bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working in the Field of Complex Psychological Trauma: A Framework for Personal and Professional Growth, Training, and Supervision
Authors: Coleman Anne Marie , Chouliara Zoë , Currie Kay
Published: March 2018

The aim of this article is to explore the positive and negative impacts of working therapeutically in complex psychological trauma (CPT), particularly the field of gender-based violence (GBV) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA), from the clinicians’ perspective. The focus was on the prospect of positive gains and growth for therapists. Twenty-one clinicians ( n = 21; counselors/psychotherapists and psychologists) from National Health Service (NHS) specialist trauma services, a community mental health team, and specialist sexual assault counseling organization participated. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was utilized to conduct single one-off interviews and analysis. Six themes were identified: Called to the work; Connection, Separation, and Oneness; Into and out of the darkness; Chaos into meaning; Reparation not repetition; and Expansion and growth. The first “Therapist Led Framework of Growth in Trauma Work” is presented. Vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG) was a key finding, with CPT therapists experiencing a “challenge/benefit/change” growth process. Adoption of actively relational strategies to enhance clinicians’ growth process through trauma work is being proposed. The benefits of conceptualizing both the positive and negative impacts of such work for supervision, training, shaping the formal curricula, service management, and continuing professional development (CPD) are being discussed. The need for good practice guidelines on self-care internationally is highlighted.
Pharmacist’s Role in Improving Medication Adherence in Transplant Recipients With Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Khorassani Farah , Tellier Shannon , Tsapepas Demetra
Published: March 2018

Medication nonadherence rates are high in both the transplant and psychiatric populations. The consequence of medication nonadherence posttransplant is graft rejection and psychiatric decompensation, highlighting the importance of optimizing adherence to medication regimens. Pharmacists may work with transplant patients with psychiatric comorbidity to improve medication adherence through identifying patient-specific barriers and recommending an appropriate intervention. Multiple evidence-based practices for improving nonadherence have been detailed in the transplant and psychiatric population. Medication adherence aids, medication management, patient education, and motivational interviewing are all strategies that may be used to improve adherence. Selecting which interventions to make will be based on the reasons for a patient’s nonadherence. Most patients benefit from medication management, patient education, and medication adherence aids. Selection of medication adherence aids may be based on patient demographics, technology literacy, and preference. Motivational interviewing may be considered in patients with intentional nonadherence relating to a lack of insight into their illness or the importance of taking medication. Pharmacists may promote adherence and potentially improve patient outcomes in transplant recipients with comorbid psychiatric disorders through assisting patients with designing a tailored medication adherence plan.
Accounting for slavery during the Enlightenment: Contradictions and interpretations
Authors: Tyson Thomas N , Oldroyd David
Published: March 2018

This article discusses Enlightenment principles and describes how they were manifested in the debates on slavery. It then analyzes the role of accounting during the slave era in the United States and British West Indies. The key areas discussed are property rights, the humanity of slaves, economic incentives, and self-improvement. The article finds that belief in progress through reason, the common denominator of Enlightenment thinking, was not generally evident in the management and accounting practices on plantations and that the utility of accounting to slaveholders was limited. These practices were not geared toward improving productivity. Instead, short-term gains were achieved by driving the slaves harder, or longer term ones by treating slaves more benevolently to extend life spans or acquiring new plantations to expand capacity. The rate of productivity on plantations tended to be governed by established social norms and was not susceptible to change nor was it noticeably impacted by accounting.
Regulatory avoidance in the temporary work agency industry: Evidence from Australia
Authors: Knox Angela
Published: March 2018

Within the context of the Australian Senate’s Inquiry into corporate avoidance of the Fair Work Act 2009, this research examines regulatory avoidance in the temporary work agency industry. The findings highlight that regulatory avoidance in Australian temporary work agencies has intensified and expanded, normalising exploitation and further exacerbating precarious work and its detrimental outcomes. The study contributes to debates regarding regulation of temporary work agencies and illustrates the importance of examining how regulatory avoidance is constructed and played out in national contexts.
Employed Parents of Children Receiving Mental Health Services: Caregiver Strain and Work–Life Integration
Authors: Brannan Ana María , Brennan Eileen M. , Sellmaier Claudia , Rosenzweig Julie M.
Published: March 2018

Applying conservation of resources theory, we examined employment engagement (i.e., months of employment, hours worked per week, days of work missed due to the child’s challenges) among caregivers of children and youth entering community-based mental health service systems. The sample included 3,569 caregivers who were employed at some point in the previous 6 months. Variables associated with employment included family interactions, number of children in the household, caregiver age and gender, and caregiver race and ethnicity. The findings suggest that caregivers’ appraisals of their caregiving experiences were stronger predictors of work engagement than was child symptom severity. We concluded that supporting families as they care for children with emotional and behavioral disorders could reduce caregiver strain, thereby improving employment outcomes.
An International Effort to Develop a Fidelity Measure for Signs of Safety®
Authors: Roberts Yvonne Humenay , Caslor Michael , Turnell Andrew , Pearson Kim , Pecora Peter J.
Published: March 2018

Purpose:

This article describes how a worker fidelity assessment measure was developed for Signs of Safety®—an approach to assessing safety and risk in child protective services that is being implemented in the United States and over 11 other countries.

Methods:

We applied the Delphi Survey process with 70 experts from nine countries to identify key practice elements that could be assessed by supervisors. Then, 435 frontline staff were assessed by 285 supervisors from six countries.

Results:

Factor analyses of the 28 items yielded four distinct factors. These data were then used to refine the fidelity assessment.

Discussion:

The majority of supervisors reported that the assessment helped them to identify worker strengths and areas for refinement within the dimensions of Signs of Safety and overall child protective services practice. The value of developing similar tools for parents and workers was endorsed by the study participants.
A Quasi-Trial Investigation of an In-Service Training to Improve Social Workers’ Professional Competence in China
Authors: Zhang Huan , Wang Yean , Liu Ziyu , Chui Ernest Wing-tak
Published: March 2018

Objective:

This study examines the impact of the PC 3-sessions Training Project (PC-project), designed to improve professional competency among social workers in China.

Methods:

Using a quasi-experimental approach, 170 social workers from social work organizations (SWOs) or community organizations (COs) participated. The experimental group (Group 1), with 127 members, participated in all three sessions; comparison Group 2, with 22 participants, attended the last two sessions; and comparison Group 3, with 21 individuals, participated in the third session.

Results:

Those who participated in all three sessions improved in four dimensions of professional competency: teamwork skills, community work skills, case management skills, and supportive skills, while the comparison groups showed no significant improvement. In addition, social workers in COs developed their professional competency in more dimensions than those in SWOs.

Conclusions:

The PC-project is effective in improving social workers’ professional competencies; hence, this program should be used in China for training and continuous development.
Enabling Analysis of Big, Thick, Long, and Wide Data: Data Management for the Analysis of a Large Longitudinal and Cross-National Narrative Data Set
Authors: Winskell Kate , Singleton Robyn , Sabben Gaelle
Published: March 2018

Distinctive longitudinal narrative data, collected during a critical 18-year period in the history of the HIV epidemic, offer a unique opportunity to examine how young Africans are making sense of evolving developments in HIV prevention and treatment. More than 200,000 young people from across sub-Saharan Africa took part in HIV-themed scriptwriting contests held at eight discrete time points between 1997 and 2014, creating more than 75,000 narratives. This article describes the data reduction and management strategies developed for our cross-national and longitudinal study of these qualitative data. The study aims to inform HIV communication practice by identifying cultural meanings and contextual factors that inform sexual behaviors and social practices, and also to help increase understanding of processes of sociocultural change. We describe our sampling strategies and our triangulating methodologies, combining in-depth narrative analysis, thematic qualitative analysis, and quantitative analysis, which are designed to enable systematic comparison without sacrificing ethnographic richness.
Supported Decision-Making: The Expectations Held by People With Experience of Mental Illness
Authors: Knight Fauzia , Kokanović Renata , Ridge Damien , Brophy Lisa , Hill Nicholas , Johnston-Ataata Kate , Herrman Helen
Published: March 2018

Supported decision-making (SDM) is a principle guiding mental health service provision, which aims to improve people’s ability to make informed decisions about their care. Understanding diverse individual needs is vital to its success. Based on 29 narrative interviews with people diagnosed with mental illness in Australia, we examine how participants reflected on their own experiences of SDM. We find that participants’ conceptualization of mental health expertise, their own experiences and sense of agency, and their varying needs for dependence and independence influenced their relationships with mental health practitioners. These factors in turn shaped their expectations about SDM. Four narrative positions emerged: the “Inward Expert,” the “Outward Entrustor,” the “Self-Aware Observer,” and the “Social Integrator.” These positionings influenced the type or style of support that participants expected and considered most useful. Our findings are relevant to developing effective approaches to SDM that take into account service users’ needs and preferences.
The Emerging Role of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Martinez Brandon K. , White C. Michael
Published: March 2018

Objective: To review the role of inflammatory suppression in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with a focus on the interleukin-1β blocker canakinumab. Data Sources: An Ovid MEDLINE literature search (1946 to February 2018) was performed using search terms inflammation, ASCVD, atherosclerosis, C-reactive protein, canakinumab. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language studies assessing the impact of pharmacological agents, including canakinumab, on inflammation as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and the association with reducing ASCVD events were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Nine studies were included to describe the effect of ASCVD drugs on hsCRP. Aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, gemfibrozil, and statins exhibit varying degrees of hsCRP reduction and are associated with a reduction of ASCVD events. The Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS), showed a significant reduction of ASVCD events in patients with elevated baseline hsCRP levels without affecting cholesterol. Conclusions: Patients with elevated inflammatory markers such as hsCRP are at risk for ASVCD events. Several drug classes have shown the ability to decrease hsCRP levels, but the extent to which this reduces ASCVD events in lieu of other drug mechanisms was not clear. Canakinumab specifically targets the inflammatory process in ASCVD and was proven to be effective in preventing ASCVD events in patients with elevated hsCRP levels.
Land-Use Planning, Digital Technologies, and Environmental Conservation in Tanzania
Authors: Huggins Chris
Published: March 2018

Participatory land-use planning (LUP) is often promoted as a solution to various environment-related challenges. In Tanzania, planning processes often represent a stage in the conversion of village lands to different uses, such as wildlife conservation or large-scale farming. LUP in Tanzania is frequently dominated by powerful local, national, or international elites, resulting in loss of rights over village land despite the opposition of many villagers. Contemporary planning involves digital technologies such as global positioning system units, which enable easier storage and sharing of geospatial data. Using assemblage theory, and based on key informant interviews conducted in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions of Tanzania in 2015, this article shows that LUP, particularly when it involves digital technologies, is used to not only to change land uses but also to strengthen linkages between different organizations, reinforce certain narratives of environmental change, and legitimize particular forms of external intervention.
Ignaczak equation of elastodynamics
Authors: Ostoja-Starzewski Martin
Published: March 2018

The development of linear elastodynamics in pure stress-based formulation began over half-a-century ago as an alternative to the classical displacement-based treatment that came into existence two centuries ago in the school of mathematical physics in France. While the latter approach – fundamentally based on the Navier displacement equation of motion – remains the conventional setting for analysis of wave propagation in elastic bodies, the stress-based formulation and the advantages it offers in elastodynamics and its various extensions remain much less known. Since the key mathematical results of that formulation, as well as a series of applications, originated with J. Ignaczak in 1959 and 1963, the key relation is named the Ignaczak equation of elastodynamics. This review article presents the main ideas and results in the stress-based formulation from a common perspective, including (i) a history of early attempts to find a pure stress language of elastodynamics, (ii) a proposal to use such a language in solving the natural traction initial-boundary value problems of the theory, and (iii) various applications of the stress language to elastic wave propagation problems. Finally, various extensions of the Ignaczak equation of elastodynamics focused on dynamics of solids with interacting fields of different nature (classical or micropolar thermoelastic, fluid-saturated porous, piezoelectro-elastic) as well as nonlinear problems are reviewed.
Renal and Hematologic Comparative Effects of Dissociated Agonist of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Prednisone in Dogs With and Without Food Restriction
Authors: Radi Zaher A. , Vogel W. Mark , LaBranche Timothy , Dybowski Joseph A. , Peraza Marjorie A. , Portugal Susan S. , Lettiere Daniel J.
Published: March 2018

Glomerulopathy and body weight gain were noted after chronic oral administration of a novel nonsteroidal dissociated agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor compound, fosdagrocorat, to beagle dogs fed an ad libitum diet. To further investigate the role of diet and treatment with either fosdagrocorat or the glucocorticoid comparator, prednisone, on renal safety, a 13-week investigative study was conducted in beagle dogs. Renal histopathology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), body weight, heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and hematology were investigated in restricted- and ad libitum-fed dogs administered prednisone (2.2 mg/kg/d), fosdagrocorat (5 mg/kg/d), or vehicle for 13 weeks. Glomerulopathy was primarily observed in fosdagrocorat- and prednisone-treated ad libitum but not in feed-restricted or ad libitum vehicle-treated dogs. Kidneys in dogs from the prednisone-treated ad libitum had the greatest incidence and severity of tubular degenerative changes. Increased urine volume and decreased urine-specific gravity were present in prednisone- and fosdagrocorat-treated dogs, regardless of diet. These changes were not associated with consistent changes in GFR. Fosdagrocorat or prednisone treatment ad libitum dogs had the greatest increase in body weight gain. Sporadic changes in systolic and diastolic BP were noted in fosdagrocorat- and prednisone-treated groups. Significant reductions in serum cortisol and absolute eosinophils were noted in both ad libitum- and restriction-fed prednisone- and fosdagrocorat-treated dogs. In conclusion, prednisone-treated dogs fed ad libitum had greater glucocorticoid-induced renal effects than those dosed with fosdagrocorat.
Dynamic characterization and parametric instability analysis of rotating magnetorheological fluid composite sandwich plate subjected to periodic in-plane loading
Authors: Arumugam Ananda Babu , Ramamoorthy Manoharan , Rajamohan Vasudevan , S Mageshwaran , S Rajesh Kumar
Published: March 2018

In this present study, the dynamic characterization and instability analysis of a rotating composite magnetorheological fluid sandwich plate under periodic in-plane loading are investigated. The governing differential equation of motion of a rotating composite magnetorheological fluid sandwich plate is derived based on classical laminated plate theory and presented in the finite element formulation. The effectiveness of the developed finite element formulation is demonstrated by comparing the results in terms of natural frequencies and parametric resonance frequencies available in literature. Various parametric studies are performed to investigate the influences of magnetic field intensity, setting angle and rotating speeds on the variation of natural frequencies and instability regions of rotating laminated composite magnetorheological fluid sandwich plate under periodic in-plane loading. It can be observed that the natural frequencies increase with increase in rotating speed and magnetic field irrespective of the modes considered. It can also be observed that the effect of variation in setting angle of non-rotating magnetorheological elastomer sandwich plate on the buckling load is minimal at various magnetic fields. However, it is observed that the buckling load increases with increase in magnetic field. Further, it can be observed that normalized width of principal and secondary instability regions decreases with increase in rotating speed and magnetic field considered.
Ocular surface alterations and in vivo confocal microscopic characteristics of corneas in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Erkan Turan Kadriye , Kocabeyoglu Sibel , Bekircan-Kurt Can Ebru , Bezci Figen , Erdem-Ozdamar Sevim , Irkec Murat
Published: March 2018

Purpose:

To evaluate ocular surface alterations and characteristics of corneal basal epithelium and subbasal nerves in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Materials and methods:

Myasthenia gravis patients (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 20) were enrolled. All participants underwent ocular surface testing in the following order: tear break-up time, lissamine green staining, Schirmer I test with anesthesia, and Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. The Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer was used to measure corneal sensitivity. Basal epithelial cells and subbasal nerves were evaluated using in vivo confocal microscopy.

Results:

Myasthenia gravis patients had higher Ocular Surface Disease Index score (13.9 ± 15.0 vs 1.4 ± 2.2, p < 0.001) and lissamine green staining score (0.6 ± 0.4 vs 0.2 ± 0.4, p = 0.007). Break-up time score (9.3 ± 3.0 vs 9.9 ± 1.9, p = 0.481) and Schirmer I test score (16.5 ± 9.2 vs 19.3 ± 8.4, p = 0.323) did not differ significantly. Corneal sensation was 0.4 g/mm2 in all eyes. Patients with myasthenia gravis had lower basal epithelial cell density (3775.7 ± 938.1 vs 4983.1 ± 608.5, p < 0.001) and total nerve density (1956.1 ± 373.3 vs 2277.9 ± 405.0, p = 0.012) and higher subbasal nerve tortuosity (1.9 ± 0.8 vs 1.6 ± 0.7, p = 0.007) than controls. A significant increase in Ocular Surface Disease Index scores was found with decreasing basal epithelial cell density (rho = −0.518, p = 0.001). There was a significantly moderate negative correlation between the duration of myasthenia gravis and the number of corneal nerves (rho = −0.497, p = 0.022).

Conclusion:

Significant alterations of basal epithelial cells and subbasal nerves were demonstrated in myasthenia gravis patients although there was no difference of corneal sensitivity between myasthenia gravis patients and healthy controls. Thus, it should be borne in mind that myasthenia gravis patients deserve further evaluation with regard to ocular surface disease.
Higher order sliding mode control for active suspension systems subject to actuator faults and disturbances
Authors: Sun Jinwei , Cong JingYu , Gu Liang , Dong Mingming
Published: March 2018

As the possibility of faults in active suspension actuators are higher and more severe compared to other components, this study presents a fault-tolerant control approach based on the second-order sliding mode control method. The aim of the controller is to improve riding comfort, guarantee handling stability, and provide adequate suspension stroke in the presence of disturbances and actuator faults. A nonlinear full-vehicle suspension system and hydraulic actuator with nonlinear characteristics are adopted for accurate control. Firstly, a nonlinear sliding manifold based on a nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller is introduced to suppress the sprung mass heave, pitch, and roll motions arising from road disturbances. Secondly, a second-order sliding mode-based super twisting controller is utilized to track the desired forces generated by the nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller with actuator faults and uncertainties. The controllers are robust against disturbances, uncertainties, and faults. Moreover, the stability of the super twisting controller is proved by the strong Lyapunov functions. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller. Four different conditions, random road profile, bump road excitation, single-wheel bump excitation, and partial faults are considered. The main contributions of this study are: (1) combination of the above algorithms to deal with actuator faults and improve active suspension performance; (2) the controller proposed in this study has a simple structure. Simulation results indicate that the nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode super twisting controller can guarantee the performance of the closed-loop system under both faulty and healthy conditions.
Quantile regression: A short story on how and why
Authors: Waldmann Elisabeth
Published: March 2018

Abstract:

Quantile regression quantifies the association of explanatory variables with a conditional quantile of a dependent variable without assuming any specific conditional distribution. It hence models the quantiles, instead of the mean as done in standard regression. In cases where either the requirements for mean regression, such as homoscedasticity, are violated or interest lies in the outer regions of the conditional distribution, quantile regression can explain dependencies more accurately than classical methods. However, many quantile regression papers are rather theoretical so the method has still not become a standard tool in applications. In this article, we explain quantile regression from an applied perspective. In particular, we illustrate the concept, advantages and disadvantages of quantile regression using two datasets as examples.
Managing behavioural and psychological symptoms in community dwelling older people with dementia: 1. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions
Authors: Trivedi Daksha P , Braun Andreas , Dickinson Angela , Gage Heather , Hamilton Laura , Goodman Claire , Ashaye Kunle , Iliffe Steve , Manthorpe Jill
Published: March 2018

Background

Two-thirds of people living with dementia live at home in the UK and many experience distressing behavioural and psychological symptoms. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioural and psychological symptoms among community-dwelling people living with dementia.

Methods

This two-stage review undertook an initial mapping of the literature followed by a systematic review of relevant randomised controlled trials. We searched electronic databases for pertinent studies reporting outcomes from interventions from January 2000 to March 2015 and updated searches in October 2016. We included studies that considered behavioural and psychological symptom management for older people living with dementia who live at home and excluded studies conducted in long-term care settings. This paper presents findings from a narrative synthesis of 48 randomised controlled trials evaluating interventions for people living with dementia alone, family carers alone and patient-carer dyads.

Results

We retrieved 17,871 de-duplicated records and screened them for potential inclusion. Evidence from 48 randomised controlled trials suggests that family carer training and educational programmes that target problem behaviours and potential triggers can improve outcomes. Nurses and occupational therapists appear to help people with dementia with behavioural and psychological symptoms, but professional comparisons are lacking and there is no shared language about or understanding of behavioural and psychological symptoms amongst professionals, or between professionals and family carers.

Conclusions

Future research should focus on the effectiveness of components of multi-faceted programmes and their cost effectiveness and include qualitative data to better target interventions for behavioural and psychological symptoms. It is important to consider family carer readiness to use non-pharmacological strategies and to develop a shared language about the inherent needs and communications of behavioural and psychological symptoms.
Reduced Kinematic Redundancy and Motor Equivalence During Whole-Body Reaching in Individuals With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Tomita Yosuke , Mullick Aditi A. , Levin Mindy F.
Published: March 2018

Kinematic redundancy of the human body provides abundant movement patterns to accomplish the same motor goals (motor equivalence). Compensatory movement patterns such as excessive trunk displacement in stroke subjects during reaching can be viewed as a consequence of the motor equivalent process to accomplish a task despite limited available ranges in some joints. However, despite compensations, the ability to adapt reaching performance when perturbations occur may still be limited when condition-specific changes of joint angles are required. We addressed this hypothesis in individuals with and without stroke for reaching a target placed beyond arm reach in standing while flexing the hips (free-hip condition). In randomly selected trials, hip flexion was unexpectedly blocked, forcing subjects to take a step (blocked-hip condition). In additional trials, subjects took an intentional step while reaching the target (intentional-step condition). In blocked-hip trials, healthy subjects maintained smooth and precise endpoint trajectories by adapting temporal and spatial interjoint coordination to neutralize the effect of the perturbation. However, the ability to produce motor equivalent solutions was reduced in subjects with stroke, evidenced by substantial overshoot errors in endpoint position, reduced movement smoothness and less adaptive elbow-shoulder interjoint coordination. Movement adaptability was more limited in stroke subjects who used more compensatory movements for unperturbed reaching. Results suggest that subjects with mild-to-moderate stroke only partially adapted arm joint movements to maintain reaching performance. Therapeutic efforts to enhance the ability of individuals with stroke to find a larger number of task-relevant motor solutions (adaptability) may improve upper limb recovery.
Organization-Based Self-Esteem and Meaningful Work Mediate Effects of Empowering Leadership on Employee Behaviors and Well-Being
Authors: Kim Minseo , Beehr Terry A.
Published: March 2018

Based on the conservation of resources theory and intrinsic motivation principles, this study examined the effects of empowering leadership on employees’ positive and negative behaviors and well-being through two mediators, organization-based self-esteem, and meaningful work, over an 8-week period. With 347 full-time employees, results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that empowering leadership was positively associated with organization-based self-esteem and meaningful work. Organization-based self-esteem led to greater organizational citizenship behaviors and fewer deviant behaviors. Perceptions of meaningful work resulted in lower levels of emotional exhaustion and higher levels of life satisfaction. Together, these findings highlight the important roles of the two psychological states explaining why empowering leadership contributes to employees’ favorable work behaviors and psychological well-being.
Analysis and optimization of energy efficiency for an electric vehicle with four independent drive in-wheel motors
Authors: Jiang Xinwei , Chen Long , Xu Xing , Cai Yingfeng , Li Yong , Wang Wujie
Published: March 2018

The independent driving ability of the four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the vehicle. The composition and structure of a prototype were introduced in this article and the rapid prototype was applied to design the upper-level control system. Experimental data obtained from the bench tests and the chassis dynamometer tests were employed to generate the torque response performance and power efficiency map of the in-wheel motor. The control logic of the in-wheel motor was obtained based on the least squares method. Besides, a front and rear axle torque distribution method was proposed to reduce the energy consumption of vehicle, and the simulating test of the prototype was conducted based on the in-wheel motor efficiency map. Simulation analysis of vehicle energy consumption in vehicle driving cycle was carried out in ways of rear axle drive, average torque allocation, and optimized torque energy-saving allocation; the results show that the optimized torque energy-saving allocation strategy can decrease the energy consumption up to approximately 0.117 and 0.426 kJ per unit mileage comparing with the rear axle drive and average torque allocation.
End-of-life care in UK care homes: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Spacey Adam , Scammell Janet , Board Michele , Porter Sam
Published: March 2018

Background

The number of people requiring end-of-life care provision in care homes has grown significantly. There is a need for a systematic examination of individual studies to provide more comprehensive information about contemporary care provision.

Aim

The aim of this study was to systematically review studies that describe end-of-life care in UK care homes.

Method

A systematic PRISMA review of the literature published between 2008 and April 2017 was carried out. A total of 14 studies were included in the review.

Results

A number of areas of concern were identified in the literature in relation to the phases of dying during end-of-life care: end-of-life pre-planning processes; understandings of end-of-life care; and interprofessional end-of-life care provision.

Conclusions

Given that the problems identified in the literature concerning end-of-life care of residents in care homes are similar to those encountered in other healthcare environments, there is logic in considering how generalised solutions that have been proposed could be applied to the specifics of care homes. Further research is necessary to explore how barriers to good end-of-life care can be mitigated, and facilitators strengthened.
Does it look safe? An eye tracking study into the visual aspects of fear of crime
Authors: Crosby Freya , Hermens Frouke
Published: March 2018

Studies of fear of crime often focus on demographic and social factors, but these can be difficult to change. Studies of visual aspects have suggested that features reflecting incivilities, such as litter, graffiti, and vandalism increase fear of crime, but methods often rely on participants actively mentioning such aspects, and more subtle, less conscious aspects may be overlooked. To address these concerns, this study examined people’s eye movements while they judged scenes for safety. In total, 40 current and former university students were asked to rate images of day-time and night-time scenes of Lincoln, UK (where they studied) and Egham, UK (unfamiliar location) for safety, maintenance, and familiarity while their eye movements were recorded. Another 25 observers not from Lincoln or Egham rated the same images in an Internet survey. Ratings showed a strong association between safety and maintenance and lower safety ratings for night-time scenes for both groups, in agreement with earlier findings. Eye movements of the Lincoln participants showed increased dwell times on buildings, houses, and vehicles during safety judgements and increased dwell times on streets, pavements, and markers of incivilities for maintenance. Results confirm that maintenance plays an important role in perceptions of safety, but eye movements suggest that observers also look for indicators of current or recent presence of people.
What Do I Call Us? The Investment Model of Commitment Processes and Changes in Relationship Categorization
Authors: Hadden Benjamin W. , Harvey S. Marie , Settersten Richard A. , Agnew Christopher R.
Published: March 2018

The investment model of commitment has been used to understand relationship maintenance and dissolution across a variety of populations and relationship types. The current study used data from the Project on Partner Dynamics (POPD), a cohort study of young adults involved in nonmarital sexual relationships in the Los Angeles area, to test whether and how the investment model of commitment processes predicts individuals' self-reported categorizations of their relationships over time. We examined (1) how relationship categorizations are associated with variables outlined by the investment model and (2) whether model variables predict changes in relationship categorization over time. We found that changes in relationship self-categorization were associated with simultaneous changes in investment model variables, and that the model largely predicts the likelihood of future changes in relational self-categorization. These results are the first to examine how the investment model prospectively predicts the progression or regression of relationships beyond relationship dissolution.
Response Surface Analysis in Personality and Social Psychology: Checklist and Clarifications for the Case of Congruence Hypotheses
Authors: Humberg Sarah , Nestler Steffen , Back Mitja D.
Published: March 2018

Response surface analysis (RSA) enables researchers to test complex psychological effects, for example, whether the congruence of two psychological constructs is associated with higher values in an outcome variable. RSA is increasingly applied in the personality and social psychological literature, but the validity of published results has been challenged by some persistent oversimplifications and misconceptions. Here, we describe the mathematical fundamentals required to interpret RSA results, and we provide a checklist for correctly identifying congruence effects. We clarify two prominent fallacies by showing that the test of a single RSA parameter cannot indicate a congruence effect, and when there is a congruence effect, RSA cannot indicate whether a predictor mismatch in one direction (e.g., overestimation of one’s intelligence) is better or worse than a mismatch in the other direction (underestimation). We hope that this contribution will further enhance the validity and strength of empirical studies that apply this powerful approach.
Effective international enforcement of employee rights? Challenging Hungarian ‘unorthodox’ laws
Authors: Gyulavári Tamás , Kártyás Gábor
Published: March 2018

International courts have become a crucial element of protecting employee rights in recent decades. The ‘unorthodox’ 1 measures of the Hungarian Orbán government have provided a unique opportunity to test the effectiveness of international courts, since these national measures have been defying various legal principles in general, but in particular in the field of employment, since acquiring a two-thirds parliamentary majority in 2010. The article analyses the most important of these employment laws, their objectives, problematic legal nature and the responses of the Hungarian Constitutional Court (hereinafter CC), the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter CJEU), and the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter ECtHR). 2 Are these national and international courts able to ensure effective protection against such policies when they adversely affect workers’ fundamental rights, and if so, on what legal basis? Conclusions regarding unorthodox employment laws, such as termination without cause, the compulsory retirement of judges, a retroactive 98% tax on severance pay, and/or the nationalisation of private pension funds, might be useful to other countries with similar legislative tendencies. The article focuses on the question of whether international courts are able to block and efficiently remedy such national measures and tendencies in employment law.
Sensex and Nifty Indices: Are They the Right Benchmarks for Mutual Funds in India?
Authors: Kumar S. S. S.
Published: March 2018

Recently two significant developments took place in the Indian capital markets: (a) SEBI’s decision making it mandatory for all mutual funds to disclose the scheme returns against a common benchmark index such as Nifty or Sensex and (b) Employee’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) is permitted to invest a part of their funds into stock market through the exchange-traded fund (ETF) route, particularly SBI Sensex and SBI Nifty ETFs. Both the developments are tied by a common concept that stock market indices such as Nifty and Sensex are passive without any statistically significant alpha. In the fund management industry, alpha is a measure of the risk-adjusted excess returns from a portfolio that can be attributed to the stock-picking skills of a fund manager. In this article, an attempt is made to examine for the presence of significant alphas in the returns of both the indices. The results of the study indicate that both the indices have statistically significant excess returns, raising questions on their suitability to act as reference and/or benchmarks for evaluating performance of mutual funds in India. Further, the study examined the returns of Sensex and Nifty index ETFs and observed a statistically significant alpha. The results of the study have important implications not only for the index construction companies but also to the policymakers who are advocating investment of considerable amounts of provident fund money into stock market through ETFs linked to Sensex and Nifty. Index maintenance companies have to re-design the indices so that they remain passive and the EPFO Administration may rethink their decision to invest in the existing ETFs linked to the Sensex and Nifty indices, and should consider constructing a well-diversified stock portfolio that is truly passive so that their mandate to get exposure only to market risk is fulfilled.
Individuals’ Motivation for Joining a Social Group: Examining Their Homogeneity
Authors: Baber Ruturaj , Upadhyay Yogesh , Kaurav Rahul Pratap Singh
Published: March 2018

Human, being a social animal, has desired to be part of a social group. The present study explores motives/reasons of an individual for joining a social group/club through surveys conducted at various cities of India. The result of data analysis suggests that individual desired to join social groups/clubs for self-development, social service, extraversion, social voracity, self and social gratification, and for emotional support. Furthermore, convergence in individuals was also explored on the basis of their responses. From the analysis, three clusters emerged, namely, inquisitive individuals, extrovert individuals and voracious individuals. The study also discusses the implications of the outcome for founders/managers/marketers of groups and researchers.
Why has adult hippocampal neurogenesis had so little impact on psychiatry?
Authors: Liu Kathy Y. , Howard Robert
Published: March 2018

Hippocampal neurogenesis continues throughout adult life and potentially plays a crucial role in mood and cognitive disorders. We summarise the preclinical insights and potential translational steps that could be taken to investigate the role and importance of this phenomenon in disease and health in humans.

Declaration of interest

None.
Italian Psychological Literature
Authors: Gasquet J. R.
Published: March 2018

The Archivio for 1873 and 1874 contains fewer original papers than usual, though some of them are of particular interest and importance. Professor Verga continues his very detailed and careful account of General Paralysis, from which I can only find space to extract the following points. He remarks that inequality of the pupils is not peculiar to that disease, but occurs in all other varieties of insanity connected with organic affection of the brain. Some stress is laid upon the occasional loss of power over other involuntary muscles, of the bladder and intestine, causing ischuria and constipation, which are often relieved by the use of strychnia. It is singular to observe that some paralytics in Italian Asylums cease to open their mouths freely when they speak, as is the custom of their countrymen; but “speak between their teeth, like the English.” In other cases, Dr. Verga has noticed that these patients always shout, as if they were speaking to deaf persons, either from not being able to regulate, or from not observing the loudness of their voice. He has also observed that, in the early stage of the disease there is occasionally genital excitement with persistent priapism. He sums up all the causes of general paralysis under the head of abuse of the moral and intellectual powers, or of the cerebral functions.
SUMO-specific proteases and isopeptidases of the SENP family at a glance
Authors: Kunz Kathrin , Piller Tanja , Müller Stefan
Published: March 2018

The ubiquitin-related SUMO system controls many cellular signaling networks. In mammalian cells, three SUMO forms (SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3) act as covalent modifiers of up to thousands of cellular proteins. SUMO conjugation affects cell function mainly by regulating the plasticity of protein networks. Importantly, the modification is reversible and highly dynamic. Cysteine proteases of the sentrin-specific protease (SENP) family reverse SUMO conjugation in mammalian cells. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we will summarize how the six members of the mammalian SENP family orchestrate multifaceted deconjugation events to coordinate cell processes, such as gene expression, the DNA damage response and inflammation.
Tumor stiffness measured by quantitative and qualitative shear wave elastography of breast cancer
Authors: Song Eun Jee , Sohn Yu-Mee , Seo Mirinae
Published: March 2018

Objective:

To correlate clinicoradiologic and pathological features of breast cancer with quantitative and qualitative shear wave elastographic parameters.

Methods:

82 breast cancers in 75 patients examined by B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography (SWE) were included. SWE parameters including quantitative factors [maximum elasticity (Emax), mean elasticity (Emean), elasticity ratio (Eratio) and standard deviation (SD)] and qualitative factor (color pattern) were correlated with clinicoradiologic and pathological features using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.

Results:

Presence of symptoms and larger tumor size on ultrasound were significantly associated with higher Emax, Emean, Eratio, and SD (all p < 0.05) on univariate analysis. Older age was significantly correlated with higher Emax and Emean (p = 0.026, 0.018). Lymphovascular invasion and larger pathologic size were significantly associated with higher Emax (p = 0.036, 0.043) and SD (p < 0.001, 0.019). No immunohistochemical biomarkers were significantly correlated with SWE parameters. There was no significant correlation between color pattern and any variable. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the symptom, tumor size on ultrasound and lymphovascular invasion were independent factors that influenced the SWE values.

Conclusion:

Tumor stiffness as measured by SWE and B-mode ultrasound could help predict cancer prognosis.

Advances in knowledge:

Clinicoradiologic factors had correlation with quantitative and qualitative SWE parameters. Using SWE parameters and B-mode ultrasound, we can predict breast cancer prognosis.