bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic capabilities of nanopore long‐read sequencing in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Bruels Christine C. , Littel Hannah R. , Daugherty Audrey L. , Stafki Seth , Estrella Elicia A. , McGaughy Emily S. , Truong Don , Badalamenti Jonathan P. , Pais Lynn , Ganesh Vijay S. , O'Donnell‐Luria Anne , Stalker Heather J. , Wang Yang , Collins Christin , Behlmann Andrea , Lemmers Richard J. L. F. , van der Maarel Silvère M. , Laine Regina , Ghosh Partha S. , Darras Basil T. , Zingariello Carla D. , Pacak Christina A. , Kunkel Louis M. , Kang Peter B.
Published: June 2022

Many individuals with muscular dystrophies remain genetically undiagnosed despite clinical diagnostic testing, including exome sequencing. Some may harbor previously undetected structural variants (SVs) or cryptic splice sites. We enrolled 10 unrelated families: nine had muscular dystrophy but lacked complete genetic diagnoses and one had an asymptomatic DMD duplication. Nanopore genomic long‐read sequencing identified previously undetected pathogenic variants in four individuals: an SV in DMD, an SV in LAMA2, and two single nucleotide variants in DMD that alter splicing. The DMD duplication in the asymptomatic individual was in tandem. Nanopore sequencing may help streamline genetic diagnostic approaches for muscular dystrophy.
Certolizumab Pegol Efficacy in Patients With Non‐Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis Stratified by Baseline MRI and C‐Reactive Protein Status: An Analysis From the C‐axSpAnd Study
Authors: Robinson Philip C. , Maksymowych Walter P. , Gensler Lianne S. , Hall Stephen , Rudwaleit Martin , Hoepken Bengt , Bauer Lars , Kumke Thomas , Kim Mindy , de Peyrecave Natasha , Deodhar Atul
Published: June 2022

Objective

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are an effective treatment for non‐radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr‐axSpA). To be eligible, however, many authorities require patients with nr‐axSpA to show active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or an elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) level, possibly resulting in a perception that patients with nr‐axSpA without both factors have only low responses to TNFi treatment. We evaluated clinical responses to certolizumab pegol (CZP) in patients with nr‐axSpA stratified by baseline MRI/CRP status.

Methods

C‐axSpAnd was a phase 3, multicenter study on CZP in adult patients with active nr‐axSpA and objective signs of inflammation. This analysis assessed efficacy of CZP over the 52‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled period in patients stratified into subgroups based on the presence of active sacroiliitis on MRI and CRP level at baseline.

Results

CZP‐treated patients across all MRI/CRP subgroups achieved clinical responses greater than placebo. Across outcome measures, CZP‐treated MRI+/CRP+ patients demonstrated the greatest clinical responses, but substantial improvements were also observed in CZP‐treated MRI+/CRP− and MRI−/CRP+ patients. Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score Major Improvement response rates at week 52 among CZP‐treated patients (75.6% MRI+/CRP+; 47.5% MRI−/CRP+; and 29.7% MRI+/CRP−) were higher than rates in placebo groups (range: 3.9%‐12.5%). Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society 40% response, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, and Bath Ankylosing Spondyloarthritis Functional Index had similar response patterns, although differences between the CZP‐treated MRI/CRP subgroups were smaller. Clinical responses among CZP‐treated patients were also observed in additional subgroups, including those with low Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada MRI sacroiliac joint inflammation scores and those with normal baseline CRP levels.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that CZP treatment benefits patients with nr‐axSpA across MRI+/CRP+, MRI−/CRP+, and MRI+/CRP− subgroups.
Reversible Wet‐Adhesive and Self‐Healing Conductive Composite Elastomer of Liquid Metal
Authors: Pei Danfeng , Yu Shanyu , Liu Ping , Wu Yongpeng , Zhang Xiaofang , Chen Yijun , Li Mingjie , Li Chaoxu
Published: June 2022

Stretchable conductors with the combination of high elasticity and electric conductivity have long been pursued in soft electronics. Liquid metals (LMs), whose mechanical properties match well with the elastomeric matrix, have been successfully applied in soft robotics, electronic skins and wearable devices. But it remains challenging to develop conductive composite elastomers of LMs with reversible adhesion and self‐healing. Herein, EGaIn droplets are uniformly dispersed into elastomer, which contain dynamic disulfide to endow the composite elastomer with thermal processability, recyclability, reversible wet adhesion, and self‐healing. With the EGaIn content of ≥40 vol.%, the resultant composite elastomer shows the electric conductivity of 1.3 × 104 S m−1, self‐healing in 8.0 h, and reversible wet adhesion strength up to 670 kPa after curing for 2.0 h. When serving as conductive adhesive, it can easily adhere to the metal electrode to light up the LED even when stretched to 50%. When serving as self‐adhesive bioelectrode, it can also detect human electromyography signals. Thus, not only may this study provide a new platform of designing self‐adhesive, self‐healing, and conductive composite elastomers of liquid metals, but their reversible wet adhesion and self‐healing also promise the facileness of building damage‐endurable soft electronics and applying to human–machine interfaces.
Robust Interfacial Modifier for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Reconstruction of Energy Alignment at Buried Interface by Self‐Diffusion of Dopants
Authors: Wang Lipeng , Xia Jianxing , Yan Zheng , Song Peiquan , Zhen Chao , Jiang Xin , Shao Guang , Qiu Zeliang , Wei Zhanhua , Qiu Jianhang , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: June 2022

The under‐coordinated defects within perovskite and its relevant interfaces always attract and trap the free carriers via the electrostatic force, significantly limiting the charge extraction efficiency and the intrinsic stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, self‐diffusion interfacial doping by using ionic potassium L‐aspartate (PL‐A) is first reported to restrain the carrier trap induced recombination via the reconstruction of energy level structure at SnO2/perovskite interface in conventional n‐i‐p structured PSCs. Experiments and theories are consistent with the PL‐A anions that can remain at the SnO2 surface due to strong chemical adsorption. During the spin‐coating of the perovskite film, the cations gradually diffuse into perovskite and endow an n‐doping effect, which provides higher force and a better energy level alignment for the carrier transport. As a result, they obtained 23.74% power conversion efficiency for the PL‐A modified small‐area devices, with dramatically improved open‐circuit voltage of 1.19 V. The corresponding large‐area devices (1.05 cm2) achieved an efficiency of 22.23%. Furthermore, the modified devices exhibited negligible hysteresis and enhanced ambient air stability exceeding 1500 h.
Smart Compression Therapy Devices for Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Review
Authors: Coelho Rezende Gustavo , O'Flynn Brendan , O'Mahony Conor
Published: June 2022

Venous leg ulcers can have significant social and economic impacts, and are generally treated by applying compression to the lower limb, which aids in promoting blood return to the heart. Compression therapies commonly involve the use of passive bandages that suffer from issues associated with incorrect application, and although automated solutions have begun to appear; these are often bulky and hinder mobility. Emerging microtechnologies and new materials enable the development of “smart” compression therapy devices, which are defined as systems that use miniaturized and lightweight actuators and electronics to control the applied pressure. This paper reviews the state of the art in smart compression therapy research. A total of seventeen different devices has been identified, categorized as using one of three actuation mechanisms: pneumatic compression, motor‐driven mechanisms, and smart materials (including shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers, and electroactive polymers). The field is still in its relative infancy and further refinements are required to create mass manufacturable compression dressing systems that meet medical, ergonomic, and economic standards. The use of miniaturized actuators has immense potential for the development of smart compression dressings, which will ultimately lead to higher compliance, increased patient comfort, enhanced mobility, and better treatment outcomes.
Engineered Red Blood Cell Membrane‐Coating Salidroside/Indocyanine Green Nanovesicles for High‐Efficiency Hypoxic Targeting Phototherapy of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Pan Yi , He Yichen , Zhao Xin , Pan Yue , Meng Xuli , Lv Zhenye , Hu Zhiming , Mou Xiaozhou , Cai Yu
Published: June 2022

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents special biological behavior and clinicopathological characteristics and leads to a worse prognosis than other types of breast cancer. The development of an effective therapeutic method is significant to improve the survival rate of TNBC cancer patients. In this work, an engineered red blood cell membrane (RBCm)‐coating salidroside/indocyanine green nanovesicle (ARISP) is successfully prepared for hypoxic targeting phototherapy of TNBC. Salidroside in ARISP effectively ameliorates hypoxia‐induced tumorigenesis by downregulating the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α), which increases the killing effect of reactive oxygen species on tumor cells during photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizer indocyanine green. Besides, ARISP has an anti‐LDLR modified RBCm‐coating that extends its circulation time in the blood and escapes from immune surveillance and enhances hypoxia‐targeted cellular uptake via the overexpressed LDLR receptor in hypoxic tumor sites. Moreover, guided by near‐infrared fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic imaging, ARISP can eliminate tumors via high‐efficiency phototherapy and inhibit lung and liver metastasis in TNBC models. Cytotoxicity assay of ARISP indicates the excellent biocompatibility with normal cells and tissues. This study provides fulfilling insights into the anticancer mechanism of reducing HIF‐1α for enhanced PDT and has a promising therapeutic potential for TNBC treatment.
Composition Engineering of Amorphous Nickel Boride Nanoarchitectures Enabling Highly Efficient Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Wu Jie , Hou Meilin , Chen Ziliang , Hao Weiju , Pan Xuelei , Yang Hongyuan , Cen Wanglai , Liu Yang , Huang Hui , Menezes Prashanth W. , Kang Zhenhui
Published: June 2022

Developing advanced electrocatalysts with exceptional two electron (2e−) selectivity, activity, and stability is crucial for driving the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Herein, a composition engineering strategy is proposed to flexibly regulate the intrinsic activity of amorphous nickel boride nanoarchitectures for efficient 2e− ORR by oriented reduction of Ni2+ with different amounts of BH4−. Among borides, the amorphous NiB2 delivers the 2e− selectivity close to 99% at 0.4 V and over 93% in a wide potential range, together with a negligible activity decay under prolonged time. Notably, an ultrahigh H2O2 production rate of 4.753 mol gcat−1 h−1 is achieved upon assembling NiB2 in the practical gas diffusion electrode. The combination of X‐ray absorption and in situ Raman spectroscopy, as well as transient photovoltage measurements with density functional theory, unequivocally reveal that the atomic ratio between Ni and B induces the local electronic structure diversity, allowing optimization of the adsorption energy of Ni toward *OOH and reducing of the interfacial charge‐transfer kinetics to preserve the OO bond.
A Memristors‐Based Dendritic Neuron for High‐Efficiency Spatial‐Temporal Information Processing
Authors: Li Xinyi , Zhong Yanan , Chen Hang , Tang Jianshi , Zheng Xiaojian , Sun Wen , Li Yang , Wu Dong , Gao Bin , Hu Xiaolin , Qian He , Wu Huaqiang
Published: June 2022

Diverse microscopic ionic dynamics help mediate the ability of a biological neural network to handle complex tasks with low energy consumption. Thus, rich internal ionic dynamics in memristors based on transition metal oxide are expected to provide a unique and useful platform for implementing energy‐efficient neuromorphic computing. To this end, a titanium oxide (TiOx)‐based interface‐type dynamic memristor and an niobium oxide (NbOx)‐based Mott memristor are integrated as an artificial dendrite and spike‐firing soma, respectively, to construct a dendritic neuron unit for realizing high‐efficiency spatial‐temporal information processing. Further, a dendritic neural network is hardware‐implemented for spatial‐temporal information processing to highlight the computational advantages achieved by incorporating dendritic functions in the network. Human motion recognition is demonstrated using the Nanyang Technological University‐Red Green Blue (NTU‐RGB) dataset as a benchmark spatial‐temporal task; it shows a nearly 20% improvement in accuracy for the memristors‐based hardware incorporating dendrites and a 1000× advantage in power efficiency compared to that of the graphics processing unit (GPU). The dendritic neuron developed in this study can be considered a critical building block for implementing more bio‐plausible neural networks that can manage complex spatial‐temporal tasks with high efficiency.
Lasing Action from Quasi‐Propagating Modes
Authors: Tan Max J. H. , Park Jeong‐Eun , Freire‐Fernández Francisco , Guan Jun , Juarez Xitlali G. , Odom Teri W.
Published: June 2022

Band edges at the high symmetry points in reciprocal space of periodic structures hold special interest in materials engineering for their high density of states. In optical metamaterials, standing waves found at these points have facilitated lasing, bound‐states‐in‐the‐continuum, and Bose–Einstein condensation. However, because high symmetry points by definition are localized, properties associated with them are limited to specific energies and wavevectors. Conversely, quasi‐propagating modes along the high symmetry directions are predicted to enable similar phenomena over a continuum of energies and wavevectors. Here, quasi‐propagating modes in 2D nanoparticle lattices are shown to support lasing action over a continuous range of wavelengths and symmetry‐determined directions from a single device. Using lead halide perovskite nanocrystal films as gain materials, lasing is achieved from waveguide‐surface lattice resonance (W‐SLR) modes that can be decomposed into propagating waves along high symmetry directions, and standing waves in the orthogonal direction that provide optical feedback. The characteristics of the lasing beams are analyzed using an analytical 3D model that describes diffracted light in 2D lattices. Demonstrations of lasing across different wavelengths and lattice designs highlight how quasi‐propagating modes offer possibilities to engineer chromatic multibeam emission important in hyperspectral 3D sensing, high‐bandwidth Li‐Fi communication, and laser projection displays.
Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Next‐Generation Photonics and Electronics
Authors: Moon Seokho , Kim Jiye , Park Jeonghyeon , Im Semi , Kim Jawon , Hwang Inyong , Kim Jong Kyu
Published: June 2022

Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), an insulating 2D layered material, has recently attracted tremendous interest motivated by the extraordinary properties it shows across the fields of optoelectronics, quantum optics, and electronics, being exotic material platforms for various applications. At an early stage of h‐BN research, it is explored as an ideal substrate and insulating layers for other 2D materials due to its atomically flat surface that is free of dangling bonds and charged impurities, and its high thermal conductivity. Recent discoveries of structural and optical properties of h‐BN have expanded potential applications into emerging electronics and photonics fields. h‐BN shows a very efficient deep‐ultraviolet band‐edge emission despite its indirect‐bandgap nature, as well as stable room‐temperature single‐photon emission over a wide wavelength range, showing a great potential for next‐generation photonics. In addition, h‐BN is extensively being adopted as active media for low‐energy electronics, including nonvolatile resistive switching memory, radio‐frequency devices, and low‐dielectric‐constant materials for next‐generation electronics.
Ultrahigh Carrier Mobilities in Ferroelectric Domain Wall Corbino Cones at Room Temperature
Authors: McCluskey Conor J. , Colbear Matthew G. , McConville James P. V. , McCartan Shane J. , Maguire Jesi R. , Conroy Michele , Moore Kalani , Harvey Alan , Trier Felix , Bangert Ursel , Gruverman Alexei , Bibes Manuel , Kumar Amit , McQuaid Raymond G. P. , Gregg J. Marty
Published: June 2022

Recently, electrically conducting heterointerfaces between dissimilar band insulators (such as lanthanum aluminate and strontium titanate) have attracted considerable research interest. Charge transport and fundamental aspects of conduction have been thoroughly explored. Perhaps surprisingly, similar studies on conceptually much simpler conducting homointerfaces, such as domain walls, are not nearly so well developed. Addressing this disparity, magnetoresistance is herein reported in approximately conical 180° charged domain walls, in partially switched ferroelectric thin‐film single‐crystal lithium niobate. This system is ideal for such measurements: first, the conductivity difference between domains and domain walls is unusually large (a factor of 1013) and hence currents driven through the thin film, between planar top and bottom electrodes, are overwhelmingly channeled along the walls; second, when electrical contact is made to the top and bottom of the domain walls and a magnetic field is applied along their cone axes, then the test geometry mirrors that of a Corbino disk: a textbook arrangement for geometric magnetoresistance measurement. Data imply carriers with extremely high room‐temperature Hall mobilities of up to ≈3700 cm2 V−1 s−1. This is an unparalleled value for oxide interfaces (and for bulk oxides) comparable to mobilities in other systems seen at cryogenic, rather than at room, temperature.
Novel Composite of Nickel Thiocyanate‐Based All‐Inorganic Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals with Enhanced Luminescent and Stability for White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Thapa Saroj , Zhu Hongyang , Grigoriev Alexei , Zhu Peifen
Published: June 2022

Doping of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) to achieve excellent material properties is accelerating due to their increasing use in optoelectronic devices. Herein, a novel composite of CsPbBr3 PNCs with nickel thiocyanate Ni(SCN)2 is reported, exhibiting stronger photoluminescence (PL) and more extended stability. The addition of Ni(SCN)2 at different molar concentrations reduces the surface trap states of the host PNCs. Therefore, the microstrain, dislocation density, PL emission linewidth, and Urbach energy decrease, resulting in an increased photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 72% to high above 90%. When stored in the ambient atmosphere for 120 days, the PLQY of doped PNCs is maintained by more than four times compared to host PNCs. A combination of 3D‐printed conversion layers containing green‐, yellow‐, and red‐emitting doped PNCs with blue light‐emitting diodes results in stable white light with superior color qualities. Hence, new composites with desired properties are developed as an alternative to conventional color phosphors.
Exposure Surface Active Sites of Perovskite‐Type LaFeO3 Gas Sensors by Selectively Dissolving La Cations for Enhancing Gas Sensing Properties to Acetone
Authors: Qin Wenbo , Zhang Renze , Yuan Zhenyu , Shen Yanbai , Wang Gongming , Meng Fanli
Published: June 2022

While perovskite metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) gas sensors have great potential for detecting various hazardous gases, the surface enrichment of inactive A‐sites severely limits their ability to obtain excellent gas sensing properties. Herein, one simple and facile citric acid etching method is reported with the aim of significantly improving the acetone sensing properties of perovskite LaFeO3 (LFO) by surface structure optimization. Structural characterization shows that citric acid selectively solubilized the A‐site cations and inhibits the occurrence of La segregation on the surface without destroying the perovskite structure, thus increasing the exposure of the active site Fe. At the operating temperature of 200 °C, the response of etched LFO for 20 ppm acetone reaches 50, which is almost 12 times higher than that of pristine LFO sample. Meanwhile, the etched LFO samples also exhibit low detection limits (50 ppb), good selectivity, and stability. The enhanced gas sensitivity is attributed to near‐perfect surface metal ion ratio (La/Fe atomic ratio = 0.97) and abundant oxygen species concentration. This work provides an avenue to enhance the acetone sensing properties and beyond by intentional structural modification, which not only has great scientific meaning, but also valuable potential for industrial and domestic applications.
Emerging Intelligent Manufacturing of Metal Halide Perovskites
Authors: Zhang Yang , Chen Tianya , Yi Shenghui , Zhang Xiaofeng , Jiao Yinan , Lu Jian , Zhao Jinjin
Published: June 2022

The incorporation of high‐precision intelligent manufacturing technologies into patterned metal halide perovskite production has attracted scientific and commercial interest because of advantages in terms of designable and controllable processes, multiscale and multimaterial construction strategies, and improved energy‐conversion performance. Here, the current developments in intelligent manufacturing technologies are reviewed for patterned and tailored perovskite structures. Six high‐precision approaches, namely, nanoimprint lithography, space‐confined growth, ink‐based direct printing, laser‐induced nucleation, modification using a laser, and high‐energy etching, are investigated and summarized. The focus of the review is on the basic principles of intelligent manufacturing methods, process optimization, and controllable perovskite microstructures. Additionally, the performance improvements of patterned and tailored perovskites and their devices, including photodetectors, solar cells, lasers, information storage and encryption devices, anticounterfeiting devices, and full‐color display applications, are discussed. The potential future applications of shaped perovskites fabricated via intelligent manufacturing technologies are promising.
Hierarchical Arete Architecture‐Enabled Iontronic Pressure Sensor with High Linearity and Sensitivity
Authors: Chen Yanxu , Qin Yuxiang , Zhang Xueshuo , Zheng Anbo , Xia Qing
Published: June 2022

Linearity is an indispensable factor to be considered when evaluating the characteristics of a pressure sensor. Although different kinds of advanced materials and microstructures are explored to enhance the device performances, the nonlinear response of sensors caused by the attenuation of sensitivity as pressure increases still needs to be further addressed. In this spotlight, a sensitive flexible iontronic pressure sensor with highly linear response is reported here. The design of its hierarchical arete architecture (HAA) not only inherits the high sensitivity of hierarchical microstructures in a wide pressure range but also achieves ultrahigh linearity. Experimentally the HAA iontronic sensor is prepared by using a simple and low‐cost polycrystalline silicon template, and it demonstrates a high sensitivity of 20.98 kPa−1 in a broad range (0–37.5 kPa) with R2 up to 0.9921. Benefited from the combination of remarkable linearity, sensitivity, and other characteristics, practical applications around human health such as real‐time monitoring of tablets, recognition of respiratory airflows, and physiological signals detection are successfully demonstrated here. Based on these excellent performances, the HAA iontronic sensor can also be regarded as a promising choice in the fields of 5G communication, wearable devices, robotic intelligence, etc.
Power Generation on Chips: Harvesting Energy From the Sun and Cold Space
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Wu Zhenhua , Liu Zekun , Mu Erzhen , Liu Yang , Lv Yongbo , Thundat Thomas , Hu Zhiyu
Published: June 2022

Environmental energy source is abundant, inexhaustible, ubiquitous, and free. However, harvesting thermal energy from the environment to generate uninterrupted electricity is still challenging. Herein, a power device to simultaneously harvest energy from the sun and cold space based on a microfabricated thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated with a solar absorber (SA) and radiative cooling emitter (RCE) is reported. Nano‐channel arrays structure is introduced in SA to achieve high broadband light absorption (≈96%) over the entire solar spectrum. Then, a typical RCE is fabricated to demonstrate the great potential of cooperating with SA to create a continuous temperature difference for thermal energy harvesting. Furthermore, a TEG sandwiched between SA and RCE can convert the thermal energy into electricity, which is proved by a chip‐integrated micro‐TEG experimentally. What is more, two self‐generation power devices are designed, and the power generation of the reverse structure demo device (r‐TEG) is 130% of the forward one (f‐TEG) in the daytime and 260% in the nighttime. The results demonstrate a renewable and sustainable thermodynamic green resource on chips for power generation independent of time and geographical restrictions, which is vital for promoting the sun and cold space as viable energy sources beyond traditional technologies.
Slowing Down for Growth Mechanism and Speeding Up for Performance Optimization Based on Single Ligand Passivated CsPbBr3 Nanoplatelets
Authors: Yang Huanxin , Yun Rui , Sun Changjiu , Chu Yiyue , Su Guodong , Yuan Mingjian , Wu Suli , Zhang Libing , Li Xiyan
Published: June 2022

Quasi 2D metal halide perovskite nanoplatelets (NPls), as a kind of important materials to achieve pure blue emission, attract significant attention in pursuit of high gamut trichromatic display. However, in‐depth study on the specific growth processes of NPls is still lacking due to the ultrafast reaction rate. Here, a single ligand passivation strategy to investigate the concrete growth mechanism of NPls is proposed, in which the PbBrx(OAm)y clusters play a pivotal template role in guiding the growth of crystals, and the final products with 3‐monolayer (3ML) are grown from the intermediate 2ML NPls instead of being synthesized directly. Based on the new discovery about growth mechanism of NPls, the reaction time has been shortened from hours to seconds by introducing hydrobromic acid and ethanol. The ethanol used here is considered as an accelerator for the transition from 2ML to 3ML NPls rather than an initiator for nucleation of products, which is different from the generally accepted viewpoints. With further passivation of hydrobromic acid, the synthesized 3ML NPls show 462 nm emission with quantum yield of 97.04% and great photostability. The novel growth model proposed in this work will provide a paradigm for future design and optimization of new synthesis schemes.
Self‐Stabilized Hydrogenation of Amorphous InGaZnO Schottky Diode with Bilayer Passivation
Authors: Zhou Jitong , Pan Wengao , Zheng Dawei , Liu Fayang , Li Guijun , Zhou Xianda , Wang Kai , Zhang Shengdong , Lu Lei
Published: June 2022

The low‐temperature‐processed amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) exhibit remarkable potentials in large‐area, flexible, and hybrid‐integrated electronics, while the performance and stability of AOS devices highly depend on the proper manipulation of abundant native defects in AOS, especially for AOS Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with the naturally defective metal–semiconductor interface. Here, a hydrogenated‐InGaZnO SBD with a hydrogen‐rich passivation layer (PL) is reported. With the hydrogenation effectively suppressing interface defects and meanwhile donating electrons, a near‐ideal Schottky contact and more‐conductive drift region are simultaneously achieved, as proven by the perfect ideality factor of 1.08, a Schottky barrier height of 0.87 eV, a high rectification ratio ≈4.5 × 108. Moreover, such sophisticated hydrogenation is self‐stabilized by the bilayer structure of PL, contributing to the record‐high stabilities under harsh environmental and electrical stresses.
Mapping Thermoelectric Transport in a Multicomponent Alloy Space
Authors: Gurunathan Ramya , Sarker Suchismita , Borg Christopher K. H. , Saal James , Ward Logan , Mehta Apurva , Snyder G. Jeffrey
Published: June 2022

Interest in high entropy alloy thermoelectric materials is predicated on achieving ultralow lattice thermal conductivity κL through large compositional disorder. However, here it is shown that for a given mechanism, such as mass contrast phonon scattering, κL will be minimized along the binary alloy with highest mass contrast, such that adding an intermediate mass atom to increase atomic disorder can increase thermal conductivity. Only when each component adds an independent scattering mechanism (such as adding strain fluctuation to an existing mass fluctuation) is there a benefit. In addition, both charge carriers and heat‐carrying phonons are known to experience scattering due to alloying effects, leading to a trade‐off in thermoelectric performance. Analytic transport models are applied, based on perturbation and effective medium theories, to predict how alloy scattering will affect the thermal and electronic transport across the full compositional range of several pseudo‐ternary and pseudo‐quaternary alloy systems. To do so, a multicomponent extension is demonstrated to both thermal and electronic binary alloy scattering models based on the virtual crystal approximation. Finally, it is shown that common functional forms used in computational thermodynamics can be applied to this problem to further generalize the scattering behavior that is modeled.
How we compare: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine faculty membership demographics
Authors: Bennett Christopher L. , Ling Albee Y. , Agrawal Pooja , Pierce Ava , Pasao Melissa A. , Ray Douglas , Cleveland Manchanda Emily C.
Published: June 2022

Background

The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) has a core value to promote a diverse workforce for patients, providers, and learners. Understanding the organization's membership demographics and how that compares to the academic emergency medicine (EM) workforce is prerequisite to the success of this core value.

Methods

We obtained 2020 faculty membership data sets from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and SAEM; data included self‐reported sex, race and ethnicity, and academic rank (professor, associate professor, assistant professor, and instructor). We employed standardized mean difference (SMD) to quantify difference in proportions between data sets.

Results

We identified 5874 (AAMC) and 2785 (SAEM) faculty. The AAMC (38.3%) and the SAEM (41.3%) had similar proportions of overall female faculty (SMD 0.063) although SAEM (compared to AAMC) had a higher proportion of female full (25.5% vs. 20.5%, SMD 0.121) and assistant (46.5% vs. 41.2%, SMD 0.106) professors. With the exception of Hispanic instructors, SAEM (compared to AAMC) also had higher proportions of Black and Hispanic female faculty at all ranks (SMD ranging from 0.109 to 0.777).

Conclusion

SAEM faculty demographics generally reflect that of the academic EM workforce demographics reported in the AAMC database and that overall, the proportions of female, Black, and Hispanic faculty in SAEM are slightly larger than those in the AAMC database. However, faculty who identify as Black or Hispanic in both the AAMC and the SAEM databases (compared to the overall U.S. population) are dramatically underrepresented.
Structural competency in emergency medical education: A scoping review and operational framework
Authors: Salhi Bisan A. , Zeidan Amy , Stehman Christine R. , Kleinschmidt Sarah , Liu E. Liang , Bascombe Kristen , Preston‐Suni Kian , White Melissa H. , Druck Jeff , Lopez Bernard L. , Samuels‐Kalow Margaret E.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Existing curricula and recommendations on the incorporation of structural competency and vulnerability into medical education have not provided clear guidance on how best to do so within emergency medicine (EM). The goal of this scoping review and consensus building process was to provide a comprehensive overview of structural competency, link structural competency to educational and patient care outcomes, and identify existing gaps in the literature to inform curricular implementation and future research in EM.

Methods

A scoping review focused on structural competency and vulnerability following Arksey and O’Malley’s six‐step framework was performed in concurrence with a multistep consensus process culminating in the 2021 SAEM Consensus Conference. Feedback was incorporated in developing a framework for a national structural competency curriculum in EM.

Results

A literature search identified 291 articles that underwent initial screening. Of these, 51 were determined to be relevant to EM education. The papers consistently conceptualized structural competency as an interdisciplinary framework that requires learners and educators to consider historical power and privilege to develop a professional commitment to justice. However, the papers varied in their operationalization, and no consensus existed on how to observe or measure the effects of structural competency on learners or patients. None of the studies examined the structural constraints of the learners studied.

Conclusions

Findings emphasize the need for training structurally competent physicians via national structural competency curricula focusing on standardized core competency proficiencies. Moreover, the findings highlight the need to assess the impact of such curricula on patient outcomes and learners’ knowledge, attitudes, and clinical care delivery. The framework aims to standardize EM education while highlighting the need for further research in how structural competency interventions would translate to an ED setting and affect patient outcomes and experiences.
Building a RAFFT: Impact of a professional development program for women faculty and residents in emergency medicine
Authors: Li‐Sauerwine Simiao , Bambach Kimberly , McGrath Jillian , Yee Jennifer , Boulger Creagh T. , Hunold Katherine M. , Mitzman Jennifer
Published: June 2022

Background

Women comprise 28% of faculty in academic departments of emergency medicine (EM) and 11% of academic chairs. Professional development programs for women are key to career success and to prevent pipeline attrition. Within emergency medicine, there is a paucity of outcomes‐level data for such programs.

Objectives

We aim to measure the impact of a novel structured professional development curriculum and mentorship group (Resident and Faculty Female Tribe, or RAFFT) within an academic department of EM.

Methods

This prospective single‐center curriculum implementation and evaluation was conducted in the academic year 2020–2021. A planning group identified potential curricular topics using an iterative Delphi process. We developed a 10‐session longitudinal curriculum; a postcurriculum survey was conducted to assess the perceived benefit of the program in four domains.

Results

A total of 76% of 51 eligible women attended at least one session; for this project we analyzed the 24 participants (47%) who attended at least one session and completed both the pre‐ and the postsurvey. The majority of participants reported a positive benefit, which aligned with their expectations in the following areas: professional development (79.2%), job satisfaction (83.3%), professional well‐being (70.8%), and personal well‐being (79.2%). Resident physicians more often reported less benefit than expected compared to fellow/faculty physicians. Median perceived impact on career choice and trajectory was positive for all respondents.

Conclusions

Success of this professional development program was measured through a perceived benefit aligning with participant expectations, a positive impact on career choice and career trajectory for participants in each career stage, and a high level of engagement in this voluntary program. Recommendations for the successful implementation of professional development programs include early engagement of stakeholders, the application of data from a program‐specific needs assessment, early dissemination of session dates to allow for protected time off, and structured discussions with appropriate identification of presession resources.
Intraoperative visualization of morphological patterns of the thoracic duct by subcutaneous inguinal injection of indocyanine green in esophagectomy for esophageal cancer
Authors: Tokumaru Shigeo , Kitazawa Masato , Nakamura Satoshi , Koyama Makoto , Soejima Yuji
Published: June 2022

To prevent chylothorax after esophageal cancer surgery, it is important to recognize morphological patterns of the thoracic duct intraoperatively. The present study aimed to evaluate the safety and usefulness of near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging with subcutaneous inguinal injection of indocyanine green (SII‐ICG) to detect the thoracic duct during thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Patients (n = 16) who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position with SII‐ICG at Shinshu University Hospital between June 2020 and January 2022 were enrolled in the present study and retrospectively reviewed. Immediately prior to thoracoscopic esophagectomy, we injected 0.2–0.5 mg/kg ICG into the subcutaneous tissue in the bilateral inguinal region. The identification rate of the thoracic duct was 93.8% (n = 15), and the success rate of fluorescence using SII‐ICG was 87.5% (n = 14). The visible thoracic ducts had four patterns: a typical pattern in 50% (n = 8), duplication pattern in 18.8% (n = 3), branching pattern in 12.5% (n = 2), and plexiform pattern in 12.5% (n = 2). In all cases, ICG fluorescence did not disappear and was visible during the thoracic surgery. No SII‐ICG‐related complications were observed. Intraoperative NIR fluorescence imaging of the thoracic duct using SII‐ICG is a simple and safe method with very high detection sensitivity. This method can be a powerful tool for avoiding thoracic duct injuries during esophageal cancer surgery.
C3 glomerulopathy: Understanding an ultra‐rare complement‐mediated renal disease
Authors: Heiderscheit Amanda K. , Hauer Jill J. , Smith Richard J. H.
Published: June 2022

C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) describes a pathologic pattern of injury diagnosed by renal biopsy. It is characterized by the dominant deposition of the third component of complement (C3) in the renal glomerulus as resolved by immunofluorescence microscopy. The underlying pathophysiology is driven by dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement in the fluid‐phase and in the glomerular microenvironment. Characterization of clinical features and a targeted evaluation for indices and drivers of complement dysregulation are necessary for optimal patient care. Autoantibodies to the C3 and C5 convertases of complement are the most commonly detected drivers of complement dysregulation, although genetic mutations in complement genes can also be found. Approximately half of patients progress to end‐stage renal disease within 10 years of diagnosis, and, while transplantation is a viable option, there is high risk for disease recurrence and allograft failure. This poor outcome reflects the lack of disease‐specific therapy for C3G, relegating patients to symptomatic treatment to minimize proteinuria and suppress renal inflammation. Fortunately, the future is bright as several anti‐complement drugs are currently in clinical trials.
Understanding the dynamics of support seeking in women with lived experience of non‐physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and the service responses—A qualitative study
Authors: Doolabh Karishma , Fisher Colleen , O'Donnell Melissa
Published: June 2022

Non‐physical abuse is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV), which negatively impacts physical and mental well‐being. The study objectives were to understand the process of support seeking amongst women who experience non‐physical IPV. Interviews were conducted with women who have experience of non‐physical IPV and support workers. The findings of this study suggest that women generally delay support seeking for non‐physical IPV as they are unable to recognise this form of violence. Increasing awareness about non‐physical IPV can be a prevention strategy to assist women in recognising this and seeking support. The important finding in our study that most of the women initially contacted a healthcare professional regarding the psychological impact of the non‐physical violence offers an opportunity for earlier intervention. Healthcare professionals are in a unique position to address the healthcare needs of women who experience IPV and can therefore assist in facilitating disclosure, offering support and referring to DV services. Training and education for professionals on all forms of IPV is required to improve identification and referral of women.
Crossing Phantom Divide in f(Q)$f(Q)$ Gravity
Authors: Arora Simran , Sahoo Pradyumn Kumar
Published: June 2022

The possibility of crossing a phantom divide line in the extension of symmetric teleparallel gravity or the gravity, where Q is the non‐metricity, is investigated. The cosmic evolution of the effective equation of state parameter for dark energy is studied considering exponential, logarithmic, and combined theories. Moreover, the exponential model behaves like the ΛCDM at high redshifts before deviating to or , respectively, depending on the value of model parameter. It also approaches a desitter phase asymptotically. However, the crossing of the phantom divide line, that is, , is realized in the combined theory. Furthermore, statefinder diagnostics are studied in order to differentiate between several dark energy models. To ensure the three model's stability, the stability analysis is employed using linear perturbations. It is demonstrated how to reassemble via a numerical inversion approach based on existing observational constraints on cosmographic parameters and the potential of bridging the phantom divide in the resulting model. It explicitly demonstrates that future crossings of the phantom dividing line are a generic feature of feasible gravity models.
Palladium, iridium, and rhodium complexes bearing chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands applied in asymmetric catalysis
Authors: Mukherjee Nilanjana , Mondal Bhaskar , Saha Tarak Nath , Maity Ramananda
Published: June 2022

The field of asymmetric catalysis is rapidly developing and the chiral ligands play a key role in enantioselective transition‐metal catalysis. The electron‐rich chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have established themselves as a popular class of stereodirecting ancillary ligands to catalyze enantioselective organic transformations in more efficient ways. Several novel transition‐metal complexes in combination with tailored ligand design have emerged during last few decades in asymmetric catalysis. The tailor‐made NHCs can easily be accessed due to the modular synthesis of their parent azolium salt precursors. Their donor capability and the molecular shape can easily be tuned by changing substituent at N‐atom or by changing the cyclic backbone framework. This review article aims to describe the recent advances in this rapidly evolving research area of enantioselective catalysis using well‐defined transition‐metal complexes possessing chiral NHC donor ligands.
Preparation and luminescence properties of CaMoO4:Eu3+/Sm3+ phosphors
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐fei , E. Namila , Wang Xi‐gui
Published: June 2022

Eu3+ and/or Sm3+‐doped CaMoO4 phosphors were prepared using a hydrothermal method. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the sample is in a tetragonal CaMoO4 phase, the space group is I41/a (88), the lattice constants are a = b = 5.226 Å, c = 11.430 Å, and V = 312.2 Å3. We explored the effects of Eu3+ doping concentration, reaction temperature, preparation time, and the energy transfer relationship between Eu3+ and Sm3+ on the phosphors. The Commission Internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) calculation results indicated that under excitation by ultraviolet light at 283 nm, the CIE coordinates of some CaMoO4:Eu3+/Sm3+ materials are located in the near‐white light region, and could be used as potential candidates for single‐matrix white phosphors.
Vastus lateralis versus rectus femoris muscle flaps for recalcitrant hip joint infection: An anatomical study comparing the effectiveness of acetabular dead space control
Authors: Smith Alexandria H. , Brassett Cecilia , Gooding Christopher , Abood Ahid , Norrish Alan
Published: June 2022

Eliminating recalcitrant prosthetic hip joint infections remains one of the greatest challenges in orthopedic surgery. In such cases, the salvage procedure of femoral head excision (the Girdlestone procedure) is often performed. There has been emerging surgical interest in filling the resulting acetabular dead space with a pedicled muscle flap, to enable antibiotic delivery. Both vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscle flaps have been described for this purpose with good success. This study is the first anatomical investigation comparing VL and RF as candidates for interposition myoplasty following hip joint excision. Following standard surgical technique, the Girdlestone procedure and interposition myoplasty of both RF and VL were performed on 10 cadavers. The primary aim was to determine which muscle flap eliminated a greater volume of acetabular dead space. Secondary aims were to characterize the blood supply to RF and assess additional metrics indicative of the likelihood of flap success. The VL flap eliminated more dead space than RF. However, the use of the RF flap was feasible in all cases and has several benefits, including ease of harvest, mobility, and aesthetics. The location of the inferior vascular pedicle into RF was relatively consistent and the most effective predictor of flap success. Both VL and RF are effective in reducing acetabular dead space. While VL can fill a greater volume, the RF flap has technical advantages, related to the predictability of the blood supply.