bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Radiant Future
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the idea of the future and the transformations it underwent as a result of the Russian Revolution. Drawing on theories of historicity and temporality described by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Reinhardt Koselleck, and François Hartog, the chapter examines the various ways in which the concept of the future was disturbed by and rethought in relation to events in Russia. What happens when the word ‘socialism’—which had until 1917 been a speculation about an ideal utopian future—becomes attached to a particular state? What happens when a country renowned for its ‘backwardness’ takes on a strong association with progress? And how did writers and intellectuals respond to the Stalinist myth of the ‘Radiant Future’, which defended terror and starvation in the name of building socialism? The chapter includes analysis of works by H. G. Wells, John Cournos, C. Day Lewis, W. H. Auden, and Dorothy Richardson.
Homestead Versus Kolschoz
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

‘Homestead versus Kolchos’ was a question that obsessed Ezra Pound, an opposition between independent freeholders farming small plots (associated by Pound with the early history of the United States), and the mechanized factory farming of the Soviet collective farm or kolkhoz (which he transliterates as Kolchos). This chapter explores the ways in which British writers and intellectuals, including G. K. Chesterton, George Orwell, John Rodker, Joan Beauchamp, and J. B. Priestley, thought and wrote about Soviet agriculture. The tension between the cottage economy and the collective farm, as opposing models of socialist agriculture, created a wide-ranging debate about food, about the independent peasant proprietor, and about the possibilities of collective ownership. It shows how the ‘cottage economy’, celebrated by William Cobbett, became a key theme for anti-Communist critiques of collectivized agriculture.
The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

The term Mainland Scandinavian covers the North Germanic languages spoken in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and parts of Finland. There is a continuum of mutually intelligible standard languages, regional varieties, and dialects stretching from southern Jutland to Eastern Finland. Linguistically, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus to be considered one language. Most syntactic patterns and features are shared among the national and regional varieties, but there are also interesting differences. This book presents the main syntactic structures of this language, with the focus on the standard languages, but some widespread or typologically interesting non-standard phenomena are included. This is mainly a descriptive work, with a minimum of technical formalities and theoretical discussion. The theoretical background and descriptive framework is generative grammar in its current version, known as ‘minimalism’. The minimalist architecture partly determines the ‘bottom-up’ organization of the book, with separate chapters or subchapters dealing with each of the phrase types, starting with the lexical phrases. After an introductory chapter, chapter 2 deals with the noun phrase and the determiner phrase. Chapters 3–5 deal with lexical phrase types with adjectives, prepositions. and verbs as their heads. Chapter 6 deals with the TP domain, and chapter 7 with the CP domain. The last three chapters deal with more specific topics, subordination, anaphor binding, and conjunction, and ellipsis.
The Control Theory of Legitimacy
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses the problem of legitimacy (that of morally justifying the way a state exercises monopoly power over its adult, able-minded, more or less permanently resident members) that every state poses and looks at different grounds on which a state might be thought to be legitimate. It considers benefit-based, merit-based, and will-based theories of state legitimacy. It suggests that theories of the third type, according to which the will of the state must not be dominating, are best from a republican perspective. It then considers three will-based approaches. Of these, it argues, only the ‘control’ approach ensures that individuals are not dominated.
Another Voluntarism
Authors: Weithman Paul
Published: May 2019

John Rawls’s presentation of his famous principle of legitimacy raises a number of exegetical and philosophical questions which his texts leave unresolved. The key to their solution lies in a claim Rawls makes about the character of political power. Rawls uses language familiar from social contract theory to describe that power, saying that it is the power of the public as a corporate body. This chapter considers but ultimately rejects the suggestion that Rawls’s treatment of legitimacy is Lockean. Rather, Rawls follows Kant in thinking that talk of a contractual incorporation is best understood as a way of expressing fundamental moral claims about the object of a constitution, about citizens’ standing, and about legislators’ duties. These are the claims that do the real work in Rawls’s account of legitimacy. To show this, the chapter lays out Kant’s conception of the social contract and argues that we can draw on that conception to understand Rawls’s account of political legitimacy. It then spells out the philosophical pay-offs of the reading offered here by showing how it solves some textual puzzles and how Rawls’s account differs from others that have recently been defended in political philosophy. The chapter concludes by mentioning some lingering questions about Rawlsian legitimacy.
Conceptions of Public Reason in the Supranational Sphere and Legitimacy beyond Borders
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: May 2019

This chapter contends that legitimacy beyond the state should be understood, given the democratic deficit of supranational authorities, as a subject-conferred attribute of specific norms that generates no more than a duty to respect those norms. It recommends a public reason conception of legitimacy. This conception is not John Rawls’s view of public reason in the supranational sphere, but is Supranational Public Reason sensu stricto, which is found in the legitimating strategies of supranational bodies such as the European Court of Human Rights. Overall, the chapter criticizes Rawls’s account of public reason as a conception of legitimacy in the supranational sphere.
Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Nesiah Vasuki
Published: May 2019

Race and racism have a schizophrenic life in international criminal law (ICL) histories, both ever-present, and ever-elusive. This chapter excavates this double-life by tracing, not race, but its repression, in ICL historians’ projection of ICL’s origins to the mid-nineteenth century regime instituted to implement the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade in the name of ‘humanity’. This regime included treaty born transnational tribunals (‘Mixed Commissions’) with jurisdictional authority that extended beyond national borders. Racialized structures and imaginaries hide in plain sight in histories of these tribunals as an embryonic ICL—present everywhere yet not acknowledged anywhere. This chapter argues that this absent presence is constituted, on the one hand, by juridification, and on the other, by moralization. Troubling legacies of juridification and moralization entails unpacking continuities and discontinuities with contemporary ICL and the work of race-invisibility in putting wind in the sails of humanity’s racially mal-distributive global dynamics.
Histories of the Jewish ‘Collaborator’: Exile, Not Guilt
Authors: Drumbl Mark
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the courtroom as incubator of two sorts of histories in contested cases of Holocaust ‘collaboration’: the micro-history of what happened—who did what to whom and why?—and the macro-history of what to remember and celebrate (and collaterally what to banish and exile). This chapter takes up two judicial proceedings. First, the libel charges criminally brought by the State of Israel on behalf of Rudolf Kastnerin 1954-1955 against Malchiel Gruenwald, an independent journalist who had accused Kastner of ‘collaborating’ with the Nazis. Second, the trial of Julius Siegel which was held in Israel in 1953 under legislation the Knesset enacted to criminally charge suspected Jewish collaborators who had emigrated to Israel following the Holocaust. In both cases, trials and judgments were awkward, ornery, staccato, and gnarly. When it comes to micro-histories, formal criminal proceedings narrated a reductive story about collaboration that lacked finesse and suppleness. These very same formal trials were however somewhat effective in manufacturing the macrohistorical content of collective memory by elevating heroism and sacrifice while banishing compromise, negotiation, and survivalism.
Kant’s ‘Only Possible Argument’, Possibility and Necessity
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers a reconstruction and analysis of Kant’s reformed ontological argument, moving from the actualist principle (AP) that every real possibility must be grounded in actuality to the conclusion that there exists a unique really necessary being, grounding all real possibility. This argument turns on a distinction between real modality, i.e. possibility and necessity of existence, and logical modality, i.e. possibility and necessity of thought. The existing literature on the argument focuses on the problem that the singularity of the ground of all real possibility is not warranted by the premises of the argument. There is, however, an even more fundamental problem: what grounds the actualist principle? The principle can be interpreted ontologically, as expressing the conditions of real possibility per se, or epistemologically, expressing the conditions of our cognition of real possibility. The precritical Kant adopts the ontological interpretation, but does not provide a justification for it.
Scepticism and Externalism
Authors: Ayers Michael
Published: May 2019

Like Descartes, many analytic epistemologists employ sceptical argument ‘methodologically’, affording undue respect to its illusory force in order to present their own theory as the way to avoid its conclusion. Like ‘fallibilism’ and ‘contextualism’, epistemological ‘externalism’ (or ‘reliabilism’) is commonly thus supported. Well-known argument by Fred Dretske is selected for critical examination, which leads into the assessment of externalist notions of defeasibility. Certain fundamental presuppositions of these externalist arguments are identified and questioned. The problem of how our belief that our cognitive faculties are reliable can be justified without circularity, and Ernest Sosa’s answer to it, are considered, and another, less intellectualist answer given. A final section turns to McDowell’s ‘internalist’ response to scepticism, broached in Chapter III, and his version of ‘disjunctivism’, a doctrine assessed as making a valid point misleadingly presented as semantic analysis. McDowell’s oddly quasi-externalist conception of defeasibility and justification is also assessed.
The Price of Failure
Authors: Toprani Anand
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides critical assessment of Britain’s post-World War I oil strategy and details the strategic consequences of its failure during the early years of World War II. It reveals the irreconcilable dilemma that doomed Britain’s attempts to satisfy its energy needs independently in wartime: a shortage of tankers and foreign exchange. Reducing the foreign exchange burden meant increasing imports from the Middle East, which stretched Britain’s supply of tankers to the breaking point, since there were not enough to redirect imports around the Cape of Good Hope after Italian hostility threatened access through the Mediterranean. Drawing oil from the Western Hemisphere required fewer tankers but also cost foreign exchange. Ultimately, Britain’s survival after 1940—as after 1917—depended upon the assistance of the United States.
Neoliberalism and its health discontents
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

‘Contemporary’ globalization, the main focus of this book, is generally dated back to the early 1980s. At that time a series of economic and oil price crises collided with the election of conservative governments in the world’s (then) most powerful countries and the risk of sovereign debt defaults in the developing world to create space for the political adoption of neoliberal economic orthodoxy. This adoption of neoliberal practices and theory played out over three successive waves: a ‘roll-back’ of state welfare or social protection provisions mandated through structural adjustment policies in the 1980s and 1990s, a ‘roll-out’ in the form of the tremendous growth in global financialized economy in the 1990s and early 2000s leading to the 2008 global financial crisis, and the subsequent imposition of fiscal austerity as a globally diffused structural adjustment redux. Each wave has been accompanied by unequally distributed health shocks within and between countries.
Migration
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

Migration, the movement of people from birthplace to other-place, whether within their own borders or internationally, is one of globalization’s leitmotifs. The scale of migration has risen rapidly in recent decades, some of it the ‘pull’ of opportunities in other countries, but much of it the ‘push’ of poverty, unemployment, conflicts, and environmental degradations that make life unlivable for many. Migration can improve the health and well-being of migrants, and the remittances sent home by overseas émigrés can contribute to domestic poverty reduction in the countries they leave. But forced migration, migrant exploitation, and increasing barriers to the lesser-skilled irregular migrants or asylum-seekers most able to benefit by moving abroad have given rise to new global imperatives to ‘manage migration’ ethically and effectively. Both men and women may be vulnerable to exploitation along the migratory path, but women face additional gendered discriminations in the risk of assault and trafficking.
Identifying the Political Drivers of Quality Education
Authors: Hickey Sam , Hossain Naomi , Jackman David
Published: May 2019

This chapter consolidates findings from the country cases to offer insight into the politics of education reform. It argues that the education sector presents different resources and incentives to political elites, and as such, the political settlement has a direct bearing on the potential for, and delivery of, reforms. At a national level, political dominance can enable elites to overcome vested interests, but may prevent the emergence of coalitions for learning reforms. More competitive polities are more vulnerable to short-termism and vested interests. At the local level, an absence of political dominance combined with decentralisation can lead to innovative solutions to educational challenges. The strategic implications of the analysis presented include that learning reforms should be closely aligned to the dynamics of the political settlement, and underscore the importance of coalition building. Analysis should be sensitive to the sub-national political dynamics, and recognize the value of ‘best-fit’ local solutions.
Papers on Quintilian and Ancient Declamation
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

Declamation—the practice of training young men to speak in public by setting them to compose and deliver speeches on fictional legal cases—was central to the Greek and Roman educational systems over many centuries and has been the subject of a recent explosion of scholarly interest. This book brings together a broad selection of scholarly work published since 1964. The papers and reviews focus on two related topics: the rhetorician Quintilian and ancient declamation in general. Quintilian, who taught rhetoric at Rome in the second half of the first century AD, was the author of the Institutio oratoria, a key text for Roman educational practice, rhetoric, and literary criticism. Subjects explored here range widely; they cover not only the establishment and interpretation of the text and its literary and historical context, but also Quintilian’s views on inspiration, morality, philosophy, and declamation, of which he was a practitioner. While the volume also offers detailed examinations of the texts and interpretations of a wide range of Latin and Greek authors, such as Seneca the Elder, Sopatros, and Ennodius, there is a particular focus on two collections wrongly attributed to Quintilian, the so-called Minor and Major Declamations. A previously unpublished re-assessment of the manuscript tradition of the latter collection is included here.
The Capability Approach and the Economics of Labour Law
Authors: Deakin Simon
Published: May 2019

The implications of the capability approach for the positive and normative analysis of labour law are considered in this chapter. It is argued that the capability approach does not offer a complete theory of labour law and does not, in itself, provide substantive guidance for labour law reform, but that it offers a distinct ontological and methodological perspective which can help to reframe the debate over the economic effects of labour law. In its emphasis on the importance of institutions for creating the conditions for human freedom, and in its advocacy of a range of indicators of human well-being beyond those based on economic growth alone, the capability approach underpins the idea that labour law can play a role in creating the conditions for sustainable development.
Capabilities, Utility, or Primary Goods? On Finding a Conceptual Framework for (International) Labour Law
Authors: McDougall Pascal
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues, against both advocates and critics of the capabilities approach (CA), that applying the CA to labour law makes little substantive difference, because it does not provide answers to first-order questions that were not already available. It surveys the main alternatives to the CA: (1) utility/welfare, (2) Rawlsian primary goods, (3) Ronald Dworkin’s ‘resources’, and (4) GA Cohen’s ‘access to advantage’. It claims that all these conceptual frameworks can accommodate roughly the same array of positions as to how to maximize and/or equalize the things that make a life good. The chapter engages with the capability theorists as individuals developing their own substantive positions on politics and ethics, rather than as a group wielding a unified conceptual apparatus leading to common answers that could not be reached with other theories. The chapter then introduces McDougall’s proposed first-order approach to the regulation of employment. That approach, left legal realism, essentially asserts that labour laws on collective bargaining and employment standards are not deviations from competition, freedom of contract, and private property, but are mere reconfigurations of those abstract ideas from one possible instantiation to another. Relying on this ‘bundle of rights’ approach to property and contract, the chapter then provides the briefest of sketches of a set of normative ideals, which revolve around ‘altruism’ and redistribution along class, gender, and racial lines.
Freedom in Work and the Capability Approach
Authors: Salais Robert
Published: May 2019

This contribution deals with freedom in work, the importance of which is currently rising. New forms of work organizations call for the engagement by employees of their freedom in work to solve by themselves the many unpredictable uncertainties that emerge during the work process. Especially, but not only from women, claims arise not to be victims of discriminations or of harassments (moral or sexual). Facing such trends, firm managements counteract, either in imposing performance targets to workers, or in editing formal declarations. They deny in practice the social, political, and economic value of effective freedom in work (and of mutual respect and reciprocal commitment). It is argued that, to shed public light on such denials, one should interpret those trends in terms of the capability approach. Several issues are discussed: the nature of work activity (instrumental or of value); the valuation problem for the person in mobilizing Sen’s concept of informational basis of judgment in justice; the interconnected meanings of capability, and so on … Institutionalizing freedom in work should focus on deliberation into valuation processes of work, the capability of public functioning, a conception of rights as goals, and the situated state.
Other Influences on Growth
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: May 2019

Productivity and demography have been the major determinants of growth and this will continue unless there are significant favourable changes in unemployment, hours worked per person and participation rates. These three variables are not, at least in combination, likely to change in a way which will help growth. Unemployment is very low by historic standards and unlikely to be able to fall further without causing problems through the impact on inflation and inflationary expectations. Hours worked tend to rise as incomes per head rise and are thus unlikely to help. Participation rates should improve as those over 65 become more willing to work, but the improvement tends to move cyclically with unemployment where further falls are unlikely. The past help provided by the increase in female participation seems to have run its course. On balance little help to growth rates from these three variables in combination is likely.
Implications for Growth
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: May 2019

Without policy measures to offset the negative impact of the bonus culture, investment, productivity, and growth are likely to remain depressed. Given the slow growth of the working age population, the UK’s trend growth rate will thus be 1 per cent and that of the US 0.87 per cent, unless productivity improves. An alternative method of estimating US trend growth from the value data for tangible capital stock provides a slightly better rate of 1.1 per cent per annum. The prospects for the UK and US are so poor that policy measures to stimulate growth are vital. All growth is the result of changes in either TFP or NTV, so one or other must improve to avoid stagnation. There is no way to improve the former, but changes in NTV can be brought about through a lower hurdle rate, which requires the damage from the bonus culture to end.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: May 2019

Poor productivity poses the major threat to the UK and US economies. It should be but isn’t our main economic preoccupation. Growth does not depend solely on the rate at which technology improves. It can be raised by improvements in policy for which I have three suggestions. The first is to change either the perverse incentives of modern management remuneration, or their impact on the economy. The second is that companies should publish their output and the working hours of their employees. The third is to end the folly of allowing interest to be a deductible expense for corporation tax. The damage to the economy from the bonus culture is currently met with silence. This book aims to get the issue debated, so that the need will become self-evident and be accompanied by the new policies we need.
Populism and Liberal Democracy
Authors: Pappas Takis S.
Published: May 2019

Based on an original definition of modern populism as “democratic illiberalism” and many years of meticulous research, Takis Pappas marshals extraordinary empirical evidence from Argentina, Greece, Peru, Italy, Venezuela, Ecuador, Hungary, the United States, Spain, and Brazil to develop a comprehensive theory about populism. He addresses all key issues in the debate about populism and answers significant questions of great relevance for today’s liberal democracy, including: • What is modern populism and how can it be differentiated from comparable phenomena like nativism and autocracy? • Where in Latin America has populism become most successful? Where in Europe did it emerge first? Why did its rise to power in the United States come so late? • Is Trump a populist and, if so, could he be compared best with Venezuela’s Chávez, France’s Le Pens, or Turkey’s Erdoğan? • Why has populism thrived in post-authoritarian Greece but not in Spain? And why in Argentina and not in Brazil? • Can populism ever succeed without a charismatic leader? If not, what does leadership tell us about how to challenge populism? • Who are “the people” who vote for populist parties, how are these “made” into a group, and what is in their minds? • Is there a “populist blueprint” that all populists use when in power? And what are the long-term consequences of populist rule? • What does the expansion, and possibly solidification, of populism mean for the very nature and future of contemporary democracy? Populism and Liberal Democracy will change the ways the reader understands populism and imagines the prospects of liberal democracy.
Imitating Authors
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: May 2019

Imitating Authors analyses the theory and practice of imitatio (the imitation of one author by another) from early Greek texts right up to recent fictions about clones and artificial humans. At its centre lie the imitating authors of the English Renaissance, including Ben Jonson and the most imitated imitator of them all, John Milton. Imitating Authors argues that imitation is not simply a matter of borrowing words, or of alluding to an earlier author. Imitators learn practices from earlier writers. They imitate the structures and forms of earlier writing in ways that enable them to create a new style which itself could be imitated. That makes imitation an engine of literary change. Imitating Authors also shows how the metaphors used by theorists to explain this complex practice fed into works which were themselves imitations, how those metaphors changed, and how they have come to influence present-day anxieties about imitation human beings and artificial forms of intelligence. It explores relationships between imitation and authorial style, its fraught connections with plagiarism, and how emerging ideas of genius and intellectual property changed how imitation was practised. Imitating Authors includes detailed discussion of authors who imitated (notably Virgil, Lucretius, Petrarch, Cervantes, Ben Jonson, Milton, Pope, Wordsworth, Mary Shelley, and Kazuo Ishiguro) and of the theory of imitating authors in Plato, Cicero, Quintilian, Longinus, Castiglione, the Ciceronian controversies of the sixteenth century, in legal and philosophical discourses of the Enlightenment, and in recent discussions about computer-generated poems.
Good Governance on Multiple Levels
Authors: Addink Henk
Published: May 2019

There are different levels on which the concept and the principles of good governance have been developed: national, regional, and international. On the national level there are the developments of prevention maladministration but also from the regional and the international level there are injections—by harmonization and cooperation between the national governments—for these concepts and principles of good governance on the national level. Where on the national level the original concept of the rule of law was developed to protect the citizens, the concept of democracy made it necessary to provide more influence from the citizens. That was also because of the important realization of social and political rights and the more important active role of the government. In addition to the classical principles, more attention was also given to effectiveness and accountability of governmental institutions. Because of the fragmentation of administrative law there was also more attention given to the development of general administrative law acts on a national level. There were several initiatives of codes for good governance and good administration. There was the development of the regionalization of administrative law. And, especially on an international level, the international institutions were more and more focused on good governance.
Democracy and Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk
Published: May 2019

Democracy is about government and governance by the people in different forms. Democracy is direct or by representation. Sovereignty of the people, however, is not the same as democracy. The position of minorities related to majorities, in a democracy, is not always easy to regulate. This situation has made clear that democracy also has qualitative contents and it is even clearer when we speak about democracy in the sense of a liberal democracy or of a social democracy. Two key elements in and topics related to democracy are the participation of the people and the elections by the people and the transparency of the government. There are some restrictions in a representative democracy and, for that reason, participation will be necessary to maintain the connection between the government and the people. But to have an adequate functioning of this participation and of the elections, transparency on behalf of the government is a necessary condition for a democracy.
The Principle of Participation
Authors: Addink Henk
Published: May 2019

Participation is the active involvement of a group of individuals in a collective process on actual or intended actions of administrative authorities. Participation can refer to taking part in preliminary arrangements, influencing decision-makers, or taking part in actual decision-making processes. But participation can also be justified from the point of view of a sensible government finding out potential flaws and realizing ownership. The term ‘public participation’ presumes that the initiative and procedures are in the hands of citizens, the participation process is generally managed by public entities. The participation principle can be also about participation as a right, and the question of what consequences are there for the direct and guiding function of the administration. Participation is important under the democratic rule of law as well. Public participation can be motivated by democratic, constitutional, corporatist, or administrative motives. While the distinction between these motives for participation is not always unequivocal, these do offer an indication of the various perspectives—and consequently motives—of the parties involved in public participation. With regards to participation, a distinction can be made between the type and the level of participation achieved, ie form and degree of participation. Forms of participation are popular initiatives, the citizen’s panel, the referendum, and the community level forms. The degree of participation is quantified by using indicators, including the number of individuals, the time invested in and the frequency of participation, the involvement of individuals, the extent of influence on the process with respect to the issues addressed by the public authority and the level of participation that citizens are entitled to. Citizens could play different roles, for example one of co-decision-making, co-producing, counselling, consultation, or of distributing information.
Conclusions on Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk
Published: May 2019

Good governance is a legal concept and a cornerstone of the modern state and presented in the book as the third cornerstone of a modern stone (alongside the rule of law and democracy). We concluded in relation to the development of the concept of good governance in part I that principles of good governance can only be legal principles when they have been somehow codified legal effect. The good governance principles became more concrete by enumerating six groups of principles (properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights) which are found in many documents of national, regional, and international context. From the legal theory approach on good governance we discussed the character of these principles. In part II we specified the principles of good governance and starting with the principle of properness, which has also been developed under the name of the principle of natural justice. The second, the principle of transparency, is connected to the principle of participation which both have roots in the concept of democracy. The principles of effectiveness and accountability both have a relationship to the institutional structure and functioning. The last principle is the human rights principle which is linked to the rule of law but also to democracy. Several principles of good governance were already developed in regulations and in codes which are the building blocks for the development of the right to good governance. The implementation of good governance and the comparison between countries were explained in Part III. After that, the regional level was discussed—the European Union and the Council of Europe were chosen as models as far as it was comparable. The last chapter was about the implementation on the international level.
Templates, Opacity, and Simulations
Authors: Humphreys Paul
Published: May 2019

Retrospective reflections are provided on the papers “Computer Simulations,” “Computational Science and Its Effects,” “The Philosophical Novelty of Computer Simulation Methods,” and “Numerical Experimentation” by Paul Humphreys. Some major themes are that it is the broader category of computational science, including such methods as machine learning, that is of interest, rather than just the narrower field of computer simulations; that numerical experiments and simulations are only analogous in a very weak sense to laboratory experiments; that computational science is a genuine emplacement revolution; and that syntax is of primary importance in computational modeling. Remarks are made on the logical properties of simulations, on the appropriate definition of a simulation, and on the need to take applied mathematics seriously as an autonomous field of study in the philosophy of mathematics. An argument is given for the conclusion that computational transformations preserve the causal origins of data but not their referential content.
Computational and Conceptual Emergence
Authors: Humphreys Paul
Published: May 2019

A sixfold taxonomy for emergence is presented into which a variety of contemporary accounts of emergence fit. The first dimension of the taxonomy consists of inferential, conceptual, and ontological emergence; the second dimension consists of diachronic and synchronic versions of each of these types of emergence. The adequacy of weak emergence, a specifically computational form of inferential emergence, is then examined, and its relationship to conceptual emergence and ontological emergence is detailed. Arguments are given assessing whether the end state of a weakly emergent process has to satisfy a novelty condition and new argumet is provided for the conclusion that diachronic emergence involves tokens of states.
Aleatory Explanations
Authors: Humphreys Paul
Published: May 2019

The question of what role negatively relevant factors should play in explanations that refer to probabilistic causes is addressed. A distinction between contributing and counteracting causes is drawn. Arguments are given that citing the probability value as part of the explanation is unnecessary, that restricting the explanatory factors to only the positively relevant factors is misleading, and that listing some, but not all, of the contributing and counteracting causes allows for partial but true explanations to be given. The canonical explanatory form for probabilistic causal explanations "X because Y despite Z" is introduced and linguistic variants of the canonical form are given.
Explanation, Understanding, Ontology, and Social Dynamics
Authors: Humphreys Paul
Published: May 2019

Retrospective reflections are provided on the papers “Aleatory Explanations,” “Analytic versus Synthetic Understanding,” “Scientific and Speculative Ontology,” and “Endogenous Uncertainty and the Dynamics of Constraints” by Paul Humphreys. Arguments are given for restricting probabilistic causation to situations in which single case propensities are present and for keeping the pragmatics of explanation as a secondary, rather than a primary, feature of explanations. A finite representation schema for ceteris paribus conditions is provided and some suggestions for how to deal with the pessimistic induction are floated. Some reasons why traditional empiricism should not place constraints on the ontologies we use are given. Motivations for a previously unpublished paper that identifies situations in which individual utility maximization strategies perform worse at the society level than do some common individual strategies are provided and the appropriate role for encouraging certain types of constraints on self-interest is discussed.
Sedition in Liberal Democracies
Authors: Singh Anushka
Published: May 2019

Liberal democracies claim to give constitutional and legal protection of varying degrees to the right to free speech of which political speech and the right to dissent are extensions. Within the right to freedom of expression, however, some category of speeches do not enjoy protection as they are believed to be ‘injurious’ to society. One such unprotected form of political speech is sedition which is criminalized for the repercussions it may have on the authority of the government and the state. The cases registered in India in recent months under the law against sedition show that the law in its wide and diverse deployment was used against agitators in a community-based pro-reservation movement, a group of university students for their alleged ‘anti-national’ statements, anti-liquor activists, to name a few. Set against its contemporary use, this book has used sedition as a lens to probe the fate of political speech in liberal democracies. The work is done in a comparative framework keeping the Indian experience as its focus, bringing in inferences from England, USA, and Australia to intervene and contribute to the debates on the concept of sedition within liberal democracies at large. On the basis of an analytical enquiry into the judicial discourse around sedition, the text of the sedition laws, their political uses, their quotidian existence, and their entanglement with the counter-terror legislations, the book theorizes upon the life of the law within liberal democracies.
The Orthodox struggle to assimilate Palamite thinking
Authors: Russell Norman
Published: May 2019

The Palamite controversy originated in Barlaam’s formal complaint that Palamas’ teaching was a cover for the dualist heresy of Bogomilism, or ‘Messalianism’. A series of Constantinopolitan councils upheld Palamas’ orthodoxy, but many of its opponents subsequently abandoned Orthodoxy and joined the Latin Church. Thus the ‘Palamite heresy’ became a weapon, in the confessionally competitive climate of the early modern age, with which Catholic missionaries could attack confidence in the Orthodox Church as a reliable vehicle of salvation. The attempts of Dositheos II of Jerusalem and Nikodemus the Hagiorite to publish the complete works of Palamas came to nothing. The Philokalia in its Slavonic version introduced hesychast theology to Russia but omitted Palamas himself. Palamite thought was appropriated in Russia chiefly by the controversial ‘glorifiers of the Name’, the imiaslavtsy. It was against the background of imiaslavie that the early work on Palamas by the Russian émigrés in Paris was undertaken.
What does doctrinal development mean?
Authors: Russell Norman
Published: May 2019

This chapter, the first to address ‘the larger questions’, discusses the philosophical and theological context in which Palamas worked. The East made a distinction between the ‘outer wisdom’ of the pagan Greek philosophers and the ‘inner wisdom’ of the Church Fathers. Palamas rejected the parity of the two wisdoms espoused by Barlaam, who argued that ‘truth is one’, but did not repudiate philosophy as such. All parties to the controversy, however, gave priority to the Church Fathers, taking as their chief authority Dionysius the Areopagite. The correct exegesis of Dionysius became central to the debate. Methodological issues that were discussed explicitly include the relationship between dogmatic and mystical theology, and between theology and contemplation, and the correct explication (anaptyxis) of Christological dogma. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the different ways in which theological decisions were made authoritative in the East and in the West.
What is the reality of divine–human communion?
Authors: Russell Norman
Published: May 2019

The nature of divine–human communion was the central issue in the hesychast controversy. This raises the question of the nature of divine grace. Basing his discussion on Dionysius the Areopagite, Palamas argues that grace is both the giver and the gift, both essence and energy, for Scripture (Joel 3:1, LXX) says that God will pour out from his Spirit, making a distinction between the pourer and the poured. Palamas’ discussions of how grace is appropriated focus on the vision of light, the meaning of enhypostatic existence, and the nature of symbols. He argues that if grace is merely created, as Akindynos maintained, we could have no communion with God, because we would have nothing bridging the ontological divide between the Creator and the creature.
Moral Psychology with Nietzsche
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: May 2019

This book offers both a reading and defense of Nietzsche’s moral psychology, drawing on both empirical psychological results and contemporary philosophical positions and arguments. Among the views explained and defended are: anti-realism about all value, including epistemic value; a kind of sentimentalism about evaluative judgment; epiphenomenalism about certain conscious mental states, including those involved in the conscious experience of willing; and radical skepticism about free will and moral responsibility. Psychological research, from Daniel Wegner’s work on the experience of willing to the famed Minnesota Twin studies, is marshalled in support of the Nietzschean picture of moral psychology. Nietzschean views are brought into dialogue with contemporary philosophical views defended by, among many others, Harry Frankfurt, T.M. Scanlon, Gary Watson, and Derk Pereboom. Nietzsche emerges not simply as a museum piece from the history of ideas, but as a philosopher and psychologist who exceeds David Hume for insight into human nature and the human mind, one who repeatedly anticipates later developments in empirical psychology, and continues to offer sophisticated and unsettling challenges to much conventional wisdom in philosophy.
Blame and Moral Ignorance
Authors: Weatherson Brian
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues against the popular view that acting in accordance with one’s principles excuses moral wrongdoing. That is, if one is ignorant of the moral truth, and that ignorance explains one’s wrong actions in the right way, one shouldn’t be blamed for doing the wrong thing. One objection I raise is that there is no good way to make sense of the notion of the ignorance explaining the action in the right way. Another, linking back to the discussion of moral motivation, is that it is rare for moral ignorance to lead to wrong action in the absence of some other blameworthy moral failing. But the chapter ends on a concessive note; there are some rare cases where a false moral belief could excuse certain wrong actions.
Higher-Order Evidence
Authors: Weatherson Brian
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses higher-order evidence, i.e. evidence directly about the propriety of having some first-order belief. The mainstream position on higher-order evidence is that it can rationally require changes to first-order beliefs. In particular, it is irrational to both believe something, and think that belief is improper in some or other way. The usual argument for this rests on intuitions about cases. I argue that we haven’t considered enough cases, and that there are cases where level-crossing principles give the wrong answer. In particular, the literature has ignored cases where level-crossing principles implausibly imply we should increase our confidence in target propositions. I reconsider the cases that motivated level-crossing principles, and argue that a careful version of evidentialism can explain them.
Disagreement
Authors: Weatherson Brian
Published: May 2019

The following, broadly conciliatory, line on peer disagreement is very popular in current philosophy. In the face of disagreement, we should aggregate everyone’s judgments, and defer to this aggregation. I argue for a new approach. We should aggregate everyone’s reasons, and then form the belief that is rational given those reasons. In short, we should aggregate inputs, i.e. evidence, not outputs. The new approach and the popular approach often agree in practice, but they are very different in theory, and offer very different explanations of why conciliation gets the right results when it does. The chapter starts with some theoretical arguments for conciliatory approaches, and reviews familiar reasons why they fail. It then looks at some examples that are alleged to motivate conciliationism. The evidence aggregation approach can explain these examples, and also explains other examples that conciliationism cannot explain.
Kant’s Journey on Evil
Authors: Huxford George
Published: May 2019

This reflection offers an overview of the development of Kant’s thought on evil from a Leibnizian starting point to his definitive stance in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. It was a journey with two significant milestones along the way. First, his recognition that what he termed “physical evil” was not evil at all but rather just the workings of nature with harmful consequences. Second, that evil, despite its negative results, is ontologically positive. The journey’s final destination was reached when Kant concluded that there is only one real evil, moral evil—the evil that we do to each other and which comes from within.
No evident association of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus or its small-colony variants with cotrimoxazole use or ANCA-associated vasculitis relapses
Authors: Tan Boun Kim , Crabol Yoann , Tasse Jason , Laurent Frédéric , Nekkab Narimane , Vinter Christine , Puéchal Xavier , Guillevin Loïc
Published: May 2019

Objective

To identify the role of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) or its intracellular small-colony variant phenotype (SCV) with co-trimoxazole (CTX) or ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) activity.

Methods

All consecutive AAV patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic GPA or microscopic polyangiitis, followed at the French National Vasculitis Referral Center (09/2012–05/2013), and hospitalized non-AAV controls, exclusively for SA/SCV carriage comparisons, were enrolled. All had bilateral anterior nasal swab cultures. Nasal SA or SCV carriage was determined and associations with relapse(s), BVAS, ANCA-positivity, anti-staphylococcal and immunosuppressant use, were analysed ⩾4 years post-inclusion.

Results

Nasal SA carriage rates did not differ among AAVs (P = 0.53): GPA (24/80; 30%), EGPA (7/28; 25%) and microscopic polyangiitis (3/11; 27.3%); and the rate was less frequent in controls than in GPA patients not taking CTX (P = 0.04). AAV patients taking CTX prophylaxis had less nasal SA carriage (8.7% vs 36.2%; P = 0.02). Nasal SA carriage or CTX use did not modify relapse rates, BVAS or ANCA-positivity at inclusion or during follow-up. Nasal SCV carriage, found in 15/207 (7.2%) patients, was similar for GPA (10/24; 41.7%), microscopic polyangiitis (2/7; 28.6%) and eosinophilic GPA (2/3; 66.7%), but higher (P = 0.02) than controls (1/14; 7.1%). SCV carriage by AAV groups did not modify relapse rates or ANCA positivity at inclusion or during follow-up; a trend towards higher BVAS was observed only for anti-PR3 ANCA patients.

Conclusion

Nasal SA or SCV carriage was comparable among AAVs but more frequent than in controls. Nasal SA or SCV carriage and CTX use did not modify AAV relapse rates.