bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles.
Authors: Awadallah Adel M. , Seppelt Konrad , Shorafa Hashem
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxydihydropyrans Containing the CF3 Group.
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Druzhinin Sergey V. , Balenkova Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Enzymatic Inhibition, and Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition of Novel δ‐Lactam‐Based Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors.
Authors: Han Gyoonhee , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Assisted Facile Synthesis of Amino Pyrimidines Bearing Benzofuran and Investigation of Their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Kumar D. B. Aruna , Prakash G. K. , Kumaraswamy M. N. , Nandeshwarappa B. P. , Sherigara B. S. , Mahadevan K. M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroacylation/Cycloisomerization Cascade: Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Epiglobulol (VII).
Authors: Oonishi Yoshihiro , Taniuchi Ai , Mori Miwako , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Siamenols A—D, Four New Coumarins from Mammea siamensis.
Authors: Prachyawarakorn Vilailak , Mahidol Chulabhorn , Ruchirawat Somsak
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fullerene (C60) Immunoconjugates: Interaction of Water‐Soluble C60 Derivatives with the Murine anti‐gp240 Melanoma Antibody.
Authors: Ashcroft Jared M. , Tsyboulski Dmitri A. , Hartman Keith B. , Zakharian Tatiana Y. , Marks John W. , Weisman R. Bruce , Rosenblum Michael G. , Wilson Lon J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure—Activity Relationship of a Phytosiderophore, Mugineic Acid
Authors: Nishimaru Takahiro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular Coupling of Motion under Photochemical Control
Authors: Raymo Francisco M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhizosphere: A New Frontier for Soil Biogeochemistry
Authors: Hinsinger Philippe , Plassard Claude , Jaillard Benoit
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Materials: Tailoring of Magnetic Properties, Magnetoelastic and Transport Properties
Authors: Zhukov Arcady , Gonzalez Julian
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Theoretical Studies on Chiral Discrimination
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Picazo Oscar , Elguero Jose
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Natural history of urothelial inverted papilloma
Authors: Sung Ming‐Tse , MacLennan Gregory T. , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Montironi Rodolfo , Cheng Liang
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Inverted urothelial papilloma is an uncommon urothelial neoplasm. Although it is traditionally regarded as a benign tumor, conflicting data on multiplicity, recurrence rate, and association with urothelial carcinoma have left uncertainties concerning its biologic behavior.

METHODS.

The authors analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics of 75 cases of inverted papilloma in the urinary tract without prior or concurrent urothelial carcinoma to determine its biologic behavior and prognosis, and to correlate these findings with surveillance strategies.

RESULTS.

These patients ranged in age from 26 to 85 years (mean, 60 years). Of the 46 patients for whom tobacco use history was available, 28 gave a history of smoking. Inverted papillomas were located in the urinary bladder (67 cases), prostatic urethra (4 cases), and ureter (4 cases). The majority of vesical tumors arose from the trigone or near the bladder neck. Common presenting complaints included hematuria, dysuria, and irritative voiding symptoms. In 1 case of vesical inverted papilloma, there was a recurrence. All other patients were free of tumor recurrence or progression during a mean follow‐up of 68 months (range, 2–240 months).

CONCLUSIONS.

Both the extremely low incidence of tumor recurrence (1%) and strikingly favorable prognosis suggest that inverted urothelial papilloma, when diagnosed according to strictly defined criteria, is a benign urothelial neoplasm not related to urothelial carcinoma. Therefore, complete transurethral resection of inverted papilloma is adequate surgical therapy, and surveillance protocols as rigorous as those employed in the management of urothelial carcinoma seem unnecessary. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Timing of adjuvant chemotherapy initiation after surgery for stage III colon cancer
Authors: Hershman Dawn , Hall Michael J. , Wang Xiaoyan , Jacobson Judith S. , McBride Russell , Grann Victor R. , Neugut Alfred I.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

An important advance in medical oncology has been the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for lymph node‐positive colon cancer. However, to the authors' knowledge, the effect of the interval between surgery and the initiation of chemotherapy on survival has not been investigated.

METHODS.

The authors analyzed predictors and outcomes of time intervals to treatment after surgery among patients older than 65 years who were diagnosed with stage III colon cancer between 1992 and 1999 using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to model predictors of delay, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the impact of treatment timing on survival.

RESULTS.

Among 4382 patients with colon cancer, 1122 patients (26%) began adjuvant chemotherapy within 1 month, 2391 patients (55%) began adjuvant chemotherapy in 1 to 2 months, 454 patients (10%) began adjuvant chemotherapy in 2 to 3 months, and 415 patients (9%) began adjuvant chemotherapy ≥3 months after surgery. Intervals of ≥3 months (delay) were associated with older age, increased comorbid conditions, well/moderately differentiated grade, and being unmarried. Colon cancer‐specific mortality was associated with a delay in the initiation of chemotherapy (hazards ratio [HR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.15–1.92), advanced age, increased comorbidity, poorly differentiated tumor grade, the presence of ≥4 positive lymph nodes, and undergoing surgery in a nonteaching hospital. All‐cause mortality was associated with intervals >2 months between surgery and chemotherapy (2 to 3 months: HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.15–1.74; ≥3 months: HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.31–1.99) compared with <1 month.

CONCLUSIONS.

In the older population that was studied, only 9% of patients initiated adjuvant chemotherapy >3 months after the date of curative surgery. However, delay in initiation was associated with both cancer‐specific and all‐cause mortality. Determining whether these results were because of chemotherapy timing or other associated factors will require further study. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Lay patient navigator program implementation for equal access to cancer care and clinical trials
Authors: Steinberg Michael L. , Fremont Allen , Khan David C. , Huang David , Knapp Herschel , Karaman Deborah , Forge Nell , Andre Keith , Chaiken Lisa M. , Streeter Oscar E.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Disparities in cancer detection, treatment, and outcomes among racial/ethnic minorities and low‐income patients are well documented. One way to reduce these disparities is to use patient navigators to address barriers to care. However, little information about optimal characteristics of navigator programs or considerations for those interested in setting up such programs is available.

METHODS.

The design and implementation of a patient navigator program for underserved cancer patients in an urban, nonacademic community hospital setting is described. The program, which used lay navigators, was conceived as a component of the Urban Latino African American Cancer (ULAAC) Disparities Project in South Los Angeles, a National Cancer Institute (NCI)‐sponsored project to improve cancer care and clinical trial access for minority and low‐income patients.

RESULTS.

Careful initial planning, including input from a community advisory committee, was essential to smooth program implementation. Thirty‐one volunteers completed navigator training in the program's first year of operation. Of 135 patients offered navigation services, 75 (56%) accepted, and preliminary feedback from patients, navigators, and providers suggests high levels of satisfaction with navigation. Standardized templates used by navigators and staff to record key information are proving helpful for monitoring quality and outcomes (such as effectiveness in addressing specific barriers to care) and continually improving the program.

CONCLUSIONS.

The ULAAC program represents a viable model for developing lay navigator programs in community hospitals. Preliminary assessments suggest that the program has a positive effect on minority and low‐income cancer patients' experience with care and reduces barriers to care. Additional time and research are needed, however, to fully assess the impact on care and outcomes. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Ectopic expression of Tollo/Toll‐8 antagonizes Dpp signaling and induces cell sorting in the Drosophila wing
Authors: Kim Sangjoon , Chung SeYeon , Yoon Jeongsook , Choi Kwang‐Wook , Yim Jeongbin
Published: October 2006

The wing imaginal disc of Drosophila consists of the primordia for the adult wing and the body wall. The zinc‐finger transcription factor Teashirt (Tsh) is expressed in the region proximal to the wing primordium and regulates the formation of the wing‐body wall boundary. Here, we report that Tollo/Toll‐8, a member of Toll family transmembrane proteins, is also expressed proximal to the wing domain. Ectopic expression of Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a morphogen for wing development, represses tollo expression in the proximal domain. Likewise, misexpression of Tollo in the presumptive wing strongly antagonizes the effects of Dpp signaling. The extracellular domain of Tollo containing the Leucine‐Rich Repeats (LRR) is required for the inhibition of Dpp signaling in the wing. Furthermore, clones of cells with Tollo overexpression are sorted out from the surrounding wild‐type cells, resulting in the formation of epithelial folds around the clone boundaries. Tsh is ectopically induced at the border of Tollo‐expressing clones. Despite the strong effects of Tollo overexpression on Dpp signaling and cell sorting, loss‐of‐function tollo mutants are viable with normal external morphology. Our data suggest that Tollo function might be redundant but is sufficient to antagonize Dpp signaling and induce sorting of Tollo expressing cells from the wing cells to develop proximal cell fate. genesis 44:541–549, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical and Structural Features of NMe2Et Adducts of the Silanimines Me2Si=NSitBu3 and tBu2Si=NSiCltBu2
Authors: Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Bolte Michael , Schurz Klaus , Wiberg Nils , Baum Gerhard , Fenske Dieter , Bats Jan W. , Wagner Matthias
Published: October 2006

In contrast to tBu2SiN(Li)SiXtBu2 (X = Cl, tBu), the silyl amide Me2SiClN(Li)SitBu3 is unstable towards LiCl elimination, which means that the silanimine donor adduct Me2Si=NSitBu3·NMe2Et can be synthesized in high yield from the reaction of Me2SiClN(H)SitBu3 with nBuLi inthe presence of NMe2Et. The silanimine adduct tBu2Si=NSiCltBu2·NMe2Et, with bulky tBu substituents at the unsaturated Si center, is accessible by treating the donor‐free silanimine tBu2Si=NSiCltBu2 with NMe2Et. X‐rayquality crystals of the silanimine amine adduct Me2Si=NSitBu3·NMe2Et (monoclinic, P21/n) were grown from pentane at –25 °C. During thermolysis of the adducts Me2Si=NSitBu3·NMe2Et and tBu2Si=NSiCltBu2·NMe2Et in NMe2Et as solvent a Stevens rearrangement takes place to produce EtN(Me)CH2SiMe2N(H)SitBu3 and EtN(Me)CH[Me2SiN(H)SitBu3]2, and EtN(Me)CH2SitBu2N(H)SiCltBu2, respectively. In contrast, the thermolysis of Me2Si=NSitBu3·NMe2Et in vacuo gives the silanimine dimer (Me2SiNSitBu3)2(monoclinic, P21/n) in 80 % yield. The benzophenone imine Ph2C=NSitBu3 (triclinic, P$\bar {1}$) was obtained from the Wittig‐like reaction of Me2Si=N‐SitBu3 with Ph2CO. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Use of multivariate analysis for optimization of separation parameters and prediction of migration time, resolution, and resolution per unit time in micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Williams Alicia A. , Fakayode Sayo O. , Huang Xiaodong , Warner Isiah M.
Published: October 2006

The optimization of separation parameters in chromatography for better separation and resolution of analytes continues to be a labor intensive procedure usually performed by a trial and error method. A multivariate analysis in the form of multilinear regression (MLR) is used to optimize separation parameters and predict the migration behavior, resolution, and resolution per unit time of achiral (4‐chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, clonazepam, and diazepam) and chiral (1,1'‐binaphthyl 2,2'‐dihydrogen phosphate (BNP), and 1,1'‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BOH)) compounds in MEKC. Separations of achiral and chiral analytes were performed using an achiral (poly(sodium N‐undecylenic sulfate)) molecular micelle and chiral (poly(sodium N‐undecanoyl‐L‐leucylvalinate) or poly(sodium N‐undecanoyl‐L‐isoleucylvalinate)) molecular micelle, respectively, at various operating temperatures, applied voltages, pH values, and molecular micelle concentrations in the BGE. The separation parameters were subsequently used as input variables for MLR models. The models were validated with independent samples. The root‐mean‐square percent relative error (RMS%RE) is used as a figure of merit for characterizing the performance of the migration time, resolution, and resolution per unit time models. The RMS%RE obtained for predicted migrated times, resolutions, and resolution per unit time of 4‐chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, clonazepam, diazepam, BNP, and BOH ranged between 8 and 19%. The same experimental procedure was used to optimize the separation parameters of six other chiral analytes of different compound class. The predicted migration times, resolutions, and resolution per unit time of the chiral as well as the achiral analytes compare favorably with the experimental migration times and resolutions, indicating versatility and wide applicability of the technique in MEKC.
Evolution from a freshwater to saline lake: a climatic or hydrogeological change? The case of Gallocanta Lake (northeast Spain)
Authors: Luzón A. , Pérez A. , Sánchez J. A. , Soria A. R. , Mayayo M. J.
Published: October 2006

Sedimentological and hydrogeological studies are combined in order to investigate the environmental conditions of the lacustrine sedimentation during the Holocene in Gallocanta Lake in Spain. Six units have been identified in the sedimentary succession, based on sedimentological facies and mineralogy, and three depositional stages have been defined: (1) alluvial, (2) carbonate lake system, (3) ephemeral carbonate–saline lake system. The transition between stages 2 and 3 implies a reduction in water inflows to the lake. The δ13C isotopical analysis of dolomites points to decaying organic matter as a source of carbon for the dissolved inorganic carbon and evinces that the δ13C variations in the lake were probably controlled by organic processes. On the other hand, δ18O values could be controlled by modifications in the hydrological system and not necessarily by climatic changes. In this sense, from the hydrological study, three aquifers can be defined: Triassic, Jurassic–Cretaceous and Cenozoic aquifers. The lack of coincidence between the surface and subterranean watershed suggests that the transition between the second and third stages is controlled by a shift of the subterranean watershed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of long‐term storage of fish meals on the response of chickens to the amino acid supplementation of diets containing such meals
Authors: Wessels Jacobus P. H. , Moodie Iain
Published: October 2006

In three experiments fish meals of different origin and treatment were given to chickens in short‐term feeding trials after varying storage periods. Diets were supplemented with amino acids in these experiments, most of which were of factorial design, in such a way that the first limiting amino acids of the meals could be established. The body moisture content of three or four groups of chickens per treatment served as criterion of nitrogen (N) retention by the chickens. In the first experiment consisting of two trials, a pilchard meal stored for over 70 weeks and an anchovy meal stored for 74 weeks were both shown to have methionine as first limiting amino acid but only whenthe former was stabilised with ethoxyquin and the latter was not. Several of the trials in the second experiment involved fish meals stored under nitrogen. Such meals have not been used in similar experiments before. L‐lysine hydrochloride supplementation of diets which contained full (i.e. with solubles added) fish meals depressed N retention, as did L‐isoleucine when added at a high level (0.5%). This effect of lysine was also demonstrated when used in a diet which contained a commercial pilchard full meal which had been stored for about 6 months. On the other hand, lysine was shown to be the first limiting amino acid of a fish meal to which solubles had not been added. When the stabilised full meal used in Experiment II had been in storage for 108 weeks a positive reponse in chicken N retention to methionine supplementation of diets containing this meal occurred (Trial IId). In subsequent trials with these ageing stabilised meals cystine and/or methionine supplementation and later particularly supplementation with glycine led to better N retention by chickens. Unstabilised stored meals seem to have a sulphur‐containing amino acid as first limiting. In most instances where comparison was possible diets containing stabilised fish meals gave greater chicken body N retention than those containing similar unstabilised meal.
Effect of feeding deoiled rice polish on the growth and subsequent productive performance of White Leghorn pullets
Authors: Lodhi Gopi N. , Ichhponani Jagmohan S.
Published: October 2006

An experiment was conducted to compare the feeding value of deoiled rice polish (DRP) with rice polish (RP) for White Leghorn pullets during growth and egg production. DRP was added at 20 and 40% levels replacing RP without adjusting energy and nutrients in the rations. The 40% DRP ration was offered to the pullets either at 1 week or 18 weeks of life. Results showed that the nutritive value of DRP compared well with RP for growth and productive performance though at the cost of 9 to 11% increase in feed consumption but metabolisable energy (m.e.) conversions were comparable. Furthermore, the age at which DRP feeding was initiated, had no effect on egg production. The average egg production for a period of 162 days was 73.4, 73.9 and 72.5% respectively in groups receiving 0, 20, 40% DRP. The increasing level of DRP reduced the egg size slightly but significantly probably due to low content of linoleic acid in the ration.
A note on the dependence of meat texture on the temperature of measurement
Authors: Ledward David A. , Lawrie Ralston A.
Published: October 2006

Meat cooked at 80 °C has a significantly greater resistance to shear when measured at 20 °C than when measured at 70 °C. However, the texture of meat cooked at 55 °C displays no such temperature dependence. Scanning calorimetry indicates that partial reversion of heat induced collagen unfolding in cooled, well cooked meat may explain the increased toughness of the cooled samples.
Effect of home and industrial processing on protein quality of baby foods and breakfast cereals
Authors: Khan Mohammed Akmal , Eggum Bjørn O.
Published: October 2006

The effect of home and industrial processing on the protein quality of baby foods and breakfast cereals, commonly consumed in Pakistan, was studied. The nutritive value of baby foods and breakfast cereals was determined chemically (including amino acid analyses) and biologically in N‐balance experiments with growing rats. Lysine and threonine were found to be the limiting amino acids in home and industrially produced baby foods whereas lysine was the limiting amino acid in all the breakfast cereals. The lysine contents of home‐prepared baby foods were damaged to a great extent at 150–160°C compared with 100–110°C. The levels of lysine (35–76%) and arginine (10–41%) were in all the breakfast cereals reduced by the industrial processing. The net protein utilisation (NPU) of home‐prepared baby foods ranged from 51–81% as compared to 57–60% for industrially produced baby foods. The net dietary protein calorie per cent (NDp cal%) of home and industrially produced baby foods varied between 2.6 and 7.3% and between 7.0 and 7.1% respectively. The industrial processing reduced significantly the true digestibility (4–20%), biological value (13–34%) and net protein utilisation (17–41%) of all the breakfast cereals.
An investigation into the dietary fibre content of named varieties of carrot at different developmental ages
Authors: Robertson James A. , Eastwood Martin A. , Yeoman Michael M.
Published: October 2006

The carrot, Daucus carota, is a commonly used vegetable which has changed in appearance due to plant breeding programmes. The development of the carrot can be divided into a period of rapid increase in fresh weight, a stage of constant fresh weight and a stage of floral development and decrease in fresh weight. An analysis of the dietary fibre content of the carrot and its chemical composition has been made, using the varieties Altrincham, Chantenay, Nantes and Scarlet Perfection, at different developmental stages. Fibre was measured as prepared fibre, NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin. No differences were found between varieties except those due to the different developmental rates of each variety. Within each variety the ADF content increased during late stage 2 and the increase was apparently due to the cellulose component of the ADF. Despite the differences, however, in carrot fresh weight between varieties and also within each variety there is no difference in any fibre component of carrot per 100 g fresh weight.
The influence of breed on the carcass and eating quality of pork
Authors: Wood Jeffrey D. , Dransfield Eric , Rhodes Douglas N.
Published: October 2006

Twelve gilts from four breeds were reared from 30 to 65 kg liveweight and assessed for carcass, muscle and eating quality. The breeds were Large White (LW), Gloucester Old Spot (GOS) Crossbreed 1 (C1) and Crossbreed 2 (C2). The latter two were commercial products from breeding companies. There were small differences in quality between the breeds. C1 had about 2% more lean than the others. GOS had shorter carcasses, a higher proportion of total lean in the fore limb and thicker backfat but were not fatter overall. C1 and C2 had lower pH1 measurements than LW or GOS but similar colour and drip loss measurements in M. longissimus lumborum. There were positive but weak relationships between pH1 and percentage fat (r= +0.1 to +0.3). C1 had the more tender meat. When all breeds were pooled, about 9 % of the variation in toughness was accounted for by variation in percentage lean or fat. There was no suggestion that the pure breeds or fatter pigs had meat of better eating quality.
Trace metal content of livers and kidneys of cattle
Authors: Flanjak Johann , Lee Hean Y.
Published: October 2006

Results are presented for the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc, as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the livers and kidneys of 190 cattle from eight different locations in New South Wales. The mean and range for each of the trace metals, in parts 10−6, in livers and kidneys, respectively were as follows: arsenic 0.013 (n.d.−0.09) and 0.018 (n.d.−0.10); cadmium 0.08 (n.d.−0.80) and 0.43(0.02–10.7); chromium 0.05 (n.d.‐1.0) and 0.03 (n.d.−0.22); cobalt 0.07 (n.d.−0.45) and 0.03 (n.d.−0.25); copper 18.0(0.81–82.8) and 3.9 (1.84–9.2); lead 0.14(n.d.−0.85) and 0.22(n.d.‐2.29); manganese 2.72(1.11–4.09) and 1.07(0.58–1.67); mercury 0.005 (n.d.−0.050) and 0.006 (n.d.−0.177); molybdenum 0.88 (n.d.‐2.41) and 0.31 (n.d.‐1.85); nickel 0.33 (n.d.‐4.82) and 0.46 (n.d.‐5.80); selenium 0.17(0.01–0.63) and 1.10 (0.47–1.77); zinc 37.5 (13.4–99.2) and 18.6 (12.9–31.6). Significant differences were observed in the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the different regions of the State and between the trace metal levels in livers and kidneys from the same region. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by analysis of NBS No. 1577 Bovine Liver.
Effects of different watering methods, soil weights, soil diluents and soil coverings on the yield and nutrient uptake by ryegrass grown in a controlled environment
Authors: Brookes Philip C. , Gildon Andrew , Lane Peter W. , Edward Johnston A.
Published: October 2006

A pot experiment was made to test the effects of various experimental techniques on yield and nutrient uptake by ryegrass grown in a controlled environment. Plants grown in 200 g soil yielded more per unit weight of soil than plants grown in the larger weight of soil (600 g). Supplying water to the saucers in which the plants stood gave significantly larger yields than watering to 80% water holding capacity (WHC) either once or twice daily. %N, %K and %Mg were larger in plants grown in the most soil, %P was unaffected and %Ca was less. With either soil weight, watering and amount of soil diluent had more effect on %P and %Ca than on the other nutrients.
Interrelationships between ideologically important thiol, disulphide groups and yield—quality parameters of wheat cultivars (triticu aestivumm L.)
Authors: Archer Malcolm J.
Published: October 2006

Experiments were conducted with 22 wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) from the 1976 season which showed the following: grain yields and rheologically important SS/SH ratios were negatively correlated (r= −0.78). Rdeologically important SS/SH ratios were positively correlated with total flour protein percentages (r=0.61), residue flour protein percentages (r=0.62) and all better dough quality properties. Grain yields and total flour protein percentages were negatively correlated (r=−0.66). However, only the first relationship was statistically valid for 12 recurrent cultivars within the group of 22 which had been yield tested annually from 1971 to 1976, inclusive. Their long‐term average yield data (1971–76) were more negatively correlated (r= −0.87) with the 1976 SS/SH values than their 1976 yield data (r= −0.78). It is considered that grain yield differences between the cultivars studied were inherently related to differences in their abilities to synthesise more rheologically important thiol groups than disulphide groups during plant growth and grain formation. The SS/SH ratio and grain yield relationship appears to be largely independent of seasonal influences and therefore should be of interest to wheat breeders trying to combine higher yield and better quality objectives in their programmes.
The composition of a gel formed when wheat flour is suspended in phenol‐acetic acid‐water (1:1:1, w/v/v)
Authors: Jennings Allen C.
Published: October 2006

A gel which formed when wheat flour was suspended in phenol‐acetic acid‐water (1:1:1, w/v/v/) was fractionated into a protein‐rich soluble fraction and a carbohydrate‐rich insoluble fraction. Gel electrophoresis showed that the soluble fraction contained several proteins and had an amino acid composition with a high content of proline and glutamyl residues and a low content of lysine. The soluble fraction also contained lipids which were mainly phospholipids, phospholipid derivatives and glycolipids and other compounds, which yielded galactose and glucose after acid hydrolysis. The insoluble fraction contained a polysaccharide with similar properties to starch, and lipids which were mainly neutral fats, sterols and sterol esters. Both fractions contained arabinoxylans and mannans. The gel did not contain any nucleic acids. The protein‐rich soluble fractions of gels prepared from other wheat flours and air‐classified flour fractions, from wheat gluten and from rye and barley flours, showed marked differences in amino acid composition. It is concluded that a heterogeneous class of proteins, rather than specific proteins in fixed proportions, is involved in gel formation.
Effects of domestic preparation of cereals and legumes on ionisable iron
Authors: Prabhavathi Tatineni , Narasinga Rao Bagepalli S.
Published: October 2006

Effect of simple domestic processing on ionisable iron from cereals and legumes was investigated using an in vitro method. Two‐fold increase was observed when legumes and cereal were germinated for different periods. In the case of legumes, increase was observed only with the whole grain, whereas no such changes were observed with decorticated legume. The ionisable iron from bread was higher (nearly twice) when compared with that from chapathi, prepared from the same wheat. The total iron was higher in the parboiled rice than in the raw rice. The percentage ionisable iron was lower in the parboiled rice than in the raw rice. The actual amount of ionisable iron, however, was the same in both the rice samples. Fermentation of rice and legume (pulse) mixture and cooking did not result in any change in the ionisable iron. Cooking of rice or wheat as used in Indian homes did not influence ionisable iron.
Sugars and amino acids in dried iraqi figs
Authors: Salema Sayed A. , Abdul‐Nour Basima A.
Published: October 2006

The sugars in the dried Iraqi figs (Wazeri Variety) were examined by paper chromatographic analysis. Glucose comprised (34.30%), and fructose (31.20%) together with (7.82 %) of the fruit. Polysaccharides were found to be arabogalactans. Iron, calcium and phosphorus were found to be 14, 145 and 150 mg per 100 g dry weight respectively. Hydrolysis showed the presence of all the essential amino acids with adequate lysin and sulphur amino acids but relatively little tryptophan.
Browning Potential, PPO, Catalase and Acid Phosphatase Activities during Ripening of Non‐chilled and Chilled Avocado
Authors: Sharon Osnat , Kahn Varda
Published: October 2006

During storage at 17°C, an increase in respiration and ethylene production and a decrease in firmness occurred sooner in avocados chilled previously than in non‐chilled ones. The browning potential of avocado mesocarp changes markedly during ripening of both non‐chilled and chilled fruits, reaching the same maximal level in both groups. However, non‐chilled ripened avocados are characterised by a much lower browning potential than ripened chilled fruits. The changes in browning potential during ripening are associated with larger changes in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase than in acid phosphatase activities. The levels of PPO and of catalase detected during ripening are about the same in non‐chilled and chilled avocado, yet the former produced much more ethylene than the latter, implying that the level of these enzymes per se does not determine the level of ethylene produced by the fruit.
The transnitrosation of secondary amines S‐nitrosocysteine in relation to N‐nitrosamine formation in cured meats
Authors: John Dennis M. , Davies Roger , McWeeny David J.
Published: October 2006

The reactions at 37°C of S‐nitrosocysteine hydrochloride with three secondary amines, N‐methylaniline, morpholine and pyrrolidine, have been studied at pH 2.65, 5.5 and 9.75. The reactions result in the formation of the N‐nitroso derivatives of the three amines at all three pH values studied. The rates of N‐nitrosation and final yields of products in these reactions were compared with those in reactions in which the N‐nitrosation of the secondary amines was effected by nitrite. The comparative rates varied considerably according to the amine being studied and the reaction pH. The relevance of these findings to nitrosamine formation in cured meat and in vivo are discussed. Reaction of S‐nitrosocysteine hydrochloride with all three amines at pH 9.75 and with N‐methylaniline at pH 5.5 resulted in some N‐nitrosamine formation in the headspace above the reaction mixture. The stability of S‐nitrosocysteine hydrochloride was studied as a function of pH. The compound was fairly stable at pH 2.65, but decomposed rapidly at pH 5.5 and 9.75. The decomposition reaction at pH 5.5 followed three‐halves order kinetics, but that at pH 9.75 did not conform to simple kinetics.
Nutritional upgrading of a new soya‐protein isolate—SP55
Authors: Cogan Uri , Fuchs Rony , Mokady Shoshana , Shemer Michael
Published: October 2006

A series of biochemical and nutritional studies was performed in order to establish the reasons for the poor nutritional quality of the new soya‐protein isolate SP55. Moist heat treatment which destroyed the substantial residual anti‐tryptic activity present in the SP55 fraction, did not improve the nutritive value of the protein as indicated by rat feeding tests. Furthermore, partial in‐vitro‐enzymic digestion by papain or by pancreatin of SP55 prior to rat feeding did not alter the poor performance of the preparation. Amino acid analysis indicated that the protein was deficient in several essential amino acids. Subsequent rat feeding studies showed that the nutritional quality of the protein can be highly upgraded by supplementation with sulphur‐containing amino acids, tryptophan and threonine.
Use of canonical variate analysis in the differentiation of swede cultivars by gas‐liquid chromatography of volatile hydrolysis products
Authors: Cole Rosemary A. , Phelps Kathleen
Published: October 2006

Swede cultivars can be differentiated by their volatile hydrolysis products obtained after maceration. Multivariate statistical techniques however, are required to interpret the data because of the interactions between volatiles. Canonical variate analysis allowed a chemical interpretation to be placed on the effects of storage and provided a basis for differentiating between cultivars. The relative chemical configuration of the cultivars is displayed graphically by plotting the cultivar means relative to the first two canonical variates.
The stability of pectolytic enzymes in sulphite liquor in relation to breakdown of sulphited strawberries
Authors: Harris Jane E. , Dennis Colin
Published: October 2006

The stability of pectate and pectin depolymerising enzymes produced by Mucor piriformis, Rhizopus sexualis, R. stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea, Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichosporon pullulans and Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus in sulphite liquor was studied in relation to the breakdown of sulphited fruit. Marked breakdown of fruit occurred only when pectolytic activity could be detected in the liquor for more than 2 weeks using a viscometric assay. Of the fungi tested Rhizopus spp. produced enzymes which were most stable in sulphite liquor. For each of the Mucor and Rhizopus species tested, the stability of polygalacturonases in sulphite liquor was very similar for extracts of infected fruit and culture filtrates. The rapid decrease in polygalacturonase activity for both systems in the first 48 h contrasted with a slower inactivation where infected tissue was used. The reasons for this are discussed and it is suggested that sulphite labile (= acid labile) and sulphite stable (= acid stable) forms of the polygalacturonases are present.
The effect of shear rate on the viscosity of solutions of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and k‐carrageenan
Authors: Elfak Attia M. , Pass Geoffrey , Phillips Glyn O.
Published: October 2006

The apparent viscosities of aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and k‐carrageenan have been measured over a range of shear rates from 14 to 1142 s−1. Comparable measurements were also made on gum solutions to which glucose, sucrose, or glucose syrup had been added. For all the solutions the variation of relative viscosity with shear rate fits a power law equation. Addition of sugars to the most concentrated solutions of NaCMC has no effect on the non‐Newtonian behaviour but addition of glucose syrup to the most dilute solutions of NaCMC decreased the non‐Newtonian behaviour. However, the general pattern of behaviour showed close similarity with that of guar gum and locust bean gum. In the more concentrated glucose and sucrose solutions the non‐Newtonian behaviour of k‐carrageenan was increased appreciably. There was no comparable effect on k‐carrageenan in glucose syrup solutions. This different behaviour of k‐carrageenan is attributed to the development of solute‐solute interactions.
Lead in wild blackberries from suburban roadsides
Authors: Farmer John G.
Published: October 2006

A mean lead content of 0.79 mg kg−1 was found for wild blackberries from roadside hedgerows in a suburban area of Glasgow. This represents a five‐fold enhancement in lead content relative to blackberries from non‐roadside environments and can be attributed to the emission of lead‐containing compounds from car exhausts. Washing typically removed ≤0.1 mg kg−1. However, M.A.F.F. (1975) recommended limits for lead in fresh food (1 mg kg−1) and canned fruits and preserves (2 mg kg−1) were not, in general, exceeded.
New sorbent gel forms of cellulose esters for debittering citrus juices
Authors: Chandler Bruce V. , Johnson Robert L.
Published: October 2006

Methods are described for the preparation of cellulose esters in gel forms suitable for the removal of the bitter principle limonin from orange juice without requiring prior centrifugation of the juice and without introducing sorbent fines into the product. Bitter orange juice was successfully debittered by holding several days in containers with linings of the esters in gel form, by batchwise agitation with gel cubes or beads, and by passage through columns packed with these materials. These processes provide the basis for methods suitable respectively for in storage, batchwise or inline debittering treatments on an industrial scale. Cellulose acetate gel beads were used to debitter eight successive batches of juice, the sorptive capacity of the beads being regenerated by washing with water between treatments. The preparation of these gel beads batchwise or by a continuous drop‐tower procedure is described, using only materials approved for use in food processing.
Sorghum fermented kisra bread. I—nutritive value of kisra
Authors: Tinay A. H. El , Gadir A. M. Abdel , Hidai M. El
Published: October 2006

Kisra is a fermented sorghum bread which constitutes the staple diet of the Sudanese population. Kisra fermentation for three popular sorghum varieties was investigated. The objective was to determine the nutrient content as well as the amino acid pattern during this fermentation. The results indicated that there was a slight increase in protein content as a result of Kisra fermentation and an appreciable drop in starch. Total and non‐reducing sugars decreased markedly at the commencement of the fermentation process; while crude fibre content increased. Threonine and lysine remained practically unchanged during Kisra fermentation. Tyrosine and methionine were enriched as a result of fermentation for all three sorghum varieties. Dabar and Fetirita Kisras were enriched in threonine and valine while in Mayo Kisra these amino acids decreased compared to the grain. Tyrosine content of Dabar Kisra improved but diminished in Fetirita Kisra.
Carbohydrates in raw and germinated seeds from mung bean and chick pea
Authors: Åman Per
Published: October 2006

The contents of hydrophilic extractives, lipids, protein, starch, non‐starch polysaccharides, Klason lignin and ash were determined in raw and germinated seeds of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) and chick pea (Cicer arietinum). Several low molecular weight carbohydrates were found in the hydrophilic extractives. During germination, due mainly to their use as an easily available source of germinating energy, there was a rapid decrease of the raffinose family oligosaccharides in mung bean and a somewhat slower decrease in chick pea. Changes in the content and composition of dietary fibres during germination was small.
Isolation and identification of a new amadori compound from green tea
Authors: Anan Toyomasa
Published: October 2006

A new Amadori compound was isolated from green tea, and identified as 1‐deoxy‐l‐L‐theanino‐D‐fructopyranose on the bases of spectral data, chemical degradation and synthesis. The content of the compound increased during the firing treatment in green tea manufacturing, reached a maximum on treatment at 130°C for 30 min, and then decreased. Correlation was found between the content of the compound and evaluation score of flavour of green tea with r = 0.558. This was significant at 10%.
Effect of storing hake (Merluccius merluccius hubbsi) on ice on the viscosity of the extract of soluble muscle protein
Authors: Crupkin Marcos , Barassi Carlos A. , Martone Celina , Trucco Raúl E.
Published: October 2006

The viscosity of high ionic strength muscle extract of hake decreases during storage of whole fish on ice. Linear correlation was obtained when log of reduced viscosity was plotted against days of storage on ice and also in the plot of reduced viscosity against sensory scores.
Changes in glutathione content (reduced and oxidised form) and the effect of ascorbic acid and potassium bromate on glutathione oxidation during dough mixing
Authors: Mair Gerhard , Grosch Werner
Published: October 2006

During dough mixing, reduced glutathione (GSH) is rapidly oxidised to the disulphide without change in the total glutathione content. The flour improvers potassium bromate and dehydroascorbic acid enhance the oxidation rate of GSH. The intensity of the acceleration caused by various diastereomeric ascorbic acids parallels the improvement of loaf volume, found by Maltha in baking experiments. The data support the assumption that oxidation of GSH by the improvers competes with a SH/SS‐interchange reaction of GSH with the gluten proteins.
Fatty acids of a whitefish (Coregonus albula) flesh lipids
Authors: Kaitaranta Jukka K. , Linko Reino R.
Published: October 2006

Using gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric methods 50 fatty acid components of the flesh lipids of a fresh‐water whitefish have been examined in detail. The total lipids represented, on average, 3.0% of the wet weight of whitefish fillets. Saturated, monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids were present in proportions of 31.4, 22.4 and 44.2%, respectively. About half of the total saturated acids was composed of palmitic acid (16:0, 16.1 %), which is generally abundant in fish lipids. The proportion of saturated iso‐ and anteiso‐acids was 2.9%. The major monoenoic acid was oleic acid (18:1,ω9 10.6%), whereas the monoenoic C20‐acids were present only in minor amounts and the monenoic C22‐acids were not detected at all. The polyenoic fatty acids were predominantly of ω3 series with docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3, 9.4%) and cicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3, 7.7%) acids as the major components. Linoleic (18:2ω6), linolenic (18:3ω3), octadecatetraenoic (18:4ω3) and arachidonic (20:4ω6) acids were also present in remarkable proportions each amounting to about 4.5% of the total fatty acids.
Fatty acids of meat lipids from young red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Manley Timothy R. , Forss David A.
Published: October 2006

Fatty acids of the triglyceride and phospholipid fractions of muscle fat from young male red deer (Cervus elaphus) from three nutritional environments are reported. In both the triglyceride and phospholipid fractions differences in fatty acid patterns were observed between the three groups of deer which appear to reflect their diet.
Problems in fractionating calcium in plant tissue
Authors: Ferguson Ian B. , Turner Noel A. , Bollard Edward G.
Published: October 2006

Established procedures for the fractionation of calcium in plant tissue have been investigated. Because of the varying solubilities and the imprecise nature of many forms of calcium, such as pectate and phytate, most fractions resulting from successive solvent extraction have little meaning. A modified procedure involving extraction in acetic acid and HCl is shown to give a good measure of that calcium associated with oxalate.
Dye‐binding capacity as a sensitive index for the thermal denaturation of wheat protein. A test for heat‐damaged wheat
Authors: Hook Simon C. W.
Published: October 2006

The influence of the thermal denaturation of wheat proteins on their dye‐binding capacity has been studied for a wide range of wheat varieties and growing conditions. A strong correlation has been established between dye‐binding capacities of sound and heated wheats and this has been used as the basis of a rapid diagnostic test for heatdamaged wheat. The test is of an empirical nature and is independent of wheat variety. The Research Association Protein Indicator Device (RAPID‐meter) can now be used to determine both wheat protein content and the extent of thermal denaturation of the protein. In addition to protein dye‐binding capacity a number of other heat‐sensitive indices within wheat have been investigated. Control systems are required for any heatdamage test to compensate for initial differences of the index within different wheat samples. The only heat‐sensitive index to which reference samples could be applied was protein dye‐binding capacity.
Estimation of citral in lemon oil by gas–liquid chromatography using a capillary column
Authors: Gramshaw J. W. , Sharpe Kay
Published: October 2006

A rapid quantitative method for the estimation of citral in lemon oil is described. It uses temperture‐programmed gas‐liquid chromatography on an OV 101 capillary column in conjunction with methyl n‐decanoate as the internal standard. A calibrtion graph is employed to convert the sum of the α‐citral and β‐citral peak areas, relative to that of the internal standard, into citral content. Analysis of six commercial lemon oil samples is recorded, the results being expressed as perecentage citral content (g 100 ml−1) together with an indication of the relative abundance of the two isomers. The method is shown to be both accurate and reproducible.