bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage and degradation rates of extracellular DNA in marine sediments: implications for the preservation of gene sequences
Authors: CORINALDESI C. , BEOLCHINI F. , DELL’ANNO A.
Published: July 2008

The extracellular DNA pool in marine sediments is the largest reservoir of DNA of the world oceans and it potentially represents an archive of genetic information and gene sequences involved in natural transformation processes. However, no information is at present available for the gene sequences contained in the extracellular DNA and for the factors that influence their preservation. In the present study, we investigated the depurination and degradation rates of extracellular DNA in a variety of marine sediment samples characterized by different ages (up to 10 000 years) and environmental conditions according to the presence, abundance and diversity of prokaryotic gene sequences. We provide evidence that depurination of extracellular DNA in these sediments depends upon the different environmental factors that act synergistically and proceeds at much slower rates than those theoretically predicted or estimated for terrestrial ecosystems. These findings suggest that depurination in marine sediments is not the main process that limits extracellular DNA survival. Conversely, DNase activities were high suggesting a more relevant role of biologically driven processes. Amplifiable prokaryotic 16S rDNA sequences were present in most benthic systems analysed, independent of depurination and degradation rates and of the ages of the sediment samples. Additional molecular analyses revealed that the extracellular DNA pool is characterized by relatively low‐copy numbers of prokaryotic 16S rDNA sequences that are highly diversified. Overall, our results suggest that the extracellular DNA pool in marine sediments represents a repository of genetic information, which can be used for improving our understanding of the biodiversity, functioning and evolution of ecosystems over different timescales.
Comparison of essential and non‐essential element distribution in leaves of the Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi praecox as revealed by micro‐PIXE
Authors: VOGEL‐MIKUŠ KATARINA , SIMČIČ JURE , PELICON PRIMOŽ , BUDNAR MILOŠ , KUMP PETER , NEČEMER MARIJAN , MESJASZ‐PRZYBYŁOWICZ JOLANTA , PRZYBYŁOWICZ WOJCIECH J. , REGVAR MARJANA
Published: July 2008

A detailed localization of elements in leaf tissues of the field‐collected Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi praecox (Brassicaceae) growing at a highly metal‐polluted site was determined by micro‐proton‐induced X‐ray emission (micro‐PIXE) in order to reveal and compare nutrient and non‐essential element accumulation patterns in the case of multiple metal accumulation within particular leaf tissues, including the detailed distribution between apoplast and symplast regions. On the larger scans, the highest concentrations of metals were observed in the epidermis, S and Ca in the palisade mesophyll, Cl in the spongy mesophyll and vascular bundles, and P and K in the vascular bundles. On the more detailed scans, the highest Cd, Pb, Cl and K concentrations were observed in vascular bundle collenchyma. The relative element distribution (%) was calculated based on concentrations of elements in particular leaf tissues and their relative weight portions, indicating that most of the accumulated Zn was located in epidermises, while the majority of Cd and Pb was distributed within the mesophyll. Detailed scans of epidermal/mesophyll tissues revealed that Zn was mainly accumulated and detoxified in the symplast of large vacuolated epidermal cells, Cd in the mesophyll symplast, and Pb in the mesophyll symplast and apoplast.
Enhanced resistance to common scab of potato through somatic cell selection in cv. Iwa with the phytotoxin thaxtomin A
Authors: Wilson C. R. , Luckman G. A. , Tegg R. S. , Yuan Z. Q. , Wilson A. J. , Eyles A. , Conner A. J.
Published: July 2008

A somatic cell selection approach, developed using thaxtomin A as a positive selection agent, recovered 113 potato cell colonies of cv. Iwa from which 39 regenerated plants within a single subculture period. In glasshouse pathogenicity trials, 13 of these regenerated variants exhibited significantly greater resistance to common scab disease than the unselected parent cultivar, both in mean tuber surface coverage with lesions and the proportion of disease free tubers. The best variant had on average an 85–86% lower disease score (or 91–92% less estimated tuber surface cover) than the unselected parent cultivar. The disease‐resistant variants varied in their response to thaxtomin A in detached leaflet and tuber slice bioassays. This suggested that the cell selection procedure and thaxtomin A screening had limited success in selecting for toxin tolerance, and that thaxtomin A tolerance was not necessarily the driving factor for induction of disease resistance observed. Variation in relative necrosis scores between leaflet and tuber assays for individual variants possibly suggests differential expression of thaxtomin A tolerance in the different tissues. Yield estimates from the glasshouse grown potatoes showed the majority of disease‐resistant variants had tuber yields equivalent to the unselected parent cultivar. This suggests that selection for disease resistance was not associated with negative tuber yield attributes and that these variants may have commercial merit and are worthy of further agronomic testing.
Characterization of QoI resistance in Botrytis cinerea and identification of two types of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene
Authors: Banno S. , Yamashita K. , Fukumori F. , Okada K. , Uekusa H. , Takagaki M. , Kimura M. , Fujimura M.
Published: July 2008

Botrytis cinerea field isolates collected in Japan were screened for resistance to Qo inhibitor fungicides (QoIs). Of the 198 isolates screened, six grew well on a medium containing azoxystrobin, a QoI, when salicylhydroxamic acid, an alternative oxidase inhibitor, was present. The resistance mutation in the cytochrome b gene (cytb) was characterized. All QoI‐resistant isolates had the same mutation (GGT to GCT) in cytb that led to the substitution of glycine by alanine at position 143 of cytochrome b, which is known to confer QoI resistance in plant pathogens. To detect this mutation, a hybridization probe assay based on real‐time PCR amplification and melting curve analysis was developed. Using DNA samples prepared from aubergines coinfected with QoI‐resistant and QoI‐sensitive B. cinerea isolates, two similar peak profiles with their corresponding melting temperatures were obtained. This result suggests that QoI‐resistant and QoI‐sensitive isolates may compete equally in terms of pathogenicity, and the assay may be used to assess the population ratio of mutant and wild‐type isolates. However, the hybridization probe did not anneal to PCR products derived from the DNA samples of some QoI‐sensitive isolates. Structural analysis of cytb revealed that B. cinerea field isolates could be classified into two groups: one with three introns and the other with an additional intron (Bcbi‐143/144 intron) inserted between the 143rd and 144th codons. All 88 isolates possessing the Bcbi‐143/144 intron were azoxystrobin‐sensitive, suggesting that the QoI‐resistant mutation at codon 143 in cytb prevents self‐splicing of the Bcbi‐143/144 intron, as proposed in some other plant pathogens.
Inheritance of resistance to angular leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans) in cucumber and identification of molecular markers linked to resistance
Authors: Olczak‐Woltman H. , Bartoszewski G. , Mądry W. , Niemirowicz‐Szczytt K.
Published: July 2008

Angular leaf spot is a common disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Genetics of resistance to this disease was investigated using two sets of parameters: (i) disease severity, i.e. the number and size of necrotic and chlorotic lesions on the infected leaves, and (ii) presence or absence of a chlorotic halo around the necrotic spots on the infected leaves. Disease severity appears to be controlled by multiple genes and the heritability of the resistance was estimated to be 53%. The presence or absence of the chlorotic halo was determined to be governed by a single gene, with the presence of the halo (the susceptible phenotype) being a dominant character. A RAPD marker linked to the gene conferring the chlorotic halo was identified. Genetic distance between this marker, OP‐AO07, a polymorphic 420 bp amplicon in the DNA of the susceptible plants, and the locus encoding the chlorotic halo was estimated to be 13 cM.
Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome
Authors: Parveen Bashir ahamed , Sindhuja Ramasamy
Published: July 2008

Rabson mendenhall syndrome is a rare autosomally recessive inherited insulin resistant disorder. This is characterized by growth retardation, dysmorphisms, lack of subcutaneous fat, acanthosis nigricans, enlarged genitalia hypertrichosis, premature and dysplastic dentition, coarse facial features, paradoxical fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia, extreme hyperinsulinemia, protracted course, and eventual development of ketoacidosis.

We report a male patient with all the features of Rabson‐Mendenhall syndrome from our institute.
Onset and duration of action of topical antihistamine: a study of histamine skin test response
Authors: Suswardana, MD  , Danarti Retno , Rosmelia, MD  , Waskito Fajar , Indrastuti Niken
Published: July 2008

Background  Most patients who require skin prick testing cannot deal with their pruritus without taking antihistamines (AH). Orally administered AH has a quick onset of action, but it will suppress skin test responses (STR) from several days to weeks. In this study, we aimed to determine the onset and duration of action of single topical AH application by observing histamine‐STR suppression over time.

Methods  A two‐step, randomized, intraindividual parallel‐comparative, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted on the volar side of the forearm. Step 1 was aimed to determine the onset, while step 2 determined the duration of action. The topical AH tested was a single application of 5% doxepin hydrochloride cream, while 10 mg/ml histamine dihydrochloride was used to test the skin responses.

Results  Our 10 subjects’ mean age was 35.8 ± 3.179 years. Histamine wheal response was suppressed starting on minute 90 and the wheal width were back to ≥ 7 mm2 on minute 270. Significant histamine reactivity difference between genders (P = 0.201) and atopic status (P = 1.000), which could be a source of bias in histamine STR, was not found among our subjects.

Conclusion  Single application of topical AH has an onset of action in 90 min and duration of action < 180 min. Because of its short duration of action, topical AH can be used in a patient who needs AH but is scheduled to undergo skin prick testing after a few hours, without influencing the patient's STR.
Serum levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐12 and the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 in patients with psoriasis treated by the Goeckerman regimen
Authors: Borska Lenka , Andrys Ctirad , Krejsek Jan , Hamakova Kvetoslava , Kremlacek Jan , Ettler Karel , Fiala Zdenek
Published: July 2008

Background  The Goeckerman regimen (GR) involves the dermal application of a crude coal tar (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PAH) and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Both PAH and UV radiation exhibit immunosuppressive activity. This study describes the changes in the serum levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 in patients with psoriasis (n = 55) treated with GR.

Methods  The serum levels of IL‐12 and IL‐10 were compared before and after GR. In addition, the IL‐12 and IL‐10 levels in psoriatic patients were compared with those in a control group of healthy blood donors (n = 47). The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was used to evaluate the efficacy of GR.

Results  When compared with the control group, both IL‐12 and IL‐10 were significantly higher in psoriatic patients in all cases (P < 0.001). When compared before and after GR, the IL‐12 and IL‐10 levels (P < 0.01) and PASI value (P < 0.001) were significantly lower after GR. The decrease in the serum level of IL‐12 and IL‐10 after GR was related to the entry value before GR (IL‐12, r = 0.60, P < 0.001; IL‐10, r = 0.36, P < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between the IL‐10 level before GR and the PASI value after GR (r = –0.39; P < 0.01).

Conclusions  The results indicate a strong pro‐inflammatory effect of IL‐12 in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis, and confirm the immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory effect of GR. IL‐10 seems to be a promising individual marker for a positive effect of GR therapy.
Dermoscopic findings in frontal fibrosing alopecia: report of four cases
Authors: Inui Shigeki , Nakajima Takeshi , Shono Fumie , Itami Satoshi
Published: July 2008

Background  Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is characterized by frontotemporal hair recession and eyebrow loss and by a histopathology identical to lichen planopilaris. Differential diagnosis from other types of alopecia, including alopecia areata (AA), is necessary in some cases.

Objective  To describe dermoscopic findings of FFA and to investigate the possibility of utilizing dermoscopy as a diagnostic tool for FFA.

Methods  Four cases of FFA diagnosed by clinical and/or histological findings were examined by dermoscopy.

Results  The loss of orifices, perifollicular erythema or scale was seen in all the four cases (4/4), in three cases (3/4) or in two cases (2/4), respectively. None of the cases showed yellow dots characteristic of AA. Immunohistochemistry showed T lymphocyte infiltration into the infundibulum and isthmus.

Conclusion  Dermoscopy is a helpful diagnostic tool for FFA especially to distinguish it from AA.
Ceramide 1 and ceramide 3 act synergistically on skin hydration and the transepidermal water loss of sodium lauryl sulfate‐irritated skin
Authors: Huang Huey‐Chun , Chang Tsong‐Min
Published: July 2008

Background  Stratum corneum intercellular lipids, such as ceramides, play an important role in the regulation of skin water barrier homeostasis and water‐holding capacity.

Aim  To evaluate the potential water retention capacity of control emulsion and three oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsions containing ceramide 1, ceramide 3, or both.

Methods  Fifteen healthy Asian women (age, 20–30 years) with healthy skin, pretreated with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), applied the tested emulsions twice daily over a period of 28 days. Skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values were measured on the indicated days with a Corneometer®825 and a TEWAMETER TM210, respectively.

Results  The maximum increase in skin humidity was reached after 4 weeks, with values of 21.9 ± 1.8% and 8.9 ± 0.9% for emulsion C and control emulsion, respectively. The maximum decrease in TEWL was also reached after 4 weeks, with values of 36.7 ± 4.7% and 5.1 ± 0.8% for the same emulsions.

Conclusions  It can be concluded that all the tested ceramide‐containing emulsions improved skin barrier function when compared with untreated skin. There was some indication that ceramides 1 and 3 contained in emulsion C might exert a beneficial synergistic effect on skin biochemical properties, such as skin hydration and TEWL, and play a key role in the protection mechanism against SLS irritation.
Xanthelasma palpebrarum and its relation to atherosclerotic risk factors and lipoprotein (a)
Authors: Özdöl Sevil , Şahin Sedef , Tokgözoğlu Lale
Published: July 2008

Objectives  To investigate the association between xanthelasma, atherosclerotic risk factors, and lipoprotein (Lp) (a), and to determine whether xanthelasma may be a cutaneous marker for atherosclerosis.

Methods  One hundred consecutive patients with xanthelasma and 100 age‐ and sex‐matched patients without xanthelasma, seen during the same time period (controls), were included in this study. The prevalence of cardiac risk factors, the rates of atherosclerotic disease, Framingham risk scores, and Lp (a) levels were compared between the patient groups.

Results  Hyperlipidemia was found to be significantly more common in patients with xanthelasma (P = 0.001); however, the rate of clinically overt cardiovascular disease and future cardiovascular risk, assessed by the Framingham risk score, were similar between the groups. No significant difference was observed in serum Lp (a) levels between the groups.

Conclusions  In patients with xanthelasma, no increase was observed in the rate or risk of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, no relationship was found between Lp (a) levels and xanthelasma.
The diagnosis of two cases of cutaneous ulcer caused by infection with Mycobacterium haemophilum: direct identification in a clinical sample by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction endonuclease analysis
Authors: Da Mata Omaira , Pérez Alfonzo Ricardo , Natera Ivelisse , Del Carmen Sucre Rosibel , Bello Teresita , De Waard Jacobus H.
Published: July 2008

Background  Mycobacterium haemophilum was first recovered from subcutaneous lesions of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Because of its special growth requirements (it grows at 30–32 °C and requires iron‐supplemented medium), the organism cannot be isolated using routine culture techniques for other mycobacteria. Only a few developed countries have reported infection with this mycobacterium. We report the first two cases diagnosed in Venezuela.

Methods  The diagnosis of the first case was established using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐restriction endonuclease analysis of the gene encoding the 65‐kDa heat shock protein (hsp65) for the direct identification of M. haemophilum in a clinical specimen in which bacilli were observed on acid‐fast smear, but growth was not detected by standard culture procedures.

Results  After recognizing this bacterium as a possible cause of infection in our setting, clinical samples of cutaneous lesions were routinely cultured on blood agar at 30 °C for at least 6 weeks, which resulted in the diagnosis of the second case.

Conclusions  Dermatologists should consider this bacterium in immunocompromised patients with cutaneous ulcerating lesions. Material from the lesions can be screened for mycobacteria using an acid‐fast stain and, if acid‐fast bacilli are seen, PCR analysis of mycobacterial hsp65 can be an effective tool for early diagnosis. Appropriate culture methods are required for bacteriologic confirmation of infection with M. haemophilum.
Existence of an immunoglobulin G component of naturally occurring HLA class I antibodies that are not directed against self‐antigens in human serum
Authors: Zhou B. , Saito S. , Nakazawa Y. , Kobayashi N. , Matsuda M. , Matsumoto Y. , Hosoyama T. , Koike K.
Published: July 2008

We compared the frequency of immunoglobulin G (IgG) type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antibodies between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls using a highly sensitive FlowPRA method. Sixteen of 130 normal healthy males and 2 of 10 normal females without a history of pregnancy (none had ever been transfused) possessed HLA class I antibodies. In SLE, male, but not female patients, showed a significant increase in the frequency of the antibodies compared with the corresponding controls. The antibodies did not appear to be involved in the development of SLE because of no substantial relationship to the incidence of cytopenia or SLE disease activity index score. Each individual had 1–31 types of HLA class I antibodies. Interestingly, HLA class I antibodies did not correspond to the individual’s own HLA antigens. Eight of 32 types of HLA class I antigens detected were rare in the Japanese population. These results suggest that an IgG component of naturally occurring HLA class I antibodies exists in human serum and that these antibodies are not antibodies against self‐antigens.
The T244I variant of the interleukin‐7 receptor‐alpha gene and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Alcina A. , Fedetz M. , Ndagire D. , Fernández O. , Leyva L. , Guerrero M. , Arnal C. , Delgado C. , Matesanz F.
Published: July 2008

Several but not all studies have provided evidence for the association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and the T244I variant of the interleukin‐7 receptor‐alpha gene (IL7RA), rs6897932. We performed a new replication case–control study in 599 MS patients and 594 healthy controls, all Caucasians from the south of Spain. The genotype and allele frequencies differed between MS cases and controls. The IL7RA rs6897932 C allele and the CC genotype were found to be factors for disease susceptibility [per allele odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.1–1.6, P = 0.0031; per CC genotype vs TT + TC genotypes, OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.18–1.87, P = 0.0007]. The combined data analysis included 3324 cases and 5032 controls of Europeans and Americans of European origin resulting in stronger association with similar OR (P = 1.9 × 10E−9). These findings in our sample support previous reported association studies between IL7RA rs6897932 and MS.
A novel HLA‐B*40 allele, B*4086, was identified by sequence‐based typing in a Chinese donor
Authors: Zhu C. , Zhang Y. , Nie X. , He W. , Fang Y. , Liu Y.
Published: July 2008

We report the identification of a novel HLA‐B*40 allele, B*4086, which was detected during our routine sequence‐specific oligonucleotide (SSO) HLA typing of a sample from a bone marrow donor and confirmed with sequence‐based typing. The name HLA‐B*4086 was officially assigned by the WHO Nomenclature Committee in February 2008.
Evaluation of the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex of the greyhound with the genomic matching technique and sequence‐based typing
Authors: Fliegner R. A. , Holloway S. A. , Lester S. , McLure C. A. , Dawkins R. L.
Published: July 2008

The class II region of the major histocompatibility complex was evaluated in 25 greyhounds by sequence‐based typing and the genomic matching technique (GMT). Two new DLA‐DRB1 alleles were identified. Twenty‐four dogs carried the DLA‐DRB1*01201/DQA1*00401/DQB1*01303/DQB1*01701 haplotype, which carries two DQB1 alleles. One haplotype was identified from which DQB1 and DQA1 appeared to be deleted. The GMT enabled detection of DQB1 copy number, discrimination of the different class II haplotypes and the identification of new, possibly biologically relevant polymorphisms.
Characterization and sequence analysis of the novel HLA‐Cw*040105 allele in a Chinese Uygur individual
Authors: Deng Z.‐H. , Yang B.‐C. , Zhou H.‐Y. , Wang D.‐M. , Chen S.‐W. , Xu A.‐L.
Published: July 2008

A novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele, HLA‐Cw*040105, was identified in a Chinese Uygur individual. It differs from the closest allele Cw*04010101 by four nucleotides at position nt 60 (C>T) in exon 1, genomic nt 477 (A>T) in intron 2, nt 835(T>C), and nt 850 (C>T) in exon 3.
Expression and regulation of non‐classical HLA‐G in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Dunker K. , Schlaf G. , Bukur J. , Altermann W. W. , Handke D. , Seliger B.
Published: July 2008

Under physiological conditions, the non‐classical major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule human leukocyte antigen G (HLA‐G) is selectively expressed in placental trophoblasts, thymus and cornea. In pathological situations, HLA‐G expression was frequently found in tumour cells of distinct origin, thereby allowing these tumour cells to escape immune surveillance. Although HLA‐G expression occurs at a relatively high frequency in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the clear cell subtype, the molecular mechanisms of its aberrant expression in RCC has not yet been determined. Therefore, the constitutive and cytokine‐mediated HLA‐G expression as well as its mode of regulation was investigated. In addition to HLA‐G‐specific mRNA expression, membrane‐bound and soluble/shed HLA‐G protein was determined. Eight of 14 RCC cell lines analysed (57%) exhibited HLA‐G‐specific transcripts, whereas only 6 of 14 RCC cell lines (43%) expressed HLA‐G protein, suggesting a post‐transcriptional control of HLA‐G in some cases. Treatment of RCC cell lines with either interferon‐γ or interleukin‐10, respectively, increased HLA‐G‐specific mRNA and protein in six of eight HLA‐G+ RCC lines (75%), but not in HLA‐G− RCC cells. A 5′‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine (5‐Aza‐dC)‐mediated demethylation of the HLA‐G promoter DNA resulted in an enhanced HLA‐G expression in four of six RCC cell lines, whereas a de novo induction of HLA‐G was only observed in one HLA‐G− RCC cell line on treatment with 5‐Aza‐dC. Thus, there exist multiple mechanisms controlling HLA‐G expression in RCC, which might also have an impact on the development of RCC‐specific immunotherapies.
MICA*055: a new allele with eight GCT repeats in the exon 5 microsatellite
Authors: Glas J. , Maier K. , Wetzke M. , Henninger M. , Weiss E. H. , Folwaczny M.
Published: July 2008

The new allele MICA*055 contains eight GCT repeats within the exon 5 MICA‐TM microsatellite polymorphism.
HLA‐B*152703, a novel allele, which has arisen by silent mutation in codon 138
Authors: Zou H.‐Y. , Li Z. , Cheng L.‐H. , Jin S.‐Z. , Deng Z.‐H.
Published: July 2008

A novel human leukocyte antigen‐B (HLA‐B) allele, officially named B*152703, was found during routine high‐resolution sequence‐based typing in a Chinese potential hematopoietic stem cell transplantation donor. Compared with the HLA‐B*152701 sequence, the B*152703 has a silent substitution at position 486(G→C) in exon 3.
Impact of maternal and neonatal factors on CD34+ cell count, total nucleated cells, and volume of cord blood
Authors: Jan Rong‐Hwa , Wen Shu‐Hui , Shyr Ming‐Hwang , Chiang Bor‐Luen
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  The engraftment outcome of UCB transplantation is highly dependent on cell number. It would be useful to predict CB cell content using information of donor‐related variables before cell processing. In this study, CBs were obtained from 1312 single‐birth term deliveries in the Buddhist Tzu Chi Stem Cells Center from January 2001 to June 2006. We evaluated whether maternal factors, such as age and race, have an effect on laboratory parameters of hematopoietic content, including CD34+ cell counts, TNCs, and cord blood volume. We also studied the impact of neonatal factors, such as delivery method, gestational age, sex, birth weight, and birth order on the same parameters. In multivariate analysis, babies delivered via Cesarean section had more CD34+ cells and volume, but lower TNCs. Similar results were found for either babies of shorter gestational age or in male infants. Babies with larger birth weight had higher CD34+ cell volume, and TNC, while mothers with fewer previous live births had CB with more TNCs. Maternal age and race had no effect on these laboratory parameters. To conclude, our results suggest that neonatal factors affect CB cell yields. TNCs tend to be more affected by different variables than CD34+ cell counts and volume. These findings may help in collecting CB efficiently and improve the CB transplantation rate.
Feeding of Aurelia sp. (Scyphozoa) and links to the microbial food web
Authors: Turk Valentina , Lučić Davor , Flander‐Putrle Vesna , Malej Alenka
Published: July 2008

The impact of the scyphomedusa Aurelia sp. on planktonic assemblages was experimentally studied in enclosures incubated in situ in the sea lake of Mljet Island (Big Lake, Southern Adriatic), where jellyfish are present throughout the year. In situ feeding experiments using plankton at natural densities indicated a reduction in abundance for small calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, copepodites, nauplii and ciliates in the presence of Aurelia sp. In addition to direct predatory pressure, Aurelia sp. exerted an indirect cascading effect on autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial plankton. Phytoplankton biomass increases of up to 0.5 μg C·l−1·h−1 were mainly related to 19′‐hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin‐ and 19′‐butanoyloxyfucoxanthin‐containing phytoplankton. Bacterial production was about twice as high in the presence of Aurelia sp. and biomass was also consistently higher. It appears that the top‐down effect of predation along with material release by Aurelia sp. results in increases in microbial biomass and production.
Molecular identification of Malassezia species isolated from dermatitis affections
Authors: Affes M. , Salah S. Ben , Makni F. , Sellami H. , Ayadi A.
Published: July 2008

The lipophilic yeast of the genus Malassezia are opportunistic microorganisms of the skin microflora but they can be agents of various dermatomycoses. The aim of this study was to perform molecular identification of the commonly isolated Malassezia species from various dermatomycoses in our region. Thirty strains of Malassezia were isolated from different dermatologic affections: pityriasis versicolor (17), dandruff (5), seborrheic dermatitis (4), onyxis (2), folliculitis (1) and blepharitis (1). These species were identified by their morphological features and biochemical characterisation. The molecular identification was achieved by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region by simple PCR. PCR technique was used for molecular characterisation of four Malassezia species: Malassezia globosa (270 bp), Malassezia furfur (230 bp), Malassezia sympodialis (190 bp) and Malassezia restricta (320 bp). We have detected the association between M. furfur and M. sympodialis in 16% and confirmed presumptive identification in 70% of the cases. The phenotypic identification based on microscopic and physiological method is difficult and time consuming. The application of a simple PCR method provides a sensitive and rapid identification system for Malassezia species, which may be applied in epidemiological surveys and routine practice.
Abnormality of the hepatic vein waveforms in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and its prognostic implications
Authors: Kawanaka Hirofumi , Kinjo Nao , Anegawa Go , Yoshida Daisuke , Migoh Shinichi , Konishi Kozou , Ohta Masayuki , Yamaguchi Shohei , Tomikawa Morimasa , Hashizume Makoto , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: July 2008

Background and Aim: We investigated the prognostic significance of changes in the Doppler hepatic vein (HV) waveforms in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and the mechanisms of these changes.

Methods: A total of 103 consecutive patients were included in this study and their HV waveforms were classified into four types: type I, triphasic waveform; type II, biphasic waveform; type III, biphasic waveform with reduced phasic oscillations; and type IV, a flat waveform.

Results: Type I was observed in 34, type II in 40, type III in 23, and type IV in six patients. The 5‐year survival rates were 90%, 89%, 41%, and 0% in type I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Five variables including the Child–Pugh score, albumin, bilirubin, ascites, and HV waveform significantly correlated with the survival in a univariate analysis. A multivariate analysis only identified the HV waveform (type III and IV) to be an independent prognostic value. Even in Child–Pugh class B patients, the 5‐year survival rate for type III or IV was as poor as 26% in comparison to 92% for type I or II. In contrast, in Child–Pugh class C patients, the 5‐year survival rate for type I or II was as good as 63% in comparison to 25% for type III or IV. Furthermore, the changes in HV waveforms correlated with the extent of hepatic fibrosis, the increase in portal perfusion per liver volume, or the decrease in portal vascular resistance.

Conclusions: Analyzing the HV waveforms was thus found to be a simple method for accurately assessing the prognosis in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.
Cerebral diffusion tensor imaging and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: Saksena Sona , Rai Vijan , Saraswat Vivek Anand , Rathore Ramkishore Singh , Purwar Ankur , Kumar Manoj , Thomas M Albert , Gupta Rakesh Kumar
Published: July 2008

Background and Aim:  Cerebral edema is a major complication in patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolite alterations and cerebral edema in patients with FHF using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging, and to look for its reversibility in survivors.

Methods:  Ten FHF patients along with 10 controls were studied. Five of the 10 patients who recovered had a repeat imaging after three weeks. N‐acetylaspartate, choline (Cho), glutamine (Gln), glutamine/glutamate (Glx), and myoinositol ratios were calculated with respect to creatine (Cr). Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were calculated in different brain regions.

Results:  Patients exhibited significantly increased Gln/Cr and Glx/Cr, and reduced Cho/Cr ratios, compared to controls. In the follow‐up study, all metabolite ratios were normalized except Glx/Cr. Significantly decreased Cho/Cr were observed in deceased patients compared to controls. In patients, significantly decreased MD and FA values were observed in most topographical locations of the brain compared to controls. MD and FA values showed insignificant increase in the follow‐up study compared to their first study.

Conclusions:  We conclude that the Cho/Cr ratio appears to be an in vivo marker of prognosis in FHF. Decreased MD values suggest predominant cytotoxic edema may be present. Persistence of imaging and MRS abnormalities at three weeks' clinical recovery suggests that metabolic recovery may take longer than clinical recovery in FHF patients.
Eosinophilic esophagitis in children with celiac disease
Authors: Ooi Chee Y , Day Andrew S , Jackson Reuben , Bohane Tim D , Tobias Vivienne , Lemberg Daniel A
Published: July 2008

Background and Aims:  Eosinophilic esophagitis and celiac disease are distinct gastrointestinal disorders. The present study in children highlights the possible coexistence of these two conditions. This study also analyzes the epidemiological and clinical profiles of these patients.

Methods:  The medical records of patients diagnosed with celiac disease from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2007 were reviewed. Patients with coincident histological diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis were retrospectively identified. The presenting symptoms, laboratory evaluations, endoscopic and histopathological findings, and treatment and follow‐up outcomes of these patients were analyzed.

Results:  Of the 221 patients with celiac disease, seven (3.2%) were also diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis. A majority (6/7) presented with periumbilical pain and diarrhea. None had dysphagia. Each patient had abnormal celiac screening tests. Three patients had peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated eosinophil cationic protein. Endoscopic changes of eosinophilic esophagitis and celiac disease were apparent in the majority of patients (6/7). A gluten‐free diet was instituted in every patient. Topical corticosteroid therapy was started in one patient at diagnosis and in another patient after repeat endoscopic and histopathological evaluations.

Conclusions:  Awareness of the potential coexistence of eosinophilic esophagitis and celiac disease should promote optimal diagnosis of these conditions. Routine esophageal biopsies may be warranted when investigating for celiac disease.
Plasma lipid alterations after total splenectomy, subtotal splenectomy and splenic auto‐implants in rats
Authors: Petroianu Andy , Veloso Denny FM , Alberti Luiz R , De Souza Vasconcellos Leonardo
Published: July 2008

Background and Aim:  The relation between the spleen and lipid metabolism has not been properly studied. In order to contribute to the filling of this gap, in the present investigation we experimentally assessed the lipidogram of rats in the presence of the spleen, in asplenia, and after conservative spleen surgeries.

Methods:  Fifty female Wistar rats of similar weight and age were divided into five groups submitted to the following procedures: group 1: control, with an intact spleen; group 2: sham operation; group 3: total splenectomy; group 4: subtotal splenectomy; and group 5: total splenectomy complemented with autogenous spleen tissue implants. Four months after the interventions, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions (very‐low‐density lipoprotein [VLDL]‐cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein [LDL]‐cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein [HDL]‐cholesterol) were determined. The results for the four groups were compared by analysis of variance followed by the Tukey–Kramer test, with the level of significance set at P < 0.05.

Results:  There were no differences between groups 1, 2, 4 and 5. In the animals submitted to total splenectomy, total cholesterol (P = 0.0151) and LDL‐cholesterol fraction concentrations (P < 0.0001) were higher, whereas HDL‐cholesterol fraction concentrations were lower (P = 0.0026) than those detected in the other groups. There was no difference in triglycerides (P = 0.1571) or VLDL‐cholesterol (P = 0.2527) between groups.

Conclusion:  The spleen probably plays an important role in the lipid metabolism of female rats and total splenectomy may be related to changes in cholesterol control. It is possible that preservation of spleen tissue prevents such metabolic disorders.
Microbiological monitoring of endoscopes: 5‐year review
Authors: Gillespie Elizabeth E , Kotsanas Despina , Stuart Rhonda L
Published: July 2008

Periodic microbiological monitoring of endoscopes is a recommendation of the Gastroenterological Society of Australia (GENSA). The aim of monitoring has been to provide quality assurance of the cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes; however, there is controversy regarding its frequency. This lack of consensus stimulated a review of the experience within our health service. At Southern Health, routine microbiological sampling has involved 4‐weekly monitoring of bronchoscopes, duodenoscopes and automated flexible endoscope reprocessors (AFER), and 3‐monthly monitoring of all other gastrointestinal endoscopes. Records of testing were reviewed from 1 January 2002 until 31 December 2006. A literature review was conducted, cost analysis performed and positive cultures investigated. There were 2374 screening tests performed during the 5‐year period, including 287 AFER, 631 bronchoscopes for mycobacteria and 1456 endoscope bacterial screens. There were no positive results of the AFER or bronchoscopes for mycobacteria. Of the 1456 endoscopic bacterial samples, six were positive; however, retesting resulted in no growth. The overall cost of tests performed and cost in time for nursing staff to collect the samples was estimated at $AUD 100 400. Periodic monitoring of endoscopes is both time‐consuming and costly. Our review demonstrates that AFER (Soluscope) perform well in cleaning endoscopes. Based on our 5‐year experience, assurance of quality for endoscopic use could be achieved through process control as opposed to product control. Maintenance of endoscopes and AFER should be in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and microbiological testing performed on commissioning, annually and following repair. Initial prompt manual leak testing and manual cleaning followed by mechanical leak testing, cleaning and disinfection should be the minimum standard in reprocessing of endoscopes.
Improving outcomes for operable pancreatic cancer: Is access to safer surgery the problem?
Authors: Chang David K , Merrett Neil D , Biankin Andrew V ,   NSW Pancreatic Cancer Network
Published: July 2008

Despite advances in the understanding and treatment of pancreatic cancer in the last two decades, there is a persisting nihilistic attitude among clinicians. An alarmingly high rate of under‐utilization of surgical management for operable pancreatic cancer was recently reported in the USA, where more than half of patients with stage 1 operable disease and no other contraindications were not offered surgery as therapy, denying this group of patients a 20% chance of long‐term survival. These data indicate that a nihilistic attitude among clinicians may be a significant and reversible cause of the persisting high mortality of patients with pancreatic cancer. This article examines the modern management of pancreatic cancer, in particular, the advances in surgical care that have reduced the mortality of pancreatectomy to almost that of colonic resection, and outlines a strategy for improving outcomes for patients with pancreatic cancer now and in the future.
Hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis B patients is associated with metabolic factors more than viral factors
Authors: Peng Dandan , Han Ying , Ding Huiguo , Wei Lai
Published: July 2008

Background and Aims:  Hepatic steatosis is commonly seen in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. It has been reported to be associated with both metabolic factors and viral factors, and affects the severity of fibrosis in CHC. However, the relationship between hepatic steatosis and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of hepatic steatosis in CHB patients, to identify the factors associated with its presence, and assess the relationship between the stage of steatosis and the severity of fibrosis.

Methods:  Medical records of 153 adult patients with CHB who had undergone a liver biopsy within the past 4 years were included in the study.

Results:  Body mass index (BMI) and age of CHB patients with steatosis was significantly higher than the patients without steatosis (P < 0.05), as determined by the univariate analysis. Steatosis was found to correlate with the BMI values and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and ALT levels were associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV)–DNA levels and histology activity index (HAI) scores, stages of fibrosis were associated with the HAI score and HBV–DNA, as determined by the multivariate analysis. In contrast, there was no significant association between advanced stages of fibrosis and steatosis.

Conclusion:  Our data indicate that hepatic steatosis is more frequently present in CHB patients than in the general population. We hypothesize that steatosis in CHB patients may be due to metabolic factors and the ability of HBV to indirectly facilitate the development of steatosis. In the present study, steatosis in CHB patients was not found to be associated with the severity of fibrosis.
HIV and hepatitis C coinfection
Authors: Matthews Gail V , Dore Gregory J
Published: July 2008

The significant burden of HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is increasingly recognized worldwide, and in particular within the Asia–Pacific region. Individuals who are coinfected with both viruses are at risk from accelerated liver disease and consequently cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, coinfected individuals may have altered immunological responses to HAART and are at increased risk of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)–related hepatotoxicity. Treatment for HCV infection in HIV‐infected individuals is with standard pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy, and all HIV/HCV coinfected subjects should undergo suitability for HCV treatment assessment. Response rates to HCV therapy are generally 10–15% lower than in HCV monoinfection, and therapy may be complicated by issues of drug interactions and significant toxicity. However, greater understanding of baseline factors can contribute to better prediction of treatment outcome, and monitoring of on‐treatment virological responses increasingly allows individualization of therapy. Where possible, treatment of HCV is often advisable before HAART is required to avoid the issues of drug interactions on HCV therapy and the risk of HAART‐related hepatotoxicity. Early diagnosis of both HIV and HCV infection is essential to most effectively manage HIV‐HCV‐coinfected individuals. New therapies, including HCV protease and polymerase inhibitors, are in development and may widen therapeutic options for HIV‐HCV‐coinfected individuals into the future.
Dementia and lower urinary dysfunction: With a reference to anticholinergic use in elderly population
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Yamanishi Tomonori , Kishi Masahiko
Published: July 2008

Abstract: Urinary incontinence is common in patients with dementia, and is more prevalent in demented than in non‐demented older individuals. Neurogenic incontinence is common in multiple cerebral infarction and dementia with Lewy bodies, and in both diseases walking difficulty and falls are common. In contrast, functional incontinence is common in Alzheimer's disease due to cognitive disability and decreased motivation. Central cholinergic stimulation is the mainstay in the treatment of cognitive decline. In contrast, to date, the use of anticholinergic medications for detrusor overactivity in the elderly is still under consideration, since anticholinergic drugs may lead to undesirable events particularly in the central nervous system, although many studies have used severely demented cases. In the future, studies seeking treatment regimens for an elderly individual with both dementia and urinary dysfunction are warranted.
Phylogeny of Arvicolinae (Mammalia, Cricetidae): utility of morphological and molecular data sets in a recently radiating clade
Authors: Robovský Jan , ŘIčánková Věra , Zrzavý Jan
Published: July 2008

Phylogenetic relationships within the Arvicolinae are examined based on two genes (mitochondrial cytb, nuclear GHR exon 10) and 296 morphological, developmental, behavioural, ecological and cytogenetic characters. To inspect the phylogenetic ‘behaviour’ of individual taxa, basic maximum‐parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were accompanied by experiments based on different data‐partition combinations, ‘slow–fast’ character weighting, and inclusion/exclusion of individual problematic taxa. Ellobius, Prometheomys and Lagurus are the most basal arvicolines; Dicrostonyx, Phenacomys and Arborimus form a clade (Dicrostonychini s.lat.); the ‘core arvicolines’ include three subclades: Lemmini (Synaptomys, Lemmus, Myopus), Clethrionomyini (Eothenomys, Myodes) and Arvicolini (Arvicola, Chionomys, Stenocranius and Microtus, the last with six monophyletic subgenera: Alexandromys, ‘Neodon’, Mynomes, Lasiopodomys, Terricola, and Microtus s.str.). Position of Ondatra and Dinaromys is uncertain, probably compromised by highly homoplastic morphological characters.
Profiting from Being Pirated by ‘Pirating’ the Pirates
Authors: Harbi Sana El , Grolleau Gilles
Published: July 2008

Pirates are not only copiers, they can also be innovators. They possess skills and a creative capital that allow them to explore new directions. Their innovations can be freely and profitably re‐appropriated by the high‐end designers of the pirated firms. Creative pirates are engaged in a kind of tacit reciprocity, where they appropriate illegally creations of high end designers and launch modified or new versions that can in return inspire in a profitable way, the designers of the original fashion houses. Moreover, pirates can create a pro‐competitive environment that stimulates the innovative abilities of the pirated firm at unexpected levels without piracy.
Mutual Recognition Revisited: Misunderstandings, Inconsistencies, and a Suggested Reinterpretation
Authors: Kerber Wolfgang , Van den Bergh Roger
Published: July 2008

The principle of mutual recognition is almost universally acclaimed for removing barriers to trade, for enabling regulatory competition, and for preserving scope for regulatory autonomy instead of embarking on a path to harmonisation and centralisation. By using economic theories of legal federalism and regulatory competition, this paper shows that mutual recognition leads to a number of inconsistencies, which question its suitability as a conflict of law rule that guarantees a stable allocation of regulatory powers within a two‐level system of regulations. Mutual recognition should be understood more as a dynamic principle, which triggers a reallocation of regulatory powers between different jurisdictional levels. It leads either back to the country of destination principle, to a free market for regulations, or to harmonisation. The European experience suggests that a regime of mutual recognition is primarily another path to convergence and harmonisation, instead of being an instrument that preserves decentralised regulatory powers or even regulatory competition. The welfare gains from achieving market integration should be balanced against the welfare losses of an inefficient allocation of regulatory powers.