bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capillary electrophoresis, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and thin‐layer chromatography analyses of phenolic compounds from rapeseed plants and evaluation of their antioxidant activity
Authors: Huang Yang , Jansen Olivia , Frédérich Michel , Mouithys‐Mickalad Ange , Nys Gwenaël , Servais Anne‐Catherine , Crommen Jacques , Jiang Zhengjin , Fillet Marianne
Published: November 2018

Rapeseed plants, known for oil production, are also known to contain phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, with potential antioxidant and anticancer activities. The separation and identification of 11 phenolic acids in rapeseed extracts (including leaves, flowers, Chinese seeds, Belgian seeds, and cake) by capillary electrophoresis were investigated. The results were compared with those obtained with high‐performance liquid chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography and showed that the capillary electrophoresis technique offers several advantages for the identification of phenolic compounds in various rapeseed extracts. The antioxidant activity of rapeseed extracts and reference compounds was evaluated using four different approaches, namely, 2,2′‐azinobis‐ (3‐ethylbenzohiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid assay, free radical 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and the measurement of the total polyphenol content. The contents of total polyphenols in the tested extracts were ranging between 5.4 and 21.1% m/m and ranked as follows: Chinese seeds ˃ Belgian seeds ˃ Flowers ˃ Cake ˃ Leaves.
Mobile applications in otolaryngology for patients: An update
Authors: Casale Manuele , Costantino Andrea , Rinaldi Vittorio , Forte Antonio , Grimaldi Marta , Sabatino Lorenzo , Oliveto Giuseppe , Aloise Fabio , Pontari Domenico , Salvinelli Fabrizio
Published: November 2018

Objective

Recently smartphones and tablets have spread in developed countries, and healthcare‐related apps are growing incredibly in different specialties. The aim of this study is to provide an up‐to‐date review of the current OtoHNS (otolaryngology–head and neck surgery) apps developed for patients.

Methods

This mobile applications review was conducted in September 2017. Relevant apps about OtoHNS were searched in the Apple Store and in the Google Play using various keywords. We included helpful apps for OtoHNS patients. Apps for medical students, physician (95 apps) and non‐English apps (6 apps) were excluded.

Results

At the end of our selection process, 216 apps have been included for mobile applications review. The number of apps published per year in OtoHNS has increased each year. The most common apps were about hearing, in particular 63 of 216 (29%) were hearing test; 75 of 216 (35%) for tinnitus treatment; 10 of 216 (5%) for sounds measurement around the patients; and 7 of 216 (3%) to treat vertigo. One hundred thirty‐seven of 216 (63%) apps were free of charge. Physicians were clearly involved in the app's development in only 73 of 216 (34%) apps. One hundred sixty‐three of 216 (75%) had no user ratings.

Conclusions

Apps are increasingly and easily accessible, although their use in clinical practice is not yet totally accepted. Our review showed that most apps have been created with no guidance from otolaryngologist. Further steps are needed to regulate apps’ development. Hoping an “App Board,” such as editorial board for scientific journal, to assess app quality, validity, and effectiveness before they can be fully incorporated into clinical practice and medical education.

Level of Evidence

N/A
Patterns of iron and siderophore distributions across the California Current System
Authors: Boiteau Rene M. , Till Claire P. , Coale Tyler H. , Fitzsimmons Jessica N. , Bruland Kenneth W. , Repeta Daniel J.
Published: November 2018

Coastal upwelling of nutrients and metals along eastern boundary currents fuels some of the most biologically productive marine ecosystems. Although iron is a main driver of productivity in many of these regions, iron cycling and acquisition by microbes remain poorly constrained, in part due to the unknown composition of organic ligands that keep bioavailable iron in solution. In this study, we investigated organic ligand composition in discrete water samples collected across the highly productive California Coastal upwelling system. Siderophores were observed in distinct nutrient regimes at concentrations ranging from 1 pM to 18 pM. Near the shallow continental shelf, ferrioxamine B was observed in recently upwelled, high chlorophyll surface waters while synechobactins were identified within nepheloid layers at 60–90 m depth. In offshore waters characterized by intermediate chlorophyll, iron, and nitrate concentrations, we found amphibactins and an unknown siderophore with a molecular formula of C33H58O8N5Fe. Highest concentrations were measured in the photic zone, however, amphibactins were also found in waters as deep as 1500 m. The distribution of siderophores provides evidence for microbial iron deficiency across a range of nutrient regimes and indicates siderophore production and acquisition is an important strategy for biological iron uptake in iron limited coastal systems. Polydisperse humic ligands were also detected throughout the water column and were particularly abundant near the benthic boundary. Our results highlight the fine‐scale spatial heterogeneity of metal ligand composition in an upwelling environment and elucidate distinct sources that include biological production and the degradation of organic matter in suboxic waters.
On contraction of nonlinear difference equations with time‐varying delays
Authors: Ngoc Pham Huu Anh , Trinh Hieu , Hieu Le Trung , Huy Nguyen Dinh
Published: November 2018

General nonlinear difference equations with time‐varying delays are considered. Explicit criteria for contraction of such equations are presented. Then some simple sufficient conditions for global exponential stability of equilibria and for stability of invariant sets are derived. Furthermore, explicit criteria for existence, uniqueness and global exponential stability of periodic solutions are derived. Finally, the obtained results are applied to time‐varying discrete‐time neural networks with delay.
Small-Scale Fisheries at an Albanian Marine Protected Area: A Collaborative Attitude is Associated with Higher Catches
Authors: Bakiu Rigers , Cakalli Marko , Korro Kastriot , Di Franco Antonio , Guidetti Paolo
Published: November 2018

When properly managed, marine protected areas (MPAs) serve as tools that are potentially able to deliver both conservation and fisheries benefits. This is particularly true for small-scale fisheries (SSFs) when fishermen are engaged in management and collaborate with MPA managers and scientists. Small-scale fisheries are widespread along Mediterranean coasts, and in Albania, they have developed remarkably since the 1990s. In 2010, the area of Karaburun and Sazani was declared as the first MPA in Albania. Two fishing communities located in different harbors operate locally, fishing outside the MPA and in its buffer zone. One fishing community is more willing to collaborate with scientists and managers, whereas the other is more reluctant to collaborate. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare catch composition, total catches, and CPUE between the two fishing fleets under the general hypothesis that fishermen engagement and a more collaborative attitude can lead to larger catches. Results showed that on average, fishermen from the more collaborative fishing community usually deployed shorter nets within the MPA but obtained higher total catches and CPUEs than fishermen from the less-collaborative community. These findings—despite being inconclusive due to the limited sample size, reduced sampling period, and correlative approach—highlight the potential benefits delivered by the adoption of a collaborative approach and specifically provide a baseline for building sound management plans for SSFs in Albania in the future.
Simultaneous B1 and T1 mapping using spiral multislice variable flip angle acquisitions for whole‐brain coverage in less than one minute
Authors: Heule Rahel , Pfeuffer Josef , Meyer Craig H. , Bieri Oliver
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Variable flip angle (VFA)‐based T1 quantification techniques are highly sensitive to B1 inhomogeneities and to residual T2 dependency arising from incomplete spoiling. Here, a rapid spiral VFA acquisition scheme with high spoiling efficiency is proposed for simultaneous whole‐brain B1 and T1 mapping.

Methods

VFA acquisitions at 2 different flip angles are performed to quantify T1 using a steady‐state prepared spiral 2D multislice spoiled gradient‐echo sequence with the acquisition of 10 and 20 spiral interleaves at 1.5T and 3T, respectively. Additionally, parallel imaging acceleration of factor 2 is investigated at 3T. The free induction decay induced by the preparation pulse is sampled by a single‐shot spiral readout to quantify B1.

Results

The in vitro and in vivo validations yielded good agreement between the derived spiral VFA B1 and the acquired reference B1 maps as well as between the B1‐corrected spiral VFA T1 and the reference T1 maps. The spiral VFA acquisitions in the human brain delivered artifact‐free B1 and T1 maps and demonstrated high reproducibility at 1.5T and 3T.

Conclusion

Reliable simultaneous spiral VFA B1 and T1 quantification was feasible with acquisition times of <1 min for whole‐brain coverage at clinically relevant resolution.
Hyperbaric oxygen significantly improves frequent urination, hyperalgesia, and tissue damage in a mouse long‐lasting cystitis model induced by an intravesical instillation of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Minami Akinori , Tanaka Tomoaki , Otoshi Taiyo , Kuratsukuri Katsuyuki , Nakatani Tatsuya
Published: November 2018

Aim

To investigate whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is effective for the pathophysiological findings in an IC/PBS‐like mouse model induced by intravesical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Methods

Six‐week‐old ICR female mice (N = 16) were divided into four experimental groups: (1) sham control with intravesical vehicle instillation twice, and without subsequent treatment (N = 4); (2) H2O2 instillation twice, followed by HBO (100% O2, 2 ATA, 30 min per session) (N = 4); (3) H2O2 instillation twice, followed by dummy hyperbaric treatment (air, 2ATA, 30 min per session) (N = 4); and (4) H2O2 instillation twice, followed by no treatment (N = 4). Body weight, voiding frequency, tidal voiding volume, and individual bladder pain threshold using the von‐Frey test were measured. Whole body uptake of an inflammation‐specific fluorescent pan‐cathepsin was assessed by an in vivo imaging. Immunohistochemical staining and the mRNA expression of several biomarkers associated with chronic inflammation in resected bladders were evaluated.

Results

The HBO‐treated group showed significant improvement in voiding frequency, tidal voiding volume, and the individual bladder pain threshold. Moreover, HBO markedly suppressed H2O2‐induced inflammation, edema, and fibrosis in bladder wall, concomitant with a significant decrease in mRNA expressions of inflammation biomarkers and a significant increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. HBO also inhibited the expression of transient receptor potential channels induced by H2O2 instillation.

Conclusion

These results suggest that HBO contributes to elimination of H2O2‐induced long‐lasting cystitis through the repair of chronically inflamed bladder tissue and inhibition of the bladder sensory system.
Spinal cord stimulation ameliorates detrusor over‐activity and visceromotor pain responses in rats with cystitis
Authors: Chang Huiyi H. , Yeh Jih‐Chao , Mao Jackie , Ginsberg David A. , Ghoniem Gamal , Rodriguez Larissa V.
Published: November 2018

Aim

Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome/(IC/PBS) results in recurring pain in the bladder and surrounding pelvic region caused by abnormal excitability of micturition reflexes. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is currently clinically used for the attenuation of neuropathic and visceral pain. The present study examined whether SCS at upper lumbar segments modulates detrusor overactivity and visceral hyperalgesia associated with cystitis in a rat model of cyclophosphamide (CYP)‐induced cystitis.

Methods

Cystitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CYP (200 mg/kg) in six adult female Sprague Dawley rats 48 h prior to urodynamic recordings. Another six rats served as—controls with saline injection. Cystometry and the external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography during bladder infusion were evaluated under urethane anesthesia. The visceromotor reflexes (VMR) obtained from the external abdominal oblique muscle were quantified during bladder infusion and isotonic bladder distension (IBD), respectively. After baseline recordings were taken, SCS was applied on the dorsal surface of L3 for 25 min. Urodynamic recordings and VMR during bladder infusion and IBD were repeated 2 h after SCS.

Results

CYP resulted in detrusor overactivity, stronger EUS tonic contractions, and increased VMR. SCS significantly reduced non‐voiding contractions, prolonged EUS relaxation, and delayed VMR appearance during bladder infusion as well as significantly decreased VMR during IBD in cystitis rats.

Conclusion

SCS improved bladder function and EUS relaxation during bladder infusion and significantly attenuated visceral nociceptive‐related VMR during IBD in cystitis rats. SCS may have therapeutic potential for patients with hyperalgesia and IC/PBS.
Changes in cardiac autonomic nervous system activity during a course of electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Suzuki Yoko , Miyajima Miho , Ohta Katsuya , Yoshida Noriko , Watanabe Takafumi , Fujiwara Mayo , Okumura Masaki , Nakamura Mitsuru , Sasano Tetsuo , Kawara Tokuhiro , Matsuura Masato , Matsushima Eisuke
Published: November 2018

Aim

Although electroencephalogram (EEG) seizure duration and seizure threshold change during a course of electroconvulsive therapy, the mechanisms by which these factors influence heart rate during subsequent electroconvulsive therapy sessions are currently unclear. In the current study, we investigated changes in heart rate during electroconvulsive therapy.

Methods

We recorded electroencephalography and electrocardiography during electroconvulsive therapy in 12 patients with major depressive disorder. Baseline heart rate was defined as the mean heart rate in the 30 seconds prior to stimulus onset. The TimeMaxpeak refers to the maximum heart rate after stimulus onset. Time1/2points represent the time points at which the heart rate had decreased to a value midway between the baseline heart rate and the TimeMaxpeak. We examined the relationships between EEG seizure duration, TimeMax, and Time1/2throughout the course of electroconvulsive therapy.

Results

Time1/2decreased as the number of electroconvulsive sessions increased. Time1/2was positively correlated with EEG seizure duration.

Conclusion

The duration in which electroconvulsive therapy‐induced sympathetic nervous system activation returned halfway to baseline levels gradually shortened during the course of electroconvulsive therapy.
Analysis of spring operated pressure relief valve proof test data: Findings and implications
Authors: Bukowski Julia V. , Goble William M. , Gross Robert E. , Harris Stephen P.
Published: November 2018

Ten years of research into spring operated pressure relief valve (SOPRV) proof test data are reviewed. Previously unpublished results are also presented. The principle findings are: proof test data alone are insufficient to properly analyze SOPRV safety behavior; root cause analysis (RCA) of all failed SOPRV is also required; probability of initial failure is a real and concerning phenomenon in both new (not previously installed) as well as used (previously installed) SOPRV but does not affect all SOPRV equally; SOPRV failure rates and safety performances depend on many variables including set pressure, SOPRV design and manufacturing specifics, and end user safety and maintenance practices; certain SOPRV require shorter proof test intervals (2–3 years) to maintain desired safety ratings but others can endure much longer proof test intervals with only small additional safety risks. Understanding all of the parameters which impact SOPRV safety performance and collecting safety performance data (including RCA of failed SOPRV) at the individual facility level are the keys to optimizing commissioning and pre‐installation proof testing and proof test intervals, and potentially to extending turnaround times. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 37: 467–477, 2018
Identification of detoxification genes in imidacloprid‐resistant Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Lividae) and their expression patterns under stress of eight insecticides
Authors: Tian Fajun , Li Chaofeng , Wang Zhengbing , Liu Jiali , Zeng Xinnian
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is one of the major pests in citrus‐growing areas around the world. The application of insecticides is the most effective method to reduce the population of D. citri. However, D. citri has developed resistance to multiple classes of insecticides. Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial to the management of D. citri. In this study, molecular assays were performed to characterize imidacloprid resistance mechanisms.

RESULTS

Based on the D. citri transcriptome database and other known insect resistance genes, 16 cytochrome P450, eight glutathione‐S‐transferase and six esterase genes were selected for cloning and sequencing. The gene expression analysis of 30 detoxification genes demonstrated that the relative expression of CYP4g15, CYP303A1, CYP4C62, CYP6BD5, GSTS1 and EST‐6 were moderately high (>5‐fold increase) in the imidacloprid‐resistant strain. Feeding of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) reduced the expression of the six genes (46.7%–72.1%) and resulted in significant adult mortality (65.62%–82.76%). We also determined the ability of different insecticides to induce the six selected genes. The expression of CYP4C62 and GSTS1 genes were the most significantly upregulated in adults treated with all insecticides, except for chlorfenapyr. In chlorfenapyr‐treated D. citri, expression of CYP4g15 and CYP303A1 were the most highly induced.

CONCLUSION

Overexpressed detoxification genes were associated with imidacloprid resistance, as confirmed by RNA interference feeding tests. The induction of the six selected genes when exposed to different insecticides supported the hypothesis that they were involved in the metabolism of the tested insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Open Source Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Framework: Tutorial on the BioGears Engine
Authors: McDaniel Matthew , Carter Jennifer , Keller Jonathan M , White Steven A. , Baird Austin
Published: November 2018

BioGears is an open‐source, lumped parameter, full‐body human physiology engine. Its purpose is to provide realistic and comprehensive simulations for medical training, research, and education. BioGears incorporates a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that is designed to be applicable to a diversity of drug classes and patients and is extensible to future drugs. In addition, BioGears also supports drug interactions with various patient insults and interventions allowing for a realistic research framework and accurate dose‐patient responses. This tutorial will demonstrate how the generic BioGears PK/PD model can be extended to a new substance for prediction of drug administration outcomes.
Model‐Informed Drug Discovery and Development: Current Industry Good Practice and Regulatory Expectations and Future Perspectives
Authors: Marshall Scott , Madabushi Rajanikanth , Manolis Efthymios , Krudys Kevin , Staab Alexander , Dykstra Kevin , Visser Sandra A.G.
Published: November 2018

Good practices around model‐informed drug discovery and development (MID3) aim to improve the implementation, standardization, and acceptance of these approaches within drug development and regulatory review. A survey targeted to clinical pharmacology and pharmacometric colleagues across industry, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) was conducted to understand current and future roles of MID3. The documented standards were generally affirmed as a “good match” to current industry practice and regulatory expectations, with some identified gaps that are discussed. All have seen at least a “modest” step forward in MID3 implementation associated with greater organizational awareness and share the expectation for a future wider use and impact. The priority within organizations was identified as a limitation with respect to the future of MID3. Finally, potential solutions, including a global overarching MID3 regulatory guideline, to facilitate greater acceptance by industry and regulatory decision makers are discussed.
Calculation of confidence intervals for a finite population size
Authors: Julious Steven A.
Published: November 2018

For any estimate of response, confidence intervals are important as they help quantify a plausible range of values for the population response. However, there may be instances in clinical research when the population size is finite, but we wish to take a sample from the population and make inference from this sample.

Instances where you can have a fixed population size include when undertaking a clinical audit of patient records or in a clinical trial a researcher could be checking for transcription errors against patient notes.

In this paper, we describe how confidence interval calculations can be calculated for a finite population. These confidence intervals are narrower than confidence intervals from population samples. For the extreme case of when a 100% sample from the population is taken, there is no error and the calculation is the population response.

The methods in the paper are described using a case study from clinical data management.
Luitpold‐Hängebrücke über die Donau in Passau
Authors: Friedl Roland
Published: November 2018

Augenscheinliche Korrosionsmerkmale an tragenden Stahl‐ und Stahlbetonbauteilen der erdverankerten Hängebrücke aus den Jahren 1948/49 machten eine Generalinstandsetzung insbesondere des Brückenüberbaus in Form einer Erneuerung der Korrosionsschutzbeschichtung an den Stahlbauteilen sowie einer Kompletterneuerung der Stahlbetonfahrbahnplatte notwendig. Auflagen seitens der Güter‐ und Personenschifffahrt, die notwendige Aufrechterhaltung eines Behelfsgehweges und während der Bauzeit nicht trennbare Versorgungsleitungen bestimmten den Bauablauf sowie den Zwang zur Einhaltung einer bestimmten Abfolge statisch konstruktiver Maßnahmen. Die auf engstem Raum inmitten der Passauer Altstadt durchzuführende Baumaßnahme wurde damit u. a. zu einer logistischen Herausforderung. Mangels Bestandsunterlagen kam der vorauseilenden Erarbeitung eines das Tragverhalten mit ausreichender Genauigkeit beschreibenden Rechenmodells besondere Bedeutung zu. Auf dessen Basis konnten dann die Nachweise für die Bauzustände sowie die Bemessung der zu erneuernden Bauteile erfolgen. Durch die rechnerische Berücksichtigung überkritischer Tragfähigkeitsreserven hinsichtlich des Beulverhaltens der längsversteiften Versteifungsträgerstege konnte dort auf aufwendige Verstärkungsmaßnahmen verzichtet werden. Das erarbeitete Rechenmodell wurde durch experimentelle Maßnahmen und ein baubegleitendes Monitoring validiert. Wie häufig beim Bauen im Bestand, wurde auch hier der volle Umfang der notwendigen Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen erst nach dem Rückbau der ersten Fahrbahnplattenabschnitte offensichtlich. Die ebenfalls erst während der Bauausführung zutage getretenen, bereits entfernt geglaubten bleihaltigen Altbeschichtungsrückstände erschwerten den Sanierungsablauf zusätzlich.
Research advances in HSS structures at Tsinghua University and codification of the design specification
Authors: Shi Gang , Chen Xuesen
Published: November 2018

In Memoriam of Prof. Dr. Bernt Johansson

Owing to the advantages in economy, environmental protection and energy efficiency, high‐strength steel (HSS) has represented an important trend in the development of steel structures and has been adopted in numerous building and bridge structures. This article summarizes engineering applications for HSS structures and comprehensively reviews the recent research advances in HSS structures at Tsinghua University. Investigations were conducted into the behaviour and performance of HSS materials, sections, members, connections and structural systems. Based on the research results, the mechanical behaviour of HSS structures could be improved compared with ordinary strength steel structures. In order to update the current design codes so that they are applicable for HSS structures, a new specification in China, the ”Standard for Design of High‐Strength Steel Structures“, is undergoing codification, with Tsinghua University as the chief editorial institute. The outline of the specification, as well as the new design methods included in it, is introduced in this paper.
Effects of CaCO3 whisker, hybrid fiber content and size on uniaxial compressive behavior of cementitious composites
Authors: Li Li , Cao Mingli , Xie Chaopeng , Yin Hong
Published: November 2018

Introduction of hybrid fiber and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) whisker could improve the properties of cementitious composites. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to influences of steel‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hybrid fiber and whisker on stress–strain behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HFRCC). In this research, 19 groups of mixtures have been used to explore this topic. The results present that CaCO3 whisker can improve the compressive strength, peak strain and prepeak strain energy of steel‐PVA HFRCC. Generally, HFRCCs reach better compressive behavior when the fibers size are grading. For example, 13 mm steel fiber+ 6 mm PVA fiber+ whisker and 35 mm steel fiber+ 12 mm PVA fiber+ whisker are better than 13 mm steel fiber+ 12 mm PVA fiber+ whisker and 35 mm steel fiber+ 6 mm PVA fiber+ whisker. The results are employed to develop formulas for calculating the strength, deformation, and toughness of HFRCC. Two models were developed to evaluate the stress–strain response of HFRCC. The prediction results of prepeak stress–strain curves using Model 2 (piecewise function involves a cubic parabola and a rational fraction) are closer to the experimental curves and lower than those using Model 1 (continuous rational power function). Therefore, Model 2 is recommended if more accurate prediction of the prepeak stress–strain curve is required. Otherwise, the simpler Model 1 can be used.
Correction to: Solvent Free Synthesis of PdZn/TiO2 Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol
Authors: Bahruji Hasliza , Esquius Jonathan Ruiz , Bowker Michael , Hutchings Graham , Armstrong Robert D. , Jones Wilm
Published: November 2018

The article Solvent Free Synthesis of PdZn/TiO2 Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol by Hasliza Bahruji, Jonathan Ruiz Esquius, Michael Bowker, Graham Hutchings, Robert D. Armstrong, Wilm Jones was originally published Online First without open access. After publication in volume 61, issue 3–4, pages 144–153, the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an open access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to ©The Author(s) 2018 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Lifespan Dispersion in Times of Life Expectancy Fluctuation: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Aburto José Manuel , van Raalte Alyson
Published: November 2018

Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have experienced considerable instability in mortality since the 1960s. Long periods of stagnating life expectancy were followed by rapid increases in life expectancy and, in some cases, even more rapid declines, before more recent periods of improvement. These trends have been well documented, but to date, no study has comprehensively explored trends in lifespan variation. We improved such analyses by incorporating life disparity as a health indicator alongside life expectancy, examining trends since the 1960s for 12 countries from the region. Generally, life disparity was high and fluctuated strongly over the period. For nearly 30 of these years, life expectancy and life disparity varied independently of each other, largely because mortality trends ran in opposite directions over different ages. Furthermore, we quantified the impact of large classes of diseases on life disparity trends since 1994 using a newly harmonized cause-of-death time series for eight countries in the region. Mortality patterns in CEE countries were heterogeneous and ran counter to the common patterns observed in most developed countries. They contribute to the discussion about life expectancy disparity by showing that expansion/compression levels do not necessarily mean lower/higher life expectancy or mortality deterioration/improvements.
Impact of Camera Deviation on Penile Curvature Assessment Using 2D Pictures
Authors: Nascimento Bruno , Cerqueira Ivan , Miranda Eduardo P. , Bessa Jose , Ivanovic Renato F. , Guglielmetti Giuliano , Nahas William C. , Srougi Miguel , Chiesa Giorgio A.E. , Cury Jose
Published: November 2018

Background

An accurate curvature assessment (CA) is required in the decision-making process for patients with Peyronie’s disease. In-office CA following induced erection is the gold standard for CA, although penile photography is commonly used due to its convenience. Camera deviations during 2D image acquisition might affect CA accuracy.

Aim

To investigate the impact of camera angle deviations on CA.

Methods

2D pictures were taken from 5 models with a known uniplanar curvature (40°, 45°, 60°, 90°, and 120°). The model was kept on a fixed point and the camera was rotated around it. Pictures were taken with every 10° increase in camera deviation from the optimal position. The camera rotated to a maximum of 90° deviation in both the vertical and horizontal planes. The pictures were analyzed by 2 different urologists using a goniometer. The expected apparent curvature (AC) and the corresponding picture assessment error (PAE = AC – real model curvature) were also calculated for each picture using trigonometry principles.

Main Outcome Measure

Assessing PAE magnitude and patterns was our primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were intraobserver, interobserver, and observer-AC intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

100 pictures were analyzed. Intraobserver reliability was high (ICC = 0.99) for both urologists. Interobserver and observer-AC correlation were also high (ICC = 0.996 and ICC = 0.992, respectively). When the camera rotated in the horizontal axis, the PAE underestimated the curvature for models with curvatures smaller than 90° and overestimated the reading of the 120° model. When the camera rotated in the vertical axis, PAE had an inverse effect. The PAE showed a tendency to increase exponentially with higher deviation, reaching almost 100% for a deviation of 80°. Nevertheless, analyzing its magnitude regardless of the curvature, PAE was always <5% for camera deviations of 0–20°.

Clinical Implications

If using picture-based CA, clinicians should attempt to take a picture perpendicular to the curvature plane for the most accurate measurement in degrees. Many clinicians request that patients take 3 pictures in a standard fashion (craniocaudal, lateral, and frontal), and if this technique is to be used, an extra picture is recommended.

Strength & Limitations

In our controlled environment, we were able to isolate CA errors due to camera angles from other confounders such as erection hardness. As a consequence, however, our results cannot be easily generalized.

Conclusion

PAE due to non-optimal camera position is a complex phenomenon that affects CA depending on the rotation axis and the degree of penile curvature. Nevertheless, PAE is always <5% for camera deviations of 0–20°.
Impact of Pelvic Radiation Therapy on Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Reoperation Rates
Authors: Golan Ron , Patel Neal A. , Sun Tianyi , Barbieri Christopher E. , Sedrakyan Art , Kashanian James A.
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Considering that radiation therapy (RT) compromises soft tissue microvasculature, impairs wound healing, and causes cavernosal fibrosis, inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) outcomes may be adversely affected in men treated with RT.

Aim

To compare IPP outcomes among those who had undergone prior RT vs a cohort who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) before insertion of IPP.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare Database was queried for men with prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent RT (n = 83,277) or RP (n = 32,608) with subsequent IPP insertion between 2002 and 2013. Men who had undergone both RT and RP were excluded from the analysis.

Main Outcome Measure

The primary outcome was reoperation, defined by removal, revision, or replacement of the IPP.

Results

We identified 350 men who received an IPP following RT and 653 who received an IPP following RP. Men who underwent RT were older (P < .01) and had more comorbidities (P < .01). There were no significant differences in overall reoperation rates at 90 days (P = .78), 1 year (P = .52), or 3 years (P = .48). Time-to-event analysis demonstrated that RT was not associated with an increased likelihood of overall reoperation (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–2.29, P = .09). There was no association between time from RT to IPP and overall reoperation rates.

Clinical Implications

Prior RT for the treatment of PCa does not impact the revision or removal rates of IPPs as compared with a cohort of non-radiated patients who underwent RP.

Strength & Limitations

The strength includes the analysis of outcomes among a contemporary, nationwide cohort with robust follow-up. Using diagnosis and procedure codes, we were thoroughly able to capture reoperations. Limitations include the lack of specific indications for reoperation and inability to control for surgeon experience or technique.

Conclusion

IPP is a safe and effective treatment of erectile dysfunction that should be offered to men with a history of pelvic radiation who have failed medical therapy.
The Power of Space and Memory: The Honorific Statuescape of Delphi
Authors: Grzesik Dominika
Published: November 2018

This article discusses the evolution and main characteristics of Delphi’s statuary landscape, focussing on the process of prestige spatialisation via erection of honorific portraits within the Delphic territory. My goal is to present trends and tendencies in placing honorific portraits at Delphi from the mid-fifth centuryb.c.to the late fourth centurya.d.The article focusses on issues surrounding the locations for honorific statues and how these featured in attempts to monopolise the sanctuary’s overall lay-out throughout by vying for the most conspicuous places at Delphi. I argue that the placement of honorific statues within the Delphictemenoswas not random but was in fact a precisely planned process which was influenced by several (variable) factors. These factors included the availability of space, the visibility of the monuments, and the number of visitors that could be expected. The relationship between Delphi and the League of the Aetolians is particularly stressed in association with the question regarding the nature of the Aetolian self-representation at Delphi. I contrast Delphi with Thermos to assess the degree to which the Aetolians dominated the sanctuary and how they presented themselves to both internal and external audiences.
THE DOMINATION GAME ON SPLIT GRAPHS
Authors: JAMES TIJO , KLAVŽAR SANDI , VIJAYAKUMAR AMBAT
Published: November 2018

We investigate the domination game and the game domination number $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{g}$ in the class of split graphs. We prove that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{g}(G)\leq n/2$ for any isolate-free $n$-vertex split graph $G$, thus strengthening the conjectured $3n/5$ general bound and supporting Rall’s $\lceil n/2\rceil$-conjecture. We also characterise split graphs of even order with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{g}(G)=n/2$.
QUADRATIC NONRESIDUES AND NONPRIMITIVE ROOTS SATISFYING A COPRIMALITY CONDITION
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY JAITRA , ROY BIDISHA , SARKAR SUBHA , THANGADURAI R.
Published: November 2018

Let $q\geq 1$ be any integer and let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}\in [\frac{1}{11},\frac{1}{2})$ be a given real number. We prove that for all primes $p$ satisfying $$\begin{eqnarray}p\equiv 1\!\!\!\!\hspace{0.6em}({\rm mod}\hspace{0.2em}q),\quad \log \log p>\frac{2\log 6.83}{1-2\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}}\quad \text{and}\quad \frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}(p-1)}{p-1}\leq \frac{1}{2}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D716},\end{eqnarray}$$ there exists a quadratic nonresidue $g$ which is not a primitive root modulo $p$ such that $\text{gcd}(g,(p-1)/q)=1$.
Insights into the metabolism and behaviour of Varroa destructor mites from analysis of their waste excretions
Authors: Posada-Florez Francisco , Sonenshine Daniel E. , Egekwu Noble I. , Rice Clifford , Lupitskyy Robert , Cook Steven C.
Published: November 2018

Varroa destructor mites (Acari: Varroidae) are harmful ectoparasites of Apis mellifera honey bees. Female foundresses of wax-capped pupal host cells and their daughters feed on host fluids from open wounds on the host's integument. Details of V. destructor mite nutrition are forthcoming, and little is known about the potential physical effects on hosts from mite feeding. Chemical analysis of waste excretions can infer details of animals’ nutrition. Here, chemical analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) of mite excretions showed that the purine content of V. destructor waste consists of guanine with traces of hypoxanthine. Traces of uric acid and caffeine were also detected. Concentrations of guanine attenuated over time and excretions collected from senescing mites did not contain detectable guanine. Non-reproducing individual female mites maintained in vitro, housed in gelatin capsules and provided a honey bee pupa, deposited an average of nearly 18 excretions daily, mostly on the host's integument rather than on the capsule wall. The weight and volume of excretions suggest mites can consume nearly a microlitre of host fluids each day. Compounded over 10 days, this together with open wounds, could lead to substantial water loss and stress to developing pupae.
Pre-loss personal factors and prolonged grief disorder in bereaved mothers
Authors: Goldstein Richard D. , Petty Carter R. , Morris Sue E. , Human Melanie , Odendaal Hein , Elliott Amy , Tobacco Deb , Angal Jyoti , Brink Lucy , Kinney Hannah C. , Prigerson Holly G. ,   for the PASS Network
Published: November 2018

Background

Identifying characteristics of individuals at greatest risk for prolonged grief disorder (PGD) can improve its detection and elucidate the etiology of the disorder. The Safe Passage Study, a study of women at high risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), prospectively examined the psychosocial functioning of women while monitoring their healthy pregnancies. Mothers whose infants died of SIDS were followed in bereavement.

Methods

Pre-loss data were collected from 12 000 pregnant mothers and analyzed for their associations with grief symptoms and PGD in 50 mothers whose infants died from SIDS, from 2 to 48 months after their infant's death, focusing on pre-loss risk factors of anxiety, depression, alcohol use, maternal age, the presence of other living children in the home, and previous child loss.

Results

The presence of any four risk factors significantly predicted PGD for 24 months post-loss (p< 0.003); 2–3 risk factors predicted PGD for 12 months (p= 0.02). PGD rates increased in the second post-loss year, converging in all groups to approximately 40% by 3 years. Pre-loss depressive symptoms were significantly associated with PGD. Higher alcohol intake and older maternal age were consistently positively associated with PGD. Predicted risk scores showed good discrimination between PGD and no PGD 6–24 months after loss (C-statistic = 0.83).

Conclusions

A combination of personal risk factors predicted PGD in 2 years of bereavement. There is a convergence of risk groups to high rates at 2–3 years, marked by increased PGD rates in mothers at low risk. The risk factors showed different effects on PGD.
Extended state observer-based robust non-linear integral dynamic surface control for triaxial MEMS gyroscope
Authors: Hosseini-Pishrobat Mehran , Keighobadi Jafar
Published: November 2018

This paper reports an extended state observer (ESO)-based robust dynamic surface control (DSC) method for triaxial MEMS gyroscope applications. An ESO with non-linear gain function is designed to estimate both velocity and disturbance vectors of the gyroscope dynamics via measured position signals. Using the sector-bounded property of the non-linear gain function, the design of an $\mathcal{L}_2$-robust ESO is phrased as a convex optimization problem in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Next, by using the estimated velocity and disturbance, a certainty equivalence tracking controller is designed based on DSC. To achieve an improved robustness and to remove static steady-state tracking errors, new non-linear integral error surfaces are incorporated into the DSC. Based on the energy-to-peak ($\mathcal{L}_2$-$\mathcal{L}_\infty$) performance criterion, a finite number of LMIs are derived to obtain the DSC gains. In order to prevent amplification of the measurement noise in the DSC error dynamics, a multi-objective convex optimization problem, which guarantees a prescribed $\mathcal{L}_2$-$\mathcal{L}_\infty$ performance bound, is considered. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed control method is illustrated by detailed software simulations.
COGNITIVE APTITUDES AND L2 SPEAKING PROFICIENCY
Authors: Granena Gisela
Published: November 2018

This study investigated the underlying structure of a set of eight cognitive tests from the two most recent language aptitude test batteries: the LLAMA (Meara, 2005) and the Hi-LAB (Linck et al., 2013) to see whether they had any underlying constructs in common. The study also examined whether any of the observed constructs could predict L2 speaking proficiency in terms of complexity, accuracy, or fluency. Participants were 135 college-level students learning Spanish as an L2 in the United States. Results showed that the LLAMA and the Hi-LAB include tests that tap the same constructs. Specifically, the tests from the two batteries loaded onto three different factors, interpreted as “Explicit Aptitude,” “Implicit Memory Ability,” and “Implicit Learning Ability.” The results further showed that Implicit Memory Ability was a significant predictor of L2 speed fluency and interacted with Implicit Learning Ability as a predictor of lexical complexity. This finding suggested that L2 learners with greater Implicit Memory Ability may be better at accessing and retrieving previously learned or known information effortlessly. In the case of lexical complexity, the effect of Implicit Memory Ability depended on the level of Implicit Learning Ability.
Alleviation of morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of the Australian arid-zone endemic shrub, Hibbertia glaberrima F. Muell. (Dilleniaceae)
Authors: Dalziell Emma L. , Erickson Todd E. , Hidayati Siti N. , Walck Jeffrey L. , Merritt David J.
Published: November 2018

Morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) is predominantly found in seeds of temperate regions and is uncommon in arid biomes. MPD has been reported in a number of Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) species of temperate Australia, and in a single species of the arid zone, H. glaberrima. This study aimed to examine the dormancy and germination ecology of seeds of H. glaberrima. Seeds were subjected to temperature stratification treatments designed to mimic summer and autumn conditions in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Seed germination and embryo growth were measured. We also tested the interaction between temperature stratification and cycles of drying and wetting designed to mimic sporadic rainfall events. All temperature and moisture treatments were tested in combination (+/–) with the smoke-derived chemical karrikinolide (KAR1). Exposing dormant seeds to temperatures suitable for warm stratification (35°C) for ≥ 8 weeks, followed by incubation at 25°C, resulted in significantly higher germination compared with non-stratified seeds. Exposing seeds to dry/wet cycling in conjunction with temperature stratification did not significantly increase germination. Exposure to KAR1 increased germination under most conditions. Once seeds are shed during October to December, they are exposed to hot and sporadically wet conditions over summer, allowing MPD to be overcome in a proportion of the seed population. Seeds may germinate in autumn (March to April), in conjunction with cooler temperatures. More deeply dormant individuals may require more than one summer to overcome dormancy. Similar to other species occurring in fire-prone ecosystems, fire also plays a crucial role in the germination ecology of H. glaberrima.
Improvement of General Disaster Preparedness Belief Scale Based on Health Belief Model
Authors: Inal Ebru , Dogan Nuri
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The Health Belief Model (HBM) can be used as a guide in enhancing the peoples’ awareness, improving the motivation, and providing tools that address beliefs and attitudes toward general disaster preparedness (GDP).

Methods

The aim of this study was to improve and re-test all psychometric properties of the published General Disaster Preparedness Belief (GDPB) scale based on HBM carried out in the general population. This scale development study measured by 58 items was prepared under the same structure of the developed GDPB scale that measured 31 items before. This expanded scale was applied to 973 individuals. Firstly, the data from application of the expanded scale was examined under Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Then, the estimations obtained from Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for the expanded scale with 45 items were compared with the estimations obtained from the previous scale with 31 items.

Results

The EFA lead to the removal of 13 items and the retention of 45 items. The items which the factor loadings were below 0.30 and which gave the factor loadings for more dimension were excluded from the data set. A model measured six dimensions with 45 items was hypothesized: six items under perceived susceptibility, four items under perceived severity, six items under perceived benefits, 14 items under perceived barriers, five items under cues to action, and 10 items under self-efficacy. For CFA results, all estimations for factor loadings were significant. The scale with 45 items obtained in this study fit because Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) were over 0.95.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the scale with 45 items shows improvement in the scale with 31 items. This study indicates that the GDPB scale with 45 items based on HBM has acceptable validity and reliability. This tool can be used in disaster preparedness surveys.InalE,DoganN.Improvement of General Disaster Preparedness Belief scale based on Health Belief Model.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(6):627–636.