bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olduvai Gorge
Authors: Tobias P. V.
Published: December 2011

On 15 August 1959 Dr L. S. B. Leakey announced the discovery, in the lowest level of Olduvai Gorge, of a new and beautifully preserved fossil cranium of a hominid, which he tentatively named Zinjanthropus boisei. For this second volume, Professor Tobias has undertaken a definitive analysis of the cranium. This is a most comprehensive study to be made on a hominid skull belonging to the early and mid-Pleistocene group of australopithecines. The fossilised skull provides a wealth of information on taxonomic status, way of life and age at death. To evaluate Zinjanthropus fully, the author has reviewed in detail the cranial and dental anatomy of all australopithecines from Tanzania and South Africa and has placed on record much valuable information about the group as a whole.
Sur
Authors: King John
Published: December 2011

This book tells the story of Sur, Argentina's foremost literary and cultural journal of the twentieth century. Victoria Ocampo (its founder and lifelong editor) and Jorge Luis Borges (a regular and influential contributor) feature prominently in the story, while the contributions of other major writers (including Eduardo Mallea, William Faulkner, André Breton, Virginia Woolf, Alfonso Reyes, Octavio Paz, Waldo Frank, Aldous Huxley and Graham Greene) are discussed. Politically speaking, Sur represented a certain brand of liberalism, a resistance to populism and mass culture, and an attachment to elitist values which offended against the more dominant phases of Argentine thought, from Peronism to the varied forms of nationalism, socialism and Marxism. Dr King examines the journal's roots, its development and its demise, relating it to other journals circulating at the time, and highlighting vital issues debated in its pages, such as Argentine attitudes towards fascism during the Second World War.
Pesticide Impact on Stream Fauna
Authors: Muirhead-Thomson R. C.
Published: December 2011

The problem of pesticide contamination of running waters is one of concern in many different fields of human activity. A critical experimental approach is essential in trying to understand how individual stream fauna react and how integrated aquatic communities respond to these toxic chemicals, both over short periods and in the long term. This book, first published in 1987, deals with three aspects of pesticide contamination. First the origins of the pollutants are considered. Secondly, there follows a consideration of laboratory evaluation techniques, and thirdly, the final section of the book looks in detail at a selection of case studies in which the effects on streams of widely used pesticides are analysed. The account will be of value to freshwater biologists generally but especially to those directly involved in work with pesticides, freshwater fisheries and public health.
Storytelling Rights
Authors: Shuman Amy
Published: December 2011

Based on intensive fieldwork in an urban American junior high school, this original study explores the relationship between oral and written texts in everyday life by analysing tellings and retellings of local events, diaries, writings and discussions.
Kiev 1941
Authors: Stahel David
Published: December 2011

In just four weeks in the summer of 1941 the German Wehrmacht wrought unprecedented destruction on four Soviet armies, conquering central Ukraine and killing or capturing three quarters of a million men. This was the Battle of Kiev - one of the largest and most decisive battles of World War II and, for Hitler and Stalin, a battle of crucial importance. In this book, David Stahel charts the battle's dramatic course and aftermath, uncovering the irreplaceable losses suffered by Germany's 'panzer groups' despite their battlefield gains, and the implications of these losses for the German war effort. He illuminates the inner workings of the German army as well as the experiences of ordinary soldiers, showing that with the Russian winter looming and Soviet resistance still unbroken, victory came at huge cost and confirmed the turning point in Germany's war in the East.
Discoveries in Australia
Authors: Stokes John Lort
Published: December 2011

John Lort Stokes (1812–85) was a naval officer on board H.M.S. Beagle - the same ship that had carried naturalist Charles Darwin around the world in 1831–6. Stokes served on that expedition and on the following commission, which was a survey of Australia in which the crew was charged with discovering more about the largely unknown land mass. The expedition set off in 1837 and Stokes did not return to England until 1843 - after 18 years of service on the Beagle - when he began work on this two-volume account of the voyage, which was published in 1846. This work provides a detailed narrative of the journey, including interaction with indigenous peoples and observations about the natural world in Australia, making it an important source about the early years of the European colony. Volume 2 sees the expedition explore the Victoria River, and later venture north into the Indonesian archipelago.
Four Months among the Gold-Finders in Alta California
Authors: Brooks J. Tyrwhitt
Published: December 2011

J. Tyrwhitt Brooks was a pseudonym of the nineteenth-century publisher and journalist, Henry Vizetelly (1820–94). Born in London, Vizetelly was apprenticed to a wood engraver as a young child. He entered the printing business and helped found two successful but short-lived newspapers, the Pictorial Times and the Illustrated Times. His Four Months among the Gold-Finders, published in 1849, was a commercial and critical success on both sides of the Atlantic. It purported to be a genuine diary about the Californian Gold Rush, and was widely accepted as such. However, he admits in his 1893 autobiography, Glances Back Through Seventy Years (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection) that it was an elaborate hoax. The supposed author was a doctor (whose testimony would be considered reliable) who had found and then lost a fortune. The Times reviewed it enthusiastically and at length as a morality tale for its time.
The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Written by Himself
Authors: Franklin Benjamin
Published: December 2011

Benjamin Franklin (1706–90) is best known as an American revolutionary politician, but he also excelled as a printer, journalist and natural philosopher despite having little formal education. As a statesman, he was the only person to sign all three major documents of American statehood: the Declaration of Independence, the peace treaty with Britain, and the United States constitution. This three-volume set, first published in 1874, was compiled from Franklin's autobiography (covering the period up to 1857) and autobiographical passages from correspondence and other writings. Using Franklin's own words, it tells his remarkable story, which is integral to the political history of America. Franklin's account of self-discipline and motivation remains one of the most popular autobiographies of all time. Volume 3 of Franklin's Life covers the negotiation for peace with Great Britain, the drafting of the United States constitution, and his retirement from public life, and also contains his will.
Letters from the Mountains
Authors: Grant Anne MacVicar
Published: December 2011

First published in 1806, and revised and edited by her son for this 1845 sixth edition, this collection of letters by Anne Grant (1755–1838) tells her story of thirty years' residence in the Scottish Highlands. Described by the author as 'sketches of a life spent in the most remote obscurity', it was one of the first works to acquaint the public with the romantic scenery of the Highlands. Anne Grant's lyrical descriptions of the landscape and characters of the rural parish of Laggan caught the imagination of a generation captivated by the poetry of Scott and Burns. Volume 2 includes engaging descriptions of the pleasures of rural life alongside frank and emotional accounts of personal tragedies. The work is an important example of a woman's literary contribution to the Romantic movement. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/svPeople?formname=r&person_id=granan.
The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891
Authors: Hardy Florence Emily
Published: December 2011

The great English novelist and poet Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) worked with his second wife, Florence, on this account of his life. It was published under her name, in two separate volumes, after his death. Its origins are as fascinating as the man himself: written in the third person, it was compiled from Hardy's selections from his diaries, notebooks and letters, typed up by Florence and further edited by her after he died. The work provides an invaluable, if idiosyncratic, record of Hardy's life and complex, contradictory character. This is the first volume, published in 1928 and covering the period 1840–91, including Hardy's childhood in Dorset, the publication of novels such as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) and Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), his marriage in 1874 to Emma Gifford and the building of Max Gate, their home near Dorchester.
Letters of John Keats to his Family and Friends
Authors: Keats John
Published: December 2011

Assembled in 1891 by Sir Sidney Colvin (1845–1927), this collection of John Keats' correspondence contains 164 letters written to the poet's family and friends during his short life. Colvin was at various times Slade Professor of Fine Art at Cambridge, Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum. He had a long-standing interest in Keats and eventually published a biography of the celebrated poet (also reissued in this series) in 1917. Among the letters included here are those written to Keats' publisher John Taylor, his sister Fanny Keats, his close friend Charles Armitage Brown, the artist Benjamin Haydon, writers John Hamilton Reynolds and Leigh Hunt and many others, providing a rich insight into the poet's character. The book also includes an explanatory preface containing background information and brief biographical sketches of Keats' correspondents.
Recollections of a Long Life
Authors: Hobhouse John Cam
Published: December 2011

John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton (1786–1869), politician and prolific memoirist, is today best remembered for his close friendship with Lord Byron, and as the inventor of the phrase 'His Majesty's Opposition'. He travelled extensively in Europe with Byron, and acted both as his best man and as his executor after Byron's early death in 1824. He began his political career as a radical, but gradually moved to a much more conservative viewpoint. This six-volume work is a revision of a 1865 privately printed memoir, expanded by his daughter from his diaries and letters, and published between 1909 and 1911. Volume 5 covers the period 1834–40, and includes the destruction by fire of the Palace of Westminster, and the accession and marriage of Queen Victoria. Hobhouse's wide acquaintance among the leading social and political figures of the day makes his memoirs of enduring interest to students of both history and literature.
Gray
Authors: Gosse Edmund
Published: December 2011

Thomas Gray (1716–71) was one of the most influential poets of the eighteenth century, and is probably best remembered today for his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. In this biography of Gray, first published in the first 'English Men of Letters' series in 1882, poet and critic Edmund Gosse (1849–1928) delivers a sympathetic account of his subject, offering both a traditional chronological narrative of Gray's life, from his schooldays at Eton, through his travels abroad and his academic career at Cambridge (though he was appointed professor of modern history in 1768, failing health meant that he never delivered any lectures), and an analysis of his poetry. In the book's last chapter, Gosse laments the lack of recognition that Gray had received in England since his death: Dr Johnson is criticised especially for his writings on Gray - 'barren and meagre of fact to the last degree'.
Histoire de la Révolution Française
Authors: Blanc Louis
Published: December 2011

Louis Blanc (1811–82) was a French historian and politician whose writings had a considerable influence on the development of French socialism. In his famous Organisation du travail (1839) he called for social reform by action of the State. As a member of the provisional government established after the 1848 Revolution, he campaigned for workers' rights, advocating the creation of cooperative workshops. His twelve-volume Histoire de la Révolution Française (1847–62), most of which he wrote while in exile in England, combines years of thorough research with Blanc's characteristic socialist and republican enthusiasm. Volume 1, first published in 1847, traces the intellectual origins of the French Revolution to the development of individualism, first in Protestantism, and then in the Enlightenment. It spans four centuries, from the origins of Protestantism with the Czech priest Jan Hus, to the reign of Louis XIV, to the political philosophies of Voltaire and Montesquieu.
QUASIMODULAR FORMS AND COHOMOLOGY
Authors: Lee Min Ho
Published: December 2011

We construct linear maps from the spaces of quasimodular forms for a discrete subgroup Γ of SL(2,ℝ) to some cohomology spaces of the group Γ and prove that these maps are equivariant with respect to appropriate Hecke operator actions. The results are obtained by using the fact that there is a correspondence between quasimodular forms and certain finite sequences of modular forms.
Teleost fish larvae adapt to dietary arachidonic acid supply through modulation of the expression of lipid metabolism and stress response genes
Authors: Alves Martins Dulce , Rocha Filipa , Martínez-Rodríguez Gonzalo , Bell Gordon , Morais Sofia , Castanheira Filipa , Bandarra Narcisa , Coutinho Joana , Yúfera Manuel , Conceição Luís E. C.
Published: December 2011

Dietary fatty acid supply can affect stress response in fish during early development. Although knowledge on the mechanisms involved in fatty acid regulation of stress tolerance is scarce, it has often been hypothesised that eicosanoid profiles can influence cortisol production. Genomic cortisol actions are mediated by cytosolic receptors which may respond to cellular fatty acid signalling. An experiment was designed to test the effects of feeding gilthead sea-bream larvae with four microdiets, containing graded arachidonic acid (ARA) levels (0·4, 0·8, 1·5 and 3·0 %), on the expression of genes involved in stress response (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, glucocorticoid receptor and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), lipid and, particularly, eicosanoid metabolism (hormone-sensitive lipase, PPARα, phospholipase A2, cyclo-oxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase), as determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Fish fatty acid phenotypes reflected dietary fatty acid profiles. Growth performance, survival after acute stress and similar whole-body basal cortisol levels suggested that sea-bream larvae could tolerate a wide range of dietary ARA levels. Transcription of all genes analysed was significantly reduced at dietary ARA levels above 0·4 %. Nonetheless, despite practical suppression of phospholipase A2transcription, higher leukotriene B4levels were detected in larvae fed 3·0 % ARA, whereas a similar trend was observed regarding PGE2production. The present study demonstrates that adaptation to a wide range of dietary ARA levels in gilthead sea-bream larvae involves the modulation of the expression of genes related to eicosanoid synthesis, lipid metabolism and stress response. The roles of ARA, other polyunsaturates and eicosanoids as signals in this process are discussed.
Effects of ethanol consumption on the B-group vitamin contents of liver, blood and urine in rats
Authors: Miyazaki Aiko , Sano Mitsue , Fukuwatari Tsutomu , Shibata Katsumi
Published: December 2011

Several studies have shown that blood vitamin levels are lower in alcoholic patients than in control subjects. Acute ethanol exposure enhances the release of vitamins from liver cellsin vitro.The aim of the present study is to confirm the effects of ethanol consumption on vitamin contentsin vivo.We compared the contents of B-group vitamins in the liver, blood and urine between ethanol-fed and control rats fed a diet containing a sufficient- and low-vitamin mixture. The experimental rats were fed a 15 % ethanol solution freely for 28 d, and then 24 h urine samples were collected, after which the animals were killed. The B-group vitamin contents in the liver, blood and urine were measured. No differences in liver, blood and urine contents were observed between the control and ethanol-fed rats fed a diet containing a sufficient-vitamin mixture. On the contrary, in rats fed a diet containing a low-vitamin mixture, consumption of ethanol caused a decrease in the contents of vitamins B1, B2and pantothenic acid in the liver; however, the contents of the other vitamins did not decrease. In the blood, the contents of vitamins B1, B2, B6and pantothenic acid were lower in the ethanol-fed rats than in the controls. Urinary excretion of the B-group vitamins, except for niacin, was lower in the ethanol-fed rats. These results show that ethanol consumption affects the absorption, distribution and excretion of each of the vitamins in rats fed a diet containing a low-vitamin mixture.
Egyptian sweet marjoram leaves protect against genotoxicity, immunosuppression and other complications induced by cyclophosphamide in albino rats
Authors: Ramadan Gamal , El-Beih Nadia M. , Zahra Mai M.
Published: December 2011

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most popular alkylating anticancer drugs that show a high therapeutic index, despite the widespread side effects and toxicity particularly in high-dose regimens and long-term use. Here, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of two different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, given orally for 30 consecutive days) of Egyptian sweet marjoram leaf powder (MLP) and marjoram leaf aqueous extract (MLE) in alleviating the genotoxicity, immunosuppression and other complications induced by CP in non-tumour-bearing albino rats. The present study showed (probably for the first time) that both MLP and MLE significantly alleviated (P < 0·05–0·001) most side effects and toxicity of CP-treated rats including the increase in chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells and serum malondialdehyde level, the decrease in the level of serum Ig, the delayed type of hypersensitivity response as also the weights and cellularity of lymphoid organs, and myelosuppression, leucopenia, macrocytic normochromic anaemia as well as thrombocytopenia by reactivating the non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathioneS-transferase, superoxide dismutase) antioxidant system and increasing the mitotic index of bone marrow cells. The modulatory effects of marjoram leaves shown in the present study were dose dependent in most cases and much higher in MLE (21–23 % for all parameters taken together). In addition, the doses used in the present study were considered safe. In conclusion, sweet marjoram leaves (especially in the form of a herbal tea) may be useful as an immunostimulant and in reducing genotoxicity in patients under chemotherapeutic interventions.
Alcohol consumption and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sluik Diewertje , Boeing Heiner , Bergmann Manuela M. , Schütze Madlen , Teucher Birgit , Kaaks Rudolf , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Arriola Larraitz , Ardanaz Eva , Bendinelli Benedetta , Agnoli Claudia , Tumino Rosario , Ricceri Fulvio , Mattiello Amalia , Spijkerman Annemieke M. W. , Beulens Joline W. J. , Grobbee Diederick E. , Nilsson Peter M. , Melander Olle , Franks Paul W. , Rolandsson Olov , Riboli Elio , Gallo Valentina , Romaguera Dora , Nöthlings Ute
Published: December 2011

Studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of CVD and premature mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. However, history of alcohol consumption has hardly been taken into account. We investigated the association between current alcohol consumption and mortality in men and women with diabetes mellitus accounting for past alcohol consumption. Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort was defined of 4797 participants with a confirmed diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Men and women were assigned to categories of baseline and past alcohol consumption. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for total mortality were estimated with multivariable Cox regression models, using light alcohol consumption (>0–6 g/d) as the reference category. Compared with light alcohol consumption, no relationship was observed between consumption of 6 g/d or more and total mortality. HR for >6–12 g/d was 0·89 (95 % CI 0·61, 1·30) in men and 0·86 (95 % CI 0·46, 1·60) in women. Adjustment for past alcohol consumption did not change the estimates substantially. In individuals who at baseline reported abstaining from alcohol, mortality rates were increased relative to light consumers: HR was 1·52 (95 % CI 0·99, 2·35) in men and 1·81 (95 % CI 1·04, 3·17) in women. The present study in diabetic individuals showed no association between current alcohol consumption >6 g/d and mortality risk compared with light consumption. The increased mortality risk among non-consumers appeared to be affected by their past alcohol consumption rather than their current abstinence.
Consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces severity and duration of selected upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and increases plasma vitamin C concentration in healthy older adults
Authors: Hunter Denise C. , Skinner Margot A. , Wolber Frances M. , Booth Chris L. , Loh Jacelyn M. S. , Wohlers Mark , Stevenson Lesley M. , Kruger Marlena C.
Published: December 2011

In the elderly, immunosenescence and malnourishment can contribute to increased risk and severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis‘Hort16A’) contains nutrients important for immune function and mitigation of symptoms of infection, including vitamins C and E, folate, polyphenols and carotenoids. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether regular consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces symptoms of URTI in older people, and determine the effect it has on plasma antioxidants, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and immune function. A total of thirty-two community-dwelling people ( ≥ 65 years) participated in a randomised crossover study, consuming the equivalent of four kiwifruit or two bananas daily for 4 weeks, with treatments separated by a 4-week washout period. Participants completed the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 daily, and blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each treatment and washout period. Gold kiwifruit did not significantly reduce the overall incidence of URTI compared with banana, but significantly reduced the severity and duration of head congestion, and the duration of sore throat. Gold kiwifruit significantly increased plasma vitamin C, α-tocopherol and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations, and erythrocyte folate concentrations, and significantly reduced plasma lipid peroxidation. No changes to innate immune function (natural killer cell activity, phagocytosis) or inflammation markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, homocysteine) were detected. Consumption of gold kiwifruit enhanced the concentrations of several dietary plasma analytes, which may contribute to reduced duration and severity of selected URTI symptoms, offering a novel tool for reducing the burden of URTI in older individuals.
Choline supplementation and measures of choline and betaine status: a randomised, controlled trial in postmenopausal women
Authors: Wallace Julie M. W. , McCormack Jacqueline M. , McNulty Helene , Walsh Paula M. , Robson Paula J. , Bonham Maxine P. , Duffy Maresa E. , Ward Mary , Molloy Anne M. , Scott John M. , Ueland Per M. , Strain J. J.
Published: December 2011

Choline is an essential nutrient and can also be obtained byde novosynthesis via an oestrogen responsive pathway. Choline can be oxidised to the methyl donor betaine, with short-term supplementation reported to lower plasma total homocysteine (tHcy); however, the effects of longer-term choline supplementation are less clear. We investigated the effect of choline supplementation on plasma concentrations of free choline, betaine and tHcy and B-vitamin status in postmenopausal women, a group more susceptible to low choline status. We also assessed whether supplementation altered plasma lipid profiles. In this randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, forty-two healthy postmenopausal women received 1 g choline per d (as choline bitartrate), or an identical placebo supplement with their habitual diet. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 6 and week 12. Administration of choline increased median choline and betaine concentrations in plasma, with significant effects evident after 6 weeks of supplementation (P < 0·001) and remaining significant at 12 weeks (P < 0·001); no effect was observed on folate status or on plasma lipids. Choline supplementation induced a median (25th, 75th percentile) change in plasma tHcy concentration at week 6 of − 0·9 ( − 1·6, 0·2) μmol, a change which, when compared to that observed in the placebo group 0·6 ( − 0·4, 1·9) μmol, approached statistical significance (P = 0·058). Choline supplementation at a dose of 1 g/d significantly increases the circulating concentration of free choline, and can also significantly increase the concentration of the methyl donor, betaine, thereby potentially enhancing the betaine–homocysteine methyltransferase-mediated remethylation of tHcy. This trial was registered athttp://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN82708510.
Numerical studies on terahertz radiation generated from two-color laser pulse interaction with gas targets
Authors: Du H.W. , Chen M. , Sheng Z.M. , Zhang J.
Published: December 2011

Based upon the Ammosov-Delone-Krainov ionization model, it is shown that two-color laser interaction with neutral gas generates strong ionization currents, which lead to electromagnetic emission at terahertz frequency when the gas density is at proper values. The emission efficiency depends on the difference of the phases between the fundamental and its second harmonic. The intensity ratio between the two pulses also affects the emission strength. An optimum intensity ratio has been found within our parameter region. The above ionization current theory is in agreement with one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with field ionization included.
Cosmopolitan Democracy: Paths and Agents
Authors: Archibugi Daniele , Held David
Published: December 2011

One of the recurrent criticisms of the project of cosmopolitan democracy has been that it has not examined the political, economic and social agents that might have an interest in pursuing this programme. This criticism is addressed directly in this article. It shows that there are a variety of paths that, in their own right, could lead to more democratic global governance, and that there are a diversity of political, economic and social agents that have an interest in the pursuit of these. Cosmopolitan democracy is an open-ended project that aims to increase the accountability, transparency and legitimacy of global governance, and the battery of agents and initiatives outlined highlight the direction and politics required to make it possible.
Immortality in the Secret Police Files: The Iraq Memory Foundation and the Baath Party Archive
Authors: Montgomery Bruce P.
Published: December 2011

Shortly after the 2003 American invasion of Iraq, Kanan Makiya, a long time Iraqi dissident and professor of Middle East studies at Brandeis University, uncovered a major trove of documents belonging to Saddam Hussein's Baath Party and his security forces. The documents proved highly important in reflecting the inner workings of the Baath Party system in his final years in power. Soon after the discovery of the documents, the Iraq Memory Foundation (IMF), a private Washington, D.C.–based group founded by Makiya, took custody of the records, later depositing them with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University to provide a safe haven for them. The deal ignited immediate international controversy and charges of pillage from some Iraqi officials, archival organizations, scholars, and others who also demanded their immediate return to the Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad. On the surface, these charges of theft and plunder appear plausible enough, but on examination, a different and complicated narrative emerges in light of the conventions of war, U.S. law, and the Iraqi penal code, as well as the chain of events surrounding their taking and removal by nonstate actors in the Iraqi theatre of war and occupation.
Changing Climate, Changing Culture: Adding the Climate Change Dimension to the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: Kim Hee-Eun
Published: December 2011

This article explores the interplay between climate change and cultural heritage, in particular the intangible aspects of cultural heritage, in international legal frameworks, either existing or under development. The prime focus of the current climate change regime of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, leaving certain aspects of cultural heritage rather on the sidelines of debate and policy. However, where climate change combines with generally weak law and policy for culture and traditions, countries vulnerable to climate change may face significant cultural loss in the years to come.

In its inventory of present and contemplated legal protection options, this article draws particular attention to policymaking directed at shaping a “rights-based” system in the form of sui generis rights, to complement any existing intellectual property-based protection. If adequately motivated, indigenous people have a key role to play not only in observing change, but also in developing adaptive models to cope.
Lifestyle Activities and Memory: Variety May Be the Spice of Life. The Women's Health and Aging Study II
Authors: Carlson Michelle C. , Parisi Jeanine M. , Xia Jin , Xue Qian-Li , Rebok George W. , Bandeen-Roche Karen , Fried Linda P.
Published: December 2011

This study examined whether participation in a variety of lifestyle activities was comparable to frequent participation in cognitively challenging activities in mitigating impairments in cognitive abilities susceptible to aging in healthy, community-dwelling older women. Frequencies of participation in various lifestyle activities on the Lifestyle Activities Questionnaire (LAQ) were divided according to high (e.g., reading), moderate (e.g., discussing politics), and low (e.g., watching television) cognitive demand. We also considered the utility of participation in a variety of lifestyle activities regardless of cognitive challenge. Immediate and delayed verbal recall, psychomotor speed, and executive function were each measured at baseline and at five successive exams, spanning a 9.5-year interval. Greater variety of participation in activities, regardless of cognitive challenge, was associated with an 8 to 11% reduction in the risk of impairment in verbal memory and global cognitive outcomes. Participation in a variety of lifestyle activities was more predictive than frequency or level of cognitive challenge for significant reductions in risk of incident impairment on measures sensitive to cognitive aging and risk for dementia. Our findings offer new perspectives in promoting a diverse repertoire of activities to mitigate age-related cognitive declines. (JINS, 2012, 18, 286–294)
Distribution of major elements in Atlantic surface sediments (36°N–49°S): Imprint of terrigenous input and continental weathering
Authors: Govin Aline , Holzwarth Ulrike , Heslop David , Ford Keeling Lara , Zabel Matthias , Mulitza Stefan , Collins James A. , Chiessi Cristiano M.
Published: December 2011

Numerous studies use major element concentrations measured on continental margin sediments to reconstruct terrestrial climate variations. The choice and interpretation of climate proxies however differ from site to site. Here we map the concentrations of major elements (Ca, Fe, Al, Si, Ti, K) in Atlantic surface sediments (36°N–49°S) to assess the factors influencing the geochemistry of Atlantic hemipelagic sediments and the potential of elemental ratios to reconstruct different terrestrial climate regimes. High concentrations of terrigenous elements and low Ca concentrations along the African and South American margins reflect the dominance of terrigenous input in these regions. Single element concentrations and elemental ratios including Ca (e.g., Fe/Ca) are too sensitive to dilution effects (enhanced biological productivity, carbonate dissolution) to allow reliable reconstructions of terrestrial climate. Other elemental ratios reflect the composition of terrigenous material and mirror the climatic conditions within the continental catchment areas. The Atlantic distribution of Ti/Al supports its use as a proxy for eolian versus fluvial input in regions of dust deposition that are not affected by the input of mafic rock material. The spatial distributions of Al/Si and Fe/K reflect the relative input of intensively weathered material from humid regions versus slightly weathered particles from drier areas. High biogenic opal input however influences the Al/Si ratio. Fe/K is sensitive to the input of mafic material and the topography of Andean river drainage basins. Both ratios are suitable to reconstruct African and South American climatic zones characterized by different intensities of chemical weathering in well‐understood environmental settings.
Abyssal hill characterization at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge
Authors: Sloan Heather , Sauter Daniel , Goff John A. , Cannat Mathilde
Published: December 2011

The morphology of the flanks of the Southwest Indian Ridge holds a record of seafloor formation and abyssal hill generation at an ultraslow spreading rate. Statistical analysis of compiled bathymetry and gravity data from the flanks of the Southwest Indian Ridge from 54°E to 67°E provides estimates of abyssal hill morphologic character and inferred crustal thickness. The extent of the compiled data encompasses a spreading rate change from slow to ultraslow at ∼24 Ma, a significant inferred variation in sub‐axis mantle temperature, and a patchwork of volcanic and non‐volcanic seafloor, making the Southwest Indian Ridge an ideal and unique location to characterize abyssal hills generated by ultraslow spreading and to examine the effect of dramatic spreading rate change on seafloor morphology. Root mean square abyssal hill height in ultraslow spreading seafloor ranges from ∼280 m to ∼320 m and is on average ∼80 m greater than found for slow‐spreading seafloor. Ultraslow spreading abyssal hill width ranges from ∼4 km to ∼12 km, averaging ∼8 km. Abyssal hill height and width increases west‐to‐east in both slow and ultraslow spreading seafloor, corresponding to decreasing inferred mantle temperature. Abyssal hills persist in non‐volcanic seafloor and extend continuously from volcanic to non‐volcanic terrains. We attribute the increase of abyssal hill height and width to strengthening of the mantle portion of the lithosphere as the result of cooler sub‐axial mantle temperature and conclude that abyssal hill height is primarily controlled by the strength of the mantle component of the lithosphere rather than spreading rate.
Magma chamber properties from integrated seismic tomography and thermal modeling at Montserrat
Authors: Paulatto M. , Annen C. , Henstock T. J. , Kiddle E. , Minshull T. A. , Sparks R. S. J. , Voight B.
Published: December 2011

It is widely believed that andesitic magmas erupted at arc‐volcanoes are stored in shallow reservoirs prior to eruption, but high‐resolution images of focused regions of magma in the shallow crust are rare. We integrate seismic tomography with numerical models of magma chamber growth to constrain the magma chamber beneath Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Our approach reveals the characteristics and dynamics of the magmatic system with a level of detail that no single method has yet achieved. The integrated analysis suggests that a magma chamber of 13 km3with over 30% melt fraction formed between 5.5 and at least 7.5 km depth, a significantly higher melt fraction than inferred from the seismic data alone. The magma chamber may have formed by incremental sill intrusion over a few thousand years and is likely to be a transient, geologically short‐lived feature. These volume and geometry estimates are critical parameters to model eruption dynamics, which in turn are key to hazard assessment and eruption forecasting.
Combined THEMIS and ground‐based observations of a pair of substorm‐associated electron precipitation events
Authors: Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Rae I. Jonathan , Brundell James B. , Thomson Neil R. , Cobbett Neil , Verronen Pekka T. , Menk Frederick W.
Published: December 2011

Using ground‐based subionospheric radio wave propagation data from two very low frequency (VLF) receiver sites, riometer absorption data, and THEMIS satellite observations, we examine in detail energetic electron precipitation (EEP) characteristics associated with two substorm precipitation events that occurred on 28 May 2010. In an advance on the analysis undertaken by Clilverd et al. (2008), we use phase observations of VLF radio wave signals to describe substorm‐driven EEP characteristics more accurately than before. Using a >30 keV electron precipitation flux of 5.6 × 107 el. cm−2 sr−1 s−1 and a spectral gradient consistent with that observed by THEMIS, it was possible to accurately reproduce the peak observed riometer absorption at Macquarie Island (L = 5.4) and the associated NWC radio wave phase change observed at Casey, Antarctica, during the second, larger substorm. The flux levels were near to 80% of the peak fluxes observed in a similar substorm as studied by Clilverd et al. (2008). During the initial stages of the second substorm, a latitude region of 5 < L < 9 was affected by electron precipitation. Both substorms showed expansion of the precipitation region to 4 < L< 12 more than 30 min after the injection. While both substorms occurred at similar local times, with electron precipitation injections into approximately the same geographical region, the second expanded in an eastward longitude more slowly, suggesting the involvement of lower‐energy electron precipitation. Each substorm region expanded westward at a rate slower than that exhibited eastward. This study shows that it is possible to successfully combine these multi‐instrument observations to investigate the characteristics of substorms.
Generation and propagation of baroclinic tides modified by the Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait
Authors: Jan Sen , Chern Ching‐Sheng , Wang Joe , Chiou Ming‐Da
Published: December 2011

Using a three‐dimensional model with idealized settings, this study evaluated the effect of the Kuroshio on the generation and propagation of semidiurnal M2 and diurnal K1 baroclinic tides (BCTs) in the Luzon Strait (LS). The influences of the varied Kuroshio transport, the location of the Kuroshio, and the separation distance of the two meridional ridges were investigated. The absence of the Kuroshio in the model leads to 30% decreases in the westward baroclinic energy flux (Fbcx) emanating from the west slope of the east ridge compared to the Fbcx with the presence of the Kuroshio. Compared to the Fbcx without the Kuroshio's influence, the westward Fbcx is increased by 20–40% when the Kuroshio is located in either the middle or the west portions of the LS, whereas both the westward and eastward Fbcx are 25–40% decreased as the Kuroshio is moved to the east of the east ridge. The wavelength of the mode 1 M2 BCT is similar to the separation distance of the two ridges, favoring a resonance generation for M2 rather than K1 BCTs. The increase of the Kuroshio transport from 20 to 30 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) enhances the density front but weakens the westward Fbcx owing to the effects of energy advection and lateral friction from the Kuroshio. The influence of the Kuroshio on the westward Fbcx of K1 is opposite of that on M2. The characteristic slope of K1 is closer to the isopycnal slope across the Kuroshio than M2, thereby causing the discrepancy.
Benthic oxygen consumption rates during hypoxic conditions on the Oregon continental shelf: Evaluation of the eddy correlation method
Authors: Reimers Clare E. , Özkan‐Haller H. Tuba , Berg Peter , Devol Allan , McCann‐Grosvenor Kristina , Sanders Rhea D.
Published: December 2011

Three stations, at ∼80 m water depth on the Oregon shelf between 44.7°N and 43.9 N, were studied under hypoxic conditions in late spring and summer of 2009 to determine benthic oxygen consumption rates. Oxygen fluxes were derived from eddy correlation (EC) measurements made from an autonomous lander deployed for 11–15 h at a time. Average oxygen consumption rates ranged from 3.2 to 9.8 mmol m−2d−1and were highest at the southernmost station. Methods for separating eddy components and rotating coordinates were examined for effects on EC fluxes. It was found that oscillations at frequencies associated with surface and internal waves made significant contributions, but horizontal component biasing could be minimized by wave‐based rotation methods. Additional measurements included benthic boundary layer properties, and sediment permeability and profiles of sediment organic C, chlorophyll‐a, excess210Pb and % fines. Comparative flux estimates were determined from benthic chamber measurements and microelectrode profiles at two of the stations. The chamber O2consumption rates exceeded the EC fluxes by factors of 1.2–1.8, which may reflect enclosure effects, the different spatial and temporal scales of the measurements, and/or inhomogeneous benthic respiration rates. The magnitudes of the fluxes by either method, however, are low for shelf depths. Thus, for benthic O2consumption to contribute to Oregon shelf hypoxia, bottom waters must be slowly renewed and minimally ventilated by along‐ or across‐shelf advection and turbulent mixing. Circulation studies indicate these conditions are favored by increased near‐bottom stratification during persistent summer upwelling‐ relaxation cycles.
Northern Adriatic meteorological tsunamis: Observations, link to the atmosphere, and predictability
Authors: Šepić Jadranka , Vilibić Ivica , Strelec Mahović Nataša
Published: December 2011

A total of 16 events of tsunami‐like sea level oscillations are documented in the northern Adriatic between 1955 and 2010. These oscillations, recorded at the long‐term operating Rovinj tide gauge, are characterized by wave heights of up to 60 cm, periods of 20 to 150 min, and duration of 1 to 48 h. The sea level oscillations are found to be coincident with pronounced atmospheric pressure disturbances characterized by a 2–4 hPa air pressure change over 10 min. Convective activity is recognized as the most likely source of atmospheric pressure disturbances. Analysis of propagation speed and direction of the atmospheric pressure disturbances indicates that the sea level oscillations were generated and enhanced via the Proudman resonance over a wide and shallow northern Adriatic shelf. Typical conditions under which pronounced air pressure disturbances occur include an air pressure surface minimum centered over the northern Adriatic, a temperature front at a height of approximately 850 hPa, and a strong southwesterly jet stream with wind speeds reaching 20–30 m/s at a height of approximately 500 hPa over the northern Adriatic. Based on these parameters, a possibility for forecasting tsunami‐like sea level oscillations from synoptic conditions is discussed. It appears that under favorable synoptic conditions sea level oscillations are more likely to occur than to not. However, no reliable conclusion on strength of an event can be reached from synoptic conditions only.
Photogeologic analysis of impact melt‐rich lithologies in Kepler crater that could be sampled by future missions
Authors: Öhman Teemu , Kring David A.
Published: December 2011

Kepler is a 31 km diameter Copernican age complex impact crater located on the nearside maria of the Moon. We used Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter imagery and topographic data in combination with Kaguya terrain camera and other image data sets to construct a new geomorphologic sketch map of the Kepler crater, with a focus on impact melt‐rich lithologies. Most of the interior melt rocks are preserved in smooth and hummocky floor materials. Smaller volumes of impact melt were deposited in rim veneer, interior and exterior ponds, and lobe‐like overlapping flows on the upper crater wall. Based on shadow lengths, typical flows of melt‐rich material on crater walls and the western rim flank are ∼1–5 m thick, and have yield strengths of ∼1–10 kPa. The melt rock distribution is notably asymmetric, with interior and exterior melt‐rich deposits concentrated north and west of the crater center. This melt distribution and the similarly asymmetric ray distribution imply a slightly less than 45° impact trajectory from the southeast. The exposed wall of Kepler displays distinct layering, with individual layers having typical thicknesses of ∼3–5 m. These are interpreted as flows of Procellarum mare basalts in the impact target. From the point of view of exploration, numerous fractures and pits in the melt‐rich floor materials not only enable detailed studies of melt‐related processes of impact crater formation, but also provide potential shelters for longer duration manned lunar missions.
454 Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity of activated sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants
Authors: Zhang Tong , Shao Ming-Fei , Ye Lin
Published: December 2011

Activated sludge (AS) contains highly complex microbial communities. In this study, PCR-based 454 pyrosequencing was applied to investigate the bacterial communities of AS samples from 14 sewage treatment plants of Asia (mainland China, Hong Kong, and Singapore), and North America (Canada and the United States). A total of 259 K effective sequences of 16S rRNA gene V4 region were obtained from these AS samples. These sequences revealed huge amount of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in AS, that is, 1183–3567 OTUs in a sludge sample, at 3% cutoff level and sequencing depth of 16 489 sequences. Clear geographical differences among the AS samples from Asia and North America were revealed by (1) cluster analyses based on abundances of OTUs or the genus/family/order assigned by Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) and (2) the principal coordinate analyses based on OTUs abundances, RDP taxa abundances and UniFrac of OTUs and their distances. In addition to certain unique bacterial populations in each AS sample, some genera were dominant, and core populations shared by multiple samples, including two commonly reported genera of Zoogloea and Dechloromonas, three genera not frequently reported (i.e., Prosthecobacter, Caldilinea and Tricoccus) and three genera not well described so far (i.e., Gp4 and Gp6 in Acidobacteria and Subdivision3 genera incertae sedis of Verrucomicrobia). Pyrosequencing analyses of multiple AS samples in this study also revealed the minority populations that are hard to be explored by traditional molecular methods and showed that a large proportion of sequences could not be assigned to taxonomic affiliations even at the phylum/class levels.