bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic impact of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase among 5‐fluorouracil metabolic enzymes in resectable colorectal cancers treated by oral 5‐fluorouracil‐based adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Ochiai Takumi , Nishimura Kazuhiko , Noguchi Hajime , Kitajima Masayuki , Tsukada Akira , Watanabe Emiko , Nagaoka Isao , Futagawa Shunji
Published: January 2006

Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) is the main enzyme that involves in phosphoribosylation of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), an essential step that leads to tumor growth inhibition. In our study, the prognostic relevance of OPRT, thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in resectable colorectal cancer (CRC) patients treated by oral 5‐FU were compared to further clarify the prognostic value of OPRT. Tumor tissue was collected from 90 CRC patients and the patients were followed for 5.2 years (Median). TS, DPD and OPRT activities in the extract of tumor tissue were determined enzymatically. The cut‐off value of OPRT (0.147 nmol/(min mg), TS (0.044 pmol/mg) and DPD (72.10 pmol/(min mg) were determined by maximal χ2 method. Among these 5‐FU metabolic enzymes, only high OPRT group demonstrated significantly better disease‐free survival (DFS) (p = 0.0152) and better overall survival (p = 0.0078). In Cox regression analysis, node status (p < 0.0005) and OPRT (p = 0.044) were significant factors for DFS. OPRT activity in tumor tissue was a predictor of prognosis in resectable CRC patients treated by oral 5‐FU‐based adjuvant chemotherapy, and was useful to pick‐up high risk patients independent from known prognosis factors. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of the expression and inducibility of 12 rat cytochrome P450 isoforms by quantitative RT–PCR
Authors: Caron Etienne , Rioux Nathalie , Nicolas Olivier , Lebel‐Talbot Hugo , Hamelin Bettina A.
Published: January 2006

The administration of xenobiotics may significantly alter the expression of cytochromes P450 (CYPs), thereby leading to potentially toxic cellular, physiologic, and pharmacologic responses. Indeed, an important task in the development of new therapeutic entities is to evaluate efficiently and quantitatively their potential effects on the expression level of different CYPs. In this report, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) was used to measure basal and induced mRNA of a wide range of rat CYP isoforms. Rats (n= 3 per treatment) were treated with five prototype inducers of CYP isoforms or with vehicle only. RT and PCR efficiencies were determined using appropriate RNA and DNA standards. Messenger RNA was quantified by PicoGreen standard curves and normalized to cyclophilin. Quantitative RT–PCR was used successfully to demonstrate that CYP isoforms were induced at the mRNA level following drug administration. Notably, phenobarbital resulted in significant induction of CYP2B1, CYP2B2, CYP2C6, CYP2C13, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, and CYP3A2. 3‐Methylcholanthrene induced CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1. CYP2C11 expression was highly variable and suppressed by pyridine, whereas the expression of CYP2E1 was suppressed by dexamethasone. We demonstrated that quantitative RT–PCR can be used to evaluate efficiently the effect of compounds on the expression of a wide range of CYP isoforms. The technique is advantageous over others in that it is very sensitive, efficient and applicable to highly homologous CYP isoforms. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:368–378, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20103
18F‐labelling of a potent nonpeptide CCR1 antagonist: synthesis of 1‐(5‐chloro‐2‐{2‐[(2R)‐4‐(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl]‐2‐oxoethoxy}phenyl)urea in an automated module
Authors: Mäding P. , Füchtner F. , Johannsen B. , Steinbach J. , Hilger C. S. , Friebe M. , Halks‐Miller M. , Horuk R. , Mohan R.
Published: January 2006

The synthesis of 1‐(5‐chloro‐2‐{2‐[(2R)‐4‐(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl]‐2‐oxoethoxy}phenyl)urea ([18F]4), a potent nonpeptide CCR1 antagonist, is described as a module‐assisted two‐step one‐pot procedure. The final product was obtained utilizing the reductive amination of the formed 4‐[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde (2) with a piperazine derivative 3 and sodium cyanoborohydride. After HPLC purification of the final product [18F]4, its solid phase extraction, formulation and sterile filtration, the isolated (not decay‐corrected) radiochemical yields of [18F]4 were between 7 and 13% (n=28). The time of the entire manufacturing process did not exceed 95 min. The radiochemical purity of [18F]4 was higher than 95%, the chemical purity ⩾60% and the enantiomeric purity >99.5%. The specific radioactivity was in the range of 59–226 GBq/µmol at starting radioactivities of 23.6–65.0 GBq [18F]fluoride. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple synthesis of [1‐11C]acetate
Authors: Le Bars D. , Malleval M. , Bonnefoi F. , Tourvieille C.
Published: January 2006

[1‐11C]Acetate is prepared by carboxylation of a Grignard reagent, CH3MgBr, on a simple polyethylene loop with cyclotron‐produced [11C]carbon dioxide, followed by hydrolysis and purification on solid‐phase extraction cartridges. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and liposome encapsulation of a novel 18F‐conjugate of ω‐conotoxin GVIA for the potential imaging of N‐type Ca2+ channels in the brain by positron emission tomography
Authors: Azarian Vahe , Gangloff Anne , Seimbille Yann , Delaloye Sibylle , Czernin Johannes , Phelps Michael E. , Silverman Daniel H.S.
Published: January 2006

ω‐Conotoxin GVIA is a potent, irreversible antagonist of N‐type voltage gated Ca2+ channels. A radiofluorinated analogue of GVIA could be useful in assessing regional synaptic density of the brain, in vivo, using positron emission tomography. N‐hydroxy succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate was employed to site‐specifically label GVIA, preserving native binding affinity. The tracer was characterized with MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and colorimetric protein assay. Radiochemical decay‐corrected yield of the lysine‐24 labeled analogue of [18F]GVIA was 5%. Specific activity of this species was determined to be 1.2 × 105 Ci/mmol. Encapsulation of the tracer in sulfatide containing liposomes, a potential method for enhancing blood–brain penetrance, was accomplished with 40% efficiency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution and homology of the astragalus in early amniotes: New fossils, new perspectives
Authors: O'Keefe F. Robin , Sidor Christian A. , Larsson Hans C.E. , Maga Abdoudaye , Ide Oumarou
Published: January 2006

The reorganization of the ankle in basal amniotes has long been considered a key innovation allowing the evolution of more terrestrial and cursorial behavior. Understanding how this key innovation arose is a complex problem that largely concerns the homologizing of the amniote astragalus with the various ossifications in the anamniote tarsus. Over the last century, several hypotheses have been advanced homologizing the amniote astragalus with the many ossifications in the ankle of amphibian‐grade tetrapods. There is an emerging consensus that the amniote astragalus is a complex structure emerging via the co‐ossification of several originally separate elements, but the identities of these elements remain unclear. Here we present new fossil evidence bearing on this contentious question. A poorly ossified, juvenile astragalus of the large captorhinid Moradisaurus grandis shows clear evidence of four ossification centers, rather than of three centers or one center as posited in previous models of astragalus homology. Comparative material of the captorhinid Captorhinikos chozaensis is also interpretable as demonstrating four ossification centers. A new, four‐center model for the homology of the amniote astragalus is advanced, and is discussed in the context of the phylogeny of the Captorhinidae in an attempt to identify the developmental transitions responsible for the observed pattern of ossification within this clade. Lastly, the broader implications for amniote phylogeny are discussed, concluding that the neomorphic pattern of astragalus ossification seen in all extant reptiles (including turtles) arose within the clade Diapsida. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of tarsal sensilla and other integument structures of two Pseudocellus species (Ricinulei, Arachnida)
Authors: Talarico Giovanni , Palacios‐Vargas José G. , Fuentes Silva Mariano , Alberti Gerd
Published: January 2006

Ricinuleids are one of the least investigated groups of Arachnida. In particular, knowledge of their ultrastructure is poor. Observations of the distal tarsomeres of ricinuleids show differences in their shape and equipment of surface structures. Legs I and II are used by the Ricinulei to explore their surroundings with tentative movements. The tarsomeres of these legs show similarities in shape and surface structures that distinguish them from those of legs III and IV. In this study, 11 different structures of the tarsomere surfaces of two cave‐dwelling species, Pseudocellus pearsei and P. boneti from México, were investigated for the first time with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and discussed regarding their possible function: 1) a single treelike ramifying seta resembles a no pore single‐walled (np‐sw) sensillum; 2) setae occurring in a small number and possessing a bipartite shaft represent terminal pore single‐walled (tp‐sw) sensilla. The surface of the proximal half of the shaft shows small branches. The distal half has a smooth surface; 3) long setae with conspicuous longitudinal lamellae show characteristics of chemoreceptive wall pore single‐walled (wp‐sw) sensilla; 4) frequent small wp‐sw sensilla with flat and irregular lamellae; 5) very short wp‐sw sensilla occurring solitary or in groups; 6) a few short setae with smooth surface correspond to wp‐sw sensilla; 7) a single short clubbed seta articulating in a flat pit is considered to be a np‐sw sensillum; 8) common long setae with a pointed tip show characteristics of mechanoreceptive np‐sw sensilla; 9) ventral setae with adhesive and mechanosensory function are accompanied by multicellular “class III” glands; 10) slit organs with mechanoreceptive function; and 11) dome‐like tubercles with no indication of sensorial function. Several of these sensilla form a sensory field on the dorsofrontal surface which is particularly pronounced on the distal tarsomeres of legs I and II. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparative separation of a multicomponent peptide mixture by mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Xinli , Mayer Philip S. , Tureček František
Published: January 2006

We report on the first multiplex preparative separation by mass spectrometry of bio‐organic molecules in the 200–350 Da mass range that is typical for synthetic drugs. A five‐component mixture consisting of two di‐ and three tripeptides has been separated by mass using a specially designed mass spectrometer. The instrument for preparative separations consists of an electrospray ionization (ESI) source, ion transfer optics, an electrostatic sector, and an inhomogeneous‐field magnetic mass analyzer that achieves linear mass dispersion of ion beams. Protonated peptides produced by electrospray were separated, nondestructively landed on a 16‐channel array of dry collector plates, and reconstituted in solution. The preparation procedures and the instrumental conditions have been optimized to maximize the ion currents. The significant features of the special mass spectrometer are high ion currents and simultaneous separation and collection of mixture components. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of phytochelatins and other related thiols as complexing biomolecules of As and Cd in wild type and genetically modified Brassica juncea plants
Authors: Navaza Ana Pereira , Montes‐Bayón Maria , LeDuc Danika L. , Terry Norman , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo
Published: January 2006

The accumulation of As and Cd in Brassica juncea plants and the formation of complexes of these elements with bioligands such as glutathione and/or phytochelatins (PCs) is studied. The genetic manipulation of these plants to induce higher As and Cd accumulation has been achieved by overexpressing the genes encoding for gamma‐glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γ‐ECS) and glutathione synthetase (GS). These two enzymes are responsible for glutathione (GSH) formation in plants, which is the first step in the production of PCs. The biomass produced in both the wild type and the genetically modified plants, has been evaluated. Additionally, the total Cd and As concentration accumulated in the plant tissues was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) after extraction. Speciation studies on the extracts were conducted using size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) coupled online with ICP‐MS to monitor As, Cd and S. For further purification of the As fractions, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was used. Structural elucidation of the PCs and other thiols, as well as their complexes with As and Cd, was performed by electrospray‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight (ESI‐Q‐TOF). In both the Cd and As exposed plants it was possible to observe the presence of oxidized PC2 ([M + H]+, m/z 538), GS‐PC2(‐Glu) ([M + H]+, m/z 716) as well as reduced GSH ([M + H]+, m/z 308) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ([M + H]+, m/z 613). However, only the GS plants exhibited the presence of As(GS)3 complex ([M + H]+, m/z 994) that was further confirmed by MS/MS. This species is reported for the first time in B. juncea plant tissues. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric characterization of efaproxiral (RSR13) and its implementation into doping controls using liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Thevis Mario , Krug Oliver , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: January 2006

Efaproxiral (2‐[4‐[[(3,5‐dimethylanilino)carbonyl]methyl]phenoxyl]‐2‐methylpropionic acid, formerly referred to as RSR13) is prohibited in sports according to the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). The drug as well as structurally related compounds and a stable isotope‐labeled derivative have been synthesized to elucidate the fragmentation pathway of efaproxiral, using electrospray ionization (ESI) and tandem mass spectrometry by employing a novel linear ion trap—orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer—in positive and negative ionization modes. The elimination of 2‐methyl acrylic acid (−86 u) has been identified as a major fragmentation process in both charge states. Negative ionization and collision‐induced dissociation (CID) caused an additional release of carbon dioxide (−44 u), and positive ionization the loss of formic acid (−46 u). Efaproxiral was incorporated into an existing screening procedure for doping controls using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, enabling a limit of detection of 2.5 ng/ml and interday precisions ranging from 7.9 to 13.0%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zirconocene Propylene Polymerisation: Controlling Termination Reactions
Authors: Tynys Antti , Eilertsen Jan L. , Rytter Erling
Published: January 2006

Summary: Propylene was polymerised at varying trimethylaluminium (TMA) concentration with two metallocenes activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) in an attempt to better understand the effect of TMA on the activation process, catalyst activity and termination reactions. A chemical treatment of MAO solution with 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐cresol was used to obtain TMA‐free polymerisation conditions. The metallocene precursors under investigation were diphenylmethyl(cyclopentadienyl)(9‐fluorenyl)zirconium dichloride (1) and rac‐dimethylsilylbis(4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐methyl‐cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride (2). Chain transfer to aluminium was the dominating termination route for 1/MAO accompanied with β‐H/β‐CH3 transfer to Zr and β‐H transfer to monomer. It was found that β‐H/β‐CH3 transfer to Zr was favoured over the β‐H transfer to monomer at elevated temperatures, and that polymerisation and β‐H transfer to monomer depended on the same critical reaction. For 2/MAO the detected termination routes were β‐H transfer to Zr and chain transfer to aluminium. A strong activity dependency on TMA concentration was observed. With 1/MAO high TMA concentration decreased and stabilised the activity, whereas TMA free polymerisation conditions at 40 °C increased markedly the activity, indicating that TMA coordinated to the active site of 1/MAO. Surprisingly, with more sterically hindered 2/MAO, high TMA concentration increased the activity and nearly complete activity loss occurred at TMA‐free polymerisation conditions at 40 °C.

Metallocene precursors for investigation of propylene polymerisation.

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Metallocene precursors for investigation of propylene polymerisation.
Permeability and Conductivity Studies on Ionomer‐Polysilsesquioxane Hybrid Materials
Authors: Karthikeyan Chedarampet S. , Nunes Suzana P. , Schulte Karl
Published: January 2006

Summary: Hybrid materials based on sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK, ionomer) and (RSiO1.5)n network (polysilsequioxane) were prepared by sol‐gel process. Two different precursors namely aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and imidazoleglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (IGPTMS) were utilized to generate (RSiO1.5)n in SPEEK matrix by sol‐gel process. 29Si MAS NMR confirmed the formation of RSiO3/2 network structure inside the matrix. Characterisation of the hybrid materials showed lower methanol and water permeability compared to the plain SPEEK. They are therefore promising materials as membranes for direct methanol fuel cells applications. The hybrid material derived from amino group was more effective in decreasing the permeability than the material derived from imidazole group. However, the proton conductivity of the latter was higher than the material derived from amino group. The results indicate that hybrid material prepared from imidazole containing silane is more suitable as a membrane for direct methanol fuel cell than the one prepared from amino carrying silane because it fulfils the two main requirements, namely low methanol permeability and reasonably good proton conductivity.

Figure shows a network of silica phase in SPEEK matrix.

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Figure shows a network of silica phase in SPEEK matrix.
Depression of involuntary activity in muscles paralyzed by spinal cord injury
Authors: Butler Jane E. , Godfrey Sharlene , Thomas Christine K.
Published: January 2006

Involuntary muscle contractions are common after spinal cord injury (SCI). Increased sensitivity to Ia muscle afferent input may contribute to the development of these spasms. Since tendon vibration results in a period of postactivation depression of the Ia synapse, we sought to determine whether Achilles tendon vibration (80 HZ for 2 s) altered involuntary contractions evoked by superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) stimulation (5 pulses at 300 HZ) in paralyzed leg muscles of subjects with chronic (>1 year) SCI. Responses to SPN stimulation that were conditioned by vibration were reduced in 66% of trials (by 33 ± 12% in tibialis anterior and 40 ± 16% in soleus). These reductions in electromyographic activity are unlikely to be mediated by changes at the Ia synapse or motoneuron because vibration did not alter the magnitude of the soleus H reflex. The electromyographic reductions may involve long‐lasting neuromodulatory effects on spinal inhibitory interneurons or synapses involved in the flexor reflex pathway. Vibration‐evoked depression of electromyographic activity may be clinically useful in controlling involuntary muscle contractions after SCI. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Targeted suppression of an amyloidogenic transthyretin with antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Benson Merrill D. , Kluve‐Beckerman Barbara , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Siesky Angela M. , Bodenmiller Diane M. , Showalter Aaron D. , Sloop Kyle W.
Published: January 2006

Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis, the most common form of hereditary systemic amyloidosis, is characterized clinically by adult‐onset axonal neuropathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy. More than 85 mutations in transthyretin have been found to cause this hereditary disease. Since essentially all circulating TTR is of hepatic origin, orthotopic liver transplantation has been used as the only specific form of therapy. Unfortunately, in many patients amyloid deposition continues after orthotopic liver transplantation, indicating that mutant TTR is no longer required for progression of the disease after tissue deposits have been initiated. As a first step toward medical treatment of this disease, we have employed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to inhibit hepatic expression of TTR. A transgenic mouse model carrying the human TTR Ile84Ser mutation was created and shown to express high levels of human mutant transthyretin. TTR ASOs suppressed hepatic TTR mRNA levels and serum TTR levels by as much as 80%. Suppression of hepatic synthesis of transthyretin may offer a medical treatment for transthyretin systemic amyloidosis. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Variability in conduction of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Authors: Shin Yong Beom , Park Jae Heung , Kwon Dong Rak , Park Byung Kyu
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to establish a reliable technique for assessing conduction in the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), bearing in mind its anatomical variation. Based on our anatomical study, normative values were obtained in 40 healthy nerves. The optimal stimulation site was located 1 cm or more medial to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) in 93% of cases and over the ASIS in 7%. Sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) were recorded simultaneously along an imaginary line between the ASIS and the lateral border of the patella and 2 cm medial to this line. Side‐to‐side variability in amplitude was 31% for the recording from the line and 30% for the medial recording. The variability significantly decreased to 16% when the higher value of each side was compared. Therefore, the measurement of higher amplitude recorded at two different sites may minimize interside variability and improve the diagnostic utility of the LFCN conduction study. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Response of the dropped head/bent spine syndrome to treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Dominick Justin , Sheean Geoffrey , Schleimer Jonathan , Wixom Christopher
Published: January 2006

Weakness of neck extension causing a dropped head may result from many neuromuscular disorders. One etiology is isolated neck extensor myopathy. A similar focal myopathy of the lower axial muscles may cause the bent spine syndrome, which manifests as flexion of the trunk and inability to stand upright. Combination of both dropped head and bent spine myopathies is uncommon. Inflammation is usually not pronounced in these conditions and response to immunosuppressive treatment is rare. We present an 81‐year‐old man who developed progressive weakness of neck and trunk extension over several months, with a prominent inflammatory process in the thoracic paraspinal muscles, which responded dramatically to treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). This case, together with other rare reports, suggests that the presence of inflammation in the biopsy of an affected muscle may predict treatment response. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Meralgia paresthetica: Clinical and electrophysiological diagnosis in 120 cases
Authors: Seror P. , Seror R.
Published: January 2006

We report the results of clinical and electrophysiological examinations in 131 cases of meralgia paresthetica (MP) among 120 unselected patients, 69 men and 51 women, aged 15–81 years. All patients experienced permanent or intermittent pain, and all but one had permanent sensory impairment of the thigh. The lateral aspect of the thigh was solely involved in 88 cases and the anterior aspect was also or exclusively involved in 32 cases. The right thigh was involved 62 times and the left 58 times. Symptom duration varied from 2 weeks to 20 years. The initial diagnosis was meralgia paresthetica in 47 cases (39%), root disease in 35 cases, and osteoarthritis in 6 cases; no diagnosis was proposed in the 32 remaining cases. Two cases had undergone previous spine surgery for disk herniation, with no benefit. A precise cause could explain the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) lesion in 46 cases, the other 74 cases being considered idiopathic (25% of patients were obese). Only one case required surgery to relieve symptoms. LFCN conduction was studied orthodromically, distally from the anterior superior iliac spine. The side‐to‐side amplitude ratio (ssRatio) was greater than 2.3 in 118 of 120 patients (98.3%) and was a better index to confirm a lesion of the LFCN than SNAP amplitude, which was abnormal (less than 3 μV) in 88 cases (73.3%). Only two of the 11 bilateral cases had an ssRatio lower than 2.3 (they were both 2.0). An ssRatio of 2.3 or more and a SNAP amplitude lower than 3 μV provided a specificity of 98.75% or more. The mean axonal loss was 88%. These clinical and electrophysiological data highlight the central role the neurophysiologist should play in diagnosing MP by means of an LFCN conduction study. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Sensitivity of repetitive facial‐nerve stimulation in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Zinman Lorne H. , O'Connor Paul W. , Dadson Keith E. , Leung Rita C. M. , Ngo Mylan , Bril Vera
Published: January 2006

Repetitive stimulation of the facial nerve is commonly performed in cases of suspected myasthenia gravis (MG) because bulbar weakness is often present, but the most sensitive facial muscle is unknown. We compared the sensitivity of repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) to the frontalis and nasalis muscles in 244 patients with suspected MG. We found no difference in sensitivity of RNS when recording from these muscles in both ocular and generalized MG. In addition, we confirmed the low sensitivity of RNS for ocular (18%) or generalized (47%) MG. The specificity of facial RNS for both muscles was 100% and, in certain circumstances, may obviate the need for further diagnostic testing. Muscle Nerve, 2006
A new one‐point quadrature enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid‐shell element with multiple integration points along thickness—part II: nonlinear applications
Authors: Alves de Sousa Ricardo J. , Cardoso Rui P. R. , Fontes Valente Robertt A. , Yoon Jeong‐Whan , Grácio José J. , Natal Jorge Renato M.
Published: January 2006

In this work the recently proposed Reduced Enhanced Solid‐Shell (RESS) finite element, based on the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method and a one‐point quadrature integration scheme, is extended in order to account for large deformation elastoplastic thin‐shell problems. One of the main features of this finite element consists in its minimal number of enhancing parameters (one), sufficient to circumvent the well‐known Poisson and volumetric locking phenomena, leading to a computationally efficient performance when compared to other 3D or solid‐shell enhanced strain elements. Furthermore, the employed numerical integration accounts for an arbitrary number of integration points through the thickness direction within a single layer of elements. The EAS formulation comprises an additive split of the Green–Lagrange material strain tensor, making the inclusion of nonlinear kinematics a straightforward task. A corotational coordinate system is used to integrate the constitutive law and to ensure incremental objectivity. A physical stabilization procedure is implemented in order to correct the element's rank deficiencies. A variety of shell‐type numerical benchmarks including plasticity, large deformations and contact are carried out, and good results are obtained when compared to well‐established formulations in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fast method for the solution of a hypersingular integral equation arising in a waveguide scattering problem
Authors: Monegato G. , Orta R. , Tascone R.
Published: January 2006

In this paper we study the time‐harmonic electromagnetic scattering problem associated with a T‐junction between two rectangular waveguides. This junction is composed by an infinite (primary) waveguide and by a semi‐infinite (secondary) waveguide with the same height and coupled through a common aperture.

A standard calculation reduces Maxwell equations to a simpler scalar two‐dimensional non‐homogeneous Helmholtz equation, to which the domain decomposition technique is applied. In each wave‐guide the scattered electric field satisfies a non‐homogeneous Helmholtz equation with homogeneous boundary conditions. An integral representation for this field is then obtained, from which the corresponding expression for the scattered magnetic field follows. By enforcing the continuity of the tangential component of the total electric and magnetic fields generated in the two separate waveguides at their interface, we obtain a hypersingular integral equation defined on an interval. From the solution of this equation the scattering matrix of the junction is easily computed.

The integral equation has two kernels given in terms of series expansions. Our analysis determines the relevant singular components and shows that besides the standard second‐order hypersingularity, one of the kernels also has a fixed‐point second‐order hypersingularity at each endpoint of the interval of integration.

The equation is finally solved by means of a Galerkin method, whose implementation is performed quite efficiently, so that the overall numerical method is very fast and accurate. The complete numerical solution is presented in the form of parametric plots and convergence results are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localized remeshing techniques for three‐dimensional metal forming simulations with linear tetrahedral elements
Authors: Son Il‐Heon , Im Yong‐Taek
Published: January 2006

The localized remeshing technique for three‐dimensional metal forming simulations is proposed based on a mixed finite element formulation with linear tetrahedral elements in the present study. The numerical algorithm to generate linear tetrahedral elements is developed for finite element analyses using the advancing front technique with local optimization method which keeps the advancing fronts smooth. The surface mesh generation using mesh manipulations of the boundary elements of the old mesh system was made to improve mesh quality of the boundary surface elements, resulting in reduction of volume change in forming simulations. The mesh quality generated was compared with that obtained from the commercial CAD package for the complex geometry like lumbar. The simulation results of backward extrusion and bevel gear and spider forgings indicate that the currently developed simulation technique with the localized remeshing can be used effectively to simulate the three‐dimensional forming processes with a reduced computation time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vacuolated neuroblastoma cells mimicking FAB L3 lymphoblasts in bone marrow aspirates
Authors: Alcasabas Patricia , Dettore Andrew , Özgönenel Bülent , Bhambhani Kanta , Ravindranath Yaddanapudi , Savaşan Süreyya
Published: January 2006

Abundant cytoplasmic vacuolation of neuroblasts has been noted on bone marrow aspirate (BMA) smears of two patients with metastatic neuroblastoma. Occasional tumor cells were dispersed as individual cells as well as in clumps. These cells had basophilic cytoplasm and several nucleoli, reminiscent of L3 lymphoblast morphology. Flow cytometric analysis of the bone marrow mononuclear cells and neuron‐specific enolase staining of the bone marrow biopsy samples further distinguished the cells as neuroblasts. Cytoplasmic vacuolations of neuroblasts may be a feature of metastatic neuroblastoma cells in BMA smears. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:227–229. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) initiation without intubation in two children with mediastinal malignancy
Authors: Wickiser Jonathan E. , Thompson Marita , Leavey Patrick J. , Quinn Charles T. , Garcia Nilda M. , Aquino Victor M.
Published: January 2006

We report the cases of two children presenting with severe airway compromise secondary to a mediastinal malignancy managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation without intubation. Results are presented on the use of ECMO as a primary means of stabilizing a pediatric patient with a critical mediastinal mass, thus providing another management strategy for this difficult situation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:751–754. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐dose cyclophosphamide inhibition of humoral immune response to murine monoclonal antibody 3F8 in neuroblastoma patients: Broad implications for immunotherapy
Authors: Kushner Brian H. , Cheung Irene Y. , Kramer Kim , Modak Shakeel , Cheung Nai‐Kong V.
Published: January 2006

Background

The murine monoclonal antibody 3F8 mediates lysis of neuroblastoma (NB) by complement and leukocytes (including neutrophils) but is neutralized if human anti‐mouse antibody (HAMA) forms. We assessed the impact on rapid HAMA formation of prior chemotherapy in NB patients.

Methods

For the 153 patients treated with 3F8 after conventional therapy (Group 1), the analysis included time from chemotherapy to the start of 3F8. For the 103 patients treated with 3F8 after myeloablative alkylator‐based therapy (MAT) (Group 2), the analysis included both chemotherapy administered before stem‐cell collection and time from MAT to the start of 3F8.

Results

In Group 1, the incidence of HAMA‐positivity was significantly lower if patients received high‐dose cyclophosphamide (HD‐Cy, ≥4,000 mg/m2) before 3F8 treatment (P < 0.001). In addition, HAMA‐positivity was least likely if 3F8 treatment was initiated <90 days post‐HD‐Cy (2/76 compared to 3/19 first treated at 90–120 days, and 17/27 first treated at >120 days, P < 0.001). In Group 2 patients who were transplanted with stem cells collected after HD‐Cy, HAMA‐positivity occurred in 1/60 patients treated <90 days post‐MAT versus 13/23 treated >90 days post‐MAT (P < 0.001). Among Group 2 patients transplanted with stem cells collected after no prior HD‐Cy, the incidence of HAMA‐positivity was significantly higher (15/19, P < 0.001), including 5/7 whose 3F8 treatment began <90 days post‐MAT.

Conclusions

HD‐Cy reliably blocks humoral responses to a murine antibody. This capacity to prevent host rejection of foreign or not fully humanized proteins raises the possibility of a broad role for HD‐Cy in immunotherapeutic strategies. Pediatric Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal structure at 1.45‐Å resolution of the major allergen endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase of banana as a molecular basis for the latex‐fruit syndrome
Authors: Receveur‐Bréchot Véronique , Czjzek Mirjam , Barre Annick , Roussel Alain , Peumans Willy J. , Van Damme Els J.M. , Rougé Pierre
Published: January 2006

Resolution of the crystal structure of the banana fruit endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction at 1.45‐Å resolution revealed that the enzyme possesses the eightfold β/α architecture typical for family 17 glycoside hydrolases. The electronegatively charged catalytic central cleft harbors the two glutamate residues (Glu94 and Glu236) acting as hydrogen donor and nucleophile residue, respectively. Modeling using a β‐1,3 linked glucan trisaccharide as a substrate confirmed that the enzyme readily accommodates a β‐1,3‐glycosidic linkage in the slightly curved catalytic groove between the glucose units in positions −2 and −1 because of the particular orientation of residue Tyr33 delimiting subsite −2. The location of Phe177 in the proximity of subsite +1 suggested that the banana glucanase might also cleave β‐1,6‐branched glucans. Enzymatic assays using pustulan as a substrate demonstrated that the banana glucanase can also cleave β‐1,6‐glucans as was predicted from docking experiments. Similar to many other plant endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases, the banana glucanase exhibits allergenic properties because of the occurrence of well‐conserved IgE‐binding epitopes on the surface of the enzyme. These epitopes might trigger some cross‐reactions toward IgE antibodies and thus account for the IgE‐binding cross‐reactivity frequently reported in patients with the latex‐fruit syndrome. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of uncertainty analysis for the design of container closures
Authors: Yoxall By A. , Langley J. , Janson R. , Wearn J. , Manson G.
Published: January 2006

Understanding how easy packaging is to open is becoming a major area of interest for the packaging industry. Designing packaging to meet the direct needs of the consumer has been termed ‘inclusive design’. However, there are differing parameters that may affect the ease of opening a product. This paper outlines how the use of uncertainty analysis coupled with ‘inclusive design’ techniques can help manufacturers understand which parameters are important for product ‘openability’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The counting lemma for regulark‐uniform hypergraphs
Authors: Nagle Brendan , Rödl Vojtěch , Schacht Mathias
Published: January 2006

Szemerédi's Regularity Lemma proved to be a powerful tool in the area of extremal graph theory. Many of its applications are based on its accompanying Counting Lemma: IfGis an ℓ‐partite graph withV(G) =V1∪ … ∪Vℓand ∣︁Vi∣︁ =n for all i∈ [ℓ], and all pairs (Vi,Vj)areε‐regular of density d for1 ≤i≤j≤ ℓandε ≪d,then G contains$(1\pm f_{\ell}(\varepsilon))d^{\ell \choose 2}\times n^{\ell}$cliquesKℓ,where fℓ(ε) → 0asε → 0.

Recently, Rödl and Skokan generalized Szemerédi's Regularity Lemma from graphs tok‐uniform hypergraphs for arbitraryk≥ 2. In this paper we prove a Counting Lemma accompanying the Rödl–Skokan hypergraph Regularity Lemma. Similar results were independently obtained by Gowers.

Such results give combinatorial proofs to the density result of Szemerédi and some of the density theorems of Furstenberg and Katznelson. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006
Stoichiometry of lipid–protein interaction assessed by hydrophobic photolabeling
Authors: Giraldo Ana María Villamil , Castello Pablo Raúl , Flecha F. Luis González , Moeller Jesper V. , Delfino José María , Rossi Juan Pablo F.C.
Published: January 2006

Here we undertook a comparative study of the composition of the lipid annulus of three ATPases pertaining to the P‐type family: plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA), sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA) and Na,K‐ATPase. The photoactivatable phosphatidylcholine analogue [125I]TID‐PC/16 was incorporated into mixtures of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and each enzyme with the aid of the nonionic detergent C12E10. After photolysis, the extent of the labeling reaction was assessed to determine the lipid:protein stoichiometry: 17 for PMCA, 18 for SERCA, 24 for the Na,K‐ATPase (α‐subunit) and 5.6 mol PC/mol protein for the Na,K‐ATPase (β‐subunit).
Role of the p53 homologue from Drosophila melanogaster in the maintenance of histone H3 acetylation and response to UV‐light irradiation
Authors: Rebollar Eria , Valadez-Graham Viviana , Vázquez Martha , Reynaud Enrique , Zurita Mario
Published: January 2006

It has been demonstrated that the human tumor suppressor p53 has an important role in modulating histone modifications after UV light irradiation. In this work we explored if the p53 Drosophila homologue has a similar role. Taking advantage of the existence of polytene chromosomes in the salivary glands of third instar larvae, we analyzed K9 and K14 H3 acetylation patterns in situ after UV irradiation of wild‐type and Dmp53 null flies. As in human cells, after UV damage there is an increase in H3 acetylation in wild‐type organisms. In Dmp53 mutant flies, this response is significantly affected at the K9 position. These results are similar to those found in human p53 mutant tumor cells with one interesting difference, only the basal H3 acetylation of K14 is reduced in Dmp53 mutant flies, while the basal H3‐K9 acetylation is not affected. This work shows, that the presence of Dmp53 is necessary to maintain normal H3‐K14 acetylation levels in Drosophila chromatin and that the function of p53 to maintaining histone modifications, is conserved in Drosophila and humans.
The Angel and the Sweat Like “Drops of Blood” (Lk 22:43–44): 69 and f13
Authors: Clivaz Claire
Published: January 2006

Eldon J. Epp recently asserted that “the greater the ambiguity in the variant readings in a given variation unit, the more clearly we are able to grasp the concerns of the early church.” I agree with this principle and submit that the famous text-critical problem regarding the authenticity of Luke 22:43–44—the agony of Jesus on the Mount of Olives, which mentions the angel and the sweat “like drops of blood”—has not yet yielded its store of information about early Christianity, particularly in Alex-andria. This article has the modest purpose of presenting two technical notes on the complex question of the external evidence (from the manuscripts) bearing on Luke 22:43–44. These findings provide some of the groundwork for a reappraisal of the Lukan account of Jesus' prayer on the Mount of Olives. This article has the modest purpose of presenting two technical notes on the complex question of the external evidence in the manuscripts bearing on Luke 22:43–44.
Invective and Discernment in Martin Luther, D. Erasmus, and Thomas More
Authors: Furey Constance M.
Published: January 2006

The scathing insults that fill texts by sixteenth-century Christian reformers can shock even a jaded modern reader. In the prefatory letter to the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), for example, Martin Luther begins by wishing for “grace and peace in Christ” before launching his attack on the “brainless and illiterate beast in papist form” and its “whole filthy pack of … asses,” and concludes by exhorting his reader to rise up against the Catholic hierarchy: “Continue courageously, noble sir; in this way the disgrace of the Bohemian name will be abolished, and the sludge of the harlot's lies and whoring shall again be taken up in her breast.” Or consider the nasty invectives by the English Lord Chancellor and future Catholic martyr, Thomas More, against not only Luther but also Matthew Tyndale, who translated the Bible into English. More calls these men the “devil's disciples”: Luther “a pimp, an apostate, a rustic, and a friar”; and Tyndale “a babbler, and a devil's ape.” Even Desiderius Erasmus, the erudite Catholic humanist, filled his writings with insults both satirical and blunt and proclaimed that theologians “are more stupid than any pig” (sue stupidiores). Fierce words commonly appear in the midst of religious controversies, and one may choose to skim past this hyperbolic outrage in search of the real message. Insulting rhetoric, however, does provide a sensitive barometer of religious concerns in the sixteenth century and yields unexpectedly complex answers to a simple question. What does negative speech accomplish?
Maxillary haemangioma
Authors: Goyal Neeraj , Jones Mary , Sandison Ann , Clarke Peter M
Published: January 2006

Maxillary haemangioma is a rare entity. It presents with a painless, slow-growing swelling and if it involves the paranasal sinuses it may present with severe epistaxis, mimicking a malignancy. A case of haemangioma arising in the bony maxilla and causing a cosmetic problem is presented here.
Beyond meatspace – or, Geeking out in e-English
Authors: Cheater Angela P.
Published: January 2006

AS ELECTRONIC engineers create virtual reality in and through computer software, they are also creating new English words to describe their ongoing technical achievements. While following existing rules of word formation, they are also changing these rules: for example, by making new nouns from prepositions. Their neologisms seem to be driven by humorous responses to electronic requirements of speed, multi-functionality and reversibility. This paper examines the current but on-going impact of their usage on the grammatical structure of the language. In a rapidly-evolving electronic future, their usage is likely to have a major impact on how ‘ordinary’ Internet users communicate online.
Publication bias in foodborne outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and its implications for evidence-based food policy. England and Wales 1992–2003
Authors: O'BRIEN S. J. , GILLESPIE I. A. , SIVANESAN M. A. , ELSON R. , HUGHES C. , ADAK G. K.
Published: January 2006

Systematic national surveillance of outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (IID) was introduced in England and Wales in 1992 to provide comprehensive information on causative organisms, sources or vehicles of infection and modes of transmission. We compared information from this system with that published in the peer-reviewed literature between 1 January 1992 and 31 January 2003 to assess the potential effect of publication bias on food-safety policy. During the study period 1763 foodborne outbreaks of IID were reported to national surveillance. Fifty-five were published in the peer-reviewed literature. The peer-reviewed literature overestimated the impacts of milk/milk products, miscellaneous foods (e.g. sandwiches) and desserts and underestimated those of poultry, fish and shellfish, red meat/meat products and eggs/egg products. Without systematic surveillance, knowledge of causative organisms, sources or vehicles of infection and modes of transmission, as gleaned from the peer-reviewed literature, would potentially distort food-safety policy.
Group Treatment of Perceived Stigma and Self-Esteem in Schizophrenia: A Waiting List Trial of Efficacy
Authors: Knight Matthew T. D. , Wykes Til , Hayward Peter
Published: January 2006

The experience of stigma by individuals with schizophrenia can impact on self-esteem and potential for recovery. Previous attempts to reduce stigma within society have reported variable success. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a therapeutic intervention for those who perceive themselves as stigmatized by their mental illness and who suffer low self-esteem. A waiting-list control design with repeated measures within participants was used. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by a principal outcome measure of self-esteem. Ancillary outcome measures included a measure of perceived stigmatization, and two symptom measures. Assessments were completed on four occasions, which covered a waiting list period, a treatment period and a follow-up. All participants (N = 21) received group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) focused on stigma and self-esteem. Self-esteem improved significantly following treatment. Levels of depression, positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and general levels of psychopathology decreased significantly. A longer-term effect was found for positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and general levels of psychopathology. Participant feedback was predominantly positive. In addition to societal interventions, the potential for limiting the effects of stigma within a therapeutic context should be investigated.
Early events in node of Ranvier formation during myelination and remyelination in the PNS
Authors: SCHAFER DOROTHY P. , CUSTER ANDREW W. , SHRAGER PETER , RASBAND MATTHEW N.
Published: January 2006

Action potential conduction velocity increases dramatically during early development as axons become myelinated. Integral to this process is the clustering of voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels at regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath called nodes of Ranvier. We show here that some aspects of peripheral node of Ranvier formation are distinct from node formation in the CNS. For example, at CNS nodes, Nav1.2 channels are detected first, but are then replaced by Nav1.6. Similarly, during remyelination in the CNS, Nav1.2 channels are detected at newly forming nodes. By contrast, the earliest Nav-channel clusters detected during developmental myelination in the PNS have Nav1.6. Further, during PNS remyelination, Nav1.6 is detected at new nodes. Finally, we show that accumulation of the cell adhesion molecule neurofascin always precedes Nav channel clustering in the PNS. In most cases axonal neurofascin (NF-186) accumulates first, but occasionally paranodal neurofascin is detected first. We suggest there is heterogeneity in the events leading to Nav channel clustering, indicating that multiple mechanisms might contribute to node of Ranvier formation in the PNS.