bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct tax reform in privatizing economies
Authors: Ram Pillarisetti J.
Published: July 2002

Argues that direct tax reform in India should include elimination of income tax and capital gains taxes. Presents an analysis of how the unbelievably high direct tax rates over several years, coupled with several types of controls, drastically distorted the price and incentive system. Shows that, in comparison with several other developing countries, India is still a high taxed economy. The institutionalized corruption resulting from these direct taxes over several years cannot be reduced without elimination of these taxes, and measures such as broadening of direct tax base, higher penalties, etc. are counter‐productive. The official national accounts statistics in such a high tax regime do not reflect the economy, and the government policy and planning based on these statistics often proved ineffective. The success of liberalization programmes, environmental conservation, and general socio‐economic development requires the elimination of these taxes.
Transcendental realism – a foundation for evolutionary economics?
Authors: Philip Pradeep
Published: July 2002

In the light of a resurgence of “evolutionary” research, sets out to raise some of the philosophical issues associated with an evolutionary conception of economics. Considers Tony Lawson′s work on transcendental realism as a point of departure in the building of an argument which promotes the adoption of a pluralist and holistic conception of economics. Suggests that, while Lawson′s transcendental realism has largely been developed independently of evolutionary economics, with the modifications outlined it may provide a suitable starting point for the formulation of philosophical foundations of evolutionary economics. Augments Lawson′s argument by the suggested adoption of an organic framework and the notion of types as the means of providing a base for the pluralist outlook of evolutionary economics.
Socialism between Jesus and Marx: life and work of F. Domela
Nieuwenhuis
Authors: Simonis J.B.D.
Published: July 2002

In comparison with other countries, the rise of Dutch socialism was
slow and difficult, and it would be impossible to explain this without
exploring the movement′s early history. Such an exploration immediately
leads to the somewhat singular character of Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis
(1846‐1919), who led the Dutch socialist movement in the nineteenth
century. Gives a sketch of Domela Nieuwenhuis′ life and work; the
political and social conditions under which Dutch socialism emerged; and
the specific character of socialism in The Netherlands. Concludes by
suggesting that the late industrialization and the opposing interests of
confessionalism and modernism meant that the socialists were not able to
organize a power structure for the workers on the basis of the
conflicting interests of “capital” and “labour”.
By the time the socialist power structure finally achieved significance,
large parts of the total labour force had been assimilated into
confessional cadres and, in this sense, socialism came too late to The
Netherlands.
Geoeconomic time and global warming: renewable energy and conservation policy
Authors: Hall Darwin C.
Published: July 2002

The concept of geoeconomic time, introduced here, is based on the interface among economic activity, technology, and geophysical processes. Geoeconomic time is what should frame economic analysis of global warming policy. Otherwise, the analysis will be flawed. Application of geoeconomic time to global warming has two parts. The first is the future time frame for projecting impacts on the earth. The second is the historic time frame for delineating our bounds of ignorance regarding the possible consequences of global warming. Many economic analyses conclude against policies to reduce emissions of warming gases, and instead conclude in favour of the “optimal” policy of adapting to global warming. The concept of geoeconomic time reveals that the magnitude of our ignorance is of such a scale that we can never reduce uncertainty sufficiently to design “optimal” policies. Concludes in favour of risk‐reducing policies for research, development and commercialization of energy efficiency technologies and renewable energy. Successful examples can be found at the state and local levels of government action.
Some reflections on the international waste trade and emerging nations
Authors: McKee David L.
Published: July 2002

Recent years have seen the emergence of a new industry dealing in the international disposal of garbage and various forms of waste. Emerging nations have become disposal sites for materials emanating from the developed world. Attempts to explain the rationale behind the international waste trade. Discusses the acceptance of garbage and waste by poorer nations as a public policy issue. Attempts to balance the economic logic of the acceptance decision with various ethical considerations. Concludes that waste should never be accepted but rather that the advisability of such a practice is destination‐specific and must be assessed on a case by case basis.
Social issues in spatial economics
Authors: Jensen R.C.
Published: July 2002

Provides a focus on the significance of the spatial dimension in economics and the principal questions and issues which accompany considerations of the spatial dimension. Indicates that regional/spatial disparities in economic growth and performance, in income per capita, in the access of citizens to government and private services, in standards of living, and indeed in most economic and social indicators, would be expected as a natural result of human activity. Poses questions regarding the acceptability of the market outcome in terms of the spatial distribution of economic activity and population, the criteria for intervention in this outcome, and raises a number of issues in the trade‐off between spatial efficiency and equity considerations. Provides a brief discussion of regional/spatial policy implications.
Is national transferable quota an economic policy option?
Authors: Kuronuma Yoshihiro
Published: July 2002

Examines one of the hypothetical economic policy options for international fisheries management, namely a national transferable quota (NTQ). Special emphasis will be placed on an examination of the voluntary agreement on the Antarctic whaling quota in 1962, as well as the trend in recent southern bluefin tuna (SBT) fisheries. An examination of the Antarctic whaling agreement, from a standpoint of economic efficiency, indicates that the 1962 agreement resulted in Pareto improvement. The trend in recent SBT fisheries also shows the economic rationalization between Japan, Australia and New Zealand. These events indicate that NTQ as an economic policy option has been unconsciously applied in international management systems in order to achieve mutual and effective agreement among the countries. It is, however, important to consider the possibility of an international monopolistic supply situation if the decision makers decide to implement this option. Discusses the possibility of third‐degree price discrimination in relation to the SBT.
Public crime, private punishment: prison privatization in Queensland
Authors: Edwards Glyn
Published: July 2002

Queensland’s first private prison became operational in January 1990 under contract to Corrections Corporation of Australia. The major reason for privatization was to attempt to reduce alleged public sector bureaucratic complexities and to increase the efficiency of the delivery of corrective services. Compares two Queensland prisons of similar security status (one public, one private) in terms of the nature of the inmate population in an attempt to determine whether either has a cost advantage. Compares actual cost data and suggests reasons for the apparent differences.
Payment for health in the Philippines
Authors: Reisman D.A.
Published: July 2002

The Republic of the Philippines is seeking to expand access to the formal sector of medical care. Concentrates on the alternative ways in which that expansion can be financed. First, provides the background by presenting data on mortality and morbidity as indicators of health status, and of manpower and institutions as measures of care inputs. Second, examines private payment, concentrating on family resources, community co‐operatives, private insurance and employer provided services. Third, considers direct provision and national health insurance, which are the principal modes of public payment for care. Makes recommendations about the financing of health care and the mixed health economy that are of relevance in developed and less‐developed countries alike.
Jean‐Baptiste Say (1767‐1832)
Authors: Spithoven A.H.G.M
Published: July 2002

Postulates that politicians and economists again seem to believe in Say’s “law of markets” (la loi des “débouchés”). Discusses this law and its applicability in the present. States that supply does not always create the right amount of demand. Say’s law has its flaws because of its underlying assumptions, which interfere with its applicability in the present. Perhaps the question Say wanted to answer was not the question that is now most important for modern macro policy. Say lived in an era dominated by the belief in a “grand design” and of search for the mechanism which holds it together. Concludes that the thought that there may not be a grand design, or that it may be different from the one imposed by Adam Smith, is seldom considered by economists.
Women’s labour market participation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Ackah Carol , Heaton Norma
Published: July 2002

The accepted wisdom is that Northern Ireland is a traditional society within which women’s primary role is defined as homemaker and mother. Examines data on the labour market participation of women in Northern Ireland, drawing comparisons with the UK, the Republic of Ireland and the European Union. Examines four hypotheses as possible explanations for mothers continuing in paid employment. Concludes that, despite living in a society seemingly more traditional than that in many other European Union countries, mothers of young children in Northern Ireland may be more likely to be in employment because they can call on a network of family support to provide informal child care.
Reform of the Russian economy: the role of institutions
Authors: Intriligator Michael D.
Published: July 2002

Written in January 1994, discusses the reform of the Russian economy, its severe economic decline, and how the transition to a market economy might be realized. Emphasizes the institutions of a market economy and suggests that the current “shock therapy” reform programme of stabilization of the macro‐economy, liberalization of prices, and privatization of enterprises will not succeed in the absence of such institutions. These institutions include a system of property rights, a legal system, a sound currency, legal and regulatory agencies to prevent corruption and monopolization, a social safety net, and entities providing banking and credit, classified advertising, accounting, insurance and other services.
Welfare and markets in passenger transport
Authors: Jansson Kjell
Published: July 2002

Notes that privatization and deregulation are concepts used frequently over the last decade, also in the transport context. Discusses the meaning and relevance of these concepts in the passenger transport sector. Deals with consequences for social welfare of various organizational forms, examining private versus public, competition versus co‐ordination and the mixed form “public planning and competitive tendering for operation”. First, discusses a proposed multi‐billion public transport and ring‐road project in Stockholm in terms of private or public ownership and benefits and costs. Discovers that there are severe problems related to a private profit maximizing regime in the passenger transport sector, especially so for local and regional transport and road transport.
Paths of economic development: modelling factors of endogenous growth
Authors: Fusari Angelo
Published: July 2002

Sets out a model giving an interpretation of the engine of economic development and growth, and business cycle. Based on a peculiar concept of dynamic competition, explains innovation and uncertainty and describes the way equilibrating and disequilibrating processes are intertwined and operate. Carries out concise application to successive stages of economic development, along with some econometric application, that demonstrates the degree of generality and flexibility of the theory proposed and provides a comprehensive interpretative tool and pictures of different growth processes and the crucial factors on which they depend.
Wages, incomes policies and employment
Authors: Hogan Warren P.
Published: July 2002

Explains that, when the Australian Labour Party became the Federal Government after winning the 1983 federal election, it implemented an agreement reached with the Australian Council of Trade Unions on the conduct of prices and incomes policies as well as related matters in economic and social policy. Examines the ways in which policies emerged from this agreement known as the Accord, from the time of its implementation late in 1983 until that Federal Government lost office at the beginning of March 1996. Focuses particularly on the relationships between money wages and employment and the measures influencing the social wage, such as cash and non‐cash benefits provided by government as well as indirect tax effects. Finds no evidence of any substantial impact of the social wage on the real incomes of wage and salary earners.
Fishery management, environmental protection and trade liberalization
Authors: Campbell H.F. , McIlgorm A. , Tsamenyi B.M.
Published: July 2002

Discusses marine environment management and maximization of the sustainable use and non‐use values of the flow of goods and services generated by that environment. Expands on the traditional economic model of fishery management to include the protection of non‐use values. Assesses international agreements made to include the protection of non‐use values of the marine environment, and examines the conflict between GATT rules and unilateral attempts to protect existence values. Proposes solutions based on the full cost pricing principle.
Effects of the subsidy removal of fertilizer on rural poverty in north Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Mulya Firdausy Carunia
Published: July 2002

Examines the effects of fertilizer subsidy on the rural poor in Indonesia. Discusses the factors which lead to rural poverty and measures which have been undertaken to combat these. Describes in detail a survey undertaken in two villages to establish the effects of the removal of the fertilizer subsidy. Concludes that there has been an increase in poverty and income inequality since its removal and suggests ways of remedying this problem.
Mean value, government and human development
Authors: Sun Li‐Teh
Published: July 2002

The success of several newly industrialized countries has created a renewed interest in the role of government in economic development. In contrast to the industrialization of the West, the government was much more involved during the development process of these east Asian nations. Attempts to address this question of how much government intervention still remains. Uses the human development index to represent the level of economic or human development; and selects four indicators to depict the degree of government intervention. Both empirical evidence and intuitive reasoning seem to support the conclusion that moderate government intervention contributes most to human development.
Economic consequences of applying Islamic principles in Muslim societies
Authors: Metwally M.M.
Published: July 2002

A growing number of Muslim countries are expressing the desire, and in some cases taking serious actions, to turn to Islamic laws and teachings (shariah) in modelling their way of life, including their economic behaviour. Attempts to investigate the consequences of applying Islamic principles in Muslim societies. Argues that the traditional tools of economic analysis suggest that Islamic societies are likely to face many problems if they free their economies completely from all traces of interest, impose the religious tax ofZakatin a strict fashion and abandon all kinds of speculation.
Governmental accounting for heritage assets: economic, social implications
Authors: Stanton P.J. , Stanton P.A.
Published: July 2002

Neo‐classical economic theory provides the framework for general purpose financial reports prepared by Australian government departments and their agencies. These reports, which include a statement of financial position (financial worth) and an operating statement (an estimate of the return on the investment), have an economic rationale: the information is intended to guide the allocation of scarce government resources. All government assets, including those held for their cultural, historical or environmental values (heritage assets) are to be valued utilizing the neo‐classical theory of value. Argues that the accounting exercise is flawed. Measurement of value‐in‐use or value‐in‐exchange of heritage assets is inherently subjective, ignoring institutional conditions and non‐use values. The accounting approach fails to measure either the service value or economic benefits of governmental heritage assets. Consequently, the information generated is inconsistent with the economic rationale and the valuation process may prejudice any assessment of the performance of entities responsible for these assets. There is a strong case for either widening the concept of value to include non‐use values or abandoning the measurement of heritage assets.
Active partners: education and community development
Authors: MacIntyre Gertrude
Published: July 2002

States that community development has been promoted as a process, a method, a programme, a movement and a paradigm, but that efforts at definition tend to divert attention from the key concern in this field: what kinds of organizations are most effective in actually doing community development? Posits that the main determinants of what is done in society today are laid down by governments and large corporations; these organizations cannot give people a sense of identity and purpose beyond the job and the daily round of work. Proposes that mediating structures can do so. Reveals that these are organizations which stand between the individuals and the larger entities of society. Examines, using Cape Breton Island as context, a potential role for the university as a mediating structure in community development.
Socio‐economic aspects of language policies: an Australian perspective
Authors: Tisdell Mariel
Published: July 2002

Australian language policy implementations have received a great deal of public exposure since the launching of the National Policy on Languages in 1987. The paper defines the concepts of language and policy and reports on measures by Australian governments to implement the recommendation of the National Policy on Languages and the reaction by business and industry to some of the assumptions underlying these implementations. A brief historical overview is given of Australia’s policies of monolingualism and assimilation and the wide‐ranging changes which have been attempted by different Australian governments to highlight the multicultural and multilingual nature of Australia. The paper concludes that despite the growing involvement of Australia in exports to Asian markets ‐ in particular East Asian markets ‐ the implementations of the language policies have not yet produced the substantial number of competent speakers in languages other than English which Australia needs to unlock the decorum of business practices in Asia and Europe. The paper attempts to give the underlying reasons for Australia’s persistent monolingualism.
Abstraction in economics: incorporating the time dimension
Authors: Foster John
Published: July 2002

States that thehomo economicusabstraction remains dominant in economics, despite a range of criticisms of its use over the years. Many institutionalists, post‐Keynesians, neo‐Austrians and social economists have insisted that economic analysis must be conducted in an explicit historical context, where the difficulties which economic decision‐makers face, because of time irreversibility, structural change and fundamental uncertainty, are taken into account, as well as non‐economic influences on economic behaviour. Understandably, there has been a reluctance to construct a competing abstraction with formal properties which are comparable to those of thehomo economicusconstruct. It is argued in this paper that the development of an alternative behavioural abstraction constitutes an important goal, both in terms of clarifying the limitations ofhomo economicusand providing an analytical basis upon which investigations of economic behaviour in historical time can be built.
Environment and sustainable development in the hilly regions of North‐East India
Authors: Mitra Amitava
Published: July 2002

The present paper deals with the people and society of a state in India which was known as “the hidden land”. Since Independence, this predominantly tribal society has been in a phase of transition from near isolation to the assimilation of the market economy, giving rise to certain environmental problems. The paper attempts to analyse the linkage between environment and sustainable development in the hilly regions of North East India by considering the case of indigenous shifting cultivation (jhum) techniques practised on a large scale in Arunachal Pradesh. The author feels that a sustainable hill area development requires the blending of traditional and modern techniques and the revival of old tribal beliefs and knowledge regarding the preservation of environment.
The economics of Aboriginal education
Authors: Eckermann A.‐K.
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses broad patterns in Australian Aboriginal affairs and indigenous education since colonisation. The influence of these patterns on educational initiatives over the last 20 years is explored in some detail. Discussion highlights the level of systemic bias and structural violence which continue to influence Aboriginal life chances and, by extension, educational achievement among indigenous Australians despite state and federal policies designed to enhance educational access and equity. Of particular concern is that such policies are not closely integrated with community development and appear to continue to press for assimilation rather than self‐determination. As such, indigenous education appears to intensify levels of systemic frustration in Aboriginal communities. These issues are illustrated by an analysis of educational attainments among Aboriginal students in relation to those of other Australians and government expenditure.
Jeremy Bentham and the New South Wales convicts
Authors: Jackson R.V.
Published: July 2002

Bentham’s penal theory persuaded him that convict transportation was inherently inferior to imprisonment as a punishment for serious crime. The transportation of convicts to New South Wales also threatened his plans to build a panopticon penitentiary. This penitentiary, he thought, would demonstrate the superiority of a prison run for profit by a private contractor over alternative schemes of convict management. In the process, it would also make him a fortune. His repeated attempts to persuade the British Government to abandon the New South Wales penal colony and to honour its commitment to his panopticon project, however, came to nothing. Neither the Government’s acceptance of Bentham’s key theoretical arguments nor its avowed support for his penitentiary scheme was sufficient to prompt it to act. Bentham found that winning the main theoretical argument was not enough. He was continually forced to concentrate on side issues and on particular and largely incidental matters of fact. As it turned out, the particular and the incidental combined to carry the day against his panopticon.
Beyond the invisible hand: a case for moderate competition
Authors: Sun Li‐teh
Published: July 2002

Suggests that too much market competition, like too little, hurts the US economy. Argues the case for moderate competition, where the operation of the invisible hand of free market competition is limited not only by the concern of the socio‐economic costs of competition, but also by the fact that it is likely to yield better economic performance. Identifies several competition indicators and relates these to economic performance indicators to see whether the degree of competition has a bearing on US economic performance. Concludes that the lacklustre performance of the US economy during 1980‐1991, as compared to the 1960‐1971 period, is likely to be due to too much competition. Proposes several principles of a blueprint for moderate competition.
The “sleeper” issue in medicine
Authors: Doessel D.P.
Published: July 2002

Presents a brief account of the development of antibiotics so as to put such drugs in perspective. Then the issue of antibiotic resistance is considered and Tisdell’s economic analysis of the phenomenon is presented. Emphasis is placed on the inter‐generational trade‐off that is associated with this important social issue. The paper concludes by discussing Australia’s institutional arrangements for funding pharmaceutical, and hence antibiotic, expenditures.
If planning is about anything, what is it about?
Authors: Wadley David , Smith Philip
Published: July 2002

The discipline and practice of regional and town planning is searching uneasily for new directions attendant upon conceptual and empirical developments since the early 1970s. This paper traces the current disquiet, explores contemporary viewpoints and then outlines a prospective focus in terms of processes of wealth creation. It is argued that orientation to this goal would realign planning with other mainstream disciplines such as economics and provide greater clarity to the endeavours of theoreticians and practitioners. The implications of such a move are explored in terms of an approach to the real world of the marketplace.
Caste, class synergies and discrimination in India
Authors: Dhesi Autar S.
Published: July 2002

There is sufficient empirical evidence to suggest that discrimination, defined as absence of equal opportunities, exists before the market as well as in the market against certain social categories in India. Inequality in access to sources of human capital acquisition reinforces inequality in the labour market and vice versa. Apparently, caste‐community discrimination and class discrimination overlap. However, in the case of socially deprived categories, the latter accentuates the former. The impact of modernisation notwithstanding, the inegalitarian sacral tradition of caste still has strong hold over the minds and lives of Indians. The development processes have strengthened caste and community consciousness resulting in the metamorphosis of different social categories into interest groups. With patron‐client relationship as the basis for political mobilization, development policies have favoured the dominant social categories as well as the articulate better‐off sections across all social categories. So it seems that “divinely ordained” social inequities persist in a secular garb, though possibly with reduced inhumanity. Yet, with increasing political assertion of the lower social categories and widening opportunities for social mobility, hegemony of the traditional elite is likely to decline. The change in the composition of the elite should foster non‐brahmanical pragmatic cultural ethos conducive to social mobility and development. The policies designed to promote equal opportunities, taking into account heterogeneity of Indian society, will speed up the process of socio‐economic change.
The political economy of reservations in public jobs in India
Authors: Upadhyaya K.K.
Published: July 2002

This article presents a problem situation for study of the vexed eco‐bureau‐political question of job reservation in public administration, public sector and government‐aided educational institutions. Such reservation in preference to the Union of India was augmented from 22.5 to 49.5 per cent in 1993. This was aimed at achieving “equity” causing distributive growth of the economy but growth itself may be thwarted by “efficiency” losses in public management. It could be that under a less equitous regime there is more growth so that the targeted protected groups end up with larger “entitlement”. The present dispensation gives larger “empowerment” in addition to extension of statutory representation to the “disadvantaged” and “deprived” groups in local‐level government. The article concludes with a review of the literature and some facts and data on the situation and basic conceptualization to clear the deck for research in the area which has been negligible and situate some hypotheses which may be demolished or proved.
Environmental, socio‐cultural and developmental linkages in a South Asian set‐up
Authors: Zuberi M.I.
Published: July 2002

Examines the agro‐ecological and socio‐political systems of the Bengal basin of the Ganges floodplain (now mostly in Bangladesh region) from the precolonial period (before 1757), through the colonial period (1757 to 1947), the development projects of the 1960s (the Green Revolution), up to the present day. Concludes by looking at the possibility of future economic growth employing sustainable development and environmental economics.
Regional catching up and productivity growth in Chinese reform period
Authors: Jia Liqun
Published: July 2002

Following the catching‐up hypothesis and using new published provincial data, this paper examines Chinese regional productivity growth by way of catch‐up in the reform period. It provides a general catch‐up measurement and a special assessment for regional development “trickle‐down” effects. Number of measurements include regional productivity averages, indices, growth rates, absolute increments, the coefficients of variation, rank correlation coefficients, and so on. The study indicates that the strength of Chinese catch‐up varied from time to time with weakened potentiality and the regional development spreading effects from coastal area to interior provinces have been limited so far. The review of social capabilities indicates that their different degrees of development acted to limit the strength of technological potentiality in the interior areas, though such changes on their surface did not exhibit the uniformly self‐limiting character for different regions. Furthermore, the pace of realization of the potentiality for catch‐up was affected by a number of factors that govern the diffusion of knowledge, the mobility of resources and the rate of investment.
Technology transfer models across cultures: Brunei‐Japan joint ventures
Authors: Hussain Shabbir
Published: July 2002

Cultural aspects play an important role in technology transfer. Some member economies of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) have recently conducted joint venture studies with a common theme that cultural aspects are of crucial significance for both the suppliers and recipients of technology. This paper presents in part some of the results of the study conducted in Brunei Darussalam. The study focuses on Brunei‐Japan joint ventures located in Brunei. Based on these results, this study suggests three types of technology transfer models across cultures; that is, a success model, a partial success model, and a minimal success model. This investigation supports the general assertion that continuing changes in cultural values do bring about changes in work values and that, to accommodate different values, some changes in cultural aspects need also be accommodated. Thus, an organization may have to accept fusion of cultures and lowering of cultural barriers to facilitate the process of technology transfer.
Internationalisation and the Australian labour market
Authors: Dias Karunaratne Neil
Published: July 2002

Internationalisation of the Australian economy is profoundly changing the macroeconomic fabric of the Australian labour market. This study aims to shed light on both trade and technology effects on the Australian labour market during the study period 1983(4)‐1995(3). The study uses unit root and multicointegration econometrics, general to specific modelling and encompassing tests to test how trade liberalisation and technical progress have immiserised Australian labour by increasing unemployment or through the widening of skill differentiated wage disparity. The study concludes with some policy perspectives on labour market deregulation in Australia.
National financial policies, global environmental damage and missing international institutions
Authors: Moshirian Fariborz
Published: July 2002

This paper categorises environmental damage as local, national, transfrontier and international in nature. It argues that since the developed countries’ environmental protection policies aimed at reducing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be offset by the expansion of industrialisation in the less developed countries, the key to protecting the global environment is technological advancement by which the world community can raise the efficiency of the current energy usage and/or develop feasible alternative sources of energy so that the consumption of fossil fuel can be minimised. Furthermore, this paper argues that national institutions promote mainly R&D and technological changes in areas which will ensure national supremacy over other nations, in the areas of either trade and/or military and prestige rivalries and hence international treaties for protection of the global environment attempted thus far will continue to be incapable of significantly protecting the planet from global environmental damage, unless and until an authorised international institution for the global environment is established.
Advertising and information costs: an empirical study
Authors: Mixon Franklin G.
Published: July 2002

As pointed out previously by economists, the implicit demand for cost‐saving information by potential buyers generates a derived demand for advertising by sellers. This study adds to the body of evidence that reveals the positive role of advertising in the market process. The evidence presented here suggests that sellers do respond to the higher time costs faced by transient populations by providing advertising qua information in a manner that minimizes the total cost of voluntary exchange.
On the short‐run allocation of economic resources by the Soviet and post‐Soviet enterprises
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: July 2002

The purposes of this paper is purely theoretical. Its goal is to establish some rules governing the short‐run employment of productive resources by the enterprise in the Soviet and post‐Soviet setting. Accordingly, the paper is divided into two parts. The first portion of the paper deals with the behavior of the enterprise as the short‐run user of productive resources within a framework of the Soviet economic model of state ownership of non‐labor economic resources and mandatory central planning. Such an enterprise is termed the Soviet enterprise. In the second part, the paper examines how the former Soviet enterprise exploits factors of production during the current transitional period of the disintegration of the Soviet economic model in modern Russia. This enterprise is called the post‐Soviet enterprise. The paper utilizes the marginalist microeconomic tools of the analysis. In this, the paper applies the traditional neoclassical approach to the nontraditional economic structure of the Soviet and post‐Soviet periods.
Theory of subjective value in German national economics
Authors: Priddat Birger P.
Published: July 2002

Analysing the values theories of the nineteenth century, there is a remarkable difference between German and English theories: the idea of subjective value is a very German idea, from the beginning of the nineteenth century, ignored by textbooks of the history of economic thought. The German conception of subjective value is subjective, but not individualistic, and is different from the marginalistic conception of value later on. In the German tradition ‐ Hufeland, Lotz, Rau, Hermann, Knies, Wagner, etc. ‐ the value theory deals with “meaning”. The economic actor is able to choose subjectively, but in the context of a collective meaning. We get some new insights into the very German idea of a social economy.
Establishing the priority of labor
Authors: Paul Peterson G. , Buss James A.
Published: July 2002

Pope John Paul II and the social teachings of the Catholic Church emphasize that labor should not be treated as an instrument in the production process. Rather justice requires that labor be given priority over capital. The reasons for this priority are explained. Several labor market conditions are examined to show that generally the priority of labor over capital does not exist. These conditions include unemployment, unjust wages, poverty, suppression of union activities, lack of participatory management, and discrimination against women and foreign workers. The works of Pope John Paul II are examined to discern the causes of these injustices and possible remedies for them. The roles played by the indirect employer, structures of evil, the ownership of economic resources, as well as the error of economism are considered.
ECONOMICS AS A DISCIPLINE ‐ The crossroads between John Paul II’s social vision and conservative economic thought
Authors: Keating Maryann O. , Keating Barry P.
Published: July 2002

John Paul II’s vision of the social economy provides moral guidance to those seeking it. At the same time, it provokes market oriented free enterprise economists by its apparent lack of market understanding. Section one attempts to demonstrate how his vision expressed in Laborem Exercens conflicts with conservative free market economists. Section two deals with the moral logic embedded in conservative economic thought and suggests how John Paul II’s vision outlined in his three encyclicals on the social question enhances this perspective.
Government investment in manufacturing
Authors: Looney Robert E.
Published: July 2002

The cornerstone of the government’s adjustment program is to increase the efficiency of private investment and activity by deregulating the economy and promoting competition. The counterpart of this fundamental strategy is the need to increase the effectiveness of the public sector which in Pakistan had become overextended. To this end, public sector resources and management capacity are being redirected and concentrated in those areas in which public sector intervention is required because of market failures or social objectives. The results obtained strongly suggest that the government’s program is supported by strong empirical evidence. There is no question that private investment has been discouraged by the public capital formation in manufacturing. Not only has government investment in this area stifled the private sector, but also it has diverted funds away from productive activities that would most likely have encouraged a follow‐on expansion in private investment.
Entrepreneurship and ethics
Authors: Machan Tibor R.
Published: July 2002

In business and the culture hospitable to it, not much is more important than the moral status of entrepreneurship. If the entrepreneur is a rascal, a rogue, the system that gives such a person a home is surely tainted. Critics of capitalism such as Robert Kuttner and Earl Shorris have made this point repeatedly in their various prominently published books. They follow the likes of Karl Marx, only unlike Marx they see nothing redeeming about the free market. (Marx thought it was a vital stage of humanity’s development!)
Admired values: the case of teenagers in Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Yusof Selamah , Mohd Amin Ruzita
Published: July 2002

The study examines the values that Malaysian teenagers admire, and how their values differ across age, gender, ethnic group and other characteristics. It also analyzes the relationship between students’ and perceived teachers’ admired values. Factor analysis is used to identify a number of values associated with various attributes that may be admired by students. It is found that altruistic values are the most admired, compared to attention‐seeking, self‐achievement, materialistic and anti‐social values. Values that students admire are different across various groups. In addition, there is a significant relationship between their values and values that they perceive their teachers admire. Based on the findings, policy recommendations are suggested to help solve the social problems in Malaysia.
The social consequences of reform in transitional economies
Authors: Kumssa Asfaw , Jones John F.
Published: July 2002

Transition from a centrally planned to a free market economy has its social costs. These range from loss or diminution of a social welfare net to widespread unemployment. This is true of Asian countries adopting a gradualist approach to the free market, African countries forced by the IMF into structural adjustment, and Eastern European countries opting for abrupt transition. The paper explores the relative merits of two contrasting policies, paying particular attention to the gradualism of China and Vietnam on the one hand, and on the other the shock therapy of Eastern Europe, the newly independent States, and Mongolia.
Conservation and prudent management are the key to the preservation of the environment
Authors: Roy K.C. , Tisdell C.A.
Published: July 2002

Economic development requires the use of natural resources. Increasing population makes increasing demand on such resources thereby leading to the degradation of the environment. Excessive use of resources can lead to a situation where declining supply can no longer satisfy the demand. Hence, without conservation and prudent management of resources the environment cannot be preserved. This paper examines the case of water supply, which is the fundamental requirement for the sustenance of all life forms on earth. The human population is expected to double to at least 8 billion in the next 30 years and the worldwide demand for water is estimated to increase by a staggering 650 percent. However, the total supply of fresh water in the world is limited as 99 percent of the earth’s water is either saline or frozen. Of the remaining 1 percent most is ground water and soil moisture. The net availability of fresh water for human consumption is one‐hundredth of 1 percent. And not even all of that can be used. Hence, how can the continued availability of fresh water resources to satisfy the growing need of the rising population be satisfied? Conservation of fresh water can be achieved to some extent by reducing the demand by imposing a price/or raising the prevailing price on the use of water. However, while conservation can stretch the supply by reducing demand, for ensuring the long‐run adequacy of supply, it is necessary to apply a prudent environmental management policy which will prevent the destruction of forests and natural resources and apply a policy of active regeneration of forests. While the supplies of water make the forests survive and grow, preservation of forests allows water resources to survive. Forests cannot be preserved unless the destruction of hundreds and thousands of wetlands to make way for human settlement and industrial development is prevented and property rights of landless people are recognised. Thus for a prudent and efficient management of water resources to be effective, the state must adopt the ecologically sustainable approach to development. This paper examines these issues.
Macroeconomic conditions and opening up ‐ Argentina, Chile and India
Authors: Chakraborty Debasish
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses the economic liberalization process in India that started in 1991. The focus of this paper is primarily on the sequencing of the opening up process and the importance of keeping the fiscal deficit under control. The paper argues that if a reforming economy is exposed to financial flows in the early stage of the reform process it will face either the risk of high inflation (under a fixed exchange rate) or the appreciation of the real exchange rate and the worsening trade balance (under a flexible exchange rate). The paper compares the reform process in India, Argentina and Chile, and concludes that the reform failed in Argentina and not in Chile, because Argentina opened up the real and financial sectors simultaneously and failed to control the fiscal deficit. Evidence from India suggests that India followed the right sequence with a substantial control over capital flows but had very high levels of fiscal deficit.
An economic analysis of factors influencing fertility in the Pacific island countries
Authors: Gani Azmat
Published: July 2002

Factors influencing fertility rates in the developing island countries of the South Pacific are investigated using a simple model incorporating cross‐country data. Empirical results obtained provide confirmation that high infant mortality is significantly associated with high fertility rates. The results also provide strong support in favour of inverse correlations of family planning, urbanisation, female education and incomes with fertility rates. Drawing on empirical results, the major policy implication states that more resources are needed to allow improvements in the status of female and infant health.
The modernization of Japan, as seen from the career of an enlightened Shishi (noble‐minded patriot)
Authors: Ishida Hiroshi
Published: July 2002

Tsuda Hiromichi is a most representative shishi (noble‐minded patriot) of the Meiji Restoration Era. He came from a middle class warrior family of Okayama han. Trained first in Confucianism and later in Western technologies, he was appointed to new high positions in the military and civil services for the Han to cope with changing situations. He was selected as one of the 18 to be despatched by the Meiji Restoration Government for the first round‐the‐world observation tour for one year from 1871 to 1872. On his return, he repaid the balance of travel expenses, which became the foundation of the Ikeda Scholarship. Before long, he was installed as a high official of the Meiji Restoration Government. After the services there, he came back to hometown Okayama to develop enterprises for employing ex‐samurai. An examination of Tsuda’s career will reveal the following as most significant roles played by middle class warriors; work ethics and the tradition of thrift maintained firmly by samurai élites; the feudal system’s flexibility in the later half of the 19th century which allowed their foresight and claims to be satisfied.
Jobs and environment: the “double dividend” of ecological modernisation?
Authors: Crowley Kate
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews the emergent literature on ecological modernisation and considers its theoretical utility in terms of assessing environmental employment opportunities in Australia. It explores the potential for ecologically modernist policy to offer a way beyond “jobs versus environment” obstacles to greener employment. The future development of post industrial economies is said by ecological modernists to depend upon an ability to produce high value, high quality products with stringent enforcement standards. In these terms, environmental amenity becomes a superior good, and environmental protection not an economic burden, but an opportunity for enhanced growth and job creation. The employment impact of such claims is examined in the Australian context.