bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Context of Applied Science: A Model Undergraduate Program
Authors: Ivory Ming
Published: April 2003

This article justifies the inclusion of social context in innovative undergraduate applied science programs. It proposes a model social context program, distinguishing it from two inferior strategies that expose students to a range of social disciplines at too elementary a level or rely on unsystematic, anecdotal work experience of science faculty confronting regulatory events. The article describes stresses associated with implementing the model program. Finally, it discusses the relationship of the model program to trends in higher education. A social context curriculum should explore the tensions between knowledge and power and give students practice in institutional design. It should encourage both engagement and skepticism. Graded case studies, simulations, senior projects, and experiential elements should be used to introduce a typology of institutional designs and progressively develop students’ individual design repertoires. Implementation stresses come from debates over content, interdisciplinarity, university and departmental governance, and the reform of higher education, generally.
Integrating Tertiary Education in Europe
Authors: Field Heather
Published: April 2003

There have been recent steps toward the integration of tertiary education in the EU and Europe more widely. The intergovernmental Bologna Agreement has resulted in the adoption of an Anglo-Saxon three-year undergraduate degree and two-year postgraduate degree as a European standard. Course credits are to be common and transferable. In spite of fears of a loss of standards, the new arrangements are being widely adopted. The Maastricht Treaty gave the EU’s common institutions specific but limited responsibilities with regard to education. They have established and run schemes to promote the mobility of students, teachers, and workers in their education. These schemes, and the integration of tertiary education, are being extended to Central and Eastern Europe, but not Russia as yet. Major difficulties in educational integration include the existence of conflicting interpretations of history and definitions of an appropriate research process as well as perspectives on the development of culture and identity. Specific regional challenges await the extension of the process to Southeastern Europe.
The Social Prerequisites of Success: Can College Structure Reduce the Need for Social Know-How?
Authors: Deil-Amen Regina , Rosenbaum James E.
Published: April 2003

A study of fourteen colleges finds that community colleges require certain kinds of social know-how—skills and knowledge less available to disadvantaged students. They present seven obstacles: (1) bureaucratic hurdles, (2) confusing choices, (3) student-initiated guidance, (4) limited counselor availability, (5) poor advice from staff, (6) delayed detection of costly mistakes, and (7) poor handling of conflicting demands. However, we find that a very different kind of college—the private occupational college—takes steps to structure out the need for this social know-how and address the needs of disadvantaged students. We speculate about possible policy implications.
Market Rhetoric Versus Reality in Policy and Practice: The Workforce Investment Act and Access to Community College Education and Training
Authors: Shaw Kathleen M. , Rab Sara
Published: April 2003

This article examines the impact of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) of 1998 on access to community college education and training. The market-oriented, customer-focused rhetoric of WIA is compared to the realities of WIA implementation in three states: Rhode Island, Illinois, and Florida. The authors first discuss the emergence of WIA in the context of recent market-driven pressures on community colleges. Next, they provide an overview of the relevant components of WIA. Finally, they examine how the implementation and practice of WIA affects the ability of low-income populations to obtain postsecondary education. They find that WIA’s rhetoric, intended to promote educational quality and increase customer choice, is not reflected in either formal policy or implementation. Important policy elements such as accountability measures and the focus on multiple customers have undercut the rhetoric of free choice. Thus, in practice, WIA has actually limited access to education and training at community colleges.
Community Colleges and the Equity Agenda: The Potential of Noncredit Education
Authors: Grubb W. Norton , Badway Norena , Bell Denise
Published: April 2003

While community colleges pride themselves on their inclusiveness, they tend not to enroll many of the lowest performing students leaving high schools, most of the disconnected youth who have dropped out of high school, and many low-income adults. This article explores the possibility of using noncredit education as a bridging mechanism to allow such students to enter the community college. Noncredit programs have many advantages including lower cost; greater accessibility, flexibility, and responsiveness; and greater access to immigrants. Some noncredit centers have worked hard to develop smooth transitions to the credit programs of their colleges. While noncredit education has great promise as a mechanism for expanding access to community colleges, it also faces familiar problems: inadequate funding, low status, inadequate support services, and developing in adequate articulation mechanisms with credit programs. Finally, community colleges cannot by themselves resolve the problems of inadequate schooling and poverty, and a variety of complementary social and economic policies must also be developed.
Central, Individual, or Collective Control?
Authors: VAN VUGT MARK
Published: April 2003

In this article, natural resource management is conceptualized as a social dilemma, a conflict between the short-term self-interest of users and the long-term collective interest of the user community. A self-interest versus community perspective is offered to explain individuals' decision making in resource dilemmas. The self-interest model assumes that users seek to maximize their personal benefits regardless of the collective implications. To foster sustainable use, it is necessary to restrict people's access to the resource either through controlling the resource centrally (centralization) or by creating a system of individual access (individualization). The alternative community model suggests that communities can foster self-restraint among users provided that they feel attached to their community. These two perspectives and their implications for natural resource management are systematically compared using findings from research on water conservation.
Rationality, Cooperation, and Common Pool Resources
Authors: SCHLAGER EDELLA
Published: April 2003

Substantial dissatisfaction has emerged with the conceptualization of natural resource problems and individual decision making as represented in the tragedy of the commons model by Garret Hardin. A research program devoted to developing a theory of common pool resources that accounts for both successes and failures of cooperation among appropriators using common pool resources is reviewed. The theory identifies a set of configural attributes of resources and appropriators that, if present, support the emergence of self-governing arrangements. The model of individual decision making on which the tragedy of the commons is based—perfect rationality—is also challenged. Perfect rationality cannot account for cooperation. Alternative models of decision making are explored.
How Likely Are Terrorists to Use a Nuclear Strategy?
Authors: Snowden Lynne L.
Published: April 2003

Are terrorists likely to use the nuclear strategy given today’s technology? The following article explores whether terrorists are likely to strategically utilize weapons and material such as atom bombs and radioactive waste. After discussing various nuclear strategies, the article then focuses on ways that law enforcement officers and government agencies can use probability to develop a list of terrorists who are most likely to use a radioactive dispersal device.
Protest as Terrorism?
Authors: Futrell Robert , Brents Barbara G.
Published: April 2003

This article examines the potential threat of terrorism toward the Nevada Nuclear Test Site and the proposed Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository by domestic protest groups, particularly anti-nuclear activists. The analysis is based on the history of direct action anti-nuclear campaigns against the facilities, particularly the Nevada Test Site, and suggests that violence as a form of protest, particularly the type of violence that is aimed at jeopardizing human safety (as opposed to violent destruction of property), is very unlikely. It is argued that the normalized relations between authorities and protesters that occurred at the peak of direct actions is critical to maintaining the nonviolence that has characterized activism at the facilities. But, the current climate of heightened government scrutiny and repression toward various types of perceived terrorist threats may affect future forms of protest and engender violent responses on both sides.
The Next Species of Trouble
Authors: Dilger Fred , Halstead Robert
Published: April 2003

The radioactive materials so eagerly sought by terrorists to construct a simple radioactive dispersion weapon (RDW) will soon be traveling the U.S. interstate highway system and its railways. That transformation may begin in 2010 and continue for the foreseeable future. The article describes why the peculiar characteristics of spent nuclear fuel transportation make it an ideal terrorist weapon that is difficult to defend. The scope and characteristics of the waste-shipping program will be described. The reasons terrorists may find these shipments an easy and attractive weapon also will be described. The article calls for substantial revisions to the regulations governing the shipment of these materials.
Policy Communities and Infrastructure of Urban Tourism
Authors: Laslo David H.
Published: April 2003

In the past 35 years, St. Louis, Missouri, has built all of the components of a complete infrastructure of urban tourism: three sports facilities, a convention center and its renovation, an urban entertainment districts and two downtown malls. This sequence of large projects was undertaken even though St. Louis has an extremely fragmented government, and despite the gradual withdrawal of the business elite from the city’s affairs. In this article, it is suggested that the city was able to undertake a significant agenda of construction because of the presence of policy communities that linked policy entrepreneurs within the city to external groups. If St. Louis can be taken as a typical case, in many cities a constellation of policy communities may be appropriating decision making and fiscal authority from the democratic institutions of city government.
The Role of Moral Intensity in Ethical Decision Making
Authors: May Douglas R. , Pauli Kevin P.
Published: April 2003

An empirical investigation found that the dimensions of moral intensity were related to the recognition of moral issues, moral evaluations (i.e., utilitarian, deontological, procedural, and distributive justice), and moral intentions. Consistent with the ethical decision-making framework presented, findings also revealed that (a) the moral intensity–moral evaluation relation was partially mediated by moral recognition for distributive justice and utilitarian evaluations, (b) the moral recognition–moral intention relationwas fully mediated by distributive justice and utilitarian evaluations, and (c) the moral intensity–moral intention relation was partially mediated by the combination of moral recognition and each ofthe moral evaluation processes.
Constructing a Web
Authors: Welcomer Stephanie A. , Cochran Philip L. , Rands Gordon , Haggerty Mark
Published: April 2003

In this single industry study, the authors examine relationships between forest products companies in Maine and their stakeholders. The research question, why do firms work with stakeholders, is examined from both instrumental and normative perspectives. Specifically, it is hypothesized that stakeholder power and corporate social responsiveness affect the degree to which firms have working relationships with stakeholders. The study found support for the impact of the firm’s perception of stakeholder power on the strength of its relationships with stakeholders. Most notably, it also found support for the firm’s corporate social responsiveness on the strength of its stakeholder relations, indicating that firms do work with stakeholders from both instrumental and normative bases.
Nonmarket Strategy for Merger Reviews
Authors: Clougherty Joseph A.
Published: April 2003

Mergers and acquisitions can involve a significant review by antitrust authorities; however, neither the business strategy nor the corporate political strategy literature has fully explored the antitrust dimensions of merger activity. This article considers the ability of corporate political activity to influence antitrust policy by setting out some determinants of antitrust-review outcomes. The analysis consists of two main contentions: (a) Antitrust institutional independence plays a fundamental role in determining the effectiveness of corporate political activity, and (b) domestic mergers with international competitive effects are more likely to receive positive antitrust reviews.
Financial Restriction and the Developmental State in East Asia
Authors: LUKAUSKAS ARVID
Published: April 2003

Recent financial crises in Asia have renewed debates over the appropriate degree and scope of government intervention in financial markets. Governments in two countries affected by financial crises, Japan and South Korea, have historically implemented extensive controls over the financial system. Here, the author asks: What motivated government officials in these countries to implement financial restriction and to keep it so long? Why did Japan and South Korea apparently succeed unlike other countries? It is argued that East Asian officials designed financial policy in part to appease powerful social groups, like banks and industry, and to advance their own political goals. Their intervention produced better results than elsewhere because political and security imperatives to promote rapid industrialization and growth restricted the degree of inefficiency introduced into financial regulation. This study's findings thus highlight the importance of a nation's political institutions and security context in shaping incentives facing public officials.
Presidentialized Parties
Authors: SAMUELS DAVID J.
Published: April 2003

Scholars have devoted substantial research to political parties, but comparativists have not explored how presidentialism and parliamentarism differently affect party development, organization, and behavior. The parties' literature developed from explorations of European parliamentary systems, in which constitutional structure is not an independent variable, or from the U.S. case, in which the presidentialism is sometimes not related to party development. The result is a serious gap in the literature. In this article, the author argues that the institutions of presidentialism generate incentives for parties to organize and behave differently than they would otherwise under parliamentarism. The author explores the consequences for party behavior of a shift from pure parliamentarism to semipresidentialism in France in 1958 and Israel in 1992. Given the paucity of research on how the separation of powers creates “presidentialized parties,” the argument suggests scholars rethink parties' actual role in both within presidential systems as well as across democratic regime types
Referendums and Citizen Support for European Integration
Authors: CHRISTIN THOMAS , HUG SIMON
Published: April 2003

A simple game-theoretic model suggests that voter preferences should find stronger reflection in policy outcomes if referendums are possible than if such popular influence is excluded. Relying on the large-scale quasiexperiment of European integration, we test whether referendums lead to more supportive voters with data covering more than 20 years. We find suggestive evidence for our theoretical implication that constitutional provisions for referendums lead to citizens more supportive of European integration. Similarly, the results suggest that voters more strongly support European integration immediately after a referendum vote.
Public Opinion and Global Justice
Authors: NOËL ALAIN , THÉRIEN JEAN-PHILIPPE
Published: April 2003

The concept of global justice has been developed to stress the worldwide implications of moral problems. Not much, however, has been written about the actual politics of global justice. This article focuses on public opinion and argues that attitudes about international redistribution are not a simple projection of attitudes about the domestic situation. In countries where domestic income redistribution is seen as an important priority, foreign aid is less popular; where this is less so, there is more concern for the fate of the poor in the South. Far from reflecting a lack of coherence in public opinion, these counterintuitive results need to be understood in connection with policy achievements in donor countries. The authors' empirical findings suggest that although the commitment to redistribute is stronger at the national level, relationships of solidarity do not stop at national boundaries. The achievement of justice at home in fact sustains justice abroad.
Ideas and the Welfare State
Authors: WHITE LINDA A.
Published: April 2003

This article examines the legacy of American and Canadian welfare state development to explain surprisingly comparable levels of child care provision. It highlights the ironies of policy history while demonstrating the importance of ideas as independent causal factors in the development of public policies and the effect of their institutionalization on future policy development. Maternalist, nativist, and eugencist imperatives led U.S. governments to intrude in areas normally considered part of the private sphere and led to the adoption of policies to respond to a perceived decline primarily of the White population. These policies provided a normative and institutional basis for future government involvement in child care funding and programs, even after the conditions that led to the original policies changed. In Canada, the lack of large-scale entrenchment of similar ideas constrained an otherwise more interventionist government and made it more difficult for child care policies to find governmental and societal acceptance.
Moving Beyond Procedure
Authors: KREPPEL AMIE
Published: April 2003

This article examines the influence of the European Parliament (EP) within the legislative process of the European Union. Although debate over the impact of the cooperation and co-decision I procedures continues, this article argues that, in part, the current theoretical debate is a false one that has caused many of the other important variables that affect EP legislative influence to be ignored. This article briefly revisits the current debate, then proceeds to an analysis of the success of more than 1,000 EP amendments under the cooperation and co-decision procedures. This evidence suggests that numerous other variables, such as internal EP unity and type of amendment made, have a significant impact on EP success, even controlling for procedure. In addition, this comparison points out some empirical differences between the two procedures that have been largely ignored in the theoretical debate but that nonetheless have a significant impact of EP success and merit further study.
Institutionalized Uncertainty, The Rule of Law, and The Sources of Democratic Stability
Authors: Alexander Gerard
Published: April 2003

The third wave of democratization has been accompanied by two innovative theoretical claims that procedural regime attributes have systematic consequences for substantive outcomes under democracy and authoritarianism. Many “rule of law” claims associate democracy with lower risks and greater predictability over outcomes than authoritarianism. The “institutionalized uncertainty” claim expects nearly the opposite pattern. Each has important implications for regime support and thus for regime (in)stability. This article argues that neither approach effectively captures global patterns of risk and predictability. A reconsideration shows that both approaches mischaracterize both regime types. Predictability is shown to vary at least as much across as between the two regime types. This is the result of factors exogenous to procedures, such as structures of political, social, and economic conflict. As a result, these structural conditions, rather than regime features alone, explain outcomes such as democratic instability and consolidation. Evidence suggests this is the case.
Monetary Union and Wage Bargaining Institutions in the EU
Authors: Pérez Sofía A.
Published: April 2003

This article considers the question of how monetary union in the EU is likely to impact the preferences of governments, employers, and unions regarding the organization of wage bargaining. European Monetary Union involves a decentralization of wage bargaining (centered at the national level) in relation to monetary policy (centralized at the European level). Drawing on recent literature and on the experience of two member states (Italy and Spain), which, prior to EMU, underwent periods of intense bargaining fragmentation, the author argues that the imposition of restrictive monetary policy in a fragmented wage bargaining context in which workers nonetheless have substantial bargaining rights tends to have perverse effects. These effects ultimately led governments and bargaining actors in Italy and Spain to seek a reorganization of bargaining that gave national actors greater control over wage setting. The article considers to what extent a similar dynamic might play out in the Euro zone.
Norm Entrepreneurs
Authors: INGEBRITSEN CHRISTINE
Published: April 2003

Promising scholarship in international relations is challenging existing approaches by positing the independent effect of `norms' in world politics. This article identifies `Scandinavia' (in its broadest conception, including Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland) as a group of militarily weak, economically dependent, small states that deliberately act as `norm entrepreneurs' in global eco-politics, conflict resolution, and the provision of aid. Scandinavia's role in world politics today is to provide alternative models of engagement — referred to here as the exercise of `social power'.
A Proactive Approach to Midcareer Development
Authors: Betz Nancy E.
Published: April 2003

The contributions of the Power/Rothausen model to midcareer development are reviewed and related to other relevant concepts regarding this career stage. Needs for expansion of the model and explication of its counseling implications are also discussed.
The Work-Oriented Midcareer Development Model: An Extension of Super's Maintenance Stage
Authors: Power Sally J. , Rothausen Teresa J.
Published: April 2003

The work-oriented midcareer development model for middle income workers in the United States is presented to respond to changing employment dynamics. The model replaces organizationally determined internal labor markets with an individually directed career development structure. It directs workers to define their work, identify its future requirements, and select a developmental direction in an extension of Super's career maintenance stage. Three levels of midcareer development are also proposed: job oriented, work maintenance, and work growth. This new structure allows midcareer individuals to maintain or grow their employment security, income, and career satisfaction in an environment of increasing mobility and salary compression. Suggestions for applications to career counseling clients and implications for future research are discussed.
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Actuarial Risk Assessment Tools for Social Control
Authors: Silver Eric , Miller Lisa L.
Published: April 2003

Actuarial risk assessment tools for predicting interpersonal violence and criminal recidivism have proliferated in recent years, promising to enhance their use in the day-to-day operations of the criminal justice and mental health systems. The authors consider the social and political implications of using actuarial tools for social control by offering two specific challenges. First, they argue that actuarial tools are designed primarily to facilitate the efficient management of institutional resources rather than to target individuals or social conditions in need of reform. Second, they argue that the group-based nature of actuarial prediction methods may contribute to the continued marginalization of populations already at the fringes of the economic and political mainstream.
Examining the Arsenal of Juvenile Gunslingers: Trends and Policy Implications
Authors: Ruddell Rick , Mays G. Larry
Published: April 2003

Using the National Institute of Justice body armor threat-level scale, this study classified 1,055 firearms confiscated by police officers from juveniles in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1992 to 1999. The authors found that for this city, the lethal capacity of juveniles’ firearms has remained relatively constant over time. Examination of the different types of firearms recovered also found that the sophistication of firearms used by juveniles did not increase throughout the 1990s. By disaggregating firearm types, the authors were able to demonstrate that the police are likely to confiscate relatively unsophisticated firearms from juveniles, such as Saturday night specials, .22 caliber and nonpowder weapons. In St. Louis, juveniles were very unlikely to have an assault weapon confiscated. More troubling, however, were the relatively high numbers of illegally sawed-off rifles and shotguns recovered from youths.
A View From the Inside: The Role of Redemption, Deterrence, and Masculinity on Inmate Support for the Death Penalty
Authors: Steele Tracey , Wilcox Norma
Published: April 2003

Seeking to redress the lack of inmate-centered research, the authors examine inmate attitudes towards capital punishment to determine whether individual and social characteristics predict death penalty support for a sample of 309 midwestern inmates. The authors’ results indicate that while a slight majority of inmates opposed capital punishment (53%), opposition softened considerably for crimes such as serial killing, child molestation, and child abuse. Factors that significantly predicted inmate death penalty support included the belief that capital punishment deters violent crime, family members’ capital punishment advocacy, and a high score on the Alpha scale (a measure assessing inmate identification with violent and aggressive aspects of hegemonic masculinity). In addition, a significant inverse relationship emerged between the belief that a person can be rehabilitated and death penalty support. The findings strongly suggest that inmate death penalty opinions are complex and nuanced and can offer considerable insights regarding the efficacy of current social control practices.
Leadership Styles and High-Stakes Testing
Authors: Demoss Karen
Published: April 2003

High-stakes testing has become a mainstay of educational policy making, with researchers and theorists across the country offering insight into two major questions around the initiatives: How do teachers change their classrooms to support student performance on the tests? How do students fare under new high-stakes accountability? Little work has examined the role that principals play in mediating the context of high-stakes testing. Rather than seeing principals as middle management for the system’s accountability practices, this article offers a typology of a spectrum of school leadership styles across four matched pairs of schools withinthe same high-stakes testing environment, examining the role leadership played during the course of a decade in framing how schools would respond to the testing environment. Principals’ philosophies about their staff and roles as leaders were reflective of teachers’ approaches to instructional changes and were also related to schools’ long-term achievement gains.
A Path to Social Change
Authors: Chizhik Estella Williams , Chizhik Alexander Williams
Published: April 2003

College students from various institutions completed questionnaires regarding their beliefs about privileged and oppressed adults’responsibility for the onset and offset of social inequities, the emotions linked with privileged and oppressed adults’responsibility, and the behaviors that should result from the privileged and oppressed adults’ responsibility for social equity. A path analysis revealed two causal pathways. The first path starts with responsibility of the privileged for offset of societal inequities that leads through frustration of oppressed as well as pity of the privileged. The second path leads directly from the perception that privileged adults are responsible for the onset of societal inequities without the mediation of guilt of the privileged, as predicted by attribution theory. Results imply that inclusion of privileged adults’guilt within the social justice curriculum may contribute to students’ resistance to multicultural discourse while also being important for motivating students toward social change.
Community Involvement In Schools
Authors: Sanders Mavis G.
Published: April 2003

This article reviews the current theoretical and empirical literature on community involvement in schools to foster greater understanding of the key concepts, themes, and issues in the field. The article describes differing rationales for community involvement. It also discusses four major forms of school-community partnerships and factors that influence their implementation and results. The article concludes with suggestions to increase the capacity of community involvement in schools to positively affect students, professional educators, families, and communities.
Antecedents and Consequences of Teacher Organizational and Professional Commitment
Authors: Somech Anit , Bogler Ronit
Published: April 2003

The purpose of the present study was to examine the distinctive relationships of teacher professional and organizational commitment with participation in decision making and with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The data were collected through questionnaires from a sample of 983 teachers at 25 middle schools and 27 high schools in Israel. The results of the structural equation model confirmed the main hypotheses and depicted distinctive patterns of relationships regarding professional commitment and organizational commitment in schools. First, whereas participation in the managerial domain was positively associated with both the professional and the organizational commitment, participation in the technical domain was positively related with only teachers’ professional commitment. Second, professional commitment was positively associated with OCBtoward the student, whereas organizational commitment was positively associated with all three dimensions of OCB(toward the student, the team, and the organization). Implications of the study findings are discussed in relation to teachers and administrators in schools.
Legal Issues in Educational Technology: Implications for School Leaders
Authors: Quinn David M.
Published: April 2003

New technologies have the potential to revolutionize the educational system. Advancements in educational technology are taking place so swiftly that statutory and case law are continually developing and striving to keep the pace. Repercussions for school leaders are significant and include technology-related issues involving freedom of speech, harassment, privacy, special education, plagiarism, and copyright concerns. School leaders need to be mindful of these emerging legal conditions and understand the importance of professional development training for educators on technology and the law. With this in mind, the school law researcher and professor’s role should be to communicate frequently with educators about new statutes and how to apply legal concepts and frameworks to these developing situations.
Psychometric Data On The Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Nielsen Ingrid L. , Moore Kathleen A.
Published: April 2003

Descriptive measurement reliability and validity data are reported on scores from the Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) in two contexts—class and test—for a sample of 302 Australian high school students. Summated scores on the MSES correlated r = .74, and together these items yielded one component that explained 49% of the variance. MSES scores demonstrated internal reliability for both class and test (Cronbach alphas = .86 and .90). Statistically significant correlations between MSES scores, past mathematics grades, and Marsh’s Self-Description Questionnaire III (Math) were used to indicate the convergent validity of scores for the MSES. Discriminant validity of the MSES scores was suggested by the lack of significant correlations between the MSES measures and students’ desired English grades. Statistically significant correlations between MSES scores and students’ desired mathematics grades indicated concurrent validity of the MSES measures. A statistically significant difference between class and test scores supported Bandura’s prescription for context specificity in efficacy research.
Psychological Predictors Of The Propensity To Omit Short-Response Items On A High-Stakes Achievement Test
Authors: Matters Gabrielle , Burnett Paul C.
Published: April 2003

This article presents the findings of a study of the psychological variables that discriminate between high and low omitters on a high-stakes achievement test using a short-response format. Data were obtained from a questionnaire administered to a random sample ( N = 1,908) of students prior to sitting the 1997 Queensland Core Skills (QCS) Test ( N = 29,273). Fourteen psychological variables were measured including test anxiety (four subscales), emotional stability, achievement motivation, self-esteem, academic self-concept, self-estimate of ability, locus of control (three subscales), and approaches to learning (two subscales). The results were analyzed using descriptive discriminant analysis and suggested that the psychological predictors of the propensity to omit short-response items include test-irrelevant thinking and academic self-concept, with sex of candidate being a mediating variable.
A 1-Year, Three-Couple Expedition as a Crew Analog for a Mars Mission
Authors: Leon Gloria R. , Atlis Mera M. , Ones Deniz S. , Magor Graeme
Published: April 2003

This study assessed the intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning of a three-couple expedition group that included a 2½-year-old child which was ice-locked on a boat in the High Arctic during a major portion of the expedition. Personality assessment indicated that team members were generally well adjusted, scoring relatively higher on well-being and achievement and relatively lower on stress reactivity. Weekly mood ratings showed that the group exhibited significantly higher positive than negative affect. Reported negative events were relatively most frequent at the beginning of the Arctic stay and toward the end of the darkness period and were lowest during the initial darkness interval. The period of darkness had both a salutary and negative impact. A highly important means of coping with stress was seeking emotional support from one’s partner. Selection of couples with strong bonds with their partner appears to be one viable approach for crew selection for long-duration missions.
The Secret Is To Follow Your Nose
Authors: Dalton Ruth Conroy
Published: April 2003

This article presents an experiment in which route choice decisions made at road junctions are recorded. Such routes can be expressed as the sum of individual decisions made or potential decisions available throughout a journey. Relationships between these aggregate values are assessed statistically, indicating that participants’ decisions correlate more strongly with maximum angles of incidence of road center lines (leading from a junction) than to mean or minimum angles. One interpretation is that participants appear to be attempting to conserve linearity throughout their journey. However, informal observations of participants traversing urban grids cast doubt on the proposed theories of the conservation of angular linearity, requiring the theory’s modification. The resultant hypothesis combines principles of a conservation of linearity while also minimizing the angular difference between pairs of bearings; the key bearings are the directions of potential route choices and a perceived bearing of the wayfinding goal as judged from sequential instances of the observer’s location.
Determinants of Newsroom Use of Staff Expertise
Authors: Lowrey Wilson , Becker Lee B. , Punathambekar Aswin
Published: April 2003

This article examines the role of the community in determining why some news organizations invest in staff expertise in the area of international news and provide extensive international news content, while others do not. Data from daily newspapers in the US show organizational size rather than community factors to be the dominant influence on the news organization's commitment to specialization. Community factors did matter, however, and generally predicted more strongly for larger organizations than for smaller organizations.
Organizational Determinants of International News Coverage in Korean Newspapers
Authors: Kim Kyungmo
Published: April 2003

This article examines the organizational determinants in explaining the nature and structure of international news coverage in Korean daily newspapers. Specifically, similarities and differences in international news coverage among the dailies are investigated. Then their relationships with some organizational antecedents are analysed from a cross-organizational perspective. The results reveal that the international news net of Korean newspapers is shaped spatially according to the organizational discrepancy of national and provincial papers; it also is structured temporally by the difference in time shift of the production cycle between morning and evening papers. In conclusion, organizational resources and editorial policies condition how the spatio-temporal news net for international news production is fabricated, which in turn results in different performances of international news coverage among daily newspapers.
Attitudes Towards Suicide in Slovenia: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Kocmur Marga , Dernovšek Mojca Z.
Published: April 2003

Background: Slovenia has been experiencing a very high suicide rate (30 per 10,000 inhabitants per year or higher) and there are no data on public attitudes towards suicide in Slovenia.

Aims: To identify public attitudes towards suicide in order to expand the basis for prevention.

Methods: A Suicide Attitudes Questionnaire (SUIATT) was sent to a representative sample of adult Slovenian citizens.

Results: Some 5.2% of respondents had at least one previous suicidal attempt and 21.6% reported suicidal ideation (SI). More respondents with SI than respondents without SI reported: 1) the suicidal act as deliberated, 2) less importance attached to the mental illness in suicidal behaviour, 3) that a person has the right to commit suicide, and 4) the suicidal act as an act of cowardice.

Conclusions: Results do not allow a general statement whether attitudes towards suicide are permissive or restrictive. However, in the subgroup of respondents with SI we found a tendency towards permissiveness regarding suicide.
Connecting Relational Work and Workgroup Context in Caregiving Organizations
Authors: Parker Victoria A.
Published: April 2003

Caregiving workers depend on their workgroups for support in handling the relational work with clients that is central to caregiving work. Yet workgroups vary in the effectiveness with which they provide such support. While Tavistock theorists have long discussed this linkage, no systematic model of the relevant workgroup factors has been proposed. This article advances such a model of workgroup-level factors that influence relational work, based on data from case studies of two caregiving workgroups. Four important workgroup-level influences are identified and explored: intragroup support patterns, coordination mechanisms/systems, membership/boundaries, and interdisciplinary roles and relationships.
The Invisibility Of Turks Of African Origin And The Construction Of Turkish Cultural Identity
Authors: Durugönül Esma
Published: April 2003

This article analyzes the formation of national/cultural identity as well as historiography and history education in Turkey, the latter elements being fundamental to a sound understanding of identity formation in any society. African Turks, whose ancestors were brought to the Ottoman Empire at that time and of whose presence many in Turkish society today are not informed at all, are taken as an example of the elements of Turkish society that have been neglected.
W.E.B. Du Bois's Evolving Africana Philosophy Of Education
Authors: Rabaka Reiland
Published: April 2003

The aim of this article is to analyze W.E.B. Du Bois's educational thought for its key contributions to contemporary Africana philosophy of education. To succinctly explore Du Bois's philosophy of education, the article outlines some of the ways his pedagogical theories and practices are inextricable from, and virtually incomprehensible without critically considering, his philosophy of history, concepts of culture, economic thought, and social and political philosophy. Arguing that many scholars have both masked and marred Du Bois's contributions to philosophy of education by focusing almost exclusively on his "talented tenth" theory, this study examines his educational thought after he produced the classic, "The Talented Tenth" (1903), essay. The article advances that Du Bois's revision of the talented tenth into a theory of the "guiding hundredth," which stresses struggle, sacrifice and service, group leadership, and African historical and cultural grounding, provides Africana philosophy of education with a pedagogical paradigm and provocative point of departure.
Dimensional Stability Analysis of Foams Based on LDPE and Ethylene–Styrene Interpolymer Blends
Authors: Yang Chi-Tai , Lee Shau-Tarng
Published: April 2003

This study extends our earlier work on the fundamental aspects ofmodeling on foam aging and dimensional stability. The thickness change of extruded polyolefin foam to the blowing agent and air counter diffusion during the postextrusion aging process is modeled. The blowing agent and air counter diffusion equations are coupled with more complicated Maxwell–Voigt fourparameter viscoelastic equations to model the foam dimensional change and recovery processes. The effects of blending ethylene–styrene interpolymer resin and adding aging modifier are investigated, respectively and altogether. The mathematical model is also compared with experimental data.
Single-Step Rotational Foam Molding of Skin-Surrounded Polyethylene Foams
Authors: Pop-Iliev Remon , Park Chul B.
Published: April 2003

This paper demonstrates howthe rotational foam molding process can be employed for the manufacture of plastic articles that have a distinct layer of nonfoamed skin surrounding a foamed core or layer. It is focused on the singlestep processing principle, the main feature of which is the simultaneous introduction of both the foamable and nonfoamable resin into the cavity of the mold at the beginning of the cycle. Although this advanced concept eliminates the need for process interruptions and the use of drop boxes or plastic bags, it requires an appropriate processing strategy that would assure that the execution of the adhesion of the nonfoamable thermoplastic resin to the internal surface of the mold always takes place prior to the activation of the foamable resin.
Optimization of Laminates’ Fracture Toughness Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface
Authors: Pelegri Assimina A. , Tekkam Anand
Published: April 2003

Maximization of mode I critical delamination fracture toughness ( GIC) in cross ply graphite–epoxy laminates is studied using Design of Experiments and Taguchi arrays. The novel methodology proposed allows continuous and discrete factors to be considered simultaneously. Main and interactive factor effects on GIC are evaluated. Selection of factors is based on design and material criteria; the ones considered are: width, length, thickness, stacking angle and stacking sequence. A Fractional Factorial experiment is used to reduce the number of tests. Double Cantilever Beam specimens are used for all mode I experiments. Statistically significant factors are culled and a response equation (RE), based on the importance of each factor, is established. The RE is then employed to optimize GIC within the given set of restrictions. The effect of interfaces on delamination propagation is also investigated.
Taylor Averaging on Heterogeneous Foams
Authors: Cuitiño Alberto M. , Zheng Shanfu
Published: April 2003

In this article we present a formulation to account for the effect of cell size distribution on the mechanical behavior of foams. The present approach averages the response of unit cells with different sizes via a Taylor averaging approach. This technique can be applied to different unit cell models where the cell size is explicitly given. In order to keep the averaging formulation analytically traceable, we select a unit cell model, bubble model (Ortiz, M., Gioia, G. and Cuitino,A.M. Manuscript in preparation), that considers the behavior of an homogeneous array of thin-walled spherical cells undergoing uniform finite deformation. This model relays on the computation of the strain energy density for the deformed configuration due to membrane stretching and bending. For this unit cell model, the effect of the cell size distribution is described only by the first three moments of the distribution, or the mean radius, variance and skeweness. The effect of these parameters on the foam behavior subjected to uniaxial compression is analyzed for two different values of the relative density of the foam. The model is compared against a unixial compression test of a ductile foam system with nearly spherical cells of different sizes. The cell size distribution is measured independenly and introduced to the model as a input. The prediction of load displacement response is in general good agreement with the experimental test.
Elastic Constants of a Ti-6Al-4V/SiC Unidirectional Continuous-Fiber Composite between 10 and 300K
Authors: Vuorinen J. E. , Schwarz R. B.
Published: April 2003

We have used a resonant ultrasound spectroscopy technique to measure the five independent second-order elastic constants of a transversely isotropic SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composite from 10 to 300 K. The composite had 50 vol% SiC fibers imbedded in a Ti-6Al-4V matrix. Engineering moduli were deduced from measured elastic constants. We used the Varshni equation to fit the temperature dependence of the elastic constants and the engineering moduli. The measured data were used to deduce the engineering moduli for off-axis loading conditions at various temperatures.