bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peran Relasi Guru PAK Dalam Perkembangan Kognitif Peserta Didik di SMP Negeri 1 Merbau Mataram
Authors: Sorni Lami ; Adrian Primus Dunggun
Published: February 2024

Relasi adalah ikatan antara setiap orang dengan orang lain dalam mempererat hubungan seseorang. Relasi di tandai dengan komunikasi, interaksi yang efektif dan kedekatan personal yang terkontrol, dari relasi yang efektif akan memberi dampak dalam perkembagan kognitif setiap peserta didik. Namun ada berbagai guru PAK yang memiliki relasi dengan setiap peserta didik hanya berdasarkan kegiatan didalam kelas sedangan kegiatan di luar  kelas tidak ada relasi yang efektif. Hal inilah yang membuat peserta didik merasa tidak nyaman dengan gurunya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang komprehensif terhadap guru PAK dan peserta didik di SMPN 1 Merbau Mataram. Jenis penelitian yang di gunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif, serta dalam memperoleh data, peneliti memperolehnya melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Dan sumber yang diambil yaitu buku dan jurnal. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa relasi seorang guru PAK sangatlah berperan penting dalam perkembangan kognitif dari peserta didik di tandai dengan komunikasi dan interaksi yang positif serta kedekatan personal yang di kontrol, dengan pendidik, pengajaran dan penaman nilai-nilai Kristen didalammnya. Di harapkan kepada setiap guru PAK dan peserta didik untuk memiliki relasi yang efektif  baik didalam kegiatan belajar mengajar, maupun di luar pembelajaran.
MENANAMKAN NILAI-NILAI NASIONALISME MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN PAK
Authors: Saedo Marbun
Published: February 2024

Nilai-nilai nasionalisme seringkali kurang mendapat perhatian dalam proses pembelajaran khususnya pada pendidikan agama kristen. Akibatnya isu-isu intoleransi dan radikalisme mendapat ruang dalam dunia pendidikan saat ini. Isu-isu tersebut dipertegas dengan perilaku peserta didik menunjukkan gejala-gejala yang mengarah pada intoleransi dan radikalisme sering terlihat diantara peserta didik dengan membentuk kelompok-kelompok pertemanan yang didasarkan pada persamaan agama. Sikap kurang menghargai agama lain, rendahnya kedisiplinan dalam menaati peraturan sekolah, suka membolos pada saat jam pelajaran PAK, kurang sopan dalam bertutur kata, malas, tidak suka berkerja bersama-sama atau gotng royong, kurang dalam kepedulian sosial. Dengan adanya Pendidikan Agama Kristen di sekolah diharapkan dapat berkontribusi menanamkan nilai nasionalisme pada peserta didik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan: 1) Strategi menanamkan nilai-nilai nasionalisme pada pembelajaran PAK. 2) Penerapan nilai karakter nasionalisme yang dilakukan pada pembelajaran PAK. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan berbagai data yang diperoleh melalui buku-buku, jurnal, internet dan sumber-sumber relevan lainnya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Strategi menanamkan nilai nasionalisme dalam pembelajaran PAK melalui penanaman kebiasaan baik pada  peserta didik. 2) Penerapan nilai karakter nasionalisme dalam pembelajaran PAK melalui keteladanan guru dalam interaksi sosial antara sesama guru, guru dengan peserta didik dilingkungan sekolah dan melalui pengalaman belajar. Perilaku karakter nasionalisme yang diterapkan  menjadi gaya hidup sehari-hari di sekolah oleh peserta didik yaitu toleransi, disiplin menaati peraturan sekolah, bertanggung jawab, kerja keras, sopan santun, gotong royong, dan peduli sosial.
ANALISIS RASIO PROFITABILITAS DAN SOLVABILITAS DALAM PENGUKURAN KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA PT. ANEKA TAMBANG Tbk., TAHUN 2018-2022
Authors: Khaerunnisa  , Ismail Badollahi
Published: February 2024

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kinerja keuangan PT. Aneka Tambang Tbk., tahun 2018-2022. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dengan sumber data sekunder berasal dari laporan keuangan PT. Aneka Tambang Tbk.,. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitiaan ini menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan dokumentasi. Pengukuran kinerja keuangan menggunakan indikator rasio profibilitas dan rasio solvabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio profitabilitas mengalami kondisi kinerja keuangan yang kurang baik, sedangkan rasio solvabilitas mengalami konsisi kinerja keuangan yang fluktuatif.
Reconciling quality and timeliness in a sustainable open access model
Authors: Farina Francesca
Published: February 2024

It has taken seven years to bring this project to life, but STEMS is finally a reality, with the first issue published in 2023. STEMS is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research, reviews, and thought-provoking pieces on current research, policy, and topics that resonate with the community. The rapid release of preprints expedites timely knowledge dissemination, while our rigorous peer-review process safeguards against potential manuscript shortcomings. This is how it happened.
Rodent Surveys reveal good insights into the Snake Fauna in an Agro-Pastoral Ecosystem in Southern India
Authors: Krishnakumar B.M. , Guptha Bubesh , Ramanujam Eric , Ganesh S.R.
Published: February 2024

Rats and mice are among the foremost of agricultural pests that are plentiful in farmlands. Snakes are one of the most specialized natural rat-controlling predatory species, also equally prevalent in farmlands. We studied the snake fauna of agroecosystem in south-eastern India by gathering concomitant data on snakes, during rodent surveys wherein rodents were the main target taxa. From a one year long day-and-night survey focusing on rodents, we obtained 151 sightings of snakes belonging to 22 species (four of which are venomous). A total of 66 sightings representing 14 species were obtained in diurnal surveys, and 21 sightings representing 7 species were obtained in night surveys. As much as 64 sightings representing 20 species were obtained by chance encounters in the study site, but outside of the designated rodent survey duration. An uncommon snake Sibynophis subpunctatus was recorded. The colubrid Ptyas mucosa was the commonest encountered species during the day while at night it was the viper Echis carinatus. Estimated species diversity in Shannon-Wiener index was H = 1.218.
Albanian Male Students Perception and Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Authors: Bakiri Fjoralda , Abazi Ergena , Lika Mirela
Published: February 2024

The women and men are vulnerable to HPV infections as one of the diseases with the highest incidence of cancer in the world, it’s important to know the level of knowledge they have about HPV infection and vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge around the Human papillomavirus (HPV) and what can be caused by this, in a group of students which consist only in Albanian men its relationship with genital warts and different type of cancers and HPV vaccine. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 160 male students in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania. The questionnaire showed that only one third of the students had heard about HPV infection and 45.28% of them had heard about protective vaccination. Between the two groups divided into two age groups: 18-21 years and 22-25 years, significant differences were observed only in the knowledge scores (p = 0.00), while in the sensitivity scores (p = 0.753) and seriousness (p = 0.13) no differences were observed between the two groups. In conclusion, we must say that we need to increase the contribution in education for the recognition and treatment of the concept of HPV and related diseases in the university system, in order to prepare conscious generations for the great importance of HPV infection prevention and vaccination.
Think Carefully, Let’s Bond, and Other Tutoring Strategies: Socio-academic Participation Patterns in Peer Tutoring
Authors: Schmidt Maria Christina , Thygesen Stine
Published: February 2024

CONTEXT. This article investigates how an intervention called SYKL (SYstematiseret Klassekammerathjælp), which used systematized reciprocal peer tutoring in mathematics in the fourth grade, affected student participation and socio-academic inclusion.
APPROACH. In contrast to most international peer tutoring projects, SYKL simultaneously focuses on social relations and academic inclusion. Teachers recruited to conduct SYKL lessons attended a four-day course to learn how to apply SYKL peer tutoring techniques, which touch upon social, organizational, and subject matter-related perspectives. Following students are specifically taught how to help each other, and engage in academic conversations when working in pairs. SYKL is specific instruction in how students can become better at helping each other and engaging in academic discussions when working in pairs. Students are assigned one of two positions, either as a tutor or a tutee. To fulfill the role of the tutor, the student receives Scaffold Cards and academic Hints for task completion. The Scaffold Cards remind students to, for example, listen, acknowledge tentative answers, and identify connections. Hints are specific ideas for task completion developed by professionals with the assignment in mind. Based on 15 video-recorded, peer-to-peer conversations, the analysis explores what characterizes the various participation strategies of students who play the role of tutor.
FINDINGS. The analysis identified four typical strategies: ‘Let’s bond,’ ‘I’ll wait for you,’ ‘Think carefully,’ and ‘Let’s go.’ The study highlights that these strategies are all potentially conducive to inclusion. The current research supports earlier studies indicating that peer relationships significantly contribute to learning and active participation in mathematics classes.
KEY MESSAGE. Teachers can work simultaneously with the social and academic skills of students. The SYKL approach promotes synchronous development of their social and academic skills.
 
Points of Interest

New Danish teaching program in math and science is designed to support student well-being and collaboration in fourth grade.
Students help each other through peer tutoring.
Four tutoring strategies typically occur: ‘Let’s bond,’ ‘I’ll wait for you,’ ‘Think carefully,’ and ‘Let’s go.’
Teacher awareness of these strategies allows them to spot inclusion and exclusion processes to better assist students in helping each other.
Postmodern Interpretation of the Rise of Populism in Italy in the Context of the Offensive Against Liberal Democracy
Authors: Kochanov Evgenii Andreevich
Published: February 2024

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the rise of populism in Italy against the background of the crisis of liberal democracy. The aim of the work is to determine the influence of postmodern phenomena described by such scientists as J.F. Lyotard, J. Der Derian and J. Baudrillard, on the rise of populist parties and movements in Italy. The object of the study was the phenomena of the postmodern world. The subject of the work is their influence on the rise of populism and disillusionment with liberal democracy in Italy. Special attention is paid to the new challenges of the 2020s for Europe and especially for Italy, where populists have achieved particular success. Against the background of these challenges, the phenomena characteristic of the postmodern era made Europeans doubt the liberal democratic paradigm, which led to the strengthening of right-wing radicals and populists. The novelty of the study is directly highlighting the connection between the rise of populism in Europe and the crack of the liberal democratic paradigm against the background of the migration crisis, the coronavirus pandemic and the deterioration of relations with Russia due to the situation with Ukraine through the prism of the works of postmodern philosophers. In the course of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the postmodern processes of the modern world, such as the collapse of meta-narratives, global surveillance, the creation of myths, images and simulacra, are not correlated with the traditional representation of liberal democracy. Against the background of new challenges and threats, it discredits itself, which gives rise to the spread of populists who skillfully take advantage of the situation that has arisen. According to the results of the content analysis, it was confirmed that the opinion of populists depends on the current agenda. It has been hypothesized that the image of liberal democracy imposed by Europe does not correspond to the image of liberal democracy in the eyes of ordinary Italians, so they see the salvation of their roots and identity in populists.
Analysis of SMAD1/5 target genes in a sea anemone reveals ZSWIM4-6 as a novel BMP signaling modulator
Authors: Knabl Paul , Schauer Alexandra , Pomreinke Autumn P , Zimmermann Bob , Rogers Katherine W , Čapek Daniel , Müller Patrick , Genikhovich Grigory
Published: February 2024

BMP signaling has a conserved function in patterning the dorsal-ventral body axis in Bilateria and the directive axis in anthozoan cnidarians. So far, cnidarian studies have focused on the role of different BMP signaling network components in regulating pSMAD1/5 gradient formation. Much less is known about the target genes downstream of BMP signaling. To address this, we generated a genome-wide list of direct pSMAD1/5 target genes in the anthozoan Nematostella vectensis, several of which were conserved in Drosophila and Xenopus. Our ChIP-seq analysis revealed that many of the regulatory molecules with documented bilaterally symmetric expression in Nematostella are directly controlled by BMP signaling. We identified several so far uncharacterized BMP-dependent transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose bilaterally symmetric expression may be indicative of their involvement in secondary axis patterning. One of these molecules is zswim4-6, which encodes a novel nuclear protein that can modulate the pSMAD1/5 gradient and potentially promote BMP-dependent gene repression.
Transcriptional cartography integrates multiscale biology of the human cortex
Authors: Wagstyl Konrad , Adler Sophie , Seidlitz Jakob , Vandekar Simon , Mallard Travis T , Dear Richard , DeCasien Alex R , Satterthwaite Theodore D , Liu Siyuan , Vértes Petra E , Shinohara Russell T , Alexander-Bloch Aaron , Geschwind Daniel H , Raznahan Armin
Published: February 2024

The cerebral cortex underlies many of our unique strengths and vulnerabilities, but efforts to understand human cortical organization are challenged by reliance on incompatible measurement methods at different spatial scales. Macroscale features such as cortical folding and functional activation are accessed through spatially dense neuroimaging maps, whereas microscale cellular and molecular features are typically measured with sparse postmortem sampling. Here, we integrate these distinct windows on brain organization by building upon existing postmortem data to impute, validate, and analyze a library of spatially dense neuroimaging-like maps of human cortical gene expression. These maps allow spatially unbiased discovery of cortical zones with extreme transcriptional profiles or unusually rapid transcriptional change which index distinct microstructure and predict neuroimaging measures of cortical folding and functional activation. Modules of spatially coexpressed genes define a family of canonical expression maps that integrate diverse spatial scales and temporal epochs of human brain organization – ranging from protein–protein interactions to large-scale systems for cognitive processing. These module maps also parse neuropsychiatric risk genes into subsets which tag distinct cyto-laminar features and differentially predict the location of altered cortical anatomy and gene expression in patients. Taken together, the methods, resources, and findings described here advance our understanding of human cortical organization and offer flexible bridges to connect scientific fields operating at different spatial scales of human brain research.
Transcriptional inhibition after irradiation occurs preferentially at highly expressed genes in a manner dependent on cell cycle progression
Authors: Chen Zulong , Wang Xin , Gao Xinlei , Arslanovic Nina , Chen Kaifu , Tyler Jessica K
Published: February 2024

In response to DNA double-strand damage, ongoing transcription is inhibited to facilitate accurate DNA repair while transcriptional recovery occurs after DNA repair is complete. However, the mechanisms at play and the identity of the transcripts being regulated in this manner are unclear. In contrast to the situation following UV damage, we found that transcriptional recovery after ionizing radiation (IR) occurs in a manner independent of the HIRA histone chaperone. Sequencing of the nascent transcripts identified a programmed transcriptional response, where certain transcripts and pathways are rapidly downregulated after IR, while other transcripts and pathways are upregulated. Specifically, most of the loss of nascent transcripts occurring after IR is due to inhibition of transcriptional initiation of the highly transcribed histone genes and the rDNA. To identify factors responsible for transcriptional inhibition after IR in an unbiased manner, we performed a whole genome gRNA library CRISPR/Cas9 screen. Many of the top hits on our screen were factors required for protein neddylation. However, at short times after inhibition of neddylation, transcriptional inhibition still occurred after IR, even though neddylation was effectively inhibited. Persistent inhibition of neddylation blocked transcriptional inhibition after IR, and it also leads to cell cycle arrest. Indeed, we uncovered that many inhibitors and conditions that lead to cell cycle arrest in G1 or G2 phase also prevent transcriptional inhibition after IR. As such, it appears that transcriptional inhibition after IR occurs preferentially at highly expressed genes in cycling cells.
Judicial Protection for Natural Persons Sanctioned under the Single Supervisory Mechanism: Stuck in between Jurisdictions?
Authors: Kraaijeveld R.P.A. , van Rijn M.B.J. , Wissink L
Published: February 2024

This paper analyses the system of judicial protection for natural persons that are sanctioned under the system of banking supervision provided by the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM). As the imposition of sanctions on natural persons gains traction to ensure regulatory compliance,
this study scrutinizes whether natural persons can effectively access judicial protection when sanctioned by national competent authorities (NCAs) on the request of the European Central Bank (ECB). The paper unveils the complexities of the SSM's sanctioning system. While the ECB exercises
direct prudential supervision on significant banks (SIs), allowing it to ascertain whether a bank violated relevant Union law and subsequently impose administrative pecuniary penalties to the bank (SI-decision), it lacks the competence to directly impose an administrative penalty on the natural
persons responsible. Instead, the ECB may require the NCAs (ECB-request) to impose appropriate penalties on the responsible natural person. Within this intricate system involving EU and national administrative procedures, the natural persons may get stuck between jurisdictions. Facts and legal
questions relevant to the SI-decision adopted by the ECB in relation to the alleged breach of law conducted by the SI, subject to challenge before the EU Courts, can significantly impact the (national) sanction imposed on the natural persons. After all, they are sanctioned for that very same
breach. In order to gain a complete picture of the possibilities for natural persons to gain judicial protection in this complex reality, the paper analyses the possibilities for the natural persons to gain judicial protection with respect to the sanction imposed by the NCA, the ECB-request,
and the SI-decision.
The Submerged Church at Zhrebchev Reservoir: Sacral Site, Center, Scene
Authors:   Institute  of  Ethnology  and  Folklore  Studies  with  Ethnographic Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Gergova Yana
Published: February 2024

A number of settlements are evicted and erased along with their public, religious and cultural and historical sites during the construction of many reservoirs. However, some of them are not completely forgotten and often their remains attract an interest from tourists, artists, and media. The main focus of the paper will be the church of the nowadays nonexistent village Zapalnya “St. John of Rila”, submerged during the building of Zhrebchevo Reservoir in Southern Bulgaria, and its construction as a cultural heritage with typical religious, cultural and natural features. Zapalnya’ church is extremely interesting in terms of its unusual development and reinstatement, which are actually depending on the waters level of the reservoir during seasons changing. Being an almost deleted cult site until recently, due various events, activities, projects (which include feasts, media reports, movies, etc.) and actors (settlers, municipal officials, church representatives, tourists, etc.), today we are witnesses of resumption and revitalization of the church. Its uses at present are divergent – from meeting place of displaced former settlers of the two submerged villages Zapalnya and Zhrebchevo, through a reviving religious center, music videos favorite décor to individual and collective tourist route.
Lithuanian ethnologist Petras Kalnius - 75
Authors: Šaknys Žilvytis
Published: February 2024

Petras Kalnius participated in ethnographic expeditions in almost all districts of Lithuania, also in the Punsk-Seinai region in Poland. In the latter, as in many areas of Lithuania, he led expeditionary groups. From the beginning of his work at the institute, he was directed to urban ethnographic research.
Mathematical model of voluntary vaccination against schistosomiasis
Authors: Lopez Santiago , Majid Samiya , Syed Rida , Rychtar Jan , Taylor Dewey
Published: February 2024

Human schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. It is endemic in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is currently no vaccine available, vaccines are in development. In this paper, we extend a simple compartmental model of schistosomiasis transmission by incorporating the vaccination option. Unlike previous models of schistosomiasis transmission that focus on control and treatment at the population level, our model focuses on incorporating human behavior and voluntary individual vaccination. We identify vaccination rates needed to achieve herd immunity as well as optimal voluntary vaccination rates. We demonstrate that the prevalence remains too high (higher than 1%) unless the vaccination costs are sufficiently low. Thus, we can conclude that voluntary vaccination (with or without mass drug administration) may not be sufficient to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health concern. The cost of the vaccine (relative to the cost of schistosomiasis infection) is the most important factor determining whether voluntary vaccination can yield elimination of schistosomiasis. When the cost is low, the optimal voluntary vaccination rate is high enough that the prevalence of schistosomiasis declines under 1%. Once the vaccine becomes available for public use, it will be crucial to ensure that the individuals have as cheap an access to the vaccine as possible.
O perfil empreendedor: um estudo sobre o empreendedorismo feminino em uma comunidade da cidade de Manaus
Authors: Galvão Emilly Pinheiro , De Souza Júnior Armando Araújo , Moraes Ana Flávia de Moraes , Mendes Sérgio Augusto Torres
Published: February 2024

O Empreendedorismo existe desde o início da humanidade, porém, sempre com maior participação do gênero masculino, com a inserção tardia da mulher no mercado de trabalho, consequentemente, também no empreendedorismo ocorrem peculiaridades que diferem o empreendedorismo feminino do masculino, sendo objeto de vários estudos acadêmicos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os fatores de sucesso do empreendedorismo feminino em uma comunidade da cidade de Manaus. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se em pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva, operacionalizada através de entrevistas, cujos fragmentos foram categorizados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados do estudo indicam o desafio das mulheres empreendedoras de conciliar a vida pessoal e familiar, denominadas muitas das vezes como “mulheres multi tarefas”, onde a perspectiva financeira foi apontada como principal motivador para o empreendedorismo, em simultâneo, representa o principal desafio para empreender. Ademais, a sensibilidade na gestão e a capacitação técnica foram indicadas como fatores essenciais para o sucesso das mulheres que participaram do estudo.
Efeitos das indicações geográficas no desenvolvimento local de regiões demarcadas
Authors: Da Silva Cledson Eduardo Oliveira , Rodrigues Jacinara , Gomes Marcela Rodrigues , De Sousa Maria Natayane Rodrigues , Da Silva Natália Rocha , Ribeiro Islany de Moura , Nunes-Silva Liária
Published: February 2024

A Indicação Geográfica (IG) vem sendo utilizada como estratégia de proteção e desenvolvimento no contexto mundial. Desta forma, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral identificar na literatura científica as contribuições das Indicações Geográficas para o desenvolvimento local das regiões demarcadas. Para tanto, foi realizada uma busca na base de dados Scopus a partir da string de busca "Geographical indication" AND "regional development" OR "territorial development" OR "local development" e aplicação dos filtros ‘Document type Article’, Year (2010 a 2023), ‘Open access: All Open Access’; e ‘Sort on: Cited by (highest)’. A produção científica selecionada foi analisada de acordo com os aspectos: ano; título; autores; objetivo; resultados; conclusão e número de citações. Os principais resultados evidenciam um baixo quantitativo de publicações na base discutindo as contribuições da IG para o desenvolvimento da região demarcada. Entretanto, sinalizam para uma tendência de crescimento desse quantitativo. Algumas pesquisas concluíram que as IGs representam mecanismos de desenvolvimento local, apresentando efeitos positivos nas esferas econômica, social e ambiental. Entretanto, de acordo com a amostra analisada, não há um consenso a respeito das contribuições da IG para o desenvolvimento local, evidenciando a necessidade de dados econômicos quantitativos e realização de mais estudos.
Exploration of Soil Particle Size Diversity and Primary Nutrient Status Across the Rice Productivity Regions of Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
Authors: Bhuvana K.  , Anjaiah T.  , Madhavi A.  , Laxminarayana P.
Published: February 2024

The current study involved a thorough field survey to assess particle size distribution and the availability of primary nutrients in rabi - grown rice soils (2022 - 2023) across three productivity regions: high (5923 - 6052 kg ha-1), medium (5793 - 5923 kg ha-1), and low (<5793 kg ha-1) in Mahabubnagar district, Telangana. A total of 225 surface soil samples (0 - 15 cm depth), with 75 samples from each productivity region, were collected before the transplanting of rabi rice crop using a stratified random sampling method and are further processed and analysed for soil texture, available nitrogen (Avl. N) available phosphorus (Avl. P) and available potassium (Avl. K). The sand, silt and clay content in high, medium and low productivity regions averaged 52.37%, 55.75%, 57.41%; 17.77%, 15.47%, 16.96% and 29.86%, 28.79%, 25.63% respectively. Low productivity areas had the highest mean sand content, negatively impacting soil particle aggregation thus affecting their rice productivity. Silt and clay content varied in three productivity regions, with the highest variation of clay content in high productivity regions. The respective Avl. N, Avl. P and Avl. K showed mean values of 257.88 kg ha-1, 253.61 kg ha-1 and 240.13 kg ha-1; 59.13 kg ha-1, 55.40 kg ha-1, 54.49 kg ha-1 and 304.96 kg ha-1, 301.25 kg ha-1, 300.19 kg ha-1 in high, medium and low productivity regions. Available N declined from high to medium and medium to low productivity regions. Fluctuations in available P and K showed wide distribution within each category, particularly in case of potassium emphasizing the inclusion of diverse soil conditions and factors influencing potassium availability. This variability study helped in identifying the fertility levels of three regions across the productivity regions.
Microtuber Induction and Plant Regeneration of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Review
Authors: Sivakumar P. , Sasikala K. , Prabha T. , Selvaraj K. S. Vijai , Karunakaran V. , Selvamurugan M. , Shree G. G. Kavitha , Kiruba M.
Published: February 2024

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most economically significant annual vegetable crops occupying the fourth position worldwide among all the food crops. The main drawbacks of the traditional seed production method are the seed tubers' high size, which drives up seed production costs, the ease with which viruses and other diseases can damage them, the slow rate of seed multiplication, and the lengthier time it takes to obtain breeder seed. There are various benefits to the invention and use of microtubers in potato farming. It is not necessary to acclimatize or move to a different medium when growing microtubers because they can be kept for up to a year and then transported straight to the market. By doing this, the field cycle needed to produce a sufficient amount of seed potatoes is greatly reduced, and a high quality of materials is guaranteed. Shoot tip and node or internodal explants, which have a survival probability of about 90%, are frequently used in the process of in vitro plant regeneration. Positive outcomes in stimulating shoot formation have been observed when Murashige and Skoog media enriched with benzyl amino purine (BAP) and kinetin is used. Furthermore, employing the MS medium has been reported to maximize the effectiveness of microtuber induction in potatoes. It's been found that exposing the plants to a 16-hour photoperiod and complete darkness can improve the effectiveness of microtuber induction even further. Ultimately, this review study offers an appropriate method for a successful pathway in the in vitro regeneration of potatoes by carefully examining prior scientific data.
Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds via Alkoxysulfonium Ylides: TheMoffatt,Swern, and Related Oxidations
Authors: Tidwell Thomas T.
Published: November 2004

The use of dimethyl sulfoxide as an oxidizing agent began with the discoveries by Kornblum and co‐workers that certain α‐bromo ketones were converted into glyoxals under mild conditions by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide, and that primary tosylates such asn‐octyl tosylate were converted into the corresponding aldehydes using dimethyl sulfoxide and sodium bicarbonate at 150° for 3 minutes. The initial step of the reactions involves a displacement by dimethyl sulfoxide giving an alkoxysulfonium ion and this species undergoes a 1,2 elimination assisted by base to give the carbonyl product

A few years later it was discovered that alcohols were oxidized at room temperature to carbonyl compounds by dimethyl sulfoxide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and phosphoric acid. This reaction was immediately recognized as an effective and mild procedure for sensitive substrates, and the extensive studies by this group and the development of alternative variations elsewhere have been the subject of several earlier reviews.

The course of the Moffatt procedure is summarized. The key intermediate in this process is the oxysulfonium ylide, which appears to be common to all of the variations of dimethyl sulfoxide oxidations, and which reacts intramolecularly to give the products.

Other related procedures that were soon developed utilize dimethyl sulfoxide activated by acetic anhydride, phosphorus pentoxide, sulfur trioxide/pyridine complex, and chlorine. Reaction of alcohols with phosgene to give chloroformates which react with dimethyl sulfoxide to give alkoxysulfonium ions, followed by reaction with triethylamine, also effects oxidation.

The reaction of the complexes of dimethyl sulfide and chlorine orN‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS) with alcohols is proposed to give the same alkoxysulfonium complexes, which are efficiently converted into carbonyl products upon addition of triethylamine. Electrochemical activation of sulfides has also been successfully utilized.

The activation of dimethyl sulfoxide is effected by many reagents, and these reactions as well as those involving activated sulfides evidently involve the alkoxysulfonium ion and the decisive oxidation step which occurs via the alkoxysulfonium ylide in all the reactions. Activation of dimethyl sulfoxide by oxalyl chloride, has become the most used of these oxidation procedures, but several of the other methods are also convenient and efficient.
The
P
auson–
K
hand Cycloaddition Reaction for Synthesis of Cyclopentenones
Authors: Schore Neil E.
Published: November 2004

The Pauson–Khand reaction is a cocycloaddition of alkynes, alkenes, and carbon monoxide to generate cyclopentenones in a formal [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition process. The reaction was discovered and first reported in detail by Ihsan U. Khand and Peter L. Pauson in 1973 in the course of a study aimed principally at the preparation and characterization of various alkene and alkyne complexes derived from Co
2
(CO)
8
. The generality of the reaction, typically carried out by heating a mixture of the alkene and the readily formed Co
2
(CO)
6
complex of the alkyne in hydrocarbon or ethereal solvent, was established primarily by an extensive series of studies carried out by the Pauson group throughout the 1970s.

The earliest studies established that synthetically reasonable yields, usually in the 40–60% range, and significant regio‐ and stereoselectivity could be expected even for relatively simple examples. Development of this reaction has reached the point where predictable success and control of selectivity are possible. The variety of successful reactions and systems accessible by means of this cycloaddition is now quite substantial.

This chapter addresses the scope and generality of this reaction as well as the current state of the art with regard to control of regio‐ and stereochemistry. Both inter‐ and intramolecular versions of the cycloaddition are presented, and current models that have been put forth concerning the reaction mechanism are noted. Synthetic applications of the Pauson–Khand reaction have taken many forms, and representative examples of all major types of systems accessed are presented. The process exemplifies a nearly ideal merging of organometallic with synthetic chemistry, in which advances in each area have promoted development in the other in an almost symbiotic manner. Excellent shorter reviews on the Pauson–Khand reaction have been published. This chapter will provides the reader with both an overview of the reaction as well as a sufficiently detailed understanding of its complexities to permit meaningful evaluation as a possible solution to current or future research needs.
The
P
ummerer Reaction of Sulfinyl Compounds
Authors: de Lucchi Ottorino , Miotti Umberto , Modena Giorgio
Published: November 2004

The Pummerer reaction involves the formation of an α‐functionalized sulfide from a sulfoxide bearing at least one α‐hydrogen atom. The reaction can also be described as an internal redox process where the SX group is reduced and the α carbon is oxidized.

The first report by Pummerer on the reaction which now bears his name appeared in 1909 and described the formation of thiophenol and glyoxylic acid on heating phenylsulfinylacetic acid with mineral acids. The products Pummerer observed resulted from hydrolysis of the initially formed α‐substituted sulfides, which are the typical products of the reaction. The term “Pummerer reaction” was later extended to the reaction of sulfoxides with acid anhydrides.

Selenium and nitrogen analogs undergo similar reactions. The former is known as the seleno–Pummerer reaction, and the latter is usually referred to as the Polonovski reaction. The sila–Pummerer reaction, which is also discussed in this chapter, is the rearrangement of sulfoxides bearing a silyl group on the α carbon.

From a mechanistic point of view there are many other reactions, sometimes given specific names, such as the Sommelet–Hauser, Stevens, and Vilsmeier rearrangements, that appear to resemble the Pummerer reaction. Reactions in which the sulfoxide group acts as an oxidant in an intermolecular redox process have characteristics similar to the typical Pummerer reaction. The α‐halogenation of sulfides, in which the sulfide sulfur may first be oxidized to a halosulfonium salt that rearranges to the final product, is formally similar to the Pummerer reaction.

For the sake of clarity and to be as exhaustive as possible, we have limited the scope of this chapter to the restrictive definition.
Organocopper Reagents: Substitution, Conjugate Addition, Carbo/Metallocupration, and Other Reactions
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Sengupta Saumitra
Published: November 2004

Well over a decade ago, two reviews were contributed to theOrganic Reactionsseries covering substitution and conjugate addition reactions in organocopper chemistry. Their appearance, which highlighted most of the early work in this field, served not only as a source of invaluable references to original literature reports, but also stimulated a vast number of subsequent studies on the properties and uses of organocopper complexes.

The work cited in this chapter, which dates from ca. 1975, concerns in large measure uses of organocopper complexes originating from either catalytic or stoichiometric quantities of a copper(I) halide together with a Grignard (RMgX) or organolithium (RLi) reagent. These combinations form either neutral organocopper reagents RCu (1) or copper(I) monoanionic salts R2CuM (M = Li or MgX), commonly referred to as “lower‐order” species. The latteratecomplexes with lithium as gegenion (2) are also known as “Gilman reagents” in recognition of their origins. Copper(I) cyanide is also an excellent precursor, affording homogeneous mixtures of lower order cyanocuprates RCu(CN)Li, (3), upon treatment with an equivalent of an organolithium. The strength of the CuCN linkage presumably accounts for direct cuprate formation with 1 equivalent of the organolithium, rather than the metathesis that occurs with copper(I) chloride, bromide, or iodide.

While use of reagents (1), (2) and (3) alone can be aptly classified as broad‐based and intense, their importance has further encouraged extensive development of variations on these themes (i.e., their composition and reactivity profiles). Reagents (1–3) have been found to be unexpectedly compatible with certain electrophilic additives at low temperatures, which substantially alter their reactivity. Rather than forming (2) from 2 equivalents of the same RLi, different organolithiums can be utilized to give RTRRCuLi, (4), conserving potentially valuable RLi. This scenario raises the question of controlling the selectivity of transfer of the desired ligand RTrather than the anticipated residual (or “dummy”) group RRfrom copper to electrophilic carbon. Fortunately, many solutions to this problem now exist.

Admixture of 2RLi (or RTLi + RRLi) with copper(I) cyanide proceeds beyond the stage of (3) to ultimately arrive at copper(I) dianionic complexes5, the so‐called “higher‐order” cyanocuprates. Undoubtedly it is the cyano ligand, with its π‐acidic nature, which enables copper to accept a third negatively charged ligand. Although reagents (5) do not yet share in all of the benefits offered by time in comparison with their lower‐order counterparts, they nicely complement prior art. Moreover, as with species (1–4), they continue to evolve, providing the synthetic community with alternatives for highly selective and efficient means of making key carbon–carbon bonds.
Carbonyl Methylenation and Alkylidenation Using Titanium‐Based Reagents
Authors: Pine Stanley H.
Published: November 2004

Alkylidenation of the carbonyl group of ketones and aldehydes is among the most useful reactions of organic synthesis. The Wittig reaction of phosphoranes is probably the most widely used method of alkylidenation, although a variety of other approaches have been developed to accomplish this transformation.

The observation that titanium‐based reagents can accomplish such a transformation has provided a new approach to alkylidenation. Not only do these reagents accomplish alkylidenation of the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones, but they are also effective with esters, lactones, amides, thioesters, and certain other carboxylic acid derivatives. Alkylidenation of the carbonyl group of carboxylic acid derivatives cannot normally be accomplished by the Wittig reaction.

Initial interest in the reaction focused on methylenation using the titanium–aluminum complex known as the Tebbe reagent.

Reactions of the Tebbe reagent with carboxylic esters and observed their conversion to enol ethers in high yield.

Furthermore, the Tebbe reagent was also found to methylenate aldehydes and ketones, sometimes more effectively than the Wittig method. The related titanium metallacycles, which are prepared from the Tebbe reagent and an alkene in the presence of a Lewis base, accomplish similar alkylidenations.

During the same period a still undefined reagent was prepared from zinc, a dihalomethane, and titanium tetrachloride that was shown to methylenate aldehydes and ketones. Modification of this mixture provides a reagent that accomplishes methylenation and alkylidenation of carboxylic acid derivatives. An alternative preparation of this reagent has also received wide use.

Reagents for carbonyl alkylidenation involving titanium–magnesium, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, boron, and chromium have also been studied, but none has found such broad use in synthesis.
TheBaeyer–VilligerOxidation of Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Krow Grant R.
Published: November 2004

The oxidative conversion of alicyclic ketones into lactones with permonosulfuric acid was discovered by Baeyer and Villiger in 1899, and in their honor the general process by which ketones are converted into esters or lactones is now known as the Baeyer–Villiger reaction. The literature on this synthetically useful process has been reviewed comprehensively through 1953 in Volume 9 ofOrganic Reactions, and less comprehensive reviews of the reaction have appeared since then. More recent investigations have led to the development of new synthetic reagents, to improvements in experimental reaction conditions, and to a better understanding of regiochemical and stereochemical aspects of the reaction. Baeyer–Villiger reactions now often can be carried out with functional group chemoselectivity and regiochemical control. Although the recent removal from commerce of 90% hydrogen peroxide and reagents based upon this oxidant are a setback to Baeyer–Villiger reaction methodology, alternative reagents, catalysts, and methods described in this review are available to fill the gaps.

The definition of the Baeyer–Villiger reaction is somewhat fuzzy, and can be considered to include both ketones and aldehydes. In addition to the traditional use of organic and inorganic peracids as oxidants, examples of oxygen insertion reactions using hydrogen peroxide, alkyl peroxides, and several metal ion oxidants are considered to fall within the scope of this chapter and are included in the tabular survey.
Preparation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds and Nitriles by Selenoxide Elimination
Authors: Reich Hans J. , Wollowitz Susan
Published: November 2004

Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions play a key role in synthetic organic chemistry. The discoveries that selenium and sulfur substituents could be easily introduced α to a variety of acidifying functional groups, and that these derivatives could be smoothly converted to olefins by selenoxide or sulfoxidesynelimination under mild conditions greatly broadened the range of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds that could be prepared from their saturated analogs. This chapter covers the preparation from enols or enolates of α‐RSe substituted carbonyl compounds and nitriles and their conversion to olefins by thermolysis of the derived selenoxides. Other procedures for preparing these compounds are discussed in a limited way, and they are included in the tables, but the two‐step dehydrogenation is by far the most frequently used.

The rapid acceptance of the selenoxide elimination as a synthetic procedure was the result of two factors: the ease with which many organoselenium compounds could be prepared using readily available, powerful electrophilic and nucleophilic selenium reagents, and the mild conditions (−50° to 40°) under which selenoxides fragment to olefins. Recognized selenoxide eliminations to form olefins were reported in 1967 and 1970, well after the related sulfoxide eliminations had been studied extensively. The application of the sulfoxide and selenoxide eliminations were reported almost simultaneously by several groups in 1973. These reactions have been the subject of several reviews. The principal procedures and reagents for the preparation of the requisite selenium compounds were also identified at that point.

Preparations discussed in this chapter are

Method A: Reaction of enolates, enols, enol ethers, and enamines with benzeneselenenyl chloride or bromide, or diphenyl diselenide.

Method B: Reaction of enols with seleninylating agents [C6H5Se(O)Cl, (C6H5SeO)2O].

Method C: Nucleophilic substitution of α‐halo carbonyl compounds with metal selenolates.

Method D: Alkylation of α‐phenylseleno carbonyl compounds and acylation of α‐lithio selenides or selenoxides.
The [2,3]‐Wittig Rearrangement
Authors: NakaI TakeshI , MikamI KoichI
Published: November 2004

The [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement, constitutes a versatile type of bond reorganization which encompasses a number of variations in terms of an atom pair (X, Y) and the type of electron pair on Y (anions, nonbonding electron pairs, or ylides). The Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement is representative.

This chapter focuses on the special class of [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement that involves an oxycarbanion (X = oxygen, Y = carbanion) as the migrating terminus. This type of rearrangement is now termed the [2,3]‐Wittig (sigmatropic) rearrangement. The reaction name clearly originates from the fact that this rearrangement formally represents a [2,3]‐sigmatropic version of the classic Wittig rearrangement, a well‐known 1,2‐alkyl shift of oxycarbanions. The [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangement has a rather recent history. Perhaps the first observation of the [2,3]‐Wittig shift is the rearrangement of the allyl fluorenyl ether, which was made in 1960 in the context of mechanistic studies on the Wittig rearrangement. The period of the 1960s to the early 1970s witnessed slow progress with a focus on mechanistic studies mainly of allyl benzyl ether systems. The synthetic power of this carbanion rearrangement as a general method was recognized when Still (1978) and Nakai (1981) established the highly stereoselective variants of the genuine [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangement. In recent years the [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangement has enjoyed widespread application in many facets of organic synthesis. Various aspects of the reaction have been reviewed.

This chapter deals with the mechanism, scope and limitation, stereochemistry, and synthetic applications of the [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangement with emphasis on the stereochemical aspects and the synthetic utility. Other hetero [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangements such as thio‐[2,3]‐Wittig variants are not covered.