bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The making of an ‘arcane’ infrastructure: immigrant practitioners and the origins of professional engineering regulation in Ontario
Authors: GIRARD ERIK , BAUDER HARALD
Published: August 2010

Many immigrant professionals have difficulty securing the appropriate licenses required to practice their professions in Canada. Complex licensing procedures managed by professional regulatory institutions compose what a former federal immigration minister called an ‘arcane infrastructure’. This article draws on a discourse analysis of historical professional periodicals to investigate the origins of these institutions, using the regulated engineering profession in Ontario as a case study. Within a conceptual framework based on institutional cultural capital, cultural regulation of labour and habitat, the article analyzes the justifications employed by Canadian engineering societies to establish institutional qualification standards. We conclude that these standards represented a strategic effort on the part of engineering society members to protect their professional, social and economic interests by excluding non‐members and foreign engineers. Passage of engineering licensing legislation in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s institutionalized these processes of exclusion and established the professional regulatory framework that is still in place today.
La dynamique spatiale des marchés locaux de l'emploi au sein du champ métropolitain de Québec, 1981–2001
Authors: BARBONNE RÉMY , VILLENEUVE PAUL , THÉRIAULT MARIUS
Published: August 2010

Spatial Dynamics of Local Labour Markets in the Québec City Metropolitan Field, 1981–2001

This research analyzes the spatial dynamics (from 1981 to 2001) of local labour markets at an infra‐regional scale, namely the Québec metropolitan field, with particular emphasis on interactions between the metropolitan region and its hinterland. It seeks to better understand the factors underlying this evolution. Centrographic analyses were performed to characterize the evolution of the spatial configuration of local labour markets (displacement of gravity centre, shape change, evolution of dispersion indices and of workforce preferential distribution axes). Between 1981 and 2001, almost all employment poles experienced an increase in the mean‐distance tied to their recruitment area, that being particularly true for peri‐metropolitan poles which employ an increasing part of their workforce inside the metropolitan labour basin, where a more qualified and diversified labour force is available; thus, giving rise to significant reverse commuting. In addition to the influence of distance to metropolitan area, a multiple regression model shows that factors such as manufacturing specialization and employment growth within job centres also play a crucial role in the spatial dynamics of local labour markets in the Québec City metropolitan field.
Speaking the land: exploring women's historical geographies in Northern Québec
Authors: DESBIENS CAROLINE
Published: August 2010

This review article explores the significance of studying the historical geographies of Aboriginal women in Northern Québec and presents potential research avenues. The article's premise is that we cannot understand the historic and contemporary geographies of subsistence economies without more research about the roles that women played in them. Related to this issue is a broader reflection on how geographies of the past are reconstructed by historical geographers, both from an epistemological and methodological point of view. As a discipline, historical geography has been chiefly dedicated to the study of the encounter of migrant Europeans with new world lands and societies, with the result that Aboriginal and women's geographies have commanded less attention. This gap in knowledge should be addressed by emerging researchers. Taking an interdisciplinary approach and moving from the general to the particular, my inquiry evolves in three parts. First, I identify some key debates that are pertinent to a study of gender and Aboriginal women in a colonial context. Second, I review the existing ethnographic literature on Cree women in Eastern Canada and assess insights about their role in subsistence economies. Third, I outline specific avenues that help frame a research programme to study the historical geographies—by which I understand the places, placing, and place‐making—of Aboriginal women in Northern Québec.
Vanishing the Haida: George Dawson's ethnographic vision and the making of settler space on the Queen Charlotte Islands in the late nineteenth century
Authors: GREK‐MARTIN JASON
Published: August 2010

Recent geographical studies of colonialism in British Columbia have illuminated the ways in which both imperial and native spaces came to be constructed in the province during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Less attention has been paid to the discourses and practices inherent to making settler space in late nineteenth century British Columbia. This article focuses on geologist George Dawson's 1880 report on the Queen Charlotte Islands in order to analyze how his imaginative geography of future settlement and resource extraction (Dawson's principal contribution to the making of settler space on these islands) was legitimized by the past‐oriented and quite nostalgic ethnographic study of the archipelago's indigenous Haida population included in the report's appendices. In essence, the ethnographic appendix articulated a colonial narrative of Haida decline that justified their virtual erasure from the descriptive and cartographic depictions of the islands' future resource landscapes set out in the main body of the report. By depicting the Haida as another example of North America's ‘Vanishing Indian’, Dawson's report served to position an ‘authentic’ Haida society in a rapidly‐vanishing past from which they could stake few viable claims to the highly‐coveted resource landscapes of the Queen Charlotte Islands.
VII. NOTES ON MODERN BOILER SHOP PRACTICE
Authors: ENGARD ENGINEER ALBERT C.
Published: August 2010

Read before the Philadelphia Branch of the Society, Chief Engineer L. W. ROBINSON, U. S. N., in the chair.
XVII. SPEED TRIALS OF FAST SHIPS.
Authors: DENNY A.
Published: August 2010

Contributed in a letter to Assistant Engineer H. P. NORTON, U. S. Navy, as a discussion of the article on page 68 of the current volume, and printed with the writer's sanction.
THE MARINE STEAM TURBINE
Authors: Parsons C. A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract of paper read before the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
XX: ERICSSON COMPOUND ENGINE AND BELLEVILLE BOILER
Authors: Isherwood
Published: August 2010

Experiments made in the Delamater Iron Works, New York City, on a non‐condensing, single‐acting, tandem, compound steam engine designed by John Ericsson, and on the Belleville boiler supplying it with steam.
AIR IN CONDENSERS
Authors: Fothergill H.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis.— An analysis of the various ways in which air may get into condensers, preventing the maintenance of high vacuums, and suggested remedies.
THE DIESEL ENGINE IN AMERICA
Authors: Rotter. Max
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS.— A résumé of present American practice as regards details of design, from a paper presented at the International Engineering Congress.
OIL AND OIL ENGINES
Authors: Low F. R.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS.— Description of 500‐H.P. vertical, 4‐cylinder engine built by the Mclntosh & Seymour Corporation under license from the Swedish Diesel Engine Co.
VARIATION OF FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF SHJPS WITH CONDITION OF WETTED SURFACE
Authors: McEntee William
Published: August 2010

Considering that frictional resistance is the most important element in the resistance of practically all ships, it is noteworthy that investigations of conditions affecting it have been relatively few. Although there have been many attempts made to reduce this resistance by different methods and there are many references made to its increase from fouling, there appear to be relatively little actual data as to the quantitative variations obtained. The results here given are based on a series of tests made at the United States Experimental Model Basin during a period extending somewhat over a year.

In considering this general subject two queries naturally arise: (1) On actual ships, what is the increase in resistance due to fouling? (2) Is it possible to reduce the frictional resistance by modifications in the condition of the frictional surface, or by the application of materials which would tend to make the surface smoother?
INVESTIGATION OF WATER‐AIR RADIATORS FOR COOLING GENERATORS AND MOTORS*
Authors: Reist H. G. , Freiburghouse E. H.
Published: August 2010

The satisfactory solution to the problem of ventilating large capacity electrical units in land stations, by means of ducts, air washers, etc., is not as readily applicable to the cooling of electrical apparatus where extreme compactness is essential—as for instance in the propelling machinery of a ship. The use of the customarily large ventilation air ducts would tend to offset one of the great advantages of electric marine drive; viz., the enlargement of the cargo carrying space. The following article reviews an investigation made to overcome the difficulty by applying a closed system of air ventilation with water‐air radiators for removing the heat from the circulating system.–Editor.
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH CONDENSER TUBES.*
Authors: Lincoln William L. De Baufre. , Annapolis Milton C. Stuarat
Published: August 2010

In this paper the authors give particulars regarding an extended series of tests recently conducted at the United States Naval Engineering Experimant Station at Annapolis, Md., to determine the friction loss of water flowing though 5/8‐inch No. 18 gage standard condenser tubes. The investigations covered variable velocities. water temperatures. and tube lengths, as well as the effect of both fresh and salt water. The results obtained are presented in tabular form and from them a general formula has been derived which gives the total drop in pressure due to entrance and exit losses and to frictional resistance within the tube.
A RELATION OF REVOLUTIONS, PITCH, DIAMETER, AND CAVITATION IN THE MARINE PROPELLER
Authors: Curry H. H.
Published: August 2010

In this article, the author has developed a new series of curves with which to approach the problem of proper propeller design. The method involves an ingenious rearrangement of existing formulae, and nothing new is contributed to basic design. The new factors proposed, however, will undoubtedly prove useful. Figures 1 and 4, in which the new factors are shown in their proper relationships to the basic coefficients have been made larger than the Journal page size in the effort to clarify them.
SOUND AND VIBRATION IN MARINE GEARING, A CONTINUATION
Authors: Kuhns Austin
Published: August 2010

This article is the second by Mr. Kuhns dealing with the problem of noise production in marine gearing, and its control. It should be read as a companion piece of the first which appeared in the August, 1937, issue of the Journal.

In the introduction to the first article, it was explained that the acuteness of the noise problem brought about by the use of higher steam pressures, higher machinery speeds, and more compact machinery layouts in marine installations, is causing the most earnest study of it by all machinery designers and operators. Mr. Kuhns' long association with marine gear manufacture permits him to speak with authority on the subject.

The first article contained a statement of the problem, and a general discussion of the methods and apparatus at hand to combat it. This article follows up with a study of the data which was taken in specific cases, and draws certain conclusions which may be incorporated in future design. The Farrel‐Birmingham Company is to be congratulated on the progressive steps it has taken in the attempt to clarify and isolate the confusing factors which so often combine to turn a normal gear assembly into an irritating noise‐maker.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING PROPER PITCH FOR THE INBOARD AND OUTBOARD PROPELLERS ON A FOUR SCREW SHIP
Authors: Labberton J. M.
Published: August 2010

While it has been known for many years that with identical propellers, the outboard screws of a four screw ship turn faster than the inboard screws, and that there is in consequence an unbalance on the power demand for the different shafts, it is only recently that the question of balancing the power demand on the four shafts has become interesting to marine designers. The desirability of doing this must be carefully weighed against the obvious advantage of having all propellers to the same diameter and pitch because of the expense of spares, but if after such consideration, a balance is still desired, the author deduces a method for modifying the pitch ratios.

Those who are familiar with Mr. Labberton's contributions to gear and propeller design will be interested to know that he has recently severed his connection with the Design Division of the Bureau of Engineering to assume the duties of Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at New York University.
NOISE MEASUREMENTS ABOARD SHIP
Authors: Simms H. A.
Published: August 2010

With the increasing interest which engineers are feeling in the matter of noise and its control, accurate comparative and relative measurement of noise has become the real crux of the problem. While the human ear is a marvelous instrument, it differs widely in different people, and even in the same person the two ears will usually vary considerably in sensitivity. To add to this basic difficulty, our brains take a hand and the impulses received are translated with a far from impersonal accuracy, for we often hear what we want or expect to hear in a manner quite discouraging to scientific exactness. The author discusses this problem, the scale of measurement which is slowly being standardised, and the limitations of the present day instruments; and finally undertakes to present a code which can be followed by specialists working in different geographical locations so that the results which they obtain will be as free from instrument error and personal prejudice as is humanly possible.
THE APPLICATION OF TENSOR ANALYSIS TO ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS
Authors: Wikstrom Arne
Published: August 2010

Several years ago, Kron applied tensor analysis to the solution of the every day problems of the electrical machinery designer, and in this article, Doctor Wikstrom has attempted to present the application so that it can be understood by designers more familiar with conventional mathematics and who are not familiar with the possibilities of this relatively little known method. After following through the author's presentation, it will be apparent that the real value of the application lies more in the design and study of complex electrical systems such as transmission lines, and carefully balanced power and lighting distribution arrangements, than in the design of particular electrical machines where the factors which vary are more limited. In distributing systems of all kinds, it should be definitely valuable.
METAL SPRAYING: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Dennison R. L.
Published: August 2010

A great deal of mystery surrounds the use of molten metal spray guns in the minds of most engineers. While they realize that in spite of light density, considerable porosity, and a questionably sure adherence to parent metal that it must have a positive and useful field of proper employment, no one has charted the limitations clearly enough as yet to give sprayed metal the popularity which it will ultimately attain. When it has been properly and carefully applied it will sometimes give remarkable results as a protective coating—but not always. It has been used with conspicuous success to build back a damaged or badly scored shaft thus saving a heavy replacement cost—but such a repair is quite likely to result in an early failure, so where do we stand? The author believes that sprayed metal is not like cast metal, nor is it like weld metal, and should not be considered as possessing the properties of either. It can best be described perhaps as a mechanical atomic assembly, and as such is unique in the metallurgical field and possesses a set of characteristics all its own.
FIFTY YEARS OF NAVAL ENGINEERING IN RETROSPECT. PART IV: 1921–1938
Authors: Neuhaus Herbert M.
Published: August 2010

This article is the fourth and last of a series wherein the author has drawn from the Journal a Retrospect of the five decades of rich experience which is the heritage of the American Society of Naval Engineers. In 1888, at the time of the formation of the Society, steam motive power was superseding sails, double expansion engines were replacing the old single expansion engines, scientific achievement had expanded beyond the limits of pure science and was adapting itself to useful engineering. The following years brought the triple expansion engine, reaction and impulse turbines, reduction gears, oil as fuel, the water tube boiler, artificial refrigeration, a great expansion of electrical adaptations, radio, and electric main propulsion. The United States, in 1917, entered the maelstrom of the World War, engaged in the mass production of ships, and at the end of the War found itself in the midst of constructing the world's largest merchant fleet and the world's most powerful battle fleet. Other countries carried on competitive programs. The fourth period commences in the midst of this great rush of naval construction.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE NAVAL USE OF FUEL OIL. PART IV
Authors: Hamilton James E.
Published: August 2010

In 1933, while occupying the Fuel Oil desk in the Bureau of Engineering, Navy Department, the author began the preparation of a short history of the use of fuel oil in the Navy. It was arranged chronologically and published serially in the JOURNAL. The first three parts covered the following periods:

Part I, August, 1933.

I—Prior to 1902—Dabbling.

II—1902 to 1904—The Navy Liquid Fuel Board.

III—1904 to 1910—Early Application.

Part II, November, 1933.

Part IV, 1910 to 1916 — The Rise of Oil.

Part III, February, 1935.

V—1917 to 1919—The War Period.

During the preparation of Part IV, the author was detached from the Bureau. The duty which followed was of such a nature that the work had to be suspended. In picking up the thread of the history after a lapse of three years, the conclusion was reached that justice to the subject demanded broad consideration of the post‐war period. This period saw more change and important development than had any previous one, particularly as afecting the present and the near future.

Thus, the sixth period will be extended to embrace the years from 1920 to 1934. It will be published serially in four issues of the JOURNAL as Parts IV, V, VI, and VII of the History. The author will continue his original plan in discussing this period under six subheads.

 Utilization. This covers the mechanical features of handling and burning oil. It is strictly an engineering subject. The details are beyond the scope of this series and the subject will be described in a general way only.

 Quality. This has to do with the characteristics of the oil and the specifications covering its purchase. It also will be described in a general way only.

 Application. This covers the general methods by which the use of fuel oil has been and is applied to vessels of various types.

 Source. This covers the natural resources of petroleum and possible substitute or replacement materials; their location, control, and Naval value.

 Supply. This covers the events between the removal of the petroleum from its source and its acquisition by the Navy.

 Distribution. This covers the events between the acquisition of the fuel oil and and its bunkering on board Naval vessels.

In this issue, after a short introduction to the period, subhead I on Utilization is presented.
MOVING PICTURE MEASUREMENTS OF A VESSEL'S SPEED THROUGH THE WATER
Authors: Eaton P. B.
Published: August 2010

One essential in testing vessels for maneuvering and speed changing characteristics is to determine the speed through the water at any time during the maneuver. A method of determining speeds at short intervals by using a moving picture camera is described.
THE NAVAL INSPECTION SERVICE
Authors: Davis R. C.
Published: August 2010

Inspection of material is the search for truth as to actual condition. Since the early days of ship construction the need for inspection has increased to meet the rapid advances in scientific developments, to control the attending complexities in the uses and applications of materials. The Inspector plays an important part in aiding the manufacturer and the designer as well as in protecting the interests of the consumer. The Navy, through him, desires most earnestly to encourage industry in general and manufacturers in particular in the production of suitable naval materials.
INVESTIGATION OF THE ACTION OF CONDENSER SCOOPS BASED UPON MODEL TESTS
Authors: Weske John R.
Published: August 2010

The condenser scoop is endowed with an inherent simplicity of operation. Beyond this the several investigators of past years have not demonstrated in practice a superior method of scoop design. Recently, in a ship, the scoop lip was removed after several years at sea. The suitability of flow characteristics did not decrease. Moreover, ship designers are questioning the effectiveness of scoops in metering cooling water to match engine horsepower. Scoop drag has been compared unfavorably with circulating pump power consumption. The writer of this paper provides valuable information with which the designer may predict scoop performance. He recognizes the importance of overboard discharge contours. His results challenge the ship designer to derive a design method which will determine optimum scoop contours, then weigh the advantages of scoop versus pump injection.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE NAVAL USE OF FUEL OIL. PART V
Authors: Hamilton James E.
Published: August 2010

There is a popular tendency to regard fuel oil as a by‐product left over after all special components have been removed from the crude. In the early nineteen‐twenties such oil might have been acceptable with, perhaps, a modicum of blending. Thereafter, the increased use of petroleum products stimulated production techniques to obtain a greater yield of lighter grades. Fuel oil as a byproduct became inferior.

The author in this part of his history covers the period from 1920 to 1934 under the subheads “Quality” and “Application.” He discusses the post‐war efforts to maintain good quality fuel oil. In spite of obstacles, these efforts combined with commercial impulses to encourage technical studies. The technique of processing petroleum improved at an accelerating rate. In the future we may find that “by‐products” no longer exist among the component parts of crude oil.
THE COLLAPSE OF HARD AND SOFT COPPER TUBES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
Authors: Steele Maurice G.
Published: August 2010

Tubes which are properly designed to resist substantial internal pressures are almost invariably capable of withstanding any external pressures to which they may be subjected. However, the designing engineer must not neglect the occasional. At times it is necessary to determine the external pressure at which a tube of given composition, hardness, and physical dimensions Will fail in collapse, and here it is that the designer is confronted with a paucity of dependable information. The author remedies this deficiency for thin copper tubes.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE NAVAL USE OF FUEL OIL. PART VII
Authors: Hamilton James E.
Published: August 2010

The author's history is concluded in this port. Under the subhead “Supply and Distribution” he covers first the events between the removal of the petroleum from its source and its acquisition by the Navy; then the circumstances which result in its bunkering on board Naval vessels. The importance of fuel oil storage facilities and of tankers is stressed. These, of course, can only be initiated by Congress. The author reveals on adequate understanding of the subject by responsible Naval officers. But he suggests the handicaps imposed by congressional inaction during the post‐war period when high lights were reflected from the Navy's attempts to circumvent the restrictions thus imposed.
CALORIFIC VALUE‐GRAVITY RELATIONSHIP OF FUEL OILS
Authors: Beck Cyrus
Published: August 2010

Several formulas have been presented representing the relationship between the calorific value of fuel oils and their gravities. No formula has yet been offered that well apply to all types of fuel oils. A given equation will, of course, fit best the type of oil for which it was deduced.

The BTU/lb.‐API degree at 60 degrees F. relationship of fuel oils of interest to the United States Navy, the group of oils satisfying Navy specifications, has been determined periodically.

The original Naval Boiler Laboratory BTU‐API formula was derived in 1933 front 49 oils, the 1935 formula from 50 oils. A new formula has been deduced from a study of all the oils delivered to the Naval Boiler Laboratory from June 1, 1935, to October 1, 1938. Two hundred and sixty‐six (266) fuel oils were consideredx or more than five times as many as were used in deducing the two carlier equations. This gives added weight to the new formula presented by the author.
THE RATING OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
Authors: Lunsford Jesse B.
Published: August 2010

The author predicts the possibility of saving one‐half the weight of shipboard electrical machinery, the saving of weight being accompanied by a saving in cost.

This article is the first of a series of four which delineate a plan for the development of lightweight electrical machinery. The steps recommended are similar to those the author used most successfully in guiding the development of heat and flame resisting cable. He proposes that obsolescent methods of electrical machinery design must be enlivened; that recent improvements in insulating materials have not been fully utilized. He bases his diagnosis on the exposure of present design standards and suggests better yardsticks together with cooperative endeavor.

Much progress has been made within the past 20 years in the production of improved forms of electrical insulation. Not as much has been done in its actual utilization. What are some of the problems here, and what might be some of the fruits of experimentation? The answers to some of the questions could be very useful. How is the best way to ask questions and how do you know if an answer is the answer? Much depends upon how the questions are asked. This is one approach, one how. Do we hear another ?
THE USE OF AN ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAGE IN INVESTIGATING STRESSES*
Authors: Carmick E. S. , Dodge H. B.
Published: August 2010

The authors present a brief description of the work done and, results obtained in their thesis study. The article describes a very interesting application of an electrical strain gage in studying propeller design.
ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Authors: Lunsford Jesse B.
Published: August 2010

The author originally expected to complete this series in four parts. After consultation with the Editor it was decided that any attempt to compress the remainder of the material and a summary into one article would be undesirable. Hence there will be a fifth, and final, part to appear in the February 1941 issue.
ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Authors: Lunsford Jesse B.
Published: August 2010

This article, the third in a series of four, presents a mass of data which should be of intense interest to those technically interested in electrical insulation.

Because of the possible demand for reprint copies of this article, it is suggested that orders for copies be placed without delay.
PIPE HANGERS, PARTICULARLY FOR HIGH‐TEMPERATURE PIPE LINES
Authors: Wood Joseph Kaye
Published: August 2010

The author describes the general method of designing the hanger layout for a high‐temperature pipe line with particular attention to one type of constant‐support pipe hangers. The article is believed to be a contribution of value in covering one detail of the problem of utilization of high‐temperature steam.
THE SALVAGE OF THE U. S. S. SQUALUS
Authors: TUSLER FLOYD A.
Published: August 2010

The author served as Salvage Officer on the staff of the Commander Squalus Salvage Unit. He presents the steps undertaken in raising the submarine Squalus. The Society welcomes the opportunity to publish these particulars, should they be of assistance to any navy.
ILLUMINATION OF COAST GUARD VESSELS
Authors: Alexander Robert T.
Published: August 2010

The author discusses various considerations involved in obtaining good illumination on small vessels of the types used in the Coast Guard.
THE BEHAVIOR OF NICKEL COPPER ALLOYS IN SEA WATER
Authors: LAQUE. F. L.
Published: August 2010

The author presents a most complete work relative to corrosion of nickel‐copper and copper‐nickel alloys. The subject is handled in such a manner as to avoid controversial matters and proper emphasis has been given to the several factors which must be considered in selecting a particular alloy for a definite purpose.

The article contains something new in describing the resistance of certain alloys to edge corrosion and also the rather definite conclusions relative to the copper content of alloys necessary to resist fouling.

The data which have been presented were chosen to illustrate in as general a way as possible the outstanding characteristics of nickel copper alloys with respect to their behavior in sea water. In applying such data to the choice of an alloy for a particular purpose, it is necessary, as was pointed out previously, to consider as well such factors as physical and mechanical properties, availability in the required forms, cost and practical experience. Experience tends in time to integrate all the important factors and for this reason there is appended in Table 14 a list of practical applications of the nickel copper alloys—Monel, 70:30 copper nickel and nickel silver—which have been used most extensively in marine engineering. It is hoped that this list will serve as a useful guide to the choice of the proper alloy for specific purposes.
EVALUATING WELDING ELECTRODES
Authors: DUMA JOSEPH A.
Published: August 2010

The author presents data collected to discover the physical and chemical properties of good welding electrodes and to provide material for discovering a quantitative formula for evaluating electrode qualities. In the text he describes how the data yielded the results desired.

 The history of the progress of electrode technology has been one of increasingly higher realization of ductility through elimination of deleterious gases. Bare wire welding had realized approximately one‐sixth of the potential ductility inherently resident in weld metal; cellulose‐covered electrodes, by a drastic reduction of oxygen and nitrogen in the deposit, have wrested one‐third to one‐half of the inherent value. It appears that the next probable advance in this direction will be an all‐position electrode emitting an irreducible minimum of hydrogen.
EXPERIMENTAL HIGHLIGHTS OF VISUAL EXPERIMENTATION WITH CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Authors: Cooper Howard L.
Published: August 2010

Our present national emergency accentuates the necessity of utilizing to the greatest practical extent experimental developments in all fields. This same impetus should encourage further experimental investigation, ever advancing the perfection of our works and enriching our knowledge. Only through diligent collective cooperation may we bring our national program to a successful conclusion. As a reward, we hope to achieve the perpetuation of our manner of living, enhanced by an elevated standard of living, or more and better goods for more people, with the satisfaction of a job well done.

The ensuing paper presents a descriptive discussion of some of the experimental work carried out by the author while with the U.S.E.D. during the years 1986 and 1967. It concerns a fact‐finding model study in connection with a 28‐inch dredge pump. This type of pump has given excellent service on various government projects.

The discussion is developed for the purpose of acquainting the reader with the high lights of visual experimental work and points out possible applications in other fields. For the sake of brevity and compactness, it will be necessary to condense the description of the more common test equipment. This is facilitated by the use of photographs demonstrating general layouts.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORROSION ON PROPELLER SHAFT MAINTENANCE
Authors: Setz H. L.
Published: August 2010

In light of our present national emergency, we realize the prime necessity of utilizing every available means to coordinate our maintenance program to meet performance standards of our equipment with the least possible additional load on repair and replacement facilities.

With the work loads of propulsion and auxiliary machinery manufacturers increasing daily, the procurement of spare parts presents a problem of growing complexity. This is especially true in respect to parts such as propeller shafts, whose large proportion require relatively long periods of time to complete the manufacturing operations. As facilities for this type of work are limited, serious delays in delivery may be experienced should an emergency arise, requiring extensive and immediate replacements.
THE WEIGHT FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF RADIO EQUIPMENT FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT
Authors: WELLS WM. BRUCE
Published: August 2010

Due to its length, the Part II of this paper has had to be divided into Parts II and III. Part I was published in the November, 1940, issue of the JOURNAL. Part III will be published in a later issue.
STEERING GEAR CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: NICKERSON A. M.
Published: August 2010

The steering of vessels has received considerable study by naval architects. There is little in the literature on the subject of steering gears themselves. This article develops the basic characteristics affecting the performance of modern hydraulic steering gears employing rams operated by continuously driven “variable stroke” pumps and automatic rudder follow‐up control. It also essays to review some of their effects, practical and psychological.—(Author's introduction.)
MINMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS IN THE GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY OF ONE AND THREE INCH STEEL SECTIONS
Authors: Kaiser Herman F. , Friedman Herbert , Hafner Robert
Published: August 2010

A study was made to determine the minimum practical source to film distances which may be employed in gamma radiography of steel sections up to three inches in thickness for several sizes of radium capsules. Existing analyses of the geometrical exposure conditions have been reviewed and found useful in connection with these experimental studies. It has been found that the conditions in x‐ray and gamma ray radiography differ in certain respects. The minimum permissible practical source to film distances determined in this work are listed below:
FACTOR OF SAFETY AND WORKING STRESSES OF MARINE PROPULSION SHAFTING
Authors: Michel R.
Published: August 2010

Mr. Setz' paper in the November 1941 issue of the Journal, entitled “The Influence of Corrosion on Propeller Shaft Maintenance,” gives the impression that current shafting is designed with a factor of safety of the order of 9. This is true only in the shaft body and when steady shearing stress alone is considered. The present paper points out that additional stresses exist, and gives a discussion of the influence of these on the mode of failure and the factor of safety, which now becomes of the order of 2.
CALCULATION OF THE IMPEDANCE PROPERTIES OF PARASITIC ANTENNA ARRAYS INVOLVING ELEMENTS OF FINITE RADIUS
Authors: Harrison Charles W.
Published: August 2010

Summary: After a brief resumé of a general theory for the current in coupled antennas, expressions are derived for the distribution of current along two parallel antennas of unequal length and radius. The input impedance to each antenna is then determined when the antennas are driven in phase, and in phase opposition, for applied voltages of equal magnitude. Conventional circuital relations for coupled systems yield the self‐impedance of each radiator, and mutual impedance, in terms of these four calculated impedances.

Methods for obtaining optimum conditions in two element arrays, consisting of a driven antenna in proximity to a director or reflector are considered.
MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING
Authors: Carlson Milton
Published: August 2010

The following paper was presented to the Logistics Class of the Naval War College as a study of certain factors and problems with which industrial management is involved in the change‐over from peace to war time operations. It was delivered in support of the general subject then under study by that class—namely “The Capabilities of the Shore Establishments to Support Fleet Mobilization”.
THE THRUST DEDUCTION
Authors: WEINBLUM GEORG P.
Published: August 2010

The application of the source and sink concept to the system ship and propeller leads to a satisfactory explanation of the various phenomena summarized under the notation “thrust deduction.” The quantitative analytic evaluation of the forces involved, altho in principle successful, meets still some difficulties and there are some important gaps between results of theory and facts. Thus, there remains a wide field for systematic experimental investigations which can be planned and guided by the present theory. One basic problem—the influence of the scale effect on the thrust deduction, especially the relation between the corresponding values for the model and the ship—cannot yet be rigorously solved; theoretical considerations indicate, however, that the common assumption following which the thrust deduction coefficient t is roughly the same for the model and the ship may be a reasonable approximation especially when the size of the model is large.
HEAT TRANSFER IN BAYONET‐TYPE TUBES
Authors: TESSIN WILLIAM
Published: August 2010

The heat transfer with a bayonet‐type tube is investigated for the cases where the circulating fluid may be hotter or colder than the system's environment and where the fluid may enter the inner or outer passages. It is shown that most heat is transferred if the inner tube is thermally insulated.
A NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINING THE ENDURANCE OF NAVAL VESSELS
Authors: BURKE R. E.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this paper is to provide forces afloat with a method for readily determining their vessel' endurance depending on the amount of fuel oil remaining. The use of this method will provide accurate and rapid evaluation of varying the vessels speed. The result then will furnish forces afloat with a quick method of selecting appropriate vessel speed to reach their destination based on operational, economical, and time requirements.
Role of Humoral Mediators in, and Influence of a Liposomal Formulation on, Acute Amphotericin B Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Sabra Ramzi , Zeinoun Nadine , Sharaf Layla H. , Ghali Rana , Beshara Grace , Serhal Hanan
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The mechanisms responsible for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity remain incompletely understood, but clearly involve reduction in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Both direct effects of amphotericin B on contractile vascular cells, and indirect effects, due to humoural mediators, have been proposed. This study examines the role of nitric oxide, endothelin and angiotensin II in the acute nephrotoxic effects of amphotericin B in rats, and compares the antifungal and nephrotoxic effects of liposomal amphotericin B and amphotericin B‐deoxycholate. Anaesthetized rats were given infusions of amphotericin B‐deoxycholate in the presence or absence of N‐nitro‐L‐arginine, PD 145065, a non‐specific endothelin receptor antagonist, and L‐158809, an angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist, or increasing doses of liposomal amphotericin B. Amphotericin B‐deoxycholate (0.03 mg/kg/min intravenously) caused a significant 44% reduction in glomerular filtration rate and 65% maximal fall in renal blood flow. N‐Nitro‐L‐arginine‐treated rats had a lower renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate at baseline, but sustained similar reduction of 53% and 75% in these parameters, respectively. PD145065 and L‐158809 did not modify these effects either. Increasing doses of liposomal amphotericin B (from 0.01 up to 0.50 mg/kg/min.) induced no change in either glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow. In vitro susceptibility tests revealed similar potency for liposomal amphotericin B and amphotericin B‐deoxycholate in their fungistatic effects and slightly higher potency for amphotericin B‐deoxycholate in their fungicidal effect. These results suggest that endogenous endothelin, angiotensin II or nitric oxide systems are not involved in the nephrotoxic effects of amphotericin B. The liposomal amphotericin B results suggest that amphotericin B nephrotoxicity is due to a direct interaction of amphotericin B with renal cells that is prevented by its encapsulation in liposomes.
Antiplatelet Mechanism of 2‐Chloro‐3‐(4‐hexylphenyl)‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (NQ304), an Antithrombotic Agent
Authors: Zhang Yong‐He , Chung Kwang‐Hoe , Ryu Chung‐Kyu , Lee Yun‐Hee , Kim Tack‐Joong , Song Yong‐Shin , Hwang Kyung‐Ae , Yun Yeo‐Pyo
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The effects of 2‐chloro‐3‐(4‐hexylphenyl)‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (NQ304), an antithrombotic agent, on aggregation, binding of fibrinogen to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and intracellular signals were investigated using human platelets. NQ304 inhibited thrombin‐, arachidonic acid‐ and thapsigargin‐induced aggregation of washed human platelets with the IC50 values of 22.2±0.7, 6.5±0.2, and 7.6±0.1 μM, respectively. NQ304 significantly inhibited fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated fibrinogen binding to human platelet surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor by 75%, but failed to inhibit the fibrinogen binding to purified glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. This result suggests that NQ304 inhibit platelet aggregation by suppression of an intracellular pathway that involves exposure of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, rather than by direct inhibition of fibrinogen‐glycoprotein IIb/IIIa binding. NQ304 significantly inhibited thrombin‐induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization at the dose of 30 μM and ATP secretion in a dose‐dependent manner. It also inhibited thrombin‐ and arachidonic acid‐induced thromboxane A2 formation in human platelet dose‐dependently. In conclusion, the antiplatelet mechanism of NQ304 may be due to the reduction of the thromboxane A2 formation, inhibition of adenosine triphosphate release and intracellular calcium mobilization.
Bioactivation and Cytotoxicity of 1,1‐Dichloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (HCFC‐123) in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes*
Authors: Ferrara Roberta , Zanovello Alberta , Bortolato Silvia , White Ian N. H. , Manno Maurizio
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The bioactivation and cytotoxicity of 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (HCFC‐123), a replacement for some ozone‐depleting chlorofluorocarbons, were investigated using freshly isolated hepatocytes from non‐induced male rats. A time‐ and concentration‐dependent increase in the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and a concentration‐dependent loss of total cellular glutathione were observed in cells incubated with 1, 5 and 10 mM HCFC‐123 under normoxic or hypoxic (about 4% O2) conditions. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage was completely prevented by pretreating the cell suspension with the free radical trapper N‐t‐butyl‐α‐phenylnitrone. The aspecific cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibitor, metyrapone, totally prevented the lactate dehydrogenase leakage from hepatocytes, while two isoform‐specific P450 inhibitors, 4‐methylpyrazole and troleandomycin (a P450 2E1 and a P450 3A inhibitor, respectively), provided a partial protection against HCFC‐123 cytotoxicity. Interestingly, pretreatment of cells with glutathione depletors, such as phorone and diethylmaleate, did not enhance the HCFC‐123‐dependent lactate dehydrogenase leakage. Two stable metabolites of HCFC‐123, 1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane and 1‐chloro‐2,2‐difluoroethene, were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the head space of the hepatocyte incubations carried out under hypoxic and, although at a lower level, also normoxic conditions, indicating that reductive metabolism of HCFC‐123 by hepatocytes had occurred. The results overall indicate that HCFC‐123 is cytotoxic to rat hepatocytes under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, due to its bioactivation to reactive metabolites, probably free radicals, and that P450 2E1 and, to a lower extent, P450 3A, are involved in the process.
L‐Cysteine and Sodium Hydrosulphide Inhibit Spontaneous Contractility in Isolated Pregnant Rat Uterine Strips in vitro
Authors: Sidhu Reena , Singh Manisha , Samir Gulfraz , Carson Ray J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The control of myometrial contractility during pregnancy and parturition is not fully understood. Gas signalling molecules, such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, have been shown to relax the myometrium and may be involved in the control of contractility. Hydrogen sulphide has recently been shown to be produced endogenously in animal and human tissue and to have a signalling function. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of L‐cysteine and sodium hydrosulphide, potential hydrogen sulphide donors, on pregnant rat uterine contractility in vitro. Strips of pregnant rat uterus (n=22) were set up in a standard organ bath system. Following equilibration and recording of spontaneous contractility, the tissue was exposed to 45 mM potassium chloride followed by 1 nM oxytocin. Dose ranges of 10−8– 10−3 M of L‐cysteine (n=8) or sodium hydrosulphide (n=8) were subsequently applied to the tissue. In a third series of experiments (n=6) the effect of doses of 10−9, 10−6 and 10−3 M of L‐cysteine, D‐cysteine, L‐serine, DL‐methionine and DL‐homocysteine on myometrial contractility were compared. Contractions were integrated over 10 min. periods and the values were compared by one‐way analysis of variance. L‐Cysteine and sodium hydrosulphide produced significant dose‐dependent decreases in uterine spontaneous contractility. Of the amino acids tested, only L‐cysteine produced a significant reduction in spontaneous contractility at a dose of 10−3 M. This study has demonstrated novel tocolytic actions of L‐cysteine and sodium hydrosulphide, however further work is required to determine their mechanisms of action.