bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMUM DESIGN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PM-TYPE LONGITUDINAL FLUX LINEAR MOTOR USING THE STATISTICAL METHODS
Authors: HONG DO-KWAN , WOO BYUNG-CHUL , AHN CHAN-WOO
Published: August 2010

Permanent Magnet (PM) type Longitudinal Flux Linear Motors (LFLMs) are electromagnetic devices which can develop directly powerful linear motion. This paper presents statistical optimum design of PM type LFLM to reduce the weight of the machine with the constraints of avg. thrust force using the penalty method with characteristics function and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The contribution and effect of the each design variable on the characteristic function is evaluated by the analysis of means (ANOM) and optimum design set is determined. The reduced gradient algorithm is adopted in RSM. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed optimization procedure using penalty method and RSM can be easily utilized to solve the optimization problem with constraint of electric machine.
LUMINESCENT PROPERTY OF ZNO GRANULAR FILMS WITH DIFFERENT PARTICLE SIZE
Authors: HAO WEICHANG , FEN HAIBIN , ZHANG JUNYING , WANG TIANMIN
Published: August 2010

Zinc oxide has received extensive attention for its unique luminescence properties. In this paper, ZnO granular films were prepared on the Si wafer and quartz substrate by Layer-by-Layer electrostatic self-assembly method. The effect of sol concentration on particle size and photoluminescence properties was investigated. SEM images indicate that ZnO particle size increases with sol concentration improving. Absorption edge and photoluminescence peak have a red-shift with particle size increase. The emission peak shift is resulted from particle size effect and the change of oxygen vacancy concentration in surface. The luminescent property of granular film shows big difference with that of ZnO sol. This difference is related to the assembly state of ZnO nanoparticles.
EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS AND EGR APPLICATION OF BLENDED FUELS WITH BDF AND OXYGENATE (DMM) IN A DIESEL ENGINE
Authors: CHOI SEUNG-HUN , OH YOUNG-TAIG
Published: August 2010

In this study, the possibility of biodiesel fuel and oxygenated fuel (dimethoxy methane ; DMM) was investigated as an alternative fuel for a naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine. The smoke emission of blending fuel (biodiesel fuel 90vol-% + DMM 10vol-%) was reduced approximately 70% at 2500rpm, full load in comparison with the diesel fuel. But, engine power and brake specific energy consumption showed no significant differences. But, NOx emission of biodiesel fuel and DMM blended fuel increased compared with commercial diesel fuel due to the oxygen component in the fuel. It was needed a NOx reduction counter plan that EGR method was used as a countermeasure for NOx reduction. It was found that simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx emission was achieved with BDF (95 vol-%) and DMM (5 vol-%) blended fuel and cooled EGR method (15%).
INITIATION AND PROPAGATION BEHAVIOR OF A FATIGUE CRACK OF ALLOY 718
Authors: KAWAGOISHI NORIO , GOTO MASAHIRO , WANG XISHU , WANG QINGYUAN
Published: August 2010

Rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out at room temperature and 500°C for alloy 718 with nearly the same static strength but different precipitated particles, i.e. a peak aged condition (720°C-10h) and a double aged one (720°C-8h, 620°C-8h), in order to investigate the effect of precipitated particles on crack initiation and propagation behavior. Fatigue strength was higher in the double aged material than in the peak one at both temperatures. The main reason for high fatigue strength of the double aged material was that the propagation of a small crack with a few grain sizes was suppressed by the carbide particles precipitated in a grain.
MICROSTRUCTURE AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF FeNiCr-TiC COMPOSITE PRODUCED BY THERMITE REACTION
Authors: XI WENJUN , SHI CHAOLIANG
Published: August 2010

The microstructures of the FeNiCr - TiC composite produced by the rapid solidification thermite process were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The effects of aging treatment on the microstructure and fracture toughness of the composite were examined. Results showed that the FeNiCr - TiC composite was composed of ferrite (α- FeNiCr ), TiC and NiAl (β phase). TiC particles in the matrix were in the shape of polygon and uniformly distributed, and their size was less than 3 µm. The β phase was coherent with the ferrite matrix, and its average size was about 50 nm. The fracture toughness of composite was 22 MPa·m1/2 without aging. When the aging temperature was below 600°C, the fracture toughness of the composite had higher plateau values and reached the maximum of 32 MPa·m1/2 at aging temperature 500°C due to the precipitation of NiAl phase on the nanometer scale. The fracture toughness decreased rapidly aged at 650°C, and then kept homology value in the range of 700 to 900°C, which was attributed to the precipitation of needle-shaped carbide ( Cr / Fe )7 C 3 at the grain boundaries.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LIQUID PHASE SITERED SIC AND SIC/SIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Authors: LEE MOON HEE , LEE SANG PILL , HUR KWAN DO
Published: August 2010

The characterization of liquid phase sintered(LPS) SiC based materials has been investigated with the analysis of microstructure and flexural strength. Especially, LPS - SiC materials were examined for the variation of test temperature and composition ratios ( Al 2 O 3,/ Y 2 O 3) of sintering additives. LPS - SiC based materials were fabricated by hot pressing(HP) associated with the liquid phase formation of sintering additives( Al 2 O 3, Y 2 O 3). LPS - SiCf / SiC composites were also fabricated with plane-woven(PW) Tyranno-SA fibers without an interfacial layer. LPS - SiC materials showed a dense morphology with the creation of the secondary phase like YAG. The composition ratio of sintering additives led to the variation of sintered density and flexural strength. The flexural strength of LPS - SiC materials was greatly decreased at the temperature higher than 1000°C. LPS - SiCf / SiC composites represented an average flexural strength of about 260 MPa, accompanying the catastrophic fracture behavior without any full-out phenomena.
CYCLIC THERMAL SHOCK PROPERTIES OF MOSI2 INTERMETALLIC MATERIALS
Authors: LEE SANG PILL , LEE JIN KYUNG , LEEM CHAE HO
Published: August 2010

This paper dealt with the thermal shock damages of MoSi 2 intermetallics by a nondestructive technique. The flexural strength of MoSi 2 intermetallics depending on the thermal shock cycles has been also investigated. The thermal shock test was repeatedly performed up to 80 cycles at the temperature difference of 423 K. The flexural strength of MoSi 2 intermetallics decreased with the increase of thermal shock cycle, due to the creation of crack and its propagation. MoSi 2 intermetallics represented the drastic reduction of ultrasonic wave velocity at the thermal shock of 40 cycles. The attenuation coefficient of MoSi 2 intermetallics increased with increasing the thermal shock cycle due to the activation of damage degree
A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF SINTERING ADDITIVES FOR FABRICATION OF SIC CERAMIC
Authors: YOON HAN KI , LEE YOUNG JU , CHO HO JUN , KIM TAE GYU
Published: August 2010

Silicon carbide ( SiC ) materials have been extensively studied for high temperature components in advanced energy system and advanced gas turbine. The SiC ceramics have been fabricated by a NITE (Nano Infiltration Transient Eutectic Phase) Process, using Nano- SiC powder. The sintering additives used for forming liquid phase under sintering process, used the sintering additives ratios were an Al 2 O 3- Y 2 O 3 system or add SiO 2 contents. A major R&D focus for the SiC ceramics is the production to obtain high purity SiC ceramics. In this study, we investigated roles of the sintering additives( Al 2 O 3: Y 2 O 3) to fabrication of the SiC ceramics. The effects of SiO 2 contents and density properties of the SiC ceramics were also investigated. To investigate the effects of SiO 2, Al 2 O 3/ Y 2 O 3 composition were fixed and then SiO 2 ratios were changed as several kinds, and to confirm the effects of sintering additives ratios ( Al 2 O 3: Y 2 O 3) they were changed between 4:6 and 6:4 in x wt.%.
EFFECTS OF CRYSTAL ORIENTATION ON STRESS RUPTURE BEHAVIOR OF ANi3Al-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOY IC6SX
Authors: JIANG LIWU , LI SHUSUO , WU MEILING , HAN YAFANG
Published: August 2010

The effect of the crystal orientation on the stress rupture behavior of the Ni3Al -base Single Crystal alloy IC6SX under the test condition of 1100°C/120Mpa has been studied. The results showed that the stress rupture lives of the specimens with [001], [011] and [111] crystal orientations were 205.45h, 268.6h and 485h, respectively, i.e., the specimen with [111] crystal orientation had the longest stress rupture life. The results of the tests also showed the significant different of high temperature stress rupture elongation and area reduction for different crystal orientation specimens, i.e., the ruptured elongations for the specimens with [001], [011] and [111] crystal orientations were 61.9%, 22.9% and 28.8%, and the values of area reduction for the specimens with [001], [011]and [111] crystal orientations were 11.7%, 12.2%and 7.3% respectively.
BEHAVIOR OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION AND CRACK PROPAGATION ON FULLY LAMELLAR GAMMA-TiAl ALLOY
Authors: SONG MING , MAO GUANGJIE , MA YUE , GONG SHENGKAI
Published: August 2010

Practical residual strain field around the microcrack tip of fully lamellar γ- TiAl alloy was estimate the by digital image correlation (DIC) technology with in-situ SEM observation. And the macro plastic deformation before fracture of such low ductility alloys was observed. The results showed that the size of plastic zone around microcrack tip was 2 ~ 10µ m which was much more smaller than the calculated value by fracture mechanics. During the magnified observation on the plastic deformation region, a series of microcracks were observed in the specimen without macro cracking. Furthermore, the size of distribution region of the microcracks were in the same order of magnitude with the calculated plastic zone near primary crack tip which just reflected the comprehensive effect of microcracks and the plastic deformation on the tips of them.
EFFECT OF Si ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED Nb SILICIDE ALLOYS
Authors: WU MEILING , WANG YUYE , LI SHUSUO , JIANG LIWU , HAN YAFANG
Published: August 2010

Nb - xSi ( x =3,9,16)-22 Ti -3 Cr -3 Al -2 Hf (at.%) have been successfully prepared by directional solidification in an optical floating zone furnace. Microstructure analysis and phases identification of the alloys were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Electro Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) and Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS). Fracture toughness specimens without pre-crack were prepared, room temperature fracture toughness of alloys was tested by three-point bending method, and fracture mechanism was studied. The results showed that with increasing Si content, Nb 5 Si 3 phase gradually increased and the phase transformed from γ- Nb 5 Si 3 to the stable α- Nb 5 Si 3 phase and β- Nb 5 Si 3 phase. There appeared the Ti -rich Nb 5 Si 3 phase when the Si content is 16 at%. In addition, more micro-cracks generated in the Ti -rich Nb 5 Si 3 phase, which seriously affected room temperature fracture toughness of the alloys.
P-TYPE ALUMINIUM-NITROGEN CO-DOPED ZnO FILMS PREPARED BY THERMAL OXIDATION OF SPUTTERED Zn3N2:Al PRECURSORS
Authors: ZOU C.-W. , CHEN R.-Q. , HAEMMERLE E. , GAO W.
Published: August 2010

P -type ( Al , N ) co-doped ZnO films have been prepared by thermal oxidation of sputtered Zn 3 N 2: Al precursor films. The Zn 3 N 2: Al precursors are deposited by RF magnetron sputter and then annealed in oxygen atmosphere at different temperatures. The doped ZnO films are characterized by XRD, XPS and Hall effect measurement. The results indicate that the ZnO films only show p -type conductivity with an annealing in a temperature window: ZnO films show the best p -type characteristics with a hole concentration of 4.2 × 1017 cm -3, mobility of 0.52 cm/V.s and resistivity of 28Ωcm after an annealing at 550°C. Using these p -type ZnO films, ZnO p - n junctions are prepared which show good diode characteristics. The chemical states of N and Al dopants in the ZnO host material are investigated by XPS method after annealing at different temperatures; and the doping mechanisms are discussed based on the XPS results.
TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIAL JOURNAL BEARINGS BY ULTRASONIC NANOCRYSTAL SURFACE MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: PYOUN YOUNG SHIK , PARK JEONG HYUN , SUH CHANG MIN , CHO INHO , LEE CHANG-SOON , PARK IN-GYU , AMANOV AUEZHAN , GAFUROV ALISHER , PARK JIN
Published: August 2010

Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) has applied to a radial journal bearings made of bearing steel SUJ2. Mechanical characteristics are compared between UNSM treated and untreated bearings. Friction torque is measured at the boundary lubrication condition, the mixed lubrication condition, and the full hydrodynamic lubrication condition. The peak torque at the boundary lubrication condition and the transition period to mixed lubrication condition on the UNSM treated samples are reduced. These effects are very useful to improve the service life of journal bearings. The Stribeck curve at the mixed and full hydrodynamic lubrication is derived and compared. The friction coefficient at these two regimes is reduced by more than 50%, which will do effective role for improvement of energy efficiency. The major effects for this reduction at three lubrication regimes could be explained in the terms of micro dimple surface.
RELATION BETWEEN MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PLASMA-SPRAYED 8YSZ COATING
Authors: LI YONG , LI CHANG-JIU , YANG GUAN-JUN , LI CHENG-XING
Published: August 2010

Plasma-sprayed YSZ coatings have been widely employed as thermal insulation coatings in gas turbine for its low thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity of ceramic coatings is closely related to coating microstructure. In the present study, YSZ coating was deposited on a stainless steel by atmospheric plasma spraying using a fuse-crushed 8wt.% Y2O3-stablized ZrO2powder at different spray distances from 70 mm and 100 mm. The microstructure of YSZ coatings was quantitatively characterized through visualization of lamellar structure assisted by electroplating Ni and subsequent EDX line analysis. The thermal conductivity of YSZ coatings with different microstructures was tested by a laser flash technique. Results showed that the mean lamellar bonding ratio was 32% and almost kept unchanged for the coatings deposited at 70 mm and 85 mm and it was reduced by 25% when distance was increased to 100 mm. The thermal conductivity of the coatings largely depended on the mean bonding ratio between lamellae and increased with the bonding ratio.
A NOVEL HEMISPHERICAL MICROBOND SPECIMEN FOR EVALUATING THE INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF A SINGLE FIBER COMPOSITE
Authors: PARK JOO-EON , CHOI NAK-SAM , GU JA-UK
Published: August 2010

In this paper, a novel hemispherical microbond specimen is proposed for evaluating the interfacial shear strength of fiber-reinforced composites. A hemispherical microbond specimen was developed with the insertion of a pin-holed, Teflon film into a droplet matrix surrounding a single fiber. This experimental test offered more reliable strength data in the hemispherical specimen. Thus, the hemispherical microbond specimen is recommended to be suitable for evaluation of interfacial shear strength as a convenient alternative for the cylindrical pull-out test.
INFLUENCE OF THIOBACILLUS FERROXIDANS BIOFILM ON THE CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF STEEL A3
Authors: LI SONGMEI , ZHANG YUANYUAN , LIU JIANHUA , YU MEI
Published: August 2010

Electrochemical measurement and surface analysis methods were employed to investigate the Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) influenced by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans biofilm. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicated that the impedance value of steel A3 after 21 days of immersion in sterile solution was much higher than that of T.f solution. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) results showed the adsorption state of the microorganism on the metal surface for 7 days of exposure in T.f solution. The morphologies of the surface film were analyzed with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which showed the changes with exposure time of the film on the metal surface. The special morphology and the heterogeneity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans biofilm induced the localized corrosion of steel A3. After 21 days of exposure, general corrosion occurred in the sterile solution, while localized corrosion was detected under the effect of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF BIOLOGICALLY BASED CO-NI-P MICROSTRUCTURE METAL PARTICLES
Authors: LI SONGMEI , ZHANG XIAOLIANG , LIU JIANHUA
Published: August 2010

Biological materials naturally display an astonishing variety of sophisticated nanostructures that are difficult to obtain even with the most technological advanced synthetic methodologies. We describe a new type of Co - Ni - P ternary alloy microstructure particles prepared by electroless deposition based on biological templating. The plating parameters were explored and the microstructure material was studied by microbiological method, scanning election microscope (SEM), energy dispersive analysis (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results showed that the Bacillus were coated by Co - Ni - P ternary alloy successfully and the average contents of Co , Ni , and P in Co - Ni - P coating were about 18.73 wt%, 74.43 wt% and 3.04 wt%, respectively. The structures of as-plated Co - Ni - P alloy were amorphous and exhibited excellent magnetic property. The values of saturation magnetization (Ms), remnants magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) of the sample were about 18 emu/g, 3.5 emu/g, and 107 Oe, receptivity.
IMPROVEMENT OF MEASUREMENT ACCURACY OF STRAIN OF THIN FILM BY CCD CAMERA WITH A TEMPLATE MATCHING METHOD USING THE 2ND-ORDER POLYNOMIAL INTERPOLATION
Authors: PARK JUN-HYUB , SHIN MYUNG-SOO , KANG DONG-JOONG , LIM SUNG-JO , HA JONG-EUN
Published: August 2010

In this study, a system for non-contact in-situ measurement of strain during tensile test of thin films by using CCD camera with marking surface of specimen by black pen was implemented as a sensing device. To improve accuracy of measurement when CCD camera is used, this paper proposed a new method for measuring strain during tensile test of specimen with micrometer size. The size of pixel of CCD camera determines resolution of measurement, but the size of pixel can not satisfy the resolution required in tensile test of thin film because the extension of the specimen is very small during the tensile test. To increase resolution of measurement, the suggested method performs an accurate subpixel matching by applying 2nd order polynomial interpolation method to the conventional template matching. The algorithm was developed to calculate location of subpixel providing the best matching value by performing single dimensional polynomial interpolation from the results of pixel-based matching at a local region of image. The measurement resolution was less than 0.01 times of original pixel size. To verify the reliability of the system, the tensile test for the BeNi thin film was performed, which is widely used as a material in micro-probe tip. Tensile tests were performed and strains were measured using the proposed method and also the capacitance type displacement sensor for comparison. It is demonstrated that the new strain measurement system can effectively describe a behavior of materials after yield during the tensile test of the specimen at microscale with easy setup and better accuracy.
CYCLIC OXIDATION BEHAVIORS OF EB-PVD Dy DOPED β-NiAl COATINGS AT 1100°C
Authors: GUO HONGBO , WANG SHIXING , WANG XIAOYAN , GONG SHENGKAI
Published: August 2010

β- NiAl as a promising oxidation resistant coating material due to it high melting point and good oxidation resistant, however it reveals poor cyclic oxidation performance. In this paper, reactive element Dy doped β- NiAl coatings were prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). Dy doping led to the grain refinement microstructure and Dy segregated mainly at grain boundaries. Cyclic oxidation behaviors of the coatings at 1100°C were investigated. The 0.05at.% Dy and 0.1at.% Dy doped coatings exhibited lower oxidation rate and better cyclic oxidation performance, as compared to the undoped coating. The effects of Dy addition on the morphologies and growth mechanism of the oxide scale were discussed.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF NANOSTRUCTURED TIO2 COATING PREPARED BY ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA SPRAYING AND ITS PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES
Authors: YU QINGHE , HUANG HUI , ZHOU CHUNGEN
Published: August 2010

The starting nano- TiO 2 feedstock was agglomerated by spray-drying process. Nano- TiO 2 coatings on transparent glasses were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The variation of the anatase content, porosity and grain size with the arc current is investigated extensively. Result shows that the nano- TiO 2 phase is composed of anatase and rutile phase. The content of anatase in the sprayed coatings decreased and the grain size increased with the arc current increasing, and the porosity first increased and then decreased. As-sprayed nano- TiO 2 coatings obtained at the spraying current of 400 A have the best photocatalytic property due to the synergistic effect of the fractions of anatase phase and the rate of porosity.
OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF LOW-TEMPERATURE PACK ALUMINIZING COATINGS ON NI-BASE SUPERALLOY
Authors: YUAN BIFEI , YU LONGWEN , LU GUIWU
Published: August 2010

A nickel-base superalloy has been used to deposit the aluminide coating by low-temperature pack cementation process. The high temperature oxidation tests on aluminized alloys and the uncoated specimens are carried out at 1000°C for 10h. It is observed that a dense and protective Al 2 O 3 surface layer is produced on the aluminized alloy, and the aluminizing process has greatly enhanced the high temperature oxidation resistance of the Ni -base superalloy at 1000°C. As a contrast, the uncoated specimen begins to be failure when treated only for 6h at the same temperature.
EFFECTS OF THE REDUCING AGENTS ON MORPHOLOGIES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN POLY(STYRENE-B-4-VINYLPYRIDINE) MICELLES
Authors: ALI NAUMAN , KIM DONG-HUN , PARK LEE-SOON , KANG INN-KYU , YOON KEUN-BYOUNG , KWAK GISEOP , PARK SOO-YOUNG
Published: August 2010

The effects of the reducing agents of hydrazine ( H 4 N 2), sodium borohydride ( NaBH 4), and triethylsilane ( C 6 H 15 Si ) on the morphologies of gold nanoparticles in the poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) micelle were studied using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), UV/visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). "Cherry" morphology was found in the gold nanoparticles reduced by hydrazine while "raspberry" morphology was found in the gold nanoparticles reduced by sodium borohydride. Hydrazine was more effective in reducing gold nanoparticle in the core of the PS-b-P4VP micelle than sodium borohydride and triethylsilane. The nanoparticles reduced by hydrazine were confined in the core and more regular than those reduced by sodium borohydride and triethylsilane. The possible mechanism leading to these morphological differences was also discussed.
EFFECT OF Al CONTENT ON THE COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF (TiB2-Al2O3)/Al PRODUCTS FROM AN Al-TiO2-B2O3 SYSTEM
Authors: ZHAN LEI , SHEN PING , JIANG QICHUAN
Published: August 2010

The effect of Al content on the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction among Al , TiO 2 and B 2 O 3 was experimentally investigated. The Al content plays an important role in controlling the reaction behaviors. With the increase in reactant Al , the maximum combustion temperature decreases, the propagating wave velocity first increases and then decreases, while the ignition delay time shows an opposite tendency. More importantly, the increase of the Al content in the reactants has an insignificant effect on the phase constitutions of the synthesized products but reduces the size of the synthesized TiB 2 particles.
SYNTHESIS OF [(Ca1-xSrx)2-2y](Ti2-2yLi2y)Si2yO6-y CERAMIC AND ITS APPLICATION IN EFFICIENT PLASMA DECOMPOSITION OF CO2
Authors: LI RUIXING , TANG QING , YIN SHU , SATO TSUGIO
Published: August 2010

According to both the first principle and materials chemistry, a method for fabricating [( Ca 1-x Sr x)2-2y]( Ti 2-2y Li 2y) Si 2y O 6-y ceramic was investigated. It was considered that the sintering was promoted by self-accelerated diffusion due to the formation of point defects caused by doping with Li 2 Si 2 O 5. Consequently, a concept of non-stoichiometrically activated sintering, which was enhanced by point defects without the help of a grain boundary phase, was systematically studied in the Ca 1-x Sr x TiO 3- Li 2 Si 2 O 5 system. The mechanical and dielectric properties of [( Ca 1-x Sr x)2-2y]( Ti 2-2y Li 2y) Si 2y O 6-y were greatly enhanced by adding Li 2 Si 2 O 5. To improve CO2 decomposition activity, [( Ca 1-x Sr x)2-2y]( Ti 2-2y Li 2y) Si 2y O 6-y, which possesses both high permittivity and high dielectric strength was used as a dielectric barrier to decompose CO2 by dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) plasma without using any catalyst and auxiliary substance. It successfully generated DBDs plasma and the CO2 conversion was much higher than that using an alumina or a silica glass barrier which was widely used as the dielectric barrier in previous studies.
SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF NANO-CERIA PARTICLES BY SOLVOTHERMAL ROUTES
Authors: FU CONG , LI RUIXING , ZHANG YUE
Published: August 2010

Cerium oxides ( CeO 2) were synthesized by two steps solvothermal routes. First, a precursor was precipitated using solutions of cerium (III) nitrate and ammonia, and then this precursor was treated via solvothermal techniques in an autoclave. Narrow distribution of CeO 2 particle size, between 10 to 15 nm, was achieved in different solvents. Hard agglomerates of nano- CeO 2 were mitigated in an ethanol solvent. Most of crystal particles were in the shape of a quadrangle for the precursor. Morphology of CeO 2 particles gradually changed after the precursor was treated by solvothermal techniques. There were both quadrangular and symmetrically hexagonal particles at an alkaline pH value. Alternatively, the quadrangular particles disappeared, instead of geometrically unsymmetrical hexagon with decreasing pH to a more acid value. The evolution mechanism of the morphology was discussed. These results have important implications for recognizing and controlling the crystalline shape by solvothermal techniques.
CONTROL OF MORPHOLOGY AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF FLAKY LAYERED TITANATE NANOSHEETS USING SURFACTANT IN HYDROTHERMAL SOLUTION
Authors: NAKAGAWA KEIZO , OGATA TOSHIMASA , SOTOWA KEN-ICHIRO , SUGIYAMA SHIGERU , ADACHI MOTONARI
Published: August 2010

Layered titanate nanosheets were synthesized by hydrolyzing titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIPT) in hydrothermal solution using triethanolamine (TEOA), and dodecanediamine (DDA) as surfactant. The effects of synthesis conditions on the formation of layered titanate nanosheets were investigated. A layered structure of the titanate was produced under basic (pH12.8) conditions using NaOH or NH4OH aqueous solution. The flaky forms were observed only in reaction mixtures that included DDA, and the flaky forms had multilayer structure comprising several monolayer sheets. In addition, TEOA and DDA promote control of the crystalline structure of layered titanate. The surface acidity of layered titanate nanosheets was studied by coloration with color indicator reagents. The acidity of the sample corresponds to that of dilute hydrochloric acid. It is assumed that acid sites can be formed on the surface of titanate nanosheets by elimination of NH4+ caused by calcination in air.
THE MICROSTRUCTURE, CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF THE POLYMER DERIVED Si-B-C-N AMORPHOUS CERAMIC
Authors: GAO DOND , ZHANG FANWEI , ZHANG YUE , SONG YANG , SHI XIAOBIN
Published: August 2010

Amorphous materials of the Si -( B )- C - N system have recently attracted considerable interest because of its hardness, low density, durability at extremely high temperature and easy to be prepared from precursor compounds by polymer route. The materials show a great potential to be used in the field of the Thermal Protective System (TPS) for the aircrafts, while the microstructure and chemical configuration are still not clearly revealed due to its complicated covalent character for this multi-component amorphous material. This paper focused on the characterization of polymer derived Si -( B )- C - N amorphous ceramic, various method were employed in order to obtain accurate information about the microstructure, chemical composition, bonding mode of components, such as TEM, EPMA, NMR and FT-IR. SiC crystalline was found existing in the amorphous glass, which indicates the preparation process was achieved accompanied by crystallization of SiC from polymer precursor. The microstructure of the researched material was analyzed and relative accurate chemical composition was obtained on the basis of characterization result, furthermore the covalent character of the amorphous material was deduced according to the characterization results obtained.
POSE ROBUST HUMAN DETECTION IN DEPTH IMAGES USING MULTIPLY-ORIENTED 2D ELLIPTICAL FILTERS
Authors: CHO SANG-HO , KIM TAEWAN , KIM DAIJIN
Published: August 2010

This paper proposes a pose robust human detection and identification method for sequences of stereo images using multiply-oriented 2D elliptical filters (MO2DEFs), which can detect and identify humans regardless of scale and pose. Four 2D elliptical filters with specific orientations are applied to a 2D spatial-depth histogram, and threshold values are used to detect humans. The human pose is then determined by finding the filter whose convolution result was maximal. Candidates are verified by either detecting the face or matching head-shoulder shapes. Human identification employs the human detection method for a sequence of input stereo images and identifies them as a registered human or a new human using the Bhattacharyya distance of the color histogram. Experimental results show that (1) the accuracy of pose angle estimation is about 88%, (2) human detection using the proposed method outperforms that of using the existing Object Oriented Scale Adaptive Filter (OOSAF) by 15–20%, especially in the case of posed humans, and (3) the human identification method has a nearly perfect accuracy.
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING BY BOOSTING IN DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: WANG SHIJUN , ZHANG CHANGSHUI
Published: August 2010

In human society, people learn from each other and knowledge is accumulated from generation to generation. This provides some hints to distributed learning. For distributed applications, each site has its own data. If we can build a local model for each site and improve the model based on models learned by its neighbor sites with low communication cost, then it would be very helpful to the distributed applications. In this paper, we propose a new distributed learning method called distributed network boosting (DNB) algorithm for distributed applications. The learned hypotheses are exchanged between neighboring sites during learning process. Theoretical analysis shows that the DNB algorithm minimizes the cost function through collaborative functional gradient descent in hypotheses space. We also give upper bounds of training error and generalization error of the DNB algorithm. Comparison results of the DNB algorithm with other algorithms on real data sets with different sizes show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for distributed applications. In order to show the influence of network topology on the performance of the DNB algorithm, we tested it on random graphs and scale-free networks. Bias-variance decomposition shows that the network topology plays an important role in controlling the diversity of the learned classifier ensemble.
STRUCTURE-EMBEDDED AUC-SVM
Authors: WANG YUNYUN , CHEN SONGCAN , XUE HUI
Published: August 2010

AUC-SVM directly maximizes the area under the ROC curve (AUC) through minimizing its hinge loss relaxation, and the decision function is determined by those support vector sample pairs playing the same roles as the support vector samples in SVM. Such a learning paradigm generally emphasizes more on the local discriminative information just associated with these support vectors whereas hardly takes the overall view of data into account, thereby it may incur loss of the global distribution information in data favorable for classification. Moreover, due to the high computational complexity of AUC-SVM induced by the large number of training sample pairs quadratic in the number of samples, sampling is usually adopted, incurring a further loss of the distribution information in data. In order to compensate the distribution information loss and simultaneously boost the AUC-SVM performance, in this paper, we develop a novel structure-embedded AUC-SVM (SAUC-SVM for short) through embedding the global structure information in the whole data into AUC-SVM. With such an embedding, the proposed SAUC-SVM incorporates the local discriminative information and global structure information in data into a uniform formulation and consequently guarantees better generalization performance. Comparative experiments on both synthetic and real datasets confirm its effectiveness.
CLASSIFYING MYOPATHY AND NEUROPATHY NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: KOÇER SABRI
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study is to classify myopathy and neuropathy neuromuscular diseases using artificial neural networks. Coefficients were obtained from these EMG signals by applying Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Autoregressive (AR), and Cepstral spectral analysis methods. Each of these coefficients was used as input data for Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Radial Basis Function (RBF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). After these inputs were individually trained in MLP, RBF and SVM classification systems, their classification and test performances were examined. The results revealed that the highest prediction was in SVM classification system, whereas the best analysis method was found to be FFT. The results show that the combination of FFT with SVM topology has provided the area under the ROC curve of 0.953, which is considered within the acceptable range.
STRATEGIES TO DEFEND A PROTAGONIST OF AN EVENT
Authors: BOUTOUHAMI SARA , KAYSER DANIEL
Published: August 2010

We aim at controlling the biases that exist in every description, in order to give the best possible image of one of the protagonists of an event. Starting from a supposedly complete set of propositions accounting for an event, we develop various argumentative strategies (insinuation, justification, reference to customary norms) to imply the facts that cannot be simply omitted but have the "wrong" orientation w.r.t. the protagonist we defend. By analyzing these different strategies, a contribution of this work is to provide a number of relevant parameters to take into account in developing and evaluating systems aiming at understanding natural language (NL) argumentations. The source of inspiration for this work is a corpus of 160 texts where each text describes a (different) car accident. Its result, for a given accident, is a set of first-order literals representing the essential facts of a description intended to defend one of the protagonists. An implementation in Answer Set Programming is underway. A couple of examples showing how to extract, from the same starting point, a defense for the two opposite sides are provided. Experimental validation of this work is in progress, and its first results are reported.
ARGUMENTATION AND CP-BOOLEAN GAMES
Authors: BONZON ELISE , DEVRED CAROLINE , LAGASQUIE-SCHIEX MARIE-CHRISTINE
Published: August 2010

There already exist some links between argumentation and game theory. For instance, dynamic games can be used for simulating interactions between agents in an argumentation process. In this paper, we establish a new link between these domains in a static framework: we show how an argumentation framework can be translated into a CP-Boolean game and how this translation can be used for computing extensions of argumentation semantics. We give formal algorithms to do so.
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FOR EXTREMALS OF THE TRACE INEQUALITY IN DOMAINS WITH HOLES
Authors: DEL PEZZO LEANDRO M.
Published: August 2010

We study the Sobolev trace constant for functions defined in a bounded domain Ω that vanish in the subset A. We find a formula for the first variation of the Sobolev trace with respect to the hole. As a consequence of this formula, we prove that when Ω is a centered ball, the symmetric hole is critical when we consider deformation that preserve volume but is not optimal for some case.
A CLASS OF COMPACT POINCARÉ–EINSTEIN MANIFOLDS: PROPERTIES AND CONSTRUCTION
Authors: GOVER A. ROD , LEITNER FELIPE
Published: August 2010

We develop a geometric and explicit construction principle that generates classes of Poincaré–Einstein manifolds, and more generally almost Einstein manifolds. Almost Einstein manifolds satisfy a generalization of the Einstein condition; they are Einstein on an open dense subspace and, in general, have a conformal scale singularity set that is a conformal infinity for the Einstein metric. In particular, the construction may be applied to yield families of compact Poincaré–Einstein manifolds, as well as classes of almost Einstein manifolds that are compact without boundary. We obtain classification results which show that the construction essentially exhausts a class of almost Einstein (and Poincaré–Einstein) manifolds. We develop the general theory of fixed conformal structures admitting multiple compatible almost Einstein structures. We also show that, in a class of cases, these are canonically related to a family of constant mean curvature totally umbillic embedded hypersurfaces.
NOISE AND BELL'S INEQUALITY
Authors: FERRY DAVID K. , KISH LASZLO B.
Published: August 2010

To many, the idea of the EPR paradox and the possibility of local hidden variables were dismissed by the Bell inequality, although the central points of this argument have been around since the advent of quantum mechanics. Yet, there remains considerable evidence that this inequality can be violated even by classical systems. The question really is whether or not strongly correlated classical fields will also violate Bell's inequality. In a previous paper, it was shown that this was the case. Here, we ask the question as to just how much correlation in the classical waves is required to violate the inequality.
SHORT PROKARYOTIC DNA FRAGMENT BINNING USING A HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFIER BASED ON LINEAR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Authors: ZHENG HAO , WU HONGWEI
Published: August 2010

Metagenomics is an emerging field in which the power of genomic analysis is applied to an entire microbial community, bypassing the need to isolate and culture individual microbial species. Assembling of metagenomic DNA fragments is very much like the overlap-layout-consensus procedure for assembling isolated genomes, but is augmented by an additional binning step to differentiate scaffolds, contigs and unassembled reads into various taxonomic groups. In this paper, we employed n-mer oligonucleotide frequencies as the features and developed a hierarchical classifier (PCAHIER) for binning short (≤ 1,000 bps) metagenomic fragments. The principal component analysis was used to reduce the high dimensionality of the feature space. The hierarchical classifier consists of four layers of local classifiers that are implemented based on the linear discriminant analysis. These local classifiers are responsible for binning prokaryotic DNA fragments into superkingdoms, of the same superkingdom into phyla, of the same phylum into genera, and of the same genus into species, respectively. We evaluated the performance of the PCAHIER by using our own simulated data sets as well as the widely used simHC synthetic metagenome data set from the IMG/M system. The effectiveness of the PCAHIER was demonstrated through comparisons against a non-hierarchical classifier, and two existing binning algorithms (TETRA and Phylopythia).
MICROSTRUCTURE AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF Al/TaNx MULTILAYERS
Authors: JIANG HONGCHUAN , WANG CHAOJIE , ZHANG WANLI , SI XU
Published: August 2010

Al/TaN x multilayers were deposited on Al 2 O 3 wafers by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Microstructure and electrical properties of the samples were investigated in detail. The results show that more compact and smoother surfaces than that of TaN x thin films can be obtained in the Al/TaN x multilayers. Metal Al phases precipitate out from all the Al/TaN x multilayer samples. The main phases in the Al/TaN x multilayers are poor nitrogen phases when sputtered at lower nitrogen partial flux. However, rich nitrogen phases gradually precipitate out from the samples at higher nitrogen partial flux. With the increase of the nitrogen partial flux from 2 to 6%, the resistivity of the Al/TaN x multilayers increases from 640 to 1170 μΩ · cm, and the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the samples increases from 46 to 350 ppm/°C. Compared with TaN x thin films, the resistivity and TCR of the Al/TaN x multilayers are all higher than those of the TaN x thin films.
LOW TEMPERATURE FABRICATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 5 at.% Ga-DOPED ZnO FILMS FOR TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE APPLICATIONS
Authors: KANG YOUNG HUN , CHOI CHOON-GI , CHOI SUNG-YOOL , NAM EUNKYOUNG , JUNG DONGGEUN , BOO JIN-HYO , KIM JEONG-WON , JUNG JI-HONG , CHA JAE SANG , KIM YOUNG-SUNG
Published: August 2010

Transparent conductive 5 at.% Ga -doped ZnO (GZO) thin films are deposited on a glass substrate by an asymmetrical bipolar-pulsed DC magnetron sputtering at various substrate temperatures. All the GZO films have nanocrystalline structure and compact surface morphology. A highly c-axis oriented GZO film was grown perpendicular to the substrate at the 200C. The measured work function of GZO film deposited at 200°C shows slightly lower value of 4.37 eV than a commercial ITO film of 4.6 eV. The GZO film showed the lowest sheet resistance of 35 Ω/□, a carrier concentration of 1.2 ×1021 cm -3, a mobility of 9.9 cm2/Vs, and high optical transmittance of over 85% in the visible range. It indicates that the GZO films at 200°C can be promising as an alternative to ITO thin film for transparent electrode applications.
DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL KIND OF SMART THERMOTROPIC MATERIAL
Authors: YAO JIAN , YAN CHENG-WEN
Published: August 2010

Thermally induced switching temperature and spectral transmittance of a novel kind of smart thermotropic material developed by a different mixing proportion of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium chloride ( NaCl ) and pure water was measured. Radiation transmittance measurements were carried out on a thermotropic double glazing window sample, a double glazing window and a low-E double glazing window. Results show that the thermotropic double-glazed window with optimum mixing proportion of HPMC, NaCl and pure water of 2:10:100 by mass-reduces radiation transmittance at fully turbid state by up to 72% and 32% respectively, compared to the ordinary double-glazed window and low-E double-glazed window which do not have adjustable radiation transmittance; its radiation transmittance changed from transparent state to light scattering state up to 60%, indicating a high performance on switching solar radiation and a great potential for energy efficient windows.
Re-created Early Oligocene seabed bathymetry and process-based simulations of the Peïra Cava turbidite system
Authors: Aas Tor E. , Howell John A. , Janocko Michal , Midtkandal Ivar
Published: August 2010

Sea-floor bathymetry is one of the principal controls on the routing of turbidity currents and the subsequent distribution of deposited sediments. Re-created sea-floor bathymetry is thus one of the main inputs for process-based numerical simulation of ancient turbidite systems. The sea floor underlying the Early Oligocene deposits of the Peïra Cava basin (Alpine foreland, southern France) has been re-created from an outcrop dataset by subjecting a surface-based 3D model to stepwise backstripping of overburden and removal of the post-depositional structural overprint. The surfaces that make up the 3D model were constructed based on field data including stratigraphic correlations, structural measurements and geological maps. Since deposition the Peïra Cava turbidites have been folded, faulted, tilted, uplifted and partly eroded, all of which was summarized and then accounted for during re-creation of the palaeo-sea floor. Uncertainties associated with the input parameters used for the re-creation include the lithological composition of the overburden and underburden, palaeo-water depth and structural restoration. The impact of these uncertainties was addressed by creating a range of scenarios within viable ranges for each of the separate parameters and then comparing the relief and geometry of re-created surfaces. Two mid-case palaeobathymetric surfaces were selected and used as input for process-based simulation of turbidity currents using commercially available software designed for modelling density flows. The simulation results were compared with the stratigraphic architecture observed at outcrop. The quality of the correlation was used as a test of how well the re-created palaeobathymetry mimics the true ancient sea floor.
Solar variance recorded in lacustrine deposits from the Devonian and Proterozoic of Scotland
Authors: Andrews S.D. , Trewin N.H. , Hartley A.J. , Weedon G.P.
Published: August 2010

Continental lacustrine laminites deposited in low latitudes have been examined from the Devonian and Torridonian (Mesoproterozoic) strata of northern Scotland to investigate the consistency of sunspot periodicity through geological time. The thicknesses of 2448 annual laminae were measured from the Middle Devonian (
c
. 388 Ma) Achanarras Limestone Member, Lower Caithness Flagstone Group, and of 2821 laminae from the Mesoproterozoic (1.2 Ga) Poll a'Mhuilt Member of the Stoer Group. Time-series analysis resolved periodicities of 13.8 and 13.9 years in the complete Devonian and Mesoproterozoic datasets respectively. When sedimentological variance was considered and the data were examined as evolutive spectra those sections consisting of the most robust data consistently yielded periodicities between 8.6 and 13.7 years for the Devonian section and 9.2 and 10.6 years for the Mesoproterozoic section. These correspond well to Schwabe cycles. Evidence for the presence of the longer Hale cycles (20 years) was also recognized in the Devonian time series. The sunspot periodicities identified within the Devonian and Mesoproterozoic show little variance from published examples from the Quaternary and Eocene and therefore provide evidence for the consistency of solar processes and solar–atmospheric interactions for the past 1.2 Ga.