bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elementary classroom libraries and social studies trade books
Authors: Hodges Tracey S. , Wright Katherine Landau , Coleman Julianne M. , Swain Holly Hilboldt , Schweiker Claire , Mansouri Behzad
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Standards and policy changes in K-12 education have created the unintended consequence of reducing instructional time spent on social studies content. This limited time devoted to social studies presumably has led to more integrated social studies and literacy instruction. The purpose of this paper is to document the types of high-quality social studies children’s books found in classroom libraries across five states.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present mixed methods study, the researchers utilized a database of 60 classroom libraries across five states to identify which high-quality trade books, defined by the National Council for the Social Studies, were present. The researchers document trends in both frequencies of books and social studies content across decades, classrooms, grade levels and states from 1972 to 2015.

Findings

The findings indicate that National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) Notable Trade Books for Young People texts are largely missing from the elementary classroom libraries the researchers sampled. Of the 5,544 unique titles included on the NCSS lists from 1972 to 2015, 453 were located in the US classroom libraries database, representing 8.17 percent of books found on the notable lists.

Originality/value

Before teachers can take steps toward integrating social studies and literacy, they need easy access to high-quality social studies texts. Many high-quality trade books are recommended each year for exposing students to social studies content; however, the researchers found limited numbers of these books in classroom libraries. The researchers recommend the lists be circulated to a wider audience to inform more teachers about these texts.
The SCIA Questionnaire: standards for communities for children and adolescents – a tool for the evaluation of good practices
Authors: Guarnaccia Cinzia , Ferraro Anna Maria , Lo Cascio Maria , Bruschetta Simone , Giannone Francesca
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the Italian validation of the standards for communities for children and adolescents (SCIA) Questionnaire, an evaluation tool of communities quality standards, based on the “Service Standards for Therapeutic Communities for Children and Young People – 2nd edition” of the Community of Communities (2009), that enables an empirical, multidimensional and complex evaluation of the therapeutic community (TC) “system”. It is a self-report that sets out and measures variables that allow to get an overview of organisational models and the possible development areas to improve the effectiveness of the protection of child and adolescents in community treatment. The validation and a preliminary analysis to develop a short version of the SCIA are presented.

Design/methodology/approach

The questionnaire (composed, in the extended form, by 143 items) was administered to 101 community workers, 20 males (19.8 per cent) and 81 females (81.2 per cent) aged between 24 and 61 years (M=36.20, SD=8.4). The analysis of reliability (Cronbach’s α) and a series of exploratory factor analysis allowed to eliminate redundant or less significant items.

Findings

The short form of the self-report consists of 67 items, divided into seven subscales, which explore different areas of intervention in TCs. Despite the limitations due to the small sample size, the utility of this tool remains confirmed by its clinical use and the development of good operating practices.

Originality/value

The SCIA Questionnaire responds to the need to adopt empirical variables in the process of evaluation of the communities. The SCIA is also a useful tool for clinical evaluation, as it allows a detailed observation of residential community treatment with children and adolescents that allows to analyse and monitor the structural and organisational aspects and the quality of practices that guide the interventions.
Numerical study on evaporation heat transfer characteristics of water in inclined microchannels with varying inlet vapor quality
Authors: SVB Vivekanand , VRK Raju
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of gravity on the heat transfer behavior of the two-phase flow of water undergoing phase change. Most of the earlier studies of convective boiling considered systems where the gravity is neglected. In contrast, the authors investigated systems where the gravity is considered. The heat transfer characteristics of water during its evaporation in microchannel heat sink are studied for different channel inclinations.

Design/methodology/approach

Computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent is used for the computational study. The volume of fluids multiphase method available in the package is used to capture the vapor–liquid interface. Heat transfer studies are carried out for a rectangular microchannel having a characteristic dimension of 825 µm at different inclinations, which varied from −90° (vertically downward) to 90° (vertically upward). During each simulation, the vapor quality is set at the inlet. Uniform heat flux of 250 kW/m2is applied at the bottom wall of the channel in all orientations of the channel, keeping the upper wall insulated.

Findings

As compared to horizontal configuration, a significant increase in the values of heat transfer coefficient during the fluid flow in inclined microchannels is noticed. It is observed that the Nusselt number for the vertically upward (+90°) and horizontal (0°) configuration are similar and that for the 45° upward configuration exceeds other configurations. It is also observed that the heat transfer performance becomes lower in downward configurations; nearly 40-50 per cent drop in average Nusselt number is observed for a mass flux of 250 kg m-2s-1with respect to 45° inclined microchannel. This behavior can be attributed to the gravitational effect on the two-phase flow because of which the vapor phase being less dense moves away from the heated wall, whereas the primary phase being heavier moves towards the heated wall of the channel. Also, the conductivity of the liquid being higher than the vapor phase, as well as the aperture of the liquid being small during this process, its velocity increases resulting in the augmentation of heat transfer.

Originality/value

User-defined-functions for the mass and energy source terms have been written in C code and hooked in ANSYS Fluent to incorporate the phase change mechanism during the evaporation of water.
Opportunities to enhance relational wellbeing through the National Disability Insurance Scheme: Implications from research on relationships and a content analysis of NDIS documentation
Authors: Meltzer Ariella , Davy Laura
Published: March 2019

Interpersonal relationships are critically important to ensuring that people with disability can access the benefits of individual funding models such as the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). The NDIS aims to enhance participants’ self‐determination of supports and social and economic participation, but the emerging evidence indicates that achieving these policy outcomes requires stronger recognition of participants’ relational context, even in a system focused on individual choice and control. This paper reports on a content analysis of the NDIS Act, NDIS Rules, Operational Guidelines, and Price Guide to examine the extent to which the scheme's conceptual foundations and funded supports in individual plans enable it to support relationships. Implications are drawn from this analysis and theory and evidence about the importance of relationships for disability policy and practice. The paper outlines three areas where the approach of the NDIS to relationships is limited and can be improved: first, by conceptualizing relationships as relationships rather than simply sources of informal support; second, through provisions to actively support relationships; and third, by considering the relational appropriateness of support provided by family, carers, and friends. It concludes with suggestions for how relational considerations can be enhanced, including implications for government in administering the scheme.
Climate change adaptation at different levels of government: Characteristics and conditions of policy change
Authors: Clar Christoph , Steurer Reinhard
Published: March 2019

Climate change adaptation strategies that aim to minimize harm and maximize benefits related to climate change impacts have mushroomed at all levels of government in recent years. While many studies have explored barriers that stand in the way of their implementation, the factors determining their potential to mainstream adaptation into various sectors are less clear. In the present paper, we aim to address this gap for two international, six national, and six local adaptation strategies. Based on document analyses and 35 semi‐structured interviews, the 14 case studies also explore in how far the factors facilitating climate change adaptation are similar across levels of government or level‐specific. Although located at three different levels of government, we find that the 14 adaptation strategies analyzed here represent “one‐size‐fits‐all governance arrangements” that are characterized by voluntariness and a lack institutionalization. Since adaptation strategies are relatively weak coordination hubs that are unable to force adaptation onto sectoral policy agendas, they rely mainly on sectoral self‐interest in adapting to climate change, largely determined by problem pressure. We conclude that one‐size‐fits‐all governance arrangements are rarely adequate responses to complex challenges, such as climate change. Although climate change adaptation depends more on framework conditions such as problem pressure than on administrative or governance features, the findings presented here can help to understand under what circumstances adaptation is likely to make progress.
Invisible cortex sign: A highly accurate feature to localize the inferolateral central sulcus
Authors: Su Shu , Yang Natalie , Gaillard Frank
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The central sulcus is a key landmark on MRI of the brain, but its inferolateral portion is difficult to identify if unable to trace the sulcus superoinferiorly. The authors observed that the cortex abutting the central sulcus appears isointense to the adjacent white matter on DWI, we named this the ‘invisible cortex sign’ and our study evaluates whether it could be used to identify the inferolateral central sulcus.

Methods

Observational study of 108 consecutive ‘normal’ MRI studies performed from May 2016 to January 2017. A single axial DWI image – obtained in the anterior commissure‐posterior commissure plane – was selected from each scan just above the subcentral gyrus such that it included the most inferolateral portion of the central sulcus. These single images were given to 10 readers (neuroradiologists, a neuroradiology fellow and radiology trainees) who marked the central sulcus based on the presence of the ‘invisible cortex sign’. Their accuracy in identifying the central sulcus was compared with that of the principal investigators, who used tri‐planar T1 volumetric MRI sequences.

Results

One hundred and eight consecutive patients (55 female, 53 male) were selected, ranging from 18 to 81 years old (mean = 40.5, σ = 18.2). The central sulcus was correctly identified in 95.5% of cases (σ = 3.7%; range 89.4–99.1%).

Conclusion

The ‘invisible cortex sign’ is a highly accurate method of identifying the inferolateral central sulcus on a single axial DWI slice without relying on the more superior aspects of the sulcus.
Discovery of early life stress interacting and sex‐specific quantitative trait loci impacting cocaine responsiveness
Authors: Bagley Jared R. , Szumlinski Karen K. , Kippin Tod E.
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose

Addiction vulnerability involves complex gene X environment interactions leading to a pathological response to drugs. Identification of the genes involved in these interactions is an important step in understanding the underlying neurobiology and rarely have such analyses examined sex‐specific influences. To dissect this interaction, we examined the impact of prenatal stress (PNS) on cocaine responsiveness in male and female mice of the BXD recombinant inbred panel.

Experimental Approach

BXD strains were subjected to timed mating and assigned to PNS or control groups. PNS dams were subjected to restraint stress (1‐hr restraint, three times daily) starting between embryonic day (E) 11 and 14 and continued until parturition. Adult male and female, control and PNS offspring were tested for locomotor response to initial and repeated cocaine injections (sensitization) as well as cocaine‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP).

Key Results

Strain, PNS, and sex interacted to modulate initial and sensitized cocaine‐induced locomotion, as well as CPP. Moreover, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) interacting with PNS regulating initial locomotor response to cocaine (chromosome X, 37.91 to 50.95 Mb) was identified. Also PNS‐independent, female‐specific QTLs regulating CPP (chromosome 11, 65.50 to 81.31 Mb) and sensitized cocaine‐induced locomotion (chromosome 16, 95.79 to 98.32 Mb) were identified. Publicly available mRNA expression data were utilized to identify cis‐eQTL and transcript covariation with the behavioural phenotype to prioritize candidate genes; including Aifm1.

Conclusions and Implications

These QTL encompass genes that may moderate genetic susceptibility to PNS and interact with sex to determine adult responsiveness to cocaine and addiction vulnerability.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc
Debate on the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Experience from an intractable multiple sclerosis case with rebound syndrome after fingolimod cessation
Authors: Kuroda Hiroshi , Nishiyama Shuhei , Matsumoto Yuki , Misu Tatsuro , Fujihara Kazuo , Aoki Masashi
Published: March 2019

Background

Fingolimod is an effective disease‐modifying drug for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), but drug discontinuation might cause rebound syndrome, defined as massive and prolonged exacerbation of MS. We report a case of intractable MS with rebound syndrome after fingolimod cessation.

Case presentation

A 54‐year‐old patient with RRMS had been disease activity‐free for 9 years during fingolimod treatment. However, she discontinued fingolimod by her own decision out of concern for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Five weeks after drug cessation, she developed progressive weakness in the left leg. Expanded Disability Status Scale scores worsened from 2.0 to 6.0. Blood tests showed recovery of lymphocyte count (1000/mm3) from the previous counts. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed almost normal results, except for marked elevation of myelin basic protein (1420 pg/mL). Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a massive lesion in the right frontal lobe with open‐ring enhancement and a small enhancing lesion in the left parietal lobe. Based on diagnosis as exacerbation of RRMS, the patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone, followed by oral dimethyl fumarate. However, 5‐month use of DMF could not remit the disease activity, leading to fingolimod reinitiation.

Conclusions

Rebound syndrome is an intractable complication of exit strategy for fingolimod‐treated RRMS patients. To lower the risk for rebound syndrome, specific mechanisms of rebound syndrome are to be clarified. Furthermore, concise risk stratification for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in fingolimod treatment is imperative. Taken together, the risk–benefit analysis for fingolimod treatment, including rebound syndrome as well as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, is required to initiate the drug.
Scrape cytology of nipple ulceration in a male breast: A rare entity with many differential diagnoses
Authors: Kekade Shailesh , Gochhait Debasis , Srinivas Bheemanathi Hanuman , Siddaraju Neelaiah
Published: March 2019

Paget's disease though common in female is rarely described in male breast. It can easily be diagnosed by scrape cytology which can serve as a diagnostic as well as a screening modality for such lesions.
Giant right atrium and subvalvular pulmonary stenosis: A case report of an interesting combination
Authors: Maestrini Viviana , Birtolo Lucia I. , Cimino Sara , Severino Paolo , Mancone Massimo , Francone Marco , Banypersad Sanjay M. , Ventriglia Flavia , Tritapepe Luigi , Miraldi Fabio , Fedele Francesco
Published: March 2019

A 20‐year‐old Congolese woman presented with presyncope, dyspnea, and anasarca. Past medical history was unremarkable. Echocardiography revealed a rare combination of giant right atrium (RA), a dilated and hypertrophied right ventricle, subvalvular pulmonary stenosis (subPS), severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR), pericardial effusion and what appeared to be a spontaneously closed ventricular septal defect (VSD). Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography confirmed the findings excluding the presence of intra‐cardiac and extra‐cardiac shunt and other associated congenital anomalies. The patient underwent subPS resection, right atrioplasty, and tricuspid annuloplasty. Multimodality approach facilitated the detection of the abnormalities and provided clarity when determining the optimal surgical strategy.
Conservation through the lens of (mal)adaptation: Concepts and meta‐analysis
Authors: Derry Alison Margaret , Fraser Dylan J. , Brady Steven P. , Astorg Louis , Lawrence Elizabeth R. , Martin Gillian K. , Matte Jean‐Michel , Negrín Dastis Jorge Octavio , Paccard Antoine , Barrett Rowan D. H. , Chapman Lauren J. , Lane Jeffrey E. , Ballas Chase G. , Close Marissa , Crispo Erika
Published: March 2019

Evolutionary approaches are gaining popularity in conservation science, with diverse strategies applied in efforts to support adaptive population outcomes. Yet conservation strategies differ in the type of adaptive outcomes they promote as conservation goals. For instance, strategies based on genetic or demographic rescue implicitly target adaptive population states whereas strategies utilizing transgenerational plasticity or evolutionary rescue implicitly target adaptive processes. These two goals are somewhat polar: adaptive state strategies optimize current population fitness, which should reduce phenotypic and/or genetic variance, reducing adaptability in changing or uncertain environments; adaptive process strategies increase genetic variance, causing maladaptation in the short term, but increase adaptability over the long term. Maladaptation refers to suboptimal population fitness, adaptation refers to optimal population fitness, and (mal)adaptation refers to the continuum of fitness variation from maladaptation to adaptation. Here, we present a conceptual classification for conservation that implicitly considers (mal)adaptation in the short‐term and long‐term outcomes of conservation strategies. We describe cases of how (mal)adaptation is implicated in traditional conservation strategies, as well as strategies that have potential as a conservation tool but are relatively underutilized. We use a meta‐analysis of a small number of available studies to evaluate whether the different conservation strategies employed are better suited toward increasing population fitness across multiple generations. We found weakly increasing adaptation over time for transgenerational plasticity, genetic rescue, and evolutionary rescue. Demographic rescue was generally maladaptive, both immediately after conservation intervention and after several generations. Interspecific hybridization was adaptive only in the F1 generation, but then rapidly leads to maladaptation. Management decisions that are made to support the process of adaptation must adequately account for (mal)adaptation as a potential outcome and even as a tool to bolster adaptive capacity to changing conditions.
Effect of postcuring immersed in water under hydraulic pressure on fatigue performance of large‐diameter pultruded carbon/glass hybrid rod
Authors: Li Chenggao , Xian Guijun , Li Hui
Published: March 2019

A pultruded carbon fibre core (CFC) and glass fibre shell (GFS) hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (HFRP) rod with the diameter of 19 mm was developed. It was kept immersed in water in a self‐designed pressure chamber device with adjustable hydraulic pressure (20 MPa); after immersion, the tension‐tension fatigue performance was measured at stress levels of 41.7%, 33.4%, and 25.0%. Significant postcuring of resin was observed, resulting in the increase in Tgs for the core and shell layers. There was no significant decrease in the tensile strength of the hybrid rod. The fatigue failure of the hybrid rod was accompanied by debonding of CFC/GFS interface, redistribution of cyclic load, and catastrophic splitting or bursting of GFS. The immersion in water under hydraulic pressure led to a significant increase in fatigue life. The increase in the fatigue life was because of the improvement in interface bonding strength and toughness of the resin owing to the postcuring of the resin. After fatigue, significant degradation in the residual interface bonding strength was observed for the hybrid rods.
Epigenetic regulation of B cell fate and function during an immune response
Authors: Zhang Yan , Good‐Jacobson Kim L.
Published: March 2019

The humoral immune response requires coordination of molecular programs to mediate differentiation into unique B cell subsets that help clear the infection and form immune memory. Epigenetic modifications are crucial for ensuring that the appropriate genes are transcribed or repressed during B cell differentiation. Recent studies have illuminated the changes in DNA methylation and histone post‐translational modifications that accompany the formation of germinal center and antibody‐secreting cells during an immune response. In particular, the B cell subset‐specific expression and function of DNA methyltransferases and histone‐modifying complexes that mediate epigenome changes have begun to be unravelled. This review will discuss the recent advances in this field, as well as highlight critical questions about the relationship between epigenetic regulation and B cell fate and function that are yet to be answered.
Molecular pathogenesis of germinal center‐derived B cell lymphomas
Authors: Pasqualucci Laura
Published: March 2019

B cell lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of genetically, biologically, and clinically distinct neoplasms that, in most cases, originate from the clonal expansion of B cells in the germinal center (GC). In recent years, the advent of novel genomics technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies as a multistep process that requires the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. A common theme that emerged from these studies is the ability of lymphoma cells to co‐opt the same biological programs and signal transduction networks that operate during the normal GC reaction, and misuse them for their own survival advantage. This review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that drive the malignant transformation of GC B cells. These insights provide a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that may be explored for precision medicine approaches.
Germinal center‐derived lymphomas: The darkest side of humoral immunity
Authors: Mlynarczyk Coraline , Fontán Lorena , Melnick Ari
Published: March 2019

One of the unusual features of germinal center (GC) B cells is that they manifest many hallmarks of cancer cells. Accordingly, most B‐cell neoplasms originate from the GC reaction, and characteristically display abundant point mutations, structural genomic lesions, and clonal diversity from the genetic and epigenetic standpoints. The dominant biological theme of GC‐derived lymphomas is mutation of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and immune receptor signaling, which come into play at critical transitional stages of the GC reaction. Hence, mechanistic studies of these mutations reveal fundamental insight into the biology of the normal and malignant GC B cell. The BCL6 transcription factor plays a central role in establishing the GC phenotype in B cells, and most lymphomas are dependent on BCL6 to maintain survival, proliferation, and perhaps immune evasion. Many lymphoma mutations have the commonality of enhancing the oncogenic functions of BCL6, or overcoming some of its tumor suppressive effects. Herein, we discuss how unique features of the GC reaction create vulnerabilities that select for particular lymphoma mutations. We examine the interplay between epigenetic programming, metabolism, signaling, and immune regulatory mechanisms in lymphoma, and discuss how these are leading to novel precision therapy strategies to treat lymphoma patients.
Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora and cutaneous fungal flora in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Bourguet A. , Desprez I. , Volait L. , Guyonnet A. , Pignon C. , Boulouis H. J. , Guillot J. , Chahory S.
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To determine the normal conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in healthy rabbits, to compare the fungal flora from the conjunctival sac with periocular cutaneous fungal flora and to evaluate potential changes in type of micro‐organisms over time.

Materials and Methods

Samples from 50 pet rabbits with a normal ophthalmic examination were obtained from conjunctival sacs using sterile cotton swabs and from the interpupillary skin space using a piece of sterile carpet. Samples were collected twice, 4 weeks apart, and cultured to evaluate bacterial and fungal populations.

Results

Bacteria were recovered from 35.9% of conjunctival swabs. Corynebacterium species (32.4%), Staphylococcus species (18.3%), Pasteurella species (9.9%) and Moraxella species (8.5%) were the most frequently isolated organisms. Fungi were recovered from 14.6% of conjunctival swabs. The most common fungal genera were Aspergillus (37%), Scopulariopsis (14.8%) and Penicillium (11.1%). Fungal cultures from periocular integument yielded positive results in 96.3% of samples; the same fungal organism was isolated in both conjunctival and cutaneous culture in nine of 20 rabbits (45%). When comparing results 4 weeks apart in 32 of 50 animals, only three rabbits with a positive bacterial culture and one rabbit with a positive fungal culture had the same result at the subsequent test.

Clinical Significance

Fungi and bacteria isolated from the conjunctival sac of rabbits may represent transient seeding from the environment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fungal composition of the conjunctival sac of rabbits and evaluation of the potential transient nature of both bacterial and fungal composition of this conjunctival flora.
The Impact of Government Borrowing Costs on Fiscal Discipline
Authors: Tkačevs Oļegs , Vilerts Kārlis
Published: March 2019

This paper studies the impact of government borrowing costs on fiscal discipline against the background of unprecedentedly low interest rates in advanced economies brought about by ultra‐expansionary monetary policies of recent years. Applying the panel data econometric approach for a sample of OECD and 11 early euro area countries over the period 1985–2015, the study suggests a positive and statistically significant impact of government borrowing costs on cyclically adjusted primary balances, indicating that a decrease in borrowing costs leads to a deterioration of fiscal policy stance. The findings herein also suggest that this effect in the euro area seems to be driven by a group of its peripheral rather than core countries and appears to work through the expenditure (more specifically, current expenditure) channel. From the economic policy perspective, these findings imply that monetary policy measures resulting in ultra‐low interest rates may cause negative side effects for fiscal discipline.
A comparison of oral flecainide and amiodarone for the treatment of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia in children
Authors: Hill Allison C. , Silka Michael J. , Bar‐Cohen Yaniv
Published: March 2019

Background

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in children can be difficult to treat when first‐line therapies (beta‐blockade or digoxin) are not effective. Both flecainide and amiodarone are used as second‐line therapies. We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of flecainide and amiodarone in pediatric patients with recurrent SVT.

Methods

Pediatric patients treated with oral flecainide or oral amiodarone for SVT between 2006 and 2015 were studied. Tachycardia mechanisms included orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (ORT), intra‐atrial reentrant tachycardia (IART), and ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT). Outcomes were classified as full success, partial success (requiring additional intervention), or failure.

Results

Seventy‐four patients were included (median age 46 days, range 1 day to 19 years). Flecainide was used in 47 patients and amiodarone in 27 patients. Full success was achieved in 68% and 59%, respectively (P = 0.28). Partial success was achieved in 13% and 19%, respectively (P = 0.12). Treatment failed in 19% and 22%, respectively (P = 0.97). Ten crossover patients received the second medication after the first failed. Of five amiodarone‐to‐flecainide crossovers, four achieved success on flecainide alone. Of five flecainide‐to‐amiodarone crossovers, two achieved success. Minor adverse events occurred in 9% of flecainide and 22% of amiodarone patients (P = 0.16). No significant differences were seen by arrhythmia subtype (36 EAT, 28 ORT, 10 IART), congenital heart disease (n = 38), or age group (56 infants).

Conclusions

Oral flecainide and amiodarone achieved meaningful arrhythmia control in 81% and 78% of pediatric patients with recurrent SVT, respectively. Those who failed amiodarone had encouraging outcomes when changed to flecainide.
Economic Effects of Workfare Reforms for Single Mothers: Benefit Substitution and Labour Supply Responses*
Authors: Johnsen Julian Vedeler , Reiso Katrine Holm
Published: March 2019

We analyse the economic effects of nationwide Norwegian reforms on the state benefit programme targeting single mothers. Our results show that for each reduction of 100 Norwegian kroner (NOK) in benefit payments from the programme, single mothers replaced 65 NOK through benefit substitution. Their labour supply and disposable income also increased in the short term. However, the reforms doubled the poverty rate among single mothers in the long term. The reforms led to a total net gain to public expenditure of 3.6 billion NOK (449 million euros) during the 1998–2008 period, corresponding to a 14 percent decrease in total benefit payments to single mothers.
WhiteSpace, Brown Place: Racialized Experiences Accessing Public Space in an Arkansas Immigrant Community*
Authors: Arredondo Aarón , Bustamante Juan José
Published: March 2019

This article examines the experiences of Latinos in Northwest Arkansas as they partake in community life within the Jones Center as a public setting traditionally dominated by legal and cultural practices intended to maintain white outlooks. We develop a conceptual model of race and space to theoretically frame how the implementation of an entrance fee system in this community setting shapes public space access into a restrictive racialized place. Drawing on ethnography and visual data gathered between fall 2014 and spring 2015, we found that the administration of the Jones Center made no effort to foster a more inclusive environment, creating a social atmosphere wherein participants construct the place as a whitespace. Whereas some challenged the exclusionary dimensions of symbolic white markers through spatial practices of resistance, others remained in what we call racialized subspaces. We argue that this form of restricting access aims to systematically, yet subtly preclude access to specific areas of the setting—i.e., swimming pool and ice rink. Nevertheless, participants in this study also demonstrate how community resiliency enables them to use “non‐restricted” areas within the whitespace as mechanisms to disrupt the meaning of white markers symbolically embedded in areas where access cannot be negotiated by local Latinos.
Metalloproteinases in chronic and acute wounds: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tardáguila‐García Aroa , García‐Morales Esther , García‐Alamino Josep M. , Álvaro‐Afonso Francisco Javier , Molines‐Barroso Raúl Juan , Lázaro‐Martínez José Luis
Published: March 2019

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were undertaken in order to explore the influence of matrix metalloproteinases and their diagnostic methods in chronic and acute wounds. Searches were conducted in the PubMed (Medline) and Embase (Elsevier) databases from inception to late November 2017. We included clinical trials enrolling patients with cutaneous chronic and acute wounds where a validated diagnostic method was employed for metalloproteinases. We excluded in vitro, animal or preclinical studies, nonoriginal articles, and studies without available data for analysis. In addition, references of narrative and systematic reviews were scrutinized for additional articles. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Results revealed that the most frequently determined matrix metalloproteinases were MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, and were found in 54.5% of wounds. MMP‐9 was present in more than 50% of the chronic wounds with a range from 37 to 78%. However, metalloproteinases were found in only 20% of acute wounds, and other types of metalloproteinases were also observed (MMP‐2 and MMP‐3). On the basis of the available evidence, high levels of metalloproteinases have been correlated with significantly delayed wound healing in wounds of a variety of etiologies.
Efficient Wave Modeling Using Nonhydrostatic Pressure Distribution and Free Surface Tracking on Fixed Grids
Authors: Bihs Hans , Kamath Arun , Aggarwal Ankit , Pakozdi Csaba
Published: March 2019

For the estimation of wave loads on offshore structures, relevant extreme wave events need to be identified. In order to achieve this, long-term wave simulations of relatively large scales need to be performed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical wave tanks with an interface capturing two-phase flow approach typically require too large computational resources. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) nonhydrostatic wave model is presented, which solves the Navier–Stokes equations and employs an interface tracking method based on the continuity of the horizontal velocities along the vertical water column. With this approach, relatively fewer cells are needed in the vicinity of the air–water interface compared to CFD-based numerical wave tanks. The numerical model solves the governing equations on a rectilinear grid, which allows for the employment of high-order finite differences. The capabilities of the new wave model are presented by comparing the wave propagation in the tank with the CFD approach in a two-dimensional (2D) simulation. Further, a 3D simulation is carried out to determine the wave forces on a vertical cylinder. The calculated wave forces using the new approach are compared to those obtained using the CFD approach and experimental data. It is seen that the new approach provides a similar accuracy to that from the CFD approach while providing a large reduction in the time taken for the simulation. The gain is calculated to be about 4.5 for the 2D simulation and about 7.1 for the 3D simulation.
Heat Pipe Array for Planar Cooling of Rotating Radar Systems
Authors: Wits Wessel W. , te Riele Gert Jan
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a planar cooling strategy for rotating radar systems using heat pipe technology. The proposed design uses six 1 m long heat pipes in parallel oriented in an evaporator-down modus at an elevation angle of 85 deg. An analytical model based on conventional heat pipe limits is used to predict the performance taking into account both gravitational and centrifugal forces. The heat pipe array is mounted on a rotating platform of which both the mounting angle w.r.t. the rotational arm and rotational speed can be varied. The radial distance w.r.t. the rotational axis was set at 0.5 m. The setup was tested in an environmental chamber to simulate higher ambient temperatures as well. Moreover, measurements were conducted by varying the heat sink airflow rates. The performance was determined by the temperature gradient across the planar structure. Successful heat pipe operation and experimental performances were determined for a number of application parameters. At higher rotational speeds, the influence of centrifugal forces that may assist or hinder the working fluid circulation became discernible. For higher rotational frequencies, the mounting angle proved to be of (minor) influence on the performance in agreement with the developed model. The current design was validated for effective planar cooling of a rotating radar system for planar heat loads up to 1000 W. Temperature gradients across the planar structure remain below critical limits and overall thermal resistances from planar to ambient air conditions of 0.040 K/W and below were observed.
Fluidelastic Vibration Analysis of Normal Square Finned Tube Arrays in Water Cross Flow
Authors: Desai Sandeep R. , Maniyar Aslam A.
Published: March 2019

An experimental program was carried out by subjecting normal square finned tube arrays to gradually increasing water cross flows. In all, total six tube arrays were tested—three having pitch ratio 2.1 and remaining three of pitch ratio 2.6. Under each category, three arrays tested were: plain array, coarse finned array, and fine finned array. The objective of the research was to determine the fluid velocity at which each of the six arrays becomes fluidelastically unstable. The experiments were started with tests on plain arrays to establish them as a datum case by comparing their test results with published results on plain arrays having lower pitch ratios. This was then followed by testing of finned arrays to study the effect of fins on the instability threshold. The tubes were subjected to a gradually increasing flow rate of water from 10 m3/h to the point where instability was reached. The results of the present work are compared with author's earlier published results for parallel triangular arrays in water. The research outcomes help to study the effect of pitch ratio, tube array pattern, and fin density on the instability threshold. The results show that instability is delayed due to the addition of the fins. It is also concluded that normal square arrays should be preferred over parallel triangular arrays to avoid fluidelastic vibrations. The vortex shedding behavior studied for all the arrays shows that small peaks before fluidelastic instability are due to vortex shedding.
Pore Network Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Water-Heat Transport Process of Soil Porous Media
Authors: Yuan Yuejin , Tan Libin , Zhao Zhe , Xu Yingying , Bai Miaomiao , Yuan Yueding
Published: March 2019

The research on water-heat transport of soil porous media has important theoretical and practical significance for the problem of agricultural production and environmental governance. In this work, the water-heat transport characteristics of sandy soil porous media are analyzed. The two-dimensional continuum physical model is constructed by continuum method, and the two-dimensional pore network physical model is constructed directly at pore scale by taking into account the complicated pore and skeleton structures of soil. Mathematical models of water-heat transport process of sandy soil are constructed based on heat-mass transfer mechanism. Mathematical models of the continuum method and pore network method are solved by ANSYS and self-designed solving algorithm, respectively. The numerical simulation results of soil temperature distributions and moisture distributions are in good agreement with the experimental results. The pore network simulation results are in good agreement with the measured data and are superior to the existing continuous scale method. The pore network simulation results can directly present the characteristics of the preferential flow and wetting front during the water-heat transport process of soil.
Sensitivity of the superconducting state in thin films
Authors: Tamir I. , Benyamini A. , Telford E. J. , Gorniaczyk F. , Doron A. , Levinson T. , Wang D. , Gay F. , Sacépé B. , Hone J. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Dean C. R. , Pasupathy A. N. , Shahar D.
Published: March 2019

An unexpected sensitivity of thin-film superconductors to perturbation explains observations of a metallic state in such films.
Composite lithium electrode with mesoscale skeleton via simple mechanical deformation
Authors: Liang Zheng , Yan Kai , Zhou Guangmin , Pei Allen , Zhao Jie , Sun Yongming , Xie Jin , Li Yanbin , Shi Feifei , Liu Yayuan , Lin Dingchang , Liu Kai , Wang Hansen , Wang Hongxia , Lu Yingying , Cui Yi
Published: March 2019

By a simple but effective physical method, lithium can be wrapped inside a polymer matrix, creating a 3D composite electrode.
Propane oxidative dehydrogenation over highly selective hexagonal boron nitride catalysts: The role of oxidative coupling of methyl
Authors: Tian Jinshu , Tan Jiangqiao , Xu Mingliang , Zhang Zhaoxia , Wan Shaolong , Wang Shuai , Lin Jingdong , Wang Yong
Published: March 2019

Oxidative coupling of methyl increases C2 formation in propane oxidative dehydrogenation on hexagonal boron nitride.
Microbiome Profiles of Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Nonhuman Primates across the Life Span
Authors: Kirakodu Sreenatha , Chen Jin , Gonzalez Martinez Janis , Gonzalez Octavio A. , Ebersole Jeffrey
Published: March 2019

This investigation compared the microbiomes colonizing teeth during the initiation, progression, and resolution of periodontitis in nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta) at different ages. Subgingival plaque samples were collected at baseline; 0.5, 1, and 3 months following ligature-induced periodontitis; and following naturally occurring disease resolution at 5 months.
Contribution of YjbIH to Virulence Factor Expression and Host Colonization in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Austin Crystal M. , Garabaglu Siamak , Krute Christina N. , Ridder Miranda J. , Seawell Nichole A. , Markiewicz Mary A. , Boyd Jeffrey M. , Bose Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2019

To persist within the host and cause disease,
Staphylococcus aureus
relies on its ability to precisely fine-tune virulence factor expression in response to rapidly changing environments. During an unbiased transposon mutant screen, we observed that disruption of a two-gene operon,
yjbIH
, resulted in decreased levels of pigmentation and aureolysin (Aur) activity relative to the wild-type strain.
Awareness of alcohol marketing, ownership of alcohol branded merchandise, and the association with alcohol consumption, higher-risk drinking, and drinking susceptibility in adolescents and young adults: a cross-sectional survey in the UK
Authors: Critchlow Nathan , MacKintosh Anne Marie , Thomas Christopher , Hooper Lucie , Vohra Jyotsna
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To explore awareness of alcohol marketing and ownership of alcohol branded merchandise in adolescents and young adults in the UK, what factors are associated with awareness and ownership, and what association awareness and ownership have with alcohol consumption, higher-risk drinking and susceptibility.

Design

Online cross-sectional survey conducted during April–May 2017.

Setting

The UK.

Participants

Adolescents and young adults aged 11–19 years in the UK (n=3399).

Main outcome measures

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption (AUDIT-C) (0–12) and indication of higher-risk consumption (>5 AUDIT-C) in current drinkers. Susceptibility to drink (yes/no) in never drinkers.

Results

Eighty-two per cent of respondents were aware of at least one form of alcohol marketing in the past month and 17% owned branded merchandise. χ2tests found that awareness of marketing and ownership of branded merchandise varied within drinking variables. For example, higher awareness of alcohol marketing was associated with being a current drinker (χ2=114.04, p<0.001), higher-risk drinking (χ2=85.84, p<0.001), and perceived parental (χ2=63.06, p<0.001) and peer approval of consumption (χ2=73.08, p<0.001). Among current drinkers, multivariate regressions (controlling for demographics and covariates) found that marketing awareness and owning branded merchandise was positively associated with AUDIT-C score and higher-risk consumption. For example, current drinkers reporting medium marketing awareness were twice as likely to be higher-risk drinkers as those reporting low awareness (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.18, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.42, p<0.001). Among never drinkers, respondents who owned branded merchandise were twice as likely to be susceptible to drinking as those who did not (AOR=1.98, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.24, p<0.01).

Conclusions

Young people, above and below the legal purchasing age, are aware of a range of alcohol marketing and almost one in five own alcohol branded merchandise. In current drinkers, alcohol marketing awareness was associated with increased consumption and greater likelihood of higher-risk consumption. In never drinkers, ownership of branded merchandise was associated with susceptibility.
Implications of the local haemodynamic forces on the phenotype of coronary plaques
Authors: Bourantas Christos V , Zanchin Thomas , Sakellarios Antonis , Karagiannis Alexios , Ramasamy Anantharaman , Yamaji Kyohei , Taniwaki Masanori , Heg Dik , Moschovitis Aris , Fotiadis Dimitrios , Mihalis Lampros , Baumbach Andreas , Torii Ryo , Serruys Patrick , Garcia-Garcia Hector M , Windecker Stephan , Räber Lorenz
Published: March 2019

Aim

To examine the effect of endothelial shear stress (ESS) on the dynamic changes in plaque phenotype.

Methods

Patients with myocardial infarction that had intravascular ultrasound-virtual histology (IVUS-VH) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) at baseline and 13-month follow-up were studied. The IVUS-VH data were used to reconstruct the nonculprit vessels, and in the obtained models the ESS was estimated in 3 mm segments. Plaque morphology was derived in each segment from IVUS-VH and OCT. Disease progression was defined as the presence of ≥2 out of the following criteria: reduction in lumen area, increase in plaque burden and change of plaque morphology to a more vulnerable phenotype. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the effect of ESS in different phenotypes.

Results

Sixty-eight vessels were included in the analysis. Low ESS was associated with plaque progression in all phenotypes. The effect of ESS on plaque burden (p for interaction=0.467) and phenotype (p for interaction=0.188) was similar in all plaque types, whereas the effect of ESS on the changes in lumen dimensions was more prominent in disease-free (β=0.70, p<0.001) than fibrotic/fibrocalcific (β=0.28, p<0.001) or lipid-rich plaques (β=0.15, p=0.015). Standalone IVUS-VH misclassified plaque morphology in one-third of the cases leading to erroneous estimations about the effect of ESS on plaque evolution in different phenotypes.

Conclusions

The effect of ESS on plaque progression is similar in all phenotypes and cannot be accurately assessed by standalone IVUS-VH which often misclassifies plaque morphology. Therefore, multimodality imaging should be considered to examine the implications of ESS on plaque evolution.

Clinical trial registration

NCT00962416; Post-results.