bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enemies of Freedom
Authors: Selisker Scott
Published: May 2017

The introduction uses the news story of John Walker Lindh, who was described as in 2002 “brainwashed” in news media, to give a historical and aesthetic background to automatism as a means of representing freedom and unfreedom. The author examines the aesthetics of automatism and its role as an American representational paradigm in times of war.
Uniquely American Symptoms
Authors: Selisker Scott
Published: May 2017

The first chapter explores how 1940s and 1950s ideas about totalitarianism and brainwashing established a way of talking about free American selves as opposed to unfree, totalitarian others in political science, propaganda, fiction, and films like The Manchurian Candidate (1962). The chapter analyses representations of totalitarianism, brainwashing, and the military. It explores these in discourse around the Korean War, communist China, and African American prisoners of war.
Fundamentalist Automatons
Authors: Selisker Scott
Published: May 2017

The fifth chapter describes the roles that automatism has played in Islamophobic discourses since 9/11. It particularly focuses on texts that try to describe fundamentalist consciousness, such as Homeland, Don DeLillo’s Falling Man, and BattlestarGalactica. All three texts draw out the commonality between citizens and terrorists, in opposition to portraying the latter as a brainwashed subject.
A Critical Historical Sociology of Disease
Authors: Reuter Shelley Z.
Published: May 2017

The introduction of Testing Fate situates the book in terms of the growing tendency within medicine to frame disease in “racial” terms, and the consequent need to explore genetic disease concepts historically and critically. It also provides an overview of the history of Tay-Sachs since its first diagnosis in 1881, including the development of community-based carrier screening in the 1970s. An overview of each chapter and the overall argument is also provided.
Governing Disease
Authors: Reuter Shelley Z.
Published: May 2017

The second chapter focuses on Jewish immigration to the UK during roughly the same period (1880-1914) and the interventions that were made into the immigrants’ behaviours so as to inculcate an ethos of self-care. This early instance of responsibilization set the stage for Jewish parents to seek out genetic counseling (such as it was) for Tay-Sachs in these early days.
“Plainer Than Words Can Describe”
Authors: Reuter Shelley Z.
Published: May 2017

The third chapter looks at the medical portraiture, microscopy, and pedigrees contained within doctors’ medical reports of the disease and how they worked to help constitute Tay-Sachs as a bona fide disease concept, while also framing — imagining — the immigrant Jew as the racialized and pathological Other.
The Right to Be Responsible
Authors: Reuter Shelley Z.
Published: May 2017

The fifth chapter provides an overview of the developments leading up to community-based carrier screening for Tay-Sachs, which began in 1971, and explores the problem of agency in a context of geneticized biocitizenship and responsibilization.
Un-American
Authors: Silva Kumarini
Published: May 2017

Following 9/11, one of the most contested and complicated terms was the concept of home, both as a constructed nation state and an excessively romanticized belonging converged under both governmental and social spheres. In the second chapter, this concept of belonging is focused on by how the state and its citizens produce and act on this notion of belonging. The popular and visual culture translation of this state- mandated “homeland” facilitated the recategorization of all of America— ostensibly united and strengthened— into two populations: those who belonged and those who did not.
Financial Imaginaries
Authors: Martin Reinhold
Published: May 2017

The second essay explores the interplay of abstraction and concreteness in financial systems, in urban slums, and in luxury real estate development. For more than a century, the social relations of the metropolis have been linked analytically to financial circulation, a connection that is clearly audible in the phrase “global city.”
Notes on the Housing Question
Authors: Martin Reinhold
Published: May 2017

The seventh essay examines a footnote from Friedrich Engels’ The Housing Question 2nd ed. (1888) that opens onto the infrastructures of racial apartheid in American cities.
Infrastructure and Mediapolitics
Authors: Martin Reinhold
Published: May 2017

The tenth and final essay of The Urban Apparatus examines the infrastructure-as-repetition, mediating the contested dynamics of utility and waste.
A Indústria Naval civil e militar na China e na Coreia do Sul: Análise histórica e tendências atuais (1960-2015)
Authors: Nunes Raul Cavedon
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo exploratório acerca da formação do complexo militar-industrial chinês e sul-coreano no que tange à indústria naval. Em particular, trata da relação entre o Estado e as empresas, mediada pelos mecanismos e os sujeitos que realizam a gestão administrativa, política e econômica do país. Trabalha-se com a hipótese de que China e Coreia do Sul criaram, cada um a seu modo, um sistema de retroalimentação entre a indústria naval civil e militar para formar cadeias produtivas e de valor com ramos industriais relacionados. Em ambos os casos, o Estado teve um papel central na alavancagem do complexo militar-industrial, principalmente em relação ao financiamento, à abertura de mercados, ao fornecimento de matérias-primas, construção de infraestrutura e na formação de parcerias internacionais. Na China, este sistema utilizou os diversos níveis administrativos do Estado (províncias e municípios), joint-ventures e conglomerados estatais (principalmente a China State Shipbuilding Corporation e a China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation). Na Coreia do Sul, os Chaebols como a Hyundai, a Daewoo e a Samsung administram uma série de empresas atuando desde a indústria de defesa até a de bens de consumo, particularmente ligadas a produtos eletrônicos.
A questão dos riscos e o acordo SPS
Authors: Gontijo Camila
Published: May 2017

O tema do risco que surge na sociologia e na teoria jurídica é analisado na sua aplicação no Acordo de Medidas Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias da OMC. A partir do Acordo SPS, e de sua análise sobre os artigos referentes ao tema risco, as disputas no Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC são analisadas sob o aspecto de sua constituição. A relação entre os Estados envolvidos gera a conclusão de que há o uso do risco como forma de protecionismo, ao se verificar a formação das disputas nessa arena que tem como principais atores os Estados Unidos e a Comunidade Europeia
De Roboré aos anos 2000: A Bolívia como Vértice de (In)Segurança Energética Brasileira?
Authors: Tasca Tiago
Published: May 2017

Este artigo tem como tema a segurança energética brasileira e sua relação com o gás natural importado da Bolívia. A construção do elo gasífero brasileiro-boliviano tem seu desenvolvimento desde os anos 1950, confluindo com a assinatura do Tratado de La Paz (1996) e com a edificação do Gasoduto Brasil-Bolívia. Essa trajetória não esteve isenta de desafios e dificuldades para a segurança energética brasileira, sobretudo após os anos 2000. Destarte, o objetivo central é apresentar a Bolívia como vetor de (in)segurança energética brasileira. Parte-se da seguinte pergunta: a Bolívia configura-se como ameaça à segurança energética brasileira depois de 2000? Para respondê-la, utiliza-se do estudo de caso do Gasbol e da estratégia metodológica da inferência descritiva. Conclui-se, a partir de um framework analítico de fonte de risco, escopo da medida de impacto e certeza da ameaça que a Bolívia pode configurar uma ameaça à segurança energética brasileira. Todavia, dois mecanismos devem ser levados em conta no cálculo das decisões energéticas brasileiras concernentes às negociações de renovação do Gasbol, em 2019: diversificação de suprimento e resiliência. 
Aspectos cognitivos e noções de justiça social da política externa brasileira: eixos conceituais
Authors: Silva Luiz Henrique Dias
Published: May 2017

O Brasil é um país de tradição pacifista cujo discurso apela ao Direito Internacional, à solução pacífica de controvérsias e ao multilateralismo. Assim, torna-se pertinente analisar os eixos conceituais de sua diplomacia e política externa comparados à realidade sistêmica.
Socialist Peddlers and Princes in a Chinese Market Town
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

The problems of economic liberalization in a market town in south China raise theoretical and empirical questions concerning the role of the state at the local level, both in the past and in the present. The failure of the party-state to disengage itself from society today is due to an administrative history to the unfolding of which the town residents have contributed their efforts. In an era of entrepreneurial vigor that is promoted officially, social life and economic choices continue to be guided by manipulations of and around bureaucratic power. State and local society have interpenetrated each other in ways that are overlooked by binary conceptual schemes that emphasize their mechanical opposition. What we have here is an example of “state involution,” of their inextricable interlocking.
Reconstituting Dowry and Brideprice in South China
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

In sum, factors leading to different payments of brideprice and dowry are complex. They involve intergenerational dependencies within the family as well as the fortunes of individual family members in relation to turbulent transformations of an entire century. Three crucial political turning points—the war interlude, the Maoist era, and the post-Mao reforms—have continued to create different life chances for the residents of the town and the sands and have triggered divergent strategies. In analyzing the terms of marital transfer in Nanxi zhen and the sands, I hope to provide a historically grounded and meaning-focused account of the ways transformations of political economy intertwine with cultural, symbolic resources that people use to make sense of their lives.
The Grounding of Cosmopolitans
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

A new generation of local strongmen rose from the regional fringes. Their power was not culturally recognized, but they were able to accumulate vast assets at the expense of the town-based lineages. They sidestepped traditional arenas of negotiation by linking themselves directly to new regional military figures in a volatile network of patronage and intimidation. A different language of power prevailed over the cultural nexus that had been cultivated by the gentry-merchants for centuries. As rural communities were drawn into the personal orbit of territorial bosses, the authoritative presence of the imperial order became increasingly remote in the daily lives of the villagers.Militarists in Guangdong and elsewhere did take on various literati trappings and activities, such as building their own ancestral halls, patronizing schools, running for county government offices, and financing community rituals. However, these ritual efforts to gain legitimacy were diluted by the rapidly deepening crisis in the larger political order.
Hong Kong
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

Physical symbols are not to be changed arbitrarily, but empires have related to subject populations with political notions quite different from and rather differently than those of modern nation-states. Sovereignty often means something different at the political center than in the margins, and the cultural kaleidoscope we call Hong Kong is a result of numerous historical landmarks on these notions. We are all too familiar with these events and how their political history is told today. Therefore, I would rather explore the social and cultural meanings of people’s lives on the ground; we may find interesting stories there that do not fit into any standard political categories.
Women of Influence
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

This essay focuses on the context that has allowed such engagement to take place in institutional, discursive, and personal terms. Although cramped in a small physical territory, residents in Hong Kong have drawn on the cultural resources, images, and institutions of two vast imperial empires. In the first century of its colonial history, Hong Kong was shaped by the global spread of a merchant culture that was dynamic, open, and unorthodox in practice but conservative in its Confucian pretensions and pursuits. The trading partners of Chinese merchants and their associated multicultural moralities added other layers of cultural resources. Historian Elizabeth Sinn argues that, for almost a hundred years, Hong Kong was a significant node—a space of flow between China, the Americas, and Southeast Asia. It thus provided an effective environment for sojourners and settlers, male and female, to deposit layers of value and institutional practice (Siu and Ku 2008, pp. 13–43).
Retuning a Provincialized Middle Class in Asia’s Urban Postmodern
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

How have city populations in Asia contributed to these transformations in recent decades? As illustrated in chapters in Worlding Cities (Roy and Ong 2011), they have experienced unprecedented volatility in life and work due to intense flows of capital, technology, migrant workers, cultural resources, and fundamental changes in political sovereignty. A rising, predominantly expatriate, middle class in Dubai banks on the city’s future, and that in Mumbai lives for the present, Bollywood style (pp. 160–81). However, a provincialized middle class in Hong Kong seems painfully aware of its having overdrawn past advantages. The emergence of China as a global power provides Hong Kong with opportunities but exacerbates its vulnerabilities. Circulation of its population is key for future survival or aggrandizement. But in the postwar decades, Hong Kong’s diverse migrant population has become grounded, homogenized, and inward looking. With limited political vision, institutional resources, and cultural flexibility, the city and its residents might not have the compass to navigate an intensely competitive China and a connected Asia that are quite beyond their imagination. What are the future “worlding” prospects for a city if its citizens lack the confidence to move forward?
Crisis and Opportunity
Authors: Peterson Glen
Published: May 2017

This chapter confirms the findings of previous scholarship concerning the complicated international politics that surrounded the Chinese refugee problem in Hong Kong. Hong Kong’s volatile political status-as a British colony on the doorstep of Maoist China-led Hong Kong’s British rulers to impose strict limits on the degree to which the US was allowed to exploit the propaganda value of the refugee crisis in Hong Kong. Given these constraints as well as ARCI’s limited success in achieving its other major goal-that of resettling large numbers of Chinese refugee intellectuals in places and occupations where they could play a politically useful role-one is left to ponder whether ARCI had any lasting significance beyond its impact on the lives of the individuals and families who were resettled overseas under its auspices, which was significant and often dramatic.
Choosing China
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

On 24 February 1954, twenty-one American GIs and a British marine crossed the border from North Korea into the PRC.
Whatever the individual differences in the men’s explanations, there was a common theme that to some extent accorded with the emotive accusations of brainwashing. After taking over the camps from the North Korean army, the Chinese pursued their so-called leniency policy which, instead of punishing soldiers as the enemy, was directed at convincing them of the superiority of communism and the evils of their own government. The United States and Britain admitted that their soldiers had not been trained for this type of POW experience.
There were also strong disincentives for returning to the United States—or even to Britain. To Western governments the men were collaborators, making them liable to prosecution.
Disenchantment
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

Overall, China had failed to live up to the former POWs’ hopes. The grand socialist narrative of international peace and equality for all seemed to have little relevance to their everyday lives. The daily grind, whether working on a farm or in a factory—or even the hard slog of learning Chinese—was not quite the adventure that some had anticipated. There was also the low standard of living and the realities of everyday life in a strictly controlled society, even without the sense of isolation from the outside world.
Licensed contacts and beyond
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

Despite the restrictions, there was a small amount of ongoing personal contact, at least before the Cultural Revolution. Almost without exception, these friendships were with people who, as diplomats expressed it, were ‘licensed for contact’ with foreigners. Usually from the academic or cultural world, they often had long-standing Western connections which were virtually impossible to maintain in the new political environment. In the political environment of the Mao era—and even for a while beyond—ongoing personal correspondence between a Chinese person and a Western diplomat was highly unusual.
‘Dateline—Peking’
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

The correspondents’ reports reflected not just the restrictions imposed on their access to information but official efforts to control what they wrote. Unlike the situation in the Soviet Union until 1961, this was not done through formal censorship but through admonitions, warnings, and the non-renewal of residence permits. Expulsion was the last resort. Without formal censorship, the onus was on individual correspondents to decide for themselves what self-censorship, if any, they should exercise in their reporting.
Breaking down the barriers?
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

‘Isolation and integration’ reflected the marginalization of students from Chinese society and their ongoing efforts to break down the barriers, not just for personal or political reasons but because of their raison d’être for being in the PRC. Underpinning the students’ marginalization was the preferential treatment, albeit in diluted form, that was officially prescribed for all foreigners—even when they tried to reject it.
Shanghai and Peking Blues: Fiction as Imagined History
Authors: Kam Tan See
Published: May 2017

Peking Opera Blues is a mixed-genre film built out of intertextual allusions to other film genres and texts. This enriches the film’s addressivity and is achieved particularly by functioning as a companion piece to Tsui’s 1984 film Shanghai Blues. Both films share narrative devices that mesh historicity and fictionality, creating narratives framed by history imagined into fiction and fiction imagined as history. This may be theorized as a jiegu fengjin mode of social and political criticism (using the past to comment on or lampoon the present). This jiegu fengjin mode of narration in the two Blues films, especially in the context of relating the films’ political relevance to 1980s Hong Kong, is that it yokes together, in metafictional ways, a spatio-temporal imaginary that sutures the past (turbulent times in China) to the present (political uncertainties in contemporary Hong Kong), while simultaneously seeking to engage the future (Hong Kong’s futurity as a special administrative region under Chinese sovereignty after 1997).
Postscript
Authors: Kam Tan See
Published: May 2017

Peking Opera Blues presents a jiegu fengjin metafiction to the 1980s Hong Kong of the film’s making and release. This is done by Tsui Hark evoking a past (Republican China), that draws on historical hindsights for allegorizing lessons of history with respect to colonial Hong Kong’s post-1997 future under the “one country, two systems” provision. While Peking Opera Blues does not have an explicit agenda for exerting pressure on the powers that be and for swaying public opinion in favor of democracy as an alternative to political China’s authoritarianism, it is nevertheless a commentary on the long, unsuccessful, march to Chinese democracy and its impact on contemporary society, most especially Hong Kong. Tsui Hark achieves this by particular forms of editing and mise en scène, and also by referencing Chinese cultural forms such as Peking opera, mandarin duck and butterfly fiction, the “three-women” films, and Canto-pop and Mandarin songs.
An Age of Mounting Disorder
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 contextualizes banditry and brotherhood activities in mid-Qing Guangdong with a discussion of geopolitical conditions, escalating ecological crises, and mounting large-scale social disorders in the province.
The Laboring Poor and Banditry
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

While the archival records reveal little about the psychology of criminals and criminality, they do shed important light on the identities and personal backgrounds of bandits. In Chapter 7 the author examines the social composition of members of bandit gangs and sworn brotherhoods: age, marital status, geographic mobility, and occupations. Significantly, and contrary to the usual interpretation of banditry in the scholarly literature, the evidence from Guangdong demonstrates that banditry was not merely an occupation of younger men but also of older, more mature adults, many of whom were married with families. Most convicted bandits and brotherhood members came from China’s laboring poor, those individuals who were highly mobile, lived on the fringe of respectable society, and earned only a subsistence living. The fact that such a large number of bandits and brotherhood members were mature working family men suggests that they turned to crime in times of desperation or as a necessary supplement to honest work. Unemployment and chronic underemployment, the author maintains, forced many among the working poor to commit crime; stealing became an important, though normally only occasional, part of their livelihoods and life cycles.
Networks of Accomplices
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

Like other types of criminal organizations, bandits also depended on “outside” help to survive. Chapter 9 explores criminal networks. Although Elizabeth Perry and others have argued that bandits were deeply embedded in the structures of local communities, the author contends that the situation was much more complicated and nuanced. Bandit connections to local communities often were through intermediaries or networks of accomplices that included kinsmen and strangers. Bandits and brotherhoods, indeed, were intrinsic components of the local social fabric; they relied on a vast covert network of spies, fences, yamen underlings, soldiers, commoners, and local gentry for support. Bandits also were part of a vast underground culture of violence and vice that rejected the dominant Confucian values upheld by officials and so-called respectable society.
Enforcing the Laws and Suppressing the Criminals
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 11 the author addresses questions regarding the judicial processes at the local level. First of all, I discuss how crimes came to the attention of officials and the sorts of procedures or formalities that were involved in reporting crimes to local officials. Next, once a crime came to the attention of officials, how did they investigate crimes? What rules governed these procedures? How were suspects apprehended? In this chapter the author argues that subcounty officials, yamen underlings, and the military played vital roles in apprehending bandits. Finally, the author addresses the government’s use of military campaigns, mostly in mountainous areas, to suppress persistent problems of banditry when normal law enforcement methods proved inadequate.
Afterword
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

My research has always focused on what is called history from the bottom up. I believe that in order to understand a society, and its history, we must look at it not only through the eyes and words of the men at the top but also from the perspective of the little guy, both men and women, at the lower end of the social ladder. This sort of history, however, is not easy to get at and involves tedious research using both conventional and unconventional sources as well as innovative methodologies and lots of imagination. I find my clues to the past not only in dusty archives but also in gritty fieldwork in rundown villages and in beach resorts that were areas once inhabited by bandits and pirates. My interests range from the history of crime and the culture of violence to popular religion and local folkways in late imperial south China....
The Prodigal Son
Authors: Davis Richard L.
Published: May 2017

Footing in two cultures proved a mixed blessing for Li Cunxu (885–926), the object of much envy in his day. Through paternal ties to the Shatuo-Turks of Inner Asia, he projected the martial panache reminiscent of his father, Li Keyong (856–908). Equally impressive was Cunxu’s comfort with the culture of his Chinese mother, Woman Cao, who drew upon a dedicated group of local mentors to prepare the youth for his destiny with history. Cunxu made frequent boast of his facility in the literary language and classical traditions of China. He also made much of his creativity as poet and musician, having composed by his own hand the marching songs for his armies. Conscious of his role as model for future Shatuo emperors, Cunxu needed to strike the right balance in negotiating his two identities. But sadly, fifteen years of almost ceaseless warfare in search of realizing other people’s dreams left little time for second thoughts about the cost of dynasty to own individuality. Would he force change upon the institution of monarchy or would the institution humble him? Tragically, so much constructive energy in his short yet historic reign were consumed by this epic contest of wills.
The Tang Renaissance
Authors: Davis Richard L.
Published: May 2017

Fifteen years surely seemed an eternity to Cunxu, on the eve of securing the elusive conquest of the Liang. The man derided a decade ago as, “the kid who fancies cockfights,” had turned the corner as underdog and put residual doubters to rest. A sign of his promising political acumen emerges in several appointments at the onset of 923.
Raging Tempest
Authors: Davis Richard L.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 is about the events that would shake Cunxu’s rule, as foreshadowed in the third chapter. Beside troubles in the family, such as the Consort Dowager’s passing, mounting distrust and dissatisfaction among those at court and those at the battlefield and insurrections in Weizhou, Beizhou and Bozhou. The chapter ends with Zhuangzong’s death in 926.
How We Know about Ancient Sha Po
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

This chapter charts the twists and turns of Sha Po’s ‘site biography’, or how over a period of eight decades our present understanding of its archaeological treasures gradually came to light. It is a story that reflects Hong Kong archaeology as a whole, in that there were the discoveries made by pre-war pioneers, significant contributions by the Hong Kong Archaeological Society and the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) and, most recently, a series of important finds made by archaeologists working in the commercial sector. During that story of discovery, fieldwork progressed from poorly recorded ‘antiquarian collecting’, through more formalised research digging, into the present era of AMO-licensed excavations working to agreed research designs.
On the Edge of Empire: Han–Yuan Sha Po
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 explores the contrasting evidence for activity spanning the Han, Six Dynasties–Tang, and Song–Yuan periods at Sha Po. The study of structural remains and artefactual evidence associated with Sha Po’s Six Dynasties–Tang kiln-based coastal industry is supported by the results of a programme of thermoluminescence dating of kiln remains. Collectively, the evidence suggests that Sha Po was a planned and imperially controlled kiln complex directed towards the production of salt, with lime as a process-related by-product. In a pattern typical across Hong Kong, the industry’s post-abandonment phase is associated with Northern Song and some Southern Song–Yuan ceramics.
A Time of Great Change: Sha Po during the Ming–Colonial Era
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

The final chronological discussion in Chapter 7 addresses the Ming and Qing dynasties, which at Sha Po could not be more different in that the former is virtually absent, whereas archaeological remains from the latter period are abundant and provide fascinating insights into the lives of local people. Moreover, those material remains can also be interpreted with reference to a particularly rich historical and anthropological resource resulting from documentary research and interviews with village elders between the 1950s and 1980s. Recent historical research is a rapidly expanding field in archaeology, but sadly neglected in Hong Kong, and this chapter attempts to highlight its potential for the creation of more humanistic narratives and detailed interpretations than are possible in earlier periods.
Women in the Public Sphere
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 analyses positive motifs related to hope and healing in the characterization of nurse and schoolteacher roles. This positive affect contrasts with the threatening representation of young women in the public sphere embodied by the ‘modern girl,’ or moga character. The second part of this chapter contextualizes this post-war character in relation to the pre-war moga, making a case for the post-war gangsters molls played by Mihara Yōko as a post-war equivalent. Case studies include One Wonderful Sunday (Subarashiki nichiyōbi, Kurosawa Akira, 1947), Drunken Angel (Yoidore tenshi, Kurosawa Akira, 1948), Twenty Four Eyes (Nijushi no hitomi, Kinoshita Keisuke, 1954), and the Line series (Ishii Teruo, 1958-1961).
Introduction
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

When a Confederate officer scribbled in his journal after the Second Battle of Cynthiana that Morgan’s men were “plundering & pillaging … the best rebel town of our native state,” he was expressing a widely held perception that, in the Bluegrass, Cynthiana was a “Rebel town.” This reputation was earned in the early years of the war after a series of implicating events: the county judge, county clerk, sheriff, and newspaper editor were arrested for being southern sympathizers; one of the very first Kentucky Rebel volunteer companies was from Harrison County, marching off to war as a Confederate flag was displayed on the courthouse flagpole; and the majority of Harrison County recruits joined the Confederate army. At this divisive time, a citizen admitted: “It is not safe for a man to talk about or in favor of the Union.” The state representatives from Harrison County were known to be prosouthern by their speeches during the neutrality period. Rep. Lucius Desha fled behind Confederate lines to avoid being arrested, only to be indicted for treason on returning to the state. Cincinnati newspapers and a US representative from Bourbon County pointed to the arrest of about sixty citizens to support their contention that Cynthiana was full of “lurking Rebels” and described the town as a “pestiferous Secession hole.” A militia officer, writing state officials in October 1861, referred to “Cynthiana, that infernal hole of rebellion.” And in correspondence with President Lincoln about shipping guns through Harrison County, the clerk of the Kentucky state court of appeals warned, “Cynthiana is a dark hole of traitors.” Even after the war ended, complaints surfaced that some candidates for office in Harrison County were former “stay-at-home rebels.”...
Neighbor against Neighbor
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the organization in Harrison County of State Guards and Home Guards, and the recruiting of Confederate and Union volunteers. Jo Desha recruited one of the first Kentucky Confederate companies. The activities of the Home Guards are detailed, including the role of Provost Marshal George W. Berry, in suppressing disloyalty. This chapter explains why a majority of citizens were Southern sympathizers through analysis of elections and army enlistments. The book examines the reaction in Harrison County to the Kentucky neutrality debate and the controversial “Lincoln guns” shipment through the county. Interwoven through the chapter is the notion of “Neighbor against neighbor,” that divided Harrison County citizens.
Guarding the Railroad
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the military defenses on the Bluegrass corridor of the Kentucky Central Railroad, which was important for military transportation and communications. State Guards, Home Guards, and Union volunteers encamped in the Cynthiana, Ky., area to guard the railroad, including Camp Bruce. The book describes in detail the establishment and activities of Camp Frazer, one of the first Union camps in Kentucky after neutrality ended. It was organized by Col. Van Derveer’s 35th Ohio Voluntary Infantry in September 1861. The reaction of citizens to these troops is explored in the chapter. The book documents other Union regiments who guarded the railroad, including Col. S. R. Mott’s 118th Ohio infantry, who built stockades for Union squads to protect railroad bridges. The chapter examines the interaction of Union troops occupying the county with local citizens, and the military arrest of secessionists caught sabotaging bridges.
Lurking Rebels
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Union attempts during the Civil War to suppress disloyalty with controversial new war measures, including the employment of loyalty oaths and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, which blocked detained citizens from access to the courts to obtain their freedom. Taking advantage of these laws, military officers, to silence dissent, were free to arrest and imprison citizens, therefore bypassing the court system. This chapter is a study of the application of these pacification laws in Harrison County, describing the arrests of over sixty citizens, the reasons for the arrests, and incarceration of the political prisoners in Camp Frazer, Camp Chase, and other locations. Cynthiana’s pro-Southern editor was arrested and his paper closed.
United States v. Lucius Desha
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

Federal courts indicted but later acquitted General Lucius B. Desha, a prominent Harrison County farmer and politician, for both treason and high misdemeanor; however, Union commanders incarcerated him as a civilian prisoner for three months in Camp Chase, a Northern prison, on unspecified charges. This chapter follows Desha’s pro-Confederate activities from the time he was a state representative participating in a State Rights convention and its committees. The book details an inquiry by a legislative committee on his alleged disloyal activities, a federal trial for treason, and his role as Harrison County’s “secessionist leader.” It was Desha’s prominent role that helped label Cynthiana as a Rebel town. The chapter quotes letters describing farm operations and camp life between Eliza Jean Desha and her husband, Lucius Desha, who was a political prisoner at Camp Chase, Ohio.
Provost Marshals, the Federal Draft, and African American Enrollment
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

The focus of the chapter is the Enrollment Act of 1863, which provided for drafts. Also described are the operations of the federal Sixth District Provost Marshal in Covington, under Capt. George W. Berry. Analysis is made of Harrison County’s Provost Marshal sub-district office’s duties: recruiting, enrolling, overseeing the county draft, and preventing disloyal citizens from interrupting the enrollment process. On April 18, 1864, War Department permitted for the first time the recruitment of blacks in Kentucky by the district provost marshals. This chapter discusses enrollment of African Americans in Harrison County, including the results of physical exams, successful recruiting of blacks, the units they joined, and the fierce opposition of owners and citizens. Statistics related to slavery, the various drafts, and enrollment of African Americans are included.
The Second Battle of Cynthiana
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins part one of a three-chapter description of the Second Battle of Cynthiana, which took place on June 11-12, 1864, as part of General John Hunt Morgan’s Last Kentucky Raid. Morgan attacked Col. Conrad Garis, 168th Ohio infantry, at dawn, June 11, 1864, from several directions, beginning with the covered bridge, forcing Union troops to retreat to the railroad depot where Capt. George W. Berry was mortally wounded. The Union soldiers then retreated to the Rankin House where Col. Garis was captured. Union troops firing from buildings along Pike Street fled after Morgan ordered some buildings to be set on fire. The fires spread, destroying about 37 buildings. By this time, Union soldiers surrendered along Pike Street and in the courthouse.
Introduction
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

When the United States joined the Great War—World War I—in April 1917, the Commonwealth of Kentucky remained both progressive and regressive. On the one hand, Progressives led by Governor Augustus Owsley Stanley and others had passed laws regulating child labor, workers’ compensation, and other socially beneficial measures. On the other hand, just ten years before war broke out in Europe, the state legislature had passed the Day Law, officially establishing segregation in schools. Kentucky state historian Jim Klotter has aptly termed this time in Kentucky’s history a “Portrait in Paradox.”...
The Kentucky Council of Defense
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

In April 1917 Governor Augustus O. Stanley issued an executive order establishing a state Council of National Defense to coordinate war-support activities in Kentucky. This council worked with the federal Council of National Defense, which suggested policies and activities. Headed first by Embry Swearingen and then Edward Hines, the state council was eventually sanctioned and funded by the legislature when it met in spring 1918. Subcommittees focused on topics such as agriculture, publicity, and public safety. The Kentucky Council of Defense (KCD) helped form county councils, which sponsored local war-support activities such as Liberty Loan drives and the Red Cross. The KCD held statewide conferences to discuss and coordinate war-support activities, such as county Patriotic Weeks. Much of the publicity effort resulted from the work of KCD member Henry Hardin Cherry, president of Western Kentucky State Normal School. After the war the KCD held a conference to discuss Kentucky’s problems and coordinated a project whereby each county compiled histories of its war efforts and soldier records.
Opposition to the War
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

While most Kentuckians supported the US entry into the war, some dissent arose. Most notably, influential Southern Baptist pastor H. Boyce Taylor from Murray objected strenuously to the war, prompting investigations by the Kentucky Council of Defense and the US Department of Justice’s Bureau of Investigation (BI). Taylor eventually backed down and avoided jail. Another notable case involved three German American men from northern Kentucky (most prominently Charles B. Schoberg) who allegedly made pro-German comments and were prosecuted by federal authorities for sedition and spent time in federal prison. The BI investigated and successfully prosecuted other cases throughout the state, including Holiness Church preachers who opposed war in general and alleged subversion by African Americans. Although a few cases of draft resistance occurred, the number of draft resisters in Kentucky was much lower than in many southern states.
Army Camps
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

Kentucky had four military camps during the war: Fort Thomas in northern Kentucky, Camp Stanley in Lexington, Camp Taylor in Louisville, and Camp Knox between Louisville and Elizabethtown. Camps Thomas and Stanley dealt primarily with the Kentucky National Guard, while Camps Taylor and Knox became facilities to train draftees. US entry into the war prompted the federal government to establish new cantonments to train millions of men for the military. A rivalry to get one of these camps developed between Louisville and Lexington, exacerbated by newspaper coverage in the Louisville Courier-Journal and Lexington Herald. Louisville received the new cantonment: Camp Zachary Taylor. The camp processed men primarily from Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, many of whom were formed into the Eighty-Fourth Division, known as the “Lincoln Division.” Other training consisted of a Field Artillery Central Officers Training School (FACOTS) and a school for chaplains. Segregated divisions comprised of African Americans were created and officered by white men. At times, the number of men in the camp reached nearly 60,000. Several organizations provided services, including the YMCA, Red Cross, Knights of Columbus, and Young Men’s Hebrew Association. Libraries and “Moonlight Schools” helped combat soldier illiteracy. Toward the end of the war, Camp Knox was developed to provide better artillery range facilities. The new camps vastly boosted the local economies.
Food and Fuel Administration
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

After the United States joined the war, President Woodrow Wilson named Herbert Hoover as head of the US Food Administration, which was intended to promote food conservation and increase production. Hoover appointed Louisvillian Fred Sackett as federal food administrator for Kentucky. Sackett worked with various individuals and county councils of defense to carry out programs such as “meatless” and “wheatless” days. Housewives were encouraged to use substitutes for scarce food items; children were encouraged to grow school gardens. Sackett handled cases of noncompliance with policies that included having violators donate to the Red Cross–an example of the “voluntary coercion” that occurred during the war.
The federal government also created a Fuel Administration, which was headed in Kentucky by Louisville businessman Wiley Bryan. Bryan encouraged people, businesses, and organizations to conserve fuel. He coordinated efforts to increase fuel production, primarily in the coal regions. He tried to ensure an equitable distribution of coal to homes during the shortage that occurred in the record-breaking cold winter of 1917-1918.
The Economy
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the impact of the Great War on Kentucky’s economy. It covers efforts to increase agricultural production, encouraged by state commissioner of agriculture Mat Cohen and state extension agent Fred Mutchler. Coal, oil, and hemp production increased. Under the direction of University of Kentucky president Frank McVey, the state office of the US Employment Service tried to ensure adequate labor supplies, especially for agriculture and the construction of Camp Knox. Other topics covered in this chapter include effects on the horse-racing industry and other sports entertainment. The chapter concludes with an examination of industrial labor relations during the war, as reflected by cases in Louisville brought before the National War Labor Board.
Religion
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role religious leaders played in persuading Kentuckians to support the war effort and in ministries at Camp Taylor during the war. For many religious leaders, the war was a righteous crusade against the German “Huns,” who embodied evil. Key religious figures included Louisville’s Southern Baptist Theological Seminary professor William J. McLaughlin and Patrick Henry Callahan. Most denominations, even those that normally opposed war, fell in line and supported the US war effort.
Higher Education
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapters examines the role of higher education officials in supporting the war and looks at how colleges and universities prepared students for wartime roles. Three Kentucky college presidents contributed significantly to these efforts: Edgar Young Mullins of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Henry Hardin Cherry of Western Kentucky State Normal School, and Frank McVey of the University of Kentucky (UK). The chapter also covers the extensive Student Army Training Corps and supplementary military training given at UK under the leadership of Captain Herbert N. Royden.
Caring for Creation
Authors: Witt Joseph D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines theocentric (or god-centered) perspectives against mountaintop removal, including evangelical Christian visions of Creation Care and Stewardship ethics. The Creation Care movement is most often associated with evangelical Christians in the United States. Supporters of this movement generally argue that over-exploitation of natural resources and increased pollution are violations of a biblical mandate for humanity to be good stewards of the natural world. From this perspective, mountaintop removal is problematic not only because of the harm it does to human communities, but also because it is seen as a violation of the mandate of stewardship. The chapter examines several individuals and organizations, including Christians for the Mountains, that offer this perspective in their work against mountaintop removal.
Conclusion
Authors: Witt Joseph D.
Published: May 2017

By 2016 much had changed in the anti–mountaintop removal movement from the intense actions of the summer of 2009. Sadly, prominent activists and leaders, such as Judy Bonds, Larry Gibson, and Sid Moye, passed away, leaving others to carry on their legacies as advocates for Appalachian environments and people. Local coal supporters continued to decry the “war on coal” that they perceived to be costing their jobs and livelihoods, and opponents continued to find new avenues by which to resist the practice. While the direct impacts of resistance to the coal industry during this time period remained unclear, the movement nonetheless presented alternatives to the global economic forces that perpetuated mountaintop removal. For some like Larry Gibson, a solution to these extractive industries entailed seeing the values in life, place, and labor that transcend utilitarian economic perspectives. As he said in a 2009 interview, “Try to understand, even in your lifetime you’re going to have to find what’s important to you, and money should not be able to buy everything.” In their work ...
A Respectable Religious Message
Authors: Canady Andrew McNeill
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a history of the YMCA in the South and examines Weatherford’s activities within the southern YMCA, particularly among college students from 1900 through 1920. In this period the YMCA was an important institution in towns and cities across the country and particularly among college students, as it was the key campus ministry organization. Weatherford sought to make an intellectually respectable argument for religion in this era of growing skepticism, and he also came to formally address the concerns of African Americans as a vital part of this mission. Weatherford authored some of the first texts in the South about the conditions of blacks and also supported the creation of YMCA study groups to consider these concerns. Race relations at this point for Weatherford remained primarily about making whites aware of these issues. He did not encourage this group to call for political changes.