bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene-Centric Analysis of Preeclampsia Identifies Maternal Association at
PLEKHG1
Authors: Gray Kathryn J. , Kovacheva Vesela P. , Mirzakhani Hooman , Bjonnes Andrew C. , Almoguera Berta , DeWan Andrew T. , Triche Elizabeth W. , Saftlas Audrey F. , Hoh Josephine , Bodian Dale L. , Klein Elisabeth , Huddleston Kathi C. , Ingles Sue Ann , Lockwood Charles J. , Hakonarson Hakon , McElrath Thomas F. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Wilson Melissa L. , Norwitz Errol R. , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Bateman Brian T. , Keating Brendan J. , Saxena Richa
Published: July 2018

The genetic susceptibility to preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific complication with significant maternal and fetal morbidity, has been poorly characterized. To identify maternal genes associated with preeclampsia risk, we assembled 498 cases and 1864 controls of European ancestry from preeclampsia case-control collections in 5 different US sites (with additional matched population controls), genotyped samples on a cardiovascular gene-centric array composed of variants from ≈2000 genes selected based on prior genetic studies of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and performed case-control genetic association analysis on 27 429 variants passing quality control. In silico replication testing of 9 lead signals with
P
<10
−
4
was performed in independent European samples from the SOPHIA (Study of Pregnancy Hypertension in Iowa) and Inova cohorts (212 cases, 456 controls). Multiethnic assessment of lead signals was then performed in samples of black (26 cases, 136 controls), Hispanic (132 cases, 468 controls), and East Asian (9 cases, 80 controls) ancestry. Multiethnic meta-analysis (877 cases, 3004 controls) revealed a study-wide statistically significant association of the rs9478812 variant in the pleiotropic
PLEKHG1
gene (odds ratio, 1.40 [1.23–1.60];
P
meta
=5.90×10
−7
). The rs9478812 effect was even stronger in the subset of European cases with known early-onset preeclampsia (236 cases diagnosed <37 weeks, 1864 controls; odds ratio, 1.59 [1.27–1.98];
P
=4.01×10
−5
).
PLEKHG1
variants have previously been implicated in genome-wide association studies of blood pressure, body weight, and neurological disorders. Although larger studies are required to further define maternal preeclampsia heritability, this study identifies a novel maternal risk locus for further investigation.
Gamifying Accelerometer Use Increases Physical Activity Levels of Sedentary Office Workers
Authors: Gremaud Allene L. , Carr Lucas J. , Simmering Jacob E. , Evans Nicholas J. , Cremer James F. , Segre Alberto M. , Polgreen Linnea A. , Polgreen Philip M.
Published: July 2018

Background

Sedentary work is hazardous. Over 80% of all
US
jobs are predominantly sedentary, placing full‐time office workers at increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is a critical need for effective workplace physical activity interventions. MapTrek is a mobile health platform that gamifies Fitbit use for the purpose of promoting physical activity. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of MapTrek for increasing daily steps and moderate‐intensity steps over 10 weeks in a sample of sedentary office workers.

Methods and Results

Participants included 146 full‐time sedentary office workers aged 21 to 65 who reported sitting at least 75% of their workday. Each participant received a Fitbit Zip to wear daily throughout the intervention. Participants were randomized to either a: (1) Fitbit‐only group or 2) Fitbit + MapTrek group. Physical activity outcomes and intervention compliance were measured with the Fitbit activity monitor. The Fitbit + MapTrek group significantly increased daily steps (+2092 steps per day) and active minutes (+11.2 min/day) compared to the Fitbit‐only arm, but, on average, participants’ steps declined during the study period.

Conclusions

MapTrek is an effective approach for increasing physical activity at a clinically meaningful level in sedentary office workers, but as with accelerometer use alone, the effect decreases over time.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
03109535.
A checklist of marine littoral mites (Acari) associated with mangroves
Authors: CHATTERJEE TAPAS , PFINGSTL TOBIAS , PEŠIĆ VLADIMIR
Published: July 2018

The marine littoral mangrove mite fauna comprises members of the prostigmatid families of Halacaridae and Pontarachnidae, the mesostigmatid family Eutrachytidae, the astigmatid family Hyadesiidae and ten different families of Oribatida. The majority of this fauna is made up by the Halacaridae and Oribatida with 31 species each, the Pontarachnidae, Hyadesiidae and Eutrachytidae represent the minority with nine species altogether. So presently, 71 species are known to occur in mangrove ecosystems, more than half of which are exclusively associated with this habitat. Marine littoral mites have been reported from nearly all large mangrove ecosystems of the world, whereas species numbers clearly correlate with sampling effort. Therefore, the real diversity and distribution of mangrove mites is far from being complete and future investigations may reveal further new taxa being present in this environment that is seriously affected by anthropogenic activities.
Powiedzieć prawdę o historii, wariant polski [Telling the truth about history, the Polish way]
Authors: Kozik Agnieszka , Tokarska-Bakir Joanna
Published: July 2018

Telling the truth about history, the Polish wayEditorial Powiedzieć prawdę o historii, wariant polskiArtykuł wprowadzający
Polin: „Ultimate Lost Object”
Authors: Tokarska-Bakir Joanna
Published: July 2018

Polin: "Ultimate Lost Object”The article is a critique of the POLIN Museum’s contemporary exhibition, which – according to the author – suppresses the most difficult aspect of Polish-Jewish past, the ones associated with the violence of the pogroms that were the decisive factor in the greatest waves of Jewish emigration from Poland.Polin: „Ultimate Lost Object”Tekst stanowi krytykę projektu wystawy współczesnej Muzeum POLIN, tłumiącej – zdaniem autorki – najtrudniejsze, związane z przemocą pogromową, aspekty polsko-żydowskiej przeszłości, które zdecydowały o największych falach emigracji Żydów z Polski.
Tervuren, czyli belgijskie lustro [Tervuren. The Belgian Mirror]
Authors: Komosa Marcin
Published: July 2018

Tervuren. The Belgian MirrorThe paper describes the history and the ideology of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, Belgium, founded in 1898. The role of the museum and its exhibition is analysed in the context of Belgian history, taking into account the tensions between Flemings and Walloons as well as changes in the attitude towards Africa and Africans. The author proposes to divide the history of the evolution of the RMCA exhibition into four stages: from the colonial exhibition to the current reconstruction of the museum.Tervuren, czyli belgijskie lustroArtykuł opisuje historię i ideologię powstałego w 1898 roku Królewskiego Muzeum Afryki Cen­tralnej w Tervuren w Belgii. Znaczenie muzeum i jego wystawy jest analizowane w kontekście belgij­skiej historii, z uwzględnieniem napięć pomiędzy zamieszkującymi Belgię Flamandami i Walonami, a także zmiany postaw wobec Afryki i jej mieszkańców. Autor proponuje podzielić ewolucję muzeum na cztery etapy: od wystawy kolonialnej po obecną przebudowę.
Ukryci [The hidden]
Authors: Konopa Łukasz
Published: July 2018

The hidden (2010)Łukasz Konopa’s film is devoted to the Righteous, their fate after World War II and the problem of memory about Jews. Shot as a part of an anthropological and historical research project concerning memory about Jews in provincial Poland. Using the ethnographic interview method, the author attempts to record accounts of events which transpired during the Nazi occupation of Poland and of postwar realities of people who had helped Jews in a village in Podlasie.Łukasz Konopa talks with two men living near Białystok. Some sixty years after the war, the Wasilewski brothers recount before the camera the dramatic events in which they took part. Their parents provided shelter to three Jews from the nearby town of Trzcianne, which brought upon them persecution from their Polish neighbors.The film’s heroes, answering sincerely and with pain the researcher’s question, demonstrating exceptional bravery and opposing the hostility of their own community. Ukryci (2010)Film Łukasza Konopy poświęcony jest Sprawiedliwym, ich losom po drugiej wojnie światowej oraz problematyce pamięci o Żydach. Film powstał w ramach badań antropologicznych i historycznych nad pamięcią o Żydach na polskiej prowincji. Korzystając z metody wywiadu etnograficznego, autor podejmuje próbę zapisu relacji z wydarzeń czasu okupacji nazistowskiej i późniejszych, powojennych realiów życia osób, które pomagały Żydom w jednej z podlaskich wsi.Łukasz Konopa rozmawia z dwoma mieszkańcami okolic Białegostoku. Sześćdziesiąt kilka lat po wojnie bracia Wasilewscy opowiadają przed kamerą o dramatycznych wydarzeniach, których byli uczestnikami. Ich rodzice udzielili schronienia trójce Żydów z pobliskiego miasteczka Trzcianne, za co całą rodzinę dotknęły prześladowania ze strony polskich sąsiadów.Bohaterowie filmu, odpowiadając szczerze i z bólem na pytania badacza, dają jednocześnie dowód niezwykłej odwagi, przeciwstawiając się wrogości ze strony własnej wspólnoty.
Increase in Echogenicity of Echolucent Carotid Plaques after Treatment with Total Triterpenic Fraction of Centella asiatica: A Prospective, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial
Authors: Cesarone M. R. , Belcaro G. , Nicolaides A. N. , Geroulakos G. , Bucci M. , Dugall M. , De Sanctis M. T. , Incandela L. , Griffin M. , Sabetai M.
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (TTFCA), was effective in modulating collagen production over 12 months, by producing an increase in echogenicity in echolucent carotid plaques. Part I was a pilot study aimed at evaluating the effects of TTFCA on different types of plaques. Part II was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial aimed at evaluating the effects of TTFCA on hypoechoic-echolucent plaques. The sonographic examination of carotid plaques was made with high-resolution ultrasound. Capturing, digital image processing, and normalization were standardized, interobserver, intrascanner, gain-level variability were standardized using as reference blood (black) for the most echolucent parts of the plaque and the adventitia (white) as the most echogenic part. Normalization of echo texture was obtained and plaque characterization differentiated echo-texture of plaque associated with events and those that did not cause embolization, thrombosis, or cardiovascular events. After identifying plaques at higher risk, patients were treated with TTFCA (oral tablets, 60 mg, thrice daily for 12 months) to evaluate whether this compound, by modulating collagen synthesis, could increase the echogenicity and therefore the stability of echolucent plaques. Part II was aimed at evaluating the effects of TTFCA on hypoechoic-echolucent plaques. Asymptomatic patients with echolucent plaques (GSM < 18) were treated with TTFCA (60 mg, oral tablets three times daily for 12 months) or with comparable placebo after informed consent. All patients were also treated with antiplatelet agents. In part I, at inclusion the GSC in the hypoechoic group was 15 (range, 12–18) while in the hyperechoic group it was 26 (range, 24–31); at 6 months it was increased in the hypoechoic group and at 12 months the increase was significant (19.5; p<0.05). There was a minor increase in GSM in the hyperechoic group (30; ns). In part II in the treatment group there was a significant difference in GSM (increase) at 12 months (p<0.05), improvement in texture (p<0.05) and a nonsignificant decrease in stenosis. No changes were observed in the placebo group. Events were observed in 6.5% of patients in the TTFCA group and in 11% in the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion these observations suggest a positive action of TTFCA on the stabilization of hypoechoic, low-density carotid plaques.
Microcirculatory Effects of Total Triterpenic Fraction of Centella asiatica in Chronic Venous Hypertension: Measurement by Laser Doppler, TcPo2-co2, and Leg Volumetry
Authors: Cesarone M. R. , Belcaro G. , Rulo A. , Griffin M. , Ricci A. , Ippolito E. , De Sanctis M. T. , Incandela L. , Bavera P. , Cacchio M. , Bucci M.
Published: July 2018

The aim of this prospective, randomized study was to demonstrate whether an oral preparation of TTFCA was effective in improving the microcirculation and edema (leg volume) in venous microangiopathy. Forty patients with venous hypertension were included. Treatment was prescribed for 6 weeks (tablets, 60 mg twice daily). Patients were randomized into a treatment and a placebo group. There were 20 patients in each group. In the treatment group the mean age was 42 (SD 7; M:F = 10:10); in the placebo group, the mean age was 40 (SD 9; M:F = 10:10). Tolerability and compliance were very good; there were no dropouts. At inclusion there were no differences between placebo and treatment group. After treatment there was a decrease in resting flux (29%) and an improvement (increase) in venoarteriolar response (52%); PO2 was increased (7.2%) and PCO2 decreased (9.6%). There was an important decrease in leg volume (66 mL decrease; 1.3% volume variation). The difference in flux, O2-CO2 and volume parameters were significant and clinically important at 6 weeks in the treatment group. In conclusion, TTFCA improves microcirculation and leg volume in venous hypertension. The effects of TTFCA are observed even in a limited sample of patients.
Total Triterpenic Fraction of Centella asiatica in the Treatment of Venous Hypertension: A Clinical, Prospective, Randomized Trial Using a Combined Microcirculatory Model
Authors: Incandela L. , Belcaro G. , De Sanctis M. T. , Cesarone M. R. , Griffin M. , Ippolito E. , Bucci M. , Cacchio M.
Published: July 2018

A single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was performed on the effects of different doses of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (TTFCA) in patients with venous hypertensive microangiopathy. A combined microcirculatory model that considers laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and transcutaneous oxygen (PO2), transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) measurements was combined with the symptom evaluation. LDF tests included the baseline resting flow, the venoarteriolar reflex, and the variation of flow related to the temperature increase. All tests provided a significant difference between drug-treated groups and the placebo group, thereby allowing a distinction to be made between the higher (120 mg daily) and the lower (60 mg daily) dose of TTFCA. Transcutaneous PO2-PCO2 measurements were significantly modified by drug treatments, while no variation could be detected in the placebo group. Important Symptomatologic effects (evaluated by subjective scores) followed TTFCA administration, especially at the higher dose level, while no effect was obtained with placebo. The trend of symptom evaluation paralleled the results of objective tests of our microcirculatory model, providing evidence that this model can reveal effects of venoactive drugs on venous hypertensive microangiopathy. TTFCA displays a significant activity. Doses as high as 120 mg daily may be safely used in venous hypertension.
A New Game Started? China’s ‘Overseas Strategic Pivots’ in the Indian Ocean Region
Authors: Huang Mike Chia-Yu
Published: July 2018

China’s port facility construction projects in the Indian Ocean (IO) region, particularly those in Gwadar and Djibouti, have led to a heated debate among strategists over whether the country has been carrying out a ‘string of pearls’ strategy, an alleged Chinese scheme to challenge America’s military predominance in South Asia. Although Beijing has denied the existence of such a strategy, it has enhanced its strategic ties with littoral countries in the IO region over the past few years. This article discusses the evolution of Beijing’s IO strategy and examines the nature of these Chinese port projects. It argues that rather than simply copying the American model of developing military bases overseas, China has been deliberating a more sophisticated plan for its physical presence there—creating a new set of ‘overseas strategic pivots’. These ‘pivots’ are designed to help Beijing sustain its anti-piracy campaign and serve as forward stations for the transportation of China’s imported energy and merchandise while, with a relatively low-key stance, reducing any unnecessary opposing actions by rival powers. In addition, their political and economic functions are to a certain extent greater than their military functions despite the fact that they appear to be military bases. More importantly, these ‘pivots’ can help China create closer partnerships with littoral governments in the IO region, which suggests that the country is trying to create a friendly international environment favouring its plan to step into the global maritime domain.
Deciphering the Pauk Phaw* between Myanmar and China
Authors: Kundu Sampa
Published: July 2018

Myanmar’s relations with China experienced a few hiccups during former President Thein Sein’s regime. However, contrary to expectations, the current government led by Aung San Suu Kyi appears to have reversed this trend. This article argues that Aung San Suu Kyi, after coming to power in March 2016, adopted a foreign policy approach, which is proving to be somewhat similar to that of the military junta under which China became Myanmar’s most trusted friend in the region. It attempts to unfold various factors that have been shaping Myanmar’s approach towards China in recent years.
Fears and Tears of Transparency and Disclosure: Controversies and Politics of School Profiles in Hong Kong Since 2000
Authors: Tse Thomas Kwan Choi
Published: July 2018

One measure of current education reform in Hong Kong is reporting school performance to the public to increase the transparency and accountability of schools, enhance parents’ right of access to information, and provide guides for choosing schools. This article examines the controversies and politics involved and shows how the sociopolitical construction of information are connected to crucial questions about how the conflicting values and expectations of different stakeholders are balanced. Advocating public school performance reporting without adequate deliberation could introduce anti-educational and unethical consequences, however unintended. Drawing on the works by Albert Meijer and findings from Hong Kong, this study provides additional empirical evidence and conceptual insights for understanding the complex dynamics of school transparency in the context of public sector accountability. The article concludes with analytical and ethical implications of the Hong Kong experience and recommendations for policy makers, particularly concerning the value judgments on the right to information, freedom of choice, transparency, accountability, freedom of the press, and professionalism.
Justice administrative
Authors: Barraclough F. E.
Published: July 2018

( Communication faite au Groupe de Nouvelle Galles du Sud de VInstitute of Public Administration, Août 1936.)
Le Mouvement des Idées et des Faits
Authors: Cataldi Giuseppe
Published: July 2018

La réforme administrative en Italie, p. 151. – La réduction des opérations administratives à la frontière en Scandinavie, p. 159. – Le recours contentieux administratif en Espagne, p. 162. – Standards of conduct of the international civil servant, p. 179. – Le régime des licences en droit administratif belge, p. 187.
Fluoride Availability in Human Saliva after Dentifrice Use: Correlation with Anticaries Effects in Rats
Authors: Afflitto J. , Schmid R. , Esposito A. , Toddywala R. , Gaffar A.
Published: July 2018

Studies were conducted to determine fluoride availability in saliva after dentifrice use and to relate this parameter to cariostatic efficacy in rat caries experiments. Three dentifrices—two commercial formulations (Colgate Winterfresh Gel and Crest Dentifrice with Na-Sr-polyacrylate) and an Experimental dentifrice—were compared with respect to salivary fluoride availability. All of the dentifrices tested contained 1100 ppm F as sodium fluoride. It was observed that the Experimental dentifrice and Crest dentifrice with Sr-polyacrylate exhibited low salivary fluoride availability relative to the Colgate Winterfresh Gel. Salivary fluoride availability was assessed by means of two parameters:(a) the fluoride concentration in the dentifrice saliva slurry expectorated after brushing, and (b) the area under the curve of salivary F concentration vs. time for up to two hours after dentifrice use.

In two rat caries experiments, it was observed that both the Experimental dentifrice and the Sr-polyacrylate dentifrice provided less cariostatic efficacy than the clinically validated Positive Control (Colgate Winterfesh Gel).

Analysis of these data provides further evidence in support of the concept that fluoride availability in saliva following dentifrice use is an important parameter related to anticaries efficacy.
An Intra-oral Single-section Demineralization/Remineralization Model
Authors: Wefel J.S. , Jensen M.E.
Published: July 2018

This paper reviews the use of our intra-oral crown single-section model for the evaluation of in situ demineralization and remineralization. The model uses normal, healthy adults who are in need of a gold crown. A slot is placed in the working crown which can hold 3–4 single sections. A typical experiment would use an enamel lesion, root lesion, and sound root section which are characterized with polarized light microscopy and/or microradiography prior to insertion in the crown. After the experimental regimen, the sections are removed and re-characterized for any changes.

The model has been used to evaluate mineral changes from the use of fluoride dentifrices and rinses, chewing gum, and food sequencing. The advantages of the model system are the before-and-after measurements on the same section, a natural plaque formation, interaction with saliva, episodic demineralization and remineralization, no bulky appliances, and the use of reasonable time frames. This model, therefore, reduces the artificiality of the in situ study to a great extent and appears to be a useful predictor of demineralization/remineralization interactions.
Technical Advances in Intra-oral Model Systems Used to Assess Cariogenicity: Experimental Design and Analysis (Reactor Paper)
Authors: Stephen K.W.
Published: July 2018

In situ cariogenicity-testing models must show evidence of compliance with valid clinical parameters, and this has been achieved with respect to pyrophosphate-, monofluorophosphate-, and zinc citrate trihydrate-containing dentifrices, where earlier in vitro studies failed to predict clinical efficacy.

Parameters for validity testing should include the use of enamel fluoride uptake, plaque and/or saliva fluoride assessments, re-/demineralization assays of appliance-borne enamel slabs or slices, and plaque microbial, biochemical, and pH studies.

Model reliability must be capable of withstanding repeat calibration experiments where the dosage, frequency of application, and/or duration of exposure to a new product may be varied. Furthermore, the number of enamel slabs/slices carried per appliance (and the number of artificial caries lesions per enamel insert) requires to be defined. Such studies should be repeated, but whether in the same or different subjects, or with or without cross-over, has to be determined. However, the capability of reproducing a clinically proven dose-response is essential. Models must be sensitive enough to detect changes in any test product F concentration, but only equivalence claims should be permitted. Thus, superiority cannot be established, since accuracy may not be assumed beyond the upward limits of a clinically validated range.

Finally, models should not be so exclusive in design as to preclude independent verification of their findings.
Patient Selection and Appliance Design in Intra-oral Models
Authors: Ten Cate J.M.
Published: July 2018

The conclusions derived from in situ studies are influenced by the choices made with respect to parameters of the intra-oral model systems. In an attempt to reach a consensus, this paper considers the variables (a) selection of panelists and (b) appliance design. On both topics, a short review of available systems is given. The objectives of the intra-oral study may vary from the determination of oral physiological parameters to assessment of the effects of caries-preventive treatments. This objective is a factor influencing the choice of experimental conditions. Recommendations for panelist selection and appliance design are given for different types of studies. It is concluded that relatively little information is available about the effects of individual parameters on the performance of a model. Therefore, for an assessment of caries-preventive effectiveness, an intra-oral model should be validated against clinical trials. In addition, conditions should be chosen such as to limit the degree of artificiality of the model.
Reactor Paper concerning Patient Selection and Appliance Design in Intra-oral Models
Authors: Stookey G.K.
Published: July 2018

Patient selection and appliance design are important factors in the development of intra-oral models. Adults, rather than children, are recommended as panelists due to their similarity to children in response to fluoride for caries prevention, greater likelihood of compliance with all study requirements, and greater availability for appointments. It may be desirable for additional factors—including the presence of cariogenic micro-organisms and the characteristics of their saliva with regard to remineralization—to be used in the selection of panelists. Cross-over test designs may be desirable to minimize the impact of these variables as well as of dietary differences. Appliances should be designed to approximate the normal oral conditions to the maximum extent possible. Intra-oral models should be capable not only of detecting the effects of clinically-proven fluoride treatments but also of detecting fluoride dosage responses.
Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Interaural Differences in Time and Level
Authors: McFadden Dennis , Jeffress Lloyd A. , Russell William E.
Published: July 2018

Previous research had indicated the existence of two groups—people more sensitive to interaural time differences than to interaural level (intensity) differences and people more sensitive to level differences than to time differences. A population of undergraduates was surveyed in an attempt to estimate the relative proportions of people in the two groups. Two characteristics possessed by previous Ss classified as time-sensitive or level-sensitive were used as the basis for classification of the present Ss. The psychophysical method was single-interval forced-choice, and Ss' task was to lateralize an auditory image. Usable data were obtained from 73 out of 76 Ss. Of those that met the criterion for classification into one of the two groups, about 25% were more sensitive to time differences than to level differences.
Note on the Control of Stimulus Information Availability by Backward Masking
Authors: Henderson Leslie , Woodhouse David
Published: July 2018

Attempts to measure the termination of the icon by a patterned mask have been criticized on the grounds that S may confuse icon disappearance with mask arrival. Exp. I shows that Ss successfully detect actual temporal overlap of target and mask of as little as 10 msec. Exp. II shows that any information extracted from this target-mask integral is negligible compared to that extracted from targets alone. These results vindicate estimates of iconic readout rate which employ backward masking to control stimulus information availability.
Mixed Cerebral Dominance in Clinic and School Populations
Authors: Hanvik Leo J. , Kaste Carol M.
Published: July 2018

A study was done to determine if there are more children with mixed cerebral dominance in a child guidance clinic sample than in a public school sample and whether, in the latter, more children with mixed dominance show evidence of personal maladjustment than do children without mixed dominance. There was a nonsignificant tendency for a higher incidence of mixed dominance to be present in the clinic sample than in the school sample. In one of the three school samples tested, the average number of problems the children admitted on a personality questionnaire was significantly larger for the children with mixed dominance than for those with unmixed dominance. It is suggested on the basis of the present study that mixed dominance may be related to problems of personal adjustment. Further study appears warranted.
Information Processing vs Pupil Diameter
Authors: Poock Gary K.
Published: July 2018

The effects of information processing on pupil diameter were investigated. Results showed that pupil diameter was significantly greater than a baseline diameter when Ss were required to process information at 75 and 100% of their maximum capacity. However, when Ss were required to process information at a rate above their maximum capacity, the pupil constricted significantly below the baseline diameter. Pupil diameter may be a parameter which would identify points in time where mental overload occurs in a worker's job, and therefore identify areas of the job which should be redesigned if one wished to reduce mental overload.
Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art
Authors: Berk Richard , Heidari Hoda , Jabbari Shahin , Kearns Michael , Roth Aaron
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

Discussions of fairness in criminal justice risk assessments typically lack conceptual precision. Rhetoric too often substitutes for careful analysis. In this article, we seek to clarify the trade-offs between different kinds of fairness and between fairness and accuracy.

Methods:

We draw on the existing literatures in criminology, computer science, and statistics to provide an integrated examination of fairness and accuracy in criminal justice risk assessments. We also provide an empirical illustration using data from arraignments.

Results:

We show that there are at least six kinds of fairness, some of which are incompatible with one another and with accuracy.

Conclusions:

Except in trivial cases, it is impossible to maximize accuracy and fairness at the same time and impossible simultaneously to satisfy all kinds of fairness. In practice, a major complication is different base rates across different legally protected groups. There is a need to consider challenging trade-offs. These lessons apply to applications well beyond criminology where assessments of risk can be used by decision makers. Examples include mortgage lending, employment, college admissions, child welfare, and medical diagnoses.
Studying Participatory Budgeting
Authors: Godwin Marcia L.
Published: July 2018

Participatory budgeting (PB) is increasingly being used by local governments. The first American PB process was in Chicago in 2009 and built upon processes developed in Brazil. The adoption of PB programs in the United States has been closely tied to deliberative democracy and public engagement scholarship. As a result, PB research has benefited from detailed evaluations conducted as the first PB programs were implemented. This review essay also identifies research findings and topics for additional research. Public administration scholars and practitioners can especially contribute to this emerging literature by examining budget outcomes and the perspectives of public sector employees.
Evaluation of Multiple Hardware and Software in the Loop Signal Controllers in Simulation Environment
Authors: Chowdhury Sharmin-E-Shams , Stevanovic Aleksandar , Mitrovic Nikola
Published: July 2018

This study evaluates two groups of methods to model traffic signal operations in microscopic simulation: hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) and software-in-the-loop simulation (SILS). These methods have become standards for accurate modeling of traffic signal operations, but in spite of the large number of available options there are no studies that have conducted relevant comparative evaluations. This study bridges this gap by investigating signal timing and operational differences of these two methods in basic actuated operations of a single signalized intersection. The emphasis is given to broad examination of various platforms as opposed to more complex experiments done with individual platforms. A representative number of 65-minute simulation runs was executed for each experimental scenario. The results showed that differences between various HILS and SILS platforms are large enough that one cannot confidently switch between the platforms without affecting the final outcomes. The study confirmed previous findings about the impact of the initialization process on the simulation results, but the initialization itself does not seem to be the major source of discrepancy. Further investigation is needed to reveal role of consistency of internal NEMA-based controller logics among various controllers. These findings put a considerable dilemma/restriction on how various HILS and SILS platforms, either alone or in conjunction with other higher forms of traffic control strategies, can be used in joint fashion.
Between SET and ASP: balancing the scales of student evaluation of teaching (SET) and teachers’ assessments of student performance (ASP) for medical school education in psychiatry
Authors: Looi Jeffrey CL , Anderson Katrina J
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

We explore the relative roles of student evaluation of teaching (SET) and teachers’ assessment of student performance (ASP) in medical school education in psychiatry.

Conclusions:

We conclude that SET and ASP need to be better researched as outcome measures, and input from both processes needs to be balanced in evaluating psychiatric medical education.
The Education of Individuals With Disabilities in Guyana: An Overview
Authors: Cheong Keon A. , Kellems Ryan O. , Andersen Margaret M. , Steed Katie
Published: July 2018

Over the past 20 years, the education system in Guyana has significantly improved. Despite this improvement, students with disabilities in Guyana still face higher rates of poverty, lack of access to schools, and a lack of teachers who are trained in how to best meet their needs. Guyana has tried to address these problems with the drafting of legislation and policies such as the Persons With Disabilities Act of 2010 and the SEN Inclusion Policy. While progress has been made, there is still a need for additional efforts related to the education of individuals with disabilities in Guyana before their full potential is realized. This column presents a brief historical background and summary of current practices related to the identification, educational placements, and provision of educational services and supports for students with disabilities in Guyana. Additional needs and future recommendations are also included.
Ozenoxacin: A Novel Topical Quinolone for Impetigo
Authors: Wren Christopher , Bell Edward , Eiland Lea S.
Published: July 2018

Objective: To review the data supporting Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling of ozenoxacin and evaluate its place in therapy for impetigo. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using PubMed (1966 to May 2018) and Google Scholar (2000 to May 2018) with the search terms ozenoxacin, T-3912, and GF-001001-00. Other resources included clinicaltrials.gov , the manufacturing product label, and the FDA website. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant English-language data from abstracts, phase 1 to 4 studies, and review articles were included. Data Synthesis: FDA labeling of ozenoxacin was based on 2 phase 3 studies conducted in patients 2 months of age and older. Ozenoxacin demonstrated efficacy and safety for use in bullous or nonbullous impetigo from Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes as compared with placebo. The lack of systemic absorption results in minimal adverse drug reactions. Studies did not detect possible adverse events commonly associated with other quinolone antibiotics. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This topical quinolone has bactericidal activity against Gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ozenoxacin may have an expanded clinical role for the treatment of localized impetigo if resistance to current therapies increases significantly. However, ozenoxacin is unlikely to play a significant role in the treatment of impetigo in the foreseeable future, because of lack of direct comparative clinical efficacy data with currently recommended therapies and likely high cost. Conclusions: Ozenoxacin, the first nonfluorinated quinolone, is a safe, topical treatment for impetigo in patients 2 months of age and older. Although clinical trials demonstrate efficacy compared with placebo, comparative trials to current treatment options are needed to identify its therapeutic use.
Overcoming dualistic pedagogy: reframing Māori–Pākehā histories for New Zealand students
Authors: Burns Edgar A
Published: July 2018

Decades of social and political contention have challenged Pākehā (White) understanding of Māori Indigenous history in New Zealand from a simplistic them-and-us. Non-dualistic pedagogies in the classroom are required to deepen and embed such fundamental structural change in people’s minds. The teaching practice described here non-confrontationally engages students still constructing dualistic Pākehā identities in New Zealand. A simple class exercise visually combines modern and pre-modern examples with Māori and Pākehā categories. By creatively assembling and re-interpreting familiar socio-historical pieces of information using the table, previous assumptions are reframed in the classroom. Exclusive or non-reflexive White narratives were increasingly challenged after the 1975 Land March, the 1981 rugby tour and establishing the Treaty of Waitangi Tribunal 1975/1985. A new generation’s learning requires recognition of binarised you or us “facts” and new framing. Otherwise, merely “adding on” Māori information in the old dualistic fashion leaves unchanged dominant White narratives of modernisation, settler colonisation, and racialised beliefs of superiority.
In Vitro Studies of the Antimicrobial and Free-Radical Scavenging Potentials of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized From the Extract of Desmostachya bipinnata
Authors: Guntur Sitaramanjaneya Reddy , Kumar NS Sampath , Hegde Manasa M , Dirisala Vijaya R
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to perform green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaf extract of Desmostachya bipinnata (Dharba), a medicinally important herb which is widely used across India. Synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The results have confirmed that green synthesis of AgNPs leads to the fabrication of sphere-shaped particles with a diameter of 53 nm. Furthermore, these AgNPs were subjected to antioxidant and antimicrobial studies against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, where AgNPs at a concentration of 20 mg/mL showed highest zone of inhibition. Synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), H2O2, and superoxide inhibiting assays; increasing concentration has showed increase in scavenging ability. Cell toxicity was assessed on HepG2 cell lines, and synthesized nanoparticles at a concentration of 128 μg/mL produced significant reduction in viability of Hep cells ( P < .05). The availability of Dharba throughout the year and the eco-friendly approach in the synthesis of AgNPs coupled with bioactivity has demonstrated its potential as a novel biomaterial which can be used for various biomedical applications.
Making research on instructed SLA relevant for teachers through professional development
Authors: Lyster Roy
Published: July 2018

This article recounts three studies that portray an evolution from research examining the effects of researcher-designed instructional interventions to research examining the impact of helping teachers to design their own instructional interventions. Study 1 investigated the effects of an instructional treatment designed by the research team on students’ ability to accurately assign grammatical gender in French. The treatment yielded positive outcomes and evolved into an instructional model employed in two subsequent researcher-led professional development (PD) initiatives (Studies 2 and 3). The PD in Study 2 aimed to engage teachers with instructional practices considered effective for integrating language and content across their classes in French L2 and social studies classes taught in French. Study 3 had biliteracy instruction as its primary goal, aiming to make connections between French and English classes, specifically with respect to derivational morphology. Together the three studies point to the benefits of developing a synergy between teachers and researchers as a means (1) to support teachers in their implementation of pedagogical insights yielded by instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) research and (2) to strengthen ISLA itself in its endeavor to improve language teaching and learning.
Effectiveness and Safety of Simultaneous Integrated Boost-Proton Beam Therapy for Localized Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Kim Tae Hyun , Lee Woo Jin , Woo Sang Myung , Kim Hyunjung , Oh Eun Sang , Lee Ju Hee , Han Sung-Sik , Park Sang-Jae , Suh Yang-Gun , Moon Sung Ho , Kim Sang Soo , Kim Dae Yong
Published: July 2018

Purpose:

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and feasibility of simultaneous integrated boost-proton beam therapy in patients with localized pancreatic cancer.

Methods:

Thirty-seven patients with localized pancreatic cancer underwent simultaneous integrated boost-proton beam therapy, and 8 (21.6%) patients received induction chemotherapy. The internal target volume was obtained by summing the gross tumor volumes in exhalation phase computed tomography images. Planning target volume 1 included internal target volume plus 3 to 5 mm margins, excluding the 5 mm expanded volume of gastrointestinal structures, and planning target volume 2 included the internal target volume plus 7 to 12 mm margins. The prescribed doses to planning target volume 1 and planning target volume 2 were 45 GyE (equivalent dose in 2 Gy, 54.4 GyE10) and 30 GyE (equivalent dose in 2 Gy, 32.5 GyE10) in 10 fractions, respectively.

Results:

Overall, treatment was well tolerated, with no grade of toxicity ≥3. Median overall survival was 19.3 months, and 1-year local progression-free survival, relapse-free survival, and overall survival rates were 64.8%, 33.2%, and 75.7%, respectively. Patients treated with simultaneous integrated boost-proton beam therapy after induction chemotherapy had a significantly higher median overall survival time compared to those with simultaneous integrated boost-proton beam therapy alone (21.6 months vs 16.7 months, P = .031). Multivariate analysis showed that induction chemotherapy was a significant factor for overall survival ( P < .05).

Conclusions:

Simultaneous integrated boost-proton beam therapy could be feasible and promising for patients with localized pancreatic cancer.
Implications of the Credibility Revolution for Productivity, Creativity, and Progress
Authors: Vazire Simine
Published: July 2018

The credibility revolution (sometimes referred to as the “replicability crisis”) in psychology has brought about many changes in the standards by which psychological science is evaluated. These changes include (a) greater emphasis on transparency and openness, (b) a move toward preregistration of research, (c) more direct-replication studies, and (d) higher standards for the quality and quantity of evidence needed to make strong scientific claims. What are the implications of these changes for productivity, creativity, and progress in psychological science? These questions can and should be studied empirically, and I present my predictions here. The productivity of individual researchers is likely to decline, although some changes (e.g., greater collaboration, data sharing) may mitigate this effect. The effects of these changes on creativity are likely to be mixed: Researchers will be less likely to pursue risky questions; more likely to use a broad range of methods, designs, and populations; and less free to define their own best practices and standards of evidence. Finally, the rate of scientific progress—the most important shared goal of scientists—is likely to increase as a result of these changes, although one’s subjective experience of making progress will likely become rarer.
The short-term effects of posterior tibial nerve stimulation on anorectal physiology in patients with faecal incontinence: a single centre experience
Authors: Heywood Nick A. , Pearson James S. , Nicholson James E. , Molyneux Clare , Sharma Abhiram , Kiff Edward S. , Whorwell Peter J. , Telford Karen J.
Published: July 2018

Background:

Posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) is a novel treatment for patients with faecal incontinence (FI) and may be effective in selected patients; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. We sought to determine the effects of PTNS on anorectal physiological parameters.

Methods:

Fifty patients with FI underwent 30 min of PTNS treatment, weekly for 12 weeks. High-resolution anorectal manometry, bowel diaries and Vaizey questionnaires were performed before and after treatment. Successful treatment was determined as a greater than 50% reduction in FI episodes.

Results:

Fifty patients with FI were studied; 39 women, median age 62 years (range 30–82). Compared with pretreatment, there were reductions in episodes of urgency (16.0 versus 11.4, p = 0.006), overall FI (14.5 versus 9.1, p = 0.001), urge FI (5.4 versus 3.2, p = 0.016) and passive FI (9.1 versus 5.9, p = 0.008). Vaizey score was reduced (16.1 versus 14.5, p = 0.002). Rectal sensory volumes (ml) decreased (onset 40.3 versus 32.6, p = 0.014, call 75.7 versus 57.5, p < 0.001, urge 104.1 versus 87.4, p = 0.004). There was no significant change in anal canal pressures (mmHg) (maximum resting pressure 41.4 versus 44.2, p = 0.39, maximum squeeze pressure, 78.7 versus 88.2, p = 0.15, incremental squeeze pressure 37.2 versus 44.1, p = 0.22). Reduction in FI episodes did not correlate with changes in physiological parameters ( p > 0.05). Treatment success of 44% was independent of changes in manometric parameters ( p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

PTNS has a measureable physiological effect on rectal sensory volumes without an effect on anal canal pressures. It also reduces FI episodes; however, this effect is independent of changing physiology, suggesting that PTNS has a complex mechanism of action.
Septic pulmonary emboli causing recurrent bilateral pneumothoraces in a patient with right sided endocarditis: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Kapoor Sumit , Thakkar Jyotsana , Siddique Muhammad Asim
Published: July 2018

Patients with a history of drug abuse and right sided endocarditis are prone to develop septic pulmonary emboli. Pneumothorax is a rare complication of septic pulmonary emboli reported in the literature, likely due to the rupture of thin-walled septic cavitary lesions resembling pneumatoceles into the pleural space. Only seven cases (including our case) of pneumothorax from septic pulmonary emboli due to right sided endocarditis have been described in the literature. Our patient is the first reported case of recurrent bilateral pneumothorax due to septic pulmonary emboli and tricuspid valve endocarditis.