bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association Between Homocysteine and All-Cause Mortality Among
Osteoarthritis Patients: A Cohort Study from the NHANES Database
Authors: Shi Yu , Lu Minan , He Feng , Chen Jinzhong , Zheng Chuanchuan , Lu Lu
Published: December 2024

This study explored the association between serum Hcy level and the all-cause
mortality among osteoarthritis (OA) patients. This cohort study included
patients diagnosed as OA from the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006. Abbott Homocysteine assay, a fully automated
fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method, was used to measure the
level of serum Hcy. Covariates included sociodemographic information,
lifestyles, history of diseases and medications were extracted from the
database. The weighted univariate, multivariate Cox proportional hazard models
and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were utilized to explore the association
between Hcy level and all-cause mortality in OA patients, with hazard ratios
(HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses based on different
age, gender, duration of OA, complications and C-reactive protein (CRP) were
further assessed by this association. Totally 1384 OA patients were included in
this study, of which 817 (59.03%) died by 31 December 2019. After adjusting all
covariates, high Hcy level was associated with the high all-cause mortality
among OA patients (HR=1.31, 95%CI: 1.02–1.67), especially in females (HR=1.43,
95%CI: 1.07–1.91), aged >60 years (HR=1.49, 95%CI: 1.14–1.94), duration of OA
>10 years (HR=1.40, 95%CI: 1.01–1.95), with the history of hypertension
(HR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.03–1.80), without the history of diabetes (HR=1.36, 95%CI:
1.01–1.82) or CRP >0.29 mg/l (HR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.04–2.19). High serum Hcy
level was associated with high risk of all-cause mortality in OA patients. Our
results suggest that serum Hcy is a promising biomarker for the prognosis of OA
patients.
Global Prevalence of Duodenal Atresia in Trisomy 21: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Atiyat Dana Khaldun , Al-Nusair Dina A. , Alhajahjeh Abdulrhman , Al-Awadi Mohammad Yousef , Aborajooh Emad
Published: December 2024

Introduction Duodenal atresia is one of significant causes of neonatal intestinal obstruction. It often co-occurs with Down syndrome. This study is conducted to estimate the global prevalence of duodenal atresia in Down syndrome patients and to investigate associated factors.

Methods Conducting a systematic review with meta-analysis of 18 eligible studies reporting duodenal atresia prevalence in pediatric Down syndrome patients. Study quality is assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The subgroup analysis on region, study quality, publication year, and design is addressed. Gender-specific prevalence rates are examined.

Results The pooled prevalence of duodenal atresia in Down syndrome is 3.0%, with significant heterogeneity. The Middle East reports a higher prevalence of 6.0%, while Latin America, India, and Canada exhibit a lower prevalence of 1.0%. High-quality studies demonstrate 2% prevalence, while moderate-quality studies report 4.0%. Gender analysis indicates a similar incidence for females and males at 3.0%. Prevalence varies with study design: case-control studies report 4.0%, cross-sectional studies report 2.0%, and prospective cohort studies report 2.0%.

Conclusions Duodenal atresia is common in Down syndrome patients, affecting 3.0% of the patients worldwide. Regional variations exist, necessitating further investigation. Gender does not significantly impact prevalence. This study highlights the need for region-specific research to enhance clinical decision-making for individuals with Down syndrome and duodenal atresia.
Direct Accessing γ-Pyridyl Tertiary Alcohols through Metal-Free Three-Component Reactions
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhang Yiduo
Published: December 2024

Herein, we introduce a novel method for synthesizing γ-pyridyl alcohols from readily accessible alcohols. This process is a metal-free, three-component reaction that elegantly combines alcohols, vinylarenes, and 4-cyanopyridine. The versatility of this reaction is showcased through its successful application in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical molecules.
An Organocatalytic Cascade Spirocycloaddition Reaction for the Construction of Spiro[indoline-3,3′-piperidin]-6′-ones
Authors: Yao Chuan-Zhi , Yu Jie , Zhang Shun-Xin , Tu Xue-Qin , Jiang Hua-Jie
Published: December 2024

A cascade intramolecular spirocycloaddition reaction of TBS-O-protected indole-alkynamides in the presence of a chiral bifunctional thiourea, which involves in situ deprotection, dearomatization, and intramolecular spirocycloaddition under mild conditions, is developed. This approach enables the efficient construction of a wide range of polycyclic spiro[indoline-3,3′-piperidin]-6′-one scaffolds in excellent yields (up to 98%) and with good enantioselectivities (up to 94:6 er).
Transaneurysmal Suturing of Pseudoaneurysm Neck: Novel and Not a Pseudo-Technique for Treatment of Complicated Femoral Pseudoaneurysm
Authors: Kumar Niraj , Pal Chandan Kumar , Betgeri Somsharan Shankerappa , Mukund Amar
Published: December 2024

Introduction Femoral pseudoaneurysm is one of the common complications following femoral artery catheterization. It poses a significant morbidity and a nonsurgical technique with the utmost low complication risk is warranted. Various methods have been used to treat these pseudoaneurysms including manual compression, ultrasound-guided compression, and percutaneous injection of thrombin or glue. Various novel methods are also being used to treat the pseudoaneurysms, including angioseal closure device, vascular plugs, etc. Cirrhosis poses a separate challenge with deranged coagulation and hyperfibrinolysis, making traditional methods, which are dependent on patients' coagulation cascade, less effective.

Materials and Methods We used a novel technique to treat the complicated femoral pseudoaneurysm using a suture-mediated closure device, Perclose ProGlide system (Abbott Vascular, California, United States). The transaneurysmal approach was used in seven patients. All the patients had acute or chronic liver disease with deranged coagulation. Six patients had femoral arterial access for angiographic procedure while one had a femoral line for intensive care unit monitoring. Compression was done in all the patients, but failed. Percutaneous injection of thrombin was done in two patients.

Results Technical success was achieved in 7/7 (100%) patients. There was instantaneous thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm, which was confirmed the next day by ultrasound. There were no procedure-related complications.

Conclusion Transaneurysmal closure of the femoral pseudoaneurysm using suture-mediated closure device is a novel and effective, minimally invasive bedside technique that can be used in patients with deranged coagulation.
European Diploma in Musculoskeletal Radiology: Oral Part of the Exam
Authors: Weber Marc-André , Rupreht Mitja , Drakonaki Elena , Martinoli Carlo , Vanhoenacker Filip , Robinson Philip , Adriaensen Miraude
Published: December 2024

The European Diploma in Musculoskeletal Radiology (EDiMSK) is a recognized European qualification of excellence for musculoskeletal (MSK) radiologists. The EDiMSK confirms proof of knowledge of MSK radiology in addition to any national qualifications certifying competency. The examination is conducted in English and consists of both a written and an oral part. This article guides candidates taking the EDiMSK examination on how to prepare for the oral exam that consists of clinical cases. Information is provided on how the clinical cases are structured and how the candidate is scored. Ten cases representative of the oral section of the EDiMSK are also presented.
The Rotator Interval Bursa (RIB) Technique: Sequential Rotator Interval and Subacromial Subdeltoid Bursa Injection
Authors: Nischal Neha , Mishra Chetna , Singh Jatinder Pal
Published: December 2024

Shoulder pain is a common and increasing indication for patients being referred for pain relief injections. To address this, patients are offered corticosteroid injections for the glenohumeral joint as well as the subacromial subdeltoid (SASD) bursa under ultrasound guidance, which allows direct visualization of the needle and target structures with a more confident and real-time needle placement. We demonstrate a new technique, the rotator interval bursa (RIB) technique, of sequential injection of the glenohumeral joint targeting the rotator interval as well as the SASD bursa via the anterior approach with a single prick.
Seven Golden Steps for Performing Safe and Effective Percutaneous C-Arm-Guided Vertebral Intervention
Authors: Singh Upinderjeet , Kumar Nishith , Saifi Alfa Shamim , Singh Dharmendra Kumar
Published: December 2024

Percutaneous C-arm-guided diagnostic or therapeutic vertebral intervention has advantages of real-time monitoring of needle progression in vertebrae in craniocaudal or caudocranial angulation. To minimize the complications of nerve root or spinal cord damage, stepwise methodical intervention is pertinent. In this technical report, we demonstrate the seven golden steps for a safe and effective C-arm-guided vertebral intervention.
Intramyocardial Hemangioma Mimicking Paraganglioma in Cardiac MRI and DOTANOC PET
Authors: Arunachalam Venkata Subbaih , Choudhury Apratim Roy , Valakkada Jineesh , Ayappan Anoop
Published: December 2024

A cardiac hemangioma is a rare primary benign intracardiac tumor characterized by proliferation of endothelial cells. The lesions are hyperintense on T2/short tau inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and show avid enhancement and retention of contrast agents. Here we present a case of a histopathologically proven cardiac hemangioma showing uptake on Dodecanetetraacetic acid - octreotate (DOTATATE), masquerading as paraganglioma in MRI and positron emission tomography imaging.
The static skin effect in conductor crystals with planar defects
Authors: Kolesnichenko Yu. A. , Peschanskii V. G. , Sinolitskii V. V.
Published: December 2024

It is shown that investigation of resistance of plates with planar defects in a strong magnetic field makes it possible to study the nature of the interaction between conduction electrons and such defects.
Experimental methods to test photoionized plasma models in emission
Authors: Cho P. B. , Loisel G. P. , Bailey J. E. , Nagayama T. , Fontes C. J. , Mayes D. C. , Dunham G. S.
Published: December 2024

The expanding foil photoionized plasma platform was developed on the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories to produce terrestrial photoionized plasmas at some of the same conditions as those observed in astrophysical black hole accretion disks. The specific scientific goals of the platform are motivated by long-standing astrophysical puzzles related to accreting black hole systems. Ultimately, the experimental goal is to inform the supersolar Fe abundance problem by testing photoionized plasma models in emission with at-parameter laboratory data. High quality high resolution emission data with absolute intensity calibration from a laboratory photoionized plasma have never been collected prior to the experiments described here, providing broader motivation. A robust test of the model predictions requires the successful production of a laboratory photoionized plasma along with measurements of the supporting model inputs including the radiation drive spectrum used to create the photoionized plasma, the electron density, and the temperature. The measured absolute spectral radiance in emission collected from the independently diagnosed plasma can be compared against model calculations performed using the measured inputs. In this paper, we focus on the experimental platform and the model inputs, specifically detailing the methodology used to measure the plasma conditions. The moderate electron temperature of ∼41 eV ± 15 eV and electron density of ∼1e19 ± 1.6e18 e−/cm3 and the ∼3e12 W/cm2 x-ray irradiance at the sample confirm that photoionization dominates the plasma ionization and spectra.
Electrothermal enhancement of β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 heterostructure field-effect transistors via back-end-of-line sputter-deposited AlN layer
Authors: Lundh James Spencer , Cress Cory , Jacobs Alan G. , Cheng Zhe , Masten Hannah N. , Spencer Joseph A. , Sasaki Kohei , Gallagher James , Koehler Andrew D. , Konishi Keita , Graham Samuel , Kuramata Akito , Anderson Travis J. , Tadjer Marko J. , Hobart Karl D. , Mastro Michael A.
Published: December 2024

The electrothermal device performance of β-(Al0.21Ga0.79)2O3/Ga2O3 heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) was enhanced by incorporating a 400 nm thick AlN capping layer via back-end-of-line room-temperature reactive sputter deposition. The AlN-capped HFETs demonstrated DC power densities >5 W/mm, higher than any previous report on lateral β-Ga2O3 transistors on native substrates. The breakdown voltage (VB) of the uncapped HFETs was 569 ± 250 V with a maximum VB of 947 V. For the AlN-capped HFETs, VB increased to 1210 ± 351 V with a maximum VB of 1868 V. The AlN-capped HFETs demonstrated a 27% reduction in device-level thermal resistance (RTH) as measured from the gate electrode. The combined use of electrical and thermal simulation helped elucidate the coupled electrothermal contributions to the measured reduction in the temperature rise for the AlN-capped HFETs. Although the measured AlN film thermal conductivity (13.3 ± 1.3 W/mK) was comparable to that of bulk β-Ga2O3, the capping layer still reduced the simulated peak channel temperature rise by ∼4% due to heat spreading only. Electrical simulation revealed that electric field spreading was an additional mechanism that contributed to the majority of the simulated 18% reduction in the peak channel temperature rise through delocalization and redistribution of the heat generation in the channel. Thermal modeling was used to evaluate further improvements in thermal performance that can be realized by optimizing the sputter deposition process to achieve thicker and higher thermal conductivity AlN.
A prospectus on laser-driven inertial fusion as an energy source
Authors: Callahan Debra A.
Published: December 2024

Recent historic results in inertial fusion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser have now demonstrated a fusion gain (fusion energy divided by laser driver energy) greater than one [Abu-Shawareb et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 065102 (2024)]. These achievements now demonstrate the conditions for fusion ignition can be achieved in the Laboratory and serve as a physics proof of principle for inertial fusion energy. However, there are still significant challenges to take the NIF result and create a fusion energy power plant. Over the last few years, several private fusion companies have been formed with the goal of producing a fusion pilot power plant. We discuss lessons learned from NIF and how those lessons can impact plans for inertial fusion energy. As excitement and funding for fusion energy is increased, we will need to expand the fusion workforce which is an excellent opportunity to increase the diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility of our field as well as forming partnerships between private fusion companies and public universities and National Laboratories.
Preparation of MoS2 nanoflakes in a mixed solvent by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) technique
Authors: Saima Nusaiba Akter , Hossain Khandker Saadat , Hussain Sabina
Published: December 2024

After the successful synthesis of graphene, the search area for 2D-nanomaterials became even larger. Currently, studies have been expanded from graphene to transition metal dichalcogenides such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), tungsten disulfide (WS2), and layered transition metal oxides. In this study, MoS2-nanoflakes were prepared by the liquid phase exfoliation technique. Binary mixtures of ethanol and deionized water in different percentages (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, and 0%) were used as the solvent to synthesize the MoS2-nanoflakes in a large scale. The quality of the solvents for exfoliation was determined using the Hansen solubility parameters. The analysis revealed that 60% ethanol-to-water mixture worked better than all the other mixtures. This study explored the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the produced nanoflakes. The UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a rise in absorption intensity with increasing sonication time, indicating thickness reduction of the nanoflakes. In addition, the yield percentage increases up to 20% with increasing sonication time. From the atomic force microscope images, the average thickness of the MoS2-nanoflakes has been found to be ∼10 nm. However, it has been found that the thickness of the nanoflakes decreases with increasing sonication time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has confirmed that there was no contamination. The lateral size of the nanoflakes has been determined using dynamic light scattering. For 60% ethanol solvent, the lateral size of the nanoflakes has been found to be 168.6 nm. The dispersion remained stable for ∼28 days.
Investigation of InGaN-based flexible RGB micro-light-emitting diodes and their monolithic integration
Authors: Li Chenxue , Li Yong , Sang Yimeng , Zhuang Zhe , Tang Dongming , Xing Kun , Zhuo Fulin , Bian Yuliang , Liu Tingting , Li Taotao , Zhi Ting , Tao Tao , Iida Daisuke , Ohkawa Kazuhiro , Wang Xinran , Zhang Rong , Liu Bin
Published: December 2024

This study demonstrated InGaN-based flexible RGB micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) with size ranging from 20 to 100 μm through laser liftoff and UV-tape-assisted transfer process. The fabrication process of flexible RGB μLEDs released the stress of GaN films, which reduced the bending of energy band and screened the quantum-confined Stark effect in InGaN quantum wells based on theoretical simulation. Thus, a clear blue shift of peak wavelength was observed especially for red μLEDs. The electrical and electroluminescent performance, such as forward voltage, peak wavelength, and full width half maximum of flexible RGB μLEDs, could remain approximately identical under different bending radii from 3 to 7 mm. We realized the monolithic integration of flexible RGB μLEDs and obtained a wide color gamut that covered around 78% of the Rec. 2020 at bending conditions.
Numerical simulation of combustion in a multi-component two-phase flow by lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Latifiyan Navid , Rahimian Mohammad-Hassan , Jafari Azadeh
Published: December 2024

This study presents a numerical study of combustion process in a multi-component two-phase flow using the lattice Boltzmann method. The research primarily focuses on the combustion process within liquid propellant rocket engines using monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) as droplets. Building upon our previous work [Latifiyan et al., Acta Mech. 233, 4817–4849 (2022)], which enables concurrent phase transition modeling for both fuel and oxidizer droplets, the droplet combustion and diffusive flame development are simulated using the model of Ashna et al. [Phys. Rev. E 95(5), 053301 (2017)], incorporating temperature-based thermophysical characteristics. The developed biphasic model is verified by simulating n-decane droplet combustion, showing reasonable agreement with experimental data despite minor discrepancies. Additionally, the multi-component model is validated by comparing MMH and NTO droplet combustion with classical numerical results, demonstrating acceptable agreement. The combustion characteristics of the MMH and NTO droplets are explored, followed by investigating the fluctuations in the diffusion flame temperature and fuel evaporation rate by altering the relevant parameters. The results indicate that an increase in the gas phase velocity, NTO droplet diameter, ambient temperature, and reduction in droplet spacing is associated with an elevated flame temperature and a fuel evaporation rate.
Droplet impact outcomes of emulsions on smooth and microstructured surfaces
Authors: Quetzeri-Santiago Miguel A. , Oropeza-Ramos Laura , Sánchez-Arévalo Francisco Manuel
Published: December 2024

This study explores the impact dynamics of emulsion droplets, with a dispersed phase of either silicone oil, toluene, or heptane, and water as the continuous phase, on both smooth and microstructured surfaces fabricated via photolithography. By preparing emulsions without surfactants, we isolated the effects of surface morphology and liquid properties on droplet behavior. We characterized the rheology of the emulsions and their droplet size distributions. The impact dynamics were recorded using a high-speed camera in a shadowgraph configuration, with analysis performed through image processing techniques. Our results indicate that at higher impact velocities, water exhibits the largest spreading diameter (dmax) on smooth surfaces, while emulsions with higher dispersed phase concentrations show reduced spreading due to increased energy dissipation. On microstructured surfaces, denser structures enhance resistance to spreading and trigger complex phenomena such as Worthington jets and secondary droplets, which are not observed on smooth surfaces. Additionally, we observed a transition in bouncing behavior for the silicone oil 50 cSt 20 v/v% emulsion on Glaco-coated surfaces, attributed to the infiltration of silicone oil into the Glaco microstructure, creating a suction force that prevents bouncing. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing industrial processes like inkjet printing and pesticide application, where precise control of droplet behavior is crucial.
CO2 storage efficiency in saline aquifers: Insight from the numerical modeling of immiscible displacement
Authors: Sypchenko I. , Afanasyev A.
Published: December 2024

We estimate the storage efficiency and the maximum migration distance of CO2 injected through a vertical well into a homogeneous open aquifer. The efficiency is regarded as a measure of the pore space usage for the subsurface CO2 disposal. Under the assumption of immiscible (no-soluble) displacement of the reservoir brine by the injected CO2, we derive the dimensionless equations governing the radial flow from the well. Using this theoretical development, we conclude that all parameters of the gas disposal can depend only on five similarity parameters, which can be considered the screening criteria for the CO2 storage. By employing reservoir simulations, we calculate the storage efficiency and the maximum migration distance as functions of those parameters and evaluate the most influencing criteria. We distinguish several limiting cases corresponding to either the gravity-driven flow of CO2 or its injection into an anisotropic reservoir characterized by a poor fluid communication in the vertical direction. We show that the storage parameters are governed by different scaling relationships in these limiting cases. We quantify the coefficients of the corresponding scaling laws. For the transient regimes of the CO2 flow away from the well, we present the maps allowing a back-of-the-envelope estimation of the storage efficiency for given similarity criteria. The maps and the scaling laws can be useful in the regional surveys for a preliminary screening and evaluation of the target reservoirs for carbon capture and storage.
Singularity formation of vortex sheets in two-dimensional Euler equations using the characteristic mapping method
Authors: Bergmann Julius , Maurel-Oujia Thibault , Yin Xi–Yuan , Nave Jean–Christophe , Schneider Kai
Published: December 2024

The goal of this numerical study is to get insight into singular solutions of the two-dimensional (2D) Euler equations for nonsmooth initial data, in particular for vortex sheets. To this end, high resolution computations of vortex layers in two-dimensional incompressible Euler flows are performed using the characteristic mapping method (CMM). This semi-Lagrangian method evolves the flow map using the gradient-augmented level set method. The semigroup structure of the flow map allows its decomposition into submaps (each over a finite time interval), and thus, the precision can be controlled by choosing appropriate remapping times. Composing the flow map yields exponential resolution in linear time, a unique feature of CMM, and thus, fine-scale flow structures can be resolved in great detail. Here, the roll-up process of vortex layers is studied varying the thickness of the layer showing its impact on the growth of palinstrophy and possible blow up of absolute vorticity. The curvature of the vortex sheet shows a singular-like behavior. The self-similar structure of the vortex core is investigated in the vanishing thickness limit. Conclusions on the presence of posssible singularities of two-dimensional Euler equations for nonsmooth initial data are drawn by tracking them in the complex plane.
Grand canonical Monte Carlo and deep learning assisted enhanced sampling to characterize the distribution of Mg2+ and influence of the Drude polarizable force field on the stability of folded states of the twister ribozyme
Authors: Baral Prabin , Sengul Mert Y. , MacKerell Alexander D.
Published: December 2024

Molecular dynamics simulations are crucial for understanding the structural and dynamical behavior of biomolecular systems, including the impact of their environment. However, there is a gap between the time scale of these simulations and that of real-world experiments. To address this problem, various enhanced simulation methods have been developed. In addition, there has been a significant advancement of the force fields used for simulations associated with the explicit treatment of electronic polarizability. In this study, we apply oscillating chemical potential grand canonical Monte Carlo and machine learning methods to determine reaction coordinates combined with metadynamics simulations to explore the role of Mg2+ distribution and electronic polarizability in the context of the classical Drude oscillator polarizable force field on the stability of the twister ribozyme. The introduction of electronic polarizability along with the details of the distribution of Mg2+ significantly stabilizes the simulations with respect to sampling the crystallographic conformation. The introduction of electronic polarizability leads to increased stability over that obtained with the additive CHARMM36 FF reported in a previous study, allowing for a distribution of a wider range of ions to stabilize twister. Specific interactions contributing to stabilization are identified, including both those observed in the crystal structures and additional experimentally unobserved interactions. Interactions of Mg2+ with the bases are indicated to make important contributions to stabilization. Notably, the presence of specific interactions between the Mg2+ ions and bases or the non-bridging phosphate oxygens (NBPOs) leads to enhanced dipole moments of all three moieties. Mg2+–NBPO interactions led to enhanced dipoles of the phosphates but, interestingly, not in all the participating ions. The present results further indicate the importance of electronic polarizability in stabilizing RNA in molecular simulations and the complicated nature of the relationship of Mg2+–RNA interactions with the polarization response of the bases and phosphates.
On the pressure dependence of viscosity, especially for fluids that have a tendency to form glasses
Authors: Hopper Nicholas , Espinosa-Marzal Rosa M. , Tysoe Wilfred
Published: December 2024

Understanding fluid viscosity is crucial for applications including lubrication and chemical kinetics. A commonality of molecular models is that they describe fluid flow based on the availability of vacant space. The proposed analysis builds on Goldstein’s idea that viscous transport must involve the concerted motion of a molecular ensemble, referred to as cooperatively rearranging regions (CRRs) by Adam and Gibbs in their entropy-based viscosity model for liquids close to their glass transition. The viscosity data for propylene carbonate reveal a non-monotonic trend of the activation volume with pressure, suggesting the existence of two types of CRR with different compressibility behaviors. This is proposed to result from a change in CRR free volume (<0.2 GPa) and a growth in its size (>0.2 GPa). We use Evans–Polanyi perturbation theory to develop an analytical model for the structural changes of the CRR in function of pressure and temperature and their effect on Eyring viscosity. This analysis shows that the activation energies and volumes scale with the CRR size. Using the compressibility data of propylene carbonate, we show that the activation volume of the CRR at low pressures depends on the compressibility of an ensemble comprised of the first coordination shell around a molecule. At higher pressures, we apply an Adam–Gibbs-type analysis to model the increase in CRR size and its effect on viscosity, where the increase in size is estimated from propylene carbonate’s heat capacity. However, this analysis also reveals deviations from the Adam and Gibbs model that will guide future improvements.
Performance comparison and evaluation of sequential and unordered charge in module base on two-phase flow method
Authors: Cheng Shenshen , Lu Xinggan , Ma Tianyi , Tao Ruyi , Xue Shao
Published: December 2024

Modular charges can form different structures within the chamber, offering flexibility, versatility, and high efficiency, and have therefore been widely used in large-diameter combustion and propulsion systems. To effectively enhance the performance of the propulsion system through optimizing the number of modules and charging methods, this study integrates the two-phase flow particle element method to analyze the performance variations of different combinations of module numbers and charging modes and employs multiple evaluation methods. Based on experimental verification, the numerical calculation shows that the varying number of modules significantly impacts on the flow process in the chamber. When the number of modules is low, the increased particle dispersion space results in notable pressure fluctuations in the ignition transfer process in the chamber, leading to low energy utilization efficiency. With increase in the number of modules, the energy utilization rate in the chamber also increases gradually, and the growth rate initially accelerates and then decelerates. The sequential charging mode can significantly improve the energy utilization efficiency and the charge utilization rate per unit chamber volume. Compared to the unordered charging mode, the charge amount increases by more than 9.5%, and the velocity increases by approximately 5%–8%.
Tuning quantum anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnetic 1T-CrX2 (X = Bi, Sb) monolayers
Authors: Lopes Emmanuel V. C. , Schmidt Tome M.
Published: December 2024

In this work, we have investigated the emergence of quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect in 1T-CrX2 (X = Bi, Sb) monolayers. Using a combination of first-principles and tight-binding methods, we demonstrate that the topological phase is a result of biaxial tensile strain, many-electron effects, and spin–orbit coupling. Both two-dimensional structures are ferromagnetic under strain and the phase transition from trivial to QAH is identified by nonvanishing Berry curvature with a Chern number C=2. The many-electron effects, expressed here by an effective Coulomb U parameter, play an important role in the magnetic anisotropy energy, affecting the QAH phase. Our results show that the 1T-CrX2 monolayers support large deformations, up to 25% of biaxial tensile strain, keeping their electronic, magnetic, and topological properties. This large elasticity combined with the bulk-boundary topological states, makes these 2D magnetic structures feasible to adhere on distinct surfaces being potential for spintronic applications.
Experimental evidence for the ω4 tail of the nonphononic spectra of glasses
Authors: Moriel Avraham , Lerner Edan , Bouchbinder Eran
Published: December 2024

It is now established that glasses feature low-frequency, nonphononic excitations, in addition to phonons that follow Debye’s vibrational density of state (VDoS). Extensive computer studies demonstrated that these nonphononic, glassy excitations follow a universal non-Debye VDoS DG(ω)∼ω4 at low frequencies ω. Yet, due to intrinsic difficulties in disentangling DG(ω) from the total VDoS D(ω), which is experimentally accessible through various scattering techniques, the ω4 tail of DG(ω) lacked direct experimental support. We develop a procedure to extract DG(ω) from the measured D(ω), based on recent advances in understanding low-frequency excitations in glasses, and apply it to available datasets for diverse glasses. The resulting analysis indicates that the ω4 tail of the nonphononic vibrational spectra of glasses is nontrivially consistent with a broad range of experimental observations. It also further supports that DG(ω) makes an additive contribution to D(ω).
The response of droplet cloud decomposition to the gas phase excitation
Authors: Sadri Armin , Tahsini Amir Mahdi
Published: December 2024

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the response of an evaporating and decomposing droplet cloud to applied excitations in the surrounding. The classic and conjugate models are utilized in two different developed flow solvers for investigations. The analysis is performed for low droplet cloud density, as a single droplet, and also for high droplet cloud density, in a closed chamber problem. The excitation is applied in such a way that small oscillations occur in temperature and pressure of the gas phase around evaporating droplets. The results show that the classic model is not suitable for studying response behavior of droplet burning at all. The conjugate model demonstrates the transient burning behavior in the form of regression rate amplitude augmentation during excitation, both for low and high droplet cloud densities. It is illustrated that in a closed chamber, the low droplet cloud density is more sensitive to unsteadiness at low excitation frequencies, but high cloud density is more sensitive at high frequencies. It is emphasized that in highly transient problems, such as combustion instability, the conjugate model must be used to obtain accurate results.
Dual role of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in post-stroke recovery
Authors: Choi Yun Hwa , Hsu Martin , Laaker Collin , Port Jenna , Kovács Kristóf G. , Herbath Melinda , Yang Heeyoon , Cismaru Peter , Johnson Alexis M. , Spellman Bailey , Wigand Kelsey , Sandor Matyas , Fabry Zsuzsanna
Published: December 2024

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), antigens, and antigen-presenting cells drain from the central nervous system (CNS) into lymphatic vessels near the cribriform plate and dura, yet the role of these vessels during stroke is unclear. Using a mouse model of ischemic stroke, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), we demonstrate stroke-induced lymphangiogenesis near the cribriform plate, peaking at day 7 and regressing by day 14. Lymphangiogenesis is restricted to the cribriform plate and deep cervical lymph nodes and is regulated by VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling. The use of a VEGFR-3 inhibitor prevented lymphangiogenesis and led to improved stroke outcomes at earlier time points, with no effects at later time points. VEGF-C delivery after tMCAO did not further increase post-stroke lymphangiogenesis, but instead induced larger brain infarcts. Our data support the damaging role of VEGF-C acutely and a pro-angiogenic role chronically. This nuanced understanding of VEGFR-3 and VEGF-C in stroke pathology advises caution regarding therapeutic VEGF-C use in stroke.
Baseline colitogenicity and acute perturbations of gut microbiota in immunotherapy-related colitis
Authors: Shang Joan , Del Valle Diane Marie , Britton Graham J. , Mead K.R. , Rajpal Urvija , Chen-Liaw Alice , Mogno Ilaria , Li Zhihua , Menon Rajita , Gonzalez-Kozlova Edgar , Elkrief Arielle , Peled Jonathan U. , Gonsalves Tina Ruth , Shah Neil J. , Postow Michael , Colombel Jean-Frederic , Gnjatic Sacha , Faleck David M. , Faith Jeremiah J.
Published: December 2024

Immunotherapy-related colitis (irC) frequently emerges as an immune-related adverse event during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and is presumably influenced by the gut microbiota. We longitudinally studied microbiomes from 38 ICI-treated cancer patients. We compared 13 ICI-treated subjects who developed irC against 25 ICI-treated subjects who remained irC-free, along with a validation cohort. Leveraging a preclinical mouse model, predisease stools from irC subjects induced greater colitigenicity upon transfer to mice. The microbiota during the first 10 days of irC closely resembled inflammatory bowel disease microbiomes, with reduced diversity, increased Proteobacteria and Veillonella, and decreased Faecalibacterium, which normalized before irC remission. These findings highlight the irC gut microbiota as functionally distinct but phylogenetically similar to non-irC and healthy microbiomes, with the exception of an acute, transient disruption early in irC. We underscore the significance of longitudinal microbiome profiling in developing clinical avenues to detect, monitor, and mitigate irC in ICI therapy cancer patients.
Proximity effects, topological states, and correlated physics in graphene heterostructures
Authors: Zollner Klaus , Fabian Jaroslav
Published: December 2024

Graphene spintronics is an emerging field of research that explores the use of graphene’s extraordinary spin and charge transport properties to manipulate and control the electron spin degree of freedom for potential applications in information processing and data storage. Particularly interesting are graphene-based van-der-Waals heterostructures, which allow the creation of tailored spintronic properties, emerging from proximity effects, without destroying the unique Dirac states. The possibility to induce customized spin–orbit and exchange coupling in graphene, via band structure engineering, can lead to topologically protected edge states for dissipationless electronics and spintronics. In flat-band graphene materials, in particular, magic-angle bilayer graphene and rhombohedral (ABC stacked) trilayer graphene, the coupling between spin and valley (orbital) degrees of freedom can be coupled by strong Coulomb interactions, leading to a variety of fascinating correlated and superconducting phases. The emerging isospin electronics, combining both the electron spin and valley flavors, can transform the landscape of low-temperature electronics and lead to novel functionalities based on quantum matter. This Perspective explores the latest advancements in proximity effects, topological states, and correlated physics in graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures, discussing the fundamentals for potential applications.
Green synthesis of propolis mediated silver nanoparticles with antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties and their burn wound healing efficacy in animal model
Authors: Islam Shabana , Hussain Erum Akbar , Shujaat Shahida , Rasheed Muhammad Adil
Published: December 2024

Developing an efficient and cost-effective wound-healing substance to treat wounds and regenerate skin is desperately needed in the current world. The present study evaluated in vivo wound healing and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activities of propolis mediated silver nanoparticles. Extract of Bee propolis from northeast Punjab, Pakistan, has been prepared via maceration and subjected to chemical identification. The results revealed that it is rich in phenolic contents (88 ± 0.004 mg GAE ml−1, 34 ± 0.1875 mg QE ml−1) hence, employed as a reducer and capping agent to afford silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green approach. The prepared nanoparticles have been characterized by UV-visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD). The propolis mediated AgNPs possess cubic face center with spherical shape and measured 50–60 nm in size. Moreover, propolis mediated silver nanoparticles have been studied for various biological activities. The results showed excellent antioxidant (0.4696 μg ml−1), anti-inflammatory (0.3996 μg ml−1) and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 0.462 μg ml−1) and Proteus mirabilis (MIC 0.659 μg ml−1) bacterium. An ointment was prepared by mixing AgNPs with polymeric gels for burn wound treatment in rabbits. We found rapid wound healing and higher collagen deposition in AgNPs treated wounds than in control group. Our data suggest that AgNPs from propolis ameliorate excision wounds, and hence, these AgNPs could be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of burns.
Characterization and thermometry of dissipatively stabilized steady states
Authors: Grattan G S , Liguori-Schremp A M , Perez D Rodriguez , Kapit E , Jones W , Graf P
Published: December 2024

In this work we study the properties of dissipatively stabilized steady states of noisy quantum algorithms, exploring the extent to which they can be well approximated as thermal distributions, and proposing methods to extract the effective temperature T. We study an algorithm called the relaxational quantum eigensolver (RQE), which is one of a family of algorithms that attempt to find ground states and balance error in noisy quantum devices. In RQE, we weakly couple a second register of auxiliary ‘shadow’ qubits to the primary system in Trotterized evolution, thus engineering an approximate zero-temperature bath by periodically resetting the auxiliary qubits during the algorithm’s runtime. Balancing the infinite temperature bath of random gate error, RQE returns states with an average energy equal to a constant fraction of the ground state. We probe the steady states of this algorithm for a range of base error rates, using several methods for estimating both T and deviations from thermal behavior. In particular, we both confirm that the steady states of these systems are often well-approximated by thermal distributions, and show that the same resources used for cooling can be adopted for thermometry, yielding a fairly reliable measure of the temperature. These methods could be readily implemented in near-term quantum hardware, and for stabilizing and probing Hamiltonians where simulating approximate thermal states is hard for classical computers.
Assessment of bioaerosol composition and public health implications in high-traffic urban areas of Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Odeyemi Daniel Abayomi , Alao Jude Oluwapelumi , Kayode Tolulope Adeyemi , Durugbo Ernest Uzodimma
Published: December 2024

Bioaerosols, a significant yet underexplored component of atmospheric particulate matter, pose substantial public health risks, particularly in regions with poor air quality. This study investigates the composition of bioaerosols in public spaces, specifically two interstate motor parks and two marketplaces in Osun State, Nigeria, over six months. Air samples were collected, and bacterial and fungal species were identified, focusing on pathogenic organisms. The results revealed the presence of well-known pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus sp., and Fusarium sp., which are associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, as well as antimicrobial resistance. Site-specific differences in microbial diversity were observed, with higher bacterial diversity in motor parks and greater fungal occurrence in marketplaces influenced by environmental factors such as waste management. The findings highlight the urgent need for microbial air quality monitoring in public spaces, alongside improved sanitation practices. This study provides critical insights into the public health risks posed by bioaerosols and calls for local and global interventions to mitigate the impact of airborne pathogens in urban environments.
Evaluating the environmental effects of Japan's tourism: insights into pandemic-induced changes and driving forces
Authors: Huang Yuzhuo , Shigetomi Yosuke , Matsumoto Ken’ichi
Published: December 2024

The intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and tourism has significantly influenced emissions from supply chains, highlighting a complex dynamic between tourism and climate change. Although the pandemic represents a unique event within a specific timeframe, analyzing its impact on tourism provides valuable insights into the characteristics of tourism carbon footprints (TCF) in the context of sudden public health crises. Accordingly, we used the latest data available from the global multi-regional input–output table of EXIOBASE3 and Japan’s tourist consumption statistics to estimate the TCF from all tourist sources in Japan based on the global economic system, and we visualized the carbon flow caused by population mobility. The decomposition of the environmental impact of the pandemic response further identified the driving forces of TCF changes. The main findings suggested that substantial differences exist in the emission levels and sectoral distributions of TCF between inbound and domestic tourism in Japan. Domestic TCF accounted for the majority of the overall TCF, and it also showed a stronger ability to withstand the pandemic impact, accounting for over 90% of Japan’s TCF during the pandemic. The pandemic greatly reduced the TCF and further exacerbated the driving differences. Prior to the pandemic, Japan’s TCF had diverse driving forces; however, pandemic-induced restrictions magnified the volume effect, especially in the inbound TCF, whereas other effects remained substantial for the domestic TCF.
Occurrence and dissipation of antibiotics in manure-amended vegetable greenhouse soils under sprinkling irrigation
Authors: Yang Kaifeng , Zhao Fangkai , Yang Lei , Huang Yong , Shen Linjun , Liu Honglin , Feng Qingyu , Chen Liding
Published: December 2024

Agricultural practices critically influence the dissipation of antibiotics in soil, particularly in intensive vegetable greenhouses. This study examines how manure fertilization and irrigation techniques affect antibiotic behavior to improve management practices and reduce contamination. Soil samples were collected from plastic greenhouses with different fertilization periods (0, 5, and 10 years). Regression models were employed to quantify the relationships and interactions among agricultural management intensities, soil characteristics, and antibiotic dissipation. In soils with a long history of organic fertilization, significantly higher antibiotic residues were observed compared to those with less or no fertilization. The concentration of antibiotics decreased further away from irrigation sources, suggesting that irrigation patterns significantly affect their spatial distribution (R2
≥ 0.90, p ≤ 0.05). Prolonged fertilization increased soil pH and organic carbon, which impeded antibiotic dissipation, whereas enhanced soil moisture actively facilitated it (λ = 0.48, p < 0.001). These findings underscore the profound impact of agricultural practices on antibiotic dissipation, advocating for adjustments in these practices to mitigate antibiotic contamination and bolster agroecosystem sustainability. The insights provided are crucial for developing targeted strategies to minimize antibiotic residues in agricultural soils, ultimately supporting healthier and more sustainable farming environments.