bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Awarding of Credit Cards: Reactive and Nonreactive Results Compared
Authors: Fowler Robert L. , Hunt Carol A.
Published: September 2011

Criteria employed by 40 companies in deciding which applicants for credit should receive credit cards were examined in two ways. First 16 consumers equally representing males with and without previous credit, and females with and without previous credit, each requested credit from a random 30 of the companies and selectively omitted one piece of information from half of their credit card applications. Analyses of responses to these unobtrusive requests for credit showed the relative importance of credit references and marital status as criteria. Independently questionnaires mailed to the same companies requested credit officers to rank the same criteria according to importance. There was high agreement among their rankings but, compared to the nonreactive results, credit officers rated income too high and marital status too low.
Core Items for Evaluation of Community College Instruction
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

A summative evaluation instrument was administered to 4575 community college students, and three factors identified: Instructor Competence, Student Effort, and Accountability. Items may be used as a brief scale or part of a cafeteria-type evaluation system.
Defining the Term “Handicap:” A Function of Sex, Race, Religion, and Geographic Location
Authors: Coet Larry J.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 100 subjects was characterized by sex, race (Caucasian-Mexican American), religion (affiliation-no affiliation), and geographic location (urban-rural). Subjects were given a questionnaire asking them to rank five groups of individuals they considered handicapped. Spearman rhos indicated that defining “handicap” differed significantly according to sex, race, religion, and geographic location. Males emphasized “lack of education,” while females stressed “deafness” and “birth defects.” Mexican Americans listed “minority” more frequently whereas Caucasian subjects placed more emphasis on “deafness” and “physical injury.” Subjects who had no religious affiliation were more concerned with “speech” and “minority” conditions. Urban subjects ranked the “minority” condition fifth while the rural group of subjects ranked the same condition tenth.
Expectancy Violation and Choosing Whom to Help
Authors: Russell J. Curtis , Hubbard W. Dale
Published: September 2011

An effect of expectancy violation on choice behavior was studied in a helping context to extend understanding of expectancies to behavioral choice and to fill a need in altruism research. Subjects were required to choose between tutoring a student who performed well (needing less help) vs one who performed poorly (needing more help). It was hypothesized that confirming expectancies would lead to choosing the recipient needing more help, whereas violating them would result in choosing the one needing less. Expectancies for students' performance, induced by instructions, were confirmed or violated by videotape recordings of “actual” performances either congruent with or discrepant from those expected. Results strongly supported predictions.
List Length and Organization in the Recall of Categorized Lists
Authors: Sowder Calvin D.
Published: September 2011

60 subjects in a 2 × 3 factorial design learned and recalled categorized lists. Gains in recall from uncued to cued recall were examined as a function of list organization, either blocked or random, and list length, 5, 8, or 11 categories of 7 items each. Significantly greater gains were observed for the simple effects of both list organization and list length but not their interaction. The pattern was one of greater gains in both total word and categories recalled following blocked list organization and longer lists. Words per category recalled were not significantly affected.
Rewarding Instructions vs Brainstorming on Creativity Test Scores of College Students
Authors: Cox Randy S.
Published: September 2011

86 junior college students were administered the Unusual Uses subtest of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Students from three intact classes received instructions for contingent and non-contingent rewards while a fourth group experienced a short “warm-up,” brainstorming activity. The fifth group served as a control. The reward instructions included an offer to remove a comprehensive final exam in an introductory psychology course. The Unusual Uses test yielded scores of fluency and originality for each subject. When pretest scores were statistically co-varied out, no significant differences were found between groups on any of the five creativity scores at posttest whereas differences in attitudes towards the task approached significance. Conclusions concerning the effects of the two strategies on different dimensions of creativity and attitudes were discussed. Implications and suggestions for future research were mentioned.
Observational Learning of Quantity Conservation in Relation to the Degree of Cognitive Conflict
Authors: Charbonneau Claude , Robert Michèle
Published: September 2011

To validate an explanation of observational learning of conservation in terms of a cognitive conflict between the nonconserver's and the conserving model's answers, five degrees of conflict were defined according to the activity interpolated between the experimenter's question and the model's answer. The five situations were as follows: the intervening activity was unrelated to conservation, no specific activity was suggested during observation, children were asked to answer either covertly or overtly the experimenter's question, and children were requested to speak their expectation of the model's answer. In the control situation observation was not interrupted. The adult model correctly performed a brief task on conservation of quantity. In all situations except the one involving the irrelevant task, substantial and comparable acquisition and generalization were obtained on immediate and 7-wk. delayed posttests. During observation subjects assigned to situations requiring overt answers rapidly adopted the conservation response. The validity of the concept of conflict was questioned, and generalization was attributed to the cognitive reorganization induced by covert or overt application of modeled conservation.
Effects of Withholding Cued and Uncued Reinforcement on Response Retardation
Authors: Murphree Larry W.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was undertaken in an attempt to determine the differential effects of withholding cued and uncued reinforcement on response rate during extinction. 8 albino rats were conditioned to climb to the top of a platform and wait for a buzzer before jumping 30.48 cm through a hinged door to a reward compartment. For half of the 8 subjects cued reinforcement was withheld during extinction. The results implied that the differential effects of withholding cued and uncued reinforcement on response rate were not due to the cessation but rather the delay of the conditioned response.
Open Field and Water Wading as Tests of Emotionality in Rats
Authors: Seliger Deborah Levy
Published: September 2011

20 male and 20 female Wistar rats were assessed for open-field defecation and ambulation and for water wading defecation. Defecation in the two places was not correlated. While there was a significant inverse relationship between ambulation and defecation in the open field, ambulation in the open field and defecation while water wading were not related. Females had significantly less defecation in the open field than did any other group. In addition, of all the groups, the only animals to have significantly more defecation were the water-waders who were tested water wading first. No other main effects or interactions were significant. Results suggest that defecation in these places does not measure along the same continuum of emotionality and may be interpreted as evidence against viewing emotionality as a unitary central construct consistent for individuals across conditions.
Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test for Middle-Class Elementary School Children
Authors: Sanner Ralph , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

The Peabody, Wide Range, and Stanford achievement tests were given to third grade ( n = 21) and sixth grade ( n = 22) students who were average achievers from nondisadvantaged homes. Rank-order correlations with the Stanford test were substantial for both the Peabody (.76 to .85) and the Wide Range (.67 to .88) at Grade 3 in reading and spelling, but not in mathematics for either the Peabody (.49 to .66) or the Wide Range (.45 to .64). At Grade 6 the correlations with the Stanford were only moderate both for the Peabody (.42 to .66) and for the Wide Range (.47 to .65) in all achievement areas. Examination of individually calculated discrepancy scores between the individual tests and the Stanford showed that, while they did not differ significantly in size of scores at Grade 3, the Wide Range discrepancies approached or exceeded one grade equivalent in most areas (except spelling and mathematical computation) while the Peabody discrepancies were all below one grade level (but in excess of two-thirds a grade equivalent). At Grade 6 the discrepancies on both tests exceeded one grade level in all areas, with neither test consistently producing smaller discrepancies in all achievement areas.
The Behavioral Target Complaints Form: A Nonreactive Measure of Psychotherapeutic Outcome
Authors: Burton Catherine A. , Nichols Michael P.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether or not goal setting could be a sensitive measure of outcome clients set specific behavioral goals on the Behavioral Target Complaints Form and then evaluated their progress after seven 1-hr. sessions of psychotherapy. The sample consisted of 20 university and community clients treated with brief therapy by seven advanced graduate students and one faculty member. The 10 clients who set goals did not show greater improvement than the 10 who did not set goals on either of two other measures of outcome, the Personal Satisfaction Form (Nichols, 1975) and the Adult State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1970). However, the Behavioral Target Complaints Form was significantly correlated with the other outcome measures. The findings were interpreted as demonstrating that this goal-attainment measure is a sensitive measure of outcome but that administering it does not affect outcome of therapy.
Word Association Times, Felt Effects, and Personality Characteristics of Science Students Given a Placebo Energizer
Authors: Cahill Mary-Carol , Belfer Perry Lee
Published: September 2011

45 male undergraduates in a technological university volunteered for a “study of verbal thinking and personality,” with the foreknowledge that the taking of a pill might be involved. At the time of testing 30 subjects received a pill and 15 were controls in a “single-blind” design. Pill subjects were informed that the pill was an energizing drug; in actuality all pills were lactose placebos. Word-association times increased from pre- to post-pill testing by an equivalent amount for both pill and control groups. On a self-rating scale of felt effects, administered pre- and post-pill, no difference in perceived activation was recorded for either group. The placebo reactivity of pill subjects, defined in relation to the speed of associative production of the control group as a standard, indicated no differences among placebo reactors, anti-reactors, and nonreactors on any of the scales of the Personality Research Form. The essentially negative findings were tentatively attributed to the scientific sophistication of the subject sample. Restriction of the term, “placebo effect,” to therapeutic benefits obtained in a medical setting was urged.
A Further Look at the Popoff Index of Depression
Authors: Rhodes Robert J.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of the Index of Depression and MMPI data from 20 male and 20 female depressed patients suggests that the Index is a useful self-rating measure of depression and that its Covert Depression scale makes a necessary contribution.
Age as a Determinant of Sex-Role Stereotyping
Authors: Vanier Dinoo J. , Hardison Nancy M.
Published: September 2011

A study of attitudes toward cultural values and of personal characteristics of men and women over 30 years of age and under 30 years of age showed that men in both age groups and women over 30 years of age are similar in attitudes but that women under 30 years of age are different from all three other groups. The young women are much less traditionally oriented in their attitudes than the other three groups.
Effects of Social Interaction on Rate of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Burley Peter M. , Mac Leod Colin , Gemmil John
Published: September 2011

The study investigated quantitative differences in verbal interaction by males, members of a social group ( ns = 4, 5, and 6), to determine if the rate of alcohol consumption varied with the amount of verbal interaction engaged in by each group member. Significant effects were found for subjects with a low over-all rate of drinking and those with a significantly high rate of talking.
Prediction of Continuing Client Contact in a Brief-Treatment Campus Mental Health Agency
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: September 2011

The ability of the Counseling Readiness Scales to predict the number of sessions spent in short-term counseling or brief psychotherapy within a university mental health service was confirmed. Highly ready clients spent more time in both than those low on readiness. Significant positive correlations between number of sessions and rated improvement of clients within both short-term modes of treatment suggest the practical utility of measurement of readiness.
The Conflict Resolution Inventory: Psychometric Data
Authors: Galassi John P. , Galassi Merna Dee , Westefeld John S.
Published: September 2011

The study provides basic psychometric data for those items and scores on the Conflict Resolution Inventory which are used for screening purposes and for the measurement of change. Three-week test-retest reliabilities, normative data for males and females, and intercorrelations among items used for subject selection are reported. The implications of these findings for re' search employing the inventory are discussed.
Role of Expectancy Factors in Behavioral Self-Control Therapies: An Experimental Inquiry
Authors: Ingram Rick , Goldstein Barbara
Published: September 2011

Most research in the area of behavioral self-control has focused either on its efficacy or its more obvious components, e.g., self-monitoring and self-reward. Expectancy factors have been relatively ignored. Utilizing a smoking-reduction paradigm, the present study investigated the possibility that positive expectancy may be related to success in behavioral self-control therapies. Two groups of volunteer students who wished to reduce their smoking behavior were taught Homme's (1965) coverant self-control procedure. One group was told that the technique was 80% effective, while the other was informed that it was 15% effective. Although analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between groups per se, a Newman-Keuls analysis indicated that for the group with high expectancy reduction either reached or approached significance over the control group's level during three of the four weeks of treatment. Data suggested that, although its exact role requires further research, expectation is an important variable in behavioral self-control.
Birth Order of Volunteers for Group and Individual Psychological Experiments: A Negative Note
Authors: Roodin Paul , Broughton Andrew , Vaught Glen M.
Published: September 2011

The effect of birth order on rate of volunteering for a potential group or individual psychological experiment was investigated. Subjects were 286 undergraduates (89 firstborns and 197 later borns). Volunteering was not significantly related to ordinal position. Controls for family size and alternative classification schemes for ordinal position did not indicate any birth order—volunteering relationships. The data were discussed in terms of recent studies which also reported null results.
Have Adaptors and Innovators Equal Levels of Creativity?
Authors: Kirton Michael
Published: September 2011

An earlier study posited contrasting styles of creativity, problem-solving, and decision-making on the level of a personality dimension (Kirton, 1976). Although it was possible to make a number of clear distinctions between adaptors and innovators, as those scoring at the extremes of the continuum were labelled, the theory explicitly denied that any differences should be found between these extreme scorers on level of creativity. The present study found only negligible differences.
Development and Validation of a Sex-Role Ideology Scale
Authors: Kalin Rudolf , Tilby Penelope J.
Published: September 2011

Two studies are reported in which a scale measuring sex-role ideology was constructed, validated and cross-validated. Sex-role ideology was conceived as a system of sex-role beliefs forming a dimension with a traditional and a feminist pole. From an initial pool of 82 statements, 30 were selected that best discriminated between criterion groups of traditional and feminist women and that represented the heterogeneous content of sex roles. Half of the items are phrased in a feminist and half in a traditional direction. The scale was then cross-validated with new criterion groups. The internal consistency of the scale was shown through item-total correlations and split-half reliability (median r = .79). The test-retest reliability was .87.
Independence of Sex-Role and Gender Identity
Authors: Luessenheide Duane , Vandever Jan
Published: September 2011

This study replicates Bern's original standardization study with a large sample of college students ( N = 860) and utilizes stepwise backward regression analysis with the 60 personality characteristics as predictor variables and gender as the criterion variable. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the order in which the personality characteristics were dropped by regression. Rankings of the three independent groups, neutral, masculine, and feminine, were not different. Thus the data confirm Bern's construct of role identity as independent of biological gender.
An Empirical Investigation of the Modeling of Depression
Authors: Abrams Daniel , King Glen D.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effects of viewing various films on affect, 200 volunteer subjects were assigned to 10 groups following a modified Solomon four-group design. Five groups received pretesting and five groups received no pretesting before being exposed to one of five treatments and follow-up testing 2 or 3 wk. later with the State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List and the Depression Check List. The treatments required viewing films of an actor who conveyed depression, positive affect, and neutral affect, and a no-film control. Subjects viewing a film were administered 13 semantic differential adjective pairs to obtain the observers' perception of the character in the film and the California Psychological Inventory. Depression increased following the depressed and neutral film conditions, and decreased from posttest to follow-up test, while the positive and no-film control conditions produced no change from pretest to posttest levels of depression. Similar results were found for the measure of anxiety but not for hostility. Subjects tended to be affected in the same way by the treatments regardless of their pretreatment levels of depression, anxiety, or hostility. Relationships between the changes in depression from pre-to posttest and personality variables were not confirmed.
Comparisons of Competence Training in Two Successful Clinical Psychology Programs
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Clinical training programs at the Universities of Alabama and Kansas were selected for application of a Barker-type methodology on the basis of survey data indicating high percentages of competent students in internships over a 3-yr. period. One-day visits enabled labeling of the functional behavior settings, occupancy counts, and stream of behavior accounts. The data were organized with regard to an external definition of competency training. The Alabama training experience is program-centered, teaching-oriented, structured in sequence and content. The underlying academic value is that the program can provide a matrix of fundamental clinical knowledge and skill. The Kansas program, democratic and equalitarian, stresses a faculty-student sharing of learning-by-doing, constant evaluation, and responsibility. The program provides the model for individual professional autonomy.
Cortical Involvement in Schizophrenics
Authors: Belford Barbara , Russell Elbert W.
Published: September 2011

The nature of schizophrenia has long been debated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that typical/atypical schizophrenia (process/reactive) entails dysfunctioning in the frontal and temporal areas of the brain respectively. Rather than the conventional method of group mean analysis, the inverse factor analytic procedure of profile analysis was used to isolate clusters of individual profiles whose performance over 53 neuropsychological variables was similar. Results did not substantiate this hypothesis but did suggest a possible brain-damage component in typical schizophrenics which was not present in atypical schizophrenics. These results represent the first time that a process/reactive continuum has been suggested from an inductive approach for analyzing the performance of schizophrenics on an extensive battery of psychological tests sensitive to brain damage.
Insight into One's Own Teaching: Stability of Students' Evaluations across Classes
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of responses from end-of-course evaluations of 24 graduate statistics classes taught by the author on a 26-item evaluation form yielded highly reliable evaluations for both classes (.93) and items (.96). Reliable differences were found for six consecutive stages of four classes each with strong positive trend and weak but significant cubic trend apparent. Items accounted for .423 of the variance with stage explaining .166 and interaction of stage and item .085. A stable hierarchy of item characteristics indicated consensus with mean rating correlating —.76 with standard deviation. Most favorable ratings were given on instructor-student relations, motivation-stimulation, reasonable work load and tests, and clearness of grading procedures, with least favorable ratings on subject organization and competence.
Creativity: An Approach to a Behavioral Theory
Authors: Akinboye Julius O.
Published: September 2011

This paper touches briefly several theories of creativity used for the past two decades. It then suggests a behavioral model in which methods of fostering creativity are considered as measurable independent variables. Other personality correlates, such as attitudes and motives, cognition and imagery, and psychomotor factors are considered as second-order intervening variables. Simpler and relatively less complex behavior patterns as affect, cognition, and psychomotor (creative interaction) are conceived as first-order intervening variables manipulable and externalizable as creative motivation, ability, and interaction, are conceived as measurable dependent variables. The various dimensions of the model, cognitive, affective and psychomotor-functioning, are seen as interdependent.
Maternal Employment Status, Social Support and Adolescents' Well-Being
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined the effects of maternal employment on the well-being of 93 male and 181 female adolescents. Subjects were high school students who participated by anonymously completing a questionnaire during class periods. Maternal employment had no effect on the experiences of males but females whose mothers worked outside the home reported greater life stress, less social support from their mothers, and poorer well-being.
Conformity and Non-Conformity among Married Women: The Riesman Typologies
Authors: Sprinthall Richard C. , Bennett Barbara
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted on 94 upper-middle cass, white, married women, roughly half of whom were over 30 yr. and also about half of whom had attended college. Subjects were given the Women's Social Situations Test and assessed on its three subscales, Self-Ideal, used to measure inner-direction, Self-Average, used to measure other-direction, and Idiosyncraticism, used to measure non-conformity. Scores on all subtests were significantly different from each other, the highest scores being on Self-Ideal, next highest on Self-Average, and lowest on Idiosyncraticism. The data also were analyzed according to item categories reflecting peer situations and those involving family situations. Self-Average and Idiosyncratic scores were significantly higher on peer items, whereas type of item made no difference on the Self-Ideal scale. Age yielded no differences on the three subscales. Education did make a difference on two of the subscales and indicated that those women who had attended college were higher on the Self-Average scale and lower on the Self-Ideal.
Jealous Conflict in Dating Couples
Authors: Teismann Mark W. , Mosher Donald L.
Published: September 2011

80 steadily dating couples were assigned by sex to jealous or nonjealous role-playing conditions in which one partner was asked to assume a distancing role while the other was asked to overcome the distance and try to establish closeness with the partner. Using Raush, et al.'s (1974) method of studying interpersonal conflict through improvisation, it was found that persons in distant roles and experiencing jealousy used significantly more rejection and coercion, especially guilt-induction, than did subjects who experienced distance for nonjealous reasons. No sex differences were noted with regard to the use of rejection and coercion. However, men selected their issues of jealousy as sexual while women selected jealous issues which involved a loss of time and attention.
Development of a Scale for Assessment of Jealousy
Authors: Tipton Robert M. , Benedictson Cynthia S. , Mahoney John , Hartnett John J.
Published: September 2011

Based on a review of the literature on jealousy and depth interviews with 25 adults, a pool of items was developed for a preliminary study of the measurement of jealousy. A total of 141 college students completed the 92-item inventory. The data were factor analyzed, yielding 5 dimensions; need for loyalty, need for intimacy, moodiness, self-confidence, and envy. An intensified 31-item inventory was administered to 94 additional students. Factor analysis of the data yielded essentially identical factors.
Behavioral Weight Control for Obese Adolescents: Preliminary Findings and Future Considerations
Authors: Geller Sanford E.
Published: September 2011

Two adolescent boys with histories of rapidly increasing obesity participated in a behavioral weight-reduction program. The multi-dimensional treatment included those behavioral techniques most'often shown to be effective in treating obese adults. While the program was not effective in reversing their increase in obesity, it was successful in reducing the rate of weight gain. During treatment both subjects' average monthly weight gain was reduced relative to baseline averages and lower than the rate expected for children this age. A 16-wk. follow-up showed a return to pretreatment patterns of weight gain. Directions for research with such people are discussed.
Structure of Response Patterns to a Repeated Verbal Stimulus and Action of Noise and Odor on Originality
Authors: Pons Louis , Baudet Monique
Published: September 2011

Two samples of normal subjects ( ns = 73 and 100) were tested to observe how vision and audition, noise and odor affect responses to repeated presentations of the stimulus word in a word-association test. Patterns of responses reflect the alternation of vision and audition, noise increases repetition and alternation of responses and odor increases originality. This allows us to examine how the associations vary with an affective and somatic sensory perturbation.
On Sex and the Psychology of “Playing Dumb”: A Reevaluation
Authors: Soltz Donald F.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaire data, gathered from a varied sample of 142 male and 260 female subjects, were used to address two questions concerning the perception of sex roles and appropriateness of certain sex-related behavior: (1) Has the proportion of women who report that they “play dumb” changed over the past generation? And (2) do males' perceptions of “playing dumb” agree with females'? Data supported the view that women continue to play dumb, but an equal proportion of men reported doing so as well. The data argue for a revised conception of the relationship between “playing dumb” and sexual identity.
Involvement in Choice Can Improve Performance
Authors: Kruger Michael W.
Published: September 2011

Do those with greater involvement in a process of choice perform better? Specifically, do students get better grades if they are more involved in choosing their classes? Students in an introductory psychology course were offered informed choice of 32 sections. Those who changed sections (active choice) or were forced to take their second or third choices (choice process salient) had better grades than those who stayed in their original computer-assigned section (possibly a passive choice). Covariates controlled effects of grade point average, semester hours completed, and major. The desirability of the section had no interactive effect.
Associates by Age, Sex, and Method to Aggressive Words with Double Meaning
Authors: Staats Sara R. , Brockman Cynthia , Gates Molly
Published: September 2011

Associates for 12 words with at least one aggressive meaning were obtained from 80 middle-aged and 92 college individuals using the word-association method. A second sample of 120 individuals (30 in each of 4 age-sex groups) used the same words in a sentence. A general correspondence of the primary associates across age, sex, and method was observed. The sentence method appeared to be a more sensitive indicator of age-sex differences than the word association method. While being female or being over 35 was associated with fewer aggressive responses, age was seen as a more powerful moderator of aggressive responses than sex.
Further Validation of the Social Conformity Scale of the Comrey Personality Scales
Authors: Comrey Andrew L. , Wong Cynthia , Backer Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

53 Asian students scored significantly higher than 53 non-Asian students on the Social Conformity vs Rebelliousness scale of a modified version of the Comrey Personality Scales. In a different sample, the same scale also correlated significantly with political preference for both males and females ( ns = 90 and 109, respectively).
Evaluation of Clinical Experiences in Nursing Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Study identified items to measure two dimensions of teaching-learning experiences in clinical education, Clinical Impact and Accountability.
Factor Analysis of Job Functions and Employers' Preferred Training Models for Master's Level Clinical Psychologists
Authors: Soper W. Barlow , Smith Ronald G.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis was conducted on the functions that master's level clinical psychologists perform, and on their employers' preferred training models as reported on questionnaires returned from 400 mental health agencies west of the Mississippi River. The analysis extracted seven factors labeled Outpatient Therapy, Inpatient Therapy, Community Mental Health, Research Assistant, Inpatient Ward Management, Psychological Testing, and Other Functions. The results supported the belief that master's level clinical psychologists are performing traditional clinical functions such as psychotherapy, psychological testing, and research, as well as functions associated with the more recent community mental health model. The results were viewed as a step toward more rational, job-oriented curriculum development for master's level clinical psychologists.
Self and External Monitoring of Weight
Authors: Heckerman Carol Landau , Brownell Kelly D. , Westlake Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were 23 obese men and women who received a behavioral weight control program and were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: (1) subjects were weighed at the beginning of each treatment session and were encouraged to weigh themselves at home for “continuous feedback” or (2) subjects were not weighed at group meetings and were instructed to avoid weighing themselves at home in order to “concentrate on behavioral change.” At posttreatment and at 4-wk. follow-up, the groups did not differ for change in bodyweight or change in percentage overweight. There was, however, a tendency for subjects who did not weigh themselves to lose more weight and to display lower attrition than weighed subjects at posttreatment and at the 4-wk. and 6-mo. follow-ups.
Self-Esteem, Need for Approval and Self-Estimates of Academic Performance
Authors: Morrison Thomas L. , Morrison Randall L.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a replication and extension of prior studies that have shown both low self-esteem and high need for approval to be related to underestimation of academic performance. The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were administered to 67 college students who later estimated their examination grade after taking the final examination in an introductory psychology course. Students with low self-esteem and low school self-esteem did estimate getting lower grades, even with actual grade controlled by covariance. Students with high vs low need for approval showed no difference in estimated grade. However, in a multiple regression analysis with, estimated grade as the criterion, the multiple correlation coefficient did increase when social desirability score was added to the equation after self-esteem score. These results are discussed in light of methodological differences in the prior studies and in terms of the psychological processes involved in estimating a grade.
Avoidance of Sex-Atypical Toys by Five- and Ten-Year-Old Children
Authors: Vieira Kenneth G. , Miller William H.
Published: September 2011

The technique developed by Hartup, Moore, and Sager (1963) was used to measure avoidance of non-traditional sex-typing in school-age children. A between-subjects design was used in which 40 elementary school children were studied under four experimental conditions (sexes, ages 5 and 10 yr.). The dependent variable was the number of observations in which looking at or touching sex-atypical toys was scored. Statistical analyses showed that 10-yr.-olds avoided atypical sex objects more than did the 5-yr.-olds, and boys avoided sex-atypical objects more than did girls. There was no interaction between age and sex. The results support the hypothesis that avoidance of behavior can be a useful index of the development of sex-role typing.
Differences between Correlations in a Single Sample: A Correction and Amplification
Authors: Humphreys Lloyd G.
Published: September 2011

An error is corrected in a formula published earlier (Humphreys, 1976). The derivation of the formula and its applicability to the statistical comparison of two correlations involving three variables in a single sample are briefly described.
Is There a Place for Programmed Instruction Training in Psychotherapy?
Authors: Anchor Kenneth N. , Smith Pat
Published: September 2011

Mastery of technical and theoretical aspects of systems of psychotherapy is incomplete without development of similar skills in building of relationships. Programmed instruction in interpersonal facilitative behavior seems to have potential for inclusion in training in psychotherapy.
Learning by Discovery: Incidental Learning and Presentation of Rule
Authors: Hermann G. D.
Published: September 2011

Three studies on learning by discovery were conducted using a refraction task. In each study, three instructional methods were used, ruleg (rule-example), egrule (examples followed by the rule), and eg only (rule not given). Independent variables included sex and socioeconomic level. The 8 dependent variables used were measures of retention, transfer, incidental learning, and verbalization. Few significant findings were obtained; however, on the verbalization of the rule measure, the groups given the rule performed higher than the group not given the rule. There was little interaction between instructional method and the other variables.
Effect of Reinforcement of Response on Internal Consistency of Selected Wisc-R Subtests
Authors: Saigh Philip A. , Payne David A.
Published: September 2011

An experimental study of 120 educable mentally retarded subjects was undertaken to examine the differential effects of three types of reinforcers (verbal praise, token, and verbal neutral) and two levels of schedule of reinforcement (continuous and fixed ratio) on the Arithmetic, Picture Completion, and Block Design subtests from the WISC-R. Although the pattern of coefficients was similar for the two schedule conditions, there was a trend for the fixed ratio schedule to result in a greater number of attempted items and higher coefficients of internal consistency. The superiority of any type of reinforcer treatment was not demonstrated.
Situation Generality of Overcorrective Functional Movement Training
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Wells Karen C.
Published: September 2011

A multiple baseline design across situations was employed to assess (a) the effects of an overcorrective functional movement training procedure on stereotypic head-turning and (b) the generality of behavioral change to two non-treatment situations. Results indicated that the overcorrection procedure was immediately effective in reducing head-turning in the treatment situation. Head-turning initially increased in the two non-treatment situations and then gradually declined.
Fear of Success and the Need for Power
Authors: Sutherland Elyse
Published: September 2011

This study was an extension of Hoffman's (1977) follow-up of Horner's (1968) female subjects. The 34 women who showed fear of success had significantly more need for power than the 33 women without feat of success. Fear of success was not related to fear of weakness imagery among women with a need for power.
Model for Korsakoff-Type Amnesias: Negative Effects from the Amygdala and Mamillary Body
Authors: Poschel B. P. H. , Ninteman F. W.
Published: September 2011

Intracranial electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the anterior area of the amygdala ( n = 7), or unilaterally in the mamillary body ( n = 6) of Hot: (SD) male rats. The rats were then trained to run back and forth to obtain food pellets at either end of a runway. At the midpoint were two adjacent doorways. Passing through the correct doorway set up food-pellet delivery. Passing through the incorrect doorway merely registered as an error. Daily test sessions lasted 25 min., and accumulated correct and incorrect runs were recorded for each session. The doorway designated as correct was changed each day throughout the training and testing period. On those days when the effects on learning of stimulation of the amygdalae or mamillary body were tested, the electrical brain stimulation was administered just prior to placing the rat in the runway. No detrimental effects on learning were associated with electrical stimulation of either brain structure. These findings are contrasted with our earlier study of hippocampal stimulation, which showed large deficits in learning ability.
Activity and Acquisition/Extinction Comparisons of Brown- and White-Coated Litter Mates
Authors: Lundgren Jane , Singer Michael A. Per
Published: September 2011

Initial experiments were conducted to determine the effect of coat color on behavior. “Wild” brown- and white (albino)-coated litter mates from 5 brother-sister bred pairs which were the offsprings of albino rats bred with wild dump rats ( Rattus norvegicus) were compared directly on several behavioral measures. No significant differences existed between coat colors for juvenile and adult ambulatory activity, acquisition rates for a lever-pressing task or for weaning and adult body weights. The brown-coated rats extinguished the lever responses more quickly than their white-coated litter mates. Sex differences tended towards significance for the activity measures and were significant for the body weights.
Ejaculatory Disorders: Some Psychometric Data
Authors: Munjack Dennis J. , Kanno Pamela H. , Oziel L. Jerome
Published: September 2011

While a substantial amount of clinical opinion exists in regard to the syndrome of premature and retarded ejaculation, few objective psychometric data are available. In an effort to obtain such objective information, individuals who called the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the LAC-USC Medical Center seeking help for a “primary” complaint of premature or retarded ejaculation were given a psychological battery, including the Eysenck Personality Inventory, IPAT Anxiety Scale, Symptom Check List, and the MMPI. Patients with co-existing impotence were excluded, as were those individuals whose complaints were secondary to psychoses, drugs, or medical illness. The findings indicate that premature and retarded ejaculators are significantly more anxious, depressed, and evidence more general psychopathology than the control group. Retarded ejaculators scored significantly higher than premature ejaculators on only the MMPI-Af/scale, while there were no significant differences on any of the remaining 23 measures. In addition, when the entire population of patients with premature or retarded ejaculation (with the above exceptions) was assessed psychologically, the average degree of psychopathology was greater than in patients screened for significant psychopathology, marital difficulties, etc.
Age Identification and Self-Concept in Later Adulthood
Authors: Puglisi J. Thomas , Jackson Dorothy W.
Published: September 2011

71 female volunteers (mean age 77.7 yr.) responded to questionnaires measuring age identification (self-identification as young, middle-aged, old) and self-concept (Tennessee Self-concept Scale). “Young/Middle-aged” self-identifications were associated with positive self-concepts, suggesting that chronologically older individuals may use denial of old age to insulate themselves from societal devaluation. It was pointed out that such “denial” of old age may or may not entail a denial of reality.
A Schizophrenia Checklist: Reliability without Stability, Concurrent without Predictive Validity
Authors: Roff James D. , Knight Raymond
Published: September 2011

The New Haven Schizophrenia Index, a checklist designed for research use, was evaluated with a sample of 45 male schizophrenics where follow-up information had been obtained for 22 yr. The checklist had high levels of interrater agreement and scores were significantly related to other concurrent measures of thought disorder or psychotic thinking. The index did not have stability or predictive validity in terms of eventual outcome. A measure of affectivity did display both stability and a significant relationship with outcome.
Suppression of Operant Responding with Overt and Covert Aversive Stimuli of High and Low Intensity
Authors: Greenough Timothy J.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the relationship between covert and overt aversive stimuli at two intensities, and suppression of operant behaviour. Subjects were positively reinforced for responding on two manipulanda. A picture of the manipulandum that the subject pressed most frequently was paired with one of two intensities (high and low) of the covert and overt aversive stimuli. The results indicated that stimuli of high intensity suppressed responding more than those of low intensity on the preferred manipulandum. No differences between covert and overt stimuli were found. On the nonpreferred manipulandum the intensity effect was nonsignificant. Covert stimuli did, however, result in greater increased responding on that manipulandum than the overt stimuli.
Reacquisition of a Conditioned Emotional Response to Visual and Auditory Stimuli following Simple or Compound Extinction Procedures: An Investigation of Theoretical and Therapeutic Implications of the Rescorla-Wagner Learning Theory
Authors: Monastra Vincent J. , Sisemore David A.
Published: September 2011

The rate of reacquisition of a conditioned emotional response (conditioned suppression) to visual and auditory stimuli after extinction to the stimuli individually or in compound was investigated to assess the relative efficacy of “simple”- and “compound”-extinction procedures in the elimination of conditioned fear in rats. Results indicated that compound-extinction procedures significantly retarded reacquisition of fear to stimuli of low associative strength and tended to facilitate the re-establishment of fear to stimuli of high associative strength. Also, it was noted that following compound extinction the degree of “retardation” or “acceleration” of fear reacquisition tended to increase with the difference between the associative strengths of the two stimuli extinguished in compound. Over-all, current findings were consistent with theoretical deductions derived from the Rescorla-Wagner learning theory and the implications for developing a more efficacious fear-elimination technique based on a specific learning theory were discussed.
Predicting Achievement and the Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Authors: Eno Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence, intellectual disposition, need for achievement, and level of aspiration were administered to 80 students enrolled in an introductory course in educational psychology. Fluid intelligence and intellectual disposition correlated significantly with crystallized intelligence. For the 77 students who finished the course, crystallized intelligence and level of aspiration correlated significantly with performance on five tests in educational psychology. Need for achievement did not correlate with this criterion. When fluid intelligence was partialled from the relationships, crystallized intelligence was significantly related to intellectual disposition and course test performance. However, when crystallized intelligence was removed from the relationships, fluid intelligence demonstrated no significant correlation with these variables. These results were viewed as supportive of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence.
Effects of Different Forms of Early Social Interaction on Shock-Induced Aggression in Mice
Authors: Coleman Warren R. , Kalberer William D.
Published: September 2011

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of rearing and brief aggressive encounters on shock-induced fighting. At weaning, 72 male mice were placed in isolate or communal cages. An equal number of subjects from each rearing condition were given brief encounters with either male or female conspecifics at 7-day intervals for 8 wk. At 85 days of age mice were paired within treatment conditions and tested for shock-induced aggressiveness. Isolate-reared mice fought significantly more often than did communally housed animals. Subjects given encounters were more aggressive than those not given the treatment.
Angiotensin, Carbachol and Water Deprivation: Acquisition of the Straight-Alley Approach Response
Authors: Lonowski Daniel J. , Levitt Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition of the straight-alley approach response for water was studied among four motivational states: 23-hr. and 15-hr. water deprivation and carbachol and angiotensin brain stimulation of the lateral septal nucleus and subfornical organ. All subjects acquired the straight-alley response with the fastest speeds seen among 23-hr. water-deprived rats. These results support other findings that centrally induced drug conditions, like natural deprivation conditions, will support the acquisition of operant behaviors in rats.