bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Younger Person
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The younger person does not already enter the scene in this chapter for a valid reason, which is that it is proper to introduce her parents first. It is not that one cannot see her well with-out them. One can, the three are different, even opposite, and as special as you might find her, it is not necessary for the parents to be present. Children do not always reproduce their parents. Cam0es affirmed that from a certain father one could only expect such a son, and science confirms this poetic rule. For my part I believe in science and in poetry, but there are exceptions, my friend. It happens sometimes that nature does something different, but not for this do plants stop growing or stars stop shining. What one must believe without faltering is that God is God. And if a young Muslim girl is reading me, substitute the name of God with that of Allah. All languages lead to heaven.
The Batista Family
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The Batista family met the Santos family at I don’t know what plantation in the province of Rio. It was not in Maric á, although the father of the twins had been born there. It would have been some other municipality. Whatever it was, that is where the two families met, and since they lived near each other in Botafogo, repetition and sympathy helped the fortunate association along.
Flora
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That was the political couple. A child, if they had a son, could be the fusion of their opposing qualities, and perhaps a statesman. But heaven denied them that dynastic consolation.
Inexplicable
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That is how we left him, just two chapters ago, in a corner of the Santos drawing room, in conversation with the ladies.

She wanted to ask the diplomat this, but she did not find the opportunity and he left early. The first time, however, that Aires went to Sao Clemente, Flora asked him familiarly the favor of a more detailed explanation. Aires smiled and took the young lady’s hand. There was only time to invent this answer to the young woman standing in front of him: “Inexplicable is the word we use to describe artists who paint without finishing their painting. They put on paint and more paint, another kind of paint, a lot of paint, a little paint, new paint and it never seems to them that the tree is a tree or the cabin a cabin. And if the painting has people in it, good-bye. As much as the eyes of the figures speak, these painters always think they say nothing. And they touch it up with so much patience that some die in between eyes, and others kill themselves from despair.”
A Timely Arrival
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

When, at two o’clock in the afternoon on the next day, Natividade boarded the trolley to go on I don’t know what shopping errands at the Rua do Ouvidor, she carried the phrase with her. The view of the bay did not distract her, nor the people passing by, nor the bumps of the street, nothing. The phrase went before her and inside her, with its threatening tone and character. In Catete, someone jumped aboard without stopping the vehicle. You may guess that it was the counselor. Guess, too, that with his foot on the running board and seeing our friend in front of him, he made his way over to her quickly and accepted the corner of the bench that she offered him. After the first greetings, he remarked: “It appears to me that you look frightened.”
A Thief
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

They arrived at the Largo da Carioca, got off the trolley, and said good-bye. She went to the Rua Gon ç alves Dias, and he headed for the Rua da Carioca. Midway down that street, Aires encountered a knot of people standing, then moving toward the square. Aires wanted to reverse his direction, not from fear but from horror. He had a horror of the crowd. He saw that there were not that many people, fifty or sixty, and he heard them crying out against the arrest of a man. He entered an alley, waiting for the throng to pass. Two policemen held the prisoner by the arms. From time to time he resisted, and then it was necessary to drag or force him another way. It was, apparently, about the theft of a wallet.
The Salmon
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

hen he was home for vacation, Paulo found out about the interpretation that his father had given to the princess regent about that part of the speech. He protested against it, at home. He wanted also to make it public, but Natividade intervened in time. Aires put water on the flames, saying to the future lawyer: “It is not worth it, young man. What matters is that everyone has his ideas and fights for them until they triumph. Now, if others interpret your words incorrectly, it should not trouble the author.”
Muse, Sing
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

When lunch was finished, Aires gave them a quote from Homer, in fact two, one for each one, telling them that the old poet had sung about them separately, Paulo at the beginning of the Iliad
Matthew 4:1-10
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

If there is much laughter when one party rises to power, there are also many tears in the other that loses, and it is with laughter and tears that the first day of the new incumbency is made, as in Genesis. Let us turn to the evangelist who serves as title for this chapter. The liberals were called to power, which the conservatives had to relinquish. It is not redundant to say that the disappointment of Batista was great.
Here Present
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Around nine o’clock or just afterward, Pedro arrived with the Batistas and Flora. “We came to bring your boy home,” said Batista to Natividade. “Thank you, sir,” said Santos, “but he is no longer of the age to lose himself in the streets and if he does, we know where to find him,” he added, smiling.
A Secret
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Here, now, is what the conspiracy was about. It was on the walk from Sao Clemente that Pedro, having spent most of the evening on the letter and the dinner, could reveal a secret to the young lady. “Aunty said at home that Dona Cliudia had told her in confidence-don’t say anything-that your father is going to be appointed governor of a province.” “I don’t know anything about this, but I don’t believe it, because Daddy is a conservative.”
Alone at Last!
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Alone at last! When Aires finally found himself on the street, alone, free, unfettered, back to his own devices, loosened from the chains of duty and consideration, he breathed deeply. He talked to himself in a monologue, which he then soon interrupted, remembering Flora. All she had not wished had happened. There went her father to a governorship, and she with him, and the recent inclination toward young Pedro would be stopped in midpath. However, he did not regret what he had said and even less what he had not said. The dice were cast. Now he could take care of other business.
Reading Xenophon
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

How can it be that having heard of the death of two and three ministers, Aires acknowledged only that one had been wounded, correcting the news from the servant? It can only be explained in two ways—either as a noble sentiment of pity or as the opinion that all public news grows by two-thirds, at least.
Peace!
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That, in the midst of such grave events, Aires would have enough leisure and clarity to imagine such a discovery in his neighbor can only be explained by the skepticism with which he took the news. Cust6dio’s distress did not concern him. He had seen many false rumors be born and die. One of his maxims was that man lives to spread the first street story that comes along, and that it is possible to make one hundred people together or separately believe anything. Only at two in the afternoon, when Santos arrived at his house, did he believe in the fall of the empire.
At the Piano
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

While they dreamed of Flora, she did not dream of the republic. She had one of those nights in which imagination sleeps too, without eyes or ears, or at most, one’s retinas do not allow one to see clearly, and one’s ears confuse the sound of a river with the barking of a faraway dog. I cannot give a better definition, nor is it needed. Each one of us will have had such mute and darkened nights.
A Mistaken Conclusion
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Events kept happening, just as the flowers kept blooming. Some flowers bloomed to decorate the last ball of the year. Others died on the eve of the revolution. Poets of one and the other regime drew images from this fact to sing the joy and melancholy of the world. The difference is that the latter muffled their sighs while the former celebrated their bacchanal. The flowers continued to bloom and die, just as regularly as before.
An Eldorado
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Three carriages waited for them on the Pharoux Docks, two coupes and a landau, with three handsome pairs of horses. The Batistas were flattered by the thoughtfulness of the Santos family, and they entered the landau. The twins each rode in his own coupe. The first carriage had its coachman and lackey, in brown uniforms, tin buttons on which the coat of arms of the family could be seen. Each of the other carriages had a single coachman with identical livery. And all three set off, the smaller carriages behind the bigger one, the animals’ hooves beating firmly and in rhythm as if they had rehearsed that reception for many days. From time to time they encountered other liveries, other pairs, other cavalcades, with the same beauty and the same luxury.
A Mistaken Proverb
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Aperson to whom I read the previous chapter in confidence wrote to me saying that everything was the fault of the cabocla of the Castelo. Without her grandiose predictions, Natividade’s donation would have been minimal or nothing and the act in the hallway would not have happened, for lack of the banknote. “Opportunity makes the thief,” concludes my corre spondent.
Lodging
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

he Batista family was lodged at the Santos house. Natividade could not meet them at the boat, and her husband was busy with “starting a new company.” They sent a message with their sons that their rooms were ready in the Botafogo house. As soon as the carriage was moving, Batista confessed that he would be uncomfortable staying there.
Transfusion, Finally
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

A transfusion, this can best define, as repetition and gradation of forms and states, that singular phenomenon; you may use it in the previous chapter and in this one.
In Sáo Clemente
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

After a few weeks, the Batista family departed from the Santos home and returned to the Rua Sáo Clemente. The goodbye was tender, they began to miss each other before the separation, but affection, habit, esteem, the need, in sum, to see each other frequently compensated for their melancholy, and the Batista people took with them the promise that the Santos folks would visit them in a few days.
The Long Night
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

There are many remedies against insomnia. The most common is to count from one to a thousand, two thousand, three thousand, or more, if the insomnia does not retreat right away. It is a remedy that never made anybody fall asleep, it seems, but that does not matter. Until now, all the effective methods against tuberculosis go hand in hand with the notion that tuberculosis is incurable. It is fitting that men affirm what they know nothing about and, as a rule, the contrary of what they know. Thus that other incurable condition is formed: hope.
The Old Secret
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Natividade slept peacefully in Botafogo, but she woke up thinking about her sons and the young woman in Sáo Clemente. She had been taking notice of the three.
Three Constitutions
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

you really think we will become great men?” Pedro had asked Paulo, before the fall of the empire.
Between Aires and Flora
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That quote from old Aires reminds me of one way in which he and young Flora diverged in more than age. I already told you how she, before her father’s commission, defended Pedro and Paulo, whenever they spoke badly of each other. She naturally continued to do this, but the change of regime brought the occasion to defend both monarchists and republicans, depending on whose opinion she listened to, Paulo’s or Pedro’s.
In the Name of Fresh Air
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“I’ll arrange a good house for you,” he said to her as he left.
Two Heads
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The embrace was so long that it took up the rest of the chapter. This one begins without it or another. The very handclasp of Aires and Flora, while prolonged, also ended. The luncheon took longer than usual because Aires, besides being a conversationalist extraordinaire, could not get enough of hearing the two, principally the young woman. He found in her a touch of languor, weariness, or something akin, which I cannot find in my vocabulary.
Visions Require Half-Light
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Meanwhile, the lovely girl did not banish them from her own bedroom, much as she tried to get away from them. Memory brought them back by the hand, they entered and stayed. Later they would leave, either on their own or pushed out by her. When they returned, it was by surprise. One day, Flora took advantage of their presence to make a drawing identical to the one she had given to the counselor, more perfect now, much more finished.
The Room
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

I know, I know, thrice I know, that there are many visions on those pages there. Ulysses confesses to Alcin6os that it is troublesome to tell such things. It is for me, too. I am, however, obliged to do so, because without them our Flora would be less Flora; she would be some other person I never knew about. I knew this one, with her obsessions or whatever you want to call them. Notwithstanding, and despite having picked up some depres sion and nerves, Flora did not neglect to present herself well, make herself more beautiful, and have more than one unknown lover, who sighed for her. She did not lack those who admired her from afar and then went to watch her, at least on the green bench, at the garden gate, next to Aires’s sister. It could be she met some of them, such as Gouveia, for example. Truthfully, it was as if she did not see them.
Realit
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The illness that was given as an explanation for refusal of the offer of marriage became a reality in a few days. Flora took lightly ill. Dona Rita, so as not to alarm her parents, tried to treat her with home remedies. Then she called for a doctor, her own doctor, and the face that he made was not a good one; in fact, it was bad. Dona Rita, who was accustomed to reading the gravity of her illnesses on his face, and always thought them to be very grave indeed, took care to advise the girls parents. The parents came right away. Natividade also came down from Petropolis, not immediately. In the mountains, there was fear of some disturbances below. She came to see the girl and, at her request, stayed for a few days.
State of Siege
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

A11 funerals are alike. That one had the feature of passing through the streets during a state of siege. Well considered, death is nothing more than a cancellation of the freedom to live, a perpetual cancellation, while the decree of that day lasted only seventy-two hours. At the end of seventy-nvo hours, all freedoms would be restored, except that of coming back to life. Whoever had died, was dead. That was Flora’s case, but what crime could she have committed, except that of living, and perhaps of loving, one does not know whom, but loving? Pardon these obscure questions, which are not consequent, in fact are contradictory.
Let It Fly
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Just as the carriage flew from the cemetery, so also this chapter will fly, destined to say first that the mother of the twins managed to take them to Petrópolis. Now they alleged neither the hospital of the Santa Casa nor the documents of the National Library.
One Beatrice far Two
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

If Flora saw the gestures of the two brothers, it is likely that she would descend from heaven and find a way to hear them in perpetuity, a Beatrice for two. But she did not see them, or it seemed to her that it would not be fitting to leave heaven. Perhaps she saw no need to return here, to serve as patroness of a duel she had left in the middle.
Practice and Bench
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

A few months later, Pedro opened his medical office, where people went when they were sick, and Paulo his law office, where those needing justice procured his services.
Exchange of Opinions
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That was when Natividade noticed the first signs of an exchange of inclinations which seemed more purposeful than a natural effect. Nevertheless, it was very natural. Paulo started to oppose the government, while Pedro moderated his tone and meaning and ended up accepting the republican regime, object of so much dissension between them.
Things of the Past, Things of the Future
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The sight of the church and the hill awakened in her all those scenes and words that were recorded in the first two or three chapters. You will not forget that it was at the foot of the church, between it and the Chamber, that the coupe had waited for her and her sister.
Last
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Castor and Pollux were the nicknames that a deputy gave to the twins, when they returned to the Chamber, after the seventh-day Mass. So close was their union that it seemed like a deal. They entered together, walked together, left together. Two or three times they voted together, to the great scandal of their respective political friends. They had been elected to oppose each other, and they ended up betraying their electorate. They heard hard words, sharp criticism. They wanted to resign from office.
Introduction: Reconciling Race and Rights
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

Rights are markers of citizenship that allow us to exist in legally protected, formal relations to one another. As Patricia Williams has argued, “[R]ights imply a respect that places one in the referential range of self and others ... the attainment of rights signifies the respectful behavior, the collective responsibility, properly owed by a society to one of its own.” This strong regard for the autonomy of individual citizens-the vision of the self as an abstract bearer of rights-reflects a particular definition of privacy and property that is the legacy of John Locke, an intellectual legacy that is central to liberal theories of “the nation.” In the tradition of liberal nationalism, rights have been defined as entailing obligations that bind individuals together as a political community, a community that is-in theory, but often not in practice-infinitely permeable and expansive because any person who meets the qualifications for citizenship can join.
Property and the Body in Nature
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

The belief that the discourse of property rights is sufficient to the task of representing the self and the bonds of civil society is a fundamental, well-rehearsed tenet of liberal political thought. The theory of property that best expresses this belief has been put forward by the philosopher John Locke. In his Second Treatise of Government, Locke defines the individual as the proprietor of his own person and rightful owner of his body: “[E]very Man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself. The Labor of his Body, and the Work of his Hands, we may say, are properly his” (Section 27). Locke’s description of property as something that comes into being when objects or other aspects of the natural world, originally given by God to mankind in common, have been mixed with a man’s labor, is premised on a central claim regarding the private property that every man has in his own body. Viewed in connection with contemporary liberal political philosophies and legal theories, this Lockean preoccupation with private property as delineating bodily boundaries is readily apparent in debates concerning the relationship between the body and the state: for example, the relative degrees of inviolability conferred upon the body by the state, or the question of what counts under a particular system of laws as one person’s uncivil, criminal act of trespass with regard to another person’s body.
The Claims of Double-Consciousness: Race, Nationalism, and the Problem of Political Obligation
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

Thus far we have seen that the logic and poetics of contradiction are fundamental to Emerson’s political critique and that the theory of ownership, identity, and association that develops involves Emerson’s systematic merging of religious and political discourses. By Emerson’s account, the web of obligations drawing persons together in public space should not only be described in traditionally political, liberal, contractarian terms. Rather, he says that political obligation also involves demonstrated proofs of friendship-the barely visible (but nonetheless binding) commitments expressed through bodily reflexes of eyes, hearts, and hands.
Immigrant Origins and the “Saltwater Curtain” The Issues
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

In December of 1872, Joseph Hartley and his wife Rebecca wrote to friends in Yorkshire, England. Joseph had left West Riding in early 1858, sailed from Liverpool to New York, and eventually settled in Lockport, a stone quarrying town in upstate New York. Rebecca had left Cambridgeshire in 1857. The friends and family they left behind held out the hope that the Hartleys would one day return to their native country. But fifteen years after their departure from England, Joseph and Rebecca had come to see themselves as Americans: For the Hartleys, the time between their departure from England and the day when they could describe themselves as “yankeys” was fifteen years. In that time, they had experienced a number of changes in their circumstances. They left New York City quickly and lived for a time in Medina, another quarrying town in New York, before settling for good in Lockport. Joseph had moved up in occupation from an often-unemployed quarry laborer to boss of the Lockport quarry. And he and Rebecca had a farm of thirty acres and four children as the fruits of their labor in America.
The Data Two New Samples
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

The experience of migration as a process of transformation can only be seen in data that allow us to follow specific individuals from their departure from Europe until some time after their arrival in the United States. The lack of information on immigrants’ characteristics at their arrival prevents us from distinguishing their experience in Europe from their experience in the United States. In measuring occupational skills or wealth, for example, we are unable to separate what immigrants brought from what they subsequently gained. This may lead us to misinterpret the experiences of different immigrant groups: Was the successful German artisan in 1850 Milwaukee a recent, skilled arrival, or an early, unskilled arrival? Was the propertyless Irish laborer in 1850 New York poor because he had come with little and only recently arrived, or because he had come with nothing and accumulated nothing over his years in the United States? At the same time, the immigrant experience cannot be adequately understood without an appreciation for how the native-born population performed over a comparable period.
Economic Mobility and Geographic Persistence, 1850 –1860
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

The process of transformation undergone by the immigrants described in the preceding chapters did not end in 1850. Though we have focused on the changes they experienced between arrival and 1850, making use of data from 1860 only where it was necessary to separate the effects of duration in the United States from changes in cohorts over time, a great deal more mobility occurred among these new Americans between 1850 and 1860. In this chapter, we follow their progress over this decade, considering their geographic, occupational, and financial mobility, and the links among these dimensions of their experience. In doing so, we offer a new contribution to an older literature on the economic mobility of not just immigrants but also natives, and the role of geographic mobility in that process.
Social, Economic, and Cultural Transformations
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

In just three decades, from the 1860s to the 1890s, the Japanese economy emerged as an Asian powerhouse. It came to be called “the Workshop of Asia,” a cliché that persisted far into the twentieth century. By the 1890s, textile manufacturers dominated home markets. They began competing successfully with British firms in China and India, as well. Japanese shippers were competing with European traders to carry these goods even to Europe.
How Well Do Foreign Exchange Markets Work: Might a Tobin Tax Help?
Authors: Frankel Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

M any observers have concluded that the international monetary system is not working well, particularly the foreign exchange market. The conclusion is fed by some recent developments in international financial markets, on the one hand, and by a number of academic findings on the other. This chapter examines the foreign exchange markets as they currently operate and then considers the arguments over the desirability of a Tobin tax. Misgivings regarding how well the markets are working arise from recent misalignments and crises, on the one hand, and from a set of seven academic findings, on the other.
Introduction America Only More So
Authors: Milner Clyde A
Published: October 2023

Often a dream, sometimes a metaphor, the American West is a place that millions of people can visualize. Certain landscapes of mountain and desert are instantly recognizable. So are certain residents, if they ride horses and wear broad hats or feathered headbands. In these nearly universal images, the West seems grandly conceived and easily explained. It is the West that serves as popular myth and national symbol. The American West of historical interpretation is much more complex. The people of the West are not readily stereotyped. Lakotas, Navajos, and other Native Americans retain distinct cultural identities, as do a cornucopia of immigrants whose cultural heritages may be traced to Europe, Africa, or Asia but who sometimes arrived from farther north via Canada, from farther west via the Pacific Islands, or from farther south via Mexico and Latin America. Like its residents, the location of the American West has changed over time. One generation’s West became another generation’s Midwest or Upper South. Such was the case for Andrew Jackson, who served as president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. In the late 1780s, after two years of studying law in Salisbury, North Carolina, while still in his early twenties, Jackson moved first to Martinsville in North Carolina and then to Jonesboro across the Appalachian Mountains in what would become the state of Tennessee. By the fall of 1788, he had arrived in the logcabin village of Nashville, where he made his home and established his political career. Throughout his adult life, Jackson called himself a “westerner,” and his avid supporters reveled in “Old Hickory’s” regional identity.
A Saga Of Families
Authors: Conzen Kathleen Neils
Published: October 2023

Afamily story lies at the heart of American western history. Through the oft-told tales of western conquest and resistance, settlement and development, wind subtle, insistent themes of family, kinship, and community. Consider, for example, one extraordinarily evocative scene from My Darling Clementine, John Ford’s classic 1946 western film starring Henry Fonda as Wyatt Earp. Silhouetted against the bright southwestern sky rises the skeletal frame of a church tower, a cross at its peak, a joyous bell pealing from its topmost rafters. A lowering mesa broods in the background, nature dwarfing the raw town at its base. In the foreground, two American flags whip bravely in the brisk wind. Men, women, and children, all dressed in their Sunday best, crowd onto the plank floor of the unfinished meetinghouse. And in their midst, knees awkwardly lifted in cautious celebration of the new church, dances the town’s tough, gunfighting, poker-playing marshal, tamed by the genteel Bostonian whom he holds gingerly in his arms.
Alaska And Hawai’i
Authors: Wyatt Victoria
Published: October 2023

At first blush Hawai’ i and Alaska may seem to bear little relation to each other-or tothe American West. Americans commonly think of Hawai’ i less as part of the American West than as part of the American vacation: an island separated from the stresses of real life by an ocean. Yale University’s alumni magazine recently advertised a tour of Alaska under the heading of travel opportunities “abroad”; and according to a common joke, Americans think Alaska is a Pacific island, floating somewhere to the southwest of California, where it basks in warm climes on maps of the nation. Alaska often is perceived as a metaphorical island-distanced from the “mainland” by Canada rather than by an ocean, but distanced all the same. To outsiders, Alaska symbolizes a sanitized last frontier, where travelers go to experience spiritual awakening akin to religious conversion. Hawai’ i represents a tropical paradise where workaholics can relax and recharge before returning to the stresses of modern American life.
The Visual West
Authors: Dippie Brian W
Published: October 2023

on 25 June 1876, Lieutenant Colonel, Brevet Major General, George Armstrong Custer and 209 men with the Seventh U.S. Cavalry died in a battle against Lakota and Cheyenne Indians on the Little Bighorn River in south-central Montana. There were no white survivors of what has gone down in American history as “Custer’s Last Stand.” The battle did in fact happen, but Custer’s Last Stand is a cultural myth created mostly by painters, poets, dramatists, and novelists who found in the news of military disaster out West a heroic lesson. Defeat was victory. It affirmed the pioneering American spirit, the willingness to pay any price for progress, including the sacrifice of self. Today, we reject the presumption of racial and cultural superiority on which the heroic myth of Custer’s Last Stand rested. We wonder, with Heney Wadsworth Longfellow, “Whose was the right and the wrong?” We doubt the imperatives of manifest destiny” and sympathize with the dispossessed, but we do not doubt Custer’s Last Stand. Instead, we read its lesson differently. It now seems a cautionary tale about the price of personal ambition and national greed. But we can still visualize Custer’s Last Stand, and that is a tribute to the enduring influence of artists who, through the power of imagination, fashioned a reality all their own. Their achievement is what western American art is all about.
Comparing Wests And Frontiers
Authors: Nugent Walter
Published: October 2023

The following pages will employ a wide-angle lens to compare, if only in snapshots, America’s Wests with other frontiers, Wests, and regions. There is no doubt that the American West, however defined, was unique. But then, so were the Wests and frontiers of Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, and other places. Did they have any thing in common as Wests and frontiers? Did similar processes take place in all or most of them? Do the processes of change in these other places tell us anything new about the American West? Is it worth looking at them, not only to satisfy our curiosity but also to get other perspectives on ourselves? The American West itself has not always been where it is now. To the U.S. Census Bureau, the twentieth-century West has meant the thirteen westernmost states, with Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico forming the eastern tier. Unofficial definitions would usually agree, perhaps leaving out Hawai’i or Alaska, perhaps including the western halves of the Great Plains states. As recently as 1910 or 1920, however, the “West” still included Chicago and the Mississippi Valley, as it had for much of the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century the term referred to any place west of the Appalachians, and in the seventeenth century it included the area west of the Tidewater in the Chesapeake or a few dozen miles from the Atlantic farther north. The West as a region, as it is now known, will stay in the same place because there is no place farther west to go. Historically, however, the western region has been a movable feast. The places that are no longer Wests are now regarded simply as regions or sections-sizable areas with some sort of distinctiveness. These regions include (among others) New England, the Piedmont, Appalachia, and the Midwest. As transitory Wests, they were once called frontiers-the New England frontier, the southern frontier-and those frontiers-become-regions were themselves complex.
The Advantages of Comparative Advantage
Authors: Krauss Melvyn
Published: October 2023

The perennial issue of foreign trade policy is free trade versus protectionism. On the one side are the protectionists who in the United States today are more active and aggressive than at any time since the end of World War II. This special-interest group portrays our trading partners not as good guys who provide U.S. consumers with needed and desirable goods and services such as Honda cars, Sony television sets, etc., but as bad people who through unfair competition and dirty tricks steal jobs from U.S. workers and profits from U.S. businesses.
Free Trade and the Welfare State
Authors: Krauss Melvyn
Published: October 2023

The modem welfare state is characterized by a large public sector and extensive government intervention into the private economy. Its purpose is to achieve a wide range of social objectives-e.g., equal­ ization of incomes, equal access to certain goods (health care, education), environmentalism ... , etc. Welfare-state programs are manifest in all the Western industrialized nations though they have reached their extreme in the smaller countries of Northern Europe-Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands.

During the decades of the 1950s and 1960s, the welfare state and free trade were considered to be complimentary with one another. Free trade bolstered the economic base of the welfare state, which made financing its social consumption and income redistribution programs that much easier. This made sense but could not survive the 1970s. As the economic performance of the welfare state faltered, so did its commitment to free trade. Slowly but surely, the welfare state has evolved into a protectionist state.
The Consensus of Expert Opinion
Authors: Krauss Melvyn
Published: October 2023

It is hard to overestimate the damage socialist fallacies have done to the poor nations of the world. Import substitution and big government tax and spending policies have proved ruinous to these countries-yet these were the very policies the “experts” promised the poor would lead them out of their poverty. “The LDCs are caught in the vicious circle of poverty, 11 wrote the young Walter Heller in 1964. “To break out of this circle, apart from foreign aid, calls for vigorous taxation and government development programs; on this point expert opinion is nearing a consensus. “
The Comparability of American History
Authors: woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

To limit the subject of historical study within national boundaries is always to invite the charge of narrow perspective and historical nationalism. Historians of all nations have in some measure incurred that risk, but Americans have been accused of more than the normal share of this type of parochialism. They are said to lay excessive claims to distinctiveness and uniqueness in their national experience, to plead immunity from the influence of historical forces that have swept most other nations, to shun or deprecate comparisons between their history and that of other people, and to seek within their own borders all the significant forces that have shaped their history. These charges assume more sharpness and urgency as America approaches total involvement in world history. The striking paradox of a nation that professes historical parochialism and practices cosmopolitan involvement calls for attention from professional historians.
The Revolution
Authors: Palmer R R
Published: October 2023

The United States of America, as a political organization, was undoubtedly created by a revolution, which found its expression in the Declaration of Independence of 1776. The experience of revolution is therefore one which Americans share with others. In a book devoted to comparative history it is important to try to see the American Revolution in a comparative light, assessing both resemblances and differences between it and other revolutions, and the effects it may have had on revolutionary developments in other parts of the world. The task is not easy. Nor is it new, for Americans have been concerned with their special relationship to the rest of the world from the time of the Revolution itself, and indeed since the first settlement of the country. Europeans, and others also, have found much in the American experience to illuminate their own.
The “Newness” of the New Nation
Authors: Lipset Seymour Martin
Published: October 2023

One of the most fruitful comparative approaches to American history has been one that emphasizes the ways in which the conditions facing new societies, new nations, and new or open frontiers have affected subsequent developments. I want to point to some of the ways in which such perspectives have enriched our understanding of American society.
Frontiers
Authors: Billington Ray Allen
Published: October 2023

To the hundreds of visitors from abroad who have recorded their impressions of the United States during the past two centuries, the Americans are a strange and inexplicable people. They are arrogantly nationalistic, and so blindly worshipful of democratic principles that they can recognize virtue in no other governmental system. They demand more economic freedom for the individual than is allotted in most urban-industrial countries. Whatever their wealth or social status, they refuse to recognize the existence of class lines or, if they do, proudly proclaim them­ selves in the middle class. They are forever moving about, exhibiting none of the attachment to place that lends stability to more mature societies. They are prejudiced against time-tested ways of doing things, preferring to experiment with the new when the old is still usable. They worship at the shrine of the Almighty Dollar, laboring so incessantly that the relaxing leisure enjoyed in other lands is not only avoided but scorned.
Postindustrial Craftsmanship
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

This chapter elaborates on the idea that craftsmanship can be seen as a modern process, and involved with more than just the production of individual artifacts. The idea of a process of careful shaping based on feedback from reality may be applied to client interactions, the construction of buildings, or the development of neighborhoods. The chapter focuses on process rather than product with examples that include the unique design of individual buildings, the reintroduction of carefully shaped materials, along with the careful shaping of housing and building groups and consequent variety in the environment as a whole. These examples point to a new idea of postindustrial craftsmanship, in which large-scale production at acceptable costs does not necessarily require Henry Ford—like repetition but in which the detailed and unique shaping of the built world may happen in the context of modern society and new industrial techniques, side by side with the reinvigoration of traditional crafts.
Women “Religious and the Devotional “Revolution
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham
Published: October 2023

The Catholic Church in Ireland enjoys a relationship with the Irish population that is unique in the Western world. The high level of religious practice and the historically controversial nature of Catholic influence on Irish society both reflect that unique relationship. Yet a high level of religious practice was not always characteristic of lrish society. Contrary to the popular view that Catholicism embraced the Irish of all classes at all times and was virtually synonymous with being Irish, recent scholars have shown that Catholicism had to be taught aggressively to the majority of the population.
Transforming Catholic Culture
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham
Published: October 2023

In 1800, Shortly After they first began to wear their religious habits on a regular basis, the women of the South Presentation convent in the city of Cork were prosecuted for what was still a penal-law crime. In the court case that re-sulted, however, the magistrate dismissed the charges against the women.
Conclusion
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham
Published: October 2023

This Book Set Out to examine, more closely and more fully than has been done before, the reemergence of women’s religious orders in Ireland after 1770. A number of important questions have been posed, and the answers leave us with a very different understanding of the significance of the religious life for women in the nineteenth century. In considering the question of the initiative or the responsibility for the emergence and spread of the new orders in Ireland, the assertion that reforming bishops and priests initiated and managed the modern conventual movement appears to be faulty.
The Making of an American Thinking Class
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

A radical new interpretation of the political and intellectual history of Puritan Massachusetts, The Making of an American Thinking Class envisions the Bay colony as a seventeenth century one-party state, where congregations served as ideological ‘cells’ and authority was restricted to an educated elite of ministers and magistrates. From there Staloff offers a broadened conception of the interstices of political, social, and intellectual authority in Puritan Massachusetts and beyond, arguing that ideologies, as well as ideological politics, are produced by self-conscious, and often class-conscious, thinkers.
Antinomianism Defeated
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

The unabated truculence of the Antinomian insurgents left the General Court little choice when it met in early August. No doubt with the concurrence of the clerical elders who had converged at the court, it ordered the first synod in the history of New England to be convened in Newtown on August 30. Careful preparations were required to confer upon this dramatic ecclesiastic exercise the desired cultural-sanctioning effect. An invitation was extended to all orthodox ministers throughout New England, including the recently arrived John Davenport. Moreover, all ruling elders and magistrates could attend, thus turning the synod into a virtual party plenum or convocation of the entire inner party.
From The Cambridge Platform To The Half-Way Covenant
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

The impression received from reading a standard account of the period between the synods that produced the Cambridge Platform and the half-way covenant is that the Puritan project declined in Massachusetts. The churches became increasingly tribal in their concerns, the clerics became sacerdotal in their ministry, and a broad “declension” undermined the religious culture and practice of Christian piety. While there is much to be said for each of these claims, taken together they depict a distinctly misleading portrait of the Massachusetts scene, particularly if they are not placed in the context of the larger institutional practices of both church and state in this period. Assuredly, by most obvious measures, the orthodox one-party regime was more firmly entrenched in the years 1646–1662 than at any time before or after. The word was widely preached to forced attendance, the number of orthodox gathered churches grew, three intercolonial synods were held, remonstrants were imprisoned and heavily fined, baptists were banished, and Quakers were flogged and executed. How much more Puritan could the Bay Colony be?
The Restoration and The Politics of Declension
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

The collapse of the Puritan Protectorate and the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 shook the very foundations of the Puritan Bay regime and initiated a prolonged time of troubles for the orthodox thinking class. The Restoration threatened the regime’s de facto political independence and challenged its ideological self-conception as the vanguard of the militant Protestant internationale. The changed imperial climate deepened the preexisting tensions between the laity and clergy. More ominously, for the first time in Massachusetts’s history, significant, enduring, and public divisions emerged among both the magistrates and ministers. These divisions reached critical proportions in the years surrounding the formation of the third church of Boston. The inevitable result of these divisions was a loss of cultural authority by the thinking class in general and the ministerial intellectuals in particular. The spectacle of orthodox divines citing biblical sanction for diametrically opposed positions—and with some heat at that—led the laity to suspect that the clergy’s biblicism was not as univocal as had been advertised. Indeed, some concluded that the ministers were sophistic masters of the word rather than its humble servants. Such conclusions came to the fore in the late 1660s when the deputies denounced the clergy as the source of innovation and backsliding. By the time of King Philip’s War in the mid-167os, the Bay clergy had been sorely buffeted by the winds of the Restoration.
Children As Research Subjects
Authors: Nelson Robert M
Published: October 2023

An individual child may benefit from participation in research in a variety of ways including access to new therapeutic interventions and close monitoring. While an alternative to participating in research is to receive the currently available treatment, assuming that these treatments are safer and more effective than interventions under investigation may not be justified. In fact, most drugs used to treat children have never been tested formally in children, making off-label use of medications the de facto standard of care in pediatrics. Indeed, only 20% of drugs approved in the United States have been labeled for use in infants and children and only 37% of new drugs in 1996, with the potential for pediatric use, had some pediatric labeling at the time of approval.