bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TWO TWO-COMPONENT SEX ATTRACTANT BLENDS FOR ADULT MALES OF THE STRIPED CUTWORM, EUXOA TESSELLATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Struble D. L. , Steck W. F. , Swailes G. E. , Chisholm M. D. , Underhill E. W. , Lilly C. E.
Published: December 2009

Male moths of striped cutworm, Euxoa tessellata (Harris), were specifically attracted to blends of Z-5-tetradecenyl acetate or Z-5-hexadecenyl acetate with Z-7-hexadecenyl acetate. The most satisfactory quantities of these components per septum dispenser were: Z-5-tetradecenyl and Z-7-hexadecenyl acetates at 2.5 and 500 μg, or Z-5-hexadecenyl and Z-7-hexadecenyl acetates each at 500 μg. The addition of 1.0% Z-7-hexadecenol relative to Z-7-hexadecenyl acetate in either of these blends inhibited the attraction of males. The blend involving Z-5-tetradecenyl acetate is recommended for monitoring purposes.
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur , Smith Larry
Published: December 2009

The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, is a serious pest of several pines, Pinus sp. and spruces, Picea sp., and is an exceptionally difficult insect to control because its entire life, except for the adult stage, is spent inside the terminal leader of the host tree (Harman and Kulman 1968; MacAloney 1930; Rose and Lindquist 1973; Sullivan 1957). To protect the trees, the weevil must be controlled prior to oviposition; this has been thus far accomplished only by massive, repeated applications of insecticides such as methoxychlor (DeBoo and Campbell 1971, 1972). Application of such a conventional insecticide, however, may have adverse effects on beneficial insects such as pollinators, predators, and parasites as well as some of the non-insect fauna.
RHYACIONIA BUSHNELLI (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) DAMAGED TIPS WITHIN PONDEROSA PINE: DISTRIBUTION AND SAMPLING UNIVERSE
Authors: Dix Mary Ellen , Jennings Daniel T.
Published: December 2009

Within individual trees in an 8-year-old provenance planting of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) in central Nebraska, the infestation of tips by the western pine tip moth (Rhyacionia bushnelli Busck) generally decreased with increasing tree height and varied with whorl and seed source. Trees from Eastern Plains sources were taller and had fewer infestations than trees from three other geographic regions. Sampling tips on whorls 3 through 6, 4 through 6, or 4 through 7 all give an accurate estimate of damaged tips per tree in trees less than or equal to 3.0 m high.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FOOD PREFERENCES OF SOME ORCHARD CARABIDS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Hagley E. A. C. , Holliday N. J. , Barber D. R.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies of the food preferences of several adult carabids showed thatAmara aeneaDeG.,Anisodactylus sanctaecrucisF.,Harpalus affinisSchr., andStenolophus commaF. were polyphagous and readily fed on the seeds of several weeds as well as on young codling moth larvae and apple maggot pupae.H. affinisalso attacked 4th and 5th instar codling moth larvae and pupae more readily than the other species.Pterostichus melanariusIII. showed a strong preference for the larger prey such as 5th instar codling moth larvae, earthworms, and scarabaeid larvae. The potential of these species as predators of the codling moth and the apple maggot is discussed.
OCCURRENCE OF PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA, THE STRIPED FLEA BEETLE, IN OPEN PRAIRIE, FOREST, AND PARKLAND OF SASKATCHEWAN (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

In Saskatchewan the range of Phyllotreta striolata (F.), a pest of parkland rapeseed crops, includes the open prairie in the southwest and the boreal forest in the north. The population of P. striolata on the open prairie is small, with cruciferous weeds being the major host plants. Cruciferous crops grown on the open prairie will almost certainly attract some P. striolata. The population of P. striolata in the forest is substantial, and the range extends northward into arctic regions. Although adults of P. striolata feed upon cruciferous plants growing in the forest, these plants do not appear abundant enough to constitute an adequate food supply. In addition, the identity of the major host plants of the larvae in the forest is unknown. In laboratory experiments, adults of P. striolata were attracted to and attempted to feed upon seven species of forest mosses; however, attempts to maintain a laboratory colony of P. striolata on one of the more abundant mosses were unsuccessful. Forest inhabiting P. striolata attacked rape planted in forest clearings, and therefore probably would infest rape crops grown along the forest edge or in newly cleared areas.
MULTIPLE RESISTANCE SHOWN BY FIELD STRAINS OF HOUSE FLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), TO ORGANOCHLORINE, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS, CARBAMATE, AND PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
Authors: Harris C. R. , Turnbull S. A. , Whistlecraft J. W. , Surgeoner G. A.
Published: December 2009

Three house fly, Musca domestica L., strains, two from farms near Guelph, Ontario and one from a farm near Edmonton, Alberta were cultured and tested for their resistance to insecticides as compared with a susceptible laboratory strain. The two Guelph strains were resistant to the 7 organochlorine (OC) and 11 organophosphorus (OP) insecticides tested and to nearly all of the carbamate insecticides. One Guelph strain (A) which had been subjected to minimum pyrethrins pressure and no residual pyrethroid pressure was susceptible to pyrethrins and the 8 pyrethroid insecticides tested. The other Guelph strain (B), which had been subjected to intense pyrethrins–pyrethroid pressure, was resistant to pyrethrins and to all pyrethroids tested. The Edmonton strain had a history of insecticide exposure similar to the Guelph B strain and showed a similar resistance pattern. Resistance levels at the LD50 for the Guelph B strain, as compared with a susceptible laboratory strain, for the OP insecticides tested, ranged from ×50 for malathion to ×4.5 for dichlorvos; for the carbamates, from ×13.5 for bendiocarb to ×4.1 for methomyl; and for the pyrethroids, from ×55.6 for deltamethrin to ×18.7 for fenvalerate.
AN UNIDENTIFIED LEAF MINE IN FOSSILMAHONIA RETICULATA(BERBERIDACEAE)
Authors: Liebhold A. M. , Volney W. J. A. , Schorn H. E.
Published: December 2009

Insect mines have been reported in several fossil leaf specimens (Brooks 1955; Freeman 1965; Lewis 1969; Opler 1973; Hickey and Hodges 1975; Crane and Jarzembowski 1980). These fossils represent useful records for the study of insect-host evolutionary history. Opler (1973) and Hickey and Hodges (1975) compared fossil Ieaf mines with those caused by extant insect species in homologous host species and concluded that specific insect-host associations have persisted for as long as 50 million years. We report here the presence of leaf mines in a Miocene specimen ofMahonia reticulata(MacGinitie) Brown (Berberidaceae). It is unclear whether a comparable insect species is associated with extant NearcticMahoniaNuttall.
ELETROPHORETIC CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BLACK FLIES IN THESIMULIUM VENUSTUMANDVERECUNDUMSPECIES COMPLEXES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Snyder T. P.
Published: December 2009

Electrophoretic characterizations of sibling species in theSimulium venustum–verecundumcomplexes are presented based on nine enzymatic loci.Simulium verecundum s.l. is easily separable fromS. venustum s.l. by unique complements of electromorphs for lactate dehydrogenase. Quantitative and minor qualitative differences also exist between most pairs of sibling species withinS. venustumandS. verecundum. Not all pairs are separable using the nine enzymatic loci scored in this study. This close genetic affinity of species pairs that are not separable by electrophoretic methods parallels their chromosomal and ecological affinity.
OCCURRENCE OF CARABID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN A BOREAL FOREST DAMAGED BY FIRE
Authors: Richardson R. J. , Holliday N. J.
Published: December 2009

Fifteen months after an intense forest fire, the fauna of carabid beetles in burnt and unburnt sites was sampled using pitfall traps to detect the indirect effects of fire on carabids caused by habitat change. Traps were installed in burnt and unburnt sites in which the dominant tree species before the fire was either spruce or aspen. The most commonly caught species wasPterostichus pensylvanicuswhich was captured more frequently in unburnt sites, but was not affected by dominant tree species; a similar pattern of distribution of captures was found forCarabus taedatus. Harpalus laticepswas captured only in burnt sites.P. lucublandusandDicaelus sculptilis upioideswere most commonly caught in the unburnt aspen site, whilePterostichus adstrictuswas most commonly caught in the burnt spruce site.
NUMBER OF INSTARS OF THE PITCH PINE TIP MOTH, RHYACIONIA RIGIDANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE)
Authors: Gargiullo Paul M. , Berisford C. W.
Published: December 2009

Head capsule widths were measured on 962 larvae of Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald). Five instars were detected using multimodal analysis, and normal distributions of head widths for each instar are given. Regression using an exponential growth model was used to generate mean head widths according to Dyar's rule. These widths did not differ significantly from observed widths.
A COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS OF BACILLUS SPHAERICUS STRAIN 1593 AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS AGAINST AEDES STIMULASS LARVAE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Wraight Stephen P. , Molloy Daniel , McCoy Patricia
Published: December 2009

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype H-14) and B. sphaericus strain 1593 were tested against Aedes stimulons larvae in the laboratory and in 38-cm-diam, open-ended cylinders embedded in the bottom detritus of a woodland pool. Estimates of LC50 were lower against fourth instars in the field at a mean temperature of 15.9 °C than in the laboratory at 21.1 °C. The greater efficacy in the field was attributed to high daytime water temperatures (mean 20.5 °C) following treatment and exposure of the larvae to substantially greater amounts of toxic material in a larger volume of water than in the laboratory. The regression of probit on log10 concentration was not linear over the entire range of mortality caused by B. sphaericus, increasing the difficulty of estimation of LC values. Bacillus sphaericus was significantly less active than B. thuringiensis.
A REVISION OF THE COMOSA GROUP OF THE GENUS EUXOA HBN. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
Authors: Lafontaine J. D. , Byers J. R.
Published: December 2009

The comosa group of the genus Euxoa is defined on the basis of genital characters. The species in the group are: comosa (Morrison), lineifrons (Smith), guadalupensis new species, lucida Barnes and McDunnough, fumalis (Grote), and occidentalis new species. On the basis of geographical variation of adults, life history data, and experimental hybridization, populations of E. comosa are arranged in five subspecies. Adults and genitalia are illustrated and a synopsis is given for each species and subspecies.
IMPLICATIONS OF TREE MICROHABITAT PREFERENCES OFCOMPSILURA CONCINNATA(DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) FOR ITS EFFECTIVENESS AS A GYPSY MOTH PARASITOID
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: December 2009

Tethered gypsy moth larvae,Lymantria dispar(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), placed in various tree microhabitats were most heavily parasitized byCompsilura concinnata(Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) near the ground especially on leaves. In laboratory experiments, hosts were parasitized primarily between 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM (E.S.T.), with little parasitism at night. These data suggest that in the field, this tachinid will most efficiently attack young gypsy moth caterpillars, as instars 1 to 3 are the only ones consistently on or near foliage during daylight.C. concinnatafemales successfully parasitized young hosts, but larval development on 2nd instars was twice as long as that on 4th instars. Thus, only one generation of parasitoids on gypsy moths is likely per year. Results indicate that methods for improving the effectiveness of this parasitoid should emphasize increasing adult numbers early in the season.
A REVIEW OF THE GOERIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Denning D. G.
Published: December 2009

Goera schmidi n. sp. from Thailand is described together with drawings of the greatly modified male genitalia and maxillary palpi. SEM micrographs of scales on the wings of Goeridae are presented. Distributional data are given for the Goeridae known to occur in Canada and the United States.
ESTIMATING NUMBER OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM EGGS FROM EGG MASS MEASUREMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris J. W. E. , Dawson A. F.
Published: December 2009

Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, periodically attacks Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) in British Columbia, causing mortality, deformity, and growth loss. Insect populations are assessed annually by the Canadian Forestry Service's Forest Insect and Disease Survey, by branch sampling for egg mass densities; predictions of population trends and damage are based on these assessments. Eggs, laid in rows in masses affixed to needles, are a preferred stage to sample because they are easily collected, remain fixed in numbers for an extended period, and precede damage by sufficient time to plan suppression or other programs. Numbers of masses alone, however, may not show population trends accurately as egg numbers per mass varies. Thus it is sometimes necessary to count eggs (Miller 1957), which is a formidable task. Fortunately egg numbers can be estimated from the dimensions of egg masses (Washburn and Brickell 1973). In this study, we determined the relationship between egg numbers and egg mass length and number of rows for samples from Douglas-fir stands frequently affected by spruce budworm throughout British Columbia. Data were collected over 3 years, 1977-79, during which time budworm populations were in a period of decline.
PAUROPODA (ARTHROPODA: MYRIAPODA) DO OCCUR IN CANADA
Authors: Tomlin A. D.
Published: December 2009

In Canada and Its Insect Fauna, Scheller (1979) reported that no species of Pauropoda have been discovered in Canada. However, Hilton (1931) reported collecting “about” 10 specimens of Stylopauropus dawsoni near Dawson in the Yukon Territories. Scheller (1981, pers. comm.) discounts this report because the specimens have since been lost. Pauropods have been recorded from several border states including New York (Hilton 1930), Alaska (Hilton 1931), Michigan (Remy 1954), and Ohio (Williams and Hefner 1928). Starling (1943) reviewed early American records of Pauropoda.
CNEPHASIA STEPHENSIANA, A SPECIES NEWLY RECORDED FROM CANADA AND COMPARED WITH THE PREVIOUSLY RECORDED C. INTERJECTANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

A Palearctic species, Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubleday), was first collected in Nova Scotia in 1954 and has since been found in Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and near Ottawa, Ontario. C. stephensiana is compared with the introduced C. interjectana (Haworth) which was found first in Newfoundland in 1915.
ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE), EFFECTS ON ALFALFA IN VERMONT
Authors: MacCollom G. B. , Baumann G. L. , Gilroy N. L. , Welch J. G.
Published: December 2009

Seven years of field evaluation has shown the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), to be of minor economic importance in Vermont. Although response to certain insecticidal treatments resulted in highly significant reduction in leaf mining at time of cut, no other differences were shown. Analyses of fiber content as measured by lignin, cell wall constituents, acid detergent fiber, quality as measured by % protein and % digestibility, and yields in dry weight (kg/ha) showed no significant differences. Comparison of leaflet dehiscence from field-cured and baled samples failed to indicate differences between blotched and healthy alfalfa.

Two imported parasite species, Chrysocharis punctifacies Delucchi and Dacnusa dryas (Nixon), are established within the state; we predict that these parasites combined with native species will effect a decline in alfalfa blotch leafminer levels below any conceivable economic threshold.
AN EFFECT OF PARASITISM BY MICROCTONUS VITTATAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ON EMERGENCE OF PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE AND PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) FROM OVERWINTERING SITES
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the two main rape-infesting flea beetle species in Manitoba, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) and Phyllotreta striolata (F.), that were parasitized by Microctonus vittatae Mues., emerged earlier from overwintering sites than unparasitized adults of the same species. Early emergence of parasitized beetles ensures early emergence of parasite adults and thereby probably increases the impact of the parasite on the host's population.
AN ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR THE LABORATORY REARING OF THE OLD HOUSE BORER,HYLOTRUPES BAJULUS(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Cannon Kevin F. , Robinson William H
Published: December 2009

Hylotrupes bajulus(L.) was successfully reared from egg to adult in 9 to 11 months on an artificial diet. The diet provided an adequate physical and nutritional environment for the development of old house borer larvae. Mortality and rearing time were reduced when larvae reared on artificial diet were compared with those reared by conventional methods.
PREDATION ON ADULTS OF THE FLEA BEETLE PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE BY THE WESTERN DAMSEL BUG, NABIS ALTERNATUS (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

During a 1981 study on possible insect vectors of a yeast in Saskatchewan mustard crops, several incidental observations of attack by the western damsel bug, Nabis alternatus Parshley, on adults of the flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) were made near Oxbow in the southeastern part of the province. This is the fourth record of insect predation on crucifer-feeding flea beetles in the Canadian prairie provinces. Previous records involved the beetle Collops vittatus Say (Gerber and Osgood 1975), a big-eyed bug, Geocoris bullatus (Say) (Burgess 1977), and larvae of the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens (Burgess 1980).
ATTRACTION OF MALE GREEN APPLE BUGS, LYGOCORIS COMMUNIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), TO CAGED FEMALES
Authors: Boivin G. , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

In Quebec apple orchards, pheromones are used to monitor a number of pest species (Rivard et al. 1978; Paradis et al. 1979). However, few studies have looked for the presence of sex pheromones in mirids. Scales (1968) detected the presence of sex pheromone in a mirid, Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), as did Strong et al. (1970) for Lygus hesperus Knight. Subsequently, the daily and annual cycles of pheromone emission in Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) (King 1973) and Helopeltis clavifer (Walker) (Smith 1977) were established.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE), IN WHEAT
Authors: Holmes N. D.
Published: December 2009

The effects of the major factors on populations of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, were studied in the field at Lethbridge, Alberta between 1970 and 1977. Fecundity of the females, which contain an average of 32.7 eggs, is influenced by the condition and variety of host plants in which they develop as larvae. Populations of the adults that emerge from infested crops cut 7–9% by the larvae in one year may infest 70–80% of the stems of adjacent crops in the following year. Increased adult densities, however, fail to increase markedly the percentage of stems infested because the adults concentrate at field margins when they reinfest the most preferred stems. Because only one larva can mature in each stem, competition within stems that receive more than one egg causes a major drop in the population but not in the percentage of infested stems cut. Another major drop is caused by host plant resistance, which is influenced in both susceptible and resistant wheats by the weather during the growing season. On an average, all of the larvae die in 28% of the infested stems of two susceptible wheats and in 67% of those of a resistant wheat. The mortality in resistant wheats, however, is generally not sufficient to prevent economic infestations in subsequent years. Parasitism, which was a major factor in only 7 of 36 years in southern Alberta, is increased by weather conditions that cause delayed ripening of the wheat crops. The mortality of mature larvae and pupae averaged 21.3%. It is affected by extremes of moisture and temperature and can be increased slightly by shallow tillage of infested stubble.
EVALUATION OF FIVE TRAP DESIGNS FOR SAMPLING INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERED PINES
Authors: Younan E. G. , Hain F. P.
Published: December 2009

Five trap designs were evaluated for sampling the insect complex attracted to severed shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), Virginia (P. virginiana Mill.), and loblolly (P. taeda L.) pines. The baffled flight trap was superior for capturing Coleoptera. Plexiglas®, saran screen, and 4-directional Plexiglas traps were most efficient in trapping Diptera and Hymenoptera. The results indicate that the choice of any particular trap depends on the group of insects to be sampled.
ECONOMICS OF INSECTICIDAL CONTROL OF FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ATTACKING RAPE IN CANADA
Authors: Lamb R. J. , Turnock W. J.
Published: December 2009

The costs and benefits of insecticidal control and the losses attributable to flea beetle damage are estimated for oilseed rapes in Canada. Analyses of two farm surveys and reports on the efficacies of the various control practices conducted in test plots led us to calculate three sets of estimates based on different assumptions. Four-fold differences are observed between the lowest and highest estimates. The lowest estimates are adopted as the most realistic. The estimated losses were $72 million in 1979, 8% of the annual production. In 1979 growers spent about $12 million on insecticidal control which saved about $44 million worth of production. We conclude that flea beetle damage to rape causes an average annual yield loss of about 10% and is higher in Manitoba than Saskatchewan. The damage levels estimated from small test plots are higher, on average, than those in commercial fields, which accounts for most of the differences among estimates.
THE LARVAE OF PAGASTIA OLIVER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEARCTIC SPECIES
Authors: Oliver D. R. , Roussel M. E.
Published: December 2009

A generic description of the larvae of Pagastia Oliver is presented. The larvae of three Nearctic species, P. partica (Roback), P. sequax (Garrett), and P. sp. A are described. A diagnostic key to these species is included.
BLOOD-FEEDING IN OVERWINTERING CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) FROM MANITOBA
Authors: Arntfield P. W. , Gallaway W. J. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

Diapause development in Culex tarsalis Coquillett has been characterized by reduced blood-feeding to complete termination of ovariole development at or before stage IIa (Bennington et al. 1958; Schaefer and Washino 1970; Schaefer et al. 1971; Bellamy and Corbet 1973; Mitchell 1979). The role that diapausing Culex species have in overwintering arboviruses has been examined (Eldridge 1966, 1968; Eldridge et al. 1972; Reeves 1974; Eldridge and Bailey 1979; Mitchell 1979). Gonotrophic dissociation and its implications for survival of the vector and virus has been reviewed by Washino (1977). Eldridge (1966) indicated gonotrophic dissociation was possible in Culex pipiens L. incubated at low temperature and short daylength and later reported failure of ovarioles of prehibernating C. pipiens to mature following a blood meal (Eldridge and Bailey 1979). Eldridge et al. (1972) reported that Culex restuans Theobald exhibited gonotrophic dissociation in response to conditioning by short daylength and low temperature. Mitchell (1981) has reported blood-feeding and gonotrophic dissociation in a significant portion of diapausing Culex tarsalis from Colorado, when females were kept at 15°C and at short daylength conditions.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND A NEW GENUS OF ORIBATEI (ACARI) FROM THE SOVIET SUBARCTIC
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: December 2009

Three new oribatid mites, Niphocepheus aborigensis n. sp. (Niphocepheidae), Proteremaeus macleani n. sp. (Eremaeidae), and Asperemaeus longipilus n. gen., n. sp. (Eremaeidae), are described from subalpine habitats in the subarctic of the Soviet Far East.
EXIT STRATEGY OF UROPHORA CARDUI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FROM ITS GALL ON CANADA THISTLE
Authors: Lalonde R. G. , Shorthouse J. D.
Published: December 2009

Feeding activities of freshly hatched larvae of Urophora cardui (L.) cause the formation of callus-filled channels which later serve as the routes by which adults exit their galls. Callus cells of the channels deteriorate the following spring when the gall is wetted by melting snow and rainfall. Establishment of U. cardui as an agent in the biological control of Canada thistle may be impaired in habitats with insufficient moisture to degrade the callus plug.
A NEW SPECIES OF OENEIS (SATYRIDAE) FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC
Authors: Troubridge James T. , Philip Kenelm W. , Scott James A. , Shepard Jon H.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Oeneis excubitor, is described. This species has male valvae similar to those of Oeneis melissa and Oeneis jutta but the wing pattern is roughly similar to that of Oeneis chryxus.
GUSTATORY CUES IN THE ORIENTATION OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO HOST TREES
Authors: Raffa K. F. , Berryman A. A.
Published: December 2009

Female mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, were exposed to papers soaked in outer bark extracts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann. Both benzene and methanol–water extracts elicited greater feeding activity than did controls. Non-polar host compounds exhibited greater incitant (initiation of feeding) properties, while polar compounds were more powerful stimulants (continuation of feeding). No differences were detected in feeding on extracts from resistant or susceptible trees. Repellency appears to be associated with beetle responses to active host metabolism.
A FURTHER EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE PHEROMONES AND TWO HOST KAIROMONES OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLES TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM AND GNATHOTRICHUS SULCATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Shore T. L. , McLean J. A.
Published: December 2009

A Latin square design field experiment using treatment, site, and occasion as main effects was set up in spring 1981 to assess the responses of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) to traps baited with the pheromones lineatin and sulcatol alone and in combination with each other and with ethanol plus α-pinene. Addition of sulcatol to either lineatin or lineatin plus ethanol plus α-pinene resulted in significantly reduced catches of T. lineatum. Addition of ethanol plus α-pinene to sulcatol or lineatin resulted in significantly greater catches of both sexes of G. sulcatus and T. lineatum. These results suggest that separate traps be set out for each species in mass trapping suppression programs in timber processing areas and that ethanol and α-pinene be included with the pheromone to maximize catches of both of these ambrosia beetle species.
TOXICITY OF THE INSECTICIDE PERMETHRIN IN WATER AND SEDIMENT TO NYMPHS OF THE BURROWING MAYFLY HEXAGENIA RIGIDA (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERIDAE)
Authors: Friesen M. K. , Flannagan J. F. , Galloway T. D.
Published: December 2009

The 6 LC50 for nymphs of Hexagenia rigida exposed to permethrin-contaminated water without sediment was estimated to lie between 0.58 and 2.06 μg/L. No nymphs survived a 6 h exposure to 7.63 μg/L. Laboratory simulated application of 7.3 g/ha permethrin to H. rigida nymphs in culture resulted in a final mortality of 88.0 ± 15.2% after a 1-day exposure, and 100.0% after a 7 day exposure; initial permethrin concentrations in water were estimated to be 7.63 μg/L and maximum mean concentrations in sediment, measured 1 and 7 days after application, were estimated to be approximately 50 μg/kg dry weight. Exposure of nymphs to sediment contaminated 8 days previously resulted in 100.0% mortality. An application of 0.6 g/ha resulted in final mortality of up to 45.0 ± 4.1%. Lethal effects occurred in some cases between 1 and 4 and possibly up to 10 weeks after application.
MODIFICATIONS IN THE CALLING BEHAVIOUR OF PSEUDALETIA VNIPUNCTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), INDUCED BY TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS DURING PUPAL AND ADULT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Turgeon Jean J. , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

The age at which Pseudaletia unipuncta females initiated calling varied with temperatures experienced during pupal and adult stages. Entrainment was induced by temperatures during pupal development if similar to or lower than temperatures during adult life. However, adult temperatures were of major importance if lower than those experienced during pupal development. These observations were generally supported by data from field experiments repeated at different periods of the summer. The possibility that entrainment occurs at a specific period of development is proposed to explain certain field observations.

Changes in mean onset time of calling and the time spent calling also varied, although generally not in the same manner as reported for other species. Differences in the life cycles, particularly the site of pupation, are proposed to explain these discrepancies.
THE INFLUENCE OF COMPANION HERBS ON EGG DISTRIBUTION OF THE IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM, PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE), ON COLLARD PLANTS
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Ortiz J. H.
Published: December 2009

The effect of interplanting collards with a mixture of herbs on oviposition of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), was investigated at Chesterfield Co., Virginia during 1981 and 1982. Analysis of the dispersion indices of the insect using Taylor's power law and Iwao's model revealed that P. rapae eggs were significantly — m (P < 0.001) clumped (b > 1) on collards interplanted with herbs. However, insect counts on control collards conformed to the Poisson distribution (b = 1, P > 0.05). Pieris rapae laid significantly (P < 0.01) more eggs on collards hidden between sage than on collards hidden between other companion plants. Also, P. rapae laid significantly (P < 0.005) more eggs on collards bordered by companion plants than on non-bordered control. These data suggest that companion herbs did not repel P. rapae but instead significantly encouraged colonization of the insect and produced an aggregated distribution.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL TYPE, SOIL MOISTURE, AND SOIL SURFACE CONDITIONS ON OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE OF THE NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA LONGICORNIS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Dominique C. R. , Yule W. N. , Martel P.
Published: December 2009

In laboratory studies, ovipositing northern corn rootworm beetles significantly preferred Ste. Rosalie clay soil with particles 1 mm – 1.4 cm in diameter. In the field, unaltered local farm soil with natural cracks was preferred for oviposition to mechanically-disturbed soil. Surface condition, surface cover, and soil moisture all combined to influence the choice of oviposition site in field soils.
EUROPEAN PSEUDOLOXOPS COCCINEUS FOUND IN CANADA, AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF CAMPTOZYGUM AEQUALE IN THE NEARCTIC REGION (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

This note deals with European Orthotylini species Pseudoloxops coccineus (Meyer) now known to occur in Canada. It was first discovered in Ontario 20 years ago, and is now reported for the first time. Additional distributional records are given for a European Mirini, Camptozygum aequale (Villers), first reported from the Nearctic region by Wheeler and Henry (1973). The two species were probably introduced accidentally into this country with nursery stock importations of Fraxinus excelsior and Pinus sylvestris, respectively.
POPULATION DENSITY AND DYNAMICS OF LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS OF OREGON AND WASHINGTON BEFORE THE BUILD-UP OF EXOTIC PARASITES
Authors: Ryan R. B.
Published: December 2009

Population density and parasitism of larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hübner), were monitored for 10 years before parasites introduced for biological control became abundant. Overwintering densities remained fairly stable at about 100 larvae per 100 buds. The factor most closely correlated with population change was something, as yet unknown, other than the native parasites, which tended to be inversely density-dependent. The data will serve as the “before” period in a before and after evaluation of the biological control program.
PEST STATUS OF FILBERT (HAZELNUT) INSECTS: A 10-YEAR STUDY
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: December 2009

Two blocks (one .36, other .48 ha) of filbert (hazelnut), Corylus avellana L., trees were left unsprayed for 10 years and the pest status of different species determined by periodic field examination and damage counts. The omission of all pesticides resulted in excessive build-up of the filbertworm, Melissopus latiferreanus (Wals.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) populations resulting in an average of over 20% nut damage. Filbert leafroller, Archips rosanus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and filbert aphid, Myzocallis coryli (Goeze) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), populations declined and no apparent economic damage was caused by these two pests. No damage was observed from other recorded arthropod pests.

An economic analysis of standard filbert pest control programs in the Willamette Valley of Oregon indicated that during the study years, the total insecticide spray expenditures in commercial orchards ranged from 6.5% to 18.3% of the yearly returns in U.S. dollars/ha. Damage in unsprayed study orchards during this 10-year period suggests that the sprays applied for the control of aphid and leafroller yielded no return, while the sprays applied for control of the filbertworm returned an average of $3.80 for every dollar spent.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF MICROENCAPSULATED FORMULATIONS OF CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL AGAINST BLACK FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND SELECTED NONTARGET INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Rodrigues C. S. , Kaushik N. K. , Molloy D.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests were conducted under simulated stream conditions to determine the efficacies of microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan® 10–10) against Simulium and Prosimulium late-instar larvae. In tests with eight formulations, no correlation was evident between efficacy and formulation stability (i.e., cross-linking ratio). The most effective formulations were 34-75-50A, 119-75-6A, and 119-75-6C. The LC50 and LC90 values of 34–75–50A against S. vittatum were 5.5 μg/L and 24 μg/L/10 min. respectively. The formulations 119-75-6A and 119-75-6C were statistically not different from 34-75-50A. Prosimulium magnum was less susceptible (LC50 = 36μg/L, LC90 = 205 μg/L). Susceptibility among S. vittatum larvae varied inversely with size. Treatment with formulation 34-75-50A at 237 μg/L/10 min (the observed LC100 for S. vittatum) severely affected nymphs of the mayfly Baetis sp. and the stonefly Taeniopteryx burksi, but had a minimal effect on most other detritivores, filter-feeding caddisflies (Hydropsyche betteni and Brachycentrus sp.), and predators. Mortality increased significantly in some of these latter species, however, when exposed to 492 μg/L/10 min (the observed LC100 for P. magnum). Tests indicated that there was some leakage of active ingredient from the microcapsules into the water. Although the microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos-methyl were designed to have selective toxicity to black fly larvae, our laboratory tests indicated that they were not as safe towards nonfilter feeders as had been expected.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EMERGENCE OF OVERWINTERING PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE APANTELES ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J. , McRae K. B.
Published: December 2009

Adult emergence of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), and its primary endoparasite, Apanteles ornigis Weed, from overwintering pupae was studied at five constant temperatures. Days to 50% emergence for P. blancardella were 55.4, 24.4, 14.4, 10.8, and 8.3 and for A. ornigis were ∞, 47.8, 25.6, 17.6, and 15.1 at 8°, 12°, 16°, 20°, and 24 °C, respectively. The rate of pupal development was approximately a linear function of temperature for P. blancardella but was nonlinear for A. ornigis. The threshold of development, estimated from the 50% emergence data, was 4.4 ±.33 °C for the host and 9.6 ±.50 °C for the parasite. The development time for the host was approximately one half that for the parasite at temperatures 12°–24 °C. The difference in emergence dates between host and parasite under normal Nova Scotia conditions was predicted to be 35 days. The timing of chemical controls in an integrated pest management program could be predicted from the accumulation of daily development units based on the power function for both species, provided a field study is undertaken to confirm the extrapolation to diurnal temperature regimes.
A REVISION OF GRYON HALIDAY IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The genus Gryon Haliday in North America is revised. Twenty-seven species are recognized, 12 of them new to science: G. aculeator, G. acutiventre, G. atrum, G. chelinideae, G. elatior, G. longipenne, G. obesum, G. radiculare, G. stewarti, G. triangulum, G. vitripenne, and G. xanthosoma. The tribe Gryonini is discussed, and a key to North American genera of the tribe is included. A generic diagnosis of Gryon is given, and seven species-groups are discussed and(or) proposed. A key, diagnoses, relationships, and bionomics of species in North America are given. New terms for additional characters found on the posterior surfaces of the head are defined and figured.
THE SEVERITY OF STALK ROT OF GRAIN CORN IN RELATION TO INFESTATIONS OF A BIVOLTINE STRAIN OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Foott W. H. , Timmins P. R.
Published: December 2009

Corn lodging due to bent or broken stalks results mostly from feeding by the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and from stalk rot infections. Stalk rot of corn (Zea mays L.) is caused in southwestern Ontario mainly by Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe), which attacks roots during the summer and invades the bases of the stems as the plants mature (Gates and Mortimore 1972). Several studies in the U.S.A. reported an association between the rot and the borer. Christensen and Schneider (1950) recorded severest stalk rot with highest borer infestation and found that inbred lines usually free from rot became susceptible when infested by the borer. Chiang and Wilcoxson (1961) reported a higher incidence of rot in plants artificially inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and borer larvae than in those inoculated with F. graminearum alone. A recent study in Iowa (Jarvis et al. 1982) showed that the greatest stalk rot damage occurred in high borer infestations. Carson and Hooker (1981), however, were unable to relate the incidence and severity of rot to corn borer infestation. In their 3-year study, the least rot occurred in the year of severest borer infestation. Since observations in corn fields in southwestern Ontario also indicated that there might not be a direct relationship between severity of stalk rot and severity of corn borer infestation, further studies were undertaken.
TWO VIRUSES FROM WESTERN FALSE HEMLOCK LOOPER, NEPYTIA FREEMANI (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Percy Jean , Cunningham J. C. , Burke J. M. , Otvos I. S.
Published: December 2009

Western false hemlock looper, Nepytia freemani Munroe, is a cyclical pest in British Columbia which defoliates mainly Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugata menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, often near residential areas. Outbreaks were recorded from 1947 to 1949, 1963 to 1964, and 1972 to 1976; the current outbreak started in 1980 and, in 1982, covered 1,100 ha near Tappen, Canoe, Enderby, and Carquile (Ferris and Woensdregt 1983).
EPIDAMAEUS (ACARI: DAMAEIDAE) OF ARCTIC WESTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EXTREME NORTHEAST, U.S.S.R.
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Norton Roy A.
Published: December 2009

Eight species of Epidamaeus of arctic western North America and extreme northeast, U.S.S.R. are discussed. Two new species, Epidamaeus hammerae and E. tritylos, are proposed and E. arcticolus, E. kodiakensis, E. mackenziensis, E. bakeri, E. coxalis and E. fortispinosus, previously described by Hammer, are redescribed.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD GENERA ALLIED TO MEGAGRAPHA MELANDER (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE)
Authors: Chillcott J. G. , Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

Megagrapha Melander and the four other New World genera named below are defined as a natural group which belong to the tribe Drapetini of the subfamily Tachydrominae. Both the genus group and the component genera are described and keys to genera and species are presented. One new genus, Chaetodromia Chillcott from Mexico is described, with two new species. One new species is described in Megagrapha, five in Austrodromia Collin, four in Allodromia Smith, and 17 in Micrempis Melander. Micrempis testacea Melander is transferred to Allodromia, and Allodromia curviradius Smith is transferred to Micrempis. Megagrapha exquisita (Malloch) is resurrected from synonymy as a valid species. Lectotypes are designated for Micrempis minuta (Melander), M. nana Melander, and M. varipes Melander.
A NEW SPECIES OF PENICILLATA DIPLOPODS OF THE FAMILY POLYXENIDAE (DIPLOPODA: PENICILLATA) FROM JAPAN
Authors: Ishii Kiyoshi
Published: December 2009

Diplopods of the genus Polyxenus are reported for the first time from Japan, and are described as new species.
STATISTICAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF PREDATOR FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE DATA
Authors: Livdahl Todd P. , Stiven Alan E.
Published: December 2009

The utility of the ‘random predator equation’ of Royama (1971) and Rogers (1972) as a summary of the functional response relationship between predatory feeding behavior and prey density is questioned on the grounds that statistical assumptions in the regression analysis are not met by the linearized form of the equation. The absence of an alternative linearization that does not violate these assumptions necessitates the use of Holling's (1959) disc equation for the description of experimentally derived functional response relationships, when the comparison of parameters of different populations of predator or prey is a more important objective than a precise estimation.

The statistical validity of the traditional linearization of the disc equation is questioned. An alternative transformation is proposed, which removes the statistical problems associated with the former transformation, and which permits a higher degree of explanation of variance in the independent variable by the regression.
AN OVIPOSITION MODEL FOR THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Régnière Jacques
Published: December 2009

A process-oriented model was developed to describe the oviposition of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), on an individual and a population basis. The model simulates the effects of temperature on female longevity, oogenesis, and oviposition. The model is structured for ease of incorporation of additional processes such as emigration, immigration, mating, and other behavioral reductions in oviposition activity. Simulation results, at both the individual and the population levels, are compared with laboratory and field data. This model is an element of a model of spruce budworm biology currently under development but, by itself, can be used to study the effects of temperature and dispersal on the fecundity of spruce budworm populations.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CATCH IN PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS AND LARVAL DENSITY OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Ramaswamy S. B. , Cardé R. T. , Witter J. A.
Published: December 2009

Larval densities and catch of adult male Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) in pheromone-baited covered funnel traps in the same year were highly correlated. Such traps avoid saturation problems associated with conventional sticky traps. Release of marked males resulted in recapture rates of up to 21% in covered funnel traps. The findings suggest that non-saturating pheromone-baited traps could be used to monitor population densities and trends of the spruce budworm.
DISTURBANCE OF ECLOSION SEQUENCE IN HYBRID LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Oliver Charles G.
Published: December 2009

Some interspecific and interpopulation Lepidoptera and Orthoptera hybrids show a syndrome of developmental abnormalities referred to here as the “sequence effect.” In normal within population broods of Lepidoptera males develop slightly faster than females, but in crosses showing the sequence effect, females in one direction of the cross develop faster and in the reciprocal cross much more slowly than their male siblings. In some cases the environmentally induced diapause of the females may differ strikingly from that of their male siblings. Development rate and diapause in these species appear to be controlled by a sex-linked coadapted gene complex. Expression of the sequence effect may result from a loss of a species- or population-specific balance between regulatory and secretory portions of this complex, resulting in hormonal abnormalities which are more likely to be expressed in the heterogametic sex (females in Lepidoptera, males in Orthoptera).
INTRAPOPULATION SIZE VARIATION OF FREE-LIVING AND TREE-BORING COLEOPTERA
Authors: Andersen Johan , Nilssen Arne C.
Published: December 2009

Intrapopulation size variation was studied by means of length measurements quoted in taxonomic literature and from material of various groups of Coleoptera collected in the field. The degree of variation was significantly different among groups, and generally the free-living groups had lower intrapopulation size variation than most of the tree-boring and the parasitoid groups. Several tree-boring groups (e.g. Scolytidae, Curculionidae), however, had a comparatively low variation. A high intrapopulation size variation is common in species whose larvae are unable to choose and determine their own nutritional situation. Such larvae have a restricted mobility and the quality of their food is unpredictable. This is characteristic for most of the tree-boring groups. A high size variation increases the niche width of the species and probably has a buffering effect in unpredictable environments. Those tree-borers that are able to reduce the degree of unpredictability (i. e. by parental care, specialization in choice of microhabitat and in larval morphology, as in Scolytidae) have a rather low intrapopulation size variation. There are two possibilities regarding the genetic nature of the high size variation: (1) The population contains a variety of phenotypes with genetically fixed size, and (2) each individual is flexible with the possibility of becoming large or small depending upon the nutritional conditions. Possibility (1) is in agreement with the theories of a correlation between environmental heterogeneity and a high intrapopulation genetic variation. Free-living species and those tree-borers with less intrapopulation size variation are usually subject to more uniform conditions, and if adverse conditions do arise, these species usually fail to complete their development rather than produce smaller adults.