bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of a CYP2D6 Genotyping Panel on the NanoChip Molecular Biology Workstation
Authors: Lee Hong-Kee , Lewis Lionel D , Tsongalis Gregory J , Schur Bernard C , Jannetto Paul J , Wong Steven H , Yeo Kiang-Teck J
Published: March 2007

Background: CYP2D6 is a highly polymorphic phase I enzyme that metabolizes 20%–25% of clinically used drugs. The objective of this study was to validate a CYP2D6 genotyping assay with the NanoChip® Molecular Biology Workstation.

Methods: We genotyped 200 anonymized human DNA samples with the Pyrosequencing® platform at the Medical College of Wisconsin and with the NanoChip platform at Dartmouth Medical School. We compared CYP2D6 genotypes and resolved samples with genotypic discrepancies with the Jurilab CYP2D6 duplication/deletion assay or with traditional DNA sequencing. The Jurilab assay is a long-range PCR assay used to evaluate sequence structures 3′ of the CYP2D7 and CYP2D6 coding regions. For the NanoChip platform, we performed multipad addressing and duplicate runs to test the intra- and intercartridge precision, within- and between-run precision, and reproducibility of the defined genotypes.

Results: We used both platforms to genotype all 200 DNA samples for CYP2D6*3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8, and gene duplication. The 2 methods showed 99.4% concordance in the genotyping results; we found only 8 discrepant genotypes among 1400 DNA analyses. Confirmatory molecular analysis of the discrepant genotypes revealed that the NanoChip assay showed better agreement. The imprecision of the NanoChip method (CV) was 8.9%–17.7%.

Conclusions: This validation study of the NanoChip electronic microarray–based CYP2D6 genotyping assay revealed a CV <20% and good concordance with the Pyrosequencing method and a confirmatory sequencing method.
A Direct Free Thyroxine (T4) Immunoassay with the Characteristics of a Total T4 Immunoassay
Authors: Fritz Kristofer S , Wilcox R Bruce , Nelson Jerald C
Published: March 2007

Background: Direct free thyroxine (T4) measurements have been linked to both T4-binding serum protein concentrations and protein-bound T4 concentrations. Whether this is evidence of a relationship to total T4 concentrations has not been reported.

Methods: We compared an analog-based direct free T4 immunoassay and a total T4 immunoassay. Each assay was applied to the fractions of serum T4 obtained by ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis. Both were applied to serum-based solutions in which free T4, T4-binding proteins, protein-bound T4, and total T4 were systematically varied, held constant, or excluded.

Results: Neither the free T4 assay nor the total T4 assay detected dialyzable or ultrafilterable serum T4. Both assays detected and reported the T4 retained with serum proteins. Both free and total T4 results were related to the same total T4 concentrations in the presence and absence of T4-binding proteins. Both results were similarly related to total T4 concentrations when free T4 was held constant while total T4 was varied. Both were similarly related to a total T4 concentration that was held constant while free T4 progressively replaced protein-bound T4. These free T4 results, like total T4 results, were unresponsive to a 500-fold variation in dialyzable T4 concentrations.

Conclusion: New experiments extend the characterization of a longstanding and incompletely characterized analog-based free T4 immunoassay. These free T4 measurements relate to total T4 concentrations in the same way that total T4 measurements do.
An exploration of media violence in a junior-high school art classroom
Authors: Chung Sheng Kuan
Published: March 2007

This article reports a classroom investigation into how a group of American junior high-school students understand, interpret and act upon a social issues-based art curriculum designed to explore issues of media violence. Using critical pedagogy, the research goals were to establish students' attitudes, values, creative skills, learned concepts, and/or opinions on media violence; and to illuminate and evaluate the issues-based curriculum approach. The study took place in the art workshop of a Saturday Art School programme at a midwestern university in the United States. A finding was that the young participants' attitudes towards media violence coincided with some of the views of postmodern educators concerning protectionist approaches to media education. Some challenges for implementing a social issues-based curriculum orientation were identified, for example the complexity involved in examining a given social issue.
Reviews
Authors: Bamford Anne , Martinez Elisa de Souza
Published: March 2007

Visual Culture in the Art Class: Case Studies, Paul Duncum (ed.), (2006) Urbana, IL: National Art Education Association, 194 pp., ISBN 1890160334 (pbk), US25

Issues in Arts Education in Latin America, Rachel Mason and Larry O'Farrell (eds), (2004) Kingston,
Ontario: Queen's University, 101 pp., ISBN 1553390814
Promoting democracy in Cameroon: a revolutionary French approach?
Authors: Cumming Gordon D
Published: March 2007

The French government's record of promoting democracy in Cameroon has been a poor one. Since 2002, however, it has been preparing an ambitious development programme, known as the Programme concert pluri-acteurs (PCPA), which aims to strengthen participatory democracy and civil
society in this former mandated territory. This article examines France's past collusion with autocratic Cameroonian regimes before setting out the pressures on Paris to introduce a more positive approach to democracy promotion. It then describes the key features of the PCPA and evaluates
whether or not this constitutes, as some participants have claimed, a revolutionary approach. It argues that the main constraints on this programme have come from powerful elements within the French political establishment, which have been anxious not to jeopardize France's interests in Cameroon.
Finally, it asks whether the PCPA provides a model for future French aid relations with sub-Saharan Africa.
Les voies tordues de l'mancipation
Authors: Lecerf Eric
Published: March 2007

It seems that everything there was to say about the riots which erupted in the French suburbs at the end of 2005 has already been said, even before those who were actually involved had time to make it part of their own experience and even before there was any clear expression of the
slightest solidarity with those young people jailed in defiance of the most elementary rights to a legal defence, as provided by the law. Whether they go for explanations of the conflict based on communitarianism or economic determinism, the experts' consensus appears to take for granted that
there is no question of emancipation having a role to play here. Yet this absence is now at the heart of our inability to understand the transformations which our world is undergoing. It is through this absence that the powerlessness of a whole generation is revealed. Thus, a new interpretation
of these riots is appropriate, within a broader framework that restores the notion of emancipation as one of the decisive elements not because of any need to bring it back, however artificially this is contrived, in order somehow to confer a respectable analysis on these riots, but because
the absence of this notion is incompatible with a concrete understanding of the events and their significance. The refusal to grant even the slightest role to the notion of emancipation testifies once again to the exclusion of the undeserving poor. There is of course nothing new in this, except
that the intellectual consensus that surrounds it today risks setting up new divisions, which may serve to sanction new forms of violence on the part of the State.
Equal opportunities and republican revival: post-migrant politics in contemporary France (20022005)
Authors: Kiwan Nadia
Published: March 2007

This article explores two contradictory developments in government approaches to the socio-economic and cultural incorporation of France's post-migrant generations. It focuses on the emergence at the heart of government, of equal opportunity discourses and contrasts this with the recent
reassertion of more traditionally republican values, as demonstrated by the 2004 law banning conspicuous religious symbols in public schools. In June 2004, Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin announced the launch of a Stratgie nationale pour l'galit des chances. This initiative to encourage
the recruitment of French nationals of foreign origin or individuals from the overseas DOM-TOM territories into high-profile jobs would appear to signal a significant change in approach to the issue of minority politics. However, this apparent readiness to enhance the Republic's egalitarian
project could be undermined by the recent debates over the Islamic headscarf and the subsequent legislation in March 2004. For while the new discourses of equal opportunities imply a readiness to publicly recognize ethnic difference in the name of greater socio-economic equality, the recent
banning of conspicuous religious symbols in schools points to a wider reluctance regarding the recognition of the cultural and religious complexity of contemporary France.
Unfinished business: Orientalism and Maghrebi literature in French
Authors: Laroussi Farid
Published: March 2007

Orientalism is still an influence to reckon with even in the twenty-first century. As far as Maghrebi literatu re in French is concerned, western humanities play a great role in reshaping both issues of production and reception. The literature appears both to be a voice of liberation
and to be entrapped in a dominant culture paradigm. The challenge to Orientalism not only lies in attempts to recover history but to give the people their own voice beyond the veil of francophonie. Orientalism re-enacts its own critique that ends up within the fold of postcolonial studies,
for instance. Furthermore, the exilic condition of Maghrebi writers cancels out the responses of the subaltern discourse. This situation stems from the conflation of belated Orientalism and Humanism. While the literary positions have been less than convincing, the overall solution probably
lies in fostering a spirit of communion between histories and cultures, rather than in a hopeless wish to break away from each other.
La reprsentation ambivalente de l'Autochtone dans le roman qubcois: vers une perspective postcoloniale
Authors: Hobbs Sandra
Published: March 2007

This article will begin with a survey of the relatively small number of studies of the figure of the Native in the literature of Quebec and will then continue by considering critical studies of the Native in other former settler colonies such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Criticism
from both Quebec and other former settler colonies links the representation of the Native to the need for the white settler to identify with his or her new territory, to criticize white society and to distinguish this society from its European ancestor. Next, by using the postcolonial theory
of Homi Bhahba, this article relates the ambivalent nature of the Qubcois writer's representation of the Native to a lack present in the colonizer's psyche that leads to a partial identification with, yet at the same time fear of, the colonized other. This theoretical perspective leads to
a different interpretation of the function of the Native in Quebec literature than in previous studies, which underlined the settler colony status of Quebec. By using Bhahba's theory, the representation of the Native can be more closely compared with paradigms of representation used in non-settler
colonial contexts. The article concludes by noting that in spite of its contribution to our understanding of ambivalence in the representation of the Native, Bhabha's theory does not account for the metaphorical function played by the Native in Quebec literature of the Quiet Revolution.
Transculturalism, postcolonial identities, religiosity in Lalonde's Sept lacs plus au Nord and Tostevin's Frog Moon
Authors: Vautier Marie
Published: March 2007

The identitary concerns of contemporary transcultured fiction from Englishspeaking Canada and French-speaking Qubec are often thematized through a reworking of religious iconography and language. Pierre Nepveu has argued thatla transcultureis essential to post-nationalist preoccupations in contemporary Qubcois culture. Work onla transculturein Qubcois theory finds an echo in the contemporary interest in postcolonial side-by-sidedness. InPostcolonizing the Commonwealth, Rowland Smith argues that current research in postcolonialism has moved beyond an oppositional stance (i.e. in a term like writing back) to investigate new kinds of side-by-sidedness that lead to the possibility of sharing cultural experience rather than resisting the imposition of alien forms of culture. It is proposed that the postcolonial acceptance of the continual becoming of identity (l'identitaire) is sometimes explored through contemporary fictions' use of the trope of religiosity, as seen through the dynamic praxis of transculturalisms. In closing, a necessarily brief reference will be made to two contemporary novels: Robert Lalonde'sSept lacs plus au Nord(1993) and Lola Lemire Tostevin'sFrog Moon(1994).
The bridge of reversals: translation and cosmopolitanism in Montreal
Authors: Simon Sherry
Published: March 2007

Emile Ollivier's short story, Une nuit, un taxi, offers a vision of the city as Babelian confusion, as excessive difference. As a rewrite of Jacques Ferron's Le Pont, Ollivier proposes a new and alarming vision of the cosmopolitan city. Contesting the figure of the bridge as a clichd
image of translation, this article examines Ollivier's story within the context of immigrant writing in Montreal including such writers as Marco Micone, Abla Farhoud and Rgine Robin and its capacity to translate a diversity of experiences and memories into the fabric of the city.
Staging the/an Other: The Dragons' Trilogy Take II
Authors: Koustas Jane
Published: March 2007

Recent studies on the work of Robert Lepage underline the centrality of confrontation with the Other in the theatre of this internationally known and acclaimed Quebec dramaturge, cineaste, actor and producer. Characterized by the contact, collision and mixing of languages, Lepage's theatre challenges audiences around the world forcing them to experience the between zone, that liminal space between, or outside, comfortable linguistic, cultural and geographical boundaries in which the Other is frequently no longer easily identifiable. From early productions such asCirculationsin the 1980s to his most recent production, TheAndersen Project, staging the Other has been a central preoccupation of the Lepage project. However, as the recent remake ofThe Dragons' Trilogysuggests, perceptions of the Other may change over time as the Other's place in society evolves. This article provides an overview of Lepage's theatre with emphasis on the importance of language in the representation of the Other and focuses particularly onThe Dragons' Trilogy. It suggests that what was intended, and indeed perceived, to be a sympathetic, albeit stereotyped, portrayal of the immigrant in Canada and Quebec in the 1980s appears as a misstep in a new millennium and in a new Quebec in which immigrants, including immigrant writers, have found their own voice.
Effect of Weed Emergence Time and Intervals of Weed and Crop Competition on Potato Yield
Authors: Ciuberkis Steponas , Bernotas Stasys , Raudonius Steponas , Felix Joel
Published: March 2007

A field study was conducted at Vezaiciai branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture from 1998 to 2000 to determine weed emergence dynamics in potato and to estimate the effect of different intervals of weed crop competition on potato tuber yield. Treatments varying in intervals of weed-free conditions and competition were laid out in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The greatest emergence of annual broadleaf weeds (62 to 86% of the season total) in the crop was observed in the period from potato planting until flowering. Emergence of winter annuals such as field violet and scentless mayweed was greatest in the period from the 20-cm potato plant height until harvesting. Competition was most detrimental to potato tuber yield in the periods from planting until flowering, from planting until 25 d after flowering, or for the entire growing season. Potato tuber yield decreased by 8.1, 8.4, and 6.4%, respectively, during these competition intervals compared to the weed-free treatment. The results indicated that the critical weed-free period, when weed competition was detrimental to yield, started from planting until 25 d after flowering if regular interrow cultivation was applied.
Control Strategies for Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in No-Tillage Cropping Systems
Authors: Franssen Aaron S. , Kells James J.
Published: March 2007

Common dandelion has developed into a troublesome agronomic weed for no-tillage corn and soybean producers in Michigan and throughout the north central region of the United States. Field experiments were conducted on established populations of common dandelion in 2001 to 2002 and 2002 to 2003 to evaluate the effect of preplant and sequential herbicide applications on established populations of common dandelion. Preplant treatments of glyphosate or 2,4-D ester were applied early fall, late fall, early spring, and late spring. For both glyphosate and 2,4-D ester, the fall applications were more effective than the spring applications. Glyphosate at 840 gae/ha was more effective than 2,4-D ester at 1,120 gae/ha at each application timing. A single application of glyphosate or 2,4-D ester applied either in the fall or spring did not provide season-long control of common dandelion. Sequential treatments of glyphosate following preplant applications of either glyphosate or 2,4-D ester provided season-long control of common dandelion.
Preemergence Herbicides Followed by Trifloxysulfuron Postemergence in Cotton
Authors: Richardson Robert J. , Wilson Henry P. , Hines Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

Field studies were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to evaluate weed control and cotton response from PRE herbicides followed by (fb) trifloxysulfuron POST. In the first study, trifloxysulfuron at 3.8, 7.5, or 15 gai/ha was applied POST with or without pendimethalin at 690 gai/ha applied PRE in a factorial treatment arrangement. Visible crop injury occurred after all trifloxysulfuron applications, but injury was not affected by application of pendimethalin PRE. Cotton injury was 19 to 22% 7 d after POST treatment (DAT) from trifloxysulfuron at 3.8 to 15 g/ha but was 5 to 12% 28 DAT. Trifloxysulfuron controlled smooth pigweed, common ragweed, and common cocklebur, but spurred anoda, large crabgrass, goosegrass, and stinkgrass were not controlled by trifloxysulfuron. Morningglory species (tall morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, and pitted morningglory) control with trifloxysulfuron at 7.5 and 15 g/ha was at least 79%, whereas velvetleaf was controlled 66% over all years. In a second study, clomazone, pendimethalin, pendimethalin plus fluometuron, pyrithiobac, or flumioxazin were applied PRE fb 7.5 g/ha trifloxysulfuron POST. Cotton injury from PRE herbicides fb trifloxysulfuron was 13 to 39% 7 DAT. Spurred anoda control exceeded 54% only with treatments that included flumioxazin or pyrithiobac PRE. Common lambsquarters, common cocklebur, and morningglory species were controlled at least 75% with all treatments that included trifloxysulfuron POST, whereas pendimethalin and clomazone usually controlled annual grasses. In both studies, the application of pendimethalin PRE controlled annual grass species and improved control of smooth pigweed and common lambsquarters over that controlled by trifloxysulfuron POST without a PRE herbicide.
Glyphosate Application Timings in Twin- and Single-row Corn and Soybean Spacings
Authors: Nelson Kelly A.
Published: March 2007

Field research was conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine the effect of twin- and single-row spacing and POST glyphosate application timing on light interception, weed control, and grain yield of glyphosate-resistant corn and soybean. Row spacing did not affect light interception measured 10 to 11 wk after planting. Corn grain yield in 2002 was 1.0 Mg/ha higher in single rows compared with twin rows when averaged over glyphosate timing, but was unaffected by row spacing in 2003. Soybean grain yield was similar in 19- and 38-cm single rows, and single-row grain yield was 0.2 to 0.4 Mg/ha higher than the twin-row spacing. Corn grain yields were similar to the weed-free control when glyphosate was applied to weeds 10 to 15 cm tall in 2002 and 10 cm tall in 2003. Soybean yield was maximized by application of glyphosate to weeds 15 to 30 cm tall in 2002 and 60 cm tall in 2003.
Weed Survival in Yard Waste Mulch
Authors: Daugovish Oleg , Downer James , Faber Ben , McGiffen Milton
Published: March 2007

Field studies were conducted near Oxnard, CA, to assess propagule survivability of two annual and two perennial weed species in 7.6 m3 static piles of fresh or aged yard waste mulch over a 56 d period. Mulch temperatures > 60 C generated at depths > 30 cm in fresh mulch caused all weed propagule mortality, whereas sublethal temperatures at shallower depths in fresh, and at all depths in aged piles allowed propagule survival. A controlled environment laboratory experiment suggested ≥ 1 d exposure provides 100% mortality of seed of little mallow at 72 C, California burclover seed (without burs) at 85 C, rhizomes of bermudagrass at 69 C, and nutlets of yellow nutsedge at 70 C. These studies indicate that reinfested, aged mulch does not produce sufficient heat to destroy weed propagules and, therefore, may become a weed-carrying substrate. Fresh mulch should be mixed to expose surviving weed propagules at shallow depths to lethal temperatures found at 30 cm or deeper in fresh mulch piles.
Viability and in Vitro Germination of Johnsongrass (Sorghum Halepense) Pollen
Authors: Burke Ian C. , Wilcut John W. , Allen Nina S.
Published: March 2007

A high proportion of viable pollen grains must germinate to study the physiology of pollen growth to reduce the confounding effects of environmental influences on pollen germination. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the nuclear state and develop a suitable medium and culture method for in vitro germination of johnsongrass pollen. Johnsongrass pollen was trinucleate, and in vitro tests for pollen viability using Alexander's stain and a fluorochromatic reaction method (FCR) indicated johnsongrass pollen was viable (92.6 to 98.4%). A factorial treatment arrangement of four concentrations of sucrose, two concentrations of boric acid, and two concentrations of calcium nitrate were used to determine the optimum pollen-germination medium composition in suspension culture, agar culture, and cellophane membrane culture. Germination was highest in a suspension culture with a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose, 2.4 mM boric acid, and 3 mM calcium nitrate. Pollen germination using this medium was 78.9% when anthers were harvested just before anthesis.
Tolerance of Cantaloupe to Postemergence Applications of Rimsulfuron and Halosulfuron
Authors: Norsworthy Jason K. , Meister Charles W.
Published: March 2007

Field trials were conducted in the spring of 2004 and the spring and summer of 2005 to evaluate cantaloupe tolerance to rimsulfuron and halosulfuron applied to cantaloupe at the two-leaf stage, five- to six-leaf stage, plants having 30- to 40-cm vines, and plants having up to 5-cm-diam melons. Additionally, control of eight weed species was evaluated in these trials in 2005. Cantaloupe plant injury from rimsulfuron differed among application timings and trials, but applications were generally more injurious when applied at the two early crop stages. Halosulfuron was less injurious to cantaloupe, but 31 and 14% injury occurred following the two-leaf and five- to six-leaf applications, respectively, in the second trial in 2005. In the first trial of 2005, number of marketable melons the first week of harvest was lower for all halosulfuron applications compared with the nontreated control (30 to 37% reduction). In the second trial of 2005, total number of marketable melons was comparable to the nontreated control for each of the halosulfuron treatments, except the five- to six-leaf and up to 5-cm-diam melon applications. Injury estimates were poor indicators of occurrence or absence of delays in crop earliness or number of marketable melons. Rimsulfuron was generally effective (≥ 80% control) in controlling seedling Texas panicum, large crabgrass, tall morningglory, pitted morningglory, and Palmer amaranth, but was ineffective against yellow and purple nutsedge and goosegrass. Halosulfuron was effective in controlling yellow and purple nutsedge, but was ineffective against Texas panicum, large crabgrass, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, tall morningglory, and Palmer amaranth.
Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa): A Troublesome Species of Increasing Concern
Authors: Averill Kristine M. , DiTommaso Antonio
Published: March 2007

Although many of us fondly associate parsnips with a rustic, home-cooked meal, there is also a wild variety that is increasingly causing problems as a weed in North America. The cultivated variety is a subspecies of Pastinaca sativa (Pastinaca sativa ssp. sativa) and contains lower amounts of the problematic furanocoumarins than the wild version. Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. PAVSA) is an introduced facultative biennial from Eurasia. It has spread throughout the United States and southern Canada and is now colonizing old fields, railroad embankments, roadsides, and waste areas. Wild parsnip contains furanocoumarins, which deter herbivores from eating its foliage. These compounds can also cause phytophotodermatitis in humans and livestock, a condition that results in patches of redness and blisters on the skin when they come into contact with the sap or ingest parts of the plant in the presence of sunlight. Few people, including medical professionals, recognize the plant or associate it with the burns it causes. Recently, wild parsnip has received increasing attention as expanding populations have resulted in more frequent human and livestock contact with the plant. This article reviews important aspects of the etymology, distribution, history, biology, and management of wild parsnip. A key objective of this review is to raise awareness of the potential health problems caused by wild parsnip and to stimulate research that will lead to effective management of this increasingly problematic species.
Economics and Effectiveness of Alternative Weed Scouting Methods in Peanut
Authors: Robinson Bridget L. , Moffitt Jodie M. , Wilkerson Gail G. , Jordan David L.
Published: March 2007

On-farm trials were conducted in 16 North Carolina peanut fields to obtain estimates of scouting times and quality of herbicide recommendations for different weed scouting methods. The fields were monitored for weed species and population density using four scouting methods: windshield (estimate made from the edge of the field), whole-field (estimate based on walk through the field), range (weed densities rated on 1–5 scale at six locations in the field), and counts (weeds estimated by counting at six locations in the field). The herbicide application decision support system (HADSS) was used to determine theoretical net return over herbicide investment and yield loss ($ and %) for each treatment in each field. Three scouts estimated average weed population densities using each scouting method. These values were entered into HADSS to obtain treatment recommendations. Independently collected count data from all three scouts were combined to determine the optimal treatment in each field and the relative ranking of each available treatment. When using the whole-field method, scouts observed a greater number of weed species than when using the other methods. The windshield, whole-field, and range scouting methods tended to overestimate density slightly at low densities and underestimate density substantially at high densities, compared to the count method. The windshield method required the least amount of time to complete (6 min per field), but also resulted in the greatest average loss. Even for this method, recommendations had theoretical net returns within 10% of the return for the optimal treatment 80% of the time. The count method appears to have less economic risk than the windshield, whole-field, and range scouting methods.
Efficacy of Glyphosate Plus Bentazon or Quizalofop on Glyphosate-Resistant Canola or Corn
Authors: Tao Bo , Zhou Jingkai , Messersmith Calvin G. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: March 2007

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of glyphosate on efficacy of bentazon for glyphosate-resistant (GR) canola control and of quizalofop for GR corn control. Control also was evaluated for glyphosate plus bentazon on wild buckwheat and wheat and glyphosate plus quizalofop on velvetleaf. Glyphosate plus bentazon synergistically controlled GR canola and wild buckwheat but were antagonistic for wheat control. Glyphosate plus quizalofop were additive for control of GR corn and velvetleaf. Inert ingredients in glyphosate formulations, i.e., cationic surfactant, NH4, or K, contributed to glyphosate synergism of bentazon, but the major contribution came from glyphosate itself. Efficacy of glyphosate plus bentazon on GR canola was enhanced by ammonium nitrate (AMN), ammonium sulfate (AMS), nonionic surfactant (NIS), or silicone surfactant (SiS) but was slightly decreased by methylated seed oil (MSO) or petroleum oil concentrate. AMN, AMS, NIS, and SiS partially overcame the antagonism of bentazon to glyphosate for wheat control. NIS enhanced phytotoxicity of glyphosate plus quizalofop to GR corn and velvetleaf, but the enhancement was less than by SiS or MSO to GR corn and SiS or AMS to velvetleaf.
Tree Growth, Fruit Size, and Yield Response of Mature Peach to Weed-Free Intervals
Authors: MacRae Andrew W. , Mitchem Wayne E. , Monks David W. , Parker Michael L. , Galloway Roger K.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted at one location in 1999 and two locations in 2000 to determine the critical weed-free period for peach in North Carolina. The cultivars for the three locations were ‘Contender’, ‘Norman’, and ‘Summerprince’. Weed-free intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 wk after peach tree bloom were established. Paraquat at 1.1 kg ai/ha plus nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v was applied every 10 d, after treatments were initiated at peach bloom, to maintain weed-free plots. Large crabgrass, hairy vetch, and smooth crabgrass were the primary weeds in Contender. Horseweed, smooth crabgrass, and large crabgrass were the primary weeds in Norman. Bermudagrass, smooth pigweed, and common lambsquarters were the primary weeds in Summerprince. No differences in trunk cross-sectional area were observed between the weed-free periods. Maintaining the orchard floor weed-free for 12 wk after peach tree bloom resulted in the greatest fruit size (individual fruit weight and diameter), total yield, and fruit number.
Weed Community Response to Crop Rotations in Western South Dakota
Authors: Anderson Randy L. , Stymiest Clair E. , Swan Bruce A. , Rickertsen John R.
Published: March 2007

Producers in the semiarid Great Plains are exploring alternative crop rotations, with the goal of replacing winter wheat–fallow. In 1993, a study was established to compare performance of eight rotations comprised of various combinations with winter wheat (W), spring wheat (SW), dry pea (Pea), safflower (Saf), corn (C), sunflower (Sun), proso millet (M), or fallow (F). After 8 years, we characterized weed communities by recording seedling emergence in each rotation. Seventeen species were observed, with downy brome, kochia, horseweed, and stinkgrass comprising 87% of the community. Rotations with the least number of weed seedlings were W–F and SW–W–C–Sun; in comparison, weed density was six-fold higher in W–M. Density of downy brome and kochia was highest in W–M compared with other rotations, whereas stinkgrass and green foxtail were prominent in proso millet of the W–M and W–C–M rotations. Horseweed established readily in safflower and dry pea. In the semiarid Great Plains, designing rotations in a cycle of four that includes cool- and warm-season crops can be a key component of integrated weed management.
Economic Assessment of Weed Management in Strip- and Conventional-Tillage Nontransgenic and Transgenic Cotton
Authors: Clewis Scott B. , Wilcut John W.
Published: March 2007

Studies were conducted to evaluate weed management systems in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton in strip- and conventional-tillage environments. Tillage did not affect weed control, cotton lint yields, or net returns. Early season stunting in strip-tillage cotton was 5% or less, regardless of herbicide system or cultivar and was transient. Excellent (> 90%) control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, andIpomoeaspecies, including entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted and tall morningglories, jimsonweed, prickly sida, and velvetleaf, was achieved with systems containing bromoxynil, glyphosate, and pyrithiobac early postemergence (EPOST). Glyphosate systems provided better and more consistent control of fall panicum and large crabgrass than bromoxynil and pyrithiobac systems. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac EPOST did not control sicklepod unless applied in mixture with MSMA and followed by (fb) a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Palmer amaranth was controlled (> 90%) with all glyphosate and pyrithiobac systems and with the bromoxynil system that included a broadcast soil-applied herbicide treatment. Bromoxynil systems without a broadcast soil-applied herbicide treatment controlled Palmer amaranth 87% or less. Herbicide systems that included glyphosate EPOST controlled sicklepod with or without a soil-applied herbicide treatment. The highest yielding cotton included all the glyphosate systems and bromoxynil systems that contained a soil-applied herbicide treatment. Nontransgenic systems that included a soil-applied herbicide treatment yielded less than a system with soil-applied treatment plus glyphosate EPOST. Net returns from glyphosate systems were generally higher than net returns from bromoxynil or pyrithiobac systems.
Effect of Seeding Systems and Dinitroaniline Herbicides on Emergence and Control of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium Rigidum) in Wheat
Authors: Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Gill Gurjeet S. , Preston Christopher
Published: March 2007

Experiments were conducted at Minlaton on the Yorke Peninsula of South Australia in 2004 and 2005 to study the effect of four different seeding systems and dinitroaniline herbicides on the seedling emergence and growth of rigid ryegrass in wheat. The seeding systems were low soil-disturbance discs (DayBreak and K-Hart) and high soil-disturbance tines (narrow point and Ribbon seeder); and the herbicides were oryzalin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin at rate of 0.72 kg ai/ha. The total seedling emergence of rigid ryegrass was higher in nontreated plots planted with the tines compared with the discs. In general, oryzalin was the least-effective herbicide in controlling emergence of rigid ryegrass. All herbicides were more effective in reducing the number of plants, spikes, dry matter, and seed production of rigid ryegrass in combination with tines than with discs. However, in the absence of herbicides, plant and spike numbers, plant dry weight, and seed production of rigid ryegrass were significantly lower where discs were used to sow, rather than tines. In the absence of herbicide, rigid ryegrass was less competitive with wheat under the disc-sown systems. The response of grain yield to herbicides was greater under the tine-sown systems than the disc-sown systems.
Leaching of Isoxaflutole and the Herbicide Safeners R-29148 and Furilazole
Authors: Nelson Eric A. , Penner Donald
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the leaching of isoxaflutole and the safeners R-29148 and furilazole to test the hypothesis that safeners and isoxaflutole were moving at different rates through the soil profile. The isoxaflutole movement down soil columns was measured by evaluating the visible injury on crop and weed bioassay species seeded into columns split longitudinally. The movement of the safeners was measured by evaluating the isoxaflutole injury to the crop assay species compared to the injury observed without a safener present. The results indicated that a heavy rainfall event could move isoxaflutole through the soil profile in a pulse pattern. If the herbicide pulse moved into the rooting zone of corn, injury resulted. The herbicide safeners leached more slowly than isoxaflutole. For the safeners to be effective, their movement needed to be similar to that of isoxaflutole. Applying a polymeric carrier with the WDG formulation of isoxaflutole reduced leaching compared to two commercial isoxaflutole formulations.
Leaf Appearance Base Temperature and Phyllochron for Common Grass and Broadleaf Weed Species
Authors: Gramig Greta G. , Stoltenberg David E.
Published: March 2007

Base temperature (Tb) for leaf appearance and the thermal time interval between appearance of successive leaves (phyllochron) were determined for six common weed species from a series of growth chamber experiments. Mean leaf appearance Tbvalues for giant ragweed, velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, large crabgrass, woolly cupgrass, and wild-proso millet were 1.3, 8.0, 8.5, 4.5, 2.2, and 5.1 C, respectively, and mean phyllochron values were 37.2, 34.4, 17.3, 42.2, 65.2, and 34.2 growing degree-days per leaf, respectively. Phyllochron values increased slightly with mean temperature for each weed species. To our knowledge, these are the first reported leaf appearance Tband phyllochron values for giant ragweed, woolly cupgrass, and wild-proso millet. The results confirm leaf appearance Tband phyllochron values reported previously for velvetleaf and redroot pigweed. However, large crabgrass leaf appearance Tband phyllochron values in our study varied somewhat from those reported previously. The results provide information needed for parameterization of plant growth models that predict leaf development based on thermal time.
Carfentrazone Improves Broadleaf Weed Control in Proso and Foxtail Millets
Authors: Lyon Drew J. , Kniss Andrew , Miller Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

Proso and foxtail millets are regionally important dryland crops for the semiarid portions of the Central Great Plains. However, few herbicides are registered for use in either crop. The efficacy of carfentrazone was studied in proso millet from 2003 through 2005 at the University of Nebraska High Plains Agricultural Laboratory located near Sidney, NE, and in foxtail millet in 2004 and 2005 at the University of Wyoming Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center near Lingle, WY. Carfentrazone was applied POST at 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0 gai/ha with combinations of 2,4-D amine, prosulfuron, and dicamba. Although leaves of treated plants exhibited localized necrosis, leaves emerging after treatment were healthy. Grain and forage yields were not affected by the application of carfentrazone. Dicamba and 2,4-D amine provided visual control of 30% or less for buffalobur. Adding carfentrazone to one or both of these herbicides improved buffalobur control to 85% or greater. Carfentrazone applied at 18.0 g/ha improved Russian thistle, kochia, and volunteer sunflower control in 2003, when plants were drought-stressed, but did not help with these and other weeds during wetter years. Carfentrazone provides proso millet producers with a way to selectively control buffalobur, a noxious weed in several western states. In foxtail millet, carfentrazone provides POST broadleaf weed control with little risk for serious crop injury. Crop injury has been a concern with 2,4-D, which is currently the only other herbicide registered for use in foxtail millet.
Reduced Translocation Is the Cause of Antagonism of Glyphosate by MSMA in Browntop Millet (Brachiaria ramosa) and Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmerii)
Authors: Burke Ian C. , Koger Clifford H. , Reddy Krishna N. , Wilcut John W.
Published: March 2007

Studies were conducted in growth chambers to characterize absorption and translocation of14C-glyphosate applied alone or in mixture with MSMA in browntop millet and Palmer amaranth. MSMA antagonized activity of glyphosate in both weed species. Absorption of14C-glyphosate in Palmer amaranth was rapid and increased with time from 11.1% at 0.5 h after treatment to 68.1% at 168 HAT. Absorption of14C-glyphosate in browntop millet ranged from 1.6% at 0.5 HAT to 39.1% at 168 HAT. MSMA in mixture with glyphosate did not affect the absorption of glyphosate. In browntop millet, only 2.8% of the applied radioactivity translocated out of the treated leaf to the rest of the plant when glyphosate was applied in mixture with MSMA compared to 10.8% when glyphosate was applied alone at 72 HAT. Similarly, in Palmer amaranth, 3.2% of the applied radioactivity had translocated out of the treated leaf when glyphosate was applied in mixture with MSMA compared to 10.6% when glyphosate was applied alone. Reduced translocation appears to be the cause of the previously observed antagonism of glyphosate by MSMA.
Response of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Accessions to Chlorimuron, Fomesafen, and Glyphosate
Authors: Stephenson Daniel O. , Oliver Lawrence R. , Bond Jason A.
Published: March 2007

Field studies were conducted in Fayetteville, AR, to determine the response of 38 pitted morningglory accessions to fomesafen, chlorimuron, and glyphosate when applied postemergence over-the-top (POT) at 9 g ai/ha, 420 g ai/ha, and 840 g ae/ha, respectively, to four-leaf, 15-cm-tall pitted morningglory. Visual control following chlorimuron application ranged from 82 to 95% 3 wk after treatment (WAT). Visual control of accessions with fomesafen ranged 34 to 84% 3 WAT. Variability in visual control following fomesafen application was documented among accessions collected from similar geographic locations in west-central and southwest Arkansas, central and southeast Louisiana, and west-central Mississippi. Glyphosate controlled pitted morningglory accessions 81 to 89% 3 WAT. Data indicate that weed management programs should be field specific where fomesafen use is intended.
Delaware Soybean Grower Survey on Glyphosate-resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)
Authors: Scott Barbara A. , Vangessel Mark J.
Published: March 2007

In November 2004, a 29-question survey was mailed to Delaware soybean growers to determine grower perceptions of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and if glyphosate applications, GR soybean usage, and management practices had been altered in lieu of the presence of resistance. A total of 213 valid responses were received. Ninety-eight percent of respondents reported planting GR soybean at some point in the last 5 yr, with 90% reporting having planted GR soybean 3 or more years. The presence of GR horseweed on-farm was reported by 38% of the respondents and 95% of those growers with GR horseweed on-farm reported implementing one or more changes in GR soybean management. The most frequent change (66% of growers) due to resistant horseweed was the application of another herbicide with a different mode of action before planting. Forty-eight percent of growers with resistance on-farm reported a $5 to $17/ha increase to manage for GR horseweed, with 28% reporting a greater than $17/ha increase. Regardless of experience with GR horseweed, approximately 80% responded that it was worthwhile to incur additional costs now to preserve glyphosate for future use. Soybean grower reliance on glyphosate has not decreased in light of GR horseweed in Delaware. Misconceptions of timing for the selection of GR horseweed biotypes and the future availability of new herbicides with different modes of action exist within the farming community.
A Visual Guide to Help Producers Manage Jointed Goatgrass
Authors: Anderson Randy L.
Published: March 2007

Jointed goatgrass is a prominent weed infesting winter wheat in the western United States. Individual control tactics often are ineffective and inconsistent, but management systems comprised of several tactics designed to disrupt population dynamics of jointed goatgrass can reduce infestation levels in winter wheat. Tactics are planned to favor decline of seedbank density, reduce seedling emergence in winter wheat, and minimize seed production of plants established in winter wheat. We describe a visual guide that will help producers plan management systems for jointed goatgrass with a diversity of cultural tactics. The guide organizes cultural tactics by decision times of producers during the winter wheat production cycle. Scientists are effectively managing jointed goatgrass in a diversity of production systems by integrating cultural tactics across decision times.
Survival of Planted Oak Seedlings is Improved by Herbaceous Weed Control
Authors: Ezell Andrew W. , Yeiser Jimmie L. , Nelson Larry R.
Published: March 2007

Sulfometuron was applied at 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 kg ai/ha over the top of oak seedlings. Three separate field studies were completed. In 1997, 0.1 and 0.2 kg ai/ha was applied PRE over six oak species. In 1998 and 1999, 0.1 and 0.15 kg ai/ha were applied PRE and 0.1 kg ai/ha was applied POST over two species of oaks. Results demonstrate that first-year survival of oak seedlings is greater in areas which receive competition control. Survival was 21 to 44% greater in treated areas as compared to nontreated areas. Observations indicate that survival differences are increased in droughty years. Competition control appears essential to obtaining desirable levels of survival when oak seedlings are planted in areas with established herbaceous competition.
Psychometric Properties of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale
Authors: Weiss Marianne E. , Piacentine Linda B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to assess the psychometrics properties of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS), a 23-item instrument that measures patients’ perception of readiness for discharge. Data were obtained from 356 respondents from two urban tertiary medical centers (adult and children’s) in the midwestern United States who were participants in a larger study of predictors and outcomes of readiness for hospital discharge. Confirmatory factor analysis, contrasted group comparisons, and predictive validity testing supported the 4-factor structure and construct validity of the instrument. Following deletion of two poorly performing items, Cronbach’s alpha for the revised 21item scale was 0.90. The RHDS can be a useful tool for measurement of readiness for discharge for clinical and research purposes.
Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Aldag Jean C. , Hekel Barbara , Riner Gina , Bloomfield Pamela
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the development and psychometric properties of the first self-administered, paper-and-pencil instrument that measures maternal quality of life during the early postpartum period. The definition, domains, and conceptual model by Ferrans and Powers (QLI) were used to develop the Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life (MAPP-QOL) tool. A convenience sample of 184 mothers completed the MAPP-QOL at week 1 and 3 postpartum. Component analysis revealed five domains: psychological/baby; socioeconomic; relational/spouse-partner; relational/family-friends; and health & functioning. Internal consistency reliability for the five subscales resulted in Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from .82 to .96. Stability reliability ranged from .66 to .76. The MAPP-QOL and a single-item measure of life satisfaction correlated (r = .69), suggesting convergent validity; discriminant validity was supported by negative correlations with the three negative mood states of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List–Revised (MAACL–R) as well as poor sleep and fatigue scores. Acceptable reliability and construct validity suggest that the MAPP-QOL may be used in research. Further testing with larger and more diverse samples is recommended.