bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between low-carbohydrate diet score and incidence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults: the JACC Study
Authors: Yaegashi Akinori , Kimura Takashi , Hirata Takumi , Iso Hiroyasu , Tamakoshi Akiko
Published: April 2023

We prospectively examined the association between low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score and incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Japanese adults using Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study) data. A total of 19 084 (7052 men and 12 032 women) Japanese non-diabetic participants aged 40–79 years, who enrolled in the JACC study between 1988 and 1990, were included in our analysis. Dietary intake was evaluated using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The overall, animal and vegetable LCD scores were calculated by dividing the study participants into eleven categories based on the percentages of energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat. The incidence of T2D was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of incident T2D across the quintile of each LCD score, with adjustment for potential confounders. During the 5-year study period, 490 adults (247 men and 243 women) developed T2D. The multivariable-adjusted OR of incident T2D for the highest v. lowest quintiles of overall and animal LCD scores, respectively, were 0·64 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·99) and 0·83 (95 % CI 0·55, 1·27) for men, 0·78 (95 % CI 0·51, 1·18) and 0·84 (95 % CI 0·57, 1·24) for women. The vegetable LCD score was associated with a lower risk of T2D in men (OR 0·51; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·77). Our results suggest that diets lower in carbohydrates and higher in fat and protein are unlikely to higher the T2D risk among Japanese individuals.
PHOTIUS, ΑΝΑΛΦΑΒHΤΟΣ AND ATTICIST LEXICA
Authors: Tribulato Olga
Published: April 2023

Photius’ lexicon contains an entry on the rare adjectiveἀναλφάβητος(‘illiterate, ignorant’) that cites Phrynichus Atticista. Based on this testimony, the whole passage has been edited as fr. 19 of Phrynichus’Praeparatio sophistica. This article demonstrates that in this lemma Photius conflates material which comes from Phrynichus and one other source, hypothetically identified with the anonymousAntiatticistlexicon, which preserves an abridged entry onἀναλφάβητοςand which Photius employed in the compilation of his lexicon. The article also explores the possibility that the work in which Phrynichus dealt withἀναλφάβητοςwas not thePraeparatio sophisticabut theEclogue.This hypothesis requires challenging some assumptions concerning the transmission of Atticist lexicography in the Byzantine era, chiefly the assumption that material from theEcloguedid not circulate at Byzantium before the fourteenth century.
A PLATONIC ARGUMENT FOR THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL IN CICERO (TVSCVLANAE DISPVTATIONES 1.39–49)
Authors: Watton Matthew
Published: April 2023

An argument in Cicero's Tusculan Disputations (Tusc. 1.39–49) defends psychic immortality by reference to the physical constitution of the soul. This article argues that this ‘Physical Argument’ should be interpreted as a reception of Plato's doctrine of the soul within the philosophical paradigm of the Hellenistic era. After analysing the argument, it is shown that Cicero's proof recasts elements of Plato's Phaedo, in particular the kinship between the soul and the heavens and the soul's essentially contemplative nature, within a corporealist cosmology. The article also argues that Cicero formulates his argument to oppose the Stoic view that the soul's survival after death is only temporary. The Physical Argument emerges as a modernization of Platonic thought, putting Plato into dialogue with contemporary Hellenistic philosophy. Cicero, too, emerges as a more adept philosophical author than is often supposed.
The Growth of Arabic Biographical Writing in South Asia from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century
Authors: Ali Mohsin
Published: April 2023

This essay surveys the Arabic biographical writing of select South Asian Muslim scholars from the late Mughal to the colonial period to argue that, for scholars participating in transregional networks of hadith scholarship, Arabic biographical writing served purposes distinct from Indo-Persianate biographical writing. South Asian scholars chose to write Arabic histories to access pasts and construct communities that centered the ʿulama’ as a distinct class of Muslims who represented the continuity of Islamicate discursive traditions across time and space. Arabic biographical histories indicate a different sense of temporality and geography than Indo-Persianate histories by both marking the passage of time through the transmission of religious knowledge over generations and mapping transregional scholarly networks.1However, this did not necessarily entail a disavowal of Indo-Persianate histories that placed greater emphasis on saintly miracles, blessings, and shrines.2This productive tension between Indo-Arabic and Indo-Persianate writing is missed when only Indo-Persianate texts are examined.
Attack of the snowclones: A corpus-based analysis of extravagant formulaic patterns
Authors: HARTMANN STEFAN , UNGERER TOBIAS
Published: April 2023

The concept of ‘snowclones’ has gained interest in recent research on linguistic creativity and in studies of extravagance and expressiveness in language. However, no clear criteria for identifying snowclones have yet been established, and detailed corpus-based investigations of the phenomenon are still lacking. This paper addresses this research gap in a twofold way. On the one hand, we develop an operational definition of snowclones, arguing that three criteria are decisive: (i) the existence of a lexically fixed source construction; (ii) partial productivity; (iii) ‘extravagant’ formal and/or functional characteristics. On the other hand, we offer an empirical investigation of two patterns that have often been mentioned as examples of snowclones in the previous literature, namely [the mother of all X] and [X BE the new Y]. We use collostructional analysis and distributional semantics to explore the partial productivity of both patterns’ slot fillers. In sum, we argue that the concept of snowclones, if properly defined, can contribute substantially to our understanding of creative language use, especially regarding the question of how social, cultural, and interpersonal factors influence the choice of more or less salient linguistic constructions.
Amidst nets and typhoons: conservation implications of bat–farmer conflicts on Okinawa Island
Authors: Charerntantanakul Weerach , Shibata Shozo , Vincenot Christian Ernest
Published: April 2023

Flying foxes are keystone species on islands and are threatened worldwide, particularly by forest degradation, hunting and culling. They are often persecuted if they are perceived as agricultural pests, but the extent of crop damage from flying foxes and the factors triggering their visits to crops are not well established. This study aimed to investigate wildlife-caused damage to tankan oranges Citrus tankan on Okinawa Island, Japan, and interactions between the Ryukyu flying fox Pteropus dasymallus and farmers. We compiled data from three sources: official records of wildlife-caused crop damage, questionnaire surveys of 43 farmers and time-lapse camera surveys conducted at 14 locations during January–February 2018. Official records and the questionnaire survey indicated that the large-billed crow Corvus macrorhynchos caused most damage in a typical year (53–56% of the total damage), followed by P. dasymallus (18–28%). However, time-lapse camera surveys suggested negligible damage caused by P. dasymallus (2.1%) in 2018, a typhoon-free year. Farmers perceived a decline in local population size and stated that at least 2,000 P. dasymallus individuals had died in their orchards during 2008–2018. If this is extrapolated to the whole region, fatalities could have reached 6,500–8,500 individuals during that period. Binomial regression performed on official records demonstrated that damage by P. dasymallus was largely explained by interannual cyclonic activity. Prevalent netting practices could be a serious threat to P. dasymallus: 81% of interviewees reported that flying foxes die from entanglement in their nets. Nevertheless, half of these farmers were satisfied with current crop protection measures. These findings call for prompt remediation with particular focus on implementing more bat-friendly crop protection following strong typhoon seasons.
The relationship between sex and functional outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: the role of premorbid adjustment and insight
Authors: Ventura Joseph , Subotnik Kenneth L. , Han Sam , Hellemann Gerhard S. , Green Michael F. , Nuechterlein Keith H.
Published: April 2023

Background

Studies that examined sex differences in first-episode patients consistently show that males compared to females have poor premorbid adjustment, earlier age of onset, worse clinical characteristics, and poorer outcomes. However, little is known about potential mediators that could explain these sex differences.

Methods

Our sample consisted of 137 individuals with first episode schizophrenia (males, n = 105; 77%) with a mean age of 22.1(s.d. = 4.1) years and mean education of 12.5(s.d. = 1.7) years. At entry, patients were within 2 years of their first psychotic episode onset. Baseline assessments were conducted for premorbid adjustment, symptoms, cognitive functioning, insight, and at 6-months for role and social functioning.

Results

Males as compared to females had poorer premorbid adjustment across several key developmental periods (p < 0.01), an earlier age of onset [M = 20.3(3.3) v. 22.8(5.6), p = 0.002], more negative symptoms (p = 0.044), poorer insight (p = 0.031), and poorer baseline and 6-month role (p = 0.002) and social functioning (p = 0.034). Several of these variables in which males showed impairment were significant predictors of 6-month role and social functioning. Premorbid adjustment and insight mediated the relationship between sex and role and social functioning at 6-months, but not negative symptoms.

Discussion

Males compared to females were at lower levels across several key premorbid and clinical domains which are strongly associated with functional outcome supporting the hypothesis that males might have a more disabling form of schizophrenia. The relationship between sex with role and social functioning was mediated through premorbid adjustment and insight suggesting pathways for understanding why females might have a less disabling form of schizophrenia.
‘I am very emo’
Authors: Wu Ying Qi , Sun Qi
Published: April 2023

The contemporary expansion of English is becoming remarkably rapid and exceptionally global (Ostler, 2011). In present-day China, English has gained unprecedented popularity, fueled by the nation's current political and social development (Bolton & Graddol, 2012). There is a notable trend of bilingual education using English as a medium of instruction in Chinese schools (Wei, 2013). Therefore, an increasing number of Chinese are enthusiastic about learning and using English in communication. With the active participation of youths, ‘Internet English’ has been used widely in social networking spaces. The practice of ‘English mixing’ in various Chinese homegrown social networking sites has become the most remarkable intranational use of English in today's mainland China (Zhang, 2012). Interestingly, youngsters1 often create novel meanings when using languages on the Internet as ‘teenagers are well-known for introducing innovations into language, and indeed are generally regarded as prime agents of language change’ (Palacios Martínez, 2018: 363). Many linguistic studies have dealt with the mechanisms of the evolution of word meanings in past decades (Kachru, 1983; Qin & Guo, 2020; Tan, 2009; Yang, 2005). Much evidence indicates that meanings and usages of words are variable and composite, and may turn out differently depending on how words are used in contexts.
An intuitionistic set-theoretical model of fully dependent CC
Authors: Sato Masahiro , Garrigue Jacques
Published: April 2023

Werner’s set-theoretical model is one of the simplest models of CIC. It combines a functional view of predicative universes with a collapsed view of the impredicative sort “
${\tt Prop}$
”. However, this model of
${\tt Prop}$
is so coarse that the principle of excluded middle
$P \lor \neg P$
holds. Following our previous work, we interpret
${\tt Prop}$
into a topological space (a special case of Heyting algebra) to make the model more intuitionistic without sacrificing simplicity. We improve on that work by providing a full interpretation of dependent product types, using Alexandroff spaces. We also extend our approach to inductive types by adding support for
${\mathsf{list}}$
s.
Pre-Glenn aorto-pulmonary collaterals in single-ventricle patients
Authors: Sharma Varun J. , Carlson Laura , Esch Jesse , Gopal Mallika , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Wamala Isaac , Muter Angelika , Porras Diego , Nathan Meena
Published: April 2023

Background:

In single-ventricle patients undergoing staged-bidirectional Glenn, 36–59% have aorto-pulmonary collateral flow, but risk factors and clinical outcomes are unknown. We hypothesise that shunt type and catheter haemodynamics may predict pre-bidirectional Glenn aorto-pulmonary collateral burden, which may predict death/transplantation, pulmonary artery or aorto-pulmonary collateral intervention.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing a Norwood procedure for single-ventricle anatomy. Covariates included clinical and haemodynamic characteristics up to/including pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation and aorto-pulmonary collateral burden at pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation. Multivariable models used to evaluate relationships between risk factors and outcomes.

Results:

From January 2011 to March 2016, 104 patients underwent Norwood intervention. Male sex (odds ratio 3.36, 95% confidence interval 1.17–11.4), age at pre-bidirectional Glenn assessment (2.12, 1.33–3.39 per month), and pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (1.23, 1.08–1.41 per 0.1 unit) were associated with aorto-pulmonary collateral burden. Aorto-pulmonary collateral burden was not associated with death/transplantation (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 0.37–3.85), pulmonary artery (sub-hazard ratio 1.38, 0.32–2.61), or aorto-pulmonary collateral interventions (sub-hazard ratio 1.11, 0.21–5.76). Longer post-Norwood length of stay was associated with greater risk of death/transplantation (hazard ratio 1.22 per week, 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.38), but lower risk of aorto-pulmonary collateral intervention (sub-hazard ratio 0.86 per week, 95% confidence interval 0.75–0.98). Time to pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation was associated with lower risk of pulmonary artery (sub-hazard ratio 0.80 per month, 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.98) and aorto-pulmonary collateral intervention (sub-hazard ratio 0.79, 0.63–0.99). Probability of moderate/severe aorto-pulmonary collateral burden increased with left-to-right shunt (22.5% at <1.0, 57.6% at >1.4) and the age at pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation (10.6% at <2 months, 56.9% at >5 months).

Conclusions:

Aorto-pulmonary collateral burden is common after Norwood procedure and increases as age at bidirectional Glenn increases. As expected, higher pulmonary to systemic flow ratio is a marker for greater aorto-pulmonary collateral burden pre-bi-directional Glenn; aorto-pulmonary collateral burden does not confer risk of death/transplantation or pulmonary artery intervention.
Analyzing Demographic Variabilities Associated With Age of Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Among Patients in Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Singh Vijay , Alnsour Mahmoud , Gopal Nikhil , Shin Amber , Kulkarni Shreedhar , Uga Aghaegbulam
Published: April 2023

Background

Prior literature and epidemiological data suggests that the age of diagnosis of schizophrenia (AOD) follows a bimodal and trimodal distribution for males and females, respectively. The studies used to generate these findings were often small and relied on self-reported patient data from a single geographic region in addition to other methodological limitations. We replicated these studies using a modern big data approach by combining raw data from large randomized controlled clinical trials.

Methods

Patient-level data from 15 similarly designed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies with patients using paliperidone extended-release tablets, paliperidone palmitate 1-month, and paliperidone palmitate 3-month, were obtained through the Yale Open Data Access Initiative (YODA). Descriptive statistics and histograms were calculated for continuous variables. A multivariable linear regression was performed with AOD as the outcome variable. Race and sex were used as predictor variables.

Results

Our final analysis included 7881 patients consisting of male (n=4962) and female (n=2919) patients among different racial demographics. Race was consolidated into the following groups: Asian (n=949), Black (n=1692), Hispanic (n=3), Southeast Asian (n=17), White (n=4769), and other (n=343) based on patient self-identification on the YODA datasets. A chi-square test revealed that there is a statistically significant association between patient sex and AOD (x2=295.61, df=68, p < 0.0001). By proxy, this likely means that sex affects age of onset (AOS) as well. Our linear regression output with sex as a predictor of AOD revealed that only the male variable was found to have a statistically significant relationship (p<0.0001) with AOD and resulted in a lower AOD. Histograms generated with the frequency of occurrences against AOD for both male and female patients appeared to be unimodally distributed and skewed right. However, the AOD for female and male patients were found to be 28.79 and 25.44 years old, respectively. This demonstrates that while both male and female AOD are distributed unimodally, there are slight differences in their distributions.

Conclusion

Our analysis differs from previous studies and finds that AOD for male and female patients are seen in a unimodal distribution as compared to previous literature that shows a bimodal and trimodal distribution. Our findings not only call for a re-evaluation of previous epidemiological understandings of AOD but may support future efforts in understanding the origins and typical clinical presentations of patients with newly developed symptomatology of schizophrenia as well as support clinicians’ perspectives as part of clarifying differential diagnoses. Further studies can also continue to evaluate possible correlations among different races.

Funding

No Funding
Pure Verbal Autopalinacousis
Authors: Trinh Alisa , Hirsch Alan
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Palinacousis, the phenomenon in which sounds are internally perseverated or repeated has not heretofore been reported occurring exclusively to an individual’s own voice.

Methods

A 52-year-old woman started to experience auditory hallucinations of her voice at 3 years old when she began talking out loud. The auditory hallucinations of her own voice, yclept autopalinacousis, consisting of one to three words, were affectively neutral, rarely disruptive, and unchanged by psychiatric medications. During these palinacoustic phenomena, she would hear the last few words she had spoken out loud repeat inside her head in both ears. When the autopalinacousis occurred, the words were repeated just once. Sound quality was an exact replication of how it was originally spoken. She only experienced the palinacousis to her own voice and never to any other sounds. For the palinacousis to occur, she had to verbally state the words loud enough for her to hear. If she spoke out loud but could not hear her own voice, via occlusion of her external auditory canal or presence of loud noise, the internal auditory repetition would not occur. However, after the auditory stimulus was sensed, nothing could reduce the palinacousis. The palinacousis could occur if she read out loud, but not if she read silently. The frequency of the autopalinacousis ranged from a few times a week to several times a day and was associated with reduced sleep, but unaffected by mood, psychiatric medications, or headaches. Five months prior to her psychiatric hospitalization, she began to experience paranoid delusions, decreased sleep, increased activity, rapid speech, and auditory hallucinations of one male and two female voices. In contrast to autopalinacousis, these auditory hallucinations consisted of full phrases or sentences, were affectively charged, intrusive, and diminished by psychiatric medications. No palinacousis occurred with the hallucinated voices.

Results

Abnormalities: Mental Status Examination: Speech: pressured. Oriented x2. Memory: ability to remember 5 digits forwards and 2 digits backwards. She is not able to spell with word “world.” Calculation ability: poor. MRI of brain with and without contrast: normal.

Discussion

In cases where patients with psychotic illness experience palinacousis, the palinacousis always appear after the psychotic illness has already manifested, anywhere from less than a year to 15 years later. Our patient’s palinacousis presented almost 5 decades before the onset of her auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions. Furthermore, her palinacousis only occurred to her own spoken voice and never to any other voices. In those who present with auditory hallucinations, query as to the presence and characteristics of palinacousis is warranted.

Funding

No Funding
Review of the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Agonist Ulotaront: Part II—Summary of Initial Clinical Efficacy/Safety Results
Authors: Hopkins Seth C. , Dworak Heather , Zeni Courtney , Koblan Kenneth S.
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Ulotaront is a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist with serotonin 5-HT1A agonist activity that has received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for the treatment of schizophrenia. Here we summarize ongoing clinical research characterizing the efficacy and safety of ulotaront as a member of the novel trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist class.

Methods

Summarized are results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ulotaront (50 mg or 75 mg) in an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia, and a 6-month, open-label follow-up study. Also summarized are post-hoc analyses evaluating negative symptom efficacy, and key safety and adverse event (AE) outcomes.

Results

In the short-term study, treatment with ulotaront was associated with significant (p<0.001) endpoint improvement in the PANSS total score (effect size [ES]: 0.45), the CGI-Severity score (ES: 0.52) and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale total score (ES: 0.48). The incidence of any AE was lower on ulotaront versus placebo (45.8% vs. 50.4%), and the number needed to harm (NNH) for individual AEs on ulotaront were all >40. Ulotaront was associated with lower risk for antipsychotic class-related AEs (extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, somnolence, nausea/vomiting, increased weight/metabolic labs, prolactinemia). The 6-month study demonstrated further improvement, with a completion rate (67%) that was higher than reported for current dopamine D2 antipsychotics.

Conclusions

The emerging profile of ulotaront is characterized by significant improvement in positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The safety and tolerability profile of ulotaront is markedly different with respect to antipsychotic class-related AEs. The benefit-risk profile of ulotaront, as a member of a novel TAAR1 agonist class, is distinguished from antipsychotics by lack of AEs related to D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor blockade.

Funding

Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc.
Clinical Determinants, Patterns, and Outcomes of Antipsychotic Medication Prescribing in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: A Naturalistic Cohort Study
Authors: Groenendaal Emily , Lynch Sean , Dornbush Rhea , Klepacz Lidia , Ferrando Stephen
Published: April 2023

Background

Schizophrenia affects individuals, families, and systems, with treatment primarily being antipsychotic medications. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are increasingly being used. This study sought to identify predictors of antipsychotic choice, in terms of formulation (LAI vs oral) and class (FGA vs SGA), and clinical outcomes.

Methods

123 patients who received LAI antipsychotics were diagnosis-matched to patients who received oral antipsychotics. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were extracted from the medical record, including indicators of illness severity. Groups were compared with Chi-Square and t-tests, and logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of antipsychotic choice.

Results

Patients that received LAIs had longer admissions, more complex discharges, and greater illness severity; however, there were no differences in readmission rates. Independent predictors of LAIs included younger age, being single, and longer admission. Patients who received FGA LAIs were more likely to use substances and be undomiciled compared to SGA LAIs, with the only predictor being older age. Oral FGAs were more likely than oral SGAs to be prescribed to older and female patients, as well as those with co-occurring substance use, complex discharges, and longer admissions.

Conclusions

Illness severity and duration of illness appear to drive choice of LAI vs. oral antipsychotic medication and FGA vs. SGA. While LAIs were prescribed to patients with greater illness severity, readmission rates were equivalent to those receiving oral medication, supporting the use of LAI in patients with greater illness severity. Rationales for prescribing LAIs to younger patients and FGAs to older patients are discussed.

Funding

No Funding
Dissociative Identity Disorder in an Inpatient Setting
Authors: Martin Samantha Ongchuan
Published: April 2023

Despite recognition in current and past versions of DSM, dissociative identity disorder (DID) remains a controversial psychiatric disorder which hampers its diagnosis and treatment. Factors that lead misdiagnosing of DID are the unfamiliarity with spectrum of dissociative disorders, the existence of feigned DID, the reluctance of individuals with DID to present their dissociative symptoms, and lack of knowledge and appreciation of its epidemiology which is shown to have 1.5% lifetime prevalence. An accurate diagnosis allows the appropriate interventions leading to fewer hospitalizations.

KC is 28 y.o. female with a psychiatric history significant for polysubstance use, PTSD, and GAD, who presented to the ED due concern for DID per mother. Prior to presentation, she had thrashed her mother’s home of which she denies recollection. She has a history of early sexual trauma by her own family. She screened 44 on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Throughout her hospitalization, she exhibited questionable lapses of disassociation, although there were no noted changes of posture, dress, speech, or acknowledgement of alters. She was discharged on Remeron 15 mg, Risperdal 2 mg, and Prazosin 2 mg with outpatient resources for trauma-based therapy.

DID is characterized by two or more distinct identities or personality that coincide with fluctuating states of consciousness and changing access to autobiographical memory. The neurological similarities between personality states in DID and PTSD subtypes support a trauma-related etiology of DID. Although there are many interviewing tools, the DES has been the most widely used clinically. Although collateral information, detailed history, and DES were concerning for DID, observation did not show distinct dissociative episodes as discussed by collateral (alter described as destructive and cold towards her own infant) although the hospital environment may not have provided enough stress for patient to transition from one personality to another.

The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation proposes a phase-oriented treatment approach: 1) establishing safety, stabilization, and symptom reduction; 2) confronting, working through and integrating traumatic memories; 3) identity integration and rehabilitation. From inpatient standpoint, phase 1 and 2 may be promptly addressed. Besides initiation of Remeron and Risperdal (consistent with treatment of DID in two prior case reports), implement grounding techniques and coping mechanisms against triggers for dissociative episodes. Inpatient screening can facilitate earlier accurate diagnosis, faster and more targeted interventions, prevent unnecessary direct and indirect societal costs, and, most importantly, improve quality of life for those with the disorder.

Funding

No Funding
Improvement in Anxiety Symptoms in Depressed Patients Treated With AXS-05 (DEXTROMETHORPHAN-BUPROPION): Results From the Evolve Open-Label, Long-Term Study
Authors: Jones Amanda , Streicher Caroline , Alter Shawn , Thomas Zachariah , Tabuteau Herriot
Published: April 2023

Background

Innovative therapies to treat individuals with MDD, especially those with comorbid anxiety, are urgently needed.

AXS-05 (dextromethorphan HBr 45 mg-bupropion HCl 105 mg) is a novel, oral, investigational NMDA receptor antagonist with multimodal activity. The dextromethorphan component of AXS-05 is an NMDA receptor antagonist and a sigma-1 receptor agonist. The bupropion component of AXS-05 serves primarily to increase the bioavailability of dextromethorphan.

Objective

To evaluate the effects of AXS-05 on anxiety in MDD.

Methods

EVOLVE was an open-label study, in which patients were treated with AXS-05 twice daily for up to 15 months. Subjects had either rolled in after a prior AXS-05 study or were directly enrolled and had a DSM-5 diagnosis of MDD, a MADRS score of ≥25, and had been treated with ≥ 1 antidepressant in the current major depressive episode. A total of 186 patients were enrolled. Efficacy endpoints included MADRS and HAM-A. Here we present the results for the directly enrolled patients (n =146).

Results

Mean baseline HAM-A scores were 15.6. Reductions from baseline to Weeks 1, 2, and 6 were 3.4±5.34 (p< 0.001), 5.5±5.81 (p< 0.001), and 8.6±5.75 (p< 0.001), respectively. Improvements on the HAM-A were durable through Month 12 (-10.2±6.33; p< 0.001). Remission (HAM-A ≤7) rates on the HAM-A at Weeks 1, 2, and 6 were 19.9%, 36.0%, and 58.1%, respectively. Remission at Month 12 was 78.3%.

Long-term treatment with AXS-05 was generally well tolerated. The most commonly reported adverse events were COVID-19 infection (8.9%), nausea (8.9%), headache (7.5%), dry mouth (6.2%), insomnia (5.5%), and dizziness (5.5%).

Conclusions

These data support the use of AXS-05 in patients with comorbid depression and anxiety.

Funding

Axsome Therapeutics
Race Differentials in the Credit Market Experiences of Small Business Owners
Authors: Kim Jeonghun
Published: April 2023

Small businesses employ more than half of the entire workforce, account for more than sixty percent of new jobs created in the United States, and are responsible for about fifty percent of private domestic gross product. It is noteworthy, however, that small business owners in credit markets, in particular minority owners, have difficulty in securing sources of capital for their business operation. The literature on credit market discrimination shows consistent results that can be interpreted as evidence that minority owners are discriminated against compared to their counterparts (i.e., White owners) in obtaining loans, which may be caused by lenders’ discrimination, although such behavior is prohibited under current fair-lending laws. This paper uses pooled cross-sectional data from the Survey of Small Business Finances (1993, 1998, and 2003) and a bivariate probit model based on James J. Heckman’s approach to deal with sample selection bias for those choosing to apply for loans. Those who didn’t apply for loans have been ignored in analyses of credit markets for small business owners. This paper adds to the small business lending market literature by 1) combining cross sectional data from the Survey of Small Business Finances (SSBF) for 1993, 1998, and 2003 to get more precise estimates and test statistics with more power; 2) conducting regression analyses with different model specifications to show the robustness of the empirical results; and 3) dealing directly with problems of sample selection based on Heckman’s approach with particular attention to the assumptions required to justify the identification of the effect (i.e., exclusion restrictions).

The analysis confirms previous results, suggesting that minority owners are discriminated against in credit markets. These conclusions are supported in a variety of model specifications.
The Predatory Rhetorics of Urban Development
Authors: Clay Kevin L. , Hill Jasmine D.
Published: April 2023

In this article, we reflect on the pernicious nature of rhetoric aimed at soliciting Black community support for predatory urban development schemes. Highlighting recent examples of Urban One Casino + Resort’s development campaign in Richmond, Virginia, and the messaging leveraged by political leaders on behalf of SoFi stadium and the Intuit Dome in Inglewood, California, we find that discursive moves made by public and private stakeholders reflect what we call the “predatory rhetorics of urban development.” We argue that these rhetorics intend to enlist divested Black communities as supporters of development projects that concentrate wealth and power in the hands of economic and political elites. They do so by playing on Black desires for social and economic inclusion into American middle-class community life. Four common threads of predatory rhetoric appear across both contexts. They are 1) seizing the real needs and concerns of stigmatized places, 2) relying on representational politics to mitigate issues of trust, 3) the neoliberal framing of American internal colonization as a problem that requires extractive private development solutions and, finally, 4) dissimulating intra-community class interests to consolidate “Black needs.” We reflect on the outcomes supported by these rhetorics across both development projects and raise several points of further consideration as we hope for more organized responses to such rhetorics in the future.
Effects of the Horizontal Scales of the Cloud‐Resolving Model on Tropical Cyclones in the Superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Kuo Kuan‐Ting , Wu Chien‐Ming , Chen Wei‐Ting
Published: April 2023

In this study, the Superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model (SPCAM) is used to simulate tropical cyclones (TCs) using the hindcast approach. Three hindcast experiments are conducted with 32‐km (D32), 128‐km (D128), and 1,024‐km (D1024) horizontal scales in the sub‐grid cloud‐resolving models (CRMs). The results show that D1024 produces reasonable TCs compared with the reanalysis data. It is 3.42 TCs per 10 days for the reanalysis data, while there are 8.07, 4.88, and 3.73 for D32, D128, and D1024. The bias of overestimating TC numbers grows with decreasing CRM scale. The D32 experiment also produces stronger TCs with a higher precipitation rate and wind speed. The bias is highly related to the efficiency of adjusting convective instability in CRMs. The D32 exhibits higher column‐integrated water vapor under warm conditions compared with D1024, indicating its inefficiency in removing water vapor by the weaker convective mass fluxes in the small CRM scale. That is, the vertical transport of convection in a smaller horizontal scale will be restricted by stronger subsidence because CRM columns for compensating are limited. The distribution of accumulated convective instability is broader and more frequent in D32. As a result, large‐scale precipitating systems tend to develop in D32, leading to a higher probability of TC genesis. This study highlights the importance of sub‐grid configuration when estimating TC activities using SPCAM.
Late Holocene Cliff Retreat in Del Mar, CA, Revealed From Shore Platform 10Be Concentrations and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Clow T. , Willenbring J. K. , Young A. P. , Matsumoto H. , Hidy A. J. , Shadrick J. R.
Published: April 2023

Rocky coast cliff retreat presents a hazard to coastal communities and infrastructure that is potentially amplified under rising sea level conditions, among other factors. Unfortunately, constraints on retreat rates are typically limited to those derived from imagery and maps spanning the last ∼100 years. Here, we use a newly developed coupled model of shore platform profile evolution and cosmogenic radionuclide production that considers the influence of relative sea level (RSL) rise, weathering, material resistance, and wave height decay to model cliff retreat over millennial timescales and its potential drivers in Del Mar, California. We demonstrate the ability to use topographic and bathymetric measurements from a narrow shore platform along with a limited data set of nine cosmogenic 10Be concentrations extending ∼125 m from the cliff base to obtain modeled cliff retreat rates that steadily range from 5.0 to 12.5 cm yr−1 over the last two millennia until 100 years before present. These rates are consistent with modern retreat rates of about 2–19 cm yr−1 here. RSL rise in Southern California remained relatively constant during the late Holocene, potentially explaining the relatively stable modeled cliff retreat rate over this time. We also explore the relative influence of weathering, material resistance, and wave erosion efficacy and find that both weathering and wave‐driven erosion are necessary to replicate the measured data at this location, with the latter exerting a stronger control on model acceptance, suggesting that waves may provide a possible mechanism by which RSL rise may influence coastal cliff erosion in southern California.
The Role of Weathering on Morphology and Rates of Escarpment Retreat of the Rift Margin of Madagascar
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Willett Sean D. , Wu Datian
Published: April 2023

A great escarpment at a rift margin can correspond directly to a major water divide, but at many margins, including in Madagascar, the escarpment often appears as a steep knickzone on rivers that have their main water divides into the interior of the high plateau. We hypothesize that this variability in morphology is a reflection of the frequency and size of the drainage area captured from the high plateau over the escarpment. To test this hypothesis, we document morphological features and weathering conditions of river sediment in Madagascar. We propose that the existence of a weathered, weak surface layer of crystalline bedrock encourages river reversal and large river captures from the upper plateau, leading to a high frequency of knickpoint‐type rivers. We demonstrate that this is feasible using 2D landscape evolution models and show that an easily eroded surface layer is prone to fast divide migration through frequent river capture and reversal. A positive scaling relationship between the captured area and escarpment retreat rate is found from the models. We demonstrate that this scaling is also observed in the great escarpments of Madagascar and India. This divide migration mechanism provides a new explanation for the morphology of river profiles and great escarpments.
Low Altitude Tailing Es (LATTE): Analysis of Sporadic‐E Layer Height at Different Latitudes of Middle and Low Region
Authors: Tang Qiong , Zhou Chen , Liu Huixin , Liu Yi , Zhao Jiaqi , Yu Zhibin , Hu Lianhuan , Zhao Zhengyu , Feng Xueshang
Published: April 2023

In this paper, the Earth's sporadic‐E (Es) layer vertical motion is investigated by using an image processing technique for automatic scaling ionograms from Mohe (122.37°E, 53.50°N, dip angle 71°), Beijing (116.25°E, 40.25°N, dip angle 59°), Wuhan (114.61°E, 30.53°N, dip angle 46°) and Fuke (109.13°E, 19.52°N, dip angle 27°). Es traces descend with different periodicities, indicating tidal modulation to Es layers. Comparing winds from a combination of the Ionospheric Connection Explorer/Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging and meteor radar measurements with Es layers, we find that Es traces at high altitudes (above 110 km) rapidly move down in accordance with the descent of the wind shear nulls, which indicates the important role of the tides in the formation and descent of the Es layer at high altitude. The lower‐lying Es layers, however, do not descend with the wind shear null, but stay at the bottom of the E region (∼100 km) for a long time, which cannot be explained by tidal wind shear theory. In addition, the time duration of the Es layers staying at low latitudes increases with the decreasing latitude. Simulation results demonstrate that the low altitude tailing Es layer is dominated by the dramatically enhanced collision frequency at the lower height of the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere region.
Controls on Speleothem Initial 234U/238U Ratios in a Monsoon Climate
Authors: Oster Jessica L. , Ronay Elli R. , Sharp Warren D. , Breitenbach Sebastian F. M. , Furbish David J.
Published: April 2023

Speleothem initial uranium isotope ratios ((234U/238U)i) can be influenced by processes along the seepage water flow‐path including alpha‐recoil into porewater during 238U decay and hostrock weathering, the balance of which can reflect the infiltration rate. Thus, speleothem (234U/238U)i may provide information about past changes in rainfall amounts. However, the utility of (234U/238U)i as a paleo‐infiltration proxy has only been explored in a limited set of rainfall regimes. We present a speleothem (234U/238U)i record from Mawmluh Cave in northeast India, an area influenced by the Indian Summer Monsoon, covering 1964–2012 CE. Speleothem (234U/238U)i was relatively constant from 1964 to 1984 but then linearly increased by 0.05 over ∼15 years, a trend that does not correspond with observed rainfall changes. To evaluate potential drivers of (234U/238U)i variability, we model the evolution of water (234U/238U) in a simple karst system using an advection‐reaction model parameterized by Mawmluh Cave variables. Although varying infiltration influences modeled water (234U/238U), the larger, sustained change observed in the speleothem record can only be modeled by varying the U concentration and (234U/238U) of the weathering hostrock. This suggests that larger shifts in speleothem (234U/238U)i may result from flow path changes, bringing waters in contact with hostrock of variable U characteristics. Consideration of published Mawmluh Cave records suggests that these mechanisms may also explain variability in stalagmite (234U/238U)i on precessional timescales. Further examination of speleothems (234U/238U)i from climates characterized by high rainfall and extensive weathering is warranted to better constrain the controls on (234U/238U)i in these dynamic environments.
Lithosphere Structure, Processes, and Physical State of the Alpine‐Apennine System
Authors: Menichelli Irene , De Gori Pasquale , Lucente Francesco Pio , Improta Luigi , Chiarabba Claudio
Published: April 2023

Tomographic images of the lithosphere are the first step to constrain the evolution of mountain belts and their interaction. By inverting new high‐quality P‐ and S‐wave arrivals that sample the entire lithosphere, we determined Vp and Vp/Vs models with reliable resolution in the critical depth range (40–80 km) where plates of the central Mediterranean area interact. This data set yields homogeneous representation of the 3D structure over a critical area at a regional scale. Here, we show that the Alps derive from a laterally continuous underthrusting of the European plate and that the Adria lithosphere was delaminated after the collision. Tomograms resolve the lateral changes of the continental versus oceanic subduction along the Alpine belt and identify original evidence of fluids beneath the orogens able to facilitate the current deformation.
On-chip generation of Bessel–Gaussian beam via concentrically distributed grating arrays for long-range sensing
Authors: Zhi Zihao , Na Quanxin , Xie Qijie , Chen Baisong , Li Yingzhi , Liu Xiaobin , Li Xuetong , Wang Lijun , Lo Guoqiang , Song Junfeng
Published: April 2023

Bessel beam featured with self-healing is essential to the optical sensing applications in the obstacle scattering environment. Integrated on-chip generation of the Bessel beam outperforms the conventional structure by small size, robustness, and alignment-free scheme. However, the maximum propagation distance (Zmax) provided by the existing approaches cannot support long-range sensing, and thus, it restricts its potential applications. In this work, we propose an integrated silicon photonic chip with unique structures featured with concentrically distributed grating arrays to generate the Bessel–Gaussian beam with a long propagation distance. The spot with the Bessel function profile is measured at 10.24 m without optical lenses, and the photonic chip’s operation wavelength can be continuously performed from 1500 to 1630 nm. To demonstrate the functionality of the generated Bessel–Gaussian beam, we also experimentally measure the rotation speeds of a spinning object via the rotational Doppler Effect and the distance through the phase laser ranging principle. The maximum error of the rotation speed in this experiment is measured to be 0.05%, indicating the minimum error in the current reports. By the compact size, low cost, and mass production potential of the integrated process, our approach is promising to readily enable the Bessel–Gaussian beam in widespread optical communication and micro-manipulation applications.
Quantum frequency conversion and single-photon detection with lithium niobate nanophotonic chips
Authors: Wang Xina , Jiao Xufeng , Wang Bin , Liu Yang , Xie Xiu-Ping , Zheng Ming-Yang , Zhang Qiang , Pan Jian-Wei
Published: April 2023

The lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform has revolutionized lithium niobate materials, and a series of quantum photonic chips have exhibited unprecedented performances. Quantum frequency conversion (QFC) that enables quantum state preservation during frequency conversion is crucial in quantum technology. This work demonstrates a low-noise QFC process on the LNOI nanophotonic platform, connecting telecom and near-visible bands. An internal conversion efficiency of 73% and an on-chip noise count of 900 counts per second (cps) are achieved. Furthermore, the preservation of quantum statistical properties is verified, indicating the QFC chip’s promise for extensive applications of LNOI integrated circuits in quantum information. Based on this chip, we constructed an upconversion single-photon detector with a detection efficiency of 8.7% and a noise of 300 cps, paving the way to integrated on-chip single-photon detection. The realization of a low-noise QFC device also provide a pathway for practical chip-scale QFC-based quantum systems in heterogeneous configurations.