bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSOCIATION OF POLYMORPHISM rs2569190 OF THE GENE CD14 WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDILITIS
Authors: V.S. Mordovskii , E.V. Kapustina , S.Yu. Nikulina , N.V. Aksyutina , T.Yu. Bolshakova , E.Yu. Pelipetskaya
Published: March 2021

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic rheumatological disease of unknown etiology. The search for new genetic associations will improve understanding of pathogenesis. Objective: to study the association of the rs2569190 polymorphism of the CD14 gene with ankylosing spondylitis in the European population of the Krasnoyarsk region. The study recruited 3 groups of patients: the first - with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (n = 150), the second group - patients with the rest of seronegative spondyloarthritis (SPA) (n = 66), the third group included conditionally healthy patients (control group) (n = 226). The clinical assessment of patients with SPA was based on Russian federal clinical guidelines, including the calculation of the BASDAI, BASFI and HAQ indices. DNA isolation was performed using the standard phenol-chloroform method. Genotyping for the CD14 gene was performed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) – RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis. PCR was performed with a set of primers (forward GCTGAGGTTCGGAGAAGTTGC; reverse GGTGCCAACAGATGAGGTTCAC) followed by restriction with Bme18I. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 4% polyacrylamide gel followed by staining with ethidium bromide. Comparative analysis of the group of patients with AS and the control group revealed a statistically significant prevalence of the TT genotype rs2569190 in the main group (34.7% versus 23.9%) (p = 0.0236; OR 1.6901; 95% CI OR 1.0728-2.6625). Patients with seronegative SPA did not demonstrate the significant disparities in rs2569190. In Krasnoyarsk region europids, the TT genotype of the rs2569190 polymorphism was associated with ankylosing spondylitis but not with seronegative SPA. The identification of a new association confirms the influence of other genetic factors on the predisposition to AS. It is likely that some of the genetic factors play a role in the pathogenesis under the influence of the external environment. Identification of these associations will make it possible to adjust the lifestyle of patients and their relatives to reduce the risk of exacerbation or development of AS.
PAINFUL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS ARE AN URGENT HEALTHCARE PROBLEM
Authors: S.I. Kirsanov
Published: March 2021

Despite nearly a century of research on diseases affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles and associated structures, this problem still remains open. Pain syndrome caused by TMJ diseases ranks first in terms of prevalence among non-odontogenic pain syn-dromes in the maxillofacial region and leads to a signifi-cant deterioration in the quality of life of patients. The high prevalence of these diseases in female patients and the presence of a number of factors of a somatic, psycho-logical and social nature, contributing to such a high prevalence, indicate the need for more close attention of researchers to these aspects, which can become a way to develop new effective methods for the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ diseases in this category of patients. A review of scientific literature was carried out in order to identify topical scientific issues related to the study, di-agnosis and treatment of TMJ diseases.
COMPARISON OF OBESITY DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: P.Ju. Filinjuk
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the problem of diagnosing obesity in patients with end-stage renal failure receiving treat-ment with programmed hemodialysis. The aim of the work was to study the indicators of the information content of various methods for diagnosing obesity among dialysis patients. The objective of the study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of such methods for diagnosing obesity as BMI, OT / OB index, BAI, electronic caliperom-etry, bioimpedance measurement. The possibility of prac-tical application of the study is to optimize the approach to methods of diagnosing obesity in dialysis patients.
Duplex stainless steels: sustainable materials for highly durable structures
Authors: Backhouse Andrew , Mameng Sukanya Hägg
Published: March 2021

Stainless steels are well known for their durability in the built environment, having been widely used in external building cladding, street furniture and public artworks; the 1930’s stainless steel roof of the Chrysler Building is a fine example. Modern steelmaking techniques have facilitated the production of stainless steels with 85% recycled content and the production of high strength duplex stainless steels. High strength minimizes the weight of steel required and the inherent corrosion resistance means there is no need for additional corrosion protection even in aggressive coastal environments. These properties allow duplex steels to be efficiently used as durable structural engineering materials. The corrosion performance of several stainless steels, including a newly developed duplex grade LDX2404 (EN1.4662/UNS82441) has been studied in coastal atmospheric conditions. The performance of stainless steels under these test conditions is found to be similar to the performance in existing structural applications in comparable real-world environments. It is observed that the performance of a stainless steel grade can be adequately assessed in a given environment after only a few months or years, as the onset of any detrimental corrosion effects become visibly evident rather quickly. Appropriately selected grades of stainless steel for a given environment can be fully resistant to corrosion effects, and thus can be considered highly durable materials for bridges and other structural uses in the external environment.
Experimental Study on the Fatigue Behavior of Cracked Steel Component Repaired with High Strength Bolt Reinforced Stop-hole and CFRP Patched Stop-hole
Authors: Wu Xinyi , Jiang Xu , Qiang Xuhong , Zhang Jiandong , Luo Chenwei
Published: March 2021

The stop-hole method has been used widely to retard the fatigue crack growth of steel component in the field of bridge engineering. However, the component repaired by single stop-hole without any additional reinforcement is liable to crack again because of the drilling defects and new stress concentration region around the hole. In this paper, two kinds of strengthened stop-hole methods, the high strength bolt reinforced stop-hole method and the CFRP patched stop-hole method, were investigated and compared. Finite element analysis was conducted to predict the repair efficiency and investigate the optimal parameters of each method. A total of 12 fatigue damaged specimens were repaired by different ways and tested under fatigue loading subsequently. Experiment results indicate that the fatigue life of specimens repaired by stop-hole is more than 20 times that of the unrepaired specimens. The high strength bolt reinforced stop-hole and CFRP patched stop-hole can extend the fatigue life by 9 and 8 times respectively, compared with the single stop-hole method. Debonding has a decisive effect on the reinforcement effectiveness. In addition, all the three methods studied in this paper can only extend the crack initiation life of the cracked steel component, but can’t affect the crack propagation life.
Evaluating Section Loss in Corroded Steel Strands
Authors: Park Yeun Chul , Yoo Chul-Hwan , Kim Ho-Kyung
Published: March 2021

Since corrosion in prestressing tendon reduces the cross-section and strength of steel strand, it is critical for the safety of structures. Corrosion model in steel wires and a technique for evaluating section loss in steel strands were developed based on the measurement of corroded strands obtained from a concrete box girder bridge in Korea. The strands were corroded due to chloride and moisture attack. Cross-sections of corroded wires were measured for section loss, corrosion depth and perimeter. The measurement showed that corrosion rapidly progressed along the perimeter in earlier stage of corrosion, so that the shapes of remaining cross-sections were convex rather than concave which is typical shape of pitting corrosion. Evaluation of section loss in corroded steel strands were conducted using the wire corrosion model. If a strand can be approached from any direction around the strand, section loss could be evaluated within 5% of error.
Multiple view anomaly detection in images from UAS structure inspection using CNNs
Authors: Debus Paul , Benz Christian , Rodehorst Volker
Published: March 2021

A novel method for automated anomaly detection in images acquired in structure inspection based on unmanned aircraft system (UAS) by means of deep learning is proposed. Using UAS in the inspection of large structures, rich data sets are produced, that can be used to support human inspectors. The image positions and orientations can automatically be reconstructed using structure from motion (SfM). A photogrammetric reconstruction of the 3D geometry is an established method for the analysis of deformations of structures. On this basis, a convolutional neural network (CNN) can be used to detect anomalies, such as cracks in the acquired images. While recently CNNs have been implemented with great success, the detection can further be improved by fusing the obtained results using geometry information gathered from photogrammetric reconstruction. The method leverages the imaging geometry reconstructed using SfM to significantly reduce the error rate of the network. The proposed method applies a fusion mechanism on detected anomalies in adjacent images to improve the detection performance.
A Gathering Place for Tulsa – Taking the Midland Valley Trail Across Riverside Drive
Authors: Wollmann Gregor , Woodward Ryan , Daly Gavin
Published: March 2021

Opened in September of 2018, the Gathering Place is a spectacular 27-hectare (66 acre) public park located two miles from downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma and nestled along the eastern bank of the Arkansas River. This paper focuses on design and construction of a footbridge spanning across busy Riverside Drive to integrate the river into the park landscape.

As part of the park development the highway itself was transformed into an iconic feature. To meet this challenge, architectural considerations took an important role in the selection of the structure type for the new crossing, leading to the choice of a single-span, post-tensioned concrete box girder bridge with trapezoidal cross section. With a clear span of 43.7 m (143.5 feet) and a depth of only 1.2 meters (4.0 feet) the structure is exceptionally slender. A unique integral foundation system allowed the elimination of bearings, expansion joints, and abutment retaining walls, thus creating the impression of the bridge growing organically out from the landscape.

The paper touches briefly on the transformation of the urban environment with the development of the park and then discusses the challenges encountered during design and construction of the footbridge due to its great slenderness and unusual foundation system.
Seismic Performance of Self-Centering UHPC Retainers Applied to Medium-Small Span Concrete Bridges
Authors: Wu Wenpeng , Long Shiguo , Li Huihui
Published: March 2021

Seismic resistant retainer is an important component for seismic design of the medium‐small span bridges. However, it’s difficult for the bridge engineers to design a reasonable transverse retainer due to deficiency of design detail in most of current seismic design specifications. Therefore, this paper proposed a prestressed prefabricated concrete retainer that utilize the ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC). Firstly, the structural characteristics and the seismic design method of the new proposed retainer is illustrated. The OpenSEES model of the case‐study bridge were simulated by considering three different types of seismic resistant retainers. A total of ten high intensity ground motions were selected to conduct the nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA). Subsequently, to investigate the seismic performance of the proposed UHPC retainer, this paper performs the comparative study of seismic responses for different bridge components. It is concluded that, the proposed retainer can provide excellent displacement capacity and help to reduce the seismic damage of bridge piers significantly. In addition, the new retainer has strong ability to keep self‐centering to help the bridge reducing the residual displacement of superstructure under strong seismic events. The proposed UHPC retainer is applicable to the rapid prestressed prefabricated construction process and has a clear load transfer mode under earthquake actions. Therefore, it is a good candidate to the multi‐level performance‐based seismic design of the medium‐small span bridges.
Damage Assessment of a continuous Hollow Core Deck Bridge subjected to ASR
Authors: Tsiotsias Konstantinos , Pantazopoulou S. J. , Nikolaidis Dimitrios
Published: March 2021

An existing highway overpass located on a major motorway in Europe is examined on account of extensive longitudinal cracking on the lower face and sides of the deck, and signs of sustained damage in the piers. Material analysis reports have validated the existence of ASR activity in fine aggregates. The deck comprises a well reinforced hollow-core prestressed system, however longitudinal cracks penetrate to the interior of the hollow cores. The extent of damage is heavy considering that the laboratory values for free ASR expansion are below the threshold limits, suggesting that there may be underlying structural causes related to the response of the deck under traffic. Objective of the study is to interpret the reported damage, reproduce computationally the mechanics that led to the observed crack pattern and assess the residual structural capacity of the bridge. Detailed nonlinear finite element analysis is conducted to evaluate the structure and study the synergistic effects of structural demands, along with time-dependent phenomena and chemically induced expansion. The paper presents the numerical modeling and mechanistic evaluation of the findings through sensitivity analysis of various scenarios considered to reproduce the state of damage and to assess the effectiveness of various retrofitting strategies considered for bridge rehabilitation.
A practical approach for supporting decisions in bridge condition assessment and monitoring
Authors: Honfi Dániel , Leander John , Björnsson Ivar , Larsson Ivanov Oskar
Published: March 2021

In this contribution a practical and rational decision-making approach is presented to be applied for common bridges typically managed by public authorities. The authors have developed a model with the intention to be applicable for practical cases for common bridges in the daily work of bride operators responsible for a large number of assets, yet still maintain the principles of more generic frameworks based on probabilistic decision-theory.

Three main attributes of the verification of sufficiency of structural performance are considered, namely: 1) the level of sophistication of modelling performance, 2) the degree of verification and acceptance criteria in terms of dealing with uncertainties and consequences, 3) the extent of information is obtained and incorporated in the verification.

The simplicity of the approach is demonstrated through an illustrative case study inspired by practical condition assessment decision problems. It is argued that in practical cases it may be desirable to utilize less advanced methods owing to constraints in resources or lack of reliable data (e.g. based on structural health monitoring or other on-site measurement techniques).
Bridge Health Monitoring by Infrared Thermography
Authors: Matsumoto Masato , Ruske Kyle
Published: March 2021

Condition ratings of bridge components in the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)’s Structural Inventory and Appraisal database are determined by bridge inspectors in the field, often by visual confirmation or direct- contact sounding techniques. However, the determination of bridge condition ratings is generally subjective depending on individual inspectors’ knowledge and experience, as well as varying field conditions. There are also limitations to access, unsafe working conditions, and negative impacts of lane closures to account for. This paper describes an alternative method to obtaining informative and diagnostic inspection data for concrete bridge decks: mobile nondestructive bridge deck evaluation technology. The technology uses high- definition infrared and visual imaging to monitor bridge conditions over long-term (or desired) intervals. This combination of instruments benefits from rapid and large-scale data acquisition capabilities. Through its implementation in Japan over the course of two decades, the technology is opening new possibilities in a field with much untapped potential. Findings and lessons learned from our experience in the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania are described as examples of highway-speed mobile nondestructive evaluation in action. To validate the accuracy of delamination detection by the visual and infrared scanning, findings were proofed by physical sounding of the target deck structures.
Aerial Crack View: Crack monitoring in concrete bridges through image processing acquired by UAV
Authors: Valença Jónatas , Santos Bruno , Araújo André , Júlio Eduardo
Published: March 2021

The development of methods aiming at assuring the maintenance of existing bridges and at minimum cost is a priority. Inspection and diagnosis methods are usually planned based on periodic visual inspections. In the case of concrete bridges, the characterization of cracking plays an extremely important role to monitor their structural health. However, current inspections are rudimentary and work intensive (inspectors take hand notes and pictures that later upload to reports and management software), prone to human error (since cracks are detected by inspectors onsite) and expensive (‘underbridge’ trucks are required). Therefore, alternative automatic methods will represent a breakthrough regarding the state-of-the-art.

In this paper the method Aerial Crack View (ACV) is presented. ACV is a semi-automatic method to detect cracks in concrete bridges, based on processing images acquired by terrestrial working-station (TWS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The method was applied in Rainha Santa Isabel Bridge, in Coimbra, Portugal, for validation. ACV revels advantages such as, fastness because the detection of cracks is automatically conducted and cost-effective since UAVs can provide information on less accessible elements dismissing expensive access means.

.
Restoration of a historic reinforced concrete structure with Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Herraiz Borja , Martin-Sanz Henar , Wolfisberg Nadja
Published: March 2021

The historic building "Du Pont" in Zurich, Switzerland, was constructed between 1912 and 1913 by the Swiss architects Haller & Schindler and it is listed as a cultural heritage object, including not only the Art Deco façade, but also the ground-breaking structure of reinforced concrete. The building includes several structural particularities, such as the slender, reinforced concrete, one-way ribbed slabs, a reinforced concrete truss structure in the roof hanging four floors and three transfer beams on the ground floor diverting the loads from the seven upper floors. This paper presents a detailed description of the different strengthening measures required to allow a more flexible use of the existing floors with larger live and dead loads, and to fulfil the current provisions of the Swiss Standards (SIA). The main objective of the proposed restoration and strengthening measures is to minimize the interventions as much as possible and preserve the original structural system. Of particular interest is the innovative solution adopted for the existing ribbed slabs. The required increase of resistance is obtained through a thin 40 mm overlay of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) above the carefully prepared existing slab. Due to the significance of the building and the particular characteristics of the existing concrete, experimental tests were conducted. Four specimens of the ribbed slabs were extracted from the building, strengthened on site with UHPFRC and transported to the structural laboratory of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), where the tests were conducted. The excellent results confirmed the suitability of the proposed strengthening solution through UHPFRC, setting a milestone for future restorations of these particular structures.
Interventions on historic and existing structures – why and how
Authors: Traykova Marina D. , Janberg Nicolas , Bögle Annette
Published: March 2021

Extraordinary construction projects have been produced throughout time and in all geographic regions and conserving these heritage structures is a demand from society. The preservation and continued use of more mundane existing structures is both sustainable and environmentally responsible, but a just as important an act of culture that helps in safeguarding, recognizing and continuing cultural and historic traditions.

In this paper, the authors aim to understand historical construction practices by focusing on historically significant buildings and structures in different countries. The paper presents an overview and analysis of strategies and approaches for handling the preservation process used in case studies presented in SED 15 published by IABSE.

The analysis aims (1) to discover the problems in the design of interventions in heritage structures, (2) to discuss the question for interventions or no interventions on existing structures as a question of risk, (3) to show how interventions on existing structures can be reached successfully under current conditions and restrictions, (4) to present the basis on which IABSE Task Group 2.1 aims to work on guidelines for existing/heritage structures.
Objective-based equivalent static wind loads for long-span bridges
Authors: Taylor Zachary J. , Dallaire Pierre-Olivier , Stoyanoff Stoyan T.
Published: March 2021

The process to arrive at design wind loads for long-span bridges involves experimental testing and analytical methods. Time domain simulations are becoming increasingly common and many available studies demonstrate results of buffeting response analysis in the time domain. However, there is significantly more to the process than the response analysis to derive wind loads that can be applied practically for design. The current study focuses on two key aspects required to derive design wind loads: prediction of the peak modal deflection and derivation of modal combination coefficients using objective functions.
Pier 55, NYC: A Case Study for the Future of Design, Documentation and Fabrication
Authors: Jo Yong-Wook , Farnsworth David , Wiest Jacob
Published: March 2021

The Pier 55 project in New York City represents an achievement in design, documentation, fabrication and construction achievable only through recent advances in construction technology. Pier 55 is a new park built over the Hudson River constructed from complex precast concrete. It is a one of its kind pier with a signature design by the Heatherwick Studio that undulates in elevation and is structurally composed of tulip shaped concrete “pots”. Heatherwick's vision required significant collaborative efforts by all involved to define a geometry that satisfied the often-competing needs for prefabrication efficiency, durability, accessibility, design aesthetics and construction feasibility. Arup and Heatherwick developed parametric tools to automate much of the design process so that multiple iterations of geometry could be tested and refined to find optimal solutions. Initial scripts to define surface geometry of the “pot” structures for coordination evolved into additional scripts which created analysis models, full structural geometry, and shop drawing level documentation. As the project moved into construction, Arup and the fabrication team at Fort Miller precast concrete manufacturer and Fab3 steel fabricator utilized the models and scripts generated during the design process for direct digital input of the structural geometry to create complex CNC-milled foam formwork, 3- dimensional rebar documentation, and documentation and digital fabrication of steel components required for assembly and erection of the various pieces by Weeks Marine. This paper will discuss significant innovations including using sophisticated parametric modeling to digitally design, document, fabricate and construct geometrically complex structures.
High impact of molecular surveillance on hepatitis A outbreak case detection in Sweden: a retrospective study, 2009 to 2018
Authors: Riess Maximilian , Enkirch Theresa , Sundqvist Lena , Lundberg Ederth Josefine
Published: March 2021

Background

Swedish hepatitis A surveillance includes sequence-based typing, but its contribution to outbreak detection in relation to epidemiological investigations has not been fully evaluated.

Aim

To evaluate the role of sequence-based typing in hepatitis A outbreak detection and to describe the hepatitis A epidemiology in Sweden to improve surveillance.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated hepatitis A virus sequences of 447 cases notified in Sweden 2009–18. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary distances to identify cases with similar virus sequences (≥ 459/460 identical nt in the VP1/P2A junction). Unique sequences, dyads and sequence-based clusters (SBCs) were identified. We linked non-sequenced cases by epidemiological information and retrospectively assessed the value of typing for outbreak identification.

Results

Fifty-five percent (n = 542/990) of the notified hepatitis A cases were referred to the Public Health Agency of Sweden for typing and 447 (45%) were sequenced successfully. Subgenotypes included IA (42.5%, n = 190), IB (42.7%, n = 191) and IIIA (14.8%, n = 66). Phylogenetic analysis identified 154 unique sequences, 33 dyads (66 cases) and 34 SBCs (227 cases). The combination of molecular and epidemiological data revealed 23 potential outbreaks comprising 201 cases. Cases were linked by sequence (59%, n = 118), epidemiological data (11%, n = 23) or both (30%, n = 60). Typing was needed to identify 15 of 23 potential outbreak signals.

Conclusion

Sequence-based typing contributed substantially to detecting clustering cases and identifying outbreaks in Sweden. The results show routine sequence-based typing detects outbreaks, promotes timely outbreak investigations and facilitates international collaboration.
La Educación Básica a distancia en el contexto de la pandemia en México
Authors: Navarrete Cazales Zaira , Manzanilla Granados Héctor Manuel , Ocaña Pérez Lorena
Published: March 2021

En este artículo se analizan las potencialidades y limitaciones de la Educación Básica a distancia implementada por el Gobierno Federal y la Secretaría de Educación Pública para dar continuidad a la educación en el marco de la emergencia sanitaria provocada por el SARS COV-2. Desde una investigación de tipo cualitativo, de corte documental, se da respuestas a las siguientes preguntas: a partir del desarrollo de la pandemia y su evolución en México, ¿cuáles han sido las medidas que se tomaron para dar continuidad a la Educación Básica?, ¿cuáles han sido los medios utilizados para dar continuidad a la Educación Básica?, ¿cuáles son las ventajas y desventajas que brinda la educación básica a distancia para dar cumplimiento a los objetivos planteados por la Secretaría de Educación Pública? Se encontró que, la urgencia por cubrir el vacío que dejaron las escuelas, a través de las pantallas, no ha tomado en cuenta los múltiples factores que entraña un cambio de la educación presencial a la educación a distancia. México ha acumulado una serie de intentos, en diversos programas que pretendían integrar la tecnología en la educación; desde 1997 y hasta 2016, se llevaron a cabo seis programas de educacióndigital impulsados por el Gobierno Federal, los cuales no pudieron cumplir cabalmente su objetivo.
COLORFUL LIFE HEALTHY LIFE
Authors: Bharti Vandana
Published: March 2021

The information provided in this article is to obtain a further understanding of the beneficial health effects of various food pigments naturally occurring in plant products. The bright colors of many vegetables contribute much to their appeal. The colors result from the various pigments contained in their tissues. Most of the pigments occur in plastids –specialized bodies lying in the protoplasm of the cell. Sometimes the water – soluble pigments are dissolved in the vacuoles and not generally distributed throughout the cell. Thesepigments display various colors and are made up of different phytochemicals commonly found in the food matrix such as orange (β-carotene), yellowish-green (lutein), green (chlorophyll), and blue-purple (anthocyanin). Lycopene is the red colored pigment abundantly found in red colored fruits and vegetables such as tomato, papaya, pink grapefruit, pink guava and watermelon.
IMPORTANCE OF COLORS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Mathew Archana , Aijaz Azra
Published: March 2021

Science has long recognised that colour affects our behaviour and the way we feel. After all, it is the first thing we register and that we use to help assess the things around us, such as whether certain foods, such as blue ones, might be poisonous, for example.To understand these responses, we need to look at how colour works. Essentially, when the light reflected from coloured objects strikes the retinas in our eyes, the wavelengths are converted into electrical impulses. These pass into the part of the brain that rules our hormones and endocrine system, which are instrumental in regulating our moods. Unconsciously, then, our eyes and bodies constantly adapt to these stimuli, influencing our impulses and perceptions.
COLOUR,CULTURE,AND TRADITION OF INDIA IN THE POEMS OF SAROJINI NAIDU
Authors: Godbole Vanashree
Published: March 2021

Colour represents various moods of life. It is powerful means to communicate human feelings. Wide varied colours diversify each moment of our life. The sense of colour is as extended as the sense of LIFE. The folklore of a culture includes the stories, songs, and poems that people pass along from generation to generation. The word folklore meant “the Lore of the People.” It included all rituals, customs, traditions, and beliefs of unknown origin that expressed the concerns of the life ordinary people. Poetic imagery is a technique that is used to express feeling. In the visual, literary, and performing arts ‘Expressionism’ is a movement or tendency that strives to express subjective feelings and emotions rather than to depict reality or nature objectively. Sarojini Naidu was among the pioneer women poet, who was fascinated by the amazing diversity of Indian life, culture and tradition. Naidu. (1879 – 1949), was an Indian independence activist and poet. She was the second Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and was honored as ‘The Nightingale of India’ (Bharatiya Kokila). Being one of the most famous heroines of the 20th century, her birthday is celebrated as “National Women's Day”. Naidu voiced the dreams and aspirations of the making of the nation. She wrote mainly on the rural i.e. the folk aspects of Indian culture and women's experiences.
IMPORTANCE OF COLOURS IN INDIAN ARTS
Authors: Harmalkar Suchitra
Published: March 2021

Life is a pallet of colours; every colour has its own importance. Imagining a life without colours is not possible. Psychologists say that colours are a direct reflection of a person’s life and personality. The kind of colours he chooses says a lot about his mood, traits and nature.Hence Colours can be called a nonverbal form of communication. Colours have energy that can define as well as change the moods and actions of any person. Indian culture is said to be an amalgamation of various colours. Every colour holds a special place in India. Colours play a vital role in the day to day life; in India a simple colourful dot in the centre of the forehead of a woman denotes her colourful life, the presence of a healthy marriage. While an orange colour dot on the forehead of a person connotes that he is devoted to god or was in prayer. This is how a little colour adds a lot of meaning on the bigger picture of life. A single colour has a potential to announce or reveal athousand words at a single time.
"COORDINATION OF COLORS IN MUSIC" (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RAGAMALA PAINTINGS)
Authors: Mathur Kumkum
Published: March 2021

The third chapter in the book titled Kamsutra (2E-3E century AD) of Vatsyayan Muni discusses the forty-four arts. In which the first place is Geethan (music), in the second place Badyam (instrumental music), in the third place Nrityam (dance) and in the fourth place, Alakhya i.e. 'painting'. The commentary (11-12th century) of the third chapter of the first authority of the Kamasutra (Jayamangala) was presented by Pandit Yashodhar. Under which the six parts of Alekhya (painting) were described. 1. Variation 2. Proof, 3. Bhava, 4. Lavanya Yojana, 5. Analogy and sixth varna-breach. "Ring-break" means the combination of different colors with proper balance. In the 'conspiration' (six parts of the painting), the color of the varna is placed at the end because it is the extreme point of 'conspiracy' practice. We can imagine the remaining five organs, but it is necessary to do long exercises by paintbrush to break the varna. Varna jnanam sada nasti kya tasya japapujanai: that is, it is useless to practice the five limbs of 'Shadang' without Varna Gyan. वात्सायन मुनि के कामसूत्र (2 ई-3 ई शताब्दी ई0) नामक ग्रन्थ में तीसरे अध्याय के अन्तर्गत चैसठ कलाओं का विवेचन किया गया है। जिनमें प्रथम स्थान पर गीतं (संगीत) द्वितीय स्थान पर बाद्यं (वाद्य- वादन), तृतीय स्थान पर नृत्यं (नाच) तथा चतुर्थ स्थान पर आलेख्यं अर्थात ‘चित्रकला’ को माना है। ‘कामसूत्र के प्रथम प्राधिकरण के तीसरे अध्याय की ‘जयमंगला’ नामक टीका (11-12वी शताब्दी) पण्डित यशोधर द्वारा प्रस्तुत की गई। जिसके अन्तर्गत आलेख्य (चित्रकला) के छह अंग वर्णित किये गये। 1. रूपभेद 2. प्रमाण, 3. भाव, 4. लावण्य योजना, 5. सादृश्य एवं छटवां वर्णिका-भंग। ‘‘वर्णिका-भंग’’ अर्थात विभिन्न रंगों का उचित सन्तुलन के साथ संयोजन। ’षडंग’ (चित्रकला के छह अंगों) में वर्णिका भंग का स्थान अंत में इसीलिये रखा गया क्योंकि यह ‘षडंग’ साधना का चरम बिन्दु है। शेष पांचों अंगों की हम कल्पना कर सकते हैं परन्तु वर्णिका भंग हेतु तूलिका द्वारा दीर्घ अभ्यास करना आवश्यक है। वर्ण ज्ञानं सदा नास्ति किं तस्य जपपूजनैः अर्थात वर्णज्ञान के बिना ’षडांग’ के पांच अंगों की साधना करना व्यर्थ है।1
COLOR AND APPEARANCE
Authors: Tyagi Namita
Published: March 2021

The purpose of human life lies in action or creation. Life without it does not exceed zero. In an artwork, humans express their experiences only on the basis of certain picture elements and aesthetic principles. The process of embellishing this form is given the noun of art. The language of art is full of emotion as a result of heart feeling.Emotion means feeling, emotion, impulse, impulse, emotion, desire, nature and experience of satire etc. This experience affects our soul by entering our inner mind and brain through our senses. This sentiment flows in our conscience in the form of happiness and sorrow and situations appear in different forms. These sentiments are divided into the category of rasa in the Indian ancient scriptures. These rasa are manifested in various forms in the works of the artist and by the graceful appearance of colors which delight the viewer.

मानव जीवन का उद्देश्य क्रियाशीलता अथवा निर्माण में निहित है। इससे रहित जीवन शून्य से अधिक नहीं होता। एक कलाकृति में मानव अपने अनुभवों को निश्चित चित्र तत्वों एवं सौन्दर्य सिद्धान्तों के आधार पर ही अभिव्यक्ति करता है। इस रूप सजृन की प्रक्रिया को कला की संज्ञा प्रदान की जाती है। हृदय अनुभूति के परिणाम स्वरूप ही कला की भाषा भावों से परिपूर्ण है।भाव का अर्थ होता है, भावना, उद्वेग, आवेग, संवेग, उन्मेष, इच्छा, प्रकृति और व्यंग इत्यादि का अुनभव। यह अनुभव हमारी इन्द्रियों के द्वारा हमारे आन्तरिक मन मस्तिष्क में उतर कर हमारी आत्मा को प्रभावित करता है। यह भाव सुख एवं दुख के रूप में हमारे अन्तर्मन में प्रवाहित होता है एवं विभिन्न रूपों में परिस्थितियों वश प्रकट होते है। इन्ही भावों को भारतीय प्राचीन शास्त्रों में रस की कोटि में विभाजित किया गया है। यह रस कलाकार की कृतियों में विभिन्न रूपों में एवं रंगों की मनोहारी उपस्थिति से प्रकट होते है जो दर्शक को आनन्द विभोर करते है।
MADHUBANI FOLK PAINTINGS AND AMAZING COMBINATION OF COLORS
Authors: Kumar Lal Bahadur
Published: March 2021

Through the Madhubani Lak Chitrakala of Mithilanchal, the tradition of Lakkitra is still being maintained. The art of the art is dynamic even today, based on the Sh वंशi dynasty tradition. Madhubani paintings are in great demand abroad but they are neglected in their own country. It is unfortunate that those who have skills in their hands are poor on the rural artist. The country's art world did not get noticed, while "Hasebhawa of Japan has established the Mithila Museum on a hill in Niigata, northwest of the capital Takia." "Hasegawa", a Japanese art admirer and art connoisseur, has visited India more than twenty five times. He also went to the residence of many famous artists of Madhubani paintings and discussed the combination of techniques and colors with the artists of Mithila and Madhubani paintings. After understanding, Mithila artists went to Japan with them and also painted them. Apart from this, many artists visiting America, England, South Africa, France, Germany, Mauritius have made people aware of this art and have raised the value of the country.

मिथिलांचल की मधुबनी ल¨क चित्र्ाकला के माध्यम से ल¨कचित्र्ा परम्परा का निर्वाह आज भी किया जा रहा है। यहाँ की ल¨क कला श्©ली वंश परम्परा के आधार पर आज भी गतिशील है। मधुबनी ल¨क चित्र्ाकला की विदेश¨ं में काफी मांग है ल्¨किन वह अपने ही देश में उपेक्षित है। दुर्भाग्य की बात है कि जिनके हाथ में हुनर है, वे ग्रामीण कलाकार आमत©र पर गरीब हैं। देश के कला-जगत् की नजर इस पर नहीं गई, जबकि ‘‘जापान के हासेभावा ने राजधानी ट¨किय¨ से उत्तर-पश्चिम में स्थित निगाता में एक पहाड़ी पर मिथिला म्यूजियम की स्थापना की है। जापान के कला के मर्मज्ञ एवं कला पारखी ‘‘हासेगावा’’ पच्चीस से अधिक बार भारत आ चुके हैं। वे मधुबनी ल¨क चित्र्ाकला के कई सुप्रसिद्ध कलाकार¨ं के आवास पर भी गए अ©र मिथिला के कलाकार¨ं से मधुबनी ल¨क चित्र्ाकला के माध्यम व तकनीक एवं रंग¨ं के संय¨जन पर चर्चा की अ©र उनक¨ समझने के बाद मिथिला कलाकार¨ं क¨ अपने साथ जापान ल्¨ जाकर चित्र्ा रचना भी कराई। इसके अलावा अमेरिका, इंग्ल्©ण्ड, दक्षिण अफ्रीका, फ्रांस, जर्मनी, मॉरीशस जाकर कई कलाकार¨ं ने इस ल¨क कला श्©ली से ल¨ग¨ं क¨ अवगत कराया अ©र देश का मान बढ़ाया है।
EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING COLORS ON SOCIETY
Authors: Gupta Dimple
Published: March 2021

It is visible to us only because of the color of the objects in the ground. Objects of the same color are seen differently due to less and more amount of light on the ground. We get this diverse color from the sun itself. There are seven types of colors in the rays of the sun. And it is through them that the rainbow is formed in the sky. Color is a powerful psychological tool. Each color leaves different effects. Colors have a great impact on society, if color is removed from human life and nature, then all the people on this earth will start to look like monotonous, every person has different feelings towards colors.

वस्तुओं के धरातल में रंग होने के कारण ही वह हमें दिखाई देती है। धरातलों पर प्रकाश की मात्रा कम व अधिक होने से एक ही रंग की वस्तुएँ अलग-अलग दिखाई देती है। यह विविध रंग हमें सूर्य के द्वारा ही सब वस्तुओं को प्राप्त होता है। सूर्य की किरणों में सात प्रकार के रंग होते है। और उन्हीं के द्वारा ही आकश में इन्द्रधनुष बनता है। रंग एक शक्तिशाली मनोवैज्ञानिक औजार है। हर रंग अलग-अलग प्रभाव छोड़ता है। रंगों का समाज पर बहुत प्रभाव पड़ता है यदि मानवीय जीवन और प्रकृति से रंग निकाल दिया जाय तो इस धरती पर सब सूना-सूना नीरस सा लगने लगेगा रंगों के प्रति हर व्यक्ति की भावनाएँ अलग-अलग होती है।
CONTRIBUTION OF COLORS TO INDIAN PAINTING (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ABDURRAHMAN CHUGHTAI)
Authors: Irfan Nazima
Published: March 2021

Varna has an important place in human life. Each item has some color. Human attraction to colors has never decreased. That is why from the initial human to the modern human, Varna has taken support in the development of beauty. From the color arrangement of the room to the color scheme of the flowering plants in the garden gardens, the artist has made his intervention as colors have their own effect which has the power to evoke the mental feelings of human. Varna is universal and color is given the most importance in painting.Feelings of the mind are associated in various forms of colors like orange in the color of spring, blue of cloud, yellow of lamp, green of Sri, black of Malakosh and white of Bhairava which form the basis of paintings. The artist had become conscious of color since Ajanta. The colors that could not emerge so much in Ajanta, burst into Rajasthani and mountain pens with their full-blown chatter and became expressive like the expressionism and fascism of Europe. This tradition continued to develop from the Ajanta era to the 16th century through Jain art.

मानव जीवन में वर्ण का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है। प्रत्येक वस्तु कोई न कोई रंग लिये हुए है। रंगों के प्रति मानव का आकर्षण कभी घटा नही है। इसीलिये आदि मानव से लेकर आधुनिक मानव तक ने सौन्दर्य के विकास में वर्ण का सहारा लिया है। कमरे की रंग व्यवस्था से लेकर बाग बगीचों में फूल पौधों की रंगयोजना तक में कलाकार ने अपना हस्तक्षेप किया है क्योंकि रंगों का अपना एक प्रभाव होता है जो मानव की मानसिक भावनाओं को उद्वेलित करने की शक्ति रखता है। वर्ण सार्वभौमिक है तथा चित्रकला में सबसे अधिक महत्व रंग को दिया जाता है।रंगों के विविध रुपों में मन की भावनायें जुड़ी हैं जैसे बसन्त का रंग नारंगी, मेघ का नीला, दीपक का पील, श्री का हरा, मालाकोश का काला और भैरव का सफेद जो चित्रों के आधार बने। अजन्ता काल से ही कलाकार रंग के प्रति सजग हो गया था। रंग जो अजन्ता में इतना उभार नहीं पा सके थे वे राजस्थानी व पहाड़ी कलम में अपनी पूर्ण चटख मटक के साथ फूट पड़ते हैं तथा यूरोप के अभिव्यंजनावाद व फावीवाद की तरह अभिव्यक्तिपरक हो गये। अजन्ता युग से लेकर जैन कला से होती हुई 16वीं शताब्दी तक इस परम्परा का विकास होता रहा।
COORDINATION OF COLOR AND RAGA: IN THE CONTEXT OF KANGRA PAINTINGS
Authors: Gautam Manju
Published: March 2021

The amazing coordination of music and painting in Kangra painting is a unique achievement in arts across the world, which is why Kangra painting is considered by art scholars to be synonymous with all hill painting. The color scheme of the paintings produced in the Kangra painting style is unique, it seems that all the beauty of the Kangra aesthetic artist filled the paintings through color and lines. The diversity of subjects is a quality of this genre. The artist here also gave the form of abstract and phonetic content of music along with literature and poetry, by color and lines, which is rare in any other art of the world.

काँगड़ा चित्रकला में संगीत व चित्रकला का अद्भूत समन्वय संसार भर की कलाआंे मंे एक अद्वितीय उपलब्धि है यही कारण है कि काँगड़ा चित्रकला को कला विद्वानों ने समस्त पहाड़ी चित्रकला का पर्याय भी माना है। काँगड़ा चित्रशैली में निर्मित चित्रो की रंग योजना अनूठी है ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि काँगड़ा का समस्त प्रकृति सौन्दर्य कलाकार ने रंग व रेखाओं के माध्यम से चित्रों में भर दिया। विषयों की विविधता इस शैली का गुण है। यहाँ के कलाकार ने साहित्य एवं काव्य के साथ संगीत की अमूर्त, तथा ध्वन्यात्मक विषय वस्तु को भी रंग एवं रेखाओं द्वारा साकार रूप प्रदान किया जो कि विश्व की किसी अन्य कला में दुर्लभ है।
COLOR IN PAINTING - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PREHISTORIC TIMES MADHYA PRADESH
Authors: Jain Sunita
Published: March 2021

Color is prominent among the elements that provide expressive strength to the painting. Color has an important role in painting. Colors provide adequate support to the basic surface on which the painter paints, based on these, the artwork provides mental satisfaction. A composition created by the basis of color is able to achieve its own characteristics. Through color, the painter softens his work. The sensitivity of a painter's imaginary picture depends very much on color. The more music is full, appropriate and balanced the use of color, the deeper will be its effect on the human psyche.

चित्रकला को अभिव्यक्तिगत सार्मथ्य प्रदान करने वाले तत्वों में रंग प्रमुख है। चित्रकला में रंग की अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है। चित्रकार जिस आधारभूत सतह पर चित्रांकन करता है उसमें रंग उसकी पर्याप्त सहायता करते हैं इन्हीं के आधार पर कलाकृति मानसिक सन्तुष्टि प्रदान करती है। रंग का आधार पाकर बनाई गई रचना अपने अभिष्ट को पाने में समर्थ होती है। रंग के माध्यम से चित्रकार अपनी कृति को कोमल बनाता है। चित्रकार का बिम्ब-विधान चित्र सुलभ संवेदनशीलता बहुत कुछ रंग पर निर्भर करती है। रंग का प्रयोग जितना संगीत पूर्ण, उचित और सन्तुलित होगा मानव के मानस पटल पर उसका प्रभाव उतना ही गहरा होगा।
USE AND EFFECT OF COLORS IN THEATRICAL PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCES
Authors: Grover Bhavna
Published: March 2021

If seen in word form, the color is very small, but if it is thought, then it is contained in everything in the world. If there is no color then our life style does not exist. If there is color, then human life exists. It is believed that all colors are originally made from white color and the number of colors is calculated. Which is an important part of our daily routine. 'Rang' which gives an idea of ​​the personality of any person. Sometimes the image of a person gets imprinted on our brain due to color. Similarly, the theater of our Indian classical dances, in which colors have been used very beautifully. Whether it is the color of the dancer's costumes at the theater or the adjustment of colors by lighting, the colors together complete a performance. Therefore, color has a special significance in theater performances.

रंग’ अगर शब्द रूप में देखा जाये तो बहुत छोटा है परन्तु यदि इसे सोचा जाए तो दुनिया की प्रत्येक वस्तु में निहित है। अगर रंग नही है तो हमारी जीवनचर्या का अस्तित्व ही नही है। रंग है तो मानव जीवन का अस्तित्व है। माना जाता है कि सभी रंग मूल रूप से श्वेत रंग से ही बने है और रंगों की संख्या अंगणित है। जो हमारी दैनिक दिनचर्या का महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है।‘रंग’ जिससे किसी भी व्यक्ति के व्यक्तित्व का आभास होता है। कभी-कभी तो व्यक्ति की छवि ही हमारे मस्तिष्क पर रंग के कारण अंकित हो जाती है। इसी प्रकार हमारे भारतीय शास्त्रीय नृत्यों की रंगमंचीय प्रस्तुति जिनमें रंगो का प्रयोग बहुत ही खूबसूरती से किया जाता रहा है। रंगमंच पर चाहे वह नर्तक की वेशभूषा के रंग हो अथवा प्रकाश व्यवस्था द्वारा रंगों का समायोजन, रंग ही मिलकर एक प्रस्तुति को पूर्ण करते हैं। अतः रंगमंच प्रस्तुति में रंग अपना एक विशेष महत्व रखते है।