bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novelle QLL 2020 – welche Auswirkungen haben die neu empfohlenen Hämoglobin-Transfusionstrigger auf die klinische Versorgung?
Authors: Kotzerke David , Costa Maria Walter , Voigt Jenny , Kleinhempel Alisa , Schmidt Maria , Söhnlein Tim , Kaiser Thorsten , Henschler Reinhard
Published: February 2022

In der Gesamtnovelle der Querschnittsleitlinie (QLL) Hämotherapie der Bundesärztekammer (BÄK) 2020 wurde der Hämoglobin-Transfusionstrigger (Hb-Transfusionstrigger) bei akutem Blutverlust
ohne zusätzliche Risikofaktoren aufgrund einer Neubewertung der internationalen Evidenz von 3,7 mmol/l (6 g/dl) auf 4,3 mmol/l (7 g/dl) angepasst. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die
retrospektive Analyse des Transfusionsverhaltens von EK bezüglich der Maßgaben der QLL. Zu diesem Zweck analysierten wir individuelle Prä- und Posttransfusions-Hb-Werte von
Erythrozytenkonzentraten (EK), die im 4. Quartal 2019 (4946 EKs, 129 560 Hb-Werte) und 2020 (5502 EKs, 134 404 Hb-Werte) am Universitätsklinikum Leipzig (UKL) transfundiert wurden. Der
mediane Hb-Wert vor der Transfusion betrug 4,3 mmol/l (7 g/dl) (680 medizinische Fälle, die 2724 EK in 1801 Transfusionen im Jahr 2019 erhielten). Von allen Transfusionen im Jahr 2019
zeigten 899 (49,9%) Transfusionen Hb-Werte < 4,3 mmol/l (7 g/dl) vor der Transfusion, während 152 (8,4%) Hb-Werte < 3,7 mmol/l (6 g/dl) aufwiesen. 2020 wurden jeweils vergleichbare
Ergebnisse ermittelt. Wir zeigen, dass der mediane Hb-Anstieg nach der Transfusion eines EK 0,6 mmol/l (1 g/dl) betrug. 34,7% aller Transfusionen erreichten den erwarteten Anstieg von
0,6 mmol/l (1 g/dl) pro EK. Der absolute Anstieg nahm bei Transfusionen mit mehreren EK im Vergleich zu Transfusionen mit einem EK nicht linear zu. Der Grad der Hb-Erhöhung korrelierte
invers mit dem Hb-Wert vor Transfusion. Der Hb-Wert nach der Transfusion wurde bei 96,3% der Fälle innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach Hämotherapie kontrolliert. Zusammenfassend spiegelt das
Transfusionsverhalten generell die Empfehlungen der Leitlinie. Um ein optimiertes, individualisiertes und dennoch restriktives Transfusionsverhalten bei EK zu erreichen, schlagen wir die
Implementierung eines klinischen Entscheidungsunterstützungssystems (CDSS) bei Verschreibung jeder einzelnen EK-Transfusion vor, welches Ärzte bei der Einhaltung der Transfusionsleitlinie
unterstützt und über Abweichungen informiert.
Regionale und zeitliche Trends der SARS-CoV-2 assoziierten
Sterblichkeit in Bayern: Eine altersstratifizierte Analyse über 5
Quartale für Personen ab 50 Jahren
Authors: Manz Kirsi Marjaana , Batcha Aarif M.N. , Mansmann Ulrich
Published: February 2022

Ziel der Studie Dieser Beitrag visualisiert regionale und zeitliche
Heterogenität der SARS-CoV-2 assoziierten Mortalität in Bayern
und untersucht den Einfluss regionaler Faktoren wie Inzidenzrate,
Hospitalisierungen, sozio-ökonomischer Status und Pflegeheime auf die
SARS-CoV-2 assoziierte Mortalität.

Methodik Die offiziellen bayerischen Meldedaten zu SARS-CoV-2 wurden
für drei Altersgruppen (50–64, 65–74,>74 Jahre)
zwischen März 2020 und April 2021 betrachtet. Karten mit regionalen
standardisierten Mortalitätsraten wurden mit einem Bayesianischen
hierarchischen Modell räumlich geglättet.

Ergebnisse Das Bild der regionalen Mortalität ist heterogen mit
einem steigenden Gradienten nach Nord-Osten. Die Adjustierung nach
standardisierten Inzidenzraten, Hospitalisierungen der infizierten Personen und
Verfügbarkeit von Heimplätzen für ältere
Menschen nivelliert die Heterogenität.

Schlussfolgerung Der Nord-Ost Gradient in den bayerischen SARS-CoV-2
spezifischen Sterberaten wird deutlich durch den vergleichbaren Gradienten der
regionalen Inzidenzraten erklärt. Andere regionale Faktoren zeigen einen
weniger deutlichen Einfluss.
Erfahrungen mit Versorgungsärzt*innen in der
frühen COVID-19-Phase 2020 in Bayern – Befragung von
Versorgungs- und Hausärzt*innen
Authors: Olm Michaela , Schymura Jens Boris , Torge Marion , Riedl Bernhard , Wapler Peter , Wartner Anton , Vorderwülbecke Florian , Schneider Antonius , Linde Klaus
Published: February 2022

Ziel der Studie Im Rahmen des in Bayern festgestellten Katastrophenfalls
in der frühen Corona-Phase 2020 wurden sog.
Versorgungsärzt*innen (VÄ) für die ambulante
Versorgung etabliert. Ziel der vorliegenden Befragungen war eine Bewertung
dieser neu eingeführten, jedoch zeitlich begrenzten Position.

Methodik Im November 2020 wurde ein papierbasierter Fragebogen an alle 85
durch Internetrecherche identifizierbaren VÄ sowie an alle 197
hausärztlichen Lehrarztpraxen (HÄ) des Instituts für
Allgemeinmedizin und Versorgungsforschung der TU München verschickt. Die
Datenauswertung erfolgte deskriptiv und anonymisiert.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt konnten 75 (88%) VÄ und 156
(79%) HÄ eingeschlossen werden. 97% der VÄ und
67% der HÄ bewerteten die Einführung von VÄ als
sinnvoll, jedoch auch als Eingriff in die ärztliche Selbstverwaltung
(VÄ: 59% bzw. HÄ: 42%). 37% der
HÄ äußerten, VÄ sollten im weiteren Verlauf der
Pandemie möglichst vermieden werden. Bei intensiverem Kontakt zu
VÄ zeigten sich auf hausärztlicher Seite insgesamt
höhere Zustimmungswerte. Die Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation mit
Politik, Behörden und Kassenärztlicher Vereinigung Bayerns
wurden von beiden Gruppen als schwierig und oft widersprüchlich
bewertet. Zu differenzieren ist, dass VÄ die Kooperation mit Politik und
Behörden auf lokaler Ebene, bspw. mit der Führungsgruppe
Katastrophenschutz, mehrheitlich als positiv beurteilten. Der Mangel an
Schutzausrüstung zu Pandemiebeginn wurde von beiden Befragungsgruppen
kritisch gesehen.

Schlussfolgerung Die Etablierung von VÄ in Bayern in der
frühen Corona-Phase 2020 wurde von fast allen VÄ und der
Mehrheit der befragten HÄ für sinnvoll erachtet. Für die
Zukunft scheint es notwendig, primärztliche Vertreter*innen
stärker und dauerhaft in Entscheidungsprozesse einzubeziehen und
bestehende Strukturen zu stärken.
Perimortem Cesarean Section in a Patient with Intrapartum
Cardiorespiratory Arrest Due to a Massive Amniotic Fluid
Embolism
Authors: Habek Dubravko , Marton Ingrid , Prka Matija , Luetić AnaTikvica , Šklebar Ivan , Habek Jasna Cerkez
Published: February 2022

We report and discuss the case of a 29-year-old tercigravida with intrapartum
cardiorespiratory arrest due to a massive amniotic fluid embolism and
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Perimortem caesarean section with
B-Lynch compression uterine suture with simultaneous fetal and maternal
resuscitation were performed with a favorable outcome for both the mother and
the child.
„Do’s and Dont’s“ bei der radikalen Zystektomie und Harnableitung: Minimierung von postoperativen Komplikationen
Authors: Bolenz Christian , Ohlmann Carsten-Henning , Gschwend Jürgen
Published: February 2022

Die radikale Zystektomie (RC) mit Anlage einer Harnableitung (HA) ist ein umfangreicher und
anspruchsvoller abdomineller Eingriff. Es bestehen durch die Operation selbst sowie aufgrund
patientenindividueller Komorbiditäten erhebliche periinterventionelle Risiken. Das mögliche
Komplikationsspektrum ist groß und muss von den beteiligten Behandlern beherrscht werden. Zur
Erreichung eines optimalen onkologischen und funktionellen Ergebnisses sind multiple Faktoren
zu beachten. Diese „DOs“ reichen von der leitliniengerechten Indikationsstellung über
möglichst standardisierte perioperative Maßnahmen bis hin zur Anwendung optimaler und
etablierter chirurgischer Techniken bei der Resektion der Harnblase und der Rekonstruktion der
Harnableitung. Alle Maßnahmen haben das Ziel, die Komplikationsrate der RC zu minimieren und
die Rehabilitation zu beschleunigen. Wir fassen in diesem Artikel wichtige
Handlungsempfehlungen sowie zu vermeidende Praktiken des perioperativen Managements („Don’ts“)
bei der Zystektomie und Harnableitung zusammen.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a 30- versus a 120-Second Delay in Cord Clamping after Term Birth
Authors: Soliman Reem M. , Elgendy Marwa M. , Said Reem N. , Shaarawy Bassant I. , Helal Omneya M. , Aly Hany
Published: February 2022

Objective Delayed cord clamping (DCC) has been recently adopted in neonatal resuscitation. The immediate cardiac hemodynamic effects related to DCC more than 30 seconds was not studied. We aimed to study the effect of DCC at 120 seconds compared with 30 seconds on multiple hemodynamic variables in full-term infants using an electrical cardiometry (EC) device.

Study Design Present study is a randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted with full-term infants who were delivered at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in Cairo University Hospital. Sixty-eight full term infants were successfully enrolled in this trial. Cardiac output (CO) and other hemodynamic parameters were evaluated in this study by EC device. Hemoglobin, glucose, and bilirubin concentrations were measured at 24 hours. Newborn infants were assigned randomly into group 1: DCC at 30 seconds, and group 2: DCC at 120 seconds, based on the time of cord clamping.

Results Stroke volume (SV) (mL) and CO (L/min) were significantly higher in group 2 compared with group 1 at 5 minutes (6.71 vs. 5.35 and 1.09 vs. 0.75), 10 minutes (6.43 vs. 5.59 and 0.88 vs. 0.77), 15 minutes (6.45 vs. 5.60 and 0.89 vs. 0.76), and 24 hours (6.67 vs. 5.75 and 0.91vs. 0.81), respectively. Index of contractility (ICON; units) was significantly increased in group 2 at 5 minutes compared with group1 (114.2 vs. 83.8). Hematocrit (%) and total bilirubin concentrations (mg/dL) at 24 hours were significantly increased in group 2 compared with group 1 (51.5 vs. 40.5 and 3.8 vs. 2.9, respectively).

Conclusion Stroke volume and cardiac output are significantly higher in neonates with DCC at 120 seconds compared with 30 seconds that continues for the first 24 hours.

Key Points
Proper Head Rotation when Performing Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm: An Orthometric Consideration Based on Preoperative MRI
Authors: Ko Hak-cheol , Lee Seung Hwan , Shin Hee Sup
Published: February 2022

Background The classic surgical position for microvascular decompression (MVD) is lateral decubitus with the head rotated 10 degrees away from the affected side. In this study, we measured the angles of the posterior fossa, specifically focusing on the surgical corridors used in MVD surgery for hemifacial spasm (HFS), to identify the proper surgical position.

Method The following parameters were assessed on preoperative magnetic resonance images (MRI): petrous angle (PA), sigmoid angle (SA), sigmoid diameter (SD), and root exit zone–sigmoid sinus edge angle (REZ-SEA).

Results The mean PA was 59.7 ± 5.6 degrees, SA was 16.8 ± 8.6 degrees, SD was 13.4 ± 3.5 mm, and the mean REZ-SEA was 59.6 ± 5.8 degrees. The difference between the maximum SA to avoid cerebellar hemisphere injury and the minimum REZ-SEA required to verify the facial nerve REZ is assumed to be the usable range of angles for the operative microscope; the average midpoint of this range was 38.2 ± 6.4 degrees.

Conclusion Turning the patient's head 10 degrees away from the affected side was generally appropriate for performing MVD surgery because it provided a mean microscope angle of 48 degrees. However, some patients had corner values for the sigmoid angle, REZ-SEA, and sigmoid sinus diameter. Rotating a patient's head based on precise calculations from preoperative MRI helps to achieve successful surgery.
Formation of a Naphthalene Framework by Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Double C–H Functionalization of Arenes with Alkynes: Impact of a Supporting Ligand and an Acid Additive
Authors: Loginov Dmitry A. , Kharitonov Vladimir B. , Muratov Dmitry V. , Nelyubina Yulia V.
Published: February 2022

An efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of larger condensed arenes from aromatic hydrocarbons and internal alkynes. This protocol uses readily available [CpRhI2]n as a catalyst and Cu(OAc)2 as an oxidant and proceeds smoothly through undirected double C–H activation. The addition of trifluoroacetic acid has a crucial positive impact on the reaction selectivity and the yields of the target products. In contrast to the previously reported catalytic systems, the new conditions allow the use of both dialkyl- and diarylacetylenes with the same high efficiency.
Severe Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Authors: Stieferman Addison E. , Mazi Patrick , Burnham Jason P.
Published: February 2022

Skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common reason for hospital admission. Severe SSTIs, particularly necrotizing infections, often require intensive care. Source control (often with surgical debridement) and broad-spectrum antimicrobials are paramount for minimizing significant morbidity and mortality. Rapid diagnostic tests may help in selection and de-escalation of antimicrobials for SSTIs. Besides early source control and early effective antimicrobial therapy, other patient-level factors such as comorbidities and immune status play a role in clinical outcomes. Intravenous immunoglobulin continues to be studied for severe SSTI, though recruitment in trials continues to be an issue. Severe SSTIs are complex to manage, due in part to regional variation in predominant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns, as well as variations in host immune responses. This review includes descriptions of source control, antimicrobial therapies, intravenous immunoglobulin, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, as well as host factors in severe SSTIs.
The Effect of Periodontal Therapy on the Level of MMP-8 in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Sopi Mirlinda , Koçani Ferit , Bardhoshi Merita , Meqa Kastriot
Published: February 2022

Objective The complete removal of bacterial plaque and their endotoxins in deeper areas of periodontal pockets is often difficult to achieve with conventional methods such as periodontal pocket curettage. An alternative to these methods that recently gained popularity in periodontology is the diode laser, with its antibacterial effect, angiogenesis promotion as advantages.

Materials and Methods This study included 100 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, with periodontal pockets up to 6 mm, and who were divided into two groups: patients treated with basic therapy and diode laser application, and patients treated with basic therapy and with flap surgery. The clinical periodontal evaluation was done before the treatment and 6 months after the treatment. Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 as an inflammatory indicator in gingival exudate was done with dipstick immunoassay test before the treatment and 6 months later.

Results This study showed a more pronounced improvement of periodontal clinical parameters, as well as a decrease in MMP-8 values in gingival exudate in the laser-treated group compared with the surgically treated group.

Conclusion The results of this study are encouraging for the use of the diode laser as a noninvasive method in the treatment of periodontal pathologies.
External Limiting Membrane, Photoreceptor Ellipsoid Zone Disruption, and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Alterations in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Mishra Nibha , Kaur Gurkiran , Saxena Sandeep
Published: February 2022

Objective

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes, is a leading cause of preventable blindness. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) provides cross-sectional and topographical imaging of the retina. SD-OCT resolves outer retinal layers into three hyperreflective bands—external limiting membrane (ELM), ellipsoid zone (EZ), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In this article, we have studied the role of these outer retinal layers in structural and molecular changes taking place in DR.

Materials and Methods

Articles with clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of DR were thoroughly studied. Articles were searched on PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library from 2000 to 2020. Studies focusing on the role of ELM, EZ, and RPE in pathogenesis of DR based on SD-OCT were included.

Results

The long-standing hyperglycemia leads to protein glycosylation resulting in formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs have an impact through their effect on retinal microvasculature, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, nitrosative and oxidative stress, and vitamin D and calcium metabolism. All these factors have been linked with disruption of outer retinal layers. AGEs lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction and release of proangiogenic factors by increasing the expression of VEGF in retinal pericytes and RPE cells. This leads to leakage and fluid accumulation resulting in diabetic macular edema (DME). In DME, there is sequential disruption of ELM and EZ and decrease in visual acuity (VA). The RPE alterations have been reported to be associated with the severity of DR and decrease in VA. Anti-VEGF therapy, most common treatment of DME, leads to restoration of barrier effect of ELM, it was found to be restored first followed by EZ restoration. Newer anti-AGEs agents and their receptor blockers are being developed which have a positive effect on maintaining the health of RPE.

Conclusion

A complex molecular association exists between the structural changes in ELM, EZ, and RPE in DR. SD-OCT is an indispensable tool to study these changes as integrity of these outer layers of retina is essential for maintaining visual function of retina in DR.
Discriminatory Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women Physicians
Authors: Jiwnani Sabita
Published: February 2022

The impact of gender and women's traditional roles in society has been particularly pronounced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted an online survey to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic responsibilities among Indian physicians to look for gender-based differences by collecting data regarding domestic work and childcare, changes in work patterns, and lack of domestic help during the pandemic and the resultant nationwide lockdown. Through this study, we reported the results of a nationwide survey and showed how gender gaps exist, even within highly qualified professionals such as physicians, and how the COVID-19 pandemic has widened this gap. Our study showed statistically higher contribution by women physicians as compared to men not only in the increased domestic work, but also when it came to childcare and education. More women than men were forced to take additional leave and quit their jobs due to the increased domestic responsibilities.

In addition to highlighting the difficulties faced by the physician community as a whole due to nonavailability of domestic help and childcare facilities, this survey demonstrated the intense challenges women physicians face as they try to navigate the work–life balance dilemma by providing care to their families as well as patients. Our study highlighted the need to re-examine the specific challenges faced by women physicians and identify means to support and empower them.
Multiple Linear Filling Defects in Coronary Artery: Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Shah Hetan C. , Jyotsna M.
Published: February 2022

A 60-year-old male, diabetic, nonhypertensive, tobacco chewer, presented with a history of inferior wall myocardial infarction in 2007. Patient underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent to right coronary artery in 2007, but no reports available. Now, patient was admitted with new onset crescendo angina for the last 1 month.
Looking to the sky for aircraft design
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: February 2022

A model of flapping wings based on insect motion may help develop analogous aircraft.
Realizing crack-free high-aluminum-mole-fraction AlGaN on patterned GaN beyond the critical layer thickness
Authors: Mehnke Frank , Fischer Alec M. , Xu Zhiyu , Bouchard Henri , Detchprohm Theeradetch , Shen Shyh-Chiang , Ponce Fernando A. , Dupuis Russell D.
Published: February 2022

Wide-bandgap III-nitride heterostructures are required for a variety of device applications. However, this alloy system has a large lattice constant and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch that limits the alloy composition and layer thickness for many heteroepitaxial device structures. Consequently, various methods have been devised to allow the heteroepitaxial growth of AlInGaN heterostructures to accommodate this inherent strain. In this work, we describe a non-planar-growth approach that enables the deposition of crack-free high-Al-mole-fraction AlxGa1−xN on patterned GaN/sapphire templates and bulk GaN substrates with large-area mesas. We have studied the effects of the patterned mesa width, the mesa etch depth, and the gap between the mesas on the heteroepitaxy of AlxGa1−xN superlattices with an average Al molar fraction 0.11 < x¯ < 0.21 and non-planar overgrowth growth thicknesses up to 3.5 μm. Similar to the planar growth approach, increasing the thickness and Al mole fraction of the AlxGa1−xN superlattices leads to surface cracking when exceeding the critical layer thickness. However, limiting the mesa dimension in one direction enables strain mitigation and drastically increases the critical layer thickness. Additionally, larger etch depths of the mesas increase the Al alloy composition and thickness for crack-free AlGaN heteroepitaxy whereas the gap in between the mesas seems to have no crucial influence. We demonstrate that the Al alloy composition and layer thicknesses of such heterostructures can be increased far beyond the critical layer thickness for planar growth and demonstrate the growth of a crack-free full AlxGa1−xN/GaN quantum-well laser heterostructure designed for operation at ∼370 nm.
Investigating some parameters of q-Gaussian laser beam in plasma
Authors: Salih Hyder A. , Hassoon Khaleel I. , Khamis Raad A.
Published: February 2022

In this work, the problem of relativistic self-focusing of a q-Gaussian laser beam propagating in unmagnetized plasma is studied using a simple heuristic approach. The q-Gaussian profile is analyzed with respect to full width at half maximum (FWHM), intensity distribution, and critical power. A modified version of the Akhmanov method is used to solve the non-linear differential equation for the q-Gaussian beam. The results showed that the FWHM of the q-Gaussian beam substantially depends on the q-factor, and for high values of q, a small part of the beam energy becomes contained within the FWHM. The q-parameter is more effective in the diffraction term than the nonlinear term. The critical power of the q-Gaussian laser beam needed for self-focusing as q→1 becomes extremely high, and in this case, it is very hard to wave-guide such a beam. Moreover, the critical power of self-focusing for q-Gaussian is highly dependent on the value of q-parameter, and as q goes to zero, the critical power needed for self-focusing becomes extremely high. All the derived expressions for the q-Gaussian beam become identical to those for a normal Gaussian beam as q approaches to infinity.
Voltage control of magnetism with magneto-ionic approaches: Beyond voltage-driven oxygen ion migration
Authors: de Rojas J. , Quintana A. , Rius G. , Stefani C. , Domingo N. , Costa-Krämer J. L. , Menéndez E. , Sort J.
Published: February 2022

Magneto-ionics is an emerging field in materials science where voltage is used as an energy-efficient means to tune magnetic properties, such as magnetization, coercive field, or exchange bias, by voltage-driven ion transport. We first discuss the emergence of magneto-ionics in the last decade, its core aspects, and key avenues of research. We also highlight recent progress in materials and approaches made during the past few years. We then focus on the “structural-ion” approach as developed in our research group in which the mobile ions are already present in the target material and discuss its potential advantages and challenges. Particular emphasis is given to the energetic and structural benefits of using nitrogen as the mobile ion, as well as on the unique manner in which ionic motion occurs in CoN and FeN systems. Extensions into patterned systems and textures to generate imprinted magnetic structures are also presented. Finally, we comment on the prospects and future directions of magneto-ionics and its potential for practical realizations in emerging fields, such as neuromorphic computing, magnetic random-access memory, or micro- and nano-electromechanical systems.
Promising thermoelectric performance in CaAgP with intrinsic Ag vacancies
Authors: Quinn Robert J. , Bos Jan-Willem G.
Published: February 2022

Semimetals have recently emerged at the forefront of contemporary thermoelectrics research. In this paper, we show that the candidate Dirac semimetal CaAgP forms with a stable CaAg0.9P composition. Intentionally, Ag-deficient CaAg0.9P shows a promising thermoelectric figure of merit, achieving zT = 0.43 at 660 K. This derives from moderate power factors, S2/ρ = 1.25 mW m−1 K−2, and a low lattice thermal conductivity, κlat = 1.2 W m−1 K−1. The thermoelectric properties of CaAg0.9P are consistent with that of a small bandgap semiconductor. High levels of doping are key to suppressing bipolar transport, enabling promising zT values, despite the low ∼0.2 eV bandgap. Unusually, the onset of bipolar transport coincides with a transition to a more electrically resistive state, indicating a fundamental change in electronic properties at high temperature.
Aerodynamic performance and flow mechanism of multi-flapping wings with different spatial arrangements
Authors: Meng Xueguang , Chen Zengshuang , Zhang Yang , Chen Gang
Published: February 2022

In nature, the phenomenon of cluster movements of fish, birds, and insects is universal, which constantly inspires people to explore its advantages. In this study, the aerodynamic performance of three three-dimensional flapping wings under different spatial arrangements was numerically investigated at a low Reynolds number and the interactions among the individuals and the associated underlying fluid mechanisms were explored. In addition, the effects of the number of individuals on the aerodynamic performance of the group as well as the individual were also considered based on the spatial arrangement when the three-wing group produces the maximum thrust. The results show that the spatial arrangement between flapping wings has an important impact on the aerodynamic performance of the whole group and individuals. At a specific spacing (in-line tandem arrangement), the overall thrust of the group can be increased by about 40%, while the overall lift has little change. It is also found that the overall lift of the group decreases with the increase in the number of individuals in the group, and the thrust remains unchanged. The detailed analysis of the wake flow reveals that the downwash of the vortex wake plays a dominant role in the aerodynamic interference.
An experimental study of aerodynamic noise from large obstructions in turbulent boundary layer flows
Authors: Sundeep Shivam , Bu Huanxian , Zhou Peng , Zhong Siyang , Zhang Xin
Published: February 2022

This paper reports an experimental study on the aerodynamic noise generated by a two-dimensional large obstacle in a turbulent boundary layer. Square and triangular obstacles with varying heights of h/δ=0.48,0.8,1.2,1.6, and 2 (where δ is the boundary layer thickness measured without the obstacle present) are tested at various flow speeds ranging from 20 to 50 m/s. The Reynolds number based on step height and free stream velocity ranged between 7500 and 79 000. A linear microphone array is arranged aside to measure the sound radiation in the spanwise direction. It is suggested that both square and triangular obstructions can lead to a broadband source with a dipole-type directivity. A consistent increase in the noise strength is observed with obstacle height and flow speed. The underlying noise source is revealed by comparing the acoustic spectra of different obstacle geometries. The low-frequency noise is contributed by the turbulence modification due to the flow impingement onto the obstacle, while the high-frequency sound is mainly caused by the diffraction of hydrodynamic pressure by the sharp leading edge.
Loss of grassland ecosystem service values based on potential vegetation in China
Authors: Pan Dongrong , Yan Haowen , Li Qiang , Liu Danyang , Liu Xiaoni , Zhang Degang , Han Tianhu , Sun Bin , Jiang Jiachang
Published: February 2022

Grassland resources in China have diverse categories and span extensive areas. Existing studies have estimated the value of ecosystem services in China at different scales, but there are few reports on the potential loss of grassland ecosystem services in China. On the basis of the class-level compatibility of the two existing grassland classification systems, this study separately estimated the ecosystem service valves (ESVs) of Chinese potential grassland ecosystems (Comprehensive Sequential Classification System, CSCS) and existing grassland ecosystems (Vegetation Habitatology Classification System, VHCS). In addition, we also calculated the loss of ESVs between the two grassland classification systems and further analysed the reasons for the loss. The results are as follows: (1) the total amount of ESVs provided by the existing grassland in China was 64 929.87 × 108 Ren Min Bi (RMB) per year, in which lowland meadow and alpine meadow provide higher ESVs than the other 16 grassland classes; (2) the total ESV of Chinese potential grasslands was 83 632.88 × 108 RMB per year, of which IE29 (frigid temperate humid tundra, alpine meadow) and IF36 (frigid perhumid rain tundra, alpine meadow) contributed most to the total ESV (16.9%); (3) the ESVs of grassland in China decreased by 18 703.01 × 108 RMB per year compared with the potential value; the ESV loss mainly occurred in areas where the original grassland decreased and the secondary grassland increased; and (4) anthropogenic disturbances such as grazing, felling and indiscriminate cultivation and climate change are the main reasons for loss of ESV owing to grassland degradation.
A high-throughput technique to map cell images to cell positions using a 3D imaging flow cytometer
Authors: Zhang Zunming , Tang Rui , Chen Xinyu , Waller Lauren , Kau Alston , Fung Anthony A. , Gutierrez Bien , An Cheolhong , Cho Sung Hwan , Shi Lingyan , Lo Yu-Hwa
Published: February 2022

Significance

This article demonstrates a high-throughput technique to map cell images to cell positions. The technology uses a three-dimensional (3D) imaging flow cytometer to record multiparameter 3D cell images at a throughput of 1,000 cells/s and a cell placement robot to place the exiting cells from the imaging system on a filter plate in a first-in–first-out manner so the cells on the plate have the same order as the cells that are imaged. Innovative algorithms were developed to match the cell sequences from the imaging and placement modules to detect and eliminate errors to ensure high accuracy. The technology forms an unprecedented bridge between single-cell molecular analysis and single-cell image analysis to connect phenotype and genotype analysis with single-cell resolution.
Picard subject clitics
Authors: Auger Julie
Published: February 2022

This paper argues that the analysis of Picard subject clitics and lexical subjects greatly benefits from considering syntax, phonology, and prosody. Specifically, the status of pronominal clitics as arguments or agreement markers must be determined on the basis of syntactic criteria, while the determination of their status as clitics or affixes necessitates phonological arguments. My analysis shows that Picard subject clitics behave like agreement markers but that they retain the status of clitics, thus providing evidence for the Clitic Group as proposed by Nespor & Vogel (1986). I also provide evidence that other grammatical monosyllables do not create clitic groups.
A child’s view of Romance modification
Authors: Pérez-Leroux Ana Teresa
Published: February 2022

Languages vary as to what kind of phrasal categories allow recursive iteration of self-same embedding. Children first learn an embedding rule, then must learn whether the rule can apply recursively or not. However, direct experience of recursive embedding is rare in the input. A study of recursive nominal modification in Spanish show children acquire different types of modification (possession, part-whole relations) at different times even if these are expressed with the same preposition de. This suggest that the domain of rule formulation is narrower than syntactic category (PPs) or even lexical particle (de). Bilingual children show delays in acquiring a first level of embedding rule but not in allowing the rule to be recursive. This suggests that learning recursive modification is not sensitive to the concomitant reductions in input in bilingual contexts. I argue that children learn that embedding rules are recursive by inference from the productivity of simple embedding rules. The evidence on the acquisition of recursive nominal modification points to the limitations of the parameter setting model of syntactic development.
Definite determiners in Romance
Authors: Isac Daniela
Published: February 2022

The definite article in Eastern Romance (ER) is overtly expressed as a suffix on the noun. However, with objects of prepositions (Ps) the definite article can be null, unless the P object is modified, in which case the definite article must be overt. In order to account for this variation in the overtness of the definite article, I propose that definite Ds must undergo M-merge in ER and that the definite D is spelled out overtly only if D M-merges with a head that bears a definiteness ([def]) feature. ER languages display micro-variation with respect to which particular item in the DP can host the definite article, and with respect to whether the definite article in unmodified objects of Ps must, or simply can, be null. Micro-variation is accounted for by (i) the feature content of the Number head, and (ii) whether the M-merge rule applies strictly locally or not.
Same EPP, different null subject type
Authors: Doner Julianne , Bilgin Çağrı
Published: February 2022

It is commonly assumed that all languages with Extended Projection Principle (EPP) type X will have null subject language (NSL) type Y, and vice versa (see Holmberg 2005, inter alia). We argue that although EPP type and NSL type interact, they are not co-extensive. We demonstrate that General Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, and French have different NSL types (consistent, partial, and non-NSLs, respectively), but share the same EPP type (DP EPP). We also argue that both Brazilian Portuguese and Dominican Spanish underwent a change in EPP type, followed by the loss of agreement and a change in NSL type. Crucially, EPP type and NSL type did not change simultaneously. It therefore follows that EPP and NSL type cannot be co-extensive.
On (un)grammatical sequences of ses in Spanish
Authors: MacDonald Jonathan E. , Vázquez-Lozares Almike
Published: February 2022

We discuss the ungrammaticality of Spanish impersonal se (Impse) in combination with another se in control structures. Our main goal is to critically evaluate Martins & Nunes’s (2017) account of parallel phenomena in European Portuguese, who, adopting a movement theory of control, claim that Impse merges in the external argument of the non-finite embedded verb and moves to the matrix clause. When Impse and the other se are transferred within the same phase, the result is ungrammaticality due to an identity violation. We illustrate that their approach cannot be extended to Spanish. Instead, we put forth MacDonald & Vázquez-Lozares’s (2021) proposal as an alternative, which as we show allows for an extension to ungrammatical contexts in which the identity of se cannot be appealed to.
Interpreting reduplicated numerals in Old Ibero-Romance
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: February 2022

Old Ibero-Romance reduplicated numerals in transfer and possession constructions force a distributive reading at the sentential level (OSp. los pecheros deben tres tres meajas “the taxpayers owe three meajas each”). I argue that the distributive construction is best accounted for at the clausal level by an applicative structure (Pylkkänen 2008), where the reduplicated numeral is the internal argument and is encoded at the nominal level by a dedicated distributive layer in the extended functional structure. This analysis captures differences in the construction’s interpretation—a low ApplP for distribution over individuals, and a high ApplP for distribution over events—within a more general theory of event structure, and situates the distributive construction with a wider taxonomy of (independently-motivated) Ibero-Romance applicative structures.
Value and cardinality in the evaluation of bare singulars in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Lima Suzi , Oliveira Cristiane
Published: February 2022

Previous studies have explored two semantic features – cardinality and volume – to shown that bare singulars such as banana in Eu comi banana (I ate banana) allows a count and a mass interpretation in Brazilian Portuguese. In this chapter we explore whether other features such as value impact the interpretation of such nouns. The results of our priming and judgment studies indicate that cardinality is grammatically more relevant than value when interpreting Brazilian Portuguese bare singulars. However, we found a significant increase in reaction times when value was primed early. Therefore, value plays a role in the processing of bare singulars.
Cyclical change in affixal negation
Authors: Gibert-Sotelo Elisabeth
Published: February 2022

This chapter offers a contrastive analysis of the negative prefix iN- in Latin and Romance that shows that this element has undergone a reanalysis throughout the evolution. In particular, it is proposed that iN- has evolved from an adjunct to a categorizing affix, a change that partially fits the negative cycle ‘adjunct > specifier > head > affix’ (van Gelderen 2011). The proposed analysis builds, on the one hand, on Newell’s (2008) morphophonological approach to English negative prefixes; and, on the other hand, on De Clercq’s (2013) and De Clercq & Vanden Wyngaerd’s (2017) work on affixal negation. Alongside, the paper endeavors to show the advantages of using the Nanosyntax model when dealing with diachronic variation at the syntax-lexicon interface.
Instances of direct speech, authentic and imaginary, in Old Frisian
Authors: Vries Oebele
Published: February 2022

This paper offers a descriptive account of direct speech in texts written in Old Frisian (extending till 1550). A distinction is made between two types of this stylistic device: imaginary, as found in narrative texts, and authentic, which regards recordings of sentences spoken in a conversation or an allocution. Fixed formulaic phrases in legal texts, though having the appearance of direct speech, were obviously excluded from this investigation.

The number of instances found is small, while true dialogues are even entirely lacking. The percentage of direct speech quotes in narrative texts – scarce as they are – turns out to be about the same as in some Old English narrative poems. About twenty specimens of authentic direct speech could be gathered from witness depositions and witness testimonies. Although they are perhaps somewhat less lively than might be expected, they still convey an impression of the spoken form of the late Old Frisian vernacular.
Modeling in nuclear physics: a visual approach to the limitations of the semi-empirical mass formula
Authors: Hein Miriam , Pusch Alexander , Heusler Stefan
Published: February 2022

The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) is a phenomenological model describing nuclear binding energies with high accuracy. We present different realizations and applications of this model based on 3D-printing and animations. A central new contribution is a visualization not only of the energy landscape provided by the SEMF, but also a comparison with actual experimental data. Our visualization of this difference energy landscape reveals limitations of the phenomenological model, and at the same time shows the special importance of the so-called magic numbers which have been explained in the shell model, introduced much later than the liquid drop model. This provides an excellent opportunity to discuss limits and merits of models in general in the context of physics education.
An asymptotical regularization with convex constraints for inverse problems
Authors: Zhong Min , Wang Wei , Tong Shanshan
Published: February 2022

We investigate the method of asymptotical regularization for the stable approximate solution of nonlinear ill-posed problems F(x) = y in Hilbert spaces. The method consists of two components, an outer Newton iteration and an inner scheme providing increments by solving a local coupling linearized evolution equations. In addition, a non-smooth uniformly convex functional has been embedded in the evolution equations which is allowed to be non-smooth, including L
1-liked and total variation-like penalty terms. We establish convergence properties of the method, derive stability estimates, and perform the convergence rate under the Hölder continuity of the inverse mapping. Furthermore, based on Runge–Kutta (RK) discretization, different kinds of iteration schemes can be developed for numerical realization. In our numerical experiments, four types iterative scheme, including Landweber type, one-stage explicit, implicit Euler and two-stage RK are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.
Numerical investigation of eco-friendly MASnI3 perovskite-based solar cell: effect of defect density and hole transport layer
Authors: Mouhib Haytam , Ait hssi Abderrahim , Ait Wahmane Youssef , Atourki Lahoucine , Elfanaoui Abdeslam , Ihlal Ahmed , Bouabid Khalid
Published: February 2022

Eco-friendly lead-free perovskite CH3NH3SnI3 (MASnI3) based solar cell device was simulated using the one-dimensional solar capacitance tool (SCAPS 1D). In this work, we investigate the effect of several parameters such as the thickness and the defect density in the absorber layer. We focus on the effect of defect densities at the TiO2/MASnI3, MASnI3/Spiro-OMeTAD interfaces on the photovoltaic performances. Our results show that the best performances were obtained with an absorber thickness layer kept of 1.1 μm, and for low defect densities in the active layer and at the TiO2/MASnI3 interface. In addition, we have studied the effect of various hole transport layers (HTL) compounds such as Cu2O, CuO, CuI, CuSCN, PTAA, PEDOT: PSS, and MEH-PPV. Our results show the significant impact of valence band offset and hole mobility on device performances. The champion device has a power conversion efficiency of 27.77%, a current density (J
sc) of 34.6 mA cm−2, an open circuit voltage (V
oc) of 0.96 V and a fill factor of 83.34%. This work can provide imperative guidelines to researchers for the design of efficient eco-friendly perovskite solar cells.
Nanomaterials enhancing the solid-state storage and decomposition of ammonia
Authors: Mateti Srikanth , Saranya Lakshmi , Sathikumar Gautham , Cai Qiran , Yao Yagang , Chen Ying (Ian)
Published: February 2022

Hydrogen is ideal for producing carbon-free and clean-green energy with which to save the world from climate change. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells use to hydrogen to produce 100% clean energy, with water the only by-product. Apart from generating electricity, hydrogen plays a crucial role in hydrogen-powered vehicles. Unfortunately, the practical uses of hydrogen energy face many technical and safety barriers. Research into hydrogen generation and storage and reversibility transportation are still in its very early stages. Ammonia (NH3) has several attractive attributes, with a high gravimetric hydrogen density of 17.8 wt% and theoretical hydrogen conversion efficiency of 89.3%. Ammonia storage and transport are well-established technologies, making the decomposition of ammonia to hydrogen the safest and most carbon-free option for using hydrogen in various real-time applications. However, several key challenges must be addressed to ensure its feasibility. Current ammonia decomposition technologies require high temperatures, pressures and non-recyclable catalysts, and a sustainable decomposition mechanism is urgently needed. This review article comprehensively summarises current knowledge about and challenges facing solid-state storage of ammonia and decomposition. It provides potential strategic solutions for developing a scalable process with which to produce clean hydrogen by eliminating possible economic and technical barriers.
Lithography-free and high-efficiency preparation of black phosphorous devices by direct evaporation through shadow mask
Authors: Ni Junhao , Mi Huiru , Tan Pu , An Xuhong , Gao Lei , Luo Xiaoguang , Cai Zhengyang , Ni Zhenhua , Gu Xiaofeng , Xiao Shaoqing , Nan Haiyan , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: February 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) materials including black phosphorus (BP) have been extensively investigated because of their exotic physical properties and potential applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Fabricating BP based devices is challenging because BP is extremely sensitive to the external environment, especially to the chemical contamination during the lithography process. The direct evaporation through shadow mask technique is a clean method for lithography-free electrode patterning of 2D materials. Herein, we employ the lithography-free evaporation method for the construction of BP based field-effect transistors and photodetectors and systematically compare their performances with those of BP counterparts fabricated by conventional lithography and transfer electrode methods. The results show that BP devices fabricated by direct evaporation method possess higher mobility, faster response time, and smaller hysteresis than those prepared by the latter two methods. This can be attributed to the clean interface between BP and evaporated-electrodes as well as the lower Schottky barrier height of 20.2 meV, which is given by the temperature-dependent electrical results. Furthermore, the BP photodetectors exhibit a broad-spectrum response and polarization sensitivity. Our work elucidates a universal, low-cost and high-efficiency method to fabricate BP devices for optoelectronic applications.
Developing solid-surface plasma facing components for pilot plants and reactors with replenishable wall claddings and continuous surface conditioning. Part B: required research in present tokamaks
Authors: Stangeby P C , Unterberg E A , Davis J W , Abrams T , Bortolon A , Bykov I , Donovan D , Guo H Y , Kolasinski R , Leonard A W , Nichols J H , Sinclair G , Rudakov D L , Thomas D M , Watkins J G
Published: February 2022

The companion part A paper (Stangeby et al 2022) reports a number of independent estimates indicating that high-duty-cycle DT tokamaks starting with pilot plants will likely experience rates of net erosion and deposition of solid PFC, plasma facing component, material in the range of 103 to 104 kg yr−1, regardless of the material used. The subsequent redeposition of such large quantities of material has the potential for major interference with tokamak operation. Similar levels and issues will be involved if ∼continuous low-Z powder dropping is used for surface conditioning of DT tokamaks, independent of the material used for the PFC armor. In Stangeby et al (2022) (part A) it is proposed that for high-duty-cycle DT tokamaks, non-metallic low-Z refractory materials such as ceramics (graphite, SiC, etc) used as in situ replenishable, relatively thin—of order mm—claddings on a substrate which is resistant to neutron damage could provide a potential solution for protecting the main walls, while reducing the risk of degrading the confined plasma. Assessment of whether such an approach is viable will require information, much of which is not available today. Section 6 of part A identifies a partial list of major physics questions that will need to be answered in order to make an informed assessment. This part B report describes R&D needed to be done in present tokamaks in order to answer many of these questions. Most of the required R&D is to establish better understanding of low-Z slag generation and to identify means to safely manage it. Powder droppers provide a unique opportunity to carry out controlled studies on the management of low-Z slag in current tokamaks, independent of whether their protection tiles use low-Z or high-Z material.