bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retention of Patients With Multiple Vulnerabilities in a Federally Qualified Health Center Buprenorphine Program: Pennsylvania, 2017–2018
Authors: Weinstein Lara Carson , Iqbal Qais , Cunningham Amy , Debates Robin , Landistratis Greg , Doggett Patrick , Silverio Alexis
Published: February 2020

Objectives. To describe and report initial outcomes of a low-threshold, group-based primary care medication for opioid use disorder (OUD) program in a federally qualified health center.

Methods. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients enrolled in the program from October 4, 2017, to October 3, 2018, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The main outcome measure was time retained in treatment, defined as time from treatment initiation to unplanned treatment termination. Secondary outcomes were the relationships between treatment retention and cocaine use or housing status. We analyzed retention in treatment using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates.

Results. The 3- and 6-month retention rates were 82% and 63%, respectively. The log-rank test showed no significant differences for comparisons between homeless versus not homeless (P = .25) and cocaine use versus no cocaine use (P = .12).

Conclusions. The medication for OUD program engaged a large number of patients from marginalized groups. Three- and 6-month retention rates were comparable with those reported of other federally qualified health center populations.

Public Health Implications. Integrating treatment of OUD into primary care shows promise for increasing access to and retention in medication for OUD services. The federally qualified health center payment structure supports the sustainability of the group visit model.
Moving From the National Negro Health Week to the National Public Health Week in the United States
Authors: Braff Paul
Published: February 2020

There has been relatively little published on National Negro Health Week, and what has been published has often focused on physicians, nurses, or women. This article offers a brief but comprehensive overview of the organization and health emphases of nonmedical African American leaders on issues of health and explains how health concepts made their way to ordinary African Americans. In addition, in this article, I argue that the current National Public Health Week campaign might be best seen as a metamorphosis of National Negro Health Week because they share many similarities in practice and direction. The article’s main message is that the United States has a long history of a “National Health Week”; that these Weeks support the interests of subjugated groups by race, ethnicity, or class; and that these Weeks have worked to empower these groups by providing them with basic health knowledge to improve their health without needing to consult a physician.
Pretreatment Photopenia on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Scans Predicts Poor Prognosis in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients Undergoing Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Topkan Erkan , Selek Ugur , Mertsoylu Hüseyin , Ozdemir Yurday , Kucuk Ahmet , Torun Nese , Besen Ali Ayberk
Published: February 2020

Objectives. To investigate the influence of pretreatment primary tumor or nodal photopenia (PP) on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT), an indicator of tumor ischemia, on survival results of nasopharyngeal cancers (NPCs) treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C-CRT).Methods. The pre-C-CRT FDG PET-CT scans of 104 patients with NPC (cT1-4 N0-3 M0) were retrospectively examined to determine the presence of PP (PP+). Our primary endpoint was the influence of PP+ on overall survival (OS), while the progression-free survival (PFS) and locoregional PFS (LRPFS) constituted the secondary endpoints.Results. The PP+ was detected in 29 (27.9%): nine (8.7%), seven (6.7%), and 13 (12.5%) in the primary tumor alone, primary tumor plus neck nodes, and neck nodes alone, respectively. Because the PP+ cases were small by count per location, all comparative analyses were performed according to overall PP+/ PP– status instead of per detected site. At a median follow-up of 67.8 months (range, 9 to 130 months), the median survival times were not reached (NR) for the entire population, while 5-year OS, LRPFS, and PFS rates were 73.3%, 68.2%, and 63.4%, respectively. Comparatively the PP+ patients exhibited significantly poorer median OS (49.8 months vs. NR, P<0.001), LRPFS (40.7 months vs. NR, P=0.001), and PFS (31.8 months vs. NR, P=0.002) durations than their PP– counterparts. Furthermore, the PP+ retained its independent prognostic significance in multivariate analysis (P<0.001).Conclusion. Present results uncovered the pre-C-CRT PP as an independent predictor of poor prognosis for NPC patients, which underscore the requirement for the fortification of the local and systemic treatments in hypoxic NPCs.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN SMARTPHONE TEHADAP POLA KOMUNIKASI INTERPESONAL SISWA SMP NEGERI 50 BANDUNG
Authors: Haomasan Pitthauly , Nofharina Nofharina
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTNowadays smartphones can be consumed from young to old age. Motives teenagers in using thesmartphone quite diverse, namely, the sophistication of features, fast internet access, ease of accessto social media, entertainment facilities and help in doing homework. In early January 2017, SMPNegeri 50 Bandung set a ban on bringing smartphones to school, due to the recent years the influenceof smartphone making problems in school. This study was conducted to find out how much the influenceof using smartphones to interpersonal communication patterns of students of SMP Negeri 50 Bandung.This research is associated with Uses and Gratification theory and the method is quantitative with thetype of descriptive research. This study involved one independent variable and one dependent variable.Using probability sampling method with Slovin approach with the number of respondents 82 people.Data analysis techniques used are descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis. Based on theresults of simultaneous hypothesis testing, a significant influence on the use of smartphones againstinterpesonal communication patterns. This is evidenced by the value of F-count(41.644) F-table(2.722) with a significance level of 5%. The result of coefficient of determination showed that Frequencyof Use, the Variety of Content and Activity give influence of 61,6% to Interpersonal CommunicationPattern of students of SMP Negeri 50 Bandung. While the action of 38.4% is the contribution of othervariables that are not examined in this study. Can be concluded that SMP Negeri 50 Bandung prohibitsbringing smartphones to school so obtained despite the prohibition of bringing the smartphone in effectto make high interpersonal communication patterns of students of SMP Negeri 50 Bandung.Keywords: smartphone usage, interpersonal communication, pattern of interpersonal communication,uses and gratification.
IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN INFORMAL HINDU DALAM MENJAGA POLA KOMUNIKASI REMAJA PADA PERGAULAN SEHARI-HARI
Authors: Sudarsana I Ketut
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThe development of adolescents today is very worrying, especially teenagers is the next generationfor Hindus in particular and also shoots for the nation of Indonesia. In order to avoid that associationdoes not occur among adolescents, parents must be able to control and nurture their children. Parentscan provide knowledge about the teachings of Hinduism and can always maintain communication withadolescents. Adolescents are not wrong association and also to not fall into the negative direction thatcan harm the child with parents especially in the era of globalization as nowadays all sophisticated.In addition to teachers in schools, and the environment of residence for teenagers. Parents who playthe most important role here so that teenagers are not wrong association in this day and age. Parents must also be able to provide understanding and pengertiaan about the teachings of Hinduism, but the teachings of Hinduism is not only to be understood and understood but also must be biased andpracticed directly with all my heart in order to find happiness inwardly.Keywords: Hindu Informal Education, Communication Pattern of Youth
POLA PENGASUHAN REMAJA PADA KELUARGA BURUH MIGRAN INDONESIA (BMI) UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN GENERASI BERKUALITAS DI KECAMATAN PENGANTENAN-PAMEKASAN
Authors: Kurniasari Netty Dyah , Rachmad Teguh Hidayatul , Herowati Diyah , Srihastuti Iswari
Published: February 2020

Remaja adalah titik awal kehidupan untuk meraih masa depan yang cerah. Keputusan yang salah berakibat fatal dalam karir dan reputasi di masyarakat. Peran orang tua dalam mengarahkan dan mengasuh anaknya yang remaja menjadi point penting agar tetap di jalur yang positif. Permasalahan yang terjadi apabila anak-anak yang sudah menjelang remaja menjadi bagian dari keluarga buruh migran Indonesia (BMI). Pola asuh tidak diberikan sepenuhnya kepada orang tua kandung, namun diserahkan kepada kakek/nenek atau saudara yang diberikan kepercayaan oleh orang tua untuk mengasuhnya. Pola asuh pada keluarga migran Indonesia di kecamatan Pengantenan-Pamekasan menerapkan pola asuh situasional, dimana orang tua asuh pengganti membuat strategi untuk mengasuh dengan cara demokratis, otoriter dan permisif. Cara pola asuh seperti ini terbilang sukses, karena remaja yang ditinggal oleh orang tuanya menjadi buruh migran Indonesia tidak mengalami beban psikologisKata kunci : pola asuh remaja, buruh migran Indonesia kecamatan Pengantenan-Pamekasan,
Pendekatan Marketing Mix Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Penjualan Rumah Olahan Susu Kelurahan Songgokerto Kota Batu
Authors: Wilujeng Sri , Mustikowati Rita Indah
Published: February 2020

Rumah Pemberdayaan “Sussu”  berdiri atas dasar fenomena yang terjadi di sekitar warganya. Ketersediaan bahan baku yang melimpah karena sapi perah banyak dibudidayakan oleh masyarakat Kelurahan Songgokerto dan terbukanya pasar karena produk oleh-oleh khas Kota Batu sangat diminati oleh para wisatawan. Banyaknya kaum ibu-ibu yang tinggal di sekitar rumahnya dan tidak memiliki aktifitas usaha di tengah himpitan ekonomi yang semakin kuat mendorong penggagas untuk memberdayakan mereka dalam pengembangan usaha pengolahan susu ini. Terbatasnya produk olahan susu berupa camilan di Kota Batu berdampak pada tingginya permintaan pasar tehadap produk yang dihasilkan oleh Rumah Pemberdayaan “Susu” – Batu, akan tetapi usaha ini mengalami kesulitan dalam meningkatkan volume produksinya karena proses produksi masih dilakukan secara tradisional dan monoton. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman yang utuh dan komprehensif tentang Manajemen Usaha dalam proses produksi olahan susu serta memberikan pemahaman tentang kreativitas dan inovasi dalam mengembangkan produk susu. Hasil pengabdian ini menunjukkan bahwa warga sekitar dapat diberdayakan secara produktif dan termotivasi mengembangkan usahanya dengan pendekatan manajemen usaha dan inovasi  produk dengan cara mengikuti sosisalisasi  marketing mix pembuatan aneka olahan susu yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis dan menambah pendapatan keluarga.
Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Bagi Masyarakat Pada POS Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD)
Authors: Karim Muhammad Busyro , Fitroh Siti Fadjryana
Published: February 2020

Pos TPAI Bermain dan Belajar Imamul Kholil and Pos Taman PAUD Melati that are Pos PAUD located at RW 007, Banyuajuh Village on Kamal District. Both Pos PAUD aforementioned are declared on the initiative of citizens who care about the presence of children who are unable to attend school at PAUD level. Both partners have the same problems, especially the incomplete operational licenses of the institution, the unorganized management of the institution and the unstructured learning plan. The proposer provides advice on problem solving through the activity of mentoring and counseling of the institution. Based on the situation analysis of the existence of Pos PAUD in Banyuajuh, the operational license of the institution has not been officially processed. The result of agreement with the manager of partner institution, the management will be facilitated by the assistance and guidance of the proposer team in some stages. Based on the initial coordination results, the implementation team prepares the training material by taking into account the institution’s proposal or as required by the institution. In addition to preparing the materials, the team also conducted briefing to students and teams of facilitators to alleviate the implementation of the training. The materials provided in the training are the preparation of the lesson plan, the management of the institution and the producing of teaching media from the used materials. During the training process, the team has monitored and interviewed the trainees regarding the materials, methods and presenters in this activity. Generally, the teachers stated the training was very excellent and the material provided was indispensable material in early childhood learning and management.
Peningkatan Manajemen Administrasi Data dan Aktivitas Pembelajaran pada Pusat Kegiatan Belajar Masyarakat di Kabupaten Bangkalan
Authors: Damayanti Fitri , Syarief Mohammad , Setiawan Wahyudi
Published: February 2020

Pendidikan merupakan hak dasar setiap warga negara. Pendidikan dibutuhkan untuk mewujudkan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) yang berkualitas. Salah satu permasalahan pendidikan yaitu kurangnya pemerataan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang layak. Pendidikan Non Formal menjadi alternatif solusi penyelenggaraan pendidikan. Pada penelitian ini dibangun sebuah sistem informasi pengelolaan data sekolah. Sistem informasi terdiri dari lima tingkat user yaitu administrator utama, administrator sekolah, guru, siswa dan umum. Data yang diolah berupa data sekolah, fasilitas, pengelola, guru, siswa serta informasi umum. Untuk data siswa terdapat history mulai siswa masuk hingga siswa lulus. Selain itu terdapat pula Satuan Acara Pembelajaran (SAP) yang menginformasikan materi-materi yang harus disampaikan pada proses belajar mengajar. Sistem informasi ini akan dilengkapi dengan aplikasi pembelajaran untuk Ujian Nasional bagi siswa kejar paket C yang terdiri dari materi dan latihan ujian pilihan ganda untuk mata pelajaran ekonomi, sosiologi, bahasa Indonesia, bahasa Inggris, Geografi dan Matematika. Data dan informasi yang diolah berasal dari Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Bangkalan serta penyelenggara program kejar paket. Sedangkan materi aplikasi pembelajaran berasal dari buku-buku pelajaran tertentu setingkat SMA. Diharapkan sistem informasi pengelolaan data sekolah dan aplikasi pembelajaran untuk siswa kejar paket C ini dapat meningkatkan mutu pendidikan sekolah non formal di wilayah kabupaten Bangkalan.
Calculation of Relative Permeability from Displacement Experiments
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Bossler D.P. , Bossler V.O. Naumann
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 216, 1959, pages 370–372.

A method is presented for calculating individual gas and oil or water and oil relative permeabilities from data obtained during a gas drive or a waterflood experiment performed on a linear porous body. The method has been tested and found both rapid and reliable for normal-sized core samples.

Introduction

Individual oil and gas or oil and water relative permeabilities are required for a number of reservoir engineering applications. Chief among these is the evaluation of oil displacement under conditions where gravitational effects are significant, such as a water drive or crestal gas injection in a steeply dipping oil reservoir. Numerous proposed methods of obtaining relative permeability data on reservoir core samples have been too tedious and time consuming for practical use, or have yielded questionable and sometimes inconsistent results.

A method bas been developed by which the individual relative permeability curves can be calculated from data collected during a displacement test. The method is based on sound. Using this method, with a properly designed experimental procedure, relative permeability curves can be obtained using core samples of normal size (i.e., 2 to 3 in. in length and 1 to 2 in. in diameter) within a few days after receipt of the core.

In a recent publication D. A. Efros describes an approach to the calculation of individual relative permeabilities that is based on the same theoretical considerations. We believe the approach described in the present paper is more adaptable to practical application than the method implied by Efros. In addition, comparisons with independently determined relative permeabilities are furnished to substantiate the reliability of the new method.
Design of Gas Storage Fields
Authors: Katz Donald L. , Vary John A. , Elenbaas J.R.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 44–48.

The development of gas fields, oil fields and aquifers for storing natural gas is treated from two main viewpoints:the volumetric storage capacity for gas in a given situation andthe prediction of the number of wells required for the delivery of gas.

Other experiences in the design and operation of storage fields are included.

Introduction

Storage of natural gas in underground reservoirs near the terminus of long distance pipelines has been the prime factor in opening the space heating market to the natural gas industry. Storage has permitted a major increase in both the load and the load factor of pipelines; some are now operating at steady load throughout the year. Thus, underground storage has been responsible for the rapid increase in demand for natural gas in recent years.

Three types of reservoirs have been used for gas storage: natural gas reservoirs, oil reservoirs, and water-bearing sands or aquifers. This paper presents the factors to be considered when developing gas storage reservoirs of these three categories.

There are two prime considerations for any storage reservoir:the volume of gas which a given reservoir will store advantageously andthe number of wells needed to provide the required peak deliverability.

These two problems will be considered for the three types of reservoirs just noted.

Storage in Partially Depleted Gas Fields

Early storage operations consisted of replenishing the natural gas in a depleted gas field situated adjacent to the market. Today, newly discovered fields near the market may be considered for storage, and this discussion applies equally to both types of reservoirs.

For reservoirs originally containing gas or oil, the question of the impermeability of the cap rock normally does not arise. However, such fields are likely to have many wells drilled either to or through the reservoir under consideration. Positive assurance must be obtained that such wells are or can be made mechanically tight. Corroded casings may need to be lined or permanently plugged. Abandoned wells should be reopened and properly cemented.
Fluid Migration Across Fixed Boundaries in Reservoirs Producing by Fluid Expansion
Authors: Collins R.E.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 78–84.

The existence of fluid migration across fixed boundaries in oil and gas reservoirs has been known for many years. Several techniques have been developed in the past for estimating the rate of migration across fixed boundaries as an aid in planning field development and in the valuation of oilfield properties. The principal deterrent to the use of these techniques lies in the rather extensive reservoir and field data required for calculations of fluid migration. For this reason, a new, simplified procedure has been developed which makes possible the calculation of fluid migration with a minimum of field and reservoir data. This new technique is based on certain solutions of the differential equations describing flow in the reservoir which assume, for the portion of the reservoir of interest, that the formation can be approximated by a homogeneous rock of uniform thickness, that only a single mobile fluid phase exists, and that fluid production at the well is solely a result of expansion of the reservoir fluids.

The results of the present work are compiled in a set of curves. These curves can be used to calculate both rate and cumulative fluid migration when the above assumptions are justified. The only data required for such calculations are the production histories of all wells in the field, the permeability and porosity of the reservoir, the compressibility and viscosity of the fluid, and the shape of the reservoir.

Introduction

The migration of fluids across fixed boundaries in oil and gas reservoirs has long been recognized as an engineering and economic problem, but no methods for estimating the extent of migration during the development stage of a reservoir have been published.

The investigation reported here has been directed toward providing a simple technique for estimating the extent of such migration and has therefore been restricted to the simple case of a homogeneous reservoir of uniform thickness containing compressible liquids. It is assumed that only a single mobile fluid phase exists and that fluid production at the wells is solely by expansion of the reservoir fluids.
Swept Areas After Breakthrough in Vertically Fractured Five-Spot Patterns
Authors: Simmons Jack , Landrum Bobby L. , Pinson James M. , Crawford Paul B.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 73–77.

Potentiometric model data have been obtained to estimate the effect of vertical fractures on the areas swept after breakthrough in water flooding and miscible displacement programs such as gas cycling where the mobility is near one. The data are presented for the case of the five-spot pattern in which the center well is fractured various lengths and orientations. The data indicate that for 10-acre spacing, fractures extending over 200 ft in either direction from the fractured well may result in reductions in sweep efficiencies from 72 to approximately 34 per cent. However, the area swept after breakthrough may be quite large and only 10 or 12 per cent less than would be obtained if the reservoir were not fractured.

For the specific case when the volume of fluid injected is equivalent to 100 per cent of the pattern volume, the swept area may vary from 80 to 88 per cent, depending on the length of the fracture. The former value is that which occurs when the breakthrough or sweep efficiency was only 34 per cent and the latter figure of 88 per cent is that which is obtained if the reservoir were unfractured. It is pointed out that although the sweep efficiency may be very low in vertically fractured five-spot patterns, the area swept at low water-oil ratios may be only 5 to 10 per cent less than those achieved if the reservoir were unfractured.

Introduction

Since the initiation of commercial reservoir fracturing techniques it has been desirable to determine the effect of fractures on the areas swept after breakthrough. Most water flooding or gas cycling projects are continued for substantial periods after the breakthrough of the injected fluid. Although the sweep efficiency serves as one criterion for rating various flooding patterns, the area swept after breakthrough for various water-oil ratios or percentage wet gas, if cycling, is of perhaps more importance than the sweep efficiency alone. Sweep efficiency data on the vertically fractured five-spot have been presented.

Previous work on the line-drive pattern has shown the effect of vertical fractures on the area swept after breakthrough for the case in which the distance between injection and producing wells divided by the distance between adjacent input wells was equivalent to 1.5 (see Ref. 2). The data indicated that for the line-drive pattern it may be desirable to flood or cycle substantially perpendicular to the fractures in order to achieve the greatest recovery for the smallest volume of fluid injected. For this study the center well of a five-spot is assumed as the fractured well.
A Water Shut-Off Method for Sand-Type Porosity in Air Drilling
Authors: Goodwin Robert J. , Teplitz A.J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 163–167.

A new type water shut-off for use in air drilling has been developed. The method has been 99 to 100 per cent effective in several different formations of intergranular-type porosity. Since costs for materials, time and equipment used are relatively small, the process should extend economies of air drilling to many new areas.

The treatment involves a new technique for forming a water-insoluble precipitate within the pores of a rock. Advantage is taken of the difference in mobility of a liquid and a gas in porous media to achieve the greatest volume of precipitate in a given pore. Reactants selected for the laboratory and field tests were aluminum sulfate solution and gaseous ammonia.

This process has been tested in both intergranular and fractured-type porosities. It has consistently shut-off between 99 and 100 per cent of the water flowing from formations having intergranular-type porosity and permeabilities ranging from a few millidarcies to over a darcy. The treatment is not particularly suitable for shutting-off water from fractured formations although plugging of the order of 50 per cent or greater has been achieved in all such applications. Among advantages of the treatment are:no reaction waiting time after a relatively short placement time,a low materials' cost of about $3/ ft of hole treated,use of common service-type equipment for treatment, andno unusual requirements for mixing and placement.

Introduction

In rotary drilling with air or gas it has been possible to increase bit life by tenfold and more than double rate of penetration over corresponding performance when drilling with mud. These factors have amounted to as much as 22 per cent savings on total cost of drilling a well. However, these advantages are rapidly lost when water is encountered in an air- or gas-drilled well because water interferes with the removal of cuttings from the hole and also gives rise to other difficulties. In attempting to combat water troubles, operators have commonly resorted to such measures as mist drilling, treatment with cement or chemicals, converting to conventional mud drilling, or setting casing. In many cases these measures have either been costly or ineffective.
Effect of Unsteady-State Aquifer Motion on the Size of an Adjacent Gas Storage Reservoir
Authors: Katz D.L. , Tek M.R. , Coats K.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 18–22.

In natural gas storage operations, seasonal pressure fluctuations in the gas reservoir cause the water from the surrounding aquifer to flow into and out of the gas sand. The theory of unsteady-state liquid flow through porous media developed by Van Everdingen and Hurst has been applied to predict the water movement into and out of the gas bubble for several postulated pressure cycles. Those cycles with as many pound-days above the original aquifer pressure as pound-days below, may cause the gas reservoir to slowly grow or shrink rather than hold to a constant volume. Applications to an actual field case study give the predicted gas reservoir monthly pressures and volumes as compared with the observed monthly pressures and volumes.

Introduction

A large number of natural gas storage reservoirs are bounded by or adjacent to large water-saturated formations called aquifers. The presence of these aquifers is usually evidenced by the production of water from wells delineating the gas-bearing sands. Some gas storage reservoirs in use today have been purposely developed on aquifers.

Cyclic pressure variations in a gas storage reservoir cause water influx and efflux from the surrounding aquifer. This, in turn, results in a varying gas reservoir volume. The prediction of the effect of this aquifer fluid movement on the size and size variation of the gas reservoir can provide information valuable in the study of several reservoir engineering problems. The economics of gas storage operations are directly influenced by the influx of aquifer fluid into the reservoir since a shrinking storage reservoir requires increasing pressures for the storage of the same quantity of gas. Material balance and reserve or recovery calculations also obviously require knowledge of reservoir volume. Various other reservoir engineering calculations such as interpretation of well interference data, evaluation of physical characteristics of porous media, water coning, gas injection and pressure maintenance studies are typical problems where variations of volume due to edge or bottom-water encroachment becomes important.
Streaming Potential Phenomena in SP Log Interpretation
Authors: Hill H.J. , Anderson A.E.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 203–208.

Laboratory data for 155 field muds and 77 shales have been used to develop correlations to estimate the net streaming potential component of the SP. Analysis of these data and comparison with field tests show that streaming potential corrections must be made to obtain an accurate estimate of the electrochemical potential for use in the determination of formation water resistivity.

Introduction

The self-potential curve is related to formation water resistivity, and considerable effort within the oil industry has been directed toward clarifying this relationship. The Schlumbergers and Leonardon recognized that two types of potentials, electrochemical and electrokinetic, resulted in the net potential variation in the borehole. Most of the later papers have dealt with the electrochemical component and its controlling parameters.

The investigations of Wyllie, Salisch, and Moore provide the most extensive sources of data on streaming potentials across mud cakes. These authors observed streaming potentials of sufficient magnitude to be of critical importance in SP interpretation, if it is assumed that streaming potentials develop only opposite permeable beds.

Streaming potentials across shales have been reported by Schenck and by Gondouin, et al. Since SP magnitude is the difference in potential opposite shale and sand beds, these authors suggested that the net streaming potential component may be negligible.

The present investigation was initiated to evaluate empirically some of the parameters controlling the magnitude of the net borehole streaming potential and to determine whether useful relations between mud properties and net streaming potential could be established.

Methods and Apparatus

MUD PROPERTIES

Field muds were used in this investigation. These muds were characterized by the amount and type of chemical treatment utilized for five days before sampling. Filter loss, mud resistivity, mud density and filtrate resistivity were determined for each mud with conventional methods and apparatus. Mud filtrate pH was estimated with Hydrion pH paper for the appropriate range.

STREAMING POTENTIALS ACROSS MUD CAKES

Commercial calomel-saturated KCl electrodes are subject to potential changes attributed to contamination of the very small fiber-tip bridge by particles of clay from the drilling mud. To minimize this difficulty, a large diameter bridge (Fig. 1) was constructed with saturated KC1-agar gel and a filter disc of microporous porcelain.
The Effect of Gypsum on Core Analysis Results
Authors: Hurd B.G. , Fitch J.L.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 221–224.

The presence of gypsum in samples subjected to standard core analysis introduces serious errors in the measurement of water saturation and porosity. The magnitude of these errors, depending upon the type of analysis procedure used, has been evaluated experimentally and theoretically. Water-saturated pore volumes determined by vacuum distillation or retort procedures may be too high by as much as 48 per cent of the volume of gypsum present. The maximum error in this value determined by Dean-Stark extraction with toluene is 36 per cent of the gypsum volume. If pore space is measured by a Boyle's law type porosimeter the maximum error due to gypsum is 38 per cent of the original gypsum volume present.

The conscientious core analyst may eliminate the errors caused by gypsum by either of two methods. He may apply suitable corrections for the water of crystallization removed from gypsum, or take special precautions to prevent dehydration of gypsum during core cleaning and analysis procedures. These alternatives are discussed and methods for obtaining reliable core analysis data are proposed.

Introduction

Gypsum (CaSO42H2O) occurs as a common mineral in many of the world's sedimentary basins. In addition to its presence as primary bedded evaporitic deposits, it is often found as secondary replacement zones and pore-fillings in host rocks. That it may cause false indications in porosity, both on neutron logs and in standard core analysis, has been generally recognized. False porosity interpretations from neutron logs result because the chemically bound water in gypsum attenuates neutrons as effectively as free water. Errors in core analysis result when gypsum is dehydrated prior to or during the analysis.

Vacuum retort procedures used by many laboratories to determine fluid saturation and porosity effect a complete removal of water of crystallization from gypsum. The crystal water, distilled and collected with free water from the sample, is counted as water-saturated pore space.
The Effect of Particle Size Distribution and Exchange Cation on Gel Properties of Fractionated Bentonite Suspensions
Authors: Jessen F.W. , Mungan Necmettin
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 455–459.

Introduction

The plastic flow characteristics of clay water suspensions were first recognized by Bingham in 1916 and further studied by Ambrose and Loomis in 1931–1932. Many physical and chemical properties of clay suspensions are deeply influenced by particle size distribution as well as by the exchange cation. Separation of a number of fractions is particularly helpful in making a detailed study of a suspension. A limited amount of work has been conducted on the effects of particle size on specific properties of mud drilling fluids. A knowledge of particle size distribution is essential for a better understanding of fundamental properties of clay suspensions, particularly viscosity and gel strength. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of particle size on the viscosity and gel properties of clay suspensions and to determine any changes in mineral composition accompanying variation in size.

Experimental Procedure

Numerous methods may be used to fractionate a poly-dispersed clay suspension into nearly mono-dispersed systems. Particles larger than 44 micron (325-mesh) may be obtained by wet screening. For sizes from 44 to 1 micron, the fractionation may be accomplished by sedimentation, elutriation plus microscopy, or turbidimetry. When dealing with systems which contain a major portion of particles below 1-micron size, slit ultramicroscopy, centrifuge methods of Svedberg, Beams, and McBain, and X-ray methods may be employed. The Sharples super centrifuge has been proved suitable for the economical separation of suspended particles of submicron range.

Three-hundred and forty-five gal of 1 per cent by weight Aquagel suspension was mixed in a high-speed 5-gallon mud mixer and the suspension was allowed to stand in 5-gal glass bottles for 30 days to assure full hydration. All particles larger than 44 microns were removed by wet screening. Five fractions in the range of 44 to 1 micron were obtained by sedimentation.
Calculation of the Stabilized Performance Coefficient of Low Permeability Natural Gas Wells
Authors: Poettman Fred H. , Schilson Robert E.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 240–246.

The direct determination of the stabilized performance behavior of low capacity, slowly stabilizing gas wells is extremely time-consuming and wasteful of gas. From both field experience and theoretical considerations, a test procedure has been evolved by which the stabilized back pressure behavior of such gas wells can be predicted without having to revert to long time flow tests.

The method consists of using the isochronal test procedure to establish the slope of the back pressure curve, "n", and the short time variation of the performance coefficient, "C", with time.

From this short time transient flow data and theoretical considerations, the value of C at large times can be established. By assuming the radius of drainage of a well to be half the distance between wells, one can calculate the stabilization time for various well spacing patterns. Once the stabilization time for a given spacing has been determined, the value of C can be calculated and the stabilized back-pressure curve can be established.

The calculated performance coefficient as a function of time was compared to the experimentally measured values for a number of gas wells. The deviation of the calculated from the experimental results vary depending on the set of short time experimental points used to evaluate the parameters of the equation. The longer the time for the flow test data used in the calculations, the better was the agreement with the experimental results. The time necessary to obtain this data from well tests varies considerably, depending on the physical nature of the reservoir under consideration.

Introduction

For many years, the U. S. Bureau of Mines Monograph 7 has served as a guide for testing and evaluating the performance of gas wells by means of the back-pressure method.
Simplified Equations of Flow in Gas Drive Reservoirs and the Theoretical Foundation of Multiphase Pressure Buildup Analyses
Authors: Martin John C.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 321–323.

Simplified equations are developed for the flow of fluids in gas drive reservoirs in which the effects of gravity can be neglected. The results show that the pressure distribution is governed by a nonlinear heat flow type of equation, and the saturation distributions are related to the pressure by the same equations as those developed by Muskat for the average pressure and saturations in gas drive reservoirs.

Under certain conditions the equation for the pressure can be approximated by the linear form of the heat flow equation. This equation is analogous to the equation for the pressure in single-phase compressible flow. The analysis reveals that the equation for the pressure in multiphase flows can be obtained directly from the equation for the pressure in single-phase flows by simply replacing the single-phase compressibility by the total compressibility and the single-phase mobility by the sum of the mobilities of all the fluids present. Perrine's method of pressure buildup analysis for multiphase flows is based on these same substitutions. Thus, the development presented in this paper constitutes a theoretical justification for Perrine's method of pressure buildup analysis.

Introduction

One of the most difficult problems associated with the production of oil is the determination of the flow of the fluids within the reservoirs. One purpose of this paper is to present the development of simplified equations for the flow in gas drive reservoirs. The other purpose is to present some of the needed theoretical foundation for the methods currently being used in the analysis of multiphase pressure buildup data. The analysis presented in this paper makes use of a partial linearization of the equations governing multiphase flows. It is felt that the process of linearizing or partially linearizing the nonlinear equations of multiphase flows can lead to useful results since this process has proved extremely valuable in the study of other fields of science and engineering where nonlinear equations are encountered.
Influence of Propping Sand Wettability on Productivity of Hydraulically Fractured Oil Wells
Authors: Graham John W. , Monaghan P.H. , Osoba J.S.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 324–329.

Of the many factors which affect the productivity of hydraulically fractured wells, the wettability of the propping sand has received little attention in the past. This paper shows that the wettability of the propping sand is an important factor which should not be overlooked.

An analysis of relative permeability data shows that fractures packed with water-wet sand should be more permeable to oil than are fractures packed with oil-wet sand. Laboratory results verify this conclusion. Calculations show that higher permeability to oil in the fracture should provide higher well productivity.

A method is presented which ensures that the propping sand in an induced fracture is water-wet even though oil is used as the fracturing fluid. The method has been used in more than 150 field jobs; the field results are discussed briefly.

The fluidized nature oil water-wet sand in oil has given unexpected benefits. This characteristic of water-wet sand and how it has been used advantageously in field operations are discussed.

Introduction

Hydraulic fracturing of subsurface strata to increase the productivity of oil and gas wells has been practiced for about 10 years. Today, fracturing is used more often than any other method of well stimulation. Basically, the process consists of breaking down (fracturing) a subsurface formation with pressure applied by means of a carrier fluid, usually oil or water, and propping the induced fractures apart by means of an agent, usually sand, suspended in the carrier fluid. Currently about 68 per cent of all fracturing is done with a simple mixture of refined oil or lease crude oil and sand.

The research of other investigators has suggested that dry sand is rendered oil-wet when it is contracted with certain types of crude or refined oils. Hence, it may be expected that some fracturing operations employing an oil as the carrier for sand leave fractures packed with oil-wet sand. Conversely, those operations which employ water as the carrier for the sand probably leave the fractures packed with water-wet sand. Since the permeability of a sand-packed fracture to a mixture of oil and water is dependent upon the wettability of the fracturing (frac) sand, research was undertaken to determine to what extent the wettability condition (water-wet or oil-wet) controls fracture permeability which, in turn, affects well productivity. Additional research was directed toward the development of a method for obtaining the desired fracture wettability.
Correlation of kg/ko Data with Sandstone Core Characteristics
Authors: Felsenthal Martin
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 258–261.

Introduction

Engineers are frequently faced with the problem of having to predict oil recovery from a solution gas drive reservoir in the early life of a field. This is often the time when actual laboratory or field-derived gas-oil permeability (kg/ko) data are not yet available. Although excellent collections of kg/ko data for various types of rocks may be found in the literature, a need exists for a more detailed correlation of k2/k, data with core properties such as porosity, permeability, clay content or pore-size distribution. It is the purpose of this article to present this type of correlation for sandstone material. The correlation is based on laboratory tests performed on over 300 core samples from 19 reservoirs in the United States and Canada.

Experimental

Cores were analyzed by routine procedures, using samples of conventional size (7/8-in. diameter, 7/8-in long) cut parallel to the bedding planes. Air permeability was measured at 1.67 atm mean pressure in a Hassler-type apparatus. Porosity was determined with the aid of a Ruska bulk volume meter and a Boyle's Law rock volume meter. An evaporation method was used to evaluate irreducible water saturations.

Core samples were saturated with 25,000 ppm NaCl brine. The brine was reduced to the irreducible saturation, and the remainder of the pore space was filled with kerosene. This was followed by multiphase flow tests using the so-called "dispersed feed" technique. In this technique, gas and oil (kerosene and kerosene-saturated air) were dispersed with the aid of a porous Alundum feed head, the face of which contained a waffle-shaped system of Lucite-lined grooves. Oil entered the back side of the feed head and emerged at the raised areas of the front face. Gas was introduced directly into the system of grooves at the front face. The gas-oil mixture then entered the test core which was kept in capillary contact with the feed head. Permeabilities were determined from rate and pressure measurements and saturations from weights. All determinations were performed at equilibrium or steady-state conditions. Pore-size distributions were determined on selected samples by a mercury injection technique.
Resistivity Logging in Thin Beds
Authors: De Witte Leendert
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 155–161.

Conventional resistivity logs consisting of a short normal, a long normal, and one or more long lateral curves do not give data that allow a complete quantitative interpretation in beds thinner than 20 ft. Reservoir rocks usually exhibit zones of continuous homogeneity of quite limited thickness where the long lateral curves become useless because of adjacent bed effects and boundary phenomena. If the beds are 12 ft or thicker, the short and long normals may be used for qualitative interpretation, which can be streamlined by the application of simplified departure curves. For beds of a thickness less than twice the long normal spacing, this procedure breaks down.

The combination of the limestone curve, the laterolog or guard electrode log, and the microlaterolog permit quantitative interpretation for beds that are at least 10 ft thick, provided the mud resistivity and the hole diameter are known with sufficient accuracy.

For beds thinner than 10 ft, combinations of the microlaterolog with short spaced laterologs and pseudo laterologs appear to be promising. Interpretation of these curves again requires the application of simplified departure curves. Resolution of various possible combinations was analyzed using departure curve data calculated on the Whirlwind I computer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

A field example is shown using the microlaterolog-microlog combination, and the combination of a 6-in. modified laterolog plus a 6-in. pseudo laterolog.

Introduction

For the purpose of quantitative interpretation of resistivity logs in porous formations, we want to obtain two essential quantities from the logs, namely, the true resistivity of the undisturbed formation, and the resistivity of the part of the formation invaded by mud filtrate. The apparent resistivities of all conventional logging devices are functions of these two parameters and are also influenced by a third unknown parameter, the diameter of the invaded zone.