bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquefaction Analysis Using Pore Pressure Generation Models During Earthquakes
Authors: Vargas Omar  , Ortiz Ricardo  , Flores Francisco
Published: February 2025

One of the main objectives of geotechnical earthquake engineering is the evaluation of liquefaction hazards or liquefaction potential and failures induces by this phenomenon. Commonly the professional practice for liquefaction problems involves three aspects: 1) Triggering analysis, 2) Stability analysis or flow slide and 3) displacement analysis. Currently, empirical and analytical methods are commonly used for triggering and displacement analysis, which are based on field test parameters. However, those methods have limitations because they treat sequentially the three aspects for liquefaction analysis, when actually these interact locally in several zones affecting the overall behavior of the soil mass. According to the above, in this work has performed a liquefaction analysis for a site using two-dimensional numerical models that take into account the irregular ground and the constitutive models that involve the dynamic pore-pressure generation from volumetric strain induced by seismic excitation. This paper highlights the means considerations of numeric model, as such as, input parameters, model calibration, steps calculations, among other. Moreover, model results are compared with simplified empirical methods and field measurements.
Stability of Thin Shell with Infill Gravity Structures against Lateral Loads
Authors: Tsimbelman Nikita Ya.  , Mamontov Andrey I.  , Chernova Tatiana I.  , Bilgin Ömer
Published: February 2025

The article refers to construction of shell filled with soil facilities. The main advantages of this type of structures is the minimized use of new materials and the utilized composite action of materials forming the structure. The construction heavily utilizes the soils directly at the building site. These structures have to resist external horizontal loads under the action of its own weight without overturning for their stability and sustainability. The lateral loads can be caused by soils, berthing impact, and mooring forces, and the structure's capacity can be modelled under these horizontal loads. The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical model to predict the structure's response to the applied horizontal loads and to verify the model by finite elemental modelling and analysis. The finite element modelling and analyses were performed by using ANSYS / LS-Dyna software to verify the theoretical model. The theoretical model is developed through the use of failure planes based on the limit equilibrium conditions. The minimum horizontal load that causes overturning of the shell is calculated using the theoretical model and then is confirmed by numerical simulations. The results of the numerical simulation are correlated with the results of the theoretical model. Discrepancies between the theoretical and numerical modelling results are presented, and possible causes of the discrepancies are discussed. The study helps to provide a good understanding of the mechanisms involved in the overturning stability of these structures. It is also useful for the theoretical model development and can be utilized in the design of these structures.
A hybrid DEM-FDM approach for load-deformation analysis of stone columns
Authors: Trung Ngo Ngoc  , Indraratna Buddhima  , Rujikiatkamjorn Cholachat
Published: February 2025

Stone columns are being increasingly used as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for improvement of weak soils. Deformation behavior of stone columns reinforced soft clay has been the subject of an extensive number of experimental and modelling studies during last decades. Continuum-based numerical models provide valuable insights into the settlement, lateral deformation, stress and strain-rate dependent behavior of stone column at macroscopic scale. However, owing to the discrete nature of stone columns, which are comprised of granular material, cannot be properly modelled by the continuum methods. This paper presents a coupled micro-macro method for numerically simulating a single stone column stabilized soft soils. A novel coupling model of discrete element method (DEM) and finite difference method (FDM) was introduced to investigate the load-deformation behavior of stone columns considering micromechanical analysis. In the coupled discrete-continuum model, the soft soil domain was modelled by the continuum method using FLAC and stone column was modelled by the discrete element method using PFC2D. A force-displacement transmission mechanism was introduced to achieve the interaction of both domains in which the DEM transfers forces and moment to the FDM and then the FDM updates displacements back to the DEM. The predicted load-deformation results were in good agreement with the data measured experimentally indicating that the proposed coupling discrete-continuum model could capture the deformation behavior of stone column reinforced soft soils.
Prediction of permanent settlements of foundations on Bío Bío sand subjected to high-cyclic loading
Authors: Cuitiño Matías  , Poblete Mauro  , Wichtmann Torsten  , Triantafyllidis Theodoros
Published: February 2025

Permanent deformations of foundations on Bío Bío sand caused by a high-cyclic loading are studied by means of finite element calculations. A special calculation strategy with a combination of the hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strain and the high-cycle accumulation (HCA) model proposed by Niemunis et al. has been applied. The material constants of Bío Bío sand have been determined from index tests, cone pluviation tests, oedometric tests, drained monotonic triaxial compression tests and drained cyclic triaxial tests. A simplified procedure has been applied for the HCA model parameters, where parts of the parameters are estimated based on granulometric properties while other ones are determined from experimental data. A wind power plant foundation subjected to a high-cyclic loading due to wind has been studied as a practical example.
Case Study: Geotechnical Studies for Qatar Roadways
Authors: Al-Akhras Khaled  , Al-Meraikhi Abdulla
Published: February 2025

The State of Qatar is having a construction boom since the early 2000's and the pace of construction has even increased in the early 2010's after Federation International of Football Association (FIFA) awarded Qatar to host the 2022 World Cup. The preparation for 2022 World Cup and the Qatari governments' plan to upgrade the infrastructure in the country included major transportation projects in the State of Qatar and particularly in the city of Doha and its vicinities. The Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning (MMUP) of Qatar is heavily involved in planning the transportation roadway projects and introducing the concept designs for the implementation agencies in Qatar. MMUP has divided the Doha city and other areas in the State of Qatar into different projects (packages) to cover some of the concerned areas of roadway network system with most of these packages are in the greater Doha area. Packages 1 through 27 were awarded to different consultants to study and introduce concept designs for the roadway network in the City of Doha and other areas in Qatar as part of MMUP's master plan for transportation and infrastructure. In some projects, the geotechnical aspect of had a significant impact on the outcome of some these studies. This impact was related to the efficient design, construction and optimum solution for transportation problems. The studies included geotechnical investigations for roadways and infrastructures, soil and rock testing , subgrade evaluation, groundwater measurements and studies, and geophysical surveying to deduct any karst formations or cavities. All the geotechnical data used in these studies are being included in a national geotechnical database for the State of Qatar. The database will include any geotechnical data available in the entire country particularly in Doha, including Qatar Rail (QR) data for rail lines and metro stations. gINT software is being used to build the database and import it into to a Geographic Information System (GIS) friendly model.
Control de calidad de pavimentos Relevamiento del acceso al puerto de M´Bopicuá
Authors: Gutiérrez Álvaro  , González Juan Pablo  , Belsito Javier  , Oromí Diego
Published: February 2025

El artículo presenta uno de los primeros casos de estudio de control de calidad de pavimentos mediante la utilización de deflectómetro de impacto, georradar y calibración con extracción de testigos realizado por la Facultad de Ingeniería UdelaR. Los ensayos se realizaron en el acceso al puerto de M´Bopicuá, de 6,2 km de longitud. Se muestra como fueron analizados de forma estadística los datos obtenidos a los efectos de evaluar los principales parámetros estructurales del pavimento en cuestión.
Efecto de sistemas de desplazamiento en el comportamiento de pilotes perforados en arenas
Authors: Rosales Osvaldo  , Pinto Federico  , Terceros Mario
Published: February 2025

En este trabajo se evalúa el comportamiento a carga axial de los pilotes construidos in situ utilizando el sistema de perforación a rotación con circulación de lodo bentonítico, sistema de expansión de la punta a través de un elemento de Expander Body y sistema de desplazamiento total del suelo (FDP), mediante la interpretación de los registros de los ensayos de carga axial realizados y el uso de métodos analíticos y modelos numéricos desarrollados mediante elementos finitos. Los datos experimentales fueron obtenidos mediante el uso de strain gauges de cuerda vibrante y cables térmicos para evaluación de la integridad de los pilotes. Previo a la construcción de los pilotes, se realizaron los trabajos de investigación geotécnica mediante 3 sondeos con ensayo SPT, 3 ensayos de CPTu y medición de ondas de corte. El comportamiento de cada uno de los pilotes es evaluado mediante el procesamiento y análisis información experimental, obteniendo: curvas de carga-desplazamiento en la cabeza del pilote, distribución de la carga en profundidad, capacidad de fuste. Los resultados obtenidos durante los ensayos de carga estática (capacidad de carga y curva de carga-desplazamiento) son comparados con resultados obtenidos mediante modelos de elementos finitos. Se realiza una comparación con el objetivo de determinar si el uso de los métodos de diseño comúnmente utilizados en la práctica para pilotes excavados (métodos alfa y beta) e hincados (método de Nordlund para arenas), pueden ser utilizados para determinar la capacidad última de los pilotes construidos mediante sistemas de desplazamiento. Finalmente, se analiza el efecto que poseen los sistemas de expansión y FDP en las propiedades resistentes del suelo y en la capacidad de carga de un pilote frente a los pilotes construidos mediante la perforación convencional con lodo bentonítico.
Estabilización de suelos arcillosos mediante la dosificación de la ceniza del cuesco de la palma africana
Authors: Cotes Leonel E.  , Murillo Carol A.
Published: February 2025

El objetivo de este trabajo, es la utilización de la ceniza del cuesco de la palma africana (CCPA) como una alternativa económica y eficiente a los estabilizadores de suelos tradicionales. Para esto, se analizaron dos tipos de suelos provenientes del departamento de Vichada, Colombia. Los suelos estudiados se caracterizaron en términos de sus propiedades físicas, químicas y mecánicas.
Study of Shallow Foundation Load Transfer on Improved Ground with Compaction Piles
Authors: Amorim Marina  , Gusmão Alexandre  , Coutinho Roberto  , Maia Gilmar
Published: February 2025

In this work, it is studied a foundation technique that has been widely used in the Metropolitan Area of Recife: shallow foundations on improved ground with compaction piles. It is proposed, a model to simulate the improved ground behavior based on plate bearing test results of analyzes carried out directly on the ground, on compaction piles and on the improved ground. To a single pile element, it was possible to obtain the α and β coefficients of the Décourt Method (1996) for compression piles. To the isolate soil, based on the Theory of Elasticity, it was calculated a correlation factor between the Elastic Modulus and the NSPTof the compacted soil. It is proposed, therefore, a formula to simulate the improved soil behavior (compaction piles + soil) curves using patterns to predict the load versus settlements curves for single pile element and pressure versus settlements to the isolated soil.
Effect of Suction on Dynamic Properties of Unsaturated Poorly Graded Sand at Small- to Mid-Shear Strain Amplitudes
Authors: Pino Alejandro  , Hoyos Laureano  , Puppala Anand  , Pedarla Aravind
Published: February 2025

In the last years, efforts have been made to gain a better understanding of partially saturated soil behavior; however, these efforts have not thoroughly covered the dynamic response of partially saturated soils at small- to mid-shear strain amplitudes. Resonant column tests were conducted on poorly graded sand specimens using a device equipped with GCTS SCON-1500 Digital System Controller, a THS-100 model RC cell, PCP-15U model pressure control system, HM-414 model pressure panel, and SR-DF-FO-250 fiber optics deformation sensor. Specimens were subjected to different independent combinations of suctions and net confining pressures. Two types of analysis were performed. In the first case, results in the small-shear strain amplitude range (0.0001%) were studied to assess the influence of increased suction and net mean stress states on the linear shear modulus Gmaxand material damping Dminof soil. In the second case, tests were also conducted at small- to mid-shear strain amplitude levels (0.0001–0.01%) to assess the threshold strain limit γthfor each combination of suction and net confining pressure, and to study the effects of stress states on the rate of degradation of normalized modulus G/Gmaxof soil. A tendency was noticed such that when the suction states were increased the threshold strain tends to decrease. Matric suction was found to generate an apparent effect on the dynamic response of the partially saturated when variations on confinement pressure were applied.
Rapid Assessment Method for Stability and Piping of Mississippi Levees
Authors: Van Meindert  , Sharp Mike  , Vastenburg Erik  , Kanning Wim
Published: February 2025

Rapid assessment methods with respect to piping and slope stability have been applied to 30 miles of Mississippi levees. This paper first gives an overview and comparison of the US and Dutch levee assessment methods for piping and slope stability. US and Dutch assessment methods for levees for slope stability are very similar and give similar results. For piping however, the assessment methods are quite different in approach and in resulted calculated seepage length. Dutch methods require lower safety margins than the US methods, since the Dutch method allows the beginning of sand boils and the US method allows seepage, but seeks to restrict sand particle movements. Subsequently, the Dutch methods are applied with an automated assessment tool, called Dike Strength Analyses Module (DAM), to a Mississippi levee assessment. DAM is a tool for rapid assessment of long stretches of levees. It requires LIDAR (or other altimetry) in combination with a (stochastic) subsurface model to (automatically) generate failure mechanism schematization with various subsoil scenarios and their probabilities of occurrence. The stochastic surface model is based on geological expert knowledge and soil investigation (e.g. CPT, borings) and general geological features. Based on the generated schematization, various failure models of slope stability and piping are assessed. The findings of this assessment are compared with the actual experience in the field and conclusions are presented in this paper.. The results derived from the automated assessment are supported by local experts, even though limited data was used for the assessment.
An Amended Calculation Method for the Additional Stress of High Filling Canals
Authors: Yu Fei  , Yu Jing  , Chen Shanxiong  , Zhang Yu  , Li Jian  , Ojekunle V.O.
Published: February 2025

Analytical design scheme for the calculation for the additional stress which is a prerequisite for the calculation of the settlement of high filling canals were performed using the finite element method to analyzes the distributive features and influencing factors of additional stress of trapezoid filling body. A considerable number of numerical calculations to study the variation law of additional stress of the filling body itself and the foundation along with changes of the slope ratio i, aspect ratio NHand relative depth NZ. were also conducted. To ascertain the reliability of this technique, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was contrastively analyzed using the proposed method suggested. Based on this, an amended calculation methods proposed for additional stress of high filling canals considering the filling body cross configuration. Research findings show that the additional stress P along the axis of the high filling canals' filling body is, in reality, lower than its generally assumed theoretical value γ' H and that the gap between the two values widens in relation to the ever increase of fill height; additional stress correction factor K presents a certain hyperbole relationship with slope ratio i and aspect ratio NHrespectively and a certain exponential relationship with relative depth NZ. The Contrastive and confirmatory analysis show that the proposed method in this paper is reliable.
Costos de los deslizamientos en proyectos de carreteras
Authors: Montero O. Juan
Published: February 2025

En este trabajo se describen las características geológicas dominantes del territorio Andino de Colombia frente a la Amenaza Relativa por Erosión y Movimientos en Masa en su sistema nacional de carreteras; se destacan los costos directos e indirectos por estos procesos y se presenta el origen y evolución de tres casos de deslizamiento en la red vial nacional en el oriente el país.
Crossing of Line H under Line D, Buenos Aires Metro. Logistical challenges, construction and design
Authors: Laiun Jorge Gabriel  , Zielonka Ezequiel Alejandro  , Sfriso Alejo Oscar
Published: February 2025

The Metro Line H in Buenos Aires, Argentina runs North-South, at the west side of the city's downtown area. The northbound extension of the line started in 2011 using conventional tunnelling methods and is close to completion. Two kilometers of tunnels and three cavern stations, namely Córdoba, Santa Fe y Las Heras stations, were excavated in stiff cemented silts and clays. Close to Santa Fe Station, the tunnel crossed two simple underground tunnels belonging to Line D. These tunnels remained operational and were not interrupted by the construction of the new tunnel, albeit the fact that the new tunnel is in direct contact with the foundations of the side walls of the old tunnel, and that it had no structural invert. In this paper, some design aspects, the logistics and construction issues of the project are described.
Análisis por desempeño de excavaciones en suelos tobáceos
Authors: Mayoral Juan Manuel  , Vital Damián
Published: February 2025

El análisis de excavaciones realizadas en ciudades densamente pobladas como la ciudad de México, requiere de la utilización de herramientas que modelen adecuadamente tanto el comportamiento de los geo-materiales que constituyen el suelo, como las diferentes geometrías y procesos constructivos, para determinar de forma precisa los asentamientos y deformaciones en la excavación que puedan generar desplazamientos en estructuras colindantes. En este artículo se realiza un análisis por desempeño de una excavación típica llevada a cabo en la zona poniente del Distrito Federal, el cual utiliza una nueva metodología para revisar los estados límites de falla y de servicio de forma simultánea. El caso estudio corresponde a una excavación de 8.5 m de profundidad, con sistema de contención a base de pilas y concreto lanzado. Los modelos de diferencias finitas fueron desarrollados con el software FLAC3D. Se realizó un análisis paramétrico para identificar los parámetros tanto de resistencia como geométricos que rigen el comportamiento de excavaciones en suelos duros para definir ayudas de diseño que sean de utilidad para el ingeniero de la práctica.
Utilizing Lightweight Material in Reinforced Earth Walls
Authors: Mirmirani Shahriar  , Wu Peter  , Calatrava Daniel
Published: February 2025

The Reinforced Earth wall is a gravity wall which is comprised of three major components: backfill, wall facing and soil reinforcements. In this paper we discuss the reasons of choosing lightweight material for Reinforced Earth walls components and the impact on various applications in detail. This subject is discussed in different aspects such as technical and economy.
Stability of Supported Vertical Cuts in Granular Soils against Deep Failure
Authors: Veiskarami Mehdi  , Fadaie Sina
Published: February 2025

Stability of a supported excavation in granular soils such as sand or gravel against deep failure has been investigated. Following early studies of Terzaghi [1], the deep failure is often modelled by the theories governing the bearing capacity. This failure may be much more worth being studied when a seepage flow exists towards the excavation which increases the effective weight of the unstable mass of soil and decreases the mobilized resisting force. Following the recent work of Veiskarami and zanj [2], a procedure has been proposed to analyze the stability of such vertical cuts against deep failure.
Sistema Contra Caída de Rocas para la Gestión de Riesgos
Authors: Aranda Carlos  , Torres César
Published: February 2025

El presente artículo ha sido elaborado con la finalidad de identificar eventos potencialmente peligrosos para tratarlos de manera eficiente en base a procesos establecidos por la Gestión de Riesgos e implementado en un proyecto en una planta hidroeléctrica en Perú.
Multivariable regression of thermal conductivity in rocks
Authors: Jong Jeong Yeon  , Sup Yun Tae  , Yeom Kim Kwang
Published: February 2025

This study introduces multivariable regression of thermal conductivity based on statistical correlation with geophysical properties of rocks which are compressional wave velocity, shear wave velocity, density, porosity, and mineral compositions (quartz contents, plagioclase contents, feldspar contents, and hornblende contents). Collected 42 rocks in South Korea, which are composed of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, are subjected to laboratory experimental measurement of compressional and shear wave velocities, density, porosity and mineralogy. Considered geophysical properties are evaluated based on the assessments of Multivariable Linear Regression (MLR) analysis and coefficient of determination (R2) values. Among variables that are inter-correlated and dependent under consideration, the compressional wave velocity is statistically meaning and governing properties to estimate thermal conductivity. The Artificial Neural Network is additionally implemented to achieve the accurate prediction with varying the number of hidden layers and neurons.
Geomechanical Behaviors of Hydrate-Bearing Sediments in the Ulleung Basin
Authors: Kim Ah-Ram  , Cho Gye-Chun  , Kim Se-Joon  , Lee Joo-Yong
Published: February 2025

A possibility of methane hydrate presence in the Ulleung Basin of the Korean East Sea was suggested by Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources early 2000s. A pilot production project is being planned as the world's second offshore hydrate production project. The water depth of the Ulleung Basin is 1500–2300 m; however, the hydrate occurrence zone is detected at relatively shallow depth (about 100–200 mbsf) for gas hydrate production. Moreover, the basin sediments exhibit high porosity, high compressibility and low permeability through the core samples and logging data. Therefore, there is high risk of geomechanical stability problems such as marine landslides, seafloor subsidence, and wellbore instability. In this study, the numerical modeling using the finite difference method is conducted to simulate methane hydrate production from the Ulleung Basin by depressurization method. The coupled mechanical-flow-thermal model incorporates the processes of hydrate dissociation, pore fluid flow, thermal advection, and geomechanical behaviors of hydrate-bearing sediments. The results indicate firstly the spatial distribution of the pore pressure and hydrate saturation, and secondly the volumetric strain in the area of the well head, and finally the degree of subsidence at seafloor during the production period (14 days).
Uso da Lei Empírica Potencial de Fluência na Análise Bidimensional de Cavernas para Armazenamento de Gás
Authors: Pabón Ruiz J.  , Assis A.P.  , Cordão Neto M.P.
Published: February 2025

This paper studies the convergence of a cavern excavated in rock salt layers in different conditions of internal pressure and temperature. The creep law used is the power law model, taken as multiple regression to obtain the parameters of the equation given by Lomenick (1971). Conclusions can be drawn after creep numerical analysis of eleven different configurations. The temperature affects linearly the cavern convergence and the internal pressure influence is parabolic, with difficult adjustment to a single equation.
Role of Reservoir Geomechanics in the Integrity of Oil Wells – Part I
Authors: Lautenschläger Carlos Emmanuel Ribeiro  , Righetto Guilherme Lima  , Inoue Nelson  , da Fontoura Sergio Augusto Barreto
Published: February 2025

This paper is the first part of a work that deals with the role of reservoir geomechanics in the assessment of the well's casing behavior. Evaluation of multi-scale problems requires efforts of joining robust fluid-mechanical techniques with a smart global-local modeling approach. This paper presents a fluid-mechanical coupling methodology developed to evaluate the global model, in reservoir scale, employing difference and finite element methods. In order to transfer the geomechanical effects from reservoir to well scale, a multi-scale management program was also developed, following a reasonable multi-scale workflow. Theoretical aspects of these developments are presented in this paper, and applications can be found in the part II of this work.
Relación entre la permeabilidad insitu y la calidad del macizo rocoso
Authors: Aliaga Robles Paul Johan
Published: February 2025

Se basa en 96 pruebas de permeabilidad de campo que se realizaron en tres proyectos diferentes de los cuales se tomaron los valores de RMR básico en núcleos de roca y a partir de esto se realizó una correlación entre ambos para encontrar la relación de dependencia, presentando así una corrección que resume esta relación.
Stakeholders in academic publishing: text and data mining perspective and potential
Authors: Eskevich Maria
Published: February 2025

In this paper we discuss the concept of open access in academic publishing with the focus on the right to mine the data once the right to read is granted. Thus we envisage the roles and types of the stakeholders in academic publishing from the perspective of the potential text and data mining (TDM) applications. Further on, we briefly introduce FutureTDM project that aims to improve TDM uptake in Europe.
Performance review and safety evaluation of the Botonega Reservoire and Dam
Authors: Matešić L.  , Kvasnička P.
Published: February 2025

The Botonega Dam built in the Istria peninsula in the Adriatic Sea is intended to control flood water waves from watercourses upstream and to regulate downstream watercourses of the Botonega and Mirna Rivers. Due to increasing demand for water supply, especially during summer, intention of the local authorities is to expand its function as a reservoir and supply water to the Butoniga Buzet Istrian Water–Supply System. In order to reconstruct previous consolidation process and to predict future ones, a numerical model was worked out. In the paper, analyses of settlements and stability analyses are presented. Settlement values obtained by computing and geodetic monitoring correspond well. Stability analyses proved that the Botonega dam will be able to satisfy the criteria for its future use as a multi purpose construction.
Grouting consumption assessment
Authors: Muhovec I.  , Ivanković T.
Published: February 2025

Computational balance of the grouting consumption in the early design stage (presented in the article) is based on the combination of the theoretical, empirical and speculative categories. It is presumed that the grouting mass will fill in part of the free and washed out voids and cavities within the treated soil/rock volume (efficient consumption) while the other part of the grouting mass will pour out of this volume (lost consumption).
Behavior of dry and saturated soils under impact load during dynamic compaction
Authors: Pak A.  , Shahir H.  , Ghassemi A.
Published: February 2025

Dynamic compaction is a widely used soil improvement method in dry and/or saturated soils. Despite its vast application, its design basis is still empirical and the mechanisms that are involved in the procedure are not fully understood. A fully coupled dynamic finite element code has been developed in order to clarify the ambiguities in the process and predict the strain/displacement field in the ground, determine depth and degree of improvement, and also calculate the pore pressure variation during the process. This model can be used as a rational design tool for dynamic compaction projects.
Development of aseismic abutment with geogrid-reinforced cement-treated backfills
Authors: Aoki H.  , Yonezawa T.  , Tateyama M.  , Shinoda M.  , Watanabe K.
Published: February 2025

This paper describes a new type of bridge abutment with geogrid-reinforced cement treated backfill. The practical design procedure was also described with separately considering the abutment itself and reinforced section by using static nonlinear analysis. To validate the seismic performance of the proposed abutment with geogrid-reinforced cement treated backfill, a lateral load was applied to an actual proposed abutment in the field. Filed test results showed that the lateral movement of the rigid facing was a remarkably small and can be validated the high seismic performance of the proposed bridge abutment.
Parametric study of reinforced earth wall deformations
Authors: Stanić B.  , Kovačević M.S.  , Szavits-Nossan A.
Published: February 2025

The paper presents results of an extensive parametric study on deformations and internal forces developing in reinforced soil walls consisting of gabion basket facing units keyed into the backfill of crushed rocks by wire meshes. The parameters studied covered the wall geometry and the mechanical characteristics of wall elements. Deformations and internal forces were obtained by numerical modelling with material parameters determined from field measurements on constructed walls.
A simplified procedure to evaluate earthquake-induced displacement of gravity type retaining walls
Authors: Koseki J.
Published: February 2025

Based on model test results, a simplified procedure is proposed to evaluate the earthquake-induced displacement of gravity type retaining walls. Formation of failure plane in the backfill soil is evaluated based on sliding and overturning displacements of the wall due to accumulation of residual shear deformations of subsoil. After the formation of failure plane, the wall displacements are computed by using the Newmark's sliding block method. The effect of strain softening in the backfill is considered in evaluating the threshold acceleration and the threshold overturning moment to be employed in the Newmark's method. Reasonable agreements are obtained between the results from the model tests and the simulation by using the proposed method.
Extraction of geothermal energy from tunnels
Authors: Markiewicz R.  , Adam D.  , Hofinger J.  , Unterberger W.
Published: February 2025

Foundation elements such as bored piles and diaphragm walls as well as tunnel linings can be used as absorber elements for ground heat use. Absorber tubes are placed inside the concrete elements and a cooling / heating fluid is circulated through the system. Practical applications have been constructed in Austria, most recently at the new metro line U2 of the Vienna metro system.
Some geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Urmia Lake deposits
Authors: Badv K.
Published: February 2025

Some geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of selected soil samples, exhumed from the Urmia Lake deposits by drilling, were studied. The geotechnical investigation at the Urmia Lake bridge site, were conducted from December 2002 to September 2003. Four boreholes were drilled up to 100 meters from the lakebed, and the exhumed soil samples were tested for soil mechanical and geotechnical characteristics. Fifteen core samples from two boreholes were selected and their pore water was squeezed using the pneumatic soil pore water squeeze apparatus. The squeezed pore water samples were analyzed for chloride, sodium, and calcium concentrations, and pH, salinity and electrical conductivity. The Urmia Lake water was sampled and tested for the same parameters. The resulted values from the lake water and boreholes pore water samples were plotted against bore holes depth. The resulted chloride and sodium concentration profiles were almost uniform against soil depth, but the calcium concentrations showed a gradual increase against boreholes depth. The pH, salinity and electrical conductivity values in the pore water samples were almost uniform against boreholes depth. The pore water values in the lake bed deposits were consistent with the lake water values for the same chemical parameters. This is believed to be due to the long term sedimentation and diffusion in a saline environment.
Earthwork quality control using soil stiffness
Authors: Edil T.  , Sawangsuriya A.
Published: February 2025

The quality of the engineered earthwork depends on the suitability and compaction of the materials used. Earthwork compaction acceptance criteria typically are based on adequate dry density achieved through proper moisture content and compaction energy. This paper presents the implementation of a non-destructive testing device called the soil stiffness gauge (SSG) for construction quality and design parameter control of earthwork.
Penetration resistance and the bearing capacity of small-diameter steel piles
Authors: Vestberg H.G.  , Mann G.  , Holtz R.D.
Published: February 2025

The objective of this study was to develop an improved relationship between the penetration resistance of small diameter steel pipe piles and their ultimate bearing capacity. Static loading tests were conducted to failure on four 50-mm diameter pipe piles that were driven with a 43 kg jack hammer to four different penetration resistances.The loads and the ultimate bearing capacities interpreted from the jack pressure gauge were 0 to 15 % higher than the capacities interpreted from load cell measurements. The tangent-line method gave loads that were more conservative than those obtained with Davisson method.In the Seattle area, the current permissible load without performing a load test is 18 kN for 50-mm pipe piles continuously driven to a penetration resistance of 25 mm per 1 min with a 43 kg jack hammer. This value was found to be very conservative. Based on our test results, the ultimate observed plunging load was about five to ten times greater than 18 kN. Other interpretation methods also gave significantly higher values.
Influence of loading rate on the bearing capacity of piles in sand
Authors: Huy N.Q.  , Dijkstra J.  , van Tol A.F.  , Hölscher P.
Published: February 2025

Laboratory experiments have been performed to study the rate effect on sandy soil in order to improve the application of quasi-static pile load tests. Firstly, remolded Itter-beck sand specimens are statically and dynamically tested in hydraulic triaxial apparatus. The rate effect on stress – strain behavior and strength of the sand are examined. Secondly, model piles (scale 1:10) are tested in a large calibrated sand chamber with several loading rates. The rate effect on point resistance and shaft resistance of the model pile is point out. Both tests will be performed in dry and saturated soil condition but, up to now, only the tests on dry condition were done at this moment. Results from triaxial tests clearly show the rate effect on shear strength parameter and slightly on the stress – strain behavior of the sand. The magnitude of rate effect depends on the relative density of sand specimen. Results from model pile tests show slight rate effect on the pile resistance.
ISC'2 experimental site – prediction & performance of instrumented axially loaded piles
Authors: Santos J.A.  , Duarte R.J. Leal  , Viana da Fonseca A.  , da Costa Esteves E.F.M.
Published: February 2025

This paper is part of a joint research project to study the behaviour of piles in residual soil. An experimental test site on residual (saprolitic) soil from granite was constructed at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto. A very extensive site characterization has been held, including a large variety of in situ tests in order to develop an International Prediction Event (Class A) of Bored, CFA and Driven Piles. Researchers and designers were invited to deal with this investigation results in order to predict the real response of the pile foundations. Several in-situ testing techniques were used – Penetration tests: SPT and CPTU; Pressure-dilatometer tests: PMT and DMT; Seismic: Cross-Hole (CH) and Down-Hole (DH). Undisturbed samples were recovered and an extensive laboratory-testing program was carried out, including oedometric consolidation tests, CK0D triaxial tests using local strain measuring devices and bender-extender elements, as well as resonant column tests. This paper focuses on the axial pile load tests and a analysis of the predictions is presented.
Landslide rehabilitation with geosynthetics in the open coal mine Oslomej-West
Authors: Dimitrievski Lj.  , Ilievska F.  , Ilievski D.
Published: February 2025

In November 2002 soil stability was violated and landslides were registered in the open coal mine Oslomej-West, Republic of Macedonia. Around the profile IV, the existing open irrigation canal was cut off and landslide extended to the regional road R421 Kichevo-Oslomej. The landslide was classified as being big and hazardous, including the danger of discontinuing the regional road as well as the pipeline Studenchica-Oslomej for utilitywater supply to the thermal power plant Oslomej.
Assessment of global landslide hazard and risk hotspots
Authors: Nadim Farrokh  , Kjekstad Oddvar  , Peduzzi Pascal
Published: February 2025

Allocating resources for natural hazard risk management is of high priority among the development banks and international agencies working in developing countries. The paper presents the results of a study on global landslide hazard and risk mapping. The main objective of the study was to identify the countries and areas that are most exposed to risk from landslides. This involved a first-order, databased identification of geographic areas that form the global landslide risk disaster hotspots, with main emphasis on developing countries. The probability of landslide occurrence was estimated from modelling of physical processes combined with statistics from past experience. The main input data used in the landslide hazard assessment were topography and slope angles, extreme monthly precipitation, seismic activity, soil type, and hydrological condition.
Geotechnical characteristics of Japanese castle masonry wall and mechanical analysis for its preservation
Authors: Nishida K.  , Tamano T.  , Morimoto H.  , Shrestha B.
Published: February 2025

This paper initially presents the various geotechnical characteristics of stability in the Osaka Castle masonry wall and later, the field mechanical analysis by measurement of masonry wall shape and strain of the Marugame Castle masonry wall.
Strengthening the foundations of the main building of Tartu University, Estonia
Authors: Avellan K.
Published: February 2025

Strengthening the foundations of the Tartu University main building was done in 1995–1996. The work covered the central part of the building and was done by method of underpinning, using jacked steel tube piles. Strengthening work and archaeological diggings were carried out side by side during the project.
Thaw penetration, thaw weakening and permanent deformations on pavements
Authors: Saarelainen S.
Published: February 2025

Aspects on evaluation of pavement deformations due to and during thaw weakening are described and discussed. At first, thaw penetration is estimated according to the local surface temperature conditions. The development of pavement surface modulus is estimated considering the lowered stiffness of thawed pavement layers as well as the thickness and modulus of thawed subgrade. Permanent deformations in the thawed subgrade, causing rutting can be then estimated applying a subgrade rutting model.
Recommended design thermal and mechanical properties for frost insulation materials in Finland
Authors: Saarelainen S.
Published: February 2025

The recommended design values of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties are presented for most common frost insulation products applied, for instance in Finland. The thermal conductivity is a product characteristic affected by moistening. The design value should always be determined as frozen. The earth structure should be so designed that the mechanical strength of the product is high enough compared to the induced stresses, and that the permanent deformations are admissible.
Viscous behaviour of air-dried sand in model loading tests of strip footing
Authors: Hirakawa D.  , Tatsuoka F.  , Siddiquee M.S.A.
Published: February 2025

A series of laboratory model tests of a surface strip footing on air-dried sand was performed to evaluate the effects of the material viscosity of sand on the residual displacement characteristics of footing. The viscous deformation properties in the model tests were quantified in the framework of a non-linear three-component rheology model and compared with those from laboratory stress-strain tests. The following conclusions can be derived from the test results in this study; 1) significant effects of the material viscosity of the sand were observed on the footing pressure and footing settlement relation when the footing settlement rate was changed stepwise and sustained loading and load-relaxation tests were performed during otherwise monotonic loading tests on a model footing on air-dried sand. 2) the material viscous property of the model ground was quantified in terms of the rate-sensitivity coefficient, β, defined in the framework of a non-linear three-component model not as the Newtonian viscosity.
Anisotropic stiffness parameters for cross anisotropy of Kaolinite clay
Authors: Piriyakul K.  , Haegeman W.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the basic anisotropic small strain behaviour of a Kaolinite clay. Kaolinite clay is selected to perform anisotropic triaxial tests in order to prove the capability of the testing equipment to determine the five elastic parameters for the cross anisotropic model. These parameters are obtained by merging the small strain results and bender element data. This paper describes in full detail the test set-up and measurement capabilities, shows the test results and experimental investigation on the mechanical behaviour of Kaolinite clay. The Kaolinite clay sample is reconstituted in the standard proctor test and installed into the stress path cell. The sample is consolidated under K0condition where no lateral deformation occurs. Then it is sheared with Multiple Mini Stress Path Excursions (MMSPE) in order to investigate its mechanical properties at the very small strains. Using local strain sensors mounted on the sample, the stiffness parameters are more accurately obtained. In this research, multi-directional bender elements are also applied offering possibility to measure shear wave velocities in both vertical and horizontal directions. This shear wave velocity has a direct relation to the shear modulus in elastic continuum media. By the virtue of fact that in these tests shear waves are propagating in vertical and horizontal directions, the results of shear moduli in those directions are calculated. Combing these data with the MMSPE results, five elastic parameters for the cross-anisotropic elasticity model are established.
Effects of initial static shear stress and principal stress reversal on cyclic and post-cyclic undrained shear of sand
Authors: Yasuhara K.  , Murakami S.  , Komine H.  , Unno T.
Published: February 2025

This study describes the influences of initial static shear stress (ISSS) and principal stress reversal on cyclic and post-cyclic deformation characteristics in triaxial compression and extension tests on medium-loose Toyoura sand. Results from post-cyclic monotonic triaxial tests on specimens with and without ISSS showed that that the post-cyclic stiffness of anisotropically consolidated specimens with an ISSS increased in compression, but decreased in the case of post-cyclic extension loading. On the other hand, the post-cyclic stiffness of specimens subjected to ISSS in the extension domain decreased during cyclic loading in compression and increased in extension.
Cross anisotropic stiffness properties of soils via crosshole seismic wave measurements
Authors: Hiltunen Dennis R.  , Choi Yeonseok
Published: February 2025

Particulate materials such as soils are inherently anisotropic with respect to stiffness and strength properties. Anisotropic mechanical properties are not routinely assessed, yet differences in material properties can influence design-based calculations. The paper presents a methodology for assessing anisotropic shear properties of particulate materials. The method is based upon the measurement of seismic shear wave velocities via improved and extended crosshole testing techniques. Measurements completed at two test sites demonstrate ability of the methodology to assess anisotropic shear modulus of particulate materials.
Effects of soil suction on dilatancy of an unsaturated soil
Authors: Ng C.W.W.  , Zhou R.Z.B.
Published: February 2025

There has been a growing interest in studying and modelling unsaturated soil behaviour over the last 15 years. It is generally believed that soil suction affects dilatancy of unsaturated soils and some suction-dependant dilatancy relationships are assumed in many flow rules of existing elasto-plastic models. However, limited laboratory data reported in literature explicitly illustrate how suction affects dilatancy of an unsaturated soil during shear. In this paper, a series of laboratory tests on a compacted completely decomposed granite (CDG) were carried out in a suction-controlled direct shear box. Five suctions varying from 0 to 400 kPa were considered. Each specimen was wetted to close to its full saturation and then dried to a pre-determined soil suction before shear. During shear, each specimen was subjected to a constant net vertical stress and suction. Effects of soil suction on the evolution of dilatancy, stress dilatancy relationship and maximum dilatancy are presented and discussed in this paper.
Yielding and stress-strain relationships for Bogotá clays
Authors: Rodriguez Jorge Alberto
Published: February 2025

Drained triaxial test results following load, unload and extension stress paths, as well as isotropic and Ko consolidation are used to identify the behavior of soft Bogotá clays. The intact drained strength and the critical state (CS) strength were obtained from the tests, as well as the volumetric compressibility, yielding and void ratio behavior at the critical state. The data is consistent with other natural clays reported in the literature, and provides the basis for a better understanding of the behavior of these soils for special projects in the city.