bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La investigación jurídica en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, un desafío en la carrera de Derecho, de la UNAN-Managua
Authors: González Estrada Leonardo
Published: April 2019

El proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de la investigación jurídica, en la carrera de Derecho de UNAN-Managua, desde su entrada en vigencia del actual modelo educativo 2011 en el 2013, es un desafío, porque implica una actualización en todos los ámbitos de formación, para ambos protagonistas: estudiantes y docentes. La presente evaluación y crítica dentro de un plazo prudencial de siete semestres, se consideró para conocer el contexto de la investigación jurídica, los avances, sus debilidades y fortalezas, como el comportamiento de conformidad al modelo educativo en ciernes. Aquí se alcanza a observar que, la pedagogía jurídica y la investigación científica del derecho son contenidos curriculares tradicionales, también teóricos, técnicos y metodológicos que deben ser acercados y adecuados a los procesos epistémicos jurídicos desarrollados en Latinoamérica.
Determinants of Sovereign Credit Ratings in Emerging Markets
Authors: Osobajo Oluyomi A. , Akintunde Adeola E.
Published: April 2019

This study critically investigates the determinants of sovereign credit ratings in emerging markets, during 2001 to 2015. This was conducted in 20 emerging markets, using S&P and Moody ratings. Linear framework econometric approach with the use of pooled Ordinary Least Square regression method was adopted in the study. The explanatory power of the estimated models has a good performance across both rating agencies. The study reveals the importance of five macroeconomic variables in determining the sovereign credit rating of emerging markets. These variables are: gross domestic product per capital, inflation, government debt, reserves, and external debt. Also, world governance indicators, a proxy for qualitative/political variables, were found to be an essential determinant of rating.
Utilisation des bases de données médico-administratives du Québec pour des études en
santé mentale : opportunités, défis méthodologiques et limites – cas de la dépression chez
les personnes diabétiques
Authors: Lunghi Carlotta , Zongo Arsène , Guénette Line
Published: April 2019

L’utilisation des bases de données médico-administratives pour les études sur des
questions de santé mentale est très fréquente compte tenu du grand nombre de personnes
représentées dans ces bases de données et aussi du fait qu’elles portent sur plusieurs
années. Plusieurs défis, liés par exemple à l’identification des personnes ayant une maladie
d’intérêt ou exposées à un facteur de risque, sont à surmonter à travers des études de
validation pour garantir une utilisation optimale de ces ressources. Par ailleurs, des
limites (absence de certaines informations pertinentes) et la couverture d’une seule partie
de la population par le régime public d’assurance médicaments du Québec sont à considérer
dans l’interprétation et la généralisation des résultats des recherches à partir de ces
bases de données.

Dans cet article, nous avons réalisé un survol de l’utilisation des bases de
données médico-administratives pour des études épidémiologiques, en utilisant comme exemple
le cas spécifique de la dépression. Nous avons en particulier utilisé ces bases de données
pour déterminer l’incidence de la dépression parmi les personnes diabétiques du Québec. Cela
a nécessité l’utilisation d’un algorithme préalablement validé (dans une autre province) que
nous avons modifié pour définir et identifier les cas de dépression dans les bases de
données de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ). Nous avons observé une
incidence de dépression de 9,47/1000 personnes-années sur un suivi de 8 ans. Enfin, nous
avons évalué l’impact de la dépression sur l’adhésion et la persistance aux traitements
antidiabétiques ainsi que les facteurs qui affectent l’utilisation des médicaments par ces
patients. Nos résultats suggèrent que la dépression a un impact négatif sur l’utilisation
des médicaments antidiabétiques et permettent d’identifier des pistes de
solution.
Comprehensive classification of the plant non-specific lipid transfer protein superfamily towards its Sequence – Structure – Function analysis.
Authors: Fleury Cecile , Gracy Jerome , Gautier Marie-Francoise , Pons Jean-Luc , Dufayard Jean-Francois , Labesse Gilles , Ruiz Manuel , de Lamotte Frederic
Published: April 2019

Background. Non-specific Lipid Transfer Proteins (nsLTPs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and constitute a superfamily of related proteins. More than 800 different sequences have been characterized so far, but their biological functions remain unclear. It has been clear for years that they present a certain interest for agronomic and nutritional issues. Deciphering their functions means collecting and analyzing a variety of data from gene sequence to protein structure, from cellular localization to the physiological role. As a huge and growing number of new protein sequences are available nowadays, extracting meaningful knowledge from sequence-structure-function relationships calls for the development of new tools and approaches. As nsLTPs show high evolutionary divergence, but a conserved common right-handed superhelix structural fold, and as they are involved in a large number of key roles in plant development and defense, they are a stimulating case study for validating such an approach.

Methods. In this study, we comprehensively investigated 797 nsLTP protein sequences, including a phylogenetic analysis on canonical protein sequences, three-dimensional (3D) structure modeling and functional annotation using several well-established bioinformatics programs. Additionally, two integrative methodologies using original tools were developed. The first was a new method for the detection of i) conserved amino acid residues involved in structure stabilization and ii) residues potentially involved in ligand interaction. The second was a structure-function classification based on the Evolutionary Trace Display method using a new tree visualization interface. We also present a new tool for visualizing phylogenetic trees.

Results. Following this new protocol, an updated classification of the nsLTP superfamily was established and a new functional hypothesis for key residues is suggested. Lastly, this work allows a better representation of the diversity of plant nsLTPs in terms of sequence, structure, and function.
Characterization of the karyotype and accumulation of repetitive sequences in Australian Darling hardyhead Craterocephalus amniculus (Atheriniformes, Teleostei)
Authors: Majtánová Zuzana , Moy Karl G , Unmack Peter J , Ráb Petr , Ezaz Tariq
Published: April 2019

Belonging to the order Atheriniformes, Craterocephalus is one of the most widespread genera of freshwater fishes in Australia, spanning along the northern coast from central Western Australia to central New South Wales and across the Murray-Darling and Lake Eyre basins. In this study, both conventional cytogenetic techniques (Giemsa, C-banding), CMA3/DAPI staining), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric DNA and rDNA probes were used to examine, the karyotypes and other chromosomal characteristics of Darling hardyhead (Craterocephalus amniculus) from New South Wales, Australia. We identified diploid chromosome number 2n = 48 (NF = 58) in all studied individuals. FISH with rDNA probe showed a nonsyntenic pattern, with signals on one pair of subtelocentric chromosomes for 28S rDNA and one pair of submetacentric chromosomes for 5S rDNA. C-banding displayed the accumulation of constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of approximately 40 chromosomes. CMA3/DAPI fluorescence staining revealed extremely GC-rich signals in pericentromeric region of one submetacentric chromosomal pair with size polymorphism. We detected telomeric signals at the end of all chromosomes and no interstitial signals.
Microsecond sub-domain motions and the folding and misfolding of the mouse prion protein
Authors: Goluguri Rama Reddy , Sen Sreemantee , Udgaonkar Jayant
Published: April 2019

Protein aggregation appears to originate from partially unfolded conformations that are sampled through stochastic fluctuations of the native protein. It has been a challenge to characterize these fluctuations, under native like conditions. Here, the conformational dynamics of the full-length (23-231) mouse prion protein were studied under native conditions, using photoinduced electron transfer coupled to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (PET-FCS). The slowest fluctuations could be associated with the folding of the unfolded state to an intermediate state, by the use of microsecond mixing experiments. The two faster fluctuations observed by PET-FCS, could be attributed to fluctuations within the native state ensemble. The addition of salt, which is known to initiate the aggregation of the protein, resulted in an enhancement in the time scale of fluctuations in the core of the protein. The results indicate the importance of native state dynamics in initiating the aggregation of proteins.
Identification of candidate reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization studies of salinity stress and injury inOnchidium reevesii
Authors: Yang Teizhu , Gu Bingning , Xu Guolyu , Shi Yanmei , Shen Heding , Rao Rongcheng , Mzuka Hellen Lucas
Published: April 2019

Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) is an undeniably effective tool for measuring levels of gene expression, but the accuracy and reliability of the statistical data obtained depend mainly on the basal expression of selected housekeeping genes in many samples. To date, there have been few analyses of stable housekeeping genes inOnchidium reevesiiunder salinity stress and injury. In this study, the gene expression stabilities of seven commonly used housekeeping genes,CYC,RPL28S,ACTB,TUBB,EF1a,Ubiqand18S RNA, were investigated using BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinfer. Although the results of the four programs varied to some extent, in general,RPL28S,TUBB,ACTBandEF1awere ranked highly.ACTBandTUBBwere found to be the most stable housekeeping genes under salinity stress, andEF1aplusTUBBwas the most stable combination under injury stress. When analysing target gene expression in different tissues,RPL28SorEF1ashould be selected as the reference gene according to the level of target gene expression. Under extreme environmental stress (salinity) conditions,ACTB(0 ppt, 5 ppt, 15 ppt, 25 ppt) andTUBB(35 ppt) are reasonable reference gene choices when expression stability and abundance are considered. Under conditions of 15 ppt salinity and injury stress, our results showed that the best two-gene combination wasTUBBplusEF1a. Therefore, we suggest thatRPL28S,ACTBandTUBBare suitable reference genes for evaluating mRNA transcript levels. Based on candidate gene expression analysis, the tolerance ofO. reevesiito low salinity (low osmotic pressure) is reduced compared to its tolerance to high salinity (high osmotic pressure). These findings will help researchers obtain accurate results in future quantitative gene expression analyses ofO. reevesiiunder other stress conditions.
School Climate and Its Influence on Public Secondary Schools’ Performance in Mvomero District, Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Nkuba Leonid L. , Massomo Said M. S.
Published: April 2019

The study determined the school climate in eight public secondary schools and its relationship to students’ academic achievement. The study employed quantitative approach within ex-post facto research design using three climate questionnaires for secondary schools and a sample of 160 teachers. The study revealed that the general climates of all schools were non-conducive or negative. In determining the relationship, the subtest of intimate teachers’ behaviour indicated a strong positive significant correlation (r = 0.821) with division II and (r = 0.868) with division III. However, the frustrated teachers’ behaviour subtest was significantly negatively correlated (r = - 0.779) with division IV. The subtest of institutional integrity indicated a strong correlation (r = 0.887) with division IV, while initiating structure showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.824) with division I, lastly, the subtests of headmaster/mistress influence and academic emphasis both indicated a strong significant (r = 0.848 and r = 0.860) correlations with division I and II, respectively. This study confirmed that, students’ academic achievement is influenced by school climate. Therefore, school climates need to be conducive or positive for the survival and well-being of schools.
American Federalism, Race and the Administration of Welfare
Authors: LIEBERMAN ROBERT C. , LAPINSKI JOHN S.
Published: July 2002

Recent studies of American federalism have emphasized the division of government functions between the national government and the states. But the effects of federalism depend not only on the balance of functional authority but also on the structure of federalist institutions. The institutional structure of Aid to Dependent Children, created by the Social Security Act of 1935, comprised a system of state operational control unhindered by federal supervision. The effect of this federal bargain was the exclusion of African-Americans from welfare benefits in the South. But the federal structure of the programme also shaped implementation in the North, where decentralization allowed its capture by urban machines, which used welfare as a political benefit. New techniques for ecological inference establish these results. Administrative institutions structured the entry of African-Americans into the American welfare state and created the conditions for the welfare ‘crisis’ of the 1960s and later.
NAMING AND SHAMING YOUNG OFFENDERS
Authors: Spencer J.R.
Published: July 2002

IN the criminal justice system’s scheme of unpleasant things, what official part is played by “naming and shaming” the offender?
The variability of level and sloping terraces in eastern Nepal and the implications for the design of experiments
Authors: FIELDING W. J. , SHERCHAN D. P.
Published: July 2002

Nepalese hillside terraces are classified into two broad groups, sloping or bari terraces which are only rainfed, and level or khet terraces which are commonly flood irrigated but may also be rainfed. Although such terraces may be adjacent, the process of irrigation by flooding and puddling changes the pattern of variability both within and between terraces. Data collected from Pakhribas Agricultural Centre, Dhankuta, Nepal, were used to describe this variability. The variability is manifest not only in the soil characteristics of the two terrace types, with khet terraces being more uniform than bari terraces both within and between terraces, but also in the variability of field experiments on the two terrace types. However, both terrace types exhibit similar patterns of variability which influence the design of experiments. These include the following: a gradient between the terrace riser and wall which is generally more important than gradients along the terrace, variability within terraces which can preclude the assumption that plots on the same terrace are similar, and variability between terraces which requires experimental units in the same block to be assigned to the same terrace.
Insertions, substitutions, and the origin of microsatellites
Authors: ZHU YONG , STRASSMANN JOAN E. , QUELLER DAVID C.
Published: July 2002

This paper uses data from the Human Gene Mutation Database to contrast two hypotheses for
the origin of short DNA repeats: substitutions and insertions that duplicate adjacent sequences.
Because substitutions are much more common than insertions, they are the dominant source of
new 2-repeat loci. Insertions are rarer, but over 70% of the 2–4 base insertion mutations are
duplications of adjacent sequences, and over half of these generate new repeat regions. Insertions
contribute fewer new repeat loci than substitutions, but their relative importance increases rapidly
with repeat number so that all new 4–5-repeat mutations come from insertions, as do all 3-repeat
mutations of tetranucleotide repeats. This suggests that the process of repeat duplication that
dominates microsatellite evolution at high repeat numbers is also important very early in
microsatellite evolution. This result sheds light on the puzzle of the origin of short tandem repeats.
It also suggests that most short insertion mutations derive from a slippage-like process during
replication.
Environmental effects on body size variation in Drosophila

melanogaster and its cellular basis
Authors: DE MOED G. H. , DE JONG G. , SCHARLOO W.
Published: July 2002

Eight isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster were

raised at four temperatures and at four yeast

concentrations in their food. Temperature and food show a significant interaction

in determining

wing length and thorax length, affecting mean size per line and genetic

variation between lines. The

combination of low temperature and poor food conditions leads to a sharp
increase

in the genetic

variation over lines of both body size characters. The increase in genetic

variation in wing length

under less favourable conditions is due to an increase in genetic variation
of

both cell size and cell

number. Changes in wing area in response to both temperature and food level

follow a common

cell size/cell number trajectory. Changes in wing size are obtained

by line-specific changes in the

cellular composition of the wing, rather than by changes specific for

the environmental factor.
The effect of selection on the amounts of nucleotide
variation within and between allelic classes
Authors: INNAN HIDEKI , TAJIMA FUMIO
Published: July 2002

The effect of selection on the amounts of nucleotide variation
within and between allelic classes
was studied when two allelic classes exist in a population. Two selection
models – the genic
selection model and the overdominant selection model – were used.
The average numbers of
pairwise nucleotide differences within two allelic classes were investigated
by computer simulation
and the average number of pairwise differences between two allelic classes
was obtained
analytically. It was indicated that selection largely affects the amounts
of variation within and
between allelic classes. However, the sum of the average numbers of pairwise
differences within
two allelic classes is nearly constant and always close to
θ(θ=4Nμ), even when selection is acting,
where N is the effective population size and μ is the mutation
rate per sequence per generation.
This result suggests that the sum of the average numbers of pairwise differences
within two allelic
classes can be used to estimate θ. It may be useful for a region
where selection may be acting. As
examples, several gene regions of Drosophila melanogaster and
a region of Mus domesticus were
analysed. The effect of recombination on the sum of the average numbers
of pairwise differences
within two allelic classes was discussed.
LANGUAGE AND POLITICS AT THE WESTMINSTER ELECTION OF 1796
Authors: JENKS TIMOTHY
Published: July 2002

This article looks at one of the less frequently examined contests in the parliamentary borough of Westminster – the election of 1796, in which Charles James Fox, Admiral Allan Gardner, and John Horne Tooke vied for the borough's two seats. This election offers an opportunity to investigate the patriotic discourses, representational strategies, and styles of political leadership available to loyalism and popular radicalism in the early years of the war with Revolutionary France. The period of the election spanned the second anniversary of Admiral Richard Howe's victory of 1 June 1794, creating significant opportunities for links to be made between Gardner's naval position and the necessity of electing a loyalist candidate. The article investigates electoral politics with an eye towards reconstructing some important features of Westminster political culture in the 1790s. While Gardner's electoral posture is revealed to depend on a series of stereotypes operating around the image of the ‘political’ admiral, Tooke's is shown to have been heavily informed by his philological studies. Given the long history of admirals serving as MPs for Westminster and the persistent presence of naval officers as members of parliament between 1790 and 1820, the article concludes by suggesting that political admiralship played a role in the development of nineteenth-century styles of political candidacy and leadership.
WALTER MORRELL AND THE NEW DRAPERIES PROJECT, c. 1603–1631
Authors: ZELL MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

This article explores the lengthy and convoluted history of a Jacobean project to set the idle poor to work making ‘new draperies’. Although the projector, Walter Morrell, convinced the Cecils, King James, and the privy council of the social and fiscal benefits of his scheme, he failed to persuade the Hertfordshire gentry. This case study in the formulation of crown economic policy, and in ‘Stuart paternalism’, draws upon Morrell's own detailed, unpublished treatise, as well as conventional political sources, and shows how the combination of ‘commonwealth’ rhetoric and progressive economic thinking could sway crown policy-making. It also demonstrates once again the limits of conciliar authority in early Stuart England. In the face of sustained provincial non-compliance, the privy council had neither the machinery nor the stomach to force the Hertfordshire elite to implement government policy and give meaningful support to a government-backed projector. And despite their inability to deal with growing rural unemployment, the Hertfordshire magistrates were unwilling to experiment with rural industry as a solution.
CONFESSIONAL POLITICS IN PRE-CIVIL WAR ESSEX: PRAYER BOOKS, PROFANATIONS, AND PETITIONS
Authors: WALTER JOHN
Published: July 2002

This article contributes to the debate over the value of petitions for the recovery of ‘public opinion’ in early modern England. It argues for a greater attentiveness to the politics and processes in their production. An analysis of a hitherto unknown draft Essex ‘prayer book’ petition explores the construction of contrasting royalist and parliamentarian confessional politics. A reading of the content of the petitions offers evidence of the popular response to the Laudian ceremonialism; a reconstruction of the politics of its production provides evidence of the attempt to construct a political alliance in support of the crown around defence of the prayer book; a reconstruction of the occasion for the petition – the capture of the Essex grand jury by the godly and well affected – suggests a very different, and ultimately more successful, confessional parliamentarian politics. In identifying the critical role played by the middling sort – translating their role in the politics of the parish to the politics of the state – the article argues that a marriage of the research strategy of the social historian with the agenda of a ‘new political history’ will help to establish the enlarged social depth to the public sphere in early modern England.
IDEOLOGY AND REFORM IN LABOUR'S
TAX STRATEGY, 1964–1970
Authors: WHITING R. C.
Published: July 2002

The tax strategy of the Labour governments of 1964–70 was
intended to be both
radical and reforming. That is, it had to fulfil the demands generated
by the Labour movement as well
as address issues of tax reform which were less closely tied to party politics.
This article assesses
Labour's ability to do this by paying particular attention to the
contrasting budgets of 1965 and 1966.
It examines the ideas of Nicholas Kaldor and the interests of the trade
unions as two of the forces which
shaped tax policy. While recognizing the difficulty of introducing new
taxes, the article none the less
sees much that was traditional in Labour's approach and offers a pessimistic
view of the capacity of
the party to change its outlook in the 1960s.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AFTER 1648: SAMUEL
PUFENDORF'S ASSESSMENT IN HIS MONZAMBANO
Authors: SCHRÖDER PETER
Published: July 2002

The examination of Pufendorf's Monzambano shows that he was strongly interested
in the question of sovereignty, and that the complex reality of the Holy Roman Empire demanded a
completely new approach to the question of where sovereignty within the Empire lay. Pufendorf
developed his account of the Empire as an irregular political system by using essential aspects of
Hobbes's theory and thus departed from all previous writers on the forma imperii. But Pufendorf's
writing on the Empire has not only to be linked with political and philosophical discussion about
sovereignty within the Empire but also with his own main writings where he developed a more detailed
theory regarding the issue of sovereignty in general. The peace of Westphalia was not only an
international settlement but it also shaped the constitution of the Empire to a considerable degree, and
this is of crucial significance for the history of political thought during the seventeenth century.
“Peculiarities” versus “Exceptions”: The Shaping of the American Federation of Labor's Politics during the 1890s and 1900s
Authors: Kirk Neville
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this article is to question the notion of US labour's “exceptionalism” – of its “conservatism” and “closure” and difference from “class-conscious” and “socialist” British and European labour – with specific reference to the politics of the American Federation of Labour during the 1890s and 1900s. An approach rooted in the assumption of “norms” and “exceptions” is rejected in favour of one exploring differences and similarities. In terms of similarities, the article demonstrates the ways in which the AF of L consciously sought to model its “independent” (i.e. nonpartisan–party) politics upon the practice of the late-Victorian British TUC. With respect to differences, the article then proceeds to chart the challenges posed to the AF of L by the growing identification within British labour of political independence with independent partyism, as manifested especially in the TUC's official endorsement of the Labour Representation Committee (1900) and the Labour Party (1906). Resistant to the adoption of the new “British road”, the AF of L nevertheless defended its “traditional” form of political independence far more in terms of experiential US “peculiarities” than “exceptionalist” structural determinations.
MEMORY, MIGRATION AND THE AUTHORITY OF HISTORY IN SOUTHERN TANZANIA, 1860–1960
Authors: MONSON JAMIE
Published: July 2002

According to their ethnographers, the Bena of the Rivers in colonial
Tanganyika emerged ‘from the shadows into the light of day’ when they
undertook a great migration from the forested hills of the Iringa highlands
to the treeless floodplain of the Kilombero valley in the late 1800's. The
phrase had two meanings – on one level, it described the physical relocation
of the Bena from the shadows of the forest to the open floodplain. On another
level, ‘light of day’ was a metaphor for the remembered cohesion of a distinct
Bena tribal identity, distinguishable from the ‘shadows’ of prior ethnic
obscurity. The Culwicks considered the chief or mtema of this period,
Ndaliwali, to be the founding ancestor of a new political lineage.

The defining moment for the emergence of the Bena of the Rivers was the
Battle of Mgodamtitu in 1874, when neighboring Hehe attacked Bena
settlements in the foothills and forced the Bena permanently out of the
highlands and into the valley. Once they had taken up their new residence,
the Bena absorbed the existing settlements of the western end of the valley
into their kingdom. They did this initially ‘under the guise of protector’,
wrote the Culwicks, but their goal was political control of the region. By
1890, they wrote, most of the Ndamba as well as several smaller valley groups
had become subjects of the Bena chief.

The Battle of Mgodamtitu caused a ‘sudden and wholesale change’,
according to the Culwicks, because Bena were forced to give up cattle
keeping and take up rice cultivation; to learn the ways of the river and skillful
use of canoes. They had previously looked down upon ‘rice and fish-eaters’,
but after their migration they found that ‘there is but one crop really worth
growing, and that is rice’.
‘WORRIES OF THE HEART’: WIDOWED MOTHERS,
DAUGHTERS AND MASCULINITIES IN MARAGOLI,
WESTERN KENYA, 1940–60
Authors: MUTONGI KENDA
Published: July 2002

Omwene hango [the owner of the home] is the
only person with
true authority to discipline children. So, when your husband
died, the authority of omwene hango died with him, and you
were left alone.

HISTORIANS of gender have shown the importance of documenting and
scrutinizing instances in which gender terminologies are invoked and
employed. A compelling instance can be found in an examination of the
widows of Maragoli. In this upland rural area of about two hundred square

kilometers in western Kenya, the dynamic relations surrounding widowhood

provide a useful opportunity to analyze the construction of feminine and

masculine categories, as well as the political strategies that emerged
out of
these categories. Widows in this rural part of Kenya were certainly subject

to the limitations imposed on them by the invocation of strict gender
categorization – perhaps at this point in their lives more than any
other. And
yet, surprisingly, these widows were able to use such categories for their
own
purposes. By expressing their grief publicly – usually in ways that
focused on
their social and economic needs – Maragoli widows not only reinforced
the
importance of gender categories but also sought to redress their grievances

through these very categories. What is important, though, is that they

consciously presented themselves as ‘poor widows’, as idealized
stereotypes
of suffering females who were believed to become needy and helpless at
the
death of their husbands. They told their stories in ways calculated to
solicit
sympathy. And this usually worked to their advantage since it placed men
in
the difficult situation of having to defend their ‘ideal’ masculinity.
Only by
helping guarantee the economic livelihood and social status of bereaved

widows could men uphold their own self-image. Thus the relationship
between them was informed by a reciprocity that suggests that the widows

were more than passive recipients of male charity. By presenting their
grief
publicly so as to solicit relief for their sufferings, widows were actively
able
to turn what men saw as stereotypical feminine behaviour – emotionality,

helplessness and weakness – into strengths. That is, by consciously
attempting
to make men feel more ‘manly’, Maragoli widows were able –
at least
partially – to exploit existing gender roles to get what they needed.
Effects of long-term fertilizer phosphorus application
on soil and crop phosphorus and cadmium contents
Authors: RICHARDS I. R. , CLAYTON C. J. , REEVE A. J. K.
Published: July 2002

The effects of four rates of fertilizer phosphorus (P) application

(0, 9·8, 19·6 and 39·2 kg P/ha per
year) on soil and crop P and cadmium (Cd) contents were measured in a
field trial begun in 1968 and
cropped each year with barley in south west England. In 1996, available

and total soil P and Cd were
measured in seven soil layers (0–20, 20–25, 25–30, 30–35,

35–40, 40–45 and 45–50 cm). Offtake of P
in the crop was measured, or could be estimated, throughout the trial
period. There was a linear
relationship between P balance (total applied − total offtake) and

P application rate with a balance
of zero at a rate equivalent to 17 kg P/ha per year. The rate of
P required for the economically
optimum grain output was equivalent to 30 kg P/ha per year. No
evidence was found for available
P enrichment of soil layers below 25 cm. There was no evidence of Cd
enrichment of either soil or crop after 29 years of P applications.
Yield, N uptake, and apparent N-use efficiency of
winter wheat and winter barley grown in different
cropping systems
Authors: SIELING K. , SCHRÖDER H. , FINCK M. , HANUS H.
Published: July 2002

Increasing the efficiency with which crops use supplied nitrogen
(N) can minimize the impact on the
environment. In the growing seasons 1990/91 to 1992/93, the effects
of different cropping systems on
yield, N uptake by the grain and apparent N-use efficiency (NUE) of the
grain of winter wheat and
winter barley were investigated in a factorial field experiment at Hohenschulen
Experimental Station
near Kiel in NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape–winter
wheat–winter barley, and soil
tillage (conservation tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage),
application of pig slurry (none,
autumn, spring, autumn+spring), mineral N fertilization (0–240 kg
N ha−1) and application of
fungicides (none, applications against pathogens of the stems, leaves and
ears) were all varied. Each
year, the treatments were applied to all three crops of the rotation and
were located on the same plots.

Averaged over all factors, wheat yield was >7 t ha−1

dry matter in all years and N uptake of the
harvested grain varied between 140 and 168 kg N ha−1.
Pig slurry application in autumn increased
grain yield and N uptake more than spring slurry in two out of three years.
Mineral N unfertilized
wheat yielded only 5·3–6·3 t ha−1

depending on the year, mineral N fertilization increased wheat yield
up to 8 t ha−1. Barley yield was lower than wheat yield,
ranging from
4·5 t ha−1 in 1993 to 6·3 t ha−1
in
1992. Unlike wheat, spring slurry N affected barley yield and N uptake
more than autumn slurry.

Wheat apparently utilized 12–21% and barley up to 13% of the applied
slurry N for its grain
development. In 1991, the highest apparent slurry N-use efficiency (SNUE)
of wheat and barley
occurred after the late spring slurry application. However, in the following
years, autumn SNUE of
wheat was similar to (1992) or higher than (1993) spring SNUE, presumably
because of vigorous tiller
growth before winter. Additionally applied mineral fertilizer N decreased
SNUE.

Apparent mineral fertilizer N-use efficiency (FNUE) was higher than
SNUE and ranged in wheat
from 40 to 59% and in barley between 19 and 37% of the applied mineral
fertilizer N. FNUE
decreased with increasing N fertilization.

To improve the N-use efficiency of both slurry N and mineral fertilizer
N, more information is
needed about the combined use of both N sources, with special emphasis
on split applications of
slurry as is common practice for mineral N fertilizer.
The effect of wilting chicory on its voluntary feed
intake and digestion by red deer
Authors: TINWORTH T. R. H. , BARRY T. N. , WILSON P. R.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were conducted at Palmerston North, New Zealand during 1997, to investigate the
effects of wilting chicory to reduce its bulkiness upon voluntary intake of fresh feed and dry matter
(DM), apparent digestibility and voluntary water intake. In Expt 1 fresh chicory was cut and wilted
for 48 h to determine the drying rate; wilting for 24 h increased DM content from 87 to 173 g/kg,
reduced in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) by 0·016 (P<0·05) and was selected for use in
Expt 2. In Expt 2, chicory was fed either fresh (113 g/kg DM) or wilted (250 g/kg DM) to castrated
male red deer kept indoors over two time periods, late autumn and early spring. Chemical analyses
showed that wilting slightly lowered the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate from 185 to 158
g/kg DM, but did not change any other aspect of composition. There were no significant differences
between fresh and wilted chicory in apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), hemicellulose
and cellulose. Wilting significantly lowered voluntary intake of fresh feed (P<0·01), but significantly
increased voluntary DM intake from 49 to 57 g DM/kg W0·75/day (P<0·05). Wilting chicory
lowered feed water intake (P<0·01) but increased drinking water consumed (P<0·001), with total
water intake still being slightly lower (P<0·05) for deer fed wilted chicory.

It was concluded that wilting chicory increased DM intake by reducing its bulkiness, without
seriously affecting digestibility, and it is suggested that the feasibility of breeding forage chicory for
higher leaf DM content should be investigated. A comparison with literature values showed that DM
contents of fresh forages < c. 150 g/kg are likely to restrict the voluntary DM intake of ruminants.
Writing during Wartime: Gender and Literacy in the

American Civil War
Authors: NELSON MICHAEL C.
Published: July 2002

One of the most talked about moments of Ken Burns's television

documentary The Civil War (1990) was the dramatic reading of Sullivan

Ballou's letter to his wife, Sarah, in which the Union officer anticipates
his

own death in the First Battle of Bull Run. This moving conclusion to the

series' first episode and the sensation it caused underscore the persistence

of a gendered model of wartime literacy: the ideal war-text is an

eyewitness account written by a man, and read by a woman at home. Women,
the

Ballou letter sequence suggests, are consumers, not producers

of war-texts. As innovative as Burns's documentary was, however, the

dramatization of a personal letter from the front has a long history. The

first chapter of Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1868),
for example,

climaxes with Marmee's recitation of a letter from Mr. March, absent
at

the war. “Very few letters,” the narrator tells us, “were
written

in those hard times that were not touching, especially those which fathers
sent

home.” Both Burns's original script for the Ballou segment and

Alcott's earlier writing about the war reveal the artificiality of
the

normative model

of literacy presented by The Civil War and Little Women;
in

order to maintain exclusively male control over the production of wartime
texts,

documentary and novel must repress or radically circumscribe female

voices. Burns originally planned to have an actress, reading as Sarah

Ballou, finish the letter, but decided against it; the effect of a woman

reading would have been “so emotional [ctdot ] just too much”
–

as if even a female audience for the male wartime text can only be hinted
at, not

represented.
“His Mind Aglow”: The Biological Undercurrent in
Fitzgerald's Gatsby and Other Works
Authors: BENDER BERT
Published: July 2002

They talked until three, from biology to organized religion, and
when Amory
crept shivering into bed it was with his mind aglow…

(Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise)

Readers familiar with F. Scott Fitzgerald's early work might recall
that in
those years just before the Scopes trial he wrote of Victorians who
“shuddered when they found what Mr. Darwin was about”; or that
he
joined in the fashionable comic attacks on people who could not accept

their “most animal existence,” describing one such character
as “a
hairless ape with two dozen tricks.” But few would guess the extent
to
which his interest in evolutionary biology shaped his work. He was
particularly concerned with three interrelated biological problems: (1)
the
question of eugenics as a possible solution to civilization's many
ills, (2)
the linked principles of accident and heredity (as he understood these

through the lens of Ernst Haeckel's biogenetic law), and (3) the
revolutionary theory of sexual selection that Darwin had presented in The

Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). As I hope
to show in
the following pages, his concern with these issues underlies such well-known

features in the Fitzgerald landscape as his insecurity in the “social

hierarchy” (his sense of its “terrifying fluidity”),
his emphasis on the
element of time, his interest in “the musk of money,” his interest
in
Spengler and the naturalists, and his negative portraiture of male
violence. The principles of eugenics, accidental heredity, and sexual
selection flow together as the prevailing undercurrent in most of
Fitzgerald's work before and after The Great Gatsby, producing
more
anxiety than love from the tangled courtships of characters he deemed
both beautiful and damned.
THE IMPACT OF CO-RESIDENT SPOUSES AND SONS ON ELDERLY MORTALITY IN RURAL BANGLADESH
Authors: RAHMAN M. OMAR
Published: July 2002

This paper uses prospective data from the Matlab surveillance system in rural Bangladesh to demonstrate that initially co-resident spouses and sons have a major impact on the subsequent mortality of old people, with significant differences by the sex of the elderly person, and the age of the son. Spouses significantly reduce mortality by similar magnitudes for both elderly men and women. On the other hand, co-resident adult sons reduce mortality for elderly women much more than for elderly men, with younger sons being more beneficial than older sons. Furthermore, both married and unmarried females appear to benefit equally from co-resident adult sons. Finally, this analysis suggests that the impact of spouses and sons on mortality in old age is not substantially mediated through changes in elderly economic status.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KENYAN HOSPITALS
Authors: MAGADI MONICA , DIAMOND IAN , MADISE NYOVANI
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the association of the sociodemographic characteristics of women and the unobserved hospital factors with maternal mortality in Kenya using multilevel logistic regression. The data analysed comprise hospital records for 58,151 obstetric admissions in sixteen public hospitals, consisting of 182 maternal deaths. The results show that the probability of maternal mortality depends on both observed factors that are associated with a particular woman and unobserved factors peculiar to the admitting hospital. The individual characteristics observed to have a significant association with maternal mortality include maternal age, antenatal clinic attendance and educational attainment. The hospital variation is observed to be stronger for women with least favourable sociodemographic characteristics. For example, the risk of maternal death at high-risk hospitals for women aged 35 years and above, who had low levels of education, and did not attend antenatal care is about 280 deaths per 1000 admissions. The risk for similar women at low-risk hospitals is about 4 deaths per 1000. To complement results from the analysis of individual patient records, the paper includes findings from hospital staff reports regarding the maternal mortality situation at the hospitals.
Effect of somatic cell count and polymorphonuclear leucocyte
content of milk on composition and proteolysis during ripening of
Swiss-type cheese
Authors: COONEY SIOBHÁN , TIERNAN DENISE , JOYCE PATRICK , KELLY ALAN L.
Published: July 2002

During the manufacture of Swiss-type cheese varieties, such as Emmental,
Gruyère and Comté, a high scald temperature is used, which inactivates the added
coagulant, decreasing the primary proteolysis of αs1-casein during ripening and
resulting in the development of the rubbery texture characteristic of this type of
cheese (Kosikowski & Mistry, 1997). Swiss-type cheese may be made from raw,
thermized or pasteurized milk, depending on the type of manufacture and the
country (Beuvier et al. 1997).

The suitability of milk for cheesemaking is often assessed from the somatic cell
count (SCC) of the raw milk, with increased milk SCC being linked to impaired
cheesemaking properties and cheese yield potential (Barbano et al. 1991; Auldist et
al. 1996). Late lactation milk, which often has elevated SCC, also yields poor quality
cheese (Lucey, 1996). High SCC milk has elevated levels of the milk alkaline
proteinase plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7), but its activity is not generally considered to be
detrimental during cheese ripening (Farkye & Fox, 1992; Bastian & Brown, 1996).
Milk somatic cells are themselves also associated with a number of proteolytic
enzymes of differing properties, the activities of which are ill-defined in dairy
products (Verdi & Barbano, 1991), with the exception of the acid proteinase
cathepsin D, which has a chymosin-like activity towards αs1-casein (McSweeney et al.
1995). Preliminary evidence of cathepsin D activity in Swiss cheese during ripening
has been reported (Igoshi & Arima, 1993; Beuvier et al. 1997).

In the present study the effect of milk SCC on the ripening of Swiss-type cheese
was examined. Of particular interest was the role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes
(PMN), the predominant cell type in high SCC mastitic milk (Heegaard et al. 1994)
and late lactation milk, when the frequency of milking varies (Kelly et al. 1998).
PMN possess a range of proteolytic enzymes, including cathepsin D (Verdi &
Barbano, 1991) and plasminogen activators (PA; Heegaard et al. 1994). The
experimental strategy chosen was to examine the effects on the quality and
proteolysis during ripening of Swiss-type cheeses of adding high SCC milk, whose cell
population is mostly PMN, to creamery milk.
The exact solution of the Riemann problem with non-zero tangential velocities in relativistic hydrodynamics
Authors: PONS JOSÉ A. , MARTÍ JOSÉ Ma , MÜLLER EWALD
Published: July 2002

We have generalized the exact solution of the Riemann problem in special relativistic
hydrodynamics (Martí & Müller 1994) for arbitrary tangential flow velocities. The
solution is obtained by solving the jump conditions across shocks plus an ordinary
differential equation arising from the self-similarity condition along rarefaction waves,
in a similar way as in purely normal flow. The dependence of the solution on the
tangential velocities is analysed, and the impact of this result on the development of
multi-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic codes (of Godunov type) is discussed.
Stability of elliptical horizontally inhomogeneous rodons
Authors: PINET RENÉ , PAVÍA E. G.
Published: July 2002

The stability of one-layer vortices with inhomogeneous horizontal density distributions
is examined both analytically and numerically. Attention is focused on elliptical
vortices for which the formal stability theorem proved by Ochoa, Sheinbaum & Pavía
(1988) does not apply. Our method closely follows that of Ripa (1987) developed for
the homogeneous case; and indeed they yield the same results when inhomogenities
vanish. It is shown that a criterion from the formal analysis – the necessity of a radial
increase in density for instability – does not extend to elliptical vortices. In addition, a
detailed examination of the evolution of the inhomogeneous density fields, provided
by numerical simulations, shows that homogenization, axisymmetrization and loss of
mass to the surroundings are the main effects of instability.