bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charles Bean: Man, Myth, Legacy
Authors: Crotty Martin
Published: April 2018

Charles Bean: Man, Myth, Legacy. Edited by Peter Stanley (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2017), 249 pp. AU$39.99 (pb).
Transnational Protest: Australia and the 1960s
Authors: Altman Dennis
Published: April 2018

Transnational Protest: Australia and the 1960s. By Jon Piccini (London: Palgrave, 2016), pp.251, £72.00 (hb).
No End of a Lesson: Australia's Unified National System of Higher Education
Authors: Forsyth Hannah
Published: April 2018

No End of a Lesson: Australia's Unified National System of Higher Education. By Stuart Macintyre, André Brett, Gwilym Croucher (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2017), pp.xii + 332. AU$49.99 (pb).
A Historian for All Seasons: Essays for Geoffrey Bolton
Authors: Moore Clive
Published: April 2018

A Historian for All Seasons: Essays for Geoffrey Bolton. Edited by Stuart Macintyre, Lenore Layman, and Jenny Gregory (Clayton, Vic.: Monash University Publishing, 2017), pp. xx + 345. $39.95 (pb).
The Moral Economists: R. H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism
Authors: Crook Paul
Published: April 2018

The Moral Economists: R. H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism. By Tim Rogan (Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2017), pp.263 + viii. AU$48.82 (hb). Available in Australia through Footprint Books.
Freedom's Progress? A History of Political Thought
Authors: Tregenza Ian
Published: April 2018

Freedom's Progress? A History of Political Thought. By Gerard Casey (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2017), pp. × + 960. £45.00 (hb).
Collecting the World: The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane
Authors: Helman Susannah
Published: April 2018

Collecting the World: The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane. By James Delbourgo (London: Allen Lane, 2017), pp.xxxi + 504. Illustrated, 42 plates and three maps. £25.00 (hb).
Oxidative stress in normal hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia
Authors: Samimi Azin , Kalantari Heybatullah , Lorestani Marzieh Zeinvand , Shirzad Reza , Saki Najmaldin
Published: April 2018

Leukemia is developed following the abnormal proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells in the blood when hematopoietic stem cells lose the ability to turn into mature cells at different stages of maturation and differentiation. Leukemia initiating cells are specifically dependent upon the suppression of oxidative stress in the hypoglycemic bone marrow (BM) environment to be able to start their activities. Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search (2000–2017) of English‐language literature using the terms ‘oxidative stress,’ ‘reactive oxygen species,’ ‘hematopoietic stem cell,’ and ‘leukemia.’ The generation and degradation of free radicals is a main component of the metabolism in aerobic organisms. A certain level of ROS is required for proper cellular function, but values outside this range will result in oxidative stress (OS). Long‐term overactivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has harmful effects on the function of cells and their vital macromolecules, including the transformation of proteins into autoantigens and increased degradation of protein/DNA, which eventually leads to the change in pathways involved in the development of cancer and several other disorders. According to the metabolic disorders of cancer, the relationship between OS changes, the viability of cancer cells, and their response to chemotherapeutic agents affecting this pathway are undeniable. Recently, studies have been conducted to determine the effect of herbal agents and cancer chemotherapy drugs on oxidative stress pathways. By emphasizing the role of oxidative stress on stem cells in the incidence of leukemia, this paper attempts to state and summarize this subject.
Editorial: diabetes, obesity and clinical inertia—the recipe for advanced NASH
Authors: Leey J. , Cusi K.
Published: April 2018

Linked content

This article is linked to Patel et al and Patel and Hunt papers. To view these article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14411 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14505.
Editorial: diabetes, obesity and clinical inertia—the recipe for advanced NASH. Authors’ reply
Authors: Patel Y. A. , Hunt C. M.
Published: April 2018

Linked content

This article is linked to Patel et al and Leey and Cusi papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14411 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14473.
Editorial: use of beta‐blockers and of band ligation in preventing first and recurrent variceal bleeding—“real life” vs evidence‐based decisions
Authors: Bosch J. , Berzigotti A.
Published: April 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Pfisterer et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14485 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14581.
Higher chlorzoxazone clearance in obese children compared with nonobese peers
Authors: Gade C. , Dalhoff K. , Petersen T. S. , Riis T. , Schmeltz C. , Chabanova E. , Christensen H. R. , Mikus G. , Burhenne J. , Holm J. C. , Holst H.
Published: April 2018

Aims

To test the in vivo activity of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 in obese children vs. nonobese children, aged 11–18 years. Secondly, whether the activity of CYP2E1 in these patients is associated with NALFD, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia.

Methods

Seventy children were divided into groups by body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS). All children received 250 mg oral chlorzoxazone (CLZ) as probe for CYP2E1 activity. Thirteen blood samples and 20‐h urine samples were collected per participant.

Results

Obese children had an increased oral clearance and distribution of CLZ, indicating increased CYP2E1 activity, similar to obese adults. The mean AUC0–∞ value of CLZ was decreased by 46% in obese children compared to nonobese children. The F was was increased twofold in obese children compared to nonobese children, P < 0.0001. Diabetic biomarkers were significantly increased in obese children, while fasting blood glucose and Hba1c levels were nonsignificant between groups. Liver fat content was not associated with CLZ Cl.

Conclusion

Oral clearance of CLZ was increased two‐fold in obese children vs. nonobese children aged 11–18 years. This indicates an increased CYP2E1 activity of clinical importance, and dose adjustment should be considered for CLZ.
Urinary incontinence and sexual health in a population sample of older people
Authors: Lee David M. , Tetley Josie , Pendleton Neil
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To investigate the association between self‐reported urinary incontinence (UI) and sexual health in a representative sample of older people.

Subjects and Methods

Participants were community‐dwelling women and men aged 50–90+ years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) who reported any sexual activity in the last year. The prevalence of UI was assessed both cross‐sectionally (ELSA Wave 6; 2012) and retrospectively over the preceding 8 years (ELSA Waves 2–6; 2004–2012). Sexual activities, difficulties and concerns were assessed using a validated Sexual Relationships and Activities Questionnaire. The association between UI and sexual health outcomes was examined using weighted logistic regressions, with adjustments made for demographic, health, and lifestyle factors.

Results

At Wave 6, 391 (20.0%) women and 141 (6.9%) men reported ‘any UI’ in the last 12 months. Compared to those without UI, women with UI reported declines in sexual activity and arousal over the last year, and increased concern about their frequency of sexual activity and ability to become sexually aroused. Men with ‘any UI’ reported declines in sexual desire, increased erectile and orgasm difficulties, and were more concerned about these sexual functions compared to men without UI. Differences in the patterns of association with sexual health were seen, dependent upon whether UI was reported as sporadic or persistent, and also with respect to the duration of retrospectively reported UI.

Conclusion

Self‐reported UI was associated with impairment in sexual health in women and men, and mainly linked to recent declines in sexual activity and function along with elevated sexual concerns. Our findings highlight that the sexual health of older people should be considered when managing UI.
Species‐specific germination responses to fire‐associated heat of elephant‐dispersed seeds in Nimule National Park, South Sudan
Authors: Lado Thomas F. , Jibi Wani F. , Moilinga Pasquale T.
Published: April 2018

Fire‐related heat and endozoochory by elephants have independently been found to be important for savanna plant seed germination, yet there is little information on how heat affects germination of elephant‐dispersed seeds. We measured the germination behavior (time to germination and proportion of seeds germinating) of 11 species of seeds extracted from African savanna elephant dung and subjected them to various intensities of heat as a proxy for fire exposure. The effects of heat were inconsistent and varied significantly by species, with some species having increased time to germination in response to heat and others having reduced time to germination. More studies are needed to expand the number of seed species examined and tease apart the interaction between elephant‐mediated endozoochory and fire.
eIF2β, a subunit of translation‐initiation factor EIF2, is a potential therapeutic target for non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Tanaka Ichidai , Sato Mitsuo , Kato Toshio , Goto Daiki , Kakumu Tomohiko , Miyazawa Ayako , Yogo Naoyuki , Hase Tetsunari , Morise Masahiro , Sekido Yoshitaka , Girard Luc , Minna John D. , Byers Lauren A. , Heymach John V. , Coombes Kevin R. , Kondo Masashi , Hasegawa Yoshinori
Published: April 2018

To identify novel therapeutic targets for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we conducted an integrative study in the following 3 stages: (i) identification of potential target gene(s) through shRNA functional screens in 2 independent NSCLC cell lines; (ii) validation of the clinical relevance of identified gene(s) using public databases; and (iii) investigation of therapeutic potential of targeting the identified gene(s) in vitro. A semi‐genome‐wide shRNA screen was performed in NCI‐H358 cells, and was integrated with data from our previous screen in NCI‐H460 cells. Among genes identified in shRNA screens, 24 were present in both NCI‐H358 and NCI‐H460 cells and were considered potential targets. Among the genes, we focused on eIF2β, which is a subunit of heterotrimeric G protein EIF2 and functions as a transcription initiation factor. The eIF2β protein is highly expressed in lung cancer cell lines compared with normal bronchial epithelial cells, and gene copy number analyses revealed that eIF2β is amplified in a subset of NSCLC cell lines. Gene expression analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset revealed that eIF2β expression is significantly upregulated in lung cancer tissues compared with corresponding normal lung tissues. Furthermore, high eIF2β expression was correlated with poor survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma, as shown in other cohorts using publicly available online tools. RNAi‐mediated depletion of eIF2β suppresses growth of lung cancer cells independently of p53 mutation status, in part through G1 cell cycle arrest. Our data suggest that eIF2β is a therapeutic target for lung cancer.
Hypocrellin B‐loaded, folate‐conjugated polymeric micelle for intraperitoneal targeting of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Li Jie , Yao Shu , Wang Kai , Lu Zaijun , Su Xuantao , Li Li , Yuan Cunzhong , Feng Jinbo , Yan Shi , Kong Beihua , Song Kun
Published: April 2018

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered an innovative and attractive modality to treat ovarian cancer. In the present study, a biodegradable polymer poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐poly (lactic acid)(PLA)‐folate (FA‐PEG‐PLA) was prepared in order to synthesize an active‐targeting, water‐soluble and pharmacomodulated photosensitizer nanocarrier. Drug‐loading content, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro and in vivo release were characterized, in which hypocrellin B (HB)/FA‐PEG‐PLA micelles had a high encapsulation efficiency and much slower control release for drugs compared to free drugs (P < .05). To evaluate the targeting ability of the HB/FA‐PEG‐PLA micelles, a cellular uptake study in vitro was carried out, which showed significantly enhanced uptake of HB/FA‐PEG‐PLA micelles in SKOV3 (FR+) compared to A2780 cancer cells (FR−). The enhanced uptake of HB/FA‐PEG‐PLA micelles to cancer cells resulted in a more effective post‐PDT killing of SKOV3 cells compared to plain micelles and free drugs. Binding and uptake of HB/FA‐PEG‐PLA micelles by SKOV3 cells were also observed in vivo after ip injection of folate‐targeted micelles in tumor‐bearing ascitic ovarian cancer animals. Drug levels in ascitic tumor tissues were increased 20‐fold (P < .001), which underscored the effect of a regional therapy approach with folate targeting. Furthermore, the HB‐loaded micelles were mainly distributed in kidney and liver (the main clearance organs) in biodistribution. These results showed that our newly developed PDT photosensitizer HB/FA‐PEG‐PLA micelles have a high drug‐loading capacity, good biocompatibility, controlled drug release, and enhanced targeting and antitumor effect, which is a potential approach to future targeting ovarian cancer therapy.
Design, Synthesis, and in vitro antitubercular activity of 1,2,3‐triazolyl‐dihydroquinoline derivatives
Authors: Banu Saleha , Bollu Rajitha , Nagarapu Lingaiah , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Yogeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan , Gunda Shravan Kumar , Vardhan Divyasphoorthi
Published: April 2018

In the quest for new active molecules against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a series of dihydroquinoline derivatives possessing triazolo substituents were efficiently synthesized using click chemistry. The structure of 6l was evidenced by X‐ray crystallographic study. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294). The compounds 6a, 6g, and 6j (MIC: 3.13 μg/ml) showed promising activity when compared to the first‐line drug such as ethambutol. In addition, the structure and antitubercular activity relationship were further supported by in silico molecular docking studies of the active compounds against 3IVX.PDB (crystal structure of pantothenate synthetase in complex with 2‐(2‐(benzofuran‐2‐ylsulfonylcarbamoyl)‐5‐methoxy‐1H‐indol‐1‐yl)acetic acid).
Impact of scientific and technological advances
Authors: Dragan I. F. , Dalessandri D. , Johnson L. A. , Tucker A. , Walmsley A. D.
Published: April 2018

Advancements in research and technology are transforming our world. The dental profession is changing too, in the light of scientific discoveries that are advancing biological technology—from new biomaterials to unravelling the genetic make‐up of the human being. As health professionals, we embrace a model of continuous quality improvement and lifelong learning. Our pedagogical approach to incorporating the plethora of scientific‐technological advancements calls for us to shift our paradigm from emphasis on skill acquisition to knowledge application. The 2017 ADEE/ADEA workshop provided a forum to explore and discuss strategies to ensure faculty, students and, ultimately, patients are best positioned to exploit the opportunities that arise from integrating new technological advances and research outcomes. Participants discussed methods of incorporating the impact of new technologies and research findings into the education of our dental students. This report serves as a signpost of the way forward and how to promote incorporation of research and technology advances and lifelong learning into the dental education curriculum.
CEO Incentives and Corporate Innovation
Authors: Nguyen Tu
Published: April 2018

Using scaled wealth‐performance sensitivity as my measure of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) incentives, and utilizing cross‐sectional variations in industry innovativeness, product market competition and firms’ degree of exposure to the market for corporate control for identification purposes, I find that higher long‐term incentives that stem from CEO holdings of unvested options are associated with greater subsequent corporate innovation in innovative industries, competitive product markets, and firms more exposed to the threat of hostile takeovers, that is, exactly where incentivizing innovation is a matter of necessity. I address the endogeneity concerns with systems of simultaneous equations estimated using three‐stage least squares. A possible channel for the observed relation between unvested options‐based incentives and subsequent corporate innovation is that these incentives encourage managers to undertake riskier projects to achieve long‐term economic benefits.
Academic Strategy: The Management Revolution in American Higher Education, by George Keller (1983) Can strategy work in Higher Education?
Authors: Temple Paul
Published: April 2018

Keller's book was one of the first works to suggest strategic approaches to the management of higher education institutions. His case study method proved popular with readers. However, the limitations of his approach to strategy grew more apparent over time, although many of his insights remain valid today.
Effects of mobilities on the research output and its multidisciplinarity of academics in Hong Kong and Macau: An exploratory study
Authors: Horta Hugo , Jung Jisun , Santos João M.
Published: April 2018

This article explores how the past mobilities of academics affect their current research output (and its multidisciplinarity). Five types of mobility are used simultaneously in the analysis. Field mobility and transnational educational mobility are associated with academics' educational path, whereas transnational job mobility, intra‐sectoral job mobility and inter‐sectoral job mobility refer to their career path. The analysis is based on a representative sample of academics based in Hong Kong and Macau. Results show that intra‐sectoral job mobility (up to a threshold) and transnational job mobility positively affect research output and its multidisciplinarity, whereas inter‐sectoral job mobility, field mobility and transnational educational mobility exert slight or no effect. Nested analyses of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and non‐STEM academics as well as experienced and junior academics offer further insight into the roles of these mobilities. Impacts of mobile experience were stronger among junior than senior academics, and in STEM fields than non‐STEM fields. The article discusses these findings along with the significance of considering mobilities rather than mobility when analysing academic trajectories and the determinants of academic research production.
Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations of the genitourinary tract are genetically different from nodular fasciitis and lack USP6, ROS1 and ETV6 gene rearrangements
Authors: Jebastin Judith A S , Smith Steven C , Perry Kyle D , Gupta Nilesh S , Alanee Shaheen , Carskadon Shannon , Chitale Dhananjay A , Palanisamy Nallasivam , Williamson Sean R
Published: April 2018

Aims

Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations of the genitourinary tract have a debatable relationship with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (generally lacking ALK rearrangement); however, they share several overlapping features with nodular fasciitis of soft tissue. As rearrangement of the USP6 gene has been recently recognised as a recurrent alteration in soft tissue nodular fasciitis, and several other alternative gene fusions have been recently recognised in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, the aim of this study was to investigate whether USP6, ROS1 or ETV6 rearrangements were present in these lesions (12 cases).

Methods and results

Fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation analysis was performed by the use of bacterial artificial chromosome‐derived break‐apart probes against USP6, ROS1, and ETV6. Two cases with adequate genetic material from recent paraffin tissue blocks were also tested by use of a solid tumour gene fusion detection assay via next‐generation sequencing, targeting >50 known genes involved in recurrent fusions. None of the genitourinary pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations was found to harbour USP6 (0/12), ROS1 (0/8) or ETV6 (0/7) rearrangements, and no gene fusions were detected in two cases studied by sequencing.

Conclusions

Despite overlap in histological and immunohistochemical features between pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation and nodular fasciitis, these tumours lack the recently recognised USP6 rearrangements that occur in nodular fasciitis, as well as alternative fusions found in ALK‐negative inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours. At present, this diagnosis remains based primarily on clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features.
Analysis of the implementation of a social protection initiative to admit the poorest of the poor to mutual health funds in Burkina Faso
Authors: Kadidiatou Kadio , Yamba Kafando , Aboubacar Ouédraogo , Ridde Valéry
Published: April 2018

To enable mutual health funds to extend coverage to poor people, the Mutual Health Support Network (Réseau d’appui aux mutuelles de santé – RAMS) in 2012 launched an initiative in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Action and Solidarity (ministère de l’Action sociale et de la Solidarité nationale – MASSN) in Burkina Faso. This article reveals difficulties in the initiative's implementation, which resulted in the continued exclusion of poor people from health services. Poor people were required not only to make co‐payments, but also to accept a limitation of coverage to three episodes of illness per year. Additional challenges to service takeup were the geographical distance of the homes of some beneficiaries covered by a mutual fund agreement from a health centre and the failure by some health workers and managers of pharmacies to recognize the mutual membership card. A formal framework was lacking that brought together all the actors involved in planning and implementing the initiative. Those involved did not all have the same information. Each structure performed the tasks within its scope, according to its own interests, but without consulting the other parties, and there was no platform for discussing implementation difficulties.
The importance of nurse monitoring for potential opioid abuse in their patients
Authors: Mallick‐Searle Theresa , Chang Hong
Published: April 2018

Deaths related to opioids have quadrupled since 1999, making it a top priority in health care. This article will provide an overview of the opioid crisis, focusing on the role that nurses play in addressing this crisis, with emphasis on assessment, early recognition, and prevention of opioid misuse. Systematic review of Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar for articles relating to nurses’ role in pain management, education, and safe opioid use. Research suggests the incidence of ongoing, persistent pain is at an all‐time high (IOM Report, 2011, Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC), coincidently the rate of opioid prescribing over the past 15 years has also reached an all‐time high (Prescription Opioid Overdose Data, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html/). An “opioid crisis” was declared, calling for safer opioid prescribing (CDC Guideline for Prescribing, 2016, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm/). Further research shows that nurses are educated and accomplished health care professionals (ASPMN, 2017, The core curriculum for pain management nursing, Elsevier, New York, NY; DEA Requirements, 2017, https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/docs/dwp_buprenorphine.htm/; Ray & Behr, Clinical Nurse Specialist, 31, 2017, 115; St. Marie, Pain Management Nursing, 17, 2016, 311), at the forefront of monitoring for addiction and opioid misuse. Nurses contribute greatly to enhanced pain assessment and education to patients, families, and their peers. With the current opioid crisis, nurses have taken on the added responsibility of monitoring for potential opioid abuse, safety, and signs of addiction in their patients.
Annual Research Review: Interparental conflict and youth psychopathology: an evidence review and practice focused update
Authors: Harold Gordon T. , Sellers Ruth
Published: April 2018

The quality of the interparental relationship is recognized as an important influence on child and adolescent psychopathology. Historically, clinically oriented research on this topic has focused on the impacts of parental divorce and domestic violence as primary interparental relationship influences on child outcomes, to the relative neglect of dimensional or qualitative features of the couple/interparental relationship for youth (child and adolescent) psychopathology. Recent research has highlighted that children are affected by attributes of interparental conflict, specifically how parents express and manage conflicts in their relationship, across a continuum of expressed severity and negativity – ranging from silence to violence. Furthermore, new evidence highlights that children's emotional, behavioral, social, academic outcomes, and future interpersonal relationships are adversely affected by conflict between parents/carers whether adults are living together or not (i.e. married or separated), or where children are or are not genetically related to their rearing parents (e.g. adoption). We review evidence and present an integrated theoretical model, highlighting how children are affected by interparental conflict and what this evidence base means for effective intervention and prevention program development, as well as the development of possible cost–benefit models. Additionally, we review policy implications of this research and highlight some very recent examples of UK‐based policy focusing on addressing the interparental relationship and its impact on youth psychopathology.
Cytochemical features of the digestive tract mucosa of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)
Authors: Faccioli C. K. , Chedid R. A. , Mori R. H. , do Amaral A. C. , Vicentini I. B. F. , Vicentini C. A.
Published: April 2018

Membranous organelles, acid glycoconjugates and lipids were characterized in the digestive tract mucosa of Hemisorubim platyrhynchos by cytochemistry techniques. Two types of mucous‐secreting cells were observed in the digestive tract epithelium: goblet cells in the oesophagus and intestine and epithelial cells in the stomach. These cells had a Golgi apparatus more developed than the other cell types. The cytochemical analysis revealed that secretory granules are reactive to acid glycoconjugates, varying in reaction intensity according to the region of the digestive tract. Acid glycoconjugate reactions were also observed in oesophageal epithelial cell microridges and in enterocyte microvilli. In the digestive tract, acid glycoconjugates act to protect the epithelial surface, increasing mucous viscosity, which facilitates the passage of food, prevents the binding of parasites and facilitates their removal. Through lipid staining, a coated membrane was observed around each secretory granule of the oesophageal and intestinal goblet cells, while gastric epithelial cells granules were fully reactive. Oxynticopeptic cells of the gastric glands showed lipid droplets in the cytoplasm and also in the mitochondrial matrix, which act as an energy reserve for these cells that have a high energy demand. Enterocytes showed a well‐developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, especially in the apical region of the cell, being related to absorption and resynthesis of lipids.
Time Aggregation and the Relationship between Inflation and Money Growth
Authors: BREUER JANICE BOUCHER , MCDERMOTT JOHN , WEBER WARREN E.
Published: April 2018

Using panel data for 99 countries, we confirm that the measured elasticity of prices with respect to money is higher, and closer to unity, the higher is money growth and the longer the time horizon over which the data are averaged. We propose two explanations. In one, the true model of inflation involves a lagged response to money growth. In the other, there is negative correlation between shocks to inflation and money growth. Our empirical results can be explained if high–money‐growth countries have (i) shorter lags or (ii) less negative correlation, when compared to countries with low money growth.
Barriers to the Administration of Epinephrine in Schools
Authors: Hogue Susan L. , Muniz Rafael , Herrem Christopher , Silvia Suyapa , White Martha V.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Anaphylaxis is a serious and growing concern in the school setting as the prevalence of food allergies and food‐induced severe allergic reactions continues to increase.

METHODS

A cross‐sectional, web‐based survey was conducted regarding anaphylactic events that occurred during the 2014‐2015 school year. Eligible schools were enrolled in the EPIPEN4SCHOOLS® program (Mylan Specialty L.P., Canonsburg, PA), which provides free epinephrine auto‐injectors to qualifying US schools. Participating schools completed a 29‐item survey on anaphylactic event occurrence and treatment, epinephrine stock, school policies regarding anaphylaxis, school staff training, and school nursing coverage.

RESULTS

Responses were provided by 12,275 schools. Epinephrine was administered on school property for 63.7% of reported anaphylactic events (1272/1998). In 38.5% (235/610) of events for which epinephrine was not used, antihistamines were cited as the reason. Only 59.4% of schools cited epinephrine as their standard first‐line therapy for anaphylaxis. School nurses were most likely to be trained in anaphylaxis recognition and permitted to administer epinephrine; however, just 53.6% of schools had a full‐time nurse on staff.

CONCLUSIONS

Process‐related barriers to the appropriate use of epinephrine go beyond access to medication. Widespread staff training and review of school policies are needed to ensure that anaphylaxis is appropriately managed in schools.
You've Come a Long Way…Maybe: How Moral Emotions Trigger Backlash Against Women Leaders
Authors: Brescoll Victoria L. , Okimoto Tyler G. , Vial Andrea C.
Published: April 2018

Despite the progress American women have made in other arenas, they still remain underrepresented in top leadership positions in both the public and private sectors, thus contributing to their marginalized status in these domains. Although people do not expect to encounter women in positions of power, a solely cognitive process cannot fully account for the negative interpersonal characterizations and poor leadership evaluations (i.e., backlash) that female leaders disproportionately receive. Rather, recent evidence suggests that because female leaders are seen as gender norm deviants who threaten the gender status hierarchy, the backlash they encounter more likely constitutes a motivated process whereby perceivers’ negative evaluations stem from a desire to maintain the status quo (i.e., gender inequality). Here, we expand on this work by proposing that a desire to defend the gender hierarchy causes people to feel negative moral emotions when encountering powerful women who display dominance and/or agency which, in turn, causes backlash effects against such individuals. Study 1 finds that morally laden negative affect explains why evaluators penalize dominant female leaders, but not dominant male leaders. Studies 2 and 3 then manipulate this mediator via the use of use disgust primes. Given that embodied disgust amplifies moral judgment severity, we hypothesized that if moral emotions underlie gender backlash, enhanced feelings of disgust should result in harsher penalties for leaders in gender‐incongruent roles than those in gender‐congruent roles as only the former violate core gender norms that undermine the status quo. Indeed, compared to a neutral prime, disgust primes (taste in Study 2, visual in Study 3) resulted in lower leadership evaluations and liking of only the gender deviant targets. We discuss the implications of these findings for organizational interventions and female leaders’ impression management strategies.
Promoting Social Scaffolding Behaviors in Staff Members and Peer‐Directed Behaviors Among Persons With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities: An Intervention Study
Authors: Nijs Sara , Vlaskamp Carla , Maes Bea
Published: April 2018

Persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) present limited peer‐directed behaviors toward their peers with PIMD. It is not clear how staff can facilitate and promote the mutual peer‐directed behaviors between persons with PIMD. In this study, we explored if peer‐directed behaviors among persons with PIMD can be increased by an intervention that is focused on training the staff in providing social scaffolding behaviors toward their clients. An A‐B‐B′‐C design was used in this study. A baseline condition was followed by two intervention conditions and a follow‐up. Four staff members participated in a training in which they were informed about peer interactions in persons with PIMD and learned how to promote these interactions. They developed a peer interaction supportive activity. This activity was provided to two persons with PIMD for 10 weeks. Social scaffolding behaviors of staff as well as peer‐directed behaviors of persons with PIMD were coded during videotaped observations. A significant increase of social scaffolding behaviors of staff members was observed during the intervention with a significant decrease at follow‐up. Significantly, more singular and fewer multiple peer‐directed behaviors of persons with PIMD were observed during the intervention. Both singular and multiple peer‐directed behaviors decreased again at follow‐up. A short training of staff members already positively affects their social scaffolding behaviors and increases the amount of peer‐directed behaviors of persons with PIMD. However, the amount of both behaviors decreased again at follow‐up. This argues to broadly apply this training in services and schools for persons with PIMD and to complement it with continuing staff coaching on this topic.
Systematic review of risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance
Authors: Kuang X.‐J. , Jia R.‐R. , Huo R.‐R. , Yu J.‐J. , Wang J.‐J. , Xiang B.‐D. , Li L.‐Q. , Peng Z. , Zhong J.‐H.
Published: April 2018

There is no consensus about factors that increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among patients with chronic hepatitis B who have achieved seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). To assess the available evidence about risk factors for HCC after HBsAg seroclearance, Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published through 15 September 2017. A total of 28 studies involving more than 105 411 patients with chronic hepatitis B were included. HBsAg seroclearance occurred spontaneously in 7656, while it occurred after interferon or nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in 1248. The rate of HBsAg seroclearance was 6.77%. Incidence of HCC was significantly lower among patients who experienced HBsAg seroclearance than among those who remained HBsAg‐positive (1.86% vs 6.56%, P < .001). Risk factors of HCC occurrence included cirrhosis (incidence with vs without: 9.51% vs 1.66%), male gender (2.34% vs 0.64%) and age ≥ 50 year at HBsAg seroclearance (2.34% vs 0.63%) (all P < .001). The available evidence suggests that HCC can develop at a low rate after HBsAg seroclearance, so periodic surveillance is recommended, especially for male patients, patients with cirrhosis and patients who experience HBsAg seroclearance when at least 50 years old.
Characterization of demographics and NS5A genetic diversity for hepatitis C virus genotype 4‐infected patients with or without cirrhosis treated with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir
Authors: Schnell G. , Tripathi R. , Beyer J. , Reisch T. , Krishnan P. , Dekhtyar T. , Irvin M. , Hall C. , Yu Y. , Mobashery N. , Redman R. , Pilot‐Matias T. , Collins C.
Published: April 2018

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 (GT4) is genetically diverse with 17 confirmed and 4 provisional subtypes. In this report, HCV GT4‐infected patient samples from Phase 2/3 clinical studies were analysed to characterize global demographics and genetic diversity of GT4 infection among patients treated with ombitasvir (OBV, NS5A inhibitor) plus paritaprevir/r (NS3/4A inhibitor codosed with ritonavir). Among 17 subtypes isolated from GT4‐infected patients in the PEARL‐I and AGATE‐I studies, subtype prevalence by country of enrolment and country of origin suggested that subtypes 4a and 4d were likely circulating in Europe, while heterogeneous GT4 subtypes and a portion of GT4a detected in European and North American countries were likely due to immigration of HCV‐infected patients from Africa. The distributions of birth cohort and race were also significantly different across GT4 subtypes 4a, 4d, and non‐4a/4d. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of NS5A sequences revealed clustering within subtype 4a which segregated by the patient‐reported country of origin and the presence of the L30R/S polymorphism. HCV NS5A sequences derived from GT4a‐infected patients who originated from Europe and the United States clustered separately from sequences derived from patients who originated from Egypt, suggesting that genetically distinct strains of subtype 4a may be circulating globally. Finally, NS5A baseline polymorphisms were frequently detected at amino acid positions of interest for the inhibitor‐class and OBV retained activity against 37 of 39 NS5A GT4 clinical isolates, with no impact on treatment outcome in the PEARL‐I and AGATE‐I studies.
A comparative study ofLabeo victorianus(Bouelenger, 1901) andOreochromis niloticus(Linnaeus, 1758) grown in polyculture systems
Authors: Orina P. S. , Charo‐Karisa H. , Munguti J. M. , Boera P. , Abwao J. , Kyule D. , Opiyo M. , Marcial H. , Manyala J. , Rasowo J. O.
Published: April 2018

A polyculture experiment with African carp (Labeo victorianus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was conducted for 24 weeks in 12 earthen ponds measuring 150 m2to assess their compatibility. Monoculture treatments T1 and T4 forL. victorianusandO. niloticus,respectively, were the controls for the two species, while treatments T2 and T3 were a polyculture ofL. victorianusandO. niloticusat a ratio of 1:2 and 2:1, respectively. All treatments were carried out in triplicate, with feedings performed twice daily at 09:00 hr and 16:00 hr at 10%, 5% and 3% body weight distributed evenly over the 24‐week growth period. Fish sampling was conducted monthly, while water quality was measured biweekly. Treatment T3 (1L: 2T) had a significantly (p < .05) higher survival (L = 49% and T = 87%), compared to T2 (L = 31% and T = 69%, 2L: 1T).O. niloticusmonoculture treatment (T4) exhibited a significantly higher survival (p < .05) and higher growth (80%; 79 ± 20.04 g) thanL. victorianusmonoculture (T1) (50%; 13.12 ± 4.49 g). Dawn and afternoon temperatures ranged between 20.16–24.49°C and 23.76–31.07°C, respectively. The lowest temperatures were recorded in the months of June, July and August. TheNH3concentration was zero at 14:00 hr for all treatments throughout the growth period, but significantly higher (p < .05) in T1 at 06:00 hr. ThepHandDOlevels at 06:00 hr and 14:00 hr were significantly different in all the treatments (p < .05). The slow growth ofL. victorianuscan be associated with the low temperatures andDOlevels. However, there is need to identify other factors that may have contributed to the poor growth ofL. victorianus. Accordingly, this study recommendsL. victorianusgrowth trials in other culture systems, coupled with different feed formulations, to identify optimal culture conditions.
The predictability of genomic changes underlying a recent host shift in Melissa blue butterflies
Authors: Chaturvedi Samridhi , Lucas Lauren K. , Nice Chris C. , Fordyce James A. , Forister Matthew L. , Gompert Zachariah
Published: April 2018

Despite accumulating evidence that evolution can be predictable, studies quantifying the predictability of evolution remain rare. Here, we measured the predictability of genome‐wide evolutionary changes associated with a recent host shift in the Melissa blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa). We asked whether and to what extent genome‐wide patterns of evolutionary change in nature could be predicted (i) by comparisons among instances of repeated evolution and (ii) from SNP × performance associations in a laboratory experiment. We delineated the genetic loci (SNPs) most strongly associated with host use in two L. melissa lineages that colonized alfalfa. Whereas most SNPs were strongly associated with host use in none or one of these lineages, we detected a an approximately twofold excess of SNPs associated with host use in both lineages. Similarly, we found that host‐associated SNPs in nature could also be partially predicted from SNP × performance (survival and weight) associations in a laboratory rearing experiment. But the extent of overlap, and thus degree of predictability, was somewhat reduced. Although we were able to predict (to a modest extent) the SNPs most strongly associated with host use in nature (in terms of parallelism and from the experiment), we had little to no ability to predict the direction of evolutionary change during the colonization of alfalfa. Our results show that different aspects of evolution associated with recent adaptation can be more or less predictable and highlight how stochastic and deterministic processes interact to drive patterns of genome‐wide evolutionary change.
The discovery of nickel hyperaccumulation in the New Caledonian tree Pycnandra acuminata 40 years on: an introduction to a Virtual Issue
Authors: Jaffré Tanguy , Reeves Roger D. , Baker Alan J. M. , Schat Henk , van der Ent Antony
Published: April 2018

This article is a Commentary on Reeves et al., 218: 407–411 and van der Ent et al., 218: 432–434.
Nitrogen supply exerts a major/minor switch between two QTLs controlling Plasmodiophora brassicae spore content in rapeseed
Authors: Aigu Y. , Laperche A. , Mendes J. , Lariagon C. , Guichard S. , Gravot A. , Manzanares‐Dauleux M. J.
Published: April 2018

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a worldwide disease affecting Brassica. Until now, the detection of genetic factors (QTLs) implicated in clubroot resistance has been based on estimates of disease index. However, as the amount of resting spores released in soil after club disintegration influences clubroot epidemics and resistance‐breaking dynamics, its genetic control may deserve specific attention. In a previous report, it was shown that nitrogen fertilization modulated quantitative partial resistance toward clubroot symptom development in rapeseed. The present work aimed to identify genetic factors involved in the control of resting spore production and to assess their regulation by nitrogen supply. A flow cytometer method was adapted for rapidly estimating resting spore content in a large series of samples. Linkage analysis was conducted to detect QTLs implicated in resting spore production in a Brassica napus doubled haploid progeny from the cross Darmor‐bzh × Yudal. DH lines inoculated with the P. brassicae isolate eH were grown under low‐ and high‐nitrogen supply. Under low‐nitrogen conditions, resting spore production was reduced compared to high‐nitrogen conditions, regardless of genotypes. Genetic architecture controlling resting spore production and clubroot symptom development was similar. Under high‐nitrogen conditions, resting spore production was controlled by one major QTL (C09a) and a few small‐effect QTLs. By contrast, two major QTLs (C02 and C09a) controlled resting spore production under low‐nitrogen conditions. This work highlighted a large see‐saw effect between the relative contribution of the C09a QTL (high effect under high‐nitrogen conditions) and the C02 QTL (high effect under low‐nitrogen conditions), with possible implications in resistance breeding.
A Successful (Yet Somewhat Untested) Case of Disaster Financing: Terrorism Insurance Under TRIA, 2002–2020
Authors: Michel‐Kerjan Erwann , Kunreuther Howard
Published: April 2018

The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) established a public–private partnership between the U.S. federal government, private insurers, and all commercial enterprises operating on U.S. soil. Renewed and modified in January 2015 until December 2020, the TRIA program requires insurers to offer terrorism insurance to their commercial policyholders while providing insurers with free up‐front financial protection up to $100 billion against terrorist attacks in the United States. With the federal government providing a financial safety net, the private insurance sector can offer coverage against an uncertain risk that would otherwise be largely considered uninsurable, thus making terrorism insurance widely available and affordable. TRIA is a successful case of public–private disaster risk financing that has received bipartisan political support. Yet it remains untested for large losses and it is unclear how the market and policymakers will react should another large‐scale insured loss occur. TRIA also raises concerns about the indemnification of individual victims of a terrorist attack (in addition to workers’ compensation).
Relative influence of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics, Satono‐yu hot spring, Japan
Authors: Shiraishi Fumito , Eno Yuki , Nakamura Yuki , Hanzawa Yusaku , Asada Jiro , Bahniuk Anelize Manuela
Published: April 2018

The relative influences of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics are still not well understood, despite increasing interest in the last decade to better understand the record of ancient microbial life and sedimentary fabrics in microbial hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study examines travertines at Satono‐yu hot spring in Japan (the temperature of water flowing over the travertine was ca 35°C), to better understand the interaction between depositional, hydrochemical and microbial parameters at different flow settings. Characteristics of the bulk hydrochemistry, mineralogy (exclusively aragonite) and the driving force for precipitation (primarily abiotic CO2 degassing with some photosynthetic microbial contribution) were similar among all of the flow settings. Conversely, the increase in flow velocity suppressed the influence of photosynthesis and enhanced the abiotic precipitation due to the thinner diffusive boundary layer at the travertine surface–water interface. Additionally, the increase in flow velocity changed the microbial composition and decreased the bacterial diversity by reflecting their adhesion efficiency on the travertine substrate. The acidity of the cyanobacterial sheaths controls the aragonite nucleation rate and the resulting calcification, even at significantly high equilibrium CO2 partial pressure (ca 22 to 28 matm), high dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (ca 35 to 38 mmol l−1), and elevated aragonite saturation state (ca 20‐fold to 34‐fold). Therefore, the increase in flow velocity suppresses the microbial influence with respect to the increase in the saturation state, the nucleation site supply and pore space generation. Overall, this results in the predominance of abiotic precipitation under high flow velocities. Consequently, a sparse‐micritic fabric with abundant interlamina porosity forms under lower flow velocity where the microbial influence is effective, while a dense‐sparitic fabric with little inter‐crystalline porosity forms under higher flow velocity where abiotic precipitation prevails. These findings provide an essential base for assessing the formation processes of ancient travertines and comparable deposits from petrological fabrics.