bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOURCES OF ORIENTALISM: TRACING OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN BRITISH MIND
Authors: ÖĞÜNÇ Banu
Published: January 2019

Established on three different continents, the Ottoman Empire demonstrated unquestioned political success and constituted the representation of orientalism for the West. Both her geographical position and her cultural identity as an Eastern and a Muslim provided the structure to approach the Ottoman Empire representing the Eastern identity as constructed by the West. Hence, a stereotypical representation of Turks created in order to satisfy the oriental approach of the West. This perspective can be observed in British sources as well. Beyond her exotic qualities for the West, the rival position of the Ottoman Empire against the British Empire provoked further interest in British names. As is common in oriental texts, British sources also reshaped the Turkish identity unconsciously to fit the text’s stereotypical perspective. In addition to the fixed image of Turks and the Ottoman Empire that is depicted underlining Westernized qualities, British written sources do not hesitate to reinterpret the constructed image of Turks as a medium for their own ideologies. In this regard, tracing the British sources and their representation establishes a problematic depiction of the Ottoman Empire and the Turks that is dominated by Western ideology. Moreover, it can be further argued that the literary works also both fed upon and contributed to the stereotypical depiction of Turks as an exotic eastern. Travel writing of the time also maintained the perception of Turkish identity representing the constructed understanding of the West regarding the East. Consequently, this study aims at tracing the stereotypical image of Turks as depicted in British sources especially with emphasis of sources dating to the 19th century as the highlight of Orientalism in British Empire. Hence, the misinterpretation of the Ottoman Empire and Turks will be laid out in a chronological order underlining their common perspective.
GEÇ OSMANLI DÖNEMİ KENTSEL MEKANDA BATILILAŞMAETKİLERİ: KONYA MİLLET BAHÇESİ
Authors: ÇELİK Filiz
Published: January 2019

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda, Tanzimat Fermanı’ndan Cumhuriyete kadar olan, 1839-1923 yılları arasında yaşanan modernleşme sürecini yönlendiren batılılaşma hareketi, başta devletin yönetimi olmak üzere eğitim, siyaset, sosyal, kültür, ekonomi ve yerleşimlere kadar her alanda kendini göstermiştir. Batılaşmanın etkileri, merkez-çevre ilişkili olduğu için öncelikle İstanbul’da yoğun olarak ön plana çıkmış; ancak Anadolu’daki kentlerde farklı düzeylerde de olsa yansımaları görülmüştür. Kentlerde mimariden sokakların fiziki yapısına; kent formundan açık-yeşil alanlara kadar kentin bütününde etkili olan değişimler yaşanmıştır. Siyasi dönüşümlerin kent mekanı üzerindeki etkileriyle yeşil alanların işlevi ve formu değişime uğramış; bu değişim ve dönüşüm yeşil alanlarda görünürlük kazanmıştır. Toplumsal dinamiklerin kent mekanına yansıdığı batılılaşma sürecinde batı tarzında yeni yeşil alanlar düzenlenmiştir. Fransa’daki Halk Bahçelerinden esinlenerek halka açık park ve bahçeler yapılmış; başta İstanbul olmak üzere diğer Osmanlı kentlerinde de yer alan bu bahçelere “Millet Bahçesi” adı verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada; geç Osmanlı döneminde yeşil alanlarda değişim ve batılılaşma etkisi ile farklı kentlerde halkın kullanımına sunulan Millet Bahçesi hakkında açıklama yapılmış; Osmanlı döneminde Konya’nın kentsel özellikleri ve Konya Millet Bahçesi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.
p-XRF’in Kültürel Miras Eserleri Üzerine Yapılan Çalışmalarda Kullanımı
Authors: Şimşek Gülsu
Published: January 2019

Kültürel miras eserlerinde yapılacak bilimsel çalışmalar, incelenen eserin üretim yerini ve
orijinal olup olmadığını tespit ederken, üretildiği dönemin teknolojisinin de öğrenilmesini
sağlar. Öte yandan, restorasyon ve konservasyon işlemleri için, uygun malzeme ve
uygun yöntem seçimine yardımcı olur. Günümüzde bazı tahribatlı yöntemlerin (Raman
spektroskopisi, X-ışınları floresans spektroskopisi) tahribatsız modelleri, yerinde
analizlere imkan tanıdığından, kazı alanlarında, müzelerde ve özel koleksiyonlarda sanat
eserleri üzerine yapılan arkeometrik çalışmaların günden güne artmasını sağlamışlardır.
Bu çalışmada, tarafımdan Limoges üretimi tabaklar taşınabilir X-ışınları floresans
spektrometresi (p-XRF) ile analiz edilmiş, orijinal ve restore edilen bölgelerdeki sarı renkli
dekorun birbirleri arasındaki malzeme farklılığı ortaya konmuştur. Restoratör, orijinal
dekordan çok farklı bir bileşimle, orijinaline yakın bir tonda sarı rengi elde edebilmiştir.
Ancak, görsel olarak açık ve koyu ton farklılıkları gözlemlenmektedir. Restorasyon öncesi
yapılacak malzeme analizleri, restorasyonun estetiksel ve fiziksel olarak kalıcı olmasını
sağlarlar.
Investigation of the immobilization of probiotics as a method for their protection and delivery to the human gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Гаврилова Наталья , Gavrilova Natalia , Чернопольская Наталья , Chernopolskaya Natalia , Банникова Анна , Bannikova Anna , Евдокимов Иван , Evdokimov Ivan , Шрамко Мария , Shramko Maria
Published: January 2019

The relevance of research is the experimental and analytical justification of the effectiveness of the joint use of biopolymers of animal and plant origin as a substrate in the process of immobilization of the association of probiotic cultures. Researches are executed in specialized laboratories of universities: Omsk GAU, Saratov GAU, SKFU. In the form of a substrate were used: gelatin, χ-carrageenan, low-esterified pectin, modified starch; as bioobjects are selected: L. acidophilus, B. Lactis, S. thermophilus. To obtain reliable and complete characteristics, a set of research methods was used in the work: physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological. Investigation of immobilization allowed to determine the optimal ratio of biopolymers as a carrier (substrate): pectin and gelatin, as 2:1; the total concentration of solids of the carrier solution (20.0 ± 0.5)% by weight. The total number of viable cells of probiotic microorganisms in membranes (plates) is an average of lg (11.0 ± 0.55). In order to extend the shelf life, the membranes were dried in a freeze dryer, with parameters: the temperature of the frozen product (–25 °C) and the residual pressure in the sublimate 0.013–0.133 kPa. Immobilization by microencapsulation of the association of probiotic cultures of L. acidophilus, B. Lactis and S. thermophilus into a gel of biopolymers: gelatin food, pectin gene LM 106 AS-YA, starch in a ratio of 5:1:1 was studied by microencapsulation. The obtained microcapsules were studied in imitated gastric and intestinal conditions, while the number of viable probiotic cells was determined at different times of their degradation. It was established that 20–25% of viable cells of probiotics were released from capsules in the "artificial stomach" phase, 75–80% in the "artificial bowel" phase. Innovative biotechnologies of milk based products for specialized nutrition are presented.
Development of food concentrate – semi-finished product with amaranth flour for gluten-free cupcakes
Authors: Егорова Елена , Egorova Elena , Резниченко Ирина , Reznichenko Irina
Published: January 2019

Narrow range of Russian products for consumers with celiac disease, high prices and low nutritional value of these products determine the relevance of the development of new flour confectionery products for consumers who stick to a gluten-free diet. The aim of the work was to develop a food concentrate – semi-finished product for gluten-free cupcakes cooking. The main object of the studies was flour obtained from amaranth seeds which had been chosen because of the advantages of its chemical composition compared to the traditional industrial types of gluten-free flour – rice flour and corn flour. Amaranth flour was introduced into the dough in the form of a homogeneous mixture with corn flour or rice flour. It amounted for 5.0% to 25.0% of the total amount of flour. According to the results of studies of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of the cupcakes quality the authors proposed the optimal combinations of corn flour and amaranth flour; rice flour and amaranth flour. They showed that if the dough base includes corn flour and amaranth flour in the ratio of 10.0–12.5% : 90.0–87.5% or rice flour and amaranth flour in the ratio of 15.0–17.5% : 85.0–82.5% it allows to obtain standard quality cupcakes. Considering these data the authors developed the recipes of semi-finished gluten-free cupcakes with amaranth flour. Calculation of nutritional value of semi-finished gluten-free cupcakes cooked following the developed recipes showed that corn-amaranth and rice-amaranth cupcakes had a better ratio of basic nutrients. They had higher content of easy-to-digest gluten-free proteins (up to 7.9–8.4 g/100 g of semi-finished product) and dietary fibers (up to 1.2–3.4 g/100 g of semi-finished product). They had lower total fat content (4–5 times). Based on the results of the conducted research it is possible to confirm that the use of amaranth flour in the development of semi-finished gluten-free cupcakes can significantly increase the nutritional value of these products and to extend the product range of affordable gluten-free Russian products.
New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Intradialytic Hypertension
Authors: Hajal Joelle , Saliba Youakim , Joubran Najat , Sleilaty Ghassan , Chacra Dima , Assaad Shafika , Chelala Dania , Farès Nassim
Published: January 2019

Background:

Intradialytic hypertension is identified as an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients. Little is known about its pathophysiological mechanism.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying this arterial pressure dysregulation.

Methods:

62 subjects on chronic hemodialysis were included in this study. Blood pressure was monitored before, during and following each dialysis session for a 3-month period. Pre- and post-dialysis blood samples were drawn from all the subjects to perform immunoassays, monocyte extractions and western blot analyses.

Results:

Blood pressure values separated the subjects with in two groups: normal blood pressure (n=53) and intradialytic hypertension (n=9) groups. Renin, angiotensin converting enzyme I and aldosterone plasma concentrations significantly diverged between the groups. Vascular endothelial nitric oxide assessment revealed significantly lower plasma L-citrulline and angiotensin-converting enzyme II in post-dialysis intradialytic hypertensive patients, along with high endothelin I and asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations. Plasma collectrin levels were significantly higher in pre and post-dialysis intradialytic hypertensive group compared to a normal blood pressure group. Post-dialysis interleukin 6 was significantly higher in intradialytic hypertensive group compared to normal blood pressure group. Finally, pre-dialysis intradialytic hypertension was associated with significantly higher circulating vascular endothelial growth factor C with monocytic up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor C/tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein expression.

Conclusion:

Impairment of vascular endothelial nitric oxide key regulatory elements, as well as monocytic vascular endothelial growth factor C seems to be more prevalent in intradialytic hypertension. These clues could pinpoint novel therapeutic interventions in intradialytic hypertension management.
Feminist dystopian consciousness in margaret atwood’s the handmaid's tale
Authors: Arbaoui Fatima Zahra El
Published: January 2019

Margaret Atwood's famous dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s tale, was written in 1985 during the emergence of the opposition to the feminist movement. The struggle that occurred between both parties of the women's rights issue excited Atwood, as an active advocate of this movement, to write this novel to alert women of what the female gender may mislay if the feminist movement were defeated. She has attempted to warn her readers through the life of Offred; a handmaid who expresses her dystopian feminist consciousness by taking the role of a storyteller and being the narrator and controller of her own story. The core aim of this article would be to focus on how Offred combines her feminist consciousness, memories, and language as liberty instruments to detect her way towards freedom? How can this consciousness be the seed which grows into the sapling of self-expression she cultivates and nourishes through the novel?
Pine sawdust biochar as a potential amendment for establishing trees in Appalachian mine spoils
Authors: Fields-Johnson Christopher Warren , Fike John H , Galbraith John M , Maguire Rory O , Day Susan D , Zedaker Shepard M , Mathis Joseph Eric
Published: January 2019

Early growth and survival of tree seedlings is often poor on reclaimed coal surface mines in Appalachia. Biochar produced in bioenergy generation has potential for use as an amendment to improve seedling performance. Mine soil was collected from a recently reclaimed coal surface mine in Wise County, Virginia and mixed with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) sawdust biochar, simulating application rates of 2.3, 11.2 and 22.5 Mg ha-1. Unplanted leaching columns and 4 L tree planting pots were filled with these biochar-soil mixtures, plus controls of pure mine soil and pure biochar. For the tree planting pots, additional pots were created where the biochar was applied as a topdressing at the same application rates as in the mixtures. One-year-old seedlings of both American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were planted. Unplanted leaching columns were leached with collected rainwater for six months to simulate weathering. Trees were grown for one growing season. Black locust had higher average above-ground dry woody biomass (24.4 g) than American sycamore (17.0 g), and also higher below-ground biomass (61.0 g compared to 30.2 g). The pure biochar produced greater average below-ground biomass (99.9 g) than the pure mine soil (46.9 g). All of the biochar treatments produced greater average above-ground woody biomass (19.1 g – 33.4 g) than the pure mine soil (10.9 g). After weathering, biochar provided less available soil phosphorus, calcium and iron than the mine soil itself while increasing soil carbon and organic matter. High (22.5 Mg ha-1) biochar applications increased soil volumetric water holding capacity to 18.6% compared to 13.4% for pure mine soil. Naturally-occurring herbaceous biomass in the pots was negatively correlated with above-ground woody biomass at r = -0.483. Topdressing and full incorporation of biochar were not significantly different in their effects on biomass. Results suggest that pine biochar either broadcast at 2.3 - 22.5 Mg ha‑1, or mixed in planting holes with backfill soil, will promote faster above-ground growth and larger root systems in seedlings in mine soils. Further studies should test these methods in the field over multiple years and further refine recommendations of the rate of biochar to use and how best to apply it. New systems are being developed in Appalachia to produce biofuels and biochar from local biomass and to recycle biochar into the land base to enhance future biomass productivity. Applying 4 L of biochar mixed with the backfill of newly-planted trees is the top recommended practice for tree performance.
Alley cropping with strawberries: Two case-studies in Romania
Authors: Nicolescu Valeriu Norocel , Hernea Cornelia , Sandi Vilhelm
Published: January 2019

The paper focuses on the use of alley cropping, an arable agroforestry system comprising rows of trees planted with a companion crop grown in the alleyways between the rows, in two sub-compartments (81B%: 0.75 ha, elevation 715 m asl; 81E: 3.4 ha, elevation 735 m asl) artificially regenerated at 1.80 m x 1.60 m spacing in the south-east of Transylvania (Romania) in 1997 (81B%) and 2003 (81E). The climate (Dfbx, specific to low and middle mountains) and soil (luvisol, of moderate fertility for pure or mixed Quercus petraea stands) are only moderately favourable to strawberry culture. The rows of tree species consists of Quercus rubra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus avium (81B%), and Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, and Larix decidua (81E). Strawberries (variety Elsanta,) were planted at 60 x 60 cm spacing in two pure rows in-between the tree rows as well as within the rows of planted trees. Both plantations were fenced, with manual topsoil hoeing up to four times a year, lighly fertilized (N, P, K complex) and chemically protected against browsing and pests.

Strawberry rotation (six years, of which five years - two to six - with fruit production) was longer than the one (maximum three years) recommended in pure crops. Strawberry production reached the maximum level in years 3 or 4.

Under the local conditions, the alley cropping with strawberries had demonstrated to be a viable alternative to the 'classical' monocropping system in terms of (a) survival rate of plants (over 95 per cent), (b) initial height growth of plants (very quick, resulting from reduced competition with grasses and naturally regenerated forest trees such as pioneer species), (c) establishment of a new forest culture, the full forest cover being achieved immediately after the end of strawberry production, as well as (d) economics (early and relevant revenue from the crop).
THE TACTICAL GAMES MODELSAND MOTIVATION LEARNINGOF PHYSICAL FITNESS THE VOCATIONAL SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Ginanjar Agi
Published: January 2019

This study aims to determine differences in the physical fitness of students studying through tactical games model and students who learn through conventional learning model and to understand the interaction between the learning model with learning motivation towards physical fitness. The method used in this study is a research method experiment with a 2x2 factorial design, data collection techniques for motivation to learn using a questionnaire, to use the physical fitness Physical Fitness Test Indonesia's equivalent of high school and for hypothesis testing using ANOVA two ways. Participants in this study were students of SMK TKR NU Kaplongan Indramayu many as 276 people with a sample of 74 people, for the determination of the sample using Taro Yamane formula and sampling using simple random sampling.The results stated there are differences in the physical fitness of students studying through tactical learning model and students who learn through conventional learning modeland there is no interaction between the learning model with learning motivation towards physical fitness.MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TAKTIS DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR TERHADAP KEBUGARAN JASMANI SISWA SMKAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kebugaran jasmani kelompok siswa yang belajar melalui model pembelajaran taktis dan kelompok siswa yang belajar melalui model pembelajaran langsung, serta interaksi antara model pembelajaran dengan motivasi belajar terhadap kebugaran jasmani.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian true eksperimen dengan desain faktorial. Populsi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa Teknik Kendaraan Ringan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Nahdlatul Ulama Kaplongan Indramayu sebanyak 276 orang dengan sampel sebanyak 74 orang, teknik pengambilan sampel dengan random sampling. Instrumen penelitian untuk motivasi belajar menggunakan angket dan untuk kebugaran jasmani menggunakan Tes Kebugaran Jasmani Indonesia untuk Sekolah Mengah Atas sederajat.Pengujian hipotesis dengan uji anova dua jalur. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa kebugaran jasmani kelompok siswa yang belajar melalui model pembelajaran taktis lebih baik daripada kebugaran jasmani kelompok siswa yang belajar melalui model pembelajaran langsung dan tidak terdapat interaksi antara model pembelajaran dengan motivasi belajar terhadap kebugaran jasmani.
CASTING PRACTICE EQUIPMENTS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ LEARNING OUTCOMES
Authors: Mujiyono Mujiyono , Putra Agung Pratama
Published: January 2019

This study was aimed at determining the effectiveness of metal casting practice equipement in improving student learning outcomes in metal casting practice from the cognitive aspects. This study used quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study were the students of class X Machine Engineering at vocational high school in Yogyakarta year 2016/2017. The samples were taken by random assignment method. The control group sample was class X TP 3 and the sample of the experimental group was class X TP 4. The data were collected using objective test instruments given before and after the treatment. The data analysis used in this study was descriptive statistics and parametric statistics using the T-test. The calculation of data analysis used SPSS v18 software. The results show that the media of metal casting practice tools is effective in improving student learning outcomes in the metal casting practice material from the cognitive aspects. This is indicated by the percentage of completeness of learning outcomes of students who use media casting metal casting tools by 75% while students who use the lecture method by 35.7%.PERANGKAT PRAKTIK PENGECORAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWAAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas media perangkat praktik pengecoran logam dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada materi praktik pengecoran logam dari aspek kognitif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan desain pretest-posttest control group design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X Teknik Pemesinan SMK di Yogyakarta Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017. Sampel diambil dengan cara random assignment. Sampel kelompok kontrol adalah kelas X TP 3 dan sampel kelompok eksperimen adalah kelas X TP 4. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan instrumen tes objektif yang diberikan sebelum dan sesudah pembelajaran.Analisis data yang digunakan adalah statistik deskriptif dan statistik parametris dengan uji-T. Perhitungan analisis data menggunakan software SPSS v18. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media perangkat praktik pengecoran logam efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada materi praktik pengecoran logam dari aspek kognitif. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan persentase ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan media perangkat praktik pengecoran logam sebesar 75% sedangkan siswa yang menggunakan metode ceramah sebesar 35,7%.
Unintended Consequences of Nationwide Electronic Health Record Adoption: Challenges and Opportunities in the Post-Meaningful Use Era (Preprint)
Authors: Colicchio Tiago K , Cimino James J , Del Fiol Guilherme
Published: January 2019

UNSTRUCTURED

The US health system has recently achieved widespread adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems, primarily driven by financial incentives provided by the Meaningful Use (MU) program. Although successful in promoting EHR adoption and use, the program, and other contributing factors, also produced important unintended consequences (UCs) with far-reaching implications for the US health system. Based on our own experiences from large health information technology (HIT) adoption projects and a collection of key studies in HIT evaluation, we discuss the most prominent UCs of MU: failed expectations, EHR market saturation, innovation vacuum, physician burnout, and data obfuscation. We identify challenges resulting from these UCs and provide recommendations for future research to empower the broader medical and informatics communities to realize the full potential of a now digitized health system. We believe that fixing these unanticipated effects will demand efforts from diverse players such as health care providers, administrators, HIT vendors, policy makers, informatics researchers, funding agencies, and outside developers; promotion of new business models; collaboration between academic medical centers and informatics research departments; and improved methods for evaluations of HIT.
Patients,’ Nephrologists,’ and Predicted Estimations of ESKD Risk Compared with 2-Year Incidence of ESKD
Authors: Potok O. Alison , Nguyen Hoang Anh , Abdelmalek Joseph A. , Beben Tomasz , Woodell Tyler B. , Rifkin Dena E.
Published: January 2019

Background and objectives

The rate of progression to ESKD is variable, and prognostic information helps patients and physicians plan for future ESKD. We assessed the estimations of ESKD risk of patients with CKD and physicians and compared them with risk calculators and outcomes at 2 years.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This prospective observational study assessed 257 adult patients with CKD stages 3–5 and their nephrologists at University of California, San Diego and Veterans Affairs San Diego CKD clinics. Patients’ and nephrologists’ estimations of 2-year ESKD risk were evaluated, and objective estimation of 2-year risk was determined using kidney failure risk equations; actual incidence rates of ESKD and death were ascertained by chart review. Participants’ baseline characteristics were compared across kidney failure risk equation risk levels and according to whether patients’ estimations were more optimistic or pessimistic than physicians’ estimations. We examined correlations between estimations and compared estimations with outcomes using c statistics and calibration plots.

Results

Average age was 65 (±13) years old, and eGFR was 34 (±13) ml/min per 1.73 m2. Overall, 13% reached ESKD, and 9% died. About one quarter of patients gave estimates that were >20% more optimistic than physicians, and more than one in ten gave estimates that were >20% more pessimistic. Physicians’ and kidney failure risk equation estimations had the strongest correlation (r=0.72; P<0.001) compared with 0.50 (P<0.001) between physicians and patients and 0.47 (P<0.001) between patients and kidney failure risk equation. Although all three estimations provided reasonable risk rankings (c statistics >0.8), physicians and patients overestimated risk compared with actual outcomes; no patient whose physician estimated a risk of ESKD <15% reached ESKD at 2 years. The kidney failure risk equation was best calibrated to actual ESKD risk.

Conclusions

Compared with actual ESKD incidence, the kidney failure risk equation outperformed patients’ and physicians’ estimations of ESKD incidence. Patients and physicians overestimated risk compared with the kidney failure risk equation.
NOVEL ANTICOAGULANTS BEYOND HEPARIN AND WARFARIN
Authors: S Akbar Basha , S Abdul Kareem
Published: January 2019

Objective: The objective of the study is to know about newer anticoagulant drugs.Method: The Vitamin K adversaries are the single type of oral anticoagulant in the pharmaceutical, and which is endorsed for long-haul utilize.What is more, the Vitamin K adversaries are exceedingly successful, so it is utilized to avert, and treatment of most thrombotic infections in patients,the noteworthy interpatient and intrapatient are additionally fluctuation in measurement response, and the thin restorative medication record andthe more quantities of medication and dietary communications related with these specialists have lead clinicians, patients, and examiners to scanfor different operators. The three new orally controlled anticoagulants are apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban, which are in the late periods ofprogression and a couple of others they are basically entering (or traveling through), the earlier times of examinations. Those most recent anticoagulantdrugs are being contemplated just for the avoidance and furthermore the treatment of venous for the thromboembolism, and the treatment of intensecoronary conduit disorders, and furthermore the counteractive action of stroke in patients influenced by atrial fibrillation.Results: The pharmacological action of the three new orally controlled anticoagulants is apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban completely reviewedand compared with warfarin.Conclusion: We are compared the newer anticoagulant with warfarin and discussed about advantages of newer anticoagulants.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF Kigelia africana AND Mansoa alliacea - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Authors: Venkataraman Sowmyalakshmi , Srilakshmi Gunda
Published: January 2019

Context: The focus of the present review is to compile the different phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of bignoniaceous plants, namely Kigelia africana and Mansoa alliacea. Objective: Medicinal plants are routinely used in clinical practice for the treatment of various diseases of human beings over thousands of years across the world. In rural areas of the developing countries, they are still used in practice due to the easy availability of the medication. The main objective of this work is to explore the phytochemical studies and biological activities of plants belonging to Bignoniaceae family. Methods: The present study also discusses about the different phytochemical constituents of K. africana and M. alliacea that were isolated and characterized using various analytical methods. Different extracts of these plants were subjected to different in vitro anticancer, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activities using earlier reported methods were also discussed. Results: K. africana is commonly referred to as sausage or cucumber tree due to its huge sausage or cucumber-like fruit. These plants find application as traditional medicine for treating several ailments such as malignant tumor, ulcer, aging, and malaria among others. It is conjointly used for the treatment of reproductive organ infections, renal ailments, dizziness, epilepsy, sickle cell disease, depression, metabolism disorders, skin grievance, leprosy, impetigo, helminthic infections, athlete’s foot, tumors, etc. These plant extracts have also been used as a cosmetic by enhancing the collagen action and thus exhibit antiaging properties. Conclusion: The present study attempts to provide collective information on various phytochemical constituents and pharmacological actions of K. africana and M. alliacea belonging to Bignoniaceae. This review in its present form is believed to help the researchers to provide adequate information about the chemical constituents and biological uses of these plants.
DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL DOSING GUIDELINES FOR NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND ANTIBIOTICS - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: P Maheshwari
Published: January 2019

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of renal dosing guidelines on prescribing pattern for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods: This was a prospective interventional study. The study was divided into two phases, pre-intervention and post-intervention phases. Data regarding the kidney function and the pattern of drug dosing will record in the pre-intervention phase. Pocket guides were prepared for the drug dosing in renal impairment and were distributed to clinicians and the pharmacist as a part of intervention. In the post-intervention phase, the dosing pattern of renal eliminated drugs was observed for any improvement. The patterns of dosing of renal eliminated drugs were compared in both the phases.Results: In pre-interventional phase, a total of 43 cases were reviewed, 20 of them were non-hemodialysis (non-HD) (9 female and 11 male) cases with a mean±standard deviation (SD) age of 56.05+8.22 (56) and 23 were undergoing HD (11 female and 12 male) cases with a mean±SD age of 56.72+6.85 (56). In the post-intervention phase, a total of 41 cases were reviewed, 22 of them were non-HD (12 female and 10 male) cases with a mean±SD age of 55.85+6.87 (57) and 19 were undergoing HD (10 female and 9 male) cases with a mean±SD age of 55.77+8.39 (56.6).Conclusion: Health-care professionals have an important responsibility in monitoring the dose for renal impairment patients. Development of renal dosing guidelines for patients hospitalized with CKD can improve the pattern of prescribing in renal failure population.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF FLUTAMIDE-LOADED POLYCAPROLACTONE NANOPARTICLES BY 23 FACTORIAL DESIGN AND NANOPRECIPITATION METHOD
Authors: S Venkateswara Rao
Published: January 2019

Objective: The present work was aimed to prepare and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) of flutamide by nanoprecipitation method and factorial. The influences of various formulation components such as polymer, organic phase volume, and surfactant on the characteristics of NPs were investigated.Methods: The polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with drug was evaluated for surface morphology, surface charge, particles size, encapsulation efficiency, drug content, and in vitro release studies. Fourier transform infrared studies were indicated no interaction between the drug and polymer.Results: The results of the drug release study of NPs may fit with different kinetic equations. The particle size varied from 128 to 317 nm and zeta potential was in negative and its value found to be - 46.4 mv. The content of flutamide was found in between 74%±0.72 to 92%±0.53 in flutamide loaded PCL NPs. The minimum and maximum entrapment efficiencies were found to be of 75%±0.66 and 92%±0.70. The percentage yields of all formulations were in the range of 46.05%±1.56–86.78%±1.32. The in vitro drug release followed zero order with sustained behavior for a period of 24 h. Results of accelerated storage conditions of optimized formulation revealed that no significant changes in formulation F2.Conclusion: The present investigation opens new frontiers in developing flutamide NPs for targeting delivery to the prostate for the prostate cancer treatment which also overcome the problems associated with conventional formulations such as multiple-dose therapy, poor patient compliance, and high treatment cost.
ASSOCIATION OF SERUM HOMOCYSTEINE IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
Authors: T Rujaswini , P Ranadheer Chowdary , M Vijey Aanandhi , P Shanmugasundaram
Published: January 2019

Aims and Objectives: The main aim of the study was to find out the association of serum homocysteine (HCY) in diabetic neuropathy patients. Methods: All the patients who were diagnosed with Type II diabetes mellitus will be included. Their serum levels of fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, and associated blood parameters will be assessed. Diabetic neuropathy will be confirmed using nerve conduction testing, electromyography, and quantitative sensory testing with clinically correlated. The serum HCY levels will be measured and correlated with other blood parameters. Results: Of 1000 patients, 46 were Type I diabetic and 954 were Type II. The prevalence of neuropathy in diabetic patients was 156. Mean serum HCY without diabetic neuropathy was 6.8+2.9 and serum HCY with diabetic neuropathy was 21.6+0.29 and p value was found to be 0.0017. The correlation between serum HCY and diabetic neuropathy was found to be 14.5 with p=0.001. Conclusion: There has been a significant increase of HCY in diabetic patients. It can be clearly seen that elevated serum HCY level has led to some of the complications of diabetic neuropathy.
SALIVARY PROTEIN AND GLUCOSE LEVELS IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS - A REVIEW
Authors: Ravi Hanshika , Parvin Sohara
Published: January 2019

Saliva is the most important tool to monitor various biochemical parameters including protein and glucose. Hence, it can be used as a tool to find if a patient is diabetic or nondiabetic. This review presents information about the salivary glucose and protein levels in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. It can be concluded that salivary protein and glucose levels are raised in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients.
MUPIROCIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF SOUTH INDIA – A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Venkatesh Bhavana Malavalli , Joshi Sangeeta , Adhikary Ranjeeta , Beena Hosdurg Bhaskar
Published: January 2019

Objective: Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic used for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and for the nasal decolonization of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The increasing reports of resistance to mupirocin are a matter of concern. We undertook this study to detect and differentiate the mupirocin resistance pattern and to analyze the susceptibility pattern among S. aureus isolates of our hospital.Methods: This is a prospective laboratory-based study conducted during the period May–September 2014. Clinical samples that grew S. aureus during the study period were tested for mupirocin resistance using the 5 μg and 200 μg discs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) detection of resistant strains was performed using the E-test.Results: Mupirocin resistance was seen in 4.81% of our S. aureus isolates; all of which exhibited high-level resistance with MIC ≥1024 μg/ml.Conclusions: The resistance is bound to rise with the increased usage of mupirocin; regular testing will help in tackling this upcoming problem and in preserving this important antibiotic against MRSA.
IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF BIOACTIVE FRACTION ISOLATED FROM INDONESIAN TIDAL SPONGE CALTHROPELLA SP.
Authors: Susilowati Fitria , Tri Swasono Respati , Okino Tatsufumi , Haryadi Winarto
Published: January 2019

Objective: This study was taken to examine the cytotoxicity of the bioactive fraction isolated from marine sponge Calthropella sp. as a preliminary anticancer assay and identify its bioactive compounds.Methods: The cytotoxic activity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay against three human cancer cell lines, namely human breast (MCF-7), human lung (H-460), and human liver (HepG-2). The bioactive compounds were identified using a high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC–MS).Results: The active fraction 7 showed moderate to strong cytotoxic activity on all cell lines tested and promising a strong potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 value as low as 1.925 μg/mL comparable to control, cisplatin (IC50 0.977 μg/mL). In regard to the promising bioactive compounds, the high-resolution LC–MS predicted the existing of several known compounds such as bengamide Q, clavepictine A, 4’-N-methyl-5’- hydroxystaurosporine, carteriofenone A, and one strong possibility of a new compound.Conclusion: This study has revealed that the isolated bioactive fraction of Indonesian tidal sponge, Calthropella sp., possesses potential anticancer properties with a promising significant cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cell lines (IC50 1.925 μg/mL).
ROLE OF RADIATION AS EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION IN Aβ INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ANIMAL MODEL OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Authors: A Khan , R Kamal , Dk Dhawan , Dani Chadha Vijayta
Published: January 2019

Objective: The present study was undertaken to study the therapeutic effects of low dose fractionated cranial X-irradiation on reducing the amyloid-beta (Aβ) induced oxidative stress burden in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Methods: S.D. female rats received an intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ peptide at stereotaxically defined points. Experimental sessions were conducted by randomly dividing animals into four groups, namely sham-operated, Aβ-injected, and Aβ injection followed by cranial X-irradiation and only cranial X-irradiated. Anesthetized animals received 5 μl synthetic Aβ peptide injection with a 10 μl Hamilton microsyringe with the needle kept in place for a period of 2min following injection. Sham-operated group received 5 μl of bidistilled water instead of Aβ peptide. Animals were treated 6 weeks post-surgery with fractionated radiation of 2Gy for 5 days. Neurobehavior studies were undertaken to confirm memory impairment along with biochemical indices involved in the antioxidant defense system.Results: Fractionated cranial X-irradiation proved effective in restoration of activity of enzymes involved in the antioxidant defense system; the lipid peroxidation and catalase levels that showed a significant increase in Aβ-treated group decreased on subsequent X-irradiation. Moreover, the decrease in the superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase levels witnessed an increase post-irradiation, implicating the X-irradiation to be an effective intervention to restore the redox status of the oxidatively stressed brain cells in AD condition.Conclusion: The present study evaluated the therapeutic potential of low dose fractionated cranial X- irradiation by mitigating the amyloid-induced oxidative stress suggesting a novel treatment for AD-associated pathologies.
ESTIMATION OF ENTRANCE SURFACE RADIATION DOSE TO THYROID REGION IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY BRAIN EXAMINATION
Authors: T Visakh , Sukumar Suresh , Pradhan Abhimanyu
Published: January 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the entrance surface radiation dose to the thyroid region in a computed tomography (CT) brain scan.Methods: Unfors Multi-O-Meter equipment was used to measure the entrance surface at the thyroid region of adult patients ranging from 18 to 70 years of age. A total of 115 patients were included in the study based on convenience sampling. The Multi-O-Meter was kept at the thyroid region during the scan, and the values for entrance surface dose (ESD) were noted from its monitor after the scan was complete.Results: The obtained data were analyzed and violate normal distribution; therefore, the median and quartiles were computed. The overall median (Q1, Q2), ESD of the patients, was 1.335 (1.213, 1.529) mGy. The minimum and maximum dose values recorded were 1.015 mGy and 1.964 mGy, respectively.Conclusions: The result showed a significant amount of entrance surface radiation dose to the thyroid region while taking a brain scan. This data can be used for optimization of radiation protection while undergoing CT scans of brain to reduce exposure to thyroid region.
A REVIEW OF ANTIBIOTIC USED IN SUSPECTED EARLY-ONSET NEONATAL SEPSIS FROM MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE: WHICH ONES TO CHOOSE AND HOW LONG TO GIVE?
Authors: Ibrahim Nazedah Ain , Makmor Bakry Mohd , Ishak Shareena , Mohamed Shah Noraida
Published: January 2019

Objective: Suspected early-onset sepsis is a common diagnosis among neonates which warrants admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Prolonged empiric antibiotic is the biggest concern and treatment duration is still controversial. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program promotes early antibiotic de-escalation to reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure and its implementation in the intensive care setting seems to be feasible. The primary objective of this review was to compare the existing guidelines and review the literature regarding choice and duration of empiric antibiotic in managing suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis.Methods: Two Malaysian Ministry of Health guidelines were compared with guidelines from America (n=1), Australia (n=1), and United Kingdom (n=2). The literature search was conducted from January to June 2017 through open access journal and databases available at the author’s institution library (EBSCOHost, Ovid and Science Direct).Results: All guidelines recommended similar antibiotics range and suggested to review treatment at 36– 72 h post antibiotic exposure. A total of 113 abstracts and full articles were identified, and only 11 full-text articles published in English were related to the subject of interest. All studies show differences either in study design, choice of antibiotics, treatment duration or outcome measures; thus, a meta-analysis was not possible to be conducted.Conclusion: From this review, we found the potential to performed early empiric antibiotic de-escalation especially in clinically well-appearance neonates, and it is best to customize our guidelines based on local evidence which justify the need for more local research in this area.
ANALYSIS OF PHYTO-CONSTITUENTS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ALPHA AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF PERSEA AMERICANA MILL., RHODODENDRON ARBORETUM SM. RUBUS ELLIPTICUS SM. FROM ARGHAKHANCHI DISTRICT NEPAL
Authors: Subba Bimala , Gaire Sanjay , Raj Sharma Khaga
Published: January 2019

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant activities, and α-amylase inhibition assay for methanolic extract of three ethnomedicinal plants, namely Persea americana Mill., Rubus ellipticus Sm., and Rhododendron arboretum Sm. collected from Arghakhanchi District of Nepal using in vitro studies.Methods: Methanolic plant extracts were prepared by cold percolation method. Analysis of phytochemical constituents was carried out using standard methods. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate in vitro antioxidants activities. Furthermore, inhibition effect of extracts on α- amylase enzyme was carried out by using starch as a substrate, pancreatic α-amylase as the enzyme, and acarbose as standard.Results: Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of all three selected plants displayed the presence of different chemical constituents such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, and tannins. The results of DPPH assay revealed that R. ellipticus and R. arboreum were most active with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 33.41 μg/ml and 47.28 μg/ml, respectively. R. ellipticus was found to be effective toward α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values 269.94 μg/ml.Conclusion: The preliminary results of this study have put forward R. ellipticus into promising herbs with good antioxidant activities and α-amylase inhibition potential although further studies are needed to assess its mechanism of action.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF POLYSCIAS SCUTELLARIA FOSBERG AGAINST ACINETOBACTER SP.
Authors: Rosa Dela , Halim Yuniwaty , Kam Natania , Sugata Marcelia , Samantha Ariela
Published: January 2019

Objective: Polyscias scutellaria Fosberg as one of the indigenous plants from Indonesia has been used as traditional medicines for several ailments, such as reduce body odor. However, there is no scientific research to verify this property. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of P. scutellaria Fosberg against bacteria that cause body odor.Methods: Since body odor is caused by activities of bacteria that live in the armpits, bacteria from human armpit were isolated and identified as Acinetobacter sp. The bacteria have the potential to be pathogenic and resistant to common antibiotics. P. scutellaria was extracted using different solvents, i.e., hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Using these extracts, the antibacterial activity of P. scutellaria against Acinetobacter sp. was tested through well diffusion and colony-forming unit methods.Results: Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of P. scutellaria extract showed strong antibacterial activities against Acinetobacter sp., while methanol fraction did not exhibit any antibacterial activity against these bacteria.Conclusion: P. scutellaria extract has the potential to be used as an antibacterial agent against Acinetobacter sp. on human armpit.
SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF IVACAFTOR TABLETS BY USING SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE OF HOT-MELT EXTRUSION - A DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Authors: Guntaka Purnachandra Reddy , Lankalapalli Srinivas
Published: January 2019

Objective: The objective was to improve the solubility and dissolution of ivacaftor tablets by using solid dispersion (SD) technique.Methods: Ivacaftor is practically insoluble (<0.001 mg/mL) over pH value of 3.0–7.5 due to low solubility, and it shows poor bioavailability after oral administration. Therefore, SDs of Ivacaftor were prepared by SD technique of hot-melt extrusion (HME) by adding different polymers such as Soluplus, Hypromellose 5 cps, and Copovidone with surfactants sodium lauryl sulfate, poloxamer, and polysorbate 80 to enhance its solubility.Results: After the analysis of Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry of SDs by HME shows a converted in crystalline structure form to an amorphous structure form of Ivacaftor. The results show that the formulation of Ivacaftor SDs by HMT has enhanced the solubility and dissolution of Ivacaftor.Conclusion: In the present study, the SDs of the poorly soluble drug substance Ivacaftor were successfully prepared using HME. The in vitro dissolution test shows a significant increase in dissolution rate of SDs prepared by HME (95%) in formulation FHM8 compared with plain Ivacaftor (9%) within 30 min.