bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans in 2010
Authors: Choi Young‐Sun , Joung Hyojee , Moon Hyun‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

The Korean Nutrition Society aimed at the revision of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and its publication in 2010. KDRIs with several levels of recommendations were first established in 2005. In the KDRI revision of 2010 the range for adolescents was changed to 12~18 years and for adults from 19 years instead of 20 years. Some of references for heights and weights were changed for infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents on the basis of the Growth Charts for Koreans presented by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2007. The EERs for the 2010 revision are the same as those of 2005 except that the EERs of infants decreased due to the lowered reference weights of infants. DRIs for the 2010 revision of most nutrients are the same as those of 2005. Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges of saturated fatty acid and total sugars were newly established in 2010. Significant changes were made for DRIs of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, and vitamin D, which were based on the intakes data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and new evidences of literatures. In addition, Food Guidance System was revised. The existing six major food groups were retained but some modifications were made.(This research was supported by grants from Korea Food & Drug Administration in 2009 and 2010)
Provision of whole grains to middle school students achieves Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPyramid recommendations
Authors: Radford Allyson , Dahl Wendy J , Boileau Thomas , Jonnalagadda Satya , Thielecke Frank , Hughes Christine , Langkamp‐Henken Bobbi
Published: June 2021

Middle school students should consume 5 to 6 oz equivalents/d (girls) and 6–7 oz equivalents (boys) of grains, with at least half as whole grain (WG). Current total intakes average 5.3 oz equivalents/d, with WG intakes at 1.1 oz equivalents/d. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of providing refined or WG foods to adolescents with encouragement to eat three different grain‐based foods per day, on total grain and WG intakes. Middle school students (n=83; 11–15 y) were recruited from Westwood Middle School, Gainesville FL, and randomized to refined or WG foods for 6 wk. The adolescents and their families were provided with weekly grains (e.g. bread, pasta, and cereals), and participants were provided grain snacks at school. Two baseline and 6 intervention targeted 24‐hr diet recalls were carried out, and intakes in ounces were determined. Total grain intake for males increased when provided refined grains (6.0±0.5 to 7.2±0.4 oz equivalents/d; p<0.05), and WG foods (5.0±0.5 to 6.8±0.5 oz equivalents/d; p<0.001). Total grain intake for females did not change with either intervention. When WGs were provided, WG intake increased for males (1.0±0.2 to 4.2±0.4 oz equivalents/d; p<0.0001) and females (0.9±0.3 to 3.5±0.3 oz equivalents/d; p<0.0001). Providing adolescents with WG foods is an effective means of achieving recommendations. Supported by the General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition
Vitamin D (25‐OH D) Levels are Sub‐Optimal in 2‐year old Inner City New York Puerto Rican Children with a Maternal History of Allergy Sensitization and/or Asthma
Authors: Fellows Molly , Acosta Luis M. , Divjan Adnan , Acevedo‐Garcia Dolores , Rogers Christine A. , Chew Ginger L. , Kannan Srimathi
Published: June 2021

In the USA, Puerto Rican (PR) children have a higher prevalence of asthma than other Latino ethnicities. The objective of the current research was to assess vitamin D biomarker status in children living in New York City (NYC: latitude 40°) that make up the NYC‐PR Asthma Biomarkers Cohort. Blood samples were collected at age 2 years (n=143; n=53 males and 54 females). Home/demographic characteristics and respiratory symptoms were assessed every 6 months from birth‐2 years. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were determined using radioimmunoassay [DiaSorin Inc]. At age 2 years, the mean vitamin D concentration was 23.6 ng/mL. 33% (n=47) of the children were vitamin‐D deficient (<20 ng/mL). Of the 143 children, only 17% (n=24 children) were vitamin D‐sufficient (>30 ng/mL) and the remaining 119 children (83%) had suboptimal vit D levels (< 30 ng/mL). Vitamin D sub‐optimal biomarker status is common in this sample of 2 year old inner city children of PR ethnicity. In future research, we will examine multiple determinants associated with vitamin D deficiency and asthma morbidity markers in this sample. The NYC Puerto Rican Asthma project received funding from National Institutes of Health NIEHS R01 ES10922 and P30 ES009089
Dietary pattern and serum leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Oman: a case‐control study
Authors: Al‐Maskari Masoud Y. , Waly Mostafa I. , Ali Amanat , Al‐Shuaibi Yusra S.
Published: June 2021

This case‐control study was conducted to identify the dietary pattern and the correlation between serum leptin level, obesity and insulin level in diagnosed type 2 Omani diabetics (in the age 35–65 years) as compared to controls group. One hundred subjects (50 patients and 50 controls) were recruited for this study. All subjects were interviewed to answer a questionnaire which included all socioeconomic data, dietary intake and anthropometric measurements. Biochemical parameters measured were fasting glucose level, serum insulin and serum leptin. The total daily energy intake of cases was significantly higher than the controls group. The percentage of energy derived from carbohydrate and protein were comparable between cases and controls. Meanwhile the total daily fat consumption and its contribution to energy intake were significantly higher in diabetics as compared to controls. The mean serum leptin level was significantly higher in diabetics than in controls showing a pattern of increased risk for diabetes development, and it was also significantly higher in females than in males. Serum leptin was positively correlated with body mass index and serum insulin level.

Conclusion

High energy intake and obesity predispose susceptible individuals to an increase in serum leptin level which is positively correlated to serum insulin level and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Sixteen‐year longitudinal trends in waist circumference and their impact on blood pressure in China Cohort
Authors: Wang Huijun , Zhang Bing , Zhai Fengying , Popkin Barry M.
Published: June 2021

To evaluate the association among waist circumference (WC), changes in waist circumference (ΔWC) and changes in blood pressure, we used prospective data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey of 3077 subjects aged 18–45 years old, whose blood pressure was normal at baseline and who did not take anti‐hypertension drugs and was reexamined at least one more time in follow‐up years. Controlled for age, BMI, blood pressure at baseline and changes in BMI, we used multivariate analysis of variance for longitudinal, repeated‐measures and random effects linear model to analyze changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among WC and ΔWC groups. SBP increased 8.9 mmHg in low WC group compared with 14.9 mmHg in high WC group (P<0.001) in men and 11.3 mmHg and 20.6 mmHg, respectively (P<0.001) in women. For DBP, the same results showed an increase of 5.9 mmHg in low WC group vs. 9.9 mmHg in high WC group (P<0.001) in men and 5.8 mmHg vs. 11.1mmHg in women, respectively. SBP and DBP increased higher in both high and low ΔWC gain groups than in WC stable or decrease groups. Association between WC or ΔWC and blood pressure was statistically significant. Independent of BMI, among Chinese adults central distributed body fat at baseline and an increase in central body fat can independently increase SBP and DBP in both men and women.

Supported by NIH (R01‐HD30880) and Fogarty International Center, NIH (5D43TW007709).
Cardiometabolic problems in Guangzi, a poor Chinese province
Authors: Fang Zhifeng , Tang Zhenzhu , Yang Hong , Wang Qichun , Zhao Lin
Published: June 2021

We used a subsample of 1,256 adults aged 18 and above from an ongoing study, China Health and Nutrition Survey, to examine the prevalence of cardiometabolic problems in Guangxi, China. We collected anthropometric data in standard way, measured blood pressure with mercury sphygmomanometers. We also collected fasting blood samples and measured HbA1C, fasting glucose and lipids in fresh samples for the HbA1C and for the others with a Hitachi 7600 automatic analyzer. In 2009, the prevalence of hypertension was 19.7% in urban residents and 19.9% in rural residents (p>0.05). Urban‐rural differences in overweight were similar (20.3% and 21.9%, respectively) (defined as BMI≥25) with 26.6% and 24.9% reflecting central obesity (defined as waist circumference>88 in men or >80 in women) in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was 5.5% in urban and 3.1% in rural. Overall, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 46.2% and 43.9% in urban and rural areas, respectively. 30.9% of young adults aged 18–30 years old were dyslipidemia. Cardiometabolic problems increased rapidly in rural areas over the past decade to levels almost comparable with urban residents. This points to a need to focus on both urban and rural areas in China, the latter being neglected for noncommunicable disease prevention.

This study was supported by NIH (R01‐HD30880) and Fogarty International Center, NIH (5D43TW007709).
Cigarette smoking and CVD risk factors in Irish adults
Authors: McCrorie Tracy Ann , Wallace Julie MW , Mullee Amy , Sinclair Andrew J , Strain J J
Published: June 2021

Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for CVD and is estimated to account for 12% of all disease burden and over 20% of CVD in developed countries. Previous research has shown that smokers (SK) are more likely make poorer choices in relation to diet and lifestyle compared to non‐smokers (NSK). Therefore SK may be expected to have a less favourable profile of other CVD risk factors compared to NSK.

The aim of this study was to compare CVD risk factors in apparently healthy SK and NSK Irish adults (18–45 years). Smokers and NSK were gender and age‐matched (n=194; 109 males and 85 females) and provided a fasting blood sample. Serum C‐reactive protein, glucose, TAG, total cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol were measured and LDL‐cholesterol calculated. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were taken and BMI was calculated.

In men, there were no significant differences in BMI and WC between smokers and NSK. Female smokers had a higher WC than NSK, but no difference in BMI. Older, heavier men who smoked were 4.5 times (95%CI 1.7 to 11.2, P=0.003) more likely to have high TAG (above the median; >1.18mmol/l). Smoking status did not predict other CVD risk factors.

In these analyses smoking predicted high TAG levels, but not other CVD risk factors. These findings warrant further investigation of the association between smoking and CVD risk factors in Irish adults.
Body mass index and waist circumference as predictors of blood pressure in children and adolescents with obesity
Authors: Romero‐Velarde Enrique , Alvarez‐Roman Yussani , Fonseca‐Reyes Salvador , Illescas‐Zarate Daniel , Torres‐Gudiño Norma E.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) values for systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in children and adolescents with obesity.

Methods

We studied 65 children and adolescents with obesity (BMI > percentile 95). Anthropometric and laboratory assessment was conducted; blood pressure measurement in triplicate adjusted for age and height.

Results

40 boys and 25 girls with a mean age of 10.4 ± 3.0 years. Blood pressure was lower than 90 percentile on 93.8%, only two cases (3.1%) between 90 and 95 percentile and two above the 95 percentile. WC showed a better correlation with SBP than BMI (r = 0.38, p = 0.001 versus r = 0.27, p = 0.01), whereas for DBP, the correlation was similar for WC and BMI (r = 0.38, p = 0,001). Multivariate models for SBP and DBP showed greater influence of WC than BMI.

Discussion

The magnitude of the observed correlation seems to confirm a better relation of WC with blood pressure. BMI is not able to distinguish between subjects with excess adipose tissue or those with increases in muscle mass. Parameters considering abdominal adiposity have better relationship with cardiovascular risk factors.
Alterations in body composition in older women with and without rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Woolf Kathleen , Manore Melinda M.
Published: June 2021

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased cardiovascular risk and decreased functional capacity compared to the general population. The objective of this study was to compare differences in body composition between older women with (RA; n=23; age 64 ± 5 y; BMI 24.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2; years since diagnosis 24 ± 15 y) and without (HC; n=22; age 66 ± 6 y; BMI 24.1 ± 4.3 kg/m2) RA. Anthropometric assessments included height, weight, waist circumference, and body composition via dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Disease activity was assessed using C‐reactive protein (CRP) and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), fat mass index (FMI; kg/m2), and lean mass index (LMI; kg/m2kg/m2) were calculated for each participant. ANOVA examined differences between groups. Participants with RA had a higher CRP and Stanford HAQ compared to the HC women (<0.01). No differences were seen between groups for percent body fat, WHtR, FMI, and LMI. However, 43% of the RA and 30% of the HC had WHtR values associated with chronic disease risk (>0.5). 65% and 64% of the RA and HC participants respectively had FMI values classified as obese (> 9 kg/m2). 43% of RA and 45% of HC had LMI values classified as low muscle mass (< 13.7 kg/m2). Alterations in body composition may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality seen with RA and other chronic diseases.
Postprandial hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaf water extract in healthy human subject
Authors: Lee Myunggyo , Jung Hyein , Kwon Hyejin , Kim Joohee , Kim Jiyeon , Kwon Oran
Published: June 2021

In order to estimate the effective dose of mulberry leaf water extract (MLEs) and appropriate intake time, we carried out clinical trial for the suppression of postprandial blood glucose and measuring plasma 1‐deoxynojirimycin after consuming MLE. This trial was designed as a single blind, randomized, and parallel study. Fifty healthy volunteers (fasting blood glucose < 125 mg/dl) received 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5g of mulberry powder (0, 4.5, 9, 18mg of DNJ) followed by 75g of maltose and blood glucose levels were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180 min after the MLE/maltose administration. Another group was ingested high dose MLE (5 g of MLE with 18 mg of DNJ) 30 min prior to the maltose administration, and then the blood glucose levels were also determined. Among the participants, the blood samples of 10 volunteers for high and low dose group were collected and analyzed plasma DNJ level. By MLE treatment, the blood glucose at 30min of 2.5 and 5g of mulberry powder groups significantly lower than the control group. Excursion and peak height of blood glucose also significantly decrease at the group of 2.5, 5g of mulberry powder. However, there is no significant difference at the group given 30 min before maltose administration. These results suggested that MLE show postprandial hypoglycemic effect on healthy subjects and established the basis of effective dose and time. This project was supported by the Ministry of Knowledge & Economy (RITD program, Project No. 70004683) and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Brain Korea 21, Project No. 2006‐0519‐4‐7).
Corn gluten hydrolyzates differentially regulate gene expression in epididymal fat by diet induced obese rats
Authors: Moon Min Sun , Bong Ha Yoon , Kim Ji Yeon , Kwon Oran
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of corn gluten hydrolyzates on signal transduction for body weight reduction in high fat‐induced obese rats. In the previous study, we confirmed that corn gluten hydrolyztes were effective for body fat reduction and reducing leptin and increasing adiponection level. Using this animal, we further analyzed mRNA and protein levels related to leptin and adiponectin signals. We investigated DNA manipulations through microarray and real time PCR. The corn peptide hydrolyztes feeding affected lipid metabolism gene expressions which are related low density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR), steroid 5‐alpha‐reductase 2, protein phosphatase methylesterase 1(PME‐1) and apolipoprotein B(apo B). The corn peptide hydrolyzates feeding decreased also mRNA level for leptin, while increasing adiponectin, fatty acid binding protein(FABP), insulin receptor(INSR), LDL receptor, peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐γ) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Our findings provide a molecular mechanism to explain a beneficial effect of corn gluten hydrolyzates on ameliorating diet induced obesity in mammals.
Vitamin K (phylloquinone) mitigates spatial learning deficits in Streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Ferland Guylaine , Bélanger Elisabeth , Tamadon‐Nejad Sahar , Rochford Joseph
Published: June 2021

Athough historically discovered for its role in hemostasis, VK has recently emerged as a potentially important nutrient for brain function. VK in brain is strongly correlated to sphingolipids and rats maintained on a low VK diet develop cognitive deficits in old age. To extend our understanding of the action of VK in brain, we conducted a study in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 1 diabetes (T1D), a model in which animals rapidly develop spatial learning memory deficits. Two‐months male S‐D rats were treated with either 65 mg/kg/day of STZ or saline (SAL) and were fed a diet containing either normal (500 μg/Kg diet) or high (5000 μg/Kg diet) amounts of VK (n=10/gp). Spatial learning abilities were investigated using the Morris water maze paradigm. Latencies to find the platform, swim speed and time in each quadrant were recorded using a HVS 2020 tracker system (HVS Image, Hampton, United Kingdom). Insulin was assessed by radioimmunoassay (Linco Res, MO, USA). Mean latencies to find the submerged platform were significantly higher in STZ than in SAL group (2‐way ANOVA, p<.01) but were lower in rats fed the high VK diet (p<.05), a finding associated with higher plasma insulin concentrations (p < 0.05). VK had no effect on cognition or insulin in the SAL gp. In conclusion, we show for the first time that a high VK diet mitigates learning impairments in T1D, a finding that may be linked to insulin metabolism. Supported by CIHR.
Exploration of the determinants of seasonal Vitamin D
Authors: Kimlin Michael G.
Published: June 2021

A fundamental assumption when undertaking studies into Vitamin D and populations is that the relative “ranking” of an individual remains constant with respect to time. That is, an individual with the lowest percentile of Vitamin D status in summer will also have the lowest percentile)= of Vitamin D in summer, even though the Vitamin D status may have increased from summer to winter. This work investigates if such relative ranking exists in populations. Most individual‐level epidemiological studies examining vitamin D status in relation to disease risk measure serum 25(OH)D levels at a single time point, statistically “adjusting” for seasonal effects based on the mean seasonal variation in 25(OH)D levels. In longitudinal studies, more than one pre‐existing blood sample may be used, but in comparing either intra‐individually or inter‐individually, adjustment for season is still usually required. The 25(OH)D levels of 60 healthy ambulatory adults (42 female) aged 18 to 87 (median 49) years, in southeast Queensland, Australia (27°S) were tracked from winter to summer. After informed consent, participants were administered a questionnaire surveying past (previous 30 days) sun exposure, timing of sun exposure, sun protection used and dietary Vitamin D intakes. From this collected data, exploration of the determinants of seasonal Vitamin D status was undertaken.
Impact of Vitamin E Deficiency and Gender Differences on Fatty Acid Metabolism in Zebrafish
Authors: Lebold Katie M , Jump Donald B , Wright Charlotte L , Miller Galen W , Labut Edwin M , Barton Carrie L , Tanguay Robert L , Traber Maret G
Published: June 2021

We examined the impact of α‐tocopherol (E) deficiency on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in zebrafish, which were fed defined diets with α‐linolenic (ALA) and linoleic (LA) acid, but without arachidonic (ARA) or docosahexeanoic (DHA) acids; diets were either E sufficient (E+) or deficient (E−). Analysis of fish PUFA contents showed that the ratios reflecting long chain PUFA synthesis were significantly lower in E− vs E+ females (DHA/ALA was 2/3 lower; ARA/LA was half). In male fish, these ratios were not dependent on E status. Overall, the n6/n3 ratio in E− fish was ~20% higher than E+ fish. In both diets for female vs male comparison, mRNA were increased for fatty acid desaturase (FAD) by 3.6X and for sterol regulatory binding factor 2 by 1.4X, while elongase 5 (Elovl5) decreased 2.3X. In E− vs E+ fish, mRNA expression levels of FAD and Elovl2 were doubled; these enzymes are required for DHA synthesis. Thus, E deficiency in females resulted in lower DHA/ALA and higher expression of genes involved in DHA synthesis, suggesting that inadequate E status led to depletion of DHA or an impaired ability to synthesize sufficient DHA.

Grant Funding Source: HD062109
Birth weight, length, head circumference and Maternal 25 Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration in mother‐infant pairs living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: March Kaitlin , Li Wangyang , Barr Susan I , Innis Sheila M , Green Tim J
Published: June 2021

Results of studies examining associations between maternal 25OHD and birth anthropometric measures have been equivocal. Here we examine the association between maternal 25OHD (20–35 wks) and each of birth weight, birth length, and head circumference in 306 mother‐infant pairs living in Vancouver (49°N). Mean (SD) maternal 25OHD was 66 (23) nmol/L. 25% and 65% had 25OHD levels <50 and <75 nmol/L, respectively, two commonly‐used cutoffs for vitamin D insufficiency. In multivariate analyses controlling for potential confounders (i.e. maternal height, season, and ethnicity) there was no association [β (95 % CI); P] between maternal 25OHD and each of birth weight [0.2 kg (−2.5, 3.0); P=0.83], birth length [0.08 cm (−0.007, 0.023); P=0.98], or head circumference [0.00 cm (−0.009, 0.008); P=0.98]. Likewise, having a maternal 25OHD < 50 or <75 nmol/L was not associated with birth weight, birth length, or head circumference in logistic regressions. Despite a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, maternal 25OHD was not associated with birth anthropometric measures in this sample. (Supported by the Canadian Vitamin Class Action settlement)
Maternal and Fetal Alpha‐Tocopherol Metabolites and Xenobiotic Metabolism Pathways in Sheep
Authors: Granum Liana K , Crimp Caitlin A , Leonard Scott W , Kutzler Michelle A , Traber Maret G , Mustacich Debbie J
Published: June 2021

The mechanism by which vitamin E (VE) may improve neonate outcomes is undetermined. Studies of maternal and fetal plasma VE suggest VE may not cross the placenta efficiently and the ability of the fetus to metabolize VE to CEHC (VE metabolic product) has not been determined. Therefore, VE, CEHC and the expression of proteins involved in VE metabolism, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and 4F enzymes, were assessed in pregnant ewes, placentas and near‐term fetuses. VE in ewe liver (15.3 nmol/g) and kidney (11.8 nmol/g) were 3‐fold higher than in those in the fetus (4.4 and 3.6 nmol/g, respectively). Ewe plasma VE (2.9 μM) was 6‐fold fetal plasma VE (0.5 μM), while ewe plasma CEHC (2.9 nmol/ml) was double fetal plasma CEHC (1.3 nmol/ml). In contrast, fetal liver CEHC levels were elevated compared to ewe liver CEHC. Fetal amniotic and urine CEHC levels (4.2 and 13.8 nmol/ml, respectively) were 3‐ and 10‐fold fetal plasma CEHC levels. CYP4F enzymes were expressed in ewe liver, placenta and fetal liver, while CYP3A enzymes were expressed in ewe and fetal liver, but not placenta. These data are the first to suggest that the fetus and/or placenta are able to metabolize VE.
‘Dilute‐and‐Shoot’ Method for Vitamin D Analysis in Dietary Supplement Capsules
Authors: Byrdwell William Craig
Published: June 2021

Three methods are demonstrated for a complete analysis of vitamin D and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in fortified dietary supplements that virtually eliminates all chemical pretreatment prior to analysis. Three mass spectrometers, in parallel, plus a UV detector, an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), and a corona charged aerosol detector (CAD), were used simultaneously. The contents of gelcaps labeled as containing 1000 IU (25 mcg) vitamin D3 in safflower oil and 2000 IU (50 mcg) vitamin D3 in rice bran oil were analyzed without the need for lengthy saponification and extraction. Three to five gelcaps were analyzed using vitamin D2 as an internal standard. Vitamin D3 was analyzed using UV detection, selected ion monitoring (SIM) atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI‐MS), and two transitions of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) APCI‐MS. TAGs in the oils were analyzed using full‐scan APCI‐MS, electrospray ionization (ESI) MS, up to MS4, plus two auxiliary detectors‐‐‐the ELSD and CAD. TAGs containing fatty acids up to 28 carbons in length were identified. The vitamin D contents of the gelcaps exceeded label values, and additional chromatographic peaks appeared when the source of vitamin D3 was fish oil (safflower oil gelcap) versus synthetic vitamin D3 (rice bran oil gelcap).
Gaining Weight During the Lifetime Can Alter Vitamin D Status
Authors: yousef Fatimah MohammadALI , Thomson Cynthia , Yousef Jehad , Raddadi Ragga
Published: June 2021

In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the traditional diet characterized by high fiber content and low fat, however, the diet in the Saudi Arabia has changed dramatically over the last two decades and has become more western fast food, which is lower in vitamin, and mineral, this unbalance diet can lead to obesity. Obesity is one of the major problems in Saudi Arabia, especially among women.

Gaining weight since 18 years and became Obese in later life usually have inadequate vitamin D status due to the decrease vitamin D bioavailability from the cutaneous. In this study we examine whether the current and weight at 18 years can alter vitamin D status among a healthy Saudis' women. The participants were recruited as they presented their regular clinical check‐ups, and their blood was drawn. Their ages ranged between 20 and 75 years, the bio‐samples were taken from June 2009 through August 2009 (n=120). We hypothesized that women who maintained stable weight over time had a higher circulating of 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)2D3) compared to those who gained weight. The result: Women who gain weight during their lifetime have low vitamin D level compared to that maintains stable weight.
Voluntarily Fortified Foods in the United States: Consumer Characteristics and Potential for Excessive Intakes
Authors: Sacco Jocelyn , Tarasuk Valerie
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The addition of vitamins and minerals to foods voluntarily is expanding in the US, as evidenced by the emergence of new fortified foods (FF), such as vitamin waters. Existing literature suggests that voluntarily FF contribute significantly to nutrient intakes, however in the context of widespread supplement use, there is a need to examine the impact of FF on excessive intakes.

Objectives

Our objectives were to determine: 1) the characteristics of FF consumers in the US and 2) whether FF consumption increases the likelihood of nutrient intakes above the tolerable upper intake level (UL).

Methods

Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–08) we identified FF consumers on each of 2 24hr dietary recalls. Logistic regression was used to determine the characteristics of FF consumers and whether FF consumers were more likely to exceed the UL from foods and supplements.

Results

Almost half of the population consumed at least one FF on either recall day. FF consumers were more likely to take dietary supplements and be non‐smokers. FF consumers were more likely to exceed the UL for zinc, niacin, folic acid and retinol than non‐consumers. This relationship was most often observed for young children.

Conclusions

With expanding voluntary FF, careful monitoring of this practice is needed, particularly given the observed elevated risk of nutrient excess.

Grant Funding Source: CIHR Doctoral Research Award
Bronchial wall remodeling is reduced by dexamethasone treatment during larvae pulmonary migration of Strongyloides venezuelensis
Authors: Tefé‐Silva Cristiane , Beneli Cristina T. , Celes Mara R. , Machado Eleuza R. , Ueta Marlene T. , Floriano Elaine M. , Sorgi Carlos A. , Faccioli Lúcia H. , Ramos Simone G.
Published: June 2021

Strongyloidiasis is an intestinal parasitosis with an obligatory pulmonary cycle. The immune response is associated with Th2‐type. Although the inflammatory response seems similar to asthma, the possible mechanism of bronchial remodeling during pulmonary migration of larvae has not been established. The aim of this study was to delineate the mechanisms involved in airway remodeling during the passage of Strongyloides venezuelensis larvae and to determine the ability of dexamethasone (dexa) to interfere with this process.

Rats were divided into four groups: control, control+dexa, infected, infected+dexa. The groups were inoculated with 9,000 S. venezuelensis larvae and treated with 2mg of dexa. At 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days, the rats were killed. Morphometric analyses and immunohistochemistry were conducted, and cytokines were evaluated by ELISA.

Goblet cell and smooth muscle hyperplasia, collagen deposition were seen in thickenings of the bronchial wall, and IL‐1β, IL‐4 and VEGF levels were elevated throughout the course of infection. Both the morphologic alterations and the immunomodulatory response to the infection were drastically reduced in the dexamethasone‐treated animals.

The airway remodeling occurs during passage of S. venezuelensis as a consequence of Th‐2 type inflammation. Dexamethasone treatment can inhibit this process, acting primarily by suppressing cytokines.
Expression of Angioproliferative Molecules in Plexiform like Lesions in Lungs of Domestic Fowl Selected for Susceptibility to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Hamal Krishna Raj , Anthony Nicholas B. , Erf Gisela F. , Wideman Robert F.
Published: June 2021

Domestic fowl (broiler chickens) bred for meat production spontaneously develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) accompanied by the formation of plexiform‐like complex vascular lesions (CVLs). CVLs formed distal to branch points in inter‐parabronchial pulmonary arterioles that typically exhibit medial hypertrophy and intimal proliferation. The CVLs in the lungs of broilers closely resemble the histology of plexiform lesions in the lungs of human PAH patients. Paraformaldehyde fixed lung tissues from 8‐ to 24‐week old broilers were stained immunohistochemically for detection of various angioproliferative molecules expressed in the CVLs. These molecules include: smooth muscle actin; von Willebrand factor; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); VEGF receptor II; hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha; survivin; collagen; fibronectin; and tenascin. The CVLs in broiler lungs exhibited positive staining for these molecules. Expression of these molecules within the CVL of PAH‐susceptible broilers combined with the close histological resemblance of CVLs to plexiform lesions of human PAH patients further supports the use of broilers from our PAH susceptible line as an excellent animal model for PAH and plexogenic arteriopathy.

“Supported by NIH grant 1R15HL092517”
Drafting the topological network of protein‐protein interactions by in‐depth data mining and inference
Authors: Zhang Jun
Published: June 2021

The biological knowledge had often been represented by network, especially the protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network since the advent of systems biology. While current experimental methods for mapping PPI networks remained costly and often inefficient, the development of new computational approaches for building the networks was very imperative. Here, an in silico method for efficiently mapping protein interaction networks was presented in dependence on the integration of in‐depth data mining for proteomic information (including sequences, motifs, structures and interactions) with the smart predictive tricks. The sketch of PPI network was generated from an initial target protein (as a start node) by progressively determining the peripheral interacting partners that acted as new start nodes respectively in the following cycle. Analyses of protein functions and discovery of active pathways or subnetworks with definitely physiological implications were also addressed in detail according to an optimum search algorism. The integrative computational approach could draft the topological networks of PPI in a high‐throughput and low‐cost fashion before actual experimental procedures.

This work was supported by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, no. 20803098)
Low‐abundant protein using a Western blot enhancer
Authors: Ganapathy Ramesh , Nlend Marie , Desai Surbhi , Shiflett Steve , Antharavally Babu , Haney Paul
Published: June 2021

Western blotting is the standard method for protein identification; however, the procedure has many variables that can produce inconsistent results. Conventional Western blotting frequently results in low signal, poor sensitivity, sub‐optimal specificity and high background, which can mask target detection. The Thermo Scientific SuperSignal Western Blot Enhancer increases both signal intensity and sensitivity 3‐ to 10‐fold. We used the Western blot enhancer to detect GSK3 alpha and CDK5, which are typically undetectable using conventional chemiluminescent Western blotting. We were also able to decrease background when using the enhancer to detect ERK1 from K562 cell lysate. In addition to using the SuperSignal® Western Blotting Enhancer with chemiluminescent substrates, we present results of its effectiveness for chromogenic detection of beta‐catenin and fluorescent detection of MAP kinase in HeLa cell lysates.
Developing a protocol for maximum non‐specific incorporation of selenium into proteins for Se NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Wilkie Wayne Alexander , Rubenstein Renee Alexander , Rozovsky Sharon Alexander , Pepelyayeva Yuliya Alexander
Published: June 2021

Selenoproteins contain the rare amino acid selenocysteine, which is predominantly found in enzyme active sites where it provides high chemical reactivity and specificity, most often in redox regulation. In mammals, selenoproteins contribute to anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative defense. Among the twenty‐five human selenoproteins, are the important redox enzymes thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase. Heterologous expression of selenoproteins is challenging due to the inherent inefficiency of selenium incorporation in vivo. Hence, selenoproteins limited availability complicates their structural and functional characterization. We have developed a general method to enrich proteins with selenium by raising the selenium‐to‐sulfur ratios in the E. coli cells' growth media. As may be expected, selenium toxicity impedes cell growth and protein expression. We have screened the growth conditions and ratio of sulfur/selenium in the media to obtain the desired yield vs. incorporation ratio. The method we have developed, using a ratio of 7:3 selenium to sulfur in the growth media, results in a substitution ratio of 70% selenium to sulfur and the yield is about ½ lower than that in a sulfur media. This method has been tested for several proteins and is both robust and fully compatible with additional isotopic enrichment of recombinant selenoproteins with 77Se, 13C, 15N and 2H.
FNBP1 was involved with the morphological control in the hepatocyte
Authors: Zhang Jun , LIN Ming‐ming , Zhang Qian‐qing , Wang Yun‐hong , Zhu Chong‐yang , Li Xin
Published: June 2021

The formin‐binding protein 1 (FNBP1) was widely expressed in eukaryotic cells with active participations in endocytosis and movement by simultaneously promoting tubular membrane invagination (or deformation) and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. The N‐terminal EFC (extended FER‐CIP4 homology) domain of FNBP1 was previously shown to have membrane binding and deformation activities and capable of activating the WASP‐Arp2/3‐actin pathway. In the present investigation, it was curiously found that knockdown of the endogenous FNBP1 by RNA interference (RNAi) didn't affect endocytosis and movement in hepatocyte 7703 cells, but triggered the cell morphological remodeling from epithelioid to fibrous shape and actin specific reagents, either phalloidine or cytochalasin B, could abrogate the silence effect. Furthermore, withdrawal of the silence could induce the cell morphological recovery, which strongly suggested that FNBP1 also played a role in morphological control. The experiments, along with the published evidences, indicated that FNBP1 probably exerted various functions in different cellular contexts by sharing a common molecular process associated with actin cytoskeleton reorganization in cortex.

This work was supported by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, no. 20803098)
Protein‐Protein Interactions: Identification, modulation and validation
Authors: Hindie Valerie , Scheer Aurelie , Tafelmeyer Petra , Rain Jean‐Christophe , Formstecher Etienne
Published: June 2021

Protein interaction mapping is key to elucidate protein functions and decipher cellular pathways.

We have implemented an optimized yeast two‐hybrid (Y2H) protein interaction screening platform that allows to test on average 100 million interactions per screen. This corresponds to a 10‐fold coverage of any of our highly complex fragment libraries, and ensures exhaustive and reproducible results. Moreover, multiple independent fragments are isolated for each interactant, enabling the immediate delineation of a minimal interacting domain and the computation of a confidence score. Individual amino acids critical for the interaction can be identified using other yeast‐based tools, paving the way for functional studies and drug discovery projects where protein‐protein interactions can be used as drug targets.

We have also developed additional methods to probe and characterize protein interactions in vitro with a medium to high throughput, using Surface Plasmon Resonance and a miniaturized time‐resolved FRET assay.

Finally, taking advantage of our unique protein fragment libraries and screening technology in yeast, we are currently developing new tools to identify protein partners of DNA, RNA and small molecules.

Here, we will present results that illustrate the strength and benefits of our protein interaction screening and validation techniques.
Sprouty proteins affect the kinetics and fate of mesenchymal cells during osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Leon Ruth Gretchen , Friesel Robert
Published: June 2021

Sprouty (Spry) is an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in part by acting upon components of the Ras‐Raf‐ERK pathway. We showed that Spry2 expression in calvarial osteoblasts precedes that of osteocalcin, suggesting that Spry may regulate the duration and intensity of FGF signaling during differentiation. Here, we aim to determine the expression and regulation of Sprys in non‐committed mesenchymal cells during osteoblast differentiation. The mesenchymal progenitor cell line 10T1/2 was differentiated with BMP‐2 and samples collected for ALP staining, real‐time PCR and western blot analysis. During differentiation, osterix, Runx2, osteocalcin and Spry1 are up regulated, while Spry4 is slightly down regulated and no major changes are observed for Spry2. Over expression and knockdown of Spry4 resulted in decreased and increased osteoblast marker gene expression respectively. In cells treated with the ERK inhibitor UO126 the expression pattern of Spry1 and Spry4 increases and decreases respectively, suggesting different regulatory mechanisms. Our data suggest that different Spry proteins have distinct functions in osteoblast differentiation and may play a role in mesenchymal cell fate determination. This research is supported by NIH grants R01 DK73781 and NCRR RR15555.
Reactive oxygen species‐mediated activation of eosinophils induced by Anisakis simplex
Authors: Sim Seobo , Park Solah , Oh Jungmin
Published: June 2021

Anisakiasis is parasitic disease caused by accidental ingestion of third stage larvae of Anisakis simplex carried by marine fishes or cephalopods. After ingestion, larvae can penetrate the stomach or intestinal wall and cause eosinophilic infiltration, inflammation, and allergic reactions. Although eosinophils are the principal effector cells of nematodes infection and allergic inflammation, the effect of A. simplex larvae on activation of human eosinophils remains largely unknown. Crude extract of A. simplex larvae caused phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and superoxide anion production, and increased surface expression of CD11b and CD69 on eosinophils. Pretreatment of eosinophils with p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 or NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride reduced superoxide anion production and up‐regulation of CD11b and CD69 on eosinophils induced by A. simplex. However, pretreatment of eosinophils with diphenyleneiodonium chloride did not affect phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. A. simplex induced degranulation of human eosinophils and pretreatment of eosinophils with DPI blocked it. These results suggest that p38 MAPK‐mediated ROS production is required for the Anisakis‐induced activation of eosinophils.
The PI3K‐Akt Pathway Regulates Calpain 6 Expression, Proliferation, and Apoptosis
Authors: Zha Xiliang
Published: June 2021

Objective

Calpain 6 Expression Regulated by the PI3K‐Akt Pathway and its mechanism.

Results

According to the data that CAPN6 was up‐regulated in the Akt transformed mouse embryonic fibroblast cells by cDNA chip, the mechanisms underlying elevated CAPN6 expression by PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway and its biological functions were studied. The results showed that CAPN6 was down‐regulated on transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels by the PI3K inhibitor or Akt deletion. CAPN6 protein was stabilized by PI3K‐GSK‐3β pathway. Deleted CAPN6 promoters activity were assessed by dual‐luciferase reporter system, and the founding indicated that −93/+200 DNA fragment was the core promoter of it. Transcription factor binding sites in the CAPN6 promoter were mutated and the results showed that AP1, Oct‐1, and FoxD3 were the critical transcription factors in regulation of CAPN6 expression. In addition, CAPN6 promoted cancer cell proliferation and inhibited its apoptosis.

Conclusion

The finding demonstrates that CAPN6 is regulated by the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway and provides evidence that it may be a therapeutic target of cancer.
A Vaccine for AIDS: Understanding the Structure of IgG1 b12
Authors: Arakawa Reina , Bang Jakyung , Chang Cheng‐Wei , Kelly Ryan , Liu Jen‐An , Rotondo Michael , Saenz Andres , Sherman Noah , Rokous Judy South , Chase Susan , Laue Thomas
Published: June 2021

AIDS is a major worldwide epidemic caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2007, there were 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS. A protein in the HIV envelope, gp120 recognizes CD4, a protein found on the surface of human T cells. Binding of gp120 to CD4 enables HIV to attach and gain access to the cell. Neutralizing antibodies with broad reactivity to HIV have been identified. One such antibody, IgG1 b12, binds the CD4‐binding site of gp120, blocking CD4 attachment. Antibody b12 comprises two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains held together by disulfide bonds, forming a Y. The chains have constant and variable regions. The tip of each arm contains an antigen binding site (Fab), allowing the antibody to bind specifically to a particular antigen. The base of the antibody (Fc region) is made up of two heavy chains. Flexible hinges connect Fab arms to the Fc allowing conformation changes. A finger‐like projection extending above the surface of the antigen binding site allows it to fit into the recessed binding site of gp120. The Governor's Academy SMART (Students Modeling a Research Topic) team, in collaboration with MSOE, designed a model using 3D printing technology to highlight the structural features of b12. Understanding its structure and the nature of its interaction with gp120 may allow development of an effective vaccine against HIV‐1. Supported by a grant from theNIH‐NCRR‐SEPA
Of Mice and MAGL (Monoacylglycerol Lipase)
Authors: Bach S. , Bombinski T. , Daniels M. , Gross D. , Hogg T. , Martin T. , McMurray D. , Naber E. , Perez N. , Schulman A. , Tucker S. , Andera‐Cato S. , Arnold A. , Blumberg A. , Bord M. , Feiertag A. , Greaves M. , Her A. , Kennedy E. , Orozco C. , Rice C. , Rodgers A. , Sauer A. , Schubert J. , Tubbs C. , Wray T. , Vogt G. , Shrestha L. , Hillard C.
Published: June 2021

About 18.8 million American adults suffer depressive disorders that may occur with anxiety and substance abuse. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a compound in marijuana, is a cannabinoid chemical that binds to and activates cannabinoid receptors (CB1) in the pre‐synaptic cell membrane as part of neuron‐to‐neuron transmission in the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Glutamate in the pre‐synaptic cell is released and binds to the post‐synaptic cell triggering the synthesis and release of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG). 2‐AG returns to the pre‐synaptic cell binding to and activating CB1 receptors. THC mimics 2‐AG action, and is used to study the ECS retrograde signaling system and its effect on appetite and mood. A protein from the pre‐synaptic cell, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), hydrolyzes 2‐AG into arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol controlling 2‐AG levels. When MAGL is hyperactive, too much 2‐AG degrades, which is hypothesized to contribute to depression and anxiety. Hypoactive MAGL activity creates an excess of 2‐AG. It is hypothesized that this can contribute to obesity and addictive behaviors. The Brown Deer Students Modeling a Research Topic Team, in alliance with MSOE, built a MAGL model using a 3D printer. Study of MAGL crystal structure may provide the key to regulating MAGL's enzymatic activity leading to therapies that will prevent neurodegenerative disorders. Supported by a grant from NIH‐NCRR‐SEPA
Structural modeling of soluble CD80 glycoprotein and its role in immunotherapy
Authors: Cameron D. , Cline D. , Eason M. , Hobgood M. , Jester M. , Keys C. , Paras G. , Paras S. , Rogers K. , Smith M. , Smoot R. , Sparks R. , Warren P. , Welch G. , Gabriel R. , Wolf J. , Ostrand‐Rosenberg S.
Published: June 2021

Students participating in the Students Modeling A Research Topic (SMART) Team partnership program involving Henry E. Lackey High School, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and Milwaukee School of Engineering used 3D printing technology to create a physical model of the soluble form of CD80 glycoprotein and researched its role in regulating proteins known to prevent T‐cell activation. The CD80 glycoprotein has two immunoglobulin‐like (Ig‐like) domains connected by an interdomain linker region. These Ig‐like domains bind to CD28, CTLA‐4 and programmed death ligand‐1 (PDL‐1) proteins. The expression of PDL‐1 on human cancer cells prevents tumor cells from T‐cell attack and elimination. In recent experiments, CD80 was shown to play a role in the cell surface expression of PDL‐1. Specifically, the transfection of the gene coding for CD80 into human cancer cells has inhibited expression of PDL‐1, the mechanism of which is unclear. Further exploration of soluble CD80 may improve understanding of its interactions with PDL‐1 and aid the development of a soluble CD80 immunotherapy for cancer. Supported by a grant from the HHMI Pre‐College Program School and NIH #RO1CA84232 to Ostrand‐Rosenberg.