bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing “Risk” in Youth Mentoring Programs: How Environmental Stressors and Presenting Challenges Shape Mentoring Relationship Outcomes
Authors: Poon Cyanea Y. S. , Herrera Carla , Jarjoura Roger , McQuillin Samuel D. , Keller Thomas E. , Rhodes Jean E.
Published: March 2022

Youth referred to mentoring programs vary considerably in the range and severity of difficulties (i.e., behavioral, internalizing, social and academic) and environmental challenges they face. However, their patterns of risk and corresponding consequences for mentoring have rarely been investigated. This study draws on data for youth participants in 30 mentoring programs ( n = 2,165, 55.1% females) to examine patterns of presenting challenges. Four profiles emerged using three-step latent profile analyses . Profiles with more intensive symptoms were associated with more environmental stressors. Moreover, there were significant differences between profiles in youth-perceived relationship attributes, including closeness, youth-centeredness, growth focus and mentor-mentee relational health. The profile with the highest externalizing and social challenge indicators scored the lowest across these four relational indices. The results highlight variability of youth risk at baseline, and its differential impact on mentoring relationship outcomes. Implications for mentoring programs are discussed.
Canine and murine models of osteosarcoma
Authors: Beck Jessica , Ren Ling , Huang Shan , Berger Erika , Bardales Kathleen , Mannheimer Joshua , Mazcko Christina , LeBlanc Amy
Published: March 2022

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children. Despite efforts to develop and implement new therapies, patient outcomes have not measurably improved since the 1980s. Metastasis continues to be the main source of patient mortality, with 30% of cases developing metastatic disease within 5 years of diagnosis. Research models are critical in the advancement of cancer research and include a variety of species. For example, xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models provide opportunities to study human tumor cells in vivo while transgenic models have offered significant insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying OS development. A growing recognition of naturally occurring cancers in companion species has led to new insights into how veterinary patients can contribute to studies of cancer biology and drug development. The study of canine cases, including the use of diagnostic tissue archives and clinical trials, offers a potential mechanism to further canine and human cancer research. Advancement in the field of OS research requires continued development and appropriate use of animal models. In this review, animal models of OS are described with a focus on the mouse and tumor-bearing pet dog as parallel and complementary models of human OS.
An Assessment of Program Eligibility Among Participants in Day Reporting Centers
Authors: Mowbray Orion , Fatehi Mariam , Robinson Michael A. , Skinner Jeffery , Risler Ed , Dias Clarissa
Published: March 2022

Day reporting centers (DRCs) vary considerably in how participant eligibility is determined and to date, there is little to no knowledge whether criteria for DRC eligibly are appropriately applied in program entrance. This study examines a statewide sample of individuals in community supervision settings and compares DRC eligibility criteria between DRC and non-DRC participants to examine differences between DRC participants and non-participants. Using a propensity score matched sample of 1,554 participants, study findings suggest that DRC participants show higher risk, need, and responsivity factors, consistent with the DRC programing model. These results suggest many individuals appear to be appropriately matched to DRCs, which may in turn, may influence their likelihood of program success, among other factors.
Development geography I: Co-production
Authors: Vincent Katharine
Published: March 2022

Co-production of knowledge is a promising approach to promote more just and sustainable development outcomes. However, co-production covers many approaches, with a cleavage between those focusing on outcomes and the production of actionable knowledge; and those focusing on process and inclusion of multiple voices. There is not always dedicated commitment to identify and confront the embodied power relations nor the hegemonic knowledge systems among the participants in the process. Yet, the politics of configuring knowledge cannot be ignored. I argue that learning from the experiences and pitfalls of participatory development is essential if co-production is to meet its transformative potential.
Power Trips: Early Understanding of Preparedness and Travel Behavior During California Public Safety Power Shutoff Events
Authors: Wong Stephen D. , Broader Jacquelyn C. , Shaheen Susan A.
Published: March 2022

Recent wildfire risks in California have prompted the implementation of public safety power shutoff (PSPS) events, procedures enacted by utility operators to deenergize parts of the electrical grid and reduce the likelihood of wildfire ignition. Despite their yearly occurrence, PSPS events are severely understudied, and little is known about how these events affect disaster preparation activity, travel behavior, and transportation systems. With growing wildfire risks in North America and beyond, PSPS events require immediate and thorough research to reduce their negative externalities and maximize their benefits. This exploratory study employs survey data from East Bay Hills residents in Alameda and Contra Costa counties in California who were affected by two PSPS events in October 2019 ( n = 210). Through descriptive statistics and basic discrete choice models for the decision to conduct typical or changed travel, this research contributes to the literature as the first assessment of PSPS event travel behavior. We found that travel did not change drastically during the event, although respondents conducted a high number of preparedness activities. A sizable portion of the sample conducted extended trips during the PSPS event days, whereas a small number evacuated to a destination overnight. Respondents received relatively clear information from multiple communication methods, indicating substantial information about the events. Modeling results found that power loss was a driver in travel behavior change, whereas demographics indicated heterogeneous responses within the sample. The paper concludes with a discussion of key takeaways and suggestions for research in this nascent field.
Using Crowdsourced Data to Improve Models of Traffic Crash Propensity: Tennessee Highway Patrol Case Study
Authors: Flynn Dan F.B. , Gilmore Michelle M. , Dolan J. Patrick , Teicher Paul , Sudderth Erika A.
Published: March 2022

Crowdsourced mobile applications such as Waze can provide real-time and historical data about roadway conditions, when and where users are active. In a previous study, we demonstrated that statewide crash models based on integrated Waze, traffic volume, census, and weather data give reliable hourly estimates of police-reportable crashes in 1-mi area grids at 1-h timescales. Here, we extend our analytical methods to test an application of Waze traffic alerts to a crash prediction model used to guide law enforcement resource allocation. The Crash Reduction Analyzing Statistical History (CRASH) model is used by the Tennessee Highway Patrol (THP) to prioritize patrol locations. The model combines historical data such as fatal crashes with current data, including weather forecasts and scheduled special events, to identify areas with a high likelihood of crashes. To more accurately target locations and times with a high crash propensity, we assessed the potential for Waze alerts to improve the temporal and spatial resolution of the CRASH model. We found that with Waze data, we increased the spatial resolution of crash estimates from 42 to 1 mi2 and the temporal resolution from 4- to 1-h time windows, while improving accuracy. The model provides a high-resolution option for the allocation of patrols, which will help THP to optimize the allocation of troopers to the highest-risk locations. Beyond the current implementation in Tennessee, the model’s incorporation of crowdsourced data has shown potential for similar types of data-driven safety approaches elsewhere.
Performance Evaluation of Pelletized Solid Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Mirzaiyanrajeh Danial , Decarlo Christopher , Elshaer Mohamed , Zhang Runhua , Dave Eshan , Sias Jo
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of a solid pelletized plastomeric polymer on asphalt mixtures’ properties and performance with respect to different distresses. Five asphalt mixtures—a control mixture (no polymer); asphalt mixtures with 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% polymer content; and a mixture with 5% polymer and lower asphalt binder content—were evaluated. The laboratory testing campaign included complex modulus, direct tension cyclic fatigue, semi-circular bending, disk-shaped compact tension, and asphalt pavement analyzer tests. Advanced performance-based simulation programs—MnPAVETM, FlexPAVETM, and ILLITC—were utilized to predict mixture performance in the context of pavement structure and local traffic and climatic conditions. In addition, four field test sections were constructed for all but the mixture with the reduced binder content and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing was conducted on the test sections. Based on the results of laboratory testing and performance simulation it can be concluded that the study modifier significantly improved the rutting performance and slightly improved the mixture fatigue performance. The study modifier did not show a considerable positive or negative effect on the thermal cracking performance. Based on the FWD results, solid polymer is potentially a good option to increase the stiffness of the asphalt concrete (AC) layer.
Developing a Preliminary Engineering Cost Estimation Method for a Portfolio of Bridge Construction Projects in Project Planning Phase
Authors: Son Junghye , Khwaja Nabeel
Published: March 2022

For state departments of transportation (DOTs), estimating preliminary engineering (PE) costs over a multiple-year horizon is critical for proper planning of engineering resources and budgets to ensure timely delivery of a portfolio of bridge construction projects, which incur PE costs that are relatively higher than those required for other highway project types. However, given the uncertainties in the planning phase, it is challenging to estimate PE costs effectively and efficiently. The purpose of this study was to provide DOTs with a PE cost estimation method using different ratios of PE cost to construction cost for bridge projects by project type and size. To that end, the study tested the variability of PE costs by analyzing 628 Texas DOT bridge construction projects divided into three project types: bridge maintenance (BMN), bridge replacement (BR), and bridge widening and rehabilitation (BWR). The analysis found that the ratios of PE cost to construction cost for the BMN and BR project types were significantly different by project size, but was not conclusive for the BWR project type because of limited sample size. The validation results indicate that the proposed method is effective for planning and estimating the PE costs of a portfolio of projects. The study findings can provide DOTs with an improved PE cost estimation process for a portfolio of bridge projects during the project planning phase.
Impact of the Great Flood of 2016 on the Asphaltic Concrete Road Infrastructure in Louisiana
Authors: Elseifi Mostafa A. , Mousa Momen R. , Gaspard Kevin
Published: March 2022

Extreme weather events, including inundation, are the major causes of weather-related disruption to the transportation sector. Considerable research has been conducted in recent years to evaluate the impacts of inundation on pavement functional and structural conditions. Yet, limited studies quantified how inundation may affect the long-term pavement performance and pavement life-cycle costs. As such, the main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of the 2016 inundation event in Louisiana, U.S., on the long-term pavement performance (in relation to reduction in the pavement service life [PSL]) and on pavement life-cycle costs. To achieve this objective, a total of 10 inundated pavement sections were evaluated. Pavement conditions, fatigue, and rutting indices for these sections were analyzed over a monitoring period of up to 15 years (11 years before and 4 years after inundation). Results indicated that the 2016 inundation event reduced the PSL of the inundated sections to an extent that depended on their pre-flooding pavement condition, traffic level, and asphalt concrete thickness. This reduction was attributed to the accelerated fatigue, rutting damage, or both, that resulted from prolonged water submergence and heavy traffic loading during debris hauling that took place after the inundation event. A logistic regression model with adequate accuracy was developed to predict whether an inundated pavement would experience reduction in its PSL based on the project conditions. The study findings were incorporated into a simple tool to assist transportation agencies make effective decisions for the maintenance and rehabilitation of inundated pavements.
Effects of Urban Expressways on Housing Prices: A Case Study of Qiushi Highway, Hangzhou, China
Authors: Zhang Ling , Shen Rui , Li Tianqi , Zhou Qingfeng
Published: March 2022

This paper discusses the effects of the construction of urban expressway on accessibility and further investigates the relationship between changes in accessibility and house prices caused by expressway construction. Taking the Qiushi Highway Phase III project in China as an example, a hedonic price model and difference-in-difference method are used to analyze the impact. The main innovation of the study is how it considers the improvement of the overall traffic conditions brought about by the construction of the expressway. In addition, three distance impedance parameters—namely Euclidean distance, road network distance, and actual transit time—are used to estimate the value of traffic accessibility during the process. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) The opening of the Qiushi Highway Phase III project can significantly improve the accessibility of the surrounding areas to the city center. Additionally, this improvement can be extended to further sites through the urban expressway network; (2) The results of the difference-in-difference method show that the premium effect of the city expressway on house prices will not be directly generated by the expressway’s geographical proximity to the project. In fact, the expressway will increase accessibility in some related areas and will also have a further positive impact on housing prices; (3) Among the three types of traffic impedance parameters, accessibility calculated on the basis of actual transit time has the strongest connection to house prices.
Incorporating Driver Relaxation into Factory Adaptive Cruise Control to Reduce Lane-Change Disruptions
Authors: Zhou Hao , Zhou Anye , Laval Jorge , Liu Yongyang , Peeta Srinivas
Published: March 2022

Current adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems adopt a fixed desired time headway, which often leads to abrupt speed changes in response to a close new leader after a cut-in or a lane change. These are disruptive maneuvers. In contrast, human drivers are willing to accept spacings much smaller than equilibrium values at the onset of these maneuvers and then gradually increase the spacing until they again reach equilibrium. This process, which typically lasts around 20 s or 30 s, is known as driver relaxation, which improves comfort and capacity. Therefore, this paper aims to incorporate relaxation into ACC systems. Based on the open-source factory-level ACC platform Openpilot by Comma.ai, the paper proposes a feasible relaxation model compatible with recent market ACC systems. The model is tested using simulation and road tests using a 2019 Honda Civic with its stock ACC hardware. The study further investigates the potential benefits of relaxation ACC on traffic operations. Comparative simulations suggest that incorporating relaxation into ACC can help: (i) reduce the magnitude of speed perturbations in both cut-in vehicles and followers; (ii) stabilize the lane-changing (LC) traffic by reducing the speed variance and preventing the lateral propagation of congestion; and (iii) increase the average flow speed and capacity after a bottleneck occurs.
Numerical Study of Recycled-Plastic-Pin- and Geosynthetic-Platform-Supported Embankment over Soft Soil
Authors: Islam Md Azijul , Hossain MD Sahadat , Badhon Faria Fahim , Bhandari Prabesh
Published: March 2022

Embankment construction over soft soils is extremely challenging because of excessive settlement of the soil and the potential for bearing failure. Many of the available conventional methods for solving these problems require a tremendous amount of time and resources. Researchers are therefore striving to create a sustainable alternative to conventional practices. Utilizing recycled plastic pins (RPP) in conjunction with geosynthetics is a novel approach to improve soft foundation soil. This study uses finite element analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of RPP and geosynthetic platform for improving soft foundation soil. PLAXIS 2D software was used for the numerical analysis. Field measurements were used to calibrate the model for settlement and pressure variations. The performance of the RPP-supported embankment was evaluated with maximum consolidation settlement, differential settlement, and soil arching effect. Furthermore, a comprehensive parametric study was carried out to investigate the influence of RPP size and spacing, load transfer platform, stiffness of geosynthetics, and shear strength of embankment fill. It was observed that the load efficacy increases, and the differential settlement efficacy decreases with the increase of embankment load. The settlement improvement factor is found negligible for the values of area ratio inverse higher than 30. The cohesion rather than the friction angle of embankment fill was found more influential in transferring the embankment load to RPPs. Furthermore, the maximum settlement decreases, and maximum tension in geosynthetics increases with the increase of geosynthetic stiffness.
Melvin Pollner’s radically reflexive ethnomethodology in historical context
Authors: Ginev Dimitri
Published: March 2022

The article explores in a historical context Melvin Pollner’s way of integrating radical reflexivity in ethnomethodology. It is argued that a kind of double hermeneutic should prompt and assist this integration. The implementation of the double hermeneutic discloses a problematic that goes beyond Pollner’s program. It is a problematic that concerns the unintended effects and the unexpected consequences in members’ ongoing construction of local orders. The emergence of such effects and consequences is assigned to configured social practices capable of transcending members’ situated actions and activities. The way in which configured social practices avoid members’ control and regulation is not to be confused with a sort of ‘hidden collective intentionality’ that diverges from members’ apparent intentionality. In order to spell out the nexus of radical reflexivity and double hermeneutic, the article makes use of the ontological difference between the facticity of members’ interpretive-practical mode of being-in-the-world and the factuality of the manifolds of indexicalities resulting from the documentary description of members’ production of lived orders. Facticity is addressed in terms of interplay of practices and possibilities. This interplay is also the terrain on which unintended effects and unexpected consequences come into being.
Simplified indentation mechanics to connect nanoindentation and low-energy impact of structural composites and polymers
Authors: Xu Luoyu R , Islam Md Shariful , Martinez Ricardo , Flores Mark , Zhao Kai , Karakoҫ Alp , Taciroglu Ertugrul
Published: March 2022

Nanoindentation (nanometer scale, extremely small) and impact (microsecond scale, extremely fast) experiments are two important techniques for characterizing modern material systems. However, these two experiments were often studied individually. In this pilot study, a multiscale indentation mechanics approach is proposed to correlate these two very different mechanics events acting on the same target materials using a spherical indenter and a projectile. The contact stiffness of nanoindentation of a target material is fitted using Hertz’s contact law, and then the contact stiffness of impact is obtained using a simplified multiscale relation. Therefore, the maximum impact force of a projectile impact can be predicted by inputting the impact energy and the contact stiffness of impact. The above new approach was validated by drop-weight impact experiments of polymers and structural composite materials subjected to low-energy impact. Results show that only a few minutes are needed to predict the maximum impact force.
Sleep Quality Reports From Family Caregivers and Matched Non-caregiving Controls in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Blinka Marcela D. , Spira Adam P. , Sheehan Orla C. , Cidav Tom , Rhodes J. David , Howard Virginia J. , Roth David L.
Published: March 2022

The stress of family caregiving may affect many health-related variables, including sleep. We evaluated differences in self-reported sleep quality between incident caregivers and matched non-caregiving controls from a national population-based study. Caregivers and controls were identified in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study and matched on seven different demographic and health history factors. Caregivers reported significantly longer sleep onset latency than controls, before and after adjusting for covariates (ps < .05). No differences were found on measures of total sleep time or sleep efficiency. Among caregivers only, employed persons reported less total sleep time and number of care hours was a significant predictor of total sleep time. Dementia caregivers did not differ from other caregivers. This is one of the few population-based studies of sleep quality in family caregivers. Additional research is needed to examine whether sleep disturbance contributes to greater health problems among caregivers.
A Model for Predicting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder due to Exposure to Chronic Political Violence: Big Five Personality Traits, Ego-Resiliency, and Coping
Authors: Cohen-Louck Keren , Zvi Liza
Published: March 2022

Research on psychological effects of exposure to political violence has focused mainly on the effect of environmental factors whereas the effect of individual differences is understudied. The present study offers an integrative model of the contribution of personality traits, ego-resiliency, and coping styles to post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology of civilians exposed to chronic political violence. Three-hundred and thirty-two Israeli citizens living in the south region of Israel were asked to report their experience with different types of political violence incidents, their coping strategies, and PTS symptoms. The participants were also asked to complete the Big Five personality Inventory and Ego-Resiliency Scale. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that ego-resiliency and emotion-focused coping mediate the relationship between big five personality traits and levels of stress symptoms. It is suggested that neurotic people are more vulnerable to PTS due to low levels of ego-resiliency and a preference to use emotion-focused coping strategies.
The Relationship Between Formal Help-Seeking and Sexual Orientation Among Victims of Domestic Violence
Authors: Martin Tara E. , Gover Angela R. , Langton Lynn
Published: March 2022

Domestic violence, broadly defined, includes violence among children, parents, siblings, intimate partners, and other relatives. Help-seeking behaviors for domestic violence, especially among sexual minority (gay, lesbian, bisexual, and others who are not heterosexual) victims, is not well understood. Using the National Crime Victimization Survey, the current study fills a gap in the literature regarding the relationship between sexual orientation and four types of formal help-seeking among victims of violence perpetrated by a relative or an intimate partner: reporting to the police, seeking psychological care, contacting a victim services agency, and seeking medical assistance. This study additionally examined whether individual and incident level variables are related to formal domestic violence help-seeking among sexual minority victims. Results indicate that sexual orientation was significantly related to seeking psychological care and help from a victim services agency, and the relationship between individual and incident level characteristics varies by type of help-seeking among victims of domestic violence. These results suggest that sexual minority victims’ decisions to access services is likely influenced by the availability of services and victims’ perceptions of how they would be treated within the various systems. Future research should continue to examine the help-seeking process among sexual minority victims of domestic violence in order to develop appropriate policy responses and provide services needed by this population.
The Dynamics of Intimate Partner Violence and Its Impact on HIV Care: A Cross-Sectional Study of People of Mixed Gender and Sexual Preference in Lima, Peru
Authors: Nelson Adrianne K. , Denavit Chloe , Muñoz Maribel , Wong Milagros , Saldaña Olga , Santa Cruz Janeth , Rodriguez Carly A. , Caldas Adolfo , Castro Arachu , Shin Sonya
Published: March 2022

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with a higher risk of contracting HIV and developing worse HIV outcomes. This cross-sectional, mixed methods study presents data on IPV using the Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS2-S) among 180 persons with HIV in Lima, Peru, as well as qualitative interviews with 7 of them and 18 of their community caregivers. This study used data collected for a randomized controlled trial (RCT), CASAommunity Based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA) Community-based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA). Physical or sexual IPV was self-reported in 82 (45.6%) of participants reporting having been in a relationship in the last year and 59,8% of those were involved in bidirectional violence. Coping subscales, social support, and stigma were associated with IPV. Intimate partner violence negatively impacted patient adherence to medication and care, particularly during times of severe conflict. In conclusion, profound psychosocial vulnerability—including low social support, substance use as coping, and HIV stigma—contextualize IPV among people with HIV. Bidirectional violence often evolved over time as victims negotiated inter-personal strategies for survival, including retaliation. Interventions should focus on a deeper understanding IPV and facilitating of coping mechanisms to help people with HIV stay in care.
Factors Associated With Impeding the Reintegration of Incest Survivors: A Qualitative Study in Selected Safe Homes in Nepal
Authors: Khatiwada Januka , Isono Maho , Ogawa Toshio
Published: March 2022

Background

Incest is a globally prevalent phenomenon and is defined as sexual relations between closely related family members. Despite being a criminal offense irrespective to the gender and age incest is a prevalent issue in Nepal. Incest survivors are sheltered in safe homes for specific periods and reintegrated into their families following their healing. This research aims to explore the challenges and issues involved in the reintegration of incest survivors and investigate how the interconnected perceptions of families and individuals relate to the incest survivors’ successful reintegration.

Methods

This qualitative study was conducted in three districts of Nepal. Fourteen incest survivors, five service providers from safe homes, and 22 community members were purposefully and theoretically selected. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to collect the study data, which were subsequently coded and analyzed using a grounded theory approach.

Results

The results indicate the importance of the reintegration of incest survivors, as staying in a safe home may not offer a long-term solution for these individuals. However, reintegration is challenging without acceptance and support from the survivors’ families and communities, the survivors' readiness to reintegrate, and agreement from the survivors’ safe homes. Factors found to influence the unsuccessful reintegration of survivors included family fragmentation, socio-economic status, family resistance, the survivor-perpetrator relationship, survivors’ interests, fears, and the possibility of repeated incidents, harmful social norms and cultural practices, community intervention, and negative perceptions.

Conclusion

This study found that factors associated with impeding the reintegration of incest survivors are found in survivors, their families, and their communities. Creating harmonious family systems, providing education on gender equality, empowering women to fight against all sorts of abuse, and governmental assurances on the implementation of legal aid, human rights, ratified conventions on child rights and women’s rights may help prevention of incest, and address the reintegration challenges of incest victims.
The Interplay Between Status and Affection Needs: Testing the Imbalanced Needs Theory of Aggression in Adulthood
Authors: Sijtsema Jelle J. , Lindenberg Siegwart M.
Published: March 2022

Status and affection are both goals related to social needs. The imbalanced needs theory of aggression proposes that although aggression can be used to realize status, this strategy is detrimental for realizing affection in the same social context. Thus, to the degree that the social circles overlap in which status and affection needs are realized, it becomes more costly (in terms of affection) to achieve status via aggression. This theory was tested for different forms of aggression, in different contexts, in a sample of adults from the general population ( N = 253, M age = 29.95, SD = 2.60, 78% female). Participants reported on social needs with the Interpersonal Goals Inventory and reported on general measures of physical and social aggression, as well as rule breaking, and aggression at the workplace and in intimate partner relationships. As hypothesized, status needs were associated with physical aggression when affection needs were weak. This interaction, though to a lesser degree, also extended to social forms of aggression and rule breaking. At the workplace, aggression was only related to weak affection needs, whereas aggression in intimate partner relationships was, as expected, unrelated to both social needs. Together, these findings support the results of an earlier test of the imbalanced needs theory of aggression in adolescence, and encourage more research into the link between aggression and the satisfaction of social needs.
Parental Discipline During Emerging Adulthood: A Person-Centered Approach
Authors: McKinney Cliff , Hovanec Sarah E. , Szkody Erica , Walker Courtney S.
Published: March 2022

Although most parental discipline research examines the effects of discipline in children and adolescents, recent research has demonstrated that emerging adults continue to receive parental discipline. Importantly, a newly validated instrument for assessing discipline specifically during emerging adulthood has been created. Scales from this instrument include maternal and paternal approval, disappointment, and abuse, and these scales were associated with other parenting behaviors and psychological outcomes during emerging adulthood. However, a person-centered approach has not been conducted with this instrument. Given that discipline occurs at an idiographic level and that group norms inform such behaviors, a person-centered approach would identify highly informative emerging adult profiles based on patterns of discipline they receive from their parents. Thus, the current study utilized latent profile analysis (LPA) of 1110 participants attending a Southern United States university to identify emerging adult discipline profiles. These groups were then associated with parental and emerging adult psychological problems to gain an understanding of how these factors relate to different patterns of discipline across gender. Results best supported four profiles labeled as approving, distant, disappointed, and abusive. These groups reported increasingly higher parental and personal psychological problems across approving, distant, disappointed, and abusive profiles. Gender moderated some of these effects. Implications and future directions are discussed.
“It’s Okay With Our Culture but We’re in a Different Place and We Have to Show Respect”: Marshallese Migrants and Exclusive Breastfeeding Initiation
Authors: Ayers Britni L. , Purvis Rachel S. , Bogulski Cari A. , Reece Sharon , CarlLee Sheena , Kim Yeary Karen H. , McElfish Pearl A.
Published: March 2022

Background:

Pacific Islanders in the United States have lower initiation rates and shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding compared to other racial/ethnic groups.

Research Aim:

To describe infant feeding beliefs and experiences of Marshallese living in the United States.

Methods:

We used a prospective and cross-sectional exploratory, descriptive qualitative design with Marshallese participants ( N = 36) residing in the United States between July 2019 and July 2020. Data were collected at 6–8 weeks postpartum. Our qualitative analytic approach integrated inductive and deductive techniques.

Results:

Participants’ mean age was 27.1 years ( SD = 6.1), and 88.9% ( n = 32) were born in the Marshall Islands. A majority of participants were single, widowed, or in an unmarried partnership ( n = 28, 77.8%). Most participants had a high school education or lower ( n = 30, 83.3%). Mean household size was 7.2 ( SD = 2.8). Fewer than half of participants had no health insurance ( n = 14, 38.9%), and almost all participants (91.7%) did not work at the time of data collection. Two themes emerged: 1) infant feeding initiation and practices; and 2) concerns over breastfeeding in public. The majority of participants’ infants received both human milk and formula. Participants described beliefs that breastfeeding in public was against American customs, which influenced their decision about breastfeeding in public.

Conclusions:

Our study was the first to document infant feeding beliefs and experiences of Marshallese living in the United States at 6–8 weeks postpartum. Findings will inform future health education programs.
Modeling and analysis of electromagnetic force in interior permanent magnet synchronous motor used for electric vehicles
Authors: Wu Zhipeng , Zuo Shuguang , Hu Xiaorui , Hu Shenglong , Chen Siyue , Liu Chang
Published: March 2022

The accurate prediction and analysis of electromagnetic excitation source is the pre-condition for the investigation of electromagnetic vibration and noise. In this work, an analytical model for electromagnetic (EM) force calculation of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) is proposed by coupling the 2-D model in polar coordinates and the Maxwell stress tensor method (MSTM). In the modeling, the boundary conditions for solving the air-gap magnetic field are firstly simplified based on the equivalent conversion of permanent magnets (PMs). Then, the magnetic field is acquired by solving the governing equation based on the simplified boundary conditions. Finally, the EM force is obtained according to the MSTM. The effectiveness is fully verified by finite element (FE) analysis that the analytical model can be applied not only for the calculation of radial EM force of IPMSMs with/without load but also for the calculation of tangential EM force. Besides, the tangential EM force is further analyzed by 2-D Fourier decomposition, and the relationship between tangential EM force and torque fluctuation is also clarified. The results show that the radial EM force harmonics and the tangential EM force harmonics have the same spatiotemporal characteristics no matter under no-load or load. Moreover, the high-frequency components of tangential EM force harmonics with low spatial orders, which have the highest contribution to vibration and noise, are comparable to those of radial EM force harmonics. Meanwhile, the torque fluctuation of IPMSMs with/without load only comes from the zero-order tangential EM force harmonics in space.
Consequences of heat and mass transports on entropy creation in ciliary flow systems with chemical reaction and Hall effects
Authors: Farooq AA , Kahshan M , Gorji MR , Alam Mohammad M , Ahmad Irfan
Published: March 2022

Entropy generation is one of the most decisive factors to determine the irreversibility characteristics of various heat transport processes. Therefore, this study explores the entropy generation caused by viscous dissipation, ohmic heating, mass transfers, and chemical reactions during Newtonian flow processes through a microchannel with ciliated walls. Mathematical framework of the present model is made up of five nonlinear partial differential equations in velocity components, pressure gradient, temperature, and concentration distributions. We scrutinize nonlinear system under the lubrication approximation theory and acquire a linear system of ordinary differential equations in a wave frame of reference. Exact analytical solutions for the velocity, pressure, temperature, and concentration distributions are constructed. Expressions for entropy production rate and Bejan number are also formulated for the present flow scenario. Effects of heat and mass transfers, Hartmann number, Hall current, chemical reaction, and the eccentricity parameter of ciliary beatings on the flow field, pumping characteristics, temperature, concentration, entropy production rate, and Bejan number are discussed in details. Outcomes of present model recommend that inclusion of Hall current overwhelms the damping effects of magnetic field and hence controls the irreversibility of thermodynamical systems. Moreover, in order to manipulate the flow and irreversibility in cilia-based micro-devices, the role of eccentricity parameter is noticeable. We hope that our theoretical results can be utilized in mixing and controlling various aspects of mass, momentum, and heat transfers in MHD-based microfluidic devices.
Physio-mechanical and thermal characterization of jute/rubber crumb hybrid composites and selection of optimal configuration using the MADM approach
Authors: Mahesh Vishwas , Mahesh Vinyas , Nagaraj Sowjanya M , Subhashaya Pratiksha , Shambu Singh Gopal Singh Tumkur
Published: March 2022

The present study explores the possible usage of the rubber crumb as a filler in jute-reinforced polymer matrix composites for structural applications. The rubber crumb with different weight percentages of 1.5, 3 and 5 was used for manufacturing the hybrid composites using the hand layup method, and their physio-mechanical properties were compared with the unfilled jute epoxy composite. The results revealed that the addition of a rubber crumb helps to overcome the disadvantage of water absorption by natural fibres since the water absorption of the composite filled with 5 wt% of rubber crumb reduced by 2.6 times compared to the unfilled composite. However, the density of the composites was found to increase with the addition of a rubber crumb. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite with 3 wt% rubber crumb was found to be better and was found to be increased by 9.38% and 42.37%, respectively, compared to the unfilled composite. The impact strength of the composite with 5 wt% of rubber crumb was the highest, and it was improved by 16.29% compared to the unfilled composite. The MADM approach, namely the VIKOR method, is successfully implemented to select the best configuration of the proposed hybrid composites. The effect of chemical treatment of the fibre on the winning composite from the MADM approach is further evaluated for its thermal conductivity and thermal resistance. This work can be a benchmark for using and converting the waste tyre rubber into the rubber crumb in polymer matrix composites to enhance their mechanical properties. It can also guide the designers in implementing the MADM approach to select appropriate composite selection when there are multiple conflicting criteria.
Design methods and stress analysis of asymmetric offset face-gear transmission
Authors: Mo Shuai , Zhang Yingxin , Tang Wenjie , Luo Bingrui , Cen Guojian , Huang Yunsheng
Published: March 2022

The paper proposed a new asymmetrical offset face-gear transmission, applied meshing theory to derive the tooth surface mathematical model, and used discrete numerical methods to obtain the tooth model. Subsequently, the limitation of pointing and undercutting on effective tooth width of asymmetric offset face-gear were studied, and the influence of the eccentricity on the effective tooth width was analyzed. Finally, the finite element method was used to analyze the tooth surface contact stress of four groups of asymmetric offset gear pairs with different working pressure angles. The conclusion shows that the tooth surface contact stress takes the minimum value when the working side pressure angle is 30°, and the contact stress significantly reduced compared to the face-gear pair that does not adopt an asymmetric structure. The research provides a reference to the design of asymmetric offset face-gear.
A numerical simulation of target-directed swimming for a three-link bionic fish with deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Zhu Yi , Pang Jian-Hua
Published: March 2022

An accurate and robust feedback control system is of great importance for bionic robotic fish to perform complex tasks. This work presents a numerical study of target-directed swimming for a three-link bionic fish with a feedback control system based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The simulation is achieved by using a hybrid method of the DRL method and the immersed boundary–lattice Boltzmann method (IB–LBM). This framework makes use of the high computational efficiency of the IB-LBM for the generation of massive motion data needed in the DRL training. The fish is first trained to swim towards a static target from random orientation and distance. The only information available to the fish is its orientation and distance from the target. It learns an accurate and subtle control policy after the training. Then the control policy is applied to a moving target. Even though the fish encounters some situations that never happened in the training, it can choose appropriate actions to follow the target in close proximity and automatically adapt its velocity with the velocity of the target. Those simulations demonstrate the accuracy, robustness of the control method, and its ability to adapt to new situations.
Methods for editing random load spectra based on multi-parameter index preservation for accelerated durability testing
Authors: Zheng Guofeng , Pan Hanru , Chen Baixian , Chen Wen , Wang Qiongyao , Jia Hanjie , Liu Xiaoang
Published: March 2022

Herein, a multi-parameter index preservation-based (MPIP) load spectrum editing method is proposed for improving the efficiency of the accelerated durability testing of mechanical components. The editing process was conducted in the frequency domain by adopting a wavelet transform to decompose the load spectrum into different wavelet levels. The high-frequency wavelet levels were squared and summed at each time interval to obtain the wavelet energy distribution. The damage segments with large amplitude cycles were identified and extracted from the load spectrum based on the wavelet energy distribution. A shorter spectrum was obtained without significant changes in the indexes (the damage index, statistical index, and power spectrum density index). The effectiveness of the MPIP-based load spectrum editing method was demonstrated through the editing process of a coil spring load spectrum, along with a fatigue and damage assessment. The results show that the time duration reduction ratio of the load spectrum after editing was considerably lower than that of the load spectrum before editing. Further, the statistical indices (i.e., the mean, root mean square, and kurtosis) and power spectrum density Pearson correlation coefficient of the MPIP-based edited load spectrum were comparable to those of the original load spectrum. The results also demonstrate that the MPIP-based edited load spectrum indices and time-domain-based edited load spectrum have certain differences. However, the proposed method is more effective for accelerated durability tests. The results regarding the coil spring fatigue damage and lifetime assessment further validated this conclusion.
Study of matrix modifications by nano-clay on the mechanical properties of AA3003 honeycomb sandwich panels
Authors: Prasanth P.V. , Sahaya Raj M.Edwin , Jappes J.T.Winowlin , Jayaram R.S.
Published: March 2022

Face/core debonding is one of the crucial problems of composite sandwich panels which consist of AA3003 aluminium honeycomb and glass fiber reinforced polymer face sheets. The panel was prepared by a hand-lay process at different nano-clay weight addition of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% with the objective of improving face/core adhesion. Interface bonding between face sheets and honeycomb core composite sandwiches and their mechanical behavior were investigated under in-plane compression and bending load. The flexural property of sandwich panels due to the influence of variation in strain rate is further determined. The morphologies of fractured samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed a significant improvement in mechanical characteristics when nano-clay was loaded to the composites at a concentration from 2 to 4 wt%, and the in-plane compression and flexural failure load values increased by 45% and 81%, respectively, when compared to a pristine sample. It was observed that increasing strain rate led to the increase in failure load of the sandwich panel. SEM images of fractured surfaces showed residual aluminium honeycomb was present in the face sheet, which indicates better adhesion between aluminium honeycomb core and face sheets.
Non-invasive technique to detect diabetic retinopathy based on Electrooculography signal using machine learning classifiers
Authors: Archana R , Rajalakshmi T , Vijay Sai P
Published: March 2022

Single-channel Electrooculogram (EOG) is proposed for detecting diabetic retinopathy. The Corneal-retinal potential of the eyes plays a vital role in the acquisition of Electrooculography. Diabetes is the most prevalent disease and for one out of three people with diabetes above 40 years, diabetic retinopathy occurs. It is necessary for the early detection of diabetic retinopathy as it is one of the primary reasons for blindness in the population. The potential difference between cornea and retina leads to the acquisition of EOG signal. The proposed study aims to design a low-cost miniaturized hardware circuit to obtain EOG signal using second order filters without compromising in accuracy of the outcome signal and to classify the signal into normal and diabetic retinopathy subjects by extracting the statistical features like kurtosis, mean, median absolute deviation, standard deviation, and range from software filtered EOG signal. Among the classifiers used, Support vector machine (SVM) shows a higher accuracy of 93.33%. The sensitivity, specificity and Area Under Curve (AUC) values of SVM are 96.43%, 90.625%, 0.93% is considered as more favorable outcome for the proposed method and it supports the developed prototype and processing methodology. The novelty of the research is based on proposing and exploring a non-invasive methodology for Diabetic retinopathy diagnosis based on EOG signal. Thus, the designed hardware is simple in operation and cost effective, provides an affordable and non-invasive diagnostic tool for diabetic retinopathy patients