bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical effects induced by deoxynivalenol intoxication in piglets
Authors: Dinischiotu A. , Dinu D. , Rebedea M. , Stoian G. , Taranu I. , Marin D. , Costache M.
Published: September 2009

Thirty-5 weeks-old pigs were fed corn-soybean diets containing 0.5 ppm and 1.5 ppm. deoxynivalenol. Sera samples were collected from ten piglets in each group at the end of 35 days of the trial to study the effect of certain serum biochemical parameters. Highly significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed for serum urea and gamma glutamyl transferase between control and mycotoxin treated groups. Mycotoxin treated groups did not reveal any significant difference for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate transferase and alanine transferase.
Evaluation of boar sire breeding value using probit method
Authors: Radovic C. , Petrovic M. , Zivkovic B. , Kosovac O. , Parunovic N. , Radojkovic D. , Mijatovic M.
Published: September 2009

Objective of this paper was to evaluate breeding value of boarsires based on four traits of their offspring (average life daily gain and share of meat in carcass sides (%) of offspring-fatteners, number of live born piglets and number of weaned piglets - boars' daughters). Investigation included sires of Swedish Landrace breed and Large White. Breeding value was evaluated on the level of population and within the breed of investigated boars. Data was processed by method of Least Squares (Harvey, 1990), and breeding values of boars evaluated using modified Probit values (Petrovic et al., 1995). Obtained results show that the highest total breeding value was established for boar No. 1 (20,832). Its offspring were superior in three of four traits and he is at the same time the first ranked boar. Contrary to this boar, two Large White boar-sires (No. 5 and 6) had offspring with bellow average values for three of four traits. Therefore, these sires influenced improvement of only one trait in their offspring.
Chemical composition and texture parameters of loin from polish landrace fatteners slaughtered in different age
Authors: Migdał W. , Zivkovic B. , Nowocień A. , Przeor I. , Palka K. , Natonek-Wiśniewska M. , Wojtysiak D. , Walczycka M. , Duda I.
Published: September 2009

Gilts were slaughtered at 60th, 90th, 120th, 150th, 180th and 210th day of breeding (6 sows in each age). After ageing in 40C during 24 hours the samples were taken from right half of carcasses of longissimus dorsi (behind the last rib between the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae) muscle. In the meat to carry out instrumental measurement of shear force and texture parameters. The meat of loin was subjected to chemical analysis to determine its dry matter, water, protein, fat and ash content. The age of fatteners slaugthering beside the genotype and sex is the basic factor influencing on quality, nutritional value and attractiveness for consumer of pig meat.
Using organic acids in feeding of piglets
Authors: Stephan K. , Wähner M.
Published: September 2009

Providing organic acids as a feed additive enhances the health status of piglets, particularly in the suckling period and in the problematical time after weaning. Depending on type and the area of application for the acids, the dosage is between 0.1 and 4 % of the total feed. For example, formic, fumaric or sorbic acids are used alone or in mixtures. Positive effects were verified in the feed, in the digestive tract and in the metabolism of piglets. A lot of studies show a stabilization in performance relating to weight, growth and health. 127 piglets were separated into a treated and control group and observed for the effectiveness of the organic acids. The live weights on day 5, 28, 42 and 76 were recorded. Both groups had comparable growth in the suckling period. The comparison identified an advantage for piglets receiving organic acid. On average this group of animals had a higher weight and a lower variability of live weights at day 76 (table 1). Other positive tendencies for the treated group were lower losses and a higher rate of piglets attaining at least a weight of 25 kg at 76 days of age. The piglets receiving organic acids also had a better development at the end of the trial which they achieved during the problematic period after weaning.
Comparable presentation of carcass and meat quality of different pig genotypes using modern evaluation methods
Authors: Kosovac O. , Josipovic S. , Zivkovic B. , Radovic C. , Marinkov G. , Tomasevic D.
Published: September 2009

In this paper quality of carcasses/carcass sides and meat from 5 different pig genotypes was comparably evaluated. Quality of carcass sides was evaluated prior to slaughtering in vivo (SONOMARK SM 100 M), early post mortem on slaughter line (FOM), by method of two points (ZP - ZWEIPUNKT) as well as method of partial dissection on cold left carcass sides according to EU recommendations. By analysis of obtained results it can be concluded that fatteners of type E (LW x SL) x P had the highest meat yield in carcass sides (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 and 58,89%) by any other mentioned methods of evaluation compared to average meat yield in carcass sides of other investigated genotypes. Average yield of muscle tissue in carcasses of pigs of E genotype (LW x SL) x P (58,89%) established by method of partial dissection was statistically considerably higher (*p<0,05) than the average (56,06%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype D, very significantly higher (**p<0,01) than average (57,01%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype C and very highly significantly higher (***p<0,001) than average (51,30%) meat yield in carcasses of pigs of genotype A. The quality of meat was also investigated comparably by determining its technological quality and chemical composition of MLD in investigated genotypes of pigs. Technological quality and chemical composition of MLD demonstrated significant (*p<0,05) differences in WBC and pigment content between genotypes B and C and B and E. Average values for content of ashes and share of pigment are in accordance with average values which characterize muscles of normal traits. By analysis of obtained results we conclude that fatteners of genotype E (LW x SL) x P had the highest meat yield in carcass sides (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 and 58,89%), but quality was slightly decreased which indicates need for further improvement of meat quality.
Effect of partial substitution of standard meal in chicken feed by rape seed on carcass and meat quality
Authors: Dzinic N. , Petrovic Lj. , Tomovic V. , Tasic T. , Filipovic S.
Published: September 2009

Effect of partial substitution of crushed soybean by different portions of rape seed on yield and chicken breast quality (nutritive and technological) was investigated in the paper. ROSS 308 hybrids were used for investigations. Control group (K) was fed with standard mixture and experimental groups with mixture in which crushed soybean partially substituted by 10% (O1), 15% (O2) and 20% (O3) extruded rape seed (EZUR). Rape seed was extruded with corn germ in ratio 50:50. It was concluded that there are no significant differences in breast meat yield between control and experimental groups (P > 0.05). The changes in chicken meal had no influence (P > 0.05) on nutritive quality of breast meat (the contents on protein, connective tissue protein, free fat and total ash). Additionally was found that the technological quality of breast meat of the control and experimental groups averagely corresponds to "normal" meat quality considering the parameters and criteria for quality determination (pHu, L*, water holding capacity).
The quantity of abdominal fat in broiler chicken of different genotypes from fifth to seventh week of age
Authors: Nikolova N. , Pavlovski Z. , Milosevic N. , Peric L.
Published: September 2009

In this work quantity of abdominal fat (weight and portion) was examined in broilers of two genotypes in the fifth, sixth and seventh week of their growth. The examination was carried out in production conditions, in the facility for commercial fattening of broilers chickens, so all technical recommendations related to intensive rearing of chickens were provided. Broilers Cobb 500 and Hubbard Classic which were housed in separate boxes (8 boxes for each genotype) were used as a material. Forty male chickens and forty female chickens at the 5, 6 and 7 weeks of age were selected for slaughtering by random selection, so 240 all together sacrificed chickens were prepared for further treatment. By cutting of the carcasses, abdominal fat was removed and measured, and it was put in proportion to the body mass before slaughtering and in this way the share of abdominal fat was obtained. All data was statistically processed by the subprogram Basic Statistic and Anova. The chickens of the genotype Hubbard had significantly higher share (0,96%) and insignificantly higher weight (19,47g) of abdominal fat than Cobb 500 (0,83% and 17,16g). Female chickens of both genotypes in the examination had significantly higher weight (19,84g) and share (0,96%) of abdominal fat in carcass then male broilers. Chickens at the age of 49 days had statistically significantly higher abdominal fat than the chick at the age of 42 and 35 days in absolute (25,35g) and relative values (1,06%). This confirms the importance of the examined factors on the amount of abdominal fat in carcass of broiler chickens.
Effect of dietary protein levels, sex and age on tibiae charateristics in two strains of broiler chickens
Authors: Pavlovski Z. , Nikolova N. , Vitorovic D. , Skrbic Z. , Lukic M.
Published: September 2009

Cobb 500 and Hubbard Classic broiler chicks were reared on the floor during seven weeks of fattening. Chicks, of each strain, were divided in two groups (160 chicks in group) and feed with two isocaloric diets differed in protein levels. The contents of crude protein in the diets 1, were 23 % (1-2 weeks of age), 22 % (3. week), 21 % (4 - 6 weeks), 18 % (7. week) and in the diets 2 were 22 % (1 - 2 weeks), 21 % (3. week), 20 % (4 - 6 weeks) and 17 % (7. week of age). At days 35, 42 and 49, 10 male and 10 female chicks were sacrificed from both strain and both group. The right tibiae were removed and prepared for analysis. Bone breaking force were determined by three-point-bending test at the midlength. Geometrical properties were obtained by measuring of outside and inside antero-posterior and lateromedial diameters, at the middiaphyseal transverse section of each tibia. These data were used to calculated of bones cross sectional cortical area and cross sectional medullar area. The obtained results showed that cross sectional cortical area and cross sectional medullar area increased with age and were influenced by strain and sex but not by dietary protein levels. Hubbard Classic chicks had higher cortical and lower medullar area than Cobb 500 chicks. The breaking force and ratio cortical/medullar area were significantly (p< 0.05) greater in male than in female chicks of each strain. The male chicks of both strain, fed the diets 2, during six weeks of fattening, had the largest tibiae breaking force (47.0-50.0 kg) but the differences were not significant. Geometrical and mechanical characteristics of broilers tibiae were notsignificantly influenced by dietary protein levels.
Body mass and dynamics of growth of broiler chickens of different genotype in improved rearing conditions
Authors: Skrbic Z. , Pavlovski Z. , Lukic M.
Published: September 2009

Application of lower housing density and discontinuous light programme, which at the same time marked the application of moderate photoperiod, had positive effect on realized final body masses of broiler chickens of both investigated genotype, however, exhibited effect was higher in chickens of Cobb genotype, considering that significantly greater body mass was established. Chicken genotype is confirmed as important interactive factor in improved rearing conditions, considering higher average daily gains of Cobb chickens compared to Arbor Acres, also in all weekly investigations.
Genetic type and growth influence on the production characteristics of light line hen hybrids
Authors: Rajicic V. , Mitrovic S. , Bogosavljevic-Boskovic S. , Milivojevic J. , Staletic M. , Djermanovic V. , Tolimir N.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this work was parallel investigation of the producing characteristics of light line hen hybrids. Investigation enclosed two hen proveniences: Hisex Brown and Shawer 579. Within the period of 19 up to 63 weeks we followed next parameters: egg-laying hen body mass, mortality, food consumption and egg-laying capacity. Hens body mass on the beginning of the examination, within the 19 weeks of growth was, for Hisex Brown provenience 1607g, and for Shawer 579 provenience 1563g. Hisex Brown provenience achieved about 250 g higher body mass on the end of investigation. During the experiment, mortality at Hisex Brown egg-laying hen was a little bit smaller (5,40%), while the Shawer 579 had 5,56% of dead hens. Globally, the mortality at both hen hybrids was in the range of technological normative. The average consumption of the food at Hisex Brown provenience was higher and it was 127,28g, and at Shawer 579 provenience 125,14g. The average consumption of the nutrition for egg production at both provenience was the same (150g).
Romanian cyprinids phylogeny based on 16S ARN mitochondrial genes
Authors: Luca C. , Kevorkian S. , Elvira M. , Dinischiotu A. , Costache M.
Published: September 2009

The vertebrate mitochondrial genome has been an important model system for studying molecular evolution, organism phylogeny, and genome structure. Phylogenetic relatioships were inferred from analysis of 570 base pairs (bp) of mithocondrial DNA (mtDNA), representing a conserved region of 16S rRNA. We sequenced 13 cyprinids species and one putative outgroup (Misgurnus fossilis) from Romania. Based upon nucleotide sequence comparisons of cyprinid mitochondrial 16SRNA genes, we established the phylogenetic relationships between analyzed species. The phylogenetic trees obtained by two different methods (neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony) have the same topology and show that most species examined have supported the traditional division of the Cyprinidae into two subfamilies: Cyprininae and Leuciscinae.
Examining the efficiency of the semi substitution of the maize with a by-products obtained by manufacturing vegetables and fruits in mixtures for growing and fattening pigs
Authors: Cilev G. , Sinovec Z. , Palasevski B. , Zivkovic B. , Gjorgjievski S. , Prodanov R.
Published: September 2009

To examine the possibilities of the maize?s substitution as an energetic nutrient with by-products obtained by manufacturing tomatoes, peppers and grapes in the nutrition of swine on the production results and health condition where are carried out experiment in the nutrition of growing and fattening pigs. The researches are conducted in the producing conditions at pigs farm ZZ "Edinstvo" in the village of Chelopek near by the town of Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia, where are organized experiment in a group controlled system. The experiment is carried out on growing and fattening pigs in a period of about 60 days with an average body weight of 27.00+0.64 - 27.69+0.71 kg. For the experiment used mongrels of Swedish and Dutch races with equalized genetical potential. Each group in experiment consist of equal number of males and females. The experiment of the growing and fattening pigs is carried out on 48 pigs divided into 3 groups with each group having 8 pigs of different sex. The experiment lasted for 100 days in 2 phases with 50 days each phase. In the experiment are used 2 mixtures for growing and fattening pigs from 1 - 50 days and the whole mixture for fattening pigs in a period of 50 - 100 days of the experiment. The experimental pigs from the control group from experiment are fed with mixture without a share from the examined byproducts, whereas the sample groups were fed with food with substitution of the maize with different qualities of the above mentioned by-products. In the pig?s feeding mixture - 6% i.e.9% from the examined by-products. Maize?s semisubstitution with a by-products obtained by manufacturing tomatoes, peppers and grapes especially in the amount of 6% does not have any negative effects in the production results on a growing and fattening pigs. In overall, the applied treatments do not have negative influence in the production results and health condition of swine which enables real possibilities for maize?s semisubstitution with a by-products obtained by manufacturing tomatoes, peppers and grapes.
The effect of genotype on fattening and body development traits of young cattle
Authors: Ostojic-Andric D. , Bogdanovic V. , Aleksic S. , Petrovic M.M. , Miscevic B. , Pantelic V. , Josipovic S.
Published: September 2009

Differences in demonstration of fattening and traits of body development in young cattle from three genotype groups are investigated: Domestic Simmental breed (G1) and its crosses F1 gen. With Limousine (G2) and Charolais breed (G3). Sample included total of 96 heads, 32 in each group. The greatest body mass at birth was realized by Charolais crosses (41,8 kg) and the lowest calves of domestic Simmental breed (40,5 kg), significance of differences established was at the level of p<0,05. Genotype had significant effect (p<0.01) on body mass and age at the end of fattening, as well as average life daily gain. Charolais and Limousine crosses at the ages of 446 and 443 days achieved higher body masses at the end of fattening (621 kg and 590 kg) compared to Domestic Simmental breed (477 days and 579 kg). The effect of genotype on traits of body development was highly significant (p<0.01) for all traits except height to rump (p<0.05). The highest values of height to withers and rump (131,8 cm and136,1 cm) and cannon circumference (23,1 cm), and the lowest for breast depth (70,8 cm) and breast girth (198,9 cm) were realized by young cattle of Domestic Simmental breed. The most favourable body development from the commercial aspect was realized by Charolais crosses with the highest determined values of breast depth (74,5 cm), carcass length (157,7 cm) and breast girth (202,5 cm). Limousine crosses are characterized by the lowest height to withers and rump (126,7 cm and 134,3 cm), the lowest values of carcass length (155,3 cm) and cannon circumference (21,9 cm), whereas in regard to breast depth (73,5 cm) and girth (202,1 cm) they take intermediary position. .
Investigation of the skatole content in fat tissue and sensory acceptability of smoked neck from young boars
Authors: Parunovic Nenad , Kocovski T. , Radovic C. , Radojkovic D.
Published: September 2009

In this paper content of skatole equivalent in samples of fat tissue from young boars was determined, also the dependance between sensory evaluation of the acceptability of smoked neck meat from young boars and skatole content in fat tissue, as well as differences in acceptability of samples with different content of skatole in fat tissue (from 0,117?g/g to 1,067?g/g). Total average evaluation of sensory analysis of smoked neck meat was 4,12, and variation measures show significant differences in evaluation of certain samples (Cv = 26,74%; Iv = 4,45). Distribution of samples based on this evaluation showes that 56% of samples were acceptable, and 17% "still acceptable". Medium correlation dependance (Rxy=0,649) was determined between sensory evaluation of the acceptability of smoked neck meat and content of skatole in fat tissue. Statistically significant difference was established in sensory evaluation between samples with skatole content bellow 0,400??g/g and samples with skatole content of 1,067?g/g. .
Slaughterhouse: Slaughter place or source of contamination
Authors: Ivanovic Snezana , Zutic M. , Radanovic O. , Lilic S.
Published: September 2009

There are many possibilities of pig carcasses contamination by pathogenic microorganisms, particularly on the slaughter line. The aim of this paper was to affirm a hygienic level of the slaughter line by the enumeration of aerobic bacteria and enterobacteria. Samples were taken by both non-destructive and destructive methods from 4 place on the carcass of 5 pigs, weekly for 15 weeks. The results of examination has shown the hygiene of slaughter line had satisfied and acceptable level. Destructive method of samples was more susceptible than non-destructive method. The obtained results have interpreted according to regulation EC 2073/2005. .
The liquid waste/slurry of swine farms, ecological problem of environmental contamination and its control
Authors: Jakic-Dimic Dobrila , Pavlovic I. , Savic B.
Published: September 2009

The liquid waste because its quantitative and quality characteristic, way of prepare, possible epidemiological consequences, raw and odor smell presence a great ecological problem. Invest to development to handling waste considered separately and resolve of technological problems are minimize because we misunderstand its start and finishing phases and its overall. In farms process of waste handling suppose secondary and separate of breeding process. Reasons to separation was economical because production generate acquisition and wasting consumption it. .
Method for early detection of poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778)
Authors: Pavlicevic A. , Pavlovic I. , Stajkovic N.
Published: September 2009

Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778), poultry red mite or chicken mite, is haematophagous poultry ectoparasite. In poultry flocks small populations of chicken mite usually remain undetected. In order to supplement existing diagnostics we have investigated the method for its early detection. Investigation was carried out on 13 flocks, during two-year period, throughout Serbia and Montenegro. We have established that method for early detection of chicken mite can: improve the efficiency of existing diagnostic methods, that it is simple and reduces the period when parasites are hidden since it enables detection of small number of parasites before the population becomes visible. We recommend it to poultry farmers for regular control of the flock and control of the new flock, to veterinarians in poultry production as supplement to diagnostic methods: when suspecting the presence of Dermanyssosis in order to achieve early differential diagnostics, sampling of small number of chicken mite, monitoring the movement of the population and effect of the treatment, coming to conclusion regarding the effect of the disease control and as element of the forensic evaluation method. .
Exploitation of the nurse cows for meat production on dairy farms: Ethological aspects
Authors: Debrecéni Ondrej , Janesová Z. , Zimmermann Vladimir , Copík A.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of the study was to evaluate nurse cow's behavior during the calves rearing. The experimental group consisted of five Holstein - Friesian nurse cows. The experiment takes 10 weeks of each circle. The calves were allotted to the nurse cows immediately after calving in the first circles. In the first circle was used 1 own calf and 2 foster calves in comparison with the second circle where were 3 foster calves. The calves were with nurse cows in the separate 'habitual pen' during the first week of rearing. We made 24 hours lasting etiological observations. During etiological observation we evaluated the following activities: 'Lying', 'Eating', 'Standing', 'Walking', 'Drinking', 'Licking calf', 'Standing and bellowing', 'Smelling calf', 'Sucking' and 'Head knocking'. Our results show that the activity of 'standing and bellowing' did not occur in the first circle in comparison with the volume 57,40 minutes in the second circle. These findings indicate that the nurse cows have more willingly accepted the calves in the first circle.
Physiological basis for normalization of protein-amino acid nutrition for dairy cows
Authors: Charitonov E.L.
Published: September 2009

Based on a range of experiments we show the need and recommend practical way for optimization of amino acid nutrition for dairy cows. We calculated the requirements in available amino acids and the supply of these amino acids by feeding rations.
Milk production traits of Balkan goats in semiextensive production systems
Authors: Bogdanovic Vladan , Djordjevic I. , Djurdjevic I.
Published: September 2009

Research on milk production traits of Balkan goats was carried out on 445 lactation records from 118 does of different ages. Goats were raised on 9 farms in southeast Serbia. Average length of lactation was 256 days (SD=22.41 day; CV=8.74%). Average milk production was 378 kg (SD=93.78 kg; CV=24.78%), while average percent of milk fat was 3.71% (SD=0.25%; CV=6.63%). The most significant influence on variability of length of lactation had farm and year of lactation, while no effect had year of birth and order of lactation. Variability of milk production was under influence of all analyzed fixed factors and covariate. The most significant influence had farm, year of lactation and length of lactation, while effects of year of birth and order of lactation were significant. On the other hand, variability of milk fat percent was under significant effect of farm, year of lactation and order of lactation, while year of birth and length of lactation had no effect. It might be concluded that variability of analyzed traits were more under effects of husbandry systems than biological characteristics of goat breed.
The piglet's behavior after birth according to the birth weight
Authors: Lorencová V. , Mlyneková L. , Mlynek J.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the work was the piglet's behavior observation till the fourteenth day after birth. We expected some differences in behavior between animal groups according to their birth weight. Thirty-five animals from five litters were included in the experiment. We divided the animals into two groups according to their birth weight: in the first group there were piglets with their birth weight over 1.45 kg; in the second group piglets with their birth weight to 1.35 kg were observed. In ethological observations we watched sleep, sucking and locomotion activity. Piglets from the first group slept longer during first three days after their birth. These piglets thus slept generally longer. We noticed more intensive sleeping of piglets from the second group from the eight day to the tenth day of life. The sucking goes down rapidly from the first to the fourth day of life. An equalization of sucking with small decreases and increases comes from the seventh day to the end of observation. By the birth weight, piglets from the first group sucked less until their seventh day. The locomotion of piglets from first group gradually decreased till the fourth day; they moved the most on the fifth day. The locomotion of piglets from second group increased slightly from the fourth to the ninth day.
Influence of organic selenium on histological structure of muscle and qualities of pork meat
Authors: Bobcek B. , Kulísek V. , Pavlicová S. , Mrázová J.
Published: September 2009

Selenium is one of the most important mineral trace elements, its deficiency has marked effect to utility and health state of animals, and also to health state of humans. Incorporation of Se to muscle tissue depends on dietary level and on selenium form. When we use organic form of selenium, the increase of selenium concentration in muscles is linear. This is important for improvement of pork quality. We compared the influence of selenium (Se) in experimental group with control group of pigs in our experiment. Differences in body weight weren't statistically significant in both groups. The thickness of neck and thickness of spine part was higher in control group. The thickness of fat cells was higher in experimental group in both muscles (39,17 ?m, alternatively 36,35 ?m, P < 0,05). The presence of interstitial tissue in percentage was statistical significant and it was higher in experimental group (3,70 %, alternatively 3,41 %).The average thickness of muscular fibres in muscle triceps brachii /MTB/, muscle longissimus dorsi /MLD/ and muscle biceps femoris /MBF/ was significantlly higher at control group (P < 0,05). The average thickness of muscular fibres was dominant both groups. The lowest thickness of muscular fibres was in muscle triceps brachii.
Histochemical analysis of skeletal muscular tissues of pigs according to genotype MYF4
Authors: Zimmermann Vladimir , Kulísek V. , Copík A. , Odstrcil M. , Debrecéni Ondrej , Bucko O. , Vavrisínová K.
Published: September 2009

The results of histochemical analysis of three muscles m. triceps brachii (MTB), m. longissimus thoracicus (MLT) and m. rectus femoris (MRF) of two groups of pigs created according to the genotypes MYF 4 are presented. Determination of MYF 4 genotypes was made by PCR method and for histochemical analysis was used 5 animals detected as homozygote MYF 4- AA type and 5 animals of heterozygote genotype myogenin-AB out of the total of 25 individual animals tested. The histochemical analysis proved that homozygotes AA have had bigger fat cells than heterozygotes AB in three studied muscles in average. The size of fat cells in MLT - 41.10?m or 38.50 ?m respectively dominated in both groups of animals. Percentage surface representation of interstitial tissues was higher in the studied muscles of heterozygote MYF 4-AB. The volume of ligaments was the highest in MRF (3.80% or 3.90% respectively) in both groups (myogenin - AA and AB). The average thickness was of three studied muscles muscle fibres higher at homozygote genotype myogenin-AA than in heterozygote myogenin-AB. The thickest fibres in both genotypes were in MRF (88.60 ?m, and 84.72 ?m respectively) and the lowest in MTB (73.30 and 69.40 ?m respectively). The highest values of muscle fibres thickness were detected in ?-White fibres. Their percentage surface representation corresponded to this in all three types of muscles of both studied genotype myogenin groups.
Rabbit production in Bulgaria
Authors: Dimitrova Ivona , Dimitrov Tz. , Teneva A. , Tzvetkova H.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the study was to present the situation of rabbit production in Bulgaria. As a whole the rabbit production in Bulgaria is in extensive stage. To change it as intensive or semi intensive it need to improve selection and feeding systems, to concentrate the farm, and to build new more modern farms with control systems of microclimatic parameters and which covered veterinarian requirements.
The effect of breeding region on certain fertility parameters of Simmental cows
Authors: Pantelic Vlada , Skalicki Z. , Petrovic M.M. , Aleksic S. , Ostojic-Andric D. , Novakovic Z.
Published: September 2009

Field of cattle reproduction is the most important production stage because it is in this stage that heads of cattle for renewal of herd are provided, also for production of milk and fattening, i.e. production of meat. In this study, the effect of breeding region on variability of age at calving and duration of service period in 3.641 first calving Simmental cows under control, reared on private farms on the territory of Republic of Serbia was investigated. In the analysis of collected data the method of Least Squares was used LSMLMW (Harvey 1990) according to following formula: Ykm = ? + Rk + ekm. Regions had highly significant effect (P<0,01) on age at first calving and duration of service period. Through application of method of Least Squares average service period of 115,19 days and age at first calving of 795,53 days were established.
Carcass traits and meat quality of lamb fed on ration containing different levels of leucaena hay (Leucaena leucocephala L.)
Authors: El-Aal Abd , Suliman A.I.A.
Published: September 2009

Twenty growing crossbred male lambs (? chios. ? ossimi and ? chios. ? ossimi) of 15.25 ? 2.00 kg initial average body weight and three months old were divided into four groups. All groups were fed on concentrate feed mixture plus 1% of live body weight wheat straw for 169 days. Four levels (zero, 200g, 400g and 600g) of leucaena hay were used. Final weight and carcass traits were evaluated. Color (L, a, b), proximate composition, pH, acidity, expressible water, water holding capacity, cooking loss, amino acid and minerals contents of meat were determined. Sensory evaluation of cooked meat was also evaluated. The results revealed that, Hindquarter, shoulder, and sets weight were significantly (p ? 0.05) different. Moisture, protein, fat and ash content of fresh meat were ranged from 73.72 to 76.23%, 20.06 to 20.80 %, 2.41 to 4.12% and 1.01 to 1.08%, respectively. Expressible water, water holding capacity and pH were significantly (p ? 0.05) different. No significant (p ? 0.05) differences were found in color (L, a, b), acidity and cooking loss of meat. Amino acids and minerals contents of all meat samples were varied. Cooked meat of group four had the highest scores of tenderness, juiciness, flavor and over all acceptability 4.6, 4.5, 4.4 and 4.5, respectively. This study suggested that the leucaena hay is suitable for lamb feeding. Produced lamb meat had high chemical and sensory quality.
Dependence of lamb sensory properties on meat ripening level
Authors: Ivanovic S. , Savic S. , Baltic M. , Teodorovic V. , Zujovic M.
Published: September 2009

Sheep and lamb meat are in the first place by value, as sheep raising products. Sensory properties are important factor that influence on the meat safety. The aim of these investigations was to determine the influence of ripening level on odour, tenderness, softness, taste, flavor and overall acceptability of meat. As material in this experiment meat of lambs of 'Svrljig- Pirot Pramenka' hybrids were used. Lambs were 5 months old at slaughtering. Meat was roasted in oven at temperature of 170?C for 60 minutes. As method the quantitative-descriptive analysis is used. Our results showed that meat ripening level influence on the acceptability of lamb meat and on expressiveness of some attributes that closer define sensory properties of meat (intensity, odour, tenderness, softness, taste and flavour).
Importance of the quality of pig carcass sides for economical efficiency in production and processing of pork
Authors: Okanovic Dj. , Petrovic Lj. , Zekic V. , Zivkovic B. , Dzinic N. , Tomovic V. , Tasic T. , Ikonic P.
Published: September 2009

Intensive, market oriented pork and pork meat production requires detailed view of production prices, besides required quality and production parameters. This is required for meat-by products production to be economic in later phases. Previous results show that production price of fatteners does not vary during the year (around 1 ?/kg) because feed price does not very significantly. During the year supply and demand may change, so the price of fatteners changes. In conclusion, the position of live stock and meat producers is insecure and slaughterhouses supply with livestock and market with meat is unstable. The paper presents results of sides' quantitative parameters testing, economic analysis of profitability of supply of carcass sides according to quality and meat yield. Meat yield, basic parts and tissues in carcass sides was determined using partial dissection method. For economic analysis, divisional calculation was used. Base for cost distribution were relations between market prices of different meat categories and slaughter and pork meat processing costs in second phase of calculation. Carcass sides' weight was around 83kg. Average meat percentage was 47,96%, and it ranged from 42,5% (class O) to 52,2% (class U). Knowing that same production requirements are needed for both bad and good quality pigs, it is essential to stimulate fatteners' producers by paying for meat percentage using and classifying carcass sides on the pig slaughter line. Livestock producers can achieve greater price and adequate compensation for quality work on selection, choice of food, optimal fattening ending... At the same time producers of meat and meat by products, although they pay more for raw materials, they get better quality, more meat, and better economic effect. Customers are rewarded with better quality.
Investigation of the genetic correlation between milk and fertility traits of first calving cows of Simmental breed
Authors: Pantelic Vlada , Petrovic M.M. , Aleksic S. , Sretenovic Ljiljana , Ostojic-Andric D. , Novakovic Z.
Published: September 2009

Investigation of the production capacity of cattle for the purpose of increase of milk and milk fat production, as well as number of calves, greatly depends on phenotypic and genetic variability, heritability and correlation between desired traits, and on production level in the population. This research included 3.461 first calving cows of Simmental breed under control and reared on farms of individual agricultural producers on the territory of Republic of Serbia. Genetic correlations were calculated using equation of mixed model which included the effect of bull-sire, breeding region, year and season of calving: Yijklm = ? + Bi + Rj + Gk + Sl + eijklm. Coefficients of genetic correlation between service period and milk traits were following: duration of lactation 0,239, milk yield 0,089, percentage of milk fat 0,095, quantity of milk fat 0,105 and yield of 4%FCM 0,099. Correlation between service period and age at calving was 0,535. Genetic correlation between age at calving and milk traits was following: duration of lactation 0,245, production of milk 0,003, percentage of milk fat 0,531, quantity of milk fat 0,082 and production of 4%FCM 0,050.
Morphometric and biomechanical parameters of tibiotarsus in different strains of broilers
Authors: Vitorovic Dusan , Pavlovski Z. , Skrbic Z. , Lukic M. , Petricevic V.
Published: September 2009

One hundred male and one hundred female broiler chicks from different strains : Master Gris, Red Bro, Farm Q and Hubbard Classic, were reared in conventional broler house system, during first three weeks After the third week, fattening was continued in an extensive free-range rering system. At the end of experimental period (91 days of age) 10 male and 10 female birds, of each stran, were killed by cervical dislocation and the right tibiotarsal bones were removed and used for morphological and mechanical analysis. The obtained results showed that there were statistically signifficant strain differences. Mass, length, breaking force, cross sectional area of diaphysis, medullary cavity area and cortical area, of tibiotarsal bone of Farm Q hybrid chicks were statistically signifficant lower than that of Hubbard Classic, Master Gris and Red Bro strains in both male and female chicks.
Nitrates in plants and soil after fertilization of grass-legume mixtures
Authors: Nesic Zorica , Tomic Z. , Krnjaja Vesna , Tomasevic D.
Published: September 2009

Nitrates are one of the most frequent utilized forms of N from soil. Through root they reach stem and leaf where in photosynthetic processes they convert into proteins. Due to exposure to stress situations, and excessive nitrogen fertilization, nitrate accumulation in plant tissues and organs occurs. Also, nitrates can accumulate in harmful concentrations in soil. Nitrates accumulated in plants have harmful effect on animals which consume plants since they cause various health disorders. In variance analysis in both investigation years it was established that fertilization as well as interaction of factors mixture/fertilization had very significant effect on investigated quality parameter, contrary to mixture as single factor. In both investigation years, treatments with 210 kgN ha-1 had the highest nitrate concentration. Content of nitrate nitrogen in soil is increased by fertilization. Objective of the research was to determine nitrate quantities which are accumulated in plants subsequent to n fertilization and growing in mixtures with other species, as well as to determine nitrate quantities which remain in the soil unutilized, which are potential causes of environment pollution.
Quantitative analysis of genetic improvement of milk production phenotypes in Simmental cows
Authors: Petrovic M.M. , Sretenovic Lj. , Bogdanovic V. , Perisic P. , Aleksic S. , Pantelic V. , Petrovic M.D. , Novakovic Z.
Published: September 2009

Results of the effect of direct and indirect selection on quantitative properties of milk production of first calving Simmental cows in Serbia, are presented in the paper. Analysis of quantitative phenotypic parameters was carried out in four breeding regions and certain number of smaller farms where 1319 daughters of 13 bull sires were reared. Results of the analysis were obtained by application of mathematical-statistical data analysis, using mixed models (Harvey, 1990). Mathematical-statistical analysis of data was carried out using linear methods with fixed effect, through method of least squares (LS method), and for evaluation of bull breeding value mixed model of random bull sire effect was used (BLUP method). Based on obtained results it was established that analyzed breeding region has statistically highly significantly (**P<0.01.) caused deviations of production phenotypes from general average. Season and year of calving (*P<0.05.) have caused significant variations of production properties. .
The effect of paragenetic factors on body development of Simmental bull dams
Authors: Pantelic V. , Skalicki Z. , Bogdanovic V. , Delic N. , Pejcic S.
Published: September 2009

Body development and type are very important indices of production ability of cows, their capacity to consume sufficient quantity of food, produce technologically high quality milk, reduce the energy consumption in production of milk, remain in exploitation as long as possible and give more progeny. This research included 278 cows of Simmental breed selected into the category of bull dams on the territory of Republic of Serbia. By application of method of least squares following average values of exterior measures were obtained: height to withers 136,04 cm; carcass length 165,81 cm; breast depth 73,61 cm; breast girth 201,12 cm; body mass 695,29 kg. Regions influenced statistically highly significantly all investigated exterior traits (P<0,01). Year of measuring had no statistically significant effect (P>0,05) on body development of Simmental bull dams. Obtained values were considerably uniform without any greater oscillations. .
The effect of systematic factors on milk yield in Simmental cows over complete lactations
Authors: Petrovic M.D. , Skalicki Z. , Petrovic M.M. , Bogdanovic V.
Published: September 2009

The effect of systematic factors on production traits over complete lactations was investigated in 2,805 Simmental cows born in 1982 and onwards. The cows were housed at three farms in different areas: at the Zlatiborski Suvati dairy farm, Zlatibor, at the Dobricevo Agricultural Farm, Cuprija and at private farms in the region of Kotraze. The systematic factors (farm, calving season, lactation groups, group (year x season of birth), farm x calving season and farm x lactation group interactions) and age at first conception had statistically highly significant (P<0.001) effects on all complete lactation traits, with the exception of the effect of calving season on complete lactation duration (P<0.05) and milk-fat content (P>0.05). No statistically significant effect was produced by age at first conception on complete lactation duration and milk-fat content (P>0.05). Determination coefficients ranged from 0.100 in complete lactation duration to 0.361 in milk-fat content. .
Research of mastitis prevalence at heifers in farm breeding
Authors: Varatanovic N. , Katica A. , Mutevelic T. , Cengic B. , Mlaco N. , Hamzic E.
Published: September 2009

With 268 heifers in farm breeding, udder examination has been performed for clinical mastitis during 14 days after calving. From each quarter we took secretion samples and performed bacteriological analysis. From total number of heifers, 56 of them had shown clinical signs of inflammation, and 12 were bacteriologicaly positive. By bacteriological analysis mastitis pathogens had been found, even in 14 heifers without inflammation signs, at least until the end of test period. From the total number of tested heifers in 3,35% of cases Streptococcus agalactiae have been found, 4,85% coagulase positive staphilococcae (CPS) and 1,49% Corynebacterium pyogenes. Because coagulasa positive staphilococci were the most present bacteries in the period of 14 days, we made opinion that the same are the most often mastitis pathogen. Heifers with intramammarian infections like these, represent source of infection fot other non-infected animals in herd. .
Evaluation of the body condition of high yielding cows
Authors: Grubic G. , Novakovic Z. , Aleksic S. , Sretenovic Lj. , Pantelic V. , Ostojic-Andric D.
Published: September 2009

Problems which relate to production, health and reproduction in herds of high yielding cows very often occur due to insufficient knowledge and monitoring of energy reserves in cow organisms. Many researches and practical experiences in this field indicate significant relation between body condition and achieved results in production. Body condition of heads of cattle in certain stages of production cycle is important parameter of applied nutrition, but also entire technological procedure. In countries with developed cattle production, evaluation of body condition has for several years been main component of production practice on farms. It is considered that condition is very reliable indicator of the nutrition status and energy balance in the organism. Body condition score is subjective and practical method which enables precise assessment of deposited fat in the cow organism by observing and touching previously determined body regions and fields. There is considerable variability of the condition of cows in different stages of production cycle. Body condition of high yielding cows often comes out of the frame of optimal values for certain stage of production cycle. Decrease of production, disorders in health condition and fertility of cows indicate the nature of relation between inadequate body condition and stated problems. Shape and strength of the relation between production results and body condition score confirms its reliability. This is all indication of the need for wider application of this evaluation system. Based on body condition score, beside other important factors in the production cycle, there is realistic possibility to achieve more efficient production of milk from the aspect of energy. Main purpose of this paper was to present how the application of methods for body condition score and its significance for production practice can be functional.
Slaughter results for kids of the domestic Balkan goat
Authors: Memisi N. , Zujovic M. , Tomic Z. , Petrovic M.P.
Published: September 2009

The paper presents the investigation of slaugher results, i.e. meat production results, in 96 kids of the domestic Balkan goat (4 herds, 24 animals per herd, 50:50 sex ratio), slaughtered at 90 days of age to determine the differences between the herds investigated and sexes (male kids vs. female ones), pertaining to the quantitative characteristics of meat. The average warm carcass dressing percentage including the head and offal for kids from all the herds investigated was 58.19%. The differences established for dressing percentage, warm, cold, and cold with and without head and offal, between the herds investigated and sexes were not statistically significant (P>0,05). Established differences between linear measurements for kid carcass halves, were statistically significant (P<0,01) between herds, whereas pertaining to the sex of kids, they were significant on both levels((P<0,01and P<0,05). .