bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Education Context and Beliefs on the Teaching Behavior of African American Mothers
Authors: Harris Yvette R. , Terrel Denise , Allen Gordon
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study is to examine the influence of maternal education level, context, and maternal beliefs on the teaching behaviors of African American mothers. In addition, the relationship between maternal teaching and children’s mastery of the information is explored. Fifty-one African American mothers were observed teaching their 4-year-old preschool children three memory tasks and were administered a three-part questionnaire to determine their metamemory beliefs, their assessment of their children’s memory competence, and the amount of time they engaged in memory activities with their children. The results of the MANOVA applied to the data reveal that maternal teaching varied significantly according to education level and context. Several of the maternal strategies are predictive of the preschoolers’mastery of the information as well. Explanation of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
An Examination of Specific Types of Ijime within Japanese Schools
Authors: Rios-Ellis Britt , Bellamy Laura , Shojic Junichi
Published: March 2007

Multiple suicides among Japanese students due to bullying have resulted in the initiation of various mechanisms to prevent, manage and measure the prevalence of bullying (ijime). Ijime is now a problem of epidemic proportions in Japan. Due to the historical roots of collectivism, combined with the rapid industrialization of Japan, the manifestation of bullying is very different from that seen in Western cultures. The Japanese government, through Mombusho (Japanese Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture), and the Japan Center for Family and Child Research, has attempted to respond to the ever increasing incidence of ijime among Japanese students. In an effort to both augment the level of response, as well as increase the scope of understanding, a fellowship was established to facilitate the ability of a foreign professor to research the issue of ijime. This manuscript informs the prevalence and types of ijime-related behaviours, and presents the findings of related interviews and focus groups conducted in Japan. Differences in behaviours at the elementary, junior high and high school educational levels are discussed.
The Status of School Psychology in China at the Millennium
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J. , Xin Tao
Published: March 2007

The discipline of psychology is emerging as a recognized and respected profession in China. This is perhaps due to the need to address children’s increased difficulties in academic and social functioning. Nevertheless, psychologists are still rare with most services being conducted by medical personnel. However, a number of university psychology programs, such as school psychology and clinical service centres, are being formed as a result of the need to provide psychological services to school-aged children. The development of school psychology in China parallels that of the United States where practice was originally conducted by individuals not formally trained specifically as school psychologists. The purpose of this paper is to trace the evolution of school psychology in China.
Social Comparison, Expectations and Emotional Reactions in the Classroom
Authors: Grobel Jo , Schwarzer Ralf
Published: March 2007

In this article, a study on some environmental determinants of emotional problems in the classroom is presented. Special attention is drawn to cognitive aspects of the problem and the social surroundings of the student. The results of this field study show especially that test anxiety is dependent on reference group as well as expectation discrepancies.
Applied Behaviour Analysis in New Zealand Educational Settings
Authors: Ballard Keith D.
Published: March 2007

Research is reviewed illustrating some contributions of behaviour analysis procedures in measurement, evaluation and intervention in New Zealand educational settings. It is noted that relatively few studies have been undertaken in major curriculum areas and suggested that pressing research needs lie in the area of interactions between the child, curriculum content and materials, and teacher organization and presentation.
Antecedents of Child Abuse
Authors: Pianta Bob
Published: March 2007

An integrative framework is provided for interpretation of the wide array of findings in the child abuse literature. This multiple aetiology model has implications for treatment and prevention, which would provide programmes which are far more comprehensive than those inspired by a single aetiology approach. The role of the school psychologist as a critical participant in identification and treatment of'at risk' families is discussed.
Threat in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Borgenicht Louis
Published: March 2007

Concern about the psychosocial effects of the currently increasing nuclear arms race has been raised in a 1982 American Psychiatric Association Task Force report. Seventy-five intermediate schoolchildren aged 11 to 12 years responded to a questionnaire in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, focusing on various aspects of the nuclear arms debate. Children were aware of nuclear issues by the age of 12 and expressed a variety of perspectives on the realities of nuclear threat and implications for the future. Most disturbing was a pervading sense of fatalism.
The Use of Kinetic Family Drawing with Hispanic Mothers in the School Setting
Authors: Graf Mercedes Herrera
Published: March 2007

In this study the Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD) was utilized with Hispanic mothers to facilitate openness regarding their child's problems in the school setting. Three goals for the KFD were explored: to encourage parents to state their perception of the problem; to modify parents' perception of the problem; to work through parents' denial of the problem when it occurred. Findings indicated that the qualitative use of the KFD with parents can be helpful to school psychologists in terms of developing problem-solving techniques.
Burning-out and Drifting Away amongst School Psychologists:-Are There Antidotes?
Authors: Last Uriel , Silberman Silvia
Published: March 2007

School psychologists who are exposed for several years to the realities and demands of professional school psychology, undergo an inevitable process of psychological erosion, which does not usually terminate in burn-out, but rather tends to be resolved through drifting away into another field of professional psychology, usually clinical psychology, which seemingly does not impose the same degree and qualities of professional stress. A whole array of factors are identified as highly pertinent to an analysis of the process of burning-out of school psychologists and their drifting away. The main factors inducing psychological erosion in school psychologists include: quantitative overload, qualitative overload, conceptual overload, contact overload, over exposure, psychological loneliness, role ambiguity, role conflicts and chronic identity crises. Two kinds of countermeasures against drifting away are proposed. One is aimed at 'inoculation' against professional disappointment during the period of university training which coincides with the phase of professional identity formation. The other countermeasure has to do with restructuring of the social-professional framework of task execution. Here we propose possible variants of the concept of the 'Psychological Task Force' (PTF) in the schools, which may replace the prevalent 'lonely hero' paradigm of operation.
Peer Models and Classroom Misbehaviour
Authors: Kniveton Bromley H.
Published: March 2007

With increasing problems of misbehaviour in the classroom affecting ever younger children, the present study examined the interaction between peer models and 5- to 6-year-old boys from middle-and working-class socioeconomic backgrounds. There was a significant difference in likelihood of copying behaviour between the classes. Working-class boys were influenced by the first peer model presented, but not the second. This latter had to compete with the influence of the first. Middle-class children, on the other hand, were not influenced by the first, but were by the second peer model. This was interpreted as a reaction to boredom. It was therefore suggested that teachers need to manipulate the classroom environment to avoid peer models of misbehaviour and, secondly, to ensure sufficient stimulation to avoid boredom occurring.
Self-concept Enhancement of Black Adolescents Using Transactional Analysis in a Group Context
Authors: Hlongwane M. M. , Basson C. J.
Published: March 2007

The presence of negative self-concepts in Black adolescents in South Africa is documented in the literature. It is suggested that the presence of this negative view of self is the result of psycho-sociopolitical factors inherent in a South African context. The present study sets out to assess the effectiveness of a group counselling treatment procedure using concepts from Transactional Analysis (TA) to see whether it is an effective means of addressing the problem through the use of counselling. A sample of 36 Black adolescent (llth grade) pupils from a Pietermaritzburg school were selected as having low scores on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). They were randomly assigned to two treatment and two control groups for a pre-post test control design. Treatment consisted of six intensive sessions over a period of 3 weeks using an Intern, Black counsellor with limited experience. Another measure of self-concept (IIPS) was also administered prior to and after the treatment. Statistical analyses of the data indicate that there was a significant difference between the total selfconcept scores on the TSCS of the treatment and control groups. This improvement was, however, not seen on all the measures used. The results are discussed in relation to their significance and to the relevance of this method to Black adolescents in a current South African context, as well as to its use in schools. The nature of the interaction between Western-based methods of counselling with African clients is also raised as an issue needing further investigation.
The Self-Concept and Career Aspirations of Greek Students in Greece, France, Germany and Egypt
Authors: Flouris George , Vamvoukas Michael , Kassotakis Michael
Published: March 2007

This study sought to investigate the self-concept and career aspirations held by eleventh grade Greek children who were living in France, Germany and Egypt; the attitudes of these children were compared with those held by their counterparts living on the mainland of Greece.

No statistical significance was found on self-concept scores among students living on the mainland of Greece and those living in France and Egypt; statistical significance was found, however, among students who lived in Greece and France and their counterparts living in Germany.

The level of career aspiration was shown to be relatively high among all groups involved in the study. No statistical significance relation was found between the degree of self-concept and choice of a profession.

The 'ethnic minority' factor, by itself, had no negative effects on self-concept of our selected groups. The main determinant of a child's self-concept seems to be his/her immediate family environment.
Creativity and Cognitive Modifiability in Gifted Disadvantaged Pupils
Authors: Hickson Joyce , Skuy Mervyn
Published: March 2007

There has been a growing realization among educators that disadvantaged children from low-income, ethnic and racial minority groups represent a substantial untapped source of talent (Bruen et al., 1984; Passow, 1972; Renzulli, 1973; Torrance, 1968, 1978). Prior to the 1960s the notion that gifted children existed among disadvantaged populations was, according to Frasier (1974), relatively unheard of. Studies of such populations largely emphasized the remediation of their social and academic difficulties, with relatively little attention being focused upon those children who possessed unusually high potentials for learning and creativity (Renzulli, 1973).
Same-Age Tutoring, Mastery Learning and the Mixed Ability Teaching of Reading
Authors: Arblaster G. R. , Butler C. , Taylor A. L. , Arnold C. , Pitchford M.
Published: March 2007

The present study was conducted to answer two questions. Firstly, whether or not the use of a mastery-based reading programme led to accelerated progress by an experimental group in contrast to the progress made by a comparison group. Secondly, whether the use of same-age tutoring prejudiced either high or low attainers (as assessed pre-trial). Preand post-test reading test raw scores for experimental and comparison groups were analysed using an independent t-test. The experimental group outperformed the comparison group by a significant margin (p < .005). By contrast an analysis of the scores of the bottom and top half of the experimental group using both the independent t-test and the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test found no significant differences between the two subgroups in the experimental group. The paper describes the instructional methods used to teach the experimental group, with particular reference to same-age tutoring, and discusses the results in the light of the debate between the proponents of an individualized approach to teaching as opposed to a class-based approach to instruction.
Reaction Time and Intelligence
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

James McKeen Cattell's contributions to the development of psychology have been well recognized. His earliest efforts in experimental psychology, however, were regarded by himself and others as unsuccessful. Following in the tradition of his mentors, Wundt and Galton, Cattell tried to demonstrate that psychophysiological measures could be related to general intelligence and achievement, but unsatisfactory results from Clark Wissler's (1901) dissertation combined with the wide acceptance of Alfred Binet's model of measuring intelligence led him to abandon his research and devote his considerable energies to other professional endeavors. Contemporary researchers have recently revived the basic research paradigm that Cattell was using, and considerable support has been found for the hypothesis that individual differences in elementary cognitive tasks are related to general intelligence. It is possible that intelligence theories of the future may owe as much to the Galtonian model of intelligence and its adherents like Cattell as they owe to Binet.
Educational Psychology and the Psychology of Marginalized Peoples: The Village Schools Project
Authors: Pfaffe Joachim Friedrich
Published: March 2007

The high student drop-out rate and level of illiteracy among the Ju/hoan people ofNyae Nyae in Namibia has been attributed to the following factors: an authoritarian education system which is contrary to the traditional Ju/hoan social system; instruction in Afrikaans, a foreign colonial language; and the fact thatJu/'hoan children have been abused and discriminated against by teachers and classmates from other ethnic groups. This article discusses the Village Schools Project, which has been set up to counteract the high dropout rate by providing basic community-level education for the first three years of primary school. Its main objectives are: instruction in the mother tongue; training of Ju/'hoan teachers; development of a curriculum relevant to the community; and the construction of school facilities close to local communities. It is hoped that the project will create confident students who will be successful when they move on to government schools in their fourth academic year. It is also hoped that this community-based programme will inspire other marginalized peoples to set up their own schools projects.
General and Resource Class Teachers' Feelings of Personal Efficacy and Attitude towards Classroom Collaboration
Authors: Tsui Hing Fung
Published: March 2007

The feelings of personal efficacy and attitude towards the newly advocated collaborative/supportive roles of resource personnel were investigated in a sample of general and resource teachers by means of a questionnaire. The variable of type of teacher was found to have significant effect on the perception of personal efficacy. Interaction effects between teacher type and special training were also found on feelings of personal efficacy and the total questionnaire score. Supplementary correlation results showed a slightly negative orientation of resource teachers towards the new supportive role functions. The new questionnaire items on efficacy of the present study were found to have high internal validity, but the ecological validity of the items on supportive roles would need further research. Suggestions for future research into other fundamental factors affecting collaboration are given.
Anxiety in Depressed School Children
Authors: Nilzon Kjell R. , Palmerus Kerstin
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression in school children. From a pool of 292 nineto eleven-year-old children, 23 depressed children (12 boys and 11 girls) were identified and compared to 23 ageand schoolmatched controls. Measures were based on parallel items from the self-rated Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), parent-rated Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Children's Behaviour Questionnaire for parents and teachers as compared to DSM-III symptomatology for Overanxious Disorder (OAD). Results suggest that depressed children are generally anxious but not identical to children suffering from OAD. Depressed girls were most likely to suffer from tension and somatic symptoms than depressed boys, who tend to be more generally anxious at this age.
Adoption of Intervention-Based Assessment for Special Education
Authors: Mcnamara Kathy
Published: March 2007

The education reform movement in the United States promises to expand the role of school psychologists by reducing psychometric activities in favor of intervention-based assessment (IBA), which involves planning and evaluating intervention services for children with learning and behavior problems. However, to be accepted as a viable alternative to eligibility-focused psychological evaluation, IBA must demonstrate its efficiency in case management. Eighty schools in the state of Ohio supplied survey data describing case management variables associated with the adoption of IBA. Trends revealed initial declines in the number of children served, followed by recovery among schools in their third year of implementation. IBA teams documented successful interventions for a greater proportion of cases than in the year preceding implementation. Results are discussed as supporting gradual adoption of IBA, and in terms of needs for further research.
Effects of Marijuana on the Lung and its Defenses against Infection and Cancer
Authors: Tashkin Donald P.
Published: March 2007

Habitual marijuana use may lead to the following effects on the lung: (1) acute and chronic bronchitis; (2) extensive microscopic abnormalities in the cells lining the bronchial passages, some of which may be pre-malignant; (3) overexpression of molecular markers of progression to lung cancer in bronchial tissue; (4) abnormally increased accumulation of inflammatory cells (alveolar macrophages) in the lung; and (5) impairment in the function of these immune-effector cells (reduced ability to kill micro-organisms and tumour cells) and in their ability to produce protective inflammatory cytokines. Clinically, the major pulmonary consequences that may ensue from regular marijuana use are pulmonary infections and respiratory cancer. Infections of the lung are more likely in marijuana users due to a combination of smoking-related damage to the ciliated cells in the bronchial passages (the lung's first line of defense against inhaled micro-organisms) and marijuana-related impairment in the function of alveolar macrophages (the principal immune cells in the lung responsible for defending it against infection). Patients with pre-existing immune deficits due to AIDS or cancer chemotherapy might be expected to be particularly vulnerable to marijuana-related pulmonary infections. Furthermore, biochemical, cellular, genetic, animal and human studies all suggest that marijuana may be an important risk factor for the development of respiratory cancer. However, proof that habitual use of marijuana does in fact lead to respiratory cancer must await the results of well-designed case-control epidemiologic studies that should now be feasible after the passage of 30 years since the initiation of widespread marijuana use among young individuals in our society in the mid-1960s.
Multiple Dimensions of Adolescent Self-Concept
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine (a) age and gender variations in the multiple areas of self-concept, and (b) relations between these dimensions of self-concept and scholastic measures. The samples comprised 274 students attending three co-educational high schools in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. Although a few statistically significant effects of age and gender on global and domainspecific self-concepts were found, the differences appeared to be of little qualitative significance. The size and pattern of relations with scholastic measures was weak. However, further investigations from an African context are necessary to provide additional support for the claim that self-concepts are minimally influenced by human conditions such as age and gender and that relationships between various facets of self-concept and measures of academic achievement are weak.
Embeddedness and Economic Transformation of Manufacturing: A Comparative Research of Two Regions
Authors: Engstrand Åsa-Karin , Stam Erik
Published: March 2007

How does the embeddedness in institutional structures enable or constrain the economic evolution of manufacturing regions? The history of these regions explains the origins and persistence of certain region-specific institutions. In this article the embeddedness in institutions-as the products of historically situated interactions, conflicts and negotiations among different socioeconomic actors and groups-is compared in the development of two manufcturing regions: the Uddevalla region in Sweden and the Southeast Brabant region in the Netherlands. This comparative investigation of two manufacturing regions suggests that the type of manufacturing seems to be decisive for the possibility to adapt. Since social capital, or embeddedness, has been strong in both regions, it is not a sufficient factor alone to explain why one of the regions has managed to transform better than the other.
Resource Mobilization and the Creation of US Producer's Cooperatives, 1835-1935
Authors: Aldrich Howard , Stern Robert N.
Published: March 2007

Historical research identified only 595 producers' cooperatives in the United States between 1835 and 1935. Given the attention the cooperative movement received during that period, we are led to ask why so few were actually created. Our answer to this question focuses on the development of monopoly capitalism and the mobilization of political and economic resources. Political ideals expressed in populist and trade union movements provided some resources for cooperation, but these resources were not sufficient to promote cooperation over the emerging individualistic incentives of monopoly capitalism.
Strikes and the Crisis: Industrial Conflict and Unemployment in the Western Nations
Authors: Shalev Michael
Published: March 2007

This article examines the fate of industrial conflict during the current economic crisis, using data on strikes and unemployment in 18 OECD nations from 1960-1982. Theoretically-based hypotheses are sought both in the notion of a 'disciplinary' political business cycle, and in the longstanding body of economic research on the relationship between strike fluctuations and labor market conditions. The empirical findings indicate that the impact of unemployment on industrial conflict varies markedly across countries and subperiods. Overall, strike activity has been dampened by mass unemployment, yet it frequently remains at a higher level than in the full-employment years of the 1960s.
Philippine Industrial Debacle and the Debt Crisis
Authors: Ofreneo Rene E.
Published: March 2007

This paper places the present critical state of the Philippine economy in an historical perspective. The debt crisis has been building up for the last decade or so as a result of inimical polices imposed by the IMF and the World Bank to the benefit of foreign capital. Various stages of the postwar economy are discussed: the adoption of import substitution in the 1950s, the shift to export orientation in the 1960s, the reliance on 'development finance' or foreign borrowings in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is shown how the labor-intensive and export-oriented type of industrialization, which is at the same time import-dependent, has become the instrument for trapping the country in a debt quagmire.
Representing Employee Interests: Works Councils and the Rank and File: Representation Strategies and Avoidance Rituals
Authors: Teulings Ad
Published: March 2007

Works council representatives have competing social definitions of what constitutes their rank and file. In this article these definitions are clarified in terms of target groups and externally available human resources: colleagues, clients, mandators and audiences. An elaborate policy is developed to find guidelines and proposals for improving the rank and file relationship, and to discover 'manageable' solutions to given problems. This also requires the specification of tangible goals for a rank and file relations policy in terms of the needs served and gains expected by the works council members themselves from increased and/or intensified contact with target groups. Four such operational goals are made explicit in this study: (a) enlarged participation; (b) mobilizing consensus; (c) mobilizing power and (d) solidarity. Their common denominator is a wish to stand less alone in confrontations with management. Problems in the rank and file relationship, however, may serve to cover up more serious problems in the works council-management relationship. This is discussed as the fear of taking over the initiative. Four common works council rituals, taken as ways of avoiding the overt acknowledgement of this fear to 'stand up for one's right', are discussed: the 'garbage can' ritual, the 'inadequate information' ritual, the 'Tom, Dick and Harry' ritual and the 'back to the rank and file' ritual. These may divert attention from the real issue: the capacity of the works council to act as vanguard in the representation of workers' interests vis-a-vis the management.
A War of Position: Ideas on a Strategy for Worker Cooperative Development
Authors: Baldacchino Godfrey
Published: March 2007

This paper explores briefly how the 'war of position' strategy advocated by neo-Marxist theoretician Antonio Gramsci may be construed as a model for the successful development of worker cooperatives. The approach can provide valuable theoretical support to the myriad pragmatic cooperative projects underway in different economic and sociopolitical contexts; it also justifies the crucial role of institutional, political and cultural supportive mechanisms in economically and democratically successful worker cooperative development. This framework identifies obstacles to worker cooperative promotion emanating from generalized First, Second and Third World scenarios. An assessmnent of the prospects of implementation of the Gramscian-inspired strategy (including potential pitfalls) concludes the paper.
A Participatory Organizational and Training Strategy for the Self-management Sector: A Case Study of Action-research in Peru
Authors: Bacal Azril
Published: March 2007

This article deals with two related aims and corresponding areas. The first part deals with the historical and socioeconomic conditions behind the development of self-management in Peru and Latin America in the post-war period and its expansion in the 1970s. In this way, the first part contextualizes the second part, which describes a concrete experience with a worker-owned and run enterprise in Lima, Peru, between 1978 and 1979. At Texoro, a textile enterprise whose workers had gained legal control of the machinery and equipment after its previous private owners had declared bankruptcy, an organizational and training strategy was implemented, along participatory lines. The latter included the following three components: (1) large group training into democratic forms of deliberation and decision-making, (2) the formation of small self-help peer groups and (3) the provision of individualized psychological/ counselling services for workers and employees, on a voluntary basis. Given the multi-problem or crisis situation which was diagnosed by the researcher/trainer as afflicting workers at Texoro in 1978, when the pilot project was undertaken, training courses of a specific content were postponed until 1979. The results of the organizational and training strategy explored during one year at Texoro were rather promising and suggestive. By late 1979, the levels of democratic deliberation and decision-making, including social control by the majority of workers of existing patterns of elitism, had been considerably improved at the general assembly level. The experience with the small self-help peer groups had increased the levels of solidarity and group morale. Finally, the counselling/psychological support provided to the workers evidenced two things: firstly, the existence of psychological problems ranging from light to severe, in many of the workers interviewed, which would interfere with the productive and organizational areas of the enterprise. Secondly, it pointed to the lack of mental health care services available to this Econonfic atnd Industrial DemnocracY (SAGE, London, Newbury Park and New Delhi), Vol. 12 (1991), 119-135. 120ELconoioc (t1(d Industridl Detnocract' neglected section of the population. Channelling the services and research of mental health practitioners, such as psychologists. psychiatrists and social workers, to worker-owned and run enterprises. is suggested as one means towards resolving this severe aspect oi working life in Latin America.
The Incentive Structures of Co-operative Retail Buying Groups
Authors: Camey Mick
Published: March 2007

The paper analyses aspects of the incentive structures of a co-operative organizational form called a retail buying group. It is suggested that the incentive structure which is devised or which emerges to ensure member loyalty and commitment will influence group development in terms of the scope of activities undertaken, membership size and feasibility of maintaining a co-operative structure. Two aspects of the incentive structure, the rule for sharing co-operative surplus and decisions about the level of collective savings are viewed as major factors shaping group outcomes.
Chinese Economic Restructuring: Enterprise Development through Employee Ownership
Authors: Tseo George K.Y.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to establish the factors and circumstances in China's rural and urban sectors that have prompted communitybased enterprises in the former and state-owned firms in the latter to undertake privatization through partial employee buyouts. Emergent employee ownership systems are briefly examined, and their unique features are analyzed in the context of local conditions. High and intermediate level official interventions are discussed. Research needs are considered.
Neo-Liberalism and the Working Girl: The Dilemmas of Women and the Australian Union Movement
Authors: Yates Charlolte A.B.
Published: March 2007

In 1987, amid the worst drop in trade union membership since the Great Depression, the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) committed itself to a massive reorganization of the labour movement designed to increase union membership and modernize union structures and practices. This process of renewal hinged, at least in part, on the labour movement's commitment to organize and better represent women workers. This article argues that when focusing on women's policy issues and concerns about leadership and representation, the ACTU with the support of the federal Labor government (1983-96) has made enormous strides to respond to the concerns and needs of women workers. Yet, this progress on the inclusion of women in the labour movement has been eroded by the ACTU's simultaneous support for a neo-liberal economic restructuring agenda that encourages the market to allocate resources and pushes the state to the sideline. The ACTU has failed to come to grips with the unequal gendered effects of neo-liberal economic change. Consequently the Australian labour movement has pursued a number of strategies from enterprise bargaining to union amalgamations that promise to erode the position of women as workers and caregivers. In so doing, Australian unions are likely to undercut their own initiatives to build greater support from women for unions.
The End of the Experiment: Corporatism Collapses in Australia
Authors: Hampson Ian
Published: March 2007

The article argues that Australian corporatism was an inherently contradictory formation, since it was dominated by economic liberal policies, but with the appearance of trade union involvement in public policy. Since economic liberalism is, almost by definition, opposed to the interests of unions, such union involvement had to be misguided, or more apparent than real. The tensions between democratic corporatism and economic liberal policies, the latter unsuccessful in terms of industrial adjustment, caused the 'corporatism' to become increasingly authoritarian and exclusionary. This contributed to a loss of working-class support, shown in declining union density and the drift of working-class votes to Labor's political opponents.
Worker Ownership American Style: Pluralism, Participation and Performance
Authors: Logue John , Yates Jacquelyn S.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the legal, political and intellectual framework for employee ownership in the USA within its historical context. It analyzes the empirical experience with employee stock ownership plans, reporting key findings from an Ohio study in order to develop a model for the 'democratic, high performance employee-owned firm' that combines employee participation with improved company performance. It concludes by assessing the prospects for growth in the employee-owned sector in the USA.
Theory O-Is the Case Closed?
Authors: Winther Gorm
Published: March 2007

Using survey data from employee ownership firms, the author examines employees' perceptions of being employee-owners. It appears that the employees do not really consider themselves to be employee-owners, and they do not see their status in the hierarchy change. These findings are implicitly distinct from recent research on employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). ESOP researchers have debated whether employee ownership combined with participatory decision-making is an important explanatory variable for the comparative performance variance. Moreover, a new theory 0, beyond McGregor's and Ouchi's theory Y and Z has recently been introduced by Corey Rosen and Karen Young, stressing this complementary effect. The author elaborates further on the theory and defines the 0-type firm as an organization characterized by non-discriminatory inclusion in ownership and decision-making. Operationalizing this by distributional analysis may enhance the precision of empirical research on particular performance effects due to an 0-type management philosophy.
The Influence of Personality and History of Sexual Victimization in the Prediction of Juvenile Perpetrated Child Molestation
Authors: Hunter John A. , Figueredo Aurelio JosÉ
Published: March 2007

Structural equation modeling was used to delineate the relationship between sexual victimization and personality variables in the prediction of patterns of child molestation in adolescent males. Two hundred thirty-five adolescents, representing subsamples of sexually victimized and nonvictimized, perpetrating and nonperpetrating, and emotionally maladjusted and nonmaladjusted youths, participated in the study. Juvenile child molesters were found to have more pessimistic explanatory styles and deficits in self-sufficiency relative to nonoffending youths. A younger age at time of victimization, a greater number of incidents, a longer period ofwaiting to report the abuse, and a lower level of perceived family support postrevelation of the abuse were found to be predictive of subsequent sexual perpetration. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Enhancing Conversation Skills in Children with Autism Via Video Technology
Authors: Sherer Michelle , Pierce Karen L. , Paredes Sara , Kisacky Kimberly L. , Ingersoll Brooke , Schreibman Laura
Published: March 2007

The present studywas designed to compare the efficacy of “self” versus “other” video-modeling interventions. Five children with autism ranging in age from 4 to 11 were taught to answer a series of conversation questions in both self and other video-modeled conditions. Results were evaluated using a combination of a multiple baseline and alternating treatments design. Three out of the five participants performed at levels of 100% accuracy at posttreatment. Results indicated no overall difference in rate of task acquisition between the two conditions, implying that children who were successful at learning from video in general, learned equally as well via both treatment approaches. Anecdotal evidence suggested that participants who were successful with video treatment had higher visual learning skills than children who were unsuccessful with this approach. Results are discussed in terms of a visual learning model for children with autism.
Stereotyping among Providers and Consumers of Public Mental Health Services
Authors: Ryan Carey S. , Robinson Debbie R. , Hausmann Leslie R. M.
Published: March 2007

The authors examine stigmatization and mental illness, focusing on the role of perceived group variability in stereotype use. Consumers’ and providers’ in-group and out-group stereotypes were assessed. Although providers had extensive experience, they judged consumers more stereotypically and just as negatively as did the consumers themselves. Consumers’ education and involvement in services were weakly predictive of more stereotypic, less variable, and more negative views of providers, whereas providers’ education and involvement in services predicted more stereotypic but also more variable views of both groups. Perceived group stereotypicality predicted more stereotypic judgments of individuals, whereas perceived variability predicted less confidence in judgments. Because providers perceived greater variability, they were less confident in applying the stereotype to individuals.We suggest that increasing perceptions of the variability among consumers may lead to more sensitive use of diagnostic criteria, more individualized treatment, and a decrease in the negative effects of stigmatization.
The Treatment of Social Failure
Authors: Trower Peter , Yardley Krysia , Bryant Bridget M. , Shaw Phyllis
Published: March 2007

The differential response of two forms of social failure-primary and secondary-to two forms of treatment—a skills-acquisition procedure and an anxiety-reduction technique-was studied. Twenty socially unskilled (primary) patients and 20 socially phobic (secondary) patients were given either systematic desensitization (SD) or social skills training (SST). The unskilled patients responded more to SST, as predicted, in that they reported significantly less difficulty in social situations, went out more, and improved on their personal behavioral deficits. The phobic patients responded equally well to both therapies. The success of SST in both kinds of problems is explained in terms of an unpredicted dual role, in that it reduced anxiety as well as facilitated behavior change. This is discussed in the light of current theories of anxiety reduction.
Classroom Treatment of Psychotic Children
Authors: Meyers Andrew W. , Craighead W. Edward
Published: March 2007

Behavior modification procedures were employed to treat four psychotic children in a classroom setting. Four treatment phases (baseline, a teacher-attention multiple baseline, reversal, and token reinforcement multiple baseline were utilized) and extensive recordings of teacher and pupil behavior were taken. All categories of inappropriate student behavior decreased, and appropriate student behavior increased during treatment. But no multiple baseline effects within each treatment and no reversal effects were observed. Teacher behavior showed an improvement over baseline, but no reversal of teacher behavior occurred during the reversal condition. The teacher did not discriminate among inappropriate student behaviors within treatment as demanded by the multiple baseline design. This accounted for the absence of any reversal and within-treatment multiple baseline effects on student behavior. Appropriate student behavior did increase from baseline to the teacher-attention phase and from teacher-attention to the token reinforcement phase. Detailed recordings of teacher-pupil interaction revealed a remarkably specific student response to the operative teacher-delivered contingencies. The results of this study indicate that psychotic children may be maintained and educated in the classroom setting.
Heterosocial Competence
Authors: Martinez-Diaz Jose A. , Edelstein Barry A.
Published: March 2007

Relatively few studies have evaluated the validity of the various measures used to assess social competence. This study evaluates the predictive validity of the Social Activity Questionnaire and the convergent and discriminant validity of various measures of heterosocial skill and anxiety. The sample consisted of 51 male under-graduates meeting high-dating/low-anxiety criteria and 42 males meeting low-dating/high-anxiety criteria. Multiple measures included a variety of frequently employed self-report measures, global ratings by others of skill and anxiety, specific behaviors, and heart rate. The Social Activity Questionnaire significantly differentiated both criterion groups on several measures. Intercorrelation among all measures reveals a consistent pattern of higher correlations within self-report measures. Issues discussed include method variance, validity, a multiconstruct-multimethod matrix, and average intercorrelations within method, situation, and construct. Suggestions for future research are presented.
Stairs, Escalators, and Obesity
Authors: Meyers Andrew W. , Stunkard Albert J. , Coll Milton , Cooke Christine J.
Published: March 2007

Several studies have suggested possible activity differences between the obese and the nonobese. This study examined the activity choices of obese and non-obese individuals in four public settings. Body weight was significantly related to activity choice, with obese individuals choosing escalators over stairs more frequently than overweight or normal weight subjects.
Social Play of Withdrawn Children
Authors: Ragland Elizabeth U. , Kerr Mary Margaret , Strain Phillip S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a teacher-mediated, peer feedback intervention package on the social interactions of withdrawn children. Three 10-year-old boys who were enrolled in a class for children with learning and behavior problems were the target subjects. Their class peers were eight boys who exhibited severe academic problems. During the initial baseline condition no attempt was made to influence the social behavior of the subjects in the daily 25-minute recess periods. During intervention, all target subjects were assigned the goal, "Play more with friends during recess." With the teacher's direction, the boys gave one another feedback as to whether the goal had been met the day before. This procedure resulted in an immediate and sustained increase in the positive social behaviors of the three target subjects. In subsequent return to baseline and intervention conditions, prior levels of subject behaviors were replicated.
Low-Cost Strategies for Increasing Exercise Behavior
Authors: King Abby C. , Frederiksen Lee W.
Published: March 2007

Two low-cost methods (social support and a brief relapse preparation training procedure) for increasing the number of participant-controlled jogging episodes over a five-week period were investigated. Participants were 58 undergraduate women not currently involved in exercise. A 2 x 2 factorial design was employed wherein participants received either support alone, relapse preparation alone, both of these interventions, or neither intervention. Jogging during the study was measured via self-report, with reliability assessed using unobtrusive observers. Participants receiving either social support or relapse preparation alone initiated significantly more jogging episodes than control participants. Participants receiving both interventions did not differ significantly from controls. The most likely reason for this finding appeared to concern the cohesiveness of the jogging groups in the condition receiving both interventions. At a three-month follow-up, a significantly greater percentage of participants in the relapse preparation alone condition reported consistent jogging than in the other three conditions. Differential changes in predicted aerobic fitness levels (Cooper, 1977) between conditions, and a significant positive correlation (.41) between number of jogging episodes and improvement in fitness across conditions were also found. These results supported the findings suggested by the self-report data.
Contingent Public Posting of Photographs to Reinforce Dental Hygiene
Authors: Blount Ronald L. , Stokes Trevor F.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effectiveness of public posting of photographs as a reinforcer for low levels of dental plaque in first and second grade children. Using a multiple baseline design across classrooms, photographs were used after12 calendar days in classroom A and 28 calendar days in classroom B. Baseline consisted of feedback, instructions for plaque removal, praise for low levels of plaque, or encouragement to try harder if plaque levels were high. The following phase included the above components plus publicly posting the child's photograph contingent on low levels of plaque. When using photographs, there were reductions in the level of plaque in both classrooms, with clear downward trends apparent throughout the treatment phases.
Acquisition and Generalization of Teaching Techniques
Authors: Bruder Mary Beth
Published: March 2007

The present investigation was designed to examine the effects of training parents on the use of four teaching techniques: choosing target behaviors to teach, using an antecedent system of graduated guidance, using consequences, and data collection. Nine parents of toddler-aged children, at-risk for developmental delay, were taught on the use of the techniques. The acquisition of the techniques was measured and displayed via a multiple-baseline design within each parent. Only one of the parents demonstrated independent baselines for the acquisition of each teaching technique, suggesting a degree of generalization and the cumulative effects of the teaching techniques within the other eight parents. The acquisition of the teaching techniques had functional effects on the correct responding of five of the nine children during teaching sessions with the parents. All of the parents in this investigation did demonstrate the ability to generalize the teaching techniques across a range of child behaviors.