bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Organizational Research
Authors: Loued-Khenissi Leyla , Döll Olivia , Preuschoff Kerstin
Published: September 2018

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a galvanizing tool for behavioral scientists. It provides a means by which to see what the brain does while a person thinks, acts, or perceives, without invasive procedures. In this, fMRI affords us a relatively easy manner by which to peek under the hood of behavior and into the brain. Characterizing behavior with a neural correlate allows us to support or discard theoretical assumptions about the brain and behavior, to identify markers for individual and group differences. The increasing popularity of fMRI is facilitated by the apparent ease of data acquisition and analysis. This comes at a price: low signal-to-noise ratios, limitations in experimental design, and the difficulty in correctly applying and interpreting statistical tests are just a few of the pitfalls that have brought into question the reliability and validity of published fMRI data. Here, we aim to provide a general overview of the method, with an emphasis on fMRI and its analysis. Our goal is to provide the novice user with a comprehensive framework to get started on designing an imaging experiment in humans.
Sexy selves: Girls, selfies and the performance of intersectional identities
Authors: Naezer Marijke
Published: September 2018

Teen girls’ ‘sexy selfies’ have become highly politicised over the last years, and while feminist scholars have comprehensively analysed present day discourses about this topic, research about teen girls’ own reflections is still scarce. Studies that did include girls’ voices demonstrated how girls’ navigations of sexiness are related to the performance of gender and sexuality. The present article, which is based on ethnographic fieldwork among Dutch young people, contributes to and extends this strand of research by exploring how girls’ navigations of sexy selfies are related to the performance of not just gender and sexuality, but also other intersecting axes of social differentiation, including axes that have remained undertheorised such as smartness, maturity and popularity. Through their navigations of sexy selfies, girls perform complex, intersectional identities in interaction with dominant discourses about sexiness, the materiality of their bodies, their social position and the specific context of self(ie)-making practices. Involving this complexity in discussions about sexy selfies can create promising opportunities for interrogating social norms, stereotypes and power inequalities.
Simultaneous path planning and trajectory optimization for high-speed sorting system
Authors: Zhang Haojian , Su Tingting , Wu Shaohong , Zheng Jun , Wang Yunkuan
Published: September 2018

This article presents a strategy for efficient sorting path planning and trajectory optimization with multiple constraints. The proposed strategy is applicable to typical high-density sorting applications. It plans the sorting path while optimizing each trajectory. The total stroke traveled by the end effector to complete the sorting task is shortened, and the efficiency of the production line is correspondingly facilitated. Thus, this article designs bow-shaped trajectories by analyzing the work process of the production line to ensure the smooth transition of the end effector and bow-shaped trajectories are based on the starting point and the end point of each sorting action. The modified trapezoidal acceleration and deceleration algorithm is used to optimize each sorting trajectory, which ensures that each sorting action is executed quickly and stably. Simultaneously, the greedy strategy is applied to plan the sorting task, which further shortens the total stroke of the end effector and improves the efficiency of the production line. A specific cost function is also designed to improve the planning strategy to prevent the occurrence of missing materials and enhance the adaptability of the sorting system. In consideration of the efficiency of the sorting system is significantly improved by this approach, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in this article is thus verified compared with existing ones by experiments. In addition, the impact of the conveyor speed on the sorting system is also discussed.
Attitudes Toward Presidential Candidates in the 2012 and 2016 American Elections: Cognitive Ability and Support for Trump
Authors: Ganzach Yoav , Hanoch Yaniv , Choma Becky L.
Published: September 2018

Using data from the American National Election Studies, we investigated the relationship between cognitive ability and attitudes toward and actual voting for presidential candidates in the 2012 and 2016 U.S. presidential elections (i.e., Romney, Obama, Trump, and Clinton). Isolating this relationship from competing relationships, results showed that verbal ability was a significant negative predictor of support and voting for Trump (but not Romney) and a positive predictor of support and voting for Obama and Clinton. By comparing within and across the election years, our analyses revealed the nature of support for Trump, including that support for Trump was better predicted by lower verbal ability than education or income. In general, these results suggest that the 2016 U.S. presidential election had less to do with party affiliation, income, or education and more to do with basic cognitive ability.
Insiders and Outsiders
Authors: Vera Sanchez Claudio G. , Portillos Edwardo L.
Published: September 2018

A large body of literature utilizes a qualitative methodology to study the police in communities of color. Within this literature are discussions of ethical and access issues involved in researching the police, as well as how gender shapes access and interactions with officers. However, there is a scarcity of literature exploring how the race/ethnicity of the researcher influences research with law enforcement. This article involves an exploration of how Latino academics studied what is often described as a secretive population, using ride-alongs and semistructured interviews with police officers in Chicago, IL, and Phoenix, AZ. Our goal was not to become insiders but rather to explain the multiple ways in which being both insiders (e.g., males) and outsiders (e.g., nonpolice) shaped our experiences as Latino researchers. Further, we also describe the strategies we implemented to gain access and to ensure continued access even when observing activities by officers that were ethically and racially questionable. Moreover, we discuss how our Latino background introduced both advantages and disadvantages in the field, and the techniques we devised that ultimately helped us develop rapport with officers. As a result, our research approach allowed us to gather data that reflected multiple perspectives of how officers viewed the communities they policed.
Phase 1 study of pomalidomide and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory primary CNS or vitreoretinal lymphoma
Authors: Tun Han W. , Johnston Patrick B. , DeAngelis Lisa M. , Atherton Pamela J. , Pederson Levi D. , Koenig Patricia A. , Reeder Craig B. , Omuro Antonio M. Padula , Schiff David , O’Neill Brian , Pulido Jose , Jaeckle Kurt A. , Grommes Christian , Witzig Thomas E.
Published: September 2018

The combination of pomalidomide (POM) and dexamethasone (DEX) was evaluated for relapsed/refractory primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of POM as the primary objective, and overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and safety profile as secondary objectives. A cohorts-of-3 study design was used with a dose-escalation schedule consisting of POM (3, 5, 7, or 10 mg) orally daily for 21 days every 28 days and DEX 40 mg orally every week. After 2 cycles, POM was continued alone until disease progression, intolerance, or subject withdrawal. Following MTD determination, the MTD cohort was expanded. Twenty-five of 29 patients with the median of 3 prior treatments were eligible for assessment as per international PCNSL collaborative group criteria. The MTD of POM was 5 mg daily for 21 days every 28 days. Whole-study ORR was 48% (12 of 25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27.8%, 68.7%) with 6 complete response (CR), 2 complete response, unconfirmed (CRu), and 4 partial response (PR). MTD cohort ORR was 50% (8 of 16; 95% CI, 24.7%, 75.4%) with 5 CR, 1 CRu, and 2 PR. Median PFS was 5.3 months (whole study) and 9 months (for responders). One patient had pseudoprogression. Grade 3/4 hematologic toxicities included neutropenia (21%), anemia (8%), and thrombocytopenia (8%). Grade 3/4 nonhematologic toxicities included lung infection (12%), sepsis (4%), fatigue (8%), syncope (4%), dyspnea (4%), hypoxia (4%), respiratory failure (8%), and rash (4%). POM/DEX treatment is feasible with significant therapeutic activity against relapsed/refractory PCNSL and PVRL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01722305.
Molecular profiling reveals immunogenic cues in anaplastic large cell lymphomas with DUSP22 rearrangements
Authors: Luchtel Rebecca A. , Dasari Surendra , Oishi Naoki , Pedersen Martin Bjerregård , Hu Guangzhen , Rech Karen L. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Sidhu Jagmohan , Wang Xueju , Katoh Ryohei , Dogan Ahmet , Kip N. Sertac , Cunningham Julie M. , Sun Zhifu , Baheti Saurabh , Porcher Julie C. , Said Jonathan W. , Jiang Liuyan , Hamilton-Dutoit Stephen Jacques , Møller Michael Boe , Nørgaard Peter , Bennani N. Nora , Chng Wee-Joo , Huang Gaofeng , Link Brian K. , Facchetti Fabio , Cerhan James R. , d’Amore Francesco , Ansell Stephen M. , Feldman Andrew L.
Published: September 2018

Key Points

DUSP22-rearranged ALCLs belong to a distinct subset of ALCLs lacking activated STAT3. DUSP22-rearranged ALCLs have a unique molecular signature characterized by DNA hypomethylation and an immunogenic phenotype.
Making HSCs in vitro: don’t forget the hemogenic endothelium
Authors: Blaser Bradley W. , Zon Leonard I.
Published: September 2018

Generating a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in vitro from nonhematopoietic tissue has been a goal of experimental hematologists for decades. Until recently, no in vitro–derived cell has closely demonstrated the full lineage potential and self-renewal capacity of a true HSC. Studies revealing stem cell ontogeny from embryonic mesoderm to hemogenic endothelium to HSC provided the key to inducing HSC-like cells in vitro from a variety of cell types. Here we review the path to this discovery and discuss the future of autologous transplantation with in vitro–derived HSCs as a therapeutic modality.
Acute hyperviscosity: syndromes and management
Authors: Gertz Morie A.
Published: September 2018

Plasma hyperviscosity is a rare complication of both monoclonal and polyclonal disorders associated with elevation of immunoglobulins. Asymptomatic patients with an elevation in the serum viscosity do not require plasma exchange, and the majority will have other indications for therapeutic intervention. For patients with hemorrhagic or central nervous system manifestations, plasma exchange is the therapy of choice and is relatively safe. Viscosity measurements are not required to initiate therapy if the index of suspicion is high and the clinical presentation is typical. However, patients should have a sample sent for confirmation of the diagnosis. Whole-blood hyperviscosity is seen in patients with extreme elevation of the red cell and white cell count. Phlebotomy of patients with primary and secondary elevation of the red cell count is a well-established therapy.
G6b-B: the “Y’s” and wherefores
Authors: Newman Debra K.
Published: September 2018

In this issue of Blood, Hofmann et al and Geer et al describe signal-transducing properties of G6b-B that are required for normal platelet production by megakaryocytes in both humans and mice.1,2
EBV/LMP-specific T cells maintain remissions of T- and B-cell EBV lymphomas after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: McLaughlin Lauren P. , Rouce Rayne , Gottschalk Stephen , Torrano Vicky , Carrum George , Wu Meng-Fen , Hoq Fahmida , Grilley Bambi , Marcogliese Andrea M. , Hanley Patrick J. , Gee Adrian P. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Rooney Cliona M. , Heslop Helen E. , Bollard Catherine M.
Published: September 2018

There is a Blood Commentary on this article in this issue.
Chromosome Y–encoded antigens associate with acute graft-versus-host disease in sex-mismatched stem cell transplant
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Hu , Halagan Michael , Vierra-Green Cynthia , Heuer Michael , Brelsford Jason E. , Haagenson Michael , Scheuermann Richard H. , Telenti Amalio , Biggs William , Pearson Nathaniel M. , Udell Julia , Spellman Stephen , Maiers Martin , Kennedy Caleb J.
Published: September 2018

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a curative option for blood cancers, but the coupled effects of graft-versus-tumor and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) limit its broader application. Outcomes improve with matching at HLAs, but other factors are required to explain residual risk of GVHD. In an effort to identify genetic associations outside the major histocompatibility complex, we conducted a genome-wide clinical outcomes study on 205 acute myeloid leukemia patients and their fully HLA-A–, HLA-B–, HLA-C–, HLA-DRB1–, and HLA-DQB1–matched (10/10) unrelated donors. HLA-DPB1 T-cell epitope permissibility mismatches were observed in less than half (45%) of acute GVHD cases, motivating a broader search for genetic factors affecting clinical outcomes. A novel bioinformatics workflow adapted from neoantigen discovery found no associations between acute GVHD and known, HLA-restricted minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHAs). These results were confirmed with microarray data from an additional 988 samples. On the other hand, Y-chromosome–encoded single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 4 genes (PCDH11Y, USP9Y, UTY, and NLGN4Y) did associate with acute GVHD in male patients with female donors. Males in this category with acute GVHD had more Y-encoded variant peptides per patient with higher predicted HLA-binding affinity than males without GVHD who matched X-paralogous alleles in their female donors. Methods and results described here have an immediate impact for allo-HCT, warranting further development and larger genomic studies where MiHAs are clinically relevant, including cancer immunotherapy, solid organ transplant, and pregnancy.
Comparison of 7 Different Sensors for Detecting Low Respiratory Rates Using a Single Breath Detection Algorithm in Nonintubated, Sedated Volunteers
Authors: Ermer Sean , Brewer Lara , Orr Joe , Egan Talmage D. , Johnson Ken
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND:

Numerous technologies are used to monitor respiratory rates in nonintubated patients. No technology has emerged as the standard. The primary aim of this study was to assess the limits of agreement between a reference sensor signal (respiratory inductance plethysmography bands) and 7 alternative sensor signals (nasal capnometer, nasal pressure transducer, oronasal thermistor, abdominal accelerometer, transpulmonary electrical impedance, peritracheal microphone, and photoplethysmography) for measuring low respiratory rates in sedated, nonintubated, supine volunteers. A unified approach based on a single breath detection algorithm was applied to each sensor to facilitate comparison. We hypothesized that all of the sensor signals would allow detection of low (<10 breaths per minute) respiratory rates to within ±2 breaths per minute of the reference sensor signal.

METHODS:

Volunteers received remifentanil and propofol infusions at selected target concentration pairs to induce depression of ventilation. Signals from each sensor were analyzed by an identical threshold-based detection algorithm to compute the breathing rate. Bland-Altman limits of agreement and error rate analyses were used to characterize the performance of each sensor compared to the reference sensor.

RESULTS:

The analysis of the accelerometer and capnometer signals, using Bland-Altman and error rate analyses, showed the highest breath rate agreement (1.96 × standard deviation) of the 7 sensors with −2.1 to 2.2 and −2.5 to 2.7 breaths per minute, respectively. All other signals exhibited wider limits of agreement, with impedance being the widest at −7.8 to 7.4 breaths per minute. For the abdomen accelerometer, 95% of Bland-Altman data points were within ±2 breaths per minute. For the capnometer, 96% of data points were within ±2 breaths per minute. Nasal pressure, thermistor, and microphone all had >80% of data points within ±2 breaths per minute. Impedance and photoplethysmograph signals had 58% and 64%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

A unified approach can be applied to a variety of sensor signals to estimate respiratory rates in spontaneously breathing, nonintubated, sedated volunteers. However, detecting clinically relevant low respiratory rates (<6 breaths per minute) is a technical challenge. By our analysis, no single sensor was able to detect slow respiratory rates with adequate precision (<±2 breaths per minute of the reference signal). Of the sensors evaluated, capnometers and abdominal accelerometers may be the most reliable sensors for identifying hypopnea and central apnea.
Pilot Survey of Female Anesthesiologists’ Childbearing and Parental Leave Experiences
Authors: Pearson Amy C. S. , Dodd Sarah E. , Kraus Molly B. , Ondecko Ligda Kristin M. , Hertzberg Linda B. , Patel Perene V. , Chandrabose Rekha K.
Published: September 2018

While the literature regarding physicians’ childbearing experiences is growing, there are no studies documenting those of anesthesiologists. We surveyed a convenience sample of 72 female anesthesiologists to obtain pilot data. Sixty-six women completed the survey (91.7% response rate), reporting 113 total births from before 1990 to present. Of all birth experiences, proportions of respondents reporting parental leave, lactation facilities, and lactation duration as adequate were 52.3%, 45.2%, and 58.3%, respectively. Most mothers (51.8%) gave birth to their first child while they were trainees. The majority (94.9%) favored an official statement supporting parental leave. These results may serve as groundwork for larger studies.
Retrospective Cohort Study on the Optimal Timing of Orogastric Tube/Nasogastric Tube Insertion in Infants With Pyloric Stenosis
Authors: Lee Lisa K. , Burns Rebekah A. , Dhamrait Rajvinder S. , Carter Harmony F. , Vadi Marissa G. , Grogan Tristan R. , Elashoff David A. , Applegate Richard L. , Iravani Marc
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND:

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants can cause a buildup of gastric contents. Orogastric tubes (OGTs) or nasogastric tubes (NGTs) are often placed in patients with pyloric stenosis before surgical management to prevent aspiration. However, exacerbation of gastric losses may lead to electrolyte abnormalities that can delay surgery, and placement has been associated with increased risk of postoperative emesis. Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines regarding OGT/NGT placement in these patients. This study examines whether OGT/NGT placement before arrival in the operating room was associated with a longer time to readiness for surgery as defined by normalization of electrolytes. Secondary outcomes included time from surgery to discharge and ability to tolerate feeds by 6 hours postoperatively in patients with and without early OGT/NGT placement.

METHODS:

In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, data were extracted from the medical records of 481 patients who underwent pyloromyotomy for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis from March 2013 to June 2016. Multivariable linear regression and Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to evaluate the association between placement of an OGT/NGT at the time of admission with increased time to readiness for surgery (defined as the time from admission to the first set of normalized laboratory values) and increased time from surgery to discharge. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between early OGT/NGT placement and the ability to tolerate oral intake at 6 hours postsurgery. Analyses were adjusted for site differences.

RESULTS:

Among patients admitted with electrolyte abnormalities, those with an OGT/NGT placed on presentation required more time until their serum electrolytes were at acceptable levels for surgery by regression analysis (19.2 hours difference; 95% confidence interval, 10.05–28.41; P < .001), after adjusting for site. Overall, patients who had OGTs/NGTs placed before presentation in the operating room had a longer length of stay from surgery to discharge than those without (38.8 hours difference; 95% confidence interval, 25.35–52.31; P < .001), after adjusting for site. OGT/NGT placement before surgery was not associated with failure to tolerate oral intake within 6 hours of surgery after adjusting for site, corrected gestational age, and baseline serum electrolytes.

CONCLUSIONS:

OGT/NGT placement on admission for pyloric stenosis is associated with a longer time to electrolyte correction in infants with abnormal laboratory values on presentation and, subsequently, a longer time until they are ready for surgery. It is also associated with longer postoperative hospital stay but not an increased risk of feeding intolerance within 6 hours of surgical repair.
Spatial positioning of EB family proteins at microtubule tips involves distinct nucleotide-dependent binding properties
Authors: Roth Daniel , Fitton Benjamin P. , Chmel Nikola P. , Wasiluk Natalia , Straube Anne
Published: September 2018

EB proteins track the ends of growing microtubules and regulate microtubule dynamics both directly and by acting as the hub of the tip-tracking network. Mammalian cells express cell type-specific combinations of three EB proteins with different cellular roles. Here, we reconstitute EB1, EB2 and EB3 tip tracking in vitro. We find that all three EBs show rapid exchange at the microtubule tip and that their signal correlates to the microtubule assembly rate. However, the three signals differ in their maxima and position from the microtubule tip. Using microtubules built with nucleotide analogues and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that EB2 prefers binding to microtubule lattices containing a 1:1 mixture of different nucleotides and its distinct binding specificity is conferred by amino acid substitutions at the right-hand-side interface of the EB microtubule-binding domain with tubulin. Our data are consistent with the model that all three EB paralogues sense the nucleotide state of both β-tubulins flanking their binding site. Their different profile of preferred binding sites contributes to occupying spatially distinct domains at the temporally evolving microtubule tip structure.
Medical Care Spending and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Workers’ Compensation Reforms
Authors: Powell David , Seabury Seth
Published: September 2018

Medical care represents an important component of workers’ compensation benefits with the potential to improve health and post-injury labor outcomes, but little is known about the relationship between medical care spending and the labor outcomes of injured workers. We exploit the 2003–2004 California workers’ compensation reforms which reduced medical spending disproportionately for workers incurring low back injuries. We link administrative claims data to earnings records for injured workers and their uninjured coworkers. We find that workers with low back injuries experienced a 7.6 percent post-reform decline in medical care, and an 8.1 percent drop in post-injury earnings relative to other injured workers. (JEL I11, I12, I13, J24, J28, J31)
Learning from Others' Outcomes
Authors: Wolitzky Alexander
Published: September 2018

I develop a simple model of social learning in which players observe others’ outcomes but not their actions. A continuum of players arrives continuously over time, and each player chooses once-and-for-all between a safe action (which succeeds with known probability) and a risky action (which succeeds with fixed but unknown probability, depending on the state of the world). The actions also differ in their costs. Before choosing, a player observes the outcomes of K earlier players. There is always an equilibrium in which success is more likely in the good state, and this alignment property holds whenever the initial generation of players is not well informed about the state. In the case of an outcome-improving innovation (where the risky action may yield a higher probability of success), players take the correct action as K → ∞. In the case of a cost-saving innovation (where the risky action involves saving a cost but accepting a lower probability of success), inefficiency persists as K → ∞ in any aligned equilibrium. Whether inefficiency takes the form of under-adoption or over-adoption also depends on the nature of the innovation. Convergence of the population to equilibrium may be nonmonotone. (JEL D81, D83, O32, Q12, Q16)
The DEAD-box protein Dbp2p is linked to noncoding RNAs, the helicase Sen1p, and R-loops
Authors: Tedeschi Frank A. , Cloutier Sara C. , Tran Elizabeth J. , Jankowsky Eckhard
Published: September 2018

The DEAD-box RNA helicase Dbp2p is highly conserved in eukaryotes and has been implicated in transcription, ribosome biogenesis, mRNP assembly, nuclear export, and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) function. It is not understood how Dbp2p performs these seemingly unrelated biological roles. An important step toward addressing this question is the determination of cellular RNA binding sites of Dbp2p. Here, we identify transcriptome-wide RNA binding sites of Dbp2p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using UV-crosslinking, denaturing tandem affinity purification, and next generation sequencing. We find that Dbp2p crosslinks to mRNAs and ribosomal RNAs, and markedly to noncoding RNAs, including snoRNA, snRNAs, and tRNAs. In snoRNAs, Dbp2p preferentially crosslinks at sites near the 3′ ends. These sites coincide with regions where RNA–DNA hybrids (R-loops) form and with binding sites of Sen1p, another RNA helicase that functions in transcription termination and 3′ processing of noncoding RNAs. We show that Dbp2p interacts in an RNA-independent manner with Sen1p in vivo. Dbp2p crosslinks to tRNAs and other RNAs also at sites where R-loops form. Collectively, our data link Dbp2p to noncoding RNAs, Sen1p, and R-loops. The transcriptome-wide connection to R-loops provides a unifying theme for diverse cellular roles of Dbp2p.
Smaller clinical trials for decision making; a case study to show p-values are costly
Authors: Graves Nicholas , Barnett Adrian G. , Burn Edward , Cook David
Published: September 2018

Background: Clinical trials might be larger than needed because arbitrary levels of statistical confidence are sought in the results. Traditional sample size calculations ignore the marginal value of the information collected for decision making. The statistical hypothesis testing objective is misaligned with the goal of generating information necessary for decision-making. The aim of the present study was to show that for a case study clinical trial designed to test a prior hypothesis against an arbitrary threshold of confidence more participants were recruited than needed to make a good decision about adoption.

Methods: We used data from a recent RCT powered for traditional rules of statistical significance. The data were also used for an economic analysis to show the intervention led to cost-savings and improved health outcomes. Adoption represented a sensible investment for decision-makers. We examined the effect of reducing the trial’s sample size on the results of the statistical hypothesis-testing analysis and the conclusions that would be drawn by decision-makers reading the economic analysis.

Results: As the sample size reduced it became more likely that the null hypothesis of no difference in the primary outcome between groups would fail to be rejected. For decision-makers reading the economic analysis, reducing the sample size had little effect on the conclusion about whether to adopt the intervention. There was always high probability the intervention reduced costs and improved health.

Conclusions: Decision makers managing health services are largely invariant to the sample size of the primary trial and the arbitrary p-value of 0.05. If the goal is to make a good decision about whether the intervention should be adopted widely, then that could have been achieved with a much smaller trial. It is plausible that hundreds of millions of research dollars are wasted each year recruiting more participants than required for RCTs.
Acute pancreatitis
Authors: Пугаев Андрей , Pugaev Andrey , Ачкасов Евгений , Achkasov Evgeniy
Published: September 2018

The monograph devoted to the problem of acute pancreatitis consistently highlights the issues of anatomy and physiology of the pancreas, etiology, pathogenesis and classification of acute inflammation of the pancreas. Particular attention is paid to determining the severity of the course and prognosis of the disease. The clinical picture and modern approaches to treatment, including the features of suppression of secretory activity of the pancreas, taking into account the severity of the disease, are presented. The section on the tactics of protein-water-energy supply of patients with acute pancreatitis as the basis of metabolic support of patients is presented in detail. The components of complete parenteral nutrition and the duration of its implementation in acute pancreatitis were determined. Attention is drawn to the timing of minimally invasive interventions for uninfected and infected post-necrotic fluid formations, as well as the timing of drainage of purulent lesions of the pancreas and retroperitoneal tissue.
The book is intended for General surgeons, residents enrolled in the specialty "Surgery", therapists, may be useful to doctors of other specialties and senior students of higher medical schools.
New Formulations of the Stochastic User Equilibrium with Logit Route Choice as an Extension of the Deterministic Model
Authors: Gentile Guido
Published: September 2018

This paper addresses the stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) in the case where the route choice is the multinomial logit model (MNL). Our main finding is that MNL SUE can be formulated and solved as an immediate extension of the deterministic user equilibrium (DUE) through a particular application of Wardrop’s first principle. The latter states, in general, that at equilibrium, the cost of all used routes is equal and not higher than those of unused routes. The extension is achieved by applying this statement to the “perceived cost” of a choice alternative, which is defined here as its generalized cost plus the logarithm of its choice probability multiplied by the logit parameter. Thus, substituting in DUE models the generalized costs with the perceived costs allows to easily adapt to MNL SUE the existing formulations and algorithms for DUE, as well as to manage a smooth transition of the route choice model from stochastic to deterministic by reducing the logit parameter down to zero. Particular consideration is devoted to the interpretation of the numerical solution as a restricted logit model, where only sufficiently good alternatives receive a positive probability. A family of MNL SUE models is then presented ranging from nonlinear optimization to variational inequalities and fixed-point problems, with both explicit and implicit path enumeration. A range of numerical tests is presented with the aim of assessing the continuity of the model results for decreasing logit parameter and proving the applicability of the proposed approach to real size networks, with particular emphasis on the performance and convergence of the methods.
Dentistry in Spain
Authors: de la Cruz Javier
Published: September 2018

Continuing the series on dentistry around the world commissioned by Eschmann. Javier de la Cruz, principal GDP at the Bordon Clinic in Madrid, reviews a typical day at his practice
Is it in the patient's best interests?
Authors: Collier Andrew
Published: September 2018

Patients may request treatment, but what if it is not in their best interests? Andrew Collier looks at the dilemmas dental teams can face and offers some tips
A literature review on end-of-life care among Korean Americans
Authors: K Park Hye-young , C Hendrix Cristina
Published: September 2018

Background:

The increasing population of Korean Americans in the US makes it mandatory to develop and provide culturally competent end-of-life (EOL) care for this population.

Aims:

To synthesize previous studies on Korean Americans and their end-of-life (EOL) care.

Method:

Four databases (Cinahl, PsycInfo, PubMed, and SocIndex) were searched and 11 articles were selected for review.

Results:

Korean Americans tend to avoid EOL communication, and instead hope that their families would know about their wishes, without discussing them directly. Korean Americans consider advance directives unnecessary, and only a few Korean Americans use advance directives to lessen the burden of their family's decision-making. Many Korean Americans are unaware of what EOL care provides, which may explain why they seldom use it.

Conclusion:

Providers should discuss EOL care with Korean Americans and tell them what it entails. However, the discussion should be culturally tailored and involve family members whenever possible.
Illegal off-rolling of students: Yet more evidence emerges
Authors: Hughes Robin
Published: September 2018

With schools already under scrutiny in England, new figures suggest hundreds of year 11 pupils are being ‘off-rolled’ in Wales
Curriculum design and delivery: Part 4
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: September 2018

Continuing his quest for a broad and balanced curriculum, Matt Bromley looks back at the curriculum to which Shakespeare was exposed while at school in Stratford…
Teaching pupils with SEN
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: September 2018

Every child is different and there is no such thing as a typical SEN pupil. However, by sticking to some basic principles of good teaching, we can offer effective support to ensure our SEN learners make progress. Matt Bromley explains
Use of a DPSS Er:YAG laser for the selective removal of composite from tooth surfaces
Authors: Fried William A. , Chan Kenneth H. , Darling Cynthia L. , Fried Daniel
Published: September 2018

New diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) Er:YAG lasers have become available operating at high pulse repetition rates. These lasers are ideally suited for integration with laser scanning systems for the selective removal of dental decay and composite restorative materials from tooth surfaces. The purpose of this study was to determine if a DPSS Er:YAG laser system is suitable for the selective removal of composite from tooth surfaces. Relative ablation rates of composite and enamel were determined and composite was removed from tooth surfaces using a DPSS Er:YAG laser. Composite was removed very rapidly with ablation rates approaching 50-µm per pulse. A fluence of ~50 J/cm2 appeared optimal for the removal of composite and damage to the enamel was limited to less than 100-µm after the removal of composite as thick as 700-800-µm; however, dentin is removed at similar rates to composite. The DPSS Er:YAG laser appears to be better suited for the removal of composite than conventional flash-lamp pumped Er:YAG lasers since composite is ablated at higher rates than dental enamel and the high pulse repetition rates enable greater selectivity while maintaining high removal rates.
Resíduos sólidos da Gastronomia: estudo de caso em uma escola de Gastronomia
Authors: Prates Maria Pires , Conto Suzana Maria De
Published: September 2018

As pesquisas relacionadas à geração de resíduos sólidos e ao desperdício de alimentos são importantes para definir e integrar planos de gerenciamento desses resíduos na gestão de empreendimentos gastronômicos. Este estudo analisou a geração dos resíduos sólidos na Escola de Gastronomia da Universidade de Caxias do Sul. Foram realizadas observações diretas e caracterizações dos resíduos sólidos gerados na Escola durante sete semanas. Constatou-se que diferentes fatores influenciam na geração de resíduos e no desperdício de alimentos, destacando-se as particularidades das diferentes culinárias e dos ingredientes e o porcionamento das receitas. Conclui-se que a temática dos resíduos sólidos deve ser internalizada no serviço de alimentação e nas escolas de gastronomia, possibilitando aos alunos, aos professores e aos gestores refletir sobre o planejamento das atividades, movidos pela prevenção ou pela redução dos impactos ambientais decorrentes desse setor.
Hotéis boutique: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Tavares Fernando Oliveira , Brea José António Fraiz
Published: September 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema dos hotéis boutique, perceber as caraterísticas deste tipo de indústria, conhecer a literatura internacional sobre o assunto e perceber quais as variáveis e os fatores importantes para os clientes neste gênero de hotel. Neste artigo é efetuada a caraterização dos hotéis boutique. Caraterizam-se o seu ambiente, o tipo de clientes, a atmosfera deste setor hoteleiro, a qualidade dos serviços e o seu design. Conclui-se que os fatores determinantes desta indústria são a exclusividade, o caráter único da propriedade, o ambiente especial e restrito do alojamento, os elevados padrões de qualidade oferecidos, a cultura e disponibilidade do staff e a localização e arquitetura única.
Emissões de Dióxido de Carbono (CO2) dos visitantes em Unidades de Conservação (UCs) de diferentes categorias no Estado do Piauí (Brasil)
Authors: Melo Rodrigo De Sousa , Monteiro Maria Do Socorro Lira , Brito Adriana Santos
Published: September 2018

Este artigo comparou as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) dos visitantes de duas Unidades de Conservação (UCs) de diferentes categorias no estado do Piauí, uma de Proteção Integral (Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades) e outra de Uso Sustentável (APA do Delta do Parnaíba) como forma de avaliar os impactos do turismo nas referidas localidades frente à emergente crise climática global. A metodologia alicerçou-se no inventário de emissões de CO2 propostos pelo IPCC (2006) e DEFRA (2012). Os resultados indicaram que as emissões dos visitantes nas UCs derivaram sobretudo do consumo de combustíveis fósseis, como a gasolina e o diesel, no deslocamento e na visita às UCs, pois os visitantes adotaram o carro de passeio e o ônibus como principais meios de transporte, já as emissões decorrentes da produção de resíduos sólidos foram menos significativas. Tal cenário demonstrou que as emissões descritas podem ser minimizadas com a adoção de medidas gerenciais, tecnológicas e educativas no processo de visitação às UCs, sobretudo como referência para o enfrentamento das mudanças climáticas que afetarão as condições ambientais que motivam os deslocamentos turísticos.
Apontamentos científicos em um campo multidisciplinar: Turismo, Ciência Moderna e Complexidade
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Cardoso da , Dantas Fernanda Raphaela Alves , Medeiros Carla Stefania Cabral , Nobrega Wilker Ricardo de Mendonça
Published: September 2018

No contexto de cientificidade e superação de paradigmas na sociedade atual, o turismo inserese no debate de categorização ou não como ciência. Pesquisadores apresentam trabalhos epistemológicos contribuindo para o entendimento e avanço dos estudos na área. Entende-se que, para tal discussão, é pertinente construir caminhos alternativos que afastem a ideia de ciência normal do turismo, considerando o seu potencial. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente artigo é iniciar uma discussão teórica sobre as possibilidades de uma nova visão do turismo como uma possível ciência, com propriedades mutáveis e flexíveis. Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia de trabalho ensaístico, baseado em bibliografias e teorias de autores constituintes do debate sobre teoria do turismo e ciência normal. Discute-se a questão da ciência normal, perpassando pela ciência moderna, inserindo o contexto do turismo, chegando a autores com abordagem do campo do turismo como multidisciplinar e interdisciplinar. Alguns apontamentos foram realizados, voltados para revisão da concepção de ciência normal e rígida, além de tratar o turismo como núcleo fugidio em virtude da sua complexidade, das reivindicações deste campo como colônia de outras disciplinas e a necessidade da busca dos pesquisadores do turismo por maior autonomia teórica e metodológica e maior aderência da teoria da complexidade.
Foco nos negócios x foco nos indivíduos: razões para implementar práticas de responsabilidade empresarial no turismo brasileiro
Authors: Costa Helena Araújo , Font Xavier , Garay Lluís , Jones Steve
Published: September 2018

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar o comportamento responsável de empresas de turismo no Brasil e seus motivos para implementar tais ações. A pesquisa obteve 1.350 respostas de empresas de turismo pertencentes a diversos segmentos, tais como alojamento, viagens, alimentação e transporte turístico. A metodologia foi composta por coleta de dados quantitativa via internet, seguida de interpretação baseada em estatística descritiva e análise de clusters. Os resultados indicaram que, entre as empresas de turismo do Brasil, as medidas ambientais são as mais frequentemente implementadas, com destaque para aquelas voltadas para a economia de energia ou água. A análise evidenciou dois grupos distintos, respaldados pelo referencial teórico, quando se trata das razões para implementar as práticas responsáveis: um com foco nos negócios e outro com foco nos indivíduos. Enquanto o primeiro apresenta razões inerentes ao negócio, tais como redução de custos e ampliação da competitividade; o outro grupo tem motivos ligados ao modo de vida e aos valores do indivíduo. O grupo, que tem motivações centradas no indivíduo, revelou-se maior e com mais implementações das medidas investigadas nos três pilares da sustentabilidade. Por fim, não houve constatação de diferenças no desempenho financeiro entre empresas dos dois grupos.
Pretty Sparkie! - (Re)Presenting An Animal Celebrity
Authors: Andrews Ebony
Published: September 2018

The subject (and object) of this article is a taxidermied budgerigar called 'Sparkie' currently on display at the Great North Museum: Hancock, Newcastle, UK. Using Sparkie as a case study and focal point, this article explores some of the ways in which this particular natural science object has become invested with considerable social significance and as such, at different times, has captivated public imagination. In highlighting the culturally constructed nature of taxonomic classifications such as 'natural' and 'social' history, some of the material and conceptual difficulties in framing natural science objects as objective in relation to the production of knowledge in the museum are discussed. In particular, how classificatory practices have been articulated through the presentation and display of taxidermy specimens at various times, and how these different approaches have served to enliven or silence various object meanings and narratives.
Parabelstücke Aus Der ›Postdemokratie‹
Authors: Klessinger Hanna
Published: September 2018

Hanna Klessingers Beitrag untersucht anhand einer Autorin und eines Autors der jüngeren beziehungsweise mittleren Autorengeneration, Anne Lepper (*1978) und Ferdinand Schmalz (*1985), die neuen - indirekten - Formen eines deutschsprachigen politischen Gegenwartsdramas. Indem die reflektierende, ironisch-kritische Distanz der Stücke zu aktuellen Widerstandsbewegungen und ihre Reflexion theoretisch-philosophischer Diskurse (insbesondere zur »Postdemokratie«) herausgearbeitet werden, fragt ihr Beitrag zugleich nach den alternativen Formen eines widerständigen Schreibens, die diese Stücke erproben.
Soziale Welten der Erwachsenenbildung
Authors: Steiner Petra H.
Published: September 2018

Diese theoretische Verortung von Erwachsenenbildner_innen erlaubt es, die Profession mit ihren pluralen Strukturen und Vernetzungen sowie ihrer offenen und nicht strukturierten Qualifizierung zu fassen. Dafür werden bisherige Beiträge zur Professionalisierung der Erwachsenenbildung in einer Zusammenschau analysiert sowie ein neues Professionskonzept vorgelegt. Die beiden entwickelten Beschreibungsmodelle »Professionsspezifische Subkulturen« und »Soziale Welten in Arenen« ermöglichen es zudem, die Profession der Erwachsenenbildner_innen sowohl in ihrer Diversität als auch in ihrer bereits jetzt bestehenden Homogenität und Kohäsion zu erfassen. Die Studie liefert damit neue Ansatzpunkte für die wissenschaftliche und praktische Umsetzung von Professionalisierung.
Unbegleitete minderjährige Geflüchtete
Authors: Thomas Stefan , Sauer Madeleine , Zalewski Ingmar
Published: September 2018

Wie sind die Lebenssituationen und Perspektiven unbegleiteter minderjähriger Geflüchteter in Deutschland? Was sind förderliche Organisationskulturen, die eine gelingende Versorgung und Betreuung ermöglichen? Durch eine dreifache Perspektivübernahme gehen die Autor_innen diesen Fragen nach: Gemeinsam mit geflüchteten Jugendlichen nehmen sie die Subjektperspektive ein und erforschen die Sicht der Jugendlichen auf ihr Leben in Deutschland. Aus der Einrichtungsperspektive evaluieren sie, wie Probleme und Herausforderungen in den Einrichtungen bearbeitet werden. Und mit dem Blick aus der Strukturperspektive untersuchen sie schließlich die sozialräumliche Einbettung und fragen nach Faktoren, die die Teilhabe der jungen Geflüchteten am gesellschaftlichen Leben begünstigen.
Status und Stigma
Authors: Berner Heiko
Published: September 2018

Die Zahl migrantischer Unternehmen in Österreich nimmt stetig zu. Dennoch gibt es nur wenig Erkenntnisse über die Situation und Perspektiven der Unternehmer_innen. Welche Motive treiben sie an? Welche spezifischen Hürden stellen sich ihnen in den Weg? Und wie verändert sich ihr gesellschaftliches Leben durch die Selbstständigkeit? Mit seiner bildungswissenschaftlich fundierten Biografieforschung geht Heiko Berner diesen Fragen nach und stellt fest: Gerade die höhere berufliche Wertschätzung und das Gefühl, einer neuen Statusgruppe anzugehören, ist folgenreich - Diskriminierungserfahrungen werden deutlicher wahrgenommen und neue Arten der Diskriminierung kommen hinzu.
Ein Bild von Skulptur
Authors: Schröder Karoline
Published: September 2018

Bildhauerei wird vorwiegend in Form von fotografischen Abbildungen betrachtet. Oft wird dabei jedoch übersehen, dass durch die Transformation in ein anderes Medium eine eigenständige Interpretation des Kunstwerkes entsteht. Anhand der Werke von Ernst Barlach, Gerhard Marcks, Arno Breker, Gustav Seitz, Norbert Kricke, Bernhard Heiliger und anderen Bildhauern legt Karoline Schröder erstmals dar, wie Kunstwerke vor allem im Kontext ihrer Veröffentlichung als Printprodukt die politischen, gesellschaftlichen und künstlerischen Umbrüche in Deutschland zwischen 1920 und 1970 widerspiegeln.