bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical synthesis and amidation of benzoin: benzamides from benzaldehydes
Authors: Rocco Daniele , Chiarotto Isabella , Mattiello Leonardo , Pandolfi Fabiana , Zane Daniela , Feroci Marta
Published: May 2019

The benzoin condensation starting from benzaldehyde and the subsequent benzoin amidation to benzamide can be efficiently carried out under very mild conditions in an electrolysis cell. Among the advantages of using electrochemistry to generate our active reagents, the use of the easily dosed and non pollutant electron, instead of stoichiometric amounts of redox reagents or bases, usually renders the electrochemical methodology “greener” than classical organic reactions. Benzoin is obtained in good yield (85 %) carrying out the reaction in the room temperature ionic liquid BMIm-BF4. In this electrochemical reaction this liquid salt assumes the double role of solvent-supporting electrolyte system and precatalyst, yielding the corresponding N-heterocyclic carbene. The subsequent benzoin amidation is carried out by electrochemically generated superoxide anion, in the presence of an aliphatic primary or secondary amine. In this case the system superoxide/molecular oxygen acts as base and oxidant, yielding very good yields of benzamides (up to 89 %).
Transaction Utility of End-User Pirates – An Analysis
Authors: Basu Paulomi , Banerjee Tanmoyee
Published: May 2019

The present study hypothesized the concept of transaction utility that consumers receive from end-user piracy and assumes that it is positively associated with the difference between the price of original good and cost of copying the pirated product. We assume two groups of consumers – one enjoying transaction utility from piracy and the other not enjoying the same. The results show that a monopolist producing information-goods will adopt a low-price low-quality strategy in presence of transaction utility. An increase in the quality of the pirated product will also induce the firm to continue with the low-price–low-quality strategy. However, an increase in the proportion of the consumers not receiving transaction utility from piracy will increase the price and quality of the original good. In addition, with an increase in the average and marginal willingness-to-pay parameter of the consumers, the price, quality and profit of the original good will increase. The expected piracy rate is observed to be decreasing in transaction utility parameter when the upper boundary of willingness-to-pay parameter of the consumer is below a critical level.
Messen von asphärischen Linsenformen mittels räumlicher Kohärenz
Authors: Müller André F. , Falldorf Claas , Ehret Gerd , Bergmann Ralf B.
Published: May 2019

Wir zeigen den Vergleich zweier interferometrischer Verfahren zur Formprüfung anhand einer Messung an einer Zylinderlinse. Das erste Verfahren, die Multiple Aperture Shear Interferometry (MArS), basiert auf der Messung der Kohärenzfunktion mittels eines Scher-Interferometers. Es erlaubt interferometrische Messungen unter gleichzeitiger Verwendung mehrerer unabhängiger und teilkohärenter Lichtquellen, und ermöglicht so eine flexible, an den Prüfling anpassbare Ausleuchtung. Als Vergleichsverfahren kommt die Computational Shear Interferometry (CoSI) zur Messung von Wellenfronten zum Einsatz. Da beide Messverfahren auf einem Scher-Interferometer basieren, ist ein direkter Vergleich unter identischen Umgebungsbedingungen möglich.
The importance of parathormone in determining the deficiency of vitamin D
Authors: Uğur Sevcan , Kaçar Cahit , Özdem Sebahat
Published: May 2019

Background

To evaluate the association of parathormone with vitamin D and to find a threshold value for vitamin D.

Material and methods

This descriptive study included 11,753 (2352 males, 9401 females) patients from University hospital and 25-OH vitamin D and PTH levels were evaluated.

Results

The mean parathormone level was 49.33 ± 22.39 pg/mL. 18.7% of the patients had hyperparathyroidism. 77.4% of the patients had low 25-OH D vitamins. There was a negative correlation between serum parathormone levels and 25-OH vitamin D levels. The minimum 25-OH vitamin D level to keep PTH below 65 pg/mL was 18.5 ng/mL.

Conclusion

For determining the threshold value of 25 OH vitamin D, serum PTH levels should be assessed with 25-OH vitamin D levels.
Physician burnout: Current perspectives
Authors: Vidovic Dan
Published: May 2019

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The brown fat-secreted adipokine neuregulin 4 is decreased in human and murine chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kralisch Susan , Hoffmann Annett , Klöting Nora , Frille Armin , Kuhn Hartmut , Nowicki Marcin , Paeschke Sabine , Bachmann Anette , Blüher Matthias , Zhang Ming-Zhi , Harris Raymond C , Stumvoll Michael , Fasshauer Mathias , Ebert Thomas
Published: May 2019

Objective

Neuregulin 4 (NRG4) has recently been introduced as a novel brown adipose tissue (BAT)-secreted adipokine with beneficial metabolic effects in mice. However, regulation of Nrg4 in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been elucidated, so far.

Design/methods

Serum NRG4 levels were quantified by ELISA in 60 subjects with ESKD on chronic hemodialysis as compared to 60 subjects with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >50 mL/min/1.73 m2 in a cross-sectional cohort. Within both groups, about half of the patients had a T2DM. Furthermore, mRNA expression of Nrg4 was determined in two mouse models of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) as compared to two different groups of non-diabetic control mice. Moreover, mRNA expression of Nrg4 was investigated in cultured, differentiated mouse brown and white adipocytes, as well as hepatocytes, after treatment with the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate.

Results

Median serum NRG4 was significantly lower in patients with ESKD compared to controls and the adipokine was independently associated with a beneficial renal, glucose and lipid profile. In mice with DKD, Nrg4 mRNA expression was decreased in all adipose tissue depots compared to control mice. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate did not significantly alter Nrg4 mRNA expression in adipocytes and hepatocytes, in vitro.

Conclusions

Circulating NRG4 is independently associated with a preserved renal function and mRNA expression of -Nrg4 is reduced in adipose tissue depots of mice with DKD. The BAT-secreted adipokine is further associated with a beneficial glucose and lipid profile supporting NRG4 as potential treatment target in metabolic and renal disease states.
Evolutionary and Experimental Loss of Gene Body Methylation and Its Consequence to Gene Expression
Authors: Bewick Adam J , Zhang Yinwen , Wendte Jered M , Zhang Xiaoyu , Schmitz Robert J
Published: May 2019

In flowering plants, gene body methylation (gbM) is associated with a subset of constitutively expressed genes. It has been proposed that gbM modulates gene expression. Here, we show that there are no consistent and direct differences to expression following the loss of gbM. By comparing expression of gbM genes in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions to orthologous genes in two Eutrema salsugineum genotypes, we identified both positive and negative expression differences associated with gbM loss. However, expression is largely unaffected by gbM loss in E. salsugineum. Expression differences between species were within the variation of expression observed within A. thaliana accessions that displayed variation in gbM. Furthermore, experimentally induced loss of gbM did not consistently lead to differences in expression compared to wild type. To date, there is no convincing data to support a direct causal link between the presence/absence of gbM and the modulation of expression in flowering plants.
Pediatric Acute Myocarditis: Predicting Hemodynamic Compromise at Presentation to Health Care
Authors: Wolf Ashley E. , Marino Bradley S. , Chaouki Ahmad Sami , Andrei Adin-Cristian , Gossett Jeffrey G.
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND:

The clinical spectrum of pediatric acute myocarditis ranges from minimal symptoms with intact hemodynamics to rapid cardiovascular collapse and death. We sought to identify factors on initial presentation associated with subsequent hemodynamic compromise.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with acute myocarditis at a freestanding pediatric hospital from 2007 to 2016. We defined 2 cohorts: high-acuity patients with hemodynamic compromise defined as requiring inotropic or vasoactive medications, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ventricular assist devices, or transplant or who died and low-acuity patients without these interventions. We collected the first recorded set of vital signs, symptoms, laboratory values, and chest radiograph, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography results. Univariate analysis was performed, and 2 multivariable logistic regression models were created to discriminate between cohorts.

RESULTS:

A total of 74 patients were included: 33 high acuity and 41 low acuity. There were significant differences in demographics, symptoms, and physical examination, laboratory, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography findings between high- and low-acuity cohorts. Multivariable logistic regression models were highly discriminate in predicting those in the high-acuity cohort. The first model included presence of tachycardia, tachypnea, creatinine, and cardiomegaly on chest radiograph (area under the curve = 0.913). The second model added the presence of pericardial effusion to the above variables (area under the curve = 0.964).

CONCLUSIONS:

Models based on factors available at initial presentation with acute myocarditis are predictive of subsequent hemodynamic compromise. If our results can be validated in a multicenter study, these models may help disposition patients with suspected acute myocarditis (with those who meet model criteria being admitted to centers capable of rapidly providing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ventricular assist devices, and heart transplant evaluation).
Factors Associated With Pickup of Pediatric Discharge Prescriptions
Authors: Lazar Abigail , Rappaport David I. , Sharif Iman , Hossain Md Jobayer
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Lack of medication pickup is associated with worse clinical outcomes for select patients. Identification of risk factors for not picking up discharge medications or approaches to this problem have received little study. We sought to identify factors associated with medication pickup rates after hospitalization at a tertiary care children’s hospital.

METHODS:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 178 discharges from a children’s hospital. We contacted pharmacies that received electronic prescriptions to ascertain whether patients and families picked up medications. The principal outcome was pickup of all medications within 48 hours of discharge. Covariates included demographic data, insurance type, discharge diagnosis, home zip code median income, medication number and/or class, and pharmacy type (on-site versus off-site). We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS:

Overall, 142 of 178 (80%) discharges involved medication pickup. Patient age and sex, diagnosis, discharge day, primary language, and hospitalization length had no statistically significant association with medication pickup. On the multivariable analysis, a higher home zip code median income (P = .045; highest versus lowest groups) had a statistically significant association with increased medication pickup. Private insurance had a statistically significant association with higher pickup rate on the univariable analysis (P = .01) but not on the multivariable analysis, which included zip code income (P = .072). On-site pharmacy use (P = .048) and prescription of an anti-infective (P = .003) had statistically significant associations with higher medication pickup rates.

CONCLUSIONS:

Certain factors are associated with rates of medication pickup after discharge. Use of an on-site hospital pharmacy may represent a strategy to improve medication pickup rates in children who are hospitalized.
Health Literacy: Implications for Child Health
Authors: Morrison Andrea K. , Glick Alexander , Yin H. Shonna
Published: May 2019

Health literacy is an important issue to consider in the provision of health-care to children. Similar to the adult population, most parents face health literacy challenges. Of particular concern, 1 in 4 parents have low health literacy, greatly affecting their ability to use health information to make health decisions for their child. High expectations are placed on parents and children to achieve effective disease management and positive health outcomes in the context of complex health-care systems and disease treatment regimens. Low health literacy affects parent acquisition of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, as well as child health outcomes across the domains of disease prevention, acute illness care, and chronic illness care. The effect of low health literacy is wide ranging, including 1) poor nutrition knowledge and behaviors, 2) higher obesity rates, 3) more medication errors, 4) more emergency department use, and 5) poor asthma knowledge, behaviors, and outcomes. Health-care providers can mitigate the effects of health literacy by seeking to align health-care demands with the health literacy skills of families. Effective health literacy–informed interventions provide insights into methods that can be used by providers and health systems to improve health outcomes. Health literacy–informed communication strategies should be used with all families in a “universal precautions approach” because all parents likely benefit from clear communication. As scientific advances are made in disease prevention and management, unless families understand how to follow provider recommendations, the benefit of these advances will not be realized and disparities in outcomes will be exacerbated.
Analysis of the spatial distribution of the ecological niche of the land snail Brephulopsis cylindrica (Stylommatophora, Enidae) in technosols
Authors: Zhukov O. V. , Kovalenko D. V. , Kramarenko S. S. , Kramarenko A. S.
Published: May 2019

The aim of our work is to describe the ecological niche of the land snail Brephulopsis cylindrica (Menke, 1828) in terms of the edaphic properties and properties of the vegetation cover and to show the spatial features of the variation of the habitat preference index within the artificial soil body – technosols (soddy-lithogenic soils on loess-like clays) using the ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA). The research was carried out at the Research Centre of the Dnipro Agrarian and Economic University in Pokrov. Sampling was carried out on a variant of artificial soil (technozems) formed on loess-like clays. The test site where the sampling was conducted consists of 7 transects of 15 samples each. Test points form a regular grid with a mesh size of 3 m. Soil mechanical impedance, aggregate-size distribution, soil electrical conductivity, vegetation physiognomic characteristics, and Didukh phytoindication scales were used as ecogeographic predictors of the mollusc’s ecological niche properties. Phytoindication assessment indicates that the technosol ecological regimes are favourable for sub-mesophytes, hemi-hydrocontrastophiles, neutrophiles, semi-eutrophs. The test for statistical significance showed that an axis of marginality of the ecological niche of B. cylindrica and axes of specialization are significantly different from the random distribution. We found that the ecological niche of the mollusc is determined by both edaphic factors and ecological features of vegetation. The marginality of B. cylindrica ecological niche over the entire period of study is determined mainly by preferences for physiognomic vegetation types, higher values of the continentality and thermality regimes. Often greater content in the soil of aggregates 1–3 mm in size coincides with greater numbers of B. cylindrica individuals. Individuals of this species avoid physiognomic type III and areas with higher soil alkalinity and mineralization detected both by means of the phytoindication approach and soil electrical conductivity data. Ecological niche optima may be presented by integral variables such as marginality and specialization axes and plotted in geographic space. The spatial distribution of the B. cylindrica habitat suitability index (HSI) within the technosols is shown, which makes it possible to predict the optimal conditions for the existence of the species.
Selección de genes de referencia para análisis transcripcionales en el modelo clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi
Authors: Monroy-Mena Santiago , Chacon-Parra Aura L. , Farfan-Angarita Julieth P. , Martinez-Peralta Sixta T. , Ardila-Barrantes Harold D.
Published: May 2019

En el presente trabajo se seleccionaron y validaron genes de referencia para estudios transcripcionales en el modelo clavel - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. Para ello, se seleccionaron genes asociados a procesos básicos celulares que han sido usados como genes de referencia en otros modelos planta-patógeno y se determinó el efecto de la inoculación del patógeno sobre su expresión. Se realizó un diseño de cebadores para los diferentes genes candidatos con el fin de verificar tanto su presencia en el genoma de claveles cultivados en Colombia, como su transcripción constitutiva en los diferentes tejidos por medio de la técnica de transcripción reversa y posterior reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RT-PCR por sus siglas en ingles). Posteriormente, se evaluaron los niveles transcripcionales de los genes candidatos usando RT-qPCR en tallos y raíces de dos variedades con diferentes niveles de resistencia a la enfermedad, que fueron inoculados con este patógeno. La validación estadística realizada, usando ANOVA y los programas GeNorm y Normfinder, determinó que los genes codificantes para una histona H3 y el ARNr18S no presentan variación en sus niveles de expresión por efecto de la inoculación, permitiendo su uso como genes de referencia en estudios transcripcionales en esta interacción planta-patógeno.
Caracterización y estabilidad de un extracto rico en antocianinas a partir de corteza de gulupa
Authors: Meneses-Marentes Nixon Andres , Herrera-Ramírez Edna Juliana , Tarazona-Díaz Martha Patricia
Published: May 2019

La gulupa es una fruta originaria de la región amazónica, cuyo epicarpio es un subproducto con alto potencial en antioxidantes como las antocianinas. Por lo anterior, los objetivos de este estudio fueron realizar una extracción por solvente, a partir del epicarpio, para obtener un extracto rico en antocianinas; caracterizar su capacidad antioxidante y realizar la cinética de degradación de antocianinas monoméricas durante el almacenamiento a tres temperaturas (-14 ± 2 °C, 5 ± 1 °C y 21 ± 0,7 °C). En consecuencia, se obtuvo un extracto con un contenido de antocianinas de 165 ± 9 mg cianidina-3-O-glucosido/L. La capacidad antioxidante fue de 464 ± 19 y 366 ± 7 µmol Trolox/100 g de extracto, según los ensayos FRAP y DPPH respectivamente, y un contenido de vitamina C de 2,07 ± 0,04 mg ácido ascórbico/100 g de extracto. La cinética de degradación se definió por el orden uno con las siguientes constantes: 2,1·10-3, 8,6·10-3 y 2,7·10-2 días-1 para -14 ± 2 °C, 5 ± 1 °C y 21 ± 0,7 °C respectivamente, generando una energía de activación de 46,0·103  J/mol. Por consiguiente, se concluyó que es posible obtener, a partir del epicarpio de gulupa, extractos ricos en compuestos de alto valor como las antocianinas, los cuales son afectados por la temperatura de almacenamiento, siendo este un factor para considerar durante su aplicación en matrices alimentarias.
Determination of the content of ursolic and oleanolic acid in the cuticular wax of fruits of different species of Rosaceae
Authors: Ludeña-Huaman Michael A. , Ramos-Inquiltupa Deborah A.
Published: May 2019

Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) are two widely distributed triterpenes in fruits, especially those belonging to Rosaceae family. These triterpene isomers are of great pharmacological interest due to their multiple bioactive properties. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the content of UA and OA extracted from the cuticular wax of five highly edible fruits (quince, loquat, pear, peach and apple) all belonging to the Rosaceae family. The acids were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Both UA and OA are present in all these fruits, however, UA is in greater quantities.
Obesity in relation to risk factors and socioeconomic conditions among school-age children at Khartoum State 2011/2012
Authors: Dr. Suzan Ail Yousif Abo* ,Dr. ALI abdalazez Salih
Published: May 2019

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was carried out at Khartoum Stateduring the school year 20112/2012 to estimate the prevalence of obesity among schoolchildren aged 6-15 years and to investigate the relationship between BMI (Body MassIndex) and socioeconomic status and life style factors. Two hundred and fifty pupilsparticipated in this study. The researcher took the anthropometric measurement insidethe class room and gave the questionnaire the students to be answered by one of child’sparents. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS Version 13.0).In this study, prevalence of obesity was found to be (48%) of them 18% males and 30%females. Income of the family, number of high caloric carbonated beverages/week, wayof transportation to school, length of daily playing outside the home, and time spentin watching TV and video games were significantly correlated with student’s BMI.While parent’s BMI was not having significant correlation with student’s BMI.This study is considered as the first study in its field regarding this age category inKhartoum State, and it is promoting future researches in obesity and its determinant.Key words: Obesity in relation to risk factors and socioeconomic conditions amongschool-age children
On the Sogdian Prątihārya-sūtra and the Related Problems
Authors: Yoshida Yutaka
Published: May 2019

In this paper three Buddhist Sogdian texts discovered from Turfan are identified and edited. These are unique among the Buddhist Sogdian texts in that they are not translated from the Chinese prototypes, but are dependent on, if not translated from, the originals which were popular among the Buddhists resident in Kucha, Karashahr or Turfan, i.e. the area along the Northern Silk Road, whereas most Buddhist Sogdian texts are shown to have been translated from Chinese originals. The three are the Sogdian versions of (1) the Karmavibhaṅga, (2) the so-called Prātihārya-sūtra or chapter twelve of the Divyāvadāna, and (3) the legend of King Kāñcanasāra. The last one constitutes the fifth chapter of the Daśakarmapathavadānamālā, of which the Tocharian and Uighur versions have been discovered.
Why and how to include parents in the treatment of adolescents presenting Internet gaming disorder?
Authors: Bonnaire Céline , Liddle Howard A. , Har Alexandre , Nielsen Philippe , Phan Olivier
Published: May 2019

Background and aims

Clinicians and researchers are increasingly interested in investigating excessive use of video gaming recently named Internet gaming disorder (IGD). As is the case with extensively researched adolescent problem behaviors such as substance use disorder, several studies associate IGD with the young person’s family environment and the parent–adolescent relationship in particular. Evidence-based treatments for a range of adolescent clinical problems including behavioral addictions demonstrate efficacy, the capacity for transdiagnostic adaptation, and lasting impact. However, less attention has been paid to developing and testing science-based interventions for IGD, and at present most tested interventions for IGD have been individual treatments (cognitive behavioral therapy).

Methods

This article presents the rationale for a systemic conceptualization of IGD and a therapeutic approach that targets multiple units or subsystems. The IGD treatment program is based on the science-supported multidimensional family therapy approach (MDFT). Following treatment development work, the MDFT approach has been adapted for IGD.

Results

The article discusses recurring individual and family-based clinical themes and therapeutic responses in the MDFT-IGD clinical model, which tailors interventions for individuals and subsystems within the young person’s family.

Discussion and conclusions

Basic science developmental research can inform conceptualization of IGD and a systemic logic model of intervention and change. This paper aims to expand treatment theorizing and intervention approaches for practitioners working with frequently life-altering behaviors of excessive Internet gaming. We operationalize this aim by addressing the question ofwhyandhowparents should be involved in youth IGD treatment.
Comparison of Results and Cost-Effectiveness of Minimally Invasive and Open Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Byvaltsev Vadim A. , Kalinin Andrey A. , Shepelev Valeriy V.
Published: May 2019

Backgraund: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is becoming the most popular treatment method in modern vertebrology. But at the same time, limited working space, significant intraoperative radiation exposure and high risks of developing perioperative complications associated with a long learning curve are constraints for the widespread use of this technology by most spinal surgeons. Aims: to conduct a meta-analysis based on the results of prospective cohort clinical studies that compare the results of the application of minimally invasive and open transforaminal interbody spinal fusion techniques in treating patients with degenerative lumbar diseases. Materials and methods: A search for randomized clinical trials was conducted in the Pubmed, EMBASE, eLibrary and Cochrane Library databases published from January 2008 to December 2018, which compared the results of minimally invasive (MIS-TLIF) and open (Open-TLIF) techniques transforaminal interbody fusion in treating patients with degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine. For dichotomous variables, the relative risk and 95% confidence interval were calculated; in turn, standardized difference of mean values and their 95% confidence intervals were used for continuous variables, using the random effects model. Results: The meta-analysis included 21 prospective cohort studies, three of which were randomized controlled clinical trials. The results of the surgical treatment of 1762 patients with degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine were evaluated in total. In the MIS-TLIF group, reliably smaller parameters of the duration of surgical intervention (p0.00001), the volume of intraoperative blood loss (p0.00001), the timing of postoperative inpatient treatment (p0.00001), the economic costs of treatment (p0.00001) and the number of perioperative adverse effects (p=0.006). At the same time, the duration of intraoperative fluoroscopy is registered significantly less in the Open-TLIF group (p0.00001). Conclusions: The MIS-TLIF method in comparison with the Open-TLIF method has significantly lower objective indicators characterizing the invasiveness of the surgical intervention, as well as the development of undesirable consequences, the associated shorter duration of hospitalization and financial costs for treating patients with degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine. At the same time, significantly more time of intraoperative irradiation was confirmed, due to the technical features of performing transcutaneous closed manipulations in the absence of direct visualization of the operated segment in the MIS-TLIF group.
Preparing Learners for Learning in the Engaged Learning Classroom
Authors: Alizadeh Maryam , Parmelee Dean , Overman Irina , AlJasem Mohamad
Published: May 2019

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. This set of Tips is written to make the best use of an Engaged Learning Classroom (ELC), which some may refer to as the 'flipped classroom.' Strategies for the ELC include Team-Based Learning (TBL), Peer Instruction (PI), Case-Based Learning (CBL). Our focus will be on the design and implementation of the out-of-class phase for any ELC activity since this is as important as the in-class phase, but often neglected. Experience has shown that the quality of learning from the ELC is highly dependent on the preparation before, and follow-up to the class session. The instructor's designation of material (written, audio-visual, other potential learning resources and activities) and guidance on how to approach these materials generates engagement and enhances learning. We provide important contextual information on the learners of today (Generation Z), highlights of current learning theory applicable to self-directed learning, and the unique ingredients for the linkage between out-of-class and in-class learning that makes for the fullest student engagement. Each Tip addresses frequent questions by both instructors and learners who are embarking on the ELC and/or lessons that we have learned from the literature and designing, facilitating, and evaluating sessions.
Combination of Evidential Sensor Reports with Distance Function and Belief Entropy in Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Dong Yukun , Zhang Jiantao , Li Zhen , Hu Yong , Deng Yong
Published: May 2019

Although evidence theory has been applied in sensor data fusion, it will have unreasonable results when handling highly conflicting sensor reports. To address the issue, an improved fusing method with evidence distance and belief entropy is proposed. Generally, the goal is to obtain the appropriate weights assigning to different reports. Specifically, the distribution difference between two sensor reports is measured by belief entropy. The diversity degree is presented by the combination of evidence distance and the distribution difference. Then, the weight of each sensor report is determined based on the proposed diversity degree. Finally, we can use Dempster combination rule to make the decision. A real application in fault diagnosis and an example show the efficiency of the proposed method. Compared with the existing methods, the method not only has a better performance of convergence, but also less uncertainty.
Shear strength of fibre-reinforced reactive powder concrete I-shaped beam without stirrups
Authors: Jin Ling-Zhi , Chen Xuan , Fu Feng , Deng Xiao-Fang , Qian Kai
Published: May 2019

Due to the high compressive strength of steel fibre-reinforced reactive powder concrete (SFR-RPC), a higher degree of prestressing is available for SFR-RPC beams. Hence, a more slender structural component can be designed, which can reduce self-weight, usable area and, potentially, costs. However, in comparison with conventional reinforced-concrete beams, there are fewer studies on post-tensioning SFR-RPC beams subjected to shear failure. In this study, a series of shear tests for four large-scale beams (one SFR-RPC beam and three post-tensioning SFR-RPC beams) were performed to quantify the effects of levels of prestressing on the shear load capacity of SFR-RPC beams. Finally, the test results, together with data published in the existing literature, were compared to the design strength calculated in accordance with various standards, and it was found that the current code provisions underestimate the shear load capacity significantly. In addition, an analytical model has been proposed to predict the shear load capacity of the test specimens. A good correlation was observed, with a mean analytical model to experimental strength ratio of 1·02 and a coefficient of variation of 0·12.
O crescimento econômico sofre influência da inovação e da cultura nacional?
Authors: Kroenke Adriana , Ferretti Paula Carolina , Tambosi Junior Jandir
Published: May 2019

Neste artigo, verificou-se a influência da inovação e cultura nacional no PIB per capita de 66 países. Utilizou-se dados secundários disponibilizados no Banco Mundial, para o PIB per capita, do Índice de Inovação Global, para a inovação nacional e do sítio eletrônico Hofstede Insight, para a cultura nacional. Analisou-se os dados por meio de dois modelos de regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados indicam que as variáveis inovação e eficiência de inovação influenciam o PIB per capita, da mesma forma, quatro variáveis da cultura nacional, sendo distância do poder, individualismo, orientação a longo prazo e indulgência, relacionam-se ao PIB per capita dos países estudados. Apenas a masculinidade e aversão à incerteza, variáveis de cultura, não influenciam o PIB per capita.
Políticas públicas e mobilização social no contexto do desastre no Rio Doce
Authors: Souza Luciana Andressa Martins , Carlos do Nascimento Euzeneia
Published: May 2019

Visa a analisar as mudanças na ação coletiva da sociedade civil e nos seus padrões de relação com o Estado, emergentes no contexto pós-desastre socioambiental no Rio Doce. Busca compreender as ações do Estado e a participação da sociedade civil neste contexto, considerando os instrumentos de políticas públicas e o surgimento de diversos formatos de mobilização. O objeto empírico é definido pelas decisões dos atores estatais em diferentes arenas e níveis federativos e pelos fóruns de mobilização social e audiências públicas nos municípios de Linhares, Colatina e Baixo Guandú, no Espírito Santo. Assume-se o pressuposto teórico de que as mudanças na sociedade civil, no Estado e nas políticas públicas se constituem reciprocamente e incidem nos padrões de ação coletiva e de interação com o Estado. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa combina métodos quantitativos e qualitativos e um conjunto de técnicas de pesquisa e instrumentos de processamento de dados. Os resultados permitem apreender os processos de inovação organizacional e de mudança institucional que não seriam possíveis em outros contextos, dada a excepcionalidade das conjunturas críticas para a produção de novas oportunidades políticas tanto para a sociedade civil quanto para o Estado.
EVALUASI DAN PERKEMBANGAN PEMBUATAN BAHAN BAKAR KERNEL UO2 DI PTAPB-BATAN YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Hidayati Hidayati , Susilowati Sri Rinanti , Herhady Didiek
Published: May 2019

EVALUASI DAN PERKEMBANGAN PEMBUATAN BAHAN BAKAR KERNEL UO2 DI PTAPBBATANYOGYAKARTA Telah dilakukan evaluasi pembuatan bahan bakar kernel UO2 sertaperkembangannya di Bidang Kimia dan Teknologi Proses Bahan (BKTPB) – PTAPB - BATAN Yogyakarta.Pembuatan kernel UO2 telah dilakukan dengan metode gelasi internal maupun eksternal. Metode gelasiinternal dilakukan dengan cara kombinasi proses KEMA-HKFA (Keuringvan Electrotecnische Materialenat Arnhem-Hkernforchungsanlage) maupun dengan proses ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory),sedangkan metode gelasi eksternal dilakukan dengan proses emulsifikasi NUKEM (Nuclear Chemie undMetalurgie Gmbh). Dengan metode gelasi internal, telah dilakukan berbagai optimasi kondisi prosesnya.Hasil sementara menunjukkan bahwa proses yang paling baik adalah proses ORNL menggunakan mediagelasi TCE (tricloro etilena). Dengan metode gelasi eksternal, telah diperoleh beberapa kondisi optimum,namun masih perlu dilakukan optimasi lebih lanjut. Untuk memilih metode gelasi internal atau eksternaltergantung pada kemudahan proses, murah secara ekonomi serta yang memberikan hasil terbaik.Pemilihan metode belum bisa diputuskan karena belum semua variabel proses dioptimasi. Penelitianmengenai pelapisan kernel UO2 menggunakan silikon karbida (SiC) maupun pirokarbon (PyC) barumerupakan tahap awal, sehingga masih diperlukan optimasi berbagai variabel prosesnya. Penelitianpembuatan kernel UO2 di BKTPB – BATAN Yogyakarta direncanakan untuk pembuatan inti elemen bakarbentuk bola untuk HTR (High Temperature Reactor) dan dikembangkan sebagai bahan awal prosespembuatan pelet (proses SGMP = Sol-Gel Microsphere Pelletization) untuk PHWR (Pressurized HeavyWater Reactor).
DEPOSISI LAPISAN TIPIS ZnO:Al PADA SUBSTRAT ALUMINA UNTUK BAHAN SENSOR GAS
Authors: Sayono Sayono , Sujitno Tjipto
Published: May 2019

DEPOSISI LAPISAN TIPIS ZnO:Al PADA SUBSTRAT ALUMINA UNTUK BAHAN SENSOR GAS. Telah dilakukandeposisi lapisan tipis ZnO:Al pada substrat alumina menggunakan teknik DC Sputtering untuk aplikasi sensor gas.Deposisi lapisan tipis ZnO:Al dilakukan dengan parameter proses sputtering tegangan elektroda DC sebesar 2.2 kV,arus 10 mA dan suhu substrat 250oC, waktu deposisi divariasi 30 - 150 menit dengan interval 30 menit dan tekanandivariasi masing-masing : 1 ´ 10-2 atm, 2 ´ 10-2 atm, 3 ´ 10-2 atm, 4 ´ 10-2 atm dan 5 ´ 10-2 atm. Dari hasilkarakterisasi diperoleh nilai resistansi terendah sebesar 64 kΩ diperoleh pada kondisi waktu deposisi 90 menit dantekanan operasi 4 ´ 10-2 atm. Hasil pengukuran sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa sensor gas dari bahan ZnO:Almempunyai sensitivitas tertinggi terhadap gas sensor C2H5OH sebesar 24%, untuk gas NH3 sebesar 19,77% danuntuk gas SO2 sebesar 17,53% pada 141,54 konsentrasi/volume.
PENGARUH OZON (O3) HASIL LUCUTAN PLASMA DAN FOTOKATALIS TITANIUM DIOKSIDA (TIO2) TIPE ANATAS TERHADAP DEGRADASI FENOL
Authors: Purwadi Agus , Isyuniarto Isyuniarto , Usada Widdi
Published: May 2019

PENGARUH OZON (O3) HASIL LUCUTAN PLASMA DAN FOTOKATALIS TITANIUM DIOKSIDA (TiO2) TIPEANATAS TERHADAP DEGRADASI FENOL. Telah dilakukan penelitian degradasi fenol menggunakan ozon dantitanium dioksida tipe anatas Fenol merupakan senyawa organik yang beracun, mempunyai rasa dan bau yangsangat tajam dan kalau terakumulasi dalam tubuh dapat mengganggu metabolisme tubuh. Percobaan degradasifenol dilakukan dalam 2 perlakuan, yakni degradasi fenol melalui reaksi ozonisasi dan degradasi fenol melalui reaksiozonisasi disertai penambahan fotokatalis titanium dioksida tipe anatas. Pada tiap perlakuan digunakan 6 sampeldengan variasi waktu 0 hingga 200 menit. Sampel disaring dengan corong buchner selanjutnya filtrat yang didapatdiekstrak dengan kloroform. Setelah diekstrak, larutan dipisahkan dengan corong pisah kemudian dipekatkan. Hasilpemekatan dianalisis dengan alat kromatografi gas Hitachi G-300. Dari hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa semakinlama proses degradasi, konsentrasi fenol semakin berkurang. Degradasi fenol melalui penggunaan reaksi ozonisasiberjalan secara lambat dengan laju aktivasi k = (1,6x10-3)/menit dan waktu paruh 1/2 = 433,125 menit, sedangdegradasi fenol melalui reaksi ozonisasi yang disertai penambahan fotokatalis TiO2 tipe anatas, fenol dapatterdegradasi lebih cepat dengan k = (3,4x10-3)/menit dan t1/2 = 203,823 menit.
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI MEDIA NH4OH TERHADAP BENTUK FASE GEL DAN KARAKTERISASI SETELAH PEMANASAN
Authors: Suryawan Indra , Susilowati Sri Rinanti
Published: May 2019

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI MEDIA NH4OH TERHADAP BENTUK FASE GEL DAN KARAKTERISASI SETELAHPEMANASAN. Telah dilakukan pembuatan butiran gel dengan variasi konsentrasi media NH4OH pada prosesgelasi. Variabel konsentrasi NH4OH adalah 2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10 N. Gel setelah kering dipanaskan pada suhu 100, 400,600 dan 800oC selama 3 jam. Karakterisasi gel diamati dengan mikroskop optik (MO) dan scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) untuk mengetahui bentuk dan strukturmikro permukaan. Dari hasil penelitian, menggunakanmedia NH4OH dengan konsentrasi ≥ 8 N terbentuk gel yang bulat dan setelah dipanaskan sampai 800oC tidakpecah. Hasil pengamatan MO dan SEM, menunjukkan bahwa morfologi bentuk dan permukaan gel yang telahdipanaskan pada suhu 100 sampai 800oC berbentuk bulat, permukaan homogen dan tidak pecah.
STUDI HUBUNGAN ANTARA SEBARAN DAN BEBAN PENCEMARAN RADIOAKTIVITAS SAMPEL LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP BAKU MUTU DAN DAYA TAMPUNG SUNGAI CODE YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Taftazani Agus , Muzakky Muzakky
Published: May 2019

STUDI HUBUNGAN ANTARA SEBARAN DAN BEBAN PENCEMARAN RADIOAKTIVITAS TERHADAP BAKUMUTU DAN DAYA TAMPUNG PADA SUNGAI CODE YOGYAKARTA. Telah dilakukan analisis hubunganantara sebaran dan beban pencemaran aktivitas gross b dan radionuklida alam dalam sampel air sertasedimen dari 11 stasiun-pengamatan sungai Code terhadap baku mutu dan daya tampung sungai CodeYogyakarta. Sampel konsentrat air dan serbuk sedimen kering-homogen lolos 100 mesh diukur gross b dengan detektor GM serta diidentifikasi radionuklida dengan spektrometer g (detektor HPGe dan softwareMaestro II). Data radioaktivitas dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan histogram untuk melihat polapenyebaran data. Data beban pencemaran, baku mutu dan daya tampung sungai Code dianalisis secaradeskriptif dengan diagram garis untuk melihat pola hubungan antara beban pencemaran dan dayatampung sungai. Hasil pengamatan sampel air dan sedimen di 11 stasiun-pengamatan menunjukkantelah terdeteksi radionuklida alam pemancar g : 210Pb, 212Pb, 214Pb, 226Ra, 208Tl, 214Bi, 228Ac, dan 40K.Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa pola penyebaran aktivitas reratagross b dan g semakin meningkat dari hulu ke hilir sungai Code, baik pada sampel air maupun sampelsedimen. Hasil analisis beban pencemaran, baku mutu dan daya tampung aktivitas radionuklida 210Pb,212Pb, 226Ra dan 228Ac ditunjukkan beban pencemaran lebih kecil dari baku mutu air sungai menurutkeputusan Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir 02/Ka-BAPETEN/V-99 tentang baku mutu radioaktivitas,berarti sungai Code masih memiliki daya tampung yang baik terhadap keempat radionuklida tersebut.Kata Kunci: Beban pencemaran, bakumutu, daya tampung, gross b , radionuklida alam.
PERAN METODE PERTANGGALAN RADIOMETRIS DI BIDANG ARKEOLOGI DAN GEOLOGI
Authors: Faisal Wisjachudin
Published: May 2019

PERAN METODE PERTANGGALAN RADIOMETRIS DI BIDANG ARKEOLOGI DAN GEOLOGI. Telah dilakukankajian tentang peranan metode pertanggalan radiokarbon pada bidang geologi dan arkeologi serta metodepertanggalan 210Pb di bidang geologi. Metode pertanggalan radiokarbon adalah metode pertanggalan dengan batasanumur maksimumnya adalah 45.000 tahun. Dalam kajian ini lebih ditinjau pada metode pertanggalan yangmenggunakan proses sintesis karbon radioaktif (14C) yang terkandung dalam cuplikan diubah menjadi benzena(14C6H6) lalu dicacah dengan pencacah kelip cair, dan pertanggalan 210Pb yaitu metode pertanggalan yang didasarkanpada pengukuran aktivitas 210Pb. Pertanggalan ini khusus diperuntukkan bagi cuplikan sedimen, dan batasan umurmaksimumnya adalah 150 tahun. Beberapa cuplikan lingkungan di sekitar situs arkeologi maupun geologi telahberhasil dilakukan analisis nilai umurnya dengan metode pertanggalan radiokarbon. Pertanggalan radiokarbon dapatjuga memberikan kontribusi sebagai data dukung penelitian tentang paleotsunami, sehingga dapat digunakan untukmemperkirakan kemungkinan kapan terjadinya tsunami di masa mendatang, sedangkan untuk metode pertanggalan210Pb telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai laju sedimentasi serta penelitian tentang keberadaan alga berbahaya(harmful algal bloom, HAB) di dalam cuplikan sedimen yang sangat membahayakan lingkungan dan telah diteliti padadaerah-daerah tertentu. Dari hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pertanggalan radiokarbon yang didasarkan pencacahan14C, pada masa yang akan datang para ahli pertanggalan radiokarbon kecenderungannya lebih memilih pertanggalanradiokarbon modern atau pertanggalan radiokarbon yang menggunakan alat spektrometer massa berbasis siklotron,disamping karena cuplikan yang dibutuhkan relatif jauh lebih kecil, juga hasil simpangan bakunya juga relatif lebihkecil.
PENAFSIRAN NILAI KETIDAKPASTIAN ANALISIS Fe, Ca, Zr, Ba, La, Ti DAN Ce DALAM CUPLIKAN SEDIMEN DENGAN METODA XRF
Authors: Sukirno Sukirno , Taftazani Agus
Published: May 2019

PENAFSIRAN NILAI KETIDAKPASTIAN ANALISIS Fe, Ca, Zr, Ba, La, Ti DAN Ce DALAM CUPLIKAN SEDIMENDENGAN METODA XRF. Telah dilakukan pengujian ketidakpastian untuk analisis Fe, Ca, Zr, Ba, La, Ti dan Cedalam cuplikan sedimen sungai Pancuran Wonosari. Nilai suatu hasil pengujian tidak akan bermakna tanpa disertaidengan perhitungan nilai ketidakpastian. Sebagai contoh telah disajikan perhitungan ketidakpastian analisis logamBa dalam makalah ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memenuhi persyaratan akreditasi alat X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF) di laboratorium kimia analitik PTAPB – BATAN sesuai standar ISO/IEC 17025-2005. Hasil penafsiranketidakpastian pengukuran pada analisis logam Fe, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Ti dan Ca menunjukkan bahwa, komponenketidakpastian berasal dari: tahapan preparasi sampel dan standar/pembanding, kemurnian bahan, statistikpencacahan sampel dan standar, serta kedapatulangan. Hasil analisis kuantitatif diketahui bahwa logam yangterkandung dalam sedimen sungai Pancuran di Wonosari adalah Fe = 7,290 %, Zr = 54,5 mg/kg, Ba = 1661,6 mg/kg,La = 22,9 mg/kg, Ce = 161,0 mg/kg, Ti = 3193,2 dan Ca = 7,816 %, sedangkan penafsiran ketidakpastian logam Fe,Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Ti dan Ca berturut-turut adalah ± 0,60 %, ± 4,5 mg/kg, ± 55 mg/kg, ± 1,4 mg/kg, 12,0 mg/kg, ± 208mg/kg dan ± 0,61 %.Kata kunci : Ketidakpastian, sedimen, XRF, ISO 17025-2005
VALIDASI METODE AANC UNTUK PENGUJIAN UNSUR Mn, Mg DAN Cr PADA CUPLIKAN SEDIMEN DI SUNGAI GAJAHWONG
Authors: Faisal Wisjachudin , Nuraini Elin
Published: May 2019

VALIDASI METODE AANC UNTUK PENGUJIAN UNSUR Mn, Mg DAN Cr PADA CUPLIKAN SEDIMEN SUNGAIGAJAHWONG. Telah dilakukan validasi unsur Mn, Mg dan Cr menggunakan metoda AANC. Sebagai standardigunakan SRM NBS 8704 (Bufallo River Sediment), dengan kondisi operasi generator neutron optimum padategangan pemercepat 110 kV. Kalibrasi energi dan nomer salur dengan sumber standar diperoleh persamaan y =1,034x + 151,21. Dari hasil analisis kualitatif menunjukkan puncak Cr dan Mn terjadi penimbrungan (interferensi),sehingga hanya unsur Mg yang dapat dianalisis. Hasil analisis kandungan unsur Mg (SRM) diperoleh harga presisi =95,53 % dan akurasi = 94,88%, sedangkan harga rerata ketidakpastian diperluas untuk berbagai lokasi = 0,233 ± 0,012. Hasil analisis kandungan Mg pada berbagai lokasi di sepanjang sungai Gajahwong berkisar antara 85,41 -103,55 ppm. Bila dibandingkan dengan penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan kandungan unsur Fe, Al dan Si jauhlebih tinggi dibanding kandungan Mg.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALIRAN DARI BAWAH KE ATAS (BOTTOM-UP) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PENDINGINAN TERAS REAKTOR TRIGA 2000 BANDUNG
Authors: Wardhani Indriati Sri
Published: May 2019

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALIRAN DARI BAWAH KE ATAS (BOTTOM-UP) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIKPENDINGINAN TERAS REAKTOR TRIGA 2000 BANDUNG. Panas yang dihasilkan dari reaksi fisi akan menaikkantemperatur dinding elemen bakar. Oleh karena itu fluida kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pendingin primer dalam tankireaktor harus dapat memindahkan panas dengan baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandinganunjuk kerja sistem pendinginan reaktor nuklir berbahan bakar silinder melalui perpindahan panas konveksi alamiahdengan sistem pendinginan yang dilakukan secara konveksi paksa. Pendinginan konveksi paksa dilakukan dengancara menyemprotkan fluida pendingin dari bawah teras reaktor. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa unjuk kerjapendinginan konveksi dengan tambahan sprayer lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan pendinginan konveksi alamiah.Hal ini ditunjukkan melalui temperatur maksimum pendingin di bagian atas teras sebelum ada penyemprot(pendinginan konveksi alamiah) 88,55 oC, setelah ditambah penyemprot (pendinginan konveksi paksa) turunmenjadi 47,35 oC. Sehingga dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa dengan penambahan penyemprot yang dipasang dibawah teras reaktor akan dapat memperbaiki pendinginan di dalam kanalnya dan dapat mengurangi timbulnyagelembung.Kata kunci: pendinginan, primer, konveksi, alamiah, paksa, teras reaktor.
PENGARUH SUDUT KOLIMASI KOLIMATOR 2 TERHADAP RESOLUSI DAN INTENSITAS BERKAS DIFRAKTOMETER NEUTRON DN3
Authors: Fajar Fajar , Mugirahardjo Mugirahardjo
Published: May 2019

PENGARUH SUDUT KOLIMASI KOLIMATOR 2 TERHADAP RESOLUSI DAN INTENSITAS BERKASDIFRAKTOMETER NEUTRON DN3. Telah dilakukan studi efek perubahan sudut kolimasi kolimator 2 terhadapperforma difraktometer neutron serbuk DN3. Semakin besar sudut kolimasi kolimator 2 maka intensitas berkasterukur di detektor utama juga semakin tinggi. Sebaliknya resolusi peralatan menjadi semakin rendah pada suduthamburan rendah dan tinggi. Telah didiskusikan beberapa alternatif untuk meningkatkan kinerja peralatan DN3dengan mempertimbangkan kompromi antara resolusi dan intensitas seperti peningkatan kolimasi berkas danpemanfaatan sistem monokromator fokusing.Kata Kunci : difraktometer, intensitas, resolusi, TiO2