bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calibrating a Residential Location Model for Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia
Authors: Putman S H
Published: October 2006

The Disaggregated Residential Allocation Model (DRAM) is a modified Lowry derivative model which follows the Wilson entropy formulation. The model is a component of the Integrated Transportation and Land Use Package—ITLUP. As a part of ongoing work with DRAM, it has been calibrated for several US cities by use of conventional late twentieth-century data sets. Because of the work of the Philadelphia Social History Project a nineteenth-century data set for Philadelphia became available for use. This provided a unique opportunity to try calibrations of DRAM on this century-old data and thus attempt to validate the general structure of the model. The results of these calibrations suggest a rather high degree of descriptive validity and consistency with macro-behavioral theories of spatial allocation.
Dynamic Models of Spatial Autocorrelation
Authors: Hordijk L , Nijkamp P
Published: October 2006

Dynamic models have been studied intensively during the last decade, particularly in the field of growth theory and diffusion analysis. Consequently, problems like temporal autocorrelation have received much attention. Recently the attention of econometricians has also concentrated on spatial autocorrelation, particularly in the field of spatial interaction models. The existence of spatial autocorrelation among spatially dispersed phenomena appears to lead to significant differences in the treatment of multiregional models. In this paper, attention will be focused on the formal aspects of dynamic spatial diffusion models. Some statistical measures for temporal-spatial autocorrelation will be constructed. In addition, a formal derivation of necessary extensions in estimation procedures for dynamic multiregional econometric models will be presented, particularly in the field of seemingly unrelated regressions and instrumental variables. The analysis will be illustrated by means of a dynamic explanatory model for the spatial dispersion of foreign workers in The Netherlands.
The Statistical Derivation of Revealed Spatial Preference and Spatial Equity Functions
Authors: Girt J L
Published: October 2006

Revealed spatial preference scales are the most general way of measuring the degree of individual choice unanimity between alternatives in revealed spatial interaction data. From an examination of the information theoretic content of these scales, a continuous transform of scale differences into predicted choice probabilities is derived, as well as a ratio measure of spatial equity, or a measure of the differences in the quality of facility provision for groups of individuals. It is not necessary to assume that the functions involved are monotonic, additive, or independent of other choices that are known to have been made, and the personal attributes of the decisionmakers.
Factors Affecting Response to Road Noise
Authors: Taylor S M , Hall F L
Published: October 2006

Investigation of the factors affecting individual response to noise provides an improved basis for the selection and implementation of noise impact reduction policies. This investigation is necessary because the cause and effect relationship between the level of noise exposure and noise response is confounded by personal and situational variables. Examination of the effects of these variables on response to road traffic noise with the use of data collected at residential sites in Southern Ontario suggests the following points for residential planning decisions. Arguments for taking no action to reduce noise impact are not supported. The sex, age, and socioeconomic compositions of residential areas are not important considerations for implementing measures to reduce noise impact. Life-style characteristics of residents on the other hand do affect response to noise. Methods to reduce noise must be effective indoors and outdoors to have a significant effect on attitudes: air conditioning alone is inadequate. Noise barriers appear to be more effective for improving attitudes than their noise reduction properties would suggest.
Sensitivity Analysis in Multiregional Demographic Models
Authors: Willekens F J
Published: October 2006

The theory of multiregional mathematical demography investigates how fertility, mortality, and migration combine to shape the growth of multiregional population systems. Population dynamics have been studied for cases where the structural parameters, namely the age-specific rates of fertility, mortality, and migration, are fixed. This paper addresses the question of how the system behaves under changing structural parameters. By applying the technique of matrix differentiation, sensitivity functions are derived which link changes in multiregional life-table statistics and in population projections to changes in the age-specific rates. A review of the technique, which may be used for the sensitivity analysis of any matrix model, is given in the appendix.
Towards a Strategy of Growth Paths
Authors: Gaile G L
Published: October 2006

The paper considers the development of spatial investment strategies as a response to the problems of spatial inequality of development. It extends the formal logic of growth-center-based development to show that the conditions necessary for reducing intraregional development inequalities are highly unlikely under any center-based spatial investment strategy. The strategy of growth paths is introduced as an alternative. The strategy argues that urban-tied services can be mobilized along a path, which would allow for a more equitable and possibly more efficient provision of public services. Roads positively affect the transition to development of those in proximity to them. This has always been a passive benefit of transport development. The growth-path strategy speculates that this transition can be actively encouraged.
A Comparative Analysis of Spatial Representation in Doubly Constrained Interaction Models
Authors: Masser I
Published: October 2006

Some simple criteria for comparing the spatial systems that are used in different applications of doubly constrained interaction models are described and their usefulness is demonstrated by a comparative analysis of four models drawn from British, Dutch, and German sources. The influence that spatial representation has on the performance of the models is also examined and considerable differences are found between the four case studies. These effect the separate interpretability of the endogenously predicted variables and the rate at which the convergence criteria are satisfied.
A Method for Incorporating Maximum Constraints into the Garin-Lowry Model
Authors: Banister C E
Published: October 2006

This paper describes a method of incorporating maximum population constraints and maximum service-employment constraints into a nonmatrix formulation of the Garin—Lowry model. The method involves checking for constraint violations at each stage of the model's iterations and modifying the relevant service or population attraction rate to prevent these violations.
Total Net Benefit and the Quantity of Life: A Query
Authors: Price C
Published: October 2006

When it is expected that different population levels will be associated with alternative land uses, cost—benefit analysts could adopt three treatments of benefit. (1) Only the benefit of population common to all land uses is considered. (2) The potential Pareto improvement criterion is adopted, requiring that gainers from any change can compensate losers. (3) Utility weights are used to interpret willingness-to-pay in terms of benefit. Despite the apparent feeling of economists that treatment (1) avoids difficult value judgements, all three treatments raise problems of ascribing preferences to the yet-unborn, and of estimating the total utility of life.
Optimal Selection and Scheduling of Investments in Urban Public Transport Systems
Authors: Rothengatter W
Published: October 2006

The selection of an optimal urban public transport system is prepared by a feeding-back planning process based on systems analysis. The decision situations are presented graphically, they define a plausible area of value judgements and insert into the figure indifference lines for each pair of alternative systems. The scheduling problem is handled by applying utility profile theory and zero–one optimization technique. By means of a particular formulation of variables and constraints, horizontal and vertical interdependencies between investment alternatives can be integrated.
Price Discrimination in a Racially Stable Housing Market
Authors: Sumka H J
Published: October 2006

Equilibrium models posit that, since whites have a taste for discrimination, they will outbid blacks for housing in racially homogeneous neighborhoods. Contrary observations that blacks pay more are often attributed to the price pressures that result from rapid expansion of the black population. This paper uses hedonic value assessment techniques to estimate racially based price differentials in a market where the black population has been stable for a long period. Explicit tests are made for boundary effects and market segmentation. The results indicate that blacks pay a discriminatory premium for housing, that results from collusive-like behavior that limits their housing opportunities.
The Spread of Traffic Effects and Regions of a Network
Authors: O'Sullivan P
Published: October 2006

A regionalization scheme for transport networks is sought in order to reduce the extent over which the impact of investing in specific links need be traced. Empirical data on travel are examined for structural regularity. The regions of a small city which emerge are tested by reassigning existing traffic to a modified transport network. A link in one region is changed to trace the permeation of link-volume changes through regional partitions. The results indicate a strong structure and degree of separability in the pattern of demand and use of a small urban network, which bodes well for more widespread application.
Evaluating the Possibilities for Exchanging Regional Input—Output Coefficients
Authors: Hewings G J D
Published: October 2006

The RAS technique is used to explore the possibilities for utilizing survey-based input–output models developed for one state in another state. The sensitivity of the biproportional parameters are examined in the context of a simple coefficient exchange. Finally, survey-based, RAS-derived, and random-coefficient models are compared under varying conditions of changes in final demand. The results confirm the aggregate validity of the RAS technique but question its reliability on an industry-by-industry basis.
Some Evidence from Japan on the Efficiency of Land Markets
Authors: Vining D R , Hiraguchi H
Published: October 2006

When an investor enters the real-estate market, can he detect a profitable parcel of land simply by observing how its price (or, more realistically, prices of like parcels in its general vicinity) has behaved in the immediate past? For example, if we observe land prices in a certain area of a city or even of a country to be rising at a rapid rate, is it reasonable to expect prices there to continue to rise at this rapid rate? If so, the market is said to be ‘inefficient’. Current prices in that market do not fully capitalize expected future price changes.

This paper asks if the Tokyo land market is inefficient and concludes that it is. If the government data on this market can be trusted, there are wide divergences in mean rates of appreciation across parcels that cannot be explained by differences in risk and that are not being closed through arbitrage. It appears that an investor in land can make an above average return on his funds by discovering where land prices have been rising at an above average rate and by investing in land in this area. If sustained by similar analyses of other land markets, this finding will give quantitative content to land economists' intuition that land markets are different from other speculative markets (for example, the stock and commodities markets), which are well known to be highly efficient.
Land-Use Planning and Environmental Protection: Convergence or Divergence?
Authors: Lichfield N , Marinov U
Published: October 2006

There exist two streams of activity operating side by side with regard to the environment: Urban and regional planning, and environmental protection. They have a common goal, the enhancement of man's environment. The first question is whether or not they should converge or diverge; this being answered affirmatively, then the question is how? This is considered in relation to control over the development of projects. Advanced practice is reviewed here, and then how practice could be improved by environmental impact analysis being matured into development-impact analysis with impact being seen as three sequential aspects: physical, activity, and welfare. The conclusions can then be translated into planning analysis, through the use of planning balance-sheet analysis, aimed at drawing a conclusion which is more suitable for decisionmaking than the conventional environmental impact analysis. The merging of the two streams would both sharpen the use of environmental impact analysis as currently practised and raise the level of performance of conventional planning analysis.
Simple Hybrid Input—Output Models: A Graphical Approach
Authors: Macgill S M
Published: October 2006

It is shown how the familiar Leontief input–output model, and the less familiar supply driven input–output model, may be formulated in terms of weighted digraph analysis. The two models concerned have hitherto been used essentially independently of each other with apparently no simple framework within which they can be combined. The graphical analysis presented below, however, enables them to be combined within a single framework, thus forming a new, hybrid, input–output model framework.
National Power in the European Parliament as Mediated by the Party System
Authors: Johnston R J
Published: October 2006

This paper develops from an earlier one which investigates aspects of national power in the forthcoming European Parliament by introducing the effect of the distribution of seats between parties. A three-stage analytical procedure is proposed which combines the power of national parties within European groups with the overall power of those groups. The results suggest that the current likely result for the UK is the worst possible in terms of national power.
Centralized Air-Pollution Treatment and the Optimal Location of Industries
Authors: Guldmann J-M , Shefer D
Published: October 2006

A cost-effectiveness optimization approach to industrial location planning and air quality management is developed, focusing on the feasibility of a centralized air-pollution-control system. The welfare criteria include air-pollution-control-related costs, but also other costs, such as commuting and land development costs. A multilevel optimization approach is outlined in order to devise economic incentives which may help to implement the optimal plan in a decentralized competitive decisionmaking context. A simplified linear programming formulation of the general model is applied to the Haifa area. Results confirm the need to adopt an integrated approach in examining the feasibility of a centralized air-pollution-control system.
Advances in Comparative Ecological Analysis: Parsimony, Invariance, and Homogeneity in Factor Analysis Solutions
Authors: Conway D , Haynes K E
Published: October 2006

Concern in this paper is with the specification of control procedures ensuring factor compatibility in spatiotemporal factorial ecology study. Specific attention is given to three considerations when factor solutions are to be used in the analysis of change: Parsimony, invariance, and homogeneity. A series of test procedures are proposed to determine the degree of factor compatibility between comparative solutions and to provide objective measures of parsimony, factor invariance, and variable homogeneity.
Corporate Space Preferences: A New Zealand Example
Authors: Taylor M J
Published: October 2006

The paper demonstrates the problems encountered in the measurement of corporate space preferences which are not present in the residential space preference context—most notably the assignment of people to levels in a decisionmaking hierarchy, and the weighting that is necessary to reflect the contribution that each level makes to any final decision. The greater complexity of the corporate situation highlights the conceptual inadequacy of the principal components technique for the construction of mental maps, with a simple psychological scaling technique appearing to be conceptually more adequate and equally as effective. But, it is the number of items on which data are collected which emerges as the issue of greatest consequence in this type of study, the suggestion having been made that respondents should not be asked to select more than say nine or ten locations from a list of alternatives.

The example of a corporate mental map, constructed in the light of the methodological discussion, was shown to have important implications for the spatial learning model proposed by Taylor (1975b), which had been derived from industrial linkage studies. Instead it was suggested that a metric reflecting the organisation of a national space economy into a series of hierarchically arranged and reasonably discrete regional space economies should replace simple euclidean measures of distance (that is, geographic space) within the model.
Choosing a House
Authors: Lyon Stina , Wood Margaret E
Published: October 2006

Economists and planners assume that the choices made by house purchasers are rationally and optimally made. However, psychologists know that decisionmaking in real life involves the chooser in complex and difficult conditions. In addition, the methods used to ascertain preferences and needs do not seem to be reliable indicators of what people actually choose. The study to be described, although confirming the problems which beset house buyers when choosing a house, and planners when attempting to decide what people need and prefer, also appears to show that actual purchase behaviour itself is a poor indicator of what people really want.
Optimal Regulation of Rural Ecosystem Pollution
Authors: Talavage J
Published: October 2006

A methodology is described which can aid in the planning of pollution abatement schedules. The methodology consists of a system dynamics computer-simulation model of the polluted ecosystem, and a powerful dynamic programming optimization procedure which causes the pollution level in the model to be reduced in some optimal manner. An application of the methodology is shown to a situation of heavy metal pollution in northwest Indiana.
Fundamental Problems of Theoretical Planning
Authors: Papageorgiou G J
Published: October 2006

This essay deals with problems of planning fundamental in the sense that they transcend socioeconomic systems. It is partitioned into four. The first part refers to some problems of transition from the realm of individuals to the social realm. The second part establishes the generality of the concept of an optimum city and its anti-utopian character. The third part discusses urban policy, politics and their impact on the attainment of an optimum city. Finally, the fourth part begins with a question on the nature of optimal institutions and concludes with some laws that cities under such optimal institutions should obey.
Some Empirical Tests of Duration-of-Stay Effects in Intraurban Migration
Authors: Clark W A V , Huff J O
Published: October 2006

Although there have been several empirical tests of the cumulative inertia hypothesis, the more recent theoretical work by Ginsberg (1973), McFarland (1970), and Spilerman (1972b) suggests that whereas these tests may support the existence of duration-of-stay effects they do not prove the existence of cumulative inertia as defined by McGinnis (1968). The tests are replicated and a new group of tests are applied to a data set of individual household moves for the Milwaukee metropolitan region. The new tests attempt to distinguish between the effects of heterogeneity, cumulative inertia, and changes in the rates of mobility. The results emphasize that even when cumulative inertia exists it is a very weak influence on the probability of migrating and that duration of stay since the last move is an inadequate measure of residence history effects.
Consumer Choice of Shopping Centre—A Hypergeometric Model
Authors: Beavon K , Hay A
Published: October 2006

The paper identifies the role of consumer choice models in relating consumer behaviour to observed characteristics of shopping centres. A hypergeometric model of consumer choice, assuming a finite set of ranked alternatives and limited searching in random order, is then introduced and developed to model situations where tied ranks exist. The properties of the model are illustrated using hypothetical values for the model parameters and it is shown to yield results relevant to a fuller understanding of consumer shopping movements.
Accessibility in Transport/Land-Use Modelling and Assessment
Authors: Davidson K B
Published: October 2006

The relationship between accessibility and urban density is examined both conceptually and experimentally. A linear relationship between the logarithm of density and centrality, a derivative of accessibility, is calibrated. It is shown that centrality can be used to measure the utility of location in the context of the land-use/transport system. This provides a basis for evaluating land-use/transport changes by using only data readily available from transportation studies.
The Distribution of Benefits in Road-Investment Appraisal
Authors: Dodgson J S
Published: October 2006

This paper discusses the problems involved in allowing for distributional considerations in road-investment appraisal. The first part demonstrates how existing traffic models can be modified in order to evaluate the distributional impact of benefits to leisure-time travellers in different income groups and different areas. In addition, it outlines the difficulties involved in estimating the distributional impact of benefits to travellers in working time, of freight-traffic benefits, and of accident benefits. The second part of the paper discusses the alternative approach of allowing for distributional considerations at the sector level, rather than at the individual project level. A model for determining a cut-off benefit–cost ratio for projects with particular distributional consequences is outlined, and is illustrated by reference to interurban road-investment planning in the United Kingdom.
An Analysis of Intraurban Residential Ownership Patterns
Authors: Walsh J A
Published: October 2006

This paper examines intraurban variation in residential ownership patterns. An entropy-maximizing model of the spatial–social distribution of rented urban residential units is presented, a number of formal properties of the model are established, and the model is then tested against data from fourteen Canadian cities at three different time periods.

On the average, in 1961 and 1971, residences were more likely to be rented in urban districts where a large proportion of the family heads were under thirty-five years old. In any city, all residences, whether located in rich or poor districts, were almost equally likely to be rented. In 1971 over two-fifths of the intraurban variation in ownership patterns was accounted for by the distance separating residences from the city centre. Between 1951 and 1971 there was a significant suburbanization of rented residential units. Although the empirical patterns broadly conform to the theoretical one, there is considerable spatial and temporal intraurban variation.
Spatial Nonconvexities
Authors: Mullally H , Papageorgiou G J
Published: October 2006

Modern economic theory has experienced a persistent shift away from partial equilibrium modelling and towards the theory of general competitive equilibrium. Spatial economic analysis, however, has by and large remained rooted in the older approach. This conservatism may be explained in part by the stringently aspatial manner in which general equilibrium theory is conventionally expressed. This paper attempts to redress this imbalance by considering general equilibrium in an explicitly geographic setting. In this particular context, space manifests itself primarily through transportation costs, and the major concern is to ascertain the pattern of transportation costs which the axioms of general equilibrium theory imply.
A Method for Computing Leontief Multipliers from Rectangular Input—Output Accounts
Authors: Schinnar A P
Published: October 2006

This paper develops an iterative method for computing Leontief multipliers for use in analyses of systems of national accounts. The algorithm entails a finite number of iterations using the row and column structure of the production accounts. It is particularly suitable for evaluating the multiplier effect of technological changes in the input–output coefficients of various industries.
A Neoclassical Approach to Urban Systems Diffusion
Authors: Ralston B A
Published: October 2006

This paper develops a model for urban systems diffusion that relies on classical models of communication. Unlike previous modeling attempts, a strict central-place distribution of cities is not assumed, and communication between cities of all ranks is allowed. The model is subjected to a normative approach to determine the best use of the communication channels in reaching a given level of adoption at a minimal cost within a fixed planning period. It is shown that the choice of policies depends on the marginal productivities and costs of the communication channels. Given the initial conditions set forth in the paper, the most likely diffusion pattern is initially hierarchical, followed by increasing neighborhood diffusion.
The Collection of National Land-Use Statistics in Great Britain: A Critique
Authors: Dickinson G C , Shaw M G
Published: October 2006

The collection of land-use change statistics under DoE Circular 71/74 is criticised on three grounds. First, there is no standard land-use classification employed consistently by all local authorities. Second, there is no standard and unambiguous set of areal units to which such a classification could be applied. Third, there is no efficient means of collecting land-use data in a form which meets the information needs of policymakers. Adoption of a standard land-use classification applied to functional units is advocated. It is argued that point sampling is a cheap and efficient means of collecting land-use statistics in a form which meets planning needs. The advantages of point sampling compared with alternative techniques are considered in detail.
A Dynamic Linear-Programming Approach to the Planning of National Settlement Systems
Authors: Propoi A , Willekens F
Published: October 2006

In this paper the problem of planning human-settlement systems (HSS) is formulated in a dynamic linear-programming (DLP) framework. Such large time-dependent problems are treated both by optimal-control and linear-programming techniques. A multiregional population-growth model forms the state equation of the DLP problem. Budget, resource, and quality-of-life constraints are considered. The paper describes the formalization of the HSS planning problem and suggests methods for its solution.
Migration and Settlement in Bulgaria
Authors: Philipov D
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the recent evolution of Bulgaria's population. It is part of IIASA's comparative study of migration and settlement patterns in its member nations. The paper presents a multiregional demographic analysis of fertility, mortality, and internal migration for a seven-region disaggregation of the Bulgarian state. The results give a detailed view of current spatial population dynamics in the country and offer valuable insights useful for the improvement of national population policy.
Political Spending in the United States: Analyses of Political Influences on the Allocation of Federal Money to Local Environments
Authors: Johnston R J
Published: October 2006

Where the American Federal Government spends its budget is an important influence on interstate variations in social well-being. This spending is not entirely directed at matching needs, however. Instead, allocations to states are influenced by a number of political variables, the operation of which is described and tested for here.
Freight Distribution Model Predictions Compared: A Test of Hypotheses
Authors: Pitfield D E
Published: October 2006

The transportation problem and a doubly constrained gravity model with a power deterrence function are used to find predictions of a number of 134 × 134 freight matrices detailing tonnages moved in Great Britain in 1972. The matrices detail movements by thirty commodity groups, and predictions are obtained for movements by road for all but one of the commodities and for the principal items carried by rail. These predicted matrices are used to examine a number of questions. The relationships between some alternative goodness-of-fit statistics are examined to establish which commodities are best modelled by each technique and to point out empirically which statistics give unreliable rankings. Various summary measures of the actual matrices are examined to see if it is possible to predict which matrices will be best modelled by each technique. The modelling techniques are compared to indicate which provides the best predictions for each matrix, and some conclusions are offered on the absolute efficiency of the best models.
Trip-Distribution Calculations and Sampling Error: Some Theoretical Aspects
Authors: Kirby H R , Leese M N
Published: October 2006

Part 1 of this paper discusses the treatment of zero observations in growth-factor methods; part 2 discusses the calibration of gravity models when the data are of different sampling variability. The problem discussed in part 1 is that zero observations are preserved at zero value in the forecast year, no matter how much growth takes place. Since the probability of making a trip is not zero but very small for those matrix cells that are empty by chance, it is shown how to estimate nonzero values for these cells by use of a method of smoothing reported in the statistical literature. It is argued in part 2 that the usual practice of calibrating against ‘grossed-up’ data is incorrect. If the survey method is the same for all trips, but the sampling fraction varies from one cell to another, it is shown, by use of maximum-likelihood methods, that it is the raw sample data against which the model should be calibrated. If the matrix is made up of data from different surveys, it is shown, by use of least-squares methods, that the raw sample data should be modified before estimating the parameters, leading to a minimum χ2 fitting criterion.
Information Minimisation, Markov Transition, and Dynamic Modelling
Authors: Nathanson M
Published: October 2006

The contrast between entropy measured in thermodynamics and information theory is discussed in terms of its implications for trip distribution and related urban-modelling procedures based on entropy maximisation or information minimisation. Models of spatial interaction using α = 2 entropy measures are shown to be improper because of the limited properties of these measures. A dynamic entropy-maximising Markovian framework for projecting trip and location distributions is suggested in conjunction with an earlier proposal of a ‘Bayes chain’ based on α = 1 information minimisation.
Regional Fiscal Imbalance and Growth Differentials in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Wang L H
Published: October 2006

The paper examines the fiscal arrangement between the Federal Government and the State Governments of Peninsular Malaysia. The transfer of federal grants as a form of fiscal adjustment fails to equalize regional fiscal imbalance, as the allotment system favours the rich states. This increases regional growth differentials of the country.
A Statistical Analysis of Regional-Unemployment Series
Authors: Bartels C P A , Booleman M , Peters W H
Published: October 2006

In this paper statistical techniques from time-domain and frequency-domain analyses are employed to study the temporal variations in regional-unemployment rates. The focus is on a decomposition of the series into a number of periodic components. By means of an empirical application to a set of Dutch regions, it is studied whether or not the results for both types of analysis lead to similar conclusions. It is found that global conclusions with respect to interregional differences in periodic sensitivity are similar for both approaches.
The Measurement of Flows in Social Statistics: An Example from Argentinian Experience
Authors: Minujin A , Beccaria L A
Published: October 2006

This paper explores the possibilities of using the results of a multipurpose household survey to obtain data about the movements of individuals—or other units—between different states, and also deals with methods for improving this information. There is an increasing need for this kind of information in order to complement information about stock. In this sense certain aspects of the methodology employed in a multipurpose household survey for Greater Buenos Aires are examined (in section 2 of the paper). The design of this survey permits the reinterviewing of a part of the sample, and therefore the measurement of flows is possible. However, certain shortcomings arise from the method used, and these are analysed. Then some ways of improving the information by changing some aspects of the survey are put forward. Section 3 of the paper deals with nonsurvey methods for improving the quality of the information by use of data from other sources. Therefore alternative methods for the adjustment of matrices (which are frequently used for updating input–output tables) are discussed and applied to one of the tables presented in section 2. Finally, in section 4, an evaluation of this method is given in order to gain some insights into the possibilities of this approach.
Cumulative Stress and Cumulative Inertia: A Behavioral Model of the Decision to Move
Authors: Huff J O , Clark W A V
Published: October 2006

A model of the probability of moving which incorporates aspects of the independent-trials process, the stage in the life cycle, and the concept of cumulative inertia is formulated. The model is based on the interaction of two forces. On the one hand there is a certain resistance to moving (cumulative inertia) and on the other the household may be dissatisfied with certain attributes of the present dwelling and its surroundings (residential stress). The probability of moving is a function of the resultant of these two conflicting forces. The model is designed not only to predict who will move (those individuals with high residential stress relative to their resistance to moving), but also to predict how an individual's probability of moving is likely to change over time. Some simple and limited simulations suggest that the model will capture rather well the different kinds of mobility rates which are observed from empirical data sets.
On the Existence of Optimal Paths and Cost Surfaces in Isotropic Continuous Transportation Models
Authors: Puu T
Published: October 2006

In continuous transportation models, minimum-cost paths are obtained by variational methods, in analogy with geometrical optics. Previous contributions on this subject have stated the appropriate Euler equations and discussed the possibility of defining a transportation-cost surface on which optimal paths are geodesics. The present paper discusses the sufficiency conditions for optimal paths and the existence conditions for cost surfaces, in terms of Gaussian theory. It is also demonstrated that, when the transportation model is isotropic, the cost surface is conformal to the plane.
Understanding Unbiased Dimensions: The Use of Repertory-Grid Methodology
Authors: Palmer C J
Published: October 2006

The unbiased nature of the dimensions derived from multidimensional scaling poses a problem of interpretation. Subjective labelling by the researcher assumes that his judgments correspond to those of the respondents and is unsatisfactory. Identification of the dimensions needs to be based upon information gathered from the respondents themselves and in terms of the manner by which they were originally construed. Such information can be derived from the use of the repertory-grid test, which, like multidimensional scaling, requires subjects to make judgments of similarity between objects. The repertory-grid test also provides verbal labels for the distinctions that are made. A principal-components analysis of the repertory-grid data provides a number of components which are shown to be equivalent to the dimensions derived from multidimensional scaling. The use of component scores that relate to the verbal labels allows the dimensions to be identified in terms of the evaluations and perceptions of the respondents.
Thoughts on the Merits of Transport-Planning Packages
Authors: Hensher D A
Published: October 2006

Transport-planning packages are increasingly being reappraised for technical content and role, in the current climate of capital rationing and short-run planning horizons. This paper outlines in a broad manner the major roles of established packages and suggests the major areas of deficiency, given that the present perceived planning emphasis will hold in the future. The important distinction between the concept of packages per se and the particular models used therein is emphasised. Particular reference is made to the improved Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS) package of the US Department of Transportation (1977).
Perceived Distance and Spatial Interaction
Authors: Taylor M J
Published: October 2006

The paper seeks to test the proposition that manufacturers perceive the space within which they operate in behavioural, noneuclidean terms, in terms of ‘hierarchic’ distance, the distance between economic regions within a defined functional hierarchy, rather than in rational, euclidean, cost-distance terms. A hierarchic-distance metric is developed for New Zealand and this is used in an interaction model to predict the pattern of Auckland manufacturers' sales linkages, which are then compared with similar predictions generated from the same interaction model and a linear transportation model employing a cost-distance metric, and the results of all the models are compared with surveyed patterns of sales linkage. The use of the hierarchic metric is found to enhance the explanation of observed patterns of sales linkage, a finding which holds important implications for explanations of the location of economic activity in general.
Interzonal Migration: Some Historical Tests of Spatial-Interaction Models
Authors: Stillwell J C H
Published: October 2006

Observed migration and survival flows between counties and between standard regions are used to test alternative calibrations of a doubly constrained spatial-interaction model. Spatial variation in the propensity to migrate over distance is examined in an analysis of zone-specific decay parameters, and two methods of splitting aggregate migration flows according to reason for move are investigated. The results of the model tests for age/sex-disaggregated data underline regional variations in propensities to migrate and in mean distances migrated.
On Making Flexible Projections of Age-Specific Net Migration
Authors: Pittenger D B
Published: October 2006

Traditional methods of projecting age-specific migration for local areas are based on inflexible migration patterns. Ideally, forecast results should be isomorphic with the intent of the forecaster, so flexible models are called for. To this end, a parameterized model that incorporates directional flows is presented along with a theoretical scheme for its operation. It is asserted that the new model provides much of the needed flexibility, but at the cost of added complexity.
Optimum Facility Location by Accessibility Maximizing
Authors: Leonardi G
Published: October 2006

A mathematical-programming approach to facility location is developed. The objective function assumed for optimization is an accessibility measure. It is shown that, by suitably defining this measure, one can get solutions closely related to, if not identical with, the ones given in many current formulations of the location problem. This is believed to be an interesting result in itself, as it shows how the programming approach can unify different strands of research in this field. Moreover the mathematical-programming tools allow a deep analysis of the properties of the solution points, which can be difficult with other methods. Also the interpretation of facility location as an optimization problem not only gives theoretical support to some well-known location algorithms but also shows how to generalize and improve them.
Housing Type and Tenure Effects on Reactions to Road Traffic Noise
Authors: Taylor S M , Birnie S , Hall F L
Published: October 2006

The reactions of different residents to the same level of noise have been assumed to vary depending upon their type of housing and tenure status. However, no empirical evidence has been presented to support this assumption. The analysis described in this paper tests the separate and joint effects of housing type and tenure on various reactions to road traffic noise, with the use of questionnaire data and noise measurements collected at residential sites near to major highways in the Toronto region of southern Ontario. The results show that neither housing type nor tenure has any consistent effect on residents' reactions to road traffic noise. The working assumption in the literature is therefore not supported. Two important conclusions follow from this: first, that no one type of housing is clearly more appropriate in residential areas near to major highways; and second, that a policy of setting different noise standards for different types of residential area cannot be supported.
An Efficient Algorithm for Solving the Rectilinear Location-Allocation Problem
Authors: Babich G
Published: October 2006

The rectilinear location-allocation problem may be solved analytically using familiar programming methods. However, the computational demands imposed by these techniques are often prohibitive. Cooper's Elimination—Alternate-Correction-Heuristic is modified to handle rectilinear distances. The algorithm seems to perform satisfactorily and is applied to the problem of locating fire-fighting appliances.
An Approach to Solving Spatial-Allocation Models with Constraints
Authors: Williams I N
Published: October 2006

This paper introduces a loose-knit family of spatial-allocation models, which locate entities in two-dimensional space, based on a general framework which merges an input—output type model with a spatial-interaction type model. Explicit attention is paid to the solution and interpretation of constraints on the subtotals generated within these models. In this way a link is forged between the fields of land-use modelling and urban economics. One efficient method of solving a particular form of spatial-allocation model is described in detail and some characteristics of this and alternative approaches are discussed. Four practical applications of the spatial-allocation model framework are outlined to demonstrate its wide range of usefulness in representing spatial-location processes.
‘HATS’: A Technique for Investigating Household Decisions
Authors: Jones P M
Published: October 2006

The Household Activity—Travel Simulator is a survey technique which is designed to investigate households' everyday decisions about their use of transport and land-use facilities. The interview procedures and survey equipment are described and examples given of different applications of the technique. These are wide ranging and include educational, research, and policy-oriented studies.
A Model of Retail Location, Scale, and Intensity
Authors: Miller E J , Lerman S R
Published: October 2006

A model of retail activity which focuses on firm location, firm size, and intensity of capital use is developed. This model has discrete and continuous dependent variables. Owing to its nonlinearity, a number of approximation techniques to facilitate parameter estimation are explored. The two promising approaches require making floor space a discrete variable. The first method places restrictions on the structure of unobserved variables in the discrete choice of floor space and location. The second approach uses the multinomial probit model of discrete choice. The latter model is more general than the former but will require the modification of existing probit estimation procedures.
Polarised Growth within a Multi-Growth-Centre Environment: A Case Study of the United States 1920–1970
Authors: Fotheringham A S
Published: October 2006

The existence of polarised growth is an indication that growth centres do in fact exist. This paper describes a method to test for polarised growth within a multi-growth-centre environment. Application of the method in the United States shows that there are centres around which growth is polarised. However, this polarisation is not as straightforward as expected and it is shown that the type of polarisation can vary with time and with the size of centres to which growth is diffused. For example, in recent decades small centres were positively polarised around growth centres whereas large centres were negatively polarised. The latter result is an indication that the use of growth centres may not always be a good regional planning tool. By analysis of the polarisation of growth rates in a system of centres, information is also given on the mechanism of growth diffusion.
Residential Length of Stay in the Context of a Distributed-Lag Model
Authors: Oliveira R A , Papastavrou A C , Whittaker J K
Published: October 2006

Residential length of stay, or alternatively the turnover of families in a residential area, is expressed in terms of a distributed-lag model. The parameters of the rational form of the distributed-lag model are estimated from cross-sectional data via a nonlinear maximum-likelihood procedure reported by Nelson and Schwert (1974). The empirical application is based upon data provided by Marshall (1971), and the accuracy of the distributed-lag model in terms of predicting the number of families leaving is compared with the results from Marshall's fitted probability distributions. The usefulness of the distributed-lag model for simulation and control analyses is noted.
A Conditional-Probability Approach to the Development of Spatial Pattern
Authors: Odland J
Published: October 2006

A stochastic model for the development of spatial patterns is introduced and used to investigate the process of housing deterioration in an American city. Space is treated as a sequence of discrete locations and a spatial-lag structure is incorporated in the model by defining multivalued random variables whose values indicate conditions at a central location and at a series of spatial lags. The possible combinations of these values define the states of a Markov process, and a description of this process can be obtained by estimating probabilities for the transitions from state to state. Qualitative inferences about the effects of a process on existing spatial patterns are obtained by comparing an initial distribution, for the multivalued random variables, with the limiting distribution implied by the process description. Application of the model involves selection of an appropriate random variable as well as estimation of a set of transition probabilities. Results for Indianapolis in 1977 indicate that the probability of housing deterioration is strongly associated with the presence of deteriorated structures in nearby locations.