bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myeloid Cell‐Triggered In Situ Cell Engineering for Robust Vaccine‐Based Cancer Treatment
Authors: Li Wen‐Hao , Su Jing‐Yun , Zhang Bo‐Dou , Zhao Lang , Zhuo Shao‐Hua , Wang Tian‐Yang , Hu Hong‐Guo , Li Yan‐Mei
Published: February 2024

Following the success of the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine, the cell‐based tumor vaccine shows its promise as a vaccination strategy. Except for DC cells, targeting other immune cells, especially myeloid cells, is expected to address currently unmet clinical needs (e.g., tumor types, safety issues such as cytokine storms, and therapeutic benefits). Here, it is shown that an in situ injected macroporous myeloid cell adoptive scaffold (MAS) not only actively delivers antigens (Ags) that are triggered by scaffold‐infiltrating cell surface thiol groups but also releases granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and other adjuvant combos. Consequently, this promotes cell differentiation, activation, and migration from the produced monocyte and DC vaccines (MASVax) to stimulate antitumor T‐cell immunity. Neoantigen‐based MASVax combined with immune checkpoint blockade induces rejection of established tumors and long‐term immune protection. The combined depletion of immunosuppressive myeloid cells further enhances the efficacy of MASVax, indicating the potential of myeloid cell‐based therapies for immune enhancement and normalization treatment of cancer.
Spatial Photo‐Patterning of Nematic Liquid Crystal Pretilt and its Application in Fabricating Flat Gradient‐Index Lenses
Authors: Modin Alvin , Leheny Robert L. , Serra Francesca
Published: February 2024

Liquid crystals offer a dynamic platform for developing advanced photonics and soft actuation systems due to their unique and facile tunability and reconfigurability. Achieving precise spatial patterning of the liquid crystal alignment is critical to developing electro‐optical devices, programmable origami, directed colloidal assembly, and controlling active matter. Here, a simple method is demonstrated to achieve continuous 3D control of the directions of liquid crystal mesogens using a two‐step photo‐exposure process. In the first step, polarized light sets the orientation in the plane of confining substrates; the second step uses unpolarized light of a prescribed dose to set the out‐of‐plane orientation. The method enables smoothly varying orientational patterns with sub‐micrometer precision. As a demonstration, the setup is used to create gradient‐index lenses with parabolic refractive index profiles that remain stable without external electric fields. The lenses' focal length and sensitivity to light polarization are characterized through experimental and numerical methods. The findings pave the way for developing next‐generation photonic devices and actuated materials, with potential applications in molecular self‐assembly, re‐configurable optics, and responsive matter.
Giant Blue Energy Harvesting in Two‐Dimensional Polymer Membranes with Spatially Aligned Charges
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Li Xiaodong , Chu Xingyuan , Zhang Bowen , Zhang Jiaxu , Hambsch Mike , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Borrelli Mino , Löffler Markus , Pohl Darius , Liu Yuanwu , Zhang Zhen , Feng Xinliang
Published: February 2024

Blue energy between seawater and river water is attracting increasing interest, as one of the sustainable and renewable energy resources that can be harvested from water. Within the reverse electrodialysis applied in blue energy conversion, novel membranes with nanoscale confinement that function as selective ion transport mediums are currently in high demand for realizing higher power density. The primary challenge lies in constructing well‐defined nanochannels that allow for low‐energy barrier transport. This work proposes a concept for nanofluidic channels with a simultaneous dual electrostatic effect that can enhance both ion selectivity and flux. To actualize this, this work has synthesized propidium iodide‐based two‐dimensional polymer (PI‐2DP) membranes possessing both skeleton charge and intrinsic space charge, which are spatially aligned along the ion transport pathway. The dual charge design of PI‐2DP significantly enhances the electrostatic interaction between the translocating anions and the cationic polymer framework, and a high anion selectivity coefficient (≈0.8) is reached. When mixing standard artificial seawater and river water, this work achieves a considerable power density of 48.4 W m−2, outperforming most state‐of‐the‐art nanofluidic membranes. Moreover, when applied between the Mediterranean Sea and the Elbe River, an output power density of 42.2 W m−2 is achieved by the PI‐2DP. This nanofluidic membrane design with dual‐layer charges will inspire more innovative development of ion‐selective channels for blue energy conversion that will contribute to global energy consumption.
A Universal Perovskite/C60 Interface Modification via Atomic Layer Deposited Aluminum Oxide for Perovskite Solar Cells and Perovskite–Silicon Tandems
Authors: Artuk Kerem , Turkay Deniz , Mensi Mounir D. , Steele Julian A. , Jacobs Daniel A. , Othman Mostafa , Yu Chin Xin , Moon Soo‐Jin , Tiwari Ayodhya N. , Hessler‐Wyser Aïcha , Jeangros Quentin , Ballif Christophe , Wolff Christian M.
Published: February 2024

The primary performance limitation in inverted perovskite‐based solar cells is the interface between the fullerene‐based electron transport layers and the perovskite. Atomic layer deposited thin aluminum oxide (AlOX) interlayers that reduce nonradiative recombination at the perovskite/C60 interface are developed, resulting in >60 millivolts improvement in open‐circuit voltage and 1% absolute improvement in power conversion efficiency. Surface‐sensitive characterizations indicate the presence of a thin, conformally deposited AlOx layer, functioning as a passivating contact. These interlayers work universally using different lead‐halide–based absorbers with different compositions where the 1.55 electron volts bandgap single junction devices reach >23% power conversion efficiency. A reduction of metallic Pb0 is found and the compact layer prevents in‐ and egress of volatile species, synergistically improving the stability. AlOX‐modified wide‐bandgap perovskite absorbers as a top cell in a monolithic perovskite–silicon tandem enable a certified power conversion efficiency of 29.9% and open‐circuit voltages above 1.92 volts for 1.17 square centimeters device area.
Downsizing Porphyrin Covalent Organic Framework Particles Using Protected Precursors for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Endo Kenichi , Raza Asif , Yao Liang , Van Gele Samuel , Rodríguez‐Camargo Andrés , Vignolo‐González Hugo A. , Grunenberg Lars , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: February 2024

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising electrocatalyst platforms owing to their designability, porosity, and stability. Recently, COFs with various chemical structures are developed as efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction catalysts. However, controlling the morphology of COF catalysts remains a challenge, which can limit their electrocatalytic performance. Especially, while porphyrin COFs show promising catalytic properties, their particle size is mostly large and uncontrolled because of the severe aggregation of crystallites. In this work, a new synthetic methodology for rationally downsized COF catalyst particles is reported, where a tritylated amine is employed as a novel protected precursor for COF synthesis. Trityl protection provides high solubility to a porphyrin precursor, while its deprotection proceeds in situ under typical COF synthesis conditions. Subsequent homogeneous nucleation and colloidal growth yield smaller COF particles than a conventional synthesis, owing to suppressed crystallite aggregation. The downsized COF particles exhibit superior catalytic performance in electrochemical CO2 reduction, with higher CO production rate and faradaic efficiency compared to conventional COF particles. The improved performance is attributed to the higher contact area with a conductive agent. This study reveals particle size as an important factor for the evaluation of COF electrocatalysts and provides a strategy to control it.
Electronic‐Free Traceable Smart Capsule for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Sampling
Authors: Nejati Sina , Sarnaik Devendra , Gopalakrishnan Sarath , Kasi Venkat , Krishnakumar Akshay , Hyde Samuel , McCain Robyn , Park Kinam , Johnson Jay S. , Rahimi Rahim
Published: February 2024

Non‐invasive smart electronic‐free sampling capsules have revolutionized the exploration of microbiome‐disease interactions in inaccessible regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, a significant impediment to the broader use of electronic‐free capsules is the challenge of reliably tracking and determining their in vivo location. Variability in patient motility introduces uncertainties in capsule position. Thus, there is a critical need for effective solutions that ensure traceability in microbiome studies employing such capsules. While tracking methods are explored in previous smart ingestible capsule designs, most have relied on RF, imaging, and radiation‐based techniques, limiting sampling volume, increasing costs, complicating design, and raising health concerns due to ionizing radiation exposure. To address these challenges, the design of an electronic‐free smart capsule is introduced that integrates a metal tracer for easy metal detection, serving as a reliable tracking mechanism. The capsule is housed in a 3D‐printed casing and includes a superabsorbent hydrogel serving as both a sampling medium and an actuator within the capsule. The capsule's targeted sampling of the GI tract is accomplished by covering the capsule's sampling port with a pH‐responsive coating. Optimal dimensions and material for the cylindrical shaped metal tracer on the capsule are determined through extensive optimizations, considering factors such as gastric flotation, corrosion resistance, read distance, and omnidirectional detectability. The results of these investigations reveal that a 12 mm stainless steel (SS 316L) cylinder offers the necessary detection and tracing capabilities with minimal toxicity and excellent corrosion resistance under relevant physiological conditions in the GI tract. Validation studies, both in vitro and in vivo, confirmed the capsule's trackability using a handheld metal detector. These findings are further validated by X‐ray imaging and CT scans, demonstrating the metal detector's ability to distinguish approximate GI tract regions and determine the time point of excretion. This innovative approach provides a reliable and cost‐effective solution for tracking electronic‐free smart capsules, enhancing their applicability in microbiome research for both human and animal studies.
VPERD Assessment of the Mechanical Property of Plasticizing Fully π‐Conjugated Polymers with Intrinsic Stretchability for Flexible Deep‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: An Xiang , Gong Huaqiang , Chen Wenyu , Zhuo Zhiqiang , Wei Chuanxin , Sun Ning , Ni Mingjian , Liu Bin , Wang Jianpu , Bai Lubing , Sun Pengfei , Lin Jinyi , Huang Wei
Published: February 2024

In the realm of flexible optoelectronic devices, intrinsic flexible fully π‐conjugated polymers (FπCPs) assume a pivotal role owing to their concurrent intrinsic viscoelasticity and robust optoelectronic properties. As flexible devices are destined to encounter diverse stress environments, the selection of functional materials based on mechanical requirements becomes imperative. Here, VPERD assessment system is introduced to scrutinize the mechanical properties of side‐chain plasticizing FπCPs. The acronym VPERD encapsulates five key aspects of mechanical characteristics, namely viscidity (V), plasticity (P), elasticity (E), rigidity (R), and ductility (D). The mechanical characteristics of FπCPs are tuned through the control of flexible chain density (FCD). Enhancing FCD induces superior chain softness, favorable solubility, and heightened viscoplasticity. Through precise regulation of FCD and thoughtful structural design, freestanding FπCPs nano‐films exhibit a remarkable maximum fracture strain of ≈50%. Deep‐blue flexible polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) reveal that maintaining FCD at ≈50% achieves a balance between mechanical and optoelectronic properties. The stretched films after strain fatigue both show that mild strain is conducive to enhancing the efficiency of FπCPs films and devices. According to VPERD assessment system, the prerequisite for achieving intrinsically flexible FπCPs lies in controlling the degree of side‐chain internal plasticization through the tuning of FCD.
rWTC‐MBTA Vaccine Induces Potent Adaptive Immune Responses Against Glioblastomas via Dynamic Activation of Dendritic Cells
Authors: Wang Herui , Medina Rogelio , Ye Juan , Zhang Yaping , Chakraborty Samik , Valenzuela Alex , Uher Ondrej , Hadrava Vanova Katerina , Sun Mitchell , Sang Xueyu , Park Deric M. , Zenka Jan , Gilbert Mark R. , Pacak Karel , Zhuang Zhengping
Published: February 2024

Despite strides in immunotherapy, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains challenging due to low inherent immunogenicity and suppressive tumor microenvironment. Converting “cold” GBMs to “hot” is crucial for immune activation and improved outcomes. This study comprehensively characterized a therapeutic vaccination strategy for preclinical GBM models. The vaccine consists of Mannan‐BAM‐anchored irradiated whole tumor cells, Toll‐like receptor ligands [lipoteichoic acid (LTA), polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)), and resiquimod (R‐848)], and anti‐CD40 agonistic antibody (rWTC‐MBTA). Intracranial GBM models (GL261, SB28 cells) are used to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. A substantial number of vaccinated mice exhibited complete regression of GBM tumors in a T‐cell‐dependent manner, with no significant toxicity. Long‐term tumor‐specific immune memory is confirmed upon tumor rechallenge. In the vaccine‐draining lymph nodes of the SB28 model, rWTC‐MBTA vaccination triggered a major rise in conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) 12 h post‐treatment, followed by an increase in conventional dendritic cell type 2 (cDC2), monocyte‐derived dendritic cell (moDC), and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) on Day 5 and Day 13. Enhanced cytotoxicity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice is verified in co‐culture with tumor cells. Analyses of immunosuppressive signals (T‐cell exhaustion, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC), M2 macrophages) in the GBM microenvironment suggest potential combinations with other immunotherapies for enhanced efficacy. In conclusion, the authors findings demonstrate that rWTC‐MBTA induces potent and long‐term adaptive immune responses against GBM.
Uncovering the Crystalline Packing Advantages of Asymmetric Y‐Series Acceptors for Efficient Additive‐Insensitive and Intrinsically Stable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xia Xinxin , Mei Le , Sun Rui , Li Shuixing , Chen Chun‐Yu , Lin Jhih‐Min , Min Jie , Chen Hongzheng , Chen Xian‐Kai , Lu Xinhui
Published: February 2024

Organic solar cells (OSCs) hold immense potential as renewable energy sources, but the performance‐stability conundrum remains a major obstacle on the road to OSC commercialization. To address this, in this study, molecular packing behaviors of representative state‐of‐the‐art Y‐series non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are studied, focusing on their terminal group symmetries. Utilizing grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, the distinct crystalline packing structure of these NFAs is revealed. Remarkably, NFAs with asymmetric terminals exhibited excellent additive insensitivity and thermal stability for their crystalline structure, unlike their symmetric counterparts. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stable and robust crystalline feature of asymmetric NFAs and attributed to their large molecular dipole moments. These findings showed the great potential of asymmetric NFAs in fabricating efficient and intrinsically stable additive‐free OSC devices for real applications.
Microglia measured by TSPO PET are associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology and mediate key steps in a disease progression model
Authors: Rossano Samantha M. , Johnson Aubrey S. , Smith Anna , Ziaggi Galen , Roetman Andrew , Guzman Diana , Okafor Amarachukwu , Klein Julia , Tomljanovic Zeljko , Stern Yaakov , Brickman Adam M. , Lee Seonjoo , Kreisl William C. , Lao Patrick
Published: February 2024

INTRODUCTION

Evidence suggests microglial activation precedes regional tau and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We characterized microglia with translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) within an AD progression model where global amyloid beta (Aβ) precedes local tau and neurodegeneration, resulting in cognitive impairment.

METHODS

Florbetaben, PBR28, and MK‐6240 PET, T1 magnetic resonance imaging, and cognitive measures were performed in 19 cognitively unimpaired older adults and 22 patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild AD to examine associations among microglia activation, Aβ, tau, and cognition, adjusting for neurodegeneration. Mediation analyses evaluated the possible role of microglial activation along the AD progression model.

RESULTS

Higher PBR28 uptake was associated with higher Aβ, higher tau, and lower MMSE score, independent of neurodegeneration. PBR28 mediated associations between tau in early and middle Braak stages, between tau and neurodegeneration, and between neurodegeneration and cognition.

DISCUSSION

Microglia are associated with AD pathology and cognition and may mediate relationships between subsequent steps in AD progression.
Electrochemical Ni‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp3)−N Cross‐Electrophile Coupling
Authors: Cai Yue‐Ming , Liu Xiao‐Ting , Xu Lin‐Lin , Shang Ming
Published: February 2024

A new electrochemical transformation is presented that enables chemists to couple simple alkyl carboxylic acid derivatives with an electrophilic amine reagent to construct C(sp3)−N bond. The success of this reaction hinges on the merging of cooperative electrochemical reduction with nickel catalysis. The chemistry exhibits a high degree of practicality, showcasing its wide applicability with 1°, 2°, 3° carboxylic acids and remarkable compatibility with diverse functional groups, even in the realm of late‐stage functionalization. Furthermore, extensive mechanistic studies have unveiled the engagement of alkyl radicals and iminyl radicals; and elucidated the multifaceted roles played by iPr2O, Ni catalyst, and electricity.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Mono‐N‐Methylation of Aliphatic Primary Amines without the Requirement of External High‐Hydrogen Pressure
Authors: Ji Jiale , Huo Yinghao , Dai Zhaowen , Chen Zhening , Tu Tao
Published: February 2024

The synthesis of mono‐N‐methylated aliphatic primary amines has traditionally been challenging, requiring noble metal catalysts and high‐pressure H2 for achieving satisfactory yields and selectivity. Herein, we developed an approach for the selective coupling of methanol and aliphatic primary amines, without high‐pressure hydrogen, using a manganese‐based catalyst. Remarkably, up to 98 % yields with broad substrate scope were achieved at low catalyst loadings. Notably, due to the weak base‐catalyzed alcoholysis of formamide intermediates, our novel protocol not only obviates the addition of high‐pressure H2 but also prevents side secondary N‐methylation, supported by control experiments and density functional theory calculations.
Enantioselective Construction of C−SCF3 Stereocenters via Nickel Catalyzed Asymmetric Negishi Coupling Reaction
Authors: Hu Duo‐Duo , Nie Tian‐Mei , Xiao Xi , Li Kuiliang , Li Yuan‐Bo , Gao Qian , Bi Yu‐Xiang , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: February 2024

The construction of the SCF3‐containing 1,1‐diaryl tertiary carbon stereocenters with high enantioselectivities is reported via a nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric C−C coupling strategy. This method demonstrates simple operations, mild conditions and excellent functional group tolerance, with newly designed SCF3‐containing synthon, which can be easily obtained from commercially available benzyl bromide and trifluoromethylthio anion in a two‐step manner. Further substrate exploration indicated that the reaction system could be extended to diverse perfluoroalkyl sulfide (SC2F5, SC3F7, SC4F9, SCF2CO2Et)‐substituted 1,1‐diaryl compounds with excellent enantioselectivities. The synthetic utility of this transformation was further demonstrated by convenient derivatization to optical SCF3‐containing analogues of bioactive compounds without an apparent decrease in enantioselectivity.
Post‐transfusion purpura after cardiac surgery associated with veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation*
Authors: Lovisari F. , Gonzenbach T. , Hemmaway C. , Sadani D. , Hogan M.
Published: February 2024

We report the case of a woman who developed post‐transfusion purpura following complicated cardiac surgery requiring multiple blood product transfusions and extracorporeal life support. This case highlights the challenges of managing thrombocytopenia in patients supported with prolonged mechanical cardiovascular and renal support with ongoing blood product transfusion requirements. The differential diagnoses are broad, varied and may overlap. Whilst post‐transfusion purpura is very rare, clinical signs may prompt consideration and further specific diagnostic testing. Once confirmed, management is then specific, with some aspects which are at direct variance with standard intensive care and extracorporeal life support guidelines for the management of non‐specific thrombocytopenia. Consideration of the diagnosis of post‐transfusion purpura early in the clinical course could help anticipate and prevent a vicious cycle of bleeding, transfusion and autoimmune‐mediated platelet disruption, and may improve clinical outcomes.
Natural gas dehydration membranes prepared by incorporating environmentally friendly metal‐organic framework MIP‐202 into polyetherimide
Authors: Zhang Xiaocan , Zeng Siqin , Long Jiashu , Li Xuesong , Zhao Yutong
Published: February 2024

Using porous materials to selectively adsorb H2O from natural gas is a promising method to dehydrate methane (CH4). The structure of a Zirconium metal‐organic framework (Zr‐MOF), namely, MIP‐202, features a high density of amino groups, which can produce strong hydrogen bonding with H2O molecules. MIP‐202 is cost‐effective, green and scalable, and it exhibits good chemical stability under various conditions. This work incorporated MIP‐202 nanoparticles into the high permeability polymer polyetherimide (PEI), and the obtained Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) was used for the gas separation of H2O/CH4. It is found that MMMs loaded with 20 wt% of MIP‐202 demonstrated a high H2O/CH4 selectivity of 832.2, which was about 760 times of that of the pure PEI. This approach offers a new route to fabricate functional membranes for energy‐efficient gas separations.
Polyurethane hard domain composed of mixed hard segments
Authors: Wang Zhihong , Li Lixia , Yang Kai , Wang Dongqi , Zhao Xin , Cheng Sisi , Fu Meishan , Han Lijing , Zhang Ruoyu
Published: February 2024

The packing of hard segment in polyurethane hard domain has not been resolved or seen clearly yet. In this work, we prepared polyurethane blends, which were composed of different weight ratios of crystallizable 1195A and non‐crystallizable EG85A, to study the structural evolution and crystallization in mixed hard domain. Time and temperature dependent differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x‐ray diffraction results were used to record the micro‐phase evolution and crystallization processes. It was very surprising to find that the multiple melting temperatures in these blends were similar. We deduced that the packing of hard segment tended to separate into different groups, probably dependent on their segmental length. The crystalline nucleus was consist of 1195A hard segments with similar length, and the out‐layer structure was consisted of mixed hard segments of varying lengths. The FTIR results demonstrated that crystallinity did not affect the degree of hydrogen bonding association (HBA), and the stacking of hard segments may be only differed in the degree of ordering. Moreover, the degree of HBA of the blends was always higher than the calculated number based on weight ratio of pure samples.
Effect of raster angle on the fracture properties of additively manufactured ABS via essential work of fracture
Authors: Rajaee Pouya , Ashenai Ghasemi Faramarz , Sajjadi Seyyed Ali , Fasihi Mohammad
Published: February 2024

The increasing application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology across various sectors has sparked significant interest in characterizing 3D‐printed components. An essential aspect of achieving fracture‐resistant designs is gaining a comprehensive understanding of the fracture behavior exhibited by these components. While most studies have focused on linear‐elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the post‐yield fracture behavior (PYFM) of 3D‐printed components. As a result, this study aims to fill this gap by investigating the impact of raster angle, a critical parameter influencing fracture properties and often leading to premature failures, on the fracture properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using essential work of fracture (EWF). Outcomes showed that by changing lay‐ups from [90]5 to [0]5, the value of we or elastic work increased by nearly 306%. Further, the maximum and minimum values of the plastic work (βwp) were for [45/−45/45/−45/45] and [90]5 lay‐ups, in order. By changing lay‐ups from [90]5 to [45/−45/45/−45/45], the value of βwp increased by approximately 216%. In addition, the fractured surfaces of tested samples are also analyzed to provide insights into the dominant failure mechanisms for different raster angles.
The tympanoperiotic complex of the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
Authors: Bisconti Michelangelo , Bosselaers Mark , Locatelli Camille , Carnevale Giorgio , Lambert Olivier
Published: February 2024

The tympanoperiotic complex of a blue whale Balaenoptera musculus is described and compared to the homologous structures in the other extant and fossil baleen whale species. The periotic and the tympanic bulla represent informative anatomical regions in both functional and phylogenetic studies and for this reason a micro‐CT scan of the bones was performed in order to better characterize their external aspect and to reconstruct the inner structures. In particular, the cochlea, the semicircular canals and associated portions of the periotic are reconstructed so that these structures may be used in phylogenetic analyses. We observed that the blue whale periotic is characterized by the presence of a strong dorsal protrusion which is posteriorly bordered by a previously undescribed morphological character that we name the posterotransverse fossa. The peculiar shape of the anterior process and the en echelon organization of the posterior foramina of the pars cochlearis are also described and compared. From a phylogenetic perspective, the blue whale is confirmed to be closely related to the fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus, but it is suggested, based on ear bone characters only, that it diverged before the other balaenopterid species in the phylogeny of Balaenopteridae. This placement supports a series of morphological observations suggesting that the extant blue whale was an early‐diverging member of Balaenoptera. Our results help to decipher the evolutionary origin of the blue whale, the largest living animal, by allowing new and more detailed morphological analyses of the balaenopterid fossil record.
Novel iterative cubature Kalman filters under maximum correntropy criterion for the robust state estimation
Authors: Lu Tao , Zhou Weidong , Hu Yue , Tong Shun
Published: February 2024

The cubature Kalman filter (CKF) based on maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) is robust under non‐Gaussian noises, but it may encounter numerical problems when there are large outliers. First, based on the MCC and weighted least square (WLS) methods, a new cost function is introduced to calculate the state and covariance updates, which can better solve numerical problems caused by large outliers. Then, a nonlinear measurement function is used, and the measurement information is updated through the latest iterative values, which can obtain more accurate results under various non‐Gaussian noises. In addition, the Gauss–Newton, Levenberg–Marquardt, and Quasi–Newton methods are used, and three iterative algorithms named GN‐IMCC‐CKF, LM‐IMCC‐CKF, and QN‐IMCC‐CKF are respectively derived for the updating steps. Compared with the existing algorithms, the simulation results of two classical models show that the proposed algorithms have better numerical stability and estimation accuracy under non‐Gaussian systems.
Investigation of a transient increase in omphalocele prevalence in a birth cohort of TRICARE beneficiaries
Authors: Lanning Jackielyn , Magallon Sandra Michelle , Bukowinski Anna T. , Gumbs Gia R. , Conlin Ava Marie S. , Hall Clinton
Published: February 2024

Background

The Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Research (BIHR) program leverages medical encounter data to conduct birth defect surveillance among infants born to military families. Omphalocele is a major abdominal wall defect with an annual prevalence of ~2 per 10,000 births in BIHR data, but an unexpected increase was observed during 2017–2019, reaching 6.4 per 10,000 births in 2018. To investigate this transient increase in prevalence, this study aimed to validate the omphalocele case algorithm among infants born 2016–2021.

Methods

Omphalocele cases were identified by ICD‐10 code Q79.2 (exomphalos) on one inpatient or two outpatient infant encounter records and validated using parental and infant electronic health records. Characteristics of true and false positive cases were assessed using bivariate analyses and compared over time.

Results

Of 638,905 live births from 2016 to 2021, 230 met the ICD‐10 case definition for omphalocele; 138 (60.0%) cases were eligible for validation, of which 68 (49.3%) were true positives. The geometric mean time from birth to first ICD‐10 omphalocele diagnosis was 1.1 (standard error [SE] 0.1) days for true positives and 11.9 (SE 3.1) days for false positives. Among the 70 false positives, 36 (51.4%) were cases of confirmed umbilical hernia; rates of umbilical hernia and delayed omphalocele diagnoses (>30 days after birth) were elevated among false positives during 2017–2019.

Conclusions

Higher misuse of ICD‐10 code Q79.2 during 2017–2019 likely influenced the associated increase in omphalocele prevalence. Timing of diagnosis should be considered for omphalocele case definitions using medical encounter data.
A colorimetric detection of dopamine in urine and serum based on the CeO2@ZIF‐8/Cu‐CDs laccase‐like nanozyme activity
Authors: Yin Qinhong , Wang Yutong , Yang Dezhi , Yang Yaling , Zhu Yanqin
Published: February 2024

This study reports a sensitive and selective colorimetric approach for the analysis of dopamine (DA) based on CeO2@ZIF‐8/Cu‐CDs laccase‐like nanozymes activity. The CeO2@ZIF‐8/Cu‐CDs was synthesized using cerium oxide (CeO2) and copper‐doped carbon dots (Cu‐CDs) with 2‐methylimidazole by a facilely hydrothermal approach. The CeO2@ZIF‐8/Cu‐CDs exhibited excellent laccase‐like nanozymes activity and can oxidize the colorless substrate (DA) to red product with 4‐aminoantipyrine as the chromogenic agent. The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and the maximal velocity (Vmax) of CeO2@ZIF‐8/Cu‐CDs are 0.20 mM and 1.48 μM/min, respectively. The detection method has a linear range of 0.05–7.5 μg/mL and a detection limit as low as 8.5 ng/mL with good reproducibility. The developed colorimetric sensor was applied to rapid and precise quantitative evaluation of DA levels in serum and urine samples. This study presents a new approach for detecting biological molecules by utilizing the controlled regulation of nanozymes' laccase‐like activity.
Clinical characteristics of persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness and its visual subtype in Korean patients: A multicenter cross‐sectional study
Authors: Park Joo Hyun , Nguyen Thanh Tin , Kim Sung‐Hee , Park Ji‐Yun , Na Seunghee , Jeon Eun‐Ju , Seo Ji won , Cho Chang Gun , Oh Se‐Joon , Choi Sung‐Won , Choi Kwang‐Dong , Choi Seo‐Young , Choi Ji Eun , Hong Sung‐Kwang , Chung Won‐Ho , Cho Young Sang , Lee Hwan Ho , An Yong‐Hwi , Han Kyu‐Hee , Lee Hyung , Kim Hyun Ah , Lee Ho Yun , Lee Jong‐Dae , Lee Se A , Oh Sun‐Young
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a chronic functional vestibular disorder for which the Bárány Society has established diagnostic criteria. This nationwide multicenter study aims to investigate the clinical features of individuals with definite PPPD and clinical variant PPPD who do not fully meet the diagnostic criteria, with a particular focus on visual exaggeration.

Methods

Between September 2020 and September 2021, a total of 76 individuals with definite PPPD and 109 individuals with clinical variant PPPD who did not meet all three exacerbating factors outlined in Criterion B were recruited from 18 medical centers in South Korea. The study gathered information on demographic factors, clinical manifestations, balance scales, and personality assessments.

Results

Comparative analysis between groups with definite PPPD and clinical variant with visual exacerbation revealed no significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics, clinical course, dizziness impact, and specific precipitants. Only disease duration was significantly longer in definite PPPD compared with variant with visual exacerbation. However, the variant without visual exacerbation displayed significantly reduced rates of panic disorder, diminished space‐motion discomfort, lesser impact of dizziness, and decreased prevalence of depression when compared with the definitive PPPD.

Conclusion

This is the first comprehensive nationwide study examining clinical features of both definite PPPD patients and its clinical variants, considering visual exacerbating factors. Differences in dizziness and personality traits emerged between definite PPPD and its potential variant without visual issues. Our results highlight the possibility of a distinct clinical variant of PPPD influenced by visual dependency.
Carbon ion irradiation exerts antitumor activity by inducing cGAS–STING activation and immune response in prostate cancer‐bearing mice
Authors: Hu Wei , Zhang Zhenshan , Xue Yushan , Ning Renli , Guo Xiaomao , Sun Yun , Zhang Qing
Published: February 2024

Background and Purpose

As an advanced radiotherapy technique, carbon ion radiotherapy has demonstrated good efficacy and low toxicity for prostate cancer patients, but the radiobiological mechanism of killing tumor cells has not been fully elucidated. This study aims to explore the antitumor effects of carbon ion irradiation (CIR) through investigating the immune response induced by CIR in prostate cancer‐bearing mice and the underlying molecular mechanism.

Materials and Methods

We established subcutaneous transplantation tumor models of prostate cancer to evaluate the tumor inhibition effect of CIR. Investigation of immunophenotype alterations were assessed by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence, western blot, and real‐time quantitative PCR was employed to analyze the activation of cGAS–STING pathway.

Results

CIR showed more powerful tumor growth control than photon irradiation in immunocompetent syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. CIR exerts antitumor effect by triggering immune response, characterized by increased CD4+ T cells and macrophages in tumor, enhanced CD8+ T cells and T effector memory cells in spleen, improved IFN‐γ production of CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes, and reduced exhausted T cells in tumor and spleen. Additionally, production of cytoplasmic double‐stranded DNA, protein levels of p‐TBK1 and p‐IRF3 in the cGAS–STING pathway, and gene expression levels of downstream interferon‐stimulated genes were significantly increased after CIR in a dose‐dependent manner. Treatment of RM1 tumor‐bearing mice with the STING inhibitor C‐176 impaired the antitumor effect of CIR.

Conclusion

The excellent antitumor activity of CIR in immunocompetent prostate cancer‐bearing C57BL/6 mice may be attributed to stronger induction of antitumor immune response and higher activation of cGAS–STING pathway.
α‐Umpolung/Michael Addition/Quaternization Tandem Reaction to provide α‐Imido‐β‐phosphonium Propanoates with Broad Spectrum of Biological Activity
Authors: Il'in Anton V. , Anisimova Kristina S. , Bogdanov Andrei V. , Shulaeva Marina P. , Pozdeev Oskar K. , Babaeva Olga B. , Voloshina Alexandra D. , Serov Nikita Yu. , Bukharov Mikhail S. , Islamov Daut R.
Published: February 2024

This paper has been supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (‚PRIORITY‐2030‘). HRMS data were obtained in the CSF‐SAC FRC KSC RAS by support of the State Assignment of the Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center”, Russian Academy of Sciences. A.D.V, conducted studies of anticancer activity with financial support form the government assignment for FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS.
A stepwise approach to coronary artery stenting in acute type A aortic dissection
Authors: Singh Kuljit , Niranjan Selva , Hibbert Benjamin , Taramasso Maurizio
Published: February 2024

We present three cases of acute coronary obstruction postsurgical repair of type A aortic dissection, which were successfully treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. We describe a step‐by‐step approach to performing percutaneous coronary intervention in selective cases of coronary obstruction related to type A aortic dissection.
Effect of Variable Amine Pendants in the Secondary Coordination Sphere of Manganese Bipyridine Complexes on the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Hong Wanwan , Jakobsen Joakim B. , Golo Dusanka , Madsen Monica R. , Ahlquist Mårten S. G. , Skrydstrup Troels , Pedersen Steen U. , Daasbjerg Kim
Published: February 2024

The increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and its impact on the climate are matters of significant concern. Extensive research is being conducted on molecular catalysts to electrochemically reduce CO2 into valuable products to disrupt the unidirectional carbon flow. This study compares two manganese bipyridine catalysts, tailored with four or two benzylic diethylamine groups in the secondary coordination sphere. Either of these amine‐bearing scaffolds positioned close to the Mn center serves as effective proton relays to facilitate the formation of the corresponding Mn hydride intermediate. Alongside competitive H2 evolution, the reaction of this crucial intermediate with CO2 leads to formate. Our findings underscore the pronounced influence of external Brønsted acids on product selectivity. Notably, when employing the catalyst bearing four amine groups, the HCOO−/H2 ratio varies from 81 : 3 with 1.0 M iPrOH to 16 : 64 with 1.0 M PhOH, while the Mn complex adorned with two amine pendant groups consistently favors HCOO−, irrespective of the utilized proton sources. Infrared spectroelectrochemistry and density‐functional theory calculations unveil distinct disparities in the reactivity of the Mn hydrides toward CO2 due to the change of ligand bulkiness in the two cases. This work substantiates the importance of modulating spatial accessibility while modifying the second sphere encompassing molecular catalysts.
Photoswitching in a Liquid Crystalline Pt(II) Coordination Complex
Authors: Wang Dan , Chen Jie , Wang Yixuan , Hao Xingtian , Peng Haiyan , Liao Yonggui , Zhou Xingping , Smalyukh Ivan I. , Xie Xiaolin
Published: February 2024

Photoswitching of photoluminescence has sparked tremendous research interests for super‐resolution imaging, high‐security‐level anti‐counterfeiting, and other high‐tech applications. However, the excitation of photoluminescence is usually ready to trigger the photoswitching process, making the photoluminescence readout unreliable. Herein, we report a new photoswitch by the marriage of spiropyran with platinum(II) coordination complex. Viable photoluminescence can be achieved upon excitation by 480 nm visible light while the photoswitching can be easily triggered by 365 nm UV light. The feasible photoswitching may be benefited from the formed liquid crystalline (LC) phase of the designed photoswitch as a crystalline spiropyran is normally unable to implement photoswitching. Compared to the counterparts, this LC photoswitch can show distinct and reliable apparent colors and emission colors before and after photoswitching, which may promise the utility in high‐security‐level anti‐counterfeiting and other advanced information technologies.
Assessing the efficacy of three bio‐based flocculants in the reclamation of spent lubricating oil
Authors: Sarkar Sayantan , Datta Deepshikha , Saha Shouvik , Das Bimal
Published: February 2024

The current study encompasses a comprehensive assessment of three biopolymeric flocculants on the overall performance of recycling waste lubricating oil to achieve a higher percentage recovery, flocculation efficacy, and better quality of recovered base oil. The findings reveal that with experimental conditions such as (i) mixing time of 80 min; (ii) agitation speed of 400 rpm; (iii) reaction temperature 50°C; (iv) solvent to waste oil ratio 3:1 g/g; and (v) flocculant dosage 1 g/ kg of solvents, 1‐butanol and sodium alginate gives highest percentage yield of 91% followed by corn starch of 89.10% and xanthan gum of 87.18% as bio‐polymer flocculant. The effects of various process parameters of bio‐flocculants on flocculation efficiency are expounded. With the process parameters of (i) initial pH of 5.9, 6.0, and 6.2; (ii) mixing time − 59, 60, and 63 min; and (iii) solution temperature of 59, 60, and 62.2°C, maximum flocculation efficacy (% sludge removal) of 16.24%, 13.01%, and 14.09% were attained for the cases of refined oil treated with sodium alginate, corn starch, and xanthan gum, respectively. Results also reveal that the physicochemical properties of refined base oil treated with 1‐butanol and sodium alginate as bio flocculant are almost close to the virgin lubricating oil. The optimum recovery of high‐quality base oil with the adoption of green technology and solvent–bio flocculant combination can mitigate the environmental impact of waste oil and create an energy‐efficient sustainable condition for the regeneration of re‐refined base oil.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Humic‐Silica Composites by the Isolation of Humic Substances from Peat and Lignite
Authors: Nieweś Dominik , Biegun Marcin , Marecka Kinga , Hoffmann Józef
Published: February 2024

The aim of the presented study was to evaluate an integrated, direct procedure for the synthesis of humic‐silica composites (HSiC) by the isolation of humic substances (HS) from peat and lignite by the use of sodium silicate solution as an extractant. The obtained materials, because of the presence of humic functional groups, may potentially be used for removing contaminants from aqueous solutions. The quantitative assessment was based on experiments designed according to the Box‐Behnken plan. The statistical analysis of the results allowed to determine the optimal conditions of the process tested, for which the isolation efficiency of humic substances (HS) was greater than 50 % for both raw materials. This made it possible to synthesize humic silica composites with a high content of HS, which have been qualitatively evaluated. This step was focused on the analysis of the humic structure using elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods, and differential thermal analysis coupled with thermogravimetry. On the basis of them, the presence of structures characteristic for HS in the HSiC tested was observed. Moreover, the results of the thermal analysis pointed to the higher thermal stability of the synthesized compounds, compared to the HS isolated with the use of a traditional extractant.
Effect of Cr Segregation on Mechanical Behavior and Deformation Mechanism of Ni─Co─Cr Alloy
Authors: Bai Zhiyuan , Chen Boyu , Zhang Jiayin , Liu Di , Lu Xuefeng , Yang Dan , Li Junchen , Guo Xin
Published: February 2024

Ni─Co alloys have attracted extensive attention from materials researchers in recent years because of their excellent properties. The effect of solute segregation on the properties of the alloy is studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the yield strength increases from 2.8 to 3.5 GPa when the solute atom Cr is introduced into the grain boundary. Under the action of stress, the disorder of segregation grain boundary is enhanced, which hinders the growth of grain, produces less layer fault structure, and the peak number of HCP (Hexagonal Close Packed) atom decreases from 50 000 to 37 000. The introduction of solute atoms provides a strong support for the grain boundary and has a similar skeleton structure, which improves the deformation resistance of the lattice. In addition, the improved grain boundary stability leads to the difficulty of nucleation of the dislocation, because the obstruction of the grain boundary makes it difficult to activate the dislocation source in the adjacent grain, and the maximum reduction of the perfect dislocation is 74%. In general, the microscopic mechanism of solute segregation strengthening is discussed from dislocation, phase structure, and energy, which provides guidance for plastic deformation of solid‐solution alloys.
SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated T‐cell infiltration in the central nervous system
Authors: Mohme Malte , Schultheiß Christoph , Piffko Andras , Fitzek Antonia , Paschold Lisa , Thiele Benjamin , Püschel Klaus , Glatzel Markus , Westphal Manfred , Lamszus Katrin , Matschke Jakob , Binder Mascha
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Although an acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection mainly presents with respiratory illness, neurologic symptoms and sequelae are increasingly recognised in the long‐term treatment of COVID‐19 patients. The pathophysiology and the neuropathogenesis behind neurologic complications of COVID‐19 remain poorly understood, but mounting evidence points to endothelial dysfunction either directly caused by viral infection or indirectly by inflammatory cytokines, followed by a local immune response that may include virus‐specific T cells. However, the type and role of central nervous system‐infiltrating T cells in COVID‐19 are complex and not fully understood.

Methods

We analysed distinct anatomical brain regions of patients who had deceased as a result of COVID‐19‐associated pneumonia or complications thereof and performed T cell receptor Vβ repertoire sequencing. Clonotypes were analysed for SARS‐CoV‐2 association using public TCR repertoire data.

Results

Our descriptive study demonstrates that SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated T cells are found in almost all brain areas of patients with fatal COVID‐19 courses. The olfactory bulb, medulla and cerebellum were brain regions showing the most SARS‐CoV‐2 specific sequence patterns. Neuropathological workup demonstrated primary CD8+ T‐cell infiltration with a perivascular infiltration pattern.

Conclusion

Future research is needed to better define the relationship between T‐cell infiltration and neurological symptoms and its long‐term impact on patients' cognitive and mental health.