bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sexual Acceptability of Intrauterine Contraception: A Qualitative Study of Young Adult Women
Authors: Higgins Jenny A. , Ryder Kristin , Skarda Grace , Koepsel Erica , Bennett Eliza A.
Published: August 2015

CONTEXT

The IUD is extremely effective but infrequently used by young adult women, who disproportionately experience unintended pregnancies. Research has not examined how IUD use may affect sexuality, which could in turn affect method acceptability, continuation and marketing efforts.

METHODS

Focus group discussions and interviews were conducted in 2014 with 50 women between the ages of 18 and 29—either University of Wisconsin students or women from the surrounding community who received public assistance—to explore their thoughts about whether and how IUD use can affect sexual experiences. A modified grounded theory approach was used to identify common themes in terms of both experienced and anticipated sexual acceptability of the IUD.

RESULTS

Six themes emerged: security (IUD’s efficacy can reduce sexual inhibition), spontaneity (IUD can allow for free‐flowing sex), sexual aspects of bleeding and cramping (IUD’s side effects can affect sex), scarcity of hormones (IUD has a low level of or no hormones, and reduces libido less than hormonal methods, such as the pill), string (IUD’s string can detract from a partner's sexual experience) and stasis (IUD use can have no impact on sex). Some reported sexual aspects of IUD use were negative, but most were positive and described ever‐users’ method satisfaction and never‐users’ openness to use the method.

DISCUSSION

Future research and interventions should attend to issues of sexual acceptability: Positive sexual aspects of the IUD could be used promotionally, and counseling about sexual concerns could increase women's willingness to try the method.
Chinese lyrical tradition and the Taiwan new cinema: The case of Hou Hsiao-hsien
Authors: Shie Elliott Shr-tzung
Published: August 2015

Many film critics have noted Hou Hsiao-hsien’s distinguished film style and associated it with traditional Chinese aesthetics, but few scholars have succeeded in articulating Hou’s translation of traditional Chinese aesthetics into his cinematic work. This article intends to fill this gap by proposing that the static tragedy is the form that Hou consciously or unconsciously appropriates in his films. According to sinologist Chen Shixiang, the static tragedy of traditional Chinese poetry lacks antagonism and dynamic conflict typical of Greek tragedy, but it embodies a kind of cosmic sorrow that insignificant human beings feel while facing nature’s grand scale and noticing the unstoppable passage of time. While looking or gazing at nature, the poet occupies a bystander’s position; he keeps a sympathetic eye without intervention, detaching himself from the observed world while avoiding being completely indifferent. This bystander’s position has been duplicated in Hou’s films through the use of static camera, long takes and medium/long shots. Through this distinctive style of film language, two of Hou’s films in particular, A Time to Live, A Time to Die (1985) and The Puppetmaster (1993), enquire into the universal life circle of birth, growth, illness and death as well as meditate on the impermanence of life against the background of eternal nature, and thereby serve as examples that illustrate the characteristics of static tragedy.
Looking at Foreign Sky, desperately seeking post- Asia: Soni Kum, Nagisa Oshima, Ri Chin’u
Authors: Bary Brett de
Published: August 2015

The article considers the role of citation and translation in two video works (Foreign Sky, 2005, and Beast of Me, 2005) by Soni Kum, producer and narrator who identifies herself as a member of the ‘North Korean community in Japan’. Both works cite words and images from Oshima Nagisa’s celebrated Death By Hanging (1968), a film protesting the Japanese state’s use of capital punishment in the execution of the zainichi youth, Ri Chin’u, in 1963. Through these interweavings, Kum suggests new perspectives on the role of gender politics in Oshima’s film, while more broadly foregrounding how manipulation of the gendered body produces the affect of cultural nationalism as a heteronormative ideology. While contending that Asia has yet to accede to a post – Cold War temporality, Kum’s work nevertheless searches for modes of transnational solidarity that might characterize something like ‘post- Asia’.
OS ATRIBUTOS VALORIZADOS POR CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES NA ESCOLHA DE DESTINOS TURÍSTICOS
Authors: Carneiro Marta Maria Cunha , Veloso Andres Rodriguez , Ferraz Sofia Batista , Campomar Marcos Cortez
Published: August 2015

O objetivo do artigo foi identificar os atributos valorizados por crianças e adolescentes na escolha de destinos turísticos. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram coletados desenhos e dados escritos (questões e redações) sobre o tema com crianças de 10 a 11 anos (18 crianças) e adolescentes de 14 anos (10 adolescentes) da mesma escola. Por meio do processo de análise de conteúdo, foram identificadas seis categorias: Motivação para a viagem; Destino; Modalidade de transporte;Acompanhantes; Atividades; e Emoções. As categorias foram divididas em subcategorias para facilitar a discussão e a compreensão detalhadas. Apesar das semelhanças por tratar-se de um período de transição, os resultados evidenciam principalmente as distinções entre os atributos valorizados pelas crianças e pelos adolescentes devido aos diferentes estágios cognitivos e sociais em que se encontram. São oferecidas sugestões gerenciais para aqueles interessados em atender às famílias com crianças ou adolescentes com produtos turísticos. Por fim, apresentam-se limitações e sugestões de estudos futuros. Palavras chave: Crianças. Adolescentes. Destinos turísticos.
Quantifying changes of the coniferous forest line in Finnish Lapland during 1983–2009
Authors: Franke Anna , Aatsinki Pasi , Hallikainen Ville , Huhta Esa , Hyppönen Mikko , Juntunen Vesa , Mikkola Kari , Neuvonen Seppo , Rautio Pasi
Published: August 2015

The boreal timber- and tree-line forests grow in harsh environmental conditions in their outermost distribution limit. Here even small environmental changes may cause dramatic changes in the distribution of tree species. We examined changes of the forest lines of Norway spruce ( (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine ( L.) in Finnish Lapland five times during 1983â2009. We monitored the number of stems and the volume of the growing stock in thirteen different locations in forest-line areas. The linear temporal trends and the variations of these response variables were used as indicators of a possible change during the study period. Spruce showed a significant increase both in the volume of the growing stock (up to 40% increase) and in the total stem number (up to 100% increase). A significant increase in the volume of the growing stock was observed in the pine data as well (up to 70% increase), whereas the stem number stagnated or even decreased. The results suggest that spruce needs favourable conditions to have an abundant regeneration, but after the establishment the seedlings seem to be more resistant against biotic and abiotic disturbances than pine seedlings. The increasing stand volume might result in a climate-related northward and upward extension of forests in the future. However, our results show that responses in the boreal forest line are species and location specific and a more favourable climate does not necessarily lead to an advance of the coniferous forest line.Picea abiesPinus sylvestris
Numerical modeling of safety factor evaluation associated with the dredging and quarry mining techniques in northeast Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md. Rafiqul , Omar Faruque Mohammed , Shahid Abu Toyob , Hossain Iqbal , Al Masum Abdullah
Published: August 2015

This article describes the numerical modeling to investigate the safety factor of the quarry and dredging mining methods in the Volagonj area of Sylhet district in northeast Bangladesh. Two kinds of numerical models (A and B) are presented here. Both models consist of a single zone that includes gravelly sand deposits with some fine silt and clay. The zone also bears homogeneous rock/soil physical characteristics. Model A assumes safety factor of dredging mining method with variable slope angles and water column height of 40 m. Model B assumes safety factor of the quarry mining method associated with variable slope angles, where water column of the riverbed has not been considered. The numerical modeling results reveal that the safety factor of the model A ranges from 1.56 to 1.04. The safety factor ranges from 1.32 to 0.81 for model B. The calculated safety factor of the Volagonj rock quarry implies that the slope angle should not be greater than 70o for the dredging mining method. Because the critical safety factor values are 1.07 and 1.04 associated with slope angles 75o and 80o, respectively. For the case of the quarry mining, the appropriate slope angle also should not be greater than 60o.
The effect of the problem based learning on academic success for the 6th grade students
Authors: Uyar Gülcan , Bal Ayten Pınar
Published: August 2015

This study has conducted to reveal the effect of the problem based learning on academic success in the 6th grade math lesson. The working group of the study consists of 79 students who are 6th grade at Ismetpasa Secondary School in Düzce. The study has been designed in the model of pretest-posttest control group. "Mathematics success test" and "Semi-constructed interview form on the problem based learning" have been applied as data collection tool. Data has been tested with the analysis of both covariance and content. There is an important difference between pretest results and posttest results when the pretest points have been controlled. When the opinions of experimental group related to these learning methods have been examined these opinions provide the permanent learning, improve the success and develop the skills on problem solving.
Integrating Producers at the Base of the Pyramid with Global Markets: A Market Learning Approach
Authors: Adekambi Souleïmane A. , Ingenbleek Paul T.M. , van Trijp Hans C.M.
Published: August 2015

International marketing literature suggests that through market learning, businesses develop market-valued capabilities that are the basis of their performance. Therefore, market learning is also of importance to producers at the base of the pyramid (BoP), whose ability to climb out of poverty often depends on the purchasing power of those in export markets. However, the ways in which BoP-producer-based export chains learn from foreign users of their products and incorporate these insights into their decisions are not yet clear. Using case studies from Benin, the authors examine how market learning processes function in supply chains at the BoP. A cross-case comparison suggests that market connections are established when export market information is generated by formal-sector organizations and when such organizations establish formal ways of sharing information with BoP producers. The access to export markets becomes sustainable if formal institutions also support the use of information. The study has implications for procurement by exporters and for pro-poor development.
Social Networks within Sales Organizations: Their Development and Importance for Salesperson Performance
Authors: Bolander Willy , Satornino Cinthia B. , Hughes Douglas E. , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: August 2015

Although the study of salesperson performance traditionally has focused on salespeople's activities and relationships with customers, scholars recently have proposed that salespeople's intraorganizational relationships and activities also play a vital role in driving sales performance. Using data from 286 salespeople in a unique social network analysis, the authors explore the effects of salespeople's intraorganizational relationships on objective salesperson performance as well as the role of political skill in developing intraorganizational relationships. The results indicate that two types of social network characteristics (i.e., relational centrality and positional centrality) contribute substantially to salesperson performance. Moreover, salespeople's political skill is shown to be an antecedent to relational centrality but, surprisingly, not positional centrality. This finding demonstrates that researchers should not assume that all centralities represent similar underlying network characteristics. In light of these results, the authors discuss several implications for both managers and researchers as well as directions for further research.
Experimental Study On Fracture Property Of Double Cantilever Beam Specimen With Aluminum Foam
Authors: Kim Y.C. , Choi H.K. , Cho J.U.
Published: August 2015

This study aims to investigate double cantilever beam specimen with aluminum foam bonded by spray adhesive to investigate the fracture strength of the adhesive joint experimentally. The fracture energy at opening mode is calculated by the formulae of British Engineering Standard (BS 7991) and International Standard (ISO 11343). For the static experiment, four types of specimens with the heights (h) of 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm and 40 mm are manufactured and the experimental results are compared with each other. As the height becomes greater, the fracture energy becomes higher. After the length of crack reaches 150 mm, the fracture energy of the specimen (h=35 mm) is greater than that of the specimen (h=40 mm). Fatigue test is also performed with DCB test specimen. As the height decreases, the fracture energy becomes higher. By the result obtained from this study, aluminum foam with adhesive joint can be applied to actual composite structure and its fracture property can possibly be anticipated.
Characterization Of The Graded Microstructure In Powder Sintered Porous Titanium
Authors: Oak J.-J. , Bang J.I. , Bae K.-C. , Kim Y.H. , Lee Y.-C. , Chun H.H. , Park Y.H.
Published: August 2015

The proposed sintering process produce porosity and functional graded microstructure in the sinterd titanium powders. Titanium powders with different micro sizes were sintered at the proposed temperature region at 1200 and 1300°C for 2h. The apatite-forming on the graded microstructure is observed by immersion test in Hanks balanced salt soluion at 37°C. Sintering condition of titanium powders is estimated by thermogravitmetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The synthersied surface structures and apatite-forming ability were characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observation and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. As results, these graded microstructure of sintered porous titanium powders reveals apatite-forming ability as osseointegration by calcification in Hanks balanced salt soluion(HBSS) at 37°C.
Characteristics Of The Porous Body Sintered By Nano-Sized Fe-Cr-Al Alloy Powder
Authors: Lee Su-In , Lee Si-Hyeong , Gu Bon-Uk , Lee Dong-Won , Kim Byoung-Kee
Published: August 2015

Porous metal with uniform honeycomb structure was successfully produced by sintering using Fe-Cr-Al nano powder, which was prepared by the pulsed wire evaporation (PWE) in ethanol. Its process consisted of the several steps; 1) coating on the surface of polyurethane sponge with the liquid droplets generated from the ethanol-based slurry where the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders were uniformly dispersed, 2) heat treatment of debinding to remove the polyurethane sponge and 3) sintering of the porous green body formed by Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. The strut thickness of porous Fe-Cr-Al was increased by the increase of spraying times in ESP step. Also, The shrinkages and the oxidation resistance of the sintered porous body was increased with increase of sintering temperature. The optimal sintering temperature was shown to 1450°C in views to maximize the oxidation resistance and sinterability.
The Effect Of Grain Size On The Mechanical Properties Of Aluminum
Authors: Jeong G. , Park J. , Nam S. , Shin S.-E. , Shin J. , Bae D. , Choi H.
Published: August 2015

Although many studies have focused on the unique plastic deformation behavior of nanocrystalline aluminum (e.g., the positive deviation from Hall-Petch relation, the unusual yield-drop phenomenon in tensile mode, etc.), the data reported by different research groups are inconsistent with each other, possibly because of different fabrication processes. In this study, aluminum samples with a wide grain-size spectrum – from a few micrometers down to 100 nanometers – are manufactured by powder metallurgy. The grain size was measured by X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscope observation. Furthermore, the tensile behavior, which varied according to a grain size, is discussed with a comparison of the theoretical models.
Extraction Factor Of Tungsten Sources From Tungsten Scraps By Zinc Decomposition Process
Authors: Pee J.-H. , Kim G.H. , Lee H.Y. , Kim Y.J.
Published: August 2015

Decomposition promoting factors and extraction process of tungsten carbide and tungstic acid powders in the zinc decomposition process of tungsten scraps which are composed mostly of tungsten carbide and cobalt were evaluated. Zinc volatility was suppressed by the enclosed graphite crucible and zinc volatilization pressure was produced in the reaction graphite crucible inside an electric furnace for ZDP (Zinc Decomposition Process). Decomposition reaction was done for 2hours at 650°, which 100% decomposed the tungsten scraps that were over 30 mm thick. Decomposed scraps were pulverized under 75μm and were composed of tungsten carbide and cobalt identified by the XRD (X-ray Diffraction). To produce the WC(Tungsten Carbide) powder directly from decomposed scraps, pulverized powders were reacted with hydrochloric acid to remove the cobalt binder. Also to produce the tungstic acid, pulverized powders were reacted with aqua regia to remove the cobalt binder and oxidize the tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide and tungstic acid powders were identified by XRD and chemical composition analysis.
RF Magnetron Sputtering Coating Of Hydroxyapatite On Alkali Solution Treated Titanate Nanorods
Authors: Lee K. , Shin G.
Published: August 2015

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a material with outstanding biocompatibility. It is chemically similar to natural bone tissue, and has therefore been favored for use as a coating material for dental and orthopedic implants. In this study, RF magnetron sputtering was applied for HA coating. And Alkali treatment was performed in a 5 M NaOH solution at 60°C. The coated HA thin film was heat-treated at a range of temperatures from 300 to 600°C. The morphological characterization and crystal structures of the coated specimens were then obtained via FE-SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. The amorphous thin film obtained on hydrothermally treated nanorods transformed into a crystalline thin film after the heat treatment. The change in the phase transformation, with an enhanced crystallinity, showed a reduced wettability. The hydrothermally treated nanorods with an amorphous thin film, on the other hand, showed an outstanding wettability. The HA thin film perpendicularly coated the nanorods in the upper and inner parts via RF magnetron sputtering, and the FT-IR results confirmed that the molecular bonding of the coated film had an HA structure.
The Influence Of The Temperature Of Liquid Nitrogen On The Physical Properties Of Powder Magnetic Composites
Authors: Kapelski D. , Jankowski B. , Przybylski M. , Ślusarek B.
Published: August 2015

The paper presents the physical properties of soft magnetic iron composites and Nd-Fe-B bonded permanent magnets measured at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen. The objective of research was a determination of influence of liquid nitrogen temperature on the magnetic properties, resistivity and mechanical properties of different powder magnetic materials. Research was carried out for three powder materials: soft magnetic, i.e. Somaloy 700, AncorLam and hard magnetic powder MQP-B used for production of bonded magnets. Composite specimens were prepared by compression moulding technology.
Fabrication And Properties Of Silver Based Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Composite Prepared By Spark Plasma Sintering Method
Authors: Lis M. , Wrona A. , Mazur J. , Dupont C. , Kamińska M. , Kopyto D. , Kwarciński M.
Published: August 2015

The paper presents results of investigations of the obtained nanocomposite materials based on silver with addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes. The powder of carbon nanotubes content from 0.1 to 3 wt. % was produced by application of powder metallurgy methods, through mixing and high-energetic milling, and also chemical methods. Modification of carbon nanotubes included electroless deposition of silver particles on the carbon nanotube active surfaces and chemical reduction with strong reducing agent – sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The obtained powder mixtures were consolidated by SPS – Spark Plasma Sintering method. The formed composites were subjected to tests of relative density, electrical conductivity and electro-erosion properties. Detailed examinations of the structure with application of X-ray microanalysis, with consideration of carbon nanotubes distribution, were also carried out. The effect of manufacturing methods on properties of the obtained composites was observed.
Fabrication Of Porous Ti By Thermal Decomposition And Sintering Of PMMA/TiH2 Powder Compact
Authors: Jeon K.Ch. , Kim Y.D. , Suk M.-J. , Oh S.-T.
Published: August 2015

Porous Ti with controlled pore structure was fabricated by thermal decomposition and sintering process using TiH2 powders and Polymethylmethacrylates (PMMA) beads as pore forming agent. The beads sizes of 8 and 50 μm were used as a template for fabricating the porous Ti. The TiH2 powder compacts with 20 and 70 vol% PMMA were prepared by uniaxial pressing and sintered for 2 h at 1100°C. TGA analysis revealed that the PMMA and TiH2 were thermally decomposed at about 400°C forming pores and at about 600°C into metallic Ti phase. The porosity increased with increase in the amount of PMMA addition. Also, the microstructure observation showed that the pore size and shape were strongly dependent on the PMMA shapes.
Determination Of Power Loss In Fe-Based Soft Magnetic Composites
Authors: Jankowski B. , Kapelski D. , Ślusarek B. , Szczygłowski J.
Published: August 2015

The magnetic properties of Fe-based composite materials with different particle sizes were investigated. The results of energy loss density were obtained from measurements of the static (DC) hysteresis cycles ranging from 0,2 to 1,4 T. In turn, the results of power loss density were obtained from measurements of the dynamic (AC) hysteresis cycles ranging from 20 to 400 Hz and at the maximum flux density 0,3; 0,9 and 1,3 T. Two sets of specimens was analyzed in the investigation: the specimens compacted under pressure of 800 MPa and hardened at 500°C and the specimens compacted under different pressure and hardened at 500°C. Specimens of the second set had the same density. The study confirmed the influence of particle size distribution on magnetic properties of Fe-based soft magnetic composites.
Effect Of Severe Plastic Deformation On Microstructure Evolution Of Pure Aluminium
Authors: Leszczyńska-Madej B. , Richert M.W. , Perek-Nowak M.
Published: August 2015

Processes of severe plastic deformation (SPD) are defined as a group of metalworking techniques in which a very large plastic strain is imposed on a bulk material in order to make an ultra-fine grained metal. The present study attempts to apply Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP), Hydrostatic Extrusion (HE) and combination of ECAP and HE to 99.5% pure aluminium. ECAP process was realized at room temperature for 16 passes through route Bc using a die having an angle of 90°. Hydrostatic extrusion process was performed with cumulative strain of 2.68 to attain finally wire diameter of d = 3 mm. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the microhardness was measured and statistical analysis of the grains and subgrains was performed. Based on Kikuchi diffraction patterns misorientation was determined. The measured grain/subgrain size show, that regardless the mode of deformation process (ECAP, HE or combination of ECAP and HE processes), grain size is maintained at a similar level – equal to d = 0.55-0.59μm. A combination of ECAP and HE has achieved better properties than either single process and show to be a promising procedure for manufacturing bulk UFG aluminium.
Experimental Study On Fracture Property Of Tapered Double Cantilever Beam Specimen With Aluminum Foam
Authors: Kim Y.C. , Kim S.S. , Cho J.U.
Published: August 2015

It is indispensable to evaluate fracture energy as the bonding strength of adhesive at composite material with aluminum foam. This specimen is designed with tapered double cantilever beam by British standards (BS 7991 and ISO 11343). 4 kinds of specimens due to m values of 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 are manufactured and compared each other with the experimental results. Adhesive fracture energy is calculated from the formulae of British standards. The value of m is the gradient which is denoted as the length and the height of specimen. As m becomes greater at static experimental result, the maximum load becomes higher and the displacement becomes lower. And the critical fracture energy becomes higher. As m becomes less at fatigue experimental result, the displacement becomes higher and the critical fracture energy becomes higher. Fracture behavior of adhesive can be analyzed by this study and these experimental results can be applied into real field effectively. The stability on TDCB structure bonded with aluminum foam composite can be predicted by use of this experimental result. Adhesive fracture energy is calculated from the formulae of British standards. Based on correlations obtained in this study, the fracture behavior of bonded material would possibly be analyzed and aluminum foam material bonded with adhesive would be applied to a composite structure in various fields, thereby analyzing the mechanical and fracture characteristic of the material.
The Effect Of Strain Rate On The Mechanical Properties And Microstructure Of The High-Mn Steel After Dynamic Deformation Tests
Authors: Jabłońska M.B. , Śmiglewicz A. , Niewielski G.
Published: August 2015

The paper presents results of dynamic tensile investigations of high-manganese Fe – 20 wt.% Mn – 3 wt.% Al – 3 wt.% Si – 0.2 wt.% steel. The research was carried out on a flywheel machine, which enables to perform dynamic tensile tests and impact bending with a linear velocity of the enforcing element in the range of 5÷40 m/s. It was found that the studied steel was characterized by very good mechanical properties. Strength of the tested materials was determined in the static tensile test and dynamic deformation test, while its hardness was measured with the Vickers hardness test method. The surface of fractures that were created in the areas where the sample was torn were analyzed. These fractures indicate the presence of transcrystalline ductile fractures. Fractographic tests were performed with the use of a scanning electron microscope. The structure was analyzed by light optical microscopy. Substructure studies revealed occurrence of mechanical twinning induced by high strain rates. A detailed analysis of the structure was performed with the use of a transmission scanning electron microscope STEM.
Analysis Of Deformation And Microstructural Evolution In The Hot Forging Of The Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Kukuryk M.
Published: August 2015

The paper presents the analysis of the three-dimensional strain state for the cogging process of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy using the finite element method, assuming the rigid-plastic model of the deformed body. It reports the results of simulation studies on the metal flow pattern and thermal phenomena occurring in the hot cogging process conducted on three tool types. The computation results enable the determination of the distribution of effective strain, effective stress, mean stress and temperature within the volume of the blank. This solution has been complemented by adding the model of microstructure evolution during the cogging process. The numerical analysis was made using the DEFORM-3D consisting of a mechanical, a thermal and a microstructural parts. The comparison of the theoretical study and experimental test results indicates a potential for the developed model to be employed for predicting deformations and microstructure parameters.
New Approach In The Properties Evaluation Of Ultrafine-Grained OFHC Copper
Authors: Kvačkaj T. , Kováčová A. , Bidulská J. , Bidulský R. , Kočičko R.
Published: August 2015

In this study, static, dynamic and tribological properties of ultrafine-grained (UFG) oxygen-free high thermal conductivity (OFHC) copper were investigated in detail. In order to evaluate the mechanical behaviour at different strain rates, OFHC copper was tested using two devices resulting in static and dynamic regimes. Moreover, the copper was subjected to two different processing methods, which made possible to study the influence of structure. The study of strain rate and microstructure was focused on progress in the mechanical properties after tensile tests. It was found that the strain rate is an important parameter affecting mechanical properties of copper. The ultimate tensile strength increased with the strain rate increasing and this effect was more visible at high strain rates$({\dot \varepsilon} \sim 10^2 \;{\rm{s}}^{ - 1} )$. However, the reduction of area had a different progress depending on microstructural features of materials (coarse-grained vs. ultrafine-grained structure) and introduced strain rate conditions during plastic deformation (static vs. dynamic regime). The wear behaviour of copper was investigated through pin-on-disk tests. The wear tracks examination showed that the delamination and the mild oxidational wears are the main wear mechanisms.
Cavitation Erosion Resistance Of FeAl Intermetallic Alloys And Al2O3 – Based Ceramics
Authors: Jasionowski R. , Pędzich Z. , Zasada D. , Przetakiewicz W.
Published: August 2015

The problem of the devastation of fluid-flow machinery components is very complex, because it consists of processes of erosion and corrosion. The most dangerous factor is the cavitation phenomenon, which is very difficult to eliminate through the use of design solutions. Usage of materials with greater resistance to cavitation erosion seems to be an obvious effective method of prevention. Such materials as FeAl intermetallic alloys and ceramic materials may be considered as reasonable candidates for this purpose. In the presented work, cavitation erosion resistance of FeAl intermetallic alloys and Al2O3 – based ceramic materials, was investigated and compared.
Structure And Properties Of PVD Coatings Deposited On Cermets
Authors: Żukowska L. , Mikuła J. , Staszuk M. , Musztyfaga-Staszuk M.
Published: August 2015

The main aim of the research is the investigation of the structure and properties of single-layer and gradient coatings of the type (Ti,Al)N and Ti(C,N) deposited by physical vapour deposition technology (PVD) on the cermets substrate.

The structural investigations include the metallographic analysis on the transmission and scanning electron microscope. Examinations of the chemical compositions of the deposited coatings were carried out using the X-ray energy dispersive spectrograph EDS, and using the X-ray diffractometer. The investigations include also analysis of the mechanical and functional properties of the materials: substrate hardness tests and microhardness tests of the deposited coatings, surface roughness tests, evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings as well as cutting properties.

The results of the investigations carried out confirm the advantages of PVD coatings deposited onto cermets substrate especially in case of (Ti,Al)N. Coatings deposited onto the investigated substrates are characterised by good adhesion, high microhardness, taking effect in very high increasing of wear resistance.

Deposition of hard, thin, gradient coatings on materials surface by PVD method features one of the most intensely developed directions of improvement of the working properties of materials. Equally important is the development of tool materials with respect to the fabrication of thin coatings resistant to wear in PVD process. It is of considerable importance, since through the selection of appropriate components, we can obtain a tool material of better properties. This area of tool material development is a priority nowadays, since it is the main route leading to the acquisition of machining tools of suitable properties.

The results of the investigation provide useful information on microstructure, adhesion characterized in a scratch test, wear resistant properties of the gradient and single-layer coatings deposited onto cermet.
The Possibility Of Use Of Laser-Modified Ti6Al4V Alloy In Friction Pairs In Endoprostheses
Authors: Majkowska B. , Jażdżewska M. , Wołowiec E. , Piekoszewski W. , Klimek L. , Zieliński A.
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this paper is to show results of laser treatment at cryogenic conditions of the Ti6Al4V alloy used for orthopedic applications. That modification process ought to bring beneficial changes of microstructure and residual stresses in the surface layer. The paper presents the abrasive wear of the base and laser remelted material in association with ceramics Al2O3. Despite the surface cracking after laser treatment the tribological properties in simulated body fluid have been substantially improved.
The Characterization Of Cast Fe-Cr-C Alloy
Authors: Wieczerzak K. , Bała P. , Stępień M. , Cios G. , Kozieł T.
Published: August 2015

The paper presents the results of the characterization of alloy from Fe-Cr-C (carbon content 0.79 wt.%) system including the microstructure, phase analysis, morphology and hardness in as cast state. The chemical composition was designed to create chromium-rich ferritic matrix with high volume fraction of carbides in form of interdendritic eutectics. The research was carried out on the cross section of the ingot, synthesized in an arc furnace under high purity argon atmosphere and crystallized on water-cooled copper mould. Microstructural characterization was carried out by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase identification was performed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure of the investigated alloy is composed of primary and secondary dendrites Fe-Cr solid solution and complex M23C6and M7C3carbides in interdendritic areas. Segregation of Cr and C during crystallization causes precipitation of M7C3carbides. The average hardness of the alloy is 205±12 HV10.
Effect Of Steel Flow Control Devices On Flow And Temperature Field In The Tundish Of Continuous Casting Machine
Authors: Sowa L.
Published: August 2015

The mathematical model and numerical simulations of the liquid steel flow in a tundish are presented in this paper. The problem was treated as a complex and solved by the finite element method. One takes into consideration in the mathematical model the changes of thermophysical parameters depending on the temperature. The single-strand tundish is used to casting slabs. The internal work space of the tundish was modified by flow control devices. The first device was a pour pad situated in the pouring tundish zone. The second device was a dam. The third device was a baffle with three holes. The dam and baffle were placed in the tundish at different positions depending on the variant. The main purpose of using these was to put barriers in the steel flow path as well as give directional metal flow upwards which facilitated inclusion floatation. The interaction of flow control devices on hydrodynamic conditions was received from numerical simulations. As a result of the computations carried out, the liquid steel flow and steel temperature fields were obtained. The influences of the tundish modifications on the velocity fields in liquid phase of the steel were estimated, because these have essential an influence on high-quality of a continuous steel cast slab.
Effect Of Low-Temperature Annealing On The Properties Of Ni-P Amorphous Alloys Deposited Via Electroless Plating
Authors: Zhao Guanlin , Zou Yong , Zhang Hui , Zou Zengda
Published: August 2015

Amorphous Ni-P alloys were prepared via electroless plating and annealing at 200°C at different times to obtain different microstructures. The effects of low-temperature annealing on the properties of amorphous Ni-P alloys were studied. The local atomic structure of the annealed amorphous Ni-P alloys was analyzed by calculating the atomic pair distribution function from their X-ray diffraction patterns. The results indicate that the properties of the annealed amorphous Ni-P alloys are closely related to the order atomic cluster size. However, these annealed Ni-P alloys maintained their amorphous structure at different annealing times. The variation in microhardness is in agreement with the change in cluster size. By contrast, the corrosion resistance of the annealed alloys in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution increases with the decrease in order cluster size.
Tuning The Crystallographic Structure And Morphology Of Nanocrystalline CaB6 Films Deposited By DC Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Zhang L. , Zhao G. , Liu H. , Min G. , Yu H.
Published: August 2015

Through changing the argon pressure, CaB6 films with different crystallographic orientation and morphology on glass substrates were prepared by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering method. The film textures, crystallite sizes, composition and morphology were investigated by a spectrum of characterizing techniques in terms of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (FESEM-EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman shift spectroscopy. The influence of argon pressure on microstructure was studied. The average grain size increased with the argon pressure increasing from 0.8 Pa to 1.5 Pa. Meanwhile, the dominant crystal face changed from (110) to (100). Then the grain size decreased when the argon pressure increased to 2.0 Pa. The surface morphology evolved from typical cauliflower-like nanocrystalline clusters to faceted rectangular pyramids. It was found that considerable amount of argon atoms were trapped in the films. The formation process of CaB6 films was also analyzed in this paper.
Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition – Technological Design Of Functional Coatings
Authors: Januś M. , Kyzioł K. , Kluska S. , Konefał-Góral J. , Małek A. , Jonas S.
Published: August 2015

Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (PA CVD) method allows to deposit of homogeneous, well-adhesive coatings at lower temperature on different substrates. Plasmochemical treatment significantly impacts on physicochemical parameters of modified surfaces. In this study we present the overview of the possibilities of plasma processes for the deposition of diamond-like carbon coatings doped Si and/or N atoms on the Ti Grade2, aluminum-zinc alloy and polyetherketone substrate. Depending on the type of modified substrate had improved the corrosion properties including biocompatibility of titanium surface, increase of surface hardness with deposition of good adhesion and fine-grained coatings (in the case of Al-Zn alloy) and improving of the wear resistance (in the case of PEEK substrate).
Study Of Rust Preventive Characteristics Of Rust Preventive Oil From Polarization Curve Measurement
Authors: Iwashima D. , Ejiri K. , Nagase N. , Hatakeyama M. , Sunada S.
Published: August 2015

Fe-Cu-C sintered steels are widely used as powder materials, because of its small volumetric shrinkage. However, Cu, which acts as cathode enhance formation of rust Fe2O3·xH2O during fabrication. To prevent formation of Fe2O3·xH2O rust preventive oils are widely used. High viscosity of those rust preventive oils decrease workability. While, low viscosity degrade rust preventive performance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new rust preventive oils with contradictory properties of low viscosity and superior rust prevention. In this study, we developed technique to quantitatively evaluate rust prevention ability by measuring polarization curve through thin corrosive solution on Fe-Cu-C sintered steels coated with rust preventive oils. The electrochemical measurements were carried out in corrosive solution of 0.35 mass % NaCl. Using a double capillary was added dropwise to the specimen. From the experimental, it is possible to evaluate the corrosion rate quantitatively in the surface of specimen, which was coated with rust preventive oil through thin corrosive solution. From the measurement results, Corrosion rate is reduced by coating the rust preventive oil. Especially, corrosion rate of the specimen coated with oil that showed best performance indicated 10000 times better than that of without oil ones. Zn addition negative correlation between corrosion rate and period of potential oscillation.
Microstructure And Erosion-Corrosion Behaviour Of As-Cast High Chromium White Irons Containing Molybdenum In Aqueous Sulfuric-Acid Slurry
Authors: Imurai S. , Thanachayanont Ch. , Pearce J.T.H. , Chairuangsri T.
Published: August 2015

Microstructure and erosion-corrosion behaviour of as-cast high chromium white irons containing molybdenum in aqueous sulfuric-acid slurry was studied. The experimental irons contained 28 wt.%Cr with a Cr:C ratio of about 10 and up to 10 wt.%Mo. The irons with up to 6 wt.%Mo are hypoeutectic, whereas the iron with 10 wt.%Mo becomes eutectic/peritectic. Mo addition promotes formation of M23C6 and M6C, instead of typical M7C3. Erosion-corrosion testing was performed in aqueous sulfuric-acid slurry containing alumina particles. The hypoeutectic Fe-28Cr-2.7C-1Mo with mainly M7C3 and the eutectic/peritectic Fe-28Cr-2.6C-10Mo showed reduced wear rates of about 30% and 7% of that of the reference iron without Mo addition, respectively. The reduction of the carbide-matrix hardness difference, the increase of corrosion resistance of the matrices, and the increase of macro-hardness are determining factors for the improvement of erosion-corrosion resistance of the irons.
Effects Of Aluminum Sputtering On The Corrosion Resistance Of AZ91 Alloy
Authors: Ishibashi Y. , Nose M. , Hatakeyama M. , Sunada S.
Published: August 2015

The corrosion resistance of a Magnesium alloy is low and needs to be improved. This research aimed at corrosion-resistance improvement by supatterd deposition aluminium film, which is formed on the surface of AZ91 Magnesium-alloy. Corrosion resistance performed polarization curve measurement, was evaluated in quest of the corrosion rate using the Tafel extrapolation method, and conducted surface observation and EDS analysis by SEM. Although corrosion resistance is not improved only by film forming because of defects in film, corrosion resistance is improved by heat treatment for 3 hours by 553K after sputtering. In the case of heat treated at 623K and 673K for 3 hours, magnesium diffuses through the alminium film and reached the surface of the film. Thus, heat treatment at high temperature degrade the corrosion resistance of the film. The optimization of heat treatment after sputtering is important in this method.
Cast Iron And Mineral Cast Applied For Machine Tool Bed - Dynamic Behavior Analysis
Authors: Kępczak N. , Pawłowski W. , Kaczmarek Ł.
Published: August 2015

Cast iron and mineral cast are the materials most often used in the machine structural elements design (bodies, housings, machine tools beds etc.). The materials significantly differ in physical and mechanical properties. The ability to suppress vibration is one of the most important factors determining the dynamic properties of the machine and has a significant impact on the machining capabilities of a machine tool. Recent research and development trends show that there is a clear tendency to move away from the traditional iron casting to the mineral casting, due to better dynamic properties of the latter. However mineral cast as a structural material for the whole machine tools bed turns out to be insufficient due to its poor mechanical strength properties. The best solution should benefit from the advantages of the cast iron and mineral cast materials while minimizing their drawbacks. The paper presents numerical modal analysis of two lathe beds: the first one made of gray cast iron and the second one made of hybrid connection of cast iron and mineral cast. The analysis was conducted in order to determine the dynamic properties of two bodies of similar shapes made in the traditional (cast iron) and innovative hybrid (cast iron and mineral cast) technology. In addition, an analysis of the static structure rigidity of the two beds was performed. During the simulation studies it was found a significant increase in dynamic stiffness and static rigidity of the machine tool body made of hybrid connection of cast iron and mineral cast. The results of numerical simulations have confirmed the desirability of using hybrid construction because the dynamic properties of such a body are more advantageous in comparison with the conventional body made of cast iron.
Optimization Of Multi-Module CrN/CrCN Coatings
Authors: Szparaga Ł. , Bartosik P. , Gilewicz A. , Ratajski J.
Published: August 2015

In the paper was proposed optimization procedure supporting the prototyping of the geometry of multi-module CrN/CrCN coatings, deposited on substrates from 42CrMo4 steel, in respect of mechanical properties. Adopted decision criteria were the functions of the state of internal stress and strain in the coating and substrate, caused by external mechanical loads. Using developed optimization procedure the set of optimal solutions (Pareto-optimal solutions) of coatings geometry parameters, due to the adopted decision criteria was obtained. For the purposes of analysis of obtained Pareto-optimal solutions, their mutual distance in the space of criteria and decision variables were calculated, which allowed to group solutions in the classes. Also analyzed the number of direct neighbors of Pareto-optimal solutions for the purposes of assessing the stability of solutions.
Individual Prognostic Factors in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Hintea A , Dobre A , Coroş M , Ancuţa Roşca , Daniela Dobru
Published: August 2015

Objectives: The objective of this research was to study the prognostic factors in gastric cancer.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 5-year survival in 112 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma operated between 2004-2009. We used the Surgery Clinic I and Health Insurance House databases for study of the following parameters: age, sex, depth of invasion, histological type, surgery, number of lymph nodes excised and reported overrun / removed lymphnodes.

Results: There was no significant survival difference related to gender aspects. We found significant differences in the survival rate in relation to the tumours confined to the mucosa and muscularis mucosae (100% and 60% respectively), compared to the cases with deeper invasion (p<0.05). Intestinal type presented a superior however insignificant prognosis compared to diffuse type (22% versus 5.66%). Five years survival was slightly lower after D1 lymphadenectomy D1 compared to D2 lymphadenectomy (25.92% versus 29.16%). We found large differences among the number of perigastric lymph nodes (between 3 and 42 in groups of 1 to 6) nodules. Survival rates were significantly higher (p <0.05) in patients with overrun lymphnodes between 0 and <20%, compared to those with overrun ones over 20% of all excised nodes (23.07%, 55.55% vs. 3.89%).

Conclusions: Merely the number of removed lymph nodes may be a source of error in staging if not taken into account the groups they belong to; the most constant individual prognostic factors are the depth of invasion and overrun/removed lymph nodes report; D2 lymphadenectomy has superior results in terms of 5 years survival compared to D1 lymphadenectomy, but, at least in our study, the difference was insignificant.