bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trajectory manipulation of Talbot images via dynamic linear index potentials
Authors: Jiao Ruiyun , Dou Lichao , Zhang Wenqian , Zhan Kaiyun
Published: November 2020

The efficient manipulation of the Talbot effect by exploiting dynamic linear index potentials is demonstrated theoretically and numerically. The exact recurrent solutions of two kinds of incident periodic patterns are found. In each case, if the dynamic linear potentials are appropriately designed, the intensity pattern can have a recurrent self-imaging of the incident field along a predefined trajectory. Both the Talbot revivals and fractional Talbot revivals can occur at rational Talbot lengths, except for a lateral shift, resulting from the predefined trajectory. These results can be readily extended to two dimensions by treating them as a product of two independent one-dimensional cases. Theoretical expectations are validated via numerical simulations.
Fano resonances in optical spectra of semiconductor quantum wells dressed by circularly polarized light
Authors: Kibis O. V. , Kolodny S. A. , Iorsh I. V.
Published: November 2020

The optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells irradiated by a strong circularly polarized electromagnetic field are studied theoretically. Since the field can induce the composite electron-light states bound at repulsive scatterers, it drastically modifies all optical characteristics of the system. Particularly, it is demonstrated that the quantum interference of the direct interband optical transitions and the transitions through the light-induced intermediate states leads to the Fano resonances in the optical spectra, which can be detected in the state-of-the-art measurements.
TOP1α, UPF1, and TTG2 regulate seed size in a parental dosage–dependent manner
Authors: Li Chengxiang , Gong Ximing , Zhang Bin , Liang Zhe , Wong Chui Eng , See Benjamin Yen How , Yu Hao
Published: November 2020

Cues of maternal and paternal origins interact to control seed development, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still far from clear. Here, we show thatTOPOISOMERASE Iα(TOP1α),UP-FRAMESHIFT SUPPRESSOR 1(UPF1), andTRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2(TTG2) gametophytically, biparentally regulate seed size inArabidopsis.TOP1αandUPF1are mainly expressed in antipodal cells, and loss of their function leads to ectopicTTG2expression in these female gametophytic cells. We further demonstrate that TOP1α and UPF1 directly repressTTG2expression through affecting its chromatin status and determine its relative expression in antipodal cells versus sperm cells, which controls seed size in a dosage-dependent and parent-of-origin-dependent manner. The molecular interplay among these three genes explains their biparental gametophytic effect during diploidy and interploidy reciprocal crosses. Taken together, our findings reveal a molecular framework of parental interaction for seed size control.
Predicting suicide attempt or suicide death following a visit to psychiatric specialty care: A machine learning study using Swedish national registry data
Authors: Chen Qi , Zhang-James Yanli , Barnett Eric J. , Lichtenstein Paul , Jokinen Jussi , D’Onofrio Brian M. , Faraone Stephen V. , Larsson Henrik , Fazel Seena
Published: November 2020

Background

Suicide is a major public health concern globally. Accurately predicting suicidal behavior remains challenging. This study aimed to use machine learning approaches to examine the potential of the Swedish national registry data for prediction of suicidal behavior.

Methods and findings

The study sample consisted of 541,300 inpatient and outpatient visits by 126,205 Sweden-born patients (54% female and 46% male) aged 18 to 39 (mean age at the visit: 27.3) years to psychiatric specialty care in Sweden between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012. The most common psychiatric diagnoses at the visit were anxiety disorders (20.0%), major depressive disorder (16.9%), and substance use disorders (13.6%). A total of 425 candidate predictors covering demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status (SES), electronic medical records, criminality, as well as family history of disease and crime were extracted from the Swedish registry data. The sample was randomly split into an 80% training set containing 433,024 visits and a 20% test set containing 108,276 visits. Models were trained separately for suicide attempt/death within 90 and 30 days following a visit using multiple machine learning algorithms. Model discrimination and calibration were both evaluated. Among all eligible visits, 3.5% (18,682) were followed by a suicide attempt/death within 90 days and 1.7% (9,099) within 30 days. The final models were based on ensemble learning that combined predictions from elastic net penalized logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting, and a neural network. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs) on the test set were 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87–0.89) and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.88–0.90) for the outcome within 90 days and 30 days, respectively, both being significantly better than chance (i.e., AUC = 0.50) (p < 0.01). Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were reported at different risk thresholds. A limitation of our study is that our models have not yet been externally validated, and thus, the generalizability of the models to other populations remains unknown.

Conclusions

By combining the ensemble method of multiple machine learning algorithms and high-quality data solely from the Swedish registers, we developed prognostic models to predict short-term suicide attempt/death with good discrimination and calibration. Whether novel predictors can improve predictive performance requires further investigation.
The psychometric properties of the person-centered therapeutic relationship in physiotherapy scale
Authors: Rodríguez-Nogueira Óscar , Morera Balaguer Jaume , Nogueira López Abel , Roldán Merino Juan , Botella-Rico José-Martín , Del Río-Medina Sonia , Moreno Poyato Antonio R.
Published: November 2020

Objective

To determine the psychometric properties of the Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) in order to find the most appropriate fit for the tool.

Methods

Patients who had received treatment at the physiotherapy service of nine hospitals in Spain were invited to complete the 31 items of the PCTR-PT scale. To select the most appropriate items of the PCTR-PT, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed using the maximum likelihood and oblique rotation (promin) methods. Factor validity, goodness-of-fit and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent (CFA) and discriminant validity were calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability.

Results

366 patients over 18 years old who had received, at least, 15 physiotherapy treatment sessions completed the questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a tool with 15 items in four factors [Relational Bond (N items = 4); Individualized Partnership (N items = 4); Professional Empowerment (N items = 3) and Therapeutic Communication (N items = 4)], explaining 78.4% of the variance of the total variables of this tool. The confirmatory factor analysis further confirmed the four-structure model. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha in all four dimensions, as all were above .70, ranging from .84 (Individualized Partnership) to .91 (Professional Empowerment). = 0.94. Test-retest was performed with two-week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.900).

Conclusion

The Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person-centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It would be interesting to investigate the predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of the PCTR-PT scale.
Chytridiomycosis-induced mortality in a threatened anuran
Authors: Adams Andrea J. , Pessier Allan , Cranston Peggy , Grasso Robert L.
Published: November 2020

Effectively planning conservation introductions involves assessing the suitability of both donor and recipient populations, including the landscape of disease risk. Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd), has caused extensive amphibian declines globally and may hamper reintroduction attempts. To determine Bd dynamics in potential source populations for conservation translocations of the threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) to Yosemite National Park, we conducted Bd sampling in two populations in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, U.S.A. At one of two sites, we observed lethally high Bd loads in early post-metamorphic life stages and confirmed one chytridiomycosis-induced mortality, the first such report for this species. These results informed source population site selection for subsequentR.draytoniiconservation translocations. Conservation efforts aimed at establishing new populations ofR.draytoniiin a landscape where Bd is ubiquitous can benefit from an improved understanding of risk through disease monitoring andex situinfection studies.
Publicly funded interfacility ambulance transfers for surgical and obstetrical conditions: A cross sectional analysis in an urban middle-income country setting
Authors: Truche Paul , NeMoyer Rachel E. , Patiño-Franco Sara , Herrera-Escobar Juan P. , Torres Myerlandi , Pino Luis F. , Peck Gregory L.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Interfacility transfers may reflect a time delay of definitive surgical care, but few studies have examined the prevalence of interfacility transfers in the urban low- and middle-income (LMIC) setting. The aim of this study was to determine the number of interfacility transfers required for surgical and obstetric conditions in an urban MIC setting to better understand access to definitive surgical care among LMIC patients.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of public interfacility transfer records was conducted from April 2015 to April 2016 in Cali, Colombia. Data were obtained from the single municipal ambulance agency providing publicly funded ambulance transfers in the city. Interfacility transfers were defined as any patient transfer between two healthcare facilities. We identified the number of transfers for patients with surgical conditions and categorized transfers based on patient ICD-9-CM codes. We compared surgical transfers from public vs. private healthcare facilities by condition type (surgical, obstetric, nonsurgical), transferring physician specialty, and transfer acuity (code blue, emergent, urgent and nonurgent) using logistic regression.

Results

31,659 patient transports occurred over the 13-month study period. 22250 (70.2%) of all transfers were interfacility transfers and 7777 (35%) of transfers were for patients with surgical conditions with an additional 2,244 (10.3%) for obstetric conditions. 49% (8660/17675) of interfacility transfers from public hospitals were for surgical and obstetric conditions vs 32% (1466/4580) for private facilities (P<0.001). The most common surgical conditions requiring interfacility transfer were fractures (1,227, 5.4%), appendicitis (913, 4.1%), wounds (871, 3.9%), abdominal pain (818, 3.6%), trauma (652, 2.9%), and acute abdomen (271, 1.2%).

Conclusion

Surgical and obstetric conditions account for nearly half of all urban interfacility ambulance transfers. The most common reasons for transfer are basic surgical conditions with public healthcare facilities transferring a greater proportion of patient with surgical conditions than private facilities. Timely access to an initial healthcare facility may not be a reliable surrogate of definitive surgical care given the substantial need for interfacility transfers.
Evaluation and diagnosis of obstacles to land-based ecological security in resource-based cities: A case study of Xingtai city
Authors: Zhu Chen , Li Yuping , Zhang Luxuan , Wang Yanchao
Published: November 2020

To provide a theoretical basis for sustainable land resource utilization and a reference for areas with similar natural conditions, an evaluation index for land-based ecological security was constructed based on the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model and the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) and entropy methods, and the land-based ecological security status of Xingtai city from 2006 to 2017 was evaluated. Then, the obstacles to land-based ecological security were diagnosed. The results show that the values of the comprehensive evaluation index of land-based ecological security were 0.28–0.66 in the period from 2006 to 2017. The value of the index of land-based ecological security was low in the first seven years and gradually improved in the last five years of the study period. However, the overall situation was grave, and the ecological security conditions were poor. The main obstacles to land-based ecological security were the usage of pesticides, investment in environmental pollution treatments, the degree of machine cultivation, the rate of cultivation and the usage of fertilizer in Xingtai city. Based on the results of the land-based ecological security evaluation and the main obstacles identified in Xingtai city, this paper proposes management strategies and suggestions for improving land-based ecological security in Xingtai city. The specific proposals are as follows: vigorously develop green agriculture, increase investment in environmental pollution control, increase input in science and technology, and strengthen supervision and management of land use.
NMR spectroscopy analysis reveals differential metabolic responses in arabidopsis roots and leaves treated with a cytokinesis inhibitor
Authors: Wilkop Thomas E. , Wang Minmin , Heringer Angelo , Singh Jaideep , Zakharov Florence , Krishnan Viswanathan V. , Drakakaki Georgia
Published: November 2020

In plant cytokinesis,de novoformation of a cell plate evolving into the new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. In our earlier chemical genomics studies, we identified and characterized the small molecule endosidin-7, that specifically inhibits callose deposition at the cell plate, arresting late-stage cytokinesis in arabidopsis. Endosidin-7 has emerged as a very valuable tool for dissecting this essential plant process. To gain insights regarding its mode of action and the effects of cytokinesis inhibition on the overall plant response, we investigated the effect of endosidin-7 through a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolomics approach. In this case study, metabolomics profiles of arabidopsis leaf and root tissues were analyzed at different growth stages and endosidin-7 exposure levels. The results show leaf and root-specific metabolic profile changes and the effects of endosidin-7 treatment on these metabolomes. Statistical analyses indicated that the effect of endosidin-7 treatment was more significant than the developmental impact. The endosidin-7 induced metabolic profiles suggest compensations for cytokinesis inhibition in central metabolism pathways. This study further shows that long-term treatment of endosidin-7 profoundly changes, likely via alteration of hormonal regulation, the primary metabolism of arabidopsis seedlings. Hormonal pathway-changes are likely reflecting the plant’s responses, compensating for the arrested cell division, which in turn are leading to global metabolite modulation. The presented NMR spectral data are made available through the Metabolomics Workbench, providing a reference resource for the scientific community.
Prostate-specific antigen dynamics after neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy and carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Takakusagi Yosuke , Oike Takahiro , Kano Kio , Anno Wataru , Tsuchida Keisuke , Mizoguchi Nobutaka , Serizawa Itsuko , Yoshida Daisaku , Katoh Hiroyuki , Kamada Tadashi
Published: November 2020

Background

This study aimed to explain the dynamics of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in patients with prostate cancer who were treated with carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) and neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT).

Methods

Eighty-five patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer who received CIRT and neoadjuvant ADT from December 2015 to December 2017 were analyzed in the present study. The total dose of CIRT was set at 51.6 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) delivered in 12 fractions over 3 weeks. The PSA bounce was defined as a ≥0.4 ng/ml increase of PSA levels from the nadir, followed by any decrease. PSA failure was defined using the Phoenix criteria.

Results

The median patient age was 68 (range, 48–81) years. The median follow-up duration was 33 (range, 20–48) months. The clinical T stage was T1c, T2a, and T2b in 27, 44, and 14 patients, respectively. The Gleason score was 6 in 3 patients and 7 in 82 patients. The median pretreatment PSA level was 7.37 (range, 3.33–19.0) ng/ml. All patients received neoadjuvant ADT for a median of 6 (range, 2–117) months. PSA bounces were observed in 39 patients (45.9%), occurring a median of 12 (range, 6–30) months after CIRT. PSA failure was observed in eight patients (9.4%), occurring a median of 21 (range, 15–33) months after CIRT. The 3-year PSA failure-free survival rate was 88.5%. No clinical recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. Younger age and lower T stage were significant predictors of PSA bounce. Younger age was a significant predictor of PSA failure.

Conclusions

In this study, we identified the significant predictors of the occurrence of PSA bounce and failure. Further follow-up is needed to reveal the clinical significance of PSA dynamics.
Emergence of a novel chikungunya virus strain bearing the E1:V80A substitution, out of the Mombasa, Kenya 2017-2018 outbreak
Authors: Eyase Fredrick , Langat Solomon , Berry Irina Maljkovic , Mulwa Francis , Nyunja Albert , Mutisya James , Owaka Samuel , Limbaso Samson , Ofula Victor , Koka Hellen , Koskei Edith , Lutomiah Joel , Jarman Richard G. , Sang Rosemary
Published: November 2020

Between late 2017 and mid-2018, a chikungunya fever outbreak occurred in Mombasa, Kenya that followed an earlier outbreak in mid-2016 in Mandera County on the border with Somalia. Using targeted Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained genomes from clinical samples collected during the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak. We compared data from the 2016 Mandera outbreak with the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak, and found that both had the Aedes aegypti adapting mutations, E1:K211E and E2:V264A. Further to the above two mutations, 11 of 15 CHIKV genomes from the Mombasa outbreak showed a novel triple mutation signature of E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D. These novel mutations are estimated to have arisen in Mombasa by mid-2017 (2017.58, 95% HPD: 2017.23, 2017.84). The MRCA for the Mombasa outbreak genomes is estimated to have been present in early 2017 (2017.22, 95% HPD: 2016.68, 2017.63). Interestingly some of the earliest genomes from the Mombasa outbreak lacked the E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D substitutions. Previous laboratory experiments have indicated that a substitution at position E1:80 in the CHIKV genome may lead to increased CHIKV transmissibility by Ae. albopictus. Genbank investigation of all available CHIKV genomes revealed that E1:V80A was not present; therefore, our data constitutes the first report of the E1:V80A mutation occurring in nature. To date, chikungunya outbreaks in the Northern and Western Hemispheres have occurred in Ae. aegypti inhabited tropical regions. Notwithstanding, it has been suggested that an Ae. albopictus adaptable ECSA or IOL strain could easily be introduced in these regions leading to a new wave of outbreaks. Our data on the recent Mombasa CHIKV outbreak has shown that a potential Ae. albopictus adapting mutation may be evolving within the East African region. It is even more worrisome that there exists potential for emergence of a CHIKV strain more adapted to efficient transmission by both Ae. albopictus and Ae.aegypti simultaneously. In view of the present data and history of chikungunya outbreaks, pandemic potential for such a strain is now a likely possibility in the future. Thus, continued surveillance of chikungunya backed by molecular epidemiologic capacity should be sustained to understand the evolving public health threat and inform prevention and control measures including the ongoing vaccine development efforts.
Performance of family health teams for tackling chronic diseases in a state of the Amazon
Authors: Alves Kelly Cristina Gomes , Guimarães Rafael Alves , de Souza Marta Rovery , de Morais Neto Otaliba Libânio
Published: November 2020

The most common cause of death worldwide is noncommunicable diseases. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the adequacy of the work process among family health teams and compare differences in regional adequacy in the state of Tocantins, in the Amazonian Region, Brazil. Categorical principal components analysis was used, and scores of each principal component extracted in the analysis were compared among health regions in Tocantins. A post hoc analysis was performed to compare the heath region pairs. The adequacy of family health teams’ work process was evaluated with respect to the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs. The results showed that the family health teams performed actions according to the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs. However, overall, the adequacy percentages of these actions according to the axes of the Plan are very uneven in Tocantins, with large variations among health regions. The family health teams in the Bico do Papagaio (Region 1), Médio Norte Araguaia (Region 2), Cantão (Region 4) and Capim Dourado (Region 5) regions have adequacy percentages ≥ 50% with the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs, whereas all other regions have percentages <50%. Health teams perform surveillance actions, health promotion, and comprehensive care for NCDs in accordance with the guidelines of the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs. The challenge of NCDs in primary care requires a care model that is tailored to users’ needs and has the power to reduce premature mortality and its determinants.
Effect of citywide enhancement of the chain of survival on good neurologic outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from 2008 to 2017
Authors: Lee Dong Eun , Ryoo Hyun Wook , Moon Sungbae , Park Jeong Ho , Shin Sang Do
Published: November 2020

Improving outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) requires an integrated approach by strengthening the chain of survival and emergency care systems. This study aimed to identify the change in outcomes over a decade and effect of citywide intervention on good neurologic outcomes after OHCAs in Daegu. This is a before- and after-intervention study to examine the association between the citywide intervention to improve the chain of survival and outcomes after OHCA. The primary outcome was a good neurologic outcome, defined as a cerebral performance category score of 1 or 2. After dividing into 3 phases according to the citywide intervention, the trends in outcomes after OHCA by primary electrocardiogram rhythm were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between the phases and outcomes. Overall, 6203 patients with OHCA were eligible. For 10 years (2008–2017), the rate of survival to discharge and the good neurologic outcomes increased from 2.6% to 8.7% and from 1.5% to 6.6%, respectively. Especially for patients with an initial shockable rhythm, these changes in outcomes were more pronounced (survival to discharge: 23.3% in 2008 to 55.0% in 2017, good neurologic outcomes: 13.3% to 46.0%). Compared with phase 1, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for good neurologic outcomes was 1.20 (95% CI: 0.78–1.85) for phase 2 and 1.64 (1.09–2.46) for phase 3. For patients with an initial shockable rhythm, the AOR for good neurologic outcomes was 3.76 (1.88–7.52) for phase 2 and 5.51 (2.77–10.98) for phase 3. Citywide improvement was observed in the good neurologic outcomes after OHCAs of medical origin, and the citywide intervention was significantly associated with better outcomes, particularly in those with initial shockable rhythm.
Lipopolysaccharide triggers different transcriptional signatures in taurine and indicine cattle macrophages: Reactive oxygen species and potential outcomes to the development of immune response to infections
Authors: Daibert Raquel Morais de Paiva , de Biagi Junior Carlos Alberto Oliveira , Vieira Felipe de Oliveira , da Silva Marcos Vinicius Gualberto Barbosa , Hottz Eugenio Damaceno , Mendonça Pinheiro Mariana Brandi , Faza Daniele Ribeiro de Lima Reis , Pereira Hyago Passe , Martins Marta Fonseca , Brandão Humberto de Mello , Machado Marco Antônio , Carvalho Wanessa Araújo
Published: November 2020

Macrophages are classified upon activation as classical activated M1 and M2 anti-inflammatory regulatory populations. This macrophage polarization is well characterized in humans and mice, but M1/M2 profile in cattle has been far less explored.Bos primigeniustaurus (taurine) andBos primigenius indicus(indicine) cattle display contrasting levels of resistance to infection and parasitic diseases such as C57BL/6J and Balb/c murine experimental models of parasite infection outcomes based on genetic background. Thus, we investigated the differential gene expression profile of unstimulated and LPS stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from Holstein (taurine) and Gir (indicine) breeds using RNA sequencing methodology. For unstimulated MDMs, the contrast between Holstein and Gir breeds identified 163 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) highlighting the higher expression of C-C chemokine receptor type five(CCR5) andBOLA-DQgenes in Gir animals. LPS-stimulated MDMs from Gir and Holstein animals displayed 1,257 DEGs enriched for cell adhesion and inflammatory responses. Gir MDMs cells displayed a higher expression of M1 related genes likeNitric Oxide Synthase 2(NOS2),Toll like receptor 4(TLR4),Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B 2(NFKB2) in addition to higher levels of transcripts for proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, complement factors and the acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A (SAA). We also showed that gene expression of inflammatory M1 population markers, complement and SAA genes was higher in Gir in buffy coat peripheral cells in addition to nitric oxide concentration in MDMs supernatant and animal serum. Co-expression analyses revealed that Holstein and Gir animals showed different transcriptional signatures in the MDMs response to LPS that impact on cell cycle regulation, leukocyte migration and extracellular matrix organization biological processes. Overall, the results suggest that Gir animals show a natural propensity to generate a more pronounced M1 inflammatory response than Holstein, which might account for a faster immune response favouring resistance to many infection diseases.
Double burden of malnutrition and obesity in children and adolescents from North Korean refugee families
Authors: Kim So-Young , Choi Seong-Woo
Published: November 2020

This study assessed the nutritional status of children and adolescents from North Korean refugee (NKR) families who have settled and are living in South Korea (SK). Among the 547 individuals who participated in the study, 526 were ultimately included after excluding 21 with missing height or weight data. Their nutritional status was estimated using the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents. Stunting, underweight, wasting, and obesity were defined as a height-for-age z-score < −2.0, weight-for-age z-score < −2.0, weight-for-height z-score < −2.0, and body mass index z-score > 2.0, respectively. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting, and obesity was 7.0%, 6.8%, 5.3%, and 9.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting, and obesity was 5.4%, 7.0%, 7.6%, and 10.3% for individuals settled in SK for <5 years and 6.1%, 6.1%, 0.0%, and 13.3% for those living in SK for ≥5 years, respectively. Therefore, children and adolescents from NKR families experience the double burden of malnutrition and obesity.
Transcriptional analysis of immune response genes during pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus retinitis in mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Carter Jessica J. , Gardner Jesse M. , Poling Brent P. , Welch Madeline M. , Nemeno Judee Grace E. , Houghton John E. , Dix Richard D.
Published: November 2020

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic human herpesvirus that causes a sight-threatening retinitis in immunosuppressed patients, especially those with AIDS. Using an established model of experimental murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) retinitis in mice with retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency (MAIDS), we have been attempting to define with greater clarity the immunologic mechanisms that contribute to the progression of AIDS-related HCMV retinitis in the unique immunosuppressive setting of HIV infection. Toward this end, we provide herein a comprehensive assessment of immune response gene expression during the onset and development of MAIDS-related MCMV retinitis employing NanoString nCounter. In so doing, we analyzed and compared the intraocular expressions of 561 immune response genes within MCMV-infected eyes of groups of healthy mice, MCMV-infected mice with MAIDS of 4 weeks’ (MAIDS-4) duration, and MCMV-infected eyes of mice with MAIDS of 10 weeks’ (MAIDS-10) duration. These animal groups show a progression of retinal disease from absolute resistance to retinitis development in healthy mice to the development of classic full-thickness retinal necrosis in MAIDS-10 mice but through an intermediate stage of retinal disease development in MAIDS-4 mice. Our findings showed that increased susceptibility to MCMV retinitis during the progression of MAIDS is associated with robust upregulation or downregulation of a surprisingly large number of immune response genes that operate within several immune response pathways often unique to each animal group. Analysis of 14 additional immune response genes associated with programmed cell death pathways suggested involvement of necroptosis and pyroptosis during MAIDS-related MCMV retinitis pathogenesis. Use of the NanoString nCounter technology provided new and unexpected information on the immunopathogenesis of retinitis within MCMV-infected eyes of mice with retrovirus-induced immunosuppression. Our findings may provide new insights into the immunologic events that operate during the pathogenesis of AIDS-related HCMV retinitis.
Categorias existenciais. Fim – sentido - ipseidade
Authors: Ferro Nuno , Lima Paulo
Published: November 2020

O que está em causa em todos estes estudos são as categorias existenciais. Estas revelam-se na sua execução vital, de modo que a diversidade de pontos de vista pode ser mais útil para pôr o leitor na pista das categorias existenciais do que um texto sobre elas, em que correriam o risco de se transformarem em categorias do pensamento. Por isso, este volume acolhe com o mesmo interesse análises d’A Fenomenologia do Espírito e de Céline, tanto o fenómeno do desejo, no Fédon,ou o“por mor de” na analítica existencial do Dasein, de Heidegger, quanto o fenómeno do grotesco, na obra de Flannery O’Connor, ou o tema do “I would prefer not to”, no Bartleby.
Aporías de la ética evolutiva: una revisión de la ética normativa como “ilusión efectiva”
Authors: Suárez-Ruíz E. Joaquín
Published: November 2020

Michael Ruse, uno de los pensadores más destacados de la filosofía de la biología contemporánea, desde 1986 hasta sus artículos recientes ha desarrollado una original concepción de la meta-ética y de la ética normativa en clave evolutiva. A partir de considerar en profundidad la moral a la luz de la teoría de la evolución biológica, el filósofo defiende un escepticismo meta-ético y, al mismo tiempo, la caracterización de la ética normativa como una “ilusión efectiva”: se trata de una “ilusión” porque no existe criterio moral objetivo alguno; es “efectiva” porque al razonamiento moral le subyacen disposiciones mentales innatas que tienden a comportamientos altruistas. Actualmente, gran parte de sus afirmaciones están respaldadas por investigaciones en ciencias como la primatología y la psicología moral. Ahora bien, sus enfoques meta-ético y ético parecen llevar a una aporía: dado que no hay criterios morales objetivos y que el razonamiento posee un rol subsidiario en la moral, la normatividad en ética termina por desvanecerse. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer las características de esta aporía a la luz de estudios científicos recientes, así como también proponer una vía posible de investigación que permita buscar soluciones plausibles.
El conflicto del lobo en Asturias: una controversia científico-tecnológico pública
Authors: Fuentes Lamas Daniel
Published: November 2020

En este artículo se aborda la problemática existente en torno a la gestión del lobo ibérico en el Principado de Asturias como un caso de controversia científico-tecnológica pública. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en la necesidad de concebir un abanico heterogéneo de agentes relevantes dentro de la controversia con actitudes epistémicas muy dispares, distintas concepciones del riesgo relativo al problema e intereses políticos enfrentados. Asimismo, se ha tratado de dar cuenta del fuerte componente de infradeterminación que afecta a la controversia y de la necesidad de modificar las prácticas de comunicación y gestión del problema para alcanzar soluciones democráticas en el conflicto que excluyan las acciones unilaterales basadas en datos pretendidamente objetivos.
Analysis of the benefits and production challenges of working donkeys in smallholder farming systems in Kenya
Authors: Gichure Mary , Onono Joshua , Wahome Raphael , Gathura Peter
Published: November 2020

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the benefits of keeping donkeys and associated production challenges under a smallholder farming system in Kenya.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with smallholder farmers keeping donkeys in 13 administrative locations in Kirinyaga County. Data were collected using a questionnaire guide in 13 focus group discussions (FGDs) using participatory epidemiological methods. The FGDs comprised 8-12 participants who were donkey owners. Data were collected through listing, pair-wise ranking, and probing on the benefits of keeping donkeys, challenges faced by working donkeys and the common diseases that affect donkeys in these farms. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric method to test whether median ranks were significantly different. Other farm level data were also collected using the structured questionnaire and these were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.

Results: The identified benefits included income obtained from the use of donkeys in transportation (Z=5.80) and manure production (Z=3.47), which enabled the farmers to participate in trade activities and improve crop farming. The identified challenges included theft for slaughter (Z=5.99), disease incidence (Z=3.03), road accidents (Z=2.83), and malicious cutting (Z=2.32). Some of the diseases identified were tetanus (Z=5.35), hoof problems (Z=4.55), helminthiases (Z=3.10), and mange (Z=2.24). Participants ranked diseases based on their effects on work output for the donkeys, reducing productivity and often causing death. Addressing these production challenges would optimize donkey use among smallholder farmers.

Conclusion: The results presented can be important for policymakers and extension agents regarding the health and welfare of donkeys kept under similar settings.
Hip Angle Behavior in Landing After Drop Jump in Children; and their Implicance in Prevention Programs
Authors: Burboa G Jair , Bahamondes F Matias , Inostroza M Mauricio , Lillo U Paloma , Hinzpeter Jaime
Published: November 2020

Background
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury is uncommon, but constitutes an important percentage of the lesions requiring more than 8 weeks of recovery in sports. Most ACL injuries do not require external contact and are associated with biomechanical risk factors that stress this ligament ACL: like an increase in knee valgus angle (KV) and hip flexion (HF) and a decreased in knee flexion (KF). The ACL requires muscle cooperation to resist the load; however, when there is fatigue, the protective capacity of the musculature would decrease. The objective of the study is to analyze the angular behavior before and after a physical load for HF in children of 14-15 years old.

Hypothesis
The physical load applied in a single training session is enough to change some biomechanical risk factors of ACL injury.

Study Design
Experimental study

Level of Evidence
2b

Methods
The sample consisted of 50 students from different soccer schools between 14-15 years old. We analyzed the hip angular behavior of hip flexion before and after a training session. The angles where obtained from inertioal sensor while the students performed a Drop Jump test from a 30 centimeters drawer.

Results
Statistically significant differences were found in the differences between pre physical load HF / post-load HF (p = 0.00053), right pre physical load HF / right post- load HF (p = 0.0086) and left post- load (p = 0.0248206).

Conclusions
It was concluded that the angular behavior of HF increases significantly in both post-training limbs, after performing a physical load.

Clinical Relevance
This study analyzed the importance of using prevention injury programs since early stages, and give importance to the eccentric role of hamstring, gluteus and core exercises.
Cumulative Effect of Psychological Alterations on Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Midenfjord Irina , Borg Adam , Törnblom Hans , Simrén Magnus
Published: November 2020

INTRODUCTION:

Psychological alterations are common and considered important for symptom generation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the possible cumulative effect of having multiple psychological alterations on gastrointestinal (GI) symptom severity in IBS is largely unknown.

METHODS:

Patients with IBS (Rome IV) completed validated questionnaires assessing GI symptoms (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, IBS version and IBS Severity Scoring System), personality traits (Big Five), posttraumatic stress and psychological alterations, anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-item version), fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory), pain catastrophizing, somatization (Patient Health Questionnaire, 12-item version), stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and GI-specific anxiety (Visceral Sensitivity Index). Of the 18 possible psychological factors, those with significant associations with GI symptom severity, corrected for multiple comparisons, were identified. The associations between increasing number of psychological alterations (validated cutoff values or uppermost tertile) and the severity of GI symptoms were analyzed with linear trend analyses.

RESULTS:

In total, 106 patients with IBS (Rome IV criteria) were included (72 [68%] women, median age of 35 [interquartile range: 26–45] years). Psychological alterations were common and overlap among these factors were frequently seen. Five psychological factors (physical fatigue, GI-specific anxiety, perceived stress, pain catastrophizing, and trait anxiety) demonstrated significant, noncollinear associations with GI symptom severity. With increasing number of these psychological alterations, a gradual increase was seen in the overall severity of GI symptoms (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, IBS version: partial η2 = 0.268, P < 0.001; IBS Severity Scoring System: partial η2 = 0.219, P < 0.001, both large effect sizes).

DISCUSSION:

Distinct associations were seen between the severity of GI symptoms and individual, as well as an increasing number of psychological alterations. This highlights the importance of understanding different psychological alterations for the disease burden in IBS (visual abstract, Supplementary Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/AJG/B756).
Semua Berawal dari IT: Terobosan Banyuwangi dalam Menata Ulang Tatakelola Pemerintahan
Authors: Yuwono Teguh , Alfirdaus Laila Kholid , Manar Dzunuwanus Ghulam
Published: November 2020

Tidak ada yang meragukan bahwa IT (Information and Technology) adalah kunci dalam menyambut perubahan 4.0 yang dipandang telah mendisrupsi banyak hal. Namun demikian, tidak banyak unit-unit pemerintahan yang secara cepat beradaptasi dengan situasi baru. Di tengah respon yang cukup kalang-kabut oleh pemerintah, baik di tingkat pusat maupun daerah, Banyuwangi relatif mampu melakukan penyesuaian diri dengan perubahan-perubahan baru yang berlandaskan Internet-of-Thing (IoT). Tentu saja, Banyuwangi tidak sedang menuju untuk menjadi seperti Silicon Valley, Amerika Serikat, yang telah lama dikenal sebagai episentrum bisnis-bisnis IT global. Banyuwangi masih sebatas gesit dalam memanfaatkan keterbukaan akses dan informasi untuk masuk ke dalam alur bisnis berbasis IT yang semakin ekspansif. Dampak dari kecepatan penyesuaian diri tersebut telah berhasil mengubah banyak hal menjadi lebih baik di masyarakat, baik secara ekonomi, pelayanan publik, maupun pendidikan. Hasil penelitian penulisselama tahun 2019 menunjukkan bahwa inovasi IT oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Banyuwangi menjadi jantung bagi perubahan banyak aspek kehidupan di sana. Inovasi ini kemudian merangsang lahirnya inovasi baru di banyak hal lainnya
Sikap dan Perilaku Warga terhadap Kebijakan Penanganan Wabah Covid-19
Authors: Mujani Saiful , Irvani Deni
Published: November 2020

Sebuah kebijakan publik akan efektif jika publik mendukungnya. Hal yang sama berlaku dalam konteks wabah  Covid-19. Sejauh ini belum ada studi tentang kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia, khususnya terkait Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), dan kepatuhan warga terhadapnya. Tulisan ini mengisi kekosongan tersebut dengan bertumpu pada hasil penelitian opini publik nasional tentang sikap dan perilaku publik terkait PSBB dan protokol kesehatan. Hasilnya adalah perilaku dan sikap pada kebijakan tersebut berhubungan dengan latar belakang perilaku politik, kepercayaan pada kemampuan pemerintah menangani Covid-19, status pekerjaan, pendapatan, pendidikan, agama, dan gender. PSBB tidak akan efektif karena jumlah warga yang harus bekerja di luar rumah sangat banyak. Sebaliknya, memberikan subsidi pada warga agar tidak bekerja selama pandemi tetapi tidak jelas kapan akan berakhir, tentu bukan kebijakan yang realistis. Untuk itu, kebijakan mengubah PSBB dengan kembali membolehkan warga bekerja seperti sebelum masa Covid-19 dan disertai protokol kesehatan yang ketat adalah solusi yang lebih realistis. Sosialisasi mendesaknya protokol kesehatan harus dilakukan lewat berbagai kelompok masyarakat dan lewat tokoh-tokoh berpengaruh karena mereka cenderung lebih didengar.
»Aus Liebe zur Wahrheit«
Authors: Imbach Ruedi
Published: November 2020

Riassunto

Il contributo si dedica all’ultima opera dantesca, la »quaestio disputata« in cui gli elementi acqua e terra occupano una posizione cruciale. Se l’opera, la cui autenticità viene messa in dubbio da alcuni studiosi, è effettivamente da attribuire a Dante, essa sarebbe di grande rilievo per la comprensione della personalità intellettuale di Dante. Per valutare questo scritto, nel quale si vuole provare che la terra occupa una posizione più alta rispetto all’acqua, non importa in primo luogo il modo in cui si risolve la questione di filosofia naturale, ma il modo in cui viene affrontato il problema cosmologico. L’autore sottolinea di voler trattare il problema esclusivamente dal punto di vista della filosofia naturale. Oltre a ciò, Dante in questo testo viene presentato (o presenta se stesso!) come filosofo, anche se come il minore tra tutti i filosofi.
The Rise of Block-Granting as a Tool of Conservative Statecraft
Authors: LaRochelle Ryan
Published: November 2020

This article sheds new light on how conservatism has affected American state development by tracing the history of how block-granting transformed from a bipartisan tool to solve problems of public administration in the 1940s into a mechanism to roll back and decentralize the welfare state that had reached its zenith in the 1960s. By the early 1980s, conservative policymakers had coopted the previously bipartisan tool in their efforts to chip away at the increasingly centralized social welfare system that emerged out of the Great Society. In the early 1980s, Ronald Reagan successfully converted numerous categorical grants into a series of block grants, slashing funding for several social safety net programs. Block-granting allows conservative opponents of the postwar welfare state to gradually erode funding and grant more authority to state governments, thus using federalism as a more palatable political weapon to reduce social welfare spending than the full dismantlement of social programs. However, despite a flurry of successes in the early 1980s, block-granting has not proven as successful as conservatives might have hoped, and recent efforts to convert programs such as Medicaid and parts of the Affordable Care Act into block grants have failed. The failure of recent failed block grant efforts highlights the resilience of liberal reforms, even in the face of sustained conservative opposition. However, conservatives still draw upon the tool today in their efforts to erode and retrench social welfare programs. Block-granting has thus transformed from a bipartisan tool to improve bureaucratic effectiveness into a perennial weapon in conservatives’ war on the welfare state.
“Gender Imbalance in Expert Testimony at U.S. Senate Hearings”: The Forum
Authors: Pressman Jeremy
Published: November 2020

How much gender diversity is there among experts in the United States? This study focuses on witnesses who testified before four US Senate committees: Agriculture; Commerce, Science & Transportation; Foreign Relations; and Health, Education, Labor & Pensions. Across the 9072 witnesses (2003–15), women comprised 23.7% of witnesses. In terms of panels, 49.8% were male-only, 5.8% were female-only, and 44.4% were mixed gender. Although the overall numbers remain significantly low proportionate to the female share of the US population, there was an incremental increase in the proportion of women testifying and of mixed gender panels. Non-governmental organizations had the highest share of female witnesses. The percentage of female witnesses does vary with which party controls the Senate, with the average female share higher under Democratic control. These findings raise questions for further study about what factors influence the selection of witnesses for US Senate hearings and whether a similar lack of diversity exists in other identity categories such as race and ethnicity. The effort could also be extended to other committees in the Senate, as well as to the US House.
Battling for semantic territory across social networks. The case ofAnglo-Saxonon Twitter
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg , Würschinger Quirin , Keller Melanie , Lenker Ursula
Published: November 2020

In Present-Day English, the termAnglo-Saxonis used with three dominant meanings, which have been labeled “historical/pre-Conquest”, “ethno-racial” and “politico-cultural” uses (cf. Wilton 2019). From at least the middle of the 19th century, the second sense has been politically appropriated to convey the racial notion of white supremacy. Recently, a fierce conceptual and socio-political controversy over the meaning and implications of the termAnglo-Saxonhas spilled over into academia, ultimately causing the vote of the members of theInternational Society of Anglo-Saxonists(ISAS) to change its name toInternational Society for the Study of Early Medieval England(ISSEME).

We discuss this development as a paradigm case of controversies over the conceptual territory associated with a contested term. Using the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model (Schmid 2020) as a theoretical framework, we analyze a large collection of Twitter posts (n ~ 510,000) with a view on the conventionalization and entrenchment processes involved in the conceptual and political controversy.