bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children living with long‐term conditions: A meta‐aggregation of parental experiences of partnership nursing
Authors: Barratt Macey , Bail Kasia , Paterson Catherine
Published: April 2021

Aim

To explore how parents of children with long‐term conditions experience partnership in paediatric and neonatal nursing care and to identify existing partnership barriers and facilitators.

Background

Parent–nurse partnership is fundamental to paediatric and neonatal nursing. Partnership is characterised by five attributes: parental participation, negotiation, mutual trust and respect, shared roles and decision‐making, and communication. Little is known about the parental experiences of partnership nursing specific to children living with a long‐term condition.

Design

A qualitative meta‐aggregation review following Joanna Briggs Institute meta‐aggregation approach.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted in six electronic databases. Studies were assessed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Qualitative findings with illustrative quotes from included studies were extracted and grouped into categories which informed the synthesised findings. This review has been reported according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Findings

A total of 4,404 studies were screened, 162 full‐text studies were assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a total of six studies were included. The meta‐aggregation developed three overarching synthesised findings which were as follows: (a) empowering parents to become involved, (b) effective communication to recognise mutual expertise and (c) collaborative nurse–family relationships.

Conclusion

Parents valued collaboration where both parents and nurses are recognised equally for their skills and expertise. A power struggle existed between parents and nurses when expertise was not recognised. Parents appreciated nurses who empowered them to develop new skills and knowledge in the care of their own child.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses need to recognise the skills and knowledge that parents have surrounding the care requirements of their own children. Collaboration and negotiation are key to successful partnership between nurses and parents. Nurses need to frequently reflect on how they are successfully partnering with both parents and children and ensure all parties in the nurse/parent/child triad feel supported and empowered.
Relationships of organisational justice, psychological capital and professional identity with job burnout among Chinese nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ren Zheng , Zhang Xiumin , Li Xiangrong , He Minfu , Shi Hong , Zhao Hanfang , Zha Shuang , Qiao Shuyin , Li Yuyu , Pu Yajiao , Fan Xinwen , Guo Xia , Sun Yan , Liu Hongjian
Published: April 2021

Aims and objectives

The present study was aimed at describing the status of job burnout and exploring the mediating roles of psychological capital and professional identity on the association between organisational justice and job burnout.

Background

With the shortage of nurses all over the world, nurses’ job burnout has become the focus of studies in recent years. However, limited published research has examined the mediating roles of psychological capital and professional identity on the association between organisational justice and job burnout within hospital contexts in China.

Design

A cross‐sectional design.

Methods

A total of 1,009 nurses were enrolled from a major general hospital located in Qiqihar City in the northeast of China from March–July 2018, and asked to complete questionnaires regarding organisational justice, psychological capital, professional identity and job burnout. The STROBE checklist was adhered to in this study.

Results

It was observed that the overall proportion of nurses with job burnout was 58.8%. All the correlations among organisational justice, psychological capital, professional identity and job burnout were statistically significant, with coefficients ranging between −0.487–0.863. Psychological capital and professional identity had indirect effects equal to −0.072 and −0.142, respectively, on the association between organisational justice and job burnout, taking up 13.7% and 26.9% of the total effect, respectively. The serial indirect effect of psychological capital and professional identity was −0.129, accounting for 24.5% of the total effect.

Conclusions

This study showed the necessity of addressing the status of job burnout among Chinese nurses. Psychological capital and professional identity may mediate the linkage between organisational justice and job burnout independently and accumulatively.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nursing managers should strengthen organisational justice and improve the psychological capital and professional identity of nurses through effective strategies to prevent the job burnout of nurses.
Communal collective narcissism
Authors: Żemojtel‐Piotrowska Magdalena , Piotrowski Jarosław , Sedikides Constantine , Sawicki Artur , Czarna Anna Z. , Fatfouta Ramzi , Baran Tomasz
Published: April 2021

Objectives

We aimed to introduce, validate, and showcase the utility of a new construct: communal collective narcissism.

Method

We conducted four studies, in which we developed a new scale for communal collective narcissism (Study 1, N = 856), tested the construct's unique predictions (Study 2, N = 276), examined its social relevance (Study 3, N = 250), and assessed its implications for intergroup outcomes (Study 4, N = 664).

Results

In Study 1, we verified the structural soundness of the Communal Collective Narcissism Inventory. In Study 2, we obtained evidence for a defining feature of communal collective narcissism, namely, that it predicts communal, but not agentic, ingroup‐enhancement. In Study 3, we illustrated the social relevance of communal collective narcissism. Communal collective narcissists derogated outgroup members, if those outgroups threatened the ingroup and the threat targeted the ingroup's communion. Finally, in Study 4, we showed that communal collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the communal domain (e.g., humanitarian aid) better than agentic collective narcissism does, whereas agentic collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the agentic domain (i.e., preferences for military aggression) better than communal collective narcissism does.

Conclusions

The construct of communal collective narcissism is conceptually and empirically distinct from classic (i.e., agentic) collective narcissism.
Familial hypercholesterolaemia: Experience of a tertiary paediatric lipid clinic
Authors: Yeung Jeffrey , Chisholm Kerryn , Spinks Catherine , Srinivasan Shubha
Published: April 2021

Aim

To review the experience of a dedicated paediatric multidisciplinary lipid clinic in the management of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) by studying the demographics, clinical presentations as well as statin therapy and outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective database review of all patients under 18 years old seen in the lipid clinic at an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital between April 1999 and August 2017. Outcome measures collected included patient demographics, family history, lipid profile, age at treatment commencement, treatment outcomes and complications.

Results

One hundred and eight patients (53 males) were seen in the lipid clinic. Eighty‐five had low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels at or above the 75th percentile for sex prior to treatment. Of these, 75 had a first‐degree relative with hypercholesterolaemia and/or early cardiac death. Four patients had clinical manifestations. Thirty‐two patients (14 males) were started on statin therapy for likely FH. LDL‐C levels reduced by 2.4 mmol/L (1.4 to 2.7) in boys and 1.9 mmol/L (0.8 to 2.8) in girls at 12 month follow‐up. Five patients reported side effects requiring adjustment in therapy. Main reasons for not starting statin therapy in eligible patients were parental refusal and/or lost to follow up (77%).

Conclusion

A dedicated multidisciplinary lipid clinic is helpful for streamlining and monitoring management of paediatric FH. Clinical manifestations of FH are rare in children and may represent more severe form of FH or other lipid disorder. Statin therapy is efficacious and well tolerated but current recommended targets of treatment are difficult to attain. Greater awareness and coordinated services are required to overcome poor family engagement.
Simvastatin loaded chitosan guided bone regeneration membranes stimulate bone healing
Authors: Murali Vishnu Priya , Guerra Fernanda D. , Ghadri Najib , Christian James M. , Stein Sidney H. , Jennings Jessica A. , Smith Richard A. , Bumgardner Joel D.
Published: April 2021

Background and Objective

Electrospun chitosan membranes (ESCM) modified with short‐chain fatty acids have the ability to control the release of simvastatin (SMV), an anti‐cholesterol drug with osteogenic potential, for guided bone regeneration (GBR) applications. This study evaluated in vivo osteogenic effects of rapid short release of SMV (4 weeks) vs long sustained release (8 weeks) from acetic anhydride (AA)—and hexanoic anhydride (HA)‐modified ESCMs, respectively.

Methods

AA ESCMs loaded with 10 or 50 µg SMV and HA ESCMs loaded with 50 µg SMV were evaluated for biocompatibility and bone formation at 4 and 8 weeks, in 5 mm critical size rat calvarial defects, using histological evaluation and micro‐CT analysis.

Results

No severe inflammatory response was noticed around the ESCMs. Less hydrophobic AA membranes showed signs of resorption by week 4 and were almost completely resorbed by week 8 whereas the more hydrophobic HA membranes resorbed slowly, remaining intact over 8 weeks. In micro‐CT analysis, 10 µg SMV‐loaded AA membranes did not show significant bone formation as compared to non‐loaded AA membranes at either evaluation time points. 50 µg SMV‐loaded AA membranes stimulated significantly more bone formation than non‐loaded AA membranes by week 4 (%bone = 31.0 ± 5.9% (AA50) vs 18.5 ± 13.7% (AA0)) but showed no difference at week 8. HA membranes with 50 µg SMV showed significantly more bone formation as compared to corresponding non‐loaded membranes by week 8 (%bone = 61.7 ± 8.9% (HA50) vs 33.9 ± 29.7% (HA0)), though such an effect was not significant at week 4.

Conclusion

These results indicate that modified ESCMs may be used to control the release of SMV and promote bone healing in GBR applications.
Thermal metamorphism of CM chondrites: A dehydroxylation‐based peak‐temperature thermometer and implications for sample return from asteroids Ryugu and Bennu
Authors: Velbel Michael A. , Zolensky Michael E.
Published: April 2021

The target bodies of C‐complex asteroid sample return missions are carbonaceous chondrite‐like near‐Earth asteroids (NEAs), chosen for the abundance and scientific importance of their organic compounds and “hydrous” (including hydroxylated) minerals, such as serpentine‐group phyllosilicates. Science objectives include returning samples of pristine carbonaceous regolith from asteroids for study of the nature, history, and distribution of its constituent minerals, organic material, and other volatiles. Heating after the natural aqueous alteration that formed the abundant phyllosilicates in CM and similar carbonaceous chondrites dehydroxylated them and altered or decomposed other volumetrically minor constituents (e.g., carbonates, sulfides, organic molecules; Tonui et al. 2003, 2014). We propose a peak‐temperature thermometer based on dehydroxylation as measured by analytical totals from electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of matrices in a number of heated and aqueously altered (but not further heated) CM chondrites. Some CM lithologies in Maribo and Sutter’s Mill do not exhibit the matrix dehydroxylation expected for surface temperatures expected from insolation of meteoroids with their known orbital perihelia. This suggests that insolated‐heated meteoroid surfaces were lost by ablation during passage through Earth’s atmosphere, and that insolation‐heated material is more likely to be encountered among returned asteroid regolith samples than in meteorites. More generally, several published lines of evidence suggest that episodic heating of some CM material, most likely by impacts, continued intermittently and locally up to billions of years after assembly and early heating of ancestral CM chondrite bodies. Mission spectroscopic measures of hydration can be used to estimate the extent of dehydroxylation, and the new dehydroxylation thermometer can be used directly to select fragments of returned samples most likely to contain less thermally altered inventories of primitive organic molecules.
Effect of a baby‐friendly workplace support intervention on exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya
Authors: Kimani‐Murage Elizabeth W. , Wilunda Calistus , Macharia Teresia Njoki , Kamande Eva Watiri , Gatheru Peter Muriuki , Zerfu Tadesse , Donfouet Hermann Pythagore Pierre , Kiige Laura , Jabando Susan , Dinga Lynette Aoko , Samburu Betty , Lilford Richard , Griffiths Paula , Jackson Debra , Begin France , Moloney Grainne
Published: April 2021

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 6 months of life is crucial for optimizing child growth, development and survival, as well as the mother's wellbeing. Mother's employment may hinder optimal breastfeeding, especially in the first 6 months. We assessed the effectiveness of a baby‐friendly workplace support intervention on EBF in Kenya. This pre‐post intervention study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 on an agricultural farm in Kericho County. The intervention targeted pregnant/breastfeeding women residing on the farm and consisted of workplace support policies and programme interventions including providing breastfeeding flexi‐time and breaks for breastfeeding mothers; day‐care centres (crèches) for babies near the workplace and lactation centres with facilities for breast milk expression and storage at the crèches; creating awareness on available workplace support for breastfeeding policies; and home‐based nutritional counselling for pregnant and breastfeeding women. EBF was measured through 24‐h recall. The effect of the intervention on EBF was estimated using propensity score weighting. The study included 270 and 146 mother–child dyads in the nontreated (preintervention) group and treated (intervention) group, respectively. The prevalence of EBF was higher in the treated group (80.8%) than in the nontreated group (20.2%); corresponding to a fourfold increased probability of EBF [risk ratio (RR) 3.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.95–5.15]. The effect of the intervention was stronger among children aged 3–5 months (RR 8.13; 95% CI 4.23–15.64) than among those aged <3 months (RR 2.79; 95% CI 2.09–3.73). The baby‐friendly workplace support intervention promoted EBF especially beyond 3 months in this setting.
Analysing indoor mycobiomes through a large‐scale citizen science study in Norway
Authors: Martin‐Sanchez Pedro M. , Estensmo Eva‐Lena F. , Morgado Luis N. , Maurice Sundy , Engh Ingeborg B. , Skrede Inger , Kauserud Håvard
Published: April 2021

In the built environment, fungi can cause important deterioration of building materials and have adverse health effects on occupants. Increased knowledge about indoor mycobiomes from different regions of the world, and their main environmental determinants, will enable improved indoor air quality management and identification of health risks. This is the first citizen science study of indoor mycobiomes at a large geographical scale in Europe, including 271 houses from Norway and 807 dust samples from three house compartments: outside of the building, living room and bathroom. The fungal community composition determined by DNA metabarcoding was clearly different between indoor and outdoor samples, but there were no significant differences between the two indoor compartments. The 32 selected variables, related to the outdoor environment, building features and occupant characteristics, accounted for 15% of the overall variation in community composition, with the house compartment as the key factor (7.6%). Next, climate was the main driver of the dust mycobiomes (4.2%), while building and occupant variables had significant but minor influences (1.4% and 1.1%, respectively). The house‐dust mycobiomes were dominated by ascomycetes (⁓70%) with Capnodiales and Eurotiales as the most abundant orders. Compared to the outdoor samples, the indoor mycobiomes showed higher species richness, which is probably due to the mixture of fungi from outdoor and indoor sources. The main indoor indicator fungi belonged to two ecological groups with allergenic potential: xerophilic moulds and skin‐associated yeasts. Our results suggest that citizen science is a successful approach for unravelling the built microbiome at large geographical scales.
Clinical associations of functional dyspepsia with gastric dysrhythmia on electrogastrography: A comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Varghese Chris , Carson Daniel A. , Bhat Sameer , Hayes Tommy C. L. , Gharibans Armen A. , Andrews Christopher N. , O'Grady Greg
Published: April 2021

Background

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common gastroduodenal disorder, yet its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Bioelectrical gastric slow‐wave abnormalities are thought to contribute to its multifactorial pathophysiology. Electrogastrography (EGG) has been used to record gastric electrical activity; however, the clinical associations require further evaluation.

Aims

This study aimed to systematically assess the clinical associations of EGG in FD.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases were systematically searched for articles using EGG in adults with FD. Primary outcomes were percentage normal versus abnormal rhythm (bradygastria, normogastria, and tachygastria). Secondary outcomes were dominant power, dominant frequency, percentage coupling, and the meal responses.

Results

1751 FD patients and 555 controls from 47 studies were included. FD patients spent less time in normogastria while fasted (SMD −0.74; 95%CI −1.22 to −0.25) and postprandially (−0.86; 95%CI −1.35 to −0.37) compared with controls. FD patients also spent more fasted time in bradygastria (0.63; 95%CI 0.33–0.93) and tachygastria (0.45; 95%CI 0.12–0.78%). The power ratio (−0.17; 95%CI −0.83–0.48) and dominant frequency meal‐response ratio (0.06; 95%CI −0.08–0.21) were not significantly different to controls. Correlations between EGG metrics and the presence and timing of FD symptoms were inconsistent. EGG methodologies were diverse and variably applied.

Conclusion

Abnormal gastric slow‐wave rhythms are a consistent abnormality present in FD, as defined by EGG and, therefore, likely play a role in pathophysiology. The aberrant electrophysiology identified in FD warrants further investigation, including into underlying mechanisms, associated spatial patterns, and symptom correlations.
Relationship between symptoms during a gastric emptying study, daily symptoms and quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kuwelker Saatchi , Prichard David O. , Bailey Kent , Bharucha Adil E.
Published: April 2021

Aims

Gastric emptying is of limited utility for predicting the severity of symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus and gastrointestinal symptoms. We evaluated the extent to which symptoms recorded during a 13C‐spirulina‐based gastric emptying breath test (GEBT) or scintigraphy predicting the severity of daily symptoms in diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Gastric emptying, symptoms during a gastric emptying study, either scintigraphy (n = 38) or GEBT (n = 111), and daily gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated in 149 patients with diabetes mellitus and variably severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

Key Results

Gastric emptying was normal, delayed, and rapid in 37%, 52%, and 9% measured with the GEBT and 55%, 34%, and 11% of patients measured with scintigraphy; differences between GEBT and scintigraphy were not significant. Daily symptoms were moderately severe or more intense in 58% and 21% of patients undergoing scintigraphy and GEBT (P < 0.0001). Symptoms during the GEBT (46%) and emptying thalf (3%) explained 50% of the variance in daily symptoms in the GEBT group. In the scintigraphy group, symptoms explained 29% of this variance; the thalf was insignificant. Patients who reported that one or more symptoms were more severe than the others during the GE study were more likely (OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.16, 7.33) to report the same symptom(s) as being the most severe in the daily diary.

Conclusions

Symptoms during a GEBT and to a lesser extent during scintigraphy, but not gastric emptying predict the severity of daily symptoms and may serve as a biomarker in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Greater intolerance to uncertainty predicts poorer quality of life in adults with cyclic vomiting syndrome
Authors: Levinthal David J. , Romutis Stephanie , Rajalaban Ajai , Kumar Vishnu C. S. , Feldman Robert , Althouse Andrew D. , Venkatesan Thangam
Published: April 2021

Background

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is an idiopathic disorder of gut‐brain interaction characterized by recurrent bouts of nausea and vomiting. Although CVS negatively impacts quality of life (QOL), the determinants of impaired QOL among adult CVS sufferers are not fully understood. The unpredictability of CVS attacks may generate anticipatory anxiety and worsen quality of life in a substantial proportion of patients with CVS. Intolerance to uncertainty (IU) is a cognitive trait in which individuals experience distress when faced with unpredictable situations, particularly those with potentially negative consequences. Higher trait IU is a well‐established vulnerability factor linked to the development of multiple psychiatric conditions, including anxiety. However, the extent to which higher IU is associated with impaired QOL in adults with CVS is not known.

Methods

To explore this issue, we surveyed 118 adult CVS patients and obtained demographic information, clinical features, reported healthcare utilization, and standardized assessments of IU, anxiety and panic, and QOL.

Key Results

Adult CVS patients with higher IU did not report a greater frequency of CVS attacks or overall CVS‐related healthcare utilization than those with lower IU. Yet, this group demonstrated substantially poorer physical and mental health‐related QOL and higher rates of anxiety‐spectrum disorders.

Conclusions & Inferences

Higher degrees of IU are associated with increased anxiety and reduced QOL in patients with CVS. IU is a malleable cognitive trait that can be targeted by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Our results suggest that some CVS patients may benefit from non‐pharmacologic therapies such as CBT.
Pressure pain thresholds in office workers with chronic neck pain: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nunes Alexandre Maurício Passos , Moita João Paulo Azinheira Martins , Espanha Maria Margarida Marques Rebelo , Petersen Kristian Kjær , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars
Published: April 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to (a) compare pressure pain threshold (PPT) values between office workers with chronic neck pain and asymptomatic controls; (b) establish reference PPT values in chronic neck pain; and (c) evaluate associations between PPTs and pain intensity, and disability.

Methods

Seven English/Portuguese databases were searched for relevant literature. Studies investigating adult office workers (age >18 years) with chronic neck pain were included if PPTs were an outcome. The risk of bias was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Meta‐analysis was conducted if a cluster contained at least two studies reporting the same PPTs.

Results

Ten high quality, two low quality, and one poor quality studies were included. The meta‐analysis revealed decreased PPT values in the upper trapezius, extensor carpi ulnaris, and tibialis anterior in office workers with chronic neck pain when compared with healthy workers, without a statistical difference (p > 0.05). The PPT reference value in the upper trapezius was 263 kPa (95% confidence interval [CI] = 236.35 to 289.70), and 365 kPa (95% CI = 316.66 to 415.12) for the tibialis anterior in office workers with chronic neck pain. No correlations were found between the upper trapezius PPT and pain intensity and disability.

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis found that all the PPT measurements were not significantly reduced in office workers with chronic neck pain compared with healthy workers. These assumptions were based on a small sample of existing studies, and therefore further studies are necessary to quantify the differences in PPTs. Hypersensitivity PPT reference values are proposed for localized and extrasegmental sites in office workers with chronic neck pain.
Evaluating the mental health of children in a local hospital outpatient clinic
Authors: Saito Mari , Kikuchi Yutaka , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Hoshina Masaru
Published: April 2021

Background

The 30‐item Questionnaire for Triage and Assessment (QTA30) is a standardized triage and assessment tool for assessing pediatric psychosomatic disorders. It is estimated that one in 10 children in Japan experience difficulties in their school life. Using the QTA30 we evaluated mental health in children at an outpatient clinic in a local hospital.

Methods

All elementary and junior high school students (≥9 years) who visited our institution between December 1 2019 and March 31 2020 were asked to complete the QTA30.

Result

A total of 372 children responded. Half of the children with a psychosomatic disorder and 9% of children with other chronic disorders were suspected to have poor mental health. Suspected poor mental health was associated with higher odds of female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–3.39), junior high school students (OR: 3.73, 95% CI: 2.11–6.73), and not enjoying exercise (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.16–3.9). The mean ± standard deviation total QTA30 score was significantly worse in children with psychosomatic disorders (38.0 ± 19.1) among children with other chronic diseases; however, only the score in children with central precocious puberty (27.4 ± 13.7) showed no difference.

Conclusion

Based on our survey, the percentage of children suspected to have mental health problems manifesting as non‐psychosomatic chronic disorders was similar to the proportion of children suspected to experience difficulties with their school life. Pediatricians should carefully consider the possibility of mental health problems when children are seen in regular visits to the outpatient clinic.
Discretion of the Future: Conceptualizing Everyday Acts of Collective Creativity at the Street‐Level
Authors: Visser E. Lianne , Kruyen Peter M.
Published: April 2021

Although scholars and practitioners promote creative uses of discretion in the delivery of public services, there is limited empirical research that explains through which activities street‐level practitioners develop creative solutions. Based on over 300 hours of ethnographic observations of child and family practitioners, we demonstrate the pattern of collective and deliberate experimenting that encompasses creative discretion. The development of this subtype of discretion helps to better analyze and perform it, while simultaneously nuancing the potential positive outcomes of creative uses of discretion for public service provision. Additionally, we explain the collective nature of creative discretion, which has important implications for both research and practice of creativity at the street‐level. Finally, we show that street‐level practitioners become architects of the political and organizational system in which they work by changing the rules and provision, the organization of work, and the development of policy through their performance of creative discretion.
Pharmacological treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Singh Dave
Published: April 2021

Pharmacological treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aims to alleviate symptoms and reduce the future risk of events such as exacerbations, disease progression and death. The heterogeneity of COPD results in variable responses to pharmacological interventions. COPD treatment has evolved towards a precision medicine approach, integrating clinical and biomarker information in order to optimize treatment decisions for each individual. The evidence supporting the use of blood eosinophil counts to predict responses to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in COPD patients has led to the adoption of this biomarker for use in clinical practice. The development of novel double and triple inhaled combination treatments containing long‐acting bronchodilators with or without ICS has involved some landmark randomized controlled trials in COPD patients. These studies have provided valuable evidence to direct the use of different classes of combination treatments. However, there are still some unresolved questions and debates. This review article describes the advances in the pharmacological treatment of COPD, particularly the personalization of treatment. The evidence base for current recommendations is discussed, and controversial issues are dissected.
Modified Poisson Regression Analysis of Grouped and Right-Censored Counts
Authors: Fu Qiang , Zhou Tian-Yi , Guo Xin
Published: April 2021

Grouped and right-censored (GRC) counts are widely used in criminology, demography, epidemiology, marketing, sociology, psychology and other related disciplines to study behavioural and event frequencies, especially when sensitive research topics or individuals with possibly lower cognitive capacities are at stake. Yet, the co-existence of grouping and right-censoring poses major difficulties in regression analysis. To implement generalised linear regression of GRC counts, we derive modified Poisson estimators and their asymptotic properties, develop a hybrid line search algorithm for parameter inference, demonstrate the finite-sample performance of these estimators via simulation, and evaluate its empirical applicability based on survey data of drug use in America. This method has a clear methodological advantage over the ordered logistic model for analysing GRC counts.
Using psychological science to support social distancing: Tradeoffs between affiliation and disease‐avoidance motivations
Authors: Young Steven G. , Brown Mitch , Sacco Donald F.
Published: April 2021

Humans are an intensely social species with a pervasive need for affiliation and social interaction. However, satisfying this fundamental motive comes with risk, including increased exposure to others' communicable pathogens. Consequently, disease mitigation strategies may require humans to downregulate their interest in socialization when pathogenic threat is elevated. Subsequent unsatisfactorily met affiliation needs can result in downregulation of disease avoidance goals in the service of social inclusion, albeit at the cost of putting individuals at greater risk for pathogen exposure. The current review summarizes past work in social and evolutionary psychology demonstrating affiliation and disease‐avoidance motivation tradeoffs. We then apply this research by articulating strategies to support and maintain social distancing behaviors in the face of loneliness, which is of particular importance during pandemic outbreaks such as COVID‐19. Finally, we propose novel and integrative research questions related to affiliation/pathogen‐avoidance tradeoffs.
Mathematics teacher candidates’ approaches to using topology in geometry
Authors: Aksu Zeki , Gedik Solmaz Damla , Konyalıoglu Alper Cihan
Published: April 2021

When we look at the theoretical relationships between the three types of geometry, we find that the most primitive type is topology and that both Euclidean and projective geometry are derived from this earlier type. Therefore, Piaget described the first stage or level of understanding geometry as topological understanding. In this study, the geometric thinking conditions of mathematics teacher candidates were examined and what they think about the topology course was determined by surveying their opinions about the undergraduate courses. The participants of the study consisted of 36 teacher candidates studying in the Mathematics Department of the Faculty of Science attached to a university in Turkey. The findings of the study revealed that none of the teacher candidates used topological thinking to solve the questions in the data collection instrument. Those candidates who considered topology as an abstract course did not associate topology with geometry. A thorough understanding of the meaning of topology and topological thought is an advantage to young children as well as college‐age students; improving mathematics curricula on this topic, particularly at the graduate level, will ensure that all future teachers are appropriately trained for their future responsibility of educating others. We believe that it is necessary to give Topology and topological thought the place they deserve in the educational process.
Long‐term follow‐up of a single dose of fluralaner in nine dogs with demodicosis
Authors: Hoshino Tomoya , Akita Takahiro , Sugeno Akihiro , Okamura Taku , Machida Yuko , Nagata Masahiko
Published: April 2021

Background

Long‐term follow‐up of oral fluralaner for canine demodicosis has not been demonstrated.

Objectives

A multicentre prospective open trial for the efficacy of oral fluralaner for the long‐term (>12 month) management of canine demodicosis.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs diagnosed with demodicosis at nine veterinary clinics.

Methods and materials

A single fluralaner dose was administered orally. Although shampoo was allowed to treat secondary pyoderma, no other medication or shampoo was allowed, except for medication for possible underlying disorders. Each dog underwent a thorough parasitological and dermatological assessment monthly for three months and was followed up for >12 months.

Results

Twenty‐six dogs were enrolled. Their ages ranged from three months to 16 years. The cases were nine juvenile and 17 adult onsets; and 18 generalised and eight localised forms. Fluralaner administration resulted in 100% eradication of mites and complete resolution of all skin lesions at three months. Seventeen dogs were excluded from the one year follow‐up evaluation as they had required a second dose of isoxazoline or died from causes unrelated to the fluralaner treatment. In the remaining nine cases, no relapse was observed in any of the dogs (six adult and three juvenile onsets; six generalised and three localised forms). Four dogs were monitored for over one year, one dog for over two years, and four dogs for three years.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The results indicated that a single dose of fluralaner could effectively deliver a long‐term cure when combined with managing underling conditions.
An arithmetic count of the lines on a smooth cubic surface
Authors: Leo Kass Jesse , Wickelgren Kirsten
Published: April 2021

We give an arithmetic count of the lines on a smooth cubic surface over an arbitrary field$k$, generalizing the counts that over${\mathbf {C}}$there are$27$lines, and over${\mathbf {R}}$the number of hyperbolic lines minus the number of elliptic lines is$3$. In general, the lines are defined over a field extension$L$and have an associated arithmetic type$\alpha$in$L^*/(L^*)^2$. There is an equality in the Grothendieck–Witt group$\operatorname {GW}(k)$of$k$,\[ \sum_{\text{lines}} \operatorname{Tr}_{L/k} \langle \alpha \rangle = 15 \cdot \langle 1 \rangle + 12 \cdot \langle -1 \rangle, \]where$\operatorname {Tr}_{L/k}$denotes the trace$\operatorname {GW}(L) \to \operatorname {GW}(k)$. Taking the rank and signature recovers the results over${\mathbf {C}}$and${\mathbf {R}}$. To do this, we develop an elementary theory of the Euler number in$\mathbf {A}^1$-homotopy theory for algebraic vector bundles. We expect that further arithmetic counts generalizing enumerative results in complex and real algebraic geometry can be obtained with similar methods.
Multi-sensor integration for an assessment of underwater radiated noise from common vessels in San Francisco Bay
Authors: Cope Samantha , Hines Ellen , Bland Roger , Davis Jerry D. , Tougher Brendan , Zetterlind Virgil
Published: April 2021

There is growing evidence that smaller vessels not required to broadcast data via the Automatic Identification System (AIS) contribute significant noise to urbanized coastal areas. The Marine Monitor (M2), a vessel tracking system that integrates AIS data with data collected via marine radar and high-definition camera, was employed to track all vessel types (regardless of AIS data availability) in a region of San Francisco Bay (SFB) where high-speed ferry, recreational, and commercial shipping traffic are common. Using a co-located hydrophone, source levels (SL) associated with 565 unique vessel passages were calculated and resultant cumulative daily sound exposure levels across the study area were modeled. Despite large ships primarily having the highest SLs, ferries and motorized recreational craft contributed noise to the largest area in two frequency bands of interest. The M2 provided data without the need for an on-site observer and enabled a systematic analysis of all relevant vessel types which showed that non-AIS vessels should not be excluded from consideration, especially in a highly urbanized estuary like SFB. This research provides an assessment of underwater radiated noise from all common vessel types in SFB suitable for informing habitat quality and threat evaluation for local cetacean species.
Comparing Weekly Training and Game Demands According to Playing Position in a Semiprofessional Basketball Team
Authors: Williams Markus N.C. , Dalbo Vincent J. , Fox Jordan L. , O’Grady Cody J. , Scanlan Aaron T.
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To compare weekly training and game demands according to playing position in basketball players. Methods: A longitudinal, observational study was adopted. Semiprofessional, male basketball players categorized as backcourt (guards; n = 4) and frontcourt players (forwards/centers; n = 4) had their weekly workloads monitored across an entire season. External workload was determined using microsensors and included PlayerLoad™ (PL) and inertial movement analysis variables. Internal workload was determined using heart rate to calculate absolute and relative summated-heart-rate-zones workload and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to calculate session-RPE workload. Comparisons between weekly training and game demands were made using linear mixed models and effect sizes in each positional group. Results: In backcourt players, higher relative PL (P = .04, very large) and relative summated-heart-rate-zones workload (P = .007, very large) were evident during training, while greater session-RPE workload (P = .001, very large) was apparent during games. In frontcourt players, greater PL (P < .001, very large), relative PL (P = .019, very large), peak PL intensities (P < .001, moderate), high-intensity inertial movement analysis events (P = .002, very large), total inertial movement analysis events (P < .001, very large), summated-heart-rate-zones workload (P < .001, very large), RPE (P < .001, very large), and session-RPE workload (P < .001, very large) were evident during games. Conclusions: Backcourt players experienced similar demands between training and games across several variables, with higher average workload intensities during training. Frontcourt players experienced greater demands across all variables during games than training. These findings emphasize the need for position-specific preparation strategies leading into games in basketball teams.
Business Class Travel Preserves Sleep Quality and Quantity and Minimizes Jet Lag During the ICC Women’s T20 World Cup
Authors: Lalor Benita J. , Tran Jacqueline , Halson Shona L. , Kemp Justin G. , Cormack Stuart J.
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To determine the impact of the quality and quantity of sleep during an international flight on subsequent objective sleep characteristics, training and match-day load, self-reported well-being, and perceptions of jet lag of elite female cricketers during an International Cricket Council Women’s T20 World Cup. Methods: In-flight and tournament objective sleep characteristics of 11 elite female cricketers were assessed using activity monitors. Seated in business class, players traveled west from Melbourne, Australia, to Chennai, India. The outbound flight departed Melbourne at 3:30 AM with a stopover in Dubai for 2 hours. The arrival time in Chennai was 8:10 PM local time (1:40 AM in Melbourne). The total travel time was 19 hours 35 minutes. Perceptual ratings of jet lag, well-being, and training and competition load were collected. To determine the impact of in-flight sleep on tournament measures, a median split was used to create subsamples based on (1) in-flight sleep quantity and (2) in-flight sleep quality (2 groups: higher vs lower). Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the bivariate associations between sleep measures, self-reported well-being, perceptual measures of jet lag, and internal training and match-day load. Results: Mean duration and efficiency of in-flight sleep bouts were 4.72 hours and 87.45%, respectively. Aggregated in-flight sleep duration was 14.64 + 3.56 hours. Players with higher in-flight sleep efficiency reported higher ratings for fatigue (ie, lower perceived fatigue) during the tournament period. Tournament sleep duration was longer, and bed and wake times were earlier compared with habitual. Compared with other nights during the tournament, sleep duration was shorter following matches. Conclusions: Maximizing in-flight sleep quality and quantity appears to have implications for recovery and sleep exhibited during competition. Sleep duration was longer than habitual except for the night of a match, which suggests that T20 matches may disrupt sleep duration.
Comparison of Physiological and Biomechanical Responses to Flat and Uphill Cross-Country Sit-Skiing in Able-Bodied Athletes
Authors: Carlsen Camilla H. , McGhie David , Baumgart Julia K. , Sandbakk Øyvind
Published: April 2021

Purpose:To compare peak work rate (WRpeak) and associated physiological and biomechanical performance-determining variables between flat and uphill cross-country (XC) sit-skiing.Methods:Fifteen able-bodied male XC skiers completed 2 test sessions, each comprising four 4-minute submaximal stages, followed by an incremental test to exhaustion and a verification test in a sit-ski on a roller-ski treadmill. The test sessions were counterbalanced by the incline, being either 0.5% (FLAT) or 5% (UPHILL). The authors compared WRpeakand peak oxygen uptake, as well as physiological variables, rating of perceived exertion, gross efficiency, and cycle characteristics at identical submaximal work rate, between FLAT and UPHILL.Results:In UPHILL, WRpeakwas 35% higher compared to FLAT (P < .001), despite no difference in peak oxygen uptake (P = .9). The higher WRpeakin UPHILL was achieved through more work per cycle, which was enabled by the twice as long poling time, compared to FLAT (P < .001). Submaximal gross efficiency was 0.5 to 2 percentage points lower in FLAT compared to UPHILL (P < .001), with an increasing difference as work rate increased (P < .001). Neither cycle rate nor work per cycle differed between inclines when compared at identical submaximal work rate (P > .16).Conclusions:The longer poling times utilized in uphill XC sit-skiing enable more work per cycle and better gross efficiency, thereby allowing skiers to achieve a higher WRpeakcompared to flat XC sit-skiing. However, the similar values of peak oxygen uptake between inclines indicate that XC sit-skiers can tax their cardiorespiratory capacity similarly in both conditions.
Shuteye Time Compared With Bedtime: Misclassification of Sleep in Adolescent Females
Authors: Haszard Jillian J. , Scott Tessa , Smith Claire , Peddie Meredith C.
Published: April 2021

Short sleep duration is associated with poorer outcomes for adolescents; however, sleep duration is often assessed (either by questionnaire or device) using self-reported bedtime (i.e., the time a person goes to bed). With sedentary activities, such as screen time, being common presleep in-bed behaviors, the use of “bedtime” may introduce error to the estimates of sleep duration. It has been proposed that self-reported “shuteye time” (i.e., the time a person starts trying to go to sleep) is used instead of bedtime. This study aimed to compare the bedtimes and shuteye times of a sample of 15- to 18-year-old female adolescents recruited from 13 high schools across New Zealand. The influence on sleep duration estimates and associations with healthy lifestyle habits was also examined. Sleep data were collected from 136 participants using actigraphy and self-report. On average, 52 min (95% confidence interval [43, 60] min) of sedentary time was misclassified as sleep when bedtime was used instead of shuteye time with actigraph data. Mean bedtimes on weekdays and weekends were 9:56 p.m. (SD = 58 min) and 10:40 p.m. (SD = 77 min), respectively. The relationship between bedtime and shuteye time was not linear—indicating that bedtime cannot be used as a proxy for shuteye time. Earlier shuteye times were more strongly associated with meeting fruit and vegetable intake and sleep and physical activity guidelines than earlier bedtimes. Using bedtime instead of shuteye time to estimate sleep duration may introduce substantial error to estimates of both sleep and sedentary time.
A metasedimentary source of gold in Archean orogenic gold deposits
Authors: Pitcairn Iain K. , Leventis Nikolaos , Beaudoin Georges , Faure Stephane , Guilmette Carl , Dubé Benoît
Published: April 2021

The sources of metals enriched in Archean orogenic gold deposits have long been debated. Metasedimentary rocks, which are generally accepted as the main metal source in Phanerozoic deposits, are less abundant in Archean greenstone belts and commonly discounted as a viable metal source for Archean deposits. We report ultralow-detection-limit gold and trace-element concentrations from a suite of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the Abitibi belt and Pontiac subprovince, Superior Province, Canada. Systematic decreases in the Au content with increasing metamorphic grade indicate that Au was mobilized during prograde metamorphism. Mass balance calculations show that over 10 t of Au, 30,000 t of As, and 600 t of Sb were mobilized from 1 km3 of Pontiac subprovince sedimentary rock metamorphosed to the sillimanite metamorphic zone. The total gold resource in orogenic gold deposits in the southern Abitibi belt (7500 t Au) is only 3% of the Au mobilized from the estimated total volume of high-metamorphic-grade Pontiac sedimentary rock in the region (25,000 km3), indicating that sedimentary rocks are a major contributor of metals to the orogenic gold deposits in the southern Abitibi belt.
Supplemental Material: Enhanced Quaternary exhumation in the Namche Barwa syntaxis, eastern Himalaya
Authors: Yang Rong , al. et
Published: April 2021

Analytical approaches used in this study, analyses parameters, and resulting data.
Supplemental Material: Late Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic paleogeographic position of the Yangtze block and the change of tectonic setting in its northwestern margin: Evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes of sedimentary rocks
Authors: Zhao Bingshuang , Long Xiaoping , al. et
Published: April 2021

Supplementary Figure S1: Representative cathodoluminescence images of zircons from the northwestern Yangtze block samples; Supplementary Table S1: U–Pb dating results and in situ Lu–Hf isotopic data for detrital zircons from the northwestern Yangtze block samples.