bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guaiazulene derivative 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroazuleno[1,2‐b] tropone reduces the production of ATP by inhibiting electron transfer complex II
Authors: Kasami Chieko , Yamaguchi Jun‐ichi , Inoue Hideki
Published: June 2021

Molecularly targeted therapy has been used for treatment of various types of cancer. However, cancer cells often acquire resistance to molecularly targeted drugs that inhibit specific molecular abnormalities, such as constitutive activation of kinases. Even in cancer cells that have acquired resistance, enhanced anabolism, including the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids and lipids, is common to normal cancer cells. Therefore, there is a renewed interest in effectively eliminating cancer cells by specifically targeting their abnormal energy metabolism. Multiple strategies are currently being developed for mitochondrial‐targeted cancer therapy, with agents targeting oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and apoptosis. In this study, we found that one of the guaiazulene derivatives, namely, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroazuleno[1,2‐b] tropone (TAT), inhibited the proliferation of cancer cell lines stronger than that of normal cells. In addition, we showed that TAT inhibited energy production in cancer cell lines, resulting in apoptosis. Analyses done in cancer cell lines and in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans suggested that TAT acts on the mitochondrial electron transfer complex II and suppresses cellular energy production by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation across species. These results suggest that TAT could represent a novel anticancer agent that selectively targets mitochondria.
Recent Advances in the Synthetic Use of Migration Reactions of Allyl Alcohols
Authors: Xing Yun , Li Chen , Meng Jianping , Zhang Zhen , Wang Xin , Wang Zhichuan , Ye Yong , Sun Kai
Published: June 2021

Allyl alcohol compounds are widely used structural units. In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to exploring the migration reactions of allyl alcohols via semipinacol or neophyl rearrangements, and so on, providing an attractive and powerful strategy for obtaining various important carbonyl compounds.

However, to date, no review has been published that summarizes the significant advances in the preparation of functionalized carbonyl compounds using these migration rearrangement reactions. In this paper, the latest progress in the use of allyl alcohols as flexible synthons involving group migration is introduced, and the reaction scopes, limitations, and some of the mechanisms are also discussed.

magnified image
The kinetics modeling and reactor simulation of propylene chlorination reaction process
Authors: Li Ming , Han Luchang , Luo Xiao , Luo He'an
Published: June 2021

The kinetics experiments of fast reaction process of propylene chlorination at low temperature (30–90°C) and high temperature (420–480°C) are respectively conducted, and the corresponding reaction mechanisms and kinetics models are proposed. The radical mechanism at high temperature and the molecular mechanism at low temperature are found to be most likely with the experimental results. Specifically, the kinetics model, firstly considering the reversible reaction step of forming C3H6Cl· and direct hydrogen abstraction of forming C3H5·, shows better agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the critical reaction temperature Tcritical is firstly proposed to determine the dominant reaction mechanism in different conditions, and correspondingly the combination method of the high‐temperature and low‐temperature kinetics models has been adopted for tubular reactor simulation, which can reasonably reflect the influence of wide variation range of temperature in the reactor and guide the industrial reactor design in the further work.
Die Fallen der automatisierten Kristallstrukturbestimmung: Korrektur der Kristallstrukturen von Iodazid
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Ivlev Sergei , Schulz Stephan , Wölper Christoph
Published: June 2021

Die publizierten Kristallstrukturbestimmungen von zwei Modifikationen des Iodazids (IN3) werden korrigiert. Bei den ursprünglichen Bestimmungen waren die sehr schwachen Röntgenreflexe mit ungeraden Miller‐Indices k aussortiert worden, so dass mit zu kleinen Elementarzellen gerechnet wurde und sich Modelle mit fehlgeordneten und teilweise halbbesetzten Atomlagen ergaben. Mit den ursprünglichen Röntgenbeugungsdaten und den richtigen Elementarzellen ergibt die Verfeinerung Strukturen aus polymeren (−I−N3−)n‐Ketten, die schichtweise ineinandergreifen. Es wird empfohlen, die ursprünglichen Röntgenbeugungsdaten stets mit kristallographischer Fachkenntnis zu sichten, um nicht Opfer des fehlenden Sachverstands von Computern bei automatisierten Strukturbestimmungen zu werden.
Automated Crystal Structure Determination Has its Pitfalls: Correction to the Crystal Structures of Iodine Azide
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Ivlev Sergei , Schulz Stephan , Wölper Christoph
Published: June 2021

Previously published crystal structure determinations of two modifications of iodine azide (IN3) are corrected. In the original determinations, the very weak X‐ray reflections with odd k Miller indices had been discarded, resulting in too small unit cells and models with misordered, partly occupied atomic positions. Using the original diffraction data, refinements with the correct unit cells yield structures of polymeric (−I−N3−)n chains that are interlocked to layers. A skilled look at the primary X‐ray data is always recommended to overcome the lack of crystallographic expertise of computers at automated structure determinations.
Infrared flashing light through the cricothyroid membrane to guide flexible bronchoscopic tracheal intubation
Authors: Jauho K. R. , Johannsen M. L. , Hesselfeldt R. T. , Kristensen M. S.
Published: June 2021

Flexible bronchoscopic tracheal intubation is a fundamental technique in the management of the difficult airway but requires specific skills which may be both difficult to achieve and maintain. Therefore, techniques to improve its success should be developed. We present two cases, one where the ear, nose and throat surgeon could not view the glottis due to laryngeal pathology, and one where pathology in the oropharynx obscured access to the trachea during attempts at flexible bronchoscopic and videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation. In both cases, tracheal intubation was subsequently successful due to the use of the Infrared Red Intubation System. This is an infrared light source that is secured to the anterior neck. It emits a flashing infrared light that is captured by the flexible bronchoscope, thus guiding the way to the trachea. These are the first reports of this technology being used for flexible bronchoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with severe airway pathology where conventional approaches had failed. Both cases emphasise that this technique can be of benefit in avoiding a surgical airway.
Silica immobilized copper N‐heterocyclic carbene: An effective route to 1,2,3‐triazoles via azide‐alkyne cycloaddition and multicomponent click reaction
Authors: Garg Anirban , Borah Nobomi , Sultana Jasmin , Kulshrestha Akshay , Kumar Arvind , Sarma Diganta
Published: June 2021

A new silica supported copper N‐heterocyclic carbene (Cu‐NHC@SiO2) complex is prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. This complex is an efficient and easily retrievable catalyst for 1,2,3‐triazole synthesis through direct azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction as well as one‐pot reaction using arylboronic acids. This catalytic system is also suitable for synthesis of 4‐aryl‐NH‐1,2,3‐triazoles from diverse benzaldehydes. Further, the catalyst can efficiently be recycled up to fifth cycle for all the three methods of 1,2,3‐triazole synthesis through direct azide‐alkyne cycloaddition and multi‐component reactions.
Effects of the shapes and addition amounts of crosslinking reagents on the properties of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate/poly(caprolactone) blends
Authors: Nishida Masakazu , Bito Shigeru , Nishida Masahiro
Published: June 2021

The effects of the shapes and addition amount of crosslinking reagents on the expression mechanisms of polymer properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) blends are investigated. A static tensile test is carried out on 60%PHB/40%PCL blends by adding liquid and solid crosslinking reagents, showing that the Young's modulus of the blends decrease with increasing effective peroxide value of the crosslinking reagent. In addition, the elasticity of the blends increases only when the liquid crosslinker is added, even though T1H analysis and scanning electron microscopy observation reveal that both crosslinking reagents improve the miscibility of the blend. Furthermore, the 1H and 13C PST‐MAS NMR spectra related to the molecular motions of polymer main chains in the blends increase with increasing effective peroxide value of the crosslinking reagents. However, the local molecular motions of substituents in the blends matched with the T1C values reveal an opposite trend between the rigid PHB and flexible PCL with the addition of the solid crosslinker. The solid‐state NMR spectral and relaxation time analyses suggest the possibility of the polymer chain scission as a side reaction, as well as the occurrence of intra‐domain crosslinking, both of which reduce the toughness of the blends containing the solid crosslinker.
Highly Dispersed Pt Nanoparticles Embedded in N‐Doped Porous Carbon for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Dong Yuan , Ying Jie , Xiao Yu‐Xuan , Chen Jiang‐Bo , Yang Xiao‐Yu
Published: June 2021

A novel and facile strategy is presented to synthesize highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles embedded in N‐doped porous carbon (Pt@NPC) via carbonization of Zn‐containing metal‐organic frameworks and chemical replacement of Zn with Pt. The as‐prepared Pt@NPC exhibits superior activity and durability towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in comparison with commercial Pt/C catalyst. The excellent HER performance of Pt@NPC can be ascribed to the combined features of catalyst and support material, including high dispersion and ultrathin particle size of Pt, high surface area and nitrogen doping of carbon support, and the strong interaction between metal and support.
Synthesis of Sulfonated Porous Organic Polymers with a Hydrophobic Core for Efficient Acidic Catalysis in Organic Transformations
Authors: Munyentwali Alexis , Li Chunzhi , Li He , Yang Qihua
Published: June 2021

Synthesis of sulfonated porous polymers with improved hydrophobicity and stability is of extreme importance in both academic research and industrial applications. However, there is often a trade‐off between acidity and surface hydrophobicity of sulfonated polymers. In this study, we report a strategy for the synthesis of sulfonated porous organic polymers (S‐PT) with improved hydrophobicity via free radical polymerization method by using a rigid and large multidentate monomer, 1,3,5‐tri(4‐vinylphenyl)‐benzene, having a hydrophobic core. The results of vapor adsorption measurement show that S‐PT has more hydrophobic properties than sulfonated poly(divinylbenzene) (S‐PD), attributed to the hydrophobic core of its multidentate monomer. Furthermore, the optimization of sulfonation time established a balance between surface acidity and hydrophobicity. Under optimized conditions, S‐PT afforded up to 113 mmol g−1 h−1 TOF in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol, more active than commercial Amberlyst‐15 with TOF of 15 mmol g−1 h−1 and Nafion NR50 with TOF of 7 mmol g−1 h−1. We believe that the findings of this study will provide useful insights to advance the design and synthesis of solid acid catalysts for organic transformations.
MOF‐on‐MOF Architectures: Applications in Separation, Catalysis, and Sensing
Authors: Hong Doo Hwan , Shim Hui Su , Ha Junsu , Moon Hoi Ri
Published: June 2021

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline materials with a high tunability. To improve the functionality of the original frameworks, several strategies, such as the use of different metal cations and organic ligands and post‐synthetic modification, have been developed, enabling the use of MOFs in numerous practical applications in various fields. Recently, another approach, i.e., MOF‐on‐MOF architecturing, has been actively studied by combining two or more MOFs into a composite. MOF‐on‐MOF materials not only possess the intrinsic properties of each MOF but also exhibit unprecedented synergism within a single system, resulting in a considerable potential for various applications. This review summarizes the interesting areas of application of MOF‐on‐MOF architectures into three categories: separation, catalysis, and sensing. In particular, the synergism occurring within such MOF‐on‐MOF architectures is discussed.
Discovery of quality control ingredients in burdock root by combining anti‐tumor effects and UHPLC–QqQ–MS/MS
Authors: Zhang Ming , Wang You‐wen , Zhu Yuan‐zhang , Gu Xiao‐ling
Published: June 2021

Burdock root is the root of Arctium lappa L., a plant of the Compositae family, which has the effects of dispersing wind and heat, detoxifying and reducing swelling. In order to better control the quality of burdock root, a screening study of quality control indicators was carried out. The current research combines biological activity evaluation with chemical analysis to screen and identify the biologically active compounds of burdock root as chemical components for the quality control of herbal medicine. The efficacy of 10 batches of ethanol extracts of burdock roots was evaluated by a tumor inhibition experiment in S180 tumor‐bearing mice. The five main chemical components of these extracts were simultaneously quantitatively measured by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Pearson correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between these extracts’ biological activity and chemical properties. The results showed that chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and cynarin were positively correlated with the effect of inhibiting tumor growth, and further bioassays confirmed this conclusion. In conclusion, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and cynarin can be used as quality control markers for burdock root’s antitumor effect.
Leading during COVID‐19 crisis reaps valuable lessons learned
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: June 2021

As much as college athletics administrators yearn for the day they can put COVID‐19 behind them and get sports back into full swing, it's critical to pause and take advantage of the opportunity to glean insights from the pandemic. Here, members of the College Athletics and the Law Advisory Board share their valuable lessons learned from leading through the COVID‐19 crisis.
Coinage Metal Complexes with Di‐tertiary‐butyl Sulfide as Precursors with Ultra‐Low Decomposition Temperature
Authors: Gahlot Sweta , Purohit Bhagyesh , Jeanneau Erwann , Mishra Shashank
Published: June 2021

We report here the synthesis of [Cu2(TFA)4(tBu2S)2] (1), [Ag4(TFA)4(tBu2S)4] (2) and [AuCl(tBu2S)] (3) (TFA=trifluoroacetate), which decompose in solution medium at ultra‐low temperature (e. g., in boiling toluene) to afford phase‐pure and highly crystalline Cu9S5, Ag2S and metallic Au nanoparticles, respectively. The low decomposition temperature of these precursors is attributed to the facile decomposition mechanism in the di‐tertiary‐butyl sulfide ligand. These results are a significant step in the direction of establishing a general low‐temperature strategy spanning a range of systems including thermodynamically metastable materials and incorporate them in technologies that are sensitive to the harsh conditions.
Medien‐Fehlverbindungen ausschließen
Authors: Walther C. K.
Published: June 2021

Kupplungssysteme gewährleisten das schnelle und sichere Verbinden und Trennen von Leitungen. Spezielle Kupplungen für Chemie und Pharma erfüllen höchste Sicherheitsstandards.
Effizient, zuverlässig und wartungsarm
Authors: Nowak Christopher
Published: June 2021

Die bei der Wiederaufbereitung von recyceltem Altpapier rückgewonnenen Fasern führen bei der Produktion von braunem Karton und Pappe zu einem hohen Eintrag von Kalk, Füllstoffen und Bindemitteln. Aus der Produktion werden auch große Mengen an organischen
Ampel zeigt Verschleiß an
Authors: Kochenburger Nicole
Published: June 2021

Nikkiso Spaltrohrmotorpumpen der Marke „Non‐Seal‟ werden mit einem E‐Monitor ausgestattet, um Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit bei anspruchsvollen Aufgaben zu verbessern.
Druckluft schnell vor Ort
Authors: Hereth Ralf , Koehler Daniela
Published: June 2021

Plötzlicher Anstieg des Produktionsvolumens, Wartungsarbeiten, vorübergehende Engpässe, unerwartete Produktionsausfälle – es gibt viele Varianten, warum eine vorhandene Druckluftlösung in der industriellen Produktion schlagartig nicht mehr ausreichen kann
Handlich und mobil fördern
Authors: Konrad Wolfgang
Published: June 2021

Viskose Medien werden in verschiedenen Produktionsprozessen eingesetzt. Dazu werden diese aus unterschiedlichen Gebinden um‐ und abgefüllt. Bisher stehen für die Fass‐ und Containerentleerung mit ihrem 2 Zoll Spundloch oder der entsprechenden Containeröff
Aus der Ferne prüfen
Authors: Enberg AnnCharlott
Published: June 2021

AnnCharlott Enberg von Emerson erklärt, wie die wiederkehrende Prüfung der neuesten Generation von berührungslosen Radar‐Füllstandsmessgeräten in Überfüllsicherungssystemen aus der Ferne durchgeführt werden kann und somit die Mitarbeitersicherheit und die
Ein zentrales Sicherheitselement
Authors: Hüske Michael
Published: June 2021

In vielen Branchen genießt die Zuverlässigkeit der Produktion und Produktionsprozesse höchste Priorität. Das gilt sowohl in der pharmazeutischen Industrie, der Öl‐ und Gasindustrie, der Chemie und Petrochemie als auch im Energiesektor. Die Betreiber streb
Bifunctional catalyst of mordenite‐ and alumina‐supported platinum for isobutane hydroisomerization to n‐butane
Authors: Duan Yaoyao , Jiang Hui , Wang Hefang
Published: June 2021

n‐Butane has higher value‐added applications than isobutane in the petrochemical process. To improve the catalytic performance of isobutane isomerization catalysts, catalysts of mordenite‐ and alumina‐supported platinum were prepared. The intimacy between metal and acid sites and platinum content was investigated. The effect of reaction conditions on the catalytic performance of the catalyst was analyzed by response surface methodology. The characterization results of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, specific surface area, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed high dispersion of platinum on the catalysts. The results of temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3‐TPD) indicated that more acid sites existed on millimetre scale and centimetre scale catalysts than on Pt‐HM/Al2O3 and Pt‐Al2O3/HM, which led to low selectivity of n‐butane. The best yield of n‐butane was attained on microscale samples, as the larger diffusion distance inhibited the cracking reaction. The dispersion of reaction products indicated that the increase of platinum content slightly increased the selectivity of n‐butane. Compared with Pt‐HM/Al2O3, Pt‐Al2O3/HM showed high stability due to fewer carbon deposits in the catalytic reaction process. The optimal reaction condition in isobutane isomerization was T = 413.4°C, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) = 5.31 h−1, and P = 2.57 MPa.
Correlations between Substituent Effects and Catalytic Activities: A Quantitative Approach for the Development of Halogen‐Bonding‐Driven Anion‐Binding Catalysts
Authors: Momiyama Norie , Izumiseki Atsuto , Ohtsuka Naoya , Suzuki Toshiyasu
Published: June 2021

A quantitative approach for the development of halogen‐bonding‐driven anion‐binding catalysts was studied using 4‐substituted perfluorinated iodobenzene. 19F NMR titrations were used to determine the binding constants K for chloride, and their catalytic activities were evaluated in the allylation reaction of a N‐activated pyridine. We discovered that the log K and product yields were linearly correlated, and that they were dependent on the Hammett substituent parameter, σmeta (r2=0.99). This linear correlation provided a quantitative predictive model for both the binding constant and the reaction yield. Concomitantly, this efficiently permitted the development of a highly active anion‐binding catalyst, namely 4‐CNC6F4I (K=489±5 M−1). Additionally, the catalytic activity of 4‐CNC6F4I was established in the allylation and crotylation of N‐activated isoquinolines (7 examples). Overall, this approach highlights the value of quantitative analysis by exploring experimentally informed correlations in the development of halogen bond donor catalysts.
Ear symptoms in patients with orofacial pain and dysfunction ‐ An explorative study on different TMD symptoms, occlusion and habits
Authors: Mejersjö Christina , Pauli Nina
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Ear symptoms coincident with TMD symptoms have been noticed for a long time. The aim was to investigate the relationship between reported ear symptoms in TMD patients and different TMD symptoms, dental occlusion, oral parafunction and habits.

Material and methods

Consecutive patients, ≥18 years of age and referred to a specialist clinic for orofacial pain and dysfunction during a three‐month period, were considered for the study. Patients with poor general or psychiatric health were excluded. One hundred thirty‐two patients were included and studied with regard to reported ear symptoms in relation to clinical dysfunction, occlusion, habits and subjective rating of their symptoms. A clinical examination was performed according to RDC/TMD and extended with occlusal factors, parafunctions and habits.

Results

Ear symptoms were reported by 72% of the TMD patients, with ear fullness in 49% as the most frequent symptom. The patients with ear symptoms were significantly older and proportionally more often females. Ear symptoms were significantly correlated to the subjective index, to myalgia (p = 0.003), decreased opening capacity (p = 0.01), TMJ pain (p = 0.02), parafunctions (p = 0.007), and some occlusal factor (p = 0.018–0.003). Muscle pain on palpation was significantly associated with ear fullness, and changed hearing and sensitivity to sound, on the same side (p < 0.005).

Conclusions

Ear symptoms are frequently reported by TMD patients. Concomitant ear symptoms are associated with oral parafunction and muscle pain on palpation on the same side as the ear symptoms.
Fine motor abilities and parental input of spatial features predict object word comprehension of Turkish‐learning children
Authors: Kobaş Mert , Aktan‐Erciyes Aslı , Göksun Tilbe
Published: June 2021

Object word learning can be based on infant‐related factors such as their manual actions and socio‐linguistic factors such as parental input. Specific input for spatial features (i.e., size, shape, features of objects) can be related to object word comprehension in early vocabulary development. In a longitudinal study, we investigated whether fine motor abilities at 14 months and parental input for spatial features at 19 months predicted object word comprehension at 25 months. Twenty‐seven Turkish‐learning children were tested at three time points (Time 1: Mage = 14.4 months, Time 2: Mage = 18.6 months, Time 3: Mage = 25 months). We measured word comprehension through the parental report and fine motor abilities with Mullen at Time 1. We used a puzzle play session to assess parental input for spatial features at Time 2 and a standardized receptive vocabulary test at Time 3. We found that fine motor abilities were related to object word comprehension. However, parental input for spatial features at 19 months predicted object word comprehension at 25 months beyond fine motor abilities at 14 months. Early fine motor abilities and using different words for spatial features may foster infants' visual experiences in play and exploration episodes, leading to better object word learning.
Cluster‐assembled materials: Ordered structures with advanced properties
Authors: Liu Qingda , Wang Xun
Published: June 2021

Cluster‐assembled materials (CAMs) present delicate structures and tailored properties, which have gained extensive interest in recent years. Due to the noncovalent linkage and size of sub‐1 nm, clusters present polymer‐like solution behaviors distinct from conventional nanocrystals, whereby a variety of CAMs with different constructions have been fabricated. To our knowledge, the morphologies and properties of CAMs are closely connected, which are strongly dependent on the structure and coordination state of cluster building blocks. For the CAMs with superior performances, the specific arrangement and surroundings of clusters at subnanometer scale usually result in well‐organized structures. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress of CAMs with highly ordered structures and advanced properties, where polyoxometalate cluster assemblies as well as cluster–nuclei co‐assemblies are involved. The application potentials of CAMs are then discussed, especially on the cluster arrangements and interactions at subnanometer scale. However, current researches are far from reaching the point, and future efforts are needed before the nature of cluster‐based nanostructures can be sufficiently revealed. We hope this article can offer unique insights and instructive understanding to the CAMs.
Impact of supplementation with vitamins B6, B12, and/or folic acid on the reduction of homocysteine levels in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Olaso‐Gonzalez Gloria , Inzitari Marco , Bellelli Giuseppe , Morandi Alessandro , Barcons Núria , Viña José
Published: June 2021

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent predictor of the risk for cognitive decline and may be a result of low levels of vitamins B12, B6, and folate. Previous findings suggest that adequate intake of these vitamins may reduce homocysteine levels. This review aimed to assess the effects of treatment with vitamins B6, B12, and/or folic acid in the homocysteine levels in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A systematic literature review was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE®, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The research question was formulated using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) framework: in patients with MCI (P); what is the efficacy of vitamins B6, B12, and/or folic acid intake (I); compared with baseline values, and/or compared with controls (C); in reducing homocysteine levels from baseline (O). A total of eight primary studies with a total of 1,140 participants were included in the review. Four were randomized controlled trials, one was a quasi‐controlled trial, and three were observational studies. All studies included folic acid in their intervention, seven vitamin B12, and four vitamin B6. Mean (SD) length of the intervention period was 18.8 (19.3) months, ranging from 1 to 60 months. All studies showed a statistically significant decrease in homocysteine levels in groups treated with vitamins B6, B12, and/or folic acid compared to controls, with a mean decline of homocysteine concentration of 31.9% in the intervention arms whereas it increased by 0.7% in the control arm. This review identified evidence of a reduction of plasma homocysteine levels in MCI patients taking vitamins B6, B12, and/or folic acid supplements, with statistically significant declines being observed after 1 month of supplementation. Findings support that supplementation with these vitamins might be an option to reduce homocysteine levels in people with MCI and elevated plasma homocysteine.
Microneedle based adipose derived stem cells‐derived extracellular vesicles therapy ameliorates UV‐induced photoaging in SKH‐1 mice
Authors: Cao Zhi , Jin Shengkai , Wang Peiru , He Qiumin , Yang Yuling , Gao Zhengliang , Wang Xiuli
Published: June 2021

Extracellular vesicles from adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs‐EVs) have shown immunomodulation and anti‐photoaging effects; however, the skin barrier prevents their absorption via skin. Meanwhile, microneedle (MN) is a widely used and minimally invasive tool for dermal delivery of drugs, it also has neocollagenesis effect by creating tiny injuries and initiating wound healing process. To investigate the effect of MN combined with ADSCs‐EVs on skin aging, photoaging in SKH‐1 mice was induced by chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Then the mice were treated following a split‐dorsal scheme, in which one side had MN alone or MN + EVs treatment and the other side was left untreated. For the side treated with MN alone or MN + EVs, the epidermal thickness was decreased and the skin barrier function was enhanced compared with the untreated side. However, MN + EVs group showed the least wrinkles, the highest collagen density and the most organized collagen fibers among the three groups. The level of CD11b + cell infiltration was lower in MN + EVs group than that in the MN group at 3 day after the treatment. These results indicated that MN treatment alone could improve epidermal structure and function of photoaging skin, and a combination with ADSCs‐EVs would accelerate the restoration of inflammation caused by MN and improve the content of collagen. In all, this study indicated that a combination of MN and topical applied ADSCs‐EVs was a feasible and safe strategy to ameliorate photoaging, providing a new avenue for safe administration of EVs.
Exaggerated activities of TRPM7 underlie bupivacaine‐induced neurotoxicity in the SH‐SY5Y cells preconditioned with high glucose
Authors: Dai Shuang‐Hua , Li Ya‐Wen , Hong Qing‐Xiong , Su Tao , Xu Shi‐Yuan
Published: June 2021

Hyperglycemia is considered a risk factor for the enhancement of local anesthetic‐induced neurotoxicity. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), a kinase‐coupled cation channel, has been implicated in a variety of neuropathological processes, including intracellular calcium disturbance and high glucose‐induced neuropathy. In this study, we investigated whether TRPM7‐related pathophysiology is involved in bupivacaine‐induced neurotoxicity in SH‐SY5Y cells and how hyperglycemia acts as a risk factor. For initial neurotoxicity evaluation, it was confirmed that cell damage and apoptosis induced by acute exposure to bupivacaine were dependent on its concentration and glucose preconditioning. High glucose preconditioning facilitated the bupivacaine‐induced fast and temporary rise in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), which was attributed to both calcium influx through TRPM7 and calcium store release. Additionally, bupivacaine was shown to increase TRPM7‐like currents, particularly in cells preconditioned with high glucose. Bupivacaine‐induced neurotoxicity in hyperglycemia was correlated with extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), but not protein kinase B (AKT) activation. Inhibition of TRPM7 and ERK activity alleviates bupivacaine neurotoxicity. These results suggest that therapeutically targeting TRPM7‐related pathophysiological changes could be a potential strategy for treating local anesthetic‐induced neurotoxicity exacerbated by hyperglycemia.
High‐risk health behaviors predict depression among school‐going adolescents: the need for integration of mental health with school health program in India
Authors: Chauhan Pooja A. , Rupani Mihir Prafulbhai
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of depression and to determine whether high‐risk health behaviors were associated with it among school‐going adolescents, thereby assessing the need to integrate mental health services with the school health program. We conducted a cross‐sectional study among 260 adolescents in schools of Bhavnagar city (western India) during January–October 2017. To assess depression, Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) was used and high‐risk health behaviors were assessed by the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) tool. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess whether high‐risk health behaviors were independent predictors of depression. The prevalence of depression was found to be 43%. Among high‐risk health behaviors, adolescents carrying a sharp weapon to the school was the lowest (4%) and not eating breakfast was the highest (88%). On multiple logistic regression, feeling unsafe at school, self‐perception regarding overweight, being a female, not living with both parents in the same house, being unhappy with school performance, having illness/seriously injured, and immediate family member being seriously ill/injured were found to be the significant predictors of depression among the adolescents. There is a need to address mental health issues like depression and high‐risk health behaviors under the school health program through screening interventions.
A systematic review of psycho‐social interventions for individuals with a BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant
Authors: Warner Nikolett Zsuzsanna , Matthews Soraya , Groarke AnnMarie , McSharry Jenny
Published: June 2021

Women with a pathogenic variant in BRCA1/2 genes have up to an 87% lifetime risk of breast cancer and up to a 68% lifetime risk for ovarian cancer. Common risk‐reducing measures include prophylactic surgeries or pharmacological approaches, such as chemoprevention. Psycho‐social issues can arise due to this increased risk, often resulting in heightened distress or anxiety. This review examines the efficacy of interventions aimed at improving psychological adjustment in individuals with a pathogenic variant in BRCA1/2. A Public and Patient Involvement (PPI) Panel of six individuals with a BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant provided input on the terminology used and dissemination of the review. Interventions assessing psychological measures in BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers, published in English, were considered eligible for inclusion. A systematic search strategy was carried out on OVID, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collections, and Scopus. Two independent reviewers conducted screening, data extraction, risk of bias assessments, and theory coding. Findings were reported through narrative synthesis. Of the 1,024 results from searches, fifteen interventions were eligible. Nine of these were randomized controlled trials, six were quasi‐experimental. There was heterogeneity in intervention design, with limited evidence of improvement upon psychological outcome measures. No study was rated as being low risk for bias. Five studies obtained the highest level of risk for bias, the majority of issues arising from problematic outcome measurement. No single study met all criteria on the Theory Coding Scheme, with five studies mentioning a theoretical aspect to intervention design, of which three employed a middle‐range theory only. Some studies demonstrated a longitudinal impact on outcomes, however, there is insufficient evidence to draw broad conclusions from this. Further research is needed to better develop interventions to support those with a pathogenic variant in BRCA1/2 throughout their coping experience.
Multi‐beam steered harmonic pattern synthesis in timed antenna array with optimized and pre‐defined RF switching
Authors: Ram Gopi
Published: June 2021

Optimal harmonic beam steering of the time‐modulated linear antenna array (TMLAA) with optimized and pre‐defined ON and OFF switching schemes are proposed in this work. Three different approaches are considered to obtain various beam steering behaviors of TMLAA. The first approach is considered for the optimization of ON–OFF switching sequence for the steering of the harmonic beams toward approximately ±30° along with the simultaneous reduction of side lobe level (SLL) and side band level (SBL). Second approach is considered for the optimization of ON–OFF switching sequence for the steering of the harmonic beams toward approximately ±30° and ±60° simultaneously. Third approach is considered for the optimal reduction of SLL and SBL of harmonically steered beams for a pre‐defined ON–OFF switching scheme. Two unique cost function is proposed in this work to achieve the optimal parameter for above mentioned three different approaches. The first cost function is used for the optimization of Ton and Toff switching sequence and antenna element spacing of the array. These optimal values will lead to steer the main beam of first positive and negative harmonic radiation from the main beam of the fundamental radiation pattern and reduce SLL and SBL simultaneously. Second cost function deals with the optimization of excitation amplitude and distance between any two consecutive antennas of the array. These optimal values lead to reducing the SLL and SBL simultaneously harmonically steered beam obtained by pre‐defined Ton and Toff switching sequence. Optimization algorithm applied to get the optimal value of the variable parameters is Novel Particle Swarm Optimization. Further to explain the stated proposed approach, four different sets of 10‐, 16‐, 20‐, 32‐element TMLAA are taken as an example. Some of the simulation results are validated through electromagnetic simulator to validate the result obtained by MATLAB.
Effect of pharmacist education and intervention on ketorolac prescribing in an emergency department
Authors: O’Brien Michael E. , Fuh Lanting , White Benjamin A. , Bowman Jason K. , Hayes Bryan D.
Published: June 2021

Background

Pharmacists serve many important roles within the emergency department (ED) and frequently provide education on medications to clinicians and patients. Following a study that demonstrated a potential “analgesic ceiling” effect with ketorolac and suggested that doses lower than 30 mg IV may be effective, we implemented a reduced‐dose ketorolac pathway in our institution’s ED.

Aim

To assess the impact pharmacist education and on‐shift, active interventions had on ED clinicians' IV ketorolac prescribing habits.

Method

This was a retrospective, quasi‐experimental study conducted to evaluate the effect of a brief pharmacist‐led educational email intervention on ketorolac prescribing habits within an ED at a large, academic medical center. All orders of IV ketorolac for adult patients in the ED 180 days prior to and following the educational email were included in the analysis.

Results

Prior to the educational effort, 30 mg IV doses of ketorolac were most frequently ordered (n = 1772). However, following the educational effort, significantly fewer orders were for the 30 mg dose (n = 718) and the majority of orders were for 15 mg IV (n = 2081; p < 0.00001), consistent with the teaching from the intervention.

Conclusion

In this study, a significant prescribing practice change was facilitated by pharmacist‐led email education supported by on‐shift active guidance for clinicians by pharmacists.
Lake snow caused by the invasive diatom Lindavia intermedia can be discriminated from different sites and from other algae using vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Ahmmed Fatema , Fraser‐Miller Sara J. , Garagoda Arachchige Piumika Samanali , Schallenberg Marc , Novis Phil , Gordon Keith C.
Published: June 2021

Lake snow refers to mucilaginous suspended material in lakes comprising of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and other components. The present study employed Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to discriminate lake snow produced by the diatom Lindavia intermedia from different lakes (Wānaka, Wakatipu and Hāwea) in New Zealand and from mucilaginous samples associated with other algae. It is possible to distinguish algal material including extracellular polymeric substances produced by L. intermedia and the genera Didymosphenia, Zygnema, Spirogyra and Nostoc. Furthermore, the study also explored the use of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative detection of lake snow suspended in a water column using partial least squares regression (PLSR). Thirty‐three (33) samples (lake snow, 21; Didymosphenia, 3; Zygnema, 3; Spirogyra, 3; Nostoc, 3) were analysed using Raman and IR spectroscopy. The data analysis was carried out through support vector machine (SVM) and principal component analysis–linear discriminate analysis (PCA–LDA)‐based classification methods. The SVM classification model provided better accuracy (100%) in species discrimination for both the calibration and full cross‐validation sets compared to the accuracy (92%) obtained by the PCA–LDA model. The PCA analysis separated lake snow based on both sampling location and sampling depth. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was constructed using different dilutions (0.0001 to 0.0284 mg/ml) of lake snow suspension with two different spectral preprocessing methods (PP1, smoothing + SNV transformation; PP2, smoothing + RBC + SNV transformation) to investigate the ability of 1064 nm Raman in the quantification of suspended algal loading in the water column. The PLSR analysis with PP1 (smoothing + SNV transformation) demonstrated a better correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.94 with lower RMSEcv of 0.2% compared to PP2 (R2, 0.71; RMSEcv, 0.5%). Overall, the present study demonstrated the potential for Raman and IR spectroscopy to detect and distinguish differences within lake snow samples.
A NormalizedHydrophilic–LipophilicDeviation ExpressionHLDNIs Necessary to Avoid Confusion Close to the Optimum Formulation ofSurfactant‐Oil–WaterSystems
Authors: Salager Jean Louis
Published: June 2021

The physicochemical conditions to attain a minimum interfacial tension between oil and water were intensively studied in the 1970s when the chemical‐enhanced oil recovery became an emergency with the increase in petroleum cost. Correlations between the formulation variables (salinity, oil nature, surfactant and co‐surfactant nature, temperature, and pressure) required to attain a minimum interfacial tension or a three‐phase behavior, so‐called optimum formulation, were related to the chemical potential concept in the late 1970s. They were then transformed in a generalized hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) expression in 2000. Some confusion in the ranking and classification of the surfactant parameters with different scales has occurred in recent years. The aim here is to propose a normalized HLDNexpression with the alkane carbon number (ACN) variable scale to clear up the current misunderstanding in the use of different HLD expressions. The use of a single HLDNexpression for all systems improves the prediction of formulation effects, but does not eliminate the limitations due to the partitioning of species in surfactant mixtures.
Identification of sensory properties driving consumers' liking of commercially available kale and arugula
Authors: Barker Sophie , Moss Rachael , McSweeney Matthew B
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Kale and arugula are leafy green vegetables whose sensory properties have not been extensively explored. The objective was to assess the sensory properties and consumer acceptability of commercially available kale and arugula while also discovering drivers of consumer liking and barriers to consumer acceptance. Descriptive analysis and consumer testing were completed. The trained panellists (n = 11) were trained for 15 h to evaluate 11 sensory properties relating to the aroma, taste and texture of the kale and arugula. The consumer testing (n = 108) evaluated the leafy greens for overall liking and their liking of taste, aroma, texture and appearance.

RESULTS

Results were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey's HSD and external preference mapping. Approximately half of the attributes for the kale samples were found to be significantly different. Similarly, significant differences in sensory properties were found in most of the arugula samples. Consumers liked the kale and arugula varieties that were sweet and nutty. Also, they preferred arugula that was described as spicy.

CONCLUSION

The majority of consumers preferred sweet and nutty leafy greens. Organic growing methods did not affect consumer liking; however, organic labels do positively affect hedonic ratings of a consumer's overall liking of the product. This study also identified that ‘Baby’ leafy greens are well liked by consumers, and this area of produce should be expanded. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Understanding the philosophy of tourism education: A perspective study in Turkey
Authors: Kırlar‐Can Burçin , Ertaş Mehmet , Kozak Metin
Published: June 2021

Although tourism is an industry‐driven discipline, its philosophical roots are inseparable in education. The nature of tourism, expectations of each stakeholder – industry, tourists, academia, students, educators, society – and managerial attitudes of universities in general and tourism schools in particular, make it controversial to design a flawless education system for the interest of all parties. Based on educational philosophies, this study aims to reveal the perspectives of academics on ontological and epistemological dimensions by seeking answers to the objective, role, responsibility, and problems of tourism education. The study applies content analysis as a qualitative research method. Data were collected among 30 tourism academics with at least a PhD through an unstructured online form. Results demonstrate that tourism faculties in Turkey had a symbolic or superficial structural change in recent years. Tourism academics espoused an eclectic approach, prioritizing the role of educators as well as a vocational curriculum. Results also reveal that tourism education has encountered various problems arising from intellectual resources and physical resources, managerial policies, and institutional changes.
Home country bias in academic publishing: A case study of the New England Journal of Medicine
Authors: Zhu Haoran
Published: June 2021

This study examined home country bias in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Bibliographic information of publications in the NEJM from 2000 to 2019 was collected as data. Bibliometric analyses were performed to investigate the number of papers with one or more US‐based authors in the NEJM and compare this to other journals. Citation counts of US‐based and non‐US papers were calculated and compared. The results show that US‐based papers account for 65.44% of the NEJM papers, and the US share of the NEJM papers has remained stable in the examined years whereas in other journals the percentage decreased. More importantly, US‐based papers in the NEJM display significantly lower research impact compared with non‐US papers. The results suggest that US‐based papers are favoured by the NEJM and a home country bias may exist in the publication process of the journal.