bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overestimation of Knowledge About Word Meanings: The “Misplaced Meaning” Effect
Authors: Kominsky Jonathan F. , Keil Frank C.
Published: June 2014

Children and adults may not realize how much they depend on external sources in understanding word meanings. Four experiments investigated the existence and developmental course of a “Misplaced Meaning” (MM) effect, wherein children and adults overestimate their knowledge about the meanings of various words by underestimating how much they rely on outside sources to determine precise reference. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that children and adults show a highly consistent MM effect, and that it is stronger in young children. Study 3 demonstrates that adults are explicitly aware of the availability of outside knowledge, and that this awareness may be related to the strength of the MM effect. Study 4 rules out general overconfidence effects by examining a metalinguistic task in which adults are well calibrated.
Integrating the Automatic and the Controlled: Strategies in Semantic Priming in an Attractor Network With Latching Dynamics
Authors: Lerner Itamar , Bentin Shlomo , Shriki Oren
Published: June 2014

Semantic priming has long been recognized to reflect, along with automatic semantic mechanisms, the contribution of controlled strategies. However, previous theories of controlled priming were mostly qualitative, lacking common grounds with modern mathematical models of automatic priming based on neural networks. Recently, we introduced a novel attractor network model of automatic semantic priming with latching dynamics. Here, we extend this work to show how the same model can also account for important findings regarding controlled processes. Assuming the rate of semantic transitions in the network can be adapted using simple reinforcement learning, we show how basic findings attributed to controlled processes in priming can be achieved, including their dependency on stimulus onset asynchrony and relatedness proportion and their unique effect on associative, category‐exemplar, mediated and backward prime‐target relations. We discuss how our mechanism relates to the classic expectancy theory and how it can be further extended in future developments of the model.
Post‐Trial Victims' Rights in the EU: Do Law Enforcement Motives Still Reign Supreme?
Authors: van der Aa Suzan
Published: June 2014

The EU legislator has been accused of overemphasizing the repressive aspect of law enforcement, while paying less attention to civil liberties, such as fundamental victims' rights. This paper examines the current position of EU crime victims, with a special focus on the execution phase of a criminal procedure. A victimological assessment of (1) the Framework Decisions on custodial sentences and probation measures and (2) the recent EU Victim Directive shows that none of these instruments contains any mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of victims in the post‐trial stage. Regardless of the various praiseworthy efforts to further the emancipation of victims, when it comes to the execution phase, victims' rights are still largely neglected, thereby opening the door again to criticism. Granting victims a right to information and a (non‐influential) right to be heard would already improve matters greatly. A constitutional assessment indicates that Europe is competent to make these changes.
A plant‐functional‐type approach tailored for stakeholders involved in field studies to predict forage services and plant biodiversity provided by grasslands
Authors: Duru M. , Jouany C. , Theau J. P. , Granger S. , Cruz P.
Published: June 2014

The plant‐trait‐based method is powerful for assessing ecosystem services provided by species‐rich grasslands, but its use presents difficulties for stakeholders involved in field studies. Therefore, we examined whether a simplified plant‐functional‐type method could overcome such difficulties. A total of 1287 grasslands, spread over eight regions, were characterized according to their environmental and management factors, eight indicator (including Ellenberg) values and abundance of five previously defined grass functional types (GFTs) differing in growth strategies (fast–slow, early–late). Four related plant‐community‐composition descriptors indicating forage services (forage production, digestibility, distribution of herbage biomass throughout the growing season and management flexibility) responded to environmental and management factors that are correlated to indicator values. Based on GFTs, cluster analysis defined vegetation types (VTs). Their relationships to environmental and management factors (or proxies of them), forage services and species richness were subsequently analysed. Of the thirteen VTs, four consisted mainly of GFTs with a dominant fast‐growth strategy and three with a slow‐growth strategy. These clusters were clearly related to two stress axes (temperature and nutrients). The other six VTs consisted of a mixture of both strategies and corresponded to intermediate levels of stress and disturbance. Although simplified, the method distinguished VTs that responded consistently to environmental and management factors and provides accurate indicators of forage services.
Factors affecting the rate of oxidation and resultant discolouration of tetracyclines contained in endodontic medicaments and irrigants
Authors: Bennett Z. Y. , Walsh L. J.
Published: June 2014

Aim

To determine the effect of pH, oxygen levels and ions on tetracycline oxidation and resultant discolouration.

Methodology

Solutions of demeclocycline hydrochloride or doxycycline hyclate were prepared and exposed to different pH conditions, pure oxygen or carbon dioxide, ascorbic acid or various ions (from calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, strontium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, and bismuth nitrate). Subsequently, they were exposed to intense visible blue light (470 ± 15 nm) for 24 h. Colour change was monitored using standardized digital photography. Parametric statistical analysis employing the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test was performed to compare the mean change in different colour channels, assessing the discolouration effect of the modified conditions.

Results

An acidic pH reduced discolouration, whilst alkaline pH increased it. A higher oxygen tension resulted in more discolouration, as did the presence of calcium, strontium, and bismuth ions, all of which bind to tetracyclines. Conversely, zinc and magnesium ions had a mild photoprotective effect. Ascorbic acid, an anti‐oxidant, reduced the level of discolouration.

Conclusions

The tendency of these tetracyclines to undergo photo‐oxidation is increased by common variables present in the clinical environment. There are potential benefits from using photoprotectors and anti‐oxidants in these materials, to reduce the possibility of discolouration.
Three‐dimensional modelling and concurrent measurements of root anatomy in mandibular first molar mesial roots using micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Lee J. K. , Yoo Y. J. , Perinpanayagam H. , Ha B. H. , Lim S. M. , Oh S. R. , Gu Y. , Chang S. W. , Zhu Q. , Kum K. Y.
Published: June 2014

Aim

To obtain concurrent radicular measurements in the mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) canals of mandibular first molars using scanned data of micro‐computed tomography (μCT) with novel software.

Methodology

The scanned data from 37 mandibular first molar mesial roots were reconstructed and analysed with custom‐developed software (Kappa2). For each canal, three‐dimensional (3D) surface models were re‐sliced at 0.1‐mm intervals perpendicular to the central axis. Dentine thicknesses, canal widths and 3D curvatures were measured automatically on each slice. Measurements were analysed statistically with anova for differences at each direction and at different levels of both canals.

Results

Lateral dentine thicknesses were significantly higher than mesial and distal thicknesses, at all the levels of both canals (P < 0.001). Mesial thicknesses were significantly higher than distal thicknesses in the coronal third of both canals (P < 0.001). Thinnest dentine thicknesses were mainly located on the disto‐inside of both canals. Narrowest canal widths were 0.24 ± 0.10 and 0.22 ± 0.09 mm in MB and ML canals, respectively. Canal curvatures were greatest in the apical third of both canals (P < 0.001), and they were greater in the MB canals than in the ML canals (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Micro‐computed tomography with novel software provided valuable anatomical information for optimizing instrumentation and minimizing mishaps in nonsurgical root canal treatment.
Biocompatibility of root filling pastes used in primary teeth
Authors: Lima C. C. B. , Conde Júnior A. M. , Rizzo M. S. , Moura R. D. , Moura M. S. , Lima M. D. M. , Moura L. F. A. D.
Published: June 2014

Aim

To evaluate the biocompatibility of two pastes designed to fill the root canals of primary teeth.

Methodology

A study group of 54 mice received subcutaneous tissue implants of polyethylene tubes containing CTZ or calcium hydroxide paste or, as a negative control, empty tubes. Biocompatibility was evaluated on days 7, 21 and 63, yielding a total of nine groups of six animals each. Following the experimental intervals, the implant areas were removed and subjected to histologic processing. After the tissues were stained with HE and Masson trichrome, two pathologists performed a histologic analysis of the samples in a blinded manner. Collagen fibre formation, tissue thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration were analysed qualitatively. Quantitative morphometry was performed for the thickness, perimeter length and tissue area of the region in direct contact with the open tube. anova with the Tukey post‐test and Kruskal–Wallis analysis followed by Dunn's post‐test, with significance established as P < 0.05, were used for data analysis.

Results

At 7 days, all groups had severe acute inflammatory infiltrates. Inflammation was reduced at 21 days in the CTZ paste group. Mild chronic inflammatory infiltrates were observed after 63 days in the CTZ and Ca(OH)2 paste groups; these groups also showed a significant decrease in collagen fibre density (P < 0.05), which was not observed in the control group. The average tissue thickness, perimeter length and area in contact with the tube decreased during the experimental periods in all groups.

Conclusion

The CTZ and calcium hydroxide pastes demonstrated biocompatibility with subcutaneous tissue in this experimental model.
Pulsed UV light as a postprocessing intervention for decontamination of hard‐cooked peeled eggs
Authors: Macias‐Rodriguez Braulio , Yang Wade , Schneider Keith , Rock Cheryl
Published: June 2014

The efficiency of pulsed UV light (PL) for inactivation of E. coli K12 on hard‐cooked eggs was investigated. Temperature, colour and texture were recorded to determine adverse effects on quality. Distance from the quartz window (5.5, 9.5 cm) and time (1–30 s) was set as the experimental variables. Results indicated that E. coli K12 viability decreased at closer distances and increased time (P < 0.05). Bacterial populations were reduced to 3.54 log CFU per egg and 3.23 log CFU per egg after 15 and 20 s at 5.5 cm and 9.5 cm, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the existence of photophysical mechanisms, bacterial overlapping and internalisation interfering inactivation. Treated samples experienced slight thermal increases (6–9 °C) contributing to the preservation of colour and texture, not significantly different from untreated samples (P > 0.05). Our findings support the use of PL to enhance the safety of hard‐cooked eggs although bacterial shadowing may have significant implications on treatment efficiency.
Total antioxidant capacity of meat and meat products consumed in a reference ‘Spanish standard diet’
Authors: Martínez Joaquín , Nieto Gema , Ros Gaspar
Published: June 2014

The antioxidant capacity (AC) of meat, meat products and the comparison with fish, vegetable products, milk and a balanced and healthy diet was determined using the ORACFL assay. The hydrophilic ORACFL (H‐ORACFL) of hake and sardine was 596 ± 133 and 641 ± 128 μmol Trolox Equivalents (TE) per 100 g, respectively. The highest H‐ORACFL value was found in cured meat samples, where Iberian cured ham (4890 ± 443 μmol TE per 100 g), whereas the lowest level of 797 ± 68 μmol TE per 100 g was found in Frankfurt sausages. Products like mortadela with olives, sobrasada and salami showed intermediate values ranging between 1107 ± 123 μmol TE per 100 g and 1011 ± 63 μmol TE per 100 g. Iberian cured ham presents the higher AC of all meat products studied, and this value being higher than that provided by red wine (3135 ± 312 μmol TE per 100 g). The AC of orange juice was lower than meat products, with the exception of Frankfurt sausages. Finally, the estimated total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the reference standard diet was 29 006 μmol TE per intake whole diet per day, and meat representing 10.51% per intake per day of the TAC of the whole diet.
Concentration and purification of galacto‐oligosaccharides using nanofiltration membranes
Authors: Michelon Mariano , Manera Ana Paula , Carvalho Andrea Limoeiro , Maugeri Filho Francisco
Published: June 2014

This study was aimed at using nanofiltration to purify the galactooligosaccharides (GOS) found in a commercial mixture containing lactose, glucose and galactose, whose compositions were similar to that obtained through transgalactosylation reactions catalysed by β‐galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7082. NP030 polyethersulphone membrane was selected for the purification processes, once it differed statistically from other membranes due to the higher purification factor and permeate flux under the optimised temperature and pressure conditions of 35 °C and 3 MPa, respectively. Results indicate that NP030 membrane can be employed as a preliminary technique for the GOS purification with approximately 61% (w/w) of recovery.
SMALL DATA
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: June 2014

It really is a numbers business
WHAT A CORPORATION CAN BE
Authors: Gratton Lynda
Published: June 2014

▸ The great institutions of our age are global corporations.

▸ Their power and influence touch every life on earth.

▸ But how can we shape the corporations the world needs for the future?

▸ Lynda Gratton provides a roadmap to the corporation of tomorrow.
EMERGING EQUALS
Authors: Steinfield Laurel , Park Jacqueline , Gomes Dian , Estrin Saul
Published: June 2014

What role can and should businesses play in challenging gender inequality in emerging economies? Laurel Steinfield, Jacqueline Park, Dian Gomes and Saul Estrin report
THE NEW AGE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Authors: Coomber Steve
Published: June 2014

From Sydney to Santiago, entrepreneurial hope and practice now permeate the business world as never before, Steve Coomber ushers in the new age of entrepreneurship
CUP WINNERS
Authors: Coomber Steve
Published: June 2014

DeViehl coffee cups are pushing the frontiers of luxury goods. Steve Coomber reports
DATA PERFECTION
Authors: Coomber Steve
Published: June 2014

Powr of You is a siblings‐run startup designed to help individuals and businesses get more out of their online data
STARTUP STATS
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: June 2014

Number crunching these entrepreneurial times
A PROFIT IS ANNOUNCED
Authors: Coomber Steve
Published: June 2014

Checking the calendar for earnings announcements might be the best investment you ever make
PROFESSIONAL OVERLOAD
Authors: Hashemi Sahar
Published: June 2014

How can large organisations retain the entrepreneurial spirit? Sahar Hashemi offers a roadmap
Immobilized‐metal‐chelate regenerable carriers: (I). Adsorption and stability of penicillin G amidohydrolase from Escherichia coli
Authors: FB Anspach , Altmann‐Haase G.
Published: June 2014

Penicillin G amidohydrolase (PGA) was immobilized on Cu(II)‐chelate regenerable sorbents. A long spacer was essential for binding, such as bisoxirane in the case of Sepharose 4B or glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane in the case of silica‐based carriers. The stability of the PGA‐carrier was determined both by the interaction forces between PGA and the metal‐chelate sorbent and the presence of penicillin G (Pen G). The force of interaction between the enzyme and the metal‐chelate sorbent was low, and Pen G competed for binding sites at high concentrations. The carrier with a small pore size demonstrated diffusion restrictions during immobilization of PGA, resulting in low activities of the immobilized enzyme. This carrier could not be completely regenerated. Carriers with an average pore size of 55 nm or larger displayed fewer diffusion restrictions. The corresponding Cu(II)‐chelate sorbents were regenerated several times.
Industrial design of enzymic processes catalysed by very active immobilized derivatives: utilization of diffusional limitations (gradients of pH) as a profitable tool in enzyme engineering
Authors: JM Guisan , Alvaro G. , CM Rosell , Fernandez‐Lafuente R.
Published: June 2014

We have developed integrated studies of enzyme reaction engineering for the hydrolysis of penicillin G catalysed by very active penicillin G acylase (PGA) derivatives. We have studied the distinct effect of a key variable (pH) on different industrial parameters (e.g. activity/stability parameters). In this way we have demonstrated, in contrast with that proposed by other authors, that the generation of gradients of pH inside the porous structure of very active enzyme derivatives may be not a problem but a ‘very profitable tool’ to improve the whole set of industrial parameters. In this way we can establish two distinct ‘optimal pH values’: (i) the one inside the particle of the biocatalyst and (ii) the one in the bulk solution. The use of an external pH of 8.0 associated with the promotion of a controlled decrease in internal pH (e.g. around a mean value of 5.5) was very useful to simultaneously obtain interesting values of all industrial parameters: (i) very high hydrolytic yields (higher than 97%); (ii) a very important increase on the stability of PGA derivatives (higher than a 50‐fold factor); and (iii) a very small decrease in operational activity (approximately 15%) as compared with the one of soluble enzyme at pH 8.0 with no diffusional hindrances.
Identification of essential cellulase components in the hydrolysis of a steam‐exploded birch substrate1
Authors: Yu Alex H. C , Saddler John N.
Published: June 2014

To Identify the essential cellulase components responsible for the emdent hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose, cellulase mJxtures reconstituted from purified fractions of cellulase components were used in the hydrolysis of a steamexploded birch substrate. Celluclast, a commerdal cellulase mixture, was fractionated into seven groups according to their pI values by chromatofocusing. Two of the seven groups when acting together were shown to have the same spedfic activity on the birch substrate as the original Celluclast. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction of these two enzyme groups were observed in the hydrolysis of the birch substrate. These two groups of cellulase components were further separated into eight subgroups based on their hydrophobidty by hydrophobic‐ interaction chromatography. From hydrolysis experiments using reconstituted mixtures of these eight subgroups, the high spectfic activity of Celluclast on crystalline substrate was suggested to be the result of the interaction of more than two of these eight component groups. These eight subgroups of cellulase components were shown to include celloblohydrolase I, cellobiohydrolase II and as yet, unidentified endoglucanases.
Preparation of affinity sorbents and isolation of individual chitinases from a crude supernatant produced by Streptomyces kurssanovii by a one‐step affinity‐chromatographic system
Authors: AV Ilyina , VE Tikhonov , VP Varlamov , LA Radigina , NYu Tatarinova , IA Yamskov
Published: June 2014

The preparation of two affinity‐chromatography sorbents based on cross‐linked chitin are described. Both sorbents retained selectively one of the four extracellular chitinases in the culture supernatant produced by Streptomyces kurssanovii. Chitinases with molecular masses of 42 kDa and 26 kDa were isolated in homogeneous form using one‐step affinity‐chromatography procedures involving either a fully N‐acetylated or a partially N‐acetylated cross‐linked chitin‐type sorbent. Two other chitinases were not selectively bound by the sorbents and, therefore, were not isolated in a homogeneous form. The affinity sorbents were shown to be stable over the period of separation and could be used repeatedly.
The Capital Structure of Large Firms and the Use of Dutch Financing Entities
Authors: Weyzig Francis
Published: June 2014

Large firms may issue debt securities to obtain external financing or set up lowly‐taxed affiliates for internal debt‐shifting purposes. In addition, they may channel interest payments through Dutch special purpose entities (SPEs) to avoid withholding taxes, a widely‐used arbitrage strategy. Analysing the capital structure of large EU‐based multinationals, this paper provides evidence that the use of Dutch‐issuing SPEs is associated with higher debt financing relative to equity. Furthermore, it shows that EU subsidiaries of larger firms are more leveraged and that the use of Dutch on‐lending SPEs is also associated with higher subsidiary leverage. Thus, the paper provides evidence that Dutch SPEs facilitate higher external debt financing as well as internal debt shifting. The findings indicate that withholding taxes on interest payments to entities outside the EU, determined by individual EU member states, are not very effective. The national tax systems of EU countries such as the Netherlands, which does not impose interest withholding tax, allow large firms to avoid those taxes.
Video‐Assisted Thoracoscopic Extirpation of the Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes in Dogs
Authors: Steffey Michele A. , Daniel Leticia , Mayhew Philipp D. , Affolter Verena K. , Soares Joao H. N. , Smith Andrea
Published: June 2014

Objective

To describe a technique for video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) extirpation of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN), and to describe the quality of biopsy specimens obtained.

Design

Experimental study.

Animals

Purpose‐bred male hound‐mix research dogs (n = 8).

Methods

Dogs were randomized to groups of left‐sided or right‐sided VATS approaches. One lung ventilation was used and TBLN dissection was achieved using a vessel‐sealing device.

Results

TBLNs ipsilateral to the approach were successfully identified and removed thoracoscopically in 7 dogs. A 3‐port technique was used in 6 dogs and 4 ports were used in 2 dogs. Observed complications included mild‐moderate hemorrhage from the perinodal tissue controlled thoracoscopically (n = 2), inability to locate any TBLN (1), and difficulty achieving or maintaining one‐lung ventilation (4). No other major complications occurred and all dogs recovered uneventfully. Median percentage surface area of the bisected lymph nodes affected by crush artifact was 20% (range, 0–40%). Areas of crush artifact were present in central (7/11) and peripheral (9/11) locations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Thoracoscopic TBLN extirpation is a feasible technique in dogs with normal TBLN and may be useful for obtaining more detailed staging on microscopic disease status in oncologic patients with normal‐sized TBLNs. Further study is warranted to determine the feasibility and limitations of this technique in clinical patients with overt lymphadenopathy.
Effect of Vascular Seal Configuration Using the LigaSure on Arterial Challenge Pressure, Time for Seal Creation, and Histologic Features
Authors: Matz Brad M. , Tillson D. Michael , Boothe Harry W. , Dillon Ray A. , Cattley Russell C.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of a vascular sealing technology on canine carotid arteries using various seal configurations to achieve maximal vessel security.

Study Design

Ex‐vivo study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 20).

Methods

Carotid arteries (n = 40) were removed from the mid‐cervical region of recently euthanatized dogs. Harvested vessels were closed with 2 circumferential ligatures (Group 1) or a vascular sealing device using 1 of 4 seal configurations of 1 or 2 seals combined with 1 or 2 machine activations/seal. The artery was instrumented to measure intraluminal pressure to evaluate the security of each seal during saline infusion. Maximum intraluminal pressure was recorded for each group, and time for application of each sealing protocol was compared using 1‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. Histologic features of the sealing protocols were evaluated.

Results

Arterial closures for each group were effective in preventing leakage up to 300 mmHg. There was no significant difference in maximum intraluminal pressure between any group. A significant difference (P ≤ .001) was observed for time to seal creation between the groups using 1 and 2 seals. Histologic evaluation showed no differences between the different sealing protocols.

Conclusion

Vessel sealing using a single seal created with a single activation cycle was adequate for sealing canine carotid arteries. Histologic examination did not demonstrate any disadvantages to multiple seals or multiple cycle activations.
THE MARKET FOR UNCERTAINTY BEARING IN ROMAN EGYPT
Authors: SILVER MORRIS
Published: June 2014

This paper (re)calls attention to an unusual, much discussed Roman era Egyptian contract between Tetoueis and Venaphrios for the future delivery of grain. It is argued that the contractual provisions cannot be adequately explained within the framework of strictly credit or strictly commodity purchase instruments. It is shown, however, that sale in advance transactions for grain (and also for wine) can be understood by placing uncertainty in the foreground and viewing them as option contracts. Thus, this paper develops and refines an idea that has lain dormant since being put forward by Packman in 1975. Although this is quite possible, the point of the discussion is not that many Roman economic actors made their living by writing option contracts but only that such contracts were written and might be purchased even by unexpected individuals such as the illiterate Tetoueis.
‘DANGEROUS PERFECTION’ AND AN OLD PUZZLE RESOLVED: A ‘NEW’ APULIAN KRATER INSPIRED BY EURIPIDES' ANTIOPE
Authors: VILLING ALEXANDRA
Published: June 2014

An Apulian calyx krater attributed to the Underworld Painter that entered the British Museum in 1867 as part of the collection of the Duc de Blacas (GR 1867,0508.1335, Vase F270) has long puzzled scholars on account of its enigmatic iconography, seemingly representing Orpheus and Cerberus in the Underworld. Yet cleaning of the vase some 50 years ago – hitherto unnoticed by scholarship – revealed Cerberus to be a regular single-headed dog. Two additional heads were added during nineteenth-century ‘restoration’ in the accomplished early nineteenth-century Neapolitan restorers' workshops headed by Raffaele Gargiulo. A new reading of the scene identifies it as the dialogue between Amphion and Zethos, a key episode in Euripides' play Antiope that is also referred to in Plato's Gorgias as emblematic of the rival concepts of the ‘active’ and the ‘contemplative’ life.
MYTH, CULT, AND PERFORMANCE: SIR JOHN SOANE'S CAWDOR VASE
Authors: SMITH TYLER JO
Published: June 2014

The Cawdor Vase was purchased by Sir John Soane in 1800, launching the London architect's career as a collector of antiquities. The Apulian red-figure volute-krater (4th c. BC) is displayed in the dining room of Soane's house-museum at no. 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the exact location it occupied when Soane died in 1837. The krater appears in artistic representations and section drawings of the house, as well as in descriptions of the museum and its holdings. Prominent modern scholars (Vermeule and Trendall) studied the object, securing its place in the corpus of South Italian wares.

As intriguing as its role in the history of collecting and reception is the Cawdor Vase's unique iconography. On one side is an enigmatic version of the preparations for the chariot race of Oinomaos and Pelops, and on the other a familiar type of naiskos scene. The decoration on the vase, taken as a whole, reveals the different stages of the famous myth and can be connected with textual accounts, the cult of Pelops, Apulian funerary ritual, and the foundation of the Olympic Games.
Geographical and environmental factors affecting the distribution of wintering black storks Ciconia nigra in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Cano Luis Santiago , Pacheco Carlos , Refoyo Pablo , Tellería José Luis
Published: June 2014

Here we explore the environmental and geographical factors affecting the winter distribution of the black stork Ciconia nigra in the Iberian Peninsula, where an increasing number of individuals have remained to winter in the last two decades. We recorded 179 locations of 54 ringed individuals between 1988 and 2011 to map the species habitat suitability with MaxEnt, a machine‐learning technique based on the principle of maximum entropy. The migratory movements of 25 birds equipped with satellite transmitters were used to define the autumnal migratory flyway used by most storks crossing the Peninsula as well as to define the wintering period. The aim was to test if the number of wintering storks was positively correlated to habitat suitability and negatively correlated to the flyway distance. Data provided by an extensive count across Portugal and Spain during the 2012–2013 winter supported the findings that black storks were more abundant in areas of high habitat suitability close to the migratory flyway. This agrees with previous evidence on the role of migratory flyways in determining the distribution of some wintering birds in Iberia. A gap analysis reflected that just 12.3% of the suitable areas and 18.8% of individuals recorded during the 2012–2013 winter were included within the Special Protection Areas network of Portugal and Spain. Most of these birds were crowded in unprotected areas covered by rice fields (68% of individuals), a key habitat for the species.
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Removal in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Device Associated Infections
Authors: KRISHNAMOORTHY ARUN , POKORNEY SEAN D. , LEWIS ROBERT K. , DAUBERT JAMES P. , GREENFIELD RUTH A. , HEGLAND DONALD D. , MILANO CARMELO A. , ROGERS JOSEPH G. , SCHRODER JACOB N. , PATEL CHETAN B. , PICCINI JONATHAN P.
Published: June 2014

CIED Removal in LVAD Infections

Introduction

Heart failure patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are at risk for infection. Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are commonly present in these patients. The course of infections in patients with an LVAD and a CIED is not well described.

Methods and Results

We identified 6 patients with a durable LVAD that underwent CIED removal because of an LVAD associated infection (LVADI). Patient and infection characteristics, management strategy, and clinical outcomes are described. All 6 patients were male, and the mean age was 59.6 years (range 43–72). Four of 6 patients had an ischemic cardiomyopathy, and 3 patients were diabetic. The median creatinine clearance for patients was 40.5 mg/dL (range 19–65). Five of 6 patients had a continuous flow LVAD placed as destination therapy. Four of 6 patients had a previous LVADI managed medically before the current infection leading to CIED removal. The indication for CIED removal was a bloodstream infection in 5 of 6 patients. Three of these patients had potential vegetations identified by echocardiography on device leads. The mean implanted age of the removed leads was 62 months (range 1–179), and 1 of the 6 patients experienced a procedural complication (hematoma) from CIED removal. Four of 6 patients that underwent CIED removal for an LVADI had recurrence of infection. Five of 6 patients died during the initial presentation or from repeat presentation for infection.

Conclusion

Despite CIED removal for an LVADI, recurrent infections are common and mortality remains high.
Functional Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients with Renal Dysfunction and Subsequent Long‐Term Mortality
Authors: BOGDAN STEFAN , KLEMPFNER ROBERT , SABBAG AVI , LURIA DAVID , GUREVITZ OSNAT , BAR‐LEV DAVID , LIPCHENCA IGOR , NOF EYAL , KUPERSTEIN RAFAEL , GOLDENBERG ILAN , ELDAR MICHAEL , GLIKSON MICHAEL , BEINART ROY
Published: June 2014

CRT Response in Patients with Renal Dysfunction

Introduction

Renal dysfunction is associated with increased morbi‐mortality in heart failure patients. Data regarding functional and clinical efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in this population are limited.

Methods and Results

We aimed to evaluate the rate of functional response to CRT in patients with renal dysfunction and its association with long‐term mortality.

Our study included a total of 179 consecutive patients implanted between 2007 and 2010. The rate of functional response to CRT (defined by a composite score using New York Heart Association functional class, 6‐minute walk test, and quality of life) was compared between patients with and without renal dysfunction (defined as eGFR < or ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Survival analysis estimates were constructed according to the Kaplan–Meier method, with results comparison using the log‐rank test.

During a median follow‐up of 4.2 years, 73 patients (40%) died. Patients with low eGFR were older (72 ± 8 years vs. 64 ± 12 years; P < 0.001), and had higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease (75% vs. 53%; P = 0.003). Functional response rates did not differ significantly between patients with and without renal dysfunction (58% and 69%, respectively; P = 0.14). Despite overall higher mortality in patients with low eGFR (53.8% vs. 22.7%; P < 0.001), the presence of functional response at 1 year among patients with renal dysfunction was still independently associated with an improved long‐term survival (HR = 0.49 [95%CI: 0.28–0.83]; P = 0.009).

Conclusion

Functional response to CRT at 1 year does not differ significantly between patients with or without kidney disease, and is an independent predictor of improved long‐term survival in patients with renal dysfunction.
Impact of Pacing Site on QRS Duration and Its Relationship to Hemodynamic Response in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: DERVAL NICOLAS , BORDACHAR PIERRE , LIM HAN S. , SACHER FREDERIC , PLOUX SYLVAIN , LABORDERIE JULIEN , STEENDIJK PAUL , DEPLAGNE ANTOINE , RITTER PHILIPPE , GARRIGUE STEPHANE , DENIS ARNAUD , HOCINI MÉLÈZE , HAISSAGUERRE MICHEL , CLEMENTY JACQUES , JAÏS PIERRE
Published: June 2014

Electrical Impact of the Left Ventricular Pacing Site in CRT

Introduction

Recent studies have demonstrated that left ventricular (LV) pacing site is a critical parameter in optimizing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The present study evaluates the effect of pacing from different LV locations on QRS duration (QRSd) and their relationship to acute hemodynamic response in congestive heart failure patients.

Methods and Results

Thirty‐five patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle branch block referred for CRT device implantation were studied. Eleven predetermined LV pacing sites were systematically assessed in random order: epicardial: coronary sinus (CS); endocardial: basal and mid‐cavity (septal, anterior, lateral, and inferior), apex, and the endocardial site facing the CS pacing site. For each patient QRSd and +dP/dtmax during baseline (AAI) and DDD LV pacing at 2 atrioventricular delays were compared. Response to CRT was significantly better in patients with wider baseline QRSd (≥150 milliseconds). Hemodynamic response was inversely correlated to increase of QRSd during LV pacing (short atrioventricular [AV] delay: r = 0.44, P < 0.001; long AV delay: r = 0.59, P < 0.001). Compared to baseline, LV pacing at the site of shortest QRSd significantly improved +dP/dtmax (+18 ± 25%, P < 0.001) but was not superior to other conventional strategy (lateral wall, CS pacing, and echo‐guided) and was inferior to a hemodynamically guided strategy.

Conclusions

In our study, we have demonstrated that changes of QRSd during LV pacing correlated with acute hemodynamic response and that LV pacing location was a primary determinant of paced QRSd. Although QRSd did not predict the maximum hemodynamic response, our results confirm the link between electrical activation and hemodynamic response of the LV during CRT.
Role of elevated serum uric acid levels at the onset of overt nephropathy in the risk for renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Tanaka Kentaro , Hara Shigeko , Hattori Masakazu , Sakai Ken , Onishi Yukiko , Yoshida Yoko , Kawazu Shoji , Kushiyama Akifumi
Published: June 2014

Aims/Introduction

Despite the use of intensive therapies, declining renal function is often observed during the overt nephropathy stage of type 2 diabetes. We aimed at investigating the role of serum uric acid (SUA) levels at the onset of overt nephropathy in the risk of renal function decline in type 2 diabetes patients.

Materials and Methods

The present cohort study included 290 type 2 diabetes patients who were followed from the onset of overt nephropathy. The relationship between SUA and declining renal function was assessed using Cox regression models after adjusting for known risk factors.

Results

Over a median 4.8‐year follow‐up period, 85 patients (4.9/100 person‐years) showed serum creatinine (Cr) doubling with a total cumulative incidence of 71.9% at 20 years of follow up. The highest SUA tertile resulted in significantly a higher incidence (7.7/100 person‐years) and cumulative incidence at 20 years (85.7%) than the middle (3.9/100 person‐years, 54.2%) and lowest (3.0/100 person‐years, 55.5%) tertiles. The univariate Cox hazard model resulted in significant risks for Cr doubling related to female sex, short diabetes duration, smoking and elevated levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c), glycated hemoglobin and SUA tertiles. SUA tertiles remained statistically significant in the multivariate model (highest vs lowest hazard ratio 2.68, 95% confidence interval 1.48−5.00, P = 0.0009).

Conclusions

Elevated SUA levels within the normal range (men >6.3 mg/dL, women >5.1) at the onset of overt nephropathy resulted in an increased risk for declining renal function in type 2 diabetes patients.
Monitoring oriental fruit moth and codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with combinations of pheromones and kairomones
Authors: Knight A. , Cichon L. , Lago J. , Fuentes‐Contreras E. , Barros‐Parada W. , Hull L. , Krawczyk G. , Zoller B. , Hansen R. , Hilton R. , Basoalto E.
Published: June 2014

Experiments were conducted in North and South America during 2012–2013 to evaluate the use of lure combinations of sex pheromones (PH), host plant volatiles (HPVs) and food baits in traps to capture the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in pome and stone fruit orchards treated with sex pheromones. The combination of the sex pheromone of both species (PH combo lure) significantly increased G. molesta and marginally decreased C. pomonella captures as compared with captures of each species with either of their sex pheromones alone. The addition of a HPV combination lure [(E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate plus (E)‐β‐ocimene] or acetic acid used alone or together did not significantly increase the catch of either species in traps with the PH combo lure. The Ajar trap baited with terpinyl acetate and brown sugar (TAS bait) caught significantly more G. molesta than the delta trap baited with PH combo plus acetic acid in California during 2012. The addition of a PH combo lure to an Ajar trap significantly increased catches of G. molesta compared to the use of the TAS bait or PH combo lure alone in 2013. Female G. molesta were caught in TAS‐baited Ajar traps at similar levels with or without the use of additional lures. Ajar traps baited with the TAS bait alone or with (E)‐β‐ocimene and/or PH combo lures caught significantly fewer C. pomonella than delta traps with sex pheromone alone. Ajar traps with 6.4‐mm screened flaps caught similar numbers of total and female G. molesta as similarly baited open Ajar traps, and with a significant reduction in the catch of non‐targets. Broader testing of HPV and PH combo lures for G. molesta in either delta or screened or open Ajar traps is warranted.
Effects of dietary lipid levels on mitochondrial gene expression in low and high‐feed efficient families of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Eya J. C. , Yossa R. , Ashame M. F. , Pomeroy C. F. , Gannam A. L.
Published: June 2014

A 2 × 3 factorial study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid level on mitochondrial gene expression in mixed sex rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Practical diets with a fixed crude protein content of 42%, formulated to contain 10% (42/10), 20% (42/20) and 30% (42/30) dietary lipid, were fed to triplicate groups of either low‐feed efficient (F129; mean ± s.d. = 105·67 ± 3·04 g initial average mass) or high‐feed efficient (F134; mean ± s.d. = 97·86 ± 4·02 g) families of fish, to apparent satiety, twice per day, for 108 days. At the end of the experiment, diets 42/20 and 42/30 led to similar fish condition factors, which were higher than that observed with diet 42/10 (P < 0·05). F134 fish fed diet 42/10 showed the highest hepato‐somatic index, while there was no significant difference among all the other treatments (P < 0·05). When the group of F134 fish fed diet 42/10 was used as the calibrator for gene expression analysis, the five genes selected for their involvement in lipid metabolism (complex I‐nd1, complex III‐cytb, complex IV‐cox1, complex IV‐cox2 and complex V‐atp6) were up‐regulated in the muscle and down‐regulated in both the liver and the intestine. There was a significant family × diet interaction regarding nd1, cox2 and atp6 in the liver; nd1, cytb, cox1, cox2 and atp6 in the intestine, and nd1, cytb, cox1, cox2 and atp6 in the muscle (P < 0·05). The overall results of this study constitute basic information for the understanding of molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism at the mitochondrial level in fishes.
Neurobehavioural analysis of developmental iron deficiency inOreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Bai L.‐R. , Wang A.‐L. , Zhao Z.‐Y. , Miao Y.‐T.
Published: June 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the association between brain iron measurements of monoamine function and behavioural measurements of learning and memory. Male hybrid tilapiasOreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticuswere fed either an iron‐deficient (ID) diet or an iron‐adequate (IA) diet for 8 weeks. TheIDfishes showed significantly lower iron content in brain and decreasing learning and memory capacity. The fishes that showed increased learning and memory capacity had higher levels of iron and monoamine oxidase activity in brain. In addition, the results showed that learning and memory behaviours were related to monoamine (dopamine and noradrenaline) concentration in the brain. This suggests that iron can enhance learning and memory capacity in fishes and that the effect may have monoaminergic mediation in discrimination learning and memory tasks. The experimental data suggest that the properties and neural basis of learning and memory of teleosts are notably similar to those of land vertebrates.
The influence of brood loss on nest abandonment decisions in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides
Authors: Zuckerman Z. C. , Philipp D. P. , Suski C. D.
Published: June 2014

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides broods were experimentally reduced in size to test whether brood size (BS) and simulated brood depredation affect the decision by a male to continue providing care for its brood or to abandon that brood prematurely before its offspring reach independence. The highest ranked of the generalized linear models predicting brood abandonment was based on the number of offspring remaining in a nest following brood devaluation, indicating that parental male fish reassess the value of a brood following perturbation. Paternal M. salmoides were more likely to abandon their broods if initial BS was small before devaluation, and if there was a greater decrease in BS, indicating a threshold for both the amount of brood loss and remaining BS. Larger, older males were also less likely to abandon their brood than smaller, younger conspecifics. These results have broad implications for determining drivers of parental care trade‐offs and how individuals assess the value of a brood.
Direct ageing of Thunnus thynnus from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and western Mediterranean Sea using dorsal fin spines
Authors: Luque P. L. , Rodriguez‐Marin E. , Landa J. , Ruiz M. , Quelle P. , Macias D. , Ortiz De Urbina J. M.
Published: June 2014

This study deals with important methodology issues that affect age estimates of eastern Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus using dorsal fin spines. Nearly 3800 spine sections were used from fish caught in the north‐east Atlantic Ocean and western Mediterranean Sea over a 21 year period. Edge type and marginal increment analyses indicated a yearly periodicity of annulus formation with the translucent bands (50% of occurrence) appearing from October to May. Nucleus vascularization seriously affected specimens older than 6 years, with the disappearance of 40–50% of the presumed annuli by that age. An alternate sectioning location was a clear improvement and this finding is an important contribution to the methodology of using this structure for ageing the full‐length range of eastern T. thynnus. Finally, there were no significant differences between the coefficients of von Bertalanffy growth model estimated from mean length at age data (L∞ = 327·4; k = 0·097; t0 = −0·838) and those estimated from the growth curves accepted for the eastern and western T. thynnus management units.
Life‐history traits of temperate and thermophilic barracudas (Teleostei: Sphyraenidae) in the context of sea warming in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Villegas‐Hernández H. , Muñoz M. , Lloret J.
Published: June 2014

This study indicated that the life‐history traits of European barracuda Sphyraena sphyraena are apparently better suited to their environmental conditions compared to the more physically restricted life‐history traits of the yellow‐mouth barracuda Sphyraena viridensis, which co‐habit the north‐western Mediterranean Sea. The latter thermophilic species has a considerably higher reproductive potential as it invests its energy reserves in larger numbers of hydrated eggs per spawning batch. This would favour its population growth rates within the study area, especially if sea warming continues, in which case it is likely that the spawning phenology of this species would give it an advantage.
Intersectionality as the “New” Critical Approach in Feminist Family Studies: Evolving Racial/Ethnic Feminisms and Critical Race Theories
Authors: Few‐Demo April L.
Published: June 2014

This article presents one of the first comprehensive reviews of intersectionality literature for a family studies audience. The purpose of this article is manifold: (1) to review the interdisciplinary scholarship on intersectionality as a theoretical approach, paradigm, or method; (2) to review methodological considerations using intersectionality as a theoretical guide to conduct research; and (3) to examine how contemporary family scholars are utilizing an intersectional approach to examine the complexities of identity, relational process, and social interactions with larger institutional forces. I conclude with an evaluation of the benefits and challenges of using an intersectional approach to the study of contemporary families.