bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutagenesis Supports AlphaFold Prediction of How Modular Polyketide Synthase Acyl Carrier Proteins Dock With Downstream Ketosynthases
Authors: Hirsch Melissa , Desai Ronak R. , Annaswamy Shreyas , Keatinge‐Clay Adrian T.
Published: July 2024

The docking of an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain with a downstream ketosynthase (KS) domain in each module of a polyketide synthase (PKS) helps ensure accurate biosynthesis. If the polyketide chain bound to the ACP has been properly modified by upstream processing enzymes and is compatible with gatekeeping residues in the KS tunnel, a transacylation reaction can transfer it from the 18.1‐Å phosphopantetheinyl arm of the ACP to the reactive cysteine of the KS. AlphaFold‐Multimer predicts a general interface for these transacylation checkpoints. Half of the solutions obtained for 50 ACP/KS pairs show the KS motif TxLGDP forming the first turn of an α‐helix, as in reported structures, while half show it forming a type I β‐turn not previously observed. Solutions with the latter conformation may represent how these domains are relatively positioned during the transacylation reaction, as the entrance to the KS active site is relatively open and the phosphopantetheinylated ACP serine and the reactive KS cysteine are relatively closer—17.2 versus 20.9 Å, on average. To probe the predicted interface, 20 mutations were made to KS surface residues within the model triketide lactone synthase P1‐P6‐P7. The activities of these mutants are consistent with the proposed interface.
Effects of inlet height of detention basins on fish movement to refuges during floods
Authors: Nakagawa Hikaru , Matsuzawa Yuki , Nagayama Akira , Agata Yoshihiro , Okamoto Seiya , Masuda Shinichi , Aikawa Takao , Sakamoto Taihei , Kono Takanori , Hayashida Kazufumi , Mori Terutaka
Published: July 2024

Detention basins, typically installed adjacent to rivers, prevent the rise in water levels downstream by temporarily storing river water. Furthermore, these basins potentially promote biodiversity by creating floodplains as refuges during floods. The heights of the inlet dikes, which divert river water into the basins during floods, are designed just below the flood elevation to maximise disaster prevention. However, the accessibility of these artificial basins to organisms during floods is uncertain, primarily due to the design of the inlet dikes. Herein, we experimentally examined the effect of the height of these inlets on fish entering the detention basins during floods. The Aqua Restoration Research Center created small‐scale detention basins next to the experimental streams to induce artificial flooding using movable water gates. We controlled the height of the inlet boards to simulate an inlet dike and recorded the number of fishes that entered these basins during an experimental flood. The number of individuals moving into the basins increased as the height of the inlet board decreased. No fish were captured in the basins with the highest inlet board, which was set just below the experimental flood level. While the detention basin needs to be of a certain height of the inlet for effective flood control, we suggest a solution that may be possible to achieve both objectives, disaster prevention and biodiversity conservation, by altering the inlet location, with reference to a Japanese traditional flood reduction installation, the Kasumi‐tei.
Boosting the Electrical Transfer by Molybdenum Doping for Robust and Flexible NiSe‐Based Supercapacitor
Authors: Tang Guilin , Tang Weinan , Li Quancai , Tian Bin , Zhang Xinyu , Liang Jing , Wu Wei
Published: July 2024

NiSe is a promising electrode material for enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors, but it faces challenges such as sensitivity to electrolyte anions, limited specific capacity, and unstable cycling. This study employs a strategy of metal atom doping to address these issues. Through a hydrothermal reaction, Mo‐doped NiSe demonstrates significant improvement in electrochemical performance, exhibiting high capacity (799.90 C g−1), splendid rate performance, and excellent cyclic stability (90% capacity retention). The introduction of Mo induces charge redistribution in NiSe, leading to a reduction in the band gap. Theoretical calculation reveals that Mo doping can effectively enhance the electrical conductivity and the adsorption energy of NiSe. A flexible printed hybrid Mo‐doped NiSe‐based supercapacitor is fabricated, demonstrating superior electrochemical performance (367.04 mF cm−2) and the ability to power timers, LEDs, and toy fans. This research not only deepens the understanding of the electrochemical properties of metal‐doped NiSe but also highlights its application potential in high‐performance supercapacitors.
Recent Advances in Revealing the Electrocatalytic Mechanism for Hydrogen Energy Conversion System
Authors: Cai Mingxin , Zhang Yiran , He Peilei , Zhang Zhicheng
Published: July 2024

In light of the intensifying global energy crisis and the mounting demand for environmental protection, it is of vital importance to develop advanced hydrogen energy conversion systems. Electrolysis cells for hydrogen production and fuel cell devices for hydrogen utilization are indispensable in hydrogen energy conversion. As one of the electrolysis cells, water splitting involves two electrochemical reactions, hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. And oxygen reduction reaction coupled with hydrogen oxidation reaction, represent the core electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cell devices. However, the inherent complexity and the lack of a clear understanding of the structure‐performance relationship of these electrocatalytic reactions, have posed significant challenges to the advancement of research in this field. In this work, the recent development in revealing the mechanism of electrocatalytic reactions in hydrogen energy conversion systems is reviewed, including in situ characterization and theoretical calculation. First, the working principles and applications of operando measurements in unveiling the reaction mechanism are systematically introduced. Then the application of theoretical calculations in the design of catalysts and the investigation of the reaction mechanism are discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities are also summarized and discussed for paving the development of hydrogen energy conversion systems.
Effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on aging‐related changes in healthy geriatric dogs: A randomized, double‐blinded placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Bharani Kala Kumar , Devarasetti Ashok Kumar , Carey Latha , Khurana Amit , Kollipaka Rajesh , Hanuman Donga Durga Veera , Chetla Vinaya Sree , Banothu Anil Kumar
Published: July 2024

Background and aim

This study aimed to explore the clinical potential of Withania somnifera/ashwagandha root extract (ARE) to mitigate age‐related changes in healthy geriatric dogs. We hypothesized that ARE can reduce the effects of advancing age, including physiological changes, immune response decline and susceptibility to diseases, by its immunomodulatory effects.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted in Telangana, India, from July 2022 to September 2022. Twenty apparently healthy dogs, aged 8 years or older, were enrolled. The dogs were divided into two groups to receive ARE (15 mg/kg, once daily, orally) or a placebo control. Various parameters, including serum cortisol levels, haematological profiles, biochemical markers, antioxidant indicators and anti‐inflammatory responses, were assessed at the initiation of study, day 30, and day 60.

Results

The erythrocyte count and haemoglobin levels were significantly increased with ARE (p < 0.001), whereas leukocyte count decreased (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant decreases in important markers of liver function (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin and globulin; p < 0.001 at day 60), as well as kidney function markers (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen; p < 0.001 at days 30 and 60), were observed in ARE‐treated dogs compared to the placebo control group. In addition, the levels of markers of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and malondialdehyde) were significantly modulated by ARE intervention, indicating strong antioxidant effects. Interestingly, serum cortisol levels reduced significantly with ARE (p < 0.001). Compared to baseline, ARE significantly decreased key inflammatory markers, including interferon‐γ, tumour necrosis factor‐α, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells and interleukin‐10 (p < 0.001) levels at day 60.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that ARE has adaptogenic properties in healthy geriatric dogs by improving haematological and biochemical profiles, enhancing antioxidant defence, reducing stress and modulating inflammatory responses.
Transcorneal aspiration for management of primary iris cysts in the standing horse
Authors: Conduit Stefanie , Bowen Mark , Hallowell Gayle , Pereira Regina , Rapezzano Guilia , Redpath Adam
Published: July 2024

Background

Equine primary iris cysts are usually incidental findings but, if associated with clinical signs, may require intervention. The use of laser (Nd:Yag or diode) has been reported but requires specialised equipment. Transcorneal aspiration has not been previously evaluated in the standing horse.

Objectives

To review outcomes of standing transcorneal aspiration of primary iris cysts (STAPIC) in horses.

Methods

Horses were identified from electronic patient records from 2018 to 2024 across four collaborating centres. Clinical presentation and outcomes were identified and reported using descriptive statistics.

Results

Eighteen horses were identified. Behavioural signs reported included ‘spooking’ and changes in rideability often associated with jumping. Single large unilateral cysts were present in 11 horses, bilateral cysts in three horses and multiple unilateral cysts in four horses. Following treatment, one horse developed uveitis and fibrin in the anterior chamber associated with needle contact with the iris stroma due to movement, and a second horse developed fibrin within the anterior chamber. Both conditions resolved with anti‐inflammatory medication and administration of tissue plasminogen activator. No other adverse effects were reported. Follow‐up was available from all horses (median: 6 months, interquartile range [IQR]: 4–11 months) with no recurrence, although one horse developed an iris cyst in the contralateral eye after 3 years. All owners reported improvement in clinical signs, with 61% reporting no further signs.

Conclusions

STAPIC is an effective and easily accessible alternative for treating iris cysts in horses rarely associated with complications.
Military Leadership and Resilience
Authors: Boga Danny
Published: July 2024

Military service exposes personnel to a variety of stressors and potentially traumatic events, ranging from combat through to common occupational demands found in any job. Military personnel frequently face demands such as extended time away from family and friends, exposure to ambiguous and potentially lethal situations, restrictions on personal freedoms, increased legal powers from supervisors, and the constant need to maintain “operational readiness.” The stressors faced during military service can have significant repercussions on operational effectiveness and force sustainment. How personnel respond to these demands while maintaining effective performance over time is often considered to be a matter of resilience. Resilience involves the ability to bounce back with minimal impact from adversity. Military leaders at all levels have become increasingly concerned about how the resilience of their personnel might impact or enhance operational capability. Commanders are increasingly recognizing the important roles leadership and organizational support play in the development of resilience.

This chapter aims to provide a broad overview of some of the research, concepts, and practices being employed by modern militaries to foster resilience. It examines what is meant by resilience, then looks at how different concepts have been used at both individual and organizational levels to encourage greater resilience among military personnel. Overall, the development of resilience is a multifaceted process which leaders need to be aware of if they are to get the best out of their personnel. The promotion of adaptive “resilient” behaviors is particularly important in high-performance/high-stress organizations such as the military.
A Comparative History of Cooperatives in Switzerland, 1800–2000
Authors: Gutmann Martin
Published: July 2024

This chapter sketches the origins and development of cooperatives in Switzerland from 1800 to the present and explores to what extent the Swiss experience aligns with or departs from cooperatives in comparable countries. It concludes that both in its longer-term antecedents and in its trajectory throughout the past 200 years, cooperatives in Switzerland have displayed some unique dimensions, yet these are not as exceptional as many Swiss commentators and scholars purport.
Research on Intelligent Detection Technology for Highway and Bridge Engineering
Authors: Meng Xiangyu
Published: July 2024

Bridges are a crucial component of infrastructure, and the detection of their structure and health status has always been a focus of attention in the engineering field. However, there are a series of challenges in the application of traditional bridge detection methods in complex environments, especially in fine detection of special areas, which usually only rely on manual visual inspection, which limits the ability to comprehensively understand the health status of bridges. In response to this issue, research and summary on intelligent detection technology and equipment for highway bridges indicate that timeliness and accuracy are key factors in the process of bridge health diagnosis, evaluation, and maintenance. In modern engineering practice, intelligent detection technology and equipment have been widely applied, and rapid development has made machine vision based detection technology the main means. This trend has brought significant improvements to bridge inspection, and the introduction of various non-destructive testing technologies has provided diversified data support for the inspection process, making the inspection results more comprehensive and reliable. High performance intelligent detection equipment has emerged in this context, with its ability to carry various advanced sensors gradually covering various bridge detection needs.
A Prediction Model for Loess Collapse Coefficient Based on Genetic Algorithm Back Propagation Neural Network
Authors: Zhang Yuetong , Zhu Wuwei , Jin Shenglong , Niu Jianhui , Wang Qize , Xie Zhixun , Yang Xiao , Yue Yanchao
Published: July 2024

As an important property of loess, the collapsibility coefficient is commonly used in engineering to evaluate the collapsibility of loess. The main methods for predicting the collapsibility coefficient of loess currently include fuzzy algorithm, principal component analysis, data mining, etc. Due to the numerous indicators that affect the collapsibility of loess and their mutual influence, current research has problems such as incomplete consideration of indicators or insufficient data used to fit prediction models, resulting in insufficient prediction accuracy. Using factor analysis method, factor analysis is conducted on the selected indicator data based on the theory of collapsible deformation structure. Water content, porosity, and plasticity indicators are selected as independent main factors, and a Back Propagation (BP) neural network prediction model is constructed to predict the collapsible coefficient. Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the initial network parameters of the model. Compared to the BP neural network prediction model, the model optimized by genetic algorithm has varying degrees of improvement in accuracy, high prediction accuracy, and better practicality in engineering.
A Method for Identifying Public Transportation Super Spreaders Considering Community Structure
Authors: Chen Jun , Li Zaiqi , Zhang Zixuan , Li Xiaowei
Published: July 2024

Due to variations in passengers’ travel behaviours, not all passengers exhibit the same epidemiological transmission ability when they are infected. Public transportation super spreaders are passengers who can cause more extensive infections when they are infected. This study utilizes multi-source public transit data to construct a weighted passenger contact network and proposes the Gravity Hub Bridge method (GHB) for node identification based on the gravity model and the community structure. Compared to other identification methods, GHB exhibits the largest transmission range difference at low, medium, and high epidemiological levels. In other words, the public transportation super spreaders identified by GHB possess a higher epidemiological transmission ability.
Computer Vision Technology in Cost Monitoring of Construction Projects
Authors: Ou Xiaolin
Published: July 2024

With the continuous development of technology, the application of computer vision technology in cost monitoring of construction projects is becoming increasingly important. By utilizing computer vision technology, construction companies can monitor the progress of construction sites, material usage, and allocation of human resources in real-time, thereby better controlling project costs. The application of this technology can not only improve the efficiency of construction projects, but also reduce human errors and waste, which is of great significance for the successful completion of projects. Therefore, construction companies should actively adopt computer vision technology to improve the efficiency and accuracy of cost monitoring. In recent years, China's economy has continued to grow, continuously driving the development of infrastructure and manufacturing industries. However, at the same time, the production safety situation in China is becoming increasingly severe, and safety accidents continue to occur. One of the main causes of safety accidents is human misconduct, which includes workers wearing uniforms and safety helmets improperly during construction. Workers engage in some dangerous behaviors during construction, such as making phone calls, falling, and squatting for long periods of time. In response to the above issues, this article studies how the SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector) algorithm, CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) algorithm, and YOLO (You only look once) algorithm can be applied to the behavior detection of construction workers, and compares them with existing object detection algorithms through experiments. The experimental data shows that the AP (Average precision), AP50, and AP75 values of the SSD-CNN algorithm in this article are 51.29%, 69.85%, and 54.81%, respectively. Among all the algorithms, the values of the three indicators rank in the top few.
Influence of Fly Ash and Basalt Fibers on the Properties of Recycled Pervious Concrete
Authors: Lou Hailong , Ma Chenglong , Hong Qiankun
Published: July 2024

As an environmentally friendly building material, recycled pervious concrete can not only alleviate the increasingly severe urban flooding and heat island effect, but also realize the resource utilization of construction waste. However, the porous nature of recycled pervious concrete leads to its low strength, and there is an urgent need to develop recycled pervious concrete with good mechanical and permeability properties. This paper proposes to mix fly ash and basalt fibers in the waste brick aggregate pervious concrete, and investigate the effects of mixing fly ash and basalt fibers on the properties of recycled brick pervious concrete by comparing the mechanical properties, water permeability and frost resistance of recycled brick pervious concrete. The results show that: with the increase of fiber admixture, the mechanical properties and frost resistance of recycled brick-mixed permeable concrete are improved, and the water permeability is decreased; fly ash is more obvious to improve the late strength of recycled brick-mixed permeable concrete, with the increase of fly ash admixture, the mechanical properties and frost resistance of recycled permeable concrete are improved, and the water permeability is decreased, and the excessive admixture of fly ash will greatly reduce the water permeability of recycled brick-mixed permeable concrete. Excessive incorporation of fly ash will greatly reduce the water permeability of recycled pervious concrete. Under the premise of better water permeability and mechanical properties, the optimal mix combination of 10% fly ash and 0.05% basalt fiber was selected on the basis of 85% recycled concrete aggregate and 15% brick aggregate as the mixed coarse aggregate.
Projective structures and Hodge theory
Authors: Causin Andrea , Pirola Gian Pietro
Published: July 2024

Every compact Riemann surfaceXadmits a natural projective structure$$p_u$$puas a consequence of the uniformization theorem. In this work we describe the construction of another natural projective structure onX, namely the Hodge projective structure$$p_h$$ph, related to the second fundamental form of the period map. We then describe how projective structures correspond to (1, 1)-differential forms on the moduli space of projective curves and, from this correspondence, we deduce that$$p_u$$puand$$p_h$$phare not the same structure.
Neuro-adaptive path following control of autonomous ground vehicles with input deadzone
Authors: Maaruf Muhammad , Mysorewala Muhammad Faizan
Published: July 2024

This article investigates the path-following control problem of an autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) with unknown external disturbances and input deadzones. Neural networks are used to estimate unknown external disturbances, dead zones, and nonlinear functions. The minimum learning parameter scheme is employed to adjust the neural network to reduce the computational load. A backstepping control is proposed to facilitate the tracking of the target path. The steady-state path-following error is decreased by adding an integral error term to the backstepping controller. Command filtering is employed to address the explosion of the complexity issue of the conventional backstepping approach, and the filtering error is compensated via an auxiliary signal. Lyapunov stability study indicates that the AGV closed-loop system is bounded by the proposed control with reasonable accuracy. At last, simulations are given to demonstrate the potential of the proposed scheme in path-following control.
Screening of rice genotypes against brown leaf spot (Bipolaris oryzae) (Breda de Haan) shoemaker, under field and laboratory conditions at Banke, Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Rita , Khatri Sanjaya , Acharya Basistha , Gauchan Unnati , Adhikari Goma , Thapa Sandesh
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out to screen 60 rice genotypes against brown leaf spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae with Sabitri as a resistant check and Mansuli as a susceptible check at Banke, Nepal. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized completed block design, and the seed infection screening was done in a laboratory with a completely randomized design. The disease assessment was done by calculating disease severity, the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and the seed infection rate. The disease severity and AUDPC significantly varied for the tested genotypes. Based on the AUDPC and disease severity values, this study observed that one genotype was moderately resistant, 11 were susceptible, and 48 were highly susceptible. From our experiment, rice genotypes were primarily susceptible rather than resistant; thus, for the next-generation breeding program for brown leaf spot-resistant genotypes, more landraces should be screened from diverse environments of Nepal.
Exploring the phytochemicals and in-vitro anticancer activities of Torenia crustacea
Authors: Nath Debabrata , Das Smriti Rekha Chanda , Ghose Shatabdi , Das Trishna , Chowdhury Sailee , Mazumder Rana
Published: July 2024

Recent advances in herbal medicine have given it a unique place within society. This is perhaps due to its less harmful effects and plant-based products' use. The plants that we now call herbal remedies were used for centuries by many communities who relied on their traditional healers. The current study examines the phytochemicals and in-vitro anticancer activities properties of theTorenia crustaceaafter it have been extracted using various solvents. The plant was collected and authenticated, followed by drying, grinding and extraction using liquids with increasing polarity. The extracts obtained were subjected to phytochemical screening and TLC. The results were interpreted and used as a basis for the in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities. The presence of phytoconstituents was further proved by TLC analysis, during which it was seen that the acetone extract exhibited two spots on the TLC plate, and the chloroform extract exhibited seven spots on the TLC plate. Various identification tests showed the presence of flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides. This was used as a basis for the in vitro studies, including antioxidant and anticancer studies. The results suggest that the plant under research exhibits promising in vitro antioxidant activity compared to the standard ascorbic acid with a low IC50value. The in vitro anticancer experiments also yielded good findings, indicating that this plant has the potential to be used as a strong anticancer agent.
Development and Proof of Concept of a Predictive Model of Flight Deck Cognitive Workload
Authors: Harris Don , Scott Steve
Published: July 2024

Abstract: Workload can be regarded as the “cost” (in information processing terms) of performing a given flight task. Predictive models of workload are valuable at the early stages of system design to identify potentially excessive demands on the human operator before major system development commences. This paper describes the early development of a task-based predictive workload method. It utilizes a scenario-based timeline analysis supplemented by characterizations of the cognitive nature of the pilot’s tasks using Wickens’ multiple resource theory, followed by the identification of likely task conflicts and estimates of the influence of the task environment. Workload predictions were made for a manual approach, landing and roll-out scenario in a modern airliner. Predictions were compared against corresponding Bedford scale workload estimates. Results show that the predictive workload technique produced comparable estimates of cognitive workload measured using the Bedford scale.
Comparison of In-Flight and Post-Flight Use of NASA-TLX
Authors: Mansikka Heikki , Virtanen Kai , Harris Don
Published: July 2024

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of airborne assignment of NASA-TLX scores. A total of 21 participants flew two simulated flying missions. In both missions, the participants’ task was to fly an instrument landing system (ILS) approach, followed by a stabilized climbing turn maneuver. In one mission, the participants evaluated their mental workload on the ILS approach and assigned the NASA-TLX scores during the climbing turn maneuver. In the other mission, the same tasks were conducted after the simulated flying task. The participants’ NASA-TLX scores and flying performance between missions were compared. There was no significant difference in the participants’ flying performance between missions. There were no significant differences in either NASA-TLX scores or overall indices between two missions.
Buck–Boost DC–AC converter based on coupled inductors
Authors: Osheba Dina S. M. , Goda Belal M. , Elsabbe Awad E. , Zein Elden Ashraf
Published: July 2024

In this paper, a single stage buck–boost DC–AC converter based on coupled inductors is presented for renewable energy and electric vehicle applications. The proposed topology works with only three semiconductor switches, two diodes, and three coupled inductors to transfer input DC voltage to a high gain or low gain output AC voltage. A coupled inductor is used instead of normal inductors, which will reduce core and size requirements. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation strategy is used in this paper for controlling the main switch. There are many merits in the presented topology, like high gain up to five times of input voltage, compact size, less number of components, which results in reducing the overall cost, reducing switching loss, and increasing the converter efficiency. The simulation study is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to simulate the operation of the proposed converter. Also, an experimental setup is built up to examine the actual operation of the proposed converter. There is a good agreement between simulation and experimental results which increases the validation and confidence of the model.
Biomechanical effects of deltoid muscle atrophy on rotator cuff tissue: a finite element study
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Chen Lihua , Xu Guangming , Liu Hao
Published: July 2024

The deltoid muscle and rotator cuff tissue are structural components that maintain the dynamic stability of the shoulder joint. However, atrophy of the deltoid muscle may affect the stability of the shoulder joint, which in turn alters the mechanical distribution of rotator cuff tissue. Currently, the effect of muscle volume changes in the deltoid muscle on reducing the load on the rotator cuff tissue is still unknown. Therefore, this paper intends to analyze the mechanical changes of rotator cuff tissue by deltoid muscle atrophy through finite elements. Based on previously published finite element shoulder models, the deltoid muscle was modeled by constructing deltoid muscle models with different degrees of atrophy as, 100% deltoid muscle (Group 1), 80% deltoid muscle (Group 2), and 50% deltoid muscle (Group 3), respectively. The three models were given the same external load to simulate glenohumeral joint abduction, and the stress changes in the rotator cuff tissue were analyzed and recorded. In all three models, the stress in the rotator cuff tissue showed different degrees of increase with the increase of abduction angle, especially in the supraspinatus muscle. At 90° of glenohumeral abduction, supraspinatus stress increased by 58% and 118% in Group 2 and Group 3, respectively, compared with Group 1; In the subscapularis, the stress in Group 3 increased by 59% and 25% compared with Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. In addition, the stress of the infraspinatus muscle and teres minor muscle in Group 2 and Group 3 were higher than that in Group 1 during the abduction angle from 30° to 90°. Deltoid atrophy alters the abduction movement pattern of the glenohumeral joint. During glenohumeral abduction activity, deltoid atrophy significantly increases the stress on the rotator cuff tissue, whereas normal deltoid volume helps maintain the mechanical balance of the rotator cuff tissue.
Analyzing Medicago spp. seed morphology using GWAS and machine learning
Authors: Botkin Jacob , Medina Cesar , Park Sunchung , Poudel Kabita , Cha Minhyeok , Lee Yoonjung , Prom Louis K. , Curtin Shaun J. , Xu Zhanyou , Ahn Ezekiel
Published: July 2024

Alfalfa is widely recognized as an important forage crop. To understand the morphological characteristics and genetic basis of seed morphology in alfalfa, we screened 318 Medicago spp., including 244 Medicago sativa subsp. sativa (alfalfa) and 23 other Medicago spp., for seed area size, length, width, length-to-width ratio, perimeter, circularity, the distance between the intersection of length & width (IS) and center of gravity (CG), and seed darkness & red–green–blue (RGB) intensities. The results revealed phenotypic diversity and correlations among the tested accessions. Based on the phenotypic data of M. sativa subsp. sativa, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) called against the Medicago truncatula genome. Genes in proximity to associated markers were detected, including CPR1, MON1, a PPR protein, and Wun1(threshold of 1E−04). Machine learning models were utilized to validate GWAS, and identify additional marker-trait associations for potentially complex traits. Marker S7_33375673, upstream of Wun1, was the most important predictor variable for red color intensity and highly important for brightness. Fifty-two markers were identified in coding regions. Along with strong correlations observed between seed morphology traits, these genes will facilitate the process of understanding the genetic basis of seed morphology in Medicago spp.
Semantic-enhanced graph neural network for named entity recognition in ancient Chinese books
Authors: Xu Yongrui , Mao Caixia , Wang Zhiyong , Jin Guonian , Zhong liangji , Qian Tao
Published: July 2024

Named entity recognition (NER) plays a crucial role in the extraction and utilization of knowledge of ancient Chinese books. However, the challenges of ancient Chinese NER not only originate from linguistic features such as the use of single characters and short sentences but are also exacerbated by the scarcity of training data. These factors together limit the capability of deep learning models, like BERT-CRF, in capturing the semantic representation of ancient Chinese characters. In this paper, we explore the semantic enhancement of NER in ancient Chinese books through the utilization of external knowledge. We propose a novel model based on Graph Neural Networks that integrates two different forms of external knowledge: dictionary-level and chapter-level information. Through the Graph Attention Mechanism (GAT), these external knowledge are effectively incorporated into the model’s input context. Our model is evaluated on the C_CLUE dataset, showing an improvement of 3.82% over the baseline BAC-CRF model. It also achieves the best score compared to several state-of-the-art dictionary-augmented models.
Study on the influence of airflow disturbance on spray atomization
Authors: Mo Jinming
Published: July 2024

The droplet distribution characteristics are one of the key factors that determine the dust suppression effect of spray system. In order to study the droplet distribution characteristics under different working conditions, the influence mechanism of wind speed and spray angle on droplet distribution characteristics was studied based on Fluent software. The results show that the increase of wind speed and spray angle will increase the lateral momentum of droplets, resulting in the increase of longitudinal height and lateral length of spray belt. The change of spray angle causes the change of the distribution ratio of transverse momentum and longitudinal momentum of droplets. With the increase of spray angle, the transverse momentum of droplets increases and the longitudinal momentum decreases, resulting in the increase of the longitudinal height and length of spray belt. In engineering practice, attention should be paid to the coordinated control of nozzle height, spray angle and airflow speed.
Approaches to assessment of the total nitrogen and phosphorus inflow into the Neva Bay using the example of the Krasnenkaya River and the Dudergofskiy Channel
Authors: Klubov Stepan , Tretyakov Victor , Dmitriev Vasiliy , Nikulina Anna
Published: July 2024

There is a necessity for the Baltic Sea environmental protection against toxic contamination and anthropogenic eutrophication. The protection proposes an annual evaluation of the total nitrogen and phosphorus income into the Neva Bay from St. Petersburg. The evaluation takes into account the substances, which inflow into the Neva Bay with water of the Neva River and its spill streams. However, an additional source of the substances is the substances inflow by runoff from watercourses entering Neva Bay. The watercourses do not have monitoring points. There is an additional source of the elements, which is the nonpoint dispersed outflow of the substances from the Neva Bay shore. The paper presents the evaluation methodology of the nitrogen and phosphorus outflow of catchment areas without monitoring points and the methodology verification result. The methodology uses data of analogous watersheds with close spatial structure, drainage network density, and average slope and so on. The methodology includes application of GIStechnologies and cluster analysis. The paper presents some results of the total nitrogen and phosphorus income into the Neva Bay with runoff of two small watercourses.
Multi-component environmental impact assessment of a thermal power station
Authors: Sukiasyan Astghik , Gevorkyan Aram , Ledashcheva Tatiana , Arakelyan Andranik , Hovhannisyan Alik , Simonyan Arsen , Kirakosyan Armen
Published: July 2024

The production of electricity at thermal power plants using fossil fuels involves the use of such material resources, most of which are converted into waste that is released into the environment. Hrazdan Thermal Power Station is the largest power plant in Armenia, built and put into operation in the late 1960s. During the study, a comparative analysis of the concentration of some chemical elements in soil samples, including the Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant and the Hrazdan Cement Plant, was carried out. The analysis showed significant differences depending on the sampling location and season. This may be due not only to snow cover but also to the start of spring fieldwork and the application of fertilizers and pesticides to agricultural land, as well as the active period of power plant operation. Therefore, when using multi-criteria methods to assess the environmental impact of different types of power plants, it is necessary to consider the soil pollution coefficient as a separate correction factor.
Ecological features and resource status of carp fish in the lower Amu Darya River
Authors: Temirbekov Ramatulla , Musaev Ablatdin , Israilova Irina , Zholdasbaev Azamat , Myrzambetov Nurlybai
Published: July 2024

This study presents the results of multi-year comprehensive scientific research conducted in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River. The primary material for the study consisted of our own collections of ichthyological material of fish populations to determine their current status in fisheries. The research focused on various groups and statuses of carp fish. As a result of the study, the current composition of carp fish fauna in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, their ecological characteristics, and their commercial status in connection with the anthropogenic transformation of the river's hydrological regime were identified. Under these conditions, research is being conducted to create sustainable fish resources and their effective utilization, including the study of alternative water sources in the Southern Aral Sea region.
Study of Some Kinetic Laws of Methyl Monochloride Pyrolysis Reaction
Authors: Fayzullayev Normurot , Javharov Jonibek , Iskandarov Abror
Published: July 2024

Purpose of work-is to study some kinetic laws of the heating decomposition reaction of monochloromethane in an airless environment at a slightly higher temperature. The growing demand for unsaturated ethylene series hydrocarbons in recent years shows how important the work in this field is. Pyrolysis of methyl chloride was carried out in a special flow and differential reactor. YuKS-20/30, YuKS-20, YuKS-30 and silicoaluminummagnesium phosphates: YuKS-30 Si , YuKS-30 Fe , YuKS-30, and YuKS- 30 modified with Mg were used as catalysts. The selectivity and acidic properties of modified YuKS-30, YuKS-20/YukS-30, YuKS-20 catalysts were studied using the thermoprogrammed desorption method of ammonia. Changes in CH3Cl conversion dynamics were observed at different temperatures and catalysts. From the obtained results, the selectivity for propylene in YuKS-20/YukS-30 and YuKS-20 samples was 32mol% and 35mol%, and in YuKS-30 it was 44mol%. In YuKS-20 and YuKS-20/YukS- 30 samples, the total selectivity of C 2 -C 3 formation at 500 min is 61 mol%, and in YuKS-30 it is equal to 71 mol%. Monochloromethane conversion was 80.5%. In the temperature range of 400-500℃, the activity of silicoaluminummagnesium phosphate was 77-84%, the active period of the catalyst increased at the volume rate of monochloromethane of 1000 h-1 . Ethylene extraction selectivity increases from 26 mol% to 41 mol% after 500 min at a volume rate of 1000-1500 h-1, and propylene selectivity increases to 45-47 mol%.
River zones as a tool for increasing the urban sustainability in large cities of Russia
Authors: Illarionova Olga , Klimanova Oxana
Published: July 2024

This work studies the main parameters of the major river zones in ten large cities in Russia in terms of their potential to form a blue-green corridor and its efficiency and integrity, which are essential for creating a more sustainable urban environment. We used several indicators to evaluate these aspects, like the green infrastructure availability of river zones, vegetation fragmentation, intactness of the unsealed 200-m riverside line and a functional structure of river zones. The integrated assessment revealed that river zones actually form a blue-green corridors only in two cities, Omsk and Krasnoyarsk. These two blue-green corridors, as well as the potential corridors of Nizhny Novgorod, Ufa and Irkutsk, can be considered the most effective ones. On the contrary, in Kazan, Rostov-on- Don and Khabarovsk, river zones least of all resemble corridors. In the remaining cities, river zones have an insignificantly fragmented vegetation, so they can be probably turned into blue-green corridors if numerous former industrial zones along the river will be transformed into new green elements, and if the existing infrastructure will get more vegetation.
Hemorrhagic Fourth Ventricle Colloid Cyst: A Report of an Unusual Presentation at an Uncommon Location
Authors: Shah Ankit S. , Shroff Madhur S.
Published: July 2024

Colloid cysts are benign cystic lesions characteristically arising from the third ventricle roof close to the foramen of Monro. Although incredibly rare, hemorrhage within a third ventricular colloid cyst is sparsely reported. To the best of our knowledge, no cases of hemorrhage within the fourth ventricle colloid have ever been documented. Here, we present an interesting case describing a hemorrhagic colloid cyst situated within the fourth ventricle of a 55-year-old female patient who presented with symptoms of headache, vomiting, and gait imbalance. The cyst was excised during surgery via a suboccipital microscopic telovelar approach. Our findings led us to the conclusion that, despite being extremely rare, colloid cysts in the fourth ventricle can present with hemorrhagic episodes, which can exacerbate symptoms and hasten neurological decline. As a result, the presence of unusual radiological characteristics in a fourth ventricle lesion should prompt medical practitioners to suspect an atypical colloid cyst. This consideration can be pivotal in making informed surgical decisions. Expedited management and a microsurgical approach are recommended strategies for a better outcome.
Preterm Infant's Heart Rate Variability Near Birth Predicts Autonomic Symptoms at Age 3 to 5 Years
Authors: Zohar Noa , Katz-Leurer Michal , Zuk Luba , Israeli-Mendlovic Hadas
Published: July 2024

Aims To describe the autonomic function of premature infants born between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation, without medical risk factors, at the age of 3 to 5 years and to assess whether it's possible to predict the appearance of autonomic deficits in these children at this age range.

Methods This follow-up study included 40 out of 55 premature infants born between weeks 28 and 32 during 2018 to 2020. During 2022 to 2023 parents were asked to report on medical and developmental follow-up and treatment, functional characteristics of the autonomic system, and the age at which walking was achieved.

Results Approximately 27% of the participants (11 out of 40) presented autonomic symptoms at 3 to 5 years of age. A predictive relationship was noted between the function of the heart rate control system near birth and the presence of autonomic dysfunctions at ages 3 to 5. Fourteen of 40 children received neurodevelopmental treatments. However, children with autonomic symptoms were not treated for their symptoms.

Conclusion These preliminary findings provide valuable insights into the autonomic function of children born premature and the potential predictive relationship between early autonomic measures and later autonomic dysfunctions. It also highlights the need for increased awareness and intervention strategies for addressing autonomic issues in premature infants to support their overall well-being.
An experiential account with recommendations for the design, installation, operation and maintenance of a farm-scale soil moisture sensing and mapping system
Authors: Malone Brendan , Biggins David , Sharman Chris , Searle Ross , Glover Mark , Brown Stuart
Published: July 2024

Context The research explores the benefits of real time tracking of soil moisture for various land management contexts and the importance of spatio-temporal modelling and mapping to gain clear and visual understanding of soil moisture fluxes across a farm. Aims This research aims to outline the key processes required for building an operational on-farm soil moisture monitoring system where the product is highly granular daily soil moisture maps depicting variations temporally, spatially and vertically. Methods We describe processes of capacitance soil moisture probe installation, data collection infrastructure, sensor calibration, spatio-temporal modelling, and mapping. Key results An out-of-bag soil moisture evaluation modelling system was tested for nearly 2 years. We found a model accuracy (RMSE) estimate of 0.002 cm−3 cm−3 and concordance of 0.96 were found. This result is averaged over this period but fluctuated daily, and related to rainfall patterns across the target farm, which were not directly incorporated into the modelling framework. As expected, incorporating prior estimates of soil moisture into the modelling framework contributed to very accurate estimates of real time available soil moisture. Conclusions This research promotes the importance of iterative improvements to the soil moisture monitoring system, particularly in areas of sensor recalibration and spatio-temporal modelling. We stress the need for a longer-term view and plan for ongoing maintenance and improvement of such systems in the emerging digital farming ecosystem. Implications The results of this research will be useful for researchers and practitioners involved in the design and implementation of on-farm soil monitoring systems.
Recall tempo of Hebbian sequences depends on the interplay of Hebbian kernel with tutor signal timing
Authors: Farrell Matthew , Pehlevan Cengiz
Published: July 2024

Understanding how neural circuits generate sequential activity is a longstanding challenge. While foundational theoretical models have shown how sequences can be stored as memories in neural networks with Hebbian plasticity rules, these models considered only a narrow range of Hebbian rules. Here, we introduce a model for arbitrary Hebbian plasticity rules, capturing the diversity of spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity seen in experiments, and show how the choice of these rules and of neural activity patterns influences sequence memory formation and retrieval. In particular, we derive a general theory that predicts the tempo of sequence replay. This theory lays a foundation for explaining how cortical tutor signals might give rise to motor actions that eventually become “automatic.” Our theory also captures the impact of changing the tempo of the tutor signal. Beyond shedding light on biological circuits, this theory has relevance in artificial intelligence by laying a foundation for frameworks whereby slow and computationally expensive deliberation can be stored as memories and eventually replaced by inexpensive recall.