bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of springback in local bending of hull plates using an optimized backpropagation neural network
Authors: Xu Binjiang , Li Lei , Wang Zhao , Zhou Honggen , Liu Di
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Springback is an inevitable problem in the local bending process of hull
plates, which leads to low processing efficiency and affects the assembly
accuracy. Therefore, the prediction of the springback effect, as a result of
the local bending of hull plates, bears great significance. This paper
proposes a springback prediction model based on a backpropagation neural
network (BPNN), considering geometric and process parameters. Genetic
algorithm (GA) and improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms are
used to improve the global search capability of BPNN, which tends to fall
into local optimal solutions, in order to find the global optimal solution.
The result shows that the proposed springback prediction model, based on
the BPNN optimized by genetic algorithm, is faster and offers smaller
prediction error on the springback due to local bending.
SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ REASONING ABOUT CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY, SAMPLES, AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Authors: PRODROMOU THEODOSIA
Published: August 2021

In the Australian mathematics curriculum, Year 12 students (aged 16-17) are asked to solve conditional probability problems that involve the representation of the problem situation with two-way tables or three-dimensional diagrams and consider sampling procedures that result in different correct answers. In a small exploratory study, we investigate three Year 12 students’ conceptions and reasoning about conditional probability, samples, and sampling procedures. Through interviews with the students, supported by analysis of their work investigating probabilities using tabular representations, we investigate the ways in which these students perceive, express, and answer conditional probability questions from statistics, and also how they reason about the importance of taking into account what is being sampled and how it is being sampled. We report on insights gained about these students’ reasoning with different conditional probability problems, including how they interpret, analyse, solve, and communicate problems of conditional probability.
First published November 2016 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
SERJ 2016 REFEREES
Authors: BOROVCNIK MANFRED , PETOCZ PETER , PFANNKUCH MAXINE
Published: August 2021

Acknowledgment: We are grateful to the people who acted as referees for all issues of the Statistics Education Research Journal published this year.
First published November 2016 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
The Anatomy of Murder: Ethical Transgressions and Anatomical Science During the Third Reich
Authors: Hildebrandt Sabine
Published: August 2021

While politics and racial laws drove many anatomists from the profession, most who remained joined the Nazi party, and some helped to develop the scientific basis for its racialist dogma. As historian and anatomist Sabine Hildebrandt reveals, however, their complicity with the Nazi state went beyond the merely ideological.

Book cover image credit: The Anatomy of Murder: Ethical Transgressions and Anatomical Science During the Third Reich, Berghahn Books, New York, 2016. Used with permission.
Editor's Comments
Authors: Schnitz Gary W.
Published: August 2021

Welcome to the Journal of Biocommunication’s Special Issue 45-1. We have designated this publication as a JBC “Special Issue,” as it is devoted entirely to one topic. Our current Special Issue includes articles and commentaries all related to Eduard Pernkopf’s, Atlas of Topographical and Applied Human Anatomy. Our authors have provided in-depth discussions about the Pernkopf’s atlas’ dark history, the uncertain origin of cadavers used as references for the atlas, and medical crimes of the Third Reich. 

Seven of the articles are authored by some of the world’s leading historians and authorities on the subject of the Pernkopf atlas and the abuses of Nazi medicine. These authors presented papers at a Holocaust Education Week Symposium that was held on Nov. 10, 2019, at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. This landmark Symposium was called, “The Vienna Protocol: Medicine’s Confrontation with Continuing Legacies of its Nazi Past.” The Symposium faculty included Susan Mackinnon, MD, Rabbi Joseph Polak, William E. Seidelman, MD, Sabine Hildebrandt, MD, Philip Berger, MD, Anne Agur, PhD, and Leila Lax, PhD, who also served as the Symposium coordinator and host.

Table of Contents image credit: Medical University of Vienna, MUW-AD-003250-5-ABB-81.
The Role of German Academic Medicine and Science in the Medical Crimes of the Third Reich and the Shoah: The Continuing Legacy
Authors: Seidelman William
Published: August 2021

Despite the revelations of the Nuremberg Medical Trial and subsequent prosecutions, the reality is that with particular respect to medicine and the role of leading academic and scientific institutions during the so-called "Third Reich," the postwar period war was marked by a "Great Silence." With few exceptions, this silence continued until the 1980's, when increasing systematic scholarly research and inadvertent discoveries revealed the significant role played by the German and Austrian medical profession during the Nazi period and the Shoah. The discoveries included body parts of victims of Nazi terror in the collections of university institutes of anatomy and scientific research. The Pernkopf Atlas of Human Anatomy represents a legacy from Nazi medicine. Although it includes images from Nazi victims, its accuracy makes it a valued resource in surgery. The Vienna Protocol is a new halachic responsum on the question of what to do with newly discovered remains from Nazi victims and their data, and can provide guidance in the ethical reasoning on whether to use the Pernkopf atlas.

Photo credit: Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna under it's newly appointed dean, Prof. Eduard Pernkopf, immediately after the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany that occurred in March 1938. Used with permission of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library, Vienna, Austria).
Anatomical Science at University of Vienna 1938-45
Authors: Angetter Daniela C.
Published: August 2021

60 years after the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria to the German Reich in March, 1938, Austria is still confronted by unaddressed questions about its Nazi past. After the fall of the National Socialist regime these questions were ignored or suppressed and for decades there was little discussion about events that occurred between 1938 and 1945 at the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna. Investigations were launched only in response to initiatives from abroad.

Table of Contents image credit: Medical University of Vienna, MUW-ZE-003250-0000_BEILAGE_BATCH5_0153-0198.
A Mortal Complication in a Case with Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Pulmonary Haemorrhage
Authors: Yazıcı Havva , Canda Ebru , Er Esra , Malbora Barış , Öztürk Hismi Burcu , Onay Hüseyin , Aksoylar Serap , Kalkan Uçar Sema , Özkınay Ferda , Çöker MAhmut
Published: August 2021

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disease due to mutations within the gene IDUA encoding the “α-L-iduronidase”. The clinical manifestations concern multisystemic involvement. There are two disease modifying therapies, enzyme replacement therapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Pulmonary haemorrhage (PH) is a rare complication of HSCT and the case was presented with the reason that the related reports were few in MPS I.
A Cause of Asthma Misdiagnosis: Foreign Body Aspiration That Allows Air Passage Through
Authors: Onay Zeynep Reyhan , Ayhan Yetkin , Baş İkizoğlu Nilay , Uzun Ersan , Bilgin Gülay , Girit Saniye
Published: August 2021

Foreign body aspiration is a life-threatening condition in childhood. Clinical and radiological diagnosis may be delayed in cases in which foreign body has a lumen and allows the air passage through and is also misdiagnosed as asthma or chronic cough. The delay in the diagnosis can cause morbidity and mortality. We have reported the case of an 11-year-old boy with foreign body aspiration who has been treated as asthma. His dry cough could not be controlled with the asthma treatment. He had swallowed a piece of pipette before the coughing started. Fiber optic bronchoscopy was applied. The piece of pipette was seen in the left main bronchus which allowed the air passage through its lumen. After the removal, his complaints disappeared. In conclusion, the patients with a history of aspiration and without signs of lateralization in physical or radiological examinations should be evaluated by fiber optic bronchoscopy in terms of foreign body aspiration.
Examination of Nephrotoxicity in Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Comparison of Methods for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Yazal Erdem Arzu , Emir Suna , Çakar Nilgün , Demir Hacı Ahmet , Özyörük Derya
Published: August 2021

Objective: Increased survival rates in childhood cancers have led the researchers to focus on long-term side effects and possible risk factors for late nephrotoxicity related to the treatment regimens applied. Our aim is to evaluate drug-induced nephrotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer and to investigate the compatibility of creatinine clearance with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Methods: The presence of glomerular and tubular dysfunction has been screened among 59 childhood cancer survivors who had completed their treatment regimens with cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, and /or high dose methotrexate. Results: The mean age of patients was 10.7±5.5 years (2.5-23), and mean follow-up time was 2.6±2.1 years (0.5-8). Renal dysfunction was detected in 65% of the patients. The most prevalent manifestation of renal dysfunction was decreased glomerular filtration rate (n: 19, 32.2%), and increased urinary β2-microglobulin excretion (n: 12, 20.4%), followed by microalbuminuria (n: 6, 10.1%). Survivors treated with combined chemotherapy regimens (cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide) had significantly lower tubular reabsorption of phosphate than those treated with high dose of methotrexate. The glomerular filtration rate analysis was performed using different methods, and a moderate correlation (r=0.563, p=0.00) was found between estimated glomerular filtration rates calculated according to cystatin-C-based equations and Schwartz formula. Conclusion: Childhood cancer survivors demonstrated a high frequency of renal complications in the current study. We have shown that the calculation of the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Schwartz formula or cystatin-C-based equations is compatible with the creatinine clearance in this specific patient group. In survivors of childhood cancer who cannot perform 24-hour urine collection, determination of estimated glomerular filtration rate is a more practical approach.
Incidence of different types of Myocardial Infarctions (MI) in diabetic and non-diabetic patients in cardiology unit of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar
Authors: Jamil Sumbal , Ghani Mustajab
Published: August 2021

Introduction: In past few decades prevalence of diabetes in patients with myocardial infarction has been remarkably increased. Diabetes mellitus has been well defined as a cardiovascular determinant in emergent nations. Myocardial infarction is the common cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Globally over 15.9 million myocardial infarction appeared in 2015. Cardiovascular events represent 80% of total deaths due to diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the objective was to determine the incidence of different types of myocardial infarctions in correlation with presence or absence of diabetes mellitus.
Material & Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar on 160 participants calculated by online calculator. Convenience sampling was applied, and subjects admitted in cardiology unit, CCU and emergency department of the hospital with the complaint of known myocardial infarction included. Pre-formed proforma was used to collect data from cardiology ward and CCU.
Results: Total of 160 subjects were included in this study. 101 subjects (63.1%) were male while share of female subjects in the study was 59 (36.9%). Mean age of the participants was 57.54 ± 11.43 (mean±S.D) and a range of 32-91 years. Diabetes was present in 85 (53.1%) participants while other 75 participants (46.9%) were non-diabetics. Anterior MI was seen in 36 diabetic subjects, inferior MI in 23, Lateral MI in 8, 14 were with extensive wall MI, 2 antero-lateral 2 & infero-lateral MI in 2 diabetic subjects. Among non-diabetic participants, anterior MI was seen in 31 subjects, 11 had inferior MI, 14 were with lateral MI, 11 had extensive MI, 5 subjects showed antero-lateral and 3 were with infero-lateral MI of the heart.
Conclusion: Incidence of MI was found more in diabetics as compared to non-diabetics. Anterior wall MI was commonest among diabetic participants.
Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on World Politics and Economy
Authors: G.I. Sheriff , A. Thomas , A. Ahmet
Published: August 2021

This paper aims at focusing on the main impact of the China belt and road initiative on world politics and economic development. Given that the BRI is a foreign policy launched by the Chinese government under the leadership of President Xi, and this time on a large scale with a plethora of impacts designed to build a network of mutually benefiting economic activities among the China neighbours across the Eurasian continent and the maritime routes between China and Europe, with plans to extend to Africa. The collaborative efforts of this initiative would expand global trade and increase economic development among the countries within the One Belt, One Road area. The initiative also presents scepticisms, uncertainties and concerns among political elites, offering observers the outlook of the advantage the initiative offers the Chinese at the expense of developing countries. The paper uses the secondary data methodological approach in presenting its reviewed literature. The paper adopts the theories of geopolitics that explain the political power linked to geographical space that comprises water and land as its territories. The objective of the Belt and Road Initiative is to enhance the connectivity of infrastructure, trade liberalization, and global financial integration. The article investigates the development of the project from global political, geographical, economical and international relations perspectives.
GAMBARAN KARAKTERISTIK BALITA DENGAN MALARIA DI PUSKESMAS SENTANI KABUPATEN JAYAPURA
Authors: Asrisal Asrisal
Published: August 2021

Malaria adalah penyakit yang mengancam nyawa yang disebabkan oleh parasit yang ditularkan kepada manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles betina. Anak balita merupakan salah satu kelompok yang rentan terinfeksi malaria. Diperkirakan sekitar 438.000 angka kematian akibat malaria diseluruh dunia pada tahun 2015, 69% terjadi pada balita. Tujuan penelitian untuk menggambarkan karakteristik balita dengan malaria di Puskesmas Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura. Jenis penelitian yaitu penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura pada bulan Agustus 2016. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah orang tua dari balita dengan malaria yang berobat di Puskesmas Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 59 orang. Data diperoleh menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisa secara univariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Sebagian besar umur balita yang terkena malaria adalah yang berumur 2 tahun (28,8 %), jenis kelamin laki-laki (52,5 %), jenis malaria Tropika (74,6 %), keluhan awal dengan kriteria berat sebanyak 41 responden (69,5 %) dan lingkungan tempat tinggal tidak berisiko tinggi malaria sebanyak 35 responden (59,3 %).Kata kunci : Malaria, Karakteristik, Balita.
LITERATURE REVIEW PENGARUH TEKNIK RELAKSASI GENGGAM JARI TERHADAP PENURUNAN NYERI PADA PASIEN POST OPERASI APPENDIKTOMI
Authors: Hanafi Salis Nur , Julianto Eko , Sudiarto Sudiarto
Published: August 2021

Latar belakang : Apendiksitis dapat didefinisikan sebagai radang usus buntu dan merupakan penyebab paling umum dari abdomen akut apendiksitis membentuk peradangan pada apendiks atau usus buntu yang berakibat penyempitan atau penyumbatan. Di Indonesia peristiwa apendikitis berjumlah sekitar 7% dari jumlah penduduk yaitu kurang lebih 179.000 orang. Tindakan pada pasien apendiksitis salah satunya adalah dengan cara pembedahan atau yang disebut appendiktomi. Penatalaksanaan appendiktomi ini dapat dilakukan dengan farmakologis maupun non farmakologis. Salah satu terapi non farmakologisnya yaitu dengan cara relaksasi genggam jari. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui pengaruh teknik relaksasi genggam jari terhadap penurunan nyeri pada pasien post operasi appendiktomi. Hasil : Pada jurnal I setelah diberikan intervensi genggam jari terdapat penurunan tingkat nyeri dari nyeri sedang menjadi tidak nyeri sebanyak 8 orang. Dan pada jurnal II setelah diberikan intervensi genggam jari terdapat penurunan tingkat nyeri dari skala nyeri sedang menjadi skala nyeri ringan. Hal ini dikarenakan pada setiap jari-jari yang terhubung dengan berbagai organ terdapat saluran atau meridian energi. Kondisi relaksasi alamiah akan memicu pengeluaran hormon endorfin atau hormon analgesik alami yang berada di tubuh sehingga menjadikan nyeri berkurang. Kesimpulan : Adanya pengaruh teknik relaksasi genggam jari terhadap penurunan tingkat nyeri pada pasien post apendiktomi.

Kata Kunci: Apendiksitis,  Tingkat Nyeri, Relaksasi Genggam Jari
Curcumin-like structure (CCA-1.1) induces permanent mitotic arrest (Senescence) on Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, 4T1
Authors: Novitasari Dhania , Jenie Riris Istighfari , Wulandari Febri , Utomo Rohmad Yudi , Pamungkas Putri Dyaningtyas Dewi , Kato Jun-ya , Meiyanto Edy
Published: August 2021

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains as the deadliest cancer type due to the lack of treatment options. Hence, several attempts have been made to develop new anticancer for TNBC therapy. This study intended to challenge curcumin analog (CCA)-1.1, which is derived from pentagamavunone-1 structure, against the 4T1 cell line and TNBC cell model, covering the cytotoxic activity in correlation with cell cycle progression, apoptosis induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and senescence evidence. The cell viability, cell cycle profile, apoptosis induction, intracellular ROS level, and senescence induction were determined in vitro using trypan blue exclusion, propidium iodide (PI) staining, Annexin-PI staining, dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining, and senescence-associated-β-gal method. CCA-1.1 showed cytotoxic activity on 4T1 cells, giving half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 3M, but was less toxic on non-cancerous 3T3-L1 cells. CCA-1.1 induced rapid cell death and inhibited cell cycle progression at the mitotic phase. Instead, of causing apoptosis, CCA-1.1 induced mitotic catastrophe. Furthermore, CCA-1.1 itself increased the intracellular ROS level and induced senescence, possibly through catastrophic cell death. Altogether, our preliminary study strengthens the potency of CCA-1.1 for its anticancer activities against TNBC cells and prospective to be pharmaceutically developed as a novel candidate for cancer therapy.
Validation of Novel Analytical RP-HPLC Method for determination of Formoterol Fumarate and Budesonide in Inhalation Suspension Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Kotak Ravindra K , Pandya Chintan V , Pandya Aditee C
Published: August 2021

Formoterol Fumarate and Budesonide inhalation suspension is prescribed for treatment of Asthmatic patient. Formoterol Fumarate is anti-asthmatic drug (Bronchodilator) and Budesonide is Anti Inflammatory Drug (Glucocortico steroid) drug. A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs while Anti Inflammatory drug is used for the treatment of inflammation occurred on respiratory tract. The present study aimed to Validate HPLC method for combined determination of Assay of Formoterol Fumarate and Budesonide Analytes. This study covers Precision, Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantification, Linearity, Accuracy, Robustness, Ruggedness, Solution stability and Specificity. The chromatographic method uses a reversed phase column Hypersil ODS 125mm ×4.0mm x 5μm). The mobile phase was prepared by mixing Acetonitrile: Phosphate buffer (35:65, %v/v) at flow rate 1.0ml/min with Ultraviolet and Diode array detector at wavelength 215nm, column oven adjusted to 40°C and with injection volume 50μL. The method Found Precise, Accurate, Linear, Rugged, Robust and Sensitive. The method showed a successful application for determination of Formoterol Fumarate and Budesonide in Inhalation suspension pharmaceutical formulation.
Antibacterial effects of black mulberry (Morus nigra) stem bark extract on Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Aulifa Diah Lia , Haque Sakinah , Riasari Hesti , Budiman Arif
Published: August 2021

Secondary metabolite compounds from Morus nigra (MN), has been shown to have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. moreover, phenolics and flavonoids contained in this species are partly responsible for those activities. This study aims to evaluate the mode of action of MN stem bark extract and its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The stem bark of MN was macerated using ethanol as a solvent for 72 h. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities of the extract were evaluated using Agar diffusion and microdilution methods, by determining the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphological changes induced by the extract. The protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, at a MIC value of 8mg/mL. Furthermore, it discovered via SEM that at 4xMIC, this extract could damage the membrane cell of Streptococcus mutans. Finally, protein and ion leakage were observed in bacterial cells of Streptococcus mutans induced with this extract. MN stem bark extract is a potential herbal medicine, which has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.
An Updated Comprehensive Review on Nanosponges – Novel Emerging Drug Delivery System
Authors: Rajam Radhika Parasuram , Muthukumar Kavin Raj
Published: August 2021

Medical researchers found problem in targeting the drug delivery. The Nanotechnology has become highly competitive and rapidly evolving as more and more developments in delivery systems are being integrated to optimize the efficacy and cost effectiveness of therapy. The development of new and complex molecules Nano sponges has potential to solve this problem. Nano sponge drug delivery system has emerged as one of the most promising fields in pharmaceutics. Nano sponges consist of nonporous particles that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances, and then be incorporated into a dosage form. Nano sponge play vital role in targeting drug delivery in a controlled manner. Both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs are incorporated in Nano sponge. The outer surface is typically porous, allowing controlled release of drug. Nano sponge delivery system (NDS) provides increased efficacy with enhanced safety, extended product stability, improved formulation flexibility, reduced side effects and superior aesthetic properties in an efficient and novel manner. Adding up they are non-irritating, non-mutagenic, non-allergenic and non-toxic. Topical drug delivery system also faced many problems like poor permeability, skin irritation, allergic reactions etc. The new developed colloidal system called Nano sponge has potential to overcome this problem. In short Nano sponges encompass many favorable characteristics which make them a versatile drug delivery vehicle. The present review explores on the preparation methods, applications of Nano sponges in the field of drug delivery.
Pharmacosomes: An approach to improve biopharmaceutical properties of drugs basic considerations in development
Authors: Kumbhar Popat , Shinde Tejaswini , Jadhav Tejaswini , Gavade Tejas , Sorate Rushikesh , Mali Uma , Disouza John , Manjappa Arehalli
Published: August 2021

Vesicular drug delivery systems including niososmes, liposomes, pharmacosomes, transferosomes, electrosomes, ethosomes, etc have been widely accepted for controlled delivery of the drug. Amongst, all these drug delivery systems pharmacosomes are gaining more attention of the researchers due to several benefits such as high entrapment efficiency, improved biopharmaceutical properties, and pharmacokinetic performance, no leakage or loss of drug, stability, etc. Pharmacosomes are amphiphilic phospholipid complexes of drugs having active hydrogen that bind to phospholipids and self-assembled into vesicles in an aqueous medium. Both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs have been formulated into pharmacosomes that caused improved solubility and permeability of drugs. Pharmacosomes are prepared by using various techniques such as hand shaking method, ether injection, solvent evaporation method, supercritical fluid approach, etc and are characterized for prodrug confirmation, surface morphology, crystal state measurement, in vitro drug release, and stability, etc. Despite wide research and highly encouraging results in the preclinical studies, translation of these nanomedicines from laboratory to market has been very limited. The main aim of this review is to describe comprehensively the potential of pharmacosomes as a vesicular drug delivery system focusing mainly on their conventional and advanced methods of preparation, different characterization techniques, and their applications in the delivery of different types of drugs with improved biopharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetic performance.
Fragmentation in a Bid to Defragment
Authors: Mungai Melissa
Published: August 2021

Fragmentation is a practical tool suggested in this paper to bring about societal inclusion. Indeed, this is not a novel idea. Kenya has joined the league of practitioners of decentralisation, a system of governance that involves fragmentation. One of the objectives is to achieve national unity. The evil observed today is that decentralisation has brought about broadened separation. The aim of this paper is to highlight how decentralisation as a practical mechanism ought to unite. This is a possible solution to the challenge of inclusion. The end sought is a better society where unity, peace and justice abound. The paper will tackle three spheres of inclusion: social, political and economic which are dealt with separately but in essence they are interlinked with each other. In each of these areas, the paper will illustrate how fragmentation has achieved inclusion.
Occupational Safety and Health of Coal Mine Workers in Kenya: Filling the Lacuna in the Law
Authors: Muhindi Ikoha
Published: August 2021

Mining is essential in the economic development of any country endowed with mineral resources. In Kenya, for instance, one block of coal in the Mui Basin has enough coal to bring in KES. 3.4 trillion into the economy. However, disasters such as the Monongah disaster in a coal mine in the United States have resulted in the loss of lives of numerous workers. It is therefore important to ensure the enactment of legislation safeguarding these workers. This article seeks to assess the extent to which the Occupation Safety and Health Act safeguards these concerns in Kenya. It also undertakes a brief comparative study of the best practices employed in Australia and South Africa in safeguarding the safety and health of workers in coal mines. Finally, the article makes recommendations on how Kenya can follow suit and adopt various aspects of the legislations from these jurisdictions.
The Threat of a Rising Sea Level: Saving Statehood through the Adoption of Uti Possidetis Juris
Authors: Mbatia Kelvin
Published: August 2021

Climate change has several adverse effects. One of these is ‘sea level rise’, which threatens two key requirements of statehood as stipulated by the declaratory theory of statehood and subsequently listed in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States. These are a defined territory and a permanent population. The focus of this paper is the implications of the rising sea level on the maritime boundaries, land territory and populations residing in small lowlying island nations. The central argument is that a rising sea level impugns the statehood of small low-lying island nations whose maritime boundaries are determined by ambulatory baselines. It further argues that a consistent rise in sea level may submerge small island nations, leading to their extinction. It concludes by proposing the principle of uti possidetis juris as a panacea to the retention of statehood of small island nations threatened by sea level rise.
Implementation of East African Community Law by Partner States: A review of relevant laws
Authors: Mbila Augustus
Published: August 2021

On 30 November 1999, the Heads of State of the East African Community met in Arusha, Tanzania, and concluded the Treaty for the establishment of the East African Community. The Treaty came into force on 7 July 2000. The founding members of this Community were Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Rwanda and Burundi acceded to the Treaty in 2007 while South Sudan acceded to the Treaty in 2016. While the treaty has the potential of promoting unity among the partner states, this is threatened by the fact that it fails to address how Partner States should implement it. A critical analysis of the jurisprudence from the East African Court of Justice and those of the Court of Justice of the European Union shows that community law is an autonomous legal order in which Partner States have accepted to cede part of their sovereignty to the community. Therefore, community law, unlike international law which houses it, has primacy over the municipal law of the Partner States, notwithstanding their constitutional philosophies. This paper seeks to examine how East African Community Law is implemented by partner states by reviewing the EAC Treaty, the decisions of the East African Court of Justice and the municipal laws of partner states. Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the implementation of European Union Law by Partner States of the European Union are discussed as lessons to be learnt in the East African Community.
Ator A Zan Adua (Christian Traditional Rulers) and Tiv Culture in the 21st Century
Authors: Adega Andrew Philips , Degarr Daniel Terna , Terkura Myom
Published: August 2021

The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring legacies from traditional African societies. Until the coming of the colonialists, the traditional institution led by chiefs, emirs, obas, Ezes, etc performed legislative and judicial functions as well as political, religious, social and economic roles etc. The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution among the Tiv was not organised in a systematic manner until the creation of the Tor Tiv stool in 1946. With several reformations, the chieftaincy institution has taken a definite stage in Tiv society. However, the problem of the study has to do with the fact that there has arisen in the Tiv chieftaincy scene; the ator a zan adua (Christian traditional rulers) who rather than protect and preserve Tiv cultural heritage are in the vanguard of the corrosion of a culture they had taken an oath to protect and preserve. If prompt action is not taken by the Tiv, their culture would soon disappear as these ator a zan adua have “churchmentised” and Christianised Tiv culture. As scholars of Tiv History, Religion and Culture, the researchers are alarmed at this cultural imperialism being perpetrated by Tiv traditional rulers. The study adopts the historical, descriptive and evaluative methods. In data collection, the primary and secondary methods have been adopted. In the primary source, oral interviews and the observation methods have been used; whereas in the secondary sources of data collection, documented sources from books, journal articles, newspapers and e-sources have been employed. The study established that by the orientation of ator a zan a dua as Christians, they are on the verge of completely supplanting Tiv culture with a foreign one. The study noted that culture gives an identity to a group of people and without it, they cannot be defined. In view of this challenge, the study made various suggestions as means of preserving and sustaining Tiv cultural heritage for generations yet unborn. One of these suggestions is that traditional rulers in Tiv be made to take their oath of office by Swem (the Tiv symbol of justice) so that when they renege on their oath, they would immediately bear the consequences (death by swollen stomach, limbs and severe headache). The study concluded that Tiv culture must not be sacrificed on the altar of Christianity by anybody not even the ator (traditional rulers).
Proton re-irradiation of Sinonasal Esthesioneuroblastoma: a Case Report
Authors: Gordon Konstantin , Gulidov Igor , Gogolin Danil , Lepilina Olga , Golovanova Olga , Semenov Alexey , Dujenko Sergey , Medvedeva Kira , Koryakin Sergey , Ivanov Sergey , Kaprin Andrey
Published: August 2021

"Head and neck (H&N) cancers are in the 7-8th place among all types of cancer. Despite novel approaches in cancer treatment, most of the patients have a high risk of loco-regional recurrence.
Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a very rare H&N neoplasm, accounting for only 3-6% of all intranasal tumors. These tumors usually are presented with locally advanced stages and required radiotherapy as a part of the comprehensive treatment. Loco-regional failures represent a challenge, and re-irradiation can be effective for some groups of patients. We present a case of re-irradiation with protons of sinonasal tumor in a 49-years old patient with recurrent ENB, involving visual structures. We achieved a 5-year positive local control after the proton therapy (PT), without significant toxicity.The case shows an example of re-irradiation as an essential area for PT application,given the need to maximize the treatment's efficacy and minimize the risk of severetoxicity."
SARS-CoV-2 – the Hidden Agonist of the Pressor Arm Within the Renin-Angiotensin System: Considerations for Statins and Propionate Derivatives
Authors: Cismaru Cosmin Andrei , Cismaru Gabriel Laurențiu , Burz Claudia Cristina , Nutu Andreea , Berindan Neagoe Ioana
Published: August 2021

"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious healthcare problem,
causing more than 2 million fatalities worldwide. Several treatments used for the
management of chronic diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease,
diabetes and arthritis were shown to increase the expression of the receptor exploited
by the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), in vitro. This raises
concerns on the safety of continuing such drugs or switching to other classes that don’t
interfere with the receptor exploited by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we emphasize the mechanisms behind the regulation of ACE2
expression by several widely used drugs with possible interactions with COVID-19.
Moreover, we discuss how the physiological mechanisms of attenuating inflammation
and fibrosis can lead to increased expression of the receptor exploited by the virus and
how this expression is further influenced be statins, propionate derivative nonsteroidal
antiinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers."
Dilutional Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Packed Cell Volume in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Ross Elizabeth H. , Dickinson Amy
Published: August 2021

Packed cell volume (PCV) is commonly used to assess and monitor red blood cell count in animals, but the results can be altered if inappropriate ratios of anticoagulant/blood are used. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ideally filled, overfilled, and underfilled K3 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes with various volumes of healthy dog blood on centrifuged PCV. Six milliliters of blood was obtained from 94 blood donors each. Initial distribution was injected into two nonheparinized microhematocrit tubes. The remainder was instilled into 1.3 mL K3 EDTA spray-dried tubes as 1.5 mL, 1.3 mL, 0.75 mL, 0.5 mL, and 0.25 mL aliquots. Normality was determined using the D’agostino–Pearson method and by visual examination of histograms. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc testing using Tukey’s test. There is a statistically significant decrease in the PCV between all groups with progressive underfilling of tubes (P < .0001). The closest difference is between 1.5 and 1.3 mL (P = .0138). Our study suggested that underfilling K3 EDTA tubes significantly and negatively influences the PCV in healthy dogs. Using underfilled K3 EDTA tubes result in a lower PCV compared with directly filled microhematocrit tubes without anticoagulant.
Perfil socioeconômico dos produtores de queijo colonial gaúcho e a importância da produção artesanal
Authors: Roldan Bruna Bresolin , Ambrosini Larissa Bueno , Bremm Carolina , Kroeff Denise Reif
Published: August 2021

O queijo colonial é muito apreciado pelos consumidores, sendo produzido basicamente com três ingredientes: leite, coalho e sal. Sua produção é realizada no ambiente familiar, para consumo doméstico ou para venda informal e por pequenas, médias e grandes empresas. Devido a importância econômica, social e cultural que esse produto possui, este estudo buscou analisar o perfil socioeconômico dos produtores de queijo colonial do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi possível verificar que a idade avançada dos produtores, a experiência na produção, a origem da atividade nos imigrantes italianos, bem como circuitos curtos de comercialização e as relações de confiança entre produtores e consumidores caracterizam a atividade de produção de queijo colonial como tradicional.
Efecto de la salinidad y pH en la composición bioquímica de la microalga Scenedesmus sp. en cultivos discontinuos
Authors: Morales Ever , Macías Diana , García Leonardo , Loor Yelsin , Plúas Lisbeth
Published: August 2021

El presente estudio evaluó el efecto del pH (5, 6, 9,11) y de la salinidad (6, 12, 26 y 36 UPS) en el crecimiento y la producción de pigmentos, proteínas, carbohidratos y lípidos de la microalga Scenedesmus sp., los cultivos discontinuos se mantuvieron con aireación constante, irradiancia de 50.22 μmol m-2s -1, fotoperiodo 12:12 h y a 25±2 ºC. Los resultados indicaron que en cultivos no salinos y a pH 9 se presentaron las densidades celulares más elevadas con 9.48±0.32x106 cél. mL1. Mientras, que los de clorofila a y b se produjeron a 0UPS y pH (8-10) con 5.52±0.09 y 2.03±0.16 µg.mL-1, respectivamente, pero con un descenso con el aumento de NaCl. Así mismo, los carotenoides se incrementaron a 12UPS y pH 11 de 0.20±0.004 a 1.45±0.004 µg.mL-1 y el más elevado en lípidos (p<0.05) se evidenció a 6UPS con 16±32.37 µg.mL-1. Sin embargo, los mayores contenidos de proteínas y carbohidratos se produjeron a 0UPS y pH 11 con 377.37±23.88 y 122.69±1.68 µg.mL-1; respectivamente. Los resultados de la adaptación gradual al NaCl permiten concluir que esta cepa de Scenedesmus sp., aunque es halotolerante presentó un crecimiento óptimo, mayor contenido de clorofila y de carotenoides en condiciones no salinas y en medio alcalino.
Fuentes de financiamiento en empresas del sector turismo del municipio de León
Authors: Laguna Laguna Odalye , Espinoza Torres Maria , Martínez Mena Emerita , Meléndez Dayana , Soto García Claudia
Published: August 2021

En Nicaragua, las pymes enfrentan limitaciones de acceso al financiamiento que les permita crecer y convertirse en grandes empresas (Urcuyo, 2012). Este trabajo tiene por objetivo indagar sobre las fuentes de financiamiento utilizadas por el sector turístico de alojamiento, tour operadoras y agencias de viajes del municipio de León. El tipo de investigación es con enfoque cuantitativo y alcance descriptivo, solamente se describe la situación de la variable de estudio a través de elementos numéricos. Así mismo, el estudio es no experimental y de corte transversal. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 46 empresas de alojamiento, 7 agencias de viajes y 7 tour operados. Para la selección de la muestra se llevó a cabo un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia en el que se seleccionaron las empresas que estuvieran operando y con disposición de participar, obteniéndose así una muestra de 11 empresas turísticas. Los principales resultados muestran que el 45.5% de las empresas son micro, el 45.5% es pequeña y el 9.1% son medianas. De estas empresas solamente el 18.2% ha utilizado financiamiento en los últimos tres años, el resto de las empresas (81.8%) que no han utilizado financiamiento expresaron que no lo necesitó (9.1%), solicitó, pero no aceptó las condiciones (9.1%), solicitó, pero el crédito fue rechazado (9.1%) y que no había solicitado (54.5%). En relación con el tipo de financiamiento que utilizan el 66.7% se financian con recursos propios, 20% con financiamiento de bancos y un 13.3% con préstamo a familiares o amigos. De los empresarios que solicitaron crédito el 50% lo utilizó para compra de maquinaria, equipos y herramientas y el otro 50% para remodelación del lugar de trabajo, coincidiendo todos los empresarios que solicitaron crédito que el proceso fue rápido.
Studi Literatur Identifikasi Jamur Pada Kuku dan Sela Kaki Penderita Diabetes Melitus
Authors: Anita Anita , Aziz Nurul Ni’ma , Fatmawati Andi , Moiyo Novalin
Published: August 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar levels) that occurs due to abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. High blood glucose levels can cause an increase in glucose levels in the skin of diabetes mellitus patients, thereby facilitating the appearance of skin manifestations in the form of dermatitis, bacterial infections, fungal infections and others. The condition of epithelial and mucosal cells of diabetes mellitus sufferers has increased adhesion to several groups of fungi on epithelial cells, namely mold and yeast. This type of research is a literature study that summarizes as many as 10 journals that are relevant to these  studies. From the literature study, it turned out that 225 samples were obtained with details of 65 samples (28.9%) tested positive for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and 160 samples (71.1%) tested negative. Based on the data from the literature study, it can be concluded that people with diabetes mellitus are at risk of being infected with the fungi that cause tinea pedis and tinea ungium, because the condition of the epithelial and mucosal cells has increased so that it makes it easier to develop fungal infections.
IDENTIFIKASI TELUR CACING NEMATODA USUS SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) PADA MASYARAKAT DI PULAU LAE-LAE KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Anita Anita Anita , Widyanti Tuty , Rasiyanto Effendy , Karim Budiawan S.HI.
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

 

Communities on Lae-Lae Island, Makassar City have sanitation facilities that are still poor and very limited with quality far from health standards. This causes people who live in these islands to face various health problems, one of which is the risk of being infected with eggs of intestinal nematode worms Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). This study aims to identify the eggs of the intestinal nematode worm Soil Transmitted Helminthes in the feces of people on Lae-Lae Island, Makassar City. This type of research is a laboratory observation with a purposive sampling technique of 10 stool samples. Based on the results of research that has been carried out on 10 faecal samples, it was found 1 positive stool sample for Trichuris trichura worm eggs with distinctive egg-shaped characteristics such as the shape of crock worm eggs or wine barrels and at both ends there are two mucoid plugs. The egg wall is brown from the color of the bile at both ends, it is clear, while the other 9 stool samples are negative the type of worm Trichuris trichura and 9 other samples were negative.
The Analysis of Learning Listening Difficulties Toward English Education Study Program Students at University of Ma'arif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen in the Academic Year 2019/2020
Authors: Andika Alek , Indah Sari Alya
Published: August 2021

Abstrak
Listening adalah salah satu keterampilan yang harus dikuasai dalam belajar bahasa Inggris. Bagaimanapun, belajar Listening sangat penting karena dapat membantu membangun pondasi untuk belajar keterampilan lainnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan kesulitan belajar Listening  yang paling sering dihadapi mahasiswa di Universitas Ma’arif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Universitas Ma’arif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam bentuk gambar dan kata. Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa yang telah mendapatkan pelajaran Listening dan terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan di Universitas Ma’arif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen.
Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: terdapat lima permasalahan yang menyebabkan mahasiswa mengalami kesulitan dalam belajar dan melakukan Listening. (1) Speakers berbicara terlalu cepat. (2) Keterbatasan kosa kata yang dimiliki siswa dalam aktivitas atau latihan Listening, menyebabkan siswa sulit menangkap kata-kata dengan jelas dalam pelajaran Listening. (3) Kurang konsentrasi dalam Listening. (4) mahasiswa merasa audio speaker tidak jelas. (5) sedikitnya waktu untuk belajar dan praktek Listening.
Kata Kunci : Listening, Kesulitan, Kualitatif, Analisis
Abstract
Listening is one of the skills that must be comprehended in learning English. Therefore, learning listening is very important because it helps students to  build a foundation for other skill. The aims of this study is to find out the difficulties that mostly faced by students in learning listening at University of Maarif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen. This research was conducted at University of Maarif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen. The type of  this research was descriptive qualitative. The data were collected in the form of images and words. The subjects of this research were students who had taken listening course and registered to English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education at the University of Ma'arif Nahdlatul Ulama Kebumen.
The result of this research as following : there were five problems that caused students faced  difficulties in learning and doing listening exercises. (1) Speakers spoke fastly. (2) Students lacked of vocabulary in listening activity or exercise, that was why students did not catch the word clearly in listening course. (3) Students lacked of concentration in listening. (4) Students felt the audio speaker did not work well. (5) There was limited time to learn listening and to practice it.
Keyword : Listening, Difficulties, Qualitative, Analysis