bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eesti keele da-infinitiivis öeldisverbiga tingimuslaused
Authors: Plado Helen
Published: September 2019

Artikkel tutvustab tingimuslauseid, mille öeldisverb on da-infinitiivi vormis.Vastatakse küsimustele, milliste vahenditega sellises lauses hüpoteetilisuse astet väljendatakse, millistes funktsioonides saab da-infinitiivse öeldisverbiga tingimuslauseid kasutada ning kas isiku-, aja- ja kõneviisikategooriaga markeerimata verbivormi kasutus tingimuslauses muudab lause geneeriliseks.Uurimus näitab, et da-infinitiivis öeldisverbiga tingimuslause eristub finiitse predikaadiga tingimuslausest mitmes mõttes. Lause hüpoteetilisuse aste järeldub suures osas pealause predikaadi vormist. Kui pealause öeldisverb on indikatiivis, on lausel enamasti madal hüpoteetilisuse aste; kui aga konditsionaalis, siis on kogu lausel sageli kõrgem hüpoteetilisuse aste. Lause hüpoteetilisuse astet võib lisaks pealause öeldisverbi kõneviisile mõjutada ka muude vahenditega, nt teatud adverbide või pealauses mineviku kasutamisega. da-infinitiivse predikaadiga sisulisi tingimuslauseid esineb üsna vähe ning da-infinitiivse öeldisverbiga episteemilisi tingimus-lauseid ei esine uuritavas materjalis üldse. Kõige sagedamini kasutatakse da-infinitiivset öeldisverbi konversatsioonilistes tingimuslausetes. Sisulistes tingimuslausetes muudab da-infi-nitiivse predikaadi kasutus kogu lause geneeriliseks, kuid konversatsiooniliste tingimuslausete puhul saab lause siiski mitte-geneerilise tõlgenduse. da-infiniitse predikaadi semantiliseks subjektiks on indefiniitne inimene, kes konversatsiooniliste tingimuslause korral osaleb tõenäoliselt suhtlussituatsioonis.
Language planning in Diaspora: the Case of the Kurdish Kurmanji Dialect
Authors: Akin Salih
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we study a particular case of language planning in Diaspora through the activities of the Committee for Standardization of Kurdish Kurmanji dialect spoken by the majority of Kurds living in Turkey, in Syria and by part of the Kurds living in Iran and in Iraq. Despite its sizeable speaker community, Kurmanji is not officially recognized and public education is not provided in this dialect in the countries where it is spoken. The absence of official recognition and structural variation within Kurmanji led Kurdish intellectuals and researchers living in exile to form the Committee in 1987. Holding two meetings per year in a European city, the Committee tries to standardize and to revitalize the Kurmanji dialect without relying on government support. We examine the activities of the committee in the light of its research in the field of language policy and planning. The activities will be assessed by three typologies of language planning: 1) Haugen’s classical model of language planning (1991 [1983]); 2) Hornberger’s integrative framework of language planning (1988); 3) Nahir’s Language Planning Goals (2000). Our contribution focuses on two aspects of the activities: corpus planning and dissemination of results in exile. We study the practices of collection of vocabulary and neology in different scientific domains as well as the influences of these activities on the development of Kurmanji
Languages and language varieties: Comparative research on the linguistic attitudes in four bilingual minority communities in Hungary
Authors: Borbely Anna
Published: September 2019

A central issue of this paper is to study the patterns invariation of attitudes toward minority language varieties in four minority communities from Hungary: German, Slovak, Serb and Romanian. This study takes part from the research which focuses on how to obtain significant information about the mechanism of the language shift process concerning autochthonous minorities in Hungary. The results demonstrate that in the course of language shift communities at an advanced stage of language shift have less positive attitudes toward their minority languages than individuals from communities where language shift is in a less advanced stage. In Hungarian minority groups speakers’ attitudes toward minority language varieties (dialect vs. standard) are the symptoms of language shift.
Kashubian and modern forms of media – new survival chances for endangered languages
Authors: Dolowy-Rybińska Nicole
Published: September 2019

Indirect communication channeled through various forms of media is undoubtedly dominant in the modern world. This is especially true in a situation when a minority language is no longer the most important means of communication within a given community, i.e. when most direct contact between representatives of that minority take place in the dominant language. If the use of a minority language therefore becomes impossible in direct situations, it becomes increasingly eagerly used in forms of indirect communication. Minority language can find natural niches where it can be used in the contemporary world, the most important of these being the mass media. During past 20 years the situation of Kashubian language has changed. The very interesting, complex, and not yet complete processes of standardization, codification,and propagation of a literary language have enabled the Kashubian language to establish its presence in schooling, literature, and the media. Not only has the character of the language changed thanks to these new niches of occurrence, but new cultural niches where the language is used and groups which use it have also emerged.
Vershina – a Polish village in Siberia. Factors influencing language maintenance under changing social, cultural, economic and political conditions
Authors: Gluszkowski Michal
Published: September 2019

The article discusses factors influencing language maintenance under changing social, cultural, economic and political conditions of Polish minority in Siberia. The village of Vershina was founded in 1910 by Polish voluntary settlers from Little Poland. During its first three decades Vershina preserved Polish language, traditions, farming methods and machines and also the Roman Catholic religion. The changes came to a village in taiga in the1930s. Vershina lost its ethnocultural homogeneity because of Russian and Buryat workers in the local kolkhoz. Nowadays the inhabitants of Vershina regained their minority rights: religious, educational and cultural. However, during the years of sovietization and ateization, their culture and customs became much more similar to other Siberian villages. Polish language in Vershina is under strong influence of Russian, which is the language of education, administration, and surrounding villages. Children from Polish-Russian families become monolingual and use Polish very rare, only as a school subject and in contacts with grandparents. The process of abandoning mother tongue in Vershina is growing rapidly. However, there are some factors which may hinder the actual changes:the activity of local Polish organisations and Roman Catholic parish as well as folk group “Jazhumbek”
Neo-Renaissance and revitalization of Votic – who cares?
Authors: Heinsoo Heinike , Kuusk Margit
Published: September 2019

The paper deals with the reason for the decline of theVotic language and neo-renaissance and revitalization of the Votic.The reason for the decline of the Votic language are the small number of people, traditionally sparse population and the assimilation – the speakers of Votic have always lived in the sphere of influence of the Russian language and culture. The reasons for neo-renaissance are the collapse of the Soviet Union, a general trend to look for one’s roots, enthusiastic votophiles and the local activities. In the earlier times Votic national movement originated from local people, but recently there has been interest in the Votic affairs on the state level.The plans for the near future are under common title the Votic project
Minority languages in Estonian segregative language environments
Authors: Küün Elvira
Published: September 2019

The goal of this project in Estonia was to determine what languages are spoken by students from the 2nd to the 5th year of basic school at their homes in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. At the same time, this problem was also studied in other segregated regions of Estonia: Kohtla-Järve and Maardu. According to the database of the population census from the year 2000 (Estonian Statistics Executive Office?s census 2000), there are representatives of 142 ethnic groups living in Estonia, speaking a total of 109 native languages. At the same time, the database doesn’t state which languages are spoken at homes. The material presented in this article belongs to the research topic “Home Language of Basic School Students in Tallinn” from years 2007–2008, specifically financed and ordered by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (grant No. ETF 7065) in the framework of an international study called “Multilingual Project”. It was determined what language is dominating in everyday use, what are the factors for choosing the language for communication, what are the preferred languages and language skills. This study reflects the actual trends of the language situation in these cities.
Towards the light – tua’r goleuni: Welsh medium education for the non-Welsh speaking in south Wales: A parent's choice
Authors: Hodges Rhian Siân
Published: September 2019

The Welsh-medium education system has long been seen as an effective tool of Welsh language production in Wales. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of Welsh medium education in one south Wales Valley, ‘Cwm Rhymni / RhymniValley’. The main reasoning behind the primary research is to focus on the reasons why non-Welsh speaking parents chose Welsh medium education for their children. The research focuses on education but recognises the over lapping nature of the main language transmission spheres within Welsh language planning, i.e. family, community and workplace. This study adopts a mainly qualitative research strategy by administering 60 unstructured interviews to parents who chose Welsh medium nursery, primary and secondary schools for their children. However, as a secondary methodological tool, a semi-structured questionnaire was given out prior to the interviews and the interview sample was then drawn from these. Moreover, Welsh language resurgence within Anglicized areas of South Wales is a fairly unexplored field, this study is hoped to be a catalyst for many more future studies in this field and attempts to address the existing lacunae.
Speakers’ evaluations of the Estonian and the Russian languages in Tallinn: between linguistic stability and interethnic tension
Authors: Carbonell Josep Soler
Published: September 2019

This article presents some preliminary results from field-work (observatory participation, in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions) conducted mainly in Tallinn both with Estonians and Russophones, i.e. it represents work in progress, as this data is currently under review. However, before going into the presentation and analysis of these results, I will set up the framework that will let us have a more specific idea about how to read the results, and also, I will give a description of the methodological tools I used to obtain the available data. Finally, at the end of the article, I shall close with the most relevant conclusions we can arrive at, while at the same time giving some suggestions for further inquiry
The role of output and feedback in second language acquisition: a classroom-based study of grammar acquisition by adult English language learners
Authors: Donesch-Jezo Ewa
Published: September 2019

Second language acquisition (SLA) has been a concern of many teachers and researchers since the early 1960s. One of the issues related to SLA has been finding the techniques which effectively focus the learners’ attention on the target form. A number of theories and methods have been advocated for this purpose, ranging from implicit options to more explicit ones. Although each of the suggested methods has its own advantages, they have, so far, proved insufficient to get learners to be able to notice the gap between their own interlanguage forms and the target language forms. Swain (1995, 1998) has argued that a part from providing the learners with comprehensible input, comprehensible output also plays a beneficial role in L2 acquisition. By encouraging the learners to speak or write in the L2 and providing them with the opportunities to do so, the learners can notice that they are not able to say what they want to say in the target language. On the basis of Swain’s output hypothesis, we assumed that encouraging adult learners (university students) to produce target-like output would promote their achievement of the grammatical competence necessary for producing academic tests. The purpose of this article is to present the evidence from a class-room-based, small-scale study of the effect of output on learner acquisition of L2 modal verbs, adjectives and adverbs conveying the meanings of uncertainty, all of which are parts of speech that are important metadiscourse items. The results of the present study suggest that an approach in which students are encouraged to produce comprehensible output, combined with their being provided with learning reinforcement ensured by appropriate feedback, can be an effective source of establishing long-lasting grammatical accuracy in the students’ target language
Norms and practices of polylingual behaviour: a sociolinguistic model
Authors: Jørgensen Jens Normann , Varga Somogy
Published: September 2019

This paper discusses the notion of language in relation to the notion of a language. We argue that the concept of languages as neatly separated, countable units is an ideological construction. This ideological construction served the European nation states well during the Romantic period and later, for instance during Colonialism (e.g. Heller 2007, Makoni and Penny cook 2006). With growing internationalization, however, this concept of languages has become increasingly at odds with the linguistic experience of speakers throughout Europe. In fact the notion of languages, for instance as separable from dialects, has never been accepted by sociolinguistics. Any specific notion of a language, say Dutch, is a sociocultural construction, and it is only real at the level of norms. At the level of language use we can not maintain these concepts of languages. As an alternative idea of language we propose that descriptions and analyses of language use must be based, not on “languages”, but on features, and the focus must be in the individual (Hudson 1996).
Evaluation of language policy in Lithuania
Authors: Kalėdienė Laima
Published: September 2019

In order to assess whether the language policy implemented in Lithuania corresponds to the expectations of the language users, they were asked to provide their opinion as part of the sociolinguistic survey Cities and Languages. The total reluctance to learn languages was rather surprising: only one in five residents of cities expressed a desire to learn various languages. The fact that 14% of very young people consider themselves first and foremost citizens of the world and Europeans can only be seen as a manifestation of globalisation. The most surprising result of this survey is that half of all respondents would like their children to attend bilingual i.e. Lithuanian/English schools. Separate language policies are developed for the languages used in Lithuania. A common integrated programme which contains a forecast of the prospects of all languages more actively used in Lithuania and a vision on an integral language policy is required.
Bilingualism in Latvian and Russian in the context of demographic processes in Latvia
Authors: Poriņa Vineta
Published: September 2019

This article deals with Latvian becoming the dominant language in Latvia. The results of the study show that the proportion of Latvians increased from 52% in 1989 to 57.7% in 2000 and to 59.3% in 2009. The percentage of the entire population who are speakers of Latvian increased from 61.7% in 1989 to 79% in 2000 and 93% in 2008 (Latvijas 2000. gada tautskaites rezultāti 2002, Valoda 2008). Since regaining independence, many positive changes regarding the de facto functioning of Latvian have taken place in Latvia e.g. the proportion of non-Latvians purporting to possess good knowledge of Latvian increased 10–15% between 2000 and 2008, whilst a similar decrease is registered for those whose knowledge of Latvian is weak. The most dramatic increase in Latvian speakers is in the 15–34 age group, which must be attributed to bilingual education; Latvian is becoming a more frequent tool of communication between Latvians and ethnic minorities. At present, the favourable conditions for the strengthening of the state language are contrary to common world practice.
Basic colour terms for black and white in Chinese: with discussions on models of language development
Authors: Gao Jingyi
Published: September 2019

The basic colour terms for black and white are studied in four archaic and two contemporary linguistic norms of the Chinese language. It is presented that studied Chinese linguistic norms use a common term for white and three different terms for black. It is suggested that the different basic colour terms for black might originate from different source languages. The study supports a panchronic language development instead of a diachronic one, and includes introductions to histories of the Chinese linguistic norms
About a fashion-related Estonian-Swedish loanword krunn
Authors: Soosaar Sven-Erik
Published: September 2019

The word krunn in the meaning of a certain hairdo first occurs in lexicographic sources as late as 1960. It had no etymology proposed until now. A source for this word is proposed – the Estonian-Swedish krún‘a crown; a cockscomb’. Although the short vowel and long consonant in the end is not strictly regular development, the etymology is confirmed with the original geographical distribution of the word in Estonian subdialects and parallel developments in other stems with a similarly affective meaning.
Clupea harengus membras: about the etymology of a certain fish name in Estonian, Latvian, and Livonian
Authors: Uibo Udo
Published: September 2019

In this article, the names of Clupea harengus membras will be considered in Estonian, (Salaca) Livonian and Latvian (respectively räim, reńǵand reņģe ‘Baltic herring’). It will be shown that the source of all of these words is the Estonian-Swedish strämg (sträηg), or its preceding word shape *sträimg. The Latvian reņģe is borrowed from Estonian-Swedish through Salaca Livonian. Paul Ariste proposed an adequate etymology for the Estonian räim as early as 1933
The categorization of the Estonian domain of “musical instruments” ‒ listeners vs musicians and the comparison of basic levels
Authors: Eessalu Martin
Published: September 2019

The article examines the prototypicality phenomena in the Estonian language’s lexical-semantic domain of “musical instruments”. There are two groups of people under examination: (i) those who consider themselves actively involved in music (practitioners), and (ii) those who don’t (listeners). To elicit basic terms, a cognitive salience index is used. The results show that the main common feature between the groups is that the basic level consists of the same members: klaver‘piano’, kitarr ‘guitar’ and viiul ‘violin’. While klaver and viiul are stable in their nature, the salience of kitarr varies greatly, as listeners put it in the leading position and practitioners nearly leave it out of the basic level. Generally, the two groups share the same category structure, as based on cognitive salience index values both have: (i) three basic terms, (ii) a connecting group, and (iii) the rest of the category members with their index values decreasing toward zero
Finnic adjectives for ‘tall’
Authors: Oja Vilja
Published: September 2019

In Finnic languages, the height of a tall person is described by the adjectives pitkä, korkea, suuri, iso and tobie, or their dialectal variants. The first three occur through out the whole language group, carrying several meanings and serving to characterize many different objects, but in a general case their meanings do not coincide. The Finnic iso and the Karelian tobie are synonyms of the adjective suuri. An analysis of their semantic relations and areal distribution has revealed that their areas in the sense of ‘tall’ (of a person) differ considerably from their general areas. The use of the adjectives korkea and suuri seems to be influenced by Indo-European contacts. The word tobie may be a Russian loanword in which a semantic change has taken place. As all of the words mentioned are multifunctional, the simple adjectives are often specified by being used in a compound construction where the final component has the stem kasvu- ‘stature’. This is especially appropriate in the case of the words meaning ‘big’ and referring to either height or adulthood. Such phrases or compounds are more frequent in the eastern part of the Finnic area, but they also occur in Estonian dialects. An analogous form of expression is used in Russian.
Estonian traces in the tree of life concept and in the language family tree theory
Authors: Sutrop Urmas
Published: September 2019

In this paper the tree model – a well-formed tree is shortly described. After that the language family tree model by August Schleicher is treated and compared with the Charles Darwin’s tree of life diagram and metaphor. The development of the idea of the linguistic trees and the tree of life is considered historically. Earlier models – scala naturae – and tree models, both well-formed and not-well-formed are introduced. Special attention is paid to the scholars connected to Estonia who developed the idea of tree models: Georg Stiernhielm was the first who pictured a language tree already in 1671; Karl Eduard Eichwald published an early tree of animal life in 1829; and Karl Ernst von Baer influenced the tree of  life models and diagrams of Charles Darwin.
The semantics of bird denominations in the Mari language
Authors: Yuzieva Kristina
Published: September 2019

This paper presents an analysis of the semantics of bird denominations in Mari: an attempt is made to define the factors, or features, motivating bird denominations.Analysis is based on a set of words of inner origin that are part of the corpus of bird names compiled by the author. The results show that the ornithonomy of the Mari language, created over centuries, constitutes a well-shaped system. It reflects a variety of features associated with the appearance, way of life of the birds, sounds they produce, etc. Many bird terms reflect features of appearance. It is interesting to note that the names of birds not seen for some reason may relate to the characteristics of the birds’ voices. In some cases, terms are based on a combination of features. In dialects, different names for same birds may occur, as observed in the sources.
Koodivahetusest Peterburi vanema põlvkonna eestlaste keelekasutuses
Authors: Jürgenstein Lea
Published: September 2019

Artikkel keskendub Peterburi eestlaste vanema põlvkonna keelekasutusele. Eesmärgiks on kirjeldada koodivahetust, selle funktsioone ja ilmnemist vestluses ükskeelse eestlasega. Koodivahetusel on vestluses metafooriline roll; sageli kasutavad kõnelejad koodivahetust kontekstualiseerimise vahendina ja annavad märku oma hoiakutest. Teisalt võib see olla ka suhtlusstrateegia, mille abil keelejuhid otsivad vestluskaaslaselt abi ununenud sõna leidmisel, püüavad teadlikku koodivahetust ära hoida või täpsustavad öeldut. Et koodivahetus on oluline leksikaalsete laenude vahendaja, vaadeldakse artiklis ühe- ja paarisõnalise koodivahetuse ja laenu vahekorda.
Eesti mineviku liitvormide kasutamisest õppijakeele korpuse materjali põhjal
Authors: Maisla Diana
Published: September 2019

Artiklis antakse ülevaade sellest, kuidas kasutavad eesti keele kui teise keele õppijad mineviku liitvorme. Materjal on pärit Tartu Ülikooli õppijakeele korpuse paralleelkorpuse osast. Uurimuses lähtutakse veaanalüüsi teooriast ja meetodina kasutatakse vahekeele kontrastiivset analüüsi. Analüüsi üksusteks on korpusest valitud täis- ja enneminevikulised laused isikulises ja umbisikulises tegumoes ning on hinnatud nende vastavust sihtkeele reeglitele. Välja on toodud mineviku liitvormide ala- ja ülekasutamise juhtumid, mis on vajalikud väärkasutuse seaduspärade tuvastamiseks ja kirjeldamiseks. Tulemuste põhjal saab väita, et umbisikulistes lausetes keeleõppijad mineviku liitaja vigu peaaegu ei tee, kuid isikulistes lausetes esineb kõige rohkem täismineviku alakasutusega seotud vigu. Kogu materjali, nii õigete kui ka vigadega lausete põhjal on sõnastatud rakenduslikud järeldused selle kohta, millised lausesisesed vihjed aitavad õiget ajavormi valida. Tähelepanu on pööratud määruste kasutamisele, lausete ehitusele ja sisule
Liikumissündmused eesti keele õppijate kirjalikes narratiivides
Authors: Pool Raili , Pajusalu Renate
Published: September 2019

Artiklis käsitletakse vene emakeelega eesti keele õppijate (keeleoskustase B2) kirjalikes narratiivides esinenud liikumissündmusi. Materjaliks on M. Mayeri (1969) sõnadeta pildiraamatu “Frog, where are you?” järgi kirjutatud narratiivid. Põhimaterjal pärineb 21-lt vene emakeelega üliõpilaselt ning võrdlusmaterjal 21-lt eesti emakeelega üliõpilaselt. Õppijarühmalt on analoogiline tekstimaterjal kogutud ka nende emakeeles vene keeles. Liikumissündmuste analüüsimisel lähtutakse L. Talmy (1985, 2007) käsitlusest. Kitsamalt keskendutakse liikumissündmuste kirjeldamisel kasutatud verbidele ja verbisatelliitidele, liikumise lähte- ja sihtkoha väljendamisele ühe ja sama liikumissündmuse kirjeldamisel ning vaadeldakse suhtlusstrateegiate rakendamise võimalusi õppijarühma narratiivides. Analüüsitud keeleainese põhjal võib väita, et liikumisnarratiivi etappe eesti keele õppijad ei väldi. Samas kasutavad nad väga sageli üldise tähendusega liikumisverbe minema ja tulema, mis võimaldavad edasi anda piltidel kujutatud tegevuse dünaamikat, kuid milles ei sisaldu liikumisviis. Liikumise teed väljendavate verbisatelliitide (afiksaaladverbide) kasutamine ei ole vene emakeelega õppijatele raske. Kuna eesti keele afiksaaladverbid ja vene keele verbiprefiksid on funktsionaalselt sarnased, on tõenäoline, et õppijad on toetunud vene keele verbiprefiksite analoogiale. Vene üliõpilaste narratiive iseloomustab ka liikumise lähte- ja sihtkoha sage liitmine ühe ja sama liikumissündmuse kirjeldusse ning staatilise olema-verbi kasutamine liikumise kirjeldamisel. Viimane on käsitatav õppijatele omase ümberütlemisstrateegiana ning eesti võrdlusrühma narratiivides ei esine.
Arvutipõhine keeleõpe ja eesti keele e-kursused algajatele
Authors: Teral Maarika , Rammo Sirje
Published: September 2019

Artikli ajendiks said 2010. aastal Tartu Ülikoolis alanud eesti keele e-õpe algajatele ning e-kursuste loomise ja läbiviimise käigus esile kerkinud probleemid. Artiklis analüüsitakse arvutipõhist keeleõpet laiemalt, pöörates tähelepanu sellise õppevormi positiivsetele ja negatiivsetele külgedele; peatutakse ka eesti keele erijoontel, mis valmistasid nii õpetamis- kui õpiraskusi. Et välja selgitada, milline on õppijate suhtumine käimasolevatesse kursustesse ning milliste eesti keele osaoskuste õppimine arvuti abil tundub neile kõige otstarbekam, viisime läbi küsitluse, millele vastas 14 kursuslast
Saateks erinumbrile „Teoreetilisest keeleteadusest Eestis III”
Authors: Tragel Ilona , Veismann Ann , Piiroja Piret
Published: September 2019

Introduction to the special issue “Theoretical linguistics in Estonia III”
Tähelepanu akendamine
Authors: Pilvik Maarja-Liisa
Published: September 2019

Artiklis antakse ülevaade Leonard Talmy esitatud mõistest tähelepanu akendamine (windowing of attention) ja selle üldistest toimimisprintsiipidest. Ühtlasi püütakse tuua mõni näide akendamise avaldumisest eesti keele põhjal, pakkudes seeläbi võimalusi mõiste rakendamiseks ka siinses keeleuurimises. Akendamine on keeles laialt levinud nähtus, mis avaldub nii keelelises struktuuris kui ka selle aluseks olevates kontseptuaalsetes süsteemides, võimaldades kõnelejal asetada põhitähelepanu mingitele kindlatele situatsiooni osadele ning suunata seeläbi vastuvõtja tõlgendusprotsessi. Siinjuures on olulisel kohal ka tähelepanuta jäävad situatsiooni osad. Tähelepanu akendamine pakub niisiis ühe võimaliku raamistiku inimmõtlemise seletamiseks ning selle põhiprintsiipidel on märgatav ühisosa ka muude kognitiivses keeleteaduses käibivate käsitlustega. Arvestades akendamise avaldumise ulatuslikkust keeles, on see senini saanud eesti keeleteaduses ehk teenimatult vähe tähelepanu.Windowing of attention. The article gives an overview of the concept windowing of attention introduced by Leonard Talmy, and its general principles. It also provides a few examples of how windowing occurs in the linguistic structure of Estonian and how the concept may therefore be applied in research on Estonian. The windowing of attention is an extensive phenomenon in language that is evident both in linguistic structures and the underlying conceptual systems. It provides the speaker with a means to place focus on certain portions of a situation and thereby to affect the hearer’s construal of the event, whereas the remainder of the situation that is attentionally backgrounded plays an important role in the process as well. The windowing of attention, thus, serves as one possible form to explain human thinking. In addition, its basic mechanisms share common characteristics with many approaches in cognitive linguistics. Despite this, windowing has received little attention in Estonian linguistics, and could be put into use more extensively.
Optimaalsusteooria fonoloogias
Authors: Prillop Külli
Published: September 2019

Optimaalsusteooria (OT) esitasid 1990. aastate alguses Alan Prince ja Paul Smolensky. Praeguseks on OTst saanud enim kasutatav teooria fonoloogias. Tegemist on generatiivse teooria edasiarendusega. Artiklis tutvustan lühidalt optimaalsusteooria põhiseisukohti, samuti mõningaid varasemaid teooriaid, mis on OTga seotud. Pööran tähelepanu ka sellele, miks OTs on nähtud funktsionalistide ja formalistide lepitajat, ning milliseid muutusi uurimisprobleemide valikul on OT levik kaasa toonud. Väiteid ilmestab lihtne näide eesti keele kaasaütleva käände kujunemisest: miks on tunnuseks kujunenud ‑ga, mitte ‑kka ega -ks.Optimality Theory in phonology. Optimality Theory (OT), which has become the dominant paradigm for phonological research, was developed in the early 1990s by Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky. Compared to rule-based frameworks, OT arguably has more explanatory power. OT also gives the opportunity for the synthesis of functionalist and formalist ideas. In this paper, I introduce some main principles of OT. To illustrate how OT works, I present a somewhat simplified case study of the phonological development of Estonian comitative ending -ga (from the postposition *kansak ’with’). The aim of this paper is to introduce OT (in Estonian) to postgraduate students and researchers working within other theoretical frameworks.
Kõnetaju kategoriaalsus ehk hüpotees sellest, kuidas me keelelisi üksusi tajume
Authors: Salveste Nele
Published: September 2019

Erinevate häälikute laad meie igapäevases kõnes varieerub tugevalt, kuid häälduse varieeruvus ei ole enamasti kõneeristusele takistuseks. See annab alust oletada, et kõnetaju on välja arendanud süsteemi, millega tuvastada foneeme väga suure varieeruvusega kõnesignaalist. See süsteem tegeleb kõne varieeruvusega nii tõhusalt ja kiiresti, et me ei ole sellest enamasti teadlikud. Seda süsteemi võiks nimetada kategoriaalseks tajuks (ingl Categorical Perception), kuid kuna taju on uurimisele üksnes kaudselt kättesaadav, siis tähistab see termin pigem eksperimentaalset mudelit või meetodit, millega uuritakse taju võimet foneeme kõnesignaalist eristada. (Schouten jt 2003) Käesolevas artiklis arutatakse kategoriaalse taju kui mudeli ja katsemeetodi üle, mille teoreetilised lähtekohad on olnud nii muudes keeltes kui eesti keeles läbi viidud tajukatsete ülesehituse ja järelduste eeldusteks.Categorical perception or the hypothesis of how we perceive linguistic units. The acoustic signal of everyday speech is very variable, but it seldom distracts the normal speech communication. This motivates the hypothesis that the speech perception must have developed a special mechanism for extracting phonemes from highly variable speech signal. This mechanism extracts phonemes so efficiently and quickly that we are often unaware of it. We would like to call this mechanism “categorical perception of speech”, but since the perceptual processes are only indirectly accessible for investigation, the term refers rather to a theoretical model or an experimental method for investigating our perceptual ability to distinguish phonemes from the speech signal so efficiently (Schouten et al. 2003). In this paper the Categorical Perception as an experimental method and its theoretical statements will be discussed in connection to perception experiments and findings in other languages as well as in Estonian language.
Kontekst ja viitamine: argivestlused, legod ja narratiivid
Authors: Hint Helen , Reile Maria , Pajusalu Renate
Published: September 2019

Käesolev artikkel käsitleb konteksti ja viitamisvahendeid, mis loovad konteksti. Käsitlus põhineb eelkõige kolmel eraldi läbiviidud uurimusel, milles kõigis oli põhitähelepanu algselt suunatud viitamisvahenditele. Vaatleme kontekstualiseerimisvõtteid spontaansetes argivestlustes ja kahes katselises olukorras: katses legoklotsidega, milles üks katsealune ehitab klotsidest maja teise katsealuse juhendamisel, ja pildiseeria põhjal jutustatud narratiivides. Artiklis võrreldakse, mis nendes kolmes kontekstis oli sarnast ja mis erinevat eelkõige vestlustegevuse alguses: tegevuse olemusest märku andmises ja referentide loomises. Kuna üks osa vaadeldavaid narratiive pärineb lastelt, puudutab artikkel mõnevõrra ka erinevate vanuseliste gruppide viitamisstrateegiaid.Context and reference: everyday conversations, Lego blocks and narratives. The article discusses context and context-creating means of reference. It is mainly based on three separate studies, all of which originally concentrated on referential devices. We examine contextualizing techniques in spontaneous everyday conversations and in two experimental situations: in an experiment with Lego blocks where one of the subjects builds a house using Lego blocks while being instructed by the other subject, and in narratives based on a picture sequence. The article compares the similarities and differences between these three contexts, concentrating particularly on the beginning of the conversational activity: signalling the nature of the activity and creating referents. Since some of the narratives are told by children the article also touches briefly the reference strategies of different age groups.
Episteemilistest modaalpartiklitest eesti kirjakeeles
Authors: Valdmets Annika , Habicht Külli
Published: September 2019

Artikli eesmärgiks on kirjeldada mõningate episteemiliste, tõeväärtushinnangut kandvate modaalpartiklite kujunemist ja kasutamist eesti (kirja)keeles. Täpsema vaatluse all on sõnad nagu kahtlemata, loomulikult, põhimõtteliselt ja tegelikult, mis on peamiselt viimase sajandi vältel arenenud täistähenduslikest viisiadverbidest modaalpartikliteks. Selle protsessi käigus on teisenenud nende semantilised, morfosüntaktilised ja pragmaatilised omadused. Käsitletavad üksused on tänapäeva eesti keeles polüseemsed: olenevalt kontekstist saab neid kasutada nii täistähenduslike viisiadverbide kui ka mittetäistähenduslike episteemiliste partiklitena. Episteemiliste modaalpartiklite kirjeldamisel on kaasatud ka subjektiivsuse ja intersubjektiivsuse mõisted. Artiklit illustreerivad näited Tartu Ülikooli kirjakeele korpustest ja vanadest eesti keele grammatikatest.About epistemic modal particles in Estonian. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the development and use of some of the epistemic modal particles in written Estonian. More specifically, this paper detangles the topic with the examples of the words like kahtlemata ’undoubtedly’, loomulikult ’of course’, põhimõtteliselt ’in principle’ and tegelikult ’actually’, which are particles that have evolved from (manner) adverbs and, as polysemous items, are being used in both functions nowadays. During this evolution, the words’ semantic, morphosyntactic and pragmatic properties have changed. The data for this study mainly come from the Corpus of Estonian Literary Language, the Balanced Corpus of Estonian, and old Estonian grammars. The theoretical background is based on grammaticalization approach. More specifically, the topics of subjectivity and intersubjectivity are examined in greater detail. The most important function of the particles studied here is indeed appearing on the pragmatic level because these items add epistemic modality to the clause which can only originate from the speaker/writer (subjectivity) or which can cover also the addressee (intersubjectivity).
Mediadiscourse and Communication in Society
Authors: Гнездилова Е. , Gnezdilova E.
Published: September 2019

The article discusses the media discourse, analyzes its role in shaping the picture of the world of modern person: the typological features of the media text, the means and techniques of speech impact on the audience are highlighted. In the study of media texts, the author used the method of discursive analysis. As a result of an experimental study, linguistic techniques and means were revealed by which mass media influence the formation of public opinion, control communication in society. After analyzing publications in Russian media, the author comes to the conclusion that many of the linguistic techniques used in socio-political discourse today are mostly manipulative in nature, and are a powerful tool in the information confrontation. The identification of these tools and techniques, their systematization allows us to understand the specifics of the formation of the picture of the world of modern person, especially communication in society.
Self-PR as a Business Promotion Tool
Authors: Аксенова О. , Aksenova O. , Скрипникова Н. , Skripnikova N. , Швец Е. , Shvec E.
Published: September 2019

This article discusses the concept of Self-PR. It describes the technology of creating and promoting a personal brand; stages of its development. Personal brand is analyzed as a tool to promote your business and services. The process of formation and promotion of the brand is divided into four stages: personality audit; brand strategy is determined; creating basic brand attributes; selection of personal brand promotion means; identification of key communication channels.
Media Image and Political Image: Patterns of Two Constructs Correlation
Authors: Ефанов А. , Efanov A.
Published: September 2019

The article examines the phenomenon of media image and political image. The material for the study was the media representation of V. Zhirinovsky and K. Sobchak as candidates for the presidency of Russian Federation in the fields of television (in the information and socio-political programs of First Channel, ARTRBC (“Russia 1”, “Russia 24”), NTV, “RenTV”, Fifth Channel, “TV Center”) and the Internet (materials of news portals “RIA News”, “REGNUM”, “TASS”, “Interfax”, “Izvestia”, “Vedomosti”, “Meduza”; posts in social networks “VKontakte”, “Facebook”). The methods of contentanalysis, intent-analysis (through the system “Medialogia”), secondary data analysis — the results of sociological studies of All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (ARPORC), Public Opinion Foundation (POF), Levada Center and the presidential elections in Russia. Chronological framework of the study: November 2017 — March 2018. The author comes to the conclusion about the existence of interdependence and conditional identity of the phenomenon of political image and media image, which influence the construction of each other. At the same time, excessive mediatization of political actors (outside the respective ritualized locales and contexts) leads to their self-discredit — the loss of the “credibility” of both the potential and the real electorate.
Analysis of psychiatric services provided to children and youth in 2010–2016 based on the National Health Fund data
Authors: Skrzypkowska-Brancewicz Blanka , Janas-Kozik Małgorzata , Anczewska Marta , Kucharska Katarzyna , Biechowska Daria , Zięba Mariusz , Koń Beata , Więckowska Barbara
Published: September 2019

Cel pracy

. W Polsce, jak do tej pory, nie prowadzi się w populacji ogólnej systematycznych badań epidemiologicznych dotyczących zaburzeń psychicznych dzieci i młodzieży, jak również nie funkcjonuje rejestr przeznaczony dla zaburzeń psychicznych. Celem opracowania jest analiza wszystkich sprawozdanych do Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia świadczeń psychiatrycznych, udzielonych dzieciom i młodzieży, w latach 2010-2016.

Metoda

Punktem wyjścia opracowania jest opublikowany przez Ministerstwo Zdrowia raport pt. Mapy potrzeb zdrowotnych w zakresie zaburzeń psychicznych. W pracy poddano analizie wszystkie świadczenia udzielone dzieciom i młodzieży w latach 2010-2016. W celu dokonania tej analizy wybrano siedem największych pod względem liczby pacjentów grup zaburzeń psychicznych wg ICD-10 u dzieci i młodzieży.

Wyniki

W latach 2010-2016 wzrosła liczba pacjentów poniżej 18 r.ż. korzystających ze świadczeń psychiatrii wieku rozwojowego, jak również liczba świadczeń w niemal każdym z poddanych analizie zakresów. Stwierdzono niezwykle wysoki wzrost świadczeń realizowanych w trybie doraźnym w Izbie Przyjęć / SOR, przy bardzo niewielkim udziale świadczeń realizowanych w środowisku domowym pacjenta. W sprawozdanych świadczeniach, w prawie wszystkich analizowanych grupach zaburzeń psychicznych wieku rozwojowego, odnotowano większą liczbę chłopców, jak również mieszkańców miasta. Jedynie w grupie zaburzeń nerwicowych związanych ze stresem i pod postacią somatyczną daje się zauważyć nieznacznie większą liczebność dziewcząt.

Wnioski

W latach 2010-2016 zaobserwowano wzrost zarejestrowanej chorobowości w populacji rozwojowej oraz wzrost liczby świadczeń w niemal każdym z poddanych analizie zakresów. Wysoki wzrost świadczeń realizowanych w trybie doraźnym w Izbie Przyjęć / SOR oraz niewielki udział świadczeń realizowanych w środowisku domowym pacjenta wskazuje na znaczną rozbieżność między potrzebami a dostępnością zasobów.
BISCOITO COM ESPECIARIAS E FARINHAS DE MILHO E SEMENTE DE ABÓBORA: DESENVOLVIMENTO E AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE
Authors: Amaral Luana Figueiredo do , Ferreira Igor Macedo , Santos Lilian Vieira do Nascimento , Silva Ana Mara Oliveira e , Fagundes Andhressa Araújo , Carvalho Michelle Garcêz de
Published: September 2019

O milho é um dos cereais mais utilizados na produção de alimentos, sendo em sua maioria transgênico. Diante disso, objetivou-se desenvolver e avaliar formulações de biscoitos com farinha não transgênica de milho (FMNT) e farinha de semente de abóbora (FSA), adicionados de especiarias. Inicialmente, foram analisadas quimicamente três marcas de FMT (farinha de milho transgênica) e uma marca de FMNT. Paralelamente, realizou-se pesquisa com 80 consumidores sobre o biscoito proposto, sendo então elaboradas três formulações: F1 (sem FSA), F2 (com 25% FSA) e F3 (com 50% FSA). Cada formulação de biscoito foi avaliada quanto às características microbiológicas, sensoriais e químicas. No que se refere às características das farinhas de milho, a FMNT apresentou maior quantidade de proteínas e capacidade antioxidante. A pesquisa de mercado indicou que as formulações de biscoito propostas têm potencial comercial, e que deveriam ser adicionados orégano e manjericão. Todas as formulações de biscoito estavam seguras microbiologicamente, mas a formulação 2 foi a que apresentou melhor aceitação no que se refere a sabor e impressão global, assim como melhor intenção de compra, além de ser a preferida pelos provadores. O índice de aceitabilidade (IA) indicou a formulação 2 com potencial para consumo e comercialização. Em relação à composição centesimal e química, a formulação 3 apresentou características melhores por conter mais cinzas (7,73), proteínas (34,22), lipídios (28,77), energia (494,43), redução do ferro (23,34) e fenólicos totais (196,40). Diante do exposto, somente a formulação 2 apresenta potencial comercial, uma vez que contém um IA igual ao mínimo estabelecido para comercialização, enquanto que a formulação 3 apresentou melhores características químicas.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2019.33380
ANÁLISE DE FÓRMULAS DE ESTIMATIVA DE PESO E ALTURA EM ADULTOS JOVENS
Authors: De Freitas Rodrigues Raíssa Marina , Capistrano Fajardo Virgínia , Nimer Margarete
Published: September 2019

Introdução: As medidas antropométricas são muito utilizadas por serem técnicas simples, pouco invasivas e com resultados rápidos. O peso e a altura podem ser obtidos por meio da aferição ou de fórmulas de estimativa. Poucos estudos têm sido realizados para avaliar a similaridade dos valores obtidos por meio das fórmulas de estimativa e dos valores aferidos. Objetivo: Comparar o peso e a altura aferidos com os valores encontrados nas fórmulas de estimativa, a fim de analisar quais apresentam melhores resultados em adultos brasileiros. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 100 estudantes entre 19 e 35 anos. Analisaram-se a correlação e a concordância entre os valores de peso e altura aferidos e os valores estimados.  Resultados: As fórmulas de estimativa de peso de Chumlea et al. e a fórmula C de Rabito et al. apresentaram correlação muito forte, sendo que apenas a de Chumlea et al. teve boa concordância e homogeneidade. As fórmulas A e B de Rabito et al. apresentaram forte correlação, boa concordância e heterogeneidade. As fórmulas de estimativa de altura de Chumlea et al. e Rabito et al. obtiveram forte correlação com a altura aferida e heterogeneidade, sendo que a de Rabito et al. apresentou boa concordância. Conclusão: Houve boa correlação entre todas as fórmulas e as medidas aferidas. No entanto, apenas a fórmula de estimativa de altura de Rabito et al., as de estimativa de peso de Chumlea et al. e as fórmulas A e B de Rabito et al. apresentaram boa concordância.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2019.35793
ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE A AVALIAÇÃO SUBJETIVA GLOBAL PRODUZIDA PELO PACIENTE E A NUTRISCORE EM PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS AMBULATORIAIS
Authors: De Aguiar Gisele Barbosa , Dourado Keila Fernandes , De Andrade Maria Izabel Siqueira , Peixoto Manuella Italiano , De Aguiar Claudiane Barbosa , Dos Santos Cláudia Mota
Published: September 2019

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre as triagens de risco nutricional NUTRISCORE e ASG-PPP em pacientes oncológicos ambulatoriais. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento transversal conduzido com pacientes portadores de câncer, adultos e idosos, de ambos os sexos, atendidos no Ambulatório de Oncologia do Hospital Barão de Lucena, Recife-PE. Foram obtidos dados referentes às variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, de estilo de vida, clínicas, antropométricas, e as triagens nutricionais ASG-PPP e NUTRISCORE. Os dados foram analisados no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 13.0, e adotou-se significância estatística o valor de p<0,05. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 65 pacientes com idade média entre 58,53 ± 12,66 anos, dos quais 53,8% eram adultos e 78,5% do sexo feminino. A neoplasia mais observada foi a de mama (52,3%), seguida das gastrointestinais (23,1%). Tratando-se das triagens nutricionais aplicadas, a NUTRISCORE identificou 41,5% dos pacientes com risco nutricional; já a ASG-PPP detectou 40%. Houve associação estatisticamente significante da ASG-PPP com a NUTRISCORE (p=0,001). Considerando-se a média das variáveis antropométricas com o instrumento de triagem NUTRISCORE, o estudo revelou que pacientes com médias elevadas da prega cutânea tricipital evidenciaram ausência de risco nutricional pela NUTRISCORE (p=0,026). Considerações finais: A NUTRISCORE demonstrou ser um método interessante na detecção do estado nutricional de pacientes oncológicos em ambulatório, uma vez que se associou com a ASG-PPP (padrão ouro), além de ser de mais fácil aplicação na prática clínica.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2019.36725