bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ambivalence of Ordinary Cosmopolitanism: Investigating the Limits of Cosmopolitan Openness
Authors: Skrbis Zlatko , Woodward Ian
Published: November 2007

Despite diverse understandings of cosmopolitanism, most authors agree that cosmopolitans espouse a broadly defined disposition of ‘openness’ toward others, people, things and experiences whose origin is non-local. It is argued that such an attitude is expressed by an emotional and ethical commitment towards universalism, selflessness, worldliness and communitarianism, and that such values should be identifiable in the practices, attitudes and identifications of individuals. By using data generated through qualitative focus group research, this paper extends the development of Lamont and Aksartova's (2002) category of ‘ordinary cosmopolitanism’. The participants in this study saw themselves as beneficiaries of an increasingly interconnected world, and they generally expressed cosmopolitan sentiments by referring to easily accepted opportunities associated with globalisation (eg. travel, cuisine, music) rather than the more difficult aspects of openness such as showing hospitality to strangers, or accepting human interest ahead of perceived national interests. Their positive views were counterbalanced, however, by sentiments of ‘dilution of national culture’ and ‘culture loss’. We argue that cosmopolitanism is a set of structurally grounded, discursive resources available to social actors which is variably deployed to deal with issues like cultural diversity, the global, and otherness. Ironically these discourses, which are the basis of the everyday accounts we describe, mirror academic debates on globalisation, suggesting the immersion of theorists in these discursive webs of meaning that structure responses to things global.
Jespersen’s cycle in Arabic and Berber1
Authors: Lucas Christopher
Published: October 2007

Many varieties of Arabic and Berber have undergone a process of syntactic change known as Jespersen’s Cycle (JC). In JC a postverbal item is reanalysed as part of a discontinuous marker of negation together with the original preverbal negator. In some cases the original preverbal negator is then lost. This paper investigates the synchronic and historical data relevant to JC in the varieties in question, arguing that the innovation of the postverbal negator began in Arabic and later spread to Berber through contact. The various syntactic reanalyses involved in the Arabic JC are sketched, and the implications of the Arabic and Berber data for better‐known instances of JC in European languages are discussed.
Parameters of morphosyntactic variation in Bantu1
Authors: Marten Lutz , Kula Nancy C. , Thwala Nhlanhla
Published: October 2007

Bantu languages are fairly uniform in terms of broad typological parameters. However, they have been noted to display a high degree of more fine‐grained morphosyntactic micro‐variation. In this paper we develop a systematic approach to the study of morphosyntactic variation in Bantu by developing nineteen parameters which serve as the basis for cross‐linguistic comparison and which we use for comparing ten southeastern Bantu languages. We address conceptual issues involved in studying morphosyntax along parametric lines and show how the data we have can be used for the quantitative study of language comparison. Although the work reported is a case study in need of expansion, we will show that it nevertheless produces relevant results.
Specifier‐to‐head reanalyses in the complementizer domain: evidence from Welsh
Authors: Willis David
Published: October 2007

This paper considers specifier‐to‐head reanalyses within the complementizer domain. Such reanalyses are well attested. This paper focuses on one such change, the emergence of affirmative main‐clause complementizers in Welsh (present‐day Welshmiandfe). It is demonstrated that these emerged from earlier preverbal subject pronouns that satisfied a V2‐constraint in SpecCP. The reanalysis proceeded via two stages, one in which the expletive pronounef(e),efowas reanalysed as an affirmative main‐clause complementizer, the second in which all other pronouns were reanalysed as affirmative main‐clause complementizers that showed agreement with a pronominal subject. This agreement was lost between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, with different results according to dialect. These changes are considered in the context of other cases where new agreeing complementizers have been created in varieties of Dutch and German, and from the general perspective of formal approaches to grammaticalization and unidirectionality of change.
NegP and negated constituent movement in the history of English1
Authors: Ingham Richard
Published: October 2007

Three types of negated constituent movement during the history of English – NegV1, Negative Inversion and Negative Movement – are linked to the role of NegP in the syntax of English up to the early Modern period, building on proposals made byHaegeman (1995),van Kemenade (2000)andZeijlstra (2004). NegP is analysed as involving the presence of a Neg Operator, null in languages with a head negator. A high NegP licensed NegV1 in Old and early Middle English, the optionality of a Neg Operator in NegP triggered Negative Movement in Late Middle English until NegP was lost, and the loss of NegP in Early Modern English permitted Negative Inversion. The absence of NegP is proposed for the earliest attested stages of English as well as of other Indo‐European languages, as a way of accounting for a stage where NegV1 and Negative Concord were absent.
The Emerging Strategic Partnership between India and the EU: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Baroowa Saponti
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  For a long time, the relations between India and the EU have been largely informed by economics without any similar significant engagement at the political level. In recent times however, amongst others, the changing external environment, the EU's emerging profile as a global actor and India's growing importance both regionally and globally warranted the need for greater political dialogue and cooperation between the two sides. What followed therefore was the formalisation at the highest level of the EU's political dialogue with India and its institutionalisation into a meaningful summit‐level partnership leading to a strategic partnership. Areas of divergence and challenges remain but the opportunities that have surfaced are significant and deserving of attention. This article critically analyses the growing strategic partnership between India and the EU in the light of both these realities.
The Making of a Market Economy in China: Transformation of Government Regulation of Market Development
Authors: Wu Qianlan
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The making of a market economy in China occurred when the domestic legal system was largely underdeveloped. It is the administrative bureaucratic system that has played a leading role in the making of a market economy in China. In recent years, the Chinese Government has strived to establish a market economy based on the rule of law and has undertaken legal measures to rationalise government regulation of market economy development. However, the administrative bureaucratic system headed by the central government remains a strong party leading the market economy construction in China. This article argues that the administrative bureaucratic system and market economy development have evolved into a social institution. To transform the regulation of market economy development towards the rule of law is a social institutional change and is a slow and incremental process, as it is imbedded in the various formal and informal constraints in Chinese society.
Engaging the Private Sector: EU–China Trade Disputes Under the Shadow of WTO Law?
Authors: Luo Yan
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  This article intends to reflect a new tendency of China's new trade policy to utilise more effectively the World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules with the support of emerging public–private networks, at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. Based on legal pluralism and network theory, this article argues that although still far from an active user of the dispute‐settlement mechanism, China is gradually building up its legal capacity for challenging foreign trade barriers, by actively engaging the private sector and mobilising resources of domestic industries. It particularly focuses on how this new trend has been reflected on three recent high‐profile disputes: textile, footwear and car parts, and concludes that the pattern of China's trade policy indicates that both China and its trading partners have realised that their trade relations are developing under the shadow of WTO law.
Improving the Non‐Governmental System of Outsourcing Labour Regulation in China
Authors: Bai Lin
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  This article examines, from a legal point of view, the working and functioning of the non‐governmental system of outsourcing labour regulation in China. This examination is conducted from two angles. First, by adopting the analytical tool of contemporary international law, in particular human rights law, it is found that generally the outsourcing regulation system possesses its full legitimacy and special value in realising business entities' responsibilities to respect, protect, fulfil and promote labours' fundamental rights and interests. The international community has also set some minimum legal requirements in this regard. Second, reviewed in the context of domestic law and policy, this article identifies that many legal questions arising from the outsourcing of labour regulation in China have been neglected by either the governmental or the non‐governmental labour regulation system. Some representative legal issues are illustrated. It is argued that the underlying causes are three pairs of controversies, i.e. the controversy between the ideal standardised model norms vis‐à‐vis the realistic specified local societal concerns; the controversy between the voluntary nature of the non‐governmental norms vis‐à‐vis the necessity for official authorities' legal guidance and enforcement; and the controversy between the internal interests of the international production chain vis‐à‐vis the external interests of outer stakeholders. Finally, this article concludes that, on the one hand, the foreign buyer companies and the international non‐governmental organisations must not neglect the particular societal concerns and demands in China, and, on the other hand, the Chinese public authorities should promote and direct the development of the non‐governmental labour regulation by improving the governance of rule of law as well as policy making and implementation. Some tentative proposals are raised for solution.
The ASEAN Way and Community Integration: Two Different Models of Regionalism
Authors: Henry Laurence
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The aim of this article is to compare the EU and the Association of South‐East Asian Nations (ASEAN) as models of regional integration, while using the well‐funded dichotomies of structural and functional analysis of international organisations. At their origin, the two organisations were very different by nature—the EU has always been a role model, or sometimes counter model, for the ASEAN. Today, their objectives and aims are more and more alike, although their structural and legal means remain very different. Finally, both organisations have to find their own way and justification in order to be accepted by their people and to be an active actor of a more globalised world.
X chromosome inactivation in females with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Knudsen G. P. S. , Harbo H. F. , Smestad C. , Celius E. G. , Åkesson E. , Oturai A. , Ryder L. P. , Spurkland A. , Ørstavik K. H.
Published: October 2007

The aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown. Autoimmune mechanisms are most probably involved. Loss of immunological tolerance to self‐antigens is a common feature of autoimmune disorders. Response to X‐linked self‐antigens could be influenced by X‐chromosome inactivation, and contribute to the gender bias observed in autoimmune disorders. Previous studies have indicated an association between skewed X inactivation and autoimmune thyroid disease and scleroderma. To investigate a potential role of X inactivation in MS, we compared the X‐inactivation pattern in 568 female MS patients with controls. We found no difference in degree of skewing between patients (median 64%) and controls (median 65%) (P = 0.474). The X‐inactivation pattern did thus not explain the female predominance of MS patients in general. As the aetiology of different subgroups of MS may differ, patients were grouped according to disease course: relapsing–remitting (RR‐MS), secondary progressive (SP‐MS) and primary progressive (PP‐MS). A comparison of the X‐inactivation pattern between subgroups indicated a possible difference in degree of skewing between patients with a progressive versus a relapsing course (P = 0.05).
The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange
Authors: Makanya Andrew N. , Mortola Jacopo P.
Published: October 2007

The structure of the skin in the epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) wing and body trunk was studied with a view to understanding possible adaptations for gas metabolism and thermoregulation. In addition, gas exchange measurements were performed using a respirometer designed for the purpose. The body skin had an epidermis, a dermis with hair follicles and sweat glands and a fat‐laden hypodermis. In contrast, the wing web skin was made up of a thin bilayered epidermis separated by a connective tissue core with collagen and elastic fibres and was devoid of hair follicles and sweat glands. The wings spanned 18–24 cm each, with about 753 cm2 of surface exposed to air. The body skin epidermis was thick (61 ± 3 µm, SEM), the stratum corneum alone taking a third of it (21 ± 3 µm). In contrast, the wing web skin epidermis was thinner at 9.8 ± 0.7 µm, with a stratum corneum measuring 4.1 ± 0.3 µm (41%). The wing capillaries in the wing web skin ran in the middle of the connective tissue core, with a resultant surface‐capillary diffusion distance of 26.8 ± 3.2 µm. The rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2) of the wings alone and of the whole animal measured under light anaesthesia at ambient temperatures of 24 ºC and 33 ºC, averaged 6% and 10% of the total, respectively. Rate of carbon dioxide production had similar values. The membrane diffusing capacity for the wing web was estimated to be 0.019 ml O2 min−1 mmHg−1. We conclude that in Epomophorus wahlbergi, the wing web has structural modifications that permit a substantial contribution to the total gas exchange.
Auto‐adaptive averaging: Detecting artifacts in event‐related potential data using a fully automated procedure
Authors: Talsma Durk
Published: October 2007

The auto‐adaptive averaging procedure proposed here classifies artifacts in event‐related potential data by optimizing the signal‐to‐noise ratio. This method rank orders single trials according to the impact of each trial on the ERP average. Then, the minimum residual background noise level in the ERP data is determined at each step in the averaging process. Trials having a negative impact on the residual background noise are discarded from the averaging procedure. Simulations showed that ERP estimates obtained by the auto‐adaptive averaging procedure were either better or comparable to those obtained by single trial artifact detection methods at their most optimum configuration, in particular during long duration artifacts. Experimental data from a working memory task further illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Target probability affects the likelihood that a P300 will be generated in response to a target stimulus, but not its amplitude
Authors: Bonala Bharat , Boutros Nashaat N. , Jansen Ben H.
Published: October 2007

The ensemble‐averaged P300 amplitude is affected by global and local target probability and interstimulus interval. We hypothesize that the local target probability‐induced amplitude changes arise from a failure to consistently produce a P300 rather than producing lower amplitude responses. Single‐trial analysis was conducted on auditory P300 data from 13 healthy subjects to determine the absence or presence of a P300 component for each target response separately. Selective, normalized averages were computed for each local target probability. Target stimuli preceded by one or two nontargets led to significantly more trials lacking a P300 than the other local target probability categories. The amplitudes of the responsive trials did not differ between the local target probability categories. This suggests that local target probability affects the consistency with which a subject responds to target stimuli, but not the P300 amplitude.
An artificial neural network model of orienting attention toward threatening somatosensory stimuli
Authors: Dowman Robert , Ben‐Avraham Daniel
Published: October 2007

An artificial neural network model was designed to test the threat detection hypothesis developed in our experimental studies, where threat detector activity in the somatosensory association areas is monitored by the medial prefrontal cortex, which signals the lateral prefrontal cortex to redirect attention to the threat. As in our experimental studies, simulated threat‐evoked activations of all three brain areas were larger when the somatosensory target stimulus was unattended than attended, and the increase in behavioral reaction times when the target stimulus was unattended was smaller for threatening than nonthreatening stimuli. The model also generated a number of novel predictions, for example, the effect of threat on reaction time only occurs when the target stimulus is unattended, and the P3a indexes prefrontal cortex activity involved in redirecting attention toward response processes on that trial and sensory processes on subsequent trials.
Spatial compatibility between stimulated eye and response location
Authors: Valle‐Inclán Fernando , Sohn Felix , Redondo Milagros
Published: October 2007

It is assumed that the eye‐of‐origin information is restricted to the visual cortex. However, reactions to monocular stimuli are faster when the response location and the stimulated eye are ipsilateral (compatible trials) than when they are contralateral (incompatible trials). We investigated whether this spatial compatibility effect had the characteristics of the conventional visual Simon effect. We found that the size of the compatibility effect was constant throughout the reaction time distribution, and there were no electrophysiological signs of incorrect response activation. These results indicate that the spatial code derived from eye‐of‐origin information does not produce a transient activation of the spatially compatible response, but a more tonic influence on response selection. The results also show that monocular information can exert influence outside the visual cortex and that spatial codes can be produced in the absence of attention movements.
Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4 mediate Aβ(1–42) activation of the innate immune response in a human monocytic cell line
Authors: Udan Maria L. D. , Ajit Deepa , Crouse Nikkilina R. , Nichols Michael R.
Published: November 2007

The primary molecules for mediating the innate immune response are the Toll‐like family of receptors (TLRs). Recent work has established that amyloid‐beta (Aβ) fibrils, the primary components of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), can interact with the TLR2/4 accessory protein CD14. Using antibody neutralization assays and tumor necrosis factor alpha release in the human monocytic THP‐1 cell line, we determined that both TLR2 and TLR4 mediated an inflammatory response to aggregated Aβ(1–42). This was in contrast to exclusive TLR ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4) and tripalmitoyl cysteinyl seryl tetralysine (Pam3CSK4) (TLR2). Atomic force microscopy imaging showed a fibrillar morphology for the proinflammatory Aβ(1–42) species. Pre‐treatment of the cells with 10 μg/mL of a TLR2‐specific antibody blocked ∼50% of the cell response to fibrillar Aβ(1–42), completely blocked the Pam3CSK4 response, and had no effect on the LPS‐induced response. A TLR4‐specific antibody (10 μg/mL) blocked ∼35% of the cell response to fibrillar Aβ(1–42), completely blocked the LPS response, and had no effect on the Pam3CSK4 response. Polymyxin B abolished the LPS response with no effect on Aβ(1–42) ruling out bacterial contamination of the Aβ samples. Combination antibody pre‐treatments indicated that neutralization of TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 together was much more effective at blocking the Aβ(1–42) response than the antibodies used alone. These data demonstrate that fibrillar Aβ(1–42) can trigger the innate immune response and that both TLR2 and TLR4 mediate Aβ‐induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production in a human monocytic cell line.
Technical, Allocative, Cost and Scale Efficiencies in Bangladesh Rice Cultivation: A Non‐parametric Approach
Authors: Coelli Tim , Rahman Sanzidur , Thirtle Colin
Published: November 2007

Applying programming techniques to detailed data for 406 rice farms in 21 villages, for 1997, produces inefficiency measures, which differ substantially from the results of simple yield and unit cost measures. For the Boro (dry) season, mean technical efficiency was 69.4 per cent, allocative efficiency was 81.3 per cent, cost efficiency was 56.2 per cent and scale efficiency 94.9 per cent. The Aman (wet) season results are similar, but a few points lower. Allocative inefficiency is due to overuse of labour, suggesting population pressure, and of fertiliser, where recommended rates may warrant revision. Second‐stage regressions show that large families are more inefficient, whereas farmers with better access to input markets, and those who do less off‐farm work, tend to be more efficient. The information on the sources of inter‐farm performance differentials could be used by the extension agents to help inefficient farmers. There is little excuse for such sub‐optimal use of survey data, which are often collected at substantial costs.
Agri‐environmental Instruments for an Integrated Rural Policy: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Feinerman Eli , Komen Marinus H.C.
Published: November 2007

The new Rural Development Regulation of the EU reflects the shift of attention within rural areas from agricultural production towards rural development and embraces both farmers and non‐farm residents. While agricultural production is required to comply with environmental standards, rural areas also have to fulfil the growing demand for landscape, outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation. This paper develops a model of a rural area where farmers and non‐farm residents live together. A central government uses a combination of two‐policy instruments ‐ direct compensation payments and public services ‐ aimed at encouraging farmers to adopt environmentally beneficial practices and at the same time to increase the provision of countryside amenities and the sustained vitality of the rural area. The optimal mix of the policy instruments is evaluated under various governmental objectives. The analysis suggests that a combination of direct payments to farmers with the supply of local public services is a promising tool for rural policy development initiatives in the EU.
Report of the Managing Editor
Authors: LLOYD TIM
Published: November 2007

Overall, 2002 was a good year for the Journal. Importantly, submissions have recovered from their unusually low level recorded in 2001 and by the end of the year the quality of the printing and production systems had improved considerably. One further aspect of the Society's modernisation, the on‐line availability of the JAE, was established in July and initial indications on its usage are very encouraging, with over 1600 ‘hits’recorded in the first six months of operation. Average editorial response time has fallen to 4.6 months, only a little way short of our 4‐month target for submission turnaround. On the basis of current (2001) data collated by the Institute of Scientific Information, the JAE ranks 1st, 2nd, and 1st in terms of its three citations criteria among the eight journals in the Agricultural Economics and Policy Category. In terms of impact factor, it is 60th out of 165 economics journals.
A Cost‐Based Model of Seasonal Production with Application to Milk Policy
Authors: Hennessy David A. , Roosen Jutta
Published: November 2007

Milk production is seasonal in many European countries. While quantity seasonality poses capacity management problems for dairy processors, an EU policy goal is to reduce price seasonality. After developing a model of endogenous seasonality, we study the effects of three EU policies on production decisions. These are private storage subsidies, production removals, and production quotas. When cost functions are seasonal in a specified way, then arbitrage opportunities interact with storage subsidies to reduce both price and consumption seasonality. But production seasonality is likely to increase because storage subsidies promote temporal market integration. Conditions are identified under which product market interventions increase quantity seasonality.
Agenda 2000 Reform of the CAP and its Impacts on Member Member States: A Note
Authors: Philippidis G , Hubbard L J
Published: November 2007

We evaluate the Agenda 2000 reform of the CAP for each of the 15 member states of the EU, accounting for general equilibrium effects and bilateral trade links. Results reflect the impacts in 2008 projected from a 1997 database. In most member states, output of crops falls and there is a switch in the use of arable land from oilseeds to cereals. Output of cattle also falls, but that of milk, pigs and poultry increases. Total farm income falls in 11 member states, although livestock producers throughout the EU gain. Consumer price indices fall everywhere. In terms of GDP, Luxembourg, Finland, Ireland and Portugal gain the most; Germany, Greece and the UK gain the least; and Spain loses. The net budgetary cost to the EU of the reform package is estimated to be an additional €3,203 million. Thus, further cuts in support are of paramount importance if the EU is to be prepared for the accession of new members.
Presidential Address How Does Economics Fit the Social World?
Authors: Harvey David R.
Published: November 2007

This paper considers the present state of applied economics and the difficulties of integrating its findings and insights with those of other social sciences. The philosophical basis of social science is re‐considered as a route to resolving these difficulties. Without a more integrated narrative about how our social systems work, applied economics, and all applied social sciences, run the substantial risk of being considered part of the world's problems, rather than offering serious routes to their solution. Some possible strands of a more coherent and integrated framework are outlined, which indicate some potentially fruitful avenues for further development. The paper concludes with illustrations of this outline for the food chain and land use agenda of the Research Councils' Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) initiative
Measuring Price Risk on UK Arable Farms
Authors: White Ben , Dawson P. J.
Published: November 2007

Price risk is estimated for a representative UK arable farm using value‐at‐risk (VaR). To determine the distribution of commodity returns, two multivariate generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models, witht‐distributed and normally distributed errors, and a RiskMetricsTMmodel are estimated. Returns show excess kurtosis and that the GARCH model witht‐distributed errors fits best. Estimates of VaR differ between models: both GARCH models perform well but the RiskMetricsTMmodel underestimates expected losses. UK arable farms face substantial price risk.
Testing for the Presence of Financial Constraints in US Agricultural Cooperatives: An Investment Behaviour Approach
Authors: Chaddad Fabio R. , Cook Michael L. , Heckelei Thomas
Published: November 2007

This study examines the presence of financial constraints in US agricultural cooperatives. We test the cooperative capital constraint hypothesis with a panel data econometric analysis of agricultural cooperatives’ investment behaviour. Regression results suggest that agricultural cooperatives’ capital expenditures are significantly affected by the availability of internal funds. Results also indicate that the sensitivity of investment to cash flow is correlated with cooperative structural characteristics.
Pathological interactions with the timing of birth and uterine activation
Authors: SMITH Roger , VAN HELDEN Dirk , HIRST Jon , ZAKAR Tamas , READ Mark , CHAN Eng‐Cheng , PALLISER Hannah , GRAMMATOPOULOS Dimitris , NICHOLSON Richard , PARKINGTON Helena C.
Published: November 2007

The physiological processes that regulate the onset of parturition and birth are slowly being elucidated, and the points at which pathology can intervene are becoming more apparent. The data support the view that multiple pathways lead to myometrial activation. The clinical corollary is that combinations of tocolytics that operate via different mechanisms may be more effective than single agents. It may also be necessary to divide preterm labour into groups based on underlying mechanisms and to tailor therapy accordingly.
The role of autopsy following pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality
Authors: DICKINSON Jan E. , PRIME Danielle K. , CHARLES Adrian K.
Published: November 2007

Objective:  To review the frequency of autopsy following pregnancy termination for fetal anomaly and its contribution to subsequent counselling.

Methods:  All medical pregnancy terminations for fetal anomaly performed after 14 weeks gestation from January 1997 to December 2006 were identified and the frequency of autopsy ascertained. The prenatal diagnosis prompting the termination was then compared with the autopsy data, and a diagnostic valuation was determined. The potential autopsy value ranged from no additional information provided, minor added value, significant added value, major added value to non‐confirmation of the prenatal findings.

Results:  During the ten‐year study period, there were 1012 consecutive terminations for fetal abnormality. The principal indications for termination were: karyotypic (38.4%); neural tube defects (16.1%); cardiac (10.3%) and cerebral anomalies (7.5%). Autopsy was performed in 809 cases (79.9%). The autopsy rate progressively declined from 95.1% in 1997 to 67.5% in 2006 (P < 0.001). Women declining autopsy were older (31 years (26,35) vs 32 years (27,37), P = 0.005) and more likely to have a fetal chromosomal abnormality (30.6% vs 69.9%, P < 0.001) (autopsy vs no‐autopsy). In euploid cases, autopsy confirmed the prenatal diagnosis with no additional information in 63.5% (357 of 562). In 1.1% (six cases), autopsy added major diagnostic information, and in 15.1% (85 cases), significant information was provided.

Conclusions:  Although contemporary prenatal testing has improved the recognition of fetal abnormalities, autopsy remains a valued tool by providing diagnosis or clarification of some prenatal findings in 16% of cases. Fetal autopsy rates are declining and this trend may lead to a loss of diagnostic and recurrence risk‐counselling information.
A new formula for summarising the pregnancy history
Authors: WATSON Lyndsey F. , KING James F.
Published: November 2007

Pregnancy history formulae usually provide only summaries of numbers of pregnancies and births. Different pregnancy outcomes and their sequence are not captured. A new pregnancy history formula is proposed where one number provides information on parity, gravidity, sequence, gestation and outcome of pregnancies. For instance, 914 represents the history of a woman having had three pregnancies, where ‘9’ represents a term first birth, ‘1’, a miscarriage and ‘4’, a preterm perinatal death in the third pregnancy. This formula could be used in medical records or perinatal databases.
Early Influences and Childhood Development. Does Helicobacter Play a Role?
Authors: Lee Adrian
Published: November 2007

In the late 1960s, Rene Dubos showed that a variety of nutritional stress in utero or in early infancy could have dramatic impact on childhood development that was irreversible. This included detectable changes in the brain. Since that time, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been identified as one of the major nutritional stresses that leads to permanent behavioral changes in both experimental animals and humans resulting in poorer cognitive, motor, and social‐emotional function. It has been proposed that these changes play an important part in the inter‐generational transmission of poverty. More recently, it is becoming clear that Helicobacter pylori causes IDA in populations on an iron‐limiting diet. The main thesis of this article is that H. pylori infection may indeed have an impact on childhood development and that much more research is needed in this area as intervention via immunization or antimicrobial therapy in populations in the developing world may have major positive benefits via cure of IDA and prevention of brain damage in the young.
Regulation of fibroblast functions by lysophospholipid mediators: Potential roles in wound healing
Authors: Watterson Kenneth R. , Lanning David A. , Diegelmann Robert F. , Spiegel Sarah
Published: October 2007

The bioactive lysophospholipids, primarily lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), are recent additions to the list of potent mediators of tissue repair and wound healing. In this review, we highlight the diverse actions of LPA and S1P on many types of cells involved in the wound healing process, with special emphasis on their regulation of fibroblasts. The effects of LPA and S1P are principally mediated via specific cell surface receptors. Important signaling pathways downstream of these receptors and the importance of TGFβ and S1P cross‐talk for wound healing are also discussed. Moreover, specific agonists and antagonists of the lysophospholipid receptors may be useful for the treatment of wounds and abnormal wound healing.
Basic fibroblast growth factor reduces scar formation in acute incisional wounds
Authors: Ono Ichiro , Akasaka Yoshikiyo , Kikuchi Risa , Sakemoto Akiko , Kamiya Takafumi , Yamashita Toshiharu , Jimbow Kowichi
Published: October 2007

In order to identify a means to reduce scar formation of the skin after incision, this study examined the effect of local administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in humans. bFGF was administered to a sutured wound immediately after an operation. The drug was injected once into the dermis of the margins of wounds using a 27G needle or rinsing after performing dermostitches. The lengths of the treated wounds varied from 1 to 32 cm, and the subjects were 2–86 years old. Sutured wounds after excision of skin tumors from the face, trunk, and limbs and sutured wounds such as those at the donor sites of full‐thickness skin grafts were treated with low‐dose bFGF injections (0.1 μg/cm wound; Group 2), high‐dose bFGF injections (1 μg/cm wound; Group 3), and rinsed with high‐dose bFGF (1 μg/cm wound; Group 4). No patient treated with bFGF had hypertrophic scars, while some patients had hypertrophic or very wide scars in the control group (Group 1), and the ratios of minimum scarring of Group 2 ( p<0.001), Group 3 ( p<0.0001), and Group 4 ( p<0.0001) were statistically significantly higher than those of Group 1. Postoperative administration of bFGF inhibited hypertrophic scarring and widening of remaining scars without any serious side effects.
Moist wound healing compared with standard care of treatment of primary closed vascular surgical wounds: A prospective randomized controlled study
Authors: Vogt Katja C. , Uhlyarik M. , Schroeder Torben V.
Published: October 2007

This study was a randomized‐controlled trial comparing the standard type of dry dressing, Mepore®, with moist wound healing, using a hydrofiber dressing, Aquacel™, in primary closed wounds after vascular surgery. The endpoints were patient comfort, cost‐effectiveness, infections, wound complications, and length of hospital stay. One hundred and sixty patients were randomized to receive either Mepore® or Aquacel™ dressing. There was no significant difference in patient comfort between the two groups, but a higher cost in the Aquacel™ group despite significantly fewer changes of dressings in these patients. No difference in the infection rate (13% vs. 11%, p=0.73), length of hospital stay, or wound complications was noted between the two groups. We conclude that although the Aquacel™ dressing needed significantly fewer changes than the conventional dressing, this did not influence the patient comfort. Moreover, the traditional dressing scheme was significantly less expensive.
Effect of different frequencies of tensile strain on human dermal fibroblast proliferation and survival
Authors: Nishimura Kengo , Blume Peter , Ohgi Shigetsugu , Sumpio Bauer E.
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of a high‐frequency repetitive (HF) stretch or an intermittent (I) stretch on the cell proliferation and survival of human dermal fibroblasts and to determine the activation of any relevant signal pathways. Cultured human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to either HF or I stretch. Cell number was measured by counting, while DNA synthesis was assessed by 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling staining. To investigate the potential mechanisms of repetitive strain on the proliferation and survival of fibroblasts, the activation of relevant transduction pathways, such as p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, AKT, and BAD, was assessed by Western blot. In addition, the effect of inhibition of these pathways on the fibroblast response was also studied. After either HF or I stretch for 7 days, fibroblast number was significantly decreased and there were less BrdU‐positive cells. The numbers of apoptotic and/or necrotic fibroblasts were not affected. p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 were significantly activated after HF stretch, but AKT and BAD were significantly activated after I stretch. The inhibitors of p38 MAPK and MAPK/ERK kinase as well as dominant‐negative AKT reduced cell number after both HF and I stretch but these pathways were not critical for the stretch‐induced decrease in cell number.
Hepatocyte growth factor regulation: An integral part of why wounds become chronic
Authors: Conway Kevin , Ruge Fiona , Price Patricia , Harding Keith G. , Jiang Wen G.
Published: October 2007

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine known to play multiple roles during the various stages of wound healing. This study addresses the ongoing key questions regarding the role of HGF in wound healing, namely: are HGF and its regulators expressed differently in chronic and acute wounds? Biopsies from normal skin (n=10), acute (n=10), and chronic wounds (n=17) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR for the presence of HGF, its receptor cMet, its activators and its inhibitors. Immunohistochemical staining for HGF, HGF activators, and HGF inhibitors was similar, with expression being greater in chronic wound dermis compared with acute wound dermis. While expression of cMet in chronic wound dermis was less than in the acute wound dermis. PCR quantification of these proteins showed similar trends although the differences did not reach statistical significance. The results of this study provide important data confirming the role of HGF in wound healing. In addition, we have demonstrated the aberrant expression of the HGF receptor cMet and activation inhibitors (HAI‐1 and HAI‐2) in chronic wounds. This aberrant expression may have a value in predicting the process of healing and nonhealing wounds and constitute important targets of future therapies.
Epidermal repair results from activation of follicular and epidermal progenitor keratinocytes mediated by a growth factor cascade
Authors: Myers Simon R. , Leigh Irene M. , Navsaria Harshad
Published: October 2007

Reepithelialization of human suction blister wounds was examined in five normal human volunteers over a period of 14 days postwounding to understand the control of keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and differentiation in acute wound healing in a controlled model. The hypothesis that morphological changes and progenitor activation result from altered cytokines and growth factor expression [in particular interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), transforming growth factor α (TGF‐α), TGF‐β 1, and keratinocyte growth factor] was tested using semiquantitative immunohistochemistry combined with reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction of samples from the blister roof, edge, and base. Parallel changes in keratin expression were examined using a wide range of well‐established antibodies to multiple keratins and in situ hybridization for keratin 16 (K16), a marker of the hyperproliferative (mucoregenerative) phenotype. Longitudinal morphological, semiquantitative cytokine and growth factor expression, and histometric histone and cytokeratin profiles suggest three phases to reepithelialization: phase 1, or the acute activation phase, early in the first 24 hours postwounding is characterized by epidermal expression of IL‐1β and IL‐6, and dermal expression of TGF‐β1, as basal, upper outer root sheath, and putative interfollicular transit amplifying keratinocytes become committed to mitosis; phase 2, or the early activation phase, late in the second 24 hours postwounding, characterized by epidermal expression of TGF‐α and IL‐6 with concurrent suprabasal K16 expression and migration with continued proliferation, and dermal expression of keratinocyte growth factor and IL‐6; and phase 3 or restitution over the following 2 weeks, characterized by the return of normal homeostasis, including bulge activation as evidenced by K19 expression.
The biosurgical wound debridement: Experimental investigation of efficiency and practicability
Authors: Blake Felix A. S. , Abromeit Norbert , Bubenheim Michael , Li Lei , Schmelzle Rainer
Published: October 2007

The use of maggot therapy is experiencing a revival in the treatment of problem wounds. Although this alternative therapy is ancient, little scientific research has been aimed at standardizing this therapy. The purpose of our investigation was to determine the debridement efficiency of this therapy, i.e., to compare the use of freely crawling maggots with maggots in a Biobag and to estimate the amount of maggots needed for debridement. We designed an artificial wound model and investigated the rate of decomposition of porcine tissue. Two application alternatives were compared, each being carried out either for 3 or for 4 days, (1) maggots that were allowed to crawl freely over the substrate and (2) maggots confined to a Biobag with no direct contact with the wound. We found that a single maggot was capable of debriding approximately 0.15 g of dead tissue per day. Assuming an absolute difference of <0.05 g per day and maggot as clinically irrelevant, the debridement efficiency of free maggots appears to be similar to those in a Biobag. We were able to determine for the first time the average debriding ability of maggots and thus provide the clinician with data that may help to optimize the maggot therapy by facilitating more exact approximations of the number of maggots needed. Furthermore, the result that the maggots in the Biobag are equal to free maggots in their debriding efficiency will promote its use, especially with respect to the time saved for changing of the dressings. Also, we were able to show that no direct contact is necessary between the maggots and the wound surface, proving that the mechanical crawling effect appears to be neglectable. Because significantly more tissue was metabolized after 4 than after 3 days, application intervals of 4 days appear more appropriate than those of 3 days.
A dermal equivalent developed from fibroblast culture alone: Effect of EGF and insulin
Authors: Lee Dong‐Youn , Yang Jun‐Mo , Park Kwan‐Hyun
Published: November 2007

We have recently developed a new dermal equivalent without exogenous materials by culturing dermal fibroblasts alone in serum‐containing medium treated with several supplements. In this study, we investigated the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin on the formation of a dermal equivalent. After cultured dermal fibroblasts reached a confluence in serum‐containing medium, they were treated with EGF or insulin. The combined effects of EGF and insulin were also studied. Macroscopically, in contrast to the culture without supplement, the addition of EGF or insulin produced a fibrous sheet. The combination of EGF and insulin showed a more marked effect than a single factor. Histologically, EGF or insulin alone induced a three‐dimensional tissue containing several layers of fibroblasts. The combination of EGF and insulin produced a thicker tissue. It was composed of abundant extracellular matrix containing fibroblasts, suggesting a dermis‐like tissue. It revealed collagen fibers by Masson‐trichrome staining. Immunohistochemically, the components of dermal extracellular matrix such as type 1 collagen, elastin, and fibrillin‐1 were diffusely expressed. Ultrastructurally, a large number of collagen fibrils with cross‐striated patterns were found around the fibroblasts. These results showed that a dermal equivalent could be formed by culturing dermal fibroblasts alone postconfluently in serum‐containing medium with EGF and insulin. They suggest that the two factors play an important role in the formation of a dermal equivalent.
Employment Status, Depressive Symptoms, and the Mediating/Moderating Effects of Single Mothers' Coping Repertoire
Authors: Samuels‐Dennis Joan
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT
Objective: Single mothers, especially those on social assistance, report significantly more depressive symptoms than the general public. This article examines the relationships among employment status, stressful life events, and depressive symptoms among single mothers, with a special focus on the potential mediating and moderating roles of coping repertoire.

Design: Cross‐sectional survey design.

Sample: Ninety‐six single mothers (48 employed and 48 single mothers on social assistance) who were the primary caregiver for at least 1 child 4–18 years old.

Measurements: Mailed questionnaires that included an adapted version of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, the Coping Strategy Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd ed. were completed by study participants.

Results: Coping repertoire did not mediate the relationship between either employment status or stress exposure and depressive symptoms. Coping had an antagonistic and differential moderating effect on the association between employment status and depressive symptoms for employed single mothers and mothers receiving social assistance.

Conclusion: Effective strategies aimed at promoting single mothers' mental health need to address both the severity of depressive symptoms found among single mothers, and the social‐system factors that threaten single mothers' psychological well‐being. The implications for practice and policy are discussed.