bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Human Side of the Addict
Authors: Cichosz Joan
Published: March 2007

Everyone has the same basic need to feel someone cares about him. Everyone is addicted to something. Once this fact is clari fied, the narcotic addict ceases to be such a mysterious entity. Treating addicts as a special breed only helps perpetuate the fallacy that they are different. The "straight" person is frequently accused of never having had the drug experience and, therefore, of being unable to help the addict. If he accepts this conclusion, he verifies the charge. But the probation officer can be an effective resource in helping the addict handle his problems.
The Political Prisoner Syndrome
Authors: Brody Stuart A.
Published: March 2007

The "sick" role that was offered in the past by prison psychia trists was rejected by prisoners, who favored the "bad" role be cause it gave them peer group support and an acceptable outlet for their aggressions. The "bad" role has, in turn, recently been supplanted by the increasingly attractive "political prisoner" role, which began among isolated groups of black prisoners and has now spread to all racial and ethnic groups.
The Politics of Identification
Authors: Swan L. Alex
Published: March 2007

This article presents a historical analysis of police encounters with black people in riot situations.
The Impact of Court Decisions on the Correctional Process
Authors: Rubin Sol
Published: March 2007

This article challenges the common assertion by correctional administrators that court decisions impair the effectiveness of correctional programs by restricting the discretion of administra tors. On the contrary, most courts still maintain a "hands off" policy, allowing abuses to continue, to the detriment of the prisoners, probationers and parolees, and the correctional sys tems. Most decisions upholding the rights of prisoners, proba tioners, and parolees are resisted by administrators and have little restraining effect on administrative discretion. The power of administrators is great and, if exercised with sympathy to grievances, would improve rather than impair the effectiveness of correctional services.
The Indeterminate Sentence and Judicial Bias
Authors: Cargan Leonard , Coates Mary A.
Published: March 2007

Disparate sentencing, whose existence has been confirmed by a variety of studies, has frequently been called a major weakness of the judicial process. A widely applied response to the problem is the indeterminate sentence.
"With Friends like These, Who Needs Enemies?"
Authors: Nagel William G.
Published: March 2007

Earlier in 1974 the author of this address shared the platform at a University of Illinois lecture series with Norman A. Carlson, director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Nagel's address called attention to three things basically wrong with the Bureau: its withdrawal from "creative federalism," its rejection of total sys tem planning, and its reliance on outmoded and futile institu tional efforts to deal with the nation's crime problems.
The System Propagates Crime
Authors: Jordan Vernon E.
Published: March 2007

Crime is a much misunderstood issue primarily because it has become a manipulated symbol of and outlet for public anger, and its politicization impedes remedies. It is a major problem, especially for black people, who are subject to disproportionate victimization both by criminals and by a discriminatory criminal justice system. The first step to a solution would be a moratorium on the use of crime as an issue by politicians.
St. Leonard's House
Authors: Durham Earl L.
Published: March 2007

The Joint Commission on Correctional Manpower and Training found that many agencies are now using ex-offenders in roles usually performed by professionals. This phenomenon is generally accepted as a positive contribution to the rehabilita tion process. The current task, however, is to learn how to inte grate this service with long-term benefits for the individual.
Rights of Juveniles Confined in Training Schools
Authors: Silbert James D. , Sussman Alan
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the rights of juveniles confined in training schools pursuant to juvenile or family court place ments. Unlike convicted adults, these children are not meant to suffer any civil disabilities. They are, therefore, entitled not only to all the rights of adult prisoners but to those rights pos sessed by nonconfined children as well, limited only by the re strictions absolutely necessary for and rationally related to the purpose of confinement: treatment.
The Addict as a Criminal
Authors: Reasons Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Early in this century the Narcotics Division of the U.S. Treasury Department obtained the official seal of approval for a "criminal approach" to the drug problem. This definition of addicts as crim inals was strengthened under the vigorous leadership of Harry J. Anslinger, director of the separate Bureau of Narcotics established in 1930, and became further entrenched with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act and subsequent "get tough" legislation in the 1950's.
Making Paroling Policy Explicit
Authors: Gottfredson Don M. , Hoffman Peter B. , Sigler Maurice H. , Wilkins Leslie T.
Published: March 2007

The opening section of this article discusses the need for more explicit definition of elements governing parole selection and the problem of determining the weight that should be given to each. The study then demonstrates a method by which analysis of parole board decisions may make present paroling policy more explicit. Decision guidelines developed from this method provide an aid in actual case decision-making. By structuring discretion without re moving it, these guidelines permit it to be exercised fairly and ra tionally. A United States Board of Parole pilot project which in cludes guideline usage and a procedure for regular evaluation and modification of guidelines is then described.
The Proper Role of a Victim-Compensation System
Authors: Schafer Stephen
Published: March 2007

Compensation to the victim of a criminal injury is not effective if it consists merely of financial remedy supplied by the state. It should take the form of punitive restitution; that is, it must come from the offender's resources (either money or service) and it must be part of the criminal court sentence by being tied to whatever reformative plan is contemplated. Correctional restitution goes a significant step further than compensation by requiring the of fender to maintain a relationship with the victim until the victim's pre-injury condition has been restored to the fullest extent possi ble. It compensates the victim, relieves the state of some burden of responsibility, and permits the offender to pay his debt to society and to his victim. Thus it makes a contribution to the reformative and corrective goals of criminal law and finds its proper place in the criminal justice system.
Making Work Release Work: Convincing the Employer
Authors: Sacks Mason J.
Published: March 2007

Successful implementation of work-release programs may re quire convincing potential employers that prison inmates can make safe and reliable employees. A survey of work-release pro gram administrators was conducted to generate suggestions for the most effective ways to do this job of persuasion.
The Financial Condition of Released Prisoners
Authors: Lenihan Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the nation-wide practices concerning gate money, earnings, savings, work-release wages, and other sources that help determine the financial condition of a man when he is released from a state prison.
Delinquency and Social Policy: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Lerman Paul
Published: March 2007

The American belief system has traditionally emphasized the ideals of liberty, justice for all, and freedom from arbitrary authority. An examination of our response to delinquent youth, from a historical perspective, reveals a profound discrepancy between these ideals and our societal practices. The issue of liberty is related to the traditional overreach of the A merican definition of delinquency. The issue of justice is related to the American failure to specify a correspondence between degrees of delinquency and degrees of correctional response. Restraint from arbitrary authority is related to the broad discretion that permits more youth to be detained than to be adjudicated in a court of law. An examination of recent data and trends indicates that the American system can be characterized more accurately as a juvenile social control system than as a justice or correctional system.
School, Alienation, and Delinquency
Authors: Liazos Alexander
Published: March 2007

Social scientists and others have maintained that schools contribute to delinquency by their failure to prepare students properly for later life. Thus, their solution is better schools and better education. I argue that schools create delinquents because of their success, not their failure. Under the present economic system, schools must prepare youths, especially of the lower classes, for alienated work and lives. Youths become "delinquents" when they reject this destiny. It follows that the society and economy must change first, since they demand alienated labor, before schools can prepare people for liberated lives.
Pretrial Diversion: A Response to the Critics
Authors: Gottheil Diane L.
Published: March 2007

Some critics of pretrial diversion programs are contending that diversion programs expand the range of social control over alleged offenders; other critics are deprecating evaluation efforts as inadequate. While both these charges should be seriously considered, the skepticism surrounding diver sion programs and characterizing two papers recently published in this journal is ill-founded. The group opposing diversion's intervention in the lives of its clients charges that, rather than diverting people out of the criminal justice system, diversion is keeping more people in the system. A voluntary diversion program is examined which cannot be faulted on this basis. Those who demand that evaluation must be conducted by means of control and experimental group designs demonstrate little understanding of the difficulties presented in a natural setting. What we need are sound evaluation techniques that are workable in the community setting and constructive analyses to advance the knowledge of this relatively new field and to provide models for practitioners and decision makers.
Criminology, Economics, and Public Policy
Authors: Conyers John
Published: March 2007

Economic and crime issues are closely related, just as the disciplines of economics and criminology bear close resemblance in their approaches to public policy. Criminologists have neglected the impact of economic conditions on crime, just as economists often overlook the social costs—including increased crime—of the policies they prescribe. Professionals in both fields subscribe to an overly simplified model of human affairs that has the effect of protecting society's reputation while casting blame for society's ills on the victims. At a time when Congress is facing critical decisions with respect to criminal justice policy, the participation of crimi nologists in the formation of these policies remains negligible. A commit ment by criminologists to policy research that examines the links between economic conditions and crime would constitute an enlightened approach to crime control.
Where Are They Now?
Authors: Barton William H. , Sarri Rosemary
Published: March 2007

Of 1,837 youths contacted in a national study of juvenile correctional programs, 194 returned follow-up questionnaires that sought information on their postrelease status and activities, their assessment of the correctional programs, and their expectations about the future. Most of these youths were found to be living with their parents; others had moved to more independent settings; a few remained in correctional programs. Most worked or attended school, although their job and school experiences were less than ideal. Fully 38 percent were unoccupied, apparently not because of lack of motivation. Nonwhites and youths released from closed institutions were especially likely to be unoccupied. Many youngsters reported continued delinquent activity; more reported continued contact with the law. However, most evaluated their correctional programs favorably and were optimistic about the future.
Killing the Killers: A Post-Furman Profile of Florida's Condemned
Authors: Lewis Peter W.
Published: March 2007

Because most of the professional literature on capital punishment reflects only official statistics on death row populations, the author decided to spend eighteen days on Florida's Death Row, which contains the largest population of condemned men in the country, interviewing inmates and studying their prison files. Eighty-three of the (then) ninety-six death row inmates were interviewed extensively. A criminological profile of Florida's condemned is presented, and the backgrounds of the offenders and a typical week on death row are described. It is concluded that the race of the victim may play a significant role in the sentencing of capital offenders, and that executing these offenders does not provide significantly more incapacitation than life sentences would.
Heroin Use and Street Crime
Authors: Inciardi James A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between heroin use and street crime has been studied for the better part of this century, but the findings have been inconclusive. Research in this area has been limited to analyses of criminality in terms of arrest data, and samples have been drawn only from officially known populations of drug users. The present study focuses on a sample of 356 active heroin users from Miami, Florida, and data have been collected de scribing their officially known and self-reported criminal activity. The data indicate that, while active heroin users are heavily involved in street crime, any relationship between drug use and crime is much more complex than has been generally believed. The findings of the research suggest that the wrong questions may have been asked in previous studies of the drugs/crime nexus.
No Farewell to Arms
Authors: Keve Paul W.
Published: March 2007

Just what is the proper definition of the role of the probation or parole officer? This is an issue that is always alive, never entirely resolved. It has many subtle facets which most probation and parole officers quietly re solve to their own satisfaction on almost a day-to-day basis.
Effective Correctional Treatment: Bibliotherapy for Cynics
Authors: Gendreau Paul , Ross Bob
Published: March 2007

This paper presents recent evidence, obtained from a review of the liter ature on correctional treatment published since 1973, appealing the ver dict that correctional rehabilitation is ineffective. Questions are raised about the quality of the research that led to the conclusion that "nothing works." Recent research on family intervention, contingency man agement, counseling, diversion, and biomedical techniques is discussed, as is the efficacy of treatment of such problems as alcoholism, drug addic tion, and sexual deviations. It is concluded that there are several types of intervention programs that have proved successful with offender popu lations. These intervention programs illustrate pointedly why there have been so many failures reported in correctional treatment.
The Evaluation of Pretrial Diversion: A Response
Authors: Roesch Ronald
Published: March 2007

This article is a response to Gottheil's criticism of an earlier article by the author, in which it was suggested that most criminal justice programs have not been effectively evaluated. This problem was discussed in the context of a pretrial diversion program in Illinois. Gottheil offered several criticisms of the author's assessment of reasons for a nonexperimental attitude on the part of program personnel, and also criticized the author's suggestions for a research methodology for future evaluations. In this article, the author responds to these criticisms and, in particular, points to some of the problems that might arise when policy implications are drawn from methodologically unsound evaluations.
There Has to Be a Better Way
Authors: Conrad John P.
Published: March 2007

How soon our nation's prisons will explode no one knows, but they can not be expected to absorb many more inmates than are now jammed inside the prison walls. Alternatives to incarceration, which sprang up in a wave of enthusiasm a decade ago, will succeed in reducing the prison popu lation only if they are fully institutionalized. Our belief in alternatives must be revived, and that belief made solid and effective by careful plan ning. The goals of correction need not be uncertain, the services provided in community alternatives need not be nominal, the standards for correc tional field workers can be defined, and the adequate funding of com munity facilities can be ensured—if we mobilize to prevent the desperate situation in our prisons from becoming more desperate. We badly need the confidence to use and develop further our community resources for persons who have demonstrated that they need help.
Prisoner Redress: Analysis of an Inmate Grievance Procedure
Authors: Hepburn John R. , Laue James H.
Published: March 2007

A procedure for the resolution of inmate grievances at the local level, developed and advocated by the Center for Community Justice, calls for inmate and officer participation in its design, implementation, and operation ; specified periods for review and written responses at each level of appeal; and input by persons outside the correctional structure. On-site observations, interviews with correctional administrators, officers, and in mates, and a review of institutional records during the first year of the procedure's operation in several institutions, together with analyses of preimplementation and postimplementation questionnaire responses by inmates and officers, are the basis for (1) recommendations for successful implementation of the procedure, (2) an assessment of the efficiency of the procedure's operation, and (3) an evaluation of the procedure's impact. Finally, the redress of inmate grievances is discussed in terms of social change and social control.
The Emerging Prosecutor Dominance of the Juvenile Court Intake Process
Authors: Rubin H. Ted
Published: March 2007

The 1967 In re Gault decision by the United States Supreme Court expressly noted that its procedural requirements for the adjudicatory stage had no necessary applicability to the preadjudication treatment of juveniles. However, the Gault mandate of the right to defense counsel in time led to greater prosecution representation of the community interest at ad judicatory hearings. This set in motion another development which is now eroding probation officers' informal, discretionary practices at the intake stage. State legislatures, responding to public concerns regarding juvenile crime, are rapidly placing prosecutors in decisional roles at juvenile intake, using various models in accommodating and accomplishing this. This development portrays yet another example of the replacement of historic juvenile court informality and parens patriae practice by a legal process model.
Reflections on Legal Representation of the Economically Disadvantaged: Beyond Assembly Line Justice
Authors: Wheeler Gerald R. , Wheeler Carol L.
Published: March 2007

In Houston, Texas, court-appointed attorneys represent indigent criminal defendants. Are defendants with court-appointed attorneys more likely to receive a punitive disposition (conviction versus nonconviction; a prison sentence rather than probation or a fine) than defendants represented by private, retained counsel? Five hundred and eighty-six defendants were selected at the time of charge and followed for one year or until their cases were disposed. When charge and previous convictions were controlled, court-appointed attorneys and private counsel appeared to be equally successful in obtaining nonconvictions for their clients. Although private attorneys obtained nonprison dispositions more often than court-appointed attorneys did, the differences disappeared when pretrial status was controlled. The data suggest several trends in the Houston courts. Some low-income defendants appeared to be boycotting court-appointed counsel. Pretrial detention was the most significant factor in case disposition. Some defendants detained in jail before trial were there apparently because of ineffective counsel. While the type of attorney did not seem to be signifi cant, advocacy-oriented counsel working to ensure bonding of appropriate defendants is recommended as a means of improving justice in Houston.
A Reformulation of the "Equal Opportunity" Explanation of Female Delinquency
Authors: Figueira-McDonough Josefina , Selo Elaine
Published: March 2007

The "equal opportunity" thesis predicts that an increase in legitimate opportunities for women will be accompanied by an increase in female criminality. Through a theoretical inventory of opportunity-related delinquency explanations, some crucial links in the causal relationship between opportunity and delinquency are identified. The original equal opportunity hypothesis is then expanded into a more comprehensive predictive model.
Assessing the Impact of the Women's Movement on Sex-Based Differences in the Handling of Adult Criminal Defendants
Authors: Steffensmeier Darrell J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the argument that, with changes in sex roles and the contemporary women's movement, sex differences in the handling of criminal defendants are diminishing. After a review of the empirical evidence, five factors are suggested as helping to account for the apparently consistent finding of preferential treatment (though of small magnitude) of female defendants across most offense categories. These five factors are chivalry, naiveté, practicality, defendants' perceived future criminality, and the perceived danger associated with defendants. The diminution of sex differences in sentencing outcomes must be a result of changes in sentencing practices. In examining the selected factors in the context of sentencing practices, it is argued that (1) the evidence does not show chivalry to be an important determinant of sentencing decisions; rather, the factors of perceived danger and future criminality appear more significant; (2) even if chivalry were a significant determinant, the evidence suggests that court officials remain as chivalrous as ever; and (3) Supreme Court decisions, increasing professionalism of court officials, and bureaucratization of the courts may have reduced sentencing disparities by sex, as they appear to have done with respect to race and social class. It is concluded that changing sex role definitions and the contemporary women's movement have had little impact on sentencing outcomes of either male or female defendants.
Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise
Authors: Smith Dwight C.
Published: March 2007

Americans have traditionally treated white-collar crime and organized crime as if they were two independent phenomena, but there is a growing awareness that they may not be that distinct and that a better appreciation of both problems would be possible if we had a single conceptual perspective through which to view them. Our alien conspiracy notions about organized crime are a major barrier to that understanding; they proceed from five underlying assumptions about the differences between business and crime. If instead of those differences we recognize a common thread of enterprise, and understand that it takes place across a spectrum includ ing legal and criminal businesses, then a single, unifying perspective can take shape. The distinctions along that spectrum are exemplified by three kinds of businessmen: the paragon, the pariah, and the pirate.
Race, Crime, and Social Policy: A Minority Perspective
Authors: Takagi Paul
Published: March 2007

In 1978, LEAA sponsored a workshop on race, crime, and social policy in which research was discussed from a "minority perspective." The meaning of the term minority perspective is explicated in an assessment of con temporary criminological research. Exploration of the minority perspective serves to suggest the kind of research that is needed in the future.
Violence against Women: Some Considerations Regarding its Causes and its Elimination
Authors: Klein Dorie
Published: March 2007

Violence against women is identified as an outcome of the social structure and ideology of gender domination. Its very definition is problematic and political, related to changes in women's place in male-dominated society. Specific crimes against women, such as the outlawing of birth control and abortion, rape, witch hunting, and wife battering, are grouped and analyzed as originating in female subordination in the gender-specific arenas of reproduction, sexuality, and nurturance. Despite recent formal legal gains by women, their increasing participation in the waged labor force, decreased childbearing, and a male-oriented "sexual revolution," neither individual nor systemic violence against women has apparently slackened. This is related to the fact that as traditional patriarchy is absorbed by the rule of the state, public institutions, and medicine over "personal" life, male domination is transformed rather than eroded. A qualitatively different development is the achievement of the feminist movement in exposing, defining, and challenging abuses of women. It is suggested that feminist strategies to use the criminal justice process to achieve liberation, as evidenced by legal reform movements with regard to pornography and family violence, should take into account the limitations of a structure whose predominant determinants are the protection of eco nomic order and ideological legitimacy.
Practicing from Theory: Work with Youths and Reflections on Radical Criminology
Authors: Bute Joseph
Published: March 2007

A number of economic and social conditions confronting youths in this society are described, among them the marginality of youths' economic role, social policies and practices that increase youths' isolation from others and one another, and the interactions of urban youths with agencies designed to serve them. These descriptions are followed by a discussion of conditions in lower-income urban communities and the far-reaching ef fects on such communities of economic and social pressures. In spite of the bleak situation confronting many urban communities, and youths and service organizations within them, it is possible to envision changes in relationships among groups and the larger community that would improve the community's ability to resist economic and social pressure and loss of control over change. The author draws upon his experiences in a community agency in Chicago in considering the community, its relationships with youths, and the role of agencies assisting young people.
Community Crime Prevention: An Analysis of a Developing Strategy
Authors: Lewis Dan A. , Salem Greta
Published: March 2007

Crime prevention strategies often aim at changing the motivations and predispositions of offenders. A new approach has developed within the last dec ade which focuses on changing the behavior of potential victims. The authors explore the theoretical foundations of the new strategies for reducing crime, commonly known as community crime prevention. They suggest that the in novation is a result of a major shift in the research paradigm for studying the effects of crime. The orientation underlying community crime prevention is labeled the "victimization perspective." Following a description of some limitations in that perspective, the authors offer, as an alternative, a perspective oriented toward social control. The social control perspective, which is based on the empirical findings of several recently completed research projects, offers a theoretical foundation both for a fresh approach to the study of the effects of crime and for the development of policies for community crime prevention.
Legislative Policies toward the Serious Juvenile Offender
Authors: Feld Barry C.
Published: March 2007

The problems of waiving juvenile court jurisdiction and transferring young offenders to the criminal courts for prosecution as adults raise virtually every issue of juvenile jurisprudence and pose a variety of substantive and procedural questions for legislatures. This article critically examines the prevailing judicial waiver process and statutes that require juvenile court judges to make individualized determina tions as to a youth's amenability to treatment and danger to society. Such decisions simply cannot be made with an acceptable degree of accuracy using current methods of clinical prediction; the broad dis cretion given judges in making transfer decisions results in abuse, in consistency, and discriminatory application that undermine the fairness and predictability of the judicial process. Although it is not possible, at present, to predict clinically a youth's amenability to treat ment or his dangerousness, a legislature may use actuarial tables with various combinations of present offenses and past records to identify those juveniles who pose the greatest threat to public safety and re quire longer confinement than is available within the juvenile justice system. The article contends that a legislative redefinition of juvenile court jurisdiction that automatically excludes certain youths from the juvenile justice system on the basis of their present offenses and past records not only identifies more accurately those youths who should be transferred, but also, by eliminating judicial discretion, reduces the dangers of discrimination and increases predictability. The article also suggests some of the beneficial effects on juvenile and adult sentenc ing policies that may follow from legislatively mandated "automatic adulthood."
Can Juvenile Justice Survive?
Authors: Conrad John P.
Published: March 2007

This is an account of the findings of Project MIJJIT, a group of stud ies undertaken by the Academy for Contemporary Problems of Co lumbus, Ohio, under the sponsorship of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Significant findings summarized here concern the growth of programs providing grants-in-aid from state governments to local counties for the support of juvenile justice pro grams, constitutional questions regarding juvenile court services, the placement of children in out-of-state programs, and the waiver of ju venile court jurisdiction. Their significance for the survival of juvenile justice and its institutions is briefly discussed.
Deadly Force in Law Enforcement
Authors: Binder Arnold , Scharf Peter
Published: March 2007

Recent stories appearing in newspapers from cities like Los Angeles, Columbus, Oakland, and Birmingham make it abundantly clear that fatal police shootings have ramifications that extend far beyond the usual concern for fatalities. The justification for taking a human life is presented in historical, philosophical, and legal terms, with particu lar attention to current codes and recent court decisions that simulta neously justify and control police shootings. Various issues of control are further highlighted in discussions of the dilemma inherent in ad ministrative (departmental) regulation of shooting, given the complex decision process leading to a shooting incident. To illustrate the status of empirical knowledge regarding police shooting, the incidence of fatalities among blacks is analyzed. The analysis leads to the conclu sion that the high mortality rate of blacks in police shootings seems to result primarily from community characteristics, such as the high general rate of violence in the inner cities, rather than from a tendency among police to treat blacks and whites differently solely because of race. But, overall, the data available for decision making are slim, and the need for research is great.
Women in Prison: A British Study
Authors: Mawby R.I.
Published: March 2007

Almost all sociological research on women in prison has been carried out in America. Although some British research has described the so cial characteristics of female prisoners, there are, for example, no stud ies comparable to those from America on the life and experiences of women inside prisons. As a result, it is frequently assumed that Brit ish prisons for women operate in much the same way as do those in America, and American findings are sometimes used to suggest that imprisoned women inevitably adapt in particular ways. The present study, undertaken in one British open prison, is summarized with di rect reference to American studies.
Who Really Gets Stung? Some Issues Raised by the New Police Undercover Work
Authors: Marx Gary T.
Published: March 2007

In the last decade covert law enforcement has expanded in scale and changed in form. Factors responsible for this are briefly considered. The advantages and successes of recent undercover work have been well publicized. Yet the mere fact that a practice is legal should not be sufficient grounds for its use. Its ethical, practical, economic, and so cial implications must also be taken into account. Without denying the positive aspects of undercover work, the paper discusses some disadvantages, costs, and risks which have received inadequate public attention. These are discussed with respect to (1) targets of the in vestigation who may be subjected to trickery, coercion, excessive temptation, and political targeting, (2) undercover police work, which may cause police severe stress, entail lack of supervision, and present police with unique opportunities for corruption, (3) informers, the weakest link in the system, who may exploit their undercover role in a variety of ways, (4) third parties victimized as a result of undercover operations, and (5) the potential of undercover work to contribute unintentionally to crime, through such factors as generation of a mar ket or the provision of ideas, motives, or scarce resources. Recent undercover practices such as ABSCAM and police-run fenc ing fronts may be portents of a subtle and perhaps irreversible change in how social control is carried out. It is important to reflect on wheth er this is the direction in which we wish to see our society move.
The FBI and Domestic Intelligence
Authors: Poveda Tony G.
Published: March 2007

It is argued that domestic intelligence operations in the Hoover FBI served essentially organizational and public relations functions for the Bureau. The Hoover FBI's unique position in the federal government was a direct result of its domestic intelligence responsibilities and the particular way internal security concerns were used for ends self-serv ing to the organization. The disparity between the Bureau's carefully cultivated image as a fighter of enemies of the state and its domestic intelligence performance was not revealed until the late 1960s, when the Nixon Administration became dissatisfied with the Bureau's in ability to anticipate the plans of domestic dissenters. This dissatisfac tion culminated in the Huston Plan of 1970. The real "failure" of FBI domestic intelligence under Hoover appears to be that it did not pro duce useful information for anticipating and managing dissent. The "new" FBI which has emerged in the post-Watergate era has been careful to dissociate itself from the abuses of the Hoover era. It is pointed out that the "reform" of domestic intelligence which has taken place has been largely administrative and internal to the ex ecutive branch. The reform has not been designed primarily to pro hibit past abuses, but rather to ensure executive control of intelligence operations. A reconstituted Bureau with domestic intelligence opera tions centrally guided and coordinated by the executive, and with few external checks and balances because of national security concerns, could pose a greater threat to civil liberties than did the Hoover Bu reau.
Saving the Children: The Promise and Practice of Parens Patriae, 1838-98
Authors: Pisciotta Alexander W.
Published: March 2007

Although the doctrine of parens patriae has served as the legal and moral foundation of the American juvenile justice system for the last 142 years, it has been the subject of but a few empirical or historical inquiries. This study addresses the problem by contrasting the theory and practice of parens patriae as it was applied in juvenile re formatories from the landmark decision incorporating the doctrine into the American legal structure in 1838—Ex parte Crouse— until it was extended and applied as the underlying rationale for the founding of the juvenile court in 1899. A review of Ex parte Crouse and ensuing legal decisions reveals that nineteenth century judges invoked parens patriae and committed minors to reformatories for noncriminal acts on the premise that juvenile institutions would have a benevolent ef fect upon their charges. In theory, reformatories were "schools" which provided parental discipline, meaningful labor, religious in struction, education, and a beneficial apprenticeship to their charges. The assumptions underlying parens patriae are assessed by con trasting the internal operation and effects of a number of juvenile reformatories with the stated expectations of the courts. An examina tion of the records of reformatories—including annual reports, daily journals of superintendents and matrons, minutes of indenture com mittees, case histories, as well as a number of investigations—suggests that there was a significant disparity between the care promised to minors by committing judges and the implementation of parens patri ae in nineteenth century institutions.
Undetected Recidivism among Rapists and Child Molesters
Authors: Groth A. Nicholas , Longo Robert E. , McFadin J. Bradley
Published: March 2007

Although recidivism among dangerous sexual offenders is generally reported to be low, clinical experience suggests otherwise. In order to assess the actual recidivism rate of offenders who commit sexual as saults, we administered to a sample of eighty-three convicted rapists and fifty-four convicted child molesters an anonymous questionnaire in which they were asked a series of questions pertaining to their his tory of sexual offenses. The results indicate that the majority of the offenders had been convicted more than once for a sexual assault. Furthermore, on average, they admitted to having committed two to five times as many sex crimes for which they were not apprehended. This study suggests that dangerous sex offenders usually commit their first sexual assault during adolescence, and that they persist in this criminal behavior, but that the offense has low visibility. For this reason recidivism, as judged by rearrests, is not a dependable measure of rehabilitation of the sexual offender.
The Influence of Capacity on Prison Population: A Critical Review of Some Recent Evidence
Authors: Blumstein Alfred , Cohen Jacqueline , Gooding William
Published: March 2007

A recent study by Abt Associates (Abt/Carlson) purported to show that increments to prison capacity would lead to growth in prison population to fill that added capacity two years later. That finding has rapidly attained broad circulation and widespread acceptance. The original conclusion was based on a coefficient of 1.02 in a simple regression equation that represents change in prison population as a function of lagged changes in prison population and capacity. Reanalysis of the data shows that the original estimates resulted from a computation error; when that error is corrected the coefficient estimate is reduced to .264. Furthermore, two data points were particularly influential in the regression analysis, and omitting them results in a coefficient of .095 which is not statistic ally significant. Thus, the coefficient on which the original conclusion was based is eliminated in importance.
Links between Employment and Crime: A Qualitative Study of Rikers Island Releasees
Authors: Sviridoff Michelle , Thompson James W.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines relationships between employment and crime experiences of sixty-one adult, male misdemeanants interviewed shortly before and after their release from New York City's Rikers Island correctional facility. For many misdemeanants, low-level employment and crime were not mutually exclusive. Some alternated between periods of employment and periods of crime. Others used income from crime as a supplement to income from employment. Still others used income from employment as an economic stake for drug sales or other illegitimate econormc activity. The overwhelming majority of respondents were not employed at the time of the arrest that led to their current incarceration. Various reported combinations of employment and crime involvement, however, were far more complex than the simple correspondence between unemployment and crime that had initially been anticipated.
Victimology: A Consideration of the Radical Critique
Authors: Friedrichs David O.
Published: March 2007

The decade of the 1970s witnessed the full-fledged emergence of a new radical paradigm in criminology and a new subdisciplinary area of concern, victimology. These two important developments have been quite independent and, indeed, have involved rather little direct interaction or reciprocal influence. In the present essay the often implicit-and occasionally explicit-radical concept of crime victimization is delineated, with its roots in Marx and Engels' original formulations identified. The argument is advanced concerning the contemporary situation that the radical understanding of victimization provides an important corrective to mainstream approaches and broadens the focus of our concept of victimization. An essential question addressed in this context is whether the radical concept is too broad and diffuse to be meaningful. At the same time a frequent mainstream criticism of radical criminology has been its alleged rationalization of conventional street crime and its consequent analytical disregard for problematic issues in victimology, as well as a basic insensitivity to the reality of predatory violence victimization. This allegation is examined critically. The essay concludes with some projections on likely future directions of both radical criminology and contemporary victimology.
Status Offenders Can Be Different:
Authors: Kelley Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Numerous scholars and program planners have argued vehemently for the removal of status offenders from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. Perhaps the most cogent argument for the removal of such offenses from the juvenile codes concerns the vagueness of status offense statutes, which permits flexible interpretation and serves as an invitation to arbitrary and capricious enforcement as well as procedural and due process inequities.
The Future of Juvenile Justice Policy and Research
Authors: Ohlin Lloyd E.
Published: March 2007

One of the most striking developments in juvenile justice over the past twenty years has been the increasing rapidity and the widening scope of change in theories, goals, and knowledge about delinquency and its prevention or control. Many competing biological, psychological, social, and cultural theories of delinquency have emerged in the last two decades, yet none is sufficient to account for the rate and forms of delinquency today.
Assessing the New Generation of Prison Classification Models
Authors: Austin James
Published: March 2007

A number of new prison classification models are being promoted throughout the country. These objective models purport to improve equity, reduce costs, and make the classification decision-making process itself more explicit to inmates and staff. This paper uses computer simulations to test the effects of three well known models on the Nevada State Prison population. Results show that adoption of any of the three models would produce similar results; massive expansion of the minimum security beds, increased equity and explicitness in classification decision-making. Whether or not correctional officials utilize these models will depend upon the correctional administrator's willingness to accept these models as designed. Assuming these findings apply to other states, the nation's current inventory of minimum security beds and the capacity of community correctional systems need to be expanded to handle the large number of minimum security inmates now occupying expensive medium and maximum security bed space.
Race Relations and the Female Inmate
Authors: Kruttschnitt Candace
Published: March 2007

At least since the Attica State Prison revolt, penologists have been exploring the racial climate of men's correctional facilities. In the tradition of criminology research, theoretical and empirical studies of female inmates have lagged behind the work concerning males; accordingly, the extent of racial turmoil in women's prisons remains unknown. Utilizing data gathered on Minnesota's correctional facility for adult female felons, this study explores white and minority inmates' perceptions of race relations within the prison. The data reveal that while the minority women perceive more racial conflict than the white women, the correctional facility cannot be characterized as a racially hostile environment. Implications of these findings for purposes of future research are discussed.
Sentencing Reforms in Historical Perspective
Authors: Rothman David J.
Published: March 2007

It is the purpose of this essay not only to trace the series of stages that sentencing practices have moved through in this country since the beginning of the nineteenth century but to analyze the elements fostering change. The discussion will open with a chronological presentation of the history of sentencing and then move to explore several substantive themes that emerge from this history. It appears that sentencing procedures have traditionally been called upon to bear too heavy a burden in criminal justice. Sentencing reform has tended to minimize the impact of informal mechanisms upon actual practice. It may also be that the search for mathematical precision in sentencing is a symptom of the almost overwhelming current confusion about the purposes of sentencing. The analysis of change presented here argues too that the general public appears to have exerted little influence upon the adoption or revision of sentencing procedures. Finally, there is some reason to anticipate that the determinate sentence movement will not take firm hold in the near future, that it will not replace the Progressive indeterminate sentencing procedures.
Gamed Instructional Simulation: An Exploratory Model
Authors: Ohm Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Although simulation techniques have been used extensively in certain disciplines, educational administration has been little affected by this mode of instruction. In the following article a model and rationale for gamed instructional simulation are set forth. The writer suggests that some of the most valuable learnings attributable to G. I. S. may not be the ones most readily apparent. Mr. Ohm is Associate Professor of Educational Administration at The University of Oklahoma.
The Financial Characteristics and Problems of Large City School Districts'
Authors: Garms Walter I.
Published: March 2007

This article reports findings in the latest of a series of investigations at Stanford University under the direction of H. Thomas James focusing upon the financing of American public education. This particular study sought to determine what impact variables representative of key governmental arrangements have upon school expenditures in large cities. From the data collected, the author concludes that govern mental considerations have a minimal effect on expenditures, the pri mary determinants being ability to pay for education and demand for education. Mr. Garms is administrative officer of the Stanford Center for Research and Development in Teaching.