergoing a process of emancipation from the state.
Australia: Making the Lucky Country
Authors: Cox Eva
Published: August 2004

Australian data show contradictory indicators of whether social capital is declining, stable, or slowing. There is evidence of increasing distrust and disengagement from political and formal community processes. Social capital appears to be most functional among population groups with wider economic options, who have the capacity to benefit from social change.
Mindreading
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P.
Published: August 2004

This volume defends an integrated account of the psychological mechanisms underlying “mindreading,” the commonplace capacity to understand the mind. The authors maintain that it is, as commonsense would suggest, vital to distinguish between reading others’ minds and reading one’s own. In reading other minds, the imagination plays a central role. As a result, the authors begin with an explicit and systematic account of pretense and imagination which proposes that pretense representations are contained in a separate mental workspace, the “Possible World Box,” which is part of the basic architecture of the human mind. The mechanisms subserving pretense get recruited in reading other minds, a capacity that implicates multifarious kinds of processes, including those favored by simulation approaches to mindreading, those favored by information-based approaches, and processes that don’t fit into either category. None of these mechanisms or processes, though, explains how we read our own minds, which, according to the authors, requires invoking an entirely independent set of mechanisms.
1 Introduction
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P.
Published: August 2004

Mindreading has captured the attention of a wide variety of researchers for a wide variety of reasons. This chapter canvasses the many and varied reasons for the interest in mindreading, with particular focus on the philosophical motivations for determining the character of our mindreading capacities. The chapter also describes the approach to analyzing cognitive capacities that is adopted throughout the book, the familiar ‘computational’ level of analysis. Finally, two crucial background assumptions are set out: the representational account of cognition and an account of the basic cognitive architecture of the human mind.
3 Pieces of Mind: A Theory of Third‐Person Mindreading
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P.
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents a detailed account of the mechanisms underlying third person mindreading: the attribution of mental states to others. A speculative Just So Story about the evolutionary origins of the capacity for third person mindreading is offered. This is followed by a list of basic facts about mindreading and some central empirical findings that plausibly need to be accommodated by any adequate theory. This leads to a detailed rendering of the theory of the cognitive mechanisms underlying mindreading, and a comparison with alternative theory-theory, modularity theory, simulation theory and rationality theory approaches. The view that emerges is a highly eclectic one that includes processes that fit with theory theory, modularity theory, and simulation theory as well as processes that do not have any clear parallel in any of the competing theories.
Reading One's Own Mind
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P.
Published: August 2004

The most widely held account of self-awareness is the “theory theory”, according to which self-awareness is a theory-mediated process which depends on the same “theory of mind” that underlies the attribution of mental states to others. The chapter distinguishes several versions of the theory theory of self-awareness and presents an alternative account, according to which self-awareness is subserved by a monitoring mechanism that is independent of the theory of mind. The chapter also describes and disputes the prominent arguments for the theory theory, including a wellknown argument based on parallels between the development of first person and third person mindreading. Finally, it is argued that clinical findings on autism and schizophrenia seem to favor the view that the mechanism for self-awareness is independent of the theory of mind.
Objections, Replies, and Philosophical Implications
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P.
Published: August 2004

A number of problems can be raised against the account of mindreading developed in this volume. This chapter seeks to respond to some of the more important objections. The chapter also explores the implications that the theory has for philosophical debates about functionalism and eliminativism.
The Problem of Objectivity
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

‘The Problem of Objectivity’ challenges the Cartesian picture according to which there is a metaphysical distinction between the inner and the outer, knowledge of one's own mind is more fundamental and secure than knowledge of other minds, knowledge is based on data given to the individual mind, and acquisition of knowledge is based on a progression from the subjective to the objective. Proposes a complete revision of this picture, substituting the inner/outer framework with an epistemologically extensional framework with practical abilities and the concept of error, of one making a mistake by one's own lights, at its centre. The concepts of an objective reality and truth, and thereby of the ability to raise Cartesian‐style sceptical doubts, are presumptions of thought itself. All propositional thought, according to the author, requires the possession of the concept of objective truth, and this concept is accessible only to those creatures that are in communication with others. Concludes that general sceptical claims are plainly unintelligible and that knowledge, being interpersonal, emerges holistically.
The Interpersonal Comparison of Values
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Considers the question of the extent to which objective interpersonal value judgements are possible, i.e. to which extent it is possible to objectively judge a state of affairs that involves the interests of two or more people. The author's answer is not straightforward: the previous chapters have established that beliefs and desires are inextricably linked to value judgements, so that if an interpreter is to understand the propositional attitudes of a subject, she must fit them to some degree into her own scheme, which includes her own value judgements. Consequently, the basis for an interpersonal comparison of value judgements is inherent in the very activity of interpretation, which does not decide the question of, but gives content to the idea, of an objective comparison of interpersonal value judgements.
Representation and Interpretation
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Works out the implications of the claims of Ch. 5. Concepts used to explain actions of thinking creatures are irreducibly causal: the explanatory causal vocabulary that we call upon to interpret the semantics of a thinking object or creature is normative, relying on the interpreter's own standards of rationality. Sciences like physics, on the other hand, seek explanations and laws in which causal concepts no longer figure. Neither knowledge of the syntactical program of a computer nor knowledge of the neurophysiology of an organism warrant our attributing to the object or creature a holistic normative network of concepts, acquired through its interactions with the surrounding world. Consequently, information, ends, or strategies can be represented in such a (syntactical or neurophysiological) system, but the system cannot be interpreted as having the information, ends, or strategies. Generally, then, the difference between mind and body is not an ontological difference between types of entities, but a difference between schemes of classificatory concepts.
Incoherence and Irrationality
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Continues the theme of the preceding chapter, inquiring further into the possibility of irrational thought and action, judged against a background that stipulates large‐scale rationality as a necessary condition for both interpretability and possession of a mind. Argues that, in order to remove the paradoxes of irrationality, it is not necessary to regard judgements of irrationality as subjective; rather, a more holistic approach, which holds that irrationality is made possible by the fact that agents cannot fail to comport most of the time with the basic norms of rationality, is required. Furthermore, the view of the mind that makes synchronic inconsistency seem paradoxical, namely, one that implies that all beliefs, desires, intentions, and principles of the agent that creates the inconsistency are present and in operation at once, does not seem to be tenable.
Deception and Division
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Continues the theme of the preceding chapters, examining further the possibility of irrational thought and action, judged against a background that stipulates large‐scale rationality as a necessary condition for both interpretability and possession of a mind. Concentrates on the phenomenon of self‐deception, which the author holds to include ‘weakness of the warrant’, a phenomenon that violates what Hempel and Carnap have called ‘the requirement of total evidence for inductive reasoning’. The main tool to remove the paradox of self‐deception, according to the author, is the recognition of the idea that there can be boundaries between parts of the mind. Such boundaries, however, are not discovered by introspection, but are conceptual aids to the coherent description of genuine irrationalities.
Who is Fooled?
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Applies and extends the conclusions of the preceding chapters by examining cases of self‐deception of a puzzling sort emerging from cases of fantasizing and imagining, found in Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Flaubert's Madame Bovary. The author is particularly interested in what can be described as the ‘divided mind of self‐deception’, the mind that produces an imagination due to its realising the state of the world that motivates the fantasy construct and the possessor's eventual acquisition of the belief that the fantasy construct represents reality accurately. In the process of deceiving oneself, he holds, no clear line can be drawn between imaginative activities that are not yet self‐deceptive and those that are.
An Interview with Donald Davidson
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

The last chapter is an interview Ernest Lepore, Director of the Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science and a friend of the Davidson family, has conducted with the author in 1988. In this interview, the author speaks of his childhood, his student years at Harvard, and his service in the navy in the Second World War. He describes his academic career, which took him from Queens College to Stanford, Princeton, and Rockefeller University, and illuminates his personal and philosophical relationships with contemporary philosophers and logicians such as Quine, Dummett, Carnap, and Tarski. He finally clarifies Lepore's questions regarding the development of and relations between his philosophical programmes in the philosophy of action and the philosophy of language.
A Jerusalem School Inspected
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

The first part of this chapter introduces the possibility that the writers of the Old Testament came from an Israeli school tradition – as opposed to being a group of ‘wise men’ with a ‘wisdom tradition’, or even from a ‘Wisdom Movement’. The idea is often doubted on the grounds that there is no unambiguous reference to a school in Israel until Ben Sira’s ‘house of instruction’, which flourished in Jerusalem in the early years of the second century bc, and is mentioned in Ecclesiastes. The working hypothesis of this book is that it ought not to be difficult to identify a core of Old Testament writings, which, by their subject matter, literary form and delight in language, reveal what their authors encountered at school, and can be reviewed in the expectation that features in them that are often overlooked will become apparent, and give an awareness of the impressive continuity of Israel’s school tradition. The school tradition will be found to have distinctive features: it is distinct from popular religion and the view of divine–human relations embodied in the cult; it is engaged in the teaching of a moral and reasonable faith; it provides a clue to the activity in Israel of a less parochial type of theologian; it also helps to explain the obscure transmission of Israel’s literature through the centuries, and illuminates the way in which received tradition was reshaped and reinterpreted by a succession of scholarly editors. The last part of the chapter starts the exploration of the school tradition with an examination of Ben Sira’s school in Jerusalem.