bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transatlantic Legal Cooperation and the Future Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Hill Steven
Published: August 2022

Written from the perspective of a practitioner in the transatlantic arena, this chapter predicts factors that may develop between now and 2040 that would make legal interoperability, the traditional technique that has been used to manage differing legal views among allies within NATO, more difficult. After setting forth a working definition of that concept and some of the techniques that are used at both the operational and the political levels to manage differences, this chapter applies the principle to three broader policy trends: (1) increasing domestic accountability around use of force decisions; (2) developments in European defense; and (3) divergent transatlantic approaches related to data. For each of these emerging trends, the chapter identifies different ways in which the environment might evolve by 2040 and make some tentative prediction about what these might mean for the law of armed conflict.
Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State
Authors: Perkoski Evan
Published: August 2022

This chapter analyses the split between the Islamic State and Al Qaeda that took place in 2014. It provides an account of how the Islamic State transformed from Jama’at al-Tawhid wa’al-Jihad to Al Qaeda in Iraq to the Islamic State with a focus on the complex intraorganizational politics involved. This is not a typical case of organizational splintering and the goal is not to evaluate the book’s theory and purported mechanisms as in previous chapters. Instead, it demonstrates how factional politics and intragroup dynamics shaped the course of events and, consequently, how the book’s theoretical lens is useful even in ambiguous cases of organizational splintering. From a policy perspective, this chapter also reveals how it was primarily intraorganizational politics, and not counterterrorist interventions by the US and others, that inspired this organizational split.
Conclusions, Implications, and Future Research
Authors: Perkoski Evan
Published: August 2022

This chapter begins with a brief summary of the book including its theory and main findings. It then turns to the book’s implications for researchers and policymakers. For researchers, these findings challenge the conventional wisdom that splinters exhibit common trajectories and universally emerge to spoil peace. They also challenge the overwhelming focus on external events and group characteristics to explain organizational splits, and they suggest focusing more on intragroup politics that provide greater analytic leverage. For policymakers, these findings urge a reconsideration of existing approaches to dividing armed groups as a means of defeating them. Policies to blindly fragment armed groups re uncertain at best and counterproductive at worst. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how this theoretical approach could help explain other outcomes as well, like parent-splinter cooperation and conflict, and splits among other entities like nonviolent resistance groups.
Forcing Reform onto a Two-Party System
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: August 2022

This chapter gives the structure of the rest of the book, puts the Progressive Era into comparative perspective, and gives reasons for the stability of ‘ranked-choice’ systems in other countries (i.e., the Alternative Vote and single transferable vote, or STV). Key themes include America’s relative lack of pre-reform multi-partism, a search for local-level ‘demonstration cases,’ the attractiveness of anti-party advocacy frames, and the STV-specific problem of inter-party preference flows. Key points from subsequent chapters are given.
Party Government and Electoral Reform
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: August 2022

This chapter lays out the "shifting coalitions" theory of electoral reform and applies it to out-of-sample reform episodes. The key premise is that electoral-system change is about control of government. The motivating model is based on multiple policy dimensions, resulting in a coalition with internal tensions. Reform involves the activation of such tensions. Three reform types result: insulating, realigning, and polarizing. Five bargaining dimensions in reform are laid out: assembly size, district magnitude, ballot type, allocation rule, and rules about nominations. Reforms can be pro- or anti-party, depending on the composition of the reform coalition. In turn, that composition depends partly on the pre-existing number of parties. Finally, reforms shape governance in the medium term by shaping the number of "bargaining units."
Spreading the Reform Template
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: August 2022

Reform coalitions can be insulating or realigning (setting aside for now the “polarizing” mode in Chapter 7). Further, they can be pro- or anti-party. This chapter documents reform coalitions in STV-adopting cities, contrasting them with negative cases (STV failures and non-STV reform “victories”). Based on available information, all were of the anti-party-realigning type. None involved a strictly multi-party reform coalition, which explains why STV and other features of the Model City Charter were not revisited. STV found traction in relatively competitive jurisdictions where reformers were able to split the dominant party, then bring it into coalition with the main out-party. Key exceptions are Cleveland and New York City, whose reform coalitions also contained minor parties. Sources of dominant-party disunity include organized labor, targets of ethnic discrimination, and local women’s movements.
Legislative Limbo, Polarizing Repeal
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: August 2022

This chapter uses roll-call and electoral data to analyze “polarizing” episodes in three key cases. Two of these, Cincinnati and New York City, have been prominent in STV historiography. A third, Worcester (MA), reveals the same basic patterns. Legislative roll rates, transfer-leakage rates, and visual evidence of realignment predict repeal efforts. They also account for passing observations, in STV historiography, about the behavior of key players. Repeal efforts do not succeed when third parties and/or independents offset defections from “good government” parties. A fourth case, Cambridge (MA), does not repeal STV despite experiencing similar levels of transfer leakage. Rather, the “good government” group begins to limit nominations. Anecdotes suggest similar problems in other cities. Nationally, movement leaders and political scientists come to see STV as a problematic way to deliver minority representation.
More Parties or No Parties?
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: August 2022

This chapter summarizes the book and suggests that history is repeating in key ways. Again, STV has intellectual traction because it is compatible with nonpartisanship. Other forms of "ranked-choice voting" are seen as ways to familiarize ranked ballots. These developments are broadly similar to compromises made in 1913. The chapter then uses history to speculate about the future. Non-use of rankings and independents’ poor performance may lead to reduced interest in majority systems. STV may find traction to satisfy independents, as well as proponents of descriptive representation. As for Congress, "shifting coalitions" theory does not suggest an obvious adoption path. Reformers again may seek "demonstration cases" in state and local government. Yet STV may not "work" if the underlying number of parties remains two, if "reform slates" do not limit their nominations, or STV is not modified to promote party competition. Party-list systems are another option, but these have not ever found traction.
Mass Opinion in Context
Authors: Zingher Joshua N.
Published: August 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of how much Americans know about politics. It provides an overview of the different perspectives, which vary from “Americans know next to nothing” to “Americans are reasonably competent.” It argues that Americans are more competent than they often get credit for. The chapter then moves on to discuss the key dispositions that shape Americans’ political behaviors: policy orientations and partisanship, as well as the interrelationships between them. The chapter then provides some descriptive evidence that demonstrates how the predictive power of partisanship and policy orientations has increased, arguing that heightened elite polarization drives these changes.
Worldwide Changes in the Lives of Children and Youth
Authors: Gielen Uwe P. , Kim Sunghun
Published: August 2022

Adopting a socioecological perspective, this chapter focuses on selected long-term global changes in the lives of children and youth. After comparing children’s lives in small, pedestrian hunter–gatherer groups with those in larger peasant societies and today’s digital information societies, the emphasis shifts to a discussion of children and youth in China and South Korea. There follows a delineation of global trends and the impact of globalization on the lives and identities of children, adolescents, and emerging adults. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child and the ongoing efforts by the United Nations to assess and support worldwide improvements in the lives of children, especially in the poorer countries.
The Pursuit of Honor
Authors: Cross Susan E. , Üskül Ayşe K.
Published: August 2022

Why are people around the world willing to sacrifice for honor? This chapter addresses that question with a focus on the little-researched cultural context of Turkey. When compared to European Americans from northern US states, Turkish people have richer conceptions of the concept of honor, and they perceive that a greater variety of situations are imbued with honor-related implications. They respond to honor-relevant situations with more intense emotions and are more sensitive to sharing content in social media that could lead to shame or disrepute. This research replicates previous findings of the link between honor and aggression, and it showed that honor threats impair goal pursuit more among Turkish participants. Turkish participants react more strongly to a charge that they behaved dishonestly (i.e., an honor threat) than to a charge that they were incompetent, compared to European American participants in northern US states. This research provides an important extension to previous research focused on the southern states in the United States.
Culture and Negotiation Strategy
Authors: Brett Jeanne M.
Published: August 2022

This chapter reviews the theory and research linking culture, negotiation strategy, and joint gains. It distinguishes between motivational and behavioral theories of negotiation strategy but concludes that two theories of strategy are functionally equivalent with respect to predicting joint gains as both measure value-claiming and value-creating strategy. It explains how the intersection of cultural levels of trust and tightness–looseness account for cultural differences in the use of negotiation strategy. It concludes, based on a meta-analysis, that value-creating negotiation strategy as conceptualized and measured by motivational or behavioral theory predicts joint gains in Western, but not in non-Western, culture negotiations.
Foresight, Punishment, and Cooperation
Authors: Gavrilets Sergey
Published: August 2022

Understanding the evolution of social behaviors, norms, and institutions, which are at the core of all human cultures, requires understanding human decision-making processes. Two important characteristics of humans are that people care about future payoffs and that they have the “theory of mind” which allows them to predict to a certain extent the reaction of their social partners to their own actions. In evolutionary game theory, these characteristics can be modeled by a recently introduced strategy update method called foresight. This chapter discusses applications of foresight to several evolutionary games describing the effects of punishment on cooperation in repeated dyadic or group interactions. It is argued that foresight is able to solve both the first and second order free-rider problems, simplifying cooperation and the evolution of social institutions. Moreover, it can maintain social norms. Foresight can also undermine cooperation by allowing for manipulation and tactical deception.
Practicing Peace
Authors: Glas Aarie
Published: August 2022

This book offers a comparative regional perspective on the conflictual long peace of Southeast Asia and South America. In South America, despite persistent territorial disputes and regime instability, war has been the exception rather than the rule since the 1940s. In Southeast Asia since the 1960s, war has largely eluded the region’s states, despite territorial disputes and interstate rivalries that remain all but endemic. This book explores and accounts for these realities. It finds that regional interstate relations are shaped by particular habitual dispositions, discrete sets of processual and substantive qualities of relations understood and enacted largely as a matter of course by diplomatic communities of practice. Different habitual dispositions in each case shape conflict management and regionalism in important ways and lead to a tolerance of limited regional violence. The book expands on new developments in social international relations theory to develop a practice-oriented and interpretive account of regional relations, drawing on detailed interviews with regional practitioners. The book centers on exploring the existence of habitual dispositions in each case and tracing their role across crucial cases of regional conflict management, including the Southeast Asian response to the Preah Vihear dispute in 2011 and the South American response to the Cenepa conflict in 1995.
The Space Between
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

The Space Between argues that empathy makes us less, not more, biased, contrary to what many seem to think. How? The fact is that a person sits in the center of a web of relationships with her body, her environment, her interests, and other people. These relationships shape how she thinks about herself and the world around her, what she needs, what she wants, and what she values. This is a perspective. We each have one. It represents the significance of the world to us. At the same time, it ignores what matters to others and how or what we are to them. Taking another person’s perspective is a way of reorienting that egocentric image so that it centers on someone else. Relying on empirical evidence from psychology and neuroscience, philosopher Heidi Maibom argues that although a perspective is unique to a person in some ways, it nonetheless possesses characteristics common to all perspectives. This commonality enables us to use our own first-person perspective to represent what matters to others, by imagining that we are at the center of their web of relationships. It also helps reveal who we actually are. It is this form of shifting perspectives that is at the core of impartiality, Maibom argues, and not the cold, scientific eye of so-called objectivity. Why? Because perspectives are ineliminable. A point of view is always a point of view, only an “objective” one leaves out many of the things that matter to human beings.
The Health Harms of Incarceration and Punishment
Authors: Glied Sherry , Judkins Alesha , Lumumba Rukia
Published: August 2022

This chapter documents how and why the nation’s incarceration problem is not only a justice problem—it is also a health problem. After a brief statistical review, a dean at NYU/Wagner offers a dire health profile of those who cycle through prisons and jails. A criminal justice reform expert from FWD.us discusses an “incarceration crisis” in Mississippi, where long prison sentences have become the norm. An attorney from the People’s Advocacy Institute explains that the health impacts of the criminal justice system begin long before an individual first comes into contact with law enforcement and continue through incarceration and reentry. The three contributors also identify opportunities to reverse incarceration trends, highlighting the role of education and early intervention, and the need to address the root causes of the health disparities that arise when society sends too many people to prison for too long.
Immigrant Health
Authors: Hall Mark , LeBrón Alana M.W. , Melo Milena A. , Morita Julie , Osoria Mariana
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, contributors review the impact of structural inequity and fear on immigrant health. Experts from the University of California, Irvine; Wake Forest University; the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; RWJF; and Family Focus discuss how the health of immigrants and the health of their communities are impacted by racism, inequities, and fear of participating in civic life—especially when people risk being deported and separated from their families. Along with research and data, the contributors offer poignant stories of what it means to live with increased surveillance in Texas, how immigration policies keep people from essential health programs in Illinois, and what the fear of being observed in ordinary activities does to health in North Carolina. The contributors also consider the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on immigrant communities.
The Ideology of Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B.
Published: August 2022

The Ideology of Democratism argues that history’s most vocal champions of democracy from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Jefferson to John Rawls put forth an interpretation of democracy that effectively transforms the meaning of “rule by the people” into its opposite. Making use of democratic language and claiming to speak for the people, politicians, philosophers, academics, religious, and many others advocate a more “complete” and “genuine” form of democracy that in practice has little regard for the actual popular will. This way of conceiving of democracy, which constitutes an entire view of life and politics, has been and remains a powerful influence in America and leading Western European nations and their colonial satellites. This book defines and describes the ideology of democratism through a look at some of its major historical contributors, including Rousseau, Jefferson, Woodrow Wilson, Jacques Maritain, Jürgen Habermas, John Rawls, and prominent figures in the George W. Bush administration. The findings of this book suggest that to the great political “isms” of the past two centuries must be added another of equal scope: democratism.
Introduction
Authors: Drevon Jerome
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the comparative study of al-Jamaʿa al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG) and Islamic Jihad (or Jihad Group, JG) in Egypt. After reviewing the literature on violence in Egypt, the introduction presents the analytical framework of the book based on contentious politics studies of violence. The chapter argues that jihadi groups’ evolution is better understood through the study of their radicalization and institutionalization. It then presents the two main argument of the book. First, that armed groups can radicalize in interaction with different actors; each mechanism of radicalization forces them to institutionalize along one dimension. The second argument is that the succession of several phases of radicalization and institutionalization shapes their long-term trajectories and strategic choices. The chapter concludes with the comparative framework of the research and its contribution to existing research.
The Emergence of Non-Violent Political Alternatives
Authors: Drevon Jerome
Published: August 2022

Chapter 6 analyzes the emergence of non-violent political alternatives. The chapter argues that the emergence of alternatives is contingent on the interactions of jihadi groups with the Islamist social movement and on the credibility of non-violent political alternatives. But jihadi groups do not necessarily join the political process when authoritarian regimes democratize. A consensual decision to create a political party is contingent on the ability of jihadi groups to take consensual decisions at the leadership level while maintaining the loyalty of their members, which in the case of the IG and JG was rooted in these groups’ institutionalized collective group identities.
Conclusion
Authors: Drevon Jerome
Published: August 2022

The conclusion of the book discusses this case study and its generalizability. It begins by discussing the disparate ways in which the IG and JG comparatively radicalized and institutionalized from the 1970s onwards. The chapter goes on to examine the strategic development of AQ and IS in light of the institutional trajectories of the IG and the JG. Finally, it concludes by examining the contribution of this book to existing debates on political violence and democracy and on the role of ideas before presenting new avenues for future research.
How to Make It as an AI
Authors: Graham S. Scott
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes the many continuities between artificial intelligence (AI) development and promotion. The chapter traces how success in AI is about building systems that are responsive to a wide range of sociotechnical system pressures that include scientific standards, clinical commitments, regulatory structures, and economic incentives. It details how these system pressures collide to create a fraught landscape for AI development and popularization. This chapter also explores how AI accuracy claims become the foundation of promotional claims and subsequent trust in new AI technologies. In so doing, the chapter investigates competing case studies in the development and promotion of diagnostic AI systems—a breast cancer detection system designed in an industry context and an open science approach to nail fungus diagnosis.
Introduction
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan
Published: August 2022

In efforts to explain mass killings, the role of ideology is deeply disputed. Most existing scholarship falls into one of two camps: a ‘traditional-ideological’ perspective which emphasizes extremist goals and hatreds that motivate ideologically committed perpetrators of mass killing, and a ‘sceptical’ perspective which portrays most perpetrators as lacking ideological commitment, and instead roots the violence in rational incentives and/or various forms of social pressure that arise in certain contexts of crisis. Challenging both these perspectives, this introductory chapter lays out the alternative ‘neo-ideological’ perspective advanced in the book, which understands mass killings as vitally rooted in ideologically radicalized visions of security politics. This involves two key arguments: first, that ideologies provide crucial justificatory narratives for mass killing by exploiting and stretching conventional strategic and moral ideas about security, and second, that ideologies shape violent behaviour in ways that extend beyond deep ideological commitment, binding diverse ‘perpetrator coalitions’ into violence.
Stalinist Repression
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines mass killing in Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union between 1930 and 1938. While it is not unusual to see Stalinist mass killing as ideologically rooted, many scholars assume a traditional-ideological account of this case, in which Stalinism provided a radical revolutionary utopia that necessitated the purging of class aliens from society. This chapter instead demonstrates that Stalinist violence did not flow directly from utopian goals, but was rooted in radical ideological narratives about Soviet state security. The chapter begins by detailing the contingent path to Stalinism’s ideological dominance—rooted as it was in the triumph of a hardline Leninist movement in the Russian civil war, and particular processes of subsequent ideological radicalization. The chapter then analyses the dynamics of ideological influence over (i) Stalinist elites, (ii) the Soviet state’s rank-and-file, and (iii) broader public attitudes, showing how these are crucial in explaining Stalinist mass killing.
The Rwandan Genocide
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan
Published: August 2022

In explaining the Rwandan Genocide, scholars have been divided on the role of ideology: with early studies often stressing the racist nationalism of Rwanda’s ‘Hutu power’ regime, while more recent work often questions the real levels of ideological commitment amongst the genocidaires. This chapter shows that while the Rwandan Genocide does not match a traditional-ideological image of mass hatreds and zealous belief, it still cannot be explained unless a hardline ethnonationalist narrative of the Rwandan civil war is accorded a central focus. The chapter traces the complex trajectory of hardline ideology in Rwanda from the period of colonial occupation through to the early 1990s. It then analyses the critical role played by ideology in shaping elite choices for genocide, before showing the varied but important impact of ideological belief and activism amongst rank-and-file agents in the genocide and the broader public (two categories that, in this case, overlapped heavily).
Basic properties of semiconductors
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents the basic properties of bulk semiconductors, their heterostructures and of Quantum Well (QW) structures. The outline of band structure, density-of-states (DOS), elementary transport properties, and optical processes in bulk semiconductors are first introduced. The heterostructure formation and different band alignments are then introduced. the first example of nanostructure, that is the QW, quantization of electron motion in it, DOS function, and a few optical processes are briefly introduced. elementary properties of multiple QWs, superlattices, quantum wires, and quantum dots are discussed next. Finally, strained heterostructures and band structure alteration due to strain are considered.
Macroscopic theory of optical processes
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

The present chapter deals with the macroscopic theory of light-matter interaction. By using the Maxwell’s equations, the wave equation is developed first for free space, and then for a dielectric, and a conductor. The relationship between refractive index and absorption coefficient is then established. The phase and group velocities of the EM wave are defined. The well-known damped harmonic oscillator model is then used to find expressions for real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility. At the end, the two-level atomic system is used to illustrate fundamental processes of light-matter interaction, namely, absorption, spontaneous, and stimulated emissions, and the rates of these processes in terms of Einstein’s A and B coefficients. Absorption, gain, and self-sustained oscillation in a medium with a Fabry–Perot resonator are discussed using the two-level atomic model.
Surface plasmon
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, the classical Drude model is used to understand the basic mechanism of plasma wave generation and sub-wavelength propagation, the concept of plasma frequency, the nature of variation of dielectric function, the dispersion relation of surface plasmons in metal-insulator and metal-insulator-metal structures, mentioning the excitation techniques. The use of metal-based plasmonics or alternative materials, like semiconductors in different ranges of EM spectra is examined. Since semiconductors and other conductors are the only materials suitable for mid-IR and THz regimes, the plasmonic properties of, and basic plasmonic devices made of semiconductors in these ranges are studied and discussed. At the end, the envisaged role of semiconductor plasmonics in information processing, uses in communication systems, and data centres will be mentioned. The chapter ends by covering a few applications like surface-enhanced Raman scattering and as biosensors.
Spasers, and plasmonic nanolasers
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

Surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (SPASER) produces emitters called a spaser for localized surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and a plasmonic nanolaser for propagating SPPs. This chapter introduces the first proposal for a spaser and its theory of amplification, and a simplified model for a spaser, and then presents the first three reports on spasers and plasmonic nanolasers. The theory of amplification of propagating SPPs in metal-semiconductor based structures and the rate equation analysis predict the extremely high value of the threshold current density due to extremely high metallic losses and a large Purcell factor. However, more careful studies reveal a high modal gain in M-S structure and further experiments confirm lower threshold for plasmonic nanolasers having sub-diffraction dimensions but increasingly high thresholds for photonic nanolasers with such small sizes. The current status for spasers and some application areas like their use in plasmonic interconnects for IC chips are finally mentioned.
Nanolasers
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

Important milestones in the path of development of semiconductor lasers are first indicated, followed by some basic equations related to semiconductor lasers. The design issues for attaining low threshold current, and high modulation bandwidth are then discussed. The chapter then focuses on nanolasers with their chronological development. The expression for normalized threshold in terms of the ratio of cavity loss and material loss with spontaneous emission coupling factor is then given, based on which a useful comparison of VCSELs, semiconductor nanolasers, spasers, and plasmonic nanolasers is made. Usage of nanolasers in optical interconnects, in particular, power needed to exceed thermal noise in receiver, modulation bandwidth, and linewidths are then evaluated and their efficacy to meet bandwidth and dissipation per bit stipulated by future data centres and computers are examined. In-built metal nanoparticle-based emitters in nanoantenna, based on inelastic electron tunnelling and resonant inelastic electron tunnelling are briefly discussed.
What Is Monism?
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

One True Logic defends logical monism. This chapter explores exactly what logical monism amounts to. First, it considers the notion of a true logic. The chapter argues, roughly, that a true logic must be admissible and must be supplemented with a notion of formalization, by which we render natural language sentences into the logic. The chapter goes on to discuss what the admissibility of a logic amounts to, as well as the notion of formalization. Logical monism is the view that there is one such true logic. An epistemic discussion about the role of the applied logician closes the chapter.
Against Pluralism
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

The chapter begins by offering a taxonomy of the many varieties of pluralism to be found in the literature. Some versions are deemed to be monism in disguise, and Beall and Restall’s, and Shapiro’s, positions are taken to be pluralism proper. The chapter opens by offering some arguments against each before starting to look at Shapiro’s pluralism—including a discussion of Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis. A novel metalogical argument against any form of pluralism proper is offered. If a form of pluralism countenances many logics then, this book argues, logical nihilism threatens. If a pluralism countenances fewer logics, then the pluralist faces an issue of motivation. Logical monism avoids all such issues.
The Overgeneration Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

This chapter considers the most serious objection to isomorphism invariance: overgeneration. As expressed by critics such as Feferman and Bonnay, this objection holds that isomorphism invariance renders logic in some sense sensitive to mathematics. In particular, if we accept isomorphism invariance, there will be sentences that are logically true just if the Continuum Hypothesis is true. It is argued here that the objection fails. The authors offer various precisifications and find that none of them succeeds in establishing a conclusion that should trouble the isomorphism invariantist. This discussion allows us to get much clearer on quite what it means for logic to be sensitive to mathematics, and offers much to help the defender of second-order logic.
The Absoluteness Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

In a similar vein to the themes of the previous chapter, some have charged isomorphism invariance with the absoluteness objection. The worry here is that the set-theoretic notions required to articulate isomorphism invariance are not absolute. To better understand this worry, the chapter first explores its possible motivations. First, there are meaning-theoretic motivations. Second, there are motivations stemming from anti-realism about set theory. Finally, there are motivations from the thought that logic and mathematics should be independent. Each one is taken in turn and found to be unconvincing. Isomorphism invariance survives the absoluteness objection.
An Introduction to Online Platforms
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

The emergence of online platforms has radically changed how goods and services are produced, supplied, and consumed. Online platforms became the primary vehicle of information flow between market players and now play a pivotal role in the economy and society. The magnitude of benefits brought by platforms cannot be overstated. Day-to-day benefits and gains range from easier communication thanks to social media and new types of online services, to the convenience and reduced transaction costs related to online purchases and home delivery, to the ubiquitous access to information offered by Internet search engines. But at the same time, as a small number of tech companies grow in dominance in the globally integrated business environment, non-negligible downsides have emerged: platforms have a great potential to cause harm. Given the complexity and the novelty of their business dynamics, market failures are particularly tricky to identify and address. It is the job of policymakers to verify whether the current regulatory framework is still adequate to ensure the correct functioning of markets and, if not, to propose efficient solutions. Updating competition policy and regulatory tools may be amongst those.
Technology and Employment
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Technology can improve workers’ productivity, but it can also make them redundant: if machines and algorithms can perform the same job faster and at a lower cost, why would anybody employ human workers? As it turns out, the previous industrial revolutions did not reduce the need for humans in labour markets. Instead, they induced a transformation of the jobs that workers were required to perform, creating new opportunities and tasks that only humans could pursue. It may be reasonable to expect that this time, with the Fourth Industrial Revolution brought about by technological progress, is not going to be any different. New jobs will be created, and technological adoption will not produce structural unemployment. However, even if this is the case, the transition is nevertheless costly and necessarily painful for a significant part of the working population. Thus, public policies are needed to protect workers temporarily displaced or in atypical employment contracts with wide and flexible social safety nets. Lifelong learning may be the best way to ensure a smooth transition to labour markets 4.0.
Sets and functions
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Basic mathematical language, including sets, relations, functions and basics of logic is introduced.
Groups
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

The algebraic structure of groups is defined, along with group homomorphisms. The example of permutation groups is discussed in some detail.
Lines and planes
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Lines in two dimensions and lines and planes in three dimension are studied in terms of their representations in parametric and Cartesian form. The results are applied to calculating intersections and minimal distances.
Computing with matrices
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Elementary row operations for matrices are defined and an algorithm for bringing matrices into upper echelon form is formulated. This algorithm is applied to calculating the rank and the inverse of matrices.
The Jordan normal form*
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

The Jordan normal form for linear maps is developed systematically. Generalised eigenspaces and nilpotent linear maps are defined. The structure of nilpotent maps is analysed in detail and this leads to the Jordan normal form. These results are applied to a number of examples, including matrices and differential operators.
Scalar products
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Symmetric and Hermitian scalar product on real and complex vector spaces are introduced. Examples include the standard scalar products on real and complex coordinate vector space, as well as scalar products on matrix and function vector spaces. The notion of an ortho-normal basis is defined and such bases are shown to exist from the Gram-Schmidt procedure.
Bi-linear and sesqui-linear forms*
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Bi-linear and sesqui-linear forms which are generalisations of scalar products are introduced. It is shown how the can be described by matrices and how matrix properties, such as being invertible or positive definite, relate to properties of the form. As an important example, the Minkowski product is discussed in detail. The Sylvester theorem classifying these forms in terms of the signature is proved. The results are applied to quadratic hyper-surfaces.
THE PLANET IN A GARDEN
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks into the geographic patterns of animals and plants. It highlights how the Wallace Line and other major biogeographical boundaries were discovered, as marking fundamental divisions between the animal and plant communities of Earth. It describes examples in Earth’s geological past when major communities mixed, as when North and South America joined. And it shows how these fundamental divisions are now dissolving worldwide, on the land and in the oceans, as neobiota or ‘introduced species’ have been transported by human activities, or have followed humans on their globe-trotting travels. This homogenization of life on Earth has reset the trajectory of Earth’s biological history, though also in some instances may help ecosystems cope better with the effects of climate change.
THE LOST WORLDS OF THE GIANTS
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan
Published: August 2022

This chapter opens with Earth’s gigantic animals, many of which we only know from museum specimens, not only because of ancient extinction events, but because the megafauna of the Ice Ages were among the first to be widely exterminated by human hunting. This has had profound impacts on the Earth’s ecosystems because of these animals’ important role in controlling vegetation patterns. Island extinctions are covered too, both on land with examples such as the Rodrigues Solitaire bird, and increasingly beneath the sea, with seamount communities now threatened by plans for deep-sea mining. The patterns of the great prehistoric mass extinction events are explored, and it is shown how some extinctions—of the rare velvet worms, for instance—might have an evolutionary impact belying their small numbers. The chapter ends by discussing how some of these worrying trends might be halted, at large scales with rewilding, and also at smaller scales, in our own gardens.
The Parrot in the Mirror
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone
Published: August 2022

This book explores animal evolution and behaviour to explain how humans and birds came to share so much. How did we come to be so bird-like? Considering the answer to this question leads to an examination of the animal world that highlights fundamental and profound aspects of biology. The book looks at the value of movement in animals; the way in which traits such as intelligence, size, long life span, and the birth of very immature young are all interconnected. Above all, it assesses how even very different forms of life, experiencing similar evolutionary pressures from their environments, can hit on similar solutions – the phenomenon known as convergent evolution. It is that which lies at the root of our bird-ishness.
TILL DEATH DO US PART
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone
Published: August 2022

This chapter assesses the similarities in the biological development of humans and birds. There are two different models of growing up: the mewling and puking version is called altricial, while the fluffy little adult version is called nidifugous. Together with the Passerines, their nearest relatives, the parrots, are also altricial, as are the falcons, owls, pigeons, hummingbirds, and numerous other groups. This means that an overwhelming majority of birds hatch out very immature, helpless young that require enormous amounts of care over a long period of time. It is the same with human babies. Human childhood is extremely long and extremely dependent by mammal standards, and our young are very high maintenance. Part of the reason is because of our big brains—or rather, our big heads. Because rearing an altricial offspring is simply not a one-person or one-bird job, monogamy and biparental care follow naturally. The chapter then considers human sexual cheating and brood parasitism.
Utterances without commitment
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

In many Ibero-Romance varieties, an illocutionary complementizer is used to report second-hand speech (Ceong 2019) in matrix environments. In such ‘presentative’ que expressions, the speaker puts forth (Portner 2006) or presents (Faller 2002, 2006, Déchaine et al. 2017) a proposition into the shared knowledge, without designating a truth value to its content. The construction’s interpretative contribution is licensed by (i) absence of V-to-Fin raising, which enables the speaker to put forth the proposition without committing to—i.e. asserting—its truth; and (ii) the lexicalization of the phasal edge by the complementizer, yielding a maximal expansion of the clausal structure. The availability of presentative que across (Ibero-)Romance inversely correlates with the height of verb movement, such that varieties with a higher landing site cannot put forward a proposition without also asserting—through compulsory V-to-Fin movement—the truth of that set of affairs.
Crystal Clear: Bandstructure of the Empty Lattice
Authors: Jena Debdeep
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the following questions: • How the Bloch theorem combined with the symmetry of the periodic lattice leads to bands, • How the periodicity is experimentally measured by diffraction of light and of particles, and • How to calculate the nearly free-electron bandstructure of any crystal by just knowing the periodicity and lattice constant, and with complete disregard to which atoms are in the crystal.
Doping and Heterostructures: The Effective Mass Method
Authors: Jena Debdeep
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the following questions: • What is the effective mass method, and how does it map the problem of electrons in doped semiconductors or quantum heterostructures to exactly solved single-particle problems in quantum mechanics? • Why it is a powerful tool to design doping, and quantum wells, wires and dots. • How we can easily evaluate the density of states, carrier concentrations, and physically visualize the location of electrons or holes in confined geometries, using the idea of envelope wavefunctions.
Junction Magic: Schottky, pn and Bipolar Transistors
Authors: Jena Debdeep
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the following questions: • Ballistic electron transport in Schottky diodes and the resulting current-voltage characteristics, • How the capacitive behavior of Schottky diodes are at the root of field-effect transistors, • Electron and hole transport in p-n junction diodes, and • How the transport physics of the p-n diode is responsible for electronic gain, bipolar transistors, solar cells, LEDs and Lasers.
Fermi’s Golden Rule
Authors: Jena Debdeep
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the following questions: • How are time-dependent quantum processes modeled? • Under what conditions is Fermi’s golden rule valid? • How can we use the golden rule to understand electronic and photonic processes in semiconductors? • How do time-dependent processes determine the usefulness of qubits?
Through the Barrier: Tunneling and Avalanches
Authors: Jena Debdeep
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the following questions • In what ways are tunneling phenomena in semiconductors similar to, or different from tunneling in atomic physics where it was first discovered? • How can we quantitatively calculate currents in semiconductors due to intraband and interband tunneling? • How is tunneling modified in lower dimensions? • What are the applications of tunneling in semiconductor electronics and photonics? • How do avalanche processes and interband tunneling cause electrical breakdown in semiconductors?
Entering the Fictional World of Development
Authors: Standing Hilary
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the role and value of fiction in representing the world of development. It begins with a discussion of the ways in which fictional forms of representation both converge and diverge with other ways of writing about ‘development’. Drawing on my experience of writing and publishing a novel based on an intervention which had disastrous consequences for the country concerned, it then examines key questions about power, authority, representation, and the positionality of the author in choosing fiction as a translational device. The challenges of writing such a novel in the long shadow of the post-colonial transition are considered, especially as a white outsider to another country’s realities. It concludes with reflections on the changing relationships between writers, the world of publishing, and readers in different contexts.
From Poverty to Power
Authors: Green Duncan , Faciolince Maria
Published: August 2022

From Poverty to Power  began life in 2008 as a ‘weblog’ (blog) to promote the launch of the Oxfam book of the same name. It rapidly took on a life of its own, becoming one of the most widely read blogs on international development, with 500,000 unique visitors in 2020. This chapter explores From Poverty to Power’s evolution. It concludes that blogging can be a valuable addition to the repertoire of the public conversation on development and aid, enriching arguments and improving impact. It has the potential to put those interested in a given issue in more direct, disintermediated contact with each other, while still retaining a place for knowledge and depth of analysis. However, institutional cultures, whether in academia or aid institutions, often struggle to adapt to the rhythm and informality required by good blogging.
Playing for Change
Authors: Fisher Jolene
Published: August 2022

Since 2005, digital games have been designed as tools for carrying out development projects in the Global South, and for raising support (both rhetorical and material) for development projects from audiences in the Global North. Like other mediated texts, these games have the potential to shape public discourse and support around development practice, perpetuating the growth of certain projects and approaches over others. But, unlike other mediated texts, the interactive nature of games can be used to allow players to feel they are actually part of the development process. This chapter analyses how the narrative storytelling and procedural rhetoric of the Half the Sky: The Game, a Facebook-based educational and fundraising game inspired by the best-selling book Half The Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, actively engages players in a neoliberal approach to women’s empowerment and global development based on microfinance and small-scale business solutions.