bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hot-Wire Anemometer for Laboratory and Field Use
Authors: Anderson L. J.
Published: August 2018

A simple instrument is described for measuring or recording wind speed, using a 1-in. length of heated platinum wire as the sensing element. As a practical laboratory and field device, its main virtues are its excellent response at low wind speeds and its utility in confined spaces. Calibration techniques are described, and the circuit diagram is included for a three-range instrument.
On the Wind Erosion of Small Particles 1
Authors: Hilst Glenn R. , Nickola Paul W.
Published: August 2018

The importance of wind erosion with respect to soil conservation and to the spreading of noxious particles subsequent to deposit on a soil surface is indicated. The processes of wind erosion and transport are reviewed and are then illustrated by some measurements made at Hanford. Particle, surface, and meteorological factors which influence erosion by wind are listed and discussed briefly.
300-mb Isotach Analysis1
Authors: Fawcett Edwin B. , Snellman Leonard W.
Published: August 2018

A “mean-wind” technique is presented for estimating (for a constant-pressure level) the position and strength of the core of maximum winds between two rawinsonde stations located four to nine latitude degrees apart. An example of the application of the method is given, and shortcomings of the method are described. To test the method, 37 computations were made. The resulting core speeds and positions are compared with Project “Jet-Stream” flight winds and “Whooper” reconnaissance winds. The mean speed-error of the 37 computations is −3.5 kn and the RMS error is 17 kn. It is concluded that the “mean-wind” technique is operationally feasible and that its employment in conjunction with other analysis techniques now in use will contribute to analysis in the jet-stream region.
Notes on Scottsbluff, Nebraska, Tornadoes, 27 June 1955
Authors: Beebe Robert G.
Published: August 2018

Some general characteristics of thirteen tornadoes that occurred on the afternoon of 27 June 1955 in Scottsbluff County, Nebraska, are related. Two of these caused widespread attention due to their size and their proximity to the cities of Scottsbluff and Mitchell, Nebraska. These two were photographed extensively by residents near their paths. The experience of two men directly beneath one of the two large tornadoes is related.
Mesoanalysis of a Tornado-Producing Situation in Texas, 25–26 May 1955 1
Authors: Smith Warren
Published: August 2018

The contrast between the macroscale synoptic patterns expanded to the mesoscale is illustrated by a series of maps showing a detailed analysis of surface conditions in Texas just prior to and during the destructive tornado outbreak of 25–26 May 1955.

Hourly maps indicate the development and movement of the mesosystems and the interrelation of the parameters of pressure, temperature, precipitation, and radar, from a time when the pressure field is relatively undisturbed until the pressure disturbance moves out of the network area.

Evidence of the formation of a pressure disturbance area was found prior to indications from any stations or radar reports.
Plotting Systems for the Evaluation of Double-Theodolite Balloon-Measured Winds
Authors: Hansen Frank V. , Taft Paul H.
Published: August 2018

The inaccuracies inherent in single-theodolite wind-observation methods necessitate the use of double-theodolite systems to determine winds used for missile launchings. Two approaches leading to the development of double-theodolite plotting boards are presented as a solution for rapidly evaluating double-theodolite balloon-measured winds. The accuracy of wind data derived from use of the boards is compared to computed values.
A Technique for Processing Teleprinter Copy of Numerical Weather-Prediction Data
Authors: Hunter Marvin N.
Published: August 2018

Numerical 500-mb prognostic data is now being transmitted on the Service C circuit. The procedure of transcribing this data on a map and then analyzing it in the conventional manner takes some 20 to 30 min. Lines indicating contour heights can be drawn on the teleprinter copy, and then an overlay map can be placed on the analyzed teleprinted copy to delineate the geographical areas on the teleprinter copy. Salient features of the map can be determined within 3 to 5 min by this procedure.
What are Some of the Economic Possibilities for the Younger Meteorologist?
Authors: Crow Loren W.
Published: August 2018

Even with a sizable expansion in numbers, the typical professional meteorologist is a salaried governmental employee. This is in sharp contrast to several of the other professions. The predominant salary range of meteorologists is between $5,000 and $10,000 per year.

Challenging opportunities exist for a few meteorologists to serve as consultants to industry. These consultants stand in a unique position of being some of the most active agents in expanding reliable uses of weather information and deserve encouragement by the entire profession. However, several limiting factors do exist which cause slow growth in this specialized field.
Hydroelectric Power Generation and the Climate of Japan—a Case of Engineering Meteorology
Authors: Arakawa H.
Published: August 2018

The climate plays an essential role in hydroelectric power generation of Japan. An effort is made to clarify the basic seasonal variations of hydroelectric generation from the climatological point of view. From the viewpoint of a statistical probability, extra stand-by steam-generated powers necessary for drought are computed for each Japanese electric power and utility company.
Cloud-Physics Research in the Soviet Union 1
Authors: Battan Louis J.
Published: August 2018

This article gives a condensed summary of cloud-physics research carried on in the USSR during the last ten years. An extensive bibliography, with sources of translations, is also given.
The Resolving Anemometer
Authors: Karmin Irving
Published: August 2018

Available techniques are adapted to design an anemometer which records its output in digital form. The digital output from the anemometer permits rapid analysis of the data and also enables unattended operation of the instrument from a battery supply. The resulting anemometer records wind speeds from 2.5 mph to 25 mph and records wind directions within 5 deg of the true wind directions.
Temperature Trends in Minnesota 1
Authors: Baker Donald G.
Published: August 2018

The change in average summer, winter, and annual temperatures of 19 Minnesota stations was investigated. Records were studied for a uniform number of years for comparative purposes as well as for the total period of record. Seven of the stations were believed to qualify as climatic reference stations, 11 had records of intermediate reliability, and one was included solely for its long record dating from 1819.

Based on the linear-regression equation, the climatic reference stations showed an average increase in summer (1900 to 1958), winter (1900 to 1958), and annual (1900 to 1957) temperatures of 1.4, 3.7, and 1.3F, respectively. These rises were equivalent to 2.4, 6.3, and 2.2F per century. Stations of intermediate value generally did not show such large increases. Slopes of the temperature regression lines were generally significantly greater than zero for the reference stations and for a few of the others. Records for longer periods showed similar results.

The St. Paul record, originating in October 1819, indicated that the central date of the smoothing period in which summer, winter, and annual temperatures reached a minimum was in 1863, 1854, and 1865, respectively. The latter date appeared to be anomalous compared to east coast records. Recent summer, winter, and annual maxima were obtained in 1934, 1943, and 1933–34, respectively. Winter maximum temperatures at some other Minnesota stations occurred in the early 1930's.
A Probability Factor for Thunderstorm Warnings 1
Authors: Franceschini Guy A.
Published: August 2018

An objective method is suggested which will enable forecasters to determine a direct probability-of-occurrence factor to be included with thunderstorm warnings. The method is based on radar observations and employs a simple grid overlay. The fractional area of the radar scope covered or traversed by thunderstorm echoes is used to determine the probability factor.
A Comparison of Hurricane Steering Levels1
Authors: Miller B. I. , Moore P. L.
Published: August 2018

Using a grid system, geostrophic components are computed around tropical cyclones at the 700-, 500-, and 300-mb levels. These components are compared with the subsequent 24-hr motion of the cyclone. The 700- and 500-mb charts appear to be equally good in forecasting hurricane motion. Both are better than the 300-mb level. By combining the 700-mb geostrophic components with the motion of the cyclone during the previous 12 hr, a 24-hr forecast technique is developed. This combination appears to result in slightly better forecasts than from standard techniques now being applied at sea-level and at 500-mb.
The Relation Between Cloudiness over the Greenland Icecap and Synoptic Weather Types 1 2
Authors: Carpenter Clarence A.
Published: August 2018

This paper is a summary of cloudiness over the Greenland icecap route from Sondrestrom Air Base, approximately 67N–51W, to Angmagssalik, approximately 65.5N–37.5W. Four types of synoptic systems were chosen and cloudiness summarized by types both annually and for the summer season. Total cloudiness annually and for the summer season without regard to synoptic types is also presented.

Data for this paper consisted of 511 flight cross sections made by Scandinavian Airlines System flight crews in scheduled air service over the icecap route. It is presented in the form of a cross-section grid with isopleths showing the percentage of time cloudiness was observed at each grid point. These cross sections are of particular value in that they are the first source of systematic, observed weather data over this area.

An attempt is made to explain icecap cloud distribution by correlation with system type in order to provide a practical forecasting aid for the Greenland air-route forecasters.
Adaptation of the Radiosonde for Direct Measurement of Radio Refractive Index
Authors: Clinger A. H. , Straiton A. W.
Published: August 2018

This paper describes a technique for converting a radiosonde for direct measurement of radio refractive index of the air using standard meteorological sensors. Although limited by the response time of the sensors, this device would provide for continuous and direct measurement of refractive index to an accuracy satisfactory for many radio applications.
Observations of a Cold Front, 1 October 1958
Authors: Kessler Edwin , Wexler Raymond
Published: August 2018

Observations of a sharp cold front and closely associated squall line in New England are analyzed. A striking feature is a line of convective clouds and heavy precipitation, which does not extend above 10,000 ft. The radar indication of the true plan-position and vertical extent of such disturbances is of special importance to air operations.
Audio Systems for Radio-Range Station Weather Receivers
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: August 2018

Tested circuits for converting long-wave radio-range station receivers from headset to loudspeaker operation, for installing an impulse noise limiter, and for adding a tuning indicator, are here presented with constants and operational explanations.
Water Requirement of Field Crops Estimated from Total Solar Radiation
Authors: Noffsinger T. L. , Nunns F. K.
Published: August 2018

The proportion of the incident solar energy used in the evapotranspiration process is a measure of the water requirement of plants. It has been found that in Hawaii approximately 60 per cent of the insolation is used in evapotranspiration during a 12-mo period of alfalfa production. Monthly water-requirement estimates were made from the empirical equationwhere W = water requirement in inches per month, and S = solar radiation in calories per square centimeter per month.
Thunderstorm Frequency in Northern California 1
Authors: Court Arnold
Published: August 2018

Thunderstorms occur 2 to 5 times a year, chiefly in winter, on the coast of northern California, and 10 to 15 times a year, chiefly in summer, in the Great Basin. In the intervening Central Valley, 5 to 10 thunderstorms occur per year, mostly in late spring; a secondary maximum in early autumn is particularly important in starting forest fires. Correlations between numbers of days with thunderstorms at adjacent Weather Bureau stations are quite low; the highest found is 0.70 for summer thunderstorm days at Sacramento and Blue Canyon, 60 mi apart.
Satellite Satellites—A Conjecture on Future Atmospheric-Sounding Systems
Authors: Lally Vincent E.
Published: August 2018

The super-pressure balloon provides a vehicle for obtaining global horizontal soundings of meteorological parameters at all altitudes from 500 mb to 10 mb. The principal technical problems to be solved are reliable telemetering of data and obtaining of accurate positional data. The orbiting satellite, which of itself provides a poor sensing capability, is ideally suited to locate the balloons and serve as the communication link. The use of the super-pressure balloon as a satellite to the orbiting satellite promises a unique capability for obtaining global weather data on a continuous basis.
A Semi-objective Technique for Forecasting Thunderstorms in Eastern Virginia
Authors: Cox Myron K.
Published: August 2018

A thunderstorm forecast technique is evaluated on a day by day basis during the months May through September, 1960. The over-all verification probability is 0.92. In a comparison test with persistence forecasts, the semi-objective method has a 24 per cent greater verification probability and shows more than thrice the skill factor.
Forecasting Rain with Low Stratus in the Midlands of England
Authors: McElmurry Thomas M.
Published: August 2018

A semi-objective method of forecasting the onset of steady rain and associated low stratus, as well as the height of this stratus, is described and illustrated with selected cases. The procedures depend heavily on the proper interpretation of the 700-mb level, especially its wind and moisture fields. A way of separating advective cases from those terminating in the area is explained. A diagram is presented for adjusting coastal reports of low ceiling heights to the proper values for stations in the English Midlands.
An Objective Method for Forecasting Thunderstorms at Truax Field, Madison, Wisconsin 1
Authors: Ardis Colby V.
Published: August 2018

Thunderstorm activity at Madison is frontal or found in association with fronts. The objective method derived to forecast thunderstorms determines first the air mass favorable for the occurrence of thunderstorms and secondly if there is a front within 24 hr of Madison to release the latent instability needed to produce the thunderstorm.

The air-mass predictors used are (1) the Showalter Stability Index, (2) the freezing level and (3) the surface dew-point temperature at Madison. The synoptic (frontal) predictors used are (1) the difference in surface temperatures and surface dew-point temperatures, Madison minus LaCrosse, (2) the surface wind direction at Madison and (3) the three-hour pressure tendency at Madison.

The method derived is for each of the summer months June, July and August. Five years of data were used for the development of each month, and two years of data were set aside for its test. Four scatter diagrams were developed for each month from which, within minutes each morning, a forecaster can obtain a dependable “YES” or “NO” forecast of thunderstorm activity at Madison without reference to his normal techniques and procedures used to forecast thunderstorms.

The results for June, July and August based on two years data each are the following per cent correct/skill scores: 87/0.59, 91/0.62, 91/0.76, respectively.
A Case Study of Extreme Turbulence Possibilities Based on Considerations of Buoyancy and Horizontal Divergence
Authors: House D. C. , Lee J. T.
Published: August 2018

A study into the possibility of extreme turbulence occurring in a particular synoptic situation is discussed here. The synoptic weather data are reviewed, and the magnitude of turbulence that might be expected is computed by two different methods. The limitations of each method are discussed. While it might be concluded that thunderstorm updraft velocities were of the order of those producing extreme turbulence, the assumptions are so restrictive that it is not possible to assign confidence limits to the computed gust velocities.
Radiosonde Modulator Using a Hypsometer
Authors: Conover Walter
Published: August 2018

Two radiosonde modulators, developed by the U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory for use with a hypsometer, are briefly described.
A High-precision Vectorial Integration System for Anemometers1
Authors: Reiche L. P. , Ludwig F. L.
Published: August 2018

An electronic instrumentation scheme for AC-type anemometers is described which permits the ten-minute-average wind vector to be determined with higher precision and reliability than by other means known to the authors. The average vector is conveniently given as two components in digital form.
Solar- and Sky-Radiation Integrator 1
Authors: Brown D. P. , Harvey R. A.
Published: August 2018

An integrator, which automatically and periodically records the weighted average solar radiation from the previous period, has been developed. The instrument is used to obtain a measure of the average solar radiant energy per day. This measurement was previously obtained by manual—and often tedious—graphical analysis.

Theoretical considerations involving averaging by passive networks are presented with experimental results which show the accuracy of the instrument.
Methods of Archiving, Retrieving and Utilizing Data Acquired by Tiros Meteorological Satellites
Authors: Lehr Paul E.
Published: August 2018

The methods used for preparing TIROS vidicon (television) pictures and radiation data for archiving, the cataloguing procedures, and the means for obtaining these data from archives for research purposes are described. Also outlined are the procedures used for making these data available for daily operations. Some plans for the future are briefly discussed.
Radiation Effects on Manned Space Flight
Authors: Appleman Herbert S.
Published: August 2018

With the recent flights of man into near space and with the proposal for lunar flights by 1970, it has become urgent to determine the hazards of radiation upon the crews of these vehicles. The following paper is a survey of the information currently available in this field.
A Comparison of Program Ratings of Professional and Non-professional Weathercasters
Authors: Booker D. Ray
Published: August 2018

There is some disagreement between meteorologists and some broadcasters as to what the public wants and should have in television weathercasts. A comparison of television ratings of professional and non-professional weather programs was made. The results show that the public, when given a choice, decidedly prefers the professional weather program.
Some Models of Interest in Meteorological Thermodynamics
Authors: McDonald James E.
Published: August 2018

Techniques of construction and examples of application of several types of three-dimensional models depicting important thermodynamic functions are discussed, with special emphasis on models useful in the teaching of thermodynamics as related to cloud physics.
Vertical Soundings of the Atmosphere
Authors: Myers Robert F.
Published: August 2018

The current state of development of the various subsystems of the vertical sounding system is discussed briefly with a forecast of available improvements in measurement techniques expected within the next few years. The possible areas for long-term improvement are explored and some of the consequences considered. A set of design goals is postulated.
Drinking Motives, Perceived Norms, and Adolescents’ Drinking
Authors: Bergagna Elisa , Tartaglia Stefano
Published: August 2018

Various cognitive and social factors influence the consumption of alcohol during adolescence. Accurate assessment of the relative importance of these variables is crucial for planning interventions against alcohol-related problems. This study compared the effects of drinking motives, perceived parent, and peer alcohol consumption on alcohol use in Italian adolescents. We collected the data by means of a self-report questionnaire on a sample of 229 secondary school students who were 15 to 20 years old. To test the influence of different groups of predictors, we performed three hierarchical regression and one binary logistic regression analyses. We found that perceived norms about drinking influenced adolescents’ alcohol consumption: Perception of friends’ alcohol use was of particular significance, whereas perceived parental norms had an influence only concerning alcoholic beverages with low alcohol content, such as beer. Regarding drinking motives, internal motivations were related to risky drinking, whereas external motivations were not associated with problematic alcohol consumption.
A Tour of Vermont Schools
Authors: Dempsey Clarence H.
Published: August 2018

If a group of educators were to visit Vermont, here are some of the things and places Commissioner Dempsey would like to point out to them. Vermont's development of the small unit rural school is an interesting phase of the story.
The Bogey of Indoctrination
Authors: Kearney N. C.
Published: August 2018

Haven't the schools been indoctrinating youth with old ideas, even while crying out against indoctrination?
Planning the Class Excursion
Authors: Madden Ada R.
Published: August 2018

What local scenes and institutions can be profitably visited by a group of pupils? How can such expeditions be made fully effective? The author tells.
Melting Pot
Authors: Boring Josephine
Published: August 2018

Awarded Sixth Prize in the Journal of Education's Second Annual Short Story Contest
October Thirty-One
Authors: Ivy H. M.
Published: August 2018

Awarded Seventh Prize in the Journal of Education's Second Annual Short Story Contest
Make Children Want to Learn
Authors: Dulebohn Irl H.
Published: August 2018

Another in the stimulating “I Wish My Teachers” series by one of our Contributing Editors
Aetiology of acute febrile illness: a multicentre study from the province of Kerala in southern India
Authors: Andrews Mekkattukunnel A , Ittyachen Abraham M
Published: August 2018

Acute febrile illness with varied aetiology but similar symptoms is common in tropical countries. This prospective, multicentre study was conducted in selected centres in the province of Kerala in India principally to analyse the aetiology of acute febrile illnesses in adult patients over the course of one year. Overall, 1324 patients were included in the study. The most common cause was dengue in 576 patients (43.5%). In 396 (29.9%), the exact aetiology could not be identified. Other causes, in order, were leptospirosis, enteric fever, malaria, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection and typhus. When such a wide variation with a significant number of ‘indeterminate’ cases exists, especially in such a small area and with limited resources, the onus is on public health authorities to draw up an ‘easy-to-use algorithm’ to tackle epidemics of febrile illness, particularly in the monsoon season.
Developmental and cognitive aspects of children’s disbelief comprehension through intonation and facial gesture
Authors: Armstrong Meghan , Esteve Gibert Núria , Hübscher Iris , Igualada Alfonso , Prieto Pilar
Published: August 2018

This article investigates how children leverage intonational and gestural cues to an individual’s belief state through unimodal (intonation-only or facial gesture-only) and multimodal (intonation + facial gesture) cues. A total of 187 preschoolers (ages 3–5) participated in a disbelief comprehension task and were assessed for Theory of Mind (ToM) ability using a false belief task. Significant predictors included age, condition and success on the ToM task. Performance improved with age, and was significantly better for the multimodal condition compared to both unimodal conditions, suggesting that even though unimodal cues were useful to children, the presence of reinforcing information for the multimodal condition was more effective for detecting disbelief. However, results also point to the development of intonational and gestural comprehension in tandem. Children that passed the ToM task significantly outperformed those that failed it for all conditions, showing that children who can attribute a false belief to another individual may more readily access these intonational and gestural cues.
Prediction of Discharge Destination following Laryngectomy
Authors: Panwar Aru , Wang Fangfang , Lindau Robert , Militsakh Oleg , Coughlin Andrew , Smith Russell , Sayles Harlan , Lydiatt Daniel , Lydiatt William
Published: August 2018

Objective

To identify factors that may predict discharge to intermediate‐care facilities following total laryngectomy and may promote earlier discharge planning and optimize resource utilization.

Study Design

Retrospective review of large national data set.

Setting

Academic and nonacademic health care facilities in United States, contributing deidentified, risk‐adjusted clinical data to the American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP).

Subjects and Methods

Retrospective evaluation of the NSQIP database (2011‐2014) identified 487 patients who underwent total laryngectomy without free tissue transfer. Risk of discharge to intermediate‐care facilities was evaluated. Role of preoperative and postoperative factors and their association with discharge disposition were assessed using multivariable regression analysis.

Results

Compared to reference groups, advanced age (61‐70 years: odds ratio [OR], 3.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12‐8.89; >70 years: OR, 3.77; 95% CI, 1.33‐10.65), baseline functional dependence (OR, 5.61; 95% CI, 2.62‐12.02), cardiac failure (OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 1.08‐13.42), and steroid dependence (OR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.36‐8.0) independently predicted discharge to intermediate‐care facilities.

Conclusion

Patients with advanced age, functional dependence, cardiac failure, and steroid dependence may benefit from preemptive counseling and discharge planning in anticipation of postlaryngectomy discharge to intermediate‐care facilities.
Applications of Augmented Reality in Otolaryngology: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wong Kevin , Yee Halina M. , Xavier Brian A. , Grillone Gregory A.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Augmented reality (AR) is a rapidly developing technology. The aim of this systematic review was to (1) identify and evaluate applications of AR in otolaryngology and (2) examine trends in publication over time.

Data Sources

PubMed and EMBASE.

Review Methods

A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines without temporal limits. Studies were included if they reported otolaryngology‐related applications of AR. Exclusion criteria included non‐English articles, abstracts, letters/commentaries, and reviews. A linear regression model was used to compare publication trends over time.

Results

Twenty‐three articles representing 18 AR platforms were included. Publications increased between 1997 and 2018 (P <. 05). Twelve studies were level 5 evidence; 9 studies, level 4; 1 study, level 2; and 1 study, level 1. There was no trend toward increased level of evidence over time. The most common subspecialties represented were rhinology (52.2%), head and neck (30.4%), and neurotology (26%). The most common purpose of AR was intraoperative guidance (54.5%), followed by surgical planning (24.2%) and procedural simulations (9.1%). The most common source of visual inputs was endoscopes (50%), followed by eyewear (22.2%) and microscopes (4.5%). Computed tomography was the most common virtual input (83.3%). Optical trackers and fiducial markers were the most common forms of tracking and registration, respectively (38.9% and 44.4%). Mean registration error was 2.48 mm.

Conclusion

AR holds promise in simulation, surgical planning, and perioperative navigation. Although level of evidence remains modest, the role of AR in otolaryngology has grown rapidly and continues to expand.
Psychological morbidity and general health among family caregivers during end-of-life cancer care: A retrospective census survey
Authors: Grande Gunn , Rowland Christine , van den Berg Bernard , Hanratty Barbara
Published: August 2018

Background:

Family carers provide vital support for patients towards end-of-life, but caregiving has considerable impact on carers’ own health. The scale of this problem is unknown, as previous research has involved unrepresentative samples or failed to fully capture caregiving close to death.

Aim:

To quantify level of psychological morbidity and general health among a census sample of carers of people with cancer at end-of-life, compared to population reference data.

Design:

National 4-month post-bereavement postal census survey of family carers of people who died from cancer, retrospectively measuring carers’ psychological health (General Health Questionnaire-12) and general health (EuroQoL EQ-Visual Analogue Scale) during the patient’s last 3 months of life.

Participants:

N = 1504 (28.5%) of all 5271 people who registered the death of a relative from cancer in England during 2 weeks in 2015 compared with data from the Health Survey for England 2014 ( N = 6477–6790).

Results:

Psychological morbidity at clinically significant levels (General Health Questionnaire-12 ⩾4) was substantially higher among carers than the general population (83% vs 15%), with prevalence five to seven times higher across all age groups. Overall, carers’ general health scores were lower than population scores, median 75 (interquartile range, 50–80) versus 80 (interquartile range, 70–90), but differences were more marked at younger ages. Female carers had worse psychological morbidity and general health than male carers.

Conclusion:

Levels of psychological morbidity among family carers during end-of-life caregiving are far higher than indicated by previous research, indicating a substantial public health problem. Consistent assessment and support for carers to prevent breakdown in caregiving may produce cost savings in long term.
Shifting Administrative Intensity and Employee Composition: Cutback Management in Education
Authors: Rutherford Amanda , van der Voet Joris
Published: August 2018

Many public organizations are increasingly confronted with substantive and unpredictable reductions of financial resources. Despite growing research attention to this issue, empirical investigation of the organizational consequences of decline and turbulence has been limited. This article aims to understand the combined effects of decline and turbulence on personnel, one of the largest expenditure categories in organizations. Analyses use data from 2- and 4-year public institutions of higher education in the United States from 1988 to 2012. Findings in this context suggest that while decline alone has little to no effect on staffing, turbulence is associated with larger effects that are moderated by decline. Two-year institutions more closely resemble operational, efficiency-oriented responses to turbulence, and 4-year institutions reflect a more strategic reaction.
Improvement of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend using graphene nanosheets
Authors: Aram Elham , Ehsani Morteza , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Abdollahi Serveh
Published: August 2018

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (90/10) nanocomposites containing various amounts of graphene nanoplatelets were fabricated by solution method and then the effects of graphene concentration on morphology, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. Characterization by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the nanocomposites showed a relatively good dispersion of graphene sheets in the polymer matrix. The results indicated that thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and mechanical properties of PMME/PEO blend improved by increasing graphene concentration. The electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites revealed a significant improvement with increasing the amount of graphene and the percolation threshold was about 3.33 wt% of graphene.
Does Rejection Still Hurt? Examining the Effects of Network Attention and Exposure to Online Social Exclusion
Authors: Covert Jessica M. , Stefanone Michael A.
Published: August 2018

Social media platforms archive the content and flow of social exchange across communication networks. This may present challenges for individuals because using these platforms increases the probability of observing exchanges among their friends in which they were unintentionally excluded. This study randomly assigned 194 participants to conditions where they were presented with written scenarios describing hypothetical online conversations between their close friends in which they were excluded or included. Results suggest that participants in the excluded condition experienced the most negative and least positive emotional responses. Further, participants with the tendency to devote cognitive resources to understanding their social networks—a construct we call network attention—were particularly sensitive to the stimuli. Network attention predicted negative emotional responses in the excluded condition and positive emotional responses in the included condition. Results are discussed in the context of communication and cognition via social media.
‘Don’t Use “the Weak Word”’: Women Brewers, Identities and Gendered Territories of Embodied Work
Authors: Rydzik Agnieszka , Ellis-Vowles Victoria
Published: August 2018

Focusing on an unresearched group of women brewers, and drawing conceptually on embodiment and identity work, this article explores worker corporealities within the gendered landscape of microbreweries and deepens understanding of the body/work/gender nexus in the context of brewer’s work. In doing so, it challenges the marginalisation of female worker bodies in scholarly work on male-dominated occupations. Drawing on interview and observation data collected in the UK in 2015, verbal narratives of women brewers’ experiences of their working lives are utilised to provide insights into how their gendered bodily practices constitute resources for constructing a distinctive ‘brewster’ identity. Women brewers engage in identity work, on both individual and collective levels, through the material and symbolic framing of their embodied and gendered working selves; navigating their physical working environments; downplaying gender to emphasise physical competence; and foregrounding gender in relation to non-physical aspects to accentuate difference and collective contribution.
Methods for shortening patient-reported outcome measures
Authors: Harel Daphna , Baron Murray
Published: August 2018

Patient-reported outcome measures are widely used to assess patient experiences, well-being, and treatment response in clinical trials and cohort-based observational studies. However, patients may be asked to respond to many different measures in order to provide researchers and clinicians with a wide array of information regarding their experiences. Collecting such long and cumbersome patient-reported outcome measures may burden patients, increase research costs, and potentially reduce the quality of the data collected. Nonetheless, little research has been conducted on replicable, and reproducible methods to shorten these instruments that result in shortened forms of minimal length. This manuscript proposes the use of mixed integer programming through Optimal Test Assembly as a method to shorten patient-reported outcome measures. This method is compared to the existing standard in the field, which is selecting items based on having high discrimination parameters from an item response theory model. The method is then illustrated in an application to a fatigue scale for patients with Systemic Sclerosis.
Gamification: Concepts, Consequences, and Critiques
Authors: Vesa Mikko , Harviainen J. Tuomas
Published: August 2018

The domain of work is etched into our minds as a domain of the sombre, the orderly, the very coalface of dull modernity through which our societies prosper. Work also demarcates that which is of value; work itself; from that which is less so; e.g. play. But as the behemoth of global capitalism lurches forward into the 21st century we are witnessing a; be it new or simply renewed; interest in merging work and play. It is this development, labelled gamification, that this dialogue collection of essays explores offering conceptual and critical insights into the possibilities and problems of this attempted merging.
Buckling analysis of nanocomposite sandwich plates with piezoelectric face sheets based on flexoelectricity and first-order shear deformation theory
Authors: Amir Saeed , Khorasani Mohammad , BabaAkbar-Zarei Hassan
Published: August 2018

In piezoelectric materials and at the nano-scale, there is a coupling between electrical polarization and strain gradients fields, which is called flexoelectricity. The effects of this phenomenon seem to be negligible in micro/macro scales. The current study has attempted to have a cohesive concentration on the buckling behaviors of sandwich plates. To achieve the abovementioned aim with a higher accuracy, the flexoelectric effect assumes to be existing on the top and bottom face sheets and the core is a composite plate. Also, based on statistics, the first-order shear deformation theory seems to lead to more accurate results. Therefore, in the present research we follow this method to obtain results. The analytical method is applied to solve higher order governing equations. In addition, the critical buckling voltage is calculated considering the flexoelectricity, and it is found that the effects of flexoelectricity play significant roles in determining the critical buckling voltage. Moreover, it is revealed that the thickness of the flexoelectric face sheets and the aspect ratio of the sandwich plate play the same role in critical buckling load variations. It means that the critical buckling load decreases when the thickness of the flexoelectric face sheets or the aspect ratio of the sandwich plate increases and vice versa. The results of the present work can be used for the optimum design and control of similar systems such as micro-electro-mechanical and nano-electromechanical devices.
Explicit and implicit instruction of refusal strategies: Does working memory capacity play a role?
Authors: Ahmadian Mohammad Javad
Published: August 2018

This study investigated the differential effects of implicit and explicit instruction of refusal strategies in English and whether and how the impacts of instruction methods interact with learners’ working memory capacity (WMC). 78 learners of English were assigned to three groups (explicit, implicit, and control). Implicit instruction was operationalized through input enhancement and provision of recast. In the explicit instruction group, participants received description and exemplification of refusal strategies and were provided with explicit corrective feedback. Prior to the treatment, all participants took WMC test, Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and completed a pragmatics comprehension questionnaire (CQ). Results revealed that explicit instruction was more effective than implicit instruction for both production and comprehension of refusals and that both implicit and explicit groups maintained the improvement in the delayed post-test administered two months later. In addition, whilst WMC scores were positively and strongly correlated with gains in the immediate and delayed post-test for both DCT and CQ in the implicit group, no meaningful relationship was found for explicit and control groups. The unique feature of this research is demonstrating that explicit instruction of refusal strategies equalizes learning opportunities for all learners with differential levels of WMC.
Psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire – Hausa version among internally displaced persons in Nigeria
Authors: Chika Chukwuorji JohnBosco , Ekpedoho Emmanuel Abiama , Ifeagwazi Chuka Mike , Iorfa Steven Kator , Nwonyi Sampson Kelechi
Published: August 2018

Valid measurement of meaning in life (MIL) is crucial for cross-cultural understanding of the construct. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), a widely used measure of MIL, has yet to be translated into any indigenous African language. The current study presents a preliminary report of a Hausa language translation of the MLQ, the MLQ-Hausa version (MLQ-H), and its reliability and validity in a Nigerian sample. Participants were 809 internally displaced persons (IDPs) (50.7% males) in Kabusa IDP Centre in Abuja Municipal Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. They completed Hausa versions of the MLQ, the Brief Personal Meaning Profile (PMP-B), and scales of the Symptoms Distress Checklist (SCL-90). Results of a confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor model of the MLQ comprising presence of meaning (5 items) and search for meaning (5 items). The two factors had adequate reliability. Responses to the MLQ-H did not differ by sociodemographic factors. Concurrent validity of MLQ-H was suggested by significant correlations between MLQ-H and psychopathology symptom scales. Importantly, we found convergent validity through positive correlations of MLQ-H with the PMP-B. Results indicate that the MLQ-H is a psychometrically sound measure of MIL among Hausa IDPs and may be applied in research on meaning in life among other Hausa-speaking populations.
Elevated plasma aldosterone levels are associated with a reduction in retinal ganglion cell survival
Authors: Takasago Yukari , Hirooka Kazuyuki , Nakano Yuki , Kobayashi Mamoru , Ono Aoi
Published: August 2018

Objective:

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between the plasma concentration of aldosterone and changes in the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after systemic administration of aldosterone.

Methods:

An osmotic minipump that was subcutaneously implanted into the midscapular region of rats administered 40, 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone or vehicle. Enzyme immunoassay kits were used to measure the plasma aldosterone concentrations two weeks after the systemic administration of aldosterone or vehicle. Six weeks after these systemic administrations, the number of RGCs was measured.

Results:

The plasma aldosterone concentrations at two weeks after systemic administration of vehicle or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone were 238 ± 17 pg/ml and 1750 ± 151 pg/ml (748.5% ± 183.2%), respectively. There was a significant decrease in the number of RGCs in the central retina of the rats after the administration of either 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone. In the peripheral retina, however, there was a significant decrease in the number of RGCs in 40, 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone. There was a significant correlation between the number of RGCs and plasma aldosterone concentration.

Conclusions:

After systemic administration of aldosterone, there was a negative correlation between the plasma aldosterone concentration and the number of RGCs.
A task allocation strategy for complex applications in heterogeneous cluster–based wireless sensor networks
Authors: Yin Xiang , Zhang Kaiquan , Li Bin , Sangaiah Arun Kumar , Wang Jin
Published: August 2018

To a wireless sensor network, cooperation among multiple sensors is necessary when it executes applications that consist of several computationally intensive tasks. Most previous works in this field concentrated on energy savings as well as load balancing. However, these schemes merely considered the situations where only one type of resource is required which drastically constrains their practical applications. To alleviate this limitation, in this article, we investigate the issue of complex application allocation, where various distinctive types of resources are demanded. We propose a heuristic-based algorithm for distributing complex applications in clustered wireless sensor networks. The algorithm is partitioned into two phases, in the inter-cluster allocation stage, tasks of the application are allocated to various clusters with the purpose of minimizing energy consumption, and in the intra-cluster allocation stage, the task is distributed to appropriate sensor nodes with the consideration of both energy cost and workload balancing. In so doing, the energy dissipation can be reduced and balanced, and the lifetime of the system is extended. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is superior in terms of energy consumption, load balancing, and efficiency of task allocation.
Performing television history
Authors: Bignell Jonathan
Published: August 2018

An expanded conception of performance study can disturb current theoretical and historical assumptions about television’s medial identity. The article considers how to write histories of the dominant forms and assumptions about performance in British and American television drama and analyses how acting is situated in relation to the multiple meaning-making components of television. A longitudinal, wide-ranging analysis is briefly sketched to show that the concept of performance, from acting to the display of television’s mediating capability, can extend to the analysis of how the television medium ‘performed’ its own identity to shape its distinctiveness in specific historical circumstances.
Revisiting the Prevalence of Associated Copathologies in Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability: Are There Any Predictors of Outcome?
Authors: Araoye Ibukunoluwa , Pinter Zachariah , Lee Sung , Netto Cesar De Cesar , Hudson Parke , Shah Ashish
Published: August 2018

Background: Multiple ankle pathologies have been found to coexist with chronic lateral ankle ligament instability, but their prevalence varies widely in the literature. The purpose of this study is to reexamine the prevalence of these associated pathologies and to determine their impact on reoperation rate. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 382 cases of lateral ankle ligament repair/reconstruction between June 2006 and November 2016. Patient charts and radiograph reports were examined for the presence of any associated foot and ankle pathologies as well as clinical course. The effect of copathologies on reoperation rate was examined using binary logistic regression and the χ2 test. Results: We included a total of 99 cases. Copathologies included peroneal pathology (75/99, 75.8%), ankle impingement (40/99, 40.4%), and osteochondral lesion of the talus (17/99, 17.2%); 36.4% (36/99) had a low-lying muscle belly of peroneus brevis. The total reoperation rate was 12/92 (13.1%). It was lower in cases with peroneal pathology (8.7% vs 27.5%, P = .032). Conclusion: Peroneal pathology, ankle impingement, and osteochondral lesions were the most common associated copathologies in surgical patients with chronic lateral ankle ligament instability. The presence of peroneal pathology may lead to fewer reoperations, possibly as a result of a more comprehensive first-time surgical approach.

Level of Evidence: Level III: Retrospective cohort
“Splint” Mitral Valve Repair for Destructive Endocarditis in Children
Authors: Gritti Michael , Ferris Anne , Shah Amee , Bacha Emile , Kalfa David
Published: August 2018

Medical management of infective endocarditis in the pediatric population has an associated in-hospital mortality rate of up to 25%. In the past, infective endocarditis of the mitral valve was surgically managed with a valve replacement. Now, there is a shift toward repair. However, for complex lesions in pediatric patients, many institutions are still hesitant to perform a mitral valve repair. We describe the cases of three children with destructive mitral valve endocarditis and risk factors for higher perioperative mortality and morbidity who were successfully treated with a complex mitral valve repair with “splint” patch plasty of the posteromedial commissure.