bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposição a níveis de pressão sonora em sala de aula, imitanciometria e teste SSW em escolares de 3º e 4º ano do ensino fundamental
Authors: Santos Juliana Feitosa dos , Seligman Lilian , Souza Ana Paula Ramos de , Rossi Ângela Garcia
Published: February 2014

OBJETIVO: investigar os efeitos dos níveis de pressão sonora elevados em sala de aula e das alterações imitanciométricas sobre as habilidades auditivas de crianças em fase inicial de letramento. MÉTODOS: estudo quantitativo e exploratório. Medições acústicas por meio de dosímetro; inspeção visual do conduto auditivo externo; audiometria tonal e vocal; imitanciometria. Os resultados das mensurações acústicas realizadas por meio de dosímetro em quatro escolas de Santa Maria - RS, dividiu a amostra de 87 crianças do 3º e 4º ano do ensino fundamental, na faixa etária de oito a dez anos em dois grupos - Grupo 1 / não expostos e Grupo 2 / expostos a níveis maiores que 80dB(A). A amostra também foi separada em 38 crianças sem alterações imitanciométricas e 49 com alterações, avaliadas em suas habilidades auditivas pelo teste dicótico de Dissílabos Alternados - SSW. RESULTADOS: o G1 apresentou melhores resultados na DC e EC em ambas às condições imitanciométricas, sem evidenciar diferença estatística. Foi constatada maior quantidade de acertos para a OE; a média do total de acertos evidenciou desempenhos semelhantes entre os grupos; o G1 apresentou melhores resultados na decodificação fonêmica, porém piores resultados nos subperfis codificação e organização. CONCLUSÕES: o presente estudo demonstrou que níveis de pressão sonora elevados em sala de aula não interferem nas habilidades auditivas testadas por meio do SSW, de crianças em processo de aprendizagem.
Relação entre a desnutrição infantil e a antropometria orofacial
Authors: Kusniec Gisele Valdstein , Tambellini Renata Sara Sabatini , Giacomeli Salma Kraide , Cattoni Débora Martins , Rehder Maria Inês Beltrati Cornacchioni
Published: February 2014

OBJETIVOS: descrever medidas antropométricas orofaciais segundo a idade e o sexo; comparar a média do lado esquerdo da face com a média do lado direito da face, segundo a idade e o sexo. MÉTODOS: 27 crianças afro-descendentes portadoras de desnutrição com idade entre 4 e 6 anos. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença estatística para as medidas antropométricas orofaciais segundo idade e sexo. Para lábio inferior, filtro e o lado esquerdo da face, as medidas apresentaram-se em proporção maior no sexo masculino. Não foi constatada diferença significante entre o lado direito e o lado esquerdo no que se refere à distância do canto externo do olho ao cheilion, segundo idade e sexo. CONCLUSÃO: a idade não representou significância nos achados, mas ocorreram diferenças para o fator sexo. Não há diferenças estatísticas na comparação das medidas entre os lados da face para idade ou sexo.
Variações semânticas nos enunciados de crianças em processo de desenvolvimento da linguagem oral: estudo preliminar
Authors: Silva Tatiana Rocha , Britto Denise Brandão de Oliveira e
Published: February 2014

OBJETIVO: analisar as variações semânticas do enunciado de crianças em processo de desenvolvimento da linguagem. MÉTODOS: participaram deste estudo 10 crianças em processo de desenvolvimento da linguagem, entre três e quatro anos, e sem queixa e/ou alterações auditivas e cognitivas. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de observação e registro, em áudio e vídeo, de situações de interação lúdica. RESULTADOS: nos enunciados das crianças na faixa etária de 3 anos, observou-se que houve maior ocorrência da superextensão apenas em relação à subextensão (p=0,039) e que houve tendência a maior ocorrência quando comparada com a proximidade fonológica (p=0,053), dêitico (p=0,053) e relação de contiguidade (p=0,083). Nos enunciados das crianças na faixa etária de 4 anos, houve maior ocorrência da perífrase em relação à subextensão (p=0,012) e proximidade fonológica (p=0,012). Não houve diferença entre as variações semânticas estudadas entre as faixas etárias de 3 e 4 anos. CONCLUSÃO: as variações semânticas mais frequentes foram a superextensão e a perífrase.
O nível sérico de Fas solúvel é preditor da necessidade de transfusão de hemácias em pacientes gravemente enfermos
Authors: Korkes Ilana Levy , Schvartsman Gustavo , Lizuka Ilson Jorge , Quinto Beata Marie , Dalboni Maria Aparecida , Canziani Maria Eugênia , Draibe Sergio Antonio , Pereira Virgilio Gonçalves , Santos Bento Fortunato Cardoso dos , Monte Julio Cesar Martins , Durão Junior Marcelino de Souza , Batista Marcelo Costa , Santos Oscar Fernando Pavão dos , Góes Junior Miguel Angelo de , Cendoroglo Neto Miguel
Published: February 2014

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre a transfusão de hemácias e os níveis séricos de Fas solúvel, eritropoietina e citocinas inflamatórias em pacientes gravemente enfermos, com e sem insuficiência renal aguda. MÉTODOS: Os seguintes grupos foram estudados: pacientes gravemente enfermos com insuficiência renal aguda (n=30) e sem insuficiência renal aguda (n=13), pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica terminal em hemodiálise (n=25) e indivíduos saudáveis (n=21). Os níveis séricos de Fas solúvel, eritropoietina, interleucina 6, interleucina 10 e ferro, além da concentração de hemoglobina e de hematócrito, foram analisados em todos os grupos. A associação entre tais variáveis foram estudadas nos pacientes gravemente enfermos. RESULTADOS: Os níveis séricos de eritropoietina mostraram-se mais elevados nos pacientes gravemente enfermos do que nos dos demais grupos. Concentrações mais baixas de hemoglobina foram documentadas nos pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda em relação aos demais. Níveis séricos mais elevados de Fas solúvel foram observados nos pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda e doença renal crônica terminal. Pacientes gravemente enfermos transfundidos apresentaram níveis séricos mais elevados de Fas solúvel (5.906±2.047 e 1.920±1.060; p<0,001), interleucina 6 (518±537 e 255±502; p=0,02), interleucina 10 (35,8±30,7 e 18,5±10,9; p=0,02) e ferro, além de maior mortalidade em 28 dias. Os níveis séricos de Fas solúvel mostraram-se independentemente associados ao número de transfusões (p=0,02). O nível sérico de Fas solúvel foi um preditor independente da necessidade de transfusão de hemácias em pacientes gravemente enfermos (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: O nível sérico de Fas solúvel é um preditor independente da necessidade de transfusão de hemácias em pacientes gravemente enfermos, com ou sem insuficiência renal aguda. Mais estudos clínicos e laboratoriais são necessários para confirmar tal resultado.
Taxas de retenção de infliximabe e tocilizumabe no período de 3 anos em um hospital brasileiro
Authors: Golmia Ricardo Prado , Scheinberg Morton Aaron
Published: February 2014

OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia e período de uso de tocilizumabe e infliximabe no tratamento de pacientes com artrite reumatoide. MÉTODOS: Foi comparado o tempo de uso de dois biológicos com diferentes mecanismos de ação no tratamento de pacientes com artrite reumatoide. RESULTADOS: Ambos os biológicos se mostraram eficazes, mas o tempo de uso sem perda de eficácia foi maior com tocilizumabe quando comparado ao infliximabe. CONCLUSÃO: Tocilizumabe mantém um período de uso significativamente maior do que infliximabe em pacientes com artrite reumatoide tratados em uma única instituição.
Desregulação da apoptose em neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas
Authors: Tognon Raquel , Nunes Natália de Souza , Castro Fabíola Attié de
Published: February 2014

As neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas cromossomo Filadélfia negativas são doenças hematológicas clonais que se caracterizam pela independência ou pela hipersensibilidade dos progenitores hematopoiéticos às citocinas. Os mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos na fisiopatologia das neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Achados fisiopatológicos relevantes para as neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas estão associados às alterações genéticas como, por exemplo, a mutação somática no gene que codifica o JAK2 (JAK2V617F). A desregulação do processo de morte celular programada, denominada apoptose, parece participar da patogênese dessas desordens. Sabe-se que a desregulação da expressão dos genes pró- e antiapoptóticos promove a resistência das células à apoptose, culminando com o acúmulo das células mieloides e estabelecendo a neoplasia. Esta revisão enfocou as alterações na regulação da apoptose em neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas e a importância da melhor compreensão desse mecanismo para o desenvolvimento de novas terapias para essas doenças.
Migración de retorno y experiencias de reinserción en la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México
Authors: Rivera Sánchez Liliana
Published: February 2014

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las condiciones contemporáneas del retorno de migrantes mexicanos de Estados Unidos a México, particularmente sobre el retorno y la inserción en contextos urbanos. Por un lado, se analizan algunos datos sociodemográficos de los retornados provenientes de los censos de población de los años 2000 y 2010. Por otro lado, se presentan fragmentos de relatos biográficos acerca de la experiencia de retorno durante la última década, para mostrar cuáles son las condiciones en las que se reinsertan tanto social como laboralmente, cómo se construyen las expectativas de re-emigración (internacional/interna) y cómo los sujetos diseñan ciertas estrategias de relocalización tanto social como laboral en los contextos urbanos de retorno.
Ítalo-Brasileiros na Itália no século XXI: "retorno" à terra dos antepassados, impasses e expectativas
Authors: Zanini Maria Catarina C. , Assis Gláucia de Oliveira , Beneduzi Luis Fernando
Published: February 2014

Nosso objetivo é analisar, partindo de uma perspectiva histórica e etnográfica, algumas situações envolvendo ítalo-brasileiros provenientes do sul do Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina) que migraram para a Itália (desde a década de noventa do século XX). Problematizaremos de que forma este processo foi orientado pela expectativa de "retorno" à terra dos antepassados e aos aspectos simbólicos a ela associados. Pretende-se analisar, também, como a categoria origem (italiana) foi acionada pelos descendentes migrantes e a importância que desempenhou em suas trajetórias migrantistas.
Tráfico de pessoas na sagrada escritura
Authors: Gasda Élio
Published: February 2014

O artigo busca situar e entender a existência do tráfico de pessoas na Bíblia a partir dos seguintes aspectos: o contexto histórico cultural, a legislação de Israel bíblico e o significado da novidade cristã. O último tópico resgata elementos da antropologia bíblica que muito contribuiu para a evolução da consciência da humanidade em relação ao reconhecimento dos direitos humanos.
Médicos latinoamericanos en Cataluña: procesos de integración y desarrollo profesional
Authors: Freire Andrés , Masanet Erika
Published: February 2014

Este artículo analiza los procesos de integración profesional de los médicos latinoamericanos en el mercado de trabajo de salud catalán, en España, así como sus posibilidades de desarrollo profesional. El artículo se basa en dos investigaciones de carácter cualitativo que han utilizado entrevistas en profundidad con médicos latinoamericanos residentes en la Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña. Los resultados del trabajo permiten identificar diversos procesos de integración profesional de estos médicos inmigrantes, al tiempo que muestran las principales barreras que enfrentan en dichos procesos.
Perception of health and accessibility: an approach to support projects for urban public spaces
Authors: Tobias Maisa Sales Gama , Ferreira Éden Fernando Batista
Published: February 2014

Urban public spaces are conceived within certain technical standards, which would meet people's needs. According to users' perception that does not match all the time with the given arrangement, that may lead to rejection or misuse. In this article, the approach to analysis of projects for urban public spaces associates the perception of its users' health with accessibility that these spaces can offer. This becomes a support for efficacy analysis of projects as part of a social inclusion policy. The approach associates an international functionality, incapacity and health classification to a multi-criteria analysis of these factors through interviews with involved population, using Likert scale, where aspects considered as accessibility barriers or facilitators of these spaces are evaluated. The results of the case studied in Belém-Brazil showed, for example, that the understanding that people build on the circulation environment regarding barriers or facilitators is not always determined by difficulties related to their performance in actions and that an inadequate project may be a limiting factor to accessibility, even for people without a diagnosed disability.
Midwifery Research in the Netherlands Gaining Momentum
Authors: Spelten Evelien , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne
Published: February 2014

During the past 7 years, the Maastricht and Amsterdam/Groningen midwifery schools have worked hard to establish midwifery as a research area. In the Netherlands, there was almost no midwifery research. This article outlines the activities that have taken place as well as the reasons behind the initiatives. A critical analysis was made, looking at the four elements of a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. In 6 years, midwifery has become an acknowledged and growing area of research. The development and professionalization of midwifery research will contribute to a better understanding of childbirth, helping us to build a model of care that will give women, babies, and their families an optimal childbirth experience.
Staying Involved “Because the Need Seems So Huge”: Midwives Working With Women Living in Areas of High Deprivation
Authors: Griffiths Christine , McAra-Couper Judith , Nayar Shoba
Published: February 2014

The aim of this research was to answer the research question “what is the midwifery care provided by midwives to women living in areas of high deprivation?” It has been identified that rates of stillbirth and neonatal death are significantly higher in women living in the most socioeconomically deprived areas of New Zealand. A potential contributory factor to these rates is the issue of access to, and engagement with, maternity services. Yet, little is known about the care midwives provide to women living in areas of socioeconomic deprivation.

Using grounded theory methodology, a conceptual framework was developed from data analysis of 8 interviews undertaken with midwives between August 2000 and March 2001. Findings revealed a core category of “staying involved `because the need seems so huge.”’ Four further categories were identified: “Forming relationships with the wary,” “Giving `an awful lot of support,”’ “Remaining close by,” and “Ensuring personal coping.” Throughout, the midwives’ continued involvement with the woman ensured an optimal pregnancy outcome for both the woman and her new baby.

The findings from this study inform the care provided by midwives who work with women living in areas of high deprivation and begin to address factors regarding access to, and engagement with, maternity services.
Ecological Impacts of Organic Chemicals on Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Paul K. Sibley  , Mark L. Hanson
Published: February 2014

The ecological impacts of organic pollutants on freshwater ecosystems have attracted immense scientific, regulatory, and public attention over the past fifty years. In part, this reflects the significant role that freshwater ecosystems play as a repository for anthropogenic chemicals relative to other systems. Some of the most severe ecological impacts have been documented in freshwater ecosystems from persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dioxins and furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Such chemicals can reside for long periods in freshwater sediments, which can then constitute a continual source to the environment even when direct inputs have ceased. Exposure of freshwater biota at lower trophic levels to persistent chemicals can result in transfer to, and ecological impacts at, higher trophic levels through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In contrast to historically significant organic pollutants, the pervasive nature of new pollutant classes (e.g. pharmaceuticals, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluorinated surfactants) in global freshwater ecosystems is beginning to be recognized but the full spectrum of their ecological impacts is poorly understood. In this chapter we review documented and potential ecological impacts of organic chemicals in freshwater ecosystems. We focus predominantly on effects at the population, community, and ecosystem levels but, to the extent that our understanding of impacts at these higher levels is predominantly extrapolated from information derived at lower levels, we also include information at the organism and sub-organism level. In addressing each chemical class, impacts on microbial, plant, invertebrate, fish, and fish-eating bird populations are considered where data exists.
The Role of Aquatic Ecosystems in the Elimination of Pollutants
Authors: Matthew T. Moore  , Robert Kroger  , Colin R. Jackson
Published: February 2014

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems is always of concern to environmental scientists; however, these systems also possess unique capabilities allowing them to eliminate or remediate certain levels of pollutants. Primarily through the presence of vegetation, aquatic ecosystems are known to be capable of removing or at least decreasing pollutant loads travelling through the aqueous phase. In addition to vegetation, soil/sediment and microbes play a significant role in transferring or transforming pollutants to acceptable levels in aquatic ecosystems. This chapter focuses on some of the primary literature describing phytoremediation of organic pollutants (e.g. hydrocarbons and pesticides) and inorganic pollutants (e.g. metals and nutrients). Research indicates the popularity and success of phytoremediation techniques used to clean up both organic and inorganic pollutants from the water column. While certain caution should always be exercised, phytoremediation continues to serve as a successful means of pollutant remediation in aquatic ecosystems.
Wading in the Water: A Case Study Approach to Engaging More Fully in the Patient Narrative
Authors: Tadel Patrice M.
Published: February 2014

Working in the patient narrative has become a familiar part of the common language used in the context of caring for patients. Working in the patient narrative encompasses sharing conversation that allows exploration of the entire patient experience as it relates to health and illness. However, the complexity of engaging in end-of-life conversations, standing steady with conflict, remaining present, maintaining neutrality, and actively listening remain challenging concepts in practice even though they are integral to effectively doing so. Literature review has identified and defined key elements of interactions that can lead to significant opportunities to “wander more fully” in the patient narrative. Two case studies reviewed therein demonstrate ways in which palliative care encounters and end-of-life discussions afford the interdisciplinary team members purposeful engagement with patients. One case discusses taking risks to delve more deeply into patient's fears related to dying. This exploration lays the foundation for assuring goals of care are aligned with individual patient values. The other case demonstrates the use of symbols to share dialog related to an individual's tasks of dying. When directed, intentional facilitation occurs, the patient's unique holistic needs and values are identified, and goals of care can be clarified. In conclusion, highlights of research and clinical applications provide advantageous practice implications.
The Pot Calling the Kettle Black: Depression in Chronic Disease
Authors: Corless Inge B.
Published: February 2014

Depression and chronic disease are often related in that where one finds the one the other may also be present. The consensus is that the relationship is bidirectional. That consensus is about the general case and indicates that, for example, depression leads to diabetes and that diabetes also leads to depression. The explanation for this conundrum in a number of chronic diseases has yet to be elucidated. Labeling the phenomenon as depression may contribute to the confusion. It is the contention of this author that what is being observed following diagnosis with a life-limiting and/or activity-restricting condition is grief. This article explores the evidence about the relationship between depression and chronic disease and proposes an alternative explanation.
Framing and Re-Framing in Environmental Science: Explaining Climate Change to the Public
Authors: Rademaekers Justin King , Johnson-Sheehan Richard
Published: February 2014

Environmental scientists and science communicators working to educate the public on the science of global climate change often work to present information through an environmentalist perspective. This article uses theories of metaphoric framing to present six guidelines that climate change communicators can use to reframe climate change science in public communication. In particular, the authors argue for environmental scientists to adopt frames that the broader public will find familiar and persuasive. This reframing of environmental science is necessary to counter the framing of skepticism that special interest groups have used to dominate attempts to communicate climate change science to the public.
Mitohormesis: Promoting Health and Lifespan by Increased Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Authors: Ristow Michael , Schmeisser Kathrin
Published: February 2014

Increasing evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS), consisting of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and multiple others, do not only cause oxidative stress, but rather may function as signaling molecules that promote health by preventing or delaying a number of chronic diseases, and ultimately extend lifespan. While high levels of ROS are generally accepted to cause cellular damage and to promote aging, low levels of these may rather improve systemic defense mechanisms by inducing an adaptive response. This concept has been named mitochondrial hormesis or mitohormesis. We here evaluate and summarize more than 500 publications from current literature regarding such ROS-mediated low-dose signaling events, including calorie restriction, hypoxia, temperature stress, and physical activity, as well as signaling events downstream of insulin/IGF-1 receptors, AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), target-of-rapamycin (TOR), and lastly sirtuins to culminate in control of proteostasis, unfolded protein response (UPR), stem cell maintenance and stress resistance. Additionally, consequences of interfering with such ROS signals by pharmacological or natural compounds are being discussed, concluding that particularly antioxidants are useless or even harmful.
Electrospinning of laser dye Rhodamine B-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers
Authors: Dukali Ramdan , Radovic Ivana , Stojanovic Dusica , Sevic Dragutin , Radojevic Vesna , Jocic Dragan , Aleksic Radoslav
Published: February 2014

The electrospinning of Rhodamine B (RhB) -doped poly (methyl methacrylate)
(PMMA) is presented as a promising technique for processing photo luminescent
nanofibers. Nanofibers with concentrations of RhB in PMMA between 0.05 wt%
and 2.0 wt% were studied. The FTIR spectrum, fiber morphology, thermal
properties and optical properties of the nanofibers were investigated. The
smooth, bead- free and nonporous nanofibers were obtained. Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) results revealed that the Tg increased with the
increasing of Rh B content up to a 0.5 wt% and beyond that decreased. The
laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique was used to study the fluorescence
properties of the nanofibers. The maximum fluorescence emission was observed
at a concentration of RhB of c = 0.2 wt%.
Effects of AMPK Activation on Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolism in Leptin-Deficient ob/ob Mice
Authors: Zachariah Tom Robby , Garcia-Roves Pablo M. , Sjögren Rasmus J.O. , Jiang Lake Q. , Holmström Maria H. , Deshmukh Atul S. , Vieira Elaine , Chibalin Alexander V. , Björnholm Marie , Zierath Juleen R.
Published: February 2014

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric complex, composed of a catalytic subunit (α) and two regulatory subunits (β and γ), which act as a metabolic sensor to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. A mutation in the γ3 subunit (AMPKγ3R225Q) increases basal AMPK phosphorylation, while concomitantly reducing sensitivity to AMP. AMPKγ3R225Q (γ3R225Q) transgenic mice are protected against dietary-induced triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. We determined whether skeletal muscle–specific expression of AMPKγ3R225Q prevents metabolic abnormalities in leptin-deficient ob/ob (ob/ob-γ3R225Q) mice. Glycogen content was increased, triglyceride content was decreased, and diacylglycerol and ceramide content were unaltered in gastrocnemius muscle from ob/ob-γ3R225Q mice, whereas glucose tolerance was unaltered. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in extensor digitorum longus muscle during the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp was increased in lean γ3R225Q mice, but not in ob/ob-γ3R225Q mice. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation was increased in gastrocnemius muscle from γ3R225Q mutant mice independent of adiposity. Glycogen and triglyceride content were decreased after leptin treatment (5 days) in ob/ob mice, but not in ob/ob-γ3R225Q mice. In conclusion, metabolic improvements arising from muscle-specific expression of AMPKγ3R225Q are insufficient to ameliorate insulin resistance and obesity in leptin-deficient mice. Central defects due to leptin deficiency may override any metabolic benefit conferred by peripheral overexpression of the AMPKγ3R225Q mutation.
Super-Leadership and Work Enjoyment: Direct and Moderated Influences
Authors: Müller Günter F. , Georgianna Sibylle , Schermelleh-Engel Karin , Roth Anne C. , Schreiber Walter A. , Sauerland Martin , Muessigmann Michael J. , Jilg Franziska
Published: February 2014

Super-leadership is part of an approach called ‘empowering leadership.‘ Within this approach, super-leadership is assumed to enable subordinates to lead themselves. The current study examined correlates of super-leadership. A questionnaire measuring two dimensions of super-leadership was used to analyze relationships between super-leadership and subordinates' work enjoyment, i.e., job satisfaction, subjective well-being, and emotional organizational commitment. In addition, moderating effects of the organizational context, i.e., organizational decentralization, on the relationships between super-leadership and work enjoyment were explored. 198 German employees from different occupations participated in the study. Latent moderator structural equation analysis revealed that the two factors of super-leadership, “coaching and communicative support” and “facilitation of personal autonomy and responsibility,” had direct positive effects on subordinates' work enjoyment. Organizational decentralization moderated the effect of “coaching and communicative support” on work enjoyment but not the relations involving “facilitation of personal autonomy and responsibility.” Conclusions for further research and practical applications were discussed.
Inventories of Psychological Skills for Athletic Clubs and School Life
Authors: Ueno Kohei
Published: February 2014

Some students who participate in athletic activities transfer the skills acquired in a sports context into other areas of life, while others do not. To identify the specific skills that are transferred or not from sports to the school environment, two inventories were developed: the “Psychological Skills Inventory for Athletic Clubs” and the “Psychological Skills Inventory for School Life.” These inventories enable a comparison of skills in a sport context with skills in a school context. In the first stage, 307 Japanese first-year university students who had participated in high school athletic clubs volunteered to take part in a survey to develop these inventories. Analyses indicated that both inventories comprised identical subscales of intrapersonal and interpersonal skills. In the second stage, the reliability and validity of these inventories was confirmed for 531 Japanese high school students who were members of athletic clubs for sports such as soccer and baseball.
Magnetic-mechanical accumulator of kinetic energy
Authors: Valtera Jan , Beran Jaroslav
Published: February 2014

The paper focuses on the process of non-contacting kinetic energy accumulation at the dead-end positions of
a reciprocating rectilinear motion with a variable stroke. It describes the development of a magnetic-mechanical
accumulator that absorbs energy while the moving part is decelerating towards the dead-end position and releases
the energy back to the system while it is accelerating from the dead-end position. At the same time, it enables
stroke modification of a certain level with a minimal impact on the maximum force of the accumulator. With respect
to the magneto-static analysis of components, the preload of the mechanical element has been set accordingly.
The dynamic analysis of the system has been carried out and the prototype produced and tested on the testing rig.
Epidemiological survey of Rheumatic fever, Rheumatic heart disease and Congenital heart disease among school children in Kathmandu valley of Nepal
Authors: Prajapati Dipanker , Sharma Deewakar , Regmi Prakash Raj , Khanal Harihar , Baidya Sajan Gopal , Rajbhandari Sujeeb , Rokka Madhu , Singh Sarju Raj , Shrestha Anmol , Shrestha Abha , Belbase Rupesh Jung , Sulpya Sambridhi
Published: February 2014

Background and Aims: Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease and Congenital Heart disease are the most common cardiac problems in school children. Prior studies have reported different prevalence rate of Rheumatic Heart Disease among different groups of population of Nepal. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease and Congenital Heart Disease among school children in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Methods: Cardiac screening of 34,876 school children from 115 randomly selected public schools from two cities of Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu and Lalitpur) was done. Cases with abnormal findings in auscultation underwent echocardiography and the diagnosis was confirmed. Results: The prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease was noted to be 1 per thousand and prevalence of Rheumatic Heart Disease was found to be 0.90 per thousand (in the age group 5-16 years) with the most common lesion being Mitral Regurgitation. No significant statistical difference was noted between male and female students in both the cases of Rheumatic Heart Disease and Congenital Heart Disease. No cases of Acute Rheumatic Fever were noted. Conclusion: The prevalence of Rheumatic Heart Disease among school children in Kathmandu valley was noted to be lower than reported in similar previous studies. Primary and secondary prevention programs of RF/RHD have been effective in Nepal and are needed to be strengthened and expanded to further reduce the burden of these diseases. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 10 | No.1 | November 2013| Pages 1-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9738
Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Adults: Study of Risk factors, Angiographic Features and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Tamrakar Rikesh , Bhatt Yadav Deo , Kansakar Subodh , Bhattarai Mahesh , Shaha Kunal Bikram , Tuladhar Eanstara
Published: February 2014

Background and aims: Acute myocardial infarction below 45 years of age constitutes a specific subset of population having different risk factors and clinical features as compared to older patients. Pattern of coronary artery involvement and clinical outcome also varies suggesting different underlying pathophysiology. Better understanding this specific problem will lead to further improvement in management. Methods: One hundred and fifteen consecutive patients diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction and were below 45 years over the period of one year were enrolled in the study. Clinical parameters, risk factors, angiographic patterns were analysed. Patients were assessed daily during hospital stay to study in-hospital outcome and complications. Results: Out of total patients studied, 64.3% were smokers, 27.8% were hypertensive, 15.65% were diabetic and 9.6% had history of dyslipidemia. There was history of recreational drug abuse in 4.3% of patients. Most patients present as ST elevation myocardial infarction (87%). Majority of patients were in Killip class I (69.5%) at presentation in emergency. Single vessel disease (58.3%) was the most common finding in coronary angiography and 7.6% patients have normal or non obstructive coronary lesions. Complications include arrhythmia (6%), cardiogenic shock (5.2%) and mortality (1.7%). Conclusions: In young acute myocardial infarction patients, smoking is the single most important modifiable risk factor. Other conventional risk factors are less strongly associated than older patients. Young patients tend to have less extensive coronary artery lesions. In few patients, presence of normal or non obstructive coronary lesions would suggest possibility of different mechanism of myocardial necrosis. Overall, these patients had favourable outcome and better prognosis. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 10 | No.1 | November 2013| Pages 12-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9740
Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery lesion characteristics: a single center study
Authors: Dubey Laxman , Guruprasad Sogunuru , Subramanyam Gangapatnam
Published: February 2014

Background: Coronary atherosclerotic burden is excessive in diabetic patients. The aim of present study was to assess the relationship between diabetes mellitus and plaque characteristics in patients with coronary artery disease.Methods: The coronary angiograms of 223 patients with significant obstructive lesions during April 2011 to May 2013 in College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital were analyzed. The coronary lesions of patients with and without type 2 diabetes were compared. Results: 81 diabetic and 142 non-diabetic patients had significant coronary artery disease. Diabetic patients had more multivessel (64.2% versus 55.6%, p<0.05), and small vessel disease (74.1% versus 54.9%, p<0.05) than nondiabetic patients. Moreover, complex Type C lesion was significantly higher in the diabetic patients as compared to the nondiabetic patients (55.5% versus 29.6%, p<0.01). Conclusions: Complex coronary lesions were significantly more common in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 10 | No.1 | November 2013| Pages 20-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9742
Percutaneous Transluminal Mitral Commissurotomy in Nepalese children with Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
Authors: Shrestha Manish , Adhikari Chandra Mani , Shakya Urmila , Khanal Aayush , Shrestha Shradha , Rajbhandari Rajib
Published: February 2014

Background: Rheumatic heart disease is one of the most common heart diseases in developing country; however rheumatic mitral stenosis in children is relatively rare. Percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy is a well established therapeutic intervention for mitral stenosis in adults. The study is conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of PTMC in children with severe mitral stenosis. Methods: A single centre retrospective study is conducted over a 3 and half years period (from 16th November, 2009 to 15th May, 2013) in Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. All consecutive patients aged less than 15 years who underwent Percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy for severe mitral stenosis were included. Mitral valve area, left atrial pressure and mitral regurgitation were compared pre and post procedure. Results: During the study period, 2237 patients underwent Percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy. Among them 100 children less than 15 years of age were included. Successful results were obtained in 94 (94%) patients. Mitral valve area increased from 0.7±0.15 cm2 to 1.5±0.32 cm2 (p<0.001). A significant decrease in left atrial pressure was observed from 29±7.9 mmHg to 13.9±6.2 mmHg (p<0.001). There was no significant change in grade of post procedural mitral regurgitation. Conclusions: Percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy in children with severe mitral `stenosis is safe, effective and should be considered as procedure of choice for childrens. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 10 | No.1 | November 2013| Pages 23-26 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9743
Trans-oesophageal Echocardiographic Appraisal of Left Atrial Appendage Clot in Severe Mitral Stenosis.
Authors: Simkhada Rabindra , KC Man Bahadur , Bhatt Yadav Deo , Maskey Arun , Malla Rabi , Sharma Deewakar , Rajbhandari Rajeeb , Limba Yuba Raj , Kansakar Subodh , Baidhya Sajan Gopal , Shama Ranjit , Nepal Himanshu Prasad , Rauiyar Binay Kumar , Yadav Dharma Nath , Prajapati Dipanker , Pandey Rabindra , Shrestha Nagma , Singh Satish Kumar
Published: February 2014

Background and Aims Left atrial appendage clot is a common complication of mitral stenosis. The management of patient differs significantly if there is presence of clot. Various factors had been studied as a risk factor for clot formation. We aim to assess the prevalence of left atrial appendage clot by trans-oesophageal echocardiography in patients of severe mitral stenosis planned for percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy and analyze the factors responsible for it. Methods: An oservational prevalence study was conducted among 100 patients of severe mitral stenosis who were undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography before percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy and prevalence of left atrial appendage clot were recorded. Data were entered in the SPSS and factors responsible for clot formation were analyzed. Results: Out of 100 enrolled patients, 69 (69%) were female. Mean age of presentation was 37.4±13.70 years. Mean age of female was 38.11±13.13 years and male was 35.80±14.98 years. Mean mitral valve area was 0.87±0.12 cm2 and mean left atrial size was 4.79±0.60 cm. Atrial Fibrillation was present in 32 (32%) patients. Transoesophageal echocardiography revealed left atrial appendage clot in 28 (28%). Gender showed no correlation with presence of clot (p=0.06). Increasing age (p=0.002), presence of Atrial Fibrillation (p=0.005) and larger left atrial size (p<0.01) showed significant positive correlation with left atrial appendage clot formation. Conclusion: Left atrial appendage clot was common finding in severe mitral stenosis patients. Patients with advanced age, presence of atrial fibrillation and larger left atrial size were more likely to have clot formation. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 10 | No.1 | November 2013| Pages 27-29 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9744
Potential application of a handheld confocal endomicroscope imaging system using a variety of fluorophores in experimental gliomas and normal brain
Authors: Martirosyan Nikolay L. , Georges Joseph , Eschbacher Jennifer M. , Cavalcanti Daniel D. , Elhadi Ali M. , Abdelwahab Mohammed G. , Scheck Adrienne C. , Nakaji Peter , Spetzler Robert F. , Preul Mark C.
Published: February 2014

Object

The authors sought to assess the feasibility of a handheld visible-wavelength confocal endomicroscope imaging system (Optiscan 5.1, Optiscan Pty., Ltd.) using a variety of rapid-acting fluorophores to provide histological information on gliomas, tumor margins, and normal brain in animal models.

Methods

Mice (n = 25) implanted with GL261 cells were used to image fluorescein sodium (FNa), 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), acridine orange (AO), acriflavine (AF), and cresyl violet (CV). A U251 glioma xenograft model in rats (n = 5) was used to image sulforhodamine 101 (SR101). A swine (n = 3) model with AO was used to identify confocal features of normal brain. Images of normal brain, obvious tumor, and peritumoral zones were collected using the handheld confocal endomicroscope. Histological samples were acquired through biopsies from matched imaging areas. Samples were visualized with a benchtop confocal microscope. Histopathological features in corresponding confocal images and photomicrographs of H & E–stained tissues were reviewed.

Results

Fluorescence induced by FNa, 5-ALA, AO, AF, CV, and SR101 and detected with the confocal endomicroscope allowed interpretation of histological features. Confocal endomicroscopy revealed satellite tumor cells within peritumoral tissue, a definitive tumor border, and striking fluorescent cellular and subcellular structures. Fluorescence in various tumor regions correlated with standard histology and known tissue architecture. Characteristic features of different areas of normal brain were identified as well.

Conclusions

Confocal endomicroscopy provided rapid histological information precisely related to the site of microscopic imaging with imaging characteristics of cells related to the unique labeling features of the fluorophores. Although experimental with further clinical trial validation required, these data suggest that intraoperative confocal imaging can help to distinguish normal brain from tumor and tumor margin and may have application in improving intraoperative decisions during resection of brain tumors.
Synthesis of Dimethyl 2-(2-methylenebenzo[d]Thiazol-3(2H)-yl) Succinate Derivatives by a Novel Three-component Reaction
Authors: Nassiri Mahmoud , Milani Forough Jalili , Hassankhani Asadollah
Published: February 2014

The reaction of 2-methylbenzothiazole or 2,5-dimethylbenzothiazole with dimethyl acetylene-dicarboxylate in the presence of heterocyclic compounds containing an NH group such as maleimide, succinimide, indole, 2-methyl indole and carbazole, leads to dimethyl 2-(2-methylenebenzo[ d]thiazol-3(2 H)-yl) succinate derivatives in good yields. The reactions proceed smoothly at room temperature without a catalyst.
Two Ways of Preparing Benzonitriles Using BrCCl3–PPh3 as the Reagent
Authors: Jasem Yosef Al , Barkhad Mohamed , Khazali Mona Al , Butt Hifsa Pervez , El-Khwass Noha Ashraf , AlAzani Mariam , Hindawi Bassam al , Thiemann Thies
Published: February 2014

Benzamides were converted into benzonitriles with BrCCl3–PPh3–Et3N in CH2Cl2 in an Appel-type reaction. Benzaldoximes could be transformed to benzonitriles under identical conditions. It was found that the reaction system BrCCl3–(2 equiv.)PPh3 was also suitable for these transformations with PPh3 replacing Et3N.
Efficient Synthesis of Pyrazole Fused [6-7-5] Tricyclic Frameworks via Intramolecular Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts
Authors: Zhong Weihui , Tu Aiping , Chen Kai , Liu Yanbin , Hu Weibo , Chen Xiao
Published: February 2014

A novel and efficient synthesis of pyrazole fused[6-7-5]tricyclic derivatives via AlCl3-catalysed intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction of the Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts was described and a plausible mechanism was given.
Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of a Novel Dansyl-based Fluorescent Probe for Hg2+
Authors: Zuo-An Xiao , Dan Zhan , Xiao Yang
Published: February 2014

A novel turn-off fluorescent probe containing a dansyl fluorophore has been synthesised. Its recognition properties towards various metal ions have been studied by fluorescence spectrometry. The compound showed a high sensitivity and selectivity to Hg2+ ion and a complexation ratio towards Hg2+ of 2: 1. Its fluorescence intensity varied almost linearly versus the concentration of Hg2+ (0.8–8.4 μmol L−1), and the detection limit of Hg2+ was estimated to be 0.88 μmol L−1.
Copper Complex-catalysed C–N Coupling Reaction of Aryl Iodides with Nitrogen-containing Heterocycles
Authors: Sajadi S. Mohammad , Maham Mehdi
Published: February 2014

An efficient method for the copper-catalysed arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles is reported using 3-(diphenylphosphino) propanoic acid as a ligand in combination of CuCl. The C–N coupling reactions afford various N-arylated products in good to excellent yields.
Content analysis of agricultural training advertisements in Nigerian newspapers
Authors: Oloruntoba A , Oladeji JO , Odedele EF
Published: February 2014

It is obvious that the use of newspapers is one of the ways through which literate farmers could access agriculture-related information and are acquainted with innovations in agriculture. This study investigated the content of agricultural training advertisements in three Nigerian newspapers: The Guardian, Nigerian Tribune and Daily Times. Using multistage sampling techniques, 240 editions of these newspapers containing 609 advertisements for five years (20012005) were selected. In terms of agricultural subsectoral coverage, 30.3% were on veterinary services while forestry services recorded the least advertisement (4.0 %). The Nigerian Tribune newspaper has the highest coverage of agricultural training advertisements 40.7% compared to the 34.7% and 12.2% for Daily Times and Guardian newspapers, respectively. The result also showed that majority of agricultural training advertisements (81.10%) were placed on the non-prominent pages of the selected newspapers. Chi-Square analysis of association between the categories of agricultural training advertisements in the focal newspapers showed that there is significant relationship in the rate at which the sampled newspapers advertise different category of agricultural training advertisements in the newspapers (p<0.05). Chi square analysis also indicated that there is significant association between the placements of agricultural training advertisements and type of newspapers (p<0.05). This implies that advertisement placement on prominent pages of newspapers is determined by the policy of print media organization which also varies with cost of advertisement. It is therefore recommended that agricultural news items should be given more prominence as a panacea for increased information source to new entrants, especially the literate farmers to encourage farming. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v3i2.17838 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 3 (2): 12-15, December, 2013
Aged leaves effect on essential components in green and oolong tea
Authors: Rahman MM , Kalam MA , Salam MA , Rana MR
Published: February 2014

Tea leaf encompasses essential components like caffeine, polyphenol, lipid etc. The study was conducted to find out the essential constituents in green and oolong tea from aged tea leaves during the year of 2012. Tea leaves with different plucked aged were collected from Lackatoorah Tea Estate at sylhet district in Bangladesh. Collected leaves were processesed to make desirable samples for biochemical analysis in the laboratory of Department of Food Enginnering and Tea Technology, SUST. Results revealed that the essential constituents like moisture, caffeine, polyphenol, lipid, protein, ash, ascorbic acid, acidity and pH value in green tea made from different aged leaves were found slightly higher than oolong tea, ranged from 6.38±1.06 to 3.49±0.59%; 4.91±0.82 to 1.49±0.24%; 30.88±5.15 to 18.23±3.04%; 7.50±1.25 to 9.58±1.59%; 13.15±2.19 to 17.33±2.88%; 3.87±1.65 to 7.86±1.31%; 48.4±8.05 to 21.3±3.55(mg); 2.13±0.68 to 1.18±0.19% and 5.52±0.11 to 5.97±0.18%, respectively. Similarly, the moisture, caffeine, polyphenol, lipid, protein, ash, ascorbic acid, acidity and pH value from different aged leaves were found in oolong tea from 6.19±1.04 to 2.98±0.49%; 4.68±0.78 to 1.11±0.19%; 20.89±3.48 to 8.23±1.37%; 6.40±1.07 to 9.13±1.52%; 13.03±2.17 to 17.19±2.86%; 3.44±0.58 to 7.57±1.27% 6.44±1.08 to 0.98±0.17 (mg); 2.02±0.34to 1.02±0.17% and 5.53±0.11 to 5.97±0.20%, respectively. Therefore, young tea leaves (i.e. 5 to 8 days tea leaves) should be plucked for considering useful constituents in processed green tea and oolong tea. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v3i2.17845 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 3 (2): 54-58, December, 2013