bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Canine Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Wood Philip A. , Smith Joseph E.
Published: February 2025

Minor hemoglobin fractions, HbA1a+b and HbA1c, were chromatographed and measured in seven clinically normal dogs and in seven dogs with diabetes mellitus. Concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c, were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in diabetic dogs. It was concluded that this determination may be useful for monitoring glucose status and the effectiveness of insulin therapy.
Lumbosacral Stenosis in Dogs
Authors: Tarvin Guy , Prata R. G.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen dogs with stenosis of the lumbosacral portion of the spinal canal were treated by laminectomy, bilateral facetectomy, and foraminotomy. Concomitant disk extrusion, spondylosis, fracture, infection, neoplasia, hemivertebrae, and spina bifida were not associated with the stenosis and attendant cauda equina compression. The predominant neurologic signs were intermittent hindlimb lameness and motor weakness; hindlimb muscle atrophy; presumed paresthesia with resultant dermatologic manifestations from self-mutilation of the hindlimbs, tail, perineum, anal area, and genitalia; urinary or fecal incontinence, or both; and consistently elicitable pain on manipulation of the lumbosacral spine. Surgical decompression of the stenotic canal alleviated the clinical signs in all cases.
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Infection in the Horse: Study of 117 Clinical Cases and Consideration of Etiopathogenesis
Authors: Miers Kevin C. , Ley William B.
Published: February 2025

In a study of 117 cases of abscessation caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in horses, a seasonal pattern of occurrence was found. Over a 6-year period, the peak incidence was in October and November. There was a marked variation in annual incidence, and the geographic distribution of cases did not always reflect that of the general equine population. The highest annual incidences followed winters of above average rainfall. It was believed that such winters resulted in optimal breeding conditions for insects in the subsequent summer and autumn and that increased insect populations may have resulted in increased annual incidence of the disease.

Although 50% of cases typically involved the pectoral region or ventral abdominal wall, the large number of atypical sites and the diversity of clinical signs often made diagnosis difficult.

Some of the more consistent signs associated with developing abscesses were superficial or deep swellings, ventral pitting edema, ventral midline dermatitis, lameness, depression, and fever.

Hot packing to facilitate rupture was the preferred treatment, however surgical lancing was necessary to attain resolution in 22 cases of deep or encapsulated abscesses.

Untoward sequelae (55 cases) consisted of prolonged or chronic suppurative discharge, multiple abscessation, internal abscesses, and abortion. Untoward sequelae consistently developed in cases of marked or prolonged fever and in cases of abscessation in other than the typical pectoral or ventral abdominal wall regions.
Atrial Septal Defect (Sinus Venosus Type) in a Dog
Authors: Jeraj Karim , Ogburn Phillip N. , Johnston Gary R. , Edwards William , Yano Barry , Brunson Dave , Wallace Larry , McGrath Charles
Published: February 2025

A 2-year-old Old English Sheepdog had right-side congestive heart failure characterized by pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, ascites, and increased pulmonary wedge pressure. A diagnosis of atrial septal defect was made by means of cardiac catheterization and angiography. Surgical correction initially was deferred because of pulmonary hypertension. However, when congestive heart failure could not be managed adequately, surgical correction was attempted. Postsurgically, thrombocytopenia developed and that led to bleeding, oliguria, and pulmonary edema. The bleeding was controlled by whole blood transfusion, but the oliguria and pulmonary edema were not resolved, even with intensive diuretic therapy. The dog died 24 hours after surgery.
Repair of Fractured Capital Femoral Epiphysis in Two Sheep
Authors: McPherron T. A. , Tarvin G. B. , Froehlich P. S. , Brock K. A.
Published: February 2025

Fracture of the capital femoral epiphysis occurred in two sheep. Both fractures were repaired via open reduction and lag screw fixation.

A craniolateral approach to the hip (modified Watson-Jones) afforded good exposure and allowed manipulation with minimal soft tissue trauma. Rigid internal fixation in each case resulted in good long-term results. It was concluded that repair of this type of fracture in sheep is feasible if the animal is valuable.
Use of a Teat Sealer for Prevention of Intramammary Infections in Lactating Cows
Authors: Farnsworth R. J. , Wyman Lorraine , Hawkinson Ronald
Published: February 2025

An acrylic latex film that is applied like a teat dip and remains intact as a physical barrier until the next milking was developed and studied with respect to its effect on intramammary infection rates in 4 dairy herds. Rates of new infections in treated quarters were compared with the rates in control quarters on the same cows. A statistically significant reduction in the rates was observed for the following organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, 28%; S epidermidis, 33%; and coliforms, 76%. The percentage reduction for infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (18%) and for those caused by streptococcus other than Str agalactiae (7%) were not statistically significant. The film also was shown to be nonirritating.
An Unusual Occurrence of Toxaphene Poisoning in Swine
Authors: Mount M. E. , Traffas V. , Milleret R. J. , Oehme F. W.
Published: February 2025

Ten of 15 sows developed an acute nervous disorder that resembled the effects of water deprivation-salt poisoning. However, a unique set of circumstances had permitted the environmental persistence of a toxaphene-lindane insecticide combination for approximately 1 month, with toxaphene toxicosis resulting. The diagnosis was based on the lack of lesions of salt poisoning and the finding of 4 ppm of toxaphene in the cerebellum and 0.3 ppm of toxaphene in the serum of 1 of the 2 sows that died.
Acromegaly Associated with Transient Overproduction of Growth Hormone in a Dog
Authors: Rijnberk A. , Eigenmann J. E. , Belshaw B. E. , Hampshire J. , Altszuler N.
Published: February 2025

A 6-year-old female crossbred Belgian Shepherd Dog with features of acromegaly was monitored for almost 4 years. The history of frequent and excessive administration of a progestational agent suggested that the progestational drug induced the acromegaly. During the monitoring period, soft tissue changes diminished and there was normalization of several factors: plasma growth hormone concentration, response of plasma insulin and glucose to an oral glucose load, and response of plasma glucose hormone to the injection of insulin.
Metabolic Alkalosis with Paradoxic Aciduria in Cattle
Authors: McGuirk S. M. , Butler D. G.
Published: February 2025

In 4 cases of metabolic alkalosis with paradoxic aciduria in cattle, generalized muscle weakness was the predominant feature. In 3 of the 4 cases, prolonged anorexia preceded development of muscle weakness and aciduria. Plasma electrolyte concentrations varied but, in 3 of the 4 cases, a transient decrease in plasma potassium concentration was detected. In the 3 cases in which prolonged therapy with sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and dextrose was offered, resolution of aciduria was rapid, followed by correction of metabolic alkalosis and return of muscle strength.
Multiple Atrial Dysrhythmias in a Horse
Authors: Button C. , Scrutchfield W. L. , Clark R. G. , Knauer K. W. , Schmitz D. G.
Published: February 2025

A variety of atrial dysrhythmias including paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, atrial tachycardia with 2nd-grade atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter developed in a 5-year-old Quarter Horse gelding. Quinidine and propranolol were not successful in restoring normal sinus rhythm. Sinus rhythm was re-established during digoxin therapy, but later reverted to atrial dysrhythmia.

At necropsy, multiple, discrete pale areas were found on both atria and the interatrial myocardium. Histologic examination of these lesions demonstrated myocytolysis and replacement by fibrous connective tissue.
Canine Parvovirus Infection in South American Canids
Authors: Mann Peter C. , Bush Mitchell , Appel Max J. G. , Beehler Bruce A. , Montali Richard J.
Published: February 2025

Canine parvovirus (cpv) infections occurred in 5 of 35 South American canids at the Department of Conservation (DC), a breeding facility of the National Zoological Park in Front Royal, Va. The clinical signs were anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, and vomiting. Three of the affected canids survived and had high hemagglutination-inhibition titers to cpv in the recovery period. Necropsy of the 2 that died revealed extensive necrosis of the intestinal mucosa; cpv particles were observed by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of both animals. Six of the 30 canids that remained healthy had high hemagglutination-inhibition titers to cpv prior to the episode of illness, indicating earlier subclinical exposure. Pet dogs belonging to DC personnel that were screened as a possible source of the infection had no evidence of disease. All canids (including pet dogs) on the DC grounds were vaccinated repeatedly with a killed feline panleukopenia virus product after the episode, with little or no effect on existing titers.
Inner Ear Disease Characterized by Rolling in C3H Mice
Authors: Kohn D. F. , MacKenzie W. F.
Published: February 2025

A neurologic disease characterized by rolling developed in C3H mice. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the middle and internal ears or meninges of affected mice. The principal pathologic finding was aggressive, primary, purulent otitis media, with extension to the inner ear, acoustic nerve, and meninges. Stresses that may have contributed to induction of the disease were not delineated; however, acidification of the drinking water resulted in near elimination of the disease.
Fatal Airsacculitis and Pneumonia, with Abortion, in an Orangutan
Authors: Cambre Richard C. , Wilson Harry L. , Spraker Terry R. , Favara Blaise E.
Published: February 2025

A 14-year-old, 76-kg female orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) aborted a premature fetus and within hours experienced severe respiratory distress and died. Necropsy revealed evidence of chronic airsacculitis, acute bronchopneumonia, and terminal sepsis. Escherichia coli was isolated from cultures of heart blood, tracheal fluid, air-sac tissue and fluid, lung, and bile. Retrospectively, it was established that the animal had had a periodic nasal discharge for many months. The aborted infant had no evidence of infection.
Maggot-Associated Type C Botulism in Game Farm Pheasants
Authors: Foreyt William J. , Abinanti F. R.
Published: February 2025

Type C botulism on a game farm resulted in the death of approximately 320 pheasants in 8 adjacent pens. Maggots of the genera Calliphora and Wohlfahrtia from 1 dead pheasant were the probable source of toxin for the other birds, and maggot migration before pupation probably resulted in the spread of the disease between pens. Toxin was not isolated from the serum of sick or dead birds, but was isolated from their spleens and livers as well as from maggots.
Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Six Macaques
Authors: Rodger Richard F. , Bronson Roderick T. , McIntyre Kim W. , Nicolosi Robert J.
Published: February 2025

Using intravenous administration of radioactive-labeled chromic chloride, which binds to plasma proteins, protein-losing enteropathy was documented in 6 macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca arctoides) with progressive weight loss and hypoalbuminemia. Four clinically normal macaques lost 0.5%±0.1% of the label in feces over 4 days, compared with the diseased macaques, which lost from 1.0%–14.2% of the dose during the same period. Lesions in the small intestine (lymphangiectasia, amyloidosis of lamina propria, mast cell proliferation in the tunica muscularis and submucosa, and goblet cell hyperplasia) were associated with the protein-losing enteropathy.
Effects of Denervation of the Digit of the Horse
Authors: Taylor T. S. , Vaughan J. T.
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted in an effort to explain why digital necrosis sometimes follows neurectomy in the horse.

Six horses were subjected to unilateral section of the medial and lateral palmar nerves. Arteriography was done on each digit prior to surgery. Terminally, arteriography was repeated. Sections of bone, nerve, artery, skin, coronary band, and deep flexor tendon were examined histologically. Changes in arterial pattern and bone quality were noted. During the study, 2 of the horses had clinical signs of digital necrosis.

The composite findings suggested trauma or infection, or both, of the denervated digit as the main cause(s) of the digital necrosis. Osteolysis was believed to be the primary contributing factor in disruption and collapse of the supporting structures of the foot.
Canine Hypothyroidism: A Retrospective Study of 108 Cases
Authors: Nesbitt G. H. , Izzo J. , Peterson L. , Wilkins R. J.
Published: February 2025

Hypothyroidism, defined as a serum concentration of less than 70 ng of triiodothyronine (T3)/dl or less than 1.5 μg of thyroxine (T4)/dl, or both, was diagnosed in 108 dogs by means of radioimmunoassay techniques. Both T3 and T4 values were determined in 96 dogs. Both values were low in approximately 50% (47/96) of the hypothyroid dogs; 25% (24/96) were T3 hypothyroid (low T3, normal T4), and 26% (25/96) were T4 hypothyroid (normal T3, low T4). The T3 values varied markedly between animals.

Common clinical signs were alopecia, changes in coat (dryness, dullness, dandruff, scales, coarseness, and slow regrowth of hair), hyperpigmentation, and pyoderma. Doberman Pinschers, Great Danes, Poodles, Schnauzers, Irish Setters, and Boxers accounted for 50% (54/108) of the hypothyroid dogs.

Therapy consisted of T4, T3, or combination T3and T4 replacement. A good clinical response was observed with T4 replacement in 40.4% (19/47) within 2 months and in 21.3% (10/47) within 5 months. A poor clinical response was observed in 25.5% (12/47) after 6 months of therapy.

Posttherapeutic evaluation was based on peak serum concentrations of T3 and T4, pretreatment (basal) thyroid hormone values, type of replacement therapy, dosage and time of sampling after treatment, concurrent clinical problems, and, most important, clinical response to thyroid replacement therapy.
Veterinary and Public Health Considerations in Canine Roundworm Control: A Survey of Practicing Veterinarians
Authors: Kornblatt Arnold N. , Schantz Peter Μ.
Published: February 2025

We conducted a survey to assess whether current veterinary practices concerning prophylaxis and treatment of canine roundworm (Toxocara canis) infection are adequate to prevent the potential public health risks of visceral larva migrans. We administered a standard questionnaire by telephone to 100 small animal practitioners. Fifty-four veterinarians included health education for the pet's owner as part of their routine care in a case of canine roundworm infection, and 39 recommended prophylactic treatment for this potential zoonosis. Seven veterinarians recommended that pups receive the 1st treatment for roundworm infection before 3 weeks of age, 32 recommended 1st treatment or deworming at 3–4 weeks of age, 39 recommended 5–6 weeks of age, and 22 suggested that it be done at or after 7 weeks of age. Fifteen veterinarians recommended that a nursing bitch be treated for roundworm infection.

On the basis of the survey results, we concluded that current veterinary practices concerning the zoonotic aspect of T canis infections are inadequate. We recommend that veterinarians inform their clients that simple hygienic practices are important to avoid the risk of visceral larva migrans. We recommend that deworming programs be started at 2–3 weeks after whelping and include the nursing bitch as well as the pups.
Evaluation of a Surgical Technique for Repair of Equine Accessory Carpal Bone Fractures
Authors: Easley K. Jack , Schneider J. E.
Published: February 2025

In 9 horses, osteotomies were performed to simulate accessory carpal bone fractures. Screw fixation, aided by a large C-clamp, was performed on 6 of the 9 horses. Three were treated conservatively, as controls, with fractures not repaired; they remained clinically lame throughout the 6-month study. Fibrocartilaginous nonunion developed in each of the 3 controls. At 150 days, the principals were free of lameness, with evidence of bony union. The results of clinical, radiographic, and pathologic evaluations showed surgical repair to be superior to prolonged rest in treating equine accessory carpal bone fractures.
Carpal Bone Lesions Associated with Angular Limb Deformities in Foals
Authors: McLaughlin B. G. , Doige C. E. , Fretz P. B. , Pharr J. W.
Published: February 2025

Six foals with angular limb deformities present at birth or shortly after were examined. The limb deformities were caused by abnormalities of the carpal bones and included hypoplasia and osteochondritis dissecans. The 3rd carpal bone was affected most frequently.
Bacillus piliformis Infection (Tyzzer's Disease ) in Foals in Northwestern United States: A Retrospective Study of 21 Cases
Authors: Turk Margaret A. M. , Gallina Anthony M. , Perryman Lance E.
Published: February 2025

From Jan 1, 1967 through June 1980, 21 cases of Bacillus piliformis infection (Tyzzer's disease) in foals were diagnosed at the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Affected foals died between 7 and 35 days of age. Of 4 Arabian foals with the disease, 2 also had combined immunodeficiency.
Physiologic and Analgesic Effects of Acupuncture in the Dog
Authors: Wright Mollie , McGrath C. J.
Published: February 2025

Two acupuncture regimens were compared as to their efficacy in inducing analgesia sufficient for midline abdominal incisions in dogs. In addition, the physiologic effects of electrostimulation of the single point that the 2 regimens had in common, Tsu-san-li (stomach or St-36), were examined. The physiologic effects were compared with those monitored during the procedure used for induction of analgesia.

Electrostimulation of 1 acupoint combination, St-36 and Yang-ling-chuan (gallbladder or GB-34), induced effective analgesia for an abdominal midline incision in 8 of 9 dogs tested (89%). The second point combination, St-36 and San-yin-chiao (spleen or Sp-6), induced effective analgesia for an abdominal midline incision in only 2 of 8 dogs tested (25%). Analgesia was inferred when an animal's struggling response during the incision procedure was absent or minimal.

Heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were monitored during acupoint stimulation. Significant changes in heart rate or respiratory rate were not detected during electrostimulation of St-36, St-36 and Sp-6, St-36 and GB-34, or randomly selected nonacupuncture metatarsal loci. Although there were statistically significant decreases in systolic blood pressure during electrostimulation of nonacupuncture points alone and of St-36 alone, the magnitude of these increases was small, ranging from 3.75 mm of Hg to 4 mm of Hg.
Electrical Alternans Associated with Pericardial Effusion in the Dog
Authors: Bonagura John D.
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study of 11 dogs with pericardial effusion caused by pericarditis or heart base tumors, 7 dogs (64%) had electrical alternans. In comparison, only 3 of 200 dogs (1.5%) without clinical, surgical, or necropsy evidence of pericardial disease had this electrocardiographic abnormality (P<0.01).
Sarcocystosis in Goats: Clinical Signs and Pathologic and Hematologic Findings
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Weisbrode Steven E. , Speer C. A. , Sharma S. P.
Published: February 2025

Clinical sarcocystosis was studied in 37 goats after inoculation with graded doses of sporocysts of Sarcocystis capracanis. Eight uninoculated goats served as controls. Clinical response varied with the dose. Goats inoculated with 10–40 million sporocysts died between 11 and 13 days after inoculation (dai), from interstitial pneumonia, vasculitis, and necrosis of mesenteric lymph nodes. All goats inoculated with 100,000 or 1 million sporocysts died between 19 and 23 dai; clinical signs were anorexia, fever (40–41 C), anemia, and weight loss. Four of 4 goats inoculated with 50,000 sporocysts and 1 of 4 inoculated with 10,000 sporocysts died 24, 28, 39, 68, and 61 dai, respectively. Goats inoculated with 1,000 sporocysts and uninoculated goats remained clinically normal.

After day 18 and before day 68, packed cell volume and hemoglobin content decreased to as low as 11% and 3.6 g/dl, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase activities were inconsistently increased. Blood urea nitrogen and bilirubin values were increased, reaching as high as 63 mg/dl and 10 mg/dl, respectively. Histologically, thymic atrophy, vasculitis, hepatitis, cholangitis, myocarditis, generalized myositis, and encephalomyelitis were the main microscopic findings. The cause of the anemia in goats that died after day 19 was not determined.
Canine Blastomycosis: A Review of 47 Clinical Cases
Authors: Legendre Alfred M. , Walker Michael , Buyukmihci Ned , Stevens Renee
Published: February 2025

In a limited retrospective survey, canine blastomycosis was found to be a disease affecting predominantly young, male dogs of the larger breeds. Clinical signs usually related to weight loss and to respiratory and ocular problems. The agar-gel immunodiffusion test was helpful in establishing a diagnosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic evaluation of aspiration or excision biopsies. Of 22 dogs treated with amphotericin B, 18 were clinically normal 6 months after initiation of therapy.
Bovine Salmonellosis Attributed to Salmonella anatum-Contaminated Haylage and Dietary Stress
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , McDonough Patrick L. , Shin Sang J. , Fairbrother John M. , LaDue Robert L. , King Stanley E.
Published: February 2025

An epizootic of salmonellosis in a dairy herd started 2 days after the feeding of a new shipment of medicinal-smelling soybean meal. Clinical findings consisted of diarrhea or fever (> 39 C), or both, and markedly decreased milk production. The attack rate was 73% in lactating cows, 3% in calves, and 0% in nonlactating cows. There were no deaths, but 1 cow aborted a late-term fetus. Salmonella anatum was isolated from feces, milk, pharynx, uterine fluid, haylage, and bird droppings from a hayfield. The epidemiologic findings suggested that haylage contaminated by wild birds and improperly stored in a silo was the source of infection and that the precipitating event was ingestion of spoiled soybean meal.
Gentamicin Aerosol Therapy in 18 Dogs: Failure To Induce Detectable Serum Concentrations of the Drug
Authors: Riviere J. Edmond , Silver George R. , Coppoc Gordon L. , Richardson Ralph C.
Published: February 2025

Gentamicin was administered as an aerosol to 18 dogs, using a pneumatic nebulizer attached to a face mask. Serum samples were assayed for gentamicin by radioimmunoassay. The antibiotic was not detected in the serum of any dog. It was concluded that the aerosol administration of gentamicin could be considered as topical therapy of the upper respiratory tract and would not induce therapeutic or toxic systemic drug concentrations.
Surgical Management of Uterine Torsion in the Mare: A Review of 26 Cases
Authors: Pascoe John R. , Meagher Dennis M. , Wheat J. D.
Published: February 2025

Uterine torsion was diagnosed in 26 mares of various breeds. The mean duration of gestation was 9.6 months. The most common clinical history was intermittent unresponsive colic of varying duration. Diagnosis of uterine torsion was confirmed by rectal palpation, and surgical correction was achieved in most cases by standing flank laparotomy and manual repositioning of the gravid uterus. Recumbent laparotomy was used only if the mare was intractable, the uterus was ruptured, or hysterotomy was indicated. Of 20 foals determined to be alive during surgery, 14 (70%) were subsequently born alive.
Comparison of Methods for Femoral Fracture Repair in Young Calves
Authors: Ames N. Kent
Published: February 2025

The right femurs of 12 Holstein calves were fractured and repaired with intramedullary pins, half-pin assemblies, or bone plates and screws. Nine calves survived the 6-week experiment. One calf with each type of internal fixation was equipped with either a modified Thomas splint, an Ehmer sling, or had no external fixation.

At necropsy, 42 days after surgery, the femurs with intramedullary pins were healing with slight malalignment and overriding. The femurs with halfpin assemblies were considered nonunions, with severe overriding, malalignment, and osteomyelitis; the femurs with bone plates and screws were healing, although the screws had loosened and allowed overriding with rotational malalignment of the fractures.

The calves equipped with the Thomas splints and those with no external fixation were able to stand and to walk earlier and with less difficulty than the calves with the limb placed in an Ehmer sling.
Estradiol-17β Cyclopentylpropionate and Prostaglandin F2α for Induction of Abortion During the First Trimester of Pregnancy in Feedlot Heifers
Authors: Refsal K. R. , Seguin B. E.
Published: February 2025

The ability of estradiol-17β cyclopentylpropionate (ecp, 20 mg) and prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α; 5,10, 20, and 40 mg) to induce abortion during early gestation (days 40 to 90, as estimated by palpation per rectum) in pregnant feedlot heifers was compared. All treatments were given by im injection. All heifers treated with 20 and 40 mg of pgf2α aborted within 7 days after treatment. Six of 10 heifers aborted in the same period after ecp treatment; 1 additional heifer aborted by day 13. Abortions did not occur by day 13 in 10 placebo-treated heifers. Five and 10 mg of pgf2α aborted 2 of 3 and 8 of 10 heifers, respectively, within 7 days of treatment. Quantitation of serum progesterone by specific radioimmunoassay showed that a luteolytic effect was evident in aborting heifers. Complications were not detected in any heifers after treatment or abortion. Ten of the 20 heifers that aborted in response to the 20- and 40-mg doses of pgf2α developed a new corpora lutea by day 20 after treatment. However, none of the heifers that aborted after ecp treatment had a corpus luteum by day 20.

It was concluded that pgf2α is a more effective compound than ecp for induction of abortion during the 1st trimester of pregnancy in feedlot heifers, that a wide range of pgf2α doses are capable of inducing abortion in at least some animals treated, and that heifers are likely to resume ovarian activity sooner if aborted with pgf2α than with ecp.
Prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris and Parascaris equorum in Kentucky Thoroughbreds at Necropsy
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Swerczek T. W. , Crowe M. W. , Tolliver S. C.
Published: February 2025

At necropsy of 49 Thoroughbreds from farms with generally good parasite control programs in central Kentucky, examination was specifically made for presence of Strongylus vulgaris in all of the horses and of Parascaris equorum in 21 of them. None of the deaths of the horses was caused by infections of internal parasites. Visceral arteries were examined for specimens of S vulgaris and lesions related to migrating stages of this parasite. Contents of the small intestines were examined for P equorum.

Specimens of S vulgaris were recovered from 19 (39%) horses, and arterial lesions were observed in 24 (49%) of them. Parascaris equorum was found in 9 (43%) horses. Both parasites were found to persist in generally low numbers on farms in spite of their parasite control programs applied in recent years.
Results of Urinalysis and Bacterial Culture of Canine Urine Obtained by Antepubic Cystocentesis, Catheterization, and the Midstream Voided Methods
Authors: Comer Karen M. , Ling Gerald V.
Published: February 2025

Results of urinalysis and bacterial culture of urine specimens obtained during midstream voiding, by catheterization, and by cystocentesis were studied in 50 clinically normal dogs (25 females and 25 males). All of the specimens obtained by cystocentesis were bacteriologically sterile. Bacterial growth occurred in 26% of the catheterized specimens and in 85% of the voided specimens. The proportion of positive urine cultures from catheterized and voided specimens was higher for females than for males. Results of urinalysis did not correlate well with results of bacterial culture.
Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in a Woodchuck Suspected of Having Rabies
Authors: Kazacos Kevin R. , Appel Georg O. , Thacker H. Leon
Published: February 2025

A young woodchuck (Marmota monax) with a history of cns dysfunction and abnormal behavior was submitted frozen to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, as a rabies suspect. The woodchuck was negative for rabies by the fluorescent antibody test. Histologically, multifocal areas of necrosis, malacia, and inflammation were seen in sections of cerebrum, midbrain, and cerebellum, accompanied by marked perivascular cuffing with eosinophils and lymphocytes. Sections of lung contained parasitic granulomas, one of which contained a large ascarid larva identified as Baylisascaris sp. The cns lesions were typical of parasite migration, and resembled those commonly associated with infection with Baylisascaris larvae of raccoon or skunk origin. Cerebrospinal nematodiasis was diagnosed as the cause of the nervous disorder.
Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni from Zoo Animals
Authors: Luechtefeld Nancy W. , Cambre Richard C. , Wang Wen-Lan Lou
Published: February 2025

Over a 1-year period, 619 fecal specimens from animals at the Denver Zoo were cultured for Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni. The organism was isolated from 35 animals, including 12 primates, 2 felids, a red panda, 13 hooved animals, 6 birds, and 1 reptile. Of 44 cultured fecal specimens from diarrheal animals, 31.8% were positive for Campylobacter, whereas only 5.6% of 575 specimens from animals without diarrhea were positive (P<0.001). Among 25 isolates tested, 12 serotypes were represented; several of these serotypes are commonly associated with Campylobacter enteritis in human beings.

Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni was isolated from 8% of 75 wild pigeons trapped on the zoo premises during winter months and from 26% of 75 trapped during March and April (P<0.01).
Comparative Pathology of the African Form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Captive Indian Gaur and Domestic Cattle
Authors: Zimmer Mark A. , McCoy C. Patrick , Jensen J. M.
Published: February 2025

The African strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus was isolated and identified in a herd of captive Indian gaur (Bos gaurus). Gross lesions included oral ulcerations, corneal opacity, and multifocal myocarditis. Microscopic lesions were characterized by lymphocytic vasculitis/perivasculitis in all tissues examined. Blood was serially passed from a gaur to a domestic heifer (Bos taurus), and then to a domestic calf. Clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions similar to those of the gaur were seen in both inoculated animals.
Hepatopathy Associated with Excessive Iron Storage in Mynah Birds
Authors: Randell Martin G. , Patnaik Amiya K. , Gould W. Jay
Published: February 2025

Hepatic disease was diagnosed in 11 mynah birds. The most common clinical signs were dyspnea, weight loss, and abdominal swelling, usually accompanied by ascites. Radiography (9 birds) revealed hepatomegaly and ascites in most cases, and laboratory testing (6 birds) revealed hypoproteinemia and high activity of liver enzymes in all cases. Histologic examination (6 birds) revealed variable amounts of iron granule accumulation in hepatocytes, indicating hemochromatosis. Therapy consisted of administration of diuretics and abdominocentesis in dyspneic birds. All birds died, with survival time ranging from 1 day to 1 year.
Cranial Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Neurologic Disorders in Two Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Janssen Donald L. , Hammock M. Kathryn , Davis David O. , Bush Mitchell
Published: February 2025

Cranial computed tomography (cct) was used to evaluate neurologic disorders in 2 primates. In the 1st case, acute left hemiparesis developed in an adult female proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). A cct scan revealed a right frontal lobe abscess that was subsequently surgically drained. In the 2nd case, a juvenile black spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) experienced recurrent seizures following an episode of trauma and anoxia. A cct scan demonstrated enlarged lateral ventricles and cerebral atrophy. Computed tomography proved to be a valuable technique for localizing and characterizing brain lesions in these 2 primates, after more conventional methods of investigation had failed to establish diagnoses.
Radiographic Appearance of Canine Parvovirus Enteritis
Authors: Farrow C. S.
Published: February 2025

Sixty dogs with serologically proved parvovirus infection were radiographically evaluated for signs of gastrointestinal disease. Patient grouping was based on duration of illness, which correlated generally with severity of clinical signs. Early in the disease, the radiographic appearance usually was normal. As the disease progressed, abnormal gas and fluid distention of the small bowel became evident. Contrast radiographic findings usually were normal early in the disease but became abnormal as the disease progressed. Vomiting of the contrast agent, delayed gastrointestinal transit time, flocculation, and abnormal bowel patterns were observed frequently.

It was concluded that noncontrast radiographic features of canine parvovirus enteritis often were similar to those identified in other gastrointestinal disorders and, therefore, were not always specific for the disease. Results of contrast radiography, however, were highly specific for parvovirus enteritis. Intestinal contrast examination was believed to be a reliable means of differentiating parvovirus enteritis from clinically similar disorders and in ruling out primary or secondary intestinal obstruction.

The duration of illness was correlated with the number, severity, and nature of radiographic signs.
Canine Hypoadrenocorticism: Report of 37 Cases and Review of 39 Previously Reported Cases
Authors: Willard Michael D. , Schall William D. , McCaw Dudley E. , Nachreiner Raymond F.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-seven cases of canine hypoadrenocorticism were compared with 39 previously reported cases. The 2 series were compared because it was believed that a study of 37 consecutive cases diagnosed at 1 institution (Michigan State University) and compiled by 1 group of veterinarians would yield data that were more representative of the disease than multiple cases from various institutions.

Age, sex, and breed data were similar in both series. The frequency of anorexia, vomiting, depression, and the mean values for the clinicopathologic data were similar for both series except for blood glucose concentration (P< 0.025).

The Michigan State University series was different in that it had a lower frequency of eunatremia, increased plasma total solids, and hypoglycemia but a higher frequency of lymphocytosis, lymphopenia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, and hypercalcemia. Further, 3 dogs in the Michigan State University series had azotemia plus near isosthenuric urine, suggesting renal disease, but they seemingly responded to therapy for hypoadrenocorticism. Only 1 such case was identified in the literature. Finally, we detected fewer instances of P waves not being evident in lead II of an electrocardiogram.
Demodicosis in Dairy Goats
Authors: Williams Jeffrey F. , Williams Christine S. F.
Published: February 2025

Multiple nodular skin lesions on an adult Saanen doe were found to be caused by demodectic mites. An identical condition developed in the daughter of the affected goat despite separation from the mother at 24 hours after birth. Of 7 other goats in contact with the doe, 2 had a few demodectic nodules. Of 84 goats examined at a local show, 7 (from 4 herds) were similarly affected. The observations suggested that the nodular form of demodicosis is widespread in Michigan dairy goats and that perinatal transmission may occur.
Concentration of Halothane in Veterinary Operating and Treatment Rooms
Authors: Ward George S. , Byland Robert R.
Published: February 2025

Fourteen operating rooms and 3 treatment rooms in veterinary facilities were monitored for ambient halothane. All rooms except 1 were in private practices. Regularly scheduled surgical or dental procedures were monitored under routine working situations of each facility. The mean maximal steady halothane value for all rooms was 4.7 ppm, with a range of 1.1 to 18 ppm. In 10 of the 17 rooms, concentrations exceeded the recommended maximum of 2 ppm. Rooms that had scavenging devices averaged 1.4 ppm whereas rooms without scavenging devices averaged 5.2 ppm. The average room volume for the 17 rooms was 39.7 m3, with a range of 21.6 to 79 m3. The average ventilation or air movement for 11 rooms was 6 room air exchanges/hour. The average time spent in the rooms during halothane usage was 1.8 hours.
Urinary indices for differentiation of prerenal azotemia and renal azotemia in horses
Authors: Grossman Brian S. , Brobst Duane F. , Kramer John W. , Bayly Warwick M. , Reed Stephen M.
Published: February 2025

The urine urea nitrogen/plasma urea nitrogen ratio (Uun/Pun), urine creatinine/plasma creatinine ratio (Ucr/Pcr), urine osmolality/plasma osmolality ratio (Uosm/Posm), and fractional excretion of filtered sodium (FENa) were evaluated in 16 horses with acute azotemia to ascertain the significance of each index in the differentiation of prerenal azotemia from renal azotemia. Renal azotemia was diagnosed when renal biopsy or postmortem histologic examination demonstrated evidence of organic renal disease or when azotemia was found in the presence of isosthenuria. The diagnosis of prerenal azotemia was based on the absence of renal histologic lesions or stabilization of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine soon after therapy. In 10 horses with renal azotemia, Uun/Pun was 2.1-14.3, Ucr/Pcr was 2.6-37.0, Uosm/Posm was 0.8-1.7, and FENa was 0.08-10.10. In 6 horses with prerenal azotemia, Uun/ Pun was 15.2-43.7, Ucr/Pcr was 51.2-241.5, Uosm/ Posm was 1.7-3.4, and FENa was 0.02-0.50. The values for each of these indices differed significantly between the 2 groups of horses (P < 0.05). It was concluded that these indices were of value in the early classification of renal failure in the horse and that this information could be utilized in planning of therapy of acute azotemia in the horse.
222Rn for treatment of periocular fibrous connective tissue sarcomas in the horse
Authors: Frauenfelder Harry C. , Blevins William E. , Page Edwin H.
Published: February 2025

Twelve periocular fibrous connective tissue sarcomas in 11 horses were treated with 222Rn. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 6 years; the overall non-recurrence rate at 12 months after therapy was 92%. Two lesions recurred 2 years after treatment, and 1 after 3 years. One of the former lesions has not recurred after a 2nd 222Rn treatment.
Acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: A review of 27 cases
Authors: Schneider R. K. , Milne D. W. , Kohn C. W.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-seven cases of acquired inguinal hernia in the horse were reviewed. The history, clinical signs, treatment, and complications were summarized. Mortality was 25.9%. Only 13 of the 27 cases were diagnosed prior to admission. With early diagnosis and treatment, mortality should approach zero. In 24 of these cases, the hernia was strangulated. In each case, the signs were colic, a firm slightly enlarged testicle in the scrotum, and small intestine displacement through the inguinal ring, as determined via rectal palpation. It was concluded that palpation of the scrotum and inguinal rings should be performed on every stallion with colic. The importance of early diagnosis in decreasing mortality was illustrated by the comparison of nonsurvivors to survivors.
Gastric ulcers in foals
Authors: Rebhun W. C. , Dill S. G. , Power H. T.
Published: February 2025

Gastric ulceration was diagnosed in 5 foals on the basis of typical clinical signs. These signs included depression, abdominal pain, bruxism, excessive salivation, gastric reflux, and a tendency to lie in dorsal recumbency for prolonged periods. Three of the 5 foals died, and numerous gastric ulcers were found at necropsy. Two foals survived following symptomatic therapy.
Disseminated necrotizing panniculitis and pancreatic nodular hyperplasia in a dog
Authors: Moreau Philippe M. , Fiske Robert A. , Lees George E. , Corrier Donald E.
Published: February 2025

An 8-year-old female Poodle had severe necrotizing skin disease characterized by numerous large red-purple, nonpruritic lesions. The larger lesions had soft, intensely discolored centers that contained sterile viscous blood-tinged material. Biopsies of the lesions revealed necrotizing panniculitis (subcutaneous fat necrosis). The dog did not respond to intensive therapy and euthanasia was performed. Necropsy findings included diffuse fat necrosis and pancreatic nodular hyperplasia. A pathoetiologic relation between pancreatic disease and diffuse fat necrosis in this dog was suggested.
Bilateral arytenoid cartilage lateralization for laryngeal paralysis in the dog
Authors: Rosin Eberhard , Greenwood Kenneth
Published: February 2025

Bilateral arytenoid cartilage lateralization was used successfully to treat 3 dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis. In our hands, this technique was more effective than unilateral arytenoid cartilage lateralization in resolving the signs of laryngeal paralysis and in avoiding the complications that may follow partial laryngectomy.
Intussusception associated with Anoplocephala perfoliata infection in five horses
Authors: Barclay Willam P. , Phillips Thomas N. , Foerner Joseph J.
Published: February 2025

Intussusception associated with Anoplocephala perfoliata infection was found in 5 horses. The unusual types of intussusception and the presence of tapeworms at the leading edge of the intussuscipiens suggested tapeworms as the cause of the problem. Lesions attributable to tapeworm attachment on the mucosa were found to fit a mechanical model of intussusception. Treatment of two of the horses and some of their pasturemates with pyrantel pamoate caused elimination of intact tapeworms.
Eradication of bovine leukemia virus infection from a high-prevalence herd, using radioimmunoassay for identification of infected animals
Authors: Ferrer Jorge F.
Published: February 2025

Radioimmunoassay (ria), using the virion glycoprotein antigen, was applied in an attempt to eradicate bovine leukemia virus (blv) infection from a herd in which virtually all the adult cattle are infected. Considering that most calves born to blv-infected cows are negative for blv at birth and remain negative for the first several months of life, the eradication program was based on the identification and isolation of the blv-free calves born to infected cows.

Twenty-five calves raised on colostrum and milk from their infected dams were classified as blv-free on the basis of negative results in the ria at 6 to 8 and 9 to 11 months of age. These animals were maintained in either complete (10 calves) or partial (15 calves) isolation from infected cattle and were examined at regular intervals for blv and blv antibodies.

With the exception of 1 calf in the group raised in partial isolation, the animals have remained free of blv up to the time of the last evaluation, when they were 32 to 35 months old. At these ages, more than 90% of the nonisolated cattle in the herd are blv-positive.

The data also show that this eradication trial would have failed if, in the initial procedure used to classify the calves as blv-free, the agar gel immunodiffusion test instead of the ria had been used.

Inasmuch as the 25 calves in this study were fed colostrum and milk from their dams, the fact that only 1 of the calves became infected during the 26 to 29 months of observation provides further evidence that milk-borne transmission of blv is infrequent and perhaps inconsequential.
Malignant neoplasia of canine ribs: Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R. , Grindem C. B. , Toombs J. P. , Caywood D. D. , Hanlon G. F.
Published: February 2025

An analysis was made of 17 cases of microscopically proven rib neoplasms, with the objective of evaluating the variability of clinical and radiographic findings, the neoplastic cell types, the occurrence of metastases, and the survival time following the diagnosis. In 15 dogs with primary rib neoplasms and in 2 dogs with secondary (presumably metastatic) rib neoplasms, the clinical signs commonly included dyspnea and a localized swelling on the thoracic wall. For the dogs with primary rib neoplasms, the mean age was 4.5 years, with a range of 1.3 to 16 years. On radiography, rib osteolysis, extra and/or intrathoracic soft tissue masses often containing areas of mineralization, and pleural effusion were commonly identified. Ribs 5 through 9 were the most commonly affected and the right side was involved twice as often as the left side.

Osteosarcoma was the most frequently diagnosed tumor, but chondrosarcomas and hemangiosarcoma were also found. At necropsy, over 50% of the dogs with primary rib neoplasms had metastases in the lungs. Less than 10% of the dogs with primary rib osteosarcomas survived more than 4 months after the diagnosis.
Fracture-associated sarcoma in the dog
Authors: Stevenson S. , Hohn R. B. , Pohler O. E. M. , Fetter A. W. , Olmstead M. L. , Wind A. P.
Published: February 2025

Seven fracture-associated sarcomas developed in large-breed dogs after stabilization of comminuted long bone fractures with stainless steel plates and screws. In most cases, the healing pattern of the fractures was disturbed. The mean interval between fracture occurrence and tumor diagnosis was 5.5 years. Radiographically, the sarcomas were typified by smooth-bordered subperiosteal proliferation and soft tissue mineralization. Cortical destruction was variable. Several histologic subtypes of osteosarcoma were seen. Four sarcomas had a marked inflammatory cell component and 5 of the dogs had clinical evidence of chronic infection. These findings were similar to those in 35 previously reported fracture-associated sarcomas, even though many types of fixation devices in addition to plates, as well as no fixation at all, were represented in these cases. Fracture-associated sarcomas most frequently were found to be diaphyseal, and the femur accounted for almost half of the sarcomas reported.
Use of nuclear scintigraphy to characterize an intrathoracic mass in a foal
Authors: Hornof William J. , Koblik Philip D. , O'Brien Timothy R.
Published: February 2025

A 2-month-old Thoroughbred colt with noisy and difficult respiration was diagnosed as having an intrathoracic mass, using conventional radiographic techniques. Nuclear scintigraphy was then used to characterize the mass, leading to successful surgical removal.
Insulin-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic dogs
Authors: Feldman E. C. , Nelson R. W.
Published: February 2025

Insulin-induced hyperglycemia was diagnosed in 8 dogs with diabetes mellitus. Owners sought veterinary care because of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, persistent morning glycosuria, or seizures in their dogs. These abnormalities had persisted despite increasing the dosage of insulin. Insulin-induced posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia was diagnosed by determining blood glucose concentrations every 2 hours during a 24-hour period, beginning at 8 am. Wide fluctuations in the blood glucose concentration were reduced by decreasing the daily insulin dose. The signs observed by the owners disappeared after the insulin dose was reduced.