bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epoxidation of 2-buten-1-ol over Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-48 titanium silicalite catalysts
Authors: Wróblewska Agnieszka , Ławro Ewelina , Milchert Eugeniusz
Published: May 2008

Epoxidation of 2-buten-1-ol over Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-48 titanium silicalite catalysts

The results of the epoxidation of 2-buten-1-ol with 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide have been presented. As a solvent methanol was used. The process was carried out over the titanium silicalite catalysts: Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-48. The influence of temperature (20 - 120°C), the molar ratio of CRA/H2O2 (5:1 - 5:1), methanol concentration (5 - 90 wt%), catalyst concentration (0.1 - 5.0 wt%) and the reaction time (30 - 300 min) was investigated. The obtained results were used for the determination of optimum conditions of running the epoxidation process of 2-buten-1-ol.
The effect of Atpolan 80 EC on atrazine residues in the soil
Authors: Swarcewicz Maria , Skórska Elżbieta , Paździoch Waldemar
Published: May 2008

The effect of Atpolan 80 EC on atrazine residues in the soil

The persistence of atrazine residues in soils may have an effect on the contamination of the ground water or surface water. Besides the active ingredients, pesticide formulations contain many other compounds called adjuvants. One of them is the Atpolan 80 EC which belongs to the group of oil mineral adjuvants used as tank-mix. The utilization of a fraction of paraffin oil 1113 is one of the examples of utilising waste as the component of Atpolan 80 EC in agriculture. When the Atpolan concentration comprised 1.25% (v/v), the atrazine degradation rate decreased in the sandy loam and muck soil. The half-life of atrazine increased over a period of 40 or 57 days, depending on the type of the soil. The least significant effect was caused by Atpolan concentration at 0.25 and 0.75%. This result points at the capability of limiting atrazine run-off and leaching down the soil profile. Each ingredient of the pesticide, besides having the overall ability to distribute between different phases, also demonstrates some single compound behaviour. This paper shows our current understanding of the factors that influence the adjuvant performance and their potentially complex interactions with the pesticide.
Production of suspension fertilizers as a potential way of managing industrial waste
Authors: Mikła Daniel , Hoffmann Krystyna , Hoffmann Józef
Published: May 2008

Production of suspension fertilizers as a potential way of managing industrial waste

Research on the possibilities of utilizing several waste substances for the production of suspension fertilizers has been carried out. The substances were: sludge from the ALWERNIA S.A. Chemical Plant - a potential source of phosphorous (~20% by wt. P2O5) and waste sludge from the production of magnesium sulphates and nitrates in the Złotniki S.A. Chemical Plant - a substance aiding the stability of suspension and magnesite (a source of magnesium). The possibility of chemical activation of clayey minerals through ion exchange was investigated. Na2CO3 was used for this purpose. Fertilizer samples PK and NPK were found to be highly stable (syneresis < 25%). The NPK +3% MgO sample was found to have particularly good properties. The activation of the clayey materials by Na2CO3 resulted in an increase in the stability coefficient in the case of bentonite SN and clay TIK by 0.88964 and 0.516304, respectively.
Assessment of the use of municipal and industrial wastes in agriculture
Authors: Jasiewicz Czesława , Antonkiewicz Jacek , Baran Agnieszka
Published: May 2008

Assessment of the use of municipal and industrial wastes in agriculture

Agricultural usability of urban and industrial wastes was investigated in 2004 - 2006 in a pot experiment carried out in the vegetation hall. In the first year of the experiment maize was the test plant, oat grass in the second and oat in the third. The experimental design comprised 11 treatments differing with fertilizer and the kind of the supplied fertilizer components. The experiment used: mineral salts, farmyard manure, compost, municipal sewage sludge and industrial sewage sludge in two fertilizer doses. Metal concentrations in the test plants were diminishing in the following direction: oat grass < maize < oat. The lowest concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals were assessed in the plants fertilized with farmyard manure and compost (Zn, Cu). Among the tested plants the highest quantities of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd were removed with the yield of the oat grass, then maize and oat. The highest uptake of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb by plants was registered on a double dose of industrial sludge and Cd on a single dose of municipal sludge.
Catalysts for the utilization of methane from the coal mine ventilation air
Authors: Stasińska Beata , Machocki Andrzej
Published: May 2008

Catalysts for the utilization of methane from the coal mine ventilation air

The paper indicates coal mines as the source of permanent emission of low-concentrated gases, which have increased the greenhouse effect. This paper proposes the catalytic oxidation of methane as the solution to the problem of methane utilization when its concentration in the air is insufficient for flame combustion. The studies which have been conducted for many years enabled finding the active oxide and metallic catalytic systems for the reaction of methane oxidation. For the utilization of gases with low-concentrated methane, using the low-temperature catalysts, especially palladium catalysts, seems to be economically well-justified. Depending on technological solutions it can be considered as the method for methane utilization or as an environmentally friendly way for the generation of electric and thermal energy.
Optimization of an active phase composition in the low-temperature nitric oxide reduction catalyst
Authors: Kułażyński Marek , Bratek Krystyna , Walendziewski Jerzy
Published: May 2008

Optimization of an active phase composition in the low-temperature nitric oxide reduction catalyst

In the first research studies series a selection of the quantitative composition of catalyst active phase composition (iron, copper and manganese) deposited on mineral-carbon support was carried out. It was found on the basis of the selection studies series that the best results were attained when copper and manganese were used as catalyst components. The quantitative composition of the denitrogention catalyst was estimated using a statistical method of experiment planning and metals content changed in the range 0.5 - 1.5wt % for both metals. Catalyst activity in nitric oxide reduction by ammonia was determined in the dependence on an active phase composition in the temperature range 100 - 200°C, at GHSV (Gas Hour Space Velocity) 6 000 and 10 000 Nm3/m3h, NO concentration 400 ppm, NH3/NO ratio 1:1. A graphic presentation of the obtained results was made using the UNIPLOT program. The highest activity in nitric oxide reduction by ammonia presented copper - manganese catalysts prepared by the impregnation of mineral-carbon support with active metals salts solutions and calcination after each metal impregnation with copper (up to 1.5 wt %) and manganese (up to 1.5 wt %).
Biodegradability of the compounds introduced with microelement fertilizers into the environment
Authors: Borowiec Magdalena , Polańska Paulina , Hoffmann Józef
Published: May 2008

Biodegradability of the compounds introduced with microelement fertilizers into the environment

The results of laboratory studies into the oxygen biodegradation of chelating substances in aqueous medium under kinetic and static test conditions with added glucose as an additional source of carbon, are presented. It has been found that S,S-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (S,S-EDDS) and methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA) are more readily degradable than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), most commonly used in the production of microelement fertilizers. It has also been found that the presence of additional carbon sources accelerates biodegradation.
Biorefineries - from biofuels to the chemicalization of agricultural products
Authors: Kijeński Jacek
Published: May 2008

Biorefineries - from biofuels to the chemicalization of agricultural products

The recent research into the viable economy in sustainable energy from renewable sources has prompted a review into the potentials of Polish-oriented raw material sources as a catalyst for technological advance, product diversification and consumer satisfaction. The elongation of the process chain in vegetable (rape seed, potato), alcohol additives and glycerin processing has been found to drastically improve energy balances for the short processing methods adopted presently and can make Poland self sustainable in the future.
Studies on solidification of wastes from metal coating
Authors: Banaszkiewicz Kamil , Marcinkowski Tadeusz
Published: May 2008

Studies on solidification of wastes from metal coating

There are over 1000 electroplating workshops functioning in Poland; they are agglomerated in automotive industry, agricultural and construction machines industry, precision instruments industry, electronics, electrotechnics, etc.2. The chemical composition of wastes from galvanizing plants strictly depends on the technological processes as well as the methods of neutralization of industrial wastewaters. The wastes mentioned can be neutralized, among other possibilities, using cement, fly ashes or lime. The material that gains the widest applicability for treating a wide spectrum of hazardous wastes is Portland cement. Using cement enables an improvement of the physical (solidifying) and chemical characteristics of various kinds of wastes, that ensures a decrease in the mobility of contaminants (stabilization). The process using Portland cement (CEM I 32,5 R) was used towards galvanic sludges. The results presented in this article allow for the assesment of the applicability of mixture of cement with mortar sand, as well as the mixture of cement and flotation tailings for the stabilizing and solidifying galvanic sludge, containing mainly Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni. The presented study was also concentrated on the limitation in the transport of leached contaminants to the environment, the reduction of the solubility of hazardous contaminants, as well as a change in the physical structure of the waste - in other words, derivation of the product that could be mechanically durable during transport and storage.
Usability of high porosity ceramics for the separation of oily impurities
Authors: Perkowski Krzysztof , Sokołowski Janusz , Szafran Mikołaj
Published: May 2008

Usability of high porosity ceramics for the separation of oily impurities

Organic impurities fallen to the ground water and to surface waters (rivers, lakes, seas and oceans) contribute to the degradation of the fauna and flora. Taking into account the public welfare, as the natural environment is, studies have been undertaken to develop a cheap and effective system for the purification of water from finely dispersed petroleum derivatives. The idea of the solution proposed consists in using a separator with high porosity ceramics of the pore size up to 100 ¨m, of high water permeability and ability to separate oily impurities of very tiny particle size. To improve the efficiency of the process the affinity of the filtering surface to organic particles was increased by the use of water-repellent media. The process of the separation of oily impurities was enhanced by means of ultrasounds of the 18 kHz frequency and various vibration energies.
The influence of the conditions and worktime on the waste vanadic catalyst amount
Authors: Grzesiak Piotr , Motała Rafał , Grobela Marcin , Trypuć Mieczysław , Mazurek Krzysztof
Published: May 2008

The influence of the conditions and worktime on the waste vanadic catalyst amount

This paper includes the research results of the vanadic catalyst study that was operated in PCC Rokita S.A. during a gaseous SO3 formation. The physical properties have been studied: mechanical strength, bulk density and grindability during the five-year cycle of the catalyst worktime. The studies presented underline the prediction of the amount of the formed vanadic waste material.
ToF-SIMS studies of the surface of Pd/ZrO2-TiO2 catalyst used in the hydrodechlorination process
Authors: Grams Jacek , Góralski Jacek , Kleczewska Joanna , Szczepaniak Bożena , Paryjczak Tadeusz
Published: May 2008

ToF-SIMS studies of the surface of Pd/ZrO2-TiO2 catalyst used in the hydrodechlorination process

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used in order to obtain the information about the surface composition of Pd/ZrO2-TiO2 catalyst and to estimate the changes in the concentration of particular components on its surface during the hydrodechlorination of CCl4. The results demonstrated that the hydrodechlorination process led to the increase in the concentration of chlorine and the drop in the amount of surface accessible palladium, while the quantity of Pd-Cl bounds did not change considerably. It suggested that the presence of ZrO2 protected the surface of the studied catalyst against the formation of PdCl2.
Waste release from meat processing
Authors: Wzorek Zbigniew , Konopka Michał , Cholewa Janusz , Klamecki Grzegorz , Bajcer Tomasz
Published: May 2008

Waste release from meat processing

The aim of our work is model solution management of waste from meat industry, which would lead to zero waste production with the use of cleaner technology. The process will allow to obtain semi-finished products to be then reused for both meat industry and energy recovery. The model will include thermal utilization of meat, meat-bone and other meat industry waste. The ashes with strictly specified properties containing phosphorus components will be used as a potential raw material for the production of phosphoric acid and salts used in meat production. The new technology is going to be developed in one of the biggest meat factories in Poland - DUDA-BIS in Sosnowiec. The strategic aim of the factory is meat processing with zero waste. That would help to avoid problems with meat waste transport and the expensive utilization of waste to meat-bone meal. The reuse of suitably processed meat waste in meat production will permit to lower production costs. This model will satisfy the requirements of BATNEEC - Best Available Technology No Entailing Excessive Costs. This procedure is advantageous also because in the EU market there are 18 million tons of meat by-products1, 2 per year.

Regardless of how the utilization problems could be solved, suitably processed meat industry waste can be treated as a potential substitute for phosphoric raw materials. According to the forecast, 50% of phosphoric raw material deposits used at the moment will be exhausted in the next 60 - 70 years. As a result a necessity for a new source of the raw materials has arisen.
Oligomerization of hexafluoropropylene oxide in the presence of alkali metal halides
Authors: Meissner Egbert , Wróblewska Agnieszka
Published: May 2008

Oligomerization of hexafluoropropylene oxide in the presence of alkali metal halides

Oligomers of hexafluoropropylene oxide are raw materials for the synthesis of compounds having unique properties such as high chemical and thermal resistance. Two basic parameters have influence on the process of hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomerization: the kind of the catalyst and the solvent. The temperature and pressure influence this process to a lesser extent. The influence of halide ions, the solvent and the temperature on the oligomerization of hexafluoropropylene oxide has been studied.
Research on the influence of parameters on hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomerization in the presence of complex amines
Authors: Meissner Egbert , Wróblewska Agnieszka
Published: May 2008

Research on the influence of parameters on hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomerization in the presence of complex amines

Oligomers of hexafluoropropylene oxide were tested as potential materials for obtaining vari-ous compounds with unique properties, of which most important are chemical and thermal re-sistance. Two basic parameters influence the oligomerization process of hexafluoropropylene oxide: the type of the catalyst and the type of the solvent. Other parameters such as temperature and pressure have significantly less influence. The influence of tertiary amines as catalyst, the type of the solvent, temperature, pressure and catalyst concentration were tested in the process of hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomerization.
Comparison of the methods of the phase transfer catalysis and hydroperoxide in the epoxidation of 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene
Authors: Lewandowski Grzegorz
Published: May 2008

Comparison of the methods of the phase transfer catalysis and hydroperoxide in the epoxidation of 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene

The process of the epoxidation of cis, trans, trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (CDT) to 1,2-epoxy-5,9-cyclododecadiene (ECDD) with the 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide under the phase transfer conditions and with tert-butyl hydroperoxide under the homogeneous conditions was investigated. Onium salts such as Aliquat® 336, Arquad® 2HT, methyltrioctylammonium bromide and the Na2WO4/H3PO4 catalyst system are very active under the phase transfer catalysis (PTC) conditions for the selective epoxidation of cis, trans, trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatiene (PTC method). These catalytic systems were found to be as active and selective as the homogeneous phase system Mo(CO)6/TBHP (hydroperoxide method).
Optimization of the epoxidation process of (1Z,5E,9E)-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene to 1,2-epoxy-(5Z,9E)-5,9-cyclododecadiene with tert-buthyl hydroperoxide — the influence of technological parameters on the hydroperoxide conversion
Authors: Lewandowski Grzegorz , Rytwińska E. , Milchert Eugeniusz
Published: May 2008

Optimization of the epoxidation process of (1Z,5E,9E)-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene to 1,2-epoxy-(5Z,9E)-5,9-cyclododecadiene with tert-buthyl hydroperoxide — the influence of technological parameters on the hydroperoxide conversion

The optimization studies of the epoxidation process of (1Z,5E,9E)-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (CDT) with tert-buthyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) over the molybdenum catalyst Mo(CO)6 were performed. The reaction was examined in terms of a uniform-rotatable design. Three factors were analyzed: the reaction time, CDT:TBHP molar ratio, and the molar concentration of the catalyst (Mo(CO)6). According to the design 20 experiments were performed at the constant temperature of 70°C.
Utilization of spent iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis
Authors: Arabczyk Walerian , Narkiewicz Urszula , Lendzion-Bieluń Zofia , Moszyński Dariusz , Pełech Iwona , Ekiert Ewa , Podsiadły Marcin , Pelka Rafał , Jędrzejewski Roman , Moszyńska Izabela , Sibera Daniel
Published: May 2008

Utilization of spent iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis

Several methods of the utilization of spent iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis have been presented. The formation of iron nitrides of different stoichiometry by direct nitriding in ammonia in the range of temperatures between 350°C and 450°C has been shown. The preparation methods of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers where iron catalyst catalyse the decomposition of hydrocarbons have been described. The formation of magnetite embedded in a carbon material by direct oxidation of carburized iron catalyst has been also presented.
An impact of municipal sewage sludge and wheaten straw on some indicators of soil fertility
Authors: Wołoszyk Czesław , Balcer Krzysztof
Published: May 2008

An impact of municipal sewage sludge and wheaten straw on some indicators of soil fertility

In a two-factor pot experiment the impact of applied diverse doses of municipal sewage sludge and equal dose of wheaten straw, with and without supplemental mineral N and NPK fertilization, on some fertility properties of soil was assessed. The soil used in the experiment was acid brown incomplete soil (good rye complex). The grass — Festulolium — was the test plant, harvested four times and in the second year — common sunflower and blue phacelia. After the harvest of phacelia, the pH (in 1 M KCl), the content of total nitrogen, total carbon and the available forms of P, K and Mg were analyzed.

Fertilization with sewage sludge and straw failed to have a significant influence on the change of the soil pH. However, all doses of sewage sludge + straw, in comparison with the control, significantly increased the content of total carbon (from 31.8 to 37.8%) and total nitrogen (from 34.3 to 52.2%) in the soil. There was significantly more phosphorus available in the soil from all the objects with sewage sludge and straw than in the soil from the control object (from 8.2 to 21.6%), while the content of potassium was higher only in the soil from the object with 1.5% of sewage sludge + straw and magnesium at the highest dose of sewage sludge. The mineral N and NPK fertilization, used against the background of sewage sludge and straw, did not have asignificant impact on the shaping of the analyzed soil fertility indicators.
Formation of environmentally friendly chloroorganic compounds technology by sewage and by-products utilization
Authors: Myszkowski Jerzy , Milchert Eugeniusz , Paździoch Waldemar , Pełech Robert
Published: May 2008

Formation of environmentally friendly chloroorganic compounds technology by sewage and by-products utilization

The processes presented in the study enables the separation and disposal of the chloroorganic compounds as by-products from the vinyl chloride plant by using the dichlorethane method and also from the production of propylene oxide by the chlorohydrine method. The integrated purification method of steam stripping and adsorption onto activated carbon allows a complete removal and recovery of the chloroorganic compounds from waste water. Waste distillation fraction is formed during the production of vinyl chloride. 1,1,2-trichloroethane separated from the above fraction, can be processed to vinylidene chloride and further to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 2,3-Dichloropropene, 2-chloroallyl alcohol, 2-chloroallylamine, 2-chlorothioallyl alcohol or bis(2-chloroallylamine) can be obtained from 1,2,3-trichloropropane. In the propylene oxide plant the waste 1,2-dichloropropane is formed, which can be ammonolysed to 1,2-diaminopropane or used for the production of β-methyltaurine. Other chloroorganic compounds are subjected to chlorinolysis which results in the following compounds: perchloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, hexachloroethane, haxachlorobutadiene and hexachlorobenzene. The substitution of the milk of lime by the soda lye solution during the saponification of chlorohydrine eliminates the formation of the CaCl2 waste.
Waste management of half-finished products and thermosetting wastes
Authors: Leszczyński Sławomir , Brzychczyk Beata
Published: May 2008

Waste management of half-finished products and thermosetting wastes

Plastics are the widely used materials and their application increases every year considerably. Therefore, appropriate waste management policy should be used in relation to the utilization or recycling of scrap plastic components. Although most of these materials refer to thermoplastics, a huge widening demand is observed in the field of thermosets. They find a wide range of applications as the dielectric or insulating materials, high-current breaker switches, sensors and other electrical and electronic devices, as well as high-resistant sleeves in mechanical devices. The substantial part of the thermohardening products is used in a car, heavy, light, chemical industry and agriculture as well. The thermohardening wastes contain a large amount of combustible fraction as thermosetting resins, and various materials as a different kind of metals group like ferromagnetic and copper. Therefore, they are potential sources of energy and secondary materials. Application of thermal methods for the utilization of these wastes in the pyrolysis process was investigated. The development of the utilization of these wastes with the possibility of gas and liquid substance recovery as a potential source of energy on a commercial scale is the main aim of this paper.
Photodegradation of organic compounds in water
Authors: Brodzik Krzysztof , Walendziewski Jerzy , Stolarski Marek
Published: May 2008

Photodegradation of organic compounds in water

The application of photocatalytic processes for the decontamination treatment of polluted water has inspired very extensive studies. Titanium dioxide with its large band gap energy and appropriate redox potential was found as one of the most promising semiconductors for the photodegradation of pollutants in the water as well as in gas phase. The titania-silica aerogels obtained by a simple co-hydrolysis method was applied in the photodegradation of the model organic compound. Different ageing times and heat treatment temperatures were found to influence both the activity and the textural properties of the photocatalysts. The obtained aerogels are efficient photodegradation catalysts of methylene blue and allow a removal up to 98 and 78% of the model pollutant from 20 and 500 ppm solutions, respectively.
The influence of the catalyst worktime on SO2 emission quantity from the sulfuric acid system and the catalyst waste material
Authors: Grzesiak Piotr , Grobela Marcin , Motała Rafał
Published: May 2008

The influence of the catalyst worktime on SO2 emission quantity from the sulfuric acid system and the catalyst waste material

The catalytic process of SO2 to SO3 oxidation is the main step of sulfuric (VI) acid formation. The sustained catalyst operating due to its structural and textural modifications could disturb the process course. This paper includes the influence of the vanadic catalyst worktime on SO2 emission and the expected amount of the obtained waste material of the inactivated catalyst.
Industrial wastewater treatment by means of membrane techniques
Authors: Tomaszewska Maria
Published: May 2008

Industrial wastewater treatment by means of membrane techniques

The importance of membrane processes in wastewater treatment is continuously growing. Membranes can be used for the separation of liquids, dissolved or suspended solids or solutes in the colloid form. The main features of membrane processes application for the treatment of spent solutions are possibilities of removal or recovery of valuable or harmful components as well as the possibility of closing water systems what reduce fresh water consumption. Very often the use of membrane processes allow to purify wastewater to a degree difficult to achieve by conventional techniques. The possibility of an application of pressure driven techniques such as ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for oily wastewater treatment, has been presented. The studies on the two-stage treatment of bilge water combining UF and RO or NF have demonstrated a high effectiveness of purification. NF could also be applied to recover glycols from spent coolant liquids. The utilization of membrane distillation for saline wastewater concentration or for the treatment of spent metal pickling solutions was demonstrated.

The potential application of a hybrid process combining photocatalytic degradation of organic matter with membrane separation for the treatment of wastewaters from textile industry has been shown.
Selection of cutting and washing fluids as a method of waste minimization
Authors: Rymarczyk Agnieszka , Mędrzycka Krystyna , Tomczak-Wandze Renata
Published: May 2008

Selection of cutting and washing fluids as a method of waste minimization

The results of the corrosion test for washing and cutting fluids used in the process of gear-shafts production are presented. The test has been performed according to the DIN 51360-2 (Ford-test) and the PN-92/M-55789 procedures. Three cutting fluids and three washing fluids were chosen and their solutions in tap water (used in practice in the company) were investigated. On the basis of the obtained results it has been stated that the lower the fluid concentration, the stronger corrosion is developed. The concentrations recommended by the producer in the case of cutting fluids are properly chosen. For washing fluids two regions of concentration have been evaluated. The concentration recommended for rinsing is too low for protection against corrosion, while higher concentrations, for the washing process, are properly chosen, and corrosion did not occur.
Vegetable oils derivatives as the modifiers of the lubricating properties of water
Authors: Sułek Marian , Sas Witold , Przondo Jan
Published: May 2008

Vegetable oils derivatives as the modifiers of the lubricating properties of water

Water has been used as a lubricating medium in a number of applications in tribology. Its insufficient lubricating properties are modified by appropriate additives. The aim of the tribological studies presented in this paper is an application of a mixture containing triglyceride ethoxylates and partial glycerides as well as esters and a block copolymer as additives. All the components are commercially available and relatively cheap. In order to examine the aqueous solutions, two kinds of tests were carried out on a four-ball apparatus: at the fixed load - measurements of the friction coefficient and wear as a function of time and seizure tests which made it possible to determine the scuffing load (Pt), the seizure load (P
oz
) and the limiting pressure of seizure (p
oz
). Changes in the quantities measured were analyzed as a function of concentrations ranging from 0.001% to 100%. In the fixed load tests the coefficient of friction decreased almost eight-fold, reaching the lowest value of 0.06 at above 0.1% concentration of the additive. Wear decreased over 3.5-fold. In the seizure tests a relatively high efficiency of the additive package was observed at the concentration of the order of the thousandth part of one percent. The compositions reached the maximum anti-seizure capacity at the concentrations of 4 and 10%. It is particularly interesting to note that the stability of the lubricating film being formed was characterized by the scuffing load. The maximum value of Pt was about 4kN high. Summing up, on the basis of the results obtained it may be concluded that the choice of package additives was correct and it effectively modified the lubricating properties of water.
The risk scale estimation of the agricultural environment pollution by heavy metals using the sequential extraction method
Authors: Rosada Janusz , Grzesiak Joanna , Schroeder Grzegorz
Published: May 2008

The risk scale estimation of the agricultural environment pollution by heavy metals using the sequential extraction method

From among various industrial contaminants which can pollute agricultural environment, heavy metals having the capacity of bioaccumulation deserve special attention. The total composition analysis of the heavy metals content in the polluted soils does not provide enough data about their accessibility to the crops cultivated on these soils. It is very important to have the information about the forms in which the examined element exists, because it decides about its mobility and toxicity for the environment. Using the sequential chemical extraction method of Zeien and Brümmer the fractions of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and As in the soils influenced by emissions from the Copper Smelter GŁOGÓW, were investigated. The aim of these investigations was to determine the availability assessment of the mentioned elements to the crops cultivated in this region.
Band reactor for toxic and recalcitrant water contaminants
Authors: Czech Bożena , Ćwikła-Bundyra Wieslawa
Published: May 2008

Band reactor for toxic and recalcitrant water contaminants

This paper deals with the problem of the photocatalytic reactor construction. The supported TiO2 on γ- Al2O3 modified with Mo or V addition was used as the photocatalyst, whereas phenol and formaldehyde were chosen as the model pollutants. The counter - current contact of reagents and catalysts is the main advantage of the construction and enables a significant COD reduction of the highly concentrated wastewaters.
The influence of thermal processing of sewage sludge on the usage properties of the formed ash
Authors: Gorazda Katarzyna , Wzorek Zbigniew , Jodko Marek
Published: May 2008

The influence of thermal processing of sewage sludge on the usage properties of the formed ash

The influence of sewage sludge incineration temperature on the formed ash constitution was examined. The comparative extraction tests of two differently prepared ashes (laboratory and industrial) were carried out in order to verify if the parameters of sewage sludge incineration influence the extraction selectivity of phosphorus compounds. The laboratory ash (Alab
) were prepared from sewage sludge incinerated at 950°C on a laboratory scale while the industrial ash (Aind
) comes from thermal utilization system of the sewage sludge at the Gdynia Sewage Treatment Plant, which uses fluid-bed furnace incineration at 850 - 900°C. It was found that the temperature and the conditions of the sewage sludge incineration process have an effect on the usage properties of the formed ash. Despite the twofold lower Fe content in the industrial ash than that of the laboratory one, its content in extracts after phosphoric acid leaching is 4.7 times higher. The lower values of PO4
3- leaching degree from the industrial ash than the laboratory ash were observed, as well as a decrease of extraction productivity.
The oily wastewater treatment using the nanofiltration process
Authors: Orecki Aleksander , Tomaszewska Maria
Published: May 2008

The oily wastewater treatment using the nanofiltration process

The objective of this work was to investigate the possibility of oily wastewater treatment using the nanofiltration (NF) process. The NF studies were carried out with a permeate obtained from ultrafiltration (UF) (used for the treatment of the oily wastewater from metal industry). The influence of transmembrane pressure on a permeate flux, the degree of the rejection of oil and inorganic compounds was investigated. The studies on the NF treatment of oily wastewater demonstrated a high effectiveness of the rejection of oil and inorganic compounds. The permeate obtained from the treatment was free of oil. Moreover, the retention coefficient of the inorganic compounds was higher than 75% for all the cations examined (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+) and higher than 95% for sulphates. Therefore, the permeate obtained in the NF process can be reused for fresh emulsion preparation.
Application of combustible wastes for the alternative fuels production
Authors: Kułażyński Marek , Surma Andrzej , Walendziewski Jerzy
Published: May 2008

Application of combustible wastes for the alternative fuels production

The information on the quantity of various types of combustible wastes registered in the Lower Silesia Marshal Office over the 2003 - 2005 years (waste codes - 02, 03, 04, 07, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19 and 20) was collected and then the quantities of individual wastes from different sources were summarized depending on the waste sort i.e. waste paper (cellulose), plastics, timber, textiles and rubber. The physiochemical properties and the chemical composition of the impurities in the selected waste sorts were determined and discussed while taking into account their usefulness and the necessary treatment operations for the alternative fuels production.
The effect of bottom sediment on biomass production by Italian ryegrass and maize
Authors: Wiśniowska-Kielian Barbara
Published: May 2008

The effect of bottom sediment on biomass production by Italian ryegrass and maize

A two-year pot experiment (2005 and 2006) was conducted to estimate an effect of dredged bottom sediment from Rożnów Reservoir addition to the light, very acid soil on the plant biomass production. The sediment was applied in the amount from 1 to 20% of the substratum mass. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were cultivated as the successive test plants. The lowest amount of plant biomass was obtained on the soil (control) and each sediment addition to the substratum caused an increase of the biomass production, both tops as well as the roots of the plant. Larger sediment additions (7% and more) caused a significant increase of the yield, of both the individual plant species and the total biomass during the two years of the experiment. The bottom sediment added to the light, very acid soil distinctly improved the plant yielding and the way of biomass utilisation should be assessed on the basis of its chemical composition analysis.
Utilization of the post-filtration lye from the SCS method of soda production
Authors: TrypuĆ Mieczysław , Drużyński Sebastian , Kiełkowska Urszula , Mazurek Krzysztof
Published: May 2008

Utilization of the post-filtration lye from the SCS method of soda production

The mutual solubility of salts in the NaVO3-NaNO3-H2O system was investigated at 293 - 323 K temperature range by the method of isothermal saturation of solutions. A fragment of the solubility polytherm for that system was plotted, based on the obtained data. The investigated system is a part of the quaternary NH4NO3-NaVO3-NH4VO3-NaNO3 system, and it is necessary for plotting the solubility isotherm as a planar projection according to Janecke, since it defines one edge of its square. Knowledge of the isotherm for that quaternary system is necessary to determine the optimal utilization conditions for the post-filtration lye, formed during the soda production from NaNO3 by the Solvay method, using NaVO3.
Application of the design of experiments in the epoxidation process of 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene
Authors: Lewandowski Grzegorz , Ćwirko Jan
Published: May 2008

Application of the design of experiments in the epoxidation process of 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene

An influence of the molar ratio of cis, trans, trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene to tert-butyl hydroperoxide, the concentration of the catalyst and the reaction time on the performance of the epoxidation process of cis, trans, trans-1,5,9-cyclodecatriene with tert-butyl hydroperoxide at the presence of molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)6 was examined. Examinations were performed using statistical methods of the design of experiments. A mathematical model describing the influence of the parameters on conversion cis, trans, trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene was obtained. An analysis of the data and rests was performed and an optimal value of conversion of cis, trans, trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene was established.
Characterization of TiO2 surface following the modification with silane coupling agents
Authors: Jesionowski Teofil , Siwińska-Stefańska Katarzyna , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej , Sójka-Ledakowicz Jadwiga , Koprowska Joanna , Pęczkowska Beata
Published: May 2008

Characterization of TiO2 surface following the modification with silane coupling agents

Studies were conducted on the modification of titanium white surface using selected silane coupling agents. The effect of the concentration of the organic coupling agents was examined (0.5; 1 or 3 weight parts per 100 weight parts of TYTANPOL R-003, TYTANPOL R-211 or TYTANPOL R-213 preparation of titanium white). The dispersive properties were determined by an estimation of the particle size distribution curves and of the polydispersity index. Moreover, microscopic observations were conducted permitting to evaluate the surface morphology of the modified TiO2 particles. The profiles of sedimentation in water were also determined for the titanium whites and the BET specific surface areas were determined. Selected samples of the modified and unmodified titanium whites were subjected to elemental analysis.
Surface characterization of different particles arising as a result of coal combustion process in selected power plants from Central Poland using ToF-SIMS
Authors: Grams Jacek , Bawolak Katarzyna
Published: May 2008

Surface characterization of different particles arising as a result of coal combustion process in selected power plants from Central Poland using ToF-SIMS

The aim of this work was the ToF-SIMS investigations of different particles arising as a result of a coal combustion process in selected power plants from Central Poland. The chemical composition and distribution of particular compounds on the studied surfaces were determined. Moreover, the ratio of the quantity of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the surface of the particles was estimated. A qualitative analysis of the studied samples demonstrated the presence of a big number of various compounds, including heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and As on the investigated surfaces. In the prevailing number sample components were distributed non-homogenously on the surface and the larger areas richer in a certain type of ions were observed.
Application of the TOF-SIMS and SEM-EDS methods to assess the influence of dusting from a phosphate waste deposal place based on hair analysis
Authors: Szynkowska Małgorzata , Leśniewska Ewa , Pawlaczyk Aleksandra , Rogowski Jacek , Paryjczak Tadeusz
Published: May 2008

Application of the TOF-SIMS and SEM-EDS methods to assess the influence of dusting from a phosphate waste deposal place based on hair analysis

In this work, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) were used to study the particles present on the hair surface of the inhabitants of Wislinka (people environmentally exposed due to the closeness of a dump) in order to obtain the information about the possible influence of dusting from a phosphate waste deposal place. Additionally, the morphology and the composition of fresh phosphogypsum were analyzed. Waste phosphogypsum is formed in the process of a wet phosphoric acid production and there is still a problem with its storage. A thorough understanding of the composition and chemistry of phosphogypsum seems to be necessary to evaluate its environmental impact comprehensively. The results obtained from these two techniques turned out to be complementary and revealed the information expected.
The influence of the composts with the participation of municipal sewage sludge on the available forms of phosphorus in the soil as well as the yield of the seeds of spring rape
Authors: Krzywy Edward , Krzywy-Gawrońska Ewa , Krzywy Józefa , Gutowska Izabela
Published: May 2008

The influence of the composts with the participation of municipal sewage sludge on the available forms of phosphorus in the soil as well as the yield of the seeds of spring rape

The field and laboratory experiment was carried on the brown incomplete soil of the complex of rye good. The obtained results in the yield experiment show that the composts with the participation of municipal sewage sludge increased essentially the yield of the seeds of spring rape in comparison with the control variant. Doubling of the doses of mineral nitric - potassium fertilization against the background of the composts did not have a significant influence on increasing the yield of the seeds of spring rape in comparison with the single doses. The composts with the participation of municipal sewage sludge in the field and laboratory experiment caused a significant increase of the content of the available forms of phosphorus in the soil. As time went by the distribution of the composts in the soil, the content of the available forms of phosphorus increased.
The effect of composts from potato pulp and municipal sewage sludge for changes of microelements in the soil during incubation
Authors: Krzywy-Gawrońska Ewa , Rozmarynowska Monika
Published: May 2008

The effect of composts from potato pulp and municipal sewage sludge for changes of microelements in the soil during incubation

The total and soluble content of microelements in the soil was described in the laboratory experiment. The soil was incubated with three doses of composts with a participation of municipal sewage sludge and potato pulp. The obtained results of the experiment pointed that all the composts increased an average total content and the forms soluble in 1 M HCl of microelements in the soil in comparison with the control. In the majority of the variants, the composts made with the 70% participation of municipal sewage sludge and 30% addition of straw or sawdust caused an increase of the content of the analyzed elements in the soil than the composts with the 70% participation of potato pulp and 30% addition of straw or sawdust. The differences are connected with a higher content of microelements, which were put in the soil, with the composts with the 70% participation of municipal sewage sludge and 30% addition of straw or sawdust. There are no differences in the formation of the content of microelements in the soil, which were depended on the type of the structural - formative component during the production of composts. The quantity of the composts' dose had an influence on the formation of the participation of the soluble form of microelements in the total content in the soil. The participation of the soluble form of cadmium, cooper, manganese and nickel in the total content in the soil increased along with increasing the dose of composts. The content of the total forms in the soil incubated with the composts included in the standard for the light soils.
The influence of mercury content on the structural changes of bioindicator surfaces
Authors: Szynkowska Małgorzata , Pawlaczyk Aleksandra
Published: May 2008

The influence of mercury content on the structural changes of bioindicator surfaces

This work examines the recommended chemical analytical method for the identification and detecting mercury from the environmental media. The aim of this study was to establish a correlation between mercury content in different biological indicators like: human hair, mushrooms, lichen, moss and needle samples, and the changes in the structure of the investigated material. We have explored the possibilities of using the SEM method in environmental studies to investigate a variety of biological samples coming from areas at different pollution state. We have combined the information from the quantity measurements with the qualitative analysis. The total content of Hg was determined using the Automatic Mercury Analyzer SP-3D. The accuracy of the applied method was verified by an analysis of proper certificate materials: Mixed Polish Herbs INCT-MPH-2, Lichen CRM 482, Pine needles 1575a and Human Hair NCS ZC 81002. The obtained results proved a direct influence of the content of mercury and environmental pollution on the damage of the structure of the studied samples.
Optimization of chemical aids in the process of deinking sludge thickening
Authors: Czechowski Jacek , Olejnik Konrad
Published: May 2008

Optimization of chemical aids in the process of deinking sludge thickening

The authors have analyzed a modern technological line of the latest chemicals for the recovered paper processing and de-inking in terms of reducing the amount of wastes arising during the production. The authors have also investigated the effectiveness of selected chemical aids (coagulants and flocculants) supporting the process of sludge dewatering. 12 different types of flocculants were tested. The best chemical agent was selected as well as its optimal dosage. The highest dynamics of sludge dewatering improvement (expressed by the dewatering time under standard conditions) was observed with the ECR3 agent dosage of 6 - 6.5 kg per tonne of the absolutely dry sludge. Long-term analyses of the tested line have proved that the retention aid and its dosage were selected correctly.