bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the high-quality development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on SD model under the constraint of “dual carbon” target
Authors: Yang Weiwei , Hei Yingying
Published: November 2024

Low-carbon economy is the inevitable path for the development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. The SD model of High-quality development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was constructed based on the “dual carbon” goal, including capital input and environmental pollution index as influencing factors. Through simulation and prediction, the following results are obtained: (1) Through the production function of Cobb Douglas, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is still in the stage of highly concentrated capital to promote economic development. (2) It is proved that under the baseline scenario, the overall carbon neutrality and carbon peaking targets of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei are difficult to achieve. However, in the context of high-quality development, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region can successfully achieve the target of carbon peak by 2035. (3) Under the high-quality development scenario, the carbon emissions will decrease after the carbon peak, and the growth of economic aggregate and the development of total carbon emissions will be decoupled. Through the carbon emission simulation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, it can be found that high-quality development is the only way for the future coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which can provide certain enlightenment for the development direction of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
Risk factors for failed fistula closure in Addis Ababa at fistula centre, central Ethiopia
Authors: Dejene Tadesse Mamo , Belachew Asrat Kassaw , Amera Tizazu Michael , Yesuf Sadat Mohammed
Published: November 2024

Background

Obstetric Fistula leads to fecal and urine incontinence in women and girls. Surgical repair is the cornerstone of care. Failure to repair an obstetric fistula exposes women not only to repeated surgery but also to ongoing incontinence and its sequela, depression, and social exclusion. Which impacts the nation's health intervention programs and socioeconomic burden.

Objective

To determine factors associated with failed fistula closure in women who underwent Fistula Closure at the Hamlin Fistula Center in Addis Ababa, central Ethiopia, between February 10, 2018, and December 28, 2020.

Methods

Women who underwent Fistula Closure between February 10, 2018, and December 28, 2020 were included in a case–control study that was conducted between May and June 2021. In total, 417 study participants (139 cases and 280 controls) were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Two professional midwife data collectors and one BSC nurse for the supervisory assessment of women's medical cards utilized a structured questionnaire to collect data. SPSS version 25 was used to enter, clean, and analyze the data. During data analysis, bivariate and multivariate regression models were used. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicates a significant correlation.

Results

Forty-nine patients (35.3%) and 133 controls (47.8%) who were older than 26 years were at repair while they were (14–19 years old). The factors that contributed to failure of fistula closure included age at repair (14–19 years old) [AOR = 2.1, 95% CI (0.94–4.89)], prior fistula attempts (9.6, rural residence [AOR = 2.69, 95% CI (1.36–5.35)], height <150 cm [AOR = 1.80, 95% CI (0.99–3.59)], labor duration longer than 2 days [AOR = 1.89, 95% CI (0.99–3.59)], delivery by cesarean section [AOR = 1.88, 95% CI (1.04–3.89)], damaged urethra [AOR = 2.02, 95% CI (1.04–3.89)], diameter of fistula >3 cm, mild vaginal scar [AOR = 3.20, 95% CI (1.24–8.29)], moderate and severe vaginal scar [AOR = 5.49, 95% CI (1.92–15.75)], and completion of ANC [AOR = 0.20 (0.11, 0.38)].

Conclusion and recommendation

Age at the time of repair, Residence, Height, duration of labor, mode of delivery, completion of ANC, damaged urethra, fistula diameter >3 cm, previous fistula attempts, and vaginal scar are factors related to failure of fistula closure. By focusing on these areas, we can significantly improve the outcomes for patients undergoing fistula repair and lower the likelihood of failed closures in the future. Community-based health education regarding obstetric fistula and the importance of seeing a doctor as soon as possible during labor to lower the risk of obstructed delivery, boost antenatal care completion, and shorten the length of labor are all necessary to prevent failed fistula closure in comparable patients in the future.
PTX3 is expressed in terminal lymphatics and shapes their organization and function
Authors: Doni Andrea , Sironi Marina , Del Prete Annalisa , Pasqualini Fabio , Valentino Sonia , Cuccovillo Ivan , Parente Raffaella , Calvi Michela , Tosoni Antonella , Vago Gianluca , Nebuloni Manuela , Garlanda Cecilia , Vecchi Annunciata , Bottazzi Barbara , Mantovani Alberto
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The lymphatic system is a multifaceted regulator of tissue homeostasis and an integral part of immune responses. Previous studies had shown that subsets of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) express PTX3, an essential component of humoral innate immunity and tissue homeostasis.

Methods

In the present study using whole-mount imaging and image-based morphometric quantifications, Ptx3-targeted mice and in vivo functional analysis, we investigated the involvement of PTX3 in shaping and function of the lymphatic vasculature.

Results

We found that PTX3 is localized in the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding human and murine lymphatic vessels (LV). In murine tissues, PTX3 was localized in the ECM close to LV terminals and sprouting. Ptx3-deficient mice showed LV abnormalities in the colon submucosa and diaphragm, including a disorganized pattern and hyperplasia of initial LV capillaries associated with altered distribution of tight junction-associated molecules. Mice with LEC-restricted PTX3 gene inactivation showed morphological and organization abnormalities similar to those observed in Ptx3-deficient animals. Ptx3-deficient mice showed defective fluid drainage from footpads and defective dendritic cell (DC) trafficking.

Discussion

Thus, PTX3 is strategically localized in the ECM of specialized LV, playing an essential role in their structural organization and immunological function.
The mechanism of PDE7B inhibiting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma through oxidative stress
Authors: Luo Yunfeng , Gao Huaide , Zhao Jianghua , Chen Lin , Shao Jianguo , Ju Linling
Published: November 2024

Background

Liver cancer presents a significant challenge to global health and is currently ranked as the sixth most common form of cancer worldwide. Recent research indicates that phosphodiesterases play a role in various physiological and pathological processes, with a specific focus on their impact on cancer advancement. There is a scarcity of studies investigating the function and mechanisms of phosphodiesterases in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were employed to analyze the expression of PDE7B in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells. The biological role of PDE7B in HCC was investigated by both overexpressing and knocking down PDE7B in liver cancer cell lines. Furthermore, potential target proteins of PDE7B were identified through transcriptome sequencing.

Results

PDE7B is conspicuously reduced in tissues and cells of hepatocellular carcinoma, showing a connection with an unfavorable prognosis. Inhibiting PDE7B boosts the growth, movement, and infiltration of liver cancer cells, while its increased expression has the reverse impact. According to our trials relating to oxidative stress, PDE7B appears to control cell death in liver cancer cells by impacting the production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, we propose that PDE7B could hinder the initiation and advancement of HCC through an oxidative stress pathway.

Conclusion

The research we conducted reveals that PDE7B, a gene with minimal levels of activity in hepatocellular carcinoma, possesses the capacity to inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of HCC cells. PDE7B can impact the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by adjusting mechanisms related to oxidative stress.
Prediction and prevention of late-onset pre-eclampsia: a systematic review
Authors: Baylis Anna , Zhou Wei , Menkhorst Ellen , Dimitriadis Evdokia
Published: November 2024

Background

Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Late-onset pre-eclampsia (LOP), which results in delivery ≥34 weeks gestation, is the most common type. However, there is a lack of knowledge in its prediction and prevention. Improving our understanding in this area will allow us to have better surveillance of high-risk patients and thus improve clinical outcomes.

Methods

A systematic review was performed using a search of articles on PubMed. The search terms were ((late-onset) AND (pre-eclampsia)) AND ((risk factor) OR (risk) OR (prediction) OR (management) OR (prevention)). Primary literature published between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2023 was included. Human studies assessing the prediction or prevention of late-onset pre-eclampsia were eligible for inclusion.

Results

Sixteen articles were included in the final review. The key risk factors identified were Body Mass Index (BMI), chronic hypertension, elevated mean arterial pressures (MAPs), nulliparity, and maternal age. No clinically useful predictive model for LOP was found. Initiating low dose aspirin before 17 weeks gestation in high-risk patients may help reduce the risk of LOP.

Conclusion

While aspirin is a promising preventor of LOP, preventative measures for women not deemed to be at high-risk or measures that can be implemented at a later gestation are required. Biomarkers for LOP need to be identified, and examining large cohorts during the second or third trimester may yield useful results, as this is when the pathogenesis is hypothesized to occur. Biomarkers that identify high-risk LOP patients may also help find preventative measures.
Identification of host factors for livestock and poultry viruses: genome-wide screening technology based on the CRISPR system
Authors: Hu Shijie , Gan Mailin , Wei Ziang , Shang Pan , Song Lei , Feng Jinkang , Chen Lei , Niu Lili , Wang Yan , Zhang Shunhua , Shen Linyuan , Zhu Li , Zhao Ye
Published: November 2024

Genome-wide CRISPR library screening technology is a gene function research tool developed based on the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated genes (CRISPR/Cas) system, considered the third generation of gene editing after zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), is widely used for screening various viral host factors. CRISPR libraries are classified into three main categories based on the different functions of Cas9 enzymes: CRISPR knockout (CRISPR KO) library screening, CRISPR transcriptional activation (CRISPRa) library screening, and CRISPR transcriptional interference (CRISPRi) library screening. Recently, genome-wide CRISPR library screening technology has been used to identify host factors that interact with viruses at various stages, including adsorption, endocytosis, and replication. By specifically modulating the expression of these host factors, it becomes possible to cultivate disease-resistant varieties, establish disease models, and design and develop vaccines, among other applications. This review provides an overview of the development and technical processes of genome-wide CRISPR library screening, as well as its applications in identifying viral host factors in livestock and poultry.
Circulating GLAST+ EVs are increased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Raineri Davide , De Marchi Fabiola , Vilardo Beatrice , Barbero Mazzucca Camilla , Scotti Lorenza , Kustrimovic Natasa , Mazzini Letizia , Cappellano Giuseppe , Chiocchetti Annalisa
Published: November 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder, hallmarked by the gradual deterioration of motor neurons, culminating in muscle weakness and fatal paralysis. The exact etiology of ALS remains elusive, and there is a critical need for reliable biomarkers to aid in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates for biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, giving access to pathologically relevant tissues otherwise typically challenging or invasive to sample. Indeed, EVs can derive by many cell types within the central nervous system, cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the blood, where they can be easily measured. One of the central mechanisms implicated in ALS pathology is glutamate excitotoxicity, which involves excessive glutamate accumulation due to impaired uptake by astrocytes and other glial cells, leading to neuronal damage. GLAST is a key glutamate transporter responsible for maintaining extracellular gluta-mate levels, and its dysregulation is thought to contribute significantly to ALS development and associated neuropathogenesis. Here, we applied a quick and validated method, to evaluate GLAST+ EVs in ALS patients’ plasma and age-matched healthy controls. We found an increase in GLAST+ EVs that holds promise for uncovering novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in ALS research.
Preliminary reference values for Alzheimer’s disease plasma biomarkers in Congolese individuals with and without dementia
Authors: Ikanga Jean , Jean Kharine , Medina Priscilla , Patel Saranya Sundaram , Schwinne Megan , Epenge Emmanuel , Gikelekele Guy , Tshengele Nathan , Kavugho Immaculee , Mampunza Samuel , Mananga Lelo , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Stringer Anthony , Rojas Julio C. , Chan Brandon , Lario Lago Argentina , Kramer Joel H. , Boxer Adam L. , Jeromin Andreas , Gross Alden L. , Alonso Alvaro
Published: November 2024

Background

Western countries have provided reference values (RV) for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) plasma biomarkers, but there are not available in Sub-Saharan African populations.

Objective

We provide preliminary RV for AD and other plasma biomarkers including amyloid-β (Aβ42/40), phosphorylated tau-181 and 217 (p-tau181, p-tau217), neurofilament light (Nfl), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), interleukin 1b and 10 (IL-1b and IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in Congolese adults with and without dementia.

Methods

85 adults (40 healthy and 45 dementia) over 50 years old were included. Blood samples were provided for plasma AD biomarkers Aβ42/40 and p-tau181, p-tau217; Nfl and GFAP; IL-1b and IL-10 and TNFα analyzed using SIMOA. Linear and logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate differences in biomarkers by age and gender and neurological status, and for the prediction of dementia status by each individual biomarker. RV were those that optimized sensitivity and specificity based on Youden’s index.

Results

In this sample of 85 adults, 45 (53%) had dementia, 38 (45%) were male, overall mean age was 73.2 (SD 7.6) years with 8.3 (5.4) years of education. There were no significant differences in age, gender, and education based on neurological status. Biomarker concentrations did not significantly differ by age except for p-tau181 and GFAP and did not differ by sex. Preliminary normal value cutoffs of various plasma in pg./mL were 0.061 for Aβ42/40, 4.50 for p-tau 181, 0.008 for p-tau 217, 36.5 for Nfl, 176 for GFAP, 1.16 for TNFa, 0.011 for IL-1b, and 0.38 for IL-10. All AUCs ranged between 0.64–0.74. P-tau 217 [0.72 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.84)] followed by GFAP [0.72 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.83)], and Nfl [0.73 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.84)] had the highest AUC compared to other plasma biomarkers.

Conclusion

This study provides RV which could be of preliminary utility to facilitate the screening, clinical diagnostic adjudication, and classification, of dementia in Congolese adults.
Dissociation between area TE and rhinal cortex in accuracy vs. speed of visual categorization in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Li Bing , Lowe Kaleb , Chandra Samarth , Chen Gang , Eldridge Mark A. G. , Richmond Barry J.
Published: November 2024

In real-world vision, objects may appear for a short period, such as in conjunction with visual search. Presumably, this puts a premium on rapid categorization. We designed a visual categorization task cued by briefly presented images to study how visual categorization is processed in an ethologically relevant context. We compared the performance of monkeys with bilateral area TE lesions, and those with bilateral rhinal cortex lesions, to control animals. TE lesions impaired the accuracy but not the speed of visual categorization. In contrast, rhinal cortex lesions did not affect the accuracy but reduced the speed of visual categorization. A generalized drift-diffusion model (GDDM) with collapsing bounds was fitted to the data. The drift rate was equivalent across all groups, but the decision bounds collapsed more slowly in the rhinal group than in the other two groups. This suggests that, although evidence is accumulated at the same rate in all groups, the rhinal lesion results in slower decision-making.
The role of epigenetic regulation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression and drug response: an integrative genomic and pharmacological prognostic prediction model
Authors: Fu Kang , Su Junzhe , Zhou Yiming , Chen Xiaotong , Hu Xiao
Published: November 2024

Background

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy with poor prognosis. Epigenetic dysregulation plays a crucial role in PDAC progression, but its comprehensive landscape and clinical implications remain unclear.

Methods

We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing, bulk RNA sequencing, and clinical data from multiple public databases. Single-cell analysis was performed using Seurat and hdWGCNA packages to reveal cell heterogeneity and epigenetic features. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified key epigenetic modules. A machine learning-based prognostic model was constructed using multiple algorithms, including Lasso and Random Survival Forest. We further analyzed mutations, immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity associated with the epigenetic risk score.

Results

Single-cell analysis revealed distinct epigenetic patterns across different cell types in PDAC. WGCNA identified key modules associated with histone modifications and DNA methylation. Our machine learning model, based on 17 epigenetic genes, showed robust prognostic value (AUC >0.7 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival) and outperformed existing models. High-risk patients exhibited distinct mutation patterns, including higher frequencies of KRAS and TP53 mutations. Low-risk patients showed higher immune and stromal scores, with increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and M2 macrophages. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed differential responses to various therapeutic agents between high- and low-risk groups, with low-risk patients showing higher sensitivity to EGFR and MEK inhibitors.

Conclusion

Our study provides a comprehensive landscape of epigenetic regulation in PDAC at single-cell resolution and establishes a robust epigenetics-based prognostic model. The integration of epigenetic features with mutation profiles, immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity offers new insights into PDAC heterogeneity and potential therapeutic strategies. These findings pave the way for personalized medicine in PDAC management and highlight the importance of epigenetic regulation in cancer research.
β-decay studies for shape coexistence
Authors: Garrett P. E.
Published: November 2024

β decay has played a key role in studies of shape coexistence throughout the nuclear chart. This has been mainly due to the sensitivity in γ-ray and conversion electron spectroscopy that can be achieved following the population of excited states by β decay. In some regions, the spectroscopic studies using β decay have been the first to suggest the presence of shape coexistence; in others, they have reinforced the suggestion and provided important spectroscopic data. The present work reviews some of the key regions, with a prime focus on the neutron-rich side of the valley of stability, where β-decay measurements have played an important role.
Therapeutic singing and expiratory muscle strength training in Parkinson's disease: a mixed methods comparison
Authors: Brown Jessy , Stegemöller Elizabeth L.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to understand how two respiratory strengthening protocols, therapeutic singing (TS) and expiratory muscle strength training (EMST), compare on measures of quality of life (QOL), depression and anxiety for persons with Parkinson's disease. An equally important aim was to understand participants' perceptions of both treatments.

Methods

Quantitative and qualitative datasets were integrated in a convergent mixed methods design within a randomized crossover intervention trial. Thirteen persons with mild-moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage 1–3) completed both interventions, in random order, for 4 weeks, 5 days per week, for approximately 20 min per day. Participants completed self-report questionnaires (Geriatric Depression Scale, Parkinson's Anxiety Scale, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, and a Survey after Treatment) after each intervention, and twelve participants' qualitative data were analyzed.

Results

Quantitative data did not reveal significant differences between the interventions in depression on the Geriatric Depression Scale or anxiety on the Parkinson's Anxiety Scale and the qualitative data support those findings. There were no significant differences between interventions in QOL as measured by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, but there was a main effect of time, with a significant decline (p = 0.01) in perceived QOL between baseline and the final visit. The quantitative data diverged from the qualitative data as there were no themes that emerged to corroborate a decrease in QOL. Five qualitative themes were derived from thematic analysis: Benefits, Accessibility, Acceptability, Advice/Feedback, and Preference. Participants' perceptions of the interventions were closely aligned to individual differences and preferences, with an equal split of participants preferring TS and EMST.

Conclusions

Findings from this mixed methods comparison of two respiratory interventions will help to improve the acceptability and accessibility of the interventions to better facilitate adherence to the interventions and promote continued engagement, thereby delaying respiratory decline in those with PD.
A bibliometric analysis of African dental research and the sustainable development goals, 2016–2023
Authors: El Tantawi Maha , Bhayat Ahmed , Foláyan Moréniké Oluwátóyìn
Published: November 2024

Background

The successful implementation of the 2030 sustainable development Agenda in Africa requires active participation from all sectors, including the dental research sector. The aim of this study was to review dental research published by authors affiliated with institutions in African countries from 2016 to 2023, to map papers related to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), and to identify areas of emphasis and gaps in SDGs-related papers on oral health in Africa.

Methods

We conducted a bibliometric analysis of dental literature in Africa (2016–2023) using Scival for performance analysis and VOSviewer for science mapping. The papers addressing and not addressing the SDGs were compared regarding impact, authorship metrics and key phrases. We identified the topic clusters with the greatest number of papers. The key phrase co-occurrence networks and the authors and countries collaboration networks were mapped.

Results

There were 4,173 papers and 622 (14.9%) addressed the SDGs, especially SDG3. SDGs papers had greater impact and were more likely to be published in open access journals than non-SDGs papers. Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa had the greatest number of papers and citations. Four of the top ten authors were females. Most of the top ten journals were open access and only three were in quartile 1 (Q1) journals. Springer and Elsevier were the top publishers. The top research clusters addressed rehabilitative care including implants, endodontics, ceramics and zirconia. SDGs papers, however, addressed oral hygiene in caries prevention and to control systemic diseases. Collaboration networks were affected by geographic location and languages. Dental research in Africa is concentrated in three countries and mainly addresses rehabilitative care. SDGs papers had an impact above the global average and addressed prevention and non-communicable diseases.

Conclusions

There is minimal yet increasing contribution of African countries to the evidence on oral health and the SDGs. The focus is on a limited number of SDGs, and publications are from very few countries in Africa. There is a need to focus oral health-related SDGs research on addressing local problems.
Markerless vision-based knee osteoarthritis classification using machine learning and gait videos
Authors: Ben Hassine Slim , Balti Ala , Abid Sabeur , Ben Khelifa Mohamed Moncef , Sayadi Mounir
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a major health issue affecting millions worldwide. This study employs machine learning algorithms to analyze human gait using kinematic data, aiming to enhance the diagnosis and detection of KOA. By adopting this approach, we contribute to the development of an effective diagnostic methods for KOA, a prevalent joint condition.

Methods

The methodology is structured around several critical steps to optimize the model’s performance. These steps include extracting kinematic features from video data to capture essential gait dynamics, applying data filtering and reduction techniques to remove noise and enhance data quality, and calculating key gait parameters to boost the model’s predictive power. The machine learning model trains on these refined features, validates through cross-validation for robust performance assessment, and tests on unseen data to ensure generalizability.

Results

Our approach demonstrates significant improvements in classification accuracy, highlighting its potential for early and precise KOA detection. The model achieves a high classification accuracy, indicating its effectiveness in distinguishing KOA-related gait patterns.

Discussion

Furthermore, a comparative analysis with another model trained on the same dataset demonstrates the superiority of our method, suggesting that the proposed approach serves as a reliable tool for early KOA detection and potentially improves clinical diagnostic workflows.
Evaluation of the cross-protective effect of VR2332 modified live virus vaccine against a recombinant NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Wu Yu , Lin Limiao , Gao Xiaopeng , Zheng Jiaying , Yin Lijuan , Zhao Haishen , Ren Bohua , Wang Lianxiang , Li Qunhui
Published: November 2024

In recent years, NADC34-like strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus have gradually emerged as mainstream strains on Chinese pig farms. These strains have high mutation rates and can recombine with local strains, representing great challenges to prevention and control efforts. Previously, a new recombinant NADC34-like subtype strain was isolated in our laboratory. Herein, we evaluated the cross-protective effect of the VR2332 modified live virus (MLV) against the novel NADC34-like recombinant strain using the immune challenge protection test in piglets and sows. The results revealed that immunization with the vaccine in piglets significantly reduced viremia, lung damage and stimulated the production of PRRSV-N antibodies. In the sow challenge experiment, one abortion and one death were recorded in the positive control group, and the survival rate of offspring was only 25%. However, there were no sow deaths or abortions in the immunization group during the experiment, and the average piglet survival rate was high at 76.5%. In general, the VR2332 MLV confers a certain extent of cross-protection against the NADC34-like recombinant strain, providing an effective reference and guidance for prevention and control efforts and clinical vaccine use.
The roles of phytogenic feed additives, trees, shrubs, and forages on mitigating ruminant methane emission
Authors: Bature Ibrahim , Xiaohu Wu , Ding Xuezhi
Published: November 2024

Ruminant animals naturally emit methane gas owing to anaerobic microbial fermentation in the rumen, and these gases are considered major contributors to global warming. Scientists worldwide are attempting to minimize methane emissions from ruminant animals. Some of these attempts include the manipulation of rumen microbes using antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, dietary interventions, probiotics, propionate enhancers, stimulation of acetogens, manipulation of rumination time, vaccination, and genetic selection of animals that produce low methane (CH4). The majority of synthetic additives are harmful to both beneficial rumen microbes and the host or only temporarily affect methanogenesis. Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have recently emerged as the best alternatives to antibiotics and synthetic chemicals because of growing public concerns regarding drug resistance and the negative impacts of antibiotics and synthetic chemicals on humans, livestock, and the environment. These additives reduce methane production and improve the volatile fatty acid profile. In this review, we provide an overview of PFA sources and how their bioactive components affect the rumen microbiome to reduce methane emissions. Additionally, we highlight the mechanisms of action of PFAs as a whole, as well as some of their bioactive components. We also review some selected trees, herbs, shrubs, and forages and their roles in reducing methane emissions.
Potentially toxic elements in wild Agassiz’s desert tortoises: tissue concentrations and association with disease
Authors: Berry Kristin H. , Christopher Mary M. , Jacobson Elliott R.
Published: November 2024

Background

Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations have continued to decline due to infectious and other diseases, predation, and habitat alteration. The potential contribution of minerals and heavy metals to tortoise health and susceptibility to disease remains uncertain.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of elemental analysis on trace minerals, macrominerals, and heavy metals in scute keratin, kidney, and liver from ill and dying desert tortoises salvaged for necropsy between 1993 and 2000.

Methods

Salvaged tortoises were categorized by size (adult, juvenile), geographic location, and primary disease based on necropsy findings. A subset of tortoises that were injured or killed by vehicular trauma or predation but with no notable pathologic abnormalities was used for comparison with diseased tortoises. The panel of elements was analyzed in scute keratin, kidney, and liver samples by inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Results

Necropsies were done on 46 tortoises, including 9 juveniles, salvaged from 5 regions in the Colorado and Mojave Deserts of California. Primary diseases were cutaneous dyskeratosis (n = 9), infection/inflammation (n = 8), malnutrition (n = 7), mycoplasmosis (n = 5), and urolithiasis (n = 3); 14 tortoises died of trauma. Concentrations of elements differed by tissue, size, desert region, and disease status (p < 0.05). Tortoises with cutaneous dyskeratosis had higher Se concentrations, primarily in keratin and liver, than tortoises with other diseases (p < 0.001). Juveniles were more likely than adults to have high Pb, Sn, and Zn levels (p < 0.05). All tortoises had detectable levels of more than one potentially toxic heavy metal, including As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn, and V.

Conclusion

Potentially toxic elements are frequently found in tissues from tortoises in desert regions of California, with higher concentrations in diseased tortoises. Metal exposure from soils, mining, historic and ongoing military activities, and other human activities could increase susceptibility to disease in desert tortoises.
Effects of dietary rumen-protected glucose level and taurine supplementation on weight change and oxidative stress state of yaks after transport
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Zhao Kaiqiang , Zhao Shoupei , Zhou Jia , Cao Mingyu , Lu Lianghao , Chen Yuanyuan , Yang Huaming , Zhang Bao , Shao Chong , Zhao Yanfei , Tang Rui , Xue Bai
Published: November 2024

Rumen-protected glucose (RPG) and taurine (TAU) are crucial for the nutrition and physiology of ruminants, enhancing production performance and mitigating negative energy balance. This study aimed to assess the impact of RPG levels and TAU supplementation on the body weight, antioxidant capacity, immune function and stress responses in yaks before and after transport. Thirty-two healthy male yaks, aged 3 years and weighing 172.5 ± 10.2 kg, were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: (1) low RPG and low TAU (LRLT), with 1% RPG and 5 g/d TAU; (2) low RPG and high TAU (LRHT), with 1% RPG and 15 g/d TAU; (3) high RPG and low TAU (HRLT), with 3% RPG and 5 g/d TAU; and (4) high RPG and high TAU (HRHT), with 3% RPG and 15 g/d TAU. The yaks were treated with the corresponding diet for 7 days, then received 9 h of transportation, and finally fed the same diet at their destination for 30 days. The weight was measured before and on days 0 and 30 after transport, and the plasma was collected before and on day 0, 10, and 30 after transport for analysis of biochemical, antioxidant, immune, and stress response indicators. We observed that transport increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, malondialdehyde, cortisol and lipopolysaccharides of yaks among treatments, while decreased their BW and plasma IL-10 concentration. Increasing TAU supplementation reduced weight loss (8.42 vs. 11.9 kg) and weight loss percent (4.83% vs. 6.87%) in yaks after transport. The concentration of MDA in plasma was lower in HRHT than in LRLT at day 0 after transport (p = 0.03). The activity of GSH-PX was higher in HRHT than in LRLT at day 10 after transport (p = 0.04). Concentrations of IL-10 at day 0 and 10 after transport was higher in HRHT than in LRLT and HRLT (p = 0.02, p = 0.01, respectively). With the increase of TAU supplementation, concentrations of IL-1β at day 30 after transport (p = 0.02), TNF-α at day 0 after transport (p = 0.02), COR at day 10 (p = 0.03) and 30 (p = 0.05) after transport as well as LPS at day 0 after transport (p = 0.04) decreased. In addition, concentrations of COR at day 0 after transport was lower in LRHT and HRHT than in LRLT (p = 0.03). Based on all the results, we demonstrated that increasing TAU supplementation levels reduced post-transport weight loss in yaks, improved their antioxidant capacity and immune function, and alleviated stress responses. Considering the effect of resistance to transport stress and costs, the optimal treatment identified in this study involved a diet containing 1% RPG and supplemented with 15 g/d TAU.
Stability Optimization of Explicit Runge–Kutta Methods with Higher-Order Derivatives
Authors: Krivovichev Gerasim V.
Published: November 2024

The paper is devoted to the parametric stability optimization of explicit Runge–Kutta methods with higher-order derivatives. The key feature of these methods is the dependence of the coefficients of their stability polynomials on free parameters. Thus, the integral characteristics of stability domains can be considered as functions of free parameters. The optimization is based on the numerical maximization of the area of the stability domain and the length of the stability interval. Runge–Kutta methods with higher-order derivatives, presented in previous works, are optimized. The optimal values of parameters are computed for methods of fourth, fifth, and sixth orders. In numerical experiments, optimal parameter values are used for the construction of high-order schemes for the method of lines for problems with partial differential equations. Problems for linear and nonlinear hyperbolic and parabolic equations are considered. Additionally, an optimized scheme is used in lattice Boltzmann simulations of gas flow. As the main result of computations and comparison with existing methods, it is demonstrated that optimized schemes have better stability properties and can be used in practice.
Hysteresis Compensation and Butterworth Pattern-Based Positive Acceleration Velocity Position Feedback Damping Control of a Tip-Tilt-Piston Piezoelectric Stage
Authors: Zhu Helei , Sima Jinfu , Li Peixing , Lai Leijie , Zhou Zhenfeng
Published: November 2024

In order to solve the hysteresis nonlinearity and resonance problems of piezoelectric stages, this paper takes a three-degree-of-freedom tip-tilt-piston piezoelectric stage as the object, compensates for the hysteresis nonlinearity through inverse hysteresis model feedforward control, and then combines the composite control method of positive acceleration velocity position feedback damping control and high-gain integral feedback controller to suppress the resonance of the system and improve the tracking speed and positioning accuracy. Firstly, the three-degree-of-freedom motion of the end-pose is converted into the output of three sets of piezoelectric actuators and single-axis control is performed. Then, the rate-dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii model is established and the parameters of the inverse model are identified. The accuracy and effectiveness of parameter identification are verified through open-loop and closed-loop compensation experiments. After that, for the third-order system, the parameters of positive acceleration velocity position feedback damping control and high-gain integral feedback controller are designed as a whole based on the pattern of the Butterworth filter. The effectiveness of the design method is proved by step signal and triangle wave signal trajectory tracking experiments, which suppresses the resonance of the system and improves the bandwidth of the system and the tracking speed of the stage.
Electrodynamic Attitude Stabilization of a Spacecraft in an Elliptical Orbit
Authors: Klyushin Maksim A. , Maksimenko Margarita V. , Tikhonov Alexey A.
Published: November 2024

One of the fundamental problems of spacecraft dynamics related to ensuring its angular orientation in the basic coordinate system is considered. The problem of electrodynamic attitude control for a spacecraft in an elliptical near-Earth Keplerian orbit is studied. A mathematical model describing the attitude dynamics of the spacecraft under the action of the Lorentz torque, the magnetic interaction torque, and the gravitational torque is constructed. The multipole model of the Earth’s magnetic field is used. The possibility of electrodynamic attitude control for the spacecraft’s angular stabilization in the orbital frame is analyzed based on the Euler–Poisson differential equations. The problem of electrodynamic compensation of disturbing torque due to the orbit eccentricity is solved. The control strategy for spacecraft electrodynamic attitude stabilization is presented. Electromagnetic parameters that allow stabilizing the spacecraft’s attitude position in the orbital frame are proposed. The disturbing gravity gradient torque is taken into account. The convergence of the control process is verified by computer modeling. Thus, the possibility and advisability of using the electrodynamic method for the spacecraft attitude control and its angular stabilization in the orbital coordinate system in an elliptical orbit is shown.
Estimating Aircraft Power Requirements: A Study of Electrical Power Demand Across Various Aircraft Models and Flight Phases
Authors: Voth Viola , Lübbe Sascha M. , Bertram Oliver
Published: November 2024

This research addresses the increasing electrification of aircraft systems, driven by the need to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions in global aviation. The transition to more-electric aircraft (MEA) is advocated as a promising strategy, as it is expected to improve environmental performance and economic viability. However, this shift significantly increases the demand for on-board electrical power. One alternative to traditional engine generators is novel power supply systems such as fuel cell systems. In order to design these systems effectively, it is essential to determine the electrical power requirements that the fuel cells must supply. Estimating the electrical power consumption of individual aircraft systems is critical given the proprietary nature of manufacturer data. Using existing literature methods, this study aims to identify the essential variables for estimating the magnitude of power consumption. The research focuses on different aircraft models, taking into account their system architectures and electrification trends, in particular for Airbus and Boeing models. The study includes a detailed description of the aircraft systems, calculation methods, and presentation and analysis of the estimated electrical power requirements. Despite a lack of available data for comparison, the calculated results appear to be reasonably consistent with existing literature and provide valuable insights into the electrical power requirements of aircraft systems.
Bayesian Identification of High-Performance Aircraft Aerodynamic Behaviour
Authors: Mazhar Muhammad Fawad , Abbas Syed Manzar , Wasim Muhammad , Khan Zeashan Hameed
Published: November 2024

In this paper, nonlinear system identification using Bayesian network has been implemented to discover open-loop lateral-directional aerodynamic model parameters of an agile aircraft using a grey box modelling structure. Our novel technique has been demonstrated on simulated flight data from an F-16 nonlinear simulation of its Flight Dynamic Model (FDM). A mathematical model has been obtained using time series analysis of a Box–Jenkins (BJ) model structure, and parameter refinement has been performed using Bayesian mechanics. The aircraft nonlinear Flight Dynamic Model is adequately excited with doublet inputs, as per the dictates of its natural frequency, in accordance with non-parametric modelling (Finite Impulse Response) estimates. Time histories of optimized doublet inputs in the form of aileron and rudder deflections, and outputs in the form of roll and yaw rates are recorded. Dataset is pre-processed by implementing de-trending, smoothing, and filtering techniques. Blend of System Identification time-domain grey box modelling structures to include Output Error (OE) and Box–Jenkins (BJ) Models are stage-wise implemented in multiple flight conditions under varied stochastic models. Furthermore, a reduced order parsimonious model is obtained using Akaike information Criteria (AIC). Parameter error minimization activity is conducted using the Levenberg–Marquardt (L-M) Algorithm, and parameter refinement is performed using the Bayesian Algorithm due to its natural connection with grey box modelling. Comparative analysis of different nonlinear estimators is performed to obtain best estimates for the lateral–directional aerodynamic model of supersonic aircraft. Model Quality Assessment is conducted through statistical techniques namely: Residual Analysis, Best Fit Percentage, Fit Percentage Error, Mean Squared Error, and Model order. Results have shown promising one-step model predictions with an accuracy of 96.25%. Being a sequel to our previous research work for postulating longitudinal aerodynamic model of supersonic aircraft, this work completes the overall aerodynamic model, further leading towards insight to its flight control laws and subsequent simulator design.
Polygenic Genetic Analysis of Principal Genes for Yield Traits in Land Cotton
Authors: Ma Xiaoman , Guo Weifeng , He Liangrong , Cao Xinchuan
Published: November 2024

Objective: Yield traits are crucial for cotton breeding. Analyzing the yield traits of terrestrial cotton and exploring their genetic mechanisms through a primary gene + multigene hybrid genetic model provide a theoretical basis for selecting high-quality cotton varieties and identifying associated molecular markers. Methods: Completing the construction of the six populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1, B2) using Xinluzhong 37 as the female parent and Xinluzhong 51 as the male parent. Six yield traits were assessed: single boll weight, boll number per plant, lint yield per plant, seed cotton per plant, lint percentage, and seed index. Data were tested for normal distribution, and the inheritance patterns of yield traits were analyzed through combined primary gene + polygenic analysis. Results: The coefficients of variation for the six yield traits ranged from 37.368% to 53.905%, 33.335% to 58.524%, 34.132% to 57.686%, 8.721% to 12.808%, 1.842% to 6.283%, and 8.783% to 12.580%, respectively. These traits displayed either normal or skewed normal distributions. The optimal genetic model for single boll weight and seed index was PG-ADI, while MX2-ADI-AD best fit the traits of boll number per plant and lint percentage. For lint yield per plant and seed cotton per plant, the 2MG-ADI model was optimal. The polygenic heritability for single boll weight was 29.58%; for boll number per plant, main gene heritability was 25.19%, with 0% heritability for polygenes; for lint yield per plant, the heritability of the main gene was 23.47%. For seed cotton per plant, the heritability of main genes was 15.38%, with lint percentage showing 63.25% heritability for main genes and 0.08% for polygenes, and seed index with 45.93% heritability due to polygenes. Overall, single boll weight and seed index were predominantly polygenic, while boll number per plant and lint percentage were largely controlled by main gene inheritance. The inheritance of lint yield per plant and seed cotton per plant was also primarily governed by main genes.
Effects of Integrated Management Strategies on Pepper Yield and Quality: A Study of Cultivation and Nutrient Management Practices
Authors: Tian Yiming , Wang Junjie , Chen Juan , Yu Duan , Zeng Zhen , Fu Jian , Zhang Fen , Cao Hailin , Liu Fabo , Liang Tao
Published: November 2024

Integrated agronomic management strategies, including nutrient management, planting density, and cultivar selection, are crucial for improving vegetable yield and quality. Here, we conducted a 2-year field experiment to examine the effect of cultivars, planting density and optimal nitrogen application rate on pepper yield, nutrient absorption and quality, and further screened the suitable cultivars and planting density. The experiment included two N application rate treatments (0, 250 kg ha−1), five pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars (‘Xin xiang #8’, ‘King’, ‘Strip pepper #28’, ‘Er jing tiao’, ‘Red pepper #425’), and three planting density treatments (0.4 m × 0.6 m; 41,667 plants ha−1, 0.5 m × 0.6 m 33,333 plants ha−1; and 0.6 m × 0.6 m; 27,778 plants ha−1). Our results showed that the optimal N application rate can significantly increase the yield, nutrient absorption (e.g., N accumulation) and quality (e.g., Vitamin C content) by 23.7–120.2%, 66.1–125.5%, and 1.0–20.0%, respectively. Different cultivars had different responses to N-fertilizer. Under the optimal nitrogen fertilizer rate, ‘King’ and ‘Strip pepper #28’ had the strongest response to N, and their yield, nutrient uptake and quality (e.g., VC content) were significantly higher than those of other cultivars by 3.4–56.7%, 22.7–227% and 21.3–42.0%, respectively. The highest index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) values for Fe, Mn, and Cu were found in ‘Er jing tiao’, and the highest INQ values for Zn and VC were found in ‘King’, indicating that ‘Er jing tiao’ and ‘King’ have greater nutritional value. In addition, the yield and aboveground dry matter biomass accumulation increased with increasing planting density. Therefore, integrated agronomic management measures, which included high-yield cultivars (‘King’, ‘Strip Pepper #28’), suitable planting density (0.4 m × 0.6 m) and reasonable nutrient management, could be a potential strategy to achieve a high yield and quality of pepper production in southwest China. This study serves as a practical example for the highly efficient development of vegetable production in southwest China.