bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interest Rates in the North and Capital Flows to the South: Is There a Missing Link?
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Mody Ashoka
Published: March 2003

Qualitative accounts have long emphasized the level of interest rates in the advanced industrial countries as a determinant of capital flows to emerging markets and spreads on external debt. Curiously, econometric studies relying on disaggregated data have lent little support to this hypothesis. Upon modelling the issue and pricing decisions jointly, we confirm that global credit conditions have an important impact on the market for developing‐country debt. US rates have a negative impact on the demand by international investors for fixed‐rate issues by Latin American borrowers, as predicted by the search‐for‐yield hypothesis. The same effect is apparent for East Asian floating‐rate issues, although the evidence there is not as robust. But, whatever the region, this effect is evident only upon controlling for the impact of US interest rates on the decision of developing‐country borrowers to issue debt.
Hedge Funds and Financial Stability: An Analysis of their Factor Exposures
Authors: Brealey Richard A. , Kaplanis Evi
Published: March 2003

In recent years, hedge funds and other highly leveraged institutions have attracted considerable criticism and have been accused of accentuating economic crises by taking large speculative positions in emerging markets. This paper examines how much information about hedge fund exposures can be inferred from fund returns. We provide supporting evidence that factor exposures are not constant and that funds exhibit herding. However, there are important difficulties in using returns data to identify speculative portfolio shifts and we show that considerable caution is needed in drawing inferences about hedge fund activities during crisis periods.
On the Road to Reg ATS: A Critical History of the Regulation of Automated Trading Systems
Authors: Domowitz Ian , Lee Ruben
Published: March 2003

Automation of the trade execution process transforms the industrial structure of the trading services industry, changing the context within which trade execution services are regulated. We provide a short history of the US equity market experience as a case study of regulatory reaction and accommodation to new trading technology. Past and current approaches to the regulation of automated trading systems are described. Issues are identified that are common to a variety of international jurisdictions and to trading in financial instruments other than common stocks. The analysis emphasizes the use of the definition of an ‘exchange’ for the purpose of classification and regulation of automated trading systems. The main theme, however, is regulation of market structure, defined as comprising the rules and institutions that determine competition between trading platforms.
Central Banking as Art or Science?: Lessons from the Fed and the ECB
Authors: De Grauwe Paul
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed

B. Woodward, Maestro: Greenspan’s Fed and the American Boom

O. Issing, V. Gaspar, I. Angeloni and O. Tristani, Monetary Policy in the Euro Area, Strategy and Decision‐Making at the European Central Bank
The User Interface in Computer‐based Selection and Assessment: Applied and Theoretical Problematics of an Evolving Technology
Authors: Booth John F.
Published: March 2003

Although its central role in human‐computer interaction is recognized by industry, the user interface (UI) has received scant attention in the computer‐based testing (CBT) literature. Industrial and European Community ergonomic directives have been established regarding UI design issues, however, which may significantly impact upon CBT. Accordingly, the UI’s CBT role is discussed regarding central CBT/UI constructs and dynamics. On the basis of one CBT UI design issue (here: paging) it is shown that many ergonomic regulatory definitional traps exist for the unwary CBT practitioner and UI designer. Newer UI developments in windowing technology and computer‐based UI ergonomic regulation conformance analysis are described. Finally, open issues regarding CBT UI problematics are discussed, showing that, rather than continuing to lead a shadowed existence, the UI is deserving of considerably increased research effort regarding its CBT impact.
The Match Between Recruiters’ Perceptions of Organizational Climate and Personality of the Ideal Applicant for a Management Position
Authors: Van Vianen Annelies E.M. , Kmieciak Yvette M.
Published: March 2003

The relationship between recruiters’ perception of the ideal applicant for a managerial position and their perception of organizational climate was examined in real selection procedures. Recruiters (n = 124) from 83 organizations in three sectors of industry participated in this study. They assessed the ideal applicant for the vacant managerial position with personality attributes derived from the Abridged Big Five Circumplex (Hofstee et al. 1992). Furthermore, they described the existing organizational climate with 14 climate scales based on the Competing Values framework of Quinn (1988). Results indicate that recruiters’ perceptions of goal oriented climate dimensions are related to the sector of industry. These perceptions influence the way in which recruiters perceive the ideal manager regarding conscientiousness and compliance. Recruiters’ perceptions concerning other dimensions of organizational climate are not related to the sector of industry and the personality profile of the ideal manager. Homogeneity of personality in organizations will exist for only some personality attributes.
A Survey of Management Selection Practices in Greece
Authors: Eleftheriou Alexandra , Robertson Ivan
Published: March 2003

The results of a study of managerial recruitment and selection methods in Greece are presented. Forty‐eight organizations responded to the postal survey. Questionnaires addressed the frequency of use of different methods and attitudes towards their use. Greek firms tend to use intuitive and subjective methods, such as interviews, curriculum vitae and personal recommendations. Interviews are considered the most valid predictors of future job performance followed by written examinations and psychological tests, while application forms followed by references and personal recommendations are viewed as the least valid.
Higher Cost, Lower Validity and Higher Utility: Comparing the Utilities of Two Tests that Differ in Validity, Costs and Selectivity
Authors: Thornton George C. , Murphy Kevin R. , Everest Tina M. , Hoffman Calvin C.
Published: March 2003

Traditional approaches to comparing the utility of two tests have not systematically considered the effects of different levels of selectivity that are feasible and appropriate in various selection situations. For example, employers who hope to avoid adverse impact often find they can be more selective with some tests than with others. We conducted two studies to compare the utilities of two tests that differ in costs, validity, and feasible levels of selectivity which can be employed. First, an analytical solution was conducted starting with a standard formula for utility. This analysis showed that for both fixed and variable hiring costs, a higher‐cost, lower‐validity procedure can have higher utility than a lower‐cost, higher‐validity procedure when the selection ratios permissible using the two procedures are sufficiently (yet realistically) different. Second, using a computer simulation method, several combinations of the critical variables were varied systematically to detect the limits of this effect in a finite set of specific selection situations. The results showed that the existence of more severe levels of adverse impact greatly reduced the utility of a written test with relatively high validity and low cost in comparison with an assessment center with lower validity and higher cost. Both studies showed that the consideration of selectivity can yield surprising conclusions about the comparative utility of two tests. Even if one test has lower validity and higher cost than a second test, the first may yield higher utility if it allows the organization to exercise stricter levels of selectivity.
Adapting Work Analysis to a Fast‐Paced and Electronic Business World
Authors: Sanchez Juan I.
Published: March 2003

The reliance of traditional job analysis on job incumbents as the primary source of work‐analytic data is critically examined. It is argued that the sole use of incumbents is practically and theoretically unjustified. The incorporation of non‐incumbents to the work analysis process is advocated, especially when abstract human attributes and strategic requirements are evaluated. The time and resource savings afforded by the use of mechanical estimation of work dimensions are also discussed. A revision of traditional formats of data collection in job analysis such as paper‐and‐pencil surveys and face‐to‐face interviews is proposed. Instead, the potential work‐analytic uses of electronic records of work information nowadays available in electronic performance monitoring systems are outlined.
The Transformation of Ideology from Mao to Deng: Impact on China’s Social Welfare Outcome
Authors: Xing Li
Published: March 2003

This article aims at making a dialectical assessment of the development of social welfare between the period of Mao’s socialism and Deng’s economic marketization. It examines the transformation of ideological discourses between the two periods and its impact on social welfare outcomes. It posits that an ideological system is important in affecting the outcome of social welfare policy. Mao’s welfare policy, despite certain shortcomings, created a relatively equal, sustainable and self‐sufficient society with solid achievements in social welfare and especially in human development. Deng’s economic marketization, although remarkable in economic growth, is producing social contradictions leading to the decline of welfare service. The current development discourse is dismantling Mao’s welfare policy without establishing a new and more democratic conception of socialist political economy.
Client‐oriented Quality Assessment within Municipal Social Services
Authors: Aaltonen E.S.
Published: March 2003

The hypothesis of this article is that quality assessment, despite the fact that it has now become a part of social services, has largely occurred without taking clients into consideration. There are supposed to be at least three possible explanations for this: organizational structures and professionalism, the difficulty in defining client needs, and the opinion that a client is not an equal companion in social service organizations. The research method entailed a questionnaire which was sent to 60 managers working within municipal social administration during the periods of construction (1950–1965), supplementation (1966–1983) and reform and redistribution (1984 onwards) of the Finnish welfare state and a questionnaire for 146 public social welfare organizations in Finland. Fewer than 30% of the social managers of the construction (1950–1965) and supplementation (1966–1983) periods and fewer than 50% of the managers of the last period (1984 onwards) said that clients really had assessed quality. The needs of clients and client feedback were said to be important during all three periods but the managers did not include them in the most important tasks. The managers of the period of supplementation did this the least. The managers from the period of reform and redistribution (1984 onwards) were more likely to trust the ability of clients to assess quality of social services and they also gave more opportunities to do so. The most important reasons for neglecting client needs and feedback in quality assessment were organizational structures and difficulties in defining client needs. There also seem to have been some methodological difficulties in assessing social services. Statistics are still largely in use and concrete criteria related to quality are missing. More specific questionnaires, cross‐experimental designs and interviews, more possibilities for clients to describe needs in their own words, and the specification of general concepts in more concrete terms of quality are needed in order to avoid abstract and general assessments.
Sense of coherence during unemployment
Authors: Starrin Bengt , Jönsson Leif R. , Rantakeisu Ulla
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between different forms of hardship during unemployment and the sense of coherence (SOC). These hardships were considered in the framework of the finances–shame model, which has been developed to help provide a greater understanding of why unemployment is so painful to some whilst others are hardly affected by it. The hypothesis in this study was that the greater the financial hardships during unemployment and the more a person has been subjected to shaming by others because they are unemployed, the lower his or her SOC will be, and vice versa. The empirical data were collected by means of a cross‐sectional survey of 1,249 unemployed people in a region in southern Sweden who at the time of the survey were engaged in some form of labour‐market training or workfare programme. The dropout rate was 23%. The results from the study lent strong support to the finances–shame model. Among those who were exposed to a greater degree of financial hardship and also had more shaming experiences, the mean SOC score was 42.14 for women and 42.41 for men. The corresponding figures for those facing a lesser degree of financial hardship and with fewer shaming experiences were 67.10 and 66.66 respectively, i.e. figures which are on a par with or somewhat higher than for population studies covering the whole population.
Disposable income differences between immigrants and natives in Sweden
Authors: Hammarstedt Mats
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates whether there are differences in Sweden between immigrants and natives in disposable income and in the probability of having a low disposable income. By investigating disposable income and the probability of having a low disposable income, our study illuminates to what extent taxes and transfers in the Swedish welfare state manage to compensate for differences in income from work between immigrants and natives. The study shows that there are differences between different groups both in disposable income and in the probability of having a low disposable income and that these differences remain when we control for factors such as age, gender, education and civil status. Early immigrants from the Nordic countries have a higher disposable income than does the native population whereas recent immigrants have a substantially lower disposable income and a higher probability of remaining poor than both earlier immigrants and the native population. In summary, our study shows that the differences in disposable income between immigrants and natives are indeed smaller than the differences in income from work but that the differences are not completely counterbalanced through the tax and transfer system.
Improving social psychiatric treatment in residential programmes for emerging dependence groups in Europe: cross‐border networking, methodological innovations and substantive discoveries
Authors: Kaplan Charles D. , Broekaert Eric , Morival Marc
Published: March 2003

A mini‐symposium series of papers presenting the results of the European Commission‐supported Biomed II project is introduced. The project accomplished a cross‐border scientific networking engaging 31 European residential treatment programmes. The results showed that scientific development is best served by a flexible bureaucratic approach. ‘Old’ science and the ‘new’ science ways of working were balanced. ‘History’ and ‘social networks’ are the key concepts signalling the project knowledge gains. A treatment sample (N=723) was extracted from a database of 1028 current European cases. Non‐drug‐specific characteristics are as important as drug‐specific characteristics in distinguishing emerging dependence groups. The project networking created a process that increased the level of involvement of science and the service communities. To sustain the gains of the project, a reaching out of existing European treatment services to extended family and friendship networks with a history of dependence‐related problems will be required.
The Videotaped Addiction Challenge Tool: a new instrument for qualitative substance abuse assessment, treatment planning and research in therapeutic communities
Authors: Broekaert Eric , Soyez Veerle , Vanderpasschen Wouter , Vandervelde Dirk , Bradt Rik , Morival Marc , Kaplan Charles
Published: March 2003

This article describes the different phases of the development and implementation of the Videotaped Addiction Challenge Tool (VACT, initially termed the Video Addiction Challenge Test). This instrument employs a video depicting the `average life‐story' of a resident of a Therapeutic Community for substance abusers. The video film is used as a clinical method for assessment and individual treatment planning, and as a research instrument that gives care‐givers a deeper insight into the residents' personal characteristics and treatment requirements at any given moment in the Therapeutic Community.

The article reports the results of administering the VACT to 38 residents (31 male and 7 female) at the De Kiem Therapeutic Community in Belgium. Detailed description of the procedure and its principles assures reliability and makes accurate reproduction possible. The validity of the instrument was tested by comparing, characteristic by characteristic, the results of the VACT, life‐story and social anamnesis. The correspondence between the VACT and the life‐story was 94% and between the VACT and the social anamnesis, 98%. The VACT has also contributed new information not measured by other instruments. Content analysis of this information shows that TC residents are characterised by negative communication between parents, negative communication with father, an unhappy childhood, child maltreatment or abuse, and relational problems due to drug abuse. Residents reported feelings of inferiority and suicidal thoughts and/or suicide attempts. Many new residents also reported sexually related problems such as abortion, sexual abuse, prostitution and shyness. There were no specific female problems; men reported sexual abuse as often as women. The implementation of this new instrument leads to a more methodical approach. It is, however, also more time‐consuming and can be a problem for staff who tend to give priority to immediate action and direct problem‐solving.
Addiction severity predictions using client network properties
Authors: Framk Ove , Jansson Ingegerd , Larsson Jonas , Reichmann Sébastien , Soyez Veerle , Vielva Isabel
Published: March 2003

By statistical analysis of client data it is shown how past or current network information together with other knowledge assesses treatment needs. The main findings are as follows. The client’s previous exposure to addicts in the family has almost no influence on his or her present contacts with addicts in daily life. About 30% of the clients have experienced addicts both in family and among friends, about 30% have only family exposure, about 20% have neither kind of exposure, and about 20% have no family exposure but have current exposure to addicts. Exposure to addicts in family implies a higher risk of severe need for professional intervention than no such exposure. For the clients with no family exposure but with current exposure to addicts there is, somewhat surprisingly, a lower risk than for the other three categories of clients. This effect seems to be mainly because the psychiatric status of these clients is somewhat better than for those in the other three categories. The effect disappears if we look solely for drug addiction intervention needs; then there is a clear increase in relative treatment needs for the categories with previous or present addiction exposure compared to those without.
Outdoor management development: the mediating effect of the client organisation
Authors: Ibbetson Adrian , Newell Sue
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a study comparing the impact of an outdoor management development (OMD) programme on delegates from two different client organisations. By keeping the provider constant it is possible to assess how organisational factors mediate the transfer of learning from a development event back to the workplace. The results show that, while the programme had a very positive immediate impact on the delegates from both companies—they felt they had learnt a lot and that they were working better as a team—in only one of the companies was this change sustained back in the work‐place. Follow‐up interviews with delegates, four months after the event, highlighted that in the company where transfer was not evident, there were considerable organisational barriers. In this instance at least, it was not the OMD programme that was ‘at fault’ but the organisation climate or culture which impeded any transfer of learning.
Strategic HRD within companies
Authors: Wognum A A M , Mulder M M
Published: March 2003

This article reports a preliminary survey that was conducted within the framework of the project on strategic human resource development (HRD), in which for various aspects of organisations the effects of strategic HRD are explored. The aim of the survey was to explore some conditions that are important for HRD policymaking in companies, and to investigate the relationship between various specific aspects, and the results of HRD programmes. The study involved 107 large companies in the industrial, financial and public service sectors.
Assessing an electronic performance support system for the analysis of jobs and tasks
Authors: Bastiaens Theo J
Published: March 2003

In this research project the concept of ‘Electronic Performance Support Systems’ will be introduced. An Electronic Performance Support System (EPSS) is an integrated computerised environment that supports and occasionally monitors employees while doing their jobs. In general an EPSS contains the following four components: tools (to perform a job), information (needed to do the job correctly), advice (for the difficult

parts of the job) and training (to extend the employees knowledge and skills). In this study the effectiveness of an EPSS for instructional designers is reported.
Transnational worker representation and transnational training needs: the case of European works councils
Authors: Miller Doug
Published: March 2003

The ongoing establishment of transnational information and consultation set in train by the European Works Council Directive of September 1994 is estimated to impact on approximately 25,000 employee representatives in some 1200 multinationals based in the EEA and beyond. This presents labour educators with enormous opportunities and challenges. Specific research questions which emerge in this context concern the extent to which such representatives have a set of generic and therefore transnational training needs in the area of skill, knowledge, and values/attitudes. Second, there is the extent to which existing methods of training needs identification are appropriate to detect and specify both individual and collective/organisational needs at this level. A third question concerns the prospects for transnational worker representatives to embed training needs analysis in their practice. This article attempts to shed some light on these questions.
Learning and skills formation in the new economy: evidence from Greece
Authors: Zambarloukos Stella , Constantelou Anastasia
Published: March 2003

In today’s knowledge–driven economy, education and training are considered major factors affecting a society’s level of economic attainment and growth. Lack of information–related knowledge and skills, in particular, are among the prime factors likely to delay a country’s progress towards the information society. Experience, however, has shown that an educated labour force does not automatically translate into dynamic economic development and technological innovation. The human resource potential is not a simple outcome of the education system but it is a much more complex process that involves tacit knowledge, learning by doing and on–the–job training. This means that skills and knowledge acquired depend not only on the educational system but on firm organisation and culture as well as ties between organisations. The present study examines the relationship between skill supply, firm organisation and learning by means of interviews in 23 firms in Greece. It shows that a major problem faced by SMEs in peripheral European countries is the lack of in–house capabilities and knowledge which limits the amount and type of learning that takes place. Finally, the article argues that policy–makers should institute educational policies and training programmes that will compensate for the inability of Greek firms to provide a learning environment.
‘Fourth World’ Cities in the Global Economy: The Case of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Authors: Shatkin Gavin
Published: March 2003

While globalization is often perceived to present opportunities for developing countries as a result of the relocation of industry and the development of a new international division of labor, the least developed countries (LDCs) have for the most part experienced declining shares of global trade and investment. This has led some to characterize such ‘fourth world’ countries as ‘structurally irrelevant’ to global capital accumulation, and to infer that patterns of urbanization in LDCs are largely unaffected by globalization. Yet a number of aspects of the global economy have important implications for cities in LDCs, including increased international economic interaction, rapid technological change, changes in regional economies, and the increased influence of transnational organizations. This paper explores the impact of these phenomena in the context of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, a city in an LDC that has experienced major socio‐economic and spatial change as a result of increased interaction with the global economy.

Bien qu’il soit souvent présumé que la globalisation offre aux pays en voie de développement des opportunités provenant d’un transfer de l’industrie et du développement d’une nouvelle division internationale du travail, le commerce et l’investissement globaux sont en déclin dans la plupart des pays les moins développés. Certains analystes en ont déduit que de tels pays du ‘Quatrième Monde’ n’ont ‘structurellement aucun rapport’ avec l’accumulation globale du capital, et que les modèles d’urbanisation de ces pays sont peu touchés par la globalisation. Néanmoins certains aspects de cette globalisation ont des implications importantes pour les villes dans les pays les moins développés, y compris une interaction économique internationale accrue, des changements technologiques rapides, des changements dans les économies régionales, et l’influence grandissante des organisations transnationales. Cet article discute l’effet de ces phénomènes dans le contexte de Pnom Penh au Cambodge, une ville d’un pays les moins développés qui a éprouvé des changements sociaux et économiques majeurs produits par une interaction croissante avec l’économie globale.
‘This is a lot like the Bronx, isn’t it?’ Lived experiences of marginality in an Argentine slum
Authors: Auyero Javier
Published: March 2003

Based on life‐stories, in‐depth interviews and informal conversations, this article focuses on the lived experiences of the inhabitants of a slum in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The first part of the article explores the political‐economic context of deepening marginalization of the slum population in contemporary Argentina, paying special attention to the mutually reinforcing processes of massification of under‐ and unemployment, impoverishment and state retrenchment. The second part of the article analyses the impact of such increasing marginalization on the lived experiences of slum‐dwellers in Villa Paraiso. In particular, it focuses on (a) the dominant antagonisms that divide the residents of this destitute neighbourhood; and (b) the feeling of social isolation and abandonment that pervades much of the reality of slum‐dwellers. The article finds some experiential similarities between slum‐dwellers in Argentina and residents of other enclaves of urban poverty in advanced societies.

A partir d'histoires de vie, des entrevues en profondeur et des conversations informelles, cet article a pour objet les expériences vécues des habitants des taudis de Buenos‐Aires en Argentine. La première partie de l'article explore le contexte socio‐politique de marginalisation croissante des habitants des taudis dans l'Argentine contemporaine, attirant particulièrement l'attention sur les processus de massification, de sous‐emploi et de chômage, d'appauvrissement et de retrait de l'état qui se renforcent mutuellement. La seconde partie de l'article analyse l'impact que cette marginalisation grandissante a sur l'expérience des habitants des taudis de Villa Paraiso. Il examine en particulier (a) les antagonismes dominants qui divisent les résidents de ce quartier sans ressources et (b) l'impression d'isolation sociale et d'abandonnement qui imprègne une bonne part de la réalité des habitants de taudis. L'article met en evidence certaines similarités entre les expériences des habitants de taudis en Argentine et les résidents d'autres enclaves de pauvreté urbaine dans les sociétés avancées.
The Crisis of the National Spatio‐Temporal Fix and the Tendential Ecological Dominance of Globalizing Capitalism
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: March 2003

This article develops a heterodox, strategic‐relational approach to globalization. This is seen as a multi‐scalar, multi‐temporal, multi‐centric process, involving new forms of time‐space distantiation and compression. As such, it is just one face of a complex re‐scaling of social processes which can also be interpreted from other scalar viewpoints, such as localization, regionalization or triadization. Five interrelated issues are then addressed: (1) the structural and strategic dimensions of globalization seen in temporal as well as spatial terms; (2) the role of globalization, especially in its neoliberal form, in enhancing the ecological dominance of the capitalist economy, i.e. in enhancing the relative primacy of the capital relation in an emerging world society; (3) the significance of the global scale for capitalist reorganization and its links to other scales of activity ?? especially given the relativization of scale rooted in the erosion of the national spatio‐temporal fix associated with Atlantic Fordism; (4) the impact of the new scalar dynamics of globalizing capitalism on the relative primacy and forms of appearance of capital's inherent contradictions and dilemmas and the problems that this poses for a re‐regularization of capital accumulation on a global scale; and (5) the implications of globalization for the state and politics.

Cet article développe une approche hétérodoxe stratégico‐relationnelle de la mondialisation. Celle‐ci est vue comme un processus à la fois multi‐scalaire, multi‐temporel et multi‐centré, impliquant de nouvelles formes de distanciation et de compression temps‐espace. Il ne s'agit là que d'un seul aspect d'une complexe remise à l'échelle de processus sociaux — qui peuvent Átre interprétés à partir d'autres perspectives scalaires, telles que localisation, régionalisation et triadisation. L'auteur s'attache ensuite à cinq points imbriqués: (1) les dimensions structurelles et stratégiques d'une mondialisation observée en termes de temps et d'espace; (2) le rôle de la mondialisation, notamment sous sa forme néolibérale, dans l'accentuation de la dominance écologique de l'économie capitaliste, autrement dit dans la progression de la prépondérance relative du lien au capital dans une société mondiale émergente; (3) l'importance de l'échelle mondiale dans la réorganisation capitaliste et ses rapports avec d'autres échelles d'activité— compte tenu notamment de la relativisation d'échelle enracinée dans l'érosion de la position spatio‐temporelle nationale associée au fordisme atlantique; (4) l'incidence des nouvelles dynamiques d'échelle du capitalisme mondialisateur sur la prédominance relative et les formes d'émergence des contradictions et dilemmes inhérents au capital, ainsi que les problàmes qui en découlent vis‐à‐vis d'une re‐régularisation de l'accumulation du capital à une échelle planétaire; et (5) les implications de la mondialisation pour lÉtat et la politique.
Vertical Social Differentiation in Athens: Alternative or Complement to Community Segregation?
Authors: Maloutas Thomas , Karadimitriou Nikos
Published: March 2003

Vertical social differentiation is presented in the recent literature as an important element of reduced segregation in South European cities, and the supporting evidence originates mainly from Athens. The authors of this article question the claim about the common form and function of vertical social differentiation across South Europe, as well as its opposition to community segregation, and try to reveal the specificity of the processes leading to its formation in Athens. Since the mid‐1970s, the dominant process of urban growth in Athens has been middle‐class suburbanization. This process has reinforced community segregation and, at the same time, has triggered a filtering‐down process in wide areas around the CBD, formerly occupied by upper and mainly intermediate professional categories. Interclass vertical segregation has subsequently appeared in these areas, where intermediate professional categories and lower middle‐class households are now predominant. The fact that these areas do not represent a real choice for any of their resident groups shows that this vertical cohabitation has been the unintended consequence of changing segregation patterns, and hardly the outcome or the corollary of a growing process of sociospatial homogenization.
Place in product
Authors: Molotch Harvey
Published: March 2003

Products and commodities take on the qualities of the places from which they come. In their tendency to persist even in the context of geographically homogenizing forces, place differences permeate the artifacts whose creation they stimulate. Through an investigation of industrial design practice, I specify how factors like client referral systems, local art worlds, and the existence of prior physical infrastructure influence the substance of stuff. I also examine processes like migrants’ cultural self–selection, the formation of internal markets, and the nature of the local semiotic. The mechanisms through which such diverse elements combine into a local industrial atmosphere shape not just competitive advantage of one place over another in producing a given artifact, but the nature of goods that can come into existence.

Les produits et marchandises revêtent les propriétés de leurs lieux d’origine. Tendant à subsister en dépit des forces d’homogénéisation géographique, les différences entre les lieux imprègnent les objets dont elles stimulent la création. A partir d’une étude sur les pratiques en conception industrielle, l’article établit la façon dont les systèmes de référence des clients, les univers artistiques locaux et l’existence d’une infrastructure matérielle antérieure influent sur l’essence même des choses. Certains processus sont détaillés comme l’auto–sélection culturelle des migrants, la formation de marchés internes et la nature de la sémiotique locale. Les mécanismes qui permettent la combinaison de ces divers éléments en une ‘ambiance’ industrielle locale façonnent non seulement des atouts pour la concurrence entre tel et tel lieux grâce à la production d’un objet spécifique, mais aussi la nature des produits qui peuvent voir le jour.
A Comparative Study of Immigrant and Non‐immigrant Families in Canada with Special Reference to Income, 1986
Authors: Basavarajappa K.G. , Halli S.S.
Published: March 2003

A comparison of immigrant and non‐immigrant families in Canada based on unpublished data from the 1986 Consensus of Canada indicates that immigrant families have stronger family ties and higher income than their non‐immigrant counterparts. This could be partly because immigrant families contain higher proportions of their members at prime working ages, higher proportions with three or more employment income recipients and higher proportions working full year full time. As the period of residence in Canada of immigrants increases, the difference in income between immigrant and non‐immigrant families increases. However, the income difference is smaller for husband‐wife and male lone‐parent families than for female lone‐parent families. The multivariate analysis of family income indicates that age and family type have overwhelming effects and that place of birth is third in importance. Immigrant families from the US, UK, Europe (excluding Southern Europe) and Africa have higher incomes than families from other places of birth.

Both non‐immigrant and immigrant husband‐wife and male lone‐parent families derive about 75 per cent of their total income from wages and salaries, whereas non‐immigrant and immigrant female lone‐parent families derive about 62 and 68 per cent respectively. Non‐immigrant female lone‐parent families derive about 24 per cent of their income from government transfers, whereas immigrant female lone‐parent families derive about 16 per cent. With the exception of Old Age Security payments and Guaranteed Income Supplement, government transfers such as Canada and Quebec Pension Plan payments, unemployment insurance benefits, family allowances, worker's compensation, provincial income supplements and tax credits are smaller for immigrant families both in dollar amounts and as proportions of their total income for the non‐immigrant families.
Migration and AIDS
Authors: UNAIDS and IOM
Published: March 2003

AIDS and migration are two salient features of the latter half of this century. Over 30 million persons world‐wide are estimated to be infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Concurrently, about 100 million persons move voluntarily within or between nations each year, while almost 40 million are either internally displaced or refugees outside their own countries.

Previously, governments’ main concern was that incoming migrants might bring HIV with them. While this scenario still applies, there is increasing recognition that migrants may be more vulnerable than local populations to acquiring the infection during migration, and that they may spread the infection upon return to their respective homes.

This article is jointly authored by the two international organizations with major responsibilities in the fields of migration and HIV/AIDS.

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) upholds the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. Among its responsibilities, the IOM is dedicated to advancing understanding of migration issues and work towards effective respect of the human dignity and well being of migrants.

The United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) is the main advocate for global action on HIV/AIDS. Part of its mission is to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to the epidemic. UNAIDS does this through strategic alliances with its UN cosponsors as well as other partners.

In order to address gaps in policy and research, and better identify the priorities for further work, UNAIDS and the IOM undertook a joint project to review the current state of knowledge about migration and HIV/AIDS, and to identify priority areas and issues for research and intervention. The long term objective of this work is to strengthen the joint action of IOM, UNAIDS and its cosponsors and other key players at the global, regional and country levels in order to advance the issues of AIDS and migration to a level of operational response to the epidemic.
The Reverse Transfer of Technology from Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe
Authors: Logan B.I.
Published: March 2003

The article investigates the potential reverse transfer of technology (brain drain) from Zimbabwe, using as case study, academic staff at the main campus of the University of Zimbabwe.

A questionnaire survey was employed to separate all Zimbabwean academic staff into two groups: those who express an intention to emigrate in the near future (1‐3 years) and those who express an intention to stay home.

The demographic and socio‐economic characteristics of the two groups are discussed, as are the factors cited for dissatisfaction with conditions at the source (the institution and the country), potential destinations, and attractions (“pull” factors) at these destinations.

The study concludes that the decision to emigrate is based on an untidy combination of economic, cultural, social and geographic considerations.
On Impacts of Comparative Policy Analysis. Immigration to Israel:What other Countries can Learn
Authors: Geva‐May Iris
Published: March 2003

Israel is a country of immigrants. Between 1948 and 1997 more than three‐quarters of its population entered the country from abroad. Particularly marked within this period was an increase of 20 per cent between 1989 and 1996 following the great wave of immigration from former USSR.

Israel's current absorption problems are a stark example of what is increasingly to be faced, for instance, by countries in South East Asia, North America, and Europe as cross‐border migration becomes easier or a matter of survival.

Israel's experience with immigration waves during the last fifty years and its policies of immigration absorption, as well as the components of this policy agenda, should be relevant for other countries.

This article argues that comparative policy studies based on individualnational cases should be regarded as naturally occurring experiments fromwhich broader cross‐national generalizations can be made. Their importancelies in their scope and in their ability to provide useful information that hastransnational impacts on policy problems and on policy solutions.
Ecological Succession and Asian Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Zang Xiaowei
Published: March 2003

In recent immigration policy debates in Australia, it has been asserted that Asian immigrants concentrate in ethnic ghettos, thus posing a threat to the social cohesion of Australian society. This assertion has been based mainlyon selective observations made by anti‐immigration groups. Nevertheless, it is more or less consistent with expectations of an ecological succession model that has guided studies on patterns of housing consumption behaviour of new immigrants in the West.

The ecological succession model contends that new immigrants concentrate in ethnic ghettos or low‐cost housing areas and will move to good neighbourhoods only after they improve their socio‐economic position in the host society.

Using data from the 1991 Housing and Location Choice Survey conducted in Melbourne and Sydney, the article shows that the assertion concerning the poor housing condition of Asian immigrants in Australia is unfounded. There is no ecological succession among them because they lived in good neighbour‐hoodsin Melbourne and Sydney shortly after their arrival in Australia.

The ecological succession model is a valid framework for poor immigrants from Indo‐China, but it does not apply to patterns of housing consumption behaviour among well‐to‐do immigrants from North and South‐East Asia.
Rational Migration Policy Should Tolerate Non‐zero Illegal Migration Flows: Lessons from Modelling the Market for Illegal Migration
Authors: Entorf Horst
Published: March 2003

The debate on the immigration policies in OECD countries has turned its attention towards illegal migrants. Given that migration flows are determined by immigration laws, the probability of potential detection, penalties for unauthorized migrants and their employers, and income differences between sending and receiving countries, this paper presents a new approach to the problem of illegal migration, grounded on the economic theory of illegal behaviour. The framework considers the interaction of potential migrants, citizens, employers, and the government. After introducing the supply function of illegal migration and its determinants, the trade‐off between social costs and benefits of preventing and combating illegal migration is demonstrated. This trade‐off results in an optimal level of migration larger than zero. A complete “market model” of illegal migration is offered by presentation of a demand curve of illegal migration, based on the tolerance of the society towards clandestine foreigners. Equilibrium forces predict a non‐zero level of illegal migration. The rule of law of our legal systems, according to which any illegal activity has to be reduced to zero, bears the danger of producing inefficient disequilibria. A reasonable policy of wanted and unwanted migration should address the question of how to allocate scarce resources. Ignoring social optima and equilibrium forces means to abandon public resources that could be used for other public assignments, such as schooling or foreign aid, for instance, i.e., measures that could strike the problem of illegal migration at its root.
The Panic to Leave: Economic Crisis and the “New Emigration” from Ecuador
Authors: Jokisch Brad , Pribilsky Jason
Published: March 2003

Prior to the late 1990s, Ecuadorian international migration was directed primarily toward the United States. Of the estimated 400,000 Ecuadorians living in the United States, most are concentrated in metropolitan New York and many hail from the south–central highlands of Cañar and Azuay Provinces. In the mid– to late–1990s, Ecuador entered a political and economic crisis just as clandestine transportation to the United States became increasingly expensive and dangerous. Within two years Ecuadorian migration diversified radically and a “new emigration” formed. Many thousands of Ecuadorians from throughout the country migrated to Europe, mostly Spain, but also to France, Italy, and The Netherlands. Prior to 1998, few Ecuadorians lived in Europe, but now, Ecuadorians are the largest immigrant group in Madrid and one of the largest in Spain. The migrant stream was led by women and composed of people from a variety of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Ecuadorians find themselves working in a variety of services (especially women) and negotiating a volatile, even hostile, social, and political environment.

This “new emigration” has numerous implications for Ecuadorian families, the economy, and the nation–state. Understanding the implications requires a comparative approach that examines at least three aspects of the new emigration: the role of gender, the importance of transnational ties and connections, and the emerging roles of state and non–state actors in the formalization of migration.
Investing Public Pensions in the Stock Market: Implications for Risk Sharing, Capital Formation and Public Policy in the Developed and Developing World
Authors: Lucas Deborah
Published: March 2003

Concerns that existing public pension systems will be unable to pay benefits to a rapidly ageing population without sharp tax increases, and the prospect of higher average returns on stocks than on government securities, are drawing the attention of policy–makers worldwide to the option of investing public pension assets in stocks. Including stock market investments in public pension plans could improve risk sharing within and between generations, and could perhaps lead to faster market development in some countries. It could also result in excessive risk–taking, higher transactions costs and a false sense of increased financial security. This paper assesses these issues, with an emphasis on the considerations that are of special importance to developing markets. A contrast is drawn between the demographic outlook in East Asia and the major industrialized countries. Some lessons are drawn from the reform experience in Chile and elsewhere in Latin America.