bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Love Commandments: An Opening for Christian-Muslim Dialogue?
Authors: Migliore Daniel L.
Published: February 2011

In the recent, widely circulated letter from Muslim theologians to Christian theologians and church leaders titled “A Common Word between Us and You,” some openings for constructive theological dialogue may be found. By identifying the twofold love commandment as an essential element of Torah, Gospel, and Qur'an, the letter in effect invites Christians and Muslims not only to work together for justice and peace but also to study together each other's Scriptures, to explore together their different understandings of the oneness of God, and to inquire of each other how the love commandments are related as well as whether enemies are among the others we are commanded to love. This essay includes reflections on the conditions of fruitful theological dialogue between Christians and Muslims. It emphasizes that dialogue does not mean glossing over real differences but, rather, engaging in a process in which participants may acquire new respect for the faith of others and new insight into their own faith.
Responding to the Kairos of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Baard Rachel Sophia
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this essay is to contribute to the development of a framework for thinking theologically about the kairos of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic by critically retrieving elements of Augustine's hamartiology. Despite a tendency to associate sin too easily with sexuality, Augustine's hamartiology can provide helpful theological resources for responding to HIV/AIDS, for two reasons: it transcends moral individualism by locating individual choices in a broader reality of corporate moral responsibility, and it never understands sin without the “higher” reality of divine grace. As such, an Augustinian-type doctrine of sin, adapted to allow for greater structural focus than might be encountered in a classical world-negating form of Augustinianism, may help to shape a moral vision that can counter a judgmental moralism and ground the church's moral responses to HIV/AIDS.
Postmodern Theology and Modern Liberalism: Reconsidering the Relationship
Authors: Hyman Gavin
Published: February 2011

In recent forms of postmodern theology, especially in what has become known as “radical orthodoxy,” there has been a concerted effort deliberately to reject liberalism, both in its modern secular and in its theological manifestations. In the historical and theological genealogies they construct, liberalism is portrayed as the enemy of true theology, the Trojan horse through which theology secures its own demise. This essay questions these assumptions and argues that postmodern theology and modern liberalism are not as antithetical as has often been claimed; rather, the relationship between them should be seen as fluid, dynamic, and perhaps dialectical. Furthermore, postmodern theology has something positive to learn from modern liberalism.
The Future of the Social Gospel
Authors: Hinson-Hasty Elizabeth
Published: February 2011

There have been a number of recent attempts to return Social Gospel theology to the center of discussions in both church and academy. This article deals with two important questions confronting those wanting to build upon the Social Gospel tradition in the twenty-first century: Why does Social Gospel theology still warrant a close examination today? How can its limitations be addressed so that we can understand how its proponents brought together church, academy, and advocacy? Three strategies are offered for critically appropriating Social Gospel thought for today's social and ecclesial context.
The Lord's Supper and the Church's Public Witness
Authors: Billings J. Todd
Published: February 2011

The Lord's Supper, as a God-given means of grace, has implications for the church's public witness. Rather than separate bodies from souls, and the secular from the sacred, the Supper holds together union with the heavenly Christ and communion with earthly bodies. Moreover, while union with Christ at the Supper is God's gift, this gift exposes the sinful inadequacy of the church's witness. In the eschatological tension between present gift and future promise, the Supper enacts the church's identity as a people empowered to live into God's promise in its public life, while avoiding both triumphalism and mere capitulation to social-political trends.
Kierkegaard's Purity of Heart and the “Sunday-Monday Gap”
Authors: Tucker Travis
Published: February 2011

This article describes Søren Kierkegaard's early attempts to address the “Sunday-Monday gap.” Kierkegaard takes a bifurcated approach. First, through the voice of a pseudonym, Johannes Climacus, Kierkegaard describes the problem and its causes. In Purity of Heart, Kierkegaard uses his own voice to offer a solution to the gap—the adoption of a confessional perspective. Through a daily envisioning of oneself confessing before God, Kierkegaard believes not only that the Sunday-Monday gap will be overcome but also that several beneficial personality traits will grow.
The “New Monasticism” as Ancient-Future Belonging
Authors: Harrold Philip
Published: February 2011

Self-consciously postmodern Christians in the postevangelical, emerging church, or so-called “emergent conversation” in North America and the United Kingdom, are redefining the Christian community in monastic terms and reimagining it using premodern forms. Rediscovering how to exhibit the Christian faith as a way of life has prompted a variety of historical retrievals of ancient patterns and practices that seem to make their originative faith communities more authentic and compelling to postmodern sociocultural contexts. These “ancient-future” pursuits inspire not only an eclectic array of historical inquiries but also a distinctive historical consciousness that stresses the importance of imaginative reconstruction and “indwelling” of ancient Christian praxis. After a brief survey of the New Monasticism, the theological promises and perils of this diverse movement will be considered.
The Redeeming Patience of Jesus
Authors: Lauber David
Published: February 2011

This article explores the redemptive significance of the patience of Jesus. It examines how the patient suffering of Jesus is uniquely manifested in Jesus' life of obedience, crucifixion, and burial, in order to shed light on how God brings about redemption in a world marked by great suffering and evil. The article uses two novels, Peter De Vries's The Blood of the Lamb and Wallace Stegner's Crossing to Safety, in order to examine how it is precisely the patience of Jesus that provides the possibility for redemption in the midst of awful situations of suffering and grief.
The Gospel According to Thomas; Coptic Text Established and Translated by A. Guillaumont, H.-Ch. Puech, G. Quispel, W. Till and Yassah Abd Masih. 62 pp. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1959. $2.00
Authors: Piper Otto A.
Published: February 2011

The Secret Sayings of Jesus, by Robert M. Grant in Collaboration with David Noel Freedman, With an English Translation of the Gospel of Thomas by William R. Schoedel. 206 pp. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday & Co., 1960. $3.50.
On the Road to Christian Unity, by Samuel M. Cavert. 192 pp. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1961. $3.75
Authors: Bridston Keith R.
Published: February 2011

The Ecumenical Movement, by Norman Goodall. 240 pp. New York, Oxford University Press, 1961. $4.50.
Christian Mission and Christ's Prevenience
Authors: Johnston George
Published: February 2011

THESIS: Within the past few years, notably at the Assembly of the World Council of Churches in New Delhi in 1961, leading missionary thinkers have put forward the view that Christians meet their fellowmen on the road of life. In such meeting they also confront Jesus Christ. In the neighbor, even the non-Christian neighbor who lives in spiritual darkness, Christ addresses the Christian, and so the Christian must learn from the neighbor. Furthermore, Christ has already preceded the preacher; he is already there, and we must try to catch up with him. The crisis of the present situation in the witness of the church to other faiths, and to men of no faith, demands, however, the assertion, with love and humility, that preachers are sent and that it is God who has chosen to speak through them.
The Decalogue as Morality and Ethics
Authors: Bailey Kenneth C.
Published: February 2011

THESIS: One reason why it is difficult to convince modern man of his sinfulness and need of grace is the widespread failure to distinguish carefully enough between morality and ethics, between formal and material ethical rules. The theologian tends to speak the language of the former, and the layman of the latter; and confusion results because they often do not realize that the two languages are quite different. This essay attempts to make the difference clear with reference to the Ten Commandments, and to use this distinction to show that there is no paradox in holding both that man is sinful and that he may nevertheless be thoroughly ethical.
Lehmann's Contextual Ethics and the Problem of Truth-Telling
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: February 2011

“Ethics cannot be born out of any concrete ‘whole’ without the moral requirement or claim of ‘wholeness.’ Nor, for that matter, does the indicative theological statement, ‘God forgives,’ imply the injunction, ‘Forgive one another,’ without the intervention of a normative statement in theological ethics, ‘Men should deal with one another as God deals with them.’ Neither in a secular context nor in a Christian context is it possible to formulate the ethical question as ‘What am I to do?’ Any ethics, in any context, must ask, ‘What ought I to do?’”
Keep the Commandments!
Authors: Bosley Harold
Published: February 2011

Matthew 19:17: “… But if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments.”
Mirror of Our Culture
Authors: Rambusch Robert E.
Published: February 2011

“We have crossed the threshold of a new age whose implications the fair failed to treat seriously. Perhaps the fair does mirror too well our present culture, but it is not enough to hold up the cracked mirror. A billion-dollar venture has the responsibility to present for our consideration not only the world as it is but the reality of human dignity and potency capable of transforming ourselves and our universe. There remain many uncomfortable realities which the 1964–65 New York World's Fair did not confront or even acknowledge.”
The Playboy
Authors: Hamilton William
Published: February 2011

Opening scene is a brightly lit space, with four chairs in a row; three are labelled clearly, “THE PLAYBOY,” “THE CHRISTIAN,” and “THE ALTRUIST.” Three actors, dressed as such, enter the scene and inspect the chairs. Two of the actors are young men, one a girl. The girl will become the altruist, one actor the playboy, the other actor the Christian.
Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Lost Contracts
Authors: Lapsley James N.
Published: February 2011

“I am contending in this article that it is not true that the law is dead or dying. Rather, it has gone ‘underground’ in the experience of most, if not all, persons, and forgiveness is yet a vital necessity in the life of the Christian in the literal sense of release from debt. … Forgiveness entails the cancellation of ‘contracts’ between oneself and one's parent surrogates as a first step. … The petition, ‘forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors,’ must be taken seriously. In a broader sense it cannot be denied that the possibility of reconciliation must be felt before one can take the first step in forgiveness, as Pilgrim sensed the reality of the celestial city before leaving home. Yet it is felt afar off. One must venture to find the contracts which bind him in estranged relationship without full assurance of release.”
The Pastoral Office of the President
Authors: Carter Paul A.
Published: February 2011

“Like much else that George Washington said and did as President of the United States, this [supplication for God's blessing] was precedent-setting. His thirty-third successor would launch a Presidential administration with a formal Inauguration Prayer. … Meanwhile, in 1791, the states had ratified a Bill of Rights whose first article forbade ‘any law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.’ Twentieth century jurisprudence has strictly construed this article, assuming that freedom from establishment must mean the right of non-exercise.”
Biblical Eschatology and Political Hermeneutics
Authors: Migliore Daniel L.
Published: February 2011

“Our task today is to discern the interaction of God's promise and man's historical experience in the political arena. Men today are increasingly aware that major issues affecting the present and future quality of human life often take a social and political form. This being the case, God's promise must be apprehended in its political bearing if it is not to be an empty or escapist phrase for men in modern society. A proper understanding of the gospel today brings men into a creative opposition to experienced social and political realities.”
Blake on Joseph's Dilemma
Authors: Phipps William E.
Published: February 2011

“Blake discerned that the basic teaching of the entire Bible was that love should be displayed without ceasing to the undeserving. He thought that this love could most poignantly be tested in a situation of estrangement provoked by an adulterous conception. Blake's Joseph renewed his trust in one who pleaded for forgiveness after she had betrayed his confidence. Far from believing that his betrothed was forever tainted by past indulgence in illicit coitus, he accepted her baby as his own. The couple mutually witness to the indefatigable nature of true love.”
Can Anyone Be a Christian Today?
Authors: Easton W. Burnet
Published: February 2011

“According to the Bible, being a real Christian is not worrying about achieving perfection, moral, ethical, or spiritual. Rather it is believing that in Jesus Christ God comes to tell us that he accepts us as we are in spite of our imperfections, if we will trust and try to be obedient as best we can, with all our imperfections, to the leading of his Holy Spirit. Christians are not morally, ethically, or spiritually perfect people, nor better than others.”
Method in the History of Religions
Authors: Ingram Paul O.
Published: February 2011

“The notion that the historian of religions should seek disinterested, impersonal, descriptive knowledge about religious ‘matters of fact’ understood as existing independently of concrete persons should be outrightly rejected as an inadequate metaphor. … No methodology is developed prior to the process of understanding and discovery … for method is essentially a way of interpreting the implications of insights which have their roots in the tacit forms of inarticulate knowledge.”
Freedom: Hierarchy or Humanity?
Authors: Suchocki Marjorie
Published: February 2011

“Freedom [in the traditional theological sense] does not issue from the human condition; it is a gift bestowed from above. This freedom demarcates and perpetuates a hierarchical order, not only from God to the world, but even within the world, where humanity is divided into spiritual orders of kings and servants, Thus the locus of this freedom has not been humanity per se. Dignity and worth are held, insofar as they are granted, by a higher authority. Theologically, the higher authority is God; practically, the higher authority has been the hierarchical social structure, reinforced by the sense of divine institution… As liberation movements make gains in society, the new experiences of freedom resulting from this ideology will challenge the traditional forms of freedom's expression.”
The Shadow of the Death Camps
Authors: Eckardt A. Roy
Published: February 2011

“The Holocaust questions that confront the church today are not so much those of God, theodicy, human suffering, the covenant, and the land—in contrast to the case with Jews—but rather the question of Christian culpability respecting Jewish agony… So shattering an event as the Holocaust has opened a crisis within every facet of Christian and Jewish thinking.”
A Hole in the Heavens
Authors: Routley Erik
Published: February 2011

“Stephen, full of grace and power, did great wonders and signs among the people. Then some of those who belonged to the synagogue of the Freedmen… arose and disputed with Stephen… and set up false witnesses… They were enraged, and they ground their teeth against him. But he, full of the Holy Spirit, gazed into heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God; and he said, ‘Behold, I see the heavens opened’… Then they cast him out of the city and stoned him… And he knelt down and cried with a loud voice, ‘Lord, do not hold this sin against them.’ ”—Acts 6:8-7:60.
On the Way to Wholeness
Authors: GonzáLez Catherine Gunsalus
Published: February 2011

“Theology does not have its source within our own experience. It has its source in the revelation given by God, but our interpretation of that revelation has everything to do with our own situation. Men have the tendency to forget the second part of this statement and assume the theology they create is ‘undefiled’ by such non-intellectual factors. At the present time, some women who have been alienated from the church because of its failure to recognize the masculine bias present in its theology may have the tendency to forget the first half.”
Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe
Authors: Bradford Clare M.
Published: February 2011

“The great scholastic syntheses of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries had seen an attempt at integrating all natural, acquired knowledge with the infused knowledge by which divine truths are revealed. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, scholastic philosophy was fragmented. … One reaction to this was a … growing tendency to rely on the direct operation of God in the human soul, and to value religious experience.”
Theology and Religious Studies: Friends or Enemies?
Authors: Kegley Charles W.
Published: February 2011

“Exponents or practitioners of theology and of religious studies have become estranged, so much so that enmity is often the only appropriate description of the relationship. My thesis further holds that this is a regrettable development, one consequence of which is that both camps lose because of this hostility, as does religious thought and life generally.”
The Laity in Biblical Perspective
Authors: Gillespie Thomas W.
Published: February 2011

“The ‘new direction’ which a biblical perspective on the Christian laity requires of us today … will be realized only if the ‘nonclergy’ are willing to move up, if the ‘clergy’ are willing to move over, and if all God's people are willing to move out.”
The Plate Tectonics of New Testament Study
Authors: Henry Patrick
Published: February 2011

Is the church abandoning New Testament scholarship? Or is New Testament scholarship abandoning the church? In this essay, Patrick Henry argues that they are moving toward each other and that each reminds the other of what it is likely to forget.
Metaphors, Equations, and the Faith
Authors: Frye Roland Mushat
Published: February 2011

“We live again in a world of awe, a world of hypotheses, of the ‘as if’ and not of the ‘just like.’… It is a world in which metaphor is again recognized as necessary and is once again becoming a respected tool of thought.”
How Pastoral Theology Functions
Authors: Kinast Robert L.
Published: February 2011

“The task of facilitating the interaction between academic theology and pastoral ministry belongs in a preeminent way to pastoral theology.”
Books on Spirituality
Authors: Conn Joann Wolski
Published: February 2011

Mysterion: An Approach to Mystical Spirituality, by Richard Woods (Chicago, Thomas More, 1981. 371 pp. $14.95); True Prayer: An Invitation to Christian Spirituality, by Kenneth Leech (San Francisco, Harper & Row, 1980. 202 pp. $10.95); The Call of Silence: Discovering Christian Meditation, by Bradley Hanson (Minneapolis, Augsburg, 1980. 140 pp. $5.95, paper); Prayer of the Heart, by George A. Maloney, S.J. (Notre Dame, Ave Maria, 1981. 206 pp. $3.95 paper).
The Psychology of Petitionary Prayer
Authors: Capps Donald
Published: February 2011

“The heart of the psychology of religion is the psychology of prayer, especially petitionary prayer…. Down through the centuries, believers have considered prayer the primary religious resource available to them for effecting a connection between themselves and God.”
Prison Outreach Ministry
Authors: Hanson Allen
Published: February 2011

“There is no rehabilitation in any jail…. Nearly one-third of the prisoners released each year in the United States return to prison within two years. It is a well established fact that true Christians almost never return to prison for any reason. This is a reality that makes all efforts to reach prisoners with the Gospel of Jesus Christ worth all the time and energy spent on it.”
Definition of Brain Death
Authors: Paris John J. , Cranford Ronald E.
Published: February 2011

“It is important to be clear on what determination of death statutes involve…. It is equally important to understand the objections to such legislation, analyze and evaluate them, and devise a coherent public policy position on the issue. That policy must be medically sound, ethically appropriate, and theologically acceptable.”
Pastoral Care and the Unity of Theological Education
Authors: Oden Thomas C.
Published: February 2011

“Admittedly all of the major families of disciplines of theological education have at times attempted to accommodate reductionistic historical, scientific, and empirical methods that have in turn attempted to estrange each discrete discipline from the central, integrating spirit of holistic, orthodox Christian theology. All have borrowed methodologies so extensively from the cultural context that they have lost their centers. But no discipline illustrates this more powerfully, dramatically, tragically, and influentially than does pastoral care.”
Symbols as Teachers
Authors: Mulder John M.
Published: February 2011

“The Reformation shattered the synthesis of art and Christianity and undermined the Christian confidence in symbols as reliable ways of embodying or stating Christian truth…. Gradually, however, Protestants began to appreciate what they had so deliberately and consistently rejected…. The undermining of the iconoclastic tradition in Protestantism and the recovery of the power of symbolism can be seen in a case study of American Presbyterians.”
Prayer and Christology: Psalm 22 as Perspective on the Passion
Authors: Mays James L.
Published: February 2011

“That Jesus as Son of God uses the prayer and actualizes the identity described in it does something to suffering that changes its face for those who believe in him. … Knowing ‘he has been through it’ does not give us a final explanation or metaphysic. It does give us a new perspective, experience, and stance.”
Ways of Praise
Authors: Edgerton W. Dow
Published: February 2011

“Must we not learn to speak of the interior landscape of heart? Must we not learn to see with our eyes in discipline and penetration and more: to see through love's eyes? Must we not learn the discipline of listening and the astonishment of silence? Must we not learn by heart the source and reason and language of praise? And finally, must we not learn how it is a human life could unfold with word at its center, a painful pearl of treasure, growing? Here is another traveller with stories to tell.”
May We Invoke the Saints?
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2011

“Invocation of the saints is a practice which arises as a secondary ramification of certain foundational truths of the Christian faith. To get at the theological intelligibility of how it ‘works’ even today and has the positive effect of evoking reliance on the saving mercy of God, without the negative effect of overshadowing the sole mediatorship of Jesus Christ, two primary insights rooted in the biblical witness need to be considered. One deals with the relation between Jesus Christ and Christian believers, the other with the interrelationship among Christians themselves.”
Pilgrimage as Metaphor in a Nuclear Age
Authors: Miles Margaret
Published: February 2011

“The assumption underlying evaluations of the world as worthless is that only what is permanent has value. Unless the ‘goods of this world’ can become reminders of eternity, temporary things, no matter how delightful, nourishing, and stimulating, have little or no value in relation to eternal things. … We no longer live in such a world. And therefore the rhetoric of Christian tradition, its metaphors and images, must be examined and reevaluated in the light of the fragile and threatened world of twentieth-century experience.”
A Renaissance in Jesus Studies
Authors: Borg Marcus J.
Published: February 2011

“The picture of Jesus as a charismatic or ‘holy man’ vividly in touch with what the texts call ‘Spirit’ radically challenges the flattened sense of reality pervading the modern worldview and much of the mainline church. … Similarly, the picture of Jesus as a subversive sage undermining his culture's conventional assumptions, as a prophet calling it to change its historical direction, and as a revitalization movement founder seeking to create an alternative culture, all point to a deep involvement in the life of history.”
Villainy, Humor, and Heresy
Authors: McMullen W. Cary
Published: February 2011

“Robertson Davies' The Rebel Angels and Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose, written within a year of each other, present a striking pair of books on the theme of heresies—ideas considered beyond the pale…. The modern university and the medieval monastery are able, in these writers' hands, to show us ourselves and our intellectual heritage.”
Why Apocalypse, Now?
Authors: Keller Catherine
Published: February 2011

“So, why involve ourselves in apocalypse? Perhaps the answer must be that we are already involved in apocalypse, involved in such many-layered and multivalent complexities of image and reality, of judgment and hope, and of illusion and disillusionment that we had best meditate upon apocalypse now and again. The proliferating smorgasbord of end-of-the-world scenarios (dispensational fundamentalists, contemporary interpreters of Nostradamus and the Mayan Calendar Stone, the UFO people, and Our Lady of Fatima) warns of the perils of this last decade of the millennium and points to a pervasive atmosphere. The phenomenal rate of major historical change marking the beginning of this decade will mingle in unpredictable ways with the varieties of apocalypticism.”
The Authority of Scripture: Normative or Incidental?
Authors: Beker J. Christiaan
Published: February 2011

“When we reflect on the road we have traveled since the Reformation, it becomes abundantly evident how unclear, uncertain, and ambiguous we have become about the authority of Scripture, the written Word of God, which we confess to be the normative source of Christian life and doctrine. … Can we in our time simply regress to the tradition of the sixteenth century in our view of Scripture?”
Xodus Musings: Reflections on Womanist Tar Baby Theology
Authors: Baker-Fletcher Garth
Published: February 2011

“As heretical as it may seem, those who experience the boot of fierce power on their throats do not envision Jesus as anything but full of righteous indignation for the injustice visited them in the name of Jesus. So, the historical Nat Turner and all of his psycho-symbolic ancestors still living inside of black men look to Jesus as the Eschatological One, coming to set things aright. Since Martin Luther King and Malcom X could not change the destructive, oppressive ways of the United States, Jesus will.”
The Logic and Lyric of Contrition
Authors: Roberts Robert C.
Published: February 2011

“[T]aken quite literally, the phrase, ‘there is no health in us’ exaggerates. There must be some spiritual health in us for us even to notice that we are sinners, and still more for us to care about that fact (contrition is a Christian virtue). But the lyric of contrition, like any other lyric, affords a certain license; having a poetic quality, good prayers do not have to be precise theology at every turn. However uncomfortable we may feel with it, the phrase expresses quite excellently that we have fallen very far short of the glorious life to which God has called us—that we are badly spoiled, even if not quite completely.”
The Artist Works the Gold: The Vision of Philip Schaff
Authors: Johnson David W.
Published: February 2011

“[I]f church history is a theological discipline, if somehow God is to be taken into account in the study of church history … the example of Schaff's work, with its emphasis upon the continuity of God's work throughout history, at least reminds us that, if there is any such thing as a ‘history of salvation,’ a heilsgeschichte, it must extend beyond the biblical period.”
Civilian Control of the Armed Forces in Democratic Latin America
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah
Published: February 2011

This article presents a new framework for measuring civilian control of the armed forces in post-transition Latin America. Specifically, it builds on approaches that focus on military privileges and military protest, particularly in the face of government challenges to those privileges. Adding mission performance as a third dimension both helps us measure civilian control more accurately and provides causal leverage, as the three dimensions can interact. The paper demonstrates the utility of the framework through a close-up analysis of a critical case: civil–military relations in Peru since the 1990s.
The Individual’s Level of Globalism and Citizen Commitment to the State
Authors: Adres Eitan , Vanhuysse Pieter , Vashdi Dana R.
Published: February 2011

The article inquires about the role of globalization on individual commitment to the state by studying the tendency of high school students to evade obligatory military service in Israel. We define five dimensions of the individual’s level of globalism (ILG) and examine their impact on degrees of military service commitment. We suggest a new nondichotomous approach by considering, in addition to full evasion and full commitment to combat service, the option of quasi-evasion: to serve, but in a risk-free role. Investigating a sample of 2,705 eleventh and twelfth grade students, we find that quasi-evasion is widespread, involving 54 percent of all respondents and 40 percent of all males. More “globalized” individuals, those lacking active local ties and those with high levels of consumerism show a significantly greater tendency to evade military service. Counter to our expectations, students with lower levels of individualism also show a significantly greater tendency to evade military service.
Topicalization and object omission in child language
Authors: Pérez-Leroux Ana T. , Pirvulescu Mihaela , Roberge Yves
Published: February 2011

This article offers a closer look at the relationship between object omission in child language and the acquisition of object clitics. The study isolates a context in French where the use of an object clitic is not only possible, or optimal, but mostly obligatory in the adult grammar, namely the clitic left-dislocation context. In addition, the article contrasts French with English, a language that requires a null element in a similar context, topicalization. By exploring the topicalization structures, the study separates the acquisition of object clitics from object omission phenomena. The results confirm those obtained from other experimental methods and from naturalistic observation: French children, in contrast to adults, uniformly prefer null objects across different domains; they continue to do so even in a syntactically triggered context such as clitic left-dislocation. Thus, the article provides evidence for a null object stage in child acquisition independent of the parametric settings of the target language.
Challenges and Opportunities in Managing the Dizzy Older Adult
Authors: Wetmore Stephen J. , Eibling David E. , Goebel Joel A. , Gottshall Kim R. , Hoffer Michael E. , Magnusson Måns , Raz Yael
Published: February 2011

Balance disorders are common in elderly people, not only resulting in distressing sensations but also leading to reduced activity levels and quality of life. It has been estimated that 30% of elderly patients experience a balance disorder. Managing these disorders is a substantial challenge for patients and their caregivers and physicians. Moreover, abnormalities in balance are associated with falls, a major cause of morbidity and mortality for elderly people. Management is complicated by the inherent difficulties in assessing the generic complaint of dizziness, as well as the likelihood of multiple, often nonvestibular causes. The authors of this mini‐seminar review both vestibular and nonvestibular causes of balance disorders in elderly people, emphasizing practical therapeutic maneuvers that can be used.
Immunoglobulin A Defines Secretions from Salivary Tissue in Post–Sistrunk Procedure Drainage
Authors: Baig Samir M. , Martinez‐Alvernia Efrain A. , Mankarious Leila A.
Published: February 2011

Objectives

This was a pilot study to establish a protein difference between thyroglossal duct cyst fluid relative to oral saliva, in order to differentiate patients with residual thyroglossal cyst from those with salivary fistula in the case of post–Sistrunk procedure incisional drainage. Past immunohistochemistry studies on archived tissue blocks from post–Sistrunk procedure patients have shown MUC5AC to have elevated concentrations in thyroglossal duct relative to salivary tissue; secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) was also chosen as a candidate protein based on previously published reports of its increased concentration in saliva relative to respiratory secretions.

Design

Diagnostic tests were assessed. Thyroglossal duct cyst fluid and oral saliva were obtained from 12 patients. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was then performed on the samples to identify the presence of MUC5AC and IgA.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital.

Subjects

Patient fluid samples were taken immediately postoperatively for patients undergoing Sistrunk procedure at one institution. Presence of thyroglossal duct cyst was confirmed in all cases by pathology.

Results

Seven of 12 thyroglossal duct cyst fluid samples were shown to have elevated absorbance with ELISA for MUC5AC. In experiments for IgA, 10 of the 12 saliva samples had elevated absorbance compared with thyroglossal duct fluid samples obtained from the same patient.

Conclusions

IgA is an accurate identifier of saliva compared with thyroglossal duct fluid in secreted samples obtained from the same patient.
Distinct Epigenetic Profiling in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stem Cells
Authors: Furusawa Jun , Zhang Haihong , Vural Emre , Stone Annjanette , Fukuda Satoshi , Oridate Nobuhiko , Fang Hong , Ye Yanbin , Suen James Y. , Fan Chun‐Yang
Published: February 2011

Objective

To identify unique epigenetic signature in cancer stem cells (CSCs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Study Design

Molecular and microarray studies.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Head and neck CSCs were isolated in HNSCC cells by CD44 staining and flow cytometry sorting. CSCs with highest CD44 expression (CD44hi) and non–stem cells (non‐SCs) with lowest CD44 expression (CD44low) were then characterized for stemness gene expression and their responses to chemotherapeutic agents, followed by high‐throughput epigenetic profiling using the Illumina BeadChip Array, targeting 28,544 CpG sites covering more than 14,956 genes.

Results

CD44hi CSCs expressed higher levels of stem cell markers and were more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents as compared to CD44low non‐SCs. By DNA methylation microarray analysis, 17 hypomethylated and 9 hypermethylated genes were identified in CD44hi CSCs as compared to non‐SCs in most HNSCC cell lines. Cluster analysis using these 26 genes showed that CD44hi CSCs were epigenetically distinct from the CD44low non‐SCs in all 5 HNSCC cell lines.

Conclusion

A unique epigenetic profile consisting of 17 hypomethylated and 9 hypermethylated genes was seen in HNSCC CSCs. These genes may be critically required in maintaining the stemness or pluripotency of CSCs and may represent novel molecular targets for anticancer therapies aimed at eradicating CSCs in HNSCC.
Assessing the Efficacy of Tragal Pumping
Authors: Boyd Nathan H. , Gottschall Joshua A.
Published: February 2011

Objective

Tragal pumping is the practice of pushing on the tragus to raise pressure in the external auditory canal. This is a study to determine if tragal pumping improves middle ear penetration of ototopical medications via a patent pressure equalization tube.

Study Design

Prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Children with chronic otitis media scheduled for routine placement of bilateral pressure equalization tubes were offered enrollment in the study. After pressure equalization tube insertion, an otic preparation of 0.3% ofloxacin solution dyed with methylene blue was applied sequentially to both ear canals by the operating surgeon. Tragal pumping was performed on the experimental ear, and the opposite ear served as a control. A second operator, blinded to the randomization process, used an operating microscope to determine if otic drops had entered the middle ear as demonstrated by methylene blue staining of the promontory mucosa.

Results

Twenty‐four patients with a mean age of 3.6 years were enrolled in the study. Middle ear penetration of otic drops was present in 33% (8/24) of control ears and in 75% (18/24) of experimental ears, resulting in a statistically significant difference (P =. 0094).

Conclusion

Tragal pumping improves the middle ear penetration of ototopical medications via a patent pressure equalization tube.
Franchising success: Insights from real estate brokerage
Authors: Flint-Hartle Susan , de Bruin Anne
Published: February 2011

This article highlights factors that contribute to the success of franchising in the Australasian real estate brokerage industry. Evidence from both franchisor and franchisee perspectives reveals underlying fundamentals of competitive advantage. System success is argued to be based on the development of a complementary resource competency that ensures relationship sustainability. The franchisee adds value to the franchisor-initiated system and brand by developing presence and expertise in the local market. Franchisee screening and recruitment strategy is important, with prior experience and industry acculturation occupying a central place as a driver of success. The nature of entrepreneurship is a key question addressed and the strength of the entrepreneurial alliance is shown to be a component of the success equation. The pursuit of explanations beyond agency and resource scarcity theory widens the theoretical lens for examining the ubiquitous phenomenon of franchising in the real estate domain.
Enacting entrepreneurship as social value creation
Authors: Korsgaard Steffen , Anderson Alistair R.
Published: February 2011

The social plays an important role in entrepreneurship, but one that is not well understood. We argue that the social conditions of entrepreneurs, as well as the social nature of opportunities, affect the entrepreneurial process. Hence it is conceptually useful to understand enterprise as socially situated. Accordingly, this article examines the enactment of a socialized opportunity to explore the process of entrepreneurial growth. We find that a conceptualization of social value creation usefully develops our understanding and challenges the view that economic growth is the only relevant outcome of entrepreneurship. Our case study shows how social value is created in multiple forms at different centres and on different levels: from individual self-realization over community development to broad societal impact. We also find complex interrelations between the different levels and centres, thus, we argue that entrepreneurship is as much a social as an economic phenomenon.
The effects of a novel histamine-3 receptor inverse agonist on essential tremor in comparison to stable levels of alcohol
Authors: Zoethout RWM , Iannone R , Bloem BR , Palcza J , Murphy G , Chodakewitz J , Buntinx A , Gottesdiener K , Marsilio S , Rosen L , van Dyck K , Louis ED , Cohen AF , Schoemaker RC , Tokita S , Sato N , Koblan KS , Hargreaves RH , Renger JJ , van Gerven JMA
Published: February 2011

Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder. Animal studies show that histaminergic modulation may affect the pathological processes involved in the generation of ET. Histamine-3 receptor inverse agonists (H3RIA) have demonstrated attenuating effects on ET in the harmaline rat model. In this double-blind, three-way cross-over, single-dose, double-dummy study the effects of 25 mg of a novel H3RIA (MK-0249) and a stable alcohol level (0.6 g L−1) were compared with placebo, in 18 patients with ET. Tremor was evaluated using laboratory tremorography, portable tremorography and a clinical rating scale. The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) and a choice reaction time (CRT) test were performed to evaluate potential effects on sleep and attention, respectively. A steady state of alcohol significantly diminished tremor as assessed by laboratory tremorography, portable tremorography and clinical ratings compared with placebo. A high single MK-0249 dose was not effective in reducing tremor, but caused significant effects on the LSEQ and the CRT test. These results suggest that treatment with a single dose of MK-0249 does not improve tremor in alcohol-responsive patients with ET, whereas stable levels of alcohol as a positive control reproduced the commonly reported tremor-diminishing effects of alcohol.
Tracing neural connections to pain pathways with relevance to primary headaches
Authors: Edvinsson Lars
Published: February 2011

Background: Symptoms associated with primary headaches are linked to cranial vascular activity and to the central nervous system (CNS).

Review: The central projections of sensory nerves from three cranial vessels are described in order to further understand pain mechanisms involved in primary headaches. Tracers that label small and large calibre primary afferent fibres revealed similar distributions for the central terminations of sensory nerves in the superficial temporal artery, superior sagittal sinus and middle meningeal artery. The sensory nerve fibres from the vessels pass through both the trigeminal and rostral cervical spinal nerves and terminate in the ventrolateral part of the C1-C3 dorsal horns and the caudal and interpolar divisions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The C-fibre terminations were located mainly in the superficial layers (Rexed laminae I and II), and the Aδ-fibres terminated in the deep layers (laminae III and IV). The rostral projections from the ventrolateral C1-C2 dorsal horn revealed terminations in the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the cuneiform nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the deep mesencephalic nucleus, the thalamic posterior nuclear group and its triangular part, and the thalamic ventral posteromedial nucleus. The terminations in the pons and midbrain were predominately bilateral, whereas those in the thalamus were confined to the contralateral side.

Conclusions: The observations, done in rats with the understanding that similar trigeminovascular organization exists in man, reveal vascular projections into the brainstem and some aspects of the central regions putatively involved in the central processing of noxious craniovascular signals.
Knee Rotational Stability During Pivoting Movement Is Restored After Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Lam Mak-Ham , Fong Daniel Tik-Pui , Yung Patrick Shu-Hang , Ho Eric Po-Yan , Fung Kwai-Yau , Chan Kai-Ming
Published: February 2011

Background: The restoration of knee rotational stability after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been demonstrated in the cadaveric model and with passive stress tests on humans but not yet with dynamic functional biomechanical tests performed by human participants.

Purpose: To prospectively investigate the range of tibial rotation of ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed knees during a pivoting task. The authors hypothesized that there would be a significant increase in tibial internal rotation in the ACL-deficient knee compared with the contralateral knee and that the increased rotation would return to normal after anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Ten men with unilateral ACL injury performed a high-demand jump-landing and pivoting task before and after ACL reconstruction with mean follow-up of 11 months. The range of tibial rotation of the injured, reconstructed, and intact knees during the pivoting movement was measured by an optical motion analysis system. Paired t tests were performed to investigate any significant difference between the 2 limbs preoperatively and postoperatively and within the injured limb before and after the surgical treatment. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.

Results: The range of tibial rotation was higher in the ACL-deficient knee (12.6° ± 4.5°) than in the intact knee (7.9° ± 3.1°) preoperatively ( P < .05). The increased rotation was reduced in the reconstructed knee (8.9° ± 3.0°) after ACL reconstruction versus the intact knee postoperatively (8.2° ± 2.6°) ( P < .05). There was no significant difference in the tibial rotation between the intact knee and the reconstructed knee postoperatively ( P > .05).

Conclusion: As assessed with a dynamic functional pivoting movement, the anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction successfully restores knee rotational stability from an impaired level.
Hamstring Muscle Strains in Professional Football Players
Authors: Elliott Marcus C. C. W. , Zarins Bertram , Powell John W. , Kenyon Charles D.
Published: February 2011

Background: Investigations into hamstring strain injuries at the elite level exist in sports such as Australian Rules football, rugby, and soccer, but no large-scale study exists on the incidence and circumstances surrounding these injuries in the National Football League (NFL).

Hypothesis: Injury rates will vary between different player positions, times in the season, and across different playing situations.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods: Between 1989 and 1998, injury data were prospectively collected by athletic trainers for every NFL team and recorded in the NFL’s Injury Surveillance System. Data collected included team, date of injury, activity the player was engaged in at the time of injury, injury severity, position played, mechanism of injury, and history of previous injury. Injury rates were reported in injuries per athlete-exposure (A-E). An athlete-exposure was defined as 1 athlete participating in either 1 practice or 1 game.

Results: Over the 10-year study period 1716 hamstring strains were reported for an injury rate (IR) of 0.77 per 1000 A-E. More than half (51.3%) of hamstring strains occurred during the 7-week preseason. The preseason practice IR was significantly elevated compared with the regular-season practice IR (0.82/1000 A-E and 0.18/1000 A-E, respectively). The most commonly injured positions were the defensive secondary, accounting for 23.1% of the injuries; the wide receivers, accounting for 20.8%; and special teams, constituting 13.0% of the injuries in the study.

Conclusion: Hamstring strains are a considerable cause of disability in football, with the majority of injuries occurring during the short preseason. In particular, the speed position players, such as the wide receivers and defensive secondary, as well as players on the special teams units, are at elevated risk for injury. These positions and situations with a higher risk of injury provide foci for preventative interventions.