bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and selection criteria of BSIM4 flicker noise simulation models
Authors: Noulis T. , Siskos S. , Sarrabayrouse G.
Published: November 2007

CMOS transistors' noise performance is mainly dominated by flicker (1/f) noise. BSIM4.X MOSFET simulation model develops two distinct models, SPICE‐Flicker and BSIM‐Flicker, to calculate flicker noise. In this paper, these two models are analytically examined and compared to noise measurements, using an NMOS and a PMOS device fabricated in 0.6µm process by Austria Mikro Systeme (AMS). MOSFET 1/fnoise measurements and the respective simulations were obtained under various bias conditions, as to study which flicker noise model is the optimum in each operating region. Measurement temperature was constant at 295 K. Comparisons suggest that in an NMOS transistor operating in the triode or saturation region, BSIM‐Flicker model is accurate and therefore preferable. In a PMOS transistor, the most suitable model to describe its 1/fnoise performance in the linear regime is also BSIM‐Flicker, whereas SPICE‐Flicker is more preferable in saturation. In NMOS transistors, the selected model provides a great accurate description of flicker noise, contrary to PMOS transistors, where simulation models appear to be quite unreliable and need further improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current mode filters using two output inverting CCII
Authors: Soliman Ahmed M.
Published: November 2007

Current mode Tow Thomas filter using two‐output inverting second‐generation current conveyor is given, the circuit has low input impedance, employs two grounded capacitors and three grounded resistors and has independent control on Q. A universal current mode filter capable of realizing the five filter functions is also given. Both circuits have low sensitivities to all circuit components. Spice simulation results are included. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometry for the rapid detection of bacteria in cell culture production medium
Authors: McHugh Irene O. L. , Tucker Ayly Ling
Published: November 2007

The rapid and sensitive detection of microbial contaminants is critical for timely contamination investigations and monitoring of process control for in vitro protein production systems. A flow cytometric method was developed to monitor two types of cell culture media used in large scale protein production. The process used a DNA dye, thiazole orange, which binds to nucleic acids of viable and nonviable organisms. To ensure a representative sample was tested and to enhance the detection limit, a concentration step before staining and analysis included a double centrifugation. In addition, a washing step was included to eliminate background fluorescence caused by material in the media formulations. The staining and analysis of concentrated and washed samples takes ∼0.5 h and provides objective results. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated by spiking sterile media with six bacterial species that represent the most commonly encountered bacterial contaminants. In addition to the bacterial spiking study, 164 lots of large scale production medium were tested by the flow cytometric method in parallel with conventional culture using Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB). In the bacterial spiking study, the concentration method increased the microbial titer by 2 logs. The detection limit of organisms within the medium was determined to be 1 CFU/ml. There was 100% correlation between the flow cytometric method and the standard aerobic plate count method using Trypticase Soy Agar. In the parallel study on 164 lots of large scale production media, the flow cytometric method was compared against culture in TSB. The sensitivity of the method was determined to be 100%, the specificity was 99.4%, the positive predictive value was 83%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. To reduce reporting of false positives, an initial positive result should be confirmed by an additional sample. The analytic sensitivity, specificity, and objectivity of this flow cytometric method indicate this method is valuable in the monitoring of production media for microbial contamination. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology.
Exploring the value of online product reviews in forecasting sales: The case of motion pictures
Authors: Dellarocas Chrysanthos , Zhang Xiaoquan (Michael) , Awad Neveen F.
Published: November 2007

The growing popularity of online product review forums invites the development of models and metrics that allow firms to harness these new sources of information for decision support. Our work contributes in this direction by proposing a novel family of diffusion models that capture some of the unique aspects of the entertainment industry and testing their performance in the context of very early postrelease motion picture revenue forecasting. We show that the addition of online product review metrics to a benchmark model that includes prerelease marketing, theater availability and professional critic reviews substantially increases its forecasting accuracy; the forecasting accuracy of our best model outperforms that of several previously published models. In addition to its contributions in diffusion theory, our study reconciles some inconsistencies among previous studies with respect to what online review metrics are statistically significant in forecasting entertainment good sales.
Characterization of a thy1.2 GFP transgenic mouse reveals a tissue‐specific organization of the spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Belle Mino D. , Pattison Edward F. , Cheunsuang Ornsiri , Stewart Anika , Kramer Ina , Sigrist Markus , Arber Silvia , Morris Richard
Published: November 2007

In this study, transgenic mice in which membrane‐linked enhanced green fluorescent protein (mGFP) is expressed from the Thy1.2 promoter were used. In these mice, a subpopulation of small to medium sized DRG neurons double stained for IB4 but not for CGRP. Most of the peripheral terminals traversed the dermis and ramify within the epidermis and form superficial terminals. Within the spinal cord, these afferents terminated exclusively within the substantia gelatinosa (SG). A second fibre type in the skin also expressed mGFP, and formed club‐shaped endings towards the bases of hairs. Injury to the sciatic nerve resulted in mGFP loss from the SG ipsilateral to the nerve injury, but also in the corresponding region contralaterally. Together, these findings reveal the specificity of connectivity of a defined subpopulation of DRG sensory neurons innervating the epidermis and this will facilitate analysis of their physiological functions. genesis 45:679–688, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small heat shock protein Hsp27 is required for proper heart tube formation
Authors: Brown Daniel D. , Christine Kathleen S. , Showell Christopher , Conlon Frank L.
Published: November 2007

The small heat shock protein Hsp27 has been shown to be involved in a diverse array of cellular processes, including cellular stress response, protein chaperone activity, regulation of cellular glutathione levels, apoptotic signaling, and regulation of actin polymerization and stability. Furthermore, mutation within Hsp27 has been associated with the human congenital neuropathy Charcot‐Marie Tooth (CMT) disease. Hsp27 is known to be expressed in developing embryonic tissues; however, little has been done to determine the endogenous requirement for Hsp27 in developing embryos. In this study, we show that depletion of XHSP27 protein results in a failure of cardiac progenitor fusion resulting in cardia bifida. Furthermore, we demonstrate a concomitant disorganization of actin filament organization and defects in myofibril assembly. Moreover, these defects are not associated with alterations in specification or differentiation. We have thus demonstrated a critical requirement for XHSP27 in developing cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. genesis 45:667–678, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Hornecker Jacey L. , Samollow Paul B. , Robinson Edward S. , VandeBerg John L. , McCarrey John R.
Published: November 2007

In eutherian mammals, the X and Y chromosomes undergo meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) during spermatogenesis in males. However, following fertilization, both the paternally (Xp) and maternally (Xm) inherited X chromosomes are active in the inner cell mass of the female blastocyst, and then random inactivation of one X chromosome occurs in each cell, leading to a mosaic pattern of X‐chromosome activity in adult female tissues. In contrast, marsupial females show a nonrandom pattern of X chromosome activity, with repression of the Xp in all somatic tissues. Here, we show that MSCI also occurs during spermatogenesis in marsupials in a manner similar to, but more stable than that in eutherians. These findings support the suggestion that MSCI may have provided the basis for an early dosage compensation mechanism in mammals based solely on gametogenic events, and that random X‐chromosome inactivation during embryogenesis may have evolved subsequently in eutherian mammals. genesis 45:696–708, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient stability simulation of wind generator expressed by two‐mass model
Authors: Shima Yoshikazu , Takahashi Rion , Murata Toshiaki , Tamura Junji , Tomaki Yuichi , Tominaga Shinobu , Sakahara Atsushi
Published: November 2007

Recently, wind power generation is increasing worldwide. In wind power stations, induction machines are mostly used as generators. Since induction generators have a stability problem similar to the transient stability of synchronous machines, it is important to analyze the transient stability of power systems including wind generators. Although there have been some reports analyzing the transient stability problem, wind turbine and wind generator are, in most cases, modeled as a one‐mass shaft system having total inertia constant. This paper presents simulation analyses of transient stability of power system including induction generator which is expressed by a two‐mass shaft model and analyzes an effect of shaft system modeling on the transient stability characteristics. Simulations are performed by PSCAD/EMTDC in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(3): 27–37, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20394
An information retrieval system for telephone dialogue in load dispatch center
Authors: Segawa Osamu , Takeda Kazuya
Published: November 2007

We have developed an information retrieval system for telephone dialogue in a load dispatch center. In load dispatching operations, the needs for recording and information retrieval of a telephone dialogue are high. The proposed system gives a solution for the task and realizes an information retrieval function with any keywords. The effectiveness of the system is verified by telephone dialogue transcription and information retrieval experiments. With 30 telephone dialogues in a load dispatch center, we obtain 59.5% in average word correct and 44.4% in average word accuracy. In the information retrieval experiment, with 20 keywords, we obtain 87.3% in average precision and 67.2% in average recall. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(3): 44– 50, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20402
Sensing of particular speakers for the construction of voice interface utilized in noisy environment
Authors: Sawada Hideyuki , Ohkado Minoru
Published: November 2007

A human is able to exchange information smoothly using voice under different situations such as a noisy environment in a crowd and with the existence of multiple speakers. We are able to detect the position of a source sound in three‐dimensional space, extract a particular sound from mixed sounds, and recognize who is talking. By realizing this mechanism with a computer, new applications will be presented for recording a sound with high quality by reducing noise, presenting a clarified sound, and realizing microphone‐free speech recognition by extracting particular sounds. The paper will introduce real‐time detection and identification of a particular speaker in a noisy environment using a microphone array based on the location of a speaker and the individual voice characteristics. The study will be applied to develop an adaptive auditory system for a mobile robot which collaborates with a factory worker. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(3): 78–86, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20629
Functional Group Chemistry at the Zirconocene Backbone: Addition Reactions to Pendant Alkynyl Substituents
Authors: Chen Liyi , Kehr Gerald , Fröhlich Roland , Erker Gerhard
Published: November 2007

The nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of 2‐bromoindene with propynyl‐ or (phenylethynyl)magnesium bromide gives the corresponding 2‐alkynyl‐substituted indenyl ligands. Subsequent deprotonation and transmetallation with the bis(tetrahydrofuran)zirconium tetrachloride adduct yields the corresponding bis(2‐alkynylindenyl)dichloridozirconium complexes 4a and 4b, which cleanly add a Co2(CO)6 unit to their pairs of alkynyl substituents to give the dimetallic complexes 5a and 5b. Complex 5b was characterized by an X‐ray crystal structure analysis. Complex 4a adds HB(C6F5)2 to the alkynyl substituents to yield a mixture of α‐ and β‐(borylalkenyl)metallocenes. Activation of these complexes with MAO gives active ethene polymerization catalysts, and the 4a,4b,6a/MAO systems are also active in propene polymerization.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Unexpected Tethering in the Synthesis of Methyl‐Substituted Acetyl‐1‐oxaspiro[4.5]­decanes: Novel Woody–Ambery Odorants with Improved Bioavailability
Authors: Kraft Philip , Popaj Kasim
Published: November 2007

To study the olfactory properties of spirocyclic analogs of Iso Gamma (3) with improved water solubility and bioavailability, it was envisaged to spiroannulate 1‐acetyl‐1,2‐dimethylcyclohexanone at the 4‐position with a 3,3‐dimethyltetrahydrofuran‐2‐yl moiety that would mimic the polarity of the double bond by its ether function. 3,3‐Dimethyl‐4‐methylenehex‐5‐en‐1‐ol (9) was prepared by copper(I)‐mediated 1,4‐conjugate addition of the Grignard reagent of chloroprene (7) to 3‐methylbut‐2‐enal with subsequent LAH reduction. However, the Diels–Alder reaction of diene 9 with (E)‐3‐methylpent‐3‐en‐2‐one in the presence of Me2AlCl unexpectedly provided exclusively the undesired meta adduct 10, as was discovered after cyclization to 11 with MeSO3H. The wrong selectivity was due to a tethering effect of the Lewis acid, and this could be evaded by changing the carbonyl function of the dienophile to a hydroxy group. Thereby the (5′R*,7′S*,8′S*)‐configured 1‐(4′,4′,7′,8′‐tetramethyl‐1′‐oxaspiro[4.5]decan‐7′/8′‐yl)ethan‐1‐ones 11 and 14, as well as the like‐configured 1‐(4′,4′,7′‐trimethyl‐1′‐oxaspiro[4.5]decan‐7′/8′‐yl)ethan‐1‐ones 16 and 19, were prepared selectively and studied for their odor characters, threshold values, and octanol/water partition coefficients. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A novel magnetic bead‐based assay with high sensitivity and selectivity for analysis of telomerase in exfoliated cells from patients with bladder and colon cancer
Authors: Rothacker Julie , Ramsay Robert G. , Ciznadija Daniel , Gras Emma , Neylon Craig B. , Elwood Ngaire J. , Bouchier‐Hayes David , Gibbs Peter , Rosenthal Mark A. , Nice Edouard C.
Published: November 2007

Telomerase activity is elevated in more than 85% of cancer cells and absent in most of the normal cells and thus represents a potential cancer biomarker. We report its measurement in colon and bladder cancer cells captured using antibody‐coated magnetic beads. The cells are lysed and telomerase activity is detected using a biosensor assay that employs an oligonucleotide containing the telomerase recognition sequence also covalently coupled to magnetic beads. Telomerase activity is measured by the incorporation of multiple biotinylated nucleotides at the 3′‐end of the oligonucleotide strands during elongation which are then reacted with streptavidin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase. A luminescent signal is generated when hydrogen peroxidase is added in the presence of luminol and a signal enhancer. LOD experiments confirm sensitivity down to ten cancer cell equivalents. The telomerase assay reliably identified patient samples considered by an independent pathological review to contain cancer cells. Samples from normal healthy volunteers were all telomerase negative. The assay, which is amenable to automation, demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in a small clinical cohort, making it of potential benefit as a first line assay for detection and monitoring of colon and bladder cancer.
Optimizing separation efficiency of 2‐DE procedures for visualization of different superoxide dismutase forms in a cellular model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Di Poto Cristina , Iadarola Paolo , Salvini Roberta , Passadore Ileana , Cereda Cristina , Ceroni Mauro , Bardoni Anna Maria
Published: November 2007

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) have been associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species. In AD and PD patients, superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was also indicated as a major target of oxidative damage. In particular, in brain tissue of these patients, different SOD1 isoforms have been identified, although their functional role still remains to be elucidated. In the light of the possibility that different SOD1 entities could be expressed also in other neurodegenerative disorders, as a sort of unifying event with AD and PD, we have investigated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells with mutated SOD1 gene H46R as cellular model. 2‐DE using a narrow‐range IPG 4–7 strips in the first dimension and linear 15% SDS‐PAGE in the second allowed to separate different SOD1 spots. MALDI‐TOF MS and CapLC‐MS/MS have been used for their complete identification. This is the first report in which the presence of SOD1 (iso)forms in a cellular model of ALS has been evidenced.
Gel‐based proteomics reveals potential novel protein markers of ozone stress in leaves of cultivated bean and maize species of Panama
Authors: Torres Nilka Lineth , Cho Kyoungwon , Shibato Junko , Hirano Misato , Kubo Akihiro , Masuo Yoshinori , Iwahashi Hitoshi , Jwa Nam‐Soo , Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Rakwal Randeep
Published: November 2007

We examined responses of cultivated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. IDIAP R‐3) and maize (Zea mays L. cv. Guarare 8128) plants exposed to ozone (O3) using a leaf injury assessment and proteomics approach. Plants grown for 16 days in greenhouse were transferred to an O3 chamber and exposed continuously to 0.2 ppm O3 or filtered pollutant‐free air for up to 72 h. CBB‐stained gels revealed changes in ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) protein. By Western analysis changes in marker proteins for O3 damage in leaves by 1‐DE were checked. In bean leaves, two superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein (19 and 20 kDa) were dramatically decreased, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX, 25 kDa), small heat shock protein (HSP, 33 kDa), and a naringenin‐7‐O‐methyltransferase (NOMT, 42 kDa) were increased by O3. In maize leaves, expression levels of catalase (increased), SOD (decreased), and APX (increased) were drastically changed by O3 depending on the leaf stage, whereas crossreacting HSPs (24 and 30 kDa) and NOMT (41 kDa) proteins were strongly increased in O3‐stressed younger leaves. These results indicated a clear modulation of oxidative stress‐, heat shock‐, and secondary metabolism‐related proteins by O3. Finally, 2‐DE at 72 h after O3 exposure revealed changes (induction/suppression) in expression levels of 25 and 12 protein spots in bean and maize leaves, respectively. Out of these, ten and nine nonredundant proteins in bean and maize, respectively, were identified by MS. A novel pathogenesis‐related protein 2 may serve as a potential marker for O3 stress in bean.
A fully automated 2‐D LC‐MS method utilizing online continuous pH and RP gradients for global proteome analysis
Authors: Zhou Hu , Dai Jie , Sheng Quan‐Hu , Li Rong‐Xia , Shieh Chia‐Hui , Guttman Andras , Zeng Rong
Published: November 2007

The conventional 2‐D LC‐MS/MS setup for global proteome analysis was based on online and offline salt gradients (step and continuous) using strong‐cation‐exchange chromatography in conjunction with RP chromatography and MS. The use of the online system with step salt elution had the possibility of resulting in peptide overlapping across fractions. The offline mode had the option to operate with continuous salt gradient to decrease peak overlap, but exhibited decreased robustness, lower reproducibility, and sample loss during the process. Due to the extensive washing requirement between the chromatography steps, online continuous gradient was not an option for salt elution. In this report, a fully automated, online, and continuous gradient (pH continuous online gradient, pCOG) 2‐D LC‐MS/MS system is introduced that provided excellent separation and identification power. The pH gradient‐based elution provided more basic peptides than that of salt‐based elution. Fraction overlap was significantly minimized by combining pH and continuous gradient elutions. This latter approach also increased sequence coverage and the concomitant confidence level in protein identification. The salt and pH elution‐based 2‐D LC‐MS/MS approaches were compared by analyzing the mouse liver proteome.
Auditing for sustainability: Philosophy and practice of the body shop international
Authors: Wheeler David
Published: November 2007

The application of some forms of environmental auditing by business is growing. While there are a range of motivations which are commonly cited for undertaking the environmental audit, auditing for sustainability is not usually the principle reason given. This article explains The Body Shop's aim to audit for sustainability and outlines their experiences in its application. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental auditing and training needs
Authors: Smith Mark , Billington Stephen
Published: November 2007

The increase in environmental legislation over recent years reflects a response to changes in public perceptions, the need to reduce the impact of industry on the environment. The Pilot Programme for BS 7750: 1992, (the new Environmental Management Standard), involving over 300 organisations is now reaching completion, the revised Standard will be ready by the end of 1993. On the 23rd March 1993 the EC Regulations on Eco‐Management, Audit (EMA) were also adopted by the Council of Ministers. Both these developments reflect the increasing importance placed on environmental management, improved environmental performance. Environmental Auditing forms a major part of this commitment, this paper highlights a variety of techniques available to train individuals in this field. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Contaminated land audits‐practical aspects
Authors: Dennis John
Published: November 2007

There are increasing external pressures on industry to audit its environmental, as well as its financial, performance. The investigation and evaluation of the consequences of past and present contamination of land is an integral part of such an exercise. The process of investigation, continuing monitoring and assessment of risk can be complex and expensive. A carefully planned and staged approach to such projects can significantly reduce the complexity and the cost, and allow pragmatic and relevant decisions to be made as to the optimum course of action. The primary assessment also forms the basis for ongoing auditing of the situation into the future. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Landfill auditing: Beyond compliance ‐ A brief review of auditing for waste management facilities
Authors: Lovelock Martin
Published: November 2007

Environmental auditing has at present limited application in the waste management industry, although the obvious benefits are being realised. The extent of the audit process is largely dependant on the amount of available information and meaningful results relating to a specific site. The auditor must then assess and present his findings in relation to the overall environmental performance and the actual legislative compliance. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The audit requirements for integrated management systems
Authors: Little Barry
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide readers with an understanding of the new management systems and tools together with their inter‐relationship and differences. For a company already certified to BS5750, the adoption of BS7750 may appear to require the expansion of administration to encompass the addition of a further standard and this is the path many companies are likely to take. In most organisations, however, quality, health and safety, and costs are critical to business success. To build an integrated management system must be a more efficient and effective means of accomplishing the same goals. Additionally, other systems such as Supply Chain Management and Activity Based Cost Management have strong relevance to environmental auditing. The overall objective of implementing an environmental management system such as BS7750 is to improve environmental performance and gain financial benefits as a result. These aims can be achieved by the continual assessment of business activities encompassing everything from the raw materials used to the disposal of products. Such a system should result in the greater control and knowledge of the business and hence ensure continual improvement. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Environmental management and industrial competitiveness: Issues for a new ISO standard
Authors: O'Laoire Donal
Published: November 2007

This article comes at a time when Working Groups from the ISO Committee TC 207 are burning the midnight oil to bring forward a new ISO series for Environmental Management Systems (EMS), expected during the latter part of 1994 or early 1995. The paper argues that the new ISO EMS Standard must help to reinforce a strategy for competitiveness within industry. However, that strategy can only succeed if industry can internalise the environment, use it for its own benefit. Environment is not an industry agenda item, and, for that reason, we cannot regard the new standard as just another industry standard. The process of internalisation has begun with evidence of a move from reactive to a more proactive stance being adopted by industry in its own interests. The new ISO EMS Standard should help this process. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Special focus on information technology and environmental management
Authors: Hillary Ruth
Published: November 2007

Good environmental performance is increasingly equated with good business sense. The fields of environmental management and environment auditing have developed new ideas and methods for business to achieve improved environment quality but dissemination of these has been slow and haphazard. Despite recent initiative such as the BSI Environmental management Sysytem Standard(BS7750) and the EU eco‐management and audit scheme, specifically desined to encourage the adoption of more structured methods for the control, monitoring and improvement of environmental performance, the knowledge of good practice id limited within the business community.The need to establish an effective way to exchange ideas and spread information within the fields of environmental management and environmental auditing is paramount.

The Network for environmental management and Auditing (NEMA) was established as a tool to meet this need. NEMA works as an interdisciplinary network promoting links between researches, practitioners and policy makers.In this way ideas and experience in the emerging fields of environmental management and environmental auditing can be developed and exchanged.NEMA aims to dissminate information without duplication of effort. It develops and faciliates the exchange of new environmental management and environmental auditing information by organising biomonthly seminars(1994 seminar programme shown below) on various aspects of environment management and environment auditing and publishing seminar papers. NEMA's first 1994 seminar, held at Manchester Metropolitan University, was one of the first conference to cover the important technology and environment management and auditing. NEMA also has a database of paticipants and publishes research papers and seminar proceedings. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Experience of a small quarrying and landfilling company of working towards BS 7750: 1994
Authors: Williams Lillian M.S.
Published: November 2007

The excellent restoration record achieved by the Brett Group, together with the voluntary introduction of its Good House‐keeping Guide and the Sand and Gravel Association Code of Practice and positive commitment to good environmental working practices at all levels, were driving forces which led the company to agree to participate in the BSI 7750 Pilot Project. Since the end of the Pilot Project, Brett has remained committed to working towards BS 7750 to ensure that the highest operational standards are achieved, not just in restoration. The stages required in working towards BS 7750 and some methods utilized by Brett in following the standard's requirements are reported. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The Canadian Standards Association's approach to environmental auditing
Authors: Gale Robert J.P.
Published: November 2007

The Canadian Standards Association's (CSA) Z751‐94 environmental auditing document is compared with the definition of an environmental audit in the European Union's eco‐management and audit scheme Regulation. The new CSA document Guidelines for Environmental Auditing: Statement of Principles and General Practices is judged to have major short‐comings with regard to its practical value for both environmental auditing practitioners and environmentalists. These shortcomings suggest that the guideline is unlikely to be widely used by the small but growing Canadian environmental auditing profession. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Factors influencing companies' response to environmental responsibility
Authors: Patton D. , Baron P.J.
Published: November 2007

The growth in the small firm sector over the last decade has created a situation where approximately 98% of all businesses are classed as small. The economic impact of the sector is obvious and is recognized and fostered by the UK Government; the environmental impact of these firms, however, has been overlooked. To date, empirical evidence has indicated that small firms have been reticent to take a more proactive role in improving environmental performance. It is argued here that there is a need to develop greater environmental awareness within the small firm sector. Empirical evidence is used to investigate the attitudes that exist within small firms towards the environment and the actions they are prepared to undertake. This is compared with similar evidence obtained on the attitudes and actions of large firms. Through the use of discriminant analysis, certain factors have been identified which explain the relatively low use of environmental audits in the small firm sector. Initiatives are proposed which seek to develop greater environmental commitment from businesses, especially those in the small firm sector. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The role of industry in environmental protection
Authors: Rickmann Allan
Published: November 2007

Management teams in all business sectors are now faced with an enormous volume of increasingly stringent, complex and constantly evolving environmental legislation and the prospect of contending with both criminal and civil penalties in the event of transgression. Environmental protection has therefore assumed greater importance for organizations of all types and sizes and placed management under great moral and legal pressure to be environmentally active. It is argued that to be sure they are pursuing the correct course of action, management must establish criteria to determine which activities need to be changed, the time‐scales and costs involved and the impact these actions will have on other programmes. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Conducting a packaging survey within an engineering company: An exercise in developing a first‐level auditing tool
Authors: Pope Dawn
Published: November 2007

An auditing process using a simple semi‐quantitative screening questionnaire has been developed to assess the management of packaging within a large multinational engineering company. Although the criteria applied are specific to the management of packaging, the basic methodology for data collection and analysis could be applied to a variety of situations. The objective was to identify the current performance of the company regarding the management of packaging. The performance indicators selected included: design criteria, repair, reuse and recycling rates, packaging waste disposal options and waste minimization initiatives. The survey data were analysed to produce an overall packaging efficiency factor (PEF). The PEF assessment is based on an evaluation of the selection and use of transit, intrasite and suppliers' packaging, packaging waste management systems and the design and co‐ordination of packaging. Analysis of the survey data has enabled the identification of the opportunities for improvement and to prioritization of the action plans for each site. The survey also identified group‐wide trends; this information was used to define training and technical support requirements. This investigation represents the first phase of the packaging survey. It is now intended that a selection of the sites will be audited to validate the responses given in the questionnaires. The follow‐up programme includes a repetition of this questionnaire survey in two years time. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
SMEs and environmental management: The european experience
Authors: Hodgson Susan B.
Published: November 2007

An overview is given of the experience of small‐and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe based on a seminar held by the School of the Environment, University of Sunderland. Some of the voluntary measures available to encourage the SME sector towards environmental management in Norway, Germany, Spain and the UK are described, considering the similarities and differences in approach. Although the definition of SMEs varies considerably from country to country, the needs of this sector remain similar across geographical and political boundaries. The SMEs appear to need easily digestible information and prefer a short SWOT‐type review rather that a full environmental appraisal to manage their environmental impacts. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
A class of nonseparable and nonstationary spatial temporal covariance functions
Authors: Fuentes Montserrat , Chen Li , Davis Jerry M.
Published: November 2007

Spectral methods are powerful tools to study and model the dependency structure of spatial temporal processes. However, standard spectral approaches as well as geostatistical methods assume separability and stationarity of the covariance function; these can be very unrealistic assumptions in many settings. In this work, we introduce a general and flexible parametric class of spatial temporal covariance models, that allows for lack of stationarity and separability by using a spectral representation of the process. This new class of covariance models has a unique parameter that indicates the strength of the interaction between the spatial and temporal components; it has the separable covariance model as a particular case. We introduce an application with ambient ozone air pollution data provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined interface boundary condition method for coupled thermal simulations
Authors: Roe B. , Jaiman R. , Haselbacher A. , Geubelle P. H.
Published: November 2007

A new procedure for modeling the conjugate heat‐transfer process between fluid and structure subdomains is presented. The procedure relies on higher‐order combined interface boundary conditions (CIBC) for improved accuracy and stability. Traditionally, continuity of temperature and heat flux along interfaces is satisfied through algebraic jump conditions in a staggered fashion. More specifically, Dirichlet temperature conditions are usually imposed on the fluid side and Neumann heat‐flux conditions are imposed on the solid side for the stability of conventional sequential staggered procedure. In this type of treatment, the interface introduces additional stability constraints to the coupled thermal simulations. By utilizing the CIBC technique on the Dirichlet boundary conditions, a staggered procedure can be constructed with the same order of accuracy and stability as those of standalone computations. Using the Godunov–Ryabenkii normal‐mode analysis, a range of values of the coupling parameter is found that yields a stable and accurate interface discretization. The effectiveness of the method is investigated by presenting and discussing performance evaluation data using a 1D finite‐difference formulation for each subdomain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Goal‐oriented error estimation for Stokes flow interacting with a flexible channel
Authors: van der Zee K. G. , van Brummelen E. H. , de Borst R.
Published: November 2007

We develop a goal‐oriented error estimator for finite‐element discretizations of fluid–structure‐interaction problems. As a model problem, we consider the steady Stokes flow in a 2D channel where part of the channel wall is flexible. We introduce the reference domain approach where the Stokes problem on the variable domain is transformed into a fixed reference domain. This allows the formulation of a proper dual problem. The dual solution is then used in the evaluation of the error estimate, as usual. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling an amperometric biosensor acting in a flowing liquid
Authors: Ivanauskas F. , Baronas R.
Published: November 2007

This paper presents a mathematical model of the amperometric biosensor based on an electrode covered with an enzyme membrane. The model involves three regions: the enzyme layer where enzymatic reaction as well as mass transport by diffusion takes place, a diffusion‐limiting region where only diffusion takes place, and a convective region, where the analyte concentration is maintained constant. Using computer simulation the influence of the biosensor geometry as well as the flow intensity on the biosensor response was investigated. This paper also deals with the conditions when the mass transport in the exterior region may be neglected to simulate the biosensor response assuming that the buffer solution is in intense flow and in powerful motion. The digital simulation was carried out using the finite difference technique. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Twin” phosphorous atoms of tetraethyl 2‐methyl‐piperyd‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonates
Authors: Młynarz Piotr , Jewginski Michał , Śliwińska Sylwia , Latajka Rafał , Schroeder Grzegorz , Kafarski Paweł
Published: November 2007

Recently, bisaminophosphonates found applications as therapeutic agents for curing bone disorders. When trying to relate the structures of substituted piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic with their biological properties, non‐typical findings that in 31P NMR spectra of 2‐methyl‐piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic and 2‐ethyl‐piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic acids, two separate singlets from each of the phosphonic groups were observed, while their analogues bearing substituent in position 3 exhibit only one signal. Their presence was explained by freezing of the molecular motions by strong hydrogen bonding between NH and P = O atoms. In this work, synthesis as well as spectroscopic and theoretical investigations of the tetraethyl esters of 2‐methyl‐piperid‐1‐ylmethylenebisphosphonic in its racemic and enatiomerically pure forms are reported. Their 31P NMR spectra revealed two sets of dublets, which indicate the presence of two non‐equivalent phosphorous atoms. More detailed NMR and theoretical studies indicated that the nonequivalent phosphorous signals in 31P NMR spectra may results from the absence of C2 symmetry of the molecule along with the presence of large ester groups blocking the internal molecular motion around C—N bond, and thus blocking the interchange of ring conformation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:774–781, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20349
Synthesis and characterization of oxime‐bearing hexakis(2‐formylphenoxy)‐phosphazene and its derivatives
Authors: Pamukçi Orhan , Çil Erol , Begeç Saliha , Arslan Mustafa
Published: November 2007

Hexakis(2‐formylphenoxy)cyclotri‐phosphazene (2) was obtained from the reaction of hexachlorocylotriphosphazene (1) with 2‐hydroxy‐benzaldehyde. Hexakis(2‐[(hydroxyimino)methyl]‐phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (3) was synthesized from the reaction of 2 with hydroxlaminehydrochloride in pyridine. Hexasubstituted compounds 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 were obtained from the reactions of 3 with methyl iodide, ethyl bromide, allyl bromide, propanoyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, and 4‐methoxybenzoyl chloride, respectively. Disubstituted product 7 was obtained from the reaction of 3 with chloroacetyl chloride. Pure and defined products could not be obtained from the reaction of 3 with acetyl chloride, benzyl chloride, and 2‐chlorobenzoyl chloride. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:791–797, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20350
Reaction of diethyl thiocyanatomethylphosphonate with aldehydes as a route to diethyl Z‐1‐alkenylphosphonates
Authors: Błaszczyk Roman , Gajda Tadeusz
Published: November 2007

Diastereoselective synthesis of diethyl Z‐1‐alkenylphosphonates from easily available diethyl thiocyanatomethylphosphonate and aromatic aldehydes has been developed. Olefination of the aldehydes occurs under mild conditions and affords the title compounds with moderate yields. A plausible mechanism of the above‐mentioned reaction is also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:732–739, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20371
Tetrakis(trimethysilyl)hypophosphate P2O2(OTMS)4: Synthesis, reactivity and application as flame retardant
Authors: Ruflin Catherine , Fischbach Urs , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Levalois‐Grützmacher Joëlle
Published: November 2007

The preparation of tetrakis(trimethy‐ silyl)hypophosphate, P2O2(OTMS)4 (TMS = SiMe3), which is easily obtained from cheap starting materials, is reported. Reaction with protic substrates (H2O, alcohols) proceeds under stepwise cleavage of silylethers, ROTMS, and formation of hypophosphoric acid, P2O2(OH)4. Amines in the presence of molecular sieves lead to desilylation and formation of ammonium salts of the [P2O2(OTMS)2(O−)2] dianion. On cotton fabrics, P2O2(OTMS)4 hydrolyzes to give P2O2(OH)4 within about 1 h when exposed to air, and this compound acts as an efficient flame retardant (limiting oxygen index >26%) even at low loadings (P content <3%). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:721–731, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20373
Hetero‐π‐systems from 2 + 2 cycloreversion, part 2.1Ab initio thermochemical study of heterocyclobutanes 2 + 2 cycloreversion to form heteroethenes H2C=X (X=NH, O, SiH2, PH, S)
Authors: Gusel'nikov Leonid E. , Avakyan Vitaly G. , Guselnikov Stephan L.
Published: November 2007

Ab initio and DFT thermochemical study of diradical mechanism of 2 + 2 cycloreversion of parent heterocyclobutanes and 1,3‐diheterocyclobutanes, cyclo‐(CH2CH2CH2X), and cyclo‐(CH2XCH2X), where X = NH, O, SiH2, PH, S, was undertaken by calculating closed‐shell singlet molecules at three levels of theory: MP4/6‐311G(d)//MP2/6‐31G(d)+ZPE, MP4/6‐311G(d,p)//MP2/6‐31G (d,p)+ZPE, and B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)+ZPE. The enthalpies of 2 + 2 cycloreversion decrease on going from group 14 to group 16 elements, being substantially higher for the second row elements. Normally endothermic 2 + 2 cycloreversion is predicted to be exothermic for 1,3‐diazetidine and 1,3‐dioxtane. Strain energies of the four‐membered rings were calculated via the appropriate homodesmic reactions. The enthalpies of ring opening via the every possible one‐bond homolysis that results in the formation of the corresponding 1,4‐diradical were found by subtracting the strain energies from the central bond dissociation energies of the heterobutanes CH3CH2—CH2XH, CH3CH2—XCH3, and HXCH2—XCH3. The latter energies were determined via the enthalpies of the appropriate dehydrocondensation reactions, using C—H and X—H bond energies in CH3XH calculated at G2 level of theory. Except 1,3‐disiletane, in which ring‐opening enthalpy attains 69.7 kcal/mol, the enthalpies of the most economical ring openings do not exceed 60.7 kcal/mol. The 1,4‐diradical decomposition enthalpies found as differences between 2 + 2 cycloreversion and ring‐opening enthalpies were negative, the least exothermicity was calculated for ⋅ CH2SiH2CH2CH2. The only exception was 1,3‐disiletane, which being diradical, CH2SiH2CH2SiH2, decomposed endothermically. Since decomposition of the diradical containing two silicon atoms required extra energy, raising the enthalpy of the overall reaction to 78.9 kcal/mol, 1,3‐disiletane was predicted to be highly resisting to 2 + 2 cycloreversion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:704–720, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20377
DFt study of the regioselectivity of addition of sulfenylchloride to ethenes
Authors: Vektariene Ausra , Vektaris Gytis , Rankin David W. H.
Published: November 2007

The electrophilic addition reactions of methylsulfenyl chloride to the double bonds of functionalized ethenes have been studied theoretically. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been applied for starting species and ethene‐based sulfonium intermediates bearing substitutes at α‐carbon atom to study geometrical parameters and electronic states of plausible intermediate forms. The quantum chemical optimizations of intermediates indicate that the episulfonium ion is the most likely methyl‐ or carboxyl‐substituted ethane‐based intermediate. However, with phenyl substituents the intermediate is more like a carbonium than an episulfonium ion. The role of sulfur appears to be that of directing the stereochemistry of the addition reaction of chloride, forming the trans product upon nucleophilic attack on the C—C bond of the episulfonium ion. The regioselectivity features of the opening of the episulfonium ion by the chloride anion depend on the LUMO and LUMO+1 of the episulfonium ion and the approaching HOMO of chlorine. The results of the theoretical investigations are in agreement with experiment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:695–703, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20378