bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of patients with emergency attendance for severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in a general hospital in Japan
Authors: Endo Keisuke , Itoh Takahito , Tanno Masaya , Ohno Kouhei , Hotta Hiroyuki , Kato Nobuo , Matsumoto Tomoaki , Ooiwa Hitoshi , Kubo Hirofumi , Miki Takayuki
Published: June 2021

Despite advances in treatments for diabetes mellitus (DM), severe acute glycemic crises still occur. In this study, the characteristics of patients who were transported to an emergency department due to acute glycemic crises were investigated.

We enrolled patients who were transported to our hospital by ambulance due to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia during the period from January 2015 to December 2019. Initial glucose levels below 70 mg/dL and above 250 mg/dL were defined as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, respectively.

In the 5-year period, 16,910 patients were transported to our hospital by ambulance. Of those patients, 87 patients (0.51%) were diagnosed with hypoglycemia, 26 patients (0.15%) were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and 1 patient was diagnosed with lactic acidosis. Compared to patients with hypoglycemia, blood urea nitrogen, serum potassium and hemoglobin levels were higher in patients with hyperglycemia. Systolic blood pressure was lower and pulse rate was higher in patients with hyperglycemia, possibly reflecting dehydration in hyperglycemia. Patients with hyperglycemia were younger (63 vs 70 years old, median), more likely to be hospitalized (92.3% vs 23.0%) with poorer prognosis (23.1% vs 4.6%) than those with hypoglycemia. In 64 DM patients with hypoglycemia, 34 patients were treated with insulin and 24 patients were treated with sulfonylurea or glinide, and their medication was often inappropriate. Excessive alcohol intake and malnutrition were the main causes of hypoglycemia in 23 non-DM patients. The main reasons for hyperglycemia were interrupted treatment, forgetting insulin injection and infection.

To avoid acute glycemic crises, optimization of anti-DM therapy and education of patients are needed.
Prognostic value of inflammatory and nutritional markers for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Xu Yingying , Yuan Xiuxue , Zhang Xiaomin , Hu Wenqing , Wang Zehua , Yao Longdi , Zong Liang
Published: June 2021

Many clinical studies have demonstrated that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and Onodera's prognostic nutritional index (OPNI) are visibly involved in the prognosis of a variety of tumors. In our research, we aim to determin the prognostic impact of NLR, PLR, and OPNI for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Data of hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing treatment in Changzhi People's Hospital between 2011 and 2017 were reviewed. 270 patients with HCC were under inclusion criteria. The optimal cut-off points of OPNI, NLR and PLR were determined by using the X-tile program. The overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox Proportional Hazard Regression model to determine independent prognostic indicators for HCC.

As revealed by Univariate and multivariate analysis, OPNI, Treatment, PLR, and BCLC Stage can be used as independent prognostic indicators for HCC. Comparing the P values and hazard ratios, we found out that the OPNI has greatest influence on prognosis in these indexes. The appropriate cut-off points of NLR, PLR, and OPNI were 2.5, 133.3, and 39.5, respectively. High score OPNI group had a better OS. In the analysis between OPNI and clinicopathological characteristics, there were differences in treatment, postoperative therapy, AST, ALBI grade, NLR and PLR between the high OPNI group and the low OPNI group, while others did not.

OPNI is a straightforward and effective independent prognostic indicator for HCC.
Personalized Behavioral Nutrition Among Older Asian Americans
Authors: Ko Jisook , Wang Jing , Du Yan , Jiwani Rozmin , Li Chengdong
Published: June 2021

Background

Metabolomics profiling is an objective assessment of metabolic responses to intricate dietary patterns. However, few studies have investigated the potential benefits associated with personalized behavioral nutrition (PBN) interventions incorporating the metabolomics approach for improving diabetes outcomes for older Asian Americans with Type 2 diabetes.

Objective

This article describes the protocol for a pilot study testing self-management of a nutrition intervention-provided personalized dietary advice incorporating metabolites phenotypic feedback and digital self-monitoring of diet and blood glucose.

Methods

A total of 60 older Asian Americans will be randomized into two groups: a PBN group and a control group. Participants in the PBN group will receive personalized dietary advice based on dietary and phenotypic feedback-used metabolic profiles. This study aims to examine the feasibility and preliminary effects of the PBN on diabetes outcomes.

Results

The study began in September 2020, with estimated complete data collection by late 2021.

Discussion

Findings from this pilot study will inform future research for developing personalized nutrition interventions for people with Type 2 diabetes.
Reducing Time to Discharge after Chemotherapy by Standardizing Workflow and Providing Outpatient Intravenous Hydration
Authors: Sitthi-Amorn Jitsuda , Ast Allison , Harper Erin , Abbott Brian , Alsaek Yaser , Bourland Wendy , Courtney Rachael , Madni Arshia , Sharma Aditya , Spencer Christopher , McCurrach Lane , Morgan Stacey , McCormick John , Wittman David , Johnson Liza-Marie
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Patients receiving cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide chemotherapy require intravenous fluid hydration to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis. In selected patients without medical contraindications (ie, excess nausea/vomiting), this hydration may be completed after discharge. We aimed to reduce the time to discharge after completing mesna in patients receiving cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide therapy on an inpatient chemotherapy service.

Methods:

The quality improvement team performed a medical record review to capture the time to discharge after mesna therapy and the readmission rate and used quality improvement methods to redesign discharge workflow and increase patient involvement with the discharge process.

Results:

From August 2017 through July 2018, there were 160 admission encounters (73 patients) for cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide on a dedicated chemotherapy service. Of those encounters, 89 (55.6%) were appropriate for outpatient hydration; 48 (53.9%) of these encounters involved a patient who elected to receive outpatient hydration. Although the median time to discharge for the whole cohort did not change, in encounters where patients chose intravenous outpatient hydration, the median time to discharge was reduced from 2.82 to 0.66 hours (76.6% reduction) after implementing the new discharge workflow. No patients experienced readmission within 48 hours.

Conclusions:

Discharge workflow redesign and standardization reduced the time to discharge after chemotherapy in patients who chose outpatient hydration. Outpatient intravenous hydration after cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide appears safe and feasible in selected patient populations.
Improving Patient Experience Scores in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Emerson Beth L. , Setzer Erika , Bechtel Kirsten , Grossman Matthew
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Patient experience (PE) is an important aspect of the quality of medical care and is associated with positive health outcomes. In the pediatric emergency department (PED), PE is complicated due to the balance of needs between the patient and their family while receiving care. We identified an opportunity to improve our PE, as measured by a survey administered to patients and families following their visit to the PED.

Methods:

Utilizing quality improvement methods, we assembled a multidisciplinary team, developed our aims, and evaluated the process. We utilized a key driver diagram and run charts to track our performance. The team additionally monitored several essential subcategories in our improvement process. We aimed to improve our overall PE score from 86.1 to 89.7 over 9 months to align with institutional objectives.

Results:

Over 6 months, we improved our overall PE score from 86.1 to 89.8. Similarly, each of our subscores of interest (physician performance, things for patients to do in the waiting room, waiting time for radiology, staff sensitivity, and communication about delays) increased. Interventions included rounding in the waiting and examination rooms, staff training, team huddles, and a cross-department committee. All measures demonstrated sustained improvement.

Conclusions:

Even in this complex setting, a multidisciplinary team’s careful and rigorous process evaluation and improvement work can drive measurable PE improvement. We are continuing our efforts to further improve our performance in excellent patient-centered care to this critical population.
Reducing High-flow Nasal Cannula Overutilization in Viral Bronchiolitis
Authors: Siraj Shaila , Compton Brandy , Russell Brittney , Ralston Shawn
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Heated high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) therapy for bronchiolitis has become increasingly prevalent without evidence that this therapy impacts patient outcomes. Lack of criteria for appropriate use may lead to overutilization, resulting in increased costs without patient benefit. Our primary aim was to decrease use of HHFNC in patients with bronchiolitis over one season.

Methods:

Patients with Bronchiolitis younger than 2 years of age admitted to the Hospital Medicine Service were included in this study. Using the model for improvement framework, we identified key drivers for HHFNC overuse and revised our bronchiolitis protocol to include low-flow nasal cannula trials before HHFNC initiation. We compared preintervention HHFNC utilization (December 2018–April 2019) with postintervention HFNC utilization (December 2019–March 2020).

Results:

One hundred ninety patients met inclusion criteria, 98 of them in the preintervention cohort and 92 in the postintervention cohort. Overall, the median age was 9 months and 65% of patients were male. Our HHFNC utilization rate decreased from 62% (61/98) to 43% (40/92) in the postintervention period. Our SPC analysis suggested special cause variation based on 7 points below the preintervention mean.

Conclusions:

This QI intervention implementing a specified low-flow nasal cannula trial before the initiation of HHFNC shows promise in reducing overall HHFNC use. Future studies should focus on clear initiation and discontinuation criteria for HHFNC use in bronchiolitis.
A Quality Improvement Initiative: Improving First-hour Breastfeeding Initiation Rate among Healthy Newborns
Authors: Patyal Neha , Sheoran Poonam , Sarin Jyoti , Singh Jeevan , Jesika Khurana , Kumar Jony , Banyal Kajal , Chauhan Kamal , Tanwar Karamvir , Siani Komal , Kaur Komalveer
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

“No matter where a newborn takes his or her first breath, the desire to give that baby the best start in life is universal.” The best gift a mother can give her baby is the gift of health. The gift of health can be given to the baby through early and adequate breastfeeding. Globally, only 2 out of 5 newborns are put to the breast within the first hour of life. Therefore, initiating breastfeeding is an evidence-based intervention for improving neonatal survival.

Methods:

We aimed to improve the first-hour breastfeeding initiation rate from the existing 12%–80% over 3 months through a quality improvement (QI) process. The setting was antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal wards of the Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences And Research Hospital. The participants were postpartum mothers with stable newborns 35 weeks and older of gestation born by normal vaginal delivery.

Procedure for QI:

A team of nurses and obstetricians was formed; we analyzed possible reasons for delayed initiation of breastfeeding by process cycle matrix chart and Fishbone analysis. Various change ideas were tested through sequential Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. The outcome measure is the proportion of eligible babies breastfed within 1 hour of delivery.

Results:

After 3 months, the first-hour initiation of breastfeeding increased from 12% to 80%, without additional resources.

Conclusions:

A QI approach achieved an improvement in first-hour breastfeeding rates after normal vaginal delivery.
An evolutionary algorithm for designing microbial communities via environmental modification
Authors: Pacheco Alan R. , Segrè Daniel
Published: June 2021

Despite a growing understanding of how environmental composition affects microbial communities, it remains difficult to apply this knowledge to the rational design of synthetic multispecies consortia. This is because natural microbial communities can harbour thousands of different organisms and environmental substrates, making up a vast combinatorial space that precludes exhaustive experimental testing and computational prediction. Here, we present a method based on the combination of machine learning and metabolic modelling that selects optimal environmental compositions to produce target community phenotypes. In this framework, dynamic flux balance analysis is used to model the growth of a community in candidate environments. A genetic algorithm is then used to evaluate the behaviour of the community relative to a target phenotype, and subsequently adjust the environment to allow the organisms to approach this target. We apply this iterative process to thousands ofin silicocommunities of varying sizes, showing how it can rapidly identify environments that yield desired taxonomic compositions and patterns of metabolic exchange. Moreover, this combination of approaches produces testable predictions for the assembly of experimental microbial communities with specific properties and can facilitate rational environmental design processes for complex microbiomes.
The Knowledge and Attitude of Physicians Regarding Vaccinations in Yerevan, Armenia: Challenges for COVID-19
Authors: Badalyan Arman R. , Hovhannisyan Marine , Ghavalyan Gayane , Ter-Stepanyan Mary M. , Cave Rory , Cole Jennifer , Farlow Andrew W.K. , Mkrtchyan Hermine V.
Published: June 2021

Background

This primary-data analysis investigates the current level of awareness and medical knowledge of physicians in 20 health facilities in Yerevan, Armenia regarding vaccination – specifically with regard to HPV infection and the recently-introduced Gardasil vaccine used against HPV infection – that may have implications for successful roll-outs of national programmes for new vaccines, including those for COVID-19.

Methods

A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was completed by 348 physicians who met the study inclusion criteria, from 20 out of 36 randomly selected healthcare facilities in Yerevan, Armenia, between Dec 2017 to Sep 2018. The aim of the questionnaire was to identify physicians’ awareness of and attitudes to HPV-related cervical cancer and the Gardasil vaccine. Responses were analysed using SPSS software (Version 16).

Results

The responding physicians displayed a respectable level of knowledge and awareness regarding vaccination with regard to some characteristics (e.g. more than 81% knew that HPV infection was commonly asymptomatic, 87% were knew that HPV infection was implicated in most cervical cancers and 87% knew that cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer amongst women) but low knowledge in others and poor understanding of key issues such as the age at which women were most likely to develop cervical cancer (only 15% answered correctly); whether or not the vaccine should be administered to people who had already been affected (27% answered correctly) and whether sexually active young people should be treated for infection before vaccination (26%). Lack of confidence within the surveyed groups regarding the value of vaccination and, in particular concerns over the reasons for administering it to certain age cohorts, was driven by misconceptions.

Conclusions

Armenian physicians’ awareness of vaccine characteristics, the reasons for their inclusion in the national vaccination programme and the characteristics of the diseases they treat can be poor. The study further suggests that drivers of vaccine hesitancy are complex, may not be consistent from vaccine to vaccine, and may vary from generation to generation. The Armenian healthcare sector may need to provide additional training, awareness-raising and educational activities to improve understanding of and trust in vaccination programmes. Further studies are warranted to better understand knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding immunization and vaccination programmes amongst Armenian healthcare workers.
Temporal changes in mental response and prevention patterns, and their impact from uncertainty stress during the transition in China from the COVID-19 epidemic to sporadic infection
Authors: Peng Sihui , Yang Xiaozhao Yousef , Yang Tingzhong , Zhang Weifang , Cottrell Randall R
Published: June 2021

Objective

This prospective observational study examined changing trends of mental responses and prevention patterns, and their impact from uncertainty stress during the transition in China from the COVID-19 epidemic to sporadic infection.

Setting

A prospective longitudinal observation design was utilized in this study.

Participants

We recruited participants for an online panel survey from chat groups on Chinese social media platforms.

Data collection

There were 7 waves of interviews. Data were obtained by an online survey. A special administrative WeChat group was established to manage the follow-up data collection.

Measures

Several mental responses and prevention patterns were each measured by single questionnaire items. Uncertainty stress was measured by 5-point scale. An irrational beliefs about prevention variable was comprised 5 common misconceptions, which manifested during the COVID-19 epidemic in China.

Analysis

Sixty-two participants completed all observation points and were included in the study. The Mann–Kendall Test was used to assess changing trends across the seven observation points. The nonparametric linear mixed effects model was used to examine the association between uncertainty stress and mental and behavioral responses.

Results

The mean uncertainty stress did not change significantly over the observation period (T:-0.911, P>0.05). This trend was also true for perceived risk (T: -0.141, P>0.05), perceived severity (T: 1.010, P>0.05), self-efficacy for prevention (T: 0.129, P>0.05), and prevention behavior (T: 0.728, P>0.05). There was a statistically significant downwards trend in irrational beliefs about prevention (T: -4.993, p < 0.01), sleep (T: -2.499, p < 0.05), emotions (T: -5.650, p < 0.01), and lifestyle (T:-5.978, p < 0.01). The results showed that uncertainty stress was positively associated with irrational beliefs (β: 0.16298, p<0.01). The more uncertainty stress, the worse was their sleep (β: 0.02070, p<0.05), emotions (β: 0.03462, p<0.01), and lifestyle(β: 0.02056, p<0.05). High levels of uncertainty stress was negatively associated with self-efficacy for prevention and prevention behavior, βvalue was =-1.33210 (p<0.01) and -0.82742 (p<0.01), respectively.

Conclusion

As the COVID-19 virus spreads around the globe, it is currently in epidemic status in some countries, in sporadic status in another countries, and it will eventually transition to a sporadic infection status. This study provides new information on changing trends of mental responses and prevention patterns from the COVID-19 epidemic as the transition to a sporadic infection period takes place. These results may have important policy and disease prevention in post-epidemic times.
Antibiotic Use and Outcomes in Young Children Hospitalized with Uncomplicated Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Hofto Meghan E. , Samuy Nichole , Pass Robert F.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To compare children aged 36 months or younger hospitalized with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that are not treated with antibiotics to those treated with antibiotics in terms of clinical features and outcome measures.

Methods

Administrative data and medical record review were used to identify patients from 3-36 months of age hospitalized from 2011-2019 with uncomplicated CAP. Patients were considered treated if they received antibiotics for more than 2 inpatient days and/or at discharge, and not treated if they received 2 or fewer inpatient days and no antibiotics at discharge. Demographic features, clinical characteristics, radiologic findings, viral testing, illness severity, length of stay and 30-day hospital readmissions were assessed and compared according to antibiotic treatment.

Results

322 CAP cases were included. 266/322 (83%) received antibiotics for more than 48 hours and/or at discharge. 56 patients received 2 or fewer inpatient days of antibiotics and no antibiotics at discharge; the majority received no inpatient antibiotics. There were no differences between the two groups in illness severity, length of stay or hospital readmissions. The proportion of patients treated with antibiotics decreased from 88% (2011-2013) to 66% during the most recent years studied (2017-2019).

Conclusion

There was no difference in outcome of uncomplicated CAP in previously healthy children less than 36 months of age between those treated and not treated with antibiotics. Additional tools are needed to facilitate identification of viral CAP in young children and decrease unnecessary antibiotic use.
Genome Sequencing Identifies Previously Unrecognized Klebsiella pneumoniae Outbreaks in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the Philippines
Authors: Carlos Celia C. , Masim Melissa Ana L. , Lagrada Marietta L. , Gayeta June M. , Macaranas Polle Krystle V. , Sia Sonia B. , Facun Maria Adelina M. , Palarca Janziel Fiel C. , Olorosa Agnettah M. , Cueno Gicell Anne C. , Abrudan Monica , Abudahab Khalil , Argimón Silvia , Kekre Mihir , Underwood Anthony , Stelling John , Aanensen David M. ,   the NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Genomic Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance
Published: June 2021

Background

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a critically important pathogen in the Philippines. Isolates are commonly resistant to at least two classes of antibiotics, yet mechanisms and spread of its resistance are not well studied.

Methods

A retrospective sequencing survey was performed on carbapenem-, extended spectrum beta-lactam- and cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated at 20 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance sentinel sites from 2015-2017. We characterized 259 isolates using biochemical methods, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Known AMR mechanisms were identified. Potential outbreaks were investigated by detecting clusters from epidemiologic, phenotypic and genome-derived data.

Results

Prevalent AMR mechanisms detected include blaCTX-M-15 (76.8%) and blaNDM-1 (37.5%). An epidemic IncFII(Yp) plasmid carrying blaNDM-1 was also detected in 46 isolates from 6 sentinel sites and 14 different sequence types (ST). This plasmid was also identified as the main vehicle of carbapenem resistance in 2 previously unrecognized local outbreaks of ST348 and ST283 at 2 different sentinel sites. A third local outbreak of ST397 was also identified but without the IncFII(Yp) plasmid. Isolates in each outbreak site showed identical STs, K- and O-loci, and similar resistance profiles and AMR genes. All outbreak isolates were collected from blood of children aged <1.

Conclusion

WGS provided an in-depth understanding of the epidemiology of AMR in the Philippines, which was not possible with only phenotypic and epidemiologic data. The identification of three previously unrecognized Klebsiella outbreaks highlights the utility of WGS in outbreak detection, as well as its importance in public health and in implementing infection control programs.

summary

Whole genome sequencing identified three distinct previously unrecognized local outbreaks in a retrospective study in the Philippines, along with an epidemic plasmid carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, highlighting its importance in antimicrobial resistance surveillance, outbreak detection and infection control.
Scattering-driven PPG signal model
Authors: Fine I. , Kaminsky A.
Published: June 2021

This article discusses the origin of photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals. Two plausible hypotheses that could explain the phenomenon of pulsatile optical signals are analyzed: the volumetric hypothesis in which changes in the arterial blood volume are responsible for the observed signal pulsation, and a model wherein changes in the measured signal are driven by the size fluctuations of red blood cell (RBC) aggregates. The theoretical approximation where the size of scattering particles representing RBC aggregates varies as a function of pulsatile changes in blood flow is elaborated. Within this model’s framework, the gamma coefficient used in pulse oximetry was calculated for the volumetric-related and aggregation-related models. Two pairs of wavelengths, (670 nm, 940 nm) and (590 nm, 940 nm), were selected to determine gamma. As a function of aggregate size, the gamma behavior was simulated for these pairs and the two hypotheses. To verify the model predictions experimentally, the PPG signals at the fingertip were measured using reflection geometry. Two combinations of light-emitting diodes with two pairs of wavelengths were utilized as light sources. To manipulate the length of aggregates in the blood, external pressure was applied to the fingertip, presumably reducing the blood flow velocity. The gamma values were determined. The derived results fully agree with the theoretical predictions of the aggregation-driven PPG signal model. In addition, using a pressure sensor, the oscillometric signal amplitude in the fingertip and the PPG signal amplitude were simultaneously measured. The comparison results of oscillometric and optical signals at elevated external pressure values are not consistent with the volumetric hypothesis. All of the foregoing experimental results strongly support the argument favoring the incorporation of the proposed aggregation mechanism into the generic PPG signal model.
Crisscross multilayering of cell sheets
Authors: Sarkar Trinish , Yashunsky Victor , Brézin Louis , Mercader Carles Blanch , Aryaksama Thibault , Lacroix Mathilde , Risler Thomas , Joanny Jean-François , Silberzan Pascal
Published: June 2021

Simple hydrostatic skeletons such as the Hydra’s consist of two stacked layers of cells perpendicularly oriented. Although this crisscross architecture can be recapitulated in vitro, little is known on the formation of such multilayers starting from a monolayer. In the present article, we show that bilayering of myoblasts results from the organization and activity of the cells originally in the monolayer which can be described as a contractile active nematic. As expected, most of the +1/2 topological defects that are associated with this nematic order self-propel. However, a subpopulation of these defects remains immobile. Perpendicular bilayering occurs exclusively at these motionless defects. Indeed, cells located at the head of these defects converge toward the (immobile) core and accumulate there until they start migrating on top of the tail of the first layer while the tail cells migrate in the opposite direction under the head cells. Since the cells keep their initial orientations, the two stacked layers end up perpendicularly oriented. This concerted process leading to a bilayer is dependent on the apical secretion of Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) by the cells. Indeed, we evidence the presence of ECM between the cell layers and at the apical surface of the topmost layer. ECM molecules are oriented in the direction of the cells that produce them, which may guide the migration of the subsequent cell layers on their apical side.

Significance Statement

Hydrostatic skeletons such as that of the Hydra consist of two stacked layers of cells perpendicularly oriented whose coordinated contraction allows for complex movements. Such crisscross organization is also observed with myoblasts in culture. Confluent monolayers organize in well-aligned domains between which topological defects position themselves. Although these singularities are generally self-propelled, a fraction of them remains motionless. Perpendicular bilayering occurs exclusively at these particular pinned defects. Cells first accumulate at the head of the defects until they split in two perpendicular layers migrating in an antiparallel way on top of each other. Such a concerted process is highly dependent on the precise organization of the cell-secreted Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM).
Myristoylation and its effects on the human Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Protein 55
Authors: Kava Emanuel , Mendes Luis F. S. , Batista Mariana R. B , Costa-Filho Antonio J.
Published: June 2021

GRASP55 is a myristoylated protein localized in the medial/trans-Golgi faces and involved in the Golgi structure maintenance and the regulation of unconventional secretion pathways. It is believed that GRASP55 achieves its main functionalities in the Golgi organization by acting as a tethering factor and, when bound to the lipid bilayer, its orientation relative to the membrane surface is restricted to determine its proper trans-oligomerization. Despite the paramount role of myristoylation in GRASP function, the impact of such protein modification on the membrane-anchoring properties and the structural organization of GRASP remains elusive. Here, an optimized protocol for the myristoylation in E. coli of the membrane-anchoring domain of GRASP55 is presented. The biophysical properties of the myristoylated/non-myristoylated GRASP55 GRASP domain were characterized in a membrane-mimicking micellar environment. Although myristoylation did not cause any impact on the protein’s secondary structure, according to our circular dichroism data, it had a significant impact on the protein’s thermal stability and solubility. Electrophoresis of negatively charged liposomes incubated with the two GRASP55 constructions showed different electrophoretic mobility for the myristoylated anchored protein only, thus demonstrating that myristoylation is essential for the biological membrane anchoring. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to further explore the anchoring process in determining the restricted orientation of GRASPs in the membrane.
Single-molecule Mechanical Analysis of Strand Invasion in Human Telomere DNA
Authors: Chang Terren R. , Long Xi , Shastry Shankar , Parks Joseph W. , Stone Michael D.
Published: June 2021

Telomeres are essential chromosome end capping structures that safeguard the genome from dangerous DNA processing events. DNA strand invasion occurs during vital transactions at telomeres, including telomere length maintenance by the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. During telomeric strand invasion, a single stranded guanine-rich (G-rich) DNA invades at a complimentary duplex telomere repeat sequence forming a displacement loop (D-loop) in which the displaced DNA consists of the same G-rich sequence as the invading single stranded DNA. Single stranded G-rich telomeric DNA readily folds into stable, compact, structures called G-quadruplexes (GQ) in vitro, and is anticipated to form within the context of a D-loop; however, evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. Here we report a magnetic tweezers assay that permits the controlled formation of telomeric D-loops (TDLs) within uninterrupted duplex human telomere DNA molecules of physiologically relevant lengths. Our results are consistent with a model wherein the displaced single stranded DNA of a TDL folds into a GQ. This study provides new insight into telomere structure and establishes a framework for development of novel therapeutics designed to target GQs at telomeres in cancer cells.
ZFP541 is indispensable for pachytene progression by interacting with KCTD19 and activates meiotic gene expression in mouse spermatogenesis
Authors: Li Yushan , Meng Ranran , Li Shanze , Gu Bowen , Xu Xiaotong , Zhang Haihang , Shao Tianyu , Wang Jiawen , Zhuang Yinghua , Wang Fengchao
Published: June 2021

Meiosis is essential for fertility in sexually reproducing species, extensive studies tried to delineate this sophisticated process. Notwithstanding, the molecules involved in meiosis have not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigate the role of zinc finger protein 541 (ZFP541) and its interacting protein potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 19 (KCTD19) in mice. We demonstrate that they are indispensable for male fertility by regulating proper pachytene progression. ZFP541 is expressed starting from leptotene to round spermatids, and KCTD19 is initially expressed in pachytene. Depletion of Zfp541 or Kctd19 leads to infertility in male mice, and exhibits retarded progression from early to mid/late pachynema. In addition, Zfp541-/- spermatocytes show abnormal programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair, impaired crossover formation/resolution, and asynapsis of the XY chromosomes. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and in vitro Co-IP reveal that ZFP541 interacts with KCTD19, histone deacetylase 1/2 (HDAC1), HDAC2 and deoxynucleotidyltransferase terminal-interacting protein 1 (DNTTIP1). Furthermore, RNA-seq and CUT&Tag analyses demonstrate that ZFP541 binds to the promoter regions of genes involved in meiosis and post-meiosis including Kctd19, and activates their transcription. Taken together, our studies reveal a ZFP541-Kctd19 transcription regulatory axis and the crucial role of ZFP541 and KCTD19 for pachytene progression and fertility in male mice.
Multi-dynamic Modelling Reveals Strongly Time-varying Resting fMRI Correlations
Authors: Pervaiz Usama , Vidaurre Diego , Gohil Chetan , Smith Stephen M. , Woolrich Mark W.
Published: June 2021

The activity of functional brain networks is responsible for the emergence of time-varying cognition and behaviour. Accordingly, time-varying correlations (Functional Connectivity) in resting fMRI have been shown to be predictive of behavioural traits, and psychiatric and neurological conditions. Typically, methods that measure time varying Functional Connectivity (FC), such as sliding windows approaches, do not separately model when changes occur in the mean activity levels from when changes occur in the FC, therefore conflating these two distinct types of modulation. We show that this can bias the estimation of time-varying FC to appear more stable over time than it actually is. Here, we propose an alternative approach that models changes in the mean brain activity and in the FC as being able to occur at different times to each other. We refer to this method as the Multi-dynamic Adversarial Generator Encoder (MAGE) model, which includes a model of the network dynamics that captures long-range time dependencies, and is estimated on fMRI data using principles of Generative Adversarial Networks. We evaluated the approach across several simulation studies and resting fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project (1003 subjects), as well as from UK Biobank (13301 subjects). Importantly, we find that separating fluctuations in the mean activity levels from those in the FC reveals much stronger changes in FC over time, and is a better predictor of individual behavioural variability

Statement of Significance

MAGE is multi-dynamic in that it models temporal fluctuations in FC independently from fluctuations in the mean of the activity.

MAGE reveals stronger changes in FC over time than single-dynamic approaches, such as sliding window correlations.

Multi-dynamic modelling provides an explanation and a solution as to why resting fMRI FC has previously looked so stable.

MAGE models fMRI data as a set of reoccurring brain states, and importantly, these states do not have to be binary and mutually exclusive (e.g., multiple states can be active at one time-point).

MAGE estimated time-varying FC is a better predictor of behavioural variability in the resting-state fMRI data than established methods.
Post-occupancy evaluation of outdoor spaces on the campus of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Authors: Tourinho Ana Clara Carvalho , Barbosa Sabrina Andrade , Göçer Özgür , Alberto Klaus Chaves
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Using the campus of a Brazilian university as case study, this research aims to identify which aspects of the outdoor spaces are the most significant in attracting people.

Design/methodology/approach

This research relies on the application of different post-occupancy evaluation (POE) methods, including user tracking, behavioural mapping and questionnaires, on one plateau of the campus.

Findings

Three group of aspects (socialization, proximity and infrastructure) were identified as key elements in explaining the impact of the campus physical characteristics on users’ behaviour. The results indicate that having characteristics of at least one group of aspects in those spaces can guarantee their vitality and, if there is presence of attributes of more than one group, liveliness can be increased.

Research limitations/implications

Further studies should be conducted on an entire campus to identify other spatial elements in the three groups.

Practical implications

This research contributes to the planning of future campuses and to solutions to the existed ones, indicating the most relevant spatial characteristics to be considered. Additionally, the combination of different methods may be useful to future research.

Originality/value

Most of the investigations on the university campuses focus on the buildings, and little research has investigated the outdoor spaces, although they play a critical role in learning and academic life, where people establish social, cultural and personal relationships. In addition, studies using several POE allowed a consistent and complete diagnostic about the aspects of the campus, giving recommendations for future projects.
A K-means clustering method with feature learning for unbalanced vehicle fault diagnosis
Authors: Wang Bo , Wang Guanwei , Wang Youwei , Lou Zhengzheng , Hu Shizhe , Ye Yangdong
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Vehicle fault diagnosis is a key factor in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the railway system. Due to the numerous vehicle categories and different fault mechanisms, there is an unbalanced fault category problem. Most of the current methods to solve this problem have complex algorithm structures, low efficiency and require prior knowledge. This study aims to propose a new method which has a simple structure and does not require any prior knowledge to achieve a fast diagnosis of unbalanced vehicle faults.

Design/methodology/approach

This study proposes a novel K-means with feature learning based on the feature learning K-means-improved cluster-centers selection (FKM-ICS) method, which includes the ICS and the FKM. Specifically, this study defines cluster centers approximation to select the initialized cluster centers in the ICS. This study uses improved term frequency-inverse document frequency to measure and adjust the feature word weights in each cluster, retaining the top τ feature words with the highest weight in each cluster and perform the clustering process again in the FKM. With the FKM-ICS method, clustering performance for unbalanced vehicle fault diagnosis can be significantly enhanced.

Findings

This study finds that the FKM-ICS can achieve a fast diagnosis of vehicle faults on the vehicle fault text (VFT) data set from a railway station in the 2017 (VFT) data set. The experimental results on VFT indicate the proposed method in this paper, outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.

Originality/value

This is the first effort to address the vehicle fault diagnostic problem and the proposed method performs effectively and efficiently. The ICS enables the FKM-ICS method to exclude the effect of outliers, solves the disadvantages of the fault text data contained a certain amount of noisy data, which effectively enhanced the method stability. The FKM enhances the distribution of feature words that discriminate between different fault categories and reduces the number of feature words to make the FKM-ICS method faster and better cluster for unbalanced vehicle fault diagnostic.
External Voting Rights from a Citizen Perspective – Comparing Resident and Non‐resident Citizens' Attitudes towards External Voting
Authors: Himmelroos Staffan , Peltoniemi Johanna
Published: June 2021

The number of countries that have adopted policies allowing emigrants to participate in home country elections from abroad has increased greatly in the last few decades. The enfranchisement of non‐resident citizens in home country elections is, nevertheless, somewhat controversial because it gives political influence to individuals who are unlikely to be affected by the outcome of an election. Despite an active debate on external voting rights among political theorists, little is known what the citizens themselves think of this practice. To examine how both non‐resident and resident citizens perceive external voting rights, we use two surveys of Finnish citizens from 2019. The first survey was directed to Finnish citizens living abroad (n = 1,949), and the second was conducted using an online panel consisting of Finnish citizens living in Finland (n = 994). Both surveys included items with normative questions about external voting rights, which allows us to compare what resident and non‐resident citizens think of the enfranchisement of external citizens. Our findings suggest that resident citizens view external voting rights more negatively than non‐resident citizens. The factors associated with these attitudes are also quite different for the two examined populations. For resident citizens more education and ideological self‐placement to the left is associated with more positive views of external voting rights, while experience of having voted from abroad and dissatisfaction with democracy in the host country is associated with more positive views among non‐resident citizens.
Development of a new tool to monitor and identify inadequate oral intake in hospital
Authors: Tan Jerrold , Lau Ka Man , Ross Lynda , Kinneally Jessica , Banks Merrilyn , Pelecanos Anita , Young Adrienne
Published: June 2021

Background

There is a need for quick and easy methods to monitor nutritional intake in hospital and identify patients with poor intake. Food record charts are often used in clinical practice, with low levels of accuracy and completion. This study aims to describe the development and evaluate the performance of a new tool to estimate energy and protein intake and identify poor nutritional intake amongst adult hospital patients.

Methods

Ninety trays were sampled and assessed independently using the new tool ‘Meal Intake Points’ and a weighed (reference) method. The performance was tested by measuring association (Spearman's correlation), agreement (proportion of meals within specified limits of reference method), and sensitivity and specificity to identify poor energy and protein intake.

Results

This new tool achieved very strong association for energy estimates (r = .91) and strong association for protein estimates (r = .86). Estimates for energy and protein were within 450 kJ and 4.5 g of the reference method in 77.8% and 62.2% of meals, respectively. It also displayed excellent performance as a screening tool (sensitivity 100%; specificity 76%‐80%). Minor revision of the original tool was needed to optimise performance.

Conclusions

Meal Intake Points accurately estimates energy and protein intake and identifies patients with poor nutritional intake, providing a clinically relevant tool for use in hospitals to monitor intake and identify patients for proactive nutrition support. Further validation studies are needed to determine its performance in clinical practice and whether it is useful in predicting hospital‐acquired malnutrition.
Different patterns of belowground fungal diversity along altitudinal gradients with respect to microhabitat and guild types
Authors: Park Ki Hyeong , Yoo Shinnam , Park Myung Soo , Kim Chang Sun , Lim Young Woon
Published: June 2021

Fungi are key components of belowground ecosystems with various ecological roles in forests. Although the changes in the richness and composition of belowground fungi across altitudinal gradients have been widely reported, only a few studies have focused on the microhabitat types along altitudinal gradients. Here, we analysed the effect of altitude on the ectomycorrhizal and non‐ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in belowground microhabitats. We collected root and soil samples from 16 Pinus densiflora forests at various altitudes across Korea, and measured the soil properties as potential factors. Fungal communities were analysed by high‐throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. We found that altitude negatively affected the species richness of root‐inhabiting fungi but did not influence that of soil‐inhabiting fungi. In addition, the composition of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was less influenced by altitude than non‐ECM fungi. Most of the soil properties did not show a significant relationship with altitude, but the effect of soil properties was different across microhabitat types and ecological roles of fungi. Our results reveal that microhabitat types and altitudinal gradients differently affect the richness and composition of fungal communities associated with P. densiflora, providing a better understanding of plant‐associated fungal communities.
Novel Chlamydiae and Amoebophilus endosymbionts are prevalent in wild isolates of the model social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Haselkorn Tamara S. , Jimenez Daniela , Bashir Usman , Sallinger Eleni , Queller David C. , Strassmann Joan E. , DiSalvo Susanne
Published: June 2021

Amoebae interact with bacteria in multifaceted ways. Amoeba predation can serve as a selective pressure for the development of bacterial virulence traits. Bacteria may also adapt to life inside amoebae, resulting in symbiotic relationships. Indeed, particular lineages of obligate bacterial endosymbionts have been found in different amoebae. Here, we screened an extensive collection of Dictyostelium discoideum wild isolates for the presence of these bacterial symbionts using endosymbiont specific PCR primers. We find that these symbionts are surprisingly common, identified in 42% of screened isolates (N = 730). Members of the Chlamydiae phylum are particularly prevalent, occurring in 27% of the amoeba isolated. They are novel and phylogenetically distinct from other Chlamydiae. We also found Amoebophilus symbionts in 8% of screened isolates (N = 730). Antibiotic‐cured amoebae behave similarly to their Chlamydiae or Amoebophilus‐infected counterparts, suggesting that these endosymbionts do not significantly impact host fitness, at least in the laboratory. We found several natural isolates were co‐infected with multiple endosymbionts, with no obvious fitness effect of co‐infection under laboratory conditions. The high prevalence and novelty of amoeba endosymbiont clades in the model organism D. discoideum opens the door to future research on the significance and mechanisms of amoeba–symbiont interactions.