bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of disease-associated nsSNPs by integrating multi-scale ResNet models with deep feature fusion
Authors: Ge Fang , Zhang Ying , Xu Jian , Muhammad Arif , Song Jiangning , Yu Dong-Jun
Published: November 2021

More than 6000 human diseases have been recorded to be caused by non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs). Rapid and accurate prediction of pathogenic nsSNPs can improve our understanding of the principle and design of new drugs, which remains an unresolved challenge. In the present work, a new computational approach, termed MSRes-MutP, is proposed based on ResNet blocks with multi-scale kernel size to predict disease-associated nsSNPs. By feeding the serial concatenation of the extracted four types of features, the performance of MSRes-MutP does not obviously improve. To address this, a second model FFMSRes-MutP is developed, which utilizes deep feature fusion strategy and multi-scale 2D-ResNet and 1D-ResNet blocks to extract relevant two-dimensional features and physicochemical properties. FFMSRes-MutP with the concatenated features achieves a better performance than that with individual features. The performance of FFMSRes-MutP is benchmarked on five different datasets. It achieves the Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.593 and 0.618 on the PredictSNP and MMP datasets, which are 0.101 and 0.210 higher than that of the existing best method PredictSNP1. When tested on the HumDiv and HumVar datasets, it achieves MCC of 0.9605 and 0.9507, and area under curve (AUC) of 0.9796 and 0.9748, which are 0.1747 and 0.2669, 0.0853 and 0.1335, respectively, higher than the existing best methods PolyPhen-2 and FATHMM (weighted). In addition, on blind test using a third-party dataset, FFMSRes-MutP performs as the second-best predictor (with MCC and AUC of 0.5215 and 0.7633, respectively), when compared with the other four predictors. Extensive benchmarking experiments demonstrate that FFMSRes-MutP achieves effective feature fusion and can be explored as a useful approach for predicting disease-associated nsSNPs. The webserver is freely available at http://csbio.njust.edu.cn/bioinf/ffmsresmutp/ for academic use.
Sentiment Classification of Tourist’s Opinion on Tourist Places of Interest in South India using Tweet Reviews
Authors: Bharathi G , Anandharaj G
Published: November 2021

The emergent technology has been increasingly incorporated with the tourism industry. In the digital world, social media plays an important role in identifying the most visited tourist places. More than 80% of people commonly used the social media platform called ‘Twitter’. By using tweet reviews, tourists around the world know about the feelings, suggestions and opinions of most visited tourist places in the selected region. This paper recommends an approach for the development of trip planning in South India based on tourist’s preferences. For the research, we use Twitter Application Programming Interface to collect information about the most visited tourist places in South India by using tweets reviews and store it as South India Tourism Tweet reviews database. This paper mainly focuses on analyzing Twitter reviews, which are very helpful to locate the most visited tourist place. In the tweets where reviews are mostly unstructured and heterogeneous, which are then classified into positive tweets, negative tweets and neutral tweets by using the preprocessing technique and machine learning algorithm called support vector machine. Performance measures are calculated by using the classification results. Finally, the results are plotted by using the classification results and performance measures as a wordcloud. This can be very useful for tourists to select the most visited tourist locations. The proposed system can satisfy individual tourist needs.
Ontogenetic niche specialization of the spider crab Libinia ferreirae associated with the medusa Lychnorhiza lucerna
Authors: Gonçalves Geslaine Rafaela Lemos , Wolf Milena Regina , Antunes Mariana , Amorim Felipe Wanderley , Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lucia , Leão Castilho Antonio
Published: November 2021

Symbiotic relationships in marine environments are not fixed and can change throughout the animal’s life. This study investigated the ontogeny of symbiosis of the spider crab Libinia ferreirae with the host medusa Lychnorhiza lucerna. We described the type of relationship, the temporal correlation among species, and food habits. More than 50% of the sampled crabs were symbionts, most in early life stages. The highest number of crabs found in a single medusa was 11. Symbiosis was observed throughout most of the year but was more evident in warm periods. The crab has many benefits in this relationship with a medusa. One is the use of food resources captured by the medusa, primarily copepods. Because the crab steals the medusa’s food, it is a kleptoparasitic relationship. There is a niche partition between symbiont and the free-living crabs as they occupy different habitats and use nonoverlapping food resources. Previous research reported that symbiosis first developed during the crab’s last larval phase (megalopa) when crab and medusa are in the same habitat. Observation of the crab’s behavior shows that symbiosis occurs when the crab can grab to the medusa when the host touches the sea bottom. The crab also took advantage of water currents, releasing itself from the substrate and then drifting toward the medusa. The symbiotic relationship that crabs have with the medusa provides then with a nursery, food resources, shelter, dispersion, and decreased competition with free-living adult crabs, all essential for the crab’s survival.
Visual Clues to the Holocaust: The Case of the Deportation of Jews from Northern Greece
Authors: Ragaru Nadège , Le Noc Maël
Published: November 2021

This study explores the persecution of Greek Jewry in Bulgarian-occupied lands by analyzing a unique silent film, preserved in several archives, depicting the March 1943 roundup, transfer, and deportation of Greek Jews. Rather than approaching the archival footage as merely illustrative, the authors analyze it as an element integral to the study of these historical events. They identify the locations and situations visible in most sequences by drawing on various sources: photographs, newsreels, maps, digitalized data visualizations, print archival records, and oral testimonies. Uncovering the political, social, and geographical contexts of the footage production and editing thus contributes to the field of visual Holocaust studies and the history of the deportation of Jews from Bulgarian-occupied western Thrace and eastern Macedonia.
Results from a multicentre evaluation of plug use for left ventricular assist device explantation
Authors: Potapov Evgenij V , Politis Nikolaos , Karck Matthias , Weyand Michael , Tandler René , Walther Thomas , Emrich Fabian , Reichenspurrner Hermann , Bernhardt Alexander , Barten Markus J , Svenarud Peter , Gummert Jan , Sef Davorin , Doenst Torsten , Tsyganenko Dmytro , Loforte Antonio , Schoenrath Felix , Falk Volkmar
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

Myocardial recovery allows for left ventricular assist device (LVAD) explantations after long-term support. Several surgical approaches, including interventional decommissioning, off-pump explantation using a custom-made plug and complete LVAD removal through redo sternotomy, have been described. We present the results from an evaluation of the long-term follow-up of patients who received a titanium sintered plug after LVAD explantation.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective, European, multicentre analysis of patients who received a titanium sintered plug to seal the apical fixation ring after LVAD explantation. Data were collected from a questionnaire that included demographics, procedural details and follow-up information.

RESULTS

Out of 54 contacted centres in 12 countries (n = 179 patients), a total of 68 patients were successfully included in the study. The median follow-up was 34 months (interquartile range: 17–58.5 months); 57 (84%) patients had >1-year follow-up. At the time of the last follow-up, 55 (81%) patients were alive, with a Kaplan–Meier 1-year survival of 90.1% (95% confidence interval: 84.0–98.1%) and a 5-year survival of 80.0% (95% confidence interval: 68.4–92.9%). One patient (1.5%) developed a plug infection originating from an infected part of the incorporated driveline and, after complete removal, is currently in good condition. No postoperative stroke has been reported after plug implantation.

CONCLUSIONS

In this European multicentre study, the use of a custom-made titanium plug to close the apical fixation ring after LVAD explantation resulted in a low incidence of plug-related complications. With the volume of patients undergoing LVAD explantations after myocardial recovery increasing, the plug has evolved as a simple alternative to more invasive device explantation procedures or decommissioning with a high risk for infection of the remaining system or stroke.
Pyramid transform of manifold data via subdivision operators
Authors: Mattar Wael , Sharon Nir
Published: November 2021

Multiscale transforms have become a key ingredient in many data processing tasks. With technological development we observe a growing demand for methods to cope with nonlinear data structures such as manifold values. In this paper we propose a multiscale approach for analyzing manifold-valued data using a pyramid transform. The transform uses a unique class of downsampling operators that enable a noninterpolating subdivision schemes as upsampling operators. We describe this construction in detail and present its analytical properties, including stability and coefficient decay. Next, we numerically demonstrate the results and show the application of our method to denoising and anomaly detection.
Modeling Diffusion through Statistical Network Analysis: A Simulation Study and Empirical Application to Same-Sex Marriage
Authors: Elkink Johan A , Grund Thomas U
Published: November 2021

The study of international relations by definition deals with interdependencies among countries. One form of interdependence between countries is the diffusion of country-level features, such as policies, political regimes, or conflict. In these studies, the outcome variable tends to be categorical, and the primary concern is the clustering of the outcome variable among connected countries. Statistically, such clustering is studied with spatial econometric models. This article instead proposes the use of a statistical network approach to model diffusion with a binary outcome variable. Using a statistical network instead of spatial econometric models allows for modeling autocorrelation in policy outcomes rather than the corresponding latent variable, and it simplifies the inclusion of temporal dynamics, higher level interdependencies, and interactions between network ties and country-level features. In our simulations, the performance of the Stochastic Actor-Oriented Model (SAOM) estimator is evaluated. Our simulation results show that spatial parameters and coefficients on additional covariates in a static binary spatial autoregressive model are accurately recovered when using SAOM. To demonstrate this model, the paper applies SAOM to original data on the international diffusion of same-sex marriage and gives practical instructions for using such models.
Reverse-transcription PCR increases sensitivity of broad-range fungal detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Authors: Glasgow Heather L , Cruz Kurtis , Murphy Sean C
Published: November 2021

Broad-range PCR targeting 28S D1-D2 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) identifies numerous fungi but has limited sensitivity in clinical specimens. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) vastly outnumbers rDNA, suggesting reverse transcription (RT)-PCR could improve detection. Among contrived samples, RT-PCR decreased 28S PCR cycle threshold values by 10--12 cycles and lowered the limit of detection > 2000-fold. Among 32 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, RT-PCR detected 12/15 (80%) fungal PCR- or culture-positive specimens, versus 6/12 (50%) by 28S PCR, 9/12 (75%) by any fungal PCR, and 13/15 (87%) by culture. RT-PCR newly identified fungi in 4/17 (24%) PCR- and culture-negative specimens. RT substantially increased 28S PCR sensitivity overall.

Lay summary

Fungal infection remains difficult to diagnose in the laboratory. Here, we have shown that detecting ribosomal RNA and DNA, rather than only ribosomal DNA, in a broad range fungal assay results in a significant enhancement in the ability to detect and identify fungal pathogens in clinical samples.
Flat Wrong
Authors: Hutchings David
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the commonly held belief that Christendom denied the sphericity of the Earth and promoted a flat Earth instead. By working through both academic and popular sources, it is proved that this idea remains prevalent to this day—despite it having been decisively debunked many times. In reality, hardly any Christian writers of note (most likely, no more than two) argued for a flat Earth, and they were largely ignored. This chapter tells the story of how narratives like Columbus being warned by bishops against sailing off the edge of the world have gained such a foothold in our culture, and of what really happened instead. This is the first deep dive into the writings of John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White, both of whom pushed the flat Earth myth very strongly in their books.
Old Dogma, New Tricks
Authors: Hutchings David
Published: November 2021

This chapter studies the relationship between traditional Christian beliefs and the structure of modern science. The significance of key doctrines—such as monotheism, creation, the fall, the atonement—to the scientific revolution is analyzed, with the perhaps surprising result being that Christianity provided fertile ground for what we would recognize as “modern” science to develop. The writings of Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, and more are considered through a theological lens and their religious beliefs are shown to be foundational for their scientific work. Several living scientists are also found making the same points, and it is concluded that much of what we now call the “scientific method” owes its underlying philosophy to the core beliefs of the medieval (and even early) Church.
Making Sense of a Seemingly Random Walk
Authors: Westphal James D.
Published: November 2021

This chapter traces the origins of my research on corporate governance and describes the pitfalls and challenges that arose early in my career. Many of these pitfalls are characteristic of conducting interdisciplinary research more generally. They include criticism from discipline-based scholars, special challenges in negotiating the peer review process, failure to articulate a coherent theoretical framework in individual articles, and the struggle to articulate a coherent identity as a scholar. The lessons learned should apply broadly to conducting interdisciplinary research on virtually any topic in organization theory and strategic management.
Messages to My Younger Self
Authors: McGahan Anita M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter offers the reflections of a late-career scholar working on private entrepreneurship in the public interest. The author imagines what she would say if she could reach back in time and offer advice to her early-career self: Figure out what is important about what is changing in the world. Know yourself as a scholar, citizen, and educator. Know what is going on phenomenologically in deeper ways than what may be discussed in the news, or even contemporaneously in the journals. Once you do this, then try to contribute constructively as best you can to peaceable, responsible, satisfying, prosperous developments on the things that are important to you. Drop everything else.
Is Social Impact the Goal?
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter suggests several reasons that networks fall short of social impact. First, it defines social impact as distinct from outcomes. Further, it indicates that networks may intentionally focus on results other than social impact. The chapter introduces a typology of social impact. Second, the chapter explores how the complexity of various social issues such as climate change or education typically involves diverse stakeholders who approach the problem differently. Social problems that are simple, obvious, or chaotic usually do not require a network response. In contrast, wicked problems that are complicated or complex benefit from network solutions. Throughout the chapter, various cases illustrate how networks might engage a social challenge and what outcomes may result. It includes a description and templates for root cause analysis.
Remaining Agile and Adaptable
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

If a network has longevity, it will experience change. This chapter is about how networks reinvent themselves, mature, learn, grow, and dissolve. It uses a framework based on two distinctions: the goal-directedness of the network and the disruptiveness of the change. For serendipitous networks, or networks where organizations do not share goals, field-wide disruption and the accumulation of individual organizations’ actions drive change. In these circumstances, organizations manage changes by attending to their network portfolio and absorptive capacity. For goal-directed networks, change can be planned or unplanned. It can be incremental or radical. In each of these circumstances, the chapter recommends pathways for managing the degree and type of change. It uses case studies to illustrate how leaders manage the dilemmas caused by network change. It includes strategic planning, action learning team, and absorptive capacity tools.
Jainism
Authors: Saxena Kanika Kishore
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses several important but neglected themes, namely, the Jaina stūpa, āyāgapaṭas and the numerous Jina images. The Mathura evidence reveals that the Jainas worshipped the stūpas, just as the Buddhists did. The historical scholarship has focused on the origin of the Buddha image. The Jina image originates fairly early in Jainism on the āyāgapaṭas, and thus one need not locate Buddhist parallels for both stūpa and image worship in Jainism. The Jaina inscriptions also reveal immense details about the monastic order and indicate an influential role they played in the life of the laity. The site of Kankali Tila and the questions raised about the supposed discoveries by A. Führer are also discussed. Finally, it attempts to answer a long-pending question, whether the Jainas at Mathura were Śvetāmbaras or Digambaras. This chapter concludes by analysing the continued presence of the Jainas in the Mathura landscape for several centuries.
Patronage of Hindu Deities and Brāhmaṇas
Authors: Saxena Kanika Kishore
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses a small number of donative inscriptions from the first century CE till the twelfth century CE that refer to gods or goddesses belonging primarily to the Hindu pantheon in this landscape which have remained unnoticed. The inscriptions dedicated to Śiva, Kārttikeya, Viṣṇu, Varāha and the worship of the mātṛkās (on the basis of a temple at Sonkh) is discussed in great detail. It is not only that the evidence indicates that the worship of these gods and goddesses existed; the content of the epigraphs also suggests that some of them held a place of prominence. Finally, the inscriptions recording donations in favour of brāhmaṇas as donors and donees is also analysed. This chapter concludes by assessing whether any possible patterns are observable in the donative records and how the worship of these deities existed amidst the strong presence of Jainism and Buddhism in the Mathura area.
Conclusion
Authors: Saxena Kanika Kishore
Published: November 2021

The concluding chapter pulls together the major religious trends identified in the preceding chapters to understand the patterns of change and continuity in the religious landscape of Mathura from the third century BCE to the twelfth CE within the context of broader historical developments. A chronological analysis undertaken here helps us to visualise the growth of diverse religious traditions in the landscape of Mathura, before it became synonymous with Vāsudeva‒Kṛṣṇa. Mathura donative inscriptions analysed in this long period clearly establish the change and diversity within this religious landscape. The change is noticeable in the kind of gifts donated and in the vocabulary of inscriptions and information mentioned in the inscriptions. The diversity is explicitly revealed from the various religious traditions which sparked these changes. This chapter will highlight some of the major findings of this book, in addition to discussing their larger implications.
Meat, Mercy, Morality
Authors: Samanta Samiparna
Published: November 2021

This book uses the lens of humanitarian debates to understand the nature of British colonialism in India. It demonstrates that with emergence of new notions of public health in late 19th-century Bengal, contests over appropriate measures for controlling animals became part of wider debates surrounding environmental ethics, diet, sanitation, and a politics of race/class that reconfigured boundaries between the colonizer and the colonized. Centered around three major stories – animals as diseased, eaten, and overworked – it explores how the colonial project of animal protection mirrored an irony in that it exposed the disjunction between the claims of a benevolent colonial state and a powerful, not-too-benign reality where the state constantly sought to discipline its subjects – both human and nonhuman. It refreshes our understanding of environment, colonial science and British imperialism by arguing that colonial humanitarianism was not only an idiom of rule, but was also translated into Bengali dietetics, anxieties, vegetarianism and vigilantism which can be seen in India even today.
Indianization and the Case of the ‘Missing Academies’ of the Indian Army, c. 1900–45
Authors: Dutta Vipul
Published: November 2021

The first chapter begins with a survey of the earliest form of institutional architecture that was created before the outbreak of the Great War and put on a firmer footing in its aftermath, in order to provide greater opportunities to young Indian men interested in joining the Indian Army as officers. These initial attempts at providing a platform for future commissions resulted in an inchoate network of Royal Military Colleges (the likes of Prince of Wales Royal military colleges and the King George’s military colleges and schools) and other military schools across North and North-Western India which were entrusted with the responsibility of training men in order to prepare them for officers’ commissions.
Heresy and Rebellion
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: November 2021

Living heretically is, actually, giving value to life, but also to understand that life is not valuable if it is not approached heretically. Since heresy places a positive value upon life, it is the initial experience of the individual who believes in rejecting and criticizing the act of violence. This critique and negation of violence translates into an identification of the heretical imperative with the universality of humanity. For Albert Camus, rebellion means not only an individual and collective refusal of death and absurdity in the name of nature and happiness; it comes to imply resistance to physical or political oppression as well-for such oppression is on the side of death and misery in negating men’s freedom and happiness. Camus’ basic intent at this point is to establish that there are intrinsic limits to the kind of treatment which may be meted out to human beings, if their essential humanity is to be preserved
Imposition of Restitution
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

Chapter 4 describes seven multimethod studies that look at the imposition of restitution from the state, multi-county, and single-county perspectives and that examine both legally relevant factors (e.g., offense type, prior record) and demographic factors (race, age, gender) in judges’ decisions. Across studies, restitution was more likely to be imposed when damages could be easily estimated and proved (e.g., property crimes) and when the victim was a business. A statewide analysis of sentencing decisions indicated that a law mandating restitution significantly increased the imposition of restitution. A subsequent survey study of judges, prosecutors, and probation officers indicated general support for restitution, and an analysis of statewide county-level sentencing data indicated that contextual factors relating to crime victims were also related to the imposition of restitution. Comparisons of counties with and without specialized collection units suggested that specialized collections units were less effective at collecting economic sanctions.
Recording Indigeneity
Authors: Perea Jessica Bissett
Published: November 2021

This chapter juxtaposes Indigenous and non-Indigenous ways of enumerating Indigeneity on record, both on paper and on vinyl, which reveal two projects with very different means for very different ends. The chapter begins with an outline of cacophonous colonial structures and paradigms of containment and measurement that continue to vex notions of “audible Indigeneity,” which informs notions of who does or does not “count” as Indigenous. Whereas much of an early twentieth-century ethno/musicological archive was driven by a colonial savior logic known as “salvage ethnography,” an examination of Cupiit-led and Yupiit-centered archives reveal significantly more expansive performances of mid-century Indigeneity. This examination of family- and community-based gospel, country, and folk music archives—featuring recordings by the Shavings Family Band, John Angaiak, and Joe Paul—argues for a densification of deeply embedded archival logics, methods, and theories that currently inform the enumerative conventions of American music historiography. Put another way, this chapter’s core questions include “who is counting (and using what logics)?” and “who decides who counts (as Indigenous)?”
“I’m a sweet intertextual”
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents qualitative analysis of examples across five everyday conversations where Millennial friends in their late twenties display their understanding, engagement with, and appreciation of intertextual media references through different displays of listening. In addition to an analysis of how participants engage as listeners with media references is an analysis of playback data with participants which provides insights into their listening behavior. The listening displays analyzed in this study are minimal responses, repetition of a media text, laughter and smiling, and participation in a play frame. This chapter shows that through engaging in a play frame based on media references, participants construct a shared group identity around their shared experience and knowledge of media references. Understanding of displays of shared cultural knowledge in intertextual processes is advanced in this chapter; it also shows how engagement with media references can be used to construct shared group identities.
Protection
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

The information revolution threatens to disempower digital consumers by upending our law’s assumptions, just as the Industrial Revolution did. If we are to build an equivalent to the industrial age’s “protective countermovement” for information-age consumers, privacy will be an essential part of that rejuvenation of consumer protection law. First, we need to think and talk critically about consumer protection and informational power in the digital age rather than the current inaccurate rhetoric of rational “users” making “choices” in an “ecosystem” of “innovation.” Second, we should talk about consumers as they actually are—as “situated” consumers who are predictably irrational. Third, the chapter offers a new legal regime for information-age consumer protection, improving existing information rules and deploying new ones. Fourth, it argues that privacy rules can also protect information-age consumers in a more general way by enhancing trust in relationships.
Conclusion
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

Privacy will inevitably come into tension with other values that good societies should care about. This book intentionally has relatively little to say about those other values, because its goal has been to make the case for privacy on the occasion of its supposed death. We cannot appropriately weigh privacy against other values if we have little idea why it matters. To recap: Privacy is the degree to which human information neither is known nor used. Human information confers power over humans, and we should think about it in terms of the rules that govern human information—instrumental rules that promote human values like human identity, political freedom, and consumer protection. We should also start treating privacy as a fundamental right—not a right of individual control to be bartered away but one with social dimensions and that protects the most vulnerable among us. That’s why privacy matters.
Rethinking Bach Codes
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: November 2021

J. S. Bach has long attracted claims that his music is fundamentally a code to be broken. Interpreters count notes and measures, add up numbers derived from texts, refer to ancient writings, parse doodles, trace out shapes made by notes on the page, and make detailed calculations, all in search of ciphers that reveal hidden meaning. Traditions of scriptural interpretation in which every detail has significance and purpose often provide a model. The idea of “perfection” repeatedly surfaces, suggesting mathematical completeness, along with hypotheses that Bach’s abstract works are connected to other aspects of eighteenth-century culture. The symbolic and allegorical make frequent appearances. There are attempts to relate Bach’s works to elements of his biography that go beyond routine Romantic associations of musical works with personal expression. Many of these theories are amateur work, undertaken perhaps because treatments of Bach’s music are often technical, and because many aspects of the music are alien to the esthetics of the modern world. But the approach also surfaces in scholarly writings. All new claims start from the insufficiently examined premise that Bach worked in codes at all.
Bach’s Chorale Pedagogy
Authors: Remeš Derek
Published: November 2021

Largely because of the proselytizing efforts of J. P. Kirnberger, J. S. Bach’s four-part vocal chorales (Choralgesänge) have come to be viewed as idealized microcosms of Baroque composition. For this reason, the Choralgesänge have enjoyed pride of place in compositional instruction for over two centuries. Yet recent archival discoveries have begun to problematize this hallowed pedagogical patrimony. A growing number of manuscript sources originating from Bach’s circle contain chorales melodies with multiple figured basslines. This focus on outer voices and thorough bass at the keyboard aligns quite well with C. P. E. Bach’s account of his father’s teaching, in which pupils first composed inner voices to a given outer-voice framework, and later learned to compose their own basslines. These findings suggest that our image of the “Bach chorale” should be broadened to include such Choralbuch settings with multiple basslines—a reframing that in turn has potential ramifications for historically informed teaching today.
Likelihood and Its Applications
Authors: Essington Timothy E.
Published: November 2021

The chapter “Likelihood and Its Applications” introduces the likelihood concept and the concept of maximum likelihood estimation of model parameters. Likelihood is the link between data and models. It is used to estimate model parameters, judge the degree of precision of parameter estimates, and weight support for alternative models. Likelihood is therefore a crucial concept that underlies the ability to test multiple models. The chapter contains several worked examples that progress the reader through increasingly complex problems, ending at likelihood profiles for models with multiple parameters. Importantly, it illustrates how one can take any dynamic model and data and use likelihood to link the data (random variables) to a probability function that depends on the dynamic model.
Modeling in Spreadsheets
Authors: Essington Timothy E.
Published: November 2021

The chapter “Modeling in Spreadsheets” introduces some of the basic skills needed to implement the models reviewed in this book. It explains the difference between absolute and relative cell references, how to write formulas with both types of cell references, and basic spreadsheet functions such as sum, average, count, and so on. It also shows how to make simple plots (e.g. x-y scatter plots). In addition, it covers topics such as how to structure a spreadsheet for clear model analysis, naming cells, useful commands, and the data table function. Finally, it provides a brief introduction to Visual Basic, which can be used to extend to the power of spreadsheets.
Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Essington Timothy E.
Published: November 2021

The chapter “Sensitivity Analysis” reviews why sensitivity analysis is a critical component of mathematical modeling, and the different ways of approaching it. A sensitivity analysis is an attempt to identify the parts of the model (i.e. structure, parameter values) that are most important for governing the output. It is an important part of modeling because it is used to quantify the degree of uncertainty in the model prediction and, in many cases, is the main goal of the model (i.e. the model was developed to identify the most important ecological processes). The chapter covers the idea of “local” versus “global” sensitivity analysis via individual parameter perturbation, and how interactive effects of parameters can be revealed via Monte Carlo analysis. Structural versus parameter uncertainty is also explained and explored.
Next Steps
Authors: Essington Timothy E.
Published: November 2021

The final chapter of the book, “Next Steps,” reviews the material covered in the previous chapters and suggests pathways that readers might choose to further expand their knowledge. The chapter makes the three following points. First, virtually no one becomes expert in all the areas listed in the chapter. Second, the purpose of the book was to show the types of models that might be seen in more advanced textbooks and scientific literature, together with the opportunities they present to expand skills and knowledge. Third, while this book probably will not make readers skilled at every quantitative problem that will come their way, it will provide them with the foundational knowledge of concepts and basic skills that will enable them to broaden their understanding and further develop their quantitative competence and confidence.
Women Who Kill
Authors: Meere Michael
Published: November 2021

This chapter on murderesses first considers the theatrical training of young men at the collèges and then turns to Jean Bastier de La Péruse’s Médée (1556). The chapter examines how Médée offers a negative example of violence by manipulating the myth of the infamous filicide on the one hand, and, on the other, by gendering violence to show the irascibility of the female monster who escapes man’s control. The fear of and disdain for women in the period underline the topical urgency of this female threat. Indeed, by staging the murder of Médée’s children and placing this violence in the present tense, rather than keeping the filicides offstage, La Péruse’s tragedy suggests that the Medea archetype inspired by Euripides and Seneca was not simply a mythological figure of the past but very much a current concern in sixteenth-century France.
The Duke of Guise’s Murder and the Imperative of Vengeance
Authors: Meere Michael
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on Simon Belyard’s Guysien (Troyes, 1592), a tragedy that reenacts the Duke of Guise’s assassination at Blois in 1588. On the one hand, Guise suffers unjust punishment and deserves our pity; on the other, Guise’s loyalty to his homeland inspires virtuous action in the spectators. In Le Guysien, the French king Henry III’s violence is a negative, evil force that paradoxically must be countered with more violence to free the French people from tyranny. The chapter considers the Catholic League’s polemical literature concerning Henry III’s legitimacy, as well as political philosophy and the legitimization of tyrannicide in late sixteenth-century France. Belyard’s play not only incites spectators to pick up the sword to avenge what he considers to be the unjust death of Guise, but is itself a militant act during the turbulent years between Henry III’s own assassination (1589) and Henry IV’s conversion to Catholicism (1593) and subsequent coronation (1594).
Probability Spaces
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter defines probability measures and probability spaces in a general context, as a case of the concepts introduced in Chapter 3. The axioms of probability are explained, and the important concepts of conditional probability and independence are introduced and linked to the role of product spaces and product measures.
Expectations
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

The expectation is defined, applying integration concepts to probability measures. Leading examples are given and the different characterizations of the expectation of a function are compared. The Markov and Jensen inequalities are given and consideration of multivariate distributions then leads to the treatment of the Cauchy–Schwarz, Hölder, Liapunov, Minkowski, and Loève inequalities. The final section treats the calculus of random functions of a real variable.
Stochastic Processes
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins with some fundamental ideas concerning random sequences, and related convergence concepts. It discusses the underlying probability model, and develops the idea of infinite dimensional Euclidean space and the associated Borel field, leading on to the Kolmogorov consistency theorem. The chapter concludes with consideration of uniform and limiting properties, including uniform boundedness and uniform integrability.
Time Series Models
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews some important ideas from time series analysis. The concepts of stationarity, independence, and exchangeability are defined and illustrated with examples. The Poisson process is examined in detail and then the class of linear processes, noting the implications of the Wold decomposition. The final section studies the random walk and the reflection principle.
Martingales
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter summarizes the essentials of sequential conditioning and martingale theory. After a review with examples of the basic properties of martingales and semi‐martingales, including the Doob decomposition, the upcrossing inequality and martingale convergence are studied and also the role of the conditional variances in establishing convergence. The important martingale inequalities of Kolmogorov, Doob, Burkholder, and Azuma are proved.
Near-Epoch Dependence
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

Near‐epoch dependence (NED) is a generalized dependence concept for functions of mixing processes. This chapter gives definitions and examples, and considers the application to nonlinear dynamic processes. The relation to mixingales is the key theoretical result. Results on the preservation of NED under various transformations and a special result for the adapted sequence case are considered next. Finally, the related concept of approximability is defined which, unlike NED, can hold in the absence of integer moments.
Stochastic Convergence
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

The modes of convergence introduced in Chapter 12 are studied in detail. Conditions for almost‐sure convergence are derived via the Borel–Cantelli lemma. Convergence in probability is contrasted, and then a number of results for convergence of transformed series are given. Convergence in LP‐norm is introduced as a sufficient condition for convergence in probability. Examples are given, and the chapter concludes with a preliminary look at the laws of large numbers.
Measures on Metric Spaces
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter lays the foundations for functional limit theory, considering the case of general metric spaces from a topological standpoint. The issues of separability and measurability and techniques for assigning measures in metric spaces are then discussed, developing tools to replace the methods of characteristic functions and the inversion theorem used for real sequences. The key cases of function spaces are studied and in particular the case C of continuous functions on the unit interval. Weiner measure (Brownian motion) is defined as the leading case of a measure on C.
Weak Convergence
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews the theory of weak convergence in metric spaces. Topics include Skorokhod’s representation theorem, the metrization of spaces of measures, and the concept of tightness of probability measures. The key relation is shown between weak convergence and uniform tightness. Considering the space C of continuous functions in particular, the functional central limit theorem is proved for martingales, together with extensions to the multivariate case.
Càdlàg Functions
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter considers the space D of functions on the unit interval that are continuous on the right and with left limits, known as càdlàg functions. D contains and extends the space C, but is nonseparable under the uniform metric so to work with it calls for new techniques. By defining a new topology for D (the Skorokhod topology), families of measures on D can be constructed and sufficient conditions for weak convergence of partial sum processes specified.
Freedom and Responsibility in Context
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

Freedom and Responsibility in Context argues for a contextualist account of freedom and moral responsibility. It aims to challenge the largely unarticulated orthodoxy of invariantism, by arguing that contextualism is crucial to an understanding of both freedom and moral responsibility. The argument for contextualism regarding freedom and moral responsibility focuses upon their respective control conditions. Abilities are argued to be central to an understanding of the control required for freedom and moral responsibility. A unified ability analysis of control is developed, which supports the thesis that attributions of freedom and moral responsibility are context dependent. The resulting contextualism offers a rapprochement of compatibilism and incompatibilism. By going beyond the false dichotomy of invariant compatibilism and invariant incompatibilism, it is argued that both positions can be given their due, since there is no ‘right’ answer to the question of whether or not determinism undermines freedom and moral responsibility.
In the Basement
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

The home fallout shelter is an outsized presence in American culture around 1962 despite the fact that relatively few were actually built. There are a number of reasons this happened; the reason that dominated the imaginary around individual private shelters was the moral concern it raised. Like the family unit held together by strong atomic forces and unable to be split up without cataclysmic effects, the suburban house was imagined as self-contained and fortified, while able to be grouped effectively in larger clusters, a social agglomeration without the concomitant dangers of collective action or public space. The dissonance between a contained, feminized home shelter and a fortified, masculinized bunker recurs in fiction from the period and in fiction looking back through it. There was little space within the dominant nuclear imaginary for articulating contrarian thoughts; but we do find them in places where it was conventionally harder to take those thoughts seriously: in the frivolous behavior attributed to children and women, and in the frivolous spaces of containment where children and women were allowed to play at being serious grown-ups.
We’ll All Go Together When We Go
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

In the mainstream American bunker imaginary, the communal shelter repels by its very nature. Indeed, for all its ideological basis in the defense of freedom from the forces of communism, the communal shelter works primarily to express ambivalence towards the bunker fantasy and the shelter society per se. Consequently, it is the space within the bunker fantasy that most readily affords critical articulations of the cost and dangers of nuclearity. That critical affordance comes nearly always at the price of negativity: in the American nuclear imaginary no one is safe when sheltering outside of his own home. Critical public-shelter texts argued that the only way to imagine a resolution to the crisis faced by the world of the early 1960s was through the form of the bunker fantasy.
Mountain Deep
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

Combining the resources and technical know-how of the private shelter with the pretense to social good of government sponsorship, the federal supershelter encapsulates the paradoxically public-private function of the bunker. Appropriated to ensure continuity of government in the event of a nuclear war, the funds, labor, and raw materials poured into these facilities are as real as can be. At the same time, of all permutations of the bunker space, the government supershelter continues to coalesce around it the more fantastic reveries both of those who know about it directly and of those who only imagine its existence. Since the end of the Cold War, many facilities have been sold, adapted, or abandoned; others continue to serve their military function, some secret and others public. The Cold War supershelter insinuated the advanced technology of modernity into the spaces of ancient myth, creating the form of an “ontological bunker,” a new state of being adequate to the life under the nuclear condition. In this imaginary, the most incomprehensibly and unpredictably destructive force of modern technology, deep mistrust of the government, and enduring fascination with its secret bunkered resources are rendered representable and conscionable by burying them within some of the most ancient spaces of that same world.
How to Survive the ’80s
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

The original bunker fantasy had hinged around the Cuban Missile Crisis; its reemergence nearly two decades later was triggered by several new circumstances. By 1980, the threat of non-wartime nuclear accident had come to the forefront of the public imaginary in a newly immediate way. Ronald Reagan was elected president on a hardline stance towards the Soviet Union, escalating the Cold War to its hottest and most polarized moments since 1962. The nuclear condition now meant more than the omnipresent yet abstract risk of devastating war; by the early 1980s, it included the everyday fact of the infrastructure of electrical power, which became a focus of the antinuclear movement as it crystallized widespread suspicion over the military-industrial complex. The end still served to put the world in focus, but there was no longer any shelter to retreat to, rely upon, or even plead for; the bunker fantasy around 1983 afforded survival only by looking death in the face and protesting against it. Yet for all its stress on the linearity of survival, the fiction of the nuclear 1980s finds utopian moments in the brief opportunities it affords for thinking laterally, beyond or around the blinkered causality that had the world locked into an infinite play of near-annihilation inherited from 1962. In their very extremity, the self-regarding conventions of the ’80s open up their own critical perspective through the earlier Cold War onto the decade’s new survivalism.