bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Significance versus Clinical Relevance: Key Considerations in Interpretation Medical Research Data
Authors: AbdulRaheem Yousif
Published: October 2024

Medical research plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of various aspects related to health, including disease, risk factors, and patient management. However, the interpretation of research data becomes intricate when considering the notions of statistical significance and clinical relevance. It is not uncommon to interpret findings that demonstrate statistical significance as indicative of clinical relevance. To explain it in a more straightforward way, statistical significance, ascertained through statistical tests using the P value, indicates that an observed difference or association is improbable to occur by chance alone. Conversely, clinical relevance focuses on the practical implications of a finding in real-world contexts and determines whether an observed difference or relationship holds practical meaning. Recently, there have been issues and debates surrounding the idea of statistical significance as certain experts argue that its mathematical representation can be misleading when it comes to practical understanding. These experts propose the inclusion of additional measures like effect sizes and confidence intervals. A sound comprehension of both statistical and clinical dimensions is vital in order to ensure precise interpretation of data and facilitate well-informed decision-making in the practice of medicine. By doing so, it positively influences the health of individuals and communities.
Five Years of National Health Policy in India: Critical Analysis of the Public Health Expenditure from 2017 to 2022 and Way Forward
Authors: Agrawal Sanjana , Chauhan Gopal , Galhotra Abhiruchi , Goel Sonu
Published: October 2024

This retrospective study assesses the impact of India’s National Health Policy (NHP) 2017 on public health expenditure and its implications for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG-3). Using secondary data analysis from government sources, we observed health budget trends relative to GDP from 2017 to 2022. The study found a marginal increase in public health expenditure from 0.9% to 1.6% of GDP, which is below the NHP’s target of 2.5%. The results underscore the challenge of high out-of-pocket expenses, which remain a barrier to UHC. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the inadequacies of the current funding levels. We conclude that a substantial increase in health budget allocations is crucial for India to make significant strides toward UHC and meet SDG-3 targets. The study also calls for strategic enhancements in healthcare infrastructure and services to address the persistent gaps in healthcare delivery and financing. The findings advocate for a more aggressive approach to public health investment to ensure that quality healthcare services are accessible, affordable, and equitable for all citizens, thereby advancing India’s progress toward comprehensive health coverage.
COPD Unveiled: Insights from Dwellers along a Busy Highway in Kattankulathur Block
Authors: Pradeep MVM , Logaraj M , Bincy K
Published: October 2024

Background:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious lung condition that imposes a significant financial burden on individuals and society, straining the medical system. According to the World Health Organization, it was the third leading cause of death worldwide in 2020. In India, it ranks as the second leading cause of death, and in Tamil Nadu, it is the tenth. The Global Burden of Disease study in 2018 found that COPD accounted for 50% of all cases and 69% of disability. Outdoor air pollution plays a major role in India’s burden of chronic respiratory diseases. Early diagnosis and intervention can help to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and reduce morbidity and mortality, ultimately improving quality of life.

Objectives:

(1) To estimate the prevalence of COPD among the study population (2) To assess the risk factors associated with COPD among the study population.

Methodology:

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults along the roadside dwelling of a National Highway. Using a multi-stage random sampling technique 403 elderly was selected. Participants were interviewed by a pre-tested structured questionnaire followed by spirometry (pulmonary function test) evaluation. Data entry was performed in an Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS. The odds ratio and Chi-square test were performed to determine the association between qualitative variables.

Results:

Among 403 study population 58% were male and 42% were female. The prevalence of COPD was found to be 22%, it was 11.1% among males and 10.9% among females. It is evident that individuals, who had exposure to risk factors such as cigarette smoking 78%, overcrowding 35.8%, lack of cross ventilation 10.9%, and living near a highway within 50 m of distance 36.2% are at more risk for developing COPD.

Conclusion:

Study revealed that people living in closer proximity with roadways increases the risk of COPD.
Telemedicine-Enabled Otoscopes as Catalysts for Accessible and Preventive Ear Health Care: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Dash Girish Chandra , Sahoo Krushna Chandra , Dubey Shubhankar , Sahoo Rakesh Kumar , Naik Jyotsna , Rajsekar Kavitha , Bhattacharya Debdutta , Pati Sanghamitra
Published: October 2024

Background:

Maintaining optimal hearing health and preventing ear infections is crucial across all life stages, spanning from before birth and infancy to middle age and beyond. The primary aim of the research was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the telemedicine-enabled otoscope (TEO) in diagnosing ear diseases with that of the conventional otoscope.

Materials and Methods:

The databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase were thoroughly searched to find original studies on TEO at the community as well as hospital levels along with meta-analysis for comparison with standard diagnostic methods using traditional otoscopes.

Results:

The telemedicine-equipped otoscope displays a sensitivity of 82% (confidence interval 0.78–0.95) and a specificity of 95% (confidence interval 0.93–0.96). When employed by physicians, the combined sensitivity and specificity become 84% (confidence interval 0.79–0.88) and 91% (confidence interval 0.87–0.94), respectively. Community Health Workers (CHWs) using telemedicine-enabled otoscopes exhibit a collective sensitivity of 80% (confidence interval 0.72–0.87) and a collective specificity of 97% (confidence interval 0.95–0.98). Snapping multiple photographs and removal of cerumen where necessary in increasing the quality of the photographs for diagnosis.

Conclusions:

The TEO holds the promise of substantially enhancing the accessibility of audiology services, encompassing evaluation, public outreach, and fundamental care. Its implementation has the potential to fortify primary health care environments, contributing to the prevention of ear diseases and assisting in mitigating the shortage of skilled ear care professionals.
Benign Adult-Type Osteopetrosis with Recurrent Osteomyelitis of the Maxilla—A Rare Case Report
Authors: Aswath Nalini , Bhargavi R.
Published: October 2024

Osteopetrosis, also known as marble bone disease, is a genetic condition characterised by generalised sclerosis of bones. The osteoclastic cells responsible for bone resorption are defective and nonfunctional. These patients tend to have low bone quality in spite of increased bone deposition and thus experience multiple fractures during their life span. The bones are dense with loss of corticomedullary differentiation. A case report of benign adult type of osteopetrosis wherein a 47-year-old man underwent simple dental extraction of maxillary posterior teeth that segued to chronic nonhealing osteomyelitis of the maxilla is presented. Sequestromy of the dead bone further complicated the secondary infection due to nonhealing of the surgical area. The patient was treated with a full course of antibiotics and is under regular follow-up. Since dental extractions can lead to osteomyelitis of jaw bones judicious evaluation and careful treatment planning are advised.
Feasibility of the International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS) Protocol in a Hospital-Based Setting in India
Authors: Azam Imam , Mathur Vijay P. , Tewari Nitesh , Morankar Rahul , Bansal Kalpana , Rajwar Anju
Published: October 2024

Objective:

To evaluate the feasibility of the International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS) protocol in a hospital-based setting in India.

Methods:

A total of 160 children, 3–6 years old children reporting with dental caries to a hospital-based setting were recruited. Risk-based management of dental caries was conducted and followed for one year as per the modified ICCMS protocol. The feasibility of the ICCMS protocol was evaluated based on treatment outcomes including symptom reduction, patient compliance, and time taken in risk assessment. Qualitative outcomes were assessed using a paired t-test, whereas the Wilcoxon signed-rank test assessed the change in quantitative variables from baseline to one year.

Results:

A one-year follow-up assessment was completed for 139 children. Majority of children (101 = 72.7%) had high caries risk, while (38 = 27.3%) had moderate risk. A significant improvement was observed in terms of reduction in patient symptoms such as reducing the number of active caries, maintaining sound teeth, and maintaining restored teeth (P < 0.05). The time taken for risk assessment was also significantly reduced (mean difference 1.99 ± 3.37 min) at one-year recall.

Conclusion:

The ICCMS protocol for caries management is feasible in terms of systematic symptom reduction in both moderate and high dental caries risk patients.
Development and validation of the premenstrual dysphoric disorder scale in Indian females
Authors: Jain Asmita , Pandey Manoj K. , Rao T. S. Sathyanarayana
Published: October 2024

Background:

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a mood disorder that has been recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as a subcategory of depressive disorders. The disorder has a high prevalence rate, and yet no uniform measure is standardized on the Indian population.

Aim:

This study aimed to develop a scale to assess premenstrual dysphoric disorder that can be used for screening and for clinical use and that is standardized on the Indian population.

Methods:

This study used cross-sectional research design and collected data through social media platforms from a sample of 300 females, out of which 38 were excluded for pregnancy, mental health conditions, substance use, and oral contraceptive use.

Results:

The scale was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for descriptive statistics, internal consistency, and convergent, content (factor analysis), and divergent validity. Results showed a high reliability of 0.90 and a concurrent validity of 0.76 and 0.64 against PSTT and BDI. Factor analysis revealed four factors, namely, affective and cognitive functioning, daily life and occupational functioning, somatic symptoms, and interpersonal anger. The sensitivity and specificity of the scale were found to be 86 (86%) and 66 (66%), respectively.

Conclusion:

The scale developed in this study was found reliable and valid for use on the Indian population. It has high sensitivity and can be used as a screening measure for premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Assessing disaster mental health preparedness among primary health care physicians of Karnataka, India: Designing and conducting a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey
Authors: Prakash Aishwarya , Chandna Ateev S. , Panda Tushar K. , Puri Madhavi , Parthasarathy Rajani , Manikappa Sanjeev K. , Christy Jayakumar , Goyal Ajay K. , Damodharan Dinakaran
Published: October 2024

Background:

Disaster mental health is a critical yet neglected aspect in India. Primary care physicians (PCPs) play a crucial role in mitigating mental health challenges following disasters. This study conducted a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) survey among PCPs in Karnataka to assess their disaster mental health preparedness.

Methods:

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from February to May 2023 targeting PCPs across 29 districts of Karnataka in a convenient snowball sampling method. The questionnaire review included KAP questions on disaster mental healthcare. A total of 324 PCPs responded.

Results:

Knowledge scores were moderate (mean: 7.05), attitudes were positive (mean: 9.15), and practices were poor (mean: 0.32). Significant correlations were found between clinical experience and knowledge/attitudes/practices (rho 0.358, P < 0.001; rho 0.147, P = 0.007; rho 0.232, P = 0.003).

Conclusion:

There is a large gap between theoretical knowledge and practical preparedness in disaster mental health. Training programs and government initiatives are essential to improve preparedness among PCPs.
Investigating the psychometric properties of pathological concern questionnaire in Indian emerging adults
Authors: Gupta Shubham , Tiwari Priyanka
Published: October 2024

Background:

The Pathological Concern Questionnaire (PCQ) measures thoughts, emotions, and actions based on attitudes, including repression of personal needs and overinvestment in satisfaction of others’ needs. The PCQ is widely used in the literature, but its psychometric properties are not well-established in the Indian population.

Aim:

The current study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of PCQ among emerging adults in India.

Materials and Methods:

The data were collected from 252 emerging adults, aged between 18 and 29 years using PCQ. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to analyse the data. Internal reliability was computed using Cronbach’s alpha and correlational analysis was conducted to examine the convergent and discriminant validity.

Results:

The statistical findings supported an acceptable goodness of fit for PCQ in India. PCQ showed an adequate internal consistency (α = 0.903). In addition, correlational analyses supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the PCQ.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that the PCQ is a valid and reliable instrument to measure pathological concern among Indian emerging adults.
A Histopathological Study on the Deleterious Effect of Chronic Levothyroxine Sodium Administration on the Gastric Mucosa of Adult Male Albino Rats
Authors: Amer Rabab M. , Motawea Shaimaa M. , Elseady Walaa S.
Published: October 2024

Background:

levothyroxine sodium is considered the top drug for treatment of people with hypothyroidism. It is manufactured from the original biological hormone thyroxine. This replacement treatment is almost the only solution for hypothyroid patients. The mucosal lining of the stomach is one of the defense mechanisms protecting the body from harmful effects of ingested exogenous substances and microorganisms. The gastric mucosa is vulnerable to toxic substances.

Aim of the Work:

In this work we tried to investigate the histopathological effect of chronic oral levothyroxine sodium administration on the fundic mucosa of the adult male albino rats using a histological study.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty adult male albino rats weighing 150-200 grams were used, divided into three main groups: Group I (control group): included 10 rats that received no treatment for the same periods as the experimental animals. Group II: It Included 10 rats that each rat received levothyroxine sodium dissolved in distilled water and given for each rat orally by orogastric tube in a dose equal to 2mcg/kg per day for 60 days. Group III This group consisted of 10 rats, each rat received levothyroxine sodium by orogastric tube in a dose equal to 4mcg/kg per day for 60 days. The fundic gastric mucosa specimens were subjected to histological (light, immunostaining and scanning electron microscopic examination). The data were analyzed statistically.

Results:

The current study of the control group revealed the normal architecture of gastric wall of rats at the fundus formed of the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosa the gastric glands, and muscularis externa. Group II showed widening of the gastric pits and their lining epithelium became thinner, increased mucous secretion filling the dilated pits. Group III showed more obvious widening of the gastric pits and more mucous secretion lodging the pits orifices with sloughing of the surface epithelium.

Conclusion:

Finally, we can conclude that the long-term administration of oral levothyroxine sodium can produce structural harmful changes in the gastric mucosa of adult male rats.
Labial Fusion in a Postmenopausal Woman Presenting with Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Arpit A. Vachhani , Nilam K. Patel , Smitul A. Vachhani , Anita J. Shah
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause refers to the collection of signs and symptoms associated with decrease in estrogen and other sex steroids involving changes in labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule/introitus, vagina, urethra, and bladder. This term was coined in 2014 to reduce the stigma associated with genital symptoms after menopause. Our patient is a 65-year-old woman, menopausal for the past 15 years, who presented with dribbling of urine for 1 month. On examination, she was diagnosed with complete labial fusion. Diabetes was incidentally detected and antidiabetic treatment was started. Considering dense labial adhesion, the patient underwent surgical separation of labia under anesthesia. Postoperatively, she was put on topical estrogen therapy and was advised to maintain proper hygiene. She was followed up regularly for a month to prevent refusion.
An Unheard Variant of Leiomyoma Cotyledonoid Dissecting Leiomyoma: Case Report
Authors: Yadav Alka , Raychauduri Sujata , Kaur Lakshinder , Wadhwa Ruchira , Bhardwaj Minakshi
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus with varied morphology that are well known to undergo secondary changes. A variety of other unusual patterns of uterine leiomyoma have been described, such as parasitic leiomyoma, cellular leiomyoma, symplastic or bizarre leiomyoma, epithelioid leiomyoma, intravenous leiomyomatosis, and leiomyoma with secondary changes. Some cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma (CDL) appears as large fungating masses with widespread extension into the broad ligament and pelvic cavity. Due to its rarity and a clinician’s lack of familiarity, such tumors are sometimes misdiagnosed as malignancies. We present a rare case report of CDL. It is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, pathologists, and radiologists and can be confused with malignancy due to its large size. After extensive literature research, we found 28 case reports of this variant. Little is known in the literature about this entity. We present here a case report of a 65-year-old female emphasizing its clinical, radiological, gross, and microscopic findings. A total hysterectomy was performed on the patient. This tumor does not have malignant potential, but clinicians and pathologists must be aware of its existence to avoid over-treating patients as malignancy.
LeFort Colpocleisis: Unmet Expectations about Correction of Urinary Symptoms Are Related to Disappointment and Regret
Authors: Mikos Themistoklis , Tsiapakidou Sofia , Lioupis Matteo , Anthoulakis Christos , Theodoulidis Iakovos , Grimbizis Grigoris F.
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction and Hypothesis:

The aims of this study were to define long-term anatomic outcome, satisfaction rate, and reasons for disappointment and regret in a group of patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse who underwent LeFort colpocleisis (LFC).

Materials and Methods:

This was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study including consecutive patients who underwent LFC from 2007 to 2021. All patients had surgery involving vaginal hysterectomy and anti-incontinence procedure where clinically indicated. All patients were examined 3 months after surgery. A cross-sectional telephone survey was performed in 2022 using the Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S), Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I), and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) questionnaires, as well as the Decision Regret Scale. Student’s t-test, Fisher’s Chi-square test, and univariable logistic regression analysis were carried out.

Results:

One hundred and forty-one patients (mean age 74.95 ± 6.25 years) were included. The mean preoperative POP Quantification C/D point was +6 (±2.7). In 86 (60.99%) patients, a hysterectomy and in 56 (39.71%), a mid-urethral synthetic sling was performed. At 3-month follow-up, there was one prolapse recurrence (0.71%) and no case of regret of sexual function loss. In the long term, 28 patients died, and 69 patients were interviewed through telephone (follow-up 61.65 months). The mean PGI-S, PGI-I, and PGI-C scores were 1.42 (±0.81), 1.93 (±1.45), and 5.91 (±1.69) respectively, and no patient declared regret about vaginal intercourse loss. Preoperative and postoperative persistent or de novo mixed UI appeared to be related to decreased satisfaction and regret post-LFC (P = 0.0021).

Conclusion:

LFC is a valuable, easy-to-perform technique with long-lasting results and decreased postoperative anti-incontinence rates. However, de novo or persistent urinary incontinence appears to be related to decreased satisfaction rates.
Unusual Extension of Superficial Spreading Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Cervix to Uterus, Paraovarian, Paratubal Tissue, and Vaginal Surface: A Unique Case Report
Authors: Kumar Naina , Pradeep Immanuel , Mangla Mishu , Srirambhatla Annapurna , Jarathi Aparna
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Superficial spreading cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare phenomenon with few cases reported in the literature. The present case report briefs the findings of superficial spreading cervical SCC in postmenopausal women. A 65-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with bleeding per-vaginum for 1–2 months. On examination, the cervix was healthy with no visible growth. She was diagnosed with an endometrial malignancy on magnetic resonance imaging. On endometrial and cervical biopsy, histopathology revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III in ectocervix with SCC in endocervical and endometrial curetting. The patient underwent modified radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and histopathology revealed superficially spreading cervical SCC with tumor cells involving endometrium, myometrium, paratubal, paraovarian, vaginal margins without extending to pelvic, and para-aortic lymph nodes. The patient was further managed successfully with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Superficial spreading cervical SCC is very rare phenomenon. Its spread is not only limited to endometrium but can extend to involve myometrium, paratubal, paraovarian, and vaginal tissues.
Evaluation of Efficacy and Cost-effectiveness of Outpatient Resection of Endometrial Pathologies in a University Hospital in the UK
Authors: Jamdade Kshitij , Opokuansah PapaYaw , Kalkur Sanjaya
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of outpatient MyoSure procedures and their cost-effectiveness.

Design:

A retrospective analysis of patients who had outpatient MyoSure procedures from November 2019 to November 2020.

Subjects and Methods:

Data were collected retrospectively from electronic patient records (hysteroscopy reports, clinic notes, clinic letters, and histopathology results) from November 2019 to November 2020 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software.

Results:

Fifty-eight outpatient MyoSure procedures were performed from November 2019 to November 2020. The mean age was 53.13 years (22–81 years) and the mean body mass index was 29.65 kg/m2 (18–51 kg/m2). We found that our service has a success rate of 93.1% (54/58), a completion rate of 92.59% (50/58), and a discharge rate of 82.75% (48/58). The complete resection rate for polyps was 100% and for fibroids, it was 76.47%. When compared to the same procedure performed under general or regional anesthesia in a day surgery setting, an outpatient MyoSure procedure saves around 1117 GBP per procedure, for the Trust. We have compared data for the first 6 months to the following 6-month period. There were significant improvements in the success rate, completion rate, and discharge rate, also accompanied by a reduced complication rate. This is likely due to improved operators’ experience in performing the procedure, and also the increased use of local anesthetic injection and cervical dilatation.

Conclusions:

Outpatient MyoSure procedures are feasible, efficacious, safe, acceptable, and cost-effective. The use of local anesthetic and cervical dilation has been associated with improved success rates.
Empowering Precision Oncology: Advancing Cancer Research by Augmenting Single-cell RNA and Bulk RNA Sequencing for Confronting the Heterogeneity in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Siham Muhammed Ali , Prabahar A. Ashwin
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Ovarian cancer presents significant challenges in clinical oncology due to its high prevalence, heterogeneity, and late-stage diagnosis. Our study explores the application of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and bulk RNA sequencing to enhance our understanding of ovarian cancer at the molecular level. We highlight the diagnostic strategies and emphasize the critical role of scRNA-Seq in unraveling the intricate cellular composition and phenotypic plasticity within ovarian tumors. We also discuss the identification of rare cell subtypes, characterization of distinct cell types, and elucidation of molecular features, signaling pathways, and dysregulated networks using scRNA-Seq. Furthermore, our study showcases how scRNA-Seq aids in the discovery of novel biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction, as well as identifying therapeutic targets and pathways associated with drug resistance.
Role of Preoperative and Postoperative Endovaginal Ultrasound and 24 h Pad Test in Evaluation of Efficacy of Various Treatment Modalities for Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Sharma Jai Bhagwan , Kakkad Vivek , Kumari Rajesh , Pandey Kavita , Deoghare Manasi
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common problem affecting the quality of life of women.

Materials and Methods:

It is a prospective study conducted over 40 women of SUI by endovaginal ultrasound on rest and Valsalva preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively for levator hiatus (LH), pubovisceral thickness, urethral length, and bladder neck (BN) position. A 24 h pad test was also performed on all women at the same time for grading of SUI. Treatment given was medical in 4 (10%), Burch colposuspension in 18 (45%), and tension-free obturator tape in 18 (45%).

Results:

The mean age, parity, and body mass index in the study were 41.60 years, 2.73, and 24.2 kg/m2, respectively. All 40 (100%) patients had SUI with a mean duration of symptoms being 4.04 years. On 24 h pad test, mild SUI was in 4 (10%), moderate SUI in 33 (82.5%), and severe SUI in 3 (7.5%) with mean preoperative 24 h pad test being 36.69 g which significantly reduced to 9.79 g postoperatively (P = 0.001). There was significant change in LH and pubovisceral thickness with treatment of SUI. Overall urethral length increased but there was significant decrease in urethral length on Valsalva after the treatment (0.40 cm vs. 0.28 cm, P = 0.04) and significant reduction in BN descent after Valsalva after treatment (0.41 cm vs. 0.27 cm, P = 0.001).

Conclusion:

Endovaginal ultrasound and 24 h pad test are the useful diagnostic modalities for SUI diagnosis and to see the impact of treatment.
Variable Geometry Turbine Turbocharger Optimization Using Machine
Learning for On-Highway Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Wichlinski Joseph , Gonser Lukas , Naik Pavan , Taylor Alexander H. , Al-Hasan Nisar S.
Published: October 2024

Turbocharger design involves adjustment of various geometric parameters to
improve the performance and suit mechanical constraints, depending on the
application-specific requirements. In designing the turbine stage, these
parameters are optimized to maximize durability and efficiencies at the required
operating points. For a heavy-duty class eight truck, “road load” and “rated
power” are generally considered the two most important operating points. The
objective of this article is to improve the efficiencies of these two operating
points.

The common challenge in the development of a turbine wheel design is the large
number and interdependence of parameters to optimize. For example, increasing
the blade thickness improves structural strength but reduces the mass flow
capacity, thus influencing its performance. It is general practice to optimize
the wheel geometry using iterative CFD analysis. However, running simulations
for every single change in geometry involves significant computation time and
does not guarantee the global optimum.

This study proposes a machine learning (ML)-driven optimization process for
variable turbine geometry (VTG) wheels with two target operating points. Initial
CFD data is collected and used to train/validate a ML model for each operating
point. A multi-objective optimization algorithm utilizes these ML models to
provide a list of ideal turbine wheel designs, and the best candidates are
validated in CFD for accuracy. The results are a balanced maximization in
efficiency for both operating points, with an improvement in the pareto front by
1.4% points over CFD optimization alone.
A Comparative Study on Autonomous Vehicle Local Path Planning Through
Model Predictive Control and Frenet Frame Method
Authors: Arjmandzadeh Ziba , Abbasi Mohammad Hossein , Wang Hanchen , Zhang Jiangfeng , Xu Bin
Published: October 2024

In recent years, autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been receiving increasing
attention from investors, automakers, and academia due to the envisioned
potentials of AVs in enhancing safety, reducing emissions, and improving
comfort. The crucial task in AV development boils down to perception and
navigation. The research is underway, in both academia and industry, to improve
AV’s perception and navigation and reduce the underlying computation and costs.
This article proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based local path-planning
method in the Cartesian framework to overcome the long computation time and lack
of smoothness of the Frenet method. A new equation is proposed in the MPC cost
function to improve the safety in path planning. In this regard, an AV is built
based on a 2015 Nissan Leaf S by modifying the drive-by-wire function and
installing environment perception sensors and computation units. The custom-made
AV then collected data in Norman, Oklahoma, and assisted in the performance
evaluation of the two control algorithms in this work. Both straight roads and
curved roads are considered in the evaluation. For the purpose of saving costs
and raising real-world implementation potential, the vision-only solution is
applied in object detection and bird’s-eye-view coordinate data generation. MPC
and Frenet coordinate system approaches are independently employed to generate a
safe and smooth path for the AV using the collected data. The two methods are
compared in terms of smoothness, safety, and computation time. Compared with the
Frenet-based method, the proposed MPC method reduces the computation time by
80%, and the path smoothness is significantly improved.
The Perceived Effectiveness of Risk Reduction Strategies Adopted by Smallholder Horticultural Farmers in Nabuyonga Sub Catchment, Mbale City, Uganda
Authors: Mugagga Frank
Published: October 2024

Smallholder horticultural farmers face a mix of inter-related risks and challenges which jeopardize their livelihoods, food security and nutrition, thereby rendering them increasingly vulnerable to a spectrum of emerging climatic, health, price and financial risks. This study thus, aimed at contributing to a better understanding of the risks faced and the perceived effectiveness of the risk reduction strategies adopted by smallholder farmers in pursuit of an enhanced urban food system resilience in Mbale City, Eastern Uganda. A multi-level sampling criteria in which households that practiced horticulture were purposively selected from the lists obtained from the Mbale City Production office. Thereafter, seventy-seven households were randomly selected from the lists for the study. Data were collected by way of household interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics notably, independent t- tests and analysis of variance. The results revealed that significant risks such as floods and dry spells (88.3%) which mainly affected tomato gardens (72.7%), followed by counterfeit inputs (83%), price fluctuations (76.8%), health risks (particularly COVID19) (71%) and stealing of already grown crops (66.2%). It was established that effectiveness of adopted risk reduction strategies was significantly influenced by education levels, income sources and gender (p-value < 0.005). The study recommends several interventions including the exploration of low-cost technologies by smallholder farmers, enhancement of stakeholder engagements, improved logistical support and facilitation of agricultural extension officers as well as, investing in affordable storage facilities. If implemented through a coordinated process, these recommendations could significantly enhance agricultural productivity, value addition and sustainable livelihood opportunities while concurrently promoting the economic prosperity of the wider Mbale City region.
The utility of coping strategies employed by mothers of children with disabilities (MCwDs) in Torwood, Redcliff, Zimbabwe: Implications on development work
Authors: Munemo Wedline , Mwapaura Kudzai
Published: October 2024

This paper sought to examine the utility of the coping strategies employed by mothers in providing care to their children with disabilities. Data were gathered using the Ubuntu research approach through dialogue and the dare or indaba with twelve mothers from a local support group in Torwood community. In-situ primary analysis was utilised as data collection was in progress. Guided by the African strengths’ theory, the study demonstrated the valuable nature of the coping strategies utilised in caregiving tasks including, selling, locking up children in the houses, acceptance and preparedness, spiritual beliefs, hope and support group in raising their children with disabilities. Evidence also revealed that the strengths of the mothers rested upon a support group, hiding from intimidating environments, support from the church and belief in faith healing. The study concludes that despite the negative experience encountered in caregiving, mothers recounted the significance of their strengths and coping mechanisms in ensuring smooth caregiving of their children with disabilities. The study then proffers a number of recommendations and some of them are Associations like the Zimbabwe Parents of the Handicapped Children Association and other advocacy groups should be involved in establishing and running more support groups in working with the mothers of children with disabilities. Development work of assisting children living with disabilities should be treated as a significant field when professionals such as social workers are being trained. This will ensure that social workers have a total understanding of the negative experiences of caregivers in their caregiving task and the role that social workers have to play in alleviating the burden of caregivers to improve the quality of care for the children with disabilities.
How to cite this article using ASWDNet style
Munemo, W. & Mwapaura, K. (2024). The utility of coping strategies employed by mothers of children with disabilities (MCwDs) in Torwood, Redcliff, Zimbabwe: Implications on development work. People centred – The Journal of Development Administration (JDA), 9(1), 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jda.v9i1.1
Visit journal website: https://jda.africasocialwork.net
Exponential type estimator for estimating finite population mean with auxiliary variables under simple random sampling
Authors: Kanwai M.E. , Yakubu Y. , Isah A. , Usman A.
Published: October 2024

In this study, a ratio-product-cum-exponential type estimators for estimating the population mean in single phase sampling were proposed. The biases and Mean Square Errors (MSEs) of these estimators were obtained up to the first order of approximation. Theoretical and empirical comparative approach using real datasets and simulation study were investigated. The results showed that the  proposed estimators were more efficient than the sample mean, ratio, product, exponential ratio and product estimator. Furthermore,  the efficiency of the proposed estimators were investigated at different correlation levels and it was found that as the correlation  increases the efficiency also changes positively. This suggests that when the auxiliary and study variables are more strongly correlated,  the estimators become more efficient, reducing estimation errors and increasing precision.
A study on the efficiency of new beta polynomial kernels
Authors: Ojobor S.A. , Siloko I.U.
Published: October 2024

Kernel density estimation is a widely used nonparametric method for estimating the probability density functions of observed data. The  efficiency of the kernel method is significantly influenced by the choice of the kernel function and other statistical properties such as its  roughness and variance. This study investigated the new beta polynomial family's efficiency and compared the efficiency values with the  classic beta kernel family. The roughness and variance of the new core functions were determined to calculate the efficiency values. The  numerical values of the efficiency of the classic beta family and the new family were determined and compared for univariate and  bivariate kernel functions. The results of the study showed that the new beta family has higher efficiency values compared to the classic  beta family. The higher efficiency of the proposed beta family is due to their coefficients being larger than the classic kernel functions.
Growth and seed yield responses of okra to different rates of kitchen waste compost application in a tropical environment
Authors: Tandoh P.K. , Idun I.A. , Appiah J. , Tandoh J.
Published: October 2024

Okra is a valuable vegetable crop which is known to be rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium, and other minerals. However, poor soil  fertility in the tropics has become a barrier for quality okra seed production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of  different rates of kitchen waste compost on the growth, and seed yield of okra. The experiment was laid out by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments and replicated three times. Three different rates of kitchen waste compost (270 g, 540 g and 830 g) with topsoil and topsoil only (as control) were used as the treatments. The study revealed that number of leaves, number of pods and aborted flowers did not significantly affect the compost rates. However, plants treated with kitchen waste compost  at a rate of 830 g had the best performance in terms of plant height, stem girth, days to 50% flowering, number of flowers, days to  physiological maturity and seed yield. Additionally, kitchen waste compost at a rate of 830 g amended topsoil had significant influence on  seeds per pod, total seed weight and 1000 seed weight. A correlation analysis showed that there was a strong, positive and significant  (r=0.99) relationship between number of seeds per pod and total seed yield. The study concluded that the application of 830 g  of kitchen composts significantly improved vegetative, reproductive and seed yield attributes of okra.
A predictive anomaly algorithms on spatio-temporal traffic flow-enabled internet of things
Authors: Agboi Joy , Edje E. Abel , Omede U. Edith , Akazue I. Maureen , Ogeh Clement , Atonuji O. Ephraim , Fasanmi A. Ezekiel
Published: October 2024

The transportation infrastructure has advanced significantly in the last few decades, yet traffic issues persist since more people areliving in metropolitan areas, necessitating the usage of various modes of transportation. Due to this, there are now more challenges with  traffic control that directly affect the public, such as air pollution, traffic rule violations, and accidents. In this regard, intelligent transport  systems integrate intelligent algorithms and the internet of things as an alternative for improving the traffic environment. In this study, a  thorough analysis of traffic anomaly prediction involving the transition from spatiotemporal data flow is presented. It consists of a  comprehensive analysis of various techniques applied for anomaly prediction on spatiotemporal data traffic. The various benchmark  algorithms and models adopted to validate the performance of the proposed techniques are presented. Metrics adopted to evaluate the  performance of proposed techniques are highlighted and briefly discussed. Limitations of the proposed techniques during and after the prediction phase are documented. The outcome of this study shows that Convolutional Neural Network techniques were majorly proposed and applied to predict anomalies in spatiotemporal data traffic flow, while Classification algorithms were mostly adopted as benchmarks for performance validation of the proposed techniques. It was also observed that Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was  majorly adopted to evaluate the performance of the proposed techniques. Also, Computation Complexity was discovered as the most  prevalent challenge bedeviling the proposed techniques, paving the way for future research directions in this field.
Reinserción laboral del adulto mayor: un análisis de la normativa aplicable en un Estado Constitucional
Authors: Torres Castillo Julia Ximena , Vásconez Fuentes José Luis
Published: October 2024

Los índices de desempleo se han incrementado en los últimos años, afectado gravemente a poblaciones vulnerables como los adultos mayores, quienes a pesar de pertenecer a un grupo de atención prioritaria han sido relegados del ámbito laboral como consecuencia de la cultura de discriminación arraiga en la sociedad ecuatoriana. El estudio tiene como fin evidenciar las falencias normativas en materia de reinserción laboral del adulto mayor, destacando como la ausencia de una ley orgánica que responda a los preceptos constitucionales vulnera los derechos humanos de este grupo etario. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se empleó un enfoque mixto, en el que los instrumentos de investigación fueron la encuestas y entrevista semiestructurada. De la aplicación de estos instrumentos se obtuvo como resultado que tanto empresarios como adultos mayores reconoce que persiste una marcada discriminación hacia este grupo de atención prioritaria, además coinciden en que una reforma al artículo 42 numeral 33 es necesaria para garantizar el derecho al trabajo y reinserción laboral de los trabajadores mayores a 65 años. En conclusión, se precisa de reformas legislativas y la implementación de políticas públicas, como incentivos fiscales, para la integración de los adultos mayores a la fuerza laboral actual.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TERRAIN PASSABILITY MODELS: EVALUATING HIGH-RESOLUTION AND LOW-RESOLUTION GEOSPATIAL DATA FOR UGV NAVIGATION
Authors:   Independent researcher, Belgrade, Serbia, Potić Ivan , Ćurčić Nina B. ,   Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, Belgrade, Serbia, Milinčić Miroljub ,   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, Serbia
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the resolution threshold limits of terrain passability maps, determining their applicability for unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) navigation and their usability for larger, human-operated vehicles. The research compares the effectiveness of high-resolution data, including 0.1 m Digital Terrain Models (DTM) derived from LiDAR and photogrammetric point clouds, with medium- to low-resolution satellite imagery and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The focus is on identifying the resolution at which passability maps remain effective for UGVs and the point at which lower resolutions become suitable only for larger vehicles due to the loss of necessary details for precise navigation. Additionally, the study explores the impact of environmental variability on passability assessments, considering factors such as seasonal changes and varying weather conditions that can significantly alter the usability of different resolution maps. By examining the influence of terrain features—such as slope, terrain indices, soil conditions, land cover, hydrological features, and road networks—on vehicle passability, the study aims to establish a clear threshold. This threshold defines the transition between maps suitable for UGVs and those more appropriate for more extensive, human-operated vehicles. The study utilises a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, with GIS, CAD software, and Python programming language employed to process and analyse the geospatial data. The results are synthesised into passability maps with varying resolutions, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each. The findings demonstrate that high-resolution data are crucial for producing reliable passability maps for UGVs, while medium- to low-resolution maps may suffice for larger vehicles, particularly on less complex terrains. This research offers valuable insights for different applications in which the accuracy of terrain passability assessments is critical for operational success. By establishing the resolution limits of passability maps, this study contributes to optimising vehicle navigation across diverse terrains, ensuring the appropriate use of geospatial data based on vehicle type, operational requirements, and environmental conditions.
Analisis Kinerja Pengawasan Inspektorat Provinsi Maluku
Authors: Assagaf S. Mohammad , Rahawarin M.A. , Zacharias Tehubijuluw
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja pengawasan Inspektorat Provinsi Maluku dari aspek perencanaan, pengukuran dan pelaporan kinerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deksriptif-kualitatif yang dilakukan pada Inspektorat Daerah Provinsi Maluku selama 2 (dua) bulan yaitu bulan Juli sampai dengan bulan September   2023.   Subjek penelitian adalah, Inspektur, Sekretaris Inspektorat dan Inspektur Pembantu Wilayah I, II, III, dan Kelompok Jabatan Fungional. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman. Hasil   penelitian   menyimpulkan   bahwa   (1)   kinerja   pengawasan Inspektorat Provinsi   Maluku   dalam   menetapkan   perencanaan   kinerja   telah memenuhi dokumen dokumen berupa Rencana Strategis, Rencana Kerja dan perjanjian kinerja ; (2) Kinerja pengawasan Inspektorat Provinsi Maluku  dalam menetapkan pengukuran kinerja di laksanakan dengan membuat indikator kinerja yang merupakan ukuran keberhasilan organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan dan merupakan ikhtisar hasil berbagai Program dan Kegiatan