bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating Solute Transport in a Structured Field Soil: Uncertainty in Parameter Identification and Predictions
Authors: Larsbo Mats , Jarvis Nicholas
Published: June 2010

Dual‐permeability models have been developed to account for the significant effects of macropore flow on contaminant transport, but their use is hampered by difficulties in estimating the additional parameters required. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate data requirements for parameter identification for predictive modeling with the dual‐permeability model MACRO. Two different approaches were compared: sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE). We investigated six parameters controlling macropore flow and pesticide sorption and degradation, applying MACRO to a comprehensive field data set of bromide andbentazone [3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one‐2,2dioxide] transport in a structured soil. The GLUE analyses of parameter conditioning for different combinations of observations showed that both resident and flux concentrations were needed to obtain highly conditioned and unbiased parameters and that observations of tracer transport generally improved the conditioning of macropore flow parameters. The GLUE “behavioral” parameter sets covered wider parameter ranges than the SUFI posterior uncertainty domains. Nevertheless, estimation uncertainty ranges defined by the 5th and 95th percentiles were similar and many simulations randomly sampled from the SUFI posterior uncertainty domains had negative model efficiencies (minimum of −3.2). This is because parameter correlations are neglected in SUFI and the posterior uncertainty domains were not always determined correctly. For the same reasons, uncertainty ranges for predictions of bentazone losses through drainflow for good agricultural practice in southern Sweden were 27% larger for SUFI compared with GLUE. Although SUFI proved to be an efficient parameter estimation tool, GLUE seems better suited as a method of uncertainty estimation for predictions.
Cattle Feedlot Soil Moisture and Manure Content: I. Impacts on Greenhouse Gases, Odor Compounds, Nitrogen Losses, and Dust
Authors: Miller Daniel N. , Berry Elaine D.
Published: June 2010

Beef cattle feedlots face serious environmental challenges associated with manure management, including greenhouse gas, odor, NH3, and dust emissions. Conditions affecting emissions are poorly characterized, but likely relate to the variability of feedlot surface moisture and manure contents, which affect microbial processes. Odor compounds, greenhouse gases, nitrogen losses, and dust potential were monitored at six moisture contents (0.11, 0.25, 0.43, 0.67, 1.00, and 1.50 g H2O g−1dry matter [DM]) in three artificial feedlot soil mixtures containing 50, 250, and 750 g manure kg−1total (manure + soil) DM over a two‐week period. Moisture addition produced three microbial metabolisms: inactive, aerobic, and fermentative at low, moderate, and high moisture, respectively. Manure content acted to modulate the effect of moisture and enhanced some microbial processes. Greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, and CH4) emissions were dynamic at moderate to high moisture. Malodorous volatile fatty acid (VFA) compounds did not accumulate in any treatments, but their persistence and volatility varied depending on pH and aerobic metabolism. Starch was the dominant substrate fueling both aerobic and fermentative metabolism. Nitrogen losses were observed in all metabolically active treatments; however, there was evidence for limited microbial nitrogen uptake. Finally, potential dust production was observed below defined moisture thresholds, which were related to manure content of the soil. Managing feedlot surface moisture within a narrow moisture range (0.2–0.4 g H2O g−1DM) and minimizing the accumulation of manure produced the optimum conditions that minimized the environmental impact from cattle feedlot production.
Cattle Feedlot Soil Moisture and Manure Content: II. Impact on Escherichia coli O157
Authors: Berry Elaine D. , Miller Daniel N.
Published: June 2010

The moisture and manure contents of soils at cattle feedlot surfaces vary spatiotemporally and likely are important factors in the persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in these soils. The impacts of water content (0.11–1.50 g H2O g−1 dry feedlot surface material [FSM]) and manure level (5, 25, and 75% dry manure in dry FSM) on E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot soils were evaluated. Generally, E. coli O157:H7 numbers either persisted or increased at all but the lowest moisture levels examined. Manure content modulated the effect of water on E. coli growth; for example, at water content of 0.43 g H2O g−1 dry FSM and 25% manure, E. coli O157:H7 increased by 2 log10 colony forming units (CFU) g−1 dry FSM in 3 d, while at 0.43 g H2O g−1 dry FSM and 75% manure, populations remained stable over 14 d. Escherichia coli and coliform populations responded similarly. In a second study, the impacts of cycling moisture levels and different drying rates on naturally occurring E. coli O157 in feedlot soils were examined. Low initial levels of E. coli O157 were reduced to below enumerable levels by 21 d, but indigenous E. coli populations persisted at >2.50 log10 CFU g−1 dry FSM up to 133 d. We conclude that E. coli O157 can persist and may even grow in feedlot soils, over a wide range of water and manure contents. Further investigations are needed to determine if these variables can be manipulated to reduce this pathogen in cattle and the feedlot environment.
Performance of growing dairy bulls offered diets based on silages made of whole-crop barley, whole-crop wheat, hairy vetch and grass
Authors: HUUSKONEN A. , JOKI-TOKOLA E.
Published: June 2010

The present experiment was conducted to study diet digestibility, feed intake, animal performance and carcass characteristics of growing dairy bulls offered diets based on (1) whole-crop barley, (2) a mixture of whole-crop barley and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) or (3) a mixture of whole-crop wheat and hairy vetch relative to moderate digestible grass silage-based diet. The feeding experiment with 24 Finnish Ayrshire and 8 Holstein-Friesian bulls included 4 forage feeding treatments: (1) grass silage (G), (2) whole-crop barley and hairy vetch mixture silage (BHV), (3) whole-crop wheat and hairy vetch mixture silage (WHV) and (4) whole-crop barley silage (B). In all treatments animals were offered silage ad libitum. The amount of concentrate supplementation was 36 g (W0.75)-1 animal-1 day-1 for all treatments. The concentrate ration included rolled barley and rapeseed meal. Differences between the treatments were compared using an a priori test (Dunnetts test) so that comparison of the diets was based on the G diet. The animals were fed the experimental diets from day 240 to finish at day 505 of age. During the experiment the average concentrate proportions of G, BHV, WHV and B diets were 437, 424, 426 and 423 g dry matter (DM) (kg DM)-1, respectively. There were no significant differences in silage DM intake or in the total DM intake (DMI) (kg DM d-1) between treatments. However, DMI kg-1 W0.75 tended to be 3.5% higher (p = 0.09) in the B diet than in the G diet. Due to increasing energy intake, the gain of the bulls was higher with the G diet than with the WHV diet (p < 0.05). BHV and B diets did not differ from the G diet in gain. Treatments had no significant effect on the dressing proportion or carcass conformation. The carcass fat score of WHV bulls was 29% lower (p < 0.05) than that of the G bulls, but BHV and B diets did not differ from the G diet in carcass fatness. The feed conversion rate (DM intake kg-1 carcass gain) of the bulls was better (p < 0.001) and protein conversion (g AAT kg-1 carcass gain) tended to be better (p = 0.07) with the G diet than with the WHV diet. BHV and B diets did not differ from the G diet in any feed conversion parameters. It can be concluded that replacing moderate digestible grass silage with whole-crop wheat and hairy vetch mixture silage decreased the carcass gain of growing dairy bulls due to lower energy intake and poorer feed conversion. Instead, replacing moderate digestible grass silage with whole-crop barley or with whole-crop barley and hairy vetch mixture silage resulted in no differences in the performance or carcass characteristics parameters of growing dairy bulls.;
Compressive behaviour of the soil in buffer zones under different management practices in Finland
Authors: RÄTY M. , HORN R. , RASA K.
Published: June 2010

Soil structure that favours infiltration is essential for successful functioning of vegetated buffer zones. We measured bulk density, air permeability and precompression stress in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) and a sandy loam (Haplic Regosol) in Finland, to identify management-related changes in the physical and mechanical properties in the surface soil of buffer zones. In addition, the impact of texture on these properties was studied at depths down to 180?200 cm. Soil cores (240 cm3) were sampled from a cultivated field, from buffer zones harvested by grazing (only in a clay soil) or by cutting and removing the vegetation, and from buffer zones covered with natural grass vegetation. The samples were equilibrated at a matric potential of -6 kPa and compressed at a normal stress range of 20-400 kPa (7 h), followed by stress removal (1 h). Generally, the clay soil was more compressible than the sandy loam. Due to trampling by cattle, the young grazed buffer zone (0-3 cm) had the largest bulk density and the smallest total porosity. For the grazed sites, reduced air permeability (2.7-5.1 × 10-5 m s-1) was found, compared with that of the buffer zone under natural vegetation (15-22 × 10-5 m s-1), indicating decreased pore continuity. Although the old grazed site was easily compressed, compared with the younger site, it showed a greater resilience capacity due to the protective cover of organic residues accumulated on the soil surface.
Leadership for Diversity, Inclusion and Sustainability: Teachers as Leaders
Authors: Cherkowski Sabre
Published: June 2010

Schools do not always reflect the diverse cultural reality of our global societies. Educational leadership is an essential component of establishing school culture. Ensuring school leaders reflect deeply on the issues of diversity, multiculturalism and how leadership plays a role in constructing cultures that inhibit or promote inclusion as a way of life is an essential component of creating sustainable changes in our schools. However, leadership is no longer the sole purview of the principal or vice-principal. This article provides new lenses for viewing the notion of educational leadership and argues that creating conditions for increased leadership capacity among teachers in a learning community is an essential component of developing learning cultures where issues of diversity, multiculturalism, sustainability, and inclusion are explored and addressed.
Serum Biomarkers for Early Detection of Gynecologic Cancers
Authors: Ueda Yutaka , Enomoto Takayuki , Kimura Toshihiro , Miyatake Takashi , Yoshino Kiyoshi , Fujita Masami , Kimura Tadashi
Published: June 2010

Ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers are three of the most common malignancies of the female reproductive organs. CA 125, historically the most reliable serum marker for ovarian cancer, is elevated in 50% of early-stage ovarian tumors. For endometrial cancers, there are no established serum markers. SCC, which is the best studied serum marker for squamous cell carcinomas, has been unreliable; SCC is elevated in cervical squamous cell carcinomas ranging from 28–85% of the time. Recent proteomics-based analyses show great promise for the discovery of new and more useful biomarkers. In this review, we will discuss the currently utilized serum tumor markers for gynecologic cancers and the novel biomarkers that are now under investigation.
Alterations of MicroRNAs in Solid Cancers and Their Prognostic Value
Authors: Chira Panagiota , Vareli Katerina , Sainis Ioannis , Papandreou Christos , Briasoulis Evangelos
Published: June 2010

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, naturally abundant, small, regulatory non-coding RNAs that inhibit gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner. Each miRNA represses the protein expression of several coding genes in a manner proportional to the sequence complementarity with the target transcripts. MicroRNAs play key regulatory roles in organismal development and homeostasis. They control fundamental biological processes, such as stem-cell regulation and cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, stress resistance, and apoptosis. Differential miRNA expression is found in malignant tumors in comparison to normal tissue counterparts. This indicates that miRNA deregulation contributes to the initiation and progression of cancer. Currently, miRNA expression signatures are being rigorously investigated in various tumor types, with the aim of developing novel, efficient biomarkers that can improve clinical management of cancer patients. This review discusses deregulated miRNAs in solid tumors, and focuses on their emerging prognostic potential.
Families of Alpha- Beta- and Gamma- Divergences: Flexible and Robust Measures of Similarities
Authors: Cichocki Andrzej , Amari Shun-ichi
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we extend and overview wide families of Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-divergences and discuss their fundamental properties. In literature usually only one single asymmetric (Alpha, Beta or Gamma) divergence is considered. We show in this paper that there exist families of such divergences with the same consistent properties. Moreover, we establish links and correspondences among these divergences by applying suitable nonlinear transformations. For example, we can generate the Beta-divergences directly from Alpha-divergences and vice versa. Furthermore, we show that a new wide class of Gamma-divergences can be generated not only from the family of Beta-divergences but also from a family of Alpha-divergences. The paper bridges these divergences and shows also their links to Tsallis and Rényi entropies. Most of these divergences have a natural information theoretic interpretation.
Projection Pursuit Through ϕ-Divergence Minimisation
Authors: Touboul Jacques
Published: June 2010

In his 1985 article (“Projection pursuit”), Huber demonstrates the interest of his method to estimate a density from a data set in a simple given case. He considers the factorization of density through a Gaussian component and some residual density. Huber’s work is based on maximizing Kullback–Leibler divergence. Our proposal leads to a new algorithm. Furthermore, we will also consider the case when the density to be factorized is estimated from an i.i.d. sample. We will then propose a test for the factorization of the estimated density. Applications include a new test of fit pertaining to the elliptical copulas.
Common Mental Disorders and Risk Factors in Urban Tanzania
Authors: Jenkins Rachel , Mbatia Joseph , Singleton Nicola , White Bethany
Published: June 2010

A cross sectional population based epidemiological survey of 899 adults aged between 15 and 59 was undertaken in two urban areas of demographic surveillance sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, using the Clinical Interview Schedule Revised. Significantly higher rates were found among those who had experienced more than three severe life events in the last six months and relationship difficulties and death of a loved one.
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscope Use in Electrocatalysis Testing
Authors: Knutsen Turid
Published: June 2010

The relationship between the electrocatalytic properties of an electrode and its ability to transfer electrons between the electrode and a metallic tip in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is investigated. The alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was used as a test reaction with four different metallic glasses, Ni78Si8B14, Ni70Mo20Si5B5, Ni58Co20Si10B12, and Ni25Co50Si15B10, as electrodes. The electrocatalytic properties of the electrodes were determined. The electrode surfaces were then investigated with an STM. A clear relationship between the catalytic activity of an electrode toward the OER and its tunneling characteristics was found. The use of a scanning tunneling spectroscope (STS) in electrocatalytic testing may increase the efficiency of the optimization of electrochemical processes.
Phytotoxic Activities of Mediterranean Essential Oils
Authors: De Almeida Luiz Fernando Rolim , Frei Fernando , Mancini Emilia , De Martino Laura , De Feo Vincenzo
Published: June 2010

Twelve essential oils from Mediterranean aromatic plants were tested for their phytotoxic activity, at different doses, against the germination and the initial radicle growth of seeds of Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa and Lepidium sativum. The essential oils were obtained from Hyssopus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, Majorana hortensis, Melissa officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae), Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae), Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare and Carum carvi (Apiaceae). The germination and radicle growth of tested seeds were affected in different ways by the oils. Thyme, balm, vervain and caraway essential oils were more active against both germination and radicle elongation.
Photochemical Oxidative Cyclisation of Stilbenes and Stilbenoids—The Mallory-Reaction
Authors: Jørgensen Kåre B.
Published: June 2010

After Mallory described in 1964 the use of iodine as catalyst for the photochemical cyclisation of stilbenes, this reaction has proven its effectiveness in the synthesis of phenanthrenes, other PAHs and phenacenes with a surprisingly large selection of substituents. The “early age” of the reaction was reviewed by Mallory in 1984in a huge chapter in the Organic Reactions series, but the development has continued. Alternative conditions accommodate more sensitive substituents, and isomers can be favoured by sacrificial substituents. Herein the further developments and applications of this reaction after 1984 are discussed and summarized.
Application of a Hybrid 3D-2D Laser Scanning System to the Characterization of Slate Slabs
Authors: López Marcos , Martínez Javier , Matías José María , Vilán José Antonio , Taboada Javier
Published: June 2010

Dimensional control based on 3D laser scanning techniques is widely used in practice. We describe the application of a hybrid 3D-2D laser scanning system to the characterization of slate slabs with structural defects that are difficult for the human eye to characterize objectively. Our study is based on automating the process using a 3D laser scanner and a 2D camera. Our results demonstrate that the application of this hybrid system optimally characterizes slate slabs in terms of the defects described by the Spanish UNE-EN 12326-1 standard.
Heat-Labile Enterotoxin: Beyond G M1 Binding
Authors: Mudrak Benjamin , Kuehn Meta J.
Published: June 2010

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One major virulence factor released by ETEC is the heat-labile enterotoxin LT, which is structurally and functionally similar to cholera toxin. LT consists of five B subunits carrying a single catalytically active A subunit. LTB binds the monosialoganglioside GM1, the toxin’s host receptor, but interactions with A-type blood sugars and E. coli lipopolysaccharide have also been identified within the past decade. Here, we review the regulation, assembly, and binding properties of the LT B-subunit pentamer and discuss the possible roles of its numerous molecular interactions.
Le partage du croire religieux dans des sociétés d'individus
Authors: Hervieu-Léger Danièle
Published: June 2010

Résumé La description sociologique du paysage contemporain des croyances religieuses met fortement l’accent sur le processus global d’individualisation qui conduit chaque sujet à fabriquer lui-même le petit récit qui donne sens à son expérience personnelle. Poussé à la limite, une telle tendance pourrait suggérer une atomisation individualiste généralisée des croyances et donc la dislocation — voire la disparition — de toute forme de croire partagé au sein d’une communauté. Cependant, un certain nombre de facteurs, sociaux, culturels et psychologiques, contribuent à limiter ce mouvement et favorisent au contraire un renforcement des attachements communautaires. Cet article propose une analyse de ce paradoxe et explore les formes contemporaines du partage religieux des croyances.
L'ombilic du rêve
Authors: Tricot Monique
Published: June 2010

Si Freud conseille de pousser l’analyse du rêve aussi loin qu’il est possible, ce possible rencontre à chaque fois un point d’inconnu, d’impossible, qu’il désigne comme « l’ombilic du rêve ». Le rêve d’Irma, encore lui, est l’occasion de cette trouvaille qu’il nous a léguée dans la Traumdeutung . Penser le rêve comme articulé autour de ce « nœud-trou » change la perspective de son interprétation ; il s’agit moins alors d’en déchiffrer le sens que de le penser comme un espace d’écriture où se conjoignent la naissance du symbolique et l’origine du désir.
De l'infans à l'enfant, qu'en est-il des rêves infantiles ?
Authors: Leverrier Michel
Published: June 2010

De la Chose, « das Ding » , à l’Autre maternel, à partir du « coup de force symbolique » de la mère transitiviste, avec la mise en place de deux grands Autres (de la mère et de l’enfant, en référence à la fonction paternelle), l’infans, passant de l’infantile à l’enfant, pourra advenir au rêve et en parler. Les troubles précoces mère-enfant, autismes et psychoses infantiles, interrogent l’impasse de ce processus et de la métaphorisation. Les rêves de jeunes enfants proposés par S. Freud peuvent être éclairés par le jeu de la métaphore et de la métonymie négociant la jouissance de l’Autre et celle du sujet du rêve.
Quand un recours fait retour : trajet d'une lettre
Authors: Carpentier Anne
Published: June 2010

Dans ce qui rate, dans ce qui chute, qu’est-ce qui se dit de la vérité inconsciente d’un sujet ? Comment le réel fait-il retour par l’acte manqué et convoque ainsi le sujet avec les signifiants refoulés de son histoire ? Ce qui se répète inlassablement suivant l’automaton , c’est ce qui, faute de n’avoir pas été reconnu, insiste. La cure analytique est essentiellement un travail de lecture et de déchiffrage de la lettre. Produisant un arrêt sur image acoustique, la coupure de l’analyste introduit cette pulsation d’ouverture/fermeture d’où s’échappe l’inédit au cœur d’un même signifiant, favorisant l’émergence d’un savoir nouveau qui transforme le rapport de l’analysant à sa vérité.
Présentation. Les poèmes au cœur de l'enseignement du français
Authors: Martin Serge
Published: June 2010

Ce numéro vient faire le point dans les bouleversements programmatiques en cours après qu’on a donné toute sa place à la poésie dans l’enseignement lors de la rénovation de l’enseignement du français et aux commencements de la revue Le Français aujourd’hui  – ce qui a toujours justifié la présence d’une chronique poésie initiée par Georges Jean et a permis un ouvrage souvent cité ( Aimer enseigner la poésie ) – puis dans un numéro datant maintenant de 1996 qui titrait « Il y a poésie & poésie ». Il propose des pistes nouvelles de l’école maternelle à l’université pour problématiser et mettre en œuvre la poésie à l’École dans et par le présent des poèmes.
Ce que les élèves au cycle 2 vivent et pensent avec la poésie intéresse-t-il la poétique autant que la didactique ?
Authors: Favriaud Michel , Vinsonneau Maryline
Published: June 2010

Par une approche créative étayée, en diction ou en écriture, les 6-7 ans non seulement commencent à s’approprier la poésie la plus moderne mais construisent une image de soi dans la langue de plus en plus ouverte à l’altérité et de plus en plus encline à la réflexivité. En retour ils nous suggèrent que la poésie a probablement un rapport avec l’identité toujours en construction de l’énonciateur ou du réénonciateur, avec son identité mouvante d’apprenti lecteur et avec une forme d’imagination pré-narrative, qui fait déjà syntaxe et rythme.
Fiscalité et responsabilité globale de l'entreprise
Authors: Rossignol Jean-Luc
Published: June 2010

Résumé Le rapport entre la fiscalité et la responsabilité globale de l’entreprise n’est pas évident au premier abord. Le lien est pourtant réel, au regard notamment de l’évolution de la fiscalité mais aussi de l’organisation de sa gestion. Emerge là une nouvelle posture de l’administration fiscale comme acteur engagé de cette responsabilité globale. Il pourrait en résulter la création d’un véritable contrat fiscal dans le cadre d’une régulation fiscale renouvelée.
L'implication des parties prenantes comme un processus de construction sociale. Analyse à partir de la théorie de l'acteur-réseau
Authors: El Abboubi Manal , Cornet Annie
Published: June 2010

Résumé Nous nous intéressons à la manière dont les organisations obtiennent l’implication de leurs parties prenantes dans des projets de certification RSE et diversité. En nous appuyant sur différentes typologies de positionnement des parties prenantes et la théorie de l’acteur-réseau, nous conceptualisons le processus d’implication de ces parties prenantes à partir d’une étude de cas, en l’occurrence une société de travail intérimaire qui a obtenu un label diversité. De l’analyse du cas découle des recommandations managériales.
Le coût de l'inéthique : le cas de la société de grande distribution Wal-Mart
Authors: de Bry Françoise , Silva François
Published: June 2010

Résumé «Every low prices», tel est le slogan de la société Wal-Mart, première société de distribution au monde. Bush senior, ancien président des États-Unis ajoute en 1992 que «le succès de Wal-Mart est le succès de l’Amérique». Certes, le groupe publie des résultats remarquables sur le plan économique, mais désastreux sur le plan social. Pour mieux comprendre le cas Wal-Mart, nous exposerons d’abord les caractéristiques du droit américain, à la fois fédéral (donc applicable au niveau du pays tout entier), mais aussi étatique (principe de subsidiarité). Ensuite quelques repères historiques, nous permettrons d’expliciter «l’effet Wal-Mart», caractérisé au niveau macroéconomique par une hausse de la productivité et une baisse général des prix, Wal-Mart serait responsable d’une baisse de 3% de l’inflation aux USA, mais au prix d’un modèle social déflationniste. La crise mondiale actuelle, notamment la baisse du pouvoir d’achat provoque une augmentation du chiffre d’affaires de Wal-Mart, même les consommateurs qui boycottaient systématiquement la société viennent y faire leurs achats. Mais «ethics pays» disent les américains, Wal-Mart ne fera probablement par exception.
Ethique et origine nationale perçue d'une marque
Authors: Loussaïef Leïla
Published: June 2010

Résumé L’article a pour objectif de montrer comment les entreprises peuvent utiliser le nom de marque comme un moyen de faire croire à une origine nationale qui n’est pas la leur puis d’évaluer les conséquences de ce type de décision sur la perception de la qualité. L’étude empirique met en scène des marques créées pour les besoins de l’enquête en jouant sur l’origine perçue. La perception de la qualité de ces marques a été influencée par l’origine à laquelle elles ont été associées.
L'incertitude sur les compétences managériales et l'usage des conventions dans l'embauche : une approche conventionnaliste des processus de décision
Authors: Morin Marc
Published: June 2010

Résumé Les décisions d’embauche des cadres et managers sont-elles toujours économiquement rationnelles ? L’hypothèse de l’article est que, à des degrés divers, elles relèvent de conventions sociales qui sont encastrées dans les raisons économiques et fonctionnelles. La méthodologie de l’article est fondée sur plusieurs recherches en gestion des ressources humaines, qui étudient les compétences nécessaires pour exercer le métier de manager, et les phénomènes d’incertitude liés à l’acte d’embauche. Elle utilise les concepts du programme conventionnaliste en économie et gestion. Les conventions sociales et morales, qui conditionnent l’embauche des managers, correspondent au pays et à la configuration d’institutions qui le caractérise.
Perceived deprivation in Brazil in a multidimensional perspective
Authors: Braz Golgher André
Published: June 2010

Perception de la pauvreté au Brésil dans une perspective multidimensionnelle Sachant que la pauvreté est un phénomène multidimensionnel et perçu subjectivement, en discuter à partir de cette orientation permet d’obtenir une perspective plus étendue que celle basée sur le revenu ou les biens des ménages. Nous employons ce cadre d’analyse pour étudier les ménages au Brésil en utilisant des techniques multivariées. On observe que les ménages considérés comme pauvres, aussi bien par rapport au revenu familial que par rapport à l’alimentation, sont encore courants dans des régions rurales qui vivent dans une indigence multidimensionnelle. Dans des régions urbaines, la pauvreté a tendance à être surtout unidimensionnelle, soit notamment à cause des problèmes concernant l’état des logements, soit à cause de difficultés de solvabilité.
Les systèmes productifs locaux dans les industries du bois : trois études de cas
Authors: Ditter Jean-Guillaume , Bobulescu Roxana
Published: June 2010

Les industries françaises du bois sont soumises à une compétition internationale accrue. Entreprises et territoires mènent donc une réflexion et des actions communes visant l’amélioration de leur compétitivité et la survie du tissu local de petites et moyennes entreprises. À partir d’une étude exploratoire analysant trois expériences de coopération locale de type SPL dans le domaine de la construction en bois, notre article identifie des sources d’externalités permettant d’expliquer le succès et les limites de ces démarches.
Trajectoires contrastées de développement local : Sicile et Nord-Est italien
Authors: Champeyrache Clotilde
Published: June 2010

Le point de départ de cet article est l’analyse comparative de deux trajectoires italiennes de développement local : celles du Nord-Est et de la Sicile. Les processus de développement local apparus dans le Nord-Est et en Sicile peuvent être relus comme une réponse à une situation de marginalisation par rapport à l’économie nationale dans la mesure où ces deux territoires sont mal intégrés. L’objectif est de se pencher sur ces trajectoires afin d’en préciser les mécanismes, les similitudes mais aussi les divergences. Il s’agit aussi de voir si le développement local permet de résoudre cette situation de marginalisation.
Pierre Bouguer and the solid of least resistance
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: June 2010

Résumé La parution des Principia mathematica d’Isaac Newton en 1687 survint au sein d’une communauté qui ne l’attendait pas et qui n’y était pas préparée, ainsi que le rappelle l’historien I. Bernard Cohen : que faire avec cet ouvrage et comment l’utiliser furent les deux questions posées pendant un certain temps. Un des premiers savants qui se servit des principes de Newton de façon pratique fut l’académicien Pierre Bouguer (1698-1758). Dans son Traité du navire (1746), la première grande synthèse d’architecture navale, il adapta le scholium de la proposition XXXIV de la section VII du livre II, dont Newton disait qu’elle conduirait à la conception d’un corps solide, comme celui d’un bateau, présentant la moindre résistance dans un milieu résistant. L’étude de Bouguer sur le « solide de moindre résistance » de Newton, bien qu’elle s’avérât finalement incorrecte, fut une des premières investigations sérieuses sur la nature fondamentale de l’hydrodynamique du navire, préparant la voie pour des recherches futures. Bouguer ne considérait que le « choc » de l’eau sur la proue (ou étrave) et ignorait complètement les rôles du reste de la carène et la résistance de friction. L’idée de la « théorie du choc » dans la conception des bateaux avait été pressentie, après Newton, par des auteurs antérieurs à Bouguer, mais elle ne devint utile que lorsque Bouguer produisit une méthode systématique et pratique d’analyse, en particulier quand il travailla avec son collègue et ami Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau (1700-1782) à réduire cette analyse à un protocole de calculs facilement applicable à la conception du navire. Ces calculs devinrent partie intégrante de l’ingénierie des vaisseaux français pendant plusieurs décennies, jusqu’à ce que le poids théorique et l’évidence expérimentale la rendent obsolète. Cependant, le legs du solide de moindre résistance perdura presque jusqu’à la fin du XIX e siècle, jusqu’à ce qu’une théorie applicable, utilisant des modèles soumis à l’essai en bassin, fût finalement conçue.
Les partis autonomistes : vers la disparition de l'avantage des élections européennes
Authors: De Winter Lieven , Gómez-Reino Cachafeiro Margarita
Published: June 2010

Résumé Les résultats des élections européennes de 2009 pour la famille des partis autonomistes confirment une tendance générale à la baisse. Cet article décrit les performances électorales européennes de la famille autonomiste et explique cette évolution négative par la disparition progressive de l’avantage que les élections européennes offraient traditionnellement aux partis autonomistes par rapport aux élections régionales et nationales. Les opportunités d’amélioration au niveau européen, tant en terme de votes que de sièges, semblent s’être éloignées avec l’impact négatif de l’élargissement de l’Union Européenne et un scénario de parlementaires autonomistes divisés entre l’ALE et les autres groupes parlementaires.
Les élections européennes de juin 2009 au Royaume-Uni : des élections pas tout à fait de second ordre ?
Authors: Hanley David
Published: June 2010

Résumé Un maigre tiers des électeurs britanniques s’est présenté aux urnes dans un contexte de difficultés politiques pour les travaillistes et de scandale financier pour le gouvernement. Le vote semble confirmer le déclin du Labour, sans toutefois entièrement rassurer les conservateurs. Les nationalistes écossais, l’UKIP et, plus modestement, le BNP sont les vrais vainqueurs du scrutin. L’adhésion britannique à l’UE continue à poser problème pour un noyau d’électeurs, quoique l’on puisse constater l’émergence d’un bloc pro-européen, fait d’électeurs du Labour, des libéraux et des verts.
Nanotechnology and Microelectronics
Authors: Ekekwe Ndubuisi
Published: June 2010

For many centuries, the gross world product was flat. But as technology penetrated many economies, over time, the world economy has expanded. Technology will continue to shape the future of commerce, industry and culture with likes of nanotechnology and microelectronics directly or indirectly playing major roles in redesigning the global economic structures. These technologies will drive other industries and will be central to a new international economy where technology capability will determine national competitiveness. Technology-intensive firms will emerge and new innovations will evolve a new dawn in wealth creation. Nations that create or adopt and then diffuse these technologies will profit. Those that fail to use technology as a means to compete internationally will find it difficult to progress economically. This chapter provides insights on global technology diffusion, the drivers and impacts with specific focus on nanotechnology and microelectronics. It also discusses the science of these technologies along with the trends, realities and possibilities, and the barriers which must be overcome for higher global penetration rates.
Licensing in the Theory of Cooperative R&D
Authors: Mukherjee Arijit
Published: June 2010

The literature on cooperative R&D did not pay much attention to knowledge sharing ex-post innovation through technology licensing, which is a common phenomenon in many industries. The author shows how licensing ex-post R&D affects the incentive for cooperative R&D and social welfare by affecting R&D investment and the probability of success in R&D. Licensing increases both the possibility of non-cooperative R&D and social welfare.
Entry Barriers to the Nanotechnology Industry in Turkey
Authors: Aydogan-Duda Neslihan , Sener Irge
Published: June 2010

Nanotechnology is the science that focuses on the control of matter at the atomic scale. It has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production. There are many entry barriers which can affect nanotechnology penetration in developing and emerging nations. This chapter discusses such barriers for Turkey. Despite about 10 universities having nanotechnology programs, the number of nanotechnology firms in the country is still low. Using combinations of interviews, surveys and literature, these issues that continue to stall the commercialization of discoveries in Turkey are examined.
Diffusion of the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Rahman Shaikh M. , Dinar Ariel , Larson Donald F.
Published: June 2010

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is an innovation that combines greenhouse gas abatement targets with sustainable development objectives. This chapter provides an estimate of the overall growth pattern of the CDM and makes projections about CDM activity during and beyond the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol commitments under current rules. The results imply that if the emission reduction targets remain unchanged beyond the first commitment period, further expansion of the CDM pipeline is unlikely.
Potential Ethical Concerns in Nanotechnology
Authors: Anyansi-Archibong Chi , Udoka Silvanus J.
Published: June 2010

Nanotechnology is science at the size of individual atoms and molecules. At that size scale, materials have different chemical and physical properties than those of the same materials in bulk. Research has shown that nanotechnology offers opportunities to create revolutionary advances in product development. It also has the potential to improve assessment, management, and prevention of environmental risks. There are however, unanswered questions about the impacts of nanomaterials and nanoproducts on human health and the environment. This chapter describes state-of the-science review, exposure assessment and mitigation, and potential macro ethical issues that must be considered to mitigate risk implications of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology.
Technological Innovations and Africa's Quest for Development in the 21st Century
Authors: Osabuohien Evans S. C.
Published: June 2010

Technology is generally seen as a significant tool for development while technological innovations connote better ways of achieving results. This chapter assesses different areas countries can experience technological innovations and notes that most African countries are lagging below expectations in this regards using secondary data sourced from International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Statistical Divisions (UNSTAT), among others. From the analytical perspective, the chapter established that the low levels of technological innovations in Africa is one of the major reasons why the continent remains in the low developmental echelon compared to other regions of the world. Thus, this chapter submits that adequate efforts should be placed on functional education, health system and technology related innovation programs. Besides, Africa and indeed all developing world must revamp their infrastructures, especially transportation, power and communication towards development in the 21st century.
Emerging Technology Penetration
Authors: Aquila Jesuleye O. , Owolabi Siyanbola W. , Olugbemiga Ilori M.
Published: June 2010

Considering the huge wastage associated with the present energy production and consumption pattern in Nigeria, solar electricity (SE) is acclaimed to be of great potentials as a viable alternative to fossil fuels and is being considered by policy makers to contribute to improving energy efficiency, security and environmental protection. The veracity of such claim is being ascertained in this study through analysis of solar electricity utilization for lighting, refrigeration, ventilation, water pumping and others by just 5% of about 100 million Nigerian rural dwellers who lack access to national grid. The study deduced that increase in rural access to SE will yield tremendous carbon credits for Nigeria under the clean development mechanism and that generating more SE at cheaper cost will enhance policy support for green energy. This connotes a great future for microelectronics and nanotechnology in processing high efficiency multi-junction solar cells and nanosolar utility panel being optimized for utility-scale solar electricity systems.
Mortality in out-of-hours emergency medical admissions – more than just a weekend effect
Authors: Maggs F , Mallet M
Published: June 2010

Mortality among emergency medical admissions to hospital is higher for admissions at the weekend than on weekdays; this also holds true for certain specific conditions. However, it is unknown whether that effect is limited to weekends. This study calculated mortality in emergency medical admissions for each day of the week, and compared mortality at weekends with weekdays, at nights with days, and in all out-of-hours periods with in-hours in a UK district general hospital. Total mortality was increased for admissions on Mondays, at night, and in all out-of-hours periods; late in-hospital mortality (after seven days) remained increased when the initial admission occurred on Mondays, at night or out of hours. It is likely that illness severity as well as resource and organisational factors are involved.
The utility of pleural amylase measurement in metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma
Authors: Fahim A , Kastelik JA
Published: June 2010

We describe a case of exudative pleural effusion in a patient with mucinous pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Pleural fluid examination showed markedly raised amylase with normal serum amylase concentration. There was no clinical or radiological evidence of oesophageal rupture or pancreatitis. The case illustrates the importance of considering pulmonary malignancy in the context of amylaserich pleural effusion. Causes of amylase-rich pleural effusion and the significance of isoenzyme analysis are discussed.
Toxicology from across the pond
Authors: Hoffman RS
Published: June 2010

Despite extensive educational and preventive efforts, fatality from poisoning is a growing public health concern. While strategies to reduce fatal unintentional poisoning in children have been largely successful, growing numbers of deaths from suicidality and substance abuse present unique challenges to the public health system. This paper explores three areas where new approaches hope to mitigate major causes of poison-related fatality. Included in this discussion are bystander naloxone for opioid overdose, a reconsideration of the optimal dose of N-acetylcysteine therapy and intravenous fat emulsion (lipid rescue) therapy for cardiovascular toxins. These innovative approaches are designed to challenge dogma and provide a stimulus for individualised clinical care.
Are there urban signatures in the tropospheric ozone column products derived from satellite measurements?
Authors: Kar J. , Fishman J. , Creilson J. K. , Richter A. , Ziemke J. , Chandra S.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. In view of the proposed geostationary satellite missions to monitor air quality from space, it is important to first assess the capability of the current suite of satellite instruments to provide information on the urban scale pollution. We explore the possibility of detecting urban signatures in the tropospheric column ozone data derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)/Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite data. We find that distinct isolated plumes of tropospheric ozone near several large and polluted cities around the world may be detected in these data sets. The ozone plumes generally correspond with the tropospheric column NO2 plumes around these cities as observed by the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument. Similar plumes are also seen in tropospheric mean ozone mixing ratio distribution after accounting for the surface and tropopause pressure variations. The total column ozone retrievals indicate fairly significant sensitivity to the lower troposphere over the polluted land areas, which might help explain these detections. These results indicate that ultraviolet (UV) measurements may, in principle, be able to capture the urban signatures and may have implications for future missions using geostationary satellites.
Measuring hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes in the Dee Estuary
Authors: Bolaños R. , Souza A.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The capability of monitoring and prediction in the marine environment provides information that may allow sustainable development of coastal and offshore regions. Therefore, the continuous measurement of environmental processes becomes an important source of information. The present paper shows data collected during 6 years, and in particular during 2008, in the Dee Estuary. The aim of the data collection is to improve the observations of the mobile sediments in coastal areas and its forcing hydrodynamics and turbulence. Data includes information from the deployment of instrumented rigs measuring sediment in suspension, currents, waves, sea level, sediment size and bedforms as well as cruise work including grab sampling, CTD profiles and side-scan sonar. The data cover flood and ebb tides during spring and neap periods with moderate and mild wave events, thus, having a good coverage of the processes needed to improve knowledge of sediment transport and the parameterizations used in numerical modelling. The data, in raw and treated, are being banked at BODC (British Oceanographic Data Centre, http://www.bodc.ac.uk/) which is the formal British organization for looking after and distributing data concerning the marine environment.
Estimates of radiance reflected towards the zenith at the surface of the sea
Authors: Aas E.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Remote sensing of water colour by ship-mounted sensors represents an important tool for the validation of satellite products and the monitoring of water quality. The recorded radiance from the sea has to be corrected for the surface-reflected radiance from sun and sky in order to obtain the water-leaving radiance. Here the simple case of radiance reflected towards the zenith is studied. A set of observed sky radiance and solar irradiance data from Oslo has been used together with a Gaussian slope distribution for the sea surface in order to estimate the reflected radiance. The spectral range studied is 405–650 nm, the solar zenith angles are in the range 37°–76°, and the wind speeds are up to 10 m s−1. The analysis of the results show that the reflected radiance has to be separated into three contributions: sky radiance and sun rays reflected at the foam-free surface and irradiance reflected by whitecaps and foam. It is then demonstrated that by using four input values, namely the downward irradiance, the sky radiance from the zenith, the solar zenith angle and the wind speed, it is possible to obtain by simple expressions estimates of the reflected radiance that only differ from the former calculated values by relative errors of 4% or less. The analysis also indicates that for the spectral range studied neither the water-leaving radiance nor the surface-reflected radiance can be disregarded relative to the other one in the Case 2 waters of the Oslofjord-Skagerrak area. The results form a first step towards the study of reflected radiance in viewing angles differing from the nadir direction.