bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European glacial dust deposits: Geochemical constraints on atmospheric dust cycle modeling
Authors: Rousseau Denis‐Didier , Chauvel Catherine , Sima Adriana , Hatté Christine , Lagroix France , Antoine Pierre , Balkanski Yves , Fuchs Markus , Mellett Claire , Kageyama Masa , Ramstein Gilles , Lang Andreas
Published: October 2014

For a long time global paleodust numerical simulations have greatly underestimated dust sources other than modern deserts. Recent modeling experiments incorporating glaciogenic sources of dust have positively improved the agreement between model and paleodust data. This highlights the importance of accurately representing all areas potentially subjected to deflation during an investigated interval. Geochemical results, obtained from European loess sequences collected along a 50°N transect, combined with dust emission simulations reveal the geographical distribution of the most important European dust sources between 34 ka and 18 ka. We demonstrate that most European dust traveled only a few hundred kilometers or less within the boundary layer from its source before deposition. We conclude that our results encourage acquisition of similar geochemical data for other relevant areas in the world. Further, they could provide critical constraints to benchmark atmospheric models, contributing to improve their performance in simulating dust cycle and associated climate feedbacks.
Periodic behavior of soil CO2 emissions in diffuse degassing areas of the Azores archipelago: Application to seismovolcanic monitoring
Authors: Viveiros Fátima , Vandemeulebrouck Jean , Rinaldi Antonio P. , Ferreira Teresa , Silva Catarina , Cruz José V.
Published: October 2014

Time series of soil CO2 efflux recorded in the Azores archipelago volcanic‐hydrothermal areas feature daily and seasonal variations. The recorded CO2 efflux values were lower during summer than in the winter season. The diurnal CO2 efflux values were higher at dawn and lower in the early afternoon, contrary to that observed in biogenic environments. CO2 efflux cycles correlated well with the environmental variables, such as air temperature, wind speed, and barometric pressure, which also showed low‐ and high‐frequency periodicities. Several simulations were performed here using the Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat 2 (TOUGH2) geothermal simulator to complement the study of Rinaldi et al. (2012). The effects of the water table depth, air temperature perturbation amplitude, and soil thermal gradient contributed to an explanation of the contrasts observed in the diurnal (S1) and semidiurnal (S2) soil CO2 efflux peaks for the different monitoring sites and seasons. Filtering techniques (multivariate regression analysis and fast Fourier transform filters) were also applied to the recorded time series to remove effects of external variables on the soil CO2 efflux. The resulting time series (the residuals) correspond to the best approach to the deep‐seated (volcanic/hydrothermal) CO2 emissions and thus should be used in seismovolcanic monitoring programs. Even if no evident correlation can be established yet between the soil CO2 residuals and seismicity over the monitored time, a seismic swarm that occurred around the end of 2008 might have triggered some deviations from the observed daily cycles.
Basal mass budget of Ross and Filchner‐Ronne ice shelves, Antarctica, derived from Lagrangian analysis of ICESat altimetry
Authors: Moholdt Geir , Padman Laurie , Fricker Helen Amanda
Published: October 2014

Traditional methods of deriving temporal variability of Antarctic ice‐shelf elevation from satellite altimetry use a fixed (“Eulerian”) reference frame, where the measured changes include advection of ice thickness gradients between measurement epochs. We present a new method which removes advection effects by using an independent velocity field to compare elevations in a moving (“Lagrangian”) reference frame. Applying the technique to ICESat laser altimetry for the period 2003–2009 over the two largest Antarctic ice shelves, Ross and Filchner‐Ronne, we show that the Lagrangian approach reduces the variability of derived elevation changes by about 50% compared to the Eulerian approach and reveals clearer spatial patterns of elevation change. The method simplifies the process of estimating basal mass budget from the residual of all other processes that contribute to ice‐shelf elevation changes. We use field data and ICESat measurements over ice rises and the grounded ice sheet to account for surface accumulation and changes in firn air content, and remove the effect of ice‐flow divergence using surface velocity and ice thickness data. The results show highest basal melt rates (>5 m a−1) near the deep grounding lines of major ice streams, but smaller melt rates (<5 m a−1) near the ice‐shelf fronts are equally important to total meltwater production since they occur over larger areas. Integrating over the entire ice‐shelf areas, we obtain basal mass budgets of −50 ± 64 Gt a−1 for Ross and −124 ± 66 Gt a−1 for Filchner‐Ronne, with changes in firn air content as the largest error source.
Temporal variability of carbon and nutrient burial, sediment accretion, and mass accumulation over the past century in a carbonate platform mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades
Authors: Breithaupt Joshua L. , Smoak Joseph M. , Smith Thomas J. , Sanders Christian J.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this research was to measure temporal variability in accretion and mass sedimentation rates (including organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP)) from the past century in a mangrove forest on the Shark River in Everglades National Park, USA. The 210Pb Constant Rate of Supply model was applied to six soil cores to calculate annual rates over the most recent 10, 50, and 100 year time spans. Our results show that rates integrated over longer timeframes are lower than those for shorter, recent periods of observation. Additionally, the substantial spatial variability between cores over the 10 year period is diminished over the 100 year record, raising two important implications. First, a multiple‐decade assessment of soil accretion and OC burial provides a more conservative estimate and is likely to be most relevant for forecasting these rates relative to long‐term processes of sea level rise and climate change mitigation. Second, a small number of sampling locations are better able to account for spatial variability over the longer periods than for the shorter periods. The site average 100 year OC burial rate, 123 ± 19 (standard deviation) g m−2 yr−1, is low compared with global mangrove values. High TN and TP burial rates in recent decades may lead to increased soil carbon remineralization, contributing to the low carbon burial rates. Finally, the strong correlation between OC burial and accretion across this site signals the substantial contribution of OC to soil building in addition to the ecosystem service of CO2 sequestration.
Equatorial Pacific coral geochemical records show recent weakening of the Walker Circulation
Authors: Carilli Jessica E. , McGregor Helen V. , Gaudry Jessica J. , Donner Simon D. , Gagan Michael K. , Stevenson Samantha , Wong Henri , Fink David
Published: October 2014

Equatorial Pacific ocean‐atmosphere interactions affect climate globally, and a key component of the coupled system is the Walker Circulation, which is driven by sea surface temperature (SST) gradients across the equatorial Pacific. There is conflicting evidence as to whether the SST gradient and Walker Circulation have strengthened or weakened over the late twentieth century. We present new records of SST and sea surface salinity (SSS) spanning 1959–2010 based on paired measurements of Sr/Ca and δ18O in a massive Porites coral from Butaritari atoll in the Gilbert Islands, Republic of Kiribati, in the central western equatorial Pacific. The records show 2–7 year variability correlated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and corresponding shifts in the extent of the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool, and decadal‐scale signals related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Pacific Warm Pool Index. In addition, the Butaritari coral records reveal a small but significant increase in SST (0.39°C) from 1959 to 2010 with no accompanying change in SSS, a trend that persists even when ENSO variability is removed. In contrast, larger increases in SST and SSS are evident in coral records from the equatorial Pacific Line Islands, located east of Butaritari. Taken together, the equatorial Pacific coral records suggest an overall reduction in the east‐west SST and SSS gradient over the last several decades, and a recent weakening of the Walker Circulation.
I/Ca evidence for upper ocean deoxygenation during the PETM
Authors: Zhou Xiaoli , Thomas Ellen , Rickaby Rosalind E. M. , Winguth Arne M. E. , Lu Zunli
Published: October 2014

Anthropogenic global warming affects marine ecosystems in complex ways, and declining ocean oxygenation is a growing concern. Forecasting the geographical and bathymetric extent, rate, and intensity of future deoxygenation and its effects on oceanic biota, however, remains highly challenging because of the complex feedbacks in the Earth‐ocean biota system. Information on past global warming events such as the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~55.5 Ma), a potential analog for present and future global warming, may help in such forecasting. Documenting past ocean deoxygenation, however, is hampered by the lack of sensitive proxies for past oceanic oxygen levels throughout the water column. As yet no evidence has been presented for pervasive deoxygenation in the upper water column through expansion of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We apply a novel proxy for paleoredox conditions, the iodine to calcium ratio (I/Ca) in bulk coarse fraction sediment and planktonic foraminiferal tests from pelagic sites in different oceans, and compared our reconstruction with modeled oxygen levels. The reconstructed iodate gradients indicate that deoxygenation occurred in the upper water column in the Atlantic, Indian Oceans, and possibly the Pacific Ocean, as well during the PETM, due to vertical and potentially lateral expansion of OMZs.
Amlodipine
Authors: Gao Ruina
Published: October 2014

Amlodipine is a long‐acting calcium channel blocker, which is used as an antihypertensive and in the treatment of angina. In vitro metabolic conversion of amlodipine by rat hepatocytes, and in vivo metabolic conversion of amlodipine in rats, dogs, and humans are shown. The metabolism of amlodipine was conducted in two human volunteers following a single oral and i.v. dose administration. Approximately, 60 and 24% of the administered radioactivity were recovered in urine and feces, respectively. Major metabolic reactions included the aromatization of the dihydropyridine ring, oxidative deamination of the ethylamine, methyl ester hydrolysis, and other secondary metabolites. In human plasma and urine, only metabolites containing the pyridine moiety were present.
Bromhexine
Authors: Liu Jia
Published: October 2014

Bromhexine is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders. A complex metabolic transformation of bromhexine in pig hepatocyte culture was observed and 12 metabolites were identified. An O‐methylation product was observed. Furthermore, glucuronide conjugates were detected for all hydroxylated metabolites. After oral administration, in vivo metabolism of bromhexine in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and humans was studied. After oral administration of [
14
C‐benzyl]‐bromhexine in humans, approximately 88% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine within 96 h. About 5% of the administered radioactivity was recovered from feces. Primary transformation reactions included hydroxylation at the cyclohexane ring, N‐hydroxylation, N‐demethylation and the subsequent hydroxylation of the cyclohexane ring. Dehydration reaction of the N‐hydroxylation product yielded the cyclization product tetrahydroquinazoline and its hydroxylated metabolites. N‐Dealkylation of bromhexine yielded dibromoaminobenzoic acid. Of all the animal species tested, the metabolic profiles between humans and rabbits were most similar, whereas the profiles between humans and rats showed the largest differences.
Cetirizine
Authors: Prakash Chandra
Published: October 2014

Cetirizine is a member of the second‐generation H1 antihistamines clinically used for the treatment of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis. It is marketed as a racemic mixture containing both levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine. Levocetirizine is very poorly metabolized. Unchanged drug accounted for 85.8% of the oral dose. The minor metabolites were due to oxidation (hydroxylation, O‐dealkylation, N‐oxidation, and N‐dealkylation) and conjugation with glucuronic acid, taurine and glutathione.
Domperidone
Authors: Ding Juefang
Published: October 2014

Domperidone is an antidopaminergic drug used to suppress nausea and vomiting, as a prokinetic agent, and for promoting lactation. The in vitro metabolism of domperidone was examined in human liver microsomes. The major metabolic pathways were hydroxylation and N‐dealkylation to generate 5‐hydroxydomperidone, 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐1
H
‐benzimidazole‐1‐propionic acid, and 5‐chloro‐4‐piperidinyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐benzimidazol‐2‐one. Domperidone hydroxylation and N‐dealkylation were mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4. In vivo, domperidone was extensively metabolized in humans and underwent extensive hepatic and gut‐wall first‐pass metabolism upon an oral dose. Less than 8% of the total dose remained unchanged in urine and feces after oral administration.
Moxifloxacin
Authors: Zhou Xin
Published: October 2014

Moxifloxacin is a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent against respiratory tract pathogens, anaerobic bacteria, and atypical respiratory tract pathogens. It is also used to treat bacterial infections of the eyes. The in vivo metabolism of moxifloxacin was studied in 12 healthy male volunteers after oral and intravenous administrations. Two metabolites were identified. The
N
‐sulfate conjugation metabolite was mainly eliminated in feces (approximately 37% of the administered dose) and to a minor extent in urine (3% of the administered dose). The N‐sulfoconjugation was catalyzed by human sulfotransferase 2A1. The acyl glucuronide metabolite was found only in urine, accounted for approximately 14% of the administered dose. The reaction was catalyzed by UGT1A1.
Mianserin
Authors: Lin Lishan
Published: October 2014

Mianserin is a psychoactive drug used in the treatment of depression. The metabolism of [
14
C]‐mianserin in healthy male volunteers following an oral 278‐mg dose administration was investigated. Major metabolic pathways of mianserin were
p
‐oxidation of the
N
‐substituted aromatic ring, followed by conjugation, and oxidation and demethylation of the
N
‐methyl moiety, followed by O‐conjugation. Direct conjugation of the
N
‐methyl moiety was observed as a metabolic pathway specific for humans. A piperazine ring hydroxylation/oxidation metabolite was also observed.
Risperidone
Authors: Meng Jian
Published: October 2014

Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug with serotonin‐5HT
2
and dopamine‐D
2
antagonistic properties. It is used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The metabolism of [
14
C]‐risperidone was studied in healthy male subjects. After a single oral 1‐mg dose, 70% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine and 14% in feces. Unchanged risperidone was mainly excreted in urine and accounted for 4–30% of the administered dose. The active metabolite 9‐hydroxy‐risperidone accounted for 8–32% of the administered dose in urine. Major metabolic reactions of risperidone in humans included hydroxylation, scission of the isoxazole ring, and oxidative dealkylation at the piperidine nitrogen. Secondary metabolites formed by scission of the isoxazole ring of hydroxyl metabolites of risperidone were found in feces.
Peliglitazar
Authors: Xie Cen
Published: October 2014

Peliglitazar is a dual α/γ peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor activator used for the treatment of type II diabetes. The metabolism and disposition of [
14
C]‐labeled peliglitazar were investigated in 10 healthy male subjects with and without bile collection after a single 10‐mgoral dose. Major phase I metabolites were
O
‐demethylpeliglitazar, 5‐methyl‐2‐phenyoxzayl‐4‐acetic acid and
O
‐dealkylpeliglitazar yielded by O‐dealkylation cleavage of peliglitazar, yielded by methyl hydroxylation, 17‐hydroxy peliglitazar yielded by aryl hydroxylation, and 9‐hydroxy peliglitazar yielded by aliphatic hydroxylation. Combination of these metabolic reactions yielded 12‐hydroxy
O
‐demethylpeliglitazar and 9‐hydroxy
O
‐demethylpeliglitazar. Furthermore, an oxazole ring‐opened metabolite was also detected. Glucuronide conjugates of the hydroxyl or carboxylic acid moieties of peliglitazar and its metabolites were significant in plasma, bile, and excreta. Peliglitazar and its acyl glucuronides were the major components in plasma. The major portion of the radioactive dose was recovered in feces.
Propafenone
Authors: Ding Juefang
Published: October 2014

Propafenone is an antiarrhythmic drug to treat illnesses associated with rapid heartbeats such as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The metabolism of propafenone in humans was studied after an oral administration of 300 mg [
2
H]‐propafenone. Propafenone was completely absorbed and extensively metabolized. Major circulating metabolites were 5‐hydroxy‐propafenone and the glucuronide conjugates of propafenone and hydroxylated propafenone. The parent drug accounted for <1% of the dose in urine or feces. The major metabolites in excrement were conjugates of 5‐hydroxypropafenone and hydroxy‐methoxy‐propafenone, and propafenone glucuronide. Metabolites of oxydative deamination pathway were also identified, i.e. a glycol and a lactic acid derivative. C–C splitting yields a relatively large amount of 3‐phenyl‐propionic acid.
Delivering Enhanced Testosterone Replacement Therapy through Nanochannels
Authors: Ferrati Silvia , Nicolov Eugenia , Bansal Shyam , Zabre Erika , Geninatti Thomas , Ziemys Arturas , Hudson Lee , Ferrari Mauro , Goodall Randal , Khera Mohit , Palapattu Ganesh , Grattoni Alessandro
Published: October 2014

Primary or secondary hypogonadism results in a range of signs and symptoms that compromise quality of life and requires life‐long testosterone replacement therapy. In this study, an implantable nanochannel system is investigated as an alternative delivery strategy for the long‐term sustained and constant release of testosterone. In vitro release tests are performed using a dissolution set up, with testosterone and testosterone:2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (TES:HPCD) 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratio complexes release from the implantable nanochannel system and quantify by HPLC. 1:2 TES:HPCD complex stably achieve 10–15 times higher testosterone solubility with 25–30 times higher in vitro release. Bioactivity of delivered testosterone is verified by LNCaP/LUC cell luminescence. In vivo evaluation of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and multiplex assay is performed in castrated Sprague‐Dawley rats over 30 d. Animals are treated with the nanochannel implants or degradable testosterone pellets. The 1:2 TES:HPCD nanochannel implant exhibits sustained and clinically relevant in vivo release kinetics and attains physiologically stable plasma levels of testosterone, LH, and FSH. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that by providing long‐term steady release 1:2 TES:HPCD nanochannel implants may represent a major breakthrough for the treatment of male hypogonadism.
Hydrogen Bonded Multilayer Films Based on Poly(2‐oxazoline)s and Tannic Acid
Authors: Sundaramurthy Anandhakumar , Vergaelen Maarten , Maji Samarendra , Auzély‐Velty Rachel , Zhang Zhiyue , De Geest Bruno G. , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: October 2014

In recent years, the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly based on hydrogen bonding interactions is gaining popularity for the preparation of thin film coatings, especially for biomedical purposes, based on the use of neutral, non‐toxic building blocks. The use of tannic acid (TA) as hydrogen bonding donor is especially interesting as it results in LbL films that are stable under physiological conditions. In this work, investigations on the LbL thin film preparation of TA with poly(2‐oxazoline)s with varying hydrophilicity, namely poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PMeOx), poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOx) and poly(2‐n‐propyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PnPropOx), are reported. The LbL assembly process is investigated by quartz crystal microbalance and UV‐vis spectroscopy revealing linear growth of the film thickness. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrates the LbL assembly of TA, and PMeOx is found to be mostly enthalpy driven while the LbL assembly of TA with PEtOx and PnPropOx is mostly entropy driven. Finally, scanning electron microscopy and ellipsometry demonstrate the formation of smooth thin films for LbL assembly of TA with all three polymers. Such poly(2‐oxazoline) coatings have high potential for use as anti‐biofouling coatings.
Enantioselective Fluorination of β‐Ketoamides Catalyzed by Ar‐BINMOL‐derived SalanCopper Complex
Authors: Zheng Long‐Sheng , Wei Yun‐Long , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Deng Yuan , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: October 2014

A facile and powerful enantioselective construction of CF containing molecules was successfully developed through asymmetric fluorination of β‐ketoamides catalyzed by Ar‐BINMOL‐derived salan–CuII system (Ar‐BINMOL=1,1′‐Binaphthalene‐2‐α‐arylmethanol‐2′‐ol, Cu = copper). The present catalytic system exhibited excellent enantioselectivity and a broad substrate scope for indanone‐derived β‐ketoamides under mild conditions (up to 99 % ee and 99 % yields). Notably, the biomimetic salan‐copper complex was demonstrated for the first time to be a highly efficient catalyst in the fluorination of β‐ketoamides. Experimental results and mechanistic studies indicated that both excess amount of copper salt and electrophilic attack of cationic fluorine to activated methylene assisted by amide group on the β‐ketoamides were key factors for high yield and excellent enantioselectivity, respectively, in this enantioselective fluorination, which was controlled by the two‐point binding between the salan–copper complex with cyclic β‐ketoamides and hydrogen‐bonding activation of the electrophilic fluorinating reagent.

magnified image
Portable system for monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a pilot study
Authors: Tajima Goro , Shiozaki Tadahiko , Izumino Hiroo , Yamano Shuhei , Hirao Tomohito , Inokuma Takamitsu , Yamashita Kazunori , Nagatani Atsuko , Onishi Mitsuo , Hirose Tomoya , Shimazu Takeshi , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Tasaki Osamu
Published: October 2014

Aim

We aimed to create a system for monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) in patients with prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest and clarify the changes in rSO2 during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Methods

We measured rSO2 in cardiopulmonary arrest patients who were transferred by the emergency response vehicle of Nagasaki University Hospital. We developed a portable rSO2 monitor (HAND ai TOS), which is small enough to carry during prehospital treatment. The sensor is attached to the forehead of the patient and monitors rSO2 continuously during treatment and transfer.

Results

No difficulties were experienced in monitoring rSO2 during patient treatment and transfer. Median time (interquartile range) from the emergency medical service call to emergency response vehicle arrival was 15.0 min (11.0–19.5 min). Median rSO2 on emergency response vehicle arrival at the scene was 46.3% (44.0–48.2%) (n = 9; median age, 74.0 years; four men, five women). Median rSO2 showed significant increase within 5 min after return of spontaneous circulation (n = 6, 46.6% versus 58.7%, P < 0.05). There was no significant increase in rSO2 during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation until return of spontaneous circulation was established.

Conclusions

We developed an rSO2 monitoring system for use during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The monitoring system showed a significant increase in rSO2 after return of spontaneous circulation, whereas there was no significant increase in rSO2 during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after intubation but before return of spontaneous circulation.
Construction of lysozyme exfoliated rectorite‐based electrospun nanofibrous membranes for bacterial inhibition
Authors: Zhan Yingfei , Zeng Wen , Jiang Guoxia , Wang Qun , Shi Xiaowen , Zhou Zhehao , Deng Hongbing , Du Yumin
Published: October 2014

Lysozyme (LY) exfoliated rectorite (REC) based electrospun nanofibrous membranes with enhanced bacterial inhibition ability and thermostability were fabricated via electrospinning. All the obtained membranes exhibited better fiber shape and three‐dimensional structure, which could be observed by scanning electron microscopy. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum denoted the existence of LY and REC in the composite membranes. Besides, the FTIR results suggested that there were interactions between REC and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/LY chains. Small angle X‐ray diffraction indicated that REC was exfoliated by PVA and LY chains. In addition, the exfoliation of REC was directly confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. According to Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area test results, PVA/LY/REC membranes had higher surface area than that of PVA/LY membranes. The performance tests showed that both the thermal stability and antibacterial activity of the composite membranes were enhanced after adding REC. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41496.
Fabrication and characterization of nano‐SiC/ thermoplastic polyurethane hybrid heating membranes based on fine silver filaments
Authors: Hao Liu , Xin Wang , Jin Li , Weimin Kang , Bowen Cheng , Lei Hao , Yan Xu
Published: October 2014

A novel method for fabricating flexible and waterproof heating membranes was presented in this study, nano‐SiC/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) hybrid membranes has been successfully prepared by pouring modified nano‐SiC/TPU solution into a mold with 0.05 mm silver filaments. Nano‐SiC particles were modified using silane coupling agent, subsequently, were dispersed evenly in the solvent, average diameter of nano‐SiC particles could reach 180.4 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra showed organo‐functional groups were grafted on surface of nano‐SiC by covalent bond. TPU membrane with 10 wt % nano‐SiC had the highest decomposition temperature, and maximum stress. Thermal conductivity and the surface equilibrium temperature under the same loaded voltage of membranes ascended with increasing of nano‐SiC content. Flexible, waterproof nano‐SiC/TPU heating membranes have wide application prospect in active warming garments and other fields required flexible heating elements. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41498.
Polymer‐ and Silica‐Supported Iron BPMEN‐Inspired Catalysts for CH Bond Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Feng Yan , Moschetta Eric G. , Jones Christopher W.
Published: October 2014

Direct catalytic CH bond functionalization is a key challenge in synthetic chemistry, with many popular CH activation methodologies involving precious‐metal catalysts. In recent years, iron catalysts have emerged as a possible alternative to the more common precious‐metal catalysts, owing to its high abundance, low cost, and low toxicity. However, iron catalysts are plagued by two key factors: the ligand cost and the low turnover numbers (TONs) typically achieved. In this work, two approaches are presented to functionalize the popular N1,N2‐dimethyl‐N1,N2‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine (BPMEN) ligand, so that it can be supported on porous silica or polymer resin supports. Four new catalysts are prepared and evaluated in an array of catalytic CH functionalization reactions by using cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclooctane, adamantane, benzyl alcohol, and cumene with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Catalyst recovery and recycling is demonstrated by using supported catalysts, which allows for a modest increase in the TON achieved with these catalysts.
Diindolo[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrroles as Electron‐Rich, Ladder‐Type Fluorophores: Synthesis and Optical Properties
Authors: Janiga Anita , Krzeszewski Maciej , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: October 2014

Previously unknown ladder‐type heteroacenes were synthesized in just two steps from aromatic amines, 2‐nitrobenzaldehydes, and biacetyl. A recently discovered multicomponent process affording 1,4‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrroles was followed by the Cadogan reaction, which resulted in simultaneous closure of two additional pyrrole rings. Rod‐like compounds synthesized in this way were stable in the absence of light, and they were transformed into bis(tert‐butoxycarbonyl) derivatives. The rigid herringbone‐like structure resulted in a strong absorption in theλ=350–410 nm region and very strong violet and blue emission, which was bathochromically shifted relative to the emission of the parent 1,4‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrroles. The optical properties of these compounds strongly suggest that the conjugation spanned the entire π system. The HOMO energy level was located at −4.6 to −5.1 eV.
Enantioselective Radical Alkynylation of C(sp3)‐H Bonds Using Sulfoximine as a Traceless Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Nagatomo Masanori , Yoshioka Shun , Inoue Masayuki
Published: October 2014

Enantioselective alkynylation of C(sp3)H bonds adjacent to a nitrogen atom has been achieved using only chiral p‐tolyl tert‐butyldimethylsilylethynyl sulfoximine and benzophenone under photo‐irradiation conditions. A two‐carbon alkyne unit was chemo‐ and enantioselectively transferred at the nitrogen‐substituted methylene to produce the optically active propargylic amines of various structures. Remarkably, the NH‐unprotected sulfoximine group efficiently transmits its stereochemical information to the product and functions as a traceless chiral auxiliary.
A method for measuring accurate traffic density by aerial photography
Authors: Park Bum‐Jin , Kim Taehyeong , Yang Inchul , Heo Jinnyung , Son Bongsoo
Published: October 2014

Traffic density can be accurately measured by counting the number of vehicles within 1 km; however, it is often calculated between macroscopic traffic parameters using the fundamental equation because of difficulty of observing traffic density directly in the field. Measuring density in this way may be inaccurate and may bias the analysis because the relationship between these traffic parameters can vary across the study sites. The purpose of this study is to find a method for measuring traffic density from aerial photography that is easy and accurate, and for this purpose, we investigated whether the measuring length (i.e., the length of a section of roadway from which observations of traffic are simultaneously collected) can be shorter than 1 km and yet retain the same measured traffic density. We divided an aerial photograph into several 20‐m unit sections, counted the number of vehicles manually, and examined measured traffic density according to central limit theory. According to the results of this study, with the number of 20‐m unit sections for observing traffic density at 15 (the measuring length is 300 m), the measured traffic density was almost the same as the density of a representative section of 1 km. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A methodology for choosing between fixed‐route and flex‐route policies for transit services
Authors: Qiu Feng , Li Wenquan , Haghani Ali
Published: October 2014

Flex‐route transit brings together the low cost operability of fixed‐route transit with the flexibility of demand responsive transit, and in recent years, it has become the most popular type of flexible transit service. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to help planners make better decisions regarding the choice between a conventional fixed‐route and a flex‐route policy for a specific transit system with a varying passenger demand. A service quality function is developed to measure the performance of transit systems, and analytical modeling and simulations are used to reproduce transit operation under the two policies. To be closer to reality, two criteria are proposed depending on the processing of rejected requests in the assessment of the service quality function for flex‐route services. In various scenarios, critical demand densities, which represent the switching points between the two competing policies, are derived in a real‐world transit service according to the two criteria. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deutscher Brückenbaupreis 2014 und 24. Dresdner Brückenbausymposium
Authors: Stritzke Jürgen
Published: October 2014

Am 10. März d. J. wurde der Deutsche Brückenbaupreis 2014 im Rahmen eines Festaktes vor über 1300 Gästen verliehen. Bereits zum fünften Mal konnte dieser bedeutende Ingenieurpreis Deutschlands in ununterbrochener Folge seit 2006 im Auditorium der Technischen Universität Dresden vergeben werden. Ausgezeichnet werden ganzheitlich gelungene Brückenbauwerke in den Kategorien “Straßen‐ und Eisenbahnbrücken” und “Fuß‐ und Radwegbrücken”, die gleichzeitig auch Beiträge zur Baukultur sind. Die Ingenieure, deren kreative Leistung maßgeblich zum Entstehen des ausgezeichneten Brückenbauwerkes geführt hat, erhalten die Preisskulptur. Der alle zwei Jahre ausgelobte Ingenieurpreis der Königsdisziplin des Ingenieurbaus steht unter der Schirmherrschaft des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur. Hauptsponsor ist die Deutsche Bahn AG. In diesem Jahr wurde der Wettbewerb u. a. auch vom Ministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit gefördert.

Again two significant events in the field of bridge construction in Germany: German Bridge Construction Award 2014 and the 24th Dresden Bridge Construction Symposium

On March 10, the German Bridge Construction Award 2014 was presented during a ceremony in front of over 1300 guests. For the 5th time this has significant engineering prize of Germany in unbroken succession since 2006 in the Auditorium of the Technical University of Dresden will be awarded. Awarded be holistically successful bridge structures in the categories “Road and rail bridges” and “Bicycle and pedestrian bridges”, which are also contributing to building culture simultaneously. The engineers whose creative power was instrumental to the emergence of excellent bridge building, get the price sculpture. The units awarded every 2 years engineering prize of supreme discipline of civil engineering is under the patronage of the Federal Ministry of Transport and digital Infrastructure. The main sponsor is the German Railway AG. This year, the competition was supported among others by the Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety building.
Mischungszusammensetzung nachhaltigkeits‐optimierter Konstruktionsbetone auf Basis internationaler Regelwerke
Authors: Proske Tilo , Rezvani Moien , Hainer Stefan , Graubner Carl‐Alexander
Published: October 2014

Durch die Verringerung des Gehaltes an Portlandzementklinker im Beton werden dessen bilanzierte Umweltwirkungen deutlich reduziert. Um Potenziale und Grenzen des Mischungsentwurfs für umweltfreundliche Betone aufzeigen zu können, erfolgt im vorliegenden Beitrag zunächst eine Analyse der nationalen und internationalen Regelungen zu Grenzwerten der Betonzusammensetzung. Einbezogen werden sowohl die Regelungen in EN 206‐1 und länderspezifische Angaben als auch die normativen Vorgaben in China und den USA.

Für die betrachteten Regelwerke werden charakteristische Beispielrezepturen mit möglichst geringem Zementgehalt entworfen und hinsichtlich ihrer Umweltwirkung bewertet. Abschließend wird ein Vorschlag für eine mögliche Modifikation oder Erweiterung von DIN 1045‐2 unterbreitet. Dieser soll die Basis für die Entwicklung neuartiger umweltfreundlicher Zemente und den effizienteren Einsatz von Zement bilden.

Mix design for sustainable concrete based on international codes

Environmental impact of cement can be significantly decreased by reducing the content of Portland cement clinker in cement and concrete. This paper deals with an analysis on limits and requirements of international codes including EN 206‐1 and the national annexes as well as the regulations in China and USA. The potentials for development of environmentally friendly concretes in parallel with the normative and technical limits of the concrete mix design will be discussed.

For this purpose, characteristic concrete mixtures with the lowest possible cement contents were calculated and consequently evaluated based on their corresponding environmental impacts. Finally, a proposal for the modification on current regulations in DIN 1045‐2 is presented. This modification shall support the development and use of environmentally friendly cements with a low content of Portland cement clinker and the more efficient use of cement in the concrete.
Leicht Bauen mit Beton: Balkonplatten mit Carbonbewehrung
Authors: Frenzel Michael , Lieboldt Matthias , Curbach Manfred
Published: October 2014

Die Eignung von Carbonbeton für leichte und schlanke Balkonbodenplatten wurde im Rahmen einer durch die Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen “Otto von Guericke” e.V. (AiF) geförderten Kooperation zwischen der Industrie und der TU Dresden untersucht. Die Balkonplatte hat eine Grundfläche von 3,75 m × 1,75 m und besteht aus einem im Mittel nur etwa 7 cm starken carbonbewehrten Plattenspiegel mit einem umlaufenden stahlbewehrten Obergurt. Dadurch ist die Platte um etwa 50 % leichter als herkömmliche Ausführungen, wobei die Nachweise der Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Tragfähigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit erbracht werden. Während des Projektes wurden Berechnungsverfahren zur Bestimmung der Tragfähigkeit und der Verformungen erarbeitet und ihre Eignung mithilfe von Traglastversuchen bestätigt. Die entwickelte carbonbewehrte Balkonplatte einschließlich Ständerkonstruktion befindet sich derzeit zur Langzeituntersuchung und Besichtigung auf dem Gelände der Metallbau Guke GmbH in Seerhausen, Sachsen.

Concrete light: Balcony slabs with carbon reinforcement

The applicability of carbon concrete for lightweight and slender balcony slabs has been researched in the framework of an cooperation of enterprises and the TU Dresden funded by the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations. The balcony slab has a base of 3.75 m × 1.75 m consisting of a carbon reinforced slab with an average depth of 7 cm and a surrounding steel reinforced top chord. As a result, the slab is approximately 50 % less heavy than ordinary designs. The requirements for the serviceability, ultimate and durability limit state have been met. In the course of the project, calculation models to determine the load‐bearing capacity and deformations were developed and their applicability was confirmed by load tests. The developed carbon reinforced balcony slab with a post‐and‐beam‐structure is currently located on the property of Metallbau Guke GmbH in Seerhausen, Saxony for long‐term experiments and viewing.
EFFECTS OF VIDEO MODELING ON TEACHING BIDS FOR JOINT ATTENTION TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Rudy Nikki A. , Betz Alison M. , Malone Evadne , Henry Justine E. , Chong Ivy M.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of video modeling to teach children with autism to initiate bids for joint attention. The video model consisted of a child demonstrating three components of a bid for joint attention with an adult conversational partner: orienting toward the object, emitting a vocal statement, and eye gaze shift toward unique objects in the environment. Results indicated that video modeling alone was effective in teaching all components of joint attention for two of the three children, whereas video modeling plus in vivo prompting was effective for the third participant. Further, bids for joint attention did not generalize across novel items for any of the participants. Results are discussed in terms of the social relevance and validity of the use of video modeling to teach a complex social behavior such as bids for joint attention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exponential quadruplex priming amplification for DNA‐based isothermal diagnostics
Authors: Partskhaladze Tamar , Taylor Adam , Lomidze Levan , Gvarjaladze David , Kankia Besik
Published: October 2014

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method of choice for molecular diagnostics. However, PCR relies on thermal cycling, which is not compatible with the goals of point‐of‐care diagnostics. A simple strategy to turn PCR into an isothermal method would be to use specific primers, which upon polymerase elongation can self‐dissociate from the primer‐binding sites. We recently demonstrated that a monomolecular DNA quadruplex, GGGTGGGTGGGTGGG, meets these requirements, which led to the development of the linear versions of quadruplex priming amplification (QPA). Here we demonstrate exponential version of isothermal QPA, which allows an unprecedented 1010‐fold amplification of DNA signal in less than 40 min. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 88–95, 2015.
Review for the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate
Authors: Santos Bruno A. V. , Silva Viviana M. T. M. , Loureiro José M. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: October 2014

This review summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art for direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from carbon dioxide and methanol. In addition, conventional and alternative processes are also discussed in order to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the direct synthesis of DMC. Furthermore, the major applications of DMC are described: solvent, fuels additive, and building block for organic synthesis. The major drawbacks of the direct synthesis of DMC are the low yield and reaction rate, mostly induced by the highly stable carbon dioxide molecules. The development of novel catalyst and strategies to enhance the DMC yield – such as dehydrating agents that remove the water from the reacting mixture – are pointed out as the key solution for this route. Therefore, the main catalysts (homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts) used so far are presented, together with the respective operating conditions and catalyst performance. The use of different dehydrating agents to increase the DMC yield is also discussed.
Pneumocandin Biosynthesis: Involvement of a trans‐Selective Proline Hydroxylase
Authors: Houwaart Stefanie , Youssar Loubna , Hüttel Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

Echinocandins are cyclic nonribosomal hexapeptides based mostly on nonproteinogenic amino acids and displaying strong antifungal activity. Despite previous studies on their biosynthesis by fungi, the origin of three amino acids, trans‐4‐ and trans‐3‐hydroxyproline, as well as trans‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐methylproline, is still unknown. Here we describe the identification, overexpression, and characterization of GloF, the first eukaryotic α‐ketoglutarate/FeII‐dependent proline hydroxylase from the pneumocandin biosynthesis cluster of the fungus Glarea lozoyensis ATCC 74030. In in vitro transformations with L‐proline, GloF generates trans‐4‐ and trans‐3‐hydroxyproline simultaneously in a ratio of 8:1; the latter reaction was previously unknown for proline hydroxylase catalysis. trans‐4‐Methyl‐L‐proline is converted into the corresponding trans‐3‐hydroxyproline. All three hydroxyprolines required for the biosynthesis of the echinocandins pneumocandins A0 and B0 in G. lozoyensis are thus provided by GloF. Sequence analyses revealed that GloF is not related to bacterial proline hydroxylases, and none of the putative proteins with high sequence similarity in the databases has been characterized so far.
Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamal Alcohol over Platinum/Graphene Catalysts
Authors: Ji Xiwang , Niu Xiaoyu , Li Bo , Han Qing , Yuan Fulong , Zaera Francisco , Zhu Yujun , Fu Honggang
Published: October 2014

Catalysts made of Pt nanoparticles dispersed on graphene (X wt %Pt/G, X=2.0, 3.5, and 5.0) were prepared and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area measurements, TEM, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a 3.5 wt % Pt supported on Vulcan Carbon catalyst (3.5 wt %Pt/VC) was included as a reference. Although the mean Pt nanoparticle size is approximately 4.4 nm for all X wt %Pt/G and 3.5 wt %Pt/VC catalysts, cinnamal alcohol was produced with high selectivity only with the graphene‐supported catalysts: 92 % conversion and 88 % selectivity toward cinnamal alcohol were obtained with 3.5 wt %Pt/G. This catalyst also showed good stability in recycling tests. The good selectivity observed with the graphene‐based catalysts is attributed to the higher fraction of reduced surface Pt0 atoms seen on the surface of the Pt nanoparticles (determined by XPS). This interpretation is consistent with DFT calculations. Additional π–π interactions between cinnamaldehyde and graphene may also play a role in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde.
Kinetics of Heterogeneous Biodiesel Synthesis Using Supported ZnO as Catalyst
Authors: Lukić Ivana , Kesić Željka , Skala Dejan
Published: October 2014

A heterogeneous catalyst, ZnO supported on alumina/silica, was synthesized by the sol‐gel method. The prepared catalysts were employed for methanolysis of sunflower oil. Effects of various supports as well as calcination temperature were evaluated following the kinetics of the reaction. Simple first‐order irreversible and reversible reaction models were applied to determine the reaction rate constant. The results proved that under optimized conditions the catalyst exhibited good activity in the methanolysis of sunflower oil and the kinetics of the methanolysis process could be expressed by the first‐order reversible reaction model. For other catalysts with lower activity, the first‐order irreversible reaction model could be successfully applied to describe well the process kinetics.
Paving the Way towards Highly Stable and Practical Electrolytes for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Tutusaus Oscar , Mohtadi Rana
Published: October 2014

Despite being considered a promising anode candidate for future battery technologies, the reactivity of Mg metal and its resultant passivation have challenged the development of electrolytes for rechargeable Mg batteries. In this Concept article, we shed light on critical past and current motivations, hurdles, and design strategies of electrolyte development for Mg batteries. Special focus is given to the most recent advancements; in particular, we elaborate on bottom‐up design strategies targeted to overcome the corrosion issue caused by current electrolyte systems. Salts containing the BH motif expanded the portfolio of Mg‐compatible electrolytes and are used as a platform to create a whole new promising family. Here, we explain the approach, challenges, and the path forward for ultimately creating Mg‐compatible, highly stable, and non‐corrosive Mg electrolytes.