Apprentice of Ground Water Level Fluctuation using AI Models in Jammu District of Jammuand Kashmir
Authors: Pandit Dr. Bashir Ahmad 
Published: September 2024

Abstract: Gravity causes precipitation to permeate and percolate into subterranean aquifers through bedrock interstices, sands, gravels, and other interspaces, which hold the majority of the freshwater found beneath the earth's surface (Wang et al., 2014). There are 1.4 billion cubic meters of water on the earth. Fresh water makes up 2.5 percent of it, and the oceans and seas make up 97.5 percent. According to Unes et al. (2017), sweet waters account for 0.3% of the water in lakes and rivers, 30.8% of ground water, soil necropsy, and marsh, and 68.9% of ice and permanent snow. India has 430.45 km3 of yearly replenishable groundwater resources and 395.52 km3 of net annual groundwater availability. According to Anonymous (2013), Jammu and Kashmir has yearly replenishable groundwater resources of 3.70 km3, with a net annual groundwater availability of 3.33 km3. It has been anticipated that the nation will need 1450 km3/year of water overall by the year 2050 for a variety of activities (Gupta and Deshpande 2004). Around 2050, water availability will need to be almost tripled compared to the current 500 km3/year. Particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, groundwater represents a substantial supply of fresh water for industry, agriculture, and drinking (Barzegar et al., 2017). Groundwater supplies are under pressure to meet the demand for fresh water across several industries, since surface water pollution is getting worse every day. Both groundwater quality and quantity have lately declined as a result of excessive groundwater extraction for business and agriculture (Kalantari et al., 2019). In addition, human activity and climate change are having an effect on the amount and quality of supply (Kalantari et al., 2014). Since the conclusion of the green revolution, more groundwater has been extracted nationwide in India, leading to overuse in certain states, including Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujrat, and Haryana (CGWB, 2006). As a result, a sizable population and their means of subsistence are in jeopardy, greatly endangering the natural ecology, the security of India's food and water supplies, and the health of its plants and people. It emphasizes how important it is to manage groundwater resources sustainably in order to meet the needs of both the current and the next generation. Thanks to recent rapid increases in computing power and widespread availability of computers and model software, groundwater modelling has become an essential tool for professional hydrogeologists to identify, develop, and manage groundwater resources as well as to predict the effects of management measures (Brassington, 1998). Forecasting groundwater levels (GWLs) can reduce groundwater misuse and aid in the creation of efficient water resource management plans (Yoon et al., 2011). Models like MODFLOW, FEFLOW, and PMWIN have been developed to estimate groundwater levels and recharge for global groundwater research. According to Raghavendra and Deka (2016), GWL forecasting can be used to manage groundwater for a range of demands, evaluate changes in GW storage, estimate recharge rates, and guarantee the ecological sustainability of a watershed.