bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic changes in GABAAreceptors on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons following sleep deprivation and recovery
Authors: Modirrousta Mandana , Mainville Lynda , Jones Barbara E
Published: February 2007

Background

The basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons play an important role in cortical activation and arousal and are active in association with cortical activation of waking and inactive in association with cortical slow wave activity of sleep. In view of findings that GABAA receptors (Rs) and inhibitory transmission undergo dynamic changes as a function of prior activity, we investigated whether the GABAARs on cholinergic cells might undergo such changes as a function of their prior activity during waking vs. sleep.

Results

In the brains of rats under sleep control (SC), sleep deprivation (SD) or sleep recovery (SR) conditions in the 3 hours prior to sacrifice, we examined immunofluorescent staining for β2–3 subunit GABAARs on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunopositive (+) cells in the magnocellular BF. In sections also stained for c-Fos, β2–3 GABAARs were present on ChAT+ neurons which expressed c-Fos in the SD group alone and were variable or undetectable on other ChAT+ cells across groups. In dual-immunostained sections, the luminance of β2–3 GABAARs over the membrane of ChAT+ cells was found to vary significantly across conditions and to be significantly higher in SD than SC or SR groups.

Conclusion

We conclude that membrane GABAARs increase on cholinergic cells as a result of activity during sustained waking and reciprocally decrease as a result of inactivity during sleep. These changes in membrane GABAARs would be associated with increased GABA-mediated inhibition of cholinergic cells following prolonged waking and diminished inhibition following sleep and could thus reflect a homeostatic process regulating cholinergic cell activity and thereby indirectly cortical activity across the sleep-waking cycle.
Innate immune system regulation of nuclear hormone receptors in metabolic diseases
Authors: Chow Edward Kai-Hua , Razani Bahram , Cheng Genhong
Published: February 2007

The immune system modulates a number of biological processes to properly defend against pathogens. Here, we review how crosstalk between nuclear hormone receptors and the innate immune system may influence multiple biological functions during an immune response. Although nuclear hormone receptor repression of innate immune responses and inflammation has been well studied, a number of new studies have identified repression of nuclear hormone receptor signaling by various innate immune responses. IFN regulatory factor 3, a key transcription factor involved in the induction of antiviral genes, may play a role in mediating such crosstalk between the innate immune response and nuclear receptor-regulated metabolism. This crosstalk mechanism is now implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and Reye’s syndrome and could provide an explanation for other pathogen-associated metabolic and developmental disorders.
Benefits and challenges of prescribing training and implementation: perceptions and early experiences of RPSGB prescribers
Authors: George Johnson , McCaig Dorothy , Bond Christine M , Cunningham IT Scott , Diack H Lesley , Stewart Derek C
Published: February 2007

Objective To investigate the challenges experienced by pharmacists in delivering supplementary prescribing (SP) services, to explore their perceptions of benefits of SP and to obtain feedback on both SP training and implementation.

Method A postal questionnaire focusing on prescribing training, early experiences of prescribing and general demographics was sent in September to November 2005 to all SP pharmacists (n = 488) in Great Britain after excluding a pilot sample (n = 30). The biggest benefits and challenges of SP, and reasons for not practising SP, were identified. Responses to a general open question were content analysed for major themes.

Key findings A total of 401 responses (82.2%) was received; 195 (48.6%) had started practising SP of which 154 (79%) had written at least one prescription. This paper focuses primarily on perceived benefits and challenges to the implementation of SP, and the responses to the open question. Better patient management (n = 58; 29.7%) was identified as the main benefit of SP and inadequate funding (n = 27; 13.8%) as the biggest challenge in delivering SP service. The main reasons for not commencing SP were: no organisational recognition of SP (n = 37; 18%); lack of funding (n = 33; 16%); non-availability of prescription pads (n = 22; 10.7%), and change of jobs (n = 18; 8.7%). The comments to the open question (n = 145; 36.2%) were regarding: SP training; perceived benefits of SP; and barriers to SP. Respondents highlighted the need for greater emphasis on clinical skills development as part of the SP course.

Conclusion Despite optimism among SP pharmacists, the need for support in terms of infrastructure and integration into the healthcare team has been identified. Our findings also inform the need for modifications in the structure, content and delivery of the prescribing course for pharmacists. Greater publicity of pharmacists' roles in medication management, support from the medical profession and healthcare organisations, and high standards by early practitioners are warranted for the success of SP by pharmacists.
Pharmaceutical care of the patient with diabetes mellitus: pharmacists' priorities for services and educational needs in Scotland
Authors: Douglas Elizabeth , Power Ailsa , Hudson Steve
Published: February 2007

Objective To determine the extent of service provision by pharmacists in Scotland to patients with diabetes. Also, to investigate pharmacists' perceived education needs and their priorities for future service development to this patient group.

Setting A random sample of pharmacists in Scotland who had previously participated in NHS Education for Scotland (NES) education.

Method Questionnaire survey of pharmacists to estimate extent of provision of 28 defined aspects of diabetes care, educational needs and their professional aspirations.

Key findings Approximately two-thirds of community pharmacists who responded offered the following patient-centred services for patients with diabetes and included education/advice on: lifestyle, smoking cessation, medicines administration times, footcare and self-monitoring of glycaemia. Perceived need for further education was found to be linked with levels of service provision. Priorities for development of future services in this patient group were established, and preferred methods of educational support were also examined.

Conclusion Pharmacists in Scotland are providing services for patients with diabetes although these are not consistent. The profession in Scotland also has clear ideas of future priorities in practice for this patient group. However there is a need to provide further training and education in order to support service development.
Size Selective Extraction of N,N,N′,N′-Tetraoctyldiglycolamide and the Structure of Its Divalent Metal Complex
Authors: Sasaki Yuji , Masaki Tomo , Saeki Morihisa
Published: February 2007

Using a new extractant, N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA), the dependence of the distribution ratio on the ionic radii for MII was investigated, and their relation with the structures of metal complexes were discussed. CaII (ionic radius: 100 pm) shows the highest D values, and the D values decrease with increase and decrease of ionic radius from 100 pm. The geometrical optimization by density functional theory (DFT) of MII–TODGA complex suggests that the carbonyl oxygen has more affinity with metal than the ether oxygen, and the distance between the center of oxygen donor and the edge of cation corresponds to the van der Waals radius of oxygen atom. The most stable complex, as 1:1 complex, can be formed with MgII from DFT calculation, the complex becomes unstable with increase of ionic radius of MII. This order is good agreement with the magnitude of D for CaII, SrII, and BaII.
Reducing Referral-to-Treatment Waiting Times in Cancer Patients Using a Multidisciplinary Database
Authors: Nouraei SAR , Philpott J , Nouraei SM , Maude DCK , Sandhu GS , Sandison A , Clarke PM
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION

Modern delivery of cancer care through patient-centred multidisciplinary teams (MDT) has improved survival. This approach, however, requires effective on-going co-ordination between multiple specialties and resources and can present formidable organisational challenges. The aim of this study was to improve the efficiency of the MDT process for head and neck cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A systems analysis of the MDT process was undertaken to identify bottlenecks delaying treatment planning. The MDT process was then audited. A revised process was developed and an Intranet-based data management solution was designed and implemented. The MDT process was re-evaluated to complete the audit cycle.

RESULTS

We designed and implemented a trust-wide menu-driven database with interfaces for registering and tracking patients, and automated worklists for pathology and radiology. We audited our MDT for 11 and 10 weeks before and following the introduction of the database, with 226 and 187 patients being discussed during each period. The database significantly improved cross-specialtity co-ordination, leading to a highly significant reduction in the number of patients whose treatment planning was delayed due to unavailability of adjunctive investigations (P < 0.001). This improved the overall efficiency of the MDT by 60%.

CONCLUSIONS

The NHS Cancer Plan aspires to reduce the referral-to-treatment time to 1 month. We have shown that a simple, trust-wide database reduces treatment planning delays in a sizeable proportion of head and neck cancer patients with minimal resource implications. This approach could easily be applied in other MDT meetings.
Decreasing the Blood Transfusion Rate in Elective Hip Replacement Surgery Using an Autologous Drainage System
Authors: Sturdee SW , Beard DJ , Nandhara G , Sonanis SV
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION

This is a prospective study looking at the effectiveness of autologous postoperative drains in primary uncemented total hip replacement (THR) surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 86 patients were studied, with 43 using standard suction drains (normal drain group) and 43 using autologous drains (autologous drain group).

RESULTS

Thirty-seven units of homologous blood were transfused in the normal drain group and 5 units in the autologous drain group. The mean number of units of homologous blood transfused per patient was reduced from 0.86 to 0.12 (P < 0.01) with the use of autologous drains and the transfusion rate was reduced from 23% to 6% (P < 0.02). The mean length of hospital stay was also reduced by two nights (P < 0.05). There were no adverse effects from using the autologous system and it does reduce the need for a homologous blood transfusion.

CONCLUSIONS

The system is simple and easy to use and we have also found it to be cost effective. Previously, it has not been reported as being effective in hip arthroplasty surgery, unlike knee arthroplasty surgery. We would recommend using autologous postoperative drains in primary THR surgery.
Pancreas-Sparing Distal Duodenectomy for Infrapapillary Neoplasms
Authors: Spalding DRC , Isla AM , Thompson JN , Williamson RCN
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION

For neoplasms that arise in the third and fourth parts of the duodenum (D3, D4), a duodenectomy that preserves the pancreas can provide adequate tumour clearance while avoiding the additional dissection and risk of the common alternative, pancreatoduodenectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Pancreas-sparing distal duodenectomy (PSDD) was performed in 14 patients with infrapapillary duodenal neoplasms between 1991–2002, and the clinical outcome is reviewed. The operation entails careful separation of the lower pancreatic head from D3, complete mobilisation of the ligament of Treitz and end-to-end duodenojejunal anastomosis 1–3 cm below the major duodenal papilla.

RESULTS

There were 9 men and 5 women of median age 56 years, who presented with iron-deficiency anaemia (n = 8), gastric outlet obstruction (n = 4), anaemia and gastric outlet obstruction (n = 1), epigastric pain or mass (1 each). There were 11 malignant neoplasms (adenocarcinoma 5, stromal tumour 4, recurrent seminoma 1, plasmacytoma 1), 2 benign neoplasms (villous adenoma, lipoma) and 1 patient with steroid-induced ulceration. In addition to D3 and D4, resection included the distal part of D2 in 5 patients, while 4 required concomitant partial colectomy. Median operation time was 240 min and median blood loss 1197 ml, being greater for malignant than benign lesions (1500 ml versus 700 ml). There was one death from gangrenous cholecystitis, one early re-operation for anastomotic bleeding and one late re-operation for delayed gastric emptying secondary to anastomotic stricture, but no pancreatic complications. At a median follow-up of 47 months, three patients had died of recurrent disease while the other 10 were alive and well with no upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Provided there is a minimum 1-cm clearance at the papilla, PSDD is a useful alternative to formal pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with unusual neoplasms arising from the third and fourth parts of the duodenum. Although a major undertaking in its own right, it avoids the extra time of a pancreatic resection and the extra risk of a pancreatic anastomosis.
Long-Term Care Planning Study: Strengths and Learning Needs of Nursing Staff
Authors: Cruttenden Kathleen E.
Published: February 2007

This planning study was designed and conducted in a predominantly rural Canadian province to examine the strengths and learning needs of four categories of nursing staff practising in New Brunswick nursing homes. Participants included directors of care, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and resident attendants. The nursing homes ranged in size from 38 to 196 beds and were located throughout the province. In health and planning studies, ethnography conveys a coherent statement of peoples' local knowledge as culture-sharing groups (Muecke, 1994). The study derived information from the Nursing Home Act, reports, the literature, key informants, and direct observations of and interviews with participants. Leadership strengths defined the roles for categories of staff and supported the capacity of each category to identify their learning needs. In conclusion, nurses practising in nursing homes can and must take an active role in decision making for their learning.
S. Katz. Cultural Aging: Life Course, Lifestyle and Senior Worlds. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2005.
Authors: Grenier Amanda
Published: February 2007

Cultural Aging: Life Course, Lifestyle and Senior Worlds présente onze essais regroupant dix ans de réflexion de Katz (1994–2004) sur les “problèmes” du vieillissement culturel. Le livre comprend deux parties. La première, Aging, Life Course and the Cultural Politics of Expertise, porte sur les pratiques historiques, textuelles, politiques et culturelles du savoir, de l'expertise et de la vérité. La deuxième, Lifestyle and the Fashioning of Senior Worlds, pose la problématique des modèles de vieillissement associés à la culture. Katz réfère à des théories contemporaines pour repenser les questions liées à l'étude du vieillissement et soulève des questions essentielles sur les formes de vieillissement et les attentes des personnes âgées dans la société occidentale. Cultural Aging est un exemple d'une gérontologie critique qui repousse les limites de la discipline établie et soulève des questions découlant d'études interdisciplinaires et de connaissances locales.
Predictors of Place of Death for Seniors in Ontario: A Population-Based Cohort Analysis
Authors: Motiwala Sanober S. , Croxford Ruth , Guerriere Denise N. , Coyte Peter C.
Published: February 2007

Place of death was determined for all 58,689 seniors (age ≥ 66 years) in Ontario who died during fiscal year 2001/2002. The relationship of place of death to medical and socio-demographic characteristics was examined using a multinomial logit model. Half (49.2%) of these individuals died in hospital, 30.5 per cent died in a long-term care facility, 9.6 per cent died at home while receiving home care, and 10.7 per cent died at home without home care. Co-morbidities were the strongest predictors of place of death (p< 0.0001). A cancer diagnosis increased the chances of death at home while receiving home care; seniors with dementia were most likely to die in LTC facilities; and those with major acute conditions were most likely to die in hospitals. Higher socio-economic status was associated with greater probability of dying at home but contributed little to the model. Appropriate planning and resource allocation may help move place of death from hospitals to nursing homes or the community, in accordance with individual preferences.
D. Harvey Philip. Schizophrenia in Late Life: Aging Effects on Symptoms and Course of Illness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
Authors: Neufeld Eva , O'Rourke Norm
Published: February 2007

Schizophrenia in Late Life apporte une contribution précieuse à la documentation et à la recherche sur cette maladie débilitante. Le quatrième livre du docteur Harvey, Schizophrenia in Late Life, couvre plusieurs des aspects importants de la maladie et propose des discussions approfondies sur les changements fonctionnels et cognitifs reliés à l'âge. Étant donné qu'un nombre appréciable de personnes souffrant de schizophrénie arrive à un âge avancé pour la première fois dans l'histoire de l'humanité, ce livre apportera une contribution importante pour les cliniciens et les chercheurs.
B. Findsen. Learning Later. Malabar, FL: Krieger, 2005.
Authors: Pratt Dan
Published: February 2007

S'appuyant principalement sur une perspective politico-économique, ce livre vise à nous donner une meilleure idée de la question de l'apprentissage chez les aînés en adoptant pour ce faire deux perspectives principales: la théorie de l'apprentissage chez l'adulte et la gérontologie sociale. Avec comme toile de fond le vieillissement de la population et les défis associés à l'allongement de l'espérance de vie, le livre comprend neuf chapitres abordant la question de l'éducation et de l'apprentissage des aînés.

Cet ouvrage offre une assise permettant un dialogue éclairé entre les secteurs des services sociaux et de l'éducation en ce qui a trait aux responsabilités individuelles, institutionnelles et étatique vis-à-vis la société vieillissante. Il pourrait sensibiliser les étudiants (et les professeurs) aux questions liées aux conditions matérielles des aînés, au contexte dans lequel ceux-ci évoluent, de même qu'à l'environnement politique déterminant la participation à l'éducation.
Community Health Center Quality Improvement: A Systematic Review and Future Directions for Research
Authors: Chien Alyna T , Walters Amy E , Chin Marshall H
Published: February 2007

Background: Leaders and policymakers need an accurate appraisal of the federally qualified community health center (CHC) quality improvement (QI) literature to make informed decisions for the CHC program. Objectives: This paper aims to (1) summarize the content and findings of CHC QI studies to date, (2) systematically rate the quality of those studies, and (3) outline 10 important areas for future CHC QI research. Methods: We searched medical and nonmedical databases to identify QI studies in CHC settings. We systematically reviewed identified studies for the features of their QI interventions and for the methodological quality of their evaluations. We combined results from the review with input from the CHC community to generate an agenda for future CHC QI research. Results: Eighteen studies were identified and reviewed. Interventions mainly targeted chronic conditions and screening practices and used 1 to 11 of 14 different QI tactics; evaluations comprised 14 observational and 4 randomized study designs. CHC QI interventions have been effective in improving processes of care for diabetes and cancer screening in the short term; their effectiveness in the long term and regarding outcomes of care have not been demonstrated. Conclusions: QI interventions in CHC setting are promising, but future interventions and evaluations should answer critical basic questions about QI, including the following: What are the best models of QI? How can QI improvements be effectively implemented and sustained? What are the global effects of QI (positive and negative)? How can QI be made financially viable and sensible from both the CHC and societal perspectives?
Level of Evidence of the Value of Care in Federally Qualified Health Centers for Policy Making
Authors: Frick Kevin , Shi Leiyu , Gaskin Darrell J
Published: February 2007

The Problem: Community health centers (CHCs) are part of the United States' medical care safety net. Cost effectiveness is a critical element of value in today's health policy environment. Not all cost-effectiveness studies employ formal peer-reviewed methodologies. A review of the literature on CHCs' cost effectiveness is necessary to assess whether a higher level of evidence is needed to guide future policy. Purpose: We sought to review the quality of the evidence on the economic value of CHCs and indicate whether a higher of level evidence would be useful for making policy. Key Points: Evidence exists to support the general value of care in CHCs, but no evidence comes from formal economic evaluations of CHC care. Conclusion: More formal cost-effectiveness evaluations would enhance the economic argument for CHCs but will remain difficult to conduct and may be unnecessary in light of other work on the value of care in CHCs.
Conducting Needs Assessment Using the Comprehensive Participatory Planning and Evaluation Model to Develop Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions in a Rural Community in the Mississippi Delta
Authors: Ndirangu Murugi , Perkins Helen , Yadrick Kathleen , West Jennifer Rebecca , Bogle Margaret L , Avis-Williams Amanda , Santell Ross , Connell Carol Lawson
Published: February 2007

Background: Members of a Lower Mississippi Delta community and university partners used the Comprehensive Participatory Planning and Evaluation (CPPE) model to assess nutrition and health problems and develop a menu of interventions. Objectives: We sought to identify and prioritize nutrition and physical activity problems in the community and to identify interventions to address the problems. Methods: Community members and university partners used the CPPE process to identify and prioritize nutrition and physical activity problems. The participants developed causal models to break down the identified problems to their root causes. They then developed a menu of interventions and criteria to rank the interventions. Results: The identified problems were intake of unhealthy foods, lack of nutrition education, and lack of adequate physical activity. The menu of interventions consisted of seven objectives to address poor nutrition and physical activity as well as a total of 19 interventions to meet these objectives. Conclusion: Directly involving community members in identifying health problems and solutions results in the development of interventions that are likely to have greater acceptability with the community.
Fit for Life Steps: Results of a Community Walking Intervention in the Rural Mississippi Delta
Authors: Zoellner Jamie , Connell Carol Lawson , Santell Ross , Fungwe Thomas , Strickland Earline , Avis-Williams Amanda , Yadrick Kathleen , Lofton Kristi , Rowser Marjuyua , Powers Alicia , Lucas Gwendolyn , Bogle Margaret L
Published: February 2007

Background: A collaborative communityâuniversityâU.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA)/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) partnership developed and implemented a 6-month walking intervention whereby volunteer coaches were trained to lead community walking groups in a rural Mississippi Delta Community. Objective: Assess the feasibility of implementing community-based participatory research (CBPR), increase physical activity, and improve anthropometric and biological measures. Methods: This quasi-experimental design examined body mass index, percent body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid profile, self-reported walking, stages of change, social support, self-efficacy, and decisional balance at enrollment, 3 months, and 6 months. Participants were primarily African-American (99%) women (97%). Changes were evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Friedman's test. Results: Community members actively participated in assessing the problem, identifying the intervention, intervention planning, data collection, and evaluation. Of the 83 enrolled participants, 66 (80%) completed the intervention. Participants exhibited significant improvements in waist circumference (â1.4 inches), systolic blood pressure (â4.3 mmHg), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (+7.9 mg/dL); (PÂ <Â .001). Self-reported walking per day was 44.8 (SD+52.2) minutes at enrollment, 76.6 (SD+166.6) minutes at 3-months, and 65.9 (SD+89.7) minutes at 6 months (PÂ =Â .154). A positive stage of change shift occurred in 57% of participants; however, no significant positive changes occurred in the other psychosocial variables. Conclusion: The process of developing and implementing this CBPR walking intervention was considered successful as evidenced by the community's active contribution and participation in each phase of this research, the undertaking and application of basic research components, significant improvements in several anthropometric and biological values, and sustainability of the collaborative partnership.
Irreverent Humor in Postrevolutionary Cuban Fiction: The Case of Mirta Yáñez
Authors: Cooper Sara E
Published: February 2007

In response to lifeâs tribulations, sometimes we laugh so that we will not cry. Even the most trying circumstances (and perhaps particularly these) are shaded with a sense of the absurd; when we can focus on the ridiculous, we can often transcend the most conï¬ning problems. In postrevolutionary Cuba, where the literary aesthetic during the 1960s and 1970s demanded a socially and politically committed prose, humor was not the order of the day. On the contrary, writers attempted to depict the decadence of the former dictatorships and the glory of the revolution in a style that has been called Cuban socialist realism. However, in the 1980s one literary voice emerges that challenges the necessary division between serious âârevolutionaryââ literature and humor. In a prose that recuperates the complicated choteo of the Cuban neobaroque, Mirta Yáñez imbues even the most serious and compelling literary moments with irreverent humor. Yáñezâs ability to laugh at herself and at the inconsistencies of Cuban life has made her one of the most important contemporary writers on the island. This paper will discuss how Yáñezâs use of irreverent humor is critical of systemic problems without being censored as politically subversive. Resumen Cuando la vida ââno es fácil,ââ a veces es necesario reír para no llorar, ya que hasta los momentos más difíciles (y quizás muy particularmente en el caso de Cuba) están matizados con un sentido de lo absurdo. Cuando podemos enfocarnos en lo ridículo, muchas veces trascendemos los problemas más graves. En la Cuba posrevolucionaria, donde la estética literaria de los años 60 y 70 demandaba una prosa social y políticamente comprometida, el humor era algo fuera de contexto. Los escritores trataban de retratar la decadencia de las dictaduras de Machado y Batista y la gloria de la revolución en un estilo que llegó a llamarse el realismo socialista cubano. No obstante, en los años 70 surge una voz literaria que desafía la división establecida entre la literatura revolucionaria ââseriaââ y el humor. Usando una prosa que recupera el complejo choteo del neobarroco, Mirta Yáñez utiliza un humor irreverente para describir hasta los momentos más serios. La capacidad que tiene Yáñez de reírse de sí misma y de develar lo cómico de las inconsistencias de la vida actual cubana la convierten en una de las escritoras contemporáneas más importantes de la isla. En este trabajo crítico, exploraré cómo es que el humor irreverente de Mirta Yáñez contribuye a una narrativa irreverentemente revolucionaria.
Income dynamics in couples and the dissolution of marriage and cohabitation
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs , Loeve Anneke , Manting Dorien
Published: February 2007

Several studies have shown that a wife’s strong (socio)economic position is associated with an increase in the risk of divorce. Less is known about such effects for cohabiting relationships. Using a unique and large-scale sample of administrative records from The Netherlands, we analyze the link between couples’ income dynamics and union dissolution for married and cohabiting unions over a 10-year period. We find negative effects of household income on separation and positive effects of the woman’s relative income, in line with earlier studies. The shape of the effect of the woman’s relative income, however, depends on the type of union. Movements away from income equality toward a maledominant pattern tend to increase the dissolution risk for cohabiting couples, whereas they reduce the dissolution risk for married couples. Movements away from income equality toward a female-dominant pattern (reverse specialization) increase the dissolution risks for both marriage and cohabitation. The findings suggest that equality is more protective for cohabitation, whereas specialization is more protective for marriage, although only when it fits a traditional pattern. Finally, we find that the stabilizing effects of income equality are more pronounced early in the marriage and that income equality also reduces the dissolution risk for same-sex couples.
Recent Studies in the English Renaissance
Authors: Cheney Patrick Gerard
Published: February 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the English Renaissance and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Bearded Women in Early Modern England
Authors: Johnston Mark Albert
Published: February 2007

This essay interrogates early modern notions of female beardedness in its various literal and metaphoric permutations. If early modern English male facial beards signaled privilege in both economic and erotic registers, then how did bearded women figure for that same culture? By considering representations of the female beard in a variety of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century texts, including the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, personal accounts, illustrations, and paintings, this paper argues that bearded women presented early modern English culture with a profound contradiction that symbolically threatened patriarchal ideology with the specter of both economic and sexual castration. The female beard's subversive power, then, could be mitigated only one of two ways: either through reinscription of the female body or through annihilation.
Sidney's New Arcadia and the Decay of Protestant Republicanism
Authors: Sedinger Tracey
Published: February 2007

The New Arcadia re-examines the nature of the political in the wake of the prince's failure to follow "good" counsel and the resultant breakdown of the Tudor monarchical republic. Aristocratic and popular rebellions in Arcadia illustrate the separation of politics from any ethical foundation, and its degeneration into horrific violence. Because Laconia does not constitute a commonwealth, the republican ethos through which Sidney understood politics is irrelevant, and the rebellion's political status remains indeterminate. Sidney's republican crisis is reflected within the text's narrative and rhetorical expansiveness, which dispenses with the moral ground presupposed by the Old Arcadia's restricted irony.
On Reason, Faith, and Freedom in Paradise Lost
Authors: Walker William
Published: February 2007

In the world represented by Paradise Lost, no human action can be freely performed unless it is grounded in reason's governing the will. Since the belief in God that Milton calls "faith" is a freely performed human action, it is not independent of reason, as Stanley Fish and others claim, but grounded in an exercise of reason. This does not mean that in commanding Adam and Eve to abstain from the Tree of Knowledge, God commands them to perform an act they cannot freely perform. For Adam and Eve's obedience of this command is, like all of their other freely performed actions, grounded in an exercise of reason.
A Tale of Two Priests and Two Struggles: Liberation Theology from Dictatorship to Democracy in the Brazilian Northeast
Authors: French Jan Hoffman
Published: February 2007

Land for the landless, food for the hungry, literacy for the uneducated—not through charitable works, but by forcing the state to take seriously its responsibilities to its poorest citizens. This was integral to the theology of liberation as it was practiced by bishops, priests, and nuns in Brazil beginning shortly after the close of the Second Vatican Council in 1965. Important sectors of the Brazilian Catholic Church were “opting for the poor” at a time when economic development, modernization, and democracy were not considered appropriate or meaningful partners in the repressive environment characterized by the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964-1985).
Traces, Images and Fictions: Paul Strand in Mexico, 1932–34
Authors: Krippner James
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes an individual, a context, and an experience. The individual is the photographer and filmmaker Paul Strand, widely recognized and occasionally criticized as one of the great modernist photographers of the twentieth century. The context is Mexico from 1932-34. In these years, Strand worked in Mexico amidst state-led efforts to construct a “new” national culture following the social upheavals and military conflicts associated with the Mexican Revolution. The experience was Strand’s effort to create a visual record of Mexico documenting what he thought of as its unique character, while furthering its “revolutionary” transformation through photography and filmmaking.
An Empirical Examination of a Technology Adoption Model for the Context of China
Authors: Calantone Roger J. , Griffith David A. , Yalcinkaya Goksel
Published: February 2007

As multinational corporations engage in technology adoption internationally, it is becoming increasingly important for managers to pursue a process that will ultimately lead to the adoption and effective use of new technology in divergent markets. In this study, the authors explore a technology adoption model (TAM) that is appropriate for the context of China. Employing a sample of 506 Chinese business professionals, they develop and test a modified TAM within the Chinese business culture. The results indicate that the modified TAM works well. The authors discuss implications for international marketing academics and practitioners.
A new method for the titration of free phenolic groups in pulps
Authors: Behrooz Eshkiki Rabi , Mortha Gérard , Lachenal Dominique
Published: February 2007

A fast and semi-quantitative wet chemical method was developed for the titration of free phenolic groups in residual lignins of pulps. The method is based on selective chlorine dioxide reaction with phenolic units of lignin at 0°C. A known amount of ClO2 is reacted for up to 30 min with various substrates and ClO2 consumption is measured. Experiments with monomeric lignin-like model compounds, a dioxane/HCl lignin (isolated from kraft pulp), kraft pulp, and one thermomechanical pulp (TMP) were performed. The ideal stoichiometric consumption of 1 mol of ClO2 per Ar-OH was approximated in a few cases. More model compound experiments are necessary to establish the possibilities and limitations of the method, but the results of these preliminary experiments are promising. First studies on pulps and comparison of the data with those obtained by 13C NMR analysis on dioxane/HCl lignins showed some deviations in the first instance, which were attributed to reaction of the intermediates HClO and Cl2 involved in the overall mechanism. However, using DMSO as HClO trapping agent improved the ClO2/Ar-OH stoichiometric ratio close to the theoretical value of 2, which essentially yielded better results. This improved stoichiometry was verified for three model compounds, one kraft pulp and one TMP, yielding results were similar to those obtained by 13C NMR analysis.
The effectiveness of silica treatments against wood-boring invertebrates
Authors: Cookson Laurie James , Scown Damian Kile , McCarthy Kevin James , Chew Narelle
Published: February 2007

Timber specimens were impregnated with the organo-silicate tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in an effort to deposit hard silica granules and improve resistance to wood-borers. Trials were conducted against marine borers (teredinids andLimnoria), the termiteCoptotermes acinaciformis, and the wood-boring beetleLyctus brunneus. A 14-week laboratory bioassay againstC. acinaciformisshowed that treatedPinus radiatacontaining 16.7 wt.% silica was as readily attacked as untreated timber. However, a 3-year laboratory trial of treatedCastanospermum australeshowed that attack byL. brunneuswas prevented by 10.3 wt.% silica, and reduced by 0.7 and 3.4 wt.% silica. A trial of wood treated with copper-chromium-arsenic followed by silicon was conducted in the sea at Townsville, Australia for 7 years. Double treatment with 6.7 or 19.2 wt.% silica prevented attack inP. radiataby teredinids, while for CCA alone some replicates failed. In the same trial, double-treatedCorymbia maculatawith lower silica retention failed. Silica granules may overwhelm the food and waste-sorting mechanisms in teredinids and lyctine larvae, whereas borers, requiring less intimate contact with granules (Limnoriaand termites), or those that do not ingest wood for food (SphaeromaandMartesia), are little affected.
Sorption behavior of curium(III) on hydrous silica: a kinetic and thermodynamic study
Authors: Pathak P.N. , Choppin Gregory R.
Published: February 2007

Sorption of tracer curium, Cm3+, on SiO2· H2O (silica gel) was investigated under different experimental conditions such as time of equilibration, concentration of Sm3+, pcH, and temperature. Sm3+was used as a carrier for Cm3+ions in this study. From the sorption kinetics data, the diffusion coefficient of Cm3+ion was calculated to be 1.20(±0.05)×10-11m2s-1under particle diffusion-controlled conditions. The sorption rate was determined to be 3.47(±0.19)×10-3s-1at 298 K, pcH 5.25(±0.03) in 0.20 M (NaClO4). The sorption data were fitted in Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. A synergistic enhancement in the sorption of Cm3+(Sm3+)-ligand (e.g., CO32-, F-, H2PO4-and C2O42-) complexes on silica gel was observed. The presence of these anions increase the sorption of Cm3+(Sm3+) in the following order: CO32-< F-< C2O42-< H2PO4-. Temperature variation experiments gave enhanced sorption with increased temperature for Cm3+indicating an endothermic enthalpy.
Nanocrystalline materials studied by powder diffraction line profile analysis
Authors: Ungár Tamas , Gubicza Jeno
Published: February 2007

X-ray powder diffraction is a powerful tool for characterising the microstructure of crystalline materials in terms of size and strain. It is widely applied for nanocrystalline materials, especially since other methods, in particular electron microscopy is, on the one hand tedious and time consuming, on the other hand, due to the often metastable states of nanomaterials it might change their microstructures. It is attempted to overview the applications of microstruture characterization by powder diffraction on nanocrystalline metals, alloys, ceramics and carbon base materials. Whenever opportunity is given, the data provided by the X-ray method are compared and discussed together with results of electron microscopy. Since the topic is vast we do not try to cover the entire field.
Kinematical diffraction by distorted crystals – dislocation X-ray line broadening
Authors: Kužel Radomír
Published: February 2007

The current state of the description and evaluation of dislocation-induced X-ray diffraction line broadening has been reviewed. The diffraction-line broadening can be analyzed in terms of line width, moments or Fourier coefficients. However, in the last years, whole pattern fitting has become the most popular method of evaluation. The line width is proportional to the Burgers vector of dislocations, to the square-root of dislocation density and to the so-called orientation (contrast) factor. The orientation factor determines the hkl dependence of broadening and is a function of the elastic characteristics of the material investigated and the orientation of the diffraction vector with respect to the Burgers vector and dislocation line. Since a completely random dislocation distribution of dislocations is impossible, another parameter connected to the dislocation correlation (cut-off radius) must be included in the description. The theory of dislocation-induced line broadening has been developed many years ago, but it is still not completely satisfactory from the point of view of its practical application to line profile analysis. General problems of present line profile analysis on samples with dislocations are mentioned. This includes consideration 2nd kind stresses, texture and sample inhomogeneities.
Using X-ray diffraction in forensic science
Authors: Kotrlý Marek
Published: February 2007

The majority of expert examination in forensic science is concerned with comparison, determination, and description of diversified samples. X-ray diffraction (powdered and/or single crystal) is bringing big benefits and analytical possibilities into forensic expert work, which are not easily provided by other methods. XRD methods are used in combination with other analytical methods (SEM with EDS/WDS, micro XRF, optical microscopy, FTIR, etc.).

Importance of XRD phase analysis in forensic science lies namely in: analysis of relatively small-volume samples, relatively non-destructive, exact phase analysis, quantitative analysis (in majority of cases). And method is conclusive for a court.
Instrument aberrations in a 4-circle powder diffractometer
Authors: Vermeulen Arnold C.
Published: February 2007

A theoretical basis for the effects of instrument aberrations on the position of the diffraction peak in a 4-circle powder diffractometer is given. Peak shifts due to non-intersecting rotation axes, displacement of the incident beam and displacement of the specimen height are all described on the basis of pure analytical functions. These functions may be useful as software corrections on the measured peak positions in residual stress analysis. The theoretical derivation includes an analytical description of the position of the measurement spot in specimen coordinates. This may be useful for improving the instrument performance in micro-diffraction analysis.
The Electronic Role of the TiO2 Light-Scattering Layer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhipan , Ito Seigo , O'Regan Brian , Kuang Daibin , Zakeeruddin Shaik Mohammed , Liska Paul , Charvet Raphaël , Comte Pascal , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Péchy Peter , Humphry-Baker Robin , Koyanagi Tsuguo , Mizuno Takaki , Grätzel Michael
Published: February 2007

Dye-sensitized solar cells have been fabricated with different kinds of TiO2 films including SiO2 coated and bare TiO2 microparticles as light-scattering layer (LSL). Results show that the LSL barely affects the cell's dark current, whereas under illumination, it made a significant contribution to the total photocurrent. Photo-voltage decay measurements performed under bias illumination show the density of electronic states (DOS) of the LSL to be two times smaller than that of a transparent nanoparticle layer (TNL). Strikingly, DSCs fabricated from a 4.5μm thick LSL alone showed a conversion efficiency of 5% despite of being pale pink in color. This impressive performance is attributed to light containment in the LSL and a low density of defect electronic states.
Electro-Assisted Photo-Luminescence of Colloidal Germanium Nanoparticles
Authors: Fojtik Anton , Muschik Thomas , Walther Thomas , Giersig Michael
Published: February 2007

GH4 is burnt in air to yield a powder which partly dissolves in the form of small colloidal particles in an acetone/cyclohexane mixture. The particles consist of 73% germanium and 27% oxygen. Upon etching with hydrofluoric acid, the particles acquire a blue or blue-green luminescence. The blue-luminescent particles contain no noticeable amount of oxygen and are strongly agglomerated. The luminescence is explained by size quantization of the electronic energy levels. The particles move in an electric field to the anode to form a very thin layer, which, after switching to cathodic polarization, develops a red photo-luminescence, which has a life time of a few ns. This electro-assisted photo-luminescence is gated by the potential of the electrode.
Synthesis of Monodisperse PbS Nanoparticles and Their Assembly into Highly Ordered 3D Colloidal Crystals
Authors: Nagel M. , Hickey Stephen G. , Frömsdorf A. , Kornowski A. , Weller Horst
Published: February 2007

We describe the synthesis of highly monodisperse PbS nanocrystals using an organometalic approach, whereby oleic acid and tri-n-octylphosphine serve as stabilizing ligands. The optical bandgap of the particles is tunable as a function of crystal-size throughout the near-infrared region from 800 to 2200 nm. The particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Applying the three layer super saturation technique we were able to grow colloidal crystals of various shapes as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments indicate fcc lattice structure.
Celebrating Student Achievement: Award‐Winning Papers 2001–05
Authors: Unterberger Alayne
Published: February 2007

This article presents an overview of the history, background, and content of the 13 winning papers from the NAPA Student Achievement Awards from 2001–05. The award, begun in 2001, has expanded from one to three prizes that include monetary remuneration, an award at the AAA meetings, and publication. NAPA began the award to support and encourage students to undertake applied and practicing anthropology projects. We discuss the evolution of the award, how NAPA members are involved, and present conclusions about the paper topics and .ndings. Papers can be thought of as illustrative of solid examples of practicing and applied work, regardless of the fact that they were written when the authors were students.
Anthropology and Development
Authors: Paiement Jason Jacques
Published: February 2007

This paper evaluates the effects of anthropological theory and methods on development programs and studies. The objective is to answer the question of whether or not more or better social analysis leads to better development outcomes and, if so, how and why. The first part looks at this question from the perspectives of academic anthropologists concerned with the analysis of development as a cultural, economic, and political process. The second part discusses the views of practicing anthropologists working within development agencies and thus more concerned with the use of anthropology as applied to the pursuit of development programs. Both sections summarize the key arguments of the main advocates and detractors of the anthropology and development convergence.