bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds by 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethyldisiloxane Catalyzed by Au/TiO2.
Authors: Vasilikogiannaki Eleni , Titilas Ioannis , Gryparis Charis , Louka Anastasia , Lykakis Ioannis N. , Stratakis Manolis
Published: January 2015

The transformations of aldehydes with 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane (X) are also performed at 25 °C requiring slightly longer reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New and Other Limonoids from the Hexane Extract of Melia azedarach Fruits and Their Cytotoxic Activities.
Authors: Pan Xin , Matsumoto Masahiro , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Takashi , Zhang Jie , Ukiya Motohiko , Suzuki Takashi , Koike Kazuo , Akihisa Rima , Akihisa Toshihiro
Published: January 2015

isolation, structure and cytotoxicity of three new limonoids (I), (II) along with 16 known limonoids and a known triterpenoid
ChemInform Abstract: Epunctanone, a New Benzophenone, and Further Secondary Metabolites from Garcinia epunctata Stapf (Guttiferae).
Authors: Fotso Ghislain W. , Ntumy Aku N. , Ngachussi Eliette , Dube Mthandazo , Mapitse Renameditswe , Kapche Gilbert D. W. F. , Andrae‐Marobela Kerstin , Ngadjui Bonaventure T. , Abegaz Berhanu M.
Published: January 2015

isolation, structure elucidation, and evaluation of the antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, and antinematodal activities
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Cassane‐Type Diterpenes from Caesalpinia minax
Authors: Ma Rui‐Jing , Hu Jiang‐Miao , Yang Xun‐Yun , Wang Li‐Qin
Published: January 2015

isolation and structure elucidation of three new diterpenes, 14‐dehydroxy‐12,16‐dihydrocaesaldekarin L (I), 1‐deacetyl‐12‐ethoxyneocaesalpin N (IIa), and 1‐deacetylneocaesalpin N (Ib), along with two known cassane‐type diterpenes
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Mulinane Diterpenoid from the Chilean Plant Azorella trifurcata (Gaertn) Pers.
Authors: Areche Carlos , Sepulveda Beatriz , San Martin Aurelio , Garcia‐Beltran Olimpo , Simirgiotis Mario , Canete Alvaro
Published: January 2015

Four new mulinane‐type diterpenoids are isolated from Azorella trifurcata.
ChemInform Abstract: Adsorption and Reactions of O2 on Anatase TiO2
Authors: Li Ye‐Fei , Aschauer Ulrich , Chen Jia , Selloni Annabella
Published: January 2015

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry of Click Linear Oligo‐ and Poly(amide‐triazole)s.
Authors: Chow Hak‐Fun , Chui Tin‐Ki , Qi Qiuli
Published: January 2015

Review: [28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Naturally Occurring Tetramic Acid Products: Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Biological Activity
Authors: Mo Xuhua , Li Qinglian , Ju Jianhua
Published: January 2015

Review: 222 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chelation‐Assisted Regioselective Catalytic Functionalization of C—H, C—O, C—N and C—F Bonds
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Kochi Takuya , Murai Shinji
Published: January 2015

Review: [73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Methods to Synthesise 4′‐Substituted Nucleosides
Authors: Betson Mark , Allanson Nigel , Wainwright Philip
Published: January 2015

Review: [63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparative Perspective and Synthetic Applications of Transition Metal Mediated Oxidative Cyclization of 1,5‐Dienes Towards cis‐2,5‐Disubstituted Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Sheikh Nadeem S.
Published: January 2015

Review: [45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods for the Synthesis of Xanthine‐derived Polycyclic Fused Systems
Authors: Szymanska Ewa , Mazurkiewicz Jakub , Kiec‐Kononowicz Katarzyna
Published: January 2015

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonisotopic Substitution: Is Fluorine a Replacement for Hydrogen?
Authors: Duatti Adriano
Published: January 2015

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Cinchona Alkaloid Catalysis for Enantioselective Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond Formation Reactions
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Miyairi Shinichi
Published: January 2015

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review on Synthesis of Bioactive Pyrazoline Derivatives
Authors: Sharma S. , Kaur Sandeep , Bansal Tania , Gaba Jyoti
Published: January 2015

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Multicomponent Syntheses of Pyridines
Authors: Allais Christophe , Grassot Jean‐Marie , Rodriguez Jean , Constantieux Thierry
Published: January 2015

Review: 306 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fischer Carbene Complexes Remain Favourite Targets, and Vehicles for New Discoveries
Authors: Raubenheimer H. G.
Published: January 2015

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Immobilized Coupling Reagents: Synthesis of Amides/Peptides
Authors: Cherkupally Prabhakar , Ramesh Suhas , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Govender Thavendran , Kruger Hendrik G. , Albericio Fernando
Published: January 2015

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Myo‐Inositol 1,3‐Acetals as Early Intermediates During the Synthesis of Cyclitol Derivatives
Authors: Gurale Bharat P. , Sardessai Richa S. , Shashidhar Mysore S.
Published: January 2015

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium Asymmetric Hydrogenation Observed During Its Exponential Growth Phase
Authors: Brown John M.
Published: January 2015

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Darzens Reactions
Authors: Bako Peter , Rapi Zsolt , Keglevich Gyorgy
Published: January 2015

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium Tetraiodide‐Mediated Organic Reactions
Authors: Haneishi Tsuyoshi , Hachiya Iwao , Shimizu Makoto
Published: January 2015

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Montmorillonites in Organic Reactions
Authors: Mashhadinezhad Maryam
Published: January 2015

Review: 16 refs.
Computational Photochemistry of the Azobenzene Scaffold of Sudan I and Orange II Dyes: Excited‐State Proton Transfer and Deactivation via Conical Intersections
Authors: Guan Pei‐Jie , Cui Ganglong , Fang Qiu
Published: January 2015

We employed the complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) and its multistate second‐order perturbation (MS‐CASPT2) methods to explore the photochemical mechanism of 2‐hydroxyazobenzene, the molecular scaffold of Sudan I and Orange II dyes. It was found that the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) along the bright diabatic 1ππ* state is barrierless and ultrafast. Along this diabatic 1ππ* relaxation path, the system can jump to the dark 1nπ* state via the 1ππ*/1nπ* crossing point. However, ESIPT in this dark state is largely inhibited owing to a sizeable barrier. We also found two deactivation channels that decay 1ππ* keto and 1nπ* enol species to the ground state via two energetically accessible S1/S0 conical intersections. Finally, we encountered an interesting phenomenon in the excited‐state hydrogen‐bonding strength: it is reinforced in the 1ππ* state, whereas it is reduced in the 1nπ* state. The present work sets the stage for understanding the photophysics and photochemistry of Sudan I–IV, Orange II, Ponceau 2R, Ponceau 4R, and azo violet.
Are we underestimating the genetic variances of dimorphic traits?
Authors: Wolak Matthew E. , Roff Derek A. , Fairbairn Daphne J.
Published: January 2015

Populations often contain discrete classes or morphs (e.g., sexual dimorphisms, wing dimorphisms, trophic dimorphisms) characterized by distinct patterns of trait expression. In quantitative genetic analyses, the different morphs can be considered as different environments within which traits are expressed. Genetic variances and covariances can then be estimated independently for each morph or in a combined analysis. In the latter case, morphs can be considered as separate environments in a bivariate analysis or entered as fixed effects in a univariate analysis. Although a common approach, we demonstrate that the latter produces downwardly biased estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability unless the quantitative genetic architecture of the traits concerned is perfectly correlated between the morphs. This result is derived for four widely used quantitative genetic variance partitioning methods. Given that theory predicts the evolution of genotype‐by‐environment (morph) interactions as a consequence of selection favoring different trait combinations in each morph, we argue that perfect correlations between the genetic architectures of the different morphs are unlikely. A sampling of the recent literature indicates that the majority of researchers studying traits expressed in different morphs recognize this and do estimate morph‐specific quantitative genetic architecture. However, ca. 16% of the studies in our sample utilized only univariate, fixed‐effects models. We caution against this approach and recommend that it be used only if supported by evidence that the genetic architectures of the different morphs do not differ.
America's red gold: multiple lineages of cultivated cochineal in Mexico
Authors: Campana Michael G. , Robles García Nelly M. , Tuross Noreen
Published: January 2015

Cultivated cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) produces carminic acid, a valuable red dye used to color textiles, cosmetics, and food. Extant nativeD. coccusis largely restricted to two populations in the Mexican and the Andean highlands, although the insect's ultimate center of domestication remains unclear. Moreover, due to MexicanD. coccuscultivation's near demise during the 19th century, the genetic diversity of current cochineal stock is unknown. Through genomic sequencing, we identified two divergentD. coccuspopulations in highland Mexico: one unique to Mexico and another that was more closely related to extant Andean cochineal. Relic diversity is preserved in the crops of small‐scale Mexican cochineal farmers. Conversely, larger‐scale commercial producers are cultivating the Andean‐like cochineal, which may reflect clandestine 20th century importation.
Methylalumoxane – History, Production, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Zijlstra Harmen S. , Harder Sjoerd
Published: January 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Sjoerd Harder at the University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Germany. The cover image shows the birth of methylalumoxane MeAlO (MAO), or at least one of the possible MAO species, by reaction of trimethylaluminum with water.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Generation and [4+2] Annulation of Unsubstituted Dienolate – Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Oxindolodihydropyranones
Authors: Cheng Jin‐Tang , Chen Xiang‐Yu , Gao Zhong‐Hua , Ye Song
Published: January 2015

The N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyzed (NHC‐catalyzed) generation of unsubstituted dienolate (butadienolate) and subsequent [4+2] annulation reactions with isatins afford chiral spirocyclic oxindolodihydropyranones in moderate to good yields with moderate to good enantioselectivities.
A preclinical model of hyperalgesia following spinal stenosis/compression
Authors: Vierck C.J. , Baastrup C. , Maersk‐Moller C. , Roth M. , Cannon R.L. , Finnerup N.B. , Yezierski R.P.
Published: January 2015

Background

Identification of mechanisms for pain/hyperalgesia following spinal cord injury requires long‐term evaluation of individual subjects because of the variability in effect over time for humans.

Methods

Rats were trained on an operant escape task that determined their preference for occupancy of a brightly lit compartment versus a dark compartment with a floor preheated to 10, 32 or 44.5 °C. Following determination of baseline preferences, the animals received extradural implantation of a small piece of polymer in the thoracic spinal canal. The polymer narrowed the spinal canal and compressed the spinal cord. Post‐operative tests of escape preference were conducted over 23 weeks (experiments 1 and 2) and 62 weeks (experiment 3), permitting statistical evaluation of individual effects.

Results

Spinal stenosis/compression produced hyperalgesia for cold and/or heat stimulation (17 animals; 77%), no post‐operative change in sensitivity (4 animals) or hypoalgesia for cold or heat (2 animals). When hyperalgesia occurred, it developed gradually over 4 months. Following removal of the polymer in experiment 3, heat sensitivity returned to baseline levels for four of four animals that had been hyperalgesic when the polymer was in place, but cold hyperalgesia was retained for four of five animals. Overall, post‐operative changes in cold and heat sensitivity were not strongly related, indicating that different mechanisms were responsible for enhanced sensitivity to 10 and 44.5 °C.

Conclusions

Histology revealed that hyperalgesia occurred when there was: (1) damage to spinal white matter; or (2) cystic cavitation; or (3) compression and distortion of the spinal cord without an obvious loss of grey or white matter.
Linear Sweep and Cyclic Voltammetries of Reversible Ion Transfer Processes at Macro‐ and Microcapillaries under Transient Regime
Authors: Molina A. , Laborda E. , González J. , Compton R. G.
Published: January 2015

The voltammetry corresponding to the reversible transfer of an ionic species across a liquid|liquid interface supported at the tip of a capillary is modelled with an approximate analytical treatment. The solution obtained enables the calculation of the electrochemical response in any voltammetric technique when capillaries of any size are employed, including micro‐ and macro‐ liquid|liquid interfaces. The theory is applied to study the effect of the key system variables (capillary size, scan rate and ion diffusion coefficients) on the response obtained in cyclic voltammetry. In all cases, the explicit solution presented provides good description of the influence of the above variables and it allows for the accurate determination of the formal transfer potential.
QoS‐aware ant‐based route, wavelength and timeslot assignment algorithm for optical burst switched networks
Authors: Coulibaly Yahaya , Rouskas George , Abd Latiff Muhammad Shafie , Razzaque M. A. , Mandala Satria
Published: January 2015

All‐optical networks are the aspiration of bandwidth‐greedy applications providers and users such as telecom operators and scientific research centres. Because of the limitations of current network infrastructures, some optical switching paradigms have been proposed. Among these paradigms, optical burst switching (OBS) is seen as the most appropriate solution. However, OBS suffers from high burst loss ratio as a result of contention at the buffer‐less core node. According to current optical technology reviews, cost effective optical memories are yet to be cost effective. In this paper, an ant‐based route, wavelength and timeslot allocation algorithm is proposed to address high burst loss in OBS and improve the overall network performance. The solution was implemented in hierarchical time‐sliced OBS and was evaluated through computer simulation where it was compared with shortest path (SP) algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms SP in terms of burst loss ratio and delay. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Diffuser by Inserting Vortex Generators on an Unheated Side
Authors: Sabet Ghobad Shafiei , Pavithran S. , Kulkarni R. R.
Published: January 2015

The experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement and flow analysis in a diffuser using vortex generators (VGs) is carried out. Two diffuser angles are examined. One and two VG pairs are considered. The velocity profile at the diffuser inlet is uniform and the flow is a developing one. The VGs are placed on the side opposite to the heated surface. It is observed that the heat transfer enhancement is more with the two pair case. The Reynolds number based on inlet velocity and diffuser length is in the range 2.3 to 3.6E05. The maximum enhancement is 62% at constant Reynolds number and 40% at constant dissipation. The enhancement increases with the angle of attack of the VG and decreases with the diffuser angle and with Reynolds number.
PDZ Domain in the Engineering and Production of a Saporin Chimeric Toxin as a Tool for targeting Cancer Cells
Authors: Giansanti Francesco , Sabatini Domenica , Pennacchio Maria Rosaria , Scotti Stefano , Angelucci Francesco , Dhez Anne‐Chloè , Antonosante Andrea , Cimini Annamaria , Giordano Antonio , Ippoliti Rodolfo
Published: January 2015

In this paper we have studied a PDZ protein domain as a possible tool for cellular targeting of the ribosome inactivating protein Saporin, exploiting the ability of PDZ domains to recognize and bind short peptide sequences located at the C‐terminus of a cognate protein. We have focused our attention on the PDZ domain from hCASK (Human calcium/calmodulin‐dependent serine protein kinase) that binds extracellular CD98 in epithelial cells, being this antigen recognized as a marker for several human tumors and particularly considered a negative prognostic marker for human glioblastoma. We produced recombinant fusions of one or two hCASK‐PDZ domains with the ribosome inactivating protein Saporin and assayed them on two human glioblastoma cell lines (GL15 and U87). These constructs proved to be toxic, with increasing activity as a function of the number of PDZ domains, and induce cell death by apoptotic mechanisms in a dose‐dependent and/or time dependent manner. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1256–1266, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pyrosequencing for Accurate Imprinted Allele Expression Analysis
Authors: Yang Bing , Damaschke Nathan , Yao Tianyu , McCormick Johnathon , Wagner Jennifer , Jarrard David
Published: January 2015

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that restricts gene expression to one inherited allele. Improper maintenance of imprinting has been implicated in a number of human diseases and developmental syndromes. Assays are needed that can quantify the contribution of each paternal allele to a gene expression profile. We have developed a rapid, sensitive quantitative assay for the measurement of individual allelic ratios termed Pyrosequencing for Imprinted Expression (PIE). Advantages of PIE over other approaches include shorter experimental time, decreased labor, avoiding the need for restriction endonuclease enzymes at polymorphic sites, and prevent heteroduplex formation which is problematic in quantitative PCR‐based methods. We demonstrate the improved sensitivity of PIE including the ability to detect differences in allelic expression down to 1%. The assay is capable of measuring genomic heterozygosity as well as imprinting in a single run. PIE is applied to determine the status of Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐2 (IGF2) imprinting in human and mouse tissues. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1165–1170, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical prediction of the host–guest interactions between novel photoresponsive nanorings and C60: A strategy for facile encapsulation and release of fullerene
Authors: Yuan Kun , Dang Jing‐Shuang , Guo Yi‐Jun , Zhao Xiang
Published: January 2015

A series of photoresponsive‐group‐containing nanorings hosts with 12∼14 Å in diameter is designed by introducing different number of azo groups as the structural composition units. And the host–guest interactions between fullerene C60 and those nanoring hosts were investigated theoretically at M06‐2X/6‐31G(d)//M06‐L/MIDI! and wB97X‐D/6‐31G(d) levels. Analysis on geometrical characteristics and host–guest binding energies revealed that the designed nanoring molecule (labeled as 7) which is composed by seven azo groups and seven phenyls is the most feasible host for encapsulation of C60 guest among all candidates. Moreover, inferring from the simulated UV‐vis‐NIR spectroscopy, the C60 guest could be facilely released from the cavity of the host 7 via configuration transformation between trans‐form and cis‐form of the host under the 563 nm photoirradiation. Additionally, the frontier orbital features, weak interaction regions, infrared, and NMR spectra of the C60@7 host–guest complex have also been investigated theoretically. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
van der Waals interactions are critical in Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations of porphyrin–fullerene dyads
Authors: Karilainen Topi , Cramariuc Oana , Kuisma Mikael , Tappura Kirsi , Hukka Terttu I.
Published: January 2015

The interplay between electrostatic and van der Waals (vdW) interactions in porphyrin‐C60 dyads is still under debate despite its importance in influencing the structural characteristics of such complexes considered for various applications in molecular photovoltaics. In this article, we sample the conformational space of a porphyrin‐C60 dyad using Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations with and without empirical vdW corrections. Long‐range vdW interactions, which are poorly described by the commonly used density functional theory functionals, prove to be essential for a proper dynamics of the dyad moieties. Inclusion of vdW corrections brings porphyrin and C60 close together in an orientation that is in agreement with experimental observations. The structural differences arising from the vdW corrections are shown to be significant for several properties and potentially less important for others. Additionally, our Mulliken population analysis reveals that contrary to the common belief, porphyrin is not the primary electron donating moiety for C60. In the considered dyad, fullerene's affinity for electrons is primarily satisfied by charge transfer from the amide group of the linker. However, we show that in the absence of another suitable bound donor, C60 can withdraw electrons from porphyrin if it is sufficiently close. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of α‐Benzylthiobenzimidazoleacetonitriles and Their Chemoselective Reduction of the Double Bond with NaBH4
Authors: Sadhu Srinivas Rao , Reddy Chittireddy Venkata Ramana , Dubey Pramod Kumar
Published: January 2015

Condensation of 2‐((1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)thio)acetonitre 1 with aromatic aldehydes in methanol containing piperidine gave the corresponding 2‐((1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)thio)‐3‐arylacrylonitrile 2, which on treatment with NaBH4 in ethanol unexpectedly and chemoselectively gave 2‐((1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)thio)‐3‐arylpropanenitrile 3 by the reduction of the double bond of 2. 3 on methylation with dimethyl sulfate containing K2CO3 as a base and tetrabutylammonium bromide as PTC gave 2‐((1‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)thio)‐3‐arylpropanenitrile 6. The latter could also be prepared in an alternative way by reaction of 1 with dimethyl sulfate giving the intermediary 2‐((1‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)thio)acetonitrile 4, followed by condensation with aromatic aldehydes yielding 5 and subsequent reduction of 5 with NaBH4 in methanol. 6 could be directly synthesized by treatment of 4 with benzyl chloride in DMF and triethylamine as a base at 60°C for 5 h.
Preoperative apparent diffusion coefficient value of gastric cancer by diffusion‐weighted imaging: Correlations with postoperative TNM staging
Authors: Liu Song , Wang Hao , Guan Wenxian , Pan Liang , Zhou Zhuping , Yu Haiping , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng , He Jian , Zhou Zhengyang
Published: January 2015

Background

To determine if the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of gastric cancers on the preoperative diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) correlate with the postoperative TNMs of the lesions.

Methods

In a retrospective clinical study, seventy patients with gastric cancers were enrolled and each underwent a MRI before surgery. DWI was obtained with a single‐shot, echo‐planar imaging sequence in the axial plane (b values: 0 and 1000 s/mm2). The mean and minimum ADC values of the gastric cancers were calculated and compared among various postoperative TNM staging.

Results

Both mean and minimum ADC values of the gastric cancers correlated with the postoperative T staging (r = −0.464, −0.476; both P < 0.001), N staging (r = −0.402, −0.397; P = 0.001, 0.002) and TNM staging (r = −0.446, −0.437; both P < 0.001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the differentiating lymph node metastasis were 0.788 for the mean ADC values (P = 0.001) and 0.778 for the minimum ADC values (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

The preoperative ADC values of gastric cancers can help to assess the postoperative TNM staging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:837–843.
A novel theoretical analysis for the determination of the noise parameters applicable to millimeter‐wave frequencies (invited)
Authors: Boglione Luciano
Published: January 2015

This paper describes in detail a novel, fully analytical technique for the determination of high frequency noise parameters. The technique can be applied at any frequency of interest because the requirement of an external tuner is dropped. The absence of an input tuner removes the practical constraint of operational bandwidth of the system and opens the door to the direct evaluation of noise parameters of active devices in frequency ranges currently inaccessible. The mathematical formulation at the basis of the present technique is applied to the Pospieszalski noise model and is described in detail. The new technique provides an analytical tool to determine the equivalent noise temperatures Tgs and Tds against measured data over a broad frequency range. Limitations and opportunities of the new technique are discussed including new insights into the Pospieszalski noise model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition and biological activities of slaughterhouse blood from red deer, sheep, pig and cattle
Authors: Bah Clara SF , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din A , Carne Alan , McConnell Michelle A
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

Animal blood is a large‐volume by‐product of the meat industry. Besides blood meal fertiliser, blood is marketed for human consumption as a supplement. Minimal comparative work on slaughterhouse animal blood fractions has been carried out. In this study, slaughterhouse deer, sheep, pig and cattle blood parameters were compared. Some blood constituents were determined. Fractionated blood was assessed for antioxidant activity (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, oxygen radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antimicrobial activity were also assessed.

RESULTS

Serum iron ranged from 35.3 ± 0.6 µmol L−1 in cattle to 16.3 ± 3.1 µmol L−1 in deer. Cattle had the highest total plasma proteins (81.7 ± 1.5 g L−1). While the plasma fractions contained considerable antioxidant activity, the red blood cell fractions of all four animal species contained higher antioxidant activity (P < 0.05). Negligible levels of ACE inhibitory activity were found for all animal blood fractions. Antimicrobial activity was detected towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with sheep white blood cells from which a crude neutrophil extract was obtained which demonstrated concentration‐dependent inhibitory effects on the growth rates of these bacterial strains.

CONCLUSION

Fractionated animal blood obtained from local slaughterhouses contains native proteins that possess antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Enantioselective determination of acaricide etoxazole in orange pulp, peel, and whole orange by chiral liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yao Zhoulin , Li Zuguang , Zhuang Shulin , Li Xiaoge , Xu Mingfei , Lin Mei , Wang Qiang , Zhang Hu
Published: January 2015

An efficient enantioselective method for the determination of etoxazole in orange pulp, peel, and whole orange was developed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The enantioseparation was performed on a Chiralpak AD‐3R column at 30ºC using acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid solution (80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase in less than 5 min. Quantification was achieved using matrix‐matched standard calibration curves. The overall mean recoveries for two enantiomers from orange pulp and whole orange were 91.0–99.6% and the orange peel was 92.6–103.1%, with relative standard deviations of 0.8–5.4% intraday and 2.0–4.8% interday at 1, 10, and 100 μg/kg levels, and 1.3–5.2% intraday and 3.5–4.3% interday at 5, 50, and 500 μg/kg levels, respectively. The limits of quantification for all enantiomers in three matrices did not exceed 5 μg/kg. Moreover, the absolute configuration of etoxazole enantiomers had been determined by the combination of experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism spectra, and the first eluted enantiomer was confirmed as (S)‐etoxazole on a Chiralpak AD‐3R column while (R)‐etoxazole was first on three cellulose chiral columns. The application of the proposed method to real sample analysis suggests its potential use in enantioselective determination of etoxazole enantiomers in citrus.
Novel strategy for the determination of illegal adulterants in health foods and herbal medicines using high‐performance liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Zhe , Wu Caisheng , Wang Gangli , Zhang Qingsheng , Zhang Jinlan
Published: January 2015

The detection, confirmation, and quantification of multiple illegal adulterants in health foods and herbal medicines by using a single analytical method are a challenge. This paper reports on a new strategy to meet this challenge by employing high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry and a mass spectral tree similarity filter technique. This analytical method can rapidly collect high‐resolution, high‐accuracy, optionally multistage mass data for compounds in samples. After a preliminary screening by retention time and high‐resolution mass spectral data, known illegal adulterants can be detected. The mass spectral tree similarity filter technique has been applied to rapidly confirm these adulterants and simultaneously discover unknown ones. By using full‐scan mass spectra as stem and data‐dependent subsequent stage mass spectra to form branches, mass spectrometry data from detected compounds are converted into mass spectral trees. The known or unknown illegal adulterants in the samples are confirmed or discovered based on the similarity between their mass spectral trees and those of the references in a library, and they are finally quantified against standard curves. This new strategy has been tested by using 50 samples, and the illegal adulterants were rapidly and effectively detected, confirmed and quantified.
Development of a liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method for the determination of gelsemine in rat plasma and tissue: Application to a pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study
Authors: Zhang Shuangshuang , Hu Shuping , Yang Xiangxiang , Shen Jiaqi , Zheng Xiaoyong , Huang Kexin , Xiang Zheng
Published: January 2015

Gelsemine from Gelsemium elegans Benth is a potential anesthetic and analgesic agent with no physical dependence and opiate addiction. This study was aimed at developing an ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify gelsemine in rat plasma and tissues. Plasma and tissues were processed with acetonitrile precipitation, and dendrobine was chosen as the internal standard. Sample separation was performed on an ACQUITY HSS T3 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. Multiple reactions monitoring mode was utilized to detect the compounds of interest. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode for detection. The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were m/z 323.2→70.5 for gelsemine and 264.2→108.05 for dendrobine, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 1–500 ng/mL in all biological matrices. The lower limit of quantification for rats plasma and tissues was 1.0 ng/mL. The values for inter‐ and intraday precision and accuracy were well within the ranges acceptable (< 15%). It was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of gelsemine after intravenous doses of 5, 2, and 0.5 mg/kg in rats. These data of gelsemine would be useful for clinical application and further development.
Trace analysis of some organophosphorus pesticides in rice samples using ultrasound‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Sharafi Kiomars , Fattahi Nazir , Mahvi Amir Hossein , Pirsaheb Meghdad , Azizzadeh Nahid , Noori Masomeh
Published: January 2015

An ultrasound‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of a floating organic drop method followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of trace amounts of organophosphorus pesticides in rice samples. Variables affecting the performance of both steps were thoroughly investigated. Some effective parameters on extraction were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, recoveries for rice sample are in the range of 58.0–66.0%. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 4–800 μg/kg and, limits of detection and limits of quantification are in the range of 1.5–3 and 4.2–8.5 μg/kg, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 50.0 μg/kg of organophosphorus pesticides in rice sample are in the range of 4.4–5.1% (n = 5). The obtained results show that proposed method is a fast and simple method for the determination of pesticides in cereals.
High‐throughput salting‐out‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin, ortho‐hydroxyatorvastatin, and para‐hydroxyatorvastatin in human plasma using ultrafast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Yong , Xu Qiufang , Zhou Lei , Zhong Dafang , Chen Xiaoyan
Published: January 2015

A high‐throughput, specific, and rapid liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and its two major metabolites, ortho‐hydroxyatorvastatin and para‐hydroxyatorvastatin, in human plasma. A simple salting‐out‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction using acetonitrile and a mass‐spectrometry‐friendly salt, ammonium acetate, was employed to extract the analytes from human plasma. A recovery of more than 81% for all analytes was achieved in 1 min extraction time. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Kinetex XB C18 column utilizing a gradient elution starting with a 60% of water solution (1% formic acid), followed by increasing percentages of acetonitrile. Analytes were detected on a tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source that was operated in the positive mode, using the transitions of m/z 559.3 → m/z 440.2 for atorvastatin, and m/z 575.3 → m/z 440.2 for both ortho‐ and para‐hydroxyatorvastatin. Deuterium‐labeled compounds were used as the internal standards. The method was validated over the concentration ranges of 0.0200–15.0 ng/mL for atorvastatin and ortho‐hydroxyatorvastatin, and 0.0100–2.00 ng/mL for para‐hydroxyatorvastatin with acceptable accuracy and precision. It was then successfully applied in a bioequivalence study of atorvastatin.
Triple‐stimulation technique improves the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Attarian Shahram , Franques Jérôme , Elisabeth Jouve , Trébuchon Agnes , Duclos Yann , Wybrecht Délphine , Verschueren Annie , Salort‐Campana Emmanuelle , Pouget Jean
Published: January 2015

Introduction: A difficult clinical situation occurs when a chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) patient does not fulfill any of the diagnostic criteria. Moreover, nerve conduction studies (NCS) can be consistent with axonal neuropathy and lead to misdiagnosis. Methods: We aimed to assess the usefulness of the triple‐stimulation technique (TST) for detection of proximal conduction blocks (CBs) in patients with axonal‐like CIDP. Four patients with axonal‐like CIDP were studied and compared with 10 typical CIDP patients. In the axonal‐like group, NCS showed a decrease in compound muscle action potential amplitude without features of demyelination, but nerve biopsy showed features of demyelination in all 4. Results: Twelve nerves were tested with TST, and 8 CBs were detected between the root emergence and the Erb point in the 4 patients, all of whom improved after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Conclusion: TST can identify very proximal CBs in CIDP. The sensitivity of nerve conduction studies may be improved by TST in CIDP. Muscle Nerve 51: 541–548, 2015
A NURBS‐based interface‐enriched generalized finite element method for problems with complex discontinuous gradient fields
Authors: Safdari Masoud , Najafi Ahmad R. , Sottos Nancy R. , Geubelle Philippe H.
Published: January 2015

A non‐uniform rational B‐splines (NURBS)‐based interface‐enriched generalized finite element method is introduced to solve problems with complex discontinuous gradient fields observed in the structural and thermal analysis of the heterogeneous materials. The presented method utilizes generalized degrees of freedom and enrichment functions based on NURBS to capture the solution with non‐conforming meshes. A consistent method for the generation and application of the NURBS‐based enrichment functions is introduced. These enrichment functions offer various advantages including simplicity of the integration, possibility of different modes of local solution refinement, and ease of implementation. In addition, we show that these functions well capture weak discontinuities associated with highly curved material interfaces. The convergence, accuracy, and stability of the method in the solution of two‐dimensional elasto‐static problems are compared with the standard finite element scheme, showing improved accuracy. Finally, the performance of the method for solving problems with complex internal geometry is highlighted through a numerical example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated time integrator for multiple time scale homogenization
Authors: Crouch Robert , Oskay Caglar
Published: January 2015

This manuscript presents an accelerated time domain homogenization methodology for prediction of material and structural failure under fatigue loading. The methodology is based on mathematical homogenization theory applied to the time domain. The method addresses the computational challenge associated with the scale disparity between the characteristic fatigue load period and the overall fatigue life. Cycle sensitive continuum damage mechanics modeling is used to describe the progressive damage accumulation under fatigue loading. The original initial boundary value problem is decomposed into coupled fast and slow time scale problems. A quasilinear approximation to the fast time scale problem is introduced to efficiently evaluate the response under a fatigue load cycle. The effect of the new time integrator on the thermodynamic consistency of the resulting system of discrete equations is demonstrated for a general class of continuum damage mechanics models. The proposed method is numerically verified based on a scalar damage model and a spatially multiscale damage model used for predicting fatigue life of composite materials. The proposed accelerated time integrator is shown to have reasonable accuracy and is orders of magnitude more computationally efficient when compared with previously proposed time homogenization methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new sparse matrix vector multiplication graphics processing unit algorithm designed for finite element problems
Authors: Wong J. , Kuhl E. , Darve E.
Published: January 2015

Recently, graphics processing units (GPUs) have been increasingly leveraged in a variety of scientific computing applications. However, architectural differences between CPUs and GPUs necessitate the development of algorithms that take advantage of GPU hardware. As sparse matrix vector (SPMV) multiplication operations are commonly used in finite element analysis, a new SPMV algorithm and several variations are developed for unstructured finite element meshes on GPUs. The effective bandwidth of current GPU algorithms and the newly proposed algorithms are measured and analyzed for 15 sparse matrices of varying sizes and varying sparsity structures. The effects of optimization and differences between the new GPU algorithm and its variants are then subsequently studied. Lastly, both new and current SPMV GPU algorithms are utilized in the GPU CG solver in GPU finite element simulations of the heart. These results are then compared against parallel PETSc finite element implementation results. The effective bandwidth tests indicate that the new algorithms compare very favorably with current algorithms for a wide variety of sparse matrices and can yield very notable benefits. GPU finite element simulation results demonstrate the benefit of using GPUs for finite element analysis and also show that the proposed algorithms can yield speedup factors up to 12‐fold for real finite element applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atrazine induces endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated apoptosis of T lymphocytes via the caspase‐8‐dependent pathway
Authors: Lee Eun‐Jin , Jang Youngsaeng , Kang Kwonyoon , Song Da‐Hyun , Kim Rihyun , Chang Hee‐Won , Lee Dong Eil , Song Claire Ka‐Eun , Choi Bongkun , Kang Min‐Ji , Chang Eun‐Ju
Published: January 2015

Atrazine (ATR) is one of the most commonly applied broad‐spectrum herbicides. Although ATR is well known to be a biologically hazardous molecule with potential toxicity in the immune system, the molecular mechanisms responsible for ATR‐induced immunotoxicity remain unclear. In this study, we found that the immunotoxic properties of ATR were mediated through the induction of apoptotic changes in T lymphocytes. Mice exposed to ATR for 4 weeks exhibited a significant decrease in the number of spleen CD3+ T lymphocytes, while CD19+ B lymphocytes and nonlymphoid cells were unaffected. ATR exposure also led to inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in human Jurkat T‐cells. Importantly, ATR triggered the activation of caspase‐3 and the cleavage of caspase‐8 and PARP, whereas it did not affect the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in Jurkat T‐cells. In addition, ATR activated the unfolded protein response signaling pathway, as indicated by eIF2α phosphorylation and CHOP induction. Our results demonstrate that ATR elicited an immunotoxic effect by inducing ER stress‐induced apoptosis in T‐cells, therefore providing evidence for the molecular mechanism by which ATR induces dysregulation of the immune system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 998–1008, 2016.
Steam power plant configuration, design, and control
Authors: Wu Xiao , Shen Jiong , Li Yiguo , Lee Kwang Y.
Published: January 2015

This article provides an overview of fossil‐fuel power plant (FFPP) configuration, design and especially, the control technology, both the conventional and the advanced technologies. First, a brief introduction of FFPP fundamentals and configurations are presented, followed by the description of conventional PID‐based control system in the FFPPs and its short‐comings. As the major part of this writing, different advanced control strategies and applications are reported, with their significant features outlined and discussed. These new technologies are collected from both the academic studies and industrial practices, which can improve the performance of the FFPP control system for more economic and safe plant operation. The final section presents a view of the next generation FFPP control technologies, emphasizing potential business and research opportunities. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:537–563. doi: 10.1002/wene.161

This article is categorized under:

Fossil Fuels > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Efficiency > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Infrastructure > Science and Materials

Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
Growth rates and variances of unexploited wolf populations in dynamic equilibria
Authors: Mech L. David , Fieberg John
Published: January 2015

Several states have begun harvesting gray wolves (Canis lupus), and these states and various European countries are closely monitoring their wolf populations. To provide appropriate perspective for determining unusual or extreme fluctuations in their managed wolf populations, we analyzed natural, long‐term, wolf‐population‐density trajectories totaling 130 years of data from 3 areas: Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior, Michigan, USA; the east‐central Superior National Forest in northeastern Minnesota, USA; and Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. Ratios between minimum and maximum annual sizes for 2 mainland populations (n = 28 and 46 yr) varied from 2.5–2.8, whereas for Isle Royale (n = 56 yr), the ratio was 6.3. The interquartile range (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for annual growth rates, N

t

+1/N

t
, was (0.88, 1.14), (0.92, 1.11), and (0.86, 1.12) for Denali, Superior National Forest, and Isle Royale respectively. We fit a density‐independent model and a Ricker model to each time series, and in both cases we considered the potential for observation error. Mean growth rates from the density‐independent model were close to 0 for all 3 populations, with 95% credible intervals including 0. We view the estimated model parameters, including those describing annual variability or process variance, as providing useful summaries of the trajectories of these populations. The estimates of these natural wolf population parameters can serve as benchmarks for comparison with those of recovering wolf populations. Because our study populations were all from circumscribed areas, fluctuations in them represent fluctuations in densities (i.e., changes in numbers are not confounded by changes in occupied area as would be the case with populations expanding their range, as are wolf populations in many states). © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Multilevel Learning in the Adaptive Management of Waterfowl Harvests: 20 Years and Counting
Authors: Johnson Fred A. , Boomer G. Scott , Williams Byron K. , Nichols James D. , Case David J.
Published: January 2015

In 1995, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service implemented an adaptive harvest management program (AHM) for the sport harvest of midcontinent mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). The program has been successful in reducing long‐standing contentiousness in the regulatory process, while integrating science and policy in a coherent, rigorous, and transparent fashion. After 20 years, much has been learned about the relationship among waterfowl populations, their environment, and hunting regulations, with each increment of learning contributing to better management decisions. At the same time, however, much has been changing in the social, institutional, and environmental arenas that provide context for the AHM process. Declines in hunter numbers, competition from more pressing conservation issues, and global‐change processes are increasingly challenging waterfowl managers to faithfully reflect the needs and desires of stakeholders, to account for an increasing number of institutional constraints, and to (probabilistically) predict the consequences of regulatory policy in a changing environment. We review the lessons learned from the AHM process so far, and describe emerging challenges and ways in which they may be addressed. We conclude that the practice of AHM has greatly increased an awareness of the roles of social values, trade‐offs, and attitudes toward risk in regulatory decision‐making. Nevertheless, going forward the waterfowl management community will need to focus not only on the relationships among habitat, harvest, and waterfowl populations, but on the ways in which society values waterfowl and how those values can change over time. © 2015 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin published by The Wildlife Society.