bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave-Assisted Method for Simultaneous Hydrolysis and Extraction for Preparation of Geniposidic Acid fromEucommia ulmoidesBark Using Basic Imidazolide Ionic Liquid
Authors: Li Lili , Guo Yupin , Zhao Chunchao , Wei Mengxia , Liu Junling , Zu Yuangang , Wang Fei , Yang Lei
Published: April 2016

In order to hydrolyze geniposide and extract geniposidic acid, a novel microwave irradiation heating method for simultaneous hydrolysis and extraction for preparation of geniposidic acid fromEucommia ulmoidesbark using basic imidazolide ionic liquid was developed in this work. Basic ionic liquid paired by imidazolide anion and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium cation ([C6mim]Im) was used as a dual hydrolysis catalyst and extraction solvent in the proposed approach. The optimal concentration of [C6mim]Im was 0.4 mol/L. And the independent parameters optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD) based on single-factor tests were as follows: microwave irradiation time of 20 min at power of 415 W and liquid-solid ratio of 15 mL/g. Yield of geniposidic acid was increased to3.41±0.17 μmol/g. DM130 macroporous resin, after reaction, was selected to separate geniposidic acid from hydrolysate. The plant materials with different treatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The analysis of SEM and TG further indicated that IMSHE is an efficient preparation method for geniposidic acid. It is reasonable to assume that the method and the dual hydrolysis catalyst and extraction solvent would offer an alternative for the preparation of some other kinds of bioactive substances from plant materials.
Do Aging and Tactile Noise Stimulation Affect Responses to Support Surface Translations in Healthy Adults?
Authors: Dettmer Marius , Pourmoghaddam Amir , Lee Beom-Chan , Layne Charles S.
Published: April 2016

Appropriate neuromuscular responses to support surface perturbations are crucial to prevent falls, but aging-related anatomical and physiological changes affect the appropriateness and efficiency of such responses. Low-level noise application to sensory receptors has shown to be effective for postural improvement in a variety of different balance tasks, but it is unknown whether this intervention may have value for improvement of corrective postural responses. Ten healthy younger and ten healthy older adults were exposed to sudden backward translations of the support surface. Low-level noise (mechanical vibration) to the foot soles was added during random trials and temporal (response latency) and spatial characteristics (maximum center-of-pressure excursion and anterior-posterior path length) of postural responses were assessed. Mixed-model ANOVA was applied for analysis of postural response differences based on age and vibration condition. Age affected postural response characteristics, but older adults were well able to maintain balance when exposed to a postural perturbation. Low-level noise application did not affect any postural outcomes. Healthy aging affects some specific measures of postural stability, and in high-functioning older individuals, a low-level noise intervention may not be valuable. More research is needed to investigate if recurring fallers and neuropathy patients could benefit from the intervention in postural perturbation tasks.
Building a Comprehensive System of Services to Support Adults Living with Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Leasa David , Elson Stephen
Published: April 2016

Background.Increasing numbers of individuals require long-term mechanical ventilation (LTMV) in the community. In the South West Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) in Ontario, multiple organizations have come together to design, build, and operate a system to serve adults living with LTMV.Objective.The goal was to develop an integrated approach to meet the health and supportive care needs of adults living with LTMV.Methods.The project was undertaken in three phases: System Design, Implementation Planning, and Implementation.Results.There are both qualitative and quantitative evidences that a multiorganizational system of care is now operational and functioning in a way that previously did not exist. An Oversight Committee and an Operations Management Committee currently support the system of services. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed by the participating organizations. There is case-based evidence that hospital admissions are being avoided, transitions in care are being thoughtfully planned and executed collaboratively among service providers, and new roles and responsibilities are being accepted within the overall system of care.Conclusion.Addressing the complex and variable needs of adults living with LTMV requires a systems response involving the full continuum of care.
Quantization of a 3D Nonstationary Harmonic plus an Inverse Harmonic Potential System
Authors: Medjber Salim , Bekkar Hacene , Menouar Salah , Choi Jeong Ryeol
Published: April 2016

The Schrödinger solutions for a three-dimensional central potential system whose Hamiltonian is composed of a time-dependent harmonic plus an inverse harmonic potential are investigated. Because of the time-dependence of parameters, we cannot solve the Schrödinger solutions relying only on the conventional method of separation of variables. To overcome this difficulty, special mathematical methods, which are the invariant operator method, the unitary transformation method, and the Nikiforov-Uvarov method, are used when we derive solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the system. In particular, the Nikiforov-Uvarov method with an appropriate coordinate transformation enabled us to reduce the eigenvalue equation of the invariant operator, which is a second-order differential equation, to a hypergeometric-type equation that is convenient to treat. Through this procedure, we derived exact Schrödinger solutions (wave functions) of the system. It is confirmed that the wave functions are represented in terms of time-dependent radial functions, spherical harmonics, and general time-varying global phases. Such wave functions are useful for studying various quantum properties of the system. As an example, the uncertainty relations for position and momentum are derived by taking advantage of the wave functions.
Morphological and Physiological Plant Responses to Drought Stress inThymus citriodorus
Authors: Tátrai Zdzislaw Attila , Sanoubar Rabab , Pluhár Zsuzsanna , Mancarella Silvia , Orsini Francesco , Gianquinto Giorgio
Published: April 2016

Water availability is considered as a determinant factor that affects plant growth. The commercial medicinal values of an aromatic plant rely on the presence of secondary metabolites that are affected under water shortage. Two-year-oldThymus citriodorusplants were subjected to different polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) levels (0, 2%, and 4%) under greenhouse condition. PEG treatment lasted for 15 days. Thyme plant showed a morphological drought avoidance mechanism by maintaining the root system development through shoot fresh weight reduction resulting in promoted root absorption capacity and sustained plant growth. Moreover, stressed plants were able to maintain water use efficiency and root : shoot ratio suggesting a strong relation between root water uptake and water use saving strategies. Furthermore, thyme plants reduced tissue dehydration through stomatal closure and improved root water uptake. Content of volatile oil constituents of geraniol and diisobutyl phthalate increased upon drought stress while pseudophytol was reduced. Unexpectedly, thymol was not reported as a main oil element under either control or mild stress condition, while it was increased upon high drought stress in measure of 4.4%. Finally, carvacrol significantly accumulated under high drought stress (+31.7%) as compared to control plants.
A Biobjective and Trilevel Programming Model for Hub Location Problem in Design of a Resilient Power Projection Network
Authors: Bi Hai-Ling , Kang Kai , Zhang Xu-Tao
Published: April 2016

Hubs disruptions are taken into account in design of a resilient power projection network. The problem is tackled from a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) perspective. Not only the network cost in normal state is considered, but also the cost in the worst-case situation is taken into account. A biobjective and trilevel integer programming model is proposed using game theory. Moreover, we develop a metaheuristic based on tabu search and shortest path algorithm for the resolution of the complex model. Computational example indicates that making tradeoffs between the performances of the network in different situations is helpful for designing a resilient network.
Exploratory, Phase II Controlled Trial of Shiunko Ointment Local Application Twice a Day for 4 Weeks in Ethiopian Patients with Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Na-Bangchang Kesara , Ahmed Oumer , Hussein Jemal , Hirayama Kenji , Kongjam Panida , Aseffa Abraham , Karbwang Juntra
Published: April 2016

The clinical efficacy and safety of Shiunko ointment (phase II clinical trial) was investigated in 40 Ethiopian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Patients were randomized to receive treatment with Shiunko ointment or placebo (n = 20, each), applied on the lesion twice a day for 4 weeks. Clinicoparasitological assessments were performed before treatment, weekly for 4 weeks, and then 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the end of treatment. A marked reduction in lesion size was observed on week 16 of treatment in the Shiunko compared with placebo group (69% and 22% reduction, resp.). The overall rate of lesion reduction during the four weeks of treatment was significantly faster in the Shiunko group. Shiunko provided significant effect on wound closure in patients with ulcerated lesion. The clinical efficacy and tolerability of Shiunko were comparable to placebo with regard to its clinicoparasitological response (cure rate and parasitological clearance). Results of this preliminary study may suggest that Shiunko could be useful as adjuvant or as complementary treatment, not as alternatives to current treatment. Its attractive action includes fast lesion healing with a significantly smaller lesion at week 16 of treatment compared with placebo. In addition, its action was promoted in ulcerative lesions.
Onychomycosis due toCandida parapsilosisin a Child with Ventricular Septal Defect: An Unusual Predisposition
Authors: Hosuru Subramanya Supram , Hamal Deependra , Nayak Niranjan , Gokhale Shishir
Published: April 2016

Candida parapsilosisis emerging as a potential pathogen for onychomycosis. A 4-year-old male child with perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) was admitted with features of cystitis and was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. Two weeks later, he developed yellowish discoloration of nails of both hands. The sloughed out nail, on microscopy, showed numerous yeast forms that were identified asCandida parapsilosisby both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antifungal sensitivity testing of the isolate was performed by microbroth dilution method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. Patient was successfully treated with topical amphotericin B and oral fluconazole. Thus, one should have a high index of suspicion ofC. parapsilosisonychomycosis, especially when the patient is in the paediatric age group, presenting with unusual predisposing condition like congenital heart disease, and is on broad spectrum antibiotics.
Dynamic Performance Analysis of the Towers of a Long-Span Bridge Based on GPS Monitoring Technique
Authors: Kaloop Mosbeh R. , Hu Jong Wan
Published: April 2016

The present study investigates the parameter identification and the dynamic performance of a long-span bridge tower based on the output of a global positioning system (GPS) health monitoring system. The random decrement (RD) algorithm is used to estimate the tower displacement impulse response. Three methods are applied to extract the dynamic performance including least squares complex exponential (LSCE) method, Hilbert envelope method (HEM), and eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA). Results reveal that the HEM and LSCE method are more suitable to extract fundamental frequency and modal and damping ratios of the tower. Furthermore, the dynamic properties and statistical time series analysis of the GPS measurements illustrate that the traffic loads have a high significant impact on the semistatic and dynamic performances.
Buckling Instability Behavior of Steel Bridge under Fire Hazard
Authors: Wang Ying , Liu Muyu
Published: April 2016

Failure of buckling instability will most likely occur before the displacement reaches the allowable value of the code when a tanker burns under the steel bridge. This research focuses on critical buckling stress of bridge under fire hazard and a thermal analysis model of a steel bridge is established by FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator). Thermal parameters of the steel are determined by the polynomial fitting method. Temperature field and elastic modulus of the bridge changing with time are calculated by determining the heat release rate function of tanker. Critical buckling stress of the bridge web and bottom floor changing with time is calculated according to steel floor buckling theory. Finite element software ANSYS is used to verify the result. Results show that when a tanker is burning for 17 minutes, critical buckling stress of steel web will be reduced toτcrl,lw(T)= 19.1 MPa andσcrl,lw(T)= 38.8 MPa, which is less than the web stress (τ= 19.6 MPa,σ= 39.8 MPa) caused by dead and live load. So steel web will be the first to show shear flexural bending buckling failure. Displacement in the midspan will reach 35.4 mm at this time, which was less than the allowable displacement (50 mm) set by standard. The best rescue time of the bridge under fire hazard is within 15 minutes.
Endoport-Assisted Microsurgical Treatment of a Ruptured Periventricular Aneurysm
Authors: Chen Ching-Jen , Caruso James , Starke Robert M. , Ding Dale , Buell Thomas , Crowley R. Webster , Liu Kenneth C.
Published: April 2016

Background and Importance.Ruptured periventricular aneurysms in patients with moyamoya disease represent challenging pathologies. The most common methods of treatment include endovascular embolization and microsurgical clipping. However, rare cases arise in which the location and anatomy of the aneurysm make these treatment modalities particularly challenging.Clinical Presentation.We report a case of a 34-year-old female with moyamoya disease who presented with intraventricular hemorrhage. CT angiography and digital subtraction angiography revealed an aneurysm located in the wall of the atrium of the right lateral ventricle. Distal endovascular access was not possible, and embolization risked the sacrifice of arteries supplying critical brain parenchyma. Using the BrainPath endoport system, the aneurysm was able to be accessed. Since the fusiform architecture of the aneurysm prevented clip placement, the aneurysm was ligated with electrocautery.Conclusion.We demonstrate the feasibility of endoport-assisted approach for minimally invasive access and treatment of uncommon, distally located aneurysms.
Modulatory Effect of Betulinic Acid on the Genotoxicity Induced by Different Mutagens in V79 Cells
Authors: Acésio Nathália Oliveira , Oliveira Pollyanna Francielli de , Mastrocola Daiane Fernanda Pereira , Lima Ildercílio Mota de Souza , Munari Carla Carolina , Sato Vânia Luiza Ferreira Lucatti , Souza Andressa Aparecida Silva , Flauzino Lúzio Gabriel Bocalon , Cunha Wilson Roberto , Tavares Denise Crispim
Published: April 2016

Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that can be isolated from many medicinal plants around the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of BA and its effect on the genotoxicity induced by different mutagens in V79 cells using the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay. Different BA concentrations were combined with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), doxorubicin (DXR), camptothecin (CPT), and etoposide (VP‐16). The frequencies of micronuclei in cultures treated with different BA concentrations did not differ from those of the negative control. Treatment with BA and MMS resulted in lower micronucleus frequencies than those observed for cultures treated with MMS alone. On the other hand, a significant increase in micronucleus frequencies was observed in cultures treated with BA combined with DXR or VP‐16 when compared to these mutagens alone. The results showed no effect of BA on CPT‐induced genotoxicity. Therefore, BA was not genotoxic under the present experimental conditions and exerted a different influence on the genotoxicity induced by different mutagens. The modulatory effect of BA depends on the type of mutagen and concentrations used.
A New Modified Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm with Exponential Function Adaptive Steps
Authors: Mao Wei , Lan Heng-you , Li Hao-ru
Published: April 2016

As one of the most recent popular swarm intelligence techniques, artificial bee colony algorithm is poor at exploitation and has some defects such as slow search speed, poor population diversity, the stagnation in the working process, and being trapped into the local optimal solution. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new modified artificial bee colony algorithm in view of the initial population structure, subpopulation groups, step updating, and population elimination. Further, depending on opposition-based learning theory and the new modified algorithms, an improvedS-type grouping method is proposed and the original way of roulette wheel selection is substituted through sensitivity-pheromone way. Then, an adaptive step with exponential functions is designed for replacing the original random step. Finally, based on the new test function versions CEC13, six benchmark functions with the dimensionsD=20andD=40are chosen and applied in the experiments for analyzing and comparing the iteration speed and accuracy of the new modified algorithms. The experimental results show that the new modified algorithm has faster and more stable searching and can quickly increase poor population diversity and bring out the global optimal solutions.
Clarithromycin Dose-Dependently Stabilizes Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Kazama Itsuro , Saito Kazutomo , Baba Asuka , Mori Tomohiro , Abe Nozomu , Endo Yasuhiro , Toyama Hiroaki , Ejima Yutaka , Matsubara Mitsunobu , Yamauchi Masanori
Published: April 2016

Background: Macrolides, such as clarithromycin, have antiallergic properties. Since exocytosis in mast cells is detected electrophysiologically via changes in membrane capacitance (Cm), the absence of such changes due to the drug indicates its mast cell-stabilizing effect. Methods: Employing the whole-cell patch clamp technique in rat peritoneal mast cells, we examined the effects of clarithromycin on Cm during exocytosis. Using a water-soluble fluorescent dye, we also examined its effect on deformation of the plasma membrane. Results: Clarithromycin (10 and 100 μM) significantly inhibited degranulation from mast cells and almost totally suppressed the GTP-γ-S-induced increase in Cm. It washed out the trapping of the dye on the surface of mast cells. Conclusions: This study provides for the first time electrophysiological evidence that clarithromycin dose-dependently inhibits the process of exocytosis. The mast cell-stabilizing action of clarithromycin may be attributable to its counteractive effect on plasma membrane deformation induced by exocytosis.
Prognosis of Fetal Parenchymal Cerebral Lesions without Ventriculomegaly in Congenital Toxoplasmosis Infection
Authors: Dhombres Ferdinand , Friszer Stéphanie , Maurice Paul , Gonzales Marie , Kieffer François , Garel Catherine , Jouannic Jean-Marie
Published: April 2016

Objective: To evaluate the neurodevelopmental and ocular outcome of a continuous retrospective series of fetal toxoplasmosis infections for which prenatal ultrasound (US) follow-up revealed abnormal cerebral findings without associated ventriculomegaly. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of proven fetal Toxoplasma gondii infection with fetal cerebral anomalies at US examination without significant ventriculomegaly (≥10 mm) evaluated in our center over a 5-year period. US and magnetic resonance imaging findings were collected. The neurodevelopmental and ocular outcomes of the cases were studied. Results: Nine fetuses were included. Hyperechogenic foci of the cerebral parenchyma were isolated in five cases. Among those, four children had normal neurological development. Amblyopia was detected in on case. Hyperechogenic foci were associated with other anomalies of cerebral parenchyma in three cases among which two children had normal neurological development. Termination of pregnancy was performed in three cases: one case within the context of severe maternal schizophrenia with isolated hyperechogenic foci, one case where hyperechogenic foci were associated with extensive lesions of the white matter, and one case for severe fetal hydrops. Conclusion: The neurological prognosis of cerebral hyperechogenic lesions without ventriculomegaly in fetal toxoplasmosis infection may be favorable. The risk of ocular damage however remains high and unpredictable in the prenatal period.
Measurement of Procedure-Specific Irrigation-Fluid Absorption in Transurethral Therapy of Lower Urinary Tract Syndrome, Using Ethanolic Saline and Breath Alcometry
Authors: Porsch Markus , Mittelstädt Paul , Wendler Johann Jakob , Baumunk Daniel , Fichtler Kirsten , Janitzky Andreas , Lux Anke , Liehr Uwe-Bernd , Schostak Martin
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Transurethral resection risks excessive absorption of irrigating fluid with potentially severe or life-threatening consequences. We determined the amount of absorbed saline irrigation fluid during photoselective vaporisation of the prostate (PVP) and bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (bTURP). Patients and Methods: Patients at our institution treated by one of these methods were monitored by the alcometric method: ethanol is added to the irrigation fluid and blood alcohol is measured with a breathalyser. Various possible correlations were investigated. Results: Data from 71 patients (36 PVP, 35 bTURP) were analysed. Detection of any absorption was more frequent under bTURP (71% of patients) than under PVP (39%; p = 0.006). Absorption in the volume range 500-1,000 ml was conspicuously more frequent in the bTURP procedure than in PVP. Conclusions: Presence of absorption was more frequent under bTURP than under PVP. However, high-volume absorption was more frequent during bTURP than in PVP.
Screening for Language Disorders in Stroke: German Validation of the Language Screening Test (LAST)
Authors: Koenig-Bruhin M. , Vanbellingen T. , Schumacher R. , Pflugshaupt T. , Annoni J.M. , Müri R.M. , Bohlhalter S. , Nyffeler T.
Published: April 2016

Background: Screening of aphasia in acute stroke is crucial for directing patients to early language therapy. The Language Screening Test (LAST), originally developed in French, is a validated language screening test that allows detection of a language deficit within a few minutes. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate two parallel German versions of the LAST. Methods: The LAST includes subtests for naming, repetition, automatic speech, and comprehension. For the translation into German, task constructs and psycholinguistic criteria for item selection were identical to the French LAST. A cohort of 101 stroke patients were tested, all of whom were native German speakers. Validation of the LAST was based on (1) analysis of equivalence of the German versions, which was established by administering both versions successively in a subset of patients, (2) internal validity by means of internal consistency analysis, and (3) external validity by comparison with the short version of the Token Test in another subset of patients. Results: The two German versions were equivalent as demonstrated by a high intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91. Furthermore, an acceptable internal structure of the LAST was found (Cronbach's α = 0.74). A highly significant correlation (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001) between the LAST and the short version of the Token Test indicated good external validity of the scale. Conclusion: The German version of the LAST, available in two parallel versions, is a new and valid language screening test in stroke.
O ACORDO ENTRE O SENSÍVEL E O INTELIGÍVEL
Authors: Vegro Maria Fernanda Andrade Saiani
Published: April 2016

Este artigo apresenta uma investigação sobre a metodologia de ensino proposta pelo professor dr. Sílvio Soares Macedo para a disciplina AUP 652, vinculada ao Departamento de Projeto e inserida na grade curricular do segundo semestre do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, articulada com a fenomenologia da percepção de Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908/1961). A filosofia merleau-pontiana se caracteriza fundamentalmente, por estabelecer relações entre sujeito, natureza e objeto, marcadas por um pensamento engajado no mundo. Esse arco reflexivo desdobra-se a partir do exercício da invenção do projeto como um perpétuo “fazer-se” em camadas, no qual se distingue sua origem mais primária, da lembrança e do contato com corpo, até atingir uma ordenação lógica. O objetivo da disciplina AUP 652 é desenvolver nos estudantes a compreensão de escalas e capacidade de abstrair e representar o espaço, com ênfase no papel comunicacional do projeto que deflagra a constatação de um mundo único que se engrandece no estímulo da participação ativa entre professor e alunos.
Degenerative Mitral Stenosis
Authors: Sud Karan , Agarwal Shikhar , Parashar Akhil , Raza Mohammad Q. , Patel Kunal , Min David , Rodriguez Leonardo L. , Krishnaswamy Amar , Mick Stephanie L. , Gillinov A. Marc , Tuzcu E. Murat , Kapadia Samir R.
Published: April 2016

Degenerative mitral stenosis (DMS) is an important cause of mitral stenosis, developing secondary to severe mitral annular calcification. With the increase in life expectancy and improved access to health care, more patients with DMS are likely to be encountered in developed nations. These patients are generally elderly with multiple comorbidities and often are high-risk candidates for surgery. The mainstay of therapy in DMS patients is medical management with heart rate control and diuretic therapy. Surgical intervention might be delayed until symptoms are severely limiting and cannot be managed by medical therapy. Mitral valve surgery is also challenging in these patients because of the presence of extensive calcification. Hence, there is a need to develop an alternative percutaneous treatment approach for patients with DMS who are otherwise inoperable or at high risk for surgery. In this review, we summarize the available data on the epidemiology of DMS and diagnostic considerations and current treatment strategies for these patients.
Yun-Hong Tan & YUN-FEI DENG (2016) The identity of Nyssa yunnanensis (Cornaceae). Phytotaxa 252 (4): 293–297.
Authors: Tan Yun-Hong , DENG YUN-FEI
Published: April 2016

Etrratum
Coenosia Meigen (Diptera: Muscidae) from Angola: new species and records
Authors: COURI MARCIA S. , PONT ADRIAN C.
Published: April 2016

The study of unidentified material from Angola (Africa), deposited in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, has revealed three new Coenosia species: Coenosia lucens sp. nov., Coenosia flavohumeralis sp. nov. and Coenosia setosa sp. nov., and five new records: Coenosia macrochaeta (Emden, 1940), Coenosia nodosa Stein, 1913, Coenosia ochroprocta (Speiser, 1910), Coenosia planifrons Stein, 1913 and Coenosia translucida (Emden, 1940). Only one species of Coenosia had previously been recorded from Angola: Coenosia sanguenguei Zielke 1971. The new species are described with illustrations of the male terminalia, and diagnoses of the newly-recorded species with descriptions of the male terminalia are given. A list of all Muscidae species recorded from Angola is presented.
Evaluating the Climate Effects of Reforestation in New England Using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model Multiphysics Ensemble
Authors: Burakowski E. A. , Ollinger S. V. , Bonan G. B. , Wake C. P. , Dibb J. E. , Hollinger D. Y.
Published: April 2016

The New England region of the northeastern United States has a land use history characterized by forest clearing for agriculture and other uses during European colonization and subsequent reforestation following widespread farm abandonment. Despite these broad changes, the potential influence on local and regional climate has received relatively little attention. This study investigated wintertime (December through March) climate impacts of reforestation in New England using a high-resolution (4 km) multiphysics ensemble of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. In general, the conversion from mid-1800s cropland/grassland to forest led to warming, but results were sensitive to physics parameterizations. The 2-m maximum temperature (T2max) was most sensitive to choice of land surface model, 2-m minimum temperature (T2min) was sensitive to radiation scheme, and all ensemble members simulated precipitation poorly. Reforestation experiments suggest that conversion of mid-1800s cropland/grassland to present-day forest warmed T2max +0.5 to +3 K, with weaker warming during a warm, dry winter compared to a cold, snowy winter. Warmer T2max over forests was primarily the result of increased absorbed shortwave radiation and increased sensible heat flux compared to cropland/grassland. At night, T2min warmed +0.2 to +1.5 K where deciduous broadleaf forest replaced cropland/grassland, a result of decreased ground heat flux. By contrast, T2min of evergreen needleleaf forest cooled –0.5 to –2.1 K, primarily owing to increased ground heat flux and decreased sensible heat flux.
Intentions Into Actions
Authors: Brinton Mary C.
Published: April 2016

This article addresses the emergence of “lowest-low” fertility in some countries, primarily in Southern Europe and East Asia, and poses the question of why we find such large differences in birth rates across postindustrial societies. A set of macro–micro mechanisms are identified, which are examined empirically using comparative data for seven countries from the Gender and Generations Survey. Social norms, and in particular social norms related to gender roles, are at the center of the analysis as a mechanism that conditions the translation of intentions into behavior. Societies that discourage gender equity in the private sphere of the household tend to be characterized by a strong breadwinner ideology. In these societies, the valorization of women’s role as household manager and mother is mirrored by the valorization of men’s role as breadwinner for the household. In these societies, there is a strong norm that a young man should be able to support a family prior to getting married and becoming a parent, that is, that males should prove themselves to be adequate breadwinners. When combined with changing structural conditions, such as high unemployment rates, prolonged periods of education, and increasingly insecure terms of employment in flexible labor markets, this norm will lead to declining birth rates. Hence, norms work as a mechanism that filters the effect of structural conditions so that structural constraints on fertility, such as limited labor market opportunities for young men, will affect fertility outcomes via the mechanism of gender-role norms.
Autonomy versus control in procurement and contracting: the use of cost-reimbursement contracts in three US federal departments
Authors: Kim Yong Woon , Brown Trevor
Published: April 2016

This article examines the efficacy of central attempts to influence the use of specific types of contracts, namely, cost-reimbursement versus fixed-price contracts, by individual departments within a decentralized procurement system. We draw five years of data (Fiscal Years 2004–2008) from the Federal Procurement Data System to examine the contract type decisions of three US federal agencies: the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Homeland Security. The results of our analysis suggest that while departments have discretion to purchase products that meet their mission requirements, there is relative uniformity in the reliance on cost-reimbursement versus fixed-price contracts.

Points for practitioners

The driving factor in the use of one contract type over the other is not the department in question, but rather what the department buys. Following central regulatory guidance, the three departments in our sample tend to use cost-reimbursement contracts for complex products and fixed-price contracts for simple products. The practical implications for central policymakers is that focusing guidance on what departments buy may be more effective in maintaining overall budget control rather than focusing on how the department buys products.
Vatican II on ‘Other’ Ways of Salvation: A Valid Interpretation?
Authors: O’Collins Gerald
Published: April 2016

Before investigating whether the Second Vatican Council agreed that ‘other’ living faiths can in some sense prove ‘ways of salvation,’ we need to clarify what the interpretation of texts involves. This article appeals to literary critics, philosophers, biblical scholars, and legal experts in maintaining that the interpretation of the Council’s texts should attend not only to the intentions of the authors but also to the texts (and the history of their reception) and their readers. On the basis of this integral view of interpretation, one can argue that Lumen gentium, Nostra aetate, and Ad gentes imply that in some real sense other faiths offer ‘ways of revelation and salvation.’
‘Yes!’ And ‘Thou’ in Dag Hammarskjöld’s Markings: A Theological Investigation
Authors: Ryan Thomas
Published: April 2016

Hammarskjöld’s Markings combines the spiritual, theological and ethical. This article engages with the journal in four stages. First, it briefly introduces the text (context, translation and overall purpose). Second, I explore Hammarskjöld’s faith guided by two words: ‘Yes’—to explore key ideas on union, discipleship, the ‘beyond,’ religious language, his use of the medieval mystics and the influence of the apophatic and kataphatic traditions on his consciousness. Third, under ‘Thou,’ follows an examination of this word’s role in Hammarskjöld’s religious awareness and, also, of the journal’s convergences with other authors, such as Bernard Haring and Andrew Tallon’s analysis of Martin Buber’s ‘I-Thou and the sapiential ethics of Thomas Aquinas. Finally, I briefly assess Markings and Hammarskjöld’s religious consciousness as Trinitarian and as indicative of the transforming process of theosis.
Relationship between building hot water usage and energy and carbon reduction
Authors: Cheng CL , Peng JJ , Liao WJ , Chang CW
Published: April 2016

This article proposes a calculation model for estimating the energy consumption and CO2 emissions resulting from hot water usage and for evaluating the potential for carbon reduction by using a water efficiency strategy. The model revealed a reciprocal relationship between hot water usage in daily life and energy consumption and carbon footprints. From 1990 to 2010 in Taiwan, hot water accounted for approximately 20%–30% of daily water consumption, and the use of hot water indirectly caused an average emission of 6.19 (kg-CO2/m3) and a 1.83% contribution to carbon emissions per capita. The potential influence of hot water usage on the issue of carbon reduction and the importance of strategies for saving water are thus highlighted in this study.

Practical application:The proposed calculation model clarified the relationship between hot water usage and carbon emissions. Through the investigation and simulation of domestic hot water usage, the carbon reduction potential of a hot water-savings strategy was validated. This study can make various organizations in both the public and private sectors aware of the importance of building a society based on the concept of water conservation, and various policy-making processes are anticipated to be initiated as a result. Efforts to save hot water could be consolidated to achieve synergy with carbon reduction policies and benefits to building service engineering.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Triple P With Chinese Parents in Mainland China
Authors: Guo Mingchun , Morawska Alina , Sanders Matthew R.
Published: April 2016

This study evaluated the effects of Group Triple P with Chinese parents on parenting and child outcomes as well as outcomes relating to child academic learning in Mainland China. Participants were 81 Chinese parents and their children in Shanghai, who were randomly allocated to an intervention group or wait-list control group. Parents in the intervention condition received Group Triple P training, and parents and children were assessed at three/two time points. Compared with the control group, parents in the intervention group reported significant improvements in child adjustment problems, parenting practices, parental adjustment, and parenting self-efficacy at post-assessment. Moreover, there was a significant increase in parents’ satisfaction with children’s academic achievement and a reduction in children’s academic problem behaviors at post-intervention. All these effects were maintained at 6-month follow-up. There was also a significant increase in the child report of positive parenting at post-intervention.
Ultrasound Assessment of the Rectus Femoris Cross-Sectional Area
Authors: Hacker Eileen Danaher , Peters Tara , Garkova Miglena
Published: April 2016

Ultrasonic measurement of the rectus femoris (RF) is a novel, proxy measure for muscle strength. The impact of hip flexion/head of bed positioning on RF cross-sectional area (CSA) has not been fully explored. This study describes and compares differences in RF CSA across four degrees of hip flexion. This repeated-measures, comparative study enrolled healthy, pre-menopausal women ( n = 20). RF CSA of the dominant leg was measured using the SonoSite M-Turbo ultrasound system with the head of bed at 0°, 20°, 30°, and 60°. One-way repeated measures indicated significant differences in RF CSA, F(3, 17) = 14.18, p < .001, with variation in hip flexion/head of bed elevation and significant RF CSA differences between: (a) 0° and 20°, (b) 0° and 30°, (c) 0° and 60°, and (d) 20° and 60°. Standardizing patient positioning when conducting ultrasonic measurement of RF CSA is vital for researchers who assess muscle mass.
The Auditory Pathology of Anoxia
Authors: Dublin William B.
Published: April 2016

A case of anoxic encephalopathy is reported, with study on a whole‐auditory‐pathway basis, and the method of processing tissues is outlined. Pathologic changes are found throughout the central part of the auditory pathway. The importance of including the superior ventral cochlear nucleus (SVCN) with cochlear structures in correlating findings with audiometric data is supported. The previously advanced tonotopic frequency pattern, with zonal vulnerability, of the spheroid cells of SVCN is supported.
Tinnitus Aurium: An Approach to Classification
Authors: Nodar Richard H.
Published: April 2016

Tinnitus aurium is the single term used by professionals to describe a multiplicity of auditory experiences. An attempt to correlate tinnitus pitch, loudness, and spectral composition (noise vs pure tone) with audiometric data and subjective impressions is described, and a process for classifying tinnitus is presented. Preliminary results of tests on 40 patients are discussed and certain tendencies noted. The author recommends that all professionals obtain more complete information about their patients' tinnitus.
Potentiation of Kanamycin Ototoxicity by a History of Noise Exposure
Authors: Ryan Allen F. , Bone Robert C.
Published: April 2016

Chinchillas were exposed to a noise band (1,414 to 5,656 Hz, 100‐dB sound pressure level [SPL] for one hour) and treated with kanamycin (150 mg/kg a day until hearing loss was noted at 6.0 kHz) either separately, simultaneously, or sequentially. Simultaneous noise and kanamycin resulted in interactive potentiation of threshold shift and cochlear pathologic condition. Kanamycin treatment two months after noise exposure produced similar potentiation. No interaction was seen when noise exposure occurred one month after kanamycin treatment.
Hematoma after Head and Neck Surgery—A Major Complication?
Authors: Johnson Jonas T. , Cummings Charles W.
Published: April 2016

The role of hematoma formation in the development of complications after major head and neck surgery is surveyed retrospectively. An incidence of 4.2% was encountered.

In all cases, the hematoma was identified within 12 hours postoperatively. Prompt surgical clot evacuation and reinstitution of drainage did not adversely affect the patient's subsequent course. Failure to adequately drain the hematoma resulted in increased wound dehiscence, major infection, and fistula. When properly treated, postoperative hematoma formation offers only the risks attendant with a second anesthesia; no subsequent related morbidity need be anticipated.
Office Surgery in Otolaryngology
Authors: Tobin Howard A.
Published: April 2016

Rising hospital costs have prompted many surgeons to develop office surgical facilities. This can be particularly useful in the type of practice seen by the otolaryngologist. This paper deals with the requirements for an office surgical setup, the scope of surgery that can be carried out in the office, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of operating in the office. Of particular importance is the fact that one must be prepared for the emergency situation when operating in his office.
Evaluation of Sclera as a Homograft in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Michel Randall G. , Patterson Carl N.
Published: April 2016

Augmentation of deficient soft tissue contours accounts for a large part of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. An attempt to use homograft sclera in the feline animal model is presented. Augmentation of nasal dorsum and the chin contours was carried out in the cat model with preserved homograft sclera. Serial soft tissue radiographs and histologic study of the homografts demonstrated complete resorption of the grafts by six months. Further physical and chemical alterations of homograft sclera appear to be necessary prior to its implantation for the purpose of soft tissue augmentation.
Experimental Otitis Media with Effusion: An Immune‐Complex‐Mediated Response
Authors: Mravec Joseph , Lewis Daniel M. , Lim David J.
Published: April 2016

The possibility that immune complexes cause otitis media with effusion (OME) has been previously proposed. In order to test this hypothesis we developed an animal model in which immune complexes were injected into the middle ears of chinchillas and the animals killed at various time intervals thereafter. Moderate inflammatory changes were seen in animals killed four hours postinjection, whereas intense inflammation was observed in those killed at 24 hours. Inflammatory changes observed included capillary dilatation with increased capillary permeability, migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the submucosa, hemorrhage, and damage to and actual disruption of the subepithelial basement membrane. These changes are consistent with a complement‐mediated acute inflammatory reaction. Although no definite conclusion can be made concerning the etiologic role of immune complex in OME, our findings show that immune complexes can cause acute inflammatory changes in the middle ear of the experimental animal.
Development of the Cochlea and its Coiling Mechanism
Authors: Li Cheuk W. , Phee Joseph Mc
Published: April 2016

The growth and shape of the membraneous labyrinth appears to be organized and restricted by the formation of the cartilaginous capsule. Coiling of the cochlear duct appears to be the result of the physical barrier and support provided by the cartilage cells differentiating from mesenchyme surrounding the otocyst. In addition, tissue interactions between this mesenchyme and the developing cochlear duct may be the source of a genetic message for the coiling mechanism.
Evaluation of Tympanic Neurectomy and Chorda Tympanectomy Surgery
Authors: Parisier Simon C. , Blitzer Andrew , Binder William J. , Friedman William F. , Marovitz William F.
Published: April 2016

Thirty patients were treated by tympanic neurectomy, chorda tympanectomy, or both for a variety of conditions. Out of six patients with gustatory sweating treated by tympanic neurectomy, two patients were relieved of symptoms, two were improved, and two remained unchanged. In five cases of benign recurrent painful parotid swelling, only two patients noted improvement in symptoms. Seventeen patients suffered from drooling. Out of 12 postresection head and neck patients, 5 (41%) were improved following such surgery. Two of four cerebral palsy children initially had a good result. However, the long‐term follow‐up of the patients demonstrated that the drooling recurred. An additional patient who suffered from drooling caused by bulbar weakness following a cerebrovascular accident had fewer problems with salivary secretions postoperatively. The pertinent anatomy and pathophysiology is outlined. The possible reasons for the relatively disappointing results achieved are discussed.
Effect of Lip Closure on Facial Growth in the Surgically Induced Cleft Rabbit
Authors: Eisbach Karl J. , Bardach Janusz
Published: April 2016

This project was designed to determine whether cleft lip repair has an influence on facial growth. To study this, 62 rabbits were divided into four groups: control, control without repair, Millard‐type repair, and Bardach‐type repair. Surgical clefts of the lip, alveolus, and the palate were created in 6‐week‐old rabbits. Periodic measurements were made of the pressure exerted by the lip on the maxillary alveolus. The animals were killed 20 weeks postoperatively. The skulls were processed and measurements were taken from the skulls.

The pressure measurements showed a definite increase in lip pressure on the maxillary alveolus for the lip repair group. This pressure was high soon after surgery, rapidly returned toward the control level, but never reached it.

Skull measurements indicate an inhibition in anterior maxillary growth for the “control without repair” group. This inhibition was even more profound in the two lip repair groups. No significant differences were found in maxillary width or mandibular length.

When correlations were made to see if increased lip pressure resulted in decreased anterior maxillary growth, a significant correlation was found for both lip repair groups. This means that as the pressure of the lip repair increased, it resulted in a decrease in anterior maxillary growth.

The data reported here indicates that cleft lip surgery must be considered as having a definite influence on anterior maxillary growth inhibition observed in the cleft lip and palate population. Further studies are indicated to determine the role of cleft palate repair on facial growth.
Contralaterally Elicited Electrical Stimulation of Paralyzed Facial Muscles
Authors: Tobey David N. , Sutton Dwight
Published: April 2016

Functional electrical stimulation is being explored in the extremities. A major obstacle is found in programming the firing sequence. In 1976, David Zealear proposed using the activity on the normal side in axial muscle pairs that normally function symmetrically to act as a template to control the stimulator. This method was demonstrated in laryngeal muscles in dogs, and is now demonstrated in the face with future applications being proposed.

The facial nerve on one side was sectioned in a series of rabbits. Implanted electrodes received electrical potentials from selected muscles on the normal side. Bursts of electrical activity on the normal side during a blink or a twitch were used to trigger a muscle stimulator, which was routed to matching muscles on the paralyzed side. This technique restored symmetric function to the hemiparalyzed face.