bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Viscoelasticity in Fountain Flow of Polyethylene Melts
Authors: Mitsoulis E.
Published: November 2009

Fountain flow is the phenomenon of deceleration and outward motion of fluid particles as they approach a slower moving interface. Numerical simulations have been undertaken for the flow of viscoelastic fluids, obeying an integral constitutive equation of the K-BKZ type, capable of describing the behavior of polymer melts. Two polyethylene melts are considered, a branched LDPE and a linear HDPE. Their rheology is well captured by the integral model. The flow simulations are performed for planar and axisymmetric geometries and show the shape and extent of the free surface, as well as the stresses and pressures in the system. The semicircle is a good rough approximation for the free surface of fountain flow, but detailed computations show the effect of elasticity on the free surface, which is non-monotonic for the LDPE as the elasticity level (or apparent shear rate) increases. The less elastic HDPE shows a monotonic decrease in the extent of the flow front as elasticity increases. In all cases, the excess pressure losses (front pressure correction) increase with increasing flow rate. The effect of a nonzero second normal stress difference is to extend the flow front and increase the pressure losses.
Stereoacuity After Refractive Lens Exchange With AcrySof ReSTOR Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Ferrer-Blasco Teresa , Montés-Micó Robert , Cerviño Alejandro , Alfonso José F. , González-Méijome José M.
Published: November 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate stereoacuity before and after refractive lens exchange (RLE) with AcrySof ReSTOR intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

Methods:

Stereoacuity was measured using the Titmus stereotest at 40 cm under photopic conditions (85 cd/m
2
) before and after RLE with bilateral AcrySof ReSTOR Natural (SN60D3 model) implantation in 30 hyperopic eyes of presbyopes with low astigmatism (⩽1.00 diopter [D]). Stereoacuity measurements after implantation were compared with those found before surgery.

Results:

Stereoacuity was unchanged after RLE with pseudoaccommodative IOL implantation. In this population of non-cataractous hyperopes with excellent preoperative stereoacuity (46.42±1.36 sec arc), 95% maintained the same level of stereoacuity (48.67±1.13 sec arc) after surgery (
P
=.223). Further calculations predict that this ability to discriminate objects in depth extends to approximately 2 m. Beyond this distance, depth discrimination does not help the visual system.

Conclusions:

Refractive lens exchange with AcrySof ReSTOR IOL implantation does not affect the binocular ability of the human eye regarding depth perception, the best evidence of binocular function in hyperopic individuals.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1000–1004.]
A Collaborative Training Platform for Peer-Based Co-Construction of Knowledge and Co-Tutoring
Authors: Moccozet Laurent , Opprecht Wanda , Léonard Michel
Published: November 2009

We propose a collaborative training platform where students collectively contribute to the co-construction of the required knowledge to produce their individual semester project. Peers feedback is implemented in order to complete trainersâ?? supervision with peer-training. This collaborative platform is implemented as a social network, where collaborative interactions are organized 1) to engage and stimulate students to share their resources and contributions; 2) to monitor and comment peersâ?? contributions.
Palladium‐catalyzed arylation of arylglyoxals with arylboronic acids
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Xu Chun‐Mei , Chen Jiu‐Xi , Xu Xiao‐Ling , Ding Jin‐Chang , Wu Hua‐Yue
Published: November 2009

A palladium‐catalyzed coupling‐type reaction of arylglyoxals with arylboronic acids was achieved by use of trimesitylphosphine as the ligand and K2CO3 as base in toluene, providing symmetrical and unsymmetrical benzil derivatives with yields ranging from moderate to excellent. Of particular mention, the rigorous exclusion of air and moisture is not required in these transformations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerobic batch cultivation in micro bioreactor with integrated electrochemical sensor array
Authors: van Leeuwen Michiel , Krommenhoek Erik E. , Heijnen Joseph J. , Gardeniers Han , van der Wielen Luuk A. M. , van Gulik Walter M.
Published: November 2009

Aerobic batch cultivations of Candida utilis were carried out in two micro bioreactors with a working volume of 100 μL operated in parallel. The dimensions of the micro bioreactors were similar as the wells in a 96‐well microtiter plate, to preserve compatibility with the current high‐throughput cultivation systems. Each micro bioreactor was equipped with an electrochemical sensor array for the online measurement of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and viable biomass concentration. Furthermore, the CO2 production rate was obtained from the online measurement of cumulative CO2 production during the cultivation. The online data obtained by the sensor array and the CO2 production measurements appeared to be very reproducible for all batch cultivations performed and were highly comparable to measurement results obtained during a similar aerobic batch cultivation carried out in a conventional 4L bench‐scale bioreactor. Although the sensor chip certainly needs further improvement on some points, this work clearly shows the applicability of electrochemical sensor arrays for the monitoring of parallel micro‐scale fermentations, e.g. using the 96‐well microtiterplate format. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Microparticle‐mediated gene delivery for the enhanced expression of a 19‐kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Liu Shan , Danquah Michael K. , Forde Gareth M. , Ma Charles , Wang Lina , Coppel Ross
Published: November 2009

The 19 kDa carboxyl‐terminal fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) is a major component of the invasion‐inhibitory response in individual immunity to malaria. A novel ultrasonic atomization approach for the formulation of biodegradable poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles of malaria DNA vaccines encoding MSP119 is presented here. After condensing the plasmid DNA (pDNA) molecules with a cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI), a 40 kHz ultrasonic atomization frequency was used to formulate PLGA microparticles at a flow rate of 18 mL h−1. High levels of gene expression and moderate cytotoxicity in COS‐7 cells were achieved with the condensed pDNA at a nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio of 20, thus demonstrating enhanced cellular uptake and expression of the transgene. The ability of the microparticles to convey pDNA was examined by characterizing the formulated microparticles. The microparticles displayed Z‐average hydrodynamic diameters of 1.50–2.10 μm and zeta potentials of 17.8–23.2 mV. The encapsulation efficiencies were between 78 and 83%, and 76 and 85% of the embedded malaria pDNA molecules were released under physiological conditions in vitro. These results indicate that PLGA‐mediated microparticles can be employed as potential gene delivery systems to antigen‐presenting cells in the prevention of malaria. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
The value of local treatment in patients with primary, disseminated, multifocal Ewing sarcoma (PDMES)
Authors: Haeusler Julia , Ranft Andreas , Boelling Tobias , Gosheger Georg , Braun‐Munzinger Gabriele , Vieth Volker , Burdach Stefan , van den Berg Henk , Juergens Heribert , Dirksen Uta
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

The value of local treatment in patients with primary, disseminated, multifocal Ewing sarcoma (PDMES) was investigated.

METHODS:

We analyzed 120 patients registered into the European Ewing Tumor Working Initiative of National Groups (EURO‐E.W.I.N.G. 99) trial at the trial center of Muenster from 1998 to 2006. Median age was 16.2 years. Local treatment of the primary tumor was surgery in 26 of 120 patients, surgery and radiotherapy in 21 patients, and definitive radiotherapy in 40 patients. For treatment of metastases, 6 of 120 patients received surgery; 9 patients, surgery and radiotherapy; and 33 patients, definitive radiotherapy. Forty‐seven (39%) patients had local treatment of both the primary tumor and metastases, 41 (34%) patients of either the primary tumor or metastases, and 32 (27%) received no local therapy.

RESULTS:

Event‐free survival (EFS) at 3 years was 0.24 (95% CI, 0.16‐0.33). Univariate analyses demonstrated the impact of local therapy given to the primary tumor: 3‐year EFS was 0.25 with surgery, 0.47 with surgery and radiotherapy, 0.23 with radiotherapy, and 0.13 when no local therapy was administered (P < .001). Three‐year EFS in PDMES was also influenced by the local treatment: surgery, 0.33; surgery and radiotherapy, 0.56; radiotherapy, 0.35; no local therapy, 0.16 (P = .003). Three‐year EFS was 0.39 in patients who received local treatment of both primary tumor and PDMES, compared with 0.17 in patients with any local treatment of either primary tumor or PDMES and 0.14 in patients with no local therapy (P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed absence of local treatment to be the major risk factor (HR = 2.21; P = .027; n = 20).

CONCLUSIONS:

Local therapy of involved sites is important for patients with PDMES and should complement systemic treatment whenever possible. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A phase 2 study of platinum and gemcitabine in patients with advanced salivary gland cancer
Authors: Laurie Scott A. , Siu Lillian L. , Winquist Eric , Maksymiuk Andrew , Harnett Erica L. , Walsh Wendy , Tu Dongsheng , Parulekar Wendy R.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

Salivary gland cancers are rare, histologically diverse, and varied in their biologic behavior and responsiveness to systemic therapy. To the authors' knowledge, there currently is no standard chemotherapy for these tumors, but cisplatin‐based regimens are often used. This phase 2 trial evaluated the combination of gemcitabine with cisplatin (carboplatin in those with protocol‐defined contraindications to cisplatin).

METHODS:

Fit, consenting adult patients had advanced, metastatic, or locoregionally recurrent salivary gland cancer (any histologic subtype) that was not suitable for radiation or surgery. Therapy was comprised of gemcitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 administered intravenously on Days 1 and 8, and cisplatin at a dose of 70 mg/m2 on Day 2, of a 21‐day cycle. If carboplatin was substituted, it was administered on Day 1, targeted to an area under the concentration‐time curve of 5 mg/mL/s. Response was assessed every 2 cycles according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. Patients received up to 6 cycles. The primary endpoint was objective response. A 2‐stage design was used, with a response rate of 45% required to declare the regimen active.

RESULTS:

Thirty‐three eligible patients were enrolled, of whom 30 were response evaluable. Eight objective responses were observed (1 complete and 7 partial) for a response rate of 24% (95% confidence interval, 11‐42%), with responses observed in all histologic subtypes. Toxicity was within that expected for this combination.

CONCLUSIONS:

This regimen did not meet the predefined criteria to be declared active in advanced salivary gland cancers. Enrollment of patients with these rare cancers into well‐designed clinical trials remains an urgent priority. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Observation of Protein Domain Motions by Neutron Spectroscopy
Authors: Monkenbusch Michael , Richter Dieter , Biehl Ralf
Published: November 2009

High‐resolution inelastic neutron scattering, which is available with neutron spin‐echo spectroscopy (NSE) is introduced as a tool for the analysis of biomolecule ﬂexibility. Coherent scattering in a range where it is sensitive to length scales of nanometers and covering a time range from picoseconds to several 100 ns makes the motion of larger subdomains within proteins visible. We show that and how the internal domain motion within a protein in solution can be measured. Comparison with displacement patterns from normal mode analysis provides further insight into the nature of the geometry of the motions that lead to the oberved dynamic signature. The NSE experiment on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is used as example to illustrate the general principles of the method.
An efficient strategy overcoming the bottleneck in Candida parapsilosis catalyzing stereoinversion from (R)‐1‐phenyl‐1, 2‐ethanediol to the corresponding counterpart
Authors: Hu Qingsen , Xu Yan , Nie Yao
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Microbial stereoinversion has been widely used for the biosynthesis of numerous chiral compounds. However, little work has been done to improve the efficiency of microbial stereoinversion. This study investigated the bottleneck in the deracemization of 1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol (PED), and then the efficiency and the sustainability of biocatalyst was improved significantly by using a strategy.

RESULTS: When (S)‐PED concentration exceeded 17.5 g L−1, it strongly inhibited deracemization. Furthermore, the deficiency of NADPH regeneration also limited such reaction. To overcome these limitations, extractive biocatalysis was developed using adsorbent resin NKII combined with xylose addition for cofactor regeneration. Compared with the initial reaction condition, which only afforded (S)‐PED with 35% optical purity after the first batch reaction at 30 g L−1 substrate concentration, the cells in the new system could be reused three times and the optical purity remained at a high level of 95%.

CONCLUSION: Product inhibition and coenzyme regeneration had a significant effect on catalytic activity of Candida parapsilosis. By using a resin and D‐xylose, the efficiency and reusability of whole‐cell catalyst can be considerably improved, which would be helpful for effective synthesis of high value chiral intermediates. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A comprehensive study of lipase production byYarrowia lipolyticaCECT 1240 (ATCC 18942): from shake flask to continuous bioreactor
Authors: Deive Francisco J. , Sanromán M. Angeles , Longo Maria A.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:Lipases are commercially important enzymes, and the development and optimization of their production processes are of great interest. The diversity of behaviours between strains stresses the need for research on this topic, especially when bioreactor culture is considered. The study of a continuous operating mode is especially attractive, since very scarce information is available on its application to microbial lipases production.

RESULTS:Lipase production in submerged cultures ofYarrowia lipolyticaCECT 1240 (ATCC 18 942) has been investigated. Significant lipolytic activity (over 700 U dm−3), mostly extracellular and membrane‐bound, was obtained in shake flasks using medium supplemented with olive oil. The culture was carried out in air‐lift and stirred tank bench‐scale bioreactors and the latter was selected. The influence of aeration and agitation rates was assessed in batch cultures, and agitation from 400–700 rpm and low aeration rates (i.e. 0.2 vvm) are recommended. Batch, fed‐batch and continuous operation were investigated, and regular enzyme production (up to 600 U dm−3) was achieved with the latter.

CONCLUSION:Lipase production by the selected strain was successfully carried out in shake flasks and bench‐scale bioreactors. After studying batch, fed‐batch and continuous processes, continuous culture in a stirred tank bioreactor was found best in terms of regular enzyme production, exceptionally good operational stability and good fitting of the results to mathematical models. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
SPECT/CT for preoperative sentinel node localization
Authors: Vermeeren Lenka , van der Ploeg Iris M.C. , Olmos Renato A. Valdés , Meinhardt Willem , Klop W. Martin C. , Kroon Bin B.R. , Nieweg Omgo E.
Published: November 2009

The value of SPECT/CT for detection and localization of sentinel nodes is reviewed. SPECT/CT depicts extra sentinel nodes and identifies non‐nodal tracer accumulation. SPECT/CT is indicated in patients with complex lymphatic drainage as often present in patients with head, neck and scapular melanoma, breast cancer patients with extra‐axillary sentinel nodes and patients with tumors draining to pelvic nodes. SPECT/CT also clarifies the drainage pattern of inconclusive conventional images (non‐visualization or unclear location of the nodes). J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:184–190. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent Progress in Polyphosphoesters: From Controlled Synthesis to Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Yu‐Cai , Yuan You‐Yong , Du Jin‐Zhi , Yang Xian‐Zhu , Wang Jun
Published: November 2009

Polyphosphoesters (PPEs) with repeating phosphoester bonds in the backbone are structurally versatile, biocompatible, and biodegradable through hydrolysis as well as enzymatic digestion under physiological conditions. They are appealing for biological applications because of their potential functionality, biocompatibility, and similarity to biomacromolecules such as nucleic acids. The expanding scope of PPEs in materials science, especially as biomaterials, is described in this review. We mainly focus on controlled synthetic methods of PPEs, which provide access to novel and complex polymer structures, especially for block copolymers. The hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of PPEs, thermoresponsive PPEs, and biomedical applications have also been discussed.

magnified image
Reproducibility of tract‐specific magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor imaging in the cervical spinal cord at 3 tesla
Authors: Smith Seth A. , Jones Craig K. , Gifford Aliya , Belegu Visar , Chodkowski BettyAnn , Farrell Jonathan A. D. , Landman Bennett A. , Reich Daniel S. , Calabresi Peter A. , McDonald John W. , van Zijl Peter C.M.
Published: November 2009

Damage to specific white matter tracts within the spinal cord can often result in the particular neurological syndromes that characterize myelopathies such as traumatic spinal cord injury. Noninvasive visualization of these tracts with imaging techniques that are sensitive to microstructural integrity is an important clinical goal. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)‐ and magnetization transfer (MT)‐derived quantities have shown promise in assessing tissue health in the central nervous system. In this paper, we demonstrate that DTI of the cervical spinal cord can reliably discriminate sensory (dorsal) and motor (lateral) columns. From data derived from nine healthy volunteers, two raters quantified column‐specific parallel (λ||) and perpendicular (λ⟂) diffusivity, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and MT‐weighted signal intensity relative to cerebrospinal fluid (MTCSF) over two time‐points separated by more than 1 week. Cross‐sectional means and standard deviations of these measures in the lateral and dorsal columns were as follows: λ||: 2.13 ± 0.14 and 2.14 ± 0.11 μm2/ms; λ⟂: 0.67 ± 0.16 and 0.61 ± 0.09 μm2/ms; MD: 1.15 ± 0.15 and 1.12 ± 0.08 μm2/ms; FA: 0.68 ± 0.06 and 0.68 ± 0.05; MTCSF: 0.52 ± 0.05 and 0.50 ± 0.05. We examined the variability and interrater and test‐retest reliability for each metric. These column‐specific MR measurements are expected to enhance understanding of the intimate structure‐function relationship in the cervical spinal cord and may be useful for the assessment of disease progression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of perinatal management of arthrogryposis at a large UK teaching hospital serving a multiethnic population
Authors: Navti O. B. , Kinning E. , Vasudevan P. , Barrow M. , Porter H. , Howarth E. , Konje J. , Khare M.
Published: November 2009

Objective

To review the prevalence and perinatal management of cases of arthrogryposis delivering at our hospital over a 6‐year period.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of cases of arthrogryposis managed at a UK teaching hospital. Cases were identified from the regional congenital anomalies register and departmental databases. Case notes were reviewed and analysed.

Results

From 2002 to 2007, there were 27 cases of arthrogryposis. Sixteen (59.3%) were Caucasians, 7(25.9%) Asians and 4(14.8%) Afro‐Caribbean; 17(63%) were nulliparous. In eight (29.6%) cases, there was a family history of congenital anomalies. Three had previously affected siblings and in three cases the parents were affected with arthrogryposis. Five (18.5%) were from consanguineous families. Eighteen (66.7%) cases were diagnosed prenatally at a mean gestational age of 21 weeks. Twelve (57%) were delivered by caesarean section. There were 18 live births. Sixteen (59%) cases were reviewed by clinical geneticist. Following detailed review and investigation including post‐mortems, 20 (74%) of our cases had a formal diagnosis or likely cause identified.

Conclusions

Suspected cases of arthrogryposis require multi‐disciplinary management to optimise the possibility of making a diagnosis and providing parents with accurate information to enable them to make informed choices regarding the pregnancy and providing information regarding likelihood of recurrence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Sulfo‐click’ for ligation as well as for site‐specific conjugation with peptides, fluorophores, and metal chelators
Authors: Rijkers Dirk T. S. , Merkx Remco , Yim Cheng‐Bin , Brouwer Arwin J. , Liskamp Rob M. J.
Published: November 2009

The ‘sulfo‐click’ reaction, which is a chemoselective amidation reaction involving the reaction of an aminoethane sulfonyl azide with a thio acid, encompasses a new approach for ligation and conjugation. Detailed protocols are provided for decorating biologically active peptides or dendrimers with biophysical tags, fluorescent probes, metal chelators, and small peptides by using this reaction as a novel, metal‐free ‘sulfo‐click’ approach. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positron annihilation spectroscopy using high‐energy photons
Authors: Butterling Maik , Anwand Wolfgang , Brauer Gerhard , Cowan Thomas E. , Hartmann Andreas , Jungmann Marco , Kosev Krasimir , Krause‐Rehberg Reinhard , Krille Arnold , Schwengner Ronald , Wagner Andreas
Published: November 2009

The superconducting electron accelerator ELBE (Electron Linac with high Brilliance and low Emittance) at the Research Centre Dresden‐Rossendorf (Germany) serves as a high‐intensity bremsstrahlung photon‐source delivering a pulsed beam (26 MHz) with very short bunches (<5 ps). The photons are being converted into positrons by means of pair production inside the target material thus forming an intense positron source.

The accelerator machine pulse is used as time reference allowing positron lifetime spectroscopy. We performed positron annihilation spectroscopy by pair production in different sample materials and used coincidence techniques to reduce the background due to scattered photons significantly in order resulting in spectra of extraordinary high quality.
Hydrogen effects on crystallinity, photoluminescence, and magnetization of indium tin oxide thin films sputter‐deposited on glass substrate without heat treatment
Authors: Luo Suning , Kohiki Shigemi , Okada Koichi , Shoji Fumiya , Shishido Toetsu
Published: November 2009

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were sputter deposited by using working gas containing hydrogen on glass substrate without any heat treatments. The films demonstrated X‐ray diffraction due to polycrystalline ITO, blue‐green photoluminescence (PL) due to oxygen defects in nano‐structured ITO crystals, and paramagnetic behaviour in temperature dependence of magnetization overlapped with diamagnetic signal from the substrate. The carrier density n of the films was of the order of 1020 cm−3, and varied as an inverse of V‐character with the hydrogen concentration [H] in the gas. The n value peaked at [H] = 1%. Spectral features at ≈430 and ≈470 nm of the PL emission were invariant with [H]. The order of the density of electrons N with spins obeying the Curie law was 1023 cm−3, and the variation in N with [H] was almost parallel to that in n with [H].
Unique surface textures of ZnO films deposited by chemical bath deposition
Authors: Seo Seung‐Woo , Lee Dong‐Hyun , Kim Young Sung , Chae Heeyeop , Cho Sung Min
Published: November 2009

The unique surface textures of zinc oxide (ZnO) films grown by chemical bath deposition were presented. Both the zinc concentration and ethanol content in the chemical bath were found to affect the surface texture of ZnO films significantly. At certain growth conditions, the commonly observed textures derived from ZnO hexagonal rods evolve into unique shell‐like textures. The shell‐like surface textures are entirely different from the common textures in that the shape of grains is not hexagonal but rather round. A possible mechanism for the shell‐like texture growth was discussed.
Intravenous contrast ultrasound examination using contrast‐tuned imaging (CnTI™) and the contrast medium SonoVue® for discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses with solid components
Authors: Testa A. C. , Timmerman D. , Van Belle V. , Fruscella E. , Van Holsbeke C. , Savelli L. , Ferrazzi E. , Leone F. P. G. , Marret H. , Tranquart F. , Exacoustos C. , Nazzaro G. , Bokor D. , Magri F. , Van Huffel S. , Ferrandina G. , Valentin L.
Published: November 2009

Objective

To determine whether intravenous contrast ultrasound examination is superior to gray‐scale or power Doppler ultrasound for discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses with complex ultrasound morphology.

Methods

In an international multicenter study, 134 patients with an ovarian mass with solid components or a multilocular cyst with more than 10 cyst locules, underwent a standardized transvaginal ultrasound examination followed by contrast examination using the contrast‐tuned imaging technique and intravenous injection of the contrast medium SonoVue®. Time intensity curves were constructed, and peak intensity, area under the intensity curve, time to peak, sharpness and half wash‐out time were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity with regard to malignancy were calculated and receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curves were drawn for gray‐scale, power Doppler and contrast variables and for pattern recognition (subjective assignment of a certainly benign, probably benign, uncertain or malignant diagnosis, using gray‐scale and power Doppler ultrasound findings). The gold standard was the histological diagnosis of the surgically removed tumors.

Results

After exclusions (surgical removal of the mass > 3 months after the ultrasound examination, technical problems), 72 adnexal masses with solid components were used in our statistical analyses. The values for peak contrast signal intensity and area under the contrast signal intensity curve in malignant tumors were significantly higher than those in borderline tumors and benign tumors, while those for the benign and borderline tumors were similar. The area under the ROC curve of the best contrast variable with regard to diagnosing borderline or invasive malignancy (0.84) was larger than that of the best gray‐scale (0.75) and power Doppler ultrasound variable (0.79) but smaller than that of pattern recognition (0.93).

Conclusion

Findings on ultrasound contrast examination differed between benign and malignant tumors but there was a substantial overlap in contrast findings between benign and borderline tumors. It appears that ultrasound contrast examination is not superior to conventional ultrasound techniques, which also have difficulty in distinguishing between benign and borderline tumors, but can easily differentiate invasive malignancies from other tumors. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Aligned Ultra-long and Diameter-controlled Silicon Oxide Nanotubes by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Electrospun PVP Nanofiber Template
Authors: Zhou Ming , Zhou Jinyuan , Li Ruishan , Xie Erqing
Published: November 2009

Well-aligned and suspended polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers with 8 mm in length were obtained by electrospinning. Using the aligned suspended PVP nanofibers array as template, aligned ultra-long silicon oxide (SiOx) nanotubes with very high aspect ratios have been prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. The inner diameter (20–200 nm) and wall thickness (12–90 nm) of tubes were controlled, respectively, by baking the electrospun nanofibers and by coating time without sacrificing the orientation degree and the length of arrays. The micro-PL spectrum of SiOx nanotubes shows a strong blue–green emission with a peak at about 514 nm accompanied by two shoulders around 415 and 624 nm. The blue–green emission is caused by the defects in the nanotubes.
A prospective multicenter audit of labor‐room episiotomy and anal sphincter injury assessment in the Netherlands
Authors: van Dillen Jeroen , Spaans Maaike , van Keijsteren Wilma , van Dillen Marieke , Vredevoogd Corla , van Huizen Marloes , Middeldorp Annemieke
Published: November 2009

Objective

To assess the length and angle of mediolateral episiotomies performed by midwives and resident gynecologists at 3 teaching hospitals in the Netherlands, and determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury.

Methods

In this prospective audit conducted between February and September 2008, all women delivered at the 3 hospitals were examined in the labor room for perineal injury. When an injury was assessed as being grade 2 or higher, it was re‐evaluated. The incidence of anal sphincter injury was then compared with that reported in the preceding year.

Results

Of 1979 women delivered, 420 (21.2%) were given an episiotomy and 58 (2.9%) sustained anal sphincter injury. The episiotomies formed a mean angle of 40° with the perineal midline. There was no difference in length or angle between the episiotomies performed by resident gynecologists and those performed by midwives, and the angle of most episiotomies was sufficiently wide. Compared with the preceding year, the rate of anal sphincter injury was significantly higher.

Conclusion

The quality of episiotomies did not differ when performed by midwives or resident gynecologists. To improve the recognition and classification of obstetric anal sphincter injuries, audits based on an internationally accredited classification could easily become a part of routine hospital practice.
Comparing the performance of analytical techniques for genetic parentage of half-sib progeny arrays
Authors: CROSHAW DEAN A. , PETERS MAUREEN B. , GLENN TRAVIS C.
Published: November 2009

The prevalence of female multiple mating in natural populations is important for many questions in mating system evolution. Several statistical techniques use genetic data to estimate the number of fathers that contribute gametes to broods, but they have not been widely compared to assess the magnitude of differences in their performance. With a combination of new data and reanalysis of previously published data, we compared five analytical approaches: (1) allele-counting, (2) parental reconstruction in GERUD, (3) a Bayesian probability model to estimate the frequency of multiple mating (FMM), (4) computer simulations based on population allele frequencies in HAPLOTYPES and (5) Bayesian parental reconstruction in PARENTAGE. The results show that choice of analysis technique can significantly affect estimates of sire number. Estimates from GERUD conformed exactly to results obtained from strict exclusion of potential sires in an experimental context. However, estimates yielded by HAPLOTYPES and PARENTAGE sometimes exceeded the numbers from GERUD by as much as 120 and 55%, respectively. We recommend GERUD over these other approaches for most purposes because of its accuracy and consistency in this analysis. Our novel genetic data set allowed us to investigate the extent and frequency of multiple paternity in a marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) population in South Carolina, USA.A. opacumcontrasted with other salamander species by having relatively low levels of multiple paternity (only 31–54% compared with 71–96%). AlthoughA. opacumhad the lowest level of multiple paternity under all analytical approaches used here, the magnitude of differences among species varied.
Œsophagostomum longicaudum n. sp. from the Pig in New Guinea
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In a varied collection of parasitic worms sent by Dr. G. M. Heydon, of Raboul, New Guinea, to Prof. R. T. Leiper, Director of this Institute, there were a number of specimens of Œsophagostomum dentatum which had been taken from the large intestine of a pig. An accompanying letter stated that the pigs at Roboul are crossbred between the local wild pig and European breeds.
Notes on the Helminth Parasites of Domestic Animals in the Aberystwyth Area of Wales
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: November 2009

The following observations cover the second half of a year's survey of the helminthic parasites of domestic animals in the Aberystwyth area from the beginning of April to the end of September, 1924. The results obtained during the first six months of the survey were published in this Journal in April, 1924 (Vol. II. No. 2).
Skin Penetration by the Infective Larvæ of Dochmoides stenocephala
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

That the infective larvæ of a number of species of hookworm are capable of penetrating intact skin has been demonstrated in the following, Ancylostoma duodenale, A. caninum, A. braziliense and Necator americanus.
On the Morphology of the Free Living Larvæ of Chabertia ovina
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

Adult gravid females were collected from the large intestine of sheep, carefully washed and teased up in water. The grosser material was strained off and the eggs, together with the smaller particles, were cultured in excavated glass cells at 27° C.
On the Round Worm Genera Protostrongylus and Angiostrongylus of Kamensky, 1905
Authors: Leiper R. T.
Published: November 2009

In “An account of some helminthes contained in Dr. C. M. Wenyon's collection from the Sudan,” published in the Third Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at Khartoum, I drew attention in 1908 to the importance of the mouth armature of the Bursate Nematodes and suggested the regrouping of the various genera into three separate families: Strongylidæ, Metastrongylidæ and Eustrongylidæ. The Strongylidæ were divided into three and the Metastrongylidæ into two sub-families. Under the sub-families were listed the names of those genera which I then thought fell into each group, but to none did I append the name of the author or the date of the genus. The genus Protostrongylus occurred in the list of genera of Metastrongylinæ. Where, as in Trichostrongylinæ and Metastrongylinæ new names were suggested, these were indicated by the insertion of N.N. after each. Yet in two important compilations dealing with the classification of the Nematodes published during the present year the authors place on me the responsibility for proposing the generic name “Protostrongylus.” Thus in Baylis and Daubney, page 253, the name is listed Protostrongylus Leiper, 1908, and it is stated that “this name is mentioned by Leiper among genera attributed to his sub-family Metastrongylinæ. No species is mentioned and the name appears to be a nomen nudum.” Yorke and Maplestone similarly listed the genus Protostrongylus Leiper, 1908, among those genera insufficiently known and of uncertain systematic position, stating that it is one “belonging to the sub-family Metastrongy linæ.
Histological Observations on Experimental Ascariasis
Authors: Blackie William K.
Published: November 2009

The lesions associated with the migration of the larvæ of Ascaris megalocephala through the tissues of the host were studied in rabbits, guinea pigs and mice. In addition to studying the changes in those organs directly invaded by the larvæ in the course of migration, an organ remote from the migratory route but exposed to the action of any toxic products elaborated by the larvæ was also examined. In each case therefore, sections were prepared from (a) liver, (b) lungs and (c) kidneys.
The Helminth Parasites of Common Rats
Authors: Oldham J. N.
Published: November 2009

While it is true that various lists of rat parasites have been published these, however, deal only with individual Classes of helminths. Notably amongst such publications are those by Hall (1916) dealing with the Class Nematoda, by Meggitt and Subramanian (1927) who treat of the Class Cestoda and by Dollfus (1925) who reviews the species of the Class Trematoda. It was suggested to me by the Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology that the collection of notes, records and information concerning the helminth parasites of common rats into one single work would be useful and the information contained in the three compilations mentioned above has been largely drawn on in forming the nucleus of this paper. Other publications, found helpful in providing additional information, are those by Balfour (1922) who deals with the parasites of wild rats in England, Baylis (1922), Cleland (1918), Fielding (1928), Johnston (1918), who summarises the knowledge concerning the parasitism of rodents in Australia, Meggitt (1924), Moll (1917), Shipley (1908), and Yorke and Maplestone (1926). For the more recent records, not included in any of the foregoing publications, theVermessection ofThe Zoological Recordand the “Répertoire des Genres nouveaux et des Espèces nouvelles,” appearing in each number of theAnnales de Parasitologie humaine et comparéewere consulted advantageously. The checking of many records, at least of the earlier ones, was accomplished by means of Stiles and Hassall's invaluableIndex-Catalogues(1908, 1912, 1920).
On the value of various chemical substances as a means of destroying infective larvae of horse Sclerostomes in the field
Authors: Leiper J. W. G.
Published: November 2009

From time to time attempts have been made to control the spread of sclerostome larvae by treating the manure before use on the pastures or by mechanical means such as ploughing the land to bury the larvae. Various chemicals have been used, including artificial manures and animal waste products. Lucker (1936) buried larvae at varying depths in soils of different quality and measured the percentage that appeared on the surface during periods up to six weeks. Clay soils were almost a complete barrier to vertical migration whereas sandy soils and coarse sand permitted migration, during a period of 3–8 weeks, of appreciable numbers when buried 1–6 inches. He suggests from this evidence that ploughing the land would bury the larvae and therefore reduce the number of infective larvae available to the stock. It would seem to the writer, however, that there is a fallacy in this argument. Ploughing the land would turn the soil over but, even if a plough press were used, many fissures would be left which might form an easier channel for migration to the surface. Infective larvae readily accomplish horizontal migration and the possibility of lateral migration along the overturned turf and up the fissures must not be overlooked. The action of frost and the presence of roots in the overturned sod would possibly be other factors in encouraging vertical migration, not to mention the subsequent preparation of the land required before seeding down again for permanent pasture.
A Comparative Study on Schistosomiasis in the Berber Region of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Buchanan R. M.
Published: November 2009

Although it may be objected that the present paper deals with a limited population in a circumscribed area, the conclusions drawn are in the main applicable to any zone of endemic Bilharzial infestation. The numbers examined form a considerable series, and the distribution and age and seasonal incidence of the contrasting infections are of some interest. A personal relation with those infected has been, and still is, maintained.
A New Species of Strongyloides from the Cat
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: November 2009

The first report of a species of Strongyloides parasitic in cats appears to be that by Chandler (1925 and 1925a). Sandground (1925b) found that cats could be infected with Strongyloides stercoralis from the dog but infections were light and were retained for short periods only. Later (1928) he found that cats had a slightly greater susceptibility to the human strain of S. stercoralis than dogs.
On the Division of the GenusOesophagostomumMolin, 1861, into Subgenera and the Creation of a New Genus for the Oesophagostomes of the Wart-Hog
Authors: Leroux P. L.
Published: November 2009

During the past nine years the writer has collected many helminths from the gastro-intestinal tract of various antelopes in Northern Rhodesia.

Amongst the collected material are oesophagostomes from the Puku (Adenota vardoni), the Red Lechwe (Onotragus leche), the Duiker (Cephalophus natalensis), the Kudu (Strepsiceros strepsiceros) and the Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus).
On the systematic relationships of the vinegar eelworm, Turbatrix aceti, and its congeners, with a description of a new species
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Study of a species of eelworm closely akin to the eelworm of paper-hanger's paste but differing from it in certain anatomical details has afforded an opportunity for considering the systematic relationships of this interesting worm and its congeners with the result that a new and, to the writer, a more satisfactory grouping is put forward.

In the characters of the head, the structure of the stoma, the shape and build of the oesophagus and the general structure and arrangement of the female gonad as well as in the distribution of the male caudal papillae and the character of the spicules, the genera comprising this group, show obvious resemblances to members of the family Cephalbbidae Chitwood & Chitwood, 1934. The writer therefore proposes their formal inclusion in this family.
On some characters of the genus Trichuris and a description of T. parvispicularis n.sp. from a Cane rat.
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

The identification of the species of the genus Trichuris has been much simplified since the appearance of a paper by Chandler in 1930 in which he pointed out that the prepuce-like expansion surrounding the extruded spicule has very little diagnostic value because of its extreme variability. The length and appearance of the spicule is useful only when used in conjunction with other characters for this is a variable structure. However, the six species with which he was concerned could readily be distinguished by certain internal structures which seem to exhibit great constancy and reliability. These structures are the length of the cloacal tube and its diverticulum for the head of the spicule, the length and shape of the ejaculatory duct and the nature of the folding of the vas dcferens and of the testis. Using these characters and other minor ones, he was able to give useful descriptions of the males of Trichuris trichiura, T. vulpis, T. ovis, T. minuta and T. leporis and to describe a new species T. tenuis.
A curious case of nematode parasitism in a West African Hadada, Gevonticus hagedash
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

In the following article is described an interesting parasitic condition which is difficult to interpret. The small intestine of an Hadada, Geronticus hagedash, was brought back from the West Coast of Africa by Major T. A. Cockburn, M.D., R.A.M.C, who kindly passed it to me for further examination. The bird is a member of the family Plataleidae, living in wooded districts in West Africa in the neighbourhood of water and feeding on invertebrates, mainly annelids and small crustaceans which it finds at the bottom of ponds and streams in the mud.
On Viannella africana n.sp., Cheilospirura falconis n.sp., and Oesophagostomum tridentatum Maplestone, 1932.
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

The nematodes described below are in the collection of the Department of Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and I am much indebted to Dr. R. T. Leiper, C.M.G., F.R.S., who allowed me to examine them and who gave me considerable help and encouragement throughout the work.
On an English case of an intramedullary spinal Coenurus in Man, with some remarks on the identity of Coenurus spp. infesting Man
Authors: Crusz Hilary
Published: November 2009

In February 1947, Mr. D. W. C. Northfield, M.S., F.R.C.S., of the Neuro-surgical Department of the London Hospital, removed by operation a small coenurus from the spinal cord of a 14-year-old girl of Gillingham, who had developed symptoms of paraplegia in December 1946. The girl, who has never lived outside Britain, is presumed to have become infected during a period of evacuation in Wales in 1943–45, where she had had contact with a dog. Professor J: J. C. Buckley, who secured the coenurus through the kind offices of Professor Dorothy Russell, has already made a brief report on it (Buckley, 1947) and has placed at my disposal the original material for detailed study and identification.
A Cotton Blue-Lactophenol Technique for Mounting Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Franklin Mary T. , Goodey J. Basil
Published: November 2009

The lack of a rapid and reliable method of making permanent preparations of nematodes is most strongly felt in the case of the plant-parasitic forms. The method in general use for most plant- and soil-inhabiting nematodes consists in relaxing the worms by gentle heat, fixing in 5% formalin or Ditlivsen's fixative (Thorne, 1925) and then impregnating slowly with glycerine. This procedure is quite reliable for the non-plant-parasitic forms but its results with plant-parasitic worms are very uncertain. With the latter it is necessary to transfer from fixative to very dilute glycerine, usually 1.5% glycerine in 7.5% alcohol with a trace of thymol or copper sulphate to discourage moulds. The glycerine is allowed to concentrate very slowly during at least four weeks until the worms can be transferred to pure glycerine in which they are mounted. Even then the results are often disappointing for the worms very frequently collapse.

In considering this general problem recently the authors called to mind the appearance of worms stained within plant tissues by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol method (Goodey, 1987: Franklin, 1949). This method causes no collapse or distortion of the worms and takes but a few minutes from living material to permanently stained preparations. The process has now been developed for use with free specimens of Anguillulina dipsaci and plant-parasitic species of Aphelenchoides, and is as follows:
On the Transference of Parabronema skrjabini Rassowska, 1924 to Squamanema Thiel, 1925 and its Occurrence in Sheep and Goats in Indo-Pakistan
Authors: Sarwar M. M.
Published: November 2009

Parabronema skrjabini Rassowska, 1924 was originally described from Russian Turkestan and is known to occur in that region in cattle, camel, sheep and goats. The parasite is also known from okapi (Leiper 1985) dying in the Zoological Gardens, London, and Nubian ibex and Giraffe (Ezzat, 1945) from the Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt. A closely related species was described and recorded, respectively, by Vuylsteke, 1985 (Parabronema okapiac) and Leiper, 1985 (Parabronema okapi) from okapi. Van den Berghe and Vuylsteke (1987) reduced P. okapiae to the status of a variety of P. skrjabini.