bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection on the risk of subsequent symptomatic malaria in a longitudinal cohort in Kenya
Authors: Sumner Kelsey M , Mangeni Judith N , Obala Andrew A , Freedman Elizabeth , Abel Lucy , Meshnick Steven R , Edwards Jessie K , Pence Brian W , Prudhomme-O'Meara Wendy , Taylor Steve M
Published: July 2021

Background:

Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections are common in sub-Saharan Africa, but their effect on subsequent symptomaticity is incompletely understood.

Methods:

In a 29-month cohort of 268 people in Western Kenya, we investigated the association between asymptomatic P. falciparum and subsequent symptomatic malaria with frailty Cox models.

Results:

Compared to being uninfected, asymptomatic infections were associated with an increased 1 month likelihood of symptomatic malaria (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.61, 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.33), and this association was modified by sex, with females (aHR: 3.71, 95% CI: 2.62 to 5.24) at higher risk for symptomaticity than males (aHR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.50). This increased symptomatic malaria risk was observed for asymptomatic infections of all densities and in people of all ages. Long-term risk was attenuated but still present in children under age 5 (29-month aHR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.81).

Conclusions:

In this high-transmission setting, asymptomatic P. falciparum can be quickly followed by symptoms and may be targeted to reduce the incidence of symptomatic illness.

Funding:

This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI126024 to WPO, R01AI146849 to WPO and SMT).
LncRNA NEAT1 regulated diabetic retinal epithelial-mesenchymal transition through regulating miR-204/SOX4 axis
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhou Jing , Li Wei hong , Zhou Zhi xiong , Xia Xiao bo
Published: July 2021

Aim

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is the key of the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and lncRNA NEAT1 could accelerate EMT in diabetic nephropathy. Meanwhile, as a diabetes susceptibility gene, whether sex-determining region Y-related (SRY) high-mobility group box 4 (SOX4) has relationship with lncRNA NEAT1 in DR remains unclear.

Methods

Firstly, NEAT1, SOX4 and miR-204 were evaluated by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR) under high glucose condition. Then, cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion were respectively detected by MTT, BrdU staining, wound healing and transwell assay after NEAT1 knockdown or miR-204 overexpression. Also, the EMT-related proteins were examined by western blot and cell immunofluorescence assay. In order to confirm the relationship between miR-204 and NEAT1 or SOX4, dual luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted. At the same time, the protein levels of SOX4 and EMT-related proteins were investigated by immunohistochemistry in vivo.

Results

High glucose upregulated NEAT1 and SOX4 and downregulated miR-204 in ARPE19 cells. NEAT1 knockdown or miR-204 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and EMT progression of ARPE19 cells induced by high glucose. NEAT1 was identified as a molecular sponge of miR-204 to increase the level of SOX4. The effect of NEAT1 knockdown on the progression of EMT under high glucose condition in ARPE19 cells could be reversed by miR-204 inhibitor. Also, NEAT1 knockdown inhibited retinal EMT in diabetic mice.

Conclusion

NEAT1 regulated the development of EMT in DR through miR-204/SOX4 pathway, which could provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.
Assessing the quantitative relationships between the impervious surface area and surface heat island effect during urban expansion
Authors: Ma Xiaoliang , Peng Shuangyun
Published: July 2021

As an important component of underlying urban surfaces, the distribution pattern and density of the impervious surface area (ISA) play an important role in the generation of surface urban heat island (SUHI) effects. However, the quantitative and localized exploration of the ISA’s influence on SUHIs in the process of urban expansion from the perspective of temporal and spatial changes is still not clear. Based on multisource remote sensing data, the SUHI effect of urban expansion is revealed by using geospatial analysis methods such as profile, difference and regression analysis. The results show the following: (1) urban expansion plays a significant role in aggravating SUHIs. Overall, the ISA and land surface temperature (LST) have obvious consistency in terms of spatial distribution patterns. However, local spatial differentiation is significant. The areas with the highest LST were not concentrated in the downtown area with the highest ISA but were scattered in the cultivated land and exposed surface areas under development in the northern part of the city. (2) In general, the ISA can explain the spatial distribution of LST well, there is an obvious positive correlation between them, and the quadratic polynomial function is the best fitting model between them. (3) The density and spatial allocation of ecological elements, such as green space and water bodies, play an important role in alleviating SUHIs. This study found that the urban center with the highest ISA coverage rate has no significant SUHI due to the reasonable allocation of green space and water bodies. The research results can provide a scientific basis for future urban planning and ecological environment construction.
Genome-wide identification of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family under waterlogging stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Shen Changwei , Yuan Jingping , Ou Xingqi , Ren Xiujuan , Li Xinhua
Published: July 2021

Background

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays an important role in plant survival under anaerobic conditions. Although some research about ADH in many plants have been carried out, the bioinformatics analysis of the ADH gene family from Triticum aestivum and their response to abiotic stress is unclear.

Methods

A total of 22 ADH genes were identified from the wheat genome, and these genes could be divided into two subfamilies (subfamily I and subfamily II). All TaADH genes belonged to the Medium-chain ADH subfamily. Sequence alignment analysis showed that all TaADH proteins contained a conservative GroES-like domain and Zinc-binding domain. A total of 64 duplicated gene pairs were found, and the Ka/Ks value of these gene pairs was less than 1, which indicated that these genes were relatively conservative and did not change greatly in the process of duplication.

Results

The organizational analysis showed that nine TaADH genes were highly expressed in all organs, and the rest of TaADH genes had tissue specificity. Cis-acting element analysis showed that almost all of the TaADH genes contained an anaerobic response element. The expression levels of ADH gene in waterlogging tolerant and waterlogging sensitive wheat seeds were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This showed that some key ADH genes were significantly responsive to waterlogging stress at the seed germination stage, and the response of waterlogging tolerant and waterlogging sensitive wheat seeds to waterlogging stress was regulated by different ADH genes. The results may be helpful to further study the function of TaADH genes and to determine the candidate gene for wheat stress resistance breeding.
Освоение Луны: первый современный этап, "Природа"
Authors: Кухаркин Н.Е. , Раскач К.Ф. , Александров П.А.
Published: July 2021

Создание обитаемой научной базы на Луне — логичный шаг в дальнейшем изучении космоса. Однако на этом пути мы встречаемся с рядом трудностей технического и финансового характера. В основном это связано с дорогостоящей доставкой на Луну любых грузов и еще более дорогой доставкой обратно на Землю. Выходом здесь может стать максимальное использование местных ресурсов: грунта (реголита) и воды, указание на существование которой вблизи полюсов Луны недавно было получено. При наличии энергетических ресурсов из реголита можно изготавливать строительные материалы и различные конструкции. Полученные ранее данные о содержании воды в холодных ловушках в 5 и 30% позволяют предполагать ее добычу в промышленных масштабах, а путем электролиза получать ракетное топливо, которое необходимо для дальнейшего изучения космического пространства и возвращения людей и исследовательских аппаратов на Землю.
Дальневосточная жаба: «секрет Полишинеля» по-амурски, "Природа"
Authors: Берман Д.И. , Тагирова В.Т. , Кришкевич Д.Д.
Published: July 2021

Жизнь амфибий в Северной Евразии невозможна без специальных адаптаций к экстремальным температурам на суше или к гипоксии в воде. Эта сторона экологии пока мало исследована, даже места зимовки многих амфибий известны лишь приблизительно. Типичная ситуация в Приамурье — с дальневосточной жабой. Находки зимующих на суше и в воде животных поздней осенью редки; выживают ли они до весны, непонятно. Как и другие виды жаб Северной Евразии, она не переносит охлаждения ниже –3°C. Подобные температуры в грунтах равнинных территорий от Комсомольска-на-Амуре до Благовещенска отмечаются на глубине более 1.5 м. Случайно выяснилось, что место массовой зимовки жаб представляет собой «секрет Полишинеля»: в сети рыбаков подо льдом на Амуре (между Хабаровском и Комсомольском-на-Амуре) вместе с рыбой регулярно попадают жабы. Наблюдения показали, что весной из воды дружно выходят перед ледоходом или сразу после него взрослые и молодые, самки и самцы. Осенью же жабы идут на зимовку не одновременно, а потому незаметно. Вероятно, на севере в российской части ареала основное место их зимовки — равнинные участки рек, тогда как на юге (в Центральном и Юго-Западном Китае) преимущественно верхние горизонты почвы.
ЧТО УДАЛОСЬ ОБСУДИТЬ В ХОДЕ СЕССИИ ПО ФЕОДАЛИЗМУ НА КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ «ПЕРЕОСМЫСЛЕНИЕ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ, ИЛИ АУДИТ РОССИЙСКОЙ МЕДИЕВИСТИКИ», "Средние века"
Authors: Винокурова Марина Владимировна
Published: July 2021

17 сентября 2019 г. в рамках конференции «Переосмысление Средневековья или аудит российской медиевистики» прошла сессия, посвященная проблемам западноевропейского феодализма. Были обсуждены как традиционные, так и новые аспекты исследования этого социального феномена. В частности, подчеркнуты важные признаки феодализма, о которых писали как представители отечественной исторической школы, так и многие зарубежные авторы. Это соединение верховной власти с землевладением; замена полной земельной собственности (аллода) условной; установление вассальной иерархии; наличие личных договорных отношений господства и подчинения между сеньором и вассалом, основанных на коммендации; «юрисдикция в частных руках» или право сеньора на частный суд, которое могло передаваться по наследству. Было показано, что феодализм это не только наличие социальных отношений по типу: феод - зависимое крестьянское земельное держание и связанная с этими отношениями власть высшего над низшим. Это не чисто вегцная (более всего - «земельная») основа зависимости крестьян от сеньоров, но в значительной степени - личные отношения, договорный союз между ними, основанный на службе одного другому и защите первого вторым. В ходе работы сессии было также уделено внимание использованию классического термина «феодализм». Памятуя, что о терминах не спорят, а договариваются, историки согласились в том, что, какой бы аспект или сумму аспектов в бытовании средневекового социума ни отражал этот термин (систему власти - систему землевладения - систему права), он является не только «историографическим феноменом» и, как важный объект познания, наполнен не только онтологическим смыслом. Для практикующих историков этот термин, которым удобно и привычно оперировать, по-прежнему несет утилитарную, служебную нагрузку и, по всей видимости, на сегодняшний день совсем не обязательно нуждается в поисках новых значений. В ходе работы сессии был также обсужден вопрос о новых тенденциях в области исследования феодализма, которые отражены в ряде публикаций на страницах журнала «Средние века» за последнее десятилетие.
ФЕОДАЛЬНАЯ СОБСТВЕННОСТЬ?, "Средние века"
Authors: Среданская Наталия Брониславовна
Published: July 2021

В этом сообщении поставлен вопрос о том, насколько правомерно употребление словосочетания «феодальная собственность». Поскольку современные исследования подчеркивают, что собственность - это категория правовая, для ответа на этот вопрос исследована терминология североитальянских нотариальных актов ХП-XIV вв., относящаяся к вещному праву. В средневековых актах точно и недвусмысленно обозначено установленное ими право: если недвижимость передана не в собственность - dominium, proprietas; iure proprio in perpetuum, а в феод, те. на ограниченных основаниях, в актах отсутствует терминология, обозначающая собственность. Представляется, таким образом, что во всяком случае по отношению к средневековой Италии «феодальная собственность» выглядит как соединение несочетаемых понятий.
МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ «ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИЕ РУКОПИСИ И ДОКУМЕНТЫ ОТ ПОЗДНЕЙ АНТИЧНОСТИ ДО НАЧАЛА НОВ ОТО ВРЕМЕНИ В СОБРАНИЯХ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА ИЗУЧЕНИЕ, КАТАЛОГИЗАЦИЯ, ЦИФРОВАЯ ПУБЛИКАЦИЯ» (Санкт-Петебург, 19-22 сентября 2019 г.), "Средние века"
Authors: Воробьев Григорий Михайлович
Published: July 2021

Обзор посвящен недавно прошедшей в Санкт-Петербурге международной конференции по латинской палеографии и дипломатике. Она была организована Санкт-Петербургским институтом истории РАН и Германским историческим институтом в Москве и проводилась на четырех площадках: в Санкт-Петербургском научном центре РАН, в Российской национальной библиотеке, в Санкт-Петербургском институте истории РАН и в Государственном Эрмитаже. Около половины докладов были подготовлены российскими исследователями, около половины - палеографами из Европы. Доклады, вошедшие в программу конференции, можно условно разделить на три группы. Одни были посвящены изучению западноевропейских рукописей петербургских хранилищ и связанных с ними рукописей и фрагментов из других городов. Доклады второй группы касались документов и юридических рукописей. В докладах третьего рода освещалось функционирование текущих или недавно завершенных западноевропейских проектов, связанных с описанием рукописей. В ходе конференции западные и отечественные участники обсудили ряд совместных проектов по изучению фрагментов рукописей, а также по реставрации, исследованию и цифровой публикации древнейших грамот из собрания Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН. Для участников конференции были подготовлены выставки рукописей в Библиотеке Российской академии наук, в Российской национальной библиотеке, в научно-историческом архиве Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН и в Эрмитаже.
ХАРТНЕЛЛ ДЖ. ГОЛОЕ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЕ: ЖИЗНЬ, СМЕРТЬ И ИСКУССТВО В СРЕДНИЕ ВЕКА / Пер. с англ. А.Н. Мурашова. М.: Изд-во ACT, 2019. 320 с, "Средние века"
Authors: Бергер Елена Евгеньевна
Published: July 2021

Рецензия на русское издание монографии английского исследователя Джека Хартнелла (Hartnell J. Medieval Bodies: Life, Death and Art in the Middle Ages. London: Wellcome Collection, 2018). Анализируется структура работы, особое внимание уделено качеству русского перевода и ошибкам, допущенным издателями.
A Study on the Relationship between Earnings Quality and Capital Cost-Takes the China Listed Companies as a Sample
Authors: Hsiao Chih-Yi , Kuang Hui-Hui , Li Hui-Ling , Liu Jia-Li
Published: July 2021

The phenomenon of false financial statements still exists. However, in addition to the risk of being punished, what kind of price do companies have to pay? In recent decades, with China's rapid progress in economic, the relevant accounting system and corporate governance standards are actively improving, and the earnings quality is improving. This paper takes China's listed companies from 2015 to 2019 as samples, and adopts quantile regression supplemented by ordinary least square method to explore the relationship between earnings quality and capital cost. The research findings show that the higher the earnings management, the higher the capital cost, especially for the company with low capital cost. Nevertheless, for the extremely company with high capital cost, earnings management can reduce the capital cost. The research results can provide the focus of regulators of listed companies and reference for the revision of relevant accounting system.
Performance Evaluation of Diesel Engine Operated High-speed Chaff Cutter
Authors: Beerge Ramesh , Revanth K. , Shukla Prabhakar , Vinayaka . , Basavaraj .
Published: July 2021

Dairy farming has become one of major sources of income for farmers. To maintain a large dairy farm, fodder must be available in palatable form at every point of time in sufficient quantity. To ensure that the ready fodder is available for cattle, a high-capacity chaff cutter is necessary. A high speed and  hogh-capacity chaff cutter procured from the local market and tested for its performance. The machine consisted of a flywheel type cutter head which was mounted on the rectangular platform. The cutter head consisted of three rectangular plain knives fixed 120° apart on a circular disc of 440 ϕ. The feeding assembly was mounted with three feed rollers viz., upper, low, and additional. Chute type feeding mechanism was provided. The machine was operated by a 3.73 kW diesel engine.  The ‘v’ belt was provided for power transmission from engine to cutter head with a reduction ratio of 1:0.32. Feed rollers were driven by bevel and spur gears. Short run and long run evaluation of the machine were conducted for napier grass and dry jowar. The variation in length of cut pieces was found to be 8.39% and 5.78% for dry jowar and napier grass, respectively. Quality of cut was calculated and found to be -0.80 for dry jowar and -0.53 for napier grass. The average efficiency of the machine was found to be 86.87% and 88.93% for dry jowar and napier grass, respectively. The average diesel consumption was found to be 0.69 l h-1.
Physiognomies and Strength Investigation of Concrete Part Blended by Wood Ash
Authors: Dash Smruti Saswati , Mishra Siba Prasad , Panda Sagarika
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Cement during its manufacture emits enormous CO2, and heat to the atmosphere and deteriorate the environment affecting its sustainability. Wood ashes (WA) are the by-products wood based power plants, timber mills as wood dust, barks from forestry, paper industry, and forest fire are simple wastes and are noxious to atmosphere. Present study is investigating the strength and durability of concrete when blended with 0%, 10%, 30%, and 40% wood ash replacing cement to have these wastes effective waste management.

Methodology: The process of investigation is to find the chemical constituents of fly ash, and its suitability to part substitute cement by using X-ray fluorescent spectrometer (XRF), and digital compressive testing machine (CTM) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to verify the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties to assess appropriate strength of wood ash blended concrete (WABC).

Results: Strength characteristic at various proportion of mix of (WABC) on testing exhibited decreasing trend on increasing WA percent. The blended concrete exhibited the required compressive strength at 10% addition of WA and after curing for 28days. By utilizing wood ash as cement substitute the environment can be saved from black carbon and further deterioration.
Treating Physician vs Independent Medical Evaluator
Authors: Feinberg Steven D. , Brigham Christopher R.
Published: July 2021

Who is in the better position to evaluate, the treating physician or an independent medical examination (IME) physician? A treating physician has a patient-advocate role because he or she has a doctor-patient relationship with the patient/claimant. Unlike the treating physician, an IME physician does not have a doctor-patient relationship, and can, therefore, provide an impartial evaluation necessary to assess the extent to which the patient/claimant is impaired or disabled from functional activities of daily living.
Mutational analysis reveals potential phosphorylation sites in eukaryotic elongation factor 1A that are important for its activity
Authors: Mateyak Maria K. , He Dongming , Sharma Pragati , Kinzy Terri Goss
Published: July 2021

Previous studies have suggested that phosphorylation of translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) can alter its function, and large‐scale phospho‐proteomic analyses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified 14 eEF1A residues phosphorylated under various conditions. Here, a series of eEF1A mutations at these proposed sites were created and the effects on eEF1A activity were analyzed. The eEF1A‐S53D and eEF1A‐T430D phosphomimetic mutant strains were inviable, while corresponding alanine mutants survived but displayed defects in growth and protein synthesis. The activity of an eEF1A‐S289D mutant was significantly reduced in the absence of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eEF1Bα and could be restored by an exchange‐deficient form of the protein, suggesting that eEF1Bα promotes eEF1A activity by a mechanism other than nucleotide exchange. Our data show that several of the phosphorylation sites identified by high‐throughput analysis are critical for eEF1A function.
The signal transducer CD24 suppresses the germ cell program and promotes an ectodermal rather than mesodermal cell fate in embryonal carcinomas
Authors: Skowron Margaretha A. , Becker Teresa K. , Kurz Lukas , Jostes Sina , Bremmer Felix , Fronhoffs Florian , Funke Kai , Wakileh Gamal A. , Müller Melanie R. , Burmeister Aaron , Lenz Thomas , Stefanski Anja , Stühler Kai , Petzsch Patrick , Köhrer Karl , Altevogt Peter , Albers Peter , Kristiansen Glen , Schorle Hubert , Nettersheim Daniel
Published: July 2021

Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are stratified into seminomas and nonseminomas. Seminomas share many histological and molecular features with primordial germ cells, whereas the nonseminoma stem cell population—embryonal carcinoma (EC)—is pluripotent and thus able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers (teratomas). Furthermore, ECs are capable of differentiating into extra‐embryonic lineages (yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas). In this study, we deciphered the molecular and (epi)genetic mechanisms regulating expression of CD24, a highly glycosylated signaling molecule upregulated in many cancers. CD24 is overexpressed in ECs compared with other GCT entities and can be associated with an undifferentiated pluripotent cell fate. We demonstrate that CD24 can be transactivated by the pluripotency factor SOX2, which binds in proximity to the CD24 promoter. In GCTs, CD24 expression is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms, that is, histone acetylation, since CD24 can be induced by the application histone deacetylase inhibitors. Vice versa, CD24 expression is downregulated upon inhibition of histone methyltransferases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, or bromodomain (BRD) proteins. Additionally, three‐dimensional (3D) co‐cultivation of EC cells with microenvironmental cells, such as fibroblasts, and endothelial or immune cells, reduced CD24 expression, suggesting that crosstalk with the somatic microenvironment influences CD24 expression. In a CRISPR/Cas9 deficiency model, we demonstrate that CD24 fulfills a bivalent role in differentiation via regulation of homeobox, and phospho‐ and glycoproteins; that is, it is involved in suppressing the germ cell/spermatogenesis program and mesodermal/endodermal differentiation, while poising the cells for ectodermal differentiation. Finally, blocking CD24 by a monoclonal antibody enhanced sensitivity toward cisplatin in EC cells, including cisplatin‐resistant subclones, highlighting CD24 as a putative target in combination with cisplatin.
An improved method for automated calculation of the water‐equivalent diameter for estimating size‐specific dose in CT
Authors: Anam Choirul , Mahdani Fahmi Rosydiansyah , Dewi Winda Kusuma , Sutanto Heri , Triadyaksa Pandji , Haryanto Freddy , Dougherty Geoff
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study is to propose an algorithm for the automated calculation of water‐equivalent diameter (Dw) and size‐specific dose estimation (SSDE) from clinical computed tomography (CT) images containing one or more substantial body part.

Methods

All CT datasets were retrospectively acquired by the Toshiba Aquilion 128 CT scanner. The proposed algorithm consisted of a contouring stage for the Dw calculation, carried out by taking the six largest objects in the cross‐sectional image of the patient's body, followed by the removal of the CT table depending on the center position (y‐axis) of each object. Validation of the proposed algorithm used images of patients who had undergone chest examination with both arms raised up, one arm placed down and both arms placed down, images of the pelvic region consisting of one substantial object, and images of the lower extremities consisting of two separated areas.

Results

The proposed algorithm gave the same results for Dw and SSDE as the previous algorithm when images consisted of one substantial body part. However, when images consisted of more than one substantial body part, the new algorithm was able to detect all parts of the patient within the image. The Dw values from the proposed algorithm were 9.5%, 15.4%, and 39.6% greater than the previous algorithm for the chest region with one arm placed down, both arms placed down, and images with two legs, respectively. The SSDE values from the proposed algorithm were 8.2%, 11.2%, and 20.6% lower than the previous algorithm for the same images, respectively.

Conclusions

We have presented an improved algorithm for automated calculation of Dw and SSDE. The proposed algorithm is more general and gives accurate results for both Dw and SSDE whether the CT images contain one or more than one substantial body part.
Experimental implementation of a novel model‐free adaptive fractional‐order sliding mode controller for a flexible‐link manipulator
Authors: Raoufi Mona , Delavari Hadi
Published: July 2021

This paper presents an experimental study of a robust control scheme for a single flexible‐link manipulator. Regarding the nonlinear dynamics of flexible manipulators and vibration problems associated with these robots, this study aims to propose a novel fractional‐order controller for efficient reference tracking, even in the presence of noise and total disturbances. In this regard, the control term is formulated by adopting the intelligent proportional–integral–derivative (PID) (iPID) technique and sliding mode control. As for estimating unknown states of the system, and ensuring that time‐variable disturbances are well‐handled and they do not excite vibrating modes, the generalized proportional integral (GPI) observer is utilized. Then, the adaptive reaching laws are derived along with the Lyapunov stability analysis, and finite‐time convergence of the sliding surface is proven. Finally, well‐trajectory tracking and robustness of the system are illustrated by the experimental results. The effectiveness of the fractional calculus in terms of accuracy, control effort, and vibration suppression is depicted as well.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Diazirines and 15N2‐Diazirines from Ketones, Aldehydes and Derivatives: Development and Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Ibert Quentin , Cauwel Madeleine , Glachet Thomas , Tite Tony , Le Nahenec‐Martel Patricia , Lohier Jean‐François , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Franck Xavier , Reboul Vincent , Sabot Cyrille
Published: July 2021

Broad scope one‐pot diazirine synthesis strategies have been developed using two different oxidants depending on the nature of the starting material. In all cases, an inexpensive commercial solution of ammonia (NH3) in methanol (MeOH) was employed, avoiding the difficult use of liquid ammonia. With aliphatic ketones, t‐butyl hypochlorite (t‐BuOCl) was found to be the best oxidant whereas it is preferable to use phenyliodine diacetate (PIDA) with aromatic ketones, aldehydes and imines. The nature of the imine‐protecting group is essential and only t‐butyl imine allowed the synthesis of 15N2‐diazirine with complete 15N incorporation, emphasizing a key trans‐imination step in the reaction mechanism. These methods are operationally simple, and tolerant to most functional groups, providing diazirines with yields ranging from 20 to 99%.

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Atomically‐Precise Texturing of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanostripes
Authors: Ali Khadiza , Fernández Laura , Kherelden Mohammad A. , Makarova Anna A. , Píš Igor , Bondino Federica , Lawrence James , de Oteyza Dimas G. , Usachov Dmitry Yu. , Vyalikh Denis V. , García de Abajo F. Javier , El‐Fattah Zakaria M. Abd , Ortega J. Enrique , Schiller Frederik
Published: July 2021

Monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is attracting considerable attention because of its potential applications in areas such as nano‐ and opto‐electronics, quantum optics and nanomagnetism. However, the implementation of such functional hBN demands precise lateral nanostructuration and integration with other two‐dimensional materials, and hence, novel routes of synthesis beyond exfoliation. Here, a disruptive approach is demonstrated, namely, imprinting the lateral pattern of an atomically stepped one‐dimensional template into a hBN monolayer. Specifically, hBN is epitaxially grown on vicinal Rhodium (Rh) surfaces using a Rh curved crystal for a systematic exploration, which produces a periodically textured, nanostriped hBN carpet that coats Rh(111)‐oriented terraces and lattice‐matched Rh(337) facets with tunable width. The electronic structure reveals a nanoscale periodic modulation of the hBN atomic potential that leads to an effective lateral semiconductor multi‐stripe. The potential of such atomically thin hBN heterostructure for future applications is discussed.
Multistate Switching of Spin Selectivity in Electron Transport through Light‐Driven Molecular Motors
Authors: Zhu Qirong , Danowski Wojciech , Mondal Amit Kumar , Tassinari Francesco , van Beek Carlijn L. F. , Heideman G. Henrieke , Santra Kakali , Cohen Sidney R. , Feringa Ben L. , Naaman Ron
Published: July 2021

It is established that electron transmission through chiral molecules depends on the electron's spin. This phenomenon, termed the chiral‐induced spin selectivity (CISS), effect has been observed in chiral molecules, supramolecular structures, polymers, and metal‐organic films. Which spin is preferred in the transmission depends on the handedness of the system and the tunneling direction of the electrons. Molecular motors based on overcrowded alkenes show multiple inversions of helical chirality under light irradiation and thermal relaxation. The authors found here multistate switching of spin selectivity in electron transfer through first generation molecular motors based on the four accessible distinct helical configurations, measured by magnetic‐conductive atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the helical state dictates the molecular organization on the surface. The efficient spin polarization observed in the photostationary state of the right‐handed motor coupled with the modulation of spin selectivity through the controlled sequence of helical states, opens opportunities to tune spin selectivity on‐demand with high spatio‐temporal precision. An energetic analysis correlates the spin injection barrier with the extent of spin polarization.
Dynamic critical potassium concentrations in soybean leaves and petioles for monitoring potassium nutrition
Authors: Slaton Nathan A. , Drescher Gerson L. , Parvej Md Rasel , Roberts Trenton L.
Published: July 2021

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] critical tissue‐K concentrations associated with the bloom to early pod set growth stages have been used to diagnose K deficiency for decades. The ability to interpret tissue concentrations beyond the R2 stage would strengthen soybean tissue monitoring programs. Our objective was to develop continuous critical‐K concentrations for the trifoliolate leaf and petiole of irrigated soybean. Trifoliolate leaf‐ and petiole‐K concentration data were collected during soybean reproductive growth from 10 research trials. Multiple regression was performed to predict relative soybean yield as a function of tissue‐K concentrations and days after R1 development (DAR1). The 10 research trials provided >1,400 leaf‐ and petiole‐K concentration observations from the R1–R6 stages of soybean cultivars from the 4.4–5.5 relative maturity groups. Among the 10 trials, soybean receiving no fertilizer‐K produced 59.2–83.2% of the maximum yield produced by soybean receiving fertilizer‐K. The sufficient leaf‐K concentrations associated with 95% relative yield were 20.2 g K kg–1 at 1 DAR1, 18.5 g K kg–1 at 20 DAR1, 15.5 g K kg–1 at 40 DAR1, and 11.2 g K kg–1 at 60 DAR1, which occur at the R1, R2, and R3‐R4, and R5‐R6 growth stages, respectively. Compared with leaf‐K concentration, the sufficient petiole‐K concentrations associated with 95% relative yield were 2.5 times greater at R1 but similar at 70 DAR1 (R6). Agricultural analytical laboratories can use these sufficiency equations for soybean leaf‐ or petiole‐K concentrations, with planting date and maturity group information, to interpret soybean K sufficiency.
Theoretical constraints: Science, caretaking, and the creation of normative ideals
Authors: Nelson Robin G.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This review explores the dualism in evolutionary anthropology that both acknowledges a broad range of familial caretaking strategies, while also remaining tethered to theories scaffolded around notions of selfish genes that constrain our understanding of who provides adequate kin care. I examine the process of norm creation in the sciences by investigating how theory may limit which data are collected and how those data are interpreted.

Methods

This paper serves as a literature review and critique of prominent biological, evolutionary, and psychological conceptualizations of parental investment and caretaking in humans, and how these studies shape what is considered normal behavior in scientific literature.

Results

Quantification, assessment, and theory building in evolutionary anthropology, and an oversampling of WEIRD communities in other disciplines, have limited our understanding of what constitutes both evolutionarily adaptive behaviors, and culturally specific human behaviors.

Conclusions

A synthetic theoretical model of behavioral norms in childrearing must account for an exchange of psycho‐social and cultural resources and skills, the transfer of energetic reserves via gestation and lactation, and the indirect benefits of genetic inheritance. The emphasis on tailoring data collection to fit evolutionary theories of the family has limited our ability to understand the diverse proximate mechanisms that humans employ in taking care of kin as biocultural reproducers.
Synthesis of Dysoxylactam A Using Iterative Homologation of Boronic Esters
Authors: Rogers Jack J. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: July 2021

Dysoxylactam A is a 17‐membered macrocyclic lipid which has been found to dramatically reverse multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Three previous syntheses have been reported in 15–17 steps. Using iterative lithiation‐borylation reactions as the key C−C bond forming and stereocontrolling steps, we now describe an 11‐step synthesis of dysoxylactam A. The complete sequence only required a total of five chromatographic purifications and used minimal protecting groups making it both rapid and efficient.
Naphthodithiophene Diimide Based Chiral π‐Conjugated Nanopillar Molecules
Authors: Zhang Li , Zhang Guilan , Qu Hang , Todarwal Yogesh , Wang Yun , Norman Patrick , Linares Mathieu , Surin Mathieu , Zhang Hui‐Jun , Lin Jianbin , Jiang Yun‐Bao
Published: July 2021

The synthesis, structures, and properties of [4]cyclonaphthodithiophene diimides ([4]C‐NDTIs) are described. NDTIs as important n‐type building blocks were catenated in the α‐positions of thiophene rings via an unusual electrochemical‐oxidation‐promoted macrocyclization route. The thiophene–thiophene junction in [4]C‐NDTIs results in an ideal pillar shape. This interesting topology, along with appealing electronic and optical properties inherited from the NDTI units, endows the [4]C‐NDTIs with both near‐infrared (NIR) light absorptions, strong excitonic coupling, and tight encapsulation of C60. Stable orientations of the NDTI units in the nanopillars lead to stable inherent chirality, which enables detailed circular dichroism studies on the impact of isomeric structures on π‐conjugation. Remarkably, the [4]C‐NDTIs maintain the strong π–π stacking abilities of NDTI units and thus adopt two‐dimensional (2D) lattice arrays at the molecular level. These nanopillar molecules have great potential to mimic natural photosynthetic systems for the development of multifunctional organic materials.
Unmasking Steps in Intramolecular Aromatic Hydroxylation by a Synthetic Nonheme Oxoiron(IV) Complex
Authors: Sheng Yuan , Abelson Chase S. , Prakash Jai , Draksharapu Apparao , Young Victor G. , Que Lawrence
Published: July 2021

In this study, a methyl group on the classic tetramethylcyclam (TMC) ligand framework is replaced with a benzylic group to form the metastable [FeIV(Osyn)(Bn3MC)]2+ (2‐syn; Bn3MC=1‐benzyl‐4,8,11‐trimethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane) species at −40 °C. The decay of 2‐syn with time at 25 °C allows the unprecedented monitoring of the steps involved in the intramolecular hydroxylation of the ligand phenyl ring to form the major FeIII−OAr product 3. At the same time, the FeII(Bn3MC)2+ (1) precursor to 2‐syn is re‐generated in a 1:2 molar ratio relative to 3, accounting for the first time for all the electrons involved and all the Fe species derived from 2‐syn as shown in the following balanced equation: 3 [FeIV(O)(LPh)]2+ (2‐syn)→2 [FeIII(LOAr)]2+ (3)+[FeII(LPh)]2+ (1)+H2O. This system thus serves as a paradigm for aryl hydroxylation by FeIV=O oxidants described thus far. It is also observed that 2‐syn can be intercepted by certain hydrocarbon substrates, thereby providing a means to assess the relative energetics of aliphatic and aromatic C−H hydroxylation in this system.
An Activity‐Based Sensing Fluorogenic Probe for Monitoring Ethylene in Living Cells and Plants
Authors: Chen Yiliang , Yan Wei , Guo Duojing , Li Yu , Li Ji , Liu Hao , Wei Lirong , Yu Na , Wang Biao , Zheng Ying , Jing Maofeng , Zhao Jing , Ye Yonghao
Published: July 2021

Ethylene (ET) is an important gaseous plant hormone. It is highly desirable to develop fluorescent probes for monitoring ethylene in living cells. We report an efficient RhIII‐catalysed coupling of N‐phenoxyacetamides to ethylene in the presence of an alcohol. The newly discovered coupling reaction exhibited a wide scope of N‐phenoxyacetamides and excellent regioselectivity. We successfully developed three fluorophore‐tagged RhIII‐based fluorogenic coumarin‐ethylene probes (CEPs) using this strategy for the selective and quantitative detection of ethylene. CEP‐1 exhibited the highest sensitivity with a limit of detection of ethylene at 52 ppb in air. Furthermore, CEP‐1 was successfully applied for imaging in living CHO‐K1 cells and for monitoring endogenous‐induced changes in ethylene biosynthesis in tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. These results indicate that CEP‐1 has great potential to illuminate the spatiotemporal regulation of ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction in living biological systems.
Controlling Coagulation in Blood with Red Light
Authors: Müller Patricia , Sahlbach Marlen , Gasper Simone , Mayer Günter , Müller Jens , Pötzsch Bernd , Heckel Alexander
Published: July 2021

Precise control of blood clotting and rapid reversal of anticoagulation are essential in many clinical situations. We were successful in modifying a thrombin‐binding aptamer with a red‐light photocleavable linker derived from Cy7 by Cu‐catalyzed Click chemistry. We were able to show that we can successfully deactivate the modified aptamer with red light (660 nm) even in human blood—restoring the blood's natural coagulation capability.
Light‐Induced Nonoxidative Coupling of Methane Using Stable Solid Solutions
Authors: Wang Guangming , Mu Xiaowei , Li Jiayang , Zhan Qingyun , Qian Yumeng , Mu Xiaoyue , Li Lu
Published: July 2021

Achieving efficient and direct conversion of methane under mild conditions is of great significance for innovations in the chemical industry. However, the efficiency and lifetime of most catalysts remain too far from practical requirements, since it is difficult to break the first C−H bond of methane as well as to suppress the following complete dehydrogenation (or overoxidation) and the resulting carbonaceous deposition (or CO2). Here, we report that wurtzite GaN:ZnO solid solutions exhibit unique and unprecedented photocatalytic performances for the nonoxidative coupling of methane at room temperature, exclusively generating ethane with nearly stoichiometric H2. High conversion rate (>330 μmol g−1 h−1), long‐term stability (>70 h), and superior coke‐resistance were achieved. At 293 K, the methane conversion exceeds 7 %, comparable to the equilibrium conversion of thermal catalysis at 910 K. Mechanistic studies revealed that the N‐ZnGa‐ON units and the absence of acid sites on the surface played crucial roles in reactivity and coke resistance, respectively.
Synergy and Antagonism between Allosteric and Active‐Site Inhibitors of Abl Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Johnson Taylor K. , Bochar Daniel A. , Vandecan Nathalie M. , Furtado Jessica , Agius Michael P. , Phadke Sameer , Soellner Matthew B.
Published: July 2021

Allosteric inhibitors of Abl kinase are being explored in the clinic, often in combination with ATP‐site inhibitors of Abl kinase. However, there are conflicting data on whether both ATP‐competitive inhibitors and myristoyl‐site allosteric inhibitors can simultaneously bind Abl kinase. Here, we determine whether there is synergy or antagonism between ATP‐competitive inhibitors and allosteric inhibitors of Abl. We observe that clinical ATP‐competitive inhibitors are not synergistic with allosteric ABL inhibitors, however, conformation‐selective ATP‐site inhibitors that modulate the global conformation of Abl can afford synergy. We demonstrate that kinase conformation is the key driver to simultaneously bind two compounds to Abl kinase. Finally, we explore the interaction of allosteric and conformation selective ATP‐competitive inhibitors in a series of biochemical and cellular assays.
Study of emulsifying properties of soluble proteins obtained from defatted rice bran concentrate
Authors: Bonifacino Carla , Palazolo Gonzalo G. , Panizzolo Luis A. , Abirached Cecilia
Published: July 2021

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most frequently produced cereals in the world. Rice bran (RB) is obtained as a by‐product in the rice milling process. A part of the RB is used for oil extraction, obtaining defatted rice bran as a second by‐product. The aim of this work was to analyze the emulsifying properties of soluble proteins fraction present in defatted rice bran concentrate (DRBC) in acidic and neutral conditions. Fine emulsions (prepared by high‐speed and ultrasound homogenization) stabilized with soluble proteins obtained from DRBC showed a mean particle size lower than coarse emulsions (prepared by only high‐speed homogenization) and a significantly lower degree of overall destabilization. Coarse emulsions showed sigmoidal destabilization profiles at pH 4.5 and 7.0, related to the existence of two populations with different particle sizes. In fine emulsions, both pH provided lower particle sizes and greater stability. After 24 h of quiescent storage, the coarse emulsions showed an increase of particle size that was not observed in fine emulsions. Both types of emulsions showed a Newtonian‐type behavior. Fine emulsions showed higher viscosity values and higher lightness than coarse emulsions, consistent with the reduction of particle size and increase in the number of particles. The soluble proteins obtained from a waste of the rice industry can be used to obtain stable fine oil‐in‐water emulsions in acidic and neutral conditions. This result is of interest since it could be used as a food ingredient, increasing the added value of this important by‐product.
Functional analysis of the odorant receptor coreceptor in odor detection in Grapholita molesta (lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Chen Xiu‐Lin , Li Bo‐Liao , Chen Yu‐Xin , Li Guang‐Wei , Wu Jun‐Xiang
Published: July 2021

The olfactory system must detect and discriminate various semiochemicals in the environment. In response to such diversity, insects have evolved a family of odorant‐gated ion channels composed of a common receptor (coreceptor, Orco) and a ligand‐binding tuning odorant receptor (OR) that confers odour specificity. This study aims to examine the expression pattern of Orco gene of Grapholita molesta (GmolOrco) and to elucidate the role of GmolOrco in detecting G. molesta sex pheromone and green leaf volatiles by using gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) coupled antennal electrophysiological (EAG). Multiple sequence alignment showed that GmolOrco shared high sequence similarities with the Orco ortholog of lepidopterans. The results of real‐time quantitative PCR detection demonstrated that GmolOrco was predominantly expressed in adult antennae and had the highest expression quantity in adult period among the different developmental stages. Compared with the noninjected controls, GmolOrco expression in GmolOrcodouble‐stranded RNA (dsRNA)‐injected males was reduced to 39.92% and that in females was reduced to 40.43%. EAG assays showed that the responses of GmolOrco‐dsRNA injected males to sex pheromones (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate (Z8‐12:OAc) and (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl alcohol (Z8‐12:OH) were significantly reduced, and the GmolOrco‐dsRNA‐injected female to green leaf volatile (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate also significantly declined. We inferred that Orco‐mediated olfaction was different in male and female G. molesta adults and was mainly involved in recognizing the sex pheromones released by female moths.
The more, the better? The effect of feedback and user's past successes on idea implementation in open innovation communities
Authors: Liu Qian , Yang Zhengfa , Cai Xiaofang , Du Qianzhou , Fan Weiguo
Published: July 2021

Establishing open innovation communities has evolved as an important product innovation and development strategy for companies. Yet, the success of such communities relies on the successful implementation of many user‐submitted ideas. Although extant literature has examined the impact of user experience and idea characteristics on idea implementation, little is known from the information input perspective, for example, feedback. Based on the information overload theory and knowledge content framework, we propose that the amount and types of feedback content have different effects on the likelihood of subsequent idea implementation, and such effects depend on the level of users' success experience. We tested the research model using a panel logistic model with the data of MIUI Forum. The study results revealed that the amount of feedback has an inverted U‐shaped effect on idea implementation, and such effect is moderated by a user's past success. Moreover, the type of feedback content (cost and benefit‐related feedback and functionality‐related feedback) positively affects idea implementation, and a user's past success positively moderated the above effects. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications, limitations of our research, and suggestions for future research.