bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinação do vírus do enrolamento em hastes velhas de batatal para sementes
Authors: Cupertino F. P. , Costa A. S.
Published: April 2009

O enrolamento da fôlha é, presentemente, a moléstia de vírus de maior importância em relação à produção da batata-semente certificada, no Estado de São Paulo. Determinações relativamente precisas sôbre a ocorrência do virus em lotes de batata-semente certificada são necessárias para garantia dos lavradores que adquirem tais sementes e bom funcionamento do Serviço de Certificação. Os métodos de determinação baseados em amostras do produto depois de colhido são os que podem oferecer maior precisão, mas geralmente demandam um período de tempo que os tornam desvantajosos para a comercialização do produto. A determinação da ocorrência do vírus nos tubérculos de batata após colheita, com base em testes feitos com amostras de hastes das plantas produtoras, colhidas ao acaso, em fins de ciclo, tem-se mostrado extremamente prometedora nos testes efetuados e é considerada exequível mesmo para uso em larga escala. Os melhores resultados nas determinações foram obtidas usando-se Datura stramonium como planta-teste aos 40 dias de idade, para enxertia com as hastes das plantas a serem provadas, colhidas 60 a 70 dias depois de brotadas. Os sintomas desenvolvidos nos casos positivos são de fácil identificação, e as determinações podem ser obtidas dentro de 30 a 40 dias após a enxertia.
Variedades de cana-de-açúcar. VII - Série de ensaios realizados no período de 1959 a 1962
Authors: Segalla A. L. , Oliveira H. de , Ometto J. C.
Published: April 2009

São apresentados os resultados obtidos em uma série de experiências efetuadas em 1959/62, com a finalidade de determinar as variedades mais recomendáveis para plantio, dentre as que se encontravam em cultivo, no Estado de São Paulo, na ocasião. As experiências foram plantadas em sete usinas compreendendo diversos tipos de solo. Foram estudadas 17 variedades, em um delineamento em "lattice" quadrado, 4x4 com 5 repetições, em que se efetuaram três cortes: cana-planta, soca e ressoca. De cada localidade foi excluída uma variedade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que além das variedades Co 419 e CB 41/76 podem também ser cultivadas as seguintes: CB 49/260, CB 41/70, CB 41/14, N:Co 293, CB 47/15, CB 38/22 e CB 40/35.
Efeito da adubação verde do feijoeiro "da sêca" com Crotalaria juncea L., empregando-se toda a vegetação ou retirando-se do campo as hastes despojadas de suas fôlhas
Authors: Mascarenhas H. A. A. , Miyasaka S. , Lovadini L. A. C. , Freire E. S. , Teófilo Sobrinho J. , Cruz Luciano Pais , Nery Clóvis , Andrade Fernando Goulart de
Published: April 2009

Experiências foram conduzidas, em diferentes localidades do Estado de São Paulo, para estudar o efeito da adubação verde com Crotalaria juncea L., em cultura do feijoeiro "da sêca", incorporando-se ao solo tôda a vegetação desta ou retirando-se do campo experimental as hastes despojadas de suas fôlhas. O aumento médio de produção proporcionado pela adubação verde correspondeu a 41%, no primeiro caso, mas baixou para 28%, no segundo.
Efeito das variações do titulo e da irregularidade na resistência do fio de algodão
Authors: Lazzarini José Fernando
Published: April 2009

As variações na resistência das meadas de fio de algodão estão relacionadas às do título e da irregularidade do fio. O trabalho baseia-se em uma análise de regressão múltipla, onde a resistência do fio é estudada em função de duas variáveis independentes: irregularidade (U%) e título do fio. Foram calculadas equações para previsão da resistência do fio. Verificou-se que as variações do título são mais importantes que as da irregularidade, para explicar as variações da resistência do fio.
Weed control via intercropping with gliricidia: II. corn crop
Authors: Silva P.S.L. , Cunha T.M.S. , Oliveira R.C. , Silva K.M.B. , Oliveira O.F.
Published: April 2009

A reduction in herbicide use is one of modern agriculture's main interests and several alternatives are being investigated with this objective, including intercropping. Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) mulch has no allelopathic effect on corn or beans but significantly decreased the population of some weed species. The objective of this study was to evaluate green ear and grain yield in corn cultivars as a response to weed control achieved via intercropping with gliricidia. A completely randomized block design with five replicates and split-plots was used. Cultivars AG 1051, AG 2060, BRS 2020, and PL 6880 (assigned to plots) were submitted to the following treatments: no hoeing, hoeing (performed at 20 and 40 days after sowing the corn), and corn intercropped with gliricidia. Gliricidia was grown in a transplanting system to ensure uniform germination and fast establishment in the field. Seeding was made in 200-cell trays with one seed per cell (35 mL volume). The plants emerged two to three days after sowing and were transplanted to a permanent site two to three days after emergence. Corn was sown on the same day gliricidia was transplanted. Sixteen weed species occurred at different frequencies, with uneven distribution in the experimental area. Cultivars AG 1051 and AG 2060 were the best with reference to most characteristics employed to evaluate green corn yield. Cultivar AG 1051 provided the highest grain yield. The highest green ear yield and grain yield values were obtained with hoeing. However, the fact that intercropped plots showed intermediate yield between the values obtained for hoed and non-hoed plots indicates that gliricidia was beneficial to corn, and exerted a certain level of weed control.
Um novo futuro
Authors: Barros Luiz Carlos Mendonça de
Published: April 2009

Para explicar o dinamismo da economia brasileira nos últimos anos, é preciso entender as mudanças na economia mundial, principalmente na Ásia. A incorporação de quase um bilhão de asiáticos à economia de mercado provocou uma alteração profunda nas relações de preços entre produtos industriais e commodities agrícolas e minerais, em favor destes últimos. Essa nova dinâmica de preços nos mercados mundiais provocou uma mudança nas contas de nosso comércio exterior, com o aparecimento, a partir de 2004, de saldos comerciais elevadíssimos.
Jagunços e homens livres pobres: o lugar do mito no Grande sertão
Authors: Pacheco Ana Paula
Published: April 2009

O ensaio reflete sobre a constituição do narrador e das personagens em Grande sertão: veredas a partir da invenção rosiana do "mundo-jagunço", entre mito e História. Para tanto, concentra-se na formação fictícia do jagunço no livro, cuja base verossímil se localiza ao mesmo tempo nas dificuldades da vida sertaneja e na idealização das possibilidades de reagir a elas. Propõe-se por fim a compreender a lei formal dessa (de)formação - não ser ou ser mito - em contraste com a figura histórica do "homem livre pobre", e a interpretar a leitura rosiana da modernidade brasileira no sertão.
A crise financeira e o global shadow banking system
Authors: Cintra Marcos Antonio Macedo , Farhi Maryse
Published: April 2009

A crise financeira iniciada com a elevação da inadimplência e a desvalorização dos imóveis e dos ativos financeiros associados às hipotecas americanas de alto risco (subprime) recolocou em debate a arquitetura do sistema financeiro americano e internacional, seus potenciais riscos sistêmicos e seus mecanismos de supervisão e regulação. Uma grande variedade de instituições financeiras frouxamente reguladas e displicentemente supervisionadas passou a constituir a contraparte da transferência de riscos de crédito do sistema bancário e a carregar riscos crescentes. O artigo procura discutir a interação dessas instituições financeiras, incluindo algumas características do principal palco dessa interação - os mercados de balcão - e a utilização de determinadas inovações financeiras que amplificaram a crise. Dada a complexidade e opacidade dessas instituições e mercados, busca ainda explicitar a necessidade de aperfeiçoamentos na sua regulação e supervisão.
Consistência das informações de um estudo sobre o impacto da assistência nutricional no atendimento pré-natal
Authors: Saunders Cláudia , Padilha Patricia de Carvalho , Chagas Cristiane Barbosa , Silva Cristina Lúcia da , Accioly Elizabeth , Ramalho Andréa
Published: April 2009

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a consistência dos dados obtidos no estudo Avaliação do impacto da assistência nutricional pré-natal no resultado obstétrico, por análise da confiabilidade das informações e perdas de seguimento ocorridas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção, prospectivo, em uma coorte de gestantes. O grupo pré-intervenção (GI) foi constituído de 225 puérperas adultas (1999-2001) e o grupo intervenção (GII), de 208 gestantes adultas (2005-2006) e seus respectivos recém-nascidos, atendidos em Maternidade Pública do Rio de Janeiro. Visando à padronização dos procedimentos de coleta de dados, os pesquisadores receberam treinamento, reciclagem e foram supervisionados. Além disso, elaborou-se um manual de instruções para consulta no trabalho de campo, foi feito um estudo piloto para testar os instrumentos; a análise da consistência dos dados foi semanal. Para avaliar a confiabilidade da obtenção das informações, foram aplicadas as estatísticas Kappa (k) e o Índice de Concordância Intraclasse (ICC). RESULTADOS: As perdas de seguimento do GII foram de 8,4%. Houve boa padronização dos procedimentos de obtenção das informações em ambos os grupos, com ICC>0,92 e k>0,65 no GI e, para o GII, ICC>0,94 e k>0,71. Destaca-se a alta concordância entre o peso pré-gestacional informado e o aferido no primeiro trimestre (ICC=0,961). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que as estratégias adotadas no presente estudo contribuíram para o baixo percentual de perdas de seguimento e garantia da qualidade dos dados, permitindo a reprodutibilidade dos resultados.
Variabilidade temporal e espacial da precisão das estimativas de elementos meteorológicos no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Cargnelutti Filho Alberto , Matzenauer Ronaldo , Maluf Jaime Ricardo Tavares , Radin Bernadete
Published: April 2009

O planejamento de atividades agropecuárias exige que os riscos climáticos, em um determinado local e período do ano, sejam estimados com máxima precisão. Dessa forma, foram utilizados os dados de 15 locais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de estudar a variabilidade temporal e espacial da precisão das estimativas das médias mensais de precipitação pluvial, insolação, radiação solar global e temperaturas mínima, média e máxima. Para isso, calculou-se o erro de estimação (semiamplitude do intervalo de confiança) (EE), em percentagem da estimativa da média mensal de precipitação pluvial, insolação, radiação solar global e temperaturas mínima, média e máxima, para cada mês e local, que foi utilizado como medida de precisão. A partir do EE, para cada um dos elementos meteorológicos, agruparam-se os meses e os locais, por meio do método hierárquico de Ward, e calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson entre as matrizes de distância euclidiana média padronizada e gráfica a fim de verificar a consistência dos agrupamentos. Conclui-se que a precisão das estimativas, média de meses e locais, entre os elementos meteorológicos, aumenta na seguinte ordem: precipitação pluvial (EE=21,66%), insolação (EE=6,74%), radiação solar global (EE=5,52%) e temperaturas mínima (EE=4,40%), média (EE=2,63%) e máxima (EE=2,27%). Há variabilidade da precisão das estimativas das médias mensais de precipitação pluvial, insolação, radiação solar global e temperaturas mínima, média e máxima, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no tempo (meses) e no espaço (locais). Estimativas com base em 30 anos de observações têm precisão menor nos meses de abril, maio, junho, julho, agosto e setembro, em relação aos demais meses.
Fatores pré-colheita que afetam a qualidade tecnológica de trigo
Authors: Franceschi Lucia de , Benin Giovani , Guarienti Eliana , Marchioro Volmir Sérgio , Martin Thomas Newton
Published: April 2009

A aptidão tecnológica representa uma oportunidade de agregar valor de mercado ao trigo, principalmente em face do mercado internacional e do setor industrial, o qual busca diferencial de qualidade aos seus produtos. Os fatores genéticos, meteorológicos e de manejo são determinantes para a obtenção da qualidade desejada. Nesse sentido, a adequada escolha da cultivar, o conhecimento das limitações climáticas da região de cultivo e da fertilidade do solo e a execução dos tratos culturais recomendados pela pesquisa podem contribuir substancialmente para a obtenção das características físicas, químicas e biológicas que conferem qualidade à farinha e aos produtos derivados de farinha, conforme abordado nesta revisão.
A correção da mordida cruzada posterior unilateral com desvio funcional melhora a assimetria facial?
Authors: Almeida Marco Antonio de Oliveira , Quintão Catia Cardoso Abdo , Brunharo Ione Helena Vieira Portella , Koo Daniel , Coutinho Bianca Rossi
Published: April 2009

OBJETIVO: avaliar, através de fotografias clínicas de 30 pacientes, as alterações ocorridas na assimetria labial presente em pacientes portadores de mordida cruzada posterior unilateral funcional (MCPUF), após a correção ortodôntica. MÉTODOS: para quantificar essas modificações, foram mensuradas as áreas dos quadrantes labiais antes (T1) e após o tratamento (T2). Os lábios superiores e inferiores foram subdivididos em 4 quadrantes e as suas áreas foram medidas e expressas como percentagem da sua área total. A quantidade de correção da assimetria foi obtida calculando a diferença no percentual da área entre os quadrantes do lábio em T1 e T2. RESULTADOS: os resultados demonstraram haver uma melhora significativa na assimetria observada inicialmente nestes pacientes do lado onde o desvio postural da mandíbula se apresentava.
What's Happening in YA Literature? Trends in Books for Adolescents
Authors: Koss Melanie D. , Teale William H.
Published: April 2009

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest and activity in the field of young adult literature. In order to describe the types of young adult books being published currently, a systematic content analysis was undertaken on of a wide sample of titles published in English between 1999 and 2005 representing both high quality literature and books popular with teens. This article reports on trends found in the genres, descriptive features, subject matters, and writing styles of the books.

ملخص البحث: لقد شهدت السنوات الأخيرة طفرة في الاهتمام والنشاط في مجال الأدب للشباب. لقد تم القيام بتحليل المحتوى والتنظيم من أجل وصف أنواع الكتب للشباب التي تنشر حالياً من عينة عريضة مختارة من عناوين الكتب المنشورة في اللغة الإنكليزية بين عامي 1999 و2005 تمثّل فيها كتباً ذات الجودة العالية والكتب التي تتمتع بشعبية كبيرة مع المراهقين. إذ تنقل هذه المقالة خبراً عن النزعات الموجودة في أنواع الكتب ومعالمها ومواضيعها وأساليبها الكتابية.

对年轻成人文学领域的兴趣及其活动近年来有所激增。为描述当今出版发行的年轻成人书籍的种类，研究者对1999年和2005年间以英语出版的广大书籍样本，进行一项系统性的内容分析﹔该书籍样本代表了既是高质量的文学作品，又是青少年的流行读物。本文报告关于这些书籍的体裁、描述特点、题材和写作风格的趋势。

Les dernières années ont témoigné d'un regain d'intérêt et d'activité dans le champ de la littérature de jeunesse. Afin de décrire les types de livres pour les jeunes adultes publiés récemment, nous avons entrepris une analyse systématique de contenu portant sur un large éventail de titres publiés en anglais de 1999 à 2005 et représentant à la fois la littérature de bonne qualité et des livres bien connus des jeunes. Cet article rapporte les tendances que nous avons trouvées dans les genres, les traits caractéristiques, les sujets traités, et les styles d'écriture des livres.

В последние годы зафиксирован всплеск интереса и активности в области литературы для молодежи. Что именно сейчас издается? Чтобы ответить на этот вопрос, авторы предприняли системный содержательный анализ большой выборки книг, изданных на английском языке между 1999 и 2005 годами, куда вошли и высококачественные литературные произведения, и книги, популярные среди подростков. В статье описаны основные жанровые и содержательные тенденции, а также особенности авторского стиля и художественного оформления этих книг.

Los últimos años han visto gran interés y actividad en el campo de la literatura para adultos jóvenes. Para poder describir las clases de libros que se están publicando ahora para adultos jóvenes, se emprendió un análisis sistemático del contenido de una muestra extensa de títulos publicados en inglés entre 1999 y 2005, tanto de libros de gran calidad como de libros populares entre los adolescentes. Este artículo da información sobre las tendencias en los géneros, las descripciones que presentan, el material y el estilo de escritura de los libros.
The Impact of Internet and Television Use on the Reading Habits and Practices of College Students
Authors: Mokhtari Kouider , Reichard Carla A. , Gardner Anne
Published: April 2009

How much time do college students spend reading for recreational and academic purposes? Do Internet and television use displace or interfere with reading time? In this study, we used an innovative time‐diary survey method to explore whether the time students spend on the Internet or watching television displaces time that would be spent reading for academic or recreational purposes.

كم من الوقت يقضي طلاب الجامعة في القراءة لأسباب المطالعة والدراسة؟ هل استخدام التلفاز أو الشبكة العالمية يحل محل القراءة أو يتدخل فيها؟ في هذه الدراسة استخدمنا مسحاً مبدعاً قائماً على كتابة يوميات بصدد قضاء الوقت كي نستقصي إذا كان الوقت الذي يقضي فيه الطلاب على الشبكة العالمية أو مشاهدة التلفاز يحل محل الوقت الذي كانوا قد سيقضوه بالقراءة لأسباب الدراسة أو المطالعة.

大学生究竟花多少时间于为消遣和为学术目的而阅读？互联网和电视的使用有没有取代或妨碍学生阅读的时间？在本研究中，我们采用一个创新的时间日记调查方法，以探究大学生花在互联网或看电视的时间有没有取代他们会用于为学术或为消遣目的而阅读的时间。

Combien de temps les étudiants de licence passent‐ils à lire à des fins récréatives et d'étude ? Est‐ce que l'utilisation d'Internet et de la télévision remplace ou interfère avec le temps consacré à la lecture ? Nous avons dans cette étude utilisé une méthode d'enquête innovante de journal budget‐temps quotidien pour savoir si le temps que les étudiants passent sur Internet ou à regarder la télévision remplace le temps qu'il auraient passé à lire à des fins récréatives ou d'étude.

Сколько времени тратят студенты колледжа на развлекательное и академическое чтение? Оказывают ли Интернет и телевидение существенное воздействие на время, которые студенты посвящают чтению? В данном исследовании был использован инновационный метод – сочетание дневника учета времени и анкетирования, – который позволяет ответить на эти вопросы.

¿Cuánto tiempo pasan los estudiantes colegiales leyendo, ya sea para entretenerse o para sus estudios? ¿Acaso la televisión y el Internet les quitan tiempo a estas actividades? En este estudio usamos un método innovador en forma de una encuesta de diario‐de‐tiempo para ver si el tiempo que los estudiantes pasan en el Internet o viendo televisión les quita tiempo que le hubieran dedicado a la lectura de recreo o de estudio.
COMPARISON CONDITIONS, COMPARISON PATTERNS AND MODELS OF COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Lin Chien-Huang , Tsai Chia-Ching
Published: April 2009

The conditions that cause subjects to make comparisons and the comparison patterns that influence the results of comparisons were investigated. People make social or temporal-past or temporal-future comparisons when facing a condition of decision. The impact of self-esteem on the choices
of comparison patterns was also investigated. Unlike past research, three comparison patterns were investigated and three comparative models that lead to self-perception and affects are proposed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENTS' SUCCESS: A GENERALIZED ESTIMATING EQUATIONS STUDY
Authors: Sahin Fezan , Ayranci Unal , Oner Setenay , Demirustu Canan , Bal Cengiz , Colak Ertugrul , Yenilmez Cinar , Ozdamar Kazim , Seber Gulten
Published: April 2009

The goals of this study were to determine the factors influencing children's success according to Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) through the Family Report Form (FRF; constituted by the authors), Teacher's Report Form (TRF; Achenbach, 1991b) and Child Behavior Check
List (CBCL; Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983), and to form a new and actual reference success form for Turkish children. The study sample included 4130 primary school children in Eskisehir, Turkey. School success was measured as the total scores that students achieved in the following classes:
cultural, social, science, foreign language, computer, picture, music and job-occupation. The TRF, CBCL and FRF forms consist of the sum of subtests, which includes 9 factor scales, namely anxiety/depression, somatic complaints, social withdrawal, delinquent behavior, social problems,
thought problems, attention deficits, aggressive behavior, and other. As the statistical analyses, GEE method, stepwise regression analysis and missing value analyses were used. The items that had the greatest negative effect on the students' success were “has poor school work”
and “can't concentrate or can't pay attention for long”. On the other hand, the item that had the greatest positive effect on students' success was “feels he/she has to be perfect”. It may be recommended that students, their families, and teachers
should be informed about factors influencing school success.
Synthesis, Structure and Biological Activities of Some Novel Anthranilic Acid Esters Containing N‐Pyridylpyrazole
Authors: DONG Weili , XU Junying , XIONG Lixia , LIU Xinghai , LI Zhengming
Published: April 2009

In search of environmentally benign insecticides with high activity, low toxicity and low residue, a novel series of anthranilic acid esters containing N‐pyridylpyrazole were designed and synthesized. All of the compounds were characterized and confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The single crystal structure of 14d was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The bioassay tests showed that the synthesized compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against Mythimna separata Walker and Culex pipiens pallens.
Computational Study of the C‐ and N‐Bound Tautomers of [Ru(Cl)(H)(CO)‐(PPh3)2(IiPrMe2)] (IiPrMe2 = 3‐Isopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)
Authors: Häller L. Jonas L. , Macgregor Stuart A.
Published: April 2009

Density functional theory calculations have been used to study the factors controlling the relative energies of the C‐bound (2) and N‐bound (3) tautomers of [Ru(Cl)(H)(CO)(PPh3)2(IiPrMe2)] (IiPrMe2 = 3‐isopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) reported by Whittlesey and co‐workers (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 13702). The calculations indicate that the N‐bound form is more stable. Further analysis reveals the presence of a CO ligand trans to the C/N binding site is a key factor in determining the greater stability of the N‐bound form. This preference is further enhanced by the bulky iPr substituent at the N3 position. The calculations predict that the C‐bound tautomer will be favoured with NHC ligands that feature a bulky C5 substituent in combination with small groups at N3 and C4. Thus [Ru(Cl)(H)(CO)(PPh3)2(NHC)] complexes where NHC = 5‐R‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene or 3‐Me‐5‐R‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene (R = tBu, Ph) are predicted to be more stable as the C‐bound form. Five‐coordinate square‐pyramidal species formed by loss of a CO or Cl ligand from 2 and 3 show an increased preference for the C‐bound form. Indeed, when the C/N binding site is trans to a vacant site the C‐bound tautomer becomes the more stable species.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cyclodehydration of N‐[(2‐heteroarylcarbamoyl)methyl] benzamides. Preparation of 5‐(heteroarylamino)oxazoles
Authors: Glennon R. A. , Von Strandtmann M.
Published: April 2009

The cyclodehydration of N‐[heleroarylcarbamoyl)methyl]benzamides was found to yield 5‐(heteroarylamino)oxazoles
Cation radicals. XXXII. Reaction of N‐ethylcarbazole with iodine‐silver salts. Nitration of N‐ethylcarbazole
Authors: Bandlish B. K. , Shine H. J.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of N‐ethylcarbazole (1) with iodine‐silver perchlorate gave a green solution having a singlet esr signal. Reduction of the solution with potassium iodide gave N,N′ ‐diethyl‐3,3′‐dicarbazolyl (3, 48%). Small amounts of 3‐iodo‐ (4) and 3,6‐diiodo‐N‐ethylcarbazole (5) were also obtained. Compounds 4 and 5 are believed to have been formed by electrophilic iodination of 1 by I2‐AgCIO4, whereas 3 appears to have been formed via the dimerization of 1.+. In accord with this, reaction of 1 with iodine‐silver nitrite gave 3‐nitro‐N‐ethylcarbazole (6, 61%), 9% of another nitro‐N‐ethylcarbazole (7), thought to be either 1‐ or 4‐nitro‐N‐ethylcarbazole, and 28% of 4. Thus, trapping of 1.+ by nucleophilic nitrite ion occurred even though 1.+ is not stable enough toward isolation as the perchlorate.
The synthesis of some derivatives of 4,5,6,6a,7,12‐hexahydroisoquinolino [8,l ‐ab]carbazole
Authors: Bremner J. B. , Browne E. J.
Published: April 2009

As part of a general project on the chemistry of alkaloid analogues, the synthesis of derivatives 5, of 4,5,6,6a,7,12‐hexahydroisoquinolino[8,l‐ab]carbazole, which can be considered as ring D indole analogues of the aporphine skeleton, was investigated. Compounds of this type are of interest on two grounds. Firstly it is conceivable some may occur naturally; and secondly, they may display unusual pharmacological properties, since the side‐chain configuration of the tryptophan residue is intermediate between that present in lysergic acid diethylamide and the yohimbine‐reserpine type alkaloids.
Heterocycles. CXXVII. Action of sulfur on some heterocyclic compounds. Formation of thioamides, oxidative cyclization and thiation
Authors: Kramberger L. , Lorenčak P. , Polanc S. , Verček B. , Stanovnik B. , Tišler M. , Považanec F.
Published: April 2009

The formation of heterocyclic thioamides from alkylpyridines, heteroaromatic amines and sulfur was investigated. Oxidative cyclization of these thioamides afforded the corresponding thiazoloazines. Attempted thiation of some hydrazones gave triazolopyridines and some examples of direct thiation of heterocycles are given.
Isothiazoles. III. Synthesis of isothiazolo [5,4‐d] pyrimidines
Authors: Anderson Richard C. , Hsiao Y. Y.
Published: April 2009

5‐Amino‐3‐methylisothiazole‐4‐carbonitrile 2 was prepared by oxidation of 3‐amino‐2‐cyano‐thiocrotonamide 1. A series of 4‐amino‐3‐methylisothiazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidines 6 was derived from 2 by reaction with orthoesters followed by cyclization with primary amines. Hydrolysis of 2 to the corresponding amide 10 followed by cyclization with orthoesters gave the corresponding 5H‐isothiazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ones 11. Reactions of 2 and 10 with sodium methyl xanthate gave the corresponding pyrimidinethione derivatives 12 and 13.
The synthesis of some 2,4‐benzodiazepin‐1‐ones, potent C.N.S. agents
Authors: Golik Uri
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of 2,4‐benzodiazepin‐1‐ones (II, V) has been accomplished. Their C.N.S. properties are of the same order of the well known 1,4‐benzodiazepins (Valium).
Thiénopyrimidines VIII. Etude des thiéno[2,3‐d] pyrimidinethiones
Authors: Robba Max , De Sevricourt Michel Cugnon
Published: April 2009

Les réactions de substitution et d'addition des thiéno[2,3‐d]pyrimidinethiones sont étudiées. Elles conduisent à des dérivés S‐ et N‐substitués dont la structure est établic par voie chimique ainsi qu'à l'aide des spectres IR et de RMN.
4‐Nitrosoquinoline 1‐oxide
Authors: Abramovitch Rudolph A. , Smith Elizabeth M.
Published: April 2009

The title compound has been synthesized by the oxidation of 4‐hydroxylaminoquinoline 1‐oxide with silver carbonate on celite. Some of its chemical properties have been studied and compared with those of 4‐nitrosopyridine 1‐oxide. Its mass spectrum and those of related compounds are discussed.
Mononuclear isoheterocyclic rearrangements. Note I. Interconversion of 3‐benzoylamino‐5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole and 3‐acetylamino‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole
Authors: Vivona Nicolò , Cusmano Giuseppe , Ruccia Michele , Spinelli Domenico
Published: April 2009

The first example of mononuclear isoheterocyclic rearrangement is reported. The 3‐benzoylamino‐5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole (5) furnishes through a reversible process (slowly at room temperature in methanol, acetone or dioxane, fast in DMSO or in methanol in the presence of strong bases) a mixture of 5 and 3‐acethylamino‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole (6). The equilibrium process can be achieved also by heating 5 at 181° and the same reaction mixture can be obtained using 6 as the starting material. 3‐Trichloroacetylamino‐5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole (7) was unaffected by similar treatment. The results obtained are discussed.
Synthesis of substituted 3‐amino[6,5‐b]triazinoindoles
Authors: Bell Malcolm R. , Zalay Andrew W.
Published: April 2009

4‐[(9‐Methyl‐as‐triazino[6,5‐b]indol‐3‐yl)amino]‐2‐methyl‐2‐butanol (13) and the corresponding 2‐methyl‐3‐imino derivative 12 were synthesized and tested in vitro against Rhino 2 virus. The two compounds were more active than the known triazino[5,6‐b]indole 4. 2,9‐Dimethyl‐3‐methoxy‐9H‐as‐triazino[6,5‐b]indolium tosylate (21) and the related 3‐methylthio compound 9 were prepared. Quaternary 21 formed a pseudo base, 22a, whereas quaternary 9 did not form a pseudo base.
Propriétés chimiques du benzisosélénazole‐1,2
Authors: Weber Roland , Reason Marcel
Published: April 2009

La nitration et la bromation du benzisosélénazole‐1,2 conduit aux dérivés monosubstitués en 5 ou en 7. Par action de l'amidure de potassium sur l'hétérocycle non substitué on obtient le dérivé aminé en‐3 correspondant. Les dérivés organolithiens conduisent à une ouverture du cycle. La synthèse de dérivés substitués en 3à partir de styryl‐3 benzisosélénazole‐1,2 et sélénonaphtène quinone est aussi décrite.
1H‐imidazo[4,5‐b] pyrazines. 1. 2‐Alkyl derivatives
Authors: Tong Y. C.
Published: April 2009

A group of 2‐alkyl‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐b]pyrazines were prepared by condensing diamonpyrazines with acid, acid chloride or acid anhydride.
The reaction of o‐phthalaldchydic acid with 5‐amino‐1,3‐dimethylpyrazole
Authors: Swett Leo R. , Aynilian George H.
Published: April 2009

o‐Phthalaldchydic acid reacted with 5‐amino‐1,3‐dimethylpyrazole to yield 5‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐phthalidylpyrazole. The latter was transformed to a tricyclic system; 1,3‐dimethylpyrazolo [3,4‐b]benzazepin‐9‐one, which in turn was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to 9,10‐dihydro‐1,3‐dimethylpyrazolo[3,4‐b]benzazepine.
Attempted synthesis of 2,4‐ and 1,3‐benzodiazepinones
Authors: Golik Uri , Taub William
Published: April 2009

The cyclodehydration reaction performed upon α‐acylamino carboxamides is known to constitute a facile synthetic approach to five‐membered heterocyclic systems. Attempts to prepare 2,4‐ and 1,3‐benzodiazepinone derivatives (VI, XIX) of potential C.N.S. Activity using such methods, proved unsuccessful. A new triazine system (X) which was prepared did not exhibit any C.N.S. activity.
Benzopyranopyridine derivatives 3. Reaction of 1‐azaxanthone with grignard reagents
Authors: Villani Frank J. , Magatti Charles V.
Published: April 2009

Three different classes of compounds were isolated in the reaction of Grignard reagents with 5‐H[1]benzopyrano[2,3‐b]pyridin‐5‐one, commonly called 1‐azaxanthone. The formation of (a) 4‐substituted 1,4‐dihydro‐1‐azaxanthones (II), (b) 5‐substituted‐5‐hydroxy‐1‐azaxanthenes (III) or (c) 4,5‐disubstituted‐1‐azaxanthenes (IV) is dependent on the solvent used in the preparation of the Griganrd reagent (i.e. ether or tetrahydrofuran), the steric properties of the reagent and on the temperature. The isolated compounds were characterized by chemical derivatives and/or spectroscopic analyses.
Studies in the heterocyclic series. XI. Reactions of 2‐Amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine with 2‐Chloro‐3‐nitropyridine
Authors: Okafor Charles O.
Published: April 2009

The reactions of 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine and 2‐chloro‐3‐nitropyridine in various solvents and in the presence of certain catalysts were studied. A dilute acid‐catalysed procedure led to a 45% yield of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐nitro‐2,2‐dipyridylamine which was also obtained by refluxing in alcoholic potassium hydroxide for several hours. The diarylamine was converted to 1,9‐diazaphenoxazine by base‐catalysed intramolecular condensation in refluxing DMSO. The same diazaphenoxazine was obtained directly by prolonged base‐catalysed reaction of the starting pyridine compounds in DMSO. From a study of the infrared spectrum of the diarylamine precursor, it was found that strong NHO hydrogen bonding is responsible for the failure of the cyclization step in either aqueous or alcoholic base. This problem was overcome by the use of DMSO as the reaction solvent. Structural assignments were made by a study of their ultraviolet, infrared, nmr and mass spectra and the mechanistic pathways were also discussed.
Reactions of ketenes XVII. Intermediates in the reactions between ketone acetals and ethyl azidoformate
Authors: Graziano M. L. , Scarpati R.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of the ketene acetals with ethyl azidoformate proceeds via I‐ethoxycarbonyl‐5,5‐dialkoxy‐Δ2 ‐1,2,3‐triazolines. The latter decomposes easily at room temperature, the reaction pathway depending on the presence of the substituents at the 4‐position. Thermolysis and photolysis of the 4‐alkyl‐substituted triazolines proceed via 1,3‐diradicals. The photodecomposition of the 4‐unsubstituted triazolines proceeds similarly. The thermal decomposition of the latter is considered either to involve homolytic cleavage of the N1N2 bond to give a 1,5‐diradical, or to proceed by a concerted mechanism.
Spectres photoélectroniques de divers thiéno[2,3‐b] thiophènes
Authors: Coustale M. , Guimon C. , Arriau J. , Pfister‐Guillouzo G.
Published: April 2009

Les spectres photoélectroniques de dérivés de monosuhstitution du thiéno[2,3‐b]thiophène (halogène et méthyle) out été analysés. Les attributions proposées sont confirmées par les effets des di, tri et tetrasubstitutions, et en bon accord avec un calcul CNDO/S.
Etude, par spectroscopie dans le visible, des complexes moleculaires du chloranile avec les derives de l'indole substitue en‐1,‐2 on‐3
Authors: Sabourault B. , Abenhaïm D. , Bourdais J.
Published: April 2009

Nous avons étudié par spectroscopie dans le visible les complexes moléculaires de différents indoles substitués en‐1,‐2 ou‐3 avec le chloranile dans le chloroforme, et calculé les constantes d'associations de ces complexes par la méthode de Benesi‐Hildebrand. L'influence du solvant sur les constantes d'association a éte également étudiée dans le cas des complexes méthyl‐2 indole chloranile. Nous avons enfin pu grâce à cette étude, accéder aux potentiels d'ionisations des indoles en utilisant la relation de Foster.
Thermal, photochemical and mass spectral reactions of 2‐ethyl‐5‐methyl‐1‐pyrroline
Authors: Mcdaniel D. M. , Benisch S.
Published: April 2009

Pyrolysis of 2‐ethyl‐5‐methylpyrroline (1) results in formation of 2,5‐dimethylpyrrole, 2‐ethyl‐5‐methylpyrrole, 2‐ethylpyrrole and other minor products. Loss of a hydrogen atom or methyl radicals is suggested as the first step in these reactions. Support for the former comes from hydrogen atom abstraction by photo‐excited benzophenone. The mass spectral reactions of 1 are briefly considered.
A new synthesis of ampicillin and related investigations
Authors: Kajfež F. , Kovač T. , Mihalić M. , Belin B. , Šunjić V.
Published: April 2009

Quaternization of (S)‐α‐bromophenylacetic acid amide (8) with hexamethylentetramine (hexamine) preceded with ca. 80% inversion of configuration. Accordingly, starting from the trimethylsilylester of N‐(S)‐(α‐bromo‐α‐phenylacetyl)‐6‐aminopenicillanic acid (4) quaternization with hexamine and subsequent hydrolysis afforded N‐(R)‐α‐phenylglycyl‐6‐aminopenicillanic acid (1, ampicillin). Some other model reactions have been investigated.
Reissert compound chemistry. XXVI. The syntheses of bis‐benzylisoquinolines
Authors: Smith David C. , Popp F. D.
Published: April 2009

The condensation of the anion of isoquinoline Reissert compounds with diaryl ethers is reported. These condensation products are converted into analogues of bis‐benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
Molecular orbital studies of the thienopyrazines
Authors: Schneller Stewart W. , Clough Fred W. , Skancke Per Njal
Published: April 2009

The calculated reactivity indicies and bond lengths for thieno[2,3‐b]‐ and thieno[3,4‐b]‐pyrazine are reported.
Poly condensed nitrogen heterocycles. V. Two novel ring systems: Pyrazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐thiadiazine and pyrazolo[3,4‐c]‐1,2‐thiazine
Authors: Aiello Enrico , Plescia Salvatore , Dattolo Gaetano
Published: April 2009

The title compounds were obtained by reaction of aminopyrazoles IV and VII with ω‐acetophenonesulfonyl chloride (II, R = C6H5). In agreement with the general pattern of the distribution of electron density in the pyrazole nucleus, this work confirms that the position 4 of ring is the favoured site of electrophilic attacks.
Syntheses of the isomeric benzoquinazolines: A review
Authors: Munslow William D. , Delia Thomas J.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of derivatives of benzo[f]quinazoline, benzo[g]quinazoline and benzo[h]quinazoline is reviewed. Each class of compound is treated separately. The review covers ring formations as well as group modifications.
Synthesis of 3‐arylamino‐4(3H)quinazolinone derivatives from 1‐acetyl‐ or 1‐ethoxycarbonylmethylene‐2‐arylhydrazines
Authors: Trimarco Pasqualina , Lastrucci Cristina
Published: April 2009

By reacting 1‐acetyl‐ or 1‐ethoxycarbonylehloromethylene‐2‐arylhydrazines (2a‐c) with anthranilic acids (1a‐b) the corresponding C‐acetyl‐ or C‐ethoxyearbonylcarbohydrazonamide derivatives (3a‐d) were obtained. Ring closure of the carbohydrazonamides with acetic anhydride afforded 2‐carboethoxy‐ or 2‐acetyl‐3‐arylamino‐4(3H)quinazolinones (4a‐d). The ester derivatives undergo basic hydrolysis with decarboxylation to 3‐arylamino‐4(3H)quinazolinones (5a‐b).
On the bromination of 1,7‐ and 1,8‐Naphthyridine in nitrobenzene
Authors: Van Der Plas H. C. , Wozniak M.
Published: April 2009

By application of the Kress procedure for bromination it has been found that from the hydro‐bromide of 1,7‐naphthyridine with 1.1 equivalents of bromine in nitrobenzene a mixture of 3‐and 5‐bromo‐ and 3,5‐dibromo‐1,7‐naphthyridine is obtained in reasonable yield. With an excess of bromine 3,5‐dibromo‐1,7‐naphthyridine is nearly exclusively formed. Similar brominations of the hydrobromide of 1,8‐naphthyridine with 1.1 equivalents of bromine gave 3‐bromo‐ and 3,6‐dibromo‐1,8‐naphthyridine. By using an excess of bromine a high‐yield conversion into 3,6‐dibromo‐1,8‐naphthyridine is observed. Bromination of the hydrochloride salt of 1,7‐ and 1,8‐naphthyridine affords the same bromo derivatives.
Synthesis of 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones
Authors: Peet Norton P. , Sunder Shyam
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐one (4a) and its 8‐chloro analog (4b) is described. Attempted synthesis of the 2‐methyl analog of 4a from 2‐(phenylamino)benzoic acid 1‐methylhydrazide (10) and triethyl orthoaeetate led only to the Schiff base intermediate, 2‐(phenylamino)benzoic acid 2‐(1‐ethoxyethylidene)‐1‐methylhydrazide (11). Cyclization of 11 was attempted unsuccessfully with a variety of reagents. The intereśting reaction products from the treatment of 11 with trifluoroacetic acid are described.
The synthesis of some pyrrolo[1,5‐b:2,3‐c′]dipyridazines
Authors: Wells Fred V. , Castle Raymond N. , Dan Cook P.
Published: April 2009

A facile method for the preparation of the aromatic pyrrolo[1,5‐b:2,3‐c']dipyridazine ring system is reported. A number of compounds have been prepared and the biological screening data reported.
Base‐catalyzed hydrogen‐deuterium exchange in some 5‐ and 6‐substituted benzothiazoles. Activity of the sulphur and nitrogen heteroatoms in the transmission of the substituent effects
Authors: Attanasi Orazio , Bartoli Giuseppe , Todesco Paolo E.
Published: April 2009

The rates of base‐catalyzed hydrogen‐deuterium exchange at C‐2 in some 6‐substituted benzothiazoles were studied and compared with the analogous values pertinent to some 5‐substituted benzothiazoles, reported in a previous paper. The simple Hammett equation was found not to allow a good interpretation of the experimental data. However, a good agreement was obtained by the application of the Hammett‐Jaffé equations. From these calculations, it was concluded that the sulphur and the nitrogen heteroatoms of the thiazole ring have, in these reactions, a very similar activity in the transmission of the substituent effects from the benzo ring at C‐2 of the thiazole ring. Therefore, while in other reactions only the nitrogen heteroatom is active, in these reactions a considerable stabilization of the α‐carbanion is clearly shown also by the sulphur heteroatom.
Acid‐catalyzed cyclization of alkoxyacryloylureas to 2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinediones
Authors: Shealy Y. Fulmer , O'Dell C. Allen
Published: April 2009

1‐Phenylthymine and the carbocyclic analog of thymidine were obtained in yields of 84‐87% by cyclizing the appropriate 3‐methoxy‐2‐methylacryloylureas in dilute sulfuric acid. High yields of 1‐phenylthymine also resulted when the cyclization was carried out in trifluoroacetic acid, in acetic acid containing toluenesulfonic acid (TSA), or by fusion of the urea with a catalytic amount of TSA. In comparison, the typical aqueous‐alkali catalyzed cyclizations gave lower yields of the two thymines, and cleavage of the acryloylureas was shown to occur. However, cyclization in concentrated aqueous ammonia produced high yields of both thymine derivatives.
Rearrangement of some chlorosubstituted 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyrils in hydrogen halide acids
Authors: Mccord Tommy J. , Kelley Stephen F. , Rabon James A. , Gage Larry D. , Maples Larry L. , Davis Alvie L.
Published: April 2009

The general conditions and results of rearrangement studies of the 5‐, 6‐, 7‐, and 8‐chloro‐substituted 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyrils in concentrated hydrochloric and hydro‐bromic acids to the corresponding dihalosubstituted 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydrocarbostyrils have been described. The 5‐, 7‐ and 8‐chlorocarbostyrilhydroxamic acids undergo nucleophilic displacement by either chloride or bromide ion preferentially at the 6‐position to form the respective 5,6‐, 6,7‐ and 6,8‐dihalolactams. However, with the 3‐amino‐6‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbo‐styril where the 6‐position is blocked, nucleophilic displacement by halide ions occurs at the 8‐position to afford the 6,8‐dihalolactams. The 6,8‐dichloro‐ and 6,8‐dibromolactams were also prepared by alternative halogenation procedures for purposes of comparison with the rearrangement products.
Triazolines IX. A new ring transformation reaction of a 4,5‐acyl‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoline: A new route to the synthesis of enamine and pyrrolidine ketones
Authors: Kadaba Pankaja K.
Published: April 2009

A new ring transformation reaction of a 4,5‐dibenzoyl‐1,2,3‐triazoline, which appears to involve nitrogen expulsion followed by a C‐N proton shift, is described. The reaction affords a new route to the synthesis of enaminodiketones and tetraacylpyrrolidines, via triazoline intermediates.
Quaternarisation de diméthyl‐5,6 pyrazolidino[4,3‐d )isoxazolines‐2
Authors: Gibert J. P. , Jacquier R. , Petrus C.
Published: April 2009

La détermination du site de quaternarisation de molécules bicycliques contenant 2 atomes d'azote sp3 vicinaux dans un cycle et un azote sp2 dans l'autre est realisee par des études spectrales et par dégradation des iodométhylates obtenus. La quaternarisation qui se fait sur un des 2 azotes sp3 est controlée par les effets steriques.
The condensation products of 6‐methoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one and 6‐nitroveratraldehyde. Part I
Authors: Wright George C.
Published: April 2009

The condensation of 2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one (1) and 6‐nitroveratr‐aldehyde (2) gave the expected 2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐3‐(6‐nitroveratrylidene)‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one (3) plus an unexpected product identified as 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐(α‐ethoxy‐4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl)‐6‐methoxy‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one (4).
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐octahydro‐[1,4] diazepino[6,5,4‐jk ]earbazole and related compounds
Authors: Kim Dong Han
Published: April 2009

1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐Octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4‐jk]earbazole (VIa) was synthesized from 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benzodiazepine (la) via the route shown in Scheme 1. Other compounds which were prepared similarly are 3‐acetyl‐6‐chloro‐1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐octahydro[1,4]diazepino‐[6,5,4‐jk]carbazole(Vb) and 3‐methyl‐1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4‐jk]carb‐azole (VIII). Chemical transformations which were carried out with VI and 3‐acetyl‐1,2,3,4,8,9, 10,11‐octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4‐jk]carbazole (Va) are also described.
Selenium‐catalyzed thermal isomerization of cis‐2‐styrylfuran and cis‐2‐styrylthiophene
Authors: Scarlata Giuseppe , Torre Michele
Published: April 2009

The rate of selenium catalyzed cis‐trans isomerization of stilbene, 2‐styrylfuran and 2‐styryI‐thiophene in decahydronaphthalene has been studied in the temperature range 170‐190° by gas chromatographic analysis. Rate constants were pseudo first order and gave the following reactivity order: e(.s‐stilbene < cis‐2‐styrylthiophene < cis‐2‐styrylfuran. In all cases the reaction orders with respect to selenium are temperature dependent. For catalyzed cis‐stilbene isomerization the activation energy is ca. 15 kcal. mole−1 lower than for thermal isomerization. The hypothesis that cis‐2‐styrylfuran isomerizes through a triplet state is proposed.
Selective modification of the 2‐position of pyridoxol
Authors: Underwood Graham R. , Paul Brajeswar , Becker M. Alice
Published: April 2009

Pyridoxol, protected by acetylation of the hydroxyl groups, has been converted to its N‐oxide which upon reaction with perfluoroacetie anhydride yields a 2‐nor‐2‐hydroxymethylpyridoxol derivative as an intermediate. This compound undergoes acyl migration from the 3‐position. Protection of the pyridoxol hydroxyls by benzylalion followed by the same treatment yields the unrearranged α2‐hydroxy derivative. This compound has been converted to a series of α2‐substituted pyridoxols (X = ‐Cl, ‐Br, ‐OCOCH3, ‐OCH3, ‐OC2H5).
1,2,4‐Triazines VIII. The synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazino[2,3‐e]pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazines and 1,2,4‐triazino[4,3‐e]pyrazolo[],5‐a] ‐1,3,5‐triaziness
Authors: Lalezari Iradj
Published: April 2009

Substituted 2,5‐dihydro‐3[3‐methyI(or phenyl)‐5‐aminopyrazolyl]‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones reacted with orthoesters to yield exclusively 1,2,4‐triazino[2,3‐e]pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐5‐ones. The structure elucidation was supported by independent synthesis of the isomeric 1,2,3‐triazino‐[4,3‐e]pyrazolo[1,5‐α]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐7‐one as well as by spectroscopical methods.
Deoxygenations of arene oxides. Models for enzymatic deoxygenation
Authors: Griffin Cary W. , Ishikawa Kiyoyasu , Satra Shantilal K.
Published: April 2009

The transfer of oxygen from arene oxides to nitrogen and sulfur‐containing substrates is described and the possible biological Significance relative to enzymatic deoxygenation discussed.
Diversity and discord: Ethnicity, horizontal inequalities and conflict in Ghana and Nigeria
Authors: Langer Arnim , Mustapha Abdul Raufu , Stewart Frances
Published: April 2009

This introduction provides an overview of the special issue. The papers in this issue contribute to our understanding of the contrasting histories of Ghana and Nigeria. The papers confirm the importance of horizontal inequalities as a source of political instability and violent conflict, and show that they are particularly likely to lead to conflict where political and socio‐economic exclusion run in the same direction or are consistant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.