bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hurricane modification
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Project Stormfury investigators will be hurricane watching through October 15, seeking a storm that meets their criteria for seeding. The project is an experimental effort designed to see whether cloud seeding can reduce the maximum winds of the worst storms. The hurricane that is chosen for seeding must be one that predictions show will remain within 700 nautical miles of an operating aircraft base—Miami or San Juan—for 24 hours (see Figure 1). It also should have sustained maximum winds of at least 65 knots. Seeding will not be done if there is more than a 10% probability that the hurricane will approach within 50 nautical miles of populated land within 24 hours after seeding. Landfall complicates the task of detecting seeding effects. The 24‐hour criteria allows time for these effects to dissipate well before the storm reaches land.
Active experiments in space plasmas
Authors: Rycroft Michael J.
Published: October 2011

Rather than observing purely natural phenomena, space physicists have in recent years planned and conducted ‘controlled’ experiments in the ionospheric and magnetospheric plasmas. In such experiments, the medium in the vicinity of the space vehicle is deliberately perturbed by the injection of a signal that has known characteristics; the signal may be in the form of energetic charged particles. One example is when an electron gun injects electrons with a particular energy (≲keV), power, and pulse duration. Alternatively, the signal may be in the form of electromagnetic waves, one example being when the transmitter at Siple Station, Antarctica, injects VLF waves of known frequency, amplitude, and duration. Such signals then propagate away; they can be received later, enabling the medium remote from the space vehicle to be investigated.
History of “Rainmaking”
Authors: Shore Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Thirteen years after he worked with Irving Langmuir on the project that won the Nobel Prize for chemistry, Vincent J. Schaefer filled an ordinary home freezer, supercooled well below freezing, with the moisture from his breath. He then dropped a crystal of dry ice into the freezer and produced snowflakes. This first success in the history of cloudseeding research led to Project Cirrus, a 6‐year study conducted at the General Electric Company Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York. The story of the project is told in a recently published book, Early History of Cloud Seeding.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Mount St. Helens Volcano, Cascade Range, southern Washington, U.S.A. (46.20°N, 122.18°W). All times are local (GMT − 7 h). After the devastating May 18 eruption, smaller but significant explosions occurred on May 25, June 12, July 22, and August 7. The lava dome that grew in the bottom of the crater for a few days after the June 12 eruption was destroyed by explosions on July 22, but a second dome was emplaced, following the August 7 explosions.

U.S. Geological Survey personnel measured temperatures of 647° in the August 7 pyroclastic flow deposits near the crater and 639° near their distal margin the day after emplacement. By August 8 a lava dome had filled the inner crater that was formed during the July 22 explosions to about half its former depth of almost 100 m. More than 20 m of additional dome growth had taken place by the morning of August 9. Occasional bursts of vapor and ash rose to 3–6‐km altitude on August 8, accompanied by small seismic events. Sulfur dioxide emission increased from about 900 tons/day on August 8 to at least 2000 tons/day on the 9th, but explosive bursts had ended and the level of seismic activity was very low.
23rd COSPAR Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The XXIIIrd Plenary Meeting of COSPAR was held June 2–14,1980, in Budapest, at the invitation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The meeting was accompanied by seven symposia and two workshops. The main site of the meeting was the premises of the Semmelweiss Medical University; some meeting rooms were also available in other nearby locations, namely the National Institute of Public Health, the Maternity Clinic, and the Institute of the Forensic Medical Service.
USGS solicits earthquake research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Proposals for research contracts under the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program are sought by the U.S. Geological Survey. Program information, including description of goals and proposal information package RFP‐922W, can be obtained from the Contracting Officer, USGS, Mail Stop 85, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025. Proposals are due February 13, 1981. Funding is expected to start in the first part of fiscal 1982.
Research associateships available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

More than 400 full‐time research associateships will be awarded to postdoctoral scientists under the National Research Council's 1981 associateship program. The program enables scientists in the earth, environmental, physical, space, and life sciences to pursue their own research at federal laboratories that are involved in compatible research. Associateships are also available in chemistry, engineering, and mathematics.
NSF faces critics
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has provided the bulk of federal support for ‘basic science’ since the end of the 1960's when most other federal funds moved toward the support of applied, industrial, social, and other‐than‐basic research. Right now, even this small portion of the nation's research budget appears to be threatened. In September, hearings began on H.R. 6910, a bill that contains a proposal for a National Technology Foundation (NTF) to replace the NSF. Congress has always been concerned about how programs of the NSF contribute to critical national needs; now concerted strong criticism is being voiced by major engineering societies that are pushing for more support of engineering research and training. According to a report in Science (September 26, 1980) there is ‘concern that U.S. excellence in science is not being translated into technological innovation,’ and this concern is ‘forcing a reassessment of the way NSF is organized and operates.’ Apparently, some legislators feel that the way to remedy this condition is to cut the support of science to reduce this disparity.
‘Oceanography from Space’: A COSPAR/SCOR/IUCRM Symposium
Authors: Gower J. F. R.
Published: October 2011

This meeting was held May 26–30, 1980, in Venice, Italy. Attendance (about 250) was extremely good and included most of the leading workers in the field of satellite remote sensing of the oceans as well as observers from scientific organizations and space agencies. They symposium occurred at a good time with respect to the U.S. Seasat and Nimbus 7 missions, the First Garp (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Global Experiment observing period, and immediate plans in Europe, the USSR, and Japan for ocean‐observing systems.

Satellite observations were discussed in oral presentations, usually in the mornings; poster sessions (which were well received by both authors and viewers) in the afternoon; and discussion periods in the late afternoons and at the end of the meeting.
Satellite data save fuel
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A 5% savings of aviation fuel on transoceanic routes may be an unexpected fringe benefit of basic research on the earth's ozone layer.

A Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (Toms) on the Nimbus 7 satellite, placed in polar orbit by NASA in 1978, measures ozone in the atmosphere with an efficiency that allows the mapping of ozone distribution patterns around the globe. Distinctive ozone patterns mark the location and intensity of the jet stream, where aircraft fuel saving may occur.
Water resources assessed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Acid mine drainage remains one of the most common and troublesome water quality problems, according to the first report in a series of assessments of existing water resources conditions for present and proposed coal mines.

Published by the U.S. Geological Survey, the reports are designed to aid the coal industry in its preparation of permit applications and to aid federal and state regulatory authorities in their review of mining permits. During the next year, 19 more reports will be published on selected basins in the eastern and interior coal provinces; 97% of United States mines are located in these regions.
What is Eos?
Authors: Spilhaus A. F.
Published: October 2011

Frequently, callers to AGU headquarters ask ‘What is E‐O‐S?’ or ‘What is the name of that newspaper? What does it stand for? Where did it come from?’

In January of 1969, the 50th anniversary year for AGU, we added ‘Eos’ to the title of the oldest publication Transactions and increased the frequency of publication from quarterly to monthly.
Ocean margin drilling program
Authors: Davies Thomas A. , Hay William W.
Published: October 2011

The Ocean Margin Drilling Program (OMDP) is a project that will use a drilling system with full well control and greater environmental tolerances to investigate strata that are beyond the capabilities of open hole drilling with the Glomar Challenger. The program's main thrust is toward examination of passive and active continental margins, as the name implies, but it includes drilling to determine the nature of the oceanic layer (Layer 3) in both fast‐ and slow‐spreading areas and investigating the paleoenvironmental development of the Weddell Sea.

OMDP will be a cooperative effort involving scientists from the academic community, industry, and government. The National Science Foundation contracted with Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated (JOI Inc.) to plan and carry out the program's scientific activities. JOI is a consortium of ten academic oceanographic institutions that has been formed to bring the collective capabilities of individual institutions to bear on large oceanographic research projects.
AGU—An overview
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The AGU is a corporation with an annual cash flow of ap proximately $5,000,000. The Council of the Union is the board of directors of this corporation and bears the full legal responsibility for its actions. In accord with the Union statutes the Council has vested day‐to‐day operating authority in the executive director and full‐time staff. The executive director is held accountable to the Council for the conduct of Union affairs within policies and guidelines laid down by it in the same way that the president of any corporation is accountable to his or her board of directors.
R & D expenditures are inflation plus
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The national trend of total R & D spending in the 1970's and on through 1981 has improved greatly. For several years the increase in expenditures has beaten inflation by a few percent, and it will continue to do so well into the 1980's. Depending on how one calculates the figures, the real increase above inflation for the 1978‐1981 period is somewhere between 2.5% and 11%. The origin of these increases is interesting; nonfederal (mostly industry) R & D support has increased at a much faster rate than federal. Right now, nonfederal sources of R & D funds, 90% of which come from industry, are larger than those of the federal government.;
Scientific freedom award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) established an award for scientific freedom and responsibility. The award—a plaque and a cash prize of $1000—will be presented for the first time at the 1982 AAAS annual meeting in Washington, D.C.
Data analysis phase of IMS
Authors: Cole Keith
Published: October 2011

The bureau of the Scientific Committee for Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (Scostep) has created a working group to coordinate the data analysis phase of the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS). It has appointed Gordon Rostoker (Canada) as the convenor of this group and has invited him to propose several other members.

The data analysis phase of the IMS is obviously a most important, if not crucial, phase of the study. The massive amounts of data collected in the period 1976–1979 have to be fully exploited, and this can be greatly assisted by Scostep's initiatives and mechanisms. Global studies must be coordinated to be effective. It is not enough to study a single aspect of a phenomenon in isolation from all else in the magnetosphere. Magnetospheric studies have progressed to the point where it is necessary to understand many phenomena simultaneously because of their interactions with each other; for example, the auroral electrojet circuit involves the solar wind, the magnetopause, three‐dimensional electric field and current systems, energetic particle distributions, cold plasma distributions, and wave particle interactions. A comprehensive understanding of magnetospheric dynamics can be evolved only on many fronts simultaneously.
Government report criticized
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A federal government report underestimates a growing crisis in engineering education that endangers United States reindustrialization, charges the American Association of Engineering Societies, an organization of 40 engineering groups with nearly one million members.

The National Science Foundation report, ‘Science and Engineering Education for the 1980s and Beyond: A Report to the President,’ fails to set a time frame for confronting the immediate problems of an engineering teacher shortage and obsolete laboratory equipment, says Donald E. Marlowe of AAES.
Biogeomagnetism
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Can birds and fish detect the local geomagnetic field? For 10 years, scientists have suspected that magnetotactic organisms—those that respond in some way to the magnetic field—use the field as a guide or navigation system. More recent work performed by A. J. Kalmijn of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution examined geomagnetic effects in microorganisms and sharks, skates, and rays (Figure 1) (see P. R. Ryan, Oceanus, 23, 55–60,1980).

In 1975 Richard Blakemore, then of Woods Hole, described a controlled study of marine bacteria that ‘swim’ along directions of a local magnetic field (Science, 190, 377–379,1975). He observed that certain species of (Spirochaeta plicatiiis), separated from marsh mud, consistently migrated toward magnetic north or toward the north pole of a small hand magnet held next to them in a laboratory container. Electron microscopy studies of the organisms showed the existence of linear chains of iron‐rich particles. Kalmijn showed that the bacteria may have migrated, propelled by their flagallae, in response to light or other phenomena, such as thermal agitation, but were pulled toward the direction of the magnetic field. This is much like an orientation ‘guidance system.’ Figure 2 shows the vectorial relationship that was observed between the deviation of the bacterial displacement and the displacement in field direction. These bacteria follow the direction of the earth's inclined magnetic field, and thus they migrate to bottom sediment layers, but not because of gravity. The individual bacteria possess dipole moments that overcome various effects of random and Brownian motion caused by thermal agitation, but, evidently, larger populations of magnetotactic bacteria are not found concentrated along the northern boundaries of large swamps.
Status of the solar maximum mission
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft was launched into a near‐perfect 575‐km orbit on February 14, 1980. All systems have been functioning normally throughout the mission. A few highlights of scientific results are: (1) The SMM obtained an extremely high‐quality set of observations of the large flare that occurred on May 21. Among the most important results was the observation by the hard X ray imaging spectrometer that the brightest emission in hard X rays came from two points that are probably at the feet of a magnetic arch, coinciding closely with parts of the double‐ribbon flare seen in hydrogen alpha. This observation, when combined with recent observations that flare microwave radio bursts come from the tops of the flare magnetic arches, has now created stringent observational boundary conditions for solar flare models. (2) Analyses of data from the hard X‐ray burst spectrometer (Goddard Space Flight Center), combined with ground‐based radio observations from Nancay, have shown that many type‐IV bursts appear first in hard X rays. Subsequently, they seem to move upward through the corona at about 2000 km/s and are seen with only a short time delay as radio bursts at a height of about 0.5 solar radii. (3) The active cavity radiometer has detected definite changes in solar irradiance of about ±0.1%. No strong correlation with sunspot number is seen.
Satellite timing receiver
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Frequency & Time Systems, Inc., recently purchased the manufacturing rights from Satellite Navigation Systems, SN, Inc., for the commercial version of the Model T‐200 satellite timing receiver. The T‐200 offers worldwide reception of Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) to 10 μs or better by using the Navy Navigation Satellite System (Transit).
Comets' role in life's origin
Authors: Shore Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Did comets dust the primordial earth with cosmic debris and with bacterial life forms that evolved to the organisms which dot the fossil record and stalk the earth today?

Head‐to‐head debate on this question was recently rekindled at the colloquium ‘Comets and the Origin of Life’ at the University of Maryland's College Park campus. The colloquium drew geochemists, biologists, physicists, planetologists, and others.
Earthquake off Vancouver
Authors: Shore Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

An earthquake, measuring 6.7 on the Richter scale, occurred approximately 425 km west of Vancouver, British Columbia, at 8:22 A.M. P S T , December 17. The earthquake was probably centered on the Explorer Ridge, according to a spokesman from the U.S. Geological Survey. It was not felt in Vancouver or Seattle, according to the USGS, and there was no damage reported.
Hydrology comes of age: Impact of the International Hydrological Decade
Authors: Nace Raymond L.
Published: October 2011

The IHD (International Hydrological Decade), 1965 to 1974, was conceived as a concerted international effort to bring into focus the badly fragmented subdiscipline of hydrology, to evolve a global perspective on water, and to provide global information on water.

Until the last decade or so, hydrology was a laggard science. The science was also fragmented among surface‐water hydrology, agricultural hydrology, groundwater hydrology, oceanology, hydrometeorology, and hydrogeochemistry. All these disciplines were bona fide members of the hydrological family, but there was little interchange, so there was no central focus for the science as a whole.
Sea surface temperature measurements from SEASAT
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In its short lifetime, the SEASAT Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) observed the world's oceans for almost 100 days in the summer of 1978. This was done in order to determine sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed at the ocean's surface, rain rate, and the integrated column density of water vapor and liquid water in the atmosphere. These parameters are deduced from measurements of both horizontal and vertical polarizations of radiation at five microwave frequencies from 6.6 to 37 GHz.

SEASAT was a ‘proof of concept’ satellite to determine how accurately microwave sensors could measure important parameters of the oceans. The SST measurements examined so far are encouraging. They have been compared to nearly 100 high‐quality surface observations under a variety of conditions and have been found to possess a negligible bias and to be accurate to within 1° over a wide range of values (10°–30°C).
Radon: Clue to earthquake magnitude
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Radon's flow within the earth's crust could offer seismologists clues about the magnitude of an impending earthquake, according to a model proposed by Robert L. Fleischer, a General Electric Company physicist, at the AGU Fall Meeting last month. His work suggests that an extensive network of radon monitoring stations would be useful for early warning of potential damage areas of the pending tremors.

Small amounts of radon, a gas released by the decay of uranium, tends to move slowly within the earth's crust where rocks are relatively porous. Velocities of a few inches an hour are typical. Shifting stresses in the earth's crust that precede an earthquake can speed up or slow down radon's movements.
Stephen J. Burges—New WRR editor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The ‘tower of Babel syndrome’ is the most important problem facing water‐resources researchers, says Stephen J. Burges, the new coeditor for hydrology and physical, chemical, and biological sciences for Water Resources Research (WRR). Burges was appointed to a 4‐year term which began November 1. He succeeds R. Allan Freeze.

Specialized research that lacks a sense of connection to other aspects of hydrology characterizes the syndrome, Burges explained. He traces this scattering of interests back to 1966 with the ‘evolution’ of the third‐generation computer.
IASPEI Workshop: Seismic Modeling of Laterally Varying Structures
Authors: Mooney Walter D.
Published: October 2011

During the past 10 years, significant progress has been made in the methods of collection and analysis of seismic reflection and refraction data. This progress has led to the development of new models for the structure and composition of the earth's crust, based on sophisticated analysis of numerous profiles in many areas of geologic importance. The third triannual meeting of the IASPEI (International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior) Commission of Controlled Source Seismology was convened in Park City, Utah, on August 11–17, 1980, to bring together seismologists and geologists to explore and assess the progress of controlled source techniques (controlled sources include explosions, air guns, and Vibroseis‐type sources), and to evaluate its significance in terms of current models of the seismic velocity structure and composition of the crust and upper mantle. Particular attention was paid to the progress and problems in the modeling of two‐ and three‐dimensional structures.
Upcoming communications satellites
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A new series of international and business communications satellites will be launched by ‘workhorse’ rocket systems, including updated Delta and Atlas/Centaur rockets, over the next few years. There is, of course, a ‘long‐shot’ option that the space shuttle, as originally conceived, will be used to place the satellites in orbit, but no one is willing to bet right now that the shuttle will be functional and operational in time. Instead, the U.S. will employ updated versions of 15–20‐year‐old rockets to launch a series of satellites with names like ‘INTELSAT,’ ‘INSAT,’ ‘Palapa,’ and ‘SBS’ into geosynchronous orbits.

INTELSAT V is the first of a new generation of international telecommunications satellites sponsored by the 105‐nation International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT), headquartered in Washington, D.C. The satellite, which weighs 1,928 kg at launch, has almost double the communications capability of early satellites in the INTELSAT series. It is positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean so as to provide communications between North America and Europe.
New origin of life theory
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A new theory about the chemical evolution of life proposes that simple self‐replicating chemical systems rather than complex ones could have been the precursors of living cells more than 3.5 billion years ago. The new theory, published in a recent issue of the Journal of Molecular Evolution, was developed by David White, an assistant professor at the University of Santa Clara, Calif.

White proposes that the first chemical ancestors of life were themselves ‘alive’ only in the sense that they could reproduce themselves and may have been far simpler than previously believed. The prevailing theory of the chemical evolution of life holds that natural energy, such as lightning, sunlight, and heat, interacted with the atmosphere, soils, and oceans of primordial Earth. The continuous interaction and evolution over millions of years eventually produced complex chemical systems that could reproduce themselves and that led to the first living cells. The problem lay in getting the right chemical building blocks together in the right place at the right time. The process that led to living cells is easier to explain, however, if the necessary components are simple and few in number.
Mining's impact on groundwater assessed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Detailed studies have indicated that groundwater is contaminated in the immediate vicinity of many mines in the eastern United States. However, no underground mines and very few refuse disposal areas have monitoring systems that can provide adequate warning of impending threats to groundwater quality.

This was one of the conclusions of a 3‐year study by Geraghty & Miller, Inc., a firm of consulting groundwater geologists and hydrologists based in Syosset, New York. The study focused on mines east of the 100th meridian. These mines will produce an estimated 1.1 billion tons of coal and 200 million tons of waste by 1985.
Ocean drilling surveys planned
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As a continuation of the International Phase of Ocean Drilling (IPOD), the Glomar Challenger is slated to drill in the Pacific and North Atlantic oceans during 1982–83. In preparation for the drilling, the Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc. will manage the site survey program during 1981–82. These site surveys will be focused to support four programs: a hydrogeology study on the equatorial East Pacific Rise flank; a study of Mesozoic sediments in the western Pacific; a study in sedimentation of the equatorial Pacific basin; and a study of the geochemistry of the North Atlantic ocean crust.

JOI has issued a request for proposals for the United States site survey program. Proposal deadline is March 5. For additional information, contact JOI, Inc., 2600 Virginia Avenue, N.W., Suite 512, Washington, D.C. 20037.
New coastal studies center
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography has established a new center that is charged with coordinating the research and teaching of nearshore ocean processes.

Under the director of Douglas L. Inman, who specializes in inshore ocean waves, currents, and sediment transport, the Center for Coastal Studies will be the focus of international research programs as well as ongoing local, regional, and national studies. Members of the center's Shore Processes Study Group have advised many U.S. agencies and foreign governments on aspects of coastal planning, data acquisition and processing, and concepts for coastal protection and sediment management. Long‐term cooperative exchange programs are under way with scientists from Israel and Italy; plans are being made for similiar programs with Egypt and the People's Republic of China.
Voyager 2 on path to Uranus
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The continuation of Voyager 2 on a trajectory that would take it to Uranus in 1986, after flying past Saturn this summer, appears certain. Under the approved plan, the spacecraft will encounter Uranus at a distance of 107,000 km on January 24, 1986, making measurements and taking pictures as it speeds past and heads for a possible encounter with Neptune.

The Uranus encounter will provide the first close‐up look at that planet. Uranus is the seventh planet outward from the sun and is twice as far from the sun as Saturn; it rotates on its axis at a tilt of 98°.
Sponsors of 1980 new members
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eight hundred fifty‐five new members were elected in 1980. The following AGU members sponsored two or more new members last year
Ozone measurement device
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A new instrument mounted on an aircraft has been used by the EPA to measure ozone concentration and distribution in a column of atmosphere for the first time. The instrument is called Ultra Violet Differential Absorption LIDAR (UV‐DIAL). Previous instruments could give such data on ozone only in the area immediately surrounding the aircraft. LIDAR, light intensification detection and ranging, is similar to radar but uses electromagnetic waves of much shorter wavelength.

The new instrument uses light of two different wavelengths. One of the wavelengths is absorbed by ozone, and the other is not. The difference between the two combined signals is analyzed by the UV‐DIAL to determine concentration and distribution of ozone in a column beneath the aircraft.
Fulbright Awards available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Council for International Exchange of Scholars still is accepting applications for geology lecturers for 1981–1982. Nominations already made are being processed; most scholars receiving awards will be notified in February or March, according to the Council.

Available positions include one volcanic ash soils lecturer, Argentina; seismic analysis and antiseismic construction, Ecuador; geological engineering, Turkey; and petrology and/or optical mineralogy, Uganda. In addition, several positions are available for a lecturer in Liberia. For additional information, contact the Council, Suite 300, 11 Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C. 20036.
Fiscal 1982 Budget highlights R&D
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Geophysical research and development programs show growth beyond inflation in the $739.3 billion budget for fiscal 1982 that Jimmy Carter sent to Congress 5 days before completing his term. Included in the budget are provisions for increased support for the Ocean Margin Drilling Program and funds for an interagency Geological Applications Program, funds for an agriculture and resource surveys program that relies on remote sensing, and funds for the Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar mission.

Ronald Reagan is expected to make changes in the budget as early as late February, although in mid January the heads of the scientific agencies could not characterize possible changes. Some Washingtonians say sharp cuts are inevitable, with basic research a prime candidate. Others, however, contend that the Reagan administration's push for productivity and innovation could prevent severe carving. Eos will track the FY 1982 budget changes through congressional approval.
Einstein Observatory resumes operation
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The orbiting Einstein Observatory has returned to full‐time scientific operation after an onboard gyro that failed last August inexplicably came back to life, according to controllers at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. First indications of maneuvering problems in the X ray observing satellite were noted last August, limiting the observatory's scientific investigations. During the following 6 weeks, ground controllers modified radio command instructions to the spacecraft, allowing them to bypass the troubled gyro and continue operations with the two remaining gyros. Since mid‐October, controllers had attempted repeatedly to reactivate the faulty gyro by sending literally thousands of radio commands to the ailing subsystem, with no effect.
Meteorology section considers new name
Authors: Winston Jay S.
Published: October 2011

The AGU Meteorology Section business meeting was held at the Jack Tar Hotel, December 9, during the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. The principal item discussed at the half‐hour meeting was the proposal made by several members that consideration be given to renaming the section ‘Atmospheric Science.’ The members present felt the proposed name would better serve the strong physical, chemical, and electrical constituencies now in the Meteorology Section. There was also some indication that those now in the SPR: Aeronomy Section would be interested in joining a revamped Atmospheric Science Section.
‘Wind farm’ producing electric power
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The nation's first ‘wind farm,’ featuring three of the largest advanced wind turbine systems, is nearing completion. The turbines are the seventh, eighth, and ninth wind turbines to be built under a portion of the federal wind energy program. The first of the three new machines began producing electricity for the Bonneville Power Administration at Goodnoe Hills, near Goldendale, Wash., late last year. The second machine will be fully assembled and begin to generate electricity in February. The third machine is expected to be fully assembled and running late this spring.
World earthquake activity increases
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The number of significant earthquakes in the world increased in 1980, and the earthquake death toll was up sharply, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

USGS scientists said there were 71 significant earthquakes recorded in the world last year, compared to 56 the previous year and 62 in 1978. Eleven of the 1980 earthquakes occurred in the United States, compared to five the previous year and four in 1978.
Study to examine wind‐driven currents
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The effects of the wind on currents along northern California will be examined under a $6.4 million study beginning April 1. The 4‐year program, called Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE), is funded by the National Science Foundation. Oceanographers from five institutions will participate.

Focus of the study will be on the physical conditions involved in ocean movement, including water and air temperatures, and wind speed and direction. CODE's overall objective is to identify and quantify the processes that govern wind‐driven currents over the continental shelf along a 97‐km stretch of California. Data from Point Arena to Bodega Bay will be collected by using moored instruments, floating buoys, shipboard observations, land‐based stations, and aircraft.
Circulation in the Coastal Ocean, Part 3
Authors: Csanady G. T.
Published: October 2011

The simple models of shelf circulation components discussed so far were based on the coastal constraint assumption and longshore uniformity. This is clearly restrictive: how far from shore the coastal constraint is valid is itself one of the important questions in shelf dynamics. A longshore sea‐level gradient constant in space and time is evidently not a realistic assumption over larger pieces of the coastline. The focus of much recent work on shelf dynamics has been on determining the mechanism that allows longshore sea‐level gradients to exist along open shelves, and the distribution of such gradients. The excitement of finding answers to such questions is still fresh for those of us involved in the exercise.
Quake station in China
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The United States installed the first permanent seismological station in the People's Republic of China late last year. Located in the city of Kunming, in southern China, the station is part of the International Deployment of Accelerators (IDA) program, a network of 17 seismometers in 15 countries.

The monitoring equipment, installed by scientists from the University of California's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, measures long‐period earth movements that result from major earthquakes.
Field research proposals
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Center for Field Research is seeking proposals from postdoctoral scholars in need of funding, and they are also seeking volunteers for field work. The center relies on volunteers from Earthwatch, a national volunteer program.

These volunteers provide the finances to cover all their own field costs and a designated share of project expenses. Total annual awards from the center exceed $600,000. Research must be able to use teams of volunteers in the field to qualify for support. Dissertation and undergraduate research are not currently eligible; however, inclusion of graduate students as staff is encouraged. There are no limits on the geographic location of projects.
Application of satellite data to study of ocean surface energetics
Authors: Gautier Catherine
Published: October 2011

A workshop on ‘The Application of Existing Satellite Data to the Study of the Ocean Surface Energetics’ was held November 19–21, 1980, at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison. It was sponsored jointly by the Space Science and Engineering Center at University of Wisconsin‐Madison and by NASA.

The major goal of the workshop was to define specific tractable problems by using the existing satellite data set. To this end the present state of research in the area of ocean surface energetics was discussed, with particular emphasis on six topics: heat fluxes at the interface, net radiative budget, currents and topography, wind and wind stress, precipitation, and sea surface temperature.
Radioisotope detection and dating with accelerators
Authors: Litherland A. E. , Rucklidge J. C.
Published: October 2011

Recent developments in mass spectrometry have made possible the direct detection of many naturally occurring long‐lived radioisotopes. Radioactive atoms are present at such low concentrations that the sensitivity of the mass spectrometry has to be increased to detect parts per quadrillion (1015) in a sample. This sensitivity has been achieved, and some of the results taken at Rochester by the Rochester (University), Toronto (University), General Ionex (Corporation) collaboration are listed in the table. All the radioactive isotopes listed in the table are of importance in geochronology, and for 14C and 36C1, sensitivities better than parts per quadrillion (1015) have already been reached. Early work on the stable isotopes of platinum has already reached below parts per billion (109).
Shuttle project for students
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Selection of 200 semifinalists has begun for the first national Space Shuttle Student Involvement Project, a joint effort of NASA and the National Science Teachers Association. The semi finalists are being selected from 1500 entries.

Objective of the project is to stimulate study of science and technology in grades 9 through 12. Students compete to develop payload experiments suitable for flight aboard the shuttle. The 1500 entries, grouped into 10 geographic areas, are being reviewed by interdisciplinary teams of teachers, scientists, and engineers. Twenty students from each region will be selected. Ten finalists will then be chosen on their scientific or engineering merit. The 10 national winners and their teachers will attend a special education conference late this summer at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Menard steps down
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

When a new administration takes over in Washington, it is not unusual at all for top government officials to be replaced. The administration will be held responsible for the success or failure of the federal agencies, so it is logical for a new president, or his close advisors, to approve top‐level staff. The level defined as ‘high’ has been extended, particularly since the days of the Nixon administration, to beyond cabinet and department secretary, reaching broadly to within the structure of federal agencies. The U.S. Geological Survey remained unscathed by political appointments until 1977, when the Carter administration abruptly removed Vincent McKelvey from his position as director. Now, the Reagan administration has followed suit by terminating the appointment of H. William Menard, U.S.G.S. director for the past 4 years under the Carter administration. In both instances, submittal of resignation letters was a courtesy—a formality, but acceptance of their resignations was not. Both McKelvey and his successor, Menard, are professionals, but both were treated politically. These are only the first and second cases of political interference at the U.S.G.S. in over a century. Until these instances, the position of director was held as a purely professional one.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following item comprises selected reprints from SEAN Bulletin, 6(1), January 30, 1981, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution.
Science policy for the '80s
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Science policy (if it ever was a policy) usually was to support ill‐defined or ‘basic’ research in science; the ‘policy’ was embodied in the hope that supported research would someday pay off in the form of improved technology. One of the fathers of this policy during the post‐WW‐II period was Simon Ramo, a founding member of the National Academy of Engineering, chief scientist of United States ICBM defense operation, founder of the TRW Corporation, and now a member of President Reagan's science and technology task force. Simon Ramo represents an influential group dedicated to a ‘systems analysis’ approach to forecasting technological progress, and as such the ‘systems’ approach emerges as a central theme for science policy in the 1980s.

The new shift in national policy introduced by the Reagan administration includes revisions in science policy that have recently been termed as ‘searching examination’ (Chemical & Engineering News, Feb. 23, 1981, p. 22), ‘Unkind cuts’ (New Scientist, Feb. 12, 1981), and ‘The Spectrum from Truth to Power’ (Science, Technology, and National Policy, edited by T. Kuehn and A. Porter, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1981). The idea now is to speed the conversion of scientific discovery into technology in an orderly way. As never before, there are growing debates over the roles of science in society, its lines of support, its applications. More than ever, social scientists, economists, and philosophical types are trying their hand at influencing science policy in very different ways than scientists themselves, as Vannevar Bush did 30 years ago.
New earthquake prediction association
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Association for the Development of Earthquake Prediction (ADEP) was founded in January under the direction of Takahiro Hagiwara, a professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo. ADEP concerns itself with research related to earthquake prediction and prevention of earthquake disasters. It also aims to develop necessary technology to predict earthquakes and to help save lives and properties in Japan.
Prediction of Peru quakes rejected
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

In its first evaluation of an earthquake forecast, the U.S. National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council denounced the prediction by two geophysicists that a series of major quakes will occur in Peru this summer. Brian Brady of the U.S. Bureau of Mines made the prediction on the basis of a model of rock fracture. William Spence of the U.S. Geological Survey worked with Brady on the investigation of the tectonics near Peru. Despite the council's ruling, Brady maintains his prediction.

Meeting at the request of the Peruvian government, the council evaluated the predictions that seismic activity (magnitude 4.5 or greater) off Peru's coast will increase by mid‐May. This increased activity will signal the start of a sequence of three earthquakes: a magnitude 7.5–8.0 event on or about June 28, a magnitude 9.2 event on or about August 10, and a magnitude 9.9 event on or about September 16. Brady and Spence used the Kanamoori scale, which is equivalent to the Richter scale below 8.0 but is more accurate above magnitude 8 because it accounts for low‐frequency tremors. The Peruvian government made the request to the U.S. council in response to public apprehension on learning of the forecast.
Satellites pinpoint tornado clouds
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Research into ways to integrate data from satellites and other sources is helping weather forecasters improve their ability to determine quickly where thunderstorm clouds, and perhaps tornados, may occur. Field offices of the National Earth Satellite Service are using new technology to help Weather Service forecasters determine within hours when conditions are right for potentially dangerous storms. J. Purdom, a meteorologist with the satellite service's applications laboratory, is attempting to create methods to help forecasters use satellite imagery to understand why thunderstorms develop as they do. Although the evolution of a thunderstorm often appears random when viewed by radar, satellite data may allow forecasters to predict certain behavior accurately.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Mount St. Helens Volcano, Cascade Range, southern Washington, USA (46.20°N, 122.18°W). All times are local (GMT‐8 h). Mount St. Helens remained quiet as of March 10, as it has since the end of the lava extrusion episode of February 5–7. The February lava approximately doubled the volume of the composite dome in the crater, adding about 5×106 m3 of new material to the 1.5×106 m3 extruded October 18–19 and the 3.57×106 m3 extruded December 27—January 4. All of the preexisting dome, except for a portion of the December–January southeast lobe, was covered by the February lava. Between February 8 and 21, the February lobe spread 12 m while sagging 3 m, resulting in dimensions for the new lava of 281 m in EW direction and 119 m in maximum height above the crater floor.
Voyager status report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As the Voyager 1 spacecraft speeds away from Saturn, it leaves in its wake a plethora of data for the team scientists to puzzle over. Although they still grapple with data from the November 12 encounter, the team scientists have put together a report of their early findings. This report, published in the April 10 issue of Science, was recently summarized at NASA headquarters by representatives of the Voyager team.

The analyzed data confirm some earlier hypotheses (Eos, Dec. 2, 1980, p. 1201) and necessitate reshaping of others. For example, the ‘spokes’ in the B ring are probably explainable by Keplerian laws, or so it was hypothesized immediately after the Saturn flyby; magnetic forces also may be affecting the ring. But Titan was found not to be the largest satellite in the solar system.
Space transportation
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The U.S. space shuttle ushers in a unique flight research program that supports NASA's advanced (21st century) space transportation program.

The space shuttle serves as a ‘flying test bed,’ carrying experiments to measure orbiter flight performance parameters during launch, booster, orbit, atmospheric reentry, and landing mission phases.
Greenhouse effects on Venus
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Calculations that used Pioneer‐Venus measurements of atmosphere composition, temperature profiles, and radiative heating predicted Venus' surface temperature ‘very precisely,’ says the Ames Research Center. The calculations predict not only Venus' surface temperature but agree with temperatures measured at various altitudes above the surface by the four Pioneer Venus atmosphere probe craft.

Using Pioneer‐Venus spacecraft data, a research team has virtually proved that the searing 482° C surface temperature of Venus is due to an atmospheric greenhouse effect. Until now the Venus greenhouse effect has been largely a theory.