bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐throughput screening of inhibitory potential of nine cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Min‐Jung , Kim Hyojin , Cha In‐June , Park Jang‐Su , Shon Ji‐Hong , Liu Kwang‐Hyeon , Shin Jae‐Gook
Published: August 2005

The early detection of potential drug‐drug interactions is an important issue of drug discovery that has led to the development of high‐throughput screening (HTS) methods for potential drug interactions. We developed a HTS method for potential interactions of inhibitory drugs for nine human P450 enzymes using cocktail incubation and tandem mass spectrometry in vitro. This new method involves incubation of two cocktail doses and single cassette analysis. The two cocktail doses in vitro were developed to minimize solvent effects and mutual drug interactions among substrates: cocktail A was composed of phenacetin for CYP1A2, coumarin for CYP2A6, paclitaxel for CYP2C8, S‐mephenytoin for CYP2C19, dextromethorphan for CYP2D6, and midazolam for CYP3A4; and cocktail B was composed of three substrates including bupropion for CYP2B6, tolbutamide for CYP2C9, and chlorzoxazone for CYP2E1. In the incubation study of these cocktails, the reaction mixtures were pooled and simultaneously analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry employing a fast gradient. The method was validated by comparing the inhibition data obtained from the incubation of each individual probe substrate alone with data from the new method. The IC50 value of each inhibitor in the cocktail agreed well with that of the individual probe drug as well as with values previously reported in the literature. As a HTS method for potential interactions of the inhibition of these nine P450 enzymes, this new method will be useful in the drug discovery process and for the mechanistic understanding of drug interactions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer in accurate mass mode and an ion correlation program to identify compounds
Authors: Grange Andrew H. , Winnik Witold , Ferguson Patrick L. , Sovocool G. Wayne
Published: August 2005

Atomic masses and isotopic abundances are independent and complementary properties for discriminating among ion compositions. The number of possible ion compositions is greatly reduced by accurately measuring exact masses of monoisotopic ions and the relative isotopic abundances (RIAs) of the ions greater in mass by +1 Da and +2 Da. When both properties are measured, a mass error limit of 6–10 mDa (< 31 ppm at 320 Da) and an RIA error limit of 10% are generally adequate for determining unique ion compositions for precursor and fragment ions produced from small molecules (less than 320 Da in this study). ‘Inherent interferences’, i.e., mass peaks seen in the product ion mass spectrum of the monoisotopic [M+H]+ ion of an analyte that are −2, −1, +1, or +2 Da different in mass from monoisotopic fragment ion masses, distort measured RIAs. This problem is overcome using an ion correlation program to compare the numbers of atoms of each element in a precursor ion to the sum of those in each fragment ion and its corresponding neutral loss. Synergy occurs when accurate measurement of only one pair of +1 Da and +2 Da RIAs for the precursor ion or a fragment ion rejects all but one possible ion composition for that ion, thereby indirectly rejecting all but one fragment ion‐neutral loss combination for other exact masses. A triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer with accurate mass capability, using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), was used to measure masses and RIAs of precursor and fragment ions. Nine chemicals were investigated as simulated unknowns. Mass accuracy and RIA accuracy were sufficient to determine unique compositions for all precursor ions and all but two of 40 fragment ions, and the two corresponding neutral losses. Interrogation of the chemical literature provided between one and three possible compounds for each of the nine analytes. This approach for identifying compounds compensates for the lack of commercial ESI and APCI mass spectral libraries, which precludes making tentative identifications based on spectral matches. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing glycerol‐mediated protein oligomerization by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Mendes Maria Anita , de Souza Bibiana Monson , dos Santos Lucilene Delazari , Santos Keity Souza , Palma Mario Sergio
Published: August 2005

Glycerol is widely used as protein stabilizer, in both local and commercial preparations, so it has become necessary to develop methods for mass spectrometric analysis of protein preparations in the presence of glycerol. However, this stabilizing agent may cause signal suppression when present in high concentrations, and is also known to induce protein supercharging even at low concentrations. This work reports the use of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry to characterize glycerol‐mediated protein oligomerization. This phenomenon seems to involve the formation of strong non‐covalent interactions between protein and glycerol involving close contact between the monomers, leading to formation of protein oligomers adducted with glycerol molecules under the characteristic analytical conditions of the ESI interface. At high orders of oligomerization a lower number of glycerol molecules is required to maintain the high oligomeric states than for the dimers and trimers, and it is possible that for the higher oligomers the monomers become so close to one another that non‐covalent bonds between the side chains of the amino acid residues in the proteins may be established. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotope ratio monitoring of small molecules and macromolecules by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Godin Jean‐Philippe , Hau Jörg , Fay Laurent‐Bernard , Hopfgartner Gérard
Published: August 2005

In the field of isotope ratio mass spectrometry, the introduction of an interface allowing the connection of liquid chromatography (LC) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has opened a range of new perspectives. The LC interface is based on a chemical oxidation, producing CO2 from organic molecules. While first results were obtained from the analysis of low molecular weight compounds, the application of compound‐specific isotope analysis by irm‐LC/MS to other molecules, in particular biomolecules, is presented here. The influence of the LC flow rate on the CO2 signal and on the observed δ13C values is demonstrated. The limits of quantification for angiotensin III and for leucine were 100 and 38 pmol, respectively, with a standard deviation of the δ13C values better than 0.4‰. Also, accuracy and precision of δ13C values for elemental analyser‐IRMS and flow injection analysis‐IRMS (FIA‐LC/MS) were compared. For compounds with molecular weights ranging from 131 to 66 390 Da, precision was better than 0.3‰, and accuracy varied from 0.1 to 0.7‰. In a second part of the work, a two‐dimensional (2D)‐LC method for the separation of 15 underivatised amino acids is demonstrated; the precision of δ13C values for several amino acids by irm‐LC/MS was better than 0.3‰ at natural abundance. For labelled mixtures, the coefficient of variation was between 1% at 0.07 atom % excess (APE) for threonine and alanine, and around 10% at 0.03 APE for valine and phenylalanine. The application of irm‐LC/MS to the determination of the isotopic enrichment of 13C‐threonine in an extract of rat colon mucosa demonstrated a precision of 0.5‰, or 0.001 atom %. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process modeling across the web information infrastructure
Authors: Jensen Chris , Scacchi Walt
Published: August 2005

Web‐based open source software development (OSSD) project communities provide interesting and unique opportunities for software process modeling and simulation. While most studies focus on analyzing processes in a single organization, we focus on modeling software development processes both within and across three distinct but related OSSD project communities: Mozilla, a Web artifact consumer; the Apache HTTP server that handles the transactions of Web artifacts to consumers such as the Mozilla browser; and NetBeans, a Java‐based integrated development environment (IDE) for creating Web artifacts and application systems. In this article, we look at the process relationships within and between these communities as components of a Web information infrastructure. We employ expressive and comparative techniques for modeling such processes that facilitate and enhance understanding of the software development techniques utilized by their respective communities and the collective infrastructure in creating them. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heuristic optimization as a V&V tool for software process simulation models
Authors: Wakeland Wayne , Shervais Stephen , Raffo David
Published: August 2005

This work illustrates the use of heuristic algorithms to improve the verification and validation of software process simulation models. To use this approach, an optimization problem is formulated to guide a heuristic search algorithm that will attempt to locate particular combinations of parameter values that yield surprising results. These surprising results often help the modeler to identify flaws in the model logic that would otherwise remain undetected. The general concepts are discussed and a simple example is provided. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software process modeling for an educational software engineering simulation game
Authors: Navarro Emily Oh , van der Hoek André
Published: August 2005

SimSE is an educational software engineering simulation game that uses a unique software process modeling approach. This approach combines both predictive and prescriptive aspects to support the creation of dynamic, interactive, graphical models for software engineering process education. This article describes the different constructs in a SimSE process model, introduces the associated model‐builder tool, describes how we built an initial model of a waterfall process, and discusses the underlying trade‐offs and issues involved in our approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An interactive software management simulator based on the CMMI framework
Authors: Birkhölzer Thomas , Dickmann Christoph , Vaupel Jürgen , Dantas Laura
Published: August 2005

A software‐producing organization is a complex system. An interactive simulation that allows playful exploration and experimenting can enhance the understanding of such complex systems. Therefore, a simulator concept is presented that lets its user act in the role of a software‐producing organization's top‐level manager. In this role, business measures must be monitored and investment decisions need to be made.

The model is developed as a feasibility investigation with the premise of maximal abstraction, using concepts of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) and balanced scorecards: 15 process areas deduced from CMMI serve as states and investment fields and 27 business performance indicators form the outputs.

Simulations of different scenarios illustrate that the model is capable of reflecting underlying strategies for advancing or maintaining an organization's processes. Moreover, the iterative and interactive investment approach and the graphical and historical result presentation can give valuable insight into complex process dependencies.

Therefore, the simulator can serve as a tool to playfully enhance the appreciation of software engineering practices. It can be used by all stakeholders involved in software development to better understand the various aspects of software engineering, their interdependencies, and the resulting complex dynamics of the software‐producing organization's operations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A SIP‐based mobility management platform for WLAN location‐aware broadcasting and multicasting applications
Authors: Lin Phone , Tsai Chih‐Yuan , Lai Yeng‐Cheng
Published: August 2005

Recently, as the service areas of wireless local area network (WLAN) increase rapidly, the usage of WLAN gets popular. People expect more intelligent applications on WLAN. The location‐aware application is one of the killer applications. This paper proposes a SIP‐based mobility management platform named ‘WLB’ for WLAN location‐aware applications. The WLB accommodates the mobility management, broadcasting, and multicasting mechanisms for mobile user. Within the WLB, the coverage areas of WLANs are partitioned into several service areas on the application level. All signaling in WLB is based on Session Initialization Protocol (SIP), which extends the capability of WLB to be integrated with other mobile networks (e.g., UMTS and GPRS). In this paper, we detail the design and implementation of the WLB platform, and discuss a possible integration of the WLB with UMTS all‐IP network. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cyclophilin repertoire of the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Pemberton Trevor J. , Kay John E.
Published: August 2005

The cyclophilin repertoire of the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombeis comprised of nine members that are distributed over all three of its chromosomes and range from small single‐domain to large multi‐domain proteins. Each cyclophilin possesses only a single prolyl‐isomerase domain, and these vary in their degree of consensus, including at positions that are likely to affect their drug‐binding ability and catalytic activity. The additional identified motifs are involved in putative protein or RNA interactions, while a novel domain that is specific to SpCyp7 and its orthologues may have functions that include an interaction with hnRNPs. TheSz. pombecyclophilins are found throughout the cell but appear to be absent from the mitochondria, which is unique among the characterized eukaryotic repertoires. SpCyp5, SpCyp6 and SpCyp8 have exhibited significant upregulation of their expression during the meiotic cycle and SpCyp5 has exhibited significant upregulation of its expression during heat stress. All nine have identified members in the repertoires ofH. sapiens, D. melanogasterandA. thaliana. However, only three identified members in the cyclophilin repertoire ofS. cerevisiaewith SpCyp7 identifying a fourth protein that is not a member of the recognized repertoire due to its possession of a degenerate prolyl‐isomerase domain. The cyclophilin repertoire ofSz. pombetherefore represents a better model group for the study of cyclophilin function in the higher eukaryotes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p38 MAPK is involved in CB2 receptor‐induced apoptosis of human leukaemia cells
Authors: Herrera Blanca , Carracedo Arkaitz , Diez-Zaera María , Guzmán Manuel , Velasco Guillermo
Published: August 2005

Cannabinoids have been shown to inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of tumour cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in that effect have not been completely elucidated. Here, we investigated the possible involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in CB2 receptor‐induced apoptosis of human leukaemia cells. Results show that stimulation of the CB2 receptor leads to p38 MAPK activation and that inhibition of this kinase attenuates CB2 receptor‐induced caspase activation and apoptosis. These findings support a role for p38 MAPK in CB2 receptor‐induced apoptosis of human leukaemia cells.
Baltic cod recruitment – the impact of climate variability on key processes
Authors: Köster Friedrich W. , Möllmann Christian , Hinrichsen Hans-Harald , Wieland Kai , Tomkiewicz Jonna , Kraus Gerd , Voss Rüdiger , Makarchouk Andrei , MacKenzie Brian R. , St. John Michael A. , Schnack Dietrich , Rohlf Norbert , Linkowski Tomasz , Beyer Jan E.
Published: August 2005

Large-scale climatic conditions prevailing over the central Baltic Sea resulted in declining salinity and oxygen concentrations in spawning areas of the eastern Baltic cod stock. These changes in hydrography reduced the reproductive success and, combined with high fishing pressure, caused a decline of the stock to the lowest level on record in the early 1990s. The present study aims at disentangling the interactions between reproductive effort and hydrographic forcing leading to variable recruitment. Based on identified key processes, stock dynamics is explained using updated environmental and life stage-specific abundance and production time-series. Declining salinities and oxygen concentrations caused high egg mortalities and indirectly increased egg predation by clupeid fish. Low recruitment, despite enhanced hydrographic conditions for egg survival in the mid-1990s, was due to food limitation for larvae, caused by the decline in the abundance of the copepod Pseudocalanus sp. The case of the eastern Baltic cod stock exemplifies the multitude effects climatic variability may have on a fish stock and underscores the importance of knowledge of these processes for understanding stock dynamics.
Providing Quantitative Feedback When Teaching Tendon Repair: A New Tool
Authors: BERSCHBACK J. C. , AMADIO P. C. , ZHAO C. , ZOBITZ M. E. , AN K. N.
Published: August 2005

Flexor tendon repair remains one of the more difficult technical tasks facing the hand surgeon. A good repair must be both strong and able to glide smoothly through the tendon sheath. The purpose of this study is to present a model that allows surgeons to improve their technique of flexor tendon repair by receiving feedback on these important biomechanical parameters. The set-up requires testing equipment found in most biomechanical laboratories and should be available in many academic medical centres. Preliminary data suggest that receiving feedback about the strength and smoothness of a flexor tendon repair may be a very useful tool in helping surgeons improve the overall quality of their tendon repair technique.
In the Eyes of its Beholders: The Younghusband Expedition (1903–04) and Contemporary Media
Authors: MEHRA PARSHOTAM
Published: August 2005

A little over a hundred years ago, on 18 July 1903 to be exact, Francis Younghusband, preceded a few weeks earlier by a small band of officials and an escort of 500 men, crossed the forbidding 17,500 feet high Kangra la and quartered at Khamba Jong, an odd 25 miles inside Tibet. His ostensible objective, to negotiate with officials from the Dalai Lama's administration and those of the Chinese Amban in Lhasa. A number of minor irritants on the Sikkim frontier and alleged Tibetan impediments to cross-border trade were the principal issues that needed to be sorted out. A bipartite conference with the Tibetans, with the Chinese acting as facilitators, it was reasoned, would help find a solution.
Different Roads, Common Destination: Economic Discourses in South Korea during the 1950s
Authors: PARK TAE-GYUN
Published: August 2005

‘[P]ower of vested interests is vastly exaggerated compared with the gradual encroachment of ideas…. The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else.’ (John Maynard Keynes, 1964[1936], 383)
Should excessive worry be required for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder? Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Authors: RUSCIO AYELET MERON , LANE MICHAEL , ROY-BYRNE PETER , STANG PAUL E. , STEIN DAN J. , WITTCHEN HANS-ULRICH , KESSLER RONALD C.
Published: August 2005

Background. Excessive worry is required by DSM-IV, but not ICD-10, for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). No large-scale epidemiological study has ever examined the implications of this requirement for estimates of prevalence, severity, or correlates of GAD.

Method. Data were analyzed from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of adults in the USA household population that was fielded in 2001–2003. DSM-IV GAD was assessed with Version 3.0 of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Non-excessive worriers meeting all other DSM-IV criteria for GAD were compared with respondents who met full GAD criteria as well as with other survey respondents to consider the implications of removing the excessiveness requirement.

Results. The estimated lifetime prevalence of GAD increases by ~40% when the excessiveness requirement is removed. Excessive GAD begins earlier in life, has a more chronic course, and is associated with greater symptom severity and psychiatric co-morbidity than non-excessive GAD. However, non-excessive cases nonetheless evidence substantial persistence and impairment of GAD, high rates of treatment-seeking, and significantly elevated co-morbidity compared with respondents without GAD. Non-excessive cases also have sociodemographic characteristics and familial aggregation of GAD comparable to excessive cases.

Conclusions. Individuals who meet all criteria for GAD other than excessiveness have a somewhat milder presentation than those with excessive worry, yet resemble excessive worriers in a number of important ways. These findings challenge the validity of the excessiveness requirement and highlight the need for further research into the optimal definition of GAD.
Archaeology in the Third Reich. Academic scholarship and the rise of the ‘lunatic fringe’
Authors: Halle Uta
Published: August 2005

In the 1920s, and especially during the Third Reich, the ‘lunatic fringe’ of prehistoric archaeology – in this case a group of pseudoscientists that used and created archaeological evidence to found their religious and political visions of the early past – has had a great influence on German archaeology. This group, often called archaeological Schwarmgeister (‘fanatic dreamers’), attempted with varying success to gain influence by occupying party positions and by initiating excavations that might not have occurred otherwise. By focusing on the activities of two pseudoscientists – Wilhelm Teudt and Hermann Wille – as case studies, it becomes clear that they reinforced the existing division (Ahnenerbe versus Amt Rosenberg) within professional archaeology. The reactions from academic archaeologists turn out to have been diverse. The theories of Wilhelm Teudt on the Germanic Externsteine were accepted by some professional archaeologists. At the megalithic graves in the Oldenburg area, where Hermann Wille was active, this did not happen. After 1945 their work was used in the accusations that the assistants of Amt Rosenberg especially had been involved in unscientific research. This accusation did not correspond with contemporary reality but was the result of the struggle for power and influence within the group of academic archaeologists that continued in post-war Germany.
Coins, money and exchange in the Roman world. A cultural-economic perspective
Authors: Aarts Joris
Published: August 2005

Until now, the Roman economy has been discussed primarily in economic terms. After the vehement debate between substantivist and formalists in the 1960s and 1970s, most historians and archaeologists have embraced an essentially substantivist perspective. Although this outlook has proven its value, it also seriously hampers a holistic view on the Roman exchange system by its focus on economic factors. Recent theoretical developments in economic anthropology, particularly through the work of Bloch and Parry, provide a model which is better suited to analysing the exchange system in its social, political and moral dimensions. It has been used succesfully in recent publications of the exchange system in the ancient Greek world. In this article, its possibilities for the Roman exchange system and the role of money in it will be explored.
Beyond the ‘3/4‐power law’: variation in the intra‐and interspecific scaling of metabolic rate in animals
Authors: Glazier Douglas S.
Published: August 2005

In this review I show that the ‘3/4‐power scaling law’ of metabolic rate is not universal, either within or among animal species. Significant variation in the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass is described mainly for animals, but also for unicells and plants. Much of this variation, which can be related to taxonomic, physiological, and/or environmental differences, is not adequately explained by existing theoretical models, which are also reviewed. As a result, synthetic explanatory schemes based on multiple boundary constraints and on the scaling of multiple energy‐using processes are advocated. It is also stressed that a complete understanding of metabolic scaling will require the identification of both proximate (functional)and ultimate (evolutionary)causes. Four major types of intraspecific metabolic scaling with body mass are recognized [based on the power functionR=aMb, whereRis respiration (metabolic) rate,ais a constant,Mis body mass, andbis the scaling exponent]: Type I: linear, negatively allometric (b<1); Type II: linear, isometric (b=1); Type III: nonlinear, ontogenetic shift from isometric (b=1), or nearly isometric, to negatively allometric (b<1); and Type IV: nonlinear, ontogenetic shift from positively allometric (b> 1) to one or two later phases of negative allometry (b<1). Ontogenetic changes in the metabolic intensity of four component processes (i.e.growth, reproduction, locomotion, and heat production) appear to be important in these different patterns of metabolic scaling. These changes may, in turn, be shaped by age (size)‐specific patterns of mortality. In addition, major differences in interspecific metabolic scaling are described, especially with respect to mode of temperature regulation, body‐size range, and activity level. A‘metabolic‐level boundaries hypothesis’ focusing on two major constraints (surface‐area limits on resource/waste exchange processes and mass/volume limits on power production) can explain much, but not all of this variation. My analysis indicates that further empirical and theoretical work is needed to understand fully the physiological and ecological bases for the considerable variation in metabolic scaling that is observed both within and among species.Recommended approaches for doing this are discussed. I conclude that the scaling of metabolism is not the simple result of a physical law, but rather appears to be the more complex result of diverse adaptations evolved in the context of both physico‐chemical and ecological constraints.
Evolutionary ecology of facultative paedomorphosis in newts and salamanders
Authors: Denoël Mathieu , Joly Pierre , Whiteman Howard H.
Published: August 2005

Facultative paedomorphosis is an environmentally induced polymorphism that results in the coexistence of mature, gilled, and fully aquatic paedomorphic adults and transformed, terrestrial, metamorphic adults in the same population. This polymorphism has been of interest to scientists for decades because it occurs in a large number of caudate amphibian taxa as well as in a large diversity of habitats. Numerous experimental and observational studies have been conducted to explain the proximate and ultimate factors affecting these heterochronic variants in natural populations. The production of each alternative phenotype is based on a genotype × environment interaction and research suggests that differences in the environment can produce paedomorphs through several ontogenetic pathways. No single advantage accounts for the maintenance of this polymorphism. Rather, the interplay of different costs and benefits explains the success of the polyphenism across variable environments. Facultative paedomorphosis allows individuals to cope with habitat variation, to take advantage of environmental heterogeneity in the presence of open niches, and to increase their fitness. This process is expected to constitute a first step towards speciation events, and is also an example of biodiversity at the intraspecific level. The facultative paedomorphosis system is thus ripe for future studies encompassing ecology, evolution, behaviour, endocrinology, physiology, and conservation biology. Few other systems have been broad enough to provide varied research opportunities on topics as diverse as phenotypic plasticity, speciation, mating behaviour, and hormonal regulation of morphology. Further research on facultative paedomorphosis will provide needed insight into these and other important questions facing biologists.
High‐latitude Joule heating response to IMF inputs
Authors: McHarg M. , Chun F. , Knipp D. , Lu G. , Emery B. , Ridley A.
Published: August 2005

We evaluate the response of the high‐latitude Joule heating to orientation and magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Approximately 9000 individual Joule heating patterns derived from data assimilation for the northern hemisphere were used to develop averaged and hemispherically integrated Joule power maps for the northern hemisphere north of 40° magnetic latitude. Hemispherically integrated Joule heating increases with IMF magnitude when the IMF is southward, but is relatively unchanged with increased IMF magnitude when the IMF is north. Only a small IMF By effect is evident in the Joule heating patterns. We quantify the IMF effects with linear fits of integrated Joule heating as a function of IMF magnitude for eight different IMF clock angle bins in the GSM Y‐Z plane. During extreme northward IMF conditions, Joule heating is restricted to the high latitude dayside. During extreme southward IMF conditions, Joule heating is located predominantly in the auroral region, with increased heating in the morning sector compared to the evening sector. This additional heating may lead to the increased incidence of gravity waves reported in the morning sector. Our estimate of the increase of hemispherically integrated Joule heating with IMF magnitude during southward IMF periods is 13GW/nT.
Nyainqentanglha Shan: A window into the tectonic, thermal, and geochemical evolution of the Lhasa block, southern Tibet
Authors: Kapp Jessica L. D'Andrea , Harrison T. Mark , Kapp Paul , Grove Marty , Lovera Oscar M. , Lin Ding
Published: August 2005

In the Nyainqentanglha (NQTL) massif, southern Tibet, a late Cenozoic, SE dipping, normal fault exhumed an oblique section of crust in its footwall. U‐Th‐Pb dating of zircon and monazite from footwall exposures reveals a collage of felsic intrusions including Cretaceous–early Tertiary and Miocene granitoids. Ages of the latter span >10 m.y., suggesting semicontinuous or episodic Miocene magmatism. Geochemical and isotopic analyses show a Gangdese arc affinity, indicating significant mantle heat and mass transfer in their formation and semicontinuous calc‐alkaline magmatism throughout the Cenozoic Indo‐Asian collision. The undeformed nature of the footwall Cretaceous and Miocene granitoids suggests that Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Lhasa block deformation was “thin‐skinned,” being concentrated in supracrustal assemblages. This, coupled with the lack of migmatites exposed in the NQTL, implies the exposed crust was not a partial melt zone nor involved in large‐scale channel flow. Some 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic studies of footwall K‐feldspars reveal that samples collected within several kilometers below the normal fault cooled prior to emplacement of young leucogranites, indicating little perturbation of the background thermal structure since ∼15 Ma. This plus high melting temperatures and the lack of penetrative granitoid deformation requires that the melts formed at lower crustal levels and were emplaced rapidly to the midcrust. Seismic reflection results showing high “bright spot” anomalies in the midcrust along the NQTL rift may have imaged the youngest magmatic episode or its associated hydrothermal system.
Trend analysis of total ozone data for turnaround and dynamical contributions
Authors: Reinsel Gregory C. , Miller Alvin J. , Weatherhead Elizabeth C. , Flynn Lawrence E. , Nagatani Ronald M. , Tiao George C. , Wuebbles Donald J.
Published: August 2005

Statistical trend analyses have been performed for monthly zonal average total ozone data from both TOMS and SBUV satellite sources and ground‐based instruments over the period 1978–2002 for detection of a “turnaround” in the previous downward trend behavior and hence evidence for the beginning of an ozone recovery. Since other climatic and geophysical changes can impact ozone behavior and can influence the detection of turnaround and recovery, we also focus on accounting for ozone variations that may be ascribed to various physical and chemical influences. Thus we include in the statistical trend modeling and analysis the effects of various dynamical and circulation variations in the atmosphere, including those associated with the quasibiennial oscillation (QBO), Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), and Eliassen‐Palm (EP) flux influences, as well as influences of solar cycle. A notable result of the analysis is that for latitude zones of 40° and above in both hemispheres, large positive and significant estimates of a change in trend (since 1996) are obtained (on the order of 1.5 to 3 DU per year). The dynamic index series, AO/AAO and EP flux, are found to have a substantial influence on total ozone for these higher latitudes, and significant influences of lesser magnitude are also found for lower latitudes. The feature of positive significant change in trend in total ozone over recent years, however, is obtained both without and with the dynamical index terms included in the statistical models.
Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002
Authors: de Gouw J. A. , Middlebrook A. M. , Warneke C. , Goldan P. D. , Kuster W. C. , Roberts J. M. , Fehsenfeld F. C. , Worsnop D. R. , Canagaratna M. R. , Pszenny A. A. P. , Keene W. C. , Marchewka M. , Bertman S. B. , Bates T. S.
Published: August 2005

An extensive set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate organic matter (POM) was measured in polluted air during the New England Air Quality Study in 2002. Using VOC ratios, the photochemical age of the sampled air masses was estimated. This approach was validated (1) by comparing the observed rates at which VOCs were removed from the atmosphere with the rates expected from OH oxidation, (2) by comparing the VOC emission ratios inferred from the data with the average composition of urban air, and (3) by the ability to describe the increase of an alkyl nitrate with time in terms of the chemical kinetics. A large part of the variability observed for oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and POM could be explained by a description that includes the removal of the primary anthropogenic emissions, the formation and removal of secondary anthropogenic species, and a biogenic contribution parameterized by the emissions of isoprene. The OVOC sources determined from the data are compared with the available literature, and a satisfactory agreement is obtained. The observed sub‐μm POM was highly correlated with secondary anthropogenic gas‐phase species, strongly suggesting that the POM was from secondary anthropogenic sources. The results are used to describe the speciation and total mass of gas‐ and particle‐phase organic carbon as a function of the photochemical age of an urban air mass. Shortly after emission the organic carbon mass is dominated by primary VOCs, while after two days the dominant contribution is from OVOCs and sub‐μm POM. The total measured organic carbon mass decreased by about 40% over the course of two days. The increase in sub‐μm POM could not be explained by the removal of aromatic precursors alone, suggesting that other species must have contributed and/or that the mechanism for POM formation is more efficient than previously assumed.
Ocean climate variability in the eastern North Atlantic during interglacial marine isotope stage 11: A partial analogue to the Holocene?
Authors: de Abreu Lúcia , Abrantes Fátima F. , Shackleton Nicholas J. , Tzedakis Polychronis C. , McManus Jerry F. , Oppo Delia W. , Hall Michael A.
Published: August 2005

Similar orbital geometry and greenhouse gas concentrations during marine isotope stage 11 (MIS 11) and the Holocene make stage 11 perhaps the best geological analogue period for the natural development of the present interglacial climate. Results of a detailed study of core MD01‐2443 from the Iberian margin suggest that sea surface conditions during stage 11 were not significantly different from those observed during the elapsed portion of the Holocene. Peak interglacial conditions during stage 11 lasted nearly 18 kyr, indicating a Holocene unperturbed by human activity might last an additional 6–7 kyr. A comparison of sea surface temperatures (SST) derived from planktonic foraminifera for all interglacial intervals of the last million years reveals that warm temperatures during peak interglacials MIS 1, 5e, and 11 were higher on the Iberian margin than during substage 7e and most of 9e. The SST results are supported by heavier δ18O values, particularly during 7e, indicating colder SSTs and a larger residual ice volume. Benthic δ13C results provide evidence of a strong influence of North Atlantic Deep Water at greater depths than present during MIS 11. The progressive ocean climate deterioration into the following glaciation is associated with an increase in local upwelling intensity, interspersed by periodic cold episodes due to ice‐rafting events occurring in the North Atlantic.
Inherited structural controls on normal fault architecture in the Gulf of Corinth (Greece)
Authors: Ghisetti Francesca , Vezzani Livio
Published: August 2005

In the Gulf of Corinth, E‐W active normal faults and Pleistocene sedimentary basins are segmented along strike by a NNW‐SSE culmination of the Hellenic thrust belt (Zarouchla culmination, ZC), which separates the Derveni‐Corinth basin to the east from the Aigion basin to the west. The eastern zone is characterized by active faults with larger dimensions, cumulative throw and extension, and thicker Plio‐Pleistocene clastic sequences. This distinct geometry is interpreted in terms of greater depths of penetration of the faults to the east, in agreement with earthquake depth distribution. Exhumation of deep imbricates, strong uplift, and NNW‐SSE trends are consistent with ZC being the expression of upper crustal doming, consequent on NNE to NE Miocene extensional stretching, superposed onto the thrust belt. This deformed substratum, strongly oblique to the Pleistocene normal faults, acts as a geometric and mechanical barrier controlling fault segmentation to depths of ∼10 km. The Corinth rift is still in its early phases of opening, and the architecture of a continental crust that is strongly heterogeneous vertically and laterally interferes with processes of growth and linkage of the evolving active normal faults plus their associated sedimentary basins.
Structures that accommodated differential vertical axis rotation of the western Transverse Ranges, California
Authors: Onderdonk Nathan W.
Published: August 2005

New paleomagnetic and structural data from the northwestern Transverse Ranges of California define the location, geometry, and kinematics of structures that facilitated differential vertical axis rotation. Paleomagnetic declinations in the southern Coast Ranges indicate negligible amounts of vertical axis rotation, which contrasts sharply with data from rocks of the same age in the western Transverse Ranges that record approximately 90° of clockwise rotation since early Miocene time. This change in paleomagnetic declinations occurs across an east‐west trending zone of reverse faults and folds that includes the western Big Pine–Pine Mountain fault, the Santa Ynez fault, and the structures in between. The structures in this zone exhibit increased amounts of shortening to the west such that the zone closed in a fan‐like fashion, resulting in rotation of the southern edge with respect to the northern edge. The new data and interpretations refine previous models of vertical axis rotation in southern California by describing the deformation present at rotation boundaries that allowed distinct areas to rotate relative to the surrounding crust.
Tectonic implications of the GPS velocity field in the northern Adriatic region
Authors: Grenerczy Gyula , Sella Giovanni , Stein Seth , Kenyeres Ambrus
Published: August 2005

Continuous and episodic GPS observations between 1991 and 2004 show that Adria moves independently of both stable Eurasia and Nubia. Adria moves NNE at 3–4.5 mm/yr increasing from N to S relative to Eurasia and may be fragmenting along the Gargano‐Dubrovnik seismic zone. The observed 2–3 mm/yr of N‐S Adria‐Eurasia convergence is taken up by contraction across a narrow (∼70 km) zone in the Eastern Alps and concomitant extrusion of the Alpine‐North Pannonian unit. The Adria‐Central Dinarides boundary is a broader collisional zone with intense 1–1.5 mm/yr shortening near shore and 2 mm/yr spread across the Dinarides. The remaining 1–2 mm/yr motion E of the Alps and NE of the Dinarides is absorbed by the inverted contracting Pannonian basin leaving no significant deformation above 0.5 mm/yr in the Western and Northern Carpathians, and European Platform.
Effect of chemistry on the stability and elasticity of the perovskite and post‐perovskite phases in the MgSiO3‐FeSiO3‐Al2O3 system and implications for the lowermost mantle
Authors: Caracas R. , Cohen R. E.
Published: August 2005

Using first‐principles calculations we predict the effects of composition on the perovskite to post‐perovskite phase transition. The transition is predicted at 107 GPa for pure MgSiO3. The addition of Al2O3 slightly increases this transition pressure, and the addition of Fe2+ considerably reduces it; the FeSiO3 end‐member term is stable in the post‐perovskite modification with respect to perovskite at all pressures. We also determine the static equations of state, densities, elasticity and seismic wave velocities. At the transition Vp increases slightly, and Vs increases significantly, consistent with the seismic observations for D″. The addition of both Fe2+ and Al2O3 decrease the seismic wave velocities.
Climate response associated with the Southern Annular Mode in the surroundings of Antarctic Peninsula: A multimodel ensemble analysis
Authors: Carril Andrea F. , Menéndez Claudio G. , Navarra Antonio
Published: August 2005

This paper is an attempt to extract an average picture of the response of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) to increasing greenhouse gases (GHG) forcing from a multimodel ensemble of simulations conducted in the framework of the IPCC 4th assessment experiments. Our analysis confirms that the climate change signal in the mid‐ to high southern latitudes projects strongly into the positive phase (PP) of the SAM. Over the present climate time slice (1970–1999), multimodel ensemble mean reproduce the regional warming around the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) associated with the SAM. When increasing GHG (future time slice, 2070–2099), warming in the neighborhoods of the AP and decreasing sea‐ice volume in the sea‐ice edge region in the Amundsen and Weddell Seas intensifies, suggesting that recent observed sea‐ice trends around AP could be associated to anthropogenic forcings. Changes in surface temperature and sea‐ice are consistent with anomalous atmospheric heat transport associated with circulation anomalies.
Quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients for field‐aligned electromagnetic waves with applications to the magnetosphere
Authors: Summers Danny
Published: August 2005

Much current research in magnetospheric physics is directed toward understanding the dramatic variations in relativistic (>1 MeV) electron fluxes that can take place in the Earth's outer zone during magnetic storms. The behavior of outer‐zone energetic electrons is partly controlled by the competing mechanisms of acceleration and loss that result from wave‐particle interactions, in particular electron gyroresonance with ELF, VLF, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Powerful techniques for treating gyroresonant wave‐particle interactions are provided by quasi‐linear diffusion theory. In this paper, we derive formulae for the quasi‐linear (momentum, mixed, and pitch‐angle) diffusion coefficients for cyclotron resonance with field‐aligned electromagnetic waves of any mode and general spectral density. The formulae are fully exact, expressed in closed analytical form, and easily computable. Our results can therefore be readily used to determine accurate diffusion rates for many forms of wave‐particle interaction in the magnetosphere and other space plasmas. We find that momentum diffusion rates for MeV electrons in gyroresonance with VLF chorus can be less than a day in the lower‐density regions outside the plasmasphere. The mechanism of stochastic acceleration by VLF chorus could therefore be instrumental in generating relativistic electrons during the recovery phase of a magnetic storm. Pitch‐angle diffusion rates of MeV electrons scattered by EMIC waves along the plasmapause can approach the limit of strong diffusion. EMIC wave scattering could hence contribute significantly to electron precipitation loss over the course of a storm. Codes designed to model electron dynamics in the radiation belts need to incorporate, in addition to radial (cross‐L) diffusion, resonant diffusion due to electron gyroresonance with ELF, VLF, and EMIC waves. In order to determine the quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients for such codes, observational data are required on the power spectral density, spatial distribution, and temporal variation of these wave modes. Currently, only limited wave data sets are available. In addition, problems of numerical instability associated with diffusion codes need to be solved. The development of fully comprehensive models of radiation belt electron dynamics remains a considerable scientific challenge.
New observations of volcanic features on Mars from the THEMIS instrument
Authors: Mouginis‐Mark Peter J. , Christensen Philip R.
Published: August 2005

Images obtained by the THEMIS instrument on Mars Odyssey permit the identification of many new volcanic features on Mars. Several new types of vent systems, including fissure vents within the Tharsis region, flank vents on Olympus Mons and Ascraeus Mons, and lava shields on the floor of Arsia Mons have been found. The valley networks on Hecates Tholus are seen to be more complex than previously believed. Extending from the caldera rim to the base of Hecates Tholus volcano, individual valleys change width and depth in apparent response to local topography. Valley formation spanned the time period during which lava flows from Elysium Mons embayed the southern flank of Hecates Tholus, as demonstrated by the burial of some valleys by the lava flows and the formation of sediment fans on top of adjacent parts of the flows. THEMIS images now allow new constraints to be placed on the dynamics of lava flow emplacement, with the identification of flows with well‐defined lava channels on the northern flank of Ascraeus Mons, as well as an enigmatic braided lava channel. Three previously unreported collapse events (3.7 to 4.3 km in diameter) are identified within the caldera of Ascraeus Mons. Details of the mode of formation of parts of the Olympus Mons aureole can also be identified, supporting the idea that the aureole had a landslide origin. THEMIS images show that parts of the aureole have been modified by water discharged to the east of Olympus Mons.