bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental demonstration of ultrasensitive sensing with terahertz metamaterial absorbers: A comparison with the metasurfaces
Authors: Cong Longqing , Tan Siyu , Yahiaoui Riad , Yan Fengping , Zhang Weili , Singh Ranjan
Published: January 2015

Planar metasurfaces and plasmonic resonators have shown great promise for sensing applications across the electromagnetic domain ranging from the microwaves to the optical frequencies. However, these sensors suffer from lower figure of merit and sensitivity due to the radiative and the non-radiative loss channels in the plasmonic metamaterial systems. We demonstrate a metamaterial absorber based ultrasensitive sensing scheme at the terahertz frequencies with significantly enhanced sensitivity and an order of magnitude higher figure of merit compared to planar metasurfaces. Magnetic and electric resonant field enhancement in the impedance matched absorber cavity enables stronger interaction with the dielectric analyte. This finding opens up opportunities for perfect metamaterial absorbers to be applied as efficient sensors in the finger print region of the electromagnetic spectrum with several organic, explosive, and bio-molecules that have unique spectral signature at the terahertz frequencies.
Characteristic operator functions for quantum input-plant-output models and coherent control
Authors: Gough John E.
Published: January 2015

We introduce the characteristic operator as the generalization of the usual concept of a transfer function of linear input-plant-output systems to arbitrary quantum nonlinear Markovian input-output models. This is intended as a tool in the characterization of quantum feedback control systems that fits in with the general theory of networks. The definition exploits the linearity of noise differentials in both the plant Heisenberg equations of motion and the differential form of the input-output relations. Mathematically, the characteristic operator is a matrix of dimension equal to the number of outputs times the number of inputs (which must coincide), but with entries that are operators of the plant system. In this sense, the characteristic operator retains details of the effective plant dynamical structure and is an essentially quantum object. We illustrate the relevance to model reduction and simplification definition by showing that the convergence of the characteristic operator in adiabatic elimination limit models requires the same conditions and assumptions appearing in the work on limit quantum stochastic differential theorems of Bouten and Silberfarb [Commun. Math. Phys. 283, 491-505 (2008)]. This approach also shows in a natural way that the limit coefficients of the quantum stochastic differential equations in adiabatic elimination problems arise algebraically as Schur complements and amounts to a model reduction where the fast degrees of freedom are decoupled from the slow ones and eliminated.
Pulse-to-pulse jitter measurement by photon correlation in high-β lasers
Authors: Lebreton Armand , Abram Izo , Braive Rémy , Belabas Nadia , Sagnes Isabelle , Marsili Francesco , Verma Varun B. , Nam Sae Woo , Gerrits Thomas , Robert-Philip Isabelle , Stevens Martin J. , Beveratos Alexios
Published: January 2015

The turn-on delay jitter in pulsed lasers in which a large fraction (β) of spontaneous emission is channeled into the lasing mode is measured by use of a photon correlation technique. This jitter is found to significantly increase with β, reaching values of the order of the pulse width at threshold. This is due to the increase in the relative value of the discretization noise when the number of photons at threshold becomes small, as is the case in high-β lasers.
Vortex chirality control in circular disks using dipole-coupled nanomagnets
Authors: Haldar Arabinda , Adeyeye A. O.
Published: January 2015

We report a systematic control of the chirality of circular magnetic disks where dipole field coupling drives the functionality. Our approach involves the use of two rhomboid nanomagnets with predetermined magnetization directions to bias the circular disk. Magnetostatic interaction was observed to initiate the vortex nucleation with selective chirality (clockwise or counterclockwise) when an appropriate in-plane magnetic field was applied and then removed. We have used in-field magnetic force microscopy technique to directly probe the direction of the vortex core displacements, which are sensitive to its chirality. Experimental results are in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations.
Boosting the mobility and bias stability of oxide-based thin-film transistors with ultra-thin nanocrystalline InSnO:Zr layer
Authors: Raja Jayapal , Jang Kyungsoo , Hussain Shahzada Qamar , Balaji Nagarajan , Chatterjee Somenath , Velumani S , Yi Junsin
Published: January 2015

Extensive attention on high-definition flat panel displays is the driving force to fabricate high-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs). A hybrid oxide TFTs fabricated using an interfacial layer of nanocrystalline Zr-doped InSnO (nc-ITO:Zr) and an amorphous InSnZnO films as an active channel is reported here. Due to the presence of nc-ITO:Zr layer, an improvement of the field-effect mobility (86.4 cm2/V·s) and threshold voltage (0.43 V) values for TFTs are observed. Positive gate bias stress study indicates the role of nc-ITO:Zr layer in fabricated TFTs through the suppression of charge trapping capability between the channel and insulating layer.
Valence band offset in heterojunctions between crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon (sub)oxides (a-SiOx:H, 0 < x < 2)
Authors: Liebhaber M. , Mews M. , Schulze T. F. , Korte L. , Rech B. , Lips K.
Published: January 2015

The heterojunction between amorphous silicon (sub)oxides (a-SiOx:H, 0 < x < 2) and crystalline silicon (c-Si) is investigated. We combine chemical vapor deposition with in-system photoelectron spectroscopy in order to determine the valence band offset ΔEV and the interface defect density, being technologically important junction parameters. ΔEV increases from ≈0.3 eV for the a-Si:H/c-Si interface to >4 eV for the a-SiO2/c-Si interface, while the electronic quality of the heterointerface deteriorates. High-bandgap a-SiOx:H is therefore unsuitable for the hole contact in heterojunction solar cells, due to electronic transport hindrance resulting from the large ΔEV. Our method is readily applicable to other heterojunctions.
Influence of epitaxial strain on elastocaloric effect in ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Liu Yang , Wei Jie , Lou Xiaojie , Bellaiche L. , Scott James F. , Dkhil Brahim
Published: January 2015

We report the influence of epitaxial strain um on the elastocaloric properties of BaTiO3 thin films. Using thermodynamic calculations, we show that there exists a critical compressive stress σ3c at which the elastocaloric effect is maximized for any compressive misfit strain we investigate. Moreover, it is found that |σ3c| decreases significantly with decreasing |um|, which is accompanied by a reduction of the elastocaloric response. Interestingly, a several fold enhancement in the electrocaloric effect can be achieved for stress in proximity of σ3c. The elastocaloric effect predicted here may find potential cooling applications by combining the stress-mediated electrocaloric effect or designing hybrid elastocaloric/electrocaloric devices in the future.
Critical CuI buffer layer surface density for organic molecular crystal orientation change
Authors: Ahn Kwangseok , Kim Jong Beom , Kim Hyo Jung , Lee Hyun Hwi , Lee Dong Ryeol
Published: January 2015

We have determined the critical surface density of the CuI buffer layer inserted to change the preferred orientation of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) crystals grown on the buffer layer. X-ray reflectivity measurements were performed to obtain the density profiles of the buffer layers and out-of-plane and 2D grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction measurements were performed to determine the preferred orientations of the molecular crystals. Remarkably, it was found that the preferred orientation of the CuPc film is completely changed from edge-on (1 0 0) to face-on (1 1 −2) by a CuI buffer layer with a very low surface density, so low that a large proportion of the substrate surface is bare.
Angular ion species distribution in droplet-based laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Giovannini Andrea Z. , Gambino Nadia , Rollinger Bob , Abhari Reza S.
Published: January 2015

The angular distribution of the ion species generated from a laser irradiated droplet target is measured. The employed instrument was an electrostatic energy analyzer with differential pumping. Singly and doubly charged ions were detected at an argon ambient gas pressure of 2 × 10−2 mbar. The amount of Sn+ and Sn2+ and their kinetic energy is measured from 45° to 120° from the laser axis. Sn+ expands approximately isotropically, and Sn2+ expansion is peaked towards the incoming laser radiation. The singly charged ion kinetic energy is close to constant over the measurement range, while it decreases by around 30% for Sn2+. A calibrated model of the ion expansion that includes recombinations correctly predicts the mean ion charge distribution. The model is able to qualitatively estimate the influence of the laser wavelength on the mean ion charge distribution. The results show a more pronounced isotropic distribution for shorter wavelengths, and a more forward-peaked distribution for longer wavelengths. The ion charge distribution expected without the ambient gas is estimated through the measured ion kinetic energy. The presence of the ambient gas results in a decrease of the mean ion charge state and a decrease in angular anisotropy.
Interface effects of the magnetic properties in Nd/Ni80Fe20 bilayer films
Authors: Luo Chen , Jiang Sheng , Huang Haibo , Zhai Ya , Zabel Hartmut , Du Jun , You Biao , Xu Yunxia , Zhai Hongru
Published: January 2015

The magnetic properties of Nd/Ni80Fe20 (Py) bilayer films with different layer thicknesses were investigated. Hysteresis loops were measured at different temperatures, an exchange bias effect is found at low temperature due to the Nd/Py interface. By fitting the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization, the Néel point of Nd layer is obtained. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) experiments were carried out at room temperature as a function of Nd layer thickness. The damping parameter obtained by theoretical fitting of the FMR linewidth shows an increasing trend with increasing Nd layer thickness, which is taken as an indication of the spin pumping effect.
Note: Fabrication and characterization of molybdenum tips for scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy
Authors: Carrozzo P. , Tumino F. , Facibeni A. , Passoni M. , Casari C. S. , Li Bassi A.
Published: January 2015

We present a method for the preparation of bulk molybdenum tips for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy and we assess their potential in performing high resolution imaging and local spectroscopy by measurements on different single crystal surfaces in UHV, namely, Au(111), Si(111)-7 × 7, and titanium oxide 2D ordered nanostructures supported on Au(111). The fabrication method is versatile and can be extended to other metals, e.g., cobalt.
Cats (Felis catus) are more abundant and are the dominant predator of woylies (Bettongia penicillata) after sustained fox (Vulpes vulpes) control
Authors: Marlow Nicola J. , Thomas Neil D. , Williams Andrew A. E. , Macmahon Brian , Lawson John , Hitchen Yvette , Angus John , Berry Oliver
Published: January 2015

The control of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) is a key component of many fauna recovery programs in Australia. A question crucial to the success of these programs is how fox control influences feral cat abundance and subsequently affects predation upon native fauna. Historically, this question has been difficult to address because invasive predators are typically challenging to monitor. Here, non-invasive DNA analysis was used to determine the fate of radio-collared woylies (Bettongia penicillata) in two reserves in a mesic environment where foxes had been controlled intensively for over two decades. Woylie trap success had increased more than 20-fold after fox baiting commenced in the 1980s but decreased precipitously in 2000. Ninety-eight monitored woylies were killed between 2006 and 2009. DNA analysis of swabs taken from radio-collars and carcasses of these woylies indicated that predation by cats (Felis catus) caused most mortalities (65%) and was three times the fox predation rate (21%). Also, indices of cat abundance were higher in fox-baited sites where foxes were less abundant. Predation on woylies by cats was greater than previously recognised and, by implication, may significantly reduce the effectiveness of fox control programs throughout Australia. Integrated fox and cat control is essential to ensure the success of fauna recovery programs.
Daily changes in food availability, but not long-term unpredictability, determine daily torpor-bout occurrences and frequency in stripe-faced dunnarts (Sminthopsis macroura)
Authors: Leslie Alexandra M. , Stewart Mathew , Price Elizabeth , Munn Adam J.
Published: January 2015

Daily torpor, a short-term reduction in body temperature and metabolism, is an energy-saving strategy that has been interpreted as an adaptation to unpredictable resource availability. However, the effect of food-supply variability on torpor, separately from consistent food restriction, remains largely unexamined. In this study, we investigated the effect of unpredictable food availability on torpor in stripe-faced dunnarts (Sminthopsis macroura). After a control period of ad libitum feeding, dunnarts were offered 65% of their average daily ad libitum intake over 31 days, either as a constant restriction (i.e. as equal amount of food offered each day) or as an unpredictable schedule of feed offered, varied daily as 0%, 30%, 60%, 100% or 130% of ad libitum. Both feeding groups had increased torpor-bout occurrences (as a proportion of all dunnarts on a given day) and torpor-bout frequency (average number of bouts each day) when on a restricted diet compared with ad libitum feeding, but torpor frequency did not differ between the consistently restricted and unpredictably restricted groups. Most importantly, torpor occurrence and daily bout frequency by the unpredictably restricted group appeared to change in direct association with the amount of food offered on each day; torpor frequency was higher on days of low food availability. Our data do not support the interpretation that torpor is a response to unpredictable food availability per se, but rather that torpor allowed a rapid adjustment of energy expenditure to manage daily fluctuations in food availability.
𝐿_{𝑝}-Blaschke valuations
Authors: Li Jin , Yuan Shufeng , Leng Gangsong
Published: January 2015

In this article, a classification of continuous, linearly intertwining, symmetric

L
p

L_p

-Blaschke (

p
>
1

p>1

) valuations is established as an extension of Haberl’s work on Blaschke valuations. More precisely, we show that for dimensions

n
≥
3

n \geq 3

, the only continuous, linearly intertwining, normalized symmetric

L
p

L_p

-Blaschke valuation is the normalized

L
p

L_p

-curvature image operator, while for dimension

n
=
2

n = 2

, a rotated normalized

L
p

L_p

-curvature image operator is the only additional one. One of the advantages of our approach is that we deal with normalized symmetric

L
p

L_p

-Blaschke valuations, which makes it possible to handle the case

p
=
n

p=n

. The cases where

p
≠
n

p \not =n

are also discussed by studying the relations between symmetric

L
p

L_p

-Blaschke valuations and normalized ones.
Lifecourse Adiposity and Blood Pressure Between Birth and 17 Years Old
Authors: Huang Rae-Chi , Burrows Sally , Mori Trevor A. , Oddy Wendy H. , Beilin Lawrence J.
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

Childhood obesity creates a predisposition to develop adult hypertension and diabetes. We have identified distinct childhood adiposity trajectories associated with increased insulin resistance in early adolescence. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between these adiposity trajectories with childhood blood pressure (BP) development.

METHODS

Adiposity trajectories were previously developed by semiparametric modeling using serial anthropometry from birth to age 14 from the West Australian Pregnancy Cohort. The association between these trajectories and the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension in 17 year olds was assessed by logistic regression. The relationship between adiposity trajectories and lifecourse BP was then assessed using linear mixed modeling.

RESULTS

The study includes 1,023 adolescents with BP measured at age 17 years. Three of 7 childhood adiposity trajectories (with accelerating adiposity) previously related to increased insulin resistance were associated with an increased risk of 17-year-old prehypertension or hypertension, compared to a referent trajectory of “stable average adiposity” (odds ratio (OR) = 2.9, P = 0.007; OR = 3.5, P < 0.001; and OR = 1.8, P = 0.041). One decelerating adiposity trajectory from high birth size was associated with significant interactions with age terms (P values = 0.025–0.084 and 0.011–0.027), indicating an altered slope and therefore, relative decline in lifecourse BP compared to the reference adiposity trajectory.

CONCLUSIONS

Adiposity trajectories (which comprise 27% of the population) were associated with an increased risk of hypertension/prehypertension in adolescence. Higher BP was detectable as early as 3 years old. Consequently, targeting fat loss (catch-down growth) in the preschool years may prevent the development of hypertension and related metabolic disorders.
Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Nonpharmacological Treatments and Their Combination With Medication
Authors: Hinshaw Stephen P. , Klein Rachel G. , Abikoff Howard B.
Published: January 2015

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent disorder of childhood and adolescence that mandates early and effective intervention. Among psychosocial interventions, direct contingency management applies systematic manipulation of rewards and punishments in specialized settings. It typically yields large effects on behavior and academic performance, but (a) outcomes are often appraised through single-case experimental designs, outside the typology of clinical trials used in this volume, and (b) their effects tend not to generalize or maintain beyond the settings in which they are applied. Clinical behavior therapy involves consultation with parents and teachers regarding optimal home and school management practices. A number of Type 2 trials demonstrate the clinical value of such procedures for the behavior problems of children with ADHD as rated by parents and teachers but typically not by independent observations. Several Type 1 investigations of systematic combinations of direct contingency management plus clinical behavior therapy have yielded findings indicating significant improvements, but effects on symptoms are smaller than those found with medication. Multimodal treatment—combining intensive behavioral intervention with well-delivered pharmacological agents—does not always reveal significantly superior outcomes to medication alone, but it more consistently yields normalization of behavior patterns among children with ADHD. Further work on tailoring psychosocial interventions to ADHD-related deficits and impairments and on promoting generalized change beyond specifically targeted behaviors is urgently needed.
Pharmacological Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Paykina Natalya , Greenhill Laurence L. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: January 2015

More than 225 placebo-controlled Type 1 investigations demonstrate that psychostimulants—a group of ethylamines including methylphenidate and amphetamine—are highly effective in reducing core symptoms of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschoolers, school-age children, adolescents, and adults. Approximately 70% of patients respond to these medications in double-blind trials compared with 13% assigned to placebo. Short-term efficacy is more pronounced for behavioral rather than cognitive and learning abnormalities associated with ADHD. The stimulant treatment evidence base has been supplemented by two large multisite randomized controlled trials (RCTs)—the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA Study) and the Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS)—that further support the short-term efficacy in young children. This study, plus the 1998 NIH Consensus Development Conference on ADHD, and the publication of the McMaster Evidence Based Review of ADHD Treatments (Jahad et al., 1999) emphasized the large evidence base supporting the efficacy of stimulant treatments. These medications are now available in long-duration preparations that allow for once-daily oral dosing, and they may even be sprinkled on food to accommodate children who cannot swallow pills. RCTs conducted more recently than 1998 continue to report a few key adverse events associated with stimulants—insomnia, decreased appetite, stomachache, and headache—but have not supported rarer and unexpected problems, such as visual hallucinations, cardiovascular accidents, or sudden unexpected death, reported anecdotally in the Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Report System (AERS) MedWatch. Although these ADHD medications have been shown to retain their efficacy for as long as 14 months, concern remains that the long-term academic and social benefits have not yet been adequately assessed. Other nonstimulant agents for which there is limited evidence of efficacy include atomoxetine, modafinil, the tricyclics, bupropion, clonidine, and venlafaxine.
Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Sharif Zafar , Bradford Daniel , Stroup Scott , Lieberman Jeffrey
Published: January 2015

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with a lifetime prevalence rate of approximately 1%. The first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, was introduced in 1954, followed by several similar drugs. With the later introduction of clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole, antipsychotic drugs have come to be classified as conventional (chlorpromazine-like) or atypical (clozapine-like). Both of these broad classes of medications have been demonstrated to safely improve psychotic symptoms in the acute phase of the illness and reduce risk of relapse in the maintenance phase of treatment. The atypical antipsychotics offer hope for enhanced efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenic psychopathology with a reduced burden of extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Because of the limited efficacy of antipsychotic medication in resolving the full range of schizophrenic psychopathology, adjunctive treatments are often used to reduce morbidity. Concomitant medications such as benzodiazepines, lithium, carbamazepine, valproic acid, antidepressants, glutamate agonists, and dopamine agonists have been used alone and in combination with antipsychotic drugs in order to improve treatment response. In this chapter, we review controlled trials of the pharmacological agents used to treat schizophrenia.
Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Miklowitz David J. , Craighead W. Edward
Published: January 2015

Whereas pharmacological interventions remain the primary treatment for bipolar disorder, adjunctive psychosocial interventions have the potential to increase adherence to medication regimens, decrease hospitalizations and relapses, improve quality of life, and enhance mechanisms for coping with stress. Controlled studies have established that individual, family, and group psychoeducation, designed to provide information to bipolar patients and their families about the disorder, its pharmacological treatment, and the treatments’ side effects, leads to lower rates of recurrence and greater adherence to pharmacological treatment among bipolar patients. Type 1 and 2 studies have evaluated cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as an ancillary treatment. These studies indicate that CBT is associated with better medication adherence and significantly fewer recurrences and/or rehospitalizations. One Type 1 study has evaluated the effectiveness of IPSRT (interpersonal and social rhythm therapy) for bipolar disorder. IPSRT demonstrated its greatest symptomatic effects during a maintenance treatment period, especially if bipolar patients had been successful in stabilizing their daily and nightly routines during an acute treatment period. Finally, four Type 1 studies in adult and pediatric patients have shown that marital/ family therapy may be effectively combined with pharmacotherapy to reduce recurrences and improve medication adherence and family functioning.
Psychosocial Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Najavits Lisa M.
Published: January 2015

The study of psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has improved dramatically in the past decade, with greater rigor, expansion of sampling, and diverse treatment models. At this point it is clear that PTSD treatments work better than treatment as usual; average effect sizes are in the moderate to high range; a variety of treatments are established as effective, with no one treatment having superiority; and both present-focused and past-focused models work (neither outperforms the other). Areas of future direction include the need to better understand therapist training, treatment dissemination, patient access to care; optimal treatment delivery, and mechanisms of action. Methodological issues are also discussed.
Treatments for Pathological Gambling and Other Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Potenza Marc N.
Published: January 2015

Several controlled outcome studies (Type 1 and Type 2) suggest that specific behavioral (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]) and pharmacological (e.g., naltrexone, nalmefene, lithium) treatments significantly reduce the symptoms of pathological gambling in the short term compared with wait-list or placebo. Although long-term effects of manual-based CBT have been observed in several small studies, the long-term benefits of pharmacological treatment have not been adequately tested. No studies combining behavioral and pharmacological therapies have been published to date. Thus, the potential benefit of combining behavioral and drug treatments for pathological gambling remains to be investigated systematically. Although several studies (Type 1 and Type 2) suggest that CBT is effective for trichotillomania, pharmacological treatment studies for this disorder have shown mixed results. Similarly, controlled pharmacological studies (Type 1 and Type 2) of compulsive buying have demonstrated mixed results. Limited treatment studies exist for other impulse control disorders (kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder), although various pharmacological and psychological treatments have shown promise in uncontrolled studies.
Treatments for Eating Disorders
Authors: Wilson G. Terence , Fairburn Christopher G.
Published: January 2015

A very substantial number of well-designed studies (Type 1 and Type 2) have shown that manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa (BN); roughly half of patients receiving CBT cease binge eating and purging. Well accepted by patients, CBT is the most effective means of eliminating the core features of the eating disorder and is often accompanied by improvement in psychological problems such as low self-esteem and depression; long-term maintenance of improvement is reasonably good. A large number of good to excellent outcome studies (Type 1 and Type 2) suggest that different classes of antidepressant drugs produce significantly greater reductions in the short term for binge eating and purging in BN patients than a placebo treatment; the long-term effects of antidepressant medication on BN remain untested. There is little evidence that combining CBT with antidepressant medication significantly enhances improvement in the core features of BN, although it may aid in treating comorbid anxiety and depression.
The continuing paucity of controlled research on outcomes of treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) contrasts sharply with the quantity and quality of research on outcomes of treatment for BN and binge-eating disorder (BED). Nevertheless, a specific form of family therapy, referred to as the Maudsley Model, has shown promising effects on AN in adolescent patients, although this remains to be shown to be a specific effect.
Several different psychological treatments appear equally effective in reducing the frequency of binge eating in the short term in BED; these treatments include CBT, interpersonal therapy (IPT), behavioral weight loss programs, and guided self-help based on cognitive-behavioral principles. To date, only CBT and IPT have been shown to have significant longer term effects in eliminating binge eating. Evidence on the specific effects of antidepressant medication on BED is mixed. As yet, there has been no research on the treatment of the most common eating disorder diagnosis, “eating disorder not otherwise specified.”
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Personality Disorders
Authors: Koenigsberg Harold W. , Woo-Ming Ann Marie , Siever Larry J.
Published: January 2015

Evidence is emerging that medications have a valuable role in the treatment of borderline, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders, although that role appears to be limited, since the degree of improvement associated with the addition of medication is moderate and is typically limited to some but not all of the symptom domains of the disorder. Strong evidence is emerging that supports the efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic medication olanzapine in reducing anger, impulsivity/aggression, and possibly depression and interpersonal sensitivity in borderline personality disorder.
Combination Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Aaronson Cindy J. , Katzman Gary P. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: January 2015

Numerous randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have compared the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy to psychosocial treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and the anxiety disorders, yet there are far fewer comparing the combination of medication and psychosocial treatments to each treatment individually. Clinical wisdom suggests that combining two efficacious treatments would be superior to either treatment alone. The few data that have been gathered employing RCTs for MDD and for anxiety disorders do not completely support that assertion. A review of RCTs conducted since 1990 in which monotherapy is compared with combined treatment for MDD has shown that combined treatment is more effective than either individual treatment for the chronically and recurrently depressed patients. Overall, in the anxiety disorders, there are no data supporting the superiority of combined treatment over either individual treatment with the exception of studies involving adolescents and children.
Session 1: Psychoeducation and Rationale
Authors: Piacentini John , Langley Audra , Roblek Tami
Published: January 2015

Chapter 1 outlines the first session of the treatment program, which involves rapport building, background information on OCD, including possible causes, rationale for treatment, the behavioral reward program, and processes for monitoring OCD symptoms.
Session 8: Continuing ERP/Differentiating OCD vs. non-OCD Behaviors
Authors: Piacentini John , Langley Audra , Roblek Tami
Published: January 2015

Session eight discusses ways of dealing with difficult exposures at the top of the child's symptom hierarchy, and explores ways of differentiating between OCD and non-OCD behaviors, and developing a program for dealing with non-OCD behaviors.
Training and Development
Authors: Thomas Jay C.
Published: January 2015

Chapter 7 covers the steps in developing training programs and the competencies and ethics of development activities, along with a discussion of how OBC psychologists work with organizations on problems related to dysfunctional employee behavior.
Organizational Psychology
Authors: Thomas Jay C.
Published: January 2015

Chapter 8 discusses how OBC psychologists must understand systems theory and how an organization has evolved to fit its environment if they are to devise interventions that will be accepted and will result in the client–s meeting its objectives. It also covers how OBCs must understand organizational culture, leadership, how decisions are made, and motivation. It examines systems theory, organizational culture, organizational culture vs. organizational climate, leadership, decision making, and motivation.
Ethical Behavior and Competencies
Authors: Thomas Jay C.
Published: January 2015

Chapter 11 discusses ethical behavior and competencies in OBCs, including the APA Code of Ethics, beneficence and non-maleficence, fidelity, responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect, as well as informed consent, confidentiality, improper personal relationships, impairment, and duty to warn.
The Field of Geropsychology
Authors: Honn Qualls Sara
Published: January 2015

The development of competencies in geropsychology represents another key step in the maturation of the professional practice of psychology with older adults. The science and practice of psychology related to aging expanded rapidly in the second half of the 20th century, marking several other key steps of maturation, all of which readied the field to define the competencies needed to practice in this discipline. This chapter identifies the discipline of geropsychology (The Psychology of Aging) as a distinct discipline in research and practice, articulates central tenets of the theoretical framework, and explores overlaps with related disciplines.
Conceptual and Scientific Foundations
Authors: Whitbourne Susan Krauss , Zeranski Lauren A.
Published: January 2015

This chapter is meant to provide a comprehensive overview of the aging process, including descriptions of the physical, psychological, social, and environmental challenges that can accompany later life. The processes described in this chapter are associated with normative aging . Nevertheless, it is important to recognize the great diversity in this age group, an understanding critical to an informed geropsychological practice.
Ethics
Authors: Karel Michele J.
Published: January 2015

Chapter 9 has three broad aims. Firstly it provides a detailed review of the foundational competencies for ethical geropsychology practice, including the fundamental tension between the values of respecting the autonomy versus protecting the safety of an older adult; the concept of decision-making capacity; the challenges of surrogate decision making; and legal, clinical, and social tools central to working with vulnerable older adults. It then covers specific ethical issues that can arise in psychological assessment, intervention, consultation, and research with older adults or care systems are identified, followed by a model for ethical decision making in geriatric care.
Specialty Competencies in School Psychology
Authors: Flanagan Rosemary , Miller Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2015

Although School Psychology first became recognized as a specialty in professional psychology by CRSPPP in 1998, this area of psychology can be traced back to the late 19th century, where it can be thought to have developed alongside Clinical Psychology due to the types of cases seen in Lightner Witmer's Psychological Clinic that opened in 1896. Over the years, this psychology specialty has become to encompass the science and practice of psychology with regard to a wide range of learners, including children, youth, and families, as it impacts the schooling or educational process. In this volume, Drs. Flanagan and Miller provide a comprehensive overview of the foundational and functional competencies related to the specialty of school psychology. As the U.S. attempts to reclaim its stature as a leader in education, school psychologists are likely to play a crucial role across multiple tasks and levels. It includes information on common practice activities like assessment and intervention, as well as core knowledge areas such as ethical and legal issues, cultural diversity, and professional identification.
Assessment Strategies I
Authors: Flanagan Rosemary , Miller Jeff A.
Published: January 2015

Chapter 3 outlines the typical approach to psychoeducational assessment used by school psychologists and discusses the implications of this approach to case conceptualization. It then covers current measures commonly used in psychoeducational assessment across the domains of cognitive, academic achievement, and social-emotional functioning, including projective or performance-based measures, as well as tests and test batteries, behavioral observation, interviews, performance-based measures, adaptive functioning, and neuropsychological assessment. It concludes with a discussion of current controversies about the strengths and weaknesses of psychoeducational assessment.
Specialty Competencies in Rehabilitation Psychology
Authors: Cox David R. , Cox Richard H. , Caplan Bruce
Published: January 2015

This online resource provides a guide to the knowledge and skills required by competent rehabilitation psychologists, with an emphasis on the evidence base of the specialty. It will assist those preparing for the Board Certification Examination in Rehabilitation Psychology and will also be valuable to newcomers to the field and to clinicians working on an outpatient basis with individuals with a wide variety of chronic conditions.
Interpersonal Interaction
Authors: Cox David R. , Cox Richard H. , Caplan Bruce
Published: January 2015

Chapter 4 discusses how competence in interpersonal interactions mandates awareness of how the RP affects others, and vice versa, and covers the constructs of empathy, respect, dignity, and multicultural factors, as well as recognition of the effects of stress and the importance of maintaining relationship boundaries in interpersonal interactions. It also touches on how not all health professionals share the same code of conduct or understanding of the ways in which interpersonal factors interact with treatment. Lastly it covers how RPs are often in a position to address the psychological impact of differing perceptions of situations, stressors, interactions and other matters among members of a treatment team comprised of a variety of disciplines, and how those differences may affect the course of treatment.
Developing Your Personal Hoarding Model
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: January 2015

Chapter 3 encourages clients to learn to develop their own model for understanding why hoarding and acquiring symptoms developed and persist. The formulation includes personal and family vulnerability factors, cognitive processing problems, reasons for saving possessions, and positive and negative emotions that encourage hoarding and acquiring behaviors. A brief Thought Record helps identify problematic thinking about saving and acquiring. A graphic illustration of a hoarding model and instructions for developing a functional analysis of acquiring behavior are provided. Homework strategies are included.
Planning Your Treatment
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: January 2015

Chapter 4 begins treatment planning by establishing goals and rules for treatment so that clients make all decisions about whether to keep or remove their possessions. Visualization exercises clarify thoughts and feelings about cluttered and uncluttered rooms and about not acquiring desired items. A practice form helps clients understand their reactions to initial efforts at non-acquiring or discarding. Homework focuses on basic practice exercises.
What are Emotional Disorders?
Authors: Barlow David H. , Ellard Kristen K. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Farchione Todd J. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill
Published: January 2015

Chapter 1 discusses what emotional disorders are and how this program can be applied to their treatment (social anxiety disorder, depression, panic disorder (and agoraphobia), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and other anxiety, depressive, and related disorders such as anxiety focused on health (hypochondriasis) are all discussed, along with the treatment of several disorders at the same time.
Understanding and Confronting Physical Sensations
Authors: Barlow David H. , Ellard Kristen K. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Farchione Todd J. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill
Published: January 2015

Chapter 11 explores understanding and confronting physical sensations using a symptom induction test. The process and method of repeatedly confronting physical sensations is discussed.
Concentration of Particulate Platinum-Group Minerals during Magma Emplacement; a Case Study from the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex
Authors: Hutchinson David , Foster Jeffrey , Prichard Hazel , Gilbert Sarah
Published: January 2015

The petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of a section of the Merensky Reef at Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine (BRPM) are described. A model for the formation of platinum-group minerals (PGM), sulphide and chromitite is proposed that explains the stratigraphic relationships observed in the Merensky Reef, both at BRPM and at other locations in the Bushveld Complex. To achieve this it is necessary to understand platinum-group element (PGE) behaviour in naturally occurring mafic systems and for this reason comparisons are drawn from core TN207 through the Platreef at Tweefontein. The common link between the Platreef and Merensky Reef is the presence of unusually high concentrations of As, Sb, Bi and Te that promote the crystallisation of semi-metal bearing PGM from sulphide liquids. Under conditions of increasing semi-metal contamination, Pt is the first PGE to be extracted from a sulphide liquid followed by Rh, Ru, Os and Ir. While some Pd is released to form Pd-PGM much of it remains within the Ni-rich sulphide phase that crystallizes to form pentlandite. A critical aspect is the timing of their introduction into the magmatic system. For the Merensky magmas, contamination occurred predominantly within a staging chamber owing to wall-rock interaction with Transvaal sediments. This led to the formation of sulphide liquids that captured PGE and, ultimately, the crystallization of Pt- and Ru-PGM. The extreme enrichment in PGE and the high Pt/Pd ratios in the Merensky chromitites are attributed to density-driven concentration of PGM transported by magmas displaced from a staging chamber. Emplacement of these magmas into the Bushveld Complex resulted in thermo-mechanical erosion of the floor and deposition of chromites + sulphides + PGM. In places, these assemblages collected in sedimentary-like scour channels. In the Platreef, contamination occurred largely after magma emplacement owing to interaction with the local Transvaal sediments. As a result, mechanical separation of PGM did not occur and most PGM remain spatially associated with their original sulphide hosts.The Merensky Reef is a prime example of highly efficient PGE concentration resulting from mechanical processes, whereas the Platreef is a prime example of highly efficient PGE removal from sulphide liquids in response to extreme contamination by semi-metals.
Eco-bio-social research on community-based approaches for Chagas disease vector control in Latin America
Authors: Gürtler Ricardo E. , Yadon Zaida E.
Published: January 2015

This article provides an overview of three research projects which designed and implemented innovative interventions for Chagas disease vector control in Bolivia, Guatemala and Mexico. The research initiative was based on sound principles of community-based ecosystem management (ecohealth), integrated vector management, and interdisciplinary analysis. The initial situational analysis achieved a better understanding of ecological, biological and social determinants of domestic infestation. The key factors identified included: housing quality; type of peridomestic habitats; presence and abundance of domestic dogs, chickens and synanthropic rodents; proximity to public lights; location in the periphery of the village. In Bolivia, plastering of mud walls with appropriate local materials and regular cleaning of beds and of clothes next to the walls, substantially decreased domestic infestation and abundance of the insect vector Triatoma infestans. The Guatemalan project revealed close links between house infestation by rodents and Triatoma dimidiata, and vector infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. A novel community-operated rodent control program significantly reduced rodent infestation and bug infection. In Mexico, large-scale implementation of window screens translated into promising reductions in domestic infestation. A multi-pronged approach including community mobilisation and empowerment, intersectoral cooperation and adhesion to integrated vector management principles may be the key to sustainable vector and disease control in the affected regions.
The evolution of the human pelvis: changing adaptations to bipedalism, obstetrics and thermoregulation
Authors: Gruss Laura Tobias , Schmitt Daniel
Published: January 2015

The fossil record of the human pelvis reveals the selective priorities acting on hominin anatomy at different points in our evolutionary history, during which mechanical requirements for locomotion, childbirth and thermoregulation often conflicted. In our earliest upright ancestors, fundamental alterations of the pelvis compared with non-human primates facilitated bipedal walking. Further changes early in hominin evolution produced a platypelloid birth canal in a pelvis that was wide overall, with flaring ilia. This pelvic form was maintained over 3–4 Myr with only moderate changes in response to greater habitat diversity, changes in locomotor behaviour and increases in brain size. It was not untilHomo sapiensevolved in Africa and the Middle East 200 000 years ago that the narrow anatomically modern pelvis with a more circular birth canal emerged. This major change appears to reflect selective pressures for further increases in neonatal brain size and for a narrow body shape associated with heat dissipation in warm environments. The advent of the modern birth canal, the shape and alignment of which require fetal rotation during birth, allowed the earliest members of our species to deal obstetrically with increases in encephalization while maintaining a narrow body to meet thermoregulatory demands and enhance locomotor performance.