bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical stratification of moth communities in a deciduous forest in Belgium
Authors: De Smedt Pallieter , Vangansbeke Pieter , Bracke Rani , Schauwvliege Warre , Willems Luc , Mertens Jan , Verheyen Kris
Published: August 2018

Moths are a diverse and abundant species group, playing important functional roles in many terrestrial ecosystems, as pollinators, herbivores and as bulk food for many other taxa.

Forests are complex ecosystems and beside horizontal variation, they exhibit a very diverse vertical structure, creating a matrix of micro‐niches along the vertical gradient. One could expect that this results in varying moth community assemblages, but the vertical distribution and underlying mechanisms have hardly been investigated in temperate forest ecosystems.

We sampled macro‐moths on a weekly basis for 14 months on a tower in an ancient deciduous forest in Belgium. Alternatingly light and bait traps were used at ground level and at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 m height in the forest. We analysed total moth abundance along the vertical gradient and distribution patterns of individual species and families, using generalised linear mixed‐effects models.

We demonstrated a strong vertical stratification, resulting in distinct moth communities in different strata. The observed patterns were non‐random but related to specific response traits of the species. Notably, we found large differences between families; whereas Geometridae‐moths were much more abundant at ground level, Noctuidae showed a preference for both the ground level and the canopy layer.

Comparing species‐specific patterns within families revealed strong differences between species. We welcome future research to further document vertical stratification patterns and unravel the different underlying mechanisms.
Low dielectric lossBST/PTFEcomposites for microwave applications
Authors: Jiang Pengfen , Bian Jianjiang
Published: August 2018

Ba0.3Sr0.475Ce0.03La0.12Ti0.997Mn0.003O3/Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites were prepared using powder processing technique. The effects of the ceramic filler volume fraction and the coupling agent on the phase composition, microstructure, dielectric and thermal properties of the composites were investigated in this paper. The ceramic filler dispersion in thePTFEmatrix, thus the dielectric loss, permittivity, and dimensional thermal stability of the composite was considerably improved by the modification ofBSTfiller surface using phenyl trimethoxy silane (PTMS) coupling agent. Variation of the dielectric permittivity of the composite with composition was well fitted by the effective medium theory (EMT) model in the experimental compositional range. The obtained silane‐treated composite with 0.5 VfBSTexhibits extremely low dielectric loss:εr = 16, tanδ = 5.4 × 10−4@1MHz and 5.16 ± 0.6 × 10−3@ 10GHz. TheCTEof the composites was reduced to 43 ppm/°C.
Inequality and welfare: Some axiomatic characterizations
Authors: Chakravarty Satya R. , Chattopadhyay Nachiketa , Qingbin Liu
Published: August 2018

We characterize social welfare functions, which, under ceteris paribus assumptions, rank income distributions in exactly the same way as the negative of the Atkinson, Kolm–Pollak, and Theil mean logarithmic deviation indices of inequality of income distributions. While the first two characterizations rely on a general social welfare function, the third employs the symmetric utilitarian structure of the welfare function. Implications of several subsets of the set of axioms considered in the paper are also investigated.
The influence of sonication time on the biogenic amines formation as a critical point in uncured dry‐fermented beef manufacturing
Authors: Wójciak Karolina M. , Stasiak Dariusz M. , Stadnik Joanna , Ferysiuk Karolina , Kononiuk Anna
Published: August 2018

In this study, the influence of sonication time on the biogenic amines formation as a critical point in uncured dry‐fermented beef manufacturing was studied. Samples of musculus semimembranosus were sonicated at different times (5 and 10 min) using ultrasound cold bath (4 °C) in acid whey (US 40 kHz and acoustic power 480 W). The effect of sonication on biogenic amine (BA) formation was investigated during 93 days of ripening period. Other parameters (pH value, water activity, microbial counts) that might provide further information on the product under study were also determined. The use of ultrasound during beef marinating in acid whey has a positive effect on retarding histamine (HIS), cadaverine (CAD), tyramine (TYR) and putrescine (PUT) formation. Moreover, the sonication treatment did not inhibit the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in dry‐fermented beef during the whole ripening period. The pathogen bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sp., Listeria monocytogenes) were not detected in all samples neither after 31 nor after 93 days of ripening period.
Integration of a clinical pharmacist into a Canadian, urban emergency department: a prospective observational study
Authors: Dryden Lindsay , Dewhurst Norman F
Published: August 2018

Objective

To evaluate the clinical and cost implications generated by a newly integrated ED pharmacist in a Canadian urban, university-affiliated tertiary care hospital.

Methods

A pharmacist documented all interventions that took place over a 5-week period. Interventions were assessed by a review panel for clinical significance and probability of harm had the intervention not occurred. Direct medication cost and cost avoidance as a result of interventions were calculated.

Key findings

The ED pharmacist made 421 interventions during the study period, 204 (48%) interventions were accepted at the time they were presented to the prescriber. After review, 53.9% of interventions were considered significant, and 52.9% were given a probability of patient harm of ≥50% had the intervention not occurred. Interventions resulted in an increase in direct medication costs of $1270, but generated a cost avoidance of $160 709. The projected direct medication cost estimate for one year was $13 208 with a cost avoidance of over $1.6 million.

Conclusion

The integration of a pharmacist into a Canadian ED resulted in patient care interventions that were assessed as clinically significant, with a substantial projected cost avoidance.
La distribution des salaires selon la taille de l'entreprise: illustration par le cas des États‐Unis
Authors: COSIC Damir
Published: August 2018

La hausse des disparités salariales aux États‐Unis est abondamment documentée, et expliquée par divers facteurs. L'auteur s'intéresse au rôle en la matière de la taille de l'entreprise, un aspect souvent négligé. Il décompose l'écart dans l'évolution des distributions salariales estimées pour les différentes catégories d'entreprises (grandes, petites et moyennes) en isolant l'effet des caractéristiques observées, celui de leur rendement et les inégalités résiduelles. Il observe une convergence entre les différents types d'entreprises sur la période 1992–2012, ainsi qu'un accroissement global des disparités, tiré par l'évolution dans le haut de la distribution et dans les grandes entreprises, où le poids des inégalités résiduelles est majoré.
La distribución salarial y su relación con el tamaño de la empresa. El caso de los Estados Unidos
Authors: COSIC Damir
Published: August 2018

La desigualdad salarial en los Estados Unidos ha sido objeto de numerosas investigaciones que no han tenido en cuenta la relación entre el tamaño de empresa y la distribución salarial. En el presente estudio se descomponen las diferencias salariales entre grandes, medianas y pequeñas empresas de 1992 a 2012, identificando los efectos y rendimientos de las características observadas de los trabajadores, así como la desigualdad residual. En ese periodo los tres tamaños de empresa convergieron hacia una mayor uniformidad y hubo un aumento generalizado de la desigualdad salarial, principalmente en la mitad superior de la distribución y en las grandes empresas, que presentan el mayor nivel de desigualdad residual.
A matheuristic for the MinMax capacitated open vehicle routing problem
Authors: Lysgaard Jens , López‐Sánchez Ana Dolores , Hernández‐Díaz Alfredo G.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the MinMax‐COVRP (where COVRP is capacitated open vehicle routing problem) is considered as a variation of the COVRP where the objective is to minimize the duration of the longest route. For the purpose of producing high‐quality solutions, elements from the fields of mathematical programming and metaheuristics are combined, resulting in a matheuristic for solving the MinMax‐COVRP. The matheuristic benefits from the diversification produced by a metaheuristic and the intensification from mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP). The initial solution provided by a multistart heuristic is used to seed and accelerate the MILP in which a local branching framework and the separation of k‐path inequalities are suitably combined. Computational experience shows promising results not only improving the initial solution provided by the multistart algorithm, but also ensuring optimality for most of the small‐ and medium‐sized instances.
Electronically conductive porous TiN ceramics with enhanced strength by aqueous gel‐casting
Authors: Chen Fei , Jia Mingyong , Huang Mei , Shen Qiang , Lavernia Enrique J. , Zhang Lianmeng
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we report on a study of electronically conductive porous TiN ceramics prepared by aqueous gel‐casting. The effects of solid loading, sintering temperature, and sintering aids on the phase composition, microstructure, and volume fraction of porosity of the prepared porous TiN ceramics are studied. The SEM results show that porosity is uniformly distributed in all of the samples studied. With increasing solid loading and sintering temperature, the volume fraction of porosity decreases slowly. Moreover, the relationship between volume fraction of porosity and mechanical and electrical properties has also been investigated. Our results show that adding Y2O3‐TiO2 as combined sintering aids results in a sharp decrease in the volume fraction of porosity, and the volume fraction range changes from 42%‐60% to 28%‐52%. Moreover, adding sintering aids results in an increase in flexural strength and electrical conductivity with a change in maximum value from 34.6 MPa and 2.3 × 104 S∙m−1 to 101.6 MPa and 5.1 × 104 S∙m−1, respectively.
Yb2Si2O7 Environmental barrier coatings with reduced bond coat oxidation rates via chemical modifications for long life
Authors: Lee Kang N.
Published: August 2018

Spallation of environmental barrier coating (EBC) induced by thermally grown oxide (TGO) resulting from steam oxidation is a key EBC failure mode. A logical approach to improve EBC life, therefore, is to reduce TGO growth rates. A study was undertaken to investigate whether TGO growth rates can be reduced by adding modifier oxides. It was based on a hypothesis that modifier oxides dissolve in SiO2 TGO and modify the SiO2 structure, making the TGO less permeable to oxidants. Using a current state‐of‐the‐art EBC (Si/Yb2Si2O7) as the baseline, the Yb2Si2O7 layer was modified by adding Al2O3 or Al2O3‐containing oxide compounds, such as mullite and YAG (Y3Al5O12), and TiO2. EBCs were processed using air plasma spraying. Steam oxidation tests and post‐oxidation test oxidation kinetics, chemistry, microstructure, and phase analysis were used to test the hypothesis. The best modified EBC reduced the TGO thickness by ~87% compared with that of the baseline EBC in 90% H2O + 10% O2 at 1316°C under thermal cycling. Correlations between oxidation kinetics, chemistry, and microstructure of EBC and TGO were used to explain the effect of modifier oxides on reducing TGO growth rates.
Microhardness and optical property of chalcogenide glasses and glass‐ceramics of the Sn–Sb–Se ternary system
Authors: Xue Xuning , Chen Feifei , Lin Changgui , Lin Ruiqiang , Zhang Xiaoyu , Dai Shixun , Zhang Xianghua , Ji Wei
Published: August 2018

The microhardness of chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) of the Sn–Sb–Se (SSS) ternary system was investigated, and the correlation of microhardness with the mean coordination number of the SSS ChGs was determined. To prepare infrared‐transparent SSS glass‐ceramics (GCs), two SSS ChGs (A, Sn6.23Sb14.11Se79.66; B, Sn9.8Sb17.22Se72.98; by molar composition) were selected and thermally treated at 433 and 448 K, respectively. The improved microhardness (with values that increased by 11.5% and 7.3% for SSS ChG A and B, respectively) of the resulting SSS GCs is attributed to the formation of Sb2Se3 nanocrystals.
Fabricating ceramics with embedded microchannels using an integrated additive manufacturing and laser machining method
Authors: Hong Yuzhe , Lei Jincheng , Heim Michael , Song Yang , Yuan Lei , Mu Shenglong , Bordia Rajendra K. , Xiao Hai , Tong Jianhua , Peng Fei
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of an innovative method to fabricate flexibly embedded microchannels in bulk ceramics of complex geometries. This innovative method is an integration of extrusion freeforming (EFF) and picosecond (PS) laser machining. The bulk ceramic green body of complex geometries was fabricated using the extrusion method. After one green layer was extruded, in‐plane microchannels with variable cross‐section sizes and aspect ratios were fabricated using a picosecond laser. After the microchannels were fabricated, a cover layer was extruded. The green state processed structures ceramics were pressurelessly sintered to a bulk density of ~94%. In this paper, sinuous channels, channel networks, and patterns have been demonstrated. Vertical channels can also be drilled using the picosecond laser layer‐by‐layer with uniform diameters. The wall between the neighboring channels can be as thin as ~60 μm without any observable defects after firing. With the correct paste rheology, the cover layer did not sag into the microchannels and the bonding between layers was excellent. We did not observe any debonding between layers. During extrusion, the gaps between the adjacent filaments can be eliminated by controlling the filament spacing and the distance between needle tip and substrate. After firing, microchannels did not distort or collapse. The laser can cut through multiple layers without damage to the bonding between layers. Due to the uniform shrinkage during pressureless sintering, the green shapes of the microchannels were well preserved.
Does functional diversity increase effectiveness of community care teams? The moderating role of shared vision, interaction frequency, and team reflexivity
Authors: Hofhuis Joep , Mensen Monique , ten Den Lydia M. , van den Berg Annemieke M. , Koopman‐Draijer Marieke , van Tilburg Marianne C. , Smits Carolien H. M. , de Vries Sjiera
Published: August 2018

As interprofessional collaboration becomes more commonplace in health and social care, both scholars and practitioners are searching for ways to make the most out of functionally diverse teams. Earlier research has shown that the presence of different functional backgrounds may lead teams to perform better, because they have a larger pool of knowledge and experience to draw from. Other studies show, however, that functional diversity increases categorization, reduces team cohesion, and complicates interpersonal communication, thereby reducing performance. It remains unclear under which conditions positive or negative outcomes may occur. The present research tested the influence of functional diversity on team identity, team performance, and client satisfaction, and examined factors which may moderate these relationships. Based on earlier studies in this specific context, we focused on three team processes as possible moderators: shared vision, interaction frequency, and team reflexivity. In a survey among health and social care professionals working in community care teams in the Netherlands (n = 167), all three are shown to moderate the relationship between functional diversity and team effectiveness. In the absence of these processes, functional diversity appears to reduce team outcomes, whereas when these processes are present, the relationships are positive. In sum, in order for community care teams to reap the benefits of functional diversity, it is essential that members develop a shared vision, interact frequently, and practice team reflexivity.
IGF2‐derived miR‐483‐3p associated with Hirschsprung's disease by targeting FHL1
Authors: Zhi Zhengke , Zhu Hairong , Lv Xiaofeng , Lu Changgui , Li Yang , Wu Feng , Zhou Lingling , Li Hongxing , Tang Weibing
Published: August 2018

HSCR (Hirschsprung's disease) is a serious congenital defect, and the aetiology of it remains unclear. Many studies have highlighted the significant roles of intronic miRNAs and their host genes in various disease, few was mentioned in HSCR although. In this study, miR‐483‐3p along with its host gene IGF2 (Insulin‐like growth factor 2) was found down‐regulated in 60 HSCR aganglionic colon tissues compared with 60 normal controls. FHL1 (Four and a half LIM domains 1) was determined as a target gene of miR‐483‐3p via dual‐luciferase reporter assay, and its expression was at a higher level in HSCR tissues. Here, we study cell migration and proliferation in human 293T and SH‐SY5Y cell lines by performing Transwell and CCK8 assays. In conclusion, the knockdown of miR‐483‐3p and IGF2 both suppressed cell migration and proliferation, while the loss of FHL1 leads to opposite outcome. Furthermore, miR‐483‐3p mimics could rescue the negative effects on cell proliferation and migration caused by silencing IGF2, while the FHL1 siRNA may inverse the function of miR‐483‐3p inhibitor. This study revealed that miR‐483‐3p derived from IGF2 was associated with Hirschsprung's disease by targeting FHL1 and may provide a new pathway to understand the aetiology of HSCR.
Biology, role and therapeutic potential of circulating histones in acute inflammatory disorders
Authors: Szatmary Peter , Huang Wei , Criddle David , Tepikin Alexei , Sutton Robert
Published: August 2018

Histones are positively charged nuclear proteins that facilitate packaging of DNA into nucleosomes common to all eukaryotic cells. Upon cell injury or cell signalling processes, histones are released passively through cell necrosis or actively from immune cells as part of extracellular traps. Extracellular histones function as microbicidal proteins and are pro‐thrombotic, limiting spread of infection or isolating areas of injury to allow for immune cell infiltration, clearance of infection and initiation of tissue regeneration and repair. Histone toxicity, however, is not specific to microbes and contributes to tissue and end‐organ injury, which in cases of systemic inflammation may lead to organ failure and death. This review details the processes of histones release in acute inflammation, the mechanisms of histone‐related tissue toxicity and current and future strategies for therapy targeting histones in acute inflammatory diseases.
Improvement in treatment satisfaction after switching from liraglutide to dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Takase Takahiro , Nakamura Akinobu , Yamamoto Chiho , Nomoto Hiroshi , Miya Aika , Dannoura Midori , Cho Kyu Yong , Kurihara Yoshio , Manda Naoki , Aoki Shin , Atsumi Tatsuya , Miyoshi Hideaki
Published: August 2018

Aims/Introduction

We compared treatment satisfaction in type 2 diabetes patients taking daily and weekly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists.

Materials and Methods

The study was a 12‐week, multicenter, open‐label, prospective, randomized, parallel‐group comparison trial. The participants were Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes being administered with the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, daily for >3 months. Patients were randomly assigned to either continue taking liraglutide once daily (Lira group) or switch to dulaglutide once weekly (Dula group). The primary outcome was the change in the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire score from baseline to week 12 in the two groups. The secondary outcomes comprised changes in the Diabetes Therapy‐Related Quality of Life score, body mass and glycemic control.

Results

A total of 33 participants were initially enrolled in the trial, and 31 participants completed the protocol. The change in the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire score in the Dula group was significantly greater than that in the Lira group (+0.1 ± 4.7 in the Lira group vs +4.9 ± 5.2 in the Dula group; P = 0.013). The change in Diabetes Therapy‐Related Quality of Life score in the Dula group was significantly greater than that in the Lira group (−3.7 ± 6.9 vs +8.9 ± 15.1; P = 0.007). There were no significant differences between groups in the changes in body mass, plasma glucose or glycated hemoglobin.

Conclusions

Weekly administration of dulaglutide was superior to liraglutide with regard to treatment satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes, in the absence of any negative effect on glycemic control.
Experimental evolution demonstrates evolvability of preferential nutrient allocation to competing traits in response to chronic malnutrition
Authors: Vijendravarma Roshan K.
Published: August 2018

Investigating the evolutionary origins of disease vulnerability is an important aspect of evolutionary medicine that strongly complements our current understanding on proximate causes of disease. Life‐history trade‐offs mediated through evolutionary changes in resource allocation strategies could be one possible explanation to why suboptimal traits that leave bodies vulnerable to disease exist. For example, Drosophila melanogaster populations experimentally evolved to tolerate chronic larval malnutrition succumb to intestinal infection despite eliciting a competent immune response, owing to the loss of their intestinal integrity. Here, I test whether evolved changes in resource allocation underlies this trade‐off, by assaying preferential allocation of dietary protein towards growth and tissue repair in the same populations. Using two phenotypic traits, regeneration of intestinal epithelium post‐pathogenic infection and body weight, I show that in accordance with the dynamic energy budget theory (DEB) dietary protein acquired during the larval phase is allocated to both growth and adult tissue repair. Furthermore, by altering the ratio of protein and carbohydrates in the larval diets I demonstrate that in comparison with the control populations, the evolved (selected) populations differ in their protein allocation strategy towards these two traits. While the control populations stored away excess protein for tissue repair, the selected populations invested it towards immediate increase in body weight rather than towards an unanticipated tissue damage. Thus, I show how macronutrient availability and their allocation between traits can alter resistance, and provide empirical evidence that supports the ‘mismatch hypothesis’, wherein vulnerability to disease is proposed to stem from the differences between ancestral and current environment.
Strategic attractiveness and release decisions for cultural goods
Authors: Belleflamme Paul , Paolini Dimitri
Published: August 2018

We study how producers of cultural goods can strategically invest in raising the attractiveness of their goods in order to secure the most profitable release dates. In a game‐theoretic setting, where two producers choose their investment expenditure before simultaneously setting the release date of their good, we prove that two equilibria are possible: releases are either simultaneous (at the demand peak) or staggered (one producer delays). In the latter equilibrium, the first‐mover secures its position by investing more in attractiveness. We test this prediction on a dataset of more than 1500 American movies released in 10 countries over 12 years. Results are consistent with the theoretical predictions, indicating that higher budget movies are released closer to seasonal demand peaks.
Effect of low‐level laser therapy combined with 5000 parts per million fluoride dentifrice on postbleaching sensitivity: A clinical, randomized, and double‐blind study
Authors: Alencar Cristiane De Melo , De Paula Brennda Lucy Freitas , Araújo Jesuína Lamartine Nogueira , Alves Eliane Bemerguy , De Albuquerque Jassé Fernanda Ferreira , Silva Cecy Martins
Published: August 2018

Objective

The aim of this double‐blind, randomized, controlled clinical study was to assess the efficacy of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) combined with 5000 ppm fluoride dentifrice on postbleaching sensitivity in teeth exposed to 35% hydrogen peroxide for four weeks.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐five volunteers were evaluated using the split‐mouth model in which the right and left maxillary/mandibular quadrants were randomized and allocated to one of two groups: GPLACEBO, in which the laser tip was positioned without the emission of light (placebo effect) + 5000 ppm sodium fluoride, or GLASER, which comprised LLLT + 5000 ppm sodium fluoride. For both groups, LLLT and placebo were used before bleaching, whereas fluoride was applied after bleaching. LLLT was applied at two points: on the central cervical and medial regions of the incisors, canines, and premolars in the corresponding hemi‐arch. At each point, 60 J/cm2 was applied for 16 seconds with an irradiance of 3.75 W/cm2 using the therapeutic infrared device. To assess tooth sensitivity, a modified visual analogue scale was used after an evaporative stimulus, and a daily pain questionnaire was also applied.

Results

The Wilcoxon and Friedman tests demonstrated a significant difference in the incidence of sensitivity pain between GPLACEBO and GLASER (P ≤ .05), with different evaluation times.

Conclusion

Teeth treated with laser therapy in combination with the topical use of sodium fluoride at each bleaching session demonstrated less sensitivity compared with the application of sodium fluoride only.

Clinical Significance

The use of a low‐level laser therapy in combination with topical use of sodium fluoride improves symptoms of dentin sensitivity at each bleaching session.
Influence of monolithic lithium disilicate and zirconia thickness on polymerization efficiency of dual‐cure resin cements
Authors: Turp Volkan , Turkoglu Pinar , Sen Deniz
Published: August 2018

Objective

To evaluate the influence of anterior monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate thickness on polymerization efficiency of dual‐cure resin cements.

Materials and Methods

Twelve ceramic disks (4.0‐mm diameter) with thicknesses of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mm were prepared from monolithic zirconia (Prettau® Anterior; n = 6) and lithium disilicate (IPS e.max® CAD HT; n = 6). Three dual‐cure resin cements (Panavia F 2.0, DuoLink Universal™, and RelyX™ U200) were used for polymerization beneath ceramic disks. For each resin cement, 10 specimens were prepared by light curing under monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate disks of each thickness. Vickers hardness measurements were conducted at four different measurement depths. Data were statistically analyzed using univariate four‐, three‐, two‐, and one‐way analysis of variance and independent samples t‐tests.

Results

Microhardness of resin cements decreased significantly with increasing measurement depth and thickness of monolithic zirconia or lithium disilicate (P < .001). Cements polymerized under lithium disilicate showed higher microhardness values than did those polymerized under zirconia (P < .001). For both ceramics, Panavia F 2.0 exhibited the greatest microhardness, followed by DouLink Universal and RelyX™ U200 (P < .001).

Conclusions

Different dual‐cure resin cements may have different polymerization efficiencies, and the type and thickness of the overlying ceramic can influence polymerization.

Clinical Significance

The findings of this study suggest that an increase in the thickness of monolithic lithium disilicate or anterior monolithic zirconia restorations can significantly decrease the microhardness of the dual‐cure resin cement polymerized beneath the restoration. Dual‐cure resin cements can be used for the cementation of anterior monolithic zirconia restorations up to 2 mm thickness and for monolithic lithium disilicate restorations up to 2.5 mm thickness. However, for lithium disilicate restorations with a ≥2.5 mm thickness and zirconia restorations with a ≥2‐mm thickness, different cementation approaches must be further studied, such as: extended light curing; the use of dual‐cure resin cement with a higher self‐curing component than the ones used in this study; or a self‐cure resin cement.
Comparison between Artificial Neural Network model and mathematical models for drying kinetics of osmotically dehydrated and fresh figs under open sun drying
Authors: Şahin Utkucan , Öztürk Harun K.
Published: August 2018

In this study, drying kinetics of figs (Ficus carica L) under open sun drying (OSD) was compared with using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and mathematical models. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD) was applied as a pretreatment. In experiments, whole figs (Sarılop variety) were immersed in sucrose solution at 50°Brix and 50 °C with a ratio of solution/food was 4:1 for 180 min. Vacuum impregnation was applied at 253 mbar for 15 min. Shrinkage effect was considered, also. Results showed that PVOD reduced drying time of figs. The mean of Deff values of PVOD treated and fresh figs were obtained as 2.55 × 10−10 m2/s and 2.36 × 10−10 m2/s, respectively. It was found that present model was the best drying model with the highest correlation coefficient (R2) values among the mathematical models whereas ANN model had a higher correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9999) values than the mathematical models for both PVOD treated and fresh figs.

Practical applications

Dried figs have an economic income for Turkey and Turkey is the biggest dried fig producer and exporter in the World. Drying of figs is very important phenomena because figs have a short harvesting time. Figs are widely dried under open sun because this method has low operating cost. OD method is used before drying step and provides reducing drying time. This study presents experimental results of osmotically dehydrated and fresh figs under open sun drying. Drying kinetics of figs were modeled with empirical and semiempirical models under shrinkage consideration. Shrinkage of fresh and osmotically dehydrated figs during the drying were mathematically modeled thus these correlations can be helpful for researchers. Also, a new mathematical model was established and this model had more accuracy than other mathematical models. The ANN model was used for the prediction of drying curves of figs in different operating conditions.
Biotechnological approaches in glucosinolate production
Authors: Petersen Annette , Wang Cuiwei , Crocoll Christoph , Halkier Barbara Ann
Published: August 2018

Glucosinolates (GLSs) are sulfur‐rich, amino acid‐derived defense compounds characteristic of the Brassicales order. In the past, GLSs were mostly known as anti‐nutritional factors in fodder, biopesticides in agriculture, and flavors in condiments such as mustard. However, in recent times, GLSs have received increased attention as promoters of human health. This has spurred intensive research towards generating rich sources of health‐promoting GLSs. We provide a comprehensive overview of the biotechnological approaches applied to reach this goal. This includes optimization of GLS production and composition in native, GLS‐producing plants, including hairy root and cell cultures thereof, as well as synthetic biology approaches in heterologous hosts, such as tobacco and the microbial organismsEscherichia coliandSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The progress using these different approaches is discussed.
Optimal Fiscal Policy with Consumption Taxation
Authors: MOTTA GIORGIO , ROSSI RAFFAELE
Published: August 2018

We characterize optimal fiscal policies in a general equilibrium model with monopolistic competition and endogenous public spending. The government can tax consumption, as alternative to labor income taxes. Consumption taxation acts as indirect taxation of profits (intratemporal gains of taxing consumption) and enables the policymaker to manage the burden of public debt more efficiently (intertemporal gains of taxing consumption). We show analytically that these two gains imply that the optimal share of government spending is higher under consumption taxation than with labor income taxation. Then, we quantify numerically each of these gains by calibrating the model on the U.S. economy.
The mitochondrial DNA copy number, cytochrome c oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species level in metaphase II oocytes obtained from in vitro culture of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in comparison with in vivo‐obtained oocyte
Authors: Amoushahi Mahboobeh , Salehnia Mojdeh , Ghorbanmehr Nassim
Published: August 2018

Aim

To evaluate the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and intensity of mitochondrial enzyme activity in metaphase II oocytes derived from vitrified cultured immature mouse ovarian tissue in comparison with nonvitrified group and in vivo‐obtained oocytes.

Methods

Vitrified and nonvitrified ovaries from neonate female mice were cultured for 7 days. Then, preantral follicles were isolated and cultured in a three‐dimensional culture system. Follicular development and oocyte maturation were evaluated and compared in both groups. Some of the collected metaphase II oocytes derived from in vitro and in vivo conditions were inseminated with capacitated spermatozoa, and then, the fertilization and embryo developmental rates were assessed. In the other series of oocytes, mtDNA copy number, distribution and enzyme activity and ROS level were analyzed.

Results

The embryo development, mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial enzyme activity in collected metaphase II oocytes from two in vitro‐cultured groups were significantly lower, and the ROS level was higher than those of the in vivo group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between vitrified and nonvitrified groups.

Conclusion

This study showed that a two‐step in vitro culture of mouse ovarian tissue decreased the mtDNA copy number and cytochrome c oxidase activity of metaphase II oocytes through an increase in their ROS level in comparison with in vivo‐obtained oocytes. Thus, the in vitro culture methods should be improved.
Reevaluation of intrapartum fetal monitoring using fetal oximetry: A review
Authors: Uchida Toshiyuki , Kanayama Naohiro , Kawai Kenta , Mukai Mari , Suzuki Kazunao , Itoh Hiroaki , Niwayama Masatsugu
Published: August 2018

Aim

Although several studies reported the measurement of fetal oxygen saturation using fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) for evaluation of the fetal intrapartum condition, a systematic review of the seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provided no evidence to support FPO for intrapartum fetal monitoring. In the present review, we re‐evaluate an overview for the use of FPO and seven RCTs of FPO.

Methods

We reviewed numerous previous reports on FPO and seven RCTs of intrapartum FPO. RCTs were conducted with the main outcome measure being a reduction in the cesarean section rate.

Results

The largest trial with 5341 entries failed to show any reduction. The negative result from this RCT may be explained by the use of a different cutoff value for fetal oxygen saturation compared to the other RCT; in addition, there were differences in the indications for cesarean section due to dystocia and in the definition of non‐reassuring fetal status (NRFS). An abnormal FPO value, defined as the fetal oxygen saturation value <30% for at least 10 min, is useful for making a diagnosis of fetal acidosis. A newly developed device, an examiner's finger‐mounted tissue oximetry, accurately measures tissue oxygen saturation while overcoming the drawbacks of FPO, such as infection risk and slipping off of the sensor during descent of the fetal head.

Conclusion

FPO (including the new device) with fetal heart rate monitoring in selected cases of NRFS may reduce the cesarean section rate.
Diverging Trends in Satisfaction With Housework: Declines in Women, Increases in Men
Authors: Leopold Thomas
Published: August 2018

Objective

This study provides the first assessment of changes in women's and men's satisfaction with housework.

Background

The gender gap in housework time has narrowed, but it remains unknown how subjective evaluations of housework have changed across the “gender revolution” in market and domestic spheres.

Method

This study used data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel Study. A probability sample of West German men and women (N = 193,021 person‐years) born between 1920 and 1989 was observed across major stages of the adult life course (ages 20–79). The analysis was based on generalized least squares random‐effects regression models for change with age and change across cohorts in a single‐item measure of satisfaction with housework.

Results

Satisfaction with housework declined in women and increased in men. These diverging trends contrast with concurrent shifts in time spent on housework. This means that women became less satisfied despite doing less housework, whereas men became more satisfied despite doing more housework.

Conclusion

These trends are better explained by changes in individual gender role attitudes than by changes in couple evaluations of equity.
Making Sense of Marriage: Gender and the Transition to Adulthood in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Pike Isabel , Mojola Sanyu A. , Kabiru Caroline W.
Published: August 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine how young people in Nairobi, Kenya, are making sense of marriage, both in terms of their own lives and its social significance.

Background: In many sub‐Saharan African communities, marriage has been a fundamental marker of the transition to adulthood. However, union formation is changing, particularly in urban areas—partnering is occurring later and nonmarital cohabitation is increasingly common with the pathways to union formation differing by gender. Young people's perspectives on marriage are valuable for a deeper understanding of these trends.

Method: A total of 74 in‐depth interviews with youth living in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya, were qualitatively analyzed with particular attention to personal and normative understandings of marriage along with how they vary by gender.

Results: Marriage emerged as an important part of most respondents' life projects, whether or not they considered it key to socially recognized adulthood. Attitudes differed by gender, with young women's greater ambivalence and aversion toward marriage, particularly early marriage, contrasting with young men's frustrated desire for marriage amidst economic constraints. Young men's main worry about marriage was not being able to support a family, whereas young women were often concerned that marrying would thwart their aspirations regarding education and work.

Conclusion: Marriage continues to be a significant social marker of adulthood despite a shifting demographic reality. Differences in young people's attitudes are related to gendered concerns around marriage and economic independence.
Identity Co‐Formation in an Emerging Industry: Forging Organizational Distinctiveness and Industry Coherence Through Sensemaking and Sensegiving
Authors: Stigliani Ileana , Elsbach Kimberly D.
Published: August 2018

We inductively studied the sensemaking and sensegiving processes used by industry founders in the co‐formation of organizational and industry identities in the emerging industry of Service Design. Our findings illustrate how the sensemaking and sensegiving processes that revolved around the new ‘Service Design’ label allowed the two sets of industry founders to forge both distinctive organizational identities and a coherent industry identity. The new label was, thus, used as a central ‘carrier’ for both holding meanings (in terms of distinctive principles and common practices) developed through sensemaking, and for transferring these meanings respectively to organizational and industry identities through sensegiving. These insights illuminate how industry founders can address the tension between organizational distinctiveness and industry coherence in emerging industries, and have important implications for theory and future research on identity co‐formation and its underlying sensemaking and sensegiving processes.
Brain MRI Features of CSF Human Immunodeficiency Virus Escape
Authors: Narvid Jared , Callen Andrew , Talbott Jason , Uzelac Alina , Dupont Sara M. , Chow Felicia , Price Richard W. , Rehani Bhavya
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is a nearly universal feature of untreated systemic HIV infection. While combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) that suppresses systemic infection usually suppresses CNS (CNS) HIV infection, exceptions have been reported with discordance between CSF and blood HIV RNA concentrations such that CSF demonstrates higher HIV concentrations than blood, referred to as CSF HIV escape. Rarely, CSF HIV escape presents with neurological symptoms, called neurosymptomatic escape.

METHODS

In this report, we describe the MRI findings in 6 patients with neurosymptomatic escape who were identified at our institution.

RESULTS

MR imaging suggests an encephalitis possibly evolving from a distinct HIV subpopulation within the CNS. A major difference between primary HIV infection and the current case series is that untreated HIV encephalitis usually occurs in the setting of late disease and a low CD4 whereas CSF Escape develops in setting of a higher CD4, as well as more robust immune and inflammatory responses. Our findings show a burden and distribution of white matter signal abnormalities atypical for patients adherent to ART and that differs from that seen in untreated HIV encephalitis and leukoencephalopathy. Moreover, these patients may also demonstrate perivascular enhancement, a finding not previously reported in the CSF HIV escape literature.

CONCLUSION

Recognition of these imaging characteristics—patchy subcortical white matter intensities and a perivascular pattern of enhancement—may be helpful in recognition and, along with other clinical information and CSF findings, in diagnosis of neurosymptomatic escape.
ADA Health Policy Institute's methodology overestimates spatial access to dental care for publicly insured children
Authors: Serban Nicoleta , Tomar Scott L.
Published: August 2018

Objective

This article discusses the sources of overestimation of spatial access as recently provided by the Health Policy Institute (HPI) of the American Dental Association.

Methods

Sources of overestimation of access included estimation of Medicaid participation and capacity and limitations of the access measurement approach.

Results

While the HPI analysis used a 30% Medicaid acceptance rate for Florida, 10.2% of dentists accepted ≥100 Medicaid patients in 2015. The nationwide median number of Medicaid‐enrolled children per provider ranges from 36 (Nebraska) to 265 (Florida). HPI estimated that 94% of publicly insured children in Georgia lived within 15 minutes of participating dentists. More rigorous modeling for access estimated that 23% of the total child population do not have access within the state access standards in Georgia.

Conclusions

The estimates provided by HPI substantially overestimate access for children with public insurance. The overestimation comes from both the data limitations and the shortcomings of the methodology employed.
Management of Coxiella burnetii infection in livestock populations and the associated zoonotic risk: A consensus statement
Authors: Plummer Paul J. , McClure J.Trenton , Menzies Paula , Morley Paul S. , Van den Brom René , Van Metre David C.
Published: August 2018

Infections caused by Coxiella burnetii, commonly referred to as coxiellosis when occurring in animals and Query fever when occurring in humans, are an important cause of abortions, decreased reproductive efficiency, and subclinical infections in ruminants. The organism also represents an important zoonotic concern associated with its ability to aerosolize easily and its low infectious dose. Available diagnostic tests have limited sensitivity, which combined with the absence of treatment options in animals and limited approaches to prevention, result in difficulty managing this agent for optimal animal health and zoonotic disease outcomes. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide veterinarians and public health officials with a summary of the available information regarding management of C. burnetii infection in livestock populations. A discussion of currently available testing options and their interpretation is provided, along with recommendations on management practices that can be implemented on‐farm in the face of an outbreak to mitigate losses. Emphasis is placed on biosecurity measures that can be considered for minimizing the zoonotic transmission risk in both field and veterinary facilities.
Characteristics of Dogs with Biofilm‐Forming Escherichia Coli Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Kern Zachary T. , Jacob Megan E. , Gilbertie Jessica M. , Vaden Shelly L. , Lyle Sara K.
Published: August 2018

Background

Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in companion animals. Increasing awareness of biofilm‐forming bacteria raises concern regarding the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of UTIs associated with these organisms.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To (1) describe the population of dogs with UTIs associated with biofilm‐forming Escherichia coli and (2) determine whether or not clinical differences exist between dogs with biofilm‐forming E. coli UTIs and dogs with nonbiofilm‐forming E. coli UTIs. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in the population characteristics, but that biofilm‐formation would be more prevalent in dogs with chronic, complicated, and asymptomatic UTIs.

Animals

Seventy‐six client‐owned dogs with E. coli UTIs, divided into 2 groups based on the biofilm‐forming capability of stored bacterial isolates as assessed by the crystal violet assay.

Methods

Retrospective cross‐sectional study. Medical records of the affected dogs were reviewed and their population and infection characteristics were compared.

Results

Most (52.6%) E. coli isolates were capable of forming biofilms. Biofilm‐forming E. coli had a lower likelihood (P < .001) of multidrug resistance than did nonbiofilm‐forming E. coli. No statistically significant differences were identified between the population or infection characteristics of the 2 groups of dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Escherichia coli isolated from canine urinary tracts are frequently capable of forming biofilms. Because no reliable clinical features allowed exclusion of biofilm formation, the potential for biofilm formation should be considered whenever E. coli UTI is diagnosed. The association of antibiotic resistance and biofilm potential may affect treatment of UTIs, but additional investigation is warranted.