bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHOTOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS OF LASERS: Study of Fast and Ultrafast Photothermal Phenomena at Metal-Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Harata Akira , Shen Qing , Sawada Tsuguo
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Recent studies on fast (<10 ns) and ultrafast (<10 ps) photothermal and photoacoustic phenomena occurring at solid-liquid interfaces are discussed, including related topics, with emphasis placed on interfaces between aqueous solutions and metals under electrochemical potential control. Details of transient reflecting grating measurements for metal-liquid interfaces are considered as they relate to mesoscopic interface structures and nano-environments. Dependencies of fast photothermal phenomena on the electrochemical potential and types of anions in the solutions are shown. Ultrafast photothermal phenomena observed by transient reflectivity measurements are considered in connection with interface femtochemistry and hot electron reactions. Technical progress in measuring fast and ultrafast photothermal phenomena is reviewed for solid-liquid interfaces, including colloidal solutions.
HCP CPH ISOMERIZATION: Caught in the Act
Authors: Ishikawa H. , Field R. W. , Farantos S. C. , Joyeux M. , Koput J. , Beck C. , Schinke R.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In this overview we discuss the vibrational spectrum of phosphaethyne, HCP, in its electronic ground state, as revealed by complementary experimental and theoretical examinations. The main focus is the evolution of specific spectral patterns from the bottom of the potential well up to excitation energies of approximately 25,000 cm−1, where large-amplitude, isomerization-type motion from H–CP to CP–H is prominent. Distinct structural and dynamical changes, caused by an abrupt transformation from essentially HC bonding to mainly PH bonding, set in around 13,000 cm−1. They reflect saddle-node bifurcations in the classical phase space—a phenomenon well known in the nonlinear dynamics literature—and result in characteristic patterns in the spectrum and the quantum-number dependence of the vibrational fine-structure constants. Two polar opposites are employed to elucidate the spectral patterns: the exact solution of the Schrödinger equation, using an accurate potential energy surface and an effective or resonance Hamiltonian (expressed in a harmonic oscillator basis set and block diagonalized into polyads), which is defined by parameters adjusted to fit either the measured or the calculated vibrational energies. The combination of both approaches—together with classical mechanics and semiclassical analyses—provides a detailed spectroscopic picture of the breaking of one bond and the formation of a new one.
ORGANIC CATION TRANSPORTERS IN INTESTINE, KIDNEY, LIVER, AND BRAIN
Authors: Koepsell H.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review focuses on sodium-independent transport systems for organic cations in small intestine, liver, kidney, and brain. The roles of P-glycoproteins (MDR) and anion transporters (OATP) in organic cation transport are reported, and two members of the new transporter family OCT are described. The OCT transporters belong to a superfamily that includes multidrug-resistance proteins, facilitative diffusion systems, and proton antiporters. They mediate electrogenic transport of small organic cations with different molecular structures, independently of sodium and proton gradients. The current knowledge of the distribution and functional properties of cloned cation transport systems and of cation transport measured in intact plasma membranes is used to postulate identical or homologous transporters in intestine, liver, kidney, and brain.
A Century of Plant Pathology: A Retrospective View on Understanding Host-Parasite Interactions
Authors: Keen N. T.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The twentieth century has been productive for the science of plant pathology and the field of host-parasite interactions—both in understanding how pathogens and plant defense work and in developing more effective means of disease control. Early in the twentieth century, plant pathology adopted a philosophy that encouraged basic scientific investigation of pathogens and disease defense. That philosophy led to the strategy of developing disease-resistant plants as a prima facie disease-control measure—and in the process saved billions of dollars and avoided the use of tons of pesticides. Plant pathology rapidly adopted molecular cloning and its spin-off technologies, and these have fueled major advances in our basic understanding of plant diseases. This knowledge and the development of efficient technologies for producing transgenic plants convey optimism that plant diseases will be more efficiently controlled in the twenty-first century.
NARRATIVE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
Authors: Patterson Molly , Monroe Kristen Renwick
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Narratives—the stories people tell—provide a rich source of information about how people make sense of their lives, about how they construct disparate facts and weave them together cognitively to make sense of reality. Narrative analysis is particularly useful in providing insight on the cognitive process and on the role of culture in shaping any human universals.

We begin by defining narrative as a concept and as a methodological tool in social science. We provide intellectual background on how narrative developed in literary theory and how it has been applied in cognitive analysis. We then discuss narratives as sites of cultural contestation and the role of narrative in the construction of social theory. We conclude on a note of caution, suggesting the need for care when interpreting narratives.
THE DECLINE OF PARTIES IN THE MINDS OF CITIZENS
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Stewart Marianne C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In recent years, volatility in the electoral fortunes of major political parties in Western democracies has invigorated scholarly debate over the roles that parties play in the political process and the positions that they occupy in the public mind. Data from national election surveys and inter-election public opinion polls reveal that parties have declined in the minds of citizens in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain over the past 40 years. Varying combinations of decreasing percentages of strong party identifiers, increasing percentages of independents and nonidentifiers, and increasing individual-level instability in party identifications indicate that the electorates of all three countries have experienced significant “dealignments of degree.” The three cases are not atypical; survey evidence indicates that partisan attachments have weakened in a wide variety of mature democracies.
CURRENT ISSUES AND EMERGING THEORIES IN ANIMAL COGNITION
Authors: Boysen S. T. , Himes G. T.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Comparative cognition is an emerging interdisciplinary field with contributions from comparative psychology, cognitive/experimental and developmental psychology, animal learning, and ethology, and is poised to move toward greater understanding of animal and human information-processing, reasoning, memory, and the phylogenetic emergence of mind. This chapter highlights some current issues and discusses four areas within comparative cognition that are yielding new approaches and hypotheses for studying basic conceptual capacities in nonhuman species. These include studies of imitation, tool use, mirror self-recognition, and the potential for attribution of mental states by nonhuman animals. Though a very old question in psychology, the study of imitation continues to provide new avenues for examining the complex relationships among and between the levels of imitative behaviors exhibited by many species. Similarly, recent work in animal tool use, mirror self-recognition (with all its contentious issues), and recent attempts to empirically study the potential for attributional capacities in nonhumans, all continue to provide fresh insights and novel paradigms for addressing the defining characteristics of these complex phenomena.
Negotiation
Authors: Bazerman Max H. , Curhan Jared R. , Moore Don A. , Valley Kathleen L.
Published: July 2002

The first part of this paper traces a short history of the psychological study of negotiation. Although negotiation was an active research topic within social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s, in the 1980s, the behavioral decision perspective dominated. The 1990s has witnessed a rebirth of social factors in the psychological study of negotiation, including social relationships, egocentrism, motivated illusions, and emotion. The second part of this paper reviews five emerging research areas, each of which provides useful insight into how negotiators subjectively understand the negotiation: (a) mental models in negotiation; (b) how concerns of ethics, fairness, and values define the rules of the game being played; (c) how the selection of a communication medium impacts the way the game is played; (d) how cross-cultural issues in perception and behavior affect the negotiation game; and (e) how negotiators organize and simplify their understandings of the negotiation game when more than two actors are involved.
Comparing Personal Trajectories and Drawing Causal Inferences from Longitudinal Data
Authors: Raudenbush Stephen W.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review considers statistical analysis of data from studies that obtain repeated measures on each of many participants. Such studies aim to describe the average change in populations and to illuminate individual differences in trajectories of change. A person-specific model for the trajectory of each participant is viewed as the foundation of any analysis having these aims. A second, between-person model describes how persons very in their trajectories. This two-stage modeling framework is common to a variety of popular analytic approaches variously labeled hierarchical models, multilevel models, latent growth models, and random coefficient models. Selected published examples reveal how the approach can be flexibly adapted to represent development in domains as diverse as vocabulary growth in early childhood, academic learning, and antisocial propensity during adolescence. The review then considers the problem of drawing causal inferences from repeated measures data.
Showing Ideas as Causes: The Origins of the European Union
Authors: Parsons Craig
Published: July 2002

Why did Western Europe create uniquely strong international institutions in the 1950s, setting the foundations for today's quasi-federal European Union? This article contests explanations of the European Economic Community (EEC) as a straightforward response to structural interdependence, or as an institutionally “path-dependent” variation on such a response. Only leadership based on certain ideas explains why Europeans created the EEC rather than pursuing cooperation within weaker institutions or standard diplomatic instruments. In France—the only major state that insisted on the “community” framework—divided preferences and issue-linkages created “multiple equilibria” that allowed leaders to mobilize support for several European strategies. The EEC strategy was selected over viable alternatives by leaders who stood out from their party, bureaucratic, sectoral, and regional allies in holding certain ideas about Europe. This demonstration of the major, distinct impact of ideas offers concrete support to the growing theoretical literature on ideas and norms.
The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders
Authors: March James G. , Olsen Johan P.
Published: July 2002

The history of international political orders is written in terms of continuity and change in domestic and international political relations. As a step toward understanding such continuity and change, we explore some ideas drawn from an institutional perspective. An institutional perspective is characterized in terms of two grand issues that divide students of international relations and other organized systems. The first issue concerns the basic logic of action by which human behavior is shaped. On the one side are those who see action as driven by a logic of anticipated consequences and prior preferences. On the other side are those who see action as driven by a logic of appropriateness and a sense of identity. The second issue concerns the efficiency of history. On the one side are those who see history as efficient in the sense that it follows a course leading to a unique equilibrium dictated by exogenously determined interests, identities, and resources. On the other side are those who see history as inefficient in the sense that it follows a meandering, path-dependent course distinguished by multiple equilibria and endogenous transformations of interests, identities, and resources. We argue that the tendency of students of international political order to emphasize efficient histories and consequential bases for action leads them to underestimate the significance of rule- and identity-based action and inefficient histories. We illustrate such an institutional perspective by considering some features of the coevolution of politics and institutions, particularly the ways in which engagement in political activities affects the definition and elaboration of political identities and the development of competence in politics and the capabilities of political institutions.
CollageMachine: An Interactive Agent of Web Recombination
Authors: Kerne Andruid
Published: July 2002

CollageMachine builds interactive collages from the Web. First you choose a direction. Then CollageMachine will take you surfing out across the Internet as far as it can reach. It builds a collage from the most interesting media it can find for you. You don't have to click through links. You rearrange the collage to refine your exploration.

CollageMachine is an agent of recombination. Aesthetics of musical composition and conceptual detournement underlie its development. The composer John Cage and Dada artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst used structured chance procedures to create aesthetic assemblages. These works create new meaning by recontextualizing found objects. Instead of functioning as a single visual work, CollageMachine embodies the process of collage making.

CollageMachine [1] deconstructs Web sites and re-presents them in collage form. The program crawls the Web, downloading sites. It breaks each page down into media elements—images and texts. Over time, these elements stream into a collage. Point, click, drag, and drop to rearrange the media. How you organize the

elements shows CollageMachine what you're interested in. You can teach it to bring media of interest to you. On the basis of your interactions, CollageMachine reasons about your interests; the evolving model informs ongoing choices of selection and placement. CollageMachine has been developed through a process of freely combining disciplines according to the principles of “interface ecology.”
Music, Creativity and Scientific Thinking
Authors: Root-Bernstein Robert S.
Published: July 2002

Are music and sci-ence different types of intel-ligence (as posited in the context of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences), or are they two manifestations of common ways of think-ing? By focusing on scien-tists who have been musi-cians and on the ways they have used their musical knowledge to inform their scientific work, the author argues in this article that music and science are two ways of using a common set of “tools for thinking” that unify all disciplines. He explores the notion that cre-ative individuals are usually polymaths who think in trans-disciplinary ways.
Weak Crossover as a Scope Phenomenon
Authors: Ruys E. G.
Published: July 2002

This article investigates the proper characterization of the condition that is responsible for weak crossover effects. It argues that the relevant condition belongs to scope theory and that weak crossover arises from the way in which scope is determined in syntax. This implies that weak crossover can occur whenever an operator must take scope over a pronoun, even when the pronoun and the operator are not coindexed and the intended interpretation of the pronoun is not as a variable bound by the operator. It also implies that, when an operator is for some reason assigned scope in an exceptional manner and escapes the usual syntactic restrictions on scope assignment, bound variable licensing will be exceptionally allowed as well.
Toward a More Complete Typology of Anaphoric Expressions
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena , Everaert Martin
Published: July 2002

Reinhart and Reuland (1993) propose the following typology of anaphoric expressions: SELF anaphors (+SELF, −R), SE anaphors (−SELF, −R), and pronouns (−SELF, +R). We argue that the Greek anaphor o eaftos tu ‘the self his’ exemplifies a fourth type, predicted by Reinhart and Reuland's typology but not instantiated in their system: an “inalienable possession” anaphor (+SELF, +R). Within Reinhart and Reuland's framework such anaphors are allowed provided that (a) they do not enter into chain formation and (b) they satisfy the (reflexivity) binding conditions through abstract incorporation of the nominal head into the predicate they reflexivize. The proposed analysis makes valid predictions concerning the distribution of Greek anaphors as opposed to English/Dutch anaphors.
More on the Anaphor Agreement Effect
Authors: Woolford Ellen
Published: July 2002

This article provides additional evidence for the universality of Rizzi's (1990) anaphor agreement effect, under which the ungrammaticality of nominative anaphors in English, Italian, and Icelandic is due to the presence of agreement. Languages without agreement are shown to allow nominative anaphors. Objective anaphors cannot be associated with agreement, unless the agreement is a special anaphoric form. Superficial counterexamples to Rizzi's proposal are shown not to be problematic. The relative merits of two formal accounts outlined by Rizzi (1990) are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the anaphor agreement effect can be a diagnostic for the presence of covert agreement.
Ipsilesional Biases in Saccades but not Perception after Lesions of the Human Inferior Parietal Lobule
Authors: Ro Tony , Rorden Chris , Driver Jon , Rafal Robert
Published: July 2002

We examined the effects of chronic unilateral lesions to either the inferior parietal lobe, or to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex including the frontal eye fields (FEFs), upon human visual perception and saccades in temporal-order-judgment (TOJ) tasks. Two visual events were presented on each trial, one in each hemifield at various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In the saccade task, patients moved their eyes to whichever stimulus attracted gaze first. In the perceptual-manual task, they pressed a button to indicate which stimulus was perceived first. Frontal patients showed appropriate TOJs for visual targets in both tasks. Parietal patients showed appropriate TOJs in the perceptual-manual but not the saccade task; their saccades tended to be ipsilesional unless the contralesional target led substantially. This reveals a bias in saccade choice after parietal damage that cannot be attributed to deficient visual perception. These results challenge previous claims that only anterior lesions produce motoric spatial biases in humans. However, they are in accord with recent neurophysiological evidence for parietal involvement in saccade generation, and also with suggestions that visuomotor transformations in the parietal lobe serving direct spatial motor responses can dissociate from conscious perception as indicated by indirect arbitrary responses.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Categorical Versus Coordinate Visuospatial Processing Revealed by Temporary Cortical Deactivation
Authors: Slotnick Scott D. , Moo Lauren R. , Tesoro Mark A. , Hart John
Published: July 2002

Kosslyn (1987) proposed that the left hemisphere is better than the right hemisphere at categorical visuospatial processing while the right hemisphere is better than the left hemisphere at coordinate visuospatial processing. In 134 patients, one hemisphere (and then usually the other) was temporarily deactivated by intracarotid injection of sodium amobarbital. After a hemisphere was deactivated, a cognitive test battery was conducted, which included categorical and coordinate visuospatial tasks. Using this technique, the processing capabilities of the intact hemisphere could be determined, thus directly testing Kosslyn's hypothesis regarding hemispheric specialization. Specifically, if the left hemisphere does preferentially process categorical visuospatial relationships, then its deactivation should result in more errors during categorical tasks than right hemisphere deactivation and vise versa for the right hemisphere regarding coordinate tasks. The pattern of results obtained in both categorical and coordinate tasks was consistent with Kosslyn's hypothesis when task difficulty was sufficiently high. However, when task difficulty was low, a left hemispheric processing advantage was found for both types of tasks indicating that: (1) the left hemisphere may be better at “easy” tasks regardless of the type of task and (2) the proposed hemispheric processing asymmetry may only become apparent during sufficiently demanding task conditions. These results may explain why some investigators have failed to find a significant hemispheric processing asymmetry in visuospatial categorical and coordinate tasks.
Determination of Response Latency and Its Application to Normalization of Cross-Correlation Measures
Authors: Baker Stuart N. , Gerstein George L.
Published: July 2002

It is often of interest experimentally to assess how synchronization between two neurons changes following a stimulus or other behaviorally relevant marker. The joint peristimulus time histogram (JPSTH) achieves this, but assumes that changes in the cells' firing rate following the stimulus are stereotyped from one sweep to the next. Erroneous results can be generated if this is not the case. We here present a method to assess whether there are variations in response latency or amplitude from sweep to sweep. We then describe how the effects of response latency variation can be mitigated by realigning sweeps to their individual latencies. Three methods of detecting response latency are presented and their performance compared on simulated data. Finally, the effect on the JPSTH of sweep realignment using detected latencies is illustrated.
Neuronal Regulation: A Mechanism for Synaptic Pruning During Brain Maturation
Authors: Chechik Gal , Meilijson Isaac , Ruppin Eytan
Published: July 2002

Human and animal studies show that mammalian brains undergo massive synaptic pruning during childhood, losing about half of the synapses by puberty. We have previously shown that maintaining the network performance while synapses are deleted requires that synapses be properly modified and pruned, with the weaker synapses removed. We now show that neuronal regulation, a mechanism recently observed to maintain the average neuronal input field of a postsynaptic neuron, results in a weight-dependent synaptic modification. Under the correct range of the degradation dimension and synaptic upper bound, neuronal regulation removes the weaker synapses and judiciously modifies the remaining synapses. By deriving optimal synaptic modification functions in an excitatory-inhibitory network, we prove that neuronal regulation implements near-optimal synaptic modification and maintains the performance of a network undergoing massive synaptic pruning. These findings support the possibility that neural regulation complements the action of Hebbian synaptic changes in the self-organization of the developing brain.
Virtual Locomotion: Walking in Place through Virtual Environments
Authors: Templeman James N. , Denbrook Patricia S. , Sibert Linda E.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents both an analysis of requirements for user control over simulated locomotion and a new control technique designed to meet these requirements. The goal is to allow the user to move through virtual environments in as similar a manner as possible to walking through the real world. We approach this problem by examining the interrelationships between motion control and the other actions people use to act, sense, and react to their environment. If the interactions between control actions and sensory feedback can be made comparable to those of actions in the real world, then there is hope for constructing an effective new technique. Candidate solutions are reviewed once the analysis is developed. This analysis leads to a promising new design for a sensor-based virtual locomotion called Gaiter. The new control allows users to direct their movement through virtual environments by stepping in place. The movement of a person's legs is sensed, and in-place walking is treated as a gesture indicating the user intends to take a virtual step. More specifically, the movement of the user's legs determines the direction, extent, and timing of their movement through virtual environments. Tying virtual locomotion to leg motion allows a person to step in any direction and control the stride length and cadence of his virtual steps. The user can walk straight, turn in place, and turn while advancing. Motion is expressed in a body-centric coordinate system similar to that of actual stepping. The system can discriminate between gestural and actual steps, so both types of steps can be intermixed.
Evolutionary Driver Scheduling with Relief Chains
Authors: Kwan Raymond S. K. , Kwan Ann S. K. , Wren Anthony
Published: July 2002

Public transport driver scheduling problems are well known to be NP-hard. Although some mathematically based methods are being used in the transport industry, there is room for improvement. A hybrid approach incorporating a genetic algorithm (GA) is presented. The role of the GA is to derive a small selection of good shifts to seed a greedy schedule construction heuristic. A group of shifts called a relief chain is identi-fied and recorded. The relief chain is then inherited by the offspring and used by the GA for schedule construction. The new approach has been tested using real-life data sets, some of which represent very large problem instances. The results are generally better than those compiled by experienced schedulers and are comparable to solutions found by integer linear programming (ILP). In some cases, solutions were obtained when the ILP failed within practical computational limits.
Martyrs, Miracles, and Martians: Religion and Cold War Cinematic Propaganda in the 1950s
Authors: Shaw Tony
Published: July 2002

This article examines Cold War film propaganda in the 1950s, when the cin-ema was enjoying its last period as the dominant visual mass entertainment form in both the West and the East. I concentrates on the role that religion played as a theme of propaganda primarily in British and American movies, as well as some of the Soviet films released during the decade. The article ex-plores the relationship between film output and state propagandists to show how religious themes were incorporated into films dealing with Cold War is-sues, and considers how audiences received the messages contained within these films. The article therefore builds on recent scholarship that highlights the importance of ideas and culture during the Cold War by looking at the adoption and adaptation of religion as a tool of propaganda.
Rollback, Liberation, Containment, or Inaction? U.S. Policy and Eastern Europe in the 1950s
Authors: Borhi László
Published: July 2002

This article discusses the Eisenhower administration's policy toward Eastern Europe in the years leading up to the 1956 Hungarian revolution. The article first considers the broader context of U.S. Cold War strategy in Eastern Europe, including policies of “economic warfare” and “psychological warfare,” as well as covert operations and military supplies. It then examines U.S. policy toward Hungary, particularly during the events of October-November 1956, when the Eisenhower administration had to decide how to respond to the uprising. The article brings to light the Eisenhower administration's dual policy toward Hungary—a policy that attempted, on the one hand, to strike a negotiated settlement with the Soviet Union, and, on the other hand, to promote instability within the Soviet bloc. An analysis of these contradictory approaches sheds broader light on the dynamics of U.S. foreign policy in the 1950s.
MORMON VALUES AND THE UTAH ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Foltz Richard
Published: July 2002

Although there has been little if any discussion of Mormon environmentalism outside the tradition, it is increasingly apparent that such an ethic does exist - though whether this ethic is with or against the current of formal LDS teaching is less clear. This article provides an overview of contemporary Mormon ecological thought and its roots within the LDS tradition, and highlights some of the tensions connected with environmental issues within the Mormon community today in Utah and elsewhere.
The Narrative Function of Mark's Characterization of God
Authors: Danove Paul
Published: July 2002

This article identifies and categorizes grammatically justified Marcan references to God according to the semantic relationships attributed to God and then analyzes the content and distribution of these references to determine the narrative function of the characterization of God in Mark. The analysis of content investigates the role of repetition in relating other characters to God. The distributional analysis then indicates that references to God initially encourage the reader to identify Jesus with God and to find the fulfillment of expectations concerning God in the person of Jesus. References to God subsequently encourage the reader's closer identification with Jesus, especially in the events leading to his death, and invite the reader to deeper appreciation of what a relationship with God entails.
Electrophysiological activity during recovery from anhydrobiosis in fourth stage juveniles of Ditylenchus dipsaci
Authors: Perry Roland , Rolfe Richard , Wharton David
Published: July 2002

Upon immersion in water, anhydrobiotic nematodes display a period of apparent inactivity, the lag phase, before they commence spontaneous movement. Following a period of desiccation of the fourth stage juveniles of the plant-parasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci, electrical activity during rehydration was recorded using glass microelectrodes inserted into individual nematodes. The pattern observed was a period of no electrical activity, followed by low amplitude electrical events and then also high amplitude events. Movement of the nematode was associated with the high amplitude events, whose recordings formed trains of spikes that coincided with the activity of the nematode. The lag phase represents a period during which the physiological functions of the nerves and muscles are restored. This may involve the restoration of ionic gradients between the inside and the outside of the cells, which is reflected in an increase in spike amplitude in those nematodes where a sustained period of high amplitude activity was recorded. Activité électrophysiologique durant la sortie d'anhydrobiose chez le quatrième stade juvénile de Ditylenchus dipsaci - Immergés dans l'eau, les nématodes anhydrobiotiques passent par une période d'inactivité apparente - la phase de latence - avant que des mouvements spontanés ne débutent. Pendant la réhydratation qui suivait une période de dessication l'activité électrique de juvéniles de quatrième stade de Ditylenchus dipsaci a été enregistrée grâce à des microélectrodes de verre implantées dans le nématode. La courbe observée correspondait à une période sans activité électrique, suivie par des phénomènes électriques de faible amplitude, combinés ensuite à des phénomènes de forte amplitude. Les mouvements des nématodes étaient associés aux phénomènes de forte amplitude dont le tracé consiste en une suite de pics coïncidant avec l'activité du nématode. La phase de latence correspond à la période pendant laquelle les fonctions physiologiques nerveuses et musculaires sont restaurées. Cela peut englober la restauration des gradients ioniques à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des cellules, phénomène reflété par une augmentation des pics chez ceux des nématodes où une période soutenue d'activité de forte amplitude a été notée.
What do the Peasants Want Now? Realists and Fundamentalists in Swiss and South German Rural Politics, 1650–1750
Authors: Rebel Hermann
Published: July 2002

In Leibniz, in Whitehead, there are only events. What Leibniz calls predicate is nothing to do with an attribute, but an event, “crossing the Rubicon.” So they have to completely recast the notion of a subject: what becomes of the subject, if predicates are events? It's like a baroque emblem. (Gilles Deleuze)

The [Swiss] Confederacy presented a deep political ambiguity, a union of urban oligarchs and peasant producers, all of whom collectively ruled over yet other subjects, which mirrored the tension between the [South German] cities' own oligarchical present and communal past. If there is indeed “an unbroken progressive line” between the communal burghers of this age and the bourgeoisies of a later one, it runs through deep shadows of ambiguity and tension, which flowed from securing the liberties of some through the subjection of others…More and more, the bigger folk in the cities made their livings from the vast web of market relations…and made their peace with the early modern state. (Thomas Brady)
An occurrence of lacustrine Mg-smectite in a pan of the southwestern Kalahari, Namibia
Authors: Mees F.
Published: July 2002

The clay fraction of the deposits of the Otjomongwa Pan, southwestern Kalahari, is dominated by Mg-smectite. This mineral formed as an authigenic precipitate in a groundwater-fed lake, without involving the transformation of a precursor mineral. During the earliest recorded period, Mg-smectite formed together with sepiolite and dolomite in a shallow lake. This period was ended by a change in environmental conditions that led to an increase in the depth of the lake and a decrease in salinity and Mg content of the water. This resulted in a transition to a mineral association without sepiolite and including calcite, together with Mg-smectite and dolomite. The depth of the lake gradually decreased after this event, while the lake water progressively became depleted in Mg.
Synorogenic extension in the Tethyan Himalaya documented by structural studies and the Kübler index, Lachung La area, NW India
Authors: Girard M. , Thélin P. , Steck A.
Published: July 2002

Tectonic observations in the Tethyan Himalaya reveal an important extensional event that succeeds the emplacement of SW-verging nappes. A major thrust, called the Kum Tso Thrust, has been backfolded and reactivated by normal faulting associated with this event.

Measurements of the Kübler index, coupled with characterization of clay-size paragenesis show the effect of normal faulting on the regional metamorphic zonation and indicate that important extension zones, like the Sarchu-Lachung La Normal Fault Zone (SLFZ), exist within the Tethyan Himalaya. Diagenetic limestones from within the SLFZ are characterized by the occurrence of mixed-layered clay phases, kaolinite and an illite with a 001 peak >0.4 Δ°2θ. This zone is bordered by two anchizonal-to-epizonal zones, where illite peaks become narrower. Further to the NE the successive appearance of biotite, chloritoid, garnet and garnet-staurolite-kyanite assemblages testifies to an increase in metamorphic grade. The cataclastic samples from the normal faults contain kaolinite, smectite and a ‘broad’ illite, indicating that extension occurs under diagenetic conditions.
Use of clay minerals in reconstructing geological processes: recent advances and some perspectives
Authors: Środoń J.
Published: July 2002

This article reviews that clay literature from the last ten years, which is devoted to the applications of clay minerals in the interpretation of geological processes in sedimentary basins. The results, selected by the author as being of particular interest, are presented, arranged according to the successive phases of the rock cycle.
Mineral/reagent interactions: an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of adsorption of reagents onto mixtures of minerals
Authors: Allen G. C. , Eastman J. R. , Hallam K. R. , Graveling G. J. , Ragnarsdottir K. V. , Skuse D. R.
Published: July 2002

Reagent-based selective separations of minerals are of great industrial importance. The basis of these separations is the competitive differential adsorption of the reagent onto a number of minerals. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) study of the adsorption of polyacrylamide onto kaolin, feldspar and quartz is described. Initial data confirmed the utility of XPS for the study of polyacrylamide adsorption onto silica glass slides. Further results indicated the utility of the technique for the direct measurement of adsorption of polyacrylamide onto individual aliquots of kaolin, feldspar and quartz. Adsorption was relatively greatest onto kaolin. Feldspar displayed less adsorption and quartz very little. An imaging method was used to characterize, at least relatively, the competitive adsorption of polyacrylamide onto kaolin in the presence of mixtures of kaolin and quartz. This is a potential new technique for study of competitive adsorption.
Retrovirus insertion and transcriptional activation of the multidrug-resistance gene in leukemias treated by a chemotherapeutic agent in vivo
Authors: Nagayama Jun , Iino Mayumi , Tada Yasuhiro , Kusaba Hitoshi , Kiue Akira , Ohshima Koichi , Kuwano Michihiko , Wada Morimasa
Published: July 2002

To understand the molecular basis for multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells in vivo, this study analyzed molecular changes of the mdr1a gene region in leukemia cells in mice during continuous treatment with vincristine. An inverse insertion of murine leukemia retrovirus (MuLV) into the 5′-flanking region of the mdr1a gene was found. This insertion was concomitantly accompanied by up-regulation of themdr1a gene and the loss of chemosensitivity. Deletion of long-terminal repeat (LTR) sequences dramatically decreased themdr1a promoter-driven reporter activity. The MuLV LTR insertion appears to exert its enhancer activity onmdr1a transcription during the appearance of MDR leukemia cells. Two mechanisms were postulated to explain the mdr1agene activation by retrovirus insertion during in vivo chemotreatment: de novo insertion of MuLV induced by vincristine treatment and selection of a small fraction of pre-existing cells carrying MuLV insertion during vincristine treatment. No rearranged sequence was detected by polymerase chain reaction in parental cells. This result argued for the first mechanism. The randomly altered distribution of MuLV during repetitive chemotreatment might also be consistent with this hypothesis. On the other hand, the retrovirus insertion was detected at the same site of the mdr1a promoter region in 2 independent experiments, which suggests the second mechanism. It should be noted that in vivo chemotreatment using vincristine could generate the mdr1a-overexpressing cells through retrovirus insertion and the enhancer effect of the LTR.
T-cell lines from 2 patients with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency showed the restoration of ADA activity resulted from the reversion of an inherited mutation
Authors: Ariga Tadashi , Oda Noriko , Yamaguchi Koji , Kawamura Nobuaki , Kikuta Hideaki , Taniuchi Shoichiro , Kobayashi Yohnosuke , Terada Kihei , Ikeda Hisami , Hershfield Michael S. , Kobayashi Kunihiko , Sakiyama Yukio
Published: July 2002

Inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA) results in one of the autosomal recessive forms of severe combined immunodeficiency. This report discusses 2 patients with ADA deficiency from different families, in whom a possible reverse mutation had occurred. The novel mutations were identified in the ADAgene from the patients, and both their parents were revealed to be carriers. Unexpectedly, established patient T-cell lines, not B-cell lines, showed half-normal levels of ADA enzyme activity. Reevaluation of the mutations in these T-cell lines indicated that one of the inherited ADA gene mutations was reverted in both patients. At least one of the patients seemed to possess the revertant cells in vivo; however, the mutant cells might have overcome the revertant after receiving ADA enzyme replacement therapy. These findings may have significant implications regarding the prospects for stem cell gene therapy for ADA deficiency.
Chronic myeloid leukemia and interferon-α: a study of complete cytogenetic responders
Authors: Bonifazi Francesca , de Vivo Antonio , Rosti Gianantonio , Guilhot François , Guilhot Joëlle , Trabacchi Elena , Hehlmann Rüdiger , Hochhaus Andreas , Shepherd Patricia C. A. , Steegmann Juan Luis , Kluin-Nelemans Hanneke C. , Thaler Josef , Simonsson Bengt , Louwagie Andries , Reiffers Josy , Mahon François Xavier , Montefusco Enrico , Alimena Giuliana , Hasford Joerg , Richards Sue , Saglio Giuseppe , Testoni Nicoletta , Martinelli Giovanni , Tura Sante , Baccarani Michele
Published: July 2002

Achieving a complete cytogenetic response (CCgR) is a major target in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with interferon-α (IFN-α), but CCgRs are rare. The mean CCgR rate is 13%, in a range of 5% to 33%. A collaborative study of 9 European Union countries has led to the collection of data on 317 patients who were first seen between 1983 and 1997 and achieved CCgRs with IFN-α alone or in combination with hydroxyurea. The median time to first CCgR was 19 months (95% CI, 17-21; range, 3-84 months). At last contact, 212 patients were still alive and in continuous CCgR; 105 patients had lost CCgR, but 53% of them were still alive and in chronic phase. IFN-α treatment was discontinued permanently in 23 cases for response loss, in 36 cases for chronic toxicity (15 are still in unmaintained continuous CCgR), and in 8 cases because it was believed that treatment was no longer necessary (7 of these 8 patients are still in unmaintained continuous CCgR). The 10-year survival rate from first CCgR is 72% (95% CI, 62%-82%) and is related to the risk profile. High-risk patients lost CCgR more frequently and more rapidly and none survived more than 10 years. Low-risk patients survived much longer (10-year survival probability 89% for Sokal low risk and 81% for Euro low risk). These data point out that a substantial long-term survival in CCgRs is restricted mainly to low-risk and possibly intermediate-risk patients and occurs significantly less often in high-risk patients.
Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin
Authors: Li Junzhi , Yang Chun , Xia Yuping , Bertino Amy , Glaspy John , Roberts Michael , Kuter David J.
Published: July 2002

Thrombocytopenia developed in some individuals treated with a recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO), pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF). Three of the subjects who developed severe thrombocytopenia were analyzed in detail to determine the cause of their thrombocytopenia. Except for easy bruising and heavy menses, none of these subjects had major bleeding episodes; none responded to intravenous immunoglobulin or prednisone. Bone marrow examination revealed a marked reduction in megakaryocytes. All 3 thrombocytopenic subjects had antibody to PEG-rHuMGDF that cross-reacted with endogenous TPO and neutralized its biological activity. All anti-TPO antibodies were immunoglobulin G (IgG), with increased amounts of IgG4; no IgM antibodies to TPO were detected at any time. A quantitative assay for IgG antibody to TPO was developed and showed that the antibody concentration varied inversely with the platelet count. Anti-TPO antibody recognized epitopes located in the first 163 amino acids of TPO and prevented TPO from binding to its receptor. In 2 subjects, endogenous TPO levels were elevated, but the TPO circulated as a biologically inactive immune complex with anti-TPO IgG; the endogenous TPO in these complexes had an apparent molecular weight of 95 000, slightly larger than the full-length recombinant TPO. None of the subjects had atypical HLA or platelet antigens, and the TPO cDNA was normal in both that were sequenced. Treatment of one subject with cyclosporine eliminated the antibody and normalized the platelet count. These data demonstrate a new mechanism for thrombocytopenia in which antibody develops to TPO; because endogenous TPO is produced constitutively, thrombocytopenia ensues.
Diagnostic utility of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Stetler-Stevenson Maryalice , Arthur Diane C. , Jabbour Nicholas , Xie Xiu Y. , Molldrem Jeff , Barrett A. John , Venzon David , Rick Margaret E.
Published: July 2002

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are characterized by bilineage or trilineage dysplasia. Although diagnostic criteria are well established for MDS, a significant number of patients have blood and bone marrow findings that make diagnosis and classification difficult. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping is an accurate and highly sensitive method for detection of quantitative and qualitative abnormalities in hematopoietic cells. Flow cytometry was used to study hematopoietic cell populations in the bone marrow of 45 patients with straightforward MDS. The results were compared with those obtained in a series of patients with aplastic anemia, healthy donors, and patients with a history of nonmyeloid neoplasia in complete remission. The immunophenotypic abnormalities associated with MDS were defined, and the diagnostic utility of flow cytometry was compared, with morphologic and cytogenetic evaluations in 20 difficult cases. Although morphology and cytogenetics were adequate for diagnosis in most cases, flow cytometry could detect immunophenotypic abnormalities in cases when combined morphology and cytogenetics were nondiagnostic. It is concluded that flow cytometric immunophenotyping may help establish the diagnosis of MDS, especially when morphology and cytogenetics are indeterminate.
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase contributes to the transformation of hematopoietic cells by the D816V c-Kit mutant
Authors: Chian RuJu , Young Sonia , Danilkovitch-Miagkova Alla , Rönnstrand Lars , Leonard Edward , Ferrao Petranel , Ashman Leonie , Linnekin Diana
Published: July 2002

Stem cell factor (SCF) binds the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit and is critical for normal hematopoiesis. Substitution of valine for aspartic acid 816 (D816V) constitutively actives human c-Kit, and this mutation is found in patients with mastocytosis, leukemia, and germ cell tumors. Immortalized murine progenitor cells (MIHCs) transduced with wild-type c-Kit proliferate in response to SCF, whereas cells expressing D816V c-Kit (MIHC-D816V) are factor-independent and tumorigenic. However, the mechanisms mediating transformation by D816V c-Kit are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify signaling components that contribute to D816V c-Kit–mediated transformation. SCF stimulates association of p85PI3K with phosphorylated tyrosine 721 of wild-type c-Kit. Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) subsequently contributes to the activation of Akt and Jnks. In contrast, these studies demonstrated that the D816V c-Kit mutant was constitutively associated with phosphorylated p85PI3K, and, downstream of PI3K, Jnk 1 and Jnk 2 were activated but Akt was not. Interestingly, Erks 1 and 2 were not constitutively activated by D816V c-Kit. Thus, D816V c-Kit maintains the activity of PI3K but not of all signaling pathways activated by wild-type c-Kit. Further, all pathways downstream of PI3K are not constitutively active in MIHC-D816V cells. Studies with a PI3K inhibitor and D816V/Y721F c-Kit, a mutant incapable of recruiting PI3K, indicate that constitutive activation of PI3K through direct recruitment by D816V c-Kit plays a role in factor-independent growth of MIHC and is critical for tumorigenicity.