bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Court: From the Boarding House to the Marble Temple
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter investigates collegiality’s effects on judicial decision-making at the top of the judicial hierarchy—the U.S. Supreme Court. It combines historical and contemporary examples of the importance of collegiality on the high court, unique interview evidence from former U.S. Supreme Court clerks, and a statistical model of Supreme Court cases from 1955 to 2009 to understand how social interactions among the justices explain ebbs and flows in the Court’s level of consensual decision-making over time. This multimethod approach reveals that Supreme Court justices become more likely to agree with one another the longer they serve together. Given the salient and controversial legal issues that come before the justices and an institutional context that makes the Court a challenging venue to uncover the effects of collegiality, the results indicate that interpersonal relationships affect legal outcomes at the highest court in the land.
The Lunchroom Politics of Intercourt Relations
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the effects of interpersonal contact on the propensity of U.S. Courts of Appeals judges to reverse the decisions made by their colleagues on U.S. District Courts. Based on both law and practice, appellate judges rely on their assessments of a trial judge’s quality when deciding whether to affirm or reverse. We suggest interpersonal conduct is one way appellate judges form assessments of a lower court judge’s quality. Relying on a dataset of all published Fourth Amendment search and seizure decisions from 1953 to 2010, this chapter finds that when appellate and trial court judges have frequent interpersonal contact, the effect of ideology on the appellate judge’s decision to reverse is essentially imperceptible. Moreover, neither a trial judge’s formal qualifications nor the ideological character of their decision is associated with the likelihood they are reversed, underscoring the importance of interpersonal contact between judges as an important assessment tool.
The Impact of Relationships on the Use of Precedent
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the broader impact of interpersonal contact and collegiality by examining when judges cite one another’s majority opinions in two contexts, the U.S. Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. It explores whether factors such as two circuit colleagues having chambers in the same courthouse, the length of time two judges have served together, and whether a precedent’s author is no longer on the bench influence citation. Circuit judges are more willing to cite a precedent written by a colleague participating in the case or by a co-worker they expect to work with quite a bit in the future. Serving with another judge in the same courthouse or for more years actually decreases the probability of citation. Supreme Court justices are most likely to cite their current colleagues, but only if they are also ideological allies.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: June 2023

As many aspects of employment seem if not to have declined then at least not kept up with the growth of the economy in the United States, it is important to look beyond the usual explanations—the global economy, “technology” broadly labeled—and look at the decisions that individual companies make. How we manage employees matters. Those decisions have changed over time and most recently in response to two developments: the quirky way that financial accounting treats human capital, which matters so much more with the outsize influence of financial markets in recent years on employer decisions, and changes in the background and experience of leaders as to how they think about employees.
Employment Practices Are Choices
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: June 2023

The rules of financial accounting are set not by business but by the accounting and investment industries, and then codified into practices that business must follow. Those rules are based on notions of physical capital: a piece of equipment can be an asset only if it is owned, it is only possible to invest in something that one owns, and so forth. None of those rules for capital make sense when applied to employees: it is impossible for employees to be seen as an asset—even those under contract, such as professional athletes—because the team does not own them. It is impossible for training and employee development to be an investment even if it raises business outcomes tremendously, because the employer does not own those employees. Yet employees are also seen as a fixed cost even though they are typically at-will employees who can be dismissed easily. This chapter outlines the details of the mismatch between accounting principles and employment.
How Work Gets Done
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: June 2023

How work is organized—who does what and how they do it—is arguably the heart of modern management. The 1930s notion that engineers knew best gradually gave way to an understanding that workers perform better when they have influence on work-related decisions. Despite evidence to the contrary, the move in the last decade or so has been back in the direction that engineers know best, playing out the optimization themes from Chapter 2. This chapter describes the rolling back of popular and successful practices like lean production and agile management that rested on empowering employees, and returning decisions to engineers.
The Impact on Employees
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: June 2023

This chapter outlines the consequences on employees of the management practices described earlier. Slower wage increases in real terms over the previous generation or more offer the most obvious example. Along with those limits have come greater willingness to squeeze out wage costs by reducing concerns about fairness in pay, such as paying people equally for the same work, and ramping up the amount of pay based on contract-like performance outcomes. Explicit efforts to reduce the bargaining power of employees in the workplace include restrictive covenants and other contracts that take away rights employees otherwise have and also keep wages down. Declines in training and employee development have reduced opportunities for advancement at the same time as increasing the need to fill jobs by outside hiring. Finally, the cutbacks on employee benefits—pensions and accrued time off—are not necessarily cheaper, but they serve the financial accounting goal of eliminating financial liabilities from the balance sheet.
The Project and the Setting
Authors: Innes Joanna
Published: June 2023

This introductory chapter explains the structure of the book, introduces the larger project to which it contributes, and provides an overview of the history and development of the Latin American and Caribbean region, aimed especially at non-specialist readers. The chapter affirms that an object of the book is to show that people in this region have participated, alongside others in Europe and the United States, in re-imagining the ancient word “democracy” for modern use. It identifies two major changes which shaped life and political culture in the region in the years c.1780–1870: anti-colonial independence movements and challenges to the institution of slavery.
Emerging States
Authors: Perea Natalia Sobrevilla
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the complicated pressures under which new states emerged in Spanish and Portuguese mainland America and in Haiti and Santo Domingo, and shows that a commitment to establishing constitutional rule and representative government persisted through many discouraging circumstances—though these circumstances ensured that constitutions and representative systems were constantly challenged and often proved fragile. Armed conflicts associated with the initial struggle to establish independence, clashes of political vision and personal rivalries, and tensions between powerholders at the center and their critics in the localities combined to make new states difficult to stabilize. The chapter surveys the powers they did amass and how legislative power was deployed, but stresses that power in practice remained heavily dependent on cooperation from the localities: a context in which it made sense to build broad-based political alliances, even if that was not always achieved.
Democracy, Pardos, and Slaves in Venezuela
Authors: Perrone Luis Daniel
Published: June 2023

This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Venezuela, with a particular focus on whether the word was used to champion racial equality and anti-slavery–which it was at some junctures, but not routinely. Venezuela counted many free blacks and people of mixed race, “pardos” among its inhabitants, as well as some slaves, making these issues pertinent. French Caribbean developments stimulated early talk of “democracy” and equality; both were championed by supporters of Venezuela’s unusually early independence movement. But though proponents’ practice suggests that they favored racial equality, they were not explicit about it. Simón Bolívar, a product of that milieu, became ambivalent about what democracy had to offer. He favored abolishing slavery but did not ground his arguments in democratic values. Only in the 1850s, in a new political and discursive context provided by liberal reformism, did it come to be argued that democracy required an end to slavery.
Moderating the “Democratic Impetus”
Authors: Ossa Juan Luis
Published: June 2023

This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Chile, a country that came to be notable, and admired in its day, for its sustained commitment to making representative government work. That success owed much to its endorsement from the late 1820s by a relatively conservatively minded elite, who managed to maintain a top-down governmental system on a limited (though not very limited) franchise. “Democracy” won endorsement as a characterization of this system, though the term was also critically deployed by opponents of the regime, who favored a broadening of its base. In the 1840s and 1850s, government and opposition competed to own the term, but competed on relatively narrow terrain inasmuch as both sides favored some moderate form of representative democracy which did not concede too much agency to the mass of the people.
Interventions
Authors: Helbig Adriana N.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 2 positions musicians at the forefront of the post-Soviet Romani rights movement and analyzes how musician interactions with Western-funded nongovernmental organizations have shaped cultural narratives about Roms in Ukraine. The chapter examines the role of aid in postsocialist societies marred by political instability and deep-rooted corruption. Analyzing the ethnic-specific interventionist model that frames development aid for Roms, the chapter elucidates the short-term and long-term impacts of helping provide security and stability for Roms in the region. It also highlights the unintended consequences of development aid, particularly ethnic-specific aid programs in the postsocialist sphere.
Sound Health
Authors: Helbig Adriana N.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 7 addresses how physical health shapes impoverished sound worlds. It elucidates how disease, particularly tuberculosis, affects contemporary performance practices in Romani villages. The chapter looks critically at how coughing, a familiar soundtrack in live music performance among audiences, punctuates fieldwork recordings in communities with high tuberculosis rates. It also connects the sonic environments of coughing to that of smoking habits among Romani musicians. The relationship between the body and the state, couched within a development discourse that aligns physical health with citizenship rights, makes the bio-political in the post-Soviet sphere audible. An analysis of musicians’ health shows how performance aesthetics engage with health disparities in communities under duress.
Love, Subjectivity, and Truth
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: June 2023

Love, Subjectivity, and Truth engages in a lively manner with the overlapping areas of philosophy and literature, philosophy of emotions, and existential thought. “Subjective truth,” a phrase used in Proust’s novel In Search of Lost Time, is rich with existential connotations. It invokes Kierkegaard above all, but significantly Nietzsche as well, and other philosophers who thematize love, subjectivity, and truth. In Search of Lost Time is especially concerned about what we know about others through love. Insofar as it includes the conveyance and analysis of experience, the novel is capable not only of exploring existential issues but also of doing something like phenomenology. What we know is shaped by our way of knowing, as the properties of visible, colored objects are determined by the wavelengths of light our eyes can see. Nowhere does the subjective basis of our awareness appear so evident as it does when we view things through loving eyes. In Proust’s novel we find skeptical views about love expressed again and again. However, we also note countercurrents repeatedly arising, in which love is both said and shown to provide a unique type of insight. At these times, love seems to be a prerequisite of veridical apprehension. Love, Subjectivity, and Truth offers an investigation of this tension as it is played out in Proust’s fiction. Its central chapter delves into all the reasons given by his narrator, Marcel, for being skeptical about what love is able to reveal, alongside the opposed reasons for overcoming this skepticism.
On Possibility and Significance
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: June 2023

The contingent encounters that become emotionally meaningful owe a lot to chance, and very much also to our attunement, mood, or overall affective orientation. Especially significant in our dealings with the world are the possibilities that it contains or promises. Proust’s narrator, like Kierkegaard’s aesthete in Either/Or, is gripped and transfixed by the specifically erotic possibilities that are harbored by each young woman he meets—most of all, Albertine and her friends. He longs to possess them, to know their minds, to implant in their thoughts the idea of him and affection toward him, which will make them remember him.
Phoenicians among Others
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

Phoenicians among Others provides the first history of Phoenician immigrants in the ancient Mediterranean from the fourth to the first centuries bce. Through an examination of inscriptions, many bilingual in Phoenician and Greek or Egyptian, Phoenicians among Others demonstrates how mobility and migration challenged migrants and states alike. Far from being excluded, and despite facing prejudices, immigrants mobilized adaptive strategies to mediate their experiences and encourage a sense of membership and belonging, constructed new identities, and transformed the societies they joined. By integrating the voices and histories of immigrants with those of the states in which they lived, the book demonstrates the diverse ways migrants influenced the development of societies, introduced new institutions, shaped the policies of their home and host states, made notions of citizenship more fluid, and changed the course of local, regional, and Mediterranean histories.
The Adaptive Repertoires of Immigrants
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the lives of individual Phoenician immigrants in three Greek city-states over three centuries, through an examination of primarily bilingual inscriptions on tombstones from fourth-century bce Athens, third-century bce Demetrias in Thessaly, and second-century bce Rhodes. The evidence illustrates how these immigrants coped with migration and reveals similarities across time and space in the adaptive strategies that Phoenician immigrants adopted to facilitate their lives as immigrants and encourage a sense of belonging in their new homes. The chapter discusses three main strategies—name changing, the adoption and incorporation of local customs into immigrants’ cultural practices, and immigrants’ eventual participation in the civic life of their host city. These adaptations allowed Phoenician immigrants to become better integrated into their new societies, despite their persistent use of the Phoenician language and script on both private and public monuments. Such integration, the chapter argues, was a two-way process that involved both the migrants’ adaptive repertoires and the migration and membership regimes of the host states, eventually leading to the acceptance, inclusion, and incorporation of migrants into the civic bodies of their host states and a transformation of the migrants themselves.
Phoenicians beyond Greek Communities
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

The final chapter uses epigraphic texts from the fourth century bce onward to investigate the presence and experiences of Phoenician immigrants in fourth- to second-century bce Carthage, fourth- to second-century bce Egypt, and the central Mediterranean islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Malta in the second and first centuries bce. Phoenician immigrants in these areas employed adaptive repertoires like those used in Greek polities (name changing; religious syncretisms; hybrid customs) and they continued to construct their identities as immigrants through the persistent use of the Phoenician language and identification with their place of origin. Yet, as this chapter argues, immigrant communities behaved differently in different places at different times. In Egypt, Phoenician immigrants espoused a hybrid Phoenician-Egyptian identity, and while Phoenician remained central as a written language of that diaspora, Egyptian had dramatic effects on it. In Carthage, the epigraphic record of the tophet sanctuary reveals that Tyrian immigrant identities became particularly salient when Carthage used its ties to Tyre to claim kinship relations with other Punic states to create a hegemony in the region. In the islands of the central Mediterranean, new cosmopolitan communities emerged, in which civic or ethnic identities were less prominent and societies were more inclusive.
Conclusion
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

The conclusion shows how the movements of migrants resulted in changing both immigrants and their host societies. On the one hand, the adaptive practices of Phoenician immigrants created avenues though which they could facilitate their lives as immigrants, worship their own gods, and maintain their own language while also becoming socially and culturally integrated into their host societies. They also found ways to participate in the politics of their host states, though they were noncitizens, such as the semiautonomous trade associations. On the other hand, the adaptive strategies of Phoenician immigrants challenged their home and host societies, which responded in creative ways to deal with migration. The processes they developed to promote and regulate the specific status of individual foreigners led to the creation of a more fluid notion of citizenship. Ultimately, mobility and migration created polities comprising a diverse population with different religions, languages, and institutions that came together to form coherent bodies in which immigrants and citizens alike were integral and contributing members.
Guideline 1
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a description, applied example, challenges, and practice tips around the first guideline prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice. The chapter describes the rationale behind the importance of clinicians engaging in an authentic self-reflection of their own cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and biases before engaging in therapy with clients with a diversity of intersectional identities. The chapter presents an example of such a reflection by a clinician prior to engaging in evidence-based treatment with an individual presenting with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who has significantly different cultural and religious identities than those of the therapist. Exercises include guided self-reflection on one’s identity markers and internalized stigmas toward certain identity groups. The chapter also provides a brief commentary about how clinicians may engage in such self-reflection, in order to increase their own cultural humility and demonstrate socially just practice as a result.
Guideline 4
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the fourth guideline pertaining to clinicians’ utilizing a variety of sources to improve their own knowledge about the core values and beliefs central to a variety of identity groups that their clients may belong to, as prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice. The chapter presents an exercise for clinicians to facilitate self-reflection on the need for utilization of a variety of sources and incorporation of specifical cultural norms into treatment, with a case example to demonstrate such a process within the context of evidence-based treatment. The chapter also discussed common challenges in implementation of this guideline, and practical tips for use of this skill in practice, with an ending commentary on how such efforts are highly consistent with a commitment to socially just practice.
Guideline 6
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a description, applied example, challenges, and practice tips around the sixth guideline prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice. The chapter provides guidance around addressing observed or performed microaggressions directed toward clients, discusses ways to engage in self-work to reduce the likelihood of committing microaggressions in therapy, and presents a worksheet to help address microaggressions that one observes being committed by colleagues or others on treatment teams toward clients. A case example where a microaggression occurs within a clinical team meeting is discussed, to highlight the subsequent challenges of implementing such a skill and the ways one can practice this skill more consistently, despite these challenges. The chapter ends with a summative commentary on how this skill aligns closely with the social justice principles brought up throughout the chapter, to further underscore the importance of advocating for clients, regardless of one’s rank, role, or practice setting.
Guideline 7
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter outlines the final and seventh guideline as prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice. Here, the text focuses on the importance of identifying and incorporating cultural strengths and resources into treatment approaches with diverse clients. The chapter first provides a rationale for such incorporation as a consistent feature in treatment, then describes an applied example of using this skill, and finishes with a discussion about the challenges, some practice tips, and a commentary on the social justice principles underlying this guideline. Worksheets and sample therapy prompts are provided to guide clinicians in using this skill.
Utilizing the Guidelines to Enhance Relapse Prevention and Maintenance of Treatment Gains
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the incorporation of the seven practice guidelines prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice into the specific domain of relapse-prevention planning at the end of treatment. The chapter provides a preamble rationale for using the guidelines in this final stage of treatment, exploring which guidelines may be most relevant, and then describes a case application of how these guidelines can be used in the final session with a client. The chapter provides a checklist to assist clinicians in using the guidelines on a case-by-case basis with clients during relapse-prevention planning, and ends with a discussion about how such an approach is consistent with social justice principles.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

The final chapter of A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice explores the author’s overall thoughts on the major themes explored in this book, including the idea of cultural humility, social justice, and culturally competent clinical practice. The chapter also discusses areas that were not described in great detail (such as specific cultural modifications to evidence-based treatments) and the rationale for this decision. The author reiterates how the guidelines presented drew heavily from established cross-cultural practices and research in the field, and provides some summative advice around how a clinician can use the information from this book and the literature to provide the most culturally responsive treatment for each individual client. The author also shares personal and philosophical perspectives on why this topic is worthy and important to the field more broadly.
Planktonic Copepods Have Those Oar Feet
Authors: Miller Charles B.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 1 describes collecting copepods from lakes and oceans with nets, mentioning other methods. Copepods’ scarce representation in English language literature is noted, citing an exception from poet Archie Ammons. External anatomy of free-living copepods is presented, including general body form and details of the thoracic legs (oar feet). Those powerfully drive escape jumps from predators. Speed and frequency of the leg thrusts are detailed. Included is a bio of Russell Hopcroft, prominent ocean ecologist and a premier photographer of zooplankton. The size range of copepods is explained by viscous drag, which dominates all slow swimming, holding them nearly in place with minimal effort. During escapes, inertial drag is dominant, allowing fish-like swimming physics.
Meeting and Mating
Authors: Miller Charles B.
Published: June 2023

Few copepods have image-forming eyes, so mates are not seen then approached. Some facts available early suggested early how mates are found: 1) Larger, often more, olfactory setae (aesthetascs) on male antennules were likely for detecting female scents. 2) Many male insects track receptive females by sensing their mate-attracting pheromones. Steven Katona published lab observations for Eurytemora and Pseudodiaptomus species in 1973. In 1976 Arthur Griffiths reported growing 14C-labelled female Calanus, which secreted something he detected on the aesthetacs of males held with them. A bio of Pamela Blades-Eckelbarger’s career details her observations of male Centropages grasping females, then manipulating them to place spermatophores at their genital openings. Two versions of pheromone tracking have been observed in lab studies. (1) Receptive females of low-density species sink slowly, secreting vertical pheromone tracks. Males search horizontally, following found tracks down to their source for mating. A bio of Atushi Tsuda covers those experiments. (2) Females of high-density species make pheromone tracks twisting in all directions. Males search more randomly, but find and follow them. Three-dimensional video studies of female and male mating trajectories were published by Jeannette Yen and her students. Males starting in the wrong direction on a track can discover their error and reverse course. The bio of Professor Yen begun in Chapter 6 is finished here. She continues working to identify the chemical involved.
Reproduction
Authors: Miller Charles B.
Published: June 2023

Female copepods do not spawn massively once then die, like squid or salmon. When mature and mated, they spawn numerous times. Amounts, rates, and longevity of egg production have been observed for many species under varied conditions of temperature and food availability. Two strategies dominate: free release of numerous eggs into the water vs. carrying fewer eggs to hatching of in membrane sacs secreted at the genital opening. Sac spawning provides the protection of the predator escape capacity of the female towing her eggs. Roughly three-times more eggs are required and provided by free-spawners for the same hatchling output. Egg construction is covered from yolk to chorion. Some freely spawned eggs, like those of Calanus released near the surface sink, shown with the author’s data. Others, like those spawned at great depths by Neocalanus, are rich in oil and float and hatch where the nauplii can feed. Bios for Jeff Runge and Barbara Niehoff cover two of the leading experts on copepod spawning rates. Results from a visiting scientist tour by Marina Sabatini of Argentina to work with Thomas Kiørboe of Denmark are detailed regarding the free-spawner vs. sac-spawner strategies.
Molecular Genetics Applied to Copepods
Authors: Miller Charles B.
Published: June 2023

Ann Bucklin’s career path included early application to copepods of most newly available molecular genetic techniques from the late 1970s into the 2020s. Chapter 18 follows that path, showing the progression of ways that molecular genetics have contributed to copepodology. After reviewing her education, technique examples are offered. Gel electrophoresis allowed identification of enzymes distinctive between individuals, sometimes demonstrating (or refuting) species or subspecies relationships. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and progressions in DNA sequencing took such demonstrations to a new level. Sequence differences can serve as taxonomic characters, leading to better estimates of relationship level, thus more accurate evolutionary trees. Ann produced many examples and better ones as sequencing techniques were improved and automated. She had a major role in organizing copepod experts to gather volumes of copepod mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequences, which are serving as species “bar codes.” Some of her results are presented in molecular (e.g., . . .ACTTGCAG . . . ) detail. She has sponsored as postdocs many of the molecular geneticists currently active in copepodology. Text boxes explain the “central dogma” of molecular genetics and basis of PCR.
A Safe, Supportive Environment
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

The 18 attendings all create a safe and supportive learning environment but used various strategies to do so. The attendings provide positive feedback and are completely engaged during rounds. They make themselves available to learners and are eager to help them. The attendings also get to know the learners on a personal level in order to build trusting relationships with their teams. The attendings admit their own mistakes and welcome challenges from learners, demonstrating their conviction that a mistake is a prime learning experience. Learners engage in clinical decision-making knowing that their attending will support and protect them in case of an oversight.
Role Models
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

Attending physicians are their learners’ role models. One survey found that most of a medical school’s graduating class listed one or more physician role models identified during medical school, and that two-thirds of students had received career advice and counseling from these role models. Attendings often hold themselves to a higher standard than they do their learners. Role modeling is an important part of the teaching process and includes demonstrating how to be a lifelong learner, maintaining professionalism in the face of adversity, and acknowledging the emotional toll caring for patients can have on oneself. Humor with both learners and patients was common among the attendings, as was expressing the joys of being a doctor.
Mentors and Sponsors
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

The role of a mentor greatly parallels that of a physician as it pertains to differences in power dynamic (between patient and provider and between mentor and mentee) and the care taken to guide or heal the other individual. Mentors are proved to play a key role in influencing learners and their choices of specialty. Yet many often feel that they don’t have the time to put into mentoring someone. This chapter discusses the variety of methods by which one can act as a mentor—whether it is through being a sponsor, coach, connector, or traditional mentor. Understanding what the mentee needs from the mentor is key to a successful mentoring relationship and is enriching for both parties.
The Pipe Organ
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: June 2023

This book is a guide to composing for the pipe organ. Many contemporary music commissions come from organists, orchestras (which often employ an organist part-time), and church, cathedral, and chapel choirs (where the organ is the main accompanying instrument). However, there are currently very few resources available for composers, and so many organ compositions do not explore the instrument’s full potential. This book explains how to write idiomatically for the instrument, both explaining basic notation and demonstrating the extent of organ virtuosity by drawing on organ music from the past 500 years. Through practical analysis of previous repertoire, this composer’s guide for the organ shows not only what the organ was, or what it is, but also what it can be.
Introduction to the Organ
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a general introduction to the organ and is aimed at composers who are completely unfamiliar with the instrument. It is intended to provide a foundation for the rest of the book, setting out the fundamental terminology needed to understand the subsequent chapters. “Organ Building Trends” looks at common variations in organ design, including the differences between modern and historical organs (e.g., in tuning and temperament). “Common Mistakes” details the most common errors composers (both organists and non-organists) make when writing for organ. Finally, a section is dedicated to extended techniques, including a detailed description of their execution and viability in practical situations.
Registration
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: June 2023

This chapter offers a detailed overview of registration, the art of choosing and changing stops on the organ. The ‘Overview’ explains the most relevant aspects for composers, such as the most common approaches for notating registration in the score. It will then describe the main information found on a typical organ stop, which will provide the basis for indicating more complex registrations. The ‘Main Stop Categories’ and ‘Other Stop Categories’ sections detail the most common types of stop, their sound, any special features and examples of their use in the repertoire. ‘Couplers’ explains the function, importance, and most common types of organ couplers (the stops that connect the manuals to each other). Finally, ‘Registration Aids’ describes the most frequently available types of registration aid (the devices which help organists change registration quickly) and their practical relevance to composers.
Other Types of Organ
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: June 2023

This chapter talks about the most common variants of organ outside of the typical pipe organ: the chamber organ, harmonium, theatre organ, and the Hammond organ. Each instrument has a dedicated section explaining in depth their sound, notation, and value for composers, while musical examples are used where possible to provide starting points for further exploration. Most of these instruments are rarely discussed at the same time as regular pipe organs, so this chapter links together the various musical worlds these instruments inhabit, encouraging composers not only to explore these remarkable instruments but also, through them, to think differently about the pipe organ itself.
The Organ in Ensemble
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: June 2023

This chapter will look at how to combine the instrument effectively with various ensembles. The organ is commonly used to accompany and support choral singing, and so the pairing of organ and choir is considered first. This chapter then examines the organ in orchestral contexts (including organ concertos and other works for organ and orchestra) before finally exploring how to use the organ in chamber contexts. For each section, the main focus is on repertoire analysis, providing clear examples of how the organ has been used, which composers can then explore and study. Practical points such as balancing the organ in an ensemble will also be explained, offering more detailed insights which repertoire analysis alone cannot cover.
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis
Published: June 2023

About two thousand years ago, Philo of Byzantium wrote that “Everyone knows of the renowned Seven Wonders of the World, but few have set eyes on them”—he was thinking about transportation problems but today we can’t see them because most no longer exist. Hence, if we want to imagine these iconic monuments and the communities that built them, then we must rely on ancient descriptions and modern research. In this book, I have brought together science, engineering, and technology to deepen our understanding of the Wonders: their geographic and geological context, what they looked like, how they were built, the materials used, and the forces that led to their demise.
Introduction
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis
Published: June 2023

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were originally a sort of “bucket” list of must-see monuments chosen for their grandeur, and this compilation still resonates today. Some people have sought a link between the Wonders and Alexander the Great, although he did not build any of them. All of the Wonders are gone except for the Pyramids, so we must rely on scarce ancient accounts, augmented with scientific studies, to understand their context, the materials used in their construction, and the forces that finally damaged or destroyed them. Earth science figures prominently in modern studies of the Wonders: the wealth and resources needed for construction were controlled by the physical environment, as well as the forces of destruction and burial. Climate and soil determined the agricultural wealth of communities and rapid changes, not dissimilar to those we are now experiencing, had a powerful influence on cultural resilience. Finally, some legends may be geomyths, real events recast as stories.
John Locke's Theology
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

John Locke’s Theology: An Ecumenical, Irenic, and Controversial Project argues that Locke’s intent for The Reasonableness of Christianity, his most noted theological work, was to describe and defend his version of the foundational or fundamental doctrines of Christianity and not his own personal theological views. He intended the work to be an ecumenical and irenic project during a very controversial time in philosophy and theology. He described what qualifies one as a Christian in the simplest and most irenic terms and argued for the necessity of Scripture and the reasonableness of God’s means of conveying His authoritative messages. Thus, Locke thought that revelation and the promulgated redemption are eminently reasonable. He argued for the simplicity of the Christian faith, to which the uneducated and the laborers could assent. His project could be construed as personal, or individually focused, in the sense that through it he foisted the burden of understanding the Bible and arriving at theological convictions on the autonomous individual, including the uneducated, and rejected basing one’s doctrinal opinions on so-called authorities. His work was inadvertently controversial, in part, because then, like today, readers typically failed to make a distinction between Locke’s personal and programmatic positions. The book also points to other places in Locke’s corpus where he attempts to avoid advocating for a particular sectarian position in his treatment of theological doctrines. This helps explain the difficulty scholarship has had in labeling Locke along the lines of a particular Christian sect.
Introduction
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

This chapter serves as an introduction to the book, offering a description of problems in Lockean scholarship, the book’s overall argument and approach, and more. Locke scholarship tends to be compartmentalized, which is problematic because Locke was a systematic polymath. Scholarship also tends to oversimplify the intense debates in which Locke found himself. Furthermore, scholars typically fail to make a distinction between Locke’s programmatic and personal views. As a result of these tendencies, some label Locke as heterodox, others as orthodox, and still others try to identify him as defending a particular sect, all depending on the narrative or issue the scholar is exploring. Most Lockean scholars approach him as being religiously surreptitious, sectarian, or sincere. This book adds to the voices that think Locke was forthright in his writings. This chapter also articulates the thesis for the entire book and the theses and coherence of the following chapters.
John Locke’s Preoccupation with Theology and Eternal Salvation in His “Non-Theological” Works
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

This chapter offers an overview of Locke’s major works and argues that Locke’s major “non-theological” works demonstrate a sincere preoccupation with Biblical Christianity, especially eternal salvation, the primary focus of The Reasonableness of Christianity. Thus, theology in general and soteriology in particular cannot be ignored in studying Locke’s corpus. The recurring theological and soteriological themes and related concerns are evidence of Locke being a rather systematic and meticulous polymath. The works touched upon in this chapter are The Reasonableness of Christianity, Two Treatises on Civil Government, A Letter Concerning Toleration, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Some Thoughts Concerning Education.
John Locke on Justification and Some Concomitant Doctrines
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 3 situates The Reasonableness of Christianity (ROC) in the context of the justification debates of Locke’s era and controversies focusing on the doctrines of Christ and the Holy Spirit. It argues that Locke’s presentation of justification, the primary topic in ROC, and the soteriological framework in which it is placed is intended to be broad enough to encompass all “Christian” views on the topics except antinomian ones. Much the same can be said of his Christology and Pneumatology. The focus of ROC is not Locke’s personal views of justification, the broader doctrine of salvation, or any other theological topic. Locke intended for the work to be ecumenical and irenic in its core. There are some red herrings within the work that misdirected scholars then and now.
John Locke and the “Free Will” Controversies
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 7 anchors Locke’s famed chapter “Of Power” in the Essay into the multivalent free will controversies in Locke’s era. It also builds upon James Harris’s understanding of Locke’s free will chapter in Harris’s excellent work, Of Liberty and Necessity. My chapter contends that “Of Power” is not a metaphysical pronouncement but a description of our experience of freedom of the will. Two key pieces of evidence are addressed that support this claim: (1) an admission by Locke in his correspondence that he was trying to avoid metaphysical pronouncement in the chapter; and (2) the theological message of “Of Power” and his development of it eludes sectarian categorization by a shrewd avoidance of theological issues not unrelated to the metaphysical question of human free agency.
Can One Assent to The Doctrine of the Trinity According to Lockean Epistemological Principles?
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 9 builds upon Chapter 8 but focuses on different historical phenomena: the loose tradition or philosophical approach known as the “way of ideas” and the 1690s debates over the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The chapter argues that while there are comments Locke makes, positions he takes, and qualifications made by critics that could be added to his published thought to make his epistemology accepting of incomprehensible doctrines, including the Trinity, there are other positions Locke takes and appropriators’ interpretations and adaptations of his thought that are incompatible with the acceptance of incomprehensible doctrines. He could have given clarity to his position if he were reading his appropriators and their critics, but he offered none. Thus, the chapter affirms the hesitancy of those Locke scholars who are wary of making a definitive pronouncement on Locke’s orthodoxy on the Trinity.
Gilligan and Captain Kirk Have More in Common Than You Think
Authors: Pinedo Isabel C. , Phillips W. D.
Published: June 2023

A number of mid-1960s prime-time television programs such as Batman (1966–69) and The Monkees (1966–68) seemed to not just allow, but to encourage viewing practices that transcended infantilized conceptualizations of that era’s television audiences. This chapter, a reprint of the original article (2018) in Journal of Popular Television, argues such programs constitute a significant and unhistoricized set of predecessors to contemporary Cult television. Analyzing audience interpretive practices and the set of textual characteristics that facilitated and encouraged such participatory and interpretive activities, we identify a relatively cohesive group of programs, all of which premiered in that period, that we retrospectively nominate as “Camp TV.” These shows’ distinguishing narrative elements, namely the surreal humor of Green Acres (1965–71), satire of Get Smart (1965–70), exaggerated clichés of Batman, and anarchic character of The Monkees, appealed to a youth audience and lent themselves to multiple readings and viewing practices similar to those that would come to greater fruition with the later development of Cult TV.
Wearing French Cuffs to a Gunfight
Authors: Hoffman Emily
Published: June 2023

The series of shorts from The Yogi Bear Show (1961) featuring Snagglepuss, the pink mountain lion, intersect with recent scholarship on the traits of mid-1960s Camp TV and the prevalence of queer guest stars at that time. Snagglepuss repackaged the cat-and-mouse chase antics of Hanna-Barbera’s Tom and Jerry cartoons. Now, however, it is the cat that is hunted, and this is the crux of Snagglepuss’s camp meaning. Invariably, he is threatened with gun violence and his survival depends on him passing as straight. The cartoons regularly depict Snagglepuss’s struggles to assimilate into masculine communities, like the Wild West, by disguising his flamboyant pinkness. Adding to this, his theatricality is motivated by a desire for Hollywood stardom. This chapter ultimately reads Snagglepuss, in part, as a cautionary tale of Hollywood’s closeted midcentury gay labor that feared exposure in the industry and in a city committed to intimidation and violence against homosexuals.