bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thinking for speaking about motion in a second language
Authors: Cadierno Teresa
Published: July 2017

The present chapter discusses Slobin’s (1996) thinking for speaking hypothesis and Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) motion event typology in relation to the field of second language acquisition (SLA). The chapter is divided into four sections. After the introduction, I provide an overview of the theoretical and empirical bases of thinking for speaking in relation to the semantic domain of motion. Then, I classify previous work on motion and SLA on the basis of a series of criteria, and I review some of the main findings of this research. Finally, I suggest future lines of research in this area of investigation.
Typologies and language use
Authors: Slobin Dan I.
Published: July 2017

The study of encoding of motion events is best approached as a search for potentially interacting factors, linguistic and non-linguistic. Every language presents a cluster of typological variables. In the domain of motion events, sets of variables co-occur in at least two major patterns (verb‑ and satellite-framed). These types are idealizations of a range of diverse solutions to encoding dimensions of Path and Manner. However, the more we probe linguistic expressions of motion events, the more we uncover mixed types, indeterminate types, hybrid forms, and changes in progress. Numerous factors can act to limit or modify the expression of typological potentials – that is, patterns of language use that are predicted by the typological categorization of a language. The encoding of Path and Manner is not carried out independently of a language’s morphosyntactic and morphophonological characteristics. Data of historical linguistics, language contact, and translation are beginning to reveal interactions of factors over time. Suggestive findings demonstrate diachronic transitions between language types (with examples from Latin and Romance languages, Slavic languages, Chinese), as well as changes in the manner verb lexicon over time (English, Italian).
Cognitive problems in older adults
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter reviews the negative effects of aging on many cognitive functions and contrasts these results with the positive effects found for bilingualism on some of these functions, notably on processes of cognitive control. Such findings prompt the question of whether bilingualism may offset the negative effects of aging on attentional control; studies providing evidence for this conjecture are then discussed. Bilingual participants typically outperform monolinguals on tasks involving working memory and executive functions, although other studies show a bilingual disadvantage on verbal tasks. Finally, it is suggested that the beneficial effects of bilingualism on cognitive aging may be restricted to bilinguals who use their two languages in particular contexts.
Does bilingual language control decline in older age?
Authors: Ivanova Iva , Murillo Mayra , Montoya Rosa I. , Gollan Tamar H.
Published: July 2017

We investigated age-related decline of bilingual language control. Thirteen older and 13 younger bilinguals performed a verbal fluency task (completing the same letter and semantic categories in each language and switching languages after every category), and a non-linguistic flanker task. In letter fluency, bilinguals produced fewer correct responses after switching languages, suggesting inhibition of the previously-used language. However, this testing-order effect did not differ between groups and older bilinguals produced few wrong-language intrusions, implying intact ability to apply inhibition in older age. In contrast, age-related deficits in the flanker task were robust, implying dissociations between language control and domain-general executive control. In semantic fluency, there were no testing-order effects but older bilinguals produced more intrusions than younger bilinguals, and more intrusions than in letter fluency. Thus, bilinguals may flexibly modulate the degree of inhibition when they can benefit from semantic priming between languages, but less efficiently so in older age.
Executive control processes in verbal and nonverbal working memory
Authors: Sullivan Margot D. , Prescott Yolanda , Goldberg Devora , Bialystok Ellen
Published: July 2017

Studies across the lifespan have revealed modifications in executive control (EC) from bilingualism, but studies of working memory (WM), a key aspect of EC, have produced varied results. Healthy older (M = 71.0 years) and younger participants (M = 21.1 years) who were monolingual or bilingual, performed working memory tasks that varied in their demands for EC. Tasks included a star counting task, a flanker task, and a nonverbal recent probe memory task. Bilinguals performed similarly to monolinguals on the star counting task after controlling for differences in vocabulary. Monolinguals were faster than bilinguals on the flanker task with only age group differences significant for the WM manipulation. Bilinguals were faster than monolinguals on the nonverbal recent probe memory task, particularly for the condition that included proactive interference. The interpretation is that better bilingual performance in nonverbal working memory tasks is linked to the need for executive control.
History-inspired reflections on the Bilingual Advantages Hypothesis
Authors: Titone Debra , Gullifer Jason , Subramaniapillai Sivaniya , Rajah Natasha , Baum Shari
Published: July 2017

In recent years, there has been much debate regarding the hypothesis that bilingual language experience leads to “advantages” in neurocognition, particularly, in executive control. This debate has played out most excitedly with respect to younger adults, but it has also occurred with respect to older adults, the topic of this volume. In this chapter, we reflect upon the nature of debate concerning the bilingual advantages hypothesis within our field, a debate that directly impacts both how we are viewed as scientists from the outside our field, and the message we send to the next generation of scientists within our field. We first recount the theoretical basis of the bilingual advantages hypothesis. We then reflect upon how this hypothesis relates to foundational controversies long-standing in the language sciences and offer our idiosyncratic interpretation regarding the current status of the debate. Finally, we enumerate several concluding thoughts about how our field might proceed more effectively when investigating the relationships between bilingualism and neurocognition.
Age norms and early school leaving
Authors: Vogt Kristoffer Chelsom
Published: July 2017

This article examines the issue of early school leaving from upper secondary education in light of life course theory on age norms. Based on existing literature, it examines how definitions of early school leaving relate to chronological age in indirect and direct ways, and thereby express historically specific norms concerning the ideal timing of events over the life course. The article suggests that by the rise of early school leaving on the international policy agenda in the 2000s, young people's pathways are increasingly measured against the academic track as ‘normal’ – the ideal of prolonged and orderly school to work transitions. Transition patterns long within the bounds of normality within vocational education, often resulting in qualifications gained later in life, may thus appear as problematic. Pupils in vocational tracks tend to follow routes that are less orderly and less standardized according to age. Early school leaving can be seen as a new form of deviance, created by the universalization of age norms that conform better to academic routes through education. The historical, conceptual and theoretical discussion in this article indicates that age norms are a seldom addressed, but potentially constraining, feature of contemporary school to work transition contexts.
Diets and Resource Partitioning among Three Sympatric Gurnards in Northeastern Tasmanian Waters, Australia
Authors: Park Joo Myun , Coburn Emma , Platell Margaret E. , Gaston Troy F. , Taylor Matthew D. , Williamson Jane E.
Published: July 2017

Dietary niches can support the coexistence of closely related sympatric species in marine systems, which can lead to the presence of greater abundances of those species that can potentially support their fisheries or greater abundances for other fish species that prey upon those species. Dietary relationships for three species of gurnard (Family Triglidae) that occur together in the benthic coastal environment of northeastern Tasmania, Australia (Red Gurnard Chelidonichthys kumu, Grooved Gurnard Lepidotrigla modesta, and Roundsnout Gurnard Lepidotrigla mulhalli), were examined for the presence of such dietary niches. The species are either fishery-important (Red Gurnard) or provide prey (Grooved Gurnard and Roundsnout Gurnard) for fishery-important species (e.g., Platycephalidae and Zeidae). Based on stomach content analyses, all three gurnards were shown to be bottom-feeding carnivores that consumed mainly benthic crustaceans, particularly decapods and amphipods, with teleosts also being important in the diets of only the larger Red Gurnard. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination and multivariate analyses based on volumetric contributions of different prey taxa to the stomach contents revealed significant differences in dietary composition among all three species, implying a partitioning of food resources. Size-related and temporal changes in dietary composition were each significant among the three gurnards, but there were no interactions between body size and time. Principal components analysis of head and mouth morphology demonstrated that mouth protrusiveness was the dominant morphological difference among species, which may in part account for the niche partitioning observed from the stomach content analysis. Given the important role of gurnards in benthic food webs, these relationships will improve the specification of ecosystem-based fisheries models and their ability to predict the effects of environmental and anthropogenic perturbations.
A lipodystrophy-causing lamin A mutant alters conformation and epigenetic regulation of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 locus
Authors: Oldenburg Anja , Briand Nolwenn , Sørensen Anita L. , Cahyani Inswasti , Shah Akshay , Moskaug Jan Øivind , Collas Philippe
Published: July 2017

Mutations in the Lamin A/C (LMNA) gene-encoding nuclear LMNA cause laminopathies, which include partial lipodystrophies associated with metabolic syndromes. The lipodystrophy-associated LMNA p.R482W mutation is known to impair adipogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show in this study that the lamin A p.R482W hot spot mutation prevents adipogenic gene expression by epigenetically deregulating long-range enhancers of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 microRNA gene in human adipocyte progenitor cells. The R482W mutation results in a loss of function of differentiation-dependent lamin A binding to the MIR335 locus. This impairs H3K27 methylation and instead favors H3K27 acetylation on MIR335 enhancers. The lamin A mutation further promotes spatial clustering of MIR335 enhancer and promoter elements along with overexpression of the MIR355 gene after adipogenic induction. Our results link a laminopathy-causing lamin A mutation to an unsuspected deregulation of chromatin states and spatial conformation of an miRNA locus critical for adipose progenitor cell fate.
Quality Control System using Simple Implementation of Seven Tools for Batik Textile Manufacturing
Authors: Suryoputro Muhammad Ragil , Sugarindra Muchamad , Erfaisalsyah Hendy
Published: July 2017

In order to produce better products and mitigate defect in products, every company must implement a quality control system. Company will find means to implement a quality control system that is capable and reliable. One of the methods is using the simple implementation of the seven tools in quality control defects. The case studied in this research was the level of disability xyz grey fabric on a shuttle loom 2 on the Batik manufacturing company. The seven tools that include: flowchart, check sheet, histogram, scatter diagram combined with control charts, Pareto diagrams and fishbone diagrams (causal diagram). Check sheet results obtained types of defects in the grey fabric was woven xyz is warp, double warp, the warp break, double warp, empty warp, warp tenuous, ugly edges, thick warp, and rust. Based on the analysis of control chart indicates that the process is out of control. This can be seen in the graph control where there is still a lot of outlier data. Based on a scatter diagram shows a positive correlation between the percentage of disability and the number of production. Based on Pareto diagram, repair needs priority is for the dominant type of defect is warp (44%) and based on double warp value histogram is also the highest with a value of 23635.11 m. In addition, based on the analysis of the factors causing defect by fishbone diagram double warp or other types of defects originating from the materials, methods, machines, measurements, man and environment. Thus the company can take to minimize the prevention and repair of defects and improve product quality.
Evaluating the use of the autodiametric method for estimating fecundity of Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, a species with an unusual oocyte development strategy
Authors: Dominguez-Petit R , Rideout R M , Garabana D , Lambert Y , Hermida M , Morgan M J
Published: July 2017

The autodiametric method is a highly streamlined method for estimating fecundity of fish with determinate oocyte development pattern. Greenland halibut presents a peculiar reproductive strategy with two simultaneously cohorts one of large vitellogenic oocytes (for the current year) and another one of small vitellogenic oocytes (for the subsequent year). Results of this study showed that autodiametric method can be applied to estimate fecundity in Greenland halibut. Additionally, spatial differences in the autodiametric calibration curve were observed in the Northwest Atlantic, but did not translate into differences in fecundity at length. This is the first time that spatial differences between ACCs of the same species have been reported, what could be the result of (i) the unusual oocyte development pattern, or (ii) spatial differences in oocyte biochemistry. More research on the relative dynamics of oocyte cohorts simultaneously present in Greenland halibut ovaries and the factors (endo- or exogenous) influencing oocyte packing density could provide a better understanding of observed geographical differences.
Requirement of glycosylation machinery in TLR responses revealed by CRISPR/Cas9 screening
Authors: Sato Ryota , Shibata Takuma , Tanaka Yu , Kato Chiharu , Yamaguchi Kiyoshi , Furukawa Yoichi , Shimizu Eigo , Yamaguchi Rui , Imoto Seiya , Miyano Satoru , Miyake Kensuke
Published: July 2017

The Toll family of receptors sense microbial products and activate a defense response. The molecular machinery required for the TLR response is not yet fully understood. In the present study, we used a clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CAS9 screening system to study TLR responses. We employed a cell line expressing TLR with an NF-κB-driven GFP reporter. The cell line was transduced with a guide RNA (gRNA) library and stimulated with TLR ligands. The cells impaired in GFP induction were sorted, and gRNAs were sequenced. Identified genes were ranked according to the count of sequence reads and the number of gRNA target sites. The screening system worked correctly, as molecules that were already known to be required for the TLR response were identified by the screening. Furthermore, this system revealed that the oligosaccharide transferase complex (OSTC) mediating co-translational glycosylation was required for TLR5, 7 and 9 responses. Protein expression of TLR5, but not an irrelevant molecule (CD44), was abolished by the lack of OSTC, suggesting the essential role of glycosylation in TLR5 protein stability. These results demonstrate that the screening system established here is able to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the TLR response.
Radio QPO in the γ-ray-loud X-ray binary LS I +61°303
Authors: Jaron F. , Sharma R. , Massi M. , Fuhrmann L. , Angelakis E. , Myserlis I. , Li Guang-Xing , Shi Xun
Published: July 2017

LS I +61°303 is a γ-ray emitting X-ray binary with periodic radio outbursts with time-scales of one month. Previous observations have revealed microflares superimposed on these large outbursts with periods ranging from a few minutes to hours. This makes LS I +61°303, along with Cyg X-1, the only TeV emitting X-ray binary exhibiting radio microflares. To further investigate this microflaring activity in LS I +61°303 we observed the source with the 100-m Effelsberg radio telescope at 4.85, 8.35 and 10.45 GHz, and performed a timing analysis on the obtained data. Radio oscillations of 15 h time-scales are detected at all three frequencies. We also compare the spectral index evolution of radio data to that of the photon index of GeV data observed by Fermi-Large Area Telescope. We conclude that the observed Quasi Periodic Oscillations could result from multiple shocks in a jet.
Dr Albert L. Rhoton Jr's Time at the Mayo Clinic: The Beginnings of a Remarkable Career
Authors: Rayan Tarek , Carlson Matthew L , Piepgras David G , Link Michael J , Van Gompel Jamie J
Published: July 2017

Dr Albert L. Rhoton Jr became the focal point of neurosurgery's evolution in understanding the intricate and complex microanatomy of the human brain over the last 4 decades. His pioneering work on cadaveric specimens proved to be a pivotal endeavor in the pursuit to better understand the complex microsurgical anatomy of cranial surgery. This paper details his early career at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. A comprehensive review and synthesis of data acquired from the institutional historical archives including the Annual Reports to the Executive Committee, the Reports to the Board of Directors, the MAYOVOX Newsletter, the illustration archives of the Mayo Clinic Division of Creative Media, staff biographies, curriculum vitae, personal interviews, as well as full-text journal articles, and book publications was performed. Dr Rhoton was engaged in a busy clinical practice as a young staff at the Mayo Clinic. Records show he focused on tackling complex intracranial pathologies along with numerous basic research and neuroanatomy projects that became a major part of his life's work and passion. He was a great teacher and friend to countless individuals and his work will continue to impact and improve the care provided to neurosurgery patients for generations to come.
Settler Colonialism
Authors: Cox Alicia
Published: July 2017

Settler colonialism is an ongoing system of power that perpetuates the genocide and repression of indigenous peoples and cultures. Essentially hegemonic in scope, settler colonialism normalizes the continuous settler occupation, exploiting lands and resources to which indigenous peoples have genealogical relationships. Settler colonialism includes interlocking forms of oppression, including racism, white supremacy, heteropatriarchy, and capitalism. This is because settler colonizers are Eurocentric and assume that European values with respect to ethnic, and therefore moral, superiority are inevitable and natural. However, these intersecting dimensions of settler colonialism coalesce around the dispossession of indigenous peoples’ lands, resources, and cultures. The evolving field of settler colonialism studies arose from scholarship in Native American and indigenous studies that engages with postcolonial studies and critiques the post- in “postcolonial” as inappropriate for understanding ongoing systems of domination in such places as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, where colonialism is not a thing of the past because the settlers have come to stay, displacing the indigenous peoples and perpetuating systems that continue to erase native lives, cultures, and histories. Foundational theories in settler colonialism studies distinguish settler colonialism from classical colonialism through work that demonstrates that settler colonizers destroy indigenous peoples and cultures in order to replace them and establish themselves as the new rightful inhabitants. In other words, settler colonizers do not merely exploit indigenous peoples and lands for labor and economic interests; they displace them through settlements. In his groundbreaking theory of the “logic of elimination,” Patrick Wolfe shows that settler colonialism is a system, not a historical event, and that as such it perpetuates the erasure of native peoples as a precondition for settler expropriation of lands and resources, providing the necessary conditions for establishing the present-day ideology of multicultural neoliberalism.
Eleanor Davies
Authors: Feroli Teresa
Published: July 2017

Lady Eleanor Davies (b. 1590–d. 1652), for some twenty-six years following her calling in 1625, identified as a prophet and, as a result, published some sixty-nine tracts, spent years in jail, and made astonishing predictions on subjects ranging from the end of time to the death of her first husband, the poet and lawyer Sir John Davies. Hers was an age of prophecy, and one that featured a significant number of female prophets, but she stands out for her aristocratic lineage—she was the daughter of the eleventh Baron Audley—and her embrace of elements of Puritan and Anglican theology. Stylistically, her writings contain dense webs of scriptural and topical allusions, anagrams, and repeated justifications of authority predicated upon her noble patronymic. By combining scriptural exegesis and cultural commentary, she produced a kind of satire of the follies of her age, which she considered to be nearing the last days. Important milestones in her apocalyptic vision of history included the rise of Parliament and the New Model Army; the execution of the powerful William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury; and the defeat and execution of Charles I. Likewise, she attributed cosmic significance to the events of her own life, in particular her tribulations as a prophet, her difficulties regaining inherited properties after being widowed, and her outrage over the execution in 1631 of her brother Mervin, Earl of Castlehaven, on charges of rape and sodomy. Certain that the last days approached, she offered her readers, after the early Christian but heterodox theologian Origen, the comforting promise of universal redemption. Beyond her writings, Lady Eleanor is known for her acts of civil disobedience. In 1633, unable to obtain a license to publish her pamphlets in England, she traveled to Amsterdam and found a willing printer. She returned and distributed her publication, for which she was sentenced to prison. She was jailed again in late 1636 or early 1637 for occupying the bishop’s throne at Litchfield Cathedral and declaring herself the primate. For this latter action, she gained a reputation for madness in her own day and in early scholarship. She married twice: first to Davies, with whom she had three children, and then to Sir Archibald Douglas. She outlived both men. Her only surviving child, Lucy, penned a moving epitaph upon Lady Eleanor’s death at the age of sixty-two.
Subjecthood in the Atlantic World
Authors: Muller Hannah Weiss
Published: July 2017

Subjecthood is most generally the state or condition of being a subject of a monarch. Although subjecthood was not actually a mainstay of 17th- and 18th-century vernaculars, it is a helpful term to evoke the legal and personal relationship between subject and sovereign that defined belonging in monarchical societies. The term simultaneously calls to mind the status, practices, and qualities associated with being a subject of a sovereign. Like citizenship, subjecthood implies that there is a larger community of belonging. With subjecthood, however, the community is one composed of subjects rather than of citizens. While citizenship and nationality are arguably more familiar terms, each relies on the relationship between a person and a state, rather than a person and a monarch, to define boundaries between peoples and nations. Subjecthood, like citizenship, also implies a sense of reciprocity, as there is an understanding that certain duties are owed by the subject to the monarch and that certain protections are owed by the monarch to the subject. Since it was the bond between subject and sovereign that was foundational to monarchical states and empires, subjecthood remains crucial to understanding the societies of the Atlantic world. Although citizenship studies has flourished for decades, scholarship focused on subjecthood, and more particularly on its meanings and implications, is very recent. Indeed, while legal shifts in subject status have consistently engaged historians, analysis of how individuals leveraged subjecthood, and of subjecthood’s political, cultural, and social significances, is only beginning to emerge. In general, the ways in which subjecthood, citizenship, and nationality can be related, as well as the ways in which they diverge, have remained largely unexplored and require more nuanced analysis. This entry identifies some of the most dynamic fields of inquiry, dividing recent scholarship into five categories: (1) primary and secondary sources that consider subjecthood primarily from a legal perspective in the (a) British Atlantic and (b) French and Iberian Atlantics; (2) secondary sources that insist on the centrality of monarchy in the Atlantic world; (3) secondary sources that explore the diverse individuals and groups who were recognized as subjects and that seek to understand how subjects leveraged their status in the (a) British Atlantic and (b) French and Iberian Atlantics; (4) primary and secondary sources that examine the rights and privileges often attributed to subjects; (5) secondary studies that examine the historical interconnections between subject and citizen. Although a majority of these sources address subjecthood in the British Atlantic of the 17th and 18th centuries, this entry also identifies emerging themes in studies of subjecthood across the French and Iberian Atlantics.
Ottoman Navy
Authors: Zorlu Tuncay
Published: July 2017

This article deals with the literature dedicated to the history of the Ottoman navy from the early fourteenth century up to the making of the modern Turkish Republic in 1923. The Ottoman acquaintance with the seas started following the capture of the coastal principalities along the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. Preliminary shipbuilding facilities were established in Karamürsel and Gallipoli (1390) under Bayezid I (r. 1389–1402), which facilitated the ability of the Ottomans to march toward the Balkans and Europe with the aim of controlling the straits. After the conquest of Constantinople, a naval arsenal was established in the Golden Horn during the reign of Mehmed II (r. 1444–1446 and 1451–1481). For the security of the western Anatolian coastlines, a significant number of the islands in the Aegean Sea were conquered or made subject to Ottoman taxation. Important victories were won against Venice, and Otranto in Italy was conquered. However, real progress was made during the reign of Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512). Large warships were built and famous Turkish sea captains like Kemal Reis and Burak Reis, who were independently operating in the Mediterranean, were brought under Ottoman service. Selim I (r. 1512–1520) enlarged the Admiralty and also had many new ships built. During the reign of Suleyman I (r. 1520–1566) the power of the Ottoman navy reached its peak. The ruler of Algeria, Barbaros Hayreddin, entered the service of the Ottomans. Important wars were waged against the Order of St. John, Venice, Portugal, and the Habsburgs of Spain. Although the victories at Preveza of 1538 and at Cyprus in 1570 made the Ottoman navy an important player in the Mediterranean, the war against the Holy League was lost at Lepanto (1571). Ottoman conquest of Crete (1645–1670) gave another impetus to the Ottoman navy until the subsequent disasters starting with the one in Chesme Bay (1770). In the aftermath of Chesme, the Ottoman Empire embarked on a comprehensive reform movement during the reigns of Abduhamid I (r. 1774–1789), Selim III (r. 1789–1807), and Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839). Yet, naval disasters continued at Navarino (1827) and at Sinop (1853). During World War I, the Ottoman navy fought naval operations in the Dardanelles, which were mainly carried out against the Royal Navy with substantial support from the French navy and minor contributions from the navies of Russia and Australia. Throughout the campaign, attempts were made by submarines to pass through the Dardanelles and disrupt Ottoman shipping in the Sea of Marmara. For the sake of providing a well-balanced view of the Ottoman navy to the reader, this article is organized thematically under general categories and various subcategories.
Drought as a Disturbance in Forests
Authors: Poyatos Rafael , Doblas-Miranda Enrique
Published: July 2017

Drought is a situation of water deficit of a system, compared to normal conditions. Operational definitions of drought (i.e., those used to identify specific drought events) change depending upon the system under consideration, but they have been historically restricted to climatic, agricultural, hydrologic, and socioeconomic systems. From an ecologic point of view, the literature on drought-related impacts on ecosystems has grown dramatically only in recent years, prompted by our need to predict such impacts under the drier conditions projected for many areas of the Earth as a result of climate change. This article provides a guide to the literature addressing the role of drought as an agent of change in of ecosystem structure and function mediated by vegetation responses. The study of drought responses in plants has traditionally been led by agronomists and plant ecophysiologists, with an emphasis on the understanding of physiological stress or plastic responses. Here we will focus not on mild stress, but on extreme functional responses and drought-related persistent changes in terrestrial, natural, and seminatural ecosystems, considering that agricultural or freshwater ecosystems merit their own review and are beyond the scope of this article. Because of the increasing interest in the causes and consequences of drought-induced vegetation dieback since the early 21st century, many of the references included in this article are relatively recent. This large body of research has been mostly developed for woody communities, and the majority of studies selected here are hence based on woodlands. Nevertheless, we recommend the “Drought” section in the Oxford Bibliography on the “Grassland Biome” for further information.
Jewish Art, Ancient
Authors: Meyer Mati
Published: July 2017

The present article considers the visual material of the Jewish world from biblical times through the early Byzantine era in Palestine and the Diaspora that has been unearthed in archaeological excavations. It addresses art historical and visual cultural aspects of especially prominent monuments and artifacts. Historiographic interest in the subject can be traced back to the late 19th century, but it attracted real scholarly attention only at the turn of the 20th century, much later than the start of the art history field. The prevailing view of Jewish art at the time was essentially twofold: Jews were artless, and if art existed it was mostly aniconic. This perception changed with important disparate events and discoveries of Jewish monuments concomitantly with the firm establishment of the discipline: the discovery of synagogue remains in the Galilee; the Jewish catacombs in Rome (1918); Israelite palaces at Megiddo dating from the 8th and 9th centuries bce (1920s–1930s); the synagogue mosaics at Na’aran (1919) and at Beth Alpha (1928), both in Palestine; the ancient synagogue and its murals in Dura-Europos in Syria (1923–1933); and the necropolis at Beth She’arim in Palestine (1936). These and many other archaeological sites and findings and the studies of Palestinian archaeologists such as Eleazar L. Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece (1934), served to discredit the aniconic approach attributed to Jews and the notion of a nonexistent Jewish art. Jewish artistic creation was expressed primarily in synagogal and funereal architecture and related visual media, and to a lesser extent in civic architecture and its decoration. Although it always maintained its distinct character, Jewish art absorbed the influences of the surrounding cultures, especially during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The periodization utilized for this article does not necessarily match that of the neighboring cultures: the “Israelite” or “Biblical” era, which ended with the Babylonian conquest and the destruction of the First Temple (967–586 bce), where the archaeological findings are very sparse except for magical bowls; the Second Temple period (536 bce–63 ce) and the Hasmonean period (164 bce–63 bce), when the finds multiply, showing a distinct aniconism but no evidence of figural arts; the Roman period (63 bce–324) when Jewish art reflects an interest in Roman visual aesthetics but not in its iconography; and the early Byzantine period (324–615), which attests to a return to figural presentation. Unless otherwise indicated, all dates refer to ce.
Postdischarge Outcomes of Pyogenic Liver Abscesses: Single-Center Experience 2007–2012
Authors: Gallagher Megan C , Andrews Mary-Margaret
Published: July 2017

Background

Pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA) are increasingly managed by percutaneous treatment instead of surgery, but there are limited data about postdischarge outcomes. Postdischarge services and factors predicting poor outcomes have not been described.

Methods

We performed a retrospective, descriptive case series at a single center assessing treatment and outpatient follow-up for patients treated for PLA from 2007 to 2012. We reviewed the electronic medical record for patient characteristics and outcomes. Data for care received at other facilities were not available. In our analysis, we compared patients with malignancy with those without and attempted to determine predictors of emergency department (ED) visits and hospital readmissions.

Results

Of 125 patients identified with PLA, 12 had surgical drainage, 23 had percutaneous aspiration, 78 had percutaneous drainage (PD), 11 had no drainage, and 1 was made comfort measures only. Seventy (60%) were discharged with a drain, and 31 (25%) were discharged on intravenous (IV) antibiotics. After discharge, 46 (38%) had ED visits and 36 (30%) were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Fourteen (12%) had complications from antibiotics, and 4 (13%) had complications from peripherally inserted center catheter lines. A total of 8 patients, 5 in-hospital and 3 postdischarge, died. In our analysis of risk factors for 90-day postdischarge ED visit/readmission, only malignancy was a predictor.

Conclusions

Pyogenic liver abscess patients have intense postdischarge needs (drain management, IV antibiotics) and a high rate of ED visits and readmissions. Although PD provides source control without surgery, ambulatory needs are now more complex, requiring multidisciplinary collaboration.
Chlamydia Infection Between Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study of Heterosexual Partnerships
Authors: Huffam Sarah , Chow Eric P F , Leeyaphan Charussri , Fairley Christopher K , Hocking Jane S , Phillips Samuel , Tabrizi Sepehr N , Bellhouse Clare , Bradshaw Catriona S , Fehler Glenda , Garland Suzanne M , Chen Marcus Y
Published: July 2017

Background

Studies of sexual partnerships can further our understanding of the sexual transmission of chlamydia, which is important for informing public health interventions and clinical management. The aim of this study was to ascertain among heterosexual dyads the proportion concordantly infected with chlamydia and factors associated with infection between partners.

Methods

This study was conducted at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between January 2006 and March 2015. Heterosexual partners attending the clinic on the same day were identified prospectively. Dyads where 1 or both individuals were diagnosed with chlamydia by a test performed on the day of joint attendance or within the prior 30 days were included. Testing was by strand displacement assay. Men and women with genital symptoms underwent clinical examination.

Results

Of 233 females with chlamydia, 76% (n = 178) of their male partners tested positive. Of the chlamydia-positive females with cervicitis, 91% of males were chlamydia positive. Male infection was less likely if their partner had taken azithromycin or doxycycline within 30 days (7% vs 25%; P = .039). Of 235 males with chlamydia, 77% (n = 178) of their female partners tested positive. No associations were found between male symptoms, signs, or recent antibiotic use and a positive chlamydia result in female partners. Sixty-one percent of the dyads were concordantly infected with chlamydia.

Conclusions

These results underscore the high likelihood of heterosexual partners of men and women with chlamydia being infected and the importance that partners are tested and managed appropriately for chlamydia.
Recurrence of Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 1 After Phototherapeutic Keratectomy, Lamellar Keratoplasty, and Penetrating Keratoplasty in a Single Population
Authors: Lewis Darrell R. , Price Marianne O. , Feng Matthew T. , Price Francis W.
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

To describe the recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy type 1 (GCD1) after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK), deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) in a single population. The time required to achieve best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after each intervention was also analyzed.

Methods:

Retrospective review of all patients with GCD1 from a single center between 1989 and 2016. Surgical interventions were performed 50 times on 28 eyes of 15 patients. Data were primarily analyzed through Cox regression modeling with clustering and robust log-rank testing.

Results:

Significant recurrence occurred most rapidly after PTK (median time 2.7 years) and was most delayed after PKP (13.7 years). Significant recurrence occurred at a similar interval after ALK and DALK (3.7 and 3.2 years, respectively). Significant recurrence-free survival was longer for PKP than for ALK, DALK, or PTK (P = 0.04). The time required to obtain BCVA was shorter in the PTK group (median 1.8 months) than in the PKP and DALK groups (median 5.3 and 8.4 months, respectively; P = 0.03 and P = 0.02). All groups achieved a similar median BCVA (20/25–20/30).

Conclusions:

This series indicates that GCD1 recurrence-free survival is longest after PKP with an associated delay in attaining BCVA. Conversely, PTK provided the fastest visual recovery with shorter recurrence-free survival.
Complications Following Enucleations and Subsequent Oculoplastic Surgeries
Authors: Verhoekx Jennifer S. N. , Tse Win Hou Willy , Rengifo Coolman Anina , van Kinderen Yashna B. , Wubbels Rene J. , Paridaens Dion
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

To analyze the complications and subsequent type and frequency of oculoplastic surgeries after enucleation in adult patients.

Methods:

The authors conducted a retrospective case note review of adult patients who underwent enucleation followed by placement of an alloplastic implant wrapped in donor sclera between 2001 and 2013. The data collected included patient demographics, surgical indication, implant size, postoperative complications, and subsequent oculoplastic surgical procedures.

Results:

The authors included 186 patients who underwent enucleation during the study period. Malignancy was the leading cause for this operation (79.6%) followed by a blind painful eye (12.4%). Most postoperative complications were managed conservatively with an adjustment of the size of the ocular prosthesis. In most cases, the 20-mm and 22-mm implants were used, and implant size ranged from 16 to 22 mm. There was no correlation between implant size and complication rate. Twenty-six patients required subsequent surgery after enucleation (14%). In total, 9.7% (18 patients of 186) patients underwent eyelid surgery after enucleation, most frequently for blepharoptosis (7%). The interval between enucleation and eyelid surgeries was, on average, 1.9 years. Less frequently, surgery is needed for socket repair for anterior surface breakdown (1.6%), and the interval between enucleation and socket surgery was 0.9 years.

Conclusions:

The most frequent complications following enucleation were blepharoptosis and enophthalmos with a deep upper eyelid sulcus. About 15% of patients required subsequent oculoplastic procedures after, on average, 2 years, while surgery in the early postoperative phase was rarely indicated.
Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Surgery Waiting Times and Mortality After Hip Fractures in Italy
Authors: Petrelli Alessio , De Luca Giuliana , Landriscina Tania , Costa Giuseppe , Gnavi Roberto
Published: July 2017

Background:

Reducing inequities is a main goal of the Italian healthcare system. We evaluated socioeconomic differences in delayed surgery and postoperative mortality after a hip replacement after a fracture in Piedmont Region (Italy).

Methods:

Cohort study including all people aged ≥65 years hospitalized for a hip fracture in 2007–2010 (n = 21,432). Study outcomes were the following: (1) surgery waiting times >2 days; (2) 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality from admission. Log-binomial models were used to evaluate the effect of socioeconomic status on waiting time, adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, biennium, and Local Health Unit. Logistic models were fitted for mortality, adjusting also for the type of intervention (prosthesis/reduction) and waiting time.

Results:

Seventy percent of surgeries were performed beyond 2 days from admission; 30-day mortality was 4.1%, 90-day was 10.8%, and 1-year was 21.9%. Lower socioeconomic levels were associated with higher risk of waiting >2 days (Adjusted Relative Risk: 1.14) and higher odds for 90-day (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 1.18) and 1-year (Adjusted OR: 1.27) mortality.

Conclusions:

We found socioeconomic inequities in access to hip replacement and postoperative outcomes. Strengthening the connection between hospital, primary care and rehabilitation services, improving regional monitoring systems and taking into account quality of care in funding health system, may contribute to guarantee uniform levels of healthcare quality in Italy.
Serum n‐6 and n‐9 Fatty Acids Correlate With Serum IGF‐1 and Growth Up to 4 Months of Age in Healthy Infants
Authors: Kjellberg Emma , Roswall Josefine , Bergman Stefan , Strandvik Birgitta , Dahlgren Jovanna
Published: July 2017

Objective:

The aim of this study was to study the relationship between insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), serum phospholipid fatty acids, and growth in healthy full‐term newborns during infancy.

Methods:

Prospective observational study of a population‐based Swedish cohort comprising 126 healthy, term infants investigating cord blood and serum at 2 days and 4 months of age for IGF‐1 and phospholipid fatty acid profile and breast milk for fatty acids at 2 days and 4 months, compared with anthropometric measurements (standard deviation scores).

Results:

At all time‐points arachidonic acid (AA) was negatively associated with IGF‐1. IGF‐1 had positive associations with linoleic acid (LA) at 2 days and 4 months and mead acid (MA) showed positive associations in cord blood. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for maternal factors (body mass index, weight gain, smoking, education), sex, birth weight and feeding modality confirmed a negative association for the ratio AA/LA to IGF‐1. MA in cord blood correlated to birth size. Changes in the ratios of n‐6/n‐3 and AA/docosahexaenoic acid from day 2 to 4 months together with infants′ weight and feeding modality determined 55% of the variability of delta‐IGF‐1. Breast‐fed infants at 4 months had lower IGF‐1 correlating with lower LA and higher AA concentrations, which in girls correlated with lower weight gain from birth to 4 months of age.

Conclusions:

Our data showed interaction of n‐6 fatty acids with IGF‐1 during the first 4 months of life, and an association between MA and birth size when adjusted for confounding factors. Further follow‐up may indicate whether these correlations are associated with later body composition.
Early Onset of Wilson Disease
Authors: Wiernicka Anna , Dądalski Maciej , Jańczyk Wojciech , Kamińska Diana , Naorniakowska Magdalena , Hüsing‐Kabar Anna , Schmidt Hartmut , Socha Piotr
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of patients ages ⩽5 years with early onset Wilson disease (WD).

Methods:

Data from 143 pediatric patients with WD treated at our center between January 1996 and November 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results:

A review of the 143 pediatric patients with WD identified 21 (10 girls, 11 boys) with first symptoms or abnormal liver function test results at age ⩽5 years. The diagnosis of WD was confirmed in 8 patients younger than 5 years. At baseline the mean serum alanine aminotransferase level was 222 U/L and the mean serum aspartate aminotransferase level was 130 U/L. The mean serum ceruloplasmin concentration in 16 tested patients was <20 mg/dL. Of the 15 patients who underwent urinary copper excretion testing, 8 had levels between 40 and 100 μg/day, with only 4 having levels >100 μg/day. Liver copper quantification was >250 μg/g dry weight in 16 patients. The most common mutation was p.H1069Q, with compound heterozygosity in 5 patients and homozygosity in 9. Sixteen patients were treated with zinc salts and 5 with D‐penicillamine. Both treatments were effective, with no serious side effects observed after 3 to 24 months.

Conclusions:

WD can present as early as 2 years of age. Because biochemical tests may be less sensitive in very young children, diagnoses may require a combination of tests. If molecular tests are inconclusive, liver copper content should be measured.
Food Sensitivity Versus Food Allergy
Authors: Berdanier Carolyn D.
Published: July 2017

Food allergies and food intolerances affect approximately 1% of the adult population in the United States and approximately 7% of children. Often, children lose their food intolerances as they mature. Food allergies and intolerances differ in that a food allergy involves the immune system, whereas food intolerance is restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose intolerance is an example of the latter, whereas gluten-induced enteropathy is an example of the former. Treatment of both is similar: exclusion of the troublesome food component.
Nutrition for Persons Coping With Serious Mental Illnesses
Authors: Suarez Cassandra Anne , Annunziata Anne-Reet Ilves , Dwyer Johanna T.
Published: July 2017

Serious mental illnesses and their treatments often have adverse nutritional effects, but little is known about the effective nutritional counseling to use with those who suffer from them. The therapeutic challenges involved include finding medications that control symptoms while minimizing their adverse effects on weight gain and on other metabolic indicators of risk. These and some recommendations are described.