bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping with the Challenges of Migration
Authors: Villalón Roberta
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the 11 psycho-sociocultural mechanisms that migrants and non-migrating relatives utilized to cope with the effects of outward and return migration that were identified and conceptualized in the study of the Ecuadorean case in the context of other similar Latin American migratory processes. Disillusion adjustment, paralyzing nostalgia, motivating nostalgia, denied migrant health, normalization of malaise, pain encapsulation, well-being ideal, transgenerational goals, strategic return, settling readjustment, and involuntary return rebound are explained including significant portions of stories of health and migration shared by research participants in individual and group interviews and community workshops. The psycho-sociocultural coping mechanisms are explained in relation to one another and health processes, and tied to underlying economic, migration, health, and sociocultural policies and politics in countries of origin, transit, and destination.
Transformative Border Politics
Authors: Villalón Roberta
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how migrants and non-migrating relatives interact with formal border politics, including geographical boundaries between countries; national and international policies regarding migration, residency, and citizenship; and racial/ethnic, gender/sexual, class, and other intersecting social structures and practices of inequality in places of origin, transit, and destination. Migrants and non-migrating relatives learn how to navigate formal border politics and can maintain, recreate, contest, and change them. In doing so, they enact their own informal border politics. When these informal border politics result in challenging and dismantling formal border politics, a transformative border politics is unearthed. By including significant portions of stories of health and migration from individual and group interviews and community workshops held during the transnational research, this chapter shows how migrants and non-migrating relatives traverse, rework, and transcend geopolitical, gender/sexual, ethnoracial, and socioeconomic borders.
Conclusion
Authors: Villalón Roberta
Published: May 2023

The last chapter provides a summary of the study’s main findings and highlights their theoretical significance. By including the input of migrant, non-migrating relatives, and migration and health service providers, the chapter addresses the relevance of taking this research into account for health and migration policymaking, and migrant advocacy and assistance transnationally. While acknowledging the study limitations, the chapter provides practical recommendations and emphasizes the urgency to advance migrant rights, collective health, and social justice across borders.
Denying Violence against Women a Future: 1 Feminist Epistemology and the Struggle for Social Justice
Authors: Ballinger Anette
Published: May 2023

This chapter critically explores the limited progress made in protecting women from male violence through examining the nature and operation of the state and, crucially, the legal system. The chapter begins by outlining feminist analyses of the criminal justice system and asserts that it is only these contributions, underpinned by feminist epistemology, which have the capacity to adequately analyse this continued failure. Next, the symbiotic relationship between feminist epistemology and theory is applied to the case of Fri Martin, who received a life sentence in 2015 after being found guilty of murdering her abusive partner, to demonstrate its continued importance in uncovering women’s victimization. Finally, the chapter considers the impact that modern technology has had on generating new forms of gendered violence and social control in the 21st century. Overall, the chapter argues that the impact, value and contribution of feminist epistemology is vital in the struggle for social justice and preventing male hegemony from achieving full domination.
At the Limits of ‘Acceptable’ Speech: A Feminist Analysis of Official Discourse on Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Tucker Katie
Published: May 2023

Official discourse on child sexual abuse (CSA) has the power to frame the issue and to shape responses to it. It is therefore crucial to critically engage with this discourse as it has, and continues to, contribute to dominant understandings of CSA that do not take into account its gendered nature. This chapter engages with the discursive framing of CSA between the years of 2010 and 2015 through some official responses to two high-profile cases – those of widescale CSA in the English towns of Rochdale and Rotherham. The chapter does this in order to provide a critical analysis of how CSA was ‘officially’ dealt with in this period, and whether this response opened up, or shut down, space for critical feminist understandings of the issue.
Rethinking Integration and Racial Identity: Beyond the French Exception
Authors: Léonard Marie des Neiges
Published: May 2023

Chapter 7 provides concluding remarks and summarizes the main findings of this book with regard to the idea of contemporary France as a model of presumed colorblindness and the denial of race and racial categories in French society. In particular, the chapter concludes by arguing that the form of colorblind racism examined in the French case can be viewed as enlightened racism, an ideology that relies on fantasized ideals of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment, such as universalism and laϊ‎cité, used as an explanation to justify racist institutional practices and policies. Finally, the chapter proposes recommendations for public policy and possible new approaches in how to create a more race-conscious society, going beyond the French exception.
Expensive Robots versus Cheap Migrants
Authors: Maronitis Kostas , Pencheva Denny
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that employers in sectors with a high concentration of migrant workers are most likely to continue to rely on such precarious migrant labour, despite pre- and post-Brexit promises for increased investment in automation in labour-intense and migrant-dominated sectors of the economy, such as agriculture. Empirically, the argument is supported by examining specialist reports, political and media statements, as well as the Pick for Britain campaign as a case in point because it exemplifies a politically salient friction between the long-standing racialisation of EU migrants and dependency on their labour. By critically engaging with the trope of cheap labour we show how it co-exists within a discursive reality where the insufficient deployment of automation technology in the agricultural sector clashes with the significant reliance on precarious and exploitative migrant labour, which is progressively dehumanised by post-Brexit migration policies.
Against Youth Violence
Authors: Billingham Luke , Irwin-Rogers Keir
Published: May 2023

Violence between young people causes untold harm to individuals and communities. In the UK, the way in which ‘youth violence’ is framed by the media and in politics is often unhelpful, inaccurate and counterproductive. We argue that it is more helpful, accurate and constructive to view the problem within the context of other kinds of social harm in young people’s lives. Drawing on a wide range of empirical data, we lay bare numerous and varied forms of social harm in children and young people’s lives. These are significant both in themselves and due to the role they can play in exacerbating the problem of violence. We provide the latest statistics on violence in the UK and outline an innovative conception of social harm, before exploring the connections between the social harms in young people’s lives, their sense of mattering and violence. Lastly, we critique what we consider to be harmful responses to the problem of ‘youth violence’, and conclude by offering a way forward for improving the lives of young people, based on a more equitable distribution of four Rs: resources, recognition, risk and (state) retribution. The book promotes an alternative way of making sense of and addressing this pressing social problem.
Gender-Based Violence and Urban Spaces: From Security to Self-Determination – Insights from the Italian Debate
Authors: Bonu Giada , Belingardi Chiara , Castelli Federica , Olcuire Serena
Published: May 2023

In this chapter, we outline some Italian feminist reflections and practices relating to the link between urban space and gender-based violence, focusing on the shift from an idea of security towards one of self-determination in public space. In order to map the Italian debate through our theoretical and empirical work, we will sketch out three meaningful dimensions. First, we outline the shift in the literature on women and LGBTQIA+ subjectivities and the city from an understanding of security to self-determination, by redefining the notion of gender-based violence. Then, we will describe certain feminist and transfeminist movements’ activities in urban spaces as an example of self-determination from below. Finally, we will propose some emerging insights from the contemporary pandemic context. By combining the experiences and contributions that we collected, we aim to provide a picture of a feminist city.
Using Community Asset Mapping to Understand Neighbourhood-Level Variation in the Predictors of Domestic Abuse
Authors: Weir Ruth
Published: May 2023

To date the focus of research in the UK has been on individual-level risk factors of domestic abuse, where variables such as age, gender, ethnicity and repeat victimization have been considered. There have been substantially fewer studies that have considered the geographic variation of abuse and predictors at the neighbourhood level. This chapter identifies how community asset mapping can be used to understand between neighbourhood variation in predicted levels of domestic abuse. In particular, the research finds that looking into the strengths in a community enables a fuller understanding of the dynamics that impact where people will seek help. It also reveals the importance of social capital and collective efficacy and the influence that the neighbourhood composition has on the amount of abuse that is reported to the police.
Resisting Violence Through the Arts: Theatre and Poetry as Spaces for Speaking Out and Seeking Change
Authors: Walker Amelia , Di Niro Corinna
Published: May 2023

This chapter articulates creative arts scholarship regarding Arendtian spaces of appearance with feminist and queer work on space and gender-based violence (GBV). We sought to better understand theatre and poetry as potential spaces of appearance for dialogues about how to reduce GBV. Incorporating methods from duoethnography and co/autoethnography, we pursued our aim by sharing and comparing our experiences as arts practitioners to identify themes and divergences. Initially, we sought to consider theatre and poetry as radical spaces for creating change. However, we soon recognized problems of theatre and poetry themselves as spaces that can reinstate inequalities. We thus focused on possible ways to transform spaces of theatre and poetry towards the radical potentials we still believe they can offer.
Divorced Women Working Past Pension Age in Germany and the UK: The Long Shadow of the Female Homemaker Model
Authors: Hokema Anna
Published: May 2023

Divorced women in old age have long been considered a particularly vulnerable group, due foremostly to a lack of sufficient financial resources. Based on a qualitative analysis of ten semi-structured interviews, this chapter explores the experience of divorced women who have not re-partnered and are working past pension age in Germany and the United Kingdom. The chapter particularly focuses on the women’s subjective reasons for their continued employment. In their narratives, the long-term influence of the female homemaker model becomes evident. However, divorce in midlife is experienced as a major turning point. The women re-enter the labour market, individual career and pension planning becomes prominent and employment past pension age is portrayed as an important way to independently earn an adequate income for old age. From a more general angle, the interrelationship between life courses, gendered welfare regimes and later-life employment become clear.
Expectations of Transitions to Retirement in Ireland
Authors: Léime Áine Ní
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores expectations of the transition to retirement for older women workers in Ireland in the context of policies introduced in recent years to raise state pension age comparatively quickly. It focuses on the retirement plans of workers in two very different occupations – teaching and home care work. Data from interviews with ten women in each occupation are analyzed, using a life course perspective. Both teachers and healthcare workers disagree with the proposed increase in state pension age. Workers face very different options at retirement; teachers are protected by having typically stable employment trajectories with good pay and generous occupational pensions and most can retire early on full pension. By contrast, healthcare workers may need to work for longer because of disrupted employment trajectories, lower pay and low or no occupational pensions, leaving them dependent on the state pension. An increase in state pension age is a blunt policy instrument that exacerbates existing relative disadvantage for home care workers. The policy implications are discussed.
Constructing Britain’s Hated Landscapes: The Linguistic and Ideological Construction of Toxteth
Authors: Butler-Warke Alice
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the centrality of rhetoric in the formation of landscapes of hate by examining the application of the label ‘inner city’. A discourse analysis of British newspapers and policy documents in the 1980s is undertaken to show how applying the term ‘inner city’ labelled Toxteth, in Liverpool, UK, giving it a specific, racialized, classed, stigmatized and ‘othered’ identity; and that this was a deliberate rhetorical and ideological act making Toxteth the ‘poster child’ of the 1980s ‘inner city problem’ and the testing ground for related solutions. The chapter’s historical study of Toxteth represents a paradigmatic case from which we can learn and apply the findings to contemporary debates regarding the invention of spatial stigma and hate, and the later attempts to ‘unhate’ areas through white middle-class gentrification and privatization.
Becoming Visible, Becoming Vulnerable? Bodies, Material Spaces and Affective Economies of Hate
Authors: Clayton John , Donovan Catherine , Macdonald Stephen J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores connections between visibility and situated vulnerability for those targeted on the basis of identities of ‘race’ and faith, sexuality, transgender and disability. The chapter argues that who or what becomes hyper-visible and subject to the harms of hate is produced by more than representational visibility or markers of embodied difference. Using the concept of the social materiality of space, the chapter examines how hyper-visibility is produced through the material and symbolic association of particular sites with marginalized groups. Through examples of the mosque, the gay scene and the home, the chapter considers the ways in which material spaces stand in for, are associated with and produce hyper-visible bodies. The chapter also reflects on efforts to navigate and contest harms of hate, including re-working meanings associated with particular material environments.
Hostility, Hate and Humiliation: Disability Hate Crime on UK Public Transport
Authors: Wilkin David
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the experiences and impacts of both active and passive hostility and hate against disabled people when using public transport, in particular buses. Significantly, disabled people often have no alternative to using public transport. The chapter examines the opportunism of hostility and hate, techniques of collaboration and justification, and why bystanders tend not to intervene. The chapter draws on evidence from a study of experiences of disabled people of verbal abuse and physical harassment on public transport in the UK. Victims’ voices are brought to the fore highlighting the ordinariness of hate crime, the expectation of victims and the acceptance of onlookers. The chapter concludes with potential solutions to reducing acts of hostility, including bus design, training for staff, support for reporting of incidents and education.
Afterword: Spatializing Hate – Relational, Intersectional and Emotional Approaches
Authors: Hopkins Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides a reflection on the book collection. The diversity of approaches to understanding the landscapes and spatialities of hate in the chapters are examined, highlighting the different sub-disciplinary perspectives and variety of spatial and temporal contexts. The chapter then identifies three key themes for the ongoing study of hate: the potential of an intersectional approach to appreciate the complexity, multi-layered and intricate nature of hate experienced by individuals; considering the relational nature of hate and hate crime, which can help to understand the diverse motivations of discriminatory conduct, and the social groups, individuals, places and events, where hate emerges; and providing the space and time to consider the presence and importance of the emotional and affective significance of hate. The chapter concludes by considering the ethical and methodological challenges presented when being attentive to the intersectional, relational, and emotional aspects of hate.
Non-Binary Embodiment: Intersex and Third-Gender Markers
Authors: Garland Fae , Travis Mitchell
Published: May 2023

This chapter problematizes the contemporary ways in which third markers have been used to recognize intersex embodiment as synonymous with non-binary identity by law, academia and policy makers. While historically intersex was depicted as a place-holder for binary sex, the use of third markers has become the most prevalent way in which intersex has become recognized in non-medical realms and ultimately frames intersex as located outside of binary conceptions of sex and gender. The chapter particularly focuses on Germany, which, in 2013, became the first European state to recognize third-gender markers on birth certificates. Ultimately, we problematize the depiction of intersex embodiment as non-binary identity when followed through into policy development and legislation as it struggles to challenge medical framings of intersex embodiment as ‘disordered’.
Engaging with Intersex Experience: Can Law Disrupt Medical Embodiment?
Authors: Garland Fae , Travis Mitchell
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on Malta’s rights-based approach to intersex, which specifically prohibits unnecessary sex-assignment treatment and surgery on intersex minors. This approach has placed the framing of intersex outside simplistic medical and LGBT accounts. As a result, it offers the potential for significant new framings of what intersex is and what intersex can be. Unfortunately, the reality of the intersex experience in Malta has not lived up to the promise of the 2015 legislation. This is predominantly due to an implementation gap where law is yet to affect clinical practice and disrupt the disordered narrative. This serves as an important reminder of how resistant to change the medical framework is. We also note, however, the dynamism of social change and highlight its ongoing and continuous nature rather than being a shift between two static points. State buy-in after law reform takes place is as important as that needed to introduce new legislation to disrupt medical embodiment.
From Hate Crime to Disability Hate Crime
Authors: Taylor Seamus
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the journey from hate crime to Disability Hate Crime through an analysis of the relevant literature including policy related documents which construct and reference Disability Hate Crime. It considers the origins and evolving conceptions of both hate crime and Disability Hate Crime, the construction of disability in public policy and the construction of disability within hate crime policy. It is only recently that disability hostility has begun to be recognized as Disability Hate Crime, and it is a contested, contentious and ambiguous concept. Nonetheless, it is now recognized as a ‘social fact’ with an active policy domain and set of policies and practices. A review of the key academic literature on Disability Hate Crime and its relationship to hate crime literature in general is set out, as well as a review of the significant literature produced by the independent statutory sector, the community sector and by individual authors. Here is set out the critical consideration of the journey from hate crime to Disability Hate Crime that follows and that is concerned with how Disability Hate Crime policy and practice emerged and developed, and equally on seeking to explain why it emerged as and when it did in hate crime.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Seamus
Published: May 2023

This chapter notes that Disability Hate Crime remains to this day an unsettled and unsettling policy and practice agenda. However, the chapter also notes the potential to make progress through adopting a more inclusive legal policy response to Disability Hate Crime. Through such an inclusive legal policy response, the book concludes on a cautiously optimistic note. This chapter also argues that Disability Hate Crime exists within a wider context of disabled people’s experience of disadvantage and discrimination across most areas of social life. A Disability Hate Crime focus should be located within an understanding of disability prejudice and ableism and within a focus on rights and justice. In such a policy context, and underpinned by appropriate legal provisions, Disability Hate Crime can contribute to realizing a society where disabled people can live more dignified lives, freer from fear and with the potential for enhanced human flourishing based simultaneously on recognition of human difference and common humanity. Pursued in isolation, it risks becoming an over-individuated response to wider structural injustices.
Slave Trade Refugees and Imperial Agendas: The Resettlement of ‘Liberated Africans’ into British West Indian Regiments and Liberian Militias, 1808–60
Authors: Adderley Laura Rosanne , Fett Sharla M.
Published: May 2023

In the 19th century, both Great Britain and the United States engaged in efforts to suppress Atlantic slave trading, principally using naval force to interdict slave ships at sea under the authority of both national laws and a network of international treaties. Among many legal and practical complications, these policies presented both nations with novel resettlement challenges related to the enslaved Africans found aboard such vessels. In both cases, policy makers made the unusual decision that some male recaptives could be effectively resettled as ‘recruits’ into armed forces. This essay takes two case studies from the British and Liberian experiences of arming African recaptives. While both cases are arguably exceptional within the larger story of slave trade suppression, they provide useful windows into the ways in which recaptive settlement became intertwined with the politics of race, imperialism and social control, even as governments styled themselves as humanitarian actors working on behalf of these ‘refugees’ from the Atlantic slave trade.
The Subaltern Can Speak: The Mobility Strategies of Forced Migrants in Kenya’s Kalobeyei Integrated Settlement
Authors: Okoth Felicity Atieno
Published: May 2023

This chapter contributes to studies on migration from a postcolonial perspective by exploring the mobility strategies adopted by refugees in Kalobeyei settlement, Kenya. The article conceptualizes Kalobeyei settlement as a diversification of control by the EU and, a border externalization strategy aimed at disciplining African mobility and protecting Europe from the ‘Other’. The article discusses the various conceptualizations of border externalization from a decolonial standpoint. The article then moves to conceptualize African refugees as autonomous, postcolonial subjects radically contesting the places assigned to them by EU externalization. This autonomy is made manifest by the mobility strategies adopted by refugees in Kalobeyei Settlement which include relocation to neighbouring countries with favourable resettlement options, return to countries of origin and procurement of smuggling services. It is concluded that despite EU externalization ‘othering’ Black bodies (subalterns) and trying to contain them, they speak back by reaching Europe through other means.
Class, Classification and Conjunctures: The Use of ‘Precarity’ in Social Research
Authors: Umney Charles
Published: May 2023

Sociological research often suffers from an over-reliance on classification as an end in itself. The idea of ‘precarity’ is also susceptible to this problem. Precarity is often defined as a category, or state, which people can either be inside or outside. When this happens, the analysis risks understating the differences between people who are judged ‘precarious’, and overstating the differences between them and people who are not. By contrast, this chapter argues that the concept of precarity has value primarily when used to describe a situation or conjuncture. Based on a loosely Marxian methodological approach, and drawing on insights from empirical studies in social work and cultural work, it sketches out what it might mean to analyze precarity as a characteristic of a given conjuncture rather than a classificatory tool.
Precariousness in the Platform Economy
Authors: Piasna Agnieszka
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the issue of precarious work in the platform economy. The growth of digital labour platforms has created new forms of organization and outsourcing of labour that generate precariousness and worker insecurity. Online labour platforms transform work along several key dimensions: from full-time to unpredictable hours, from permanent to casual, from salary to piece rates, from local to remote. The chapter considers to what extent these developments represent a continuation of previous trends towards casualization of labour and shifting of costs and risk to workers, and what new elements are brought about by deployment of digital technologies and algorithmic management. The chapter contrasts the rhetoric of platforms with key research results covering issues such as income insecurity, temporal unpredictability, flexibility, regulatory avoidance, fragmented employment patterns and power relations asymmetry. The chapter concludes by outlining policy options and recommendations.
The Embodiment of Insecurity: How Precarious Labour Market Trajectories Affect Young Workers’ Health and Wellbeing in Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Bolíbar Mireia , Belvis Francesc X. , Gutiérrez-Zamora Mariana
Published: May 2023

Power relations, welfare provision, labour rights, and neoliberal regulations and discourses lead to the social production of health inequalities. In this chapter diverse pathways are identified through which the precarization of the labour market affect the physical and mental health of young workers. Longitudinal retrospective data from the 2017 Catalan Youth Survey (n=1,247) are used to obtain typologies of youth labour trajectories. Three ‘types’, representing a continuum of precarity, are proposed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample (n=13) determined according to the typologies. Three pathways emerged through which precarious trajectories affected young workers health and wellbeing: (i) material deprivation; (ii) the limiting of their agency in the construction of future; and (iii) harmful psychosocial working conditions. Precarity and insecurity, understood, after Pierre Bourdieu, as a mode of domination that creates submissive dispositions and constrains workers to the acceptance of exploitation, shape a pathogenic eco-social environment that affects individuals’ health.
Diversifying Dependencies? Hungary, the EU, and the Multifaceted Geopolitics of Chinese Infrastructure Investments
Authors: Gyuris Ferenc
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines Hungary’s attempt to leverage its strategic position as a member of the EU and its geography on the bloc’s eastern periphery. While Hungary is firmly rooted in the EU and benefits from integration in European – mainly German – production networks, the right-wing Orbán government that came to power in 2010 turned to China in pursuit of domestic and regional political and spatial objectives. This orientation was precipitated by the hope that ties with Beijing would foster Chinese investment and international trade. This chapter contextualizes Hungary’s ‘eastward turn’ as a reversal of the resolute faith in Western Europe, and ‘the West’ in general, that characterized Hungarian politics since the end of the Cold War. This faith was severely tested in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and, in this context, the Hungarian government seized on integration with China’s fast-growing economy as the answer to persistently sluggish growth and the EU’s bureaucratic inertia. However, this chapter shows that this strategy’s economic dividends have largely failed to materialize, while its infrastructural promise has also lagged far below expectations. As a result, domestic and foreign criticism of Hungary’s relations with China has grown louder in recent years, and relations with China are currently becoming a central issue in Hungarian domestic politics.
The Problem with Anger Management
Authors: Ashcraft Karen Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter takes on the final question of Part II: Can we formulate a concern in common that isn’t anti-populist? Answering in the affirmative, it introduces the notion of anger management, shorthand for a mode of governance that ‘leads’ by stoking aggrieved entitlement (keeping victimized anger on simmer, ready to boil over on cue). COVID-19 offered a taste of how destructive anger management can be, and bigger challenges of interdependence like climate change lie ahead. Aiming our concern at anger management need not invite technocracy, or handing the reins over to the ‘experts.’ Rather, the common concern is for life, and the goal is to care for public health, not to pronounce moral threats to democracy. There is a bigger threat, which is that anger management can kill us with its bluster. The chapter introduces pufferfish as an icon for this problem. Anger management—or ‘government by pufferfish’—is a maladapted reflex that is undeniably bad for the world.
National Projects Post-2011: Shanaz and Prevent Tragedies
Authors: Andrews Sam
Published: May 2023

National counterterrorism campaigns have been used by the UK government to try and drum up support for counterterrorism efforts. This chapter analyses two of those campaigns which targeted women – Prevent Tragedies and Shanaz. These campaigns tried to get women to support and engage with counterterrorism efforts by appealing to their supposed maternal instincts. While Prevent Tragedies tried to utilize mothers as an early warning about youth engaging in terrorism, Shanaz tried to get them involved in improving police engagement with women. The policy documents for each campaign are analysed in this chapter. The chapter argues that such campaigns can be detrimental to women, as by leveraging their role within the home, they also reinforce the damaging ideas about how women should maintain households and be the primary source of childcare.
Delivering Prevent Locally
Authors: Andrews Sam
Published: May 2023

Many studies look at how Prevent operates in different areas of public life, including schooling, hospitals and local policing. However, Prevent is highly localized and there are few case studies that outline how local authorities develop their strategies and decide on what type of projects to pursue. This chapter provides a case study of one local area, known pseudonymously as ‘Townsville’. Using local strategy documents from 2006 to 2020, it outlines how the local strategy is similar to the national strategy in thinking of women as primarily peaceful. However, it also outlines how the flexibility offered to local authorities allowed Townsville to adjust to developments both locally and nationally, eventually including women as a risk due to an increase in young women migrating to Islamic State-held territory. However, this adjustment maintained the idea that women are naturally peaceful, in that it considered these girls to be manipulated. It also further reinforced national ideas about how mothers are best placed to tackle radicalization in the family.
India’s Neoliberal Schools: The Hindu Nationalist and Neoliberal Agenda in School Education
Authors: Lall Marie , Anand Kusha
Published: May 2023

This chapter first discusses how government schools are affected by issues of access, quality, reforms in teaching approaches, and privatization. It then outlines the interventions led by Public Private Partnerships. The chapter goes on to review the neoliberal approach of NGOs in teacher education and training. It also provides evidence of the neoliberal and Hindu nationalist agenda ‘on the ground’ in government schools. The chapter then turns to the rise of private schools – both low cost and others serving the middle and aspiring middle classes, looking in detail at how this has increased access. The discussion briefly revisits the previous arguments about the rise of private schools around demand for ‘quality’ education and the neoliberal agenda of school choice. It subsequently discusses the impact of the neoliberal agenda on teacher agency to critically counter textbooks and government rituals that serve the Hindutva agenda. Even though private school teachers recognized the dangers of the new textbooks, the school system left them with no options. The last section of the chapter outlines the role played by the RSS and kindred organizations to fill particular education gaps at central and state levels. It shows how Hindutva has been spread using RSS-drafted textbooks alongside government textbooks in RSS-sponsored schools, highlighting how the rhetoric of these textbooks revolves around the creation of a ‘Hindu Rashtra’.
The Effects of the Indian Political Choice Model on Citizenship under the BJP Government
Authors: Lall Marie , Anand Kusha
Published: May 2023

The changes described in Chapters 1 to 6 indicate how Indian society has been transformed both in terms of its political outlook, with Hindu nationalism taking centre stage, as well as in its economic trajectory – led by neoliberal policies. Education reforms across schools, universities, and teacher training have been embedded through new school textbooks, new courses, and new teaching approaches. Ordinary popular views of Muslims have changed, as illustrated in Chapter 1 by the support for the Ghar Whapsi campaign and the cow slaughter ban. There also seems to have been a resultant normalization of Islamophobia, with a negative characterization of Muslims in the mainstream public domain. This chapter engages with the question of Indian citizenship and how it has been altered in light of the government’s neoliberal Hindutva trajectory over the last two decades. It looks at the rising Islamophobia across society before engaging with four recent cases of changes in Indian citizenship that show how the neoliberal Hindutva approach has become mainstream: Kashmir’s changed status, the National Register of Citizens in Assam, the Citizenship Amendment Act (and how the Delhi protests were dealt with), and the farmers’ protest movement.
The Human Rights Framework
Authors: Buckley Lucy-Ann
Published: May 2023

This chapter outlines the human rights framework for addressing disability harassment. It focuses particularly on three of the most significant instruments for addressing disability harassment at work in the European and global contexts. These are the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Framework Employment Directive in the European Union and the International Labour Organisation Violence and Harassment Convention 2019. The chapter demonstrates the importance increasingly accorded in human rights to intersectional analysis, particularly in relation to gender, though also encompassing other intersecting characteristics, such as race and disability. It also highlights some important gaps in protection against harassment for persons with disabilities. Finally, the chapter explores the potential of the International Labour Organisation convention to advance protection from work-related disability harassment.
Explaining the Strength of RO Responses to Coups
Authors: Hohlstein Franziska
Published: May 2023

The fourth chapter examines the question why some coups are much more likely to evoke strong RO responses such as economic sanctions or military interventions, whereas others are only mildly criticized or evade negative reactions altogether. The results of the statistical analysis show that three groups of factors drive the strength of responses. First, the characteristics of the RO at hand, for instance its democracy level and its financial and military capacities, second, democracy-related aspects of the state affected by a coup and third considerations about domestic and regional stability.
Further analyses indicate that irrespective of their composition ROs show noteworthy parallels in their weighing of the importance of these factors. However, there are also interesting and important differences between organizations and regions, with one remarkably exception being the EU. All essential findings are illustrated in a series of tables and graphs and their implications for the role of ROs in the context of coups are discussed in detail.
Introduction: From Capitalism’s Crises to a Convivial Society
Authors: Adloff Frank
Published: May 2023

The introduction of the book launches the themes of the volume. It presents the social and ecological double crisis of capitalism and explains how a politics of conviviality, based on Marcel Mauss’ theory of the gift, can offer an alternative positive vision of living together.
Gifts of Nature
Authors: Adloff Frank
Published: May 2023

It is argued in Chapter 8 that nature does not have to be regarded as mere material, as a passive “resource” that is at the disposal of humanity. The new materialism as well as some novel approaches within the sciences already transcend this traditional view, and in the era of the Anthropocene it indeed makes sense to talk about the gifts of nature. Once we conceive of nonhuman beings as quasi-subjects, we will be able to forge alliances with “Gaia,” and a new politics of the gift can come into being.
Pluriversalism: Towards a European and Global Politics of Conviviality
Authors: Adloff Frank
Published: May 2023

Chapter 11 is about Europe’s role in the world. For a collective quest for new forms of human coexistence, it is imperative that Europe bids farewell to nationalism and colonialist structures of exploitation for good. Because in order to develop positive visions for living together convivially, we have to look beyond the borders of Europe. The concept of “development” and simplistic notions of a universal morality must finally be scrutinized. Only when the pluriversalism of different cosmologies is acknowledged, pluralistic models of the good life and true equality between the Global North and South can be created.
China's COVID-19 Vaccine Supplies to the Global South
Authors: Morgan Pippa
Published: May 2023

During the initial global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, China emerged as the major supplier to the Global South. However, Chinese vaccine deliveries varied substantially across countries, with some receiving substantial numbers of Chinese-made doses, and others very few or none at all. This book explains the why and the how of Chinese COVID-19 vaccine supplies to the Global South during the first half of 2021. Moving beyond the polarized debate on whether Chinese vaccines are a ‘global public good’ or part of a strategic campaign of geopolitical competition with the West, it uses empirical evidence to unpack the commercial and political forces shaping their distribution. The book argues that China’s vaccine donations were shaped by the government’s drive to maintain its ‘performance-based legitimacy’ through domestic COVID-19 control, regional stability and bolstering existing partnerships. Commercial sales from Chinese pharmaceutical firms were driven mainly by market forces and clinical trial partnerships formed between purchasing states and pharmaceutical companies, but with support from the state for vaccine development. In highlighting the important but often overlooked role of corporate actors, state–corporate linkages and domestic political interests, the book sheds a nuanced light on China’s distribution of vaccines and its broader engagement with the Global South.
Contextualizing China’s Position in Global Health
Authors: Morgan Pippa
Published: May 2023

This chapter lays out the pre-pandemic initial conditions that shaped China’s overseas COVID-19 vaccine supplies by contextualizing China’s position in global health in recent history. First, it describes China’s domestic health governance and its increasing importance to the party-state’s performance-based legitimacy, in particular following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, it charts China’s role in health sector foreign aid and international health governance institutions, highlighting Beijing’s longstanding preference for bilateral cooperation over multilateral engagement through institutions such as the WHO. Finally, it describes China’s position in the global pharmaceutical industry and vaccine markets, which has expanded rapidly in recent years – facilitated in part by state support for technological innovation – but nonetheless pre-pandemic was relatively weak compared to other major industrialized economies.
Conclusion: Between Politics and Business
Authors: Morgan Pippa
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s core arguments and findings, namely that China’s overseas vaccine supplies are driven principally by commercial imperatives, as well as by the party-state’s need to maintain its performance-based legitimacy domestically. It then discusses some broader implications of this analysis. With respect to China’s foreign relations, the findings of this book point to the importance of domestic factors and state-corporate linkages in shaping China’s external interactions. With respect to international political economy, they offer insights into how crises are shaped by existing institutions and patterns, but also provide new opportunities for actors able and willing to seize them.. The chapter finishes by looking ahead to the future of Chinese vaccine supplies overseas as production and exchange of COVID-19 vaccines becomes a routine transaction. It outlines both the challenges of increasing competition from other players (in particular, those further ahead in the use of mRNA technologies) and successive variants of the virus, as well as promising opportunities for further development, in particular in vaccine manufacturing collaborations in the Global South.
Introduction
Authors: Devellennes Charles
Published: May 2023

Liberté, égalité, fraternité is the motto of the French Republic. From revolutionary times to today, liberty, equality and fraternity have resonated as core values for all types of republicans, from left to right, and act as a profession of faith highlighting common values, aspirations and beliefs. The three values have survived changes in political régimes, the erosion of the centuries, wars, counter-revolutions and civil strife. Macron has continued the republican tradition and sought to live up to its ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. Yet one cannot help but notice at the very least a slight rebranding, or, for Macron’s critics, a thorough overhaul of those republican ideals. Liberty has made way for a strengthening of the state in its sovereign functions: those of maintaining order and projecting power with a rise in the notion of security. Equality has been defended according to one particular definition, one that promotes merit above all other types of equality. Fraternity has given way to hope, with a vision for a future prosperous France built around the figure of the entrepreneur.
Merit
Authors: Devellennes Charles
Published: May 2023

Macron is fond of equality. It is a feature of his programme, put together in his autobiographical work Révolution. It is the value that underpins his pragmatism and his desire for social justice. Yet it is a very specific type of equality that Macron defends, an equality in the face of luck, an equality against discrimination, and an equality of opportunity. This type of equality is better described as merit – the desert and worth of a particular individual independently of circumstances around them. I will show that Macron’s liberal-libertarian compromise is the blending of two types of liberalism found in Rawls and Nozick. I then move on to show that it is in the philosophy of Dworkin that this attitude towards equality comes together in a form of ‘luck egalitarianism’, which is the culmination of Macron’s thought on equality. This lays open the question of the vision of the individual developed by Macron, and its roots in a very specific, responsibility-driven conception of the person with specific theological roots found in Weber’s seminal work on the Protestant ethic and the concepts of grace and the calling.
Hope
Authors: Devellennes Charles
Published: May 2023

The dichotomy of political affects into hope and fear plays directly to the liberal dream put together by Macron. His is the party of hope, the party of an open society, pro-European, globalist, based on free markets and rewarding merit. It is portrayed as the answer to the fear-driven, nationalist, Eurosceptic ideology of the far right that is driven by cronyism, nepotism and corruption. This hope/fear dichotomy obfuscates the interplay between those two emotions, that there is no hope without fear or fear without hope, and that basing a political programme on hope has the potential for dramatic disillusionment in the case where those hopes are shattered by the unfolding of events. By introducing the concept of hope as an affect, as an emotion which drives action, and its relation to fear, the first part of this chapter will show that understanding Spinoza and Nietzsche on the concept will go a long way to highlight some of its pitfalls. We will then see how hope was deployed by Macron to achieve his political aims.
Can an Apology Ever Be Enough for Crimes of the Past?
Authors: Sooka Yasmin
Published: May 2023

This chapter locates apology as a fundamental element of the right of victims to reparations as recognised under international law, as having to be made publicly, and as constituting an acknowledgement of responsibility. The chapter, while focusing on apologies in South Africa, also examines apologies for serious international crimes made in other contexts before regional bodies, international tribunals and by Heads of State to populations at large.
The chapter critiques the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s approach to apologies, and its flawed emphasis on Ubuntu and reconciliation, which permitted perpetrators to avoid accountability or responsibility, leading to the mistaken belief that they were entitled to forgiveness for the serious crimes of the past. The chapter advances the argument that, in the context of apartheid crimes, an apology is deeply offensive if not accompanied by an acknowledgement that apartheid was declared a crime against humanity, and an acceptance of responsibility and reparations for its crimes. By analysing the apologies tendered by the last apartheid-era President and struggle stalwart Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, the chapter demonstrates that any discourse on forgiveness and reconciliation is obscene if not accompanied by acknowledgement or commitment to reparations.