bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Internet’s effect on personality traits: An important casualty of the “Internet addiction” paradigm
Authors: Aboujaoude Elias
Published: March 2017

Background and aims

The “Internet addiction” paradigm has been criticized for several shortcomings, including inattention to specific online behaviors, not distinguishing the Internet from other media, insufficient focus on comorbidities, and definitions that do not take into account the constant access now possible. The paradigm’s biggest casualty, however, may be that it has diverted attention away from subtle personality changes that seem to occur online, including in users who cannot be considered “addicted” under any definition.

Methods

A narrative assessment of the literature was conducted, focusing on the Internet’s effects on personality traits as revealed in studies of Internet users.

Results

Impulsivity, narcissism, and aggression are some of the personality traits that seem to be nurtured by the Internet, with possible negative offline consequences.

Discussion

Ignoring the Internet’s subtle effects on personality as we embrace an addiction model that implies severe pathology makes the majority of Internet users feel deceptively immune to the psychological effects of new technologies. It also limits our understanding of the big cultural shifts that are happening as a result.

Conclusion

The Internet’s potentially negative effect on personality, and by extension on society at large, is a fundamental part of online psychology, one well worthy of further investigation.
Not good enough? Further comments to the wording, meaning, and the conceptualization of Internet Gaming Disorder
Authors: Krossbakken Elfrid , Pallesen Ståle , Molde Helge , Mentzoni Rune Aune , Finserås Turi Reiten
Published: March 2017

In their commentary, Kuss, Griffiths, and Pontes (2016) criticize the use of the term “Internet” in the recently proposed diagnosis for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and its use as one of the included diagnostic criteria. We agree with the exclusion of the term “Internet” in the diagnosis, but have some considerations to the comments regarding the nine criteria for IGD. Specifically, we discuss the meaning, the wording, and the importance of the criteria, as well as the importance of distress or functional impairment in the proposed diagnosis. We also address the possibility of categorizing IGD as a subtype of a general behavioral addiction diagnosis.
Lost in the chaos: Flawed literature should not generate new disorders
Authors: Van Rooij Antonius J. , Kardefelt-Winther Daniel
Published: March 2017

The paper by Kuss, Griffiths, and Pontes (2016) titled “Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder: Issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field” examines issues relating to the concept of Internet Gaming Disorder. We agree that there are serious issues and extend their arguments by suggesting that the field lacks basic theory, definitions, patient research, and properly validated and standardized assessment tools. As most studies derive data from survey research in functional populations, they exclude people with severe functional impairment and provide only limited information on the hypothesized disorder. Yet findings from such studies are widely used and often exaggerated, leading many to believe that we know more about the problem behavior than we do. We further argue that video game play is associated with several benefits and that formalizing this popular hobby as a psychiatric disorder is not without risks. It might undermine children’s right to play or encourage repressive treatment programs, which ultimately threaten children’s right to protection against violence. While Kuss et al. (2016) express support for the formal implementation of a disorder, we argue that before we have a proper evidence base, a sound theory, and validated assessment tools, it is irresponsible to support a formal category of disorder and doing so would solidify a confirmatory approach to research in this area.
Absence of a Steady State in Hydrogen Diluted Silane Plasmas Due to Mass Dependent Gas Pumping Speeds and Its Consequences
Authors: Ganguly G. , Wood G. , Newton J.N. , Bennett M. , Carlson D.E. , Arya R.R.
Published: March 2017

We have investigated the cause for continued changes in the silane related species observed using mass spectroscopy during i-layer deposition process lasting several tens of minutes. Silane decomposition is found to influence the mass spectrometer filament and therefore, pressure changes were compared to ascertain differences in pumping speed using a rotary, mechanical pump. The cathode voltage was used as a measure of effective hydrogen to silane ratio in real time and deliberate tailoring of this ratio is seen to result in a discernible difference in the degradation of single junction amorphous silicon solar cells. Some obvious consequences of this subtle, pump-type dependent transient behavior are discussed.
Low Temperature Formation of Silicon Nitride Film: Combination of Catalytic-Nitridation and Catalytic-CVD
Authors: Izumi A. , Kikkawa A. , Matsumura H.
Published: March 2017

In this work silicon nitride films are formed as substrate temperatures 250°C by combination of catalytic-nitridation and catalytic-vapor deposition method in a catalytic chemical vapor deposition system. It is found that inserting nitridation layer about 2 nm-thick before growing the silicon nitride films, injection-type hysteresis of capacitance-voltage curve is drastically reduced from 1.4 V to 0.05 V for 40 nm-thick SiNx.
Light-Induced Degradation in Solar Cells with Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Sulfur Active Layers
Authors: Xu Wei , Taylor P. C.
Published: March 2017

We have made a series of a-SiSx:H based solar cells, with a pin structure, in a multichamber plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. The sulfur concentration ranges from zero to 5 x 1018 cm-3 as measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The initial conversion efficiencies of cells in this series with sulfur concentrations ≤ 1018 cm-3 are approximately 7%. The time constants for degradation increase with increasing sulfur concentration, but not fast enough to be of practical importance in photovoltaic devices.
Effect Of Increasing Growth Rates on Film Properties and Device Performance for DC Glow Discharge Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Heath Jennifer T. , Gutierrez James J. , Cohen J. David , Ganguly Gautam
Published: March 2017

We have examined the electronic properties of intrinsic amorphous silicon films as a function of deposition rate, and compared these with the performance of companion solar cell p-i-n devices. The device efficiency in the light-soaked state was strongly inversely correlated with growth rate. Film properties were evaluated in both the as-grown and light soaked states using drive-level capacitance profiling and transient photocapacitance spectroscopy. Although deep defect densities measured by drive-level capacitance profiling did not vary significantly between samples, the magnitude of the defect band deduced via transient photocapacitance spectroscopy was well correlated with device performance. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Urbach energies were also correlated with film growth rate.
Surface Diffusion of SiH3 Radicals and Growth Mechanism of a-Si:H and μc-Si
Authors: Dewarrat R , Robertson J
Published: March 2017

Existing growth mechanisms of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and micro-crystalline silicon assume that the growth species SiH3 can diffuse over the hydrogen-saturated Si surface. However, recent calculations suggest that this could not happen. Local density formalism pseudopotential calculations have been carried out of binding of SiH3 to hydrogen terminated (111)Si surfaces. The bound site is not the three-centre Si-H-Si bridging site previously assumed. It has a direct Si-Si bond between the SiH3 and the surface Si, and the surface hydrogen is displaced to a bond centre of a surface Si-Si bond. A bound site confirms conventional models of growth of a-Si:H and microcrystalline Si, in which a mobile growth species creates smooth surfaces.
Photoconductivity Stability Improvement in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon by Ultraviolet Illumination
Authors: Branz Howard M. , Xu Yueqin , Heck Stephan , Wang Qi , Gao Wei , Crandall Richard S. , Nelson Brent P.
Published: March 2017

We observe improved photoconductivity stability against light-soaking in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films as a result of an ultraviolet (UV) illumination and etch treatment. UV-etch treated samples begins with red-light photoconductivities inferior to that of a control sample which is only etched. After less than an hour of 1 sun red light-soaking, the photoconductivity of the etched-only control falls below that of the UV-etch treated sample. After 2 to 3 days light soaking, the UV-etch films can have a photosensitivity 20 to 38% above their control. We observe no corresponding improvement of defect optical absorption by constant photocurrent method spectroscopy. The UV-etch treatment also produces small improvements in the stabilized open-circuit voltage of Schottky barier solar cells. We speculate that mobile hydrogen produced during UV illumination is penetrating the film and improving stability.
Spectroscopy of Ecr Plasma Used for Depositing Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Films
Authors: Pontoh Marsela , Dalal Vikram L. , Gandhi Neha
Published: March 2017

Electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) plasma are used extensively to deposit amorphous and microcrystalline Si and (Si,Ge) films, and for depositing oxides and nitrides of Si. In this paper, we discuss the results of optical emission spectroscopy, Langmuir probe measurements and mass-spectrometery measurements of the ECR plasma when used to deposit a-Si films. We study He and H diluted plasmas. We find that the addition of hydrogen to the gas mixture immediately reduces the flux of the active (e.g. SiH, SiH2,SiH3) radicals and ions that are responsible for the growth of films. Thus, introducing hydrogen in the mixture reduces the growth rate significantly, not only because it etches the film during growth, but primarily because it reduces the production of the needed growth radicals. We find an excellent correlation between growth rates and SiH intensity signal. A surprising result is that the densities of all three ions, SiH, SiH2 and SiH3, arriving at the substrate are comparable in magnitude in this low pressure reactor, with the SiH ion density becoming larger than the SiH3 density at higher powers. This observation raises some doubt about the standard model for growth that states that SiH3 is the dominant radical responsible for growth during plasma CVD processes. We also find that decreasing the pressure increases the ratio of H/H2 arriving at the substrate, which in turn means that more H ions and atoms are available to do etching of the growing film and change its properties at lower pressures.
Analysis of Post-Transit Photocurrent-Time Data by Application of Tikhonov Regularization
Authors: Gueorguieva Mariana J. , Main Charlie , Reynolds Steve
Published: March 2017

A novel method for analysing post-transit photocurrent-time data using Tikhonov regularization is presented. The multiple-trapping rate equations are solved exactly in the time domain, avoiding certain mathematical approximations and numerical inaccuracies associated with approaches based on Laplace or Fourier transformations. Photocurrent decays simulated from discrete levels and model density of states (DOS) distributions are used to assess performance and to compare accuracy and resolution with existing methods. The technique is also shown to be effective as a practical DOS spectroscopy by application to experimental post-transit decays obtained from an amorphous silicon pin diode.
Influence of the Beam Irradiation Condition With Oblique Incidence on Crystallization of an Si film by a Linearly Polarized Pulse Laser
Authors: Nakata Yasunori , Kaki Hirokazu , Horita Susumu
Published: March 2017

We investigated influence of the beam irradiation conditions with oblique incidence on crystallization of an Si film by a linearly polarized pulse laser in order to enlarge the periodic width of grain boundary. The irradiation conditions are fluence, pulse number and film thickness. We can obtain the periodic width of about 900 nm by increasing the incident angle to 25°. The experimental results suggest that the pulse number and the film thickness should be controlled properly as well as fluence in order to produce large grain stably for the oblique incidence. The detail of these conditions was discussed.
On Mechanism Of Nickel Diffusion During Metal Induced Lateral Crystallization Of Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Myasnikov A.M. , Poon M.C. , Chan P.C. , Ng K.L. , Chan M.S. , Chan W.Y. , Singla S. , Yuen C.Y.
Published: March 2017

During metal induced lateral crystallization (MILC) of amorphous silicon (a-Si) the size and quality of obtained film depend on nickel penetration and it is very important to know about nickel diffusion at recrystallization process. The nickel has penetrated during annealing on surface of a-Si inducing the recrystallization process, which has changed the mechanism of diffusion on surface of a-Si to the mechanism of diffusion on surface of single crystal silicon and in single crystal silicon. Also the effect of thickness of nickel and a-Si film are discussed.
Low Tempeature Lateral Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon on Glass
Authors: Rezaee Leila , Akhavan Aarash , Mohajerzadeh Shamsoddin , Khakifirooz Ali
Published: March 2017

Low temperature lateral growth of amorphous silicon films has been achieved on thin flexible glasses using ultra-violet assisted metal-induced crystallization technique. 125μm ordinary glass substrate is sputter-coated with 1500Å chromium and a 1000Å SiN layer, respectively. 1000Å Si film was deposited using e-beam evaporation at a temperature of 350°C. Equally spaced dots of nickel pads with 140μm separation were used as seed of crystallization of a-Si layer. Crystallinity of the samples was studied using XRD, SEM and optical microscopy. Some crystallographic etchants were used to develop the crystal orientations for SEM analysis. Based on this study, a lateral growth rate of 2μm/hr is obtained at a temperature of 380°C. Activation energy of 1.4 to 1.5eV is extracted for this UV-assisted MILC process.
Numerical Analysis for Lateral Grain Growth of Poly-Si Thin Films Controlled by Laser-Induced Periodic Thermal Distribution
Authors: Kaki Hirokazu , Nakata Yasunori , Horita Susumu
Published: March 2017

In order to obtain a large Si grain and to control the location of grain boundary in a Si film thermally melting-crystallized by pulse laser, we have proposed to use a periodic thermal distribution spontaneously induced by a linearly polarized laser beam. The lateral grain growth of polycrystalline Si thin films, which is controlled by the laser-induced periodic thermal distribution, was analyzed numerically by two-dimensional finite element computer simulations. From this analysis, it can be conclude that the laser irradiation should be performed to melt not all but most of Si film or melt it partially, making the large difference between the maximal and minimal temperature in the thermal distribution. It was also found that the temperature difference was increased with the optical absorption in the Si film and the fluence.
High Precision Physical Model for Nickel MILC
Authors: Cheng C. F. , Cheung W. M. , Ng K. L. , Chan P. J. , Poon M. C. , Chan Mansun , Kok C. W.
Published: March 2017

Mechanism and growth rate of Metal-Induced-Lateral-Crystallization (MILC) with annealing temperature range from 550°C to 625°C were studied. Base on the MILC growth mechanism and effect of metal diffusion, a modeling on metal impurity distribution was developed. The modeling can be used to predict the distribution of metal impurity formed in the polysilicon layer after MILC annealing process. By applying the modeling, effects of annealing on the metal impurity distribution can be analyzed.
Gas Phase Chemistry Study During Deposition of a-Si:H and μc-Si:H Films by HWCVD using Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Patil Samadhan B. , Kumbhar Alka A. , Dusane R. O.
Published: March 2017

Amorphous and microcrystalline silicon films were deposited by HWCVD under different deposition conditions and the gas phase chemistry was studied by in situ Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Attempt is made to correlate the properties of the films with the gas phase chemistry during deposition. Interestingly, unlike in PECVD, partial pressure of H2 is higher than any other species during deposition of a-Si:H as well as μc-Si:H. Effect of hydrogen dilution on film properties and on concentration of various chemical species in the gas phase is studied. For low hydrogen dilution [H2]/ [SiH4] from 0 to 1 (where [SiH4] is 10 sccm), all films deposited are amorphous with photoconductivity gain of ∼ 106. During deposition of these amorphous films SiH2 was dominant in gas phase next to [H2]. Interestingly [Si]/[SiH2] ratio increases from 0.4 to 0.5 as dilution increased from 0 to 1, and further to more than 1 for higher hydrogen dilution leading to [Si] dominance. At hydrogen dilution ratio 20, consequently films deposited were microcrystalline.
Large-Area Pulsed Laser Deposition of Silicon Carbide Films
Authors: Yang D. , Xue L. , Mccague C. M. , Norton P. R. , Zhang C. S.
Published: March 2017

Silicon carbide (SiC) thin films are attractive for a wide range of applications ranging from microelectronic and opto-electronic devices to protective and tribological coatings. In this paper, we will demonstrate that silicon carbide films can be successfully deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique over large areas, with good uniformity in thickness, composition, and film-specific properties.

Amorphous SiC films were grown on silicon wafers of 75-mm diameter over a temperature range of 25 – 650°C using a KrF excimer laser at a wavelength 248 nm and a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The large-area uniform coverage was obtained by rastering the laser beam over the radius of a rotating SiC target of 90-mm diameter, while the substrate was rotated simultaneously. The uniformity of film composition over the 75-mm wafers was characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), while the crystallinity of films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the films was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thickness of the coatings, and the index of refraction, n, along the wafer radii were measured optically using a spectrophotometer.
Novel Carbon Source (1,3-Disilabutane) for the Deposition of P-Type a-SiC
Authors: Yagi Shuhei , Okabayashi Takashi , Abe Katsuya , Yamada Akira , Konagai Makoto
Published: March 2017

We proposed a new carbon source, 1,3-disilabutane (H3Si-CH2-SiH2-CH3:1,3-DSB), to grow hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) films by mercury-sensitized photochemical vapor deposition (photo-CVD). We described preliminary results of undoped and p-type a-SiC films deposited using 1,3-DSB. It was found that the optical energy gap of the films was changed even at very small 1,3-DSB/silane ratios of few percents. P-type doping was carried out by using diborane and we obtained the films with a darkconductivity of 1.3x10-4 S/cm at the optical bandgap of 2.1 eV. In addition, we applied this material for a p-layer of a p-i-n type a-Si based solar cell and we have achieved relatively high conversion efficiency of 9.55%.
Transport Path in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon
Authors: Wyrsch N. , Droz C. , Feitknecht L. , Spitznagel J. , Shah A.
Published: March 2017

Undoped microcrystalline silicon samples deposited in the transition regime between amorphous and microcrystalline growth have been investigated by dark conductivity measurement and Raman spectroscopy. From the latter, a semi-quantitative crystalline volume fraction Xc of the sample was deduced and correlated with dark conductivity data in order to reveal possible percolation controlled transport. No threshold was observed around the critical crystalline fraction value Xc of 33%, as reported previously, but a threshold in conductivity data was found at Xc≈50%. This threshold is interpreted here speculatively as being the result of postoxidation, and not constituting an actual percolation threshold.
High-rate a-Si:H and μc-Si:H Film Growth Studied by Advanced Plasma and in situ Film Diagnostics
Authors: Kessels W.M.M. , van den Oever P.J. , Hoefnagels J.P.M. , Hong J. , Houston I.J. , van de Sanden M.C.M.
Published: March 2017

Plasma and in situ film studies have been applied to the expanding thermal plasma to obtain basic insight into the deposition of a-Si:H and μc-Si:H at high rates (> 10 Å/s). A study of the density of plasma radicals (Si, SiH, SiH3) and of the radicals' surface reactivity has revealed that SiH3 is the most important radical for the growth of both materials. In situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry have revealed a thick interface layer and consequently long incubation time for the materials deposited at a high deposition rate.
Amorphous Silicon Active Pixel Sensor Readout Circuit Architectures for Medical Imaging
Authors: Karim K.S. , Nathan A. , Rowlands J.A.
Published: March 2017

Results from previous work indicate the feasibility of the amorphous silicon (a-Si) active pixel sensor (APS) readout circuit that performs on-pixel amplification for low-noise, real time imaging applications (e.g. fluoroscopy). In this paper, the noise contribution of the APS readout circuit is examined. In addition, due to the metastable nature of a-Si, the APS stability is discussed. Unlike conventional PPS systems with one thin film transistor (TFT) switch per pixel, the APS has three TFTs per pixel. The large number and sizes of a-Si TFTs can reduce the pixel fill factor if the TFTs are not embedded beneath the sensor as in continuous layer sensor architectures. In this paper, we present preliminary APS noise and stability measurements along with considerations of fully overlapped pixel architectures on APS performance.
Protocrystalline Si:H p-type Layers for Maximization of the Open Circuit Voltage in a-Si:H n-i-p Solar Cells
Authors: Koval R. J. , Chen Chi , Ferreira G. M. , Ferlauto A. S. , Pearce J. M. , Rovira P. I. , Wronski C. R. , Collins R. W.
Published: March 2017

We have revisited the issue of p-layer optimization for amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells, correlating spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements of the p-layer in the device configuration with light current-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the completed solar cell. Working with p-layer gas mixtures of H2/SiH4/BF3 in rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), we have found that the maximum open circuit voltage (Voc) for n-i-p solar cells is obtained using p-layers prepared with the maximum possible hydrogen-dilution gas-flow ratio R=[H2]/[SiH4], but without crossing the thickness-dependent transition from the a-Si:H growth regime into the mixed-phase amorphous + microcrystalline [(a+μc)-Si:H] regime for the ∼200 Å p-layers. As a result, optimum single-step p-layers are obtained under conditions similar to those applied for optimum i-layers, i.e., by operating in the so-called “protocrystalline” Si:H film growth regime. The remarkable dependence of the p-layer phase (amorphous vs. microcrystalline) and n-i-p solar cell Voc on the nature of the underlying i-layer surface also supports this conclusion.
Solid-State NMR Studies Of Ultramarine Pigments Discoloration
Authors: Del Federico Eleonora , Newman Jacob , Tyne Lindsey , O'Hern Cyndi , Isolani Licio , Jerschow Alexej
Published: March 2017

Ultramarines are a family of pigments widely used as colorants in artists' paints, coatings, plastics, cosmetics, and various industrial materials. They are aluminosilicates characterized by a sodalite cage framework which enclarthrates paramagnetic (S3-., S2-.) and diamagnetic (S4or S3Cl) chromophores responsible for the color of these pigments. Solid-state27Al MAS NMR studies showed that the fading mechanisms in ultramarine pigments, both in acidic and alkaline environments, is initiated via de-alumination leading to framework destruction which in turn triggers the release of the chromophores. This results in color loss and in the emergence of extra-framework aluminum.29Si MAS studies provide new insight into these processes and suggest that acidic attack leads to the formation of Q1-Q3silicates and possibly to the emergence of Si(3Al), Si(2Al), Si(1Al) and Si(0Al) fragments indicative of the formation of secondary pores through which the guest chomophores can leave the cage. These findings are important for the design of proper conservation treatments and preservation procedures for artwork containing ultramarine pigments.
Probing Semiconductor/Insulator Heterostructures Through Electron Spin Resonance of Point Defects: Interfaces, Interlayers, and Stress
Authors: Stesmans A. , Clémer K. , Somers P. , Afanas'ev V. V.
Published: March 2017

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has become indispensable when it comes to the characterization on atomic-scale of structural, and correlated, electrical properties of actual semiconductor/insulator heterostructures. Through probing of paramagnetic point defects such as the Pb-type defects, E', and EX as a function of VUV irradiation and post deposition heat treatment, basic information as to the nature, quality, and thermal stability of the interface and interfacial regions can be established. This is illustrated by some specific examples of ESR analysis on contemporary Si/insulator structures promising for future developments in integrated circuits. First the impact of strain on the Si/SiO2 entity will be discussed. Through ESR analysis of thermally oxidized (111)Si substrates mechanically stressed in situ during oxidation, and tensile strained (100)sSi/SiO2 structures, it will be pointed out that in-plane tensile stress in Si can significantly improve the interface quality. Next, ESR results for stacks of (100)Si/SiOx/HfO2 and (100)Si/LaAlO3 are presented, revealing the potential to attain a high quality Si/SiO2 interface for the former and an abrupt, thermally stable interface for the latter.
PANJANG, BOBOT, DAN NISBAH KELAMIN CUCUT LANJAM DARI GENUS CARCHARHINUS DAN CUCUT SELENDANG, Prionace glauca (FAMILI GARCHARHINIDAE) YANG DI DARATKAN DARI PERAIRAN SAMUDERA HINDIA SELATAN JAWA, BALI, DAN NUSA TENGGARA
Authors: Pralampita Wiwiet An , Chodriyah Umi , Widodo Johanes
Published: March 2017

Genus Carcharhinus dan Pionace glauca dari famili Carcharhinidae merupakan jenis cucut yang dominan didaratkan di PPI Palabuhanratu, Cilacap, Kedonganan dan Tanjung Luar. Pengamatan dan analisis dilakukan terhadap beberapa aspek biologi yang meliputi ukuran (panjang dan bobot) badan, hubuhgan panjang dan bobot serta nisbah kelamin pada lima spesies dari genus Carcharhinus dan Pionaea glauca.
ESTIMASI KEPADATAN DAN KEBERADAAN IKAN DI PERAIRAN KARANG TELUK SLAWI, PULAU KOMODO SUATU PENDEKATAN MELALUI METODE AKUSTIK
Authors: Nugroho Duto , Tatipatta Willem M. , Sudjianto Sudjianto , Wouthuyzen Sam
Published: March 2017

Penelitian tentang keberadaan stok ikan di perairan karang perairan pulau pada periode musim tenggara (Juni-Juli 2001). Daerah penelitian dibagi menjadi beberapa sub area yang mewakili perairan pantai utara dan timur. Tujuan penelitian diarahkan untuk mendapatkan keberadaan dan perkiraan kelimpahan sumber daya ikan dikawasan ini. Metode akustik sebagai salah satu perangkat pendugaan stok ikan digunakan sebagai pendukung metode sensus melalui teknik penyelaman dan pengamatan secara visual pada lintasan tansek di daerah terpilih pada masing-masing sub area
ASPEK REPRODUKSI IKAN KURISI BALI (Pristipomoides typus) DARI PERAIRAN KEI KECIL, MALUKU TENGGARA
Authors: Andamari Retno , Bustaman Sjahrul , Banjar Hasmi
Published: March 2017

Dalam rangka menunjang budi daya laut dan juga pengelolaan perikanan tangkap maka pelu diketahui pula aspek reproduksi jenis-jenis ikan ekonomis penting. Salah satu diantarannya ikan kurisi Bali (Pristipomoides typus).
PENGARUH PERLAKUAN ALKALI DANVOLUME LARUTAN PENGEKSTRAK TERHADAP MUTU KARAGINAN DARI RUMPUT LAUT Eucheuma cottonii
Authors: Suryaningrum Th. Dwi , Murdinah Murdinah , Erlina Mei Dwi
Published: March 2017

Penelitian ekstraksi rumput laul Eucheuma cottonii menjadi karaginan kertas telah dilakukan. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan rancangan acak lengkap dengan variasi perlakuan bahan baku yaitu rumput laut yang diberi perlakukan KOH 6% dan 8% dan volume larutan pengekstrak 60 kali dan 50 kali dari bobot rumput laut kering
ARAHAN DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PERIKANAN WILAYAH PESISIR KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN
Authors: Rifqi M. , Bengen Dietriech G. , Nikijuluw Victor P. H.
Published: March 2017

Kabupaten Padang Pariaman merupakan salah satu daerah kabupaten di Propinsi Sumatera Barat yang memiliki wilayah pesisir dan laut. Melihat potensi yang ada, perubahan orientasi pembangunan dari pembangunan yang berbasis sumberdaya daratan (land based resources) kepada pembangunan yang berbasis sumberdaya kelautan dan perikanan (marine and fisheries based resources) memungkinkan di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman.
SEBARAN DAERAH PENANGKAPAN IKAN TUNA DI SAMUDERA HINDIA
Authors: Wudianto Wudianto , Wagiyo Karsono , Wibowo Berbudi
Published: March 2017

Tuna merupakan komoditas perikanan laut yang sangat penting karena dapat menyumbang perolehan devisa, Jenis ikan ini memlliki penyebaran yang sangat luas dan biaaanya melakukan ruaya jauh, Di Indonesia penangkapan ikan tuna dilakukan secara komersial mulai tahun 1970-an yang dirintis oleh PT Perikanan Samudera Beear. Saat ini banyak perusahaan perikanan yang melakukan penangkapan tunakhusuanya dengan alat tangkap longline.
Procrastination among basic science undergraduate medical students in a Caribbean medical school
Authors: Shankar Pathiyil Ravi , Bhat Surekha M. , Dwivedi Neelam R. , Nandy Atanu , Barton Byron
Published: March 2017

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Purpose: The study was conducted to study procrastination behavior among basic science undergraduate medical students using the previously validated procrastination assessment scale students (PASS). Frequency of and reasons for procrastination were compared among different subgroups of respondents.Methods: The study was conducted during the first two weeks of February 2017 using PASS. Gender, nationality and semester of study of the respondents were noted. PASS explores areas of and frequency of procrastination, reasons for procrastination and interest in changing the behavior. The frequency of procrastination, fear of failure, risk aversiveness, laziness and rebellion against control scores were compared among different subgroups using appropriate statistical tests.Results: A total of 107 students (84.9%) participated in the study. The mean frequency of procrastination score was 32.9 (maximum score 60). The score was significantly correlated with the respondents' gender. With regard to the percentage of students who nearly always or always procrastinated on a task, the percentages with regard to completing assignments, studying for exams, completing reading assignments, academic administrative tasks, attendance tasks and school activities in general were 25.2, 19.7, 25.2, 19.6, 18.7 and 17.7. The mean score for 'fear of failure' and 'aversiveness of task' as described by Solomon and Rothblum was 2.29 and 2.83. The mean scores for fear of failure, risk taking, and laziness were 26.17, 13.76 and 14.32. The median rebellion against control score was 6. Risk taking score was higher among respondents of other nationalities compared to Americans. Conclusions: Procrastination was regarded as a greater problem with regard to studying for exams and completing reading assignments and preparing for problem-based learning sessions. Only 42% of students were interested in attending a program to overcome procrastination. Similar studies among students during the clinical years are required. A study correlating self-reported procrastination with behavior can be carried out. Procrastination can also be studied in other offshore, Caribbean medical schools.
Herdsmen and Livestock Farmers’ Perception, Attitudes and Risk Factors towards Zoonotic Diseases in Awka North and South Local Government Areas, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: OBI Chukwunonso Francis
Published: March 2017

A cross-sectional survey utilizing semi-structured questionnaires was used to study the herdsmen and livestock farmers’ perception, attitudes and risk factors towards zoonotic diseases in Awka North and South Local Government Area. Data obtained were analyzed using chi-square on SPSS (Version 15.0) at a significance level of p < 0.05 to determine possible associations between variables and perceptions of zoonotic diseases. Out of the 384 respondents, 214 (55.7%) had heard about zoonotic diseases. Avian influenza (95.3%), rabies (90.9%) and bovine tuberculosis (64.3%) were perceived by the respondents to be zoonotic. Viruses (82.3%), punishment from gods (72.4%) and bacteria (52.1%) were also perceived by the respondents as major causes of zoonotic diseases, whereas 62% were of the view that zoonotic diseases are of no consequence. Only 26.3% (101) had overall knowledge of zoonotic diseases. Slaughtering of sick animals, drinking of raw milk, skin to skin contact with animals, contact with animals’ placenta, handling of animal with open wounds/cuts and keeping of pets were indicted as attitudes and risk factors of zoonotic diseases amongst the respondents. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were found between perceptions/awareness of zoonotic diseases and age, educational status and location. In conclusion, the herdsmen and livestock farmers’ awareness/perception of zoonotic diseases is abysmally poor in the study area, thus public education on zoonotic diseases is therefore hugely recommended.
The Effect of Intercropping and Nitroxin Biofertilizer on Yield Components and Relative Yield Total of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Dragon’s Head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. & C.A. Mey)
Authors: GHAMARI Hossein , SHAFAGH KOLVANAGH Jalil , SABAGHPOUR Seyyed Hossein , DABBAGH MOHAMMADI NASSAB Adel
Published: March 2017

A field study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of intercropping and biofertilizers on yield and yield components of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. and C.A. Mey). The experiment was factorial on the basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was an additive intercropping system including monocultured purslane, monocultured dragon’s head, intercropping of 100% purslane + 25% dragon’s head, intercropping of 100% purslane + 50% dragon’s head, intercropping of 100% purslane + 75% dragon’s head; the second factor was nutrient treatments including application of 50% inorganic N fertilizer (urea) + nitroxin, inorganic N fertilizer (urea), nitroxin and no fertilizer. Results showed that as the density of dragon’s head increased, the number of branches in purslane decreased. In purslane, the number of capsules was significantly affected by intercropping and application of biofertilizers. In both crops, the effects of treatments on yield were significant. Results clearly showed that Relative Yield Total (RYT) was always higher in intercropping than monocultured systems. The highest RYT was observed in intercropping of 100% purslane + 50% dragon’s head with the application of 50% inorganic N fertilizer (urea) + nitroxin. Therefore, combination usage of biofertilizers and inorganic N fertilizers can improve yields in purslane/dragon’s head intercropping.
Briefing: How can we continue to get affordable nuclear power into the energy mix?
Authors: Kotak Meera , Kirschel Miranda
Published: March 2017

The global and UK drive for a low-carbon dioxide environment, as well as a secure and affordable energy supply, has encouraged nuclear power to play a core role in the UK energy mix: the UK landscape today houses eight large nuclear plants (15 reactors) reported to generate about 21% of UK electricity. By 2030, two-thirds of the UK's electricity generation capacity will have retired; it will need to be replaced with low-carbon dioxide and reliable power for the future to improve the UK's energy security and meet its commitments on carbon dioxide emissions targets. With 50% cumulative growth in nuclear capacity forecast between 2014 and 2035 (in comparison to coal at 10%, oil at 20% and gas at 44%) still leaving nuclear with only a 5% share of global capacity in 2035, there is considerable scope for nuclear in the long term.
In vitro transcription of guide RNAs v8
Authors: Dewitt Mark , Julia Wong not provided
Published: March 2017

sgRNA template assembly, in vitro T7transcription, andSPRI bead cleanup
Production of thermostable extracellular α-amylase by a moderate thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis isolated from Qinarje Hot Spring (Ardebil prov. of Iran)
Authors: Deljou Ali , Arezi Iman
Published: March 2017

Background and Purpose: Amylases are most important industrial enzymes that account for about 30% of the world’s food, feed, fermentation, textile, detergent and cellulosic industries. This study aimed at optimum production of thermostable α-amylase via moderate thermophilic bacterium (Bacillus licheniformis) which was recently isolated from Qinarje Hot spring.Material and Methods: Initially, ability of bacterium for amylase activity was determined by starch hydrolysis test using Gram’s iodine staining. Then bacterial growth pattern and amylase production curves in basal production medium were graphically determined at different time intervals. Finally, effect of different temperature, pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, minerals and inoculum size were studied on bacterial growth and amylase production using turbidimetric and DNS method, respectively.Results: Optimum enzyme production achieved after 84 hours of inoculation from cultures growing at 40 ˚C and pH 9.0 in a medium containing 0.03% (w/v) of CaCl2, compared to the basal medium, results showed that the best enzyme production happened with inoculum size of 4% (v/v). The addition of 1% (w/v) rice husk (as a Carbon source) enhanced enzyme productivity up to 160% and substitution of the peptone and yeast extract with 1% (w/v) of tryptone (as a Nitrogen source) increased the α-amylase production up to 160%.Conclusion: Our findings show that B. licheniformis-AZ2 strain has an ability to produce the thermostable α-amylase which is suitable in starch processing and food industries. To be commercialized, further investigation is required for enhancement of the enzyme production.Keywords: Bacillus licheniformis; Optimization; Basal medium; Agricultural by-products.
Contribution to Globularia phylogeny based on nuclear ribosomal spacer and two chloroplast DNA regions
Authors: Hazler Pilepić Kroata , Friščić Maja , Duran Ahmet , Maslo Semir , Garić Rade , Čuljak Sara , Šutalo Kristina
Published: March 2017

Background and Purpose: Molecular approach has a major impact on phylogenetic studies of plants, considering that it gives useful information about evolutionary events and relations on all taxonomic levels. The sequence data of the nuclear ITS and of two chloroplast regions, trnL-trnF spacer and rbcL gene, obtained from thirteen Globularia L. taxa, including five Anatolian endemics, representing six sections altogether, were analyzed in order to determine the relations between the European and the Anatolian species and get a better insight into the phylogeny of several closely related Globularia taxa.  Materials and Methods: Total cellular DNA was extracted from fresh or frozen leaf tissue of thirteen Globularia samples. The ITS regions of nuclear DNA and two chloroplast DNA regions were amplified and sequenced. Obtained nuclear and combined plastid data matrices were subjected to Maximum Parsimony analyses. Results and Conclusions: Molecular data that were obtained in this study indicate the existence of separate centers of diversification for the European and the Anatolian Globularia. The results provide support for relationships among the studied Anatolian endemic species and indications for a redefinition of affinities of some of the European species. The results presented herein are discussed along with available morphological, karyological, phytogeographical and molecular data. Keywords: Globularia, ITS, trnL-trnF, rbcL, Maximum Parsimony, Quaternary
Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of mutation rates in bacteria
Authors: Matic Ivan
Published: March 2017

Organisms live in constantly changing environments in which, the nature, severity and frequency of the environmental stresses are very variable. Organisms possess multiple strategies for coping with the environmental fluctuations. One such strategy is modulation of mutation rates as a function of the degree of adaptation to the environment. When adaptation is limited by the available genetic variability, natural selection favors cells having high mutation rates in bacterial populations. High mutation rates can be advantageous because they increase the probability of generation of beneficial mutations. Constitutive mutator alleles are carried to high frequency through hitchhiking with beneficial mutations they generate. However, once the adaptation is achieved, the cost of deleterious mutations generated by constitutive mutator alleles reduces cellular fitness. For this reason, the possibility of adapting the mutation rate to environmental conditions is interesting from an evolutionary point of view. Stress-induced mutagenesis allows rapid adaptation to complex environmental challenges without compromising the population fitness because it reduces the overall cost of a high mutation rate. Here we review the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of modulation of mutation rates in bacteria.
Physiology, phylogeny, and the energetic roots of life
Authors: Martin William F.
Published: March 2017

Before the days of molecular phylogenies, the standard way of viewing microbial evolution was as process of physiological evolution: the ordering of the sequence of events in which different pathways that microbes use to harness carbon and energy arose. The physiological view of microbial evolution was, of course, replaced in the 1980s by a gene centered view of microbial evolution that was built around the ribosomal RNA tree of life, also called the universal tree or the three domain tree. The universal tree installed long sought order into microbial systematics, but left physiological evolution out in the cold, because physiology never mapped properly onto the rRNA tree. That was not because the universal tree had an incorrect branching pattern. Rather it was because physiological characters have never mapped neatly onto any phylogenetic tree for prokaryotes, regardless of its topology. The reason is that prokaryotes, though they have an undeniable tendency to vertically inherit their ribosome, distribute the physiological traits that enable synthesis of ribosomes via lateral gene transfer (LGT). Geochemical isotope evidence harbors evidence for the existence of physiological processes, not for phylogeny, because LGT decouples physiology from phylogeny in prokaryotes. If we want a fuller picture of microbial evolution, we will have to incorporate aspects of physiology, phylogeny, and the geological record. The issue of how physiology got started has always been interesting. Non-fermentative substrate level phosphorylations as they occur in some acetogens and methanogens now look like good candidate reactions for that starting point, helping to put chemical roots on life's tree.
Variations in amino acid composition in bacterial single stranded DNA–binding proteins correlate with GC content
Authors: Paradžik Tina , Filić Želimira , Vujaklija Dušica
Published: March 2017

Background and purposeSSB proteins are essential for the maintenance of the genome in all domains of life. Most bacterial SSBs are active as homotetramers. Each monomer comprises N-terminal domain (OB-fold) which is responsible for ssDNA binding and a disordered C-terminal domain (Ct) with a conserved acidic tail responsible for protein interactions.The variations in these essential proteins prompted us to conduct in silico analyses of the aa composition and properties of two distinct SSB domains in relation to bacterial GC content.Materials and methodsSSB sequences were collected from genomes covering a wide range of GC content from 14 bacterial phyla. The maximum-likelihood (ML) trees were constructed for SSB sequences and corresponding 16S rRNA genes. The aa contents of OB folds and Ct domains were subsequently analysed. ResultsWe showed that SSB proteins followed predicted amino acid (aa) composition as a function of genomic GC content. However, two distinct domains of SSB exhibit significant differences to the expected aa composition. Variations in aa proportion were more prominent in Ct domains. Elevated accumulation of Gly (up to 60 %) and Pro (up to 24 %), significant drop in the proportion of basic Lys and reduction in hydrophobic Leu, Ile and Val were identified in Ct domains of SSBs from high GC genomes. Consequently, this influences the biochemical properties of Ct domains.ConclusionsBased on this comparative study of SSBs we conclude that genomic GC content and two distinct domains with different functional roles participate in shaping aa composition of SSB proteins.
Traditional Leadership Model of Pluralistic Society in Ciamis District
Authors: Satori Akhmad , Agung Subhan
Published: March 2017

This study provides an analysis of traditional leadership model in managing plural society. This study sees the whole pattern formed in a very pluralistic society susuru. Although very pluralistic, the society is able to create the harmony conditions in social life. A qualitative ethnography is applied as the method of analysis. The research approach uses contructivism which develop the idea through data to produce a complete picture of the reasearch focus. The result indicates that the leadership style applies a model of charismatic and traditional authority in Susuru. Power and popularity are obtained through leadership ability in  leading the religious rituals. The role of the leader is not only for religious issue, but also for a social escalation. The respect for diversity is more influenced by leader’s ability to manage potential conflict. A local model, duduluran, appear in the effort to establish peace among these differences.
Polyphenol and Resveratrol Content in Grape Juices Organically and Conventionally Produced in Southern Brazil
Authors: Wolmir José Böckel Mariana Cardoso Gonçalvez Priscila de Oliveira Gauer
Published: March 2017

The physical and chemical composition of grape juice can vary depending on the type of cultivar, variety, climate, soil and other factors. Due these variations, a mixture of species (blend) is used for the preparation of juices as an alternative to maintain the balance between soluble solids and acidity, as well as visual aspects (color). Grape juice has a high concentration of phenolic compounds that are responsible for different biological activities, including the antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to quantifying the total polyphenol and resveratrol content in the juices produced from the mixture of varieties of organic grapes and conventional grapes, as well as with respect to the expiration date. Quantification of phenolic compounds and resveratrol was carried out by spectrophotometry and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The content of phenolic compounds in juices produced from the blend were twice as large compared to the polyphenol content in the juice produced only with Isabel grape. Resveratrol content resulted in a decrease with increasing storage time, indicating a possible degradation over these one. However, the content of resveratrol may be a delay control indicative of validity grape juices. The mix of species for organic grape juice production is very interesting to obtain a differentiated product content of phenolic compounds, which considered as sources of compounds with biological activity.