bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affection of Law: Fichte on the Place and Boundaries of Pure Ethics of the Imperative
Authors: Sudakov Andrey K.
Published: February 2020

In his popular 1806 lectures on religion Fichte considered five possible worldviews in the second of which, “the standpoint of legality”, one can readily recognise the ethics of law of the Stoical and Kantian type. Fichte stresses that in his youth he himself shared this worldview. However, he hastens to adduce a series of original arguments to show that this position is essentially incapable of delivering a pure and higher moral doctrine. I examine the substance of these critical arguments in the context of his later metaphysics. Fichte maintains that in the “second type” of worldview man himself feels and understands, respects and loves himself only as a subject of unconditional law, therefore the pathos and “affection of law” pervades all his assessments and motivations. This affects the impartiality of moral assessment if the requirements of the law are diverged from. The “man of law”, the Stoic and Kantian who is not conscious of direct violations of the law, can at most not despise himself, but he cannot, according to Fichte, positively respect himself: that would require surpassing the requirement of the law through action. Meanwhile the affection of the self-sufficient law conceals even this impossibility from such a person. Finally, I show that the ethics of the Stoical and Kantian type retains, according to Fichte’s diagnosis, a refined interest in preserving and indulging the sensual self and hence the idea of God as the warrantor of empirical happiness / bliss. Accordingly, the “overturn in the state of mind” sought by the Kantian himself implies “the highest act of freedom”, which is inaccessible to him and beyond which the perspective of the world as law is replaced for the subject by the perspective of the Kingdom of the Spirit in which the “selfhood” of each moral agent is practically overcome.
El lado oculto del bullying : los espectadores. Retos del trabajo social
Authors: Acevedo Alemán Jesús , Cuellar Fermín Karla Cecilia
Published: February 2020

En los últimos años, se han realizado múltiples estudios sobre el fenómeno de la intimidación o bullying dentro de los contextos educativos, de igual manera se ha escrito sobre los perfiles de los agresores, así como sus características y conductas (Acevedo 2010), sin embargo poco se ha estudiado sobre el denominado “agresor pasivo”, los espectadores de las agresiones, quienes representan un tipo de agresor sutil, invisible en la mayoría de las ocasiones, pero de presencia fundamental; objetivo central del presente artículo el cual muestra los resultados de un estudio encaminado a identificar a los tipos de espectadores que predominan en doce Instituciones de Educación Básica de la Ciudad de Saltillo, Coahuila, México, de las cuales seis son de nivel primaria y seis de nivel secundaria; tomando a consideración a 75 estudiantes de dichos niveles en edades que oscilan entre los 6 y 15 años de edad. Material y Métodos. Se diseño la Cedula de Intimidación en contextos escolares, mediante la cual se identificaron cuatro tipos de espectadores del bullying: pasivos, antisociales, reforzador y asertivo. Conclusiones. El estudio reveló, que predomina en las doce instituciones abordadas, el espectador asertivo; mostrando con ello, una creciente participación de los estudiantes en materia de prevención de la violencia escolar que se vive actualmente en la entidad.Introduction. In recent years, multiple studies have been conducted on the phenomenon of bullying within educational contexts, in the same way it has been written about the profiles of the aggressors, as well as their characteristics and behaviors (Acevedo 2010), however Little has been studied about the so-called “passive aggressor”, the spectators of the aggressions, who represent a type of subtle aggressor, invisible in most cases, but of fundamental presence; The main objective of this article is to show the results of a study aimed at identifying the types of spectators that predominate in twelve Basic Education Institutions of the City of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, of which six are of primary level and six of secondary level; taking into consideration 75 students of these levels in ages ranging from 6 to 15 years old. Material and methods. The Bullying Card was designed in school contexts, through which four types of bullying spectators were identified: passive, antisocial, reinforcing and assertive. Conclusions. The study revealed that the assertive spectator predominates in the twelve institutions addressed; showing with it, a growing participation of the students in the matter of prevention of school violence that is currently lived in the entity.
Reseña de: Castillo de Mesa, J. 2019. El Trabajo Social en la era digital
Authors: Méndez Domínguez Paula
Published: February 2020

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Assessing Maternal Support for Physical Activity in Latina Adolescents
Authors: Benitez Tanya J. , Cano Mayra , Marquez Becky , Larsen Britta
Published: February 2020

Objectives: We developed a comprehensive measure to evaluate 11 domains of maternal social support for physical activity (PA) among Latina adolescents. Methods: The 26-item questionnaire included a version for mothers to rate how often they engaged in behaviors supporting
their daughters' PA, and a version for daughters to rate how often their mothers engaged in the same behaviors. Bivariate correlations examined associations between mother-daughter perceived support for daughter's moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and associations between daughter's perceived
support for PA and current MVPA. Results: Twenty-one Latina adolescents, which included 20 adolescent-mother dyads, enrolled in the study. Mother-daughter ratings of support showed significant positive correlations for reminders (r = .573, p = .01), watching daughters' sports (r = .566,
p = .01), limit-setting (r = .564, p = .01), encouragement (r = .561, p = .01), transportation (r = .544, p = .02). We found statistically significant associations between MVPA and daughters' ratings of their mothers valuing (r = .544, p = .02) and facilitating PA (r = .48, p = .05). Conclusions:
Mothers accurately perceive several supportive behaviors for PA given to daughters, but only daughters' perception of received support predicts their MVPA.
Exercise on Visuo-Spatial Memory: Direct Effects and Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Zou Liye , Yu Qian , Liu Shijie , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: February 2020

Objective: There is suggestive evidence that exercise may have a greater effect on visuo-spatial memory, compared to other memory types. However, we have a limited understanding as to the mechanisms through which exercise may subserve visuo-spatial memory. Thus, the purpose of
this review is to evaluate the extent to which exercise may influence visuo-spatial memory, whether exercise can attenuate drug- and diseased-induced declines in memory, and determine the underlying mechanisms of these relationships. Methods: We employed a systematic review approach.
We identified studies using electronic databases, including PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus and Google Scholar. Results: In total, we identified 32 articles. Among these, 2 were among humans and 30 were conducted in animal models. There was strong evidence sup- porting the facilitative
role of chronic exercise in visuo-spatial memory improvements, as well as attenuation of drug- and diseased-induced memory decline. There are various mechanisms through which chronic exercise may influence visuo-spatial memory, including increased neuro-genesis, angiogenesis, improved neural
efficiency, CB1 receptor signaling, activation of H2 receptors, and increased number of synaptic structures (eg, AMPA and NMDA receptors). Conclusion: Exercise may help to enhance visuo-spatial memory.
Socioeconomic Status and Later-life Mental Health in South Korea
Authors: Yi Jong-Hyun , Hong Jihyung
Published: February 2020

Objectives: In this study, we examined the potential influence of childhood and adult socioeconomic status (SES) on probable depression, suicide ideation, and self-esteem among men (N = 2938) and women (N = 4319) aged 50 years and older in South Korea. Methods: Our data
came from the 2018 Korea Welfare Panel Study. Probable depression was defined as a score ≥16 on the modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. We assessed suicide ideation with a single item. We assessed self-esteem with the Korean version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
Results: The results of multiple regression analyses showed that childhood economic status was rarely associated with mental health. However, current income consistently was associated with all outcomes in both sexes. Unemployment also had important health implications, especially for
suicide ideation in men. Notably, the potential influence of income and employment status appeared to outweigh that of education, but not for self-esteem. Conclusions: Childhood economic status, but not adult SES, may have little implication for late-life mental health in present-day
South Korea, which has gone through dramatic social and economic changes over the last half century. We discuss the socioeconomic implications of these findings.
Une présence qui dérange
Authors: Desprat Diane
Published: February 2020

Cet article analyse les différentes barrières que rencontrent les coiffeurs descendants d’immigrés, originaires du Maghreb et de l’Afrique subsaharienne, au cours de leur carrière pour se faire une place dans le métier et les tentatives qu’ils mettent en place pour infléchir cette situation. Il restitue notamment les différentes injonctions corporelles ou langagières exigées par la profession. Pour se rapprocher d’un « idéal caucasien » recherché par les collègues de travail et les employeurs, les coiffeurs sont par exemple sommés de se lisser les cheveux ou de changer de prénom. La figure de la clientèle vient justifier ces exigences de la part des employeurs. Cet article montre également comment, dans une profession constituée majoritairement de femmes, être un homme tend à atténuer cette identité raciale qu’on leur appose. Mais ces tentatives de mise en conformité à cet idéal professionnel ne signifient pas acceptation du racisme. Des formes de résistance à cette traduction du social apparaissent et leur permettent de retrouver une certaine estime de soi.
Les agences de placement à Montréal et le travail immigrant : une composante du racisme systémique au Québec ?
Authors: Salamanca Cardona Manuel
Published: February 2020

Cet article explore le rôle des agences d’emploi temporaire à Montréal dans l’exploitation de la main-d’oeuvre immigrante et la relation de ces agences avec le racisme systémique au Québec. L’hypothèse qui guide cet article est que la dérégulation des agences et les vulnérabilités produites par les statuts migratoires des travailleurs sont des facteurs qui font du travail intérimaire une composante du racisme systémique sur le marché du travail québécois. Nous cherchons ici à analyser si le régime de travail intérimaire s’articule avec la discrimination fondée sur le statut d’immigration et le racisme systémique. Dans cet article, j’aborde d’abord ce qu’est le travail intérimaire et ses effets sur les conditions de travail en soulignant l’importance de l’utilisation de la main-d’oeuvre immigrante. Par la suite, je revisite les schémas historiques de discrimination raciale au Canada et au Québec, puis je présente et analyse certaines expériences d’abus et de discrimination en milieu de travail ainsi que certaines pratiques d’agence dans la gestion des vulnérabilités des immigrants. Ces analyses sont tirées d’entrevues avec 42 travailleurs immigrants ainsi que d’entretiens avec des organisateurs du Centre des travailleurs et travailleuses immigrants (CTI) et de l’Association des travailleurs et travailleuses d’agences de placement de Montréal (ATTAP).
Mesurer le racisme ?
Authors: Primon Jean Luc , Simon Patrick
Published: February 2020

Longtemps délaissé par les recherches en sciences sociales, la mesure quantitative du racisme redevient d’actualité et pose d’importantes questions méthodologiques et théoriques. En prenant appui sur l’expérience de l’enquêteTrajectoires et Origines(TeO, Insee-Ined, 2008-2009), cet article montre les apports et les limites de l’enquête pour la connaissance empirique et statistique des discriminations et du racisme, et explore des pistes d’explication de la sous-déclaration de l’expérience du racisme. Après une discussion des sources quantitatives d’analyse du racisme en France, nous présentons une synthèse des résultats de TeO sur le racisme rapporté par les immigrés et descendants d’immigrés. Nous discutons ensuite les relations entre expérience des discriminations et du racisme, et des corrélations avec l’altérisation des groupes. Nous terminons par une réflexion argumentée sur les processus de subjectivation et de conscientisation à l’oeuvre parmi les minorités racialisées, en traitant des formes de racisation à partir des marques et caractéristiques personnelles reliées à l’expérience raciste.
Ser/Thr kinase Trc controls neurite outgrowth in Drosophila by modulating microtubule-microtubule sliding
Authors: Norkett Rosalind , del Castillo Urko , Lu Wen , Gelfand Vladimir I
Published: February 2020

Correct neuronal development requires tailored neurite outgrowth. Neurite outgrowth is driven in part by microtubule-sliding – the transport of microtubules along each other. We have recently demonstrated that a ‘mitotic’ kinesin-6 (Pavarotti in Drosophila) effectively inhibits microtubule-sliding and neurite outgrowth. However, mechanisms regulating Pavarotti itself in interphase cells and specifically in neurite outgrowth are unknown. Here, we use a combination of live imaging and biochemical methods to show that the inhibition of microtubule-sliding by Pavarotti is controlled by phosphorylation. We identify the Ser/Thr NDR kinase Tricornered (Trc) as a Pavarotti-dependent regulator of microtubule sliding in neurons. Further, we show that Trc-mediated phosphorylation of Pavarotti promotes its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. Loss of 14-3-3 prevents Pavarotti from associating with microtubules. Thus, we propose a pathway by which microtubule-sliding can be up- or downregulated in neurons to control neurite outgrowth, and establish parallels between microtubule-sliding in mitosis and post-mitotic neurons.
Loss of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) impairs sperm function and male reproductive advantage in C. elegans
Authors: Yen Chia-An , Ruter Dana L , Turner Christian D , Pang Shanshan , Curran Sean P
Published: February 2020

Exposure to environmental stress is clinically established to influence male reproductive health, but the impact of normal cellular metabolism on sperm quality is less well-defined. Here we show that impaired mitochondrial proline catabolism, reduces energy-storing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels, alters mitochondrial dynamics toward fusion, and leads to age-related loss of sperm quality (size and activity), which diminishes competitive fitness of the animal. Loss of the 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase enzyme alh-6 that catalyzes the second step in mitochondrial proline catabolism leads to premature male reproductive senescence. Reducing the expression of the proline catabolism enzyme alh-6 or FAD biosynthesis pathway genes in the germline is sufficient to recapitulate the sperm-related phenotypes observed in alh-6 loss-of-function mutants. These sperm-specific defects are suppressed by feeding diets that restore FAD levels. Our results define a cell autonomous role for mitochondrial proline catabolism and FAD homeostasis on sperm function and specify strategies to pharmacologically reverse these defects.
Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of the heat shock transcription factor gene family in Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.)
Authors: Zhang Lin , Chen Wei , Shi Ben
Published: February 2020

The heat shock transcription factor (Hsf) family, identified as one of the important gene families, participates in plant development process and some stress response. So far, there have been no reports on the research of the Hsf transcription factors in physic nut. In this study, seventeen putative Hsf genes identified from physic nut genome. Phylogenetic analysis manifested these genes classified into three groups: A, B and C. Chromosomal location showed that they distributed eight out of eleven linkage groups. Expression profiling indicated that fourteen JcHsf genes highly expressed in different tissues except JcHsf1, JcHsf6 and JcHsf13. In addition, induction of six and twelve JcHsf genes noted against salt stress and drought stress, respectively, which demonstrated that the JcHsf genes are involved in abiotic stress responses. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the JcHsf gene family and further study of its function.
Association of the CACNA2D2 gene with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population
Authors: Fu Yingli , Zhou Na , Bai Wei , Sun Yaoyao , Chen Xin , Wang Yueying , Zhang Mingyuan , Kou Changgui , Yu Yaqin , Yu Qiong
Published: February 2020

Background

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severely complex psychiatric disorder in which ~80% can be explained by genetic factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in calcium channel genes are potential genetic risk factors for a spectrum of psychiatric disorders including SCZ. This study evaluated the association between SNPs in the voltage-gated calcium channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 2 gene (CACNA2D2) and SCZ in the Han Chinese population of Northeast China.

Methods

A total of 761 SCZ patients and 775 healthy controls were involved in this case-control study. Three SNPs (rs3806706, rs45536634 and rs12496815) of CACNA2D2 were genotyped by the MALDI-TOF-MS technology. Genotype distribution and allele frequency differences between cases and controls were tested by Chi-square (χ2) in males and females respectively using SPSS 24.0 software. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses were conducted using Haploview4.2. The false discovery rate correction was utilized to control for Type I error by R3.2.3.

Results

There was a significant difference in allele frequencies (χ2 = 9.545, Padj = 0.006) and genotype distributions (χ2 = 9.275, Padj = 0.006) of rs45536634 between female SCZ patients and female healthy controls after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Minor allele A (OR = 1.871, 95% CI [1.251–2.798]) and genotype GA + AA (OR = 1.931, 95% CI [1.259–2.963]) were associated with an increased risk of SCZ. Subjects with haplotype AG consisting of rs45536634 and rs12496815 alleles had a higher risk of SCZ (OR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.26–2.90]) compared those with other haplotypes.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that CACNA2D2 polymorphisms may influence the susceptibility to SCZ in Han Chinese women.
The History of Modern Ophthalmology in Nigeria: A Synopsis of Institutions, Events and Personalities
Authors: Oderinlo Olufemi , Olubola Hassan Adekunle , Bogunjoko Tayo
Published: February 2020

Ophthalmology in Nigeria has developed over the decades with contributions from several personalities. Many events and institutions have served to shape the emergence of good care, from the establishment of ECWA Eye hospital in 1943 as one of the premiere indigenous dedicated Eye Hospitals, to the establishment of the National Eye Centre as well as the University College Hospital Ophthalmology department, the specialty of Ophthalmology has grown to enviable heights. The formation of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria in 1969 and the establishment of the National Postgraduate College and The West African College of Surgeons equally stand out as landmark events in History.

The Nigerian National Survey of Blindness and Visual Impairment (2005 to 2007) was the biggest ever survey in Africa, no national level estimates existed in Nigeria before the survey. This gigantic task took more than three years to complete including 30 months of rigorous fieldwork and was only possible because of the special efforts of key individuals. The MTN EYE FOUNDATION Eyeris Program (2013 - 2017) also stands out as a landmark surgical intervention scheme involving 12 states in all geopolitical zones in Nigeria. A total of 18,438 free cataract surgeries were performed, 23,528 eyeglasses and 23,226 ocular medications for ocular allergies, glaucoma and ocular infections were also given free to beneficiaries.
Assessment of pressure pain threshold at the cervical and lumbar spine region in the group of professionally active nurses: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Kołcz Anna , Jenaszek Karolina
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The problem of spinal pain among nurses and lack of compliance with workplace ergonomy is increasing. The study aimed to assess the pressure pain threshold (PPT) at the cervical and lumbar spine in nursing staff.

Methods

The sample of this prospective and observational study consisted of 30 female nurses with a mean age of 38.6 ± 11.1 years. The standardized Oswestry (ODI) and the Neck Disability Index (NDI) were used, as well as the Authors’ Designed Questionnaire (ADQ) was used to assess compliance with ergonomic principles. The PPT analysis using a computerized pressure algometer (CPA) was performed to examine the level of PPT.

Results

A mild disability was found in 56% of nurses (NDI and ODI). A value of <4 kg/cm2 (CPA), indicating musculoskeletal overload was observed in 57% of subjects. Also, 60% of nurses work with a lying patient; 73.4% grabs the patient’s armpits while transferring in bed; 16.7% never adjusts the height of the bed, and only 13.4% choose specialist footwear for work. There is a correlation between PPT values for trapezius and erector spinae muscles on the same side of the body in nurses with mild and moderate disability (P < .05).

Conclusions

Pain complaints are associated with lower PPT of trapezius and erector spinae muscles and asymmetry of muscle tension. Also, it was noted that the lack of implementation of ergonomic principles by nursing staff affects their degree of disability.
Dosimetric impact of rotational errors on the quality of VMAT‐SRS for multiple brain metastases: Comparison between single‐ and two‐isocenter treatment planning techniques
Authors: Prentou Georgia , Pappas Eleftherios P , Logothetis Andreas , Koutsouveli Efi , Pantelis Evaggelos , Papagiannis Panagiotis , Karaiskos Pantelis
Published: February 2020

Purpose

In the absence of a 6D couch and/or assuming considerable intrafractional patient motion, rotational errors could affect target coverage and OAR‐sparing especially in multiple metastases VMAT‐SRS cranial cases, which often involve the concurrent irradiation of off‐axis targets. This work aims to study the dosimetric impact of rotational errors in such applications, under a comparative perspective between the single‐ and two‐isocenter treatment techniques.

Methods

Ten patients (36 metastases) were included in this study. Challenging cases were only considered, with several targets lying in close proximity to OARs. Two multiarc VMAT plans per patient were prepared, involving one and two isocenters, serving as the reference plans. Different degrees of angular offsets at various orientations were introduced, simulating rotational errors. Resulting dose distributions were evaluated and compared using commonly employed dose‐volume and plan quality indices.

Results

For single‐isocenter plans and 1⁰ rotations, plan quality indices, such as coverage, conformity index and D95%, deteriorated significantly (>5%) for distant targets from the isocenter (at> 4–6 cm). Contrarily, for two‐isocenter plans, target distances to nearest isocenter were always shorter (≤4 cm), and, consequently, 1⁰ errors were well‐tolerated. In the most extreme case considered (2⁰ around all axes) conformity index deteriorated by on‐average 7.2%/cm of distance to isocenter, if one isocenter is used, and 2.6%/cm, for plans involving two isocenters. The effect is, however, strongly associated with target volume. Regarding OARs, for single‐isocenter plans, significant increase (up to 63%) in Dmax and D0.02cc values was observed for any angle of rotation. Plans that could be considered clinically unacceptable were obtained even for the smallest angle considered, although rarer for the two‐isocenter planning approach.

Conclusion

Limiting the lesion‐to‐isocenter distance to ≤4 cm by introducing additional isocenter(s) appears to partly mitigate severe target underdosage, especially for smaller target sizes. If OAR‐sparing is also a concern, more stringent rotational error tolerances apply.
A juvenile ALS‐like phenotype dramatically improved after high‐dose riboflavin treatment
Authors: Carreau Christophe , Lenglet Timothée , Mosnier Isabelle , Lahlou Ghizlene , Fargeot Guillaume , Weiss Nicolas , Demeret Sophie , Salachas François , Veauville‐Merllié Alice , Acquaviva Cécile , Nadjar Yann
Published: February 2020

Riboflavin transporter deficiency (RTD) was recently characterized as a cause of genetic recessive childhood‐onset motor neuron disease (MND) with hearing loss, formerly described as Brown‐Vialetto‐Van‐Lear syndrome. We describe a 18‐year‐old woman with probable RTD mimicking juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) who presented with an inaugural respiratory failure and moderate distal four limbs weakness. Only one heterozygous SLC52A3 mutation was detected, but presence of a sub‐clinical auditory neuropathy and dramatic improvement under high dose riboflavin argued for a RTD. As RTD probably has a larger phenotypic spectrum than expected, a high dose riboflavin trial should be discussed in young‐onset MND.
Metal–Organic Framework‐Derived Graphitic Nanoribbons Anchored on Graphene for Electroionic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Kotal Moumita , Tabassian Rassoul , Roy Sandipan , Oh Saewoong , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: February 2020

To achieve large bending displacement and fast response time under ultralow input voltages, as well as improved durability, advanced high‐performance ionic actuators still face crucial design challenges that must be resolved. Here, hierarchically porous and unzipped graphitic nanoribbons anchored on graphene as an efficient electrode material for high‐performance electroionic artificial muscles are reported. Using controlled solvothermal and pyrolysis methods, nanoarchitectured carbon is derived from a self‐templated potassium‐based metal–organic frameworks–graphene hybrid. The newly designed ionic actuator demonstrates excellent actuation performance, including large bending displacement (17.4 mm) and a strain difference of 0.51% at 0.5 V AC input, very fast response time (700 ms) at 0.5 V DC input, wide frequency response (0.1–15 Hz), and excellent cycling stability (92%) after 25 000 cycles without any delamination of electrodes under continuous electrical operation. The breakthrough in actuation performance mainly stems from the unzipping of hollow nanorods to hierarchical porous graphitic nanoribbons anchored on graphene with the enlarged surface area, large pore volume, stronger mechanical integrity, and emerging charge storage and transport ability. Further, the electroionic actuator shows promise when applied in the demonstration of a biomimicking Venus flytrap.
Design Principles and Synergistic Effects of Chlorination on a Conjugated Backbone for Efficient Organic Photovoltaics: A Critical Review
Authors: Kini Gururaj P. , Jeon Sung Jae , Moon Doo Kyung
Published: February 2020

The pursuit of low‐cost, flexible, and lightweight renewable power resources has led to outstanding advancements in organic solar cells (OSCs). Among the successful design principles developed for synthesizing efficient conjugated electron donor (ED) or acceptor (EA) units for OSCs, chlorination has recently emerged as a reliable approach, despite being neglected over the years. In fact, several recent studies have indicated that chlorination is more potent for large‐scale production than the highly studied fluorination in several aspects, such as easy and low‐cost synthesis of materials, lowering energy levels, easy tuning of molecular orientation, and morphology, thus realizing impressive power conversion efficiencies in OSCs up to 17%. Herein, an up‐to‐date summary of the current progress in photovoltaic results realized by incorporating a chlorinated ED or EA into OSCs is presented to recognize the benefits and drawbacks of this interesting substituent in photoactive materials. Furthermore, other aspects of chlorinated materials for application in all‐small‐molecule, semitransparent, tandem, ternary, single‐component, and indoor OSCs are also presented. Consequently, a concise outlook is provided for future design and development of chlorinated ED or EA units, which will facilitate utilization of this approach to achieve the goal of low‐cost and large‐area OSCs.
Efficient All‐Optical Plasmonic Modulators with Atomically Thin Van Der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Guo Xiangdong , Liu Ruina , Hu Debo , Hu Hai , Wei Zheng , Wang Rui , Dai Yunyun , Cheng Yang , Chen Ke , Liu Kaihui , Zhang Guangyu , Zhu Xing , Sun Zhipei , Yang Xiaoxia , Dai Qing
Published: February 2020

All‐optical modulators are attracting significant attention due to their intrinsic perspective on high‐speed, low‐loss, and broadband performance, which are promising to replace their electrical counterparts for future information communication technology. However, high‐power consumption and large footprint remain obstacles for the prevailing nonlinear optical methods due to the weak photon–photon interaction. Here, efficient all‐optical mid‐infrared plasmonic waveguide and free‐space modulators in atomically thin graphene‐MoS2 heterostructures based on the ultrafast and efficient doping of graphene with the photogenerated carrier in the monolayer MoS2 are reported. Plasmonic modulation of 44 cm−1 is demonstrated by an LED with light intensity down to 0.15 mW cm−2, which is four orders of magnitude smaller than the prevailing graphene nonlinear all‐optical modulators (≈103 mW cm−2). The ultrafast carrier transfer and recombination time of photogenerated carriers in the heterostructure may achieve ultrafast modulation of the graphene plasmon. The demonstration of the efficient all‐optical mid‐infrared plasmonic modulators, with chip‐scale integrability and deep‐sub wavelength light field confinement derived from the van der Waals heterostructures, may be an important step toward on‐chip all‐optical devices.
A General Strategy to Glassy M‐Te (M = Ru, Rh, Ir) Porous Nanorods for Efficient Electrochemical N2Fixation
Authors: Wang Juan , Huang Bolong , Ji Yujin , Sun Mingzi , Wu Tong , Yin Rongguan , Zhu Xing , Li Youyong , Shao Qi , Huang Xiaoqing
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical conversion of nitrogen (N2) into value‐added ammonia (NH3) is highly desirable yet formidably challenging due to the extreme inertness of the N2molecule, which makes the development of a robust electrocatalyst prerequisite. Herein, a new class of bullet‐like M‐Te (M = Ru, Rh, Ir) glassy porous nanorods (PNRs) is reported as excellent electrocatalysts for N2reduction reaction (NRR). The optimized IrTe4PNRs present superior activity with the highest NH3yield rate (51.1 µg h−1mg−1cat.) and Faraday efficiency (15.3%), as well as long‐term stability of up to 20 consecutive cycles, making them among the most active NRR electrocatalysts reported to date. Both the N2temperature‐programmed desorption and valence band X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data show that the strong chemical adsorption of N2is the key for enhancing the NRR and suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction of IrTe4PNRs. Density functional theory calculations comprehensively identify that the superior adsorption strength of IrTe4adsorptions originates from the synergistic collaboration between electron‐rich Ir and the highly electroactive surrounding Te atoms. The optimal adsorption of both N2and H2O in alkaline media guarantees the superior consecutive NRR process. This work opens a new avenue for designing high‐performance NRR electrocatalysts based on glassy materials.
Designing “Supermetalphobic” Surfaces that Greatly Repel Liquid Metal by Femtosecond Laser Processing: Does the Surface Chemistry or Microstructure Play a Crucial Role?
Authors: Yong Jiale , Zhang Chengjun , Bai Xue , Zhang Jingzhou , Yang Qing , Hou Xun , Chen Feng
Published: February 2020

It is demonstrated that the wettability of liquid metal (LM) on a substrate is very different from the water wettability. Superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic silicon and polydimethylsiloxane surfaces, respectively, are obtained by femtosecond laser processing and proper chemical modification. All of the structured surfaces have excellent LM repellence, that is, supermetalphobicity, in spite of superhydrophobicity or superhydrophilicity. The experimental comparison and contact model analysis reveal that surface microstructure actually plays a crucial role in endowing a surface with supermetalphobicity while surface chemistry has a little influence on the formation of supermetalphobicity, because the liquid/solid contact is replaced by a solid/solid contact mode for a LM droplet on a textured substrate. It is believed that the established principle for creating supermetalphobic surfaces will enable to accelerate the application progress of LM materials in flexible circuits and liquid robots.
Shale gas pad development planning under price uncertainty
Authors: Li Can , Eason John P. , Drouven Markus G. , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: February 2020

In this article, we study shale gas pad development under natural gas price uncertainty. We optimize the sequence of operations, gas curtailment, and storage on a single pad to maximize the net present value. The optimization problem is formulated as an mixed‐integer linear programming model, which is similar to the one proposed by Ondeck et al. We investigate how natural gas price uncertainty affects the operation strategy in the pad development. Both two‐stage and multistage stochastic programming are used as the mathematical framework to hedge against uncertainty. Our case study shows that there is value of using stochastic programming when the price variance is high. However, when the variance of the price is low, solving the stochastic programming problems does not create additional value compared with solving the deterministic problem.
Dairy Farm Management when Nutrient Runoff and Climate Emissions Count
Authors: Lötjönen Sanna , Temmes Esa , Ollikainen Markku
Published: February 2020

We provide a theoretical framework and detailed bioeconomic simulations to examine privately and socially optimal dairy farm management in the presence of nutrient runoff and greenhouse gas emissions. Dairy farms produce milk by choosing herd size, diet, fertilization and land allocation between crops, as well as (discrete) manure storage and spreading technologies and the number of milking seasons. We show analytically that a critical radius emerges for the choice of land use between silage and cereal cultivation and fertilizer types (mineral and manure). Both privately and socially optimal manure application rates decrease with application distance. We characterize the optimal climate and water policy instruments for dairy farming. A detailed bioeconomic simulation model links farm management decisions with their impacts on climate and water quality. We numerically solve the social and private optima and the features of optimal climate and water policy instruments. We show that using only climate instruments provides considerable water co‐benefits, and in the same vein, the use of water quality instruments provides considerable climate co‐benefits. Climate policies lead to a reduction in herd size, as measures relating to manure management and spreading are relatively inefficient at reducing climate emissions. There is much more leeway for adapting to water policies than to climate policies, because dairy farms have multiple measures to reduce their nutrient loads.
Relative Versus Absolute Commodity Measurements in Benefit Transfer: Consequences for Validity and Reliability
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Zawojska Ewa
Published: February 2020

Non‐market goods can be measured on cardinal or relative scales. Consider a marsh of 200 acres, of which 20 acres would be affected by a policy. The same affected area can be measured in cardinal terms (20 acres) or as a relative proportion (10% of the marsh). When relative units such as percentages are a scalar transformation of cardinal units, the units of measurement used for modeling are often inconsequential for single‐site econometric and welfare analysis. However, this seemingly inconsequential transformation can have significant implications for benefit transfer across sites—a simple observation that remains unacknowledged by the literature. This article provides a theoretical and empirical evaluation of variable measurement conventions within benefit transfer, deriving conditions under which different types of measurement scales are expected to enhance validity and reliability. Theoretical results are illustrated using an application of discrete choice experiments to coastal flood adaptation in two Connecticut (United States) communities. Empirical findings validate expectations from the theoretical model, suggesting that transfers over goods measured in relative units may often outperform transfers over goods measured in cardinal units. These findings imply that the outcome of benefit transfer convergent validity tests may hinge on whether goods are measured in cardinal or relative units.
Elektrophysiologische Charakterisierung des Transports von Antibiotika durch äußere Membrankanäle in Gram‐negativen Bakterien in Gegenwart von Lipopolysacchariden
Authors: Wang Jiajun , Terrasse Rémi , Bafna Jayesh Arun , Benier Lorraine , Winterhalter Mathias
Published: February 2020

Multiple Antibiotikaresistenz bei Gram‐negativen Bakterien ist häufig mit einer reduzierten Permeabilität der Außenmembran verbunden. Hier quantifizieren wir den Beitrag von Membrankanälen bei der Aufnahme von Antibiotika. Hierzu untersuchen wir zwei Membrankanäle von E. coli, OmpF und OmpC. Diese werden jeweils in E. coli überexprimiert, äußere Membranvesikel (OMV) gesammelt und mit planaren Lipiddoppelschichten fusioniert. Das Verfahren erlaubt Membranproteinkanäle in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung zu charakterisieren. Jede OMV‐Fusion liefert nur einzelne oder wenige Kanalaktivitäten in der Lipidmembran. Die Asymmetrie der OMVs überträgt sich bei der Fusion in die Lipidmembran, wobei das Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) danach vorwiegend auf der Seite der OMV‐Zugabe vorhanden ist. Im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Rekonstitutionsverfahren zeigen die Kanäle, die aus LPS‐haltigen OMV fusioniert wurden, eine leicht reduzierte Ionenleitfähigkeit mit größerer Streuung und deutlich niedrigerer Permeation. Dieses Verfahren vereinfacht funktionelle und strukturelle Studien von Membrankanälen in nativen Membranen.
Rational Design of an Iron‐Based Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Couplings Involving Heteroaromatic Boronic Esters and Tertiary Alkyl Electrophiles
Authors: Crockett Michael P. , Wong Alexander S. , Li Bo , Byers Jeffery A.
Published: February 2020

Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions between a variety of alkyl halides and unactivated aryl boronic esters using a rationally designed iron‐based catalyst supported by β‐diketiminate ligands are described. High catalyst activity resulted in a broad substrate scope that included tertiary alkyl halides and heteroaromatic boronic esters. Mechanistic experiments revealed that the iron‐based catalyst benefited from the propensity for β‐diketiminate ligands to support low‐coordinate and highly reducing iron amide intermediates, which are very efficient for effecting the transmetalation step required for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction.
Structure of a Protein–RNA Complex by Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Ahmed Mumdooh , Marchanka Alexander , Carlomagno Teresa
Published: February 2020

Solid‐state NMR (ssNMR) is applicable to high molecular‐weight (MW) protein assemblies in a non‐amorphous precipitate. The technique yields atomic resolution structural information on both soluble and insoluble particles without limitations of MW or requirement of crystals. Herein, we propose and demonstrate an approach that yields the structure of protein–RNA complexes (RNP) solely from ssNMR data. Instead of using low‐sensitivity magnetization transfer steps between heteronuclei of the protein and the RNA, we measure paramagnetic relaxation enhancement effects elicited on the RNA by a paramagnetic tag coupled to the protein. We demonstrate that this data, together with chemical‐shift‐perturbation data, yields an accurate structure of an RNP complex, starting from the bound structures of its components. The possibility of characterizing protein–RNA interactions by ssNMR may enable applications to large RNP complexes, whose structures are not accessible by other methods.
Mechanistic Studies on the Insertion of Carbonyl Substrates into Cu‐H: Different Rate‐Limiting Steps as a Function of Electrophilicity
Authors: Tran Ba L. , Neisen Benjamin D. , Speelman Amy L. , Gunasekara Thilina , Wiedner Eric S. , Bullock R. Morris
Published: February 2020

We report mechanistic studies on the insertion reactions of [(NHC)Cu(μ‐H)]2 complexes with carbonyl substrates by UV‐vis and 1H NMR spectroscopic kinetic studies, H/D isotopic labelling, and X‐ray crystallography. The results of these comprehensive studies show that the insertion of Cu‐H with an aldehyde, ketone, activated ester/amide, and unactivated amide consist of two different rate limiting steps: the formation of Cu‐H monomer from Cu‐H dimer for more electrophilic substrates, and hydride transfer from a transient Cu‐H monomer for less electrophilic substrates. We also report spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of rare Cu‐hemiacetalate and Cu‐hemiaminalate moieties from the insertion of an ester or amide into the Cu−H bond.
Solvent Molecule Cooperation Enhancing Lithium Metal Battery Performance at Both Electrodes
Authors: Zhang Yifang , Zhong Yiren , Wu Zishan , Wang Bo , Liang Shuquan , Wang Hailiang
Published: February 2020

Developing electrolytes compatible with efficient and reversible cycling of electrodes is critical to the success of rechargeable Li metal batteries (LMBs). The Coulombic efficiencies and cycle lives of LMBs with ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate, ethylene sulfite (ES), and their combinations as electrolyte solvents show that in a binary‐solvent electrolyte the extent of electrolyte decomposition on the electrode surface is dependent on the solvent component that dominates the solvation sheath of Li+. This knowledge led to the development of an EC‐ES electrolyte exhibiting high performance for Li||LiFePO4 batteries. Carbonate molecules occupy the solvation sheath and improve the Coulombic efficiencies of both the anode and cathode. Sulfite molecules lead to desirable morphology and composition of the solid electrolyte interphase and extend the cycle life of the Li metal anode. The cooperation between these components provides a new example of electrolyte optimization for improved LMBs.
A Boron Nitride Nanosheets Composite Membrane for a Long‐Life Zinc‐Based Flow Battery
Authors: Hu Jing , Yue Meng , Zhang Huamin , Yuan Zhizhang , Li Xianfeng
Published: February 2020

The capability to maintain a constant system temperature is vital in nature, since it endows the system with enhanced lifetime. This trait also works for zinc‐based batteries, because their cycle‐life is limited by notorious zinc dendrite/accumulation, which are highly affected by the inhomogeneous distribution of temperature on electrode and relatively low mechanical strength of membrane. Herein, boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with high mechanical strength serving as heat‐porter are introduced onto a porous substrate to enable uniform deposition of zinc and further a zinc‐based flow battery with long‐cycle life. The results indicate that BNNSs can effectively adjust the deposited zinc from needle‐like to French fries‐like morphology, thus affording the battery with a stable performance for nearly 500 cycles at 80 mA cm−2. Most importantly, an energy efficiency of above 80 % can be obtained even at 200 mA cm−2, which is by far the highest value ever reported among zinc‐based flow batteries.
Evaluation of UV‐induced embrittlement of PE‐HD by Charpy impact test
Authors: Erdmann Maren , Niebergall Ute , Wachtendorf Volker , Böhning Martin
Published: February 2020

The impact fracture behavior of two common high‐density polyethylene grades for container applications were intensively studied by the instrumented Charpy impact test after well‐defined exposure to UV‐irradiation. Individual stages of the impact event, such as crack initiation and crack propagation energy as well as maximum impact load, were investigated from the recorded load–deflection curves. UV‐induced material property changes were further investigated by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic‐mechanical analysis as well as density measurements. Based on the results of the Charpy impact test, three indicators were identified to describe the extend of photooxidation on high‐density polyethylene: (a) a reduced Charpy impact strength—at least to half of its initial value for a distinctly brittle impact fracture, (b) a marked decrease in the crack propagation contribution to the impact strength, and (c) an increase of the brittle features of the fracture surface.
Sepiolite grafted polypyrrole: Influence of degree of grafting on structural, thermal, and impedance properties of nanohybrid
Authors: Raza Asif , Tahir Mehwish , Nasir Amara , Yasin Tariq , Nadeem Muhammad
Published: February 2020

Conductive pyrrole monomer was grafted on vinyl modified sepiolite by surface initiated emulsion graft polymerization. Effect of process variables such as monomer, initiator, and surfactant on degree of grafting (%) were investigated. Maximum 745% degree of grafting was obtained at optimized grafting conditions. Structural changes in sepiolite by grafting of polypyrrole chains was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Surface morphology of the grafted nanohybrid was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal studies were carried out to acquire information concerning thermal stability of the synthesized materials and it was found increasing with the increase in grafting (%) of polypyrrole in sepiolite grafted polypyrrole (MS‐g‐PPy). Complex impedance spectroscopic analysis was carried out to study the effects of grafting of PPy on the ac electrical properties of synthesized nanohybrid composite at ambient temperature in the frequency range of 0.5–107 Hz. The value of electrical conductivity was affected by degree of grafting (%) and maximum value of 0.85 × 10−4 S/cm was achieved. Both dielectric loss factor and permittivity increase with the decrease of frequency exhibiting strong interfacial polarization at low frequency.
Petro‐masculinity and climate change denial among white, politically conservative American males
Authors: Nelson Joshua
Published: February 2020

White, politically conservative males in the United States have been widely found to maintain petro‐masculine attitudes that include aspects of racism, misogyny, and climate change denial. These beliefs and their associated behaviors, including climate destructiveness, can be conceptualized as compensatory reactions to modern‐day racial, gender, and climate‐related anxieties that are experienced as threats to traditional white male privilege and power. They then manifest as and energize authoritarian desires and their associated sociopolitical movements, including the current Republican effort to Make American Great Again. This paper utilizes psychoanalytic concepts concerning individual and large‐group identity, group psychodynamics and processes, and the intergenerational transmission of idealized myth and fantasy to further elucidate and expand upon these complex phenomena. It then suggests specific strategies for disentangling the strong links between white hegemonic masculinity, fossil fuel use, and climate change denial, thus opening doors to alternative, non climate‐destructive yet still empowering notions of individual, large‐group, and national identity that are, instead, based in communal concern and climate care.