bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo myocardial tissue kinetics of Gd(ABE‐DTTA), a tissue‐persistent contrast agent
Authors: Surányi Pál , Kiss Pál , Ruzsics Balazs , Brott Brigitta C. , Simor Tamás , Elgavish Ada , Baker Robert A. , Saab‐Ismail Nada H. , Elgavish Gabriel A.
Published: July 2007

The phenomenological tissue kinetics of Gd(ABE‐DTTA) was investigated in myocardial infarction (MI). Reperfused infarction was generated by balloon catheter in closed‐chest canines (N = 11). Forty‐eight hours thereafter, inversion‐recovery (IR)‐prepared fast gradient‐echo control images were acquired with varying inversion times (TIs). Precontrast R1 maps were calculated from the TI dependence of signal intensity (SI) using nonlinear curve fitting. Then 0.05 mmol/kg Gd(ABE‐DTTA) was administered I.V. In 11 dogs postcontrast R1 maps were generated at 24 hr and 48 hr postcontrast. In five dogs measurements were also repeated at 108 hr and 12 days. In one dog early measurement was carried out at 4 hr. ΔR1 values for blood and viable and infarcted myocardium were calculated at each time point by subtracting the precontrast R1 from the postcontrast R1. Gd(ABE‐DTTA) showed significant, progressive accumulation into infarcts during the first 2 days (kin = 0.39 hr–1) and a delayed clearance (kout = 0.005 hr–1). Among the time points sampled, the maximum infarct ΔR1 was detected at 48 hr (1.72 s–1). Contrast agent (CA) in infarcted tissue was detectable for 12 days. Clearance from blood and viable myocardium occurred in parallel and was completed by 108 hr. Gd(ABE‐DTTA) displays slow, tissue‐persistent kinetics and partly intravascular, partly extravascular characteristics. It demonstrates high affinity for infarcted myocardium and induces highlighting of infarcts between 4 hr and 12 days following administration. Magn Reson Med 58:55–64, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating the spatial resolution of in vivo magnetic resonance images using radiofrequency tagging pulses
Authors: Wang Wen‐Tung , Hu Peng , Meyer Craig H.
Published: July 2007

The spatial resolution of magnetic resonance (MR) images is usually specified by using nominal spatial resolution, the width of the simulated point‐spread function (PSF), or measurement from a resolution phantom. The accuracy of these measures is limited because they do not take into account the effects of in vivo image degradation. In this work, tag lines were used to estimate the spatial resolution of in vivo MR images. The idea of using tag lines to measure resolution was originally proposed by Wayte and Redpath (Magn Reson Imaging 1998;16:37–44), who used sinusoidal tag profiles and calculated an indirect measure of resolution called the modulation percentage. This work uses widely separated thin tag lines to directly measure the shape of the PSF and produce estimates of the PSF width in millimeters. The feasibility of estimating the spatial resolution via tag lines was evaluated using phantom images. The results show that an accurate estimate can be obtained when the tag modulation width is equal to or less than one‐half of the best possible resolution. The tag lines are then used to demonstrate the asymmetry and spatial variation of spatial resolution of in vivo images acquired by using a turbo spin‐echo (TSE) and a spiral sequence. Magn Reson Med 58:190–199, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transverse relaxation time reflects brain amyloidosis in young APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Authors: El Tayara Nadine El Tannir , Volk Andreas , Dhenain Marc , Delatour Benoît
Published: July 2007

Amyloid deposits are one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders. In transgenic mice modeling Alzheimer's pathology, the MR transverse relaxation time (T2) has been described to be modulated by amyloidosis. This modification has been attributed to the age‐related iron deposition that occurs within the amyloid plaques of old animals. In the present study, young APP/PS1 transgenic mice without histochemically detectable iron in the brain were specifically studied. In vivo measurements of T2 in the hippocampus, at the level of the subiculum, were shown to reflect the density of amyloid plaques. This suggests that T2 variations can be induced solely by aggregated amyloid deposits in the absence of associated histologically‐detectable iron. Thus T2 from regions with high amyloid load, such as the subiculum, is particularly well suited for following plaque deposition in young animals, i.e., at the earliest stages of the pathological process. Magn Reson Med 58:179–184, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial T1 mapping: Application to patients with acute and chronic myocardial infarction
Authors: Messroghli Daniel R. , Walters Kevin , Plein Sven , Sparrow Patrick , Friedrich Matthias G. , Ridgway John P. , Sivananthan Mohan U.
Published: July 2007

T1 maps obtained with modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) can be used to measure myocardial T1. We aimed to evaluate the potential of MOLLI T1 mapping for the assessment of acute and chronic myocardial infarction (MI). A total of 24 patients with a first MI underwent MRI within 8 days and after 6 months. T1 mapping was performed at baseline and at selected intervals between 2–20 min following administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd‐DTPA). Delayed‐enhancement (DE) imaging served as the reference standard for delineation of the infarct zone. On T1 maps the myocardial T1 relaxation time was assessed in hyperenhanced areas, hypoenhanced infarct cores, and remote myocardium. The planimetric size of myocardial areas with standardized T1 threshold values was measured. Acute and chronic MI exhibited different T1 changes. Precontrast threshold T1 maps detected segmental abnormalities caused by acute MI with 96% sensitivity and 91% specificity. Agreement between measurements of infarct size from T1 mapping and DE imaging was higher in chronic than in acute infarcts. Precontrast T1 maps enable the detection of acute MI. Acute and chronic MI show different patterns of T1 changes. Standardized T1 thresholds provide the potential to dichotomously identify areas of infarction. Magn Reson Med 58:34–40, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water uptake behavior of layered silicate/starch–polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites
Authors: Pérez C Javier , Alvarez Vera A , Mondragón Inaki , Vázquez Analia
Published: July 2007

The water uptake behavior of biodegradable layered silicate/starch–polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites was evaluated. Three different commercial layered silicates (Cloisite Na+, Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 10A) were used as reinforcement nanofillers. Tests were carried out in two different environments: 60 and 90% relative humidity using glycerol solutions. The clay/starch–polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites were obtained by melt intercalation and characterized by gravimetric measurements and tensile tests. The intercalated structure (determined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction) showed a decrease in water absorption as a function of clay content probably due to the decrease of the mean free path of water molecules. The diffusion coefficient decreased with clay incorporation but a further increase in the clay content did not show an important effect on this parameter. Elongation at break increased with exposure showing matrix plasticization. Mechanical properties of the nanocomposites deteriorated after exposure whereas they remained almost constant in the case of the neat matrix. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Factors effecting impact of Aspergillus fumigatus sensitization in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kanthan Senthooran Kathirgama , Bush Andrew , Kemp Michael , Buchdahl Roger
Published: July 2007

The clinical impact of Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) sensitization in cystic fibrosis (CF) is controversial. We examined the effect of Af sensitization (Afs) on pulmonary function and growth using a retrospective cohort analysis over two 5‐year study periods: 1996–2000 (19 Afs cases and 19 controls) and 2001–2005 (24 Afs cases and 23 controls). Sensitization was defined as Af specific radioallergosorbent test (RAST) ≥ 17.5 iu/ml and total serum IgE level ≥150 iu/ml. We examined the impact of changing treatment schedules over these periods. Afs cases had lower median FEV1 %predicted (%PR) compared to matched controls 1996: 67 versus 80, P < 0.01; 2001: 78 versus 93, P < 0.01. Afs cases in the 2001 cohort had a higher FEV1 %PR compared to Afs cases in the 1996 cohort: 78 versus 67, P < 0.01. For the 1996 Afs cohort FEV1 %PR fell significantly over 5 years but not for the 2001 Afs cohort. Af RAST and total IgE reflected the changes in pulmonary function. Children in the 2001 Afs cohort were prescribed significantly more oral antifungal treatment (odds ratio 4.3, 95%CI 1.2–15.7, P = 0.03). Afs children continue to have poorer lung function compared to controls but this observational, hypothesis generating study, suggests that the use of antifungal treatment is associated with better lung function. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:785–793. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and antifungal activity of lignans from Myristica fragrans against various plant pathogenic fungi
Authors: Cho Jun Young , Choi Gyung Ja , Son Seung Wan , Jang Kyoung Soo , Lim He Kyoung , Lee Sun Og , Sung Nack Do , Cho Kwang Yun , Kim Jin‐Cheol
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND: In a search for plant extracts with potent in vivo antifungal activity against various plant diseases, we found that treatment with a methanol extract of Myristica fragrans Houttyn (nutmeg) seeds reduced the development of various plant diseases. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and determine antifungal substances from My. fragrans and to evaluate their antifungal activities.

RESULTS: Three antifungal lignans were isolated from the methanol extract of My. fragrans seeds and identified as erythro‐austrobailignan‐6 (EA6), meso‐dihydroguaiaretic acid (MDA) and nectandrin‐B (NB). In vitro antimicrobial activity of the three lignans varied according to compound and target species. Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum coccodes, C. gloeosporioides, Magnaporthe grisea, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Acidovorax konjaci and Burkholderia glumae were relatively sensitive to the three lignans. In vivo, all three compounds effectively suppressed the development of rice blast and wheat leaf rust. In addition, EA6 and NB were highly active against the development of barley powdery mildew and tomato late blight, respectively. Both MDA and NB also moderately inhibited the development of rice sheath blight.

CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the three lignans from My. fragrans against plant pathogenic fungi. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Growth of silver on MgO(001) and infrared optical properties
Authors: Meng F. , Pucci A.
Published: July 2007

Silver‐film growth on MgO(001) was systematically studied with infrared spectroscopy in ultra‐high vacuum for different substrate temperatures from 60 K to 500 K at a similar deposition rate. In all cases the spectral development clearly indicated the formation of islands. For 300 K the coalesced islands further developed to a film that reached bulk conductivity already at about 9 nm. The conductivity of the films beyond percolation was obtained from spectral fits to the Drude model of the dielectric function. Additionally to transmittance studies, infrared reflection spectra at oblique incidence of p‐polarized light were measured during Ag film growth on MgO(001) at 300 K. Interestingly, a minimum reflectance (relative to the substrate reflectance) was observed at a thickness corresponding to the percolation threshold, which is a new experimental result. The island‐like film morphology was directly proved with atomic force microscopy. Pictures taken immediately after film growth proved that particle size and coalescence strongly depend not only on average film thickness but also on the substrate temperature during deposition, which is related to temperature dependent diffusion. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sexing a wider range of avian species based on two CHD1 introns with a unified reaction condition
Authors: Wang Lih‐Chiann , Chen Chi‐Tsong , Lee Hsiao‐Yuan , Li Shou‐Hsien , Lir Jihn‐Tsair , Chin Shin‐Chien , Pu Chang‐En , Wang Ching‐Ho
Published: July 2007

Identifying the sex of a bird is important to ensure successful breeding strategies and effective conservation programs. Sex may be identified from the intron size of the CHD1 gene located on the avian sex chromosomes Z and W. However, because of the great nucleotide diversity across different avian species, no given intron is in widespread use without ambiguous results. Complicated modifications of the reaction condition are required to suit different species. Two CHD1 introns were used with a unified reaction condition in this study to simplify the procedure. Consequently, genders of 73 avian species covering 19 families were successfully identified based on this two‐intron approach. This means the ability to sex a wider range of avian species using a simplified procedure, greatly assisting in population management at zoos. Zoo Biol 26:425–431, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of triglyceride‐ protein interaction using a microemulsion‐ filtration method
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Fantozzlb Paolo , Crevelinga Richard K.
Published: July 2007

Interactions between simple triglycerides and a variety of native and chemically modified proteins were studied. A new procedure was developed to evaluate hydrophobic binding of proteins at oil/water interfaces. The method involves emulsifying a triglyceride ultra‐sonically in water and equilibrating the microemulsion with a protein solution. The protein adsorbs to the surfaces of the globules as a stabilizing interfacial layer. Relative stability of different emulsions is evaluated under standard conditions of partition with a poly‐carbonate membrane filter. Either gas liquid chromatography or a radioactive technique is used to determine the amount of trigly‐ceride stabilized by protein through hydrophobic binding. The procedure was used to compare interactions of six different trigly‐cerides with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and interactions between trioctanoin and 26 different native and chemically modified pro‐teins. In general, an increase in molecular weight of saturated trigly‐cerides or an increase in double bonds of unsaturated triglycerides reduced hydrophobic binding. The order of binding of trioctanoin for the series of proteins (on a weight basis) compared to BSA taken as 100%, ranged from 160% for casein to 1% for lysozyme. Addition of nonpolar residues, including methyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and benzyl groups, to casein increased binding by 20–30%. Effects of protein mixtures, and changes in pH and ionic strength also were studied. The results demonstrate that interactions between a wide variety of triglycerides and proteins can be investigated by the microemulsion‐filtration method.
Supplementation of bakery items with high protein peanut flour
Authors: Ory Robert L , Conkerton Edith J.
Published: July 2007

White skin peanuts were defatted with hexane to produce flours with 55–60% protein. The peanut flour was used to replace 12.5% of the wheat flour in bread, 100% of wheat flour in muffins, and 10, 15 or 50% of the wheat flour in cookies. At 12.5% levels of peanut flour, total solids, protein, moisture retention of bread after baking, and dietary fiber contents are increased without affecting loaf vol‐ume. Crust color of supplemented bakery items is darker brown, texture is coarse for bread and harder in cookies, but not enough to make them unacceptable. Peanut flour muffins with a net protein content of 33–40% can serve as a high protein snack food or bakery item, possibly for patients with celiac disease who cannot tolerate wheat flour. Moisture retention in supplemented products was greater than in nonsupplemented controls. Net increase of protein in baked items varied from 4% increase for 12.5% peanut flour bread to 30% for the all‐peanut flour muffins. Other physical and chemical prop‐erties of these products are presented to support potential applications of peanut flour as a supplement for selected food products.
Seeding effects on solidification behavior of cocoa butter and dark chocolate. II. Physical properties of dark chocolate
Authors: Hachiya Iwao , Koyano Tetsuo , Sato Kiyotaka
Published: July 2007

Demolding property just after solidification, we examined the polymorphism of cocoa butter in seed‐solidified dark chocolate and fat‐bloom stability through two thermocycle tests between 38 and 20°C (38/20) and between 32 and 20°C (32/20). The seed crystals employed are Form VI of cocoa butter,β1 of SOS (1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol), pseudo‐β’ andβ2 of BOB (1,3‐dibehenoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol) and β of SSS (1,2,3‐tristearoylglycerol). The influence of the seed concentration was also examined. The seeding of cocoa butter (Form VI) and SOSβ1 caused the crystallization of Form V of cocoa butter and exhibited better demolding. As to the fat‐bloom stability, the two, seed crystals were effective through the 32/20 cycle test, but the fat‐bloom occurred through the 38/20 test. The seeding ofβ2 of BOB caused better demolding, crystallization of Form V of cocoa butter, and the most preferable fat‐bloom stability; particularly, the seeding of 5 wt% concentration ofβ2 of BOB completely prevented the fat‐bloom after the 38/20 test, although the seeding of all of the other materials and conditions caused the fat‐bloom by this thermo‐cycle test. The seeding of pseudo‐β’ of BOB did not prevent the fat‐bloom, although the demolding property was improved. In the case of the seed of β of SSS, both the demolding and fat‐bloom stability were not improved. We concluded that the seeding ofβ2 of BOB revealed the most desirable, influences on the demolding and the fat‐bloom stability of dark chocolate. This conclusion suggests the usage ofβ2 of BOB as the most preferable seed material in the solidification of dark chocolate, since the crystallization rate was also enhanced by this material as described in Paper I.
Glyceride composition of processed fats and oils as determined by glass capillary gas chromatography
Authors: D’Alonzo R. P. , Kozarek W. J. , Wade R. L.
Published: July 2007

Refined and bleached fats and oils can be analyzed directly by high‐temperature glass capillary column gas chromatography after derivatization of the fatty acids, mono‐ and diglycerides with BSTFA [(N,O)‐bis(trimethyl silyl) trifluoroacetamide]. The intact glycerides are separated on the basis of volatility to provide characteristic carbon number profiles (CNP). Quantitative information on mono‐, di‐ and triglycerides, as well as free fatty acids, is obtained from a single, rapid separation. Profile values are reported for 13 different processed fats and oils. The analysis performed in the split‐injection mode maintains column integrity after numerous separations, while producing acceptable relative standard deviations.
Crystallization dynamics in model emulsions from magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Simoneau C. , McCarthy M. J. , Kauten R. J. , German J. B.
Published: July 2007

Melt crystallization of trilaurin and trimyristin was investigated in the bulk and in dispersed systems using magnetic resonance imaging. Crystallization rates were studied as a function of time in fat/water (40:60) emulsions containing 0.5% tween 80 and 0.2% xanthan gum to prevent creaming. Oil weighted images were obtained to follow the dynamics of crystallization in the bulk and in an emulsified system. Localized spectroscopy using a stimulated echo pulse sequence was used to quantify the crystallization dynamics pattern at different locations in a trimyristin emulsion (40:60). The results showed that crystallization in the emulsified state occurred over a longer period of time than in the bulk. Imaging allowed for the qualitative visualization of crystallization. Images showed crystallization occurring from the edge to the center. On the other hand, localized spectroscopy allowed for spatially quantitative measurement of the amount of liquid oil, crystalline oil and water. In the trimyristin emulsion (40:60), spectra recorded from the top, center and bottom showed a relatively abrupt crystallization pattern starting earlier at the edges of the container, as previously visualized by the images taken.
Viscosities of some long‐chain fatty acids and their relationship with chainlength
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Seng C. E. , Lau E. K.
Published: July 2007

The densities and viscosities of octanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids were determined at temperatures ranging from 20 to 80°C. When the fluidities were plotted against the molal volumes of the acids, curves were obtained. The intrinsic volumes were determined by extrapolation to zero fluidity and compared with previously reported values. Based upon Hildebrand’s equation for non‐ associated liquids, semiempirical equations relating the fluidity with the carbon number were obtained. The equations predict the fluidities of fatty acids with carbon number ranging from 4 to 18 at 4 temperatures from 20°C to 75°C with reasonable agreement with the experimental values.
Production of medium‐chain glycerides by immobilized lipase in a solvent‐free system
Authors: Kim S. M. , Rhee J. S.
Published: July 2007

Enzymatic synthesis of medium‐ chain glycerides (MCGs) was studied by using capric acid (decanoic acid) and glycerol as substrates for immobilized lipase (LipozymeTM) without any solvents or surfactants. Quantitative analysis of the reaction mixture was conducted by using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which enabled the exact tracing of the capric glyceride synthesis. Oleic acid was also used for comparison. The esterification activity of Lipozyme was determined at 40°C in an open batch reactor; the activities were 400 and 200 units/g for the capric glyceride and oleic glyceride synthesis, respectively. Maximum initial reaction rate was obtained at 50°C for capric and 60°C for oleic glyceride synthesis. The time course of the capric glyceride synthesis was compared in terms of different molar ratios, from which we infer that this enzyme is 1,3‐ specific, but not absolute, in this esterification reaction. The final conversion was greatly influenced by the methods used to remove water, among which the cold trap method resulted in a noticeable improvement.
Optimization of production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) byThraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304
Authors: Bajpai P. K. , Bajpai P. , Ward O. P.
Published: July 2007

By varying culture carbon source, lipid content in mycelium ofThraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304 varied widely in the range 1–25% of biomass weight. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of mycelium lipid was higher (65–76%) when biomass lipid content was very low (1–2%) and lower (40–50%) when biomass contained a high lipid content (14–18%). DHA yields from glucose, starch and maltose were 270, 325 and 334 mg/L, respectively. DHA yield and content of biomass was optimal at an initial culture pH of 6.0. During the culture cycle ofT. aureum, DHA content in lipids remained relatively constant with optimal DHA yield being observed after six days. Biomass, lipid content in biomass, DHA content in biomass and DHA yield were all optimal at a cultivation temperature of 28°C. However, the proportion of DHA in lipids declined with increase in temperature. Biomass, lipids in biomass and DHA yields were 13%, 42% and 47% higher, respectively, din light‐exposed cultures as compared to dark cultures. A maximum yield of DHA of 511 mg/L was observed in light‐ exposed cultures containing 2.5% starch, where lipids accounted for over 20% of biomass dry weight.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids of six seed oils from malvaceae
Authors: Sundar Rao K.
Published: July 2007

The seeds ofAlyogine hakeifolia, Alyogine huegelii,Gossypium australe, Hibiscus coatesii, Lawrencia viridigrisea andRadyera farragei (Malvaceae) contained 13.5‐18.6% oil. Linoleic acid predominated (60.0‐68.2%) in the component fatty acids of all the oils, followed by palmitic (9.9‐18.1%) and oleic acids (7.8‐15.8%). Cyclopropene fatty acids, malvalic and sterculic, were present in small concentrations (1.0‐4.4%, 0.1‐1.5% respectively). Dihydrosterculic acid was present in small quantities (trace‐2.1%).
Vernolic acid intabebuia argentia seed oil: A moderate source of oil
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Hosamani K. M.
Published: July 2007

Tabebuia argentia, Britt, Syn.Tkcoma argentia, Burr and Schum, belonging to the Bignoniaceae plant family, contains palmitic (21.7%), stearic (3.8%), oleic (9.8%), linoleic (52.7%), linolenic (3.0%) and vernolic (9.0%) acids. These fatty acids were characterized by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) and chemical degradations.
Nonionic surfactants containing propylene oxide
Authors: Naylor Carter G.
Published: July 2007

Physical and surface active properties of ethoxylates are altered by the inclusion of propylene oxide (PO) groups. The location of PO within the ethoxylate (EO) chain can be as important a factor as the relative amounts of PO and EO. The optimum position of the PO was shown to be a single discrete block of PO located in approximately the middle of the ethoxylate chain. The influence of PO on surfactant properties was assessed for several alcohol ethoxylates and nonyl‐phenol ethoxylates. Pour points and gelling tendencies were lowered at the expense of detergency, foaming and wetting power.
The determination of sorbitan monostearate in cake mixes and baked cakes
Authors: Wetterau F. P. , Olsanski V. L. , Smullin C. F.
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the determination of sorbitan monostearate (SPAN 60Ŵ, Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.) in cake and cake mixes. The method involves extraction of sorbitan monostearate from the sample, partial purification of the extract by silica gel chromatography, recovery of the extract polyol and analysis by either gas or paper chromatographic procedures. The isosorbide moiety of the emulsifier is measured by gas chromatography. In the paper chromatographic procedure, the 1,4‐sorbitan fraction is isolated, oxidized with periodic acid and the absorbance of the formaldehyde‐chromotropic acid color is measured. The sorbitan monostearate content of the sample is calculated using the appropriate conversion factor obtained by analyzing known solutions of polyols from the product.

The method was applied satisfactorily to several samples of baked white cake, yellow and chocolate cake mixes. Analyses of blank cakes showed that there are no interferences from other constituents of cake and that a blank cake is unnecessary in the application of the method.
A study of the hexabromide number and hexabromide yield of pure linolenic acid with a suggested interpolation method for its estimation
Authors: White Mary F. , Brown J. B.
Published: July 2007

Varying amounts of a specimen of pure linolenic acid have been brominated and the hexabromide yields have been determined by an empirical procedure. The acid was brominated alone and in the presence of olive oil fatty acids.

It is suggested that linolenic acid can be specifically and quantitatively determined in fatty acid mixtures by interpolation from a curve showing the linolenic acid‐hexabromide yield relationships over the range cited.

The empirical nature of the hexabromide yield is confirmed.
Oil production by fermentation of lactose and the effect of temperature on the fatty acid composition1
Authors: Moon Nancy J. , Hammond E. G.
Published: July 2007

Strains of the yeastsCandida curvata andTrichosporon cutaneum were isolated that were able to ferment the lactose of cheese whey and ultrafiltered whey permeate to produce oil. Rapid fermentation rates and lactose utilization were achieved by the Gcurvata strains. The fermentation was more efficient on permeate than whey, because the organisms used whey protein very poorly. Methods of extracting the oil were compared, and the best results were obtained by sequential extraction with methanol and benzene or by ethanol and hexane. The fatty acid composition of the yeasts varied with the growth temperature, fermentation time, and medium. The oil was rich in 18:1, 16:0, and 18:0. The process is a technically feasible means of using whey permeate.
Linoleic acid oxidation catalyzed by various amino acids and cupric ions in aqueous media
Authors: Farag R. S. , Osman S. A. , Hallabo S. A. S. , Nasr A. A.
Published: July 2007

Model systems were designed to study linoleic acid oxidation in the presence and absence of various amino acids with or without cupric ions. The tested amino acids exhibited a potential prooxidant effect in linoleic acid dispersed in aqueous media. The effectiveness of various amino acids on linoleic acid oxidation decreased in the following order: cysteine > serine > tryptophan > phenylalanine > histidine > alanine. The addition of alanine, serine, phenylalanine, histidine, or tryptophan to linoleic acid showed an autocatalytic chain reaction. With cysteine, there was a linear relation between concentration of hydroperoxides and time during the early stages of oxidation. The prooxidative activity of the tested amino acids in general could be attributed to the presence of the a‐amino group in the form H3‐N‐R. The apparent difference in the prooxidative activity is mainly due to the functional groups attached in the β‐carbon atom in the amino acid molecules. The addition of cupric ions at a concentration of 10‐5M to linoleic acid catalyzed with various a‐amino acids showed that these amino acids had no significant effect. Increasing the copper concentration from 10‐5M to 10‐3M had the following effects: a shortening of the induction period of linoleic acid catalyzed by amino acids having an aromatic side chain, no effect on the induction period but an increase in the oxidation rate during the propagation step in the model systems catalyzed by alanine and serine, and in the model system containing cysteine a linear increase in the linoleic acid oxidation from the start of the reaction.
The function of phospholipids of soybean lecithin in emulsions
Authors: Rydhag L. , Wilton I.
Published: July 2007

A number of commercially available soybean lecithins were analyzed with respect to their phospholipid composition and emulsifying properties. A phosphatidylcholine (PC) from soybean swells to a lamellar liquid crystalline phase which incorporates slightly less than 50% of water. The swelling behavior of the commercially available soybean lecithins may be different depending on the concentration of other phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA). In the presence of the negatively charged phospholipids PI and PA, the swelling of the lamellar phase of PC was dramatically enhanced while a lecithin with equal amounts of PC and PE and small quantities of PI and PA formed two liquid crystalline phases, i.e., a lamellar and a hexagonal phase. Stable o/w‐emulsions can be prepared when the phospholipid composition is such that a lamellar liquid crystalline phase in equilibrium with the oil and water phases incorporates large amounts of water. The minimal amount of emulsifier required to stabilize the emulsions has been estimated to give an interfacial film of ca. 80 Å thickness which corresponds to a thickness of two double lipid layers in the interfacial film. The incorporation of large amounts of water is obtained if the lamellar layers contain dissociated ionic groups.
Fatty acid composition andtrans isomer content of hardened olive oil
Authors: Boskou Dimitrios , Karapostolakis Apostolos
Published: July 2007

Cooking fats and margarines prepared from olive oil were analyzed gas chromatographically for fatty acid composition andtrans isomer content. Argentation thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to assist in identifications of minor components. Olive oil margarines and cooking fats contained 70–76% monoenoic acids, of which 30–37% was in thetrans configuration, and 5% dienoic acids. Twenty percent of the dienes were in the form oftrans‐trans andcis‐trans octadecadienoic acid.
Economics of on‐farm processing of sunflower oil
Authors: Helgeson Delmer L. , Schaffner Leroy W.
Published: July 2007

Sunflower oil is being researched as an extender or substitute for diesel fuel. Sunflower seed contains ca. 40% oil. Each Btu used to produce the seed and process oil will return ca. 5.78 Btu. The price relationship per Btu of diesel to sunflower oil was 1∶4.00 in 1979. This ratio declined to 1∶1.80 in 1981. The on‐farm processing cost for 4800 gal varied from $2.82 to $4.33 per gallon for the three press sizes analyzed. Operating these presses 300 days annually reduced cost per gallon from $1.74 to $2.99.
Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender: Endurance tests
Authors: Adams C. , Peters J. F. , Rand M. C. , Schroer B. J. , Ziemke M. C.
Published: July 2007

Engine performance and crankcase lubricant viscosity were followed with 1∶2 and 1∶1 fuel mixtures of degummed soybean oil in No. 2 diesel fuel in tests with a John Deere 6‐cylinder, 404 cubic in. displacement, direct‐injection, turbocharged engine for a total of 600 running hours. A crankcase oil contamination problem resulting in an unacceptable thickening and a potential for gelling did exist with a 50/50 blend or a greater concentration of soybean oil, but it did not occur with the 1∶2 blend. The data accumulated during the initial 600 hr running time indicates that a fuel blend of one‐third degummed soybean oil and two‐thirds No. 2 diesel (1∶2 blend) may be a suitable fuel for agricultural equipment during periods of diesel fuel shortages or allocations. Additional data are being accumulated and will be analyzed in the future.
Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines: Recovery and utilization
Authors: Peterson C. L. , Auld D. L. , Korus R. A.
Published: July 2007

Although vegetable oil cannot yet be recommended as a fuel for general use, considerable progress in recovery and use of rapeseed oil (Brassica napus L.) for diesel operation has been made. Operation of a small‐scale screwpress plant (40 kg/hr) was demonstrated. Maintenance of screw and end rings was a major problem. The plant has operated with a recovery efficiency of 77% and has processed 10,100 kg of seed in 230 hr. High viscosity of the rapeseed oil and its tendency to polymerize within the cylinder were major chemical and physical problems encountered. Attempts to reduce the viscosity of the vegetable oil by preheating the fuel were not successful in sufficiently increasing the temperature of the fuel at the injector to be of value. Short‐term engine performance with vegetable oils as a fuel in any proportion show power output and fuel consumption to be equivalent to the diesel‐fueled engines. Severe engine damage occurred in a very short time period in tests of maximum power with varying engine rpm. Additional torque tests with all blends need to be conducted. A blend of 70/30 winter rape and No. 1 diesel has been used successfully to power a small single‐cylinder diesel engine for 850 hr. No adverse wear, effect on lubricating oil or effect on power output were noted.
Conversion of used frying oil to diesel fuel by transesterification: Preliminary tests
Authors: Nye M. J. , Williamson T. W. , Deshpande W. , Schrader J. H. , Snively W. H. , Yurkewich T. P. , French C. L.
Published: July 2007

Used frying oil was transesterified by reaction with excess alcohol under both acidic and basic conditions. The alcohols used were: methanol, ethanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol and 2‐ethoxyethanol. Yields of the fuels determined by gas chromatography and their viscosities are reported. The best result was obtained using methanol with catalysis by potassium hydroxide. The methyl ethyl and 1‐butyl esters all ran very well in short‐term engine tests with a laboratory high‐speed diesel engine.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. IV. Application of the step‐wise HBr titration method to the analysis of refined and crude cottonseed oils
Authors: Harris J. A. , Magne F. C. , Skau E. L.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in refined and crude cottonseed oils to within 0.01%. It is based upon a stepwise hydrogen bromide titration at 3C and 55C after removal of interfering substances by adsorption on activated alumina. Highly oxidized cottonseed oils first must be converted to methyl esters.
Relationship between molecular structure and flavor perceptibility of aliphatic aldehydes
Authors: Meijboom P. W.
Published: July 2007

The mean threshold values for odor and taste of some aliphatic aldehydes are determined in solutions of paraffin oil. These threshold values lie at low concn and display a distinct alternating effect in the same homologous series. Moreover it appears from experiments with mixtures of various aldehydes that in the case of certain ratios a masking effect in odor and taste occurs.
Analysis of Arsenic in Marine Oils by Neutron Activation. Evidence of Arseno Organic Compounds
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand
Published: July 2007

The arsenic content of phospholipid fractions separated from codliver oil(Gadus morrhua) and herring oil(Clupea harengus) was analyzed by means of neutron activation. The fractions were separated on a silicic acid column by chloroform/ methanol mixtures as eluting agents. The results indicate that the arsenic appears as arseno or‐ganic compounds. Two such compounds were evident in herring oil.
A rapid and quantitative procedure for the preparation of methyl esters of butteroil and other fats
Authors: Luddy Francis E. , Barford Robert A. , Herb Samuel F. , Magidman Paul
Published: July 2007

A simple and convenient method for the quantitative preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids from glyceride fats and oils is described. The procedure, using potassium methylate as catalyst and a heating interval of 2 min at 65C in a closed vial, is applicable to fats containing both low and high molecular weight fatty acids such as butteroil. The methyl esters of samples ranging from a few mg to 30 mg are isolated by CS2 extraction and a TLC technique. A similar procedure using sulfuric acid in methanol as catalyst is described for the conversion of free fatty acids to methyl esters. For the routine analysis by GLC of fats and oils such as lard, tallow, soybean, cottonseed oil or butteroil, no isolation of the methyl ester is required. A CS2 extraction carried out in the reaction vial allows the GLC analysis immediately after the reaction period (2 min).
Analysis for sulfate ion in the biodegradation of anionic detergents
Authors: Cordon T. C. , Maurer E. W. , Panasiuk O. , Stirton A. J.
Published: July 2007

A turbidimetric method is described for determining sulfate ion in parts per million formed during the biodegradation of surface‐active organic sulfates or sulfonates. The procedure involves the precipitation of barium sulfate under controlled conditions, using a reagent consisting of 0.5% gelatin and 1% barium chloride in 50% ethanol. Gelatin stabilizes the barium sulfate suspension and helps prevent the formation of turbidity from barium chloride and detergent. Ethanol destroys any protective colloid action that may inhibit the precipitation of barium sulfate. Corrections were necessary for turbidity caused by the microorganisms and in a few instances for turbidity caused by the reaction of detergent and barium chloride. Absorbance was read against a blank at 420 mμ using 5 cm cells. Parts per million sulfate were read from a standard curve. Phosphates do not interfere in the determination.
Structural features of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates as observed in13C magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: El‐Emary Mahmoud , Morgan L. O.
Published: July 2007

Fourier‐transform13C{1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the internally substituted phenylhexadecanes and theirpara‐sulfonates has been done as a part of a general study of alkylaryl sulfonates thought to be of significance in complex surfactants, such as the petroleum sulfonates and various synthetic products. The systematics of structural variations and their effects on observed chemical shifts of specific carbon atoms is detailed with the aim of developing rapid, nondestructive methods of analysis of complex mixtures of both hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon sulfonates. Advantages and restrictions of the13C spectrometric method are illustrated in the case of a mixture of alkylbenzene sodium sulfonates typical of a synthetic surfactant.
Physical properties of fatty acids
Authors: Luddy F. E.
Published: July 2007

The chemical composition, molecular configuration, and crystal structure of fatty acid molecules contribute to the more than twenty distinct physical properties associated with this class of organic compounds. This discussion will be limited to only a few of these fatty acid properties and will include melting and solidification phenomena, vapor pressure‐boiling point relationships and solubility behavior of fatty acids.
Methyl esters in the fatty acid industry
Authors: Farris R. D.
Published: July 2007

Methyl esters, derived from natural fats or oils, can be used as alternatives to fatty acids in the production of a number of derivatives. The derivatives that can be made from methyl esters include fatty alkanolamides, fatty alcohols, isopropyl esters, and sucrose polyesters. By using methyl esters as the raw materials, several benefits may be realized, such as, the ability to make higher purity finished products, the use of milder conditions during syntheses, and the need for less expensive materials of construction. In addition to the applications mentioned, methyl esters are being used increasingly in fractional distillations because they have lower boiling points and are less corrosive than fatty acids.
Marine‐derived fatty acids of fish oils as raw materials for fatty acids manufacture
Authors: Stansby M. E.
Published: July 2007

Fish oils, often an abundant source of C20 and C22 fatty acids, could supplement rapessed oil in the manufacture of long chain saturated fatty acids. Herring oil, traditionally the fish oil of choice, is in very short supply due to depletion of fishery stocks. Menhaden oil, when made from fish caught in the Atlantic, could furnish a steady supply with long chain acids at about the 30% level. Oil made from other species such as anchovy or pilchard need further data on fatty acid content and variability. Manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oils is hampered by lack of suitable procedures. Potential markets for fish oil polyunsaturates especially in the pharmaceutical field seem promising.
Colorimetric determination of sterols in vegetable oils with chloramine T and sulfuric acid reagent
Authors: Ahuja K. L. , Bajaj K. L.
Published: July 2007

A new colorimetric method for determination of sterols in vegetable oils using chloramine T and conc sulfuric acid reagent is described. After saponification of oils, the sterols present in the unsaponifiable matter are separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on Silica Gel G plates in the solvent system ethyl ether/petroleum ether (40–60 C) (1:1). The sterols are treated with 1% chloramine T in cone H2SO4 at 100 C for 12 min to develop the yellowish‐brown color which is read at 400 nm. Sterol content is calculated against a cholesterol standard. The method is at least 5 times more sensitive than that which uses Liebermann‐Burchard reagent; color formed is stable for 48 hr.
Homogeneous nonionic detergent p‐n‐Nonylphenoxydecaethoxyethanol
Authors: Kolobielski Marjan
Published: July 2007

A model compound representing the nonionic surfactants of the alkylphenol‐ethylene oxide condensate type was prepared in high purity. The homogeneous detergentp‐n‐nonylphenoxyde‐caethoxyethanol was obtained as a crystalline product by a several step synthesis starting from phenol.
The Structure of the glycerides of pistachio kernel oil
Authors: Daneshrad Ataollah
Published: July 2007

Pistachio kernel oil has been analyzed by separating the triglycerides according to their degree of unsaturation by means of thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates impregnated with silver nitrate. The total fatty acids and the fatty acid on position 2 of each individual triglyceride were determined. The distribution of oleic acid on the different positions of triglycerides varies according to the unsaturation of these triglycerides. Oleic acid in the case of the less unsaturated triglycerides locates in the 2‐position, and, as the degree of unsaturation increases due to linolenic or linoleic acids, it tends to be on external positions. Linoleic and linolenic acids usually are esterified in the middle position.
Conversion of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate to carboxymethylstearate
Authors: Dufek E. J.
Published: July 2007

Methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate was converted to methyl 9(10)‐carboxymethylstearate. The reactions to prepare the intermediates methyl 9(10)‐hydroxymethyl‐, 9(10)‐ace toxymethyl‐, 9(10)‐methylene‐, and 9(10)‐formylmethylstearate are described. Methyl 9(10)‐hydroxy methylstearate readily loses methanol and forms a trimeric polymer. The acetate of the primary alcohol when pyrolyzed gives 59% yield of methyl 9(10)‐methylenestearate. Hydroformylation of the methylene compound followed by permanganate oxidation gave methyl carboxymethylstearate. Evidence is presented to show that pyrolysis of the acetate ester and hydroformylation of the pyrolysis product produce, respectively, only the methylene and formylmethylstearates. Rates of esterification‐transes terification of methyl 9(10)‐carboxymethyl sterate show that the carboxymethyl group is 2–3 times as active as the carboxyl group in methyl 9(10)‐carboxystearate and that the terminal carboxyl group is about 10 times more active towards esterification than the branched carboxymethyl group.
Reaction of histidine with methyl linoleate: Characterization of the histidine degradation products
Authors: Yong Samuel H. , Karel Marcus
Published: July 2007

Efforts have been made to characterize the products that result from interactions between L‐histidine (free base) and peroxidizing methyl linoleate (ML) in a model system consisting of reactants dispersed on a filter paper. Imidazole lactic acid and imidazole acetic acid are identified as breakdown products when histidine is incubated with ML, methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (MLHPO), or n‐hexanal over a period of 3 weeks. Two other reaction products are found to give back histidine upon acid hydrolysis. These products are though to be Schiff's base compounds which result from the condensation of the histidyl α‐amino group and carbonyl groups of reactive aldehydes formed during ML peroxidation. Most of the detectable reaction products have the imidazole moiety intact indicating the high relative reactivity of the functional groups, especially the amino group, associated with the α‐carbon. Such high reactivity provides an explanation for the low concentrations of ninhydrin‐positive free amino compounds that are, at best, barely detectable on thin layer chromatography.
The effect of divalent cations (Ca++ and Mg++) on the optimal salinity and salt tolerance of petroleum sulfonate and ethoxylated sulfonate mixtures in relation to improved oil recovery
Authors: Bansal V. K. , Shah D. O.
Published: July 2007

It was demonstrated that a surfactant formulation consisting of a petroleum sulfonate and an ethoxylate sulfonate can tolerate a large amount of CaCl2 and MgCl2 in solution without any precipitation or phase‐separation. The stability of this surfactant formulation was not influenced significantly by the presence of divalent cations. The maximum salt concentration permissible for a stable formulation depended primarily on the ionic strength of the salt solution and not on the relative proportions of the divalent and monovalent cations. It was also observed that though the optimal salinity (Sγ) decreased upon increasing the amount of divalent cations, the interfacial tension at optimal salinity was always in the millidyne (≃10−3 dynes/cm) range. This study has a practical application in designing the surfactant formulations for tertiary oil recovery process for reservoirs consisting of high concentrations of mono‐ and divalent cataions.