bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating human behavior dynamics into drought risk assessment—A sociohydrologic, agent‐based approach
Authors: Wens Marthe , Johnson J. Michael , Zagaria Cecilia , Veldkamp Ted I. E.
Published: April 2019

Droughts are a persistent and costly hazard impacting human and environmental systems. As climate variability continues to increase and socioeconomic development influences the distribution of wealth and people, drought risk is expected to increase in many parts of the world. The unique characteristics of droughts—namely their slow onset, large spatiotemporal extent, human‐influenced propagation, delayed impacts and teleconnection potential—make it difficult to correctly assess drought impact and calculate risk. Further complicating this calculation is the capacity for humans to make adaptive decisions before, during, and after a drought event, which in turn alters expected impacts. In this sense, droughts are equally a social and hydroclimatic issue. Risk perception is one of the main factors driving adaptation decisions, yet most models neglect how humans view and respond to risk, and in particular how experiences influence decisions through time. In this overview, we describe a framework that extends the traditional risk modeling approach to include the two‐way feedback between the transient adaptation decisions and drought exposure, vulnerability and hazard. We discuss how a sociohydrologic, agent‐based modeling setup, focused on individual and collective actions, can simulate the adaptive behaviors of different stakeholders to examine how emergent actions might influence projected drought risk. We suggest such an approach can provide a test‐bed for understanding adaptive behaviors in an increasingly drought‐prone world and could allow for better prioritization of drought adaptation strategies; refined understanding of future scenarios; and a vehicle to drive planning and resilience building.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Extremes

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Engineering Water > Methods
Dualism and Exclusion
Authors: Vaassen Bram
Published: April 2019

Many philosophers argue that exclusion arguments cannot exclude non-reductionist physicalist mental properties from being causes without excluding properties that are patently causal as well. List and Stoljar (Australas J Philos 95(1):96–108, 2017) recently argued that a similar response to exclusion arguments is also available to dualists, thereby challenging the predominant view that exclusion arguments undermine dualist theories of mind. In particular, List and Stoljar maintain that exclusion arguments against dualism require a premise that states that, if a property is metaphysically distinct from the sufficient cause of an effect, this property cannot be a cause of that effect. I argue that this premise is indeed likely to exclude patently causal properties, but that exclusion arguments against dualism do not require this premise. The relation that enables metaphysically distinct properties to cause the same effect in the relevant way turns out to be tighter than the relation typically posited between dualist conscious properties and their underlying physical properties. It is therefore still plausible that the latter causally exclude the former and that compelling exclusion arguments against dualism can be formulated by using a weaker exclusion premise. I conclude by proposing such a formulation.
How to Support Prison Workers’ Perceived Readiness to Identify and Respond to Possible Gambling Problems: a Pilot Study from Two Finnish Prisons
Authors: Castrén S. , Lind Kalle , Järvinen-Tassopoulos Johanna , Alho Hannu , Salonen Anne H.
Published: April 2019

Problem gambling is known to be prevalent among prisoners. However, it is not systematically screened and often remains undetected. This pilot study explores prison workers’ (N = 21) knowledge, views, and opinions about problem gambling in two Finnish prisons with a view to improving training and to developing better guidelines for identifying and responding to gambling problems. Four-fifths (81%) of prison workers considered problem gambling a serious issue in Finland. During the past year, more than nine in ten (94.1%) had encountered a prisoner with a gambling problem. Problem gambling was identified in connection with discussions about prisoners’ illegal activity (50%), financial situation (25%), or other problems (25%). Nearly half of the participants felt they did not have adequate training or information about problem gambling and related issues and expressed an interest in continuing education. This pilot study provides important direction for the development of tailored training programs for prison workers. The next step is to increase awareness of gambling programs in a wider national context and to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of training programs.
Increasing burden of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecium in hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (2000–2014): A national dynamic cohort study
Authors: Blot Koen , Hammami Naïma , Blot Stijn , Vogelaers Dirk , Lambert Marie-Laurence
Published: April 2019

The epidemiology of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HABSIs) based on the Belgian national surveillance program was analyzed (2000–2014). Our mixed-effects regression analysis identified increased rates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecium. HABSI incidence and resistance patterns should be further monitored because of their impact on proper empiric antibiotic therapy.
Hardwiring diagnostic stewardship using electronic ordering restrictions for gastrointestinal pathogen testing
Authors: Marcelin Jasmine R. , Brewer Charlotte , Beachy Micah , Lyden Elizabeth , Winterboer Tammy , Murphy Caitlin N. , Fey Paul D. , Hood Lauren , Van Schooneveld Trevor C.
Published: April 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the impact of a hard stop in the electronic health record (EHR) on inappropriate gastrointestinal pathogen panel testing (GIPP).

Design:

We used a quasi-experimental study to evaluate testing before and after the implementation of an EHR alert to stop inappropriate GIPP ordering.

Setting:

Midwest academic medical center.

Participants:

Hospitalized patients with diarrhea for which GIPP testing was ordered, between January 2016 through March 2017 (period 1) and April 2017 through June 2018 (period 2).

Intervention:

A hard stop in the EHR prevented clinicians from ordering a GIPP more than once per admission or in patients hospitalized for >72 hours.

Results:

During period 1, 1,587 GIPP tests were ordered over 212,212 patient days, at a rate of 7.48 per 1,000 patient days. In period 2, 1,165 GIPP tests were ordered over 222,343 patient days, at a rate of 5.24 per 1,000 patient days. The Poisson model estimated a 30% reduction in total GIPP ordering rates between the 2 periods (relative risk, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.78;P< .001). The rate of inappropriate tests ordered decreased from 21.5% to 4.9% between the 2 periods (P< .001). The total savings calculated factoring only GIPP orders that triggered the hard stop was ∼$67,000, with potential savings of $168,000 when factoring silent best-practice alert data.

Conclusions:

A simple hard stop alert in the EHR resulted in significant reduction of inappropriate GIPP testing, which was associated with significant cost savings. Clinicians can practice diagnostic stewardship by avoiding ordering this test more than once per admission or in patients hospitalized >72 hours.
A comparative study of the velocity and vorticity structure in pipes and boundary layers at friction Reynolds numbers up to
Authors: Zimmerman S. , Philip J. , Monty J. , Talamelli A. , Marusic I. , Ganapathisubramani B. , Hearst R. J. , Bellani G. , Baidya R. , Samie M. , Zheng X. , Dogan E. , Mascotelli L. , Klewicki J.
Published: April 2019

This study presents findings from a first-of-its-kind measurement campaign that includes simultaneous measurements of the full velocity and vorticity vectors in both pipe and boundary layer flows under matched spatial resolution and Reynolds number conditions. Comparison of canonical turbulent flows offers insight into the role(s) played by features that are unique to one or the other. Pipe and zero pressure gradient boundary layer flows are often compared with the goal of elucidating the roles of geometry and a free boundary condition on turbulent wall flows. Prior experimental efforts towards this end have focused primarily on the streamwise component of velocity, while direct numerical simulations are at relatively low Reynolds numbers. In contrast, this study presents experimental measurements of all three components of both velocity and vorticity for friction Reynolds numbers$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ranging from 5000 to 10 000. Differences in the two transverse Reynolds normal stresses are shown to exist throughout the log layer and wake layer at Reynolds numbers that exceed those of existing numerical data sets. The turbulence enstrophy profiles are also shown to exhibit differences spanning from the outer edge of the log layer to the outer flow boundary. Skewness and kurtosis profiles of the velocity and vorticity components imply the existence of a ‘quiescent core’ in pipe flow, as described by Kwonet al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 751, 2014, pp. 228–254) for channel flow at lower$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$, and characterize the extent of its influence in the pipe. Observed differences between statistical profiles of velocity and vorticity are then discussed in the context of a structural difference between free-stream intermittency in the boundary layer and ‘quiescent core’ intermittency in the pipe that is detectable to wall distances as small as 5 % of the layer thickness.
A content analysis of free smoking cessation mobile applications in the USA
Authors: Lee JuHan , Dallery Jesse , Laracuente Antonio , Ibe Ifeoma , Joseph Samantha , Huo Jinhai , Salloum Ramzi G.
Published: April 2019

Aims

To evaluate the quality and content of free smoking cessation apps and assess their adherence to the US Public Health Service guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence.

Methods

In total 180 apps were downloaded from the App Store and Google Play Store in January 2018; the top-ranking 30 apps were retrieved for the search terms: ‘smoking cessation’, ‘quit smoking’, ‘stop smoking’. Technical quality was rated using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) and by assessing other characteristics, behavioral change strategies and adherence to the 5As.

Results/findings

A total 67 free-to-download apps were identified for full review (n = 40 from the Apple App Store and n = 27 from the Google Play Store). The average MARS score was 16.2/19.0: Engagement (3.3/5.0), Functionality (4.4/5.0), Aesthetics (4.0/5.0), and Information (2.6/5.0). Overall, 43 apps allowed sharing, 12 allowed for an app community, and five required a password. The following features were observed: assessment (n = 51), feedback (n = 38), information/education (n = 45), monitoring (n = 52), and goal setting (n = 23). Significant differences were found among apps adhering to the 5As: Ask (n = 44), Advise (n = 54), Assess (n = 30), Assist (n = 62), and Arrange (n = 0).

Conclusions

Given the growth in smoking cessation apps, future efforts should focus on improving their technical quality and adherence to the 5As.
Legal implications of smoking (bans) in English prisons
Authors: Maes Elise
Published: April 2019

The high prevalence of tobacco smoking in prison, and certain aspects inherent in prison culture make smoking in that environment particularly difficult to regulate. Over the last decade, the UK government has adopted and sought to implement gradually its plan to make all prisons smoke-free nationwide. The UK Supreme Court recently ruled inBlackthat the Health Act 2006, which prohibits smoking in most enclosed public spaces, does not bind the Crown and consequently does not apply to public prisons. Both developments have implications for the human rights protection of smoking and non-smoking prisoners. This paper considers how English smoking and non-smoking prisoners’ (human) rights are currently protected, and what the legal implications are of a complete ban on smoking in English prisons. The paper reflects on whether an indoor smoking ban might strike a better balance between the competing rights and interests of smoking and non-smoking prisoners than a complete ban.
The massive Thirring system in the quarter plane
Authors: Xia Baoqiang
Published: April 2019

The unified transform method (UTM) or Fokas method for analyzing initial-boundary value (IBV) problems provides an important generalization of the inverse scattering transform (IST) method for analyzing initial value problems. In comparison with the IST, a major difficulty of the implementation of the UTM, in general, is the involvement of unknown boundary values. In this paper we analyze the IBV problem for the massive Thirring model in the quarter plane, assuming that the initial and boundary data belong to the Schwartz class. We show that for this integrable model, the UTM is as effective as the IST method: Riemann-Hilbert problems we formulated for such a problem have explicit (x, t)-dependence and depend only on the given initial and boundary values; they do not involve additional unknown boundary values.
A Partial Chronological Sequence of Human Habitation for Pingelap Atoll (Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia)
Authors: Levin Maureece J , Seikel Katherine , Miles Aimee
Published: April 2019

Pingelap Atoll, 1.8 km2 in area and nearly 70 km from the nearest island, presents a clear example of anthropogenic niche-building in physically isolated circumstances with limited resources. This paper presents the first radiocarbon (14C) dates (n=8) from an archaeological project examining settlement and subsistence practices on the atoll, specifically how Pingelapese people have constructed the environment to meet their needs over centuries of occupation. These dates confirm that human occupation of Pingelap occurred by 1700–1550 cal BP (2σ) at the latest, only a few centuries after the earliest securely-dated settlement of high islands in the region (Kosrae and Pohnpei), and with strikingly similar timing to another atoll in the region, Mwoakilloa. Evidence of early settlement includes shell tools, ornaments, extensive marine faunal remains, and charred botanical domesticates. These preliminary data build a framework for the settlement history and environment building of Pingelap.
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS, CIVILITY AND ARTIFICE
Authors: Simmonds N.E.
Published: April 2019

The value of civility is grounded upon acceptance of the legitimacy of moral disagreement and the need for mutual respect and cooperation in the face of such disagreement. The distinction between rights and goods plays a fundamental role in the form of civility espoused by liberal society. Current models of constitutional rights and proportionality, in a variety of ways, erode that distinction and thereby place the liberal model of civility in jeopardy.
UNDERSTANDING AGENCY: A PROXY POWER DEFINITION
Authors: Leow Rachel
Published: April 2019

Existing definitions of agency are inadequate. In this paper, I offer a new definition of agency: a relationship is one of agency where the agent has a power to exercise at least one of the principal's own powers. I call this a “proxy power” for short. This definition brings with it three advantages. First, focusing on the agent's proxy power highlights the distinctive idea at the core of agency: that people can act through others at law, thereby expanding their legal personality in space. Second, that distinctive idea then helps identify the three reasons justifying when an agent has a proxy power: the principal's unilateral manifestation of will, the necessity of protecting the principal's interests, and where the principal is an artificial person who can only unilaterally manifest his will through an agent. Third, the definition vindicates prevailing intuitions about agency, and gives us a more transparent way to decide whether or one's invocation of “agency” is illegitimate or legitimate.
ON THE ELASTICITY OF EXPECTED INTEREPOCH INTERVALS IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS POISSON PROCESS UNDER SMALL VARIATIONS OF HAZARD RATE
Authors: Psarrakos Georgios , Toomaj Abdolsaeed
Published: April 2019

The elasticity of life expectancy is an important feature in life tables. It is also known as life table entropy in the areas of demography and biology, and as normalized cumulative residual entropy in reliability theory. The elasticity of life expectancy provides useful information on studying the way in which small variations in the force of mortality (or hazard rate) affects the life expectancy. In this paper, a perturbation analysis of the hazard rate to the expected interepoch intervals in a non-homogeneous Poisson process is applied, and further interpretations are given by using a normalized version of the generalized cumulative residual entropy. Properties of the elasticity, including ordering results, bounds and empirical estimation, are obtained. Moreover, the dynamic version of the elasticity is studied, and some monotonicity and characterization results are given.
Embedding right-angled Artin groups into Brin–Thompson groups
Authors: BELK JAMES , BLEAK COLLIN , MATUCCI FRANCESCO
Published: April 2019

We prove that every finitely-generated right-angled Artin group embeds into some Brin–Thompson groupnV. It follows that any virtually special group can be embedded into somenV, a class that includes surface groups, all finitely-generated Coxeter groups, and many one-ended hyperbolic groups.
Le quotidien du communisme : pratiques et objets
Authors: Zakharova Larissa
Published: April 2019

A quoi bon réfléchir à a la vie de tous les jours des citoyens ordinaires, confrontés a d’innombrables difficultés pour se procurer des biens de consommation de base, si les priorités des dirigeants étaient ailleurs ? Pendant longtemps, les spécialistes de l’Union soviétique et des démocraties populaires ont négligé l’histoire du quotidien et concentré leur attention, comme l’école dite « totalitaire », sur l’histoire politique, cherchant à comprendre les mécanismes du pouvoir exercés sur une société pensée comme immobile et soumise à la volonté politique. De plus, les études sur l’Est européen etaient dominées par la science politique dont l’intérêt allait vers la géopolitique de la guerre froide. Cette structuration du champ de recherche donnait une faible visibilité à une sociologie et à une anthropologie attentives à la compréhension des interactions sociales.
Morales de la consommation en Pologne (1918-1989)
Authors: Mazurek Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

Cet article s’inscrit dans l’histoire de la mobilisation des consommateurs en faveur de régimes égalitaires de consommation. Il prend le cas de la Pologne au XXe siècle pour montrer comment les morales égalitaires de la consommation ont changé de sens. Il montre l’importance de la question de justice sociale dans les tentatives pour imposer un régime de redistribution et de régulation sociales contre un système orienté sur le profit, depuis l’entredeux- guerres jusqu’à la chute du communisme. Pendant toute cette période, la notion de « profiteur », d’argent gagné de façon immorale en abusant de la détresse d’autrui, évolue considérablement. Pendant l’entre-deux-guerres et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les conflits autour de l’accès à la nourriture s’organisent sur une base ethnique. Après-guerre, l’idéal d’une Pologne communiste et ethniquement homogène reconfigure ces conflits autour d’une catégorie autant fondée sur la classe que l’ethnie : l’intermédiaire profiteur. Dans les années 1950 et 1960, on remarque que les discours contre les profiteurs prennent une dimension genrée, alors que la croisade contre le commerce privé cède la place aux confrontations quotidiennes entre consommateurs et vendeuses des magasins. Enfin, la crise du bloc soviétique à partir des années 1970 voit un retour à l’entraide familiale et informelle, qui s’avérera un puissant facteur de démantèlement de l’État-providence communiste.
La nomenclature socio-professionnelle : une histoire revisitée
Authors: Amossé Thomas
Published: April 2019

Fruit d’un processus engagé au XIXe siècle, le code des catégories socio-professionnelles est élaboré en France entre 1951 et 1954 et n’a que peu été modifié depuis. Alors sans habillage théorique fort et d’une tonalité réaliste, il donne corps aux classes sociales dans la description de la société d’après-guerre. Lieu d’effervescence sociologique à l’occasion de sa « refonte » (1978-1981), il figure l’espace social à deux dimensions de la sociologie de Pierre Bourdieu et sert de laboratoire à la sociologie pragmatique de Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot. Lors de sa « rénovation » (1995-2001), la prudence administrative des changements opérés contraste avec l’évolution du droit conventionnel et une ambition de pureté analytique soutenue par l’économétrie. L’histoire de la nomenclature rend compte de la situation d’un outil de représentation du monde censé demeurer inchangé quand rien ne l’est, ni l’institution qui en assure la gestion, ni les catégories ordinaires ou juridiques auxquelles il renvoie, ni les théories et usages sociologiques qui lui sont liés.
La naissance de l’humanisme comme mouvement au tournant du XVesiècle
Authors: Revest Clémence
Published: April 2019

Cet article propose une réflexion d’ensemble autour de la mutation fondamentale de l’humanisme en tant que « mouvement culturel », en distinguant une période charnière – les années 1400-1430 en Italie – et en interrogeant la notion même de mouvement comme catégorie d’analyse spécifique et stimulante pour l’histoire intellectuelle. Un effet de seuil décisif est caractérisé, fruit de processus mémoriels, sociologiques et savants corrélés. L’émergence d’une conscience de groupe ancrée dans un rapport réflexif à l’histoire, l’élaboration d’une gamme de pratiques et de références associée à la constitution d’une sociabilité dynamique, la fixation enfin de repères identitaires à la fois distinctifs et producteurs d’adhésion concourent à structurer un « espace des possibles » doté d’une puissante valeur symbolique, à partir du paradigme de la « redécouverte de l’Antiquité ». Dans l’interaction entre circulation des idées, pratiques sociales et imaginaires collectifs se joue l’essor d’un phénomène culturel de longue portée qui, au-delà des grands auteurs, se déploya de multiples façons et créa une « actualité » pensée comme telle.
Cœur de l'État, lieu de tension
Authors: Vivo Filippo De
Published: April 2019

Depuis plusieurs années, une nouvelle tendance historiographique s’intéresse aux archives non pas comme simples réserves de documents, mais comme objets d’enquête à part entière. Certaines études analysent l’évolution de leur organisation et de leur administration, dans la mesure où s’y reflètent les présupposés politiques des institutions qui les contrôlent. Cet article prend acte de ce tournant documentaire et en offre une illustration tirée du célèbre cas de la Chancellerie vénitienne entre le XIVe et le XVIIe siècle, à un moment de fort développement de la gestion des archives. Il propose toutefois une approche plus large, replacée dans son contexte social, afin de montrer que les archives n’étaient pas seulement des instruments de pouvoir, mais aussi des lieux de conflits économiques, sociaux et politiques. Une lecture attentive fait apparaître, dans le document précis qui inspira l’image institutionnelle des archives vénitiennes comme « coeur de l’État », l’inquiétude des dirigeants patriciens concernant la fragilité de leurs archives et la fiabilité des notaires qui en avaient la charge. Cette perspective nous aide à expliquer la glorification des archives au Moyen Âge tardif et à l’époque moderne – représentation qui, dans son interprétation littérale, n’a cessé d’inspirer certaines analyses historiques, proposées encore aujourd’hui – en dévoilant les difficultés matérielles des pratiques de l’époque en matière de conservation. L’histoire des archives fait émerger un champ d’enquête prometteur, par sa capacité précise à éclairer à la fois l’histoire de l’État et le contexte social dans lequel ce dernier devait traiter.
Porteurs, mendiants, gentilshommes
Authors: Canepari Eleonora
Published: April 2019

À travers l’utilisation de la notion de configuration de Norbert Elias et de modèles fondés sur la nature relationnelle du pouvoir (la relation patron-client, l’entrepreneur et le bigman), l’article a pour but de porter l’attention sur le rôle clé joué par les liens entre les élites et les couches populaires dans le processus de construction du pouvoir local. La forte mobilité sociale des élites romaines fait du quartier un espace politiquement ouvert: aucune liste officielle des membres de l’aristocratie n’existe avant le XVIIIe siècle, et le Statut de Rome (1580) se contente de définir le candidat aux charges municipales comme « un homme illustre du quartier ». Dans ce contexte, l’ancrage territorial est un élément essentiel dans la conquête du pouvoir local. Des chaînes d’interrelations unissent verticalement les couches les plus basses de la population aux familles de la noblesse. Grâce à des sources judiciaires, aux actes notariés et aux livres de comptes, l’article s’attache à montrer la forte personnalisation des échanges entre élites et couches populaires et l’enchevêtrement entre transactions économiques et relations sociales, ce qui est à la base de la formation de réseaux de clientèle locaux.
Accuracy of cardiac auscultation in detection of neonatal congenital heart disease by general paediatricians
Authors: Zhao Qu-ming , Niu Conway , Liu Fang , Wu Lin , Ma Xiao-jing , Huang Guo-ying
Published: April 2019

Background:

Challenges remain in the judgement of pathological murmurs in newborns at maternity hospitals, and there are still many simple major CHD patients in developing countries who are not diagnosed in a timely fashion. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cardiac auscultation on neonatal CHD by general paediatricians.

Methods:

We conducted a prospective study at three hospitals. All asymptomatic newborns underwent auscultation, pulse oximetry monitoring, and echocardiography. Major CHD was classified and confirmed through follow-up. We evaluated the accuracy of various degrees of murmurs for detecting major CHD to determine the most appropriate standards and time of auscultation.

Results:

A total of 6750 newborns were included. The median age of auscultation was 43 hours. Cardiac murmurs were identified in 6.6% of newborns. For all CHD, 44.4% had varying degrees of murmurs. A murmur of grade ≥2 used as a reference standard for major CHD had a sensitivity of 89.58%. The false positive rate of murmurs of grade ≥2 for detecting major CHD was significantly negatively related to auscultation time, with 84.4% of false positives requiring follow-up for non-major CHD cardiac issues. Auscultation after 27 hours of life could reduce the false positive rate of major CHD from 2.7 to 0.9%.

Conclusions:

With appropriate training, maternity hospital’s paediatricians can detect major CHD with high detection rates with an acceptable false positive rate.
A different aspect of the unexpected death of Mozart at the age of 35 years
Authors: Kanat Ayhan , Romana Gasenzer Elena , Neugebauer Edmund
Published: April 2019

The cause of the early death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) at the age of 35 has been the source of much discussion in the medical community. Investigators attributed to Mozart nearly 150 different medical diagnoses. However, the neurosurgical aspect of the early death of Mozart has yet to be well-analyzed, and this subject was investigated herein. The key words “Mozart” and “Mozart’s death” were searched in PubMed as well as the libraries of universities. The main source was the archive and website of Internationale Stiftung MOZARTEUM/Salzburg (www.mozarteum.at) and the cranium stored in the Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum in Salzburg/Austria. The linear fracture of the cranium is important, since it shows the neurosurgical aspect of the early death of Mozart. Mozart’s disease was most likely a neurotraumatologic one. His fracture likely occurred several months before his death, as evidenced by signs of healing. Intense headaches and declining musical performance in his last year may have been influenced by intracranial hemorrhage induced by the linear fracture. His final disease therefore may have been chronic postconcussion syndrome depending on chronic calcified epidural hematoma.
The role of dopamine D3receptors in the mechanism of action of cariprazine
Authors: Calabrese Francesca , Tarazi Frank I. , Racagni Giorgio , Riva Marco A.
Published: April 2019

Cariprazine is a new atypical antipsychotic drug (APD) with a unique pharmacodynamic profile, different from both typical and atypical APDs. Specifically, cariprazine acts as a partial agonist at the dopamine (DA) D2and D3receptors and serotonin 5-HT1Areceptors, and as an antagonist at the 5-HT2Breceptors. Moreover, it shows moderate affinities for adrenergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic receptors that are involved in mediating the side effects characteristic of typical APDs. In this review, we discuss the contribution of DA D3receptors (D3Rs) in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the potential benefits that may be associated with a more selective targeting of D3R by APDs, as compared to other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic receptor subtypes. Cariprazine, by acting on D3Rs, ameliorates anhedonia and cognitive deficits in animal models based on environmental or pharmacological manipulation. The reviewed results support the potential benefits of cariprazine in treating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia, and therefore representing a promising approach in addressing the unmet clinical needs for the improved treatment of this serious neuropsychiatric disorder.
THEORIES OF VAGUENESS AND THEORIES OF LAW
Authors: Silk Alex
Published: April 2019

It is common to think that what theory of linguistic vagueness is correct has implications for debates in philosophy of law. I disagree. I argue that the implications of particular theories of vagueness on substantive issues of legal theory and practice are less far-reaching than often thought. I focus on four putative implications discussed in the literature concerning (i) the value of vagueness in the law, (ii) the possibility and value of legal indeterminacy, (iii) the possibility of the rule of law, and (iv) strong discretion. I conclude with some methodological remarks. Delineating questions about conventional meaning, legal content determination, and norms of legal interpretation and judicial practice can motivate clearer answers and a more refined understanding of the space of overall theories of vagueness, interpretation, and law.
The perception of school food-service professionals on the implementation of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Rida Zainab , Hall Elisha , Hasnin Saima , Coffey Jessie , Dev Dipti A
Published: April 2019

Objective

To: (i) understand the nutrition attitudes, self-efficacy, knowledge and practices of school food-service personnel (SFP) in Nebraska and (ii) identify potential barriers that schools face in offering healthy school meals that meet the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrition standards.

Design

Convergent parallel mixed-methods study.

Setting

Kindergarten–12th grade schools in Nebraska, USA.

Participants

SFP (260 survey participants; fifteen focus group participants) working at schools that participate in the USDA National School Lunch Program.

Results

Mixed-methods themes identified include: (i) ‘Mixed attitudes towards healthy meals’, which captured a variety of conflicting positive and negative attitudes depending on the situation; (ii) ‘Positive practices to promote healthy meals’, which captured offering, serving and promotion practices; (iii) ‘Mixed nutrition-related knowledge’, which captured the variations in knowledge depending on the nutrition concept; and (iv) ‘Complex barriers’, which captured challenges with time, support and communication.

Conclusions

The study produced relevant findings to address the barriers identified by SFP. Implementing multicomponent interventions and providing training to SFP may help reduce some of the identified barriers of SFP.
Gender Gap in Life Expectancy in Russia: The Role of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Kossova Tatiana , Kossova Elena , Sheluntcova Maria
Published: April 2019

We investigate alcohol consumption as one of the main factors contributing to variation in the gender gap in life expectancy in the Russian regions. We consider the socioeconomic indicators and mortality coefficients that enable us to capture the causes of death related primarily to alcohol abuse and smoking. We assume that macroeconomic situation, coupled with alcohol consumption are substantial determinants of the gender gap in life expectancy in the Russian regions. A panel data analysis confirms that alcohol consumption has a significant influence on the gender gap in life expectancy and reduces the life expectancy of men first and foremost, as they are more inclined toward unhealthy behaviours. We have determined that employment and income support policies should be conducted in conjunction with the anti-alcohol policy. Social policy aimed at reducing alcohol consumption should be vigorously reinforced during an economic recovery.
Fabry‐Perot Interferometer Observations of Thermospheric Horizontal Winds During Magnetospheric Substorms
Authors: Cai L. , Oyama S. , Aikio A. , Vanhamäki H. , Virtanen I.
Published: April 2019

The high‐latitude ionosphere‐thermosphere system is strongly affected by the magnetospheric energy input during magnetospheric substorms. In this study, we investigate the response of the upper thermospheric winds to four substorm events by using the Fabry‐Perot interferometer at Tromsø, Norway, the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects magnetometers, the EISCAT radar, and an all‐sky camera. The upper thermospheric winds had distinct responses to substorm phases. During the growth phase, westward acceleration of the wind was observed in the premidnight sector within the eastward electrojet region. We suggest that the westward acceleration of the neutral wind is caused by the ion drag force associated with the large‐scale westward plasma convection within the eastward electrojet. During the expansion phase, the zonal wind had a prompt response to the intensification of the westward electrojet (WEJ) overhead Tromsø. The zonal wind was accelerated eastward, which is likely to be associated with the eastward plasma convection within the substorm current wedge. During the expansion and recovery phases, the meridional wind was frequently accelerated to the southward direction, when the majority of the substorm WEJ current was located on the poleward side of Tromsø. We suggest that this meridional wind acceleration is related to a pressure gradient produced by Joule heating within the substorm WEJ region. In addition, strong atmospheric gravity waves during the expansion and the recovery phases were observed.
Transport Variability of the Irminger Sea Deep Western Boundary Current From a Mooring Array
Authors: Hopkins J. E. , Holliday N. P. , Rayner D. , Houpert L. , Le Bras I. , Straneo F. , Wilson C. , Bacon S.
Published: April 2019

The Deep Western Boundary Current in the subpolar North Atlantic is the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and a key component of the global climate system. Here, a mooring array deployed at 60°N in the Irminger Sea, between 2014 and 2016, provides the longest continuous record of total Deep Western Boundary Current volume transport at this latitude. The 1.8‐year averaged transport of water denser than σθ = 27.8 kg/m3 was −10.8 ± 4.9 Sv (mean ± 1 std; 1 Sv = 106 m3/s). Of this total, we find −4.1 ± 1.4 Sv within the densest layer (σθ > 27.88 kg/m3) that originated from the Denmark Strait Overflow. The lighter North East Atlantic Deep Water layer (σθ = 27.8–27.88 kg/m3) carries −6.5 ± 7.7 Sv. The variability in transport ranges between 2 and 65 days. There is a distinct shift from high to low frequency with distance from the East Greenland slope. High‐frequency fluctuations (2–8 days) close to the continental slope are likely associated with topographic Rossby waves and/or cyclonic eddies. Here, perturbations in layer thickness make a significant (20–60%) contribution to transport variability. In deeper water, toward the center of the Irminger Basin, transport variance at 55 days dominates. Our results suggest that there has been a 1.8 Sv increase in total transport since 2005–2006, but this difference can be accounted for by a range of methodological and data limitation biases.
A New 200‐Year Spatial Reconstruction of West Antarctic Surface Mass Balance
Authors: Wang Yetang , Huai Baojuan , Thomas Elizabeth R. , van den Broeke Michiel R. , van Wessem J. Melchior , Schlosser Elisabeth
Published: April 2019

High‐spatial resolution surface mass balance (SMB) over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) spanning 1800–2010 is reconstructed by means of ice core records combined with the outputs of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts “Interim” reanalysis (ERA‐Interim) and the latest polar version of the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2.3p2). The reconstruction reveals a significant negative trend (−1.9 ± 2.2 Gt/year·per decade) in the SMB over the entire WAIS during the nineteenth century, but a statistically significant positive trend of 5.4 ± 2.9 Gt/year·per decade between 1900 and 2010, in contrast to insignificant WAIS SMB changes during the twentieth century reported earlier. At regional scales, the Antarctic Peninsula and western WAIS show opposite SMB trends, with different signs in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The annual resolution reconstruction allows us to examine the relationships between SMB and large‐scale atmospheric oscillations. Although SMB over the Antarctic Peninsula and western WAIS correlates significantly with the Southern Annular Mode due to the influence of the Amundsen Sea Low, and El Niño/Southern Oscillation during 1800–2010, the significant correlations are temporally unstable, associated with the phase of Southern Annular Mode, El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Pacific decadal oscillation. In addition, the two climate modes seem to contribute little to variability in SMB over the whole WAIS on decadal‐centennial time scales. This new reconstruction also serves to identify unreliable precipitation trends in ERA‐Interim and thus has potential for assessing the skill of other reanalyses or climate models to capture precipitation trends and variability.
Snow to Precipitation Ratio Controls Catchment Storage and Summer Flows in Boreal Headwater Catchments
Authors: Meriö Leo‐Juhani , Ala‐aho Pertti , Linjama Jarmo , Hjort Jan , Kløve Bjørn , Marttila Hannu
Published: April 2019

Catchment storage sustains ecologically important low flows in headwater systems. Understanding the factors controlling storage is essential in analysis of catchment vulnerability to global change. We calculated catchment storage and storage sensitivity of streamflow for 61 boreal headwater catchments in Finland. We also explored the connection between computed storage indices and low flow conditions. The relationships between selected climate, snow, and catchment characteristics and calculated storage properties and low flows were investigated, in order to assess the importance of different factors that render catchments vulnerable to climate and environmental change. We found that the most sensitive areas to climate change were located in the southern boreal coastal zone, with fine‐grained soils and agricultural areas. In contrast, catchments in the middle and northern boreal zone, with till and peatland soils and higher snow water equivalent values, were less sensitive under current conditions. In addition, we found a threshold at a snow to precipitation ratio of 0.35. Above that threshold, summer low flows were generally sensitive to changes in snow conditions, whereas below that threshold catchment characteristics gained importance and the sensitivity was more directly related to changes in temperature and timing of rainfall. These findings suggest that a warming climate will have pronounced impacts on hydrology and catchment sensitivity related to snow quantity and snow cover duration in certain snow to precipitation ratio zones. Moreover, land use activities had an impact on storage properties in agricultural and drained peatland areas, resulting in a negative effect on low flows.
Seasonality of Rainfall in Colombia
Authors: Urrea Viviana , Ochoa Andrés , Mesa Oscar
Published: April 2019

The knowledge of the annual cycle of rainfall is of primary concern for many socioeconomic activities such as agricultural planning, electricity generation, and flood and other disaster management. The annual cycle of rainfall in Colombia has been studied so far using monthly or quarterly information, identifying zones with the unimodal regime (one wet season and one dry season) over the Caribbean, the Amazon, and the Pacific regions and zones with the bimodal regime (two wet and two dry seasons) in the Andes. This paper explores the annual rainfall cycle in Colombia on a daily basis using historical records of 1,706 rain gauges and the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data precipitation data set. We found four types of annual precipitation regimes: unimodal, bimodal, mixed, and aseasonal. The unimodal regime predominates in the low‐altitude zones of the east and the north, the bimodal and mixed regimes over the Andes mountain range, and the aseasonal in the Pacific region. These results improve the statistical diagnosis of the spatial variability of the rainfall seasonality in Colombia. This phenomenon, however, is still far from being fully understood in its hydroclimatic context. The annual migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone is not enough to explain the diversity of rainfall regimes in Colombia. Local factors such as topography and land cover could play an important role in the occurrence and duration of rainfall seasons.
Mapping the Lunar Wake Potential Structure With ARTEMIS Data
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Poppe Andrew R. , Halekas Jasper S. , Mitchell David L. , McFadden James P. , Harada Yuki
Published: April 2019

The refilling of the lunar wake is relatively well explained by the theory of 1‐D plasma expansion into a vacuum; however, the field‐aligned wake potential is not a directly measured quantity, and thus, a statistical analysis of wake potentials at high altitudes has not been previously performed. In this study, we obtain the wake potential by comparing the field‐aligned electron distributions inside and outside of the lunar wake measured by the two probes of the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission. The derived potentials from ARTEMIS data vary with solar wind electron temperature and bulk flow velocity as the theory predicts. We also expand the 1‐D plasma theory to 2‐D in the plane of the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind velocity to examine how a tilted interplanetary magnetic field affects the wake potential structure. As the expansion time for the two sides of the wake differs, a wake potential asymmetry is developed in our model. This asymmetry is confirmed by the data‐derived wake potentials. Moreover, ambipolar electric fields are obtained from both the modeled and data‐derived wake potentials and show good agreement. Lastly, we examine the effects of the solar wind strahl‐electron population on the wake potential structure, which appears to cause a net potential difference across the lunar shadow. This may imply that the disturbance of the wake plasma expansion extends farther outside the wake than previous plasma‐expansion theories have predicted.
Immunostimulatory nanomedicines synergize with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy to eradicate colorectal tumors
Authors: Duan Xiaopin , Chan Christina , Han Wenbo , Guo Nining , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Lin Wenbin
Published: April 2019

Nanoparticles can potentially stimulate tumour microenvironments to elicit antitumour immunity. Herein, we demonstrate effective immunotherapy of colorectal cancer via systemic delivery of an immunostimulatory chemotherapeutic combination in nanoscale coordination polymer (NCP) core-shell particles. Oxaliplatin and dihydroartemesinin have contrasting physicochemical properties but strong synergy in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and anticancer activity. The combined ROS generation is harnessed for immune activation to synergize with an anti-PD-L1 antibody for the treatment of murine colorectal cancer tumours. The favourable biodistribution and tumour uptake of NCPs and the absence of peripheral neuropathy allow for repeated dosing to afford 100% tumour eradication. The involvement of innate and adaptive immune systems elicit strong and long lasting antitumour immunity which prevents tumour formation when cured mice are challenged with cancer cells. The intrinsically biodegradable, well tolerated, and systemically available immunostimulatory NCP promises to enter clinical testing as an immunotherapy against colorectal cancer.
Asymmetric division events promote variability in cell cycle duration in animal cells and Escherichia coli
Authors: Berge Ulrich , Bochenek Daria , Schnabel Ralf , Wehling Arne , Schroeder Timm , Stadler Tanja , Kroschewski Ruth
Published: April 2019

Asymmetric cell division is a major mechanism generating cell diversity. As cell cycle duration varies among cells in mammalian tissue culture cells, we asked whether their division asymmetry contributes to this variability. We identify among sibling cells an outlier using hierarchical clustering on cell cycle durations of granddaughter cells obtained by lineage tracking of single histone2B-labelled MDCKs. Remarkably, divisions involving outlier cells are not uniformly distributed in lineages, as shown by permutation tests, but appear to emerge from asymmetric divisions taking place at non-stochastic levels: a parent cell influences with 95% confidence and 0.5% error the unequal partitioning of the cell cycle duration in its two progenies. Upon ninein downregulation, this variability propagation is lost, and outlier frequency and variability in cell cycle durations in lineages is reduced. As external influences are not detectable, we propose that a cell-autonomous process, possibly involved in cell specialisation, determines cell cycle duration variability.
Structural insight into YcbB-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Caveney Nathanael A. , Caballero Guillermo , Voedts Henri , Niciforovic Ana , Worrall Liam J. , Vuckovic Marija , Fonvielle Matthieu , Hugonnet Jean-Emmanuel , Arthur Michel , Strynadka Natalie C. J.
Published: April 2019

The bacterial cell wall plays a crucial role in viability and is an important drug target. In Escherichia coli, the peptidoglycan crosslinking reaction to form the cell wall is primarily carried out by penicillin-binding proteins that catalyse D,D-transpeptidase activity. However, an alternate crosslinking mechanism involving the L,D-transpeptidase YcbB can lead to bypass of D,D-transpeptidation and beta-lactam resistance. Here, we show that the crystallographic structure of YcbB consists of a conserved L,D-transpeptidase catalytic domain decorated with a subdomain on the dynamic substrate capping loop, peptidoglycan-binding and large scaffolding domains. Meropenem acylation of YcbB gives insight into the mode of inhibition by carbapenems, the singular antibiotic class with significant activity against L,D-transpeptidases. We also report the structure of PBP5-meropenem to compare interactions mediating inhibition. Additionally, we probe the interaction network of this pathway and assay beta-lactam resistance in vivo. Our results provide structural insights into the mechanism of action and the inhibition of L,D-transpeptidation, and into YcbB-mediated antibiotic resistance.