bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sodium Naphthalene‐2,6‐dicarboxylate: An Anode for Sodium Batteries
Authors: Cabañero Joel M. , Pimenta Vanessa , Cannon Kieran C. , Morris Russell E. , Armstrong A. Robert
Published: August 2019

The conjugated dicarboxylate sodium naphthalene‐2,6‐dicarboxylate (Na2NDC) was prepared by a low‐energy‐consumption reflux method, and its performance as a negative electrode for sodium‐ion batteries was evaluated in electrochemical cells. The structure of Na2NDC was solved for the first time (monoclinic P21/c) from powder XRD data and consists of π‐stacked naphthalene units separated by sodium–oxygen layers. Through an appropriate choice of binder and conducting carbon additive, Na2NDC exhibited a reversible two electron sodium insertion at approximately 0.4 V (vs. Na+/Na) with remarkably stable capacities of approximately 200 mAh g−1 at a rate of C/2 and good rate capability (≈133 mAh g−1 at 5 C). In parallel, the high thermal stability of the material was demonstrated by high‐temperature XRD: the framework remained intact to above 500 °C.
Classification and Segmentation of Hyperspectral Data of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Samples Using 1‐D Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Wang Rendong , He Yida , Yao Cuiping , Wang Sijia , Xue Yuan , Zhang Zhenxi , Wang Jing , Liu Xiaolong
Published: August 2019

Pathological diagnosis plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The traditional method of pathological diagnosis of most cancers requires freezing, slicing, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and manual analysis, limiting the speed of the diagnosis process. In this study, we designed a one‐dimensional convolutional neural network to classify the hyperspectral data of HCC sample slices acquired by our hyperspectral imaging system. A weighted loss function was employed to promote the performance of the model. The proposed method allows us to accelerate the diagnosis process of identifying tumor tissues. Our deep learning model achieved good performance on our data set with sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.871, 0.888, and 0.950, respectively. Meanwhile, our deep learning model outperformed the other machine learning methods assessed on our data set. The proposed method is a potential tool for the label‐free and real‐time pathologic diagnosis. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Day‐ahead optimal scheduling of microgrid with adaptive grasshopper optimization algorithm
Authors: C Shilaja , T Arunprasath , P Priya
Published: August 2019

Recently, the microgrid (MG) structure day‐ahead scheduling is an important aspect and achieved an optimal operation by maximizing the utility function. In this paper, a day‐ahead scheduling of MG and their optimal operation are analyzed with the help of the proposed adaptive algorithm. For the optimal analysis of MG, adaptive grasshopper algorithm (AGOA) with cuckoo search (CS) is proposed. The CS algorithm is utilized to update the learning functions of the GOA, and the optimal performances are evaluated. Here, the photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), battery, and diesel generator (DG) are considered to analyze the optimal scheduling issues, and the main aim is to minimize their generating and operational cost functions. In addition, to maximize the profit of operations in MG, the load demand must be satisfied according to their constraints and objectives. The multiobjective function is defined as the cost functions of MG such as the fuel cost, generation cost, state of charge (SOC), direct cost, reserve cost, and penalty cost, respectively. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink platform and tested with the IEEE 57‐bus system and IEEE 118‐bus system. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, this is compared with the existing methods such as whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and cuttlefish algorithm (CFA), respectively. Before the comparative study, the real‐time data of PV and WT are analyzed for the 24 hours. The SOC of the proposed method is analyzed and is about 80%.
A self‐learning stream classifier for flow‐based botnet detection
Authors: Nazemi Gelian Mahsa , Mashayekhi Hoda , Mashayekhi Yoosof
Published: August 2019

Botnets have been recently recognized as one of the most formidable threats on the Internet. Different approaches have been designed to detect these types of attacks. However, as botnets evolve their behavior to mislead the signature‐based detection systems, learning‐based methods may be deployed to provide a generalization capacity in identifying unknown botnets. Developing an adaptable botnet detection system, which incrementally evolves with the incoming flow stream, remains as a challenge. In this paper, a self‐learning botnet detection system is proposed, which uses an adaptable classification model. The system uses an ensemble classifier and, in order to enhance its generalization capacity, updates its model continuously on receiving new unlabeled traffic flows. The system is evaluated with a comprehensive data set, which contains a wide variety of botnets. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed system can successfully adapt in a dynamic environment where new botnet types are observed during the system operation. We also compare the system performance with other methods.
Curcumin mitigates the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in biliary epithelial cells through upregulating CD109 expression
Authors: Fan Junyu , Wang Qian , Zhang Zhuoya , Sun Lingyun
Published: August 2019

Biliary epithelial cells (BECs) can secrete bile and the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BECs can cause fibrosis or damage interlobular bile ducts, leading to chronic cholangiopathies, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) is a potent inducer of the EMT while curcumin, a diarylheptanoid, can inhibit the EMT of hepatocytes in many liver diseases. However, the protection and underlying mechanisms of curcumin against the EMT of BECs have not been clarified. Herein, we show that curcumin treatment significantly mitigates the EMT of BECs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, curcumin significantly attenuated the TGF‐β1‐induced Smad and Hedgehog signaling, and upregulated CD109 expression in BECs. Collectively, these findings highlighted the therapeutic potential of curcumin to counteract the EMT process in PBC.
CauseSpec: a database of global terrestrial vertebrate cause‐specific mortality
Authors: Hill Jacob E. , Devault Travis L. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: August 2019

As wildlife populations continue to decline worldwide, human‐caused mortality of terrestrial vertebrates is of increasing importance. However, there is a limited understanding of how direct anthropogenic mortality compares in magnitude to natural mortality. Here, we present CauseSpec, a database of global terrestrial vertebrate cause‐specific mortality. We compiled studies that used telemetry to monitor terrestrial vertebrates and determine cause of death. We distinguished between anthropogenic and natural mortality and also documented the specific mortality source where possible (e.g., harvest, vehicle collision, predation, and starvation). This database consists of 1,134 studies that collectively monitored the fates of 123,747 individual animals. From this, there are 43,998 deaths of known cause among 307 species. It is an updated version of the data set used in Hill et al. (2019) and will continue to be updated in the future. These data can be combined with data on species morphology and behavior to examine how species attributes influence susceptibility to various mortality sources. Our database also includes the geographic coordinates of the study site so that site attributes can be included in analyses. We also distinguish between adults and juveniles where possible, allowing for age‐specific mortality analyses. Study start and end dates are available as well so that analyses of temporal changes in mortality are possible. Last, users can select all cause‐specific mortality studies from a single species to perform a species‐level analysis. The data set will allow users to circumvent a literature search, facilitating more rapid publication of large‐scale vertebrate mortality studies and elucidating mortality patterns of terrestrial vertebrates around the world. There are no copyright or proprietary restrictions. We would like researchers to cite this paper if the associated database is used to find studies of interest for analysis.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Alkynylation of α‐C–H Bonds of Ethers with Alkynyl Bromides without External Photocatalyst
Authors: Xie Xiaofei , Liu Jie , Wang Lei , Wang Min
Published: August 2019

A direct alkynylation of C(sp3)–H bonds adjacent to an oxygen atom of ethers under visible light irradiation was developed in the absence of an external photocatalyst. The reaction of ethers and alkynyl bromides underwent smoothly to generate the corresponding products in good yields with excellent functional‐group tolerance. Initial mechanistic experimental results indicated that the reaction may involve a free radical pathway.
Context-Dependent Responses of Aquatic Insects to Metals and Metal Mixtures: A Quantitative Analysis Summarizing 24 Yr of Stream Mesocosm Experiments
Authors: Clements William H. , Cadmus Pete , Kotalik Christopher J. , Wolff Brian A.
Published: August 2019

Modernizing water quality criteria to predict how contaminants affect natural aquatic communities requires that we utilize data obtained across multiple lines of evidence, including laboratory, mesocosm, and field studies. We report the results of 29 mesocosm experiments conducted from 1994 to 2017 at the Colorado State University Stream Research Laboratory (Fort Collins, CO, USA). The primary goal of the present study was to quantify responses of aquatic insect communities collected from 8 different locations to different combinations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). Treatments that included Cu or Fe, either alone or in combination with other metals, were especially toxic to aquatic insects. The results showed that effects of metals were context dependent and varied significantly among the 8 sites where communities were collected. In particular, effects on communities from smaller streams were significantly greater than those from larger streams. Our analyses also showed that several morphological (body size, shape, gills, degree of sclerotization) and life history (voltinism) traits were significantly correlated with sensitivity to metals. Across all taxa and experiments, aquatic insects broadly classified as small (maximum body length <8 mm) were significantly more sensitive to metals than medium or large individuals. These findings demonstrate the advantages of integrating results of mesocosm experiments with species traits to develop a mechanistic understanding of biotic and abiotic factors that influence community responses to contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2486–2496. © 2019 SETAC
A contribution to the taxonomic delimitation of Tulipa armena (Liliaceae) and a key to the Iranian species
Authors: Jalilian Nastaran , Assadi Mostafa , Nemati Mostafa
Published: August 2019

During the preparation of the treatment of the genus Tulipa for the Flora of Iran, a problem was encountered in the delimitation of species linked to T. schrenkii by previous authors. These include the taxa T. armena, T. faribae and T. gesneriana sensu Hall, which are similar in tunic hairiness and perianth size and colour. The most important herbaria of Iran were visited and the species of the genus were studied in the field during excursions to different parts of Iran. Based on available materials, including herbarium specimens, type specimens photographs and comparison with descriptions, the following results were obtained. T. schrenkii was not found in Iran, although previously recorded in the Flora Iranica. T. armena is recognized from Iran and is well distributed there. The taxa previously recognized as T. faribae and T. gesneriana sensu Hall cannot be distinguished from T. armena and the later name T. faribae thus becomes a synonym. A key is provided to the twelve species recognized for Iran.
Atlantic Goliath Grouper of Florida: To Fish or Not to Fish
Authors: Koenig Christopher C , Coleman Felicia C , Malinowski Christopher R
Published: August 2019

The Atlantic Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara, a large indigenous tropical reef fish, approached local extinction in U. S. waters by the 1980s as a result of intense fishing pressure. In 1990, federal and state laws intervened to protect this species. The resulting fishery closure, over the intervening years, allowed limited, slow population recovery in Florida waters while populations outside of the United States remained vulnerable (IUCN 2019). The closure led to the blossoming of a dive ecotourism industry catering to local and international divers seeking opportunities to see and photograph these enormous fish. This fundamentally changes the paradigm for Goliath Grouper from a fishery resource to a non-extractive resource with a commercial value vastly greater than that gained through fishing. While federal and state agencies attempted to re-establish the fishery, all three stock assessments were rejected. Here, we discuss Goliath Grouper's biology, the controversy surrounding its protection, and the drawbacks of re-establishing a fishery including: loss of nursery habitat, increasingly destructive episodic events like red tide and cold snaps, and the effects of mercury contamination on survival. Add to this the human health risk of consuming mercury-contaminated fishes, and the argument supporting re-opening the fishery evaporates.
Cerebral lesion correlates of sympathetic cardiovascular activation in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Winder Klemens , Linker Ralf A. , Seifert Frank , Wang Ruihao , Lee De‐Hyung , Engelhorn Tobias , Dörfler Arnd , Fröhlich Kilian , Hilz Max
Published: August 2019

Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and contributes significantly to disability. We hypothesized that cerebral MS‐lesions in specific areas of the central autonomic network might account for imbalance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular modulation. Therefore, we used voxel‐based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) to determine associations between cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and cerebral MS‐related lesion sites. In 74 MS‐patients (mean age 37.0 ± 10.5 years), we recorded electrocardiographic RR‐intervals and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Using trigonometric regressive spectral analysis, we assessed low (0.04–0.15 Hz) and high (0.15–0.5 Hz) frequency RR‐interval‐and blood pressure‐oscillations and determined parasympathetically mediated RR‐interval–high‐frequency modulation, mainly sympathetically mediated RR‐interval–low‐frequency modulation, sympathetically mediated blood pressure‐low‐frequency modulation, and the ratios of sympathetic and parasympathetic RR‐interval‐modulation as an index of sympathetic‐parasympathetic balance. Cerebral MS‐lesions were analyzed on imaging scans. We performed a VLSM‐analysis correlating parameters of autonomic dysfunction with cerebral MS‐lesion sites. The VLSM‐analysis showed associations between increased RR‐interval low‐frequency/high‐frequency ratios and lesions most prominently in the left insular, hippocampal, and right frontal inferior opercular region, and a smaller lesion cluster in the right middle cerebellar peduncle. Increased blood pressure‐low‐frequency powers were associated with lesions primarily in the right posterior parietal white matter and again left insular region. Our data indicate associations between a shift of cardiovascular sympathetic‐parasympathetic balance toward increased sympathetic modulation and left insular and hippocampal lesions, areas of the central autonomic network. The VLSM‐analysis further distinguished between right inferior fronto‐opercular lesions disinhibiting cardiac sympathetic activation and right posterior parietal lesions increasing sympathetic blood pressure modulation.
Understanding white matter structural connectivity differences between cognitively impaired and nonimpaired active professional fighters
Authors: Mishra Virendra R. , Sreenivasan Karthik R. , Zhuang Xiaowei , Yang Zhengshi , Cordes Dietmar , Banks Sarah J. , Bernick Charles
Published: August 2019

Long‐term traumatic brain injury due to repeated head impacts (RHI) has been shown to be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by a loss in cognitive performance. Establishing the correlation between changes in the white matter (WM) structural connectivity measures and neuropsychological test scores might help to identify the neural correlates of the scores that are used in daily clinical setting to investigate deficits due to repeated head blows. Hence, in this study, we utilized high angular diffusion MRI (dMRI) of 69 cognitively impaired and 70 nonimpaired active professional fighters from the Professional Fighters Brain Health Study, and constructed structural connectomes to understand: (a) whether there is a difference in the topological WM organization between cognitively impaired and nonimpaired active professional fighters, and (b) whether graph‐theoretical measures exhibit correlations with neuropsychological scores in these groups. A dMRI derived structural connectome was constructed for every participant using brain regions defined in AAL atlas as nodes, and the product of fiber number and average fractional anisotropy of the tracts connecting the nodes as edges. Our study identified a topological WM reorganization due to RHI in fighters prone to cognitive decline that was correlated with neuropsychological scores. Furthermore, graph‐theoretical measures were correlated differentially with neuropsychological scores between groups. We also found differentiated WM connectivity involving regions of hippocampus, precuneus, and insula within our cohort of cognitively impaired fighters suggesting that there is a discernible WM topological reorganization in fighters prone to cognitive decline.
Magnetohydrodynamic flow of a nanofluid due to a non‐linearly curved stretching surface with high order slip flow
Authors: Ibrahim Wubshet , Kuma Getu
Published: August 2019

This article numerically scrutinizes magnetohydrodynamic flow of a nanofluid due to a nonlinearly curved stretching surface with third order slip flow conditions. The third order slip flow condition has not yet been discussed in fluid dynamics research. The mathematical modeling of the flow problem is given in partial differential equation form. The governing partial differential equations are transformed to high order ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformation and then solved numerically using a boundary value problem solver, bvp4c from Matlab software. The effect of the governing parameters on the flow of the velocity profile, concentration, and heat transfer characteristics are studied. Also graphs of the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are drawn and their numerical values are tabulated. The numerical results of the study are compared with previously published articles in the limiting condition. The velocity of the flow field is reduced as the third order slip parameter and the first order slip parameter rises, but the velocity grows as the values of the second order slip flow parameter are elevated. The findings also indicate that the local Nusselt number is depreciated but local Sherwood numbers are elevated when the Soret and Dufour numbers are larger.
Applicability and attachment findings of the Strange Situation Paradigm in infants with visual impairment
Authors: Urqueta Alfaro Andrea , Meinz Paul , Morash Valerie S. , Lei Daisy , Kronberg Jill , Lara Summer , Jian Stephanie , Moore Melissa
Published: August 2019

Attachment studies with diverse populations enrich the understanding of infants’ socioemotional development by documenting both universal and idiosyncratic aspects of attachment. Given the effects of attachment in children's socioemotional outcomes, such studies are necessary to investigate the impact of children's sensory impairments on attachment development. Yet, very little attachment research has focused on infants with visual impairment (VI infants), a population in which infant–caregiver emotional exchanges through visual means are reduced/absent. We investigated the applicability of the Strange Situation Paradigm (SSP), with added instructions to compensate for degraded visual input, in 20 VI infants (with no additional disabilities and who were receiving developmental counseling). In all but 1 of the SSPs coded, VI infants displayed observable attachment behavior that was classifiable. Nineteen VI infants showed attachment by 12 months of age. Across the ages tested (fractional age range = 0.9–2.33 months), most VI infants’ attachment patterns were classified as secure and organized.
High‐performance flexible sensing devices based on polyaniline/MXene nanocomposites
Authors: Zhao Lianjia , Wang Kang , Wei Wei , Wang Lili , Han Wei
Published: August 2019

Highly active two‐dimensional (2D) nanocomposites, integrating the unique merits of individual components and synergistic effects of composites, are greatly desired for flexible sensing device applications. Although 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) combined with their high metallic conductivity and versatile surface chemistry have shown its huge potential for sensing reactions, it still remains a major challenge to construct functional materials with intriguing sensing performance at room temperature (RT). Herein, we used an integration of density functional theory (DFT) simulations and bulk electrosensitive measurements to show high electrocatalytic sensitivity of polyaniline/MXene (PANI/Ti3C2T
x) nanocomposites. Thanks to the synergistic properties of nanocomposites and high catalytic/absorption capacity of Ti3C2T
x MXene, PANI nanoparticles are rationally decorated on Ti3C2T
x nanosheet surface via in situ polymerization by low temperature approach to induce remarkable detection sensitivity, rapid response/recovery rate, and mechanical stability at RT. This study offers a versatile platform to use MXenes to fabricate 2D nanocomposites materials for high‐performance flexible gas sensors.
Detection of non‐criteria autoantibodies in women without apparent causes for pregnancy loss
Authors: Zhu Hongyuan , Wang Meng , Dong Ying , Hu Honghai , Zhang Qiaoli , Qiao Chen , Xie Xin , Fan Fei , Zeng Jiazi , Jia Yan , Chen Lu , Liu Jingrui , Li Lin , Zhai Yanhong , Zhao Zhen , Shen Min , Cao Zheng
Published: August 2019

Background

Some of the non‐criteria autoantibodies, especially non‐conventional antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies, were present with high prevalence in sporadic miscarriages and recurrent pregnant loss. However, whether these autoantibodies are associated with miscarriage patients without apparent causes remain unclear.

Methods

The subjects were recruited from the female patients visiting the Infertility Center at the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from January 2017 to March 2018. The women who experienced one sporadic miscarriage (n = 89) or recurrent pregnancy loss (n = 125) were enrolled. The control participants (n = 59) were those women with normal pregnancy history and with no miscarriage or thrombosis experience. The collected serum specimens from above patients and controls were subjected to the 13 non‐criteria autoantibody examinations, targeting non‐conventional phospholipids, thyroid, sperm, endometrial, and anti‐nuclear antigens.

Results

When compared with the controls, the following non‐criteria antibodies stood out in present study with significantly increased frequency and were listed in the order of decreasing positive rates: aPE IgM (40.0%), ANA (15.2%), aEM IgG (13.6%), aPE IgG (12.8%), and aPT IgM (10.4%). Except for ANA, the presence of aPE IgM, aEM IgG, aPE IgG, and aPT IgM was not associated with positivity of LA tests. In receiver operating characteristic analyses, the combined aPE IgG and aEM IgG biomarker panel had the best discriminating power between miscarriage patients and healthy controls.

Conclusion

Our findings suggested that the non‐criteria could be included as part of the pregnancy loss evaluation when apparent causes are absent, and the conventional aPLs tests failed to provide interpretations.
Malaria mosquitoes use leg push‐off forces to control body pitch during take‐off
Authors: van Veen Wouter G. , van Leeuwen Johan L. , Muijres Florian T.
Published: August 2019

Escaping from a blood host with freshly acquired nutrition for her eggs is one of the most critical actions in the life of a female malaria mosquito. During this take‐off, she has to carry a large payload, up to three times her body weight, while avoiding tactile detection by the host. What separates the malaria mosquito from most other insects is that the mosquito pushes off gently with its legs while producing aerodynamic forces with its wings. Apart from generating the required forces, the malaria mosquito has to produce the correct torques to pitch‐up during take‐off. Furthermore, the fed mosquito has to alter the direction of its aerodynamic force vector to compensate for the higher body pitch angle due to its heavier abdomen. Whether the mosquito generates these torques and redirection of the forces with its wings or legs remains unknown. By combining rigid‐body inverse dynamics analyses with computational fluid dynamics simulations, we show that mosquitoes use leg push‐off to control pitch torques and that the adaption of the aerodynamic force direction is synchronized with modulations in force magnitude. These results suggest that during the push‐off phase of a take‐off, mosquitoes use their flight apparatus primarily as a motor system and they use leg push‐off forces for control.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Sulfonamide Derivatives Containing Tetrazole and Oxadiazole Rings
Authors: Özkan Hamdi , Demirci Bayram
Published: August 2019

In the present work, we synthesized new sulfonamide derivatives with 1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety and tetrazole ring. The synthesized derivatives of sulfonamides were characterized through Fourier transform infrared, 13C‐APT‐NMR, 1H‐NMR, and high‐resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The biological activities of resulting compound were also investigated and observed that the compounds reveal strong antimicrobial activity over some important bacterial strains including Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. The in vitro antifungal properties of synthesized compounds were also a target using Candida albicans NRRL Y‐477 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungal strains. We have provided a useful guideline for future studies about the effect of the chemical structures of sulfonamide compounds on the biological activities. Among the target compounds, 7b, 7c, 7d, and 7e demonstrated surprisingly high antimicrobial activities than did others.
Radial variation in biochemical composition of the bovine caudal intervertebral disc
Authors: Bezci Semih E. , Werbner Benjamin , Zhou Minhao , Malollari Katerina G. , Dorlhiac Gabriel , Carraro Carlo , Streets Aaron , O'Connell Grace D.
Published: August 2019

Bovine caudal discs have been widely used in spine research due to their increased availability, large size, and mechanical and biochemical properties that are comparable to healthy human discs. However, despite their extensive use, the radial variations in bovine disc composition have not yet been rigorously quantified with high spatial resolution. Previous studies were limited to qualitative analyses or provided limited spatial resolution in biochemical properties. Thus, the main objective of this study was to provide quantitative measurements of biochemical composition with higher spatial resolution than previous studies that employed traditional biochemical techniques. Specifically, traditional biochemical analyses were used to measure water, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, collagen, and DNA contents. Gravimetric water content was compared to data obtained through Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, spatial distribution of lipids in the disc's collagen network was visualized and quantified, for the first time, using multi‐modal second harmonic generation (SHG) and Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman (CARS) microscopy. Some heterogeneity was observed in the nucleus pulposus, where the water content and water‐to‐protein ratio of the inner nucleus were greater than the outer nucleus. In contrast, the bovine annulus fibrosus exhibited a more heterogeneous distribution of biochemical properties. Comparable results between orthohydroxyproline assay and SHG imaging highlight the potential benefit of using SHG microscopy as a less destructive method for measuring collagen content, particularly when relative changes are of interest. CARS images showed that lipid deposits were distributed equally throughout the disc and appeared either as individual droplets or as clusters of small droplets. In conclusion, this study provided a more comprehensive assessment of spatial variations in biochemical composition of the bovine caudal disc.
River otter and mink occupancy dynamics in riparian systems
Authors: Holland Angela M. , Schauber Eric M. , Nielsen Clayton K. , Hellgren Eric C.
Published: August 2019

Semi‐aquatic mammals are dependent upon streams and riparian areas, which are a product of the landscapes they drain. Both local stream morphology and surrounding land use are likely to have important influences on current occupancy of semi‐aquatic mammals and potentially affect future geographic distributions. We identified aspects of the riparian system and stream structure at multiple scales that relate to the presence of river otter (Lontra canadensis) and mink (Neovison vison) to better understand how changing landscapes affect occupancy dynamics of these semi‐aquatic mammals and to facilitate future monitoring and management. We estimated multi‐season occupancy using 103 sites sampled over 6 seasonal sampling periods in southern Illinois, USA (44,526 km2) during 2012–2014. We hypothesized river otter and mink occupancy were related to multiple aspects of landscape and local habitat attributes including land cover, water availability, human disturbance, and stream characteristics. Occupancy of river otter was predicted by large stream size, less developed area near the stream site, and proximity to areas with reintroduced or remnant populations of river otter. Mink were more likely to occupy sites with small streams and decreased water availability near the site. However, top models for both species had low weights and high uncertainty for multiple variables. Habitat‐based models may not be the best predictors of occupancy for these carnivores because they are more likely to respond to prey diversity or availability, but landscape changes that decrease natural water availability and increase human disturbance to the stream at the local scale are likely to negatively affect river otter. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
The role of the innate and adaptive immune response in HPV‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Subbarayan Rahul Sridhar , Arnold Levi , Gomez Juan Pineda , Thomas Sufi Mary
Published: August 2019

Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been implicated in the development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and is directly attributed to its increasing incidence. The immune microenvironment surrounding HPV‐associated OPSCC tumors is complex and plays a critical role in the carcinogenic process. The neoplastic mechanism includes cells of the innate immunity such as macrophages, and dendritic cells as well as cells of the adaptive immune process such as CD8+ T‐cells. The intricate interactions between these two arms of the immune system allow for a pro‐inflammatory and pro‐tumorigenic environment. Intensive efforts are underway to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immune system's role in tumor development. This study seeks to summarize the current knowledge pertaining to role of the innate and adaptive immune response in HPV‐associated OPSCC.

Level of Evidence

3a
Theoretical and experimental studies of a new aniline derivative corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid medium
Authors: Fernandes Caio Machado , de Mello Marcos Vinícius Palmeira , dos Santos Nazir Escarpini , de Souza Alessandra Mendonça Teles , Lanznaster Mauricio , Ponzio Eduardo Ariel
Published: August 2019

4‐Chloro‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline (CPYA) was synthesized by a simple and inexpensive method and tested as a corrosion inhibitor in acid medium for mild steel by using gravimetric studies and electrochemical measurements. An average maximum efficiency of 96.0% was achieved at 4.59 mmol/L. Corrosion kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also analyzed. Surface analyses (atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) show that protection is enabled by adsorption on the metal, forming a film. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to access information regarding the molecular structure in the corrosive medium and to support interpretation of the results obtained by experimental methods.
Enhanced corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy developed by ultrasonic‐assisted friction stir processing
Authors: Baradarani Faraz , Mostafapour Amir , Shalvandi Maghsoud
Published: August 2019

In this study, ultrasonic‐assisted friction stir processing (UaFSP) and friction stir processing (FSP) were conducted on AZ91 magnesium alloy sheets, and their microstructure, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties were comparatively investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, open‐circuit potential, and potentiodynamic polarization were used to study the corrosion behavior of the material. Electrochemical measurements reveal that employing UaFSP, the corrosion rate of the AZ91 magnesium alloy was significantly reduced where lower corrosion current density for UaFSP specimens was obtained (2.09 µA/cm2) compared with 3.42 µA/cm2 for the FSP and 6.82 µA/cm2 for the base metal. This is mainly attributed to the alteration of morphology and better distribution of the β‐Mg17Al12 phase during UaFSP. By using ultrasonic vibration in FSP, a finer grain structure was obtained, which improved the tensile strength and hardness of the AZ91 Mg alloy.
An Advanced Technique for Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene Composition Determination: TGA–IST16–GC–MS Coupling
Authors: Boyron Olivier , Marre Tiffany , Delauzun Alain , Cozic Ronan , Boisson Christophe
Published: August 2019

An innovative method based on thermogravimetric analysis combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, TGA–IST16–GC–MS, is developed for measuring the comonomer type and the comonomer content in a series of linear low‐density polyethylenes (LLDPE). LLDPE such as copolymers of ethylene and octene or ethylene and hexene are synthetized using the Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 zirconium‐metallocene catalyst. Their characterization with TGA‐IST16‐GC‐MS system is compared to one of the polyethylenes prepared under similar conditions and used as reference. TGA‐IST16‐GC‐MS allows discriminating the comonomer type (hexene or octene) and content. Combining the versatility of thermal analysis and the accuracy and sensitivity of mass spectrometry, this original method proves to be very useful for routine characterization of LLDPE. It has the advantage of being quicker and more easily performed that traditional means of obtaining copolymer compositions such as nuclear magnetic resonance, or through separation techniques such as temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF).
In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Novel Zwitterionic Poly(Beta Amino)Ester Hydrogels Based on Diacrylate and Glycine for Site‐Specific Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Filipović Vuk V. , Babić Marija M. , Gođevac Dejan , Pavić Aleksandar , Nikodinović‐Runić Jasmina , Tomić Simonida Lj.
Published: August 2019

New (β‐aminoester) hydrogels (PBAE) based on di(ethylene glycol)diacrylate and glycine are successfully synthesized and characterized for the first time in this work. PBAE macromers are obtained using Michael addition. By changing the diacrylate/amine stoichiometric ratio, but maintaining it >1, samples with different chemical structure containing acrylate end‐groups are obtained. The hydrogels are synthesized from macromers utilizing free radical polymerization. Chemical structure of macromers and hydrogels is confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy. Swelling and degradation rates in physiological pH range change notably with pH and monomer molar ratio, validating pH sensitivity and zwitterionic behavior, which can be finely tuned by changing any of these parameters. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo acute embryotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) performed to assess the biocompatibility of the novel hydrogel materials and their degradation products reveal that materials are nontoxic and biocompatible. The Cephalexin in vitro drug release study, at pH values 2.20, 5.50, and 7.40, demonstrates pH‐sensitive delivery with the release profiles effectively controlled by pH and the hydrogel composition. PBAE hydrogels exhibit great potential for a variety of biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration and intelligent drug delivery systems.
Influences of Ortho‐Fluoroazobenzenes on Liquid Crystalline Phase Stability and 2D (Planar) Actuation Properties of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Authors: Ditter David , Braun Lukas B. , Zentel Rudolf
Published: August 2019

In this article, the influences of ortho‐fluoroazobenzenes (o‐Fbs) on liquid crystalline (LC) phase stability and actuation properties of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are presented. Such o‐Fbs find interest because they allow full photoswitching with visible light (no ultraviolet (UV) radiation). Novel o‐Fb monomers and crosslinkers are synthesized and characterized. Different amounts of an LC mixture are replaced with synthesized o‐Fbs successively and their influences on the LC phase stability in the cis and trans forms are observed through measuring the related clearing temperatures via polarized optical microscopy. LCE precursors containing 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mol% o‐Fb monomer or crosslinker are aligned in a magnetic field and polymerized as films in the LC phase. Thermal and visible light–controlled photochemical 2D (planar) actuation properties of LCE samples are investigated and compared to LCEs containing a liquid crystalline non‐fluorinated azobenzene monomer as reference. It is shown that, while the favorable photochemistry is obtained, the integration of o‐Fbs is less effective for photoswitching of the LC phase, because i) less o‐Fbs can be integrated without destroying the LC phase and ii) the trans–cis isomerization is less effective in destroying the LC phase.
Bis‐Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Carbazole‐Based Terpolymer for High Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Infra‐Red Photodiodes
Authors: Opoku Henry , Lim Bogyu , Shin Eun‐Sol , Kong Hoyoul , Park Jong Mok , Bathula Chinna , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: August 2019

Carbazoles constitute one of the most widely used donor moieties for organic semiconductors due to their excellent hole transport and high environmental stability. However, they are seldomly used in recent high performance donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers. In the present study, a planar regular terpolymer, PCbisDPP, composed of carbazole and thiophene flanked bis‐diketopyrrolopyrrole (bis‐DPP) for application as an active layer for high‐performance organic devices is reported. Organic field‐effect transistors with PCbisDPP as the active layer exhibit field‐effect mobility up to 1.48 cm2 v−1 s−1, which to the best of the current knowledge corresponds to the highest hole mobility reported to date for carbazole‐based D–A polymers. The high mobility is achieved via a tailored polymer‐design resulting in high crystallinity and a strong aggregating property without sacrificing solubility. PCbisDPP is applied as an active donor material in organic photodiode with fullerene derivative PC61BM as an acceptor in a bulk heterojunction blend. Binary additive combinations (tetralin: 1,8‐diiodooxtane (3:3) v/v%) utilization achieves an impressive performance with an external quantum efficiency of 80%, an average responsivity of 309.1 mA W−1, and specific detectivity of 4.73 × 1011 Jones in the near infra‐red light region (730 nm) utilizing a simple single layer organic photodiode structure as ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PCbisDPP:PC61BM/LiF/Al.
On a pairing for algebraic tori
Authors: Merkurjev A.
Published: August 2019

Let T be an algebraic torus over a field F. There is a pairing between the groups of torsors for the torus T and its dual with values in the third Galois cohomology group over all field extensions of F. We study the kernel of this pairing.
On dynamics of the system of two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger in
Authors: Xia Suxia , Xu Chengbin
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we give a new proof of the scattering and blow‐up theory of the two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system via establishing the corresponding interaction Morawetz estimate and scattering criterion. The method of this paper simplifies the proof in Xu, and the result of the paper improves the result in Xu.
Distribution and Movement of Steelhead and Anglers in the Clearwater River, Idaho
Authors: Feeken Stacey F. , Bowersox Brett J. , Dobos Marika E. , Corsi Matthew P. , Quist Michael C. , Copeland Timothy
Published: August 2019

Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss is a species that is of high economic value that supports popular sport fisheries across the Pacific Northwest. The Clearwater River in Idaho provides a trophy steelhead fishery, and it is home to both wild- and hatchery-origin steelhead. To manage the fishery effectively, information is needed about the spatial and temporal overlap of wild and hatchery steelhead in the Clearwater River, as well as the activity of anglers. We conducted a radiotelemetry study to describe the distribution of steelhead and their final fate in the Clearwater River, and creel surveys were used to describe the distribution of anglers. In total, 289 wild (Potlatch River and Lochsa River) and hatchery (from Dworshak National Fish Hatchery and South Fork Clearwater River) steelhead were radio-tagged at Lower Granite Dam, 51 river kilometers (rkm) downstream from the mouth of the Clearwater River. Fish were monitored upon their entry into the Clearwater River by using mobile tracking surveys (boat and vehicle) and stationary antennas. The majority of wild and hatchery steelhead arrived in the Clearwater River in the fall with the exception of those from the Lochsa River, which arrived in the fall and following spring. Average daily movement of the fish was minimal (range = 0.3–4.7 km/d) and dependent on water temperature and flow. The fates of wild and hatchery steelhead varied. Fish returned to spawning grounds, were harvested by anglers (hatchery fish only), or had unknown fates. Both wild and hatchery steelhead returned at high rates to their natal tributaries and release locations. No straying was observed in either group; however, occasions when steelhead have overshot their natal tributaries and release locations were documented. Spatial and temporal overlap of the distributions of wild and hatchery steelhead was minimal. The distribution of anglers overlapped with that of hatchery steelhead in the fall, winter, and spring. The distributional overlap of anglers and wild steelhead was minimal and largely occurred in September in the lower Clearwater River. This suggests that the Clearwater River has a highly compartmentalized fishery and that current fishing regulations in the Clearwater River are providing for a diversity of angling opportunities while conserving wild steelhead and offering harvest of hatchery fish. The results from this study have important implications for the conservation and management of wild and hatchery steelhead.
Application of surface wettability modified polypropylene nonwoven in Janus composite fibrous mats for the function of directional water transport
Authors: Xu Jinhao , Zhang Fuli , Xin Binjie , Wang Chun , Yang Dan , Zheng Yuansheng , Zhou Mengjuan
Published: August 2019

Textiles with the function of directional water (sweat) transport play a pivotal role in regulating human thermal and wet comfort. Polypropylene nonwoven (PPNW) fabric has an excellent moisture (sweat) conduction due to its inert water absorption, which makes moisture be difficult to adhere on the PP fiber surface. Nevertheless, excessive hydrophobicity also affects the comfort of clothing materials, and thus it is significant to improve wettability of PP fiber used in the field of textile. In this study, it was reported a kind of composite fibrous mats with the function of directional water transport. The polymerization of acrylic acid (AAc) was grafted on the surface of plasma‐treated PPNW (TPPNW) as the inner layer (TPPNW‐AAc), which was able to improve the wettability of the PPNW surface. Polyacrylonitrile containing alumina nano‐particles (PAN‐Al2O3) layer was deposited on the surface of TPPNW‐AAc by electrospinning technology as the outer layer. The wettability difference between the inner and outer layers of the material was utilized to induce the push‐pull effect to transport water from the TPPNW‐AAc layer to the PAN‐Al2O3 layer. The surface wettability of the TPPNW‐AAc layer and the performance of the directional water transport of composite fibrous mats were characterized systematically. Experimental results demonstrated that the composite fibrous mats showed the excellent accumulative one‐way transport index (AOTI, 870%), remarkable overall moisture management capacity (OMMC, 0.8) when the contact angle of the TPPNW‐AAc surface can be reduced from 119° to 30°, and decent wearability performance.
Curcumin‐loaded biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds modified with gelatin using 3D printing technology for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Lee Min Jeong , Kim Sung Eun , Park Juri , Ahn Guk Young , Yun Tae Hoon , Choi Inseong , Kim Hak‐Jun , Choi Sung‐Wook
Published: August 2019

We described the curcumin‐loaded biodegradable polyurethane (PU) scaffolds modified with gelatin based on three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology for potential application of cartilage regeneration. The printing solution of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) triol (polyol) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol was printed through a nozzle in dimethyl sulfoxide phase with or without gelatin. The weight ratio of HMDI against PCL triol was varied as 3, 5, and 7 in order to evaluate its effect on the mechanical properties and biodegradation rate. A higher ratio of HMDI resulted in higher mechanical properties and a lower biodegradation rate. The use of gelatin increased the mechanical properties, biodegradation rate, and curcumin release due to the surface cross‐linking, nanoporous structure, and surface hydrophilicity of the scaffolds. In vitro study revealed that the released curcumin enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocyte. The 3D‐printed biodegradable PU scaffold modified with gelatin should thus be considered as a potential candidate for cartilage regeneration.