bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary instability of cross-flow vortices in
Falkner–Skan–Cooke boundary layers
Authors: HÖGBERG MARKUS , HENNINGSON DAN
Published: July 2002

Linear eigenvalue calculations and spatial direct numerical simulations
(DNS) of
disturbance growth in Falkner–Skan–Cooke (FSC) boundary layers
have been
performed. The growth rates of the small-amplitude disturbances obtained
from the
DNS calculations show differences compared to linear local theory, i.e.
non-parallel
effects are present. With higher amplitude initial disturbances in the
DNS calculations,
saturated cross-flow vortices are obtained. In these vortices strong shear
layers
appear. When a small random disturbance is added to a saturated cross-flow
vortex,
a low-frequency mode is found located at the bottom shear layer of the
cross-flow
vortex and a high-frequency secondary instability is found at the upper
shear layer of
the cross-flow vortex. The growth rates of the secondary instabilities
are found from
detailed analysis of simulations of single-frequency disturbances. The
low-frequency
disturbance is amplified throughout the domain, but with a lower growth
rate than
the high-frequency disturbance, which is amplified only once the cross-flow
vortices
have started to saturate. The high-frequency disturbance has a growth rate
that is
considerably higher than the growth rates for the primary instabilities,
and it is
conjectured that the onset of the high-frequency instability is well correlated
with the
start of transition.
Unsteady blood flow in a helically symmetric pipe
Authors: ZABIELSKI L. , MESTEL A. J.
Published: July 2002

Fully developed flow in a helical pipe is investigated with a view
to modelling blood
flow around the commonly non-planar bends in the arterial system. Medical
research
suggests that the formation of atherosclerotic lesions is strongly correlated
with
regions of low wall shear and it has been suggested that the observed non-planar

geometry may result in a more uniform shear distribution. Helical flows
driven by
an oscillating pressure gradient are studied analytically and numerically.
In the
high-frequency limit an expression is derived for the second-order steady
flow driven by
streaming from the Stokes layers. Finite difference methods are used to
calculate
flows driven by sinusoidal or physiological pressure gradients in various
geometries.
Possible advantages of the observed helical rather than planar arterial
bends are
discussed in terms of wall shear distribution and the inhibition of boundary
layer
separation.
Modelling of concentrated suspensions using a continuum constitutive
equation
Authors: SUBIA SAMUEL R. , INGBER MARC S. , MONDY LISA A. , ALTOBELLI STEVE A. , GRAHAM ALAN L.
Published: July 2002

We simulate the behaviour of suspensions of large-particle, non-Brownian,

neutrally-buoyant spheres in a Newtonian liquid with a Galerkin,
finite element, Navier–Stokes
solver into which is incorporated a continuum constitutive relationship
described by
Phillips et al. (1992). This constitutive description couples
a Newtonian
stress/shear-rate relationship (where the local viscosity
of the suspension is dependent on the
local volume fraction of solids) with a shear-induced migration model of
the suspended
particles. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional (axisymmetric) model

is benchmarked with a variety of single-phase and two-phase analytic solutions
and
experimental results. We describe new experimental results using nuclear
magnetic
resonance imaging to determine non-invasively the evolution of the solids-concentration

profiles of initially well-mixed suspensions as they separate when subjected
to slow
flow between counter-rotating eccentric cylinders and to piston-driven
flow in a pipe.
We show good qualitative and quantitative agreement of the numerical predictions

and the experimental measurements. These flows result in complex final
distributions
of the solids, causing rheological behaviour that cannot be accurately
described with
typical single-phase constitutive equations.
Incipient breaking of steady waves in
the presence of surface wakes
Authors: MILLER MATTHEW , NENNSTIEL TOBIAS , DUNCAN JAMES H. , DIMAS ATHANASSIOS A. , PRÖSTLER STEPHAN
Published: July 2002

The effect of free-surface drift layers on the maximum height that
a steady wave can
attain without breaking is explored through experiments and numerical simulations.

In the experiments, the waves are generated by towing a two-dimensional
fully
submerged hydrofoil at constant depth, speed and angle of attack. The drift
layer is
generated by towing a plastic sheet on the water surface ahead of the hydrofoil.
It
is found that the presence of this drift layer (free-surface wake) dramatically
reduces
the maximum non-breaking wave height and that this wave height correlates
well
with the surface drift velocity. In the simulations, the inviscid two-dimensional
fully
nonlinear Euler equations are solved numerically. Initially symmetric wave
profiles are
superimposed on a parallel drift layer whose mean flow characteristics
match those
in the experiments. It is found that for large enough initial wave amplitudes
a bulge
forms at the crest on the forward face of the wave and the vorticity fluctuations
just
under the surface in this region grow dramatically in time. This behaviour
is taken as
a criterion to indicate impending wave breaking. The maximum non-breaking
wave
elevations obtained in this way are in good agreement with the experimental
findings.
Quasi-periodic state and transition to turbulence
in a rotating Couette system
Authors: TAKEDA YASUSHI
Published: July 2002

An experimental study of flow transition in a rotating Taylor–Couette system was
made by investigating the spatio–temporal velocity field (axial velocity component)
by the ultrasonic Doppler method. The flow fields for the range of Reynolds numbers
9<R*<40 (where R*=R/Rc;
Rc is the critical Reynolds number for Taylor vortex
flow) were decomposed by two-dimensional Fourier transform and the orthogonal
decomposition technique, and intensities of coherent structural modes were quantitatively
obtained. The variation of the intensities of various modes with respect to
Reynolds number clearly shows a transition behaviour of the quasi-periodic state
resulting from the wavy vortex mode and the modulating waves, which is found to
disappear suddenly at about R*=21. A new mode was found after the disappearance
of the quasi-periodic state, which in turn disappears at R*=36. Beyond this regime,
there was no coherent structure found except for the stationary Taylor vortices and
so-called broad-band component, which is attributed to chaos. The total energy occupation
(the number of modes which occupy 90% of the total energy) and the global
entropy support such transition behaviour quantitatively. After the disappearance of
the newly found mode, the number of modes needed to compose the velocity field is
still finite and small – about 40–50. We call this flow
state ‘soft turbulence’.
The onset of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating sphere
Authors: JONES CHRIS A. , SOWARD ANDREW M. , MUSSA ALI I.
Published: July 2002

The linear stability of convection in a rapidly rotating sphere studied here builds
on well established relationships between local and global theories appropriate to
the small Ekman number limit. Soward (1977) showed that a disturbance marginal
on local theory necessarily decays with time due to the process of phase mixing
(where the spatial gradient of the frequency is non-zero). By implication, the local
critical Rayleigh number is smaller than the true global value by an O(1) amount. The
complementary view that the local marginal mode cannot be embedded in a consistent
spatial WKBJ solution was expressed by Yano (1992). He explained that the criterion
for the onset of global instability is found by extending the solution onto the complex
s-plane, where s is the distance from the rotation axis, and locating the double turning
point at which phase mixing occurs. He implemented the global criterion on a related
two-parameter family of models, which includes the spherical convection problem for
particular O(1) values of his parameters. Since he used one of them as the basis of a
small-parameter expansion, his results are necessarily approximate for our problem.

Here the asymptotic theory for the sphere is developed along lines parallel to Yano
and hinges on the construction of a dispersion relation. Whereas Yano's relation is
algebraic as a consequence of his approximations, ours is given by the solution of a
second-order ODE, in which the axial coordinate z is the independent variable. Our
main goal is the determination of the leading-order value of the critical Rayleigh
number together with its first-order correction for various values of the Prandtl
number.

Numerical solutions of the relevant PDEs have also been found, for values of
the Ekman number down to 10−6; these are in good agreement with the
asymptotic theory. The results are also compared with those of Yano, which are
surprisingly good in view of their approximate nature.
Hamiltonian theory of guiding-centre motion in an electric field with
strong gradient
Authors: DIRICKX M. , WEYSSOW B.
Published: July 2002

The guiding-centre equations of motion of a classical charged particle
in a
strong magnetic field and a strongly sheared electric field are derived.
They can
be used to analyse the dynamics of particles in electromagnetic fields
whose
spatial profiles are similar to those observed during the H mode in the
DIII-D
tokamak, for instance. The derivation of the equations of motion is performed

up to second order in the drift parameter by applying a Hamiltonian
pseudocanonical transformation that removes the gyrophase induced by the

magnetic field. The main difference with the standard case of a slowly
varying
electric field relates to the variation of the new gyrophase and to the
expression
for the magnetic moment: mv2⊥/2B

must be replaced by

formula here

The latter case is also reconsidered – mainly to reveal the consequences
of the
removal of a hidden divergence for small parallel velocities resulting
from the
usual averaging transformation.
Modelling RF heating in toroidal geometry:
on the discrete bounce spectrum and the
continuous bounce average
Authors: VAN EESTER D.
Published: July 2002

Starting from a more general formalism due to Lamalle
[Plasma Phys. Contr.
Fusion32, 1409 (1997)], the dielectric response of
a tokamak plasma to a
radiofrequency (RF) perturbation is evaluated using a simple decorrelation

model, assuming the poloidal cross-section of the magnetic surfaces to
be
circular and retaining leading-order terms in the drift parameter. Toroidicity,

poloidal magnetic field and particle trapping are included in the model.

Constants of the motion are used as independent variables. A semi-analytical

method is adopted to evaluate the bounce spectrum of the dielectric response

(needed to solve the wave equation) and the associated RF diffusion operator

(required for solving the Fokker–Planck equation). The accent is
on a study of
this bounce spectrum. In particular, the link between the discrete bounce

spectrum and the continuous bounce integral is highlighted. The critical

parameter for the global justification of the replacement of the sum on
the
bounce spectrum by a bounce average is the relative magnitude of the
decorrelation and bounce times. That for the local justification is the
second
derivative of the periodic part of the relative wave–particle phase.
Numerical
examples are provided to give a qualitative feeling for the justification
of this
substitution. The relation between the results presented here and those
based
on Hamiltonian models or on a simplified geometry is discussed.
Size spectra, body width and morphotypes of intertidal nematodes: an ecological interpretation
Authors: Tita G. , Vincx M. , Desrosiers G.
Published: July 2002

Nematode species from three intertidal assemblages (St Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada) were studied in order to form an ecological interpretation of three allometric attributes: body width, size spectra, and morphotypes. The three assemblages were characterized by a very similar sediment grain median (Md) but different silt–clay proportions: A1 (upper-tidal level; Md=122 μm; silt=34.8%), A3 (mid-tidal level; Md=182 μm; silt=12.8%), and A5 (lower-tidal level; Md=122 μm; silt=6.8%). Silt–clay proportions were an influential factor in determining the mean nematode body width, used as a morphological discriminant between burrowing and interstitial organisms. A plot of the number of species vs the body width-classes showed two peaks: between 19.3 and 22.6 μm (interstitial), and between 32.0 and 45.5 μm (burrowers). As for the size spectra, in sandy sediments the mean nematode individual biomass was smaller than in muddy sediments. As a consequence, the estimated mean individual respiration rate was greater in muddy (A1=2.26 nl O2 h−1) than sandy sediments (A3=1.25 nl O2 h−1; A5=1.12 nl O2 h−1). In contrast, estimated metabolic ratios were lower in A1 (2.78 nl O2 h−1 μg−1 dry weight, DW) than in A3 (2.95 nl O2 h−1 μg−1 DW) and A5 (3.01 nl O2 h−1 μg−1 DW) suggesting different productivity and/or physiological adaptations to different lifestyles (burrowing vs interstitial) between species inhabiting muddy or sandy sediments. Morphotypes (body width/body length ratio=w/l ratio) were found to be associated with feeding groups. Small w/l ratios were typical of microvores, while greater ratios were typical of epigrowth feeders and predators. Ciliate-feeders, deposit-feeders and facultative predators had intermediate ratios. A morphotype food-related hypothesis is proposed: the species morphotype reflects the quality of exploited food; a small w/l ratio (i.e. long gut) would favour digestive efficiency and would be an adaptation to low quality food (microvores); inversely, a greater w/l ratio (i.e. short gut) would be an adaptation to high quality food (epigrowth-feeders and predators).
The Cultural Milieu of Ancient Sepphoris
Authors: CHANCEY MARK
Published: July 2002

Recent New Testament scholarship has rightly emphasized the significance of urban features at Sepphoris for gospels and Historical Jesus research. However, some of these studies have greatly exaggerated the quantity of evidence for Greco-Roman influence in the first-century city. Most of the architectural features associated with the Greco-Roman city are missing, evidence for use of Greek is minimal, and signs of pagans are rare. In light of this, questions about the influence of Galilee's Hellenistic milieu on the Historical Jesus must be reconsidered.
Natural anti-proteases in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus
mykiss and brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis and the in
vitro neutralization of fish α2-macroglobulin by the
metalloprotease from the pathogenic haemoflagellate,
Cryptobia salmositica
Authors: ZUO X. , WOO P. T. K.
Published: July 2002

Natural anti-proteases (α1-protease inhibitor
(α1-PI; α1-antitrypsin) and α2-macroglobulin (α2-M))
were found in the
blood of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and brook charr,
Salvelinus fontinalis. The α2-M inhibited Cryptobia
salmositica proteases and was significantly higher in brook charr
than in rainbow trout. Under in vitro conditions it took
longer for the same number of parasites to neutralize the α2-M in
charr than in trout blood. The haemolysis which occurred
when C. salmositica was incubated in the blood of rainbow trout
was
due to neutralization of α2-M. This in vitro study
also showed that it was the metalloprotease of C. salmositica
that
lysed red blood cells and the plasma of the two species
of fishes initially prevented haemolysis by inhibiting the proteolytic
activity. We suggest that the natural plasma α2-M
plays an important role in defence against cryptobiosis in fishes.
A method for the isolation of schistosome eggs and

miracidia free of contaminating host tissues
Authors: DALTON J. P. , DAY S. R. , DREW A. C. , BRINDLEY P. J.
Published: July 2002

A novel method for the isolation of schistosome eggs and miracidia

from livers of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum

or S. mansoni is described. The method employed collagenase B
to

degrade the interstitial matrix of mouse liver tissue,

after which the schistosome eggs were separated from the liver cells by
2

single-step density centrifugations through

Percoll. Using this procedure sufficient quantities of miracidia were

obtained to generate a cDNA library. Southern blot

analysis demonstrated that miracidia isolated by this method were free

from contaminating host DNA.
Epidemiology and optimal foraging:
modelling the ideal free distribution of insect vectors
Authors: KELLY D. W. , THOMPSON C. E.
Published: July 2002

Existing models of the basic case reproduction number (R0) for vector-borne diseases assume (i) that the distribution of
vectors over the susceptible host species is homogenous and (ii) that the biting preference for the susceptible host species
rather than other potential hosts is a constant. Empirical evidence contradicts both assumptions, with important consequences
for disease transmission. In this paper we develop an Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) model of host choice by
blood-sucking insects, predicated on the argument that vectors must have evolved to choose the least defensive hosts in
order to maximize their feeding success. From a re-analysis of existing data, we demonstrate that the interference constant,
m, of the IFD can vary between host species. As a result, the predicted distribution of insects over hosts has 2 desirable
and intuitively plausible behaviours: that it is heterogeneous both within and between host species; and that the intensity
of heterogeneity varies with host and vector density. When the IFD model is incorporated into R0, the relationship with
the vector: host ratio becomes non-linear. If correct, the IFD could add considerable realism to models which seek to
predict the effect of these ecological parameters on disease transmission as they vary naturally (e.g. through seasonality
in vector density or host population movement) or as a consequence of artificial manipulation (e.g. zooprophylaxis, vector
control). It raises the possibility of targeting transmission hot spots with greater accuracy and concomitant reduction in
control effort. The robustness of the model to simplifying assumptions is discussed.
Physiological cost induced by the maternally-transmitted endosymbiont Wolbachia in the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma
Authors: FLEURY F. , VAVRE F. , RIS N. , FOUILLET P. , BOULÉTREAU M.
Published: July 2002

Endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia infect a number of invertebrate species in which they induce various
alterations in host reproduction, mainly cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In contrast to most other maternally transmitted
parasites, manipulation of host reproduction makes the spread of Wolbachia possible even if they induce a physiological
cost on their hosts. Current studies have shown that fitness consequences of Wolbachia infection could range from positive
(mutualist) to negative (parasitic) but, in most cases, Wolbachia do not have strong deleterious effects on host fitness and
the status of association remains unclear. Here, we show that in the Drosophila parasitoid wasp Leptopilina heterotoma,
Wolbachia infection has a negative impact on several host fitness traits of both sexes. Fecundity, adult survival and
locomotor performance are significantly reduced, whereas circadian rhythm, development time and offspring sex-ratio are
not affected. Although the cost of bacterial infection can be overcome by effects on host reproduction i.e. cytoplasmic
incompatibility, it could influence the spread of the bacterium at the early stages of the invasion process. Clearly, results
underline the wide spectrum of phenotypic effects of Wolbachia infection and, to our knowledge, Wolbachia infection of
L. heterotoma appears to be one of the most virulent that has ever been observed in insects.
Multiculturalism and the Possibility of Transcultural Educational and Philosophical Ideals
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: July 2002

How should we think about the interrelationships that obtain among Philosophy, Education, and Culture? In this paper I explore the contours of one such interrelationship: namely, the way in which educational and (other) philosophical ideals transcend individual cultures. I do so by considering the contemporary educational and philosophical commitment to multiculturalism. Consideration of multiculturalism, I argue, reveals important aspects of the character of both educational and philosophical ideals.

Specifically, I advance the following claims:

i) We are obliged to embrace the moral and political directives of multiculturalism.

ii) This obligation is a moral one: that is, multiculturalism is justified on moral grounds.

iii) Far from entailing any philosophically problematic form of cultural relativism, multiculturalism is itself a ‘universal’ or ‘transcultural’ ideal.

iv) Moreover, the advocacy of multiculturalism presupposes another kind of universality, dubbed below ‘transcultural normative reach.’

v) Consequently, multiculturalism should not be understood as entailing the demise of ‘universalistic’ dimensions of either philosophy or education.
A deficit in attentional set-shifting of violent offenders
Authors: BERGVALL Å. H. , WESSELY H. , FORSMAN A. , HANSEN S.
Published: July 2002

Background. Recent brain imaging studies suggest that proneness to violence and antisocial behaviour may be associated with dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex. The present study, therefore, examined aspects of prefrontally guided executive functions in a group of criminal violent men.

Methods. Violent offenders undergoing forensic psychiatric examination by court order undertook computerized tasks for planning, visual working memory and attentional set-shifting from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Their performance was compared to that of subjects with marginal mental retardation and normal controls.

Results. Violent offenders performed well on tasks for spatial and figurative working memory, as well as on a test for planning. A marked impairment was observed in the attentional set-shifting task: offenders made significantly more errors than the other groups when required to shift attention from one perceptual dimension to another. Reversal learning was also deficient. Correlational analyses within the offender group revealed that poor performance on the perceptual shift problem was associated with fewer errors in tasks for working memory and planning.

Conclusions. The present results suggest that violent offenders show dual impairments in inhibitory cognitive control. First, they are deficient in shifting attention from one category to another. Secondly, the ability to alter behaviour in response to fluctuations in the emotional significance of stimuli is compromised. These deficits might constitute cognitive reflections of the biological prefrontal alterations observed in this group of people.
The Danish PET/depression project: PET findings in patients with major depression
Authors: VIDEBECH P. , RAVNKILDE B. , PEDERSEN A. R. , EGANDER A. , LANDBO B. , RASMUSSEN N. A. , ANDERSEN F. , STØDKILDE-JØRGENSEN H. , GJEDDE A. , ROSENBERG R.
Published: July 2002

Background. It is hypothesized from previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies of patients with major depression that dysfunction of regions of the limbic system and the frontal lobes in close connection with the basal ganglia is involved in the pathophysiology of major depression.

Methods. By means of PET and 15O labelled radioactive water we determined an index of the neuronal activity by mapping the cerebral blood flow distribution of 42 unselected in-patients suffering from moderate to severe depression and 47 healthy controls controlling for age and gender. The PET maps were co-registered to magnetic resonance images of the anatomy of the brain.

Results. The functions-of-interest analysis revealed significant gender differences in cerebral blood flow and changes in the relative distribution of the blood with increasing age. The patients had increased activity of the hippocampus and the cerebellum compared to the healthy controls when corrected for these confounders and the influence of antidepressant medication. Furthermore, data in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register showed that the patients studied were representative of the population of depressed patients admitted to the hospital during the study period.

Conclusion. Our main finding is increased blood flow to the hippocampus, even when controlling for a number of confounders. This is in accordance with a rapidly expanding literature suggesting an important role for this structure in major depression.
Differential effects of transdermal nicotine on microstructured
analyses of tics in Tourette's syndrome: an open study
Authors: DURSUN SERDAR M. , REVELEY MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2002

Background. The treatment of Tourette's syndrome
(TS) is often unsatisfactory. However, there is some evidence that
transdermal nicotine patch (TNP) application may improve tics of
non-smoking TS patients who are refractory to haloperidol
treatment.

Methods. In this open study we applied two 10 mg TNP for 2
consecutive days to four TS patients whose symptoms were not
controlled by haloperidol and to a never-medicated TS patient, all of
whom are non-smokers. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and a
quantified video-taped micro-structured analysis of tics (head-shake
tics, eye-blinks, vocal tics, facial grimace and other body tics) were
both carried out to assess the change after the application of TNP.

Results. TNP application significantly reduced the YGTSS
by an average of 50%, with no reported side-effects, for up to 4 weeks
but not 16 weeks, as compared with TNP-free period. Consistent with
these results, the total counts of tics also showed a significant
decrease for up to 4 weeks after the TNP application.

Conclusion. TNP application differentially affected
individually quantified tics, which may suggest a differential role of
nicotinic receptors in the generation of different tics.
Somatic and psychological models of common

mental disorder in primary care in India
Authors: PATEL V. , PEREIRA J. , MANN A. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Primary care attenders with a common mental

disorder (CMD) frequently present

with somatic symptoms. This study aimed to examine somatic and

psychological models of CMD

in primary care attenders in India.

Methods. Cross-sectional survey of attenders at two primary

care clinics. Psychiatric caseness was

determined on three criteria: standardized psychiatric interview

(biomedical criterion), patients'

self-assessment of emotional disorder (emic criterion) and health

care provider diagnosis. The

GHQ-12 and the PPQ, which emphasize psychological and somatic

symptoms respectively, were

used as screening instruments.

Results. Although somatic symptoms were the presenting

complaints for 97% of subjects, 51% of

subjects with a biomedically defined CMD had a psychological illness

attribution. Patients with

psychological attributions were more likely to be women, to have a

longer duration of illness, to

have higher CISR scores and were more likely to be recognized by

the primary health care (PHC)

physician. The GHQ-12 was superior to the PPQ in identifying cases

of CMD against the

biomedical criterion for both psychologizers and somatizers; both

instruments performed equally

well against the emic and care provider criteria.

Conclusions. Psychological models may be acquired by

patients as CMD becomes more chronic or

severe, making them more likely to be detected by PHC physicians.

Psychological symptoms are

superior to somatic symptoms in detecting CMD. Shorter versions of

the GHQ have comparable

discriminating abilities to the 12-item version and offer the

practical advantage of brevity, which may

make them more acceptable to PHC physicians as a clinical screening tool.
The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of

depressive conditions: report from the

National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity
Authors: BEBBINGTON P. E. , DUNN G. , JENKINS R. , LEWIS G. , BRUGHA T. , FARRELL M. , MELTZER H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Women are consistently reported to

have a greater prevalence of depressive disorders

than men. The reason for this is unclear, and is as likely to be

social as biological. There is some

evidence that the excess of depression is greater during women's

reproductive lives. Data from the

National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity were used to test the

hypothesis that the excess

disappeared in the post-menopausal years and that obvious social

explanations for this were inadequate.

Method. Subjects (N=9792) from a random sample of

the British population provided data for

the analysis. Psychiatric assessment was carried out by lay

interviewers using the CIS-R. Subjects

with ICD-10 depressive episode or mixed anxiety/depression

were compared with the remainder.

Social variables that were likely to contribute to a post-menopausal

decline in depressive disorders

were controlled in logistic regression analyses.

Results. There was a clear reversal of the sex difference

in prevalence of depression in those over age

55. This could not be explained in terms of differential effects of

marital status, child care, or employment status.

Conclusions. This large and representative survey adds

considerably to the increasingly held view

that the sex difference in prevalence of depression is less apparent

in later middle age. This may be

linked to the menopause, and our attempts to explain it in terms of

obvious conditions among social

variables were not successful. More specific studies are required to

clarify the finding.
Urbanization and psychosis: a study of 1942–1978
birth cohorts in The Netherlands
Authors: MARCELIS M. , NAVARRO-MATEU F. , MURRAY R. , SELTEN J.-P. , VAN OS J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Urban birth is associated with later schizophrenia.
This
study examined whether this
finding is diagnosis-specific and which individuals are most at risk.

Methods. All live births recorded between 1942 and 1978 in

any of the 646 Dutch municipalities
were followed-up through the National Psychiatric Case Register for
first psychiatric admission for
psychosis between 1970 and 1992 (N=42115).

Results. Urban birth was linearly associated with later
schizophrenia (incidence rate ratio linear
trend (IRR), 1·39; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1·36–1·42),

affective psychosis (IRR, 1·18;
95% CI, 1·15–1·21) and other psychosis (IRR, 1·27;
95% CI,
1·24–1·30). Individuals born in the
highest category of the three-level urban exposure were around twice as
likely to develop
schizophrenia. Associations were stronger for men and for individuals
with early age of onset. The
effect of urban birth was also stronger in the more recent birth cohorts.

Conclusions. There are quantitative differences between
diagnostic categories in the strength of the
association between urban birth and later psychiatric disorder. High
rates of psychosis in urban
areas may be the result of environmental factors associated with urbanization,

the effect of which appears to be increasing over successive generations.
Schizophrenic patients who were never treated – a study in an
Indian urban community
Authors: PADMAVATHI R. , RAJKUMAR S. , SRINIVASAN T. N.
Published: July 2002

Background. A significant number of patients with
severe psychiatric disorders remain untreated in
the community although health services are available. The factors related

to non-treatment are not well understood.

Method. A door-to-door survey was conducted on an Indian urban

population of 100 000 using
standardized screening and clinical instruments as a part of a larger epidemiological
study.
Treatment status was determined from multiple sources of information.

Results. Nearly one-third of 261 schizophrenia patients were

found never to have received
treatment. They were older in age and ill for a longer duration than
those who had been treated and
were more symptomatic and severely disabled. They were more often uneducated
and divorced and
lived with larger extended/joint families. This last factor was
considered as being the important
factor in determining whether the patient received treatment.

Conclusion. The larger extended/joint family, which
was able to compensate and cope with the
dysfunctional member, seemed to be the crucial factor related to non-treatment

of the schizophrenic patient.
Life events and post-traumatic stress: the
development of a new measure for children and adolescents
Authors: COSTELLO E. J. , ANGOLD A. , MARCH J. , FAIRBANK J.
Published: July 2002

Background. A new interview measure of life events and
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has
been developed for children and adolescents aged 9 through 17, for use
in both epidemiological and
clinical studies. It includes ‘high magnitude’ events associated
with PTSD as well as other ‘low
magnitude’ events.

Method. The interview is designed as a module of the Child
and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment,
an interviewer-based interview conducted with parent and child separately
by trained lay
interviewers. The module includes: (1) questions about a wide range of
events; (2) a screen for key
PTSD symptoms (painful recall, avoidance, hypervigilance); and (3) a detailed
interview on all
PTSD symptoms, including onset, duration, severity and co-morbidity. A
test–retest reliability
study was conducted with 58 parents and children, who were interviewed
twice by different
interviewers.

Results. Intraclass correlations were 0·72 (child) and
0·83 (parent) for high magnitude events, and
0·62 (child) and 0·58 (parent) for low magnitude events.
Kappa coefficients ranged from high for
violence and sexual abuse to low for child reports of serious accidents
and natural disasters. The
reliability of the PTSD screen symptoms was fair to excellent (κ=0·40–0·79),
and reliability of
PTSD symptoms in those who passed the screen was excellent (ICC=0·94–0·99).
Compared with
a general population sample (N=1015), the clinic-referred subjects
and their parents were twice as
likely to report a traumatic event and, depending on the event, up to 25
times as likely to report
symptoms of PTSD.

Conclusions. The results support the reliability and discriminant
validity of the measure.
Mood, neuropsychological function and cognitions in premenstrual
dysphoric disorder
Authors: MAN M. S. , MacMILLAN I. , SCOTT J. , YOUNG A. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Neuropsychological function and cognitive correlates of depression have not
previously been examined in a rigorously defined population of patients suffering from premenstrual
dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

Method. Mood, neuropsychological function and cognition were measured in 10 PMDD patients
and 10 age-matched controls in both phases of the menstrual cycle in a random order, counter-balanced design.

Results. The BDI was significantly elevated in the luteal phase of PMDD patients only while other
cognitive measures showed no significant differences. Working memory was impaired in the luteal
phase of the menstrual cycle with no significant differences between PMDD and control subjects.

Conclusion. Despite the small sample size, these results show that the BDI is sensitive to the mood
fluctuations of PMDD patients. An impairment in working memory was also found although this
is a general menstrual cycle effect.
Mother–infant interaction in post-partum women with schizophrenia
and affective disorders
Authors: RIORDAN D. , APPLEBY L. , FARAGHER B.
Published: July 2002

Background. Psychiatric mother and baby units are increasingly asked to assess parenting in people
with severe mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, but little research evidence exists on which to
base assessments.

Method. Mother–infant interaction was assessed in 26 women who had recovered from the acute
phase of severe post-partum mental disorder, a validated rating scale based on direct observation
was used.

Results. Women with schizophrenia showed greater interaction deficits than those with affective
disorders, being more remote, insensitive, intrusive and self-absorbed. The 4-month-old infants of
women with schizophrenia were more avoidant, and the overall quality of mother–infant
interaction in schizophrenia was poorer.

Conclusion. The long-term significance of these preliminary findings is not known but they raise
concerns about the parenting capacity of women with schizophrenia and suggest the need for an
intervention to improve parenting skills in this group.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Parental Bonding
Instrument in a Japanese population
Authors: SATO T. , NARITA T. , HIRANO S. , KUSUNOKI K. , SAKADO K. , UEHARA T.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is controversy surrounding the factor
structure of the Parental Bonding
Instrument (PBI), a widely used instrument for assessing perceived parental
rearing behaviours.
Recent studies have proposed five different factor structures, including
Parker et al.'s original two-factor model.

Methods. Four hundred and eighteen employed Japanese adults
filled out the PBI. Maximum
likelihood confirmatory factor analyses were performed to compare the five
different factor
structures in terms of model-fit.

Results. Parker's original two-factor structure fitted
the data poorly. In general, three-factor
structures showed better fit. Among the three-factor structures, Murphy's
model and Kendler's
model were superior (the adjusted goodness-of-fit index >0·8),
with the latter providing the best fit
to the data (the goodness-of-fit index >0·9). When considering
invariance of factor structure across
gender subgroups and across age subgroups, only Kendler's model was
acceptable.

Conclusions. Parker's two-factor structure of the PBI
may not be appropriate for assessing perceived
parental rearing behaviours in a Japanese population. Three-factor structures,
in particular
Murphy's model and Kendler's model, are preferable. Kendler's
model provided the best fit to the
data and was relatively invariant across the subgroups in this study. Thus,
Kendler's model might
prove to be very important for obtaining a factor structure invariant across
different cultures.
Modelling a loss event: effect of imagined bereavement on the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Authors: McCLEERY J. M. , BHAGWAGAR Z. , SMITH K. A. , GOODWIN G. M. , COWEN P. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Loss events are the stressors most closely associated with the onset of depressive
illnesses. The acute cortisol response to loss has been little studied although it could be an important
mediator of the effects of environmental stress on psychological state.

Methods. The salivary cortisol response to an established negative mood induction procedure
involving music and an imagined bereavement was measured in 30 healthy volunteers.

Results. Considerable but transient mood lowering in response to the negative mood induction was
associated with a small increase in cortisol output over 30 min.

Conclusions. This procedure has some potential as a tool to investigate individual differences in the
neuroendocrine response to loss events, but this is limited. There remains a need for laboratory
models of relevant psychosocial stressors in mood disorders research.
Perception of threat in schizophrenics with
persecutory delusions: an investigation using
visual scan paths
Authors: PHILLIPS M. L. , SENIOR C. , DAVID A. S.
Published: July 2002

Background. Cognitive theories of persecutory delusions in schizophrenia include increased
attention to threat and reduced re-appraisal of information during decision-making.

Methods. We employed visual scan path measurements, an ‘on-line’ marker of attention, in
schizophrenic patients with persecutory delusions (N = 19), negative symptom- and medication-matched patients with non-persecutory delusions (N = 8), and normal controls (N = 18). Stimuli
comprised black-and-white photographs of social scenes rated as depicting either neutral,
ambiguous or overtly threatening activity. Foreground areas containing salient information with
regard to the overall scene were rated independently as either threatening or non-threatening in both
the overtly threatening and ambiguous scenes; all foreground areas were rated as non-threatening
in the neutral scene.

Results. For the ambiguous scene only, schizophrenics with persecutory delusions directed gaze to
less threatening areas, and, for all three scenes, demonstrated reduced re-appraisal of information
compared with both control groups. All subjects showed similar viewing strategies for the overtly
threatening and neutral scenes.

Conclusions. These findings suggest abnormal information gathering and evaluation in schizophrenics,
specifically related to the presence of persecutory delusions. In particular, the results point
to biased processing of contextual information in an ambiguous setting in these patients, and
perhaps perception of threat in inappropriate places.
Dimensions of the Mini-Mental State Examination
among community dwelling older adults
Authors: JONES RICHARD N. , GALLO JOSEPH J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Little work has been published on the internal structure of the Mini-Mental State
Examination (MMSE), one of the most widely used instruments for grading cognitive status in
clinical settings and field research.

Methods. MMSE responses from a sample of older adults (50–98 years) in five US sites (N = 8556)
were analysed.

Results. A five-factor solution was found to be most appropriate. The first factor (concentration)
had large loadings with serial sevens and spell world backwards items. The second factor (language
and praxis) had large loadings with naming, follow command and praxis items. The third factor
(orientation) had loadings with orientation to time and place items. The fourth factor (memory) had
large loadings with delayed recall items and the fifth (attention) had large loadings with immediate
registration items.

Conclusions. We found that the MMSE is essentially unidimensional; nevertheless, evidence was
revealed suggesting that the MMSE is a multidimensional assessment instrument. Dimensions
revealed in this sample correspond directly to MMSE sections articulated by the developers of the
instrument. These findings have not been reported in previous factor analyses of the MMSE. The
findings support the construct validity of the MMSE as a measure of cognitive mental state among
community dwelling older adults.
Proper functionalism: A better alternative?
Authors: DAWSON SHAWN
Published: July 2002

In this paper, I develop some internal problems with Alvin Plantanga's

proper functionalist epistemology. I focus on: (1) how we know that a belief
is the
result of proper function and the special difficulties this occasions for
religious beliefs;
(2) what a properly functioning person should believe in various circumstances,
and
(3) the problem of design – whether the claim that God designed us
can be
reconciled with the claim that He was subject to trade-offs, compromises
and
unintended by-products. These serious internal problems cast doubt upon
proper
functionalism's fruitfulness as a theory of knowledge.
‘Individual Failure’ and the Analytics of Social Policy
Authors: JONES PHILIP , CULLIS JOHN
Published: July 2002

Social policy appraisal depends on assumptions that are made about individual
motivation and individual behaviour. In recent years greater
weight has been given to behavioural characteristics which are typical of
homo-economicus. At the same time, a growing body of evidence from
experimental economics and from cognitive psychology identifies a
‘richer’ characterisation of individual behaviour. Allowance must be
made for ‘individual failure’ and for preference endogeneity when designing
and implementing social policy. A ‘broader’ agenda is required when
evaluating social policies. When designing social policy greater emphasis
must be placed on the ‘demonstration effect’.
Reconsidering the Recent History of Child Sexual Abuse, 1910–1960
Authors: SMART CAROL
Published: July 2002

This paper explores how different discursive sites have sought to define
and/or deny the actuality and harm of child sexual abuse in the first half
of the twentieth century in England and Wales. Primary data from journal
and archival sources suggest that there were a range of competing
accounts of sexual abuse (usually referred to as sexual assaults or even
just as ‘outrages’). It is argued that there was not a monolithic silencing
of this abuse but a contest over the meaning of childhood, over the sexual
innocence of girls, and even over the significance of discovering venereal
diseases in babies and in children's homes. The paper suggests that
there has been an overemphasis on the silencing potential of psychoanalytic
discourses during this period, and insufficient attention paid to the
role of the legal establishment and the practices of the criminal justice
system in the persistent, but multifaceted, inability to define adult/child
sexual contact as abusive or harmful.
Raising the Poverty Plateau: The Impact of Means-tested
Rebates from Local Authority Charges on Low Income
Households
Authors: ALCOCK PETE , PEARSON SARAH
Published: July 2002

The role of means-testing within social policy has become more important
and more central in the 1990s. However, extensive reliance on
means-testing brings with it the accompanying problems of the unemployment
and poverty traps. In the 1990s these take on more of the form
of a poverty plateau, accentuated by a new savings trap. This article uses
hypothetical calculations of benefit entitlement in order to explore the
extent of the poverty plateau, and looks in particular at the impact on
this of the growing use of means-tested rebates by local authorities.
Means-tested rebates have been developed by authorities because of
a concern that the new charges for services that they are making
might disadvantage poor local citizens. Drawing on work of one typical
authority, this article reveals that these rebates do add significantly to the
poverty plateau, and yet that this is an issue which is little understood by
both local and national policy planners.
Secular Changes in the Association of Parental Divorce
and Children's Educational Attainment – Evidence from
Three British Birth Cohorts
Authors: ELY M. , RICHARDS M. P. M. , WADSWORTH M. E. J. , ELLIOTT B. J.
Published: July 2002

This article examines the secular trends in the overall association of
parental divorce (or separation) and children's educational attainment at
school-leaving age during the period spanning a quarter of a century
since the second world war in Britain. The study presents a reanalysis of
data from the three British birth cohorts which studied children born in
1946, 1958 and 1970. Equivalent educational attainment at the different
time points is defined relative to the population distribution at the
time, using the median level. The relative risks (with 95 per cent confidence
intervals) of lower than median educational attainment associated
with parental divorce (or separation) are 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5), 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5)
and 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5) for the three cohorts respectively. These results refute
the commonly held opinion that the effects of divorce on children have
attenuated with the increasing prevalence of divorce.
Good-enough Principles for Welfare
Authors: WILLIAMS FIONA
Published: July 2002

The aim of this article is to widen the grounds of the debate on the relationship
between values, social change and welfare reform. In the public
debate on welfare reform and the Third Way the significance of the welfare
politics and campaigns of civil society in challenging the old welfare order
has received little acknowledgement. The article argues that these politics
and campaigns have, along with both the New Right and New Labour,
attempted to construct a new vision of an ‘active welfare subject’. In the
process they have also expanded the moral repertoire for understanding
people's engagement with welfare beyond the self-interest/altruism
dichotomy. The article uses this new repertoire to propose seven key
principles for a reordering of the social relations of welfare.