bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Polyethylene Glycol Unit on Palladium‐ and Nickel‐Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization
Authors: Zhang Dan , Chen Changle
Published: October 2017

The transition‐metal‐catalyzed copolymerization of olefins with polar functionalized co‐monomers represents a major challenge in the field of olefin polymerization. It is extremely difficult to simultaneously achieve improvements in catalytic activity, polar monomer incorporation, and copolymer molecular weight through ligand modifications. Herein we introduce a polyethylene glycol unit to some phosphine‐sulfonate palladium and nickel catalysts, and its influence on ethylene polymerization and copolymerization is investigated. In ethylene polymerization, this strategy leads to enhanced activity, catalyst stability, and increased polyethylene molecular weight. In ethylene copolymerization with polar monomers, improvements in all copolymerization parameters are realized. This effect is most significant for polar monomers with hydrogen‐bond‐donating abilities.
FleQ regulates both the type VI secretion system and flagella in Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Wang Yuzhou , Li Ye , Wang Jianli , Wang Xiaoyuan
Published: October 2017

Based on the analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, flagellin FliC and a key member of the type VI secretion system Hcp1 were found to be secreted from Pseudomonas putida KT2442 cells in the late exponential phase, but in the early exponential phase only FliC was secreted. Relevant genes fleQ and rpoN were then individually deleted in P. putida KT2442, and the expression and transcription of fliC and hcp1 in these mutant strains were analyzed. In both △fleQ and △rpoN mutant cells, Hcp1 but not FliC was secreted in the late exponential phase, and it was secreted even in the early exponential phase. Transcriptomic analysis of △fleQ cells shows that most of the genes relevant to the type VI secretion system, including hcp1, were upregulated; several genes involved in 3′,5′‐cyclic diguanylic acid (c‐di‐GMP) synthesis and degradation were also significantly regulated. To further study the regulation process of the type VI secretion system, the phosphodiesterase BifA was overexpressed to lower the intracellular c‐di‐GMP level. The results demonstrate that FleQ positively regulates flagella biosynthesis but negatively regulates the type VI secretion system in P. putida. This finding is important for understanding the function and regulation of the type VI secretion system.
Das Dehnungs‐ und Tragverhalten von Brettschichtholz beim Lasteintrag durch Vollgewindeschrauben
Authors: Trautz Martin
Published: October 2017

Vollgewindeschrauben werden im Ingenieurholzbau heute vermehrt als Verstärkungs‐ und Verbindungselemente eingesetzt. Dabei kommen auch besonders lange Schrauben (l > 300 mm) zum Einsatz, die wie Rippenstähle im Stahlbetonbau als Bewehrung wirken. Infolge der Anisotropie des Holzes ist der Lasteintrag bzw. Lastaustrag der Schrauben stark abhängig vom Winkel, den sie mit der Faserrichtung des Holzes einschließen, und dabei sehr unterschiedlich. Entsprechende Dehnungsverteilungen konnten mit den bisherigen Mitteln, mit Dehnmessstreifen, wenn überhaupt, dann nur lokal nachgewiesen werden. Erst mit dem Einsatz fotogrammetrischer Methoden wie der Digital Image Correlation (DIC) ist es möglich, das Dehnungs‐ und Deformationsverhalten von Brettschichtholz unter Belastung mittels Schrauben zusammenhängend über die Oberfläche eines beanspruchten Tragelements sichtbar zu machen. Diese Veröffentlichung zeigt erste Ergebnisse von Deformationsuntersuchungen auf Basis von DIC. Sie bestätigten einige bisher antizipierte, aber nicht belegbare Tragverhaltensphänomene, wie etwa die Abhängigkeit des Lasteintrags in die Holzmatrix vom Winkel zwischen Schraube und Faserverlauf. Es zeigte sich aber auch, dass die Inhomogenität des natürlich gewachsenen Werkstoffs Holz zu Unregelmäßigkeiten führt, die entsprechende „Unschärfen“ bezüglich der Modellierung des Material‐ und des Verbundverhaltens mit sich bringen. Dennoch wurden allgemeine Bemessungsansätze für Schrauben formuliert, die auf die individuelle lokale Beschaffenheit der Holzmatrix – bestimmbar mittels DIC – abgestimmt werden können.
Numerische Modellbildung für Anschlüsse im Holzbau
Authors: Oppel Mike , Jahreis Markus , Rautenstrauch Karl
Published: October 2017

Die Komplexität von Ingenieurbauwerken im Holzbau nimmt ständig zu, sodass die zutreffende Abschätzung des Strukturverhaltens und der materialgerechte Entwurf Herausforderungen darstellen können. Insbesondere für die numerische Analyse der lokal begrenzten Einleitung großer Beanspruchungen im Bereich von Anschlüssen lässt sich die Finite‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) vorteilhaft nutzen. Zuverlässige Ergebnisse resp. Aussagen zum Strukturverhalten und zu den Versagenskriterien erfordern eine sachgerechte Bewertung der Modellqualität, um im Spannungsfeld zwischen Modellgröße und Rechenaufwand eine bedarfsgerechte Simulation zu erstellen. Am Beispiel des Anschlusses stabförmiger Holzbauteile mittels Gewindestäben, die mit einem großvolumigen Polymerverguss im Holz verankert sind, werden nachfolgend die Mindestanforderungen an eine problemorientiert gestaltete numerische Simulation dargestellt. Ergebnisse, Zusammenhänge und die zu erzielenden Genauigkeiten zwischen Experiment und Numerik werden anschaulich gegenübergestellt.
Hydrogenolysis of Amide Acetals and Iminium Esters
Authors: Kadyrov Renat
Published: October 2017

Amide acetals and iminium esters were hydrogenated into amines under very mild reaction conditions over common hydrogenation catalysts. This finding provides a new strategy for the selective reduction of amides. The synthetic utility of this approach was demonstrated by the selective reduction of amides bearing ester and nitrile groups.
Coralline‐Like N‐Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Derived from Enteromorpha as a Host Matrix for Lithium‐Sulfur Battery
Authors: Ji Shengnan , Imtiaz Sumair , Sun Dan , Xin Ying , Li Qian , Huang Taizhong , Zhang Zhaoliang , Huang Yunhui
Published: October 2017

Coralline‐like N‐doped hierarchically porous carbon (CNHPC) was prepared through a hydrothermal carbonization process using a sea pollutant enteromorpha as the starting material. The addition of a small amount of glucose during carbonization improved the yield of carbon, and the inherent N contents, especially for pyrrolic N and pyridinic N atoms. After loading 40 wt. % sulfur, the CNHPC/S composite, as a cathode in a Li‐S battery, exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 1617 mAh g−1 (96.5 % of theoretical capacity) at 0.1 C and a capacity loss of 0.05 % per charge‐discharge cycle after 500 cycles at 0.5 C with a stable Coulombic efficiency of 100 % in carbonate based electrolyte. Such a great performance can be attributed to the coralline‐like hierarchically porous infrastructure and inherently abundant N doping. Given the conversion of waste pollutants into valuable energy‐storage materials and the easy process, this work features a promising approach to prepare C/S cathodes for Li‐S batteries. The special structural and textural characteristics of CNHPC might be attractive to other practical applications such as supercapacitors and catalysis.
Molecular Engineering of Perylene Imides for High‐Performance Lithium Batteries: Diels–Alder Extension and Chiral Dimerization
Authors: Li Lei , Hong Yu‐Jian , Chen Dong‐Yang , Lin Mei‐Jin
Published: October 2017

The search for high‐performance electrode materials in organic rechargeable batteries remains a key challenge. Reported herein is a molecular structural modification of perylene imides, a promising class of redox‐active electrode materials, for improved battery performance. The Diels–Alder extension of perylene imides at the lateral position led to the simultaneous incorporation of two electron‐withdrawing carbonyl groups and extension of the π system, which is supposed to favor high specific capacity, operating voltage, and electronic conductivity. After the chiral dimerization of the extended species with 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane, it was anticipated that the porosity and coulombic interactions with lithium ions would be promoted, which would be beneficial for fast reaction kinetics and long cycling life. As expected, in lithium batteries, the obtained chiral and π‐extended tweezer, which features six imide groups and a porous solid‐state network of 42.2 % accessible cell volume, was found to deliver a reversible capacity of 92.1 mA h g−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 1 C within an operating voltage window of 1.60–2.80 V versus Li+/Li, around 75 and 50 % of which was maintained after 100 and 300 galvanostatic cycles, respectively, much better than those of unmodified species.
Aza‐BOIMPYs: A Tetrazole Auxochrome for Highly Red‐Emissive Dipyrromethene‐Based Fluorophores
Authors: Patalag Lukas J. , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B.
Published: October 2017

A structural derivative of the recently designed BOIMPY motif is introduced; this derivative engages a meso tetrazole moiety and a dipyrromethene scaffold in a twofold BF2‐coordination scheme. A one‐pot synthesis allows the isolation of unusual dipyrro‐perazafulvene precursors and subsequent access to nonfluorescent mono‐BF2 and fluorescent bis‐BF2 species. The novel fluorophore, denoted Aza‐BOIMPY, is highly emissive (ΦF up to 0.82), structurally compact, and provides useful inherent polarity. Absorption and emission events focus at roughly 600 nm with exceptionally small Stokes shifts (209 cm−1) and high attenuation coefficients (up to 120 000 m−1 cm−1). X‐ray crystallographic and computational investigations provide insights into geometrical and electronic properties of the novel dye type.
Designing Sustainable Funding for College Promise Initiatives
Authors: Millett Catherine
Published: October 2017

College promise programs are spreading throughout this United States. These programs fund tuition and/or fees for eligible students who are actively progressing toward earning postsecondary certificates and undergraduate degrees. While existing college promise programs have varying designs, each one appears to be seeking continuous and long‐term financial sustainability. The existing programs appear to be aimed toward ensuring that the promise of college tuition and fees can be fulfilled for future generations of students. Towards that end, ETS and the College Promise Campaign convened the “Designing Sustainable Funding for College Promise Initiatives” conference on June 2 and 3, 2016, for the primary purpose of reviewing and refining five models. This report contains the five papers that the appointed design teams presented.
Outcome of day treatment for older adults with affective disorders: An observational pre‐post design of two transdiagnostic approaches
Authors: van Dijk S.D.M. , Bouman R. , Lam J.C.A.E. , den Held R. , van Alphen S.P.J. , Oude Voshaar R.C.
Published: October 2017

Objective

First, to evaluate the outcome of 2 transdiagnostic day treatment programs. A 20‐week psychotherapeutic day treatment (PDT) and an activating day treatment (ADT) program delivered in blocks of 4 weeks with a maximum of 24 weeks with respect to depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis. Second, to explore the impact of cognitive impairment and personality pathology on treatment outcome.

Methods

The course of depression (Inventory of Depressive Symptoms), anxiety (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory), and hypochondriasis (Whitley Index) were evaluated by linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, level of education, and alcohol usage among 49 patients (mean age 65 years, 67% females) receiving PDT and among 61 patients (mean age 67.1, 61% females) receiving ADT. Pre‐post effect‐sizes were expressed as Cohen's d. Subsequently, cognitive impairment (no, suspected, established) and personality pathology (DSM‐IV criteria as well as the Big Five personality traits) were examined as potential moderators of treatment outcome.

Results

Among patients receiving PDT, large improvements were found for depression (d = 1.1) and anxiety (d = 1.2) but not for hypochondriasis (d = 0.0). Patients receiving ADT showed moderate treatment effects for depression (d = 0.6), anxiety (d = 0.6), as well as hypochondriasis (d = 0.6). Personality pathology moderates treatment outcome of neither PDT nor ADT. Cognitive impairment negatively interfered with the course of depressive symptoms among patients receiving PDT.

Conclusions

Transdiagnostic day treatment is promising for older adults with affective disorders with high feasibility.
Age and sex‐related differences in risk factors for elderly suicide: Differentiating between suicide ideation and attempts
Authors: Lee Hyuk , Seol Ki Ho , Kim Jun Won
Published: October 2017

Objective

The purpose of this study was to analyze the age and sex‐related differences in socio‐demographic factors that influence suicide ideation and attempts in the elderly.

Methods

The total number of subjects was 93 151, of whom 8441 belonged to the high suicide‐risk group (2064 male; 6377 female). Following this identification, we investigated their socio‐demographic information, health status, and depressive symptoms, which might have influenced their suicide ideation and attempts.

Results

Residence in an urban area was identified as a risk factor for both male and female elderly in their 60s and 70s and female elderly in their 80s. Marital status showed a different influence on suicide ideation depending on age and sex. A negative perception of one's own health status was a significant risk factor that increased the likelihood of suicide ideation in all ages, except the female elderly in their 60s. No factor was identified that significantly influenced suicide attempts in the male elderly. However, in the female elderly, residence in an urban area and a negative perception of one's own health status were identified as significant risk factors.

Conclusions

This study revealed that factors known to influence suicide ideation in the elderly from previous studies, such as residence area, separation from a spouse, education level, religion, and drinking, show changed influence as the elderly reach their 70s and 80s. However, a negative perception of one's own health status was a risk factor that encompassed most ages and sexes.
Curcuminoids in Multi‐Component Synthesis
Authors: Ajavakom Vachiraporn , Yutthaseri Thatsawan , Chantanatrakul Rachata , Suksamrarn Apichart , Ajavakom Anawat
Published: October 2017

The introduction of a 1,3‐dicarbonyl unit in curcuminoid derivatives for multi‐component reactions (MCRs) to furnish six‐membered heterocyclic compounds has been reviewed. Attention has focused on the assembly of the three‐component Biginelli reactions relating to curcumin or tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), aromatic aldehydes and urea as substrates. The hybrid molecules of two bioactive agents were designed and synthesized by using these MCRs concepts. The four‐component modified Hantzsch condensation was the latest development of this synthetic route. The possible mechanism of the MCRs of both curcumin and THC were also summarized.
Nutritional aspects of enhanced recovery after esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction
Authors: Kingma B. Feike , Steenhagen Elles , Ruurda Jelle P. , van Hillegersberg Richard
Published: October 2017

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) aims to accelerate recovery by a set of multimodality management strategies. For esophagectomy, several nutritional elements of ERAS can be safely introduced and are advised in routine practice, including preadmission counseling to screen and treat for potential malnutrition, shortened preoperative fasting, and carbohydrate loading. However, the timing of oral intake and the use of routine nasogastric decompression remain matter of debate after esophagectomy. Furthermore, more research is needed on future developments such as perioperative immunonutrition.
The impact of calcium decline on population growth rates of crustacean zooplankton in Canadian Shield lakes
Authors: Azan Shakira S. E. , Arnott Shelley E.
Published: October 2017

Within the last decade, calcium decline has emerged as a stressor for many soft water lakes. A legacy of long‐term acid deposition and logging, calcium decline has been implicated in the loss of large herbivores, such as Daphnia, and changes in community structure as taxa with presumed low calcium demand also increase. Although lake surveys, paleolimnological studies, and laboratory experiments have provided considerable evidence that declining Daphnia abundances are associated with low calcium concentration, causal relationships for zooplankton response to calcium decline have not been assessed using field experiments with natural zooplankton communities. We conducted a six‐week field experiment under low food conditions typical of Canadian Shield lakes, using four calcium concentrations (0.6 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 1.4 mg/L, and 2.4 mg/L) and zooplankton communities originating from eight lakes along a gradient from 1.78 mg Ca/L to 24.8 mg Ca/L, to examine the effect of calcium on growth rates and reproduction of individual and groups of taxa. Population growth rates for daphniids, Bosmina spp., and three cyclopoids declined as calcium concentration decreased. At low calcium, growth rates of Daphnia pulex, Daphnia catawba, and Mesocyclops edax were negative indicating declining populations. There was no effect of calcium on reproduction of the most common cladocerans. Although we detected some variation in growth rates amongst source lakes, zooplankton communities did not differ in their response to low calcium. As calcium concentrations continue to decline in soft water lakes, reduced zooplankton growth rates may result in shifts in zooplankton community structure and overall declines in total zooplankton production.
Syntheses, X‐ray crystal structures, and emission properties of protonated tripyridyltriazines and their ruthenium(II) complexes
Authors: Yoshikawa Naokazu , Yamazaki Shoko , Kimura Hiroko , Kanehisa Nobuko , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Takashima Hiroshi
Published: October 2017

A series of metal‐free compounds, ie, planar triprotonated triazine, triazineH3Cl(PF6)2 (1), planar triprotonated triazineH3Br(PF6)2 (2), and nonplanar monoprotonated triazineHPF6 (3), were prepared. Abbreviations used are triazine = tri‐2‐pyridyltriazine. Ruthenium complexes [RuCl(bpy)(L)](PF6), [RuCl(bpy)(L)](PF6)2, and [Ru(L)2](PF6)2 were also prepared, where bpy is 2,2′‐bipyridine and L's are triazine (4) and monoprotonated triazine (5), respectively. Ruthenium complexes [Ru(triazine)2](PF6)2 (6) were also prepared and crystallized. The X‐ray crystal structures of the 3 compounds 1, 2, and 3 and the complex 6 were determined. They were also characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, UV‐vis spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations.
A comparison of methods for assessing power output in non‐uniform onshore wind farms
Authors: Staid Andrea , VerHulst Claire , Guikema Seth D.
Published: October 2017

Wind resource assessments are used to estimate a wind farm's power production during the planning process. It is important that these estimates are accurate, as they can impact financing agreements, transmission planning, and environmental targets. Here, we analyze the challenges in wind power estimation for onshore farms. Turbine wake effects are a strong determinant of farm power production. With given input wind conditions, wake losses typically cause downstream turbines to produce significantly less power than upstream turbines. These losses have been modeled extensively and are well understood under certain conditions. Most notably, validation of different model types has favored offshore farms. Models that capture the dynamics of offshore wind conditions do not necessarily perform equally as well for onshore wind farms. We analyze the capabilities of several different methods for estimating wind farm power production in 2 onshore farms with non‐uniform layouts. We compare the Jensen model to a number of statistical models, to meteorological downscaling techniques, and to using no model at all. We show that the complexities of some onshore farms result in wind conditions that are not accurately modeled by the Jensen wake decay techniques and that statistical methods have some strong advantages in practice.
Modeling the contributions of chromosome segregation errors and aneuploidy to Saccharomyces hybrid sterility
Authors: Boynton Primrose J. , Janzen Thijs , Greig Duncan
Published: October 2017

Errors in meiosis can be important postzygotic barriers between different species. In Saccharomyces hybrids, chromosomal missegregation during meiosis I produces gametes with missing or extra chromosomes. Gametes with missing chromosomes are inviable, but we do not understand how extra chromosomes (disomies) influence hybrid gamete inviability. We designed a model predicting rates of missegregation in interspecific hybrid meioses assuming several different mechanisms of disomy tolerance, and compared predictions from the model with observations of sterility in hybrids between Saccharomyces yeast species. Sterility observations were consistent with the hypothesis that chromosomal missegregation causes hybrid sterility, and the model indicated that missegregation probabilities of 13–50% per chromosome can cause observed values of 90–99% hybrid sterility regardless of how cells tolerate disomies. Missing chromosomes in gametes are responsible for most infertility, but disomies may kill as many as 11% of the gametes produced by hybrids between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex regional pain syndrome induced by pacemaker implantation for sick sinus syndrome
Authors: Kisanuki Megumi , Fujita Kazumasa , Moriyama Shohei , Irie Kei , Yosida Chiharu , Fukata Mitsuhiro , Arita Takeshi , Yokoyama Taku , Odashiro Keita , Maruyama Toru , Akashi Koichi
Published: October 2017

A 53‐year‐old woman reported burning pain, muscle weakness, and dysesthesia of the left arm 2 months after permanent pacemaker insertion in the ipsilateral side for the treatment of sick sinus syndrome. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) induced by pacemaker implantation was diagnosed. In 2017, her pulse generator became exhausted and was exchanged carefully to avoid exacerbation of CRPS, under the application of local anesthesia and premedication. Six months later, the patient's grip strength in her left hand remained lower relative to that in her right hand. Although rare, the presence of CRPS following device implantation should be remembered.
A Normative Theory of Disagreement
Authors: BEX-PRIESTLEY GRAHAM , SHEMMER YONATAN
Published: October 2017

Expressivists have trouble accounting for disagreement. If ethical or other normative judgments are desire-like rather than belief-like, it is puzzling why we think people often disagree in those domains. While previous expressivists have proposed only straightforwardly descriptive conditions under which disagreement occurs, we argue that disagreement itself should be understood normatively: two or more people disagree just in case their diverging attitudes imply, given a common project of theirs, that at least one of them has reason to change his or her mind.
TABLETTES DE LA COLLECTION DE MICHEL DE GENOUILLAC
Authors: Lecompte Camille , Pariselle Christine
Published: October 2017

Henri de Genouillac (1881–1940), one of the leading Assyriologists of his time, owned a collection of cuneiform tablets and inscribed artefacts. On his death, it was divided into two parts. Whereas the majority of these objects were bequeathed to the Musée des Antiquités in Rouen, his native city, a smaller part remained the property of his nephew, Michel de Genouillac. The present paper, which offers the publication of the latter, also aims to reconstruct its history. The Michel de Genouillac collection consists of 20 Ur III tablets (9 from Puzriš-Dagan, 10 from Girsu, 1 of uncertain origin), 1 clay cone with an inscription of Gudea and 5 Sargonic administrative tablets from Girsu.
A numerical study of a variable-density low-speed turbulent mixing layer
Authors: Almagro Antonio , García-Villalba Manuel , Flores Oscar
Published: October 2017

Direct numerical simulations of a temporally developing, low-speed, variable-density, turbulent, plane mixing layer are performed. The Navier–Stokes equations in the low-Mach-number approximation are solved using a novel algorithm based on an extended version of the velocity–vorticity formulation used by Kim et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol 177, 1987, 133–166) for incompressible flows. Four cases with density ratios $s=1,2,4$ and 8 are considered. The simulations are run with a Prandtl number of 0.7, and achieve a $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ up to 150 during the self-similar evolution of the mixing layer. It is found that the growth rate of the mixing layer decreases with increasing density ratio, in agreement with theoretical models of this phenomenon. Comparison with high-speed data shows that the reduction of the growth rates with increasing density ratio has a weak dependence with the Mach number. In addition, the shifting of the mixing layer to the low-density stream has been characterized by analysing one-point statistics within the self-similar interval. This shifting has been quantified, and related to the growth rate of the mixing layer under the assumption that the shape of the mean velocity and density profiles do not change with the density ratio. This leads to a predictive model for the reduction of the growth rate of the momentum thickness, which agrees reasonably well with the available data. Finally, the effect of the density ratio on the turbulent structure has been analysed using flow visualizations and spectra. It is found that with increasing density ratio the longest scales in the high-density side are gradually inhibited. A gradual reduction of the energy in small scales with increasing density ratio is also observed.
Near-surface turbulence and buoyancy induced by heavy rainfall
Authors: Harrison E. L. , Veron F.
Published: October 2017

We present results from experiments designed to measure near-surface turbulence generated by rainfall. Laboratory experiments were performed using artificial rain falling at near-terminal velocity in a wind–wave channel filled with synthetic seawater. In this first series of experiments, no wind was generated and the receiving seawater was initially at rest. Rainfall rates from 40 to $190~\text{mm}~\text{h}^{-1}$ were investigated. Subsurface turbulent velocities of the order of $O(10^{-2})~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$ are generated near the interface below the depth of the cavities generated by the rain drop impacts. The turbulence appears independent of rainfall rates. At depth larger than the size of the cavities, the turbulent velocity fluctuations decay as $z^{-3/2}$. Turbulent length scales also appear to scale with the size of the impact cavities. In these seawater experiments, a freshwater lens is established at the water surface due to the rain. At the highest rain rate studied, the resulting buoyancy flux appears to lead to a shallower subsurface mixed layer and a slight decrease of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. Finally, direct measurements and inertial estimates of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation show that approximately 0.1–0.3 % of the kinetic energy flux from the rain is dissipated in the form of turbulence. This is consistent with existing freshwater measurements and suggests that high levels of dissipation occur at depths and scales smaller than those resolved here and/or that other phenomena dissipate a considerable amount of the total kinetic energy flux provided by rainfall.
The attachment strategies of Cambrian kutorginate brachiopods: the curious case of two pedicle openings and their phylogenetic significance
Authors: Holmer Lars E. , Zhang Zhifei , Topper Timothy P. , Popov Leonid , Claybourn Thomas M.
Published: October 2017

The kutorginates are commonly the most abundant rhynchonelliform brachiopod found in the early Cambrian; they are also some of the oldest known rhynchonelliforms, first appearing in the Unnamed Series 2 (Atdabanian equivalent) and becoming extinct sometime in Cambrian Series 3 (Amgaian equivalent). Moreover, kutorginates are the first known member of the rhynchonelliforms for which we have a detailed knowledge of their soft-part anatomy, including the lophophore, digestive tract, and pedicle—all exceptionally preserved inKutorgina chengjiangensisZhang et al., 2007 from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte of southern China. The stout and annulated pedicle in the original report was described as protruding between the valves; however, newly collected better-preserved material now clearly shows that the pedicle actually protrudes from the apical perforation ofKutorgina chengjiangensis.This type of apical pedicle has also been described from other early Cambrian rhynchonelliforms, including the problematic chileateLongtancunella chengjiangensis(Zhang et al., 2011a). Exceptionally preserved similar pedicles are also known to emerge apically from the Silurian chileate dictyonellidEichwaldia subtrigonalisBillings, 1858, as well as from the recently described Silurian chileateTrifissura rigidaHolmer, Popov, and Bassett, 2014. However, it is clear that the only other exceptionally preserved kutorginate—a silicifiedNisusia—was provided with an adult pedicle emerging between the valves from a posterior gap; thus,Nisusiahas two pedicle openings. However, the apical foramen may represent the earliest attachment of the larvae, which subsequently became nonfunctional through ontogeny. It is suggested that both types of attachment strategies may have appeared early in the stem lineage of the Rhynchonelliformea.
SITE-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR MAIZE HYBRIDS IN ANINCEPTISOLOF WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Authors: RAY KRISHNENDU , BANERJEE HIRAK , BHATTACHARYYA KALLOL , DUTTA SUDARSHAN , PHONGLOSA AMIT , PARI ARNAB , SARKAR SUKAMAL
Published: October 2017

The area under hybrid maize cultivation is increasing rapidly across South Asia. However, information regarding the proper nutrient management for modern stay-green maize hybrids in India is not adequate resulting in low productivity. Existing nutrient management practices are not able to capture the momentum change in the scenario of soil nutrient supply capacity and plant nutrient demand for achieving higher yield target. The present study aims at establishing the site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) package for aninceptisol(West Bengal, India). Soil indigenous nutrient supply capacity and nutrient use efficiency was also evaluated by using the nutrient omission plot technique. The experiment was laid out in strip-plot design, assigning three maize hybrids (P 3522, P 3396 and Rajkumar) in the vertical strip and nine fertilizer treatments [50% RDF/Recommended dose of fertilizer, 75% RDF, 100% RDF (200-60-60 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha−1), 125% RDF, 150% RDF, 100% PK, 100% NK, 100% NP and control (zero-NPK)] in the horizontal strip, with three replications. Results of the experiment revealed that the differences among cultivars were generally non-significant. The maize hybrids showed greater yield response to fertilization with N (4.14 Mg ha−1) during winter, followed by K (2.54 Mg ha−1) and P (1.58 Mg ha−1). Indigenous nutrient supply was estimated 107.2, 37.6 and 107.7 kg ha−1for N, P and K, respectively. Both average agronomic efficiency (AE) and recovery efficiency (RE) were increased with 50% RDF and it decreased with further increase in NPK levels up to 150% RDF. The average internal efficiency (IE) was higher with 50% RDF closely followed by the treatment with absence of N. As grain yields and gross return over fertilizer (GRF) under 75 to 150% NPK treatments were similar, nutrient doses of 150 kg N, 45 kg P2O5and 45 kg K2O ha−1were recommended as optimum for maize hybrids.
Tectonostratigraphy and provenance analysis to define the edge and evolution of the eastern Wuyi-Yunkai orogen, South China
Authors: YAO WEIHUA , LI ZHENG-XIANG
Published: October 2017

We report three Palaeozoic sedimentary successions in northeastern South China that display markedly different tectonostratigraphic characteristics: the Jiangshan section exhibits an angular unconformity between the Upper Ordovician and Carboniferous stratra; the Shuangming section exhibits a disconformity between the lower Silurian and Upper Devonian strata; and the Xinqiao section exhibits a disconformity between the upper Silurian and Upper Devonian strata. The Shuangming and Xinqiao sections are interpreted to represent the remnant Nanhua foreland basin, whereas the Jiangshan section is in the fold-and-thrust zone of the Wuyi-Yunkai orogen. The Lizhu-Changshan thrust fault in between is interpreted to be the frontal thrust and the boundary of the orogen. Detrital provenance analysis of the Ordovician–Devonian sandstones from the Shuangming and Xinqiao sections shows that the Ordovician–Silurian, mid- to late-orogenic sandstones contain dominantly 860–780 Ma zircon populations and subordinate 2.5 Ga, 1.89–1.78 Ga, 980–950 Ma, 630–540 Ma and 430 Ma populations, indicating nearby sources including the early Neoproterozoic Sibao orogen, inverted Neoproterozoic rift basins and related plutons, recycled Ediacaran–Cambrian strata and, increasing with time, exposed Cathaysia basement and minor syn- to late-orogenic plutonic intrusions. The Devonian post-orogenic sandstones exhibit a dominant 440 Ma population with minor 2.5 Ga, 1.89–1.78 Ga, 860–780 Ma and 630–540 Ma populations, suggesting a dominant contribution from now widely exposed, mid- to late-orogenic plutonic intrusions (with or without contributions from rare volcanism of similar ages) in a residual topographic high SE of the Lizhu-Changshan fault. This residual topographic high of the Wuyi-Yunkai orogen had completely perished by early Carboniferous time,c.60Myr after the end of the orogenic event.
Petrogenesis of the Early Palaeozoic granitoids from the Yunkai massif, South China block: implications for a tectonic transition from compression to extension during the Caledonian orogenic event
Authors: QIU XIAO-FEI , ZHAO XIAO-MING , YANG HONG-MEI , LU SHAN-SONG , JIANG TUO , WU NIAN-WEN
Published: October 2017

A comprehensive geochronological and geochemical study was carried out on the gneissic monzogranites, porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites in the Gaozhou complex of the Yunkai massif in the southern part of the South China block to better understand the Early Palaeozoic tectonic regime of the South China block. Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb dating of zircons indicates an age of 453.2 ± 5.1 Ma to the formation of the gneissic monzogranites, whereas the porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites were generated at 437.0 ± 1.5 Ma and 435.2 ± 2.2 Ma, respectively. The gneissic monzogranites show geochemical features consistent with the high-K, calc-alkaline rock series and are strongly peraluminous. They have SiO2contents ranging from 67.75 to 69.65 wt. % and relatively low CaO contents (1.66–1.94 wt. %). Their REE patterns are fractionated with enriched LREEs and negative Eu anomalies. The samples also show enrichment in LILEs (e.g. Rb and K) and Pb, and depletion in Sr, Ba and HFSEs (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti and P). They haveεNd(t) values of −8.2 to −7.7. Conversely, the porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites are characterized as medium-K, calc-alkaline rock series and weakly to strongly peraluminous. They exhibit pronounced depletions in HFSEs and positive Pb anomalies. Compared to the earlier gneissic monzogranites, these rocks have relatively lower SiO2(65.50–69.36 wt. %), but higher CaO contents (3.34–4.05 wt. %), and have slightly lowerεNd(t) values (−9.1 to −8.4). Petrography and geochemical compositions of the gneissic monzogranites indicate that they are S-type granite and likely formed by partial melting of Neoproterozoic to Early Palaeozoic immature metagreywackes; whereas The porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites are A-type granite and likely derived from low degrees of partial melting of the dry, granulitic residue depleted by prior extraction of granitic melt. The new data for the Caledonian granitoids in the Yunkai massif suggest that they were formed in a post-collisional tectonic setting. They represent the earliest post-collisional alkaline magmatism reported so far in the Yunkai massif, and thus indicate a tectonic regime switch, from compression to extension, as early as the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian (~450–435 Ma).
LOWER BOUNDS ALONG STABLE MANIFOLDS
Authors: BARREIRA LUIS , VALLS CLAUDIA
Published: October 2017

It is well known that along any stable manifold the dynamics travels with an exponential rate. Moreover, this rate is close to the slowest exponential rate along the stable direction of the linearization, provided that the nonlinear part is sufficiently small. In this note, we show that whenever there is also a fastest finite exponential rate along the stable direction of the linearization, similarly we can establish a lower bound for the speed of the nonlinear dynamics along the stable manifold. We consider both cases of discrete and continuous time, as well as a nonuniform exponential behaviour.
The revolution of personalized psychiatry: will technology make it happen sooner?
Authors: Perna G. , Grassi M. , Caldirola D. , Nemeroff C. B.
Published: October 2017

Personalized medicine (PM) aims to establish a new approach in clinical decision-making, based upon a patient's individual profile in order to tailor treatment to each patient's characteristics. Although this has become a focus of the discussion also in the psychiatric field, with evidence of its high potential coming from several proof-of-concept studies, nearly no tools have been developed by now that are ready to be applied in clinical practice. In this paper, we discuss recent technological advances that can make a shift toward a clinical application of the PM paradigm. We focus specifically on those technologies that allow both the collection of massive as much as real-time data, i.e., electronic medical records and smart wearable devices, and to achieve relevant predictions using these data, i.e. the application of machine learning techniques.
High prevalence of Seoul hantavirus in a breeding colony of pet rats
Authors: McELHINNEY L. M. , MARSTON D. A. , POUNDER K. C. , GOHARRIZ H. , WISE E. L. , VERNER-CARLSSON J. , JENNINGS D. , JOHNSON N. , CIVELLO A. , NUNEZ A. , BROOKS T. , BREED A. C. , LAWES J. , LUNDKVIST Å. , FEATHERSTONE C. A. , FOOKS A. R.
Published: October 2017

As part of further investigations into three linked haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) cases in Wales and England, 21 rats from a breeding colony in Cherwell, and three rats from a household in Cheltenham were screened for hantavirus. Hantavirus RNA was detected in either the lungs and/or kidney of 17/21 (81%) of the Cherwell rats tested, higher than previously detected by blood testing alone (7/21, 33%), and in the kidneys of all three Cheltenham rats. The partial L gene sequences obtained from 10 of the Cherwell rats and the three Cheltenham rats were identical to each other and the previously reported UK Cherwell strain. Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) RNA was detected in the heart, kidney, lung, salivary gland and spleen (but not in the liver) of an individual rat from the Cherwell colony suspected of being the source of SEOV. Serum from 20/20 of the Cherwell rats and two associated HFRS cases had high levels of SEOV-specific antibodies (by virus neutralisation). The high prevalence of SEOV in both sites and the moderately severe disease in the pet rat owners suggest that SEOV in pet rats poses a greater public health risk than previously considered.
DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL MONEY: THE QUESTION OF CURRENCY INTERNATIONALIZATION FROM BRETTON WOODS TO THE 1970S
Authors: Endres Anthony M.
Published: October 2017

In the Bretton Woods era the controversy over cross-border use of national monies turned on how to create ‘symmetries’ and avoid significant ‘asymmetries’ in the way national currencies shared specific international currency functions. We examine the twentieth-century work of prominent economists on the nature, choice, and functions of international currencies. Prescriptive approaches to international currency formation are considered, beginning with the discussion of the Bretton Woods plans, followed by doctrinal developments stimulated by the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Why are those developments instructive, given recent revisitation of the currency internationalization question in modern international monetary thought and policy? The modern revival of this question resembles a rehabilitation and restatement of earlier controversies, though it underestimates the gradual encroachment of the idea of international currency competition. This idea came to dominate other doctrines from the 1970s; it accommodates the ongoing adaptation of national currencies to the full range of international currency functions.
Addressing barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and programmatic implications
Authors: Kavle Justine A , LaCroix Elizabeth , Dau Hallie , Engmann Cyril
Published: October 2017

Objective

Despite numerous global initiatives on breast-feeding, trend data show exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) rates have stagnated over the last two decades. The purpose of the present systematic review was to determine barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in twenty-five low- and middle-income countries and discuss implications for programmes.

Design

A search of Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsychINFO was conducted to retrieve studies from January 2000 to October 2015. Using inclusion criteria, we selected both qualitative and quantitative studies that described barriers to EBF.

Setting

Low- and middle-income countries.

Subjects

Following application of systematic review criteria, forty-eight articles from fourteen countries were included in the review.

Results

Sixteen barriers to EBF were identified in the review. There is moderate evidence of a negative association between maternal employment and EBF practices. Studies that examined EBF barriers at childbirth and the initial 24 h post-delivery found strong evidence that caesarean section can impede EBF. There is moderate evidence for early initiation of breast-feeding and likelihood of practising EBF. Breast-feeding problems were commonly reported from cross-sectional or observational studies. Counselling on EBF and the presence of family and/or community support have demonstrated improvements in EBF.

Conclusions

Improving the counselling skills of health workers to address breast-feeding problems and increasing community support for breast-feeding are critical components of infant and young child feeding programming, which will aid in attaining the 2025 World Health Assembly EBF targets. Legislation and regulations on marketing of breast-milk substitutes, paid maternity leave and breast-feeding breaks for working mothers require attention in low- and middle-income countries.
Replication defective viral genomes exploit a cellular pro-survival mechanism to establish paramyxovirus persistence
Authors: Xu Jie , Sun Yan , Li Yize , Ruthel Gordon , Weiss Susan R. , Raj Arjun , Beiting Daniel , López Carolina B.
Published: October 2017

Replication defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during virus replication are the primary triggers of antiviral immunity in many RNA virus infections. However, DVGs can also facilitate viral persistence. Why and how these two opposing functions of DVGs are achieved remain unknown. Here we report that during Sendai and respiratory syncytial virus infections DVGs selectively protect a subpopulation of cells from death, thereby promoting the establishment of persistent infections. We find that during Sendai virus infection this phenotype results from DVGs stimulating a mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS)-mediated TNF response that drives apoptosis of highly infected cells while extending the survival of cells enriched in DVGs. The pro-survival effect of TNF depends on the activity of the TNFR2/TRAF1 pathway that is regulated by MAVS signaling. These results identify TNF as a pivotal factor in determining cell fate during a viral infection and delineate a MAVS/TNFR2-mediated mechanism that drives the persistence of otherwise acute viruses.
LSD1 protects against hippocampal and cortical neurodegeneration
Authors: Christopher Michael A. , Myrick Dexter A. , Barwick Benjamin G. , Engstrom Amanda K. , Porter-Stransky Kirsten A. , Boss Jeremy M. , Weinshenker David , Levey Allan I. , Katz David J.
Published: October 2017

To investigate the mechanisms that maintain differentiated cells, here we inducibly delete the histone demethylase LSD1/KDM1A in adult mice. Loss of LSD1 leads to paralysis, along with widespread hippocampus and cortex neurodegeneration, and learning and memory defects. We focus on the hippocampus neuronal cell death, as well as the potential link between LSD1 and human neurodegenerative disease and find that loss of LSD1 induces transcription changes in common neurodegeneration pathways, along with the re-activation of stem cell genes, in the degenerating hippocampus. These data implicate LSD1 in the prevention of neurodegeneration via the inhibition of inappropriate transcription. Surprisingly, we also find that transcriptional changes in the hippocampus are similar to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cases, and LSD1 is specifically mislocalized to pathological protein aggregates in these cases. These data raise the possibility that pathological aggregation could compromise the function of LSD1 in AD and FTD.
CRISPR/Cas9-induced transgene insertion and telomere-associated truncation of a single human chromosome for chromosome engineering in CHO and A9 cells
Authors: Uno Narumi , Hiramatsu Kei , Uno Katsuhiro , Komoto Shinya , Kazuki Yasuhiro , Oshimura Mitsuo
Published: October 2017

Chromosome engineering techniques including gene insertion, telomere-associated truncation and microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) are powerful tools for generation of humanised model animal, containing megabase-sized genomic fragments. However, these techniques require two cell lines: homologous recombination (HR)-proficient DT40 cells for chromosome modification, and CHO cells for transfer to recipient cells. Here we show an improved technique using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9-induced HR in CHO and mouse A9 cells without DT40 cells following MMCT to recipient cells. Transgene insertion was performed in CHO cells with the insertion of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) using CRISPR/Cas9 and a circular targeting vector containing two 3 kb HR arms. Telomere-associated truncation was performed in CHO cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and a linearised truncation vector containing a single 7 kb HR arm at the 5′ end, a 1 kb artificial telomere at the 3′ end. At least 11% and 6% of the targeting efficiency were achieved for transgene insertion and telomere-associated truncation, respectively. The transgene insertion was also confirmed in A9 cells (29%). The modified chromosomes were transferrable to other cells. Thus, this CHO and A9 cell-mediated chromosome engineering using the CRISPR/Cas9 for direct transfer of the modified chromosome is a rapid technique that will facilitate chromosome manipulation.