bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Reclamation Process on the Ecological Quality of Reclaim Sand
Authors: Dereń M. , Łucarz M. , Roczniak A. , Kmita A.
Published: January 2018

In this article, there were presented results of research on influence of reclamation process on the ecological quality of reclaim sand with furan resin used in nonferrous foundry. The quality of reclaimed sand is mainly define by two group of chemical substances from elution of reclaimed sand: Dissolves Organic Carbon (DOC) and Total Dissolves Solids (TDS). Reclaimed sand used in test was prepared in experimental thermal reclaimer and mechanical vibration reclaimer REGMAS installed in Faculty of Foundry Engineering at University Of Science and Technology in Krakow. The reference point is molding sand shaking out and crumble in jaw crusher. Test of elution was made in accredited laboratory in Center For Research and Environmental Control in Katowice up to the standard with Dissolves Organic Carbon (DOC) - PN-EN 1484:1999; Total Dissolves Solids (TDS) - PN-EN 15216:2010. The standard for elution test is PN-EN 12457- 4:2006. Except that we were made loss of ignition test, to check how many resin was rest on sand grains.
Application of DSC Method in Studies on Phase Transitions of Ni Superalloys
Authors: Przeliorz R. , Piątkowski J.
Published: January 2018

The paper presents results of calorimetric studies of foundry nickel superalloys: IN100, IN713C, Mar-M247 and ŻS6U. Particular attention was paid to determination of phase transitions temperatures during heating and cooling. The samples were heated to a temperature of 1500°C with a rate of 10°C⋅min-1 and then held at this temperature for 5 min. After a complete melting, the samples were cooled with the same rate. Argon with a purity of 99.99% constituted the protective atmosphere. The sample was placed in an alundum crucible with a capacity of 0.45 cm3. Temperature and heat calibration was carried out based on the melting point of high-purity Ni. The tests were carried out by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a Multi HTC high-temperature calorimeter from Setaram. Based on the DSC curves, the following temperatures were determined: solidus and liquidus, dissolution and precipitation of the γ’ phase, MC carbides and melting of the γ’/γ eutectic. In the temperature range of 100-1100°C, specific heat capacity of the investigated superalloys was determined. It was found that the IN713C and IN100 alloys exhibit a higher specific heat while compared to the Mar-M247 and ŻS6U alloys.
Competitive Nucleation in Grey Cast Irons
Authors: Arab N.
Published: January 2018

Cast irons are good examples of materials which are more sensitive to chemical composition and production conditions. In this research to improve casting quality, solidification and nucleation process in grey cast iron was investigate. In particular, attempts have been made to rationalize variation in eutectic cells with nucleation sites and eutectic solidification undercooling. Four castings with different diameter and similar chemical composition and pouring temperature and different inoculant percentage was casted. The cooling curve and maximum and minimum undercooling for each castings was measured. Also optical metallography and image analyzer has been used to determine the average eutectic cells diameter, and linear and surface densities, and volume density was calculated. The results of this research show a competitive behavior between nucleation sites and eutectic undercooling. Higher nucleation sites and higher eutectic undercooling cause higher eutectic cell density. But increasing nucleation sites by introducing inoculants to molten metal, is accompanied with reduction in eutectic undercooling. It means that inoculation and undercooling have opposite effect on each other. So, to achieve maximum cell density, it is necessary to create an optimization between these parameters.
Mathematical Model of Bainitic Transformation in Austempered Ductile Iron
Authors: Olejarczyk-Wożeńska I. , Adrian H. , Mrzygłód B. , Głowacki M.
Published: January 2018

A mathematical model of austenite - bainite transformation in austempered ductile cast iron has been presented. The model is based on a model developed by Bhadeshia [1, 2] for modelling the bainitic transformation in high-silicon steels with inhibited carbide precipitation. A computer program has been developed that calculates the incubation time, the transformation time at a preset temperature, the TTT diagram and carbon content in unreacted austenite as a function of temperature. Additionally, the program has been provided with a module calculating the free energy of austenite and ferrite as well as the maximum driving force of transformation. Model validation was based on the experimental research and literature data. Experimental studies included the determination of austenite grain size, plotting the TTT diagram and analysis of the effect of heat treatment parameters on the microstructure of ductile iron. The obtained results show a relatively good compatibility between the theoretical calculations and experimental studies. Using the developed program it was possible to examine the effect of austenite grain size on the rate of transformation.
Multi Response Optimization of the Functional Properties of Rubber Seed – Shear Butter Based Core Oil Using D-Optimal Mixture Design
Authors: Onyekwere O.S. , Odiakaose C. , Uyanga K.A.
Published: January 2018

In this study, rubber seed/shea butter oil was used to formulate core oil. The formulated core oil was characterised. D-optimal mixture design was used for multi response optimisation of the functional properties of rubber seed-shea butter coil oil. Desirable values for some responses might be obtained from a factor combination while for others responses not so desirable values. Through multiple response optimisations, a factor setting that gives the desirable values for all responses was obtained. The selected optimum mixture setting for the formulated core oil is 65.937% Rubber seed and 34.063% Shea butter oil at desirability of 0.924. Under the optimum condition the functional properties of the core oil was found to be 39.57KN/M2, 626.85KN/M2, 36.63KN/M2, 593.906KN/M2, 412.605 and 167.309s for Green Compressive Strength, Dry Compressive Strength, Green Tensile Strength, Dry Tensile Strength, Permeability and Collapsibility respectively. The optimum conditions were validated with less than 0.2% error. The functional properties of the formulated core oil was compared to the functional properties of linseed core oil. It was found that rubber seed-shea butter core oil can be used for producing cores suitable for Aluminium casting.
Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver: a brief summary of four decades of research
Authors: Karami-Mohajeri Somayyeh , Ahmadipour Ahmad , Rahimi Hamid-Reza , Abdollahi Mohammad
Published: January 2018

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used volatile pesticides that have harmful effects on the liver in acute and chronic exposures. This review article summarises and discusses a wide collection of studies published over the last 40 years reporting on the effects of OPs on the liver, in an attempt to propose general mechanisms of OP hepatotoxicity and possible treatment. Several key biological processes have been reported as involved in OP-induced hepatotoxicity such as disturbances in the antioxidant defence system, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial and microsomal metabolism. Most studies show that antioxidants can attenuate oxidative stress and the consequent changes in liver function. However, few studies have examined the relationship between OP structures and the severity and mechanism of their action. We hope that future in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials will answer the remaining questions about the mechanisms of OP hepatotoxicity and its management.
How protein coronas determine the fate of engineered nanoparticles in biological environment
Authors: Capjak Ivona , Goreta Sandra Šupraha , Jurašin Darija Domazet , Vrček Ivana Vinković
Published: January 2018

Nanomedicine is a booming medical field that utilises nanoparticles (NPs) for the development of medicines, medical devices, and diagnostic tools. The behaviour of NPs in vivo may be quite complex due to their interactions with biological molecules. These interactions in biological fluids result in NPs being enveloped by dynamic protein coronas, which serve as an interface between NPs and their environment (blood, cell, tissue). How will the corona interact with this environment will depend on the biological, chemical, and physical properties of NPs, the properties of the proteins that make the corona, as well as the biological environment. This review summarises the main characteristics of protein corona and describes its dynamic nature. It also presents the most common analytical methods to study the corona, including examples of protein corona composition for the most common NPs used in biomedicine. This knowledge is necessary to design NPs that will create a corona with a desired efficiency and safety in clinical use.
In vitro assessment of the cytotoxic, DNA damaging, and cytogenetic effects of hydroquinone in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Jurica Karlo , Karačonji Irena Brčić , Benković Vesna , Kopjar Nevenka
Published: January 2018

This study investigated the mechanisms of hydroquinone toxicity and assessed the relationships between its cytotoxic, genotoxic, and cytogenetic effects tested at 8, 140, and 280 μg mL-1 in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed for 24 h. The outcomes of the treatments were evaluated using the apoptosis/necrosis assay, the alkaline comet assay, and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. The tested hydroquinone concentrations produced relatively weak cytotoxicity in resting lymphocytes, which mostly died via apoptosis. Hydroquinone’s marked genotoxic effects were detected using the alkaline comet assay. Significantly decreased values of all comet parameters compared to controls indicated specific mechanisms of hydroquinone-DNA interactions. Our results suggest that the two higher hydroquinone concentrations possibly led to cross-linking and adduct formation. Increased levels of DNA breakage measured following exposure to the lowest concentration suggested mechanisms related to oxidative stress and inhibition of topoisomerase II. At 8 μg mL-1, hydroquinone did not significantly affect MN formation. At 140 and 280 μg mL-1, it completely blocked lymphocyte division. The two latter concentrations also led to erythrocyte stabilization and prevented their lysis. At least two facts contribute to this study’s relevance: (I) this is the first study that quantifies the degree of reduction in total comet area measured in lymphocyte DNA after hydroquinone treatment, (II) it is also the first one on a lymphocyte model that adopted the “cytome” protocol in an MN assay and found that lymphocytes exposure even to low hydroquinone concentration resulted in a significant increase of nuclear bud frequency. Considering the limitations of the lymphocyte model, which does not possess intrinsic metabolic activation, in order to unequivocally prove the obtained results further studies using other appropriate cell lines are advised.
Star formation in shells of colliding multi-SNe bubbles
Authors: Vasiliev Evgenii O. , Shchekinov Yuri A.
Published: January 2018

It is believed that when bubbles formed by multiple supernovae explosions interact with one another, they stimulate star formation in overlapping shells. We consider the evolution of a shocked layer formed by the collision of two identical bubbles each of which originated from OB clusters of ∼ 50 members and ∼ 50 pc. The clusters are separated by 200-400 pc.We found that depending on evolutionary status of colliding bubbles the shocked layer can either be destroyed into diffuse lumps, or be fragmented into dense clumps: the former occurs in collisions of young bubbles with continuing supernovae explosions, and the latter occurs in older bubble interactions.We argue that fragmentation efficiency in shells depends on external heating: for a heating rate <∼ 1.7×10−24 erg s−1 the number of fragments formed in a collision of two old bubbles reaches several tens at t ∼ 4 Myr, while a heating rate >∼ 7 × 10−24 erg s−1 prevents fragmentation. The clumps formed in freely expanding parts of bubbles are gradually destroyed and disappear on t <∼ 1 Myr,whereas those formed in the overlapping shells survive much longer. Because of this the number of fragments in an isolated bubble begins to decrease after reaching a maximum, while in collision of two old bubbles it fluctuates around 60-70 until longer than t ∼ 5 Myr.
ε-mechanism driven pulsations in hot subdwarf stars with mixed H-He atmospheres
Authors: Battich Tiara , Bertolami Marcelo M. Miller , Córsico Alejandro H. , Althaus Leandro G.
Published: January 2018

The ε mechanism is a self-excitation mechanism of stellar pulsations which acts in regions where nuclear burning takes place. It has been shown that the ε mechanism can excite pulsations in hot pre-horizontal branch stars before they settle into the stable helium core-burning phase and that the shortest periods of LS IV-14º116 could be explained that way.We aim to study the ε mechanism in stellar models appropriate for hot pre-horizontal branch stars to predict their pulsational properties.We perform detailed computations of non-adiabatic non-radial pulsations on such stellar models.We predict a new instability domain of long-period gravity modes in the log g − log Teff plane at roughly 22000 K ≲ Teff ≲ 50000 K and 4.67 ≲ log g ≲ 6.15, with a period range from ~ 200 to ~ 2000 s. Comparison with the three known pulsating He-rich subdwarfs shows that the ε mechanism can excite pulsations in models with similar surface properties except for modes with the shortest observed periods. Based on simple estimates we expect at least 3 stars in the current samples of hot-subdwarf stars to be pulsating by the ε mechanism. Our results could constitute a theoretical basis for future searches of pulsators in the Galactic field.
News on the X-ray emission from hot subdwarf stars
Authors: Palombara Nicola La , Mereghetti Sandro
Published: January 2018

In latest years, the high sensitivity of the instruments on-board the XMM-Newton and Chandra satellites allowed us to explore the properties of the X-ray emission from hot subdwarf stars. The small but growing sample of X-ray detected hot subdwarfs includes binary systems, in which the X-ray emission is due to wind accretion onto a compact companion (white dwarf or neutron star), as well as isolated sdO stars, in which X-rays are probably due to shock instabilities in the wind. X-ray observations of these low-mass stars provide information which can be useful for our understanding of the weak winds of this type of stars and can lead to the discovery of particularly interesting binary systems. Here we report the most recent results we have recently obtained in this research area.
The Delusion of Enchantment in Miguel Cervantes’s Don Quixote and William Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Kodó Krisztina
Published: January 2018

The aim of the present article is to investigate the conceptual framework of magic and enchantment in the works of Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra and William Shakespeare. The works chosen for this comparative study are Don Quixote and Midsummer Night’s Dream. Shakespeare and Cervantes portray an ironic vision that may seem comic and grotesque on the surface, but in fact shows a violent and malign world. The portrayal of fantasy and realism parallel with the delusionary aspects of enchantment create an interplay between the ironic mockery and reality as seen through the experiences of the characters themselves. The delusions of enchantment experienced by the protagonists present a flawed world where jealousy, greed and corruption prevail.
Concrete minimal 3 × 3 Hermitian matrices and some general cases
Authors: Klobouk Abel H. , Varela Alejandro
Published: January 2018

Given a Hermitian matrix M ∈ M3(ℂ) we describe explicitly the real diagonal matrices DM such that ║M + DM║ ≤ ║M + D║ for all real diagonal matrices D ∈ M3(ℂ), where ║ · ║ denotes the operator norm. Moreover, we generalize our techniques to some n × n cases.
Effects of different production technologies on mechanical and metallurgical properties of precious metal denture alloys
Authors: Ferro Paolo , Battaglia Eleonora , Capuzzi Stefano , Berto Filippo
Published: January 2018

Background

Precious metal alloys can be supplied in traditional plate form or innovative drop form with high degree of purity.

Objective

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the influence of precious metal alloy form on metallurgical and mechanical properties of the final dental products with particular reference to metal-ceramic bond strength and casting defects.

Method

A widely used alloy for denture was selected; its nominal composition was close to 55 wt% Pd – 34 wt% Ag – 6 wt% In – 3 wt% Sn. Specimens were produced starting from the alloy in both plate and drop forms. A specific test method was developed to obtain results that could be representative of the real conditions of use. In order to achieve further information about the adhesion behaviour and resistance, the fracture surfaces of the samples were observed using ‘Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)’. Moreover, material defects caused by the moulding process were studied.

Results

The form of the alloy before casting does not significantly influence the shear bond strength between the metal and the ceramic material (p-value=0,976); however, according to SEM images, products from drop form alloy show less solidification defects compared to products obtained with plate form alloy. This was attributed to the absence of polluting additives used in the production of drop form alloy.

Conclusions

This study shows that the use of precious metal denture alloys supplied in drop form does not affect the metal-ceramic bond strength compared to alloys supplied in the traditional plate form. However, compared to the plate form, the drop form is found free of solidification defects, less expensive to produce and characterized by minor environmental impacts.
Additive bases with coefficients of newforms
Authors: García Victor Cuauhtemoc , Nicolae Florin
Published: January 2018

Let

f
⁢

(
z
)

=

∑

n
=
1

∞

a
⁢

(
n
)

⁢

e

2
⁢
π
⁢
i
⁢
n
⁢
z

{f(z)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a(n)e^{2\pi inz}}

be a normalized Hecke eigenform in

S

2
⁢
k

new

⁢

(

Γ
0

⁢

(
N
)

)

{S_{2k}^{\mathrm{new}}(\Gamma_{0}(N))}

with integer Fourier coefficients. We prove that there exists a constant

C
⁢

(
f
)

>
0

{C(f\/)>0}

such that any integer is a sum of at most

C
⁢

(
f
)

{C(f\/)}

coefficients

a
⁢

(
n
)

{a(n)}

.
We have

C
⁢

(
f
)

≪

ε
,
k

N

6
⁢
k

-
3

16

+
ε

{C(f\/)\ll_{\varepsilon,k}N^{\frac{6k-3}{16}+\varepsilon}}

.
Interaction of the middle domains stabilizes Hsp90α dimer in a closed conformation with high affinity for p23
Authors: Synoradzki Kamil , Miszta Przemyslaw , Kazlauskas Egidijus , Mickevičiūtė Aurelija , Michailovienė Vilma , Matulis Daumantas , Filipek Slawomir , Bieganowski Pawel
Published: January 2018

The human genome encodes two highly similar cytosolic Hsp90 proteins called isoforms Hsp90α and Hsp90β. Of the 300 client proteins for Hsp90 identified so far only a handful interact specifically with one Hsp90 isoform. Here we report for the first time that Hsp90 cochaperone p23 binds preferentially to Hsp90α and that this interaction is mediated by the middle domain of Hsp90α. Based on the homology modeling, we infer that the middle domains in the Hsp90α dimer bind stronger with each other than in the Hsp90β dimer. Therefore, compared to Hsp90β, Hsp90α may adopt closed conformation more easily. Hsp90 interacts with p23 in the closed conformation. Hsp90α binds human recombinant p23 about three times stronger than Hsp90β but with significantly smaller exothermic enthalpy as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry of direct binding between the purified proteins. As p23 binds to Hsp90 in a closed conformation, stabilization of the Hsp90α dimer in the closed conformation by its middle domains explains preference of p23 to this Hsp90 isoform.
Generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by side reactions of mitochondrial 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes in isolation and in cells
Authors: Bunik Victoria I. , Brand Martin D.
Published: January 2018

Mitochondrial 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes oxidize 2-oxoglutarate, pyruvate, branched-chain 2-oxoacids and 2-oxoadipate to the corresponding acyl-CoAs and reduce NAD+ to NADH. The isolated enzyme complexes generate superoxide anion radical or hydrogen peroxide in defined reactions by leaking electrons to oxygen. Studies using isolated mitochondria in media mimicking cytosol suggest that the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes contribute little to the production of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide relative to other mitochondrial sites at physiological steady states. However, the contributions may increase under pathological conditions, in accordance with the high maximum capacities of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide-generating reactions of the complexes, established in isolated mitochondria. We assess available data on the use of modulations of enzyme activity to infer superoxide or hydrogen peroxide production from particular 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes in cells, and limitations of such methods to discriminate specific superoxide or hydrogen peroxide sources in vivo.
Odysseus in der Psychiatrie
Authors: Stoecker Ralf
Published: January 2018

Im Rahmen psychiatrischer Behandlungen ergeben sich immer wieder Situationen, in denen ärztliche Interventionen zwar dringend erforderlich sind, die Patientinnen und Patienten aber krankheitsbedingt nicht aufgeklärt in die Behandlung einwilligen können oder sie sogar ablehnen. In dem Beitrag soll erstens gezeigt werden, dass es sich bei derartigen Situationen tatsächlich um moralische Dilemmata handelt. Das liegt daran, dass das medizinethische Prinzip, Behandlungen nur nach aufgeklärter Einwilligung durchzuführen, nicht nur auf dem Recht auf Selbstbestimmung beruht, sondern auch auf dem Recht auf Integrität des Körpers und der Intimsphäre sowie dem Recht, keinem Zwang ausgesetzt zu werden. Alle drei Rechte sind wiederum eng mit dem Schutz der Würde der Patienten verbunden. Zweitens soll gezeigt werden, dass der Abschluss von Behandlungsvereinbarungen einen ethisch attraktiven Ausweg aus derartigen Dilemmata bieten kann, weil Behandlungsvereinbarungen eine Unterform sogenannter Odysseus-Verträge sind, die dazu geeignet sind, auch im Rahmen von Zwangsmaßnahmen die Würde der Patientinnen und Patienten zu wahren.
Fremdgefährdung durch potenzielle Straftäter als Einschränkung der Selbstbestimmung
Authors: Duttge Gunnar
Published: January 2018

Das Recht der Unterbringung von Straftätern wie sonstigen Gefährdern ist ebenso wie dasjenige zur Zwangsbehandlung in jüngerer Vergangenheit und Gegenwart erheblichen Veränderungen unterworfen. Ein vergleichender Blick auf die aktuell geltenden Rechtsgrundlagen zeigt jedoch im Binnenwie rechtsgebietsübergreifenden Vergleich erhebliche Fragwürdigkeiten und lässt ein konsistentes wertefundiertes Koordinatensystem für die - vielfach zu begrenzende - Zulässigkeit von Zwangsinterventionen gegenüber Psychiatriepatienten überfällig erscheinen.
Fundamental relation on m-idempotent hyperrings
Authors: Norouzi Morteza , Cristea Irina
Published: January 2018

The γ*-relation defined on a general hyperring R is the smallest strongly regular relation such that the quotient R/γ* is a ring. In this note we consider a particular class of hyperrings, where we define a new equivalence, called
$\varepsilon^{*}_{m} $, smaller than γ* and we prove it is the smallest strongly regular relation on such hyperrings such that the quotient R/
$\varepsilon^{*}_{m} $ is a ring. Moreover, we introduce the concept of m-idempotent hyperrings, show that they are a characterization for Krasner hyperfields, and that
$\varepsilon^{*}_{m} $ is a new exhibition for γ* on the above mentioned subclass of m-idempotent hyperrings.
Multiple and sign-changing solutions for discrete Robin boundary value problem with parameter dependence
Authors: Long Yuhua , Zeng Baoling
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we study second-order nonlinear discrete Robin boundary value problem with parameter dependence. Applying invariant sets of descending flow and variational methods, we establish some new sufficient conditions on the existence of sign-changing solutions, positive solutions and negative solutions of the system when the parameter belongs to appropriate intervals. In addition, an example is given to illustrate our results.
Quasi-maximum likelihood estimator of Laplace (1, 1) for GARCH models
Authors: Xuan Haiyan , Song Lixin , Amin Muhammad , Shi Yongxia
Published: January 2018

This paper studies the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE) for the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model based on the Laplace (1,1) residuals. The QMLE is proposed to the parameter vector of the GARCH model with the Laplace (1,1) firstly. Under some certain conditions, the strong consistency and asymptotic normality of QMLE are then established. In what follows, a real example with Laplace and normal distribution is analyzed to evaluate the performance of the QMLE and some comparison results on the performance are given. In the end the proofs of some theorem are presented.
Preliminary observations on use of Beauveria bassiana for the control of the sweet potato weevil (Cylas sp.) in South Africa
Authors: Hlerema Igenicious , Laurie Sunette , Eiasu Bahlebi
Published: January 2018

Sweet potato weevils (Cylas puncticollis and C. formicarius) are notorious pests of sweet potato and cause severe losses in marketable yield. The study tested the use of Beauveria bassiana ((Balsamo) Vuillemin) (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) for controlling sweet potato weevils. An experiment was conducted using four treatments: 1) dipping sweet potato cuttings in solution of 1 g/litre B. bassiana before planting, 2) spraying with the registered chemical Deltametrin at 50ml/100litre every 2 weeks for four months after planting, 3) spraying the leaves every 2 weeks with B. bassiana (10 g/100 litre) for four months after planting; and 4) a control (sprayed with distilled water). The experimental design was a Latin square with split plot design: pest management strategy as main plot factor and cultivars (Bophelo, Ndou and Blesbok) as subplot factors. Spraying with B. bassiana significantly reduced the percentage of insect damaged roots (5.31%) compared to the control (13.75%). Dipping did not significantly reduce the number of insect damaged roots (12.13%). There was no significant difference between the chemical spray (5.88% insect damage) and spraying with B. bassiana (5.31% insect damage). The preliminary investigation indicated that B. bassiana can be considered as an alternative control method for the sweet potato weevil.
Ungleichheit, Sozialstaat und demokratische Repräsentation: Marktkorrigierende Politik durch den Medianwähler?
Authors: Dallinger Ursula
Published: January 2018

Political economy of redistribution and comparative social policy research view the median voter as the political force, which demands marketregulating social policy in periods of increased income disparities and to which governments – to be re-elected – must respond. However, government responsiveness has been questioned, especially the responsiveness for political demands of low-income households. Are even the preferences of the median voter only selectively addressed through politics? If the median voter is actually influential, its redistributive preferences should explain the outcome of government action, e.g. size of redistribution. Is this true? Based on a pooled dataset with observations between 1980 and 2012 for 13 OECD-countries it is shown that the political position of the median voter alone has no impact. Rather mediating political factors like a proportional electoral system and left parties with wider welfare programs provide for broader representation and more redistribution.
Bedarfsgerechtigkeit ambulanter Pflege: Stärkung der subjektiven Perspektive durch Reformmaßnahmen der sozialen Pflegeversicherung?
Authors: Niens Christine , Hille Cornelius , Schüler Stefan , Hoffmeister Friederike , Marggraf Rainer
Published: January 2018

This paper examines the impacts of a German Social Law reform on the perceived quality of long-term home care. Taking a welfare economics perspective, an improved legal performance in addressing the personal needs of people depending on long-term care was found. Finally, recommendations to better adjust home care to the individual needs are given.
Effects of Plyometric and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength, Explosiveness, and Neuromuscular Function in Young Adolescent Soccer Players
Authors: McKinlay Brandon J. , Wallace Phillip , Dotan Raffy , Long Devon , Tokuno Craig , Gabriel David A. , Falk Bareket
Published: January 2018

McKinlay, BJ, Wallace, P, Dotan, R, Long, D, Tokuno, C, Gabriel, D, and Falk, B. Effects of plyometric and resistance training on muscle strength, explosiveness, and neuromuscular function in young adolescent soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3039–3050, 2018—This study examined the effect of 8 weeks of free-weight resistance training (RT) and plyometric (PLYO) training on maximal strength, explosiveness, and jump performance compared with no added training (CON), in young male soccer players. Forty-one 11- to 13-year-old soccer players were divided into 3 groups (RT, PLYO, and CON). All participants completed isometric and dynamic (240°·s−1) knee extensions before and after training. Peak torque (pT), peak rate of torque development (pRTD), electromechanical delay (EMD), rate of muscle activation (Q50), m. vastus lateralis thickness (VLT), and jump performance were examined. Peak torque, pRTD, and jump performance significantly improved in both training groups. Training resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in isometric pT (23.4 vs. 15.8%) and pRTD (15.0 vs. 17.6%), in RT and PLYO, respectively. During dynamic contractions, training resulted in significant increases in pT (12.4 and 10.8% in RT and PLYO, respectively), but not in pRTD. Jump performance increased in both training groups (RT = 10.0% and PLYO = 16.2%), with only PLYO significantly different from CON. Training resulted in significant increases in VLT (RT = 6.7% and PLYO = 8.1%). There were no significant EMD changes. In conclusion, 8-week free-weight resistance and plyometric training resulted in significant improvements in muscle strength and jump performance. Training resulted in similar muscle hypertrophy in the 2 training modes, with no clear differences in muscle performance. Plyometric training was more effective in improving jump performance, whereas free-weight RT was more advantageous in improving peak torque, where the stretch reflex was not involved.
Comparison of Step-by-Step Kinematics in Repeated 30-m Sprints in Female Soccer Players
Authors: van den Tillaar Roland
Published: January 2018

van den Tillaar, R. Comparison of step-by-step kinematics in repeated 30-m sprints in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 1923–1928, 2018—The aim of this study was to compare kinematics in repeated 30-m sprints in female soccer players. Seventeen subjects performed seven 30-m sprints every 30 seconds in one session. Kinematics was measured with an infrared contact mat and laser gun, and running times with an electronic timing device. The main findings were that sprint times increased in the repeated-sprint ability test. The main changes in kinematics during the repeated-sprint ability test were increased contact time and decreased step frequency, whereas no change in step length was observed. The step velocity increased in almost each step until the 14th, which occurred around 22 m. After this, the velocity was stable until the last step, when it decreased. This increase in step velocity was mainly caused by the increased step length and decreased contact times. It was concluded that the fatigue induced in repeated 30-m sprints in female soccer players resulted in decreased step frequency and increased contact time. Using this approach in combination with a laser gun and infrared mat for 30 m makes it very easy to analyze running kinematics in repeated sprints in training. This extra information gives the athlete, coach, and sports scientist the opportunity to give more detailed feedback and helps to target these changes in kinematics better to enhance repeated-sprint performance.
Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Containing Supplement on Anaerobic Power and Subjective Measurements of Fatigue in Recreationally Active Men
Authors: Hahn Chelsea J. , Jagim Andrew R. , Camic Clayton L. , Andre Matthew J.
Published: January 2018

Hahn, CJ, Jagim, AR, Camic, CL, and Andre, MJ. Acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on anaerobic power and subjective measurements of fatigue in recreationally active men. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1029–1035, 2018—Studies show mixed results for the effects of caffeine on performance, warranting further investigation. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on anaerobic power and subjective measurements of fatigue during resisted sprinting on men. Fourteen recreationally active men (N = 14; [mean ± SD], age: 21.0 ± 0.7 years, height: 178.5 ± 5.1 cm, body mass: 77.3 ± 9.6 kg, and percent body fat: 12.6 ± 4.8%) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design study. The first visit required each participant to complete 3 sets of practice sprints on a nonmotorized treadmill ranging from 10 to 20 seconds. During the second visit, participants completed 5 more practice sprints ranging from 15 to 25 seconds. During the third and fourth visits, participants ingested one serving of a caffeine-containing or placebo beverage (the opposite beverage was consumed during the fourth visit), rested for 20 minutes, and completed a dynamic warm-up before sprinting. Anaerobic power was assessed using a countermovement vertical jump and nonmotorized treadmill sprint test. Psychological variables were scored using a 5-point Likert scale. No significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences were observed between conditions for average (p = 0.22) or peak power (p = 0.43). Both conditions resulted in a significant increase in fatigue, although the increase was less for the caffeine condition (caffeine ∆ = 0.93 and placebo ∆ = 1.71). These findings indicated that the caffeine-containing supplement improved perceived measures of fatigue but not power indices assessed through vertical jump or nonmotorized treadmill sprinting. The consumption of a caffeine beverage may be beneficial for reducing perceived fatigue during acute anaerobic exercise, particularly when repeated sprints are used.
Exploring the Effects of Playing Formations on Tactical Behavior and External Workload During Football Small-Sided Games
Authors: Baptista Jorge , Travassos Bruno , Gonçalves Bruno , Mourão Paulo , Viana João L. , Sampaio Jaime
Published: January 2018

Baptista, J, Travassos, B, Gonçalves, B, Mourão, P, Viana, JL, and Sampaio, J. Exploring the effects of playing formations on tactical behavior and external workload during football small-sided games. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 2024–2030, 2020—This study aimed to identify the effects of playing formations on tactical behavior and external workload during football small-sided games. Twenty-three semiprofessional footballers integrated 3 different playing formations in a 7-a-side small-sided game, according to their specific player positions: team 4:3:0 (4 defenders and 3 midfielders); team 4:1:2 (4 defenders, 1 midfielder, and 2 forwards); and team 0:4:3 (4 midfielders and 3 forwards). Based on players' movement trajectories, the following individual and collective tactical variables were calculated: total distance covered and distance covered while walking, jogging, running, and sprinting, distance from each player to both own-team centroid and opponent-team centroid, individual area, team length, team width, and surface area. Approximate entropy was computed to identify the regularity of each variable. The team 4:3:0 promoted players' space exploration with moderate physical efforts. The team 4:1:2 promoted compactness and regularity of the team with increase in the physical efforts. The team 0:4:3 promoted team balance and adaptability on space coverage with increase in physical efforts. Concluding, different playing formations support different game dynamics, and variations on external load were directly linked with the variations on tactical behavior. The analysis of tactical behavior through quantification of variability of patterns of play and quantification of distance covered at different velocities were the most useful information for the analysis of the effects of practice task manipulations. Therefore, in a practical sense, strength and conditioning coaches should plan and monitor these tasks in interaction with the head coaches.
Goblet cell carcinomas of the appendix: rare but aggressive neoplasms with challenging management
Authors: Clift Ashley K , Kornasiewicz Oskar , Drymousis Panagiotis , Faiz Omar , Wasan Harpreet S , Kinross James M , Cecil Thomas , Frilling Andrea
Published: January 2018

Goblet cell carcinomas (GCC) are a rare, aggressive sub-type of appendiceal tumours with neuroendocrine features, and controversy exists with regards to therapeutic strategy. We undertook a retrospective review of GCC patients surgically treated at two tertiary referral centres. Clinical and histopathological data were extracted from a prospectively maintained database. Survival analyses utilised Kaplan–Meier methodology. Twenty-one patients were identified (9 females). Median age at diagnosis was 55 years (range 32–77). There were 3, 6 and 9 grade 1, 2 and 3 tumours, respectively. One, 10, 5 and 5 patients had stage I, II, III and IV disease at diagnosis, respectively. There were 8, 10 and 3 Tang class A, B and C tumours, respectively. Index operation was appendectomy (n = 12), right hemicolectomy (n = 6) or resections including appendix/right colon, omentum and the gynaecological system (n = 3). Eight patients underwent completion right hemicolectomy. Surgery for recurrence included small bowel resection (n = 2), debulking with peritonectomy and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (all n = 1). Median follow-up was 30 months (range 2.5–123). One-, 3- and 5-year OS was 79.4, 60 and 60%, respectively. Mean OS (1-, 3-, and 5-year OS) for Tang class A, B and C tumours were 73.1 months (85.7, 85.7, 51.4%), 83.7 months (all 66.7%) and 28.5 months (66.7, 66.7%, not reached), respectively. Chromogranin A/B and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT were not useful in follow-up, but CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125 and 18F-FDG PET/CT identified tumour recurrence. GCC must be clearly discriminated from relatively indolent appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms. 18F-FDG PET/CT and CEA/CA19-9/CA 125 are useful in detecting recurrence of GCC.
Accuracy of the Urinalysis for Urinary Tract Infections in Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger
Authors: Tzimenatos Leah , Mahajan Prashant , Dayan Peter S. , Vitale Melissa , Linakis James G. , Blumberg Stephen , Borgialli Dominic , Ruddy Richard M. , Van Buren John , Ramilo Octavio , Kuppermann Nathan ,   for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVES:

Reports of the test accuracy of the urinalysis for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in young febrile infants have been variable. We evaluated the test characteristics of the urinalysis for diagnosing UTIs, with and without associated bacteremia, in young febrile infants.

METHODS:

We performed a planned secondary analysis of data from a prospective study of febrile infants ≤60 days old at 26 emergency departments in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. We evaluated the test characteristics of the urinalysis for diagnosing UTIs, with and without associated bacteremia, by using 2 definitions of UTI: growth of ≥50 000 or ≥10 000 colony-forming units (CFUs) per mL of a uropathogen. We defined a positive urinalysis by the presence of any leukocyte esterase, nitrite, or pyuria (>5 white blood cells per high-power field).

RESULTS:

Of 4147 infants analyzed, 289 (7.0%) had UTIs with colony counts ≥50 000 CFUs/mL, including 27 (9.3%) with bacteremia. For these UTIs, a positive urinalysis exhibited sensitivities of 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91–0.97), regardless of bacteremia; 1.00 (95% CI: 0.87–1.00) with bacteremia; and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90–0.96) without bacteremia. Specificity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.90–0.91) in all groups. For UTIs with colony counts ≥10 000 CFUs/mL, the sensitivity of the urinalysis was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83–0.90), and specificity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.90–0.92).

CONCLUSIONS:

The urinalysis is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing UTIs, especially with ≥50 000 CFUs/mL, in febrile infants ≤60 days old, and particularly for UTIs with associated bacteremia.
Editorial: Diversity in Medical Education
Authors: Verdonk Petra , Janczukowicz Janusz
Published: January 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. While medical schools need to address the health care needs of diverse populations and to accommodate to the diverse needs of their students and staff, addressing and studying diversity in medical education remains challenging. In teaching cultural competence, several approaches are identified, including a cultural expertise approach, a cultural sensibility approach and a cross-cultural approach with the more recently emerging call for reflexivity. We propose the analysis of diversity related issues at three distinct levels: fixing the numbers, fixing the institutions and fixing the knowledge.
Transforming natural resources into industrial advantage: the case of China’s rare earths industry
Authors: MEDEIROS CARLOS AGUIAR DE , TREBAT NICHOLAS M.
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the development of China’s rare earths industry, emphasizing the role of state technological initiatives in the country’s transition from rare earth exporter to large industrial consumer of these raw materials. Like other industrial powers before it, China takes advantage of low-cost domestic supplies of strategic raw materials to promote higher value-added manufacturing. We argue that, in the case of rare earths, this strategy has been largely successful, disrupting a classic international division of labor that existed prior to 2000, in which China exported most of its rare earth output to wealthy countries, and transforming Chinese firms into exporters of more sophisticated downstream products.
Impact of economic growth on international reserve holdings in Brazil
Authors: KASHIF MOHAMMAD , SRIDHARAN P. , THIYAGARAJAN S.
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of economic growth on Brazilian international reserves holdings in the context of Error Correction Mechanism using data over the 1980-2014 period. The results reveal that economic growth is highly significant. From the estimation of our model, we argue that economic growth and international reserves have positive long run relationship. Error correction estimates validated our model for error correction term is negative and statistically significant. Besides, our model suggested that economic growth has short run relationship too. The speed of adjustment is more than 40% which indicated that error correction term corrects previous year disequilibrium at the rate of 40.4%.
Productivity, social expenditure and income distribution in Latin America
Authors: CIMOLI MARIO , PORCILE GABRIEL , MARTINS NETO ANTONIO , SOSSDORF FERNANDO
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the role of institutions and structural change in shaping income inequality. It is argued that while social expenditure and direct redistribution are crucial for improving income distribution, sustainable equality requires structural change. The relative importance of these variables in different countries is analyzed and a typology suggested. It is argued that the most equal countries in the world combine strong institutions in favor of redistribution and knowledge-intensive production structures that sustain growth and employment in the long run. Both institutions and the production structure in Latin America fail to foster equality and this explains its extremely high levels of inequality. The paper presents empirical evidence that supports this view, based on a sample of developed and developing countries for the period 1990-2010. Institutions for redistribution are captured through social expenditures as a percentage of GDP, while the role of structural change is captured by indicators of the technological intensity of production and the evolution of labor productivity. The technological intensity of the production structure is proxied through two indicators, the Economic Complexity Index and the ECLAC Index of Technological Intensity.
Regional distribution of the National System of Innovation actors and economic development: an international comparison
Authors: SANTOS ULISSES PEREIRA DOS
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT It is believed that actors of the National System of Innovation (NSI) influence and are influenced by regional aspects, like geographical allocation. Based on this perspective the scientific, technological and economical performances in sub-national divisions of nine developed and developing countries are analyzed in this paper. The aim is to evaluate the hypothesis on the existence of higher regional concentration of NSI actors in developing countries. The results suggest that this hypothesis may be correct, since S,T&I activities are more likely to be regionally concentrated in the richest regions in the developing countries analyzed, opposing what happens in developed countries.
Economic growth and structural change in a multi-sector and multilateral approach to balance-of-payments constrained growth
Authors: ARAUJO RICARDO AZEVEDO , PAIVA MATHEUS SILVA DE , SANTOS JULIO FERNANDO COSTA , SILVA GUILHERME JONAS COSTA DA
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT This study aims to develop a multi-sector and multilateral model of balance-of-payments constrained growth. As a starting point, we adopted the models proposed by Araujo and Lima (2007) and Nell (2003). The paper also presents computer simulations to test how structural changes in the Pasinetti-Kaldor sense affect long-term economic growth. This approach is relevant insofar as it enables the identification of sectors and trading partners that contribute the most to long-term growth, as well as proposing economic and industrial policies that improve trade relations and economic competitiveness.