bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sorption of iodide by soils as influenced by equilibrium conditions and soil properties
Authors: Whitehead D. C.
Published: November 2006

The sorption of iodide was reduced when soil was dried before equilibration with an iodide solution. With undried soils, sorption continued for > 48 h, maximum sorption occurred at pH values < 5 but a secondary sorption peak occurred at pH 8.5 to 9.0, particularly with a soil containing a high level of organic matter. Temperature had only a small effect on sorption over the range 10 to 35 °C.

Maximum values for the sorption of iodide by two surface soils (0 to 10cm) at pH 6.6 to 6.8, assessed with a soil: solution ratio of 1:10, an equilibrium time of 40 h and at room temperature, were 25 and 6 fig I/g soil, respectively. The amounts of iodide sorbed by these soils, and by soils taken from successive 10 cm layers to a depth of 40 cm at the same two sites, were closely related to the contents of organic matter in the soils but not to contents of iron or aluminium oxides or of clay. Treatment of the surface soils with hydrogen peroxide to destroy organic matter greatly reduced the sorption of iodide at the pH of about 5.5 that resulted from the treatment. The removal of iron and aluminium oxides with Tamm reagent also resulted in a marked reduction in sorption at pH < 5.

The results indicate that sorption was due in part to soil organic matter and in part to iron and/or aluminium oxides. At pH > 6, organic matter appeared to be the major sorbing constituent but under more acid conditions the oxides appeared to be increasingly important.
A comparison of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and chemical methods for determining sulphur in plant material
Authors: Bolton John , Brown George , Pruden Gordon , Williams Carolyn
Published: November 2006

A rapid method for determining total S in plants by X‐ray fluorescence spectro‐metric analysis of ground pelletised plant material is compared with chemical methods using titrimetric, flame photometric and turbidimetric methods of sulphate determination. Errors in the chemical methods were caused by incomplete oxidation of organic sulphur and by non‐reproducibility of the turbidimetric determination of sulphate. A method incorporating the oxidation of the sample with HNO3 and Mg(NO3)2 and titration of the reduced sulphate by mercuric acetate gave recoveries accurate to a mean of 1% when determining the sulphur content of sulphur compounds.

Taking the results for plant materials determined by the titrimetric method as standard, XRF gave sulphur values with a mean difference of 4%; the flame photometric determination of sulphate after HNO3 + Mg(NO3)2 oxidation gave results with a mean difference of 12%. The effect of absorption of S radiation by silicon is noted.
Chemical and in vivo evaluation of a brown midrib mutant of zea mays. II. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of digested and undigested alkali lignins and undigested dimethyformamide lignins
Authors: Gordon A. J. , Griffith P. R.
Published: November 2006

Nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra were obtained on the alkali lignins extracted from Tr and bm1 cornstalks, before and after digestion by sheep, and on the dimethylformamide lignins (DMFL) from undigested cornstalks. Differences due to solvent extraction, plant genotype and digestion were apparent. The bm1 corn lignin has a higher degree of cross linking of the propane side chain of the lignin molecule than Tr corn lignin, a factor which may be significant in determining the effect of lignin on digestibility. The main effect of digestion was to increase the degree of cross‐linking of the propane side chain, especially with the Tr lignin. Alkali lignin n.m.r. spectra were considerably different from DMFL n.m.r. spectra. For example over 40% of the total bm DMFL protons were highly shielded protons but these were virtually absent in the alkali lignins. These highly shielded protons cannot be explained by the presence of ferulic and p‐coumaric acids in DMFL.
Characterisation of three wheat proteins found in chloroform‐methanol extracts of flour
Authors: Redman D. G. , Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Three wheat proteins, CM1, CM2 and CM3 constituting in total more than 1% of flour proteins, have been isolated from chloroform—methanol (2:1 v/v) extracts of flour. CM1 and 2 have single chains with m.w. of 13 000 and isoleucine as the C‐terminal amino acid. They appear to be closely related even in amino acid sequence as judged from fingerprints. All three proteins are soluble in chloroform—methanol after freeing from lipid, but only moderately so in water. CM3 becomes insoluble after reduction of SS bonds due to aggregation of the reduced poly‐peptide chains by secondary forces. It differs appreciably from CM1 and 2 in sequence and has C‐terminal leucine and a m.w. of 15 000.

The mobilities of CM2 and 3 at pH 3.2 are very close to ALB 13A and ALB 13B, respectively, and the albumins found in electrophoretic patterns of crude gliadin preparations do in fact represent mixtures of both classes.
Response by sugar beet to soil dressings and foliar sprays of manganese
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Farley R. F.
Published: November 2006

Response by sugar beet to manganese in 16 field experiments on organic soils is reported. Soil applications of manganous oxide and manganese silicate “frit” were compared with foliar sprays of manganese sulphate equivalent to 9 and 18 kg/ha Mn in seven experiments (1969 to 1971); three experiments during the same period tested up to three sprays of manganese sulphate, each equivalent to 9 kg/ha Mn on severely manganese‐deficient crops. Six previous experiments (1936 to 1941) compared soil applications of manganese sulphate, in the seedbed and as top‐dressings, with foliar sprays of manganese sulphate in amounts up to 42 kg/ha Mn to the soil and up to 1.5 kg/ha Mn in the sprays.

The manganous oxide and the silicate frit did not prevent deficiency and increased neither the concentration of manganese in the leaves during the growing season nor the sugar yield at harvest. Manganese sulphate sprays increased the concentration of manganese in the leaves, cured most of the symptoms and increased sugar yield by up to 1.5 tons/ha. On average of the ten experiments 1969 to 1971, the crop responded little to treatment when less than 20% of plants showed symptoms. When 21 to 60% of plants were affected, the sprays increased sugar yield by 5% and by 17% when more than 60% were affected. Of several extractants tested, the fraction of soil manganese extracted by normal ammonium acetate buffered to pH 7.0 and containing hydroquinone was best correlated with the concentration of manganese in the leaves. The early experiments showed that large soil dressings of manganese sulphate controlled symptoms and increased sugar yield but sprays applying much smaller quantities were equally effective.
Sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis of wheat gliadins
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Polypeptide chain weights of α‐, β‐ and γ‐gliadin fractions have been estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Values lie in the range 32 000 to 44 000. When available data on the amino acid analyses were adjusted and compared, significant similarities emerged. It is suggested that these gliadins contain a minimum of 4 cystine residues/molecule. The results provide support for the hypothesis that glutenins and gliadins have evolved from a common precursor. The results of an amino acid analysis of a previously unreported β‐gliadin component are included.
Effect of feeding restricted amounts of a medium and a high protein diet during the finishing period on growth, fat deposition and feed efficiency of male and female broilers
Authors: Auckland John N. , Fulton Robert B.
Published: November 2006

An experiment is described in which male and female broilers were fed either a 20 or a 23% crude protein diet, at 4 levels of intake—ad libitum and about 96, 92 and 87% of ad libitum—from 35 to 56 or 60 days of age.

Males ate more, grew faster and converted food to body weight more efficiently than females. Male carcasses were significantly leaner than female carcasses at market age.

On average, birds fed the high‐protein diet ate a similar amount of food, grew at a slightly slower rate and converted food to body weight significantly less efficiently than birds fed the medium‐protein diet. Carcass dry matter of birds fed the high‐protein diet contained only about two percentage points less ether extract than that of those fed the medium protein diet.

Growth rate and feed efficiency in the 35‐ to 56‐day period decreased as the feed allowance was reduced. Groups fed the lowest level of food intake were kept until 60 days of age, when live weight was similar but carcasses were somewhat leaner than those of ad libitum groups at 56 days. In spite of the similarity in final live weight and lower body fat content, food conversion in the 35‐ to 60‐day period for birds fed the lowest level of food intake was less efficient than that for ad libitum groups in the shorter 35‐ to 56‐day period.
Effect of feeding restricted amounts of a medium‐ and high‐protein diet on growth and body composition of ducklings
Authors: Auckland John N.
Published: November 2006

A total of 216 ducklings of mixed sex were fed diets containing either 19.5 or 24.7% crude protein, either to appetite or to 85% of appetite, from 1 to 21 or 24 days of age.

There were no significant interactions between dietary protein content and level of feeding. At 21 days ducklings fed the high‐protein diet were 28% heavier than those fed the medium‐protein diet and birds fed the higher level of intake were 17% heavier than restricted groups. At 24 days the body weight of restricted ducklings was similar to that of those fed the higher level of intake at 21 days. From 1 to 21 days efficiency of food utilisation was better for ducks fed the high rather than the medium protein diet, but similar for the two levels of food intake. Efficiency of the restricted groups in the 1 to 24 days period was slightly worse than that of groups of similar body weight fed the higher level of intake from 1 to 21 days.

At 21 days carcasses of ducklings fed the high protein diet contained 31% dry matter, of which 34% was fat and 53% was protein, compared with 34% dry matter in the carcasses from the medium protein groups, of which 41% was fat and 48% was protein. Feed restriction had no effect on carcass dry matter and the reduction in percentage ether extract was only about half the magnitude of the reduction due to dietary protein level. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on percentage protein in fat‐free dry matter. At 24 days carcasses of restricted ducklings contained more dry matter but the proportions of ether extract and crude protein were similar to those in younger (21 days) ducklings of similar body weight fed at the higher level of food intake.
Total cations in the size‐fractions of some british and malayan soils and their release to H+‐resins
Authors: Bolton John
Published: November 2006

Total K, Na, Ca and Mg in the sand, silt and clay of six British and four Malayan soils and the proportions released to H+‐resins in 1 h, 3, 10, 23 and 43 days were measured. The clays contained and released to the resins more K and Mg than coarser fractions. The release was continuous except from the acid Malayan soils which stopped releasing K after 3 days.

More Mg was released to the resins than K, although no non‐exchangeable Mg but much non‐exchangeable K was released to ryegrass grown in the soils (after liming). This suggests that H+‐resins caused structural decomposition of the clay minerals which, together with the anomolous K release from acid soils, would limit their usefulness for measuring soil cations available to crops.
Fungal lipids. II. Effects of Varying Concentration of Nitrogen in the Medium and Incubation Period on the Chemical Composition of Lipids of Pythium irregulare Buisman
Authors: Bhatia I. S. , Raheja R. K. , Sukhija P. S.
Published: November 2006

Effects of varying the concentration of nitrogen in the medium and the incubation period on the chemical composition of lipids of Pythium irregulare Buisman were studied. In general, with low C/N ratios, the growth of mycelium and the lipid synthesis were found to increase up to the eleventh day of incubation after an initial lag period of five days. Thereafter only slight changes were observed. The fatty acid composition with low C/N ratios showed a considerable variation throughout the growth period. With high C/N ratios, the lipid content continued to increase during the whole period of growth. During this phase of growth, a rapid synthesis of triglycerides along with a marginal increase in the polar fraction was observed.

In all the non‐polar lipid classes, oleic and palmitic were the major fatty acid components. Free fatty acid fractions comprised mainly of palmitic, oleic and arachidic acids. In all polar lipid fractions, except phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acids, oleic and palmitic were the principal acids. By argentation thin‐layer chromatography, eight mixed triglyceride classes were observed.
The effect of nitrogen fertilisation on the total amino acid content of table beet roots
Authors: Lee C. Y.
Published: November 2006

The effect of nitrogen fertilisation on the amino acids in table beet roots was studied. An approximate 60% increase in total amino acid content resulted when nitrogen fertiliser was applied at the level of 450 kg/ha. A comparison of the distribution of individual amino acids was also made.
The aleurone layer of wheat. IV. Effects of extraction by aqueous media
Authors: Stevens Derrick J.
Published: November 2006

Samples of aleurone layer were prepared from wheat bran by a non‐aqueous method and extracted with (i) water, (ii) 1 M‐sodium chloride solution, (iii) 0.04 M‐hydrochloric acid and (iv) 0.04 M‐sodium hydroxide solution. The amounts of protein in the extracts were measured and the extracted materials examined by the Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that the walls of the aleurone cells were not impermeable to the protein of the cell contents, since substantial amounts were extracted by all of the media. Comparison of the S.E.M. micrographs with those of unextracted material, together with the protein extraction results, showed that although alkali extracted more protein than did acid, it did not affect the aleurone granules, which were solubilised by acid. This evidence could not be reconciled with the widely‐held view that aleurone grains are composed of protein.
Benthic marine and blue–green algal species as a source of choline
Authors: Dasilva Edgar , Jensen Arne
Published: November 2006

Species of red, brown and green seaweeds and blue‐green algae were evaluated as sources of choline. A third of the seaweeds and all the blue‐green algae gave very low values. Of the remainder, the brown seaweeds yielded contents between 0.1 to 6, the red 1 to 6 and the green 3 to 8 mg choline/g of dry alga. The seasonal variation was investigated in three brown algae. Commercial seaweed meals from Ascophyllum nodosum showed nearly constant levels of choline. The chromatographic behaviour of the choline‐reineckate complex was also studied.
Factors affecting the puffing quality of paddy
Authors: Srinivas T. , Desikachar H. S. R.
Published: November 2006

Histological studies showed that in good puffing varieties of paddy the aleurone layer was thin and weak at the specific points of bursting while the clearance between the husk and kernel was large and the grain was easily shelled. In the poor puffing varieties the aleurone was uniformly thicker along the peripheral section while clearance between husk and grain was smaller and the grains were relatively more difficult to shell.

Optimum maturity of grains at an average grain moisture of 20 to 24% was essential for getting maximum puffing. Delayed harvesting caused sun checks and reduced overall puffing expansion. Sun checks caused by severe drying in the sun produced a similar effect. High grain density was associated with better puffing.
Preservation of high‐moisture dried prunes with sodium benzoate instead of potassium sorbate
Authors: Schade John E. , Stafford Allen E. , King A. Douglas
Published: November 2006

The relative efficacy of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate as preservatives for high‐moisture dried prunes was determined using prunes with moisture contents between 31 and 38%. As the moisture content of the prunes increased, the level of preservative required increased. Higher concentrations of sodium benzoate than potassium sorbate were required to achieve equal protection of prunes from spoilage. The relative efficacy of these preservatives varies with the type of microbial spoilage. While sodium benzoate generally appeared to be about equally effective against the yeast and moulds used, potassium sorbate was more effective against the mould than against the yeasts. It appeared that it would take 40 to 90% more sodium benzoate than potassium sorbate to preserve high‐moisture dried prunes from both types of spoilage. On the basis of the present commercial levels of potassium sorbate, it should be possible to preserve commercially produced high‐moisture dried prunes using sodium benzoate without exceeding the U.S. legal limit of 0.1%.
Two improved methods for the determination of soluble carbohydrates
Authors: Flood Alan E. , Priestley C. Austen
Published: November 2006

Modifications have been made to a periodate oxidation procedure originally described by Rappaport et al.1,2 These have resulted in a procedure suited to the routine determination of a wide range of carbohydrates in solution, including soluble sugars, sugar alcohols, oligosaccharides and the hydrolysis products of reserve polysaccharides. A reasonably accurate estimate of fructose in a mixture of sugars is possible by the determination of the periodate consumption of aliquots before and after the destruction of fructose.

An improved ferricyanide method is suited to the determination of reducing sugars.

Both methods may be applied with equal success to hexose and pentose sugars. When used in conjunction, the two methods enable the estimation of fructose, reducing sugar, sucrose and sugar alcohol in aliquots of the same extract.
Variability in fatty acid composition in peanut. II. Spreading group
Authors: Sekhon K. S. , Ahuja K. L. , Jaswal Satvir , Bhatia I. S.
Published: November 2006

Oil content and fatty acid composition of 50 spreading peanut types and correlations thereof are reported. There was little variation in oil content (49.7 ± 2.01); among fatty acids, oleic (49.9 ± 12.5) and linoleic (34.4 ± 12.4) showed wider variation. Oleic and linoleic were found to have a very strong negative correlation (−0.942).
Isolation and properties of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors from barley grits after storage
Authors: Warchalewski Jerzy R. , Skupin Janusz
Published: November 2006

The occurrence of antiproteolytic activity in albumins of barley grits has been shown. As a result of storage lasting 6 months at a temperature of −10 °C the freeze‐dried albumin of barley grits lost its antiproteolytic activity and a proteolytic activity appeared. The antiproteolytic activity was partially regained after dissociation of the enzyme–inhibitor complex which had formed. From the reactivated freeze‐dried albumins of stored barley grits two thermolabile protease inhibitors were isolated and partially purified. The first trypsin–chymotrypsin inhibitor B7.1 inhibits, at a concentration of 2.5 μg, 1 μg of crystalline trypsin and 1.9 μg of this inhibitor inhibits 1 μg of crystalline alpha‐chymotrypsin. Lower activity was demonstrated for the second inhibitor of chymotrypsin B7.4; 4.8 μg of this inhibitor is needed to inhibit the activity of 1 μg of crystalline alpha‐chymotrypsin. The occurrence of both inhibitors has been confirmed by means of starchgel electrophoresis. Their specific activity was small in comparison with that of some commercial crystalline preparations of inhibitors. The capacity to inhibit native proteases shows their important physiological function, based mainly on the control of proteolytic activity of endogenous enzymes. However it seems unlikely that they could have a negative influence on the nutritive value of proteins in barley grains or grits.
A study of lipoxidase in pea seeds and seedlings
Authors: Haydar M. , Hadziyev D.
Published: November 2006

Lipoxidase enzyme was isolated and partly purified from pea seeds by ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephadex and DEAE‐Cellulose column chromatography. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 7.2 and the Michaelis–Menton constant 2.3 × 10−3 M. Disc gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of 3 to 4 isoenzymes, while the molecular weight determination in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate gave a value of 7.4 × 104. The presence of lipoxidase in pea mitochondria and in the peroxisome‐like bodies was demonstrated. A low enzyme activity was found with the purified chloroplasts but a much higher activity was found in the plastids and in the cytoplasm of the etiolated tissue. The enzyme was found not to be compartmentalised in any particulate fraction of the pea seedlings investigated.
Conditioning studies on Australian wheat. III. The role of the rate of water penetration into the wheat grain
Authors: Butcher J. , Stenvert N. L.
Published: November 2006

The penetration of water into the grain of a number of wheat varieties at various time intervals after damping was followed using the technique of autoradiography. Significant varietal differences were noted in the rate of water penetration and these were found to relate closely to the milling behaviour of the respective varieties at the various time intervals after damping.
Chance of glutamic acid runs in gliadins and caseins
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Probability calculations based on amino acid compositions show that (Glx)5 and more than one (Glx)4 will almost certainly occur in wheat gliadin, provided that the amino acid sequences conform approximately to a random pattern. (Gln)6 is probable. (Glx)3 is likely to be the longest run in caseins. No major departures from a random arrangement were observed in calculations on ten standard proteins of known sequence. The possibility is raised that specificity of gliadin in coeliac disease may be linked with runs of glutamine. Tables of probabilities could be of use in sequential analysis.
Digestibility and nitrogen retention in pigs fed diets containing dried and undried field beans treated with propionic acid
Authors: Whittemore Colin T. , Taylor Alexander G.
Published: November 2006

Digestibility studies with pigs weighing 40 kg were used to determine the nutritive value of diets containing dried and undried field bean (Vicia faba L) nitrogen (N) in place of soya bean N and to examine the use of propionic acid as a means of storing beans in an undried state.

An addition of 2% propionic acid satisfactorily preserved moist field beans and treatment with propionic acid prior to six months' storage did not alter the nutritive value of soya bean, dried field beans or undried field beans.

The digestibility of N did not differ between soya bean and undried field bean diets but the digestibility of N in the dried bean diet was lower than that in the soya bean diet. Substitution of either dried or undried field bean N for soya bean N resulted in a reduction in N retention.
Cysteinimetry. Determination of the potassium bromate content of buffalo milk
Authors: Barakat M. Z. , Makarem M. Abou‐El , Abdel‐Aziz Sami
Published: November 2006

The iodometric titration of amounts ranging from 10 mg to 50 μg of potassium bromate with standard L‐cysteine HCl solution is reported. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed. The experimental error does not exceed ±2%. Comparative analysis of potassium bromate by the proposed method and the previous sodium thiosulphate method is shown. Application of the proposed method to the determination of potassium bromate in buffalo milk, gives reproducible results.
A prolonged pre‐rigor condition in aerobic surfaces of ox muscle
Authors: Leet N. Garry , Locker Ronald H.
Published: November 2006

The aerobic surface of ox muscle remains in a pre‐rigor condition for periods of up to a month if microbial growth is inhibited. Thaw shortening and surface pH were the principal criteria. The tissue also shortened in response to chilling or heating, but not to high voltage.

At 15 °C, with free access of air, the survival of the surface layers of large pieces or thin strips is limited by spoilage or by glycogen depletion. A semi‐porous wrap which restricts the oxygen supply shortens survival times. At 2 °C and 8 °C, thin strips survive for long periods, to die at high pH devoid of glycogen. The surface layers of larger pieces succumb within a week at low pH with residual glycogen. Thus at 15 °C the oxygen supply is critical and at 2 °C and 8 °C the ratio of aerobic to anaerobic tissue.

The longevity is explained in terms of the Pasteur effect. Glycolysis is suppressed in the surface layer and lactic acid diffusing from the interior is consumed. The sequence of events in the three metabolic zones of the muscle (surface, sub‐surface and interior) is described.
Energy subsidy as a criterion in food policy planning
Authors: Slesser Malcolm
Published: November 2006

The assessment of the energy requirement to a production process is one way of assessing the long term viability of such a process. Food production, both agricultural and industrial, are assessed in energy terms for 131 food producing systems. By relating the data to land area utilised in the production process, a methodology is revealed which is useful in long range planning for food production, especially applicable to the less developed countries. It appears that for such countries the industrial methods currently being developed are not necessarily in the best interests of these countries but are more suited to highly developed countries with assured sources of energy.
Physical aspects of the drying of fish meals
Authors: Myklestad Ole
Published: November 2006

Meals from capelin, herring and mackerel were dried under various conditions. Dehydration proceeded at falling rates and was significantly affected by air temperature at all stages and by air velocity at the initial stages of the process. At higher temperatures dehydration could be characterised by two time constants, one being about twice as long as the other. Herring meal appeared to be more prone to structural changes than the other meals.
Changes in chloroplast pigments during the preparation of leaf protein
Authors: Arkcoll David B. , Holden Margaret
Published: November 2006

The nature and extent of the changes in the carotenoids and chlorophylls were determined at each stage of leaf protein (LP) preparation. Loss of carotenoids during pulping and pressing of the leaves is mainly enzymic and can be minimised by adding alkali and processing quickly. Carotenoids were more stable in the juice than in the fibre. When the protein was coagulated by heating the juice little carotene was destroyed but total xanthophyll decreased mostly due to violaxanthin being partly isomerised. With leaves rich in chlorophyllase, coagulating at 80 °C led to the conversion of chlorophylls to chlorophyllides. This reaction, and others that may be deleterious to the quality of the protein, did not occur at 100 °C suggesting a higher temperature of coagulation may be preferable. Washing with acid caused a marked colour change of LPs because of the conversion of chlorophylls to pheophytins and chlorophyllides to pheophorbides; xanthophyll decreased slightly but carotene was unaffected. No pigment changes occurred on freeze‐drying. During storage with air present carotene was less stable than xanthophyll; carotenoids were lost faster from acid‐washed LPs than from unwashed preparations.
The influence of isoflavone glycosides on the taste of subterranean clover leaves
Authors: Francis C. M.
Published: November 2006

Four variants of subterranean clover cultivar Geraldton were fed to sheep. One variant, whose flavonoid glycosides were stable due to absence of glucosidase activity in the leaves, was more distasteful to the sheep than were the other clovers. These results suggest that flavonoid glycosides may be unpalatable to the sheep whilst the products of hydrolysis (glucose and aglycone) are not.

Taste testing by human subjects of seven purified isoflavone glycosides indicated a slight but distinctive astringent–bitter taste in contrast to the lack of taste of the aglycones.
Amino acid profiles of chemical and anatomical fractions of oat grains
Authors: Draper Simon R.
Published: November 2006

Anatomical fractions of oat grains obtained by manual dissection and chemical fractions corresponding to the four major classes of protein present in seeds have been analysed for amino acids by automated column chromatography. Estimates of lysine indicate that this amino acid is concentrated in the embryo and in the albumin and globulin fractions. The salt‐soluble proteins can be identified on gels of polyacrylamide following electrophoresis. It is suggested that selection of varieties with high levels of salt‐soluble protein offers a means of improving the amino acid balance of oat proteins in relation to the feeding of non‐ruminant animals.
Effect of soil type and daylength on the levels of isothiocyanates in the hypocotyl‐root region of Raphanus sativus
Authors: Neil L. J. , Bible B.
Published: November 2006

Isothiocyanate levels were determined for the hypocotyl‐root region of Raphanus sativus, grown under two daylengths and in three different soil types. Under a short photoperiod (8.5 h) radishes grown in loam soil had the highest isothiocyanate concentration but under a longer photoperiod (15 h) radishes grown in organic soil had the highest isothiocyanate concentration.
Method for screening barley and wheat samples for mercury
Authors: Magos László , Jawad Ahmed M.
Published: November 2006

A flameless atomic absorption method on undigested crushed grain samples was used for screening large numbers of samples in Iraq in 1972 in an outbreak of methylmercury epidemy which occurred after the misuse of seed wheat treated with methyl‐mercury fungicide. In the standard procedure 1 g of crushed grain was added to a reaction vessel with 1 ml of 1% cysteine, 20 ml of 1% saline and 10 ml of 16 N‐H2SO4. Methylmercury and all the other forms of mercury were converted to atomic mercury by the combined SnCl2–CdCl2 reagent after the addition of 20 ml 45% NaOH. Atomic mercury was moved from the reaction vessel through the gas cell of a mercury vapour meter by an air pump. Deflection on the scale of the mercury vapour meter was recorded and by use of standard additions to the same sample mercury contents were calculated. It was found that from crushed grain approximately 60% of the mercury was released compared with estimations carried out on digests necessitating the use of a correction factor for quantitation. This screening technique which does not need elaborate instruments, special skill and care, made it possible for two people to screen approximately 30 samples per hour and to overcome the emergency situation which had been presented by the large number of wheat stocks suspected of containing methylmercury.
Nutritional evaluation of the seed proteins of Calophyllum inophyllum, linn, and Bassia latifolia
Authors: Venkatesan N. , Rege D. V.
Published: November 2006

The possibility, so far unexplored, of using meal remaining after defatting Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn and Bassia latifolia (mowra) seeds as a potential protein source in foods and feeds has been investigated. Rat growth experiments were carried out with part of the dietary protein derived from the meals, using casein as standard protein for comparison. Reasonably good correlation between chemical data and biological performance has been observed in case of undi meal. The meal, when made nutritionally adequate by supplementation, is capable of supporting normal growth rate. Growth rates of animals receiving 50% of the protein as debittered mowra meal were, however, considerably lower although no other pathological symptoms were noticeable.
Soil tests for available copper and zinc in soils of Western Nigeria
Authors: Osiname Olumuyiwa A. , Schulte Emmett E. , Corey Richard B.
Published: November 2006

Four soil tests for copper and zinc were evaluated for their ability to predict Cu and Zn uptake by oats (Avena sativa, L., Lodi var.) grown on 28 soils from Western Nigeria. Statistical analyses showed that EDTA was a better extractant for predicting Cu uptake than was DTPA, 0.1 N‐HCl or 1 N‐HCl. Copper uptake was more strongly correlated with inorganic soil fractions than with organic matter and was not significantly affected by soil pH.

The best prediction of Zn uptake was provided by a combination of 0.1 N‐HCl extractable Zn, pH, organic matter and the silt plus clay fraction in a multiple regression analysis. All four extractants predicted plant Zn uptake better on soils of pH less than 6.0 than on soils of pH greater than 6.0.

A significant amount of Cu and Zn in the soils appeared to be associated with sesquioxides, part of which was available for plant use.
A multiple sampling technique for use with the cell‐fragility method of determining deteriorative changes in frozen fish
Authors: Whittle Kevin J.
Published: November 2006

A simple sampling method has been devised for the cell fragility technique which permits an almost tenfold increase in the number of determinations per hour. About 250 fish can now be sampled per hour.
The triglyceride composition of Corchorus olitorius seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Mazumder U. K.
Published: November 2006

Corchorus olitorius seed oil and its randomised product have been subjected to pancreatic hydrolysis. Glyceride compositions have been calculated from the original fatty acid composition and those of the monoglycerides produced by hydrolysis. The percent GS3 content of the seed oil and of its interesterified product have also been determined by the combined techniques of thin layer chromatography on silver nitrate impregnated silica gel and colorimetry.
An analytical and integrative approach to sensory evaluation of foods
Authors: Kramer Amihud
Published: November 2006

Total sensory evaluation of foods involves at least four senses each of which may include one to many distinct attributes of quality. Thus it is necessary to test for the various significant attributes separately before arriving at a total quality assessment. Sensory evaluation may be performed directly by the use of the “human instrument”, i.e. taste panel, or indirectly by the use of objective physical‐chemical tests which must be validated by demonstrated high correlation with taste panel responses. For determining differences, panelists should be trained. For consumer preference, untrained panels representative of the target population must be employed. In either case, scalar, variables, rather than attributes data should be utilised for maximum efficiency (power). The sample number ratio (s.n.r.) is presented as a technique for measuring the relative efficiency of taste‐testing procedures. The contribution of specific attributes to total sensory quality may be calculated by the use of multiple regression analysis where total quality is the dependent variable and the specific attributes of quality are the independent variables. The independent variables contributing significantly to predictability of total quality are retained in the equation and the others are dropped. An example of this procedure, using subjective and objective procedures is presented.
The fatty acid and phospholipid composition of Longissimus dorsi muscle from pietrain and large white pigs
Authors: Wood Jeffrey D. , Lister David
Published: November 2006

An examination was made of the fatty acid and phospholipid composition of longissimus dorsi muscle from Pietrain and Large White pigs. The neutral lipid fraction from Pietrain muscle had a more unsaturated fatty acid composition possibly because of a reduced rate of intramuscular fat deposition in these pigs. The phospholipid content of muscle and muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was similar in both breeds. The fatty acid composition of phospholipid and the concentrations of individual phospholipids were also similar.

Differences in the lipid composition of muscle between the breeds appear to reflect a reduced capacity for carcass fat deposition in Pietrains rather than the propensity of pigs of this breed to produce muscle which is pale, soft and exudative (p.s.e.).
Biological and chemical factors affecting the valuation of North East Indian plains teas. III. Statistical Evaluation of the Biochemical Constituents and their Effects on Colour, Brightness and Strength of Black Teas
Authors: Biswas Ajit K. , Sarkar Arup R. , Biswas Asim K.
Published: November 2006

Regardless of tasters and methods of manufacture five biochemical factors, total oxygen uptake of unprocessed tea shoots and theaflavins (TF), thearubigins (TR), (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCE) and theogallin (TG), of black tea are the main contributing factors of colour of North East India plains tea. Similarly, three constituents, TF, TR and (−)‐epicatechin gallate (ECG) of black tea, are main the factors for brightness. Four factors, total oxygen uptake and ECG of unprocessed tea shoots and TF and moisture of black tea are the main contributing factors of strength of North East Indian plains tea.
The effect of potassium on translocation of photosynthates and yield pattern of potato plants
Authors: Haeder Hans‐Eckhard , Mengel Konrad , Forster Helmut
Published: November 2006

The effect of increasing potassium supplies on the translocation of 14C‐labelled photosynthates from the leaves to the tubers was investigated in potatoes at different growth stages. Until flowering most of the assimilates were used for the development of above‐ground parts. With adequate K nutrition two thirds of the labelled photosynthates passed within one day into the tubers when after flowering intensive growth of tubers set in. With insufficient K supply (0.4 mequiv. K/litre), however, only half of the photosynthates were translocated to the tubers during the same period. The heavier accumulation of assimilates in the leaves resulted in a lower rate of photosynthesis in relation to leaf matter. It could thus be confirmed that potassium directly favours the transport of assimilates and, due to the faster translocation of photosynthates, brings about a higher assimilation rate of the leaves. The plants of the K3 treatment (10 mequiv. K/litre) at all growth stages produced the highest tuber yield per leaf matter. On the other hand, the amount of leaf matter in these plants was smaller, so that the plants supplied with medium K rates (2.0 mequiv. K/litre) gave the highest absolute tuber yield. Within 24 hours three quarters of the labelled photosynthates were converted, for the major part into starch and protein. Potassium favoured in the young above‐ground parts the conversion of photosynthates to protein and in the tubers the synthesis of starch. Its effect on metabolism therefore differs in dependence on plant organ and physiological age of the plant.
Relationship of aroma and flavour characteristics of mango (Mangifera indica L.) to fatty acid composition
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Chiranjib , Gholap Achyut S.
Published: November 2006

Glyceride content and fatty acid composition of pulp from five commercial varieties of table‐ripe mangoes having wide differences in aroma and flavour were studied. In addition, the Alphonso mango was examined at various stages of ripening at two different temperatures. Although the same type of fatty acids were present in all varieties of ripe mango there were differences in quantitative distribution. During the ripening of Alphonso mango at ambient temperature (25 to 30 °C), there was an increase in the glyceride content of the pulp, followed by rapid changes in fatty acid composition and in aroma and flavour, while at low temperature (10 ± 2 °C), where ripening was considerably delayed, there were no appreciable changes in glyceride content and in fatty acid composition of the pulp or in aroma and flavour. A correlation was ascertained between organoleptically evaluated aroma and flavour characteristics of mango pulp and the ratio of palmitic acid to palmitoleic acid.
Protein quality of some Nigerian feedstuffs. I. Chemical assay of nutrients and amino acid composition
Authors: Fetuga B. L. , Babatunde G. M. , Oyenuga V. A.
Published: November 2006

The nutrient and amino acid composition of a range of Nigerian feedstuffs were studied by chemical analysis and column chromatography for amino acids.

Nearly all feedstuffs studied showed low crude fibre value except the palm kernel meal and the African locust bean seeds which gave high values, range 8.1 to 12.3% and 8.76 to 12.64%, respectively.

All the animal protein concentrates studied, namely, skim milk powder, blood meal and fish meal showed desirable feedstuff characteristics such as a low crude fibre content, high crude protein content and fairly high gross energy values, lysine, methionine and tryptophan were the amino acids in shortest supply in most of the feedstuffs.
An investigation of hydrolytic techniques for the amino acid analysis of foodstuffs
Authors: Davies Michael G. , Thomas Alan J.
Published: November 2006

A survey of hydrolytic methods for the amino acid analysis of foods is presented and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed. Amino acids were determined after hydrolysis of the proteins with hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, perchloric acid, p‐toluene sulphonic acid and sodium hydroxide. The results are shown graphically using as examples a pure protein (casein) and a potential food protein of microfungal origin (Fusarium graminearum). The addition of some cation exchange resin to acids catalysed the hydrolysis of some peptide bonds containing aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, valine and isoleucine. Whilst several methods gave close agreement for the analysis of a pure protein, hydrolysis with 6 N‐hydrochloric acid gave the largest yield of most amino acids in food proteins. With the exception of extracted soya meal, protection of cystine prior to hydrolysis gave higher values than direct hydrolysis.
Cadmium, lead and mercury content of various cured meats
Authors: Kirkpatrick Diane C. , Coffin D. Earle
Published: November 2006

Results are presented for the levels of cadmium, lead and mercury in 190 cured meat samples. The cadmium content was in the range <0.01 to 0.22 parts/million, the mean being 0.02 part/million; the range and mean of the lead content were <0.01 to 0.42 and 0.06 parts/million; the range and mean of the mercury content were <0.001 to 0.059 and 0.006 parts/million.
The estimation of rheologically important thiol and disulphide groups in dough
Authors: Jones Ian K. , Phillips John W. , Hird Francis J. R.
Published: November 2006

Quantitative methods are presented for distinguishing rheologically‐important thiol and disulphide groups of wheat dough from those which are unimportant. The determinations are carried out in the farinograph and the use of extracting solvents is completely avoided. Dithiothreitol and N‐ethylmaleimide are used as respective titrants of disulphide and thiol groups.

Less than 4% of the total disulphide is involved in determining development time; 11 to 13% is involved in the resistance to mixing. About 25 to 35% of the total thiol is involved in both development and tolerance to mixing. A positive relationship between the content of rheologically‐important disulphide and development time has been shown in flours from several varieties of wheat.

It was further found that the addition of iodate can rapidly increase the resistance to mixing of a partly reduced dough.

The nature of the rheologically‐important thiol and disulphide groups is discussed in relation to current knowledge of their distribution among large and small molecules, their importance in maintaining structure and their involvement in thiol‐disulphide exchange reactions during mixing.
Transaminase activity in extracts of cod muscle studied by the use of a 14C‐labelled amino acid mixture
Authors: Murray John , Burt James R.
Published: November 2006

Changes in the amino acid fraction of buffered extracts of cod muscle during incubation in the presence of α‐ketoglutarate have been studied using a 14C‐labelled amino acid mixture. The patterns of radioactive amino acids pre and post incubation suggest that transamination reactions are responsible for marked changes in the levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, leucine and iso‐leucine. No changes were noted in the levels of threonine, serine, proline, glycine, lysine and arginine. Slight falls in the concentration of tyrosine and phenylalanine were seen after extended incubation times.
Methods for determining 2‐6‐diaminopimelic acid and 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid in gut contents
Authors: Czerkawski Julian W. , Faulds C.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the determination of 2–6‐diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) are described. The DAPA method consists of hydrolysing the sample, its purification on charcoal columns, separation of DAPA from proline on columns of an anionic resin, and the determination of DAPA with acid ninhydrin. The AEP method consists of hydrolysing the sample with hydrochloric acid, separation of AEP from inorganic phosphate on columns of a cationic resin, hydrolysis of the P‐C bond in AEP with perchloric acid and the determination of AEP as phosphate. Examples of analysis of foods, gut contents and microbial fractions are given.
The influence of death struggle on the rate of glycolysis in chicken breast muscle
Authors: Grey Thomas C. , Jones John M. , Robinson David S.
Published: November 2006

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of killing procedures on the biochemical metabolites of broiler chicken breast muscle.

The degree of struggle at death profoundly affected the onset of rigor mortis both in intact carcases and in muscles stored off the bird. Evidence was obtained that the amount of ATP present in the muscle, and hence the time of onset of rigor, could be estimated by measurement of the pH value of the muscle.
Air‐, water‐ and vacuum‐thawing of frozen pork legs
Authors: Bailey Colin , James S. J. , Kitchell A. G. , Hudson W. R.
Published: November 2006

A comparative experimental study of thawing of frozen pork legs of different weights in air, water and vacuum steam heat systems has been made with respect to thawing time, weight loss and appearance, and a mathematical model and computer programme have been developed which enable accurate prediction of thawing time for any weight of leg under any thawing condition. Very good agreement has been obtained between computed figures and experimental results.

Thawing in water is faster than in air at any given temperature but vacuum thawing is not appreciably faster than water thawing. The pork legs increased in weight by 1 ± 0.3% under all conditions except high velocity air and higher vacuum thawing temperatures when losses of up to 1% were recorded. The appearance of legs thawed in air was superior to those from water and vacuum systems. Satisfactory microbiological results were obtained at a thawing temperature of 10 ºC in all systems.
Inhibition by carboxylic acids of an o‐diphenol oxidase from Prunus avium fruits
Authors: Pifferi Pier Giorgio , Baldassari Luciano , Cultrera Rolando
Published: November 2006

Aromatic carboxylic acids strongly inhibited 4‐methylcatechol oxidation by an o‐diphenol oxidase extracted from sweet cherry fruits (Prunus avium). Esterification of the acids decreased their inhibitory strength. Inhibitors containing the benzene nucleus showed a greater effectiveness than the corresponding aliphatic and heterocyclic compounds (except 2‐naphthalenecarboxylic acid). Similar inhibitory effects were observed by replacing the benzene ring with a highly unsaturated open chain. The inhibitory properties of benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, p‐coumaric acid and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid were investigated. It is proposed that the catalytic and inhibitory sites are close together in the enzyme molecule.