bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law and Power in the Making of the Roman Commonwealth
Authors: Capogrossi Colognesi Luigi
Published: November 2014

With a broad chronological sweep, this book provides an historical account of Roman law and legal institutions which explains how they were created and modified in relation to political developments and changes in power relations. It underlines the constant tension between two central aspects of Roman politics: the aristocratic nature of the system of government, and the drive for increased popular participation in decision-making and the exercise of power. The traditional balance of power underwent a radical transformation under Augustus, with new processes of integration and social mobility brought into play. Professor Capogrossi Colognesi brings into sharp relief the deeply political nature of the role of Roman juridical science as an expression of aristocratic politics and discusses the imperial jurists' fundamental contribution to the production of an outline theory of sovereignty and legality which would constitute, together with Justinian's gathering of Roman legal knowledge, the most substantial legacy of Rome.
Diffusive and phase change instabilities in a ternary mushy layer
Authors: Guba Peter , Anderson Daniel M.
Published: November 2014

We analyse the stability of a mushy layer during the directional solidification of a ternary alloy. Our model includes diffusive and convective transport of heat and solutes, coupled by an equilibrium thermodynamic constraint of the ternary phase diagram. The model contains phase change effects due to latent-heat release, solute rejection and background solidification. We identify novel convective instabilities, both direct and oscillatory, which are present under statically stable conditions. We examine these instabilities asymptotically by simplifying to a thin mushy layer with small growth rates. We also discuss numerical results for the full problem, confirming the asymptotic predictions and providing the stability characteristics outside the small-growth-rate approximation. A physical explanation for these instabilities in terms of parcel arguments is proposed, indicating that the instability mechanisms generally involve different rates of solute diffusion, different rates of solute rejection and different background solute distributions induced by the initial alloy composition.
Digging in
Authors: Ganter Regina
Published: November 2014

The first group of German settlers arrived in Queensland before it existed on any maps. They came not primarily to seek a better future for themselves, but with the express intention of conducting an Aboriginal mission. This group germinated three of the first four mission attempts in Queensland, and their failure left a significant gap in Queensland’s mission effort until the 1870s, by which time the frontier wars were practically over.
DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN, THE 1976 NEW YORK SENATE RACE, AND THE STRUGGLE TO DEFINE AMERICAN LIBERALISM
Authors: ANDELIC PATRICK
Published: November 2014

The 1970s was a decade of acute existential crisis for the Democratic party, as ‘New Politics’ insurgents challenged the old guard for control of both the party apparatus and the right to define who a true ‘liberal’ was. Those Democrats who opposed New Politics reformism often found themselves dubbed ‘neoconservatives’. The fact that so many ‘neoconservatives’ eventually made their home in the Grand Old Party (GOP) has led historians to view them as a Republican bloc in embryo. The apostasy of the neoconservatives fits neatly into the political historiography of the 1970s, which is dominated by the rise of the New Right and its takeover of the Republican party. Yet this narrative, though seductive, overlooks the essentially protean character of politics in that decade. This article uses the 1976 Senate campaign mounted by Daniel Patrick Moynihan – the dandyish Harvard academic, official in four presidential administrations, and twice US ambassador – to demonstrate that many ‘neoconservatives’ were advancing a recognizably liberal agenda and seeking to define a new ‘vital center’ against the twin poles of the New Politics and the New Right. A microcosm of a wider struggle to define liberalism, Moynihan's candidacy complicates our understanding of the 1970s as an era of rightward drift.
Tracheal reconstruction using composite nasal septal graft in patients with invasive thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Dowthwaite S , Friel M , Coman S
Published: November 2014

Objective:

This paper presents a series of three patients who were identified as having partial thickness involvement of the laryngotracheal complex secondary to invasive, well-differentiated thyroid cancer. These patients were managed with full thickness window resection and reconstruction using a composite nasal septal graft.

Methods:

A review of the Princess Alexandra Hospital database (comprising prospectively collated data) was undertaken to identify patients who had undergone full thickness tracheal resection and reconstruction using a composite nasal septal graft; demographic, operative technique and survival outcome data were collated.

Results:

Three patients had a composite nasal septal graft performed for reconstruction of full thickness laryngotracheal defects following the excision of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. There were no cases of local recurrence after a minimum of 18 months' follow up.

Conclusion:

This paper describes our surgical technique for reconstruction of these defects using a composite nasal septal graft. It also presents data on our three cases to date, in which the technique has been used safely. A discussion of the surgical management of locally invasive, well-differentiated thyroid cancer is provided.
Worship, veneration, and idolatry: observations from C. S. Lewis
Authors: LEPOJÄRVI JASON
Published: November 2014

What does it mean to love God ‘more’ than people? This article engages the difficulty of defining worship, veneration, and idolatry, by looking at C. S. Lewis's observations on the subject. Lewis offers helpful nudges towards more than a merely conceptual distinction, but he does not consistently apply his love principles to cover human love for the saints (Mary in particular). The article concludes with eight follow-up questions that benefit philosophers and theologians alike as they seek to formulate more focused definitions of worship, veneration, and idolatry.
EDUCATING THE NATION I: SCHOOLS
Authors: Mandler Peter
Published: November 2014

This paper assays the public discourse on secondary education across the twentieth century – what did voters think they wanted from education and how did politicians seek to cater to those desires? The assumption both in historiography and in popular memory is that educational thinking in the post-war decades was dominated by the ideal of ‘meritocracy’ – that is, selection for secondary and higher education on the basis of academic ‘merit’. This paper argues instead that support for ‘meritocracy’ in this period was fragile. After 1945, secondary education came to be seen as a universal benefit, a function of the welfare state analogous to health. Most parents of all classes wanted the ‘best schools’ for their children, and the best schools were widely thought to be the grammar schools; thus support for grammar schools did not imply support for meritocracy, but rather for high-quality universal secondary education. This explains wide popular support for comprehensivisation, so long as it was portrayed as providing ‘grammar schools for all’. Since the 1970s, public discourse on education has focused on curricular control, ‘standards’ and accountability, but still within a context of high-quality universal secondary education, and not the ‘death of the comprehensive’.
ANDRES BELLO AND THE CHALLENGES OF SPANISH AMERICAN LIBERALISM
Authors: Dunkerley James
Published: November 2014

Andrés Bello (1781–1865) is generally reckoned to be the foremost intellectual amongst opponents of the Spanish empire in the Americas after the Napoleonic Wars. This paper provides a synoptic account of Bello's development as a scholar, politician and statesman from his early career as a servant of the crown in colonial Caracas, through his nineteen-year exile in London, to his prominent role in the institutional design and management of the young Chilean republic. The paper traces the historiographical treatment of Bello and the application of his cosmopolitan learning to the tasks of nineteenth-century state-building. It is suggested that his trajectory reflected a successful adaptation of liberal precepts to a conservative local social setting within a world order dominated by British promotion of free trade.
Auditory cues that drive language development are language specific: Evidence from Cantonese
Authors: ANTONIOU MARK , TO CAROL K. S. , WONG PATRICK C. M.
Published: November 2014

The mechanisms that allow for both language-specific and universal constraints in language development are not fully understood. According to the rhythm detection hypothesis, sensitivity to rhythm is the underlying mechanism that is fundamental to language development. Support from a number of Western languages, as well as Mandarin, has led to the proposal that rhythm detection may provide a language-universal account of language development. However, claims of universality may be premature because most research has addressed reading (rather than language) development, only a small number of languages have been investigated, and pitch is a better predictor of reading than rhythm in Mandarin children. Therefore, we examined language development using a narrative story-retelling task in children who speak Cantonese (a more complex tone inventory than Mandarin) and also assessed temporal and pitch-based auditory abilities to consider whether temporal processing drives development in a tone language. Both temporal and pitch abilities correlated with language development, but only pitch explained unique variance in language after age. The findings support the role of basic auditory processing mechanisms in language development, but they extend beyond the rhythm detection hypothesis by demonstrating that the fundamental cues for development are dependent on the specific processing demands of each language, rather than being universal.
Evaluation of neonatal Toll-like receptors 3 (c.1377C/T) and 9 (G2848A) gene polymorphisms in HBV intrauterine transmission susceptibility
Authors: GAO Y. , GUO J. , ZHANG F. , GUO Z. , ZHANG L.-R. , WANG T. , WANG B. , FENG S.-Y , WANG S.-P.
Published: November 2014

To investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 and 9 affect the susceptibility of hepatitis B virus (HBV) intrauterine transmission, we genotyped 399 neonates for TLR3 (c.1377C/T) [rs3775290] and TLR9 (G2848A) [rs352140] using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP). A femoral venous blood sample was obtained from these subjects. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay kits and hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) levels were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR assay. Our results showed that when adjusting for maternal HBeAg, maternal HBV DNA and mode of delivery, allele ‘T’ for SNP c.1377C/T was significantly associated with HBV intrauterine transmission susceptibility [adjusted OR (aOR) 0·55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·34–0·91,P= 0·020] and the TT genotype decreased the risk of HBV intrauterine transmission (aOR 0·28, 95% CI 0·09–0·91,P= 0·033). Allele ‘A’ for SNP G2848A was significantly associated with HBV intrauterine transmission susceptibility (aOR 0·62, 95% CI 0·39–1·00,P= 0·048) and the GA genotype protected neonates from HBV intrauterine transmission (aOR 0·45, 95% CI 0·22–0·93,P= 0·031). The TLR3 (c.1377C/T) and TLR9 (G2848A) polymorphisms may be relevant for HBV intrauterine transmission susceptibility, although the reduction in risk to HBV intrauterine transmission is modest and the biological mechanism of the observed association merits further investigation.
Molecular epidemiology of rhinoviruses in Cyprus over three consecutive seasons
Authors: RICHTER J. , NIKOLAOU E. , PANAYIOTOU C. , TRYFONOS C. , KOLIOU M. , CHRISTODOULOU C.
Published: November 2014

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are widespread respiratory pathogens and a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of rhinovirus infections in children in Cyprus over three consecutive winter seasons. From a total of 116 rhinovirus-positive samples, 68 were sequenced in the 5’-UTR and VP4/VP2 regions. Thirty-six (52·9%) samples were identified as HRV-A and 27 (39·7%) as HRV-C, with only five (7·4%) samples belonging to the HRV-B species. Of these, a total of 46 different genotypes were identified. In the VP2/VP4 phylogenetic tree all strains clustered in three different well-defined clades, whereas the 5’-UTR tree exhibited clades with a mixed clustering of HRV-A and HRV-C strains reflecting the evolutionary history of recombination between HRV-A and HRV-C that has been observed previously. In summary, a high intra- and inter-season diversity of HRV types was observed. Despite its geographical isolation the frequency of HRV species in Cyprus is comparable to that reported in other regions of the world supporting the concept of an unrestricted global circulation. This study assesses, for the first time, the epidemiology of rhinovirus infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections.
Tackling the problem of blood culture contamination in the intensive care unit using an educational intervention
Authors: ALAHMADI Y. M. , McELNAY J. C. , KEARNEY M. P. , ALDEYAB M. A. , MAGEE F. A. , HANLEY J. , BAILIE R. , DONALDSON W. , JOHNSTON K. , KINOULTY S. , DOHERTY A. , TATE A. , SCOTT M. G.
Published: November 2014

Blood culture contamination (BCC) has been associated with unnecessary antibiotic use, additional laboratory tests and increased length of hospital stay thus incurring significant extra hospital costs. We set out to assess the impact of a staff educational intervention programme on decreasing intensive care unit (ICU) BCC rates to <3% (American Society for Microbiology standard). BCC rates during the pre-intervention period (January 2006–May 2011) were compared with the intervention period (June 2011–December 2012) using run chart and regression analysis. Monthly ICU BCC rates during the intervention period were reduced to a mean of 3·7%, compared to 9·5% during the baseline period (P< 0·001) with an estimated potential annual cost savings of about £250 100. The approach used was simple in design, flexible in delivery and efficient in outcomes, and may encourage its translation into clinical practice in different healthcare settings.
Making abstract models complete
Authors: GIACOBAZZI ROBERTO , MASTROENI ISABELLA
Published: November 2014

Completeness is a key feature of abstract interpretation. It corresponds to exactness of the abstraction of fix-points and relies upon the need of absence of false alarms in static program analysis. Making abstract interpretation complete is therefore a major problem in approximating the semantics of programming languages. In this paper, we consider the problem of making abstract interpretations complete by minimally modifying the predicate transformer, i.e. the semantics, of a program. We study the mathematical properties of complete functions on complete lattices and prove the existence of minimal transformations of monotone functions to achieve completeness. We then apply minimal complete transformers to prove the minimality of standard program transformations in security, such as static program monitoring.
The Liturgical Cope of D. Teotónio of Braganza: Material Characterization of a 16th CenturyPluviale
Authors: Ferreira Teresa , Moreiras Hugo , Manhita Ana , Tomaz Paula , Mirão José , Dias Cristina B. , Caldeira Ana T.
Published: November 2014

A 16th century liturgical cope belonging to D. Teotónio of Braganza (collection of the Museum of Évora, ME 172/1) was selected for a material study. The cope is made of a variety of materials that include two different types of metal threads, dyed silk yarns, and vegetable yarns used in the weft. Several samples from different points representing the different metal thread types and colored silk yarns were collected. Stereomicroscopy (optical microscopy) and scanning electron microscopy were used for morphological analysis of the textile fibers and evaluation of metal thread degradation products. Evaluation of mordants and metal thread composition was carried out by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detection was used for dye identification, which allowed the determination of three different red dye sources and one yellow dye source in the colored silk yarns. Although different fabrics were used in the manufacturing of the cope, similarities identified in the characterization of the materials suggest that a single workshop was involved in its making.
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis with β-galactosidase in nanostructured devices
Authors: Nakano Asuka , Camacho-Alanis Fernanda , Ros Alexandra
Published: November 2014

β-galactosidase concentration and depletion at the nanoconstriction due to an interplay of negative dielectrophoresis, electrokinesis and ion concentration polarization.
Synthesis, crystal growth, and second-order nonlinear optical properties of new configurationally locked polyene derivatives
Authors: Zhang Xinyuan , Jiang Xingxing , Li Yin , Lin Zheshuai , Zhang Guochun , Wu Yicheng
Published: November 2014

A PSDCM-(I) crystal with phenyl as the electron donor in its molecular structure exhibits a large powder SHG intensity about 0.3 times that of OH1.
Mechanisms of serpentine–ammonium sulfate reactions: towards higher efficiencies in flux recovery and Mg extraction for CO2 mineral sequestration
Authors: Nduagu E. I. , Highfield J. , Chen J. , Zevenhoven R.
Published: November 2014

There is a growing research interest in CO2 mineral sequestration methods that follow an intermediate Mg extraction step (from Mg-silicates, especially serpentinite rock) by fluxing with ammonium sulfate (AS) or ammonium bisulfate (ABS).
Synergistic effect of C, Ag-codoped TiO2 photocatalyst within the GGA + U framework
Authors: Guo Meili
Published: November 2014

The electronic structures and optical properties of single C doped, single Ag doped, and C, Ag-codoped TiO2 were calculated based on the GGA + U method.
Pixel‐parallel feature detection on vision chip
Authors: Yang Jie , Shi Cong , Liu Liyuan , Liu Jian , Wu Nanjian
Published: November 2014

Pixel‐parallel FAST and SIFT feature detection algorithms are proposed, which are suitable for the vision chip architecture. The proposed algorithms can execute the FAST and SIFT feature detections on the vision chip in a pixel‐parallel manner. The Feature detection utilising the proposed algorithms can be realised by basic logic and arithmetic operations. Experiments and detailed analysis show that the proposed algorithms can perform feature detection on the vision chip at a higher speed compared with that on a general processor or an application‐specific circuit.
Compact dual‐passband LTCC filter exploiting eighth‐mode SIW and SIW hybrid with coplanar waveguide
Authors: Xiangjun Zhang , Caoyuan Ma , Deqiang Cheng
Published: November 2014

A compact dual‐passband low‐temperature ceramic con‐fired (LTCC) filter is proposed. Its electrical size is reduced by exploiting an eighth‐mode substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and a conventional SIW hybrid with a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The filter is fabricated on multilayer ceramic, which makes the filter even more compact. The filter was fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the filter has dual‐passband, the first passband is centred at 8.0 GHz with 0.95 GHz 3 dB bandwidth, and the second passband is centred at 11.1 GHz with 0.41 GHz 3 dB bandwidth. The filter has low passband insertion and sharp roll‐off characteristics at the transition band. The volume of the filter is only 9.6 × 9.6 × 1.4 mm3.
Feed back load analysis for broadcast channels with zero‐forcing beamforming
Authors: Pan Peisheng , Zheng Baoyu , Song Rongfang , Ni Wei
Published: November 2014

Multiuser multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) has great potential to substantially improve throughput of wireless networks. Unfortunately, it requires a significant amount of feed back for user selection, which prevents practical implementation. The authors propose a feed back reduced downlink multiuser MIMO system, where a signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) threshold is carefully designed. Only the users whose SINRs are above the threshold feed back their SINRs and channel direction information (CDI) to the base station. They establish a monotonic relation between the threshold and the average feed back overhead. Based on the established relation, they design the threshold that balances the tradeoff between the feed back load and the sum rate. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can achieve the same performance as the conventional full‐feed back scheme (where every user feeds back its SINR and CDI), while the proposed approach is able to reduce the system overhead by more than 40%.
Price bargaining based on the Stackelberg game in two‐tier orthogonal frequency division multiple access femtocell networks
Authors: Liu Zhixin , Hao Lili , Xia Yuanqing , Guan Xinping
Published: November 2014

This study presents a solution to the interference management scheme and resource allocation strategy for the two‐tier femtocell networks, where the femtocell users (FUEs) share the same frequency band with the existing macrocell users. It is assumed that the FUEs compete for the available spectrum to fulfil their own communication. And the macrocell base station protects itself by pricing the interference from the FUEs, which formulates the Stackelberg game. In this study, two effective pricing schemes, uniform pricing scheme and non‐uniform pricing scheme, combining with admission control are proposed to maximise the revenues and protect the quality of service requirements. The Stackelberg equilibriums for the proposed games are investigated. Besides, a novel distributed interference pricing algorithm is provided for the uniform pricing case. Numerical results show that, in two‐tier femtocell networks with shared spectrum, the proposed pricing schemes are effective in resource allocation and performance protection.
Finite-difference time-domain analysis on light extraction in a GaN light-emitting diode by empirically capable dielectric nano-features
Authors: Park ByeongChan , Noh Heeso , Yu Young Moon , Jang Jae-Won
Published: November 2014

Enhancement of light extraction in GaN light-emitting diode (LED) by addressing an array of nanomaterials is investigated by means of three dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation experiments. The array of nanomaterials is placed on top of the GaN LED and is used as a light extraction layer. Depending on its empirically capable features, the refractive index of nanomaterials with perfectly spherical (particle) and hemispherical (plano-convex lens) shapes were decided as 1.47 [Polyethylene glycol (PEG)] and 2.13 [Zirconia (ZrO2)]. As a control experiment, a 3D FDTD simulation experiment of GaN LED with PEG film deposited on top is also carried out. Different light extraction profiles between subwavelength- and over-wavelength-scaled nanomaterials addressed GaN LEDs are observed in distributions of Poynting vector intensity of the light extraction layer–applied GaN LEDs. In addition, our results show that the dielectric effect on light extraction is more efficient in the light extraction layer with over-wavelength scaled features. In the case of a Zirconia particle array (ϕ = 500 nm) with hexagonal closed packed (hcp) structure on top of a GaN LED, light extraction along the normal axis of the LED surface is about six times larger than a GaN LED without the extraction layer.
Formation mechanism of dot-line square superlattice pattern in dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Liu Weibo , Dong Lifang , Wang Yongjie , Zhang Xinpu , Pan Yuyang
Published: November 2014

We investigate the formation mechanism of the dot-line square superlattice pattern (DLSSP) in dielectric barrier discharge. The spatio-temporal structure studied by using the intensified-charge coupled device camera shows that the DLSSP is an interleaving of three different subpatterns in one half voltage cycle. The dot square lattice discharges first and, then, the two kinds of line square lattices, which form square grid structures discharge twice. When the gas pressure is varied, DLSSP can transform from square superlattice pattern (SSP). The spectral line profile method is used to compare the electron densities, which represent the amounts of surface charges qualitatively. It is found that the amount of surface charges accumulated by the first discharge of DLSSP is less than that of SSP, leading to a bigger discharge area of the following discharge (lines of DLSSP instead of halos of SSP). The spatial distribution of the electric field of the surface charges is simulated to explain the formation of DLSSP. This paper may provide a deeper understanding for the formation mechanism of complex superlattice patterns in DBD.
PCTFE as a solution to birefringence in atom trap viewports
Authors: Warner C. L. , Behr J. A. , Gorelov A.
Published: November 2014

We have developed and characterized optical viewports with the glass-to-metal seal made by the plastic PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene). The goal is to reduce stress-induced birefringence while maintaining ultra-high vacuum compatibility. We have maintained a Stokes parameter S3 of 0.9986, and achieved <5 × 10−11 Torr partial pressure of air. We have also measured the diffusion and permeation of helium through PCTFE and placed upper limits on nitrogen, oxygen, and argon permeation, as PCTFE has been suggested as an o-ring for transport of environmental noble gas samples, though we know of no other noble gas measurements.
Theoretical analysis of geometry and NMR isotope shift in hydrogen-bonding center of photoactive yellow protein by combination of multicomponent quantum mechanics and ONIOM scheme
Authors: Kanematsu Yusuke , Tachikawa Masanori
Published: November 2014

Multicomponent quantum mechanical (MC_QM) calculation has been extended with ONIOM (our own N-layered integrated molecular orbital + molecular mechanics) scheme [ONIOM(MC_QM:MM)] to take account of both the nuclear quantum effect and the surrounding environment effect. The authors have demonstrated the first implementation and application of ONIOM(MC_QM:MM) method for the analysis of the geometry and the isotope shift in hydrogen-bonding center of photoactive yellow protein. ONIOM(MC_QM:MM) calculation for a model with deprotonated Arg52 reproduced the elongation of O–H bond of Glu46 observed by neutron diffraction crystallography. Among the unique isotope shifts in different conditions, the model with protonated Arg52 with solvent effect reasonably provided the best agreement with the corresponding experimental values from liquid NMR measurement. Our results implied the availability of ONIOM(MC_QM:MM) to distinguish the local environment around hydrogen bonds in a biomolecule.
Modulation instability and dissipative rogue waves in ion-beam plasma: Roles of ionization, recombination, and electron attachment
Authors: Guo Shimin , Mei Liquan
Published: November 2014

The amplitude modulation of ion-acoustic waves is investigated in an unmagnetized plasma containing positive ions, negative ions, and electrons obeying a kappa-type distribution that is penetrated by a positive ion beam. By considering dissipative mechanisms, including ionization, negative-positive ion recombination, and electron attachment, we introduce a comprehensive model for the plasma with the effects of sources and sinks. Via reductive perturbation theory, the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a dissipative term is derived to govern the dynamics of the modulated waves. The effect of the plasma parameters on the modulation instability criterion for the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation is numerically investigated in detail. Within the unstable region, first- and second-order dissipative ion-acoustic rogue waves are present. The effect of the plasma parameters on the characteristics of the dissipative rogue waves is also discussed.
High-impedance wire grid method to study spatiotemporal behavior of hot electron clump generated in a plasma
Authors: Terasaka K. , Yoshimura S. , Kato Y. , Furuta K. , Aramaki M. , Morisaki T. , Tanaka M. Y.
Published: November 2014

High-impedance Wire Grid (HIWG) detector has been developed to study spatiotemporal behavior of a hot electron clump generated in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. By measuring the floating potentials of the wire electrodes, and generating structure matrix made of geometrical means of the floating potentials, the HIWG detector reconstructs the spatial distribution of high-temperature electron clump at an arbitrary instant of time. Time slices of the spike event in floating potential revealed the growth and decay process of a hot spot occurs in an ECR plasma.
Note: In situ parameter extraction from a nonlinear dynamic model for electrical characterization of organic light emitting diodes
Authors: Yoon M. C. , Choi S. H. , Kim Y.-J. , Kim G.-T. , Yoon T.-W.
Published: November 2014

This Note presents a nonlinear device model for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), which can describe dynamic and static characteristics of OLEDs consistently. The parameters of the proposed model are estimated by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Some of the resulting parameters relate with physical characteristics of OLEDs. With only one set of experiments leading to a time response of an OLED device, this nonlinear model, together with all the parameters, is obtained, which can be a big advantage for the fast quality control of the OLEDs.
High quality boron carbon nitride/ZnO-nanorods p-n heterojunctions based on magnetron sputtered boron carbon nitride films
Authors: Qian J. C. , Jha S. K. , Wang B. Q. , Jelenković E. V. , Bello I. , Klemberg-Sapieha J. E. , Martinu L. , Zhang W. J.
Published: November 2014

Boron carbon nitride (BCN) films were synthesized on Si (100) and fused silica substrates by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering from a B4C target in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. The BCN films were amorphous, and they exhibited an optical band gap of ∼1.0 eV and p-type conductivity. The BCN films were over-coated with ZnO nanorod arrays using hydrothermal synthesis to form BCN/ZnO-nanorods p-n heterojunctions, exhibiting a rectification ratio of 1500 at bias voltages of ±5 V.
An ultra-efficient energy transfer beyond plasmonic light scattering
Authors: Fu Sze-Ming , Zhong Yan-Kai , Lin Albert
Published: November 2014

The energy transfer between nano-particles is of great importance for, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, nano-particle waveguides, and other photonic devices. This study shows through novel design and algorithm optimization, the energy transfer efficiency between plasmonic and dielectric nano-particles can be greatly improved. Using versatile designs including core-shell wrapping, supercells and dielectric mediated plasmonic scattering, 0.05 dB/μm attenuation can be achieved, which is 20-fold reduction over the baseline plasmonic nano-particle chain, and 8-fold reduction over the baseline dielectric nano-particle chain. In addition, it is also found that the dielectric nano-particle chains can actually be more efficient than the plasmonic ones, at their respective optimized geometry. The underlying physics is that although plasmonic nano-particles provide stronger coupling and field emission, the effect of plasmonic absorption loss is actually more dominant resulting in high attenuation. Finally, the group velocity for all design schemes proposed in this work is shown to be maintained above 0.4c, and it is found that the geometry optimization for transmission also boosts the group velocity.
The microstructural evolution of ultrananocrystalline diamond films due to P ion implantation process—the annealing effect
Authors: Lin Sheng-Chang , Yeh Chien-Jui , Kurian Joji , Dong Chung-Li , Niu Huan , Leou Keh-Chyang , Lin I.-Nan
Published: November 2014

The microstructural evolution of UNCD films which are P-ion implanted and annealed at 600 °C (or 800 °C) is systematically investigated. The difference of interaction that the UNCD content undergoes along the trajectory of the incident P-ions is reflected in the alteration of the granular structure. In regions where the P-ions reside, the “interacting zone,” which is found at about 300 nm beneath the surface of the films, coalescence of diamond grains occurs inducing nano-graphitic clusters. The annealing at 600 °C (or 800 °C) heals the defects and, in some cases, forms interconnected graphitic filaments that result in the decrease in surface resistance. However, the annealing at 600 °C (800 °C) induces marked UNCD-to-Si layers interaction. This interaction due to the annealing processes hinders the electron transport across the interface and degrades the electron field emission properties of the UNCD films. These microstructural evolution processes very well account for the phenomenon elaborating that, in spite of enhanced conductivity of the UNCD films along the film's surface due to the P-ion implantation and annealing processes, the electron field emission properties for these UNCD films do not improve.
Thermoelectric properties of Sn- and Pb-doped Tl9BiTe6 and Tl9SbTe6
Authors: Guo Quansheng , Chan Meghan , Kuropatwa Bryan A. , Kleinke Holger
Published: November 2014

A variety of substitutions in Tl9BiTe6 and Tl9SbTe6 with Sn and Pb, amounting to 14 different samples, were performed by melting the stoichiometric amounts of elements at 923 K, followed by slow cooling. The pulverized powders were sintered using the hot-pressing technique. All samples were of single phase according to the powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Thermoelectric property measurements were performed to investigate the effects of Sn- and Pb-doping on the electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity. Increasing the concentration of the dopants caused increases in electrical and thermal conductivity, while decreasing the Seebeck coefficient. Tl9Bi0.90Pb0.10Te6 and Tl9Bi0.85Pb0.15Te6 exhibited the highest power factor. The changes in lattice thermal conductivity were minor and did not follow a clear trend. Competitive ZT values were obtained for Tl9Bi0.95Sn0.05Te6, Tl9Bi0.95Pb0.05Te6, Tl9Sb0.97Sn0.03Te6, and Tl9Sb0.95Pb0.05Te6, namely 0.95, 0.94, 0.83, and 0.71 around 500 K, respectively. Higher dopant concentrations led to lower ZT values.
Surface reconstructions in molecular beam epitaxy of SrTiO3
Authors: Kajdos Adam P. , Stemmer Susanne
Published: November 2014

We show that reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) can be used as a highly sensitive tool to track surface and resulting film stoichiometry in adsorption-limited molecular beam epitaxy of (001) SrTiO3 thin films. Even under growth conditions that yield films with a lattice parameter that is identical to that of stoichiometric bulk crystals within the detection limit of high-resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD), changes in surface reconstruction occur from (1 × 1) to (2 × 1) to c(4 × 4) as the equivalent beam pressure of the Ti metalorganic source is increased. These surface reconstructions are correlated with a shift from mixed SrO/TiO2 termination to pure TiO2 termination. The crossover to TiO2 surface termination is also apparent in a phase shift in RHEED oscillations observed at the beginning of growth. Comparison with prior results for carrier mobilities of doped films shows that the best films are grown under conditions of a TiO2-saturated surface [c(4 × 4) reconstruction] within the XRD growth window.
Frequency-swept time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing
Authors: Suzuki Yuta , Wang Lihong V.
Published: November 2014

A technique to rapidly scan an optical focus inside a turbid medium is attractive for various biomedical applications. Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing has previously demonstrated light focusing into a turbid medium, using both analog and digital devices. Although the digital implementation can generate a focus with high energy, it has been time consuming to scan the TRUE focus inside a sample. Here, by sweeping the frequencies of both ultrasound and light, we demonstrate a multiplex recording of ultrasonically encoded wavefronts, accelerating the generation of multiple TRUE foci. Using this technique, we obtained a 2-D image of a fluorescent target centered inside a turbid sample having a thickness of 2.4 transport mean free paths.
Pd-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of 1,4-Quinones with N,N′-Dialkyluracils
Authors: Kianmehr Ebrahim , Khalkhali Mehran Rezazadeh , Rezaeefard Masoud , Khan Khalid Mohammed , Ng Seik Weng
Published: November 2014

A straightforward and efficient method for the palladium-catalyzed direct cross-coupling of quinones with N,N′-dialkyluracils via 2-fold C–H activation has been developed to rapidly construct uracil substituted quinone structural motifs.
Quantification of NOx and NH3 emissions from two sugarcane fields
Authors: Macdonald Bennett C. T. , Denmead O. Tom , White Ian
Published: November 2014

This paper reports emissions of NOx and NH3 from a rain-fed, fertilised, residue-blanketed sugarcane field at Mackay, Queensland. Emissions were measured using a micrometeorological flux-gradient technique for the whole of the 2006–07 season and for the first 2 months of the 2007–08 season. Nitrogen (N) fertiliser was applied as urea at a rate of 150 kg N ha–1 into slits 100–150 mm deep. Previous work at the site found that N2O emissions accounted for ~5 kg N ha–1, or 3% of the applied N in the 2006–07 season. In the present study, NOx and NH3 were emitted in both the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons and accounted for ~1.5 kg N ha–1, or ~1% of applied N. The main driver of NOx emissions appeared to be the availability of a soil mineral N source. However, the maximum N2O and NOx fluxes were offset by nearly 20 days, which indicated different emission pathways. After the soil mineral N was exhausted, the emissions of NOx were reduced. Emissions of NH3 continued at around the same rate for the whole of the growing season. Water-filled pore space, which was a main driver of N2O emissions, did not seem to influence the measured emissions of NOx or NH3.
Cane toads (Rhinella marina) in south-western Queensland: invasion front, spread and how Cooper Creek geomorphology could enable invasion into north-eastern South Australia
Authors: Peacock David , Wakelin-King Gresley A. , Shepherd Ben
Published: November 2014

The invasion of northern Australia by the poisonous cane toad is well recognised, as is its devastating impacts on numerous local native species. However, there is little recognition that the toads are spreading into south-western Queensland. Utilising local knowledge, a limited survey was undertaken within the Cooper Creek catchment to locate the invasion front. Dispersal during 2010–11 floods has established cane toads as far south as Jundah. Integrating this information with landform mapping indicates that cane toad invasion can continue south-west down the Cooper Creek. Though arid, Cooper Creek’s geomorphology renders it partially independent of local climate, and permanent and semipermanent waterholes (including RAMSAR-listed wetlands) are found downstream from Windorah and into the Strzelecki Desert. Natural landforms provide potential daytime shelter and breeding sites, and additional suitable habitat created by human activity is also widespread. Even unsuccessful attempts at breeding may be detrimental to regional ecology, especially fish populations, at critical stages of their boom/bust cycle. We conclude that there is no reason why cane toads cannot penetrate further down the Cooper Creek, threatening wetlands in north-eastern South Australia. Published models of cane toad expansion, which conclude that north-eastern South Australia is too dry for cane toad populations to establish, are based on climatic parameters that significantly under-represent true habitat availability.
Human TRPA1 is intrinsically cold- and chemosensitive with and without its N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain
Authors: Moparthi Lavanya , Survery Sabeen , Kreir Mohamed , Simonsen Charlotte , Kjellbom Per , Högestätt Edward D. , Johanson Urban , Zygmunt Peter M.
Published: November 2014

Significance

The ability of an organism to detect and avoid noxious temperatures is crucial for survival. It is, therefore, of great interest that several transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels have been proposed as temperature sensors. However, to date, only the menthol receptor (TRP subtype M8) and the chili pepper receptor (TRP subtype V1) have been shown to be intrinsically temperature-sensitive proteins in mammals. In this study, we show that the purified wasabi receptor (TRP subtype A1) is a cold sensor. Thus, mammals have at least two cold sensors that, together, cover pleasant (TRP subtype M8) and unpleasant (TRP subtype A1) cold temperatures. Our findings add to the understanding of how the temperature sense is organized and its role in pain associated with cold hypersensitivity.
Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance
Authors: Ling Zheng , Ren Chang E. , Zhao Meng-Qiang , Yang Jian , Giammarco James M. , Qiu Jieshan , Barsoum Michel W. , Gogotsi Yury
Published: November 2014

Significance

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes) offer a quite unique combination of excellent mechanical properties, hydrophilic surfaces, and metallic conductivity. In this first report (to our knowledge) on MXene composites of any kind, we show that adding polymer binders/spacers between atomically thin MXenes layers or reinforcing polymers with MXenes results in composite films that have excellent flexibility, good tensile and compressive strengths, and electrical conductivity that can be adjusted over a wide range. The volumetric capacitances of freestanding Ti
3
C
2
T

x

MXene and its composite films exceed all previously published results. Owing to their mechanical strength and impressive capacitive performance, these films have the potential to be used for structural energy storage devices, electrochemical actuators, radiofrequency shielding, among other applications.
Regularity at infinity of Hadamard manifolds with respect to some elliptic operators and applications to asymptotic Dirichlet problems
Authors: Ripoll Jaime , Telichevesky Miriam
Published: November 2014

Let

M
M

be Hadamard manifold with sectional curvature

K

M

≤
−

k

2

K_{M}\leq -k^{2}

,

k
>
0

k>0

. Denote by

∂

∞

M

\partial _{\infty }M

the asymptotic boundary of

M
M

. We say that

M
M

satisfies the strict convexity condition (SC condition) if, given

x
∈

∂

∞

M

x\in \partial _{\infty }M

and a relatively open subset

W
⊂

∂

∞

M

W\subset \partial _{\infty }M

containing

x
x

, there exists a

C

2

C^{2}

open subset

Ω
⊂
M

\Omega \subset M

such that

x
∈
Int
⁡

(

∂

∞

Ω
)

⊂
W

x\in \operatorname *{Int}\left ( \partial _{\infty }\Omega \right ) \subset W

and

M
∖
Ω

M\setminus \Omega

is convex. We prove that the SC condition implies that

M
M

is regular at infinity relative to the operator
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper Q left-bracket u right-bracket colon equals normal d normal i normal v left-parenthesis StartFraction a left-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue nabla u EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis Over StartAbsoluteValue nabla u EndAbsoluteValue EndFraction nabla u right-parenthesis comma">

Q

[
u
]

:=

d
i
v

(

a
(

|

∇
u

|

)

|

∇
u

|

∇
u
)

,

\mathcal {Q}\left [ u\right ] :=\mathrm {{\,div\,}}\left ( \frac {a(|\nabla u|)}{|\nabla u|}\nabla u\right ) ,

\]
subject to some conditions. It follows that under the SC condition, the Dirichlet problem for the minimal hypersurface and the

p
p

-Laplacian (

p
>
1

p>1

) equations are solvable for any prescribed continuous asymptotic boundary data. It is also proved that if

M
M

is rotationally symmetric or if
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="inf Underscript upper B Subscript upper R plus 1 Baseline Endscripts upper K Subscript upper M Baseline greater-than-or-equal-to minus e Superscript 2 k upper R Baseline slash upper R Superscript 2 plus 2 epsilon Baseline comma upper R greater-than-or-equal-to upper R Superscript asterisk Baseline comma">

inf

B

R
+
1

K

M

≥
−

e

2
k
R

/

R

2
+
2
ϵ

,

R
≥

R

∗

,

\inf _{B_{R+1}}K_{M}\geq -e^{2kR}/R^{2+2\epsilon },\,\,R\geq R^{\ast },

for some

R

∗

R^{\ast }

and

ϵ
>
0
,

\epsilon >0,

where

B

R
+
1

B_{R+1}

is the geodesic ball with radius

R
+
1

R+1

centered at a fixed point of

M
,

M,

then

M
M

satisfies the SC condition.
Crystallographic actions on contractible algebraic manifolds
Authors: Dekimpe Karel , Petrosyan Nansen
Published: November 2014

We study properly discontinuous and cocompact actions of a discrete subgroup

Γ
\Gamma

of an algebraic group

G
G

on a contractible algebraic manifold

X
X

. We suppose that this action comes from an algebraic action of

G
G

on

X
X

such that a maximal reductive subgroup of

G
G

fixes a point. When the real rank of any simple subgroup of

G
G

is at most one or the dimension of

X
X

is at most three, we show that

Γ
\Gamma

is virtually polycyclic. When

Γ
\Gamma

is virtually polycyclic, we show that the action reduces to an NIL-affine crystallographic action. Specializing to NIL-affine actions, we prove that the generalized Auslander conjecture holds up to dimension six and give a new proof of the fact that every virtually polycyclic group admits an NIL-affine crystallographic action.
Caldero-Chapoton algebras
Authors: Cerulli Irelli Giovanni , Labardini-Fragoso Daniel , Schröer Jan
Published: November 2014

Motivated by the representation theory of quivers with potential introduced by Derksen, Weyman and Zelevinsky and by work of Caldero and Chapoton, who gave explicit formulae for the cluster variables of cluster algebras of Dynkin type, we associate a Caldero-Chapoton algebra

A

Λ

\mathcal {A}_\Lambda

to any (possibly infinite-dimensional) basic algebra

Λ
\Lambda

. By definition,

A

Λ

\mathcal {A}_\Lambda

is (as a vector space) generated by the Caldero-Chapoton functions

C
Λ

(

M

)

C_\Lambda (\mathcal {M})

of the decorated representations

M

\mathcal {M}

of

Λ
\Lambda

. If

Λ
=

P

(
Q
,
W
)

\Lambda = \mathcal {P}(Q,W)

is the Jacobian algebra defined by a 2-acyclic quiver

Q
Q

with non-degenerate potential

W
W

, then we have

A

Q

⊆

A

Λ

⊆

A

Q

u
p

\mathcal {A}_Q \subseteq \mathcal {A}_\Lambda \subseteq \mathcal {A}_Q^{\mathrm {up}}

, where

A

Q

\mathcal {A}_Q

and

A

Q

u
p

\mathcal {A}_Q^{\mathrm {up}}

are the cluster algebra and the upper cluster algebra associated to

Q
Q

. The set

B

Λ

\mathcal {B}_\Lambda

of generic Caldero-Chapoton functions is parametrized by the strongly reduced components of the varieties of representations of the Jacobian algebra

P

(
Q
,
W
)

\mathcal {P}(Q,W)

and was introduced by Geiss, Leclerc and Schröer. Plamondon parametrized the strongly reduced components for finite-dimensional basic algebras. We generalize this to arbitrary basic algebras. Furthermore, we prove a decomposition theorem for strongly reduced components. We define

B

Λ

\mathcal {B}_\Lambda

for arbitrary

Λ
\Lambda

, and we conjecture that

B

Λ

\mathcal {B}_\Lambda

is a basis of the Caldero-Chapoton algebra

A

Λ

\mathcal {A}_\Lambda

. Thanks to the decomposition theorem, all elements of

B

Λ

\mathcal {B}_\Lambda

can be seen as generalized cluster monomials. As another application, we obtain a new proof for the sign-coherence of

g
g

-vectors.