bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug Interactions
Authors: Mick Rosemarie
Published: June 2005

Drug interaction is the alteration of drug disposition (i.e. pharmacokinetics) and/or drug effect (i.e. pharmacodynamics) of one drug due to the presence of a second drug. In pharmacokinetic interaction, one drug's elimination rate or enzyme‐mediated metabolism may be inhibited or induced by a second drug. During pharmacodynamic interaction, the net drug effect may be enhanced or diminished or a new side‐effect may appear that was not seen with either drug alone. To assess drug interaction, a randomized complete block design is employed in which all treatments (e.g. each single drug and the combination) are administered to each subject. The order of the treatments is randomly assigned. Disposition and/or effect measures are repeated after each treatment is administered. Using planned contrasts, the interaction is tested by comparing the treatment means for a single drug to that of the combination.
Pharmacoepidemiology, Adverse and Beneficial Effects
Authors: Guess H. A.
Published: June 2005

Pharmacoepidemiology has been defined as “the study of the distribution and determinants of drug‐related events in populations and the application of this study to efficacious drug treatment.” The termdrugis generally understood to include vaccines and the populations are understood to be human. Pharmacoepidemiology is an essential component of pharmaceuticaloutcomes researchand ofrisk management of pharmaceutical products. Many pharmacoepidemiologic studies are observational, and selection bias and confounding, includingconfounding by indication, are especially critical problems to be addressed in design, analysis, and interpretation. Information bias from misclassification of exposures, outcomes, and covariates is also of particular concern and may impair the ability to control confounding. Another problem is that the hazard function for drug‐related adverse and beneficial effects often varies with duration of therapy. The hazard function may be influenced not only by the biology but also by depletion of susceptibles.
Introduction to the Dynamic Regime of Measurement Systems
Authors: Sydenham Peter H.
Published: June 2005

Although a considerable amount of instrument subsystem blocks can be adequately characterized and appreciated in terms of their static or steady state behavior, it often is essential to appreciate how they respond under dynamically changing conditions. Measuring systems produce changing values as measurements are made. The measuring system itself can act to alter the value of the signals during such dynamic transients. Thus, the dynamic behavior of systems is most important lest the measurements made are in error. This article introduces the general situation. Linearly responding systems are emphasized, it being considered that this treatment will suit the bulk of response situations met in instrumentation practice.
Violent behavior in schizophrenic patients: relationship with clinical symptoms
Authors: Fresán Ana , Apiquian Rogelio , de la Fuente‐Sandoval Camilo , Löyzaga Cristina , García‐Anaya María , Meyenberg Naxhielli , Nicolini Humberto
Published: June 2005

Considerable evidence suggests that violent behavior observed in schizophrenic patients is motivated by psychotic symptomatology. The understanding of violence in schizophrenic patients requires consideration of psychiatric symptomatology. Objective: This study investigated the relationship between violent behavior and psychiatric symptomatology in schizophrenic patients. Method: One hundred and thirteen patients were recruited. Thirteen patients were excluded due to concomitant substance abuse six months prior to the assessment. Diagnoses were based on the SCID‐I. Psychotic symptom severity was assessed with the PANSS. Violent behaviors were assessed with the OAS. Results: Violent behaviors were associated with more severe psychotic symptomatology including hallucinations, delusions, excitement, poor impulse control, and thinking disturbances. Conclusions: Patients with exacerbation of psychotic symptomatology have an increased risk of violent behavior. It is necessary to determine which subtypes of hallucinations and delusions are implicated in the association of schizophrenia and violent behavior. Violent behavior in schizophrenic patients is a heterogeneous phenomenon best explained in the context of specific symptoms associated with violence and course of illness. The retrospective assessment of the variables raises methodological questions concerning the reliability of measurement of the impact of psychotic symptoms on violence. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–10, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why are there sex differences in risky driving? the relationship between sex and gender‐role on aggressive driving, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young turkish drivers
Authors: Özkan Türker , Lajunen Timo
Published: June 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate how sex (male and female) and gender‐role (masculinity and femininity) and their interaction were associated with risky driving behaviors, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young Turkish drivers. Three‐hundred and fifty‐four young drivers (221 males and 133 females) filled in a form including the short form of Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI), the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ), questions about a driver's accident history, and background information. The effects were tested on outcome variables by using hierarchical regression analysis. It was found that sex (being male) predicted only the ordinary violations. While masculinity score predicted positively the number of offences, and aggressive and ordinary (highway code) violations, femininity score predicted negatively the number of accidents and offences, aggressive and ordinary violations, and errors. The effect of interaction between masculinity and femininity was only found on the number of accidents and aggressive violations among young drivers. There was no significant interaction effect between sex and gender roles on criterion variables. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–12, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior
Authors: Krahé Barbara
Published: June 2005

Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior were explored in a study involving 256 female motorists. Sex role orientation, dispositional aggressiveness, age, and annual mileage were measured as independent variables, and aggressive driving behavior was included as the dependent variable. Stepwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that age was negatively related to driving aggression, whereas annual mileage had a positive relationship with driving aggression. Dispositional aggressiveness was a significant predictor of driving aggression. Of the two components of sex role orientation, only femininity was associated with driving aggression, with higher femininity scores predicting lower aggressive driving scores. Masculinity failed to predict aggressive driving, as did the interaction of masculinity and femininity. In combination, the predictors explained 29% of the variance in women's aggressive driving. The results are discussed with respect to the role of dispositional variables as predictors of driving aggression in women. Aggress. Behav. 00:1–10, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The touch dome in human skin is supplied by different types of nerve fibers
Authors: Reinisch Christina M. , Tschachler Erwin
Published: June 2005

Receptor end organs and free‐nerve endings in the skin are the peripheral sentinels of the sensorial nervous system encoding for touch, temperature, and pain. Using a novel approach to analyze the outermost nerves of the skin, we visualized for the first time the distinct microanatomical structure of the touch dome of human hairy skin. The dermal nerve fibers of this slowly adapting type 1 mechanoreceptor were embedded in dermal protrusions that could be readily discerned by Laminin‐5 staining. Concerning the nerves supplying the touch domes, we found, unexpectedly, that besides Aβ‐fibers, Aδ‐ and C‐fibers also were regularly present. The epidermis overlying the nerve convolutes showed a distinctive architecture of the rete ridges clearly demarcated from the surroundings and extending over 0.193 ± 0.138mm2 (mean ± standard deviation). Within this area, 756 ± 386 Merkel cells/mm2 (mean ± standard deviation) were present compared with less than 50/mm2 outside the touch dome, demonstrating for the first time a highly discontinuous distribution of these cells in nonglabrous skin. Our findings strongly suggest that the receptive qualities of human touch domes exceed mechanosensation, and that they may serve as multifunctional nerve end organs in human skin. Ann Neurol 2005;58:88–95
Depth of delayed cooling alters neuroprotection pattern after hypoxia‐ischemia
Authors: Iwata Osuke , Thornton John S. , Sellwood Mark W. , Iwata Sachiko , Sakata Yasuko , Noone Martina A. , O'Brien Frances E. , Bainbridge Alan , De Vita Enrico , Raivich Gennadij , Peebles Donald , Scaravilli Francesco , Cady Ernest B. , Ordidge Roger , Wyatt John S. , Robertson Nicola J.
Published: June 2005

Hypothermia after perinatal hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) is neuroprotective; the precise brain temperature that provides optimal protection is unknown. To assess the pattern of brain injury with 3 different rectal temperatures, we randomized 42 newborn piglets: (Group i) sham‐normothermia (38.5–39°C); (Group ii) sham‐33°C; (Group iii) HI‐normothermia; (Group iv) HI‐35°C; and (Group v) HI‐33°C. Groups iii through v were subjected to transient HI insult. Groups ii, iv, and v were cooled to their target rectal temperatures between 2 and 26 hours after resuscitation. Experiments were terminated at 48 hours. Compared with normothermia, hypothermia at 35°C led to 25 and 39% increases in neuronal viability in cortical gray matter (GM) and deep GM, respectively (both p < 0.05); hypothermia at 33°C resulted in a 55% increase in neuronal viability in cortical GM (p < 0.01) but no significant increase in neuronal viability in deep GM. Comparing hypothermia at 35 and 33°C, 35°C resulted in more viable neurons in deep GM, whereas 33°C resulted in more viable neurons in cortical GM (both p < 0.05). These results suggest that optimal neuroprotection by delayed hypothermia may occur at different temperatures in the cortical and deep GM. To obtain maximum benefit, you may need to design patient‐specific hypothermia protocols by combining systemic and selective cooling. Ann Neurol 2005;58:75–87
A 10‐item smell identification scale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tabert Matthias H. , Liu Xinhua , Doty Richard L. , Serby Michael , Zamora Diana , Pelton Gregory H. , Marder Karen , Albers Mark W. , Stern Yaakov , Devanand D. P.
Published: June 2005

University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test data from control subjects (n = 63), patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 147), and patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 100) were analyzed to derive an optimal subset of items related to risk for Alzheimer's disease (ie, healthy through mild cognitive impairment to early and moderate disease stages). The derived 10‐item scale performed comparably with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in classifying subjects, and it strongly predicted conversion to Alzheimer's disease on follow‐up evaluation in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Independent replication is needed to validate these findings. Ann Neurol 2005;58:155–160
Differences in colorectal carcinoma stage and survival by race and ethnicity
Authors: Chien Chloe , Morimoto Libby M. , Tom Jamie , Li Christopher I.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

In the United States, blacks with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) presented with more advanced‐stage disease and had higher mortality rates compared with non‐Hispanic whites. Data regarding other races/ethnicities were limited, especially for Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic white subgroups.

METHODS

Using data from 11 population‐based cancer registries that participate in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, the authors evaluated the relation among 18 different races/ethnicities and disease stage and mortality rates among 154,103 subjects diagnosed with CRC from 1988 to 2000.

RESULTS

Compared with non‐Hispanic whites, blacks, American Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Hawaiians, Mexicans, South/Central Americans, and Puerto Ricans were 10–60% more likely to be diagnosed with Stage III or IV CRC. Alternatively, Japanese had a 20% lower risk of advanced‐stage CRC. With respect to mortality rates, blacks, American Indians, Hawaiians, and Mexicans had a 20–30% greater risk of mortality, whereas Chinese, Japanese, and Indians/Pakistanis had a 10–40 % lower risk.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors observed numerous racial/ethnic disparities in the risks of advanced‐stage cancer and mortality among patients with CRC, and there was considerable variation in these risks across Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic white subgroups. Although the etiology of these disparities was multifactorial, developing screening and treatment programs that target racial/ethnic populations with elevated risks of poor CRC outcomes may be an important means of reducing these disparities. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Isolation, cloning, and expression of three prepro‐GnRH mRNAs in Atlantic croaker brain and pituitary
Authors: Mohamed J. Shaik , Thomas Peter , Khan Izhar A.
Published: June 2005

Three prepro‐gonadotropin‐releasing hormones, seabream GnRH (sbGnRH), chicken GnRH‐II (cGnRH‐II), and salmon GnRH (sGnRH) were isolated by cDNA cloning from the brain of the Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus. The amino acid sequences of croaker GnRH precursors show greatest similarities to those of the gilthead and red sea breams and European sea bass. In situ hybridization of croaker brain sections revealed more abundant sbGnRH mRNA expression in the preoptic area (POA) than in other brain regions. sbGnRH mRNA expression was also observed in the olfactory bulb (OB; but not in the terminal nerve ganglion cells [TNgc]), ventral telencephalon (vTEL), and anterior hypothalamus. In addition, specific sbGnRH mRNA signals were detected in the pituitary. cGnRH‐II mRNA expression was limited to the midbrain tegmentum. Neuronal elements expressing sGnRH mRNA were detected in the OB including the TNgc, vTEL, and POA, indicating an overlap of the sbGnRH and sGnRH systems in certain ventral forebrain areas. The results of quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction of the three GnRH mRNAs in different brain areas and the pituitary are consistent with their localization by in situ hybridization. Interestingly, a few sbGnRH mRNA‐expressing neuronal elements were observed arranged in a row in the anteroventral hypothalamus projecting toward the pituitary. The results provide a morphological basis for a putative role of sbGnRH as the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone. Moreover, localization of sbGnRH mRNA in a teleost pituitary points to sbGnRH synthesis, and its potential role as a local regulator, within the pituitary, similar to the role of GnRH‐I in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:384–395, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mononuclear phagocytes migrate into the murine cochlea after acoustic trauma
Authors: Hirose Keiko , Discolo Christopher M. , Keasler Jodi R. , Ransohoff Richard
Published: June 2005

Acoustic injury results in destruction of hair cells and numerous nonsensory cells of the cochlea. How these injured structures undergo repair is not well understood. This study was designed to examine the cochlea for the presence of mononuclear phagocytes after tissue injury caused by noise damage. We used octave band noise (8–16 kHz) at three levels (106, 112, and 120 dB) for 2 hours and studied the mice at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after noise exposure to determine how noise affected hearing thresholds, hair cell number, and tissue injury in the cochlea. Furthermore, we assessed the cochlea for presence of inflammation by performing immunohistochemistry for CD45, common leukocyte antigen. We counted the number of CD45+ cells that were present in the cochlea at the above‐mentioned time points after noise. CD45 is present on all bone marrow‐derived white blood cells and is not otherwise expressed in the inner ear. We found that, after noise exposure, there is a large increase in CD45+ cells. These marrow‐derived cells are concentrated in the spiral ligament and spiral limbus, areas that are known to be susceptible to acoustic injury. It is possible that this inflammatory response plays a role in propagating cellular damage in these areas. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that these cochlear cells are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage and serve a phagocytic function in the inner ear. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:180–194, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the density and distribution of sympathetic nerves in spleens from Lewis rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis suggest that an injury and sprouting response occurs
Authors: Lorton Dianne , Lubahn Cheri , Lindquist Carl A. , Schaller Jill , Washington Cathy , Bellinger Denise L.
Published: June 2005

Previously we demonstrated reduced norepinephrine concentrations in spleens from Lewis rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AA), an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. This study extends these findings, examining the anatomical localization and density of sympathetic nerves in the spleen with disease development. Noradrenergic (NA) innervation in spleens of Lewis rats was examined 28 days following adjuvant treatment to induce arthritis or vehicle for the adjuvant by using fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamines, with morphometric analysis and immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase. In AA rats, sympathetic nerve density in the hilar regions, where NA nerves enter the spleen, was increased twofold over that observed in vehicle‐treated rats. In contrast, there was a striking twofold decline in the density of NA nerves in splenic regions distal to the hilus in arthritic rats compared with nonarthritic rats. In both treatment groups, NA nerves distributed to central arterioles, white pulp regions, trabeculae, and capsule. However, NA nerve density was reduced in the white pulp but was increased in the red pulp in AA rats compared with non‐AA rats. These findings indicate an injury/sprouting response with disease development whereby NA nerves die back in distal regions and undergo a compensatory sprouting response in the hilus. The redistribution of NA nerves from white pulp to red pulp suggests that these nerves signal activated immune cells localized in the red pulp in AA. Although the mechanisms of this redistribution of NA nerves into the red pulp are not known, it may be due to migration from white pulp to red pulp of target immune cells that provide trophic support for these nerves. The redistribution of NA nerves into the red pulp may be critical in modulating immune functions that contribute to the chronic inflammatory stages of arthritis. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:260–273, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical models for monitoring and regulating ground‐level ozone
Authors: Gilleland Eric , Nychka Douglas
Published: June 2005

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ground‐level ozone is now based on the fourth‐highest daily maximum 8‐h average ozone level (FHDA). Standard geostatistical models may not be appropriate for interpolating such a statistic from a network of monitoring sites. In this article we compare the performance of different statistical models in predicting this standard at locations where monitors are not located. We give special attention to two models: a daily model that uses an autoregression to account for spatial and temporal dependence, and a seasonal model that assumes the FHDA field is Gaussian and employs spatial statistical techniques. Based on five seasons of ozone data collected in and around North Carolina, we find that the daily model is superior enough to the seasonal model to warrant its added complexity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for summer ozone exposure and cardio‐respiratory mortality
Authors: Huang Yi , Dominici Francesca , Bell Michelle L.
Published: June 2005

In this article we develop Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for estimating associations between daily variations in summer ozone levels and daily variations in cardiovascular and respiratory (CVDRESP) mortality counts for 19 large U.S. cities included in the National Morbidity, Mortality and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) for the summers of 1987–1994.

In the first stage, we define a semi‐parametric distributed lag Poisson regression model to estimate city‐specific relative rates of CVDRESP mortality associated with short‐term exposure to summer ozone. In the second stage, we specify a class of distributions for the true city‐specific relative rates to estimate an overall effect by taking into account the variability within and across cities. We perform the calculations with respect to several random effects distributions (normal, t‐student, and mixture of normal), thus relaxing the common assumption of a two‐stage normal–normal hierarchical model. We assess the sensitivity of the results to: (i) lag structure for ozone exposure; (ii) degree of adjustment for long‐term trends; (iii) inclusion of other pollutants in the model; (iv) heat waves; (v) random effects distributions; and (vi) prior hyperparameters.

On average across cities, we found that a 10ppb increase in summer ozone level over the previous week is associated with a 1.25 per cent increase in CVDRESP mortality (95 per cent posterior regions: 0.47, 2.03). The relative rate estimates are also positive and statistically significant at lags 0, 1 and 2. We found that associations between summer ozone and CVDRESP mortality are sensitive to the confounding adjustment for PM10, but are robust to: (i) the adjustment for long‐term trends, other gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2 and CO); (ii) the distributional assumptions at the second stage of the hierarchical model; and (iii) the prior distributions on all unknown parameters.

Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models and their application to the NMMAPS data allow us to estimate of an acute health effect associated with exposure to ambient air pollution in the last few days on average across several locations. The application of these methods and the systematic assessment of the sensitivity of findings to model assumptions provide important epidemiological evidence for future air quality regulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanomechanical properties of self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) as a function of processing temperature
Authors: Wright‐Charlesworth Debra D. , Peers William J. , Miskioglu Ibrahim , Loo Laura L.
Published: June 2005

Understanding the wear characteristics of bone cement and its alternatives is critical to improving the quality and longevity of hip replacements. A novel composite material, self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate), has been previously developed for potential use as a pre‐coat material for hip implants. The goal of this work was to examine the properties of self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) as a function of processing temperature. Nanoindentation tests were performed to measure hardness and modulus of self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) at the nanoscale. Nanoscratch tests were performed parallel, orthogonal, and longitudinal to composite fibers to measure residual scratch depths. Significant differences were found in the hardness, modulus, and residual scratch depth as a function of processing temperature when compared to poly(methyl methacrylate). As processing temperature is increased, hardness decreased and residual scratch depths increased. Data also showed that fiber orientation plays a critical role in scratch resistance. Scratching orthogonal to fiber orientation produced the least residual scratch depth ranging from 524 nm at 105°C to 838 nm at 150°C, compared to a residual scratch depth for poly(methyl methacrylate) of 842 nm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Improving delivery of hydrophobic drugs from hydrogels through cyclodextrins
Authors: Kanjickal Deenu , Lopina Stephanie , Evancho‐Chapman M. Michelle , Schmidt Steven , Donovan Duane
Published: June 2005

A simple and effective technique of improving delivery of hydrophobic drugs from swellable systems is presented. Conventional methods of drug loading in hydrogel systems are limited by the characteristics of the pharmacological agent. The approach we present uses complexants to modulate drug release. Crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were synthesized, characterized, and used for vascular applications. The release of cyclosporine (CyA) from PEG hydrogels is significantly altered by the sterilization techniques. It was hypothesized that the release of CyA from PEG hydrogels can be modulated by using complexants. A cyclodextrin–CyA complex solution was prepared and used for drug loading. The sterilized PEG hydrogels that were loaded using the cyclodextrin–CyA complex solution had favorable release characteristics compared with the release from PEG hydrogels that were loaded using the conventional technique. Hence, drug release from swellable systems can be tailored by the application of this strategy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Structural and mechanical characteristics of silk fibroin and chitosan blend scaffolds for tissue regeneration
Authors: Gobin Andrea S. , Froude Victoria E. , Mathur Anshu B.
Published: June 2005

The expanding field of tissue engineering has required the necessity of developing biomaterials that are tissue compatible, biodegradable, and comparable in mechanical properties to that of native tissue. We propose that the blending of two natural polymers, silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS), into a 3D scaffold will provide unique chemical, structural, and mechanical properties that can be utilized for in vivo tissue regeneration. SF is an attractive material for biomedical applications because it is a fibrous protein that has high permeability to oxygen and water, relatively low thrombogenicity, low inflammatory response, protease susceptibility, supports cell adhesion and growth, and, foremost, high tensile strength with flexibility. CS is a crystalline polysaccharide, with structure similar to glycosaminoglycans, that has good wound healing properties, is nontoxic, and has minimal foreign body reactions. We hypothesized that increasing the SF‐to‐CS ratio would increase the ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus and decrease the water capacity of the SFCS scaffolds. With increasing content of silk fibroin, it is observed that the ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus increase significantly. The ultimate tensile strength and the elastic modulus were significantly higher in the short axis direction for 25:75 and 50:50 SFCS blends as compared to the long axis (p < 0.05), while they were similar for the 75:25 SFCS blend. However, no differences were observed in the strain at failure among blends or due to directionality of applied strain. Increasing the chitosan content resulted in an increased water capacity of SFCS blends. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Bone formation in calvarial defects of Sprague‐Dawley rats by transplantation of calcium phosphate glass
Authors: Moon Hyun‐Ju , Kim Kyoung‐Nam , Kim Kwang‐Mahn , Choi Seong‐Ho , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Kim Kee‐Deog , LeGeros Racquel Z. , Lee Yong‐Keun
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bone‐regenerative effect of calcium phosphate glass in vivo. We prepared amorphous calcium phosphate glass powder having a mean particle size of 400 μm in the system CaO‐CaF2‐P2O5‐MgO‐ZnO. Calvarial critical‐sized defects (8 mm) were created in 60 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. The animals were divided into an experimental group and control group of 30 animals each. Each defect was filled with a constant weight of 0.5 g calcium phosphate glass powder mixed with saline. As a control, the defect was left empty. The rats were sacrificed 2, 4, or 8 weeks postsurgery, and the results evaluated using radiodensitometric and histological studies; they were also examined histomorphometrically. When the calcium phosphate glass powders with 400‐μm particles were grafted, the defects were nearly completely filled with new‐formed bone in a clean healing condition after 8 weeks. It was observed that the prepared calcium phosphate glass enhanced new bone formation in the calvarial defect of Sprague‐Dawley rats and could be expected to have potential for use as a hard tissue regeneration material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Mechanism of the formation of a dehydrated ion by an unusual loss of oxygen at the 4′‐carbonyl group of abscisic acid methyl ester in electron ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Inomata Masahiro , Hirai Nobuhiro , Takeda Naohito , Ohigashi Hajime
Published: June 2005

Methyl ester of abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone, gives a dehydrated ion at m/z 260 in electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI–MS). This dehydrated ion had been considered to be derived only from the elimination of the tertiary hydroxyl group at C‐1′. We found that 34% of the dehydrated ion was formed by elimination of the oxygen atom at the 4′‐carbonyl group, and the remaining 66% by elimination of the 1′‐hydroxyl group. This unusual elimination of the carbonyl oxygen was shown with [4′‐18O]ABA methyl ester. Involvement of the 4′‐carbonyl oxygen in dehydration was observed in methyl ester of phaseic acid (PA), a natural metabolite of ABA, but not in 1′‐deoxy‐ABA methyl ester or isophorone. This suggested that the 1′‐hydroxyl group was necessary for the elimination of the 4′‐carbonyl oxygen. ABA methyl esters labeled with stable isotopes showed that hydrogen atoms at the 1′‐hydroxyl group and at C‐4 or ‐5 or ‐3′ or ‐ 5′ or ‐7′ were eliminated with the 4′‐carbonyl oxygen. These results allow us to propose a formation mechanism of the dehydrated ion derived from the elimination of 4′‐carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen atoms at C‐4 and 1′‐oxygen in ABA methyl ester as follows: first, ionization at the 1′‐hydroxyl group occurs to give an ion radical, and the proton at the 1′‐oxygen migrates to the 4′‐carbonyl oxygen after the bond fission between C‐1′–C‐6′; second, migration of the proton at C‐4 to the 1′‐oxygen is followed by migration of the protons at C‐5 and C‐7′ to C‐4 and C‐5, respectively; finally, the proton at the 1′‐oxygen migrates to the 4′‐hydroxyl group, and H2O at C‐4′ is eliminated to give the dehydrated ion. Our findings point out that a dehydrated ion is not always derived from the elimination of a hydroxyl group. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen‐shift isomerism: mass spectrometry of isomeric benzenesulfonate and 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐dehydrobenzenesulfonic acid anions in the gas phase
Authors: Ben‐Ari Julius , Etinger Alex , Weisz Adrian , Mandelbaum Asher
Published: June 2005

The isomeric 3‐ and 4‐dehydrobenzenesulfonic acid anions b and c were prepared by collision induced dissociation (CID) of the [M − H]− ions of isomeric sulfobenzoic acids obtained by negative electrospray ionization (ESI). The CID spectra (MS3) of anions b and c are different from each other, and both are different from that of the isomeric benzenesulfonate anion a, obtained from benzenesulfonic acid. The stability of ions b and c shows that 1,2‐proton transfer does not take place in this system under the conditions of the CID experiment. Density functional (DFT) calculations at B3LYP/6‐31+G(2d,p) level of theory show that benzenesulfonate anion a is the most stable isomer, and the energies of isomers b and c are higher by more than 65 kcal mol−1. The calculated energies of the transition states involved in the 1,2‐hydrogen migration leading to the interconversion of the isomeric anions are very high (>120 kcal mol−1relative to ion a, barrier energies >55 kcal mol−1), much higher than those of transition structures leading to fragmentation. This situation does not allow isomerization of ions b and c to a, under the conditions of the CID experiments. The isomeric 2‐dehydrobenzenesulfonic acid anion isomerizes to the benzenesulfonate anion a by a facile proton transfer from the SO3H group to the adjacent position 2. The results of this work indicate that the gas phase deprotonation of meta‐ and para‐sulfobenzoic acids is a kinetically controlled process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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13C NMR study of peach oil
Authors: da Silva Emerson O , Bathista André LBS , Tavares Maria Inês B , Filho Nicolau Priante , Nogueira José de S
Published: June 2005

The detailed analysis of peach seed oil was performed using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. From the 13C NMR solution spectra it was possible to detect the content of saturated, mostly palmitic fatty acids (∼100 g kg−1), the oleic–linoleic ratio in sn‐1,3 and sn‐2 positions was (2:1 and 1:2) and the positional distribution of glycerol esters on triacylglycerol chains, which is a mixture of OPO and OOP. With these characteristics this oil can be used in food applications. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel Photoactive Polymeric Multilayer Films Formed via Electrostatic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Zapotoczny Szczepan , Golonka Monika , Nowakowska Maria
Published: June 2005

Summary: We demonstrate a novel approach for constructing photoactive multilayer films in which the aggregation of fluorescing molecules is effectively eliminated. In the films formed via a layer‐by‐layer electrostatic self‐assembly technique, the core‐shell amphiphilic copolymer, poly[(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate)‐block‐vinylnaphthalene], was deposited. The isolated cores served as nanosized host sites for photoactive guest molecules (pyrene, perylene). The efficient energy transfer between polymeric chromophores and perylene molecules was observed.

AFM image of a nanostructured polymeric film prepared via a layer‐by‐layer technique and containing photoactive block copolymer poly[(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate)‐block‐vinylnaphthalene]. Below is the representative height profile taken along the drawn line.

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AFM image of a nanostructured polymeric film prepared via a layer‐by‐layer technique and containing photoactive block copolymer poly[(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate)‐block‐vinylnaphthalene]. Below is the representative height profile taken along the drawn line.
Photomechanical Switching Behavior of Semi‐Interpenetrating Polymer Network Consisting of Azobenzene‐Carrying Crosslinked Poly(vinyl ether) and Polycarbonate
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Kyoung , Wang Xiao‐Shui , Fujita Yukihiro , Sudo Atsushi , Nishida Haruo , Fujii Masayuki , Endo Takeshi
Published: June 2005

Summary: A novel semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) with photomechanical switching ability was developed by a cationic copolymerization of azobenzene‐containing vinyl ethers in a matrix of a linear polycarbonate (PC). The semi‐IPN film showed reversible deformation upon switching the UV irradiation on and off and responded with unprecedented rapidity. The photomechanical effect is attributed to a reversible change between the highly aggregated and dissociated states of the azobenzene groups.

The reversible UV response of the length of the semi‐IPN film at 25 °C.

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The reversible UV response of the length of the semi‐IPN film at 25 °C.
Comparison of high‐resolution echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging with conventional MR imaging of prostate tumors in mice
Authors: Du Weiliang , Fan Xiaobing , Foxley Sean , Zamora Marta , River Jonathan N. , Culp Rita M. , Karczmar Gregory S.
Published: June 2005

High spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MRI of rodent tumors has previously been performed using conventional spectroscopic imaging to obtain images with improved contrast and anatomic detail. The work described here evaluates the use of much faster echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) to acquire HiSS data from rodent tumor models of prostate cancer. A high‐resolution EPSI pulse sequence was implemented on a 4.7 T Bruker scanner. Three‐dimensional EPSI data were Fourier‐transformed along the k‐space and temporal (free‐induction decay) axes to produce detailed water and fat spectra associated with each small image voxel. The data were used to generate images of spectral parameters, e.g. peak‐height images for each small voxel. Two variants of EPSI were performed; gradient‐echo or spin‐echo excitation with EPSI readout. These imaging methods were tested in commonly used rodent prostate cancers, including seven mice implanted with non‐metastatic AT2.1 (n = 3) and metastatic AT3.1 (n = 4) prostate tumors on the hind leg, and 10 mice implanted with LNCaP prostate cancers in situ. The peak‐height images derived from EPSI datasets provide more detailed tumor anatomy, improved signal‐to‐noise and contrast‐to‐noise ratios compared with the gradient‐echo or spin‐echo images at all echo times. The results suggest that HiSS MRI data from small animal models of prostate cancer can be acquired using EPSI, and that this approach improves imaging of heterogeneous tissue and vascular environments inside the tumors compared with conventional MR techniques. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dislocation of the hip: Discussion of eleven cases from mediaeval France
Authors: Blondiaux Joël , Millot Frédéric
Published: June 2005

From a sample of approximately 700 individuals, dating from the fourth to the thirteenth centuries, we selected seven cases of permanent hip dislocation and four hip subluxations. A description of each case is followed by a possible diagnosis and a short review of the palaeopathological literature. Finally, we try and correlate macroscopic features, their evolution and association with the main possible aetiologies: congenital, traumatic, tuberculous and paralytic.
Evidence of disease and trauma in the fossil man from Atapuerca‐Ibeas (Burgos, Spain)
Authors: Pérez Pilar‐Julia
Published: June 2005

This paper presents evidence, in hominids from Atapuerca‐lbeas identified up to now as being from the Middle Pleistocene, of disease, trauma and other processes that can be investigated in palaeopathology. The objective is to contribute, from this scientific area, and in a more significant form, to the studies about the palaeoecology and palaeobiology in general of these populations. The numerous findings discovered recently and new fieldwork give promising perspectives.
The identification of chronic ear disease in the dried skull
Authors: Mann George E.
Published: June 2005

Ear disease, and in particular chronic ear infection, has received scant attention in the palaeopathological literature. This paper describes the chronic infection known as cholesteatoma and how it may be identified in the archaeological specimen. A survey is made of the incidence of the condition in a series of pre‐dynastic Egyptian skulls.
Microscopical findings associated with the diagnosis of osteoporosis in palaeopathology
Authors: Roberts Charlotte , Wakely Jennifer
Published: June 2005

This paper presents some preliminary results on microscopical identification of microfractures in human skeletal remains which may be associated with osteoporosis. A technique is described for the examination of cancellous bone and applied to a number of vertebrae and one radius. All the material used is Romano‐British or English medieval. However, microscopical screening for osteoporosis could form a useful part of comparative studies on historically or geographically different populations. The archaeological significance of osteoporosis in terms of skeletal ageing and nutritional status is discussed.
The diagnosis of pituitary disease from human skeletal remains
Authors: Hawkins Desmond
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the radiological criteria once widely used when investigating pituitary disease in the living can be applied to early man. The material examined forms part of the assemblage of skulls in the Duckworth Collection in Cambridge.

It proved possible to measure the sella turcica from the radiographs of 88 of 155 predynastic adult Egyptian skulls with an intact base. These were compared with the measurements from 41 of 76 adult Burmese skulls of more recent origin and those of a randomly selected sample of living Caucasian adults. There was a wide range of sellar volumes in all three groups. The results were subjected to statistical analysis.

Opportunities to apply the results of this study have been limited to the assessment of sellar erosion in a predynastic Badarian, review of the diagnosis of acromegaly in a, presumed, early Egyptian and the investigation of a hydrocephalic skull. The radiological examination of human skeletal remains thought to show evidence of pituitary disease or hydrocephalus can make palaeopathological diagnoses more secure.
Impression and replica methods for studying hypoplasia and perikymata on human tooth crown surfaces from archaeological sites
Authors: Hillson Simon W.
Published: June 2005

Perikymata and enamel hypoplasia can be studied most easily by light and scanning electron microscopy of replicas rather than of the original tooth crown surface. Delicate archaeological specimens require special handling. Selection of specimens and cleaning technique are some of the most important factors in producing good replicas, and this paper outlines procedures that have been developed over some years. Several widely available materials produce similarly detailed initial impressions of the crown surface, but an addition‐type silicone dental impression material is recommended here because of its superior stability. The replica itself is cast in the mould of the original impression, and a slow‐curing low‐viscosity Araldite resin‐hardener system is recommended. The paper outlines procedures for taking impressions from a variety of dental remains, together with methods for handling, examining and storing the replicas. The non‐destructive techniques outlined here make it possible to take records of large numbers of crown surfaces in the field, or during a short museum visit, for later study in the laboratory. Many replicas can be produced from one original crown surface impression and the replicas are very robust—they can be mailed easily to other researchers for records or comparative studies. With continuing calls for reburial or repatriation of archaeological human remains, the production of a permanent record for future study is of considerable concern.
Information obtained from the microscopic examination of cultural striations in human dentition
Authors: Fox C. Lalueza
Published: June 2005

The surfaces of teeth from some fossil remains and archaeological samples have been examined by SEM, in order to study different types of cultural striations and to determine the archaeological information that these striations can provide. Different patterns of cultural striations are present in human samples from different sites and periods. Similar cultural striations can be interpreted in different ways, depending on the tooth in which they are present, their location in the tooth and their direction, regularity, number and width. The study of cultural striations can yield valuable information about different aspects of feeding behaviour, oral hygiene, patterns of cultural diffusion and manipulative work with teeth of past human groups. A close integration with other anthropological and archaeological data is needed and specific interpretations should be made in each case.
Multiple myeloma in an early medieval skeleton
Authors: Alt Kurt W. , Adler Claus‐Peter
Published: June 2005

Detailed studies on neoplasms in prehistoric populations are rare. Each well‐documented case can therefore add to our knowledge. In former times, palaeopathology could present only tentative diagnoses in the case of tumours. Today, modern diagnostic methods and a comparison with established cases make exact evaluations and their verification possible. During our study it became obvious that criteria for the diagnosis of recent tumours can be used as a guide. In this paper we present the most important findings of a malignant primary bone tumour (multiple myeloma) in an early medieval skeleton and its differential diagnoses. Even in the absence of histological findings, the remaining criteria (X‐ray, age, localization, macroscopic features) permit the diagnosis of multiple myeloma to be made with some certainty.
Population‐specific stature reconstruction for medieval Trondheim, Norway
Authors: Hanson Christine L.
Published: June 2005

Temporal changes in average stature are often used as a measure of a past population's adaptation, or lack of it. Traditionally, stature estimates have been calculated using formulae derived from limb proportions of cadavers. However, many authors have noted the problem of regional or population variation in body proportions of such reconstructed ratios. Before differences in stature can be attributed to environmental adaptation, ‘ethnic’ or population differences in limb ratios must be taken into account. The present paper calculates the stature of a medieval Norwegian skeletal sample using archaeological plan femur length and dry bone femur length. The author presents a variety of formulae and compares the stature derived from these calculations to the stature derived from archaeological plans. The Trondheim statures are then compared to stature reconstructions of other contemporary populations.
Sellar Pathology in a middle Bronze Age skull from Southern Italy
Authors: Canci A. , Repetto E. , Tarli S. M. Borgognini
Published: June 2005

This paper describes a case of an intrasellar tumour found in a male skull from Southern Italy dating from the middle Bronze Age. The sella turcica shows considerable enlargement in all diameters, erosion of the dorsum and marked depression of the floor. These features are consistent with a diagnosis of pituitary tumour, probably a non‐secreting adenoma.
Evidence of a healed compression fracture in a Plio‐Pleistocene hominid talus from Sterkfontein, South Africa
Authors: Fisk G. R. , Macho G. A.
Published: June 2005

The object of this communication is to draw attention to the appearance of this fossil talus Stw 363, which carries a densely adherent fragment on its posterosuperior aspect. We have endeavoured to verify that this bony fragment could be the posterior half of the fractured calcaneus resulting from a fall on to the animal's left foot. Furthermore, it is suggested that this animal survived long enough for this fracture to unite by bone to the posterior aspect of the talus in this grossly displaced and unreduced deformity.
Alveolar bone status of some pre‐seventeenth century inhabitants of Taumako, Solomon Islands
Authors: Fyfe D. M. , Chandler N. P. , Wilson N. H. F.
Published: June 2005

The alveolar bone condition of 34 pre‐seventeenth century Solomon Island Polynesians aged 20–35 years was investigated from dental remains. The distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar crest (CEJ‐AC distance) was measured for six index teeth. The mean CEJ‐AC measurements for each tooth, which ranged from 3.9 to 7.9 mm, greatly exceeded the distance of 2 mm frequently cited as representative of teeth supported by healthy bone. Many pathological bony defects were seen, suggestive of episodes of acute periodontitis with remissions to a quiescent phase.