bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Panorama da escrita sobre a história e ensino no Brasil Central (2011-2016)
Authors: Fernandes Dennis Rodrigo Damasceno
Published: February 2020

A proposta deste texto é apresentar um mapeamento das produções acadêmicas desenvolvidas sobre a História e Ensino nas universidades na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Este estudo está pautado nos procedimentos metodológicos da pesquisa documental visam à localização, recuperação, reunião, seleção e ordenação de referências sobre a História e seu ensino disponibilizadas nos repositórios digital de teses e dissertações das universidades brasileiras e no catálogo da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Para isso, estabeleceu-se três critérios analíticos de seleção e categorização das fontes: o estudo dos títulos, resumos e palavras-chaves das teses e dissertações. A partir destes procedimentos os resultados parciais da pesquisa indicam, até o momento, um conjunto de 16 dissertações e uma tese nos programas de pós-graduação em História do Centro-Oeste. Esse conjunto de dissertações foram desenvolvidas entre os anos de 2011 a 2016 nas seguintes instituições: Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás e Universidade de Brasília. As temáticas abordadas são sobre “Didática da História”; “Educação Histórica”; “Livro didático de História”; “Ensino de História”; “História do ensino de história”; “Identidade e representação do docente de História”. Também foi possível observar que este é um tema mais amplamente vinculado às pesquisas na área de Educação.
Cidadania, democracia e saber escolar na legislação do Ensino Médio no Brasil
Authors: Coelho Mauro Cezar , Saldanha Rafael da Silva
Published: February 2020

Este artigo caracteriza os constrangimentos epistemológicos do discurso constituído a partir das afirmações que acionam as categorias cidadania e democracia na Legislação Educacional. O aporte teórico-metodológico utilizado na investigação articulou o conceito de saber escolar, de Ana Maria Monteiro, o qual trouxe à luz a topografia da epistemologia dos saberes escolares; e o conceito de dialogia, de Mikhail Bakhtin, que permitiu apreender os sentidos das afirmações que incidem sobre estes saberes. A análise revelou que as afirmações relacionadas às categorias cidadania e democracia informam um conjunto de valores específicos que, forjados pela sociedade brasileira, redimensionam o espaço ocupado e reconfiguram o papel desempenhado pelos saberes acadêmicos específicos que servem de referência às disciplinas.
Cassava Root Necrosis Disease (CRND): A New Crop Disease Spreading in Western Democratic Republic of Congo and in Some Central African Countries
Authors: Zeyimo Bakelana , Pita Justin , Godefroid Monde , Nzola Mahungu , Munseki Lema , Kanana Tshilenge , Mbuyi Kalonji
Published: February 2020

Cassava is consumed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as a staple food for the majority of the Congolese population. This crop is used in several forms: as fufu, chikwangue and pondu; cassava leaves are the most consumed vegetable in the country.

In 2002, cassava root symptoms similar to cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) were reported for the first time in western DRC. PCR assays, using primers specific to Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), failed to detect or identify any viral pathogens in diseased cassava samples from western DRC. Therefore, next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were used as they are able to sequence full organism genomes and are widely used for the identification of pathogens responsible for new diseases. The main objective of this study was to identify the pathogens causing root necrosis in western DRC.

Whatman®FTA™ cards were used to collect 12 cassava leaf samples from plants with symptoms indicative of very severe root necrosis, as well as two asymptomatic samples. These 12 samples were sent to Australia at the University of Western Australia in Perth for next generation sequencing (NGS) using the Illumina HiSeq platform.

Additional bioinformatics tools included Geneious, CLC workbench, ParaKraken and Kaijou software for short DNA sequences. No viruses (including CBSV) were found in any of the DRC samples. These preliminary results confirm all the previous negative results obtained using PCR and CBSV primers. However, NGS analyses did reveal the presence of a number of bacterial and fungal taxa. These will require further investigation and tests such as the Koch Postulates, to establish their specific pathogenic role in cassava.

This is the first scientific evidence that no currently known virus is responsible for the disease which had been referred to previously as ‘CBSD-like disease’. Consequently, the disease found in DRC cassava samples has been designated ‘Cassava Root Necrosis Disease’ or CRND.
Multivariate Approach in the Initial Development of Soybean as a Function of Co-inoculation and Micronutrients
Authors: Libório Paloma Helena da Silva , Bárbaro-Torneli Ivana Marino , Nobile Fabio Olivieri de , Silva Fabiana Mota da , Unêda-Trevisoli Sandra Helena
Published: February 2020

Co-inoculation in soybean is the mixed inoculation with bacterias of the genus Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum brasilense. The applicability of this practice has become the subject of recent research that aims to overcome the main limitations of biological nitrogen fixation, obtained by traditional soybean inoculation with only Bradyrhizobium. This study investigated the interaction effects among cultivars, bacterium types, with and without micronutrients applied to the seeds on the initial developmental stages of soybean cultivars using multivariate analyses. The seedlings were cultivated in pots filled with soil in greenhouse conditions. The experiment was installed in the Alta Mogiana branch of the Paulista Agribusiness Technology Agency (APTA) in Colina, SP. The 32 treatments were arranged as 4 × 4 × 2 factorial with four soybean cultivars, four bacterium types, with and without micronutrients applied to the seeds. The evaluations were performed at 5, 8 and 32 days after sowing (DAS). The parameters analyzed in the pots showed that the cultivars behaved differently depending on the type of bacteria used. The co-inoculation promoted better nodulation and initial seedling growth in some cultivars. In general, cultivars without application of micronutrients were superior in terms of the parameters analyzed.
Technologies of Reproduction Terry Varieties of Clematis
Authors: Evgenievna Khanbabaeva Olga , Evgenievna Matsneva Anna , Sergeevna Kovaleva Irina , Vitalevna Tazina Svetlana , Ivanovich Tazin Ivan
Published: February 2020

The paper presents issues of optimizing the technology of growing popular terry varieties of clematis (Clematis L.) in Russia. Trimming groups, bookmark features of flower buds are described. The issues of reproduction and agricultural technology when laying uterine plantations are considered. A comparative analysis of traditional breeding technology with innovative technology (in vitro). The optimal nutrient medium for the stages of micro propagation, cultivation and rooting, enriched with vitamins and other substances. In experiments on green cuttings, 8 terry varieties were used. Estimated rooting of green cuttings by standard propagation technology. Spring cuttings are recommended for the varieties Bellof Woking (83%), Empress (81%), Blue Light (79%) and give a high yield of planting material from one mother plant. Two varieties with low rooting were selected—Purpurea Plena Elegans, Multi Blue. In vitro breeding technology has been developed for them. Accounting and observation of the development of two terry clematis varieties in the tissue culture: Purpurea Plena Elegans, Multi Blue. The aim of our study is to develop a technology for clonally propagation for these varieties, as well as the adaptation of micro plants of these varieties to non-sterile conditions. Therefore, in vitro propagation is recommended for these two varieties. An optimal substrate composition has been developed for the adaptation of clematis plants propagated in vitro, as well as for cuttings. The article provides recommendations for planting, pruning and caring for uterine plantings of clematis with double flowers in sheltered ground.
Use of Amazon Fruits Barks as Source of Nutrients
Authors: Montero I. F. , Saravia S. A. M. , Santos R. A. , Marcia J. A. F. , Silva S. M. , Chagas E. A.
Published: February 2020

The barks of fruits are usually discarded as organic waste; a valuable source of nutrients is obtained are used as a starting source in the preparation of functional foods. In this work, the physicochemical properties (pH, titrable acidity and soluble solids), mineral and bromatological analysis of nine Amazonian fruits were studied: abiu, acerola, araçá, bacupari, biribá, camu-camu, fruta-do-conde, araçá and taperebá. The most acidic values stand out for the different fruits, with the exception of the abiu bark (pH = 4.7). As for its nutritional contribution, it was the araçá barks that presented the highest energy value of 276.29 Kcal 100 g-1. Among the macrominerals, the potassium concentration stands out, being the highest concentration for the graviola bark, 521.04 mg 100 g-1 followed by magnesium, where the concentration in the biribá was 64.21 mg 100 g-1. On the other hand, the husks are rich in micronutrients, highlighting the concentration of zinc in the bark of araçá, 12.23 mg 100 g-1 and manganese in the bark of abiu, 6.84 mg 100 g-1. The Pearson correlation coefficient presented a highly significant correlation for Fe-Al (0.96), P-Fe (0.94) and Fe-Zn (0.89). O bligpot of principal components (PCA) explains 56% of the cases, being the minerals Mg, Na, Co, K, S and Ca highly associated for the graviola and bacuparí.
Transition Period of the Dairy Cow Revisited: II. Homeorhetic Stimulus and Ketosis With Implication for Fertility
Authors: Martens Holger
Published: February 2020

Dairy cows have been selected during the last century primarily for milk production, which has been increased by a factor 3-5 per lactation during this period without a concomitantly adequate increase of dry matter intake (DMI). This discrepancy between input and output is caused by a negative or minutely positive genetic correlation between milk yield and DMI and leads, in high-producing dairy cows in early lactation, to a severe and long-lasting negative energy balance (NEB) with distinct hormonal and metabolic alterations. Milk production during this period is regulated by homeorhesis with high priority for this trait, which is relatively uncoupled from DMI, and hence with possible restrictions of other functions. The extent and duration of the current NEB is a health risk and is probably one of the reasons for genetic correlations between milk yield and disease. The gap between input and output is closed by the mobilization of reserves characterized by a rapid increase of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) above the acute requirement, in turn leading to ectopic fat disposition in the liver and other organs. Therefore, fat liver and ketosis occur during early lactation within a phase of the priority of the homeorhetic (genetic) regulation of milk production at insufficient DMI. Ketosis is correlated with an impairment of fertility. The correlation between an early cause (ketosis) and a later effect (impaired fertility) cannot be explained satisfactorily, but possible epigenetic alterations look promising for future research. The revealed connection between homeorhesis, fat liver and ketosis, and the impairment of fertility provides an approach for discussions of these topics as a complex. The convergence between these issues should furthermore be extended to other production diseases. Since the genetic background of this interaction must not be neglected, the current breeding system should include further health traits with a predominant emphasis on parameters of metabolism and energy balance.
Impact of Heat Damaged Corn Gluten Meal as Fertilizer on Forage Production During Winter and Summer Seasons and Soil Characteristics
Authors: Han K. J. , Pitman W. D.
Published: February 2020

Corn gluten meal (CGM) has been used as a supplement for livestock feeding due to its high concentration of digestible nitrogen (N) compounds. Heat damaged CGM (HDCGM), which is not suitable for livestock feeding, may still have value as an organic fertilizer. Objective of the study was to evaluate the impacts of non-feed grade HDCGM on forage production from annual cool and warm season grasses and soil characteristics. Pre-plant incorporated HDCGM at 3 Mg/ha was compared with 4.2 Mg/ha poultry litter (POTL), and 160 kg/ha commercial N fertilizer (COMF), and zero fertilizer (ZERO) for production of the cool-season ‘Prine’ annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and the warm-season ‘Greentreat’ sorghum × sudangrass (SS) hybrid (Sorghum bicolor). The treatments were repeated at the same site on December 3, 2010 (planted annual ryegrass), May 26, 2011 (planted SS hybrid), October 24, 2011 (planted annual ryegrass) and May 18, 2012 (planted SS hybrid). The HDCGM had 68% more N concentration than POTL, while its P, K, Mg, and Ca were less than half in POTL. The residual N concentration in buried HDCGM and POTL increased in a similar pattern with time in soil. The HDCGM produced less dry matter (DM) of annual ryegrass and SS hybrid than POTL; however, the differences between the two treatments were not statistically significant. All treatments produced more DM in the second than first year. After two years of field test, soil receiving HDCGM contained higher soil organic matter (OM) and N than receiving POTL. Although not as beneficial as POTL for DM production, HDCGM showed potential value as a slow release fertilizer to improve DM production and soil characteristics.
Adoption of 3D printing technology: an Innovation Diffusion Theory perspective
Authors: Marak Zericho R , Tiwari Ashish , Tiwari Shalini
Published: February 2020

While every new technology faces multiple challenges during market penetration, some technologies could be viewed by the adopters very differently than most others. The 3D Printing also called as Additive Manufacturing (AM), has been in the market for over a decade now, and is touted to be the next revolution in the industry. Technology has found wide applications in various industries, such as consumer electronics, automotive, medical devices, manufacturing and among many others. However, less is known with regards to the adoption and diffusion of 3D Printing technology, especially from the emerging economies. Using a survey method, this study aims to examine the adoption of 3D Printing technology in select industries in India. We found Relative Advantage, Ease of Use and Trialability to be significant. Whereas, Compatibility and Observability emerged as non-significant. We also explored the challenges with respect to 3D Printing Adoption. The knowledge of the major challenges along with the significant factors affecting adoption can help the manufacturers and suppliers of 3D Printing technology to focus on for increasing the rate of adoption.
Does Agroindustry matter? An analytical framework of innovation and internationalization process
Authors: Gonzalez Rafael Kuramoto
Published: February 2020

The aim of this work is to develop an analytical framework that explores the relationship between knowledge flows, technological mastery, innovative results green innovations, organizational growth, internationalization patterns and maturity´s segmentation for Brazilian agroindustry. Much progress has been made in the theoretical understanding of technological mastery´s process, its sources, its results and its indirect implications. However, some of these works focus on manufacturing industries. In addition, some researches ignore that the development of innovative activities could occur in agroindustry. Moreover, agroindustry is generally encapsulated as commodities and low-tech, characterized by a limited opportunity for interaction of technological flows, creation of innovative activities and positive externalities for economic development. However, advances in agroindustry have increasingly been a result of science-based efforts. Therefore, this work launches a theoretical and analytical basis for examining the innovation and internationalization in agroindustry for the Brazilian context.
Estudo sobre os componentes do modelo de negócios: uma pesquisa bibliométrica de 2009 a 2014
Authors: Silvente Giseli Alves , Ciupak Clébia , Carneiro-da-Cunha Julio Araujo
Published: February 2020

This article aims to identify the main aspects discussed by scholars regarding business model components. The methodology used was a bibliometric study, based on the Law of Zipf, whose keywords form “Business model” and “components”. Data were collected from the Capes scientific journals database from 2009 to 2014 and from the Web of Science database. The extracted articles underwent descriptive analysis and the data extracted from the Web of Science were processed through Bibexcel Software, in which it was possible to generate a citation matrix that was managed by the Ucinet64 software, generating a list of authors by importance according to the number of citations and their respective relations of co-citations. The results allowed to identify the main research streams about business model components addressed by the scholars, highlighting value proposition, clients, infrastructure, resources, revenue model and costs.
Das dynamische Gefühl von Vertrauen
Authors: Beermann Astrid , Pinkall Tom
Published: February 2020

Mit dem Begriff der Salutogenese hat Antonovsky seit 1979 prägenden Einfluss auf das westlich medizinische Denken hinsichtlich der Betrachtung von Krankheit und Gesundheit genommen und damit auch die Dimension von Konfliktdynamiken berührt. Er regte damit einen neuen Diskurs an, der sich der Entstehung und dem Erhalt von Gesundheit widmet. Dieser Artikel greift die Grundannahmen der Salutogenese auf, die sich für die Bedingungen der Entstehung und des Erhalts von Gesundheit weit über ein herkömmlich medizinisches Verständnis hinaus interessiert, und verknüpft sie mit weiteren Denkmodellen. Dabei werden Verbindungen zu einem dynamischen Verständnis von Begriffen wie Gesundheit, Konflikt oder Sinn aufgezeigt. Als neuer Begriff wird dabei der des Vertrauens eingeführt und auf der Basis prozessorientierter Zugänge zu Konflikten und ihren Bearbeitungsformen auf seine Bedeutungsmöglichkeiten hinsichtlich eines gesundheitsförderlichen Umgangs mit Konflikten reflektiert.
Generation M – der anwaltliche Berater 4.0
Authors: Eicher Patrick T.
Published: February 2020

Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist die Frage, ob angesichts der bisherigen Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung der Mediation als alternatives Konfliktlösungssystem und dem sich abzeichnenden Konfliktpotential eines Generationenwandels innerhalb des Wirtschaftslebens auch eine neue Generation von anwaltlichen Konfliktmanagern erforderlich ist. In der Folge werden drei Thesen vorgestellt in dem Versuch, etwaige Kernaufgaben bzw. Verantwortlichkeiten und entsprechend erforderliche Kompetenzen einer neuen „Generation M“ zu antizipieren.
Das Konfliktlösungskarussell
Authors: Meyer-Erben Cordula , Wegner Susanne
Published: February 2020

Die hier vorgestellte analoge und ressourcenorientierte Methode „Konfliktlösungskarussell“ unterstützt Teams und Gruppen, ihre ressourcenvollen Ego-States, das innere Erleben und Körperwissen ihrer Mitglieder für das Gruppenziel der Konfliktlösung zu nutzen. Dafür werden Sprachformeln aus dem hypnosystemischen Ansatz verwendet. Das Teamziel wird in der Mitte mittels eines Symbols, z. B. einer Kristallkugel, platziert. Lösungsbilder sowie die ressourcenvollen Anteile der Teammitglieder werden mit Bildkarten bzw. mit Moderationskarten um das Ziel herum auf dem Boden ausgelegt, ähnlich wie bei einem Karussell. Die Bewegung im Raum eröffnet neue Perspektiven und Zugänge zu hilfreichen Lösungen für den Konfliktklärungsprozess.
Energetics and GHG Emission Mitigation Potential Estimation of Solar Water Heating System in India
Authors: Singh Rawat Bhupendra , Chandra Pant Pradeep , Negi Poonam , Ramola Bharti
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study is focused on “energetics” or energy analysis and evaluation of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of solar water heating system (SWHS) having 100 litre per day (lpd) capacity in 28 states of India. Different types of collectors are used in solar water heating system, which may affect on the feasibility of the system. So to analyze this factor, the present approach focused on three types of glazed flat plate collectors. In addition to this, the feasibility of the system also does depend upon the end user applications. So to incorporate more feasible analysis, three different scenarios were considered. For the analysis of environmental impact of the system, GHG emission mitigation potential has also been evaluated by assuming the replacement of the system with frequently used fuels, viz., natural gas, coal, diesel, etc. This was done for both seasonal and annual use of this renewable energy thermal device. The result of this study shows that energy payback period (EPBP) and energy yield ratio (EYR) values for selected locations are in the adoption level. In case of coal, the GHG-emission reduction was found to have a maximum value of 22.4 tCO2 for the state of Rajasthan and a minimum value of 13.4 tCO2, for Jammu & Kashmir, for 20 years of useful lifetime of the system.
EXPLORING THE PERFORMATIVE FUNCTION IN LITERARY TRANSLATION: THE TRANSLATOR’S PURPOSE
Authors: Miššíková Gabriela
Published: February 2020

This paper examines the application of text-act theory in literary translation, attempting to evaluate its efficacy in the analysis of larger texts, such as novels. The texts that form the material basis for this examination are the Slovak novel Dunaj v Amerike (2010) and its (authorized, unpublished) English translation Danube in America (2016). The main research objective is to compare the performative function in the Slovak source text (ST) and the English target text (TT), implementing the concept of the pragmatic translator as suggested by Morini (2008, 2012). Aiming to discover the relationship between the performative function of the TT and its actual perception by TT readers, the research project was realised involving the participation of the translators 1 and TT recipients.
From Inside the DLP
Authors: Sokes Katharine M.
Published: February 2020

From Inside the DLP
Library services to the academically disadvantaged in the public community college: A draft
Authors: Library Association American
Published: February 2020

Library services to the academically disadvantaged in the public community college: A draft
Guidelines regarding thefts in libraries
Authors: Library Association American
Published: February 2020

Guidelines regarding thefts in libraries
News from the Field
Authors: Library Association American
Published: February 2020

News from the Field
Media tips: What to do when the media calls and some quotes your audience will love
Authors: Library Association American
Published: February 2020

Media tips: What to do when the media calls and some quotes your audience will love
Executive coaching para desenvolvimento de competências de enfermeiras líderes
Authors: Menegaz Jouhanna do Carmo , Fontes Victoria Malcher Silva
Published: February 2020

Objetivo: analisar o desenvolvimento de competências individuais de enfermeiras líderes em sessões de peer coaching. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e analítico, realizado em hospital universitário do Norte do Brasil. Participaram oito enfermeiras gerentes de unidades assistenciais e técnicas. Os dados foram coletados no decorrer e após as sessões de peer coaching, por meio de observação não participante, documentos e entrevista. Posteriormente, foram reunidos e analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultado: realizaram-se 25 sessões. A partir do estado atual, elegeram-se um estado desejado e a competência ou habilidade relacionada. Foram eleitas: resolução de conflitos, supervisão, organização, processo administrativo, delegação, liderança, trabalho em equipe, tomada de decisão, comunicação e educação permanente. As competências foram avaliadas com desenvolvimento ausente, parcial ou integral. Conclusão: os resultados sugerem que, independentemente de os dados objetivos e subjetivos poderem classificar o desenvolvimento de competências, o despertar da consciência, a conduta de responsabilização e o processo de reflexão da experiência são avanços individuais e, consequentemente, organizacionais. Ressalta-se que o desenvolvimento de competências e a implementação de mudanças são possíveis com coaching. O processo modificou a percepção das enfermeiras, motivou e foi positivo, mesmo em cenário adverso.
A importância da Extensão Universitária para o desenvolvimento acadêmico: Metodologia aplicada no Projeto Cariño
Authors: Perini Anerose
Published: February 2020

O artigo tem como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento do Projeto de Extensão universitária Cariño, nos primeiros anos do projeto. Através da metodologia de base “Design Centrado no Humano” da IDEO, foi criada uma metodologia apropriada para a realização das capacitações do Projeto Cariño. O estudo teve início em 2017 e sua validação no ano de 2018. Para sua primeira etapa foi realizada a pesquisa qualitativa exploratória descritiva, aplicada à grupos focais em comunidades com vulnerabilidade social. A partir da proposta de capacitar pessoas para o melhor desenvolvimento humano sustentável, na geração de renda com o  ensino de técnicas manuais, costura e modelagem. A mensuração do impacto social nos períodos da capacitação foi traçada a partir da pesquisa quantitativa com escala Linkert para validação da aplicação das técnicas desenvolvidas e material didático. Percebe-se que a metodologia do projeto de extensão durante as capacitações apresentou aplicação positiva, validando os materiais desenvolvidos para a concretização da Extensão universitária a partir do design e na interdisciplinaridade da equipe de bolsistas do projeto.
A implantação de um núcleo de extensão em um curso superior de tecnologia em Design de Moda
Authors: Mendes Layla de Brito , De Melo Meireles Mirelly Karolinny
Published: February 2020

Este artigo apresenta o relato de experiência de um projeto experimental, a implantação do Núcleo de Extensão e Prática Profissional vinculado a um curso superior de Tecnologia em Design de Moda de uma instituição pública de ensino. Este núcleo tem como objetivo geral aliar atividades de prática profissional dos alunos à inclusão social, reforçando a importância de se manter e fomentar a relação entre as comunidades acadêmica e externa.
Places for People
Authors: Scott-Smith Tom
Published: February 2020

Humanitarian innovation has come under considerable fire in recent years for its
uncritical technophilia, its links with the private sector and its tendency to
fetishise objects rather than focusing on politics and process. There are many
examples of these issues in the shelter sector, yet this article argues that a
clear distinction should be made between innovation and architecture. By
comparing the Ikea-funded Better Shelter with the series of architectural
interventions in Vienna, collectively known as Places for
People, this paper argues that architecture can productively engage
with humanitarianism not by constructing shelters but by designing at a smaller
scale in a way that does not involve any building at all.
Path sampling for atmospheric reactions: formic acid catalysed conversion of SO3 + H2O to H2SO4
Authors: Daub Christopher D. , Riccardi Enrico , Hänninen Vesa , Halonen Lauri
Published: February 2020

Atmospheric reactions, hitherto studied computationally mainly with static computations in conjunction with transition state theories, can be further described via path sampling calculations. Here we report on an exploratory study of the formic acid catalysed hydrolysis of SO3 to produce H2SO4. We demonstrate that precise measurements of rate coefficients can be obtained in principle for such reactions with an acceptable expenditure of computational resources, and that new insights into the reaction can be obtained by the analysis of the path space explored via path sampling techniques.
Get a grip—evolution of claw shape in relation to microhabitat use in intertidal arthropods (Acari, Oribatida)
Authors: Pfingstl Tobias , Kerschbaumer Michaela , Shimano Satoshi
Published: February 2020

Claws may be the most common biological attachment devices in animals but relatively few studies have examined the ecological and evolutionary significance of their morphology. We performed the first geometric morphometric investigation of arthropod claws using 15 intertidal oribatid mite species from two different families living in three different habitat types to determine if claw shape is correlated with ecology. Our results show that species living on rocky shores show remarkably high and strongly curved claws while species from mangrove habitats show significantly lower and less curved claws. Euryoecious species are able to dwell in a wide range of habitats and show an intermediate claw type. These results indicate a strong relationship between claw shape and microhabitat and the best predictors of microhabitat use seem to be claw height and curvature. Claw length varied to some degree among the species but without any noticeable ecological pattern. A comparison with terrestrial and freshwater aquatic oribatid mite species, on the other hand, confirms that their claws are only half as long as that of intertidal mites and it is suggested that tidal flooding and wave action strongly selects for long claws. In this microarthropod group which occupies a vast array of microhabitats, claw morphology may play an important role in niche separation and hence demonstrate the importance of ecomorphological studies.
Phylogenomic analysis of 589 metagenome-assembled genomes encompassing all major prokaryotic lineages from the gut of higher termites
Authors: Hervé Vincent , Liu Pengfei , Dietrich Carsten , Sillam-Dussès David , Stiblik Petr , Šobotník Jan , Brune Andreas
Published: February 2020

“Higher” termites have been able to colonize all tropical and subtropical regions because of their ability to digest lignocellulose with the aid of their prokaryotic gut microbiota. Over the last decade, numerous studies based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries have largely described both the taxonomy and structure of the prokaryotic communities associated with termite guts. Host diet and microenvironmental conditions have emerged as the main factors structuring the microbial assemblages in the different gut compartments. Additionally, these molecular inventories have revealed the existence of termite-specific clusters that indicate coevolutionary processes in numerous prokaryotic lineages. However, for lack of representative isolates, the functional role of most lineages remains unclear. We reconstructed 589 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the different gut compartments of eight higher termite species that encompass 17 prokaryotic phyla. By iteratively building genome trees for each clade, we significantly improved the initial automated assignment, frequently up to the genus level. We recovered MAGs from most of the termite-specific clusters in the radiation of, for example, Planctomycetes, Fibrobacteres, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Bathyarchaeota, Spirochaetes, Saccharibacteria, and Firmicutes, which to date contained only few or no representative genomes. Moreover, the MAGs included abundant members of the termite gut microbiota. This dataset represents the largest genomic resource for arthropod-associated microorganisms available to date and contributes substantially to populating the tree of life. More importantly, it provides a backbone for studying the metabolic potential of the termite gut microbiota, including the key members involved in carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles, and important clues that may help cultivating representatives of these understudied clades.
Comparative Sensitivity Performance of the Discriminant Function and Logistic Regression under Different Training and Test Samples for Predicting Birth Outcomes
Authors: Asosega K. A. , Opoku-Ameyaw K. , Otoo D. , Mac-Ocloo M. K. , Ayinzoya R.
Published: February 2020

Population increases with time through birth, and researchers have often used either Logistic regression model or Discriminant analysis to study and classify birth outcomes. In this paper, the authors sought to investigate the sensitivity of the two methods used separately to explain and classify birth outcomes under different training and test samples. Out of 5000 birth outcomes data comprising of 1250 stillbirth cases and 3750 live births and with four test samples (50%, 40%, 30% and 25%). The Discriminant Analysis averagely correctly classified 89.8% of birth outcome cases compared to 82.4% for the logistic regression. The Discriminant analysis on the average correctly predicted 94.2% of live births compared to 83.1% for the Logistic regression. On stillbirth, 75.7% and 80.9% success rates were recorded for Discriminant Analysis and Logistic regression respectively. All predictors (Maternal Age, Gestational period, fetus weight, parity and Gravida) were statistically significant (p-value < 0.01) in determining birth outcomes of pregnancies in both methods. The results showed that, both techniques are almost similar in predicting birth outcome. However, the Discriminant analysis is preferred for the 25% and 50% test samples whiles, the logistic regression performed well under the 30% and 40% test sample data.
Microhole Forming and Creep Behavior of Fe‐Based Nanocrystalline Alloys under Laser Dynamic Impact
Authors: Liu Huixia , Cui Jiankun , Wang Lei , Ma Youjuan , Wang Xiao
Published: February 2020

Given the difficulty of forming Fe‐based nanocrystalline alloys at room temperature, this study uses soft film as a flexible micropunch to realize the formation of microholes in Fe‐based nanocrystalline alloy foil under laser impact. The effect of laser energy and soft film thickness on forming accuracy of the workpiece is studied, particularly fracture surface characteristic of the workpiece and the creep behavior of the workpiece. It is found that with increased laser energy, forming accuracy is improved. The fracture surface comprises sliding and fracture regions, and a large number of melt droplets and melt zone are distributed on the surface of the fracture region. This feature indicates that the workpiece exhibits brittle fracture in macroscopic scale and exhibits plastic fracture in the microscopic scale. The creep behavior of the workpiece comprises transient creep and steady state creep. With the extension of creep time, the stress exponent reaches a stable state. With the increase in load, the stress exponent also increases, which shows the obvious maximum load dependence.
Electric Field Effect on the Reactivity of Solid State Materials: The Case of Single Layer Graphene
Authors: Kim Min A. , Qiu Nianxiang , Li Zhiting , Huang Qing , Chai Zhifang , Du Shiyu , Liu Haitao
Published: February 2020

This manuscript reports the first example of charge‐doping‐induced reactivity enhancement in macroscopic‐sized solid state material. Single layer graphene is supported on a Si wafer that has a 300 nm thick SiO2 layer and is heated photothermally in air to ≈240 °C. Applying both positive and negative pulsed back gate voltages increases the rate of graphene oxidation, as measured by the change of ID/IG ratio using Raman spectroscopy. The fact that both electron and hole doping increase the reactivity argues against electrochemical oxidation and suggests a new mechanism is at play. The enhancement effect increases with the magnitude and the frequency of the square wave back gate voltage. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the activation barriers for O2 insertion into graphene and desorption of CO2 decrease in the presence of an electric field. This study suggests charge doping as a new approach that can modulate the reactivity of solid state materials in real time and compliment chemical‐based catalysis.
Light‐Triggered Cancer Cell Specific Targeting and Liposomal Drug Delivery in a Zebrafish Xenograft Model
Authors: Kong Li , Chen Quanchi , Campbell Frederick , Snaar‐Jagalska Ewa , Kros Alexander
Published: February 2020

Cell‐specific drug delivery remains a major unmet challenge for cancer nanomedicines. Here, light‐triggered, cell‐specific delivery of liposome‐encapsulated doxorubicin to xenograft human cancer cells in live zebrafish embryos is demonstrated. This method relies on light‐triggered dePEGylation of liposome surfaces to reveal underlying targeting functionality. To demonstrate general applicability of this method, light‐triggered, MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell specific targeting in vivo (embryonic zebrafish) is shown using both clinically relevant, folate‐liposomes, as well as an experimental liposome‐cell fusion system. In the case of liposome‐cell fusion, the delivery of liposomal doxorubicin direct to the cytosol of target cancer cells results in enhanced cytotoxicity, compared to doxorubicin delivery via either folate‐liposomes or free doxorubicin, as well as a significant reduction in xenograft cancer cell burden within the embryonic fish.
A Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF) Fenton Nanoagent‐Enabled Nanocatalytic Cancer Therapy in Synergy with Autophagy Inhibition
Authors: Yang Bowen , Ding Li , Yao Heliang , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin
Published: February 2020

Nanocatalytic medicine has been developed recently to trigger intratumoral generation of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for cancer therapy, which, unfortunately, suffers from compromised therapeutic efficacy due to a self‐protective mechanism, autophagy, of cancer cells to mitigate oxidative damage. In this work, during the efforts of ROS generation by nanocatalytic medicine, a pharmacological autophagy inhibition strategy is implemented for augmenting ROS‐induced oxidative damage for synergetic cancer therapy. An iron‐containing metal‐organic framework [MOF(Fe)] nanocatalyst as a peroxidase mimic is used to catalyze the generation of highly oxidizing •OH radicals specifically within cancer cells, while chloroquine is applied to deacidify lysosomes and inhibit autophagy, cutting off the self‐protection pathway under severe oxidative stress. Cancer cells fail to extract their components to detoxicate and strengthen themselves, finally succumbing to the ROS‐induced oxidative damage during nanocatalytic therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate the synergy between nanocatalytic therapy and autophagy inhibition, suggesting that such a combined strategy is applicable to amplify tumor‐specific oxidative damage and may be informative to future design of therapeutic regimen.
Synergistic Improvement of Long‐Term Plasticity in Photonic Synapses Using Ferroelectric Polarization in Hafnia‐Based Oxide‐Semiconductor Transistors
Authors: Kim Min‐Kyu , Lee Jang‐Sik
Published: February 2020

A number of synapse devices have been intensively studied for the neuromorphic system which is the next‐generation energy‐efficient computing method. Among these various types of synapse devices, photonic synapse devices recently attracted significant attention. In particular, the photonic synapse devices using persistent photoconductivity (PPC) phenomena in oxide semiconductors are receiving much attention due to the similarity between relaxation characteristics of PPC phenomena and Ca2+ dynamics of biological synapses. However, these devices have limitations in its controllability of the relaxation characteristics of PPC behaviors. To utilize the oxide semiconductor as photonic synapse devices, relaxation behavior needs to be accurately controlled. In this study, a photonic synapse device with controlled relaxation characteristics by using an oxide semiconductor and a ferroelectric layer is demonstrated. This device exploits the PPC characteristics to demonstrate synaptic functions including short‐term plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), and long‐term plasticity (LTP). The relaxation properties are controlled by the polarization of the ferroelectric layer, and this polarization is used to control the amount by which the conductance levels increase during PPF operation and to enhance LTP characteristics. This study provides an important step toward the development of photonic synapses with tunable synaptic functions.
Comprehensive Elucidation of Grain Boundary Behavior in All‐Inorganic Halide Perovskites by Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Hu Ziyang , Gao Can , Yang Cheng , Zhang Jing , Zhu Yuejin
Published: February 2020

All‐inorganic halide perovskite (AIHP) is becoming one of the most promising generation materials of perovskite photovoltaics for commercialization due to its thermodynamic stability and soared efficiency. Depending on material properties, grain boundary (GB) has detrimental or beneficial effect on device photovoltaic performance. However, less attention is paid to GB behavior in AIHPs. Herein, it is concluded that the microscopic GBs are the major sites for photocarrier generation and transport, as well as the ionic pathway dominating the current hysteresis behavior in AIHP solar cells. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements reveal a lower surface potential at GBs as compared to grain interiors (GIs), suggesting a significant upward band bending around GBs. Conductive atomic force microscopy (c‐AFM) measurements show a higher current flow in the vicinity of GBs, indicating enhanced carrier separation and collection taking place at GBs. Furthermore, the existence of ion motion is evidenced both by the single‐point c‐AFM measurement and voltage‐controlled KPFM measurement, which accounts for the common current hysteresis behavior in AIHP solar cells. These investigations provide an advanced understanding of the role of GBs in AIHP and further inspiration on how to optimize device performance up to the levels of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite.
Immunogenicity of Polyethylene Glycol Based Nanomedicines: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications and Systematic Approach
Authors: d'Avanzo Nicola , Celia Christian , Barone Antonella , Carafa Maria , Di Marzio Luisa , Santos Hélder A. , Fresta Massimo
Published: February 2020

PEGylation technique is currently considered the gold standard approach to provide a long and safe circulation of drugs. Although this is the accepted dogma, various clinical reports and animal studies show the occurrence of immunogenic responses against polyethylene glycol (PEG) after systemic injection. These side effects, associated with complement activation and/or anti‐PEG antibody production, result in hypersensitivity reactions and lack of therapeutic efficacy of the drug during clinical protocols. Furthermore, different healthy patients show the presence of anti‐PEG antibodies in their blood stream, even though they have not received PEGylated drugs. The aim of this review is to discuss the main mechanisms based on PEG immunogenicity and its clinical implications and report the most promising approaches to reduce these unexpected side effects.
One‐Pot Synthesis of PEGylated Lipoplexes to Facilitate Mucosal Permeation for Oral Insulin Gene Delivery
Authors: Nie Tianqi , He Zhiyu , Zhu Jinchang , Liu Lixin , Chen Yongming
Published: February 2020

Oral nucleic acid therapy for transgene expressions of insulin in vivo is an emerging strategy in treating type I diabetes (T1D) to address poor patient compliance for daily insulin injections. However, this strategy to achieve high delivery efficiency is impeded by biological barriers including gastrointestinal trafficking, enzymatic degradation, mucosal transport, etc. This article addresses the mucosal transport barrier by adopting a hydrophilic and neutral surface onto cationic lipid/DNA nanoparticles to reduce the obstacle of permeation through the mucus. A facile one‐pot method to coat the PEG layer on a (2,3‐dioleoyloxy‐propyl)‐trimethylammonium (DOTAP)/DNA nanocomplex for expressing insulin is presented. A kinetically controlled mixing technique, namely flash nanocomplexation (FNC), is used to rapidly mix 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐rac‐glycero‐3‐methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐2000 (DMG‐PEG) and DOTAP with plasmid DNA. The produced uniform nanoparticles (60 ± 2.1 nm) with a PEG surface demonstrates enhanced transportation in the mucus layer of the GI tract. A systemic transgene expression is confirmed, and the expressed insulin maintains the blood glucose level of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced T1D mice within the normal range (5–10 mmol L−1) for 24 h following oral gavage and shows repetitive therapeutic effects by multiple doses. This shows the feasibility for fast translation of DMG‐PEG/DOTAP‐DNA nanoparticles in T1D treatment via oral delivery.
17.1% Efficient Single‐Junction Organic Solar Cells Enabled by n‐Type Doping of the Bulk‐Heterojunction
Authors: Lin Yuanbao , Firdaus Yuliar , Nugraha Mohamad Insan , Liu Feng , Karuthedath Safakath , Emwas Abdul‐Hamid , Zhang Weimin , Seitkhan Akmaral , Neophytou Marios , Faber Hendrik , Yengel Emre , McCulloch Iain , Tsetseris Leonidas , Laquai Frédéric , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: February 2020

Molecular doping is often used in organic semiconductors to tune their (opto)electronic properties. Despite its versatility, however, its application in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) remains limited and restricted to p‐type dopants. In an effort to control the charge transport within the bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) of OPVs, the n‐type dopant benzyl viologen (BV) is incorporated in a BHJ composed of the donor polymer PM6 and the small‐molecule acceptor IT‐4F. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the cells is found to increase from 13.2% to 14.4% upon addition of 0.004 wt% BV. Analysis of the photoactive materials and devices reveals that BV acts simultaneously as n‐type dopant and microstructure modifier for the BHJ. Under optimal BV concentrations, these synergistic effects result in balanced hole and electron mobilities, higher absorption coefficients and increased charge‐carrier density within the BHJ, while significantly extending the cells' shelf‐lifetime. The n‐type doping strategy is applied to five additional BHJ systems, for which similarly remarkable performance improvements are obtained. OPVs of particular interest are based on the ternary PM6:Y6:PC71BM:BV(0.004 wt%) blend for which a maximum PCE of 17.1%, is obtained. The effectiveness of the n‐doping strategy highlights electron transport in NFA‐based OPVs as being a key issue.
Productivity, stability, and resilience of cool‐season perennial grasses used for rangeland revegetation
Authors: Robins Joseph G. , Waldron Blair L. , Jensen Kevin B.
Published: February 2020

An analysis of biomass and ground cover data collected from six rangeland sites in the Intermountain and Northern Great Plains areas of the United States from 2000 to 2004 was undertaken to characterize the productivity, stability, and resilience of cool‐season perennial grass species. Among the 13 included species, and the 48 cultivars, intermediate wheatgrass [Thinpyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey], tall wheatgrass [Thinpyrum elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey], and to a lesser extent crested wheatgrass [Agropryon cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.] possessed the greatest biomass productivity and ground cover. Basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve], thickspike wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould], and bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve] were least productive and stable. There were no differences among species or cultivars for biomass resilience and differences for ground cover resilience were limited. Overall, these three statistics provide an interesting comparison among rangeland species, but more long‐term datasets are necessary for greater inferences and more definitive conclusions.