bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intersecting and Perpendicular Lines: Activities to Prevent Misconception
Authors: Mistretta Regina M.
Published: December 2020

Although geometry is a component of the mathematics curriculum, students are not demonstrating strong conceptual knowledge of this subject. According to the Third International Mathematics and Science Study–Repeat (TIMSS-R) released December 5, 2000, U.S. students scored lower in geometry than they did in other mathematical subjects (Education USA 2000). Studies have shown that many students develop misconceptions and do not move beyond a simple visualization of geometric figures (Carroll 1998). For example, students recognize shapes by appearance rather than by the properties that they possess. Educators advocate a shift in emphasis from a geometry curriculum that is dominated by memorization of isolated facts and procedures to one that emphasizes conceptual understandings, multiple representations, and real-life applications (Reys et al. 2001).
A New Lens on Teaching: Learning to Notice
Authors: Sherin Miriam Gamoran Sherin , van Es Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2020

What types of things do you typically notice as you watch your students in class each day? For instance, when the bell rings at the start of class, what do you look for as you scan the room? Later on, when you see a group of students interacting, what do you tend to notice about their work together? And in class discussions, which of the ideas that students raise stand out to you and why?
The Chinese Abacus: A Window into Standards-Based Pedagogy
Authors: Ameis Jerry A.
Published: December 2020

Can NCTM standards-based pedagogy positively affect attitudes about learning and doing mathematics? This article addresses that question in relation to preservice teachers enrolled in a middle-years mathematics methods course. The events described also illustrate the applications of Standards-based pedagogy in the classroom.
An Assessment of Students' Understanding of Angle
Authors: Keiser Jane M. , Klee Amanda , Fitch Karen
Published: December 2020

How well do you think your students understand the underlying concepts related to fractions, angles, probability, or any other complex ideas that we attempt to teach? Sometimes students' answers on tests fail to communicate what they really understand about a concept. If you wanted to assess your students' understandings of the angle concept, what kinds of questions could you pose to reveal their true thinking?
Spotlight on the Principles: The Role of Textbooks in Implementing the Curriculum Principle and the Learning Principle
Authors: Reys Barbara J. , Bay-Williams Jennifer M.
Published: December 2020

Welcome to the new “Spotlight on the Principles.” September's “Spotlight on the Standards” brought to a close the set of articles examining the ten Standards envisioned in NCTM's Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000). With this article, the MTMS Editorial Panel is directing the focus of the department on the six Principles, beginning with an overview of the Curriculum Principle and Learning Principle.
Using Literature to Engage Students in Proportional Reasoning
Authors: Martinie Sherri L. , Bay-Williams Jennifer M.
Published: December 2020

Proportional thinking appears in the middle school curriculum in many topics, including percent increase, functions, similarity, and scaling. Being able to reason proportionally enables students to make sense of these topics. Proportional reasoning is quite difficult for many middle school students, so it is imperative to find meaningful contexts that enable students to explore proportionality as it appears across mathematics strands.
A Fruitful Crop
Authors: Kersaint Gladis
Published: December 2020

The editorial panel is presenting the following problem to stimulate submissions to “The Thinking of Students” department. We encourage teachers to try this problem with students and analyze the different ways that they approach the problem.
Using Friday Puzzlers to Discover Arithmetic Sequences
Authors: Yolles Arlene
Published: December 2020

Article shows how the solutions to five simple problems can be used to develop the concept and formula for the sum of an arithmetic sequence. Five problems and sample student responses are included.
Geometric Conjectures: The Importance of Counterexamples
Authors: Boats Jeffery J. , Dwyer Nancy K. , Laing Sharon , Fratella Mark P.
Published: December 2020

TO DEVELOP STUDENTS' REASONING SKILLS, the NCTM's Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000) recommends that students make generalizations and evaluate conjectures. In particular, middle school mathematics students should be engaged in activities involving pattern recognition as a means of formulating such conjectures.
Exploring Proportional Reasoning through Movies and Literature
Authors: Beckmann Charlene E. , Thompson Denisse , Austin Richard A.
Published: December 2020

Have you ever watched a toddler climb onto a chair and compared the height of the chair with the height of the toddler? Have you wondered how big a chair would have to be for you, as an adult, to have the same experience of struggling to get into it? Have you looked at a Barbie doll's neck or high heels and wondered how long each would be if Barbie were an adult female of average height? When watching a movie, such as Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, have you ever wondered how large objects like silverware and blades of grass must have been to give the appearance that a child had been shrunk? Satisfying our curiosity about these questions requires proportional reasoning.
Food for Thought from Jay's Diner: January 2004
Authors: Kersaint Gladis
Published: December 2020

The editorial panel is presenting the following problem to stimulate submissions to “The Thinking of Students” department. We encourage teachers to try this problem with students and analyze the different ways that they use to solve the problem.
Limited-English Proficient (LEP) Students and Mathematical Understanding
Authors: Lee Hea-Jin , Jung Woo Sik
Published: December 2020

The number of Limited-English-Proficient (LEP) learners in the United States is dramatically and steadily increasing every year. In 1993–1994, U.S. public schools enrolled more than 2.1 million LEP students, with more than 90 percent of them coming from non-English-speaking countries (McCandless, Rossi, and Daugherty 1996). A study by the National Center for Education Statistics estimates a current enrollment of 3.4 million LEP students in grades K–8 (Buck 2000). This change in student demographics and the importance of language proficiency in mathematics require increasing awareness of instructional practices.
Circles of Humanity
Authors: Lide Allison M.
Published: December 2020

How does geometry appear through the eyes of a restless seventh grader? I tried to imagine it as I leafed through the Teacher's Edition in preparation for my first-ever encounter with teaching geometry. The pages of boring definitions and sterile, aloof diagrams gave a grim prognosis of glazed eyes and distant minds. There had to be more to it than this. The sign on the wall of my physics classroom reminded me of Einstein: “Geometry is the mathematics of space and time.” For a brief instant I considered trying to teach geometry through the topic of general relativity at a seventh-grade level—and although I came back down to earth from that idea quickly, the inspiration had served its purpose, sending me on an exploration to find more unique perspectives from which to teach and learn geometry. My discoveries evolved, and the consequent path that I took with my students turned out to be less abstract and esoteric than the fabric of space and time; instead, we delved into the topic of geometry as being a powerful sociological tool, solid yet enigmatic, a human and cultural representation of the world and the universe.
Using the Stock Market for Relevance in Teaching Number Sense
Authors: Leonard Jacqueline , Campbell Louise L.
Published: December 2020

Linking Mathematics and Money connects with the everyday lives of middle school students. Some students in this age group are beginning to learn the value of money and may have a work permit to earn wages on a part-time basis. The purpose of this article is to address the use of Standards-based problem solving within the context of economic situations that provide relevance for middle school students. Monetary transactions can be used as a basis for learning number sense and more complex mathematics.
Engaging Students through Technology
Authors: Erbas A. Kursat , Ledford Sarah , Polly Drew , Orrill Chandra H.
Published: December 2020

The use of technology provides an effective way for promoting multiple representations in problem solving and mathematics. Multiple representations allow students to experience different ways of thinking, develop better insights and understandings of problem situations, and increase comprehension about mathematical concepts. Even with all the benefits of multiple representations, however, teachers find it difficult to incorporate open-ended problem solving that capitalizes on these representations because of time constraints and limitations of traditional mathematics teaching. Technology can become a vital and exciting tool in allowing students to explore multiple representations and mathematical situations and relationships (NCTM 2000). Technology empowers students who may have limited mathematical knowledge and limited symbolic and numeric manipulation skills to investigate problem situations. Technology not only frees the students from tedious and repetitive computations but actually encourages the use of multiple representations. Students can easily move from a spreadsheet to a graph or geometry software in their quest for solutions to a given problem. When supported by the teacher, these tools of technology provide students with opportunities to investigate and manipulate mathematical situations to observe, experiment with, and make conjectures about patterns, relationships, tendencies, and generalizations. Teachers should emphasize and encourage the use of multiple representations to support students' thinking and understanding of concepts and problem-solving situations in all areas of mathematics.
Inverting a Triangular Array: Involving Students in Mathematical Inquiry
Authors: Baroody Arthur J. , Wilkins Jesse L.
Published: December 2020

Fostering students' mathematical thinking requires regularly presenting them with challenging problems and involving them in the processes of mathematical inquiry (e.g., representing and solving problems; making, testing, and justifying conjectures). The Inverting a 36 Penny Triangular Array problem (to be called the Inverting problem, for short) is shown in figure 1. It is a challenging problem that can immerse middle school, secondary school, college students, and in-service teachers in the processes of mathematical inquiry.
Food for Thought from Jay's Diner: February 2004
Authors: Kersaint Gladis
Published: December 2020

The editorial panel is presenting the following problem to stimulate submissions to “The Thinking of Students” department. We encourage teachers to try this problem with students and analyze the different ways that they use to solve the problem.
Families Ask: Manipulatives in the Middle School
Authors: Martinie Sherri , Stramel Janet
Published: December 2020

Students of all ages need to do math to understand math. Manipulatives provide a way for students to do mathematics in a concrete manner, and they learn some mathematics concepts better when explored with manipulatives. Middle school teachers sometimes fail to see the purpose of manipulatives, citing reasons such as time constraints and management problems, and generally feel that they are not important. Training students in the appropriate use of manipulatives alleviates many management problems and results in the effective use of time. Learning new concepts in the middle grades is just as complex a task as learning new concepts at grades K–3.
It's Friezing in Here: Tessellations through Art, Architecture, and Cultural Artifacts
Authors: Colgan Lynda E. C.
Published: December 2020

IN CANADA, AS IN THE UNITED STATES, there are large-scale reform movements aimed at making the mathematics that is taught in school simultaneously more rigorous and accountable. The reforms are usually accomplished by the publication of districtwide curriculum documents that carefully delineate long lists of grade-by-grade learning expectations that are then matched to large-scale assessments, standardized achievement expectations, and common report cards. The explicit articulation of specific curriculum expectations was originally intended to add breadth to the mathematics programs in our classrooms by reinforcing the notion that there are many branches on the tree of mathematics: data management, probability, algebra, patterning, spatial sense, geometry, measurement, and number sense and numeration.
Take Time For Action: Students' Interpretations of Misleading Graphs
Authors: Harper Suzanne R.
Published: December 2020

Since graphical displays of data are increasingly used in magazines, in newspapers, and on television to communicate relationships among numerical data, it is important to expose middle school students to various types of contexts where interpretation of graphical data is necessary. The NCTM (2000) concurs that students in grades 6–8 should “begin to compare the effectiveness of various types of displays in organizing the data for further analysis or in presenting the data clearly to an audience” (p. 49).
Technology Enhances Student Learning across the Curriculum
Authors: McGehee Jean , Griffith Linda K.
Published: December 2020

Although the use of technology is not new to the classroom, it is still a hotly debated issue in some schools. An important point to understand is that technology does not replace basic understandings and skills. Instead, it is an additional learning tool that fosters deeper understanding and better intuition about mathematical concepts. The word technology encompasses many platforms including calculators, programmable hand-held devices, tutorial software, interactive software, and Internet resources. Hand-held programmable devices provide affordable access to electronic tools that allow students to use multiple representations to explore mathematical situations. Interactive software also provides environments that allow students to explore and discover relationships on the computer. Technology is not static; it is a constantly growing and changing field. It challenges educators to continue to create innovative ways to implement new technologies in the classroom as teaching and learning tools.
Developing Ratio Concepts: An Asian Perspective
Authors: Lo Jane-Jane , Watanabe Tad , Cai Jinfa
Published: December 2020

The following vignette illustrates how a taiwanese textbook series envisions introducing the concept of ratio.
Teacher to Teacher: The Million-Dollar Activity
Authors: Kamina Penina A. , Tinto Patricia P.
Published: December 2020

The Million-Dollar Activity (MDA) IS a measurement task that was posed to sixth graders to solve in small groups on a field trip to the Carrier Dome at Syracuse University.
Integrating Measurement across the Curriculum
Authors: Preston Ron , Thompson Tony
Published: December 2020

“MEASUREMENT!” THAT REPLY is the most common answer we receive from middle-grades teachers of mathematics when we ask, “What content strand gives your students the most difficulty?” Why measurement? What is so difficult about this strand? Is measurement important? What can we do to improve the situation with measurement? What tools or materials or ideas do teachers need to help students? We discuss these questions and provide examples that we believe are promising solutions to the problem but that do not take away from other mathematical strands.
How Long Is Its Projection?
Authors: Trowell Sandra Davis , Reynolds Anne
Published: December 2020

PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS FOR SCHOOL MATHEMATICS (NCTM 2000) is designed around the idea of integrating content and process skills in teaching and learning mathematics. A curriculum is envisioned in which the content is taught through problem solving, communicating, and making connections. In the Grade 6–8 Standards, one key idea that connects much of the content is proportionality: “Proportionality connects many of the mathematics topics studied in grades 6–8” (NCTM 2000, p. 217). For example, in this digital age, numerous students have access to equipment for enhancing photographs, including stretching and shrinking. Proportional reasoning is an important idea in the manipulation of such objects and involves distinguishing between changes that occur in both one-dimensional, or linear (length), and two-dimensional space (area) as well as the development of the mathematics of similarity. Textbooks typically equate proportions with the cross-products rule, which states that the “product of the extremes equals the product of the means.” In other words, if a/b = c/d, then a × d = b × c.
The Arithmetick of Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery
Authors: Jamski William D.
Published: December 2020

“WHO WOULD EVER USE THIS stuff?” Middle school mathematics teachers often respond to such questions by emphasizing connections and the need for students “to recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside mathematics” (NCTM 2000, p. 64). Within this framework, the bicentennials of the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803–1806) provide the following situation that can be presented to middle school mathematics students in a historical setting that integrates mathematics applications and processes with science, finance, geography, and other topics.
Using Algebra without Realizing It
Authors: Maida Paula
Published: December 2020

The phrase “Algebra for All” has been suggested as a standard for mathematics education. “By viewing algebra as a strand in the curriculum from prekindergarten on, teachers can help students build a solid foundation of understanding and experience as a preparation for more-sophisticated work in algebra in the middle grades and high school” (NCTM 2000, p. 37) Although current mathematics teachers are working toward achieving this goal, it is crucial to prepare future elementary and middle school teachers to integrate algebraic concepts into their lessons.
Improving Writing Prompts to Improve Student Reflection
Authors: Sjoberg Craig A. , Slavit David , Coon Terry
Published: December 2020

Have you ever asked students for a written explanation of their thinking or how they solved a problem, and their responses did not meet your expectations? Because the teaching of mathematics continues to move away from a sole focus on correctness and a finished product to include a focus on process, context, and understanding (Miller 1991; NCTM 2000), students need opportunities to express their ideas. A writing task can be an ideal tool for supporting this important learning activity.
How Can a Box Help My Students with Multiplying Polynomials?
Authors: Barlow Angela T.
Published: December 2020

For most of my students, multiplying polynomials is not a difficult procedure to understand. Students quickly grasp the idea that each term in the first polynomial must be multiplied by each term in the second polynomial. The difficulty, however, lies in the organization of the product's terms for ease in combining like terms and in the accuracy of having multiplied all of the appropriate subproducts. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a box can help students with both of these aspects.
Measurement in the Middle Grades: Insights from NAEP and TIMSS
Authors: Thompson Tony D. , Preston Ronald V.
Published: December 2020

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) have provided a wealth of data on the mathematics education of U.S. students. (TIMSS has been renamed “Trends in Mathematics and Science Study” and will continue to be known as TIMSS in future assessments.) TIMSS was administered in 1995 and repeated in 1999 and included grades 4, 8, and the end of secondary school. NAEP began in 1969 and regularly reports on the knowledge and skills of U.S. students in fourth, eighth, and twelfth grades in a variety of subject areas. In addition to studying mathematics achievement, both NAEP and TIMSS collect data on the contexts for learning mathematics, such as teacher and school characteristics, instructional practices, and curriculum.
Handbook of Indicators of Institutionalization of Academic Disciplines in SSH
Authors: Christian Fleck , Victor Karády
Published: December 2020

This is the handbook of indicators with which the comparative research on the insitutionalization of several academic disciplines in the social sciences and humanities has been organised within the EU-funded project INTERCO-SSH. The project studied the historical trajectories of seven disciplines (anthropology, economcs, literature, philosophy, political science, psychology, sociology) in seven countries (Argentina, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, United Kingdom) since 1945.
Management and obstetric prognosis of pregnancy with isolated cutaneous lupus
Authors: Oulehri Aida , Baybay Hanane , Chhiti Soukaina
Published: December 2020

It is well known that pregnancy in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. But what about the risk in patients with isolated cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) during pregnancy? There are insufficient data on clinical obstetrical and neonatal outcomes in women with CLE and very few studies have been published concerning the obstetric prognosis in the various types of cutaneous lupus. We report the case of a 24-year-old woman with no known pathological history, who presented with a severe and inaugural flare-up of a typical acute lupus erythematosus (ACLE) without systemic involvement which was complicated by a fetal loss.
Vitiligo and skin cancer: what's the link?
Authors: Oulehri Aida , Elloudi Sara , Baybay Hanane
Published: December 2020

It is well established that ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the major risk factors for the development of skin cancer. It is therefore consistent to think that in vitiligo plaques completely devoid of melanin and melanocytes, cellular DNA without its natural protector can only be more vulnerable to UV aggression. We logically expect to have a high incidence of skin cancer in vitiligo patients. To our astonishment, the literature tends rather towards the hypothesis that there is no increase in this risk. We report a new case of multiple actinic keratoses, Bowen’s disease and squamous cell carcinoma on the sun-exposed areas in a 67 year old man with universal vitiligo. We also conducted a literature review by collecting all similar cases as well as cohorts, meta-analyses and literature reviews on the issue, to determine if this debate is still ongoing.
Socioeconomic factors of the instances of crime among “new” immigration in the United States (late XIX – early XX centuries)
Authors: Kostyleva Aleksandra
Published: December 2020

The primary task of this research is to elucidate the reasons for stereotyping “new” immigrants as dangerous criminals and anarchists in society of the United States. The subject of this research is criminality within the immigration environment, while the object is the immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia who came to the United States in the second half of the XIX century and surpassed the immigrants from Western and Northern Europe. The author refers to the analysis of social and economic situation of “new” immigrants as the factors that impacted the rise of crime rate in the immigrant quarters. Special attention is given to organized criminal activity and radical political movements, as well as their influence upon the public image of “new” immigrants. The conclusion is made that the representatives of “new” immigration were involved in various unlawful actions, from minor administrative offenses and crimes against private property to murders, robberies and creation of organized criminal communities. An important place among the factors that affected criminalization of immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia was held by social isolation of immigrant communities, problematic assimilation, and tough economic situation due to intense competition on the job market and high unemployment rate. At the same time, “new” immigrants were no different from the local dwellers in disposition to commit crime: criminal rate among immigrants did not exceed average in the country.
Russian history in “Lives of the Saints” of St. Dimitry of Rostov
Authors: Tkachenko Victoria Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this research is the largest printed compilation of the lives of the saints venerated by the Russian Orthodox Church – “Lives of the Saints” by St. Dimitry of Rostov (1689-1705). Despite a widespread opinion that the only printed book on the Russian history until the middle of the XVIII century was the “Synopsis” by Innokenty Gizel, the author refers to “Lives of the Saints” as a landmark of historical writing that reflects crucial events in the Russian history from ancient times until early XVIII century. Traditionally viewed as a literary and hagiographical landmark, “Lives of the Saints” by St. Dimitri Rostov were out of the scope for the researchers of Russian historiography. This article is the first to conduct comprehensive analysis of historical records contained in the lives of Russian saints as part of the compilation “Live of the Saints”. Emphasis is places on the representation of events of the past. The research demonstrates that “Lives of the Saints” included descriptions of the milestones in Church and political history. Featuring certain aspect of scientific writings (accuracy of dates, critical analysis of sources, reference apparatus), they conveyed a special, Christian perception of Russian history as a chain of miracles of the saints and the Virgin Mary. The conclusion is made on the considerable importance of “Lives of the Saints” in proliferation of information on the Russian past among broad population, and formation of historical memory of the Russian society of the XVIII – XIX centuries.
Scientific biography of the explorer of northern territories, geologist A. A. Chernov in the works of Russian researchers
Authors: Osedakh Anastasia Grigorievna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this article is life and research activity of the Soviet geologist, paleontologist, Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy, explorer of the European North-East of Russia, discoverer of the Pechora coal basin – Alexander Chernov (1877-1963). The object of this research is the Russian historiography on his scientific biography. The goal a consists in the analysis of biographical essays, writings, newspaper notes about A. A. Chernov, available information on his scientific biography, as well as insufficiently studied topics. It is determined that the historiography of works dedicated to A. A. Chernov is extensive, and describes life path of the scholar, his academicc, pedagogical, and social activities. The author indicates Chernov’s role in training geology scholars in the process of institutionalization of science in the North, namely the Institute of Geology of Komi Scientific Center of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, organization of exploration works in the European North-East of Russia. His remarkable contribution to geological exploration of the territories of Russian North along with the discovery of Pechora coal basin is described. It is revealed that the history of establishment and development of Chernov’s scientific school, formed on the premises of Guerrier Courses in Moscow and in the Komi Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union remains insufficiently studied.
The establishment of German Customs Union: towards the “Customs Union Agreement” of 1833
Authors: Kovalenko Maria Iliinichna
Published: December 2020

This article presents an overview of economic situation and trade relations in Germany during the 1815 – 1820s, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The customs question was especially urgent due to the disparity of territories, and was being resolved in several German states simultaneously. The author examines the Prussian plan of customs union that was implemented in future, as well as the alternative regional projects. For detailed assessment of the indicated projects, analysis is conducted on the flow of import and export of various products on the German territories. This article is founded on the German sources, including maps of German territories and summary statistical tables, which did not previously received wide coverage within the Russian historiography. The topic of establishment of the German Customs Union was in the sidelines for a long time; therefore, this research is relevant for broad audience within the framework of studying the economic history and the history of Germany. The author determines that the period of formation of the German Customs Union was not subjected to comprehensive analysis; the alternative plans of customs unions were not sufficiently covered by the national and foreign historians, despite the extensive source base. The main conclusion consists in description of the actual alternatives to the Prussian plan of customs union, which have not been implemented due to political discrepancies between the members of the South and Middle German unions. Translation of the Customs Union Agreement into the Russian language has not been previously conducted; its provisions would be the subject of the author’s further research.
Peculiarities of perception by former slaves of their social status in the era of slavery (based on the collection of their memoirs in the Library of US Congress)
Authors: Baibakova Larisa Vilorovna
Published: December 2020

Slavery has always been condemned across the world; however in the end of the XX century, such canonical concept was rectified based on the extensive examination by American scholars of compilation of narratives of the former slaves collected in 1930s in the United States. At that time, 2,300 former slaves from 17 states were interviewed about their life in the era of slavery. Later, these interviews were placed in open access on the website of the Library of US Congress, reconstructing a contradictory picture of everyday life of African-Americans in the conditions of plantation economy: some reminiscences convey almost a nostalgic feeling of the past, while others criticizes it severely. The author in his attempt explain the historical accuracy of the results of mass interviewing of African-Americans, tries to make sense why 70 years later, the eyewitnesses of the same event have polar viewpoints. Forming the new comparative-historical approaches towards examination of collective consciousness under the influence of anthropologization of historical knowledge, the interview materials allow reconstructing the period, demonstrating the value system of the entire population group, unlike biography that structures the chain of events in chronological order. Analysis of the archive “Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938” has not been previously conducted within the Russian historiography, just briefly mentioned as one of the documentary aspects of the institution of slavery. The contained material is important for scientific comprehension of the bygone era of slavery, reflected in the collective memory of long-suffering African-American sub-ethnos. The problem of slavery in the United States, which synthesizes heritage of the past with practices of everyday life in various manifestations, seems optimal from the perspective of historiographical interest.
Quantitative analysis of the “Journal of Finance, Industry and Trade” for 1913: authors and discussed topics
Authors: Voronkova Daria Sergeevna
Published: December 2020

This article conducts historiographical and quantitative analysis of the prime economic media in the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX centuries – “Journal of Finance, Industry and Trade”. The journal was issued from 1885 to 1917 being the official publication of the Ministry of Finance. The materials published in the journal contain reference and analytical information. High quality of the analytical articles was ensured by competent authors – prominent national economists of that time. The goal consists in studying the dynamics of reflection of complex economic processes that unfolded in the prewar 1913 in the journal. Characteristic is given to the composition of the team of authors in 1913. Quantitative analysis of the content of all 52 issues is conducted for the first time in accordance with the dynamics of quarterly distribution of the topics of analytical publications. The author suggests possible interpretations of changes in thematic specialty of the journal throughout the year, and formulates a hypothesis on correlation between these changes and the dynamics of industrial stock index developed by L. Borodkin and G. Perelman by analogy with the famous Dow Jones Industrial Average. Decline in journal’s interest to the industrial problems is noticed until the fourth quarter of 1913; then the favorable conjuncture on the oil market explains the frequency of occurrence of the category of “industry” due to the articles dedicated to oil industry.
Os aforismos sobre o absoluto: Schulze contra o “evangelho” de Schelling e Hegel
Authors: Nascimento Machado Lucas , da Silva Oliveira Luiz Filipe
Published: December 2020

In our paper, we make a brief presentation and contextualization of Schulze's text, of which we present here a translation, “Aphorisms about the absolute”. In this text, Schulze develops, in an ironic style — or, in the words of Vieweg, pseudo-ironic —, his critique of the philosophies of identity Schelling and Hegel. In our exposition, we aim to point out, first, how, before the publication of the Aphorisms, Schelling and Hegel understood skepticism in general and evaluated Schulze’s skepticism in particular. Next, we shall see how Schulze responded to Schelling and Hegel’s objections with his Aphorisms, and how the reception of this text by Schelling and Hegel was quite different — so different, in fact, that their disagreements about philosophy and the philosophical method begin to surface, where they were hidden before in favor of their adherence to a similar philosophical project in its more general lines. In the next step, we examine what are the conceptual elements discussed in Schulze's text that would be central to the understanding of this philosophical and methodological divergence between Schelling and Hegel, and which will culminate in their definitive rupture with the publication of the Phenomenology of Spirit. These conceptual elements we believe to be found, particularly, in the treatment of the concepts of form, matter (or content) and determination. Or, more specifically: in the objection, raised by Schulze, that any conception of the absolute based on the concepts of form and content could only be a relative conception, since not only the distinction between content and form is merely formal, but also any content, thought in its distinction and opposition to form, can only be relative and, therefore, formal content. We shall, then, conclude this criticism will be decisive for the way in which Hegel will come to think of the absolute not only as a substance, but also as a subject.
O ceticismo, entre Maimon, Fichte e Hegel
Authors: Ferrer Diogo
Published: December 2020

This article provides an overview of some significant responses to scepticism in German classical philosophy. I start with the exposition of S. Maimon’s criticism to Kant about the applicability of pure concepts to the empirical reality and the influence of this problem on J. G. Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre. I expose the main theses of Fichte’s 1794/1795 Foundations of the Entire Wissenschaftslehre, from the point of view of the possibility of a systematic philosophy built upon first principles. Next, I consider Hegel’s 1802 discussion of the meaning and relationship of ancient and modern scepticism. This will allow me to introduce Hegel’s response to scepticism in the Phenomenology of Spirit and the question about the grounds of knowledge in the Science of Logic. In addition to showing the relevance of Maimon for the development of classical German philosophy, three theses are defended in the article: first, that both the Fichtean and the Hegelian answers accept the terms of discussion set by scepticism; second, that both present internal refutations of scepticism; and finally, that scepticism and its internal refutation can be understood as a thread connecting different philosophical positions in German classical philosophy.
A teoria hegeliana da justificação moral
Authors: Manchisi Armando
Published: December 2020

The contribution pursues two interrelated aims: the first one is to interpret the transition from Morality to Ethical Life in the Elements of the Philosophy of Right as a theory of moral justification; the second one is to show the meaning of this theory for contemporary philosophy. The essay thus seeks to turn to Hegel’s conception in order to shed light on the limits of the current discussion in moral epistemology and then to present a possible alternative. To this end, Hegel’s text is confronted with the main theses of intuitionism, on the one hand, and Kantian constructivism, on the other, as the most prominent contemporary forms, respectively, of ethical foundationalism and coherentism.
Ontologia e Política em Hegel: a relação entre o trabalho e a linguagem na formação da consciência e da vida ética
Authors: Pinheiro Araújo Wécio
Published: December 2020

this article aims to present the first steps of a research developed in the scope of Hegelian thought, focused on the problem of how the relationship between labor and language occurs in the formation of consciousness, and how it is expressed in the tension established between the ethical substance (sittliche Substanz) and moral action. The emphasis on the relationship between labor and language is justified in the sense of carrying out a reading of Hegelian political philosophy, framed by its ontological conception of work as a maker of consciousness and, consequently, of the relationship between content and form resulting from this process, which it acquires practical expression in language, at the same time that it forms the subject who acts in social life as reality (Realität) in which ethos is manifested as an ethical substance and, therefore, effectiveness (Wirklichkeit) of ethical life (sittliche Leben). In this first moment, we will present this relationship as a warp between ontology and politics based on the exposition of the first approximations we made between the Phenomenology of the Spirit and the Philosophy of Law.
The anachronism of myth in Hegel and bolsonarist Brazil
Authors: Kurle Adriano
Published: December 2020

In this paper, I present some concepts of Hegel’s philosophy of art, aiming to interpret a cultural-political situation, namely, Bolsonarism in contemporary Brazil. I present the ideas in the following order: (a) the modes of comprehension, mainly through the distinction between the poetic and the prosaic modes; (b) the conception of “Action [Handlung]” as a category of art, by means of its three levels: State of the World [Weltzustand], Situation [Situation], and Action itself [Handlung als solche]; (c) an evaluation of the anachronism of the ideas of myth and hero in contemporary times, through a reflection mediated by the categories of sublation [Aufhebung] and history.
Study of the stress observed in diamond films on carbon-implanted alumina surfaces
Authors: Fang Zhi-Jun  , Xia Yi-Ben  , Wang Lin-Jun  , Zhang Wei-Li  , Ma Zhe-Guo  , Zhang Ming-Long  ,   上海大学 材料科学与工程学院,上海  201800
Published: December 2020

The compressive stress in the diamond films formed on alumina ceramics can be reduced by implantation of carbon ions into alumina substrates before the deposition of diamond films. After carbon ion implantation, there is no new phase identified as interlayer by comparing the x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the un-implanted and implanted substrates. In addition, the stress in the diamond films decreases linearly with the increase of the C+ implantation dose. This is because the implanted ions settle in the interstitial position and induce the residual compressive stress in the alumina lattice. This compressive stress, when the diamond films deposited and cooled down to room temperature, will be released and partly offset the compressive stress in the diamond films.
A theory of relativistic analytical statics of rotational systems
Authors: Jia Li-Qun  ,   江南大学理学院,无锡  214063
Published: December 2020

A theory of relativistic analytical statics of rotational systems is constructed. The relativistic virtual work principle and the relativistic generalized equilibrium equations of rotational system are obtained, and an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
Amelioration of the Hamaker homogeneous material hypothesis
Authors: Tian Wen-Chao  , Jia Jian-Yuan  ,   西安电子科技大学机电工程学院,西安  710071
Published: December 2020

The three Hamaker hypotheses is the theoretical basis to resolve a discrete problem by continuance method. The atomic force, which is obtained by the continuance method on the basis of the Hamaker hypotheses, does not agree with the classical Lennard-Jons potential. The conclusions, that the Hamaker homogeneous hypothesis holds true only for two micro-substances separated far away, and that the digital density and the Hamaker constant vary with the distance, are obtained, followed by the forms of the digital density and the force between the micro-substances.
A new application of Jacobi elliptic function expansion method
Authors: Zhang Shan-Qing  , Li Zhi-Bin  ,   华东师范大学计算机科学技术系,上海  200062
Published: December 2020

Nonlinear evolution equations are classified by introducing a concept of “rank”. A new application of the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method is given， and some exact periodic solutions of a new kind of nonlinear evolution equations are obtained.
Bound states of relativistic particles in reflectionless-type potential
Authors: Chen Gang  , Lou Zhi-Mei  ,   绍兴文理学院物理系,绍兴  312000
Published: December 2020

The s-wave bound states of Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac equation with scalar and vector reflectionless-type potentials are obtained.
Characteristic of addition of chaos
Authors: Gan Jian-Chao  , Xiao Xian-Ci  ,   (1)电子科技大学电子工程学院，成都  610054; (2)电子科技大学电子工程学院，成都  610054;电子对抗国防科技重点实验室，成都  610036
Published: December 2020

The additivily of chaotic time series is proven theoretically. The result of our computer simulation illustrates that the new chaotic time series, praduced by combining several chaotic time series. Canbave fractal attractors, and is sensitive to the initial states, and predictable in short-term prediction. Also, two different trajectories well depart exponentially with time. Therefore,these new series are chaotic time series. We can say that chaos has characteristic of addition. The characteristic that chaotic time series can be integrated is not only important in theory, but also important in practice. It is a theoretical base to research hopping frequency codes of multi-radio-station.
Adaptive predict-filter of chaotic time series constructed Based on the neighbou rhood in the reconstructed phase space(Ⅰ)linear adaptive filter
Authors: Gan Jian-Chao  , Xiao Xian-Ci  ,   (1)电子科技大学电子工程学院，成都  610054; (2)电子科技大学电子工程学院，成都  610054;电子对抗国防科技重点实验室，成都  610036
Published: December 2020

A kind of adaptive linear predict-filter of chaotic time series by neighbourhood in the reconstructed phase space is proposed. It can convert the time domain i nto the multi-dimensional vector domain, and predict the chaotic time series by linear filter. The result of computer simulation illustrates that the algorithm is effective in predicting some chaotic series and identifying the signal in the chaotic wave.
Mechanism for identification of chaotic firing interval in excitable cells
Authors: Xie Yong  , Xu Jian-Xue  , Kang Yan-Mei  , Hu San-Jue  , Duan Yu-Bin  ,   (1)第四军医大学全军神经科学研究所，西安  710032; (2)西安交通大学建筑工程与力学学院非线性动力学研究所，西安  710049
Published: December 2020

The experimental data of interspike intervals were recorded in a neural pacemaker,and the presence of period-adding bifurcation cascade was demonstrated.By detecting unstable periodic orbits from the chaotic interspike intervals located in between period-n bursting and period-(n+1) bursting,it is found that the unstable period-n orbit can be detected from the chaotic interspike intervals near the period-n bursting,and the unstable period-(n+1) orbit exists in the chaotic interspike intervals near period-(n+1) bursting.Moreover,the unstable period-n orbit also can be detected.For such a phenomenon the theoretical analyses are presented from the point of view of the nonlinear dynamics by way of the pancreatic β-cell model suggested by Sherman.The direct causes of emergence of the phenomenon are shown to be the intermittency of type Ⅰ and that of type Ⅲ,and they are induced by the saddle-node bifurcation and period-doubling bifurcation,respectively.Consequently,the mechanism for identification of chaotic firing interval is revealed.At the same time,the universality of the phenomenon is elucidated to a certain extent.Furthermore,a novel method is put forward for identifying the chaotic firing interval.
Nonlinear noise reduction for electrocorticograms
Authors: Xie Yong  , Xu Jian-Xue  , Kang Yan-Mei  , Yang Hong-Jun  , Hu San-Jue  ,   (1)第四军医大学全军神经科学研究所，西安  710032; (2)西安交通大学建筑工程与力学学院非线性动力学研究所，西安  710049
Published: December 2020

Local projective nonlinear noise reduction method,which is based on locally linear fits to the nonlinear dynamics,is introduced to reduce the noise in electrocorticograms of Spragure-Dawley rats.Recurrence plots are used to estimate the size of local neighbours.In this way,the noise reduction is improved markedly.In order to show that the program for noise reduction is correct,a noise reduction process is implemented for x-axial time series of Lorenz equation contaminated by 50% gaussian white noise.And then,this noise reduction scheme is applied separately to electrocorticograms of anaesthetized rats and those of the onset of epilepsy induced by penicillin in anaesthetized rats.The analyses of a nonlinear prediction demonstrate the efficiency of noise reduction.
A study on the traffic flow of the main road under the traffic light control
Authors: Tan Hui-Li  , Huang Ping-Hua  , Li Hua-Bing  , Liu Mu-Ren  , Kong Ling-Jiang  ,   (1)广西工学院信息与计算科学系，柳州  545005; (2)广西师范大学物理与电子科学系，桂林  541004; (3)桂林电子工业学院计算科学与应用物理系，桂林  541004
Published: December 2020

A cellular automata model is presented to simulate the traffic flows on a main road in city network in which there are traffic lights at the intersections.We have investigated how the traffic shock wave forms and how it spreads.It is found that the traffic flows have several peak values.When the distances between the intersections are equal,for a fixed value of cycle times of the traffic lights,the current does not depend on the density of vehicles for a range of density.For a high density,when the distance between the intersections is greater than a certain value,the traffic flow maintains constant.
A study on the potassium tunable ultra-narrow bandwidth optical filter at 532nm
Authors: Wang Qi  , Jia Xiao-Ling  , Zhang Yun-Dong  , Ma Zu-Guang  ,   哈尔滨工业大学光电子技术研究所309#，哈尔滨  150001
Published: December 2020

Potassium tunable ultra-narrow bandwidth optical filter at 532nm was studied theoretically and experimentally (T-ESFADOF). The theoretical model of T-ESFADOF was proposed and the transmission spectrum of T-ESFADOF was calculated. The transmission spectra under different electric fields were measured. The e xperimental frequency shift of T-ESFADOF versus electric field and the comparins on with the corresponding theoretical curve have been given