bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of non-muscle cutting periumbilical transverse incision on the risk of incisional hernia as compared to midline incision during laparoscopic colon cancer surgery: a study protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Park Soo Yeun , Ha Gi Won , Lee Soo Young , Kim Chang Hyun , Son Gyung Mo
Published: February 2023

Background

Minimally invasive surgery has become popular as a surgical approach for colorectal cancer because it has fewer complications related to the abdominal incision and perioperative complications. However, the incidence of incisional hernias in laparoscopic surgery has been reported to be similar to that in open surgery. We developed a new method, the non-muscle-cutting periumbilical transverse incision, for a small incision in laparoscopic colon cancer surgery. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the non-muscle-cutting periumbilical transverse incision in comparison with the midline incision in reducing the incidence of an incisional hernia in patients undergoing laparoscopic colon cancer surgery.

Methods

This is an open-label, multi-centre, parallel, superiority, and randomised trial. Altogether, 174 patients will be allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either the midline incision or the non-muscle-cutting periumbilical transverse incision group, after stratifying by the location of the tumour (right- or left-sided). The primary outcome of this study is the incidence of incisional hernias (both symptomatic and radiologic hernias) at 12 months after surgery. The secondary outcomes include operative outcomes, 30-day postoperative complications, pathological results, and patient-reported outcomes (short form-12 health survey questionnaire and body image questionnaire). Both primary (intention-to-treat) and secondary (as-treated principles) analyses will be performed for all outcomes. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05 (two-sided testing).

Discussion

This trial may show that the non-muscle-cutting periumbilical transverse incision will reduce the incidence of incisional hernias compared to the midline incision.

Trial registration

Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS) of Republic of Korea, KCT0006082. Registered on April 12, 2021.
Enrichment of phenotype among biological forms of Anopheles stephensi Liston through establishment of isofemale lines
Authors: Ghosh Chaitali , Kumar Naveen , Kushwah Raja Babu Singh , M. Soumya , Joshi Soumya Gopal , Ramanjini Chethan Kumar , Alalamath Tejashwini , Srinivasan Subhashini , Subramani Suresh , Kumar Sampath , Swain Sunita
Published: February 2023

Background

Vector management programs rely on knowledge of the biology and genetic make-up of mosquitoes.Anopheles stephensiis a major invasive urban malaria vector, distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Middle East, and has recently been expanding its range in Africa. With the existence of three biological forms, distinctly identifiable based on the number of ridges on eggs and varying vectorial competence,An. stephensiis a perfect species for developing isofemale lines, which can be tested for insecticide susceptibility and vectorial competence of various biological forms.

Methods

We describe key steps involved in establishment and validation of isofemale lines. Isofemale colonies were further used for the characterization of insecticide susceptibility and differential vector competence. The results were statistically evaluated through descriptive and inferential statistics using Vassar Stat and Prism GraphPad software packages.

Results

Through a meticulous selection process, we overcame an initial inbreeding depression and found no significant morphometric differences in wings and egg size between the parental and respective isofemale lines in later generations. IndCh and IndInt strains showed variations in resistance to different insecticides belonging to all four major classes. We observed a significant change in vectorial competence between the respective isofemale and parental lines.

Conclusions

Isofemale lines can be a valuable resource for characterizing and enhancing several genotypic and phenotypic traits. This is the first detailed report of the establishment of two isofemale lines of type and intermediate biological forms inAnopheles stephensi. The work encompasses characterization of fitness traits among two lines through a transgenerational study. Furthermore, isofemale colonies were established and used to characterize insecticide susceptibility and vector competence. The study provides valuable insights into differential susceptibility status of the parental and isofemale lines to different insecticides belonging to the same class. Corroborating an earlier hypothesis, we demonstrate the high vector competence of the type form relative to the intermediate form using homozygous lines. Using these lines, it is now possible to study host-parasite interactions and identify factors that might be responsible for altered susceptibility and increased vector competence inAn. stephensibiological forms that would also pave the way for developing better vector management strategies.

Graphical Abstract
Refining epigenetic prediction of chronological and biological age
Authors: Bernabeu Elena , McCartney Daniel L. , Gadd Danni A. , Hillary Robert F. , Lu Ake T. , Murphy Lee , Wrobel Nicola , Campbell Archie , Harris Sarah E. , Liewald David , Hayward Caroline , Sudlow Cathie , Cox Simon R. , Evans Kathryn L. , Horvath Steve , McIntosh Andrew M. , Robinson Matthew R. , Vallejos Catalina A. , Marioni Riccardo E.
Published: February 2023

Background

Epigenetic clocks can track both chronological age (cAge) and biological age (bAge). The latter is typically defined by physiological biomarkers and risk of adverse health outcomes, including all-cause mortality. As cohort sample sizes increase, estimates of cAge and bAge become more precise. Here, we aim to develop accurate epigenetic predictors of cAge and bAge, whilst improving our understanding of their epigenomic architecture.

Methods

First, we perform large-scale (N = 18,413) epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of chronological age and all-cause mortality. Next, to create a cAge predictor, we use methylation data from 24,674 participants from the Generation Scotland study, the Lothian Birth Cohorts (LBC) of 1921 and 1936, and 8 other cohorts with publicly available data. In addition, we train a predictor of time to all-cause mortality as a proxy for bAge using the Generation Scotland cohort (1214 observed deaths). For this purpose, we use epigenetic surrogates (EpiScores) for 109 plasma proteins and the 8 component parts of GrimAge, one of the current best epigenetic predictors of survival. We test this bAge predictor in four external cohorts (LBC1921, LBC1936, the Framingham Heart Study and the Women’s Health Initiative study).

Results

Through the inclusion of linear and non-linear age-CpG associations from the EWAS, feature pre-selection in advance of elastic net regression, and a leave-one-cohort-out (LOCO) cross-validation framework, we obtain cAge prediction with a median absolute error equal to 2.3 years. Our bAge predictor was found to slightly outperform GrimAge in terms of the strength of its association to survival (HRGrimAge = 1.47 [1.40, 1.54] with p = 1.08 × 10−52, and HRbAge = 1.52 [1.44, 1.59] with p = 2.20 × 10−60). Finally, we introduce MethylBrowsR, an online tool to visualise epigenome-wide CpG-age associations.

Conclusions

The integration of multiple large datasets, EpiScores, non-linear DNAm effects, and new approaches to feature selection has facilitated improvements to the blood-based epigenetic prediction of biological and chronological age.
Hydroxychloroquine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers: early termination of a phase 3, randomised, open-label, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro , Schwalb Alvaro , Quintana Juan Luis , Delfin Brian , Alvarez Fiorela , Ugarte-Gil César , Guerra Gronerth Rosio I. , Lucchetti Aldo , Grogl Max , Gotuzzo Eduardo
Published: February 2023

Objective

To assess the effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) prophylaxis for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers (HCW) on duty during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

A total of 68 HCWs met the eligibility criteria were randomly allocated to receive HCQ (n = 36) or not (n = 32). There were no significant differences between groups in respects to age, gender, or medical history. Eight participants met the primary efficacy endpoint of SAR-CoV-2 infection during the study period; there was no difference in incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections between both study arms (HCQ: 5 vs Control: 3, p = 0.538). The relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the HCQ arm was 1.69 compared to the control group (95%CI 0.41–7.11, p = 0.463); due to poor participant accrual, the resulting statistical power of the primary efficacy outcome was 11.54%. No serious adverse events occurred; however, two (2/36, 5.6%) participants no longer wished to participate in the study and withdrew consent due to recurring grade 1 and 2 adverse events.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04414241. (Registered on June 4, 2020).
Antibacterial activity of multi-metallic (Ag–Cu–Li) nanorods with different metallic combination ratios against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Rawashdeh Rabeah Y. , Qabaja Ghassan , Albiss Borhan Aldeen
Published: February 2023

Objective

Because of the need to extensively study the synergistic activity of metallic nanoparticles, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of mixed metallic nanoparticles, made by differing the weight mixing ratio. We prepared multi-metallic nanorods (NRs) by chemical reduction method, with different ratio combinations of silver Ag and copper Cu, two main batches of nanorods were produced: bimetallic mix made only of Ag–Cu, and trimetallic mix made of Ag–Cu and lithium Li, AgCu NRs and AgCuLi NRs respectively. NaOH was used in the synthesis for the co-reduction of salt precursors. Ag percentage was varied from 10 to 90% in bimetallic NRs but in the trimetallic NRs, which has a fixed ratio of Li (10%), the percentage of silver precursor was from 10 to 80%. The presence of metals was confirmed by energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) analysis. Ion release was detected using inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP) and the values showed that NRs are effective source for ion supply for up to 24 h. The antibacterial activity of metallic NRs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus using Bauer Kirby method.

Results

The bi-synergistic mix of Ag and Cu generates more ions than the tri-synergistic mix of Ag, Cu, and Li. Nevertheless, the later was more efficient and showed higher antibacterial activity at lower concentrations. This effect is less likely to be attributed to modality of ion release. Indeed, the results of our work suggest that besides ion release, alloyed nanorods themselves are toxic and the trimetallic mix exhibited more biocidal activity, specifically at Ag salt concentrations of 30%, 50% and 70%.
Multi-algorithms analysis for pre-treatment prediction of response to transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma on multiphase MRI
Authors: Chen Mingzhen , Kong Chunli , Qiao Enqi , Chen Yaning , Chen Weiyue , Jiang Xiaole , Fang Shiji , Zhang Dengke , Chen Minjiang , Chen Weiqian , Ji Jiansong
Published: February 2023

Objectives

This study compared the accuracy of predicting transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in the four different classifiers, and comprehensive models were constructed to improve predictive performance.

Methods

The subjects recruited for this study were HCC patients who had received TACE treatment from April 2016 to June 2021. All participants underwent enhanced MRI scans before and after intervention, and pertinent clinical information was collected. Registry data for the 144 patients were randomly assigned to training and test datasets. The robustness of the trained models was verified by another independent external validation set of 28 HCC patients. The following classifiers were employed in the radiomics experiment: machine learning classifiers k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso), and deep learning classifier deep neural network (DNN).

Results

DNN and Lasso models were comparable in the training set, while DNN performed better in the test set and the external validation set. The CD model (Clinical & DNN merged model) achieved an AUC of 0.974 (95% CI: 0.951–0.998) in the training set, superior to other models whose AUCs varied from 0.637 to 0.943 (p < 0.05). The CD model generalized well on the test set (AUC = 0.831) and external validation set (AUC = 0.735).

Conclusions

DNN model performs better than other classifiers in predicting TACE response. Integrating with clinically significant factors, the CD model may be valuable in pre-treatment counseling of HCC patients who may benefit the most from TACE intervention.
Magnetic resonance elastography in evaluation of liver fibrosis in children with chronic liver disease
Authors: Demirtaş Duygu , Ünal Emre , İdilman İlkay S. , Akçören Zuhal , Göktaş Mehmet Akif , Boyraz Meryem Seda , Karahan Sevilay , Orhan Diclehan , Haliloğlu Mithat , Karçaaltıncaba Muşturay , Özen Hasan
Published: February 2023

Background

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has been used to stage liver fibrosis in adults. We aimed to assess the agreement between the Ishak scoring system and magnetic resonance elastography-measured liver stiffness (MRE-LS) in children. This study included all the children who underwent abdominal MRE and liver biopsies between February 2018 and January 2021. The correlation between MRE-LS and Ishak fibrosis stage, MRE parameters, and clinical and biochemical markers affecting this relationship was investigated.

Results

A total of 52 patients (31 male; a median age of 11.8 years) were included in the study. The MRE-LS values were significantly different between Ishak fibrosis stages (p = 0.036). With a cut-off value of 2.97 kilopascals, MRE-LS had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy values of 90.9%, 82.9%, 58.8%, 97.1%, and 84.6%, respectively, for differentiating mild/moderate fibrosis (F0, 1, 2, 3) from severe fibrosis (F ≥ 4). Although MRE-LS was moderately correlated with Ishak fibrosis score and histological activity index and weakly correlated with aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic steatosis, and R2*, only Ishak fibrosis score was a significant predictor of MRE-LS. MRE-measured spleen stiffness was weakly correlated with the Ishak fibrosis score.

Conclusions

MRE has high sensitivity and specificity for evaluating liver fibrosis in children. MRE may be used to evaluate liver fibrosis in pediatric patients.
ANGPTL2 binds MAG to efficiently enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation
Authors: Chen Lu , Yu Zhuo , Xie Li , He Xiaoxiao , Mu Xingmei , Chen Chiqi , Yang Wenqian , Tong Xiaoping , Liu Junling , Gao Zhengliang , Sun Suya , Xu NanJie , Lu Zhigang , Zheng Junke , Zhang Yaping
Published: February 2023

Background

Oligodendrocytes have robust regenerative ability and are key players in remyelination during physiological and pathophysiological states. However, the mechanisms of brain microenvironmental cue in regulation of the differentiation of oligodendrocytes still needs to be further investigated.

Results

We demonstrated that myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was a novel receptor for angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2). The binding of ANGPTL2 to MAG efficiently promoted the differentiation of oligodendrocytes in vitro, as evaluated in an HCN cell line.Angptl2-null mice had a markedly impaired myelination capacity in the early stage of oligodendrocyte development. These mice had notably decreased remyelination capacities and enhanced motor disability in a cuprizone-induced demyelinating mouse model, which was similar to theMag-null mice. The loss of remyelination ability inAngptl2-null/Mag-null mice was similar to theAngptl2-WT/Mag-null mice, which indicated that the ANGPTL2-mediated oligodendrocyte differentiation effect depended on the MAG receptor. ANGPTL2 bound MAG to enhance its phosphorylation level and recruit Fyn kinase, which increased Fyn phosphorylation levels, followed by the transactivation of myelin regulatory factor (MYRF).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated an unexpected cross-talk between the environmental protein (ANGPTL2) and its surface receptor (MAG) in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation, which may benefit the treatment of many demyelination disorders, including multiple sclerosis.
Asset mapping score analysis: a novel public health research methodology applied to maternal and child health resources in New Orleans
Authors: Healy Jack , Ramirez Shokufeh , Knapp Megan , Johnson Carolyn
Published: February 2023

Background

Asset mapping is a commonly used method in public health to identify and describe the resources within a community. However, there is currently a lack of standardization in the methods used for asset mapping, which can make it difficult for users to apply the method and compare results between different studies. In this article, we present a new approach called Asset Mapping Score Analysis (AMSA), which is a framework for collecting and organizing data on community assets. We provide an example of the AMSA method through its application in the evaluation of maternal and child health resources in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Results

The AMSA approach consists of five steps and results in a data collection tool that uses a scoring system to quantify the functional and content areas defined by the users. This method is flexible, reproducible, quantitative, inexpensive, and can be adapted to fit the needs of different geographic areas and fields of study. It can also be repeated over time to monitor changes in systems. We conducted a pilot study to examine the participation of local maternal and child health organizations in four functional areas (education, direct services, policy/advocacy, and research) and 22 content areas.

Conclusions

In addition to describing the AMSA method and providing an example of its application, we also discuss the methodological issues involved in using the AMSA approach. These include considerations related to study design, data analysis, and interpreting results. We assess the strengths, limitations, and potential future directions of the AMSA method. Finally, we present the results of our AMSA study on maternal and child health organizations in New Orleans to illustrate the utility of this approach. Our findings suggest that the AMSA method is a valuable tool for understanding and characterizing the assets and resources within a community.
Monocyte-derived cells invade brain parenchyma and amyloid plaques in human Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus
Authors: Muñoz-Castro Clara , Mejias-Ortega Marina , Sanchez-Mejias Elisabeth , Navarro Victoria , Trujillo-Estrada Laura , Jimenez Sebastian , Garcia-Leon Juan Antonio , Fernandez-Valenzuela Juan Jose , Sanchez-Mico Maria Virtudes , Romero-Molina Carmen , Moreno-Gonzalez Ines , Baglietto-Vargas David , Vizuete Marisa , Gutierrez Antonia , Vitorica Javier
Published: February 2023

Microglia are brain-resident myeloid cells and play a major role in the innate immune responses of the CNS and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the contribution of nonparenchymal or brain-infiltrated myeloid cells to disease progression remains to be demonstrated. Here, we show that monocyte-derived cells (MDC) invade brain parenchyma in advanced stages of AD continuum using transcriptional analysis and immunohistochemical characterization in post-mortem human hippocampus. Our findings demonstrated that a high proportion (60%) of demented Braak V–VI individuals was associated with up-regulation of genes rarely expressed by microglial cells and abundant in monocytes, among which stands the membrane-bound scavenger receptor for haptoglobin/hemoglobin complexes or Cd163. These Cd163-positive MDC invaded the hippocampal parenchyma, acquired a microglial-like morphology, and were located in close proximity to blood vessels. Moreover, and most interesting, these invading monocytes infiltrated the nearby amyloid plaques contributing to plaque-associated myeloid cell heterogeneity. However, in aged-matched control individuals with hippocampal amyloid pathology, no signs of MDC brain infiltration or plaque invasion were found. The previously reported microglial degeneration/dysfunction in AD hippocampus could be a key pathological factor inducing MDC recruitment. Our data suggest a clear association between MDC infiltration and endothelial activation which in turn may contribute to damage of the blood brain barrier integrity. The recruitment of monocytes could be a consequence rather than the cause of the severity of the disease. Whether monocyte infiltration is beneficial or detrimental to AD pathology remains to be fully elucidated. These findings open the opportunity to design targeted therapies, not only for microglia but also for the peripheral immune cell population to modulate amyloid pathology and provide a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the progression of AD.
A systematic review of the opportunities and challenges of micro-credentials for multiple stakeholders: learners, employers, higher education institutions and government
Authors: Varadarajan Soovendran , Koh Joyce Hwee Ling , Daniel Ben Kei
Published: February 2023

Micro-credentials are gaining traction as viable vehicles for rapid upskilling of the workforce in the twenty-first century and potential pathways for gaining employment for some students. The primary purpose of the current systematic review was to understand the current conceptions and discourses of micro-credentials in higher education and to identify the opportunities and challenges in adopting micro-credentials in higher education. The review also aimed to develop a need-driven micro-credentials framework that demonstrates the value of micro-credentials to stakeholders, i.e., learners, higher education institutions, employers, and government agencies. Key findings revealed that there are various stakeholders’ needs and expectations. The learner wants short, practical, and up-to-date courses for their chosen career path, education institutions emphasise accreditation for building trust, employers want clarity regarding the competencies gained through micro-credentials, and government bodies expect higher graduate employability with lower tuition fees. Key findings revealed that implementing micro-credentials can be disruptive in the higher education sector and present several challenges. However, these challenges are likely to be mitigated by increased collaboration among stakeholders. The review has revealed several outstanding research questions critical for the success of micro-credentials as significant pathways to supplement traditional degree programmes. The research presented in the article has implications for policy development to guide the implementation of micro-credentials in the higher education sector.
The impact of financial development on renewable energy consumption: new insights from Ghana
Authors: Prempeh Kwadwo Boateng
Published: February 2023

A way of reducing global warming and tackling Ghana’s energy sector crisis, known as Dumsor, is through renewable energy usage. Nevertheless, the advancement of the renewable energy industry is contingent on economic growth, the availability of financial resources, and energy prices. The paper explores the long-run impact of financial development on renewable energy consumption while controlling for energy prices and economic growth. Consistent with the aim of the paper, the ARDL bounds testing, Bayer-Hank, Gregory and Hansen cointegration, VECM, FMOLS, CCR and DOLS tests are employed. The empirical analysis supports cointegration between variables. Moreover, the findings indicated that financial development drives renewable energy use in Ghana, whereas energy costs and economic growth have a negative effect. This study offers a substantial addition to renewable energy literature and paves the way for policymakers to pursue alternative energy sources to help satiate the nation’s growing energy needs.
In-plane shear stiffness of diversified hexagonal honeycombs: A simple energy-based approach
Authors: Chen Yu , Yang Zhikun , He Liang
Published: February 2023

The conventional hexagonal honeycomb is widely used in various practical applications. The re-entrant and semi re-entrant hexagonal forms derived from the conventional one have gained large attention in recent years due to their unusual Poisson's ratio and superior mechanical performance. However, the in-plane shear behavior of the semi re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb has not been reported yet. Especially, a comparative study on the shear stiffness of the three hexagonal honeycombs is lacking. A simple energy-based approach was used in this paper to establish theoretical models for predicting the in-plane shear modulus of the hexagonal honeycombs, which were later verified by the numerical simulations. Good agreement between the theoretical and numerical results is observed. The effect of the geometrical parameters on the shear modulus and the specific shear modulus were further discussed. It is found that the conventional hexagonal honeycomb displays higher shear modulus and specific shear modulus than both the re-entrant and semi re-entrant ones, while the re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb demonstrates the lowest values of shear modulus and specific shear modulus.
Mitoguardin2 Is Associated With Hyperandrogenism and Regulates Steroidogenesis in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells
Authors: Yan Ming-Qi , Wang Yong , Wang Zhao , Liu Xiao-Hong , Yang Yu-Meng , Duan Xiu-Yun , Sun Hui , Liu Xiao-Man
Published: February 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries, in which hyperandrogenism manifests by excess androgen and other steroid hormone abnormalities. Mitochondrial fusion is essential in steroidogenesis, while the role of mitochondrial fusion in granulosa cells of hyperandrogenic PCOS patients remains unclear. In this study, mRNA expression of mitochondrial fusion genes mitoguardin1, −2 (MIGA 1, −2) was significantly increased in granulosa cells of hyperandrogenic PCOS but not PCOS with normal androgen levels, their mRNA expression positively correlated with testosterone levels. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment in mice led to high expression of MIGA2 in granulosa cells of ovulating follicles. Testosterone or forskolin/ phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatments increased expression of MIGA2 and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in KGN cells. MIGA2 interacted with StAR and induced StAR localization on mitochondria. Furthermore, MIGA2 overexpression significantly increased cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) at T172 but inhibited StAR protein expression. However, MIGA2 overexpression increased CYP11A1, HSD3B2, and CYP19A1 mRNA expression. As a result, MIGA2 overexpression decreased progesterone but increased estradiol synthesis. Besides the androgen receptor, testosterone or DHT might also regulate MIGA2 and pAMPK (T172) through LH/choriogonadotropin receptor-mediated PKA signaling. Taken together, these findings indicate that testosterone regulates MIGA2 via PKA/AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in ovarian granulosa cells. It is suggested mitochondrial fusion in ovarian granulosa cells is associated with hyperandrogenism and potentially leads to abnormal steroidogenesis in PCOS.
Developing elastic mechanisms: ultrafast motion and cavitation emerge at the millimeter scale in juvenile snapping shrimp
Authors: Harrison Jacob S. , Patek S. N.
Published: February 2023

Organisms such as jumping froghopper insects and punching mantis shrimp use spring-based propulsion to achieve fast motion. Studies of elastic mechanisms have primarily focused on fully developed and functional mechanisms in adult organisms. However, the ontogeny and development of these mechanisms can provide important insights into the lower size limits of spring-based propulsion, the ecological or behavioral relevance of ultrafast movement, and the scaling of ultrafast movement. Here, we examined the development of the spring-latch mechanism in the bigclaw snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochaelis (Alpheidae). Adult snapping shrimp use an enlarged claw to produce high-speed strikes that generate cavitation bubbles. However, until now, it was unclear when the elastic mechanism emerges during development and whether juvenile snapping shrimp can generate cavitation at this size. We reared A. heterochaelis from eggs, through their larval and postlarval stages. Starting 1 month after hatching, the snapping shrimp snapping claw gradually developed a spring-actuated mechanism and began snapping. We used high-speed videography (300,000 frames s−1) to measure juvenile snaps. We discovered that juvenile snapping shrimp generate the highest recorded accelerations (5.8×105±3.3×105 m s−2) for repeated-use, underwater motion and are capable of producing cavitation at the millimeter scale. The angular velocity of snaps did not change as juveniles grew; however, juvenile snapping shrimp with larger claws produced faster linear speeds and generated larger, longer-lasting cavitation bubbles. These findings establish the development of the elastic mechanism and cavitation in snapping shrimp and provide insights into early life-history transitions in spring-actuated mechanisms.
Insect diapause: from a rich history to an exciting future
Authors: Denlinger David L.
Published: February 2023

Diapause, a stage-specific developmental arrest, is widely exploited by insects to bridge unfavorable seasons. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the ecology, physiology and evolutionary implications of insect diapause, yet intriguing questions remain. A more complete understanding of diapause processes on Earth requires a better geographic spread of investigations, including more work in the tropics and at high latitudes. Questions surrounding energy management and trade-offs between diapause and non-diapause remain understudied. We know little about how maternal effects direct the diapause response, and regulators of prolonged diapause are also poorly understood. Numerous factors that were recently linked to diapause are still waiting to be placed in the regulatory network leading from photoreception to engagement of the diapause program. These factors include epigenetic processes and small noncoding RNAs, and emerging data also suggest a role for the microbiome in diapause regulation. Another intriguing feature of diapause is the complexity of the response, resulting in a diverse suite of responses that comprise the diapause syndrome. Select transcription factors likely serve as master switches turning on these diverse responses, but we are far from understanding the full complexity. The richness of species displaying diapause offers a platform for seeking common components of a ‘diapause toolbox’. Across latitudes, during invasion events and in a changing climate, diapause offers grand opportunities to probe evolutionary change and speciation. At a practical level, diapause responses can be manipulated for insect control and long-term storage. Diapausing insects also contain a treasure trove of pharmacological compounds and offer promising models for human health.
Effect of Exercise Training on Blood Pressure in Healthy Postmenopausal Females: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis
Authors: DEBRAY AMÉLIE , RAVANELLI NICHOLAS , CHENETTE-STEWART OLIVIER , PIERSON TIPHAINE , USSELMAN CHARLOTTE W. , GAGNON DANIEL
Published: February 2023

Introduction

The prevalence of hypertension is greater in postmenopausal females compared with males of similar age. Previous meta-analyses of normotensive and hypertensive adults have shown that aerobic exercise training reduces systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP). However, the effect of aerobic exercise training on blood pressure specifically within healthy postmenopausal females remains unclear. This systematic review with meta-analysis quantified the effect of aerobic exercise training on resting SBP and DBP in healthy postmenopausal females.

Methods

The systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020198171). The literature search was done in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL Plus, and SPORTDiscus. Randomized controlled trials involving healthy postmenopausal females with normal or high normal blood pressure and undergoing ≥4 wk of aerobic exercise training were included. The total weighted mean change in SBP and DBP was compared between the exercise and the control interventions. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall effect sizes of the weighted mean differences and the 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis (exercise interventions: n = 357, age = 60 ± 4 yr, baseline SBP/DBP = 128 ± 13/79 ± 8 mm Hg; control interventions: n = 330, age = 60 ± 4 yr, baseline SBP/DBP = 126 ± 11/77 ± 6 mm Hg). Compared with the change observed in response to the control interventions, exercise training significantly reduced SBP (−0.43 mm Hg, 95% CI = −0.78 to −0.09, P = 0.02) and DBP (−0.39 mm Hg, 95% CI = −0.73 to −0.05, P = 0.05).

Conclusions

Aerobic exercise training significantly reduces resting SBP and DBP in healthy postmenopausal females with normal or high normal blood pressure. However, this reduction is small and of uncertain clinical significance.
The Force–Velocity Profile for Jumping: What It Is and What It Is Not
Authors: BOBBERT MAARTEN F. , LINDBERG KOLBJØRN , BJØRNSEN THOMAS , SOLBERG PAUL , PAULSEN GØRAN
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Force–velocity profiling has been proposed in the literature as a method to identify the overall mechanical characteristics of lower extremities. A force–velocity profile is obtained by plotting for jumps at different loads the effective work as a function of the average push-off velocity, fitting a straight line to the results, and extrapolating this line to find the theoretical maximum isometric force and unloaded shortening velocity. Here we investigated whether the force–velocity profile and its characteristics can be related to the intrinsic force–velocity relationship.

Methods

We used simulation models of various complexity, ranging from a simple mass actuated by a linearly damped force to a planar musculoskeletal model comprising four segments and six muscle–tendon complexes. The intrinsic force–velocity relationship of each model was obtained by maximizing the effective work during isokinetic extension at different velocities.

Results

Several observations were made. First, at the same average velocity, less effective work can be done during jumping than during isokinetic lower extremity extension at this velocity. Second, the intrinsic relationship is curved; fitting a straight line and extrapolating it seem arbitrary. Third, the maximal isometric force and the maximal velocity corresponding to the profile are not independent. Fourth, they both vary with inertial properties of the system.

Conclusions

For these reasons, we concluded that the force–velocity profile is specific for the task and is just what it is: the relationship between effective work and an arbitrary estimate of average velocity; it does not represent the intrinsic force–velocity relationship of the lower extremities.
An Alternative Explanation for the “Fed Information Effect”
Authors: Bauer Michael D. , Swanson Eric T.
Published: February 2023

Regressions of private-sector macroeconomic forecast revisions on monetary policy surprises often produce coefficients with signs opposite to standard macroeconomic models. The “Fed information effect” argues these puzzling results are due to monetary policy surprises revealing Fed private information. We show they are also consistent with a “Fed response to news” channel, where both the Fed and professional forecasters respond to incoming economic news. We present new evidence challenging the Fed information effect and supporting the Fed response to news channel, including: regressions that control for economic news, our own survey of professional forecasters, and financial market responses to FOMC announcements. (JEL D82, E23, E27, E43, E44, E52, E58)
When a Doctor Falls from the Sky: The Impact of Easing Doctor Supply Constraints on Mortality
Authors: Okeke Edward N.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes the results of a policy experiment conducted in coordination with the Nigerian government. In this experiment, some communities were randomly selected to receive a new doctor. These doctors were posted to the local public health center. Prior to their arrival, health care was provided by midlevel health-care providers (MLP). To separate the effect of (ostensibly higher) quality from that of quantity, another group of communities was provided with an additional midlevel provider. A third group of communities received no additional workers. No other inputs were provided. I find a measurable decrease in mortality in communities assigned a doctor but not in communities assigned an MLP, suggesting that quality in the health-care sector is a significant constraint. (JEL I11, I12, O15, O18)
Examination of Lifetime Established Use Criteria for Adult Tobacco Product Users
Authors: Wei Lai , Sarkar Mohamadi , Hannel Thaddaeus , Largo Edward , Muhammad-Kah Raheema
Published: February 2023

Background: Lifetime established use criteria are essential to distinguish tobacco product experimental and established users; however, these criteria are not as well defined for some tobacco product categories. The objective of this analysis is to examine various lifetime use criteria to facilitate an objective characterization of experimental versus established use behaviors.

Methods: Our analyses were conducted using the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Waves 1 to 5 datasets. We first examined the level of agreement between non-numerical (having smoked/used the product fairly regularly) and numerical ( having smoked/used the product 20/50/100 times (e.g., use occasions) or product units) lifetime established use criteria among ever-, current-, and former-tobacco product users of various tobacco products. Logistic regression models were constructed to compare demographics, socioeconomic status, and tobacco product use patterns among current experimental versus current established users. Longitudinal analyses were performed to investigate the association between numerical or non-numerical criteria and discontinuation of past 30-day use at follow-up waves.

Results: For tobacco product categories other than cigarette, we identified the following numerical thresholds as the objective characterization of established use: 50 for cigars and pipe products and 20 times for hookah, electronic nicotine products, smokeless, snus, and dissolvable tobacco products, based on level of agreement with the non-numerical criterion (kappa coefficients ranging from 0.3 to 0.6) and also with consideration of existing consensus. Significant differences were observed in demographics, socioeconomic status, tobacco product use and discontinuation of past 30-day use patterns when comparing current experimental and current established users with either non-numerical or numerical criteria.

Conclusions: This study is the first PATH data analysis to derive quantitative thresholds of lifetime established use criteria to characterize experimental versus established use behaviors. Consistent applications of the lifetime established use criteria in data analysis and reporting would improve harmonization in research findings.
Perceptions about controlled human infection model (CHIM) studies among members of ethics committees of Indian medical institutions: A qualitative exploration
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Apte Aditi , Rajappa Medha , Vaz Manjulika , Vaswani Vina , Goenka Shifalika , Malhotra Samir , Sangoram Rashmi , Lakshminarayanan Subitha , Jayaram Suganya , Mathaiyan Jayanthi , Farseena Khadeejath , Mukerjee Prarthna , Jaswal Surinder , Dongre Amol , Timms Olinda , Shafiq Nusrat , Aggarwal Rakesh , Kaur Manmeet , Juvekar Sanjay , Sekhar Amrita , Kang Gagandeep
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies provide a unique platform for studying the pathophysiology of infectious diseases and accelerated testing of vaccines and drugs in controlled settings. However, ethical issues shroud them as the disease-causing pathogen is intentionally inoculated into healthy consenting volunteers, and effective treatment may or may not be available. We explored the perceptions of the members of institutional ethics committees (IECs) in India about CHIM studies.

Methods: This qualitative exploratory study, conducted across seven sites in India, included 11 focused group discussions (FGD) and 31 in-depth interviews (IDI). A flexible approach was used with the aid of a topic guide. The data were thematically analyzed using grounded theory and an inductive approach. Emerging themes and sub-themes were analyzed, and major emergent themes were elucidated.

Results: Seventy-two IEC members participated in the study including 21 basic medical scientists, 29 clinicians, 9 lay people, 6 legal experts and 7 social scientists. Three major themes emerged from this analysis—apprehensions about conduct of CHIM studies in India, a perceived need for CHIM studies in India and risk mitigation measures needed to protect research participants and minimize the associated risks.

Conclusion: Development of a specific regulatory and ethical framework, training of research staff and ethics committee members, and ensuring specialized research infrastructure along with adequate community sensitization were considered essential before initiation of CHIM studies in India.
The Sources of Social Acceptance of O therness . An Analysis of the Inner Identity Structure Mechanisms Responsible for Individual and Collective Identifications
Authors: Leszniewski Tomasz
Published: February 2023

This paper focuses on attitudes of acceptance towards Otherness in the social world. The discussion is based on the assumptions of the social identity model, according to which exclusion and discrimination originate in the process of social categorisation.1 Seeking personal gain in the form of self-worth, people tend to favour members of the social category they identify with. Consequently, in an attempt to reduce exclusion and discrimination it is necessary to refer to the social ability to instil and activate the resource of universal categorisations as the foundation for social identifications and group processes. To comprehend society’spartial (and externally motivated) lability regarding the Other/Stranger, one must reconstruct the three principal dimensions of this emergent process – individual, interactive and institutional (as a reflection of the structural order). The article puts forward a thesis that highlights the unique role of the individual identity as an essential factor in generating a change of attitude towards the Other/Stranger and turning it into a much more open and accepting one.
Migracja i związane z nią potrzeby wsparcia adolescentów i młodych dorosłych
Authors: Bielska Ewa
Published: February 2023

Migracje stanowią jedno z bardziej powszechnych zjawisk charakterystycznych dla globalnej ponowoczesności. Ze względu na swoje wieloaspektowe (społeczne, kulturowe, ekonomiczne, polityczne) ulokowanie zjawisko to wymaga podejmowania studiów interdyscyplinarnych. Z problematyką migracji łączą się specyficzne problemy, które rodzą potrzebę podejmowania działań o charakterze wsparcia. Jego potencjalnym odbiorcą są podmioty o różnym statusie (zarówno sam migrant i jego rodzina, jak i środowisko społeczno--kulturowe, w którym jest ulokowany). Przedmiotem analizy są potrzeby oraz praktyki wsparcia związanego z sytuacją migracji. Uwzględniając opublikowane dotychczas dane, głównie z obszaru Europy Zachodniej i USA, przedstawiono specyfikę doświadczeń migracyjnych adolescentów i młodych dorosłych, wskazano na związane z nią specyficzne i niespecyficzne potrzeby oraz stanowiące odpowiedź na nie strategie wsparcia realizowanego w środowiskach lokalnych.
O (nie)zakorzenieniu w śląskości: biograficzna (re)konstrukcja tożsamości. Przyczynek do dyskusji nad wyobrażoną wspólnotą Nowych Ślązaków
Authors: Piechaczek-Ogierman Gabriela
Published: February 2023

W okresie państwowego socjalizmu dynamiczna urbanizacja nowych terenów Górnego Śląska oraz towarzyszące jej procesy migracji wewnętrznej stanowiły swoisty eksperyment gospodarczo-tożsamościowy. Koncepcja budowy społeczeństwa socjalistycznego, polegająca na unifikacji wszelkiej różnicy (społecznej, kulturowej, etnicznej, regionalnej i religijnej), wraz z propagandą sukcesu ekonomicznego Górnego Śląska, służyła włączaniu nowych mieszkańców w ramy socjalistycznej kultury i socjalistycznej organizacji życia społecznego. W odniesieniu do środowiska, w którym prowadzę badania, pojawiło się pytanie: Jak możliwe jest (nie)zakorzenienie się we wspólnocie, która jest w trakcie tworzenia?
The Identity Discourse of the Kashubian Elites in the Context of the 2021 Census of Population and Housing
Authors: Jabłoński Artur
Published: February 2023

There is an identity discourse among the Kashubian elite, which focuses on the problem of the political consequences of the use of the term “nation” towards Kashubians, which is particulary visible in the context of the 2021 Census ofPopulation and Housing. The issue of the “Kashubian nation” goes back to the beginnings of the 40’s of the 18th century and remains alive throughout the history of the Kashubian movement. It was marginalized in the history of theKashubian-Pomeranian Association dating back to 1956, but after the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Language appeared in 2005 and the political status of a “regional language” was granted to the Kashubian language and also after registration in 2011 the Kaszëbskô Jednota Association turned out that the real core of the dispute over the status of Kashubian culture, and thus the social status of the community, is primarily its national andcultural distinctiveness.
Zmiany własnościowe jako aspekt polityki narodowościowej na pograniczu polsko-białoruskim w świetle dziejów majątku państwowego Dubnica
Authors: Danieluk Janusz
Published: February 2023

Artykuł prezentuje politykę narodowościową władz rosyjskich i polskich w oparciu o prawne ograniczenia w posiadaniu własności ziemskich. Przedmiotem badania są zmiany własnościowe zachodzące w państwowym majątku Dubnica w latach 1865–1939. Główny cel pracy stanowi analiza efektywności wdrażania przepisów prawnych przez władze rosyjskie i polskie z zamiarem zwiększenia stanu posiadania. Autor porównuje i ocenia metody polityki własnościowej prowadzonej przez obydwa państwa w oparciu o obrót handlowy majątkiem Dubnica.
Augustinas Voldemaras i stosunki radziecko-litewskie w latach 1926–1929
Authors: Rupasow Aleksandr I.
Published: February 2023

Praca opisuje relacje radziecko-litewskie w latach 1926–1929 na podstawie sprawozdań radzieckiej misji dyplomatycznej w Wilnie. Władze w Moskwie zainteresowane były sytuacją wewnętrzną Litwy, narastającymi napięciami pomiędzy Augustinasem Voldemarasem i Antanasem Smetoną oraz skomplikowanymi relacjami między Wilnem i Warszawą.
Obraz Polesia w publikacjach wydanych przez Koło Krajoznawcze Uczniów Gimnazjum Państwowego im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego w Pińsku
Authors: Załęczny Jolanta
Published: February 2023

Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia publikacji wydawanych przez Koło Krajoznawcze Uczniów Gimnazjum Państwowego im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego w Pińsku w drugiej połowie lat trzydziestych na tle działań krajoznawczych i regionalnych. Analiza tekstów stała się punktem wyjścia do nakreślenia sposobu postrzegania ludności Polesia przez młodzież i skłoniła do refleksji nad zależnościami edukacji i wychowania od polityki kresowej kreowanej przez państwo.