bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drilling and Debt
Authors: GILJE ERIK P. , LOUTSKINA ELENA , MURPHY DANIEL
Published: February 2020

This paper documents a previously unrecognized debt‐related investment distortion. Using detailed project‐level data for 69 firms in the oil and gas industry, we find that highly levered firms pull forward investment, completing projects early at the expense of long‐run project returns and project value. This behavior is particularly pronounced prior to debt renegotiations. We test several channels that could explain this behavior and find evidence consistent with equity holders sacrificing long‐run project returns to enhance collateral values and, by extension, mitigate lending frictions at debt renegotiations.
Anticompetitive Vertical Merger Waves
Authors: Hombert Johan , Pouyet Jérôme , Schutz Nicolas
Published: February 2020

We develop a model of vertical merger waves and use it to study the optimal merger policy. As a merger wave can result in partial foreclosure, it can be optimal to ban a vertical merger that eliminates the last unintegrated upstream firm. Such a merger is more likely to worsen market performance when the number of downstream firms is large relative to the number of upstream firms, and when upstream contracts are non‐discriminatory, linear and public. On the other hand, the optimal merger policy can be non‐monotonic in the strength of synergies or in the degree of downstream product differentiation.
Constitutional Review in the Member States of the EU‐28: A Political Analysis of Institutional Choices
Authors: Castillo‐Ortiz Pablo
Published: February 2020

Literature in law and political science has suggested a number of factors explaining choices on the implementation of constitutional review. However, so far little is known about how such factors combine in order to lead to different models of review. With the aid of configurational research, this article sheds light on that question for all countries of the current EU‐28. In this region, the Kelsenian model of specialized courts, the system of review by the judicial branch, and the model of parliamentary sovereignty still currently coexist. This article shows that phenomena such as the type of legal family of the country, an authoritarian past, or political fragmentation play a major role in choices of models of constitutional review. However, it is only when they combine that they are capable of leading to particular outcomes.
Improving Research on the Psychology of Sustainable Consumption: Some Considerations from an Early Career Perspective
Authors: Richardson Lucy M. , Ginn Joel , Prosser Annayah M. B. , Fernando Julian W. , Judge Madeline
Published: February 2020

Psychological research on sustainable consumption is developing a rich and diverse corpus of knowledge and tools, involving a broad range of disciplines. This very growth and diversity, however, poses challenges to our collective ability to build upon past research and progress in the field. We aim to place a selection of these challenges in the spotlight for discussion. In particular, we highlight some of the salient difficulties for early career researchers in psychology who are entering this field. Based on issues raised at a workshop conducted as part of the Psychology of Sustainable Consumption Small Group Meeting of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists in 2018, we first examine challenges associated with working in transdisciplinary teams, measurement quality, data accessibility, and research dissemination. We then propose several options to address these, ranging from actions individual researchers can take, to more systemic changes.
The Surgical and Anesthesia Workforce and Provision of Surgical Services in Rural Communities: A Mixed‐Methods Examination
Authors: Cohen Catherine , Baird Matthew , Koirola Nirabh , Kandrack Ryan , Martsolf Grant
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Rural‐urban disparities in the surgical and anesthesia workforce exist. This mixed‐methods study describes the distribution of the surgical and anesthesia workforce and qualitatively explores how such workforce and other factors influence rural hospitals’ provision of surgical services.

Methods

We calculated provider counts by county from the Area Health Resource File. Using American Hospital Association survey data, we sampled rural hospitals, stratified by critical access status and state policies. We conducted qualitative semistructured interviews with administrators at 16 hospitals and performed directed content analysis of factors influencing surgical services provision at rural hospitals.

Findings

Within rural counties, 55.1% of counties had no surgeon, 81.2% had no anesthesiologist, and 58.1% had no Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA). Administrators reported that rural hospitals struggled to provide many surgical services given lack of subspecialty surgeons and adequate postsurgical care. Rural hospitals likely struggle to generate volumes necessary to support safe and profitable subspecialty surgery programs. Anesthesia services were not reported as a current limitation given that CRNAs in particular had strong, diverse skills sets and many hospitals allowed high CRNA autonomy. However, meeting anesthesia needs for emergency surgeries and 24‐hour obstetrics posed significant challenges.

Conclusions

While rural hospitals reported meeting community needs for elective and noncomplex surgeries, rural hospitals continued to face significant challenges providing subspecialty surgeries, emergency surgeries, and 24‐hour obstetrical services.
Analysis of viscosity measurements obtained using the short back extrusion method. Part 2: Verification of short back extrusion in viscometry
Authors: Hoshino Takayoshi
Published: February 2020

The short back extrusion (SBE) method of the translational concentric cylinder viscometer improves upon the back extrusion (BE) method by starting from an immersed position and acting over a short distance. According to this improvement, the SBE method can measure the flow behavior consecutively in short distance movement. Also using novel mathematical formulas, the analysis program automatic determines between Newtonian, power law, and Herschel–Bulkley flow and can be presented to the constitutive equation and the graph of the flow behavior. In the first part, the theory and mathematical analyses were presented; in this second part, the verification is presented to prove the accuracy of the SBE method using viscosity standard for Newtonian flow, locust bean gum solution for power‐law flow, and commercial mayonnaise for Herschel–Bulkley flow. There are no viscosity standards in the non‐Newtonian fluid, so the SBE method analysis was compared with the cone‐plate viscometry. In special, the viscosity measurement of Herschel–Bulkley fluids using conventional cone‐plate viscometry is very difficult because of the destruction of the sample structure by the rotational measurement. The yield stress of truly starting to flow cannot be measured and only the viscosity in the destroyed state can be measured. There is no other viscometry that can easily determine the characteristics of a fluid and display constitutive equations and graphs. Recently, the oscillatory shear testing has conducted replacing cone‐plate viscometry but the SBE method can regain the right to measure viscosity of Herschel–Bulkley fluids.
Differences in isolation rate and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from foals with sepsis at admission and after ≥48 hours of hospitalization
Authors: Theelen Mathijs J. P. , Wilson W. David , Byrne Barbara A. , Edman Judy M. , Kass Philip H. , Mughini‐Gras Lapo , Magdesian K. Gary
Published: February 2020

Background

Antimicrobial treatment protocols for foals with sepsis that do not improve clinically often are adjusted based on bacteriological and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results from samples collected at hospital admission.

Objectives

To evaluate whether hospitalization for ≥48 hours affects bacteriological and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.

Animals

Two‐hundred sixty‐seven foals <30 days of age admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit and diagnosed with sepsis.

Methods

Medical records were reviewed retrospectively to identify foals with sepsis and positive bacteriological cultures. Results from samples collected at hospital admission were compared to those collected ≥48 hours after admission. Logistic regression for clustered data and exact logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Three‐hundred fifty‐three unique bacterial isolates were obtained from 231 foals at hospital admission and 92 unique bacterial isolates were obtained from 57 foals after ≥48 hours of hospitalization. Relative isolation frequency after ≥48 hours of hospitalization increased for Acinetobacter spp., 0.6% versus 3.3% (odds ratio [OR], 7.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28‐45.45); Enterococcus spp., 4.8% versus 19.6% (OR, 5.37; 95% CI, 2.64‐10.90); Klebsiella spp., 5.1% versus 10.9% (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.05‐4.89); Pseudomonas spp., 3.0% versus 7.6% (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 3.49‐240.50); and Serratia spp., 3.0% versus 5.4% (OR, 20.23; 95% CI, 2.20‐186.14). Bacteria isolated after ≥48 hours of hospitalization were less susceptible to all tested antimicrobial drugs, except for imipenem.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Decreased antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated after ≥48 hours of hospitalization provides a rationale for repeated bacteriological culture and susceptibility testing in hospitalized foals with sepsis.
Serum osmolality, cerebrospinal fluid specific gravity and overt hepatic encephalopathy severity in patients with liver failure
Authors: Liotta Eric M. , Karvellas Constantine J. , Kim Minjee , Batra Ayush , Naidech Andrew , Prabhakaran Shyam , Sorond Farzaneh A. , Kimberly W. Taylor , Maas Matthew B.
Published: February 2020

Background and Aims

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a leading contributor to morbidity in liver disease. While hyperammonaemia plays a key role, the mechanisms of cerebral toxicity are unclear. We hypothesized that serum hyperosmolality contributes to HE during acute (ALF) and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) through mechanisms that affect the water and solute composition of the cerebral environment.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of serum osmolality, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) solute density (specific gravity, determined from computed tomography attenuation) and clinical HE severity (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS]) at the time of intensive care admission in a prospectively identified cohort of liver failure patients with overt HE.

Results

Seventy‐three patients (39 ALF and 34 ACLF) were included, of whom 28 (38%) were comatose. Serum osmolality (303.9 ± 15.4 mOsm/kg) was elevated despite normal serum sodium (136.6 ± 6.3 mEq/L). Increased osmolality was independently associated with more severe encephalopathy (ordinal adjusted OR 0.26 [95% CI 0.22, 0.31] for higher GCS per standard deviation increase in osmolality) and lower CSF‐specific gravity (linear adjusted β = −0.039 [95% CI −0.069, −0.009] Hounsfield unit per 1 mOsm/kg).

Conclusions

In the context of related research, these data suggest that hyperosmolality increases brain exposure to metabolic toxins by blood‐brain barrier alteration and may be a unique therapeutic target.
Three paradoxes of supererogation
Authors: Muñoz Daniel
Published: February 2020

Supererogatory acts—good deeds “beyond the call of duty”—are a part of moral common sense, but conceptually puzzling. I propose a unified solution to three of the most infamous puzzles: the classic Paradox of Supererogation (if it's so good, why isn't it just obligatory?), Horton's All or Nothing Problem, and Kamm's Intransitivity Paradox. I conclude that supererogation makes sense if, and only if, the grounds of rightness are multi‐dimensional and comparative.
Hydrotropism in the primary roots of maize
Authors: Wang Yafang , Afeworki Yohannes , Geng Sisi , Kanchupati Praveena , Gu Muyu , Martins Chidi , Rude Brady , Tefera Haileselassie , Kim Yongjun , Ge Xijin , Auger Donald , Chen Sixue , Yang Peizhi , Hu Tianming , Wu Yajun
Published: February 2020

Recent studies mainly in Arabidopsis have renewed interest and discussion in some of the key issues in hydrotropism of roots, such as the site of water sensing and the involvement of auxin. We examined hydrotropism in maize (Zea mays) primary roots.

We determined the site of water sensing along the root using a nonintrusive method. Kinematic analysis was conducted to investigate spatial root elongation during hydrotropic response. Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and other hormones were quantified using LC–MS/MS. The transcriptome was analyzed using RNA sequencing.

Main results: The very tip of the root is the most sensitive to the hydrostimulant. Hydrotropic bending involves coordinated adjustment of spatial cell elongation and cell flux. IAA redistribution occurred in maize roots, preceding hydrotropic bending. The redistribution is caused by a reduction of IAA content on the side facing a hydrostimulant, resulting in a higher IAA content on the dry side. Transcriptomic analysis of the elongation zone prior to bending identified IAA response and lignin synthesis/wall cross‐linking as some of the key processes occurring during the early stages of hydrotropic response.

We conclude that maize roots differ from Arabidopsis in the location of hydrostimulant sensing and the involvement of IAA redistribution.
Obesity and ageing: Two sides of the same coin
Authors: Tam Bjorn T. , Morais Jose A. , Santosa Sylvia
Published: February 2020

Conditions and comorbidities of obesity mirror those of ageing and age‐related diseases. Obesity and ageing share a similar spectrum of phenotypes such as compromised genomic integrity, impaired mitochondrial function, accumulation of intracellular macromolecules, weakened immunity, shifts in tissue and body composition, and enhanced systemic inflammation. Moreover, it has been shown that obesity reduces life expectancy by 5.8 years in men and 7.1 years in women after the age of 40. Shorter life expectancy could be because obesity holistically accelerates ageing at multiple levels. Besides jeopardizing nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA integrity, obesity modifies the DNA methylation pattern, which is associated with epigenetic ageing in different tissues. Additionally, other signs of ageing are seen in individuals with obesity including telomere shortening, systemic inflammation, and functional declines. This review aims to show how obesity and ageing are “two sides of the same coin” through discussing how obesity predisposes an individual to age‐related conditions, illness, and disease. We will further demonstrate how the mechanisms that perpetuate the early‐onset of chronic diseases in obesity parallel those of ageing.
Three‐dimensional assessment of craniofacial asymmetry in children with transverse maxillary deficiency after rapid maxillary expansion: A prospective study
Authors: Evangelista Karine , Ferrari-Piloni Carolina , Barros Leandro Almeida Nascimento , Avelino Melissa Ameloti Gomes , Helena Soares Cevidanes Lucia , Ruellas Antonio Carlos de Oliveira , Valladares‐Neto José , Silva Maria Alves Garcia
Published: February 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate craniofacial asymmetry in children with transverse maxillary deficiency, with or without functional unilateral posterior crossbite (UPC), before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME).

Setting and sample population

A sample of 51 children with cone beam computed tomography scans obtained before RME (T1) and a year after RME (T2).

Material and methods

This prospective study consisted of 2 groups: 25 children with functional UPC (6.77 ± 1.5 years) and 26 children without UPC (7.41 ± 1.31 years). Linear and angular measurements were obtained from zygomatic, maxilla, glenoid fossa and mandible, using original and mirrored 3D overlapped models. All right and left side comparisons in both groups and intergroups asymmetries were compared using MANOVA and t test for independent samples, respectively, statistically significant at P < .05.

Results

The UPC group showed no side differences, but mandibular horizontal rotation at T1, and this asymmetry was improved in T2. The non‐UPC group showed at baseline significant lateral asymmetry in orbitale, position of palatine foramen, respectively, in average 2.95 mm and 1.16 mm, and 0.49 mm of average asymmetry in condylar height. The glenoid fossa was symmetric in both groups at T1 and T2.

Conclusions

Children with transverse maxillary deficiency showed slight morphological asymmetry, located in the mandible position in cases of UPC, and in the orbital and maxillary regions in cases without UPC. One year after RME, patients improved their craniofacial asymmetry, with significant changes in the mandible and correction of the mandibular rotation in patients who presented UPC.
Enjoyable, engaging and individualised: A concept analysis of meaningful activity for older adults with dementia
Authors: Tierney Laura , Beattie Elizabeth
Published: February 2020

Aim

The term “meaningful activity” is widely used in policy, practice and the research literature. However, definition and use of the term is unclear and inconsistent. A concept analysis was conducted to explore the fundamental attributes that make an activity meaningful for older adults with dementia and propose a conceptual model for understanding “meaningful activity” in this population.

Methods

This study followed Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis. Searches were conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Academic Search Elite and Web of Science databases for literature using the term “meaningful activity.” Papers published before 1996 were excluded.

Results

Twenty‐nine papers concerned with “meaningful activity” were analysed. This analysis identified five attributes that make activities meaningful for people with dementia: (a) enjoyable; (b) suited to the individual's skills, abilities and preferences; (c) related to personally relevant goals; (d) engaging; and (e) related to an aspect of identity. The conceptual model illustrates how individual and opportunity factors influence participation in “meaningful activity” and the consequences of this participation as discussed in the existing literature.

Conclusion

The findings of this concept analysis provide insight into what characteristics make an activity meaningful. Specific activities that are meaningful are different for each person and participation in personally 'meaningful activities' has the potential to positively impact the lives of people with dementia.

Implications for practice

This understanding of 'meaningful activity' can be used by those involved in research, planning or delivery of services and care for people with dementia to encourage and support participation in activities that are meaningful to individuals.
Britain's youngest implant patients? – A Case Series of implant treatment in children with ectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Clarke L. , Bowyer L. , Noone J. , Stevens C. , Yates J. , Ashley M.
Published: February 2020

Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disorder that is characterised by abnormalities in the development of embryologically derived ectodermal tissues and structures. Many patients with this condition can present with oligodontia or anodontia. Subsequently, this can lead to aesthetic and functional problems that can have negative effects on self‐esteem, self‐image and overall quality of life. Therefore, for this group of patients, there is a demand for prosthetic treatment in early childhood that is effective in managing their specific issues. This case series presents a method of prosthetic rehabilitation that uses dental implant‐retained overdentures for two paediatric patients with ectodermal dysplasia. We discuss the treatment options and limitations of conventional removable prostheses for these patients, and the rationale for implant placement. Furthermore, we discuss the significance of the psychological well‐being of the child and the positive effects that this treatment can have during their crucial early years of development and school years. Currently, there is limited evidence available for the use of dental implants in children. Thus, a multi‐disciplinary team approach with appropriate planning and parental involvement is essential for successful outcomes.
Trait associations in the pangenome of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Zhao Junliang , Bayer Philipp E. , Ruperao Pradeep , Saxena Rachit K. , Khan Aamir W. , Golicz Agnieszka A. , Nguyen Henry T. , Batley Jacqueline , Edwards David , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: February 2020

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is an important orphan crop mainly grown by smallholder farmers in India and Africa. Here, we present the first pigeon pea pangenome based on 89 accessions mainly from India and the Philippines, showing that there is significant genetic diversity in Philippine individuals that is not present in Indian individuals. Annotation of variable genes suggests that they are associated with self‐fertilization and response to disease. We identified 225 SNPs associated with nine agronomically important traits over three locations and two different time points, with SNPs associated with genes for transcription factors and kinases. These results will lead the way to an improved pigeon pea breeding programme.
Word stress representations are language‐specific: Evidence from event‐related brain potentials
Authors: Honbolygó Ferenc , Kóbor Andrea , German Borbála , Csépe Valéria
Published: February 2020

Understanding speech at the basic levels entails the simultaneous and independent processing of phonemic and prosodic features. While it is well‐established that phoneme perception relies on language‐specific long‐term traces, it is unclear if the processing of prosodic features similarly involves language‐specific representations. In the present study, we investigated the processing of a specific prosodic feature, word stress, using the method of event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) employing a cross‐linguistic approach. Hungarian participants heard disyllabic pseudowords stressed either on the first (legal stress) or on the second (illegal stress) syllable, pronounced either by a Hungarian or a German speaker. Results obtained using a data‐driven ERP analysis methodology showed that all pseudowords in the deviant position elicited an Early Differentiating Negativity and a Mismatch Negativity component, except for the Hungarian pseudowords stressed on the first syllable. This suggests that Hungarian listeners did not process the native legal stress pattern as deviant, but the same stress pattern with a nonnative accent was processed as deviant. This implies that the processing of word stress was based on language‐specific long‐term memory traces.
Mismatch managed? Phenological phase extension as a strategy to manage phenological asynchrony in plant–animal mutualisms
Authors: Olliff‐Yang Rachael L. , Gardali Thomas , Ackerly David D.
Published: February 2020

Species‐specific shifts in phenology (timing of periodic life cycle events) are occurring with climate change and are already disrupting interactions within and among trophic levels. Phenological phase duration (e.g. beginning to end of flowering) and complementarity (patterns of nonoverlap), and their responses to changing conditions, will be important determinants of species' adaptive capacity to these shifts. Evidence indicates that extension of phenological duration of mutualistic partners could buffer negative impacts that occur with phenological shifts. Therefore, we suggest that techniques to extend the length of phenological duration will contribute to management of systems experiencing phenological asynchrony. Techniques ofphenological phase extensiondiscussed include the role of abiotic heterogeneity, genetic and species diversity, and alteration of population timing.We explore these approaches with the goal of creating a framework to build adaptive capacity and address phenological asynchrony in plant–animal mutualisms under climate change.
Rhetorical virtue, theology and ‘womens wyttes’ in an early Tudor dialogue: Thomas Lupset’s A treatise of charitie (c.1529)
Authors: Crown J. S.
Published: February 2020

Several studies have brought out the richness and variety of Renaissance dialogues, but relatively few English examples merit study for their formal interest. This article examines a neglected yet important exception, Thomas Lupset’s A treatise of charitie (c.1529). Previous scholarship has treated it as a straightforward moral discourse, chiefly notable for its support for Thomas More in the controversy with William Tyndale over the translation of the Greek word ἀγάπη (agapē) as love instead of charity. Yet these studies have taken the dynamic of a brother teaching his sister at face value. Recognising that she feigns ignorance in order to manipulate the direction of the conversation allows us to reevaluate Lupset's engagement with the More‐Tyndale debate. Through analysing the brother's speech, Lupset’s characterisation of the sister, and their discussion of theology, this article argues that this work is a multi‐faceted commentary on charity rather than a defence of More. It moreover provides a lively treatment of what constitutes successful rhetoric, and a nuanced portrait of a female interlocutor.
Drug‐related violence and the decline in the number of Mexican cross‐border workers
Authors: Orraca‐Romano Pedro P. , Vargas‐Valle Eunice D.
Published: February 2020

This study examines how variations in homicide rates in Mexico are associated with the likelihood of participating in cross‐border work, that is, living in Mexico but working in the U.S. Based on Mexican census data from 2000, 2010, and 2015, and information on homicides, a series of ordinary least squares models are estimated to analyze the relationship between cross‐border commuting and homicide rates at the individual level. Fixed effects models are also estimated to study this relationship at the municipal level. The results show that from 2000 to 2010 the increase in homicide rates in northern border municipalities in Mexico reduced the likelihood of being a cross‐border worker, while from 2010 to 2015 the decrease in the homicide rate increased the probability that workers engage in cross‐border work. The decline in the number of cross‐border workers is likely in part a result of the escalation in drug‐related violence that may have led them to change their country of residence.
Assessing soil P fractions changes with long‐term phosphorus fertilization related to crop yield of soybean and maize
Authors: Appelhans Stefania C. , Barbagelata Pedro Anibal , Melchiori Ricardo Jose Miguel , Gutierrez Boem Flavio
Published: February 2020

Long‐term P Fertiliser application increases soil phosphorus (P) labile fractions, which can be associated with crop P uptake and grain yield and are useful to improve fertilizer recommendations. Research aims were to evaluate in long‐term experiments with different P Fertiliser application in a Mollisol and a Vertisol: (a) the changes of soil P fractions and (b) the relationship between soil P fractions with long‐term P Fertiliser application, with accumulated apparent P budget, grain P, total P uptake, soybean (Glycine max L.Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. Soil P fractions were measured after 1 and 9 year since the beginning of the long‐term experiments. Experiments included an initial Fertiliser application rate of 200 kg P ha−1 and annual P Fertiliser application rate of 36 kg P ha−1. Bray1‐P, total, organic, and inorganic P in fine (<53 μm) and coarse (>53 μm) (CF) soil fractions, and in NaHCO3 extract were measured. Initial P Fertiliser application increased inorganic and total P fractions. However, Bray1‐P, total P in NaHCO3 extract and in the CF were the fractions that most increased with continuous long‐term P Fertiliser application in both sites. In the Mollisol, maize grain yield was unrelated to long‐term P Fertiliser application. In the Vertisol, total P in NaHCO3 extract, and total and organic P in the CF were more closely related to soybean grain yield than Bray1‐P. We proposed soil P indices of labile inorganic and organic P that showed close relationships with soybean grain yield and may be useful to improve the diagnosis of P soil fertility.
Presumed cholesterinic granulomas detected on CT in horses are associated with increased lateral ventricle height and age
Authors: Lloyd‐Edwards Ralph A , Willems Dorien S , Beukers Martijn , van den Brom‐Spierenburg Astrid , Vernooij Johannes C M , Veraa Stefanie
Published: February 2020

Cholesterinic granulomas are mass‐like lesions that form at the choroid plexus of the ventricular system. Large cholesterinic granulomas within the lateral ventricles have been reported to cause severe neurological signs. However, little data are available about their prevalence or appearance in the overall population. The objective was to report the prevalence of presumed cholesterinic granulomas on CT in a population of horses, and investigate associations between presumed cholesterinic granuloma presence, lateral ventricle size, age, and neurological signs. The study was cross sectional, CT scans of the head were assessed for presumed cholesterinic granuloma presence and size, and lateral ventricle height. Computed tomography findings and clinical information were compared using nonparametric testing. Computed tomography scans of 139 horses were included. Presumed cholesterinic granulomas were found in 22 horses (15.8%), nine were unilateral and 13 bilateral. A significant increase in prevalence was observed with age (P < .0001), with 38% of horses over 15 years old affected. The median volume of presumed cholesterinic granulomas was 242 mm3 with a range from 51 to 2420 mm3. The mean lateral ventricle height was significantly increased in horses with presumed cholesterinic granulomas present (P = .004), with a median of 7.3 mm compared to 4.9 mm without. Neurological signs were not associated with presumed cholesterinic granuloma presence or lateral ventricle height. Fourth ventricle mineralizations were found in seven horses, which may represent cholesterinic granulomas. In conclusion, presumed cholesterinic granulomas occurred in a large proportion of the examined population and are associated with increased lateral ventricle dilation and advanced age.
The role of religious beliefs for the acceptance of xenotransplantation. Exploring dimensions of xenotransplantation in the field of hospital chaplaincy
Authors: Ebner Katharina , Ostheimer Jochen , Sautermeister Jochen
Published: February 2020

Background

The Changsha Communiqué (2008) calls for a greater account to be taken of the ethical aspects of xenotransplantation as well as of public perception. This also applies to the field of hospital chaplaincy. So far, there has been no empirical exploration of the assessment and acceptance of xenotransplantation by pastoral workers in German‐speaking countries. In view of the prospect of clinical trials, in‐depth research is both sensible and necessary, since both xeno‐ and allotransplantation can have far‐reaching consequences for patients, their relatives, and the social environment. In addition to the tasks of health monitoring, questions of the individual handling with and integration of a xenotransplant must also be considered. They can affect one's own identity and self‐image and thus also affect religious dimensions. Hence, they make a comprehensive range of accompaniment necessary.

Methods

This paper presents the first explorative results of a Dialogue Board with Christian, Jewish, and Muslim hospital chaplains. It explores pastoral challenges of xenotransplantation for the German‐speaking countries, in particular (a) self‐image and tasks of hospital pastoral care, (b) religious aspects of transplantation, and (c) religious aspects of xenotransplantation as anticipated by the hospital pastors.

Results

Depending on their religious background, hospital chaplains see different pastoral challenges when xenotransplantation reaches clinical stage. In particular, the effects on the identity and religious self‐image of those affected must be taken into account. Three desiderata or recommendations for action emerged from the Dialogue Board: (a) initial, advanced and further training for hospital pastoral workers, (b) contact points for patients, and (c) interreligious cooperation and a joint statement. All participants of the Dialogue Board emphasized the chances of xenotransplantation and expressed their hope that xenogenic transplants could save patients or improve the quality of their life substantially.

Conclusions

Xenotransplantation can affect the identity work of patients and relatives also in religious terms. In order to provide better pastoral and psychosocial support for these persons within the framework of the hospital, it is important to reflect on such challenges at an early stage and to develop concepts for pastoral further training and pastoral care in xenotransplantation.
Zoonotic disease awareness survey of backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania
Authors: Nicholson Chrislyn Wood , Campagnolo Enzo R. , Boktor Sameh W. , Butler Christina L.
Published: February 2020

Owners of small backyard poultry and swine operations may be at higher risk of zoonotic diseases due to husbandry inexperience and/or a lack of knowledge. Backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania were surveyed regarding their knowledge and attitudes towards zoonotic disease prevention. One hundred and six backyard poultry and/or swine owners completed the survey (74 poultry, 15 swine, 17 both), which included questions on demographics, flock/herd characteristics, recognition of selected zoonotic diseases and clinical signs in animals, and biosecurity practices for visitors and owners. Most responded that they were aware of avian (92.2%) and swine (84.4%) influenza, and were less aware of other zoonotic diseases such as salmonellosis and brucellosis. The majority of backyard poultry and swine owners combined (62.9%) reported allowing visitors freely around their animals and did not require any special precautions. Backyard poultry and swine owners most commonly reported rarely (32.7%) or never (28.9%) wearing work gloves and never (57.1%) wearing nose/mouth coverings, such as a respirator mask, while handling animals or manure. The study findings indicated that veterinarians (61.5%) and the Internet (50.0%) are the main sources where small‐scale farm producers seek animal disease information. Approximately one‐third (34.9%) of the respondents reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccine. The findings of this study will be utilized to provide targeted veterinary and public health education for the prevention of zoonotic diseases in backyard farm animal settings in Pennsylvania.
Visualization of an Oscillating Heat Pipe with Hydraulic Diameter Far Exceeding the Conventional Maximum Hydraulic Diameter
Authors: Ji Yulong , Chu Lilin , Yu Chunrong , Wang Zongyu , Ma Hongbin
Published: February 2020

For an oscillating heat pipe (OHP), the hydraulic diameter must be sufficiently small so that vapor plug and liquid slug can be formed by the capillary action. Therefore, the hydraulic diameter should not exceed a critical value named maximum hydraulic diameter (MHD). In the current research, a glass OHP with a hydraulic diameter of 6 mm was fabricated, and ethanol was used as the working fluid (Figs. 1 and 2). With a hydraulic diameter far exceeding the maximum hydraulic diameter (MHD) defined by dh,max≤{2σBo[(ρl−ρv)g]}1/2, the OHP can function. But the flow pattern is very different from that with a diameter smaller than the MHD, and depends on the filling ratio. When the OHP is charged with a higher filling ratio, the flow pattern is from the bubbly flow to the slug flow as shown in Fig, 3. When the charging ratio is low, the dispersed bubbly flow with many small bubbles generated on the surface was observed, and the dispersed bubbly flow was directly transformed into the annular flow as shown in Fig. 4. [This research work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51876019, the Preresearch of General Armament Department (6140922011310), LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC1807117), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under Grant No.3132019331.]
Laser Doppler Velocimetry Characterization of Unsteady Vaned Diffuser Flow in a Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Gooding William J. , Fabian John C. , Key Nicole L.
Published: February 2020

Modern turbomachinery faces increased performance demands in terms of efficiency, compactness, and pressure-rise. Advancements in computational technology have allowed numerical methods to become the backbone of design development efforts. However, the unique complexities of centrifugal compressor flow-fields pose difficult computational problems. As such, advanced experimental methods must be used to obtain high-quality data sets to further inform, improve, and validate computational methods in complex flow regimes. A recent experimental work on a high-speed centrifugal compressor has provided detailed, unsteady, three-component velocity data using laser Doppler velocimetry. A passage vortex is present, and its nascent tied to the increased incidence at mid-span associated with impeller wake flow. This vortex begins in the hub-pressure side corner and grows to fill the passage and become temporally stable. The vortex development is unsteady in nature, and the unsteady effects persist 40% downstream of the throat. Distinct jet and wake flow patterns from the impeller also do not agglomerate until 40% downstream of the throat. Additionally, the critical impact of the unsteady flow development on the time-averaged flow-field is explained.
Multipoint optimization of an axial turbine cascade using a hybrid algorithm
Authors: Châtel Arnaud , Verstraete Tom , Coussement Grégory
Published: February 2020

This paper presents a multipoint optimization of the LS89 cascade. The objective of the optimization consists in minimizing the entropy losses generated inside the cascade over a predefined operating range. Two aerodynamic constraints are imposed in order to conserve the same performance as the original cascade. The first constraint is established on the outlet flow angle in order to achieve at least the same flow turning as the LS89. The second constraint limits the mass-flow passing through the cascade. The optimization is performed using a hybrid algorithm which combines a classical evolutionary algorithm with a gradient-based method. The hybridization between both methods is based on the Lamarckian approach which consists in incorporating the gradient method inside the loop of the evolutionary algorithm. In this methodology, the evolutionary method allows to globally explore the design space while the gradient-based method locally improves certain designs located in promising regions of the search space. First, the better performance of the hybrid method compared to the performance of an evolutionary algorithm is demonstrated on benchmark problems. Then, the methodology is applied on the LS89 application. The optimization allows to find a new profile which reduces the entropy losses over the entire operating range by at least 9.5 %. Finally, the comparison of the flows computed in the baseline and in the optimized cascades demonstrates that the reduction of the losses is due to a decrease of the entropy generated downstream the trailing edges and within the passages between the optimized blades.
Collaborative Robotics: A Survey
Authors: Vicentini Federico
Published: February 2020

Collaborative robotics is an umbrella term that conveys the general idea of proximity between machines and humans for some useful tasks in a shared space, with a range of options for timing (continuously, synchronously, alternately, etc.). While this type of human robot interaction is fairly common in many fields of robotics, this survey is dedicated to the technology and situations that are typical of industrial applications. The current state-of-the-art in collaborative robotics for industrial applications is the result of a long legacy of research and development in actuation principles and mechanisms from 2000s onward, together with an abundant literature about improving control performances, intuitive interaction modes, and perception with sensors. Safety technology and standardization is discussed according to the principles of risk estimation and the typical strategies for risk reduction that are suitable for different classes of robot systems are used in collaborative applications. The organization of applications (planning, role assignment, optimization of resources) has a major impact on both the quality and the safety of collaborative robotics solutions, with most of the literature focused on investigating those performance metrics that combine human factors and production figures. The survey is intended to delineate an interpretation key for the design of collaborative robotics solution that explains the relationship among all relevant factors: actuation, control, safety, physical interaction, usability, and productivity.
Dynamic Modeling of the Cable-Driven Continuum Robots in Hybrid Position-Force Actuation Mode
Authors: Ehsani-Seresht Abbas , Hashemi-Pour Moosavi Shahin
Published: February 2020

Dynamic models of the cable-driven continuum robots are commonly employed for those robots that are actuated by the cables’ forces. In this paper, a dynamic model is proposed for the cable-driven continuum robots actuated by position and/or force actuated cables, which is appropriate for any desired number of actuation cables and their routing. The robot is supposed to have an extensible backbone with the capability of bending and torsion in three-dimensional spaces. The proposed dynamic model is developed based on the Euler–Lagrange formulation of equations of motion taking into account all the effective forces including gravity force, cable actuation forces, external forces, and cable-disk friction forces. Furthermore, an iterative numerical solution method is presented for the dynamic model which requires much less memory and computational effort in comparison with the closed-form methods. The static model of the robots is also developed based on the dynamic model and the results obtained from the simulations and experiments are used for the validation of the static and dynamic models. The final results indicate the accuracy of the proposed models for estimating the kinematics, statics, and dynamics of the cable-driven continuum robots.
Ultrasonic diffraction by a circular transducer: Isogeometric analysis sensitivity to full Gauss quadrature points
Authors: Alia Ahlem
Published: February 2020

A successful evaluation of a radiated acoustic field was obtained by discretizing a circular transducer surface into only 20 Bézier elements. Accuracy of results was highly dependent on the number of Gauss points (ngp) used. This number can lead to changing the amplitude of both plane and edge waves, especially for near field points. But most changes have been detected between those waves where unexpected waves appeared. They can be of the same amplitude as the plane wave if ngp is chosen arbitrarily. To improve accuracy, the ngp must be increased gradually from the transducer centre and not only at its edge.
A Complex Relationship: Sleep, External Training Load, and Well-Being in Elite Australian Footballers
Authors: Lalor Benita J. , Halson Shona L. , Tran Jacqueline , Kemp Justin G. , Cormack Stuart J.
Published: February 2020

Purpose: To assess relationships between objective sleep characteristics, external training loads, and subjective ratings of well-being in elite Australian football (AF) players. Methods: A total of 38 elite male AF players recorded objective sleep characteristics over a 15-day period using an activity monitor. External load was assessed during main field sessions, and ratings of well-being were provided each morning. Canonical correlation analysis was used to create canonical dimensions for each variable set (sleep, well-being, and external load). Relationships between dimensions representing sleep, external load, and well-being were quantified using Pearson r. Results: Canonical correlations were moderate between pretraining sleep and external training load (r = .32–.49), pretraining sleep and well-being (r = .32), and well-being and posttraining sleep (r = .36). Moderate to strong correlations were observed between dimensions representing external training load and posttraining sleep (r = .31–.67), and well-being and external training load (r = .32–.67). Player load and Player load 2D (PL2D) showed the greatest association to pretraining and posttraining objective sleep characteristics and well-being. Fragmented sleep was associated with players completing the following training with a higher PL2D. Conclusions: Maximum speed, player load, and PL2D were the common associations between objective sleep characteristics and well-being in AF players. Improving pretraining sleep quality and quantity may have a positive impact on AF players’ well-being and movement strategy during field sessions. Following training sessions that have high maximum speed and PL2D, the increased requirement for sleep should be considered by ensuring that subsequent sessions do not start earlier than required.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: No Effect on Aerobic Performance, Heart Rate, or Rating of Perceived Exertion in a Progressive Taekwondo-Specific Test
Authors: Mesquita Paulo H.C. , Franchini Emerson , Romano-Silva Marco A. , Lage Guilherme M. , Albuquerque Maicon R.
Published: February 2020

Purpose: To investigate the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on the aerobic performance, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of highly trained taekwondo athletes. Methods: Twelve (8 men and 4 women) international/national-level athletes received a-tDCS or sham treatment over the M1 location in a randomized, single-blind crossover design. The stimulation was delivered at 1.5 mA for 15 min using an extracephalic bihemispheric montage. Athletes performed the progressive-specific taekwondo test 10 min after stimulation. HR was monitored continuously during the test, and RPE was registered at the end of each stage and at test cessation. Results: There were no significant differences between sham and a-tDCS in time to exhaustion (14.6 and 14.9, respectively, P = .53, effect size = 0.15) and peak kicking frequency (52 and 53.6, respectively, P = .53, effect size = 0.15) or in HR (P > .05) and RPE responses (P > .05). Conclusions: Extracephalic bihemispheric a-tDCS over M1 did not influence the aerobic performance of taekwondo athletes or their psychophysiological responses, so athletes and staff should be cautious when using it in a direct-to-consumer manner.
CDK7 stabilizes Yap
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: February 2020

CDK7 promotes cell proliferation and tissue growth by protecting the transcriptional coactivator Yap from degradation.
Matrix Metalloproteinases Expressed in Response to Bacterial Vaginosis Disrupt the Endocervical Epithelium, Increasing Transmigration of HIV
Authors: Cherne Michelle D. , Cole Amy L. , Newberry Lisa , Schmidt-Owens Mary , Deichen Michael , Cole Alexander M.
Published: February 2020

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a disorder of the female reproductive tract (FRT) in which a healthy
Lactobacillus
-dominant microflora is replaced by BV-associated bacteria (BVAB), can significantly increase the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Discerning the effect of BV on the mucosal epithelium of the FRT may yield novel preventatives and therapeutics for HIV infection. Here, we investigated barrier dysfunction of the endocervix by host-derived factors, secreted in response to BV, as a potential cause of HIV infection.