bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning Strategies for Community Wildfire Defense Design in Florida
Authors: Brzuszek Robert , Walker Jason , Schauwecker Timothy , Campany Chris , Foster Marc , Grado Steve
Published: April 2024

New community developments in the wildland-urban interface can be planned to minimize loss of property and life to wildfire through multiple defensive strategies. This research examines three communities impacted by the 1998 Florida wildfires and compares the physical context and development patterns of these communities to three recently designed Florida subdivisions that incorporate Firewise principles. Analysis of the relationship of wildfires to the physical context and development patterns of affected residential communities provides the framework by which the two groups of communities are compared. Findings show that incorporating multiple defensive strategies in community planning, including taking advantage of road location, utility corridors, greenbelts, and existing wetlands, may be effective in wildfire defense. The comparative analysis concludes with design and layout considerations for community development in the southeastern United States.
Reducing Hazardous Fuels on Nonindustrial Private Forests: Factors Influencing Landowner Decisions
Authors: Fischer A. Paige
Published: April 2024

In mixed-ownership landscapes, fuels conditions on private lands have implications for fire risk on public lands and vice versa. The success of efforts to mitigate fire risk depends on the extent, efficacy, and coordination of treatments on nearby ownerships. Understanding factors in forest owners' decisions to address the risk of wildland fire is therefore important. This research uses logistic regression to analyze mail survey data and identify factors in forest owners' decisions to reduce hazardous fuels in the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) ecosystem on the east side of Oregon. Results suggest that owners who live on or near their land and are aware of wider landscape conditions may be important partners in fire risk mitigation and forest restoration. Results also suggest that incentives, including markets for wood products (e.g., logs and biomass) that come from fuels reduction treatments, are important for harnessing owners' potential to mitigate fire risk.
A Real-Time Risk Assessment Tool Supporting Wildland Fire Decisionmaking
Authors: Calkin David E. , Thompson Matthew P. , Finney Mark A. , Hyde Kevin D.
Published: April 2024

Development of appropriate management strategies for escaped wildland fires is complex. Fire managers need the ability to identify, in real time, the likelihood that wildfire will affect valuable developed and natural resources (e.g., private structures, public infrastructure, and natural and cultural resources). These determinations help guide where and when aggressive suppression is required to protect values and when fire may be allowed to burn to enhance ecosystem conditions. This article describes the primary components of the Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS), a geospatial decision support system developed by the US Forest Service. WFDSS provides state-of-the-art wildfire risk analysis, decision documentation, and long-term implementation planning. In particular, we describe how the two primary decision support analysis components of WFDSS, Fire Spread Probability (fire behavior) and Rapid Assessment of Values at Risk (resource assessment), fit into the current state of risk assessment tools for wildfire suppression decisionmaking.
Declining Harvest from Linking the Allowable Cut to the Budget on National Forests
Authors: Bell Enoch F.
Published: April 2024

Linking the allowable cut on a national forest to its timber management budget may result in a declining harvest flow over time if the budget is maintained at a constant real-dollar level.
Graduate Admission Procedures in U.S. Forestry Schools
Authors: Wiant Harry V.
Published: April 2024

Grade-point averages, scores on Graduate Record Examinations, and letters of recommendation are the more common items used in screening potential graduate students. In the great majority of schools the potential major professor is involved in screening the candidates, and in most schools a graduate admissions committee and the department head also take part.
Forest Nursery Practices in the United States
Authors: Abbott Herschel G. , Fitch Stanley D.
Published: April 2024

In 1974, non-commercial forest nurseries shipped one billion plants, an increase of 6 percent over 1964. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) production exceeded that of all other species combined. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was the leading hardwood. Cultural changes at nurseries during the decade 1965-74 include: increased mechanization in harvesting seedlings, greater dependence on chemical weed control, and more use of soil sterilants and hydromulches. Production of genetically improved planting stock, especially of loblolly and slash pines, increased significantly. A few nurseries were propagating container-grown seedlings in 1974.
Forestry--for America's Future
Authors: Kimball Thomas L.
Published: April 2024

Forestry trends of recent decades seem likely to continue. With good management, total forest acreage will remain more or less constant, but administrators of private as well as public lands must become increasingly people-oriented, and must minimize the adverse environmental effects of timber management. To forestall management by legislative prescription, foresters should establish criteria for good practices and improve their public relations.
Habitat Requirements of the Pileated Woodpecker in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Bull Evelyn L. , Meslow E. Charles
Published: April 2024

Nesting, feeding, and territorial activities of the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus L.) were observed in the spring and summer of 1973 and 1974 in northeastern Oregon. The 13 nests found in a 28,000-acre area were in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) snags greater than 23 inches in d.b.h. Pileated woodpeckers fed primarily in dead wood in snags, logs, and naturally created stumps. Both nest trees and feeding sites were in concentrations of snags and in the most dense forest types. Minimum nesting territories were estimated at 320 acres.
SPBRAP--An Integrated Research and Applications Program
Authors: Leuschner William A. , Thatcher Robert C. , Payne Thomas L. , Buffam Paul E.
Published: April 2024

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., is considered the most destructive insect enemy of southern pines. Current control technology is not consistently effective. Land managers desire safe and economically feasible controls, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture has initiated the five-year Southern Pine Beetle Research and Applications Program (SPBRAP) in response.
Long-Term Effects of Repeated Logging on an Appalachian Stream
Authors: Patric J. H. , Aubertin G. M.
Published: April 2024

Watershed 2 on the Fernow Experimental Forest has been logged four times since the turn of the century. While little is known of how streams were affected by logging after 1901 or during World War II, the effects of diameter-limit cutting in 1958 and 1972 are well documented. Both cuts caused small increases in streamflow but had little effect on water quality by any criterion except turbidity, which was increased by poorly located and ill-managed logging roads. The evidence suggests that if responsible road practices are followed, continued diameter-limit cutting will not harm forest streams.
Rapid Survey Guide for Forest Wildlife Habitat Improvement
Authors: Puglisi Michael J. , Hassinger Jerry D.
Published: April 2024

An acetate visual can help the resource manager conceptualize habitat diversity and aid in determination of basic habitat deficiencies. The system is easily adapted to differing habitats by listing the important food and cover types in the area and deciding on an adequate distribution of these types in terms of wildlife needs, intensity of management desired, and the opportunitites for habitat development within the framework of the primary resource to be managed.
Advances in Information Systems and Services for the Forestry Community
Authors: Dwinell L. David
Published: April 2024

The information needs of research scientists, subject specialists, and practicing foresters are complex and can best be met by integrated information service networks such as PACFORNET. PACFORNET is confined to the Pacific Coast, but computerized information retrieval can be obtained nationwide. Computer-based bibliographic systems are particularly valuable to scientists and subject specialists. Announcement services for applied literature are of particular value to nonresearch foresters. Both services require good document delivery from university and government libraries.
Characteristics of Storage Trees Used by Acorn Woodpecker in Two California Woodlands
Authors: Gutiérrez R. J. , Koenig Walter D.
Published: April 2024

The acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) was found to store acorns in the largest pines in two California pine-oak woodlands. Storage trees, which are often snags, are critical to this bird's habitat, and foresters should retain them whenever possible.
Financial Efficiency of the 1974 Forestry Incentives Program
Authors: Mills Thomas J. , Cain Daria
Published: April 2024

The primary goal of the Forestry Incentives Program is to increase timber production in a cost-effective manner. Evaluation of a 9-percent sample of assistance cases in the 1974 program year indicated that the financial return and total yield increase were high on the average but low in some program segments. Five recommendations are proposed to improve performance.
Predicting Weight Yields of West Virginia Mountain Hardwoods
Authors: Frederick Douglas J. , Gardner William E. , Kellison Robert C. , Brenneman Bruce B. , Marsh Paul L.
Published: April 2024

Whole-tree utilization of all stems greater than 2 inches in d.b.h. increased weight yields 32 percent over conventional harvesting to a 4-inch top diameter. outside bark. Use of tops of merchantable trees alone increased utilization by over 25 percent. Regression equations incorporating stand averages of basal area, diameter, merchantable height, and number of stems can predict biomass yields and percentage increase in yields with whole-tree utilization.
Inventorying Recreation Potentials On Dispersed Tracts
Authors: Burnett G. Wesley , Conklin David G.
Published: April 2024

An inventory method for describing and quantifying certain landscape attributes has proven valuable for classifying scattered and heterogeneous tracts for their recreational potential. The method has been applied on more than 10,000 tracts totaling nearly 5 million acres in Montana. It is inexpensive, rapidly provides usable data, requires a minimum of specialized training, and may be adaptable to a wide variety of landscape and tract sizes. Observable landscape characteristics are used to identify and evaluate actual and potential land uses, recreational, cultural, physical and esthetic features, and feature combinations.
World Forestry: Forest Harvesting Research in Norway
Authors: Carson Ward W.
Published: April 2024

The Norwegian Forest Operations Research Institute recently expedited work to improve the economics of harvesting in the mountainous areas of Norway. Early in this program the Norwegians and the U.S. Forest Service arranged a scientist exchange to share research experience on mountain logging in these areas. The first step in the exchange was to transfer computer-based logging planning technology to the Norwegians. They intend to apply this technology to one segment of their research, which includes interesting harvesting strategies and equipment development as well.
Recreation Benefit Estimation by Consumers' Surplus: A Further Note
Authors: Binkley Clark S.
Published: April 2024

The theoretical underpinnings of the consumers' surplus methodology for estimating recreation benefits are sound. Recent criticism of this method is overstated and misleading. While some practical and theoretical difficulties continue to impede routine application, the method remains the preferred one for measuring the monetary value of products which are not traded in dollar terms.
Equation and Guidelines for Measuring Skyline Deflection
Authors: Cummins Leo K.
Published: April 2024

A single equation has been developed for making midspan-skyline analyses by the so-called Abney method. In computations with a pocket calculator it is faster than the two-part equation generally used. Primary sources of error in the Abney method are limitations of the instrument and operator's mistakes.
World Forestry: Forest Research and Education in Japan
Authors: Matsui Mitsuma
Published: April 2024

Forest research and education began to take modern form about 100 years ago, and extension work is about 30 years old. One national institute, 50 prefectural organizations, many schools, and some private companies conduct research in most phases of forestry and timber utilization. Four-year courses in forestry and engineering are offered at 26 schools, which currently enroll almost 5,000 students. Extension foresters are stationed in all prefectures and give advice to landowners, including those who are heirs to forest property. Efforts are made to acquaint school children and the general public with the benefits of forests.
Identifying Infected Ponderosa Pine Stumps to Reduce Costs of Controlling Armillaria Root Rot
Authors: Roth Lewis F. , Rolph Leonard , Cooley Sally
Published: April 2024

Root rot of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) caused by Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex. Fr.) Quél, can be controlled by removing the stumps that support the fungus in the soil. Concentration of effort on those old-growth stumps and roots most likely to be infected can help reduce control costs. In studies in south-central Washington, identification of infectious stumps was uncertain when based on appearances of the stumps alone. Some distinction was possible on the basis of age, older stumps being infected more often than recent stumps. Small dead trees near the stumps, or at the fringe of root spread, accurately indicated infection in the stump, but often seedlings remained uninfected around diseased stumps. Root rot is most evident in pole-sized timber; most large stumps in or near pockets of disease in this timber are infected and, in stands under management, are appropriate for treatment.
World Forestry: Watershed Management in Pakistan--Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Megahan Walter F. , Chima Amjad M.
Published: April 2024

Past and present land use has seriously impaired the hydrologic function of most upland areas in Pakistan. Damages from flooding, erosion, sedimentation, and loss of productivity have created a crisis situation that cannot be ignored. Remedial measures have been taken but reach more needs to be done.
Survey Research in Recreation Management--Pitfalls and Potentials
Authors: Schreyer Richard
Published: April 2024

While studies of recreation users are numerous, applications of findings are not. Managers and researchers do not always agree as to what information is useful, recreation management systems do not realistically reflect behavioral considerations that are important to the user, and the political atmosphere surrounding a management situation often affects the degree to which research may actually influence decisions. Understanding recreation behavior as an "experience" can increase the utility of survey information. Where decisions may be controversial, survey research will not identify which decision should be made, but may shed light on the implications of alternative decision options.
Allelopathy: A Potential Cause of Regeneration Failure
Authors: Fisher Richard F.
Published: April 2024

Allelopathy is the interference of one plant with another through substances produced by the plant and released into the environment. A rapidly growing body of data suggests that allelopathy is often important in the survival and growth of trees in both plantations and natural stands. An awareness of this phenomenon, and its potential effects on regeneration and site productivity, is essential in the practice of intensive silviculture.
Public Campgrounds: Are They Profitable?
Authors: Gibbs Kenneth C.
Published: April 2024

A detailed cost analysis on 111 USDA Forest Service (Region 6) campgrounds in the Pacific Northwest indicated that managing the average campground costs from $0.28 to $3.01 per recreation visitor-day (RVD), the amount depending on level of development. Revenue per RVD ranged from 0 to $0.27. Campers are currently being subsidized $12 million in taxes annually in this region alone--from $2.07 to $22.27 for an average family (3.7 people) per 24 hours. Cost implications of four possible management goals reflecting varying levels of subsidization (from 0 to total) are examined.
Linear Programming in Land-Management Planning on National Forests
Authors: Kent Brian M.
Published: April 2024

Recent regulations resulting from the National Forest Management Act of 1976 require that each national forest develop a multiple-use land-management plan by the end of 1983. Included in these regulations is a planning process that must be utilized. Linear programming is one analytical aid that can be used in plan development within the context of this process.
Fish, Roots, Game, and Trade in the Columbia Plateau
Authors: Knudson Ruthann
Published: April 2024

Traditionally, the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest was inhabited by Native Americans who spoke different languages but shared major cultural patterns. They lived on localized but reliable food resources such as salmon and camas roots, and shared access to those resources while assigning stewardship rights to them. Their pattern of winter villages and dispersed summer task group camps, complemented by special gatherings of friends, relatives, and trading partners at fishing sites and root grounds, allowed them maximum flexibility in dealing with a diverse and sometimes lean environment.
Regenerating Adirondack Northern Hardwoods By Shelterwood Cutting and Control of Deer Density
Authors: Kelty Matthew J. , Nyland Ralph D.
Published: April 2024

Shelterwood cuttings to regenerate old-growth northern hardwoods in the Adirondack Mountains reduced the overstory to 50 square feet per acre of basal area. Precutting application of herbicides had killed understory vegetation composed predominantly of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Intensive hunting had reduced deer density from 27 to 14 per square mile. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dominated regeneration two years after seed cutting, but yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) was tallest on more sample milacre plots six and ten years after seed cutting. At age 10, tallest saplings averaged 12 feet in height and 0.8 inch d.b.h., and 4,800 stems per acre had grown above 8 feet. Beech was present only in small numbers and tallest on no more than 20 percent of plots at all ages. Seed cutting, herbicide treatments, and deer density control successfully favored yellow birch and sugar maple over less desirable beech.
Important Factors in the Forestry Innovation Process
Authors: Moeller George H. , Shafer Elwood L.
Published: April 2024

Analysis of 81 innovations by scientists of the USDA Forest Service and their cooperators delineated 22 factors or elements that tended to be present in successful research. Adaptation of existing techniques or technology, pilot testing, cooperation with private industry, and acquisition of underlying theory were the four factors appearing most often.
Do Stocking Guides in the Eastern United States Relate to Stand Growth?
Authors: Leak William B.
Published: April 2024

Primarily on the basis of growing-space requirements, guidelines on maximum and residual stocking of even-aged stands have been developed for many eastern forest types. Comparisons of stocking guides with growth information for northern hardwoods, eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and upland oaks indicate that stand growth of hardwoods peaks at densities up to 20 square feet below the recommended residual basal area while growth of pine is best at densities well above the recommended residual basal area. Stocking concepts based on crown dimensions or growing space need reevaluation, and practical stocking recommendations should be checked against actual response data.
An Economic Classification of U.S. "Commercial" Forests
Authors: Clawson Marion
Published: April 2024

"Commercial" forests as customarily defined by the USDA Forest Service include large areas which cannot be managed for economic production of wood under present or foreseeable conditions. An economically and environmentally defensible classification of forests is proposed, and illustrated by data drawn from two published sources. Economic Class A forests include less than a third of the "commercial" forest area in the United States but have most of the economic production potential.
Control of the Red Oak Borer by Removal of Infested Trees
Authors: Donley David E.
Published: April 2024

The red oak borer. Enaphalodes rufulus Haldeman, was controlled in even-aged, 45-year-old stands by removing infested trees. Up to 6 percent of the basal area of red (Quercus rubra L.), black (Q. velutina Lam.), scarlet (Q. coccinea Muenchh.), and white (Q. alba L. ) oak was sacrificed per stand. Borer populations were reduced by about 50 percent in the first generation after treatment and by about 90 percent in the second generation. Treatments were carried out during the winter of 1974-75 and required two to five man-hours per acre.
Introduction to Computerized Land-Information Systems
Authors: de Steiguer J. E. , Giles R. H.
Published: April 2024

Computerized land information systems provide the manager with a means of rapid and comprehensive multi-resource evaluation. Spatial and descriptive data can be placed into the system and, after analysis, the results can be retrieved in map or tabular formats. Applications reach many areas of land resource management. Many types of system software and services are available to the public through government agencies, universities, and data management corporations. As with any area of developing technology, however, there are some significant problems. Further, the systems can be costly.
Integrated Pest Management in China's Forests
Authors: McFadden Max W. , Dahlsten Donald L. , Berisford C. Wayne , Knight Fred B. , Metterhouse William W.
Published: April 2024

Over a 28-day period a forest pest-management team of six U.S. scientists visited 21 locations in Beijing and five provinces. The trip was made under the Science and Technology Agreement between the United States and the People's Republic of China. The team observed that many of today's pest problems are related to the afforestation program that began in 1949. About 100 species of insects and disease organisms are regarded as important. Early attempts at control included hand picking and extensive use of pesticides. Trichogramma and Beauveria are two major elements in a biological control program that was begun in the late 1960s and has been carried on with increasing success. Also observed was the application of silviculture to prevent outbreaks of the pine moth (Dendrolimus spp.) and to undergird integrated pest management (IPM). Protection specialists educated in the five major forestry colleges are provided with a strong foundation in basic forestry. IPM appears to be paying enormous dividends in terms of reduced pesticide loads and increasing natural control of many insects and diseases. Many problems nevertheless remain, and will provide the basis for future cooperative efforts between the United States and the People's Republic.
Continuing Education for Northwestern Silviculturists
Authors: Beaufait William R. , Twombly Asa D. , Blake George M.
Published: April 2024

The Northern Region was the first in the USDA Forest Service to provide continuing education for and certification of silviculturists. Classes have been held yearly since 1973; a cycle of instruction consists of three four-week sessions. The Pacific Northwest Region followed in 1978, with a cycle of six two-week sessions. Both programs were planned in close coordination with universities, which provide the classrooms and most of the teachers. Instruction is on the graduate level, emphasizing physical and biological principles and their application in practical silviculture.
Forest Technician School Enrollment and Employment of Graduates, 1979-1980
Authors: Coufal James E.
Published: April 2024

A survey located 73 two-year forest technician schools in 28 states during 1979-1980. Total enrollment was 4,000 to 4,800 students, with 1,500 to 1,800 graduates expected in 1980. Of 1979 graduates, 73 percent had found jobs in forest technology by early 1980, and 11 percent had other employment. For the third straight year, industry was the main employer.
Forest Research in Florida
Authors: Ellis Thomas H. , Mace Arnett C.
Published: April 2024

Florida is experiencing serious land-use conflicts due to dramatic increases in population and economic activity. Forest managers have increased timber growth despite these conflicts. Many groups are cooperating in diverse research efforts to provide the basis for continued productivity of the state's 15 million acres of commercial forestland.
Electric Fencing to Prevent Deer Browsing on Hardwood Clearcuts
Authors: Brenneman Ronnie
Published: April 2024

From August 1979 through September 1981, two electric fences were used in Allegheny hardwood clearcuts in northern Pennsylvania to prevent browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A five-strand vertical fence, 58 inches high, and a "figure four" three-strand fence, 43 inches high, were used. The fences were charged with a battery-powered energizer having a maximum output of 5,800 volts. Average time between battery charges was about six weeks. More than 33 percent of all the seedlings in the unfenced portion of one clearcut were browsed annually while inside the fence no browsing was detected. At least one deer penetration occurred at each fence, but the effect of browsing on forest regeneration inside the fences was negligible. The "figure four" fence was not as effective as the five-strand vertical fence in preventing deer browsing. Materials cost $0.14 to $0.18 per linear foot, compared with $0.45 per linear foot for conventional 8-foot-high woven wire fencing.
Wilderness Recreational Carrying Capacity: Are Numbers Necessary?
Authors: Washburne Randel F.
Published: April 2024

In most wildernesses, where there is currently no need to reduce amounts of use, setting numerical carrying capacities is not helpful. Such capacities are intended to be indicators of overuse; when use reaches capacity, wilderness values are in imminent danger. However, amount of use is only one factor weakly related to wilderness conditions. In most situations, setting standards and monitoring specific conditions would be more effective than calculating use capacities. Such monitoring would seem to meet requirements of the National Forest Management Act pertaining to wilderness management.
Rationalizing Policy Constraints on National Forest Timber Supply
Authors: Teeguarden Dennis E.
Published: April 2024

Various policy factors constrain planning for timber from the National Forest System, but their actual effects can only be guessed at. Specific information might alter assumptions the planners now make about trade-offs between timber and other forest goods and services.
Forest Service Funding under RPA
Authors: Le Master Dennis C.
Published: April 2024

As appraised on various bases of comparison, funding for the USDA Forest Service has increased since passage of the Resources Planning Act. The increases have been proportionally greater than those for the federal government as a whole. The Bureau of Land Management in the U.S. Department of the Interior made equal gains in its overall appropriations but not in funding for land management. The Forest Service increases were, however; spread unevenly among the bureau's major activities, being larger for land management than for research and state and private forestry. And there is no evidence that RPA improved the balance of funding among the individual resources in the National Forest System.
Ecological Forest Site Classification
Authors: Barnes Burton V. , Pregitzer Kurt S. , Spies Thomas A. , Spooner Vera H.
Published: April 2024

An ecological method of multi-factor site classification, operational in southwestern Germany for over 30 years, was applied on the Cyrus H. McCormick Experimental Forest in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Strong interrelationship was found among physiography, soils, and vegetation, and these factors were used simultaneously in the field to distinguish and map ecosystems that recur in the landscape. Such ecosystem units form the basis for intensive multiple-use management. The method illustrates an alternative to single-factor and component methods and indicates the trend toward integration of the important factors in classifying and mapping ecosystems.
Land-Use Planning Strategies for Foresters
Authors: Knudson Douglas M. , Larson Geri B.
Published: April 2024

The growing importance of land-use planning affects foresters and forestry. Foresters are particularly well trained to participate in many phases of such activity, but have seldom been involved with local comprehensive plans. Expansion of state efforts, however, has touched the interests of many foresters, both as planners and as affected parties. The forestry profession can contribute to the processes and opportunities in various multi-property planning programs. A variety of alternative strategies that are now being used affect forestland use and management.
Grand Experiment: State Forest Resources Planning
Authors: Brooks Peter R. , Hendren Kenneth H. , McCann Brian D.
Published: April 2024

Planning as a profession has come only recently to comprehensive forest resource management. State government planning programs for forest use, management, and protection have major differences from those directed at air and water quality. State forest resources planning has been, to date, chiefly inspired by federal support. Its processes usually emphasize comprehensiveness, a focus on issues, public participation, and direct links with state agency budgets. The occurrence and scope of accompanying state forest resources assessments vary widely. Forest resources planning is now being carried out in 47 states, but only 4 states have supporting legislation. Budgets and staffs are generally small, but hopes for future growth are large.
Ambiguities and Pitfalls in Forest Productivity Taxation
Authors: Klemperer W. David
Published: April 2024

A productivity tax accurately based on a typical forest valuation formula could be more discouraging to purchase of bare land than an unmodified ad valorem tax. This possibility occurs because the common productivity valuation approach capitalizes mean annual value increment and gives the combined value of land and timber in a fully regulated forest. In terms of present value on one acre, the burden on land purchase and reforestation decisions tends to be heightened because productivity taxes are distributed more toward rotation-start than the ad valorem tax. In addition, improper procedures for selecting the capitalization rate often cause productivity valuations to vary inversely with the inflation rate.
Erosion on Logging Roads in Northwestern California: How Much is Avoidable?
Authors: McCashion John D. , Rice Raymond M.
Published: April 2024

A study was made on 344 miles of logging roads in northwestern California to assess sources of erosion and the extent to which road-related erosion is avoidable. At most, about 24 percent of the erosion measured on the logging roads could have been prevented by conventional engineering methods. The remaining 76 percent was caused by site conditions and choice of alignment. On 30,300 acres of commercial timberland, an estimated 40 percent of the total erosion associated with management of the area was found to have been derived from the road system.
Comparison of Five Metric Basal Area Factors
Authors: Fountain Michael S. , Hunt Ellis V. , Hassler Curt C.
Published: April 2024

Five metric basal area factors (1, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4) were compared at three sampling intensities (10, 20, and 40 points) for a 16.14-hectare pine-hardwood stand in Arkansas. Only 5 of the 15 possible combinations of basal area factors and sample intensities appeared to provide reasonable estimates of the true basal area distribution. These were factors 1, 2, 2.5, and 3 at 40 points each, and factor 1 at 20 points.
Biomass Consumption and Smoke Production by Prehistoric and Modern Forest Fires in Western Washington
Authors: Fahnestock George R. , Agee James K.
Published: April 2024

Wild and prescribed fires currently burn about 20,100 ha per year in Washington west of the Cascade Crest: prehistoric wildfires burned an estimated 19,200 ha per year. Modern burning consumes 38 g/m²/yr of fuel; the estimated prehistoric rate was 35 g/m²/yr over a 50-percent larger forestland base. Total fuel consumption and smoke production from forestland therefore have declined by about 22 percent. Impairment of visibility in prehistoric times by forest fire smoke was probably slight except during infrequent major fires. Today visibility is slightly to moderately impaired more often, but smoke palls of prehistoric magnitude are unlikely to occur. The ability to compare prehistoric and modern conditions should facilitate air quality planning and management.
Mississippi's Severance Tax and Forest Resource Development Program
Authors: Weaver G. H. , Bullard Steven H.
Published: April 2024

Mississippi's Forest Resource Development Program was the second state-sponsored forestry assistance program in the United States. It was authorized by the legislature in 1974 in response to concerns over long-term availability of softwood timber. It is funded by a severance tax levied at the point of first processing. Since inception, 152,295 acres have been treated under the program. Severance tax rates were established in 1974 and remained constant until 1981. Costs rose rapidly during these years, and the only way to increase funds for the program was to cut more timber or raise the fixed tax rates, as was done in 1981. Such problems would be avoided of severance taxes were levied on the basis of current product value.
Temporary Campsite Closures in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
Authors: Cole David N. , Ranz Beth
Published: April 2024

Overused campsites near a Montana lake were closed to allow vegetation to recover, but examinations after five and eight years showed that little recovery had occurred. Lack of success is attributed to slow rates of natural recovery, poor compliance with the closures, and failure to apply active measures to assist revegetation.
Site Comparisons for Upland Oaks and Yellow-Poplar in the Central States
Authors: Carmean Willard H. , Hahn Jerold T.
Published: April 2024

Observations of species pairs on 540 plots in Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia indicated that on good or superior sites yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) consistently has a higher 50-year site index than black oak (Quercus velutina), white oak (Q. alba), scarlet oak (Q: coccinea), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), and northern red oak (Q. rubra). Scarlet oak has higher site indices than the other oaks, and white oak has lower indices. On poor sites, the oaks outgrew yellow-poplar. These findings are generally consistent with reports from other studies elsewhere in the eastern hardwood region. From a graph of the data, site index for species absent from a stand can be estimated from species that are present.
Stand Damage from Whole-Tree Harvesting in Vermont Hardwoods
Authors: Kelley Ronald S.
Published: April 2024

Damage to residual trees was assessed for two shelterwood cuts and two thinnings in stands of northern hardwoods mixed with spruce. Whole trees were skidded by feller-buncher plus grapple skidder, except for one thinning where trees were felled by chain saw and skidded with a cable skidder. The latter treatment appeared to offer no advantage in reducing the incidence of wounding. From 27 to 47 percent of the residual trees in each treatment were wounded, with the greatest damage in the thinned areas where cutting was the most intense. For all treatments. skidding of whole trees accounted for at least two-thirds of the wounds. Amounts of damage appeared to vary among the three machine operators employed to do the cutting.
Whole-Tree Utilization System for Thinning Young Douglas-Fir
Authors: Kammenga Jerry J.
Published: April 2024

The Washington State Department of Natural Resources is commercially thinning naturally established 40-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands which were once considered too small to be merchantable. Efficient, cost-effective thinning is accomplished by whole-tree chipping in the woods. The logging system includes a portable chipper, a chain-flail delimber, two rubber-tired grapple skidders, and three rubber-tired or tracked tree-to-tree feller-bunchers with accumulators. This system provides total utilization of the harvested material. An average of 100 to 125 green tons of pulp chips with less than 7-percent bark can be produced in an eight-hour shift. Approximately 1,000 stems per acre, averaging 4 inches in diameter at breast height, are removed to leave 200 of the best trees. This stocking gives adequate growing space and provides operational maneuverability. The feller-buncher operators are trained to select trees by following rules that describe leave trees. Stand damage can be kept within acceptable limits, preferably under 5 percent of the leave trees, by requiring prelocated skid trail systems and rub trees. Successful tree selection and avoidance of stand damage depend upon operator cooperation.
Diffusion of a Campsite Inventory System
Authors: Watson Alan E. , Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Muth Robert M.
Published: April 2024

Telephone interviews indicated that most forest managers who used the Code-A-Site campsite inventory system first learned of it through memos from a superior Forest Service office or at a training session. These information channels, and discussions with colleagues, were most frequently used to gather additional information. Adopters of Code-A-Site participated in a greater number of professional meetings, training sessions, and conferences outside their region than did nonadopters. Among adopters, those who were older and had more experience tended to decide upon using Code-A-Site earlier. Distance from the Pacific Northwest. where the innovation originated, tended to slow its rate of diffusion and adoption.
World Forestry: Private Nonindustrial Forest Ownership and Public Programs in Eastern Canada
Authors: Lortie Marcel
Published: April 2024

A symposium in late 1981 provided information on organizational efforts among owners and on governmental assistance programs. In four eastern provinces having sizable areas of private nonindustrial forests, owners have organized themselves in various ways and for varying purposes. The methods and purposes of organization differ in each province. In varying ways also, provincial authorities have developed assistance programs. One bar to intensive management of nonindustrial tracts is the low stumpage price on crown lands.
Shaping Stands to Enhance Habitat Diversity
Authors: Marcot Bruce G. , Meretsky Vicky J.
Published: April 2024

The shape of forest stands or openings is a facet of habitat diversity and can be silviculturally manipulated and related to use by wildlife. One index assesses stand shape by relating perimeter to area. A means to determine useful values of the index considers distance to the edge from points within the stand. The shape of existing or proposed stands can be assessed for adequacy of meeting particular wildlife management goals.
World Forestry: Forestry Education in France
Authors: Chavet Michel H. R.
Published: April 2024

Forestry education in France is largely dominated by the civil service, which is by far the largest forestry employer as well as the main supplier of instructors. The system is an elitist one: Foresters obtain high positions largely on the basis of their education. Forest industry is not an important employer of forestry graduates and therefore has little to say about the educational program. Nor do private landowners or consultants bear any influence on forestry curricula. Elitism may be a less effective educational policy than the more democratic system in the United States.
Plantation Birch: What Works, What Doesn't
Authors: Hoyle Merrill C.
Published: April 2024

In a 10-year pilot test of plantation management in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, fertilization and brush control caused small or no increases in height or diameter growth of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis); mortality was 50 percent and a high proportion of the stems were of poor quality. In contrast, paper birch (B. papyrifera) showed increases of 16 percent in height over the control and 75 percent in diameter growth. As a result, basal-area growth of paper birch increased by 282 percent. Paper birch mortality was 10 percent, and all stems were of high quality. Estimates are that paper birch could average 52 feet in height and 13 inches in diameter at 30 years. The conclusion is that paper birch is well suited to intensive plantation management and that yellow birch is not.
Predicting 25th-Year Diameters of Thinned Stump Sprouts of Northern Red Oak
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Rogers Robert
Published: April 2024

Simulated estimates of 25th-year diameters are given for northern red oak (Quercus rubra) stump sprouts in southwestern Wisconsin. The model shows that diameters of individual stems can be maximized by early clump thinning to one stem. Specific gains will depend on crop stem diameters, age, relative basal area (ratio of individual stem to total clump basal area) after thinning, and site quality.
Estimating Monetary Values for Use Permits on Western Rivers
Authors: Shelby Bo
Published: April 2024

Allocation of public resources requires information about values, but nonmarket commodities such as recreation do not have convenient monetary indicators. In an effort to establish monetary values, recreation economists have developed two major approaches to nonmarket valuation, both of which have drawbacks. The study described here uses sales of outfitting businesses to estimate the value of river running permits. Information from four western rivers suggests that access rights have considerable monetary value, and that values are highest on rivers where available permits are most fully used.
Overtopping by Successional Coast-Range Vegetation Slows Douglas-Fir Seedlings
Authors: Howard Kerry M. , Newton Michael
Published: April 2024

In the Coast Range of Oregon, plants that formed ground cover or encroached from the side did not affect growth of planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings five and seven years after planting. Overtopped seedlings, however, were smaller and grew more slowly than those unshaded by adjacent vegetation. Use of Large transplants coupled with control of overtopping vegetation is advantageous where bracken and woody competitors abound.
Managing for Applications, Not Just for Research and Development
Authors: Callaham Robert Z.
Published: April 2024

Application of technology generated by research and development brings about change through acceptance and specific use of new knowledge and methodology. The application phase of innovation has attributes and managerial implications that are quite different from the research or development phases. Effectiveness depends heavily on person-to-person contact among participants, and the linkers or liaison agents who bring people and ideas together tend to work in informal ways that program managers must understand.
Machine Performance and Site Disturbance in Skidding on Designated Trails
Authors: Olsen Eldon D. , Seifert Jon C. W.
Published: April 2024

Four machines were observed during over-story removal of conifer stands in Idaho by two methods: skidding of whole trees on undesignated trails, and skidding of tree lengths on trails designated in advance. A rubber-tired skidder handling whole trees had the lowest costs, $19 per cunit at an average skidding distance of 530 feet, and the highest production, 37.1 cunits per day. Least production, 22.6 cunits per day, was with a crawler tractor of low horsepower. A crawler of medium power and a torsion-bar track machine were intermediate in cunit production. Output was generally increased when tree lengths were skidded on designated trails, but costs per cunit varied with machine productivity. Designation of trails somewhat lessened the damage to advance reproduction and reduced the roaded area by almost half.
How Much is an Evening Grosbeak Worth?
Authors: Takekawa John Y. , Garton Edward O.
Published: April 2024

Birds consume large numbers of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis), a forest insect which defoliates economically valuable stands. We estimated the economic value of bird predation on two stands in north-central Washington by substituting the cost to spray with insecticides to produce the same mortality rate as birds cause. It would cost at least $1,820 per square km per year over a 100-year rotation. This figure may be used to appraise the value of individual predator species, such as the voracious evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina), to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of biological control with birds, and to assess silvicultural treatments and other practices which affect both bird and insect numbers.
Domestic Fuelwood Utilization and Resource Management in Colorado
Authors: Betters David R. , Wilcox William R. , Ryan Phyllis P.
Published: April 2024

Questionnaires sent to households and fuelwood dealers throughout the state indicated that during the 1979-80 heating season Colorado households burned more than 900,000 cords--making fuelwood the largest market for the state's timber. Demand was greatest in the heavily populated Front Range region where most of the wood was burned in a fireplace. An overwhelming majority of households collected their own fuelwood. Though 70 percent of the forested land is in federal ownership, about half of the fuelwood was obtained from private lands. Fuelwood markets offer opportunities for more intensive forest management.
Does Wilderness Designation Lead to Increased Recreational Use?
Authors: McCool Stephen F.
Published: April 2024

A study of recreation users in the Rattle-snake National Recreation Area and Wilderness prior to and following congressional designation of the area reveals little support for the commonly held belief that designation of areas inevitably leads to dramatic increases in visitor use. Results from the study suggest that changes in use patterns are probably more complex than once believed and that causal factors inducing such changes are many.
Quantifying Residue after an Intermediate Harvest of a Second-Growth Redwood Stand
Authors: Woodward Roy A. , Henry Norman
Published: April 2024

Logging residue was examined following an intermediate harvest that removed 40 percent of the basal area of a mature second-growth coast redwood stand. Tree pieces at least 1.5 inches in diameter and 4 feet in length qualified as residue. Cable logging produced 844 cubic feet of residue per acre, 22 percent more than tractor logging--possibly because of crushing and breakage by tractors during skidding. The authors conclude that low volumes and present markets make it uneconomical to use residue for building materials or fuel.