bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wildland recreation disturbance: broad‐scale spatial analysis and management
Authors: Gutzwiller Kevin J , D'Antonio Ashley L , Monz Christopher A
Published: October 2017

Wildland recreation that does not involve animal harvests (non‐consumptive recreation) often influences various components of natural systems, including soils, water, air, soundscapes, vegetation, and wildlife. The effects of non‐consumptive recreation on wildlife have typically been assessed at spatial scales that are not only much smaller than the overall distributions of this disturbance but also much smaller than the areas that species use during a season or year. This disparity in scales has prevented effective assessment and management of broad‐scale recreation disturbance for many species, especially wildlife. We applied three software systems (ArcGIS, FRAGSTATS, and Conefor) to demonstrate how metrics commonly measured by landscape ecologists can be used to quantify broad‐scale patterns of non‐consumptive recreation. Analysts can employ such metrics to develop predictive models of how recreation disturbance – by itself and in additive or interactive combinations with other landscape characteristics – may affect wildlife responses across large areas. In turn, these models can inform decision making in broad‐scale recreation management.
From trade‐offs to synergies in food security and biodiversity conservation
Authors: Hanspach Jan , Abson David J , French Collier Neil , Dorresteijn Ine , Schultner Jannik , Fischer Joern
Published: October 2017

Providing universal food security and conserving biodiversity are prominent challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Typically, these challenges are believed to involve a trade‐off, especially in farming landscapes of the Global South. We conducted a multivariate analysis of social–ecological data from 110 landscapes in the Global South, and found that different system characteristics lead to partly predictable outcomes, resulting either in trade‐offs or, unexpectedly, in synergies (mutual benefits) between food security and biodiversity. Specifically, these synergies are fostered by social equity, by reliable access to local land, and by increasing social capital (eg maintenance of traditions) and human capital (eg health). In contrast, we also found high degrees of food security in landscapes with adequate infrastructure, market access, and financial capital, but this increased security came at the expense of biodiversity. Our findings demonstrate that a social–ecological systems perspective can help to identify previously unrecognized synergies between food security and biodiversity conservation.
Cannabis, an emerging agricultural crop, leads to deforestation and fragmentation
Authors: Wang Ian J , Brenner Jacob C , Butsic Van
Published: October 2017

Early assessment of environmental impacts from emerging agriculture is a scientific challenge that – if poorly executed – limits sound policy making. Here, we present an approach for evaluating and forecasting the effects of emerging and expanding land uses on natural habitats. By analyzing landscape change per unit area, the effects of emerging land uses can be compared with established benchmarks. We apply this approach to study forest fragmentation in northern California, comparing the effects of cannabis agriculture – a booming commodity worldwide that affects diverse ecosystems – to those of timber harvest from 2000 to 2013. We found that although timber has greater impacts on the landscape overall, cannabis leads to far greater changes in key metrics on a per‐unit‐area basis. Thus, despite its small current land‐use footprint, if changes are not made in the spatial pattern of its expansion, the boom in cannabis agriculture will likely create substantial threats to the surrounding environment. Future research, land management, and agricultural policy must account for these threats.
Association Between Dietary Fiber Intake and Bone Loss in the Framingham Offspring Study
Authors: Dai Zhaoli , Zhang Yuqing , Lu Na , Felson David T , Kiel Douglas P , Sahni Shivani
Published: October 2017

Dietary fiber may increase calcium absorption, but its role in bone mineralization is unclear. Furthermore, the health effect of dietary fiber may be different between sexes. We examined the association between dietary fiber (total fiber and fiber from cereal, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes) and bone loss at the femoral neck, trochanter, and lumbar spine (L2 to L4) in older men and women. In the Framingham Offspring Study, at baseline (1996–2001), diet was assessed using the Willett food-frequency questionnaire, and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Follow-up BMD was measured in 2001–2005 and 2005–2008 among 792 men (mean age 58.1 years; BMI 28.6 kg/m2) and 1065 women (mean age 57.3 years; BMI 27.2 kg/m2). We used sex-specific generalized estimating equations in multivariable regressions to estimate the difference (β) of annualized BMD change in percent (%ΔBMD) at each skeletal site per 5 g/d increase in dietary fiber. We further estimated the adjusted mean for bone loss (annualized %ΔBMD) among participants in each higher quartile (Q2, Q3, or Q4) compared with those in the lowest quartile (Q1) of fiber intake. Higher dietary total fiber (β = 0.06, p = 0.003) and fruit fiber (β = 0.10, p = 0.008) was protective against bone loss at the femoral neck in men but not in women. When examined in quartiles, men in Q2–Q4 of total fiber had significantly less bone loss at the femoral neck versus those in Q1 (all p < 0.04). For women, we did not observe associations with hip bone loss, although fiber from vegetables appeared to be protective against spine bone loss in women but not men. There were no associations with cereal fiber or nut and legume fiber and bone loss in men or women. Our findings suggest that higher dietary fiber may modestly reduce bone loss in men at the hip. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Risk stratifying the screening of Barrett's esophagus: An Asian perspective
Authors: Sharma Neel , Hui Tianyi , Wong Hung C , Srivastava Supriya , Teh Ming , Yeoh Khay G , Ho Khek Y
Published: October 2017

Background and Aim

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Although risk factors exist for screening patients in the West, we aimed to determine the factors in terms of demographics and symptoms for patients in an Asian setting.

Methods

We recruited 1378 patients over a 7‐year period as part of an ongoing gastric cancer screening program. An appropriately designed questionnaire was utilized to determine the necessary risk factors and symptoms with endoscopic analysis and subsequent histological confirmation as the gold standard. We utilized the existence of intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus as the primary diagnostic pathology.

Results

We demonstrated that no symptoms were indicative of BE in an Asian setting. Age (odds ratio 1.081, 95% confidence interval 1.022–1.143) and male gender (odds ratio 4.808, 95% confidence interval 1.727–13.33) proved significant demographic factors for the presence of intestinal metaplasia (P 0.007, 0.003, respectively).

Conclusions

We advocate the utilization of increasing age and male gender as the primary risk factors for patients at risk of BE. We also recommend astute examination of the distal esophagus whilst patients undergo simultaneous gastric cancer screening.
Friendship in War: Camaraderie and Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention
Authors: Nevarez Michael D. , Yee Hannah M. , Waldinger Robert J.
Published: October 2017

Aspects of social support during combat deployment, such as unit cohesion, have been shown to affect later posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development among veterans. We utilized a longitudinal database to assess how relationship quality with fellow soldiers in World War II (WWII) might be linked with postwar PTSD symptoms. Data were available on 101 men who experienced combat exposure in WWII, documented through postwar assessment. Upon study entry (1939 to 1942), data were collected on the quality of participants’ early childhood relationships and their emotional adjustment during college. Data on WWII experiences were collected in 1946. Relationship quality with fellow soldiers in WWII was examined as a moderator of the link between combat exposure and postwar PTSD symptoms. Prewar emotional adjustment was examined as a mediator between quality of childhood relationships and subsequent quality of relationships quality with fellow soldiers during war. Better quality relationships with fellow soldiers attenuated (i.e., moderated) the link between combat exposure severity and PTSD symptom count, explaining a significant percent of the variance, R2 = .19, p < .001. There was also a significant indirect mediation effect of childhood relationship quality on relationships with soldiers through prewar emotional adjustment, ab = 0.02, 95% BCa CI [0.01, 0.05]. Results suggest that better peer relationship quality during deployment may reduce the likelihood of subsequent PTSD symptom development, and that the quality of early relationships may set the stage for better relationships during stressful contexts such as war. These findings have implications for PTSD risk factor screening prior to deployment, and underscore the importance of interpersonal support among soldiers during deployment.
Salivary fistula: Blue dye testing as part of an algorithm for early diagnosis
Authors: Kiong Kimberley L. , Tan Ngian Chye , Skanthakumar Thakshayeni , Teo Constance E.H. , Soo Khee Chee , Tan Hiang Khoon , Roche Elizabeth , Yee Kaisin , Iyer N. Gopalakrishna
Published: October 2017

Objective

Orocutaneous and pharyngocutaneous fistula (OPCF) is a debilitating complication of head and neck surgery for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), resulting in delayed adjuvant treatment and prolonged hospitalization. As yet, there is no established test that can help in prompt and accurate diagnosis of OPCF. This study aims to determine the accuracy of bedside blue dye testing and its role as part of an algorithm for early diagnosis. We also analyze the risk factors predisposing to OPCF.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study from 2012 to 2014.

Methods

Patients with head and neck SCC who underwent major resection and reconstruction, at risk of OPCF, were included. Results of blue‐dye and video‐fluoroscopic swallow‐studies (VFSS) testing for OPCF were recorded. For the patients that were noted to develop OPCF, the length of time to diagnosis of fistula and subsequent mode of management were examined.

Results

Of the 93 patients in this study, 25 (26.9%) developed OPCF. Advanced T‐classification (T3/T4) was the only significant predisposing risk factor (p = 0.013). The sensitivity and specificity of the bedside blue dye testing was found to be 36.4% and 100%, respectively. The test positive patients were diagnosed with OPCF at a median of postoperative day (POD) 9.5 as compared to POD 13 for the test negative patients (p = 0.001). Early diagnosis was associated with faster fistula resolution with treatment.

Conclusion

Blue dye testing is a simple bedside test that can assist in the early diagnosis of OPCF in patients, allowing treatment to be instituted earlier with improved outcomes.

Level of Evidence

3
The metabolic regimes of flowing waters
Authors: Bernhardt E. S. , Heffernan J. B. , Grimm N. B. , Stanley E. H. , Harvey J. W. , Arroita M. , Appling A. P. , Cohen M. J. , McDowell W. H. , Hall R. O. , Read J. S. , Roberts B. J. , Stets E. G. , Yackulic C. B.
Published: October 2017

The processes and biomass that characterize any ecosystem are fundamentally constrained by the total amount of energy that is either fixed within or delivered across its boundaries. Ultimately, ecosystems may be understood and classified by their rates of total and net productivity and by the seasonal patterns of photosynthesis and respiration. Such understanding is well developed for terrestrial and lentic ecosystems but our understanding of ecosystem phenology has lagged well behind for rivers. The proliferation of reliable and inexpensive sensors for monitoring dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide is underpinning a revolution in our understanding of the ecosystem energetics of rivers. Here, we synthesize our current understanding of the drivers and constraints on river metabolism, and set out a research agenda aimed at characterizing, classifying and modeling the current and future metabolic regimes of flowing waters.
In‐Situ Tensile Testing of Propellants in SEM: Influence of Temperature
Authors: Di Benedetto Giuseppe L. , van Ramshorst Marthinus C. J. , Duvalois Willem , Hooijmeijer Peter A. , van der Heijden Antoine E. D. M.
Published: October 2017

A tensile module system placed within a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was utilized to conduct in‐situ tensile testing of propellant samples. The tensile module system allows for real‐time in‐situ SEM analysis of the samples to determine the failure mechanism of the propellant material under tensile force. The focus of this study was to vary the experimental parameters of the tensile module system and analyze how they affect the failure mechanism of the samples. The experimental parameters varied included strain rate and sample temperature (−54, +25 and +40 °C). Stress‐strain diagrams were recorded during the in‐situ tensile tests, and these results were coupled with the in‐situ images and videos of the samples captured with SEM analysis. The experiments conducted at −54 °C showed a different failure behavior of the propellant sample due to its rigidity at this low temperature, while experiments conducted at +25 and +40 °C displayed a similar failure mechanism. For future testing using this tensile tester, special attention should be given to improved temperature control of the specimen, especially at low temperatures.
Target of rapamycin FATC domain as a general membrane anchor: The FKBP‐12 like domain of FKBP38 as a case study
Authors: De Cicco Maristella , Milroy Lech‐G. , Dames Sonja A.
Published: October 2017

Increased efforts have been undertaken to better understand the formation of signaling complexes at cellular membranes. Since the preparation of proteins containing a transmembrane domain or a prenylation motif is generally challenging an alternative membrane anchoring unit that is easy to attach, water‐soluble and binds to different membrane mimetics would find broad application. The 33‐residue long FATC domain of yeast TOR1 (y1fatc) fulfills these criteria and binds to neutral and negatively charged micelles, bicelles, and liposomes. As a case study, we fused it to the FKBP506‐binding region of the protein FKBP38 (FKBP38‐BD) and used 1H–15N NMR spectroscopy to characterize localization of the chimeric protein to micelles, bicelles, and liposomes. Based on these and published data for y1fatc, its use as a C‐terminally attachable membrane anchor for other proteins is compatible with a wide range of buffer conditions (pH circa 6–8.5, NaCl 0 to >150 mM, presence of reducing agents, different salts such as MgCl2 and CaCl2). The high water‐solubility of y1fatc enables its use for titration experiments against a membrane‐localized interaction partner of the fused target protein. Results from studies with peptides corresponding to the C‐terminal 17–11 residues of the 33‐residue long domain by 1D 1H NMR and CD spectroscopy indicate that they still can interact with membrane mimetics. Thus, they may be used as membrane anchors if the full y1fatc sequence is disturbing or if a chemically synthesized y1fatc peptide shall be attached by native chemical ligation, for example, unlabeled peptide to 15N‐labeled target protein for NMR studies.
Elastic Surface Model For Beta‐Barrels: Geometric, Computational, And Statistical Analysis
Authors: Toda Magdalena , Zhang Fangyuan , Athukorallage Bhagya
Published: October 2017

Over the past 2 decades, many different geometric models were created for beta barrels, including, but not limited to: cylinders, 1‐sheeted hyperboloids, twisted hyperboloids, catenoids, and so forth. We are proponents of an elastic surface model for beta‐barrels, which includes the minimal surface model as a particular case, but is a lot more comprehensive. Beta barrel models are obtained as numerical solutions of a boundary value problem, using the COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling Software. We have compared them against the best fitting statistical models, with positive results. The geometry of each individual beta barrel, as a rotational elastic surface, is determined by the ratio between the exterior diameter and the height. Through our COMSOL computational modeling, we created a rather large variety of generalized Willmore surfaces that may represent models for beta barrels. The catenoid is just a particular solution among all these shapes.
In Situ 3D Observation of the Domain Wall Dynamics in a Triglycine Sulfate Single Crystal upon Ferroelectric Phase Transition
Authors: Wehmeier Lukas , Kämpfe Thomas , Haußmann Alexander , Eng Lukas M.
Published: October 2017

We present the first in situ 3D observation of domain wall dynamics close to a ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition, which we obtain via second‐harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM). Showing a pure second‐order phase transition at its Curie temperature of 49 °C, triglycine sulfate (TGS) is a model ferroelectric material to study such phase transitions. After annealing, in TGS various qualitatively different domain patterns, e.g., stripes or small lenticular domains, have been reported so far. By applying SHGM, we can show that these findings do not necessarily contradict each other. In fact, qualitatively different domain patterns may coexist in the same TGS sample at the same time.
White‐Light Photoassisted Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Using 2‐Propanol
Authors: Lundstedt Anna , Papadakis Raffaello , Li Hu , Han Yuanyuan , Jorner Kjell , Bergman Joakim , Leifer Klaus , Grennberg Helena , Ottosson Henrik
Published: October 2017

Herein, a photochemical method for functionalization of graphene using 2‐propanol is reported. The functionalization method which is catalyst‐free operates at ambient temperature in neat 2‐propanol under an inert atmosphere of argon. The equipment requirement is a white‐light source for the irradiation. The same methodology when applied to kish graphite results in a novel material, exhibiting significantly higher wettability than the starting material according to water contact angle measurements. Furthermore, the materials generated from both graphene and kish graphite exhibit increased adhesion energy, attributed to the fixation of isopropyl alcohol fragments onto graphene and graphite, respectively. The presence of hydroxyl groups and the possibility for further reactions on the functionalized graphene material are demonstrated through a substitution reaction with thionyl chloride, where the hydroxyl groups are replaced with chlorides, as confirmed through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.
Seven Tips for Teachers of Newcomer Emergent Bilingual Students
Authors: Cain Amelia Ashworth
Published: October 2017

When a newcomer arrives, classroom teachers may wonder what to do. This article provides seven practical tips for getting started with a newcomer, nurturing healthy relationships, and facilitating learning experiences. Teachers can ease the transition for newcomers by attempting to perceive situations from the student's perspective. Awareness of students' first language(s), background experiences, and funds of knowledge nurtures interculturality in the classroom and promotes a climate of mutual respect. Specific suggestions for preparing a newcomer kit provide ways to assess newcomers and to begin to develop their spoken and written vocabulary in English. Using the kit allows newcomers to make connections between English and their first language, develop confidence, and build on background knowledge and prior experiences. The tips in this article may reduce stress for classroom teachers and newcomers.
Cover Image, Volume 7, Issue 6
Authors: Gan Wensheng , Lin Jerry Chun‐Wei , Chao Han‐Chieh , Zhan Justin
Published: October 2017

The cover image, by Wensheng Gan et al., is based on the Overview Data mining in distributed environment: a survey, DOI: 10.1002/widm.1216.

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Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 6
Authors: Sangtani Ajmeeta , Nag Okhil K. , Field Lauren D. , Breger Joyce C. , Delehanty James B.
Published: October 2017

In the Overview by Sangtani and Nag et al., the authors detail recent advances in multifunctional therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery and imaging. The distinction is made between hard NPs such as quantum dots and gold NPs (where drug cargos are attached to the NP surface) and soft NPs such as liposomes and micelles (which allow both core loading and surface attachment). The image shows a cut away view of a mammalian cell interfaced with soft (foreground left) and hard (foreground right) NPs during the delivery of surface‐appended (green spheres) and core‐loaded (red rods) cargos. Illustration is courtesy Ella Maru Studio, Inc. DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1466.

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Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 6
Authors: Burrowes Kelly S. , De Backer Jan , Kumar Haribalan
Published: October 2017

The cover image, by Kelly S. Burrowes et al., is based on Advanced Review Image‐based computational fluid dynamics in the lung: virtual reality or new clinical practice?, DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1392.

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Development of FOCUS‐GC: Framework for Outcomes of Clinical Communication Services in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Cragun Deborah , Zierhut Heather
Published: October 2017

Conceptual frameworks bring together existing theories and models in order to identify, consolidate, and fill in gaps between theory, practice, and evidence. Given the vast number of possible outcomes that could be studied in genetic counseling, a framework for organizing outcomes and postulating relationships between communication services and genetic counseling outcomes was sought. Through an iterative approach involving literature review, thematic analysis, and consolidation, outcomes and processes were categorized to create and define components of a conceptual framework. The final product, “Framework for Outcomes of Clinical commUnication Services” (FOCUS) contains the following domains: communication strategy; communication process measures; patient care experience, patient changes, patient health; and family changes. A website was created to allow easier access and ongoing modifications to the framework. In addition, a step‐by‐step guide and two examples were created to show flexibility in how the framework can be used. FOCUS may help in conceptualizing, organizing and summarizing outcomes research related to risk communication and counseling in genetic service delivery as well as other healthcare settings.
Prenatal Diagnosis of a 20 Mb Terminal Fetal 4q-Deletion in the Cytoband q33q35.2 Inherited from the Mother
Authors: Seneesh K. V. , Chandra Vipin , Balakrishnan Bijoy , Batra Meenu , Sreeja R. , Patil Swapneel , Kannoly Gopinathan
Published: October 2017

The authors present a case of prenatally diagnosed fetal terminal 4q deletion in the cytoband 4q33q35.2, inherited from the mother. The index pregnancy was referred at 28+2 weeks of gestation for polyhdramnios. Prior to performing the scan, distinctive facial features were noted in the mother. Target scan confirmed polyhdramnios, and revealed fetal retrognathia. The fetal karyotype reported a terminal 4q33>ter deletion, which was further delineated by chromosomal microarray analysis. Subsequently, maternal karyotype revealed identical deletion. Subtle fetal ultrasound abnormalities should receive meticulous assessment, and evaluation using the currently available wide range of cytogenetic and molecular gene tests.
Ribosome Profiling Reveals Genome-Wide Cellular Translational Regulation Upon Heat Stress in Escherichia Coli
Authors: Zhang Yanqing , Xiao Zhengtao , Zou Qin , Fang Jianhuo , Wang Qifan , Yang Xuerui , Gao Ning
Published: October 2017

Heat shock response is a classical stress-induced regulatory system in bacteria, characterized by extensive transcriptional reprogramming. To compare the impact of heat stress on the transcriptome and translatome in Escherichia coli, we conducted ribosome profiling in parallel with RNA-Seq to investigate the alterations in transcription and translation efficiency when E. coli cells were exposed to a mild heat stress (from 30 °C to 45 °C). While general changes in ribosome footprints correlate with the changes of mRNA transcripts upon heat stress, a number of genes show differential changes at the transcription and translation levels. Translation efficiency of a few genes that are related to environment stimulus response is up-regulated, and in contrast, some genes functioning in mRNA translation and amino acid biosynthesis are down-regulated at the translation level in response to heat stress. Moreover, our ribosome occupancy data suggest that in general ribosomes accumulate remarkably in the starting regions of ORFs upon heat stress. This study provides additional insights into bacterial gene expression in response to heat stress, and suggests the presence of stress-induced but yet-to-be characterized cellular regulatory mechanisms of gene expression at translation level.
The Relationship Between Sacral Slope and Symptomatic Isthmic Spondylolysis in a Cohort of High School Athletes: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Hanke Leigh F. , Tuakli‐Wosornu Yetsa A. , Harrison Julian R. , Moley Peter J.
Published: October 2017

Background

Spondylolysis with and without anterolisthesis is the most common cause of structural back pain in children and adolescents, but few predictive factors have been confirmed. An association between abnormal sacropelvic orientation and both spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis has been supported in the literature. Sacral slope and other sacropelvic measurements are easily accessible variables that could aid clinicians in assessing active adolescents with low back pain, particularly when the diagnosis of spondylolysis is suspected.

Objective

To examine the relationship between sacral slope and symptomatic spondylolysis in a cohort of active adolescents.

Design

Case‐control retrospective study.

Setting

Academic outpatient physiatry practice.

Patients

Seventy‐four patients of primarily adolescent age (between 12 and 22 years old) with a chief complaint of low back pain and presence of lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine were enrolled. Cases (n = 37) were defined as subjects with evidence of spondylolysis on both radiograph and magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine. Controls (n = 37) were defined as subjects without spondylolysis.

Methods

Using a single sagittal radiograph, taken with the patient standing, a fellowship‐trained interventional spine physiatrist measured the sacral slope of each subject (angle between the superior plate of S1 and a horizontal reference on sagittal imaging of the lumbosacral spine). Ages and genders were collected from medical records.

Main Outcome Measurements

The primary outcome was mean sacral slope. Mean sacral slope of cases was compared with mean sacral slope of controls with the Student t‐test.

Results

Ages ranged from 12 to 22 for both groups, with no significant differences in age between the groups (cases: 16.8 ± 2.3 years; controls: 17.7 ± 2.7 years). The patients with spondylolysis (cases) consisted of 29 male and 8 female patients, whereas those without spondylolysis (controls) consisted of 15 male and 21 female patients (gender details for 1 patient were not available). The mean sacral slope among cases was 42.4°, whereas the mean sacral slope among controls was 37.4°. The difference achieved significance (P = .014).

Conclusions

The interdependence of positional parameters, such as sacral slope, with anatomic parameters, such as pelvic incidence, can affect lumbar lordosis and therefore upright positioning and loading of the spine. Sacral slope may be an important variable for clinicians to consider when caring for young athletes with low back pain, particularly when the index of suspicion for spondylolysis is high.

Level of Evidence

IV
Estimation of Broad-Scale Tradeoffs in Community Policing Policies
Authors: Carson Richard T. , Louviere Jordan J.
Published: October 2017

This paper looks at how to measure the tradeoffs in monetary terms that the public is prepared to make with respect to adoption of different community policing options. The approach advanced is a discrete choice experiment in which survey respondents face different policing options which can be described by a set of attributes ranging from costs to outcomes. The main contribution of this paper is to show how to go beyond the usual characterization of the monetized benefits of reducing the level of a specific type of crime to asking the question of whether those benefits differ depending on how that outcome is achieved.
Consumption of kiwifruit capsules increasesFaecalibacterium prausnitziiabundance in functionally constipated individuals: a randomised controlled human trial
Authors: Blatchford Paul , Stoklosinski Halina , Eady Sarah , Wallace Alison , Butts Christine , Gearry Richard , Gibson Glenn , Ansell Juliet
Published: October 2017

This study investigated the impact of ACTAZIN™ green (2400 and 600 mg) and Livaux™ (2400 mg) gold kiwifruit supplements on faecal microbial composition and metabolites in healthy and functionally constipated (FC) participants. The participants were recruited into the healthy group (n20; one of whom did not complete the study) and the FC group (n9), each of whom consumed all the treatments and a placebo (isomalt) for 4 weeks in a randomised cross-over design interspersed with 2-week washout periods. Modification of faecal microbiota composition and metabolism was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and GC, and colonic pH was calculated using SmartPill®wireless motility capsules. A total of thirty-two taxa were measured at greater than 1 % abundance in at least one sample, ten of which differed significantly between the baseline healthy and FC groups. Specifically, Bacteroidales andRoseburiaspp. were significantly more abundant (P< 0·05) in the healthy group and taxa including Ruminococcaceae,Doreaspp. andAkkermansiaspp. were significantly more abundant (P< 0·05) in the FC group. In the FC group,Faecalibacterium prausnitziiabundance significantly increased (P= 0·024) from 3·4 to 7·0 % following Livaux™ supplementation, with eight of the nine participants showing a net increase. Lower proportions ofF. prausnitziiare often associated with gastrointestinal disorders. The discovery that Livaux™ supplementation increasedF. prausnitziiabundance offers a potential strategy for improving gut microbiota composition, asF. prausnitziiis a butyrate producer and has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in many studies.
Japanese English: Norm-dependency and emerging strategies
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshiko , Pétursson Magnús
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates the English language spoken by four educated Japanese speakers from an acoustic phonetic perspective. We look closely at how they pronounce and connect segments in reading a short text. Because English has the status of an international language, it is actively used for various purposes within and across countries. English speakers are therefore not necessarily native speakers but have a different first language (L1); English is a second (L2) or foreign language (FL) for them. There are increasing numbers of studies on Japanese English (JE), particularly from attitudinal and perceptual angles (e.g. Tokumoto & Shibata, 2011; Matsuura et al., 2014), but, as McKenzie (2013: 228) notes, there is a dearth of research that documents, or systematically characterizes, the English produced by Japanese speakers.
The level of caveolin-1 expression determines response to TGF-β as a tumour suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Moreno-Càceres Joaquim , Caballero-Díaz Daniel , Nwosu Zeribe Chike , Meyer Christoph , López-Luque Judit , Malfettone Andrea , Lastra Raquel , Serrano Teresa , Ramos Emilio , Dooley Steven , Fabregat Isabel
Published: October 2017

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous tumour associated with poor prognostic outcome. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), a membrane protein involved in the formation of caveolae, is frequently overexpressed in HCC. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine having a dual role in hepatocarcinogenesis: inducer of apoptosis at early phases, but pro-tumourigenic once cells acquire mechanisms to overcome its suppressor effects. Apoptosis induced by TGF-β is mediated by upregulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX4, but counteracted by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Previous data suggested that CAV1 is required for the anti-apoptotic signals triggered by TGF-β in hepatocytes. Whether this mechanism is relevant in hepatocarcinogenesis has not been explored yet. Here we analysed the TGF-β response in HCC cell lines that express different levels of CAV1. Accordingly, stable CAV1 knockdown or overexpressing cell lines were generated. We demonstrate that CAV1 is protecting HCC cells from TGF-β-induced apoptosis, which attenuates its suppressive effect on clonogenic growth and increases its effects on cell migration. Downregulation of CAV1 in HLE cells promotes TGF-β-mediated induction of the pro-apoptotic BMF, which correlates with upregulation of NOX4, whereas CAV1 overexpression in Huh7 cells shows the opposite effect. CAV1 silenced HLE cells show attenuation in TGF-β-induced EGFR transactivation and activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. On the contrary, Huh7 cells, which do not respond to TGF-β activating the EGFR pathway, acquire the capacity to do so when CAV1 is overexpressed. Analyses in samples from HCC patients revealed that tumour tissues presented higher expression levels of CAV1 compared with surrounding non-tumoural areas. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation among the expression of CAV1 and TGFB1 was observed. We conclude that CAV1 has an essential role in switching the response to TGF-β from cytostatic to tumourigenic, which could have clinical meaning in patient stratification.
DCZ3301, a novel cytotoxic agent, inhibits proliferation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma via the STAT3 pathway
Authors: Sun Xi , Li Bo , Xie Bingqian , Xu Zhijian , Chang Gaomei , Tao Yi , Zhang Yong , Chang Shuaikang , Wang Yingcong , Yu Dandan , Xie Yongsheng , Li Tingye , Wang Houcai , Chen Gege , Hu Liangning , Hou Jun , Zhang Yiwen , Xiao Wenqin , Gao Lu , Shi Jumei , Zhu Weiliang
Published: October 2017

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of lymphoma in adults, characterized by a rapidly increasing painless mass. A novel compound, DCZ3301, was synthesized that exerted direct cytotoxicity against DLBCL cell lines. The effects of DCZ3301 on DLBCL cells in vitro and in vivo and the associated mechanisms were investigated. DCZ3301 inhibited the viability of DLBCL cell lines, even in the presence of protumorigenesis cytokines. Additionally, the compound induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential. DCZ3301 exerted an antitumor effect through modulation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways. Furthermore, DCZ3301 downregulates STAT3 phosphorylation by inhibiting Lck/Yes-related novel protein tyrosine kinase (Lyn) activation in DLBCL. A synergistic cytotoxic effect on DLBCL cells was observed upon combination of DCZ3301 with panobinostat. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of xenograft mice with DCZ3301 resulted in reduced tumor volume. Our preliminary results collectively support the utility of the small-molecule inhibitor DCZ3301 as an effective novel therapeutic option for DLBCL that requires further clinical evaluation.
The lncRNA HULC functions as an oncogene by targeting ATG7 and ITGB1 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Chen Shuo , Wu Dan-Dan , Sang Xiu-Bo , Wang Li-Li , Zong Zhi-Hong , Sun Kai-Xuan , Liu Bo-Liang , Zhao Yang
Published: October 2017

Highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), which has recently been identified as a key regulator in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, gliomas and gastric cancer. However, its role in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) remains unknown. In this study, HULC expression was examined in EOC, borderline and benign ovarian tumors, and normal ovarian tissues by RT-PCR. Ovarian cancer cell phenotypes, as well as autophagy-associated proteins were examined after HULC overexpression or downregulation by plasmid or small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, respectively. LncRNA–protein interactions were examined by ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. We found that HULC expression levels were higher in EOC tissues than normal samples. HULC overexpression induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, whereas reduced cell apoptosis in vitro and induced tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, downregulation of HULC by siRNA transfection reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis and autophagy. Our results showed that HULC overexpression reduced ATG7, LC3-II and LAMP1 expression, while inducing SQSTM1 (P62) and ITGB1 expression. HULC downregulation had the opposite effects. Furthermore, RIP indicated that ATG7 interacted with HULC; ATG7 downregulation also induced cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis and inhibited autophagy in vitro by reducing LC3-II and LAMP1 expression, while inducing SQSTM1 expression. Furthermore, ATG7 co-transfection with HULC reversed the oncogenic effects of HULC both in vitro and in vivo; however, downregulating ATG7 did not affect cell migration and invasive ability. We found that ITGB1 siRNA co-transfection with HULC reversed the function of HULC in inducing ovarian cancer cell migration and invasive ability. Taken together, our results show that HULC may promote ovarian carcinoma tumorigenesis by inhibiting ATG7 and inducing progression by regulating ITGB1.
miR-216a inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis by targeting CDK14
Authors: Ji Quanbo , Xu Xiaojie , Li Ling , Goodman Stuart B , Bi Wenzhi , Xu Meng , Xu Yameng , Fan Zhongyi , Maloney William J , Ye Qinong , Wang Yan
Published: October 2017

Osteosarcoma (OS) has emerged as the most common primary musculoskeletal malignant tumour affecting children and young adults. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are closely associated with gene regulation in tumour biology. Accumulating evidence indicates that the aberrant function of CDK14 is involved in a broad spectrum of diseases and is associated with clinical outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial epigenetic regulators in the development of OS. However, the essential role of CDK14 and the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate CDK14 in the oncogenesis and progression of OS have not been fully elucidated. Here we found that CDK14 expression was closely associated with poor prognosis and overall survival of OS patients. Using dual-luciferase reporter assays, we also found that miR-216a inhibits CDK14 expression by binding to the 3′-untranslated region of CDK14. Overexpression of miR-216a significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting CDK14 production. Overexpression of CDK14 in the miR-216a-transfected OS cells effectively rescued the suppression of cell proliferation, migration and invasion caused by miR-216a. In addition, Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that miR-216a expression predicted favourable clinical outcomes for OS patients. Moreover, miR-216a expression was downregulated in OS patients and was negatively associated with CDK14 expression. Overall, these data highlight the role of the miR-216a/CDK14 axis as a novel pleiotropic modulator and demonstrate the associated molecular mechanisms, thus suggesting the intriguing possibility that miR-216a activation and CDK14 inhibition may be novel and attractive therapeutic strategies for treating OS patients.
Differential regulation of spermatogenic process by Lkb1 isoforms in mouse testis
Authors: Kong Feifei , Wang Mei , Huang Xiaojing , Yue Qiuling , Wei Xiang , Dou Xiaowei , Peng Xiaoxu , Jia Yuanyuan , Zheng Ke , Wu Tinghe , Yan Jun , Li Jing
Published: October 2017

Liver serine/threonine kinase B1 (LKB1) is a tumor suppressor associated with the pathogenesis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Affected males are at increased risk of developing Sertoli cell tumors and display defective spermatogenesis. Male mice lacking the short isoform (Lkb1S) of Lkb1 were sterile and exhibited abnormal spermiogenesis. In addition to the short isoform, the long isoform of Lkb1 (Lkb1L) is also expressed in testis; however, the requirement of the long isoform for fertility and the functional difference between the isoforms remain unknown. Herein, different from the spermiation failure reported in Lkb1S knockout mice, conditional deletion (cKO) of both isoforms of Lkb1 in germ cells resulted in male sterility stemming from defects in acrosome formation, as well as nuclear elongation and condensation during spermatid differentiation. Additionally, cKO mice showed a progressive germ cell loss that was never reported in mice with Lkb1S deletion. Further experiments revealed that the defect resulted from the failure of spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) maintenance. Although increased mTORC1 activity in postnatal cKO testes was consistent with a tendency toward germline stem cell differentiation, in vivo inhibition of the pathway by rapamycin treatment failed to rescue the phenotype. Concurrently, we detected a significant reduction of mitochondrial activity in Lkb1deficient SPCs. The results suggest that the regulation of LKB1 on SPCs’ maintenance is associated with mitochondrial functions but not through the mTOR signaling pathway. In summary, our study supports different roles of Lkb1 isoforms in spermatogenesis with Lkb1L directing SPCs maintenance, and Lkb1L and Lkb1S coordinately regulating spermatid differentiation.
Wind loads and competition for light sculpt trees into self-similar structures
Authors: Eloy Christophe , Fournier Meriem , Lacointe André , Moulia Bruno
Published: October 2017

Trees are self-similar structures: their branch lengths and diameters vary allometrically within the tree architecture, with longer and thicker branches near the ground. These tree allometries are often attributed to optimisation of hydraulic sap transport and safety against elastic buckling. Here, we show that these allometries also emerge from a model that includes competition for light, wind biomechanics and no hydraulics. We have developed MECHATREE, a numerical model of trees growing and evolving on a virtual island. With this model, we identify the fittest growth strategy when trees compete for light and allocate their photosynthates to grow seeds, create new branches or reinforce existing ones in response to wind-induced loads. Strikingly, we find that selected trees species are self-similar and follow allometric scalings similar to those observed on dicots and conifers. This result suggests that resistance to wind and competition for light play an essential role in determining tree allometries.
Triparental plants provide direct evidence for polyspermy induced polyploidy
Authors: Nakel Thomas , Tekleyohans Dawit G. , Mao Yanbo , Fuchert Golo , Vo Dieu , Groß-Hardt Rita
Published: October 2017

It is considered an inviolable principle that sexually reproducing organisms have no more than two parents and fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy) is lethal in many eukaryotes. In flowering plants polyspermy has remained a hypothetical concept, due to the lack of tools to unambiguously identify and trace this event. We established a high-throughput polyspermy detection assay, which uncovered that supernumerary sperm fusion does occur in planta and can generate viable polyploid offspring. Moreover, polyspermy can give rise to seedlings with one mother and two fathers, challenging the bi-organismal concept of parentage. The polyspermy derived triploids are taller and produce bigger organs than plants resulting from a regular monospermic fertilization. In addition, we demonstrate the hybridization potential of polyspermy by instantly combining three differentArabidopsisaccessions in one zygote. Our results provide direct evidence for polyspermy as a route towards polyploidy, which is considered a major plant speciation mechanism.
OCT4 impedes cell fate redirection by the melanocyte lineage master regulator MITF in mouse ESCs
Authors: Sheinboim Danna , Maza Itay , Dror Iris , Parikh Shivang , Krupalnik Vladislav , Bell Rachel E. , Zviran Asaf , Suita Yusuke , Hakim Ofir , Mandel-Gutfreund Yael , Khaled Mehdi , Hanna Jacob H. , Levy Carmit
Published: October 2017

Ectopic expression of lineage master regulators induces transdifferentiation. Whether cell fate transitions can be induced during various developmental stages has not been systemically examined. Here we discover that amongst different developmental stages, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are resistant to cell fate conversion induced by the melanocyte lineage master regulator MITF. By generating a transgenic system we exhibit that in mESCs, the pluripotency master regulator Oct4, counteracts pro-differentiation induced by Mitf by physical interference with MITF transcriptional activity. We further demonstrate that mESCs must be released from Oct4-maintained pluripotency prior to ectopically induced differentiation. Moreover, Oct4 induction in various differentiated cells represses their lineage identity in vivo. Alongside, chromatin architecture combined with ChIP-seq analysis suggest that Oct4 competes with various lineage master regulators for binding promoters and enhancers. Our analysis reveals pluripotency and transdifferentiation regulatory principles and could open new opportunities in the field of regenerative medicine.
Enhanced ice sheet melting driven by volcanic eruptions during the last deglaciation
Authors: Muschitiello Francesco , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Lea James M. , Mair Douglas W. F. , Wohlfarth Barbara
Published: October 2017

Volcanic eruptions can impact the mass balance of ice sheets through changes in climate and the radiative properties of the ice. Yet, empirical evidence highlighting the sensitivity of ancient ice sheets to volcanism is scarce. Here we present an exceptionally well-dated annual glacial varve chronology recording the melting history of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet at the end of the last deglaciation (∼13,200–12,000 years ago). Our data indicate that abrupt ice melting events coincide with volcanogenic aerosol emissions recorded in Greenland ice cores. We suggest that enhanced ice sheet runoff is primarily associated with albedo effects due to deposition of ash sourced from high-latitude volcanic eruptions. Climate and snowpack mass-balance simulations show evidence for enhanced ice sheet runoff under volcanically forced conditions despite atmospheric cooling. The sensitivity of past ice sheets to volcanic ashfall highlights the need for an accurate coupling between atmosphere and ice sheet components in climate models.