bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of predicted precipitation scenarios on multitrophic interactions
Authors: Wade Ruth N. , Karley Alison J. , Johnson Scott N. , Hartley Sue E.
Published: March 2017

Predicted changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events in theUKhave the potential to disrupt terrestrial ecosystem function. However, responses of different trophic levels to these changes in rainfall patterns, and the underlying mechanisms, are not well‐characterised.

This study aimed to investigate how changes in both the quantity and frequency of rainfall events will affect the outcome of interactions between plants, insect herbivores (above‐ and below‐ground) and natural enemies.

Hordeum vulgareL. plants were grown in controlled conditions and in the field, and subjected to three precipitation scenarios: ambient (based on a local 10 year average rainfall); continuous drought (40% reduction compared with ambient); drought/deluge (40% reduction compared to ambient at a reduced frequency). The effects of these watering regimes and wireworm (Agriotesspecies) root herbivory on the performance of the plants, aphid herbivores above‐ground (Sitobion avenae, Metapolophium dirhodum, andRhopalosiphum padi), and natural enemies of aphids including ladybirds (Harmonia axyridis) were assessed from measurements of plant growth, insect abundance and mass, and assays of feeding behaviour.

Continuous drought decreased plant biomass, whereas reducing the frequency of watering events did not affect plant biomass but did alter plant chemical composition. In controlled conditions, continuous drought ameliorated the negative impact of wireworms on plant biomass.

Compared with the ambient treatment, aphid mass was increased by 15% when feeding on plants subjected to drought/deluge; and ladybirds were 66% heavier when feeding on these aphids but this did not affect ladybird prey choice. In field conditions, wireworms feeding below‐ground reduced the number of shoot‐feeding aphids under ambient and continuous drought conditions but not under drought/deluge.

Predicted changes in both the frequency and intensity of precipitation events under climate change have the potential to limit plant growth, but reduce wireworm herbivory, whilst simultaneously promoting above‐ground aphid numbers and mass, with these effects transferring to the third trophic level. Understanding the effect of future changes in the precipitation on species interactions is critical for determining their potential impact on ecosystem functioning and constructing accurate predictions under global change scenarios.

Alay summaryis available for this article.
Inequality and Growth: Reviewing the Economic and Social Impacts
Authors: Ward Tony
Published: March 2017

Does rising inequality provide incentives for individuals to work harder and invest? Or does it hamper economic growth? This article reviews the now‐extensive literature on the subject. It starts by outlining some of the social impacts of recent increases in inequality, concentrating on those affecting economic growth. It then notes the diverse results from econometric studies. From these results, the article focuses on the mechanisms suggested in the literature linking inequality and economic growth. It summarises results in five broad areas. While specifics vary with circumstances, in most, increases in inequality have negative impacts on economic growth.
A Short Review of the Recent Literature on Uncertainty
Authors: Castelnuovo Efrem , Lim Guay , Pellegrino Giovanni
Published: March 2017

This article summarises the academic contributions presented and discussed during the 2016 edition of the Melbourne Institute Macroeconomic Policy Meetings, which focused on the role played by uncertainty for a number of countries’ business cycle. Considerations on the interaction between uncertainty and financial frictions, the global dimension of uncertainty, uncertainty shocks in times of unconventional monetary policy and the imperfect knowledge that agents have over policy targets are among the discussions entertained in this article. The main insights coming from those papers are connected with the extant literature and directions for future research are offered.
Getting Started with PATSTAT Register
Authors: de Rassenfosse Gaétan , Kracker Martin , Tarasconi Gianluca
Published: March 2017

This article provides a technical introduction to the PATSTAT Register database, which contains bibliographical, procedural and legal status data on patent applications handled by the European Patent Office. It presents eight MySQL queries that cover some of the most relevant aspects of the database for research purposes. It targets academic researchers and practitioners who are familiar with the PATSTAT database and the MySQL language.
Spiritual Coping: A Focus of New Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: Cabaço Sandra Rosado , Caldeira Sílvia , Vieira Margarida , Rodgers Beth
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE

To define the antecedents, consequents, and attributes of spiritual coping.

METHODS

Rodgers’ evolutionary model for concept analysis was used to guide an integrative literature review of qualitative research.

FINDINGS

Six qualitative articles were included and elements that define and contextualize the concept were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Three new nursing diagnoses are proposed, based on qualitative findings.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

These new diagnoses should be submitted to clinical validation in different cultural and religious backgrounds, but the inclusion in the taxonomy highlights a holistic perspective concerning the spiritual dimension of patients’ responses in life and health transitions, and so, bringing the approach to spirituality into nursing practice.

OBJECTIVO

Definir os antecedentes, os consequentes e os atributos de coping espiritual.

MÉTODOS

Modelo evolucionário de análise de conceitos de Beth Rodgers baseado numa revisão integrativa de literatura de pesquisa qualitativa.

RESULTADOS

Seis pesquisas qualitativas foram incluídas e os elementos que definem e contextualizam o conceito foram identificados.

CONCLUSÕES

São propostos três novos diagnósticos de enfermagem, baseados na evidência de estudos qualitativos.

IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA

Estes novos diagnósticos devem ser submetidos a estudos de validação clínica em diferentes contextos culturais e religiosos, e quando incluídos na taxonomia estarão a enfatizar uma perspectiva holística das respostas dos pacientes relacionada à dimensão espiritual e, assim, promovendo a inclusão da espiritualidade na prática clínica.
An Analytical Overview of Spirituality in NANDA‐I Taxonomies
Authors: Mesquita Ana Cláudia , Caldeira Sílvia , Chaves Erika , Carvalho Emilia Campos de
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE

To discuss the approach of spirituality in NANDA‐I taxonomies, based on the elements that characterize this phenomenon.

METHODS

This study was based on concepts that are usually adopted in the literature for defining spirituality and on the analysis of the NANDA‐I taxonomies from I to III.

FINDINGS

Spirituality is included in all taxonomies but all three are missing some attributes to guarantee the completeness of this dimension for nursing diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Taxonomy III makes different approaches to spirituality and some inconsistencies.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

Contribute to the development and review of the new proposal for taxonomy.

OBJETIVO

Discutir a abordagem à espiritualidade nas taxonomias da NANDA‐I, baseada nos elementos que caracterizam este fenômeno.

MÉTODOS

Este estudo foi baseado em conceitos usualmente adotados na literatura de enfermagem para definir espiritualidade e na análise das taxonomias da NANDA‐I, desde a I à III.

RESULTADOS

A espiritualidade está incluída nas taxonomias, porém estas carecem de atributos do seu conceito.

CONCLUSÕES

A taxonomia III faz diferentes abordagens à espiritualidade, porém com algumas inconsistências identificadas.

IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A ENFERMAGEM

Esta análise pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento e revisão da taxonomia III.
Comparative biology, predation capacity and effect of an artificial diet on reproductive parameters of green lacewing Mallada boninensis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Rahman Azizur , Handique Gautam , Roy Somnath
Published: March 2017

Investigations were undertaken to clarify the biology of green lacewing Mallada boninensis on its hosts Helopeltis theivora and Oligonychus coffeae, which are two major arthropod pests of tea crop and on an artificial diet. No significant variations were recorded in terms of preoviposition period, oviposition period, oviposition rate, total eggs, hatching success, larval survival and adult emergence when M. boninensis was reared on both hosts. However, all larval instars and pupal development time, as well as adult longevity, were significantly shorter when M. boninesis was reared on H. theivora.

We also provide the first report on the predatory potential of M. boninensis against H. theivora. The feeding efficiency of M. boninensis increased with the advancement of each developmental stage. The third‐instar larvae of M. boninensis consumed more H. theivora individuals (28.4 ± 1.50) than the first (7 ± 1.11) and second (24.2 ± 1.81) instars over its entire duration.

The artificial diet produced significantly superior results in terms of fecundity, hatching success, larval survival and adult emergence when M. boninensis was reared on it compared with when it was reared on H. theivora and O. coffeae.

The findings of the present study indicate that M. boninensis can be effectively utilized in integrated pest management programmes for controlling some major arthropod pests of tea by suitably mass rearing them followed by augmentative release.
Electrocardiographic characteristics in individuals with cocaine use disorder
Authors: Mahoney James J. , Haile Colin N. , De La Garza Richard , Thakkar Harsh , Newton Thomas F.
Published: March 2017

Background and Objectives

Chronic cocaine use has been linked to several abnormalities in cardiac functioning. The objective of this study was to further characterize baseline heart rate and electrocardiograph (ECG) profiles of individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) by evaluating demographic and drug use variables that may impact cardiovascular profiles.

Methods

Participants with CUD (n = 335, primarily African‐American males) provided demographic and drug use data and ECG profiles (eg, heart rate, PR Interval, QRS, and QTc) were obtained via 12‐lead ECG.

Results

Forty‐eight percent and ten percent of cocaine users met criteria for sinus bradycardia (heart rate ≤60) and severe bradycardia (heart rate ≤50), respectively. Females had significantly higher heart rate (p = .020, d = .30) and QTc (p < .001, d = .75) and significantly lower QRS (p = .002, d = .42) in comparison to males. Those who were cocaine positive had higher QTc (p = .025, d = .26) with a higher prevalence of bradycardia (chi‐square = 3.91, p = .048) than those who were negative. Cocaine users who also used alcohol had significantly lower PR Interval (p = .003, d = .36), QRS (p = .014, d = .29), and QTc (p = .037, d = .25) than those who denied alcohol use.

Conclusions

These findings characterize the baseline heart rate and ECG profiles of individuals with CUD, confirm previous reports of cocaine‐induced alterations in cardiovascular function, and demonstrate factors impacting cardiovascular profiles.

Scientific Significance

While exploratory, these results suggest the presence of bradycardia may serve as a useful biomarker for initiating therapy for individuals with CUD and averting potential adverse cardiovascular events. Future prospective studies are needed to assess this possibility. (Am J Addict 2017;26:221–227)
The Vicarious Bases of Perceived Injustice
Authors: Mondak Jeffery J. , Hurwitz Jon , Peffley Mark , Testa Paul
Published: March 2017

Profound differences exist in how Americans from various racial and ethnic groups view police and court officials. We argue that vicarious experiences contribute to this racial and ethnic divide. Drawing on research on social communication, social network composition, and negativity biases in perception and judgment, we devise a theoretical framework to articulate why vicarious experiences magnify racial and ethnic disparities in evaluations of judicial actors. Four hypotheses are tested using original survey data from the state of Washington. Results provide strong evidence that vicarious experiences influence citizens’ evaluations of both police and courts, and they do so in a manner that widens racial divides in how those actors are perceived.
An improved test of equality of mean directions for the Langevin‐von Mises‐Fisher distribution
Authors: Rumcheva Pavlina , Presnell Brett
Published: March 2017

A multi‐sample test for equality of mean directions is developed for populations having Langevin‐von Mises‐Fisher distributions with a common unknown concentration. The proposed test statistic is a monotone transformation of the likelihood ratio. The high‐concentration asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic is derived. In contrast to previously suggested high‐concentration tests, the high‐concentration asymptotic approximation to the null distribution of the proposed test statistic is also valid for large sample sizes with any fixed nonzero concentration parameter. Simulations of size and power show that the proposed test outperforms competing tests. An example with three‐dimensional data from an anthropological study illustrates the practical application of the testing procedure.
Isolation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells From Peripheral Blood of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Pieper Ina Laura , Smith Rachel , Bishop Joanna C. , Aldalati Omar , Chase Alex J. , Morgan Gareth , Thornton Catherine A.
Published: March 2017

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown therapeutic potential in the treatment of myocardial infarction patients. However, bone marrow requires invasive harvesting techniques. Therefore, the aim was to carry out a feasibility study of using autologous peripheral blood (PB) as a source for MSCs and platelet lysate (PL), a potential novel therapeutic intervention in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Autologous PL and MSCs were prepared from STEMI patient and healthy control blood. MSCs were analyzed by trilineage differentiation and flow cytometry. PB MSCs were isolated from 83% of patients (n = 6) but not from controls. The use of PL was feasible in the first passage but not in subsequent ones due to volume. To conclude, PB is a promising alternative to bone marrow. It negates the need for invasive harvesting techniques, and reduces hemorrhagic risk in this patient population routinely managed with anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents.
Birth asphyxia measured by the pH value of the umbilical cord blood may predict an increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Mikkelsen Susanne Hvolgaard , Olsen Jørn , Bech Bodil Hammer , Wu Chunsen , Liew Zeyan , Gissler Mika , Obel Carsten , Arah Onyebuchi
Published: March 2017

Aim

Although birth asphyxia is a major risk factor for neonatal and childhood morbidity and mortality, it has not been investigated much in relation to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined whether birth asphyxia measured by the pH of the blood in the umbilical artery cord was associated with childhood ADHD.

Method

A population‐based cohort of 295 687 children born in Finland between 1991 and 2002 was followed until December 31, 2007. ADHD was identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, as a diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder. We examined the risk of ADHD with varying pH values using Cox regression, taking time trends into consideration.

Results

When compared to the reference group, a pH value below 7.10 was significantly associated with an increased risk of ADHD. The strongest risks were observed among children with a pH value <7.15 and a gestational age of <32 weeks. The pH value did not contribute much to the risk among children with an Apgar score of 0–3.

Conclusion

Birth asphyxia, defined by low pH value, may predict an increased risk of ADHD in childhood. The association between the pH value and ADHD was homogenous when stratified by gestational age and the Apgar score.
Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Gertler Ralph , Gruber Michael , Grassin‐Delyle Stanislas , Urien Saïk , Martin Klaus , Tassani‐Prell Peter , Braun Siegmund , Burg Simon , Wiesner Gunther
Published: March 2017

Aim

Tranexamic acid (TXA) continues to be one of the antifibrinolytics of choice during paediatric cardiac surgery. However, in infants less than 1 year of age, the optimal dosing based on pharmacokinetic (PK) considerations is still under discussion.

Methods

Forty‐three children less than 1 year of age were enrolled, of whom 37 required the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and six were operated on without CPB. Administration of 50 mg kg–1 TXA intravenously at the induction of anaesthesia was followed by 50 mg kg–1 into the CPB prime in the CPB group. Plasma concentrations of TXA were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. PK data were investigated using nonlinear mixed‐effect models.

Results

A two‐compartment model was fitted, with the main covariates being allometrically scaled bodyweight, CPB, postmenstrual age (PMA). Intercompartmental clearance (Q), peripheral volume (V2), systemic clearance, (CL) and the central volume (V1) were calculated. Typical values of the PK parameter estimates were as follows: CL = 3.78 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.52, 5.05] l h–1; central volume of distribution = 13.6 (CI 11.7, 15.5) l; Q = 16.3 (CI 13.5, 19.2) l h–1; V2 = 18.0 (CI 16.1, 19.9) l. Independently of age, 10 mg kg–1 TXA as a bolus, a subsequent infusion of 10 mg kg–1 h–1, then a 4 mg kg−1 bolus into the prime and a reduced infusion of 4 mg kg–1 h–1 after the start of CPB are required to maintain TXA concentrations continuously above 20 μg ml–1, the threshold value for an effective inhibition of fibrinolysis and far lower than the usual peak concentrations (the ‘10‐10‐4‐4 rule’).

Conclusions

The introduction of a modified dosing regimen using a starting bolus followed by an infusion and a CPB prime bolus would prohibit the potential risk of seizures caused by high peak concentrations and also maintain therapeutic plasma concentration above 20 μg ml–1.
PI(3,4)P2 plays critical roles in the regulation of focal adhesion dynamics of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells
Authors: Fukumoto Miki , Ijuin Takeshi , Takenawa Tadaomi
Published: March 2017

Phosphoinositides play pivotal roles in the regulation of cancer cell phenotypes. Among them, phosphatidylinositol 3,4‐bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2) localizes to the invadopodia, and positively regulates tumor cell invasion. In this study, we examined the effect of PI(3,4)P2 on focal adhesion dynamics in MDA‐MB‐231 basal breast cancer cells. Knockdown of SHIP2, a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐trisphosphatase (PIP3) 5‐phosphatase that generates PI(3,4)P2, in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, induced the development of focal adhesions and cell spreading, leading to the suppression of invasion. In contrast, knockdown of PTEN, a 3‐phosphatase that de‐phosphorylates PIP3 and PI(3,4)P2, induced cell shrinkage and increased cell invasion. Interestingly, additional knockdown of SHIP2 rescued these phenotypes. Overexpression of the TAPP1 PH domain, which binds to PI(3,4)P2, and knockdown of Lpd, a downstream effector of PI(3,4)P2, resulted in similar phenotypes to those induced by SHIP2 knockdown. Taken together, our results suggest that inhibition of PI(3,4)P2 generation and/or downstream signaling could be useful for inhibiting breast cancer metastasis.
Feasibility of laser trabeculoplasty in angle closure glaucoma: a review of favourable histopathological findings in narrow angles
Authors: Matos Alexis Galeno , Asrani Sanjay G , Paula Jayter Silva
Published: March 2017

Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) has been indicated as a safe and efficient treatment for primary open‐angle glaucoma; however, recent studies have also shown positive results with the use of SLT in some clinical conditions related to primary angle‐closure glaucoma (PACG). Despite the potential benefits of SLT in selected cases of PACG, the mechanisms underlying the modifications in the trabecular meshwork tissue of patients with PACG are poorly understood. This narrative review approached both the current, limited knowledge about the histological changes observed in different forms of PACG and the clinical results of SLT treatment for PACG. Favourable outcomes of SLT in patients with PACG, specifically in areas of non‐occluded angle, need further substantiation through large controlled clinical trials. A deeper understanding of the biomolecular changes of those areas is essential to improve both laser technical details and the clinical efficacy of SLT therapy.
Management of pinna haematoma study (MaPHaeS): A multicentre retrospective observational study
Authors: Vijendren A. , Coates M. , Smith M.E. , Ajayi O.V. , Al‐Dhahir W. , Bewick J. , Bowles P.F. , Coyle P. , Davies‐Husband C.R. , Erskine S.E. , Halliday E. , Kaleva A.I. , Lau A. , Langstaff L. , Mathew E. , Meghji S. , Testera A. , Thomas J.R.V. , Eisenhut M.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To assess current variation in the management of pinna haematoma (PH) and its effect on outcomes.

Design

Multicentre retrospective observational record‐based study.

Setting

Eleven hospitals around the UK.

Participants

Eighty‐three patients above the age of 16 with PH.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was recurrence rate of PH over a 6‐month period post‐treatment, assessed by treatment type (scalpel incision vs needle aspiration). Secondary outcome measures assessed the impact of other factors on recurrence, infection and cosmetic complications of PH over a period of 6 months.

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, involvement of the whole ear, and management within an operating theatre were associated with a lower rate of recurrence of pinna haematoma. The drainage technique, suspected aetiology, choice of post‐drainage management, grade and specialty of practitioner performing drainage, the use of antibiotic cover and hospital admission did not affect the rate of haematoma recurrence, infection or cosmetic complications.

Conclusions

Where possible PH should be drained in an operating theatre. Multicentre randomized controlled trials are required to further investigate the impact of drainage technique and post‐drainage management on outcome.
Peak nasal inspiratory flow correlates with quality of life in functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Whitcroft K.L. , Andrews P.J. , Randhawa P.S.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Whilst nasal function and airflow improve subjectively following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), a clinically useful and objective tool for quantifying such improvement is lacking. The peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) metre offers convenient and objective measures of nasal patency. However, it has not yet been established whether changes in PNIF after surgery reflect changes in subjective disease burden. In this study we aimed to determine whether changes in PNIF correlate with commonly used subjective symptom and quality of life outcome measures following FESS for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Design

Prospective cohort.

Setting

Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital.

Participants

Thirty‐seven patients undergoing FESS for CRS, with or without polyps (21 male, mean age 48.8).

Main outcome measures

PNIF, “SNOT‐22”, “NOSE” and “VAS” questionnaires were performed before and after surgery.

Results

In all patients, there was a strong negative correlation between change in PNIF and change in “SNOT‐22” score following surgery (Pearson r=−.64, P<.0001). Strong negative correlations were also seen during subgroup analysis of patients with and without polyps (r=−.57, P=.006 and r=−.67, P=.005, respectively). Change in PNIF correlated significantly with change in “NOSE” score following surgery in all patients and those without polyps (r=−.54, P=.0005 and r=−.68, P=.003). There were no significant correlations between PNIF and VAS (nasal obstruction).

Conclusions

Changes in PNIF after FESS appear to best reflect improvements in quality of life in CRS as measured using the “SNOT‐22” questionnaire.
Alkaline weight reduction and dyeing properties of black dope‐dyed poly(ethylene terephthalate) microfibre fabrics
Authors: Mamun Kabir Shekh Md , Koh Joonseok
Published: March 2017

Sea–island‐type, black dope‐dyed poly(ethylene terephthalate) microfibre fabrics were compared with normal sea–island‐type PET microfibres in terms of their thermal properties, alkaline weight reduction, and dyeing properties. A comparison of the weight reduction behaviours of the two microfibre yarns revealed that the microfibre yarn containing carbon black exhibited a higher dissolution speed than that containing no carbon black. The incorporation of carbon black particles in the polyester fibre matrix therefore accelerates the degradation of the less crystalline sea component during alkali treatment. A cationic dye staining method was used to monitor the alkaline dissolution behaviour of the sea–island‐type PET microfibres, and compared with the K/S values and the colour difference, the fk value is the most‐desirable indicator for determination of the termination point of the alkaline dissolution process. The colour strength and the colour fastness of the dope‐dyed sea–island‐type PET microfibre fabrics are superior to those of the normal type.
Echocardiographic linear fractional shortening for quantification of right ventricular systolic function—A cardiac magnetic resonance validation study
Authors: Srinivasan Aparna , Kim Jiwon , Khalique Omar , Geevarghese Alexi , Rusli Melissa , Shah Tara , Di Franco Antonino , Alakbarli Javid , Goldburg Samantha , Rozenstrauch Meenakshi , Devereux Richard B. , Weinsaft Jonathan W.
Published: March 2017

Background

Echocardiography (echo)‐based linear fractional shortening (FS) is widely used to assess left ventricular dysfunction (LVdys), but has not been systematically tested for right ventricular dysfunction (RVdys).

Methods

The population comprised LVdys patients with and without RVdys (EF<50%) on cardiac MRI (CMR): Echo included standard RV indices (fractional area change [FAC], TAPSE, Sʹ, and FS in parasternal long‐axis (RV outflow tract [RVOT]) and apical four‐chamber views (width [RVWD], length [RVLG]).

Results

A total of 168 patients underwent echo and CMR (3±3 days); FAC (46±9 vs 28±11), TAPSE (1.9±0.4 vs 1.5±0.3), and Sʹ (11.4±2.3 vs 10.0±2.6, all P≤.001) were lower among RVdys patients, as were FS indices (RVOT 32±8 vs 17±10 | RVWD 40±11 vs 22±12 | RVLG 16±5 vs 9±4%; all P<.001). FS indices yielded similar magnitude of correlation with CMR RVEF (r=.73‐.56) as did FAC (r=.70), which was slightly higher than TAPSE (r=.47) and Sʹ (r=.31; all P<.001). FS indices decreased stepwise vs CMR RVEF tertiles, as did FAC (all P<.001). In multivariate analysis, FS in RVOT (regression coefficient .51 [CI 0.37‐0.65]), RVWD (0.30 [0.19‐0.41]), and RVLG (0.45 [0.20‐0.71]; all P≤.001) was independently associated with CMR RVEF. FS indices yielded good overall diagnostic performance (AUC: RVOT 0.89 [CI 0.82‐0.97] | RVWD 0.87 [0.78‐0.96] | RVLG 0.80 [0.70‐0.90]; all P<.001) for CMR‐defined RVdy (RVEF<50%).

Conclusions

RV linear FS provides RV functional indices that parallel CMR RVEF. Parasternal long‐axis RVOT width, four‐chamber RV width, and length are independently associated with RVEF, supporting use of multiple FS indices for RV functional assessment.
Trophic pathways supporting Arctic grayling in a small stream on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska
Authors: McFarland Jason J. , Wipfli Mark S. , Whitman Matthew S.
Published: March 2017

Beaded streams are prominent across the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of Alaska, yet prey flow and food web dynamics supporting fish inhabiting these streams are poorly understood. Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) are a widely distributed upper‐level consumer on the ACP and migrate into beaded streams to forage during the short 3‐month open‐water season. We investigated energy pathways and key prey resources that support grayling in a representative beaded stream, Crea Creek. We measured terrestrial invertebrates entering the stream from predominant riparian vegetation types, prey types supporting a range of fish size classes, and how riparian plants and fish size influenced foraging habits. We found that riparian plants influenced the quantity of terrestrial invertebrates entering Crea Creek; however, these differences were not reflected in fish diets. Prey type and size ingested varied with grayling size and season. Small grayling (<15 cm fork length (FL)) consumed mostly aquatic invertebrates early in the summer, and terrestrial invertebrates later in summer, while larger fish (>15 cm FL) foraged most heavily on ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) throughout the summer, indicating that grayling can be insectivorous and piscivorous, depending on size. These findings underscore the potential importance of small streams in Arctic ecosystems as key summer foraging habitats for fish. Understanding trophic pathways supporting stream fishes in these systems will help interpret whether and how petroleum development and climate change may affect energy flow and stream productivity, terrestrial–aquatic linkages and fishes in Arctic ecosystems.
Shifting paradigms in restoration of the world's coral reefs
Authors: van Oppen Madeleine J. H. , Gates Ruth D. , Blackall Linda L. , Cantin Neal , Chakravarti Leela J. , Chan Wing Y. , Cormick Craig , Crean Angela , Damjanovic Katarina , Epstein Hannah , Harrison Peter L. , Jones Thomas A. , Miller Margaret , Pears Rachel J. , Peplow Lesa M. , Raftos David A. , Schaffelke Britta , Stewart Kristen , Torda Gergely , Wachenfeld David , Weeks Andrew R. , Putnam Hollie M.
Published: March 2017

Many ecosystems around the world are rapidly deteriorating due to both local and global pressures, and perhaps none so precipitously as coral reefs. Management of coral reefs through maintenance (e.g., marine‐protected areas, catchment management to improve water quality), restoration, as well as global and national governmental agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., the 2015 Paris Agreement) is critical for the persistence of coral reefs. Despite these initiatives, the health and abundance of corals reefs are rapidly declining and other solutions will soon be required. We have recently discussed options for using assisted evolution (i.e., selective breeding, assisted gene flow, conditioning or epigenetic programming, and the manipulation of the coral microbiome) as a means to enhance environmental stress tolerance of corals and the success of coral reef restoration efforts. The 2014–2016 global coral bleaching event has sharpened the focus on such interventionist approaches. We highlight the necessity for consideration of alternative (e.g., hybrid) ecosystem states, discuss traits of resilient corals and coral reef ecosystems, and propose a decision tree for incorporating assisted evolution into restoration initiatives to enhance climate resilience of coral reefs.
Methane Occurrences in Aquifers Overlying the Barnett Shale Play with a Focus on Parker County, Texas
Authors: Nicot Jean‐Philippe , Mickler Patrick , Larson Toti , Clara Castro M. , Darvari Roxana , Uhlman Kristine , Costley Ruth
Published: March 2017

Clusters of elevated methane concentrations in aquifers overlying the Barnett Shale play have been the focus of recent national attention as they relate to impacts of hydraulic fracturing. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial extent of high dissolved methane previously observed on the western edge of the play (Parker County) and to evaluate its most likely source. A total of 509 well water samples from 12 counties (14,500 km2) were analyzed for methane, major ions, and carbon isotopes. Most samples were collected from the regional Trinity Aquifer and show only low levels of dissolved methane (85% of 457 unique locations <0.1 mg/L). Methane, when present is primarily thermogenic (δ13C 10th and 90th percentiles of −57.54 and −39.00‰ and C1/C2+C3 ratio 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of 5, 15, and 42). High methane concentrations (>20 mg/L) are limited to a few spatial clusters. The Parker County cluster area includes historical vertical oil and gas wells producing from relatively shallow formations and recent horizontal wells producing from the Barnett Shale (depth of ∼1500 m). Lack of correlation with distance to Barnett Shale horizontal wells, with distance to conventional wells, and with well density suggests a natural origin of the dissolved methane. Known commercial very shallow gas accumulations (<200 m in places) and historical instances of water wells reaching gas pockets point to the underlying Strawn Group of Paleozoic age as the main natural source of the dissolved gas.
TRPM4 expression is associated with activated B cell subtype and poor survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Loo Suet K , Ch'ng Ewe S , Md Salleh Md Salzihan , Banham Alison H , Pedersen Lars M , Møller Michael B , Green Tina M , Wong Kah K
Published: March 2017

Aims

Transient receptor potential channel melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is an ion channel that regulates influx of calcium cations (Ca2+). Recent studies suggest that TRPM4 is an oncoprotein, and its up‐regulated transcript level has been reported in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We aimed to investigate TRPM4 protein expression pattern in non‐malignant tissues and DLBCL cases, and its association with clinico‐demographic parameters and survival in DLBCL.

Methods and results

Analysis of publicly available DLBCL microarray data sets showed that TRPM4 transcripts were up‐regulated in DLBCL compared to normal germinal centre B (GCB) cells, were expressed more highly in the activated B cell‐like DLBCL (ABC‐DLBCL) subtype and higher TRPM4 transcripts conferred worse overall survival (OS) in R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone)‐treated DLBCL cases (P < 0.05). Our immunohistochemical analysis showed that TRPM4 was expressed in various human tissues but not in normal B cells within lymphoid tissues (reactive tonsil, lymph node and appendix). TRPM4 protein was present in 26% (n = 49 of 189) of our cohort of R‐CHOP‐treated DLBCL cases and this was associated significantly with more aggressive clinical parameters, including higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores or stage (P < 0.01 for each of the parameters) and the ABC‐DLBCL subtype (P = 0.016). TRPM4 positivity conferred significantly worse OS (P = 0.004) and progression‐free survival (PFS) (P = 0.005). Worse OS remained associated significantly with TRPM4 positivity in multivariate analysis, including higher International Prognostic Index (IPI) or the non‐GCB DLBCL phenotype (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

TRPM4 protein expression is up‐regulated in DLBCL cases compared to non‐malignant B cells with preferential expression in ABC‐DLBCL cases, and it confers significantly poorer DLBCL patient outcomes.
Ethnicity predicts viral rebound after travel to the tropics in HIV‐infected travelers to the tropics in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Gebreselassie HM , Kraus D , Fux CA , Haubitz S , Scherrer A , Hatz C , Veit O , Stoeckle M , Fehr J , de Lucia S , Cavassini M , Bernasconi E , Schmid P , Furrer H , Staehelin C ,   For the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS)
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The number of HIV‐infected individuals from developed countries travelling to tropical and subtropical areas has increased as a result of the clinical and survival benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy. The aim of our study was to describe the traveler population in the SHCS and to determine the frequency of viral rebound in virologically suppressed individuals after a travel episode to the tropics compared to non‐travelers.

Methods

Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants with at least one follow‐up visit between 1 January 1989 and 28 February 2015 were eligible for inclusion in the study. The primary outcome was the occurrence of viral rebound (viral load > 200 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) after a travel episode compared with a nontravel episode in previously suppressed individuals (≤ 200 copies/mL). All virologically suppressed patients contributed multiple travel or nontravel episodes to the analysis. Logistic regression was performed including factors associated with viral rebound.

Results

We included 16 635 patients in the study, of whom 6084 (36.5%) had ever travelled to the tropics. Travel frequency increased over time, with travellers showing better HIV parameters than nontravellers [less advanced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage and higher CD4 count nadir]. Viral rebound was seen in 477 (3.9%) of 12 265 travel episodes and in 5121 (4.5%) of 114 884 nontravel episodes [unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78–0.97]. Among these 477 post‐travel viral rebounds, 115 had a resistance test performed and 51 (44%) of these showed new resistance mutations. Compared with European and North American patients, the odds for viral rebound were significantly lower in Southeast Asian (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.51–0.88) and higher in sub‐Saharan African (SSA) patients (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.22–1.62). Travel further increased the odds of viral rebound in SSA patients (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.53–2.61).

Conclusions

Region of origin is the main risk factor for viral rebound rather than travel per se. Pre‐travel adherence counselling should focus on patients of SSA origin.
Does efavirenz replacement improve neurological function in treated HIV infection?
Authors: Payne B , Chadwick TJ , Blamire A , Anderson KN , Parikh J , Qian J , Hynes AM , Wilkinson J , Price DA ,   the Efficacy of Switch to Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Improving Cognitive Function in Efavirenz‐treated Patients (SLICE) study team
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The contribution of specific antiretroviral drugs to cognitive function in HIV‐infected people remains poorly understood. Efavirenz (EFV) may plausibly cause cognitive impairment. The objective of this study was therefore to determine whether chronic EFV therapy is a modifier of neurocognitive and neurometabolic function in the setting of suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Methods

We performed an open‐label phase IV controlled trial. Adult subjects who were stable on suppressive EFV therapy for at least 6 months were switched to ritonavir‐boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) with no change in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone. The following parameters were assessed before and 10 weeks after therapy switch: cognitive function (by CogState® computerized battery); brain metabolites (by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy); brain activity [by attentional processing task‐based functional magnetic resonance imaging]; and sleep quantity and quality [by sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale].

Results

Sixteen subjects completed the study. Despite most subjects (81%) self‐reporting memory problems at baseline, cognitive function, brain metabolites, and brain activity showed no change at 10 weeks after switch. Sleep quality improved on switch off EFV [mean PSQI (standard deviation): EFV, 8.5 (6.5); LPV/r, 5.8 (5.5); mean difference −0.4; 95% confidence interval −6.0 to −0.7].

Conclusions

This is the first study to assess the effects of chronic EFV therapy on neurological function in a controlled setting. We conclude that EFV withdrawal is unlikely to result in significant modification of neurocognitive function in otherwise stable HIV‐infected people.
Mechanism of Infection in South American Blastomycosis
Authors: Fartado Tancredo A.
Published: March 2017

The habitat of Paracoccidioides (Blastomyces) brasiliensis has not yet been established, but the source of in fection is probably exogenous. The clinical man ife stations and the course of the infection favor the digestive tract (mainly the oral mucosa) as the most common portal of en try of the fungus into the body. Although the lungs may also be a point of ingress, the author believes that pulmonary lesions are usually the result of hematogenous spread. It is extremely ra re for the skin to be the site of primary inoculation. The lymphatic route plays an important role in the dissemination of the infection to the various parts of the human body.
Ainhum and Pseudoainhum
Authors: Kandhari Kahan C. , Manchanda S. S.
Published: March 2017

A case of ainhum and two of pseudoainhum observed at the V. J. Hospital at Amritsar (Northern India) are described. The first case occurred in a 13‐year‐old Hindu male and led to separation of digits (ainhum ), and the second and third , seen in a one‐day‐old and a five‐day‐old in fant, respectively, showed constricting bands, but did not progress to digital separation (pseudoa in hum ). The history of ainhum and pseudoainhum, from its first description by Clarke in 1860, is also briefly reviewed by the authors.
Kaposi's Haemangiosarcoma as seen in Central Africa
Authors: Palmer P. E. S.
Published: March 2017

The author briefly traces the history of Kaposi's haemangiosarcoma from its first description in 1872 to date, and presents evidence that the incidence, virulence and over‐all clinical picture of this entity vary considerably in different regions of Africa, while the histologic findings and the radio graphic changes, particularly in the bones,do not differ.

The author finds that the two primary clinical features in adults are the nodule and the oedema, while the general health of the patient is rarely affected until the late stages. He describes the disease in children as affecting the glands, with virtual absence of oedema and presence of only a few skin nodules, and as a cute, severe and often rapidly fatal. The symptoms and signs seen in both adults and children are discussed in detail. The histology of the disease, including its three stages, the inflammatory, the granulomatous and the neoplastic, is described. The importance of differential diagnosis,particularly to distinguish Kaposi's haemangiosarcoma from maduramycosis and leprosy, is stressed.

The author discusses the important role of radiology in both the diagnostic work‐up of the patient and his treatment. He advocates soft tissue x‐ray films, especially to demonstrate the presence of subcutaneous or deep lesions in cases with solitary skin nodules as well as the use of arteriography, chest plates, and x‐rays to demonstrate skeletal changes as evidence of widespread disease. He emphasizes the need for improving the radiographic technique to visualize the alimentary tract, and considers pyelography of no value. Properly applied conventional deep x‐ray therapy, Cobalt 60 or other supervoltage therapy will yield highly satisfactory results; Cobalt 60 teletherapy is recommended for bone cysts.In the author's experience, the various cytotoxic drugs have proved disappointing; surgery should be limited to the treatment of isolated lesions and certain sites, such as the conjunctivae.
South American Blastomycosis and American Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Candiota de Campos Enio
Published: March 2017

The author reports two cases of coexisting South American blastomycosis and American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and comments on the difficulty in establishing an early diagnosis in such cases. Based on reports by other Brazilian investigators on the efficacy of amphotericin B in both diseases, this antibiotic was given to the first patient and led to a clinical cure.
Direct Pigmentation — A Suggested Mechanism
Authors: Findlay G. H.
Published: March 2017

A theory is proposed to explain the physiology of direct pigmentation. It is presumed that melanin color depends on other oxidative activities in epidermal cells, and that these activities must be inhibited to permit photo–oxidative darkening of melanin. It is suggested that long–wave ultraviolet rays which cause direct pigmentation bring about this inhibition as the primary change.

The author acknowledges support from the Photobiology Research Group of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
Unusual Locations of Pityriasis Versicolor with Particular Reference to Scalp Lesions
Authors: Padilha Gonçalves Antar
Published: March 2017

Patients with pityriasis versicolor require careful examination of the entire body surface, which should include the use of Wood's light. Otherwise, lesions may be overlooked and left as untreated foci of relapses. Twenty cases of uncommon locations of this mycosis were studied; Malassezia furfur was isolated from all 20 subjects.

Forty‐one of the 99 lesions seen in our 20 patients could only be found with the use of Wood's light. Seventeen patients showed involvement of the scalp; in 11 of these cases the Wood's light was required. These scalp lesions were found either as isolated patches or as an apparent extension of lesions of the neighboring glabrous skin. The highest incidence was seen in the occipital region.

Six patients had intertriginous lesions on the retroauricular fold and on the ear itself (posterior aspect, border and concha). One patient showed lesions in the superciliary region, which seems to be a location not previously observed. Less commonly, lesions were also found on the axillae, intergluteal fold, inguinocrural fold, penis, dorsum of hands, dorsum of fingers, groin (where they can be confused with erythrasma), and in the popliteal region.
Straw Itch Mite Dermatitis Caused By Pyemotes Ventricosus
Authors: Scott Harold G. , Fine Robert M.
Published: March 2017

Nineteen cases of Pyemotes ventricosus (straw itch mite) dermatitis which occurred in DeKalb County, Georgia, U.S.A., during 1961–1963, are reported. Two patients were observed three successive times with this condition, and one patient had concurrent chigger bites which allowed diagnostic differences to be noted. The cases were associated with mites parasitizing Anobium punctatum (common furniture beetle) in the floor joists of a house. Clinical features, epidemiology and entomologie aspects are discussed. It is emphasized that straw itch mite dermatitis is a distinct clinical entity which can be differentiated from other dermatologie conditions on a clinical basis, and that elimination of the host is basic to permanent elimination of the parasite.
Dermatoses of the Americas
Authors: Pardo‐Castello V.
Published: March 2017

This paper deals with dermatology in the Antilles, Central and South America, with special reference to diseases native to this continent and its adjacent islands, and to those which were imported from other parts of the world and acquired special features due to adaptation to new races and climate. Special features of these conditions a reemphasized.
Dermatitis Causadas Por Mariposas Del Genero Hylesias
Authors: Dao Luis
Published: March 2017

El autor describe un tipo de dermatitis intensamente pruriginosa causada por la “pelusa” dejada sobre la piel por una mariposa pardo‐grisácea del género Hylesia. Esta mariposa se observa en enjambres al comienzo de la estación de las lluvias en diferentes regiones de Venezuela. Como son atraídas por la luz, estas mariposas invaden las casas de sus víctimas en la noche.

El autor estudió 69 casos de esta dermatitis en la región oriental de Venezuela. Los primeros síntomas aparecen en tre las 24 y 72 horas del contacto con la mariposa. Las lesiones iniciales son de tipo congestivo para luego tomar el aspecto de máculas y pápulas similares alas observadas en la dermatitis por contacto. En una fase más avanzada el prurito puede ser tan intenso que llega a producir insomnio e incapacidad para trabajar.

En vista de que no existe tratamiento específico para esta dermatitis, debe recurrirse a la te rapiade supresión consistente en aplicaciones tópicas apropiadas y medicamentos antipruríticos generales, analgésicos y tranquilizantes.