bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At War with and for the State, 1914-1918
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E
Published: October 2023

Britain’s declaration of war with Germany in August 1914 spurred reevaluation among suffragettes of the relationship between resistance and citizenship. During four years of war, the British state defined opposition to the war broadly, so that those who voiced opposition to measures deemed necessary for the war effort were imprisoned, fined, and/or subject to community discipline. Suffragettes and suffragists alike returned to a model of citizenship in which service to the nation was the highest value. Ironically, Britain’s prosecution of war in South Africa at the turn of the century had galvanized a model of citizenship from which resistance had emerged as an important component, whereas the First World War marked a return to a more traditional notion of citizenship for women, one emphasizing service. This may have had to do with the scale of the Great War, which encompassed civilians in a manner wholly unlike the earlier conflict, which had been an imperial war fought at great distance from the metropole. During the Great War, the government took measures to ensure that all members of the body politic participated on the side of the nation, with tremendous consequences for the practice of citizenship, both during and after the conflict.
Promoting Interests Unrelated to Criminal Justice
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T
Published: October 2023

Aseventh and final justification offered for departures from desert is that such departures are sometimes necessary to promote an interest external to the criminal law. Sometimes these departures involve rules that impose punishment where none is deserved. For example, criminal liability is sometimes imposed on corporations even though a corporation is a fictitious entity that cannot be blameworthy or be “punished” in any meaningful sense.
Employing Civil Rather Than Criminal Processes
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T
Published: October 2023

Several of the reform proposals we have mentioned share the position that the civil law offers a better mechanism for advancing the interests now advanced by a criminal-law doctrine that deviates from desert. In chapter 8, we urged a system of administrative violations to replace criminal liability for regulatory violations or criminal liability for nonhuman entities. In chapter 7, we suggested that civil damages or administrative sanctions may be a better means of dealing with many official violations of rights than the exclusion of reliable evidence or the outright dismissal of charges. In chapter 6, we proposed an explicit system of post – criminal-term civil commitment, which we argued would provide a more honest and effective means of protecting the society from dangerous offenders than would using criminal justice as a system of cloaked preventive detention. We discuss each of these proposals in more detail below.
A Moral Education
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

About the time that Marshall County Democrats “redeemed” its government and whites across the South ended Reconstruction, Ida enrolled at Shaw University in Holly Springs. Her schooling, though, began at such an early age, she couldn’t remember learning to read. The urge to learn was not surprising. The coming of emancipation brought with it a fierce desire on the part of freedpeople to master what had long been forbidden. By law, a slave caught reading in Mississippi before the war was liable to receive thirtynine lashes; widespread rumor had it that a thumb could be cut off too (“above the second joint,” recalled George Albright of Holly Springs). No matter. Deep in the woods slaves would dig pits, cover them with vines, then “slip out of the Quarters at night” where “some nigger that had some learning would have a school.” Or a slave might filch a copy of Noah Webster’s dictionary, “the blue-back speller,” as a guide; or listen through a window to a plantation tutor giving lessons. Belle Caruthers, near Holly Springs, took advantage of being a wet nurse in her master’s home.
Edged Tools
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

As the year 1887 opened, the Tennessee papers were filled with the sordid details of “the Godwin case,” a cheerless tale of infidelity similar to so many that preoccupied the press, yet “shocking” for what it revealed “concerning the morals of high life,” Miss Ida B. Wells noted in her diary. “A silly woman forgot her marriage vows for an equally scatterbrained boy; who boasted of his conquest in Nashville, St. Louis, Marianna, as well as here.” Revenge was swift. The woman’s brother murdered the lover who had been so casual in demeaning his sister’s honor. Wells was horrified, yet of two minds about the crime. “It seems awful to take human life but hardly more so than to take a woman’s reputation & make it the jest & byword of the street; in view of these things, if he really did them, one is strongly tempted to say his killing was justifiable.”
Ambition to Edit
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

In the midst of her conflicts over men and marriage, an escape presented itself. The seeming way out of her dilemma came from the woman who had invited Ida to Memphis in the first place, Aunt Fannie Butler. In January 1886, Butler moved to Visalia, California, a small town in the San Joaquin Valley. She had taken along Ida’s younger sisters, Annie and Lily (then roughly twelve and nine years old), with the understanding that Ida would follow as soon as circumstances permitted. Fanny had three children of her own, including a daughter named Ida about Annie’s age. That spring Wells sent money out whenever she could, often feeling guilty for not sending more. As school let out and summer ripened, a succession of letters and then telegrams arrived from Visalia, each more insistent, urging Ida to come out and take the teachers’ qualifying exam. With her life so full, she delayed, put off, postponed, made excuses. Her railroad suit appeared on the brink of settlement, and she was being invited to perform at the concert given by Mrs. Julia Britton Hooks.
Exiled
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

Success came to Ida Wells in greater measure than she could have hoped. Little more than four months after arriving in the North, she sat center stage, fashionably dressed, amidst the gaslights of New York City’s Lyric Hall in Manhattan, little more than a block from Madison Square Park. It was Wednesday evening, October 5, 1892. Three months earlier, Ida had celebrated her thirtieth birthday. The guests who arrived—more than two hundred—were among the most distinguished African Americans in the city, in addition to many who had traveled from Boston and Philadelphia. They were shown to their seats by ushers wearing white badges emblazoned with “Iola,” the pen name that had spread her fame. Floral arrangements brightened the room, including a “horn of plenty” donated by the ushers themselves. The program promised music and speeches praising Wells’s campaign against lynching, but the greatest interest was reserved for the talk to be given by the woman of honor herself.
The Past in the Future of Cultural Studies Crystal Palace to Millennium Dome
Authors: Clayton Jay
Published: October 2023

On December 31, 1999, Greenwich, England, was the site of an equivocal gathering. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the Millennium Dome in a ceremony that paid homage to the glorious past of her country and nervously promised a transformed future. The rhetoric leading up to this event was a strange mixture of elation and anxiety, as was the news coverage of the actual ceremony. While the latter focused obsessively on the danger of terrorism and the inadequate heating inside the Dome, the former treated the question of history as a troubling burden. From the moment the government convened a special Panel 2000 to oversee the planning of the nation’s millennium celebrations, the issue of how to deal with England’s decline from her former glory loomed large. History could not be suppressed, for everyone knew it was one of England’s most marketable commodities. Yet the panel worried about dwelling too much on the past.
Undisciplined Cultures Peacock, Mary Somerville, and Mr. Pickwick
Authors: Clayton Jay
Published: October 2023

At the time when Thomas Love Peacock was composing his first novel, i Headlong Hall (1815), the intellectual who claimed to be acquainted with all areas of science was a figure visible enough to be worth satirizing. To qualify, this person had to have mastered not just the fields recognized as science today-chemistry, botany, geology, and so on-but also areas that would now be classified as humanities: philosophy, music, art, and literature. Back then, the “whole circle of the sciences” included more than just natural philosophy. Peacock is thought to have modeled Mr. Panscope on Samuel Taylor Coleridge, although the resemblance is not as strong as the later portraits in Nightmare Abbey (1818) and Crotchet Castle (1831). Still, choosing Coleridge as the original for a man who had run through all the sciences shows how fuzzy the line dividing poet and naturalist could be at that time. In truth, there were men-and in one notable case, a woman for whom such a portrait would be only slightly exaggerated.
Introduction
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: October 2023

This book is part of an ongoing project devoted to the formation of the Russian Empire from the 1650s to the Polish Revolt of 1830–31, which brought to an end the first and crucial phase of the empire’s expansion. The seven generations separating the Thirteen Years’ War from the crushing of the Polish Revolt witnessed the transformation of Muscovite Russia into a hegemonic empire in the basins of the eastern Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Caspian, the culmination of an offensive that had taken the Russians far beyond their original goals and had given the empire mastery of the continental Heartland, defined as the huge land mass stretching from the Norwegian Alps to the Sea of Okhotsk and bounded by the continuous chain of mountains from the Dinaric Alps of the former Yugoslavia to the Stanovoi Mountains of northern Manchuria. This period deserves to be studied as the most dynamic in modern Russian history, and the concept of grand strategy provides an excellent tool to help us understand its uniqueness.
Two Rivers and the Origins of Olaf Cuaran
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: October 2023

THE FIRST FACT about Olaf Cuaran is that his father, Sitric, was active in Ireland and Britain in the first quarter of the tenth century. This simple statement helps to explain Olaf’s career and the preoccupations of his descendants. Like his parent, Olaf ruled kingdoms in two islands, married princesses from among his enemies, and entered legend.

The ancestry of Sitric and two other Vikings named Ragnall and Godfrey has been a matter of dispute. Irish writers describe Sitric, Ragnall, and Godfrey as the “descendants of lvar” (Uilmair) or the “kindred of Ivar” (clann lmair). Are these descriptions of family lineage, or are they a generic designation of Vikings whose ancestry is otherwise unknown? In the contemporary record in the Annals of Ulster the designation “descendant of Ivar” is used only during a period of forty-two years, from 896 to 937. This actually overstates matters a bit. Prior to 914 the phrase is used twice, in 896 for an Amlaim h[ua] lmair and in 904 for mar h[ua]lmair. From 914, and for the next twenty-four years, this identification is used for only four men: Sitric, Ragnall, Godfrey, and Godfrey’s son Olaf. Godfrey’s other sons are described as “sons of Godfrey.”
Battle, Marriage, and Empire
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: October 2023

ONE OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS of Middle English literature is Havelok the Dane. The earliest version of his legend is found in a mid-twelfth-century French verse history composed by Geffrei Gaimar, who seems to have lived in the southern English Danelaw in Lincolnshire. The story begins with an orphan princess named Argentille who is forced by her wicked uncle to marry a kitchen servant named Cuaran, supposedly the son of a fisherman. Cuaran pays no attention to his bride, and at night insists on sleeping face down. Eventually Argentille discovers the reason for her husband’s shyness: he has a flame issuing from his mouth. They visit Cuaran’s family and learn that his real name is Havelok and that he is the son of the king of Denmark. Havelok returns to Denmark and after various adventures is restored to his patrimony.’
Lords of the Isles
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: October 2023

Ater A Period of obscurity in the middle of the eleventh century, by the last quarter the dynasty of Olaf Cuaran had gained a new prominence in the kingship of the Isles. Medieval writers assigned the triumph to Godred Crovan. When he briefly added Dublin to his domain in the waning years of the century, the Irish Sea Vikings gained a few final years of glory. More important, Godred established his dynasty in one of the few places where they could flourish. His island empire was too poor and remote for the great princes surrounding him. They busied themselves with more profitable and convenient prey. Godred could hurl defiance to one and all from his island redoubts.
New Shapes of Power, 1570–1610
Authors: Wills John E
Published: October 2023

In 1694 Sir Josiah Child, at that time the dominant ﬁgure in the English East India Company, wrote, “Trade does contribute in a very great measure to the honor, strength, wealth, and preservation of our government.” The idea that there can be a synergy of proﬁt and power, that increase of private wealth and proﬁt, and increase of the coercive power of the state can, indeed must, support each other and interact positively, is a commonplace today. Rulers who do not facilitate the growth of their national economies lose legitimacy almost as quickly as those who are bullied by other countries. Strong economies are in themselves sources of the “soft power” of aid, commercial expansion, and cultural inﬂuence, and they pay for military power.
Time of Troubles, 1640–1670
Authors: Wills John E
Published: October 2023

Between 1630 or 1640 and 1670, several parts of the world that were only loosely interconnected with each other suffered through years of war, rebellion, and plague. In just one decade, 1640–1650, Parisian mobs rampaged through the city and threatened the boy king in his bedroom in the Louvre palace; a revolutionary military government in England executed King Charles I, the executioner holding up the severed head to a huge, silent crowd; and the citizens of Yangzhou, one of China’s richest and most sophisticated cities, suffered through ten days of random killing, looting, and burning by Manchu soldiers with their alien language and shaved foreheads. But by 1690 at the latest, France, England, China, and many other areas had entered a new phase of stability and rising prosperity.
Home Ownership and Youth Well-Being
Authors: Scanlon Edward , Adams Deborah
Published: October 2023

Interest in asset-based social welfare proposals has grown among antipoverty scholars since the early 1990s. Advocates of this perspective argue that U.S. policy is overly reliant on income transfers to promote economic security. They contend that income transfers, which tend to be consumed almost immediately, do not provide poor families with resources they can draw upon when they face difficult economic times. Instead, asset-based advocates recommend welfare policies that would assist low-income citizens to accumulate wealth in the form of personal savings and home and business ownership (Sherraden, 1991). In addition to arguing that this approach is more effective for poverty reduction than are income transfer strategies, they also claim that asset holding has positive sociobehavioral outcomes: increased household stability, stronger future orientation, greater personal efficacy, higher levels of social and civic participation, and improved intergenerational welfare (Page-Adams and Sherraden, 1997; Sherraden, 1991). Asset-based welfare policy resonates with many policy makers and citizens, due to its consistency with the historical U.S. emphasis on property owning and the clarity with which these policy concepts have been articulated (Zundel, 1995).
Critical Questions in Asset-Based Policy
Authors: Bernstein Jared
Published: October 2023

Scholars of asset building for the poor, such as Michael Sherraden, the editor of this volume, present a compelling case. They argue convincingly that to advocate exclusively for increasing the consumption opportunities for the poor and to ignore asset building is to miss a deeper understanding of poverty’s causes and cures.
Introduction
Authors: Echevarría Roberto González
Published: October 2023

In the early d ays of 1605, Miguel de Cervantes, a minor author, former soldier, and tax collector published in Madrid a book titled El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha, or, The Witty Hidalgo Don Quixote of la Mancha (an hidalgo being a member of the low aristocracy). Fifty-eight years old at the time and largely unsuccessful in his previous literary ventures, Cervantes seems to have decided to gamble it all with this bold and original book: the story of a middle-aged, sedentary man who suddenly decides to become a knight-errant and sets out in search of adventures. Don Quijote and his creator both invent themselves in a quest for freedom that their advanced age makes urgent, breaking on the one hand with literary tradition and on the other with social expectations.
The Genesis of Don Quixote
Authors: Pidal Ramón Menéndez
Published: October 2023

From the twelfth century onward, France, relying primarily on Bretonian legends, had set the model for the versified romance of chivalry, the taste for which spread throughout Europe, thanks to the charm of works such as Tristan, Lancelot, Perceval, and, Merlin, by Chrétien de Troyes or Robert de Boron, and to that of a body of prose literature that made its appearance in the first half of the thirteenth century. Heroic verse, which reflected traditional, political, and martial ideas and was characterized by domestic austerity and the absence of love as a poetic theme, was now succeeded by a new kind of narrative poetry, which, like the lyric, assumed the essential character of love poetry, with its scenes unfolding in a courtly, elegant world far removed from the stern feudalism of the epic.
Literature and Life in Don Quixote
Authors: Riley E C
Published: October 2023

The interaction of literature and life is a fundamental theme of Don Quixote. The subject is not literary theory itself (no one would be so foolish as to suggest that Don Quixote was a sort of dramatized treatise), but it is useful to approach it from the standpoint of Cervantes’ novelistic theory, with which it is firmly connected. This may throw more light not only on the theory but on the motivation and methods of the author in what looks at times like a waggish, bewildering, and complicated game or a protracted private joke. We must confine ourselves to the literary and artistic aspects of matters susceptible of unlimited philosophical extension. The epistemological questions which the Quixote poses are also literary problems of professional interest to Cervantes as a novelist. There is a basic preoccupation with literary fiction in the expressed purpose of the book and in the most elemental conception of the hero. However far the author transcended his purpose, his declared aim was to debunk the novels of chivalry. Whatever else the hero may be, he is, quite simply, a man who cannot distinguish between life and literary fiction: ‘everything that our adventurer thought, saw or imagined seemed to him to be done and to happen in the manner of the things he had read’ (I, 2).
The Narrator in Don QuijoteMaese Pedro’s Puppet Show
Authors: Haley George
Published: October 2023

In the chivalric romances, Cervantes found a subject ripe for parody and, with it, a way of telling stories that called for the same treatment. He made them both serve the ends of comic enjoyment and instruction in Don Quijote. But in the course of poking fun at the narrative technique of the chivalric novelists, Cervantes used and enlarged it with such skill that, in his hands, the overworked devices became expressive instruments once more. Through his ingenious manipulation of one of the chivalric novelist’s favorite devices, the fictitious author, Cervantes was able to set before the reader a novel viewed in the round and depicted in the process of becoming: the dynamic interplay of a story, its dramatized tellers and its dramatized readers. It is this aspect of Don Quijote that I should like to consider.
Chindi and Garment Stitchers
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

In the late 1970s, Ahmedabad was the largest trade center for chindi, which are scrap strips of fabric two to eight inches in length-byproducts of the textile manufacturing process. Every year, some 3,500,000 kilos of chindi came out of the mills, while another 200,000 kilos were discarded by powerloom factories and processing houses that paid contractors to clear the waste from their premises.1 Calcutta, the largest producer of children’s clothes in India, bought the best quality chindi from the stock. About a fifth of the chindi was used as rags for cleaning machines, tools, and other factory equipment. The used, dirty, oily chindi, called daghi chindi, was also sold, but to small, local traders who in turn sold it by the kilo to the poor khol makers of Dariapur. A khol is a quilt cover made by joining pieces of chindi together. Initially the mills paid contractors to remove the chindi from the mills, and then they started to give it away for free before the 1960s. By the 1960s, chindi was sold-its price ranged from 1 to 4 rupees per kilo. In the 1970s, it hovered for years at 4 rupees a kilo and then jumped to 11 rupees a kilo in the 1980s.
Vendors
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

Three generations ago, Lakshmiben Teta’s family grew melons and pumpkins on the Sabarmati riverbed and sold their produce in Manekchowk, Ahmedabad’s vegetable market. They lived outside the walled city in Chamanpura, an area that has long since become a working-class slum. Farmers, weavers, potters, cobblers, and other producers from the neighboring villages came into the city to sell their wares. With the advent of textile mills and other industry in Ahmedabad, the river water had so many industrial effluents that it could no longer support crops. While the men looked for work in the textile mills, the women continued to sell vegetables in the market, although they now bought the vegetables from wholesalers. As the market continued to grow, new houses and retail shops gradually began to occupy the once-open plaza of Manekchowk. Manekchowk is the heart of Ahmedabad. The major market of the city, it throbs with activity today, just as it has for more than a century. It began, in fact, as a conglomeration of markets-the commodities market, the gold and silver market, retail cloth, grain, and the spices markets, the brass and steel utensils market, and, dominating them all by the sheer number of customers it attracts, the fresh fruit and vegetable market.
GramHaat
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

During our meetings with the embroidery groups, the women often talked about women poorer than themselves. These women collected gum from the thorny scrub called gando baval (prosopis juliflora) or the “mad tree,” a species introduced some decades ago by the forest department as a species that could supposedly desalinate desert land but also had multiple other uses. The baval or gum tree gum is edible, and it is used in making sweets; the pods are fed to cattle, and the branches can be burnt to make charcoal. The baval, however, has proliferated with abandon, decimating local fauna in the process. The plant is called mesquite in its native South America. The thirsty villages of Antarnesh and Aewal in Banaskantha are among the last villages before the border to Pakistan. Gum collection is the only source of livelihood for the inhabitants. The women go out in family groups into the arid wilderness, often walking for many kilometers, picking gum from the dense, thorny baval bushes. Other times, they spend the nights in the wild and return home after collecting 10 to 15 kilos of gum. When we first met them, the women sold their gum to traders at the rate of 2 to 4 rupees per kilo.
Into the Ideological Unknown Women in Love
Authors: Parker David
Published: October 2023

Recent poststructuralist theory has rejected the notion of a literary canon, largely on the now-familiar grounds that the canonical works univocally speak the ideology of a hegemonic class, thus marginalizing such groups as blacks, women, and the working class. Of particular concern to the poststructuralists is the pretension of these texts to ethical authority. As Frederic Jameson has said: “it is ethics itself which is the ideological vehicle and legitimation of concrete structures of power and domination” (The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act, London, 1981, 114). He goes on to outline his (sub-Nietzschean) idea of ethics as a system of binary oppositions, of good versus evil, where “evil” inevitably denotes imagined characteristics of those who are Other to the hegemonic class. For this reason ethical criticism, which—hoodwinked by these texts’ strategies of containment—confines itself to “surface” exposition of them, is worse than useless because it perpetuates the work
Ars Erotica or Scientia Sexualis? Narrative Vicissitudes in D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love
Authors: Doherty Gerald
Published: October 2023

In The History of Sexuality (Volume One), Michel Foucault remarks that, historically, there have been two great procedures for producing the truth about sex. Some societies, mainly Eastern ones—Indian, Japanese, Chinese (Rome being Foucault’s sole Western candidate)—have generated an Ars Erotica where truth is drawn from pleasure itself, i.e., from its subtleties, intensities, progressive duration, liberating effects, and its access to other planes of existence. Essentially esoteric, its knowledge is held in the greatest reserve, passed on by a master who, through initiatory rituals, guides the acolyte along the erotic path to enlightenment. For the latter, the result is transfiguration—in Foucault’s eloquent phrases—”an absolute mastery of the body, a singular bliss, oblivious of time and limits, the exile of death and its threats” (History, 1981, 57–58).
Entrapment and Escape in D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love
Authors: Jones Bethan
Published: October 2023

In a letter to Catherine Carswell on 11 October 1916, Lawrence referred to Women in Love as a novel that had enabled him to take one stride toward freedom: “I have knocked the first loop-hole in the prison where we are all shut up.” The imagery employed here, asserting the need for the breaking of bounds, the flight from imprisonment, is characteristic of Lawrence’s language in Women in Love, which draws heavily on images of entrapment and escape. Terms such as constraint, bondage, bounds, closed, shut, escape, release, and freedom in conjunction with images of nets, prisons, chains, traps, spells, and snares are prevalent throughout the novel. Such images are used to reveal the constricting, repressive nature of physical locations, from the mining countryside of the Midlands to the snow-scape evoked in the final chapters. The sense of constraint extends to the lives of the novel’s protagonists, who identify entrapment in their own circumstances and articulate potential ways of breaking free. Yet entrapment is more pervasive still: it is evident in the interrelation between characters, in the subjugation of one by another, sometimes with violent results.
Interwoven Words, Interactive Feelings:Paul Morel and Sons and Lovers
Authors: Baron Helen
Published: October 2023

The process of creativity is largely an enigma, but when an author revises a written text, glimpses of that process maybe possible. Lawrence did not merely revise, but frequently started a work from the beginning again and rewrote it completely. This unique method of writing fiction, which often left for posterity two or more differently composed versions of a story or novel, gives an overwhelming amount of material for pondering Lawrence’s particular creative process. It seems as if different ways of seeing and of interpreting dominated his thought at successive writing periods, and one can observe these by noticing the ways in which his use of syntax, vocabulary, and imagery varies between versions.
K
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I
Published: October 2023

Most cases are sporadic; however, familial cases with probable maternal transmission and several affected siblings have been reported. Deletions of mitochondrial DNA are present in the majority of cases. The mitochondrial DNA abnormality probably occurs in the oocyte or zygote and not in the mother. It is, however, likely that most severely affected ova are nonviable; thus, extensive pedigrees of the syndrome are not seen.
V
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I
Published: October 2023

Retinal angiomas tend to appear before the third decade of life. Cerebellar signs from cystic hemangioblastomas in the cortical area of the cerebellum occur in 35% to 75% of patients and are diagnosed in the second to fourth decade of life. Hemangioblastomas can be found in the spinal cord or in the brain and may become calcified. Other clinical symptoms include seizures and ataxia. Cherry hemangiomas of the face, liver, lung, and adrenal gland are occasionally present.
Self-Determination: A Foundational Principle
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

As demonstrated in the preceding chapter, international norms have developed in the specific context of indigenous peoples over the last several years, including those articulated in International Labour Organization Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, as well as those now discernible as customary international law. These norms arise within international law’s modern human rights frame, and hence they derive largely from more broadly applicable human rights standards that are well established in international law. By the same token, the broadly applicable human rights principles and norms, which are included in several multilateral treaties and other written instruments that have been promulgated by the United Nations and regional institutions, are in themselves relevant to indigenous peoples’ efforts to survive and flourish under conditions of equality. Generally applicable human rights principles combine with developments specifically concerning indigenous peoples to establish the applicable normative regime. This regime includes a series of interrelated norms that address indigenous peoples’ concerns, along with a duty on the part of states to take the steps necessary to implement these norms. Part II of this book is an effort to define the structure and core elements of this contemporary normative regime that concerns indigenous peoples, beginning with its foundations in the principle of self-determination.
Norms Elaborating the Elements of Self-Determination
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

As indicated in the foregoing discussion, the principle of self-determination and related human rights precepts undergird more particularized norms concerning indigenous peoples. Newly developing norms contain substantive and remedial prescriptions and, in conjunction with already established human rights standards of general applicability, form the benchmarks for ensuring indigenous peoples of ongoing self-determination. This body of international norms indicates the minimum range of choices to which indigenous peoples are entitled in remedial-constitutive procedures (i.e., in belated state-building procedures that aim to secure redress for historical and continuing wrongs). The international norms concerning indigenous peoples, which thus elaborate upon the requirements of self-determination, generally fall within the following categories: nondiscrimination, cultural integrity, lands and resources, social welfare and development, and self-government. The general contours of these norms are identified and discussed in the following synthesis of relevant conventional and customary law, including new and emergent law.
Paine’s Philadelphia
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

The Philadelphia where Paine arrived in the fall of 1774 was “the capital of the new world.” With a population of some 30,000, it was the largest city in English America, and its heterogeneous citizenry included Quakers, Anglicans and Catholics of English descent, German Lutherans and Mennonites and Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. Many of its citizens, like Paine, were recent arrivals; in the decade beginning in 1764, no fewer than 215 ships carrying immigrant indentured servants had reached the city from German and Irish ports alone, and on the eve of the Revolution, these two ethnic groups comprised about half the city’s population.
Paine and the New Nation
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

The demise of the popular movement for price controls in 1780 inaugurated one of the most controversial and puzzling periods of Paine’s career. During the 1770s, he had been associated with the “democratic party in Philadelphia” in the struggle for independence and the Pennsylvania Constitution. Now he found himself increasingly at odds with some of his erstwhile allies, while appearing to find his former political enemies congenial. Courted by men of wealth and political standing, he seemed closer in outlook to the merchant elite of Philadelphia.
Apogee: Crime and Punishment
Authors: Fanger Donald
Published: October 2023

Crime and Punishment is the first—and arguably the greatest—product of that special realism toward which Dostoevsky had been groping for twenty years; it is un- questionably his greatest Petersburg work. The Insulted and Injured had given him the secret of uniting several plots into a single entity, and Notes from Underground the secret of transmuting his new ideological concerns into the stuff of fiction. The result, like Hamlet, is a metaphysical thriller, a point that critics writing in English cannot be accused of neglecting. What they have tended to neglect is the fact that this is also the first great Russian novel to deal with the life of the one city in Russia that could be compared to the capital cities of the West. A brief historical excursus will show how this is so.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Wasiolek Edward
Published: October 2023

There is in Crime and Punishment a little of everything that Dostoevsky had experimented with in the forties and the early sixties: character types, Gothic elements, sentimental situations, social elements. Luzhin, for instance, is not much different from Yulian Mastakovich of The Christmas Tree and the Wedding, or from Mme. M’s husband of The Little Hero. He calculates his mar- riage to Dunia in the same cold-blooded way that Yulian had calculated the little girl’s dowry on his fingers. Sonia resembles the prostitute Liza in Notes from the Underground; Marmeladov resem- bles the self-dramatizing buffoon Polzunkov and the suffering drunk Emelyan of The Honest Thief; Katerina Marmeladov looks back to naive dreamers like Nelli’s mother in The Insulted and the Injured; and even Porfiry is anticipated in the sleuthing of Ivan Petrovich in The Insulted and the Injured and of Yaroslav Ilych of The Landlady. But under the pressure of the dialectic that is brought to maturity in the Notes, many of the elements are transformed.
Motive and Symbol
Authors: Peace Richard
Published: October 2023

Crime and Punishment , inasmuch as it is built ex- clusively round one character, has all the appearance of a monolith. This is deceptive; for the fabric itself of the monolith is ordered according to a dualistic structure which informs the whole work. Dualism is both Dostoyevsky’s artistic method and his polemical theme. Dualism is the ‘stick with two ends’ with which he belabours the radicals of the sixties; for, in Raskolnikov, Dostoyevsky has chosen one of their number who, like the heroes of Pomyalovsky’s novels, believes that he can conceive a crime rationally, justify it rationally and execute it rationally. It is this emphasis on man’s rationality which Dostoyevsky attacks. The underground man had claimed that man’s rational faculties constitute a mere twentieth part of his whole being: the error of Raskolnikov is that he mistakes the part for the whole.
Crime and Punishment and Contemporary Radical Thought
Authors: Offord Derek
Published: October 2023

Dostoy evsky , when h e c ame to write Crime and Pun- ishment in 1865, had already made an extensive contribution, both in publicism and in imaginative literature, to the vigorous intellectual life of those years following the Crimean War and the death of Nicholas I when a more liberal regime flowered briefly in Russia and when the old order began to undergo irreversible change. In particular the hostility towards the radical camp which found expression in Dostoyevsky’s writing in the early sixties was to become one of the prime creative influences in his major fiction.
Of a Fire in the Dark Public and Private Feminism in the Wife of Bath’s Tale
Authors: Leicester H Marshall
Published: October 2023

The Wife of Bath’s Tale is not only a text concerned with the position of women, it is a text whose speaker is a woman and a feminist—at least that is the fiction the text offers—and the body of this essay will concentrate on the Wife herself as the speaker of her tale. While my own prejudices, for better or for worse, will no doubt be evident from what follows, I do not claim here to define feminism or to say what women “are” or ought to do. My interest is in the Wife’s feminism as it is evidenced in Chaucer’s text, and I attempt to discriminate between two versions of feminism—two possible stances women may, in their own interest, adopt in the world—that the Wife seems to embody in the telling of her tale. The first of these I call “public” and identify with a polemical, reactive, and necessarily “illiberal” position that women may take toward the male world and its institutions. The second, “private” form is less easy to classify in the nature of the case, but at least in Chaucer’s practice here it is at once more humanist (in the sense of being interested in what individuals can make, positively, of the culture and institutions that precede and surround them) and more humane—or at any rate “nicer.” This second form, because it is always dependent on individual situations, choices, and responses, always remains problematical and open to reinterpretation.
China’s Place among Nations
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

As the Great War ended in November 1918, many Chinese, too, contemplated the opportunities that the postwar world would hold. Though China was not ruled by any one power, its sovereignty was severely circumscribed by a web of unequal arrangements with foreign powers. China had become, as Lala Lajpat Rai’s map frankly put it, a “nominally independent, really dependent” state, and like Egyptians and Indians, Chinese nationalists looked to the U.S. president to usher in a new era of international equality.
Seizing the Moment in Seoul
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

In the spring of 1919, as Chinese nationalists in Paris and across the world worked in the international arena to establish China’s place among nations, patriotic Koreans were also stirred to action. The Korean peninsula had been under increasingly oppressive Japanese rule since 1905, and during the war the censors tried to keep the language of self-determination out. But during the last months of the war, Koreans seized on Wilson and his principles as they began to contemplate the possibilities of the postwar world.
A World Safe for Empire?
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

Even as the young Mao counted the uprising in Korea as part of the broad upheaval against empire in the spring of 1919, the Japanese colonial authorities engaged in a harsh campaign of suppression that left thousands of casualties in its wake. As in India, the protests had begun with an emphasis on nonviolence, but they soon turned bloody. Police clashed with stone-throwing demonstrators, and protesters tried to storm police stations and other symbols of the colonial regime.
The Advertisement of Jane Eyre
Authors: Thomas Ronald
Published: October 2023

We had very early cherished the dream of one day becoming authors,” Charlotte Brontë wrote about herself and her two younger sisters in a preface for Wuthering Heights. “This dream never relinquished,” she added, “it took the character of resolve.” The dream was especially dear to Charlotte Brontë, whose persistent and aggressive marketing of her own and her sisters’ manuscripts to publishers—sometimes in direct opposition to Emily’s wishes—was largely responsible for making the dream come true. Even after her considerable efforts as literary “agent” managed to secure an agreement with a publisher, Brontë insisted that more than the normal amount of money be spent on advertising, agreeing to deduction of that amount from the authors’ expected royalties. But this dream of authorship was not the only one that drove her. Through much of her life her sleep was disturbed by a recurrent dream of her two elder sisters. Maria and Elizabeth, both of whom had died at Cowan Bridge School, the model for what would become the Lowood School of Jane Eyre. This dream and Charlotte Brontë’s response to it are not unrelated to her consciously cultivated “dream” of becoming an author, and they may even provide a basis for understanding that dream and the dreams she later introduced into the book that made her the successful writer she so deeply desired to be.
Jane Eyre
Authors: Shuttleworth Sally
Published: October 2023

In jane eyre bronte extends her analysis of the ways in which ideological pressures of class, gender, and economics are played out in the domain of subjectivity. Traditional readings of the novel which regard it primarily as a drama of the psyche, where society is consigned to the role of backdrop, fail to register the ways in which the language of psychology in the novel is itself politically defined and charged. Similarly feminist celebrations of Brontë’s depictions of sexual rebellion fail to take into account the ways in which the novel is framed by the discourses of Victorian psychology. Medical texts of the era foregrounded the same three concerns which dominate Brontë’s novel: the mechanics of self-control, the female body and sexuality, and the insurgence of insanity.
Excerpts from Subjects on Display
Authors: Newman Beth
Published: October 2023

Whether jane’s disposition against display is a matter of nature or nurture, it determines that when she finds herself among the Eshtons and Ingrams in Rochester’s drawing room—that is, when the novel places her there in order to establish Jane’s superiority as an object of desire over the showy Blanche—she again cultivates invisibility. She retreats even further from notice when Blanche, looking for the anonymous “person” minding Ade`le, asks with majestic insouciance, “Is she gone? Oh, no! there she is still” (205). At this, Jane “feared—or should I say, hoped?—the allusion to me would make Mr. Rochester glance my way; and I involuntarily shrank further into the shade.” Her desire for his attention is nearly vanquished by her characteristic dread of being more generally noticed—and by the sense of propriety that would make any effort to stand out a violation of her social position as a governess, or even as someone not a “fine lady” like the women of Blanche’s set.
Many Working Minds: Wikis, Open Source Software, and Blogs
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Prediction markets are a simple way to aggregate private information, and the Internet has greatly contributed to their growth. But with the Internet, countless other methods are available. Every day, companies are taking advantage of information from many minds to see what particular minds will find appealing. Consider collaborative filtering, the process of figuring out what you’re likely to like by investigating the tastes of minds that are like yours. Amazon.com is a familiar example: A computer program identifies the preferences of those who have bought what you bought, and it generates a series of recommendations that are likely to match your tastes. The recommendations can be eerily good.
Introduction
Authors: Harford Tim
Published: October 2023

I would like to thank you for buying this book, but if you’re anything like me you haven’t bought it at all. Instead, you’ve carried it into the bookstore café and even now are sipping a cappuccino in comfort while you decide whether it’s worth your money.
What Supermarkets Don’t Want You to Know
Authors: Harford Tim
Published: October 2023

Those of you who have visited London recently have probably been to the London Eye, the capital’s landmark Ferris wheel. On a sunny day you can purchase a cappuccino from Costa Coffee and sit and sip as the capsules on the wheel rotate high above, occasionally passing between you and the sun … one of life’s simple pleasures.
Initial Overviews: Encyclopedias
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

The best way to start many inquiries is to see if someone has already written an overview article outlining the most important facts on the subject and providing a concise list of recommended readings. This is precisely what a good encyclopedia article does. Unlike most Web sites, encyclopedia entries have usually gone through a process of editorial review and fact checking by reputable publishers; in addition, the selection of encyclopedias by libraries is in itself another hurdle of review. One of the main problems with Internet searching is that it often generates so many results that, in spite of elaborate algorithms for ranking the retrieved pages, researchers are left without any coherent overview of the information they need. This problem, so intractable on the Net, is often solved quickly and easily by use of encyclopedias.
Subject Headings and Indexes to Journal Articles
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

A library’s online catalog will be useful for identifying books relevant to your topic; it may also cover a few selected Web sites, but it will not index journal, magazine, or newspaper articles. The reason is that the best databases indexing these serial publications are commercially produced, and cannot be merged seamlessly into online catalogs because of copyright and site-license restrictions. (Many libraries make their online catalogs freely searchable on the Internet; they could not do this if the same catalogs included proprietary subscription information.) As a rule, then, you will have to do your searches for journal articles in files other than those that catalog books. The book catalogs may indeed list journal titles and their call numbers; but they will not index their individual articles.
Published Bibliographies
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

One of the best ways to get an overview of work that has already been done on your topic is through subject bibliographies. Those that are published in book form are especially important because they usually cover citations to important studies that are not picked up by any computer databases. Indeed, published bibliographies offer several advantages over their computerized cousins: they are usually compiled by experienced scholars who can judge the relevance and importance of the items listed; they often include nuggets that can be found only by serendipity, focused browsing, and persistent searching in obscure sources not digitally searchable; and they may include types of materials and dates of coverage that are blind spots to computers. In some cases they approach the goal of offering “everything” available (up to a certain year) much more closely than do computer databases; and in others they may provide a selective distillation of only the highest quality material to consider, chosen in light of an expert compiler’s deep appreciation of a subject.