bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Microscope and its Revelations
Authors: Carpenter William B.
Published: April 2021

It was only to be expected that if Dr. Carpenter undertook to write a book on the Microscope, it would be a good one, and at least not inferior to any that had hitherto been published. Such was our anticipation, and we have not been disappointed. The book is even better than we could have hoped for, for knowing as we do the great amount of literary and teaching labour performed by Dr. Carpenter, we are astonished to find that he could secure the time for producing a book in every way so complete and faithful a transcript of the subject to which it is devoted as the present volume. This work is not, in fact, as its name might seem to imply, a simple introduction to the use of the Microscope, but a treatise on this instrument, describing the principles of its construction, the various forms which are employed, their adaptations to special uses, and a survey of the various departments of science in which it has been successfully employed. The introduction consists of a sketch of the service rendered by the Microscope to science. The author indicates here the various facts observed by means of the Microscope, and points out their value as the foundation of philosophical reasoning in all those classes of phenomena to which they are related. We should have been glad to have quoted the whole of the concluding part of these observations devoted to the educational value of the Microscope. They are so applicable to the educational demands of the present day, and so in accordance with the aspirations of those who regard science and scientific research as only means to the higher, end of the intellectual and moral development of man, that we can but commend them to all interested in the subject of education. We must, however, find space for the introductory remarks.
On some New British Polyzoa
Authors: Hincks T.
Published: April 2021

The new British Polyzoon which I am about to describe is, in many points, so nearly related to the well-known Scruparia chelata, that I have determined to rank it in the same genus with this species, although the generic character, as given by Mr. Busk in his ‘ Catalogue,’ must be revised to allow of its admission.
On the Structure of Lecidea lugubris (Sommf.)
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder
Published: April 2021

While engaged in lichenological studies in the Braemar Highlands during the summer of 1856 (August), I met with a beautiful little lichen, which has not hitherto, I believe, been detected in Britain, and which appears also to be very rare on the continent of Europe. It was the Lecidea lugubris of Sommerfeldt (‘Suppl. Lapp.,’ 143, and Schærer’s ‘Enumeratio Critica Lichenum Europæorum,’ Bern, 1850, p. 101) ; and the Schœreria lugubris of Körber ? Systema Lichenum Germanise,’ Breslau, 1856, p. 232). I was further fortunate enough to find specimens bearing not only apothecia, but spermogones; the latter organs not having apparently been hitherto discovered or described. The structure of the apothecia is exceedingly beautiful; and the peculiar spores serve to distinguish this species from all other British Lecideæ. The facts that the structure of this lichen is probably, in great measure, unknown to British lichenologists; that the plant has not hitherto been found in Britain, while it is a rare alpine continental species; that its spermogones have not been heretofore, so far as I am aware, discovered or described; and that its spores serve to distinguish it from all other British Lecideæ—induce me to offer the following account of its external characters and minute anatomy, based on my examinations of specimens collected at Braemar.
Abstract of “Observations on the Reproduction of the Rhizopoda.”
Authors: Schultze Max.
Published: April 2021

In the author’s work on the ‘Organization of the Polythalamia,’ he was in a condition merely to throw out surmises with respect to the mode of reproduction of these animals; but a supply of living Gromiæ—Rotalidæ and Miliolidæ—having afforded him an opportunity of making numerous observations on this subject, he now publishes the results at which he has arrived.
Humble Creatures.—The Earthworm and the Common House Fly
Authors: Samuelson James , Hicks J. B.
Published: April 2021

The appearance of works like this little book affords strong evidence of the fact that the study of natural science is gradually becoming a general object of pursuit. The popular mind is obviously beginning properly to appreciate the interest and value attached to the observation and investigation of natural phenomena, and even to perceive that the modes of thought and methods of inquiry demanded and promoted by such studies, constitute their real value, irrespective in great measure of the special subject of the inquiry.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the most instructive and beautiful objects for the Microscope
Authors: Clarke L. Lane
Published: April 2021

The idea of this book is a good one ; and, on the whole, it is very well carried out. It is, as the title-page indicates, a description of microscopic objects. It supposes the reader possessed of a microscope, and that he has access to microscopic objects by purchase or preparation. These objects are arranged in something like a systematic manner, beginning with general “objects from the vegetable kingdom/’ Then follows “sections of wood” and “infusorial earths.” After these come objects from the animal kingdom, in which the author commences with spiders, and goes through groups of insects capable of affording interesting matter for the microscope, and leaves off with the “spicules of sponges.” “Slides of crystallization” finish the work. The remarks under these different heads might have been shorter, with advantage. The author has rather a tendency to write, which is a damaging propensity where conciseness is of value. Nevertheless, we think it will be found a useful book.
Method of Cleaning Diatomaceæ
Authors: Edwards Arthur M.
Published: April 2021

Though there are many methods that have been devised for cleaning deposits of Diatomaceæ, none has proved to be perfect in all its details; that one that appears nearest so being that which I give below; It is well known that the ordinary method given in the books, of boiling in nitric acid alone, is extremely unsatisfactory, as it does not remove all the organic matter that may be present in the deposit, and this is more particularly apparent when treating guanos for the purpose of obtaining the forms contained in them. Some few years back Bailey published, in the ‘American Journal of Science,’ a plan which seemed to meet all the wants of microscopists. This method was by removing all the organic matter through the agency of sulphuric acid and chlorate of potassa. In this process, however, at first a bisulphate of potassa is formed, which, when we attempt to wash it out with water, is converted into neutral sulphate and free sulphuric acid. The neutral sulphate of potassais a salt soluble only with difficulty, so that it becomes almost impossible to remove it entirely and leave the Diatomaceæ perfectly clean. It is to obviate this trouble that the following method has been devised, and, as it has been in constant use for over two years, with invariable success, it can be confidently recommended to microscopists.
Further Observations on the Development of Pentastomum Tænioides
Authors: Leuckart Rud
Published: April 2021

The readers of this Journal will remember from my first paper* that I had commenced a series of experiments, in order to decide the question whether the Pentastomum denticulatum, which occasionally occurs as a parasite in man, be a fully developed animal, or whether, as might be concluded from certain reasons, it merely represents the larval condition of the well-known Pentastomum tœnioides which is found infesting the nasal cavity of dogs. To this end I had infected three dogs with P. denticulatum, not more than a few millimetres in size, by the introduction directly into their nostrils of several dozen of these parasites, procured from the abdomen of a rabbit.
On Chitine
Authors: Baur M. A.
Published: April 2021

In ‘Reichert’s Archiv ‘for I860,’ part 1, M. A. Baur has published an interesting memoir on the chitinous tendons of Articulata, and their relation to the change of skin. The simplest and oldest view of these structures regarded them as being nothing more than inward prolongations of the outer skeleton, resembling true tendons, but not as corresponding to those of the Vertebrata, which consist of connective tissue. Leydig, on the other hand, considers that these tissues do correspond to one another, and that, while the tendons of Vertebrata often become bony, those of Articulata tend to change themselves into chitine.
Descriptions of New Polyzoa from Ireland
Authors: Hincks Thomas
Published: April 2021

The new species of Polyzoa which are described in this paper have been obtained from material dredged in deep water, off the coast of Antrim, by Mr. Hyndman of Belfast, whose researches, as a member of the North of Ireland Dredging Committee, appointed by the British Association, have yielded so many valuable results.
An Account of some Parasitic Ova found attached to the Conjunctivæ of the Turtle’s Eyes.
Authors: Canton Edwin
Published: April 2021

(Reprinted from the ‘Dublin Medical Press.’)

In July last, while engaged in the microscopical examination of the tissues of the eye of the common Turtle, I discovered a large number of parasitic ova attached to all parts of the conjunctiva, with the exception of the modified portion of this membrane which extends across the cornea. The ova were equally numerous in both eyes. I repeated the examination, and, in five consecutive instances, met with these cystic bodies, in the same situation, in the two eyes of each of the turtles. In a sixth specimen, however, the ova were entirely wanting.
A History of Infusoria, including the Desmidiaceæ and Diatomaceæ, &c
Authors: Pritchard Andrew , Arlidge J. T. , Archer W. , Ralfs J. , Williamson W. C.
Published: April 2021

When a work has reached a fourth edition, it may be considered in most cases to have passed beyond the domain of the reviewer; and Pritchard’s ‘Infusoria’ has been so long before the world, and, as the number of editions through which it has passed shows, so well appreciated by microscopical observers, that it might now fairly be expected to have escaped any further critical ordeal. But the fact is, that although the old title, and a considerable part of the contents of former editions, are retained, the present may, in all essential respects, be regarded as a new and, to some extent, an original work. As such, we cannot but congratulate the world of microscopists upon its appearance. The names on the title-page are sufficient guarantee for the value of the respective portions they have contributed to the contents; and we have no hesitation, after a careful survey, in saying that we regard Mr. Pritchard’s work, in its present guise, as a valuable contribution to science, and well calculated to afford to those who are interested in the subjects upon which it treats a satisfactory and lucid compendium of nearly all that recent observations have brought to light.
On Ophryodendron Abietinum
Authors: Wright T. Strethill
Published: April 2021

A very curious protozoon appeared about five years ago in a limited locality, near Granton, on the southern shores of the Frith of Forth, from whence it spreads upwards towards Cramond, and now infests the Sertulariæ (8. pumila) which abound for miles along the coast. I described it in September, 1858, in a letter to Dr. Arlidge, one of the editors of Pritchard’s 1 Infusoria,’ who has introduced it into the last edition of that work, under the title of Corethria sertulariæ (Wright). I have also given a rough sketch of it in the ’Edin. Phil. Journal’ for July, 1859. Professor Claparède, however, has informed me, that he and Lachmann had previously deposited an account of it with the Academy of Sciences of Paris. It will be found referred to as Ophryodendron abietinum, in their recently published studies,* and it is to be more fully described in the concluding number of that excellent work.
On the Diamorphosis of Lyngbya, Schizogonium, and Prasiola, and their connection with the so-called Palmellaceæ
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton
Published: April 2021

No one can doubt but that the present discussion on the origin and properties of species, will produce a marked benefit on the study of natural history. Already its influence has been considerable, and as the minds of naturalists more fully appreciate the points involved in the question, upon whichever side they may rally, the fruit it will produce will be much more abundant; probably beyond our present anticipations. And this effect will be exerted quite as much on the opponents of Darwin’s theory, as on the supporters, not only by making them more careful to determine the amount of variation any species may permit, if it be really limited in this respect; but, also, it will urge them to the much more extended study of life-history. Thus, doubtless, many genera, and even families, will be erased, while the elevation of varieties into species will be much checked. Nothing shows the want of care in the two points here indicated more than the study of the lower forms of vegetation ; much has been done, but much yet remains; indeed, as I have already expressed myself, nearly the whole require revision by the study of their entire existence. So long as colour and size are held as specific, and even generic signs, while their diamorphoses are unnoticed, so long must the extreme confusion that meets one at every step, exist.
On the Motionless Spores (Stato - Spores) of Volvox Globator
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton
Published: April 2021

I believe that the condition of the zoospores of Volvox have not been observed beyond the time when, in the autumn, the imperfectly or partially formed daughters in their early segmenting stage, or in their encysted state (testing spores), are set free by solution of the parent envelope. I shall, in the following lines, be able to show that there is yet another stage through which they pass.
Outline of British Fungology
Authors: Berkeley M. J
Published: April 2021

In his preface the author says, “The object of this work is to furnish materials for the correct determination of the larger British fungi, and such only as require nothing more than a common lens for their examination. In consequence, all microscopic details have, as far as it was possible, been avoided.” At the same time, any work issuing from the pen of Mr. Berkeley demands a notice from us. Even the largest and commonest forms of fungi cannot be fully understood without the aid of the microscope, and the more completely they are investigated by its aid, the more instructive they become. We would call the attention of our readers to the fact that a large field of interesting inquiry lies before them in the investigation of the structure and functions of the fungi. Minute organisms, which play an important part in the great operations of nature, belong to this group of plants, and it is only by the application of the microscope that we can hope to discover the nature of the laws which regulate their existence and development. Mr. Berkeley, in a few introductory chapters, gives a sketch of the various points of interest which the investigation of the fungi, as a family, presents to the student of nature.
Marvels of Pond Life; or, a Year’s Microscopic Recreations
Authors: Slack Henry J.
Published: April 2021

Mr. Slack has kept a diary of his observations with the microscope, and has dared to publish the result. We say “dared,” because we think it required a little courage on his part to publish a series of observations which many persons more competent than himself would have shrunk from. Yet the beginner with the microscope will be grateful to Mr. Slack for all the details which he has presented to him in this little book, and which the more dignified philosopher might think almost entirely beneath his notice. What really interests the great mass of the world is not the advancement of science, but little peeps at the wonders of nature, for which alone their limited or one-sided education has fitted them. It is not because a man has been educated at one of our universities, that he requires for his delectation in natural science short descriptions of natural objects in Latin. No, he too must begin with the child; and, if he would learn the mysteries of organization, must take his dipping-bottle to the pond side, and feel an interest, in common with Mr. Slack, in marvelling over the structures he has thus secured. We shall not, therefore, attempt to be critical on Mr. Slacks volume, but express our welcome at the heartiness with which he enters into microscopical work, and the interest he has succeeded in throwing into his researches. Of course, as his investigations were confined to fresh water, the great mass of his observations are on the infusorial animalcules and the rotifers. Here is his account of catching one of the rarer forms of the last class: —
On certain imperfections and tests of object-glasses
Authors: Royston-Pigott G. W.
Published: April 2021

The actual diameter of the least circle of aberration caused by lenticular vision is the real gist of the much-debated question of “aberration “and imperfect definition. The performance of the eye-piece is altogether secondary and inferior to that of the objective, whose errors are multiplied by it, as well as the ratio of the distances of the final conjugate foci from the posterior lenses of the objective.
On a Crustacean Parasite of Nereis Cultrifera, Grube
Authors: Mcintosh W. C.
Published: April 2021

Crustacean parasites (Ectozoa) of the Annelids would not appear to be very common; but this may arise in some measure from their having been overlooked, rather than from their actual rarity. So far as I at present am aware, Dr. H. Kröyer is the only author who has described such a parasite upon an Annelid (‘Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift,’ 1864, p. 403, Tab. 18, f. 6, a—g). This species,Silenium polynoes, Kröyer, he found on an example of Polynoë cirrata,O. Fabricius, (the well-known and widely distribute Harmothoë imbricata, Lin.). In Sileniumpolynoes the body of the female is in the form of a simple saccate mass, with a petiolate process for attachment, and furnished with two flask-shaped ovaries at the posterior extremity. There are neither antennæ, rostrum, nor feet. The male, again, is much more minute, though more complex in organisation, for the produced anterior region of the cephalothorax is supplied with four pairs of feet, and the caudal process is triarticulate and setose. Dr. Baird also mentioned to me that he had seen a Small crustacean parasite attached to a foreign Lepidonotus, while examining the collections in the British Museum.
On some Freshwater Rhizopoda, New or Little-Known
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

In Diplophrys the body seems bounded by a definite integument very like the appearance in that respect of the form met with in our waters, which I would, as yet, identify as Plagiophrys spherica (Clap, et Lachm.); and the places for the passage forth of the tufts of pseudopodia are indicated, in examples met with in which they are not projected, by a little rounded depression. The internal amber-coloured body sometimes appears as if fractured into a number of portions, but these still clustered in pretty nearly the same spot. The region beyond the amber-coloured globule is pellucid and of somewhat bluish tint, with a few colourless granules.
On Imbedding Substances for Microscopic Section
Authors: Foster M.
Published: April 2021

In Max Schultze’s ‘Archiv’ (vol. clxiv) is a short paper by Professor Klebs, in which that accomplished microscopist recommends the use of strong glycerine jelly for the purpose of imbedding objects previous to the preparation of microscopic sections. I have tried this repeatedly, but having failed to secure the advantages said to be gained by it, have fallen back upon the paraffin process, which, by the bye, we also owe to Professor Kleb’s ingenuity. As this method does not seem very popular in England, and is; morever, very badly described in Stricker’s ‘Handbuch,’ I venture to give a note of the details upon which success in it mainly depends.
Remarks on Opalina and its Contractile Vesicles, on Pachydermon and Annelidas Spermatophors
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

In examining the anatomy of oligochætous Annelids, I have necessarily met with certain species of Opalina, that curious mouthless genus of Infusoria the life history of which, like that of so many of the class, is as yet quite unknown. Some notes on the Opalina Naidos of Dujardin, which abundantly infests the Nais serpentina, may not be uninteresting; at the same time, I offer some evidence as to the nature of the bodies which Professor Claparède considered to be Opalinoid parasites, and termed Pachydermon, figuring them from two species of the oligochæt Clitellio; but which I think, from the characters of some observed by me in another worm (namely, Limnodrilus) must be considered as packets of spermatozoa or spermatophore.
On some Migrations of Cells
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

It has been remarked that the lower animals often furnish us with valuable evidence as to the signification of structures and appearances in higher organisms, or man himself, by placing before us those structures in an exaggerated or schematic way, enabling us, as it were by caricature, to catch the true meaning of an arrangement of parts not clearly comprehensible in the more complex form. Again, a valuable class of evidence is furnished by the study of comparative physiology in the kind of natural experiment which certain animals may exhibit in the absence or diminution or increase of organs present in man, the function of which is explained by the habits or condition of life of such animals. Even the in-vertebrata are capable of furnishing evidence of this kind—as, for instance, with regard to hæmoglobin, which is so curiously distributed among Mollusca, Crustacea, and Annelida.1 It is, perhaps, even more largely in the department of histology or minute anatomy that our knowledge of human structure is in intimate relation with the study of the lower animals, and, indeed, of plants, for the doctrine of Schwann was based on that of Schleiden. Modern ideas as to protoplasm and the character of cells in the tissues of the highest animals have proceeded from the study of the naked Rhizopoda, and increased knowledge of the histology of invertebrata is continually throwing fresh light on that of man himself.
Forms Of Animal Life
Authors: Rolleston George
Published: April 2021

The book which Professor Rolleston has produced is remarkable in many ways, and has special points of excellence which raise it very far above any general work on comparative anatomy, published in this country for many long years.
On Spontaneous Generation and Evolution
Authors: Dyer W.T. Thiselton
Published: April 2021

The value of a theory must be measured not only by the number of known facts which it correlates and explains, but chiefly also by its capacity for adding to actual knowledge in giving new turns to investigation. Whatever may be the different estimates of the modern philosophy of evolution from the first point of view, no one can doubt that it has supplied an immense stimulus to research in often unsuspected fields, while old ones have been reattacked by the help of new ideas and with no less advantage.
On the minute structure of certain hard parts of the genus cidaris
Authors: Stewart Charles
Published: April 2021

If we regard a natural classification of echinoderms as an indication of their genetic relationships, it requires all points of their development and structure to be known ; but as so complete a knowledge as this is rarely attained, some feature, whose modifications are easily recognised, generally has undue importance attached to it. In the hope of contributing to a more satisfactory classification of the recent regular Echinoidea,I have devoted sometime to the minute anatomy of this group of Echinoderms, and have found a remarkable constancy in their minute structure, by which species appearing closely allied can readily be distinguished, and groups as clearly indicated as by their more marked features. But I should wish it to be thoroughly understood that I in no way underrate the value of those parts of their anatomy which have long been used in determining the families genera and species : my object is rather to direct attention to some characters whose importance has not I think been fully recognised.
On Certain Methods which may be Employed in the Investigation of the Development of the Frog’s Egg
Authors: Moseley H. N.
Published: April 2021

At the present period, at which frogs’ spawn is to be procured in abundance, I propose to give a short account of some methods which may be conveniently employed in the investigation of its development, hoping that they may be of some use to those interested in the subject. The first point is to obtain fresh spawn. This is best effected by catching a pair of frogs or toads, and keeping them in a largish vessel of water. The spawn should be taken away from the parents, and placed in plenty of fresh water as soon as extruded, and this water should be changed every day, so long as it is desired to preserve the ova or embryos alive.
On some Interesting Points concerning the Mode of Reproduction of the Bryozoa
Authors: Nitsche Hinrich
Published: April 2021

A great many papers on Bryozoa have been published, but since the majority of them give mere descriptions of the various external forms of the colonies and single cells, our knowledge of the anatomy, histology, and mode of reproduction of these interesting animals is still very limited. A great advance as regards the latter point, the reproduction, is due to the researches made by Smitt a few years since. In his’ interesting paper “Om Hafbryozoernas utveckling koch fettkroppar,” 1 Smitt registers many new facts of such a nature as to throw quite unexpected light on the evolution of the Bryozoa. Every reader must be astonished by the immense store of precious observations accumulated on a few pages of Smitt’s memoir; but the conclusions and theories based upon these observations seem to be not always quite as correct as would be expected from so skilful and learned a naturalist.
On some Species of Parasites hitherto undescribed
Authors: Macalister Alexander
Published: April 2021

In the course of the dissection of some birds and mammals in the anatomy department of Trinity College, Dublin, I met with the following species of parasites, which I think are as yet undescribed. The animals from which these specimens were obtained were mostly purchased by the Bev. Dr. Haughton, from the Dublin Zoological Gardens, and I have looked in vain for the description of these species in the works of Denny, Walckenaer, Nitzsch, Burmeister, Giebel, or Rudow; so I suppose them to be as yet unnamed. The new species are as follows:
Observations on Pathological Changes in the Red Blood-Corpuscle
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton
Published: April 2021

The numerous observations which have been made within the last ten or twelve years by the means of reagents have done much to elucidate the. construction and composition of the red corpuscle of the blood; but it has struck me, as probably it has done others, that these observations fail to satisfy the cravings of the vital pathologist, inasmuch as most of the reagents employed are not of a kind to be found in the body, or likely to come into contact with the corpuscle in the living subject; nor could the physiologist derive any satisfactory information from the effect of these kinds of experiments, because they were diverse from anything likely to be found in the healthy body, so that he could not argue from the effects produced to the ordinary healthy processes. I mean he could not, by them, presume to explain the growth or mode of origin of the red globule—the relationship between it and the white corpuscle or leucocyte. The rapidity of the change which takes place in the blood on leaving the body has always hindered the satisfactory observations which were needful. Some of this difficulty has been overcome by the moist and warm stages, as also by the electrical chambers, whereby vitality and activity are prolonged.
Note on the Imbedding of Crystals in the Walls of Plant-Cells
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton
Published: April 2021

In describing in the January number of this Journal the occurrence of strings of crystal-bearing cells on the outside of the fibro-vascular bundles of the Screw Pine, I remarked that the thickened walls of the cells almost adhere to the contained crystals. I believe the explanation of this circumstance is supplied by a paper published by Dr. E. Pfitzer during last March in the seventh, eighth, and ninth numbers of ‘Flora.’ Count Solms had pointed out in the ‘Botanische Zeitung,’ in 1871, that crystals of calcium oxalate are formed within the actual substance of the cell-wall itself. His observations were made upon Coniferœ, and Dr. Pfitzer, in his paper, describes a similar occurrence in the leaf-parenchyma of some species of Dracœna. But in the case of Citrus vulgaris, where crystals occur apparently more or less completely imbedded in the cell-wall. Dr. Pfitzer has shown that the history of their formation is different. They originate, in fact, free from any attachment, in the middle of the protoplasmic cell-contents (fig. 1). Subsequently they appear, still without contracting any adhesion, to receive a coating of cellulose. In the mean time the wall of the cell in which the crystal is contained (the occurrence of two within the same cell being rare) undergoes thickening, and this incrustation, which seems not to take place uniformly, ultimately brings the cell-wall into contact with one of the angles of the contained crystal. The deposition of cellulose still continuing (fig. 2), the crystal comes, at last, in some cases to be more than half buried in it; the newest layers of the cell-wall are continued over its whole surface, and the cavity of the cell becomes exceedingly reduced, and finally even obliterated.
The beginnings of life: being some account of the nature, modes of origin, and transformations of lower organisms
Authors: Bastian H. Charlton
Published: April 2021

The publication of this book is a very serious matter, as well for the reputation of English science as for the cause of the diffusion of sound knowledge among the wider public.. It contains either the exposition of a great discovery and the final demonstration of the truth of views on the nature and origin of living forms which have long been urged on men of science, and as such is a grand triumph for its author, placing him in the position which he would doubtless claim for himself, not second even to Darwin—or, it is ah inexcusable compilation of trash, and a disgrace to its author and his position.
The Development and Growth of the Layers of the Blastoderm
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

The following paper deals with the changes which take place in the cells of the blastoderm of the hen’s egg during the first thirty or forty hours of incubation. The subject is one which has, as a general rule, not been much followed up by embryologists, but is nevertheless of the greatest interest, both in reference to embryology itself, and to the growth and changes of protoplasm exhibited in simple embryonic cells. I am far from having exhausted the subject in this paper, and in some cases I shall be able merely to state facts, without being able to give any explanation of their meaning.
The Development of the Bloodvessels of the Chick
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

The development of the first blood-vessels of the yolk-sac of the chick has been investigated by a large number of observers, but with very discordant results. A good historical résumé of the subject will be found in a paper of Dr. Klein (liii Band der ‘K. Akad. der Wissensch. der Wien’), its last investigator.
A Note on Endothelium
Authors: Cavafy John
Published: April 2021

In the last number of this Journal1 there is a paper by Dr. M. Foster, “On the term Endothelium,” in which he gives various reasons against the further use of this word in histological terminology. He objects to the word, both because its etymology is “of the most grotesque kind,” and also on far more important anatomical grounds.
On the Thread Blight of Tea
Authors: Berkeley M. J.
Published: April 2021

The tea plant, like every other subject of cultivation, is exposed to its own peculiar enemies within the animal and vegetable kingdom. The leaves are often mottled with black spots, which were first supposed to be due to a minute fungus, but which have been ascertained to be caused by a little bug belonging to the division Capsidæ.
Some Remarks about the Minute Anatomy of Mediterranean Nemerteans
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W.
Published: April 2021

A Study of some fifteen different species of Nemerteans from the Bay of Naples at Dr. Dohrn’s zoological station as well as an investigation of the scanty specimens inhabiting the Dutch coasts, have led me to results which have often confirmed, but which have not seldom differed from and contradicted the conclusions and views entertained by Mr. Macintosh in his latest monographical treatises on the subject,1 in which the British species are exclusively alluded to. It is these points of confirmation and criticism which I want to put together in the following lines, although they have been incorporated already in the more extensive description of my researches, published elsewhere.2 In this brief extract I will follow the arrangement of Mr. MacIntosh’s extensive treatise—yet without describing the Enopla and An opla separately as is done there, comparing successively his principal observations with mine.
On Amphiporus spectabilis, De Quatrefages, and other Nemerteans
Authors: Mintosh W. C.
Published: April 2021

The description of Amphiporus spectabilis (Drepanophorus, Hubrecht) in the ‘British Annelids,’ Part I, published by the Ray Society, was drawn up from a single fine example procured off Guernsey, but, as formerly stated,1 its rapid dissolution after spawning prevented so minute an examination of the proboscis and other parts as might have been wished. It then appeared clear that the animal was a true representative of the Amphipofidæ, and further opportunity of examination does not alter its relationship to any degree. I have, however, to acknowledge that the doubts expressed as to the accuracy of the description given by the distinguished M. de Quatrefages, of the structure of the central stylet of the proboscis of this species were without foundation, for though I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing the peculiar curved central stylet or its surroundings, the representations of Dr. Hubrecht, 1 the able Conservator of the Museum at Leyden, and the remarks by M. Marion,2show that M. de Quatrefages was quite right when he doubtfully (as he had mislaid his drawings) alluded to this peculiar arrangement. I have to thank Dr. Hubrecht for kindly sending me a specimen and fragmentary proboscis of his Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (a form probably identical with that of M. de Quatrefages) from Naples, and thus permitting me to clear up most of my doubts, as well as to make some additional observations.
Observations on the Glandular Epithelium and Division of Nuclei in the Skin of Newt
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

In number 17 of the ‘Centralblatt f. med. Wiss.,’ 1879, I have described giant nuclei of the huge epithelial cells lining the large saccular glands of the skin—tail—of newt (Triton cristatus). I have shown that these nuclei, when examined fresh in aqueous humor of frog, show an exceedingly distinct network of more or less uniform fibrils and trabeculæ ; owing to the large size of the nuclei their network can be seen in all its details even under a low power. Many of these giant nuclei show in the network of the highly refractive fibres and trabeculæ cylindrical or irregular accumulations corresponding to nucleoli, others are free of them. I have also shown that both the nucleoli, when they exist, and the fibrils and trabeculæ, possess vacuoles ; and further, that on the warm stage the intranuclear network shows contraction, whereby the outline of the nucleus changes in a similar manner as in cells while undergoing amoeboid movement.
On the Early Development of the Lacertilia, together with some Observations on the Nature and Relations of the Primitive Streak
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

Till quite recently no observations were recorded on the early developmental changes of the reptilian ovum. Not long ago Professors Kupffer and Benecke published a preliminary note on the early development of Lacerta, agilis and Emys Europea.1 I have myself also been able to make some observations on the embryo of Lacerta muralis. The number of my embryos has been somewhat limited, and most of those which I have had have been preserved in bichromate of potash, which has turned out a far from satisfactory hardening reagent. In spite of these difficulties I have been led on some points to very different results from those of the German investigators, and to results which are more in accordance with what we know of other Sauropsidan types. I commence with a short account of the results of Kupffer and Benecke.
On the Molecular Theory of Organization
Authors: Bennett
Published: April 2021

Parobying the celebrated expression of Harvey, viz., omne animal ex ovo, it has been attempted to formularise the law of development by the expression omnis cellula e cellula, and to maintain “that we must not transfer the seat of real action to any point beyond the cell.”* In the attempts which have been made to support this exclusive doctrine, and to give all the tissues and all vital properties a cell origin, the great importance of the molecular element, it seemed to the author, had been strangely overlooked. It becomes important, therefore, to show that real action, both physical and vital, may be seated in minute particles, or molecules much smaller than cells, and that we must obtain a knowledge of such action in these molecules if we desire to comprehend the laws of organization. To this end the author directed attention—1st, to a description of the nature and mode of origin of organic molecules; 2nd, to a demonstration of the fact that these molecules possess inherent powers or forces, and are present in all those tissues which manifest vital force; and 3rd, to a law which governs the combination, arrangement, and behaviour of these molecules during the development of organized tissue.
On Micro-Geology; An Abstract Of A Paper Read Before The Bristol Microscopical Society
Authors: Stoddart W. W.
Published: April 2021

Since in the present day the naturalist is engaged with ever-increasing zeal in revealing the relics of an ancient fauna and flora, the slightest contribution is welcome which adds a link to, or gives a review of those organisms which are usually denominated “fossils.”
Observations on british protozoa
Authors: Wright T. Strethill , Religata Zooteirea
Published: April 2021

I Formerly described Zooteirea* as found on oyster shells dredged from deep water in the Firth of Forth, near Edinburgh. Although the animals are not common, yet we occasionally meet with a shell completely covered with a dense forest of them, each consisting of a clear, glassy stalk, surmounted by a silvery star ; and it is difficult to imagine a more gorgeous microscopic display than such an assemblage affords, especially when illuminated by oblique sunlight of various colours under low powers.
On the development of striped muscular fibre in man, mammalia, and birds
Authors: Clarke J. Lockhart
Published: April 2021

In pursuing the histological investigations which form the subject of the present communication I have endeavoured to discard from my mind every kind of theoretical bias, and to record only what was actually experienced as the results of purely practical observation. The drawings are not intended to illustrate any interpretation of what was observed, but are faithful representations of the objects seen, and served for the following descriptions, which will be as concise as the nature of the subject will permit. The tissues obtained for examination w’ere used in a perfectly fresh state, and with the addition only of water or dilute glycerine. I shall begin with the muscular fibre of the bird.
On a new (?) species of ankistrodesmus (corda), with Remarks in connexion therewith as regards closterium griffithii (berk.) and c. subtile (bréb.).
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

I Have, on the present occasion, to draw attention to a very minute organism, but which, indeed, so far as I can see, I can scarcely allude to as a new species ; for I conceive that it has been more than once previously described, but I think I shall be able to render it probable that it has been so under an erroneous designation. Of course, the truth of this assumption depends on my being right as to the identity of my plant with that of the authors alluded to, as well as upon my own proper appreciation of its characteristics and the correctness’ of my own conclusions in regard to them. I shall now, however, give the characters of the plant according to my own view, adopting, in doing so, the same mode that I have done in other species, reserving the reasons why I venture to differ from those who have previously described what, as I before stated, I conceive to be one and the same organism, for the paragraph which I, as previously, head “Affinities and differences.”
On the practical application of photography to the microscope
Authors: Rood O.N. , Troy N.Y.
Published: April 2021

WHILE the value of the photographic delineation of microscopic objects, as a means of accurately recording observations, seems to be generally acknowledged, yet, owing to the real or imaginary difficulties with which the process is beset, but very few working microscopists have adopted it.* After eight months of steady experimental work on the subject, this fact appears to me a matter of astonishment, for the difficulties, which are not inherent, mostly disappear when proper precautions are taken. I propose to mention briefly certain points in my experience, and to indicate the methods pursued.
On the Existence of Urticating Filaments in the Mollusca
Authors: Bergh Dr.
Published: April 2021

The prehensile threads, now generally termed “urticating organs,” were discovered in 1835, in the Hydra, by Corda and by Ehrenberg. About the same time they were found by R. Wagner in the Actiniæ, who at first regarded them as zoosperms. Subsequently, however, he recognised their identity with the similar organs in the medusæ, and gave them all the name of urticating organs.
On Shepheardella, an Undescribed Type of Marine Rhizopoda; with a Few Observations on Lieberkühnia
Authors: Siddall J. D.
Published: April 2021

A Fresh interest has attached to the Rhizopoda of recent years, as extended research has furnished data for the more systematic study of the group. But the labours of Hertwig, Cienkowski, Archer, F. E. Schulze, and other eminent histologists, so admirably summarised by Professor Allman in his two Presidential addresses to the Linnean Society, seem rather to suggest how much there must be still to learn respecting the life-history of sarcode organisms, than to render us satisfied with what is already known concerning them. Under these circumstances it has appeared to me that the following notes on certain little understood forms, especially on one that does not appear to have fallen under the notice of previous observers, may be worth placing on record.
Notes on the Development of the Araneina
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

The following observations do not profess to contain a complete history of the development even of a single species of spider. They are the result of investigations carried on at intervals during rather more than two years, on the ova of Angeleno, labyrinthica ; and I should not have published them now, if I had any hope of being able to complete them before the appearance of the work I am in the course of publishing on Comparative Embryology. It appeared to me, however, desirable to publish in full such parts of my observations as are completed before the appearance of my treatise, since the account of the development of the Araneina is mainly founded upon them.
A Contribution to the Biology of Bacteria
Authors: Waldstein L.
Published: April 2021

The experiments here recorded were not undertaken to meet Dr. Bastian on his favourite field of research, nor does this communication partake of the polemical nature of so many of the recent publications on the same subject. The wide importance, quite irrespective of abiogenesis, which attaches itself to Dr. Bastian’s work,2 is here recognised in so far as the method employed by him is concerned.
The Development of the Spermatozoa. Part II, Helix and Rana
Authors: Blomfield J. E.
Published: April 2021

The following observations on the development of the spermatozoa in Rana and Helix were made as sequels to a paper published in this Journal “On the Development of the Spermatozoa in the Earth-worm.” The observations have extended over more than a year in each case, and by the kindness of Prof. Laukester I have been allowed to work in the Zoological Laboratory of University College, to whom, for this kindness and for his advice, my best thanks are due.
On the Occurrence of Corpuscles in the Red Vascular Fluid of Chæcopods
Authors: Blomfield J. E. , Bourne A. G.
Published: April 2021

It used to be (or we may even say that it is) an accepted commonplace of zoological science, that the red vascular fluid of the Chæcopoda is devoid of corpuscles. Certain exceptions have been admitted, but they have been regarded as exceptions. In reality they appear to be no exceptions but the rule. Professor E. Ray Lankester (‘Quart. Journ. Mie. Soc.,’ vol. xviii, 1878, p. 68) has demonstrated the existence of colourless corpuscles in the red vascular fluid of the earth-worm, and has described them as “small, oblong, flattened, fusiform bodies, with clear, sharp outline, beyond which occasionally appears a small quantity of ragged protoplasm,” and considers them to be merely nuclei of the cells forming the walls of the vessels which have become “free.”
On the Structure and Significance of some Aberrant Forms of Lamellibranchiate Gills
Authors: Mitsukuri K.
Published: April 2021

The following contribution to the morphology of the Molluscan branchiæ is part of an investigation on which I have for some time past been engaged, under the direction of Dr. W. K. Brooks, in Professor Martin’s laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University. The gills, of which the description is here given, are those of Nucula proxima and Yoldia limatula. They are extremely interesting because of their simple structure, and this account of their minute structure is published with the hope that it may throw some additional light on the nature of Lamellibranchiate gills. I wish to express here my sincere thanks to Dr. Brooks for his constant advice and assistance. I am also deeply indebted for specimens used in the investigation to Professors A. E. Verrill and S. J. Smith, of Yale College, and to Mr. Richard Rathbone, of the United States Fish Commission.