bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection of living donor liver grafts for patients weighing 6kg or less
Authors: Yamada Naoya , Sanada Yukihiro , Hirata Yuta , Okada Noriki , Wakiya Taiichi , Ihara Yoshiyuki , Miki Atsushi , Kaneda Yuji , Sasanuma Hideki , Urahashi Taizen , Sakuma Yasunaru , Yasuda Yoshikazu , Mizuta Koichi
Published: November 2014

In the field of pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), physicians sometimes must reduce the volume of left lateral segment (LLS) grafts to prevent large‐for‐size syndrome. There are 2 established methods for decreasing the size of an LLS graft: the use of a segment 2 (S2) monosegment graft and the use of a reduced LLS graft. However, no procedure for selecting the proper graft type has been established. In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation of LDLT and examined the strategy of graft selection for patients weighing ≤6 kg. LDLT was conducted 225 times between May 2001 and December 2012, and 15 of the procedures were performed in patients weighing ≤6 kg. We selected S2 monosegment grafts and reduced LLS grafts if the preoperative computed tomography (CT)–volumetry value of the LLS graft was >5% and 4% to 5% of the graft/recipient weight ratio, respectively. We used LLS grafts in 7 recipients, S2 monosegment grafts in 4 recipients, reduced S2 monosegment grafts in 3 recipients, and a reduced LLS graft in 1 recipient. The reduction rate of S2 monosegment grafts for use as LLS grafts was 48.3%. The overall recipient and graft survival rates were both 93.3%, and 1 patient died of a brain hemorrhage. Major surgical complications included hepatic artery thrombosis in 2 recipients, bilioenteric anastomotic strictures in 2 recipients, and portal vein thrombosis in 1 recipient. In conclusion, our graft selection strategy based on preoperative CT‐volumetry is highly useful in patients weighing ≤6 kg. S2 monosegment grafts are effective and safe in very small infants particularly neonates. Liver Transpl 21:233‐238, 2015. © 2014 AASLD.
Relationship Between the Free Radical Polymerization Rates of Methacrylates and the Chemical Properties of their Monomeric Radicals
Authors: Cinar Sesil Agopcan , De Proft Frank , Avci Duygu , Aviyente Viktorya , De Vleeschouwer Freija
Published: November 2014

In this study, the rate of photopolymerization (Rp) of 21 alkyl methacrylates is correlated with the chemical properties of their monomeric radicals by making use of the enthalpic and polar effects of these radicals. Based on these properties, a general non‐linear expression is derived by optimizing the radicals and evaluating both their stability and polar effects, via the radical electrophilicity, using density functional theory. The expression performs quite well in predicting Rp for 16 of the 21 methacrylates with an R2 value of 0.9384, but does not hold for too unstable and/or too nucleophilic radicals. Increasing the stability or decreasing the nucleophilicity of the monomeric radical results in a higher polymerization rate; in addition, the influence of the polar effects becomes larger for more stable radicals. Methacrylates containing a pendant phenyl, where π–π stacking plays an important role, are experimentally found to have a higher polymerization rate than predicted.

image
A method for safety testing of radiofrequency/microwave‐emitting devices using MRI
Authors: Alon Leeor , Cho Gene Y. , Yang Xing , Sodickson Daniel K. , Deniz Cem M.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Strict regulations are imposed on the amount of radiofrequency (RF) energy that devices can emit to prevent excessive deposition of RF energy into the body. In this study, we investigated the application of MR temperature mapping and 10‐g average specific absorption rate (SAR) computation for safety evaluation of RF‐emitting devices.

Methods

Quantification of the RF power deposition was shown for an MRI‐compatible dipole antenna and a non–MRI‐compatible mobile phone via phantom temperature change measurements. Validation of the MR temperature mapping method was demonstrated by comparison with physical temperature measurements and electromagnetic field simulations. MR temperature measurements alongside physical property measurements were used to reconstruct 10‐g average SAR.

Results

The maximum temperature change for a dipole antenna and the maximum 10‐g average SAR were 1.83°C and 12.4 W/kg, respectively, for simulations and 1.73°C and 11.9 W/kg, respectively, for experiments. The difference between MR and probe thermometry was <0.15°C. The maximum temperature change and the maximum 10‐g average SAR for a cell phone radiating at maximum output for 15 min was 1.7°C and 0.54 W/kg, respectively.

Conclusion

Information acquired using MR temperature mapping and thermal property measurements can assess RF/microwave safety with high resolution and fidelity. Magn Reson Med 74:1397–1405, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient 3D data transfer operators based on numerical integration
Authors: Bussetta Philippe , Boman Romain , Ponthot Jean‐Philippe
Published: November 2014

This paper deals with data transfer between two meshes as it happens in a finite element context when a remeshing has to be performed. We propose a finite‐volume‐based data transfer method for an efficient remeshing of three‐dimensional solid mechanics problems. The originality of this transfer method stems from a linear reconstruction of the fields to be transferred on an auxiliary finite volume mesh, a fast computation of the transfer operator and the application to the complete remeshing of 3D problems. This procedure is applicable to both nodal values and discrete fields defined at quadrature points. In addition, a data transfer method using mortar elements is presented. The main improvement made to this second method comes from a fast computation of mortar elements. These two data transfer methods are compared with the simplest transfer method, which consists of a classical interpolation. After some academic examples, we present 2D forging and 3D friction stir welding applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photolysis of acetophenone derivatives with α‐cyclopropyl substituents
Authors: Ranaweera Ranaweera A. A. Upul , Weragoda Geethika K. , Bain John , Watanabe Shinji , Abe Manabu , Gudmundsdottir Anna D.
Published: November 2014

Laser flash photolysis of cyclopropyl(phenyl)methanone 6 in argon‐saturated methanol yields the triplet ketone (T1K) of 6 that is formed with a rate constant of ~1.7 × 107 s−1(λmax = 360 nm) and has a lifetime of ~1.4 µs. T1Kof 6 decays to form ketyl radical 7 (λmax~300 nm), which dimerizes to form photoproducts, pinacol derivatives 8 and 9. In comparison, photolysis oftrans‐phenyl(2‐phenylcyclopropyl)methanone 1 in argon‐saturated chloroform‐d results incis‐phenyl(2‐phenylcyclopropyl)methanone 2 and a smaller amount of 3, presumably through 1,3‐biradical 11. Nanosecond laser flash photolysis of 1 does not reveal significant transient absorption, although the T1Kof 1 is detected with phosphorescence at 77 K. Density functional theory calculations were used to elucidate the triplet reactivity of 1, 2 and 6 by comparing the feasibility of H atom abstraction, cyclopropyl cleavage and β‐quenching of their triplet ketones. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of highly dispersed, block copolymer‐grafted TiO2 nanoparticles within neat block copolymer films
Authors: Hailu Shimelis T. , Samant Saumil , Grabowski Christopher , Durstock Michael , Karim Alamgir , Raghavan Dharmaraj
Published: November 2014

The objective of the study is to formulate exclusive block copolymer (BCP) nanocomposites by dispersing bcp end‐grafted nanoparticles (bcp‐g‐nps) of PMMA‐b‐PS‐g‐TiO2 within PS‐b‐PMMA matrix. PMMA‐b‐PS‐g‐TiO2 is synthesized using a “grafting‐to” approach and characterized by XPS and TGA to establish that the copolymer chains were bonded to NPs. Good dispersion of bcp‐g‐nps in PMMA and PS‐PMMA bcp films is observed, in contrast to poor dispersion in PS films. In PS‐PMMA films, the compatible and identical bcp nature of the end‐grafted polymer, and large NP size caused it to span across entire PS‐PMMA domains. Poor and good dispersion in PS and PMMA matrices, respectively, can be rationalized by the fact that NPs interactions are driven by the PMMA at the outer corona of the bcp‐g‐nps. Developing bcp‐g‐nps as a strategic route to preparation of highly dispersed high permittivity NPs like titanium dioxide (TiO2) in bcp matrix can have important ramifications for energy storage devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 468–478
Synthesis of biodegradable thermoplastic elastomers from ε‐caprolactone and lactide
Authors: Nakayama Yuushou , Aihara Kazuki , Yamanishi Hitomi , Fukuoka Hiroshi , Tanaka Ryo , Cai Zhengguo , Shiono Takeshi
Published: November 2014

This article reports the synthesis and the properties of novel thermoplastic elastomers of A‐B‐A type triblock copolymer structure, where the hard segment A is poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) and the soft segment B is poly(ε‐caprolactone‐stat‐d,l‐lactide) (P(CL‐stat‐DLLA)). The P(CL‐stat‐DLLA) block with DLLA content of 30 mol % was applied because of its amorphous nature and low glass transition temperature (Tg = approximately −40 °C). Successive polymerization of l‐lactide afforded PLLA‐block‐P(CL‐stat‐DLLA)‐block‐PLLAs, which exhibited melting temperature (Tm = approximately 150 °C) for the crystalline PLLA segments and still low Tg (approximately −30 °C) of the soft segments. The triblock copolymers showed very high elongation at break up to approximately 2800% and elastic properties. The corresponding d‐triblock copolymers, PDLA‐block‐P(CL‐stat‐DLLA)‐block‐PDLAs (PDLA = poly(d‐lactide)) were also prepared with the same procedure using d‐lactide in place of l‐lactide. When the PLLA‐block‐P(CL‐stat‐DLLA)‐block‐PLLA was blended with PDLA‐block‐P(CL‐stat‐DLLA)‐block‐PDLA, stereocomplex crystals were formed to enhance their Tm as well as tensile properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 489–495
Protein unfolding rates correlate as strongly as folding rates with native structure
Authors: Broom Aron , Gosavi Shachi , Meiering Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2014

Although the folding rates of proteins have been studied extensively, both experimentally and theoretically, and many native state topological parameters have been proposed to correlate with or predict these rates, unfolding rates have received much less attention. Moreover, unfolding rates have generally been thought either to not relate to native topology in the same manner as folding rates, perhaps depending on different topological parameters, or to be more difficult to predict. Using a dataset of 108 proteins including two‐state and multistate folders, we find that both unfolding and folding rates correlate strongly, and comparably well, with well‐established measures of native topology, the absolute contact order and the long range order, with correlation coefficient values of 0.75 or higher. In addition, compared to folding rates, the absolute values of unfolding rates vary more strongly with native topology, have a larger range of values, and correlate better with thermodynamic stability. Similar trends are observed for subsets of different protein structural classes. Taken together, these results suggest that choosing a scaffold for protein engineering may require a compromise between a simple topology that will fold sufficiently quickly but also unfold quickly, and a complex topology that will unfold slowly and hence have kinetic stability, but fold slowly. These observations, together with the established role of kinetic stability in determining resistance to thermal and chemical denaturation as well as proteases, have important implications for understanding fundamental aspects of protein unfolding and folding and for protein engineering and design.
Structural analysis of mevalonate‐3‐kinase provides insight into the mechanisms of isoprenoid pathway decarboxylases
Authors: Vinokur Jeffrey M. , Korman Tyler P. , Sawaya Michael R. , Collazo Michael , Cascio Duillio , Bowie James U.
Published: November 2014

In animals, cholesterol is made from 5‐carbon building blocks produced by the mevalonate pathway. Drugs that inhibit the mevalonate pathway such as atorvastatin (lipitor) have led to successful treatments for high cholesterol in humans. Another potential target for the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis is mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of (R)‐mevalonate diphosphate, followed by decarboxylation to yield isopentenyl pyrophosphate. We recently discovered an MDD homolog, mevalonate‐3‐kinase (M3K) from Thermoplasma acidophilum, which catalyzes the identical phosphorylation of (R)‐mevalonate, but without concomitant decarboxylation. Thus, M3K catalyzes half the reaction of the decarboxylase, allowing us to separate features of the active site that are required for decarboxylation from features required for phosphorylation. Here we determine the crystal structure of M3K in the apo form, and with bound substrates, and compare it to MDD structures. Structural and mutagenic analysis reveals modifications that allow M3K to bind mevalonate rather than mevalonate diphosphate. Comparison to homologous MDD structures show that both enzymes employ analogous Arg or Lys residues to catalyze phosphate transfer. However, an invariant active site Asp/Lys pair of MDD previously thought to play a role in phosphorylation is missing in M3K with no functional replacement. Thus, we suggest that the invariant Asp/Lys pair in MDD may be critical for decarboxylation rather than phosphorylation.
Single Adult Kidney Stem/Progenitor Cells Reconstitute Three-Dimensional Nephron Structures In Vitro
Authors: Kitamura Shinji , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Makino Hirofumi
Published: November 2014

The kidneys are formed during development from two distinct primordial tissues, the metanephric mesenchyme and the ureteric bud. The metanephric mesenchyme develops into the kidney nephron, the minimal functional unit of the kidney. A nephron consists of several segments and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis in addition to secreting certain hormones. It has been predicted that the kidney will be among the last organs successfully regenerated in vitro due to its complex structure and multiple functions. Here, we show that adult kidney stem/progenitor cells (KS cells), derived from the S3 segment of adult rat kidney nephrons, can reconstitute a three-dimensional kidney-like structure in vitro. Kidney-like structures were formed when a cluster of KS cells was suspended in an extracellular matrix gel and cultured in the presence of several growth factors. Morphological analyses revealed that these kidney-like structures contained every substructure of the kidney, including glomeruli, proximal tubules, the loop of Henle, distal tubules, and collecting ducts, but no vasculature. Our results demonstrate that a cluster of tissue stem/progenitor cells has the ability to reconstitute the minimum unit of its organ of origin by differentiating into specialized cells in the correct location. This process differs from embryonic kidney development, which requires the mutual induction of two different populations of progenitors, metanephric mesenchymal cells and ureteric bud cells. Stem Cells  2015;33:774–784
A new implementation of PID‐type fuzzy controller for a battery grid‐supporting inverter in an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine
Authors: Ronilaya Ferdian , Miyauchi Hajime
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a new implementation of a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID)‐type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) for a battery grid‐supporting inverter to regulate the frequency and voltage of an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine (VSWT). The VSWT which drives a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is assumed for demonstration. The PIDfc is built from a set of control rules that adopts the droop control method and uses only locally measurable frequency and voltage signals. The output control signals are determined from the knowledge base and the fuzzy inference. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a protection scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). Several simulation experiments are performed by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems. Next, to verify the scheme's effectiveness, the simulation results are compared with the results of a conventional controller through some performance indices. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the PIDfc scheme to control a grid‐supporting inverter of battery in the reduction of frequency and voltage fluctuations. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Particle detection in intracellular images and radius estimation by circle fitting
Authors: Kumagai Shohei , Hotta Kazuhiro
Published: November 2014

Detecting particles in intracellular images and estimating their radii is important for investigating the causes of clinical conditions. Presently, particles are manually counted by observers, which is time consuming and subjective. Thus, we propose an automatic particle counting and radius estimation method based on pattern recognition techniques. Particles are analyzed by a computer in two processes. During the first process, particles are detected using face recognition via a support vector machine. In the second process, the edge points of a detected particle are distinguished by the intensity difference between the particle and the background. The edge points are extracted and fitted by a circle by a voting technique. The proposed method accurately located 96.04% of the particles detected by manual counting. ImageJ, the particle detection software generally used in cell biology, detected 72.32% of the particles. Therefore, our method yields higher accuracy than ImageJ. Moreover, the effectiveness of radius estimation was also experimentally verified. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Decision‐making strategies in fixed‐block railway signaling systems: A discrete event systems approach
Authors: Durmuş Mustafa Seçkin , Takai Shigemasa , Söylemez Mehmet Turan
Published: November 2014

Ensuring the system safety at all times is most important in railway systems where small failures may result in a large number of casualties and property loss. Although there are various design methods, safety precautions, and recommendations of the railway‐related safety standards, sometimes the occurrence of accidents cannot be prevented. In this paper, according to the recommendations of the railway‐related safety standards, an interlocking system architecture, which consists of two controllers and a coordinator, for a fixed‐block railway signaling system is studied. Based on the Petri net models of railway field components, decision‐making strategies including fault diagnosis are presented. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A QoS‐supported controlled burst retransmission scheme in OBS networks
Authors: Hou Rui , Lei Jianyun , Mao Tengyue , He Tingting
Published: November 2014

Burst retransmission can reduce data loss in burst contention in optical burst switching (OBS) core nodes. However, uncontrolled burst retransmission may significantly increase the network load and data loss probability, defeating the purpose of retransmission. Therefore, controlled retransmission should be studied to achieve reasonable retransmission, particularly to support quality of service (QoS) in OBS networks in which priority traffic exists. In this paper, we develop a QoS‐supported controlled retransmission scheme in OBS networks. Different from previous works in the literature, we set a different value for the retransmission probability at each contention for both high‐ and low‐priority bursts, set different retransmission probabilities for bursts of different priorities for QoS support, and propose a retransmission analytical model for OBS networks. We take into account the load at each link due to both the fresh and the retransmitted traffic and calculate the path‐blocking probability and the burst loss probability for high‐priority and low‐priority bursts to evaluate the network performance. An extensive simulation is proposed to validate our analytical model. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An improved algorithm for image crack detection based on percolation model
Authors: Qu Zhong , Lin Li‐Dan , Guo Yang , Wang Ning
Published: November 2014

In a complex background, because of uneven illumination, concrete bubbles, shadows of various shapes, and other noise, traditional crack detection methods based on image processing cannot accurately detect cracks, especially unclear cracks. A crack detection method based on the percolation model fully considers the features of cracks including the characteristics of brightness and length, and therefore can accurately detect cracks in the image. But this method is time consuming, and some noisy areas are detected as crack regions. In order to solve the problems above, we propose an improved algorithm for image crack detection, which includes an accelerated algorithm and a new denoising method based on the percolation model. The accelerated algorithm decreases the number of iterations of percolation processing to reduce the computing time, and the denoising method is based on the characteristic of brightness and the length feature of cracks to remove the noisy regions. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately and efficiently detect cracks in the image. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of cable resistance at high frequencies
Authors: Noda Taku , Nakamatsu Toshihiro , Mekaru Takehiro
Published: November 2014

Because of the presence of large capacitance, measuring the series resistance of a cable as a voltage drop is not an easy task especially at high frequencies. Considering this fact, this letter proposes a method to extract series resistance values of a single‐core cable at high frequencies from the measured frequency response of its open‐ended input impedance. The proposed method has been applied to the measurement of the series resistance of an existing 66‐kV underground cable, and the result is presented. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two‐loop power‐flow control of grid‐connected microgrid based on equivalent‐input‐disturbance approach
Authors: Ding Min , She Jinhua , Yokoyama Ryuichi , Wu Min , Cao Weihua
Published: November 2014

This study employed the equivalent‐input‐disturbance (EID) approach to devise a two‐loop power‐flow control system that controls the output current of an inverter so as to regulate the flow of active and reactive power between a distributed generation unit and a utility grid. It actively eliminates disturbances that degrade the power quality of a microgrid. The pq theory and an all‐pass filter are employed to generate an instantaneous reference current for the control system based on the prescribed active and reactive power of a utility grid terminal. The inner loop consists of a disturbance compensator and a state observer. The disturbance compensator uses information acquired from the state observer to estimate disturbances, such as drops and harmonics in the grid voltage, and compensates for them by incorporating the equivalent input disturbance into the control law. The outer loop consists of a resonance‐based internal model and a state‐feedback controller, which enables the output current of inverter to track the instantaneous reference current. The small‐gain theorem ensures the stability of the system. The system improves the power quality and guarantees that the flow of active and reactive power from the grid and inverter has low harmonic distortion. Simulations demonstrated the effectiveness of the system. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A huge osteoma of the mandible detected with head and neck computed tomography
Authors: Ohashi Yu , Kumagai Akiko , Matsumoto Naoko , Izumisawa Mitsuru , Hoshi Hideki , Sugiyama Yoshiki
Published: November 2014

We encountered a patient with a huge osteoma extending over half of the mandible, which was incidentally discovered on a head‐and‐neck computed tomography (CT) by an otolaryngological examination for vertigo.

A tumorous lesion of the right mandible was noted, and the patient was referred to our department. The tumor extended from the median mandible over the right anterior margin of the ramus of the mandible.

To improve the abnormal intraoral morphology, tumor resection and orthopedic surgery were performed. The histopathological diagnosis was a cancellous osteoma.

Dentures were attached after surgery, and the postoperative course has been favorable with no tumor re‐enlargement.
Steady streaming of a viscoelastic fluid within a periodically rotating sphere
Authors: Repetto Rodolfo , Siggers Jennifer H. , Meskauskas Julia
Published: November 2014

Motivated by understanding mass transport processes occurring in the vitreous chamber of the eye, we consider the steady streaming component of the flow generated in a viscoelastic fluid contained within a hollow, rigid sphere performing small-amplitude, periodic, torsional oscillations about an axis passing through its centre. The problem is solved semi-analytically, assuming that the amplitude of the oscillations is small. The paper extends the work by Repetto et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 608, 2008, pp. 71–80), in which the case of a purely viscous fluid was analysed. However, in reality, in young and healthy subjects, the vitreous humour has complex rheological properties, and so here we model it as a viscoelastic fluid. A similar problem was studied by Nikolakis (Eine Theorie für stationäre Drifterscheinungen viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten, 1992, VDI). In the present model, the steady streaming flow is governed by four dimensionless parameters. We show that, when we account for the viscoelasticity of the fluid, there is a considerably more complex set of possible flow regimes than was found in the purely viscous case, and the flows can be classified into five qualitatively different types. Whereas there was only one circulation cell in each hemisphere in the viscous case, accounting for viscoelasticity it is possible have either one, two or three circulation cells, with different senses of rotation, depending on the parameter values.
Streamwise and doubly-localised periodic orbits in plane Poiseuille flow
Authors: Zammert Stefan , Eckhardt Bruno
Published: November 2014

We study localised exact coherent structures in plane Poiseuille flow that are relative periodic orbits. They are obtained from extended states in smaller periodically continued domains, by increasing the length to obtain streamwise localisation and then by increasing the width to achieve spanwise localisation. The states maintain the travelling wave structure of the extended states, which is then modulated by a localised envelope on larger scales. In the streamwise direction, the envelope shows exponential localisation, with different exponents on the upstream and downstream sides. The upstream exponent increases linearly with Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}$, but the downstream exponent is essentially independent of $\mathit{Re}$. In the spanwise direction the decay is compatible with a power-law localisation. As the width increases the localised state undergoes further bifurcations which add additional unstable directions, so that the edge state, the relative attractor on the boundary between the laminar and turbulent motions, in the system becomes chaotic.
Weak–strong clustering transition in renewing compressible flows
Authors: Dhanagare Ajinkya , Musacchio Stefano , Vincenzi Dario
Published: November 2014

We investigate the statistical properties of Lagrangian tracers transported by a time-correlated compressible renewing flow. We show that the preferential sampling of the phase space performed by tracers yields significant differences between the Lagrangian statistics and its Eulerian counterpart. In particular, the effective compressibility experienced by tracers has a non-trivial dependence on the time correlation of the flow. We examine the consequence of this phenomenon on the clustering of tracers, focusing on the transition from the weak- to the strong-clustering regime. We find that the critical compressibility at which the transition occurs is minimum when the time correlation of the flow is of the order of the typical eddy turnover time. Further, we demonstrate that the clustering properties in time-correlated compressible flows are non-universal and are strongly influenced by the spatio-temporal structure of the velocity field.
THE ADAPTED YAM MINISETT TECHNIQUE FOR PRODUCING CLEAN SEED YAMS (DIOSCOREA ROTUNDATA): AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND VARIETAL DIFFERENCES UNDER FARMER-MANAGED CONDITIONS IN NIGERIA
Authors: MORSE STEPHEN , McNAMARA NORA
Published: November 2014

White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) is a major root crop grown throughout West Africa but one of the major factors that limits its production is the availability of good quality planting material. This paper described the results of farmer-managed demonstration plots established in 2012 and 2013 designed to promote the Adapted Yam Minisett Technique (AYMT) in Nigeria. The AYMT was developed between 2005 and 2008 to produce quality seed yam tubers at a cost that is viable for small-scale farmers. Since its development the agronomic performance of AYMT has not been explored across a large sample of farmers, and neither has there been any attempt to explore possible varietal effects although farmers have often alluded to this. This papers seeks to address these gaps in the literature and the results suggest that the AYMT does succeed in producing seed yams of the required size and the economic returns are also good. Results also suggest that there is a varietal affect with AYMT, including a significant interaction with pesticide treatment; the first time this has been demonstrated.
Blind Men Speaking of Colors: Paul's Recollection and the Self-Image of Early Thirteenth-Century Theologians
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: November 2014

In the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Paul writes:

It is doubtless not profitable for me to boast. I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord: I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago—whether in the body I do not know, or whether out of the body I do not know, God knows—such a one was caught up to the third heaven. And I know such a man—whether in the body or out of the body I do not know, God knows—how he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. Of such a one I will boast; yet of myself I will not boast, except in my infirmities. (2 Cor 12:1–5nkiv)

This brief and enigmatic account is caught between multiple dialectics of power and infirmity, pride and humility, unveiling and secrecy. At this point in his letter Paul is turning to a new source of power in order to establish his authority against the crowd of boasting false apostles who populate the previous paragraphs. He wishes to divulge his intimate, occult knowledge of God, but at the same time keep his position as antihero that is prevalent throughout the epistle. These dialectics are enhanced by a sophisticated play of first and third person. The third person denotes the subject who experienced rapture fourteen years ago, while the first person denotes the narrator in the present. Only after several verses does the reader realize that these two are in fact the same person. This alienation allows Paul the intricate play of boasting, for “of such a one I will boast, yet of myself I will not boast.”
Making the Case for the Soul in an Age of Neuroscience
Authors: Mittleman Alan
Published: November 2014

Modern philosophy has been inhospitable to the soul. In the English-speaking world, the dominant tendency, since Hobbes and Locke, has been to subordinate the mental to the physical. Even where mental phenomena are granted real existence, they are construed as effects of underlying physical processes. To explain them is to identify their physical causes. Physicalist approaches to the mind cannot but see the soul as, in Gilbert Ryle's derisive phrase, a “ghost in the machine.” It is an unwanted leftover from a religious age with a bygone philosophical psychology. To the extent that mental entities do any explanatory work, modern philosophy favors “mind” over “soul.”
Revisiting Mandarin ‘apical vowels’: An articulatory and acoustic study
Authors: Lee-Kim Sang-Im
Published: November 2014

The present study investigates the articulatory and acoustic properties of the unique apical segments in Mandarin Chinese that occur after dental and retroflex sibilants instead of the high front vowel [i]. An ultrasound study showed that the segments are homorganic with the preceding dental and retroflex sibilants. However, an acoustic study showed that they have a periodic waveform and clear formant structures with no inherent frication noise, indicating that they are not ‘voiced fricatives’. The results also suggest that the observed F2 pattern can only be explained with an acoustic model of a sonorant consonant, wherein F2 is attributed to the cavity behind the apical constriction. Based on this, it is argued that the segments can be best seen as ‘dental approximant []’ and ‘retroflex approximant [ɻ]’. A phonological implication of the pattern is also discussed: the co-occurrence restriction with the high front vowel eliminates a potential chance of palatalization of the dental and retroflex sibilants that may lead to neutralization of the place contrast. The tongue front gesture in the following approximants seems to provide an additional cue to the place of the preceding consonants; the low F3 of [ɻ], for example, enhances cues to the place of the preceding retroflex sibilant.
IPA members’ reduced registration fee for ICPHS2015
Authors: Keating Patricia A.
Published: November 2014

IPA members will benefit from a reduced registration fee for the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, to be held in Glasgow in August 2015. The fee reduction will be 30 GBP for Full/Life members, and 20 GBP for Student members. Only members whose 2015 IPA membership is current (fully paid) by 1 February 2015 will receive this benefit. IPA membership rates for 2015 will be unchanged: €45 for full members, and €22.50 for student members. To join or to renew, please visit the Subscriptions/Memberships page on the IPA website, currently http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/subs.html.
Questioning the Dynamics and Language of Forced Migration in Asia: The experiences of ethnic Chinese refugees
Authors: MADOKORO LAURA , LYNN-EE HO ELAINE , PETERSON GLEN
Published: November 2014

To what extent are different parts of the world exceptional when it comes to the history of forced migration and refugee experiences? For instance, is forced migration in Asia distinct from developments elsewhere? Or is forced migration in Asia part of wider processes of displacement and emplacement so characteristic of the modern world? Over the past few decades, the fields of refugee and forced migration studies have ballooned. Scholars in a wide range of disciplines, including anthropology, political science, geography, and history have sought to understand the nature of population displacements in the modern world. Much of the early scholarship in this field focused on Europe in the immediate aftermath of the First and Second World Wars. Scholars have also sought to understand the nature of protracted refugee situations in Africa.1 More recently, scholars have investigated forced migration within globalized and transnational frameworks.2 Yet no sooner had scholars started to think of displacement in these terms than critics began to contend that the unique, and localized, dimensions of displaced populations, including refugees, forced migrants, and internally displaced people, were being ignored. Questions about what is gained and what is lost in approaching the study of modern refugee populations from various vantage points now frame much of the work in the fields of refugee and forced migration studies.3
Magnetic seizure therapy in treatment-resistant depression: clinical, neuropsychological and metabolic effects
Authors: Kayser S. , Bewernick B. H. , Matusch A. , Hurlemann R. , Soehle M. , Schlaepfer T. E.
Published: November 2014

Background.

Magnetic seizure therapy (MST), despite being in an early phase of clinical research, has been demonstrated to be associated with antidepressant efficacy. However, safety, tolerability and efficacy data in connection with functional brain activity from larger samples are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine clinical and cognitive effects of MST and the influence of MST on regional brain glucose metabolism.

Method.

Twenty-six patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD) underwent MST. Ten patients underwent a randomized trial and 16 patients an open-label study design. The primary outcome criterion was the severity of depressive symptoms assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). Depressive symptoms, tolerability and cognitive safety, along with social functioning and quality of life parameters, were assessed using various rating scales. A clinical follow-up visit 6 months following the completion of a course of MST and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans of 12 patients were analysed.

Results.

A significant response to MST was demonstrated by 69% of the patient sample, with 46% meeting remission criteria. Anxiety ratings were significantly reduced in responders and their quality of life was improved. Half of the responders relapsed within 6 months. No cognitive side-effects were observed. FDG-PET scans showed a metabolic increase in the frontal cortex bilaterally and a decrease in the left striatum.

Conclusions.

Robust antidepressant and anti-anxiety efficacy of MST was demonstrated, and found to be associated with localized metabolic changes in brain areas that are strongly implicated in depression. Thus, MST presents an effective, well-tolerated and safe treatment option for patients unable to respond to other forms of therapy for depression.
Healthy populations, political stability, and regime type: Southeast Asia as a case study
Authors: DAVIES SARA E.
Published: November 2014

Over the past decade, there have been increased attempts to understand the contributing factors to the relationship between healthy populations (that is, populations that have long life expectancy from birth), the prevention of conflict, and governance regimes that enable ‘healthy nations’ to survive and thrive. These studies have been largely informed by longitudinal studies on the positive relationship between regime type, provision of health care, and conflict prevention. This article examines what insights a comparison of postconflict countries in a regional setting may provide to challenge or indeed extend the findings advanced so far in the literature on the relationship between regime type and health insecurity. The Southeast Asian experience confirms the obvious – that the cessation of armed conflict is related to improved health outcomes. However, it challenges presumptions that democratisation plays a significant role in shaping this relationship.
Questioning health security: Insecurity and domination in world politics
Authors: NUNES JOÃO
Published: November 2014

It has become common to speak of health security, but the meaning of the latter is often taken for granted. Existing engagements with this notion have been constrained by an excessive focus on national security and on the securitising efforts of elites. This has led to an increasingly sceptical outlook on the potentialities of security for making sense of, and helping to tackle, health problems. Inspired by the idea of security as emancipation, this article reconsiders the notion of health security. It takes as its starting point the concrete insecurities experienced by individuals, and engages with them by way of an analytical framework centred on the notion of domination. Domination deepens analysis by connecting individual experiences of insecurity, the social interactions through which these are given meaning, and the structures that make them possible. Domination also broadens the remit of analysis, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of insecurity. The analytical benefits of this framework are demonstrated by two examples: HIV/AIDS; and water and sanitation. The lens of domination is also shown to bring benefits for the political engagement with global health problems.
RAPID ASSESSMENT OF BILATERAL COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION FOR CHILDREN IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Kosherbayeva Lyazzat , Hailey David , Kozhageldiyeva Laura
Published: November 2014

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) compared with unilateral CI for deaf children in the context of the Republic of Kazakhstan health system.

Methods.A literature search was conducted, using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase data bases for studies that compared the effectiveness of bilateral and unilateral CI in children. The search included English language, publications from 2002–2012. Two reviewers independently evaluated all relevant studies. Administrative data relevant to CI in Kazakhstan were obtained from the Ministry of Health.

Results: Three relevant systematic reviews and an health technology assessment report were found. There was evidence of incremental benefits from bilateral CI but the quality of the available studies was poor and there was little information on longer term outcomes. No conclusions could be drawn regarding later incremental improvements to speech perception, learning, and quality of life. To date, in the Republic of Kazakhstan there is not full coverage of audiological screening due to the lack of medical equipment. This leads to late detection of hearing-impaired children and a long rehabilitation period, requiring more resources. Age of implantation in children is late and only a small minority attend general schools.

Conclusions:The clinical effectiveness of bilateral CI, an expensive health technology, requires further study. Given the current situation in Kazakhstan with audiological screening and access to unilateral CI, there appeared to be other priorities for improving services for children with profound hearing impairment.
The volume of positive braid links
Authors: BAADER SEBASTIAN
Published: November 2014

Based on recent work by Futer, Kalfagianni and Purcell, we prove that the volume of sufficiently complicated positive braid links is proportional to the signature defect Δσ = 2g−σ.
Maternal prenatal anxiety and child brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotype: Effects on internalizing symptoms from 4 to 15 years of age
Authors: O'Donnell Kieran J. , Glover Vivette , Holbrook Joanna D. , O'Connor Thomas G.
Published: November 2014

Multiple behavioral and health outcomes, including internalizing symptoms, may be predicted from prenatal maternal anxiety, depression, or stress. However, not all children are affected, and those that are can be affected in different ways. Here we test the hypothesis that the effects of prenatal anxiety are moderated by genetic variation in the child's brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population cohort. Internalizing symptoms were assessed from 4 to 13 years of age using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (n= 8,584); a clinical interview with the adolescents was conducted at age 15 years (n= 4,704). Obstetric and psychosocial risk and postnatal maternal symptoms were included as covariates. Results show that prenatal maternal anxiety predicted internalizing symptoms, including with the diagnostic assessment at 15 years. There was a main effect of twoBDNFpolymorphisms (rs6265[val66met] andrs11030104) on internalizing symptoms up to age 13. There was also genetic moderation of the prenatal anxiety effect by differentBDNFpolymorphisms (rs11030121andrs7124442), although significant effects were limited to preadolescence. The findings suggest a role forBDNFgene–environment interactions in individual vulnerability to the effects of prenatal anxiety on child internalizing symptoms.
Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders
Authors: Tone Erin B. , Tully Erin C.
Published: November 2014

Learning to respond to others' distress with well-regulated empathy is an important developmental task linked to positive health outcomes and moral achievements. However, this important interpersonal skill set may also confer risk for depression and anxiety when present at extreme levels and in combination with certain individual characteristics or within particular contexts. The purpose of this review is to describe an empirically grounded theoretical rationale for the hypothesis that empathic tendencies can be “risky strengths.” We propose a model in which typical development of affective and cognitive empathy can be influenced by complex interplay among intraindividual and interindividual moderators that increase risk for empathic personal distress and excessive interpersonal guilt. These intermediate states in turn precipitate internalizing problems that map onto empirically derived fear/arousal and anhedonia/misery subfactors of internalizing disorders. The intraindividual moderators include a genetically influenced propensity toward physiological hyperarousal, which is proposed to interact with genetic propensity to empathic sensitivity to contribute to neurobiological processes that underlie personal distress responses to others' pain or unhappiness. This empathic personal distress then increases risk for internalizing problems, particularly fear/arousal symptoms. In a similar fashion, interactions between genetic propensities toward negative thinking processes and empathic sensitivity are hypothesized to contribute to excess interpersonal guilt in response to others' distress. This interpersonal guilt then increases the risk for internalizing problems, especially anhedonia/misery symptoms. Interindividual moderators, such as maladaptive parenting or chronic exposure to parents' negative affect, further interact with these genetic liabilities to amplify risk for personal distress and interpersonal guilt as well as for consequent internalizing problems. Age-related increases in the heritability of depression, anxiety, and empathy-related constructs are consistent with developmental shifts toward greater influence of intraindividual moderators throughout childhood and adolescence, with interindividual moderators exerting their greatest influence during early childhood. Efforts to modulate neurobiological and behavioral expressions of genetic dysregulation liabilities and to promote adaptive empathic skills must thus begin early in development.