bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI-driven inverse design of materials: Past, present and future
Authors: Han Xiao-Qi , Wang Xin-De , Xu Meng-Yuan , Feng Zhen , Yao Bo-Wen , Guo Peng-Jie , Gao Ze-Feng , Lu Zhong-Yi
Published: January 2025

The discovery of advanced materials is the cornerstone of human technological development and progress. The structures of materials and their corresponding properties are essentially the result of a complex interplay of multiple degrees of freedom such as lattice, charge, spin, symmetry, and topology. This poses significant challenges for the inverse design methods of materials. Humans have long explored new materials through a large number of experiments and proposed corresponding theoretical systems to predict new material properties and structures. With the improvement of computational power, researchers have gradually developed various electronic structure calculation methods, such as the density functional theory and high-throughput computational methods. Recently, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in the field of computer science has enabled the effective characterization of the implicit association between material properties and structures, thus opening up an efficient paradigm for the inverse design of functional materials. A significant progress has been made in inverse design of materials based on generative and discriminative models, attracting widespread attention from researchers. Considering this rapid technological progress, in this survey, we look back on the latest advancements in AI-driven inverse design of materials by introducing the background, key findings, and mainstream technological development routes. In addition, we summarize the remaining issues for future directions. This survey provides the latest overview of AI-driven inverse design of materials, which can serve as a useful resource for researchers.
Phase coherence of charge-6e superconductors via a frustrated Kagome XY antiferromagnet
Authors: Song Feng-Feng , Zhang Guang-Ming
Published: January 2025

Recent experimental evidence for the charge-6e condensed phase in kagome superconductors has generated significant interest. We investigate the unconventional superconductivity in the kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5, focusing on the emergence of charge-6e superconductivity (SC) at temperatures higher than the conventional charge-2e SC state. By modeling the phase coherence of the SC order parameter using a frustrated antiferromagnetic XY model on an emergent kagome lattice, we show that the condensation of fractional vortices with 1/3 vorticity stabilizes phase coherence in exp(i3θ), giving rise to the charge-6e SC state. Using a tensor network approach tailored for frustrated spin systems, we identify a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition at Tc
/J' ⋍ 0.075, where the unbinding of 1/3 fractional vortex-antivortex pairs transforms the system from the charge-6e SC phase to the normal phase. Below Tc
, the 1/3 fractional vortex correlations exhibit power-law decay, while the integer vortex correlations decay exponentially, reflecting the dominance of charge-6e SC in the absence of charge-2e SC. Our results provide a theoretical understanding of the charge-6e SC in two-dimensional kagome superconductors, emphasizing the interplay between fractional vortices, frustration, and topology in stabilizing this exotic SC phase.
Enhancing signal-to-noise ratio of vortex beam detection under cloud and fog conditions by combining spatial distribution and polarization information
Authors: Cui Chengshuai , Zhang Zijing , Wang Hongyang , Lv Xinran , Song Jiayu , Feng Rui , Zhao Yuan
Published: January 2025

Vortex beams carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) and exhibit a ring-shaped intensity distribution, adding a new dimension compared to Gaussian beams. In cloudy and foggy environments, using vortex beams for detection and imaging can partially improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) affected by backscattering compared to Gaussian beams. However, the improvement is limited at high concentrations. We introduce a novel approach to improve the SNR of vortex beam detection under these conditions. First, we utilized a ring filter for preliminary noise reduction, then applied polarization information to divide the data into different polarization directions. We then performed weighted summation on the one-dimensional photon counting echo data from these directions to further reduce noise. Simulation results demonstrated that this method improved SNR across various parameters. Specifically, at low reflectivity, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) increased from 0.333 to 2.14, improving ranging accuracy. In imaging, the SNR of the processed range profile rose from 9.86 dB to 15.6 dB, and the structural similarity index (SSIM) improved from 0.590 to 0.894, indicating enhanced image quality. Therefore, our method effectively enhances both ranging accuracy and imaging quality of vortex beams under cloud and fog conditions, with potential applications in fields such as remote sensing.
Reconstructing the inflaton potential: primordial black holes and gravitational waves in slow roll and ultra slow roll single field inflation
Authors: Autieri Gabriele , Redi Michele
Published: January 2025

We present new single field inflationary scenarios that produce the critical abundance of primordial black holes as dark matter reconstructing the inflaton potential from an input power spectrum. The method is exact in the slow roll approximation but remains effective even when the slow roll conditions are temporarily violated such as in ultra slow roll models. With this method we construct new ultra slow roll scenarios and also models that reproduce the DM abundance within the slow roll regime. As a second application we consider a scalar power spectrum that generates a secondary gravitational wave background compatible with the one recently observed in Pulsar Timing Arrays experiments. These scenarios could be tested by future observations of μ-distortions of the CMB.
Time-resolved measurement of neutron energy isotropy in a sheared-flow-stabilized Z pinch
Authors: Ryan R.A. , Tsai P.E. , Johansen A.R. , Youmans A.E. , Higginson D.P. , Mitrani J.M. , Adams C.S. , Sutherland D.A. , Levitt B. , Shumlak U.
Published: January 2025

Previous measurements of neutron energy using fast plastic scintillators while operating the Fusion Z Pinch Experiment (FuZE) constrained the energy of any yield-producing deuteron beams to less than 4.65 keV. FuZE has since been operated at increasingly higher input power, resulting in increased plasma current and larger fusion neutron yields. A detailed experimental study of the neutron energy isotropy in these regimes applies more stringent limits to possible contributions from beam-target fusion. The FuZE device operated at −25 kV charge voltage has resulted in average plasma currents of 370 kA and D–D fusion neutron yields of

4
×

10
7

±
4
×

10
6

neutrons per discharge. Measurements of the neutron energy isotropy under these operating conditions demonstrates the energy of deuteron beams is less than

7.4
±

5.6

(
stat
)

±

3.7

(
syst
)

 keV. Characterization of the detector response has reduced the number of free parameters in the fit of the neutron energy distribution, improving the confidence in the forward-fit method. Gamma backgrounds have been measured and the impact of these contributions on the isotropy results have been studied. Additionally, a time dependent measurement of the isotropy has been resolved for the first time, indicating increases to possible deuteron beam energies at late times. This suggests the possible growth of m = 0 instabilities at the end of the main radiation event but confirms that the majority of the neutron production exhibits isotropy consistent with thermonuclear origin.
Rapid prediction method of aerodynamic noise fatigue life based on modal stress approach
Authors: Liu Yuchen
Published: January 2025

Hypersonic vehicles are subjected to intense aerodynamic noise loads during service, and noise fatigue life assessment is of great significance in the design stage. Aerodynamic noise load is essentially a broadband random excitation, and its fatigue life assessment mainly consists of three core modules: the compilation of the noise load spectrum, the analysis of random vibration response, and the calculation of structural fatigue damage. In order to improve the computational efficiency and strengthen the correlation between the analysis steps, this study develops a set of computational procedures based on Python programming language, which realizes the integrated and rapid processing of the fatigue life assessment of aerodynamic noise. In terms of the calculation method, a fatigue hotspot localization method based on the modal stress approach is proposed, and the modal contribution coefficient is introduced to narrow the selection range of fatigue hotspots and improve the calculation efficiency. Taking a typical stiffened plate as an example, the new method is demonstrated to have high accuracy in locating fatigue hotspots, as well as the computational program has high accuracy in fatigue life estimation. This method can significantly reduce the calculation time and storage space, and improve the utilization efficiency of resources.
Measurement of sound power of steady-state sound sources: Comsol simulation study
Authors: Su Yu
Published: January 2025

The application of the reverberation method in acoustics mainly comes from aeroacoustics, such as the application of reverberation room. Using a reverberation field to measure the radiated sound power of a sound source is one of the applications. For underwater acoustics, the measurement of the radiated sound power of the sound source is always a hot research issue. In this paper, the correction law of sound energy in the free field and the reverberation field is studied by Comsol simulation. It is found that the difference in sound field energy of the steady sound source in the anechoic pool and the reverberation pool is roughly a constant value, which indicates that the reverberation method is feasible to measure the sound power of the sound source in the reverberation pool, and provides a reference for the measurement of the sound power of the transient sound source. For steady-state acoustic simulation, the spectrum of the anechoic pool and reverberation pool is studied, and the relationship between the correction and frequency is measured. Since the sound source to be measured in this experiment is a broadband transient sound and the high-frequency calculation time of the simulation software is too long, the frequency of this steady-state sound field study is below 1000 Hz.
Numerical simulation and structural optimization of double-throat Venturi series structure bubble generator
Authors: Wang Qing , Li Dongfeng , Fu Tingting , Xu Yinkang , Chen Ruiquan , Jin Tian
Published: January 2025

Micro-bubbles have attracted much attention in wastewater treatment due to their strong stability, long residence time in water, high mass transfer efficiency, and high Zeta potential [1-2]. Among the commonly used bubble generation methods, the ultrasonic method, Venturi method, and micro-dispersed method are the most popular methods [3–4]. To improve the efficiency of bubble generation and enhance the degree of bubble fineness, this study proposed a new Venturi tube bubble generator, mainly by adding multiple throat pipes based on the traditional Venturi tube to increase the liquid flow rate at the throat and increase the shearing area, thereby improving the bubble generation rate. This study investigated the fluid flow field distribution characteristics of the two-throat cascaded structure bubble generator based on the CFD method and analyzed the distribution of fluid velocity field, pressure field, trajectory, and turbulent kinetic energy in the bubble generator. The research results show that compared with the traditional Venturi bubble generator, the new generator not only significantly improves the bubble generation efficiency but also achieves better bubble fineness, which will provide more efficient and stable performance in real-world applications.
Design production and testing of ATLAS ITk strip bus tapes
Authors: Weidberg A. ,   the ATLAS ITk strips collaboration
Published: January 2025

This paper reviews the bus tapes used for the barrel and end cap detectors for the ATLAS
ITk strip detector. The long copper/polyimide tapes with narrow track and gap are very challenging
to produce with an acceptable yield. Two different technologies for these tapes are
compared. After several iterations, barrel and end cap tapes are in production at two different
manufacturers. Results from the electrical and dimensional QC show that both approaches meet the
tight specifications. Tests of the radiation tolerance are also discussed.
Testbeam analysis of biasing structures for irradiated hybrid pixel detectors
Authors: Rennie A.G. , Buttar C.M. , Gao Y. , González López R. , Maneuski D. , Pender E. , Qin Q. , Sullivan M. , Taylor J.T. , Wraight K.
Published: January 2025

Following the Phase-II upgrade during Long Shutdown (LS3),
the LHC aims to reach a peak instantaneous luminosity of
7.5×
1034 cm-2 s-1, which
corresponds to an average of around 200 inelastic proton-proton
collisions per beam-crossing (every
25 ns). To cope with these
conditions, the ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by a new
all-silicon system — the Inner Tracker (ITk). The ITk will be
operational for more than ten years, during which time ATLAS is
expected to record approximately
4000 fb-1 of data. The ITk's
pixel sub-system is based on hybrid pixel modules with new silicon
sensors and readout chips. These studies focus on testbeam
campaigns undertaken to study the spatial resolution and
efficiencies of hybrid pixel detector modules based on the first
large-structure prototype front-end readout chip — the RD53A —
using planar silicon sensors. These devices have been irradiated to
replicate the effect of the high radiation environment present
during operation in the ATLAS detector. Results for devices using
sensors with different punch-through bias structures and using
different readout modes are summarised. Those with sensors
incorporating a punch-through bias structure are found to exhibit
systematically lower efficiency than those without, as a result of
local areas of relative inefficiency around the punch-through
dots. Despite this, all devices measured are found to satisfy the
requirement of 97% efficiency at
V
bias = 400 V
after being irradiated to end-of-life fluence.
Locomotion design of transverse ledge brachiation robot with active wrist joint for lateral posture compensation
Authors: Pangestu Reno , Yeh Shu-Ting , Lin Chi-Ying
Published: January 2025

A transverse ledge brachiation robot is designed to move transversely along a ledge on a vertical wall by generating energy from the swinging motion of its lower limbs. This method reduces the force required by the upper limbs to propel the robot forward. However, previously developed robots often encounter a common issue: lateral posture deviation, which is typically caused by slippage when the grippers grasp the ledge. Without compensation, this deviation can increase the risk of falling during continuous brachiation cycles. To address this problem, we propose an active wrist joint mechanism utilizing a feedback control approach as the compensator to effectively correct gripper position deviations. In our robot design, we develop a motion control strategy that coordinates the upper and lower limbs in order to maintain the swing energy that can be transferred to the subsequent cycles. Then we propose a potential energy-based phase switching condition in the motion control strategy in order to simplify the computation process. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized parameter for compensation effectively maintains the gripper’s position relative to the ledge throughout 55 brachiation cycles. Furthermore, experiment validation shows that this posture compensation reduces deviation by one-third compared to results without compensation. This study has demonstrated a 68% improvement in energy consumption efficiency for continuous transverse brachiation compared to the previous generation, as well as a 37% improvement over transverse ricochetal brachiation locomotion.
Thermal charging-discharging analysis of PCM cylinder for amine-functionalized MWCNT-doped paraffin wax as a phase change material
Authors: Prasad Daya Shankar , Singh Pradeep Kumar
Published: January 2025

This Experimental study focuses on analyzing the impact of amine-functionalized MWCNTs (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) doping on the thermal performance of paraffin wax, aiming to enhance its potential as an efficient phase change material (PCM) for advanced energy storage applications. Mixing of MWCNT (nanomaterial) into paraffin wax (PW) at different volume percentages of 0.20, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.6, results in enhancement of the properties of PCM (paraffin wax). Experimental investigations show that as the flow rate increases from 6.25 ml s−1 to 25 ml s−1, the time taken for both charging and discharging the PCM cylinder decreases. The results of doping nanomaterials into PW show an enhancement in the thermal conductivity of the PCM by 10.94%, 18.86%, 24.15%, and 34.33% for volume percentages of 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.80%, and 1.60%, respectively. Moreover, optimal performance was observed at 0.80 vol% MWCNT, with a 63.3% reduction in charging time and a 50% increase in discharging time under specific flow rates of the heat transfer fluid. These findings suggested that the amine functionalized MWCNT nanoparticle is very effective and useful to enhance the thermal energy properties of paraffin wax and hence improves the thermal energy storage capacity that can be further used for various applications.
Minimal Rationality and the Web of Questions
Authors: Hoek Daniel
Published: January 2025

This chapter proposes a new account of bounded or minimal doxastic rationality, based on the notion that beliefs are answers to questions. The core idea is that minimally rational beliefs are linked through the thematic connections between them, rather than entailment relations. Minimally rational beliefs are not deductively closed, but they are closed under parthood (where a part is an entailment that answers a smaller question). And instead of avoiding all inconsistency, minimally rational believers only avoid blatant inconsistencies (where some beliefs are blatantly inconsistent when they contradict one another on a particular question). Rather than cohering into a single overall world view, beliefs are more loosely connected in what is best described as a web of questions. This view of minimally rational belief naturally gives rise to an account of deductive inquiry on which deductive reasoning is a matter of posing new questions.
A Theory of Partial Truth
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, Kit Fine develops a theory of partial truth within the framework of truthmaker semantics. The notion of partial truth is meant to convey the idea that the facts can favor the truth of a proposition without thereby making it true. Beyond its intrinsic interest, the theory of partial truth is of help in understanding the related notions of partial content and verisimilitude. The theory Fine develops is hyperintensional in that it does not always treat classically equivalent propositions as identical, and it also makes truth simpliciter neither necessary nor sufficient for partial truth—a partially true proposition need not be true, and a true proposition need not be partially true. In addition to the notion of partial truth, the resources of the truthmaker framework permit Fine to define several related notions, including what he calls part-wise truth (a proposition is part-wise true if the facts favor its truth as opposed to its falsity) and partial lack of falsity.
Nihil Ulterius
Authors: Bruno G Anthony
Published: January 2025

Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the questions to which Kant’s metaphysical and transcendental deductions are answers, namely and respectively, the question quid facti, concerning the origin of the categories, and the question quid juris, concerning our right to use the categories. Next, the chapter explains Fichte’s critique of Kant’s metaphysical deduction as a radically contingent and thus inadequate premise on which to rest the conclusions of Kant’s transcendental deductions. The chapter then shows that Fichte proposes a ‘genetic’ deduction of the categories, which proceeds by a dialectical movement of thought, in order to answer Kant’s two questions simultaneously and thereby secure scientific rigor for a transcendental idealist account of the categories as conditions of intelligibility. The chapter concludes by observing that Hegel develops Fichte’s dialectical logic into a presuppositionless and thus truly absolute science of intelligibility, thereby distinguishing the extent to which they each strive to eliminate radical contingency. This anticipates the full analysis of the nature and limitations of Hegel’s presuppositionless logic in Part II.
Nullifying Oppositions
Authors: Bruno G Anthony
Published: January 2025

Chapter 3 explains Kant’s enlightenment ideal of rational cognition, according to which reason is the source of the form of cognition. Next, the chapter demonstrates Fichte’s radicalization of this ideal in his pursuit of an absolute science of intelligibility. It then shows that, despite commending Fichte for inspiring this pursuit, Hegel argues that Fichte falls short of total presuppositionlessness insofar as he tolerates the radical contingency of the opposition of the I and the not-I. This brute fact renders any genetic deduction of conditions of intelligibility on its basis rhapsodic and therefore unscientific. Diverging from a tendency among scholars, this chapter shows that Hegel critiques Fichte’s idealism not for being subjective as opposed to objective, but rather for being factical as opposed to scientific. The chapter concludes by articulating the logical method by which Hegel dialectically removes the last vestige of facticity in the Wissenschaftslehre, thereby completing the German idealist response to Kant’s question quid facti.
Seeking Help and Planning to Build Community
Authors: Boyd Neil
Published: January 2025

Continuing Amanda’s story, she hires consultant Susan to assist in developing a culture of community in the organization, and the large amount of data collected sets the stage for beginning to think about how to build community in the company. Amanda and Susan work together to execute their organization development and change plan. Amanda will also develop an appreciation for community-related concepts, models, and theory, and she will experience positive outcomes and learn lessons about various interventions. The chapter then briefly explores steps toward planning how to create communities at work and shares practical insights on how employees and managers can move forward with planning. The chapter will highlight recent scientific investigations that are helping us to understand how we can shape a better future where employees can experience thriving lives at work, and where managers can satisfy goals under their charge.
Violence and Nonresistance during the Transition to Democracy
Authors: Argomaniz Javier
Published: January 2025

Chapter 2 describes the political and security context in Basque Country during the transition to democracy in Spain. It details how the armed separatist group ETA was born during the Francoist dictatorship and its military capabilities were at its peak in the 1977–1980 period. During these years, as their victims were ignored, the killings of ETA militants were followed by labor strikes and mass demonstrations glorifying the “armed struggle” and inciting violence. The chapter also depicts the first instances of nonviolent resistance to political violence while explaining why the Basque social response to ETA’s terrorism was so limited during this period, restricted as it was to isolated events that lacked continuity.
The Ethics of Conceptualization
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: January 2025

Philosophy strives to give us a firmer hold on our concepts. But what about their hold on us? Why place ourselves under the sway of a concept and grant it the authority to shape our thought and conduct? Another conceptualization would carry different implications. What makes one way of thinking better than another? This book develops a framework for concept appraisal. Its guiding idea is that to question the authority of concepts is to ask for reasons of a special kind: reasons for concept use, which tell us which concepts to adopt, adhere to, or abandon, thereby shoring up—or undercutting—the reasons for action and belief that guide our deliberations. Traditionally, reasons for concept use have been sought either in timeless rational foundations or in concepts’ inherent virtues, such as precision and consistency. Against this, the book advances two main claims: that we find reasons for concept use in the conceptual needs we discover when we critically distance ourselves from a concept by viewing it from the autoethnographic stance; and that sometimes, concepts that conflict, or exhibit other vices such as vagueness or superficiality, are just what we need. By considering not what concepts are absolutely best, but what concepts we now need, we can reconcile ourselves to the contingency of our concepts, determine the proper place of efforts to tidy up thought, and adjudicate between competing conceptions of things—even things as contested as liberty or free will. A needs-based approach separates helpful clarification from hobbling tidy-mindedness, and authoritative definition from conceptual gerrymandering.
The Authority Question
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: January 2025

This chapter clarifies the basic question from which the book sets out: why should we grant a given concept the authority to shape our thought and conduct? The conceptual authority at issue in this ‘authority question’ is distinguished from the normativity of concepts, and the question is motivated by highlighting the power of conceptual architectures. The chapter then explores how the question finds expression in everyday discourse before arguing that many conceptualizations that do not involve anything as straightforward as an epistemic error nevertheless have something wrong with them. They pick out something alright, and do not make any obviously false presuppositions. But they nevertheless form proper targets of critique—of ethical critique, in the broad sense that includes all kinds of practically relevant considerations. Truth, justification, and knowledge are all very well, but they are not the only things we want from human thought.
Reasons for Reasons
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes the role of reasons for concept use, showing how they allow us to answer the authority question without crowding out other kinds of reasons that transcend preoccupation with human concerns or with the instrumentality of concepts. A needs-based conception of conceptual authority is articulated, on which concepts are authoritative if and to the extent that they meet the conceptual needs we have in virtue of concerns we identify with and would still endorse after well-informed reflection on the merits of those concerns and how we came by them. The contours of this conception are sharpened by contrasting it with alternative conceptions of authority. The chapter then defuses the worry that this yields the wrong kind of reasons, and argues that the worry overlooks some of our most important reasons to prefer certain concepts over others. Finally, it is explored in what sense concepts can be valuable good-for-nothings.
The Essential Superficiality of the Voluntary
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: January 2025

This chapter applies the needs-based approach to a contested concept that has long been at the heart of debates over free will and responsibility: the concept of the voluntary. This further illustrates the approach and underscores two insights it yields: that powerful concerns can distort our conceptualizations out of the shape in which they best serve the balance of our concerns; and that sometimes, there are good reasons to favour concepts exhibiting what the tidy-minded would consider a defect, namely superficiality. Our conception of voluntariness is essentially superficial, as it can only serve our concerns if we refrain from deepening it. After showing how a superficial conception serves the concerns for fairness and freedom, it is suggested that theories trying to deepen our conception of voluntariness are morally motivated and exemplify a problematic moralization of psychology—they warp our conceptualization of psychology to ensure that moral demands can be met.
Conclusion: Tailoring Thought to Need
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: January 2025

This concluding chapter underscores what we gain by thinking in terms of second-order reasons, and identifies the reasons advanced by the book itself as third-order reasons: reasons to count conceptual needs as second-order reasons to heed certain first-order reasons, and reasons against counting the considerations cited by foundationalism, ironism, and holism as second-order reasons. On the resulting view, conceptual needs do not merely constrain our choices of concepts. They can positively inform and guide them. In closing, it is indicated how the research programme embodied by the needs-based approach might be pursued further, and how it opens out into wider questions of application and implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs
Published: January 2025

This chapter offers both a thematic and a methodological overview of the book and sets out its main underlying assumptions. It argues that the reconstruction of the modern discourses of crisis provides a unique insight into key political and intellectual controversies that have come to shape modernity. It engages critically with Reinhart Koselleck’s interpretation of the interplay of critique and crisis. While Koselleck originally focused on the long shadows of the Enlightenment, seeking to discern the (patho)genesis of political modernity as such, this chapter argues that this interpretative framework might also be tested on other periods and different cultural contexts. Along these lines, there has been an increasing scholarly consensus on crisis not just existing “out there,” but having its own intrinsic conceptual dynamic. From this perspective, crisis discourses can be understood as “speech acts,” which negotiate, legitimize, challenge, and (in some cases) even undermine the political order. Turning to the analysis of the interwar period, the historiographical image of which for a long time was dominated by the dramatic fall of the Weimar Republic, this chapter sketches out a broader comparative and transnational framework, which in turn can offer us insights about the crisis discourses of the twenty-first century as well.
The Morphology of Modern Crisis Discourses
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an overview of the conceptual transformation of crisis from the eighteenth to the early-twentieth century. It analyzes Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s conceptualization and points out its future-oriented and classical (temporally cyclical) layers of meaning. Subsequently, it revisits several important nineteenth-century instances of the political use of the notion, from Karl Marx to Jacob Burckhardt. Turning to the period of the First World War, it registers the conceptual expansion of the term but also the limits of its use, referring more to political conflicts than cultural or ideological transformations. From this perspective, the interwar conceptualizations can be considered not only quantitatively but also qualitatively different, marked by the shift of underlying temporalities, which can also be seen in the rise of an anti-modernist discursive modality, co-existing in a dynamic tension with modernism.
Crisis of Social Cohesion
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs
Published: January 2025

This chapter analyzes the uses of crisis discourse for problematizing the social relations in interwar Europe. It argues that the criticism of (old and new) elites and the discourses focusing on demography, generational transmission, and the peasantry were closely connected to each other. Looking at these threads, this chapter concludes that most of the key tropes of the diagnosis on the crisis of social cohesion yielded themselves readily for populist discursive modalities. The reason for this was the populist propensity to contrast the “organic community” with “inorganic,” “artificial,” or “alien” social actors, as well as the antipolitical overtones inherent to the biopolitical and generational discourses. However, this overview also indicates that it is futile to try to place these populist tropes on a one-dimensional Left–Right continuum. They could be used by very different projects, and they often served precisely as mediators or even coagulators of new ideological combinations, on a broad ideological spectrum, transgressing and problematizing the binary opposition of Left and Right.
Long Shadows of the Interwar Crises
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs
Published: January 2025

The chapter reconstructs the afterlives of the interwar crisis discourses following the end of the Second World War on both sides of the descending Iron Curtain. 1945 has been usually perceived as a fundamental turning point and the concept of crisis also became much less central to political discourse than in the interwar years. At the same time, there were also remarkable continuities that linked the pre- and post-Second World War periods structurally and ideologically, for example, between interwar right-wing national authoritarianism and state socialism or interwar Ordoliberalismus and postwar social market economy. Along these lines, the chapter reconstructs the impact of some of the “crisis-ridden” turning points, such as 1956, 1968, the Energy Crisis of the 1970s, 1989, or 2008. All this provides a framework of interpretation for the entanglement of the discourse of crisis with populism and neoliberalism, which seemed mutually incompatible for many observers until recently, but which are historically linked precisely through their interwar ideological affinities.
RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys (c.14429G>A) is associated with extracranial arterial stenosis
Authors: Shimada Daisuke , Miyawaki Satoru , Nakanishi Kaoru , Jono Takashi , Maruoka Hibiku , Kawai Takuya , Harada Yoichi , Kono Takuji , Komatsubara Koichiro , Nakauchi Jun , Matsumoto Yoshie , Okada Kei , Dofuku Shogo , Hongo Hiroki , Mitsui Jun , Teranishi Yu , Ohara Kenta , Ishigami Daiichiro , Sakai Yu , Kawano Hiroyuki , Noguchi Akio , Nakatomi Hirofumi , Saito Nobuhito , Hirano Teruyuki , Shiokawa Yoshiaki
Published: January 2025

Ring finger protein 213 (RNF213) p.Arg4810Lys (c.14429G > A) is associated with intracranial artery stenosis; however, its association with extracranial artery stenosis remains unknown. We aimed to elucidate the clinical significance and association of RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys with stroke subtypes, extracranial artery stenosis, and maximum intima-media thickness. A cohort of 600 patients with stroke prospectively collected over 1 year was assessed for the presence of RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys. A total of 1202 patients served as controls. The association of RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys with various stroke subtypes was studied. In sub-analyses, the association of RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys with intracranial artery stenosis/extracranial artery stenosis and maximum intima-media thickness were assessed. RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys was more common in patients with stroke (3.3%) than in those without stroke (1.1%). RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys was significantly associated with stroke. Among various stroke subtypes, large-artery atherosclerosis, both due to intracranial artery stenosis and extracranial artery stenosis, was most significantly associated with RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys. In the sub-analysis, intracranial artery stenosis-only, extracranial artery stenosis-only, and concurrent intracranial artery stenosis and extracranial artery stenosis groups were significantly associated with RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys, regardless of stroke type (adjusted odds ratio, 3.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–10.60; P= 0.014, adjusted odds ratio, 7.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.51–32.77; P= 0.013, adjusted odds ratio, 11.68; 95% confidence interval, 4.25–32.07; P 0.001, respectively). RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys was associated with increased maximum intima-media thickness, measured using carotid artery ultrasonography (multiple regression analysis β = 0.165; P = 0.004). These results were replicated in an independent validation cohort. In conclusion, RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys increases the risk of stroke. In addition to intracranial artery stenosis, RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys is associated with extracranial artery stenosis and maximum intima-media thickness. Evaluating RNF213 p.Arg4810Lys may help predict the incidence and type of stroke.
Stressors and Resources Among Adult Child Caregivers in the Presence or Absence of Siblings
Authors: Skoblow Hanamori F , Gilligan Megan
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives

Recent attention has focused on understanding later-life caregiving networks, emphasizing how multiple adult children within the same family navigate parental care. However, families with one child are increasingly common, and we know little about how adult only children experience caregiving and whether their experiences differ from those with siblings. Therefore, this study assessed differences in caregiving experiences between adult child caregivers with and without siblings and whether associations between caregiving experiences and mental health (i.e., psychological well-being and distress) vary by sibling presence.

Research Design and Methods

We used cross-sectional data from 1,773 adult child caregivers (12% without siblings; Mage = 56.75 [9.23]) in the National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving. We conducted t-tests and a series of multivariate regressions with interactions to test hypotheses.

Results

Adult only child caregivers reported more financial difficulty with care than respondents with siblings. The negative association between emotional difficulty of care and psychological well-being was stronger among adult children without siblings. Informal support was positively associated with psychological well-being only for adult children with siblings, although this may be accounted for by race and ethnicity.

Discussion and Implications

Findings suggest that adult only children may be at elevated risks of the financial difficulties and the emotional consequences of parental care provision. Further, informal support may be less protective for adult only children’s well-being. Given the increasing prevalence of single-child families, more research is needed to better understand and support adult only children caring for parents.
Data-space cross-validation of mantle structure in global tomographic models underneath the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wamba Mathurin D , Simons Frederik J , Irving Jessica C E
Published: January 2025

Seismic tomography is a principal method for studying mantle structure, but imaging of Earth’s wave speed anomalies is conditioned by seismic wave sampling. Global models use misfit criteria that may strive for balance between portions of the data set but can leave important regional domains underserved. We evaluate two full-waveform global tomography wave speed models, GLAD-M25 (Global adjoint tomography model) and SEMUCB-WM1 (whole-mantle tomography model derived from fully numerical spectral element method forward modelling), in the mantle below the Pacific Ocean. The region of the South Pacific Superswell contains multiple hotspots which may be fed by plumes anchored in the Large Low Shear-Velocity Province at the base of the mantle. The uneven distribution of seismic receivers worldwide leaves several candidate plumes beneath various hotspots poorly resolved. We assess the regional quality of GLAD-M25 relative to its global performance using a partition of the seismic waveform data used in its construction. We evaluate synthetic waveforms computed using the spectral-element method to determine how well they fit the data according to a variety of criteria measured across multiple seismic phases and frequency bands. The distributions of traveltime anomalies that remain in GLAD-M25 are wider for trans-Pacific paths than globally, suggesting comparatively insufficiently resolved seismic velocity structure in the region of interest. Hence, Pacific-centred regional inversions, based on (augmented) subsets of the global data set have the potential to enhance the resolution of velocity structure. We compare GLAD-M25 and SEMUCB-WM1 by cross-validation with a new, independent, data set. Our results reveal that short- and long-wavelength structure is captured differently by the two models. Our findings lead us to recommend focusing future model iteration on and around the Pacific Superswell and adding data that sample new corridors, especially using ocean sensors, to better constrain seismic velocity structure in this area of significant geodynamic complexity.
A replication study of novel fetal hemoglobin-associated genetic variants in sickle cell disease-only cohorts
Authors: Ilboudo Yann , Brosseau Nicolas , Lo Ken Sin , Belhaj Hicham , Moutereau Stéphane , Marshall Kwesi , Reid Marvin , Kutlar Abdullah , Ashley-Koch Allison E , Telen Marilyn J , Joly Philippe , Galactéros Frédéric , Bartolucci Pablo , Lettre Guillaume
Published: January 2025

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common monogenic disease in the world and is caused by mutations in the β-globin gene (HBB). Notably, SCD is characterized by extreme clinical heterogeneity. Inter-individual variation in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels strongly contributes to this patient-to-patient variability, with high HbF levels associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. Genetic association studies have identified and replicated HbF levels-associated variants at three loci: BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB, and HBB. In SCD patients, genetic variation at these three loci accounts for ~ 50% of HbF heritability. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in non-anemic and SCD patients of multiple ancestries have identified 20 new HbF-associated variants. However, these genetic associations have yet to be replicated in independent SCD cohorts. Here, we validated the association between HbF levels and variants at five of these new loci (ASB3, BACH2, PFAS, ZBTB7A, and KLF1) in up to 3740 SCD patients. By combining CRISPR inhibition and single-cell transcriptomics, we also showed that sequences near non-coding genetic variants at BACH2 (rs4707609) and KLF1 (rs2242514, rs10404876) can control the production of the β-globin genes in erythroid HUDEP-2 cells. Finally, we analyzed whole-exome sequence data from 1354 SCD patients but could not identify rare genetic variants of large effect on HbF levels. Together, our results confirm five new HbF-associated loci that can be functionally studied to develop new strategies to induce HbF expression in SCD patients.
Measurement of Whole Blood Tacrolimus Concentrations by LC-MS/MS and Immunoassay Methods: Influence of Immediate-Release vs Extended-Release Tacrolimus Formulations
Authors: Alabi Adekunle , Ge Mengyuan , Momper Jeremiah D , Tsunoda Shirley M , Kelner Michael J , Fitzgerald Robert L , Suhandynata Raymond T
Published: January 2025

Background

Therapeutic drug monitoring of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus is commonly performed by immunoassay or LC-MS/MS. Measurement biases between these methodologies have been characterized for immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-tac; Prograf) but have not been performed for extended-release formulations such as Envarsus. These discrepancies can impact patient care, as appropriate dosing is required to maintain therapeutic concentrations and immunosuppression.

Methods

Validation of a whole-blood LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of tacrolimus and its major metabolite, desmethyl tacrolimus, was performed using traceable calibrators (tacrolimus, ERM-DA110a) and quality control (QC) material for tacrolimus and standard material for desmethyl tacrolimus. Tacrolimus concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS and the ARCHITECT immunoassay in patients receiving either IR-tac or Envarsus for clinical care.

Results

External calibration curves for both tacrolimus and desmethyl tacrolimus were linear (R2 > 0.995), and the analytical measurement range (AMR) for tacrolimus spanned from 1.1 to 31.6 ng/mL. Calibrator/QC biases were within 15% of their spiked concentrations throughout the AMR, and within-run imprecision was <10%, except at the lower limit of quantification (n = 25). Between-run imprecision for low, mid, and high QC levels was ≤11% over a 2-week period (n = 5 days). Comparative biases between immunoassay and LC-MS/MS were significantly lower (P = 0.0074) for patients receiving Envarsus (n = 20 specimens) relative to patients receiving IR-tac (n = 32 specimens).

Conclusions

Biases between immunoassay and LC-MS/MS tacrolimus measurements in patients receiving immediate-release vs extended-release formulations indicate that their distinct pharmacokinetic profiles impact measurement accuracy. These assay biases should be considered when interpreting tacrolimus concentration measurements.
Psychotherapy research in the deaf community: pilot clinical trial lessons learned
Authors: Anderson Melissa L , Wilkins Alexander M , Hostovsky Sheri , Pici-D’Ottavio Emma , Aldalur Aileen , McGinnis Felicia , Meza Kayla
Published: January 2025

At the time of publication, there are no evidence-based psychotherapies to treat any behavioral health condition with Deaf clients. This article describes unique study design considerations for psychotherapy clinical trials conducted in the U.S. Deaf community. We synthesized emergent themes from participant exit interviews with feasibility data and real-life challenges that our team encountered when implementing the Signs of Safety pilot clinical trial, conducted from 2019 to 2022. Particularly illustrative participant accounts were selected to demonstrate five major lessons learned—expanding reach for recruitment; formally assessing participants’ ASL fluency; selecting ethically-sound control groups; streamlining video fidelity monitoring; and making crystallized outcome assessments ASL-accessible. These lessons learned informed the design of the first-ever full-scale psychotherapy trial in the U.S. Deaf community, to be conducted from late autumn 2024 through 2028. This trial will potentially validate the first evidence-based therapy for Deaf people and provide a vital roadmap for conducting Deaf community-engaged clinical trials.