bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of the synthetic model for the imaging heavy ion beam probe at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak (invited)
Authors: Oyola P. , Birkenmeier G. , Lindl H. , Galdon-Quiroga J. , Rueda-Rueda J. , Viezzer E. , Rodriguez-Gonzalez A. , Hidalgo-Salaverri J. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Tal B. , Anda G. , Kalis J. , Lunt T. , Refy D. , Videla-Trevin M. ,   ASDEX Upgrade team
Published: August 2024

Recent experiments at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak have provided the first ever measurements from the imaging heavy-ion beam probe. In this work, we show that the developed simulation framework can reproduce qualitatively the measurement’s observed shape and position. Quantitatively, we demonstrate that the model reproduces, within the experimental uncertainties, the observed signal levels. A detailed explanation of the synthetic model is presented, along with the calibration of the optical setup that reproduces the measurements.
Rheological behavior and solution pH response properties of nanoparticle-regulated low surface tension systems
Authors: Li Xiaoping , Ma Lijing , Zhou Yu , Lu Xinlong , Jing Li , Jing Dengwei
Published: August 2024

Regarding the rheological properties of fluids, certain nanoparticles can markedly modify the rheological behavior of low surface tension solutions by interacting with surfactant molecules. In this work, a low surface tension fluid with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride was prepared, and the silica nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed into it by ultrasonic dispersion. By adjusting the size, shape, and concentration of nanoparticles, the fluid behavior can be changed from Newtonian to non-Newtonian with finely tuned viscosity and characterized by a shear-thinning rheological behavior. In addition, this work explored how variations in environmental temperature and solution pH affect the rheological responses of the low surface tension suspension system. The experimental findings revealed that increasing the temperature substantially decreases the system’s viscosity and induces a shear-thickening behavior. It is particularly significant that, under extreme pH conditions (either strongly acidic or alkaline), the viscosity of the nanoparticle suspensions was markedly enhanced at a particle concentration of 10 000 ppm. This interesting result coincided with a notable reduction in the zeta potential and an increase in the average particle size, suggesting an intensified aggregation of particles within the suspension system. A mechanism detailing the interaction between silica nanoparticles and surfactant micelles was proposed. This work indicates that the incorporation of nanoparticles into surfactant solutions offers a powerful approach to modulating fluid rheology across various conditions.
Mechanism of active flow control using a novel spike aerodome-channel concept in the hypersonic flow: A numerical study
Authors: Meng Yu-shan , Wang Zhong-wei , Huang Wei , Niu Yao-bin , Xie Zan
Published: August 2024

Among the design requirements of hypersonic vehicles, reducing aerodynamic heating and drag force simultaneously is the main challenge. This paper proposes a novel spike aerodome-channel combination concept to realize the flow field reconstruction around the hypersonic blunt body. The novel configuration is investigated in the axisymmetric flow at a Mach number of 6 at zero angle of attack. The two-dimensional Reynold-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are numerically solved, and the shear-stress transport k–ω model is the turbulence model implemented in this study. Parameters such as spike length and lateral jet location are investigated to explore the drag and heat reduction performance and the flow control features. The obtained results show that the application of the novel spike aerodome-channel concept alters the flow field by eliminating or replacing the strong bow shock wave, and the design of hypersonic vehicles can benefit from the application of the proposed concept. The blunt body coupled with a frustum of cone-tipped spike-channel configuration provides a remarkable drag reduction effect of 20.71% with respect to the case without channel. Considering the effect of lateral jet location, the drag reduction performance of the case with LR = 0.75 is superior to that of the root jet case at the same spike length, and a considerable drag reduction of 28.93% is obtained with L/D = 2.4. In addition, longer spike length is beneficial for improving drag reduction performance, while excellent efficiency of heat protection is obtained in a certain spike length range. For the case of L/D = 1.6 with root jet, the peak Stanton number is significantly decreased by 33.51%.
The prediction on non-Gaussian characteristics of wind pressure for the long-span roof in the mountainous area using proper orthogonal decomposition–deep learning framework
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , Pei Cheng , Liu Minwei , Yang Xiongwei , Cheng Xiaokang
Published: August 2024

To make an accurate prediction of the non-Gaussian characteristics of wind pressure for the long-span roof, this study combines the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique, convolutional neural network (CNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) network to propose a novel POD-CNN-LSTM framework. Then, the proposed framework was well validated based on the wind tunnel testing of a long-span roof structure, and some error criteria, such as mean square root error and correlation coefficient, were adopted to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the non-Gaussian characteristics. Furthermore, two other methods, POD-CNN and POD-LSTM, were also used to conduct a comparative study. The obtained results illustrate that compared to POD-CNN and POD-LSTM, the proposed framework can achieve better performance on the pulsating wind pressure coefficient. For predictions of non-Gaussian characteristics, the output results of the proposed POD-CNN-LSTM show fewer errors, which means the predictions are close to the measured results, including skewness, kurtosis, and wind pressure probability density distributions. To summarize, the proposed POD-CNN-LSTM framework shows superiority over others, which means the proposed framework has good potential for the practical application of non-Gaussian prediction of the engineering structure.
An improved macroscopic model for sloshing flow-combined porous structure interaction
Authors: Wang Sen , Xu Tiao-Jian , Wang Tong-Yan , Dong Guo-Hai , Hou Hui-Min
Published: August 2024

The design of the aquaculture tank system is important for fish survival, as it directly affects the behavior of farmed fish. To avoid violent liquid sloshing, this study proposes a side-mounted bracket-shaped perforated baffle and a special porous layer to explore their anti-sloshing performance. A macroscopic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, applicable to the combined porous structure, is developed by introducing the volume-averaged porous media theory, with corresponding experimental tests conducted. In this study, the macroscopic CFD method is first achieved to solve the fluid force on the perforated baffle by reasonably predicting the momentum flux through the porous surface. The microscopic model is also established to further verify the reliability of our proposed macroscopic model. The amplitudes of the free water surface and sloshing loads are adopted to assess the sloshing response. In addition, an index referred to as area-weighted-average velocity is introduced to quantify the kinetic energy. Results reveal that the established macroscopic model reliably replicates the free water surface and sloshing loads and greatly improves computational efficiency. Moreover, the high-frequency component of the wave energy is more easily dissipated, thus the transfer of energy from low frequency to high frequency resulting from the porous structure enhances its anti-sloshing performance, while conversely, the performance is weakened; the suppressing performance of the porous structure is closely related to the filling depth and excitation frequency, which dominate the frequency components of the sloshing behavior.
Quantum Hall resistance standards based on epitaxial graphene with p-type conductivity
Authors: Yin Yefei , Kruskopf Mattias , Bauer Stephan , Tschirner Teresa , Pierz Klaus , Hohls Frank , Haug Rolf J. , Schumacher Hans W.
Published: August 2024

In the last decade, quantum resistance metrology has benefited from the application of graphene as the base material for the fabrication of quantum Hall (QH) resistance standards since it allows for the realization of the resistance unit ohm in the revised International System of Units under relaxed experimental conditions. Here, we present a detailed magnetotransport investigation of p-type epitaxial graphene, which was doped by the molecular acceptor F4-TCNQ. High-accuracy measurements of the QH resistance show an excellent quantization and a reproduction of the nominal value, the half of the von Klitzing constant RK/2, within 2 nΩ/Ω. It underlines the universality of the QH effect and shows that p-type epitaxial graphene can also serve as the basis for future resistance standards for operation at relaxed experimental conditions. For the p-type devices, the onset of the QH plateau is observed at about 1 T higher magnetic fields, which can be attributed to an additional disorder or a non-symmetric charge transfer mechanism in the QH regime.
Geological evidence reveals a staircase pattern in Earth’s rotational deceleration evolution
Authors: Huang He , Ma Chao , Laskar Jacques , Sinnesael Matthias , Farhat Mohammad , Hoang Nam H. , Gao Yuan , Zeeden Christian , Zhong Hanting , Hou Mingcai , Wang Chengshan
Published: August 2024

The Earth’s rotation has been decelerating throughout its history due to tidal dissipation, but the variation of the rate of this deceleration through time has not been established. We present a detailed analysis of eight geological datasets to constrain the Earth’s rotational history from 650 to 240 Mya. The results allow us to test physical tidal models and point to a staircase pattern in the Earth’s deceleration from 650 to 280 Mya. During this time interval, the Earth–Moon distance increased by approximately 20,000 km and the length of day increased by approximately 2.2 h. Specifically, there are two intervals with high Earth rotation deceleration, 650 to 500 Mya and 350 to 280 Mya, separated by an interval of stalled deceleration from 500 to 350 Mya. The interval with stalled deceleration is attributed mainly to reduced tidal dissipation due to the continent-ocean configuration at the time, not to changes in Earth’s dynamical ellipticity from continental assembly or glaciation. Modeling indicates that, except for the very recent time, tidal dissipation is the main driver for decelerating Earth rotation. One potential implication of our findings is that the Earth’s tidal dissipation, along with Earth’s rotation deceleration, may play a role in the evolving Earth.
Leveraging coevolutionary insights and AI-based structural modeling to unravel receptor–peptide ligand-binding mechanisms
Authors: Snoeck Simon , Lee Hyun Kyung , Schmid Marc W. , Bender Kyle W. , Neeracher Matthias J. , Fernández-Fernández Alvaro D. , Santiago Julia , Zipfel Cyril
Published: August 2024

Secreted signaling peptides are central regulators of growth, development, and stress responses, but specific steps in the evolution of these peptides and their receptors are not well understood. Also, the molecular mechanisms of peptide–receptor binding are only known for a few examples, primarily owing to the limited availability of protein structural determination capabilities to few laboratories worldwide. Plants have evolved a multitude of secreted signaling peptides and corresponding transmembrane receptors. Stress-responsive SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs) were recently identified. Bioactive SCOOPs are proteolytically processed by subtilases and are perceived by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) in the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
. How SCOOPs and MIK2 have (co)evolved, and how SCOOPs bind to MIK2 are unknown. Using in silico analysis of 350 plant genomes and subsequent functional testing, we revealed the conservation of MIK2 as SCOOP receptor within the plant order Brassicales. We then leveraged AI-based structural modeling and comparative genomics to identify two conserved putative SCOOP–MIK2 binding pockets across Brassicales MIK2 homologues predicted to interact with the “SxS” motif of otherwise sequence-divergent SCOOPs. Mutagenesis of both predicted binding pockets compromised SCOOP binding to MIK2, SCOOP-induced complex formation between MIK2 and its coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1, and SCOOP-induced reactive oxygen species production, thus, confirming our in silico predictions. Collectively, in addition to revealing the elusive SCOOP–MIK2 binding mechanism, our analytic pipeline combining phylogenomics, AI-based structural predictions, and experimental biochemical and physiological validation provides a blueprint for the elucidation of peptide ligand–receptor perception mechanisms.
Cyclin B3 is a dominant fast-acting cyclin that drives rapid early embryonic mitoses
Authors: Lara-Gonzalez Pablo , Variyar Smriti , Moghareh Shabnam , Nguyen Anh Cao Ngoc , Kizhedathu Amrutha , Budrewicz Jacqueline , Schlientz Aleesa , Varshney Neha , Bellaart Andrew , Oegema Karen , Bardwell Lee , Desai Arshad
Published: August 2024

Mitosis in early embryos often proceeds at a rapid pace, but how this pace is achieved is not understood. Here, we show that cyclin B3 is the dominant driver of rapid embryonic mitoses in the C. elegans embryo. Cyclins B1 and B2 support slow mitosis (NEBD to anaphase ∼600 s), but the presence of cyclin B3 dominantly drives the approximately threefold faster mitosis observed in wildtype. Multiple mitotic events are slowed down in cyclin B1 and B2–driven mitosis, and cyclin B3–associated Cdk1 H1 kinase activity is ∼25-fold more active than cyclin B1–associated Cdk1. Addition of cyclin B1 to fast cyclin B3–only mitosis introduces an ∼60-s delay between completion of chromosome alignment and anaphase onset; this delay, which is important for segregation fidelity, is dependent on inhibitory phosphorylation of the anaphase activator Cdc20. Thus, cyclin B3 dominance, coupled to a cyclin B1–dependent delay that acts via Cdc20 phosphorylation, sets the rapid pace and ensures mitotic fidelity in the early C. elegans embryo.
A note on the junction conditions in

f
(

Q

)

-gravity
Authors: Vignolo Stefano , Esposito Fabrizio , Carloni Sante
Published: August 2024

Using the notion of distribution-valued tensor, we discuss the junction conditions within the framework of

f
(

Q

)

-gravity. We obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for two distinct solutions of the field equations to be smoothly joined on a given separation hypersurface.
A review on optical characterization of refractive index in photonic related devices and applications
Authors: Zhou Yan , Cao Zizheng , Yu Shaohua
Published: August 2024

As one of the most important optical properties of a material, refractive index (RI) and its spatial distribution play important roles in managing the performances of photonic structures and devices. The capability to accurately and reliably characterize RI can be crucial for precise control of specifications of photonic devices, and is required in diverse scenarios, ranging from material inspections, processing controls and device stage characterizations. In this review, we discuss a variety of optical characterization techniques for RI profiling and measurements, leveraging optical interference contrast effects, phase-shifting effects, as well as spectroscopic responses in reflectometric and ellipsometric manners. In addition, we give a quick account of recent progress on these techniques empowered by advanced data treatments.
A novel method for measuring three-axis dynamic centrifugal acceleration field: the matrix transformation method
Authors: Zhou Bang-zhao , Ou Feng , Niu Bao-liang , Yang Min , Mao Yong-jian , Yuan Biao
Published: August 2024

When a three-axis dynamic centrifuge is used to test the performance of inertial equipment (accelerometer, gyroscope, gyro-accelerometer, etc), accurate estimating of the acceleration at the sensing position of the tested sensors is a key step. To solve the problem of the lack of relevant suitable methods, first, the principle of rigid body kinematics is used to prove that the acceleration of each point on a rigid body changes linearly with respect to the position. Subsequently, a matrix transformation method for accurately measuring the acceleration field on the three-axis dynamic centrifuge is presented. In this method, the distribution law (expressed by a 3 × 3 matrix) of the acceleration field is calculated based on the measured acceleration at multiple positions. After that the acceleration estimation value at any point on the centrifuge can be calculated. Finally, the uncertainty of the estimated acceleration value is analyzed, and a verification experiment is carried out. The results show that the accuracy of this method is mainly limited by the accuracy of the acceleration measurements. The preliminary verification experiment system shows that the mean deviation of the estimated value error obtained by this method is less than 0.024 g, the standard uncertainty is less than 0.015 g, the left and right endpoints of the 95% probability inclusion interval are less than −0.026 g and 0.036 g, respectively, and the half width of the interval is less than 0.028 g. In all, this paper provides a powerful tool for examining the precision performance of inertial equipment on a three-axis dynamic centrifuge, and can also be used for calibration of this kind of centrifuge.
FC-YOLO: an aircraft skin defect detection algorithm based on multi-scale collaborative feature fusion
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Jiyuan , Yan Zhiqi , Zhao Minghang , Fu Xuyun , Zhu Hengjia
Published: August 2024

Aircraft skin defects pose a threat to the safety and airworthiness of the aircraft. The front line of engineering has requirements of high precision and stable defect detection, which cannot be met by existing deep learning methods, due to conflicting information between multi-scale features. Herein, a Fine-Coordinated YOLO (FC-YOLO) algorithm is proposed to detect aircraft skin defects. Firstly, the ELAN-C module with Coordinate & Channel Attention mechanism is applied to the backbone network to enhance multi-scale detection precision. Secondly, the Adaptive-Path Aggregation Network structure is proposed to make features containing more information by adding a shortcut weighted by the Adaptively Spatial Feature Fusion (ASFF) module. The ASFF adaptively allocates the weights of features with different sizes to reduce the inconsistency of features between different levels during feature fusion to improve detection precision. Finally, the SCYLLA-IoU loss function is introduced to calculate the directional loss between the bounding box and the ground truth box to elevate the stability of the training. Experiments are executed with a self-constructed ASD-DET dataset and the public NEU-DET dataset. Results show that the mAP of FC-YOLO is improved by 3.1% and 2.7% compared to that of the original YOLOv7 on the ASD-DET dataset and the NEU-DET dataset. In addition, on the ASD-DET dataset and NEU-DET dataset, the mAP of FC-YOLO was higher than that of YOLOv8, RT-DETR by 1.4%, 1.6% and 2.2%, 3.8%, respectively. By which, it is shown that the proposed FC-YOLO algorithm is promising for the future automatic visual inspection of aircraft skin.
Faulty feeder selection method for high impedance grounding fault in resonant grounding system based on discrete Fréchet distance
Authors: Xu Honglu , Zhang Xinhui , Sun Haoyue , Wang Fuqian , Zhu Jiaxi
Published: August 2024

When a high impedance fault (HIF) occurs in a resonant grounding system, the electrical signal is weak and the current distinction between the faulty feeder and non-faulty feeder is inconspicuous. To address this issue, this paper proposes a faulty feeder selection method based on discrete Fréchet distance (DFD). Firstly, the instantaneous value of the zero-sequence current flowing through each sampling point, along with the instantaneous values at its previous sampling moment, is accumulated to enhance the fault signal, and furthermore to magnify the distinction in the amplitude of the accumulated waveforms of zero-sequence current between the faulty feeder and non-faulty feeder. Then, the DFD of the accumulated waveforms of the zero-sequence current for each feeder is calculated, and the Fréchet distance matrix is established to acquire the average DFD (ADFD) value of the accumulated waveform for each feeder. Finally, the relative DFD (RDFD) value is defined as a criterion to distinguish the bus fault from the feeder fault according to the values of the two feeders with the maximum ADFD value and the minimum ADFD value. If the RDFD value is negative, it is identified as a bus fault, otherwise, the feeder corresponding to the maximum ADFD value is identified as a faulty feeder. MATLAB/Simulink simulation results and field measurement data show that the proposed method is not affected by various fault conditions, and the accuracy and reliability in faulty feeder selection are high when detecting an HIF, with good applicability.
On the intrusiveness of phosphor thermometry for metal surface temperature measurements in reciprocating engines: an experimental and heat conduction modeling study
Authors: Witkowski Dustin , Amezcua Eri R , Rothamer David A
Published: August 2024

Lifetime-based phosphor thermometry has been applied in a wide variety of surface temperature measurement applications due to its relative ease of implementation and robustness to background interference when compared to other optical temperature measurement methods. It is often assumed that the technique is minimally intrusive if the thickness of the applied phosphor coating is

<

20 µm. To evaluate this assumption, high-speed phosphor surface temperature measurements along with high-speed thermocouple measurements were performed on 4140 steel substrates installed in the cylinder head of an optically-accessible reciprocating internal-combustion engine for four different operating conditions. For phosphor thermometry measurements, four substrates were studied, each coated with a phosphor layer of different thickness ranging between 6 µm and 47 µm. The phosphor thermometry measured temperature swings during combustion were shown to be heavily impacted by the presence of the phosphor coatings, increasing by roughly a factor of 2–2.5 when increasing the thickness from 6 µm to 30 µm. A technique was implemented which utilizes the temperature data in combination with a heat conduction model to provide estimates of the temperature swing and heat flux in the absence of the phosphor coating. It was shown that even the 6 µm phosphor coating could lead to an order of magnitude increase in the temperature swing relative to the uncoated 4140 steel substrate, highlighting the significant impact of the phosphor coating. Despite the intrusiveness of phosphor thermometry for the surface temperature measurements, reasonable agreement was demonstrated between heat flux estimates determined with the heat transfer modeling technique and those deduced from temperature-swing measurements using two different high-speed thermocouples. The results indicate that phosphor surface thermometry can be a reliable surface temperature and heat flux diagnostic for transient high heat flux environments, as long as proper care is taken to account for the impact of the phosphor layer on the measurement.
Theoretical concept of error-rejecting entanglement purification of quantum-dots electronic spins in single-sided optical microcavity
Authors: Wang Jingyao , Wang Xin
Published: August 2024

We use the quantum-dots (QD) coupled with single-sided microcavities system to construct the error-rejecting controlled not (CNOT) gate of electronic spins system in QD; We have designed an error-rejecting entanglement purification protocol (EPP) of electronic spins system in QD by using the error-rejecting CNOT gate and unitary operation. It can extract the high entanglement from the mixed entanglement states of the electronic spins with low entangled states. This EPP can eliminate the operation errors caused by the nonideal interaction between photons and QD coupled with optical microcavities system, and improve the fidelity of the EPP through iteration. Our scheme is more practical in future long-distance quantum communications, especially providing significant benefits for solving decoherence problems in quantum networks and quantum repeaters.
Sharing asymmetric Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering with projective measurements
Authors: Xin Rong Yan , Wang Shuo , Fei Zhang Zhen , Jian Gu Yong , Xiao Ya
Published: August 2024

Recently, both global and local classical randomness-assisted projective measurement protocols have been employed to share Bell nonlocality of an entangled state among multiple sequential parties. Unlike Bell nonlocality, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering exhibits distinct asymmetric characteristics and serves as the necessary quantum resource for one-sided device-independent quantum information tasks. In this work, we propose a projective measurement protocol and investigate the shareability of EPR steering with steering radius criterion theoretically and experimentally. Our results reveal that arbitrarily many independent parties can share one-way steerability using projective measurements, even when no shared randomness is available. Furthermore, by leveraging only local randomness, asymmetric two-way steerability can also be shared. Our work not only deepens the understanding of the role of projective measurements in sharing quantum correlations but also opens up a new avenue for reutilizing asymmetric quantum correlations.
Low Gilbert damping in Bi/In-doped YIG thin films with giant Faraday effect
Authors: Zhan 湛 Jin 劲 , Wang 王 Yi 一 , Wang 王 Xianjie 先杰 , Zhang 张 Hanxu 晗旭 , Zhu 朱 Senyin 森寅 , Zhang 张 Lingli 伶莉 , Tao 陶 Lingling 玲玲 , Sui 隋 Yu 郁 , He 何 Wenqing 文卿 , Wan 万 Caihua 蔡华 , Han 韩 Xiufeng 秀峰 , Belotelov V. I. , Song 宋 Bo 波
Published: August 2024

Magnetic films with low Gilbert damping are crucial for magnonic devices, which provide a promising platform for realizing ultralow-energy devices. In this study, low Gilbert damping and coercive field were observed in Bi/In-doped yttrium iron garnet (BiIn:YIG) thin films. The BiIn:YIG (444) films were deposited onto different substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Low coercivity (<1 Oe) with saturation magnetization of 125.09 emu/cc was achieved along the in-plane direction of BiIn:YIG film. The values of Gilbert damping and inhomogeneous broadening of ferromagnetic resonance in BiIn:YIG films were obtained to be as low as 4.05 × 10−4 and 5.62 Oe, respectively. In addition to low damping, the giant Faraday rotation angles (up to 2.9 × 104 deg/cm) were also observed in the BiIn:YIG film. By modifying the magnetic structure and coupling effect between Bi3+ and Fe3+ of Bi:YIG, doped In3+ plays a key role on variation of the magnetic properties. The low damping and giant Faraday effect made the BiIn:YIG film an appealing candidate for magnonic and magneto-optical devices.
Self-powered UVC detectors based on α-Ga2O3 with enchanted speed performance
Authors: Almaev Aleksei , Tsymbalov Alexander , Kushnarev Bogdan , Nikolaev Vladimir , Pechnikov Alexei , Scheglov Mikhail , Chikiryaka Andrei
Published: August 2024

Detectors were developed for detecting irradiation in the short-wavelength ultraviolet (UVC) interval using high-quality single-crystalline α-Ga2O3 films with Pt interdigital contacts. The films of α-Ga2O3 were grown on planar sapphire substrates with c-plane orientation using halide vapor phase epitaxy. The spectral dependencies of the photo to dark current ratio, responsivity, external quantum efficiency and detectivity of the structures were investigated in the wavelength interval of 200−370 nm. The maximum of photo to dark current ratio, responsivity, external quantum efficiency, and detectivity of the structures were 1.16 × 104 arb. un., 30.6 A/W, 1.65 × 104%, and 6.95 × 1015 Hz0.5·cm/W at a wavelength of 230 nm and an applied voltage of 1 V. The high values of photoelectric properties were due to the internal enhancement of the photoresponse associated with strong hole trapping. The α-Ga2O3 film-based UVC detectors can function in self-powered operation mode due to the built-in electric field at the Pt/α-Ga2O3 interfaces. At a wavelength of 254 nm and zero applied voltage, the structures exhibit a responsivity of 0.13 mA/W and an external quantum efficiency of 6.2 × 10−2%. The UVC detectors based on the α-Ga2O3 films demonstrate high-speed performance with a rise time of 18 ms in self-powered mode.
Kelvin’s circulation pinch theory in magnetized plasma turbulence
Authors: Guo Z.B.
Published: August 2024

In this study, we present a topological transport theory–the turbulence pinch in magnetized plasmas–by utilizing the generalized Kelvin’s circulation as a constraint. An exact nonlinear relation between the Kelvin’s circulation pinch velocity and the turbulence vorticity flux has been derived. The flux-driven feature of the circulation pinch suggests an approach to non-locally control particle pinch velocity through varying boundary conditions. Due to its ubiquity and robustness, this theory provides a promising mechanism to produce an up-gradient particle transport.
Iterative design of satellite structures and topology optimisation methods
Authors: Hurtado-Pérez A. B. , Pablo-Sotelo A. de J. , Ramírez-López F. , Hernández-Gómez J. J. , Mata-Rivera M. F.
Published: August 2024

Satellite launches are critical amid increasing demands for advanced services. Rising costs urge innovation in engineering. Enhancing satellite structural integrity during launches is crucial due to intense vibrations. Topology optimisation and additive manufacturing converge as promising solutions. Topology optimisation uses mathematical techniques to iteratively improve structures by reducing mass while enhancing attributes like load capacity. This field, active for about three decades, employs continuum and discrete algorithms to optimise structures. Recent trends show optimised structures through topology optimisation and additive manufacturing promise cost-effective and high-performance solutions. This study aims to extensively review topology optimisation methods, specifically focusing on satellite structures, to shape future developments within the years to come.
Synthesis, characterization, and CO sensing properties of NiO thin film for commercial aircraft applications
Authors: Ivan Alvarez Samario , Georgina García Pacheco , Norberto Hernández Como , Mayahuel Ortega-Avilés
Published: August 2024

The detection of combustion gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and fuel leaks is a concern in regard to aeronautical safety and has led to the development of semiconductor sensors. The focus of this work is the detection of CO within commercial aircraft using a thin film of nickel oxide (NiO) as the sensing element. The NiO phase was synthesized using the sol-gel method using a modification of the procedures proposed by N. Talebian and B. Pejova. Microstructural characterization of the NiO thin film was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optical analysis was carried out using diffuse reflectance (UV-VIS) spectroscopy. The results showed that the NiO thin film was homogeneous and composed of nodular nanoparticles with size between 10 and 15 nm and thickness of 75 nm. The band gap value was 3.3 eV, which is consistent with p-type semiconductors. The sensitivity of the devices was determined by means of the static environment method. The best operation temperature was 200°C for the device with 100-µm spacing between tracks, which gave a response time of 165 seconds and recovery time of 212 seconds according the results of a flow-through method. The device with this track spacing is ideal for CO detection at 50 ppm, at which the first symptoms of intoxication appear in humans inside commercial aircraft.
Methodology for the design of a nanosatellite telecommunication system in S-Band based on Software for Digital Mission Engineering
Authors: García-Guillén L A , Sanchéz-Sanchéz J L , Ramírez-Aguilar J A , Ferrer-Pérez J A , Romo-Fuentes J C , Farah-Simón A , Chávez-Moreno R G , Sánchez Hernández D.C. , Sánchez-Guzmán J A , Valdés-Galicia J F
Published: August 2024

A trend in the development of nanosatellite platforms for technology demonstration has increased in both private industry and academic projects. Communication link design plays a crucial role in the success of space missions, enabling efficient and reliable data transmission between satellites and ground stations. In this context, the use of advanced tools such as System Tool Kit (STK) has gained significant importance by enabling a comprehensive analysis of the technical and operational aspects of the communication link. In an effort to make the future design of the communications subsystem payload on a nanosatellite more efficient and accessible, this paper shows a methodology for the efficient use of STK to perform link analysis.
Rectenna and Patch Microstrip Antenna Proposal for Energy Harvesting in S-band CubeSats
Authors: Medina I. , Barragán A. D. , Castillo G.
Published: August 2024

A proposal of a 2.4 GHz rectenna is presented as a complementary device for the electrical power system (EPS) in CubeSats, with the goal of maintaining its size regulations and providing an extra voltage input to the existing methods, like solar cells and batteries, thus possibly increasing the CubeSat’s durability. The antenna design was done in CST STUDIO SUITE, adjusting different parameters that optimize its performance. There is also an analysis of the rectenna elements, and the equations needed to do it. For the rectifier section of the rectenna, the software ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM (ADS) was used, using a band-pass filter and a 3-stage Dickson voltage amplifier. These elements are essential to ensure an optimal and efficient performance of the rectenna that provides an extra voltage source for the subsystems of a nanosatellite.
Photocapacitance discharge of LEDs applied in remote sensing detectors
Authors: Ortiz-Alvarado J D , Gómez-Quintero E , Rodríguez-Sierra J C , García-Isáis C A
Published: August 2024

This paper describes the application of light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light detectors for remote sensing systems, used for the measurement of normalized differential vegetation index, one of the most common parameters monitored by these systems. The light intensity measurement was carried out through correlation of discharge time of photocapacitance of LEDs, and the performance of this configuration was compared with the same LEDs used as detectors in photovoltaic mode. One measurement system was implemented for each configuration of LEDs, using the STM32F401CBU6 microcontroller.

The normalized differential vegetation index was measured in samples of liquid suspensions of microalgae Spirulina platensis with different biomass concentrations. The measurements were taken at an outdoor location and under sunlight illumination.

The results obtained with measurement of normalized differential vegetation index through photocapacitance discharge effect demonstrated that this is an effective technique with an improved repeatability in measurement, in comparison with photovoltaic mode of LEDs used as detectors.
Integration of the balanced scorecard and FAO SAFA for assessing the sustainability of horticultural production in Jawa Barat
Authors: Rahmatullah P , Gunawan W , Mulyaningrum
Published: August 2024

The agricultural sector is a vital component of Indonesia’s economy. However, agricultural production in Jawa Barat, particularly in horticulture, is facing various sustainability challenges. It is crucial to adopt a sustainable approach to agricultural production. This study aims to develop the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework to enhance the sustainability of horticultural production in Jawa Barat, using the FAO Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture (SAFA) Framework. A focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with 68 horticultural farmers representing different regions and horticultural commodities in Jawa Barat. During the FGD, participants rated their familiarity with SAFA Framework indicators and assessed their importance. Frequency analysis was performed on the collected data to determine familiarity and importance levels and correlation analysis using the R method. This research reveals that indicators related to community investment, biodiversity, and renewable energy received lower recognition, suggesting a need for increased emphasis in these areas. The correlation analysis revealed a positive link between Finance and Customer dimensions, highlighting the importance of financial management for customer satisfaction. Addressing these findings will help enhance sustainability and bridge gaps in horticultural practices in Jawa Barat. The findings will support sustainable agricultural practices, enhance decision-making, and promote the long-term viability of the horticultural sector
Study of the millennial generation’s preferences for the development of local food products processed by sago noodles
Authors: Dewayani W , Suriany  , Ramlah S , Nurhafsah  , Idaryani  , Hanuddin R , Sunanto  , Halil W
Published: August 2024

Preference is one part of consumer response in determining the choice of product to be used. This study aims to determine millennials’ preferences for processed sago noodle products using natural colors from dragon fruit, turmeric, and moringa leaves. The research method uses quantitative descriptive analysis data. Data was collected using questionnaires. The data observed in this study are the characteristics of respondents, color, aroma, taste, and texture of sago noodles. The collected data was analyzed descriptively and through chi-square analysis. The results showed the response of the millennial generation in taking part in trials of processed sago products is very high. This is proven by the willingness of 72% of respondents in the age range of 19 – 24 years, included in the millennial generation category, and only 4% of respondents who are in the age range of more than 50 years. As many as 44% of respondents had consumed processed sago bagea (traditional cake), followed by 36% kapurung (traditional food), 4% sago meatballs, and 4% sago noodles. Processed sago products are no longer foreign to the millennial generation. Only 4% of respondents had ever consumed sago noodles because sago noodles are a new food in South Sulawesi. The millennial generation’s preference for developing local food products processed from sago is very high, both newly developed products such as sago noodles, and old processed products such as bagea, kapurung and sago meatballs. From the organoleptic results of sago noodles from several treatments with the addition of natural coloring, it is known that sago noodles using coloring from dragon fruit extract are the most preferred, followed by real sago noodles, then sago noodles using turmeric coloring and finally sago noodles using colouring from moringa leaf extract.
Multidimensional analysis for assessing sustainability determinants of rice farming in Siak, Riau
Authors: Fuadi I , Nurhayati N , Sinaga P H , Sutrisna N , Zuhdi F , Fahri A , Pato U , Fathurrahman  , Samijan  , Basuki T , Widyanto H , Ritonga E , Polakitan A L , Yusuf R
Published: August 2024

This study was conducted in five villages in Bunga Raya District (Kemuning Muda, Bunga Raya, Tuah Indrapura, Jayapura, and Buantan Lestari), the rice production centers of Siak Regency, Riau. The research location was selected based on the largest percentage of rice field area. The research was conducted from January to July 2019. This research aims to determine sustainable lowland rice farming management variables for future lowland rice farming development in Bunga Raya District, Siak Regency. Purposive sampling was used to choose the 82 sample farmers, who were selected using the Slovin equation. The respondents are selected with a margin of error of 7% of the total population of farmer families. Data was gathered through the use of interview techniques, questionnaires, and field observations. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used to analyze sustainable rice farming management factors after updating the Rapfish program. According to the findings of the sustainability study of 42 studied variables, 12 of them show sensitivity. Five of the ten stakeholder needs attributes were examined to provide sensitivity. The combined analysis of current prospective sustainability with stakeholders yielded five attributes determining factors for the sustainability of lowland rice farming in Bunga Raya: land conversion, participation in training/extension services, pesticide use, agro-tourism potential, and farmer capital availability. Another recommendation that policy makers need to consider, which is no less important, is to always preserve the rice field ecosystem by developing natural and human resources, so that increasing the welfare of farmers and increasing regional income can be achieved.
The distribution of rainfall in areas suitable for sugarcane farming in Blitar Regency, East Java
Authors: Riajaya P D , Kadarwati F T , Hariyono B , Subiyakto  , Cholid M
Published: August 2024

Expansion of sugarcane in East Java continue to be implemented in addition to intensification to increase sugarcane production in East Java, including expansion to Blitar Regency. This study aims to determine the rainfall distribution in areas suitable for sugarcane cultivation in Blitar Regency, East Java. This study was done in 2022 by combining a sugarcane land suitability map in Blitar Regency from the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development and an annual isohyet map. Maps showing the rainfall distribution that the further north in Blitar the more elevation and rainfall and decreasing to the south. Annual rainfall distribution of 1500-2000 mm and 2000-2500 mm in the areas of moderately and marginally suitable for sugarcane covered total area of 25,918.59 ha and 22,689.90 ha or 15.83% and 13.86% of the total existing land area, respectively. When expanding sugarcane development, it is essential to consider the rainfall distribution along with the spatial distribution of land. Therefore, field trials are needed in each zoning to determine the productivity level of sugarcane and sugar. Complementing the spatial distribution of land for sugarcane with the rainfall distribution in each zone is important to identify yield potential for each suitability class.
The application of seed priming agents in enhancing drought resilience of rice: a comprehensive review
Authors: Nurrahma A H I , Putri H H , Nuraini L , Fatmawati  , Harsonowati W , Jumiatun  , Junaedi A
Published: August 2024

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as a staple food for over half of the world’s population, and its production is vital for global food security. However, the increasing demand for rice is threatened by the rising occurrence of drought stress, driven by erratic rainfall patterns attributed to unpredictable global climate. Drought stress can significantly affect rice at various growth stages, with seed germination being particularly vulnerable due to reduced water intake. Direct Seeded Rice (DSR), an alternative planting technology, offers water efficiency and cost savings but faces challenges like poor stand establishment. Seed priming, a technique that enhances seedling emergence and early growth, has proven to be a practical approach for improving rice tolerance under suboptimal conditions, including drought. The present article is intended to discuss (i) the mechanism and benefits of seed priming, (ii) seed priming techniques, potential agents, and effectiveness factors, (iii) the mechanism of seed priming to improve drought tolerance, (iv) challenges and opportunities, to promote the seed priming strategy as a future, cost-effective research tool to increase rice yield and productivity under drought stress.
Recommendations of N, P, and K site-spesific for maize cropping in the Jeneponto District of South Sulawesi
Authors: Herawati  , Irmadamayanti A , Efendi R , Syafruddin
Published: August 2024

The incompatibility of N, P, and K rates for maize plants causes a decrease in plant productivity and farmer income. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate N, P, and K fertilizer recommendations based on agroecosystems that farmers can apply. This research aims to obtain location-specific N, P, and K fertilization recommendations for maize based on the agroecosystem in Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi. This research was conducted in Jeneponto District, South Sulawesi, from March to October 2021. The research used a survey method adapted to the questions in the Nutrient Expert (NE) program form. The research showed that the optimum fertilizer recommendation for maize in Jeneponto District was 170 – 190 kg N ha−1, 30 – 60 kg P2O5 ha−1, and 33 – 63 kg K2O ha−1, with a 9 – 10 t/ha yield. Using these recommendations, they will gain a higher profit and R-C ratio than the farmer’s existing fertilization, namely, a profit of RP. 30,499,400 (Rp. 30,276,000 – 30,697,000) with an R-C ratio of 4.05 (3.96 – 4.13), whereas if using existing fertilization at the farmer level, they will gain a profit of Rp. 19,397,000 (Rp. 14,215,000 – Rp. 25,735,000) with an R-C ratio of 2.20 (1.81 – 2.75).
Optimization of activated carbon production from cajuput biomass as a desiccant
Authors: Jatmiko T H , Suwanto A , Sholahuddin M
Published: August 2024

Effective food preservation methods encompass a range of approaches, among which drying stands out for its convenience in storage and distribution. The drying process and subsequent storage of food, however, are significantly influenced by environmental conditions. To address this, the utilization of activated carbon derived from renewable biomass sources emerges as a sustainable solution for moisture sorption applications. This research delves into optimizing the production of activated carbon from cajuput biomass, harnessing its exceptional desiccant properties through the Taguchi method. The study rigorously investigates crucial parameters, namely carbonization temperature (400, 600, 800 °C), carbonization time (1, 2, 3 hours), NaOH concentration (1, 2, 3%), and impregnation time (1, 2, 3 hours). Employing a two-step approach involving carbonization followed by chemical activation with NaOH, the impact of these variables on the activated carbon’s moisture adsorption capacity is comprehensively evaluated. Remarkably, the optimized conditions of carbonization temperature at 400 °C, carbonization time of 3 hours, NaOH concentration of 3%, and impregnation time of 3 hours yield a maximum moisture adsorption capacity of 0.4076 g/g. These findings emphasize the transformative potential of cajuput biomass as a valuable feedstock for producing activated carbon, endowed with remarkable moisture sorption attributes. This cajuput-derived activated carbon presents an alternative desiccant for efficient moisture adsorption in the food drying process and optimal moisture control during food product storage.