bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspiration to the Extraordinary
Authors: Marshik Celia
Published: September 2017

Examines fancy dress, which was wildly popular wear for costume parties in the early twentieth century. In a range of popular publications, authors suggest that such costumes cannot change or transform the characters that wear it. In contrast, Woolf and Dorothy Sayers write fiction in which costumes can utterly change those who wear them but limit such powers to upper-class, highly educated characters
Serialized Selves
Authors: Marshik Celia
Published: September 2017

Takes up secondhand clothes, the trade in which picked up between the wars as individuals who had formerly purchased new attire saw their earnings drop. Both middlebrow and modernist fiction suggests that secondhand clothing can distribute aspects of the original owner's persona, but only modernist work depicts such distribution as imprinting successive owners with an alien personality. I argue that this difference maps onto attitudes toward the artist, with writers who base characters on modern artists equating secondhand clothes with secondhand style.
The Scaffolding Slides
Authors: Schwabish Jonathan
Published: September 2017

Scaffolding slides guide and focus your audience’s attention as you transition from one section to another, and to drive home important points. They don’t carry the message or content themselves, but rather support the delivery of this information. When using scaffolding slides, use large visuals—possibly simple text—that will act as simple markers to break or introduce sections in your presentation.
Presenting
Authors: Schwabish Jonathan
Published: September 2017

At the end of the day, presentations are about standing before a group of people and communicating your ideas. Prepare yourself to stand in front of your audience and deliver your content: Practice, practice, practice. Dedicate some focused time on preparing to actually give your presentation, not just create the content and the slides. And see yourself delivering a successful presentation to help calm your nerves and prepare an effective delivery.
The Quotidian Revolution
Authors: Novetzke Christian Lee
Published: September 2017

In thirteenth-century Maharashtra, a new vernacular literature emerged to challenge the hegemony of Sanskrit, a language largely restricted to men of high caste. In a vivid and accessible idiom, this new Marathi literature inaugurated a public debate over the ethics of social difference grounded in the idiom of everyday life. The arguments of vernacular intellectuals pushed the question of social inclusion into ever-wider social realms, spearheading the development of a nascent premodern public sphere that valorized the quotidian world in sociopolitical terms. The Quotidian Revolution examines this pivotal moment of vernacularization in Indian literature, religion, and public life by investigating courtly donative Marathi inscriptions alongside the first extant texts of Marathi literature: the Līlācaritra (1278) and the Jñāneśvarī (1290). Novetzke revisits the influence of Chakradhar (c. 1194), the founder of the Mahanubhav religion, and Jnandev (c. 1271), who became a major figure of the Varkari religion, to observe how these avant-garde and worldly elites pursued a radical intervention into the social questions and ethics of the age. Drawing on political anthropology and contemporary theories of social justice, religion, and the public sphere, The Quotidian Revolution explores the specific circumstances of this new discourse oriented around everyday life and its lasting legacy: widening the space of public debate in a way that presages key aspects of Indian modernity and dem
Aggressivity in Psychoanalysis (Reprised)
Authors: Fong Benjamin Y.
Published: September 2017

Uses Jacques Lacan's theory of the mirror stage as a point of departure for developing a new theory of aggressivity.
The Psyche in Late Capitalism I
Authors: Fong Benjamin Y.
Published: September 2017

Employs the drive theory developed in the first three chapters toward a reinterpretation of the culture industry thesis of Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer.
On the Parole Board
Authors: Reamer Frederic G.
Published: September 2017

Few people experience life inside of prison. Even fewer are charged with the responsibility of deciding whether inmates should be released. In his twenty-four years on the Rhode Island Parole Board, Frederic G. Reamer has judged the fates of thousands of inmates, deciding which are ready to reenter society and which are not. It is a complicated choice that balances injury to victims and their families against an offender’s capacity for transformation.
With rich retellings of criminal cases, On the Parole Board is a singular book that explains from an insider’s perspective how a variety of factors play into the board’s decisions: the ongoing effect on victims and their loved ones, the life histories of offenders, the circumstances of the crimes, and the powerful and often extraordinary displays of forgiveness and remorse. Pulling back the curtain on a process largely shrouded in mystery, Reamer lays bare the thorny philosophical issues of crime and justice and their staggering consequences for inmates, victims, and the public at large. Reamer and his colleagues often hope, despite encountering behavior at its worst, that criminals who have made horrible mistakes have the capacity for redemption. Yet that hope must be tempered with a realistic appraisal of risk, given the potentially grave consequences of releasing an inmate who may commit a future crime. This book will appeal to anyone interested in the complexities of the criminal justice system, the need to correct its injustices, and the challenges of those who must decide when justice has been served.
Minor Characters Have Their Day
Authors: Rosen Jeremy
Published: September 2017

How do genres develop? In what ways do they reflect changing political and cultural trends? What do they tell us about the motivations of publishers and readers? Combining close readings and formal analysis with a sociology of literary institutions and markets, Minor Characters Have Their Day offers a compelling new approach to genre study and contemporary fiction. Focusing on the booming genre of books that transform minor characters from canonical literary texts into the protagonists of new works, Jeremy Rosen makes broader claims about the state of contemporary fiction, the strategies of the publishing industry over recent decades, and the function of literary characters.
Rosen traces the recent surge in “minor-character elaboration” to the late 1960s and works such as Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea and Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. These early examples often recover the voices of marginalized individuals and groups. As the genre has exploded between the 1980s and the present, with novels about Ahab’s wife, Huck Finn’s father, and Mr. Dalloway, it has begun to embody the neoliberal commitments of subjective experience, individual expression, and agency. Eventually, large-scale publishers capitalized on the genre as a way to appeal to educated audiences aware of the prestige of the classics and to draw in identity-based niche markets. Rosen’s conclusion ties the understudied evolution of minor-character elaboration to the theory of literary character.
The Logic of Characters’ Virtual Lives
Authors: Rosen Jeremy
Published: September 2017

Argues that writers of minor-character elaboration foreground a tension between structural and referential views of character that has dominated theories and scholarly debates surrounding literary character. The chapter argues that authors who adopt the genre reveals how reference is produced by readers’ supplementing textual structure with outside information, a process that is both central to realist reading practices and, when extended, produces characters’ virtual lives.
Genre as Telescopic Method
Authors: Rosen Jeremy
Published: September 2017

One of the virtues, indeed the pleasures, of genre study is the fact that it allows for telescoping between levels of analysis. Genre study endeavors like much historicist and sociological literary scholarship to tease out the relations between literary forms and broader social and cultural phenomena. This book has argued for a triple-stranded approach to studying genre, as it sits at the intersection of form, history, and the workings of social institutions. Analyzing the variations on the formula or recipe that constitute a genre aims to elucidate the transformations and adaptability of a literary form. The conventions that appear across a cross-section of a genre communicate a common set of assumptions, a shared social logic that helps explain why a succession of writers gravitate to a generic technique at a particular historical moment. And genres serve institutional and marketplace functions, helping producers target audiences and gain strategic advantages in the market, and providing satisfactions for readers. But because any text that utilizes a genre shares features with a wider corpus of texts while departing from them in other ways, genre study allows scholars to strive for claims about a genre’s greater social significance while remaining sensitive to the innovative or idiosyncratic features of individual texts. Genre, that is, appeals to the scholar who wants to reach for the breadth of social significance without abandoning the nuance of close reading. One can zoom in on a novel such as ...
On the Clock
Authors: Harris Donal
Published: September 2017

Time Inc., at one time the largest media conglomerate in the world, invented the “poet-reporter” by strategically hiring modernist authors to develop its uniformly stylish periodical voice. In different ways James Agee's and Walker Evans’ Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and Kenneth Fearing’s The Big Clock formalize the felt erasure between personal writing and salaried corporate work that accompanies their jobs in a corporate media company.
Hemingway’s Disappearing Style
Authors: Harris Donal
Published: September 2017

The publication of Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea in Life magazine, where it sold more than two million copies in 48 hours, capstones two midcentury debates about the proper format of literature (book or magazine) and the extent to which Hemingway's literary style--and modernism in general--have become synonymous with American popular culture. Simultaneously, the rise of television forces big magazines to conceptualize themselves as a “minor” form in 1950s media culture.
Capital and the Common Good
Authors: Keohane Georgia Levenson
Published: September 2017

Despite social and economic advances around the world, poverty and disease persist, exacerbated by the mounting challenges of climate change, natural disasters, political conflict, mass migration, and economic inequality. While governments commit to addressing these challenges, traditional public and philanthropic dollars are not enough. Here, innovative finance has shown a way forward: by borrowing techniques from the world of finance, we can raise capital for social investments today. Innovative finance has provided polio vaccines to children in the DRC, crop insurance to farmers in India, pay-as-you-go solar electricity to Kenyans, and affordable housing and transportation to New Yorkers. It has helped governmental, commercial, and philanthropic resources meet the needs of the poor and underserved and build a more sustainable and inclusive prosperity.
Capital and the Common Good shows how market failure in one context can be solved with market solutions from another: an expert in securitization bundles future development aid into bonds to pay for vaccines today; an entrepreneur turns a mobile phone into an array of financial services for the unbanked; and policy makers adapt pay-for-success models from the world of infrastructure to human services like early childhood education, maternal health, and job training. Revisiting the successes and missteps of these efforts, Georgia Levenson Keohane argues that innovative finance is as much about incentives and sound decision-making as it is about money. When it works, innovative finance gives us the tools, motivation, and security to invest in our shared future.
REDD Forests, Green Bonds, and the Price of Carbon
Authors: Keohane Georgia Levenson
Published: September 2017

Climate change is not only among the most urgent problems covered, but is inherently interconnected with every other social and economic challenge that this book addresses. This chapter investigates the power of price signals when it comes to pollution and architecture and power of tradable emission schemes. It then examines two examples of innovation in climate finance that have evolved in spite of the delay in the development of a global market for carbon. REDD—Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation—shows the potential of pay-for-success partnerships to reduce the destruction of rainforests and carbon emissions, though still in need of scale. In contrast green bonds have experienced tremendous growth, but lack any tight green definitions, a quantity-versus-quality conundrum we revisit throughout the book.
Reform Cinema in Iran
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: September 2017

It’s nearly impossible to separate contemporary Iranian cinema from the Islamic revolution that transformed film production in the country in the late 1970s. As the aims of the revolution shifted and hardened once Khomeini took power and as an eight-year war with Iraq dragged on, Iranian filmmakers confronted new restrictions. In the 1990s, however, the Reformist Movement, led by Mohammad Khatami, and the film industry, developed an unlikely partnership that moved audiences away from revolutionary ideas and toward a discourse of reform. In Reform Cinema in Iran, Blake Atwood examines how new industrial and aesthetic practices created a distinct cultural and political style in Iranian film between 1989 and 2007.
Atwood analyzes a range of popular, art, and documentary films. He provides new readings of internationally recognized films such as Abbas Kiarostami’s Taste of Cherry (1997) and Mohsen Makhmalbaf’s Time for Love (1990), as well as those by Rakhshan Bani, Masud Kiami, and other key Iranian directors. At the same time, he also considers how filmmakers and the film industry were affected by larger political and religious trends that took shape during Mohammad Khatami’s presidency (1997-2005). Atwood analyzes political speeches, religious sermons, and newspaper editorials and pays close attention to technological developments, particularly the rise of video, to determine their role in democratizing filmmaking and realizing the goals of political reform. He concludes with a look at the legacy of reform cinema, including films produced under Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, whose neoconservative discourse rejected the policies of reform that preceded him.
Screening Reform
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: September 2017

Using the starting point of the 1997 policy that allowed campaign movies for the first time, this chapter examines how filmmakers have represented Khatami during elections. This chapter considers two films by Rakhshan Bani-Etemad: Under the Skin of the City (2001), a feature film that takes place during the 1997 elections, and Our Times… (2002), a documentary about the 2001 elections, and it charts Bani-Etemad’s critique of the Reformist Movement by analyzing her portrayal of urbanism and her appropriation of the documentary form. Before Khatami’s election a complicated process of censorship ensured that politics remained off screen, but these films both openly represent the political system and criticize it. In this way reform cinema participated in the very democratic ideals that undergirded Khatami’s reform efforts.
Iran’s Cinema Museum and Political Unrest
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: September 2017

The book concludes by analyzing the experience of walking through the Cinema Museum in Tehran, the only such museum in Iran. Visitors to the museum are immediately welcomed by a placard that explicitly positions the museum as a reformist effort, and this framing demonstrates that the changes to cinema that we witness during the reformist period were not limited to aesthetics but also included new institutions to support the film industry. Meanwhile, towards the rear of the museum is a large room filled with Iranian film posters, and occupying a central place is Jafar Panahi’s This Is Not a Film (2011). This provocative piece reacts to a twenty-year ban from filmmaking that Panahi received for his participation in the protests following the 2009 Iranian elections. This is Not a Film, which was filmed partially on an iPhone by his former cameraman Mojtaba Mirtahmasb, inverts many of the normative features of filmmaking, and it demonstrates how the cry for reform in the Islamic Republic has deeply impacted filmmaking and refashioned many of its conventions.
The Miracle Myth
Authors: Shapiro Larry
Published: September 2017

There are many who believe Moses parted the Red Sea and Jesus came back from the dead. Others are certain that exorcisms occur, ghosts haunt attics, and the blessed can cure the terminally ill. Though miracles are immensely improbable, people have embraced them for millennia, seeing in them proof of a supernatural world that resists scientific explanation.
Helping us to think more critically about our belief in the improbable, The Miracle Myth casts a skeptical eye on attempts to justify belief in the supernatural, laying bare the fallacies that such attempts commit. Through arguments and accessible analysis, Larry Shapiro sharpens our critical faculties so we become less susceptible to tales of myths and miracles and learn how, ultimately, to evaluate claims regarding vastly improbable events on our own. Shapiro acknowledges that belief in miracles could be harmless, but cautions against allowing such beliefs to guide how we live our lives. His investigation reminds us of the importance of evidence and rational thinking as we explore the unknown.
Miracles
Authors: Shapiro Larry
Published: September 2017

Because miracles have supernatural causes, a justified belief that a given event is a miracle requires that one be justified in believing that its cause is supernatural. But the only way to infer that a supernatural cause exists is through a kind of inference -- inference to the best explanation. Unfortunately, inference to the best explanation cannot justify belief in the supernatural. Thus, belief in miracles is unjustified.
Unamuno, Nativism, and the Politics of the Vernacular; or, on the Authenticity of Translation
Authors: Rogers Gayle
Published: September 2017

Approaches the question of nativism—an investment in the rejuvenation of one’s nation and its putative mother tongues—through a practice that would seem to be at odds with it: translation. Unamuno used translation to reform the Spanish language, and through it, he became instrumental in launching the study of American literature in Spain in the first two decades of the twentieth century. He did so by discovering his “voice” in Spanish, he claimed, through his translations of everyone from Thomas Carlyle to Walt Whitman. This chapter thus deconstructs Unamuno’s nostalgic vision of the Spanish empire and its linguistic unity after 1898 through his own work as a translator of English, and then specifically US writing, set against his own theories of the future shared dominance of global writing by Spanish and English.
“Spanish Is a Language Tu”
Authors: Rogers Gayle
Published: September 2017

Analyzes the infamously strange dialogue of For Whom the Bell Tolls, in which characters speak English through a modified version of Spanish syntax, false cognates, and peculiar diction (“What passes with thee?”). This chapter argues that Hemingway’s creation of an Anglo-Spanish literary dialect represents not a political statement on the Spanish Civil War, but a comparative reading of the fates of the languages associated with the rising US and declining Spanish empires—a reading that reaches back to their moments of interpenetration in the 1600s. Rogers calls Hemingway’s mode of dialogue in the novel “structural Spanglish,” a form of interlingual writing that suspends the typical transaction of translation permanently and argues For Whom the Bell Tolls makes a critical late modernist novel that looks forward to the depthless anti-epistemology of postmodernist writing. Briefly examination of several texts that belong in this new genealogy, by Malcolm Lowry, Felipe Alfau, and Ben Lerner.
Chinese History and Culture
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

The recipient of the Kluge Prize for lifetime achievement in the humanities, Ying-shih Yü is a premier scholar of Chinese studies. Chinese History and Culture volumes 1 and 2 bring his extraordinary oeuvre to English-speaking readers. Spanning two thousand years of social, intellectual, and political change, the essays in these volumes investigate two central questions through all aspects of Chinese life: what core values sustained this ancient civilization through centuries of upheaval, and in what ways did these values survive in modern times?
From Yü Ying-shih’s perspective, the Dao, or the Way, constitutes the inner core of Chinese civilization. His work explores the unique dynamics between Chinese intellectuals’ discourse on the Dao, or moral principles for a symbolized ideal world order, and their criticism of contemporary reality throughout Chinese history. Volume 1 of Chinese History and Culture explores how the Dao was reformulated, expanded, defended, and preserved by Chinese intellectuals up to the seventeenth century, guiding them through history’s darkest turns. Essays incorporate the evolving conception of the soul and the afterlife in pre- and post-Buddhist China, the significance of eating practices and social etiquette, the move toward greater individualism, the rise of the Neo-Daoist movement, the spread of Confucian ethics, and the growth of merchant culture and capitalism. A true panorama of Chinese culture’s continuities and transition, Yü Ying-shih’s two-volume Chinese History and Culture gives readers of all backgrounds a unique education in the meaning of Chinese civilization.
“O Soul, Come Back!”
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

Arguing that the fu, “Summons” or “Recall” ritual was the crystallization of pre-Buddhist Chinese ideas about human survival after death, this article also demonstrates how the notions of the hun and po souls and the afterlife came into being. It ends by examining the changing conceptions of the two afterworlds before Buddhism transformed them into “Heaven” and “Hell.”
Dai Zhen and the Zhu Xi Tradition
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay focuses on Dai Zhen (1724-1777)’s relation to Zhu Xi (1130-1200). It demonstrates why it is most reasonable to take Dai Zhen as an ideal example of the Ming-Qing intellectual shift of emphasis in Neo-Confucianism from the moral element (zun dexing) to the intellectual element (dao wenxue). It further argues that this shift made it perfectly legitimate for Dai Zhen, a philosophical follower of Zhu Xi, to be at the same time philologically critical of him.
The Idea of Democracy and the Twilight of the Elite Culture in Modern China
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay surveys the history of how the idea of democracy came to China and demonstrates that from the late 19th century to 1919 leading advocates of democracy, both reformers and revolutionaries, came almost invariably from the intellectual elite with a strong background in Confucian culture. The article sees the waning of elite culture in 20th-century China as one of the main factors explaining why China has not made much headway toward democracy. With the marginalization of the intellectuals during the revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party, democracy lost any powerful intellectual elite to champion it. The Tiananmen democracy movement in 1989, however, is seen as proof that hopes for democracy have not completely disappeared.
Democracy, Human Rights, and Confucian Culture
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This article argues that the tradition of Chinese Confucianism is compatible with Western concepts of democracy and human rights in a general sense. Especially since the first Chinese advocates of these Western values were the most well-known Chinese Confucian scholars. It also takes issue with Samuel P. Huntington’s ideas about “Confucianism” and surveys Chinese thought in terms of rights, duties and dignity from the Confucian text Zuozhuan to the present.
Changing Conceptions of National History in Twentieth-Century China
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

Recognizing that in traditional China “dynastic history” was the dominant historiographical paradigm, this essay describes the quiet revolution in historical thought that led to a paradigmatic shift in Chinese historiography from “dynastic history” to “national history.” It discusses the changes that took place between 1917 and 1937, or the golden age of Chinese historiography. It ends with Qian Mu’s magisterial Outline History of the Nation as a national history for all Chinese.
Reflections on Chinese Historical Thinking
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

Of this series of reflections, one of the most important is that the first generation of Chinese historians who were exposed to Western influence only in a limited way produced historical scholarship far superior to that of the later generations who applied the so-called scientific method. Comparing Chinese historiography to Western theories since the 18th century, China seems backward, but compared to ancient Greek historiography as far as underlying assumptions, principles, and methods are concerned, there appear to be as many similarities as differences. The essay argues that fundamental to Chinese historical thought is the centrality of human agency in the making of history, and that Chinese historiography was also very much concerned about the Rankean notion of “What had actually happened?”
The Study of Chinese History
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay delineates the main trends of modern Chinese historiography through a critical review of the two major historical schools—“the school of historical data,” and “the school of historical interpretation.” The “Data school” is seen to be deliberately indifferent to its own time and the “Interpretation school” is shown to make a too close connection between its interpretations and the times in which they are made. It suggests going beyond the positivistic confines of these two schools, affirms that Chinese culture has its own unique pattern, and can be more fully understood through comparative studies.
Clio’s New Cultural Turn and the Rediscovery of Tradition in Asia
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This study describes the changes in historiography from the positivistic conception of history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through the social scientific approach to hermeneutics and the search for meanings in contemporary cultural studies. While discussing how intellectual history has been redefined in terms of cultures as structures of meaning, the essay emphasizes the importance of the re-discovery of tradition, especially the study of Chinese history in its own terms as a tradition with it own cultural characteristics.
The Making of Qing Hegemony
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 examines how Japan and Korea responded to the Ming-Qing transition with the rise of Manchu (later the Qing empire) power. The chapter shows the clear links between the Qing empire’s “barbarian” identity and its strategic consequences for the making of hegemony. Japan and Korea’s responses to the Qing empire cannot be understood without considering their political leaders’ use of the Qing empire’s perceived cultural inferiority to their advantage, in ways that enhanced their domestic authority against their own rivals.
Conclusion
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

The concluding chapter begins by offering a succinct summary of the book’s overall arguments and elaborates how they contribute to the fields of international relations, Asian Studies, and social science more broadly. It then discusses the relevance of the book’s arguments for ongoing policy debates regarding the future of American hegemony with the rise of China. From a meta-theoretical point of view, I end the book with a caveat that one cannot predict the future with certainty.
Little Magazine, World Form
Authors: Bulson Eric
Published: September 2017

Little magazines made modernism. These unconventional, noncommercial publications may have brought writers such as James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Marianne Moore, Mina Loy, and Wallace Stevens to the world but, as Eric Bulson shows in Little Magazine, World Form, their reach and importance extended far beyond Europe and the United States. By investigating the global and transnational itineraries of the little-magazine form, Bulson uncovers a worldwide network that influenced the development of literature and criticism in Africa, the West Indies, the Pacific Rim, and South America. In addition to identifying how these circulations and exchanges worked, Bulson also addresses equally formative moments of disconnection and immobility. British and American writers who fled to Europe to escape Anglo-American provincialism, refugees from fascism, wandering surrealists, and displaced communists all contributed to the proliferation of print. Yet the little magazine was equally crucial to literary production and consumption in the postcolonial world, where it helped connect newly independent African nations. Bulson concludes with reflections on the digitization of these defunct little magazines and what it means for our ongoing desire to understand modernism's global dimensions in the past and its digital afterlife.
Chimeras of Form
Authors: Vadde Aarthi
Published: September 2017

The introduction establishes the framework of the book by explaining the conceptual foundations and function of modernist internationalism as it is developed over the course of Chimeras of Form. I guide my inquiry through two quotations - one from Salman Rushdie who coined the phrase “chimeras of form” in The Satanic Verses (1988) and one from political philosopher Thomas Nagel who argues that “the idea of global justice without a world government is a chimera” in “The Problem of Global Justice” (2005). I argue that chimeras of literary form, by pushing the boundaries of legibility and comprehensibility in language, extend the range of possibility in philosophical thought and consequently make it difficult to separate a chimera, defined in Nagel’s sense as an unfounded fantasy, from a chimera, defined in my sense as a site in which the line between the possible and the impossible is in dispute and capable of being redrawn. The tradition of modernist internationalism which the book develops attends to how writers from Rabindranath Tagore to Zadie Smith have pushed the epistemological limits of imagining community and international obligation within the context of an uneven and rapidly globalizing modernity. The introduction situates this large argument of the book within a necessarily selective review of internationalism’s more influential articulations, beginning with the publication of E.H. Carr’s The Twenty Years’ Crisis (1939) during the interwar years and leading into more recent approaches to cosmopolitanism. I argue that these recent cosmopolitan approaches have tried to rid internationalism of the chimeric taint that my study makes a case for restoring.
Epilogue
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

The Epilogue provides an account of the couple's activities after the publication of Jewel Garland and a summary of Tāre Lhamo's final years as narrated to me by Namtrul Rinpoche. I also translate his final love letter to Tāre Lhamo on the one-year anniversary of her passing. Following that, I bring the reader up to date with developments in their ongoing religious community at Nyenlung Monastery, addressing issue of lineage succession after the passing of Namtrul Rinpoche in 2011, which includes the installment of his son, Tulku Laksam Namdak, as lineage heir and the identification of the reincarnation of Tāre Lhamo in India.
A Theory of Property Rights Formation in Palestinian Refugee Camps
Authors: Hajj Nadya
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 develops the central argument, defines key terms, specifies cases, and describes data sources. It provides a theory of property right formation in Palestinian refugee camps.
Renegotiating Property Rights in Nahr Al-Bared Camp
Authors: Hajj Nadya
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 5, the limits of locally developed institutions are further tested. Palestinian refugees in Northern Lebanon brokered a new system of property rules with the Lebanese military following the destruction and reconstruction of NBC in 2007. Again, the resilience of Palestinian refugees in finding protection after another dispossession from their property is underscored. But the new system of protection came at the price of Lebanese military domination and enforcement.
The Systemic Image
Authors: Hinterwaldner Inge
Published: September 2017

A new conceptualization of the relationship between the systemic and the iconic in real-time simulations that distinguishes among four levels of forming.

Computer simulations conceive objects and situations dynamically, in their changes and progressions. In The Systemic Image, Inge Hinterwaldner considers not only the technical components of dynamic computer simulations but also the sensory aspects of the realization. Examining the optic, the acoustic, the tactile, and the sensorimotor impressions that interactive real-time simulations provide, she finds that iconicity plays a dominant yet unexpected role. Based on this, and close readings of a series of example works, Hinterwaldner offers a new conceptualization of the relationship between systemic configuration and the iconic aspects in these calculated complexes.

Hinterwaldner discusses specifications of sensorialization, necessary to make the simulation dynamic perceivable. Interweaving iconicity with simulation, she explores the expressive possibilities that can be achieved under the condition of continuously calculated explicit changes. She distinguishes among four levels of forming: the systems perspective, as a process and schema that establishes the most general framework of simulations; the mathematical model, which marks off the boundaries of the simulation's actualization; the iconization and its orientation toward the user; and interaction design, necessary for the full unfolding of the simulation. The user makes manifest what is initially latent. Viewing the simulation as an interface, Hinterwaldner argues that not only does the sensorially designed aspect of the simulation seduce the user but the user also makes an impact on the simulation—on the dynamic and perhaps on the iconization, although not on the perspectivation. The influence is reciprocal.
Introduction
Authors: Hinterwaldner Inge
Published: September 2017

Interactive, dynamic computer simulations hold a unique position between test environment and explicit design. They serve a broad variety of applications, from scientific knowledge production to education, training, therapy, and recreation. Although the process by which simulations are produced is also taken into view, the foreground is devoted not to mathematical and technical components as explored in computer science or computational visualistics, but rather to the sensory aspects of the realization. The focus is on the aspects of simulations that can be experienced by the senses: in the optic, acoustic, haptic, or, more broadly, sensory-motor impressions. For the most part iconicity plays a dominant role in these interactive configurations that require a complex, transformable '(re)acting' object beyond mere navigability.
Modeling and Iconization
Authors: Hinterwaldner Inge
Published: September 2017

Informed with how modelling practices take place, positions in model theory have revised too simplistic syntactic or semantic views. Analogously, it is now necessary to recognize that also the relationship between the data from the computational models and their sensualization is non-trivial either. ‘Visualization’ is often praised, but naturalized and thus overlooked in its structuring or creative potential. The present approach reveals the complex situation in ‘visualized’ simulations; there is no such thing as a simple equivalent between the calculated data and its depiction. Especially for the scenic rendering of the process it is necessary to develop relationships between the dynamics and the form in the first instance. The reason why the form is needed lies in the simple fact that dynamics have to be embodied in order to be perceivable. On a very basic level we can say that time and space enter into negotiations.
Conclusion
Authors: Hinterwaldner Inge
Published: September 2017

Summing up the chapters, it is suggested to assert without reservation that the sensory presentation is crucial for the interaction of the audience. Simulation iconicity, as an interface, and as a zone of communication, fundamentally designs the user's interventions in the midst of itself and thus, moreover, also what is fed back into the underlying mathematical model. What arrives there is processed again and wrapped in a sensuous dress. The iconicity (broadly understood) thus has a regulating effect in both directions – towards the audience and towards the program – without exhausting itself in this mediating role. Simultaneously, however, the iconicity that comes with interactive simulations is always installed in the position of privilege.
Machine Art in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

This book deals with the ways in which visual artists have reflected on the cultural meaning of technology, and the particular aesthetic of machines, throughout the twentieth century. It is the first comprehensive treatment of Machine Art and covers the most important historical developments as well as the key concepts of machine aesthetics. The book examines a variety of twentieth- and early twenty-first-century artworks that articulate people’s changing relationship with technical devices and infrastructures. It traces historical lineages that connect art of different periods, looking for continuities that link works from the end of the twentieth century to developments in the 1950s and 1960s and to works from the avant-gardes of the 1910s and 1920s. The investigation focuses on four specific domains of artistic engagement with technology: algorithms and machine autonomy; image, vision, and the advent of technical imaging; the human body in its relation to machines; and ecology. The book argues that systems thinking and ecological theories have brought about a fundamental shift in the cultural meaning of technology, which has also caused a change in the way technology impacts the formation of human subjectivity. This changing relationship between technology and subjectivity has been articulated by the different types of "machine art" throughout the twentieth century.
Prologue: First Encounters
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

This short chapter at the beginning of the book introduces the theme of Machine Art by describing four artworks that pinpoint the encounter of humans with technical systems. The works by the artists Maurizio Bolognini, Daria Martín, Herwig Weiser, and David Rokeby, present different degrees of strangeness and intimacy, interaction, control and machine autonomy, circumscribing some of the key aspects of human–machine relations.
Introduction: The Phantom of “Machine Art”
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter maps the conceptual context for the treatment of machine art that follows in the other chapters of the book. The chapter first presents the most important, partly conflicting definitions of the term “machine art” that have been deployed by different authors in the twentieth century, including Vladimir Tatlin, Alfred Barr, Bruno Munari, and the Berlin Dadaists. The chapter then outlines the most important concepts of the “machine”, a notion that has been used to denote technical, sociopolitical as well as psychological phenomena. The author proposes a general conception of the “machine” as a particular type of relation between individuals and the structures, or apparatuses, that bring about human subjectivities. The introduction concludes with a section on the gender aspect of human relations with technology, using the myths of the bachelor machine and the cyborg to describe supposedly gender-specific forms of access to the construction and usage of technical systems.
Algorithm Machine
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the ways in which twentieth-century artists have engaged with the aesthetic dimensions of algorithms and machine autonomy. It extends the narrative on the history of machine art from the previous chapter, beyond the program of Hultén’s 1968 “Machine” exhibition. It explains how the dialogue between art and cybernetics has evolved from the 1950s cybernetic artworks of Nicolas Schöffer, through the 1968 exhibition “Cybernetic Serendipity” and Jack Burnham’s concept of Systems Aesthetics, to the more contemporary software and robotic artworks of Max Dean, Seiko Mikami, and others. A focus is placed on the work of Canadian artist David Rokeby who has explored the aesthetics of the human encounter and interaction with technical systems since the 1980s. The analysis aims at adding two further aspects of the aesthetics of machines to the list of five such aspects developed in the previous chapter: one is the aspect of “interactivity”, which adds the dimension of a charged dialogue and exchange between human and machine; and the other is the aspect of “machine autonomy”, which becomes a determining factor in the human experience of increasingly independent and self-referential technical systems.
Image Machine
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

This chapter deals with the role that vision and images play in the conjunction of technics and aesthetics in the twentieth century. Based on an analysis of the fundamental technicity of human visual perception, it discusses the complicated notion of the “image” and that of the “medium” in art. The chapter begins with a detailed analysis of the concept of “operational images,” which pinpoints the tension between images that are produced to be seen by human eyes, and technical vision systems that are independent of human vision and human intervention. The author then presents artworks by artists including Nam June Paik, Steina Vasulka, and Julien Maire which articulate the complex aesthetics of visual media techniques. A discussion of early computer graphics artists like Vera Molnar, and more recent works by Antoine Schmitt, JODI, and others, exemplifies how issues like seriality, chance, and control have concerned visual artists working with different media supports ever since the 1920s. Finally, an analysis of works by David Rokeby, Wolfgang Staehle, and David Tomas serve to further outline the particular aesthetics of machine images and automated vision systems.
The Student of Science, Medicine, and Philosophy
Authors: Abraham Tara H.
Published: September 2017

By examining McCulloch’s childhood and formative years during the 1920s as a student at Yale University and Columbia University, this chapter outlines the emergence of McCulloch as a transdisciplinary investigator and a man full of paradox. McCulloch majored in philosophy at Yale and minored in psychology, and had a reputation in his graduating class of being unique and boisterous. His poetry from this period used the traditional form of the sonnet yet tackled modern themes such as science, industry, and war. These poems also align McCulloch with an idealism and longing for the “lost world” before World War I. McCulloch was trained in the laboratory culture of experimental neurology, but was also drawn to a brand of psychiatry that understood the diseased mind in terms of flaws in logic. Ultimately, McCulloch’s identities during the early part of his life transcended science, medicine, and philosophy, the hands-on and the abstract, and balanced traditional thinking with iconoclasm.
The Cybernetician
Authors: Abraham Tara H.
Published: September 2017

This chapter offers an interpretation of the cybernetics movement that places McCulloch at the centre of the story. By doing so, it illustrates that McCulloch’s cybernetic project can be best understood in light of his interest in psychiatric foundations and the problem of mind and brain. Focusing on McCulloch’s translation of his psychiatric work into the language of cybernetics, his rhetorical strategies in promoting cybernetics, and the challenges he faced, the chapter also highlights the transdisciplinary nature of cybernetics. Further, it illustrates how, despite the origin stories of McCulloch and other members of the cybernetics group, and despite its association with the American unity of science movement, the cybernetics group was more disunified than is commonly argued.
Epilogue
Authors: Abraham Tara H.
Published: September 2017

This final chapter reflects on the many identities McCulloch performed throughout his life: student, poet, neurophysiologist, neuropsychiatrist, cybernetician, mentor, and engineer, to name but a few. It argues that none of these can be understood as straightforward products of McCulloch’s own agency, nor were they driven by McCulloch’s institutional context. Rather, they were performatively produced. McCulloch was simultaneously irreverent and traditional, theoretical and practical. His open, generous spirit is as much a part of his scientific legacy than his theoretical contributions. McCulloch’s story also tells us much about the landscape of twentieth-century American science: fluidity between science, medicine, and philosophy, the role of patronage, and the liberation of the brain from medicine and its redefinition as a scientific object. All of these elements come together in bringing about McCulloch’s ultimate identity: the rebel genius.
Evidence for Free Innovation
Authors: von Hippel Eric
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents evidence that free innovation is a very substantial phenomenon with respect to the development of products consumed within the household sector. Today, tens of millions of consumers annually spend tens of billions of dollars creating and modifying products to better serve their own needs. In fact, aggregate household sector product development expenditures rival the scale of business sector expenditures by producers developing products for consumers. The chapter then shows how more than 90 percent of the developers of product innovations in the household sector meet both of the criteria for free innovation specified in the previous chapter. Finally, the chapter explores the nature of transaction-free self-rewards central to the viability of free innovation, and discusses why it can make economic sense for free innovators to reveal their innovations for free.
Diffusion Shortfall in Free Innovation
Authors: von Hippel Eric
Published: September 2017

This chapter identifies an important inbuilt difference between the two paradigms with respect to innovation diffusion. The difference springs from the fact that, unlike producers, free innovators do not protect their innovations from free adoption, and they do not sell them. As a result, benefits that free-riding adopters may gain are not systematically shared with free innovators—there is no market link between these parties. This chapter thus presents evidence for the systematic shortfall in free innovators' incentives to invest in the diffusion of free innovations, and then argues that it is caused by the absence of a market link between free innovators and free-riding adopters. The chapter then concludes with suggested ways for addressing this situation.