bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin Genes in Higher Plants
Authors: Callis Judy , Vierstra Richard D
Published: November 2023

Since the first description in 1975 by Goldstein et al., much has been learned about the structure, function and expression of the small eukaryotic protein, ubiquitin. This protein has several remarkable aspects; a high degree of amino acid conservation, an unusual mode of synthesis and a unique mechanism of action. Ubiquitin, identified in all eukaryotes to date, is one of the most highly conserved proteins known. Its mode of synthesis is unusual in that it is synthesized as a protein fusion, either to itself or to two unrelated polypeptides. The initial translation products are then processed to release active ubiquitin. Ubiquitin interacts with cellular proteins in a unique way by becoming covalently ligated to them. As a result of this ligation, ubiquitin serves a variety of functions including targeting proteins for degradation. However, conjugation to a protein does not necessarily mark it for proteolysis, because stable conjugates to several different proteins have been described. The functions of stable ubiquitin conjugates are unknown but several roles have been proposed, including cell cycle regulation (Ciechanover et al., 1984; Goebl et al., 1988), DNA repair (Jentsch et al., 1987), maintenance of chromatin structure (Bonner et al., 1988), cell/cell interactions (Siegelman et al., 1986), and receptor function (Yarden et al., 1986).
Regulatory Genes Affecting Maize Storage Protein Synthesis
Authors: Motto M , Fonzo N Di , Hartings H , Maddaloni M , Salamini F , Soave, C , Thompson R D
Published: November 2023

The maize kernel consists mainly of endosperm and embryo, approximately 90% and 5%, respectively, of the seed dry weight. The endosperm acts as a store of nutrients: energy is channelled here from the photosynthetic organs, and deposited in the form of proteins and carbohydrates. The endosperm originates from the fusion of three haploid nuclei, two polar nuclei of the female gametophyte and one sperm nucleus. Therefore, the tissue is triploid receiving two equivalents from the mother and one from the father
Number And Size Of Offspring
Authors: Stearns Stephen C
Published: November 2023

Two approaches dominate the analysis of the evolution of offspring number and size. The ornithologists have organized their understanding of offspring number around the Lack clutch, the clutch size that produces the most fledglings. In this tradition theory and experiment have aimed to understand what factors cause deviations, usually downward, from the Lack clutch. These include effects of clutch size on subsequent parental and offspring survival and reproductive performance and year-to-year variation in the optimal clutch size. An important theoretical tradition aims to optimize reproductive effort over the whole life history taking costs of reproduction into account. This approach is called either the General Life History Problem or the Reproductive Effort Mode/, and its predictions are well confirmed by experiments with poeciliid fish and with small, altricial, hole-nesting birds, but there are also substantial data on clutch sizes in sea birds, geese, ducks, and raptors and litter sizes in humans, rodents, deer, and other mammals. Recently the Lack tradition has been extended to parasitoid insects, where ‘clutch’ is taken to mean eggs laid per host.
Sibling rivalry in birds
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A
Published: November 2023

In the remaining chapters, we present a preliminary review of the sprawling and uneven empirical and natural history literature pertaining to sibling rivalry in various taxa. The diversity of traits that relate to, and may have resulted from, sibling competition is far richer than can be imagined from the study of one group alone. We shall start by surveying the ornithological work, the largest component and the one most clearly connected to the egret studies detailed earlier, but now approaching the material more broadly. Nestling birds compete with nursery-mates in different ways, including growth rate, unilateral effort (begging), and a full range of aggression (from the occasional peck to pushing from cliff ledges or ripping sibs open with hooked beaks).
Mammalian sibling rivalry
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A
Published: November 2023

Mammals differ from birds in several important features that influence both the expression of sibling competition and our ability to study it. As with birds, parental cam is extensive, but unlike the situation in most birds the burdens of parenthood normally fall exclusively on the mother. When either the mother’ s capacity for investment is exceeded or non-maternal resources prove inadequate for all young to reach independence. brood (litter) reduction follows. These squeezes take many forms, although comparatively little concerted research effort has been directed toward their study. Whereas avian embryos subsist on spatially segregated food supplies (yolks within shells), eutherian development begins with a lengthy gestation during which embryonic litter-mates share a common food source, namely the mother’ s circulatory system. Mammalian embryos are in close physical apposition with their siblings and therefore have the potential for prenatal interactions. Furthermore, litter-mates are born almost simultaneously (typically within minutes or hours of one another), so the chief means by which avian parents establish a size hierarchy among nest-mates is lacking (Godfray and Harper 1990).
Sibling rivalry in invertebrates
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A
Published: November 2023

Invertebrates present so breathtaking an array of opportunities (and a lack of the same) for sibling rivalry that a full survey would occupy several books. At one extreme. many marine invertebrates simply shed gametes into the sea, allowing the pelagic zygotes to mix in a haphazard way with those of other nearby parents. Larvae then float in the plankton for extended periods, and for many cases it is difficult to envisage competition of any sort for larval resources, let alone any sibling competition. There is, to put it simply, no nursery and no discrete sibships. Amongst vertebrates, perhaps only certain pelagic fishes can match this lack of potential for sibling interaction. At the opposite extreme, certain parasitoid wasps show such profuse siblicide that only one larva from a large brood remains in the host (i.e. the nursery) after it has killed all of the others. Here, the scale of siblicide found in vertebrates, including birds that practise obligate siblicide, is dwarfed. We shall first give a synopsis of the opportunities for sibling rivalry across the invertebrate phyla, and then present some examples drawn selectively from a few groups, mainly featuring cases where detailed work has been done. In the !alter, we group the cases into categories relating to the prevalent form of sib competition.
Choanoflagellate organization with special reference to loricate taxa
Authors: Leadbeater Barrys S C
Published: November 2023

The choanoflagellates are a large and important group of heterotrophic flagellates. They are easily recognized on account of their spherical to ovoid protoplast with a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of tentacles. Three families are currently recognized but only the Acanthoecidae contains taxa that are found exclusively in saline waters and that possess a lorica composed of silica costae made up of costal strips. The systematics of choanoflagellates is based on lorica substructure and form. These characters are determined by the dimensions and morphology of the component costal strips and the manner in which they are combined to form a lorica. However, environmental constraints, including the necessity for many species to remain suspended in the aquatic environment and to allow water currents carrying food particles to move past the collar, must exert some influence on lorica form. Factors affecting the form of choanoflagellate loricae are discussed.
Ecological Measures for Conserving Terrestrial Biodiversity: a New Zealand Perspective
Authors: Atkinson I A E
Published: November 2023

Efforts by New Zealand to conserve its land-based biodiversity are reviewed, and successes and shortcomings are identified. Several approaches attempting to combine ecological and taxonomic criteria are described to cover the wide range of conservation problems in a biotically and geologically diverse country. The single-species approach has had some notable successes, but has emphasized birds while neglecting other animals and plants. Parallel to this approach has been work at the habitat and ecosystem level. This also has done much to protect biodiversity, but has emphasized forests to the detriment of non-forest communities. To illustrate lessons that can be derived from New Zealand an imaginary scenario is examined: an attempt to protect biodiversity in the country as it was in the 1840s by taking steps that avoid some of the past mistakes. These steps include giving greater priority to lowland areas of dry climate, identifying regions of high species diversity by locating areas of high geological and landform diversity, identifying centres of endemism by searching for areas of long isolation history and/or unusual habitat, and focusing strongly on areas for protection that are most likely to have long-term sustainability by reason of their inherent characteristics. This analysis is summarized as a 4-part general strategy for reducing future losses of terrestrial biodiversity, elements of which may have wider application to the biodiversity crisis now affecting so many parts of the world.
Indigenous animals
Authors: Wilson R T
Published: November 2023

The Sudan is an enormous country falling entirely within the northern tropics. Almost all of the described tropical ecozones are found within its boundaries and on its shores. The main vegetation zones run west to east and vary from arid desert in the north to humid rain forest in the south. In the east the Red Sea coast is fringed with coral reefs along much of its length: there is also a small number of inshore islands. The major vegetation zones are interrupted in places by hills and mountain massifs such as the Daju Hills in Northern Darfur, the Jebel Marra in western Darfur and the Imatong Mountains in Equatoria. The major rivers and a number of permanent and temporary lakes and swamps including the Sudd, diversify even further the range of habitats.
History, ethnicity, and agriculturein the Sudan
Authors: Kapteijns L , Spaulding J
Published: November 2023

The Sudan is home to a human community with a long history and a rich and diverse culture. Not all the elements of the Sudanese experience are known, nor is everything known of immediate relevance to agriculture. The purpose of the present chapter is to delineate in broad terms some aspects of the Sudanese historical and cultural experience that do carry such relevance. It is well to conceptualize the conduct of agriculture as systemic activity, in which some components are fixed by natural determinants, others by technological factors and the whole given structure and put in motion by the social arrangements of its practitioners. As a consequence of the systemic character of these social arrangements it is possible to make meaningful distinctions between groups distributed culturally through space or historically through time; in many cases, though not all, these distinctions are also validated by the criterion of language, the repository of culture and often the delineator of ethnic identity.
Systems of agricultural production in central Sudan and Khartoum Province
Authors: Simpson I G , Simpson M C
Published: November 2023

Central Sudan is located in the country’s savanna belt which extends from the fringes of the Sahara Desert to the broad-leaved forests, grassy river flood plains, and permanent swamps of the southern Sudan. This chapter is concerned with the eastern portion of the belt which is contained in the provinces of Khartoum, El Gezira, Blue Nile, the southern part of Kassala Province and the land east of the White Nile in the province of that name.
Irrigation development programmes
Authors: Davies H R J
Published: November 2023

In 1956, the year of Independence, agricultural products accounted for 97 per cent of Sudan’s foreign export earnings and three-quarters of the bank loans were for agricultural purposes (Ministry of Finance and Economics 1957). The most important export crop was cotton which provided 71 per cent of export earnings and an important source of budget revenue for the Sudanese Government through export taxes. More than 90 per cent of the cotton grown in the Sudan came from irrigated schemes.
Agricultural education, research, and extension
Authors: Robinson W I
Published: November 2023

Thus spoke a ‘Mohamedan schoolmaster’ in the Bengal Infantry stationed in Suakin upon hearing that Kitchener was collecting money in England to build a College in Khartoum. The schoolmaster may have been a figment of Kipling’s imagination but the occasion certainly was not, for Kitchener’s initiative led to the opening of Gordon College in Khartoum in 1902. Gordon College, later to become Khartoum University, is really the starting point for both the themes of this chapter. Firstly, its foundation heralded what was to become known as the ‘educational experiment in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan’ (Currie 1934) an experiment which was to shape the current education system of Sudan and have a fundamental effect on education development throughout Africa.
Agricultural machinery and equipment supply
Authors: Abdoun A H
Published: November 2023

Mechanical power was first introduced in the agriculture of the Sudan during the early 1920s at the time of the establishment of the Sudan Plantation Syndicate. This syndicate was pioneering the use of a plough tackle unit consisting of two 60 hp engines pulling a combined cultivator or multiple ridger.
A shape space network model
Authors: Rowe Glenn
Published: November 2023

While the plus-minus model of Hoffmann, considered in the last chapter, succeeds in predicting several observed states of real immune systems from a minimum of assumptions, it would be interesting to examine a model which incorporates more of the features of a functioning immune network. This can only be done, as you might expect, by a considerable increase in the complexity of the model. We will study one such model, that of De Boer and Perelson (1991), in this chapter. The paper which forms the main source for this chapter is one of a large collection of models by a group of researchers which has been working on models of the immune system for many years.
Reading German
Authors: Coles Waltraud , Dodd Bill
Published: November 2023

Reading German is a structured reading course designed to take a wide variety of users to an independent reading of authentic German texts. It is ideally suited for courses in colleges and universities, for students or specialists in any discipline, and for independent learners. Drawing on recent research into reading in a foreign language, the course chapters focus on the recognition and decoding of progressively complex written structures, before rehearsing a variety of strategies (such as skimming and scanning) for negotiating longer and more complex texts. The book has four sections: a 16-chapter reading course an extensive reference section containing a specially-designed grammar of written German a further exercises section, for further work on recognizing structures a text corpus containing 23 texts of various types, with facing English translations. Grammatical points explained in the reference section are frequently illustrated using examples located in the text corpus. The only other resource the user will need is a bilingual dictionary. Advice on how to use a dictionary is contained in the reference section.
Introduction
Authors: Yaguello Marina
Published: November 2023

I would argue, nevertheless, that in the pages which follow, you will find everything you need to know if-although not a linguist in the strict sense-you love language and are fascinated by it. In addition, to all those people who may have been put off by theoretical linguistics which, all too often, hides its identity as a social (hence imprecise) science beneath mounds of mathematical formulae, I would like to show that beyond that dry-as-dust surface, linguistics can be appealing, fun, and quite, quite accessible. The use of a specific jargon, or metalanguage, can and will be kept to a strict minimum. It cannot, however, be entirely eliminated: it would not be real istic to believe that we can talk about language and linguistics using only everyday language.
Anti-dis-establish-ment-arian-ism
Authors: Yaguello Marina
Published: November 2023

The existence of words seems intuitively obvious to speakers. Are we then to believe that the morpheme is a mere invention of linguists? Since it some times corresponds to a word, but more often than not to a part of a word, the morpheme lacks the clear autonomy which characterizes the word and is not so easily identified. In a way, its definition is a negative one: it is 'the smallest unit of meaning' beyond which no further division can be made while still retaining some autonomous meaning.
The Incredible Lightness of Meaning
Authors: Yaguello Marina
Published: November 2023

Meaning, strange as it may seem, was for a long time excluded from lin guistics, especially by the followers of Saussure: functionalists, distribution alists, and structuralists. Roman Jakobson, in what is almost a caricature, tells the story of a comparative philologist who, after spending years deci phering an ancient manuscript was quite unable to call to mind its contents, since he had not even noticed them.
Green Ideas
Authors: Yaguello Marina
Published: November 2023

The grammar of a language is what enables us to create and understand well-formed sentences. For a sentence to be grammatical, it only needs to be recognized as such by the linguistic community on the basis of their intu ition as native speakers. This intuition is based in the speakers' competence. There is no question, here, of introducing some social or cultural norm or of passing value judgements about 'fine language' or telling speakers how they ought to speak. The grammar that the linguist endeavours to describe is not a normative or prescriptive grammar, full of do's and don't's: 'different than' is just as grammatical as 'different from' and 'I can't see no one' as accept able as ' I can't see anyone' or 'he talks real quick' as 'he talks really quickly'. The notion of a grammatical rule is supported by the usage com mon to a certain number of speakers, recognized as the only arbiters of grammaticality in their dialect. Whenever significant differences in usage are observed between different groups of speakers, no privilege should be given to the dominant group (the most educated or influential). The role of the linguist is to observe that there is such a thing as variation in any language, and this can, to a certain extent, be related to social, ethnic, or geographi cal differences. A language is no more than the sum of its various dialects.
Conclusions
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

WITHIN the perspective adopted in this book I have claimed that language has no existence apart from the social reality of its users. Although language is a precondition for social life, it does not exist on its own and it does not simply reflect some pre-existing reality. I have tried to show how social and linguistic knowledge are intertwined by looking at some of the various ways in which social differences are encoded in speaker’s choices both of variants within what is thought of as one language as well as between languages.
Two Species of Philosophy: The Historical Significance
Authors: Stewart M A
Published: November 2023

Hume’s Enquiry concerning Human Understanding was originally published under the title Philosophical Essays concerning Human Understandingin 1748. The title reference to ‘Human Understanding’ sets up one set of associations for the modern reader, but the opening sentence sets up another: we find ourselves reading about moralphilosophy. In fact, the opening section as a whole locates the work within a particular topical controversy. To understand how that is so, we have to look both at Hume’s career and at the nature of philosophy teaching at the time.
The Search for Certainty
Authors: Giaquinto M
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth century saw a movement to make higher mathematics rigorous. This seemed to be on the brink of success when it was thrown into confusion by the discovery of the class paradoxes. That initiated a period of intense research into the foundations of mathematics, and with it the birth of mathematical logic and a new, sharper debate in the philosophy of mathematics. The Search for Certainty examines this foundational endeavour from the discovery of the paradoxes to the present. Focusing on Russell's logicist programme and Hilbert's finitist programme, Giaquinto investigates how successful they were and how successful they could be. These questions are set in the context of a clear, non-technical exposition and assessment of the most important discoveries in mathematical logic, above all Gödel's underivability theorems. More than six decades after those discoveries, Giaquinto asks what our present perspective should be on the question of certainty in mathematics. Taking recent developments into account, he gives reasons for a surprisingly positive response.
Incorporating simulation into the medical school curriculum
Authors: Steadman Randolph , Matevosian Rima
Published: November 2023

The common aspect unifying these modalities is the reproduction of a state that allows the learner to systematically and deliberately rehearse tasks and/or thought processes associated with clinically relevant objectives. The role of deliberate practice, or rehearsal, in domains such as athletics and music, has been identified as important for medical training. Accrediting bodies recently expressed support for simulation as a risk free, standardized modality that promotes practice.
Caring for people living with motor neuron disease
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

Caring for someone with MND is a challenge whether you are a health care professional or a close family member or friend. Anyone who made the marriage vow ‘in sickness and in health’, however sincerely meant, would never have been able to envisage that a disease such as MND would transform their world. Occasionally caring for a person with MND can be too challenging; relationships suffer, the health of the carer deteriorates and the whole situation occasionally breaks down. However, for the most part, people placed in the position of caring for a loved one manage to come through with enormous bravery and resilience in which the journey through the illness is, perhaps, the most difficult, but one of many challenges that people face in their relationships.
The Evolutionary Analysis of Measurably Evolving Populations Using Serially Sampled Gene Sequences
Authors: Rodrigo Allen , Ewing Gregory , Drummond Alexei
Published: November 2023

When two neutrally-evolving homologous gene sequences are drawn randomly from an unfragmented haploid population of constant size, N, theory tells us that they have a common ancestor, on average, about N generations in the past. Theory also tells us that with a constant rate of substitution, μ, these two sequences will accumulate, on average, Nμ substitutions each, so that between them one expects to see 2Nμ substitutions. These very simple statements about the times to common ancestry and numbers of substitutions lead to some quite powerful methods that allow us to work backwards from sequence data to derive estimates of population size, rates of growth or decline, migration, and selection. But what if each sequence was drawn at a different time? Now, the expected number of substitutions that separate the two is no longer a function of Nμ alone, but also of the time between sampling, and the substitutions that accrue over this interval. Extend the thought experiment, and consider sampling two sequences first, and another two later.
What about evidence-based protocols?
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain
Published: November 2023

This book is largely based on the tried and tested principles of experience, reasoning, and common sense, together with evidence-based medicine where that evidence exists. We support the principles underlying evidence-based medicine, but realize their limitations in many situations. The main methodology of evidence-based medicine is to base clinical decision-making upon the results of randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses of several trials. For example, the United States Preventive Services Taskforce rates the value of evidence from randomized controlled trials as grade 1 and evidence from non-randomized trials as grade 2, but evidence from the opinions of respected authorities is only grade 3. On this basis, we would claim that most of the clinical practice described in this book might be grade 2 or 3. We believe, however, that the guidelines described here are just as relevant to safe clinical practice as those of grade 1 status.
Patient consent
Authors: Nicholls Anthony
Published: November 2023

Only a competent patient can give informed consent. If the patient is by virtue of acute illness temporarily incompetent, then the next of kin has no legal right to give consent for treatment or to withhold therapy. The doctor must act in the best interests of the patient. Furthermore, relatives cannot take decisions for a competent patient, but are perfectly entitled to help the patient and the doctor come to the appropriate decision. Competence is discussed below. Consent may be implied for examination or simple investigation, but express consent (written or oral) is essential for any procedure that carries material risk. Material risks are defined as those to which a reasonable person in the patient’s position would be likely to attach significance.
The management of acute pain
Authors: Conn David , Murdoch Julie
Published: November 2023

Acute pain is often badly managed. This need not be so. Pain control can often be improved by a simple strategy: assess the pain treat with drugs and techniques with which you are familiar re-assess the pain after treatment and be prepared to adjust the treatment accordingly. Good pain relief reduces postoperative complications such as chest infections, nausea and vomiting, DVT, and ileus. Patients who say that they are in pain invariably are. Listen to your patients and believe them. There are no physiological or behavioural patterns that can be used to prove that someone is fabricating pain. The same surgical operation may produce widely differing analgesia requirements in different patients.
Fluid balance
Authors: Wilson lain
Published: November 2023

Surgical patients require careful attention to their fluid balance. Several factors alter fluid and electrolyte requirements. Patients who are nil-by-mouth after major surgery cannot depend on thirst to regulate body fluids. They rely solely on i/v fluids to maintain their fluid balance. Fluid shifts after surgery result from sequestering of fluid in the operative site or other places such as the abdomen (e.g. ileus). These unseen losses are commonly known as ‘third space’ and consist of mainly extracellular fluid. In other situations, loss of plasma occurs across leaking capillary membranes. Blood loss is usually easy to estimate in theatre, but may be con­ cealed in the pre- and postoperative phase. Indirect estimations of blood loss may be inaccurate.
Medical causes of acute abdominal pain
Authors: Nicholls Anthony
Published: November 2023

Patients admitted to surgical wards with acute abdominal pain may have a medical cause for their pain. Table 20.1 lists the medical causes that mimic surgical pathology together with diagnostic features. Table 20.1 Medical causes of acute abdominal pain Cause Diagnostic clues Cardio-thoracic pathology Myocardial infarction Pericarditis Pneumonia Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Endocrine Diabetic ketoacidosis Adrenal insufficiency Haematological Sickle cell crisis Acute leukaemia Drug-induced Lead toxicity Opioid withdrawal Metabolic Acidosis Porphyria\ Previous history. ECG. Cardiac enzymes Aggravation by posture and/or respiration. Pericardia! Rub ECG - ST elevation in multiple leads Fever.
Neurological disorders
Authors: Hardie Richard , Day Chris
Published: November 2023

Death in neurologically disabled patients is most commonly a consequence of immobility. Typical postoperative complications include chest infection, UTIs, pressure sores, DVT, and PE. Except in the terminal stages of disease, these are preventable by good nursing, careful handling, and other appropriate prophylactic measures. Ask about personal activities of daily living and level of independence. Patients will usually have established a personalized programme of care and maintenance. Medical and nursing staff on surgical wards should recognize this and both seek and accept advice from patients and their carers. Preventable complications arising peri­ operatively may not simply extend the length of hospital stay, but might also destroy the confidence of the patient and carers in the hospital for the future.
Gastroenterological disorders
Authors: Daneshmend Tawfique , Dow Alasdair
Published: November 2023

A history of acid-peptic ulceration of the upper digestive tract affecting the duodenum, stomach, or oesophagus will often be obtained in patients presenting for elective or emergency surgery unrelated to the upper GI tract. Surgery for acid-peptic disease itself (elective surgery for peptic ulcer, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; emergency surgery for perforated peptic ulcer or oesophagus; or surgery for acute GI bleeding) is not the purpose of this chapter. The management of these patients is addressed in standard surgical texts. Chronic peptic ulceration should now be rare. Since over 90% of (previously idiopathic) gastric and duodenal ulceration is associated causally with Helicobacter pylori, in ideal circumstances previous eradication of this bacterium should have eliminated the need for continuing medical therapy.
The geriatric patient
Authors: Nicholls Anthony
Published: November 2023

Surgical mortality increases with age. Chronic medical disorders, delays in seeking surgical opinion and diagnostic delays increase morbidity and mortality. Medical causes of postoperative mortality out­ number surgical causes by 3 to 1. Cardiorespiratory disease is the commonest cause of postoperative death but infectious complications of abdominal surgery are also important. Autopsy studies of postoperative deaths in the elderly show pneumonia to be the commonest cause of death as well being the most commonly missed diagnosis. Other infections (including peritonitis), cardiac failure and PE also often undiagnosed before death. Cardiac deaths are common even in those without clinical evidence of heart disease.
Hypotension
Authors: Wilson lain , Nicholls Anthony
Published: November 2023

Hypotension is defined as a systolic pressure <100 mmHg and after surgery is most commonly due to hypovolaemia. Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Cardiac output is dependent on efficient cardiac filling and contractility. Changes in any of these parameters may result in hypotension. The earliest practical distinction to make in the management of a shocked patient is to decide whether the patient is hypovolaemic, has cardiac problems or has a vasodilated state (such as sepsis). This is best based on history and examination. Underlying cardiovascular conditions, and their drug treatment, may modify physiological responses to hypotension and confuse the clinical picture.
Oliguria and renal failure
Authors: Nicholls Anthony
Published: November 2023

Renal failure is diagnosed when the serum creatinine rises rapidly by 20% or more above the preoperative value. Oliguria is typical but not invariable. Postoperative acute renal failure can also occur in the presence of a urine flow of 50 ml/h or greater (non-oliguric renal failure). Renal failure should be suspected when postoperative urine output is low: the diagnosis is confirmed biochemically. The preoperative biochemistry allows certainty in the diagnosis of acute or acute-on­ chronic renal failure. The differential diagnosis of postoperative acute renal failure is commonly limited to the following: Pre-renal factors: Renal hypoperfusion. Common in shock, aortic surgery, sepsis, and hepatorenal syndrome.
Headache in surgical patients
Authors: Thomas Paul
Published: November 2023

Headache is common on surgical wards (Table 49.1). Mostly benign and self-limiting, it may occasionally be a serious symptom. The history will normally exclude serious underlying pathology, and the patient can then be reassured and treated with appropriate analgesia. Headaches that are associated with altered neurology require urgent investigation. Table 49.1 Clinical features of types of postoperative headache in order of frequency of occurrence Cause Features Tension headache A feeling of pressure over the head or ache around the neck and shoulders. Often gets worse over the course of the day. Anxious patient. Previous similar headaches. Migraine Those regularly afflicted can often detect when an episode is about to occur.
The swollen leg
Authors: Nicholls Anthony
Published: November 2023

The development of a swollen leg in a surgical, orthopaedic, or gynaecology ward is common. The main concern is whether a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the underlying cause. PE only happens when thrombus extends into the femoral and iliac veins. Pelvic venous thrombosis can cause PE, particularly after gynaecological procedures. Venous thrombosis limited to calf veins does not cause PE. Unfortunately, clinical signs do not allow differentiation between calf vein thrombosis and proximal DVT. Calf vein thrombosis can extend above the knee if untreated. Not all swollen legs represent DVT, and many DVT are subtle, but the diagnosis is usually simpler than on a medical ward, because the change in the leg is usually observed.
Explaining Musical Experience
Authors: Boghossian Paul
Published: November 2023

I start with the observation that we often respond to a musical performance with emotion— even if it is just the performance of a piece of absolute music, unaccompanied by text, title or program. We can be exhilarated after a Rossini overture brought off with subtlety and panache; sombre and melancholy after Furtwangler’s performance of the slow movement of the “Eroica”. And so forth. These emotions feel like the real thing to me— or anyway very close to the real thing. When one experiences them, it takes time for them to wear off, and one gets irritated with the companion who, because not similarly moved, wants immediately to start discussing where to go for dinner.
Introduction
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline
Published: November 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal disorder to affect women. It can reduce fertility and it can affect appearance by causing acne, excess facial and body hair growth, or scalp hair thinning. Consequently the symptoms associated with PCOS can affect self-esteem, and some women may even suffer from depression because of the severity of these symptoms. This book aims to help you understand PCOS, gives you practical advice on how to control the symptoms, and aims to help you lead a more satisfying life. The book also provides an in-depth guide to all available medical and natural treatments so that you are well informed when you go to your doctor or therapist. Many of you with PCOS have problems with weight gain and difficulty losing weight. Symptoms also tend to be more severe if you are overweight. Furthermore, PCOS can increase your risk of developing diabetes and possibly heart disease, particularly if you are overweight or obese. Research has shown that through weight loss and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, your symptoms can be improved and your health risks minimized. This book therefore has a large section dedicated to weight management, primarily by incorporating the low glycaemic index (GI) principles to diet. The treatment chapters also contain personal success stories from women who were treated at the PCOS clinic in Berkshire using the methods recommended by the book. The final section in the book aims to be a reference source for women with PCOS and includes GI and calorie tables, and a list of useful websites. We hope that this book will be an invaluable resource for you, will empower you with the know- ledge to take control of your health, and will provide you with strategies to cope with the effects of living with PCOS.
Third Person Marking in Menominee
Authors: Trommer Jochen
Published: November 2023

Recent models in feature theory (Harley and Ritter 2002; Bejar 2003) suggest highly articulated systems of cp-features which both substantially restrict possible person and number categories in human language and predict cross linguistically observed asymmetries between features. A core assumption in this line of research is that what is descriptively called third person is not characterized by any specific features, but by the lack of features characteristic for first and second person. It follows that under structural competition, first and second person always win over third person since they are more specific. While this is the correct prediction for many phenomena, third person agreement in Menominee provides strong evidence against both claims: an adequate analysis of third person marking implies the assumption of an explicit feature characteristic for third person, and of higher prominence of third over non third person. To solve this problem, I propose to capture person asymmetries not by feature structure, but by ranked violable constraints (Trammer 2003b,e, 2006), which allows us to relate the unusual preference of Menominee third person marking to the specific characteristics of its affixal inventory.
Mind–Body Causation and Explanatory Practice
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: November 2023

In recent years a number of philosophers have worried about whether we can reasonably believe that mental properties are causally efficacious. They are concerned whether the intentional ‘aspects’ or qualitative ‘aspects’ of mental events are epiphenomenal—that is, lacking in causal power and irrelevant to causal transactions. They typically assume that mental events themselves are causes. But this is supposed to be ensured by the prior assumption that mental events are physical events. Individual mental events are assumed to be instantiations or tokens of physical event-kinds.
Preparing yourself
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

In making the transition from medical student or Foundation doctor to dedicated surgical trainee, you are changing from being an interested observer to an active participant in the operation. This carries with it not only a change in philosophy, but also significant responsibilities in two separate domains. The first is as part of the surgical team where you share the responsibility for looking after the patient, while the second is as a trainee where you have a responsibility to learn from your experiences. Within each domain, responsibilities can be divided in to pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative phases.
Knots
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

Being able to tie knots is one of the first tricks of the trade that early surgical trainees aspire to learn. However, don’t expect to be trained in the technique of knot tying while being taken through an operation—you should practise before you come into theatre until you can tie knots fluently. You may already know how to make the two basic throws, but these are fundamental, only the beginning. You should rehearse until you can tie them with both hands and also with instruments. Then you will be ready for this chapter, which takes you beyond the basics and explains how to put those two throws together correctly, and in a variety of situations.
Approximating tissues
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

Tissue approximation in general, and surgical wound closure in particular, has two main aims. The first is to ensure that the tissues heal securely and the other is to ensure a neat result. The wound is a surgeon’s signature, and the way it heals is often how patients will judge their surgeon’s skill. Although optimizing the patient’s general condition (e.g. nutritional status, cardiac function, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, level of immune competence, etc.) is vital to the healing process, local factors such as the provision of neat wound edges, a good local blood supply and minimal distracting forces are also important.
Drains and dressings
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

Whether or not to use a drain at the end of an operation is often a matter of personal preference. While there may be widespread agreement that a chest drain is indicated after a thoracotomy, there is little evidence to support routine drainage in many other situations such as after thyroidectomy, cholecystectomy or bowel resection. It is sensible to make a considered decision in each case.
Coreference and Binding
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

The relation in which two NPs refer to the same thing or things is coreference. In this chapter we look at the syntactic factors that determine whether two NPs may, must, or must not be coreferential. Recall that we assign a referential index to every referring expression (see Chapter 5). Suppose that we have two expressions in a sentence that are intended to refer to the same thing. If we use the same name or description in the sentence twice, then the representation of coreference is more or less straightforward. As an example we use the sentence Mary’s mother kissed Mary. We will take the CS representation of mother to be MOTHER(X). In this case MARY fills the argument slot X, as shown in (1).
Field on Revenge
Authors: Rayo Agustín , Welch P D
Published: November 2023

In a series of recent papers, Hartry Field has proposed a novel class of solutions to the semantic paradoxes, and argued that the new solutions are ‘revenge-immune’. He has argued, in particular, that by building on a sufficiently expressive language one can get a language which is able to express its own semantic theory, including its own truth predicates and any intelligible determinacy predicates. The purpose of this note is to argue that the plausibility of Field’s revenge-immunity claim depends crucially on the status of higher-order languages. We show that by availing oneself of higher-order resources one can give an explicit characterization of the key semantic notion underlying Field’s proposal, and note that inconsistency would ensue if the languages under discussion were expressive enough to capture this notion.
Epistemic Conservatism: Theft or Honest Toil?
Authors: Fumerton Richard
Published: November 2023

Perhaps epistemic externalism’s strongest sales pitch has always been that it alone can avoid radical skepticism. In recent years some epistemic internalists have been striking back with variations of a view sometimes known as epistemic conservatism. In its crudest form, epistemic conservatism takes the fact that a person believes a given proposition to be at least a prima facie epistemic reason in support of the proposition believed. In this paper I will distinguish a number of different versions of epistemic conservatism and examine the question of whether their desire to avoid skepticism is leading some internalists to favor theft over honest toil.
Particularism, Promises, And Persons In Cicero’ S De Officiis
Authors: Woolf Raphael
Published: November 2023

Could Cicero have been an ethical particularist? Could he, that is, have believed that ethics should proceed without rules or principles? The answer, at first blush, looks like an obvious no. After all, Cicero’s main work on practical ethics, the De officiis, seems precisely aimed at setting out ethical principles.
Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy
Authors: Sedley David
Published: November 2023

Discussing a range of issues, from the meaning of Socratic Intellectualism to Aristotle on the fantastic abilities of animals in De Anima, this important volume of Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy (which will no be published twice annually) includes fascinating original articles on various aspects of ancient philosophy. The second volume of the new millennium, it features contributors Michael Wedin and Dominic Scott and highlights, among other things, critical notices of major books.
Platonic Ethics : A critical notice of julia annas, platonic ethics old and new’
Authors: Long A A
Published: November 2023

In Julia Annas’s magnum opus, The Morality of Happiness (Oxford, 1993), the author apologized for excluding ‘systematic discussion’ of Plato (18-20). She defended her decision by indicating why Plato is ‘problematic’ for that book’s subject-the examination of ‘explicit ethical theory’. Few would quarrel with her enumeration of the salient difficulties. They include the dialogue form, Plato’s anonymity, the treatment within single dialogues of issues that go beyond ethics, the ‘immensely different positions occupied by Socrates in different dialogues’, the ‘perennial "Socratic problem"‘, the ‘increasing questioning’ of Platonic chronology, and ‘the status of Plato’s arguments’.
Why is Sequence of Tense Obligatory?
Authors: Higginbotham James
Published: November 2023

The tenses of human languages are indexical expressions in the sense of Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1954), in that repetitions of the same sentence may differ in truth value simply because of tense. They are not indexical, however, in the sense of the context-dependent temporal adverbials now, yesterday, and others. These are always interpreted with respect to the speaker’s current temporal position. The interpretation of the tenses is not so fixed. In particular, a relative clause or complement clause tense may be interpreted as if the speaker had used it at a position in time different from the one she actually occupies.
The Predicate View of Proper Names
Authors: Elugardo Reinaldo
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will defend a modest claim: that the Predicate View of proper names, which is the view that ‘proper names play the logical role of a predicate’ (Burge, 1973), deserves another hearing. With the exception of Tyler Burge’s early papers in which he defends the theory (Burge, 1973, 1974), and some published reactions (Bach, 1987; Boer, 1972; Cohen, 1980; Higginbotham, 1988; Hornsby, 1976), scant attention has been paid to the Predicate View-and for good reason: it conflicts with the widely accepted view that names are singular, unstructured, referring terms. Still, the Predicate View has strong evidential support that cannot be ignored or explained away. Some philosophers have tried to do the latter by arguing that predicative uses of proper names are just special uses. I will try to show, however, that they are mistaken by arguing that predicative uses of proper names are not parasitic on their referential roles, as some philosophers hold.