bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenomenal Transparency at X-Junctions
Authors: Koenderink Jan , van Doorn Andrea , Pont Sylvia , Wijntjes Maarten
Published: June 2010

Phenomenal transparency was studied in a stimulus geometry that differs markedly from the conventional Metelli configuration, namely four squares that abut at a common vertex. In case of subjective transparency one perceives either a bipartite square ground overlaid with a uniform transparent rectangle, or a uniform square background overlaid with a pair of mutually orthogonal, uniform, transparent rectangular regions. Thus, the generic interpretations are limited to “left”, “right”, “lower”, or “upper” transparent rectangles or (when no subjective transparency occurs) “mosaic”. All transparent cases are congruent, whereas the Metelli configuration allows distinct Gestalt interpretations. This avoids interactions between Gestalt factors and subjective transparency per se. Formal analysis reveals that—as in Metelli's case—a number of ambiguous cases (eg “left” or “lower”) are to be expected. In the experiment we included these ambiguous cases as additional response categories. Observers who differ markedly on the Metelli configuration are virtually indistinguishable under the quad-square configuration. Moreover, observers reliably categorise the ambiguous instances as such; thus, “multiple transparency” has to be reckoned with as a bona fide percept.
Common Neural Mechanisms for the Evaluation of Facial Trustworthiness and Emotional Expressions as Revealed by Behavioral Adaptation
Authors: Engell Andrew D , Todorov Alexander , Haxby James V
Published: June 2010

People rapidly and automatically evaluate faces along many social dimensions. Here, we focus on judgments of trustworthiness, which approximate basic valence evaluation of faces, and test whether these judgments are an overgeneralization of the perception of emotional expressions. We used a behavioral adaptation paradigm to investigate whether the previously noted perceptual similarities between trustworthiness and emotional expressions of anger and happiness extend to their underlying neural representations. We found that adapting to angry or happy facial expressions causes trustworthiness evaluations of subsequently rated neutral faces to increase or decrease, respectively. Further, we found no such modulation of trustworthiness evaluations after participants were adapted to fearful expressions, suggesting that this effect is specific to angry and happy expressions. We conclude that, in line with the overgeneralization hypothesis, a common neural system is engaged during the evaluation of facial trustworthiness and expressions of anger and happiness.
Predictive niche modelling to identify potential areas of conflicts between human activities and expanding predator populations: a case study of game management and the grey mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, in Spain
Authors: Recio Mariano R. , Virgós Emilio
Published: June 2010

Context. The grey mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon L., is a protected species in Spain. Populations of grey mongoose are currently increasing in numbers, and potential conflicts with human interests involving predation of small-game species, may arise in the near future. Aims. We predicted potential suitable areas for the expansion of grey mongoose by using a niche modelling approach to detect areas of conflict with small-game hunting activities. Methods. We compared these areas with regions in which small-game hunting is an important economic activity. To produce a niche-suitability map we used Maxent and an internal (data-splitting) validation to assess the predictive performance of the model. Areas in which small-game hunting is important were identified by using a rabbit-abundance index. Key results. On the basis of suitability modelling, populations of grey mongoose will expand into southern and central Spain. The variables with higher predictive power are mainly climatic, although some mosaic habitat types are also important. Internal validation reveals a strong correspondence between predicted and observed records. The overlap of high-suitability areas with areas assigned with a high rabbit-abundance index indicated the existence of large regions of potential conflict with hunting interests. Conclusions. Predictions of niche modelling can be used to detect conflict areas between expanding species and human interests. As a consequence of the expansion of the grey mongoose, the incidence of non-selective predator control may increase, thereby posing a threat to other protected predators. Implications. Identified areas of likely conflict should be prioritised to delineate careful management programs in terms of people education, surveying, incentives and the detection of illegal predator-control activities.
The effect of poisoned and notional vaccinated buffers on possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) movements: minimising the risk of bovine tuberculosis spread from forest to farmland
Authors: Pech R. , Byrom A. , Anderson D. , Thomson C. , Coleman M.
Published: June 2010

Context. Vaccination of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) has been proposed as a cost-effective alternative to lethal control for preventing potentially bovine tuberculosis (Tb)-infected possums from crossing forested buffer zones that abut farmland.
Aim. Evaluation of these two management option requires an estimation of the buffer width required to reduce the risk of disease spread to an acceptable level.
Methods. The movements of two groups of adult and subadult possums were monitored for up to 12 months in the Kaimanawa Range, North Island of New Zealand, using GPS technology. One group was in untreated forest immediately adjacent to a recently poisoned forest buffer, and the second group was 2 km further into untreated forest, which mimicked a vaccinated buffer with no reduction in possum abundance.
Key results. Close to the poisoned buffer, where the initial population density was 0.49–1.45 ha–1, adult possum home ranges averaged 10.2 ha in the summer immediately after control and 9.5 ha in the following winter. Two kilometres into the untreated forest, where the density was >3 ha–1, the corresponding values were only 3.5 ha and 2.8 ha. Over the first 6 months of monitoring, a ~350-m wide poisoned buffer would have contained 95% of movements by adult possums, as well as movements by most individuals, but a ~150-m wide vaccinated buffer would have been as effective. Equivalent results for the subsequent 6-month period were ~450 m and ~200 m for poisoned and vaccinated buffers, respectively. Movements by possums were not biased in the direction of the population ‘vacuum’ created by the poisoning operation. When subadult possums were included in the analysis, buffer widths of ~500–600 m for both poisoning and vaccination would be required to contain 95% of new den site locations.
Conclusions and implications. Detailed data on possum movements provide a means for agencies managing Tb to specify the width of a buffer, subject to an acceptable level of risk that it could be breached by a potentially infected possum. As well as depending on the width of a treated buffer, the final cost-effectiveness of vaccination compared with poisoning will depend on the relative cost of applying the two control techniques, and the frequency of application required either to prevent Tb from establishing (in the case of vaccination) or to suppress possum density (in the case of lethal control).
Does a benign calicivirus reduce the effectiveness of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in Australia? Experimental evidence from field releases of RHDV on bait
Authors: Mutze Greg , Sinclair Ron , Peacock David , Kovaliski John , Capucci Lorenzo
Published: June 2010

Context. European rabbits are serious environmental and agricultural pests throughout their range in Australia. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) greatly reduced rabbit numbers in arid central Australia but had less impact in cooler, higher-rainfall areas. RHDV-like benign caliciviruses (bCVs) have been implicated in limiting the impact of RHDV in the higher-rainfall regions of Australia and also in Europe. Aims. Experimental releases of RHDV on bait were tested as a means of initiating disease outbreaks. Serological evidence of antibodies to bCVs was examined to determine whether they reduce mortality rates and/or spread of the released RHDV, and how that might influence the effectiveness of future RHDV releases for rabbit management. Methods. Four experimental releases were conducted in high-rainfall and coastal regions of southern Australia. Virus activity was implied from recapture rates and serological changes in marked rabbits, and genetic sequencing of virus recovered from dead rabbits. Changes in rabbit abundance were estimated from spotlight transect counts. Key results. Release of RHDV on bait produced disease outbreaks that challenged almost all animals within the general release area and spread up to 4 km beyond the release sites. Recapture rates were high in marked rabbits that possessed antibodies from previous exposure to RHDV and extremely low amongst rabbits that lacked any detectable antibodies. Rabbits carrying antibodies classified as being due to previous infection with bCVs had recapture rates that were dependent on circulating antibody titre and were ~55% of recapture rates in rabbits with clear antibodies to RHDV. Conclusions. This is the first quantified evidence that antibodies produced against bCVs provide significant protection against RHD outbreaks in field populations of rabbits. Implications. bCVs can greatly reduce the impact of RHDV on wild-rabbit populations in Australia and presumably elsewhere. RHDV can be effectively released on bait although further releases are likely to be of minor or inconsistent benefit for controlling rabbit numbers where bCVs are common.
Roads and wildlife: impacts, mitigation and implications for wildlife management in Australia
Authors: Taylor Brendan D. , Goldingay Ross L.
Published: June 2010

Roads can disrupt the population processes of vertebrate wildlife species through habitat fragmentation and vehicle collision. The aims of this review were to synthesise the recent literature on road impacts on wildlife, to identify gaps in our understanding of this topic and to guide future research and management in Australia. We reviewed 244 published studies from the last decade on road and vehicle impacts on wildlife conducted worldwide. A geographic bias was evident among the studies, with 51% conducted in North America, 25% in Europe, 17% in Australia and 7% across several other countries. A taxonomic bias was evident towards mammals (53%), with far fewer studies on birds (10%), amphibians (9%) and reptiles (8%), and some (20%) included multiple taxonomic groups. Although this bias is partly explained by large insurance and medical costs associated with collisions involving large mammals, it is also evident in Australia and signals that large components of biodiversity are being neglected. Despite a prevalence of studies on wildlife road mortality (34%), population impacts are poorly described, although negative impacts are implicated for many species. Barrier effects of roads were examined in 44 studies, with behavioural aversion leading to adverse genetic consequences identified for some species. The installation of road-crossing structures for wildlife has become commonplace worldwide, but has largely outpaced an understanding of any population benefits. Road underpasses appear to be an important generic mitigation tool because a wide range of taxa use them. This knowledge can guide management until further information becomes available. Global concern about the decline of amphibians should lead to a greater focus on road impacts on this group. Priorities for research in Australia include (1) genetic studies on a range of taxa to provide an understanding of life-history traits that predispose species to barrier effects from roads, (2) studies that examine whether crossing structures alleviate population impacts from roads and (3) studies that describe the behavioural response of frogs to crossing structures and that identify factors that may promote the use of suitable structures. A national strategy to mitigate the impacts of roads on wildlife populations is long overdue and must ensure that research on this topic is adequately funded.
Nighttime driver detection distances for Tasmanian fauna: informing speed limits to reduce roadkill
Authors: Hobday Alistair J.
Published: June 2010

Context. Roadkill is a wildlife management issue in areas where high traffic volume passes through relatively intact natural habitat. High density of roadkill in Tasmania is observed in concentrated ‘hotspots’, and local mitigation of vehicle speed may thus be an appropriate management response. Although warning signage is often advocated, this may not effectively reduce roadkill if the suggested speed does not provide sufficient time for the animal to be detected and for the vehicle to be stopped.
Aims. The detection distance at night for common roadkill species and corresponding driving speeds to avoid collision were determined. The importance of animal size and fur colour in determining detection distance was also evaluated.
Methods. Mounts of nine nocturnal Tasmanian mammal species were used to determine nighttime driver detection distances based on individual driver trials. These were converted to appropriate stopping speeds by accounting for reaction time and braking distance. Photographs and digital image analysis were used to evaluate fur brightness.
Key results. A total of 339 individual detection distances for the 9 species were recorded for 18 drivers. Detection distance differed between the species tested at both high- and low-beam headlight settings. The endangered Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) had the shortest mean detection distance when headlights were on high beam (60.8 m), and the second shortest on low beam (33.9 m), which corresponded to a driving speed which would permit a safe stop of 54 km h–1 and 38 km h–1, respectively. The greatest detection distance was for the introduced hare (Lepus europaeus): 116 m (83 km h–1) and 50.4 m (48 km h–1), respectively.
Conclusions. Nighttime driving speeds slower than 80 km h–1 may be effective in reducing roadkill in wildlife hotspots. Detection distance was significantly related to fur brightness, as determined by image analysis, and not animal size.
Implications. The variation in detection distance allows species-specific nighttime driving speeds to be considered by individual drivers and by road and wildlife managers planning mitigation efforts for vulnerable species.
Home ranges of, and habitat use by, the grassland earless dragon (Tympanocryptis pinguicolla) in remnant native grasslands near Canberra
Authors: Stevens Toni A. , Evans Murray C. , Osborne William S. , Sarre Stephen D.
Published: June 2010

The grassland earless dragon (Tympanocryptis pinguicolla) is a habitat specialist restricted to the highly fragmented native temperate grasslands of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and nearby New South Wales (NSW). These grasslands, which are listed as an endangered ecological community, continue to be affected by a range of processes including development and overgrazing. Although changes to its habitat present a significant threat to the grassland earless dragon, little is known about its spatial and habitat requirements. We used radio-tracking to study the home-range areas and habitat requirements of 10 adult lizards in native grassland adjacent to Canberra, ACT. We found that burrows excavated by arthropods are an important resource for grassland earless dragons, with individuals having one or two home burrows around which they maintained home ranges of between 925 m2 and 4768 m2. Fidelity to these burrows increased with the onset of winter, indicating their importance as over-winter refuge sites. Within the native grasslands, grassland earless dragons were found to use a broad range of grassland structure as habitat. This result contrasts with the prevailing view that these dragons are confined to well drained, minimally disturbed areas, which include large patches of short grass dominated by Austrodanthonia. We conclude that habitat management (i.e. grazing, mowing, burning) for this species should aim to retain structural heterogeneity of native grasslands rather than impose a uniform structure.
Consumption of milk by quokka (Setonix brachyurus) young
Authors: Miller S. J. , Bencini R. , Hartmann P. E.
Published: June 2010

We investigated the consumption of milk by the young quokka using the stable isotope deuterium oxide. The volume of milk consumed increased from 1.6 mL day–1 at 55 days post partum to 32.5 mL day–1 at 165 days. The daily energy intake ranged from ~22 to 151 kJ day–1 during pouch life. The crude growth efficiency (grams of growth per millilitre of milk consumed) increased from an average of 0.35 to 0.46 g mL–1 in the early stages of pouch life, and then decreased to 0.24 g mL–1 during Phase 2b of lactation. The crude growth efficiency measured in our study indicates that quokkas are equally efficient in converting milk energy to body mass as other marsupials reported in the literature. Measuring milk intake with this method offers a non-toxic, minimally invasive alternative to other techniques for measuring milk consumption in marsupials, when milk is the only source of water intake.
High levels of mitochondrial DNA divergence within short-eared rock-wallaby (Petrogale brachyotis) populations in northern Australia
Authors: Telfer Wendy R. , Eldridge Mark D. B.
Published: June 2010

Most population genetics studies of rock-wallabies conducted to date have examined remnant colonies of threatened species inhabiting southern Australia. In this study we examined the natural pattern of contemporary and long-term gene flow among colonies of the widespread and abundant short-eared rock-wallaby, Petrogale brachyotis, in the relatively unmodified landscapes of Australia’s tropical north. We sampled 105 wallabies from seven colonies 1.2 km to 250 km apart. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence analysis was conducted on samples from all colonies and microsatellite analysis (10 loci) on samples from the three largest colonies. The microsatellite data revealed no evidence of inbreeding within colonies, but higher levels of genetic diversity were found in the Kakadu National Park population compared with the smaller, more isolated colonies at Litchfield National Park. Both the mtDNA and microsatellite results showed that populations of P. brachyotis are naturally highly structured even within this relatively intact landscape, with only limited contemporary and long-term gene flow between colonies more than 1.2 km apart. Nine mtDNA control region haplotypes were identified within the seven colonies. There were unusually high levels of sequence divergence (up to 6.9%) within colonies at Litchfield NP. This divergence suggests that multiple taxa may exist within what is currently recognised as P. brachyotis. Alternatively, if current taxonomy is correct, the high levels of divergence raise the possibility of ancestral isolation and divergence of populations in allopatry with subsequent admixture at a secondary contact zone. The possibility that these unusually divergent haplotypes result from introgressive interspecific hybridisation with the sympatric P. concinna appears unlikely.
Dwarf monitor lizards (Varanidae:Varanus, Odatria s. gen.) as definitive and paratenic hosts for physalopteran nematodes
Authors: Jones Hugh I.
Published: June 2010

Nematodes in the genus Abbreviata (Physalopteridae) were the dominant gastrointestinal helminths in the eight smallest species of dwarf varanid lizards (subgenus Odatria, Varanidae). All host species supported infection with encysted physalopterid larvae, which provoked minimal pathological changes in the host. The mean number of cysts in host tissues increased with host size across species. There were moderate prevalences of infection of adult A. hastaspicula in Varanus (O.) brevicauda (50%) and V. (O.) storri (32%), and of A. levicauda in V. (O.) pilbarensis (46%). There were no adult Abbreviata sp. infections in V. (O.) bushi. Intensity of infection was low in almost all hosts. Sympatric larger species of Varanus (subgenus Varanus) (V. gouldii, V. panoptes, and V. (O.) tristis) support heavy infections of these nematodes which may be a source of infection for dwarf varanids. The presence and species of adult Abbreviata in dwarf monitors could not be related to sympatry, host size, or host geographical range. Liability to infection is probably determined by a combination of phylogeny (in A. levicauda in V. pilbarensis and V. tristis, dwarfism being derived), and habitat (A. levicauda occurring in other arboreal species). Other facets of the physiology or ecology, not yet understood, are also probably involved. This study reveals a complex situation where evolutionary history and contemporary environments interact. Physalopteroides filicauda, Maxvachonia brygooi, Wanaristrongylus ctenoti, Hastospiculum gouldi, the cestode Oochoristica vacuolata, and a species of pentastomid were also recovered in low numbers.
Evidence from an emerging sign language reveals that language supports spatial cognition
Authors: Pyers Jennie E. , Shusterman Anna , Senghas Ann , Spelke Elizabeth S. , Emmorey Karen
Published: June 2010

Although spatial language and spatial cognition covary over development and across languages, determining the causal direction of this relationship presents a challenge. Here we show that mature human spatial cognition depends on the acquisition of specific aspects of spatial language. We tested two cohorts of deaf signers who acquired an emerging sign language in Nicaragua at the same age but during different time periods: the first cohort of signers acquired the language in its infancy, and 10 y later the second cohort of signers acquired the language in a more complex form. We found that the second-cohort signers, now in their 20s, used more consistent spatial language than the first-cohort signers, now in their 30s. Correspondingly, they outperformed the first cohort in spatially guided searches, both when they were disoriented and when an array was rotated. Consistent linguistic marking of left–right relations correlated with search performance under disorientation, whereas consistent marking of ground information correlated with search in rotated arrays. Human spatial cognition therefore is modulated by the acquisition of a rich language.
Host-microbial symbiosis in the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract and the
Lactobacillus reuteri
paradigm
Authors: Walter Jens , Britton Robert A. , Roos Stefan
Published: June 2010

Vertebrates engage in symbiotic associations with vast and complex microbial communities that colonize their gastrointestinal tracts. Recent advances have provided mechanistic insight into the important contributions of the gut microbiome to vertebrate biology, but questions remain about the evolutionary processes that have shaped symbiotic interactions in the gut and the consequences that arise for both the microbes and the host. Here we discuss the biological principles that underlie microbial symbiosis in the vertebrate gut and the potential of the development of mutualism. We then review phylogenetic and experimental studies on the vertebrate symbiont
Lactobacillus reuteri
that have provided novel insight into the ecological and evolutionary strategy of a gut microbe and its relationship with the host. We argue that a mechanistic understanding of the microbial symbiosis in the vertebrate gut and its evolution will be important to determine how this relationship can go awry, and it may reveal possibilities by which the gut microbiome can be manipulated to support health.
The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2 mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host–microbial interactions
Authors: Johansson Malin E. V. , Larsson Jessica M. Holmén , Hansson Gunnar C.
Published: June 2010

The normal intestinal microbiota inhabits the colon mucus without triggering an inflammatory response. The reason for this and how the intestinal mucus of the colon is organized have begun to be unraveled. The mucus is organized in two layers: an inner, stratified mucus layer that is firmly adherent to the epithelial cells and approximately 50 μm thick; and an outer, nonattached layer that is usually approximately 100 μm thick as measured in mouse. These mucus layers are organized around the highly glycosylated MUC2 mucin, forming a large, net-like polymer that is secreted by the goblet cells. The inner mucus layer is dense and does not allow bacteria to penetrate, thus keeping the epithelial cell surface free from bacteria. The inner mucus layer is converted into the outer layer, which is the habitat of the commensal flora. The outer mucus layer has an expanded volume due to proteolytic activities provided by the host but probably also caused by commensal bacterial proteases and glycosidases. The numerous
O
-glycans on the MUC2 mucin not only serve as nutrients for the bacteria but also as attachment sites and, as such, probably contribute to the selection of the species-specific colon flora. This observation that normal human individuals carry a uniform MUC2 mucin glycan array in colon may indicate such a specific selection.
Land Reform in Southern Africa in World-Historical Perspective
Authors: Bernstein Henry
Published: June 2010

This paper attempts to place issues of land reform in South Africa and Zimbabwe in a ‘world-historical’ perspective. ‘World-historical’ is used in two senses. The first is that given by the ‘classic’ agrarian question and its tradition, concerning the role of agrarian transformation in the transition to capitalism, and especially industrial capitalism, in general general. The second applies to the trajectories, and mutations, of the ‘classic’ agrarian question in the development of capitalism on a world scale and its historical and spatial coordinates. It is suggested that the moment of ‘globalisation’ from the 1970s signaled the end of the ‘classic’ agrarian question, as the agrarian question of capital, without its resolution in most countries of the South. At the same time, however, the ‘fragmentation’ of labour associated with and intensified by the global restructuring of capital discloses possibilities of (new) agrarian questions generated by the struggles of labour for means of livelihood and reproduction. This is illustrated in relation to South Africa and especially Zimbabwe as social formations that combine key aspects of previous phases of capitalism, given their belated, and limited, national democratic revolutions, and of the current phase of ‘globalisation’ and its fragmentation of labour. While schematic in presentation, the aim is to illustrate the relevance and utility of some wider theoretical and historical ideas to debate of land redistribution in South Africa and Zimbabwe today.
Empowering People? World Vision & ‘Transformatory Development’ in Tanzania
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Mercer Claire
Published: June 2010

Ideas of participatory development and empowerment have become central to contemporary development discourse. This article identifies two axes of tension within this discourse. First is the disturbing thought that by empowering a ‘community’ a development project can disempower groups or individuals within that community. Second is the paradox whereby external agents are perceived as necessary to install internal desires and capacities for individual and community autonomy. The article presents empirical data from research into two projects by the NGO World Vision in northeast Tanzania. The aim is to show that the dilemmas of development in practice turn around these axis of tension, as the attempts to empower the ‘community’ benefit disproportionately an elite – the idea of development as ‘empowerment’ inserted into the community from the outside.
AGOA, Lesotho' ‘Clothing Miracle’ & the Politics of Sweatshops
Authors: Gibbon Peter
Published: June 2010

The ‘Africa Growth and Opportunity Act’ (AGOA) was signed into US law at the end of August 2000. Perhaps the most important provision of this version of the Act (AGOA I) was that it conferred duty-free status to clothing articles directly imported into the US from beneficiary countries, until 30 September 2008. To command beneficiary status, countries had to meet a series of political and economic conditions, with the result that 38 countries are currently included in benefits. In addition, beneficiary countries have to have an export visa system approved by the US Customs Department. As of early March 2003, nineteen had done so. The only important clothing manufacturing country in Africa that remains excluded from AGOA benefits is Zimbabwe.
Characterization of the nuclear export adaptor protein Nmd3 in association with the 60S ribosomal subunit
Authors: Sengupta Jayati , Bussiere Cyril , Pallesen Jesper , West Matthew , Johnson Arlen W. , Frank Joachim
Published: June 2010

The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein Nmd3 is an adaptor for export of the 60S ribosomal subunit from the nucleus. Nmd3 binds to nascent 60S subunits in the nucleus and recruits the export receptor Crm1 to facilitate passage through the nuclear pore complex. In this study, we present a cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction of the 60S subunit in complex with Nmd3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The density corresponding to Nmd3 is directly visible in the cryo-EM map and is attached to the regions around helices 38, 69, and 95 of the 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the helix 95 region being adjacent to the protein Rpl10. We identify the intersubunit side of the large subunit as the binding site for Nmd3. rRNA protection experiments corroborate the structural data. Furthermore, Nmd3 binding to 60S subunits is blocked in 80S ribosomes, which is consistent with the assigned binding site on the subunit joining face. This cryo-EM map is a first step toward a molecular understanding of the functional role and release mechanism of Nmd3.
Neighborly relations: cadherins and mechanotransduction
Authors: Smutny Michael , Yap Alpha S.
Published: June 2010

Cell–cell adhesions are sites where cells experience and resist tugging forces. It has long been postulated, but not directly tested, that cadherin adhesion molecules may serve in mechanotransduction at cell–cell contacts. In this issue, Le Duc et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201001149) provide direct evidence that E-cadherin participates in a mechanosensing pathway that regulates the actomyosin cytoskeleton to modulate cell stiffness in response to pulling force.
Joining the interface: a site for Nmd3 association on 60S ribosome subunits
Authors: Oeffinger Marlene
Published: June 2010

The adaptor protein Nmd3 is required for Crm1-dependent export of large ribosomal subunits from the nucleus. In this issue, Sengupta et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.201001124) identify a binding site for yeast Nmd3 on 60S ribosomal subunits using cryoelectron microscopy and suggest a conformational model for its release in the cytoplasm. The study provides the first detailed structural description of a ribosome biogenesis factor in complex with the large subunit.
Fast and slow voltage sensor rearrangements during activation gating in Kv1.2 channels detected using tetramethylrhodamine fluorescence
Authors: Horne Andrew James , Peters Christian Joseph , Claydon Thomas William , Fedida David
Published: June 2010

The Kv1.2 channel, with its high resolution crystal structure, provides an ideal model for investigating conformational changes associated with channel gating, and fluorescent probes attached at the extracellular end of S4 are a powerful way to gain a more complete understanding of the voltage-dependent activity of these dynamic proteins. Tetramethylrhodamine-5-maleimide (TMRM) attached at A291C reports two distinct rearrangements of the voltage sensor domains, and a comparative fluorescence scan of the S4 and S3–S4 linker residues in Shaker and Kv1.2 shows important differences in their emission at other homologous residues. Kv1.2 shows a rapid decrease in A291C emission with a time constant of 1.5 ± 0.1 ms at 60 mV (n = 11) that correlates with gating currents and reports on translocation of the S4 and S3–S4 linker. However, unlike any Kv channel studied to date, this fast component is dwarfed by a larger, slower quenching of TMRM emission during depolarizations between −120 and −50 mV (τ = 21.4 ± 2.1 ms at 60 mV, V1/2 of −73.9 ± 1.4 mV) that is not seen in either Shaker or Kv1.5 and that comprises >60% of the total signal at all activating potentials. The slow fluorescence relaxes after repolarization in a voltage-dependent manner that matches the time course of Kv1.2 ionic current deactivation. Fluorophores placed directly in S1 and S2 at I187 and T219 recapitulate the time course and voltage dependence of slow quenching. The slow component is lost when the extracellular S1–S2 linker of Kv1.2 is replaced with that of Kv1.5 or Shaker, suggesting that it arises from a continuous internal rearrangement within the voltage sensor, initiated at negative potentials but prevalent throughout the activation process, and which must be reversed for the channel to close.
Impact of Results of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus, aureus Surveillance Culture of Nasal Specimens on Subsequent Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns
Authors: Ruhe Jörg J. , Kreiswirth Barry , Perlman David C. , Mildvan Donna , Koll Brian
Published: June 2010

We studied the potential impact of results of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surveillance culture of nasal specimens on physicians' vancomycin-prescribing habits. We compared 116 case patients who had positive results with 116 matched control subjects who had negative results. On multivariate analyses, a positive MRSA carrier status remained strongly predictive of vancomycin use within the subsequent 12 weeks.
𝒞₁ is uniformly Kadec-Klee
Authors: Lennard Chris
Published: June 2010

A dual Banach space

X
X

is Kadec-Klee in the weak * topology if weak * and norm convergence of sequences coincide in the unit sphere of

X
X

. We shall consider a stronger, uniform version of this property. A dual Banach space

X
X

is uniformly Kadec-Klee in the weak * topology (UKK*) if for each

ε
>
0

\varepsilon > 0

we can find a

δ
\delta

in

(
0
,
1
)

(0,1)

such that every weak

∗
*

-compact, convex subset

C
C

of the unit ball of

X
X

whose measure of norm compactness exceeds

ε
\varepsilon

must meet the

(
1
−
δ
)

(1 - \delta )

-ball of

X
X

. We show in this paper that

C
1

(

H

)

{C_1}(\mathcal {H})

, the space of trace class operators on an arbitrary infinite-dimensional Hilbert space

H

\mathcal {H}

is UKK*. Consequently

C
1

(

H

)

{C_1}(\mathcal {H})

has weak

∗
*

-normal structure. This answers affirmatively a question of A. T. Lau and P. F. Mah. From this it follows that

C
1

(

H

)

{C_1}(\mathcal {H})

has the weak

∗
*

-fixed point property.
A general chain rule for distributional derivatives
Authors: Ambrosio L. , Dal Maso G.
Published: June 2010

We prove a general chain rule for the distribution derivatives of the composite function

υ
(
x
)
=
f
(
u
(
x
)
)

\upsilon (x) = f(u(x))

, where

u
:

R

n

→

R

m

u:{{\mathbf {R}}^n} \to {{\mathbf {R}}^m}

has bounded variation and

f
:

R

m

→

R

k

f:{{\mathbf {R}}^m} \to {{\mathbf {R}}^k}

is Lipschitz continuous.
Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation on Sobolev space
Authors: Agler Jim
Published: June 2010

In this paper we shall prove an analog of the classical result of Nevanlinna and Pick concerning the bound of holomorphic functions on the unit disc that take prescribed values at prescribed points with the role that the classical Hardy space of analytic functions with square integrable power series plays in the modern operator-theoretic formulation of that result instead played by a Sobolev space of complex functions on the interval

[
0
,
1
]

[0,1]

whose derivatives are in

L
2

(

0
,
1

)

{L^2}\left ( {0,1} \right )

.
Harmonic functions having no tangential limits
Authors: Aikawa Hiroaki
Published: June 2010

Let

C
0

{C_0}

be a tangential curve in

D
=

{

|

z

|

>
1

}

D = \left \{ {|z| > 1} \right \}

which ends at 1 and let

C
θ

{C_\theta }

be its rotation about the origin through an angle

θ
\theta

. We construct a bounded harmonic function in

D
D

which fails to have limits along

C
θ

{C_\theta }

for all

θ
,
0
≤
θ
≤
2
π

\theta ,0 \leq \theta \leq 2\pi

.
A Trüdinger inequality on surfaces with conical singularities
Authors: Chen Wen Xiong
Published: June 2010

In this paper, the author establishes an isoperimetric inequality on surfaces with conical singularities, and by using it, proves a Trüdinger inequality with best constant on such surfaces. The best constants of the Trüdinger inequality are also found for a class of "symmetric" singular matrices.
Convergence of difference approximations and nonlinear semigroups
Authors: Kanda Shigeo
Published: June 2010

We give a convergence theorem for the difference approximation for the evolution equation

(
d

/

d
t
)
u
(
t
)
∈
A
u
(
t
)

(d/dt)u(t) \in Au(t)

and a generation theorem of nonlinear semigroups for "directed" dissipative operators

A
A

in a real Hilbert space.
Multiplicative functions on arithmetic progressions
Authors: Hildebrand Adolf
Published: June 2010

Let

f
f

be a multiplicative arithmetic function satisfying

|
f
|

≤
1

\left | f \right | \leq 1

, let

x
≥
10

x \geq 10

and

2
≤
Q
≤

x

1

/

3

2 \leq Q \leq {x^{1/3}}

. It Is shown that, with suitable integers

q
1

≥
2

{q_1} \geq 2

and

q
2

≥
2

{q_2} \geq 2

, the estimate
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sigma-summation Underscript StartLayout 1st Row n less-than-or-equal-to x 2nd Row n identical-to a mod q EndLayout Endscripts f left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis equals StartFraction 1 Over phi left-parenthesis q right-parenthesis EndFraction sigma-summation Underscript StartLayout 1st Row n less-than-or-equal-to x 2nd Row left-parenthesis n comma q right-parenthesis equals 1 EndLayout Endscripts f left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis plus upper O left-parenthesis StartFraction x Over q EndFraction left-parenthesis log StartFraction log x Over log upper Q EndFraction right-parenthesis Superscript negative 1 slash 2 Baseline right-parenthesis">

∑

n
≤
x

n
≡
a
mod
q

f
(
n
)
=

1

φ
(
q
)

∑

n
≤
x

(
n
,
q
)
=
1

f
(
n
)
+
O

(

x
q

(

log
⁡

log
⁡
x

log
⁡
Q

)

−
1

/

2

)

\sum \limits _{\begin {array}{*{20}{c}} {n \leq x} \\ {n \equiv a\bmod q} \\ \end {array} } {f(n) = \frac {1}{{\varphi (q)}}} \sum \limits _{\begin {array}{*{20}{c}} {n \leq x} \\ {(n,q) = 1} \\ \end {array} } {f(n) + O\left ( {\frac {x}{q}{{\left ( {\log \frac {{\log x}}{{\log Q}}} \right )}^{ - 1/2}}} \right )}

\]
holds uniformly for

(

a
,
q

)

=
1

\left ( {a,q} \right ) = 1

and all moduli

q
≤
Q

q \leq Q

that are not multiples of

q
1

{q_1}

or

q
2

{q_2}

.
Fixed point theorems in product spaces
Authors: Kuczumow Tadeusz
Published: June 2010

If

K
1

{K_1}

and

K
2

{K_2}

are nonempty closed weakly compact subsets of Banach spaces and they have the generic fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings, then in the maximum norm

K
1

×

K
2

{K_1} \times {K_2}

has fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings.
A function space triple of a compact polyhedron into an open set in Euclidean space
Authors: Sakai Katsuro
Published: June 2010

Let

X
X

be a non-zero dimensional compact Euclidean polyhedron and

Y
Y

an open set in Euclidean space

R

r

(

r
>
0

)

{{\mathbf {R}}^r}\left ( {r > 0} \right )

. The spaces of (continuous) maps, Lipschitz maps and PL maps from

X
X

to

Y
Y

are denoted by

C

(

X
,
Y

)

C\left ( {X,Y} \right )

,

LIP

(

X
,
Y

)

{\text {LIP}}\left ( {X,Y} \right )

and

PL

(

X
,
Y

)

{\text {PL}}\left ( {X,Y} \right )

, respectively. We prove that the triple
\[

(

C

(

X
,
Y

)

,

LIP

(

X
,
Y

)

PL

(

X
,
Y

)

)

\left ( {C\left ( {X,Y} \right ),{\text {LIP}}\left ( {X,Y} \right ){\text {PL}}\left ( {X,Y} \right )} \right )

\]
is an

(

s
,
Σ
,
σ

)

\left ( {s,\Sigma ,\sigma } \right )

-manifold triple, where

s
=

(

−
1
,
1

)

ω

s = {\left ( { - 1,1} \right )^\omega }

,
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Sigma equals StartSet x element-of s vertical-bar sup StartAbsoluteValue x left-parenthesis i right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue greater-than 1 EndSet and sigma equals StartSet x element-of s vertical-bar x left-parenthesis i right-parenthesis equals 0 except for finitely many i EndSet period">

Σ
=

{

x
∈
s

|

sup

|

x

(
i
)

|

>
1

}

and

σ
=

{

x
∈
s

|

x

(
i
)

=
0

except

for

finitely

many

i

}

.

\Sigma = \left \{ {x \in s|\sup \left | {x\left ( i \right )} \right | > 1} \right \}{\text {and}}\,\sigma = \left \{ {x \in s|x\left ( i \right ) = 0\,{\text {except}}\,{\text {for}}\,{\text {finitely}}\,{\text {many}}\,i} \right \}.

\]
.
On nilpotent groups of automorphisms of Klein surfaces
Authors: Bujalance Emilio , Gromadzki Grzegorz
Published: June 2010

The nilpotent group of automorphisms of a bordered Klein surface

X
X

of algebraic genus

q

≥
2

{\mathbf {q}} \geq 2

is known to have at most

8
(

q

−
1
)

8({\mathbf {q}} - 1)

elements. Moreover this bound is attained if and only if

q

−
1

{\mathbf {q}} - 1

is a power of 2. In this paper we prove that if

X
X

is nonorientable and

q

≥
3

{\mathbf {q}} \geq 3

then the bound in question can be sharpened to

4

q

4{\mathbf {q}}

which gives a negative answer to a conjecture of May [16]. We also solve another problem of May [16] finding bounds for the

p
p

-groups of automorphisms of Klein surfaces.
Complete monotonicity of modified Bessel functions
Authors: Ismail Mourad E. H.
Published: June 2010

We prove that if

ν
>
1

/

2

\nu > 1/2

, then
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="2 Superscript nu minus 1 Baseline normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis nu right-parenthesis slash left-bracket x Superscript nu slash 2 Baseline e Superscript StartRoot x EndRoot Baseline upper K Subscript nu Baseline left-parenthesis StartRoot x EndRoot right-parenthesis right-bracket">

2

ν
−
1

Γ
(
ν
)

/

[

x

ν

/

2

e

x

K
ν

(

x

)
]

{2^{\nu - 1}}\Gamma (\nu )/[{x^{\nu /2}}{e^{\sqrt x }}{K_\nu }(\sqrt x )]

is the Laplace transform of a selfdecomposable probability distribution while
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="2 Superscript nu Baseline normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis nu plus 1 right-parenthesis x Superscript negative nu slash 2 Baseline e Superscript minus StartRoot x EndRoot Baseline upper I Subscript nu Baseline left-parenthesis StartRoot x EndRoot right-parenthesis">

2
ν

Γ

(

ν
+
1

)

x

−
ν

/

2

e

−

x

I
ν

(

x

)

{2^\nu }\Gamma \left ( {\nu + 1} \right ){x^{ - \nu /2}}{e^{ - \sqrt x }}{I_\nu }\left ( {\sqrt x } \right )

is the Laplace transform of an infinitely divisible distribution. The former result is used to show that an estimate of

M

{\text {M}}

. Wong [13] is sharp. We also prove that the roots of the equations
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="b cubed l Subscript nu minus 1 Baseline left-parenthesis a StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis slash upper I Subscript nu Baseline left-parenthesis a StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis equals a cubed upper I Subscript nu minus 1 Baseline left-parenthesis b StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis slash upper I Subscript nu Baseline left-parenthesis b StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis comma">

b
3

l

ν
−
1

(

a

z

)

/

I
ν

(

a

z

)

=

a
3

I

ν
−
1

(

b

z

)

/

I
ν

(

b

z

)

,

{b^3}{l_{\nu - 1}}\left ( {a\sqrt z } \right )/{I_\nu }\left ( {a\sqrt z } \right ) = {a^3}{I_{\nu - 1}}\left ( {b\sqrt z } \right )/{I_\nu }\left ( {b\sqrt z } \right ),

\]
and
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="b cubed upper K Subscript nu plus 1 Baseline left-parenthesis a StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis slash upper K Subscript nu Baseline left-parenthesis a StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis equals a cubed upper K Subscript nu plus 1 Baseline left-parenthesis b StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis slash upper K Subscript nu Baseline left-parenthesis b StartRoot z EndRoot right-parenthesis comma nu greater-than 0 comma z not-equals 0 comma">

b
3

K

ν
+
1

(

a

z

)

/

K
ν

(

a

z

)

=

a
3

K

ν
+
1

(

b

z

)

/

K
ν

(

b

z

)

,
ν
>
0
,
z
≠
0
,

{b^3}{K_{\nu + 1}}\left ( {a\sqrt z } \right )/{K_\nu }\left ( {a\sqrt z } \right ) = {a^3}{K_{\nu + 1}}\left ( {b\sqrt z } \right )/{K_\nu }\left ( {b\sqrt z } \right ),\nu > 0,z \ne 0,

\]
lie in a certain sector contained in the open left half plane. This proves and extends a conjecture of

H

{\text {H}}

. Hattori arising from his work in partial differential equations.
Sequences in the maximal ideal space of 𝐻^{∞}
Authors: Axler Sheldon , Gorkin Pamela
Published: June 2010

This paper studies the behavior of sequences in the maximal ideal space of the algebra of bounded analytic functions on an arbitrary domain. The main result states that for any such sequence, either the sequence has an interpolating subsequence or infinitely many elements of the sequence lie in the same Gleason part.
Ribbon concordance does not imply a degree one map
Authors: Miyazaki Katura
Published: June 2010

We give an example of classical knots

K
0

,

K
1

{K_0},{K_1}

sucn that (1)

K
1

{K_1}

is ribbon concordant to

K
0

{K_0}

, (2) there are no degree one maps from the exterior of

K
1

{K_1}

in

S
3

{S^3}

to that of

K
0

{K_0}

.
Compact composition operators on 𝐿¹
Authors: Shapiro Joel H. , Sundberg Carl
Published: June 2010

The composition operator induced by a holomorphic self-map of the unit disc is compact on

L
1

{L^1}

of the unit circle if and only if it is compact on the Hardy space

H
2

{H^2}

of the disc. This answers a question posed by Donald Sarason: it proves that Sarason’s integral condition characterizing compactness on

L
1

{L^1}

is equivalent to the asymptotic condition on the Nevanlinna counting function which characterizes compactness on

H
2

{H^2}

.
Higher 𝑝-torsion in the 𝛽-family
Authors: Sadofsky Hal
Published: June 2010

We prove the existence of new families of

υ
2

{\upsilon _2}

-periodic elements of the stable homotopy of the sphere detected in the second filtration of the Adams-Novikov Spectral Sequence for primes greater than 3. Our main corollary is that the

p
p

-component of

π
∗
s

\pi _ * ^s

contains any finite abelian

p
p

-group as a subgroup in some dimension

(

for

p
≥
5
)

({\text {for}}p \geq 5)

.
A problem in electrical prospection and an 𝑛-dimensional Borg-Levinson theorem
Authors: Chanillo Sagun
Published: June 2010

We show that the Dirichlet to Neumann map for

−
Δ
u
+
υ
u
=
0

- \Delta u + \upsilon u = 0

, determines the potential

υ
(
x
)

\upsilon (x)

, for

υ
(
x
)

\upsilon (x)

satisfying the condition of C. Fefferman and D. Phong.
On common fixed points of linear contractions
Authors: Sasvári Zoltán
Published: June 2010

In this note we give a short and direct proof of a result about convex semigroups of linear contractions.
Almost everywhere convergence of Vilenkin-Fourier series of 𝐻¹ functions
Authors: Young Wo-Sang
Published: June 2010

In [5] Ladhawala and Pankratz proved that if

f
f

is in dyadic

H
1

{H^1}

, then any lacunary sequence of partial sums of the Walsh-Fourier series of

f
f

converges a.e. We generalize their theorem to Vilenkin-Fourier series. In obtaining this result, we prove a vector-valued inequality for the partial sums of Vilenkin-Fourier series.