bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introgressive Hybridization between Bighead Carp and Silver Carp in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers
Authors: Lamer James Thomas , Dolan Chad Ryan , Petersen Jessica Lynn , Chick John Howard , Epifanio John Michael
Published: January 2011

Asian carps are classified as either bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis or silver carp H. molitrix by multiple presumptively diagnostic morphological characteristics; however, hybrids pose a dilemma. Fish sharing the morphological characteristics of both species were observed in an Illinois River backwater (Calhoun County, Illinois) approximately 5 mi (8 km) upriver from the confluence with the Mississippi River as well as in two locations in Pool 26 of the Mississippi River (Madison County, Illinois). Biopsied tissues from individuals exhibiting mixed morphological features were analyzed at four diagnostic allozyme loci (ADH-1*, sMDH-A*, CK-A*, and sSOD-1*) via starch gel electrophoresis. This comparison revealed a high percentage of hybridization (22.5%) from an indiscriminate sample of 120 fish. Moreover, an unexpected percentage (12.5%) of individuals identified in the wild as either parental bighead carp or silver carp by gill raker morphology were genetically identified as hybrids. Finally, two levels of hybridization were detected, first-generation hybrids (F1) and post-F1 hybrids, revealing the onset of extensive introgression and the potential for a hybrid swarm. Variation in the amplified COII domain of mitochondrial DNA indicated a strong directional bias of hybrids (88%) containing silver carp maternal lineages. Morphologically, F1 hybrids were often identifiable (88%) by the presence of twisted gill rakers, but post-F1 hybrids were difficult to identify with any appreciable certainty. This result creates concern where taxonomic assignment is critical for management or monitoring, warranting a more extensive and intensive examination of this phenomenon in North American waters. Finally, prior observations in aquaculture have shown reduced jumping behavior, fitness, and condition of fish resulting from post-F1 matings between these species. This is the first confirmed presence of wild post-F1 individuals of Asian carps in the United States and, although further monitoring is needed, a hybrid swarm may ultimately decrease invasion success as introgression continues.
Distribution and Population Characteristics of Shadow Bass in Two Arkansas Ozark Streams
Authors: Johnson Ronald L. , Henry Sam D. , Barkley Sam W.
Published: January 2011

We examined the longitudinal distribution and population characteristics of shadow bass Ambloplites ariommus in the Spring River and lower Eleven Point River of Arkansas to determine potential length limit regulations for this species. Shadow bass were the second most abundant sport fish species collected in both streams (most abundant sport fish was the smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu). Abundances (catch per effort) of shadow bass were greatest upstream and declined significantly downstream (Spring River: 32.6 fish/h upstream versus 3.4 fish/h downstream; Eleven Point River: 13.4 versus 5.0 fish/h). Size distributions and relative weights (Wr) were also greatest upstream (Spring River: Wr = 109 upstream versus 99 downstream; Eleven Point River: Wr = 105 versus 95). Associated with this distribution trend was a downstream decline in stream slope and frequency of riffles. Catch rates and size distributions of shadow bass were greater for the Spring River (proportional size distribution mean = 83) than for the Eleven Point River (mean = 36). Stream differences in preferred size distributions were even greater. Total length at age for shadow bass indicated rapid growth rates compared with results of previous studies; age-3 fish reached 183 mm total length. The von Bertalanffy equation yielded the following growth model for shadow bass: Lt = 250.8[1 − e−0.381(t−0.477)], where Lt is length at age t. Stomach contents of shadow bass in the Spring River comprised mostly crayfishes, which is consistent with feeding patterns of other rock basses Ambloplites spp. Relative weights were high for shadow bass in both rivers, although Wr was greater for Spring River fish (Wr = 107) than for Eleven Point River fish (Wr = 102). Based on abundance, diet, and condition of shadow bass, upstream reaches of both rivers contain sustainable populations of this species. Despite these positive population and growth features, length limits for shadow bass are not recommended for these streams.
Effect of Hang-in Percentage on Catch Rates of Flounder in the North Carolina Inshore Gill-Net Fishery
Authors: Ahrenholz Dean W. , Smith Joseph W.
Published: January 2011

The effects of hang-in percentage (degree of tautness) on the catch efficiency of gill nets for paralichthine flounders in North Carolina were examined using monofilament gill nets with 5.75-in stretched mesh. Nets with hang-in percentages of 33% and 60% were fished in pairs and were separated by a single monofilament gill net of 5.50-in stretched mesh. Catches of the paired test nets were significantly different, with the catches obtained by the looser nets (60% hang-in) exceeding the catches in the more tightly hung nets (33% hang-in) by 37% in number of fish and 46% in estimated weight. Length-frequency distributions of the catch were not significantly different between the paired nets with different hang-in percentages. Length-frequency distributions of legal-sized fish taken in 5.50- and 5.75-in stretched-mesh nets were significantly different, with the smaller mesh size resulting in a smaller (left-shifted) length-frequency distribution. Thus, hang-in percentage can be manipulated to alter flounder harvest rates per unit of net, and small changes in mesh size can alter the size distribution of the catch.
Estimating Black Crappie Age: An Assessment of Dorsal Spines and Scales as Nonlethal Alternatives to Otoliths
Authors: Isermann Daniel A. , Wolter Max H. , Breeggemann Jason J.
Published: January 2011

Otoliths generally provide more accurate and precise age estimates for crappies Pomoxis spp. than do scales, but sacrificing crappies for otolith removal may not be desirable in all situations. We evaluated the use of dorsal spines and scales as nonlethal alternatives to otoliths for estimating the ages of black crappies P. nigromaculatus using 111 fish collected from two Minnesota lakes. Among-reader precision was similar for ages estimated from scales and dorsal spines (coefficients of variation [CVs] = 10–14%), but the precision associated with both structures was substantially lower than that observed for otoliths (CVs = 0.12–1.3%). Complete reader agreement (i.e., all three readers agreed on age) for dorsal spines (44–51%) and scales (33–36%) was substantially lower than that observed for otoliths (87–98%). Partial agreement (i.e., at least two of three readers agreed on age) was 100% for both otoliths and dorsal spines and between 79% and 89% for scales. Scale ages assigned by individual readers agreed with consensus otolith ages less than 70% of the time; agreement of individual spine ages with consensus otolith ages was 33% or less. Mean scale ages were usually similar to consensus otolith ages for crappies between the ages of 2 and 6 years, while mean spine ages were consistently lower than consensus otolith ages. Thin-sectioning dorsal spines did not significantly change the number of annuli detected by individual readers. Our results suggest that dorsal spines are not a useful alternative to scales for estimating black crappie age in a nonlethal manner. A conspicuous lumen located in the center of each dorsal spine partially or fully obscures at least one annulus. When otolith removal is not desirable, use of scales and multiple readers may provide mean age estimates that are similar to consensus otolith ages, but we suggest that otolith analysis remains the most reliable method for estimating black crappie age, regardless of latitude.
Protocols for the use of a portable hyperbaric chamber for the treatment of high altitude disorders
Authors: Taber R.L.
Published: January 2011

Descent remains the definitive treatment for high altitude illness. However, in alpine settings of over 8000 ft, immediate evacuation is often impossible. A portable, lightweight (7 kg) hyperbaric bag has been devised capable of withstanding a pressure of 2 psi. The author investigated the optimal period of treatment in the bag to achieve resolution of symptoms and to prevent recurrence. Observations were recorded in Pheriche, Nepal at 13 920 ft. At this altitude, inflation of the bag to 2 psi effects a descent to 8400 ft. Dramatic improvements were seen in victims with symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and cerebral edema (HACE). AMS, HAPE and HACE patients required time frames of 2, 4, and 6 h respectively to provide resolution of symptoms without complications or deterioration. The author advocates the hyperbaric bag as an effective adjunct and temporizing measure in the treatment of HAPE and HACE.
Monoclonal antibody detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in human stool by direct immunofluorescence
Authors: Zell S.C. , Budhraja M. , Riggs J.L. , Sorenson S.K.
Published: January 2011

Diagnosing giardiasis traditionally involves ova and parasite analysis, a time consuming method. Recently developed for purposes of analyzing freshwater drinking supplies, a fluorescent monoclonal antibody to Giardia lamblia was evaluated for its applicability in the detection of cysts in human stool. Using positive and control stool specimens, the monoclonal antibody incubation technique identified correctly all specimens prepared from the positive donor pool with 100% sensitivity. Monoclonal antibody detection of Giardia lamblia may prove to be an excellent screening test for cysts in human stool.
Cold vasodilatation, pain and acclimatization in arctic explorers
Authors: Hoffman R.G. , Wittmers L.E.
Published: January 2011

Acclimatization to cold climates has been observed to result in attenuation of the vasoconstriction phase of the peripheral vascular response known as cold-induced vasodilatation. Attenuation of peripheral vasoconstriction has been reported to decrease the likelihood of cold-injuries, particularly frostbite. There is a paucity of data addressing the extent of this attenuation and its relationship to reported pain, or how this varies with progressive levels of cold acclimatization. In the present experiments, six arctic explorers demonstrated longer and less severe initial vasoconstriction and absence of reported pain following prolonged finger immersion in water at 2°C compared to an age- and gender-matched sample of northern Minnesota residents who were also cold-acclimatized, but to less severe temperature extremes.
The epidemiology of mountaineering and rock climbing accidents
Authors: Schussman L.C. , Lutz L.J. , Shaw R.R. , Bohnn C.R.
Published: January 2011

From 1981 through 1986, 43631 climbers registered for climbs in the Grand Teton National Park, USA. There were 108 climbing accidents. The accident incidence was 2.5 accidents per 1000 climbers per year, or 5.6 accidents per 10000 climber-hours. There were 23 fatal accidents and 25 fatalities. Mountaineering appears to be a more hazardous activity than rock climbing; travel over snow or ice-covered terrain accounted for high numbers of accidents, climber errors, and fatalities. Effective use of proper equipment (ice axes and helmets), climber experience, self-reliance in difficult situations, and appreciation for the dangers involved in mixed (rock and snow) climbing are all preventive factors that can decrease accidents and injuries among climbers.
The impact of physical activity and cold exposure on food intake and energy expenditure in man
Authors: Poehlman E.T. , Gardner A.W. , Goran M.I.
Published: January 2011

The interrelationships of physical activity, food intake and extremes of environmental temperature are important considerations influencing nutritional intake and physical performance in wilderness activities. This brief review familiarizes the reader with the components responsible for regulating food intake and energy expenditure, addresses work that has examined the regulatory role of exercise on the caloric content of food intake, considers the influence of regular participation in physical activity on two components of energy expenditure (resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure during submaximal exercise), and discusses the effects of acute and chronic exposure to cold temperature on food intake and energy expenditure. The adaptive changes in food intake and energy expenditure in response to environmental challenges are relevant considerations for wilderness activities.
Relocating dislocations in a wilderness setting: use of hypnosis
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: January 2011

Joint dislocations or fracture/dislocations of extremities are disabling injuries in wilderness areas, both to the individual patient and to the patient's wilderness group. Recognizing the beneficial effect of early relocation of dislocations, wilderness practitioners are now encouraged to attempt joint relocations in the backcountry setting. To be successful, adequate sedation/relaxation must be achieved. Hypnosis was applied in six patients with shoulder or ankle dislocations. Successful relocations were accomplished in five of the patients. Those with upper extremity dislocations were immediately able to walk out with minimal assistance after relocation.
Smokejumper wilderness rescue missions: experience of the North Cascade Smokejumper Base, 1957–1988
Authors: Smith B.A.
Published: January 2011

Wilderness emergencies present unique problems in rescuer access and medical evacuation. An innovative prehospital care system utilizing United States Forest Service smokejumpers has evolved in north central Washington state. Trained primarily as airborne forest firefighters, smokejumpers have unique talents in rough terrain parachuting. Coordination between the North Cascades Smokejumper Base, a local primary care physician, and the nearby county sheriffs office has made the access, initial treatment and evacuation of wilderness patients possible. Utilizing data from the United States Forest Service Logbooks and personal records of the base manager, the rescue mission experience of North Cascades Smokejumper Base between 1957 and 1988 is presented. The urgency of patients rescued was high, with 18% being in the critical or fatal outcome category, and 67.5% of patients being classified as urgent. The majority of rescues (80.5%) were for trauma patients. An average of four smokejumpers per rescue was utilized. Medical evacuation was predominantly by helicopter; horseback, litter carry, hiking and ground ambulances were also used. Medical training of smokejumpers has improved since 1973 with Emergency Medical Technician training of selected smokejumpers.
Electron microscopic study of the effect of Egyptian sand viper (Cerastes cerastes) venom and its hemorrhagic toxin on muscle
Authors: Rahmy T. , Tu A.T. , El-Banhawey A. , El-Asmar M.F. , Hassan F.M.
Published: January 2011

Snakes of families Crotalidae and Viperidae are known to cause severe hemorrhage and myonecrosis. There has been very little study on tissue damaging effects of the Egyptian sand viper venom. We investigated the myonecrotic effects of crude venom of Cerastes cerastes and a hemorrhagic toxin purified from the venom at the electron microscopic level. Crude venom induced severe hemorrhage, as well as extensive myofilament damage, in murine skeletal muscle. A purified hemorrhagic toxin (HT-a) induced prominent hemorrhage in skeletal muscle. However, evidence of myonecrosis was not observed, although there was some damage on the sarcolemma. The endomysium was packed with extravasated red blood cells.
Scorpion sting: a review of 121 cases
Authors: Bawaskar H.S. , Bawaskar P.H.
Published: January 2011

Scorpion sting is a hazardous and potentially lethal condition. One hundred twenty-one scorpion sting patients were admitted to hospitals in Mahad Maharashtra state, India, during 1986–89. Sixty-six (54.5%) victims had hypertension (mean blood pressure 96 to 160 [average 118.6] mmHg). Twenty-four (19.5%) victims demonstrated tachycardia, with heart rates ranging from 110 to 215 (average 156) beats per minute. Twenty-two (18.8%) had pulmonary edema, while nine (8.5%) died. Analysis of our data suggests that cardiovascular morbidity and mortality depends upon the time between the stings and hospitalization or administration of vasodilators. Current management of scorpion envenomation consists of rapid reduction of hypertension with sublingual nifedipine, postsynaptic alpha adrenergic blockade with prazosin hydrochloride, and digoxin therapy for myocardial failure. Massive pulmonary edema can be treated with sodium nitroprusside. In our setting, mortality is reduced by early hospitalization, even though specific antivenin is not available in India.
Sex differences in cardiopulmonary control before, during and after mountain climbing in elementary school children
Authors: Shoji S. , Hohnoki K. , Yazawa N. , Kondo K. , Miyazaki M.
Published: January 2011

To examine sex differences in cardiopulmonary control after exercise in children, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and breath holding time were recorded before, during and after mountain climbing in elementary school children in the age range 11.3–12.3 years. Pulse rate increased to a significantly greater extent in girls than in boys during and after mountain climbing. Recovery of the pulse rate did not differ between sexes. Respiratory rate increased significantly during and after mountain climbing. Recovery of the respiratory rate after the climb was significantly slower in girls than in boys. Breath holding time was reduced at high altitude to a similar extent in both sexes.

Cardiopulmonary control during and after mountain climbing is different between girls and boys of age 11 or 12. Characteristics of the female response are a greater increase in pulse rate and a slower recovery in respiratory rate.
Clinico-pathological study of Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning
Authors: Samal K.K. , Sahu H.K. , Gopalakrishnakone P.
Published: January 2011

Clinico-pathological features of yellow oleander ( Thevetia peruviana) poisoning in India are described. Clinical features included vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness and dilated pupil. Pulse was rapid, weak and irregular. Varying degrees of heart block were also present. Jaundice and renal failure have been observed in the present study. Post mortem showed renal tubular necrosis with obliteration of the liver lumen showed focal necrosis around central vein, patchy hemorrhages and dilation of central veins.
Vibriowound infections in humans following shark attack
Authors: Klontz Karl C. , Mullen Robert C. , Corbyons Thomas M. , Barnard William P.
Published: January 2011

There are few published reports of the infectious sequellae of shark attack in humans. Using patient medical records and epidemiologic data from Vibrio surveillance forms maintained by the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, we describe the clinical features of three patients with shark-associated wounds from whom Vibrio organisms were recovered in pure culture from clinical specimens.
Hunting-related injuries and deaths in Montana: the scope of the problem and a framework for prevention
Authors: Lambrecht C.J. , Hargarten S.W.
Published: January 2011

The objective of this study was to examine hunting-related morbidity and mortality, define high risk hunting groups and activities, and outline prevention strategies.

A statewide prospective case study was conducted from September 1990 to January 1991 involving all emergency departments in Montana accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. Participants included hunters who sustained an acute injury or illness resulting from hunting or a hunting related activity. The main outcome measures were the incidence of hunting morbidity and mortality during a defined hunting season and hunting activities and weapons associated with hunting morbidity and mortality. There were six hunting-related fatalities during the five month study period. The fatality rate was 2.7 per 100 000 hunters. Four of the deaths were secondary to gunshot wounds. There were 134 non-fatal hunting injuries. The non-fatal hunter injury rate was 61 per 100 000 hunters. The most common injured area of the body was the upper extremity ( n=64; 51%). The most common type of injury was a laceration ( n=64; 48%). Twenty-five (19%) of the patients with non-fatal injuries were hospitalized. Post-hunting activities were associated with the most fatalities, three (50%), and the highest number of non-fatal injuries, 63 (48%). Post-hunting related activities were associated with the highest hunter morbidity and mortality. Data on hunting-related injuries have traditionally excluded events occurring while preparing to hunt or after the hunt has been completed (e.g. cleaning game). Injury prevention strategies and hunter safety courses should include all phases of hunting activity with special emphasis on post-hunting injuries.
Scorpion stings in children in the Asir Province of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Annobil S.H.
Published: January 2011

Scorpion stings are an important cause of morbidity in children in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. There appear to be regional variations in the clinical effects of scorpion stings, due to the different species of scorpions found in the various regions of the Arabian Peninsula. A prospective study on 47 children following scorpion stings in the Asir province of Saudi Arabia revealed that neurological manifestations were the most prominent. These included local pain, fright, restlessness and vomiting. One patient had disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and intracranial hemorrhages demonstrated on cranial computed tomography. There was one death due to severe pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. The complications in these two patients followed stings by Nebo hierochonticus scorpions. The commonest identified scorpion was Leiurus quinquestriatus. The others were Compsobuthus werneri, Androctonus crassicauda and Scorpio maurus. Antivenom was given in all cases with systemic manifestations of envenomation.
Acute mountain sickness in local pilgrims to a high altitude lake (4154 m) in Nepal
Authors: Basnyat Buddha
Published: January 2011

There is a significant collection of literature on acute mountain sickness (AMS) in foreign trekkers to Nepal. However, reports on altitude sickness among native Nepalis besides Sherpas is almost non-existent. This is a preliminary study sponsored by the Himalayan Rescue Association of AMS among pilgrims to a holy lake (Gosaikunda) at 4154 m in Nepal. The study was done using a standard AMS questionnaire form. It revealed that out of 5163 pilgrims who came to the lake, 229 (4.4%) developed AMS. The severity of the illness correlated with the rapidity of ascent, but there was no difference in severity between men and women. Five pilgrims who were ataxic were put in the hyperbaric bag. Subjective improvement was noted in all five cases. This study of AMS among non-Sherpa pilgrims suggests that various Nepali ethnic groups may be just as vulnerable to AMS as are tourists.
Catfish stings in the United States: case report and review
Authors: Mckinstry Donald M.
Published: January 2011

One report of a catfish sting is presented and 30 additional reports from the English language literature are reviewed. All of the reports involve catfish native to the United States. Freshwater catfish appeared implicated in 14 of the reports, madtom catfish in seven and saltwater catfish in ten. Pain and inflammation attributable to mechanical trauma and envenomation commonly occurred. A portion of the stinging apparatus became embedded in seven cases. Complications included infection, nerve and tendon damage, dry gangrene and possible anaphylaxis. One patient with predisposing disease died after developing a severe infection. Treatment of catfish stings includes control of pain, removal of foreign material and the use of antibiotics. Comparative studies on the toxins and normal flora of native catfish could provide more precise guidelines for treatment of stings.
Non-freezing cold injury in a Marine infantry battalion
Authors: Tek Deniz , Mackey Steven
Published: January 2011

Thirty-eight cases of nonfreezing cold injury (NFCI) occurring during a peacetime military exercise are reported. NFCI occurred in 11% of exposed persons. All cases were classified as moderate, mild or minimal. The racial and smoking histories of the population were retrospectively studied. The incidence of NFCI among black subjects did not differ from that among non-blacks. There was a trend towards increased incidence among smokers (14%) versus nonsmokers (9%) ( p=0.09). We conclude that NFCI remains a significant threat for expeditions in cold wet climates. Positive smoking history, but not black race, tended to increase individual risk for NFCI.
Alcohol ingestion and temperature regulation during cold exposure
Authors: Freund Beau J. , O’brien Catherine , Young Andrew J.
Published: January 2011

Outdoor or wilderness activities are sometimes combined with the ingestion of alcoholic beverages. Despite the feeling of warmth induced by alcohol ingestion, it is widely believed that alcohol actually causes a decrease in body core temperature and increases the risk of hypothermia during cold exposure. However, the literature on the effects of alcohol ingestion on thermoregulation is conflicting. This review summarizes the scientific findings concerning this topic and identifies a number of confounding factors that may explain the conflicting observations. These factors include quantity of alcohol ingested, severity of the cold stress, nutritional state of the individual, composition of the drink, body composition of the individual and alcohol tolerance of the individual. When these factors are considered, it appears that (1) alcohol acts as a poikilothermic agent, causing a reduction in body core temperature during cold exposure, with the magnitude of reduction related to blood alcohol concentration, (2) the severity of cold and the individual's body composition modify the thermoregulatory effects of alcohol, and (3) hypoglycemia greatly exacerbates the reduction in body temperature caused by alcohol ingestion. Furthermore, the primary mechanism by which alcohol ingestion exacerbates the fall in body core temperature during cold exposure appears to be via an impairment of shivering thermogenesis resulting from alcohol-induced hypoglycemia, rather than by increasing heat dissipation via vasodilation as commonly believed.
Group dynamics: implications for successful expeditions
Authors: Cashel Christine M.
Published: January 2011

A successful expedition requires technical ability as well as the ability to get along with others. Many expeditions are unsuccessful because attention is not directed toward the dynamics between group members. Positive relationships can assist an expedition to meet its goals, and may even contribute to the safety of participants. Conscious effort to utilize the concepts of expedition behavior is underutilized by most groups. The purpose of this article is to identify characteristics of group dynamics, expedition behavior and leadership concerns for expeditions.
Occult cervical spine fracture in a wilderness setting
Authors: Levitan Richard M.
Published: January 2011

Cervical spine fractures can be difficult to diagnose solely upon the patient's symptoms and physical exam. There have been several case reports of trauma patients without any of the signs or symptoms of cervical spine injury who were subsequently found on radiography to have fractures. This article presents a case report of an occult cervical spine fracture occurring in a wilderness setting and discusses the special considerations of managing wilderness trauma patients who may have an occult cervical spine injury.
A transportable hyperbaric chamber with soda lime for the treatment of high-altitude disorders
Authors: Saito Shigeru , Shimada Hitoshi , Yamamori Kinichi
Published: January 2011

A transportable hyperbaric chamber called the Gamow™ bag has been reported to be effective in the treatment of high-altitude disorders in the alpine field. The problem with this device is that the operator has to endure a considerable amount of physical exercise to prevent carbon dioxide accumulation in the bag and to supplement the consumed oxygen. To solve this problem, we have applied soda lime with a respiratory circuit. In preliminary experiments, pumping twice per minute was demonstrated to be sufficient to maintain the appropriate internal conditions of the bag for 90 min. Using this system, the amount of exercise by the operator could be reduced to approximately 10% of the original value. Following the experiments, this system was practically used in the treatment of high-altitude disorders at Mustagata and at Mt. Crown (Xinjang, China). Three patients with acute mountain sickness were successfully treated using this system. Considering further possible applications, this compact system is thought to be worthwhile to carry together with the Gamow bag in alpine expeditions.
Relationship of mountain sickness to physical fitness and exercise intensity during ascent
Authors: Bircher Hans Peter , Eichenberger U. , Maggiorini Marco , Oelz Oswald , Bärtsch Peter
Published: January 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether susceptibility to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is related to differences of physical fitness and /or the level of exercise during ascent. Work capacity at a heart rate of 170 min−1 (PWC170) was assessed on a bicycle ergometer prior to high-altitude exposure, and the heart rate was continuously registered during the ascent from 3610 to 4559 m in 41 mountaineers. During the subsequent stay of 3 days at 4559 m, 12 subjects developed AMS, 13 subjects showed radiographic evidence of HAPE, and 16 subjects remained without significant illness. PWC170 (group means between 238 and 247 W) and heart rate during ascent (group means between 134 and 141 min−1) did not significantly differ between these groups. PWC170 correlated negatively with two independent symptoms scores (clinical score, environmental symptom questionnaire) on day 3 at 4559 m, whereas heart rate during ascent correlated positively only with clinical score on days 2 and 3 at 4559 m. Correlations, however, were minor, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.32–0.43 (p < 0.05–0.01). These results indicate that physical fitness or exercise intensity during ascent were of minor importance for the development of AMS and HAPE in our subjects.
Acetazolamide reduces the erythropoietin response to hypoxia at high altitude in humans
Authors: Reinhart Walter H. , Goerre Stefan , Bärtsch Peter
Published: January 2011

Objective

Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is often used as a prophylactic drug for acute mountain sickness. It may interfere with erythropoietin production due to its action on ventilation and renal function.

Design

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 2 × 250 mg acetazolamide daily beginning one day before ascent from 590 m to 4559 m.

Setting

High-altitude research facilities at the Capanna Regina Margherita (Italy) at an altitude of 4559 m.

Participants

Eighteen healthy volunteers, aged 24–42 years. Main outcome measure: Plasma erythropoietin was measured by radioimmunoassay before and after the ascent.

Results

The increase of erythropoietin at high altitude was smaller in the acetazolamide group (increase by 10.8 ± 7.8 U/L or 58%) than in the placebo group (increase by 22.7 ± 13.8 U/L or 113%, p < .01).

Conclusion

Acetazolamide reduces the erythropoietin response to hypoxia in humans, which might also have therapeutic implications in conditions such as secondary polycythemia.
Impact of delayed presentation on the efficacy of thromboxane inhibition in the treatment of frostbite
Authors: Goldberg Bryan D. , Robinson William A. , Watson William A.
Published: January 2011

Improved tissue survival after frostbite injury has been demonstrated with immediate postinjury use of a thromboxane inhibitor. However, most patients with frostbite injury present to the hospital hours after their injury and the efficacy of thromboxane inhibition at that time is unknown. The current study evaluated the efficacy of a thromboxane inhibitor on frostbite tissue survival when initiated at the time of injury compared to 4 h postinjury. In a prospective study, three groups of nine rabbits received a standardized frostbite injury using a modified Weatherley–White model. A control group received no pharmacologic therapy; the other two groups were treated with 1 mg kg−1 methimazole initiated orally immediately or 4 h postinjury, respectively. Treatment was given every 8 h for a total of 96 h. Healing was followed until a clear line of demarcation was apparent (10 days). The percentage of viable ear surface area remaining at the end of the study was measured and used to compare the effectiveness of treatments. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance. No significant difference ( p = .388) was observed among the frostbite injury of the control group and either treatment group. Thirty percent of animals did not reach the study end point secondary to an outbreak of Escherichia coli diarrhea, reducing the study power to a 33% ability to detect a 35% difference in tissue survival. Despite the reduced power, this study questions the efficacy of thromboxane inhibition in improving frostbite tissue survival, whether therapy is initiated immediately or is delayed. These data suggest that further investigation is warranted to determine the role of thromboxane inhibition in frostbite injury.
Bison goring injuries: penetrating and blunt trauma
Authors: Conrad Lily , Balison Jeffrey
Published: January 2011

Injuries from bison (American buffalo, Bison bison) attacks have not previously been reported in the medical literature. This study examines 56 bison-caused injuries, including two fatalities, from Yellowstone National Park over the past 15 years. Two mechanisms of injury were observed. The first was direct goring by the bison's horn, “hooking,” resulting in deep puncture wounds most often to buttocks or thighs. Abdominal injury, including evisceration, was also seen. Blunt trauma occurred as the victim was shoved or butted by the animal's head, or when the victim sustained a rapid deceleration on ground impact after being tossed into the air. Multiple sites and types of fractures, abrasions, and contusions were seen. Most patients requiring hospital care for goring wounds were treated with operative debridement and primary closure. Cultures of puncture wounds were uniformly negative. Injuries from bison exceed injuries from bears or any other wild animals in Yellowstone National Park.
Tree-stand-related injuries: a wilderness emergency
Authors: Rose William D. , Laird Sherry L. , Williams Janet , Veach John S. , Laird James B.
Published: January 2011

Objective

To determine the mechanisms and patterns of injury due to falls from tree stands associated with hunting, identify risk factors, and suggest injury prevention and control measures.

Design

Retrospective medical chart reviews were performed. Telephone interviews were also conducted to obtain additional information. Patients: All patients who presented to two emergency departments during a 5-year period after sustaining injury while using tree stands.

Results

Twenty-four male deer hunters comprised the study group. These 24 patients sustained a variety of injuries, including 7 with vertebral fractures, 6 with extremity fractures, 4 with multiple rib fractures, 3 with pelvic fractures, and 3 with head injuries. These injuries resulted in hospitalization of 16 (66.7%) of the 24 patients and prolonged disability (> 1 month) in 5 patients (20.8%). Average height of fall was 21.1 ft. In 7 (35%) of 20 cases, the fall resulted from mechanical failure of the tree stand or harness. The remaining majority of falls (13/20 or 65%) could be traced to judgment error or careless behavior on behalf of the hunter, usually during ascent or descent of the tree and in the absence of a safety belt.

Conclusions

A significant number of patients presented with a variety of injuries after falls from tree stands. The majority of these injured patients required hospitalization, and a significant percent had prolonged disability. Risk factors associated with these falls were identified.
Middle ear barotrauma in scuba divers
Authors: Koriwchak Michael J. , Werkhaven Jay A.
Published: January 2011

Middle ear barotrauma is the most common health hazard of scuba diving. To investigate the overall incidence of middle ear barotrauma, a prospective incidence study of 51 novice divers and 46 experienced divers was conducted. Otoscopy was performed on the divers before and immediately following a single dive. The overall incidence of mild barotrauma was 40%, and the incidence of severe barotrauma was 27%. No tympanic membrane perforations were found. The most common presenting symptoms were difficulty clearing ears during descent, ear pressure, and ear pain. Barotrauma was not associated with diver age, sex, experience, otolaryngologic history, or medications. Barotrauma was associated with poor underwater visibility, difficulty clearing ears during ascent, and hearing loss after surfacing.
The Role of Process Parameters in Platinum Casting
Authors: Klotz By Ulrich E. , Drago Tiziana
Published: January 2011

Platinum is a challenging material for casters because of its physical properties, which result in possible crucible and flask reactions during melting and casting, high shrinkage porosity and difficulties in filling of filigree items. This paper summarises the results of a collaborative research effort by several industrial partners and FEM on the influence of casting process parameters. Two common platinum jewellery alloys (platinum with 5 wt% cobalt and platinum with 5 wt% ruthenium) and four different investment materials were used for casting experiments with variation of atmosphere, casting and flask temperature, tree design and centrifugal machine parameters. Detailed sample investigation found shrinkage porosity and surface defects to be the main problems. Optimised process parameters for heavy and filigree items were identified. Future research on platinum casting should focus on casting simulation in order to reduce experimental effort and costs.
Haren Gandhi 1941–2010: Contributions to the Development and Implementation of Catalytic Emissions Control Systems
Authors: Twigg By Martyn V.
Published: January 2011

Throughout his long and distinguished career with the Ford Motor Company Haren Gandhi was concerned with controlling tailpipe pollutants from cars, and through his work this article reviews the huge amount of progress made during his four-decade career. His early work with gasoline engines embraced all of the major developments ranging from the first platinum-based oxidation catalysts through nitrogen oxides (NOx) reduction using platinum-rhodium catalysts and the later introduction of palladium into three-way catalysts (TWCs) via ‘trimetal’, palladium-rhodium and palladium-only formulations. Gandhi’s other work included the interactions of poisons with catalysts as part of maintaining their in-use performance, the potential for using ruthenium in NOx control in gasoline TWCs and NOx adsorbing catalysts (NACs) for lean-burn engines, and the use of zeolite-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts for effective diesel engine NOx control. Gandhi received many awards and honours in recognition of his technical achievements and a selection is mentioned here. Haren Gandhi is remembered with tremendous fondness and respect throughout the automotive industry concerned with exhaust gas emissions control and his technical contributions towards improving the quality of the air we breathe will continue to benefit us all.
Small Grain Residue Management Effects on Soil Organic Carbon: A Literature Review
Authors: Tarkalson D. D. , Brown B. , Kok H. , Bjorneberg D. L.
Published: January 2011

Impact of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw removal from fields on soil organic carbon (SOC) is a concern. Increased animal populations and potential development of cellulosic ethanol production could increase the removal of straw from fields. This paper focuses on the effects of wheat and barley straw removal on SOC in irrigated production systems, and related the results to estimates of the minimum straw carbon inputs required to maintain soil organic carbon (MSC) from rain‐fed systems. Six studies compared SOC changes with time in irrigated systems in which wheat straw was removed or retained. These studies indicated that SOC did not decline when residues were removed. Apparently belowground biomass is supplying C to irrigated soils at a rate sufficient to maintain SOC with time. However, under rain‐fed systems, returning residue to the soil was required to maintain SOC. Estimates of MSC were obtained from nine rain‐fed wheat system studies. Averaged across all rain‐fed MSC values, 4.14 Mg more straw ha−1 was required to maintain SOC in rain‐fed than in irrigated systems. Presently, the rain‐fed based MSC values are the best information available to evaluating residue removal effects but caution should be used in applying these in irrigated systems. The results from this limited number of irrigated studies suggest that rain‐fed estimates of MSC will overestimate the MSC in irrigated systems and underestimate the available irrigated straw resources. There is need to evaluate the effect of residue removal on SOC for diverse irrigated systems.
Seeding Rate Effects on Soybean Maturity Group IV–VIII for the Southeastern Production System: I. Vegetation Indices
Authors: Chen Guihua , Wiatrak Pawel
Published: January 2011

Increasing seeding rates in wide row spacing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may improve vegetation growth. This study evaluated vegetation indices of five maturity groups (MGs) at six seeding rates (68,000; 136,000; 204,000; 272,000; 340,000; and 408,000 seeds ha−1) under dryland conditions for soybean production system on the southeastern coastal plain in 2007–2009. In this region, MG IV is part of early soybean production system (April planted), MG V and VI are full‐season soybean (May planted), and MG VII and VIII for double‐cropping system (June planted). Leaf area index (LAI) varied with seeding rate by linear functions at 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP) for MG IV in 2008/2009, V in 2007/2008, and VIII in 2008; by quadratic functions at 60 and 90 DAP for MG V and VI in 2009, 60 DAP for MG VII in 2007, and 90 DAP for MG IV in 2007 and VII in 2008. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) increased with seeding rate linearly at 60 DAP for MG IV, V, VI, and VIII in 2008, IV and V in 2009; at 90 DAP for MG IV in 2008, VI and VII in 2009. Quadratic responses of NDVI to seeding rate were found at 60 DAP for MG VI in 2009 and VII in 2008; 90 DAP for MG IV and V in 2009, VII and VIII in 2008. Results suggest that increasing seeding rate may improve soybean growth at early development stages; however, increase of seeding rate above 272,000 seeds ha−1 may not achieve significant improvement of vegetation growth.
Cover Crop Use for Managing Broiler Litter Applied in the Fall
Authors: Adeli A. , Tewolde H. , Jenkins J. N. , Rowe D.E.
Published: January 2011

Increasing interest of using broiler litter in the fall for row crops has implications for leaching losses of nutrients, particularly N. Any cultural practice that prevents nutrient losses could be agronomically beneficial and improve soil fertility. A field study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 on Leeper silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts) soil to evaluate the impacts of a winter rye (Secale cerealL.) cover crop and broiler litter timing on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) yield, yield components and leaching loss of NO3–N. Broiler litter was applied to the soil at the rates of 0, 4.5, 9, and 13.4 Mg ha−1in the fall and spring for both cover and no cover crop and incorporated immediately. Winter rye cover crop was planted following broiler litter application in the fall. Averaged across cropping system and broiler litter timing, cotton lint yield and yield components increased with increasing broiler litter application. Application of broiler litter at a rate >9 Mg ha−1was not advantageous and exceeded N need for optimum lint yield as evidenced by increasing postharvest NO3–N in the soil profile. In the absence of cover crop and averaged across litter rates, spring‐applied broiler litter had the best agronomic response and increased lint yield by 19 and 18% compared with fall‐applied litter in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Seeding a winter rye cover crop to fall‐applied broiler litter did not benefit cotton lint yield and yield components but substantially reduced leaching loss of NO3–N.
Forage Radish Cover Crop Suppresses Winter Annual Weeds in Fall and Before Corn Planting
Authors: Lawley Yvonne E. , Weil Ray R. , Teasdale John R.
Published: January 2011

Forage radish (Raphanus sativusL. var.longipinnatus) is a new winter cover crop in the Mid‐Atlantic region. The objective of this project was to characterize the repeatability, amount, and duration of weed suppression during and after a fall‐planted forage radish cover crop and to quantify the subsequent effect on no‐till seeded corn (Zea maysL.). Forage radish cover crops were grown in 10 site‐years in the coastal plain of Maryland and followed by a corn crop in seven site‐years. Forage radish was compared to rye (Secale cerealeL.) and no cover crop treatments. Early and typical corn planting dates along with contrasting herbicide management strategies were compared over four site‐years. Forage radish produced 3.9 to 6.6 Mg ha−1of shoot dry matter and 1.3 to 3.2 Mg ha−1of fleshy root dry matter when planted before 1 September. Forage radish did not reduce population or grain yield in subsequent corn crops. Forage radish provided complete suppression of winter annual weeds in fall and early spring but the suppression did not persist into the subsequent cropping season. When forage radish cover crops were used in place of preplant burndown herbicide treatments to control weeds in early planted corn, some weeds were present at the time of corn emergence but corn yields were not reduced as long as emerged weeds were controlled with a postemergence herbicide. Strategies to use the weed suppression of forage radish cover crops should focus on fall weed suppression and the early spring preplant window of weed control.