bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Prophylaxis at the Clinic of Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Zurich
Authors: Spicher  , Beer  , Minder  , Ruef  , Szucs  , Meyer
Published: January 2006

Die Indikation für eine Antibiotikaprophylaxe erfolgt besonders bei Wahleingriffen oft grosszügig, um den Patienten höchstmögliche Sicherheit zu gewährleisten. Demgegenüber steht die Gefahr zunehmender Resistenzentwicklung bei Antibiotika und bei undifferenziertem oder unangebrachtem Einsatz resultieren hohe Kosten. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Klinik für Wiederherstellungschirurgie 1999 die Antibiotikaprophylaxe standardisiert. Als Antibiotikaprophylaxe wurde eine prä- und perioperative Antibiotikagabe definiert (single- bis maximal triple-shot) und nur bei Fremdimplantaten, besonderen Risikofaktoren oder Komorbiditäten vorgesehen. Als Prophylaktikum wurde ein allgemein anerkanntes Cephalosporin der 1.Generation (Cefazolin) empfohlen. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Einführungsphase prospektiv zu begleiten und die Gepflogenheiten der Antibiotikagabe mit einem retrospektiven Patientenkollektiv zu vergleichen. Zur Auswertung gelangten die Daten von 792 Patienten (441 in der retrospektiven, 351 in der prospektiven Gruppe). In einem Drittel der Gesamtpatienten wurde eine Antibiotikaprophylaxe verabreicht. In rund 3/4 dieser Fälle wurde die Prophylaxe über die empfohlene Indikation hinaus verordnet. Dabei ergab sich ein Schwerpunkt im Bereich der Mammachirurgie (35 %), gefolgt von Sekundäreingriffen bei vorbestehenden Narben und Lipodysmorphien. Das am häufigsten zur Prophylaxe eingesetzte Antibiotikum war nicht Cefazolin, sondern Cefuroxim, wobei in der prospektiven Gruppe noch keine klare Abnahme der Indikationsstellung zur Antibiotikaprophylaxe, aber eine deutliche Zunahme der Verordnungen von Cefazolin von 0.2 % auf 13.2 % zu verzeichnen war. Schwierigkeiten in der Umsetzung neuer Konzepte stehen in Einklang mit der Literatur: solche Unterfangen brauchen Zeit, ein intensive Informationspolitik und viel Motivierungsarbeit.
Prävalenz der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTSD) und Möglichkeiten der Ermittlung in der Asylverfahrenspraxis
Authors: Gäbel Ulrike , Ruf Martina , Schauer Maggie , Odenwald Michael , Neuner Frank
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen (PTSD) spielen in der Asylverfahrenspraxis eine zunehmende Rolle. Dennoch liegen bislang keine Daten zur Prävalenz unter Asylbewerbern in Deutschland vor. Auch ist nicht bekannt, inwieweit Einzelentscheider des Bundesamtes für die Anerkennung ausländischer Flüchtlinge (BAFl) Anzeichen auf eine Traumatisierung bei der Anhörung erkennen können. Fragestellungen: Stellt PTSD eine relevante Größe unter Asylbewerbern in Deutschland dar? Können Einzelentscheider mit Hilfe von Kurzinstrumenten Anzeichen auf eine PTSD erkennen? Methode: eigens geschulte Einzelentscheider befragten 76 Asyl-Erstantragsteller mit der eng am DSM-IV orientierten PDS (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale). 42 dieser Personen wurden in einem klinisch strukturierten Interview anhand der Sektion N des M-CIDI ausführlich nachuntersucht. Ergebnisse: Bei Asylsuchenden beträgt die PTSD-Punkt-Prävalenz ca. 40%. Es ergab sich keine überzufällige Erkennung dieser psychischen Erkrankung durch die Einzelentscheider. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung tritt bei Asylbewerbern in Deutschland deutlich häufiger auf als bisher angenommen. Die Schwierigkeit, traumatische Erfahrungen und resultierende PTSD-Symptome im Rahmen der Erstanhörung durch geschulte Mitarbeiter des BAFl zu erkennen, weist auf eine gewisse Verbesserungswürdigkeit der Verfahrensökononie des Asylverfahrens hin.
Photoacoustic insight for aerosol light absorption aloft from meteorological aircraft and comparison with particle soot absorption photometer measurements: DOE Southern Great Plains climate research facility and the coastal stratocumulus imposed perturbation experiments
Authors: Arnott W. Patrick , Walker John W. , Moosmüller Hans , Elleman Robert A. , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Buzorius Gintautas , Conant William C. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: January 2006

Aerosol light absorption can be intense close to local sources such as wildland and oil fires, with smoke that disperses into the boundary layer and, with enough lift, into the upper atmosphere where it may be transported around the globe. Filter‐based methods such as the Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) are most commonly used to quantify aerosol light absorption aloft. This paper reports first measurements of aerosol light absorption aloft with photoacoustic instrumentation (PA). Three examples of aerosol light absorption are presented. The first one illustrates a case of detached layers aloft arising from intercontinental, interoceanic transport of smoke from wildland fires in Siberia to the North American continent and the measurement campaign held at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility in north central Oklahoma. Then, two examples of intense local fire smoke light absorption from the Coastal Stratocumulus Imposed Perturbation Experiment near Marina, California, USA, are presented. The first local fire was an oil fire burning in a storage tank near Moss Landing, California, USA, and smoke from this fire was very dark, indicating a low single scattering albedo. By contrast, the second local fire was predominantly burning wood, vegetation, and structures near Fort Ord in Marina, California, USA, and the smoke was very bright, indicating a high single scattering albedo. In all examples, PA measurements at 676 nm were compared with those from a PSAP modified to measure at three wavelengths, including 660 nm.
Accordion waves inMyxococcus xanthus
Authors: Sliusarenko Oleksii , Neu John , Zusman David R. , Oster George
Published: January 2006

Myxococcus xanthusare Gram-negative bacteria that glide on solid surfaces, periodically reversing their direction of movement. When starved,M. xanthuscells organize their movements into waves of cell density that sweep over the colony surface. These waves are unique: Although they appear to interpenetrate, they actually reflect off one another when they collide, so that each wave crest oscillates back and forth with no net displacement. Because the waves reflect the coordinated back and forth oscillations of the individual bacteria, we call them “accordion” waves. The spatial oscillations of individuals are a manifestation of an internal biochemical oscillator, probably involving the Frz chemosensory system. These internal “clocks,” each of which is quite variable, are synchronized by collisions between individual cells using a contact-mediated signal-transduction system. The result of collision signaling is that the collective spatial behavior is much less variable than the individual oscillators. In this work, we present experimental observations in which individual cells marked with GFP can be followed in groups of unlabeled cells in monolayer cultures. These data, together with an agent-based computational model demonstrate that the only properties required to explain the ripple patterns are an asymmetric biochemical limit cycle that controls direction reversals and asymmetric contact-induced signaling between cells: Head-to-head signaling is stronger than head-to-tail signaling. Together, the experimental and computational data provide new insights into how populations of interacting oscillators can synchronize and organize spatially to produce morphogenetic patterns that may have parallels in higher organisms.
Neural connections of the posteromedial cortex in the macaque
Authors: Parvizi Josef , Van Hoesen Gary W. , Buckwalter Joseph , Damasio Antonio
Published: January 2006

The posterior cingulate and the medial parietal cortices constitute an ensemble known as the posteromedial cortex (PMC), which consists of Brodmann areas 23, 29, 30, 31, and 7m. To understand the neural relationship of the PMC with the rest of the brain, we injected its component areas with four different anterograde and retrograde tracers in the cynomolgus monkey and found that all PMC areas are interconnected with each other and with the anterior cingulate, the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal, the lateral parietal cortices, and area TPO, as well as the thalamus, where projections from some of the PMC areas traverse in an uninterrupted bar-like manner, the dorsum of this structure from the posteriormost nuclei to its rostralmost tip. All PMC regions also receive projections from the claustrum and the basal forebrain and project to the caudate, the basis pontis, and the zona incerta. Moreover, the posterior cingulate areas are interconnected with the parahippocampal regions, whereas the medial parietal cortex projects only sparsely to the presubiculum. Although local interconnections and shared remote connections of all PMC components suggest a functional relationship among them, the distinct connections of each area with different neural structures suggests that distinct functional modules may be operating within the PMC. Our study provides a large-scale map of the PMC connections with the rest of the brain, which may serve as a useful tool for future studies of this cortical region and may contribute to elucidating its intriguing pattern of activity seen in recent functional imaging studies.
Human α-defensins block papillomavirus infection
Authors: Buck Christopher B. , Day Patricia M. , Thompson Cynthia D. , Lubkowski Jacek , Lu Wuyuan , Lowy Douglas R. , Schiller John T.
Published: January 2006

Sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the primary cause of cervical cancer. Recent advances in techniques for production of papillomaviral vectors [known as pseudoviruses (PsVs)] have made it possible to perform high-throughput screens for compounds that might block the initial stages of papillomavirus infection. We have used PsVs to screen a variety of compounds that might function as inhibitors of HPV infection, with emphasis on human peptides previously implicated in innate antimicrobial immunity. Little is known about the possible activity of these peptides against nonenveloped viruses, such as HPVs. Our screen revealed that human α-defensins 1-3 [known as human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) 1-3] and human α-defensin 5 (HD-5) are potent antagonists of infection by both cutaneous and mucosal papillomavirus types. In contrast, human β-defensins 1 and 2 displayed little or no anti-HPV activity. HD-5 was particularly active against sexually transmitted HPV types, with 50% inhibitory doses in the high ng/ml range. Microscopic studies of PsV inhibition by the α-defensins revealed that they block virion escape from endocytic vesicles but not virion binding or internalization. Consistent with this finding, PsVs remained susceptible to inhibition by α-defensins for many hours after initial binding to cells. HNPs 1-3 and HD-5 have been reported to be present in the female genital tract at levels that overlap those that inhibit HPVsin vitro, suggesting that they could present a natural barrier to the sexual transmission of HPV and could serve as the basis of a broad-spectrum topical microbicide.
Metal stocks and sustainability
Authors: Gordon R. B. , Bertram M. , Graedel T. E.
Published: January 2006

The relative proportions of metal residing in ore in the lithosphere, in use in products providing services, and in waste deposits measure our progress from exclusive use of virgin ore toward full dependence on sustained use of recycled metal. In the U.S. at present, the copper contents of these three repositories are roughly equivalent, but metal in service continues to increase. Providing today's developed-country level of services for copper worldwide (as well as for zinc and, perhaps, platinum) would appear to require conversion of essentially all of the ore in the lithosphere to stock-in-use plus near-complete recycling of the metals from that point forward.
Linkage disequilibrium sharing and haplotype-tagged SNP portability between populations
Authors: Huang Wei , He Yungang , Wang Haifeng , Wang Ying , Liu Yangfan , Wang Yi , Chu Xun , Wang Ying , Xu Liang , Shen Yayun , Xiong Xiaoyan , Li Hui , Wen Bo , Qian Ji , Yuan Wentao , Zhang Chenhui , Wang Yi , Jiang Hongquan , Zhao Guoping , Chen Zhu , Jin Li
Published: January 2006

The discovery of the block-like structure of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in human populations holds the promise of delineating the etiology of common diseases. However, understanding the magnitude, mechanism, and utility of between-population LD sharing is critical for future genome-wide association studies. In this study, substantial LD sharing between six non-African populations was observed, although much less between African-American and non-African, based on 20,000 SNPs of chromosome 21. We also demonstrated the respective roles of recombination and demographic events in shaping LD sharing. Furthermore, we showed that the haplotype-tagged SNPs chosen from one population are portable to the others in East Asia. Therefore, we concluded that the magnitude of LD sharing between human populations justifies the use of representative populations for selecting haplotype-tagged SNPs in genome-wide association studies of complex diseases.
Defective cerebellar response to mitogenic Hedgehog signaling in Down's syndrome mice
Authors: Roper Randall J. , Baxter Laura L. , Saran Nidhi G. , Klinedinst Donna K. , Beachy Philip A. , Reeves Roger H.
Published: January 2006

Trisomy 21 is the cause of Down's syndrome (DS) which is characterized by a number of phenotypes, including a brain which is small and hypocellular compared to that of euploid individuals. The cerebellum is disproportionately reduced. Ts65Dn mice are trisomic for orthologs of about half of the genes on human chromosome 21 and provide a genetic model for DS. These mice display a number of developmental anomalies analogous to those in DS, including a small cerebellum with a significantly decreased number of both granule and Purkinje cell neurons. Here we trace the origin of the granule cell deficit to precursors in early postnatal development, which show a substantially reduced mitogenic response to Hedgehog protein signaling. Purified cultures of trisomic granule cell precursors show a reduced but dose-dependent response to the Sonic hedgehog protein signal
in vitro
, demonstrating that this is a cell-autonomous deficit. Systemic treatment of newborn trisomic mice with a small molecule agonist of Hedgehog pathway activity increases mitosis and restores granule cell precursor populations
in vivo
. These results demonstrate a basis for and a potential therapeutic approach to a fundamental aspect of CNS pathology in DS.
Oncogenic transformation induced by the p110β, -γ, and -δ isoforms of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Authors: Kang Sohye , Denley Adam , Vanhaesebroeck Bart , Vogt Peter K.
Published: January 2006

Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase contains four isoforms of the catalytic subunit, p110α, -β, -γ, and -δ. At physiological levels of expression, the wild-type p110α isoform lacks oncogenic potential, but gain-of-function mutations and overexpression of p110α are correlated with oncogenicity. The p110β, -γ, and -δ isoforms induce transformation of cultured cells as wild-type proteins. This oncogenic potential requires kinase activity and can be suppressed by the target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin. The p110δ isoform constitutively activates the Akt signaling pathway; p110γ activates Akt only in the presence of serum. The isoforms differ in their requirements for upstream signaling. The transforming activity of the p110γ isoform depends on rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (Ras) binding; preliminary data suggest the same for p110β and indicate Ras-independent oncogenic potential of p110δ. The surprising oncogenic potential of the wild-type non-α isoforms of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase may explain the dearth of cancer-specific mutations in these proteins, because these non-α isoforms could contribute to the oncogenic phenotype of the cell by differential expression.
Vegetable-derived isothiocyanates: anti-proliferative activity and mechanism of action
Authors: Zhang Yuesheng , Yao Song , Li Jun
Published: January 2006

Many isothiocyanates (ITC), which are available to human subjects mainly through consumption of cruciferous vegetables, demonstrate strong cancer-preventive activity in animal models. Human studies also show an inverse association between consumption of ITC and risk of cancer in several organs. Whereas earlier studies primarily focused on the ability of ITC to inhibit carcinogen-activating enzymes and induce carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes, more recent investigations have shown that ITC inhibit the proliferation of tumour cells bothin vitroandin vivoby inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle progression. ITC cause acute cellular stress, which may be the initiating event for these effects. These findings shed new light on the mechanism of action of ITC and indicate that ITC may be useful both as cancer-preventive and therapeutic agents. ITC activate caspase 9-mediated apoptosis, apparently resulting from mitochondrial damage, and also activate caspase 8, but the mechanism remains to be defined. Cell cycle arrest caused by ITC occurs mainly in the G2/M phase, and both the G2 and M phases are targetted; critical G2-phase regulators, including cyclin B1, cell division cycle (Cdc) 2 and Cdc25C, are down regulated or inhibited, and tubulin polymerization and spindle assembly are disrupted. Moreover, ITC are metabolizedin vivothrough the mercapturic acid pathway, giving rise to thiol conjugates (dithiocarbamates). Studies show that these dithiocarbamates are similar to their parent ITC in exerting anti-proliferative activity. Taken together, dietary ITC are highly-promising anti-cancer agents, capable of targetting multiple cellular components that are important for tumour cell survival and proliferation.
‘Helping or something’: perceptions of students with aphasia and tutors in further education
Authors: Bruce Carolyn , Parker Ann , Renfrew Laura
Published: January 2006

Background: Every year, 10 000 people of working age in the UK have a stroke. Although half of all cases occur in those over 75 years of age, stroke affects more than 1000 people under the age of 30 years. The effects of stroke are far reaching and many people will find that they are unable to return to their previous lives. For some, a way to improve their situation is through further or higher education. Despite the increasing opportunities for people with disabilities to participate in further education, comparatively few studies have looked at this route for people who have had strokes. This study attempts to explore these issues.

Aims: This study investigated the experiences, views and expectations of two students with aphasia involved in further education, and those of their tutors. The study aimed to identify factors that acted as enablers and barriers in accessing education.

Methods & Procedures: Two women with aphasia who had enrolled on further education courses following their strokes and their respective tutors contributed to this study. Questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews were used to collect the data. Qualitative research methods were then used to reveal issues important to the participants in the teaching and learning dyad.

Outcomes & Results: Analysis of the interviews revealed that a core problem identified by all parties was access to learning support. The two underlying issues that were important for the students with aphasia were tutors' awareness of needs and problems with explaining their needs. For the tutors, awareness of the students' needs was most important. The perceptions of the students and the tutors of the educational experience were not the same.

Conclusions: The disparities identified in the participants' accounts suggest that both parties need to be more aware of the roles and responsibilities if individuals with disability are to have equal opportunities in further education.
The immune paradox of sarcoidosis and regulatory T cells
Authors: Miyara Makoto , Amoura Zahir , Parizot Christophe , Badoual Cécile , Dorgham Karim , Trad Salim , Kambouchner Marianne , Valeyre Dominique , Chapelon-Abric Catherine , Debré Patrice , Piette Jean-Charles , Gorochov Guy
Published: January 2006

Sarcoidosis is characterized by extensive local inflammation (granuloma, cytokine secretion) associated with anergy (poor response to antigens in vitro and in vivo). We postulated that this paradoxical situation would correspond to a disequilibrium between effector and regulatory T lymphocytes (T reg cells). We show that CD4+CD25brightFoxP3+ cells accumulate at the periphery of sarcoid granulomas, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and in peripheral blood of patients with active disease. These cells exhibited powerful antiproliferative activity, yet did not completely inhibit TNF-α production. Sarcoidosis is therefore associated with a global T reg cell subset amplification whose activity would be insufficient to control local inflammation. At the same time, peripheral T reg cells exert powerful antiproliferative activity that may account for the state of anergy. Altogether, these findings advance our conceptual understanding of immune regulation in a way that resolves the immune paradox of sarcoidosis and permit us to envisage a profound clinical impact of T reg cell manipulation on immunity.
Hankel-type operators on the space of bounded harmonic functions
Authors: Izuchi Keiji , Ohno Shûichi
Published: January 2006

We study Hankel-type operators on the space of bounded harmonic functions on the open unit disk. These operators are related to tight uniform algebras, the Dunford-Pettis property, and Bourgain algebras.
An image problem for compact operators
Authors: Chalendar Isabelle , Partington Jonathan
Published: January 2006

Let

X

\mathcal {X}

be a separable Banach space and

(

X

n

)
n

(\mathcal {X}_n)_n

a sequence of closed subspaces of

X

\mathcal {X}

satisfying

X

n

⊂

X

n
+
1

\mathcal {X}_n\subset \mathcal {X}_{n+1}

for all

n
n

. We first prove the existence of a dense-range and injective compact operator

K
K

such that each

K

X

n

K\mathcal {X}_n

is a dense subset of

X

n

\mathcal {X}_n

, solving a problem of Yahaghi (2004). Our second main result concerns isomorphic and dense-range injective compact mappings between dense sets of linearly independent vectors, extending a result of Grivaux (2003).
A minimal pair of 𝐾-degrees
Authors: Csima Barbara , Montalbán Antonio
Published: January 2006

We construct a minimal pair of

K
K

-degrees. We do this by showing the existence of an unbounded nondecreasing function

f
f

which forces

K
K

-triviality in the sense that

γ
∈

2
ω

\gamma \in 2^\omega

is

K
K

-trivial if and only if for all

n
n

,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper K left-parenthesis gamma up harpoon with barb right n right-parenthesis less-than-or-equal-to upper K left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis plus f left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis plus script upper O left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis">

K
(
γ
↾
n
)
≤
K
(
n
)
+
f
(
n
)
+

O

(
1
)

K(\gamma \upharpoonright n) \leq K(n) + f(n)+ \mathcal {O}(1)

.
Computable trees, prime models, and relative decidability
Authors: Hirschfeldt Denis
Published: January 2006

We show that for every computable tree

T

\mathcal T

with no dead ends and all paths computable, and every

D

>
T

∅

D >_T \emptyset

, there is a

D
D

-computable listing of the isolated paths of

T

\mathcal T

. It follows that for every complete decidable theory

T
T

such that all the types of

T
T

are computable and every

D

>
T

∅

D >_T \emptyset

, there is a

D
D

-decidable prime model of

T
T

. This result extends a theorem of Csima and yields a stronger version of the theorem, due independently to Slaman and Wehner, that there is a structure with presentations of every nonzero degree but no computable presentation.
Maps preserving numerical ranges of operator products
Authors: Hou Jinchuan , Di Qinghui
Published: January 2006

Let

H
H

be a complex Hilbert space,

B
(
H
)

B(H)

the algebra of all bounded linear operators on

H
H

and

S
a

(
H
)

S^a(H)

the real linear space of all self-adjoint operators on

H
H

. We characterize the surjective maps on

B
(
H
)

B(H)

or

S
a

(
H
)

S^a(H)

that preserve the numerical ranges of products or Jordan triple-products of operators.
Hausdorff dimension of Cantor sets and polynomial hulls
Authors: Jöricke Burglind
Published: January 2006

We give examples of Cantor sets in

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

of Hausdorff dimension 1 whose polynomial hulls have non-empty interior.
Elliptic operators on planar graphs: Unique continuation for eigenfunctions and nonpositive curvature
Authors: Klassert Steffen , Lenz Daniel , Peyerimhoff Norbert , Stollmann Peter
Published: January 2006

This paper is concerned with elliptic operators on plane tessellations. We show that such an operator does not admit a compactly supported eigenfunction if the combinatorial curvature of the tessellation is nonpositive. Furthermore, we show that the only geometrically finite, repetitive plane tessellations with nonpositive curvature are the regular

(
3
,
6
)
,
(
4
,
4
)

(3,6), (4,4)

and

(
6
,
3
)

(6,3)

tilings.
Convergence of cascade sequence on the Heisenberg group
Authors: Liu Heping , Liu Yu
Published: January 2006

The investigation of convergence of cascade sequence plays an important role in wavelet analysis on the Euclidean space and also in wavelet analysis on the Heisenberg group. This paper characterizes the

L
p

(

H

d

)

L^p(\mathbf H^d)

(
1
≤
p
≤
∞
)

(1\leq p\leq \infty )

-convergence of cascade sequence on the Heisenberg group in terms of the

p
p

-norm joint spectral radius of a collection of matrices associated with the refinement sequence and gives a sufficient condition.
Subadditivity of eigenvalue sums
Authors: Uchiyama Mitsuru
Published: January 2006

Let

f
(
t
)

f(t)

be a nonnegative concave function on

0
≤
t
>
∞

0 \leq t >\infty

with

f
(
0
)
=
0

f(0)=0

, and let

X
,
Y

X, Y

be

n
×
n

n\times n

matrices. Then it is known that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar f left-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue upper X plus upper Y EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar Subscript 1 Baseline less-than-or-equal-to double-vertical-bar f left-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue upper X EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar Subscript 1 Baseline plus double-vertical-bar f left-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue upper Y EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis double-vertical-bar Subscript 1">

‖
f
(

|

X
+
Y

|

)

‖
1

≤
‖
f
(

|

X

|

)

‖
1

+
‖
f
(

|

Y

|

)

‖
1

\Vert f(|X+Y|)\Vert _1\leq \Vert f(|X|)\Vert _1 +\Vert f(|Y|)\Vert _1

, where

‖
⋅

‖
1

\Vert \cdot \Vert _1

is the trace norm. We extend this result to all unitarily invariant norms and prove some inequalities of eigenvalue sums.
The amenability constant of the Fourier algebra
Authors: Runde Volker
Published: January 2006

For a locally compact group

G
G

, let

A
(
G
)

A(G)

denote its Fourier algebra and

G
^

\hat {G}

its dual object, i.e., the collection of equivalence classes of unitary representations of

G
G

. We show that the amenability constant of

A
(
G
)

A(G)

is less than or equal to

sup
{
deg
⁡
(
π
)
:
π
∈

G
^

}

\sup \{ \deg (\pi ) : \pi \in \hat {G} \}

and that it is equal to one if and only if

G
G

is abelian.
Combinatorics of rank jumps in simplicial hypergeometric systems
Authors: Matusevich Laura , Miller Ezra
Published: January 2006

Let

A
A

be an integer

d
×
n

d \times n

matrix, and assume that the convex hull

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

of its columns is a simplex of dimension 

d
−
1

d-1

not containing the origin. It is known that the semigroup ring

C

[

N

A
]

\mathbb {C}[\mathbb {N} A]

is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if the rank of the GKZ hypergeometric system

H
A

(
β
)

H_A(\beta )

equals the normalized volume of

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

for all complex parameters

β
∈

C

d

\beta \in \mathbb {C}^d

(Saito, 2002). Our refinement here shows that

H
A

(
β
)

H_A(\beta )

has rank strictly larger than the volume of

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

if and only if

β
\beta

lies in the Zariski closure (in 

C

d

\mathbb {C}^d

) of all

Z

d

\mathbb {Z}^d

-graded degrees where the local cohomology

⨁

i
>
d

H

m

i

(

C

[

N

A
]
)

\bigoplus _{i > d} H^i_{\mathfrak {m}}(\mathbb {C} [\mathbb {N}A])

is nonzero. We conjecture that the same statement holds even when

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

is not a simplex.
Infinite determinacy on a closed set for smooth germs with non-isolated singularities
Authors: Thilliez Vincent
Published: January 2006

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for infinite determinacy of a smooth function germ whose critical locus contains a given set. This set is assumed to be the zero variety

X
X

of some analytic map-germ having maximal rank on a dense subset of

X
X

. We obtain a result in terms of Łojasiewicz estimates which extends, in particular, previous works by Sun and Wilson on line singularities, and by Grandjean on singularities of codimension

1
1

or

2
2

.
On the open set condition for self-similar fractals
Authors: Bandt Christoph , Hung Nguyen , Rao Hui
Published: January 2006

For self-similar sets, the existence of a feasible open set is a natural separation condition which expresses geometric as well as measure-theoretic properties. We give a constructive approach by defining a central open set and characterizing those points which do not belong to feasible open sets.
Can Administration of Potentized Homeopathic Remedy, Arsenicum Album, Alter Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Titer in People Living in High‐Risk Arsenic Contaminated Areas? I. A Correlation with Certain Hematological Parameters
Authors: Belon Philippe , Banerjee Pathikrit , Choudhury Sandipan Chaki , Banerjee Antara , Biswas Surjyo Jyoti , Karmakar Susanta Roy , Pathak Surajit , Guha Bibhas , Chatterjee Sagar , Bhattacharjee Nandini , Das Jayanta Kumar , Khuda-Bukhsh Anisur Rahman
Published: January 2006

To examine whether elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers reported in random human population of arsenic contaminated villages can be reverted to the normal range by administration of a potentized homeopathic drug, Arsenicum album, randomly selected volunteers in two arsenic contaminated villages and one arsenic‐free village in West Bengal (India) were periodically tested for their ANA titer as well as various blood parameters in two types of experiments: ‘placebo‐controlled double blind’ experiment for shorter duration and ‘uncontrolled verum fed experiment’ for longer duration. Positive modulation of ANA titer was observed along with changes in certain relevant hematological parameters, namely total count of red blood cells and white blood cells, packed cell volume, hemoglobin content, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and blood sugar level, mostly within 2 months of drug administration. Thus, Arsenicum album appears to have great potential for ameliorating arsenic induced elevated ANA titer and other hematological toxicities.
Experimental model of infection with non-toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and development of septic arthritis
Authors: Puliti Manuela , von Hunolstein Christina , Marangi Maurizio , Bistoni Francesco , Tissi Luciana
Published: January 2006

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a well-known cause of localized respiratory tract infections. However, this micro-organism can also be associated with invasive infections, such as endocarditis, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Invasive infections are often caused by non-toxigenic strains. To set up an in vivo experimental model of C. diphtheriae infection, mice were infected intravenously with different doses (ranging from 1×107 to 5×108 bacteria per mouse) of three non-toxigenic strains, namely ISS-4749, ISS-4746 and ISS-3319. Similar mortality rates were observed with the three strains, with an LD50 ranging from 9×107 to 1·2×108. All strains were arthritogenic, although to different extents. ISS-4749 and ISS-4746 infection resulted in a maximum of 60 and 50 %, respectively, of animals with articular lesions, while in the ISS-3319-infected group only 25 % were positive. There were differences in systemic and joint cytokine production in the three experimental groups. ISS-4749- and ISS-4746-infected mice exhibited higher local levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β than ISS-3319-infected animals. At systemic levels, ISS-3319 was able to induce early and sustained production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but not IL-6. Conversely, infection with the other strains resulted in high IL-6, but not IFN-γ, production. In conclusion, an experimental model of C. diphtheriae infection was set up, with development of septic arthritis. This model could be useful in studies on the pathogenicity and characterization of virulence factors other than toxin production.
Health investment, saving, and public policy
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Junsen , Leung Michael C.M.
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  This paper develops an overlapping‐generations model in which agents invest in health to prolong life in both working and retirement periods. It explores how unfunded social security with or without health subsidies affects life expectancy, economic growth, and welfare. In particular, by extending life at a possible cost of capital accumulation, health subsidies and a pay‐as‐you‐go pension can improve welfare, especially in the short run. JEL classification: I12, J14, J18, O11
A test of the Hotelling rule using old‐growth timber data
Authors: Livernois John , Thille Henry , Zhang Xianqiang
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  The paper tests Hotelling's prediction that scarcity rent for a non‐renewable resource will rise at the rate of discount in a market equilibrium. We perform the test using data for old‐growth timber, a resource that is effectively non‐renewable. In contrast to previous studies, for this resource a measure of scarcity rent is directly observable in the form of stumpage price bids in timber auctions. We construct a model that allows for replanting and captures the institutional framework of the western U.S. timber market. The modified Hotelling rule that we derive is not rejected in several of our specifications.
Border effects and the availability of domestic products abroad
Authors: Evans Carolyn L.
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  Trade between countries could fall short of trade within a country because (1) the volume of international trade is less than the volume of domestic trade for a given product (the intensive margin); or (2) some goods that are sold domestically are simply not exported (the extensive margin). My theoretical model illustrates that either of these two factors could explain a given aggregate ‘border effect.’ I examine the empirical relevance of this distinction by isolating the fraction of total domestic production attributable only to exporters, finding that around one‐half of the border effect may be attributed to each explanation. JEL classification: F1
Common trends and common cycles in Canada: who knew so much has been going on?
Authors: Wakerly Elizabeth C. , Scott Byron G. , Nason James M.
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  It is generally accepted that convergence is well established for Canadian regional outputs. Another prevalent belief is that the Canadian regions respond symmetrically to the same aggregate shocks. A common trends / common cycles decomposition of Canadian regional outputs casts doubt on the convergence hypothesis and reveals trend shocks dominate fluctuations in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes in the short and long run, but not in British Columbia and the Prairies. Thus, Canadian regional output fluctuations are driven by an asymmetric and economically important set of disaggregate propagation and growth mechanisms. Our results point to a new Canadian macroeconomic research agenda. JEL classification: C32, E32, O47
River flow and upstream movement and catch of migratory salmonids†
Authors: Alabaster John S.
Published: January 2006

Six years' data from the River Coquet together with published information for other British rivers show that upstream migrant salmon and sea trout tend to be intercepted at counting fences and be caught on rod and line when river flows are somewhat higher than average and not when they are at their extreme values, though there is no particular river flow favoured all the year round. In years of highest river discharge the number of fish entering the River Coquet and the number of fish caught on rod and line are highest but the efficiency of angling is lowest.
Gyrodactylus unicopula Glukhova, 1955, from young plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. with notes on the ecology of the parasite
Authors: Mackenzie K.
Published: January 2006

A population of Gyrodactylus unicopula Glukhova, 1955, is described from the gill filaments of young plaice from a nursery ground on the north‐west coast of Scotland. The seasonal incidence of this parasite was followed by sampling the 1965 year class of plaice at intervals of from one to three months from April 1965 to April 1967. The level of intensity is usually low and shows no progressive increase, although the fish are shown to be capable of supporting much higher populations of the parasite, which suggests the existence of some mechanism controlling the level of intensity in the natural population.

The distribution of G. unicopula on the filamentous surface of the gills is shown in detail. χ2 analyses indicated no significant association or antagonism between this parasite and two ciliates commonly found on the gills of the same population of plaice.

Gyrodactyliasis, the disease caused by parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus, is discussed with special reference to marine fish farming.
Observations on a tissue response within the body cavity of fish infected with the plerocercoid larvae of Ligula intestinalis (L.) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Arme C. , Owen R. Wynne
Published: January 2006

Infection of certain species of cyprinid fish with the plerocercoid larva of the cestode Ligula intestinalis is accompanied by a host tissue response.

The tissue reaction is evident in roach Rutilus rutilus as young as three months. An initial cellular infiltration is followed by the laying down of sheets of connective tissue. A case of calcification is described in a single infected rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus.
Meristic differences between two conspecific fish populations in Australian salt lakes
Authors: Lee C. L. , Williams W. D.
Published: January 2006

Two meristic characters were found to be significantly different in a species of Taeniomembras (Pisces: Atherinidae) from two highly saline inland lakes in South Australia. It is suggested that the differences were induced by salinity differences between the lakes.
Immersion staining of coarse fish in the Thames
Authors: Mathews C. P.
Published: January 2006

Thirty‐one vital dyes were screened for marking bleak, roach and gudgeon by total body immersion in aqueous solutions of the dye. Only six dyes stained without killing, and of these Nile blue, neutral red and Bismarck brown were used successfully in the field. This approach to estimation of population size was abandoned because (1) the toxicity of the dyes varied at different times of year, (2) the numbers needed for release were impractically high and (3) fingerlings showed extremely high mortality on handling.
Blood values in the pike Esox lucius L.
Authors: Mulcahy M. F.
Published: January 2006

The ranges and mean values of haematocrit, red cell, white cell and differential cell counts, red/white cell ratio, red cell fragilities, haemoglobin levels and serum protein concentrations of adult pike Esox lucius L. have been measured, and the serum electrophoretic patterns on cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide gel described and discussed. It is hoped that these blood values will provide normal standards for the pike since normal ranges are wide, and isolated measurements therefore of limited value.
The histochemistry of Stellantchasmus falcatus Onji and Nishio, 1915 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) metacercarial cyst in the mullet Mugil cephalus L. and histopathological alterations in the host†
Authors: Lee Fah Onn , Cheng Thomas C.
Published: January 2006

The metacercarial cyst of the heterophyid trematode Stellantchasmus falcatus in the striated muscles of the mullet Mugil cephalus consists of three layers. Histochemical studies have indicated that these layers are chemically distinct. The acellular inner layer is comprised of complex carbohydrate polyanions rich in acidic groups while the medial cellular layer is comprised of a neutral mucopolysaccharide including a moeity of carbohydrate poiyanions. These two layers are believed to be of parasite origin. The outer layer is cellular and is of host origin. It is the most chemically complex and is believed to include one or more of the following: mucopolysaccharides, glycolipids and phospholipids. In addition, the carbohydrate moeity associated with the mucopolysaccharides and/or glycolipids is in the form of sulphated carbohydrate polyanions with undissociated carboxyls as well as acidic groups.

The presence of the parasite results in the necrotic degeneration of the host's myofibers situated in the proximity of the parasite. Large fat cells fill the spaces vacated by necrotic muscle cells and many blood cells occur along the periphery of the parasite.
The development of a saccus vasculosus in Tilapia mossambica Peters and other cichlids
Authors: Lanzing W. J. R.
Published: January 2006

Observations are made on the development and the presence of a Saccus Vasculosus in Tilapia mossambica and other cichlids.

In those cichlids that do not possess a saccus vasculosus the development of this organ is apparently suppressed in a very early stage of life.

A saccus vasculosus is present in all those American and Indian cichlids that were investigated, but this organ was not found in cichlids indigenous to the African continent.
Immune response of U.D.N.‐infected salmon to Saprslegnia
Authors: Hodkinson Madeline , Hunter Alan
Published: January 2006

Sera from salmon Sulnio salar L. suspected of U.D.N.‐infection were tested (by double gel diffusion) against antigens prepared from diseased salmon tissues and Suprolegniu. Precipitating antibodies to the fungus were found in 93 % of the salmon, but only 66% of these fish were colonized by fungus. The antibodies were detected in parr and adult salmon.
Notes on a collection of shore fishes from Guernsey, Channel Islands
Authors: Wheeler Alwyne
Published: January 2006

A collection of shore fishes from Guernsey, Channel Tslands, is described. Fourteen species of fish are represented in the collection, many of thein rarely recorded from Guernsey before this. The factors governing the distribution of some of the species found are briefly discussed in the light of their occurrence here and elsewhere on the coasts of north‐west Europe.
Induced spawning of the striped mullet Mugil cephatus L.
Authors: Shehadeh Ziad H. , Ellis James N.
Published: January 2006

The response of adult mullet to artificial hypophysalion, immediately before the onset of the spawning migration was studied. Both males and females received intraperitoneal injec‐tions of mullet or salmon pituitary homogenates wth ACTH or Synahorin (APE+HCG) three times per week for 12 days. At the outset, conlrol females were in the tertiary yolkstage with a low mean GSI of 7.6, while males gave thick, non‐dispersing milt. Two of fourfemales receiving one salmon pituitary plus 25 RU Synahorin per injection spawnedspontaneously in laboratory aquaria. Released eggs were buoyant, well formed and had a mean diameter of 570μm. Egg fertility could not be ascertained due to protracted contact with sea water. Spawned females extruded a meinbranous tissue ‘plug’ from the cloaca1 region which was subsequently retracted. The remaining experimental females were refractory to treatment and histological examination of the ovaries revealed a predominance of atretic oocytes. All males were refractory to treatment and milt hydration was not achieved. It is suggested that induction of early spawning is possible especially with higher doses of pituitary homogenates and Synahorin. [Oceanic lnstitute Contribution No, 62 Sea Grant Program, GH‐76].
Some environmental factors ifluencing the activity of spermatozoa of Mugil capito Cuvier, a grey mullet
Authors: Hines R. , Yashouv A.
Published: January 2006

The period of activity of mullet spermatozoa suspended in seawater was similar to that of sperm suspended in osmolar equivalent dextrose solution or artificially prepared seawater. Sperm activity was longest in solutions of pH and osmolarity closely approaching that of normal seawater. Temperatures lower than those at which spawning normally occurs greatly increased the period of activity. Undiluted milt stored at 10° C couid be activated by the addition of seawater for a period of 36 h.
The food and feeding habits of Tilapia species in the Lagos Lagoon
Authors: Facade S. O.
Published: January 2006

The food of Tilapia mariae (Boulenger), Tilapia guineensis* (Bleeker) and Tilapia melano‐theron melanotheron* (Rupell) were investigated. It is shown that T. guineensis and T. m. melanotheron which were the more abundant species had similar food habits. The intensity of feeding of both species and the possible competition for food between them are discussed.
Contribution of young fish to total production of fish in the River Thames near Reading
Authors: Mathews C. P.
Published: January 2006

The production of the young stages of four species of cyprinid fish in the River Thames was estimated. From the time when underyearling fish became fully vulnerable to the special fine mesh net used, to the end of their first year, production is 39 g/ma/year compared with 83‐3 g/m2/year for fish over 1‐year old. The contribution of fecundity to population production varied widely, from 6.1 to 0.4 g/m2/year, but was only a small part of total production. The most productive part of the population was that found between spawning and prior to full vulnerability to the net. Production of this part of the population could be estimated only indirectly and was found to be 58‐6 g/m2/year. In the four populations studied production during the first year of life was 66 to 73 % of total cohort production in 1967 and only 39 to 64% in 1968. Total fish production in the Thames was estimated at 197 k cal/m2/year; this high result is a consequence of the very high densities found: up to 96‐9 fish/m2 were present in August 1967. Ten km of the Thames would contain about 54 000 000 fish in August, falling to around 8 000 000 in winter. The production: biomass ratios for the four species varied from 1–1 to 1′9 in 1967 and from 0–7 to 2‐0 in 1968.

Very heavy, possibly density dependent, mortality occurs in the first year of life; the annual instantaneous mortality rates are very high, ranging from 6–4 to 8–7. Mortality is heaviest during the first 2 to 3 months after spawning; the instantaneous mortality rates during this period vary from 4‐0 to 7‐3.
Studies on ulcerative dermal necrosis of salmonids
Authors: Roberts Ronald J. , Ball H. J. , Munro A. L. S. , Shearer W. M.
Published: January 2006

Fourteen fresh run salmon Satmo salar L. with early extant lesions of ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) were kept in separate tanks and treated with zinc free malachite green. Ten of the fish were held at 10° C and 4 at 2° C. The treatment precluded infection with Saprolegnia fungus and allowed natural resolution of the lesions. There was a marked difference in rate of healing between warm and cold water conditions.

Histological examination of healing lesions at different stages showed that there was a primary invasion of cuboidal epithelium over the collagen scar followed by a phase of disorganized proliferation which eventually organized itself into normal epithelium. Melanocytes were very obvious in the dermis of healing lesions.