bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apical root canal anatomy in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars: influence of root apical shape and prevalence of apical foramina – a micro‐CT study
Authors: Ordinola‐Zapata R. , Martins J. N. R. , Niemczyk S. , Bramante C. M.
Published: March 2019

Aim

To determine whether a relationship exists between the apical shape of roots and root canal system complexity by performing a micro‐computed tomography analysis.

Methodology

One hundred extracted permanent maxillary first molars were scanned using a micro‐computed tomography device at 19.6 μm voxel size. Two groups of mesiobuccal roots were formed according to the root aspect ratio value in the apical 3‐mm cross‐sectional level (‘<2 and ≥ 2.00’). Data were recorded regarding the number and presence of accessory canals and their location, isthmus, presence of the mesiobuccal canal and dentine thickness. Depending on the analysed variable, Mann–Whitney U test and Z‐test for proportions were used to compare groups. The significant level was set at 5%.

Results

Mesiobuccal roots with an aspect ratio ≥ 2.00 at the apical 3‐mm cross‐sectional level had higher percentages of accessory canals, apical foramina and MB2 root canals in the apical 3 mm. The vertical average distance from the accessory foramina and origin from the anatomic apex was 1.40 and 2.19 mm, respectively. Overall, 21.8% of the accessory canals had their origin coronal to a 3‐mm root resection line. There was no difference between the groups regarding dentine thickness.

Conclusion

The shape of the apical 3 mm of maxillary first molar mesiobuccal roots was a predictive factor for the presence of complex root canal systems. Roots with a lower aspect ratio had less complex apical anatomy.
Making Heterogeneous Space: Land Development and the Proletarianization of Urban Underclass in Post War Japan
Authors: Tomotsune Tsutomu
Published: March 2019

This paper aims to focus on a correlation between urban land development and a “proletarianization” of day‐laborers by examining Mitsui Fudosan Group [Mitsui Real Estate Group] as an agent of urban developments and construction industry in Japan, with examining daylaborers’ riots and moral economy as a counter‐culture against gentrified urban spaces.It is necessary to acknowledge the fact that the national projects – maintained by the closed market and the subcontracting labor system in the construction industry – also induce a radical opposition against the urban development. Although national projects are inevitably accompanied by gentrification, eviction of the homeless, and social exclusion of the underclass, unavoidable transgression or deviation conflicts with urban development, such as periodic and spontaneous riots by day‐laborers, demonstrates a vulnerability of the national unity. In fact, the day‐laborers changed the street labor market into their own field in order to overturn the hierarchy determined by the subcontracting structure in the construction industry. Their bodily expression in the form of riots had radically transgressed the ideas promoted in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics as “One World,” or the 1970 Osaka Expo as “Progress and Harmony for Mankind.” The Olympic legacy was disrupted boldly and transformed into a radical egalitarian thought in this sense. The underclass is immediately defined and commodified by national projects, however, it does not mean that its body is completely involved in its time and space.
Effect of acute respiratory illness on short‐term frailty status of older adults in Nakhon Phanom, Thailand—June 2015 to June 2016: A prospective matched cohort study
Authors: Hughes Michelle M. , Praphasiri Prabda , Dawood Fatimah S. , Sornwong Kanlaya , Ditsungnoen Darunee , Mott Joshua A. , Prasert Kriengkrai
Published: March 2019

Background

Frailty is associated with increased risk of mortality and decline in functional status among older adults. Older adults are at increased risk of severe disease from acute respiratory illness (ARIs), but ARI effects on frailty status among older adults are not well understood. We evaluated how ARIs affect short‐term frailty status among community‐dwelling adults aged ≥65 years in Nakhon Phanom, Thailand.

Methods

During May 2015 to May 2017, older adults were contacted weekly to identify ARIs as part of a community‐based longitudinal cohort study. Each participant's frailty status was assessed at baseline and every 6 months using the Vulnerable Elders Survey‐13 (VES‐13). We selected cohort participants with an ARI and compared them with a sample of participants without an ARI matched on age, sex, influenza vaccination status, and most recent VES‐13 score. For these matched cohort members, an additional VES‐13 was recorded at 3‐4 weeks after the ARI episode date.

Results

Of 3220 cohort study participants, 114 participants with an ARI and 111 comparison participants without an ARI were selected for the matched cohort; three comparison participants were matched to two ARI cases. We found no statistically significant difference between ARI and non‐ARI participants in modified VES‐13 score 3‐4 weeks post‐episode (cases = 0.90, controls = 0.63, P = 0.07). Only two ARI episodes required hospitalization.

Conclusions

Primarily mild ARIs did not affect short‐term frailty status among community‐dwelling older adults in Thailand. As few cases of severe ARI were detected, the contribution of severe ARI to changes in frailty requires further investigation.
MEP Responses to Democratic Backsliding in Hungary and Poland. An Analysis of Agenda‐Setting and Voting Behaviour
Authors: Meijers Maurits J. , van der Veer Harmen
Published: March 2019

The governments of Hungary and Poland have been accused of sliding toward semi‐authoritarianism. Systematic analyses of the responses of political actors at the EU level to these instances of alleged democratic backsliding are scarce, however. This article therefore investigates the responses of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) to the issue of the quality of democracy and the rule of law in Hungary and Poland. On the basis of data on parliamentary questions and motions for resolutions, we analyse who puts these issues on the European Parliament's (EP's) internal agenda and what positions legislators subsequently take in votes on resolutions. We find that both ideological preferences and strategic interests determine MEPs’ responses to democratic backsliding. Our findings are important for research on EU responses to democratic backsliding in EU member states as well as for the literature on party competition in the EP.
Polyphasic characterization of Enterococcus strains isolated from traditional Moghan cheese in Iran
Authors: Hejazi Mohammad Amin , Ghafouri‐Fard Soudeh , Eslami Solat , Afshar Davoud , Barzegari Abolfazl , Khorshidian Nasim
Published: March 2019

Traditional Moghan cheese is made from unpasteurized milk in the rural areas and nomadic tribes of Moghan region in Iran. In this study, we used a simple and rapid method for isolation of acid resistant lactic acid bacteria from traditional Moghan cheese. The six distinct isolates differentiated based on RAPD‐PCR were identified as members of Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, and E.durans species using classical phenotypic and biochemical tests as well as molecular methods. Based on the antibiotic susceptibility, the isolates were classified as resistant, intermediate, and sensitive. Cell‐free culture supernatants of isolates showed different antagonistic activity against the growth of some spoilage and food‐borne pathogens at two natural and neutralized pH conditions. Considering their tolerance to acid and bile, antagonistic effects on some spoilage and food‐borne pathogens and susceptibility to vancomycin, E. faecium strain ABRIINW.M (isolate IE2) and E. faecium strain ABRIINW.N (isolate FE1) are proposed as adjunct cultures to prevent the growth of spoilage and food‐borne pathogens.

Practical applications

This study aimed to provide the first data on prevalence, acquired antibiotic‐resistance, and probiotic potential of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Moghan cheese in Iran. Such observations contribute to understanding the functional characteristics of Enterococci isolated from Moghan cheese. We also showed that polyphasic characterization of Enterococci provides significant information for species assignment and could be used as a strategy to differentiate between strains of isolates. The results of our study provide a useful setting for further investigations on antibiotic‐resistance and antimicrobial activity of Moghan cheese Enterococci as well as evaluation of their technological activities and probiotic potential.
Self‐Reported Hearing Loss and Nonfatal Fall‐Related Injury in a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Heitz Elizabeth R. , Gianattasio Kan Z. , Prather Christina , Talegawkar Sameera A. , Power Melinda C.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the relationship between self‐reported hearing loss and nonfatal fall‐related injury in a nationally representative sample of community‐dwelling adults living in the United States.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional analysis of national survey data.

SETTING

National Health Interview Survey (2016).

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 30 994 community‐dwelling adults in the United States, aged 18 years and older.

MEASUREMENTS

We evaluated the association between self‐reported hearing loss and nonfatal injury resulting from a fall in the previous 3 months. We used multivariate logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and evaluated effect measure modification by age.

RESULTS

The odds of nonfatal fall‐related injury were 1.60 times higher among respondents with hearing loss compared to respondents without hearing loss (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20‐2.12; P = .0012). Results were unchanged when adjusting for demographics (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.18‐2.15; P = .002). After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease, visual impairment, and limitation caused by nervous system/sensory organ conditions and depression, anxiety, or another emotional problem, the OR fell to 1.27 (95% CI = 0.92‐1.74; P = .14). In the fully adjusted model, including adjustment for vestibular vertigo, there was little support to link hearing loss and fall‐related injury (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.84‐1.60; P = .36). Effect modification by age was not observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Self‐reported hearing loss may be a clinically useful indicator of increased fall risk, but treatment for hearing loss is unlikely to mitigate this risk, given that there is no independent association between self‐reported hearing loss and nonfatal falls after accounting for vestibular function and other potential confounders.
Successful implementation of intestinal endoscopy in non‐human primates prompts the possibility of achieving AIDS longitudinal intestinal research
Authors: Song Tian‐Zhang , Zhang Han‐Dan , Zuo Zan , Zheng Yong‐Tang
Published: March 2019

HIV infection induces pathological changes in the intestinal mucosa. Here, a successful endoscopy was performed on the colon of a Chinese rhesus macaque by using Olympus CV170 gastroscope. The stability on postoperative recovery and the integrity of biopsy tissue implied a possibility of achieving AIDS longitudinal intestinal research on macaques.
The physiological response of marine diatoms to ocean acidification: differential roles of seawater pCO2 and pH
Authors: Shi Dalin , Hong Haizheng , Su Xi , Liao Lirong , Chang Siwei , Lin Wenfang
Published: March 2019

Although increasing the pCO2 for diatoms will presumably down‐regulate the CO2‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) to save energy for growth, different species have been reported to respond differently to ocean acidification (OA). To better understand their growth responses to OA, we acclimated the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Chaetoceros muelleri to ambient (pCO2 400 μatm, pH 8.1), carbonated (pCO2 800 μatm, pH 8.1), acidified (pCO2 400 μatm, pH 7.8), and OA (pCO2 800 μatm, pH 7.8) conditions and investigated how seawater pCO2 and pH affect their CCMs, photosynthesis, and respiration both individually and jointly. In all three diatoms, carbonation down‐regulated the CCMs, while acidification increased both the photosynthetic carbon fixation rate and the fraction of CO2 as the inorganic carbon source. The positive OA effect on photosynthetic carbon fixation was more pronounced in C. muelleri, which had a relatively lower photosynthetic affinity for CO2, than in either T. pseudonana or P. tricornutum. In response to OA, T. pseudonana increased respiration for active disposal of H+ to maintain its intracellular pH, whereas P. tricornutum and C. muelleri retained their respiration rate but lowered the intracellular pH to maintain the cross‐membrane electrochemical gradient for H+ efflux. As the net result of changes in photosynthesis and respiration, growth enhancement to OA of the three diatoms followed the order of C. muelleri > P. tricornutum > T. pseudonana. This study demonstrates that elucidating the separate and joint impacts of increased pCO2 and decreased pH aids the mechanistic understanding of OA effects on diatoms in the future, acidified oceans.
Phase‐amplitude coupling of sleep slow oscillatory and spindle activity correlates with overnight memory consolidation
Authors: Mikutta Christian , Feige Bernd , Maier Jonathan G. , Hertenstein Elisabeth , Holz Johannes , Riemann Dieter , Nissen Christoph
Published: March 2019

Initially independent lines of research suggest that sleep‐specific brain activity patterns, observed as electroencephalographic slow oscillatory and sleep spindle activity, promote memory consolidation and underlying synaptic refinements. Here, we further tested the emerging concept that specifically the coordinated interplay of slow oscillations and spindle activity (phase‐amplitude coupling) support memory consolidation. Particularly, we associated indices of the interplay between slow oscillatory (0.16–1.25 Hz) and spindle activity (12–16 Hz) during non‐rapid eye movement sleep (strength [modulation index] and phase degree of coupling) in 20 healthy adults with parameters of overnight declarative (word‐list task) and procedural (mirror‐tracing task) memory consolidation. The pattern of results supports the notion that the interplay between oscillations facilitates memory consolidation. The coincidence of the spindle amplitude maximum with the up‐state of the slow oscillation (phase degree) was significantly associated with declarative memory consolidation (r = .65, p = .013), whereas the overall strength of coupling (modulation index) correlated with procedural memory consolidation (r = .45, p = .04). Future studies are needed to test for potential causal effects of the observed association between neural oscillations during sleep and memory consolidation, and to elucidate ways of modulating these processes, for instance through non‐invasive brain‐stimulation techniques.
Nature versus Nurture: A Comparison of Russian Law Graduates Destined for State Service and for Private Practice
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: March 2019

This article explores the mind‐set of Russian law students on the cusp of graduation. Drawing on a 2016 survey, the analysis finds that, despite having taken different paths to their degrees, the respondents share a confidence in the Russian courts that distinguishes them from Russians without legal education. Within the sample, a natural division is evident between those who plan to go into state service and those who plan to go into private practice. Aspiring state lawyers are more likely to support the policies of the Putin regime, even when they preference politics over the letter of the law. This strongly suggests that the tendency of judges and state lawyers within the criminal justice system to work as a team to ensure convictions is not solely the result of workplace incentives, as had previously been assumed, but is an element of a worldview that these lawyers share that predates their legal education. Aspiring private lawyers, by contrast, are consistently more skeptical of the state. To the extent that they are later coopted by the state, as studies of criminal defense lawyers suggest, such behavior would likely be the result of a desire to endear themselves to investigators and prosecutors in order to ensure further appointments to represent indigent clients.
Detection of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in Ctenocephalides felis fleas from free‐ranging crab‐eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous)
Authors: Schott D. , Souza U. A. , Dall'Agnol B. , Webster A. , Doyle R. , Peters F. , Favarini M. , Mazim F. , Rosa A. O. , Jardim M. M. A. , Trigo T. C. , Reck J.
Published: March 2019

Fleas are insects with a worldwide distribution that have been implicated in the transmission of several pathogens. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Rickettsia spp. (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) and Bartonella spp. (Rhizobiales: Bartonellaceae) in fleas from free‐ranging crab‐eating foxes Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) (Carnivora: Canidae) from Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Fleas were collected manually from animals and used for the molecular detection of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. Twenty‐nine C. thous were sampled in six municipalities. Four foxes were parasitized by 10 fleas, all of which were identified as Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché, 1935) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). DNA from Rickettsia felis Bouyer et al., 2001 and Rickettsia asembonensis Maina et al., 2016 were found in three and eight fleas, respectively. In four fleas, DNA of Bartonella sp. was identified. Phylogenetic analysis grouped Bartonella sp. together with other genotypes previously reported in C. felis worldwide. The scenario described in the present study highlights a Neotropical canid parasitized by the invasive cosmopolitan cat flea, which in turn, is carrying potentially invasive vector‐borne microorganisms. These findings suggest that C. felis is adapted to wild hosts in wilderness areas in southern Brazil, hypothetically exposing the Neotropical fauna to unknown ecological and health disturbances.
Positional upbeat nystagmus on uprighting due to uvulo‐nodular infarction presenting as persistent vertigo and ataxia
Authors: Yamaguchi Nanaka , Shimada Ryuichi , Kajimoto Yasuyuki , Sugimoto Izumi , Sakurai Yasuhisa
Published: March 2019

We report a patient with severe and prolonged vertigo and ataxia caused by infarction of the bilateral cerebellar nodulus and uvula. Vertigo and nausea persisted for 2 weeks, causing the patient to remain bedridden. The patient showed upbeat nystagmus (UBN) on upward gaze and upon uprighting from the supine position and did not exhibit apogeotropic nystagmus characteristic of central paroxysmal positional nystagmus. Isolated positional UBN may be specific to an uvulo‐nodular lesion, and persistent and marked vertigo suggests extensive damage to the bilateral nodulus and uvula.
Variably protease‐sensitive prionopathy mimicking frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Aizpurua Miren , Selvackadunco Sashika , Yull Helen , Kipps Christopher M. , Ironside James W. , Bodi Istvan
Published: March 2019

Sporadic prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized clinically by rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonus. Variably protease‐sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is a recently identified sporadic human prion disorder that may present with a lengthy atypical clinical history. Here, we describe a case of VPSPr in a patient with a long history of suspected frontotemporal dementia (FTD). A 61‐year‐old man presented with speech difficulties, including naming objects and constructing multipart sentences, while there was no difficulty in comprehension. Movement abnormalities included slightly jerky pursuit, minor dysmetria of saccades and brisk reflexes. There was no family history of dementia. Later he developed swallowing difficulties and the possibility of FTD with motor neuron disease was suspected. He died at the age of 71 and his brain was donated to the London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank. The brain (1004 g) showed mild to moderate atrophy, predominantly in the frontal lobe. Histology revealed moderate spongiform microvacuolation mostly affecting the frontal and parietal cortices, but also present focally in the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. Only mild Alzheimer pathology was found by extensive immunohistochemistry, in keeping with BrainNet Europe stage II. Trans‐activation response DNA‐binding protein 43 kDa and α‐synuclein immunostains were negative. Immunostaining for prion protein (PrP) showed granular/synaptic positivity in a patchy distribution, mainly within the deeper cortex, and also revealed microplaques in the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Western blotting confirmed a low molecular weight protease‐resistant PrP band with a faint ladder‐like pattern in the absence of types 1 and 2 isoforms. These features are diagnostic of VPSPr. VPSPr can mimic various neurodegenerative conditions; diagnosis requires both PrP immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The presence of patchy spongiform change in the absence of other neurodegenerative pathology should raise suspicion of VPSPr, even in elderly patients with a lengthy clinical history.
RNA‐guided endonuclease – in situ labelling (RGEN‐ISL): a fast CRISPR/Cas9‐based method to label genomic sequences in various species
Authors: Ishii Takayoshi , Schubert Veit , Khosravi Solmaz , Dreissig Steven , Metje‐Sprink Janina , Sprink Thorben , Fuchs Jörg , Meister Armin , Houben Andreas
Published: March 2019

Visualising the spatio‐temporal organisation of the genome will improve our understanding of how chromatin structure and function are intertwined.

We developed a tool to visualise defined genomic sequences in fixed nuclei and chromosomes based on a two‐part guide RNA with a recombinant Cas9 endonuclease complex. This method does not require any special construct or transformation method.

In contrast to classical fluorescence in situ hybridiaztion, RGEN‐ISL (RNA‐guided endonuclease – in situ labelling) does not require DNA denaturation, and therefore permits a better structural chromatin preservation. The application of differentially labelled trans‐activating crRNAs allows the multiplexing of RGEN‐ISL. Moreover, this technique is combinable with immunohistochemistry. Real‐time visualisation of the CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated DNA labelling process revealed the kinetics of the reaction.

The broad range of adaptability of RGEN‐ISL to different temperatures and combinations of methods has the potential to advance the field of chromosome biology.
Autonomy at work in the gig economy: analysing work status, work content and working conditions of independent professionals
Authors: Pichault François , McKeown Tui
Published: March 2019

This paper offers a critical perspective on the debate surrounding autonomy at work for a specific category of non‐standard workers: independent professionals. The increasing numbers now working this way as well as their spread into all sectors, industries and occupations, mean that their work arrangements can no longer be dismissed as non‐standard or atypical. Defining them by what they are not is quite simply no longer an option. Our paper examines the various components intertwined behind the taken‐for‐granted concept of autonomy. Drawing on debates from the legal through to the sociological andHRliteratures, we identify three underlying dimensions to autonomy. When combined, they provide the basis for an analytical matrix that may assist policy makers, practitioners and individual workers to understand the challenges and opportunities linked to new ways of working.
Discretionary technology bootlegging tensions in institutional healthcare work
Authors: Daskalopoulou Athanasia , Palmer Mark , Keeling Kathy , Pritchard Jones Rowan
Published: March 2019

We explore individuals who take some of their technology use ‘underground’, described as ‘bootlegging’, to enhance healthcare work. We find that healthcare professionals’ informal use of mobile applications in healthcare work sometimes ‘sticks out’ and this produces professional identity tensions: (1) conflict with perceptions of professional behaviour, and (2) defilement of expert judgment. Our analysis, moreover, reveals that identity work (i.e. ‘accepting’ and ‘sensemaking’) provides a coping mechanism to deal with these unresolved professional identity tensions. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the constitutive entanglements and two‐way interactions of discretionary technology bootlegging, professional identity and autonomy in institutional healthcare work.
Conformational Dynamics of Sensory Rhodopsin II in Nanolipoprotein and Styrene–Maleic Acid Lipid Particles
Authors: Mosslehy Wageiha , Voskoboynikova Natalia , Colbasevici Alexandr , Ricke Adrian , Klose Daniel , Klare Johann P. , Mulkidjanian Armen Y. , Steinhoff Heinz‐Jürgen
Published: March 2019

Styrene–maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) provide stable water‐soluble nanocontainers for lipid‐encased membrane proteins. Possible effects of the SMA‐stabilized lipid environment on the interaction dynamics between functionally coupled membrane proteins remain to be elucidated. The photoreceptor sensory rhodopsin II, NpSRII and its cognate transducer, NpHtrII, of Natronomonas pharaonis form a transmembrane complex, NpSRII2/NpHtrII2 that plays a key role in negative phototaxis and provides a unique model system to study the light‐induced transfer of a conformational signal between two integral membrane proteins. Photon absorption induces transient structural changes in NpSRII comprising an outward movement of helix F that cause further conformational alterations in NpHtrII. We applied site‐directed spin labeling and time‐resolved optical and EPR spectroscopy to compare the conformational dynamics of NpSRII2/NpHtrII2 reconstituted in SMALPs with that of nanolipoprotein particle and liposome preparations. NpSRII and NpSRII2/NpHtrII2 show similar photocycles in liposomes and nanolipoprotein particles. An accelerated decay of the M photointermediate found for SMALPs can be explained by a high local proton concentration provided by the carboxylic groups of the SMA polymer. Light‐induced large‐scale conformational changes of NpSRII2/NpHtrII2 observed in liposomes and nanolipoprotein particles are affected in SMALPs, indicating restrictions of the protein's conformational freedom.
Theoretical and computational investigations of geometrical, electronic and spin structures of the CaMn4OX (X = 5, 6) cluster in the Kok cycle Si (i = 0–3) of oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II
Authors: Yamaguchi Kizashi , Yamanaka Shusuke , Isobe Hiroshi , Shoji Mitsuo , Miyagawa Kouichi , Nakajima Takahito , Kawakami Takashi , Okumura Mitsutaka
Published: March 2019

The optimized geometries of the CaMn4OX (X = 5, 6) cluster in the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) by large‐scale quantum mechanics (QM) and molecular mechanics (MM) calculations are compared with recent serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) results for the Si (i = 0–3) states. The valence states of four Mn ions by the QM/MM calculations are also examined in relation to the experimental results by the X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) for the Si intermediates. Geometrical and valence structures of right‐opened Mn‐hydroxide, Mn‐oxo and Mn‐peroxide intermediates in the S3 state are investigated in detail in relation to recent SFX and XES experiments for the S3 state. Interplay between theory and experiment indicates that the Mn‐oxo intermediate is a new possible candidate for the S3 state. Implications of the computational results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of the oxygenoxygen bond formation for water oxidation in OEC of PSII.
Mechanism of benefit of non‐invasive ventilation in COPD with hypercapnic respiratory failure
Authors: Sporn Peter H.S. , Casalino‐Matsuda S. Marina , Gates Khalilah L.
Published: March 2019

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Redistributive pensions in the developing world
Authors: Kemmerling Achim , Neugart Michael
Published: March 2019

Redistributive so‐called social pension schemes have seen a remarkable surge in developing countries. These schemes often target the rural elderly and correlate with urbanization rates, urban rural‐wage differentials, and family norms. We use this stylized evidence to motivate a political economy model for a Beveridgean pension system with trade‐offs between four groups: the (poorer) rural old and young, and the (richer) urban old and young. We show under which conditions governments will install a pension system and increase its generosity as the share of the urban population rises, productivity differentials between urban and rural workers widen, or the social norm erodes. Our conclusion is that the role of the rural–urban divide in shaping redistribution merits more scholarly attention, as the gap between cities and the countryside widens in many developing countries.
Feminist Philosophy of Disability: A Genealogical Intervention
Authors: Tremain Shelley L.
Published: March 2019

This article is a feminist intervention into the ways that disability is researched and represented in philosophy at present. Nevertheless, some of the claims that I make over the course of the article are also pertinent to the marginalization in philosophy of other areas of inquiry, including philosophy of race, feminist philosophy more broadly, indigenous philosophies, and LGBTQI philosophy. Although the discipline of philosophy largely continues to operate under the guise of neutrality, rationality, and objectivity, the institutionalized structure of the discipline implicitly and explicitly promotes certain ontologies, epistemologies, and methodologies as bona fide philosophy, while casting the ontologies, epistemologies, and methodologies of marginalized philosophies as mere simulacra of allegedly fundamental ways of knowing and doing philosophy and thus rendering these marginalized philosophies more or less expendable. This article is designed to show that legitimized philosophical discourses are vital mechanisms in the problematization of disability.
Molecular analysis of the RHD pseudogene by duplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Silva‐Malta M. C. F. , Santos C. C. S. , Gonçalves P. C. , Schmidt L. C. , Martins M. L.
Published: March 2019

Objectives

In this study, we aimed to present a strategy for the detection of the RHD pseudogene (RHDψ) based on a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

Background

The D‐negative phenotype is associated with many genetic alterations. In populations with African ancestry, this phenotype commonly results from the silent variant RHDψ. The evaluation of RHDψ is essential for correct inference of the RhD phenotype in order to avoid false‐positive results.

Methods

We utilised a new method for the simultaneous detection of RHDψ and a fragment from exon 5 of the wild‐type RHD gene based on duplex real‐time PCR assay.

Results

The PCR assay allowed specific detection of RHDψ. There was complete agreement between the results generated by the new test and the results generated by molecular analysis performed using end‐point PCR methods previously described.

Conclusions

The assay developed is easy to execute and presents the potential for routine use at blood banks and other associated facilities where it is desired to determine the presence of RHDψ.
Challenges in the treatment and prevention of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions with hyperhemolysis in sickle cell disease patients
Authors: Dean Christina L. , Maier Cheryl L. , Chonat Satheesh , Chang Andres , Carden Marcus A. , El Rassi Fuad , McLemore Morgan L. , Stowell Sean R. , Fasano Ross M.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs) are serious complications of RBC transfusion that can occur in previously alloimmunized patients. Patients who require episodic transfusions during heightened inflammatory states, such as patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), are particularly prone to alloimmunization and developing DHTRs with hyperhemolysis. While efforts to mitigate these hemolytic episodes via immunosuppressive drugs can be employed, the relative efficacy of various treatment options remains incompletely understood.

CASE REPORTS

In this study, we explored five patients with SCD and multiple RBC alloantibodies who received various forms of immunosuppressive therapy in an attempt to prevent or treat severe DHTRs.

RESULTS

The clinical course for these five patients provides insight into the difficulty of effectively treating and preventing DHTRs in patients with SCD with currently available immunosuppressive therapies.

CONCLUSION

Based on our experience, and the current literature, it is difficult to predict the potential impact of various immunosuppressive therapies when seeking to prevent or treat DHTRs. Future mechanistic studies are needed to identify the optimal treatment options for DHTRs in the presence or absence of distinct alloantibodies in patients with SCD.
A hands‐on resident umbilical cord blood educational curriculum compared to online education of post‐residency obstetricians: comparison of the volume of collected cord blood units
Authors: Sward Lindsey B. , McKelvey Samantha S. , Pollack Stacy L. , Badger Plummer D. , Ounpraseuth Songthip T. , Cottler‐Fox Michele
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Umbilical cord blood unit (CBU) volume is a predictor of its later clinical utility. Many studies suggest the need to increase the volume of CBU collected, but most obstetrical providers receive no formal collection training.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We designed and implemented an educational curriculum for obstetrics residents aimed at improving collection methods and increasing CBU volumes (CBUV). Residents were required to attend grand rounds and interactive didactic sessions on CBU collection followed by work with a simulated collection kit and then performed training collections under observation by a trained collector. Residents completed a self‐assessment after each collection and received immediate personal feedback. Outside providers (non‐UAMS physicians) received written instructional materials with the collection kits and had access to online training materials. They received feedback regarding their collection via standard mail. CBU donated to Cord Blood Bank of Arkansas for public use from 2014–2016 were analyzed. CBUV from residents were compared to those from outside providers.

RESULTS

After adjusting for maternal age and race, infant gender, gestational age, and birth weight, the least‐squared mean CBUV was 92.1 mL for UAMS collections and 65.5 mL for outside provider collections. The improved CBUV of UAMS providers is statistically significant (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Our educational intervention was successful, and we believe that it can be replicated in other obstetrical residency programs. Cord blood collection education involving hands‐on training with a model and immediate feedback improves CBUV, decreases kit waste, increases likelihood of CBU storage, and, therefore, inventory for transplantation.
Companion rats (Rattus norvegicus) with cutaneous lesions: a retrospective study of 470 cases at two university veterinary teaching hospitals (1985–2018)
Authors: White Stephen D. , Bourdeau Patrick J. , Brément Thomas , Bruet Vincent , Gimenez‐Acosta Carmen , Guzman David S.‐M. , Paul‐Murphy Joanne , Hawkins Michelle G.
Published: March 2019

Background

Rats are popular companion animals that are often presented to veterinarians for treatment of skin diseases. However, descriptions of dermatoses in rats have primarily been limited to case reports and text books.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To document skin diseases and their prevalence in companion rats examined in northern California, USA and Nantes, France and to investigate predilections for the most common conditions over a 33 year or 15 year period, respectively.

Animals

Four hundred and seventy rats from two hospital populations met the inclusion criteria.

Methods and materials

A retrospective study was performed by searching computerized medical records of rats seen at the School of Veterinary Medicine at University of California, Davis (UCD), USA from 1 January 1985 to 1 January 2018 using the key words “skin” and “dermatitis”. The medical records of rats presenting to Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS), France from 1995 to 2016 were reviewed for evidence of skin disease. The presence of lesions as noted in the key search words for the UCD records were used as the inclusion criteria for both institutions.

Results

Of 494 rats examined at UCD, 231 (47%) had skin disease, with neoplasia the most common diagnosis. Of the 619 rats examined at ONIRIS, 239 (39%) had skin disease, with ectoparasitism being the most common diagnosis.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Cutaneous conditions in companion rats are common. Clinicians should include a dermatological examination when examining these rodents, especially in regard to neoplasia, ectoparasites and pyoderma.
Evolution of rotavirus C in humans and several domestic animal species
Authors: Trovão Nídia S. , Shepherd Frances K. , Herzberg Katerina , Jarvis Matthew C. , Lam Ham C. , Rovira Albert , Culhane Marie R. , Nelson Martha I. , Marthaler Douglas G.
Published: March 2019

Rotavirus C (RVC) causes enteric disease in multiple species, including humans, swine, bovines, and canines. To date, the evolutionary relationships of RVC populations circulating in different host species are poorly understood, owing to the low availability of genetic sequence data. To address this gap, we sequenced 45 RVC complete genomes from swine samples collected in the United States and Mexico. A phylogenetic analysis of each genome segment indicates that RVC populations have been evolving independently in human, swine, canine, and bovine hosts for at least the last century, with inter‐species transmission events occurring deep in the phylogenetic tree, and none in the last 100 years. Bovine and canine RVC populations clustered together nine of the 11 gene segments, indicating a shared common ancestor centuries ago. The evolutionary relationships of RVC in humans and swine were more complex, due to the extensive genetic diversity and multiple RVC clades identified in pigs, which were not structured geographically. Topological differences between trees inferred for different genome segments occurred frequently, including at nodes deep in the tree, indicating that RVC's evolutionary history includes multiple reassortment events that occurred a long time ago. Overall, we find that RVC is evolving within host‐defined lineages, but the evolutionary history of RVC is more complex than previously recognized due to the high genetic diversity of RVC in swine, with a common ancestor dating back centuries. Pigs may act as a reservoir host for RVC, and a source of the lineages identified in other species, including humans, but additional sequencing is needed to understand the full diversity of this understudied pathogen across multiple host species.
Numerical Analysis of Slotted Airfoil Fins for Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger in S-CO2 Brayton Cycle
Authors: Li Xiao Long , Tang G. H. , Fan Yuan Hong , Yang Dan Lei , Wang Si Qi
Published: March 2019

Recuperator is one of the most important components in supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle, and the printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) has been considered as a promising candidate due to its high efficiency and compactness. The airfoil fin (AFF) PCHE has higher thermal-hydraulic performance than conventional zigzag channel PCHE. However, it also suffers from serious local flow resistance caused by the impact area. Two types of new slotted fins (SFs) based on AFFs including longitudinal slot fins (LSFs) and herringbone slot fins (HSFs) are proposed to release the effect of the impact area. The results show that both LSFs and HSFs can significantly reduce the flow resistance in the channel. Meanwhile, the SFs also show higher thermal performance due to the heat transfer area enhancement by the slots. The LSF channel can be considered as a promising candidate in some energy conversion systems due to its good hydraulic performance, while the HSF channel would behave more efficiently such as in refrigeration cycles due to its high thermal performance. Finally, the field synergy principle is employed to discuss the flow drag reduction in SF channels.
Factors that influence ultrasound evaluation of breast tumor size
Authors: Xu Jin , Ma Ge , Liang Mengdi , Wang Yue , Pan Hong , Li Li , Li Cuiying , Zhou Wenbin , Wang Shui
Published: March 2019

Aims: To determine the factors influencing ultrasound breast tumor size assessment accuracy.Material and methods: Five factors (tumor type, molecular subtype, histological size, histological grade, and breast density) were used to assess the measurement accuracy of breast ultrasound in tumor size. Size underestimation was defined as ultrasound index lesion diameter < histological size by at least 5 mm.Results: Breast ultrasound underestimated tumor size significantly, especially in cases with intraductal components (p=0.002). There was a tendency for higher size underestimation in breast cancer tumors with high–histological grade (p=0.03), human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancer tumors (p=0.02) and hormone receptor (HR)−/HER2+ breast cancer tumors (p=0.008). Furthermore, core biopsy revealedhigher probability of size underestimation with intraductal components (p=0.002). Size underestimation was more frequent with larger histological size (p<0.001). Masses in non-dense breasts were significantly underestimated (p=0.036) compared to dense breasts.Conclusions: The size underestimation was influenced by pathological type, molecular subtype, and histological size. The pathological results of core biopsy were conducive for predicting tumor size pre-surgery in precise breast cancer diagnosis.
Volumetric reconstruction of acoustic energy flows in a reverberation room
Authors: Nolan Mélanie , Fernandez-Grande Efren
Published: March 2019

This study examines the spatial and directional properties of net energy flows in a reverberation chamber. Based on measurements with a spherical array, a method is proposed to estimate the flows of acoustic energy in the volume surrounding the array. The proposed method is used to examine the steady state, early decay, and late decay of the sound field in a reverberation room (both empty and with an absorber on the floor). The results show that the approach is successful in characterizing the spatio-spectral and spatio-temporal properties of power flows in reverberant sound fields, constituting a valuable analysis tool.
China tightens rules on gene editing
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: March 2019

Move is response to CRISPR-altered babies.
cGAS in action: Expanding roles in immunity and inflammation
Authors: Ablasser Andrea , Chen Zhijian J.
Published: March 2019

cGAS sensing of DNA: A comprehensive look

The immune system uses the cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes) signaling pathway to detect the presence of intracellular DNA. This is beneficial because cytosolic DNA is often a sign of host damage or invasion by pathogens. However, inappropriate responses to self-DNA must be suppressed to prevent detrimental effects on the host. Ablasser and Chen review the latest advances uncovering how cGAS and STING control inflammatory responses and are themselves regulated. Special attention is paid to the role of cGAS in sterile inflammatory conditions as well as to the therapeutic potential of modulating this pathway.

Science
, this issue p.
eaat8657
From poor prognosis to promising treatment
Authors: Tauriello Daniele V. F.
Published: March 2019

A better mouse model sheds light on immunotherapy's potential for treating metastatic cancer
Aztreonam plus Clavulanate, Tazobactam, or Avibactam for Treatment of Infections Caused by Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Emeraud Cécile , Escaut Lelia , Boucly Athénaïs , Fortineau Nicolas , Bonnin Rémy A. , Naas Thierry , Dortet Laurent
Published: March 2019

Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria are often extremely resistant, leading to a real therapeutic dead end. Here, we evaluated the
in vitro
and
in vivo
efficacy of aztreonam in combination with ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, or amoxicillin-clavulanate for the treatment of infections caused by MBL-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
, MBL-producing
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, and extremely drug-resistant
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
.
Differences in the Likelihood of Acyclovir Resistance-Associated Mutations in the Thymidine Kinase Genes of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Varicella-Zoster Virus
Authors: Fujii Hikaru , Harada Shizuko , Yoshikawa Tomoki , Yamada Souichi , Omura Natsumi , Shibamura Miho , Inagaki Takuya , Kato Hirofumi , Fukushi Shuetsu , Saijo Masayuki
Published: March 2019

Acyclovir (ACV) resistance-associated mutations in two recombinant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) clones were compared. Recombinant HSV-1 lacking its thymidine kinase (TK) and expressing varicella-zoster virus (VZV) TK ectopically had no mutations in the VZV TK gene.
The Plasmid-Encoded pGP3 Promotes
Chlamydia
Evasion of Acidic Barriers in Both Stomach and Vagina
Authors: Zhang Tianyuan , Huo Zhi , Ma Jingyue , He Cheng , Zhong Guangming
Published: March 2019

Although
Chlamydia trachomatis
is a human genital tract pathogen, chlamydial organisms have frequently been detected in both vaginal and rectal swab samples of animals and humans. The plasmid-encoded pGP3, a genital tract virulence factor, is essential for
Chlamydia muridarum
to colonize the mouse gastrointestinal tract.
Non-muscle-invasive clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Is cystectomy necessary?
Authors: Jayawardhana Tamani , Alsayed Hossam , Goel Amit , Madaan Sanjeev
Published: March 2019

We report the clinical presentation, histological findings and management of a 49-year-old female patient with non-muscle-invasive clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. In the literature, there are only seven such case reports. We feel that transurethral resection of the bladder tumour followed by close cystoscopy surveillance is a suitable management for non-muscle-invasive clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Influences of female body condition on recruitment success of walleye (Sander vitreus) in Wisconsin lakes
Authors: Feiner Zachary S. , Shaw Stephanie L. , Sass Greg G.
Published: March 2019

Stock reproductive potential informs population dynamics and response to harvest. Indices of body condition, like relative weight (Wr), may indicate individual energetic state and provide a mechanistic link between spawning stock traits and recruitment. We tested for relationships among Wr of three female size classes (381–456, 457–557, and ≥558 mm total length), reproductive traits, and age-0 recruitment using data from 92 walleye (Sander vitreus) populations in the Ceded Territory of Wisconsin during 1989–2015 and a lake-specific time series from Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, during 1958–2014. In Escanaba Lake, Wr was positively related to maturation in small females and was positively related to fecundity and gonadosomatic index in intermediate fish. Among and within populations, Wr demonstrated compensatory density dependence and positive relationships with growing degree-days. Recruitment was positively related to large female Wr variation across lakes and negatively related to small female Wr variation in Escanaba Lake. Improving the condition of large female walleye may promote recruitment, and Wr may serve as an accessible metric of reproductive potential in walleye stock–recruit analyses.