bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in oocytes and early pre-implantation embryos
Authors: Liu Honglin , Kim Jin-Moon , Aoki Fugaku
Published: April 2004

Epigenetic modifications of the genome, such as covalent modification of histone residues, ensure appropriate gene activation during pre-implantation development, and are probably involved in the asymmetric reprogramming of the parental genomes after fertilization. We investigated the methylation patterns of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3/K9), and the regulatory mechanism involved in the asymmetric remodeling of parental genomes during early preimplantation development in mice. Immunocytochemistry with an antibody that specifically recognizes methylated H3/K9 showed a very weak or absent methylation signal in the male pronucleus, whereas a distinct methylation signal was detected in the female pronucleus. This asymmetric H3/K9 methylation pattern in the different parental genomes persisted until the two-cell stage. However, de novo methylation of H3/K9 occurred and the asymmetry was lost during the four-cell stage. The unmethylated male pronucleus underwent de novo methylation when it was transferred into enucleated GV- or MII-stage oocytes, which suggests that histone H3 methylase is active before fertilization, but not afterwards, and that the asymmetric methylation pattern is generated by this change in methylase activity in the cytoplasm after fertilization. Thus, histone H3 is methylated only in the maternal chromosomes, which are present in the oocytes before fertilization, and is not methylated in the paternal chromosomes, which are absent. The maintenance of asymmetric H3/K9 methylation patterns in early embryos is an active process that depends on protein synthesis and zygotic transcription, as de novo methylation in the male pronucleus occurred when either protein synthesis or gene expression was inhibited by cycloheximide orα-amanitin, respectively. In addition, corresponding de novo methylation of H3/K9 and DNA occurred when the male pronucleus was transferred to an enucleated GV oocyte. Our results suggest that H3/K9 methylation is an epigenetic marker of parental genome origin during early preimplantation development.
Relative Safety and Efficacy of Finasteride for Treatment of Hirsutism
Authors: Townsend Kara A , Marlowe Karen F
Published: April 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the relative safety and efficacy of finasteride for treatment of hirsutism related to hyperandrogenism in women.

DATA SOURCES:

Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966-March 2003) using the terms finasteride and hirsutism. Additional information was obtained from the drug manufacturer.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Finasteride has been evaluated for treatment of hirsutism in multiple observational and randomized trials. Finasteride lowered hirsutism scores by 30–60% in most trials, as well as decreasing average hair diameter. In comparative trials, finasteride demonstrated efficacy similar to that of other antiandrogens, with fewer adverse effects.

CONCLUSIONS:

Finasteride does reduce the overall hair diameter and number in androgen-sensitive areas. Reported adverse effects have been minimal. Concern over potential teratogenicity and lack of long-term safety information leave finasteride a secondary treatment option for hirsutism.
Anticipatory Accounts
Authors: Murphy Elizabeth
Published: April 2004

C. Wright Mills called for a truly sociological analysis of actors' “motive talk,” which decouples the commonsense link between the reasons actors give for their actions and their mental state prior to those actions. Subsequent theoretical and empirical work has focused almost entirely on actors' retrospective accounting for untoward conduct that has already taken place. The other aspect of Mills's program, the reasons actors give for potentially untoward future conduct and in particular the empirical investigation of the link between the availability of an acceptable vocabulary of motives for anticipated conduct and the eventual enactment of that conduct, has been largely ignored. This article seeks to rehabilitate these lost dimensions using data from a longitudinal study of mothers' infant feeding choices and practices. It examines how mothers account, in advance, for the possibility that they may eventually feed their babies in ways they consider suboptimal. Thirty of the thirty‐six women interviewed indicated that they intended to breastfeed, emphasizing the benefits of this practice to their babies. However, seventeen of these women also anticipated that they might abandon breastfeeding and presented elaborate accounts of the motives that could lead them to do so. The findings support Mills's claim that the availability of an acceptable vocabulary of motives for untoward conduct increases the probability that one will engage in such conduct. Mothers who had offered elaborate anticipatory accounts for abandoning breastfeeding were much more likely to do so than those who did not.
The Control Narrative of the Internet
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: April 2004

This article examines how mediation and control operate in cyberspace through a control narrative, or actors' awareness and expectation that symbolic meanings may be monitored and used by diverse audiences for various purposes. A control narrative is implicated in numerous attempts and logics to monitor and regulate Internet use. The control narrative is more explicit as fear and control are reflexively joined to virtual communication. The focus is on recent developments in surveillance, deception, and entrapment in “Internet stings” by formal agents of social control in the name of protecting children from predators and pedophiles and U.S. citizens from terrorism. Several implications of the control narrative for communication are offered, along with questions for further research.
Transmitting Ideals: Constructing Self and Moral Discourse on Loveline
Authors: Ferris Kerry O.
Published: April 2004

Loveline is a late‐night radio advice show currently airing on progressive rock stations in the United States. Callers present their most intimate troubles to the show's DJ–doctor advice‐giving team, revealing themselves to an audience of faceless millions. I analyze three distinct interactional phases through which Loveline callers and hosts symbolically transform troubled selves: with each problem revealed, each embarrassing joke made, each specific recommendation given, a moral discourse is constructed. Loveline incrementally builds a distinctive way of conceptualizing right and wrong, closely tied to standards of a whole, happy, healthy selfhood. And while the notions of a moral discourse and an ideal self are fundamentally modern, Loveline's distinctive combination of mass‐mediated anonymity, intimate subject matter, satiric tone, and fragmented interaction patterns conveys these modern concepts over the radio waves and into a postmodern world.
Maximizing the Benefit: Risk Ratio of Levodopa Therapy in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Gottwald Mildred D.
Published: April 2004

For over 30 years, levodopa has been the gold standard for managing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Treatment with levodopa has resulted in a marked decrease in disease‐associated mortality and morbidity. However, one of its drawbacks is that many patients experience a shorter duration of response and increased motor fluctuations with disease progression and long‐term levodopa therapy. These increased motor fluctuations, including dyskinesias, may be the consequence of oxidative stress or inability to storeand regulate intrasynaptic dopamine concentrations with disease progression. Clinical investigations have demonstrated that continuous dopaminergic stimulation may widen the therapeutic window for levodopa and improve motor fluctuations. Strategies for providing continuous dopaminergic replacement include administration of levodopa by continuous infusion, controlled‐release levodopa, long‐acting dopamine agonists, and inhibitors of levodopa metabolism. The catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitors that block a compensatory metabolic pathway for levodopa and prolong its duration may improve the consistency of the dopaminergic response.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Ketoconazole and Amprenavir after Single Doses in Healthy Men
Authors: Polk Ronald E. , Crouch Michael A. , Israel Debra S. , Pastor Antonio , Sadler Brian M. , Chittick Gregory E. , Symonds William T. , Gouldin Winston , Lou Yu
Published: April 2004

Study Objective. To determine the effects of coadministration of amprenavir and ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of both drugs, and to assess the utility of the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) to predict and explain these effects.

Design. Open‐label, randomized, balanced, single‐dose, three‐period crossover study.

Setting. University research center.

Subjects. Twelve healthy men.

Intervention. Subjects received amprenavir 1200 mg, ketoconazole 400 mg, and amprenavir 1200 mg plus ketoconazole 400 mg. Each treatment was separated by 14 days.

Measurements and Main Results. Serial plasma samples for amprenavir and ketoconazole concentrations were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Coadministration of the drugs increased amprenavir area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC∞) by 31% and reduced its maximum concentration (Cmax) by 16%. Amprenavir increased the AUC∞ of ketoconazole by 44% and increased the drug's half‐life and Cmax by 23% and 19%, respectively. Both agents resulted in substantial inhibition of ERMBT.

Conclusion. Coadministration of ketoconazole and amprenavir results in a statistically significant increase in AUC for both agents, but the changes are not likely to be clinically important.
Hydroxyurea in Two Pregnant Women with Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Byrd Debbie C. , Pitts Shea R. , Alexander Chelley K.
Published: April 2004

Hydroxyurea is classified as an S‐phase antineoplastic agent (pregnancy category D). Two women became pregnant while taking hydroxyurea for sickle cell anemia and delivered live infants with no congenital anomalies. Although teratogenic effects of hydroxyurea were reported in animal studies, several case reports suggest the agent may have minimal teratogenic effects on the developing fetus. Fourteen cases of hydroxyurea therapy in pregnant patients with acute or chronic myelogenous leukemia, primary thrombocythemia, or sickle cell disease are reported in the literature. Three pregnancies were terminated by elective abortion; one woman developed eclampsia and delivered a phenotypically normal stillborn infant. All other patients delivered live, healthy infants without congenital anomalies. Further studies with larger numbers of patients receiving hydroxyurea during pregnancy, with longer follow‐up of exposed children and more careful assessment of fetotoxic effects, are required before the agent can be promoted as safe in pregnancy.
Management of Patients with Vertebral Compression Fractures
Authors: Lyles Kenneth W.
Published: April 2004

Osteoporosis is a disease of low bone mass that may not manifest until a patient has a fracture. Hip fracture is the most devastating, but vertebral fracture is the most common, occurring in 25% of women over 50 years of age and 40% of those age 80–85 years. Although 60% of vertebral fractures are clinically silent, they are easily diagnosed radiographically. They are associated with height loss, deformity, impaired mobility, and pain. Patients should be evaluated for the cause of both the fracture and osteoporosis. Therapy includes education about the disease, an exercise program, and advice about tailoring routine activities. Pharmacotherapy includes annual influenza vaccines, and daily calcium (1200–1500 mg elemental calcium/day) and vitamin D (400–800 IU/day) supplements. New antiresorptive agents alendronate, hormone replacement therapy, and salmon calcitonin should be offered to all patients as they reduce fracture rates.
Role of Risk Assessment and Bone Density Monitoring in Osteoporosis
Authors: Semla Todd P.
Published: April 2004

Osteoporosis and its complications are prevalent medical problems. Of the risk factors for fractures, low bone mass is the best predictor. Measuring bone density in a person with risk factors for osteoporosis can provide important information for both patient and physician when choosing clinical interventions. For patients with the disease it is a way to assess response to drug therapy. Advances in technology have made measuring bone density safer, faster, and more practical than ever. Guidelines addressing when, where, and how the test should be done are useful when deciding how to apply this technology to patient care.
Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in the Elderly
Authors: O'Connell Mary Beth
Published: April 2004

Due to age‐associated bone losses, all elderly are prone to osteoporosis, which often leads to fractures. Fractures frequently result in dependency and institutionalization, as well as physical deformities that may lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Currently, no drugs exist to promote new bone formation. Thus care of the elderly focuses primarily on lifestyle modification and increased dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D; decreased intake of caffeine, phosphates, and alcohol; smoking cessation; increased exercise; and drugs. Drugs for preventing osteoporosis include supplemental calcium and vitamin D, hormone replacement therapy, and alendronate. Drugs that enhance bone loss or increase the likelihood of falls should be eliminated, if possible, or the dosages adjusted. Making residences safer will also help to minimize the potential for falls. Drugs for treating osteoporosis include hormone replacement therapy, alendronate, and nasal calcitonin. The prevention and treatment plan is individualized for each patient, taking into account personal preferences, risk factors for osteoporosis and fracture, concomitant diseases and drug therapies, efficacy and tolerance of osteoporosis therapy, quality of life, life expectancy, finances, and health insurance coverage.
Pregnancy Outcomes after Maternal Exposure to Fluconazole
Authors: Jick Susan S.
Published: April 2004

We evaluated pregnancy outcomes in 234 women exposed to fluconazole, 492 exposed to a topically administered azole preparation, 88 exposed to an oral azole preparation other than fluconazole, and 1629 not exposed to any of these agents during the first trimester of pregnancy. Relative risks of having a baby with a congenital disorder for women exposed to fluconazole, oral azoles, and topical azoles in the first trimester of pregnancy compared with those who were unexposed were 1.1 (95% CI 0.4–3.3), 2.1 (95% CI 0.7–6.8), and 0.6 (95% CI 0.2–1.6), respectively. These results provide reassurance that fluconazole exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy does not materially increase the risk of congenital disorders in infants.
Safety and Tolerability of Eprosartan
Authors: Gavras Irene , Gavras Haralambos
Published: April 2004

The safety and tolerability of eprosartan were extensively assessed in 17 phase IIb‐III studies that included 2709 patients with hypertension. The frequency of adverse events observed with eprosartan was similar to that seen with placebo. Neither the number nor the severity of these effects increased with prolonged therapy, and their frequency was not affected by increased eprosartan dosage or dosing frequency. The drug is equally well tolerated by women and men, by younger (< 65 yrs) and older (≥ 65 yrs) individuals, and by persons of all races. There are no known drug interactions, and eprosartan is well tolerated when given in combination with other frequently prescribed antihypertensive agents, without an increase in adverse events beyond those expected of baseline antihypertensive therapy.
Synthesis of Amino Acid Ester Isocyanates: Methyl (S)‐2‐Isocyanato‐3‐Phenylpropanoate
Authors: Tsai James H. , Takaoka Leo R. , Powell Noel A. , Nowick James S.
Published: April 2004

Methyl (S)‐2‐isocyanato‐3‐phenylpropanoate

R L‐Phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride

P Methyl (S)‐2‐isocyanato‐3‐phenylpropanoate
Amines, Aliphatic
Authors: Eller Karsten , Henkes Erhard , Rossbacher Roland , Höke Hartmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.General Chemical Properties2.1.Salt Formation2.2.Conversion to Carboxamides2.3.Conversion to Sulfonamides2.4.Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds2.5.Reaction with Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Disulfide2.6.Reaction with Epoxides2.7.Alkylation2.8.Formation of Isocyanates and Ureas2.9.Reaction with Acrylonitrile2.10.Formation of Isonitriles2.11.Oxidation2.12.Dealkylation3.General Production Methods3.1.Production from Alcohols3.2.Production from Carbonyl Compounds3.3.Production from Nitriles3.4.Production from Alkyl Halides3.5.Production from Nitro Compounds3.6.Production from Olefins3.7.Other Processes4.Lower Alkylamines4.1.Physical Properties4.2.Storage and Transportation4.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.4.Production4.5.Uses4.6.Economic Aspects5.Cycloalkylamines6.Cyclic Amines7.Fatty Amines7.1.Properties7.2.Production7.3.Analysis and Quality Control7.4.Uses7.5.Economic Aspects8.Diamines and Polyamines8.1.Diamines8.1.1.1,2‐Diaminoethane (Ethylenediamine)8.1.2.Diaminopropanes8.1.3.Higher Diamines8.2.Oligoamines and Polyamines8.2.1.Physical Properties8.2.2.Chemical Properties8.2.3.Production, Analysis, and Uses9.Chiral Amines10.Toxicology and Occupational Health10.1.General Aspects10.2.Toxicology of Specific Amines10.2.1.Alkylamines, Cyclic Amines, and Polyamines10.2.2.Fatty Amines11.Acknowledgment
Lithium and Lithium Compounds
Authors: Wietelmann Ulrich , Bauer Richard J.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence3.1.Important Lithium Minerals3.1.1.Lithium Aluminum Silicates3.1.2.Micas3.1.3.Lithium Phosphates3.1.4.Other Lithium Ores3.2.Reserves of Lithium Minerals3.3.Lithium in Natural Brines4.Production of Primary Lithium Compounds4.1.Mining of Ore and Production of Concentrate4.2.Ore Digestion and Production of Lithium Compounds4.2.1.Acid Digestion4.2.2.Alkali Digestion4.2.3.Ion‐Exchange Processes4.3.Production of Lithium Carbonate from Brines5.Lithium Metal and Lithium Alloys5.1.Production of Lithium Metal5.2.Uses of Lithium Metal5.3.Lithium Alloys6.Lithium Compounds6.1.Inorganic Lithium Compounds and Lithium Salts6.2.Organolithium Compounds, Lithium Alkylamides, and Lithium Alkoxides7.Quality Specifications and Analysis8.Toxicology and Occupational Health9.Economic Aspects
Manganese and Manganese Alloys
Authors: Wellbeloved David B. , Craven Peter M. , Waudby John W.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence4.Mining and Beneficiation5.Reduction of Manganese Oxides5.1.Manganese ‐ Oxygen System5.2.Reduction of Manganese Oxides with Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen, and Carbon5.3.Reduction of Mixed Oxides and Minerals Containing Manganese Oxides5.4.Reduction of Manganese Oxides by Silicon5.5.Reduction of Manganese Oxide by Aluminum6.Production of Manganese‐Containing Ferroalloys6.1.Production of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.1.1.Production of Ferromanganese in Blast Furnaces6.1.2.Production of Ferromanganese in Electric Arc Furnaces6.1.2.1.Design and Operation of Electric Furnaces6.1.2.2.Raw Materials Required for the Manufacture of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.1.2.3.Chemistry of the Process6.1.2.4.Discard‐Slag Practice6.1.2.5.High‐Slag Practice6.2.Production of Silicomanganese6.3.Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.3.1.Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese by Oxygen Refining of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.3.2.Silicothermic Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.4.Production of Low‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.5.Gas Cleaning6.6.Developments and Future Trends7.Production of Manganese Metal7.1.Electrolysis of Aqueous Manganese Salts7.2.Electrothermal Process7.3.Aluminothermic Process7.4.Silicothermic Process7.5.Distillation of Ferromanganese7.6.Electrolysis of Fused Salts8.Manganese as an Alloying Component8.1.Manganese in the Iron and Steel Industry8.2.Manganese in Nonferrous Alloys8.3.Nitrogen‐Containing Manganese Alloys9.Processing of Manganese Nodules and Encrustations9.1.Occurrence, Origin, and Composition9.2.Legal Considerations and Nodule Recovery9.3.Processing9.3.1.Gas Reduction and Ammoniacal Leach Process9.3.2.Cuprion Ammoniacal Leach Process9.3.3.Elevated Temperature and Pressure H2SO4Leach Process9.3.4.Reduction and HCl Leach Process9.3.5.Smelting and H2SO4Leach Process9.4.Economic Viability and Future Prospects10.Economic Aspects
Manganese Compounds
Authors: Reidies Arno H.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Manganese Oxides2.1.Manganese(IV) Oxide2.1.1.Properties2.1.2.Natural Manganese Dioxide2.1.3.Synthetic Manganese Dioxides2.1.3.1.Commercial Forms2.1.3.2.Synthetic Manganese Dioxides for Dry Cells2.2.Other Manganese Oxides3.Manganese(II) Salts4.Higher Oxidation‐State Manganates4.1.Potassium Manganates(V) and (VI)4.2.Potassium Permanganate4.2.1.Properties4.2.2.Production4.2.2.1.Fusion Processes4.2.2.2.Anodic Oxidation of Manganate(VI)4.2.2.3.Production Plants4.2.3.Commercial Grades, Packaging, and Transportation4.2.4.Uses4.2.5.Economic Aspects4.3.Sodium Permanganate5.Miscellaneous Manganese Compounds6.Occupational Health and Environmental Aspects
Optical Brighteners
Authors: Siegrist Adolf Emil , Eckhardt Claude , Kaschig Jürgen , Schmidt Erika
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.Physical Principles1.2.Molecular Structure1.3.History of Whitening2.Chemistry of Technical Products2.1.Carbocycles2.1.1.Distyrylbenzenes2.1.2.Distyrylbiphenyls2.1.3.Divinylstilbenes2.2.Triazinylaminostilbenes2.3.Stilbenyl‐2H‐triazoles2.3.1.Stilbenyl‐2H‐naphtho[1,2‐d]triazoles2.3.2.Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐2‐yl)stilbenes2.4.Benzoxazoles2.4.1.Stilbenylbenzoxazoles2.4.2.Bis(benzoxazoles)2.5.Furans, Benzo[b]furans, and Benzimidazoles2.5.1.Bis(benzo[b]furan‐2‐yl)biphenyls2.5.2.Cationic Benzimidazoles2.6.1,3‐Diphenyl‐2‐pyrazolines2.7.Coumarins2.8.Naphthalimides2.9.1,3,5‐Triazin‐2‐yl Derivatives3.Commercial Forms and Brands4.Uses4.1.General Requirements4.2.Textile Industry4.3.Detergent Industry4.4.Paper Industry4.5.Plastics and Synthetic Fibers4.6.Other Uses5.Analytical Methods and Whiteness Assessment5.1.Analytical Methods5.2.Assessment of Whitening Effect6.Environmental Aspects
Phenol Derivatives
Authors: Fiege Helmut , Voges Heinz‐Werner , Hamamoto Toshikazu , Umemura Sumio , Iwata Tadao , Miki Hisaya , Fujita Yasuhiro , Buysch Hans‐Josef , Garbe Dorothea , Paulus Wilfried
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Alkylphenols1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Occurrence, Formation, Isolation1.4.Production, General1.4.1.Alkylation of Phenols1.4.2.Other General Processes1.5.Industrially Important Alkylphenols1.5.1.Polymethylphenols1.5.2.Ethylphenols1.5.3.Isopropylphenols1.5.4.sec‐Butylphenols1.5.5.tert‐Butylphenols1.5.6.tert‐Pentylphenols1.5.7.Higher Alkylphenols1.5.8.Cycloalkylphenols1.5.9.Aralkylphenols1.5.10.Alkenylphenols1.5.11.Indanols2.Catechol2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses2.5.Economic Aspects2.6.Toxicology3.Trihydroxybenzenes3.1.Pyrogallol3.2.Hydroxyhydroquinone3.3.Phloroglucinol4.Bisphenols (Bishydroxyarylalkanes)4.1.Physical Properties4.2.Chemical Properties4.3.Production4.4.Analysis, Testing, Storage4.5.Uses, Economic Aspects4.6.Toxicology5.Hydroxybiphenyls5.1.Physical Properties5.2.Chemical Properties5.3.Production5.4.Analysis, Quality Specifications, Storage5.5.Uses5.6.Toxicology6.Phenol Ethers6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.3.Representative Phenol Ethers7.Halogen Derivatives of Phenolic Compounds7.1.Introduction7.2.Representative Compounds
Pigments, Organic
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Herbst Willy
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Technical Properties2.1.General Aspects2.2.Dispersibility2.2.1.Pigment Powders2.2.2.Pigment Preparations2.3.Crystal Modifications3.Uses3.1.Printing Inks3.2.Paints and Coatings3.3.Plastics3.4.Other Uses4.Azo Pigments4.1.Production4.1.1.Diazotization4.1.2.Coupling4.1.3.Special Features of Azo Pigment Synthesis4.2.Yellow and Orange Monoazo Pigments4.2.1.Yellow Monoazo Pigments (Hansa Yellow Pigments)4.2.2.Monoazopyrazolone Pigments4.3.Disazo Pigments4.3.1.Diarylide Pigments4.3.2.Bis(N‐acetoacetarylide) Pigments4.4.β‐Naphthol Pigments4.5.Azo Pigment Lakes4.5.1.β‐Naphthol Pigment Lakes4.5.2.2‐Hydroxy‐3‐naphthoic Acid Pigment Lakes (BON Pigments)4.5.3.Other Pigment Lakes4.6.Naphtol AS Pigments4.7.Benzimidazolone Pigments4.8.Disazo Condensation Pigments4.8.1.Yellow Pigments4.8.2.Orange, Red, and Brown Pigments4.8.3.Properties5.Metal‐Complex Pigments5.1.Azo Metal‐Complex Pigments5.2.Azomethine Metal‐Complex Pigments5.3.Miscellaneous Metal‐Complex Pigments6.Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Pigments6.1.Azomethine Type: Tetrachloroisoindolinone Pigments6.2.Methine Type: Isoindoline Pigments7.Phthalocyanine Pigments8.Quinacridone Pigments8.1.Production8.1.1.Synthesis8.1.2.Aftertreatment8.2.Properties9.Perinone Pigments10.Perylene Pigments11.Anthraquinone Pigments11.1.Hydroxyanthraquinone Pigments11.2.Aminoanthraquinone Pigments11.3.Heterocyclic Anthraquinone Pigments11.3.1.Anthrapyrimidine Pigments11.3.2.Indanthrone and Flavanthrone11.4.Polycarbocyclic Anthraquinone Pigments11.4.1.Pyranthrone Pigments11.4.2.Anthanthrone Pigments12.Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) Pigments13.Thioindigo Pigments14.Dioxazine Pigments15.Triphenylmethane Pigments15.1.Free Sulfonic Acids (“Alkali Blue” Types)15.2.Dye Salts with Complex Anions16.Quinophthalone Pigments17.Fluorescent Pigments18.Environmental Aspects18.1.Toxicology18.2.Ecology18.3.Impurities
Potassium Compounds
Authors: Schultz Heinz , Bauer Günter , Schachl Erich , Hagedorn Fritz , Schmittinger Peter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Occurrence1.2.History2.Potash Salt Deposits2.1.Minerals2.2.Geology of Potash Deposits3.Mining of Potash Salts3.1.Shaft Mining3.2.Extraction, Conveying, and Haulage3.3.Solution Mining4.Treatment of Potash Ores4.1.Intergrowth and Degree of Liberation4.2.Grinding5.Potassium Chloride5.1.Properties5.2.Production by Crystallization from Solution5.2.1.Phase Theory5.2.2.Hot Leaching Process5.2.3.Processing of Carnallite5.2.4.Equipment5.3.Flotation5.3.1.Potash Ores Suitable for Flotation5.3.2.Carrier Solutions5.3.3.Flotation Agents5.3.4.Theory5.3.5.Flotation Equipment5.3.6.Processes5.4.Electrostatic Separation5.4.1.Theoretical Basis5.4.2.Equipment and Processes5.5.Heavy‐Media Separation5.6.Debrining and Drying5.7.Process Measurement and Control5.8.Waste Disposal and Environmental Aspects5.9.Granulation5.10.Quality Specifications5.11.Toxicology and Occupational Health5.12.Economic Aspects and Uses6.Potassium Sulfate6.1.Properties6.2.Raw Materials6.3.Production6.3.1.From Potassium Chloride and Sulfuric Acid (Mannheim Process)6.3.2.From Potassium Chloride and Magnesium Sulfate6.3.3.From Potassium Chloride and Langbeinite6.3.4.From Potassium Chloride and Kainite6.3.5.From Potassium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate6.3.6.From Potassium Chloride and Calcium Sulfate6.3.7.From Alunite6.3.8.From Natural Brines and Bitterns6.4.Granulation6.5.Quality Specifications6.6.Toxicology and Occupational Health6.7.Economic Aspects and Uses7.Potash ‐ Magnesia8.Production of Potassium Salts from Other Raw Materials8.1.The Dead Sea8.2.The Great Salt Lake8.3.Searles Lake8.4.Other Sources9.Storage and Transportation10.Analysis of Potassium Compounds11.Potassium Hydroxide11.1.Properties11.2.Production11.3.Quality Specifications11.4.Economic Aspects and Uses12.Potassium Carbonate12.1.Properties12.2.Production12.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis12.4.Storage and Transportation12.5.Economic Aspects and Uses13.Potassium Hydrogencarbonate13.1.Properties and Production
Rare Earth Elements
Authors: McGill Ian
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Mineralogy, Abundance, Occurrence3.Properties3.1.Properties of the Nuclei3.2.Properties of the Atoms and Ions3.2.1.Electronic Configuration, Position in the Periodic Table3.2.2.Oxidation States, Atomic and Ionic Radii3.2.3.Magnetic and Spectral Properties3.2.4.Bonding, Coordination Numbers3.3.Other Chemical and Physical Properties3.4.Miscibility and Alloying Behavior3.5.Mechanical Workability4.Digestion of Rare Earth Ores4.1.Wet Chemical Digestion; Fusion4.1.1.Monazite4.1.2.Bastnaesite4.1.3.Other Ores4.2.Direct Chlorination at High Temperature5.Separation5.1.Principles of Separation5.2.Separation by Classical Methods5.2.1.Fractional Crystallization5.2.2.Fractional Precipitation5.2.3.Separations Based on Oxidation State Changes5.3.Separation by Ion Exchange5.3.1.Ion Exchange with Chelating Agents5.3.2.Separation Process5.3.3.Industrial Processes5.3.4.Disadvantages of Ion Exchange5.4.Separation by Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction5.4.1.Theoretical Basis5.4.2.Extractants5.4.2.1.Neutral Extractants5.4.2.2.Acidic Extractants5.4.2.3.Amines and Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Extractants5.4.2.4.Synergistic Effects5.4.3.Industrial Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction5.4.3.1.Separation of Europium Oxide5.4.3.2.Separation of Yttrium Oxide5.4.3.3.Separation of Scandium6.Production of the Metals6.1.Fused Salt Electrolysis6.2.Metallothermic Reduction6.3.Purification7.Analysis8.Compounds8.1.Hydrides8.2.Oxides, Hydroxides, Peroxides, Salts of Inorganic Oxoacids, Double Salts8.3.Halides8.4.Chalcogenides8.5.Nitrides8.6.Carbides8.7.Complexes; Organic Compounds9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology12.Acknowledgement
Sodium and Sodium Alloys
Authors: Klemm Alfred , Hartmann Gabriele , Lange Ludwig
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Occurrence4.Production4.1.Chemical Processes4.2.Electrolytic Processes4.2.1.Development of Molten Salt Electrolysis of NaOH and NaCl4.2.2.Description and Operation of NaCl Molten Salt Electrolytic Cell4.2.3.Properties of the Electrolyte4.2.4.Other Electrolytic Processes5.Safety6.Uses7.Sodium Alloys8.Packaging and Transport8.1.Forming Sodium Metal8.2.Transport Regulations8.3.Break‐Bulk Packaging8.4.Portable Tanks9.Quality Specifications and Analysis10.Health and Safety11.Economic Aspects
Sulfinic Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Schubart Rüdiger
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Preparation of Sulfinic Acids and their Salts3.1.Reduction of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives3.2.Sulfination with Sulfur Dioxide3.3.Oxidation of Thiols3.4.Nucleophilic Cleavage of Sulfones and Related Compounds4.Reactions of Sulfinic Acids and their Derivatives4.1.Alkylation of the Sulfinate Anion4.2.Addition of Sulfinic Acids to Multiple Bonds4.3.Redox Reactions of Sulfinic Acids5.Sulfinic Acid Derivatives5.1.Sulfinyl Chlorides5.1.1.Preparation5.1.2.Reactions5.2.Sulfinic Acid Esters5.2.1.Preparation5.2.2.Reactions5.3.Thiosulfinic Acid Esters5.4.Sulfinic Acid Amides6.1‐Hydroxyalkanesulfinates6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.3.Quality Specifications, Analysis7.Formamidinesulfinic Acid7.1.Properties7.2.Production8.Industrial Uses of Sulfinic Acids and their Derivatives9.Toxicology
Selection of Applications for a Material
Authors: Salimon A. , Bréchet Y. , Ashby M.F. , Greer A.L.
Published: April 2004

Finding an application for a given (not necessarily new) material is an elusive problem. Methods for material selection to fill a given application are now well developed. But the inverse problem – that of finding applications for a new material – has no such established methodology. The article discusses some general approaches to the problem and demonstrates recent progress in implementing them.
Biologically Active Ibogan and Vallesamine Derivatives from Tabernaemontana divaricata
Authors: Kam Toh‐Seok , Pang Huey‐Shen , Choo Yeun‐Mun , Komiyama Kanki
Published: April 2004

Six new indole alkaloids, viz., (3S)‐3‐cyanocoronaridine (2), (3S)‐3‐cyanoisovoacangine (3), conolobine A (5), conolobine B (6), conolidine (7), and (3R/3S)‐3‐ethoxyvoacangine (8), in addition to 36 known ones, were obtained from the stem‐bark extract of the Malayan Tabernaemontana divaricata. The structures were determined by NMR and MS analysis. The CN‐substituted alkaloids showed appreciable cytotoxicity towards the KB human oral epidermoid carcinoma cell‐line.
The Unique Role of Fluorine in the Design of Active Ingredients for Modern Crop Protection
Authors: Jeschke Peter
Published: April 2004

The task of inventing and developing active ingredients with useful biological activities requires a search for novel chemical substructures. This process may trigger the discovery of whole classes of chemicals of potential commercial interest. Similar biological effects can often be achieved by completely different compounds. However, compounds within a given structural family may exhibit quite different biological activities depending on their interactions with different intracellular proteins like enzymes or receptors. By varying the functional groups and structural elements of a lead compound, its interaction with the active site of the target protein, as well as its physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and dynamic properties can be improved. In this context, the introduction of fluorine into active ingredients has become an important concept in the quest for a modern crop protection product with optimal efficacy, environmental safety, user friendliness, and economic viability. Fluorinated organic compounds represent an important and growing family of commercial agrochemicals. A number of recently developed agrochemical candidates represent novel classes of chemical compounds with new modes of action; several of these compounds contain new fluorinated substituents. However, the complex structure–activity relationships associated with biologically active molecules mean that the introduction of fluorine can lead to either an increase or a decrease in the efficacy of a compound depending on its changed mode of action, physicochemical properties, target interaction, or metabolic susceptibility and transformation. Therefore, it is still difficult to predict the sites in a molecule at which fluorine substitution will result in optimal desired effects.
Halogenation of Drugs Enhances Membrane Binding and Permeation
Authors: Gerebtzoff Grégori , Li‐Blatter Xiaochun , Fischer Holger , Frentzel Adrian , Seelig Anna
Published: April 2004

Halogenation of drugs is commonly used to enhance membrane binding and permeation. We quantify the effect of replacing a hydrogen residue by a chlorine or a trifluoromethyl residue in position C‐2 of promazine, perazine, and perphenazine analogues. Moreover, we investigate the influence of the position (C‐6 and C‐7) of residue CF3 in benzopyranols. The twelve drugs are characterized by surface activity measurements, which yield the cross‐sectional area, the air–water partition coefficient, and the critical micelle concentration. By using the first two parameters (AD and Kaw) and the appropriate membrane packing density, the lipid–water partition coefficients, are calculated in excellent agreement with the lipid–water partition coefficients measured by means of isothermal titration calorimetry for small unilamellar vesicles of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. Replacement of a hydrogen residue by a chlorine and a trifluoromethyl residue enhances the free energy of partitioning into the lipid membrane, on average by ΔGlw≈−1.3 or −4.5 kJ mol−1, respectively, and the permeability coefficient by a factor of ∼2 or ∼9, respectively. Despite exhibiting practically identical hydrophobicities, the two benzopyranol analogues differ in their permeability coefficients by almost an order of magnitude; this is due to their different cross‐sectional areas at the air–water and lipid–water interfaces.
Triisobutylaluminium and Diisobutylaluminium Hydride as Molecular Scalpels: The Regioselective Stripping of Perbenzylated Sugars and Cyclodextrins
Authors: Lecourt Thomas , Herault Alexandre , Pearce Alan J. , Sollogoub Matthieu , Sinaÿ Pierre
Published: April 2004

To explain the remarkable regioselective de‐O‐benzylating properties of diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL‐H) and triisobutylaluminium (TIBAL) towards polybenzylated sugars or cyclodextrins, we propose a plausible mechanistic rationale critically involving the kinetic formation of a product‐generating 2:1 Al‐benzylated sugar complex. For the reaction to occur, one pair of adjacent oxygen atoms should first be able to form a chelation complex with the first equivalent of aluminium reagent, either a highly fluxional complex with tetracoordinate aluminium species or a pentacoordinate one. The second equivalent then induces the regioselectivity of the de‐O‐alkylation by coordinating preferentially to one of the oxygen atoms of the selected pair.
Solvent Effect on Mineral Modification: Selective Synthesis of Cerium Compounds by a Facile Solution Route
Authors: Chen Shaofeng , Yu Shu‐Hong , Yu Bo , Ren Lei , Yao Weitang , Cölfen Helmut
Published: April 2004

A mild solution method has been designed for the selective synthesis of orthorhombic and hexagonal CeOHCO3, as well as cubic CeO2 crystals in an ethanol/water mixed solvent. This study added a new example for selectively controlling different cerium compounds by manipulating the balance between kinetics and thermodynamics in a mixed solvent system. The competitive reactions taking place in the ethanol/water system, phase transition, and shape evolution were fully investigated: they were found to be strongly dependent on the composition of the reaction media. The influence of the ethanol content in the mixed solvent and that of the reaction time on the phase transition and shape of orthorhombic and hexagonal CeOHCO3 crystals is discussed in detail. Metastable hexagonal CeOHCO3 can be trapped, even at 80 °C, in the ethanol/water solvent mixture without the need for the high temperature adopted by previous hydrothermal approaches. The evolution process of orthorhombic and metastable hexagonal phases under mild solution conditions is discussed for the first time. Supersaturation will become faster and more evident when water is replaced by ethanol, because the inorganic salts have a lower solubility in ethanol than in water, and this will generally favor the formation of the kinetic phase, such as the hexagonal CeOHCO3 phase reported in this paper. The optical properties of the products with different phases and composition were investigated.
Mikrostrukturmischer für Gasphasenprozesse – Herstellung, Charakterisierung und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten
Authors: Pfeifer P. , Bohn L. , Görke O. , Haas‐Santo K. , Schygulla U. , Schubert K.
Published: April 2004

No abstracts.
Mikrostrukturierte Reaktoren für heterogen katalysierte Gasphasenreaktionen im industriellen Maßstab
Authors: Markowz G. , Schirrmeister S. , Albrecht J. , Becker F. , Schütte R. , Caspary K. J. , Klemm E.
Published: April 2004

No abstracts.
Dispergierung feindisperser Agglomerate mit Mikro‐Dispergierelementen
Authors: Wengeler R. , Ruslim F. , Nirschl H. , Merkel T.
Published: April 2004

No abstracts.
The role of Fas ligand and transforming growth factor β in tumor progression
Authors: Kim Ryungsa , Emi Manabu , Tanabe Kazuaki , Uchida Yoko , Toge Tetsuya
Published: April 2004

Despite the fact that expression of Fas ligand (FasL) in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and in natural killer (NK) cells plays an important role in Fas‐mediated tumor killing, During tumor progression FasL‐expressing tumor cells are involved in counterattacking to kill tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Soluble FasL levels also increase with tumor progression in solid tumors, and this increase inhibits Fas‐mediated tumor killing by CTLs and NK cells. The increased expression of FasL in tumor cells is associated with decreased expression of Fas; and the promoter region of the FASL gene is regulated by transcription factors, such as neuronal factor κB (NF‐κB) and AP‐1, in the tumor microenvironment. Although the ratio of FasL expression to Fas expression in tumor cells is not strongly related to the induction of apoptosis in TILs, increased expression of FasL is associated with decreased Fas levels in tumor cells that can escape immune surveillance and facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) is a potent growth inhibitor and has tumor‐suppressing activity in the early phases of carcinogenesis. During subsequent tumor progression, the increased secretion of TGF‐β by both tumor cells and, in a paracrine fashion, stromal cells, is involved in the enhancement of tumor invasion and metastasis accompanied by immunosuppression. Herein, the authors review the clinical significance of FasL and TGF‐β expression patterns as features of immune privilege accompanying tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment. Potential strategies for identifying which molecules can serve as targets for effective antitumor therapy also are discussed. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
9‐Demethyl‐9‐haloretinals by Wadsworth−Emmons Coupling − Easy Preparation of Pure (all‐E), (9Z) and (11Z) Isomers
Authors: Wang Yajie , Woo Wei Sein , van der Hoef Ineke , Lugtenburg Johan
Published: April 2004

5‐(2′,6′,6′‐Trimethyl‐1′‐cyclohexen‐1′‐yl)‐4‐penten‐2‐yn‐1‐al has been prepared in a one‐pot process starting from β‐ionone in almost quantitative yield. Using 1,4‐nucleophilic addition reactions, the corresponding 9‐Cl, 9‐Br, 9‐I β‐ionylideneacetaldehyde systems could be obtained in one step in quantitative yield as a mixture of (9Z) and (all‐E) isomers. Even the corresponding fluoro derivative could be obtained in good yield as (9Z) and (all‐E) isomers. In the case of a double bond having a halogen substituent, the IUPAC rules have the (E) nomenclature for a cis double bond and the (Z) for a trans double bond. Simple column chromatography gave the pure (9Z) and (all‐E) form. Optimizing the Wadsworth−Emmons coupling gave the corresponding (all‐E)‐ and (9Z)‐retinonitriles in quantitative yield. Subsequent DIBAL‐H reduction gave the corresponding retinals. For the preparation of the (11Z) isomers essential to vision, we found that Wadsworth−Emmons reactions with the diphenyl phosphonate group gave retinonitriles in quantitative yield, where the newly formed double bond is predominantly the (11Z) form (> 60%), together with the (9Z) isomer as minor component. The nitriles could be isolated in pure (9Z,11Z) and (9Z) forms by simple column chromatography. In the case of the (9Z,11Z)‐9‐demethyl‐9‐halo systems, a complication arose due to the unprecedented acid lability of these (9Z,11Z) aldehydes. By adjusting the DIBAL‐H reduction workup procedure, these aldehydes are now available in pure form. We used this strategy to rationally synthesize (11Z)‐retinal starting from β‐cyclocitral as a first test for the generality of our new approach. β‐Ionylideneacetaldehyde could be prepared in the (all‐E) form in almost quantitative yield. Extending the conjugated chain of this molecule gave an almost quantitative yield of a mixture containing 80% (11Z)‐retinal and 20% (all‐E) as the minor component. Simple column chromatography gave pure (11Z)‐retinal in 75% overall yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Comparison of miniplates and reconstruction plates in mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Shaw Richard J. , Kanatas A. N. , Lowe Derek , Brown James S. , Rogers Simon N. , Vaughan E. David
Published: April 2004

Due to a processing error, an early version of this manuscript was inadvertently published online in Head & Neck on September 23, 2003. The publisher has replaced the incorrect version of the published article with the final, accepted version of the manuscript. For archival purposes, the earlier version is available by contacting the publisher at headandneck@wiley.com. This should be considered the definitive version of this article.

Background. The aim of this study is to compare complication rates of miniplates versus reconstruction plates in the fixation of vascularized grafts into segmental mandibular defects.

Methods. Retrospective analysis of 143 consecutive successful microvascular composite flaps performed between 1993 and 2001 was performed. Data were gathered from a computerized database, case notes and pathology reports. Complications were classified as dehiscence, infection, plate or bone removal.

Results. In the series, 49% of patients received miniplates, and 51% received plates. No significant differences in complication rates were found between those grafts fixed with miniplates (27%) and those with reconstruction plates (30%). Plate choice was primarily determined by consultant preference. No significant differences were found in patient, defect, treatrnent, or follow‐up characteristics between the plate groups. Twenty‐nine percent of patients had at least one late complication at the reconstructed site, and this was higher (39%) in those who had postoperative radiotherapy.

Conclusions. No evidence was found in this study that the increased rigidity offered by reconstruction plates influences the rate of plate or bone removal, infection, or plate exposure. Thus, the decision to use reconstruction or miniplates is not dependent on the rate of plate complications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25:456–463, 2003
Mechanics considerations for microporous titanium as an orthopedic implant material
Authors: Thelen Sarah , Barthelat François , Brinson L. Catherine
Published: April 2004

This article investigates mechanics issues related to potential use of a recently developed porous titanium (Ti) material for load‐bearing implants. This material may have advantages over solid Ti of enhancing the bone–implant interface strength by promoting bone and soft tissue ingrowth and of reducing the bone–implant modulus mismatch, which can lead to stress shielding. Experimental data from ultrasound experiments and uniaxial compression testing on microporous Ti are presented. Analytic models to predict its elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio are discussed, including “structural” approaches (Gibson and Ashby's cellular solids) and a “composite material” approach (Mori–Tanaka). Finally, two‐dimensional finite element models based on optical micrographs of the material are presented. Simulations were performed for different conditions and levels of approximation. Results demonstrate that simple analytic models provide good estimates of the elastic properties of the porous Ti and that the moduli can be significantly reduced to decrease the mismatch between solid Ti and bone. The finite element simulations show that bone ingrowth will dramatically reduce stress concentrations around the pores. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 601–610, 2004
The effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on bone regeneration when released from a novel in situ setting tricalcium phosphate cement
Authors: Niedhart Christopher , Maus Uwe , Miltner Oliver , Gräber Hans G. , Niethard Fritz U. , Siebert Christian H.
Published: April 2004

The osteostimulative effect of the basic fibroblast growth factor is well known, but it is dose dependent, and release kinetic depends on interactions with the used carrier. The aim of our study was to determine the osteostimulative effect of a composite, consisting of an in situ setting tricalcium phosphate cement and basic fibroblast growth factor. A trepanation defect of 1.5 mm in the femur diaphysis of Sprague‐Dawley rats was filled with the in situ setting TCP cement combined with 0, 0.25, 2.5, or 25 μg rh bFGF, an autologous bone graft or left empty. The rats were euthanized after 1 and 3 weeks and examined by radiography, histology, histomorphometry, and bending test. The data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon and Kruskal‐Wallis test. All TCP groups with or without bFGF showed a good bony ingrowth with a close bone–cement contact. Osseous ingrowth was not influenced by the addition of the different doses of bFGF as shown by histomorphometry. Also, mechanical strength was not affected. In conclusion, the combination of this in situ setting cement with bFGF is not useful for clinical application. The reason of these negative results remains unclear: the osteostimulative effect of bFGF is well known, and the TCP–cement was used as a carrier for rhBMP‐2 successfully. These negative results may be due to a too slow or too fast release of bFGF from the cement. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 680–685, 2004