bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer correlate with poor outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kannan Ashwini , Clouston David , Frydenberg Mark , Ilic Dragan , Karim Md Nazmul , Evans Sue M. , Toivanen Roxanne , Risbridger Gail P. , Taylor Renea A.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature to understand the variation in the reporting of neuroendocrine staining and determine the influence of reporting neuroendocrine staining at diagnosis on patient outcomes.

Methods

Medical databases were searched to identify studies in which adenocarcinoma specimens were stained with any of the following four neuroendocrine markers: chromogranin A (CgA), neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin and CD56. The prevalence of neuroendocrine staining and correlation of the prevalence of neuroendocrine staining to patient outcomes were analysed using a random‐effects model. All statistical tests were two‐sided.

Results

Sixty‐two studies spanning 7616 patients were analysed. The pooled prevalence for the most common marker, CgA (41%), was similar to that of NSE (39%) and higher than that of synaptophysin (31%). The prevalence of CgA staining was significantly influenced by reporting criteria, where objective thresholds reduced the variation in prevalence to 26%. No correlation was found between CgA prevalence and tumour grade. Patients positive for CgA staining using objective criteria had more rapid biochemical progression (hazard ratio [HR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49 to 2.65) and poorer prostate cancer‐specific survival (HR 7.03, 95% CI 2.55 to 19.39) compared to negative patients, even among those with low‐risk cancers.

Conclusion

Discrepancies in the reported prevalence of neuroendocrine cells in adenocarcinoma are driven by the inconsistent scoring criteria. This study unequivocally demonstrates that when neuroendocrine cell staining is assessed with objective criteria it identifies patients with poor clinical outcomes. Future studies are needed to determine the exact quantifiable thresholds for use in reporting neuroendocrine cell staining to identify patients at higher risk of progression.
Repurposing of Trimetazidine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A study in SOD1G93Amice
Authors: Scaricamazza Silvia , Salvatori Illari , Amadio Susanna , Nesci Valentina , Torcinaro Alessio , Giacovazzo Giacomo , Primiano Aniello , Gloriani Michela , Candelise Niccolò , Pieroni Luisa , Loeffler Jean‐Philippe , Renè Frederique , Quessada Cyril , Tefera Tesfaye W. , Wang Hao , Steyn Frederik J. , Ngo Shyuan T. , Dobrowolny Gabriella , Lepore Elisa , Urbani Andrea , Musarò Antonio , Volonté Cinzia , Ferraro Elisabetta , Coccurello Roberto , Valle Cristiana , Ferri Alberto
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscles and is currently incurable. Although considered to be a pure motor neuron disease, increasing evidence indicates that the sole protection of motor neurons by a single targeted drug is not sufficient to improve the pathological phenotype. We therefore evaluated the therapeutic potential of the multi‐target drug used to treatment of coronary artery disease, trimetazidine, in SOD1G93Amice.

Experimental Approach

As a metabolic modulator, trimetazidine improves glucose metabolism. Furthermore, trimetazidine enhances mitochondrial metabolism and promotes nerve regeneration, exerting an anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effect. We orally treated SOD1G93Amice with trimetazidine, solubilized in drinking water at a dose of 20 mg kg−1, from disease onset. We assessed the impact of trimetazidine on disease progression by studying metabolic parameters, grip strength and histological alterations in skeletal muscle, peripheral nerves and the spinal cord.

Key Results

Trimetazidine administration delays motor function decline, improves muscle performance and metabolism, and significantly extends overall survival of SOD1G93Amice (increased median survival of 16 days and 12.5 days for male and female respectively). Moreover, trimetazidine prevents the degeneration of neuromuscular junctions, attenuates motor neuron loss and reduces neuroinflammation in the spinal cord and in peripheral nerves.

Conclusion and Implications

In SOD1G93Amice, therapeutic effect of trimetazidine is underpinned by its action on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and spinal cord.
The dietary fibre rhamnogalacturonan improves intestinal epithelial barrier function in a microbiota‐independent manner
Authors: Baggio Cristiane H. , Shang Judie , Gordon Marilyn H. , Stephens Matthew , von der Weid Pierre Yves , Nascimento Adamara M. , Román Yony , Cipriani Thales R. , MacNaughton Wallace K.
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose

Dietary fibre comprises a complex group of polysaccharides that are indigestible but are fermented by gut microbiota, promoting beneficial effects to the intestinal mucosa indirectly through the production of short chain fatty acids. We found that a polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan (RGal), from the plant Acmella oleracea, has direct effects on intestinal epithelial barrier function. Our objective was to determine the mechanism whereby RGal enhances epithelial barrier function.

Experimental Approach

Monolayers of colonic epithelial cell lines (Caco‐2, T84) and of human primary cells from organoids were mounted in Ussing chambers to assess barrier function. The cellular mechanism of RGal effects on barrier function was determined using inhibitors of TLR‐4 and PKC isoforms.

Key Results

Apically applied RGal (1000 μg ml−1) significantly enhanced barrier function as shown by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and reduced fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐dextran flux in Caco‐2, T84 and human primary cell monolayers, and accelerated tight junction reassembly in Caco‐2 cells in a calcium switch assay. RGal also reversed the barrier‐damaging effects of inflammatory cytokines on FITC‐dextran flux and preserved the tight junction distribution of occludin. RGal activated TLR4 in TLR4‐expressing HEK reporter cells, an effect that was inhibited by the TLR4 inhibitor, C34. The effect of RGal was also dependent on PKC, specifically the isoforms PKCδ and PKCζ.

Conclusion and Implications

RGal enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function through activation of TLR4 and PKC signalling pathways. Elucidation of RGal mechanisms of action could lead to new, dietary approaches to enhance mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel diseases.
Prescribed fire enhances seed removal by ants in a Neotropical savanna
Authors: Alcolea Mirela , Durigan Giselda , Christianini Alexander V.
Published: November 2021

Seed dispersal and predation by animals often drive plant regeneration. In tropical savannas, such as the Cerrado of Brazil, fire is also a key process in ecosystem dynamics, consuming the lower vegetation strata and killing wildlife, but how fire affects seed‐animal interactions is virtually unknown. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires on the removal of diaspores from Miconia rubiginosa and sunflower Helianthus annuus in Cerrado from southeast Brazil. Using plots burned one month or one year before sampling and unburned controls, we assessed the effect of prescribed fire on microhabitat structure and diaspore removal by vertebrates and ants. Covered microhabitats experienced higher seed removal by vertebrates than open microhabitats, but microhabitat features did not influence seed removal by ants. Prescribed fire did not change the total amount of seed removal, and ants were responsible for most removals in burned and control plots. However, fire increased the importance of ants as agents of removal compared to vertebrates. These changes were probably mediated by changes in microhabitat cover. It is likely that species, whose seeds are often preyed upon by vertebrates, benefit from fire to escape predation, while the opposite would be true for those removed by granivorous ants. By changing microhabitats composition and frequency of seed removal by different agents, fire may create pulses of opportunities for certain plant species to increase their populations and enlarge their spatial distribution, while constraining others. However, how different fire intensities and frequencies influence seed fate of different species is still to be investigated.

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Adolescents' thoughts and feelings about the local and global environment: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Thompson Rhiannon , Fisher Helen L. , Dewa Lindsay H. , Hussain Tania , Kabba Zaina , Toledano Mireille B.
Published: November 2021

Background

Despite a recent increase in engagement with environmental issues among young people, their impact upon adolescent mental health and wellbeing is not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore adolescents' thoughts and feelings about current environmental issues.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 15 UK‐based adolescents aged 14–18 years (66.7% female). Transcripts were inductively thematically analysed by the interviewing researcher and two adolescent co‐researchers, with priority given to the co‐researchers' impressions to strengthen interpretations of the personal experiences of the interviewees.

Results

Six themes were identified: the local environment, efficacy, challenging emotions, information, hindrances and perceptions of the future. The local environment was found to affect adolescents positively and negatively. Factors including greenspace and fresh air had a positive impact, and factors including noise and litter had a negative impact. Most participants reported feeling disempowered to personally influence environmental problems but were engaged with them and felt that trying to make a difference was beneficial for their wellbeing. Adolescents largely reported negative expectations about the environment’s future.

Conclusion

The UK adolescents interviewed appeared to be very engaged and emotionally affected by a perceived lack of care towards the environment, locally and globally. It is therefore imperative to amplify young people’s voices and involve them in influencing environmental policy, for the benefit of young people and the planet. Further research should quantify the extent to which environmental issues affect young people's mental health and identify factors that could prevent or alleviate distress.
Association between obesity and traumatic dental injuries in pre‐school children—A case‐control study
Authors: Soares Maria E. C. , Primo‐Miranda Ednele F. , Galo Rodrigo , Mourão Larissa S. , Ramos‐Jorge Joana , Ramos‐Jorge Maria L.
Published: November 2021

Background/Aim

Obese children are more prone to accidents due to poorer motor skills which increase the likelihood of falls and the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). The aim of this study was to determine the association between overweight/obesity and TDI in pre‐school children.

Material and Methods

The case group was formed by children with TDI identified during a clinical examination (n = 262). Each pre‐school child identified as a case was matched by a peer of the same age, gender and pre‐school but without TDI to form the control group (n = 262). TDI was evaluated using the criteria proposed by Andreasen. The weight and height of the children were measured for the calculation of the body mass index which was plotted on the growth curve established by the World Health Organization. Socio‐demographic variables were collected through questionnaires sent to the parents/guardians. Data analysis involved the determination of frequency distribution, the chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis.

Results

The sample was composed of 253 children in each group. Among the children in the case group, 15.4% (n = 39) were overweight and 15.8% (n = 40) were obese. In the control group, 13.8% (n = 35) were overweight and 8.3% (n = 21) were obese. Children with trauma were more likely to be obese than children without trauma (OR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.14 to 3.67; p = .016). In contrast, TDI was not associated with being overweight. A greater odds of TDI was also associated with an open bite (OR = 3.61; 95% CI: 1.64 to 7.96; p = .001) and accentuated overjet (OR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.37 to 3.50; p = .001).

Conclusions

Pre‐school children with a history of dental trauma were more likely to be obese than those without a history of dental trauma whereas being overweight was not associated with TDI.
Compensatory mechanisms during development contribute to overcome intraspecific competition in a dipteran solitary ectoparasitoid with larval active host seeking behaviour
Authors: Crespo José E. , Castelo Marcela K.
Published: November 2021

1. Superparasitism has been rendered many times as detrimental for fitness, although there are examples in which the competing winning larvae compensate for its development. Here, we studied if, in the host‐parasitoid system Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) – Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae), larvae have compensatory mechanisms during development to overcome competition.

2. Through a combination of behavioural and artificial parasitism protocols, we investigated if host instar or time between parasitism events influences the probability of a larva winning the competition. In addition, we studied the effect that superparasitism has in terms of some fitness traits like sex ratio, size, and shape.

3. Our results showed that M. ruficauda has compensatory mechanisms like differential larval survival according to host availability. In addition, we found that as the time between parasitism events increased, the second larva lowers its chance to win the competition in favour of the first arriving larva. Larvae under competition develop at a similar rate compared to larvae that had not experienced competition for hosts. Finally, our results show that wing shape is different between groups, and this could influence flight and courtship.

4. Our study suggests that superparasitism in M. ruficauda is an advantageous strategy under some circumstances although it might influence adult performance with flight related behaviours.
Socio‐ecological and economic aspects of tropical tuna fisheries in the Mozambique Channel
Authors: Nataniel Anildo , Lopes Priscila F. M. , Lopez Jon , Soto Maria
Published: November 2021

Industrial and small‐scale tuna fisheries in Mozambique may compete over the same resources, which has potential socio‐ecological impacts. The two types of fisheries were investigated by characterising their catch trends, types of interactions, number of people they employ and revenues. Commercial landings, logbook data and all previously established tuna Fishing Partner Agreements in the country were analysed, as well as data collected from interviews with small‐scale fishers. A declining trend in catches was observed in the industrial fisheries sector, which was also perceived by small‐scale fishers, and suggests that there is some competition between these two sectors for the same tuna stocks, even when these stocks are targeted in separate grounds. While the small‐scale tuna fisheries sector provides thousands of local direct and indirect jobs and high economic benefits for fishing communities, the industrial fisheries sector may only be economically advantageous to Mozambique if Fishing Partner Agreements are improved and enforced. Although maintaining non‐overlapping fishing grounds between industrial and small‐scale fisheries may be positive for the fishers, it could result in major pressure on the tuna stocks, as they would be exploited relentlessly.
The response of coarse root biomass to long‐term CO2 enrichment and nitrogen application in a maturing Pinus taeda stand with a large broadleaved component
Authors: Maier Chris A. , Johnsen Kurt H. , Anderson Pete H. , Palmroth Sari , Kim Dohyoung , McCarthy Heather R. , Oren Ram
Published: November 2021

Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) typically increases aboveground growth in both growth chamber and free‐air carbon enrichment (FACE) studies. Here we report on the impacts of eCO2 and nitrogen amendment on coarse root biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) at the Duke FACE study, where half of the eight plots in a 30‐year‐old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, L.) plantation, including competing naturally regenerated broadleaved species, were subjected to eCO2 (ambient, aCO2 plus 200 ppm) for 15–17 years, combined with annual nitrogen amendments (11.2 g N m−2) for 6 years. Allometric equations were developed following harvest to estimate coarse root (>2 mm diameter) biomass. Pine root biomass under eCO2 increased 32%, 1.80 kg m−2 above the 5.66 kg m−2 observed in aCO2, largely accumulating in the top 30 cm of soil. In contrast, eCO2 increased broadleaved root biomass more than twofold (aCO2: 0.81, eCO2: 2.07 kg m−2), primarily accumulating in the 30–60 cm soil depth. Combined, pine and broadleaved root biomass increased 3.08 kg m−2 over aCO2 of 6.46 kg m−2, a 48% increase. Elevated CO2 did not increase pine root:shoot ratio (average 0.24) but increased the ratio from 0.57 to 1.12 in broadleaved species. Averaged over the study (1997–2010), eCO2 increased pine, broadleaved and total coarse root NPP by 49%, 373% and 86% respectively. Nitrogen amendment had smaller effects on any component, singly or interacting with eCO2. A sustained increase in root NPP under eCO2 over the study period indicates that soil nutrients were sufficient to maintain root growth response to eCO2. These responses must be considered in computing coarse root carbon sequestration of the extensive southern pine and similar forests, and in modelling the responses of coarse root biomass of pine–broadleaved forests to CO2 concentration over a range of soil N availability.
Transient effects of carotid baroreflex stimulation via the neck chamber device on central venous pressure
Authors: Quarti‐Trevano Fosca , Seravalle Gino , Spaziani Domenico , Vanoli Jennifer , Mancia Giuseppe , Grassi Guido
Published: November 2021

We examined in 11 young subjects (age 29.7±3.6 years, mean±SEM) whether carotid baroreceptor stimulation via the neck chamber device may affect central venous pressure (CVP), thus potentially involving other reflexogenic areas in the examined responses. Application of progressively greater neck chamber subatmospheric pressures caused a progressive lengthening in RR interval, which reached a peak at the maximal value of negative neck chamber pressure applied. This was accompanied by significant and progressively greater reduction in CVP values when the data were calculated considering the early changes occurring within the first 2 seconds of the stimulus. There was a weak correlation between the early changes in CVP and the RR interval responses when all stimuli were pooled together (r = 0.32, P < .05). The results of the present study suggest that the neck chamber technique employed to assess carotid baroreceptor‐heart rate sensitivity can transiently affect via the CVP reduction cardiopulmonary receptors activity, which may participate at the integrated reflex responses.
Gentiopicroside promotes the osteogenesis of bone mesenchymal stem cells by modulation of β‐catenin‐BMP2 signalling pathway
Authors: Jiang Huaji , Zhong Jialiang , Li Wenjun , Dong Jianghui , Xian Cory J , Shen Yung‐Kang , Yao Lufeng , Wu Qiang , Wang Liping
Published: November 2021

Osteoporosis is characterized by increased bone fragility, and the drugs used at present to treat osteoporosis can cause adverse reactions. Gentiopicroside (GEN), a class of natural compounds with numerous biological activities such as anti‐resorptive properties and protective effects against bone loss. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the effect of GEN on bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) osteogenesis for a potential osteoporosis therapy. In vitro, BMSCs were exposed to GEN at different doses for 2 weeks, whereas in vivo, ovariectomized osteoporosis was established in mice and the therapeutic effect of GEN was evaluated for 3 months. Our results in vitro showed that GEN promoted the activity of alkaline phosphatase, increased the calcified nodules in BMSCs and up‐regulated the osteogenic factors (Runx2, OSX, OCN, OPN and BMP2). In vivo, GEN promoted the expression of Runx2, OCN and BMP2, increased the level of osteogenic parameters, and accelerated the osteogenesis of BMSCs by activating the BMP pathway and Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, effect that was inhibited using the BMP inhibitor Noggin and Wnt/β‐catenin inhibitor DKK1. Silencing the β‐catenin gene and BMP2 gene blocked the osteogenic differentiation induced by GEN in BMSCs. This block was also observed when only β‐catenin was silenced, although the knockout of BMP2 did not affect β‐catenin expression induced by GEN. Therefore, GEN promotes BMSC osteogenesis by regulating β‐catenin‐BMP signalling, providing a novel strategy in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Discrimination of Cheddar, Kefalotyri, and Halloumi cheese samples by the chemometric analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Tarapoulouzi Maria , Theocharis Charis R.
Published: November 2021

Discrimination of dairy products can be carried out through a number of chemical methods. The aim of this study was to discriminate the samples of Cheddar, Kefalotyri, and Halloumi cheese by analyzing various samples, from different brands. In this way, we hoped to be able to underline the unique identity of Halloumi cheese, by building a robust model to determine any Halloumi cheese replacements in food products. A total of 102 samples were used, including 14 Cheddar samples, 14 samples of Kefalotyri cheese, and 74 Halloumi cheese samples. Two spectroscopic techniques proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were chosen to obtain chemical analytical data. The data were analyzed using SIMCA software. OPLS‐DA was the principal chemometric method applied, as well as multiblock orthogonal component analysis. In the context of data fusion, the spectroscopic techniques used here, along with chemometrics allow the discrimination of those three types of cheese. Both spectroscopic techniques employed are significant, since they provide information about good classification of the samples when they are combined together. Interpretation of results and classification by using chemometric methods confirmed the different recipe of the three types of cheese.

Practical Applications

Food adulteration is a significant issue even where there is no direct effect on public health as it affects the income of the manufacturers as well as of the source materials used in the production of the final product. Halloumi cheese is very popular not only in Cyprus, but also throughout Europe. Adulteration of the product by milk with species origin other than those in the standard in common. The analysis protocol we describe in this publication is fast and easy to use and provides a useful tool to detect adulteration for producers and competent supervising authorities.
Selecting a lawyer: the practical arrangement of police station legal assistance
Authors: DALY YVONNE , CONWAY VICKY
Published: November 2021

The importance of the right to legal assistance for suspects detained for police questioning, as part of the right to a fair trial, has been emphasized within the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Union Roadmap directives on procedural rights. This article examines an overlooked aspect of the protection of that right: the selection of a lawyer in the police station. The selection process is unregulated in jurisdictions across Europe. Using Ireland as a case study, and drawing on interviews with 44 criminal defence solicitors, this article highlights concerns around the influence of police on the selection decision, the favouring of certain (types of) solicitors, and the impact on the quality of legal assistance, particularly for persons with additional vulnerabilities. The authors argue that the lack of a formal, transparent system for the selection of lawyers undermines the effectiveness of the right to legal assistance.
Potential directions for farm stress research: A systematic review of educational interventions to reduce psychosocial stress among farm and rural populations
Authors: Derringer Julie C. , Biddle Martha J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Despite prevalence of high psychosocial stress and suicide among farm and rural populations, few studies exist that measure effectiveness of stress reduction interventions.

Purpose

To (1) compare studies with educational interventions on psychosocial stress as measured by reliable and valid instruments in farm and rural populations and (2) identify educational strategies utilized among effective interventions.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted across 4 electronic databases and Google Scholar to identify research that reported outcomes of stress reduction educational interventions among farm and rural populations. Original research articles published in English between January 1980 and October 2020 were included. Literature was excluded that: (1) used cognitive behavioral therapy, (2) reported outcomes of post‐traumatic distress disorders, and (3) examined clinical guidelines or policy change. Extracted data included study characteristics, outcomes, and delivery methodology.

Findings

Title and abstract screening resulted in 256 manuscripts assessed for inclusion criteria. The final selection of 22 studies were categorized into 2 educational intervention delivery methods: home/community setting or virtual. Fourteen out of 22 studies reported significant stress reduction. Virtual interventions had the most promising impact on psychosocial stress with significant reduction reported in 4 of 6 studies; however, mixed results were found among all delivery methods.

Conclusions

Educational interventions may reduce psychosocial stress among farm and rural populations, though important questions remain. We recommend future research should focus on barriers to participation, development of measurement tools, and consistent outcome measurement.
Incentives to exclusive and non‐exclusive technology licensing under partial vertical integration
Authors: Sánchez Mariola , Belso‐Martínez José Antonio , López‐Sánchez María José , Nerja Adrián
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we compare the scenarios of exclusive licenses and cross‐licenses under the existence of partial vertical integration. To do this, a successive duopoly model is proposed, with two technology owners and two firms competing in a differentiated product market. Each technology owner has a share in one of the competing firms, so that competition is also extended to the upstream R&D sector. Thus, this model represents a mixed case to what is normally analyzed in the literature. We explore the implications of the size of innovation and the degree of vertical integration in technology diffusion. In equilibrium, patent holders’ decisions might not be aligned.
The accuracy and clinical impact of the morphological identification of Aspergillus species in the age of cryptic species: A single‐centre study
Authors: Takeda Keita , Suzuki Junko , Watanabe Akira , Sekiguchi Ryo , Sano Tomoya , Watanabe Masato , Narumoto Osamu , Kawashima Masahiro , Fukami Takeshi , Sasaki Yuka , Tamura Atsuhisa , Nagai Hideaki , Matsui Hirotoshi , Kamei Katsuhiko
Published: November 2021

Background

Aspergillus spp. is identified morphologically without antifungal susceptibility tests (ASTs) in most clinical laboratories. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical impact of the morphological identification of Aspergillus spp. to ensure the adequate clinical management of Aspergillus infections.

Patients/Methods

Aspergillus isolates (n = 126) from distinct antifungal treatment‐naïve patients with aspergillosis were first identified morphologically, followed by species‐level identification via DNA sequencing. An AST for itraconazole (ITC) and voriconazole (VRC) was performed on each Aspergillus isolate.

Results

Based on the genetic test results, morphology‐based identification was accurate for >95% of the isolates at the species sensu lato level although the test concordance of Aspergillus spp. with low detection rates was low. The rates of cryptic species were found to be 1.2% among the isolates of A. fumigatus complex and 96.8% in the A. niger complex. Cryptic species with lower susceptibilities to antifungal drugs than sensu stricto species among the same Aspergillus section were as follows: The A. lentulus (n = 1) isolates had low susceptibilities to azoles among the A. fumigatus complex species (n = 86), and A. tubingensis isolates (n = 18) exhibited lower susceptibility to azoles among the A. niger complex species (n = 31).

Conclusion

Diagnostic accuracy was high at the A. fumigatus and A. niger complex level. However, in the presence of cryptic species, a solely morphological identification was insufficient. Particularly, ITC and VRC might be inappropriate for aspergillosis treatment when the A. niger complex is identified morphologically because it is possible that the Aspergillus isolate is A. tubingensis.
Multidisciplinary team perception of games‐based therapy in critical care: A service evaluation
Authors: King Elizabeth , Gustafson Owen , Judge Tom , Vollam Sarah
Published: November 2021

Background

As survivorship following critical illness improves, there is greater focus on maximizing recovery. As well as physical effects, critical illness often results in cognitive impairments such as delirium, anxiety, or disorientation. In other populations, such as delirium, non‐pharmacological approaches to manage these conditions are preferred, including re‐orientation and ensuring personal care needs are met. Cognitive rehabilitation is also well documented for patients with neuropsychological deficits. Treatments include memory aids, compensation strategies, and functional execution. In other hospital populations, games and activities have been utilized to optimize patient engagement, stimulation, and aid recovery, but it is considered an emerging therapy in intensive care.

Aims

This service evaluation aimed to gather multidisciplinary team members' perceptions of the use of games based therapy (GBT) in critical care, including patient engagement and acceptability in clinical practice.

Study design

A UK‐based single‐centre qualitative service evaluation. Purposive sampling was used to identify interviewees within an adult intensive care who had experience of using a recently implemented GBT intervention. Qualitative data were collected through semi‐structured interviews, which were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Eight staff members across the multidisciplinary team were interviewed. One overarching theme of humanizing health care was identified, with three sub‐themes of enhancing recovery, non‐physical components of care, and bespoke tailoring. In addition, further recommendations for development of the service were summarized.

Conclusion

GBT was well received by staff in clinical practice. It was described as a supportive adjunct to traditional care and rehabilitation, enhancing staff‐patient relationships. While it was recognized it may not suit all patients, GBT has the potential to enhance cognitive and physical recovery.
Laser‐evoked potentials recover gradually when using dorsal root ganglion stimulation, and this influences nociceptive pathways in neuropathic pain patients
Authors: Morgalla Matthias Hubert , Zhang Yi , de Barros Filho Marcos Fortunato , Lepski Guilherme , Chander Bankim Subhash
Published: November 2021

Objective

Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS) is able to relieve chronic neuropathic pain. There seems evidence that DRGS might achieve this by gradually influencing pain pathways. We used laser‐evoked potentials (LEP) to verify our hypothesis that the recovery of the LEP may reflect DRGS‐induced changes within the nociceptive system.

Methods

Nine patients (mean age 56.8 years, range 36–77 years, two females) diagnosed with chronic neuropathic pain in the knee or groin were enrolled in the study. We measured each patient's LEP at the painful limb and contralateral control limb on the first, fourth, and seventh day after implantation of the DRGS system. We used the numeric rating scale (NRS) for the simultaneous pain assessment.

Results

The LEP amplitude of the N2–P2 complex showed a significant increase on day 7 when compared to day 1 (Z = −2.666, p = 0.008) and to day 4 (Z = −2.547, p = 0.011), respectively. There was no significant difference in the N2–P2 complex amplitude between ON and OFF states during DRGS. The patients’ NRS significantly decreased after 1 day (p = 0.007), 4 days (p = 0.007), and 7 days (p = 0.007) when compared to the baseline.

Conclusions

The results show that with DRGS, the LEP recovered gradually within 7 days in neuropathic pain patients. Therefore, reduction of the NRS in patients with chronic neuropathic pain might be due to DRGS‐induced processes within the nociceptive system. These processes might indicate neuroplasticity mediated recovery of the LEP.
Stressed Out: The Missing Influence of Stress Arousal in Emotion's Role in Political Decision‐Making
Authors: Stanley Elizabeth A. , Larsen Kelsey L.
Published: November 2021

Over the last two decades, there has been increased interest in the role of emotions in decision‐making, with new theorizing to highlight how leader decisions often differ from rational choice and purely cognitive models. To date, however, existing theories have not adequately explained why emotions drive decisions in some situations and not others. This article posits that the variation in emotion's role in leader decision‐making likely results from currently undertheorized connections between leaders' stress arousal levels, stress loads, and emotions. It explores how leaders' neurobiological windows of tolerance to affect arousal influence their capacity to regulate their emotions and make decisions. It introduces the mediating role of leaders' self‐regulatory capacity—their capacity to regulate stress and emotions so that these phenomena do not drive resulting decisions—as an explanation for variation in emotion's influence on decision‐making. Finally, it formally illustrates the argument put forth by comparing two decisions made by U.S. President Bill Clinton as his window of tolerance varied over time.
Effects of spatial attention and limb position on the cortical interaction of bilateral noxious inputs
Authors: Northon Stéphane , Deldar Zoha , Piché Mathieu
Published: November 2021

Bilateral noxious inputs interact in the brain to provide a better representation of physical threat. In the present study, we investigated the effects of spatial attention and limb position on this interaction. Painful laser stimuli were applied randomly on the right hand or on both hands, while varying spatial attention (focal or overall) and limb position (hands near or far from each other). Pain perception and laser‐evoked potentials (N1, N2, P2) were compared between conditions in 27 healthy volunteers. Compared with unilateral stimulation, bilateral stimulation increased pain (p = .004), the N2 (p = .0015) and P2 (p < .001) amplitude. The effects on pain and the P2 were greater when hands were in the near compared with the far position (p < .05). The effect on pain was also greater for overall compared with focal pain rating (p = .003). In addition, the N1 amplitude was greater for bilateral stimulation when hands were in the far compared with the near position (p = .01). These results show that increased brain responses and pain for bilateral compared with unilateral noxious stimulation are modulated differentially by spatial attention and limb position. This suggests that the integration of noxious inputs occurs through partially independent pain‐related processes, that it is modulated by limb position, and that it is partially independent of pain perception. We propose that this is necessary to produce coordinated, flexible and adapted defensive responses.
Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the P3 event‐related potential (ERP) elicited by alcoholic and non‐alcoholic beverage pictures
Authors: Cofresí Roberto U. , Piasecki Thomas M. , Hajcak Greg , Bartholow Bruce D.
Published: November 2021

Addiction researchers are interested in the ability of neural signals, like the P3 component of the ERP, to index individual differences in liability factors like motivational reactivity to alcohol/drug cues. The reliability of these measures directly impacts their ability to index individual differences, yet little attention has been paid to their psychometric properties. The present study fills this gap by examining within‐session internal consistency reliability (ICR) and between‐session test–retest reliability (TRR) of the P3 amplitude elicited by images of alcoholic beverages (Alcohol Cue P3) and non‐alcoholic drinks (NADrink Cue P3) as well as the difference between them, which isolates alcohol cue‐specific reactivity in the P3 (ACR‐P3). Analyses drew on data from a large sample of alcohol‐experienced emerging adults (session 1 N = 211, 55% female, aged 18–20 yr; session 2 N = 98, 66% female, aged 19–21 yr). Evaluated against domain‐general thresholds, ICR was excellent (M ± SD; r= 0.902 ± 0.030) and TRR was fair (r = 0.706 ± 0.020) for Alcohol Cue P3 and NADrink Cue P3, whereas for ACR‐P3, ICR and TRR were poor (r = 0.370 ± 0.071; r = 0.201 ± 0.042). These findings indicate that individual differences in the P3 elicited by cues for ingested liquid rewards are highly reliable and substantially stable over 8–10 months. Individual differences in alcohol cue‐specific P3 reactivity were less reliable and less stable. The conditions under which alcohol/drug cue‐specific reactivity in neural signals is adequately reliable and stable remain to be discovered.
Sponging of glutamate at the outer plasma membrane surface reveals roles for glutamate in development
Authors: Castro‐Rodríguez Vanessa , Kleist Thomas J. , Gappel Nicoline M. , Atanjaoui Fatiha , Okumoto Sakiko , Machado Mackenzie , Denyer Tom , Timmermans Marja C. P. , Frommer Wolf B. , Wudick Michael M.
Published: November 2021

SUMMARY

Plants use electrical and chemical signals for systemic communication. Herbivory, for instance, appears to trigger local apoplasmic glutamate accumulation, systemic electrical signals, and calcium waves that travel to report insect damage to neighboring leaves and initiate defense. To monitor extra‐ and intracellular glutamate concentrations in plants, we generated Arabidopsis lines expressing genetically encoded fluorescent glutamate sensors. In contrast to cytosolically localized sensors, extracellularly displayed variants inhibited plant growth and proper development. Phenotypic analyses of high‐affinity display sensor lines revealed that root meristem development, particularly the quiescent center, number of lateral roots, vegetative growth, and floral architecture were impacted. Notably, the severity of the phenotypes was positively correlated with the affinity of the display sensors, intimating that their ability to sequester glutamate at the surface of the plasma membrane was responsible for the defects. Root growth defects were suppressed by supplementing culture media with low levels of glutamate. Together, the data indicate that sequestration of glutamate at the cell surface either disrupts the supply of glutamate to meristematic cells and/or impairs localized glutamatergic signaling important for developmental processes.
From demand forecasting to inventory ordering decisions for red blood cells through integrating machine learning, statistical modeling, and inventory optimization
Authors: Li Na , Arnold Donald M. , Down Douglas G. , Barty Rebecca , Blake John , Chiang Fei , Courtney Tom , Waito Marianne , Trifunov Rick , Heddle Nancy M.
Published: November 2021

Background

The demand and supply of blood are highly variable over time. Blood inventory management that relies heavily on experience‐based decisions may not be adaptive to real demand, leading to high operational costs, wastage, and shortages.

Methods

We combined statistical modeling, machine learning, and optimization methods to develop a data‐driven demand forecasting and inventory management strategy for red blood cells (RBCs). We then used the strategy to inform daily blood orders. A secondary semi‐weekly (twice per week) ordering strategy was developed to handle the last‐mile split delivery problem for blood suppliers, characterized by multi‐deliveries to the same location multiple times during a short period of time. Both strategies were evaluated using the TRUST database including all patient data across four hospitals in Hamilton, Ontario.

Results

We identified 227,944 RBC transfusions for 40,787 patients in Hamilton, Ontario from 2012 to 2018. The predicted daily demand from the hybrid demand forecasting model was not significantly different from the actual daily demand (paired t‐test p‐value = 0.163); however, the proposed daily ordering quantity from the model was significantly lower than the actual ordering quantity (p‐value <0.001). The proposed daily ordering strategy reduced inventory levels by 38.4% without risk of shortages, leading to an overall cost reduction of 43.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 42.3%, 43.7%) compared with the actual cost. The semi‐weekly ordering strategy reduced ordering frequency by 62.6% (95% CI: 61.5%, 63.7%).

Conclusion

The proposed data‐driven ordering strategy combining demand forecasting and inventory optimization can achieve significant cost savings for healthcare systems and blood suppliers.
THE EMERGENCE OF SELVES AND PURPOSE
Authors: Goodenough Ursula W. , Sherman Jeremy E.
Published: November 2021

We first consider the concept of emergent properties and constraint‐based emergent dynamics, and present a model, based on such dynamics, of the origin of life from nonlife and the subsequent selection and evolution of variant lifeforms. We then explore the concept that each lifeform is a self, engaged in self‐maintenance, self‐repair, self‐protection, and self‐reproduction, leading to the endowment of each self with systems of purpose, awareness, attunement, and meaning assessment. Finally, we apply these understandings to humans and suggest their implications for our religious and ecological orientations.
Bereavement care immediately after perinatal loss in health care facilities: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Roberts Lisa R. , Sarpy Nancy L. , Peters Judith , Nick Jan M. , Tamares Shanalee
Published: November 2021

Objective:

This scoping review will summarize what is known about formal and informal perinatal bereavement care guidelines used in health care facilities before discharge, and map the mental health outcomes of parents against characteristics of the guidelines.

Introduction:

Conflicting evidence for bereavement care guidelines, the lack of randomized controlled trials and experimental studies, and older synthesized information with a limited focus or population make synthesis complex. A scoping review will help determine the breadth and depth of the literature.

Inclusion criteria:

Sources pertaining to bereavement care guidelines used in health care facilities immediately after perinatal loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, or neonatal death) and measuring parents’ mental health outcomes will be included. Sources relating to family members other than parents, perinatal loss occurring outside of a health care facility, and physical care guidelines will be excluded.

Methods:

The proposed review will be conducted using the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The team will consider quantitative and qualitative studies, practice guidelines, case reports, expert opinions, systematic reviews, professional organization websites, and gray literature. Databases to be searched will include CINAHL, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. The earliest empirical study found (1976) will serve as the starting date limit. After pilot testing, the two-step screening process (titles and abstracts, then full-text articles), data will be extracted, collated, and presented in narrative form as well as in tables and diagrams. The results will provide facilities with a broad view of bereavement care to support grieving parents’ mental health.
VGLUT3‐p.A211V variant fuses stereocilia bundles and elongates synaptic ribbons
Authors: Joshi Yuvraj , Petit Chloé P. , Miot Stéphanie , Guillet Marie , Sendin Gaston , Bourien Jérôme , Wang Jing , Pujol Rémy , El Mestikawy Salah , Puel Jean‐Luc , Nouvian Régis
Published: November 2021

DFNA25 is an autosomal‐dominant and progressive form of human deafness caused by mutations in the SLC17A8 gene, which encodes the vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3). To resolve the mechanisms underlying DFNA25, we studied phenotypes of mice harbouring the p.A221V mutation in humans (corresponding to p.A224V in mice). Using auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions, we showed progressive hearing loss with intact cochlear amplification in the VGLUT3A224V/A224V mouse. The summating potential was reduced, indicating the alteration of inner hair cell (IHC) receptor potential. Scanning electron microscopy examinations demonstrated the collapse of stereocilia bundles in IHCs, leaving those from outer hair cells unaffected. In addition, IHC ribbon synapses underwent structural and functional modifications at later stages. Using super‐resolution microscopy, we observed oversized synaptic ribbons and patch‐clamp membrane capacitance measurements showed an increase in the rate of the sustained releasable pool exocytosis. These results suggest that DFNA25 stems from a failure in the mechano‐transduction followed by a change in synaptic transfer. The VGLUT3A224V/A224V mouse model opens the way to a deeper understanding and to a potential treatment for DFNA25.

Key points

The vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3) loads glutamate into the synaptic vesicles of auditory sensory cells, the inner hair cells (IHCs).

The VGLUT3‐p.A211V variant is associated with human deafness DFNA25.

Mutant mice carrying the VGLUT3‐p.A211V variant show progressive hearing loss.

IHCs from mutant mice harbour distorted stereocilary bundles, which detect incoming sound stimulation, followed by oversized synaptic ribbons, which release glutamate onto the afferent nerve fibres.

These results suggest that DFNA25 stems from the failure of auditory sensory cells to faithfully transduce acoustic cues into neural messages.