bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 as inflammatory biomarkers in dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis
Authors: Asawapattanakul Thanaporn , Pintapagung Tanagorn , Piratae Supawadee , Juntautsa Siriluck , Chancharoen Pawarat
Published: September 2021

Background and Aim: Canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (CME), a tick-borne disease, leads to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome; it is thus important to assess the intensity of inflammation in order to treat it appropriately. The current study was designed to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters in dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis compared with those in healthy dogs. We also assessed the relationship among several inflammation-related parameters and considered these parameters for use as inflammatory biomarkers of CME.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight dogs were divided into two groups based on the results of nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting E. canis, comprising a healthy group (n=11) and an infected group (n=17). A blood sample was collected from each dog to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters, with the obtained results being statistically compared between the groups. Moreover, the correlations of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were investigated in the 28 dogs.

Results: In the infected group, the mean levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were significantly lower than in the healthy group, while the mean lymphocyte and monocyte counts were higher. The mean levels of ESR and CRP were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the infected group, whereas no significant differences were found in IL-6 levels between the two groups. In the correlation analysis, ESR and CRP levels were highly correlated (p<0.01, r=0.531).

Conclusion: Elevated ESR and CRP levels were found in dogs naturally infected with E. canis, which also presented mild to moderate inflammation in this study. Moreover, CRP was significantly correlated with ESR, so ESR and CRP may serve as inflammatory biomarkers for monitoring CME.
Abaré I
Authors: Gonçalves Morais Cristiano , Silva Gomes Ilvia , Gagno Lima Juliana , Silva da Costa Teógenes Luiz
Published: September 2021

Este artigo descreve as experiências de formação dos residentes em estratégia saúde da família numa Unidade Básica de Saúde Fluvial na Amazônia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, com abordagem qualitativa. A experiência relatada se desenvolveu em outubro de 2018, com ribeirinhos de 20 comunidades do Baixo Amazonas, durante as atividades de assistência, ensino, pesquisa e extensão na Unidade Básica de Saúde Fluvial - Barco Abaré I. A inserção em atividades como essa faz parte da grade curricular de uma residência em estratégia saúde da família, que conta com profissionais nas áreas de enfermagem, odontologia e farmácia. Para fins de aprendizado utilizou-se de ferramentas de metodologias ativas como o diário reflexivo individual. Os principais aprendizados dessa experiência foram: conhecer a realidade local das comunidades ribeirinhas e refletir sobre as condições de vida e determinantes da saúde na Amazônia.  A importância da vivência no Abaré I foi favorecer experiências para além do âmbito tecnicista, facilitando o contato com a realidade particular da Amazônia, ao mesmo tempo que serviu para entender as necessidades e fragilidades da unidade fluvial na assistência à saúde do contexto ribeirinho.
Editorial. Volume 15, Issue 4.
Authors: Smark Ciorstan J , Mir Monir
Published: September 2021

Editorial Volume 15 Issue 4
Exchange Rate, Exchange Rate Volatility and Stock Prices: An Analysis of the Symmetric and Asymmetric Effect Using ARDL and NARDL Models
Authors: Saidi La Ode , Muthalib Abd Azis , Adam Pasrun , Rumbia Wali Aya , Sani La Ode Arsad
Published: September 2021

This article examined the symmetric and asymmetric effects of the IDR/USD exchange rate and its volatility on stock prices using the monthly time series data of the IDR/USD exchange rate and the Indonesian composite stock price index from January 2006 to July 2019. The data were analyzed using ARDL and NARDL models. The results showed that in the short term, the IDR/USD exchange rate has a symmetry effect on stock prices, while volatility lacks such a symmetric influence. However, these two variables asymmetrically affect stock prices, Furthermore, in the long term both the exchange rate and the volatility lack symmetric and asymmetric influence on stock prices.
The Effect of Lateral Internal Sphinctorotomy on Post-operative Pain Following Open Hemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Yaqoup Haitham Abdulkareem , Muslim Salah Kadhim , Al-Kayat Hashim Sadik
Published: September 2021

Hemorrhoid, is one of the most common anal pathologies. It is considered as a big issue in our society, surgical treatment is one of the valid ways to treat hemorrhoids. Pain after surgery is the most important complication beside other complications. Piles are removed with overlying skin removed with hemorrhoidectomy. Pain intensity varies, depending on the patient's pain threshold. This research attempts to see if open hemorrhoidectomy by itself or hemorrhoidectomy and internal sphinctorotomy were effective in treating post-operative pain.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions in the Presence of Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Baiee Noor Al-Huda , Alkaim Ayad F.
Published: September 2021

The photo catalytic degradation of an aqueous solution of methylene blue dye has studied under different conditions of preparation Zinc oxide nanoparticles and study effect of various mass of zinc oxide on the removal of methylene blue dye and initial concentration of MB dye. Several techniques were used to determine the surface properties of the prepared nano-zinc oxide such as XRD, TEM. Results showed that, the phot catalytic degradation process was high at the beginning and then decreased with time. and the phot catalytic degradation efficiency, increased by increasing weight of zinc oxide nanoparticle from 0.05 g to 0.3 g. and decrease with increase weight of zinc oxide nanoparticle from 0.5 g to 0.7g. also showed that the best weight to removal MB dye 0.3 gm.
Study of Electrochemical Properties of NiCo2O4/ Reduced Graphene Oxide / PEDOT:PSS Ternary Nanocomposite for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Alreda Baraa Abd , Al-Rubaye Shaymaa Hadi
Published: September 2021

A two-step procedure is used to create a novel ternary composite NiCo2O4 hexagonalnanoplatesarray/ reducedgrapheneoxide/poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene-sulfonate) (NiCo2O4-rGO/PEDOT:PSS). It was tested to see if it might be used in super capacitor electrode materials. According to electrochemical testing, the NiCo2O4-rGO-PEDOT. PSS materials has a great exact capacitance of 1115 Fg.1 on a current compactness of 2 Ag-1, decent rate ability, and excellent cycle stability, with capacitance retention of 88 percent after 10000 cycles. As a consequence, this ternary composite may find use in a variety of energy storage electrodes.
Covid 19 Associated Smell Disturbances
Authors: Jaber Mazin Rajeh
Published: September 2021

Background: Smell disturbances are associated with wide range of viral infections. Viral upper respiratory tract infections may cause acute Smell loss due to viral damage to the olfactory epithelium or central nervous system involvement is a possible causes of smell disturbances but, the exact pathogenesis unknown. Aim of the study: assess the Covid 19 associated smell disturbances. Method: This is a prospective study consisted of 200 patients with a confirmed COVID-19 infection, who treated in Al-Diwanyah pandemic hospital in Al-Diwanyah city, Iraq, between July 2020 and May 2021.They were 115 males and 85 females. The age range from 20-80 years. The inclusion criteria were symptomatic patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19 infection. Exclusion criteria were any physical, neurological or mental diseases preventing cooperation of the patients, use of central nervous system suppressing drugs. Results: We found that 36 % of patients developed smell disturbances. Most of those affected patients are above 60 years old and majority are females (58.3%). 33.3 % of patients present with isolated smell disturbances without any other features. The time for recovery of smell disturbances ranged from 7- 21 days, and the median time for recovery was 7 days. 8.3 % of patients develop persistent smell problems. Conclusion: Smell abnormalities are common symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It may be the only manifestation of COVID-19.
The Role of Muscle Thickness and Echogenicity in the Diagnosis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Kadhim Zahid M. , Alkhafaji Meqat M.
Published: September 2021

Objectives: This study aims to find the thickness of muscles of lower limbs in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) along with echogenicity and applying these two findings in the diagnosis of the disease. Methods: This is a case-control study conducted in the clinical neurophysiology unit in Merjan medical city. It includes 73 patients diagnosed to have DPN based on characteristic history and physical examination and documented by nerve conduction study. These patients are matched to 73 control that has matched age and sex to the patient group. Patient and control are examined by high-resolution ultrasound (12 MHz linear probes). We assess muscle thickness and echogenicity of the tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, and abductor halluces brevis. Results: The study showed that there was a statistically significant decrease in muscle thickness and increase in echogenicity in all tested muscles when compared to the control group. Also, we calculated the cut-off value with sensitivity and specificity of muscle thickness in the diagnosis of DPN. Conclusion: Muscle ultrasound is a useful complementary test for the diagnosis of DPN.
The Utility of Serum IL-1β and CRP Together with Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in the Diagnosis of Asthma in Adults
Authors: Al-Hindy Hayder Abdul-Amir Makki , Al-Athari Ali Jihad Hemid , Mousa Mazin J. , Hameed Safa Jihad , Obeed Suhad Hafidh
Published: September 2021

Background: Bronchial asthma (BrA), recognized lately as an umbrella, covers various subtypes rather than only one disease. Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways, in which cytokines could play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Hence, labors to progress noninvasive markers for asthma had centered through this era. Presently, the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin levels are emerging analytical biomarkers in this field. FeNO is a noninvasive and practical tool even in mild asthma. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of serum IL-1β and CRP together with fractional exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis of adult bronchial asthma. Method: The study was a case control, including 150-patients and 100-healthy controls. FeNO tests, measurements of plasma levels IL-1β and HS-CRP had undertaken for all the participants. The statistical data had examined by SPSS (V/27) for Windows. Descriptive data of the variables had compatibly used. A significance lower than or identical to 0.05 had intended. ROC curve examination of FeNO tests, IL-1β, and HS-CRP, to predict asthma from healthy control had applied. Results: there was a significant difference in the FeNo test, HS-CRP levels, and BMI, while no significant difference in all other variables between the groups. The FeNo results correlate positively, though not significantly, with the levels of IL-1β in asthmatic patients (> 0.05). There was a nonsignificant negative correlation between the FeNo results with the level of HSCRP. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the IL-1β to distinguish asthma were 68.6% and 58% at 95% CI [0.41-0.745], respectively, which was not significant (p>0.05). However, ROC analysis of HS-CRP revealed predictability for asthma patients (p-0.000), with higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity: 89.9%, and 68.1% at 95% CI [0.820-0.979], respectively. The FeNo tests revealed highly significant (0.000), high sensitivity, and specific (91% for both) with high 95% CI [0.938-1.000] predictability for asthma. Conclusion: The utility of circulating HS-CRP is more valuable than IL-1β when combined with fractional exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis of asthma. Novel biomarkers could improve the precision of this field.
Effect of Tylvalosin on Blood Parameters in Healthy Broiler Chickens
Authors: Shwaish Mohammed Mosleh , Salman Ammar H. , Abdulrazaq Asif Hasan
Published: September 2021

To evaluate the effects of Tylvalosin on blood parameters in healthy broiler chickens, twenty broiler chicks (Ross 308) aged 21 days old and weight 600-800 gm was divided into two equal groups, the first one was control group (G1) and the second one was treated group (G2). G1 dosed with 1ml/kg of body weight of normal saline while G2 dosed with 25mg/Kg of body weight of Tylvalosin. Blood samples were collected with EDTA tubes after 4 days of treatment. The results showed significant decrease in total WBCs counts in G2 treated group as compared with control group (G1), also the eosinophil showed a significant decrease in G2 as compared with G1, while other parameters didn’t show any significant differences. In conclusion, WBCs were decreased after treatment with tylvalosin.
ACNE Vulgaris in Al-Anbar Clinical Descriptive Study
Authors: Alajeel Asma I , Hasan Abdullah S.
Published: September 2021

In this study, the distribution of study variables including age, gender, residence, family history, smoking, treatment with any topical antibiotic and treatment with any systemic drug among patients with Acne vulgaris were studied, it was showed that, the age range between 18 to 22 years was considers more infection with Acne vulgaris in rate 65% than other ages range, and 48% of the infection was female in these ages range, while the age range between 23-25 was male infected with Acne vulgaris in rate (36%). In addition, 55% of infection with Acne vulgaris were lived in urban compared with 45% of infection in rural. According to family history, the results showed that, 63% of these infection were people with an existing family history, and 57% were no smoking. However, 93% of these patients were treated with topical treatment and 84% were treated with systemic drug. However, severity of Acne vulgaris infected disease was classified according to symptoms, the results showed that, the mild infection were appeared in 22%, moderate infection were appeared in 63% and 15 % were appeared as severe infection. A total 100 skin swab samples of patients suffering from Acne vulgaris, the results showed that, out of 100 samples, 83(83%) give positive culture, while 17(17%) samples were negative culture. Out of 83 positive culture on different types of growth media, and the bacterial was identified according to gram stain, the results showed that, 65(78.31%) was classified as gram positive and gram negative bacteria, while 18(27.69%) were related to other types of causative agents. Staphylococcus aurous was considered the most commonly bacterial isolates from patients with Acne vulgaris in rate (38%), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis in rate (27.8%), (18.6%) were related to Propionibacterium acnes, micrococcus spp. in rate (10.9%), and Corynebacterium in rate (4.7%). To confirm the isolates of bacteria was used GP-GN ID cards with 64 biochemical tests were used in the computerized Compact Vitek-2 system. The results demonstrated that all (65) isolates were confirmed with ID massage confidence level ranging excellent (probability percentage from 94 to 99.7%, this technique was characterized by fast detection of bacteria. it was found that, all bacterial isolates were identified by culture media and biochemical test, were identified in rate (100%) by this system. Objective: The aims was clinical descriptive of Acne vulgaris study in Al-Anbar Government, and detection of main bacteria that causes this disease.
The Impact of Sunspots Number on Critical Frequencies foF2 for the IONOSPHERIC Layer-F2 Over Erbil Station During the Down Phase of Solar Cycle 24
Authors: Zaki Wafaa H.A.
Published: September 2021

The ionosphere layer (F2) is known as the most important layer for High frequency (Hf) radio communication because it is a permanent layer and excited during the day and night so it is able to reflect the frequencies at night and day due to its high critical frequency, and this layer is affected by daily and monthly solar activity. In this study the characteristics and behavior of F2 layer during Solar cycle 24 were studied, the effect of Sunspots number (Ri) on the critical frequency (foF2), were investigated for the years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) which represents the down phase of the solar cycle 24 over Erbil station (36° N, 44° E) by finding the critical frequency (foF2) values, the layer’ s impression times are determined for the days of solstice as well as equinox, where the solar activity was examined for the days of the winter and summer solstice and the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes for a period of 24 hours by applied the International Reference Ionosphere model IRI (2016). The output data for foF2 were verified by using the IRI-Ne- Quick option by specifying the time, date and Sunspot number parameters. Statistical analysis was caried out through the application of the Minitab (version 2018) in order to find the correlation between the critical frequency (foF2) of Ionospheric layer F2 and Sunspot number. It was concluded that the correlation is strong and positive, this indicate that critical frequency (foF2) increase with increasing Sunspots number (Ri) for solar cycle 24.
Diversity performance analysis of four port triangular slot MIMO antenna for WiBro and ultrawide band (UWB) applications
Authors: Naidu Praveen Vummadisetty , Akkapanthula Sai haranadh , Dhanekula Maheshbabu , Vummadisetty Neelima , Kumar Arvind
Published: September 2021

This article discusses a 4-port micro-strip fed MIMO Antenna system with a triangular slot and an inverted L shape strip has been designed and analysed for both 2.3 GHz WiBro and Ultra-wide-band applications. The suggested antenna has been etched on a cost-effective epoxy (FR-4) substrate havingϵr${{\epsilon}}_{r}$ = 4.4 with an overall dimension of 45 × 45 × 1.6 mm3. Mutual coupling of −18 dB between the radiators has been obtained by orthogonal placement of radiators. From the simulated and practical results, the proposed compact MIMO system operates in frequency bands 2.26–2.42 GHz and 3.7–10.8 GHz respectively. The proposed small triangular MIMO system operates with an ECC less than 0.005 with an acceptable channel capacity loss <0.5 bits/s/Hz. Further, the diversity characteristics like DG, MEG, TARC, and group delay have been calculated and are presented in this paper.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Surface Layer Conditions after Carbonitriding of Powder Metallurgical Steels. Part 2: Surface Layer States in Components of Graded Porosity
Authors: Damon J. M. , Pulvermacher S. , Dietrich S. , Schulze V.
Published: September 2021

Case hardening processes such as carbonitriding can be used to improve the performance of powder metallurgical (PM) structural components. The partially open porosity of these components leads to a significant increase in diffusion, which in turn leads to a change in the element gradient in the surface layer (and consequently the surface layer state) compared to melting metallurgic materials. Within the scope of a two-part work, the surface layer states in common densities are investigated after the case hardening process. The present part 2 comprises the characterisation of the resulting surface layer states depending on the carbon and nitrogen profile and the tempering heat treatment. Through the deep rolling and the subsequent carbonitriding treatment, hardness of up to 850 HV0.1, retained austenite contents of up to 25 vol-% and residual stresses of up to –300 MPa are determined across densities. The extensions to the numerical models described in this paper enable the FE model to predict the surface layer states in a wide range of process combinations and densities with an error tolerance of ±20 %.
Tribological Stress Behaviour of Cast Iron without and with Surface Treatment under Concentrated Contact Load*
Authors: Holst A. , Buchwalder A. , Zenker R.
Published: September 2021

The graphite inclusions typical of grey solidified cast iron materials reduce the load-bearing capacity under locally concentrated pressure and simultaneous sliding stress. Surface treatment processes such as nitriding and electron beam remelting are known to improve the local stress behaviour. In this paper, the effects of the above-mentioned individual processes and their combination on the tribological stress behaviour of ferritic and pearlitic cast irons with different graphite morphologies are discussed. The results obtained in the model wear test ball-plate show that the specific wear coefficient of the investigated cast irons with different graphite morphology can already be reduced by at least one order of magnitude by an approx. 0.5–0.9 mm thick remelted surface layer with a surface hardness of 650–750 HV1. This treatment eliminates the graphite and produces ledeburitic carbides instead. The potential of an additional nitriding treatment depends on the parameters used, i. e. the nitrided layer thickness produced as well as the phase composition and the pore fraction of the compound layer. Based on stress calculations, the experimentally determined main influences such as the coefficient of friction, the pore fraction in the compound layer and the magnitude of the Hertzian pressure on the contact stress could essentially be confirmed.
Exploring language learning and corrective feedback in an eTandem project
Authors: Tang Jinlan , Qian Kan , Wang Na , Hu Xiaona
Published: September 2021

Many studies about eTandem and language learning stem from learners in Western institutions of higher education. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research investigating the telecollaboration regarding language development between learners in the East and the West. Against this backdrop, a small-scale, six-week Chinese-English eTandem project focusing on learners’ language learning processes and experiences was undertaken between nine Chinese university students learning English in China and nine British university students learning Chinese in the UK. Multiple datasets were collected from learners’ diaries, synchronous Skype communication recordings, email exchanges, interviews and a post-project survey. This paper reports the main language error types made by Chinese L2 learners of English and error correction strategies provided by eTandem partners of competent L1 English speakers, along with how Chinese participants responded to the corrections. A thorough analysis of the research data indicated three types of linguistic errors in written tasks made by Chinese L2 learners of English: grammatical, lexical and idiomatic expressions. Another finding was that, although explicit written correction was the most commonly used strategy in email exchanges, learners preferred explanations with examples. In addition to previously established gains of eTandem learning, such as authentic communication, forging friendship and promoting intercultural awareness, positive responses to competent L1 partners’ error corrections was another major benefit indicated in our data. Our study pinpoints the importance of both pre-project training of participants on error-correction strategies with examples and how to respond to partner feedback in future eTandem projects.
Eyetracking a meeting of minds: teachers’ and students’ joint attention during synchronous online language tutorials
Authors: Shi Lijing , Stickler Ursula
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many language teachers to move their teaching online without sufficient preparation. This unexpected change of practice engendered doubt and anxiety in teachers. They worried about their ability to attract and hold their learners’ attention, an element that is essential for successful online teaching. Our dual-point eyetracking study looks into how students and teachers establish joint attention during online language tutorials. It also examines various means teachers employ to guide students’ attention and scaffold their meaning making process. The data was collected from two online language tutorials where the eye movement of one teacher and one student was tracked simultaneously, as well as recordings of their stimulated reflection while watching their own eyetracking visualisation replay. By combining mixed-method data and dual perspectives, we were able to unveil the complex interactions in online language tutorials and offer practical suggestions to language practitioners who hope to improve their online teaching skills.
Gordon syndrome caused by a CUL3 mutation in a patient with short stature in Korea: a case report
Authors: Park Ji Hong , Kim Ji Hyun , Ahn Yo Han , Kang Hee Gyung , Ha Il Soo , Cheong Hae Il
Published: September 2021

Objectives: Gordon syndrome (GS), also known as pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, is a rare tubular disease characterized by hypertension, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Its causative genes are CUL3, KLHL3, WNK1, and WNK4, and they are associated with varying severity of the disease. Herein, we report the first case of GS caused by a CUL3 mutation in a patient with short stature in Korea.Case presentation: A 7-year-old boy had hypertension, metabolic acidosis, and persistent hyperkalemia, which were initially detected during the evaluation of short stature. He was born small for gestational age at late preterm gestation. Laboratory test findings showed hyperkalemia with low trans-tubular potassium gradient, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap, and low plasma renin levels. Genetic analysis revealed a heterozygous de novo mutation in the CUL3 gene (c.1377+1G > C in intron 9). Thus, a diagnosis of GS was made. The results of the endocrine function test (including growth hormone stimulation tests) were normal. After thiazide treatment, the patient’s electrolyte levels were normalized. However, he presented with persistent hypertension and short stature.Conclusions: GS should be considered in children with short stature, hypertension, and hyperkalemia, and early treatment may reduce complications.
A bird’s-eye view on South Asian languages through LSI
Authors: Borin Lars , Saxena Anju , Comrie Bernard , Virk Shafqat Mumtaz
Published: September 2021

We present initial exploratory work on illuminating the long-standing question of areal versus genealogical connections in South Asia using computational data visualization tools. With respect to genealogy, we focus on the subclassification of Indo-Aryan, the most ubiquitous language family of South Asia. The intent here is methodological: we explore computational methods for visualizing large datasets of linguistic features, in our case 63 features from 200 languages representing four language families of South Asia, coming out of a digitized version of Grierson’sLinguistic Survey of India. To this dataset we apply phylogenetic software originally developed in the context of computational biology for clustering the languages and displaying the clusters in the form of networks. We further exploremultiple correspondence analysisas a way of illustrating how linguistic feature bundles correlate with extrinsically defined groupings of languages (genealogical and geographical). Finally, map visualization of combinations of linguistic features and language genealogy is suggested as an aid in distinguishing genealogical and areal features. On the whole, our results are in line with the conclusions of earlier studies: Areality and genealogy are strongly intertwined in South Asia, the traditional lower-level subclassification of Indo-Aryan is largely upheld, and there is a clearly discernible areal east–west divide cutting across language families.
Exploitation, Trade Justice, and Corporate Obligations
Authors: Berkey Brian
Published: September 2021

In On Trade Justice, Risse and Wollner defend an account of trade justice on which the central requirement, applying to both states and firms, is a requirement of non-exploitation. On their view, trade exploitation consists in ‘power-induced failure of reciprocity’, which generates an unfair distribution of the benefits and burdens associated with trade relationships. In this paper, I argue that while there are many appealing features of Risse and Wollner’s account, their discussion does not articulate and develop the unified picture of states’ and firms’ obligations that they aim to provide as clearly as it might have. In particular, it is, I claim, unclear exactly how they understand the relationship between the fairness-based requirements that apply to states and those that apply to firms. I argue that there are two types of accounts that they might accept: a transactional account and a structural account. I offer reasons to think that there are reasons to prefer a structural account. In addition, I note some of the key implications of accepting such an account, and suggest that if Risse and Wollner accept these implications and revise other aspects of their view accordingly, the result is a plausible and unified account of what trade justice requires.
Multiobjective optimisation of flight paths for noise level mitigation and sound quality improvement
Authors: Centracchio Francesco , Burghignoli Lorenzo , Iemma Umberto
Published: September 2021

The present work deals with the multiobjective, multidisciplinary optimisation of takeoff and approach operations of a commercial aircraft aimed at the mitigation of the impact of aviation noise on the population. The innovative approach used here couples the minimisation of the aircraft noise level at the certification points with the improvement of the sound quality. The latter objective represents the main novelty of the present work and is addressed using a spectral–matching approach to make the aircraft noise as close as possible to a target sound. The rationale underlying the research is the development of a community–oriented approach to the assessment airport operations in view of the complete redefinition of the future airport scenarios. Indeed, the air traffic growth, the rapid expansion of urban areas around airports, and the expected advent of urban air mobility, are transforming the aviation noise into a serious hazard to the sustainable development of society. The sound–quality–based objective imposes a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach also in the procedural optimisation, due to the detail required to estimate the noise spectrum composition. Two merit factors are minimised, specifically the EPNL at the noise certification points and theLp–norm of the difference between the noise produced by the configuration under analysis and a target sound. The target sounds are obtained by using sound engineering techniques aimed at the sound quality improvement, on the basis of the results of the psychometric tests campaigns performed within the projects SEFA and COSMA. The minimisation is achieved adopting a global evolution method, and the results are presented in terms of approximated Pareto frontiers for a single–aisle aircraft in both takeoff and landing conditions.
Super stable water-based magnetic fluid as a dual-mode contrast agent
Authors: Li Hongcai , Li Tinghua , Wu Qian , Wang Rui , Hong Ruoyu , Li Yonggang
Published: September 2021

Early diagnosis of cancer has become one of the effective ways to prevent and treat cancer. At present, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis based on nanosized iron oxide with no toxicity and excellent biocompatibility has attracted much attention. But the poor stability of magnetic fluid (MF) is becoming more and more prominent. In view of the poor stability of MF, the dodecanethiol-poly(methacrylic acid) (DDT-PMAA) as an outer shell was prepared for the MFs (Fe3O4@DDT-PMAA MF) to improve the stability. We also compared the amount of reactants, the ratio of reactants, and the reaction temperature, and finally screened out the best reaction conditions, so as to get more stable products. The stability of the system was studied by visual observation, stability index (I), and magnetic weight change. The results demonstrated that Fe3O4@DDT-PMAA can be stable for more than 60 days. The T
1 mapping image showed that the longitudinal relaxivity (r
1) value was 6.9 mM−1 s−1 (1.5 T, room temperature), which was higher than the commercial contrast agent SHU-555 (r
1 = 2.9 mM−1 s−1), but the transverse relaxivity (r
2) value accounted for 64.48% of the commercial contrast agent Feridex (r
2 = 67.8 mM−1 s−1, 1.5 T, room temperature) because the outermost layer was encapsulated by a polymer. In addition, the imaging effect was more vivid and there was almost no background interference of T
1- and T
2-weighted images in vivo, which indicated that the Fe3O4@DDT-PMAA MF exhibited excellent potential in MRI applications.
The motives of South African farmers for offering agri-tourism
Authors: van Zyl Christelle Charlien , van der Merwe Peet
Published: September 2021

Agri-tourism, which involves tourists visiting working farms for entertainment and learning, has become more popular over the years. This paper focuses on the supply side of agri-tourism and investigates the motives that South African farmers have for offering agri-tourism activities and attractions on their farm. Based on a study with 557 respondents from all nine provinces of South Africa, 148 respondents indicated that they were currently offering some form of agri-tourism. The results identified the most popular agri-tourism activities and attractions as farm stay/accommodation, hunting, hiking/nature trails, and wildlife viewing and photography. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, which identified two factors, namely, preservation of culture and heritage and economic advantages. Based on the mean values, economic advantages were the main reason why farmers decided to offer agri-tourism activities and attractions.
Between Life, the Curve and the Hammer Blow: Family, Poverty and Abandonment in the Time of COVID-19 in Lima, Peru
Authors: Rojas Luis Alberto Suarez
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic brought anxiety, contagion and death to Peru, which registered 288,477 cases after the first 100 days of the outbreak, leading to a state of emergency. The quarantine measures and mobility restrictions characterized as the “hammer blow” produced significant impacts on the most vulnerable and poor populations across the country. While the Peruvian government implemented a subsidy that augmented social welfare programs, unfortunately many poor families and independent workers were left out. The resulting impact of COVID-19 and the quarantine measures has exacerbated existing inequalities in Peruvian society, particularly along the lines of gender and class. This article uses extensive survey and other data from the city of Lima to analyze the social experience of the pandemic from the perspective of the family, the impact of the pandemic on the domestic economy and household management, and finally the dilemmas of care and routines within families.
Pathogenic Politics: Authoritarianism, Inequality, and Capitalism in the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Powers Theodore , Rayner Jeremy
Published: September 2021

We provide an introduction to this special issue on the politics of the COVID-19 pandemic, presenting some of the key findings and central arguments of the articles collected herein, and discussing their significance in relation to the broader political context of the pandemic. We address the roles of necropolitics and “necrosecurity”, pointing to their relationships to colonial and eugenicist histories, as well as some of the ways in which a globally-ascendant authoritarian populism contributed to the often-disastrous mismanagement of the pandemic. We consider how unequal structures of social and public obligation were reproduced to the detriment of lives and livelihoods, and the challenges facing institutions of protection, care, and social reproduction. Finally, we consider some of the ways in which the pandemic may have opened up avenues for more systemic transformations—for good or for ill.
Herausforderungen der Pflegesituation in Pandemiezeiten
Authors: Westerfellhaus Andreas
Published: September 2021

Die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie sind für den Pflegesektor deutlich spürbar und stellen eine große Herausforderung dar. Zeit, um nach über einem Jahr Pandemie, ein Zwischenfazit für die zu Pflegenden und die Pflegekräfte in Deutschland zu ziehen.
Prävention von Gewalt in der Pflege: das Projekt PEKo
Authors: Blättner Beate , Meyer Gabriele , Balzer Katrin , Köpke Sascha
Published: September 2021

Gewalt in der Pflege kann gegen Pflegende oder gegen Pflegebedürftige bzw. Patient*innen gerichtet sein. Es gibt keine robust untersuchten Präventionsansätze. In einem Konsortium aus vier pflege- bzw. gesundheitswissenchaftlichen Standorten wird eine komplexe Intervention durchgeführt und evaluiert. Die Intervention folgt einem partizipativen Ansatz. Nach einer ersten Projektphase in stationären Altenpflegeeinrichtungen erfolgt eine Ausweitung auf die Settings Krankenhaus und ambulante Pflege.
Präventionspotenziale bei älteren pflegebedürftigen Menschen im häuslichen Setting
Authors: Stiefler Susanne , Seibert Kathrin , Domhoff Dominik , Peschke Dirk
Published: September 2021

Für den Wunsch vieler Menschen, auch bei Pflegebedürftigkeit lange im eigenen Zuhause zu leben, ist das Kennen von Einflussfaktoren für einen Heimeinzug von Bedeutung. Wissen zu diesen Faktoren kann zur Vermeidung, Verzögerung oder angemessene Gestaltung eines Heimeinzugs beitragen. Präventive Maßnahmen, die die kognitive und funktionale Gesundheit oder die Unterstützung von pflegenden Angehörigen adressieren, können den Verbleib in der eigenen Häuslichkeit unterstützen. Innovative Technologien bieten zudem neue Möglichkeiten der Prävention.
Advanced Practice Nursing zur Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention
Authors: Büker Christa , Latteck Änne-Dörte
Published: September 2021

Die Gesunderhaltung der Bevölkerung durch Public Health-Maßnahmen gehört international zu den längst üblichen Aufgaben der professionellen Pflege. Voraussetzung ist in der Regel eine pflegerische Qualifikation auf Master-Ebene entsprechend dem Advanced Practice Nursing (APN). In Deutschland steht diese Entwicklung erst am Anfang. Verschiedene Handlungsfelder der Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention könnten von entsprechend qualifizierten Pflegefachpersonen übernommen werden. Um die Herausforderungen der Gesundheitsversorgung in Deutschland in Zukunft bewältigen zu können, sollte das Potential einer wissenschaftlich fundierten Pflege stärker genutzt werden.
Der Pflegeberuf und die Corona-Krise in arbeitsrechtlicher Hinsicht
Authors: Möller Peter Michael
Published: September 2021

Der Arbeitgeber darf Veränderungen an Arbeitszeiten, Dienstplänen sowie der Dienst- und Führungsstruktur seines Unternehmens anordnen. Dies ist jedoch gerichtlich überprüfbar. Arbeitgeber und Betriebsarzt müssen besonders in der Pandemie arbeitsmedizinische Vorsorge gewährleisten. Aber es gibt keinen Impfzwang. Ein erforderlichenfalls mit Vorzügen und Boni verknüpftes Impfangebot ist zulässig. Konfliktvermeidung in Zeiten des „Pflegexits“ sollte Leitbild auf beiden Seiten der Tarifparteien sein.
Situation der hochschulischen Pflegeausbildung in Deutschland
Authors: Gräske Johannes , Lademann Julia , Strupeit Steve
Published: September 2021

Es wurden Pflegestudiengänge gemäß Pflegeberufegesetz an Mitgliedshochschulen der Bundesdekanekonferenz Pflegewissenschaft Anfang 2021 zu ihren Strukturen befragt. Zusammenfassend gaben die 18 teilnehmenden Studiengänge Einschränkungen in der Auslastung, praktischen Studienphase und Personalbesetzung an. Eine akademische Pflegeausbildung bedarf gesetzlicher Rahmenbedingungen, die eine auskömmliche Finanzierung und ein professionelles Weiterentwickeln des Berufsbildes ermöglichen.
Partizipation von Pflegefachpersonen in Technikauswahl und -einführung
Authors: Klawunn Ronny , Dierks Marie-Luise , Krückeberg Jörn , Hechtel Nicole
Published: September 2021

Im BMBF-geförderten Pflegepraxiszentrum Hannover werden in der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover technische Produkte erprobt und eingeführt mit dem Ziel, Pflegefachpersonen zu entlasten und die Versorgung von Patientinnen und Patienten zu verbessern. Um Produkte auszuwählen, die auf die Bedürfnisse von Pflegefachpersonen zugeschnitten sind, wurde ein partizipatives Einführungskonzept entwickelt. Dieses Konzept und erste Erfahrungen werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Swelling and kinetic investigations of basic blue-3 sorption by polyacrylamide/Gum Arabic hybrid hydrogel in aqueous medium
Authors: Uzma  , Alam Sultan , Subhan Hanif , Shah Luqman Ali , Khattak Noor Saeed
Published: September 2021

Removal of noxious dyes from waste water is highly desirable for the safety of humans, aquatic life and natural environment. The issue was addressed in the present work by one pot fabrication of polyacrylamide/Gum Arabic (pAAm/GA) composite hydrogel which was applied as sorbent for basic blue-3 (BB3) eradication. The synthesis of the material was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Besides, the same techniques also evidenced BB3 uptake by the hydrogel. In distilled water, the swelling capacities of the hydrogel was investigated at pH 7 and the nature of water diffusion into the hydrogel was probed from the resultant data. The composite hydrogel reached equilibrium point in 24 h after which no appreciable water absorption occurred. The adsorption of BB3 by the hybrid material was comprehensively investigated which involved the effect of contact time, temperature and pH on the sorption capacity of the hybrid sorbent. The obtained data fitted well into pseudo second order kinetic model and the adsorption took place in three consecutive kinetic phases. Moreover, sorption thermodynamics revealed non spontaneous and endothermic nature of BB3 sorption accompanied with increase in degree of order.
How Li diffusion in spinel Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4 is seen with μ
±SR
Authors: Sugiyama Jun , Ohishi Kazuki , Forslund Ola Kenji , Månsson Martin , Cottrell Stephen P. , Hillier Adrian D. , Ishida Katsuhiko
Published: September 2021

The diffusive behavior in a spinel-type Li+ ion battery material, Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4, has been studied with positive and negative muon spin rotation and relaxation (μ
±SR) measurements in the temperature range between 200 and 400 K using a powder sample. The implanted μ
+ locates at an interstitial site near O2− ion so as to form a O–H like bond, while the implanted μ
− is mainly captured by an oxygen nucleus, resulting in the formation of muonic oxygen. This means that local magnetic environments in Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4 were investigated from the two different sites in the lattice, i.e., one is an interstitial site for μ
+SR and the other is an oxygen site for μ
−SR. Since both μ
+SR and μ
−SR detected an increase in the fluctuation rate of a nuclear magnetic field for temperatures above 200 K, the origin of this increase is clearly confirmed as Li diffusion. Assuming a random walk process with the hopping of thermally activated Li+ between a regular Li site and the nearest neighboring vacant octahedral sites, a self-diffusion coefficient of Li+ was found to range above 10−11 cm2/s at temperatures above 250 K with an activation energy of about 0.06 eV.
Should a Healthcare System Facilitate Racially Concordant Care for Black Patients?
Authors: Taylor Lauren A. , Udeagbala Osaze , Biggs Adam , Lekas Helen-Maria , Ray Keisha
Published: September 2021

Addressing racial disparities in health outcomes is an urgent priority for many health care organizations, leading health care managers to explore the potential for organization-level interventions to yield substantive health gains. In recent literature, it is suggested that Black patients who are treated by Black physicians may achieve superior health outcomes in some settings. In this case discussion, we consider a case in which a medical director considers implementing a voluntary program to promote racially concordant care for Black patients. Commentators consider the precedent for such a program, both in current informal care networks and 20th century medical history, as well as the burden such a program may place on Black physicians and the risks of reducing patients’ intersectional identities to be solely about race. A subset of commentators suggest that these risks are mitigated by the voluntary nature of the program, whereas others offer caution about relying solely on Black physicians to remedy health disparities. Others view multiple paths as morally defensible but emphasize the need for managers to take proactive steps to communicate and evaluate their choices in the face of such a complex social challenge.
РІВНЯННЯ ТЕПЛООБМІНУ ПРИ ТЕЧІЇ НЕНЬЮТОНІВСЬКИХ РІДИН У КАНАЛАХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ
Authors: В. Білецький Едуард , М. Рищенко Ігор , В. Петренко Олена , П. Семенюк Дмитро
Published: September 2021

Розглянуто процеси теплообміну у каналах технологічного обладнання з навколишнім середовищем у випадках, які є найбільш розповсюдженими в машинах та апаратах хімічної та харчової промисловості. У першому випадку зовнішнє середовище вважається нескінченним тепловим резервуаром із заданою температурою. У другому випадку роль зовнішнього середовища виконує канал, у якому рухається теплоносій, при цьому температура теплоносія не вважатися заданою і змінюється уздовж довжини каналу. У рівняння теплообміну входять конвективні доданки та доданки з теплопровідністю при цьому теплообмін у каналі з неньютонівською рідиною відбувається при великих значеннях числа Пекле. Рух теплоносія в каналі вважається інерційним і теж відповідає великим значенням числа Пекле. У гідродинамічному аспекті неньютонівські рідини та теплоносій рухаються в різних режимах, а в тепловому аспекті – в одному.

Сформульовано рівняння теплообміну при течії неньютонівських (в’язкопластичної та узагальнено-зрушеної) рідин. Наведені рівняння теплообміну, являють собою систему диферинціальних рівнянь першого порядку в кінцевих різницях для температури рідини в каналі. І в цьому полягає їх головна відмінність від розрахунків для випадків фіксованих температу на стінках прямого каналу та занурення прямого каналу в тепловий резервуар з фіксованою температурою. Показано, що температура рідини залежить від поздовжньої координати вздовж каналу. В цьому випадку залежність температури від геометричних характеристик каналу визначається площею поперечного перетину каналу та його периметром, а також відношенням геометрічних розмірів (ширини, висоти та довжини) каналу.

Отримані вирази, при проведенні інженерних розрахунків дозволяють визначати відповідні коефіцієнти тепловіддачі і теплопередачі при течії неньютоновскіх рідин в каналах і з зовнішнім середовищем.