bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and investigation of the conversion reactions of pyrimidine‐thiones with nucleophilic reagent and evaluation of their acetylcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, and antioxidant activities
Authors: Taslimi Parham , Sujayev Afsun , Turkan Fikret , Garibov Emin , Huyut Zübeyir , Farzaliyev Vagif , Mamedova Sevgi , Gulçin İlhami
Published: December 2017

The conversion reactions of pyrimidine‐thiones with nucleophilic reagent were studied during this scientific research. For this purpose, new compounds were synthesized by the interaction between 1,2‐epoxy propane, 1,2‐epoxy butane, and 4‐chlor‐1‐butanol and pyrimidine‐thiones. These pyrimidine‐thiones derivatives (A–K) showed good inhibitory action against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms I and II. AChE inhibition was in the range of 93.1 ± 33.7–467.5 ± 126.9 nM. The hCA I and II were effectively inhibited by these compounds, with Ki values in the range of 4.3 ± 1.1–9.1 ± 2.7 nM for hCA I and 4.2 ± 1.1–14.1 ± 4.4 nM for hCA II. On the other hand, acetazolamide clinically used as CA inhibitor showed Ki value of 13.9 ± 5.1 nM against hCA I and 18.1 ± 8.5 nM against hCA II. The antioxidant activity of the pyrimidine‐thiones derivatives (A–K) was investigated by using different in vitro antioxidant assays, including Cu2+ and Fe3+ reducing, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating activities.
Substituent Effect on the Stability and 14N NQR Parameters of Linkage Isomers of Nitriles in a Rhodium Half‐Sandwich Metallacycle: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Rezaeyani Fatemeh , Ghiasi Reza , Fazaeli Reza , Yousefi Mohammad
Published: December 2017

In this work, using the MPW1PW91 method, the substituent effect on the stability and on the 14N NQR parameters of linkage isomers of nitriles in a rhodium half‐sandwich metallacycle is illustrated. After determination of the corresponding isomerization transition state (TS), the substituent effect on the barrier energy and on the activation thermodynamic parameters (ΔG‡ and ΔH‡) of isomerization is explored. The electric field gradient tensor, nuclear quadrupole coupling constant, asymmetry parameter, and nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of the studied isomers are calculated. Also, linear correlations between these parameters and Hammett constant of the substituent are explored.
Consistency of the Moreau CLL score
Authors: Sorigue Marc , Sarrate Edurne , Franch‐Sarto Mireia , Feliu Evarist , Junca Jordi
Published: December 2017

Background

The Moreau score is essential for the diagnosis of B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders (B‐LPD).

Methods

We assessed the consistency of the Moreau score in a series of 138 patients with at least two samples involved by a B‐LPD (316 samples) other than germinal center‐derived malignancies, hairy cell leukemia, and mantle cell lymphomas. Patients with evidence of two distinct B‐LPDs were also excluded.

Results

We found 53 inconsistencies in 44 of 138 (32%) patients. FMC7 was the most inconsistent (18 cases) and CD5 the least (5 cases). CD200 was inconsistent in 6 of 67 (9%) cases. The most important predictive factor for the finding of antigenic inconsistencies was sampling of a different anatomic site. Other factors, including number of samples, time between samples, or cytogenetic group, were not predictive. For the most part, these inconsistencies did not appear to be clinically relevant.

Conclusion

Inconsistencies in the Moreau score are common, supporting the importance of integrated laboratory diagnosis. However, the practical implications of these antigenic inconsistencies are probably limited.
Continuous enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in a membrane‐reactor system
Authors: Stickel Jonathan J , Adhikari Birendra , Sievers David A , Pellegrino John
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Converting abundant lignocellulosic biomass to sugars as fungible precursors to fuels and chemicals has the potential to diversify the supply chain for those products, but further process improvements are needed to achieve economic viability. In the current work, process intensification of the key enzymatic hydrolysis unit operation is demonstrated by means of a membrane reactor system that was operated continuously.

RESULTS

Lignocellulosic biomass (pretreated corn stover) and buffered enzyme solution were fed to a continuously stirred‐tank reactor, and clarified sugar solution was withdrawn via a commercial tubular ultrafiltration membrane. The membrane permeance decline and membrane cleaning efficacy were studied and did not vary significantly when increasing fraction insoluble solids (FIS) from 2.5% to 5%. Continuous enzymatic hydrolysis was successfully operated for more than 80 h. A model for the reactor system was able to predict dynamic behavior that was in reasonable agreement with experimental results.

CONCLUSION

The modeled technical performance of anticipated commercial batch and continuous enzymatic hydrolysis processes were compared and showed that continuous operation would provide at least twice the volumetric productivity for the conditions studied. Further improvements are anticipated by better membrane selection and by increasing FIS. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxygen barrier and catalytic effect of the cathodic biofilm in single chamber microbial fuel cells
Authors: Montpart Nuria , Rago Laura , Baeza Juan Antonio , Guisasola Albert
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Implementation of microbial fuel cells (MFC) requires high coulombic efficiency (CE) for its operation to be more efficient. However, cathodic environments in air cathode MFCs provide both carbon source and oxygen and, therefore, a naturally growing heterotrophic biofilm is developed. A priori this biofilm would decrease the power generated in the system since it acts as an electron sink.

RESULTS

The effect of the biofilm presence was studied and cyclic voltammetries demonstrated a 46% increase of peak current intensity when the biofilm was present. Cathodic biofilm growth represented an increase in working cathode potential from –280 mV to –225 mV when the biofilm was grown, denoting its catalytic effect. Coulombic efficiency also improved when the biofilm was present. 16S rRNA gene based pyrosequencing showed a mixed community composed mainly of aerobic (e.g. Fluviicola, Azoarcus and Flavobacterium genera) and anaerobic bacteria (e.g. Desulfovibrio and Proteinphilum genera) colonizing the biocathode. This result suggests a multilayer distribution of microbial community according to the oxygen concentration in the biofilm.

CONCLUSIONS

The biofilm presence is not detrimental but positive since it can perform a double task, both preventing oxygen diffusion into the anode surroundings and decreasing the cathode overpotential, allowing higher CE and power generation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Clinical pitfalls in misoprostol‐based medical management of first‐trimester induced and presumed spontaneous abortion
Authors: Wax Joseph R. , Conroy Kelley , Pinette Michael G. , Litton Christian , Cartin Angelina
Published: December 2017

When administered inappropriately, first‐trimester misoprostol management of induced or spontaneous abortion can result in loss or damage of a continuing pregnancy. Despite these serious consequences, such misoprostol exposures continue to occur. Unfortunately, contributing factors and preventive measures receive little attention. We describe the cases of 4 women in whom misoprostol was inappropriately administered during management of induced and presumed spontaneous abortion. In each case, careful adherence to published clinical guidance could have avoided the exposures.
Novel bis(dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]chromenes): Synthesis, Antiproliferative Effect and Molecular Docking Simulation
Authors: Abdella Amna M. , Mohamed Magda F. , Mohamed Aly F. , Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Abdelhamid Ismail A.
Published: December 2017

An efficient and convenient route for the synthesis of novel bis dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]chromenes is reported. The synthetic pathway involves one‐pot, multicomponent reaction of bis‐aldehydes, malononitrile, and 4‐hydroxycoumarin in the presence of pyridine or acetic acid/sodium acetate. A stepwise approach for the synthesis of the target compounds was also investigated. The anticancer activity of the synthesized products against MCF7, HEPG2, and A549 cell lines was assessed. Attempts to detect the molecular action of 6g, docking simulation was done using DHFR PDB:ID (1DLS). The study revealed that compound 6g was strongly fit into the active sites of the target protein through six bindings, and hence, it was considered as promising inhibitor for cancer proliferation.
Microwave Assisted Green Synthesis of Pyrazole, 1, 2, 3‐ Triazole Based Novel Benzohydrazones and Their Antibacterial Activities
Authors: K Sravanthi , P Snehalatha , Subhashini NJP
Published: December 2017

A series of novel pyrazole, triazole based benzohydrazones (7a‐l) were synthesized via conventional and microwave methods in the presence of acetic acid catalyst. Microwave method provided green and economical approach towards the synthesis of novel Schiff bases (7a‐l). Some intermediates and all the final compounds were characterized by NMR, mass, and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). Compounds 7e and 7g showed good antibacterial activity.
Recent progress in immune‐based interventions to prevent HIV‐1 transmission to children
Authors: Voronin Yegor , Jani Ilesh , Graham Barney S , Cunningham Coleen K , Mofenson Lynne M , Musoke Philippa M , Permar Sallie R , Scarlatti Gabriella
Published: December 2017

Globally, 150,000 new paediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infections occurred in 2015. There remain complex challenges to the global elimination of paediatric HIV‐1 infection. Thus, for the global community to achieve elimination of new paediatric HIV‐1 infections, innovative approaches need to be explored. Immune‐based approaches to prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) may help fill some of the remaining gaps and provide new opportunities to achieve an AIDS‐free generation. Immune‐based interventions to prevent MTCT of HIV‐1 may include paediatric HIV vaccines and passive immunization approaches. Recent discoveries providing evidence of robust immune responses to HIV in infants open new and exciting prospects for paediatric HIV vaccines. Moreover, successful vaccination of infants has a different set of requirements than vaccination of adults and may be easier to achieve. Proof‐of‐concept has been established over the last two decades that passively administered HIV‐1 Env‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAbs) can prevent chimeric simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) transmission to newborn nonhuman primates. There has been tremendous progress in isolating and characterizing broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV, and clinical testing of these antibodies for treatment and prevention in both infants and adults is a major effort in the field. Immune‐based interventions need to be actively explored as they can provide critically important tools to address persistent challenges in MTCT prevention. It is a pivotal time for the field with active discussions on the best strategy to further reduce HIV infection of infants and accomplish the World Health Organization Fast‐Track 2030 goals to eliminate new paediatric HIV infections.
Genetic polymorphism and decreased expression of HLA class II DP genes are associated with HBV reactivation in patients treated with immunomodulatory agents
Authors: Matsuda Hidetaka , Hiramatsu Katsushi , Akazawa Yu , Nosaka Takuto , Saito Yasushi , Ozaki Yoshihiko , Hayama Ryoko , Takahashi Kazuto , Naito Tatsushi , Ofuji Kazuya , Ohtani Masahiro , Nemoto Tomoyuki , Hida Yukio , Kimura Hideki , Soya Yoshihiro , Nakamoto Yasunari
Published: December 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation can be triggered by immunosuppressive chemotherapy. HLA class II molecules may play a role in HBV reactivation. Genetic polymorphism and mRNA expression of HLA class II were examined in patients with latent HBV infection treated with immunosuppressive therapies. Subjects with resolved HBV infection who had undergone treatment with immunosuppressive chemotherapies were retrospectively enrolled (n = 42) and divided into reactivated (n = 9) and non‐reactivated groups (n = 33). Patients were genotyped for 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within HLA class II DPA1, and DPB1, and mRNA expression levels of HLA class II genes were assessed. The frequency of the AA genotype of rs872956, a SNP in HLA‐DPB1, was significantly higher in the reactivated group than in the non‐reactivated group (55.6% vs 12.1%, P < 0.05). The frequencies of the T allele and non‐AA genotypes (AT/TT) of rs3116996 (located in DPB1) were significantly higher in the reactivated group (T allele frequency: 16.7% vs 0.0% [P < 0.01], non‐AA genotype frequency: 22.2% vs 0.0% [P < 0.05]). Multivariate logistic regression identified the AA genotype of rs872956 as an independent protective factor against HBV reactivation (odds ratio [OR] = 18.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6‐126.7, P < 0.01). mRNA expression of HLA‐DPB1 was lower in the HBV reactivated group than in the non‐reactivated group (median 276.1 ± 165.6/β‐actin vs 371.4 ± 407.5/β‐actin [P < 0.05]). These results suggest the involvement of HLA class II molecules in HBV reactivation after treatment with immunomodulatory agents.
Creativity and Wonder
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad Petre
Published: December 2017

The experience of wonder is often said to be at the origin of acts of creativity, both historical and mundane, from big breakthroughs in science to the everyday discoveries of children at play. And yet, wonder and wondering have rarely been theorized until now, at least in the psychology of creativity. Understood as one of the main ways in which we engage with the possible, wonder presents us, upon closer inspection, with a paradox typical for creativity—experiencing what is present (the here and now) through the lenses of what is absent (the not‐yet‐here). Wondering is grounded in the possibility of adopting multiple perspectives on a certain reality; many of which are yet unknown to the creator while anticipated and actively looked for. In this paper, the creative process fuelled by the experience of wonder is described as a cyclical interplay between awareness, excitement, and exploration of the possible. Thus, one of the main consequences of reflecting on wonder and wondering is not only a renewed focus on process in creativity research but, most of all, a new emphasis on the less “visible” and yet essential aspects of creative action as it bridges the actual and the possible.
Storage stability of egg sticks fortified with omega‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Smith Elizabeth , Beamer Sarah K , Matak Kristen E , Jaczynski Jacek
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Egg sticks fortified with omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω‐3 PUFAs) were developed by replacing egg yolk with salmon, algae, and flax oils. Egg sticks were cooked before analysis. Quality indicators for storage stability under different packaging and temperature were determined throughout a 28‐day storage. Egg sticks were vacuum and non‐vacuum packed. Further, both packaging treatments were divided into two storage temperatures of 4 and 10 °C. Quality indicators were determined every 7 days, including pH, syneresis, texture, color, microbial growth, proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and lipid oxidation.

RESULTS

Vacuum‐packed egg sticks stored at 4 °C had slower degradation over time than all other treatments; however, they also had higher syneresis, harder texture, and higher anaerobic growth. Although vacuum packaging slowed lipid oxidation, it had limited effect on prevention of ω‐3 PUFAs degradation; whereas refrigeration (4 °C) seemed to prevent degradation of ω‐3 PUFAs better than it could slow lipid oxidation.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, it can be concluded that both vacuum packaging and refrigeration at 4 °C decrease degradation of egg sticks developed in the present study during storage. Under these conditions, egg sticks may maintain stability for at least 21 days of storage. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of fluorescence‐guided surgery agents in a murine model of soft tissue fibrosarcoma
Authors: Prince Andrew C. , McGee Andrew S. , Siegel Herrick , Rosenthal Eben L. , Behnke Nicole K. , Warram Jason M.
Published: December 2017

Background and Objectives

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are mesenchymal malignancies. Treatment mainstay is surgical resection with negative margins ± adjuvant treatment. Fluorescence‐guided surgical (FGS) resection can delineate intraoperative margins; FGS has improved oncologic outcomes in other malignancies. This novel strategy may minimize resection‐associated morbidity while improving local tumor control.

Methods

We evaluate the tumor‐targeting specificity and utility of fluorescence‐imaging agents to provide disease‐specific contrast. Mice with HT1080 fibrosarcoma tumors received one of five probes: cetuximab‐IRDye800CW (anti‐EGFR), DC101‐IRDye800CW (anti‐VEGFR‐2), IgG‐IRDye800CW, the cathepsin‐activated probe Prosense750EX, or the small molecule probe IntegriSense750. Tumors were imaged daily using open‐ and closed‐field fluorescence imaging systems. Tumor‐to‐background ratios (TBR) were evaluated. On peak TBR days, probe sensitivity was evaluated. Tumors were stained and imaged microscopically.

Results

At peak, closed‐field imaging TBR of cetuximab‐IRDye800CW (16.8) was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than Integrisense750 (7.0), Prosense750EX (5.8), and DC101‐IRDye800CW (3.7). All agents successfully localized as little as 1.0 mg of tumor tissue in the post‐resection bed; cetuximab‐IRDye800CW generated the greatest contrast (2.5). Cetuximab‐IRDye800CW revealed strong tumor affinity microscopically; tumor fluorescence intensity was significantly greater (P < 0.0004) than 0.2 mm away from tumor border.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates cetuximab‐IRDye800CW superiority. FGS has the potential to improve post‐resection morbidity and mortality by improving disease detection.
The localic compact interval is an Escardó‐Simpson interval object
Authors: Vickers Steven
Published: December 2017

The locale corresponding to the real interval [ − 1, 1] is an interval object, in the sense of Escardó and Simpson, in the category of locales. The map , mapping a stream s of signs ±1 to , is a proper localic surjection; it is also expressed as a coequalizer. The proofs are valid in any elementary topos with natural numbers object.
Comparison of reverse hybridization and ompA sequencing methods applied on Chlamydia trachomatis strains from Tunisia
Authors: Gharsallah Houda , Frikha‐Gargouri Olfa , Bom Reinier J. , Hammami Adnene , Bruisten Sylvia M.
Published: December 2017

Two techniques based on ompA amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis were compared, being reverse hybridization (RHM) and ompA sequencing (OSA), to investigate the concordance between them and to study the epidemiological relevance of each method. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was performed on the ompA sequences. One hundred and seven C. trachomatis positive samples from Tunisian patients and female sex workers were analyzed using both the RHM and ompA sequencing. The overall genovar distribution obtained with both techniques was very similar. The RHM identified nine genovars, being B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K, where B, I, J, and K were only found in mixed infections versus 7 types for the OSA being D, E, F, G, H, I, and K. The agreement between both typing techniques was 87.8%. Both methods showed that genovar E was the most predominant type. In 24.3% of the analyzed samples, mixed infections were detected. In 96.1% of these, the genovar identified by OSA was also detected using the RHM. OmpA sequencing allowed determination of six genovar types that could not be typed using RHM. The analyses of ompA nucleotide variation in the 107 clinical specimens detected ompA genovar variants with distinct ompA mutational patterns for types D2, G1, G2, and H1. In conclusion, RHM and OSA showed a high agreement in C. trachomatis genotyping results with each having their specific benefits.
Self‐gated golden angle spiral cine MRI for coronary endothelial function assessment
Authors: Bonanno Gabriele , Hays Allison G. , Weiss Robert G. , Schär Michael
Published: December 2017

Purpose

Depressed coronary endothelial function (CEF) is a marker for atherosclerotic disease, an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, and can be quantified non‐invasively with ECG‐triggered spiral cine MRI combined with isometric handgrip exercise (IHE). However, MRI‐CEF measures can be hindered by faulty ECG‐triggering, leading to prolonged breath‐holds and degraded image quality. Here, a self‐gated golden angle spiral method (SG‐GA) is proposed to eliminate the need for ECG during cine MRI.

Methods

SG‐GA was tested against retrospectively ECG‐gated golden angle spiral MRI (ECG‐GA) and gold‐standard ECG‐triggered spiral cine MRI (ECG‐STD) in 10 healthy volunteers. CEF data were obtained from cross‐sectional images of the proximal right and left coronary arteries in a 3T scanner. Self‐gating heart rates were compared to those from simultaneous ECG‐gating. Coronary vessel sharpness and cross‐sectional area (CSA) change with IHE were compared among the 3 methods.

Results

Self‐gating precision, accuracy, and correlation‐coefficient were 7.7 ± 0.5 ms, 9.1 ± 0.7 ms, and 0.93 ± 0.01, respectively (mean ± standard error). Vessel sharpness by SG‐GA was equal or higher than ECG‐STD (rest: 63.0 ± 1.7% vs. 61.3 ± 1.3%; exercise: 62.6 ± 1.3% vs. 56.7 ± 1.6%, P < 0.05). CSA changes were in agreement among the 3 methods (ECG‐STD = 8.7 ± 4.0%, ECG‐GA = 9.6 ± 3.1%, SG‐GA = 9.1 ± 3.5%, P = not significant).

Conclusion

CEF measures can be obtained with the proposed self‐gated high‐quality cine MRI method even when ECG is faulty or not available. Magn Reson Med 80:560–570, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Synergistic flame retardant effects of activated carbon and molybdenum oxide in poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Zhang Mengjiao , Wu Weihong , He Shaorui , Wang Xue , Jiao Yunhong , Qu Hongqiang , Xu Jianzhong
Published: December 2017

The synergistic effects of activated carbon (AC) and molybdenum oxide (MoO3) in improving the flame retardancy of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were investigated. The effects of AC, MoO3and their mixture with a mass ratio of 1:1 on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of PVC were studied using the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests. It was found that the flame retardancy of the relatively cheaper AC was slightly weaker than that of MoO3. In addition, the incorporation of AC and MoO3greatly reduced the total heat release and improved smoke suppressant property of PVC composites. When the total content of AC and MoO3was 10 phr, PVC/AC/MoO3had the lowest peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate values of 173.80 kW m−2and 0.1472 m2s−1, which represented reductions of 47.3 and 59.9%, respectively, compared with those of PVC. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis and gel content tests were used to analyze the flame retardant mechanism of AC and MoO3, with results showing that AC could promote early crosslinking in PVC. Char residue left after heating at 500 °C was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and the results showed that MoO3produced the most compact char, with the smallest and most organized carbonaceous microstructures. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Fabrication and temperature‐dependent performance of aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction n‐type silicon solar cells
Authors: Li Shuai , Lin Guanhua , Li Yang , Li Zhen , Gao Wenxiu , Cheng Qijin , Chen Chao
Published: December 2017

Aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction is a novel concept for low‐cost and industrially feasible n‐type silicon solar cells. In this paper, we fabricated industrially high‐efficiency solar cells based on both uncompensated and compensated n‐type silicon. Moreover, we measured the impact of temperature on the photovoltaic performance of aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction n‐type silicon solar cells. Compared with conventional front‐junction solar cells, the back‐junction silicon solar cells have a lower absolute temperature coefficient especially for moderate carrier diffusion lengths which is attributed to distinctive spectral response, stronger dependence on carrier diffusion lengths, and incomplete ionization of aluminum. In addition, the lowest absolute temperature coefficient is obtained on this type of aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction solar cell when the compensated silicon is used as the base layer. These results suggest that aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction solar cells especially based on the compensated silicon can generate more electricity at a high temperature, and therefore, as a cost‐effective production of silicon solar cells, this type of solar cells have a very good potential for actual outdoor application. This work is highly relevant to the development of an advanced process for the achievement of low‐cost, high‐efficiency, commercially viable silicon‐based solar cells.
Numerical Analysis of a Two‐Dimensional Open Cell Topology with Tunable Poisson's Ratio from Positive to Negative
Authors: Li Dong , Yin Jianhua , Dong Liang
Published: December 2017

A two‐dimensional (2D) open cell topology with eight‐sided star perforations is proposed. Its mechanical properties (including Poisson's ratio and energy absorption capacity) and deformation behaviors are studied using finite element method (FEM) as a function of the geometric parameters. Simulation results showed that the Poisson's ratio of the structure is tunable from positive to negative by varying the geometric parameters that define the shape of the perforation. A minimum Poisson's ratio of −0.68 is achieved when the geometric parameter α, which determines the inner corner sharpness of the star perforation, is equal to 0.1. The highest energy absorption capacity is observed in the model which exhibits the minimum Poisson's ratio. The star perforation cells shrink when the lattice structure is being compressed due to the negative Poisson's ratio effect. Compressive samples are fabricated by 3D printing from Tango Black Plus, and their Poisson's ratios are measured and compared with numerical results. Excellent agreement is found between measurements and simulation.
A comparison of recent trends in precipitation and temperature over Western and Eastern Eurasia
Authors: Zhao Weihong , Du Haibo , Wang Lei , He Hong S. , Wu Zhengfang , Liu Kai , Guo Xiangyu , Yang Yue
Published: December 2017

Eurasia is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in the world. Its western and eastern coasts are very likely to exhibit different temperature and precipitation variations in response to the global climate change. By using precipitation (PRCP), maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and daily temperature range (DTR) data from 333 meteorological stations in Western (WE) and Eastern Eurasia (EE), we quantitatively compared spatio‐temporal changes on both the seasonal and annual scales from 1961 to 2012. Results showed that PRCP mainly exhibited increasing trends in northern WE and decreasing trends in southern WE, whereas PRCP in EE recorded an increase–decrease–increase trend from high to low latitudes. The increase of annual PRCP in WE was higher than that in EE. On the seasonal scale, the PRCP in WE recorded an opposite trend from EE. Tmax and Tmin significantly increased for almost all stations on the annual and seasonal scales, especially during the winter. Nevertheless, the increase of Tmin was higher than that of Tmax in EE, resulting in a decreased DTR on both the seasonal and annual scales. An reverse trend of DTR was detected in WE. Our results concluded that the Arctic Oscillation was the major large‐scale atmospheric circulation affecting the trends of PRCP (negative correlation) and temperature (positive correlation) over WE and EE, and it might play an important role in future climate change.
Evaluating biases in sea surface temperature records using coastal weather stations
Authors: Cowtan Kevin , Rohde Robert , Hausfather Zeke
Published: December 2017

Sea surface temperatures form a vital part of global mean surface temperature records. Historical observation methods have changed substantially over time from buckets to engine‐room intake sensors, hull sensors and drifting buoys, rendering their use for climatological studies problematic. There are substantial uncertainties in the relative biases of different observations which may impact the global temperature record.

Island and coastal weather stations can be compared to coastal sea surface temperature observations to obtain an assessment of changes in bias over time. The process is made more challenging by differences in the rate of warming between air temperatures and sea surface temperatures, and differences across coastal boundaries. A preliminary sea surface temperature reconstruction homogenized using coastal weather station data suggests significant changes to the sea surface temperature record, although there are substantial uncertainties, only some of which can be quantified. A large warm excursion in versions 4 and 5 of the NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature during World War 2 is rejected, as is a cool excursion around 1910 present in all existing records. The mid‐century plateau is cooler than in existing reconstructions.
Theoretical aspects of upscale error growth on the mesoscales: Idealized numerical simulations
Authors: Bierdel L. , Selz T. , Craig G. C.
Published: December 2017

The mechanism for the upscale growth of small errors through the atmospheric mesoscales has not been conclusively identified, but geostrophic adjustment in response to diabatically generated motions such as cumulus convection is a plausible candidate. In a companion paper, an analytic solution of the linearized, hydrostatic Boussinesq equations to an impulsive, localized heat source that mimics the effect of latent heating within a convective cloud on an unperturbed, rotating environment is found. Three characteristics of the solution are shown to be potentially useful for identifying the geostrophic adjustment process in numerical simulations. The predictions relate to the horizontal gravity wave speed, the Rossby number and the quantitative relationship between a precipitation anomaly and the balanced flow response (i.e. large‐scale vorticity).

Here these predictions are tested in the framework of error growth experiments in idealized numerical simulations of a convective cloud field. Three different rotation rates are employed in order to identify the geostrophic adjustment mechanism and allow a quantitative comparison with the predictions of the analytic model. The gravity wave speed estimated from the simulations resembles the theoretical value and is independent of the Coriolis parameter, as predicted. The Rossby number resulting from the proposed scaling of temporal and spatial coordinates features a unique shape and the vorticity diagnostic agrees quantitatively with the analytical predictions. Based on these findings, it is proposed that upscale error growth through the atmospheric mesoscales is governed by the geostrophic adjustment process.
An Animal Model of Local Breast Cancer Recurrence in the Setting of Autologous Fat Grafting for Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Tsuji Wakako , Valentin Jolene E. , Marra Kacey G. , Donnenberg Albert D. , Donnenberg Vera S. , Rubin J. Peter
Published: December 2017

Autologous fat grafting after breast cancer surgery is commonly performed, but concerns about oncologic risk remain. To model the interaction between fat grafting and breast cancer cells, two approaches were employed. In the first approach, graded numbers of viable MDA-MB-231 or BT-474 cells were admixed directly into human fat grafts and injected subcutaneously into immune-deficient mice to determine if the healing graft is a supportive environment for the tumor. In the second approach, graded doses of MDA-MB-231 cells were suspended in Matrigel and injected into the mammary fat pads of mice. Two weeks after the tumor cells engrafted, 100 μL of human adipose tissue was grafted into the same site. Histologically, MDA-MB-231 cells seeded within fat grafts were observed and stained positive for human-specific pan-cytokeratin and Ki67. The BT-474 cells failed to survive when seeded within fat grafts at any dose. In the second approach, MDA-MB-231 cells had a strong trend toward lower Ki67 staining at all doses. Regression analysis on all groups with fat grafts and MDA-MB-231 revealed fat tissue was associated with lower cancer cell Ki67 staining. Healing fat grafts do not support the epithelial BT-474 cell growth, and support the mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 cell growth only at doses ten times greater than in Matrigel controls. Moreover, fat grafts in association with MDA-MB-231 cancer cells already present in the wound resulted in decreased tumor proliferation and increased fibrosis. These findings suggest that clinical fat grafting does not induce breast cancer cell growth, and may even have a suppressive effect.
An Electrosynthesized 3D Porous Molybdenum Sulfide/Graphene Film with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Lithium Storage
Authors: Ge Yu , Wang Caiyun , Zhao Yong , Liu Yong , Chao Yunfeng , Zheng Tian , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: December 2017

Molybdenum sulfide/graphene composites are promising anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, MoSx/graphene composite film with an ideal 3D porous structure is developed via a facile and straightforward electrochemical route. The MoSx nanoparticles are uniformly anchored on the graphene nanosheets that are randomly arranged, resulting in MoSx/graphene composites with well‐developed porous structure. Benefiting from such structure and the synergistic effect from two components, this material shows a high specific capacity over 1200 mA h g−1, an excellent rate performance, and superior cycling stability. The dominating pseudocapacitive behavior in Li storage contributes to the outstanding rate capacity. Importantly, this kind of novel material can be easily produced as 3D microelectrodes for microscaled LIBs that are highly demanded for autonomous microelectronic systems.
Hair Follicle Stem Cell Faith Is Dependent on Chromatin Remodeling Capacity Following Low-Dose Radiation
Authors: Schuler Nadine , Timm Sara , Rübe Claudia E.
Published: December 2017

The main function of the skin, to protect against the environment, is supported by the activity of different stem cell populations. The main focus of this study was elucidating the coping mechanisms of stem cells against the stimulation of constant exposure to genotoxic stresses, both endogenous and exogenous, to ensure long-term function. Investigation of various mouse strains, differing in their DNA repair capacity, enables us to clarify fractionated low-dose irradiation (LDR)-induced consequences for different stem cell populations of the murine hair follicle (HF) in their physiological stem cell niche. Using microscopic techniques combined with flow cytometry, we could show that LDR induces accumulation of persisting; pKu70-independent 53BP1-foci (“chromatin-alterations”) in heterochromatic regions of the HF stem cells (HFSCs). These remaining chromatin-alterations result in varying stem cell consequences. CD34-positive HFSCs react by ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent, premature senescence, which correlates with global chromatin compaction, whereby apoptosis is prevented by the activity of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. However, distinctively highly damaged HFSCs seem to be sorted out of the niche by differentiation, transferring their chromatin-alterations to more proliferative G protein-coupled receptor 5-positive stem cells. Consequentially, the loss of basal HFSCs is compensated by increased proliferation within the stem cell pool. Despite the initial success of these mechanisms in stem cell population maintenance, the combined effect of the chromatin-alterations and the modification in stem cell pool composition may lead to downstream long-term functional loss of tissue or organs.
Teacher as Decision Maker: A Framework to Guide Teaching Decisions in Reading
Authors: Griffith Robin , Lacina Jan
Published: December 2017

This department highlights literacy leaders across the globe who are working in the field of literacy education. It demonstrates how these literacy leaders are empowering educators in the field of literacy through their research.
Microplastics: An introduction to environmental transport processes
Authors: Horton Alice A. , Dixon Simon J.
Published: December 2017

Microplastic pollution is widespread across the globe, pervading land, water, and air. These environments are commonly considered independently, however, in reality these are closely linked. This review gives an overview of the background knowledge surrounding sources, fate and transport of microplastics within the environment. We introduce a new “Plastic Cycle” concept in order to better understand the processes influencing flux and retention of microplastics between and across the wide range of environmental matrices. As microplastics are a pervasive, persistent and potentially harmful pollutant, an understanding of these processes will allow for assessment of exposure to better determine the likely long‐term ecological and human health implications of microplastic pollution. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1268. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1268

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
The renewable energy sector in Afghanistan: Policy and potential
Authors: Fahimi Abdullah , Upham Paul
Published: December 2017

Afghanistan has one of the lowest rates of access to and usage of electricity in the world. Fuelwood, charcoal, agricultural, and animal waste still dominate in meeting energy needs for cooking and heating, with a large percentage of the population using kerosene, candles, and gas for lighting. Yet the situation has changed significantly since the U.S. and coalition combat operations that began at the end of 2001. The period through to the present day has seen a fivefold increase in the electrification rate; agreements with Central Asian countries and Iran for importing electricity; the implementation of thousands of small‐scale renewable energy projects in rural areas; the development and rehabilitation of several large‐scale energy projects; the (partial) development of the institutional, policy, and regulatory landscape; and the expansion of transmission lines and distribution networks. Although accurate information is scarce, Afghanistan has both substantial fossil fuel reserves and renewable energy potential. The country's wind power potential alone looks likely to exceed projected power demand for several decades ahead. Similarly, both the estimated hydropower and solar photovoltaic (PV) potential each exceed projected 2032 power demand. The institutional context of the Afghanistan energy sector is complex, comprising multiple ministries, government agencies, aid agencies, and intergovernmental organizations. Nonetheless, given suitable coordination, the technologies, natural resources, and capabilities are available for transforming the sector and the lives of many people. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e280. doi: 10.1002/wene.280

This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Climate and Environment

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy

Energy Policy and Planning > Systems and Infrastructure
Treatment Outcomes and Prognostic Factors After Recurrence of Esophageal Squamous Cell carcinoma
Authors: Hamai Yoichi , Hihara Jun , Emi Manabu , Furukawa Takaoki , Ibuki Yuta , Yamakita Ichiko , Kurokawa Tomoaki , Okada Morihito
Published: December 2017

Background

The evaluation of treatment outcomes and detection of prognostic factors after recurrence are very important for tailoring optimal therapies for individual patients with recurrent esophageal cancer.

Methods

We reviewed 133 patients in whom esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) recurred after curative surgery, and assessed recurrence patterns, treatment outcomes and prognostic factors.

Results

Recurrence in 57 (42.9%), 54 (40.6%) and 22 (16.5%) patients was locoregional, distant and combined, respectively. The median amounts of elapsed time until recurrence and median survival after recurrence for all patients were 9.1 and 8.3 months, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses selected time to recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97–0.999; p = 0.04), recurrence location (locoregional vs. distant: HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.03–2.61; p = 0.04), number of organs with recurrence (1 vs. 3: HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.23–9.87; p = 0.02) and treatment after recurrence (best supportive care, [BSC] vs. chemotherapy [CT] or radiation therapy [RT]: HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.94; p = 0.04; BSC vs. CT and RT: HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26–0.94; p = 0.03; BSC vs. surgery: HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.25–0.88; p = 0.02) as independent factors for survival after recurrence. Seventeen (12.8%) patients who had localized lymph node recurrence and lung oligometastasis and received multidisciplinary therapy after recurrence survived for >3 years thereafter.

Conclusion

Despite the poor survival of patients with ESCC and early or distant recurrence or recurrence in ≥3 recurrent organs, appropriate multimodal therapies should be tailored for individual patients with recurrent ESCC.
Three Dimensional Velocity Structure of the Koyna-Warna Region using Local Earthquake Tomography
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Dixit Madan M.
Published: December 2017

A dense seismic network (∼100 stations) was operated in the Koyna-Warna region from January 2010 to May 2010, that allow us to collect 400 high-quality local earthquake data of magnitude less than 4. In this region, the fault structure and tectonic setting that accommodate the induced seismicity is not well understood. To investigate the seismotectonics of the region, we have inverted 7826 P- and 7047 S-P arrival times for 3-D Vp and Vp/Vs tomographic models along with hypocenters parameters in the region. Although, Dixit et al. (2014) have performed 3-D local earthquake tomography with double-difference tomography code using catalog differential time data. In this paper, Simulps14 code on the same data set is applied. For better approach P arrival time and S-P travel times are inverted directly for Vp, Vp/Vs variations and earthquake locations. High Vp ∼5.9 to 6.5 and low to high Vp/Vs ∼1.69-1.74 imaged in the hypocenter region. These features interpreted as a fluid bearing rock mass under high pore pressure. It is also observed that below the trap basement form a local topography depression between the Koyna and Warna Reservoirs. To the South of the Warna reservoir, intense seismic activity defines a major cluster of ∼ 5 km width at 3 to7 km deep, located under the trap, where the basement is deepening. Such regions are inferred to be associated with the seismically active faults zones. The obtain velocity anomalies are reliable down to a depth of 10 km. This is also confirmed by the analysis of three resolution parameters viz. Hit count, Derivative Weight sum (DWS) and Resolution Diagonal Elements (RDE).
Migration of Seismicity and Pore Pressure Diffusion for Five Decades Long Koyna–Warna Sequence and Precursory Nucleation Process for Earthquake Forecasting
Authors: Rastogi B. K.
Published: December 2017

The continued reservoir-triggered seismicity for five decades in Koyna area has been attributed to southward migration of seismicity (during 1967-1992 near and south of Koyna dam and from 1993 onwards mostly near the new Warna reservoir). Spread of seismicity in the vicinity of reservoirs is attributed to pore-pressure diffusion. Moderate size Koyna – Warna earthquakes are found to nucleate at shallow depth (≤ 3 km) due to pore pressure caused by water level fluctuation of reservoir(s). The nucleation zone deepens along the critically stressed permeable fault zone to cause the occurrence of mainshock at the base of seismogenic layer (i.e. 5-10 km). The clustering of foreshocks up to 500 hr prior to several moderate size Koyna earthquakes of magnitude Mw 4-5 has been detected and used for quantifying the nucleation process. A static stress transfer by means of cascade model from one foreshock to next for the generation of foreshocks has been proposed for nucleation model. The nucleation process can be considered as an immediate earthquake precursor for the Koyna-Warna region.
Co-seismic Gravity Changes in the Koyna-Warna Region: Implications of Mass Redistribution
Authors: Prasad K. N. D. , Srinivas N. , Meshram A. E. , Singh A. P. , Tiwari V. M.
Published: December 2017

Koyna-Warna Region (KWR) is one of the known sites for reservoir triggered seismicity. The continued triggered seismicity over the five decades is restricted to a region of about 600-700 sq. km, which provides a unique opportunity to monitor geophysical anomalies likely to be associated with seismicity of the region. Present study confers temporal gravity changes recorded by gPhone and GRACE satellite and interprets observed changes in conjunction with seismological, geodetic (cGPS) observations and groundwater level measurements. GRACE data suggest that seasonal vertical deformation due to hydrological loading is ∼ 2 cm, which corroborates with continuous GPS observations. Seasonal hydrological loading of the region, which is in a phase of reservoir loading, might be influencing the critically stressed KWR leading to the seasonal seismicity of the region. The gPhone gravity data distinctly show co-seismic gravity signals for eight earthquakes of Mw > 2 and gravity anomalies show positive correlation on a logarithmic scale with earthquake released energy. To investigate the cause of gravity changes, an estimate is made for 14th April 2012 earthquake for Mw 4.8 using fault dislocation model. The recorded gravity changes of 189 μGal by gPhone located at a distance of 28 km from the hypocentre is much more than the estimate of ∼0.1 μGal calculated for Mw 4.8 Koyna earthquake. Therefore, it is inferred that co-seismic gravity signals for eight earthquakes are primarily caused due to redistribution of mass at shallow depth.