bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control
Authors: Yamanaka Takashi ,   Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan, Kondo Takashi , Matsumura Tomio
Published: April 2016

Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious selflimiting respiratory disease in horses that is caused by equine influenza virus (EIV) infection. EIV is presented by horses worldwide and has a huge financial impact on the horse industry in many countries. Although an outbreak of EI can be controlled by prior immunization by using vaccination, the efficacy of the vaccine is influenced by antigenic differences between epidemic strains and vaccine strains. Thus, to keep the vaccine effective, the vaccine strains should be reviewed periodically on the basis of global surveillance, such as the epidemiological report issued annually in the bulletin of the World Organization for Animal Health. Once an outbreak occurs, sanitary management, including the restriction of horse movement, should be conducted to eliminate the source of the causative virus and protect susceptible horses. The rapid identification of EIV in respiratory tract secretions enables the prompt administration of sanitary management. Although commercially available rapid antigen detection tests should be improved in terms of sensitivity, one of the tests (ESPLINE Flu A+B) worked as a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of a number of horses for EI during the 2007 outbreak in Japan, in addition to laboratory tests such as virus isolation. A more sensitive test must be developed that can be performed easily without special equipment or technical expertise.
Viral Infectious Diseases in Wild Animals in Japan
Authors: Shimoda Hiroshi ,   Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan, Nagao Yumiko , Shimojima Masayuki , Maeda Ken
Published: April 2016

Even limited to mammals, there exist more than 5,000 species of wild animals. Because each wild animal is the natural host of specific viruses, the total number of viruses in wild animals is enormous. Although it is impossible to cover all the infectious diseases caused by such viruses, accumulation of data on viral infectious diseases is important. In this paper, some of the latest findings acquired from our studies on viral infectious diseases in wild animals will be introduced.
Form Development for Self-Rating an Organization’s Vulnerability and Resilience to Disruption
Authors: Kohno Yoshihiro ,   Japan Technology Transfer Association (JTTAS), 7-41-3 Fujiwara, Funabashi, Chiba 273-0047, Japan, Masuda Yukihiro , Nagahashi Hironori , Tanaka Kazuaki , Tashiro Kuniyuki ,   Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibariga-oka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan,   AIU Insurance Company,   I-Ryu Management Institute Inc.,   InterRisk Research Institute & Consulting, Inc.
Published: April 2016

Recently organizations such as enterprises, governments and nonprofit organizations have been increasingly demanded to develop a Business Continuity Management System (BCMS). For developing a BCMS, it is indispensable to grasp the current state of the organization concerned quantitatively, but no effective method for such quantitative evaluation has been established. This paper presents one example of the evaluation indexes, focusing on organization’s vulnerability and resilience to disruptions. And by introducing the prototype of self-rating form adopting the evaluation indexes, this paper attempts to make the current state of the organization concerned on them more graspable. The objective of this study lies in promotion of evaluation of the current state of organizations and continuous improvement of preparedness for the possible disruptions in order to realize the more resilient organization.
Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster
Authors: Murakami Suminao
Published: April 2016

Concerned experts and others from a wide range of fields are required to take part in studies on “social” disaster phenomena such as earthquakes and typhoons causing drastic human and property damage and leaving subsequent social and economic destruction. In 2006, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) decided to be published as an academic journal in English for global society to help expand research beyond a domestic scope. The March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster – in the 6th year of the journal’s publication, has made an impact both domestically and globally due to the unprecedented earthquake and tsunami and resulting radiation leakage at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. JDR will annually publish special issues on the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster beginning in this issue of 2012, for five years, for the purpose of informing, recording and utilizing lessons learned from the disaster. Page charges are in principle free and widespread contributions are welcomed.

I have studied disasters from the viewpoint of a planner. Nobody who is active and living in society is irrelevant to wide-scale events related to such disasters, and I still feel that it is important for people from a variety of fields to visit devastated sites, hear from the people experiencing such disasters and make their own standpoints. In American society, for example, disaster measures against earthquakes and other disasters have been studied involving a wide range of experts and others. After the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake in Kobe, research groups consisting of wide range of experts came to be formed in Japan and environments developed to produce a multidisciplinary journal such as the JDR. The ultimate goal of planned research is human research. A society is needed in which “human power” can be manifested in all aspects such as reviving reconstruction and rehabilitation. This is because contributions by researchers from widespread fields are anticipated in the future.
A Message 15 Days After the 3.11 Earthquake on the Nuclear Accident at Fukushima #1 NPS
Authors: Fuji-ie Yoichi ,   Nuclear Salon Fuji-ie, Ishijima Bldg. 5F, 1-11-10 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
Published: April 2016

At short time, i.e. three hundred and several tens hours after the 3.11 earthquake, a report on the nuclear accident of Fukushima #1 NPS was described. It is composed of “brief observation about the accident,” “accident chronology” and “a message.” The report is published here. An essential point exists in “short time.” The author of this report is former chairman of Japan Atomic Energy Commission, and now he is a representative director of NPO Nuclear Salon Fuji-ie (NSF). This is one of the documents of NSF’s activities.
Deformation of Sandy Beach and Inundation on Iwama-Sanuka Coast in Fukushima Prefecture due to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami
Authors: Uda Takaaki ,   Public Works Research Center, 1-6-4 Taito, Taito, Tokyo 110-0016, Japan, Sakai Kazuya , Hoshigami Yukiyoshi , Noshi Yasuhito ,   Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd., 2-24-1 Harumicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan,   ICOMNET, Ltd., Elevage Kanda-Nishikicho Bldg., 3-16-11 Kanda-Nishikicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0054, Japan
Published: April 2016

The massive earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 occurred at 14:46 on March 11, 2011, with an epicenter 130 km offshore from the Oshika Peninsula in Japan’s northeastern Miyagi Prefecture. After the earthquake, large tsunamis were generated owing to abrupt crustal subsidence and uplift, which inundated Japan’s eastern Pacific Ocean coastline. We carried out field observations to investigate the deformation of a previous river-mouth bar by comparing oblique photographs, and investigated the damage to seawalls and the tsunami inundation depth on the Iwama-Sanuka coast, located north of the Same River in southern Fukushima Prefecture. Here, the results of the field observations on the deformation of the sandy beach and the inundation of the Iwama-Sanuka coast are reported.
Proposal on the Effective Use of Relief Helicopters Based on Experience in the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Nakachi Hiroyuki ,   Kita Fire Station, Kobe City Fire Bureau, 2-16-6 Kaminotani, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0162, Japan, Maki Norio , Hayashi Haruo ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

The Great East Japan Earthquake hit a large number of prefectures and cities in eastern Japan. Devastating damage was particularly heavy in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures compared with other prefectures. Rescue operations were undertaken on a national scale. This experience of a great disaster hitting multiple numbers of prefectures is unprecedented in Japanese history and a number of problems therefore emerged. In the near future, major earthquake with epicenters in the Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai regions are predicted to occur. The focal region of the Great East Japan Earthquake is similar to the scale of the focal region of these three earthquakes. In this paper, we are therefore proposing effective use of relief helicopters in large-scale expansive disaster based on the assumption that the three earthquakes have occurred.
Flood Management and Flood Disaster Mitigation Measures
Authors: Takeuchi Kuniyoshi , Chavoshian Ali , Egashira Shinji
Published: April 2016

The 5th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM5) was held on September 27-29, 2011 in Tokyo under the umbrella title “Floods: from risk to opportunity” focused on flood management and disaster mitigation measures in its plenary, oral, and poster sessions. Out of over 250 presented papers, 120 manuscripts – far more than expected – were contributed for post-publication in the Journal of Flood Risk Management, the IAHS Red Book and the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR). Editorial staff members of the JDR, which was independent of ICFM5, attended the conference to survey research activities in related study fields and to announce JDR strategies to participants. The ICHARM scientific committee supervising ICFM5 post-publications is well acquainted with JDR, which is one of the reasons for agreeing on this special issue.

The 13 manuscripts presented for consideration by JDR concern the following topics:

– Flood forecasting

– Basic tools for evaluating inundation flows

– Flood management practices and policies

– Flood plain management

– Relations between human activities and floods

These topics range from novel studies to public statements and have been reviewed as papers, reviews, and survey reports. This resulted in 9 papers recommended for the special issue – 4 topics for papers, 1 topic for review, and 4 topics for reports.

We thank the authors for their contributions and revisions and the reviewers for their invaluable comments. We also thank the ICHARM committee members for introducing authors to special publications for JDR.
Urban Flood Inundation Model for High Density Building Area
Authors: Farid Mohammad ,   Water Resources Engineering Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Mano Akira , Udo Keiko ,   Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba Aramaki Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the development of a flood inundation model considering the effect of buildings in dense urban areas is purposed. A 2D overland flow model is coupled with a 1D channel model to simulate flood inundation with an exchange of flow between rivers and surface floodplains. The momentum equation in the overland flow model is modified in order to consider urban flood characteristics. The “sharing rate,” which is defined as the occupancy area of building in each grid of a model domain, is applied to represent the effect of a building Drag force that occurs due to the reaction of force acting on a building is included. Hydrological processes are accommodated by combining a tank model in outsource terms. The model is applied to the downstream part of the Ciliwung River basin where Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, is located. Results regarding the water level and inundation map are compared with observed data and show fair agreement.
Hydrological Analysis of the Situ Gintung Dam Failure
Authors: Sujono Joko ,   Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No.2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Published: April 2016

Early on the morning ofMarch 27, 2009, the Situ Gintung dam, located near Jakarta, Indonesia, and with an catchment area of 3.1 km2, failed and flooded the area below it. This disaster has awakened most of the Indonesian people, especially those who are concerned about hydraulic structures, natural disasters and sustainable water resources management. During the disaster, about 100 people died and a number of people went missing. There are hundreds of dams like the Situ Gintung dam and other big dams have been built in Indonesia. Most of these dams pose a high potential hazard to life and property if a failure or levee breach occurs. Dam failures may occur at different locations such as spillway, embankments and foundations. The failure may occur as a result of a number of problems such as overtopping, surface erosion, and piping. Dam failures due to spillway problems may occur, for instance, as a result of inadequate spillway capacity (overtopping) or spillway loss by erosion (surface erosion). In this study, the Situ Gintung dam failure has been analyzed based on hydrology analysis. Results show that heavy monsoon rainfall was not the main cause of the situ Gintung dam failure. The daily rainfall on March 26, 2009, was 113 mm that equal to a 10 year return period. Reservoir routing shows that there was no overtopping during March 27, 2009, flood, the maximum water depth on the spillway is 0.63 m. Assuming that maintenance was done well, the spillway was still safe under a 100 year return period with the maximum water level is +98.95 m. It means that the embankment was still safe with 1.05 m freeboard. Due to high water flow velocity, however, surface erosion may occur at the end of a chute spillway that consists of silt, clay and sand. Continuous scoring/erosion happened throughout the spill over the spillway, which started at around 06:00 pm and lasted until 03.00 am, resulting in a big pond at the chute spillways and surrounding areas. This phenomenon adversely affected the instability of the spillway structure. As a result, the spillway failure occurring resulted high flow discharge that reached more than 425 m3/s.
Flood Risk Communication from the Viewpoint of Disaster Prevention Awareness in an Urban Area of Tokyo, Kita Ward
Authors: Mizuki Chiharu ,   Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 5, Kita-Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
Published: April 2016

Two types of flood risk communication – paper hazard maps and evacuation signage – were examined using a questionnaire survey, field survey, and map interpretation of the downstream Arakawa River area in Kita Ward, Tokyo. Respondents’ awareness of the flood dangers in the study area is high 76.5%of respondents but 33.1% of respondents accessed revised papermaps orWeb-basedmaps. The new measure, evacuation signage, showing predicted flood depth and the locations of designated evacuation shelters, was known only to 31.9% of respondents. This study showed that the recognition of evacuation signage is as low as that of revised flood hazardmaps. Although signage is beneficial, it is difficult to notice due to overlapping advertising signs. In addition, there are many unsuitable evacuation routes on paper maps. The distance between evacuation signage and evacuation shelters was more than 1.5 km for 69.4% of all evacuation routes. The administrative office should reconsider installation locations and the content of signage.
Impact Tests for IRIS_2010 Benchmark Exercise
Authors: Vepsä Ari ,   VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kemistintie 3, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland, Saarenheimo Arja , Tarallo Francois , Rambach Jean-Mathieu , Orbovic Nebojsa ,   Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), BP 17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France,   Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) – Commission Canadienne de Sũreté Nucléaire (CCSN), 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
Published: April 2016

IRIS_2010 benchmark was an exercise in OECD/NEA/CSNI framework. This exercise concentrated on improving robustness assessment methodologies for structures impacted by missiles. This article describes experimental tests included in the exercise. These tests consisted of two tests for bending, three for punching and one for combined punching and bending behaviour of reinforced concrete walls under impact loading. The test for combined behaviour was carried out in Meppen, Germany in the 1980’s, while all the other tests were carried out by VTT Technical research centre of Finland during the spring of 2010. In the bending behaviour tests, 0.15 m thick simply supported square concrete walls with span width of 2 m were impacted with soft missiles weighing ∼50 kg and having velocity of ∼110 m/s at the impact moment. The impacts resulted maximum displacements of 29-32 mm at the centre of the wall with the permanent values being 8-9 mm. In the punching behaviour tests, similar walls but with thickness of 0.25 m were impacted with hard missiles weighing ∼47.5 kg and having velocity of ∼135 m/s at the impact moment. The impacts resulted perforation of the wall by the missile with residual velocity of the missile being 34-46 m/s. In addition, the walls suffered severe scabbing on the backside with the scabbed area being 1.00-1.12 m2.
Special Issue on Selected Papers from 9th CUEE
Authors: Kasai Kazuhiko , Tokimatsu Kohji , Midorikawa Saburoh
Published: April 2016

The 9th International Conference on Urban Earthquake Engineering (9th CUEE) and the 4th Asia Conference on Earthquake Engineering (4th ACEE) were jointly held on March 6-8, 2012 in Tokyo, as a part of the research activities of the Center for Urban Earthquake Engineering (CUEE), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.

The conference featured state-of-the-art technical presentations on various themes relevant to urban earthquake engineering, followed by special sessions addressing the 11th March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami that resulted in catastrophic damage and an estimated death toll of 20,000. The conference attracted 465 participants from 31 countries, and disseminated 283 papers.

The board members of the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) decided to publish special issues of JDR, selecting papers from the above joint conference, for the purpose of mainly updating status of Japan’s research/technology. The present issue is on the fields of engineering seismology and geotechnical engineering, including extraordinary ground shaking and liquefactions that affected wide areas during the March 11 incident. Other issues such as those on buildings and infrastructures are also planned.

The 8 manuscripts selected and managed by the JDR Guest Editors address the following topics:

- Array observations of ground shaking

- Large peak ground acceleration and site amplification

- Attenuation of the seismic wave

- Impact against the water-supply outages

- Liquefaction in a river levee on soft cohesive ground

- Spread foundation performance affecting superstructure

- Performance of piled raft foundation with grid-form ground improvement

- Liquefaction of levee body and seepage control

The Guest Editors as well as JDR board members thank the authors for their contributions and revisions. They also acknowledge gratefully the reviewers for their invaluable comments on the manuscripts.
Ultimate Response of Superstructure Supported by Spread Foundation During Strong Earthquakes
Authors: Tamura Shuji ,   Disaster Prevention Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Kuriki Amane , Tokimatsu Kohji ,   Graduate School, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan,   Tokyo Institute Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
Published: April 2016

Dynamic centrifuge tests were performed on soilstructure models to investigate the mechanism of the ultimate superstructure response during strong earthquakes. Two structure models, one each for a highrise building and a low-rise building, differed in height but had almost identical mass and natural frequency. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) Superstructure acceleration amplitudes tended to reach the limit, although ground surface acceleration amplitudes increased with increasing input motion for both structure models. 2)Maximumacceleration of the high-rise building’s superstructure was markedly less than that of the low-rise building but the ultimate overturning moment acting on the footing base in both cases was almost identical during strong earthquakes. Overturning moment depends not only on superstructure inertia but also on the height of the superstructure’s center of gravity. Maximum superstructure acceleration for the high-rise building model therefore became small. 3) The overturning moment limitation when rotation angles were large was caused by local soil failure under the footing edge because the overturning moment was less than ultimate value (=PB/2), P is the weight of the structure and B is the footing’s width, and the contact pressure of the footing edge reached its ultimate.
The Origin of Cholera in Haiti
Authors: Lantagne Daniele ,   Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Nair G. Balakrish , Lanata Claudio F. , Cravioto Alejandro ,   National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India,   Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, and The US Navy Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru,   International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh,   †Current affiliation: Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India ‡Current affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Published: April 2016

Ten months after a devastating earthquake on January 12, 2010, cholera appeared in Haiti for the first time in nearly a century. The secretary-general of the United Nations formed an independent panel to “investigate and seek to determine the source of the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti.” To fulfill this mandate, concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and analysis of molecular investigations were carried out. Our findings indicated that the 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak was caused by bacteria introduced to Haiti as a result of human activity, specifically, by contamination of the Meye tributary system of the Artibonite River by a pathogenic strain of current South Asian Vibrio cholerae. Recommendations were presented to assist in preventing the future introduction and spread of cholera. The use of concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and molecular analysis is recommended to public health professionals for future cholera investigations.
Characteristics of the Behaviors to Collect Information from AvailableMedia in the Students of the Universities Located in the Damaged and Non-Damaged Prefectures Around the Period of the 2011 off Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Gyoba Erina ,   International Research Institute of Disaster and Science, Tohoku University, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 6-6-04 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aobaku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
Published: April 2016

Much of the information about the disaster has been delivered via various media with the development of information technology. Available media and the necessary information are, however, different between people in areas suffering from damage and those in non-damaged areas. In this research, we investigated characteristics of behaviors to collect information from available media among students of universities located inside and outside damaged regions for the purpose of elucidating what sort of information content and media had important meaning to people in the crisis caused by the 2011 off Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Results revealed that students in damaged regions attempted to obtain information helpful to living though the disaster situations they faced by using all available media, while students living outside such regions used mass information media in order to learn how to prepare against future disasters.
Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Anticipating the Earthquake Hazard from Lembang Fault: A Case Study of Bandung Institute of Technology, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Yosafat Farica Edgina ,   Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Physical Oceanography Research Group, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia, Rohman Arif , Widjaja Didik Wahju , Meilano Irwan ,   Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Geodesy Research Group, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia,   Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Graduate on Earthquake and Active Tectonic, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
Published: April 2016

Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) campus is located in Bandung and has seismic hazard from active Lembang fault. In this study, one aspect of vulnerability of the campus was evaluated. It appears that in the campus there are enough spaces for evacuation during the emergency time. To determine the capacity of ITB members to face earthquakes, a survey was conducted and the result was analyzed. Generally, ITB members have medium level of awareness but very low level of preparedness. The capacity index of the ITB members is 0.39 of scale 1, which indicates that the level of ITB members’ capacity to deal with earthquake hazards is still low. The indexes were also analyzed based on faculty, occupation, and gender.
Localization of Risk Communication Tools: Two Case Studies
Authors: Kikkawa Toshiko ,   Faculty of Business and Commerce, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan, Suzuki Seiji ,   Faculty of Nursing, The Japanese Red Cross Kyushu International College of Nursing, 1-1 Asty, Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4157, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the authors explore some issues related to adjusting risk communication tools to localities in developing countries, i.e., the localization of risk communication tools. We introduce two anecdotal cases using simulation games as tools for risk communication. First, the “Garbage” game (Thiagarajan, 1991) was introduced to participants in order to improve their awareness of second-order social dilemmas caused by waste management. The cheating nature involved in its rules for achieving the goal was refused by some participants for reasons of religious belief in which the cheating of people is prohibited by religious tenets. The second case was froman elementary school for girls in Pakistan, where religious beliefs play an important role in education. In order to implement risk education in developing countries, it is thus important to give considerations to culture, especially to religious beliefs.
Special Issue on Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru
Authors: Yamazaki Fumio , Zavala Carlos
Published: April 2016

Natural disasters are major threats worldwide, with earthquakes and tsunamis presenting major obstacles to sustainable development, especially in Asia-Pacific countries. Natural hazards must be understood and social resilience improved to reduce the risks of disaster. Because earthquakes and tsunamis are rare but devastating events, data must be collected on a global scale, making international collaboration is inevitable for reducing loss due to these events.

A new international research program called the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) started in 2008 jointly sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Our proposal, entitled Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru, was designated as one of the projects in the field of natural disaster prevention in April 2009. Since this project officially started in March 2010, the research program has been promoted by five groups – seismic motion and geotechnical, tsunami, buildings, spatial information database and damage assessment, and disaster mitigation planning – through the strong collaboration of Peruvian and Japanese researchers and stakeholders.

Midway through the project, we decided to publish our research results in the form of English technical papers so that a wide and global range of researchers and practitioners could take advantage of our findings.

This special issue of the Journal of Disaster Research contains 15 articles – an overview of the project and its progress and 14 peer-reviewed papers covering aspects ranging from earthquake and tsunami hazards to risk reduction.

We extend our sincere thanks to all of the contributors and reviewers involved with these articles. We would further deeply appreciate feedback from readers on these papers to prepare for a second special JDR volume on this project within the next two years.
SATREPS Project on Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru
Authors: Yamazaki Fumio ,   Department of Urban Environment Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan, Zavala Carlos ,   CISMID, Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Av. Tupac Amaru 1150 Rimac, Lima 25, Peru
Published: April 2016

This project conducts comprehensive research on earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation in Peru in the framework of “Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS),” sponsored by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The project focuses on five research fields, i.e., seismic motion and geotechnical, tsunami, buildings, damage assessment, and disaster mitigation planning. Almost three years have passed since the five-year project started inMarch 2010. During this period, researchers in different fields from Japan and Peru collaborate to achieve the overall objectives of the project. This paper summarizes the research framework and progress of the JST-JICA project on earthquake and tsunami disastermitigation technology in Peru.
Evaluation of Surface Soil Amplification for Wide Areas in Lima, Peru
Authors: Sekiguchi Toru ,   Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan, Calderon Diana , Nakai Shoichi , Aguilar Zenon , Lazares Fernando ,   Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Av. Túpac Amaru N°1150 - Lima 25, Peru
Published: April 2016

In order to create a soil amplification map for Lima, Peru, parameters that correlate best with amplification are examined. Shallow shear wave velocity profiles estimated from MASW measurements at 105 sites were used to provide amplification factorAvTF.AVs10seems to be the best value for estimating amplification in Lima from the data available. We have attempted to createAVs10map correlating three parameters – elevation, H/V peak period, and soil type. From thisAVs10map, we have estimated an amplification map for Lima.
Cyclic Behavior of Low Ductility Walls Considering Perpendicular Action
Authors: Zavala Carlos ,   Laboratory of Structures, Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering Research and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID), Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering (UNI), Av. Tupac Amaru 1150, Puerta 7, Campus UNI, Lima, Peru, Gibu Patricia , Lavado Luis , Taira Jenny , Cardenas Lourdes , Ceferino Luis
Published: April 2016

Low ductility wall buildings became part of the Peruvian construction boom in the first decade of the 21st century. Through government promotion under the “Mi Vivienda” (“My house”) program, the construction of low rise buildings of 5 stories using walls with wire mesh reinforcement, provided a partially solution of an apartment deficit, at reasonable cost. The heights of buildings started to grow, reaching 12 to 16 stories. In the design of these walls, provisions recommend walls corners confinement, because the action of the walls ensemble provide limited ductility under seismic behavior. A comparison of H-shaped wall with one-plane wall is presented in this paper. Here, an experimental test has been performed by a cyclic loading test considering the action of a constant axial load of 40 kN, where the elastic stiffness of H-shaped wall is higher than that of a one-plane wall. Also resistant of the H-shaped wall increases, but ductility in both walls remains similar.
Development of Earthquake-Induced Building Damage Estimation Model Based on ALOS/PALSAR Observing the 2007 Peru Earthquake
Authors: Matsuoka Masashi ,   Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-G3-2, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Estrada Miguel ,   Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID), National University of Engineering, Av. Túpac Amaru 1150, Lima 25, Peru
Published: April 2016

With the aim of developing a model for estimating building damage from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data in the L-band, which is appropriate for Peru, we propose a regression discriminant function based on field survey data in Pisco, which was seriously damaged in the 2007 Peru earthquake. The proposed function discriminates among damage ranks corresponding to the severe damage ratio of buildings using ALOS/PALSAR imagery of the disaster area before and after the earthquake. By calculating differences in and correlations of backscattering coefficients, which were explanatory variables of the regression discriminant function, we determined an optimum window size capable of estimating the degree of damage more accurately. A normalized likelihood function for the severe damage ratio was developed based on discriminant scores of the regression discriminant function. The distribution of the severe damage ratio was accurately estimated, furthermore, from PALSAR imagery using data integration of the likelihood function with fragility functions in terms of the seismic intensity of the earthquake.
Approach to Estimate the Flood Damage in Sukhothai Province Using Flood Simulation
Authors: Sriariyawat Anurak ,   Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand, Pakoksung Kwanchai , Sayama Takahiro , Tanaka Shigenobu , Koontanakulvong Sucharit ,   ICHARM, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Japan
Published: April 2016

Thailand was hit by a great flood in 2011 resulting from irregular rainfall during the typhoon season that was estimated at 140% more than average. The flood began in the north and slowly moved to the central region, where it remained for more than 4 months. The flood caused great damage to the economy because it adversely affected industrial estates and agricultural areas. In the north, there are four main rivers in the region that combine into a river called Chao Phraya in the central region. The Yom River is one of the northern rivers where no large-scale dam has been constructed, resulting in frequent flood and drought. Sukhothai Province is located in the Yom Basin, where flood and drought occur on a regular basis, and the province was also severely damaged in the 2011 flood. In order to estimate flood damage cost in 2011, a simple regression curve is presented first to relate flood areas and damage cost based on past records. The 2011 flood in Sukhothai province was then simulated by using a Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model with satellite based rainfall (TRMM). After simulation results were compared with the observed stream flow water level, discharge and inundation extent, this study estimates damage cost for the 2011 flood based on the simulated flood area. The proposed approach could be a useful guideline in damage cost computation.
Investigation Report on the Flooding Condition in the Midstream Area of Chao Praya River During the Thai Flooding in 2011
Authors: Fujii Kohei ,   Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Tsukahara Kenichi , Hayashi Hironori , Mitani Yasuhiro , Ikemi Hiro , Chia Cham Tau , Shimatani Yukihiro
Published: April 2016

Various investigations about the flood condition and dam operation have been conducted on 2011 Chao Praya river flooding. Investigations about the lower reaches of the Chao Praya river, which was heavily damaged, have been conducted, but investigation reports about the flood form of the midstream Chao Praya river, i.e., upstream where the Ping and Nan rivers meet, have hardly been reported. This investigation sorts out the conditions of flooding and the reservoir of the midstream Chao Praya river and the reflow into river channels fromthe floodplain, which is reflooding, inspects them based on field investigations and considers the possibility of reducing flood damage in the lower reaches using the floodplain in the midstream area.
Options for the Treatment of Uncertainty in Seismic Safety Assessment of Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Katona Tamas Janos ,   MVM Nuclear Power Plant Paks Ltd., 7133, FADD, TOKAJ u. 24, Hungary
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes options for improving seismic safety analysis for nuclear power plants. Cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) has been considered and analyzed for describing different load-cycle-dependent phenomena, e.g., fatigue failure and soil liquefaction. Fatigue damage estimation is based on load-cycle counting, which can be performed by counting zero or level crossings if power spectral density (PSD) of load time history is known. Correlation between CAV and moments of PSD of load time history is derived in this paper. A fatigue failure criterion is developed in terms of CAV. P-box theory is proposed for improving uncertainty modeling of probabilistic seismic safety assessment. P-boxes are represent upper and lower bounds of the distribution function specified by left side and right side distribution functions. The utilization of the p-box method has an advantage if the conditional probability of a particular failure mode of a component is known approximately only, and the sample size of damage histories is small or inconsistent or modeling of component failure is uncertain.
Psychological Challenges Among Older Adults Following the Christchurch Earthquakes
Authors: Annear Michael ,   Department of Medicine, University of Otago, 95 Cashmere Road, Christchurch 8022, New Zealand, Wilkinson Tim , Keeling Sally
Published: April 2016

This article highlights immediate psychological challenges faced by older adults in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, following an atypical sequence of earthquakes. Data are derived from a study of active ageing that coincided with the disasters. Participants included 355 community dwelling older adults who completed surveys, and a subgroup of 67 of these individuals who used activity diaries in the weeks following two major earthquakes.
The Construction of a Flood Monitoring System with Alert Distribution Using Google Earth and 3D GIS
Authors: Chan Yili ,   Graduate School of Advanced Technology, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka City, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan, Mori Masatoshi ,   School of Humanity-Oriented Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka City, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
Published: April 2016

Locations of floods are not always known. Persons nearby for whom there is a possibility of danger due to flooding need information with which to predict flooding and to find refuge quickly and accurately. A Webbased Flood Monitoring System (FMS) using Google Earth and 3D GIS has been developed by employing Google Earth pro v. 6.0 and ArcGIS 10.0 (ESRI). The FMS provides a viewer for Windows PCs and smart phones. This viewer provides information consisting of digital elevation data from a 2 m Digital Surface Model (DSM) integrating 1:2500 digital topographic maps from the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan with official river information from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan and local river offices. It includes flood simulations and hazard maps from local governments. Users are able to download KML file data and/or Shape file data for private use. In addition, a reporting system for preregistered users who want immediate information has been prepared for alert and flood information.
Use of a Phase-Oriented Management System Against an Outbreak of Infectious Gastroenteritis in an Evacuation Center After the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Okazawa Seisuke ,   First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Yamauchi Hayato , Ichikawa Tomomi , Hayashi Ryuji , Shinoda Koichiro , Obi Maiko , Arishima Takuro , Wada Akinori , Tobe Kazuyuki ,   Department of Psychiatric Medicine, The Incorporated Medical Institution Jinkeikai Saikihoyouin, 27-12 Higashi-machi, Saiki, Oita 876-0814, Japan,   Division of Respirology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-2-78 Nishinagae, Toyama 930-8550, Japan,   Community Medical Support Unit, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan,   Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
Published: April 2016

We report an outbreak of infectious gastroenteritis at an evacuation center for survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Infectious gastroenteritis is easily transmitted and its control is difficult in a poor sanitary environment. The objective of this study is to describe a comprehensive system for managing infectious gastroenteritis at an evacuation center. We applied a four-phase-oriented management system to deal with the epidemic. This system was made by modifying the “noro-phase” that we previously developed against norovirus-induced gastroenteritis. The subjects of this study were individuals with infectious gastroenteritis who were living at an emergency evacuation center following the 2011 temblor. An infant diagnosed with gastroenteritis was isolated with her family on day 18 after the earthquake. The next day, four other patients with gastroenteritis were isolated. In the course of the outbreak, a maximum of 12 patients per day were isolated. We applied the phaseoriented management system on day 20. The outbreak subsided by day 27. Early application of surveillance and a management system for infectious gastroenteritis should be introduced after a large-scale disaster. The efficacy of this system should be validated in future studies.
Damages to Shore Protection Facilities Induced by the Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami
Authors: Kato Fuminori ,   National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Asahi 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0804, Japan, Suwa Yoshio , Watanabe Kunihiro , Hatogai Satoshi
Published: April 2016

After clarifying high-speed flow, pressure change, and scouring using model experiments when tsunamis overflow coastal dikes, the damage to coastal dikes caused during the Great East Japan Earthquake is summarized and the mechanism of categorized damage patterns of coastal dikes is discussed. Multiple logistic regression analysis is performed using external force acting affecting damaged coastal dikes and structure specifications, and overflow depth and armor width of landward toes are extracted as elements influencing such damage. Based on these results, structure innovation that persistently exerts effects during tsunami overflow is clarified for coastal dikes.
The Damage and Recovery Measures of Sewage Treatment Systems Caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Morita Hiroaki ,   Water Quality Control Department, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, 1 Asahi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0804, Japan
Published: April 2016

A large number of sewage facilities were severely damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, mainly by the tsunami caused by the massive earthquake. At the many sewage treatments, the systems were shut down by the tsunami, numerous building structures were toppled by the wave force of the tsunami and electrical and mechanical machines were damaged by submersion. The many pipelines damaged by liquefaction throughout the region lost their ability to carry sewage as a result of plugging by sand after the occurrence of the earthquake. In order to solve technical problems and quickly restore sewage systems, a technical review committee of experts and specialists was set up to consider ways to prevent damage to sewage systems by earthquakes and tsunami. This Committee analyzed the characteristics of the damage and made four proposals on emergency response, emergency restoration, full-scale restoration, and new policies for tsunami countermeasures.
Railway Structure Damage to the East Japan Railway Company by the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami
Authors: Mafune Susumu ,   Disaster Prevention Research Laboratory, East Japan Railway Company, 2-479, Nisshin-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan, Suzuki Hiroto , Fujiwara Torajiro , Nozawa Shin-ichiro ,   Structural Engineering Center, East Japan Railway Company, 2-2-2, Yoyogi, shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Published: April 2016

The huge tsunami generated by a 9.0 Mw earthquake (off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake) and centered off the coast of Sanriku, Tohoku, on March 11, 2011, damaged 7 lines of the East Japan Railway Company. Bridge girders were swept away, piers were broken or tipped, and embankments and station buildings were swept away. This paper reports typical examples of railway structure damage due to this tsunami.