bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bruce Grindal's Hidden Theology, Kabbalah, and the Need for a Humanistic Theodicy
Authors: Pittle Kevin
Published: December 2015

While Bruce Grindal never explicitly disclosed his own religious outlook in print, in the epilogue of the draft prospectus for his unpublished book on religious life in North Florida, he professed a “spiritual” impulsion to “admit to being one of the many” and implied that he fit a category he dubbed “quasi‐religious.” I would not be the first to observe that even the most secular, allegedly impartial anthropology has a spiritual dimension. I believe that Dr. Grindal's anthropology—perhaps owing to decades of quiet reflection upon his experience of mysterious happenings during his sojourn among the Sisala—was particularly spiritual in this manner, even if not expressly so. Grindal himself likened humanistic inquiry to “a spiritual quest” and the classroom give and take to “listening to a myth and participating in a ritual.” While his published works are elusive on the matter, in graduate seminars and undergraduate lectures, office hours conversations and impromptu bull sessions, there were occasional flashes of disclosure and candid exposition of his personal convictions about the sacral mysteries of the universe. In this essay, I endeavor to demonstrate how a bricolage of such noncanonical remarks permits us to descry the underlying influence of a somewhat patchwork secret theology in Bruce Grindal's writings on synergetic consciousness and his lectures on normative anthropology and ethics. Further, I enter into dialogue with Bruce's reconstituted theology and humbly attempt to offer emendations to one area he left underdeveloped by bringing it into conversation with the Jewish mystical tradition of Kabbalah: the problem of suffering and evil.
Bruce Grindal as Ijapa, the Yoruba Secular Trickster
Authors: Salamone Frank A.
Published: December 2015

The Yoruba have two key Trickster figures. One is sacred the other secular. Each represent aspects of Yoruba life. The sacred Trickster is Eshu, a defender of proper behavior and values, while Ijapa, the tortoise, is an innovator. He is a kind of Lord of Misrule. Eshu tales are told in formal settings. However, Ijapa tales are generally told around a camp fire or within the home. The storyteller may be a family member or a friend of the family, and the settings are informal. Often the lessons challenge the accepted norms and value wit and improvisation. A repeated theme is that nothing is as it seems to be and that everything at all times is changing. In numerous ways the lessons and the behavior of Ijaba parallel the beliefs and behavior of Bruce Grindal. Bruce consistently taught that everything must be challenged. He believed that rules were artificial and hindered creativity. He played pranks in public, upsetting the status quo, in order to get people thinking. Working with Bruce was sometimes a trial but was always fruitful. Bruce was a firm believer in the power of the oppressed and of finding ways and means to empower the oppressed. In this work I look into some of the truths that Bruce shares with the Trickster Ijapa. With Bruce I also explore the ways in which the weak can teach the powerful about the meaning of life and the value of questioning rules.
Raising the Dead: Altered States, Anthropology, and the Heart of Sisala Experience
Authors: Hellweg Joseph R. , Englehardt Joshua D. , Miller Jesse C.
Published: December 2015

In this article, we examine Bruce Grindal's 1983 essay, “Into the Heart of Sisala Experience: Witnessing Death Divination.” We do so from the perspectives of two Africanist ethnographers and a Mesoamericanist archaeologist for the purpose of exploring current epistemological presuppositions about anthropological research. We argue that Grindal's holistic approach to ethnography stands as a model for anthropological methods across the subdisciplines. We take archaeology as a particular example. Although the humanistic empiricism Grindal espoused has fallen out of fashion among positivist archaeologists and certain cultural anthropologists, the enduring quality of Grindal's writing offers a path beyond the tensions between so‐called “scientific” and “unscientific” approaches in anthropology. He considered the evidence he gathered inseparable from his negotiation of the lived contexts in which he worked. Grindal thus overcame the daunting challenge of describing the temporary return of a dead man to life in northern Ghana in the 1960s. Rather than try to prove or disprove what he saw, Grindal documented his host's remarks about the event, aiming to testify intersubjectively to their shared experience, beyond dichotomies of objectivity and subjectivity. Grindal's contribution to anthropology therefore lies in his unified view of anthropological methods at a time when anthropologists have drawn battle lines over choices between supposedly explanatory and interpretive viewpoints. His genius lay in recognizing the continuities between both perspectives, rooted in interpersonal communication. As a result, Grindal's work stands as a way forward for those eager to combine humanistic flexibility and empirical rigor in anthropological work.
Doing Well by Reporting Good: Reporting Corporate Responsibility and Corporate Performance
Authors: Lee Jegoo , Maxfield Sylvia
Published: December 2015

This article aimed to examine the impacts of reporting‐type corporate responsibility activities (CRA‐R) on corporate social and financial performance. Academic research has explored how varying attributes of markets, industry sectors and firms might shape corporate social and financial performance, but includes little effort to examine the impacts of different kinds of CRA on corporate performance. We build on debate about the value of firms' reporting activities related to corporate responsibility. Recent literature suggests that CRA‐R is superficial marketing or “greenwashing.” Despite this viewpoint, corporate reporting activities related to responsibility are rising. In order to solve this puzzle, this article explores the impact of CRA‐R on corporate performance. First, drawing from the institutional perspective, we propose that CRA‐R will positively impact corporate social performance (CSP) oriented toward secondary stakeholders. Second, combining the stakeholder–agency perspective and corporate responsibility literature, we motivate the hypotheses that CRA‐R positively influences corporate financial performance (CFP). Empirical testing with a unique dataset of large US corporations selected in the Fortune 500 support the proposed hypotheses. In particular, both corporate social responsibility and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) activities positively influence corporate environmental performance, and financial performance. In particular, GRI reporting is a strong indicator to impact both social and financial performance. Our findings indicate that CRA‐R should not simply reflect shallow motivations, but deliver value to noninvestor stakeholders as well as investors.
Modelling the properties of pigment‐printed polypropylene nonwoven fabric using the Box–Behnken technique
Authors: Hussain Tanveer , Ullah Azeem , Umar Muhammad , Areeb Tanzeel , Zubair Zakariya , Masood Rashid , Zia Qasim
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study was to develop statistical models for the effect of binder concentration and curing temperature and time on the air permeability, tear strength, tensile strength, and crocking fastness of pigment‐printed nonwoven polypropylene fabric. The design and analysis of the experimental work were carried out using Minitab® statistical software according to the Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology. Models were successfully developed. It was found that binder concentration improves the wet crocking and tensile strength while having a negative impact on all other responses. Increase in curing temperature and time affects the fabric tear strength negatively but has a positive effect on wet crocking fastness and fabric tensile strength. It could be concluded that pigment prints of good dry crocking fastness may be obtained on polypropylene nonwovens without deterioration in the mechanical strength and air permeability to a commercially unacceptable level. However, further work is required to improve the wet crocking fastness properties.
Variation in Causal Models of Diabetes: A Comparison of Nurses and Lay Community Members in the United States and Guatemala
Authors: Maupin Jonathan N.
Published: December 2015

Causal models are a key element for examining cross‐cultural as well as expertise variation in explanatory models of illness. Yet, anthropological studies comparing causal models often focus on the content of these models and fail to examine variation in the structure and role of individual causal features in causal models of disease. In this article, I analyze variation in causal models of diabetes among a sample of registered nurses and lay community members in the United States and Guatemala. Utilizing a cause‐by‐cause questionnaire, I measure patterns of variation and agreement in direct causal interactions between features. Constructing causal networks, I examine similarities and differences in the structure as well as the role of specific causal features within these networks. These results demonstrate that biomedical expertise and sociocultural context are associated with different aspects of the structure and content of explanatory models of diabetes.
Apprehending Volition in Early Socialization: Raising “Little Persons” among Rural Mapuche Families
Authors: Murray Marjorie , Bowen Sofia , Segura Nicole , Verdugo Marisol
Published: December 2015

On the basis of ethnographic fieldwork with rural Mapuche families in the Araucanía region of Chile, this article analyzes ways in which Mapuche parenting practices and the process of socialization during early childhood involve and transmit a sense of volition that is intrinsic to Mapuche notions of personhood and autonomy. Recounting concrete daily events, we describe how children make use of their own initiative and intentionality when exploring, acting, learning, and creating social relationships. At the same time, Mapuche parents avoid constant visual supervision and direct intervention, rarely oppressing children's volition while respecting and valuing children's personal and direct experiences of the world. By considering volition as an important cultural feature of parenting and socialization, and by reflecting upon how different ideologies of childhood and parenting relate to children's volition, we aim to contribute to current developments on early socialization and parenting cultures. [Early socialization, volition, Mapuche, parenting]
Hōkō onchi: Wayfinding and the Emergence of “Directional Tone‐Deafness” in Japan
Authors: Roth Joshua Hotaka
Published: December 2015

Take a wrong turn and show up late to an appointment in Japan and it is quite likely that someone will label you “hōkō onchi” (directionally tone‐deaf). The term was coined in the late 1960s, and now hundreds of thousands of Japanese identify themselves as “hōkō onchi.” The term is much more widely used than any equivalent in English, and there is reason to believe that some people who have embraced the label do not necessarily have more difficulty in wayfinding than those who reject it. What, then, does the label mean? What explains its initial emergence and its current transformations? While directional orientation concerns cognitive ability, the way it has been used as a label and later adopted as an identity suggests it may also be a symptom of shifts in the wider social context.

日本で道を間違え約束に遅れて現れたなら、誰かに「方向音痴」というレッテルを貼られるだろう。この言葉は1960年代後半に新造され、今日では何万もの日本人が自らを「方向音痴」と自認している。この言葉は、同様の意味を持つ英語と比べ格段に広く用いられ、また、方向音痴だと自認する人が、そうでない人よりも道を見つけるのに苦労するとも必ずしも言い切れない。それでは、この言葉はいったい何を意味するのだろうか。その当初の出現と、現在の変化はどうすれば説明がつくだろうか。方向を見極める力というのは認知能力に関係するにもかかわらず、方向音痴というカテゴリーの出現と変化はより大きな社会変化の症状であるかもしれない事を示唆している。
Wesleyan Sanctification and the Ethic of Self‐Realization
Authors: Stromberg Peter G.
Published: December 2015

Among the related but distinct ideas that comprise contemporary American individualism is the ethic of self‐realization, the belief that each person has the moral duty to develop their own characteristic talents and potentialities. Here I argue that although the intellectual sources of this belief are well‐understood, we have little knowledge of how this idea became an ethic, how it acquired the emotional force of a moral directive. I suggest that this development can be explained in part by exploring the history of the Wesleyan doctrine of Sanctification, the conviction that the Christian believer can achieve a state of perfection. In the 19th century, debates erupted over whether Sanctification—originally an ecstatic experience occurring in revivals—could also take place as a gradual process, the development of Christian character. By the early 20th century, broader cultural forces conditioned a theological shift whereby Sanctification was increasingly understood in liberal thought as realization of the divinity that dwells within each individual soul. Along this path, Sanctification progressively permeated certain routines of daily life. This history provides an example of gradual transformation within Christianity, an example that can help to refine understandings of the processes of continuity and discontinuity that have been central to discussion in the Anthropology of Christianity.
Total antioxidant status and oxidative stress in recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Tugrul Selahattin , Koçyiğit Abdurrahim , Doğan Remzi , Eren Sabri Baki , Senturk Erol , Ozturan Orhan , Ozar Omer Faruk
Published: December 2015

Background

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an idiopathic, chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. It is thought that oxidative stress caused by systemic inflammation plays a basic role in the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The aim of this study is to review oxidative status and DNA damage in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Method

The study included 42 patients with an active recurrent aphthous stomatitis lesion and 39 healthy volunteers with similar demographic characteristics. DNA damage was analyzed using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Plasma levels of total antioxidant status and total oxidative status were determined by using an automated measurement method. Oxidative stress index was calculated as total oxidative status/total antioxidant status and × 100.

Results

The total oxidative status and oxidative stress index values were significantly higher in the recurrent aphthous stomatitis group compared to the control group, while total antioxidant status values were significantly lower. In the recurrent aphthous stomatitis group, DNA damage was observed to be significantly higher than the control group. In correlation analysis, significant correlation was found between DNA damage and the oxidative stress index and total oxidative status values in the recurrent aphthous stomatitis group.

Conclusion

This is the first report in the literature that demonstrates association of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with increased oxidative status.
Between the Public and the State: The Shipping Lobby's Strategies against US Immigration Restrictions 1882–1917
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: December 2015

Based on Freeman's model of interest group-driven migration policies, the article gives a qualitative inside look on a neglected actor during the formative years of US immigration reform. It analyzes the central role of the shipping companies in coordinating the pro-immigration campaign with and against other interest groups. Their lobbying is divided into two complementary sections: inside top-down efforts (lobbyists) to influence legislators and outside bottom-up efforts (migrant communities and the press) to mobilize the public. It assesses the importance of public opinion in their lobby campaigns and the shipping companies’ success in delaying far-reaching restrictions until 1917.
Mother Tongue, Host Country Earnings, and Return Migration: Evidence from Cross-National Administrative Records
Authors: Saarela Jan , Scott Kirk
Published: December 2015

Using a unique database constructed through the merging of administrative records from Sweden and Finland, we provide the first detailed examination of differential return migration risks by people's mother tongue within a given nationality. We analyze whether the divergence in return migration risk between Swedish-speaking and Finnish-speaking Finns in Sweden relates to host country earnings, considering that the former group are in parity with native Swedes. Host country earnings and other background variables are found to explain only a modest part of the difference in return migration risk. Variation in the return migration risk of labor migrants is consequently not solely a result of earnings differentials.
Source Reliability in Auditory Health Persuasion: Its Antecedents and Consequences
Authors: Elbert Sarah P. , Dijkstra Arie
Published: December 2015

Persuasive health messages can be presented through an auditory channel, thereby enhancing the salience of the source, making it fundamentally different from written or pictorial information. We focused on the determinants of perceived source reliability in auditory health persuasion by investigating it from two distinct angles. First, inferences on the voice (pleasantness) and person (e.g., similarity) significantly predicted perceived source reliability. In a second (experimental) study, three contextual factors (message framing, level of processing, gender matching) affected perceived reliability independently. Furthermore, perceived reliability mediated the effect of message framing on persuasion. The evaluation on source reliability in auditory persuasion seems to be affected by several factors, partly unique to auditory communication. These studies may inspire further research on auditory (health) persuasion.
Prophylaxis for mucositis induced by ambulatory chemotherapy: systematic review
Authors: Manzi Natália de Melo , Silveira Renata Cristina de Campos Pereira , Reis Paula Elaine Diniz dos
Published: December 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of clinical trials covering interventions used as prophylaxis for oral mucositis induced by ambulatory antineoplastic chemotherapy.

Background

Oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy is a side effect that can impact the quality of treatment and can interfere with eating and therapeutic adherence.

Design

Quantitative systematic review.

Data sources

Relevant databases were searched, from January 2002–July 2013, by using the combination of the keywords mucositis, stomatitis, neoplasms, antineoplastic agents, drug therapy, prevention and control and chemotherapy.

Review methods

Two researchers independently read the titles and abstracts from every cross‐reference. The quality of the included studies was analysed by the Jadad Scale and the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. Data were extracted from the selected studies with a data collection form developed specifically for this purpose.

Results

Of the 23 controlled clinical trials that were identified in this study, five articles evaluated the use of oral cryotherapy to prevent oral mucositis and three studies analysed the prophylactic use of glutamine. Interventions of protocols for oral care, palifermin, allopurinol and chlorhexidine were evaluated by two articles each. Interventions of zinc sulphate, amifostine, chewing gum, sucralfate, recombination human intestinal trefoil factor, kefir and vitamin E were evaluated by one article each.

Conclusion

There is strong evidence that cryotherapy can prevent oral mucositis arising from ambulatory treatment with 5‐flurouracil chemotherapy. Other interventions, although showing positive results in preventing oral mucositis, require further study to confirm their conclusions.
Robust Detection of Examinees With Aberrant Answer Changes
Authors: Belov Dmitry I.
Published: December 2015

The statistical analysis of answer changes (ACs) has uncovered multiple testing irregularities on large‐scale assessments and is now routinely performed at testing organizations. However, AC data has an uncertainty caused by technological or human factors. Therefore, existing statistics (e.g., number of wrong‐to‐right ACs) used to detect examinees with aberrant ACs capitalize on the uncertainty, which may result in a large Type I error. In this article, the information about ACs is used only for the partitioning of administered items into two disjoint subtests: items where ACs did not occur, and items where ACs did occur. A new statistic is based on the difference in performance between these subtests (measured as Kullback–Leibler divergence between corresponding posteriors of latent traits), where, in order to avoid the uncertainty, only final responses are used. One of the subtests can be filtered such that the asymptotic distribution of the statistic is chi‐square with one degree of freedom. In computer simulations, the presented statistic demonstrated a strong robustness to the uncertainty and higher detection rates in contrast to two popular statistics based on wrong‐to‐right ACs.
Quotas, Productivity, and Prices: The Case of Anchovy Fishing
Authors: Natividad Gabriel
Published: December 2015

I exploit a 2009 reform that introduced individual fishing quotas (catch shares) for Peruvian anchovy—the largest fishery in the world—to assess the causal impact of production quotas on within‐firm productivity and market prices. Unique features of the data allow me to create two alternative counterfactuals: (i) anchovy fishing operations in a region of the country that was mandated to implement quotas with a delay, and (ii) variation in quota allocations across ships. I find that quotas do not increase within‐asset or within‐firm productivity in quantities. Instead, a 200% increase in anchovy prices benefits extraction firms through higher revenues, consistent with two mechanisms enacted by individual fishing quotas: more orderly industry operations reducing excess supply and an increase in bargaining power of extraction firms with respect to fish‐processing. Several market characteristics across geographies differentially affect market prices after the quota regime. Supplementary evidence on fewer operational infractions, higher product quality, and a lower banking delinquency observed during the quota regime suggests the existence of efficiency gains rather than purely rent transfers.
Effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy for Mandated Versus Non‐Mandated Youth
Authors: Celinska Katarzyna
Published: December 2015

This study compares the outcomes for youth mandated to participate in Functional Family Therapy (FFT) to those whose participation was referred but voluntary. FFT is a short‐term intervention for delinquents and status offenders, along with their parents. The study sample consists of 120 cases: 70 youth and parents who were mandated by the Family Court to participate in FFT and 50 youth and their parents who were referred to FFT by other agencies. The sample is diverse in terms of gender, race and ethnicity. The outcome variables consist of a set of scales obtained from the Strengths and Needs Assessment (SNA). Changes in life domain functioning, child strengths, acculturation, caregivers' strengths, caregivers' needs, child behavioral emotional needs, and child risk behaviors are assessed. The analysis indicates that both groups improved across all domains. Overall, being mandated to participate in FFT does not predict greater improvements in outcomes. The findings suggest that status offenders and minor delinquents who participated in FFT could be processed less formally without foregoing the therapy outcomes.
Alport syndrome and pregnancy: Good obstetric and nephrological outcomes in a pregnant woman with homozygous autosomal recessive Alport syndrome
Authors: Nishizawa Yoko , Takei Takashi , Miyaoka Tokiko , Kamei Daigo , Mochizuki Toshio , Nitta Kosaku
Published: December 2015

We describe the course of pregnancy in a 27‐year‐old woman with homozygous autosomal recessive Alport syndrome. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous COL4A4 mutation in exon 36 (c.3307G > A) with p.G1102R inherited from her parents (who were parallel cousins) 1 year before conception. Before pregnancy, the patient’s renal function and blood pressure were normal, and her urinary protein excretion was below 2 g/day. The pregnancy course was uneventful in the first and second trimesters. She was detected to have nephrotic‐range proteinuria during the third trimester, but was observed closely on an outpatient basis without any medications, as her general condition was good, her renal function and blood pressure remained stable, and the fetal well‐being was maintained. At 39+0 weeks of pregnancy, she vaginally gave birth to an appropriate‐birthweight infant and her urinary protein excretion returned to pre‐pregnancy level. This is the first report of pregnancy in a patient with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome with good obstetric and nephrological outcomes in the absence of any treatment or hospitalization.
Pilot testing a predoctoral dental public health curriculum: reporting process and outcomes
Authors: Bhoopathi Vinodh , Atchison Kathryn Ann
Published: December 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to pilot test the predoctoral dental public health (DPH) curriculum developed by the American Association of Public Health Dentistry (AAPHD) in various US dental schools and dental hygiene programs.

Methods

Following the Lewy's theoretical framework, we used all three curriculum tryout methods (laboratory tryout, pilot tryout, and field tryout) for the pilot testing process. Open‐ended questions on the structure, presentation, and content of the curriculum were sent to faculty pilot testing the DPH curriculum to obtain critical feedback and comments.

Results

Between Summer 2013 and Spring 2015, the curriculum was pilot tested in nine dental schools and seven dental hygiene programs with over 1,300 students. The majority of the comments from the faculty were favorable. Positive comments about the structure of the curriculum focused on the well‐organized nature of the curriculum, the value of the instructor guide and speaker notes, rubrics, and the flow of the presentations. In terms of the content, faculty commented on the wide range of public health issues covered and the clarity of course and lecture objectives. Negative comments dealt with the level of detail, some confusing assignments, and outdated data. Problems identified in pilot testing were corrected in the final DPH curriculum.

Conclusions

The curriculum was successfully utilized in varied formats and well received. Through AAPHD, this standardized DPH core curriculum is now available for widespread use at dental schools and dental hygiene programs.
Direct comparison of galactomannan performance in concurrent serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples in immunocompromised patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Boch Tobias , Buchheidt Dieter , Spiess Birgit , Miethke Thomas , Hofmann Wolf‐Karsten , Reinwald Mark
Published: December 2015

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life‐threatening infection mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis is critical, but the diagnostic gold standard (histopathology and culture) is time consuming and cannot offer early confirmation of IPA. Fungal biomarkers like galactomannan (GM) are a promising extension to the diagnostic repertoire. However, it still remains under discussion if biomarker analysis from the site of the infection is superior to testing blood samples. We retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic performance of concurrent serum GM and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) GM (obtained within 24 h) of immunocompromised patients at high risk of IPA. Twenty‐six proven/probable patients and eight patients with no IPA according to the EORTC/MSG 2008 criteria were included in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic odds ratio were for BAL GM: 85%, 88%, 96%, 64% and 38.5, and for serum GM: 23%, 88%, 88%, 26% and 2.1 respectively. BAL GM proved to be significantly more sensitive for the detection of IPA compared to same‐day serum GM in patients at high risk of IPA (P < 0.0001). Our data show that BAL GM testing is significantly superior to serum GM implying that diagnostic efforts should focus on specimens from the site of infection.
Institutional Racism, Numbers Management, and Zero‐Tolerance Policing in New York City
Authors: Bornstein Avram
Published: December 2015

Institutional racism is a concept that has gotten into a muddle. Ubiquitous in policing in the UK, but relegated to the margins of discussion in the US, this important and useful idea has been misunderstood on both sides of the Atlantic as a pervasive form of unconscious or cultural bias. This article argues that a clearer distinction is needed between cognitive bias and institutional racism especially with regard to the racial disparities in the enforcement outcomes in New York City. The numbers‐driven management system, often called Compstat, paired with zero‐tolerance enforcement of violations and misdemeanors, facilitates a pattern of institutional racism in which police motivation need not be bias, but, if anything, careerist: “activity” in the form of stop‐question‐and‐frisk reports, summonses, and arrests in higher crime neighborhoods is the measure of “productivity” for officers and supervisors. Ultimately, this article argues that clarification of institutional racism is an important step bureaucratically and politically toward the positive reform of policing. The clarification of this distinction is also important in other fields.
To Protect and Serve Whiteness
Authors: Burton Orisanmi
Published: December 2015

Critics of policing often utter the phrase ‘to protect and serve,’ in order to point out the gap between discourses of ethical policing and practices of punitive policing in black communities. However, the present analysis asserts that a more appropriate representation of the policing function is ‘to protect and servewhiteness.’ Drawing ethnographic observations, the Ferguson Report and Officer Darren Wilson’s Grand Jury Testimony, I shift the locus of critique away from the putative problems of ‘police brutality,’ ‘excessive force,’ and ‘police militarization.’ I argue that these critiques naturalize the forms of psychic violence, dehumanization and dispossession inflicted in routine and professional encounters between police and black people. Instead, I argue that anti‐blackness is imbricated in policing itself. Then, by examining the ways in which modern policing and ‘order maintenance’ approaches developed from southern slave patrols, I assert that policing in the United States is always already racialized policing. It plays a foundational role assigning of racial meanings, helping to produce whiteness as a subject of protection and blackness an object of regulation.
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays a key role in the development of spondyloarthritis
Authors: Xie Wanqing , Zhou Lijiang , Li Shan , Hui Tianqian , Chen Di
Published: December 2015

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of diseases consisting of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis, arthritis related to inflammatory bowel disease (a subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis), and ankylosing spondylitis (the prototype of SpA). Axial bone formation and the combination of concurrent erosion and new bone formation are specific characteristics of SpA disease. The use of antiproinflammatory cytokines, such as inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), appears to be the greatest advance in the treatment of SpA over the past 20 years. However, TNF‐α blockers do not halt new bone formation. Recent clinical observations and animal studies demonstrate that Wnt signaling proteins and natural Wnt inhibitors, such as DKK1 and sclerostin, are likely to play important roles in the process of ankylosis in SpA, and could potentially serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of SpA.
Adaptive Governance, Uncertainty, and Risk: Policy Framing and Responses to Climate Change, Drought, and Flood
Authors: Hurlbert Margot , Gupta Joyeeta
Published: December 2015

As climate change impacts result in more extreme events (such as droughts and floods), the need to understand which policies facilitate effective climate change adaptation becomes crucial. Hence, this article answers the question: How do governments and policymakers frame policy in relation to climate change, droughts, and floods and what governance structures facilitate adaptation? This research interrogates and analyzes through content analysis, supplemented by semi‐structured qualitative interviews, the policy response to climate change, drought, and flood in relation to agricultural producers in four case studies in river basins in Chile, Argentina, and Canada. First, an epistemological explanation of risk and uncertainty underscores a brief literature review of adaptive governance, followed by policy framing in relation to risk and uncertainty, and an analytical model is developed. Pertinent findings of the four cases are recounted, followed by a comparative analysis. In conclusion, recommendations are made to improve policies and expand adaptive governance to better account for uncertainty and risk. This article is innovative in that it proposes an expanded model of adaptive governance in relation to “risk” that can help bridge the barrier of uncertainty in science and policy.
Values‐Based Measures of Impacts to Indigenous Health
Authors: Gregory Robin , Easterling Doug , Kaechele Nicole , Trousdale William
Published: December 2015

Values‐based indicators of risks to Indigenous health have the potential to improve the accuracy and quality of a wide range of decisions affecting Native lands and cultures. Current health impact assessment approaches often omit important health priorities rooted in the history, social structures, and cultural context of Indigenous communities. Insights and methods from the decision sciences can be used to develop more culturally appropriate and context‐relevant health indicators that can articulate and track changes to important dimensions of Indigenous health. Identifying and addressing priority cultural, social, economic, and environmental contributors to the health of Indigenous communities will help to generate better project alternatives and foster more responsive choices.
Heidegger and the Essence ofDasein
Authors: Zuckerman Nate
Published: December 2015

Being and Timeargues that we, asDasein, are defined not bywhatwe are, but by ourwayof existing, our “existentiell possibilities.” I diagnose and respond to an interpretive dilemma that arises from Heidegger's ambiguous use of this latter term. Most readings stress its specific sense, holding thatDaseinhas no general essence and is instead determined by some historically contingent way of understanding itself and the meaning of being at large. But this fails to explain the sense in whichBeing and Timeis a work of fundamental ontology, concluding in Heidegger's claim to have found the meaning ofDasein's being in the concept of originary temporality. On the other hand, readings that stress the general sense of “existentiell possibilities” find Heidegger on a fruitless quest forthetranscendental conditions necessary forDasein's existence, which seems to founder on the claims thatDaseinis constitutively thrown, factical, and “in‐each‐case‐mine” [jemeinig]. Both readings are problematic and, I contend, result from a failure to disambiguate and explain the ontologically uniquerelationship betweenthe specific and general aspects ofDasein's essence. I argue that we can better explain this relationship, Heidegger's method for investigating it, and the sense in whichDaseinhas an essence that is open to philosophical investigation, if we readBeing and Time's ontology ofDaseinin terms of what Anton Ford calls “categorial” genus‐species relationships.
Moral Reasoning as Naturally Good: A Qualified Defense of Foot's Conception of Practical Rationality
Authors: Hendley Steven
Published: December 2015

Philippa Foot's version of ethical naturalism, centered on the idea of “natural goodness,” has received a good deal of critical scrutiny. One pervasive criticism contends that less than virtuous modes of conduct may be described as naturally good or, at least, not naturally defective on her account. If true, this contradicts the most ambitious aspect of Foot's naturalistic approach to ethics: to show that judgments of moral goodness are a subclass of judgments of natural goodness. But even if one finds this line of criticism convincing, there is a less ambitious aspect of Foot's project which remains, at least in a qualified way, defensible: her conception of moral reasoning as a legitimate form of practical rationality. This more modest claim turns not on the view that moral judgments are a subclass of judgments of natural goodness but merely on the idea that moral reasoning itself is naturally good for us.
Elements of Design‐Based Science Activities That Affect Students' Motivation
Authors: Jones Brett D. , Chittum Jessica R. , Akalin Sehmuz , B. Schram Asta , Fink Jonathan , Schnittka Christine , Evans Michael A. , Brandt Carol
Published: December 2015

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which a 12‐week afterschool science and engineering program affected middle school students' motivation to engage in science and engineering activities. We used current motivation research and theory as a conceptual framework to assess 14 students' motivation through questionnaires, structured interviews, and observations. Students reported that during the activities they perceived that they were empowered to make choices in how to complete things, the activities were useful to them, they could succeed in the activities, they enjoyed and were interested in the hands‐on activities and some presentations, they felt cared for by the facilitators and received help when they were stuck or confused, and they put forth effort. Based on our examination of data across our three data sources, we identified motivating opportunities that were provided to students during the activities. These motivating opportunities can serve as examples to help both formal and informal science educators better connect motivation theory to practice so that they can create motivating opportunities for students. Furthermore, this study provides a methodological example of how students' motivation can be examined during the context of authentic science and engineering instruction.
Examining Elementary School Science Achievement Gaps Using an Organizational and Leadership Perspective
Authors: Settlage John , Butler Malcolm B. , Wenner Julianne , Smetana Lara K. , McCoach Betsy
Published: December 2015

There is the tendency to explain away successful urban schools as indicative of the heroic efforts by a tireless individual, effectively blaming schools that underperform for a lack of grit and dedication. This study reports the development of a research instrument (School Science Infrastructure, or SSI) and then applying that tool to an investigation of equitable science performance by elementary schools. Our efforts to develop a science‐specific instrument to explore associations between school‐level variables and equitable science performance are informed byJamesColeman's tripartite notion of social capital: the “wealth” of organizations is encompassed within their social norms, informational channels, and reciprocating relationships. Grounded in school effectiveness research and social capital theory, the instrument that we report on here is a valid and reliable tool to support meso‐level investigations of factors contributing to school variations in science achievement.
Increasing polymorphism of the RAET1E/ULBP4 gene in humans
Authors: Pearson H. , Alejandro Madrigal J. , Saudemont A. , Cox S. T.
Published: December 2015

Description of three novel RAET1E/ULBP4 allele and promoter polymorphisms identified by sequence‐based typing.
The profile of HLA‐DRB1 alleles in Arabs with type 1 diabetes; meta‐analyses
Authors: Hamzeh A. R. , Nair P. , Al Ali M. T.
Published: December 2015

Genes from the HLA complex have a major contribution in type 1 diabetes (T1D), which results from an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. The latter can explain some of the geographic variability in T1D occurrence around the world. Of a particular importance in this regard are the HLA‐DR, ‐DP and ‐DQ loci. Consequently, we aimed at elucidating the collective genetic profiles of various alleles relating to HLA‐DRB1 and ‐DP in T1D patients throughout the Arab World using the tools of meta‐analysis. As for HLA‐DQA1 and DQB1 alleles; this analysis was completed and published previously (see Introduction). As a result of limited availability of relevant studies of the HLA‐DP locus, only HLA‐DRB1 alleles were tackled in this paper. Our study showed that significant increases in T1D risk resulted from harboring the alleles DRB1*03:01 and *04:05 (odds ratio 7.76 and 7.52, respectively). DRB1*04:01 and *04:02 were also predisposing for T1D in Arabs. Very strong evidence supported the protective effects of DRB1*10:01, *13:01, *15:02 and *16:01, with low heterogeneity and no publication bias. The results from the series of meta‐analyses performed in this study help to complete the global genetic epidemiological map of T1D by providing statistically robust data from the Arab World.
Pustular dermatitis in dogs affected by leishmaniosis: 22 cases
Authors: Colombo Silvia , Abramo Francesca , Borio Stefano , Albanese Francesco , Noli Chiara , Dedola Carla , Leone Federico
Published: December 2015

Background

Skin lesions in canine leishmaniosis (CanL) are diverse, including exfoliative, ulcerative, nodular and papular dermatitides. An uncommon pustular form has also been reported.

Hypotheses/Objectives

We hypothesized that CanL infection can produce a pustular reaction pattern in the skin of dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the clinicopathological features of dogs with CanL infection and pustular dermatitis, and correlate them with response to therapy.

Animals

Twenty two affected dogs.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical records and examination of archived biopsy materials or previously processed glass slides was performed. Cytological examinations had been recorded for all cases. Specimens were available for histopathological examination in 17 of 22 cases and for immunohistochemical detection of Leishmania amastigotes in 13 of 22 cases.

Results

All dogs presented with multifocal to diffuse pustular dermatitis. CanL was diagnosed by IFAT serology (20 cases), bone marrow cytology (one case) or bone marrow PCR (one case). Cytological and/or histopathological examinations revealed acantholytic keratinocytes within pustules in 18 of 22 cases. Bacterial and fungal cultures were not performed. Leishmania amastigotes were identified by histopathology within the dermis in three cases; immunohistochemistry was positive in four cases. All dogs underwent concurrent anti‐leishmanial and immunosuppressive therapy to control the pustular dermatitis, with favourable outcome in 11 of 22 cases.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Due to the retrospective nature of this study it is not possible to either accept or reject the hypothesis that CanL is the direct cause of pustular dermatitis.
Evidence‐Based Practice Point‐of‐Care Resources: A Quantitative Evaluation of Quality, Rigor, and Content
Authors: Campbell Jared M. , Umapathysivam Kandiah , Xue Yifan , Lockwood Craig
Published: December 2015

Objective

Clinicians and other healthcare professionals need access to summaries of evidence‐based information in order to provide effective care to their patients at the point‐of‐care. Evidence‐based practice (EBP) point‐of‐care resources have been developed and are available online to meet this need. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive list of available EBP point‐of‐care resources and evaluate their processes and policies for the development of content, in order to provide a critical analysis based upon rigor, transparency and measures of editorial quality to inform healthcare providers and promote quality improvement amongst publishers of EBP resources.

Design

A comprehensive and systematic search (Pubmed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central) was undertaken to identify available EBP point‐of‐care resources, defined as “web‐based medical compendia specifically designed to deliver predigested, rapidly accessible, comprehensive, periodically updated, and evidence‐based information (and possibly also guidance) to clinicians.”

Main Outcome Measures

A pair of investigators independently extracted information on general characteristics, content presentation, editorial quality, evidence‐based methodology, and breadth and volume.

Results

Twenty‐seven summary resources were identified, of which 22 met the predefined inclusion criteria for EBP point‐of‐care resources, and 20 could be accessed for description and assessment. Overall, the upper quartile of EBP point‐of‐care providers was assessed to be UpToDate, Nursing Reference Centre, Mosby's Nursing Consult, BMJ Best Practice, and JBI COnNECT+.

Linking Evidence to Action

The choice of which EBP point‐of‐care resources are suitable for an organization is a decision that depends heavily on the unique requirements of that organization and the resources it has available. However, the results presented in this study should enable healthcare providers to make that assessment in a clear, evidence‐based manner, and provide a comprehensive list of the available options.
A Histological Study of Postnatal Development of Clavicle Articular Ends
Authors: Calixto Luis Fernando , Penagos Rodrigo , Jaramillo Lina , Guitierrez María Lucia , Garzón-Alvarado Diego
Published: December 2015

The clavicle is the first bone to begin the process of ossification and the last one to complete it. Whilst histological studies of the clavicle have been focused mainly on embryonic events, our study focused on post natal clavicle development. The objective of this study was to perform a qualitative description of the clavicle’s epiphyseal growth to further shed light on the postnatal ossification process. Histological studies performed on clavicles obtained from cadavers confirmed medial and lateral extremities as true physes. Unlike the development of other long bones, no secondary ossification centre was present at the acromial end. Furthermore, appearance of the sternal end was observed after the age of 18, as evidenced in clavicles from a 19-year old individual. The articular surface of the clavicle’s acromial end was fibrocartilage. No histological studies have been performed before describing postnatal development of clavicular ends. Our data confirm the absence of an acromial secondary ossification centre, the late development of a secondary ossification centre at the sternal end, and the presence of fibrocartilage at the acromial end.
El lenguaje en la revelación: performatividad y pragmática
Authors: Ramírez Alberto
Published: December 2015

El acceso al misterio de Dios por medio de la revelación, su aceptación, comprensión y comunicación son un acontecimiento del lenguaje. Este artículo se ocupa de un tipo de lenguaje que puede dar cuenta de la dinámica por la cual el
testimonio creyente de lo revelado puede llegar a ser parte de la revelación que lo suscita, por medio de la autoimplicación. Se trata del lenguaje performativo y de su estructura pragmática, que muestran cómo la Palabra es el eje en el que gira la
revelación, su transmisión, su realización e incluso su cumplimiento.