bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linoleic acid oxidation catalyzed by various amino acids and cupric ions in freeze‐dried model systems
Authors: Farag R. S. , Osman S. A. , HallaBo S. A. S. , Girgis A. N. , Nasr A. A.
Published: July 2007

The present investigation into the effect of amino acids on linoleic acid oxidation in freeze‐dried model system illustrates the existence of an autocatalytic chain reaction, in which all amino acids, except cysteine, exhibited minor antioxidant behavior. The antioxidant effect might be attributed to the absence of protonated amino nitrogen. Linoleic acid alone had an induction period of 15 hr, and on the addition of various α‐amino acids, the systems had induction periods ranging from 16‐19 hr. This increase did not exhibit any specific function for the studied amino acids. Cysteine exhibited an exceptional prooxidant effect due to the role of the HS‐group. The addition of copper at concentrations of 10‐5M and 10‐3M to the model systems composed of linoleic acid and various a‐amino acids exhibited minor and highly prooxidant effects, respectively, The prooxidant effect of these amino acids in the presence of copper might be due to amino acids‐copper complexes.
Review of rapeseed meal in animal nutrition: Ruminant animals
Authors: Thomke S.
Published: July 2007

During recent years, world literature in this area has increasingly dealt with the assessment of low glucosinolate RSM‐type (LGRSM). Generally, the LGRSM‐types show clear advantages over the high glucosinolate RSM‐types (HGRSM). Acceptibility of concentrates to dairy cattle may be influenced negatively by increasing RSM of commercial Canadian HG‐type beyond 15%. LGRSM seems to be acceptable up to at least 20% of the concentrate mixture. LGRSM‐type meal of cv. Candle may possibly still be accepted at higher levels. There are indications of a higher nutritive value of the LG vs the HGRSM types. Candle has been found to be as good as, if not better than, Tower RSM. HGRSM of European origin at a level of 15–20% of the concentrate seems to decrease milk production and to influence milk composition negatively. Canadian‐type LGRSM feeding at a level of 25% of the concentrate does not seem to be harmful to dairy cattle. Inclusion of 34% LGRSM lowered feed intake and milk yield. Higher milk yields are indicated when Candle is included, in comparison to Tower. Only a limited influence on milk composition (protein, fat, solids—nonfat) has been reported to result from RSM‐feeding. Both HG‐ and LGRSM increase milk SCN− and decrease milk‐I contents, the milk‐I, however, to a minor extent. A minute part of the OZT has been found to be carried over into milk resulting in levels much below the safe level for human consumption. Inclusion of “gums” at levels up to several times the amount corresponding to normal production has not been found to impair production traits of dairy cattle or growing cattle. Microbiological degradation of RSM in the rumen can be minimized by formaldehyde treatment, which has been reported to increase milk production. Rapeseed and rapeseed expeller seem to be prospective fat and protein sources to dairy cattle, especially in rations low in crude fat (<15 g dig. fat/kg milk). The inclusion of these products increases blood cholesterol and plasma glycerides. The iodine number of milk fat is increased.
Oligosiloxanes from betulinol
Authors: Erä Väinö , Piiroinen Kaija
Published: July 2007

Oligosiloxanes were synthesized from betulinol and dimethyldichlorsilane. The reactions were carried out in solution, and the oligomers with molecular weights up to 3030 g/mol were obtained. The structure and thermal stability of the oligomers were determined by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry, respectively.
Oxidative cyclization of unsaturated fatty acids with lead tetraacetate
Authors: Hashmi M. , Khan M. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

The reaction of 10‐undecenoic acid with lead tetraacetate (LTA) in the presence of acetic acid and anhydrous potassium acetate gave a eutectic mixture of 10(11)‐acetoxy‐11(10)‐methylundecanoic acid (25%), 10,11‐diacetoxyundecanoic acid (15%) and 5‐(ω‐carboxyoctyl) γ‐butyrolactone (45%). Similar reaction withcis‐9‐octadecenoic acid yielded a eutectic mixture of 9(10)‐acetoxy‐10(9)‐methyloctadecanoic acid (20%) and 4(5)‐(ω‐carboxyheptyl)‐5‐(4)‐octyl γ‐butyrolactone (40%). In the reaction withtrans‐2‐enoic acids (C16 and C18) products obtained were: 1,2‐diacetoxypenta‐ and heptadecane (27%), 3‐acetoxyhexa‐ and octadecanoic acid (31%) and 2‐(2‐penta‐ and heptadecyl) succinic anhydride (23%), respectively. The structures of individual compounds were characterized by spectral methods.
Laboratory endurance test of a sunflower oil blend in a diesel engine
Authors: Ziejeski M. , Kaufman K. R.
Published: July 2007

The effects of using a 25/75 blend (v/v) of alkali refined sunflower oil and diesel fuel in a direct‐injection diesel engine were compared to a baseline test with diesel fuel. There were no significant problems with engine operation during the baseline test. However, problems were experienced while using the blended fuel. The major problems were (a) abnormal buildup on the injection nozzle‐tips, (b) injector needle sticking, (c) secondary injection, (d) carbon buildup in the intake ports, (e) carbon deposits on the exhaust valve stems, (f) carbon filling of the compression ring grooves, and (g) abnormal lacquer and varnish buildup on the third piston land. The 25.75 blend cannot be recommended for long‐term use in a direct‐injection engine.
Canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as substitutes for diesel fuel: Preliminary tests
Authors: Strayer R. C. , Blake J. A. , Craig W. K.
Published: July 2007

A cooperative project using the facilities of the POS Pilot Plant Corporation, the Saskatchewan Research Council and the Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, and funded by Agriculture Canada, was initiated in 1980 to investigate the feasibility of using canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as a replacement/extender to diesel fuel in direct‐injection diesel engines. Work carried out included the documented production and refining of canola and R500 (high erucic) vegetable oils, preparation of methyl ester and of blends of all these fuels with methanol and ethanol. These fuels were evaluated by ASTM and improvised tests to determine their usefulness as diesel fuel. Engine tests involved a 2‐cylinder Petter diesel and a 6‐cylinder John Deere turbocharged diesel. Results were similar for both engines in short‐term performance tests, and indicated that: (a) maximal power was essentially the same when burning canola oil as when burning diesel fuel; (b) specific fuel consumption was ca. 6% higher when burning canola oil, but because canola oil has a heating value 14% less than diesel fuel, the thermal efficiency is somewhat higher when operating on canola oil; (c) there were no starting problems down to 10 C; (d) there were fewer particulates in the exhaust when burning canola oil; and (e) there was generally less combustion noise when burning canola oil. The high viscosity of canola oil (ca. 35 times that of disel fuel at 20 C) poses a major problem in using the oil at low temperature. Blending with diesel fuel and the creation of a methyl ester from the canola oil both proved effective in reducing viscosity, but neither lowered the pour point apprecibly. Efforts on reduction of pour points and further work on blends and on heating the fuel are described.
Partial hydrogenation and winterization of soybean oil
Authors: Evans C. D. , Beal R. E. , McConnell D. G. , Black L. T. , Cowan J. C.
Published: July 2007

Soybean oil was hydrogenated under selective and nonselective conditions to give products with iodine values (I.V.) ranging from 85‐115. The products were crystallized at 8C and examined for yield, stability, and fatty acid composition of the winterized oil. Changes in fatty acid composition, formation oftrans acids, and yield of winterized oil are approximately linear with the degree of hydrogenation. Stearine fractions, which are 15‐20 I.V. units lower than winterized oil, were further crystallized in solvents to yield liquid oils and hard stearines.
Some basic factors in the bleaching of fatty oils
Authors: Rich A. D.
Published: July 2007

The physical and chemical properties of bleach‐ing clay are presented, and the effects of these properties upon its performance in bleaching. Various bleaching effects are described:

Comparison of atomspheric vs. vacuum bleaching, showing the superiority of one or the other depends upon the predominance of oxidative color fading or color fixation/ color formation in the atmospheric bleach.

The log‐log bleach curve of clays carried out to extreme dosage.

Bleaching time‐temp effects on different oils, showing that up to a given time, high temp bleaching gives a lighter color than low temp; however, with increased time the high temp bleached oil darkens rapidly in con‐trast to the low temp oil, which levels out with time.

The effect of adding clay to hot oil vs. ad‐ding it to 舠cold舡 oil, indicating a better bleach when the clay is added to the cold oil, with an explanation for the effect.

Comparison of bleaching by filtration of the oil through a layer of clay against conventional bleaching, indicating superior‐ity for the former.
Thermal analysis and calorimetry of some fatty acid sodium soaps
Authors: Pacor P. , Spier H. L.
Published: July 2007

Transition temperatures and enthalpies and some phase diagrams of pure odd and even sodium soaps have been determined by means of dif‐ferential thermal analysis and scanning calorim‐etry. Branched sodium soaps have been added for comparison.

No essential difference has been found between the number, type, and enthalpy of the transitions of the neighboring odd and even soaps. The total enthalpy and entropy of transition are consider‐ably lower than those of the corresponding par‐affins and fatty acids. The entropy of the subneat‐neat and perhaps of the neat isotropic transition has an alternating character, which suggests a different methyl end‐group packing for even and odd soap. These two facts suggest that the melted soap is still in an organized state.
Radiotracers in fabric‐washing studies
Authors: Gordon B. E.
Published: July 2007

This report is directed toward the application of radiotracers to larger‐scale, practical launder‐ing experiments with the use of washing machines and Tergotometers with fully built detergents. Such applications have not been widely reported because of the difficulty in setting up the experi‐ments, in handling the large numbers of samples which are generated, and performing the many computations. A brief description of the useful properties ofbeta‐emitting radioisotopes is presented, followed by a discussion of the effect of these properties on two methods of detection; geiger and liquid scintillation counting. The advantages and limita‐tions of each are described, which lead to the con‐clusion that, for fabric analysis, liquid scintilla‐tion counting is preferred. The combination of the modern liquid scintillation counter with a computer provides a highly efficient analytical scheme for the analysis of fabrics containing labeled species. The severe problem of radiochemical purity, which has long hampered radiotracer experiments, is next discussed together with some recommenda‐tions for overcoming the problem. Finally, the applications of tagged compounds to two aspects of fabric washing are described. The first is a study of adsorptivity and rinsability of some anionic surfactants on cotton fabric after laun‐dering in an automatic washing machine. The second is some results of a continuing study of detergency by using a multicomponent, double‐labeled radioactive soil.
Improvements in detergency precision with radioactive soil
Authors: Shebs W. T. , Gordon B. E.
Published: July 2007

Recent work on the use of seven‐component, doubly labeled radioactive soil to evaluate deter‐gency has depended on the analyses of the fabric for residual soil. Because of the variation of soil concentration within and between fabric swatches, considerable replication was required to lower the standard deviations to ±10%. A method for the analysis of wash water has been developed which requires much less replica‐tion and achieves higher precision (<±2%). The method is based on the use of an inhomo‐geneous scintillator, which can emulsify, or at least suspend, large volumes of water in a liquid scintillator while maintaining good counting efficiency. Studies of closure, i.e., amount of soil recovered in wash water plus fabric compared with soil introduced into the Tergotometer, have demonstrated that the method is reasonably accurate and quite precise.
Physiological Evaluation of Solvent‐Treated Cottonseed Meals in Rations for Laying Hens
Authors: Proctor J. , O’Neill H. J. , Reilich H. G. , Levi R. S. , Pons W. A.
Published: July 2007

Two commercial cottonseed meals, a direct solvent‐extracted meal and a screw‐pressed meal, were subjected to successive solvent‐extraction procedures by using an acetone/hexane/water azeotrope to reduce their cyclopropenoid fatty acid content. The two original commercial meals, as well as a double‐ and triple‐extracted portion, were then incorporated at 20 wt % levels in the rations of laying hens. A negative control containing 25% soybean meal and a positive con‐trol containing 2 % refined cottonseed oil of known CPA content were also employed. During a four‐week feeding period the eggs were collected dur‐ing the third and fourth week and stored at 35F for periods of three and six months. Over‐all egg quality and the fatty acid distribution of the extracted yolk lipids were determined after the three‐ and six‐month storage period.
Separation of saturated, unsaturated, and acetylenic fatty acid isomers by silver resin chromatography
Authors: Emken E. A. , Hartman J. C. , Turner C. R.
Published: July 2007

A column packed with silver‐saturated ion exchange resin (Amberlyst XN 1010) was found to have lipid separation capabilities superior to Amberlyst XN 1005 and similar to Amberlite XE 284. The separation of unsaturated fatty methyl ester isomers by silver resin chromatography using methanol as the eluting solvent has been extended to mixtures containing polyunsaturate and acetylenic fatty esters. Separations are possible on the basis of both total number of double bonds and the geometric configuration. Mixtures containing saturates, elaidate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate can be separated, but 10% 1‐hexene must be added to the methanol to elute the linolenate. Mixtures containingtrans,trans‐;trans,cis‐; andcis,cis‐octadecadienoate isomers have also been separated, and partial resolution ofcis‐9,cis‐12‐ andcis‐2,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate isomers was obtained. Sterolate, a monounsaturated acetylenic fatty ester was eluted at the same time as oleate. Crepenynate (cis‐9‐octadecen‐12‐ynoate) can be separated from linoleate but not fromcis,trans‐octadecadienoate.
Ethoxylation
Authors: Stockburger G. J.
Published: July 2007

The translation of the potentially hazardous, highly exothermic alkoxylation reaction to the rapid, safe and completely reliable industrial technology that it is today has been a noteworthy development. Commercially, the reactions of ethylene oxide with fatty acids are conducted in the presence of alkaline catalysts at temperatures above 100 C. The reaction proceeds in two steps. The first step is relatively slow and the product is predominantly ethylene glycol monoester. The second step occurs after approximately one mole ethylene oxide is reacted and all of the fatty acid is consumed. An increase in the ethylene oxide addition rate is observed, and polyethylene glycol esters are formed. Rapid transesterification also occurs, and the molar proportions of monoester, diester, and free polyol in the product approaches those predicted by the equilibrium assuming random esterification of the polyethylene glycol hydroxyl groups. The composition of polyoxyethylated fatty acids is similar to that obtained by the direct esterification of fatty acid with polyethylene glycol. The distribution of the ethylene oxide chain lengths in the polyethylene glycol portion of the product can be approximated assuming random addition of the epoxide.
Positional distribution of the fatty acids in the triglycerides of mango (Mangifera indica) kernel fat
Authors: Van Pee W. , Boni L. , Foma M. , Hoylaerts M. , Hendrikx A.
Published: July 2007

Triglycerides of mango seed kernel fat contain, depending on the variety, 32.4–44.0% of stearic acid and 43.7–54.5% of oleic acid. Palmitic and linoleic acids represent, respectively, 5.9–9.1% and 3.6–6.7% of the fatty acids. The triglycerides also contain minor amounts of arachidic and linolenic acids. Palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids were almost exclusively distributed among thesn‐1‐andsn‐3‐positions. Oleic acid represented 85–89% of the fatty acids at thesn‐2‐position. Oleic acid at thesn‐1‐ andsn‐3‐positions showed a preference for thesn‐1‐position. Linoleic acid was mainly esterified at thesn‐2‐position. The amounts of saturated fatty acids, i.e., palmitic and stearic acids, and of oleic acid, at thesn‐1‐ and sn‐3‐positions, were linearly related to their respective contents in the total triglycerides.
Destruction of zearalenone in contaminated corn
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Shotwell O. L. , Hesseltine C. W.
Published: July 2007

Several chemical and physical treatments were investigated as possible methods for destroying zearalenone in contaminated corn. An ammoniation process which significantly lowers aflatoxin levels had no effect on zearalenone contamination in yellow corn. Also, treatments of propionic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide failed to reduce toxin levels. High‐temperature treatment (150 C) had no effect on zearalenone. Formaldehyde, in vapor form from paraformaldehyde crystals or in aqueous solutions, destroyed significant quantities of zearalenone in naturally contaminated yellow corn meal and in spiked corn grits and animal feed. Samples treated with aqueous formaldehyde must be dried at 50 C or more to cause effective destruction of zearale‐none. Levels as high as 10 ppm zearalenone in animal feed and 8 ppm in ground corn were reduced to less than 0.5 ppm with formal‐dehyde. Ammonium hydroxide and formaldehyde partially des‐troyed zearalenone in highly contaminated ground corn. Levels as high as 33.5 ppm were reduced to 12 ppm by 3% ammonium hydroxide and to 2.1 ppm by 3.7% formaldehyde. No treatment used in this study significantly reduced zearalenone levels in whole‐kernel corn.
α‐Tocopherol prooxidant effect in aqueous media: Increased autoxidation rate of linoleic acid
Authors: Cillard J. , Cillard P. , Cormier M. , Girre L.
Published: July 2007

The prooxidant effect of a‐tocopherol was investigated during linoleic acid autoxidation in an aqueous media, at pH 6.9. α‐Tocopherol (1.25 x 10−4 M) was added to linoleic acid (2.5 x 10−3 M) and the linoleic acid autoxidation rate was evaluated using 2 methods: spectrophotometric measurement at 234 nm exhibited an important increase of conjugated dienes after α‐tocopherol addition, especially during the first 4 days, and gas Chromatographie measurement of unoxidized linoleic acid showed an important degradation of linoleic acid in the presence of a‐tocopherol. During the pro‐oxidant reaction, α‐tocopherol was rapidly oxidized ; it was detected as traces by thin layer chromatography after 4 days of experimentation. Two oxidation products of α‐tocopherol have been identified: α‐tocopherylquinone and a dimer of α‐tocopherol.
Nitrogen analysis of whole seeds
Authors: Cavins J. F.
Published: July 2007

Whole seeds were digested in sulfuric acid with catalyst in conical beakers on a hot plate and the digest was analyzed for nitrogen. The nitrogen analysis of the digest can be performed by distillation‐titration or colorimetrically, using manual or automatic procedures, linear regression analyses of 8 samples of 16 soybeans each gave values that agreed within 2% of those obtained by the standard Kjeldahl procedure. Precision of the method is 1.8 relative standard deviation compared with 1.4 relative standard deviation for the standard method. The whole seed procedure gives results that are independent of seed size and has been applied to samples of both oilseeds and cereal grains.
Analysis of neutral volatiles of mayonnaise by direct gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Fore S. P. , Legendre M. G. , Fisher G. S.
Published: July 2007

Simple procedures have been developed for analyzing neutral volatiles from mayonnaise by direct gas chromatography and combined direct gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. For gas Chromatographic analysis, a glass liner containing glass wool coated with alkali in the lower quarter and plain glass wool in the remaining space is placed in the heated inlet of a gas Chromatograph, and mayonnaise and water are injected onto the plain packing. Neutral volatiles eluted from the mayonnaise by the combined action of water, carrier gas, and heat collect on the cool column of the gas Chromatograph, but acetic acid is trapped by the alkaline glass wool and thus does not interfere with the analysis. After removal of the liner with the spent sample, the temperature of the column oven is programmed to resolve the volatiles. For mass spectrometric analysis, neutral volatiles are passed directly from a Chromatograph inlet to a second inlet liner containing a porous polymer that traps most organic compounds but has low affinity for water. These neutral organic volatiles are desorbed from the porous polymer in the inlet of a Chromatograph interfaced with a mass spectrometer for analysis. This procedure allows components resolved by the gas Chromatograph to be identified by mass spectrometry without interference from either water or acetic acid. A total of 21 neutral volatile compounds was identified in mayonnaise.
Allylic halogenation and oxidation of long chain α,β‐unsaturated ester
Authors: Ahmad Moghis U. , Shamim Ahmad M. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

Methyltrans‐2‐hexadecenoate (1b) on allylic bromination with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) (0.5 mole) yielded methyl 4‐bromo‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (2b) in 50% yield. Reaction with 2.0 moles of NBS afforded the allylic bromide (2b, δ 80%) as well as the dibromide (3b). Alkaline hydrolysis of the bromo ester (2b) yielded 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoic acid (4a, δ 70%) and an unexpected product, 4‐oxo‐hexadecanoic acid (5a, δ 30%). A mechanism involving rearrangement is proposed to account for this unusual product. The effect of the ester carbonyl adjacent to the double bond in2b was found to suppress dehydrobromination (elimination) reaction and favors only substitution (SN2), unlike the allylically brominated derivatives of internal olefinic compounds. The CrO3‐pyridine oxidation of4b yielded the corresponding unsaturated ketone (7b). The structures of individual reaction products were established by elemental analyses as well as by spectral studies.
Surfactants for producing low interfacial tensions: II. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates with additional alkyl substituents
Authors: Doe Peter H. , El‐Emary Mahmoud , Wade William H. , Schechter Robert S.
Published: July 2007

The synthesis and low interfacial tension behavior of a variety of di‐ and trialkylbenzenesulfonates are described. The benzene ring carries one major alkyl substituent, consisting of a linear chain eight to sixteen carbon atoms long, and one or two additional methyl, ethyl, propyl, i‐propyl, butyl, or t‐butyl groups. The addition of these extra groups causes the low interfacial tensions to shift to higher molecular weight alkanes when compared to the parent linear alkylbenzenesulfonate. Surfactants in these structural classes can give very low interfacial tensions against those alkanes which best model the behavior of crude oils, but this is influenced by the number and type of the short alkyl substituents. These surfactant structures are more attractive from the point of view of tertiary oil recovery than linear alkylbenzenesulfonates.
Surfactants for producing low interfacial tensions: III. Di and tri n‐alkylbenzenesulfonates
Authors: Doe Peter H. , El‐Emary Mahmoud , Wade William H. , Schechter Robert S.
Published: July 2007

The synthesis of several di and tri n‐alkylbenzene‐sulfonates is described. Low interfacial tensions can be obtained against alkanes by using these materials as surfactants. The low interfacial tension properties of these surfactants are shown to be profoundly influenced by the presence or absence of an alkyl group in the ortho position relative to the sulfonate group and also to depend on the length of this alkyl chain relative to other chains in the molecule. Surfactants where this chain is relatively long tend to give their lowest interfacial tensions against the lowest molecular weight alkanes and also to be effective at lower surfactant molecular weight.
Cotton linters
Authors: Orr James C.
Published: July 2007

Cotton linters, the relatively short fuzz left on cottonseed after the cotton ginning process, is thepurest cellulose in chemistry having hundreds of end uses. The end product available from linters is an extremely valuable annuallly renewable resource having more uses than any other part of the cottonseed. Its many uses, small cost of removal, and revenue therefrom should confirm that removal of this lint is profitable even at an average low price of three cents a pound.
Sampling aerosol GLC peaks for spectroscopy
Authors: King William H. , O’Connor Robert T.
Published: July 2007

A brief summary of devices and techniques which have been used for trapping GLC fractions is presented together with a new, simple, and efficient technique especially suited for collection of aerosol samples. The apparatus is described and a typical application of its use in collecting samples for spectroscopic analyses is presented together with a brief theory of the principles involved.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods: IV. Identification of acidic volatile decomposition products of hydrogenated cottonseed oil
Authors: Yasuda Kosaku , Reddy B. R. , Chang S. S.
Published: July 2007

The acidic volatile decomposition products (VDP) produced by a hydrogenated cottonseed oil maintained at 185C with periodic frying of moist cotton balls and with periodic additon of fresh fat to replenish the fat lost due to evaporation, decomposition, and adsorption by the cotton balls were collected, fractionated and characterized. A total of 38 acidic compounds were identified. They consisted of 13 saturated acids, 11 unsaturated acids, five aldehydo acids, two hydroxy acids, two keto acids, and five dicarboxylic acids. The similarities and differences between the acidic VDP produced by a more unsaturated corn oil and a more saturated hydrogenated cottonseed oil under simulated commerical deep fat frying conditions are discussed.
Oxidative deterioration of partially processed soybean oil
Authors: Going L. H.
Published: July 2007

The oxidative stability of partially processed soybean oil has been investigated in laboratory‐and plant‐scale tests. Oxidation, as measured by peroxide formation, has been related to storage time and temperature, and availability of oxygen. The effects of this oxidation on finished product quality have been measured.

Soybean oil stores best as crude oil. After refining and bleaching, the oil is more susceptible to oxidation than at other stages in processing. Increase in peroxide content is both time and temperature dependent. Substantial improvement in product quality can be obtained by minimizing exposure to oxygen.
Fatty acid spectrum of mediterranean wild cruciferae
Authors: Kumar P. R. , Tsunoda S.
Published: July 2007

Seed samples of 54 species of wild Cruciferae were newly collected from natural populations of the west Mediterranean and adjacent areas in a search for “new” oil crops. Oil contents and fatty acid compositions were determined simultaneously by gas liquid chromatography using methyl heptadecanoate as the internal standard. The study revealed large variations in oil content (6–48.8%), oleic acid (5–31.3%), linoleic acid (2–24.8%), linolenic acid (1.7–64.1%), and erucic acid (0–55.1%). Correlation coefficients between component fatty acids inter se and oil content were determined separately for all species, the tribe Brassiceae, and the genusBrassica. The promising species identified are being studied further.
Hydroxyl group determination in high molecular weight alcohols and complex organic mixtures
Authors: Jordan D. E.
Published: July 2007

Acetylation of complex organic mixtures and high mol wt alcohols is inconsistent by existing procedures because of sample insolubility. By choosing a suitable mixed paraffin‐ethyl acetate solvent to bring about nearly instantaneous solu‐tion, and utilizing the known catalysis property of perchloric acid, acetylation is quantitative in 10 min or less at room temp. The effect of per‐chloric acid concn on these high mol wt systems was studied, and from 0.05‐0.45M consistent results were obtained without difficulty.

Acetylation of polyethylene oxide (P.E.O.) ad‐ducts of straight chain monohydric alcohols pro‐ceeds normally and without degradation by the prescribed procedure. Extended reaction time re‐sults in partial degradation of the polyether link‐ages and amounts to nearly 8% after 30 min.
Effects of various parameters on the formation of radiolysis products in model systems
Authors: Vajdi M. , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C.
Published: July 2007

Effects of various parameters on the formation of radiolysis products in triplamitin, palmitic acid, oleic acid, caprylic acid and capric acid were investigated. A greater yeild of primary and recombination products was observed in palmitic acid compared to that of oleic acid. In general, higher amounts of recombination products are formed in both acids when irradiated at room temperature than at −45 C. In the short chain acids, the yield of the hydrocarbon recombination product was enhanced in the liquid state. In contrast, the ketone recombination product was formed in greater amounts from solid capric acid than from liquid caprylic acid. In the absence of oxygen, a linear relationship was obtained between the dose and the yield of radiolysis products in tripalmitin. In the presence of oxygen, a considerable increase in the formation of γ‐palmitolactone, n‐3 and n‐2 alkanes was observed at room temperature.
Quantification of carbonyls produced by the decomposition of hydroperoxides
Authors: Saidia Bouali , Hammond Earl G.
Published: July 2007

Carbonyls produced by the decomposition of cyclohexene hydroperoxide and various hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids and their methyl esters were determined by gas chromatography of the 2,4,6‐trichlorophenylhydrazones. The effect of temperature, iron and copper ions, ethanol and several antioxidants on the rate of decomposition, the nature of the products and their yield was observed. The hydroperoxides of methyl esters decomposed more slowly than those of free fatty acids. Ethanol slowed, and metal ions accelerated the rates of decomposition. Metal ions, especially copper, increased the yield and complexity of the carbonyls formed, but ethanol decreased carbonyl yields.

Antioxidants and decomposition temperatures changed the relative yields of carbonyls produced. The 9‐ and 13‐hydroperoxides of linoleic acid gave similar carbonyls, but those of linolenic acid did not. The carbonyl mixtures produced from autoxidized fatty acid methyl esters were more complex than those produced from lipoxygenase‐treated fatty acids.
Synthesis and properties of destructible anionic and cationic surfactants with a 1,3‐dioxolane ring
Authors: Yamamura Shingo , Nakamura Masaki , Takeda Tokuji
Published: July 2007

A convenient synthetic method for the preparation of destructible surfactants containing a 1,3‐dioxolane ring with various substituents is described. The substituents include carboxylate, quaternary ammonium, and several aliphatic alkyl groups, such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups. These novel surfactants had good surface activity, and were easily hydrolyzed under acidic conditions. They also catalyzed aliphatic halide substitution.
Analytical methodology for emulsifiers used in fatty foods: a review
Authors: Baur F. J.
Published: July 2007

The current status of analytical methodology for emulsifiers used in fatty foods is reviewed. Faster and more precise methodology for both quality control purposes and for quantitative removal from foods is desirable. A key problem is the quantitativ removal from foods to the exclusion of interfering substances. This aspect is complicated by (a) the presence of other food ingredients such as proteins and carbohydrates, (b) innate heterogeneity of most of the emulsifiers, and (c) wide variability in composition of most of the emulsifiers. The broad applicability of chromatography is discussed, with the prediction made that high pressure liquid chromatography will be the technique of the future. Analytical details are not included, as these are available in the cited publications.
Efficiency of transfer of polyunsaturated fats into milk
Authors: Bitman Joel , Dryden L. P. , Goering H. K. , Wrenn T. R. , Yoncoskie R. A. , Edmondson L. F.
Published: July 2007

Polyunsaturated milk has been produced by feeding cows safflower oil enclosed in a casein coat protected with formaldehyde (SOC‐F) or formaldehyde‐treated soybean (SB) preparations. The efficiency of transfer of dietary 18∶2 ranged from 17 to 42% for various lots of SOC‐F and was only 2–8% for SB (per cent transfer=18.2 in milk fat per dietary 18∶2×100). The 18∶2 content of the milk fat increased from basal levels of 2–3% of total fatty acids to 35% with certain SOC‐F levels and 7% with SB. Major compensatory changes were noted in 14∶0 and 16∶0 fatty acids. Blood cholesterol, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids all increased markedly as cows were fed increasing amounts of SOC‐F. There was no increase in cholesterol in the milk.
Nickel crystallite size and net activity of hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Dafler J. R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Among supported nickel‐based hydrogenation catalysts, the Ni crystallite size apparently plays a secondary role in net hydrogenation activity for undistilled tallow fatty acids and nonselective hydro‐genation of oxidized soybean oil. The nickel crystal‐lite size measured by the x‐ray diffraction profile broadening technique of Scherrer varied between 55 A and 150 A. The commercial catalyst with the small‐est nickel crystallite size, in the samples studied, was not the most active for hardening soybean oil, while fatty acid hydrogenation showed a large crystallite catalyst to have the highest activity. Since the percent reduced nickel used in catalytic hydrogenation is not well known if the Ni/NiO ratio is poorly defined, relative activities were then correlated with qualita‐tive x‐ray diffraction measurements of the Ni/NiO values. Again, there was no trend in activity as a func‐tion of Ni/NiO. This apparent puzzle is probably due to real differences in the micro structure of the catalyst support. A series of experimental reductions using a common green catalyst led to very good cor‐relations between net activity for fatty acid hydro‐genation and the crystallite size and Ni/NiO ratio. On a given support, the crystallite dimension can be modified by the reduction treatment and is not sharply fixed by the selection of nickel salt and sup‐port. If the stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen is lowered, the crystallite dimension is reduced, but so is the qualitative efficiency of reduction (Ni/NiO), with the result that an exceptionally small crystallite size catalyst may be less active than one with larger crystals, but with more reduced Ni/unit weight.
Effects of consumption of processed soy proteins on minerals and digestion in man
Authors: Van Stratum P. G. , Rudrum M.
Published: July 2007

Most of our knowledge of digestion and utilization of minerals and other components of foods is derived from model experiments with animals. Results indicate that digestion and utilization depend not only on type of foodstuff, but also on, e.g., animal species, nutritional status and overall diet composition. Despite these limitations, such model experiments help us in delineating problem areas and in finding solutions. To verify the conclusions drawn, tests in human beings, preferably under normal living conditions, are needed. Results of animal experiments with soy protein materials indicate that no major effects from the consumption of heat‐treated soy proteins are to be expected. As systematic human experiments are scarce, we carried out a large scale experiment to assess acceptation and the possible physiological effects of substituting soy proteins for conventional proteins in the usual diet. We compared two diets in a 4+4 week crossover design with 92 healthy volunteers. One diet contained a wide variety of soy protein foods, mainly made with concentrates (test diet), about 25% of the protein intake being from soy. The other diet (control) contained products made from conventional protein sources. Although most of the 100 parameters investigated showed no difference, statistically significant reactions to soy were observed in mineral metabolism and digestion. All these changes are well within normal physiological ranges, do not indicate unfavorable trends, and can be explained by adaptation to shifts in dietary composition due to substitution of soy protein materials for conventional protein sources. In a separate experiment with 12 subjects, the effect of processing soy proteins on flatulence was investigated. It was found that refining can remove up to two‐thirds of the oligosaccharides stachyose and raffinose, with a parallel decrease in volume of intestinal gas production. We conclude that these results confirm the prevailing view that soy protein materials are acceptable for our daily food.
Effects of price fluctuations in livestock and meat products on vegetable protein markets
Authors: Gallimore William W.
Published: July 2007

The price of meat products will influence sales of vegetable protein in markets where both products compete directly. Fluctuations in livestock product prices have an impact on market growth of vegetable proteins, especially in the short term and for products in the retail consumer market. Initially the market for a vegetable protein product in retail markets may be cyclic, growing only when the price of competing animal protein is high and increasing. The suceess of a new vegetable protein product may depend to a great extent on the timing of its introduction. High animal protein prices could help the new product achieve enough market penetration or share to become established. Taste and other factors in addition to price would determine its ultimate acceptance. The long term market for vegetable proteins will be affected more by the relative differences between the price fluctuations. Changes in consumer taste, concern over health and food safety, and the ultimate “statue” of vegetable proteins will all help shape the long term growth.
Vegetable protein legislation: An industry perspective
Authors: Roberts L. H.
Published: July 2007

Regulatory development governing vegetable protein in foods is well underway on a global scale. Although the regulatory development for vegetable protein usage has been affected by differing national, economic, and political factors, there seems to be a common thread of issues that has undergone vigorous debate. Principal among these issues are: (a.) the internationalship between existing food standards and the allowance of vegetable protein; (b.) the issue of labeling; and (c.) the issue of nutrient fortification. Historically, food standards have either precluded or greatly limited participation of vegetable protein in the world food supply. This preclusionary effect is examined along with the two regulatory approaches (vertical vs. horizontal legislative action) that have been undertaken to alleviate the restrictiveness of standards. Fundamental to the elaboration of proper labeling regulations for foods containing vegetable protein is an understanding of the applications and uses for vegetable protein in traditional food products. Differing labeling rules need to be established depending upon whether vegetable protein is used as a functional ingredient replacement, protein supplementation or fortification, or a partial or complete replacement of traditional characterizing protein ingredients. Recognition and consideration of these three types of uses will assist in developing labeling guidelines that achieve the delicate balance between labeling which informs consumers and labeling requirements that prejudiciously influence purchasing decisions. Much regulatory attention throughout the world has been focused on the issue of whether or not vegetable proteins should be fortified with vitamins and minerals and/or amino acids. There is considerable international divergency in approaches within this area. Two principal regulatory issues discussed arewhen should vegetable proteins be fortified andwhat should be the fortification requirements.
Review of European legislation on vegetable protein in meat products
Authors: Brincker A.
Published: July 2007

A review of the legislation concerning the use of vegetable protein products in meat products is given for 15 West European countries. Existing requirements in these countries concerning composition and labeling of meat products containing vegetable protein are compared, and it is shown that wide divergencies exist. Some countries explicitly forbid addition of vegetable protein to meat products, other countries permit such additions in specified amounts to specific meat products and others again do not set limitations on either the amount of vegetable protein or the type of meat products to which they may be added. Labeling provisions, likewise, vary to a great extent. These differences are linked to the regulations on meat products in the various countries which often reflect a strong national tradition. In most of the countries no general approach to regulating use of vegetable proteins in meat products has yet been taken. But a few of the countries are formulating such a policy, and the possible outcome of these ongoing deliberations is outlined.
Taste of potato protein and its derivatives
Authors: Ney K. H.
Published: July 2007

Large amounts of potato protein are available from potato processing plants. Nutritionally the amino acid composition is good, but the solubility of proteins recovered normally by heat coagulation needs to be increased. One way to do this is by enzymatic hydrolysis. Bitterness is thereby developed and this is discussed in relation to the Q value thesis.
Utilization of vegetable proteins in meats of large cross sectional area
Authors: Desmyter E. A. , Wagner T. J.
Published: July 2007

Comminuted meat products such as luncheon meats, sausages, paté, etc, and whole meat cuts such as ham, corned beef, steaks, and roast are two principal forms in which meat is consumed. Soy protein products have been used in comminuted meat products for several years. New developments have made it possible to incorporate isolated soy protein into large pieces of muscle tissue. A brine containing isolated soy protein is injected or massaged into the muscle using cured meat technology. Alternately, the intact muscle pieces can be injected first with brine and then the protein incorporated by massaging or tumbling. This process can be used to increase yield 20–40% over the green weight. Product quality attributes include normal appearance, improved firmness and slicing characteristics over brine‐cured hams, combined with less weepage under vacuum packaging.
General situation on utilization of vegetable proteins for foods in Japan
Authors: Yasuda K.
Published: July 2007

This is a brief review of the situation on the utilization of vegetable proteins for foods in Japan.
Industrial production of caramel using soy protein
Authors: Talignani A.
Published: July 2007

There is no real problem in using soy flour in caramel recipe; one does need to balance the recipe and to find the effective cooking temperature. Manipulative operations are standard and no modification in equipment is required. From the marketing point of view, there is an advantage in introducing a “Peal vegetable caramel.”
Photosensitizedcis‐trans isomerization of jojoba wax
Authors: Galun Arjeh B. , Shaubi Eleonora , Markus Arie , Grinberg Sarina , Zabicky Jacob
Published: July 2007

Jojoba wax solutions were irradiated at wavelengths longer than 366 nm, in the presence of sensitizers, at room temperature.Cis‐trans isomerization took place only with sensitizers with triplet energy greater than 68 kcal/mol. Quantum yields were low and a conversion of up to 25% of thetrans isomer was achieved at the photostationary state.
Preparation and surface‐active properties of sulfopropylated N‐alkylperfluorooctanamides
Authors: Kimura Chikai , Kashiwaya Kageaki , Kobayashi Mitsunobu , Nishiyama Tatsuo
Published: July 2007

Sulfopropylation of perfluorooctanamide or its N‐alkyl substituted derivatives gave products which were valuable as anionic surfactants. The amides were prepared by the reaction of ethyl perfluorooctanoate with ammonia orn‐alkyl amines (C1‐C12), and then treated with 1,3‐propanesultone to obtain the desired products. The surfaceactive properties of these compounds were investigated to elucidate the correlation with the chain length of the N‐alkyl group. Thus, generally speaking, the N‐butyl derivative was found to exhibit properties superior to the others.
Sampling cottonseed lots for aflatoxin contamination
Authors: Velasco James , Whitaker T. B. , Whitten M. E.
Published: July 2007

Large samples called “sublots” were drawn from 41 commercial lots of contaminated cottonseed. Each sublot was subdivided into twenty 5 lb samples which were analyzed for aflatoxin. The mean, median, variance, coefficient of variation, and the estimated range among the sample concentrations were computed. The results indicated that: (A) the variance among sample concentrations was large and was found to be a function of sample concentration and (B) the distribution of sample concentrations was skewed; the density of sample values was greater below the sublot concentration.
Determination of citric acid and its decomposed products in edible oils by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Miyakoshi Kouji , Komoda Mamoru
Published: July 2007

Abstract and summary

A quantitative gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for four organic acids‐citric, aconitic, itaconic, and citraconic acids‐in refined oils and fats was developed. After the organic acids are extracted with water from soybean oils, the extract is esterified with n‐butanol and an aliquot of the ester is subjected to GLC on a temperature‐programmed 10% DEGS column equipped with a flame ionization detector. At 20 and 30 ppm levels, recoveries of the acids from the oil varied from 95 to 100% except for itaconic acid. Citric acid content in commercial edible oils in Japan was from trace to 16 ppm. However, aconitic, itaconic, and citraconic acids were not detected.
A study of octadecenoic acids by gas‐liquid partition chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Kauffman F. L. , Lee G. D.
Published: July 2007

The separation of methyl esters of octadecenoic acids by G.L.P.C. on a capillary column is shown for a sample of hydrogenated commercial vegetable oil. Comparisons are made with a regular packed column G.L.P.C., a capillary column G.L.P.C., and with infrared analysis. Good separation of methyl oleate and methyl elaidate was accomplished, using a capillary column. The amount of elaidate found by G.L.P.C. compared well with thetrans‐acid found by infrared analysis. In addition, a small amount of a component was detected that is possibly another isomer of methyl oleate.