bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional interactions between mRNA turnover and surveillance and the ubiquitin proteasome system
Authors: Brooks Seth A.
Published: May 2010

The proteasome is a critical regulator of protein levels within the cell and is essential for maintaining homeostasis. A functional proteasome is required for effective mRNA surveillance and turnover. During transcription, the proteasome localizes to sites of DNA breaks, degrading RNA polymerase II and terminating transcription. For fully transcribed and processed messages, cytoplasmic surveillance is initiated with the pioneer round of translation. The proteasome is recruited to messages bearing premature termination codons, which trigger nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD), as well as messages lacking a termination codon, which trigger nonstop decay, to degrade the aberrant protein produced from these messages. A number of proteins involved in mRNA translation are regulated in part by proteasome‐mediated decay, including the initiation factors eIF4G, eIF4E, and eIF3a, and the poly(A)‐binding protein (PABP) interacting protein, Paip2. eIF4E‐BP (4E‐BP) is differentially regulated by the proteasome: truncated to generate a protein with higher eIF4B binding or completely degraded, depending on its phosphorylation status. Finally, a functional proteasome is required for AU‐rich‐element (ARE)‐mediated decay but the specific role the proteasome plays is unclear. There is data indicating the proteasome can bind to AREs, act as an endonuclease, and degrade ARE‐binding proteins. How these events interact with the 5′‐to‐3′ and 3′‐to‐5′ decay pathways is unclear at this time; however, data is provided indicating that proteasomes colocalize with Xrn1 and the exosome RNases Rrp44 and Rrp6 in untreated HeLa cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability

Translation > Translation Mechanisms
BaNi2Ge and Ca4Ni4Ge3 – Two layered Structures with $\rm ^2_\infty$[Ni2Ge] and, $\rm ^2_\infty$[Ni4Ge3] Networks
Authors: Siggelkow Lisa , Hlukhyy Viktor , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: May 2010

The intermetallic compounds BaNi2Ge and Ca4Ni4Ge3 were prepared by melting stoichiometric amounts of the elements in welded tantalum ampoules in an induction furnace. The compounds were investigated by both powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in own structure types, BaNi2Ge with space group Pmmn, a = 6.6935(5) Å, b = 4.1571(5) Å, c = 5.9498(7) Å, wR2 = 0.043, 292 F2 values, 16 variable parameters; Ca4Ni4Ge3 with space group Cmcm, a = 4.1824(8) Å, b = 10.415(2) Å, c = 19.864(4) Å, wR2 = 0.061, 541 F2 values, 38 variable parameters., The chemical bonding of these compounds is discussed in terms of TB‐LMTO‐ASA calculations and a topological analysis of the Electron Localization Function (ELF).
1‐Amino‐2‐fluoromonocarba‐closo‐dodecaborates: K[1‐H2N‐2‐F‐closo‐1‐CB11H10] and [Et4N][1‐H2N‐2‐F‐closo‐1‐CB11I10]
Authors: Finze Maik , Sprenger Jan A. P.
Published: May 2010

The potassium salt of the [1‐H2N‐2‐F‐closo‐1‐CB11H10]– anion (1) was obtained from an insertion reaction of Li3[7‐H2N‐nido‐7‐CB10H10] with BF3·OEt2. Anion 1 was protonated to the neutral species 1‐H3N‐2‐F‐closo‐1‐CB11H10 (H1) and it was iodinated with ICl to the [1‐H2N‐2‐F‐closo‐1‐CB11I10]– anion (2). All species were characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis. The structure of H1·(CH3)2CO was studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and the experimentally determined bond lengths are compared to values derived from density functional calculations.
Synthesis, Biological Study and Complexation Behavior of Some Anionic Schiff Base Amphiphiles
Authors: Abdel‐Salam Fatma H.
Published: May 2010

A novel series of anionic Schiff base amphiphiles were synthesized. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated using different spectroscopic tools. The surface and thermodynamic properties of the prepared Schiff bases were studied using classical measurements including surface and interfacial tensions. The surface parameters of these compounds, e.g., surface tension, critical micelle concentration, effectiveness, efficiency, maximum surface excess, minimum surface area, and interfacial activity showed their good surface activity. Their thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization including free energy change of micellization and adsorption showed their tendency toward adsorption at the interfaces and also micelle formation at lower concentrations. The complexation behavior of the synthesized Schiff bases were study through the interaction of the Schiff base (IIIa; SBSD) with nickel chloride hexahydrate. All synthesized compounds in addition to NiCl2·6H2O and Ni Schiff Base complex have been evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The results of the biocidal activities showed high potent action of (Ni‐IIIa; Ni‐SBSD) complex more than Schiff base IIIa; SBSD.
Medium‐ and Long‐Chain Triacylglycerols Reduce Body Fat and Blood Triacylglycerols in Hypertriacylglycerolemic, Overweight but not Obese, Chinese Individuals
Authors: Zhang Yuehong , Liu Yinghua , Wang Jin , Zhang Rongxin , Jing Hongjiang , Yu Xiaoming , Zhang Yong , Xu Qin , Zhang Jieying , Zheng Zixin , Nosaka Naohisa , Arai Chie , Kasai Michio , Aoyama Toshiaki , Wu Jian , Xue Changyong
Published: May 2010

In contrast to the consumption of long‐chain triacylglycerols (LCT), consumption of medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) reduces the body fat and blood triacylglycerols (TAG) level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese individuals. These responses may be affected by BMI because of obesity‐induced insulin resistance. We aimed to compare the effects of consuming MLCT or LCT on reducing body fat and blood TAG level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects with different ranges of BMI. Employing a double‐blind, randomized and controlled protocol, 101 hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects (including 67 men and 34 women) were randomly allocated to ingest 25–30 g/day MLCT or LCT oil as the only cooking oil for 8 consecutive weeks. Anthropometric measurements of body weight, BMI, body fat, WC, HC, blood biochemical variables, and subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area in the abdomen were measured at week 0 and 8. As compared to subjects with BMI 24–28 kg/m2 in the LCT group, corresponding subjects in the MLCT group showed significantly greater decrease in body weight, BMI, body fat, WC, ratio of WC to HC, total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen, as well as blood TAG and LDL‐C levels at week 8. Based upon our results, consumption of MLCT oil may reduce body weight, body fat, and blood TAG and LDL‐C levels in overweight hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects but may not induce these changes in normal or obese hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects.
Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Cyprinus carpio var. Jian Regarding Growth, Immunity, and Disease Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Jiang Jun , Zhao Ming‐jiang , Lin Feng , Yang Liu , Zhou Xiao‐qiu
Published: May 2010

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the growth performance, immune parameters and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of juvenile Jian carp. A total of 900 juvenile Jian carp (10.71 ± 0.02 g) were randomly allocated into six groups of each three replicates, feeding isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isolipidic (7.8% crude fat) diets containing graded amounts of CLA (0, 0.5, 0.8, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0%) for 60 days. After a 60‐day growth test, a challenge trial was conducted by intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas hydrophila to determine the effect of CLA on disease resistance of juvenile Jian carp. The results showed that diets incorporated with a proportion of up to 2.0% CLA without effect on weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, but improved immune parameters and disease resistance of juvenile Jian carp. The dietary CLA level of optimal disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila was estimated to be 1.7% in juvenile Jian carp using broken‐line analysis.
Effect of Operating Parameters on Oil and Phenolic Extraction Using Supercritical CO2
Authors: Li Haiyan , Wu Jun , Rempel Curtis B. , Thiyam Usha
Published: May 2010

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide was used to extract oil from canola press cake. Different operating conditions, e.g. pressure, temperature, and co‐solvent % were investigated to optimize extraction parameters to yield canola meal with <4% oil. The residual oil content in the extracted canola meal reduced to 2.1–2.9% in our experimental trials. Residues of the optimum conditions based on oil yield were compared for the total phenolic content and the main phenolic compounds. Sinapine (the choline ester of sinapic acid) was the major phenolic constituent in both the SFE and n‐hexane extracted canola meals and press cakes. n‐Hexane extracted residues showed the retention of the highest sinapic acid, sinapine, sinapoyl glucose and total phenolic contents (mg/g) while the SF‐extracted residues showed the lowest values for these compounds.
Effects of Seed Color and Growing Locations on Fatty Acid Content and Composition of Two Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Genotypes
Authors: Ayerza Ricardo
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed coat color on oil content and fatty acid composition, as well as the effect of different growing areas on chemical variation. This study was carried out using white and black‐spotted chia seeds grown together at five locations of Ecuador. Oil content was not significantly (P < 0.05) different for any of the comparative analyses performed between white and black‐spotted seeds at all, although significant differences in oil content among locations were detected. The seeds from the San Pablo location showed the highest oil concentration (34.5%). No significant differences among fatty acids at any of the location were detected between white and black‐spotted seeds; however, significant differences in fatty acids composition between sites were found. Overall, significant (P < 0.05) differences in palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and α‐linolenic fatty acid compositions among oils from seeds grown in different locations were detected. In conclusion, this paper shows that the larger differences found in oil content and fatty acid composition are due to location (because of the environmental differences) rather than chia seed coat color.
Exploring the Potential of Immunohistochemistry to Identify Renal Oncocytoma
Authors: Ray Eleanor R. , Goodwill Joe , Chandra Ashish , O'Brien Tim S.
Published: May 2010

Objective:

To determine the potential for a novel immunohistochemistry panel to accurately distinguish oncocytoma from other renal tumour subtypes.

Material and methods:

Forty renal tumours removed by surgery between 2000 and 2006 in a single tertiary referral centre in the UK were studied retrospectively. Paraffin blocks from 10 each of oncocytoma, papillary RCC, clear cell RCC and chromophobe RCC were examined. The tumours were tested using a panel of antibodies comprising CK7, CK18, CD15, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and EpCAM. The primary outcome measure was the number of each tumour type staining positively with each marker. The immunohistochemistry marker was considered to be positive if more than 10% of the tumour cells stained positively. No staining or focal staining (<10% of the tumour cells) was considered a negative test.

Results:

CK7, CD15 and EpCAM were able to distinguish between renal oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC: no oncocytoma stained with either CK7 or EpCAM, however 7/10 (70%) stained positive for CD15. Conversely, 8/10 (80%) chromophobe RCC stained positive with CK7 and EpCAM but none stained for CD15.

Conclusions:

In this preliminary study the immunohistochemistry panel shows promise in differentiating between renal oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC. The panel deserves prospective evaluation on needle biopsy specimens.
Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and generalised toxoplasmosis in a cat with neurological signs
Authors: Spada Eva , Proverbio Daniela , Giudice Chiara , DiGiancamillo Mauro , Lodi Matteo , Perego Roberta
Published: May 2010

A 12-year-old female neutered cat presented with acute onset unilateral vestibular syndrome, a spontaneous cutaneous wound, polyuria, polydipsia, and diabetes mellitus. Hyperadrenocorticism was demonstrated by means of hyper-responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, elevated urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio, bilaterally enlarged adrenal glands on abdominal ultrasound, and pituitary enlargement on computed tomography imaging. The cat was euthanased and post-mortem histological examination revealed feline skin fragility syndrome; confirmed a pituitary cromophobe macroadenoma; and generalised toxoplasmosis with tachyzoites in the pancreas, bowel and brain. This report is the first to describe the concurrence of macroadenoma pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and generalised toxoplasmosis in a cat with central vestibular syndrome.
Thermal and Electric Energy Fields by Noninvasive Monopolar Capacitive‐Coupled Radiofrequency: Temperatures Achieved and Histological Outcomes in Tendons and Ligaments
Authors: Whipple Terry , Villegas Diana
Published: May 2010

Objective

To determine whether noninvasive monopolar capacitive‐coupled radiofrequency (mcRF) can produce energy and thermal fields capable of breaking‐down collagen molecules in deep connective structures without damaging untargeted tissues as evidenced by temperatures achieved and histological outcomes.

Design

Basic science study on fresh untreated cadaveric specimens.

Setting

Orthopaedic Research of Virginia (Institutional).

Methods

Two upper and two lower extremities from cadaveric specimens were obtained for the study. Anatomical structures were surgically exposed. Fluoroptic thermometers were implanted into the mid‐substance of the targeted structures as well as in the skin above the structures to be studied. mcRF pulses were delivered to the area of interest, and temperatures were recorded every second. Multiple samples of tissue from each treatment site and stage of treatment were harvested for analysis.

Outcome Measures

Outcomes were evaluated by temperature changes in response to energy fields, multiobserver histological analysis under regular and polarized light, and direct observation of the tissues in the areas exposed to RF energy.

Results

Temperatures recorded at the targeted structures reached above 50°C, as evidenced by the implanted thermometers. Histological analysis under regular and polarized light evidenced a progressive pattern of collagen denaturation that correlated well with temperatures recorded.

Conclusion

This study established a direct relationship between noninvasive mcRF energy and temperatures recorded in deep structures (P < .001). Histological examination under regular and polarized light suggested that collagen changes are dose related. No evidence of damage to the nontargeted structures or to the tissue superficial to targeted structures was observed. As it has been demonstrated in survival animal studies, it is anticipated that the outcome of the changes induced in collagen fibers would trigger a desirable wound healing response. These findings can provide a meaningful context to the ongoing clinical use of mcRF.
The future of housing systems after the transition – The case of the Czech Republic
Authors: Lux Martin , Sunega Petr
Published: May 2010

The article attempts to answer the question about the future of housing system in the Czech Republic. As other transition countries, the Czech Republic underwent the substantial reform of housing system leading to the change in tenure structure in favour of owner-occupied housing. The authors discuss the basis and implicit aspects of tenure reform. The change in tenure structure was more gradual than in most other transition countries and together with other specific conditions it gave the chance to rental housing becoming a real alternative to homeownership tenure in the future. Using the results from several attitude surveys and unique experiment, the authors tried to find out whether there is any chance of deviating from the path leading towards a housing system unilaterally based on home ownership tenure. The empirical results, however, show that people’s tenure preferences remain strongly skewed in favour of owner-occupation.
Synthetic technocracy: Dutch scientific intellectuals in science, society and culture, 1880–1950
Authors: BANEKE DAVID
Published: May 2010

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, changing social and cultural climates challenged the position of scientists in Western society. Ringer and Harwood have described how scientists reacted by adopting either pragmatist or ‘comprehensive’ styles of thought. In this article, I will show how a group of Dutch intellectuals, including many scientists, came up with an alternative approach to the dilemmas of modernity, and eventually became influential in shaping Dutch society. They combined elements of both styles into what I call a ‘synthetic technocrat’ ideology, a reaction against intellectual and political fragmentation. These ideas were often combined with pleas for educational reform, culminating in a plea for gebildete Tatkraft. I will analyse the development of the synthetic technocrat movement from the late nineteenth century into the 1940s. During this period, the movement became increasingly political in nature, but in a radically different way to comparable movements in other countries, especially Germany.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE TO THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE
Authors: Lenaerts Koen
Published: May 2010

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the European Court of Justice's (‘ECJ’) past and present contribution— both procedurally and substantively—to the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. While it is too early to speculate what the ECJ's contribution to this area will be under the provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force on 1 December 2009, the latter's modifications to the ECJ's jurisdiction merit close attention. After describing how the procedural limitations that were imposed on the ECJ's jurisdiction by ex Title IV of Part Three of the EC Treaty and by ex Title VI of the old EU Treaty have been almost entirely eliminated by the Treaty of Lisbon, this article posits that not only does the latter Treaty improve significantly the judicial protection of private individuals, but it also facilitates the dialogue between the Union and the national judiciaries in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. Next, the article briefly explores the special ECJ procedures which may be followed in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in cases where time is of the essence. There, it is argued that, when having recourse to these procedures, the ECJ strives to strike the right balance between, on the one hand, swift judging and, on the other hand, the preservation of a qualitative and fair judicial procedure. As to substantive issues, drawing on examples from the fields of judicial cooperation in civil matters, asylum and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, it is argued that the ECJ's contribution to this area is largely grounded in the protection of fundamental rights. Finally, a brief conclusion supports the contention that the ECJ's contribution to the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice has favoured a ‘mutual borrowing’ of concepts and principles as between this area and other fields in relation to which the EU has competences, such as the internal market and competition. The Treaty of Lisbon having entered into force, an unprecedented level of coordination between different areas of EU law on both the procedural and substantive levels is to take place. Respect for fundamental rights will definitely be a unifying factor binding them all together.
A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OFJIHAD
Authors: Bakircioglu Onder
Published: May 2010

Since many offensive and defensive wars or acts of terrorism, such as the atrocities of 11 September in the United States and the July 2005 bombings in London, are committed under the banner of Islam and the duty ofjihad, it is important to shed some light upon the Islamic laws of war in general, and the controversial concept ofjihadin particular. This article traces the origins of, and rationale for, the use of force within the Islamic tradition, and assesses the meaning and evolution of the contentious concept ofjihadwithin its historical context. Following an analysis of the opposing doctrinal views on the potential implications ofjihad, the study argues that the concept ofjihadshould not be interpreted literally, but be adjusted in accordance with new historical and international conditions, and conducted by peaceful means, rather than by the sword.
The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES): Validation of the Short Form in an Elderly French Population
Authors: Bailly Nathalie , Roussiau Nicolas
Published: May 2010

L’objectif de notre étude était de valider en langue française l’échelle des expériences de spiritualité quotidienne (EESQ) auprès d’une population âgée française. Deux études ont été menées afin d’examiner les propriétés psychométriques de l’EESQ. Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle (Etude 1–2) et de l’analyse factorielle confirmatoire (Etude 2) ont mis en évidence l’unidimensionnalité de l’échelle. La fidélité interne (Etude 1–2) ainsi que la fidélité temporelle (Etude 2) sont satisfaisantes. Comme prévu, des scores élevés ont été mis en corrélation avec la satisfaction de vie et l’évaluation de sa santé. En revanche, aucune corrélation n’a été mise en évidence avec la dépression. Cette étude préliminaire met en évidence les bonnes propriétés psychométriques de l’EESQ et semble être un bon outil d’investigation pour tous les chercheurs et professionnels intéressés par le maintien et la promotion du bien-être et de la spiritualité chez les âgés.
Pushing the envelope: Looking beyond the variable context
Authors: Aaron Jessi Elana
Published: May 2010

However the variable context is defined, it is standard variationist practice to exclude tokens outside this context from further quantitative analyses. The role of occurrences of forms in contexts that lie outside the shared space of grammaticizing constructions in variation, ranging from highly infrequent occurrences to vast and diverse territories, has yet to be adequately explored. Spanish Synthetic Future (SF) in epistemic contexts does not overlap functionally with Spanish Periphrastic Future (PF). Four Goldvarb analyses of SF-PF variation since 1600, alongside quantitative analysis of epistemic SF, reveal an intimate relationship. Beyond a parallel rise in frequency of PF and epistemic SF, a connection between epistemic SF patterns and SF-PF variation is found in shifts in relative magnitudes of effect. It is argued that quantitative analysis of frequently occurring contexts that falloutsidethe envelope of variation may provide valuable explanatory insight regarding diachronic shiftswithinthe variable context.
Sub-Gaussian Tails for the Number of Triangles inG(n, p)
Authors: WOLFOVITZ GUY
Published: May 2010

LetXbe the random variable that counts the number of triangles in the binomial random graphG(n, p). We show that for some positive constantc, the probability thatXdeviates from its expectation by at least λVar(X)1/2is at moste−cλ2, providedp=o(1), λ = ω($\sqrt{\ln n}$) and λ ≤ (n3p3+n4p5)1/6.
Astronomy and World Heritage
Authors: Ruggles Clive
Published: May 2010

UNESCO's World Heritage List http://whc.unesco.org/en/list exists to help identify, protect and preserve sites and landscapes that are considered to be of outstanding universal value to humankind. This means that their significance reaches beyond national and cultural boundaries, and (if our attempts at preservation are successful) will remain as a source of inspiration for many generations into the future.
Astronomy in Brazil
Authors: Kepler S. O.
Published: May 2010

Astronomy in Brazil grew to around 500 astronomers in the last 30 years and is producing around 200 papers per year in refereed journals. Brazilian astronomers are participating in several international collaborations and the development of instrumentation is on the rise.
CHAPTER VI: REPORTS ON DIVISION, COMMISSION and WORKING GROUP MEETINGS
Authors: Vondrak Jan , McCarthy Dennis D. , Fukushima Toshio , Fukushima Toshio , Kaplan George H. , Burns Joseph A. , Knezevic Zoran , Kumkova Irina I. , Evans Daffyd W. , Brzezinski Aleksander , Ma Chopo , Defraigne Pascale , Manchester Richard N. , Klioner Sergei A. , Petit Gerard
Published: May 2010

There were four 1.5-hour sessions of Division I business meetings during the XXVIIth IAU General Assembly. The first three were devoted to the reports of Commissions, Working Groups and services associated with the Division, discussion about plans for the next triennium and future structure of the Division. Scientific presentations on the future space astrometric mission Gaia were made at the fourth session.
COMMISSION 4: EPHEMERIDES
Authors: Fukushima Toshio , Kaplan George H. , Krasinsky George A. , Arlot Jean-Eudes , Bangert John A. , Hohenkerk Catherine , Lara Martin , Pitjeva Elena V. , Urban Sean E. , Vondrak Jan
Published: May 2010

Dr. George Kaplan, the current Vice-President of the Commission was nominated to be the new President. Dr. Catherine Hohenkerk was elected to be the next Vice-President of the Commission. As for the Membership of the Organizing Committee, Dr. Vondrak stepped down and Drs William Folkner of JPL and Steve Bell of HMNAO have been added. In the below, we present summaries of the reports from various institutions presented at the business session.
COMMISSION 7: CELESTIAL MECHANICS AND DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY
Authors: Burns Joseph A. , Knežević Zoran , Milani Andrea , Athanassoula Evangelia , Beaugé Cristián , Érdi Bálint , Lematre Anne , Maciejewski Andrzej , Malhotra Renu , Morbidelli Alessandro , Peale Stanton J. , Sidlichovský Miloš , Vokrouhlický David , Zhou Ji-Lin
Published: May 2010

The meeting began at 11:00 am with a brief address by outgoing president Burns highlighting the most relevant advances in Celestial Mechanics that occurred in the last 3 years.
Commission 19: ROTATION OF THE EARTH
Authors: Brzeziński Aleksander , Ma Chopo , Dehant Véronique , Defraigne Pascale , Dickey Jean O. , Huang Cheng-Li , Souchay Jean , Vondrák Jan , Charlot Patrick , Richter Bernd , Schuh Harald
Published: May 2010

The IAU Commission 19 meeting during the XXVII IAU General Assembly in Rio de Janeiro was held on Wednesday 5 August 2009, sessions 3 (14:00–15:30) and 4 (16:00–17:30). It was attended by about 40 participants. The meeting was split into three sessions.
DIVISION II: SUN and HELIOSPHERE
Authors: Melrose Donald B. , Martinez Pillet Valentin , Webb David F. , Bougeret Jean-Louis , Klimchuk James A. , Kosovichev Alexander , van Driel-Gesztelyi Lidia , von Steiger Rudolf
Published: May 2010

This report is on activities of the Division at the General Assembly in Rio de Janeiro. Summaries of scientific activities over the past triennium have been published in Transactions A, see Melrose et al. (2008), Klimchuk et al. (2008), Martinez Pillet et al. (2008) and Bougeret et al. (2008). The business meeting of the three Commissions were incorporated into the business meeting of the Division. This report is based in part on minutes of the business meeting, provided by the Secretary of the Division, Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi, and it also includes reports provided by the Presidents of the Commissions (C10, C12, C49) and of the Working Groups (WGs) in the Division.
COMMISSION 16: PHYSICAL STUDY OF PLANETS & SATELLITES
Authors: McGrath Melissa A. , Lemmon Mark T. , Courtin Regis , Lara Luisa M. , Kim Sang Joon , Ksanfomality Leonid V. , Morrison David , Tejfel Viktor G. , Yanamandra-Fisher Padma A.
Published: May 2010

The Business Meeting of IAU Commission 16 was held at the General Assembly in Rio de Janeiro on August 13, 2009. The meeting was called to order at 9:15am by Commission President, Régis Courtin, with 12 members present. Commission 16 now has 312 members, up from 271 at the last General Assembly. It is now the third largest Commission in Division III, after Commission 15 and Commission 51.
COMMISSION 20: POSITIONS AND MOTIONS OF MINOR PLANETS, COMETS AND SATELLITES
Authors: Fernandez Julio A. , Yoshikawa Makoto , Valsecchi Giovanni B. , Chesley Steve , Chernetenko Yulia , Gilmore Alan , Lazzaro Daniela , Muinonen Karri , Pravec Petr , Spahr Tim , Tholen Dave , Ticha Jana , Zhu Jin
Published: May 2010

We have for this General Assembly 25 new applications for C20 membership, which represents about 10% increase with respect to the total number of members. We are very satisfied with the increase rate of our commission membership, which reflects the high degree of activity in our field. Nevertheless we note that there are not many people involved in the commission business.
COMMISSION 29: STELLAR SPECTRA
Authors: Piskunov Nikolai , Cunha Katia , Parthasarathy Mudumba , Aoki Wako , Asplund Martin , Bohlender David , Carpenter Kenneth , Melendez Jorge , Parthasarathy Mudumba , Rossi Silvia , Smith Verne , Soderblom David , Wahlgren Glenn
Published: May 2010

The business meeting was attended by 23 members of the Commission. The meeting started at 16:00 a short report of the activities during the triennium 2006-2009. The focus of the activities was the sharing of expertise between spectroscopic techniques in various areas of astronomical research. In particular, the progress in instrumentation, detectors, data reduction, data analysis and archiving. The second activity was the analysis of to IAU meeting proposals followed by recommendations for improvements and eventually support. The sponsored symposia included Sponsoring symposia The Ages of Stars and The Disk Galaxy Evolution in the Cosmological Context. The Commission was also disseminating information about the Commission activities and relevant meetings to the Commission members. In this respect the Commission web page is playing a crucial role.
COMMISSION 36: THEORY OF STELLAR ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Asplund Martin , Puls Joachim , Landstreet John , Prieto Carlos Allende , Ayres Thomas , Berdyugina Svetlana , Gustafsson Bengt , Hubeny Ivan , Ludwig Hans Günter , Mashonkina Lyudmila , Randich Sofia
Published: May 2010

The members of the Commission 36 Organizing Committee attending the IAU General Assembly in Rio de Janeiro met for a business session on August 7. Both members from the previous (2006–2009) and the new (2009–2012) Organizing Committee partook in the discussions. Past president John Landstreet described the work he had done over the past three years in terms of supporting proposed conferences on the topic. He has also spent significant amount of time establishing an updated mailing list of all >350 members of the commission, which is unfortunately not provided automatically by the IAU. Such a list is critical for a rapid dissemination of information to the commission members and for a correct and smooth running of elections of IAU officials. Everyone present thanked John effusively for all of his hard work over the past three years to stimulate a high level of activity within the discipline.
COMMISSION 45: STELLAR CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Giridhar Sunetra , Gray Richard , Corbally Christopher , Bailer-Jones Coryn , Eyer Laurent , Irwin Michael J. , Kirkpatrick Davy , Majewski Steve , Minitti Dante , Nordström Birgitta
Published: May 2010

The business meeting of Commission 45 was held on Friday, 7 August. It was attended by the Vice-President of the Commission (who chaired the meeting in the absence of the President) as well as nine other members of the Commission. Attendance was limited, as usual, by the unavoidable occurrence of parallel sessions.
COMMISSION 33: STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE GALACTIC SYSTEM
Authors: Gerhard Ortwin , Wyse Rosemary F. , Whitelock Patricia A. , Efremov Yuri N. , Evans Wyn , Flynn Chris , Grindlay Jonathan E. , Nordström Birgitta , Yuan Chi
Published: May 2010

Commission 33 held its business session in the afternoon of Friday 7 August 2009. The president briefly described developments during the previous months. A short discussion followed about the activities of the Commission and whether it should play a more active role in view of the many on-going surveys relevant to the subject of the Galaxy.
DIVISION VIII: GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE
Authors: Okamura Sadanori , Sadler Elaine , Bertola Francesco , Birkinshaw Mark , Combes Françoise , Davies Roger L. , Padmanabhan Thanu , Webster Rachel
Published: May 2010

The business meeting of Division VIII was held on 12 August 2009 14:00-15:00 in room R2.6 together with the business meeting of Commissions 28 and 47.
DIVISION IX: OPTICAL & INFRARED TECHNIQUES
Authors: Quirrenbach Andreas , Silva David R. , Kudritzki Rolf-Peter , Burton Michael G. , Cui Xiangqun , McLean Ian S. , Milone Eugene F. , Murthy Jayant , Ridgway Stephen T. , Tautvaišiene Gražina , Tokovinin Andrei A. , Torres Guillermo
Published: May 2010

Division IX provides a forum for astronomers engaged in the planning, development, construction, and calibration of optical and infrared telescopes and instrumentation, as well as observational procedures including data processing. A few years ago, discussions were started about changes in the structure of Division IX, with the aim of bringing it more in line with today's world of large coordinated projects and multi-national observatories. The course of this process, and further steps to be taken in the period from 2009 to 2012, were at the focus of the deliberations at the business meeting of Division IX at the IAU General Assembly in Rio de Janeiro.
COMMISSION 30: RADIAL VELOCITIES
Authors: Udry Stephane , Torres Willie , Nordström Birgita , Fekel Francis , Glushkova Elena , Pourbaix Dimitri , Freeman Ken , Marcy Goeff , Zwitter Tomaz , Turon Catherine , Mathieu Robert
Published: May 2010

The meeting was unfortunately scheduled for the afternoon of the last day of the General Assembly, so attendance was low. Nevertheless, we had some good discussions.
COMMISSION 54: OPTICAL & INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY
Authors: Ridgway Stephen , van Belle Gerard , Perrin Guy , Duvert Gilles , Genzel Reinhard , Haniff Christopher , Hummel Christian , Lawson Peter , Tuthill Peter , Vakili Farrokh
Published: May 2010

Commission 54 held its business meeting on 11 August 2009 at “Botequim” at Rua Visconde de Caravelas 184/186, Humaitá, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro. Individual members in attendance reported on activities of relevance to C54.
DIVISION IX-X WORKING GROUP: ENCOURAGING THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANTARCTIC ASTRONOMY
Authors: Burton Michael
Published: May 2010

The work of this group is well covered in the report on Special Session 3 given in “Highlights of Astronomy 15”, to be published by CUP in 2010.
DIVISION X WORKING GROUP on HISTORIC RADIO ASTRONOMY
Authors: Orchiston Wayne , Kellermann Kenneth I. , Davies Rodney D. , Débarbat Suzanne V. , Morimoto Masaki , Slysh Slava , Swarup Govind , van Woerden Hugo , Wall Jasper V. , Wielebinski Richard
Published: May 2010

During the Rio General Assembly we held the following meetings of the Working Group: a Business Meeting, a Science Meeting on “The Development of Aperture Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy”, and a Science Meeting on “Recent Research”.
Dynamics of ring current and electric fields in the inner magnetosphere during disturbed periods: CRCM–BATS‐R‐US coupled model
Authors: Buzulukova N. , Fok M.‐C. , Pulkkinen A. , Kuznetsova M. , Moore T. E. , Glocer A. , Brandt P. C. , Tóth G. , Rastätter L.
Published: May 2010

We present simulation results from a one‐way coupled global MHD model (Block‐Adaptive‐Tree Solar‐Wind Roe‐Type Upwind Scheme, BATS‐R‐US) and kinetic ring current models (Comprehensive Ring Current Model, CRCM, and Fok Ring Current, FokRC). The BATS‐R‐US provides the CRCM/FokRC with magnetic field information and plasma density/temperature at the polar CRCM/FokRC boundary. The CRCM uses an electric potential from the BATS‐R‐US ionospheric solver at the polar CRCM boundary in order to calculate the electric field pattern consistent with the CRCM pressure distribution. The FokRC electric field potential is taken from BATS‐R‐US ionospheric solver everywhere in the modeled region, and the effect of Region II currents is neglected. We show that for an idealized case with southward‐northward‐southward Bz IMF turning, CRCM–BATS‐R‐US reproduces well known features of inner magnetosphere electrodynamics: strong/weak convection under the southward/northward Bz; electric field shielding/overshielding/penetration effects; an injection during the substorm development; Subauroral Ion Drift or Polarization Jet (SAID/PJ) signature in the dusk sector. Furthermore, we find for the idealized case that SAID/PJ forms during the substorm growth phase, and that substorm injection has its own structure of field‐aligned currents which resembles a substorm current wedge. For an actual event (12 August 2000 storm), we calculate ENA emissions and compare with Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration/High Energy Neutral Atom data. The CRCM–BATS‐R‐US reproduces both the global morphology of ring current and the fine structure of ring current injection. The FokRC‐BATS‐R‐US shows the effect of a realistic description of Region II currents in ring current–MHD coupled models.
Coseismic strike slip at a point during the last four earthquakes on the Wellington fault near Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Little Timothy A. , Van Dissen Russ , Rieser Uwe , Smith Euan G. C. , Langridge Rob M.
Published: May 2010

We analyze progressively displaced late Quaternary (<12 ka) fluvial terraces along the Wellington fault, near Wellington, New Zealand. Optically stimulated luminescence dating indicates that degradational terraces were produced at a rate of about one terrace per 1000 years, similar to the rate of earthquake surface rupturing. Along the Hutt River near Te Marua, we measured the strike slip of 15 terrace risers and paleochannels on the lowest 8 of these terraces, of Holocene age. The river, after earthquakes, was generally capable of smoothing its faulted riverbanks. The dextral offsets appear to fall into several groupings that record slip accumulation during the last four earthquakes. We calculate a mean single‐event slip of 5.0 ± 0.24 m (95% confidence) with an RMS scatter (1σ) of slips about the mean of ±1.5 m. The coefficient of variation (CV) of single‐event slip is thus 0.30. This CV is slightly less than a recently compiled global average for point measurements on strike‐slip faults, suggesting that the southernmost Wellington fault has behaved in a more nearly characteristic way. We speculate that recent large earthquake ruptures have been bounded on their southern end by the Wellington fault's offshore fault termination and perhaps on their northern end by a ∼2 km wide releasing step over. Such persistent sources of rupture arrest might have led to a relative uniformity of rupture dimensions and slip amounts. We infer a late Holocene dextral slip rate of ≥4.5 ± 0.4 mm/yr (1σ) and <8.2 mm/yr, and a mean earthquake recurrence interval of ∼610–1100 years.
Dust devils in the laboratory: Effect of surface roughness on vortex dynamics
Authors: Neakrase Lynn D. V. , Greeley Ronald
Published: May 2010

Experiments simulating vortex interactions with rough surfaces were conducted at Earth ambient and Mars analog atmospheric conditions. Pressure profiles were obtained to assess the effect of nonerodible roughness elements on vortex structure at the surface. As roughness increased, vortex size increased and tangential velocity decreased. Particle threshold experimental results suggested that small increases in surface roughness enabled reduced threshold velocities to lift fine particles (<100μm) from the surface. This “optimal roughness” or the amount of roughness necessary for enhancing sediment transport from the surface, could allow weaker dust devils to lift more material from the surface than otherwise possible. Sediment flux was calculated for different sediment sizes and densities to determine how surface roughness affects the lifting potential by dust devils. Sediment fluxes were similar to previous studies with bulk averages ranging from 10−5 to 1 kg m−2 s−1, but they could be subdivided based on roughness. The results showed that for the low roughness case (λ ≈ 0.03), fluxes were at a maximum ranging from 10−3 to 1 kg m−2 s−1 compared to two rougher surfaces (λ ≈ 0.11 and 0.23). For the lowest roughness density the airflow around the elements is enhanced, whereas the higher roughness values showed more loss of energy to the surface, impeding sediment transport similar to boundary layer studies examining roughness effects on sediment transport.
New Approaches to the Gulf Hypoxia Problem
Authors: Bianchi Thomas S. , Allison Mead A. , Chapman Piers , Cowan James H. , Dagg Michael J. , Day John W. , Dimarco Steve F. , Powell Rodney
Published: May 2010

Coastal water hypoxia, where dissolved oxygen is less than 2 milligrams per liter, is a global environmental problem [e.g., Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008]. It is largely associated with eutrophication, whereby nutrient inputs (nitrogen and phosphorous) to coastal waters lead to elevated primary production and accelerated rates of microbial respiration, which results in oxygen depletion.

Despite more than 25 years of monitoring [Rabalais et al., 2007] (see also Figure S1 in the online supplement to this Eos issue (http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/)), the relative importance of the various processes that control hypoxia in bottom waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM)–in particular, those beyond the direct influence of river plumes [Dagg et al., 2007; Bianchi et al., 2008, 2010, and references therein]—remains uncertain. For example, a prediction last June pronounced that the 2009 hypoxic area would be the largest on record (∼23,000 square kilo meters; see http://www.gulfhypoxia.net/Research/Shelfwide%20Cruises/2009/ Files/2009
Meteorological observations from ship cruises during summer to the central Arctic: A comparison with reanalysis data
Authors: Lüpkes C. , Vihma T. , Jakobson E. , König‐Langlo G. , Tetzlaff A.
Published: May 2010

Near‐surface meteorological observations and rawinsonde soundings from Arctic cruises with the German icebreaker RV Polarstern during August 1996, 2001, and 2007 are compared with each other and with ERA‐Interim reanalyses. Although the observations are usually applied in the reanalysis, they differ considerably from ERA data. ERA overestimates the relative humidity and temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer and the base height of the capping inversion. Warm biases of ERA near‐surface temperatures amount up to 2 K. The melting point of snow is the most frequent near‐surface temperature in ERA, while the observed value is the sea water freezing temperature. Both observations and ERA show that above 400 m, in the North Atlantic sector 0–90 E, the warmest August occurred in 2001, and August 2007 had the highest humidity. In the Eastern Siberian and Beaufort Sea region ERA temperatures along 80 and 85 N were highest in 2007.
Intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the austral jet stream in the CMIP3 integrations linked to biases in 20th century climatology
Authors: Kidston J. , Gerber E. P.
Published: May 2010

Future climate predictions by global circulation models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive indicate that the recent poleward shift of the eddy‐driven jet streams will continue throughout the 21st century. Here it is shown that differences in the projected magnitude of the trend in the Southern Hemisphere are well correlated with biases in the latitude of the jet in the simulation of 20th century climate. Furthermore, the latitude of the jet in the models' 20th century climatology is correlated with biases in the internal variability of the jet stream, as quantified by the time scale of the annular mode. Thus an equatorward bias in the position of the jet is associated with both enhanced persistence of the annular mode, and an increased poleward shift of the jet. These relationships appear to be robust throughout the year except in the austral summer, when differences in forcing, particularly stratospheric ozone, make it impossible to compare the response of one model with another. These results suggest that the fidelity of a model's simulation of the 20th century climate may be related to its fitness for climate prediction. The cause of this relationship is discussed, as well as the implications for climate change projections.
The SH3 domain of postsynaptic density 95 mediates inflammatory pain through phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase recruitment
Authors: Arbuckle Margaret I , Komiyama Noboru H , Delaney Ada , Coba Marcelo , Garry Emer M , Rosie Roberta , Allchorne Andrew J , Forsyth Lynsey H , Bence Matthew , Carlisle Holly J , O'Dell Thomas J , Mitchell Rory , Fleetwood‐Walker Susan M , Grant Seth G N
Published: May 2010

Sensitization to inflammatory pain is a pathological form of neuronal plasticity that is poorly understood and treated. Here we examine the role of the SH3 domain of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) by using mice that carry a single amino‐acid substitution in the polyproline‐binding site. Testing multiple forms of plasticity we found sensitization to inflammation was specifically attenuated. The inflammatory response required recruitment of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase‐C2α to the SH3‐binding site of PSD95. In wild‐type mice, wortmannin or peptide competition attenuated the sensitization. These results show that different types of behavioural plasticity are mediated by specific domains of PSD95 and suggest novel therapeutic avenues for reducing inflammatory pain.
Direct interaction between hnRNP‐M and CDC5L/PLRG1 proteins affects alternative splice site choice
Authors: Llères David , Denegri Marco , Biggiogera Marco , Ajuh Paul , Lamond Angus I
Published: May 2010

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein‐M (hnRNP‐M) is an abundant nuclear protein that binds to pre‐mRNA and is a component of the spliceosome complex. A direct interaction was detected in vivo between hnRNP‐M and the human spliceosome proteins cell division cycle 5‐like (CDC5L) and pleiotropic regulator 1 (PLRG1) that was inhibited during the heat‐shock stress response. A central region in hnRNP‐M is required for interaction with CDC5L/PLRG1. hnRNP‐M affects both 5′ and 3′ alternative splice site choices, and an hnRNP‐M mutant lacking the CDC5L/PLRG1 interaction domain is unable to modulate alternative splicing of an adeno‐E1A mini‐gene substrate.