bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Transmission Control Protocol Incast over Large-scale HPC Clusters
Authors: Khalid S. , Abdullah H.M. , Ahmad S.Z.
Published: January 2025

The lifecycle of large-scale applications executing on High-Performance Computing (HPC) clusters involves massive use of transmission control protocol (TCP) while performing orchestration for job completion on multiple compute resources. As the HPC clusters involve large local area network communication for distributing jobs over compute and data nodes, the core network fabric in cluster architecture faces heavy workloads of TCP sessions; causing more than average packet drop events. This results in the poor TCP throughput; thus reducing the overall performance indices of the cluster. In this article, we have analyzed the TCP behavior at nominal, average, and heavy transmission load in a cluster environment for assessing various alternatives to solve the problem. We have also analyzed the cumulative queuing behavior of multiple TCP sessions at the contention switch and used a fine-grained configuration at the network fabric to improve the TCP performance. The simulation results show that the smaller set of data flow suffers a significant throughput collapse. The performance of TCP variants tested indicates that the congestion control mechanism of these protocols plays a significant role in performance degradation and needs a scalable solution to improve TCP performance indices. In this paper, different versions of TCP are employed for an HPC compute cluster and data storage to cater to the TCP Incast problem and simple solutions are presented. It has been observed that none of the classical, as well as newer TCP variants, perform consistently under heavy fan-in workload but a better queue management system at the network fabric greatly simplifies the problem and improves the cluster performance.
Study on Growth, Structural, Optical and Mechanical nature of L-Threonine Manganese Acetate (LTMA) Single Crystal
Authors: Ahamed N. I. , Anburaj D. B. , Nedunchezhian G.
Published: January 2025

The Novel L-Threonine Manganese Acetate (LTMA) single crystal has been grown successfully by slow evaporation method at 300C. In order to determine the crystalline nature of the samples and cell parameters (a=5.106 Ã…, b= 7.721 Ã…, c=13.45 Ã… & Î±=Î²=Î³=90 Í¦), Single crystal X-Ray Diffraction and Powder X-Ray Diffraction studies were carried out. The results confirm that drastic changes were observed in the structure of the material. The prominent peaks indicating the positions of the lattice points and crystal planes [111], [411], [422], [431], [444], [552] and [661]. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Chemical composition in the crystal. The active functional groups 3169cm-1, 3029 cm-1, 2200 cm-1 of the crystal points were analyzed by FTIR spectrum. Optical nature of the grown crystal obtained by UV-Vis-spectrometry, shows absorption 190nm to 1100nm, transparency in the range of 267-1100 nm and the energy band gap of 4.6eV. Hardness of the LTMA crystal was studied by Vickerâ€™s Micro hardness analyzer. The emission spectrum at 486nm of the grown crystal was determined by Photoluminescence study.
Species Concentration Gradient Method for Solution of Reacting Flow
Authors: Ahmad I. , Ahmad R. , Tahir S. , Ahmad S.
Published: January 2025

In this article, a new error balance approach utilizing local error per unit step (LEPUS) control strategy has been developed. The error control strategy has been upgraded to incorporate the temporal and spatial discretization error by an adjusting parameter, which has been linked with species gradient present in the chemical mechanism. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed improved LEPUS (ILEPUS) have been checked by solving the one-dimensional compressible gaseous flow in the absence of a reaction mechanism and compared with the old local error per step (LEPS) and traditional LEPUS strategies. With respect to the concentrations of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide for the winter season, the simulation predictions have been found to have a positive correlation with the recent experimental data collected in Changchun city, China. For further insights into the scheme, both one- and two-dimensional reacting flows with complex chemical reactions have also been solved using ILEPUS and LEPS, where the ILEPUS scheme has proven better performance as compared with LEPS and LEPUS.
Hydropower Potential at Simly Dam Site, Islamabad, Pakistan: Technical and Economic Review
Authors: Nazir A. , Ajwad A. , Jaffar S.T.A. , Zahid M.B. , Haider S.M.
Published: January 2025

Renewable forms of energy are the most widespread focus these days, specifically the use of multiple options for generating alternate resources of energy. Hydropower is the best option known in terms of available renewable energy sources. In Pakistan, hydropower potential is immense, particularly in its existing Indus basin water resources systems. Since going for large hydropower developments is pretty costly and takes a lot of years, therefore, it would be advantageous if small hydropower plants are constructed on various locations having substantial hydropower potential. In this study, the hydropower potential at Simly dam site was investigated firstly for the run of the river scenario and secondly for the flows going to the filtration plant, based on the data for years 2016-20. It was found that in run of the river case, with the availability of 71 m head and 4.78 m3/sec inflow, 2.57 MW power can be generated from this small hydropower development. Similarly, for the second scenario, 0.87 MW power can be produced by utilizing the hydraulic energy of water going towards the filtration plant. When the benefit cost ratio was estimated, the run of the river case was found more suitable with ratio of 1.4. Consequently, it was understood that this small addition to hydropower can help to fulfill 1/6 part of power demand of people living in Islamabad.
Design and Implementation of Line Follower Robot Based on Single Pole Double Through Relay by Using Microcontroller
Authors: Taj A.B. , Ahmad M.
Published: January 2025

The aim of this work is to achieve an efficient control design for the line follower robot based on Single Pole Double Through (SPDT) relays by using PROTEUS professional software and its practical implementation. It followed a white line on the black background, detects turns or nonconformities, and operates the motors very efficiently by using the microcontroller. Infrared (IR) sensors are used to sense the white line (path). Differential directing was utilized to turn ON the robot. In this article, we have the voltage from the comparator by using the IR sensors. Microcontroller AT89C51 reads the voltage from comparator and operates the relays and these relays further operate the Direct Current (DC) motors. Each rear wheel has a dedicated DC motor while the front wheel is free to rotate. The design and hardware implementation with microcontroller are presented in this paper. Multiple tests were carried out on the robot for validation of the ability to follow the white line by adopting the accurate path and successfully achieving the target. It is worth mentioning that the robot has successfully achieved the target by using the AT89C51 microcontroller.
Reliance of the Strength of a Sandstone on Petrographic Attributes: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Yar Mustafa , Meraj Asad , Basit Abdul , Naseem Fawad , Khan Mumtaz Ali
Published: January 2025

For the present preliminary geotechnical investigation, sandstone from Dandot Formation of Permian age has been selected with eighteen samples that were collected for detailed petrographic analysis while three bulk samples were collected for geotechnical analysis. On the basis of grain size sandstone of Dandot Formation was divided into three parts. The lower part was mostly very fine, middle part was generally fine and upper part was of medium grain. Texturally and mineralogically the sandstone was sub-mature. Framework grains in the studied samples essentially consisted of variable amount of quartz (62 to 73%), feldspar (10 to 19%), and rock fragments (3 to 6%). Accessory minerals include muscovite, biotite, iron ore minerals, zircon and glauconite. The cement type in the samples was clayey ferruginous. The modal composition of the sandstone falls in the category of Arkose. The strength test including unconfined compressive strength, unconfined tensile strength, shear strength, specific gravity, and water absorption tests were employed on the rock samples to assess their geotechnical utilities. After evaluating these properties, the acquired test results indicated that the sandstone is very weak and hence cannot be used for construction purposes.
Performance Evaluation of Various Algorithms for Cluster Head Selection in WSNs
Authors: Afzal Humaira , Kanwal Saba , Zulfiqar M. , Gill Humera Batool , Mufti Muhammad Rafiq
Published: January 2025

With the huge growth of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and massive rise in upcoming electronic devices, network management becomes difficult as it affects the overall performance of the wireless networks. Earlier, in WSN, simple clustering was employed to cover this limitation but over the time, it became evident that without an effective mechanism of the cluster formation and cluster head (CH) selection, effective WSN performance cannot be achieved. As CH selection is one of the important phases of wireless communication, that is why, it becomes essential to enhance this phase. This enhancement reflects the great improvement in the overall performance of WSNs. Different types of methodologies have been introduced in the last 10 years for cluster formation and especially for CH selection. In this article, we investigate some important methodologies such as A-LEACH, MWCSGA, DEEC-Gauss, and eeTMFO/GA of cluster formation and CH selection. From the analysis, significant results such as the energy consumption, reliability, number of alive nodes, the lifetime and throughput of network are computed that can be further utilized in selection of the best algorithm for CH selection.
A Comprehensive Review of the Impact of Thermal Radiations on Energy Exchange Systems
Authors: Muhammad Ashraf
Published: January 2025

Radiations or electromagnetic rays have a significant role in energy emission from nuclear explosions as well as energy transmission in furnaces and combustion chambers. The radiations are considered in computing thermal influence in devices such as a rocket nozzle, nuclear power plants for space applications, or a gaseous-core nuclear rocket. Energy is transferred between separated elements without a medium in case of radiations or electromagnetic rays. The structure, surface quality, temperature and wavelength of the rotation angle at which radiation is emitted or absorbed by the surface and the spectral distribution of the radiation encountered on the surface are only a few of the variables that affect the radiative behavior. In some important situation, heat is transferred within the solid media or highly viscous media is considered so that convection in the medium is not important. The combined radiation-conduction is important in glassy materials and can be used as a coating to protect the interior of a body from high external temperature. Also, the radiation-conduction process plays a crucial role in controlling how hot or cold the ablating layer is. In these circumstances, the temperature distribution has an impact on how the ablating substance will melt, soften or evaporate. The main novelty of the current work is to highlight the important aspects of thermal radiation effects on heat transfer mechanism and to focus on recent developments in this field.
Physico-chemical Properties of Various Types of Wastewaters Used as Source of Irrigation
Authors: Javed Amna , Shehzadi Samreen , Ahmad Tanveer , Shah Syed Azam
Published: January 2025

Wastewater is widely used for irrigation of agricultural lands due to scarcity of freshwater, its reliable supply and high nutrients value. However, untreated wastewater is mostly contaminated with organic pollutants and toxic heavy metals including: cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc(Zn), cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo) and boron (B). Therefore, chemical analyses of wastewater is of great concern for safe agricultural irrigation. A study was conducted at Central Analytical Facility Division (CAFD) of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad with the objective to collect various types of wastewater and analyze for their nutrient composition (macro & micronutrients), heavy metals content (As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni) and other physicochemical characteristics including: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids(TDS), total suspended solids(TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Three categories of wastewater including sewage water, industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater being used as irrigation source were collected from various places and were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma- optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The obtained results revealed that domestic wastewater (Shah Town, Islamabad) and industrial wastewater (Hayatabad, Peshawar) were found environmentally safe. It was found that sewage water collected from Tarlai farms, Islamabad had no toxic heavy metals except mercury (2.67 ng mL-1) which was slightly above than FAO safe limits. However, sewage water collected from Sohan village, Islamabad is not recommended for irrigation due to its high mercury content (342.14 ng mL-1).
ROOM-TEMPERATURE MULTI-FERROCITY IN OFF-STOICHIOMETRIC Bi1.1FeO3 CERAMICS PREPARED BY MELT-PHASE SINTERING
Authors: Awan M. S. , Bhatti A. S.
Published: January 2025

Off-stoichiometric multiferroic (Bi1.1FeO3) ceramics were synthesized by the conventional powder metallurgy route by adopting the melt-phase sintering followed by rapid thermal quenching technique. Samples were sintered at four different temperatures (775-850) o C/120min in air. It was observed that high temperature sintering is desirable in order to avoid the impurity phases. Perovskite and impurity phases were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis performed at room temperature. Ferroelectric properties were measured by plotting the P-E loops under an applied field of 80 KV/cm. Sample sintered at 850o C showed spontaneous polarization, remnant polarization, and coercive field of 14.44 ÂµC/cm2 , 5.47 ÂµC/cm2 and 25.50 kV/cm, respectively. The linear behavior of magnetization as a function of applied magnetic field confirms the antiferromagnetic nature of the BiFeO3 compound at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies revealed the dense and submicron features of the sintered samples. It is suggested that causes leading to the higher leakage currents and dielectric break down can be suppressed by adopting the melt-phase sintering followed by rapid thermal quenching technique. This technique was also found effective in increasing the density of the ceramic samples. The sintering technique developed in this work is expected to be useful in synthesizing other ceramics from multivalent or volatile starting materials.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FILTER CAKE FORMATION ON DIFFERENT FILTER MEDIA
Authors: Saleem M. , Tahir M. S. , Krammar G.
Published: January 2025

Removal of particulate matter from gases generated in the process industry is important for product recovery as well as emission control. Dynamics of filtration plant depend on operating conditions. The models, that predict filter plant behaviour, involve empirical resistance parameters which are usually derived from limited experimental data and are characteristics of the filter media and filter cake (dust deposited on filter medium). Filter cake characteristics are affected by the nature of filter media, process parameters and mode of filter regeneration. Removal of dust particles from air is studied in a pilot scale jet pulsed bag filter facility resembling closely to the industrial filters. Limestone dust and ambient air are used in this study with two widely different filter media. All important parameters like pressure drop, gas flow rate, dust settling, are recorded continuously at 1s interval. The data is processed for estimation of the resistance parameters. The pressure drop rise on test filter media is compared. Results reveal that the surface of filter media has an influence on pressure drop rise (concave pressure drop rise). Similar effect is produced by partially jet pulsed filter surface. Filter behaviour is also simulated using estimated parameters and a simplified model and compared with the experimental results. Distribution of cake area load is therefore an important aspect of jet pulse cleaned bag filter modeling. Mean specific cake resistance remains nearly constant on thoroughly jet pulse cleaned membrane coated filter bags. However, the trend can not be confirmed without independent cake height and density measurements. Thus the results reveal the importance of independent measurements of cake resistance.
INVESTIGATING TARGET TRACKING PROBLEM USING A SIMPLE DECORRELATION SCHEME
Authors: Choudhry M. A. , Ali K. , Hanif A. , Mahmood T.
Published: January 2025

The target tracking problem for radar by using extended Kalman filter is investigated in this research work. First of all, we have investigated the problem of target tracking in Cartesian coordinates with polar measurements. To compensate for the non-linearity existing due to Cartesian to polar coordinate transformation, the extended Kalman filter is employed to get the state estimate of the target. In most of the modern radars, the measurement frequency is much higher thus, causing correlation in the measurement errors. If this correlation is not considered in the measurement model then the tracking performance will certainly degrade. The Kalman filter equations need to be modified while taking correlated noise into account. There are different techniques available for de-correlation of colored noise. A simple de-correlation scheme is proposed for tracking target which is also undergoing maneuver due to atmospheric turbulence. Simulation results show that significant improvement in tracking performance is obtained considering noise correlation.
APPLICATION SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FRAME RELAY NETWORK USING PVCS
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: January 2025

Frame relay networks are incorporated in a Wide Area Network (WAN) to make communication possible across a large area. These networks use permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) to dedicate links for efficient communication by avoiding the repeated overhead of setup call. The PVCs use contract parameters such as Committed Information Rate (CIR), Committed Burst Size (BC) and Excess Burst Size (BE) to ensure specific standards of communication. With an application executing on a Frame Relay network, the PVCs affect the performance of the application depending upon the traffic passing through the network.In this paper, we analyze the performance of the Frame Relay network with respect to the applications executing on it. The PVCs are established in the network with high and low values of contract parameters (CIR, BC & BE). The throughput, network delay and delay variance are used as metrics for evaluating the performance of the network while executing FTP, Voice and Video applications. The experimentation results show that the increase in the values of the contract parameters reduces the delay for FTP application, whereas for the Voice application, the delay remains consistent. On the contrary, for the Video application, the network delay and delay variance increase with the increase in the values of the contract parameters. Furthermore, the throughput of the Frame Relay network increases for each application with the increase in the values of the contract parameters. With simultaneous execution of the three considered applications, the throughput, delay and delay variance increase with the increase in the values of contract parameters.
ASCORBIC ACIDS CONTENTS IN COMMERCIAL JUICES AND BEVERAGES
Authors: Maryam B. , Rafique R. , Quratulain Miss. , Mashiatullah A. , Sultana T. , Javed T.
Published: January 2025

Vitamin C is water soluble which is essential for many physiological processes. Humans cannot synthesize vitamin C, so it must be taken through diet or as food supplement. Nowadays many liquid juices available in the market claim high levels of vitamin C. The present study was designed to check levels of vitamin C in commercially available juices and to verify manufacturers claim of vitamin C addition. Twenty five (25) juices, beverages, solid soft drinks of various brands were purchased from five locations in Islamabad and their ascorbic acid content was determined by Polarography. Juices were categorized into four groups namely international companies, Pakistani companies of good repute, other local companies, and solids drinks/ vitamin C supplement tablets. Results showed that measured and reported values of vitamin C in some international brand juices are comparable while others are not. Most of the reputed companies of Pakistan origin did not have any vitamin C in their products or their amount was negligible when compared with the reported values. Overall vitamin C was below detectable limit in juice packs of local companies. Vitamin C concentration in vitamin C tablets and solid soft drinks is comparable with reported values. On the basis of this study it is suggested that local companies may be using some chemical to develop taste and flavor of vitamin C in their products. It is recommended that strict quality control be implemented at the factories to prepare such products with correct amounts of vitamin C.
MINING TOP-K FREQUENT CLOSED ITEMSETS IN DATA STREAMS USING SLIDING WINDOW
Authors: Rehman Z. , Shahbaz M.
Published: January 2025

Frequent itemset mining has become a popular research area in data mining community since the last few years. There are two main technical hitches while finding frequent itemsets. First, to provide an appropriate minimum support value to start and user need to tune this minimum support value by running the algorithm again and again. Secondly, generated frequent itemsets are mostly numerous and as a result a number of association rules generated are also very large in numbers. Applications dealing with streaming environment need to process the data received at high rate, therefore, finding frequent itemsets in data streams becomes complex. In this paper, we present an algorithm to mine top-k frequent closed itemsets using sliding window approach from streaming data. We developed a single-pass algorithm to find frequent closed itemsets of length between userâ€Ÿs defined minimum and maximum-length. To improve the performance of algorithm and to avoid rescanning of data, we have transformed data into bitmap based tree data structure.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE BLADE
Authors: Jarral A. , Ali M. , Sahir M. H. , Pasha R. A.
Published: January 2025

Wind Energy is clean and renewable source of energy and is also the worldâ€™s fastest growing energy resource. Keeping in view power shortages and growing cost of energy, the low cost wind energy has become a primary solution. It is imperative that economies and individuals begin to conserve energy and focus on the production of energy from renewable sources. Present study describes a wind turbine blade designed with enhanced aerodynamic properties. Vertical axis turbine is chosen because of its easy installment, less noisy and having environmental friendly characteristics. Vertical axis wind turbines are thought to be ideal for installations where wind conditions are not consistent. The presented turbine blade is best suitable for roadsides where the rated speed due to vehicles is most often 8 ms-1 .To get an optimal shape design symmetrical profile NACA0025 has been considered which is then analyzed for stability and aerodynamic characteristics at optimal conditions using analysis tools ANSYS and CFD tools.
RELATIVE DEGREE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE OF BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L. GENOTYPES AGAINST APHID MYZUS PERSICAEA FIELD INVESTIGATION
Authors: Sarwar M.
Published: January 2025

Field evaluation of twenty three Brassica campestris L. genotypes was conducted for aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) resistance during 2008 crop season. The parameters used to assess tolerance of germplasm lines included pest population during growth season and grain yield at crop maturity. Aphids showed obvious preferences for all of the germplasm investigated; however, the evaluation for resistance to pest identified several genotypes with variable potential for tolerance and sensitivity. Estimated grain yield also varied significantly due to variable pest intensity noted, and seemed to be more appropriately dependent on the pest population conditions at the experimental site. Among the germplasm, the estimation obtained regarding both the parameters sorted out MM-II/02-3 and MM-I285 genotypes as most tolerant due to less pest infestation and damage. Peak infestations by aphid caused severe crop fatalities on S-9- S-97-0.75+75/55 and S-9-1006/95 genotypes, affecting the seed weight and resulting an immense reduction in grain produced. The degrees of aphidsâ€™ population and infestation on different Brassica genotypes appeared to be governed by means of varietals characteristics of diverse germplasms. The result of resistance test conducted under field environment is an effective and consistent approach in the practical selection of crop lines resistant or partially resistant to pests for use in future breeding programs.
Three Phase Load Flow Investigations in the Context of Smart Grid
Authors: Ashfaq S. , Malik T. N.
Published: January 2025

The developments & progress in communications, information and control have revolutionized the conventional grid. Currently integration of renewable energy resources, dynamic optimization techniques, advanced performance analysis tools, monitoring and measurements are handled under the smart grid umbrella. Central and distributed generation control requires efficient load flow analysis and monitoring at both levels. Three phase load flow investigations have been carried out on three real time systems: National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC), 32-Bus 500/220 kV primary Power System, the distribution systems of Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO) 11 kV, 81-nodes and University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Taxila 21-nodes by simulating in MATLAB Simulink Environment. Smart Environment has been created in three systems with increasing complexity from system 1 to system 3 and system 3 is proposed Smart Grid Model for UET Taxila. NTDC primary network has been analyzed with the integration of Renewable Energy Resources (RERs), Static Var Compensators (SVC) and IESCO distribution network subject to RERs, Distribution Static Compensation (D-STATCOM) with monitoring of parameters at control Centre in both cases. System 3 is simulated with Solar Integration, D-STATCOM, Electric Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV), Intelligent Distribution Boards (DBs), and monitoring through Transmission Communication Protocol over Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in control Centre. Idea of smart DBs is proposed and implemented for load management. The simulation results of three-phase Load Flow Analysis successfully proved its potential strength for smart environment.
Manufacturing Flexibility and Agility: A Distinctive Comparison
Authors: Ali A. , Jahanzaib M. , Aziz H.
Published: January 2025

Both flexibility and agility are requisite for the successful operation of organization. From manufacturing perspective, there is still confusion of using, implementing and understanding of both concepts. This paper addresses the issue of both in a coherent manner and examined the comparison from manufacturing point of view. It has been learnt that there is a difference of â€žengineer to orderâ€Ÿ and â€žinnovate to orderâ€Ÿ, responsiveness, business network and level of organizational resources. This has been concluded with similarity and differences and stated that forecasting and adaptability are similar key indicators.
CORRELATION OF SLAKE DURABILITY INDEX WITH UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ESTIMATED THROUGH INDIRECT METHODS FOR CARBONATE ROCKS OF SALT RANGE, PAKISTAN
Authors: Arslan M. , Khan M. S.
Published: January 2025

In evaluation of engineering behavior of rock mass and rock materials, slaking of rocks is an important consideration. For the construction industry, a durable rock is usually preferred. About 75% of the rocks outcropping on continents are sedimentary rocks. To determine rock strength and deformation, direct tests such as uniaxial compressive strength are expensive and require considerable time. Hence there is need to explore relations through other indirect methods such as Slake Durability Index, Point Load Strength and Schmidt rebound hammer test. To investigate the correlation between Slake Durability and strength, multidisciplinary approach was adopted. For this study, one of the important industrial rock groups belonging to carbonate geology of Salt Range was selected. The Slake Durability Index test was performed on 32 rock samples collected from different parts of Salt Range and the test results were compared with indirect strength such as Point Load Strength and Schmidt Hammer Hardness. Data was statistically analyzed through linear regression analysis to determine the correlation coefficient and the variability of results for each test. A strong linear correlation of 1st cycle Slake Durability Index exists with Point Load Strength and Schmidt Hammer Hardness.
TOWARDS FORMALIZATION OF INSPECTION USING PETRINETS
Authors: Javed M. , Naeem M. , Bahadur F. , Wahab A.
Published: January 2025

Achieving better quality software has always been a challenge for software developers. Inspection is one of the most efficient techniques, which ensure the quality of software during its development. To the best of our knowledge, current inspection techniques are not realized by any formal approach. In this paper, we propose an inspection technique, which is not only backed by the formal mathematical semantics of Petri nets, but also supports inspecting concurrent processes. We also use a case study of an agent based distributed processing system to demonstrate the inspection of concurrent processes.
Effect of Ba-Substitution at Sr-Site on the Structural and Dielectric Characteristics of SrMnO3
Authors: Amir M. , Atiq S. , Riaz S. , Naseem S.
Published: January 2025

Antiferromagnetic Ba substituted SrMnO3 has a perovskite structure with a B-site magnetic ion which gives higher magnetic ordering temperatures. Ferroelectric transitions in these perovskites have been observed due to off centering of Mn4+ ions. In this work, we report synthesis of Sr1-xBaxMnO3 (x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) samples using sol-gel auto-ignition method. The prepared samples were sintered at 1000 ÂºC for 4 hours each which ultimately led to the development of the perovskite structure, as determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystallite size was determined by using Scherrerâ€™s formula. Frequency dependent dielectric characteristics have been investigated systematically using an impedance analyzer. These studies reveal the decreasing dielectric behavior if the concentration of Ba is increased.
An Improved Algorithm for Moving Object Tracking based on Frame and Edge Differences
Authors: Sarwar M. F. , Basit A. , Ahmad H. Z.
Published: January 2025

Object tracking is gaining interest of researchers in the field of image processing and computer vision. Many methods have been proposed by the researchers in this field. In this paper, an improved algorithm for moving object tracking is proposed based on the frame difference and edge difference methods. Canny edge detector is applied to detect edges of current and previous frames and to get the difference of both edge images. Afterwards, the simple frame difference method is applied on both frames then the result is combined with the resulting image obtained after edge difference. Improved Otsu method is used to threshold the image and morphological filtering is applied to remove noise. Subsequently connectivity analysis is carried out to obtain the moving objects. This algorithm takes advantage of both frame difference and edge difference methods to improve the accuracy in detecting the moving objects. Experiments are performed on various videos which show efficient results in very short time.
A Framework for Music-Speech Segregation using Music Fingerprinting and Acoustic Echo Cancellation Principle
Authors: Hussain F. , Habib H. A. , Khan M. J.
Published: January 2025

Background interference creates voice intelligibility issue for listener. This research work considers background music as interference for communication through smart phone in areas with loud background music. This paper proposes a novel framework for background music segregation from human speech using music fingerprinting and acoustic echo cancellation. Initially, background music is searched in the database by music fingerprinting. Identified background music is registered and segregated using acoustic echo cancellation. Proposed approach generates better quality music speech segregation than existing algorithms. The research work is novel and segregates background music completely in comparison to existing approaches where single instruments are segregated successfully.
Effect of Deposition Temperature and Electrolytic Cell Concentration on Phase Transformation at Nanoscale
Authors: Mukhtar A. , Mehmood T.
Published: January 2025

The coexistence of both hcp and fcc phases for Co nanowires was studied in this work. Both hcp and fcc Co nanowires with diameter of ~ 50nm were successfully prepared by adjusting the deposition parameters. The systematic results show the effect of electrolytic cell with different cobalt sulfate concentration and different deposition temperatures with same pH and potential for the formation of (fcc and hcp) Co nanowires. The fabricated nanowires were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and the morphology of the electrodeposited nanowires was explored by scanning electron microscope.
Computing the Low Dimension Manifold in Dissipative Dynamical Systems
Authors: Shahzad M. , Sultan F. , Haq I. , Wahab H. A. , Naeem M. , Haq F.
Published: January 2025

The importance of the model reduction techniques cannot be denied or ignored for a number of combustion problems in chemical sciences. We examine an analysis of very well-known method by Mass and Pope by measuring the influence of physical processes on the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR). We observe that if the process of physical and chemical reactions is coupled, this will lead to a very dramatic effect. An adaptive parameterization technique is developed for the numerical implementation. Through proper algorithm and grid size variations, the approximate solution is obtained and further refined with the method of invariant grids. Consequently, it leads us to a vicious effect on CPU when we extended this idea to higher dimensions
Effect of Different Auxins on Rooting of Semi Hard and Soft Wood Cuttings of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) CV. Safeda
Authors: Zamir R. , Rab Abdur , Sajid M. , Khattak G.S. S. , Khalil S.A. , Shah S.T.
Published: January 2025

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different auxin on rooting in soft and semi-hard wood stem cuttings of guava. The maximum 80.3% sprouting response was recorded after 32 days of planting when soft wood cuttings were treated with 100 mg IAA/100 g talcum powder. Comparatively IAA was stronger than IBA in sprouting for both types of cuttings. The maximum number of leaves (8) was recorded in soft wood cuttings treated with IBA. The number of leaves in soft wood cuttings treated with either IBA or IAA and NAA were greater than semi hard wood cuttings. The maximum number of roots (27.6) per cutting was recorded in soft wood cuttings treated with IAA. As compared to control, auxin treatment promoted rooting in both types of cuttings. The maximum number of roots per cutting ranged from 11 to 17.3 in semi hard wood cuttings, while in soft wood cutting it ranged from 15.6 to 27.6. Irrespective of cutting type, IAA and NAA seem to be the most efficient in promoting roots. By contrast, IBA was more effective only in soft wood cuttings. The ultimate plant survival is, however, the key in such studies. In overall experiment, a maximum of 28% survival rate was recorded in soft wood cuttings when exposed to IAA at 100 mg per 100 g talcum powder combination.
Effect of Incentives Based Two Factor Theory on Employee Performance in Telecom Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Khan A. A. , Abbas N. , Zaki K. A.
Published: January 2025

Motivated employees are the building block of any successful organization. This study is executed to analyze the relationship between Incentive system and employee performance in Telecom Sector of Pakistan. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the effect of Two Factor Theory on employee performance i-e motivation factors and hygiene factors. Employees of different telecom sector departments were being focused through the detailed survey by making use of questionnaire. The results of research show that incentive systems have significant impact on employees’ performance. This research is presented in structured way to help practitioners to analyze the factors that may help them to enhance their employees’ performance.
National Road Crash Injuries – An Estimation and Comparison with Previous National Studies
Authors: Subhan F. , Kanwal H. , Sulaiman M. , Naeem M. M. , I. Shafiq M. M. , Sajjad U. , Ajwad A. , Aqdas A.
Published: January 2025

Every year, approximately 1.24 million fatalities and 20 to 50 million non-fatal injuries occur worldwide due to road traffic collisions.  This poses a serious social and economic challenge to all countries around the world. Effective road safety measures can only be introduced if the extent of the problem is thoroughly explored. Pakistan faces a similar problem and in spite of a rapidly growing population and sharp increase in vehicle fleet size, no real efforts have been made to obtain estimates of the number of injuries resulting from road traffic crashes every year. This study presents an attempt at estimating annual road crash injuries for Pakistan using data provided by Reputed world Organizations, including WHO (World Health Organization), IRF (International Road Federation), WB (World Bank), using two different measures of relative road safety. Annual road crash injuries for Pakistan were estimated using annual crash injuries data from seventy-four countries having vital registration systems. Results of this study were compared with past national studies on road crash injuries estimation which showed vast discrepancies because of use of insufficient or highly under-reported data or the use of flawed methods by those studies.
Impact of Natural Gas and Biogas on Engine Lube Oil Condition
Authors: Hayat N. , Mughal H. U. , Nabiand H. Z. , Moeenuddin G.
Published: January 2025

The performance of lube oil condition with both natural gas and biogas as fuel has been investigated for a Genset having 1 mega-watt capacity. The algorithm based oil change intervals between 30-1042 hours and 30-300 hours; following a normal distribution, were employed for natural gas and biogas respectively. Test samples after full load operation were collected for laboratory analysis. The results show that there is accelerated lube oil dilution with biogas and oil change interval is one third of natural gas. Significant sulfur deposits on inner cylinder surface with natural gas were observed. Total base number (T.B.N), kinematic viscosity, oxidation and iron debris in lube oil followed similar trends. However, nitration and copper debris showed different patterns for natural gas and biogas during condition monitoring of lube oil.
Investigation Regarding Safety Concerns on Construction Sites in Punjab, Pakistan and Their
Authors: Chaudhry M. A. , Zafar A. M. , Ajwad A.
Published: January 2025

In the last two decades, there has been tremendous increase in construction projects for the development of Pakistan. Safety at construction sites is one of the most important performance indicators in the construction industry. This study was aimed at collecting data from construction sites regarding safety requirements at different stages of the construction projects. Data was accumulated from 25 different projects of Punjab region by supplying questionnaire to the site engineers and managers involved in the construction work assigned to different national and local contractors. The questionnaire was revised by discussion with the senior personnel and experienced engineers to collect useful information about the necessary safety requirements. Mainly the questions were concerned with the environmental policies and safety measures required against hazards. The collected data was processed and conclusions drawn to recommend that the construction companies comply with the ISO 14000 standards related to environmental management.
Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Mechanical Properties of Honeycomb
Authors: Shifa M. , Tariq F. , Baloch R.A.
Published: January 2025

The present research paper discusses the effects of addition of carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of hybrid honeycomb sandwich structure for high-tech applications. Hybrid honeycomb sandwich structure consists of aluminum honeycomb core sandwiched between multiscale (MWCNTs/CF) reinforced epoxy composite facing. Multiscale facing was fabricated through hand layup method followed by compression molding and curing. The sandwich panels were prepared through vacuum bagging technique and cured in oven. Three point bend test and compression test were performed to evaluate the mechanical performance of sandwich panels. Flat-wise tensile test was performed to assess the bonding strength between core and facing. Quasi-static indentation test was conducted to assess the ability of sandwich panel against low velocity impact. Neat honeycomb sandwich panel was also prepared via similar process but without MWCNTs addition for reference. A comparative study has been made between both sandwich materials. Results depict that compressive strength and flexural stiffness has been improved by 21% and 28% respectively by the addition of 0.2% MWCNTs in comparison to neat sandwich panel. Energy absorption capability of CNT-filled sandwich panel was also enhanced by 10% with reference to neat sandwich panel.
Spatio-Temporal RGBD Cuboids Feature for Human Activity Recognition
Authors: Sial H. A. , Yousaf M. H. , Hussain F.
Published: January 2025

Human activity recognition is one of the promising research areas in the domain of computer vision. Color sensor cameras are frequently used in the literature for human activity recognition systems. These cameras map 4D real-world activities to 3D digital space by discarding important depth information. Due to the elimination of depth information, the achieved results exhibit degraded performance. Therefore, this research work presents a robust approach to recognize a human activity by using both the aligned RGB and the depth channels to form a combined RGBD.Furthermore, in order to handle the occlusion and background challenges in the RGB domain, Spatial-Temporal Interest Point (STIP) based scheme is employed to deal with both RGB and depth channels. Moreover, the proposed scheme only extracts the interest points from depth video (D-STIP) such that the identical interest points are used to extract the cuboid descriptors from RGB (RGB-DESC) and depth (D-DESC) channels. Finally, aconcatenatedfeature vector, comprising features from both channels is passed to exploit a bag of visual words scheme for human activity recognition. The proposed combined RGBD features based approach has been tested on the challenging MSR activity dataset to show the improved capability of combined approach over a single channel approach.
Classification of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma through Genetic and Demographic Data
Authors: Nosheen M. , Anis A. , Malik M. S. , Fahiem M. A.
Published: January 2025

Â Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is considered to be one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness. More than 66 million people lie in this category from which 50% of people unaware of its adverse effect. To prevent its adverse effects like blindness there is an imperious need for automated technique to be developed for its detection. Recently, a genetic data has been explored with machine learning techniques for the detection and prevention of POAG. The genes along with other demographic data sets give an evident base for the detection of this disease. In this paper both the genetic and demographic data is used for the detection of this disease. Here an algorithm is proposed for preprocessing. The feature sets comprises of genes (i.e. MYOC, CYP1B1, NTF4, OPTN), SNP alleles, risk alleles, chromosomes, family history, race, age and gender of patients. For this paper, we use 590 patientsâ€™ genetic and demographic data sets from various online repositories. For the performance evaluation of the proposed approach we have applied different types of classifiers (NaÃ¯ve Bayes, J48, SMO, LWL, K*). The classifiers were evaluated to understand their ability of predicting the desire results on sensitivity, accuracy and specificity parameters. The results revealed that Support Vector Machine (SMO) classifier meet high classification accuracy i.e. 98%.
The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Assessing the Historical and Future Prospects in the South Asian Context
Authors: Azam A. , Rehman S. , Hussain W. , Ahmad K. M.
Published: January 2025

Catastrophic effects of nuclear bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan compelled theinternational community to take measures in order to avoid radioactive fallouts of nuclear weaponsand this gave impetus to the debate of nuclear disarmament. However, major powers remainedreluctant to relinquish their supremacy attained through such technological advancements. As part ofthese efforts, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was finally concluded and became open forsignatures in1996. CTBT is widely considered as one of the key arrangements of nuclear nonproliferationeventually leading to achieve the international objective of nuclear disarmament.However, owing to strategic calculations some major States have either not signed or not ratified thetreaty. Unless the treaty is signed/ratified by the major hold out States, legally, it cannot come intoforce. Considering past and present trends, CTBT is likely to face the challenge of brining hold outStates in its ambit. Thus, chances of CTBT coming into force seem dim in calculable future.