bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compromised Neurocircuitry in Chronic Blast‐Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Yeh Ping‐Hong , Guan Koay Cheng , Wang Binquan , Morissette John , Sham Elyssa , Senseney Justin , Joy David , Kubli Alex , Yeh Chen‐Haur , Eskay Victora , Liu Wei , French Louis M. , Oakes Terrence R. , Riedy Gerard , Ollinger John
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to apply recently developed automated fiber segmentation and quantification methods using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and DTI‐based deterministic and probabilistic tractography to access local and global diffusion changes in blast‐induced mild traumatic brain injury (bmTBI). Two hundred and two (202) male active US service members who reported persistent post‐concussion symptoms for more than 6 months after injury were recruited. An additional forty (40) male military controls were included for comparison. DTI results were examined in relation to post‐concussion and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. No significant group difference in DTI metrics was found using voxel‐wise analysis. However, group comparison using tract profile analysis and tract specific analysis, as well as single subject analysis using tract profile analysis revealed the most prominent white matter microstructural injury in chronic bmTBI patients over the frontal fiber tracts, that is, the front‐limbic projection fibers (cingulum bundle, uncinate fasciculus), the fronto‐parieto‐temporal association fibers (superior longitudinal fasciculus), and the fronto‐striatal pathways (anterior thalamic radiation). Effects were noted to be sensitive to the number of previous blast exposures, with a negative association between fractional anisotropy (FA) and time since most severe blast exposure in a subset of the multiple blast‐exposed group. However, these patterns were not observed in the subgroups classified using macrostructural changes (T2 white matter hyperintensities). Moreover, post‐concussion symptoms and PTSD symptoms, as well as neuropsychological function were associated with low FA in the major nodes of compromised neurocircuitry. Hum Brain Mapp 38:352–369, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Temporal Instability of Resting State Network Connectivity in Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Robinson Lucy F. , He Xiaosong , Barnett Paul , Doucet Gaёlle E. , Sperling Michael R. , Sharan Ashwini , Tracy Joseph I.
Published: September 2016

Objective

Focal epilepsies, such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), are known to disrupt network activity in areas outside the epileptogenic zone [Tracy et al., 2015]. We devised a measure of temporal instability of resting state functional connectivity (FC), capturing temporal variations of BOLD correlations between brain regions that is less confounded than the “sliding window” approach common in the literature.

Methods

We investigated healthy controls and unilateral TLE patients (right and left seizure focus groups), utilizing group ICA to identify the default mode network (DMN), a network associated with episodic memory, a key cognitive deficit in TLE. Our instability analyses focused on: (1) connectivity between DMN region pairs, both within and between TLE patients and matched controls, (2) whole brain group differences between region pairs ipsilateral or contralateral to the epileptogenic temporal lobe.

Results

For both the whole brain and a more focused analysis of DMN region pairs, temporal stability appears to characterize the healthy brain. The TLE patients displayed more FC instability compared to controls, with this instability more pronounced for the right TLE patients.

Significance

Our findings challenge the view that the resting state signal is stable over time, providing a measure of signal coherence change that may generate insights into the temporal components of network organization. The precuneus was the region within the DMN consistently expressing this instability, suggesting this region plays a key role in large scale temporal dynamics of the DMN, with such dynamics disrupted in TLE, putting key cognitive functions at risk.Hum Brain Mapp 38:528–540, 2017. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracellular vesicles in liver pathobiology: Small particles with big impact
Authors: Hirsova Petra , Ibrahim Samar H. , Verma Vikas K. , Morton Leslie A. , Shah Vijay H. , LaRusso Nicholas F. , Gores Gregory J. , Malhi Harmeet
Published: September 2016

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer‐sized, membrane‐bound vesicles released by cells into the extracellular milieu. EVs are now recognized to play a critical role in cell‐to‐cell communication. EVs contain important cargo in the form of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and serve as vectors for delivering this cargo from donor to acceptor or target cell. EVs are released under both physiologic and pathologic conditions, including liver diseases, and exert a wide range of effects on target cells. This review provides an overview on EV biogenesis, secretion, cargo, and target cell interactions in the context of select liver diseases. Specifically, the diverse roles of EVs in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholangiopathies, and hepatobiliary malignancies are emphasized. Liver diseases often result in an increased release of EVs and/or in different cargo sorting into these EVs. Either of these alterations can drive disease pathogenesis. Given this fact, EVs represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention in liver disorders. Because altered EV composition may reflect the underlying disease condition, circulating EVs can be exploited for diagnostic and prognostic purposes as a liquid biopsy. Furthermore, ex vivo modified or synthesized EVs can be engineered as therapeutic nano‐shuttles. Finally, we highlight areas that merit further investigation relevant to understanding how EVs regulate liver disease pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2016;64:2219‐2233).
DNA methylation changes measured in pre‐diagnostic peripheral blood samples are associated with smoking and lung cancer risk
Authors: Baglietto Laura , Ponzi Erica , Haycock Philip , Hodge Allison , Bianca Assumma Manuela , Jung Chol‐Hee , Chung Jessica , Fasanelli Francesca , Guida Florence , Campanella Gianluca , Chadeau‐Hyam Marc , Grankvist Kjell , Johansson Mikael , Ala Ugo , Provero Paolo , Wong Ee Ming , Joo Jihoon , English Dallas R. , Kazmi Nabila , Lund Eiliv , Faltus Christian , Kaaks Rudolf , Risch Angela , Barrdahl Myrto , Sandanger Torkjel M. , Southey Melissa C. , Giles Graham G. , Johansson Mattias , Vineis Paolo , Polidoro Silvia , Relton Caroline L. , Severi Gianluca
Published: September 2016

DNA methylation changes are associated with cigarette smoking. We used the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 array to determine whether methylation in DNA from pre‐diagnostic, peripheral blood samples is associated with lung cancer risk. We used a case‐control study nested within the EPIC‐Italy cohort and a study within the MCCS cohort as discovery sets (a total of 552 case‐control pairs). We validated the top signals in 429 case‐control pairs from another 3 studies. We identified six CpGs for which hypomethylation was associated with lung cancer risk: cg05575921 in the AHRR gene (p‐valuepooled = 4 × 10−17), cg03636183 in the F2RL3 gene (p‐valuepooled = 2 × 10 − 13), cg21566642 and cg05951221 in 2q37.1 (p‐valuepooled = 7 × 10−16 and 1 × 10−11 respectively), cg06126421 in 6p21.33 (p‐valuepooled = 2 × 10−15) and cg23387569 in 12q14.1 (p‐valuepooled = 5 × 10−7). For cg05951221 and cg23387569 the strength of association was virtually identical in never and current smokers. For all these CpGs except for cg23387569, the methylation levels were different across smoking categories in controls (p‐valuesheterogeneity ≤ 1.8 x10 − 7), were lowest for current smokers and increased with time since quitting for former smokers. We observed a gain in discrimination between cases and controls measured by the area under the ROC curve of at least 8% (p‐values ≥ 0.003) in former smokers by adding methylation at the 6 CpGs into risk prediction models including smoking status and number of pack‐years. Our findings provide convincing evidence that smoking and possibly other factors lead to DNA methylation changes measurable in peripheral blood that may improve prediction of lung cancer risk.
Childhood cancer survival in Switzerland (1976–2013): Time‐trends and predictors
Authors: Schindler Matthias , Belle Fabiën N. , Grotzer Michael A. , von der Weid Nicolas X. , Kuehni Claudia E. ,   for the Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group (SPOG)
Published: September 2016

Population‐based studies on childhood cancer survival are key to monitor progress against cancer and to detect potential differences between regions and other subgroups in the population. We investigated time trends and factors associated with childhood cancer survival on a national level in Switzerland, from 1976 to 2013. We extracted data from the population‐based Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry of 5,776 children (age 0–14 years) diagnosed with cancer from 1985 to 2014 in Switzerland. We calculated age‐adjusted 5‐year survival, defined the annual reduction in risk of death (ARR), and explored associations of survival with clinical and demographic factors. Overall, 5‐year survival improved significantly, from 64% in 1976–1983 to 88% in 2004–2013. ARR over the whole period was 4% for all diagnostic groups, greatest for Hodgkin lymphomas (8%), ependymomas (6%), Burkitt's lymphomas (6%) and germ cell tumours (6%). Children treated in hospitals without specialised paediatric cancer centre for leukaemia (HR 12.9), lymphoma (HR 5.0) and neuroblastoma (HR 3.7) were at higher risk of death. In French‐speaking Switzerland, risk of death was lower for lymphoma (HR 0.6), CNS tumours (HR 0.7) and neuroblastoma (HR 0.5). Children with migration background had a higher risk of death from all tumours except bone tumours. Childhood cancer survival significantly improved from 1976 to 2013, but there is room for further improvement. Survival rates varied by type of clinical treatment, language region and nationality. All paediatric cancer patients should be referred to a specialised paediatric cancer centre. Further research is needed to intervene and completely eliminate inequalities in survival.
Drying based on temperature‐detection‐assisted control in microwave‐assisted pulse‐spouted vacuum drying
Authors: Cao Xiaohuang , Zhang Min , Qian He , Mujumdar Arun S
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

An online temperature‐detection‐assisted control system of microwave‐assisted pulse‐spouted vacuum drying was newly developed. By using this system, temperature control can be automatically and continuously adjusted based on the detection of drying temperature and preset temperature. Various strategies for constant temperature control, linear temperature control and three‐step temperature control were applied to drying carrot cubes. Drying kinetics and the quality of various temperature‐controlled strategies online are evaluated for the new drying technology as well as its suitability as an alternative drying method.

RESULTS

Drying time in 70 °C mode 1 had the shortest drying time and lowest energy consumption in all modes. A suitable colour, highest re‐hydration ratio and fracture‐hardness, and longest drying time occurred in 30‐40‐50 °C mode 3. The number of hot spots was reduced in 40‐50‐60 °C mode 3. Acceptable carrot snacks were obtained in 50‐60‐70 °C mode 3 and 70 °C mode 2. All temperature curves showed that the actual temperatures followed the preset temperatures appropriately.

CONCLUSIONS

With this system, a linear temperature‐controlled strategy and a three‐step temperature‐controlled strategy can improve product quality and heating non‐uniformity compared to constant temperature control, but need greater energy consumption and longer drying time. A temperature‐detection‐assisted control system was developed for providing various drying strategies as a suitable alternative in making a snack product. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Progress and development of analytical methods for gibberellins
Authors: Pan Chaozhi , Tan Swee Ngin , Yong Jean Wan Hong , Ge Liya
Published: September 2016

Gibberellins, as a group of phytohormones, exhibit a wide variety of bio‐functions within plant growth and development, which have been used to increase crop yields. Many analytical procedures, therefore, have been developed for the determination of the types and levels of endogenous and exogenous gibberellins. As plant tissues contain gibberellins in trace amounts (usually at the level of nanogram per gram fresh weight or even lower), the sample pre‐treatment steps (extraction, pre‐concentration, and purification) for gibberellins are reviewed in details. The primary focus of this comprehensive review is on the various analytical methods designed to meet the requirements for gibberellins analyses in complex matrices with particular emphasis on high‐throughput analytical methods, such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis, mostly combined with mass spectrometry. The advantages and drawbacks of the each described analytical method are discussed. The overall aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and critical view on the different analytical methods nowadays employed to analyze gibberellins in complex sample matrices and their foreseeable trends.
Economies of small: How a single‐journal publisher remains independent and grows
Authors: Holmes Edith
Published: September 2016

Key points

Delivering focused and relevant content that researchers find valuable creates and sustains a dedicated and loyal audience.

Partnerships expand the Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT)’s audience and reach and enable growth.

Introducing innovations at the right time is key – neither too soon nor too late.

Investing in specific initiatives developed through strategic planning moves JOSPT forward.
Elucidating the Molecular Processes for Creating Large or Bimodal Soft Nanoparticles from Block Copolymers via Blending
Authors: Ye Xianggui , Khomami Bamin
Published: September 2016

By simply blending two diblock copolymers with the same chemistry but with different compositions one is able to create well‐defined larger soft ­nanoparticles as well as bimodal soft nanoparticles. Specifically, blending two diblock copolymers in a solvent good for both blocks followed by a gradual introduction of a non‐solvent results in a mixed micelle, larger than their pure block‐copolymer‐forming micelles. The formation of well‐defined larger micelle is due to the balance between the ability of the mixed micelles to assemble or merge in comparison to their pure diblock copolymer micelles. Evidently, the blending ratio, the mixing protocol, and non‐solvent addition rate are crucial to achieving well‐defined larger or bimodal micelles.

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Matrix valued adaptive cross approximation
Authors: Rjasanow S. , Weggler L.
Published: September 2016

A new variant of the Adaptive Cross Approximation (ACA) for approximation of dense block matrices is presented. This algorithm can be applied to matrices arising from the Boundary Element Methods (BEM) for elliptic or Maxwell systems of partial differential equations. The usual interpolation property of the ACA is generalised for the matrix valued case. Some numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of the new method. The main example will be the electromagnetic scattering problem, that is, the exterior boundary value problem for the Maxwell system. Here, we will show that the matrix valued ACA method works well for high order BEM, and the corresponding high rate of convergence is preserved. Another example shows the efficiency of the new method in comparison with the standard technique, whilst approximating the smoothed version of the matrix valued fundamental solution of the time harmonic Maxwell system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of dynamic failure of the discrete chain structure with non‐local interactions
Authors: Gorbushin Nikolai , Mishuris Gennady
Published: September 2016

In the present work, the steady‐state crack propagation in a chain of oscillators with non‐local interactions is considered. The interactions are modelled as linear springs, while the crack is presented by the absence of extra springs. The problem is reduced to the Wiener‐Hopf type, and solution is presented in terms of the inverse Fourier transform. It is shown that the non‐local interactions may change the structure of the solution well known from the classical local interactions formulation. In particular, it may change the range of the region of stable crack motion. The conclusions of the analysis are supported by numerical results. Namely, the observed phenomenon is partially clarified by evaluation of the structure profiles on the crack line ahead. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genistein and delphinidin antagonize the genotoxic effects of the mycotoxin alternariol in human colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Aichinger Georg , Beisl Julia , Marko Doris
Published: September 2016

Scope

Although associated with anti‐oxidative properties, genistein has been reported to induce DNA strand breaks, whereby oxidative stress and topoisomerase poisoning are considered as potential mechanisms. In contrast, delphinidin, a catalytic topoisomerase inhibitor, is known to suppress the DNA‐damaging properties of several topoisomerase poisons. Recently, alternariol, a mycotoxin produced by Alternaria spp., was found not only to induce oxidative stress but also to act as a topoisomerase poison. As both, polyphenols and mycotoxins, might occur in our nutrition simultaneously, the question was addressed whether potential combinatory effects on DNA integrity have to be considered.

Methods and results

We determined combinatory effects of either genistein or delphinidin with alternariol in HT‐29 cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by WST‐1 and SRB assays, whereby only weak interactions were observed. The comet assay revealed significant antagonistic interactions of both polyphenols with the genotoxicity of AOH. The underlying mechanism comprises the suppression of alternariol‐mediated stabilization of DNA/topoisomerase‐II‐intermediates, as observed in the ICE assay. Furthermore, DEL but not GEN was found to suppress AOH‐mediated oxidative stress.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that a respective polyphenol‐rich diet might aid to protect against genotoxic damages caused by AOH, whereby bioactive concentrations of DEL are predominantly expected locally in the intestines.
Prediction of 195Pt NMR of photoactivable diazido‐ and azine‐Pt(IV) anticancer agents by DFT computational protocols
Authors: Tsipis Athanassios C. , Karapetsas Ioannis N.
Published: September 2016

195Pt NMR chemical shifts for a series of large‐sized photoactivable anticancer diazido‐Pt(IV), homopiperizine‐Pt(IV) and multifunctional azine‐Pt(IV) complexes hardly to be probed experimentally and by sophisticated four‐component and two‐component relativistic calculations are predicted with high accuracy by density functional theory computational protocols. The calculated 195Pt NMR chemical shifts constitute a crucial descriptor for making highly predictive one‐parameter quantitative structure activity relationships models that help in designing photoactivable Pt(IV)‐based antitumor agents with high cytotoxicity and selectivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adhesion of tissue glues to different biological substrates
Authors: Bochyńska A.I. , Hannink G. , Buma P. , Grijpma D.W.
Published: September 2016

Tissue adhesives are attractive materials with potential to replace the use of sutures and staples in the repair of the injured tissues. The research field of tissue adhesives is dynamically growing, and different methods and tissue models are employed to evaluate the adhesive properties of newly developed materials. It is thus difficult to directly compare the properties of materials developed by researchers from different groups. Moreover, the extrapolation of results obtained using different tissue models to the targeted human tissues is often not possible. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the adhesive properties of the three different tissues adhesives: the clinically used Dermabond® and fibrin glues, and the recently developed isocyanate‐terminated three‐armed adhesive block copolymers. Different biological substrates were used to assess their adhesion strengths: bovine Achilles tendon, meniscus tissue and skeletal muscle, chamois leather, and collagen films. Comparisons of the adhesive properties of the glues with these substrates were made. The obtained results were analyzed in terms of the chemistry and the adhesion mechanisms of the glues, and the composition and properties of the substrates like their hydrophilicity and surface morphology. We conclude that standardized procedures and models should be developed to allow direct comparison between the different (developed) tissue adhesives and to enable extrapolation of the results towards the targeted human tissues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer‐by‐layer assembly of readily detachable chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) polyelectrolyte multilayer films
Authors: Gates Samantha J. , Shukla Anita
Published: September 2016

Free‐standing layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembled thin films have recently found utility in a broad range of applications. Previously reported free‐standing LbL films have generally required covalent modifications to improve aqueous stability and render these films suitable for biomedical applications. Here, we engineered chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) containing polyelectrolyte multilayer films, which are readily detached from hydrophilic silicon in aqueous conditions. These films demonstrate remarkable stability over 28 days in simulated in vivo conditions (pH 7.4, phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C) without the incorporation of any covalent crosslinking modifications. These films exhibit moduli (27–420 kPa) resembling that of many biological tissues including tendon, show high visible light transmittance of greater than 50%, and prevent fibronectin adsorption. The properties of this new detachable LbL film architecture indicate its promise for use in a variety of applications, particularly in medicine and biotechnology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 127–131
Effect of temperature–bias annealing on the hysteresis and subthreshold behavior of multilayer MoS2 transistors
Authors: Giannazzo F. , Fisichella G. , Piazza A. , Di Franco S. , Greco G. , Agnello S. , Roccaforte F.
Published: September 2016

The transfer characteristics (ID–VG) of multilayers MoS2 transistors with a SiO2/Si backgate and Ni source/drain contacts have been measured on as‐prepared devices and after annealing at different temperatures (Tann from 150 °C to 200 °C) under a positive bias ramp (VG from 0 V to +20 V). Larger Tann resulted in a reduced hysteresis of the ID–VG curves (from ∼11 V in the as‐prepared sample to ∼2.5 V after Tann at 200 °C). The field effect mobility (∼30 cm2 V–1 s–1) remained almost unchanged after the annealing. On the contrary, the subthreshold characteristics changed from the common n‐type behaviour in the as‐prepared device to the appearance of a low current hole inversion branch after annealing. This latter effect indicates a modification of the Ni/MoS2 contact that can be explained by the formation of a low density of regions with reduced Schottky barrier height (SBH) for holes embedded in a background with low SBH for electrons. Furthermore, a temperature dependent analysis of the subthreshold characteristics revealed a reduction of the interface traps density from ∼9 × 1011 eV–1cm–2in the as‐prepared device to ∼2 × 1011 eV–1cm–2after the 200 °C temperature–bias annealing, which is consistent with the observed hysteresis reduction.

Schematic representation of a back‐gated multilayer MoS2 field effect transistor (left) and transfer characteristics (right) measured at 25 °C on an as‐prepared device and after the temperature–bias annealing at 200 °C under a positive gate bias ramp from 0 V to +20 V.

magnified image

Schematic representation of a back‐gated multilayer MoS2 field effect transistor (left) and transfer characteristics (right) measured at 25 °C on an as‐prepared device and after the temperature–bias annealing at 200 °C under a positive gate bias ramp from 0 V to +20 V.
Simplified Approach Based on Polynomial Equations to Predict the Permeability of Micro‐perforated Polymeric Films
Authors: Mastromatteo Marcella , Conte Amalia , Previtali Maria Assunta , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro
Published: September 2016

A simplified approach to predict the mass transport properties of micro‐perforated films was presented in this work. In particular, the proposed mathematical model was based on a second‐degree polynomial function. Different types of micro‐perforated films with two thicknesses (35 and 25 µm) were tested for gas and water vapour permeability, under proper conditions. The films differed in both number of holes per unit area and hole diameter. Corresponding non‐perforated films were also tested. The experimental data obtained were used to validate the model. Moreover, the surface response plot of the interactions between hole diameter and number of holes per area relative to oxygen, water vapour and carbon dioxide permeability were determined. Results of the mean relative deviation modulus (E%) between the experimental and predicted data confirmed the ability of the proposed model to predict the permeability of micro‐perforated films. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization by transmission electron microscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering of Au clusters formed in ionic liquids
Authors: Takaoka Gikan H. , Matsumoto Yusuke , Takeuchi Mitsuaki , Ryuto Hiromichi
Published: September 2016

Au vapor was deposited on the surface of ionic liquids such as 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium dicyanamide (Emim‐DCA) and 1‐buthyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium bis(trifluorosulpheniy)imide (Bmim‐TFSI). Au clusters were formed in the ionic liquid by adjusting the deposition rate. Transmission electron microscope measurements showed that the large Au clusters formed in Emim‐DCA had a face‐centered cubic crystal structure, while the small Au clusters had a decahedral structure. Furthermore, small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements showed that the average diameter of Au clusters was in the range of 1 to 6 nm, and the cluster size decreased with increasing deposition rate. The average diameter of Au clusters formed in Bmim‐TFSI was in the range of 0.5 to 4.5 nm, which is smaller than that of Au clusters in Emim‐DCA, and most of the crystal structures were decahedrons. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nondestructive interface state measurement by pulse photoconductivity method
Authors: Furuta Masaaki , Shimizu Kojiro , Maeta Takahiro , Miyashita Moriya , Izunome Koji , Kubota Hiroshi
Published: September 2016

The interface states between Si substrate and the gate oxide (Si/SiO2) have significantly influences to device properties. The conventional measurement methods for interface states need a long turn around time evaluation period since test element group structure is necessary to be constructed. The in‐line measurement in the wafer process has been expected strongly to achieve the Quick TAT analysis to increase the throughput of the process. We have studied to present a new measurement method for observing the interface states under the nondestructive condition. The specimens of the oxide, SiO2, on the Si wafers are prepared by the thermal oxidation of representative wafers, which surface–crystal planes have various miller indices of (100), (110), and (111). An electrode is set close to the SiO2 surface, where the voltage and pulsed light are applied and irradiated at the same time. The photo‐carriers generated at the Si surface absorption are excited to the Si upper bands and surmount the SiO2 potential barrier. The carrier excitation could be selected by varying the wavelength of pulsed light to focus on the trapped and localized carriers' excitations from the Si forbidden band gap, excluding the Si interband transition. For the preliminary result, we demonstrate to detect the signals from the trapped carriers' excitations and their energy distribution, which is compared with the results on the distribution of the interface states density as reported in other research works. The measurement result at this time indicates the possibility toward the noncontact detection for Si/SiO2 interface states. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental determination of the effective attenuation length of palladium 3d 5/2 photoelectrons in a magnetron sputtered Pd nanolayer
Authors: Dietrich Paul M. , Treu Dieter , Kalbe Henryk , Krumrey Michael , Gross Thomas , Marti Kilian , Unger Wolfgang E. S.
Published: September 2016

An electron effective attenuation length (EAL) of 1.68 nm for Al Kα excited Pd 3d 5/2 photoelectrons with a kinetic energy of 1.152 keV has been determined experimentally using a sputtered Pd film deposited on an ultra flat fused quartz substrate. The film thickness was reduced by Ar ion sputtering several times in order to obtain different Pd film thicknesses which are used to determine experimental EAL values. These results are compared to data generated by using a Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA) simulation using an inelastic mean free path (IMFP) calculated with the Tanuma–Powell–Penn (TPP)‐2M formula and with ‘elastic scattering on and off’. Contributions to the uncertainty budget related to the experimental approach are discussed in detail. Proposals on how to further improve the approach are suggested. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological evolution of Ge islands on the Si(100) surface: from huts to pits
Authors: Zhang Yongping , Chen Zhiqian , Xu Guo Qin
Published: September 2016

The morphological evolution on the size and shape of Ge island on the Si(100) surface by depositing and subsequent annealing processes is studied in situ by using scanning tunneling microscopy at ultrahigh vacuum environment. A slower growth rate is maintained when the islands grow to larger sizes beyond the wetting layers. While at room temperature, the epitaxial strain is relieved by the formation of three‐dimensional islands (so‐called ‘hut’ clusters). When the sample is annealed at 200 °C, the strain is relieved by forming pits, having the circular cone shape but with their apex pointing down, with Ge clusters formed at the rim of pits. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A decoupling control strategy for wind turbine blades equipped with active flow controllers
Authors: Macquart Terence , Maheri Alireza , Busawon Krishna
Published: September 2016

The use of active controls has shown to be of substantial help in supporting the increasing size of wind turbines by reducing peak stresses and fatigue loads. In this respect, this paper proposes the use of intuitive frequency‐based control strategies for reducing loads in wind turbine blades equipped with multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) active flow controllers. For that purpose, a loop‐shaping approach is considered for analysing the dynamic of actively controlled wind turbine blades. Preliminary aeroelastic simulations are carried out to validate the results. It is shown that the MIMO vibration control problem can effectively be decomposed into a number of decoupled single‐input single‐output control problems because of the strong correlation between the dominant aeroelastic blade dynamics and actuator deployments. As a result, it is demonstrated that classical single‐input single‐output control systems can perform as efficiently as MIMO controllers for damping the aeroelastic dynamics of wind turbine blades. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total Extraperitoneal Hernia Repair: Residency Teaching Program and Outcome Evaluation
Authors: Garofalo Fabio , Mota‐Moya Pau , Munday Andrew , Romy Sébastien
Published: September 2016

Background

Total extraperitoneal (TEP) hernia repair has been shown to offer less pain, shorter postoperative hospital stay and earlier return to work when compared to open surgery. Our institution routinely performs TEP procedures for patients with primary or recurrent inguinal hernias. The aim of this study was to show that supervised senior residents can safely perform TEP repairs in a teaching setting.

Methods

All consecutive patients treated for inguinal hernias by laparoscopic approach from October 2008 to June 2012 were retrospectively analyzed from a prospective database.

Results

A total of 219 TEP repairs were performed on 171 patients: 123 unilateral and 48 bilateral. The mean patient age was 51.6 years with a standard deviation (SD) of ± 15.9. Supervised senior residents performed 171 (78 %) and staff surgeons 48 (22 %) TEP repairs, respectively. Thirty‐day morbidity included cases of inguinal paresthesias (0.4 %, n = 1), umbilical hematomas (0.9 %, n = 2), superficial wound infections (0.9 %, n = 2), scrotal hematomas (2.7 %, n = 6), postoperative urinary retentions (2.7 %, n = 6), chronic pain syndromes (5 %, n = 11) and postoperative seromas (6.7 %, n = 14). Overall, complication rates were 18.7 % for staff surgeons and 19.3 % for residents (p = 0.83). For staff surgeons and residents, mean operative times for unilateral hernia repairs were 65 min (SD ± 18.9) and 77.6 min (SD ± 29.8) (p = 0.043), respectively, while mean operative times for bilateral repairs were 115 min (SD ± 40.1) and 103.6 (SD ± 25.9) (p = 0.05).

Conclusions

TEP repair is a safe procedure when performed by supervised senior surgical trainees. Teaching of TEP should be routinely included in general surgery residency programs.
Comparing methods of acquiring mammalian endozoochorous seed dispersal distance distributions
Authors: Mise Yumiko , Yamazaki Koji , Soga Masashi , Koike Shinsuke
Published: September 2016

Research on endozoochorous seed dispersal is needed to further understand plant ecology and evolution. There are several methods for calculating the distribution of seed dispersal distances, although many studies use the “combination of gut retention time and movement data” (CGM) method to determine the potential seed dispersal distance distribution (PSD). However, there have been no evaluations of between PSD values acquired by CGM and seed dispersal distance distributions calculated using other methods. The main purpose of this study was to compare methods of determining seed dispersal distance distributions using raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). We calculated estimated seed dispersal distance distribution (ESD) using the bait‐marker method and PSD using the CGM method. There were no differences between the ESD and PSD results with regard to basic dispersal distance distributions. The results indicate that if the region from which animal movement data was acquired and the region from which markers for the bait‐marker method have been collected are the same, the distance distributions using the two methods may match. Additionally, though there were differences in seed mimic gut retention times (GRTs) between the two baits used (median GRT, fruits: 8 h 50 min, animal materials: 12 h 55 min), there were no differences in PSD between the two baits. This indicates that disperser movement has a stronger effect on dispersal distance distribution than GRT when using the CGM method.
Fünf Jahre PID-Gesetz
Authors: Wostry Thomas
Published: September 2016

Dieser Beitrag stellt vor dem Hintergrund der fast fünf Jahre bestehenden gesetzlichen Regelungen zur PID die Entwicklung einschlägiger Vorschriften zu ihrer Umsetzung dar und erörtert in diesem Zusammenhang einige aktuelle Fragestellungen. Thematisiert werden insbesondere die Entwicklung der PID-Verordnung und die Regelungen über die Zulassung von PID-Zentren. Der Beitrag gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Umsetzung der bundesrechtlichen Regelungen im Ergebnis durch die Schaffung von Übergangszeiträumen nicht als durchweg geglückt anzusehen ist und die entsprechenden Vorschriften inhaltlich nur bedingt überzeugen können.
Landnutzung und biologische Vielfalt in Deutschland – Welchen Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeit können Großschutzgebiete leisten?
Authors: Meyer Peter , Demant Laura , Prinz Jan
Published: September 2016

Agriculture and forestry play a central role in preserving biological diversity. In this context, we examined the attributes and present state of sustainability of agriculture and forestry in respect of biological diversity in Germany. Additionally, we asked whether large protected areas can serve as model sites for the integration of land use and conservation or as priority areas for nature conservation. Sustainable land use is a way of managing natural resources to meet present needs without limiting future generations in fulfilling their needs. The main attribute of sustainability is the implementation of a management system that safeguards potential multifunctional use. The indicator systems implemented on the national level in Germany to evaluate sustainability of agriculture and forestry are shown to be incomplete in respect of biological diversity and do not always contain target values. With the different types of large protected areas in Germany different targets are pursued. While national parks exclude agriculture and forestry to a large extent and therefore serve as priority areas for conservation, nature parks and biosphere reserves aim at the integration of land use and nature protection. Large protected areas in Germany do not exhibit a representative spatial distribution. In order to render nature parks and biosphere reserves to model sites for the integration of land use and nature conservation their management needs to be improved considerably and an even more systematic conservation planning should be pursued. In contrast, national parks already reveal that they will fulfill their task as priority sites for nature conservation in the near future.
Experiencing authenticity – the core of student learning in clinical practice
Authors: Manninen Katri
Published: September 2016

Introduction Learning in clinical practice is challenging regarding organizational and pedagogical issues. Clinical education wards are one way to meet these challenges by focusing on both patient care and student learning. However, more knowledge is needed about how students’ learning can be enhanced and about patients’ and supervisors’ roles in these settings.

Methods The aim was to explore nursing students’ learning on a clinical education ward with an explicit pedagogical framework. Semi-structured interviews of students were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and an ethnographic study including observations and follow-up interviews of students, patients and supervisors was conducted.

Results The core of student meaningful learning experiences both external and internal authenticity. Students in early stages immediately created mutual relationships, experienced both external and internal authenticity, and patients became active participants in student learning. Without a mutual relationship, patients passively let students practice on their bodies. Students nearing graduation experienced only external authenticity, creating uncertainty as a threshold for learning. Caring for patients with complex needs helped students overcome the threshold and experience internal authenticity. Supervisors’ challenges were to balance patient care and student learning by working as a team. They supported students coping with the complex challenges on the ward.

Discussion/Conclusion Students need to experience external and internal authenticity to make learning meaningful. Experiencing authenticity, involving meaning-making processes and knowledge construction, is linked to transformative learning and overcoming thresholds.
Demonstration of Lesions Produced by Cooled Radiofrequency Neurotomy for Chronic Osteoarthritic Knee Pain: A Case Presentation
Authors: Farrell Michael E. , Gutierrez Genaro , Desai Mehul J.
Published: September 2016

This case presentation demonstrates radiographic evidence of lesions created following cooled radiofrequency (cRF) neurotomy of the knee. A 67‐year‐old man presented with chronic left knee osteoarthritis, pain, and disability. After a failed trial of conservative treatments, the patient underwent diagnostic genicular nerve blocks and subsequent cRF neurotomy of the left knee. Shortly after cRF, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left knee was performed. On MRI, lesions created by cRF ablation were identified. The images presented in this case offer a visual explanation for the success of cRF in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

Level of Evidence

V
Five Elizabethan courtiers, their Catholic connections, and their careers
Authors: Tighe William J.
Published: September 2016

This article considers some of the men and women who served in the Privy Chamber of Elizabeth I and those men who held significant positions in her outer Chamber for evidence of Catholic beliefs, sympathies or family connections. It then discusses the careers of five men who at various times in Elizabeth’s reign were members of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. It will show that their court careers were decisively affected by their Catholic beliefs and connections and, in one case, by a temporary repudiation of Catholicism. Their careers witness both to a fluidity of religious identity that facilitated their advancement at Court and to a narrowing of this identity over the course of the reign.
The Psychoprophylactic Method of Painless Childbirth in Socialist Czechoslovakia: from State Propaganda to Activism of Enthusiasts
Authors: Hrešanová Ema
Published: September 2016

This paper explores the history of the ‘psychoprophylactic method of painless childbirth’ in socialist Czechoslovakia, in particular, in the Czech and Moravian regions of the country, showing that it substantially differs from the course that the method took in other countries. This non-pharmacological method of pain relief originated in the USSR and became well known as the Lamaze method in western English-speaking countries. Use of the method in Czechoslovakia, however, followed a very different path from both the West, where its use was refined mainly outside the biomedical frame, and the USSR, where it ceased to be pursued as a scientific method in the 1950s after Stalin’s death. The method was imported to Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s and it was politically promoted as Soviet science’s gift to women. In the 1960s the method became widespread in practice but research on it diminished and, in the 1970s, its use declined too. However, in the 1980s, in the last decade of the Communist regime, the method resurfaced in the pages of Czechoslovak medical journals and underwent an exciting renaissance, having been reintroduced by a few enthusiastic individuals, most of them women. This article explores the background to the renewed interest in the method while providing insight into the wider social and political context that shaped socialist maternity and birth care in different periods.
Treatment recommendations for DSM-5–defined mixed features
Authors: Rosenblat Joshua D. , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: September 2016

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) mixed features specifier provides a less restrictive definition of mixed mood states, compared to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), including mood episodes that manifest with subthreshold symptoms of the opposite mood state. A limited number of studies have assessed the efficacy of treatments specifically for DSM-5–defined mixed features in mood disorders. As such, there is currently an inadequate amount of data to appropriately inform evidence-based treatment guidelines of DSM-5 defined mixed features. However, given the high prevalence and morbidity of mixed features, treatment recommendations based on the currently available evidence along with expert opinion may be of benefit. This article serves to provide these interim treatment recommendations while humbly acknowledging the limited amount of evidence currently available. Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) appear to have the greatest promise in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) with mixed features. Conventional mood stabilizing agents (ie, lithium and divalproex) may also be of benefit; however, they have been inadequately studied. In the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) with mixed features, the comparable efficacy of antidepressants versus other treatments, such as SGAs, remains unknown. As such, antidepressants remain first-line treatment of MDD with or without mixed features; however, there are significant safety concerns associated with antidepressant monotherapy when mixed features are present, which merits increased monitoring. Lurasidone is the only SGA monotherapy that has been shown to be efficacious specifically in the treatment of MDD with mixed features. Further research is needed to accurately determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of treatments specifically for mood episodes with mixed features to adequately inform future treatment guidelines.
CBT in a Caribbean Context: A Controlled Trial of Anger Management in Trinidadian Prisons
Authors: Hutchinson Gerard , Willner Paul , Rose John , Burke Ian , Bastick Tony
Published: September 2016

Background: Anger causes significant problems in offenders and to date few interventions have been described in the Caribbean region. Aim: To evaluate a package of CBT-based Anger Management Training provided to offenders in prison in Trinidad. Method: A controlled clinical trial with 85 participants who participated in a 12-week prison-based group anger management programme, of whom 57 (67%: 16 control, 41 intervention) provided pretrial and posttrial outcome data at Times 1 and 2. Results: Intervention and control groups were not directly comparable so outcome was analysed using t-tests. Reductions were noted for state and trait anger and anger expression, with an increase in coping skills for the intervention group. No changes were noted in the control group. The improvements seen on intervention were maintained at 4 month follow-up for a sub-group of participants for whom data were available. Several predictors of outcomes were identified.
Individuals’ Long Term Use of Cognitive Behavioural Skills to Manage their Depression: A Qualitative Study
Authors: French Lydia R. M. , Thomas Laura , Campbell John , Kuyken Willem , Lewis Glyn , Williams Chris , Wiles Nicola J. , Turner Katrina M.
Published: September 2016

Background: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) aims to teach people skills to help them self-manage their depression. Trial evidence shows that CBT is an effective treatment for depression and individuals may experience benefits long-term. However, there is little research about individuals’ continued use of CBT skills once treatment has finished. Aims: To explore whether individuals who had attended at least 12 sessions of CBT continued to use and value the CBT skills they had learnt during therapy. Method: Semi-structured interviews were held with participants from the CoBalT trial who had received CBT, approximately 4 years earlier. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Results: 20 participants were interviewed. Analysis of the interviews suggested that individuals who viewed CBT as a learning process, at the time of treatment, recalled and used specific skills to manage their depression once treatment had finished. In contrast, individuals who viewed CBT only as an opportunity to talk about their problems did not appear to utilize any of the CBT skills they had been taught and reported struggling to manage their depression once treatment had ended. Conclusions: Our findings suggest individuals may value and use CBT skills if they engage with CBT as a learning opportunity at the time of treatment. Our findings underline the importance of the educational model in CBT and the need to emphasize this to individuals receiving treatment.