bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing task-demands disrupts learning but enhances transfer gains in short-term task-switching training
Authors: Sabah Katrina , Dolk Thomas , Meiran Nachshon , Dreisbach Gesine
Published: April 2020

Content variability was previously suggested to promote stronger learning effects in cognitive training whereas less variability incurred transfer costs (Sabah et al. Psychological Research,10.1007/s00426-018-1006-7, 2018). Here, we expanded these findings by additionally examining the role of learners’ control in short-term task-switching training by comparing voluntary task-switching to a yoked control forced task-switching condition. To this end, four training conditions were compared: (1) forced fixed content, (2) voluntary fixed content, (3) forced varied content, and (3) voluntary varied content. To further enhance task demands, bivalent stimuli were used during training. Participants completed baseline assessment commencing with task-switching and verbal fluency blocks, followed by seven training blocks and last by task-switching (near transfer) and verbal fluency (far transfer) blocks, respectively. For the baseline and transfer task-switching blocks, we used the exact same baseline and first transfer block from Sabah et al. (Psychological Research,10.1007/s00426-018-1006-7, 2018), employing univalent stimuli and alternating-runs task sequence. Our results pointed again to the contribution of content variability to task-switching performance. No indications for far transfer were observed. Allowing for learners’ control was not found to produce additional transfer gains beyond content variability. A between-study comparison suggests that enhanced task demands, by means of bivalency, promoted higher transfer gains in the current study when compared to Sabah et al. (Psychological Research,10.1007/s00426-018-1006-7, 2018). Taken together, the current results provide further evidence to the beneficial impact of variability on training outcomes. The lack of modulatory effect for learners’ control is discussed in relation to possible methodological limitations.
Introducing a new method for classifying skull shape abnormalities related to craniosynostosis
Authors: Kronig Otto D. M. , Kronig Sophia A. J. , Vrooman Henri A. , Veenland Jifke F. , Jippes Mariëlle , Boen Terence , Van Adrichem Léon N. A.
Published: April 2020

We present a novel technique for classification of skull deformities due to most common craniosynostosis. We included 5 children of every group of the common craniosynostoses (scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, trigonocephaly, and right- and left-sided anterior plagiocephaly) and additionally 5 controls. Our outline-based classification method is described, using the software programs OsiriX, MeVisLab, and Matlab. These programs were used to identify chosen landmarks (porion and exocanthion), create a base plane and a plane at 4 cm, segment outlines, and plot resulting graphs. We measured repeatability and reproducibility, and mean curves of groups were analyzed. All raters achieved excellent intraclass correlation scores (0.994–1.000) and interclass correlation scores (0.989–1.000) for identifying the external landmarks. Controls, scaphocephaly, trigonocephaly, and brachycephaly all have the peak of the forehead in the middle of the curve (180°). In contrary, in anterior plagiocephaly, the peak is shifted (to the left of graph in right-sided and vice versa). Additionally, controls, scaphocephaly, and trigonocephaly have a high peak of the forehead; scaphocephaly has the lowest troughs; in brachycephaly, the width/frontal peak ratio has the highest value with a low frontal peak.

Conclusion: We introduced a preliminary study showing an objective and reproducible methodology using CT scans for the analysis of craniosynostosis and potential application of our method to 3D photogrammetry.

What is Known:• Diagnosis of craniosynostosis is relatively simple; however, classification of craniosynostosis is difficult and current techniques are not widely applicable.

What is New:• We introduce a novel technique for classification of skull deformities due to craniosynostosis, an objective and reproducible methodology using CT scans resulting in characteristic curves. The method is applicable to all 3D-surface rendering techniques.• Using external landmarks and curve analysis, specific and characteristic curves for every type of craniosynostosis related to the specific skull deformities are found.
Analyzing journeys in sound: usability of graphical interpolators for sound design
Authors: Gibson Darrell , Polfreman Richard
Published: April 2020

Graphical interpolation systems provide a simple mechanism for the control of sound synthesis by providing a level of abstraction above the engine parameters, allowing users to explore different sounds without awareness of the underlying details. Typically, a graphical interpolator presents the user with a two-dimensional pane where a number of synthesizer presets, each representing a collection of synthesis parameter values, can be located. Moving an interpolation cursor within the pane results in the calculation of new parameter values, based on its position, the relative locations of the presets, and the mathematical interpolation function, thus generating new sounds. These systems supply users with two sensory modalities in the form of sonic output and visual feedback from the interface. A number of graphical interpolator systems have been developed over the years, with a variety of user-interface designs, but few have been subject to formal user evaluation. Our testing studied both user interaction with, and the perceived usability of, graphical interpolation systems by comparing alternative visualizations in order to establish whether the visual feedback provided by the interface aids the locating of sounds within the space. The outcomes of our study may help to better understand design considerations for graphical interpolators and inform future designs.
The impact of the aortic cusps fusion pattern and valve disease severity on the aortic wall mechanics in patients with bicuspid aortic valve
Authors: Kalinowski Mariusz E. , Szulik Mariola , Pawlak Szymon , Rybus-Kalinowska Barbara , Zembala Marian , Kalarus Zbigniew , Kukulski Tomasz
Published: April 2020

The ascending aorta dilatation in the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients is often attributed to congenital abnormalities of the aortic wall, but it may be related to hemodynamic disturbances in the course of BAV disease. At present, ascending aortic diameter is used as almost sole but weak predictor of aortic dissection and rupture in BAV. We examined the association between aortic wall mechanics and severity of aortic valve disease including different cusps fusion patterns using conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). We prospectively studied 106 BAV patients: 72 with right-left (R-L) coronary cusp fusion were matched 1:1 to 34 patients with right-noncoronary (R-N) cusp fusion obtaining 34 pairs of patients. Peak systolic radial velocity and acceleration of the ascending aortic wall, measured by TDI, were used as an index of hemodynamic stress imposed on the aorta. Paired analysis showed higher aortic wall radial velocity (4.71 ± 1.61 cm/s vs. 3.33 ± 1.44 cm/s, p = 0.001) and acceleration (1.08 ± 0.46 m/s2 vs. 0.80 ± 0.34 m/s2, p = 0.015) in-R-L compared to R-N fusion. Pearson correlation showed association of ascending tubular aortic diameter with age (r = 0.258, p = 0.012), weight (r = 0.323, p = 0.001), peak aortic valve gradient (r = 0.386, p = 0.0001), aortic root diameter (r = 0.439, p < 0.0001), and R-N fusion pattern (r = 0.209, p = 0.043). Aortic root diameter was related to male gender (r = 0.296, p = 0.003), weight (r = 0.381, p = 0.0001), ascending aortic diameter (r = 0.439, p < 0.0001), and severity of aortic regurgitation (r = 0.337, p = 0.0009). Regional differences in aortic wall motion between different BAV cusp fusion patterns and association of aortic diameters with the severity of aortic valve disease, both suggest a deleterious hemodynamic impact of cusp fusion patterns and aortic valve dysfunction on ascending aortic wall. Assessment of aortic hemodynamic by TDI is feasible and could be potentially used to improve prediction of acute aortic complications, thus helping to establish optimal timing of aortic surgery in BAV patients.
Two algorithms for the exchange lemma
Authors: Barańczuk Stefan , Szydło Bogdan
Published: April 2020

In this note, we present two new algorithms for the Steinitz Exchange Lemma. They are grounded on a single application of a procedure (finding either a row echelon form or a basic minor) that has to be applied repeatedly in previously known algorithms. Proving correctness of both the algorithms, we obtain two new, direct proofs of the Exchange Lemma.
Abberant inverted U-shaped brain pattern and trait-related retinal impairment in schizophrenia patients with combined auditory and visual hallucinations: a pilot study
Authors: Zhuo Chuanjun , Xiao Bo , Chen Ce , Jiang Deguo , Li Gongying , Ma Xiaoyan , Li Ranli , Wang Lina , Xu Yong , Zhou Chunhua , Lin Xiaodong
Published: April 2020

Schizophrenic patients often experience auditory hallucinations (AHs) and visual hallucinations (VHs). However, brain and retinal alterations associated with combined AHs and VHs in schizophrenic patients are unknown. This study aimed o investigate brain and retinal alterations in first episode un-treated schizophrenic patients with combined AHs and VHs (FUSCHAV). FUSCHAV patients (n = 120), divided into four groups according to severity of AH and VH symptoms, were compared to healthy controls (n = 30). Gray matter volume (GMV) and global functional connectivity density (gFCD) were recorded to reflect brain structure and functional alterations. Total retinal thickness was acquired by optical coherence tomography to assess retinal impairment. The majority of FUSCHAV patients (85.8%) demonstrated both GMV reduction and gFCD increases along with retinal thinning compared to healthy controls. The severity of GMV reduction and gFCD increase differed between patient groups, ranked from highest to lowest severity as follows: severe AHs combined with severe VHs (FUSCHSASV, 20 patients), moderate AHs combined with severe VHs (FUSCHMASV, 23 patients), severe AHs combined with moderate VHs (FUSCHSAMV, 28 patients), and moderate AHs combined with moderate VHs (FUSCHMAMV, 26). Retinal impairment was similar among the four FUSCHAV groups. GMV reduction and gFCD increases in the frontal-parietal lobule show an inverted U-shaped pattern among FUSCHAV patients according to AH and VH severity, while retinal impairment remains stable among FUSCHAV groups. These findings indicate a reciprocal deterioration in auditory and visual disturbances among FUSCHAV patients.
Strategies to solve the reverse inference fallacy in future MRI studies of schizophrenia: a review
Authors: Zhuo Chuanjun , Li Gongying , Lin Xiaodong , Jiang Deguo , Xu Yong , Tian Hongjun , Wang Wenqiang , Song Xueqin
Published: April 2020

Few advances in schizophrenia research have been translated into clinical practice, despite 60 years of serum biomarkers studies and 50 years of genetic studies. During the last 30 years, neuroimaging studies on schizophrenia have gradually increased, partly due to the beautiful prospect that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia could be explained entirely by the Human Connectome Project (HCP). However, the fallacy of reverse inference has been a critical problem of the HCP. For this reason, there is a dire need for new strategies or research “bridges” to further schizophrenia at the biological level. To understand the importance of research “bridges,” it is vital to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the recent literature. Hence, in this review, our team has summarized the recent literature (1995–2018) about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of schizophrenia in terms of regional and global structural and functional alterations. We have also provided a new proposal that may supplement the HCP for studying schizophrenia. As postulated, despite the vast number of MRI studies in schizophrenia, the lack of homogeneity between the studies, along with the relatedness of schizophrenia with other neurological disorders, has hindered the study of schizophrenia. In addition, the reverse inference cannot be used to diagnose schizophrenia, further limiting the clinical impact of findings from medical imaging studies. We believe that multidisciplinary technologies may be used to develop research “bridges” to further investigate schizophrenia at the single neuron or neuron cluster levels. We have postulated about future strategies for overcoming the current limitations and establishing the research “bridges,” with an emphasis on multimodality imaging, molecular imaging, neuron cluster signals, single transmitter biomarkers, and nanotechnology. These research “bridges” may help solve the reverse inference fallacy and improve our understanding of schizophrenia for future studies.
Aberrant static and dynamic functional connectivity of the executive control network in lung cancer patients after chemotherapy: a longitudinal fMRI study
Authors: Hu Lanyue , Chen Huiyou , Su Wen , Zhang Yujie , You Jia , Gu Wei , Xiong Zhenyu , Yin Xindao , Chen Yu-Chen
Published: April 2020

Objective

The purpose of the current study was to investigate chemotherapy-related variations in the intrinsic static and dynamic functional connectivity (sFC and dFC, respectively) of the executive control network (ECN) in lung cancer patients.

Materials and methods

In this study, we evaluated 18 lung cancer patients scanned before and after adjuvant chemotherapy treatment and compared the patients with 21 healthy controls (HCs). All subjects underwent resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). We constructed the sFC and dFC of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using a sliding-window approach, and the correlations between the changed sFC or dFC and cognitive performance were analyzed.

Results

Whole-brain sFC analysis showed that the lung cancer patients showed significant FC pattern changes in the bilateral DLPFC, mainly in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobe and the right insula. Furthermore, after chemotherapy, the lung cancer patients showed significantly reduced dFC variability between the right DLPFC and right precuneus compared with HCs. In addition, the decreased dFC between the right DLPFC and left SFG in the lung cancer patients after chemotherapy in state 1 and between the right DLPFC and left insula in the lung cancer patients before chemotherapy in state 2 were negatively correlated with MoCA scores ((r = -0.520, p = 0.039; r = -0.548, p = 0.028, respectively).

Conclusions

Our results reveal that dynamic connectivity analysis is more effective and sensitive than methods that assume static brain states for linking brain FC patterns and chemotherapy.
Assessment of battery storage utilization in distribution feeders
Authors: Almehizia Abdullah A. , Al-Ismail Fahad S. , Alohali Nasser S. , Al-Shammari Meshal M.
Published: April 2020

The paper is concerned with the assessment of energy storage systems at the distribution level. Several projects related to energy storage are reviewed and analyzed for a better understanding of the motivation and benefits gained from such technology. Different applications and technologies of energy storage (ES) are identified, as well as the distinguishing characteristics of these ES technologies. The role of ES in the transition to a sustainable energy system is also identified and discussed. A sizing and location optimization study is conducted to realize the operational impact of installing battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in an existed distribution network in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The results will quantify the economic return that BESSs can offer for the electrical network, which would improve the decision making of the electric utility towards handling increasing load demand and power quality issues.
The Role of Spinal Cord CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Signalling in Chronic Pain
Authors: Montague-Cardoso Karli , Mrozkova Petra , Malcangio Marzia
Published: April 2020

Purpose of Review

Chronic pain is a distressing condition that is ineffectively treated at present. In order to develop novel, more efficacious analgesics for chronic pain, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required. Despite chronic pain initially being considered as a neurocentric process, the role of communication between immune cells and neurons has been shown to be essential to the modulation of chronic pain. In the spinal cord, chemokine-mediated communication between microglia and neurons has been shown to play a crucial mechanistic role in preclinical chronic pain.

Recent Findings

Here, we present convincing evidence specifically for the role of the neuronal chemokine, fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1, which is expressed by microglia, in mediating neuronal/microglia crosstalk in the spinal cord in the context of preclinical pain behaviour.

In light of the compelling preclinical evidence and emerging clinical evidence, we consider the promising therapeutic potential of manipulating this signalling partnership for the treatment of chronic pain.
High Tensile Strength Increases Multifunctional Use of Survival Blankets in Wilderness Emergencies
Authors: Isser Markus , Kranebitter Hannah , Fink Hansjörg , Wiedermann Franz J. , Lederer Wolfgang
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Metallic survival blankets are multifunctional medical devices frequently used to provide thermal insulation in sport and leisure activities and in emergency care. To assess further properties of survival blankets, we investigated their breaking strength under laboratory conditions.

Methods

An experimental study was performed with 2 commercially available survival blankets used by emergency medical services. Breaking strength measured with a tensile testing machine was determined consecutively with 10 tests conducted per brand.

Results

Breaking strength (mean±SD) of the tested brands was 3.8±0.4 kN, (range: 2.8–4.1 kN) and 4.0±0.5 kN (range: 3.2–4.6 kN). When using the windlass of a commercially available tourniquet for the longitudinally folded survival blanket, the windlass bent at a force of 0.8 kN; when using a carabiner, the force exceeded 3.6 kN before failure occurred in both blanket brands.

Conclusions

Both brands of survival blankets show impressive tensile strength, indicating that they have the potential to serve as temporary pelvic binders or even as makeshift tourniquets when urgent bleeding control is needed.
Medieval Masculinities and Violence: Weapon-Related Trauma in Skeletal Assemblages from Two Religious Houses in Iceland and Sweden
Authors: Sundman Elin Ahlin , Kjellström Anna
Published: April 2020

Previous research has shown that physical violence had a normative presence in medieval Nordic societies. In this study, weapon-related trauma (WRT) was examined in human skeletal assemblages from two religious houses, Skriðuklaustur in Iceland, and Västerås in Sweden. The aims were to identify patterns of WRT and to relate these to the masculinities of different groups of men. Violence was a prominent component of identity among lay men, especially for men with warrior experience. The use of violence was more problematic among clerics. The hypothesis that these notions of ideal masculine behaviour would affect the ways in which masculinities were enacted and would be reflected in the patterns of WRT was borne out by the results of this study. No WRT was identified among the canons and lay brothers in Skriðuklaustur, but it was present in about thirty per cent of the males interpreted as belonging to the lay elite buried in the northern part of the church at Västerås.
Carlo Passaglia and Pius IX: An Ecclesiological Conflict
Authors: ROSSI VALFREDO MARIA
Published: April 2020

This article presents a case of conflict and resistance within the Catholic Church: that of Carlo Passaglia (1812–87). It aims to show that although the conflict is usually attributed to Passaglia's liberal political ideas, it was actually rooted in his innovative ecclesiological model. In turn the article presents the origin of the conflict, an account of Passaglia's theological point of view and, finally, how Passaglia lived this conflict and the particular form of resistance that he elaborated.
‘Enemy Agents at Work’: A microhistory of the 1954 Adamjee and Karnaphuli riots in East Pakistan
Authors: UDDIN LAYLI
Published: April 2020

Between March and May 1954, an election and two riots took place in East Pakistan, with far-reaching implications. On 30 May, the prime minister of Pakistan, in a bellicose tone, declared that ‘enemy agents’ and ‘disruptive forces’ were at work and imposed governor's rule for the first time in East Pakistan. The autocratic and high-handed attitude of the Central government in Karachi over the seemingly wayward East Wing was to become a portent of future conflicts between the province and the state, eventually leading to the unmaking of Pakistan in 1971. What precipitated the 1954 crisis? Who were the enemy agents and disruptive forces that the prime minister had alluded to? The reference was to the Bengali labourers in East Pakistan—the main protagonists of the 1954 Karnaphuli Paper Mill and Adamjee Jute Mill riots. These were the most violent industrial riots in the history of United Pakistan, if not the subcontinent. Using sensitive materials obtained from multiple archives, this article dismantles the conventional thesis that these riots were ‘Bengali–Bihari riots’, fanned by the flames of Bengali provincialism at the political level, or events instigated by the Centre to derail the democratic hopes of the Bengali population of Pakistan. A microhistory of the events demonstrates a more complex picture of postcolonial labour formations and solidarities; the relationship between state-led industrialization and refugee rehabilitation, and conflicting visions of sovereignty. This is a story of estrangement between employers and workers over the question of who were the real sovereigns of labour, capital, and Pakistan itself.
Mapping spatial cultures: contributions of space syntax to research in the urban history of the nineteenth-century city
Authors: Griffiths Sam , Vaughan Laura
Published: April 2020

The theory and methods of space syntax can help to rebalance the prevailing cultural perspective, which views maps as ideological representations, with an analytical approach that emphasizes maps as sources for understanding space and spatial relationships embedded in built forms. The quantitative descriptions of urban street networks produced by space syntax analyses can be used to formulate and test hypotheses about patterns of urban movement, encounter and socio-economic activity in the past that can help in the interpretation of other historical source materials to give an overall account of urban spatial culture. In this article, the authors explain how space syntax, a theory and method originally developed in the field of architectural research, is making a distinctive contribution to research in social and urban history. The key principles of the method are explained by clarifying the relationship of space syntax to HGIS (Historical Geographical Information Systems) and through a worked example of research undertaken into political meeting places. A survey of research into the urban history of the nineteenth-century city using space syntax is used to highlight a number of important methodological themes and also demonstrates the range of innovative contributions that this interdisciplinary approach is able to advance. A final, theoretical, section reflects on maps and the practice of ‘mapping’ from a space syntax perspective.
Playing with Forms and with Concepts of ‘Form’: Proportion, Symmetry, and Seriality in Modern Visual Poetry
Authors: Schmitz-Emans Monika
Published: April 2020

Starting from a distinction between different historical and philosophical concepts of ‘form’ as they have been discussed by Władysław Tatarkiewicz, this article argues that visual poetry is constituted and concretely shaped by its implicit, sometimes even explicit, reflection upon ‘form’. In three paragraphs different concepts of ‘form’ are briefly discussed with regard to selected examples of visual poems: (1) form as ‘proportion’; (2) form as the counter-concept of ‘content’; and (3) form in the sense of ‘contour’. The first part focuses on examples of twentieth-century visual poetry playing with the sonnet form and exposes its rigidly proportional visual structure. In addition, the strategy of turning form to serial account is illustrated. There is a long tradition of engaging with the sonnetʼs history and generic features via the very sonnet form, either in order to defend this highly artificial poetic genre (as an example by August Wilhelm Schlegel illustrates), or in order to criticize or parody it. Visual poetry sonnets reduce this poetic genre to its proportions, thus questioning under which preconditions the reader identifies a ‘sonnet’ at all. The second section of the article presents two examples of concrete visual poetry (by Eugen Gomringer and Mathias Goeritz) that play with the notion of ‘content’ by foregrounding this ludic element and the poetic processes that are represented indirectly by the respective poems’ visual structure. The third section is dedicated to the complementary concepts of ‘outline’ and ‘dissolved contours’, focusing on the contrast between traditional instances of the contour poem and more recent examples (Carlfriedrich Claus, Eugen Gomringer) which expose the tension between form and its dissolution.
Self-concept, post-traumatic self-appraisals and post-traumatic psychological adjustment: what are the relationships?
Authors: Engelbrecht Alberta , Jobson Laura
Published: April 2020

Background:

Cognitive models of post-traumatic psychological adjustment have implicated both self-concept and self-appraisals in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Two studies investigated the relationship between self-concept and trauma-related self-appraisals, and whether culture influenced this relationship.

Method:

In Study 1, a student sample (Asiann= 41, Britishn= 34) who self-identified as having been through a trauma or extremely stressful event completed measures of self-concept, trauma-related self-appraisals and trauma-related distress. Study 2 extended this by asking Asian (n= 47) and British (n= 48) trauma survivors with and without PTSD to complete the same self measures as those administered in Study 1.

Results:

Study 1 found that overall for the British group, disruptions in self-concept (i.e. self-discrepancies and trauma-themed self-concept) correlated significantly with negative self, world and self-blame appraisals and depression. However, the same was not found in the Asian group. Study 2 found that pan-culturally those with PTSD had greater self-discrepancies and trauma-defined self-concept than those without PTSD. Additionally, pan-culturally, trauma-defined self-concept correlated significantly with negative self appraisals and depression; ideal self-discrepancies correlated significantly with negative self-appraisals across cultures and depression for the British group; while ought self-discrepancies correlated significantly with negative world appraisals for the Asian group and negative self and self-blame appraisals for the British. Lastly, negative self, world and self-blame appraisals correlated with symptoms of depression.

Conclusions:

Taken together, the findings relay the important associations between appraisals, self-concept and post-traumatic psychological adjustment.
Designing healthier and acceptable diets using data envelopment analysis
Authors: Kanellopoulos Argyris , Gerdessen Johanna C , Ivancic Ante , Geleijnse Johanna M , Bloemhof-Ruwaard Jacqueline M , van’t Veer Pieter
Published: April 2020

Objective:

The objective of this research is to propose methodology that can be used to benchmark current diets based on their nutrient intakes and to provide guidelines for improving less healthy diets in a way that is acceptable for the studied population.

Design:

We discuss important limitations of current diet models that use optimisation techniques to design healthier and acceptable diets. We illustrate how data envelopment analysis could be used to overcome such limitations, and we describe mathematical models that can be used to calculate not only healthier but also acceptable diets.

Setting:

We used data from the Nutrition Questionnaires plus dataset of habitual diets of a general population of adult men and women in The Netherlands (n1735).

Participants:

Adult population.

Results:

We calculated healthier diets with substantial higher intakes of protein, fibre, Fe, Ca, K, Mg and vitamins, and substantially lower intakes of Na, saturated fats and added sugars. The calculated diets are combinations of current diets of individuals that belong to the same age/gender group and comprise of food item intakes in proportions observed in the sample.

Conclusions:

The proposed methodology enables the benchmarking of existing diets and provides a framework for proposing healthier alternative diets that resemble the current diet in terms of foods intake as much as possible.
Body image disorders associated with lifestyle and body composition of female adolescents
Authors: Miranda Valter PN , Amorim Paulo Roberto S , Bastos Ronaldo R , Souza Vitor GB , Faria Eliane R , Franceschini Sylvia CC , Teixeira Paula C , de Morais Núbia de S , Priore Silvia E
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To investigate the association between body image disorders and the lifestyle and body composition of female adolescents.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and Silhouette Scale and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 were used to evaluate the participants’ body image. Body composition was evaluated by a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry equipment, and lifestyles were identified by latent class analysis (LCA) using the poLCA package for R.

Participants:

Female adolescents aged 14–19 years old, in the city of Viçosa-MG, Brazil.

Results:

In total, 405 girls participated in the study. Almost half of the participants were dissatisfied with their current physical appearance (51·4 %), presented body perception distortions (52·9 %). 47·3 % of the adolescents were dissatisfied with their body according to the BSQ, and another 8 % severely so. Subjects with an ‘Inactive and Sedentary’ latent lifestyle were 1·71 times as likely to feel dissatisfied as those with active and sedentary or inactive and non-sedentary lifestyles (95 % CI 1·08, 2·90, P = 0·047). Body image disorders showed an association with decreased amounts of moderate and vigorous physical activity, high screen time, increased alcohol consumption and excess body fat.

Conclusions:

Particular patterns of lifestyle and body composition seem to be associated in female adolescents with dissatisfaction with, distortion of and excessive concern about appearance. Specifically, physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption and high body fat percentage may be strongly linked to body image disorders.
Veterans as a Social Movement: The American Legion, the First Hoover Commission, and the Making of the American Welfare State
Authors: Burtin Olivier
Published: April 2020

This article challenges the conventional view of veterans’ politics in the United States as an “iron triangle” or a “subgovernment,” terms that connote a low-profile field dominated by a small number of elite actors operating consensually behind closed doors. It shows instead that veterans’ affairs were at the center of a heated national debate to which both grassroots activists and national leaders contributed as part of a larger social movement, as demonstrated by the controversy over the First Hoover Commission. Created by Congress in 1947 to find ways to make the executive branch more efficient, the commission’s proposals to reform veterans’ affairs were all defeated by the countercampaign of the largest and most influential veterans’ group of the era, the American Legion. Former soldiers were not alone (they benefited from the assistance of key state actors such as the heads of the Veterans Administration and of the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs) but their mobilization proved decisive. This episode shows that even veterans of World War II, traditionally seen as the most deserving cohort of former soldiers in US history (the “Greatest Generation”), had to organize to defend their benefits against attacks. The privileged position of veterans in the US welfare state is therefore less the result of their exalted cultural status (as is often presumed) than of their ability to mobilize politically and to override the preferences of significant numbers of public and private actors—just like any other group making claims on the state.
Is the Relation Between the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure and the Magnetopause Standoff Distance so Straightforward?
Authors: Samsonov A. A. , Bogdanova Y. V. , Branduardi‐Raymont G. , Sibeck D. G. , Toth G.
Published: April 2020

We present results of global magnetohydrodynamic simulations which reconsider the relationship between the solar wind dynamic pressure (Pd) and magnetopause standoff distance (RSUB). We simulate the magnetospheric response to increases in the dynamic pressure by varying separately the solar wind density or velocity for northward and southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We obtain different values of the power law indices N in the relation
depending on which parameter, density, or velocity, has been varied and for which IMF orientation. The changes in the standoff distance are smaller (higher N) for a density increase for southward IMF and greater (smaller N) for a velocity increase. An enhancement of the solar wind velocity for a southward IMF increases the magnetopause reconnection rate and Region 1 current that move the magnetopause closer to the Earth than it appears in the case of density increase for the same dynamic pressure.
Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6
Authors: Notz Dirk , Community SIMIP
Published: April 2020

We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. We find that CMIP6 models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic sea‐ice area, capturing the observational estimate within the multimodel ensemble spread. The CMIP6 multimodel ensemble mean provides a more realistic estimate of the sensitivity of September Arctic sea‐ice area to a given amount of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and to a given amount of global warming, compared with earlier CMIP experiments. Still, most CMIP6 models fail to simulate at the same time a plausible evolution of sea‐ice area and of global mean surface temperature. In the vast majority of the available CMIP6 simulations, the Arctic Ocean becomes practically sea‐ice free (sea‐ice area <1 × 106 km2) in September for the first time before the Year 2050 in each of the four emission scenarios SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, and SSP5‐8.5 examined here.
On the Use of Aeromagnetism for Geological Interpretation: 2. A Case Study on Structural and Lithological Features in the Northern Vosges
Authors: Bertrand L. , Gavazzi B. , Mercier de Lépinay J. , Diraison M. , Géraud Y. , Munschy M.
Published: April 2020

In many grabens of the West European Rift System, several drilling projects are targeting fluid conductive faults to produce electricity with geothermal energy. In order to reach the adequate temperatures, the targeted faults are located in the basement rocks or at the basement/cover interface. Unfortunately, the basement rock facies and structural data useful for reservoir modeling are often poorly constrained because of the lack of boreholes deeper than 2,000 m and seismic information on the deep subsurface. With the aim to outline the basement structure in the Upper Rhine Graben, two aeromagnetic surveys were conducted where the basement outcrops in the Northern Vosges, with different flight parameters and types of magnetometers. An interpolator using equivalent sources for gridding these two surveys is described by Gavazzi et al. (2020). Here, we describe the geological interpretation of these surveys. We demonstrate the consistency between the total magnetic field intensity and the outcropping lithological units organized in ENE‐WSW subvertical bands. In detail, three main blocks were delineated, separated by N‐S faults linked to the graben formation and ENE‐WSW‐inherited Hercynian faults. The latter faults, together with more local NE‐SW and NW‐SE faults, compartmentalize the N‐S‐oriented basement rocks. This is relevant for geothermal prospection where the N‐S faults are the main targets because fluid flow through other fault systems is deemed restricted. With a focus on the interface between the Northern Vosges and the Upper Rhine Graben, we also demonstrate considerable segmentation on the main graben boundary faults.
Intraseasonal Kelvin Waves in the Equatorial Indian Ocean and Their Propagation into the Indonesian Seas
Authors: Pujiana Kandaga , McPhaden Michael J.
Published: April 2020

Intraseasonal oceanic variations in the Indian Ocean are prominent mode of variability affecting evolution of the Indian Ocean Dipole, the semiannual Wyrtki jets, and the Indonesian throughflow. This study describes the structure and propagation of wind‐forced intraseasonal Kelvin waves along the equator in the Indian Ocean and their penetration into the Indonesian seas. For this purpose, we use an unprecedented multiyear (2004–2016) moored velocity time series data set from the equatorial central and eastern Indian Ocean, moored time series from Lombok, Makassar, and Ombai straits; satellite altimetry, and other oceanic and atmospheric data products. The waves are generated by zonal wind fluctuations with periods of approximately 20–90 days. They propagate eastward along the equator at speeds close to that of a second baroclinic mode (with estimates ranging between 1.3 and 1.7 ms−1 depending on method) and have an exponential latitudinal decay scale away from the equator of ∼250 km. Phase also propagates upward, implying downward energy propagation, consistent with wind energy source at the surface. As the waves encounter the coast of Sumatra, they partially reflect into Rossby waves that radiate energy westward back into the ocean interior. Some wave energy also propagates southward along the coasts of Sumatra and Java and can be traced into Lombok, Ombai, and Makassar straits at lags of about 2–3 weeks. The implications of these results for understanding variability in the Indian Ocean and its connectivity with the Indonesian seas are discussed.
The Role of Tides in Ocean‐Ice Shelf Interactions in the Southwestern Weddell Sea
Authors: Hausmann U. , Sallée J.‐B. , Jourdain N. C. , Mathiot P. , Rousset C. , Madec G. , Deshayes J. , Hattermann T.
Published: April 2020

To investigate the role of tides in Weddell Sea ocean‐ice shelf melt interactions, and resulting consequences for ocean properties and sea ice interactions, we develop a regional ocean‐sea ice model configuration, with time‐varying ocean boundary and atmospheric forcing, including the deep open ocean (at 2.5–4 km horizontal resolution), the southwestern continental shelf (≈2.5 km), and the adjacent cavities of eastern Weddell, Larsen, and Filchner‐Ronne ice shelves (FRIS, 1.5–2.5 km). Simulated circulation, water mass, and ice shelf melt properties compare overall well with available open ocean and cavity observational knowledge. Tides are shown to enhance the kinetic energy of the time‐varying flow in contact with the ice shelves, thereby increasing melt. This dynamically driven impact of tides on net melting is to almost 90% compensated by cooling through the meltwater that is produced but not quickly exported from regions of melting in the Weddell Sea cold‐cavity regime. The resulting systematic tide‐driven enhancement of both produced meltwater and its refreezing on ascending branches of, especially the FRIS, cavity circulation acts to increase net ice shelf melting (by 50% in respect to the state without tides, ≈50 Gt yr−1). In addition, tides also increase the melt‐induced FRIS cavity circulation, and the meltwater export by the FRIS outflow. Simulations suggest attendant changes on the open‐ocean southwestern continental shelf, characterized by overall freshening and small year‐round sea ice thickening, as well as in the deep southwestern Weddell Sea in the form of a marked freshening of newly formed bottom waters.
Implementation and Evaluation of an Improved Lake Scheme in Beijing Climate Center Atmosphere‐Vegetation Interaction Model
Authors: Qiu Bo , Huang Anning , Shi Xueli , Dai Yongjiu , Wei Nan , Guo Weidong , Li Weiping , Lazhu  , Zhang Yanwu , Fu Zhipeng , Ling Xiaolu
Published: April 2020

To improve the performance of the second generation of Beijing Climate Center Atmosphere‐Vegetation Interaction Model (BCC_AVIM2.0) with a fine resolution (~45 km) over lake‐rich areas, the default lake scheme in BCC_AVIM2.0 is replaced by the Common Land Surface Model (CoLM)‐Lake scheme with much more realistic treatments of the energy exchanges in the snow‐ice‐water‐sediment system relative to the default lake scheme. Results show that the lake surface temperature (LST) biases produced by BCC_AVIM2.0 with the default lake scheme can be largely reduced by adopting the CoLM‐Lake scheme in winter due to much more realistically simulated vertical water temperature profiles over the Great Lakes region. The spatial distributions and seasonal variations of the LST simulations can also be significantly improved by the CoLM‐Lake scheme within BCC_AVIM2.0. The performances of BCC_AVIM2.0 in simulating the lake ice in winter can be largely improved by replacing the default lake scheme with the CoLM‐Lake scheme. The improvements in the LST simulated by BCC_AVIM2.0 with the CoLM‐Lake scheme further lead to reduced biases in the simulated ground surface temperature. The simulations of air temperature and precipitation in the coupled model are also improved by adopting the CoLM‐Lake scheme over the Great Lakes region, which indicates the improvements in simulating the energy and water exchange between the atmosphere and lakes. This study highlights the importance of a more realistic lake scheme in simulating the ground surface temperature and the energy exchanges between the atmosphere and lakes.
Understanding of Contemporary Regional Sea‐Level Change and the Implications for the Future
Authors: Hamlington Benjamin D. , Gardner Alex S. , Ivins Erik , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Reager J. T. , Trossman David S. , Zaron Edward D. , Adhikari Surendra , Arendt Anthony , Aschwanden Andy , Beckley Brian D. , Bekaert David P. S. , Blewitt Geoffrey , Caron Lambert , Chambers Don P. , Chandanpurkar Hrishikesh A. , Christianson Knut , Csatho Beata , Cullather Richard I. , DeConto Robert M. , Fasullo John T. , Frederikse Thomas , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Gilford Daniel M. , Girotto Manuela , Hammond William C. , Hock Regine , Holschuh Nicholas , Kopp Robert E. , Landerer Felix , Larour Eric , Menemenlis Dimitris , Merrifield Mark , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Nerem R. Steven , Nias Isabel J. , Nieves Veronica , Nowicki Sophie , Pangaluru Kishore , Piecuch Christopher G. , Ray Richard D. , Rounce David R. , Schlegel Nicole‐Jeanne , Seroussi Hélène , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Sweet William V. , Velicogna Isabella , Vinogradova Nadya , Wahl Thomas , Wiese David N. , Willis Michael J.
Published: April 2020

Global sea level provides an important indicator of the state of the warming climate, but changes in regional sea level are most relevant for coastal communities around the world. With improvements to the sea‐level observing system, the knowledge of regional sea‐level change has advanced dramatically in recent years. Satellite measurements coupled with in situ observations have allowed for comprehensive study and improved understanding of the diverse set of drivers that lead to variations in sea level in space and time. Despite the advances, gaps in the understanding of contemporary sea‐level change remain and inhibit the ability to predict how the relevant processes may lead to future change. These gaps arise in part due to the complexity of the linkages between the drivers of sea‐level change. Here we review the individual processes which lead to sea‐level change and then describe how they combine and vary regionally. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current state of understanding of the processes that cause regional sea‐level change and to identify and discuss limitations and uncertainty in our understanding of these processes. Areas where the lack of understanding or gaps in knowledge inhibit the ability to provide the needed information for comprehensive planning efforts are of particular focus. Finally, a goal of this paper is to highlight the role of the expanded sea‐level observation network—particularly as related to satellite observations—in the improved scientific understanding of the contributors to regional sea‐level change.
Record-Setting Winds on a Nearby Brown Dwarf
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: April 2020

Infrared and radio observations reveal zonal winds moving faster than 2,000 kilometers per hour on a “failed star” in our celestial neighborhood.
Mercury's Crustal Thickness Correlates With Lateral Variations in Mantle Melt Production
Authors: Beuthe Mikael , Charlier Bernard , Namur Olivier , Rivoldini Attilio , Van Hoolst Tim
Published: April 2020

Over the first billion years of Mercury's history, mantle melting and surface volcanism produced a secondary magmatic crust varying spatially in composition and mineralogy. By combining geochemical mapping from MESSENGER with laboratory experiments on partial melting, we translate the surface mineralogy into lateral variations of surface density and calculate the degree of mantle melting required to produce surface rocks. If lateral density variations extend through the whole crust, the local crustal thickness correlates well with the degree of mantle melting. Low‐degree mantle melting produced a thin crust below the northern volcanic plains (19±3 km), whereas high‐degree melting produced the thickest crust in the ancient high‐Mg region (50±12 km), refuting the hypothesis of an impact origin for that region. The thickness‐melting correlation has also been observed for the oceanic crust on Earth and might be a common feature of secondary crust formation on terrestrial planets.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates resistance to BCL-2 inhibitor in uveal melanoma cells
Authors: Bellini Lara , Strub Thomas , Habel Nadia , Pandiani Charlotte , Marchetti Sandrine , Martel Arnaud , Baillif Stéphanie , Bailly-Maitre Béatrice , Gual Philippe , Ballotti Robert , Bertolotto Corine
Published: April 2020

To address unmet clinical need for uveal melanomas, we assessed the effects of BH3-mimetic molecules, the ABT family, known to exert pro-apoptotic activities in cancer cells. Our results uncovered that ABT-263 (Navitoclax), a potent and orally bioavailable BCL-2 family inhibitor, induced antiproliferative effects in metastatic human uveal melanoma cells through cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and subsequently apoptotic cell death monitored by caspase activation and poly-ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. ABT-263-mediated reduction in tumor growth was also observed in vivo. We observed in some cells that ABT-263 treatment mounted a pro-survival response through activation of the ER stress signaling pathway. Blocking the PERK signaling pathway increased the pro-apoptotic ABT-263 effect. We thus uncovered a resistance mechanism in uveal melanoma cells mediated by activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Therefore, our study identifies ABT-263 as a valid therapeutic option for patients suffering from uveal melanoma.