bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear transient amplification in recurrent neural networks with short-term plasticity
Authors: Wu Yue Kris , Zenke Friedemann
Published: December 2021

To rapidly process information, neural circuits have to amplify specific activity patterns transiently. How the brain performs this nonlinear operation remains elusive. Hebbian assemblies are one possibility whereby strong recurrent excitatory connections boost neuronal activity. However, such Hebbian amplification is often associated with dynamical slowing of network dynamics, non-transient attractor states, and pathological run-away activity. Feedback inhibition can alleviate these effects but typically linearizes responses and reduces amplification gain. Here, we study nonlinear transient amplification (NTA), a plausible alternative mechanism that reconciles strong recurrent excitation with rapid amplification while avoiding the above issues. NTA has two distinct temporal phases. Initially, positive feedback excitation selectively amplifies inputs that exceed a critical threshold. Subsequently, short-term plasticity quenches the run-away dynamics into an inhibition-stabilized network state. By characterizing NTA in supralinear network models, we establish that the resulting onset transients are stimulus selective and well-suited for speedy information processing. Further, we find that excitatory-inhibitory co-tuning widens the parameter regime in which NTA is possible in the absence of persistent activity. In summary, NTA provides a parsimonious explanation for how excitatory-inhibitory co-tuning and short-term plasticity collaborate in recurrent networks to achieve transient amplification.
Rapid genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9-POLD3 fusion
Authors: Reint Ganna , Li Zhuokun , Labun Kornel , Keskitalo Salla , Soppa Inkeri , Mamia Katariina , Tolo Eero , Szymanska Monika , Meza-Zepeda Leonardo A , Lorenz Susanne , Cieslar-Pobuda Artur , Hu Xian , Bordin Diana L , Staerk Judith , Valen Eivind , Schmierer Bernhard , Varjosalo Markku , Taipale Jussi , Haapaniemi Emma
Published: December 2021

Precision CRISPR gene editing relies on the cellular homology-directed DNA repair (HDR) to introduce custom DNA sequences to target sites. The HDR editing efficiency varies between cell types and genomic sites, and the sources of this variation are incompletely understood. Here, we have studied the effect of 450 DNA repair protein-Cas9 fusions on CRISPR genome editing outcomes. We find the majority of fusions to improve precision genome editing only modestly in a locus- and cell-type specific manner. We identify Cas9-POLD3 fusion that enhances editing by speeding up the initiation of DNA repair. We conclude that while DNA repair protein fusions to Cas9 can improve HDR CRISPR editing, most need to be optimized to the cell type and genomic site, highlighting the diversity of factors contributing to locus-specific genome editing outcomes.
A monster of a disease
Authors: Sitaraman Sahana
Published: December 2021

When compulsions and obsessive thoughts took over her world, a graduate student found strength in her identity as a scientist.
UNA MIRADA A LAS TIC DESDE LA ALFABETIZACIÓN MEDIÁTICA INFORMACIONAL (AMI) EN EL DESARROLLO EDUCATIVO VENEZOLANO.
Authors: Carrillo Sheila Carolina Sanchez , Aguirre Uriel José Castellanos
Published: December 2021

El objetivo del artículo fue indagar las percepciones sobre las TIC en una institución educativa de Venezuela a partir de las áreas clave propuesta por la Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional (AMI). Nuestro abordaje fue cualitativo, con la influencia del método hermenéutico-interpretativo. La técnica para la recolección de las informaciones fue la entrevista a profundidad, constituido por las dimensiones del currículo AMI y sus áreas clave, presentados a partir de un guión de entrevista, como preguntas abiertas. Concluimos que las TIC y nuestra relación con ella, debe tener como base una teoría social crítica, por lo que AMI es fundamental en nuestros centros educativos, pues revela las necesidades sociales, políticas y culturales que nos rodean al ampliar la visión y entender las TIC como mediadores del conocimiento.
Attitude of Panchayat Leaders towards Panchayati Raj Institutions as Influenced by their Socio Personal Characteristics
Authors: Shrivastava P. , Verma Anupama
Published: December 2021

Attitude is “a mental and neural state of readiness, organised through experience, and exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it is related”. While attitudes are basically learned over the years, some inherited characteristics do affect such attitudes. Our personal experiences with people and situations develop our attitude towards such persons and situations. During the implementation of the panchayati raj system Chhattisgarh has faced several opportunities and difficulties. The institutionalising panchayati raj. What, then, are the circumstances under which panchayat can improve the work effectiveness of their members through influences on individual choices about the level of effort and about strategy? The interview schedule was used as a tool for collecting the raw information from the panchayat leaders. In all 263 respondents from 9 janpads were interviewed personally to obtain the requisite data. It was found that majority of the janpad and jila panchayat leaders (58.73%) had moderately favourable attitude towards panchayati raj institutions. Majority of the janpad and jila panchayat leaders were middle-aged, belonged to other backward classes, most of them were educated up to higher secondary, they belonged to large size families with more than five members each and most of them had membership in one or more social organizations signifying high social participation.
Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Urban Farmers to Design an Integrated Extension Model
Authors: Abraham Anju , Arunachalam R.
Published: December 2021

Even though the urbanisation is considered as a development indicator, the tremendous migration from rural areas to urban areas leads to serious environmental, health and economic issues. Due to the space and time constraints, the urban entity used to depend on rural community for their food products.  But in the same time, highly priced demand for land and the lesser profit from farming results in withdrawal of rural farmers from farming. And these above mentioned factors contributed to a gap in supply and demand for food. This gap leads to the non-availability of nutritious food and thereby, made difficult for urban dwellers  to access it due the high price. And the result was seen as a double burden in the form of malnutrition and obesity among urban dwellers. The concept of Urban Farming can bring back the traditional homestead farming culture and more than that, a nutritionally secured and environmentally sustainable society. As most of the urban dwellers are new to this setup, they need information and assistance for bring it in a successful way. Hence, there is a necessity for understanding their information needs, and the sources currently they are depending. The present study focuses on the information seeking behaviour and its utilisation constraints experienced by the farmers in an urban community. The study was carried out in the period from December 2020 to March 2021 in Ernakulam and Calicut districts which ranks first and third in degree of urbanisation in Kerala respectively. From the findings of the study it is understood that, their information needs varies from the selection of nutritious food crop to marketing of surplus quantity produced. The constraints analysis could give suggestions for improvement and it can narrow down the gap between farmers - extension system. Based on this, an integrated urban farming extension model has been designed for the effective information dissemination to the farmers. This can save time of farmers and efforts of extension agents, and it will motivate them towards potential adoption of more technologies.
Microbial Assessment and Proximate Composition of Pepper (Capsicum annum) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Displayed for Sales
Authors: Nnenna Omorodion , Briggs Alabo
Published: December 2021

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) are among the world’s most important vegetable crops. A total of 20 samples made up of fresh tomatoes, spoilt tomatoes, fresh pepper and spoilt pepper were analysed in this study. Standard microbiological practices were carried out on the samples. Total Heterotrophic Bacterial (THB) Count for Spoilt tomatoes ranged from 1.98x107cfu/g to 2.39x107cfu/g. Fresh tomatoes samples had a THB counts ranging from 1.43x106cfu/g to 2.14x106cfu/g. Spoilt pepper total heterotrophic bacteria counts ranged from 1.46x107cfu/g to 2.01x107cfu/g. Fresh pepper had a THB count of 1.22x106cfu/g to 1.66x106cfu/g. Spoilt tomatoes samples had a higher fungal count that ranged from 3.5x105cfu/g to 5.25x105cfu/g while the fresh tomatoes samples had lower fungal counts ranging from 1.95x104cfu/g to 3.45x104cfu/g. The spoilt pepper had fungal counts ranging from 1.45x105cfu/g to 2.65x105cfu/g which was higher than that of fresh pepper with a low count of 1.6x104cfu/g to 2.75x104.cfu/g. The bacterial isolates identified during this study are Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Shigella sp., Protues sp., Enterobacter sp., Citrobacter sp., Lactobacillus sp. Micrococcus sp. Listeria sp. Streptococcus sp. and Serratia sp. Spoilt tomatoes had the highest coliform count 1.02x105cfu/g to 9.0x105cfu/g while fresh tomatoes had a lower count of 4.65x105cfu/g to 6.75x105cfu/g. Spoilt pepper recorded coliform counts ranging from 3.8x105cfu/g to 9.4x105cfu/g. Most of the fungi isolated from both the tomatoes and pepper samples were molds and yeast which include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida sp., Saccharomyces sp., Penicillium sp. Mucor sp. and Fusarium sp. Adequate cooking is recommended before consumption.
Effect of Replacing Bone Ash with Fresh Water Snail (Pila ampullacea) Shell Ash on the Performance of Weaned Rabbits
Authors: Abang F. B. P. , Emmanuel S. S. , Attah S.
Published: December 2021

Twenty five weaned male rabbits of mixed breeds were used to investigate the effect of replacing bone ash with fresh water snail shell ash on the performance of weaned rabbits. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria for a period of 12 weeks. The rabbits were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments and replicated five times giving a total of one rabbit per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Rabbits were raised intensively in hutches of about 4ft × 4ft. Five experimental diets tagged T1 to T5 were formulated such that fresh water snail shell ash replaced bone ash at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Feed and water were served ad libitum. Bio sanitary and bio security measures were strictly adhered. The study showed that the growth parameters were not affected (P=.05) by the dietary treatments. This study had shown that fresh water snail shell ash can serve as a substitute for bone ash in weaned rabbits diet up to 100% without compromising their performances.
Effect of Kalanchoe crenata Extract on Renal and Liver Impairment, Dyslipedemia and Glycemia in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Effah-Yeboah Emmanuel , Dartey Emmanuel , Asare Emmanuel Agyapong , Abraham Janice Dwomoh , Kagya-Agyemang James K. , Iddrisu Balali Gadafi , Aboagye Vincent
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus or diabetes is a metabolic ailment which occurs as a result of insulin insufficiency or defect in insulin function, or both that leads to ihyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide disease even though its prevalence in other countries vary. Kalanchoe crenata belongs to the family crassulaceae. It is also known locally as miracle plant and often utilized in Africa for medicinal purposes. The study was designed to ascertain the antidiabetic and dyslipidemic activity and effects of the ethanolic extract of both leaves and stem of Kalanchoe crenata on istreptozotocin incite diabetic rats for three (3) weeks.

Methodology: 6-8 weeks old Sprague dawley rats received multiple injection of streptozotocin intraperitoneally (40mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes melitus. Diabetes mellitus was observed and confirmed after six days of induction. The rats were given ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata remarkably (10, 30 and 100mg/kg) and 5mg/kg glibenclamide orally twice daily for three weeks. Blood glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea, were then determined.

Results: After week three of treatment 5mg/kg glibenclamide, 30 and 100mg/kg ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata remarkably (p<0.05) decrease glycemia and improved lipidemia by decreasing overall cholesterol, LDL-C and increasing HDL-C likened to the control diabetic group. Also results from treated rats remarkably decrease blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. However, the affirmative control and the sampled treated groups showed curative and regenerative effect in the cells responsible for producing endocrine insulin “beta cells of the islets of Langerhans” located in the pancreas. Kidney and liver tissue sections of treatment groups showed a reversal of diseased insults made by the streptozotocin.

Conclusion: The outcome of the research indicate that given ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata remarkably contains the necessary phytochemicals for the development of a standard and effective herbal medicine for Diabetes mellitus and related complications and also with no toxic effects on the tissues of the liver, pancreas and kidney.
In silico Molecular Docking Analysis of Imatinib to Target the Marker Proteins of Breast Cancer
Authors: Kumar V. Senthil , Kumar T. V. Ajay , Parthasarathy V.
Published: December 2021

Cancer is an uncontrolled over growth of abnormal cells elsewhere in the body. It is the second leading cause of death globally due to non communicable disease. Among the various types of cancers, the incidence of breast cancer is next to lung cancer. The most commonly used drugs to treat breast cancer are namely, Anastrozole, Arimidex, Letrozol, Imatinib, Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, Toremifene and so on. The hope is to establish the specificity of the drug Imatinib towards the selective potential breast cancers such as mammalian target of rapamycin, (mTOR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) and phosphoprotein 53 (p53). To identify the promising target, the Schrodinger software was utilized for the study. The study helped to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and binding efficiency of Imatinib towards the breast cancer proteins. The results of study showed that the Imatinib exhibited better binding affinities to mTOR and HER2 as compared to ER, PARP and P53 proteins. The present study will be more useful to rationalize the anticancer therapy based on the expression levels of the target protein in the cancer microenvironment.
The Convergence of Macroeconomic Variables within the East Africa Community
Authors: Oloo Michael , Mbithi Mary , Oleche Martine
Published: December 2021

This study seeks to establish whether the East African Countries are realizing convergence in their macroeconomic policies as efforts are geared towards the establishment of an economic union and subsequently a monetary union in a bid to foster economic growth in the region. Five EACs were included in the analysis using panel data for the period 2008-2018. The methodology employed in the analysis involved; sigma convergence, beta convergence using fixed-effect model, and finally stochastic convergence was tested. The findings show that there is no evidence of macroeconomic convergence and the less developed countries are neither catching up with the relatively developed countries. The macroeconomic variables are also not showing a tendency to be moving the same direction as time goes by. Therefore, for the EACs to realize a common union, either economic or monetary, they need to formulate policies that will ensure that the member states adhere to the desired macroeconomic policies that would lead the region to convergence.
Antioxidant Potential of Crude Methanol Leaf extract and Fraction of Mallotus oppositifolius
Authors: Onyeka Ifeanyi Peter , Onyegbule Felix Ahamefule , Ezugwu Christopher Obodike , Jeremiah Ike Chibueze , B. Ikeotuonye Chidalu
Published: December 2021

Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Mull. Arg.  (Euphorbiaceae) is a predominant edible shrub in Nigeria. It is locally used for treatment of common infections and wounds. This study evaluated the toxicity and antioxidant potential of the crude extract and fractions of M. oppositifolius using invitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The result showed abundance of flavonoids (28.21), tannins (17.72), alkaloids (7.79) and Saponins (0.23) in the crude extract of M. oppositifolius leaf extract. Also, the result showed that the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg, therefore the crude extract is safe for consumption. The result further showed that the ethyl-acetate and butanol had significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity when compared with the control at 125, 62.5 and 31.125 µg/ml respectively while at 250 and 500 µg/ml there was no significant different in the level of reduction of oxidation between the butanol and ethyl acetate when compared with the control. The result further showed that the butanol and ethyl-acetate fraction of M. oppositifolius had the best antioxidant potential among the fractions studied.

The result of GCMS studies of ethyl-acetate fraction showed the presence of 7,10,13-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester, korormicin, agosterol, phyllanthin, ricinoic acid, 2,4,6-decatrienoic acid 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5a-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,7,9, limonin, com-pounds that have shown to possess strong antioxidant activities. Also, the GCMS result of butanol fraction showed the presence of seven compounds which include: ferulylhistamine, hippeastrine, 10,13-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester, ethyl 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate, 6-hydroxy-powelline-N-nitroso-7-demethoxy-aldehyde, 6,7-epoxypregn-4-ene-9,11,18-triol-3,20-dione 11,18-diacetate and 5Alpha-androstane-3,17-dione 17-monooxime,  compounds which may serve as a new lead for the treatment of diseases associated with the oxidative stress.
Comparative Intraocular Pressure Study among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients
Authors: Jatoi Asadullah , Shaikh Noman Ahmed , Mahesar Mona Liza
Published: December 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health issues in the world. Its microvascular complications contribute to ocular complications including increased intraocular pressure (IOP) which is a risk factor of glaucoma. Identification of factors responsible for glaucoma is a mainstay in the early detection and prevention of blindness.

Aim and Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare IOP among diabetic and non-diabetic patients and to assess the correlation between age and IOP.

Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed on 104 participants. Patients were divided into two groups based on diabetes (case, n = 52) and non-diabetes (control, n = 52). The detailed history and routine clinical investigations were performed. Three consecutive readings of IOP of the left and right eye were recorded separately using Goldmann applanation tonometer. Wilcox sign-rank test and Spearman-correlation test was used to find the difference between the IOP and correlation between age and IOP, respectively.

Results: A significantly higher IOP was observed in diabetic patients than non-diabetic patients. (0.0001). There was no sex difference in IOP was observed in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Age of the patient was not correlated with IOP (r = –0.02197219, P = 0.824).

Conclusion: Diabetic patients are prone to higher IOP; therefore, diabetic patients should be regularly assessed for IOP for diagnosis glaucoma.
A Short Note on Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)
Authors: Sharmila Pauline
Published: December 2021

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a structured competency based examination popularly used in examining the Medical and Nursing students. The clinical competence is evaluated by a team of examiners through uniformly timed, multiple stations. OSCE as an evaluation tool is gaining importance and it is becoming very popularly used by examiners all over the world as it is standardised and multiple observations and skills can be assessed equally for all the students in a single preparation. OSCE with its advantages like objectivity, tailored stations, safety of the patients and provision of audit and recording of the entire process has made it the most needed assessment of the skill component in most of the professional programmes concerning medical and nursing students.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Case Report
Authors: Patel Aditya , Gujar Samrudhi , Pohekar Savita , Ankar Ruchira , Raut Arati , Sakharkar Sheetal , Tembhare Vaishali , Wagh Pranali
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Hodgkin's and non-lymphomas Hodgkin's are malignant tumours of lymphoid tissue. Non-lymphomas Hodgkin's are a type of lymphoid tissue cancers that arise from T or B cells or their progenitors, and can be indolent or aggressive. B-cell lymphomas account for around 80% of all cases in the United States. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma are all examples of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Non-Lymphoma Hodgkin's is the sixth most prevalent malignancy in the United States, with incidence rates nearly doubling in the last 35 years. With each decade of life, the incidence rises; the median age upon diagnosis is 66. In India, the incidence rates in urban regions are many times higher than in rural areas, with the incidence being higher in metropolitan cities and among Indian immigrants, implying that urban lifestyles and economic advancement may boost cancer incidence. In 2010, NHL was projected to have caused roughly 0.36 million new cases and 0.19 million deaths.

Case Presentation: A male patient of Two and half years from Shiwangaon MO, was admitted to Paediatric Ward, AVBRH on 31st May, 2021 with a known case of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma which was diagnosed itself at AVBRH on 31st May,2021. My patient was brought with a chief complain of swelling in the testicular region for 6 days. As narrated by the patient’s father, my patient was apparently alright 6 months back and then patient develop swelling in temporal region suddenly, associated with pain on touch, as the swelling develops more and uncomfortable, patient was brought immediately to AVBRH and was admitted in Paediatric Ward for further investigation.
The Effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis
Authors: Afzal Farjad , Rasul Akhtar , Javed Muhammad Shahid , Qamar Muhammad Mustafa , Mushtaq Bushra , Kayani Muhammad Fahad , Afreen Sehar , Naqvi Sidra Ali , Arif Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Objective: The objective of study was to find the effectiveness of muscle energy techniques (METs) in patients with adhesive capsulitis.

Methodology: Study was conducted in population of Sargodha seeking physiotherapy treatment for adhesive capsulitis in physiotherapy rehabilitation departments and centers. Study was randomized, controlled and multicenter. 50 patients were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into two groups by lottery method of randomization. Group I obtained muscle energy technique. Group II was controlled that obtained conventional treatment in the form of heat and range of motion exercises. Duration of study was 06 month. Interventions were carried out for two weeks (total 10 sessions). A baseline measurement was taken on shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI). A post intervention measurement was taken on same outcome measurements tools and was compared by independent t test.

Results: The pre intervention measurements on Shoulder Pain Disability Index were 61.11 in control and 61.18 in METs group. The post intervention measurements on Shoulder Pain Disability Index were 49.33in control and 27.69 in METs group.

Conclusion: This study concluded that METs techniques are effective in treatment of adhesive capsulitis to decrease the pain and disability in comparison to control groups.
Effects of Leishmania Species on Immune Response against Malaria Parasite in Malaria Leishmania Coinfections
Authors: Hamad Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed , Noor Sufian Khalid M. , Kashif Awadalla H. , Eltayeb Mohammed Medani , Alotaibi Bader Saud , Popova Elizabeth , Hassan Shafie Abdulkadir , Salih Yassin Bakri , Elhossin Yassin Saad , Elfaki Tarig Mohammed , Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim
Published: December 2021

Both malaria and leishmania  are most widespread protozoon parasitic diseases, certainly in tropical countries of the world. Malaria leishmania coinfection is common in leishmaniasis endemic areas which is mostly endemic to malaria too.

Researchers notice that in cases of malaria leishmania coinfection , leishmania species find the some extent the outcome of malaria infection , but also behavior of malaria parasite species play a significant role to figure the consequences of it. While L. donovani protect from severe malaria complications by suppression of major histocompatibility class Ⅱ , so it diminish the clinical severity of malaria but not malaria parasite density due to dysfunction of major histocompatibility class I, which controlled by suppressed one, In another side L. mexicana tends to sequester in macrophages and lead to severe clinical outcomes when it coexisted with malaria parasite at same host. Experimental studies required to know more information about coinfection of different malaria and leishmania species to establish clinical research.

Leishmania infection excluded when studies aim to assess the immune response to only malaria parasite, experimental studies required involving different species of malaria and leishmania.
Diabetic Foot Risk Factors and Effectiveness of Education in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Siddiqui Mohammad Saqib , Alotaibi Abdulaziz Fehaid , Alharthi Fahad Mohammed Saeed , Almalawi Abdullatif Meshal , Asiri Ahmed Zayed , Alhabrti Ali Mustafa , Faidhi Jood Mohammed , Jan Hussain Faroog , Salman Abdulaziz Hussain Bin , Alqahtani Mohammed Ali , Matari Naseem Ahmed
Published: December 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with a remarkable global burden on the affected patients and healthcare systems. Among the reported complications, the diabetic foot has been reported to be a common one, which might be disabling, resulting in related amputations. Furthermore, we will provide evidence regarding the effect of education on the awareness and knowledge of diabetic Saudis about diabetic foot risk factors and management practices. Different risk factors were reported for developing diabetic foot among patients with DM. These will be studied in the current literature review, focusing on evidence that was conducted in Saudi Arabia. Age, gender, type of diabetes, education, duration of the disease, peripheral neuropathy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic heart disease, renal artery disease, having a previous history of diabetic foot, and hypertension were all reported to be significant factors that were associated with the risk of developing diabetic foot across the Kingdom. The level of knowledge was variable across the different investigations. However, there is a poor attitude in general about the appropriate care practices of diabetic foot. Although it has been demonstrated that educational campaigns are effective, further efforts are still needed to increase awareness and attitude levels among diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia.
Ovarian Torsion Presentation, Treatment and Iatrogenic Surgical Management
Authors: Sabahath Sheema , Sinan Hussain Salah AL , Alsaigh Asalah Tariq , AlFadhli Rawan AlSalamah , Mansour Tahani Salman Al , AlQatari Abdullah Mohammed , Mohamed Fatin Abuagla , Habshan Feras Mohammed Al , Alzahrani Amro Saad , Alenazi Atheer Humaidy , Alfertaj Nora Mishaal
Published: December 2021

Ovarian torsion is among the gynecological life-threatening conditions that may require urgent surgical intervention among the appearance of clinical manifestations. The most common clinical manifestations include severe abdominal pain, nausea extending to vomiting. The ovarian torsion is not limited to children only. However, it can also occur in adult females, either pregnant or non-pregnant. The etiology of the disease tends to be related to the weakness of the uterine ligaments or malpositioning of it due to known and unknown causes. Despite that, the surgical intervention is needed to release the torsion. Sometimes, it can lead to adverse events or side effects such as decreased blood flow to the surrounding structures. Which by role may lead to unpleasant complications and clinical manifestations of hemorrhage and shock. In this article, we reviewed the topic of ovarian torsion from different aspects, including the definition, causes, clinical evaluation, and clinical management and its common complications.
A Review on Cardioprotective Mechanism of Chemical Constituents of Medicinal Plants
Authors: Kosanam Sreya , Pasupula Rajeshwari
Published: December 2021

Plants are the major source of human living. Since the beginning of the era, plants have been used for medicinal purposes. There is dire to explore the mechanism of chemical constituents in plants and particularly saponins, cardiac glycosides, and flavonoids due to their mechanism to save damaged cells in cardiac muscle. Databases like Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, and the Directory of Open Access Journals were searched to find the articles describing the cardioprotective mechanism of medicinal plants. Saponin, flavonoids, glycoside, steroid, alkaloids, tannin, phenol, phlorotannin, terpenoids, and anthraquinone are chemical constituents in plants that enhance cardioprotection activity and decreases cardiac abnormalities. The current review article provides data on the use of medicinal plants, specifically against cardiac diseases, as well as an investigation of molecules/phytoconstituents as plant secondary metabolites for their cardioprotective potential.
Case Report on Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Moon Saloni , Gomase Kavita
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Sickle cell anemia is a kind of anemia caused by a virus a homozygous HbS mutation (HbSS). Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a congenital blood illness that has an impact children. It is inherited from a parent’s DNA. SCD patients produce an abnormal kind of hemoglobin. This is the oxygen-transporting protein found in red blood cells. SCD causes a lack of oxygen in organs and tissues of the body.

Clinical Findings: Fever, Cough and cold, pain in lower extremities, Bodyache , Fatigue and Anemia (6.3 gm/).

Diagnostic Evaluation:   Blood test: Hb -6.3gm%, Total RBC count -2.2millions/cu mm, RDW- 18.2%, HCT-20.2%, Total WBC count 3000/cu mm, Monocytes 02%, Granulocytes 20%, Lymphocytes 77%, AST(SGOT) – 110 UL.

Peripheral Smear: RBC mild hypochromic with mild cytosis which show few microcytic and mildly Hypochromic. Platelets – Reduced on smear, APC -60,000 cells.

Ultrasonography: Splenomegaly.

Therapeutic Interventions:  Blood transfusion, Inj. Cefotaxime 750 mg IV x BD, Syr. Azee 4ml x OD, Tab. Folic Acid 5 mg x OD, Tab. Udiliv 150mg x BD, Cap. Hydra 500 mg x OD.

Outcome: After treatment, the child show improvement. His fever and body ache, cough and cold fatigue and pain in hands and leg were relieved and his Hb% increased from 6.4 gm% to 11 gm% after blood transfusion.

Conclusion:  My patient was admitted to Pediatric Ward No- 22 in AVBRH with a known case of SCA   kind of anemia a body in which he had complaint fever and body ache, cough and cold fatigue and pain in hands and leg. After getting appropriate treatment his condition was improved.
Dietary Recommendation for Survival During COVID-19
Authors: Moon Shalini H. , Mahakarkar Manjusha
Published: December 2021

Corona viruses are a large family of viruses that exist in many different species of animals including camels, bovine animals, and bats. The new strain of corona virus identified as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory disease in people first detected in Wuhan, China, was COVID-19.WHO has published a new guide on how to eat healthily during the COVID-19 COVID pandemic and self-quarantine.The guideline contains valuable information about nutrition to help keep the immune system strong. It also has tips for a diet that supports good health while advised to stay at home and may have less opportunity to consume fresh foods and be physically active.The FDA continues important research to protect public health during the COVID-19 pandemic along with other federal, state , and local agencies and public health officials around the country [1,2,3].
Breast Cancer Screening Awareness, Practice and Knowledge among Women Attending Out Patient in Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Lathishna A. G. , Kamal V. Shruthi
Published: December 2021

Background: The second most common cancer in the world among women is breast cancer. The survival rate can be increased by early detection and treatment.

Objectives: To assess the knowledge about breast cancer screening methods among women attending outpatient setup.

Materials and Methods: A semi structured pretested questionnaire was distributed to 200 women attending outpatient setup. The questionnaire contained information of their demographic details, questions about knowledge on symptoms, risk factors, screening methods and management outcomes of breast cancer.

Results: The most marked result is that 71.5% women were aware of the fact that mammography detects breast cancer in early stages. A fair percentage of 68.3% women agreed that breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women.

Conclusion: Awareness about breast cancer screening methods and treatment would enhance early detection and reduces the mortality rate.
Prevalence of Hypodontia in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Digital Orthopantomographic Study
Authors: Qutub Osama Ahmed , Binmahfooz Abdulelah , Abuzinadah Samar Hatem , Basunbul Ghadeer I. , Abualsaud Reem , Attar Esraa Ahmed Abdulghafour , Alzahrani Khames T. , Algthaiae Mohammed , Algahtani Abdullah , Alhaddad Abdulrahman Jafar
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Hypodontia or Dental agenesis; is defined as a developmental missing of any teeth, excluding the last molars. It may befall as a genetic syndrome or as a non-syndromic isolated trait. However, there is no prevalence available in our city.

Aim and Objectives: The tenacity of this research is to assess the frequency of hypodontia among the population who received dental care at King Abdul Aziz University Dental Hospital in the city of Jeddah.

Study Design:  Retrospective digital orthopantomographic: cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Oral & Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Department, King Abdulaziz University, between January 2019 and July 2020.

Methodology: This research is a retrospective cross-sectional study based on the examination of an archival dental record and 2D panoramic radiographs of patients who are presented at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital, Jeddah. A total of 2045 records were reviewed and included in this study. Two general practitioners reviewed patient’s dental charts looking for congenital missing tooth/teeth in a dark room by the method that the practitioners use. Careful reviews of each patient’s record were done to ensure that the cause of the missing tooth/teeth were congenital and not surgical or traumatic. Data were gathered from dental records of patients’ age period 6-9 years since most of the dental follicle of the permanent teeth should be completed or the tooth just erupts, radiographic findings were always compared to the patients’ file and progress notes to ensure the causative factors of missing teeth. The data were recorded in an excel sheet which included gender, age, the type, area and counting of the missing teeth.

Results: After collecting the data, the total number of patients after exclusion were 1984. The prevalence of hypodontia in our tested population was %5.39. Statistical analysis were done by using SPSS software to correlate between variables. Varices grades.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study our data shows that the most common congenitally tooth agenesis is the second premolar %47.6 and the second most common congenitally missing tooth is lateral incisor %18.6.
Prevalence of Coronary Heart Diseases Risk Factors among Healthcare Male Students in KSAU-HS Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Elneama Awadelkarim Abdulla , Omair Aamir , Alharbi Abdullah Abdulhadi , Alhabbad Alhommedi Shaker , Alshehri Raed Awadh , Alqarni Talal Abdullah
Published: December 2021

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition in which plaque builds up on the inner walls of coronary arteries and can lead to blood clot formation. It is the leading cause of death worldwide. Developing coronary heart disease takes long period and its risk factors can be found in young people.

Objectives: Study of risk factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done at King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University in Riyadh. Non-probability convenience sampling was used to select 151 health care students. The data was collected through questionnaire and physical measurements. The data was entered and analyzed by SPSS.

Results: More than half of the students eat fruits one or less time per week which accounts for 53.6%. Moreover, 28.5% of them eat vegetables one time or less per week. Regarding healthy food containing healthy fat such as fish, 76.2% of the students include healthy fat food in their diet more than two times per week. The percentage of those who eat fast food and consume soft drinks is 80.8% and 70.2% more than two times per week respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of the students who are smokers, either currently or occasionally is 49%. Concerning physical activity, 31.3% of the students exercise more than two times weekly, and only 7.3% of the students watch TV more than four hours per day. On the other hand, the majority which accounts for 54.3% of the students use computer, laptop, or tablet more than four hours per day. Regarding premature CAD, 3.3% of the students reported positive and 16.2% of them reported positive for CHD family history. Finally, 1.3% of the found to have DM.
Fighting Covid-19 with the Help of Alkaline Diet
Authors: Khandar Jaya , Sawarkar Achita , Shambharkar Madhuri , Kolhekar Sonali , Meshram Khushbu , Sakharkar Sheetal , Tembhare Vaishali , Pohekar Savita
Published: December 2021

The relative acidity or alkalinity of all substances in nature can be categorised. The term acid is derived from the Latin word "acidus," that is to state "to eat."" which meaning "sour or tangy." Several of them the typical substances that are acidic we come into  touch with have these characteristics, such as salad dressing vinegar, Beverages, which contain phosphoric acid and carbon dioxide, and black tea, which contains tannic acid, all contain acetic acid. Grapefruits, oranges, lemons, and limes contain citric acid, while grapes have tartaric acid.

The acid-alkaline diet, or alkaline ash diet, is another name for the alkaline diet. Food is divided into three groups in the alkaline diet: acidic, neutral, and alkaline. Red meat, poultry, fish, chocolate, wheat, and alcohol are all acidic foods. Natural fats such as butter, most oils, milk, and cream are all included in neutral meals. Foods that are alkaline make up the majority of fruits and vegetables.
Engine Oil- Crankshaft Interaction Fem Modelling of an Air-Cooled Diesel Engine under Dynamic Severe Functioning Conditions
Authors: Keita O. , Camara Y. , Bessrour J. , Velay V. , Rézai-Aria F.
Published: December 2021

Taking into account the interaction between the engine oil and the crankshaft to model crankshaft thermomechanical behavior under dynamic loading is very important. In particular, when the crankshaft is working in severe conditions. This paper deal with an air cooled direct injection-type engine crankshaft thermomechanical FEM modelling account for engine oil-cranks half interaction in severe working conditions. As case of application we consider the diesel engine Deutz F8L413. The model takes into account 2 forced convectives heat flux: engine oil and crankcase air. The severe mechanical and thermal characteristics of engine are experimentally measured on a bench test equipped with a hydraulic brake. The temperature distribution inside the crankshaft was computed using the measured temperature as boundary conditions. The most thermo-mechanical stressed zones of the crankshaft have been determined. The fatigue resistance of the crankshaft under thermo-mechanical conditions was examined using Dang-Van multi-axial fatigue criteria. To prove our model efficiency, we have compared crankshaft damage in service to the numerical simulation results. It was found the breakage occurred in an area where the numerical simulations give the highest stresses.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

Meeting notes from 10 January 1853.
On ancient terraces of cultivation, commonly called Daisses
Authors: Chambers Robert
Published: December 2021

Robert Chambers discusses the hillside terraces known in Scotland as 'daisses'. He begins by describing the features of these terraces in various parts of Scotland including on a farm in Peebleshire and on the sides of Arthur's Seat. Although he is certain that they were created by humans, he acknowledges that their use is ambiguous. He notes that some local people believe that these terraces were used as viewpoints for entertainments such as plays, but dismisses this theory and instead argues that they were more likely to be used for cultivation. He cites the use of similar hillside terraces from across the world as evidence for this theory. Chambers concludes by presenting an alternate theory for the use of these terraces as agricultural aides to a bronze foundry on Arthur's Seat proposed by Sir Alexander Dick in 1775.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

A brief overview of the second conversazione of the session, held in Vice-President Lord Murray's house.

 

Meeting notes from 14 February 1853.
Attempt to explain the legend on a bronze Hebrew Seal, figured in the Society's Proceedings, ante, p.39; with remarks on the use of imagery among the Jews, both in ancient and modern times
Authors: Porter J Scott
Published: December 2021

In reference to an earlier article by Daniel Wilson regarding a bronze seal matrix, Professor Porter states that the Hebrew inscription on the matrix should be read as 'Solomon, son of Isaac Amamos: these are his tapestries'. He argues that this seal would have been used by either a manufacturer or a merchant to mark out his goods. He goes on to refute that there is a Jewish cultural aversion to portraying living beings in sculpture or engraving, either historically or in contemporary art. He discusses the basis of this misunderstanding and cites some examples of Jewish manuscripts that contain illustrations and engravings of people and animals. Professor Porter does not feel confident dating the seal matrix without historical record of its owner, but he does suggest that the item may be Spanish in origin.
Curators report on recent acquisitions
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

A Report was made by the Curators on various additions recently made by purchase to the Society's Museum.
Communication regarding the Mosque of Santa Sophia
Authors: Christie Alexander
Published: December 2021

Notice that Mr Christie, the Secretary, read a Paper, illustrated by Drawings and Diagrams, describing the Mosque of Santa Sophia, at Constantinople.
Report on the coins presented to the Society from the Honourable the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury
Authors: Scott W H
Published: December 2021

An account of the Medieval and Roman coins in the Society's collections, including the king or emperor depicted on each coin and their scarcity.
Notices of two ancient Graves recently opened in the vicinity of Dunrobin Castle, Sutherlandshire
Authors: Ross J J
Published: December 2021

Report on two graves that were opened by Dr. J. J. Ross. The report firstly covers one of the graves' dimensions and decorations as well as its contents. After examining this grave, the archaeologist was then able to uncover another similar grave nearby. The bones from these graves were exhibited at the Society. It was speculated that these graves may have been of Scandinavian origin.
Notice of the Crozier of St Moluach, the Property of the Duke of Argyll
Authors: Innes Cosmo , Robertson Joseph
Published: December 2021

After some investigation into an estate dedicated to St Moluag, a contemporary of St Columba, Mr Innes was able to view the saint's crozier that is currently owned by the Duke of Argyll. He describes the crozier itself and goes on to discuss the use and importance of such artefacts within the medieval church. Mr Robertson then builds on Mr Innes' work by discussing the croziers of other saints found across Scotland.
Superposição de destinos turísticos
Authors: Medeiros de Araujo Lindemberg , Santos de Almeida Mendonça Rayanne
Published: December 2021

A territorialização do espaço pelo turismo na região Nordeste do Brasil assumiu muitas formas, em algumas áreas, o turismo se desenvolvendo como resposta a políticas públicas, com estratégias de regionalização e ênfase em polos de turismo. Entretanto, há também casos em que os destinos ou polos não respondem satisfatoriamente à política, com a turistificação ocorrendo pela ação do mercado, com pouca influência das políticas públicas. Um desses casos é o destino Rota Ecológica, no litoral norte do estado de Alagoas. Esse destino faz parte do Polo Turístico Costa dos Corais, mas a sua turistificação vem ocorrendo principalmente pela ação de agentes de mercado. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como este destino evoluiu até o presente e as mudanças ocorridas. A metodologia incluiu observação de campo; exame de imagens remotas do Google Earth; participação em audiências públicas; e a leitura de documentos oficiais. A pesquisa revela a existência de dois destinos distintos e superpostos em um mesmo recorte espacial. Como consequência, têm emergido localmente graves conflitos socioespaciais. A despeito desses conflitos, o governo não criou nenhuma instância de governança para enfrentá-los, um contexto que compromete o potencial de o turismo contribuir localmente para o desenvolvimento sustentável.
Da fronteira agrícola aos territórios do agronegócio florestal
Authors: Oliveira Allison Bezerra , Pereira Amanda Miranda , Araújo José Alencar Viana de
Published: December 2021

No Maranhão, as transformações na agricultura familiar ocasionadas pela expansão da silvicultura de eucalipto tiveram início na década de 1990. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender tais transformações nos municípios maranhenses de Imperatriz e Cidelândia. Para isso, analisa e discute as alterações na produção de culturas alimentares tradicionais nos municípios estudados diante da expansão das áreas de eucalipto. Metodologicamente, o trabalho utiliza dados primários coletados através de pesquisas de campo, utilizando como instrumento de coleta entrevistas não estruturadas com pequenos agricultores e moradores das proximidades das plantações de eucalipto. Além disso, foram coletadas coordenadas geográficas para a produção cartográfica; os dados secundários utilizados foram coletados nas bases de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Indústria Brasileira de Árvores, Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária e nos relatórios anuais da Suzano. Os resultados sugerem que a rápida expansão do agronegócio florestal está fragilizando os territórios da agricultura familiar, ocasionando uma diminuição expressiva na produção.