bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells
Authors: Hsu Po-Ya , Hu Ting-Yu , Kumar Selvaraj , Wu Kevin , Lue Shingjiang
Published: March 2022

The present work investigates the direct mixing of aqueous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) suspension into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to form swelling-resistant, mechanically robust and conductivity retentive composite membranes. This drying-free nanofiller incorporation method enhances the homogeneous ZIF-8 distributions in the PVA/ZIF-8/GA composites to overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the mixed matrix membranes. Various ZIF-8 concentrations (25.4, 40.5 and 45.4 wt.%) are used to study the suitability of the resulting GA-crosslinked composites for direct alkaline methanol fuel cell (DAMFC). Surface morphological analysis confirmed homogeneous ZIF-8 particle distribution in the GA-crosslinked composites with a defect- and crack-free structure. The increased ionic conductivity (21% higher than the ZIF-free base material) and suppressed alcohol permeability (94% lower from the base material) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA resulted in the highest selectivity among the prepared composites. In addition, the GA-crosslinked composites’ selectivity increased to 1.5–2 times that of those without crosslink. Moreover, the ZIF-8 nanofillers improved the mechanical strength and alkaline stability of the composites. This was due to the negligible volume swelling ratio (<1.4%) of high (>40%) ZIF-8-loaded composites. After 168 h of alkaline treatment, the PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite had almost negligible ionic conductivity loss (0.19%) compared with the initial material. The maximum power density (Pmax) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite was 190.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, an increase of 181% from the PVA/GA membrane. Moreover, the Pmax of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA was 10% higher than that without GA crosslinking. These swelling-resistant and stable solid electrolytes are promising in alkaline fuel cell applications.
Electrochemical and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Surface Characterization of Interchain-Driven Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) Reorganization
Authors: Tricase Angelo , Imbriano Anna , Ditaranto Nicoletta , Macchia Eleonora , Picca Rosaria Anna , Blasi Davide , Torsi Luisa , Bollella Paolo
Published: March 2022

Herein, we report a combined strategy encompassing electrochemical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments to investigate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) conformational reorganization onto an electrode surface due to the application of an electrical field. In particular, 3-mercaptopriopionic acid SAM (3MPA SAM) modified gold electrodes are activated with a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) (EDC-NHSS) mixture by shortening the activation time, from 2 h to 15/20 min, labelled as Protocol-A, -B and -C, respectively. This step, later followed by a deactivation process with ethanolamine (EA), plays a key role in the reaction yields (formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-mercaptopropanamide, NMPA) but also in the conformational rearrangement observed during the application of the electrical field. This study aims at explaining the high performance (i.e., single-molecule detection at a large electrode interface) of bioelectronic devices, where the 3MPA-based SAM structure is pivotal in achieving extremely high sensing performance levels due to its interchain interaction. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments performed in K4Fe(CN)6:K3Fe(CN)6 for 3MPA SAMs that are activated/deactivated show similar trends of anodic peak current (IA) over time, mainly related to the presence of interchain hydrogen bonds, driving the conformational rearrangements (tightening of SAMs structure) while applying an electrical field. In addition, XPS analysis allows correlation of the deactivation yield with electrochemical data (conformational rearrangements), identifying the best protocol in terms of high reaction yield, mainly related to the shorter reaction time, and not triggering any side reactions. Finally, Protocol-C’s SAM surface coverage, determined by CV in H2SO4 and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in NaOH, was 1.29 * 1013 molecules cm−2, being similar to the bioreceptor surface coverage in single-molecule detection at a large electrode interface.
Impact of the Nanocarbon on Magnetic and Electrodynamic Properties of the Ferrite/Polymer Composites
Authors: Trukhanov Alex V. , Tishkevich Daria I. , Podgornaya Svetlana V. , Kaniukov Egor , Darwish Moustafa A. , Zubar Tatiana I. , Timofeev Andrey V. , Trukhanova Ekaterina L. , Kostishin Vladimir G. , Trukhanov Sergei V.
Published: March 2022

Binary and ternary composites (CM) based on M-type hexaferrite (HF), polymer matrix (PVDF) and carbon nanomaterials (quasi-one-dimensional carbon nanotubes—CNT and quasi-two-dimensional carbon nanoflakes—CNF) were prepared and investigated for establishing the impact of the different nanosized carbon on magnetic and electrodynamic properties. The ratio between HF and PVDF in HF + PVDF composite was fixed (85 wt% HF and 15 wt% PVDF). The concentration of CNT and CNF in CM was fixed (5 wt% from total HF + PVDF weight). The phase composition and microstructural features were investigated using XRD and SEM, respectively. It was observed that CM contains single-phase HF, γ- and β-PVDF and carbon nanomaterials. Thus, we produced composites that consist of mixed different phases (organic insulator matrix—PDVF; functional magnetic fillers—HF and highly electroconductive additives—CNT/CNF) in the required ratio. VSM data demonstrate that the main contribution in main magnetic characteristics belongs to magnetic fillers (HF). The principal difference in magnetic and electrodynamic properties was shown for CNT- and CNF-based composites. That confirms that the shape of nanosized carbon nanomaterials impact on physical properties of the ternary composited-based magnetic fillers in polymer dielectric matrix.
Merging Porphyrins with Gold Nanorods: Self Assembly Construct to High Fluorescent Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules
Authors: Serra Vanda Vaz , Serra Sofia G. , Vallejo Mariana C. S. , Paulo Pedro M. R. , Moura Nuno M. M. , Botequim David , Neves Maria Graça P. M. S. , Costa Sílvia M. B.
Published: March 2022

Dual probe porphyrin-gold nanorod polyelectrolyte microcapsules were developed to explore the enhancing effects of a plasmonic interface of self-assembled gold nanoparticles in the fluorescence emission from porphyrins loaded into the capsules’ core. An analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data reports a notable 105–106-fold increase in the maximum detected photon rates from diffraction-limited spots and an overall six-fold increase in fluorescence as averaged over the whole microcapsule area. Large emission enhancements were correlated with decreases in fluorescence lifetimes. The microcapsule’s design proved effective in achieving high fluorescent hybrids and may shed light on new possibilities for advanced materials imaging applications.
Ag Decoration and SnO2 Coupling Modified Anatase/Rutile Mixed Crystal TiO2 Composite Photocatalyst for Enhancement of Photocatalytic Degradation towards Tetracycline Hydrochloride
Authors: Tang Mao , Xia Yangwen , Yang Daixiong , Lu Shiji , Zhu Xiaodong , Tang Renyong , Zhang Wanming
Published: March 2022

The anatase/rutile mixed crystal TiO2 was prepared and modified with Ag decoration and SnO2 coupling to construct a Ag@SnO2/anatase/rutile composite photocatalytic material. The crystal structure, morphology, element valence, optical properties and surface area were characterized, and the effects of Ag decoration and SnO2 coupling on the structure and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 were studied. Ag decoration and SnO2 coupling are beneficial to reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. When the two modification are combined, a synergistic effect is produced in suppressing the photogenerated charge recombination, making Ag@SnO2/TiO2 exhibits the highest quantum utilization. After 30 min of illumination, the degradation degree of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) by pure TiO2 increased from 63.3% to 83.1% with Ag@SnO2/TiO2.
Switching Field Distribution in BN/FePtCAg/MgTiON and FePtCAg/MgTiOBN Films
Authors: Tsai Jai-Lin , Sun Chun-Yu , Lin Jun-Kai , Huang Gaun-Jhen , Liu Kuan-Cheng , Tsai He-Ting
Published: March 2022

BN is the currently required segregant for perpendicular FePt media. We found that BN can be diffused from the MgTiOBN intermediate layer during a high temperature process. The FePtCAg film sputtered on MgTiOBN layers illustrates higher perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy (Ku) (1.43 × 107 erg/cm3) and coercivity (normal to film surface) (17 kOe) at 350 K compared to BN/FePtCAg/MgTiON film. From the microstructure, the FePtCAg film shows the granular structure on the MgTiOBN intermediate layer, but parts of the irregular FePt grains are agglomerated and partially separated in the matrix, with grains size being, on average, 26.7 nm. Cross-sectional imaging showed that the FePt grains have a truncated pyramid shape with a lower wetting angle, which is influenced by the surface energy of MgTiOBN. BN segregation at FePt grains or boundaries is still not clear. Using the electron energy loss spectrum (EELS), we found that part of the BN atoms were clearly observed in the FePt lattice and iron-boride oxide was indexed in the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. To determine the effects of BN segregant (from capping layer or intermediate layer) on the magnetic switching behavior of FePtCAg film, the intrinsic-(ΔHint = 6.17 kOe, 6.54 kOe) and extrinsic- (ΔHext = 0.80 kOe, 0.39 kOe) switching field distribution (SFD) were measured by plotting saturated major- and unsaturated minor- hysteresis loops to evaluate the crystal orientation and microstructure (grains volume and distribution) for BN/FePtCAg/MgTiON and FePtCAg/MgTiOBN films, respectively. The main contribution of intrinsic SFD is the c-axis misalignment for the BN/FePt/MgTiON sample; however, the dispersed magnetic anisotropy has a higher input to intrinsic SFD for FePtCAg/MgTiOBN/CrRu film.
Review on Detection Methods of Nitrogen Species in Air, Soil and Water
Authors: Yousuf Md Faishal , Mahmud Md Shaad
Published: March 2022

Nitrogen species present in the atmosphere, soil, and water play a vital role in ecosystem stability. Reactive nitrogen gases are key air quality indicators and are responsible for atmospheric ozone layer depletion. Soil nitrogen species are one of the primary macronutrients for plant growth. Species of nitrogen in water are essential indicators of water quality, and they play an important role in aquatic environment monitoring. Anthropogenic activities have highly impacted the natural balance of the nitrogen species. Therefore, it is critical to monitor nitrogen concentrations in different environments continuously. Various methods have been explored to measure the concentration of nitrogen species in the air, soil, and water. Here, we review the recent advancements in optical and electrochemical sensing methods for measuring nitrogen concentration in the air, soil, and water. We have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods and the future prospects. This will serve as a reference for researchers working with environment pollution and precision agriculture.
Processing Parameters and Ion Excipients Affect the Physicochemical Characteristics of the Stereocomplex-Formed Polylactide-b-Polyethylene Glycol Nanoparticles and Their Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Ogawa Kohei , Katsumi Hidemasa , Moroto Yasushi , Morishita Masaki , Yamamoto Akira
Published: March 2022

To optimize the characteristics of stereocomplex polylactide-b-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles (SC-PEG NPs) in terms of pharmacokinetics (PK), we chose continuous anti-solvent precipitation with a T-junction as a preparation method and investigated the effect of using solvents containing an ion excipient (lithium bromide, LiBr) on the characteristics of SC-PEG NPs by changing the processing temperature and total flow rate (TFR). Processing temperatures above the melting temperature (Tm) of the PEG domain produced a sharper polydispersity and denser surface PEG densities of SC-PEG NPs than those produced by processing temperatures below the Tm of the PEG domains. Response surface analysis revealed that a higher LiBr concentration and slower TFR resulted in larger and denser hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) and surface PEG densities, respectively. However, a high concentration (300 mM) of LiBr resulted in a decreased drug loading content (DLC). 14C-tamoxifen-loaded 111In-SC-PEG NPs with larger Dh and denser surface PEG densities showed a prolonged plasma retention and low tissue distribution after intravenous injection in mice. These results indicate that the novel strategy of using solvents containing LiBr at different processing temperatures and TFR can broadly control characteristics of SC-PEG NPs, such as Dh, surface PEG densities, and DLC, which alter the PK profiles and tissue distributions.
Error Analysis and Correction of Thickness Measurement for Transparent Specimens Based on Chromatic Confocal Microscopy with Inclined Illumination
Authors: Yu Qing , Wang Chong , Zhang Yali , Hu Shengming , Liu Ting , Cheng Fang , Wang Yin , Lin Tianliang , Xi Lin
Published: March 2022

As a fast, high-accuracy and non-contact method, chromatic confocal microscopy is widely used in micro dimensional measurement. In this area, thickness measurement for transparent specimen is one of the typical applications. In conventional coaxial illumination mode, both the illumination and imaging axes are perpendicular to the test specimen. At the same time, there are also geometric measurement limitations in conventional mode. When measuring high-transparency specimen, the energy efficiency will be quite low, and the reflection will be very weak. This limitation will significantly affect the signal-to-noise ratio. The inclined illumination mode is a good solution to overcome this bottleneck, but the thickness results may vary at different axial positions of the sample. In this paper, an error correction method for thickness measurement of transparent samples is proposed. In the authors’ work, the error correction model was analyzed and simulated, and the influence caused by the different axial positions of sample could be theoretically eliminated. The experimental results showed that the thickness measurement of the samples was practically usable, and the measurement errors were significantly reduced by less than 2.12%, as compared to the uncorrected system. With this error correction model, the standard deviation had decreased significantly, and the axial measurement accuracy of the system can reach the micron level. Additionally, this model has the same correction effect on the samples with different refractive indexes. Therefore, the system can realize the requirement of measurement at different axial positions.
Development of Eco-Friendly Nanomembranes of Aloe vera/PVA/ZnO for Potential Applications in Medical Devices
Authors: Munir Muhammad Usman , Mikucioniene Daiva , Khanzada Haleema , Khan Muhammad Qamar
Published: March 2022

Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is a crucial need for the development of antimicrobial and antiviral personal protective equipment such as facemasks and gowns. Therefore, in this research we fabricated electrospun nanofibers composite with polyvinyl alcohol, aloe vera, and zinc oxide nanoparticles for end application in medical devices. Electrospun nanofibers were made with varying concentrations of aloe vera (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) having a constant concentration of ZnO (0.5%) with varying concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) having a constant concentration of aloe vera (0.5%). To check the morphology and composition, all prepared nanofibers were subjected to different characterization techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, its antimicrobial activity was checked both with qualitative and quantitative approaches against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The results suggest that increasing ZnO concentration kills and inhibits bacterial growth more proficiently compared to increasing aloe vera concentration in electrospun nanofibers; the highest antimicrobial was found with 4% ZnO, killing almost 100% of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and 99.2% of gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. These fabricated nanofibers have potential applications in medical devices and would help control the spread of many diseases.
The Influence of Bi2O3 Nanoparticle Content on the γ-ray Interaction Parameters of Silicon Rubber
Authors: Abbas Mahmoud I. , El-Khatib Ahmed M. , Dib Mirvat Fawzi , Mustafa Hoda Ezzelddin , Sayyed M. I. , Elsafi Mohamed
Published: March 2022

In this study, synthetic silicone rubber (SR) and Bi2O3 micro- and nanoparticles were purchased. The percentages for both sizes of Bi2O3 were 10, 20 and 30 wt% as fillers. The morphological, mechanical and shielding properties were determined for all the prepared samples. The Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) values of the silicon rubber (SR) without Bi2O3 and with 5, 10, 30 and 30% Bi2O3 (in micro and nano sizes) were experimentally measured using different radioactive point sources in the energy range varying from 0.06 to 1.333 MeV. Additionally, we theoretically calculated the LAC for SR with micro-Bi2O3 using XCOM software. A good agreement was noticed between the two methods. The NaI (Tl) scintillation detector and four radioactive point sources (Am-241, Ba-133, Cs-137 and Co-60) were used in the measurements. Other shielding parameters were calculated for the prepared samples, such as the Half Value Layer (HVL), Mean Free Path (MFP) and Radiation Protection Efficiency (RPE), all of which proved that adding nano-Bi2O3 ratios of SR produces higher shielding efficiency than its micro counterpart.
Understanding Islam between Theology and Anthropology: Reflections on Geertz’s Islam Observed
Authors: Tajdin Mustapha
Published: March 2022

There is a divergence between religion and its modes of application, or religion and religiosity. This essay provides a critical analysis of Clifford Geertz’s book Islam Observed and tries to attempt the question of whether Islam is better understood exclusively as a set of socially conditioned symbols and practices. However, an anthropological interpretation solely based on symbols leaves much to be desired as it lends itself to a kind of radical relativism in which generalizable conclusions become impossible. The theological approach tends to bypass the role sociopolitical contexts play in sustaining, negotiating, and modifying religious doctrines. Islam has been studied from the perspectives of these two mutually exclusive methodologies. This study attempts to arrive at an interdisciplinary analysis in which theology and anthropology cooperate to formulate a comprehensive understanding of Islam as a social system sustained by specific practices and as a theological structure communicated through a dialogue between abstract doctrines and mundane rituals.
Program-Targeted Approach to Managing Financial Risks of Sustainable Development Based on Corporate Social Responsibility in the Decade of Action
Authors: Khoruzhy Liudmila I. , Khoruzhy Valery I. , Vasyakin Bogdan S. , Shen Wenhao
Published: March 2022

This paper aims to find the prospects of improving the practice of managing financial risks of sustainable development in the Decade of Action. We substantiate—based on economic and mathematical modeling based on a sample of 185 countries—that the existing (project-based) approach to managing financial risks of sustainable development, which was successfully implemented in the pre-crisis period (2015–2019), demonstrates reduced effectiveness at the beginning of the Decade of Action (2020–2021). This showed a marked increase in the overall level of financial risk, as well as an increase in the importance of private investment, in financing sustainable development in the first two years of the Decade of Action (2020–2021) compared to 2018–2019. Additionally, the features of the continents are identified: Africa, America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Europe, and specific recommendations are proposed for them on the financial risk management of sustainable development in the Decade of Action. This paper’s originality lies in the development of a new program-targeted approach to managing financial risks of sustainable development, which, due to its increased flexibility and the use of the market mechanism—is optimal for the conditions of the pandemic and will allow the ensuring of the full-scale (quantitative characteristics) financial provision of the SDGs in the Decade of Action using private investments. This paper’s novelty is also due to the recommendation on the improvement of financial risk management based on corporate social responsibility (qualitative characteristics) to support the implementation of the SDGs in the Decade of Action.
Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction for the Determination of Anthracyclines in Sewage
Authors: Santana-Viera Sergio , Canino-Byreing Alejandro , Torres-Padrón María Esther , Sosa-Ferrera Zoraida , Santana-Rodríguez José Juan , Kabir Abuzar , Furton Kenneth G.
Published: March 2022

Anthracyclines are a group of antineoplastic compounds used to treat acute leukemia and other cancers, and they are excreted after consumption by patients. These chemicals are often found in sewage at very low concentration levels. For this reason, the development of sensitive analytical methodologies capable of determining them at low concentrations is of prime importance. A simple, fast and sensitive analytical method using fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FD) has been developed and validated for the extraction of anthracyclines from sewage samples. FPSE is a green, cheap, simple, selective and rapid sample preparation technique. The different parameters that affect the performance of the FPSE process, including extraction time, eluting solvent, elution time and pH, were optimized. The developed method showed satisfactory reproducibility, with intraday and interday RSD values lower than 15% for all the compounds and limits of detection between 0.1–0.15 µg·L−1. The unique combination of sample preparation by this micro-extraction technique with fluorescence detector have resulted in the satisfactory extraction of highly polar anthracyclines, without any noticeable matrix effect, a very common shortcoming of exhaustive sample preparation technique such as solid phase extraction (SPE) and mass spectrometry.
Douglas–Rachford Splitting Method with Linearization for the Split Feasibility Problem
Authors: Hu Ziyue , Dong Qiaoli , Tang Yuchao , Rassias Michael Th.
Published: March 2022

The aim of this article is to introduce the Douglas–Rachford splitting method with linearization to solve the split feasibility problem (SFP). Our proposed method includes two existing methods in work of Tang et al. and Wang as special cases. The ranges of the parameters in work of Tang et al. are extended from (0,1) to (0,2). Under standard conditions, we prove the weak convergence of proposed algorithms. We also provide two numerical experiments to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm by comparing the algorithms in work of Tang et al. and Wang.
Editorial to Special Issue Toxic Metals, Chronic Diseases and Related Cancers
Authors: Satarug Soisungwan
Published: March 2022

In this Special Issue, entitled “Toxic Metals, Chronic Diseases and Related Cancers”, there are 19 published manuscripts, including reports of environmental exposure monitoring [...]
Analysis of Puumala orthohantavirus Genome Variants Identified in the Territories of Volga Federal District
Authors: Kabwe Emmanuel , Al Sheikh Walaa , Shamsutdinov Anton F. , Ismagilova Ruzilya K. , Martynova Ekaterina V. , Ohlopkova Olesia V. , Yurchenko Yuri A. , Savitskaya Tatiana A. , Isaeva Guzel S. , Khaiboullina Svetlana F. , Rizvanov Albert A. , Morzunov Sergey P. , Davidyuk Yuriy N.
Published: March 2022

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a zoonotic disease commonly diagnosed in the Volga Federal District (VFD). HFRS is caused by Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV), and this virus is usually detected in bank voles as its natural host (Myodes glareolus). The PUUV genome is composed of the single-stranded, negative-sense RNA containing three segments. The goal of the current study is to identify genome variants of PUUV strains circulating in bank voles captured in the Udmurt Republic (UR) and Ulyanovsk region (ULR). The comparative and phylogenetic analysis of PUUV strains revealed that strains from Varaksino site UR are closely related to strains previously identified in the Pre-Kama area of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT), whilst strains from Kurlan and Mullovka sites ULR are similar to strains from the Trans-Kama area of the RT. It was also found that Barysh ULR strains form a separate distinct group phylogenetically equidistant from Varaksino and Kurlan–Mullovka groups. The identified groups of strains can be considered as separate sub-lineages in the PUUV Russian genetic lineage. In addition, the genomes of the strains from the UR, most likely, were formed as a result of reassortment.
Charged Lepton Flavor Violation at the High-Energy Colliders: Neutrino Mass Relevant Particles
Authors: Zhang Yongchao
Published: March 2022

We summarize the potential charged lepton flavor violation (LFV) from neutrino mass relevant models, for instance the seesaw mechanisms. In particular, we study, in a model-dependent way, the LFV signals at the high-energy hadron and lepton colliders originating from the beyond standard model (BSM) neutral scalar H, doubly charged scalar H±±, heavy neutrino N, heavy WR boson, and the Z′ boson. For the neutral scalar, doubly charged scalar and Z′ boson, the LFV signals originate from the (effective) LFV couplings of these particles to the charged leptons, while for the heavy neutrino N and WR boson, the LFV effects are from flavor mixing in the neutrino sector. We consider current limits on these BSM particles and estimate their prospects at future high-energy hadron and lepton colliders.
Towards Improving the Outcomes of Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer in Sheep, with Particular Focus on Donor Superovulation
Authors: Khan Sami Ullah , Jamal Muhammad Ameen , Su Yanhua , Wei Hong-Jiang , Qing Yubo , Cheng Wenmin
Published: March 2022

Considerable improvements in sheep multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)protocols have been made; however, unlike for cattle, MOET is poorly developed in sheep, and thus has not been broadly applicable as a routine procedure. The tightly folded nature of the ewe cervix, the inconsistent ovarian response to various superovulatory treatments, and the requirement of labor to handle animals, particularly during large-scale production, has limited the implementation of successful MOET in sheep. Moreover, several extrinsic factors (e.g., sources, the purity of gonadotrophins and their administration) and intrinsic factors (e.g., breed, age, nutrition, reproductive status) severely limit the practicability of MOET in sheep and other domestic animals. In this review, we summarize the effects of different superovulatory protocols, and their respective ovarian responses, in terms of ovulation rate, and embryo recovery and transfer. Furthermore, various strategies, such as inhibin immunization, conventional superovulation protocols, and melatonin implants for improving the ovarian response, are discussed in detail. Other reproductive techniques and their relative advantages and disadvantages, such as artificial insemination (AI), and donor embryo recovery and transfer to the recipient through different procedures, which must be taken into consideration for achieving satisfactory results during any MOET program in sheep, are also summarized in this article.
Inflammatory, Mechanical and Infectious Complications Associated with Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in Dogs and Cats: A Risk Factor Analysis
Authors: Crisi Paolo Emidio , De Santis Francesca , Aste Giovanni , Tiscar Pietro Giorgio , Mosca Francesco , Gasparini Agostina , Felici Andrea , Ferroni Laura , Miglio Arianna , Di Tommaso Morena , Luciani Alessia
Published: March 2022

The placement of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVC) is potentially associated with complications that negatively impact healthcare. Our study investigated factors associated with the occurrence of PIVC-related complications in dogs and cats at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The second aim was to determine the prevalence of PIVC bacterial colonization. A total of 76 dogs and 40 cats with PIVCs were evaluated for the occurrence of phlebitis and mechanical complications. The devices were removed when they ceased to be functional or when complications occurred, and the content was submitted for bacterial cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Both multivariable linear regression models and ROC analysis were employed. Complications were recorded in 46.6% of cases, and 20.7% of catheters yielded a positive culture. Among the isolates, 45% were classified as multi-resistant. In dogs, a ≥36-h indwelling time was associated with an increased risk of complications. Male cats seem more prone to developing complications, while the insertion of PIVCs under sedation may represent a protective factor in this species. In conclusion, PIVC-associated complications were frequently observed, and the high rate of positive culture for PIVCs, together with the presence of multi-resistant isolates, is a cause of concern in a hospital setting.
Analysis of the Relative Importance of the Main Hydrological Processes at Different Temporal Scales in Watersheds of South-Central Chile
Authors: Medina Yelena , Muñoz Enrique , Clasing Robert , Arumí José Luis
Published: March 2022

In Chile in recent years, changes in precipitation and temperatures have been reported that could affect water resource management and planning. One way of facing these changes is studying and understanding the behavior of hydrological processes at a regional scale and their different temporal scales. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the importance of the hydrological processes of the HBV model at different temporal scales and for different hydrological regimes. To this end, 88 watersheds located in south-central Chile were analyzed using time-varying sensitivity analysis at five different temporal scales (1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years). The results show that the model detects the temporality of the most important hydrological processes. In watersheds with a pluvial regime, the greater the temporal scale, the greater the importance of soil water accumulation processes and the lower the importance of surface runoff processes. By contrast, in watersheds with a nival regime, at greater temporal scales, groundwater accumulation and release processes take on greater importance, and soil water release processes are less important.
Extremes Rainfall Events on Riparian Flora and Vegetation in the Mediterranean Basin: A Challenging but Completely Unexplored Theme
Authors: Pinna Maria Silvia , Loi Maria Cecilia , Calderisi Giulia , Fenu Giuseppe
Published: March 2022

In a global climate change scenario “Extreme climatic events” are expected to widely affect flora and vegetation in Med-regions, especially “Extremes Rainfall Events” which will have impacts on riparian environments. Aiming to provide an in-depth picture on the effects of these events on the riparian flora and vegetation in the Mediterranean Basin, especially focusing on islands, a bibliographic search was performed in the main international databases, which led to 571 articles published from 2000 to 2021. Most studies have analyzed these phenomena from the climatic point of view identifying three main topics “Rainfall”, “Global/Climate change”, and “Flood”. 81 papers concerned effects of extreme events on Mediterranean woodland formations and cultivated plants. A further analysis focused on European countries and Mediterranean bioregion using “Extreme rainfall events” and “Extreme rainfall and floods” as keywords. A low number of records relating to Mediterranean island regions was found, having Sicily as the study area. Moreover, seven articles had Sardinia as a study area, four of which referred to flora and vegetation. A lack of studies on the effects of extreme rainfall events on riparian flora and vegetation were highlighted. This review constitutes a call for researchers to explore extreme phenomena that have become recurrent in the Mediterranean Basin.
Removal of Phosphorus from Hypolimnetic Lake Water by Reactive Filter Material in a Recirculating System—Laboratory Trial
Authors: Renman Agnieszka , Renman Gunno
Published: March 2022

A toolbox of methods must be available for the remediation of lakes and water bodies suffering from eutrophication. One method suggested is hypolimnetic withdrawal based on a closed-circuit system. Prior to the start of a pilot-scale test at Lake Hönsan, Sweden, a laboratory trial with containers filled with water and bottom sediment from this lake was performed. A peristaltic pump distributed equal bottom water volume to four columns, two filled with glass beads and two with the filter material Polonite, and then back to the surface of the containers. The reactive filter medium (RFM) removed phosphate (PO4-P) efficiently (98.6%), despite the relatively low influent concentration (390 µg L−1). The control column filled with glass beads, removed 2.9% of the PO4-P. The anoxic sediment, containing 2.47 mg P g−1, released PO4-P, which was indicated by the increased concentration in near-bottom water. The redirected water after RFM filtration had high pH (x¯=11.1); however, an equalization took place in the water mass to a lower but still increased pH value  (x¯=8.7) compared to the control  (x¯=7.02). This article reports the pros and cons of a full-scale system using the proposed method.
Can pretreatment platelet-to-lymphocyte and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios predict long-term oncologic outcomes after preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer?
Authors: An Sang Hyun , Kim Ik Yong
Published: March 2022

Purpose: Systemic inflammation is associated with various malignancies, including colorectal cancer, as possible prognostic predictors. We aimed to evaluate the correlation of pretreatment the platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio with long-term oncologic outcomes and pathologic complete response (pCR) in locally ad vanced rectal cancer patients who received neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by curative resection.Methods: Between October 1996 and December 2015, 168 rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative CRT followed by surgery were enrolled. The set cut-off/mean PLR and NLR were 170 and 2.8. We analyzed the relationship between PLR, NLR, and the 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and pCR rate.Results: The 5-year OS rates were 75.9% and 59.8% in the highand low-PLR groups. The 5-year DFS rates were 62.9% and 50.8% in the high- and low-PLR groups, with no significant difference. In addition, the 5-year OS rates were 75.7% and 58.4%, and the 5-year DFS rates were 62.5% and 50.0% in the high- and low-NLR groups, respectively, both without any significant difference. Multivariate analysis showed only pretreatment PLR as an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio, 1.850; 95% confidence interval, 1.041–3.287; P=0.036), and both serologic markers were not independent prognostic factors for 5-year DFS.Conclusion: Neither PLR nor NLR was associated with 5-year DFS nor pCR to neoadjuvant CRT. Only pretreatment PLR can be used in predicting OS in locally advanced rectal cancer patients who received neoadjuvant CRT followed by curative resection.
Short-term outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for deep infiltrative endometriosis with rectal involvement: a single-center experience of 168 cases
Authors: Casas Sara Gortázar de las , Spagnolo Emanuela , Saverio Salomone Di , Álvarez-Gallego Mario , Carrasco Ana López , López María Carbonell , Cobos Sergio Torres , Campo Constantino Fondevila , Gutiérrez Alicia Hernández , Miguelañez Isabel Pascual
Published: March 2022

Purpose: The surgical management of deep infiltrative endometriosis (DE) involving the rectum remains a challenge. The objective of this study was to assess the outcomes from a single tertiary center over a decade with an emphasis on the role of a protective loop ileostomy (PI).Methods: A retrospective review of outcomes for 168 patients managed between 2008 and 2018 is presented including 57 rectal shaves, 23 discoid excisions, and 88 segmental rectal resections.Results: The nodule size (mean±standard deviation) in the segmental resection group was 32.7±11.2 mm, 23.4±10.5 mm for discoid excision, and 18.8±6.0 mm for rectal shaves. A PI was performed in 19 elective cases (11.3%) usually for an ultra-low anastomosis <5 cm from the anal verge. All Clavien-Dindo grade III/IV complications occurred after segmental resections and included 5 anastomotic leaks, 6 rectovaginal fistulas, 2 ureteric fistulas, and 1 ureteric stenosis. Of 26 stomas (15.5%), there were 19 PIs, 3 secondary ileostomies (after complications), and 4 end colostomies. The median time to PI closure was 5.8 months (range, 0.4–16.7 months) in uncomplicated disease compared with 9.2 months (range, 4.7–18.4 months) when initial postoperative complications were recorded (P=0.019). Only 1 patient with a recurrent rectovaginal fistula had a permanent colostomy.Conclusion: In patients with DE and rectal involvement a PI is selectively used for low anastomoses and complex pelvic reconstructions. Protective stomas and those used in the definitive management of a major postoperative complication can usually be reversed.
Caractérisation des communautés d’oiseaux et de chauves-souris dans les parcs urbains d’Aix-en-Provence / Characterisation of bird and bat communities in the urban parks of Aix-en-Provence
Authors: Albert Cécile H. , Cabrera Cédric , Marty Elsa , Verdier Lucile
Published: March 2022

In ever larger and denser cities, spaces with a nature character provide ecosystem services, enable biodiversity conservation and are meeting places for humans and non-humans. It is therefore key for decision-makers, city designers and city managers to be able to rapidly characterise the biodiversity housed in these spaces in order to reconcile the population’s expectations and environmental issues in development projects and management methods. Here, we aim
Variations saisonnières de la diversité en mycoendophytes foliaires chez Pistacia atlantica de la daya de Aiat (Laghouat, Algérie) / Seasonal variations in foliar mycoendophytes diversity in Pistacia atlantica of daya of Aiat (Laghouat, Algeria)
Authors: Zareb Amina , Smail-Saadoun Noria
Published: March 2022

Les mycoendophytes vivent à l’intérieur des tissus végétaux et augmentent leur résistance aux facteurs abiotiques et biotiques. Notre travail porte sur les variations saisonnières de la diversité des mycoendophytes des feuilles de Pistacia atlantica Desf. de la daya de Aiat, dans la région de Laghouat (Algérie). Les saisons concernées sont les printemps 2013 et 2016 et les automnes 2015 et 2016. Plusieurs genres de mycoendophytes ont été répertoriés dans cette étude. L’abondance de certains d’entre eux présente une différence significative entre les saisons concernées. C’est le cas pour les genres Aspergillus (P = 0,03), Cladosporium (P = 0,00), Epicoccum (P = 0,00), Monilia (P = 0,03), Penicillium (P = 0,01), Phoma (P = 0,03), Rhizoctonia (P = 0,03), Rhizopus (P = 0,00), Rhodotorula (P = 0,00), Scopulariopsis (P = 0,00), Trichophyton (P = 0,00) et Xylaria (P = 0,03). Ces derniers forment des assemblages et des interactions spécifiques aux différentes
Étude diachronique de l’occupation du sol de la zone humide de Dayet Aoua dans le Moyen Atlas au Maroc / A diachronic study of the land uses of the Dayet Aoua wetland in the Middle Atlas in Morocco
Authors: Ichen Abdellah , Messaoudi Chaimae , El Malki Meysara , El Mderssa Mohammed
Published: March 2022

Le lac Dayet Aoua, situé dans le Moyen Atlas au Maroc, constitue l’un des plus importants écosystèmes lacustres du parc national d’Ifrane qui est actuellement réduit à une petite étendue d’eau. L’objectif de cette étude est de suivre la dynamique d’occupation du sol dans la zone humide de Dayet Aoua sur une période de trente ans, de 1989 à 2019. L’imagerie satellitaire Landsat, à l’aide de la classification supervisée avec l’algorithme des K plus proches voisins, est utilisée en vue de cartographier l’occupation du sol de la zone d’étude sur un intervalle de dix ans et de procéder par la suite à l’élaboration des cartes de changement. L’évaluation de cette classification montre que les forêts ont connu entre 1989 et 2019 une forte progression (19,19 %) due notamment à l’augmentation de l’arboriculture. La classe des terrains nus est passée de 8,07 % à 7,42 % et celle de l’agriculture de 1,30 % à 5,22 % tandis que celle des plans d’eau est passée de 0,65 % à 0,54 %. Ainsi, entre 1989 et 2019, 76,61 % des superficies de la zone d’étude sont restées inchangées tandis que 23,38 % des superficies ont évolué vers d’autres classes ou ont subi une dégradation. Cette étude met en évidence une anthropisation du lac de Dayet Aoua conduisant à une dégradation de ses ressources naturelles.
Bioinspired Rotation Microneedles for Accurate Transdermal Positioning and Ultraminimal-Invasive Biomarker Detection with Mechanical Robustness
Authors: Cai Yilin , Huang Shiyi , Zhang Zhinan , Zhang Jiazheng , Zhu Xingyue , Chen Xiaoxiang , Ding Xianting
Published: March 2022

Microneedle permits transdermal biosensing and drug delivery with minor pain. However, accurate microneedle transdermal positioning with minimal skin deformation remains a significant technical challenge due to inhomogeneous skin topology and discontinuous force applied to the microneedle. Here, we introduce bioinspired rotation microneedles for in vivo accurate microneedle positioning as inspired by honeybees’ stingers. We demonstrate the benefits of rotation microneedles in alleviating skin resistance through finite element analysis, full-thickness porcine validations, and mathematical derivations of microneedle-skin interaction stress fields. The max penetration force was mitigated by up to 45.7% and the force attenuation rate increased to 2.73 times in the holding stage after penetration. A decrease in max skin deflection and a faster deformation recovery introduced by rotation microneedles implied a more precise penetration depth. Furthermore, we applied the rotation microneedles in psoriasis mice, a monogenic disorder animal model, for minimally invasive biological sample extraction and proinflammatory cytokine monitoring. An ultrasensitive detection method is realized by using only one microneedle to achieve cytokine mRNA level determination compared to commonly required biopsies or blood collection. Thus, rotation microneedles permit a simple, rapid, and ultraminimal-invasive method for subcutaneous trace biological sample acquisition and subsequent point-of-care diagnostics with minimal damage to both microneedles and skins.
Influence of Transferred Arc Plasma Melting Time on the Formation of Phase and Microstructure of Mullite-Zirconia Composite
Authors: P Amarnath , S Yugeswaran , K Suresh , K Navaneetha Pandiyaraj
Published: March 2022

Transferred arc plasma is an effective and simple technique to synthesis a high temperature reaction ceramic composite material. In this paper, 20 kW transferred arc plasma torch was used to synthesis mullite-zirconia composites through the solid-state reaction of 3:2 mole ratio of ball milled alumina and zircon powders.  Dissociation of zircon in a thermal plasma arc is utilized as to prepare mullite-zirconia composites. The ball milled samples are melted for 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes in transferred arc plasma torch at 20 kW power level with 10 lpm of argon flow rate and cooled by air. The phase and microstructure of melted samples were determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM images. The obtained results shows that the processing time significantly influence on the formation of phase and microstructure of the mullite- zirconia composite.
Performance of Prototype Solar Tunnel Drier Developed by University of Hohenheim Under Local Environmental Conditions in Sri Lanka
Authors: P.N.R.J Amunugoda , R.S Wilson Wijeratnam , S.A.M.A.N.S Senanayake , K.D.G Kulathunga
Published: March 2022

The solar tunnel dryer developed by University of Hohenheim was studied under local environmental conditions in Sri Lanka to identify necessary improvements so that   marketable dehydrated products could be produced. Batch trials were carried using   jak fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and brinjal (Solanum melongena). Temperature, relative humidity and air flow rate during the trial period were recorded. Drying duration, physico-chemical and orgonoleptic parameters of the dehydrated products were determined. The dryer was found to be technically feasible and products are hygienically good compared to the open sun drying. Depending on bad weather conditions drying duration varied between 2- 3 days causing to produce organoleptically unacceptable dehydrated products.  The reasons identified for unacceptable quality were the long dying periods and keeping the materials inside the drying compartment overnight without drying. Therefore, there is a necessity to shorten the drying period together with maintenance of a correct temperature inside the drying compartment during non solar hours to preserve the quality of dried products.
Strong AI to Super-intelligence: How is AI placed vis-à-vis Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Swamy Raju Narayana
Published: March 2022

The paper analyses how Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled systems can be brought into the Intellectual Property (IP) ecosystem. It dwells upon the question of AI- IP interface from three perspectives, viz., (a) AI as a technology to manage IPRs, (b) IP rights as an obstacle to the transparency of AI and, (c) patents as well as copyrights as legal systems that can foster AI. The three-step test for obtaining a patent- novelty, inventive step and utility - is looked at through the lens of AI technology. Issues such as patent evergreening, best vs worst embodiment and liability for illegal acts which cannot be traced to human actors are delved into. The article concludes with the need for a uniform treatment of the AI system across the board by bringing in an amendment to TRIPS and the necessity to usher in regulators for adjudication.
Design of Low Power and Area Efficient 8 Bit USR Using mGDI Technology
Authors: K.G Dharani
Published: March 2022

Technology is growing at a faster rate after the evolution of VLSI, which mainly focuses on three major criteria-speed, area and power. All these criteria determine the compactness of a product in order to produce an efficient output at a higher rate by consuming less power. To achieve the above-mentioned factors, an efficient 8-bit Universal Shift Register (USR) has been designed using modified Gate Diffusion Input (mGDI) technique. The results have been simulated using the TANNER EDA tool and found to contribute for low power and area.