bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calorimetric Evidence in Support of the Nanopore Inner Sphere Enhancement Theory on Cation Adsorption
Authors: Ferreira D. R. , Schulthess C. P. , Kabengi N. J.
Published: December 2012

The nanopore inner sphere enhancement (NISE) theory provides a new theoretical model of cation adsorption within confining nanopore channels. Inside nanopore channels, hydrated ions can dehydrate and more easily adsorb via an inner sphere mechanism. Adsorption data showed that in certain nanopores, weakly hydrated monovalent cations adsorbed more strongly than divalent cations, which tend to be strongly hydrated. Flow adsorption calorimetry is a valuable tool for directly measuring the heats of the ion exchange process and was used to measure the heats of Na and Ca exchange on three zeolite minerals: zeolite Y, mordenite, and ZSM‐5. The data collected showed equal and reversible exchange reactions on mordenite but a strong endothermic Na adsorption and weak exothermic Ca adsorption on ZSM‐5. On zeolite Y, the calorimetric signal was below the instrument detection limit of 5 to 7.5 mV. These differences coincide with the adsorption mechanisms and relative competitiveness predicted by the NISE theory for these two ions on the three zeolites studied. These data elucidate an exchange reaction where Ca is outcompeted by Na, which is often considered to be a weak background electrolyte.
Soil Specific Surface Area and Non‐Singularity of Soil‐Water Retention at Low Saturations
Authors: Arthur Emmanuel , Tuller Markus , Moldrup Per , Resurreccion Augustus C. , Meding Mercer S. , Kawamoto Ken , Komatsu Toshiko , de Jonge Lis Wollesen
Published: December 2012

The dry end of the soil water characteristic (SWC) is important for modeling vapor flow dynamics and predicting soil properties such as specific surface area (SSA) and clay content (CL). Verification of new instrumentation for rapid measurement of the dry end of the SWC is relevant to avoid long equilibration times and potential for hydraulic decoupling. The objectives of this study were to measure both adsorption and desorption branches of the dry end of the SWC for 21 variably‐textured Arizona soils using new, fully automated instrumentation (AquaSorp); apply the data to parameterize the Tuller and Or (TO) and new single‐parameter non‐singularity (SPN) models; and evaluate estimates of SSA from water sorption, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME), and N2–BET methods. The AquaSorp successfully measured water sorption isotherms (∼140 data points) within a reasonably short time (1–3 d). The SPN model well described the distinct non‐singularity between the adsorption and desorption branches, while the TO model captured the adsorption data reasonably well (<5% deviation from measurements), except for matric potentials below –200 MPa. The SSA derived from water sorption and the TO model were comparable to SSAEGME for all soils. The matric potential at “zero” water content was confirmed as the widely accepted value of around –800 MPa. A non‐singularity coefficient based on water adsorption at monolayer coverage was positively correlated with CL. Obtained results show the potential of the AquaSorp to accurately measure the dry region of the SWC, providing a rapid determination of SSA.
Chemical Exposures of Women Workers in the Plastics Industry with Particular Reference to Breast Cancer and Reproductive Hazards
Authors: Dematteo Robert , Keith Margaret M. , Brophy James T. , Wordsworth Anne , Watterson Andrew E. , Beck Matthias , Ford Anne Rochon , Gilbertson Michael , Pharityal Jyoti , Rootham Magali , Scott Dayna Nadine
Published: December 2012

Despite concern about the harmful effects of substances contained in various plastic consumer products, little attention has focused on the more heavily exposed women working in the plastics industry. Through a review of the toxicology, industrial hygiene, and epidemiology literatures in conjunction with qualitative research, this article explores occupational exposures in producing plastics and health risks to workers, particularly women, who make up a large part of the workforce. The review demonstrates that workers are exposed to chemicals that have been identified as mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting chemicals, and that the work environment is heavily contaminated with dust and fumes. Consequently, plastics workers have a body burden that far exceeds that found in the general public. The nature
Static and Dynamic Biomechanical Adaptations of the Lower Limbs and Gait Pattern Changes during Pregnancy
Authors: Ribeiro Ana Paula , João Sílvia Maria Amado , Sacco Isabel Camargo Neves
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the studies that have investigated static and dynamic biomechanical changes of the lower limbs and gait patterns during pregnancy. Original articles on this subject, published between 1934 and 2012, were considered. In general, pregnant women demonstrated greater hip flexion, more extended knees and less plantar flexion ankles. These changes could explain the gait patterns of pregnant women characterized by increased hip angles, decreased propulsion forces associated with increased durations of stance phase and changes in distributions of the plantar loads with increased loads in the forefoot and decreased ones in the rearfoot. This can lead to arthrokinematic deviations that, with time, contribute to the development of musculoskeletal discomfort. In summary, these findings showed the importance of further longitudinal studies to investigate the relationships between musculoskeletal discomfort in pregnant women in the lower limbs and gait changes observed throughout this period.
Serotonin and Female Psychopathology
Authors: Hall Elise , Steiner Meir
Published: December 2012

There are sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of many psychiatric disorders. Various trends in symptomatology have emerged that are thought to be linked to periods of hormonal fluctuations such as with menses, pregnancy or menopause. With data from animal and human studies, it has become clear that there is an important interplay between the serotonergic system and gonadal hormones. The majority of the research to date has focused on the influence that estrogen has within the CNS and, in particular, how it leads to an overall increase in serotonin synthesis and availability. In reviewing this female-specific topic we hope to raise awareness to sex/gender differences in psychopathology, help identify at-risk populations and consider development of new treatment options. Future research will also need to consider the influence that progesterone and oxytocin may have on sex-specific psychopathology as well as incorporate neuroimaging and consider the influence of hormones on the serotonergic system at a genetic level.
Opportunities for Chlamydia Control in the Era of Healthcare Reform: Lessons from Two Decades of Innovative Family Planning Care
Authors: Satterwhite Catherine L , Chow Joan M , Bernstein Kyle T , Guerry Sarah L , Nakatsukasa-Ono Wendy , Bauer Heidi M
Published: December 2012

In the USA, family planning clinics are primary providers of reproductive healthcare to young women and their male partners and have long provided quality sexually transmitted infection (STI) care and prevention. Chlamydia, an easily treatable STI that can lead to serious adverse outcomes if untreated, is the most common bacterial STI in the USA, and annual chlamydia screening is recommended for sexually active women aged ≤25 years. As early adopters of routine screening, family planning clinics screen >50% of all care-seeking eligible women for chlamydia, performing better than private sector healthcare plans. To achieve high levels of quality care, family planning clinics have been leaders in implementing evidence-based care delivery and developing prevention innovations. As national healthcare reform is implemented in the USA and categorical STI clinics close, public-sector demand on family planning clinics will increase.
Synergy of hydromechanical and hydrochemical parameters in formation of solid deposits in geothermal and other waters
Authors: Andjelkovic Ljiljana , Purenovic Milovan , Randjelovic Marjan , Milicevic Dragan , Zarubica Aleksandra , Mitic Marjan , Tomovic Sreten
Published: December 2012

This paper deals with synchronised influences of hydromechanical and
hidrochemical parameters on the formation of solid deposits in geothermal and
other waters which compose complex heterogeneous and micro-heterogeneous
system of liquid-solid. Constituents of these waters in ionic, colloidal and
micro-heterogeneous suspended state of liquid-solid are responsible for the
creation of the carbonates, sulphates and other solid matters. In these
processes one cannot eliminate the influence of hydromechanical parameters
with flow velocity and water flow criteria (laminar or turbulent flow) as
vital factors. Experiments were conducted on the laboratory pilot
installation with glass pipes diameter of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mm respectively,
and the flow was monitored by means of digital peristaltic pump with the flow
rate of 2 ml/min to 5000 ml/min. The paper gives the results of the
investigation of the impact of the linear flow velocity on the relative
decrease of the initial water hardness in geothermal waters of Sijarinska
Banja spa, Niska Banja spa and the estuary water of Medijana, Nis. From the
obtained dependences, according to the linear regression model, for each
diameter critical values for linear velocities as an important parameter for
the understanding of the synergism of the hydromechanical and hydrochemical
parameters were determined.
Effects of placement angle and direction of orthopedic force application on the stability of orthodontic miniscrews
Authors: Lee Jihye , Kim Ji Young , Choi Yoon Jeong , Kim Kyung-Ho , Chung Chooryung J.
Published: December 2012

Objectives:

To evaluate the influence of placement angle and direction of orthopedic force application on the stability of miniscrews.

Materials and Methods:

Finite element analysis was performed using miniscrews inserted into supporting bone at angles of 90°, 60°, and 30° (P90°, P60°, and P30°). An orthopedic heavy force of 800 gf was applied to the heads of the miniscrews in four upward (U0°, U30°, U60°, U90°) or lateral (L0°, L30°, L60°, L90°) directions. In addition, pull-out strength of the miniscrews was measured with various force directions and cortical bone thicknesses.

Results:

Miniscrews with a placement angle of 30° (P30°) and 60° (P60°) showed a significant increase in maximum von Mises stress following the increase in lateral force vectors (U30°, U60°, U90°) compared to those with a placement angle of 90° (P90°). In accordance, the pull-out strength was higher with the axial upward force when compared to the upward force with lateral vectors. Maximum von Mises stress and displacement of the miniscrew increased as the angle of lateral force increased (L30°, L60°, L90°). However, a more dramatic increase in maximum von Mises stress was noted in P30° than in P60° and P90°.

Conclusion:

Placement of the miniscrew perpendicular to the cortical bone is advantageous in terms of biomechanical stability. Placement angles of less than 60° can reduce the stability of miniscrews when orthopedic forces are applied in various directions.
Adiponectin Corrects High-Fat Diet–Induced Disturbances in Muscle Metabolomic Profile and Whole-Body Glucose Homeostasis
Authors: Liu Ying , Turdi Subat , Park Taesik , Morris Nicholas J. , Deshaies Yves , Xu Aimin , Sweeney Gary
Published: December 2012

We provide here a detailed and comprehensive analysis of skeletal muscle metabolomic profiles in response to adiponectin in adiponectin knockout (AdKO) mice after high-fat–diet (HFD) feeding. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies showed that adiponectin administration corrected HFD-induced defects in post/basal insulin stimulated Rd and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Lipidomic profiling of skeletal muscle from HFD-fed mice indicated elevated triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol species (16:0–18:1, 18:1, and 18:0–18:2) as well as acetyl coA, all of which were mitigated by adiponectin. HFD induced elevated levels of various ceramides, but these were not significantly altered by adiponectin. Adiponectin corrected the altered branched-chain amino acid metabolism caused by HFD and corrected increases across a range of glycerolipids, fatty acids, and various lysolipids. Adiponectin also reversed induction of the pentose phosphate pathway by HFD. Analysis of muscle mitochondrial structure indicated that adiponectin treatment corrected HFD-induced pathological changes. In summary, we show an unbiased comprehensive metabolomic profile of skeletal muscle from AdKO mice subjected to HFD with or without adiponectin and relate these to changes in whole-body glucose handling, insulin signaling, and mitochondrial structure and function. Our data revealed a key signature of relatively normalized muscle metabolism across multiple metabolic pathways with adiponectin supplementation under the HFD condition.
Platelet Redox Balance in Diabetic Patients With Hypertension Improved by n-3 Fatty Acids
Authors: McDonald Denise M. , O’Kane Fiona , McConville Maeve , Devine Adrian B. , McVeigh Gary E.
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, largely as a result of defective production of cardioprotective nitric oxide and a concomitant rise in oxidative stress. Dietary interventions that could reverse this trend would be extremely beneficial. Here we investigated whether dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation positively affected platelet nitroso-redox imbalance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We randomized hypertensive T2DM patients (T2DM HT; n = 22) and age-and-sex matched hypertensive study participants without diabetes (HT alone; n = 23) in a double-blind, crossover fashion to receive 8 weeks of n-3 PUFAs (1.8 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.5 g docosahexaenoic acid) or identical olive oil capsules (placebo), with an intervening 8-week washout period. Platelet nitrite and superoxide were measured and compared before and after treatment; 8-isoprostane was determined by ELISA and subcellular compartmentalization of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p47-phox examined by Western blotting.

RESULTS

The n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced 8-isoprostane and superoxide levels in platelets from T2DM HT, but not HT alone, participants, without effect on nitrite production. This coincided with a significant decrease in p47-phox membrane localization and a similar reduction in superoxide to that achieved with apocynin. At baseline, a subcohort of T2DM HT and HT alone participants showed evidence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)–derived superoxide production, indicating defective enzymatic activity. This was reversed significantly in T2DM HT participants after treatment, demonstrating improved NOS function.

CONCLUSIONS

Our finding that n-3 PUFAs diminish platelet superoxide production in T2DM HT patients in vivo suggests a therapeutic role for these agents in reducing the vascular-derived oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
Developing an HbA1c-Based Equation to Estimate Blood Glucose in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hoshino Junichi , Molnar Miklos Z. , Yamagata Kunihiro , Ubara Yoshifumi , Takaichi Kenmei , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has been widely used as a clinically important assessment tool for outcome analyses related to glycemic control. However, because of special conditions in dialysis patients, including the uremic milieu, there is no HbA1c blood glucose (BG) equation specific for patients on dialysis. In this study, we sought to develop HbA1c-BG equation models for hemodialysis patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We examined associations between HbA1c and random serum BG over time in a contemporary cohort of diabetic patients with hemodialysis treated in DaVita dialysis clinics. We identified 11,986 patients (63 ± 12 years old and 49% male) with 69,764 paired measurements of HbA1c and BG over the course of 5 years (2001–2006). Bootstrapping method was used to estimate average BG and corresponding HbA1c levels. The association was adjusted by patient factors using linear regression.

RESULTS

Linear regression analyses yielded the following three regression equations: BG = 59.2 + 29.4 × HbA1c − 20.8 × Alb (R2 = 0.483); BG = 104.8 + 29.7 × HbA1c − 18.4 × Alb − 4.7 × Hb (R2 = 0.486); and BG = 82.9 + 30.7 × HbA1c − 16.5 × Alb − 5.4 × Hb + 0.3 × age + race (R2 = 0.491). All our models showed stronger association than previous equation models (R2 = 0.468 in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and A1c-Derived Average Glucose equations).

CONCLUSIONS

The association between HbA1c and BG in hemodialysis patients is different than that of patients with normal kidney function. Our analysis suggests that equations including serum albumin or hemoglobin are better for hemodialysis patients.
Time and Cost Analysis: Pediatric Dental Rehabilitation with General Anesthesia in the Office and the Hospital Settings
Authors: Rashewsky Stephanie , Parameswaran Ashish , Sloane Carole , Ferguson Fred , Epstein Ralph
Published: December 2012

Pediatric dental patients who cannot receive dental care in the clinic due to uncooperative behavior are often referred to receive dental care under general anesthesia (GA). At Stony Brook Medicine, dental patients requiring treatment with GA receive dental care in our outpatient facility at the Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine (SDM) or in the Stony Brook University Hospital ambulatory setting (SBUH). This study investigates the time and cost for ambulatory American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class I pediatric patients receiving full-mouth dental rehabilitation using GA in these 2 locations, along with a descriptive analysis of the patients and dental services provided. In this institutional review board–approved cross-sectional retrospective study, ICD-9 codes for dental caries (521.00) were used to collect patient records between July 2009 and May 2011. Participants were limited to ASA I patients aged 36–60 months. Complete records from 96 patients were reviewed. There were significant differences in cost, total anesthesia time, and recovery room time (P < .001). The average total time (anesthesia end time minus anesthesia start time) to treat a child at SBUH under GA was 222 ± 62.7 minutes, and recovery time (time of discharge minus anesthesia end time) was 157 ± 97.2 minutes; the average total cost was $7,303. At the SDM, the average total time was 175 ± 36.8 minutes, and recovery time was 25 ± 12.7 minutes; the average total cost was $414. After controlling for anesthesia time and procedures, we found that SBUH cost 13.2 times more than SDM. This study provides evidence that ASA I pediatric patients can receive full-mouth dental rehabilitation utilizing GA under the direction of dentist anesthesiologists in an office-based dental setting more quickly and at a lower cost. This is very promising for patients with the least access to care, including patients with special needs and lack of insurance.
The Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability in Eastern Nepal: A Presentation of the Project Methodology taking into Account the Various Origins of Water
Authors: Aubriot Olivia , Smadja Joëlle , Arnaud Yves , Chevallier Pierre , Delclaux François , Laj Paolo , Neppel Luc , Puschiasis Ornella , Savéan Marie , Seidel Jean Luc
Published: December 2012

The paper reflects the main methodological aspects of the PAPRIKA Project based on the following objectives: (i) to contribute to a more accurate assessment of glacier retreat, snow cover and climate change in Koshi Basin, Nepal; (ii) to have a better understanding of the contribution of glacier and snow melting to water availability; (iii) to correlate the results with local people's perceptions of climate change and their socio-economic impact. For this, the paper:highlights the fact that the water used by the population comes from different origins (glacier melting, snow melting, frost, rain) the combination of which varies between the four main landscape units: high, middle and low mountains, and finally the Terai plain;describes the methodology adopted to observe and analyse current as well as future environmental changes in the atmosphere, cryosphere and hydrosphere;shows that, for each origin, different reasons may explain the changes in water availability, and thus the impact on agriculture and the different water usages.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7197 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.12-17
Perception and Realities of the Impact of Global Changes on Water Resources and Agricultural Practices - Preliminary Findings of AGloCAP Project in Indrawati Basin, Nepal
Authors: Sijapati Suman , Bhatt Dinesh
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the trends of precipitation and temperature in the Indrawati basin, Nepal and tries to compare it with the experiences and perceptions of the local farming communities. It forms part of the preliminary findings from the AGloCAP (Adaptation to Global Change in Agricultural Practices) project under which field data is being collected from selected sample sites in the basin. The impact of global changes on agricultural practices and underlying socio-economic variables has been analysed by characterizing the basin into different agro-ecological zones.The preliminary analysis of field data reveal that global changes is having diverse impact on agriculture ranging from change in agro-climatic condition, shifting of cropping areas, change in timing of agricultural activities, change in input levels, outbreak of disease and pests. The farmers’ perceptions of these changes, although sometime found to be a bit exaggerated and possessing their own interpretations, were observed to be very much in line with the identified trends of climatic factors. Similarly, it was also observed that in addition to the changing climatic condition, the underlying social, economical and institutional drivers have a remarkable influence on agricultural production in the region and that global change is first impacting those who are already marginal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7201 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.35-41
Roots and Tubers: An Alternate Energy Rich Feed Ingredients for Rural Pig Production
Authors: Osti Netra Prasad , Mandal Pulkit
Published: December 2012

Pigs are neglected domestic animal species reared under poor care and management. Chwanche, Hurra and Bampudke are major native pigs of Nepal whereas Landrace, Yarkshire, Pakhribash Black, Tamworth and Durock are the introduced pigs. A survey was conducted in selected districts of Nepal in order to understand feeding system of indigenous pigs and also collect feed samples for chemical analysis. In all surveyed sites, the pig herd size was relatively small (2-4/farm). Kitchen waste from home or hotel, local seasonal vegetable or fruit i.e. non-consumable for human being, local sweet potato and their vines (in few areas), roots and tubers and their leaves such as- Pindalu (Clocasea sps), Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus L), Turnip (Brassia rape) and Radish (Raphnes sativa L), rice bran and maize flour were the major feed ingredients. Sweet potato had high energy content as compared to other roots and tubers and was comparable to rice bran and maize which are the major sources of energy in livestock feeds. Findings thus indicated that roots and tubers in rural areas could be an alternative as of energy rich feed ingredients which could be utilized if maize and rice bran are expensive and unavailable. Further research on level of feeding, conservation technique and varietals improvement is needed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7202 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.42-43
Enhancing Water Productivity for Agriculture and Adapting to Climate Change in Food Insecure Areas - Practical Experiences from Far and Mid West Nepal
Authors: Seppänen Kaisa , Chand Chakra Bahadur
Published: December 2012

The Rural Village Water Resources Management Project Phase II (RVWRMP-II) works in some of the most remote, food insecure and water scarce areas of Nepal, where the impacts and effects of climate change are already visible. The farmers of the project region are dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Large parts of the project area (parts of Humla and Bajura Districts, for instance) depend on food aid.In Phase II, specific attention is being paid to climate change adaptation, efficient use of water for agriculture, and food security and nutrition.RVWRMP facilitates communities to design and implement Water Use Master Plans (WUMP). One of the objectives of a WUMP is to optimize the use of water for agriculture. Micro-irrigation, rain water harvesting, multi-use schemes, using drainage water from tap stands for home gardens and organic fertilizers are some of the ways to improve the food security in the communities. Water source protection, watershed conservation, soil protection and crop selection are key technical areas of interest to enable adaptation to the anticipated changes in climate.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7205 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.54-58
Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Food Security of Nepal
Authors: Mehta Roshan Kumar , Shah Shree Chandra
Published: December 2012

The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is widely believed to be causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, and snow cover and aquatic life. Changes in climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation have potential to influence agrobiodiversity and its production. An average of 0.04°C/ year and 0.82 mm/year rise in annual average maximum temperature and precipitation respectively from 1975 to 2006 has been recorded in Nepal. Frequent droughts, rise in temperature, shortening of the monsoon season with high intensity rainfall, severe floods, landslides and mixed effects on agricultural biodiversity have been experienced in Nepal due to climatic changes. A survey done in the Chitwan District reveals that lowering of the groundwater table decreases production and that farmers are attracted to grow less water consuming crops during water scarce season. The groundwater table in the study area has lowered nearly one meter from that of 15 years ago as experienced by the farmers. Traditional varieties of rice have been replaced in the last 10 years by modern varieties, and by agricultural crops which demand more water for cultivation. The application of groundwater for irrigation has increased the cost of production and caused severe negative impacts on marginal crop production and agro-biodiversity. It is timely that suitable adaptive measures are identified in order to make Nepalese agriculture more resistant to the adverse impacts of climate change, especially those caused by erratic weather patterns such as the ones experienced recently.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7206 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.59-63
Integrated Aquaculture within Agriculture Irrigation for Food Security and Adaptation to Climate Change
Authors: Gurung Tek Bahadur
Published: December 2012

In the existing complexities of climate change, biodiversity, subsistence farming and several other issues associated with agriculture production, gaining self sufficiency in food security is challenging. Experiences from many countries suggest that aquaculture integration within agricultural irrigation, where aquaculture is a non-consumptive user of water, has contributed to increase overall productivity. Irrigation purposively provides water for agriculture in other than rain fed conditions. Strategically, however, irrigation should lead to efficient water management for increased agricultural production especially in present context of biodiversity loss, poverty, water, food and nutritional insecurity in the era of climate change. To overcome the problems of food security and many other relevant issues, the integration of aquaculture within agriculture irrigation is highly recommended.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7214 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.73-77
Rice: Water, Food Security and Climate Change in Nepal
Authors: Basnet Bhola Man Singh
Published: December 2012

Rice is the staple food for more than 50% of the world’s population, and more than 90% rice is produced and consumed in Asian countries (IRRI.org). In Nepal, both the national economy and food security depend on rice production. Theoretically, about 5,000 liters of water are required to produce one kilogram of paddy (IRRI.org). Now, water is becoming a scarce resource in the world because of global warming. Extreme weather and erratic rainfall are becoming common phenomena. One degree Celsius increase in nighttime temperature decreases rice production by 10% (IRRI.org). Food security, nutrition security, profitability and ustainability are the major issues. Stress-tolerant rice varieties (i.e., from the stress of flood, drought, heat, cold, pests, soil fertility degradation, etc.) and crop management technologies are generated by research. Irrigated rice is the major contributor of methane gas emissions. Thus, direct seeded rice helps to reduce methane emissions. Resource conservation technologies/conservation agriculture are some of the ways for reducing methane emissions and encouraging carbon sequestration. World rice scientists are engaged in C4 Rice Project and, if successful, 50% more rice production will be possible with less water and fertilizer.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7217 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.78-80
The Wisconsin Magazine of History: A Case Study in Scholarly and Popular Approaches to American State Historical Society Publishing, 1917–2000
Authors: Schumacher Ryan
Published: December 2012

This article examines the history of American historical societies by focusing on the Wisconsin Magazine of History (WMH), published by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (now known as the Wisconsin Historical Society). The first half of the paper relates the history of American state historical societies and their publishing ventures until the founding of the WMH in 1917. The first American state historical societies were private organizations of elite men, and their publications were meant to notify similar organizations of their proceedings. The advent of public state historical organizations opened membership to a much broader segment of society, but the professionalization of the study of history in the late nineteenth century brought about a more rigorous approach to the writing of history. Throughout the twentieth century, the SHSW and similar organizations have sought to balance an appeal to a broad public and a scholarly approach to history in publications such as the WMH. By examining issues of the WMH from 1917 to 2000, as the author has done in the second half of the paper, one can see how the publication, with audiences clearly in mind, tilted toward one side of this balance or the other in its design and content.
Impact of Three State Practices on Effectiveness of Hot-Mix Asphalt Overlay
Authors: Dawson Tyler A. , Baladi Gilbert Y. , Beach Adam C. , Dean Christopher M. , Haider Syed Waqar , Chatti Karim
Published: December 2012

The effectiveness of pavement treatments is a function of several factors, including material quality, design, distribution of pavement condition states (conditions and rates of deterioration) before treatment, and construction quality. Because of these factors, state highway agencies have established estimates of treatment service lives with significantly wide ranges. These wide ranges make the calculation of treatment benefits or effectiveness a difficult task unless the role of each factor that affects service life is well understood. This study analyzed the impacts of the state of the practice of Colorado, Louisiana, and Washington on the effectiveness of thin (< 2.5 in.) hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlay treatment. This paper reports that analysis of time-series pavement condition and distress data of previously treated pavement sections can be tabulated in a matrix format to demonstrate a snapshot examination of past practice. Such matrices are called treatment transition matrices (T2Ms). The data in the matrices express the probability that a pavement treatment will have certain effectiveness. T2Ms for pavement projects subjected to thin HMA overlays by three state highway agencies are discussed. Differences in treatment effectiveness were related to differences in the state of the practice in the three states. Selection of treatment timing and project boundaries significantly affected treatment effectiveness, and similar states of the practice yielded similar treatment effectiveness.
Long-Term Field Monitoring and Evaluation of Maintenance Practices for Pervious Concrete Pavement in Vermont
Authors: Suozzo Mark J. , Dewoolkar Mandar M.
Published: December 2012

Pervious concrete pavement (PCP) is used because of its unique properties that allow water to infiltrate into the surface. The objectives of the study reported in this paper were to observe the performance of PCP in the field, determine the effectiveness of cleaning methods to restore infiltration rates, and compare field observations with laboratory results when possible. Two PCP sites in Vermont were monitored over a year through the measurement of infiltration rates at several locations. Facility-wide cleaning operations, such as street sweeping and vacuum-truck cleaning, were tested for their capability to restore infiltration rates. Spot-cleaning methods, such as hand vacuuming, pressure washing, and a combination of the two, were also tested. Infiltration rates decreased gradually during the monitoring period, with average reductions of 59% at the first facility and 26% at the second. Street sweeping and vacuum-truck cleaning restored infiltration rates by 21% and 30%, respectively, but could not restore severely clogged areas. Spot-cleaning methods increased infiltration rates by 85% after pressure washing, 10% after vacuuming, and 100% after pressure washing followed by vacuuming. Vacuum-truck cleaning was recommended. Either method, however, should be used for maintenance operations and should be started after construction. Spot-cleaning methods, with the exception of vacuuming, restored infiltration rates of severely clogged areas and were recommended for localized cleaning. Long-term monitoring compared reasonably well with that of earlier studies, whereas the results associated with cleaning were substantially lower than those found in the literature.
Repair of Construction-Related Deterioration in Precast Deck-Panel Bridges
Authors: Alvi Atiq H. , Gualtero Ivan , Sen Rajan , Mullins Gray
Published: December 2012

Precast, partial-depth deck panels have been used throughout the United States as stay-in-place forms and to provide a portion of deck strength. In Florida, fiberboard material was routinely placed along the edges of the panels to seal the overlay of concrete, rather than embed the panels in grout. This approach did not allow the concrete to flow fully underneath the panel ends and did not provide a reliable, rigid bearing. The seriousness of this seemingly minor change in practice was only fully recognized nearly two decades later, when seven punching shear failures occurred on major highways. This paper reviews eight repair methods employed by the Florida Department of Transportation to maintain 200 deck-panel structures until they could be replaced. The paper highlights the difficulties that were faced in devising repairs when the underlying cause of the damage was not understood fully. Full-depth bay replacement with cast-in-place concrete was the most effective approach but required extended lane closures. Full-depth precast panels could be installed during nighttime lane closures but cost more. The most important lesson learned was that flexible materials, such as asphalt, were best avoided to repair the bridge decks.
Integration of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis with Bridge Management Systems
Authors: Safi Mohammed , Sundquist Håkan , Karoumi Raid , Racutanu George
Published: December 2012

Many countries use bridge management systems (BMSs), and many of these systems involve some form of life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis. Use of LCC analysis in bridge engineering is rare, however; the technique has been applied primarily in the operation phase to support decisions about bridges that already exist. Yet LCC analysis can be applied across the life of a bridge. This paper introduces the Swedish Bridge and Tunnel Management System (BaTMan). A comprehensive, integrated LCC implementation scheme takes into account the bridge investment and management processes in Sweden. The basic economic analytical tools as well as other helpful LCC analysis techniques are described. A case study demonstrates improvements in BaTMan as a factor in the decision whether to repair or to replace a bridge. Cost records for 1,987 bridges were used as input data in the case study. On the basis of the same records, the average real and anticipated initial costs of various bridge types in Sweden are presented schematically.
Comprehensive Model for Highway Bridge Maintenance Quality Evaluation in Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Ma Yongfeng , Lu Jian John , Zhang Wenbo , Zhao Jiguang
Published: December 2012

An evaluation of bridge quality is important to plan maintenance activities, take correct maintenance countermeasures, and ensure the safety of bridge services. To help fulfill the requirements for the management of high-grade maintenance of highway bridges, a comprehensive evaluation system of bridge maintenance quality is presented. The system consists of a method to evaluate bridge condition and road–bridge adaptability. On the basis of expert survey results, weights for all indices were calculated. A highway category correction factor illustrates the significance of bridges located at various highway grades. A comprehensive evaluation model for bridge maintenance quality was designed. A ranking of criteria and maintenance countermeasures is presented. An example to validate the model is illustrated on the basis of the contrast between the evaluation results derived from the models and the experts, respectively.
Volume-outcome relationship in neurotrauma care
Authors: Clement R. Carter , Carr Brendan G. , Kallan Michael J. , Wolff Catherine , Reilly Patrick M. , Malhotra Neil R.
Published: December 2012

Object

A positive correlation between outcomes and the volume of patients seen by a provider has been supported by numerous studies. Volume-outcome relationships (VORs) have been well documented in the setting of both neurosurgery and trauma care and have shaped regionalization policies to optimize patient outcomes. Several authors have also investigated the correlation between patient volume and cost of care, known as the volume-cost relationship (VCR), with mixed results. The purpose of the present study was to investigate VORs and VCRs in the treatment of common intracranial injuries by testing the hypotheses that outcomes suffer at small-volume centers and costs rise at large-volume centers.

Methods

The authors performed a cross-sectional cohort study of patients with neurological trauma using the 2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest nationally representative all-payer data set. Patients were identified using ICD-9 codes for subdural, subarachnoid, and extradural hemorrhage following injury. Transfers were excluded from the study. In the primary analysis the association between a facility's neurotrauma patient volume and patient survival was tested. Secondary analyses focused on the relationships between patient volume and discharge status as well as between patient volume and cost. Analyses were performed using logistic regression.

Results

In-hospital mortality in the overall cohort was 9.9%. In-hospital mortality was 14.9% in the group with the smallest volume of patients, that is, fewer than 6 cases annually. At facilities treating 6–11, 12–23, 24–59, and 60+ patients annually, mortality was 8.0%, 8.3%, 9.5%, and 10.0%, respectively. For these groups there was a significantly reduced risk of in-hospital mortality as compared with the group with fewer than 6 annual patients; the adjusted ORs (and corresponding 95% CIs) were 0.45 (0.29–0.68), 0.56 (0.38–0.81), 0.63 (0.44–0.90), and 0.59 (0.41–0.87), respectively. For these same groups (once again using < 6 cases/year as the reference), there were no statistically significant differences in either estimated actual cost or duration of hospital stay.

Conclusions

A VOR exists in the treatment of neurotrauma, and a meaningful threshold for significantly improved mortality is 6 cases per year. Emergency and interfacility transport policies based on this threshold might improve national outcomes. Cost of care does not differ significantly with patient volume.
Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery in the pediatric population
Authors: Chivukula Srinivas , Koutourousiou Maria , Snyderman Carl H. , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C. , Gardner Paul A. , Tyler-Kabara Elizabeth C.
Published: December 2012

Object

The use of endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) for skull base pathologies in the pediatric population presents unique challenges and has not been well described. The authors reviewed their experience with endoscopic endonasal approaches in pediatric skull base surgery to assess surgical outcomes and complications in the context of presenting patient demographics and pathologies.

Methods

A retrospective review of 133 pediatric patients who underwent EES at our institution from July 1999 to May 2011 was performed.

Results

A total of 171 EESs were performed for skull base tumors in 112 patients and bony lesions in 21. Eighty-five patients (63.9%) were male, and the mean age at the time of surgery was 12.7 years (range 2.3–18.0 years). Skull base tumors included angiofibromas (n = 24), craniopharyngiomas (n = 16), Rathke cleft cysts (n = 12), pituitary adenomas (n = 11), chordomas/chondrosarcomas (n = 10), dermoid/epidermoid tumors (n = 9), and 30 other pathologies. In total, 19 tumors were malignant (17.0%). Among patients with follow-up data, gross-total resection was achieved in 16 cases of angiofibromas (76.2%), 9 of craniopharyngiomas (56.2%), 8 of Rathke cleft cysts (72.7%), 7 of pituitary adenomas (70%), 5 of chordomas/chondrosarcomas (50%), 6 of dermoid/epidermoid tumors (85.7%), and 9 cases of other pathologies (31%). Fourteen patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 5 received chemotherapy. Sixteen patients (15.4%) showed tumor recurrence and underwent reoperation. Bony abnormalities included skull base defects (n = 12), basilar invagination (n = 4), optic nerve compression (n = 3) and trauma (n = 2); preexisting neurological dysfunction resolved in 12 patients (57.1%), improved in 7 (33.3%), and remained unchanged in 2 (9.5%). Overall, complications included CSF leak in 14 cases (10.5%), meningitis in 5 (3.8%), transient diabetes insipidus in 8 patients (6.0%), and permanent diabetes insipidus in 12 (9.0%). Five patients (3.8%) had transient and 3 (2.3%) had permanent cranial nerve palsies. The mean follow-up time was 22.7 months (range 1–122 months); 5 patients were lost to follow-up.

Conclusions

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has proved to be a safe and feasible approach for the management of a variety of pediatric skull base pathologies. When appropriately indicated, EES may achieve optimal outcomes in the pediatric population.
Value of endoscopy for maximizing tumor removal in endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery
Authors: McLaughlin Nancy , Eisenberg Amy A. , Cohan Pejman , Chaloner Charlene B. , Kelly Daniel F.
Published: December 2012

Object

Endoscopy as a visual aid (endoscope assisted) or as the sole visual method (fully endoscopic) is increasingly used in pituitary adenoma surgery. Authors of this study assessed the value of endoscopic visualization for finding and removing residual adenoma after initial microscopic removal.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent endoscope-assisted microsurgical removal of pituitary adenoma were included in this study. The utility of the endoscope in finding and removing residual adenoma not visualized by the microscope was noted intraoperatively. After maximal tumor removal under microscopic visualization, surgeries were categorized as to whether additional tumor was removed via endoscopy. Tumor removal and remission rates were also noted. Patients undergoing fully endoscopic tumor removal during this same period were excluded from the study.

Results

Over 3 years, 140 patients (41% women, mean age 50 years) underwent endoscope-assisted adenoma removal of 30 endocrine-active microadenomas and 110 macroadenomas (39 endocrine-active, 71 endocrine-inactive); 16% (23/140) of patients had prior surgery. After initial microscopic removal, endoscopy revealed residual tumor in 40% (56/140) of cases and the additional tumor was removed in 36% (50 cases) of these cases. Endoscopy facilitated additional tumor removal in 54% (36/67) of the adenomas measuring ≥ 2 cm in diameter and in 19% (14/73) of the adenomas smaller than 2 cm in diameter (p < 0.0001); additional tumor removal was achieved in 20% (6/30) of the microadenomas. Residual tumor was typically removed from the suprasellar extension and folds of the collapsed diaphragma sellae or along or within the medial cavernous sinus. Overall, 91% of endocrine-inactive tumors were gross-totally or near-totally removed, and 70% of endocrine-active adenomas had early remission.

Conclusions

After microscope-based tumor removal, endoscopic visualization led to additional adenoma removal in over one-third of patients. The panoramic visualization of the endoscope appears to facilitate more complete tumor removal than is possible with the microscope alone. These findings further emphasize the utility of endoscopic visualization in pituitary adenoma surgery. Longer follow-ups and additional case series are needed to determine if endoscopic adenomectomy translates into higher long-term remission rates.