bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socratic Wisdom
Authors: Benson Hugh H
Published: November 2023

While the early Platonic dialogues have often been explored and appreciated for their ethical content, this is the first book devoted solely to the epistemology of Plato's early dialogues. Author Hugh H. Benson argues that the characteristic features of these dialogues--Socrates' method of questions and answers ( elenchos), his fascination with definition, his professions of ignorance, and his thesis that virtue is knowledge--are decidedly epistemological. In this thoughtful study, Benson uncovers the model of knowledge that underlies these distinctively Socratic views. What emerges is unfamiliar, yet closer to a contemporary conception of scientific understanding than ordinary knowledge.
Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

The first edition of Pope and Swenberg’s Electronic Processes of Organic Crystals, published in 1982, became the classic reference in the field. It provides a tutorial on the experimental and related theoretical properties of aromatic hydrocarbon crystals and includes emerging work on polymers and superconductivity. This new edition has been expanded to cover the major theoretical and experimental advances over the last fifteen years. It contains a unified description of what is known in almost every aspect of the field. The basic phenomena covered in the first edition included fluorescence, exciton and charge carrier generation, transport, recombination, and photoemission; the new edition adds solitons, polarons, bipolarons, spin waves, and charge density waves. It provides in-depth coverage of such model polymers such as polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, poly (phenylene-vinylene), polyanilines, polysilanes, and fullerenes. It also provides detailed treatments of the expanding areas of electroluminescence, non-linear optics, organic magnets, organic superconductors, and Langmuir-Blodgett films. In addition, it contains a chapter on major applications, including LED’s, photocopiers, photoconductors, batteries, transistors, liquid crystals, photorefractive devices, and sensors. As in the first volume, the authors take informed positions in controversial areas. This book will be an essential reference for organic material scientists, whether they are experienced researchers or just entering the field. It will also be a reliable guide to anyone interested in this rapidly growing field
Optical properties of organic molecules and crystals
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

This book deals with electronic processes, as distinct from ionic processes, in organic crystals. By organic, one customarily means a compound containing carbon. Of the almost two million compounds known, approximately 90% are organic, and it is obvious that severe limitations must be placed on the choice of subject matter. Thus, the organic compounds considered here will be chiefly conjugated aromatic hydrocarbons as exemplified by anthracene, the molecular formula of which is shown in Fig. I.A. I.
Electronic processes in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

The polymer poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV for short) is an important polymer from theoretical and practical viewpoints and is one of the polymers to be considered as a model. PPV and its derivatives can be prepared in the form of thin films, many of which have been found to be functional as the luminescent layer in an electroluminescent light emitting diode (LED) configuration. By suitable chemical modification of the basic polymer, it is possible to prepare films that will luminesce in colors that range from red to blue (Burroughes et al. 1990). The polymer is also relatively stable in air, unlike polyacetylene; however, it too suffers by exposure to light in the presence of moisture and oxygen (Greenham et al. 1995), and therefore must be rigorously protected from these reagents for extended use. The commercial potential for such films is obvious. It follows that improvements in the efficiency of LEDs based on the PPVs will depend to a considerable extent on a knowledge of the nature of the electronically excited states, the dynamics of their motion and decay, the physical and chemical structure and state of aggregation of the polymer, and the relationship of all of the above to the state that fluoresces. In addition, other factors are critical to the development of successful LEDs, such as the requirement that the holes and electrons be present in high concentration (space-chargelimited currents) and that they recombine rapidly and with high efficiency, preferably in a manner to maximize the formation of luminescent excitons. Finally, and of major practical importance, is the requirement of chemical stability in the operating ambiance. These will be discussed in Chapter XX dealing with applications.
Applications
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

The number of potential applications of semiconducting and conducting polymeric and molecular systems that have already been put into practice is large and growing rapidly. A worldwide market for these systems of about one billion dollars has been predicted by the year 2000 (Heeger 1993). For polyaniline alone, there are more than 20 potential applications (see review by Trivedi 1997). Only one of its applications, a rechargeable battery that is already in production, will be described. The applications selected for description are few in number and reflect the imperatives of space economy.
From Social Justice to Criminal Justice
Authors: Heffernan William C , Kleinig John
Published: November 2023

The economically deprived come into contact with the criminal court system in disproportionate numbers. This collection of original, interactive essays, written from a variety of ideological perspectives, explores some of the more troubling questions and ethical dilemmas inherent in this situation. The contributors, including well-known legal and political philosophers Philip Pettit, George Fletcher, and Jeremy Waldron, examine issues such as heightened vulnerability, indigent representation, and rotten social background defences.
Aid without Egalitarianism: Assisting Indigent Defendants
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

For egalitarians the plight of indigent defendants to a criminal action poses no special theoretical difficulties (although, of course, problems of practice may be vexing). That in a society blessed with general affluence some are allowed an impoverished subsistence is itself a moral failing that demands redress. The preferred response is elimination of the wealth disparities that generate the problem case. Failing this, attentiveness to considerations of second-best dictate that legal assistance be provided to the defendant that is of a quality no less effective than that which more economically fortunate citizens are able to afford through deployment of private means. Indeed, because egalitarians will deem the antecedent condition of indigence to be an injustice that supports a claim for compensation, it can plausibly be argued that the most appropriate form such redress can take for one in the docket is provision of additional in-kind legal benefits, including a degree of access to counsel superior to that which the average citizen might be able to secure.
Consequences of Size Change During Ontogeny and Evolution
Authors: Koehl M A R
Published: November 2023

Changes in body size can occur during the lifetime of an individual organism as it grows, or can occur over many generations during the evolution of a lineage. Most studies of body size either explore how function is maintained at different sizes, or seek mechanistic explanations for the patterns we see in how features such as shape, metabolic rate, or life history vary with body size [7, 40, 52] (e.g., Brown this volume; Biewener this volume). My purpose here is to complement this literature about the consequences of being one size or another with an exploration of some of the functional consequences of changing size.
Diversity and Convergence: Scaling for Conservation
Authors: Calder William A
Published: November 2023

“... conservation planning for many endangered bird species will be seriously (maybe hopelessly) hampered by a lack of critical information... “
Socrates, Politics, and Religion
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

There are two problems about the trial and conviction of Socrates that I would like to discuss here, one of them historical, the other philosophical. The historical question is whether we can give a satisfactory explanation of why Socrates was tried and convicted. The philosophical question is what lessons we ought to draw from this historical event. The trial of Socrates is a landmark in our cultural history; it seems alive with significance for us. But precisely what is its meaning? We cannot intelligently discuss that philosophical question unless we first address the historical question and try to understand why he was condemned to death.
Socrates and the Irrational
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: November 2023

Socrates is the hero who established in the place of the Delphic oracle the principle that man must look within himself to know what is Truth. Now, seeing that Pythia herself pronounced that utterance, we find in it a complete revolution in the Greek mind, and the fact that in the place of the oracle, the personal self-consciousness of every thinking man has come into play. This inward certainty, however, is undoubtedly another new god, and not the god of the Athenians existing hitherto, and thus the accusation of Socrates was quite just.
Socrates and His Daimonion
Authors: Vlastos Gregory , Brickhouse Thomas C , McPherran Mark L , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

Even as he approached the end of his life, while he was working overtime to complete his book on Socrates, Gregory Vlastos took time to hash out issues meticulously with younger colleagues who were in a sense his students. The letters that follow are a fascinating illustration of the way Vlastos worked. They are valuable also as a dialogue which displays thoughtful competing views of Socrates’ attitudes towards religion.
Neuroimaging Studies of ADHD
Authors: castellanos F Xavier
Published: November 2023

The attempt to understand the pathophysiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) must include a multitude of perspectives and approaches. Perhaps the one that captured the greatest interest during the 1990s was the use of a variety of neuroimaging techniques. Because no particular neuroimaging technique is sufficient to answer all pertinent questions, a number of approaches have been pursued, often in parallel. Thus, a strictly historical review will be avoided. I will first focus on studies of brain anatomy, followed by a summary of recent func-tional imaging reports, and touch briefly on electrophysiological approaches.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Methylphenidate in Humans
Authors: Swanson James , Volkow Nora
Published: November 2023

The stimulant drug methylphenidate (MPH) has been available for use in the United States since the 1960s, but approval for use was granted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before the establishment of the current guidelines that require pharmacokinetic (PK) information on the intended patient population. Therefore, in the United States there was widespread use of MPH to treat children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Committee Report, 1971) before the PK properties of MPH were well defined in humans.
The Melancholy of Race
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

In this groundbreaking, interdisciplinary study Anne A. Cheng argues that we have to understand racial grief not only as the result of racism but also as a foundation for racial identity. She proposes that racial identification is itself already a melancholy act – a social category that is imaginatively supported through a dynamic of loss and compensation, by which the racial other is at once rejected and retained, denigrated and idealized. Drawing upon history, literature and theatre – the book ranges from Rodgers and Hammerstein to David Henry Whang, Brown v. Board of Education to Anne Deveare Smith, Ralph Ellison to Maxine Hong Kingston – Cheng demonstrates that racial melancholia permeates our fantasies of citizenship, assimilation, and social health. A provocative look at a timely cultural dilemma, this study is essential reading for anyone interested in race studies, critical theory, or psychoanalysis.
Introduction Women, Pornography, and Literary History
Authors: Mudg Bradford K
Published: November 2023

I had a feeling that Pandora’s box contained the mysteries of woman’s sensuality, so different from man’s and for which man’s language was inadequate. The language of sex had yet to be invented. The language of the senses was yet to be explored.
A (almost) Comprehensible Cell
Authors: Harold Franklin M
Published: November 2023

There is more than one way to seek the secret of life, and many places where it may be found—or, at least, looked for. Loren Eiseley, naturalist and poet, musing in a suburban field among “seeds and beetle shells and abandoned grasshopper legs” found “something that is not accounted for very clearly in the dissections to the ultimate virus or crystal or protein particle;” and surmised that “life is not what it is purported to be” (1). About the same time, half a century ago, microbiologists became persuaded that if we would discover the nature of life, we should concentrate our efforts on the bacterial world, Escherichia coli in particular. Our quest and Eiseley’s are the same, but in the simplest unicellular organisms the secret presents itself in its most elemental form, and the outlook is correspondingly more hopeful.
It Takes a Cell to Make a Cell
Authors: Harold Franklin M
Published: November 2023

Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902) stood tall in the medicine and science of his day. He held the Chair of pathology in Berlin, wrote a major textbook and founded the Archiv für Pathologie, Anatomie und Physiologie, which he ran with an iron hand for more than fifty years. His specialty was cancer, and he was among the first to realize that cancer represents the malfunctioning, not of bodies or tissues, but of particular cells. But he is best remembered today for his succinct proclamation (1858) of one of biology’s universal laws: Omnis cellula e cellula, (every cell comes from a preexistent cell).
The Behavioral Neurology Of White Matter
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

This unique book examines the role of the brain's white matter in the organization of human mental function. In contrast to standard textbooks of behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry that emphasize the cortical and subcortical gray matter in brain-behavior relationships, this text specifically considers the white matter as a vital contributor to cognition and emotion. Written from a clinical perspective, this book is founded on the study of patients with neurobehavioral syndromes resulting from disorders primarily affecting the brain's white matter. These syndromes include white matter dementia, focal neurobehavioral syndromes, and a variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes. In the first part of the book, fundamental aspects of myelinated systems are covered to introduce white matter as an important structural and functional component of the brain. In Part II, a thorough review of white matter disorders at all ages is provided, particularly regarding their impact on normal mentation. Finally, Part III synthesizes the collected information into a coherent summary that presents a behavioral neurology of white matter. Throughout the book a major emphasis is placed on distributed neural networks, in which connecting white matter tracts complement the operations of gray matter structures in the production of the human behavioral repertoire.
Localized Process
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a summary of focal peripheral lesions. It is meant to serve as a reference source for the second portion of this book. Each subsection is organized from several points of view: (J) The individual clinical syndromes are described; (2) possible underlying causes are reviewed; and (3) a survey is given of present-day electrodiagnostic tools that may help in the evaluation. Most localized nerve lesions are secondary to trauma, compression (microtrauma) or repetitive stress syndrome. There are several possible mechanisms for damage to occur. Transient pressure may cause mild physiologic changes, probably caused by transient ischemia, with rapid resolution of all findings. Microvascular injury may cause epineurial microbleeding, edema, or abnormality of the blood-nerve barrier. At the other extreme, severe crush injuries cause Wallerian degeneration, progressive myelin thinning, and thickening of the epineurium and perineurium. Intermediate in severity is chronic compression, or so-called tourniquet paralysis.
The Modern Apocalypse
Authors: Kermode Frank
Published: November 2023

At this point I want to take up the patterns of apocalypse, as I sketched them in the first talk, and consider their relevance to our own times. It may be recalled that I spoke of certain arbitrarily chosen aspects of apocalyptic thinking and feeling: of the Terrors, of Decadence and Renovation, of Transition, and of Clerkly Scepticism. I shall be referring once more to these. Once again the context in which I shall talk about it is primarily a literary context; one of the purposes of the talk will be to provide hints towards what A. 0. Lovejoy might have called ‘the discrimination of modernisms.’ This is possible, I think, because of the admittedly apocalyptic tenor of much radical thinking about the arts in our century, and because, given this interest common to the modernisms, one may distinguish between them in terms of their different treatments of the paradigm.
Democratic Rights at the National Level
Authors: Arneson Richard J
Published: November 2023

Democratic rights are protective. Their primary function is to safeguard other, more fundamental rights. Democratic rights are justified in a given institutional setting just to the extent that they serve this function better than do alternative feasible arrangements. Or at any rate, so I shall claim in this essay.

By “democratic rights” I refer to rights held by each member of an association to vote and stand for office in free elections in which a majority-rule procedure determines the composition of a body that by majority-rule procedure settles the rules by which the association is governed. Many phrases of this definition are variously interpretable, but for purposes of this essay the rough idea it conveys before interpretation will suffice. I am especially interested in the case of democratic rights at the level of the modern nation-state, which is not a voluntary association but nonetheless coercively enforces its rules as law across its entire territory.
The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: November 2023

I want to compare three views of politics generally, and of the democratic system more specifically. I shall first look at social choice theory, as an instance of a wider class of theories with certain common features. In particular, they share the conception that the political process is instrumental rather than an end in itself, and the view that the decisive political act is a private rather than a public action, namely the individual and secret vote. With these usually goes the idea that the goal of politics is the optimal compromise between given, and irreducibly opposed, private interests. The other two views arise when one denies, first, the private character of political behavior and then, secondly, goes on also to deny the instrumental nature of politics. According to the theory of Jiirgen Habermas, the goal of politics should be rational agreement rather than compromise, and the decisive political act is that of engaging in public debate with a view to the emergence of a consensus. According to the theorists of participatory democracy, from John Stuart Mill to Carole Pateman, the goal of politics is the transformation and education of the participants. Politics, on this view, is an end in itself—indeed many have argued that it represents the good life for man. I shall discuss these views in the order indicated. I shall present them in a somewhat stylized form, but my critical comments will not I hope, be directed to strawmen.
Motion Sickness in Space: Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

Motion sickness can spoil a weekend outing or turn a pleasure cruise into an ordeal, but in most cases it is just a nuisance. In some settings, however, motion sickness can be hazardous. During World War II, troops involved in amphibious landings in high seas and other naval operations suffered an alarmingly high rate of incapacitation due to motion sickness. This spurred intensive research into motion sickness remedies. But even effective remedies can create problems. On D-Day, soldiers on landing boats were issued scopolamine to prevent motion sickness. Some took twice the recommended dose, leading an observer in one area to note, “by noon all the Army personnel were in a drugged stupor” [1, p. 18].
Physiology of Respiration
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J
Published: November 2023

This concise, lucid textbook provides a basis for understanding the function of the respiratory system and a framework for the treatment of many respiratory diseases. It was developed as a working text with problem-solving exercises for the student's use in reviewing each chapter. The writing style flows easily from one topic to another. Mathematical relationships are presented in a simple way and are clearly explained. The illustrations are carefully designed to convey ideas in an easy-to-understand format. The book's scope is comprehensive, encompassing all aspects of respiratory physiology, including pulmonary anatomy and microstructure, mechanics, gas exchange, acid-base balance and control mechanisms. Unlike many texts, this one strikes a good balance between the principles of pulmonary gas exchange (ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange efficiency) and the neural control of respiration (central and chemical mechanisms and reflexes). It emphasizes integrative aspects of respiration such as the system's response to altitude, hyperbaric environments, exercise, sleep, and the in utero and early postnatal period. The second edition has been reorganized to make the book more approachable by students, and it has been updated throughout, including many new ideas about the distribution of lung blood flow and respiratory rhythm generation.
Ventilation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J
Published: November 2023

Efficient transfer of gases in the lung requires that blood and inspired air be brought into close proximity. Ventilation is described as the movement of fresh air from outside the body to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs, and the subsequent movement of alveolar gas back to the outside. Outside air consists of gases (see Chapter 1) in a ratio of approximately 21% 02 and 79% nitrogen with varying water vapor, depending on temperature and humidity, that dilutes the gases accordingly. How to deal with dry gas mixtures using fractions and partial pressures and taking into account the influence of water vapor is covered in Chapter I.
Central Mechanisms of Respiratory Control
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J
Published: November 2023

Rhythmic contraction of the respiratory muscles produces the flow of gas into and out of the pulmonary system. Figure 8.1 shows the relationship between rhythmic, inspiratory phase-related bursts of electromyographic activity recorded in the diaphragm and the negative intrathoracic pressure generated by contraction of this primary muscle of inspiration. These events produce inspiratory tracheal gas flow and, ultimately, tidal volume expansion of the lungs. Rhythmic phrenic nerve activity emerging from the central nervous system (CNS) is the source of diaphragmatic electrical activity. Without the CNS, normal ventilation ceases, in marked contrast to the cardiovascular system, where the heart continues to contract and pump blood even when deprived of input from the CNS. Both the organization of CNS structures involved in rhythmic respiratory activity and ideas concerning the neural mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythm generation are discussed in this chapter.
Airway and Lung Receptors, Reflexes, and Autonomic Regulation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J
Published: November 2023

The airways and lungs are richly endowed with sensory receptors. When activated, these receptors have marked effects on respiration and other body functions. Targets such as smooth muscle and glands, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, are reflexively regulated by these sensory receptors. Each of us has experienced the striking consequences of activation of sensory receptors in the airways and lungs. You need only consider the inhalation of dust into the nasal passages, which results in a sneeze reflex. Furthermore, if dust is inhaled through the mouth, bypassing the filtering mechanism of the nasal passages, it can reach the larynx and trachea, thereby invoking a cough reflex. Both the sneeze and cough are defense reflexes designed to remove particles of dust from the upper airways and to protect the lungs from invasion by foreign material. Airway defense reflexes also include an important autonomic component that may involve alteration in airway smooth muscle tone and mucus secretion. Figure 10. l depicts the locations of airway and lung receptors and indicates the many reflexes they evoke.
Respiratory Physiology with Altered Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J
Published: November 2023

The respiratory system is well suited for excursions to, and even long-term habitation in, environments with altered atmospheric pressure. The adaptations that provide for this environmental flexibility are described in this chapter. Ascent to altitudes significantly above sea level with its resulting hypoxemia initiates a number of mechanisms that enable humans to adapt to the adverse conditions encountered at such heights. This chapter describes the adaptive changes in response to the hypoxemia of altitude that occur in ventilation, in blood, and in pulmonary and tissue gas exchange, as well as the effects of altitude on exercise performance. These changes provide an integrative view of several concepts presented in earlier chapters.
The Evolution of Polyploid Lineages
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

The traditional view has been that autopolyploid is unimportant because it is maladaptive. Levin (1945) argued that chromosome doubling radically alters the balance of multiple factors acting on a single trait and that this balance may be restored only through hybridization and selection. Stebbins (1971) stated, “Clearly chromosome doubling by itself is not a help but a hindrance to the evolutionary success of higher plants” (p. 126). Thus autopolyploid was thought to be very rare in natural populations. Indeed, Stebbins (1947, 1950) considered only Galax aphylly (now referred to as G. urceolata), and Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey (1945) considered only Biscutella laevigata and Zea perennis in addition to G. aphylla to be clear examples of autopolyploids.
The Daughter’s Return
Authors: Rody Caroline
Published: November 2023

The Daughter’s Return offers a close analysis of an emerging genre in African-American and Caribbean fiction produced by women writers who make imaginative returns to their ancestral pasts. Considering some of the defining texts of contemporary fiction—Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea, and Michelle Cliff’s No Telephone to Heaven—Rody discusses their common inclusion of a daughter who returns to the site of her people’s founding trauma of slavery through memory or magic. Rody treats these texts as allegorical expressions of the desire of writers newly emerging into cultural authority to reclaim their difficult inheritance, and finds a counter plot of heroines’ encounters with women of other racial and ethnic groups running through these works.
The Ethics of Environmentally Responsible Health Care
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew
Published: November 2023

As the state of the natural world declines, environmentally related health problems will increasingly shape the landscape of human health and disease. The confluence of several global trends - rapid population growth combined with an even more dramatic increase in natural resource consumption - drives ecological deterioration, and this in turn poses serious challenges to health. U.S. medicine and bioethics have too long ignored the relevance of these global trends to health care. This ground breaking work is a call to attention. It brings bioethics and health care squarely into the 21st century. The book shows how environmental decline relates to human health and to health care practices in the U.S. and other industrialized countries. It outlines the environmental trends that will strongly affect health, and challenges us to see the connections between ways of practicing medicine and the very envrionmental problems that damage ecosystems and make people sick. In addition to philosophical analysis of the converging values of bioethics and environmental ethics, the book offers case studies as well as a number of practical suggestions for moving health care toward sustainability. The exploration of a hypothetical Green Health Center, in particular, offers an intellectual and moral framework for talking about environmental values in health care. Engaging and challenging, this book will appeal not only to health professionals and philosophers, but to anyone concerned about how to preserve and promote both human health and the health of the natural world.
Cellular Foundations of Neuropharmacology
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H
Published: November 2023

As we begin to consider the particular problems that underlie the analysis of drug actions in the central nervous system, it may be asked “Just what is so special about nervous tissue?” Nerve cells have two special properties that distinguish them from all other cells in the body. First, they can conduct bioelectric signals for long distances without any loss of signal strength. Second, they possess specific intercellular connections with other nerve cells and with innervated tissues such as muscles and glands. These connections determine the types of information a neuron can receive and the range of responses it can yield in return.
Reaction Rates
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

Transition state theory (TST) (E. P. Wigner, 1932), is a way to calculate the rates of chemical reactions, for example, the rearrangement of a molecule A into a different molecule B. It is based on a very simple idea, and sometimes it works. The idea will be presented uncritically in its most elementary form, and some questions about its implementation will be raised.
Neurologic Complications in the Critically Ill Pregnant Patient
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

A pregnant woman slipping into a life threatening condition remains one of the most trying of all presentations. Obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit are the most common peripartum emergencies and often include obstetric hemorrhage and uncontrolled hypertension .
Invasions of Forests in the Eastern United States
Authors: Luken James O
Published: November 2023

The story of conservation in the eastern United States has historically been one of forest preservation (Whitney 1994; M. Williams 1989). With this story came the dogma that indigenous trees beget a ground layer (plants < 1 m tall) and understory (plants 1–3 m tall) of indigenous herbs and shrubs. In many relatively undisturbed sites this dogma appeared to mesh well with data on the structure and composition of plant communities. To this day, one can find numerous forest preserves in the eastern United States where the ground layer and understory are diverse and composed of indigenous species expressing several functional roles. However, beginning in the early 1970s, ecologists began focusing their attention not just on pristine, remote forested communities but also on forests in populated areas or areas subjected to human disturbance. When asking questions about the effects of fragmentation and historical disturbance, ecologists generated descriptive data; the data revealed forest communities supporting many nonindigenous species.
Making Tools for Thinking
Authors: Dennett Daniel C
Published: November 2023

Reflection on the issues raised by these observations has driven me to a tentative conclusion: in spite of what may well have been a surfeit of at tention to definitional issues, we still do not know what we (all) mean when we talk about representation, and hence what we mean by metarepresentation. I am far from ready to offer a cure for this confusion, but I do have a few suggestions to offer about what the problems are and why they persist. My thinking has been much influenced recently by several new books that deal at least indirectly with these topics: Steven Mithen’s The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), and Andy Clark’s Being There (1997), but at this point I am still an asker, not answerer, of questions.
The Mind beyond Itself
Authors: Wilson Robert A
Published: November 2023

Individualism is a view about how mental states are taxonomized, classified, or typed and, it has been claimed (by, e.g., Stich, 1983; Fodor, 1980), that individualism constrains the cognitive sciences. Individual ists draw a contrast between the psychological states of individuals and their physical and social environments. Psychological states are not just “in the head” but the distinction between what is inside the head and what is outside of it is of taxonomic and explanatory significance for cognitive science. Individualism is thus sometimes called “internalism,” and its denial “externalism.”
Consciousness and Metacognition
Authors: Rosenthal David
Published: November 2023

Metacognition has attracted considerable attention in recent psychological research. There has been extensive investigation, for example, of our metacognitive sense that information is present in memory even when that information is not consciously available, as well as investigation of the degrees of confidence people have about recall responses and about how well something has been learned. Moreover, the deficits that occur in such conditions as blindsight and visual agnosia and in certain forms of amnesia can usefully be seen as”[d]isruptions of metacognition” (Shi mamura, 1994, p. 255). These and other investigations have highlighted the importance of studying the grasp we have of our own cognitive abilities and performance.
Metarepresentations in Staged Communicative Acts
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W
Published: November 2023

Speakers often say things to others that appear, on one level anyway, not to be serious. Consider the following conversation between two parents (Bill and Pat) and their teenage son (Grant) from the documentary film series The American Family. The conversation takes place in the family’s backyard by the swimming pool. Grant knew earlier that his parents wanted to talk about his apparent disinterest in summer work. In the preceding scene, Grant complained to his sister, Delilah, about his parents’ request to have this chat, so it is clear that Grant, and his parents to some extent, were not looking forward to this confrontation. The con versation starts with Bill summoning Grant over to where Bill and Pat are sitting by the pool.
Wittgenstein and the “Skeptical Paradoxes”
Authors: Tait William
Published: November 2023

Saul Kripke (1982) reads out of Wittgenstein’s later writings two skeptical paradoxes and a skeptical solution of each of them. A skeptical solution consists in “conceding that the sceptic’s negative assertions are unanswerable. Nevertheless our ordinary practice or belief is justified because­ contrary appearances notwithstanding-it need not require the justification the sceptic has shown to be untenable” (p. 66). One paradox, discussed in chapters 1 and 2, is concerned with rule following, although Kripke notes on page 7 that it would apply equally well to all meaningful uses of language. The other paradox, discussed in the Postscript, is concerned with the ascription of mental states. I shall argue here that Wittgenstein intended no skeptical paradoxes or skeptical solutions; rather, he was attempting, successfully in my opinion, to clarify confusions which underlie the appearance of paradox.
Frege versus Cantor and Dedekind: On the Concept of Number
Authors: Tait William
Published: November 2023

There can be no doubt about the value of Frege’s contributions to the philosophy of mathematics. First, he invented quantification theory an this was the first step toward making precise the notion of a purely logical deduction. Second, he was the first to publish a logical analysis of the ancestral R* of a relation R, which yields a definition of R* in second-order logic.1 Only a narrow and arid conception of philosophy would exclude these two achievements. Third and very important, the discussion in sections 58-60 of the Grundlagen defends a conception of mathematical existence, to be found in Cantor (1883) and later in the writings of Dedekind and Hilbert, by basing it upon considerations about meaning which have general application, outside mathematics.
Exploring Twentieth-Century Vocal Music
Authors: Mabry Sharon
Published: November 2023

The vocal repertoire of the twentieth century--including works by Schoenberg, Boulez, Berio, Larsen, and Vercoe--presents exciting opportunities for singers to stretch their talents and demonstrate their vocal flexibility. Contemporary composers can be very demanding of vocalists, requiring them to recite, trill, and whisper, or to read non-traditional scores. For singers just beginning to explore the novelties of the contemporary repertoire, Exploring Twentieth-Century Vocal Music is an ideal guide. Drawing on over thirty years of experience teaching and performing the twentieth century repertoire, Sharon Mabry has written a cogent and insightful book for singers and voice teachers who are just discovering the innovative music of the twentieth century. The book familiarizes readers with the new and unusual notation systems employed by some contemporary composers. It suggests rehearsal techniques and vocal exercises that help singers prepare to tackle the repertoire. And the book offers a list of the most important and interesting works to emerge in the twentieth century, along with suggested recital programs that will introduce audiences as well as singers to this under-explored body of music.
Acting For Singers
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Written to meet the needs of thousands of students and pre-professional singers participating in production workshops and classes in opera and musical theater, Acting for Singers leads singing performers step by step from the studio or classroom through audition and rehearsals to a successful performance. Using a clear, systematic, positive approach, this practical guide explains how to analyze a script or libretto, shows how to develop a character building on material in the score, and gives the singing performer the tools to act believably. More than just a “how-to” acting book, however, Acting for Singers also addresses the problems of concentration, trust, projection, communication, and the self-doubt that often afflicts performers pursuing the goal of believable performance. Part I establishes the basic principles of acting and singing together, and teaches the reader how to improvise as a key tool to explore and develop characters. Part II teaches the singer how to analyze theatrical work for rehearsing, and performing. Using concrete examples from Carmen and West Side Story, and imaginative exercises following each chapter, this text teaches all singers how to be effective singing actors.
Viruses of Archaea
Authors: Stedman Kenneth M , Prangishvili David , Zillig Wolfram
Published: November 2023

Soon after these interesting discoveries, phage Mu revealed other fascinating aspects: (i) an unusual DNA structure consisting of heterogeneous host sequences at both ends of the Mu chromosome (27, 48, 49, 110), (ii) an ability to alternate host range by inversion of a DNA segment (127, 247), (iii) a paradigmatic mode of DNA replication by transposition, (iv) formation of a variety of host DNA rearrangements in the bacterial chromosome including inversions, duplications, and deletions of adjacent genes, replicon fusions, and transpositions of host DNA segments (57, 59, 60, 61, 160, 220, 241, 243), and (v) regulation, by DNA methylation, of the expression of the modification gene, mom (95, 96, 102, 119, 123, 205). As a transposon, Mu shows another unusual peculiarity: its ability to exploit two transposition mechanisms, replicative and nonreplicative, both of which are mediated by the same recombinase, the Mu transposase (the product of Mu gene A) (31). The Mu ability to promote genome rearrangements during its lytic cycle, in turn, was largely exploited in genetic manipulations for the construction of a large collection of bacterial strains, particularly in Ariane Toussaint and Malcolm Casadaban’s laboratories. As befitting an organism with such an important and varied life-style, there have been a number of previous reviews of Mu (153, 185), including a chapter in the previous edition of this book, published in 1988 (92), and even an entire book devoted to phage Mu, which was published in 1987 (235). Here we strive to bring the reader up to date on our understanding of biology of this fascinating virus.
Control of Bacteriophage in Commercial Microbiology and Fermentation Facilities
Authors: Bogosian Gregg
Published: November 2023

There are an estimated 5 x1030 bacterial cells on Earth (29), suggesting a global population of about 1 x1031 bacteriophages. Roger Hendrix, in his characteristic whimsical fashion, has calculated that if bacteriophages were the size of cockroaches, they would cover the surface of the Earth in a layer 50,000 km deep. This type of thinking sends chills through those who work in commercial fermentation facilities, where bacteriophages really are consid- ered cockroaches.Experienced members of the commercial fermentation industry live in constant fear of bacteriophage contamination. Products obtained from the large-scale fermentation of bacteria include a wide variety of foods, pharmaceuticals, vitamins, solvents, enzymes, and more. The loss of an entire fermentation batch to bacteriophage contamination is a dramatic and unsettling event, often leading to such heavy bacteriophage contamination of the fermentation facility that further fermentation runs are not possible for an extended period of time. In addition, raw materials, isolation and purification equipment, and finished product may be contaminated by bacteriophage. The economic setbacks from product loss, raw material spoilage, and nonproductive operation costs can be substantial. Bacteriophage contamination can become an extremely distressing and frustrating problem for fermentation-based industries. There have been instances when bacteriophage outbreaks have taken months to bring under control. This chapter explores the possible causes of bacteriophage outbreaks, and the most effective approaches to handling the problem.
Functional Neuroimaging of Recovery
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

Neurophysiologic imaging follows structure and function. Unlike the traditional model in which the clinician associates an impairment with a focal lesion, functional neuroimaging offers insights that go beyond the region of damaged tissue. A systems level approach can be taken to identify sites of dysfunction even in the absence of structural damage. Spared tissue can be identified physiologically, rather than based on an anatomic guess.
Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

An accessible exploration of an important and understudied music theory topic, Swain's book examines the dimensional technique of analyzing harmonic rhythm. Simply defined, harmonic rhythm is the relationship between changes in harmony and perceived changes in rhythm. This phenomenon plays a large role in shaping the texture and style of much of Western music, from Renaissance polyphonic pieces to the works of Debussy. Swain provides a clear and thorough discussion of how harmonic theory works, using a small core of repeated musical examples.
Narrative Theory, 1966-2006: A Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert
Published: November 2023

Focalization, prolepsis, analepsis homodiegetic, heterodiegetic, intradiegetic (are we having fun yet?), heteroglossia, the narrative audience, tensions and instabilities, disclosure functions, character zones, fuzzy temporality. Who else is ready to cry, “Hold, enough!”? I begin with this eclectic and incomplete litany of terms introduced by narrative theorists over the last forty years in order, first, to indicate that narrative theory has been advancing on a number of fronts, and, second, to acknowledge that the large Terminological Beastie looming over the field is likely to be intimidating to the nonspecialist. My goal here is to do justice to the advances most relevant to The Nature of Narrative’s focus on literary narrative while keeping the Beastie at bay. Rather than proceeding through an inventory of narratological neologisms or even through an analysis of the interrelations between the history of critical theory and the study of narrative over the last forty years, I shall, in effect, construct a three-part narrative: a big picture account of major trends in the field, followed by a more detailed telling about work on elements of narrative, and then, finally, a brief look at the current scene. More specifically, Part One will (I) consider the expansion of narrative theory’s focus over the past forty years-from literary narrative to narrative tout court-and the implications of that expansion for the study ofliteraiy narrative; and (2) describe three prominent general conceptions of narrative during this period: narrative as formal sys­tem, narrative as ideological instrument, and narrative as rhetoric. These conceptions authorize different theoretical and interpretive projects, though both the conceptions and the projects also overlap and influence each other at times. In a sense, this discussion will be an update of Scholes and Kellogg’s chapter on Meaning. Part Two will then consider how these conceptions of narrative have influ­enced work on the three elements of narrative treated by Scholes and Kellogg: plot, character, and point of view-a topic I will modify to the broader category of narrative discourse. Part Three will briefly sketch some especially significant issues being addressed in cur­rent narrative theory.