bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presidential power and stock returns
Authors: Kim Youngsoo , Park Jung Chul
Published: July 2021

Recent studies highlight the positive effect of political connections on firm performance and stock returns. This paper shows that the positive effect of political connections on stock returns becomes substantially weaker in the weak presidency period, defined as the last 2 years before presidential party change or period of low job approval ratings. We consider two hypotheses—political interconnectedness and political risk—and find that both hypotheses are important in explaining the weak presidency effect on stock returns, political benefits, and research and development and capital expenditure. There is a trade‐off between direct political investment and passive political alignment. Firms with direct political investment tend to hedge political risk so that they can run their real side investment on their own schedule. Consistent with this story, we find that the weak presidency effect is more pronounced for small firms that lack the resources for direct political investment.
Location choice and spatial distribution of the electronic information manufacturing industry in China
Authors: Chen Xiaofei , Wang Enru , Guo Jianfeng , Miao Changhong
Published: July 2021

This paper examines the changing spatial distribution of electronic information manufacturing (EIM) industry in China by focusing on the location choice of new firms. A three‐pronged “global‐regional‐local” nexus framework was proposed to identify the factors that influence firm location choice. Tobit regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impacts of these factors. The study reveals the spatial concentration of the EIM industry and a trend of westward diffusion. The regression analyses stratified by time period and by region demonstrate spatial and temporal variabilities in the influence of many factors, especially the regional advantage factors (e.g., labor cost, localization economies, and urbanization economies). Meanwhile, some factors, such as foreign direct investment, the presence of state‐owned enterprises, and local government policies, show stable effects over time and across regions.
Bringing the imperial back in: Reconsidering governance in the late Ottoman Empire, 1839–1923 (Part II)
Authors: Kuehn Thomas
Published: July 2021

This is the second of two connected articles that survey recent trends in the historical scholarship of Ottoman imperial governance from the beginning of the Tanzimat state building efforts in the 1830s to the end of empire in the early 1920s. In both articles, I examine how historians have answered the question of what was imperial about the ways in which the Ottoman Empire was governed during this period. Throughout this two‐part series, I argue that an approach that pays attention to the capacity to govern, as Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper put it, “different people differently” through a broad repertoire of rule balancing this politics of difference with the politics of incorporation, is more conducive to bringing out the complexities of late Ottoman governance than teleological assumptions that consider the empire during this period on a linear path towards the nation state. Part I demonstrated that starting from the 1990s, scholarship on the empire's peripheries in Transjordan, Mount Lebanon, Yemen, and Albania was instrumental in reframing the study of late Ottoman governance by taking its imperial dimensions seriously. In Part II, I will continue this line of inquiry by reviewing pioneering studies that located the politics of difference and incorporation across the empire and not just in its peripheral regions. Here, I will also discuss a body of innovative scholarship that uses the analytical lenses of governmentality, techno‐politics, and International Law to shed light on the novel material, logistical, and legal capacities developed by the Ottoman state especially during the Hamidian period. In the final section, I will turn to studies that suggest that practices of Ottoman imperial governance remained relevant for the running of some of the empire's successor states.
Infants born preterm and infants born full‐term generate more selective leg joint movement during the scaffolded mobile task
Authors: Kim Jeong Ah , Fetters Linda , Kubo Masayoshi , Havens Kathryn L. , Eckel Sandrah P. , Sargent Barbara
Published: July 2021

Infants born very preterm (PT), prior to 32 weeks gestation, are at increased risk of developing cerebral palsy. Children with spastic cerebral palsy have impaired selective leg joint movement, which contributes to lifelong walking limitations. We investigated whether infants born PT generated more selective hip–knee joint movement (e.g., hip flexes as knee extends) while participating in a scaffolded mobile task. Infants born PT and infants born full‐term (FT) at 4 months corrected age participated in a scaffolded mobile task for 2–3 consecutive days. The scaffolded mobile task required infants to raise their legs vertically over a virtual threshold. Three threshold heights (low, middle, and high) were used to test whether the middle and high heights encourage infants to move their legs more selectively. Fifteen infants born FT learned the task and showed more selective hip–knee movement at each of the three threshold heights on the day that they learned, compared with their baseline spontaneous kicking. Thirteen infants born PT learned the task and showed more selective hip–knee movement on their learning day, but only when the middle and high thresholds were used. The results show that the scaffolded mobile task effectively encouraged infants to generate more selective hip–knee joint movement.
Contract choice for upstream innovation in a finance‐constrained supply chain
Authors: Xing Guangyuan , Xia Bing , Guo Jue
Published: July 2021

This study explores a supply chain with one finance‐constrained upstream startup supplier that invests in quality innovation and one downstream manufacturer that sells to consumers under demand uncertainty. The survival and profit‐seeking cases are investigated for the startup supplier. The manufacturer supports quality innovation by the startup supplier via an investment‐sharing contract. The results show that when making quality investment decisions, the survival‐seeking supplier focuses on financial constraints, whereby large constraints pressure the firm to invest more in quality innovation. By contrast, profit‐seeking suppliers are encouraged by a large potential market. Investment‐sharing contracts are proven to facilitate "win‐win" vertical R&D cooperation in the supply chain. Last, by introducing a revenue‐sharing contract and comparing it with an investment‐sharing contract, our numerical analyses show how the manufacturer should select the appropriate contract as key parameters change.
Nurse‐Family Partnership nurses’ attitudes and confidence in identifying and responding to intimate partner violence: An explanatory sequential mixed methods evaluation
Authors: Jack Susan M. , Kimber Melissa , Davidov Danielle , Ford‐Gilboe Marilyn , Wathen C. Nadine , McKee Christine , Tanaka Masako , Boyle Michael , Johnston Carolyn , Coben Jeffrey , Gasbarro Mariarosa , McNaughton Diane , O’Brien Ruth , Olds David L. , Scribano Philip , MacMillan Harriet L.
Published: July 2021

Aims

To evaluate the effect of an intimate partner violence intervention education component on nurses’ attitudes in addressing intimate partner violence; complementary aims included understanding nurses’ perceptions of the education and how it influenced their attitudes and confidence to address intimate partner violence in practice.

Design

An explanatory sequential mixed methods design embedded within a 15‐site cluster randomized clinical trial that evaluated an intimate partner violence intervention within the Nurse‐Family Partnership programme.

Methods

Data were collected between February 2011 and September 2016. Quantitative assessment of nurses’ attitudes about addressing intimate partner violence was completed by nurses in the intervention (n = 77) and control groups (n = 101) at baseline, 12 months and at study closure using the Public Health Nurses’ Responses to Women Who Are Abused Scale. Qualitative data were collected from nurses in the intervention group at two timepoints (n = 14 focus groups) and focused on their perceptions of the education component. Data were analysed using content analysis.

Results

Nurses in the intervention group reported large improvements in their thoughts, feelings and perceived behaviours related to addressing intimate partner violence; a strong effect of the education was found from baseline to 12 months and baseline to study closure timepoints. Nurses reported that the education component was acceptable and increased their confidence to address intimate partner violence.

Conclusion

Nurses reported improved attitudes about and confidence in addressing intimate partner violence after receiving the education component. However, these findings need to be considered together with trial results showing no main effects for clients, and a low level of intervention fidelity.

Impact

These evaluation findings underscore that improvement in nurses’ self‐reported educational outcomes about addressing intimate partner violence cannot be assumed to result in adherence to intervention implementation or improvement in client outcomes. These are important considerations for developing nurse education on intimate partner violence.
Impact of home blood pressure variability on cardiovascular outcome in patients with arterial stiffness: Results of the J‐HOP study
Authors: Ishiyama Yusuke , Hoshide Satoshi , Kanegae Hiroshi , Kario Kazuomi
Published: July 2021

This study sought to investigate whether the relation between increased blood pressure (BP) variability and increased arterial stiffness confers a risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We analyzed 2648 patients from a practitioner‐based population (mean ± SD age 64.9 ± 11.4 years: 75.8% taking antihypertensive medication) with at least one cardiovascular risk factor who underwent home BP monitoring in the Japan Morning Surge‐Home Blood Pressure Study. The standard deviation (SDSBP), coefficient of variation (CVSBP), and average real variability (ARVSBP) were assessed as indexes of day‐by‐day home systolic BP (SBP) variability. The authors assessed arterial stiffness by brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and divided patients into lower (< 1800 cm/s, n = 1837) and higher (≥1800 cm/s, n = 811) baPWV groups. During a mean follow‐up of 4.4 years, 95 cardiovascular events occurred (8.1 per 1000 person‐years). In Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors including average home SBP, the highest quartiles of SDSBP (hazard ratio [HR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23‐4.32), CVSBP (HR, 2.89; 95%CI, 1.59‐5.26) and ARVSBP (HR, 2.55; 95%CI, 1.37‐4.75) were predictive of CVD events compared to the other quartiles in the higher baPWV group. Moreover, 1SD increases in SDSBP (HR, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.13‐1.82), CVSBP (HR, 1.49; 95%CI, 1.16‐1.90) and ARVSBP (HR, 1.37; 95%CI, 1.09‐1.73) were also predictive of CVD events. These associations remained even after N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide was added to the models. However, these associations were not observed in the lower baPWV group. We conclude that arterial stiffness contributes to the association between home BP variability and CVD incidence.
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M7 confers a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in a Han population from northern China
Authors: Yuan Qing , Su Liping , Wang Tian , Liu Yang , Lu Zhenxing , Zhou Kaixiang , Guo Shanshan , Gu Xiwen , Xing Jinliang , Guo Xu
Published: July 2021

Mitochondria are central eukaryotic organelles in cellular metabolism and ATP production. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations have been implicated in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are few reports on the association between mtDNA haplogroups or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of CRC. The mtDNA of 286 Northern Han Chinese CRC patients were sequenced by next‐generation sequencing technology. MtDNA data from 811 Han Chinese population controls were collected from two public data sets. Then, logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of mtDNA haplogroup or SNP on the risk of CRC. We found that patients with haplogroup M7 exhibited a reduced risk of CRC when compared to patients with other haplogroups (odds ratio [OR] = 0.532, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.285–0.937, p = 0.036) or haplogroup B (OR = 0.477, 95% CI = 0.238–0.916, p = 0.030). Furthermore, haplogroup M7 was still associated with the risk of CRC when the validation and combined control cohort were used. In addition, several haplogroup M7 specific SNPs, including 199T>C, 4071C>T and 6455C>T, were significantly associated with the risk of CRC. Our results indicate the risk potential of mtDNA haplogroup M7 and SNPs in CRC in Northern China.
Updates on lymphogranuloma venereum
Authors: Ciccarese G. , Drago F. , Rebora A. , Parodi A.
Published: July 2021

Linked article: J.M. Neves et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35: 1712–1716. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17302.
Community health workers and transitions of care
Authors: Hall William J.
Published: July 2021

This editorial comments on the article by Ohuabunwa et al.
Drought stress and plant ecotype drive microbiome recruitment in switchgrass rhizosheath
Authors: Liu Tie‐Yuan , Ye Nenghui , Wang Xinyu , Das Debatosh , Tan Yuxiang , You Xiangkai , Long Mingxiu , Hu Tianming , Dai Lei , Zhang Jianhua , Chen Mo‐Xian
Published: July 2021

The rhizosheath, a layer of soil grains that adheres firmly to roots, is beneficial for plant growth and adaptation to drought environments. Switchgrass is a perennial C4 grass which can form contact rhizosheath under drought conditions. In this study, we characterized the microbiomes of four different rhizocompartments of two switchgrass ecotypes (Alamo and Kanlow) grown under drought or well‐watered conditions via 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. These four rhizocompartments, the bulk soil, rhizosheath soil, rhizoplane, and root endosphere, harbored both distinct and overlapping microbial communities. The root compartments (rhizoplane and root endosphere) displayed low‐complexity communities dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Compared to bulk soil, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes were selectively enriched, while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were selectively depleted, in rhizosheath soil. Taxa from Proteobacteria or Firmicutes were specifically selected in Alamo or Kanlow rhizosheath soil. Following drought stress, Citrobacter and Acinetobacter were further enriched in rhizosheath soil, suggesting that rhizosheath microbiome assembly is driven by drought stress. Additionally, the ecotype‐specific recruitment of rhizosheath microbiome reveals their differences in drought stress responses. Collectively, these results shed light on rhizosheath microbiome recruitment in switchgrass and lay the foundation for the improvement of drought tolerance in switchgrass by regulating the rhizosheath microbiome.
An extensive record of orogenesis recorded in a Madagascar granulite
Authors: Horton Forrest , Holder Robert M. , Swindle Carl R.
Published: July 2021

We present a comprehensive petrological and geochronological study of a single granulite sample from the lithosphere‐scale Beraketa shear zone in southern Madagascar to constrain the orogenic history of Gondwana assembly in this region. The studied sample provides a panoply of data constraining the prograde, retrograde, and late metasomatic history of the region via the application of Ti‐in‐quartz, Ti‐in‐zircon, Zr‐in‐rutile, and Al‐in‐orthopyroxene thermobarometry; phase‐equilibrium modelling; U–Pb monazite, zircon, and rutile petrochronology; and trace element diffusion chronometry in rutile. Our results reveal five stages of metamorphism along a narrow clockwise P–T path that may have begun as early as 620–600 Ma and certainly by 580–560 Ma, based on the oldest concordant zircon dates. The rock was heated to >725°C at less than 7.5 kbar (Stage 1) before burial to ~8 kbar (Stage 2). By c. 540 Ma, the rock had heated to ~970°C at ~9 kbar, and lost approximately 12% melt (Stage 3), before decompressing and cooling to the solidus at ~860°C and 6.5 kbar within 10 Ma (Stage 4). The vast majority of monazite and zircon dates record Stage 4 cooling and exhumation. Monazite and zircon rim dates as young as c. 510 Ma record subsolidus cooling (Stage 5) and associated symplectite formation around garnet. U–Pb rutile dates record partial resetting at c. 460 Ma; Zr‐ and Nb‐in‐rutile diffusion chronometry link these dates to a metasomatic event that lasted <1 Ma at ~600°C. In addition to chronicling a near‐complete cycle of metamorphism in southern Madagascar, this study constrains the rates of heating and cooling. We estimate that heating (7–14°C/Ma) outpaced reasonable radiogenic heating rates with modest mantle heat conduction. Therefore, we conclude that elevated mantle heat conduction or injection of mantle‐derived magmas likely contributed to regional ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism (UHTM). Exhumation and cooling from peak metamorphic conditions to the solidus occurred at rates greater than 0.45 km/Ma and 14°C/Ma.
Evidence that increased cholecystokinin (CCK) in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) facilitates changes in Resident–Intruder social interactions triggered by peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Keay Kevin A. , Argueta Manuel A. , Zafir Daniel N. , Wyllie Peter. M. , Michael Gregory J. , Boorman Damien C.
Published: July 2021

Individual differences in the effects of a chronic neuropathic injury on social behaviours characterize both the human experience and pre‐clinical animal models. The impacts of these changes to the well‐being of the individual are often underappreciated. Earlier work from our laboratory using GeneChip® microarrays identified increased cholecystokinin (CCK) gene expression in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of rats that showed persistent changes in social interactions during a Resident–Intruder encounter following sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). In this study, we confirmed these gene regulation patterns using RT‐PCR and identified the anatomical location of the CCK‐mRNA as well as the translated CCK peptides in the midbrains of rats with a CCI. We found that rats with persistent CCI‐induced changes in social behaviours had increased CCK‐mRNA in neurons of the ventrolateral PAG and dorsal raphe nuclei, as well as increased CCK‐8 peptide expression in terminal boutons located in the lateral and ventrolateral PAG. The functional significance of these changes was explored by microinjecting small volumes of CCK‐8 into the PAG of uninjured rats and observing their Resident–Intruder social interactions. Disturbances to social interactions identical to those observed in CCI rats were evoked when injection sites were located in the rostral lateral and ventrolateral PAG. We suggest that CCI‐induced changes in CCK expression in these PAG regions contributes to the disruptions to social behaviours experienced by a subset of individuals with neuropathic injury.

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Using the SRSD Instructional Approach for Argumentative Writing: A Look across the Content Areas
Authors: Peltier Corey , Garwood Justin D. , McKenna John , Peltier Tiffany , Sendra Jesse
Published: July 2021

This article will discuss ways to use self‐regulated strategy development for argumentative writing across content areas. The goal of self‐regulated strategy development is for students to generalize the use of the strategy across settings, allowing them to become fluent and proficient writers in all areas. In addition, the generalization of the strategy across settings increases maintenance of skills across time. We will provide steps for educators to use the self‐regulated strategy development instructional approach—more commonly used in reading, writing, and mathematics—across science and social studies content areas with key illustrations using new mnemonics from current practitioners.
Target of rapamycin controls hyphal growth and pathogenicity through FoTIP4 in Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Li Linxuan , Zhu Tingting , Song Yun , Luo Xiumei , Datla Raju , Ren Maozhi
Published: July 2021

Fusarium oxysporum is the causal agent of the devastating Fusarium wilt by invading and colonizing the vascular system in various plants, resulting in substantial economic losses worldwide. Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a central regulator that controls intracellular metabolism, cell growth, and stress responses in eukaryotes, but little is known about TOR signalling in F. oxysporum. In this study, we identified conserved FoTOR signalling pathway components including FoTORC1 and FoTORC2. Pharmacological assays showed that F. oxysporum is hypersensitive to rapamycin in the presence of FoFKBP12 while the deletion mutant strain ΔFofkbp12 is insensitive to rapamycin. Transcriptomic data indicated that FoTOR signalling controls multiple metabolic processes including ribosome biogenesis and cell wall‐degrading enzymes (CWDEs). Genetic analysis revealed that FoTOR1 interacting protein 4 (FoTIP4) acts as a new component of FoTOR signalling to regulate hyphal growth and pathogenicity of F. oxysporum. Importantly, transcript levels of genes associated with ribosome biogenesis and CWDEs were dramatically downregulated in the ΔFotip4 mutant strain. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that FoTIP4 can bind to the promoters of ribosome biogenesis‐ and CWDE‐related genes to positively regulate the expression of these genes. These results suggest that FoTOR signalling plays central roles in regulating hyphal growth and pathogenicity of F. oxysporum and provide new insights into FoTOR1 as a target for controlling and preventing Fusarium wilt in plants.
The position of home‐care nursing in primary health care: A critical analysis of contemporary policy documents
Authors: Fjørtoft Ann‐Kristin , Oksholm Trine , Førland Oddvar , Delmar Charlotte , Alvsvåg Herdis
Published: July 2021

Internationally, primary health care has in recent years gained a more central position in political priorities to ensure sustainable health care for the population. Thus, more people receive health care locally and in their own homes, where home‐care nursing plays a large role. In this article, we investigate how home‐care nursing is articulated and made visible in contemporary Norwegian policy documents. The study is a Fairclough‐inspired critical discourse analysis seeking to uncover the position of nursing in the prevailing political ideologies on current primary health care. In the documents, we identified several complementary and conflicting understandings about home‐care nursing. Home‐care nursing is presented as a basic part of a municipality's health services, but at the same time, its content and contribution are unclear and almost invisible. We argue that the absence of nursing leads to significant perspectives being left out and tie this to the fact that some patient groups and tasks seem to be disadvantaged. The political placement of home‐care nursing in the health‐care landscape is thus not just about nursing as a professional practice but also concerns fundamental care values in our society in relation to disadvantaged groups and work tasks.
Nectary photosynthesis contributes to the production of mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) floral nectar
Authors: Clearwater Michael J. , Noe Stevie T. , Manley‐Harris Merilyn , Truman Georgia‐Leigh , Gardyne Stephen , Murray Jessica , Obeng‐Darko Sylvester A. , Richardson Sarah J.
Published: July 2021

Current models of floral nectar production do not include a contribution from photosynthesis by green nectary tissue, even though many species have green nectaries. Mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) floral nectaries are green, and in addition to sugars, their nectar contains dihydroxyacetone (DHA), the precursor of the antimicrobial agent in the honey. We investigated causes of variation in mānuka floral nectar production, particularly the effect of light incident on the nectary.

Flower gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the effects on nectar of age, temperature, light, sucrose, 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU), pyridoxal phosphate, and 13CO2, were measured for attached and excised flowers.

Flower age affected all nectar traits, whilst temperature affected total nectar sugar only. Increased light reduced floral CO2 efflux, increased nectar sugar production, and affected the ratio of DHA to other nectar sugars. DCMU, an inhibitor of photosystem II, reduced nectar sugar production. Pyridoxal phosphate, an inhibitor of the chloroplast envelope triose phosphate transporter, reduced nectar DHA content. Incubation of excised flowers with 13CO2 in the light resulted in enrichment of nectar sugars, including DHA.

Photosynthesis within green nectaries contributes to nectar sugars and influences nectar composition. Mānuka nectar DHA arises from pools of triose phosphate that are modulated by nectary photosynthesis.
Working with older people: Beginning or end of a nurse’s career?
Authors: Kalogirou Maya R. , Dahlke Sherry , Davidson Sandra , Hunter Kathleen F. , Pollard Cheryl , Salyers Vince , Swoboda Nicholas , Fox Mary
Published: July 2021

Background

The increasing numbers of older people (age 65+) make it important to understand how to attract nurses to work with this population.

Methods

A secondary analysis using qualitative descriptive methods was used to understand how student nurses’ perceptions about older people may influence their desire to work with older people.

Results

Student nurses perceive a generational divide between them and older people, regardless of practice settings. They believe working with older people is heavy work, and not high acuity, and although good to learn skills as a student, not a population they want to work with until they are close to retirement themselves.

Conclusions

It is important to enhance nursing education so that students understand the older generation, how to communicate with them and the prevalence of older people in healthcare settings, so that they are more likely to choose to work with older people.
Completely epicardial implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) and CRT‐D systems: A case series and systematic literature review
Authors: Tonko Johanna B. , Blauth Christopher , Rosenthal Eric , Rinaldi Christopher A.
Published: July 2021

Background

Epicardial ICD systems and CRT‐Ds using high voltage coils represent an alternative to transvenous systems in patients without central venous access and prior device complications including infection.

Objective

We present a case series in the adult population of epicardial ICD/CRTD systems using high voltage epicardial coils. We summarize the existing data regarding techniques, efficacy, and safety.

Methods

A retrospective board approved medical record review was conducted for all patients undergoing epicardial ICD/CRTD placement at our institution between January 2010 and May 2020. The literature was reviewed for prior published trials, case reports, and case series of epicardial high voltage coil insertions.

Results

Eleven patients (six female, mean age 48 years) underwent epicardial ICD/CRTD implant including 5/11 completely epicardial CRTD systems. The procedure was performed via median sternotomy in eight patients, left anterior thoracotomy in two patients, and sub‐xiphoid approach in one patient. After a mean follow up of 35 months, appropriate successful shocks were delivered in two (18%) patients and no patients received an inappropriate shock. Three of five (60%) patients had volumetric remodeling with CRT with significant improvement of LV EF. Device‐related complications requiring a surgical/percutaneous revision or another DFT test occurred in six patients (54%). One patient died during follow up due to refractory heart failure. No cases of epicardial device infection, coronary artery compression, constrictive pericarditis, or erosion of defibrillator coils into intrathoracic organs were reported. No randomized studies comparing safety and efficacy of traditional transvenous or subcutaneous ICD systems and epicardial ICD systems using contemporary high voltage coils were found nor any studies directly comparing epicardial defibrillator patches versus epicardial coils. Thirteen case series and 24 single case reports published between 2004 and 2020 were identified describing in total a heterogenous group of 188 patients with ICD systems incorporating one or more epi‐ or pericardially positioned shock coils.

Conclusion

The use of epicardial defibrillation coils for ICD/CRT‐D is a feasible treatment option for patients with either failed or contraindicated transvenous ICD systems. Dedicated epicardial high voltage leads with integrated pace‐sense electrodes and specialized delivery tools for minimal invasive implantations may improve longer term outcomes.
Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson’s disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand?
Authors: Zarotti Nicolò , Eccles Fiona J. R. , Foley Jennifer A. , Paget Andrew , Gunn Sarah , Leroi Iracema , Simpson Jane
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To explore the heterogeneity of the literature on psychological interventions for psychological difficulties in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Methods

A scoping review was performed across five major databases (MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Academic Search Ultimate, and Cochrane Library) up to June 2020.

Results

From an initial return of 4911 citations, 56 studies were included, of which 21 were RCTs. A relatively wide range of therapeutic models have been adopted with people with PD, from common therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and mindfulness, to less frequent approaches, for example, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and psychodrama. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed, and suggestions are provided for future research on intervention studies and key psychological outcomes.

Conclusions

CBT appears to be effective in treating depression and sleep disorders in people with PD, while psychoeducation programmes alone should be avoided. The use of CBT to improve anxiety, quality of life, and impulse control, as well mindfulness‐based interventions, should be undertaken with some caution because of insufficient research and inconsistent results. As we enter the new decade, more high‐quality evidence is required for psychological interventions in people with PD in general and to corroborate preliminary positive findings on the adoption of less frequent approaches such as ACT.

Practitioner points

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition associated with several psychological difficulties which be targeted by psychological interventions.

Currently, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can be recommended to treat depression and sleep disorders in people with Parkinson’s, while psychoeducation alone should be avoided.

Caution is advised regarding the use of CBT and mindfulness‐based interventions to improve anxiety, quality of life, and impulse control.

Further evidence is required for less common approaches, such as acceptance and commitment therapy, psychodrama, and EMDR.
Is there an association between caregiver antipathy and psychosis? A systematic review
Authors: Barnes Georgina L. , Garety Philippa A. , Emsley Richard , Jameel Leila , Hardy Amy
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Existing reviews of trauma and psychosis have identified associations between childhood emotional abuse (CEA) and psychosis. However, conceptual issues relating to assessment of CEA limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the literature. The aim of this review was to identify and evaluate studies reporting an association between childhood experiences of caregiver antipathy (i.e. criticism, hostility, coldness, or rejection from a parental figure experienced prior to age 17 years) and psychosis symptoms/diagnosis.

Methods

Five databases were systematically searched for articles published until May 2020. Studies were evaluated against inclusion/exclusion criteria, and a narrative synthesis of findings was completed. Study quality was assessed by two independent raters.

Results

Fourteen studies comprised of 1,848 participants met inclusion criteria. Twelve of these studies found significant associations between caregiver antipathy and psychosis, and two did not. There was evidence that adults with schizophrenia‐spectrum diagnoses report more severe caregiver antipathy in childhood than non‐clinical controls and that caregiver antipathy severity is positively correlated with psychosis symptom severity. Most studies received weak or moderate quality ratings and all used cross‐sectional or case–control designs which showed associations, rather than causal relationships, between childhood caregiver antipathy and later psychosis.

Conclusions

Future research would benefit from more rigorous and valid assessment of CEA, use of multivariate methods to account for possible patterns of co‐occurrence, and longitudinal study designs to make more robust causal claims. The findings may have important implications for the delivery of psychological care for people with psychosis who report adverse caregiving experiences.

Practitioner points

People with schizophrenia‐spectrum diagnoses may report more severe caregiver antipathy in childhood than non‐clinical controls.

Caregiver antipathy severity appears to be positively correlated with psychosis symptom severity in clinical and non‐clinical populations.

Clinicians should consider the possible impact of caregiver antipathy on psychosis symptoms, their content and distress maintenance.

Clinicians should also recognise the potential impact of adverse caregiving experiences on therapeutic relationships, patterns of help‐seeking and service engagement.

Best practice in clinical services would be to adopt individual, formulation‐based approaches within trauma‐informed models of care.
The immunosuppressive role of Edn3 overexpression in the melanoma microenvironment
Authors: Freitas Juliano T. , Lopez Jesus , Llorian Claudia , Boroni Mariana , Kos Lidia
Published: July 2021

Endothelins are cytokines expressed in the microenvironment of several tumors. To identify which stromal cells in the melanoma microenvironment respond to endothelin, we injected murine melanoma cell lines B16F10, YUMM1.7, and YUMMER1.7 in a transgenic mouse that overexpresses endothelin 3 (Edn3) under the control of the keratin 5 promoter in the skin (K5‐Edn3). All cell lines developed larger tumors in K5‐Edn3 mice than in control animals. In YUMM1.7 tumors, the Edn3 receptor, endothelin receptor B (Ednrb), was expressed in several stromal cell types including immune cells. This result was validated by the identification of Ednrb‐positive stromal cells in human melanoma from previously published RNA‐seq data. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and dendritic cell numbers were significantly higher in K5‐Edn3 tumors when compared to control tumors. Edn3 increased Treg proliferation in vitro and the expression of FOXP3. YUMM1.7‐GFP tumors in K5‐Edn3 mice were sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti‐CTLA‐4) as well as to Ednrb blockage (BQ‐788). Our results indicate that Ednrb signaling has an important role in the melanoma microenvironment where it mediates immunosuppression resulting in escape from tumor immunity.
Is primary hepatic angiosarcoma in children an indication for liver transplantation?—A single‐centre experience and review of the literature
Authors: Aldén Josefin , Baecklund Fredrik , Psaros Einberg Afrodite , Casswall Thomas , Wessman Sandra , Ericzon Bo‐Göran , Nowak Greg
Published: July 2021

PHA in the paediatric population is an extremely rare and aggressive malignant soft tissue neoplasm, with less than 50 cases published worldwide. The prognosis is dismal. If the tumour is unresectable, one treatment option is LT. In this article, the current available literature is reviewed and additionally, three cases of paediatric patients with PHA who underwent LT at Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden, are presented. Based on the literature and our own experience, there is undoubtedly possible good outcome of LT due to PHA. On the contrary, no patients have survived PHA without LT. PHA in paediatric patients should be recommended to LT in selected patients. Effect of modern adjuvant chemo and RT should be evaluated further based on international registry for such rare cases of PHA.
Epistemic blame
Authors: Boult Cameron
Published: July 2021

This paper provides a critical overview of recent work on epistemic blame. The paper identifies key features of the concept of epistemic blame and discusses two ways of motivating the importance of this concept. Four different approaches to the nature of epistemic blame are examined. Central issues surrounding the ethics and value of epistemic blame are identified and briefly explored. In addition to providing an overview of the state of the art of this growing but controversial field, the paper highlights areas where future work is needed.
Interactive effects of childhood maltreatment and tonic respiratory sinus arrhythmia on young adults’ depressive symptoms
Authors: Zhang Hui , Luo Yun , Davis Toshanna , Zhang Linlin
Published: July 2021

The goal of the current study was to investigate the moderating effect of tonic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in the relation between childhood maltreatment and depression symptoms among young adults. A total of 98 participants (70 women) aged 17–22 years completed questionnaires on childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms. RSA data were obtained during a resting condition in the laboratory. Results indicated that childhood maltreatment interacted with tonic RSA to predict depressive symptoms, even after controlling for age and body mass index (BMI) of each participant. Specifically, higher levels of childhood maltreatment were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, but only among young adults who exhibited lower tonic RSA. The results indicated that the association between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms depends on young adults’ physiological functioning/flexibility. Findings suggest that consideration of external environmental factors in combination with internal physiological factors is critical to understand young adults’ mental health.
Increased exhalation to inhalation ratio during breathing enhances high‐frequency heart rate variability in healthy adults
Authors: Bae Dalbyeol , Matthews Jacob J. L. , Chen J. Jean , Mah Linda
Published: July 2021

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a well‐established surrogate of cardiac and emotional health that reflects the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system. We examined the impact of manipulating exhalation to inhalation ratio (E:I) on HRV, without altering the intrinsic breathing rate of healthy individuals. We hypothesized that a longer exhalation relative to inhalation (E:I > 1) would shift HRV metrics in a direction consistent with increased parasympathetic activity. Twenty‐eight individuals (16 young [6M, age = 21–28];12 older adults [6M, age = 66–80]) completed a task during which they paced breathing according to their intrinsic respiratory rate, but altered onset of exhalation and inhalation according to 1:1 sound cue (equal exhalation and inhalation duration) or 2:1 cue (exhalation twice as long as inhalation). Paced 1:1 breathing followed these task conditions to examine residual effects. Estimates of actual E:I ratio based on thoracic movement were 1.08(0.16) for 1:1 task and 1.33(0.20) for 2:1 task, which were significantly different from one another. HRV metrics derived from electrocardiogram included root mean square of the successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD) and high‐frequency (HF) HRV. Analyses of HRV metrics by block showed that RMSSD and HF‐HRV were higher in the 2:1 task condition compared to 1:1. Time series analysis showed that HF‐HRV increased after the end of the 2:1 task block and remained elevated for four minutes. These findings suggest that longer duration of exhalation relative to inhalation, without altering breathing rate, acutely increased RMSSD and HF‐HRV, consistent with enhancement of cardiac vagal tone.
Oral health status of individuals with obsessive‐compulsive disorder considering oral hygiene habits
Authors: Moharrami Mohammad , Perez Arnaldo , Mohebbi Simin Zahra , Bassir Seyed Hossein , Amin Maryam
Published: July 2021

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the oral health status of individuals with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD).

Methods

Ninety‐two participants, aged 18 years and older from which 46 had OCD symptoms, were included in this comparative cross‐sectional study. Data on age, sex, smoking habit, educational level, and potential mediators including brushing frequency (BF) and brushing duration (BD) were collected. Clinical examinations determined outcome measures including decayed‐missing‐filled teeth (DMFT), presence of root caries (PoRC), gingival recession (GR), plaque index (PI), and papillary bleeding index (PBI). Pathway analysis was used for data analysis.

Results

Individuals with OCD had significantly lower DMFT (p < .01), higher BF (p = .01), and lower PI (p = .01); however, there were no significant differences regarding BD, GR, PBI, and PoRC (p > .05). While BD did not have a mediating role, BF mediated the effect of OCD on DMFT (B = −0.31, CI = −0.60 to −0.06) and PI (B = −0.15, CI = −0.36 to −0.03). Males had less PI (B = −1.03, CI = −1.81 to −0.24) and PBI (B = −1.14, CI = −2.09 to 0.20) than females. Except for OCD and sex, other predictors were not significant.

Conclusions

Individuals with OCD had lower caries experience and similar gingival health compared to controls. Part of the impact of OCD was mediated through brushing habits.
What mothers can do about their toddlers’ stranger anxiety
Authors: Wang Lamei , Hung San , Au Terry Kit‐fong
Published: July 2021

To examine how maternal behaviors may foretell change in toddlers’ stranger anxiety, 168 Hong Kong Chinese middle‐class mother‐toddler dyads were assessed when the toddlers were 12‐month‐olds (M = 11.9 months, SD = .48, 83 or 49% boys); 160 dyads were assessed again 6 months later. Maternal and toddler behaviors were video‐recorded to assess: maternal encouragement and intrusiveness during stranger‐toddler interaction; toddlers’ fearfulness and avoidance of the stranger. Toddlers experiencing more maternal intrusiveness at 12 months increased more in fearfulness and avoidance of strangers 6 months later, whereas maternal encouragement had the opposite, albeit weaker, effect. Reciprocal effects between maternal intrusiveness and toddler temperamental shyness in predicting change in toddler stranger fearfulness were found. Maternal intrusiveness when toddlers interact with a stranger directly predicted developmental changes in stranger anxiety during the second year of life, and this association was mediated by changes in child temperamental shyness.
Emotion matters in early polite lies: Preschoolers’ polite lie‐telling in relation to cognitive and emotion‐related abilities
Authors: Wang Yiyi , Hong Skylar , Pei Meng , Wang Xiaonan , Su Yanjie
Published: July 2021

Most prior studies on children's polite lie‐telling have focused on cognitive correlates but neglected emotional correlates. This study examined 115 preschoolers’ polite lie‐telling in relation to both cognitive (inhibitory control (IC), false‐belief understanding) and emotion‐related abilities (emotional theory of mind (ToM), affective empathy). After receiving a disappointing gift, 53 (46.1%) preschoolers lied. Preschoolers’ polite lie‐telling was positively related to their emotional ToM but not to IC, false‐belief understanding, or affective empathy. These findings demonstrate the importance of emotion‐related abilities in early polite lie‐telling. Unexpectedly, we found that preschoolers’ polite lie‐telling decreased with age, which might be explained by the development of moral evaluations of polite lie‐telling.
Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen content, associated with aggregate fractions, after conversion of sandy desert to irrigation farmland, northwest China
Authors: Niu Ziru , Su Yongzhong , An Fangjiao , Liu Tingna
Published: July 2021

Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and silt and clay are the main cementing substances formed by soil aggregates in arid areas. In this study, SOC, SIC and total nitrogen (TN) contents were analysed for different soil aggregate fractions that were reclaimed from different times (5, 15, 20, 35, 40, 50 and 60 years), in northwest China. Our results show that, as cultivation time increased from 0 to 60 years, the number of >2, 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.053 mm aggregates increased from 2.76%, 7.23% and 1.40% to 12.44%, 18.32% and 7.88%, respectively, and the stability of aggregates gradually increased from 0 to 0.43. We also found that the OC in the >2, 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.053 mm aggregates increased from 4.97, 3.81 and 2.63 g kg−2 to 9.45, 7.16 and 4.22 g kg−2, and the TN content increased from 0.70, 0.54 and 0.37 g kg−2 to 1.05, 0.90 and 0.70 g kg−2, while the IC in the >2 mm aggregates decreased from 7.22 to 6.22 g kg−2, and the IC content of the 2–0.25 mm aggregates increased from 5.16 to 7.3 g kg−2. Increasing the silt and clay particle content of soil may be an effective means to achieve continuous improvements in agricultural productivity for newly reclaimed land in the ecologically fragile marginal oasis area.
Exploring the effects of background image transparency on the usability of image maps
Authors: Peng Qian , Li Zhilin , Gong Xinyu
Published: July 2021

Image maps, a compromise between images and maps, are an effective means of harnessing the advantages of realism from images and the high efficiency of interpretation inherent to maps. As satellite images are used as the background, the cartographic design of such maps is quite different from traditional mapping. To make such maps more effective, some investigations have been conducted to reduce the complexity of background images by adjusting their transparency, contrast, and saturation. However, such exploration is not systematically carried out. This study focuses on the influence of the transparency of background image on the usability (i.e., effectiveness and efficiency) of image maps. Extensive experiments were conducted by user studies via an online questionnaire survey. Experimental datasets included image maps with 11 levels of image transparency, at three scales and in nine areas. 1,263 participants took part in this experiment, in which they were asked to distinguish natural and cultural features. It has been found that: (a) the usability of image maps varies with the transparency of background image, mostly with a single peak; and (b) the transparency level corresponding to the peak usability decreases with an increase in background complexity. This provides a guideline for effective use of transparency in image‐map design.