bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quaternary geology along the Shield margin, northeastern Alberta
Authors: Bednarski J M
Published: March 2017

The exposed Precambrian shield in northeastern Alberta is sparsely covered by glacial deposits, although the area was extensively scoured during the last glaciation. This contrasts with areas underlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks west of the Slave River, where
extensive deltaic and lacustrine deposits of postglacial age and thick lacustrine and glacial sediments occur.

During the glacial maximum, the dominant ice-flow over the area was from the northeast. As the ice thinned during deglaciation, a distinct ice lobe developed within the Lake Athabasca trough in the southern part of the area. The Athabasca lobe flowed to the west, converging along a lateral margin
with the ice to the north. The lateral contact between the ice masses is marked by converging striae and a broad eastþwest band of glacial outwash and lake deposits.

When the ice front retreated to the east and northeast, glacial Lake McConnell inundated the Slave River lowlands and Lake Athabasca basin up to ±305 m above sea level. A major stillstand produced the Slave moraine, an extensive northþsouth moraine system, correlative with the 10 000 BP Cree
Lake Moraine of northeastern Saskatchewan. Further ice front retreat across the Shield diverted meltwater along the ice margin, creating numerous ephemeral lakes and extensively redistributing drift.

Some 336 glacial drift samples were analysed for grain size, carbon content and a suite of elements. The distributions of As, Au, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, U and Zn, in the silt and clay fractions are compared for 251 samples. Statistically derived contour maps describe the spatial distribution of
elements in glacial drift.
Anomalous gold occurrences in Cretaceous and Tertiary conglomerates and gravels of Alberta
Authors: Leckie D A , Craw D
Published: March 2017

Reconnaissance surveys of lithified Cretaceous conglomerate and generally nonlithified Tertiary gravel in outcrop in southern to central Alberta indicate anomalous values of detrital gold at several levels. Background gold levels are considered to be 2 to 5 ppb,
based on about 200 analyses. The highest gold values of up to 910 ppb were obtained from an igneous-clast conglomerate in the Albian Blairmore Group, southern Rocky Mountain Foothills. Tertiary gravels of Swan Hills and Cypress Hills have values between <2 and 21 and <2 and 44
ppb respectively. The basal Cretaceous Cadomin Formation of the Alberta Foothills has values of 2 to 5 ppb with one value of 17 ppb. Gold occurrences in the foreland basin deposits appear to have been influenced by the position of the drainage divide associated with the accretionary prism to the
west. "Windows" of gold deposition exist in the succession owing initially to exposure of Omineca Belt primary gold deposits due to uplift, followed by cutoff of source by lateral eastward-stepping of the drainage divide. The Western Canada foreland basin contains three such gold deposition
"windows", the last of which is still open. Although the gold values obtained for this study may not yet be of direct economic interest, some occurrences are anomalous and should be investigated further.
Development and application of a three-dimensional surface model for the Emerald Lake Pluton, east-central Yukon Territory
Authors: Hastings N L , Duncan R A , Williams S , Anderson R G
Published: March 2017

Extensive rockslides and the potential for catastrophic rock avalanches were discovered in two areas of the Rocky Mountains: 1) an extensive fissure system was noted near the summit of Mount Livingstone at the northern end of the Livingstone Range, and 2) a
postglacial rockslide complex was mapped and investigated near Windsor Ridge, northwest of Waterton Lakes National Park in the headwaters of the east fork of Castle River and Mill Creek. Active fractures and the geological setting observed at this locality suggest that the area is prone to
rockslides and possibly catastrophic rock avalanches. This report describes these features and identifies the possible hazards that they represent. Monitoring of these failures and proactive measures to identify similar situations elsewhere in nearby areas of the Rocky Mountains are
suggested.
The ice cap of Hoodoo Mountain volcano, northwestern British Columbia: estimates of shape and thickness from surface radar surveys
Authors: Russell J K , Stasiuk M V , Schmok J , Nicholls J , Page T , Rust A , Cross G , Edwards B R , Hickson C
J , Maxwell M
Published: March 2017

Preliminary results from a multiple-traverse radar survey across an ice cap situated on top of Hoodoo Mountain, a Quaternary subglacial stratovolcano in northwestern British Columbia are presented. The project defined the shape of the ice sheet and mapped the
subglacial summit region of the volcano. Four traverses, using low-frequency ice radar and higher frequency ground-penetrating radar units, provided traces of the ice base as well as shallow, finer scale, internal reflectors. GPS was used to locate survey lines and individual radar traces were
time tagged to position.
The ice cap has a relatively even thickness (120-150 m) across the summit region, with no evidence of a deep crater or caldera beneath. The minimum volume of ice is estimated at 3.2 km3. To more accurately gauge the potential for significant jökulhlaups at Hoodoo Mountain, additional work is
necessary to define the nature and size of subglacial catchments basins.
Update on geological mapping, southeast Nass River map area, British Columbia
Authors: Haggart J W , Woodsworth G J , Justason A
Published: March 2017

Paleontological data indicate that Lower Jurassic strata are present in the Hazelton Mountains, southeastern Nass River map area. Upper Jurassic strata of the Bowser Lake Group underlie most parts of the Kiteen River map area, British Columbia, although (?)Eocene
plutonic rocks and Pleistocene volcanic and sedimentary strata are noted locally. Within the Bowser Lake Group, a fossiliferous, massive, fine-grained facies and a poorly fossiliferous turbidite facies are recognized; the former may predate the latter within the group. Bowser Lake Group strata are
deformed into east-verging fold and thrust structures, cut by undeformed (?)Tertiary dykes. Available evidence suggests that no gradational relationship exists between the Bowser Lake Group and the Lower Cretaceous Skeena Group.
Nechako NATMAP Project overview, central British Columbia, year three
Authors: Struik L C , MacIntyre D G
Published: March 2017

More than 25 government, university, and industry researchers were active during the 1997 field season of the joint Geological Survey of Canada and British Columbia Geological Survey Branch Nechako project. In addition, university students assisted in the
mapping programs. Bedrock geology was mapped in eleven 1:50 000 scale areas and surficial geology in five 1:50 000 scale areas. Researchers sampled till, silt, lodgepole pine, and rocks in various geochemical studies. Others measured paleomagnetic signatures, studied biostratigraphy, sampled for
isotopic age determination, and conducted detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic studies. New geoscience contributions include 1) defining the distribution of Jura-Cretaceous volcanic stratigraphy in northern Nechako River map area, 2) more clearly defining Eocene felsic and mafic volcanic
stratigraphy and crustal structures, 3) detailed differentiation of Cretaceous and Eocene felsic igneous suites of the Babine Belt, 4) improved constraints on Pleistocene ice-flow and lacustrine deposits, and 5) characterizing Cache Creek and Sitlika groups biostratigraphy and
tectonostratigraphy.
Tertiary Endako Group volcanic and sedimentary rocks at four sites in the Nechako River and Fort Fraser map areas, central British Columbia
Authors: Haskin M L , Snyder L D , Anderson R G
Published: March 2017

Four well-exposed sections of Eocene Endako Group basalt flows with minor associated hyaloclastite and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks in the Nechako NATMAP area were studied and systematically sampled for geochemical and petrographic analysis and for Ar-Ar age
dating. The rocks are aphyric to plagioclase- and pyroxene-, and rarely olivine-phyric and are commonly amygdaloidal. At the Nautley River (NTS 93K/02) and Bungalow Lake/Mount Greer (NTS 93F/9 and 93F/15) localities, the basal contact between the Endako Group and underlying Ootsa Lake Group felsic
volcanic rocks is exposed; the Kenney Dam (NTS 93F/10) locality provides the thickest section of Endako Group mafic volcanic rocks. Previously determined K-Ar isotopic dates for whole rocks near the Mount Greer and Kenney Dam localities indicate at least two Middle and Late Eocene volcanic episodes
that postdate Ootsa Lake Group volcanism and predate the Miocene-Pliocene Chilcotin Group basalt eruptions.
A re-evaluation of the geology adjacent to Shuswap Lake, Vernon map area, British Columbia
Authors: Slemko N M , Thompson R I
Published: March 2017

Near Shuswap Lake, British Columbia, hanging-wall rocks of the Eagle River Fault consist of two distinctive lithostratigraphic assemblages, a locally upright succession of Silver Creek, Sicamous, and Eagle Bay formations overlain by higher grade pelitic schist,
marble, and quartzite termed the þQueest Mountain assemblage.' The contact between the assemblages is sharp, planar, north-dipping, and interpreted as a contraction fault consistent with the juxtaposition of higher metamorphic grade rocks onto lower grade ones. The metamorphic history of the area
is polyphase and the structural history is complex. The Queest Mountain assemblage was previously considered correlative with the Eagle Bay Formation, an interpretation no longer tenable.
A large intrusion of granite to granodiorite, previously correlated with the Devonian Mount Fowler Batholith, cuts the metasedimentary rocks and crosses the contraction fault without offset. It postdates high-grade metamorphic mineral development in the hanging wall of the contraction
fault.
Seismograms for historic Canadian earthquakes: the 20 November 1933 Baffin Bay earthquake
Authors: Bent A
Published: March 2017

This paper is one in a series of reports designed to catalog the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) collection of seismograms for historical Canadian earthquakes. The data set has been assembled by past and present seismologists at the GSC. The seismogram
collection for the 20 November 1933 Baffin Bay earthquake consists of records from 15 seismograph stations. To assist those who may study this earthquake in the future, this report describes the seismograms and instrument responses in the collection and indicates which record segments have been
digitized. The magnitude calculations and first motions for ail seismograms used in the detailed Bent [1998a] study are also included. The digital data files may be obtained from the GSC.
Earthquakes and earthquake hazard in the Vancouver area
Authors: Rogers G C
Published: March 2017

Vancouver and the densely populated Lower Mainland region of southwest British Columbia are situated over an active subduction zone. The dynamic geological setting makes this region subject to frequent seismic activity and contributes to a higher risk of large
damaging earthquakes than in other parts of Canada. Earthquakes that may present a hazard to the area occur in three distinct source regions: earthquakes within the continental crust, deeper earthquakes within the subducted oceanic plate, and earthquakes on the subduction boundary between the
lithospheric plates. While Vancouver (incorporated in 1886) has not experienced a damaging earthquake in its short history, large earthquakes nearby have been strongly felt and there is paleoseismic evidence for very strong shaking in prehistoric time. Most of the region is placed in Seismic Zone 4
in the 1995 edition of the National Building Code of Canada. Ongoing microearthquake activity, and earthquakes strong enough to be felt occurring in most years, are reminders of the seismic hazard.
Sedimentary processes in the estuary
Authors: Kastaschuk R A , Luternauer J L , Church M A
Published: March 2017

The lower Main Channel of the Fraser River estuary is now trained and fixed in position, but most of the flow could switch to the steeper Canoe Passage distributary. When river discharge is low and the tide is high, salt water intrudes into the channel to form a
salt wedge. Currents are weak at this time and small amounts of sand are deposited at the salt-wedge tip. Some mud settles to form a turbidity maximum in the salt wedge, but most is transported seaward in a low-energy plume at the river mouth. High river discharge and low tide force the salt wedge
out of the channel, producing strong currents and large amounts of sand in suspension. Mud is transported in a high-energy plume, but most sand is deposited on a bar. Mass flows at the river mouth transport sand down the delta slope in a submarine channel.
Seabed slope instability on the Fraser River delta
Authors: Christian H A , Mosher D C , Barrie J
V , Hunter J A , Luternauer J L
Published: March 2017

The Fraser River delta lies in one of the most earthquake-prone regions in Canada and is composed, in part, of loose sands that have a high seismic liquefaction potential. Engineering investigations at the western margin of the Fraser delta have demonstrated that
seismic liquefaction is possible on the existing delta slope. There are several areas of past and present slope instability at the delta front. Present examples include chronic retrogressive slumping and debris flows at the mouth of the Main Channel and slow downslope creep movements in adjacent
areas, where sediments are accumulating on the delta slope. Prehistoric mass movements may have been triggered by liquefaction during past earthquakes or may be related to recurrent slumping at the mouths of former distributary channels. In addition, failure may be linked to leaching of metastable
marine sediments at the base of the Holocene deltaic sequence. Spontaneous failures occurring at present at the river mouth are due to the combined effects of rapid sedimentation and slope over-steepening, shallow gas held within the sediment mass, and tidal loading.
Geology of the Georgie River area of northwest Nass River map area, northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Evenchick C A , Snyder L D
Published: March 2017

Georgie River area (northwest 103 P) is underlain by volcanic flows, clastic rocks, and intrusive rocks. Primary volcanic rocks include pyroxene-porphyritic flows, feldspar-porphyritic flows, and rhyolite. Derived from these is a large volume of poorly sorted,
massive, volcanic conglomerate and sandstone. A map unit of pyritic, black siltstone and shale is associated with rhyolite flows. Stratified units are assumed to be Hazelton Group. Volcaniclastic rocks are cut by Early Jurassic hornblende-biotite granodiorite, and plagioclase-porphyritic quartz
monzonite assumed to be Jurassic. Stratified rocks are greenschist facies with common biotite hornfels overprint. Deformation in most places is brittle, but zones of ductile deformation are also present. All units are intruded by Tertiary granitic and mafic dykes.
Surficial geology drilling results, Nass Valley, British Columbia
Authors: McCuaig S J , Roberts M C
Published: March 2017

Drilling and geophysical logging were used to delineate basin stratigraphy and glacial history in part of the Nass Valley, northwestern British Columbia. The stratigraphic succession from oldest to youngest comprises subglacial lodgement till, interbedded
proximal glaciomarine subaqueous outwash, distal glaciomarine silty clay, and glaciofluvial braidplain gravel. Fan delta deposits may be present locally. Glacial history was inferred from this succession. First, ice flow in the valley deposited till. Later, during deglaciation, marine water
invaded the isostatically depressed valley, setting the stage for proximal to distal glaciomarine sedimentation that followed a retreating tidewater glacier front. Fan delta deposition from valley sides may have contributed coarse debris to distal glaciomarine environments at this time.
Subsequently, ice left the valley entirely and sea level dropped. Meltwater rivers incised the exposed glaciomarine clay, forming two large sandurs. Sea level then dropped to its present position and postglacial stream incision began.
Progress on Triassic ichthyolith biostratigraphy and regional thermal-maturation studies, Trutch and Halfway maps areas, northeastern British Columbia
Authors: Johns M J , Barnes C R , Orchard M J
Published: March 2017

Ichthyolith (fish tooth and scale) biostratigraphic and thermal-maturation studies in Trutch (94 G) and Halfway River (94 B) map areas have been directly calibrated with ammonoid and conodont zonations, and the conodont geothermometric index. The goals of this
study, supported through the LITHOPROBE SNORCLE and the Central Foreland NATMAP projects, are a refinement of the current provisional ichthyolith zonation, development of an ichthyolith colour alteration index for maturation assessments, and interpretation of environmental and paleogeographic
factors that effect ichthyolith distributions. Ichthyoliths are a new tool for the development of a tectonostratigraphic framework for Triassic rocks of the region and in future hydrocarbon exploration.
Carboniferous-Triassic conodont biostratigraphy, Nechako NATMAP project area, central British Columbia
Authors: Orchard M J , Struik L C , Taylor H , Quat M
Published: March 2017

Fifty-seven new conodont collections from the Nechako NATMAP area contribute to a conodont biostratigraphic framework for the region. Most collections are from the Pope unit of the Cache Creek complex and are early Late Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian) to
Middle Permian (Wordian). The most extensive carbonate buildup is Bashkirian-Moscovian, whereas latest Carboniferous to Permian limestone is much less common and Middle Permian buildups are known only in the north. The Sowchea clastic-volcanic unit is Late Permian to Late Triassic (Norian); it
includes unique records of (?)Changshingian, Griesbachian, and Smithian fauna, and the first records of Middle Triassic Tethyan Gladigondolella in Canada. At two widely separated localities, breccia containing mixed conodont faunas show that Paleozoic and Triassic strata were reworked during or
after the Late Triassic. Late Triassic conodonts are also reported from the Tezzeron unit and adjacent Takla Group.
Bedrock geology of the Knapp Lake map area, central British Columbia
Authors: Anderson R G , Snyder L D , Resnick J , Grainger N C , Barnes E M
Published: March 2017

Fault-bounded panels containing widespread Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks, less common Eocene and Neogene felsic and mafic volcanic rocks, and uncommon Cretaceous and Tertiary porphyry and high-level felsic plutonic rocks underlie the Knapp Lake map
area. Mesozoic stratigraphic units include: purple and green, heterolithic, plagioclase-phyric, andesitic, lapilli breccia and crystal tuff of the Hazelton Group; siliciclastic rocks of Bowser Lake (and/or possibly Skeena) Group; and Upper Cretaceous hornblende- plagioclase-phyric flows, tuff, and
volcaniclastic rocks.
Eocene Ootsa Lake Group includes felsic crystal tuff, pyroclastic rocks, breccia and flows, and volcanic conglomerate. Important basal mafic volcanic rocks are difficult to distinguish from texturally and compositionally similar older Cretaceous or younger Eocene Endako Group mafic volcanic rocks
where a stratigraphic context is absent.
Miocene Chilcotin Group olivine-clinopyroxene-plagioclase-phyric basalt occurs as columnar-jointed volcanic flows and necks distinguished by uncommon ultramafic nodules.
Eocene and younger northeast- and west-trending block faults dominate the map-scale structural style.
Bedrock geology of the Uncha Mountain area, northwestern Nechako River map area, central British Columbia
Authors: Barnes E M , Anderson R G
Published: March 2017

Mesozoic and Tertiary strata and various high-level, Tertiary, aphanitic, porphyry and plutonic intrusions are recognized between Uncha Lake and Uncha Mountain (NTS 93 F/13 NW). Poorly sorted, poorly to moderately bedded epiclastic conglomerate, greywacke, and
pebbly mudstone, and rare, chloritized, andesite flow rocks characterize the Lower to Middle Jurassic Hazelton Group. Fine- grained to aphanitic, leucocratic felsic porphyry, rhyolite, rhyodacite, and dacite, with associated autoclastic breccia and tuff, and rare andesite flows, constitute the Ootsa
Lake Group. Tertiary intrusions include rhyolitic, dacitic, andesitic, basaltic, syenitic, and granitic compositions.
Faults define north-northeast-trending panels encompassing the stratified units and have imparted a penetrative and widespread fracture cleavage on all but the youngest units. This study emphasizes the importance of Tertiary faulting and associated small-scale deformation to the juxtaposition of
Hazelton and Ootsa Lake groups rocks and to the localization of synkinematic, high-level aphanitic, porphyry, and miarolitic granite intrusions and hydrothermal alteration.
Geology of two high-level Tertiary granite plutons, northern Nechako River map area, central British Columbia
Authors: Sellwood S M , Snyder L D , Anderson R G
Published: March 2017

Two high-level, felsic plutons in the northern Nechako River map area, suspected to be the plutonic equivalent to the Eocene Ootsa Lake Group felsic volcanic rocks, were mapped in detail and systematically sampled for geochemical and petrographic analyses and for
U-Pb dating. Leucocratic equigranular granite to syenite with characteristic miarolitic cavities dominates over porphyritic phases with a variety of mineralogies and textures. Mesozoic to Tertiary country rock includes Middle Jurassic plutonic rocks, Lower to Middle Jurassic volcanic and
volcaniclastic rocks, and Tertiary felsic volcanic rocks, suggesting a Tertiary age for the plutons. Field relationships and similarities in composition and texture with the Eocene Ootsa Lake Group volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks widely exposed in the Nechako River area suggest a genetic
relationship. Ongoing geochemical, petrographic, and geochronological analyses will provide further information about the paragenesis, composition, age, and tectonic affinity of the plutons.
Neogene basaltic flow rocks, xenoliths, and related diabase, northern Nechako River map area, central British Columbia
Authors: Resnick J , Anderson R G , Russell J K , Edwards B R , Grainger N C
Published: March 2017

Eleven remnant basaltic and diabasic volcanic centres, lava flow(s?), and a dyke related to Miocene(?) Chilcotin Group magmatism occur in the northern Nechako River map sheet (NTS 93 F). The centres are preserved as moderate topographic highs and range in area
between 200 m2 and 1 km2. Well developed, vertical to subvertical columnar jointing is typical. Some centres erupted along pre- existing brittle fault systems. Related basalt lava flows unconformably overlie rare saprolite-grus horizons developed in granitic basement rocks.
The rocks are rarely amygdaloidal or vesicular and contain some or all of the following: megacrysts of olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, and/or magnetite; xenocrysts of olivine and/or pyroxene; and phenocrysts of plagioclase, pyroxene, and/or biotite.
Xenoliths distinguish the centres and locally occur within lava flows. Mantle xenoliths include medium-grained lherzolite containing olivine, chromian diopside, orthopyroxene, magnetite, and spinel. Less common crustal xenoliths include gabbro, granite, and granulite. Both xenolith types exhibit
millimetre- to centimetre-scale layering.
New data on till geochemistry in the northern sector of the Nechako River map area, British Columbia
Authors: Plouffe A
Published: March 2017

As part of the Nechako NATMAP Project, a regional till sampling program was implemented in central British Columbia, in Nechako River map area (NTS 93 F). Results are presented for the sampling completed in 1996 and 1997. Several sites with high gold
concentrations (>15 ppb) in the silt+clay-sized fraction of till have been found, some of which are potential prospecting targets. Molybdenum concentrations in till are highest near the known molybdenum showings of the Nithi Mountain region. The central part of the study area is
characterized by high barium levels in till, the source of which is uncertain. High cobalt concentrations measured west of Frank Lake pluton could be derived from a concealed mafic or ultramafic bedrock source. High mercury levels in the clay-sized fraction of till might reflect the presence of
faults.
Ductile shear zones and an Eocene unconformity between Kalamalka Lake and Oyama Lake, Vernon map area, British Columbia
Authors: Glombick P , Erdmer P , Thompson R I , Daughtry K L
Published: March 2017

A high-grade paragneiss assemblage intruded by a variety of plutonic bodies is exposed east of Kalamalka Lake in the Vernon area. The assemblage includes biotite- sillimanite schist, calc-silicate, marble, calcareous quartzite, amphibolite, and is inferred to be
Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic. A granodiorite pluton and a heterogeneous diorite/granodiorite body truncate the foliation in the paragneiss. A ductile shear zone more than 20 km long and several hundred metres thick postdates the plutons. It is characterized by shallowly west-plunging
stretching lineation, synkinematic sillimanite, and hanging-wall-down sense of shear. Isolated erosional outliers of dacite inferred to be Eocene rest unconformably on the high-grade rocks. At one location, a dacite flow directly overlies a regolith developed in mylonitic biotite-sillimanite
schist. At several other localities, dacite breccia contains randomly oriented foliated gneiss clasts.
Pericratonic Paleozoic succession in Vernon and Ashcroft map areas, British Columbia
Authors: Erdmer P , Thompson R I , Daughtry K L
Published: March 2017

Ductilely deformed and metamorphosed pericratonic rocks of inferred Early Paleozoic age overlie the Neoproterozoic-Eocambrian Silver Creek schist in the Vernon map area along an apparent stratigraphic contact. Permian (Harper Ranch Group) and Triassic (Nicola
Group and Slocan Formation) strata overlie the pericratonic succession along an unconformable depositional contact. The pericratonic succession, long recognized to include amphibolitic schist, marble, and quartzite, includes in addition to these a distinctive metaconglomerate, and forms a robust
regional marker. The tripartite regional stratigraphy and its inferred Proterozoic or older depositional basement cross the Okanagan Valley without apparent offset, and persist for at least 100 km westward, as far as the Nicola horst. The pericratonic succession underlies rocks presently assigned to
the Quesnellia terrane at this latitude.
Late Cretaceous and Paleocene strata along the Intermontane-Methow terrane boundary, southern Chilcotin Plateau, south-central British Columbia
Authors: Mahoney J B , Vaughn J , Link P K , Riesterer J W , Hickson C
J , Friedman R M
Published: March 2017

Late Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous(?) to Paleocene strata exposed in the Dash-Churn drainage at the southern end of the Chilcotin Plateau may provide stratigraphic ties between the Methow terrane and the Intermontane superterrane. The Albian-Cenomanian
Dash-Churn succession is a coarse-grained volcanogenic conglomerate and breccia unit that represents proximal volcanism in a tectonically active basin. Plutonic clasts become more prevalent in the succession toward the north, indicating uplift of Upper Jurassic plutonic rocks along syndepositional
faults. The Dash-Churn succession is similar in age, lithology, stratigraphy, and geochemical characteristics to the Powell Creek formation, exposed on the Methow terrane to the southwest, across the Yalakom Fault. The Late Cretaceous(?) to Paleocene Flapjack Peak unit is a polymict conglomerate
characterized by abundant intrabasinal (volcanic, sandstone and siltstone) and extrabasinal (plutonic, chert, dark mudstone, feldspathic sandstone) clasts. Extrabasinal clasts were probably derived from uplifted thrust sheets of Methow-Tyaughton basin strata to the
southwest.
Multidisciplinary studies of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Hornby and Denman islands, British Columbia
Authors: Mustard P S , Katnick D C , Baker J , Enkin R G , Mahoney J B
Published: March 2017

Hornby and Denman islands provide a nearly undeformed, continuous, more than 2 km thick succession through the upper two-thirds of the upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. The succession comprises six formations with thick-bedded conglomerate- and sandstone-dominated
formations separated by mudstone and thin-bedded sandstone formations. Formation contacts are in general gradational and intertongue laterally. Sedimentological studies demonstrate these rocks were derived from eastern sources and deposited in submarine fan complexes. Earlier mapping interpreted
several high-angle faults. However, this more detailed work documents that there are no major faults on these islands. A paleomagnetic study of the formations on these islands will test paleogeographic models of the western Cordillera, following preliminary work supporting large-scale
(>3000 km) northward displacement. Isotopic studies may also provide evidence for the basin latitude during deposition. Palynology from the upper formations should provide biostratigraphic evidence for these poorly age-constrained units.
Komatiitic and felsic volcanic rocks overlain by quartzite, Woodburn Lake group, Meadowbank River area, western Churchill Province, Northwest Territories (Nunavut)
Authors: Zaleski E , L'Heureux R , Duke N , Wilkinson L , Davis W J
Published: March 2017

In an upward-younging stratigraphic succession in the Archean Woodburn Lake group, interbedded spinifex- textured komatiite flows and quartz-eye felsic volcanic rocks are unconformably overlain by basal conglomerate and orthoquartzite. The conglomerate grades
upward from polymictic to oligomictic toward the quartzite, and crossbedding in the quartzite youngs away from the unconformable contact. The unconformity is repeated by upright folds, and both the folds and the unconformity are truncated by granite which is involved in a later phase of folding. A
more varied package of mafic, intermediate, and felsic volcanic rocks, iron-formation, and minor greywacke structurally overlies the quartzite, in what may also be a stratigraphic relationship. The upper volcanic package also includes ultramafic rocks, but recrystallization to amphibolite-facies
assemblages has obliterated primary textures. The relationships suggest that the Woodburn Lake group includes at least two ages of volcanic rocks, and that volcanic rocks stratigraphically underlie and overlie quartzite.
Detailed structural studies, Gibson Lake-Cross Bay-MacQuoid Lake area, Northwest Territories (Kivalliq region, Nunavut)
Authors: Ryan J J , Hanmer S , Tella S , Sandeman H A
Published: March 2017

The Gibson Lake-Cross Bay-MacQuoid Lake area comprises a multiply deformed Archean terrane, tectonothermally reworked in the Paleoproterozoic. Multiple foliations in the western volcanic belt illustrate that the regional foliation is a second generation feature
(S2), formed by transposition of layering and a layer-parallel foliation (S1). The S2 appears to have developed at ca. 2.68 Ga. Two subsequent generations of folds modified the S2 during the Paleoproterozoic. South-plunging F3 folds are restricted to the Cross Bay complex, whereas east-
northeast-trending, F4 folds control much of the map pattern in the volcanic belt and southeastern part of the Cross Bay complex. The complex is bounded to the south by the Big lake shear zone, a 50 km long, dextral, strike- slip structure. The main phase of deformation and metamorphism in the shear
zone is Paleoproterozoic, and its western segment is stitched by a late-stage (possibly ca. 1.83 Ga) granite.
Geology of the Uvauk complex, Northwest Territories (Kivalliq region, Nunavut)
Authors: Mills A , Berman R , Hanmer S
Published: March 2017

The Uvauk complex comprises anorthosite, gabbroic anorthosite, diorite, gabbro, and quartzofeldspathic gneiss that have been strongly deformed and metamorphosed at granulite grade, with a subsequent, pervasive, amphibolite-grade overprint. Detailed mapping of the
western portion of the complex suggests that the anorthosite represents a synkinematic intrusion into diorite and quartzofeldspathic gneiss wall rocks. Field relations do not unequivocally indicate whether wall rocks had undergone an earlier, Archean, granulite- facies, mylonitization event, or
whether all deformation and metamorphism is related to one progressive event.
Sinistral shear-sense indicators to the north and dextral shear-sense indicators to the south of the anorthosite indicate eastward transport of the anorthosite body with respect to its wall rocks. The shallow, east-plunging lineation and limited metamorphic contrast across the wall rocks suggest
minimal vertical displacement.
Results of integrated geological and aeromagnetic mapping, and recent exploration, Henik and Hurwitz groups, Noomut River, Northwest Territories (Nunavut)
Authors: Aspler L B , Barham B A , Chiarenzelli J R
Published: March 2017

Henik Group (Neoarchean) supracrustal rocks, including iron-formation marker horizons, were deposited in a deep- water lava plain-slope-basin setting across at least 6000 km2 in central Ennadai-Rankin greenstone belt. Hurwitz Group (2.45-2.11 Ga) rocks record
continental to marine intracratonic-basin sedimentation. Archean rocks experienced synplutonic folding, faulting, and metamorphism (D1, probably Archean), east-northeast- trending folding that was followed by dextral faulting (D2; Paleoproterozoic(?)) and cross faulting (D3). At recently discovered
prospects in the Henik Group, gold (with disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite) is concentrated in quartz veins and carbonate-pyrite alteration zones in gabbro (`Esker' prospect); quartz-carbonate-chlorite veins in magnetite iron-formation interbedded with turbiditic semipelite ± felsic tuff
(`Ironside' prospect); quartz-carbonate veins in iron carbonate- quartz-albite schist, apparently derived from metasomatism of variolitic pillow lava (`Napartok' prospect); and quartz-carbonate-biotite veins in magnetite iron-formation interbedded with turbiditic semipelite (`River' prospect). All
four prospects appear to be related to D2 or later structures.
Dinoflagellate cysts from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well
Authors: Kurita H , Uchida T
Published: March 2017

Sparse occurrences of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts were recorded from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well, Mackenzie Delta area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Some of the recorded taxa are indicative of a Paleocene Eocene age, while
others are considered to be of Cretaceous origin. Because the deepest parts of the section are correlated to the Oligocene Kugmallit Sequence, all the dinoflagellate cysts are interpreted to be reworked. According to this interpretation, the total absence of in situ marine dinoflagellate cysts
suggests that the studied samples were deposited under nonmarine conditions, most likely within a fluvial system.
Physical properties of sediments from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well
Authors: Winters W J , Dallimore S R , Collett T
S , Katsube T J , Jenner K
A , Cranston R E , Wright J F , Nixon F M , Uchida T
Published: March 2017

A 1150 m deep gas hydrate research well was drilled in the Canadian Arctic in February and March 1998 to investigate the interaction between the presence of gas hydrate and the natural conditions presented by the host sediments. Profiles of the following measured
and derived properties are presented from that investigation: water content, sediment wet bulk density, grain size, porosity, gas hydrate quantity, and salinity. These data indicate that the greatest concentration of gas hydrate is located within sand and gravel deposits between 897 m and 922
m.
Gas composition and isotopic geochemistry of cuttings, core, and gas hydrate from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well
Authors: Lorenson T D , Whiticar M J , Waseda A , Dallimore S R , Collett T
S
Published: March 2017

Molecular and isotopic composition of gases from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well demonstrate that the in situ gases can be divided into three zones composed of mixtures of microbial and thermogenic gases. Sediments penetrated by the well
are thermally immature; thus the sediments are probably not a source of thermogenic gas. Thermogenic gas likely migrated from depths below 5000 m. Higher concentrations of gas within and beneath the gas hydrate zone suggest that gas hydrate is a partial barrier to gas migration. Gas hydrate
accumulations occur wholly within zone 3, below the base of permafrost. The gas in gas hydrate resembles, in part, the thermogenic gas in surrounding sediments and gas desorbed from lignite. Gas hydrate composition implies that the primary gas hydrate form is Structure I. However, Structure II
stabilizing gases are more concentrated and isotopically partitioned in gas hydrate relative to the sediment hosting the gas hydrate, implying that Structure II gas hydrate may be present in small quantities.
Pore-water geochemistry, JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well
Authors: Cranston R E
Published: March 2017

A pore-water research program was designed to measure dissolved components in interstitial water from sediment core samples collected during the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research-well project. Pore waters from the gas-hydrate-bearing samples had an
average salinity of 8 ppt compared to 34 ppt for non-gas-hydrate-bearing samples. The difference in salinities suggests that 80-90% of the pore space in the gas-hydrate-bearing sediment was filled with gas hydrate, which dissociated during recovery. Potassium concentration was also measured in
pore water, to estimate the amount of drill-mud contamination in pore-water samples, since the drill mud contained brine solution made from potassium chloride. On average, pore-water salinities were estimated to be enhanced by 2 ppt due to drill-mud contamination.
Isotope constraints on the origin of pore waters and salinity in the permafrost and gas hydrate core intervals of the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well
Authors: Clark I D , Matsumoto R , Dallimore S R , Lowe B , Loop J
Published: March 2017

Pore waters have been extracted from sediments in the permafrost interval (110-176 m) and the gas hydrate interval (886-952 m) of the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 drill core and analyzed for d18O, d2H, and geochemistry. Pore waters from the permafrost interval
have d18O values of -19.5 ± 0.5 o/oo (upper permafrost) and -23.1 ± 1.0 o/oo (lower permafrost) indicating the likely origin to be local, contemporary meteoric waters infiltrating these sediments during a period of subaerial exposure.

Pore waters in the subpermafrost gas hydrate zone are isotopically depleted from seawater values, with d18O ranging between -14 o/oo and -8 o/oo. A weak correlation between d18O and Cl- exists in the gas-hydrate-bearing sands, consistent with the combined effect of isotopic depletion during gas
hydrate formation, and enrichment associated with gas hydrate decomposition. The upper silt and deeper clayey silt sections also retain a minor correlation between isotopes and Cl-, and show strong variability in both d18O and Cl- with depth, suggesting a history of gas hydrate formation,
decomposition, and fluid migration. The Cl--d18O relationships demonstrate that the original pore waters are a mixture of seawater with greater than 50% meteoric water.
Methane and carbon dioxide gas-generation kinetics, JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well
Authors: Snowdon L R
Published: March 2017

Optimized, first-order, discrete Arrhenius kinetic parameters have been determined for the thermogenic generation of methane and carbon dioxide for several low-maturity, organic-rich core samples from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well.
Pyrolysis was carried out using a thermogravimetric analyzer heated at 10, 25, and 50°C/min. The specific products were detected using a directly coupled Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer. Results indicated that at typical geological heating rates of 3°C/Ma, significant (about
10% of the total) thermogenic carbon dioxide was released at very low temperatures (<60°C) and would be coproduced with microbiologically mediated, diagenetic carbon dioxide. At the same geological heating rate, the first 10% of thermogenic methane was determined to have been
released between about 110 and 140°C while significant methane generation from the kerogen continued beyond 250°C. The absolute kinetic parameters for methane indicate that below about 60°C essentially no thermogenic methane should be expected. Thus no in situ thermogenic methane
should be expected in the Mallik 2L-38 well.
Vertical seismic profile (VSP) in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well
Authors: Walia R , Mi Y , Hyndman R D , Sakai A
Published: March 2017

unfrozen sections.
Production potential of the Mallik field reservoir
Authors: Khairkhah D , Pooladi-Darvish M , Bishnoi P R , Collett T S , Dallimore S
R
Published: March 2017

Immense volumes of naturally occurring gas hydrate in different parts of the world, onshore and offshore, have encouraged the belief that gas hydrate in the next century may become a viable energy resource. Various issues need to be resolved to convert gas
hydrate from an energy resource to an energy reserve of real commercial value. The production capability of a gas hydrate reservoir and the gas production technique that could be utilized should be addressed through geological and petrophysical studies, well-production tests and reservoir
simulation. To make the simulation of practical value, the controlling mechanisms of fluid flow, kinetics, and heat transfer should be incorporated in the model.

The Mallik gas hydrate accumulation in the Mackenzie Delta has exhibited promising potential to be considered a gas reserve through the assessments made of the Mallik L-38 and 2L-38 wells. The data available from both wells and the results of production tests in JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik L-38 gas
hydrate research well accommodate basic requirements for comprehensive modelling of the reservoir and production of gas from the in situ gas hydrate through various methods.
Modelling the thermal regime of permafrost and gas hydrate deposits to determine the impact of climate warming, Mallik field area
Authors: Taylor A E
Published: March 2017

We apply a two-dimensional geothermal model to predict the permafrost and natural gas hydrate structure in the Mallik field area, based on two paleoenvironmental scenarios deduced at other wells in the Mackenzie Delta area. Scenario A indicated a subaerial
history throughout the Holocene, and scenario B documented a several thousand year, subaqueous episode during the Holocene followed by recent subaerial exposure. The effects of these histories is limited largely to the 600 m thick permafrost zone, with scenario B predicting a substantial talik. The
most defensible scenario can be resolved with ground temperatures or independent paleoenvironmental indicators. The effect of climate warming will be apparent in a warming of the permafrost and, with marine transgression, creation of an underlying talik. Terrestrial methane hydrate deposits remain
stable with increasing surface temperatures over several centuries, but the base of gas hydrate stability rises about 2 m after 300 years.
Glacial history of the Mackenzie region
Authors: Duk-Rodkin A , Lemmen D S
Published: March 2017

The present landscape of the Mackenzie valley is primarily a result of the last continental glaciation which covered most of the area about thirty thousand years ago (30 ka BP). This glaciation resulted in rearrangement of the preglacial drainage system,
including redirection of much of the Mackenzie River drainage to the Arctic Ocean. Meltwater channels established along the edge of the retreating ice sheet became parts of present Mackenzie River tributaries. Lakes were impounded by the ice as it retreated rapidly into the present Mackenzie valley
area about 13 ka BP. These glacial lakes received silt and clay accumulating to thicknesses of several tens of metres. Today these sediments include some of the more problematic ice-rich materials with which engineers and construction personnel must deal. By 10 ka BP, the Mackenzie valley was
ice-free. Northward tilting of the land continuing to empty and shrink the remaining glacial lakes to their present size.
Tree-ring evidence of recent climate changes in the Mackenzie Basin, Northwest Territories
Authors: Bégin C , Michaud Y , Archambault S
Published: March 2017

Three long-term climate reconstructions based on tree-ring analysis for the boreal and forest tundra biozones in the Mackenzie valley are presented. The northernmost site (Eskimo Lakes site) provides the longest tree ring chronology, covering the period of 1172
1991, while the boreal sites (Mountain River) span the last five hundred years. Even though sampled sites correspond to different environments and are separated by hundreds of kilometres, they show similarities in long-term climatic trends. The period known as the "Medieval Warm Period" was follow
by a long period of cold, dry conditions between 1330 and the early 1900s. This suppressed growth period, corresponding to the "Little Ice Age", was briefly interrupted by milder conditions during the first half of the sixteenth century. Finally, all tree-ring chronologies show a increasing growth
at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Potential changes in thaw depth and thaw settlement for three locations in the Mackenzie valley
Authors: Burgess M M , Desrochers D T , Saunders R
Published: March 2017

Locations near Tuktoyaktuk, Norman Wells, and Fort Simpson in the Mackenzie valley are analyzed to determine how quickly permafrost would degrade if the climate warms. The warming predicted by Canada Climate Centre modelling of climate under a doubled
concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (5°C for Tuktoyaktuk, 4.2°C for both Norman Wells and Fort Simpson) was applied at different rates over a 50 year period. The effects of both and increase and decrease of snowfall were examined. After 50 years, the warming only produces an
increase in active layer thickness at Tuktoyaktuk. At Norman Wells, thaw of permafrost to a depth approaching 10 m occurs for low ice content ground. At Fort Simpson, almost all permafrost disappears. Thaw subsidence associated with the modelled 50 year degradation of ice-rich permafrost ranges from
0.5 m at Norman Wells to more than 1.5 m in the Fort Simpson region.
Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoceanography
Authors: Jennings A E , Vilks G , Deonarine B , Silis A , Weiner N
Published: March 2017

Foraminifers in the sediment sequences have been a key component in the delineation of the biostratigraphic framework and depositional environments, and in providing insights into the paleoceanographic history. Together with sparse macrofossils they have been
used extensively in radiocarbon dating to establish chronologies in Hudson Strait. The biostratigraphic framework developed primarily from benthonic foraminiferal assemblages shows that distinctive faunal zones are associated with glaciomarine proximal and distal environments, and with postglacial
marine environments. These include distinct differences in species diversity and population numbers. Planktonic foraminifers generally are absent or very sparse in the glaciomarine sequences. The other principal sediment unit, ice-contact material, is essentially barren of fauna. Dating and
interpretative problems arise in some localities due to the presence of reworked material derived from glacial erosion and transport of previously deposited glaciomarine and marine sediments. The foraminiferal biostratigraphy associated with the main sediment units in each of the principal basins
and relevant chronologies are outlined.