bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroimmunological phenomena involved in chronic traumatic brain injury
Authors: Velasco‐González Roberto , Vargas‐Castro Natalia , Mendoza‐Negrete Katia , Acacio‐Martínez Diana , Luna‐Mendoza José , Mendez‐Cuesta Luis , Sotomayor‐Sobrino Marco , Ochoa Aguilar Abraham , Gómez‐Acevedo Claudia
Published: January 2019

Currently, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is widely recognized as a neurodegenerative syndrome caused by constant exposure to events of acceleration and deceleration. CTE produces a myriad of neurological alterations in both the short‐ and long term; some of these alterations disturb the homeostasis of the central nervous system, and trigger several behavioral and cognitive deficits. The pathology of CTE resembles that of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease (among many others), which are characterized by the important role of the immune response in the development of the disease and the deposition of proteins, such as amyloid beta and tau. In the present article, we review the succession of events that develop after exposure to acceleration/deceleration events, and how such events affect the distinct cellular types in the central nervous system and their role in the activation of the immune system. We also review how the activation of the immune system affects mechanisms, such as neurogenesis and neurodegeneration, and how this in turn could generate the behavioral and cognitive deficits associated with this pathology.
Localization and characterization of human palatal periosteum stem cells in serum‐free, xeno‐free medium for clinical use
Authors: Naung Noel Ye , Duncan Warwick , Silva Rohana De , Coates Dawn
Published: January 2019

Harvesting, expanding, and re‐implanting osteogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) avoids the donor‐site morbidity associated with autogenous grafting from bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells sourced from the palatal periosteum could be an alternative to isolation of such cells using bone marrow aspiration procedures. For safe use in human therapy, MSCs should be expanded in culture medium that is free from animal or human‐derived serum. In this study we localized, quantified, and characterized MSCs from palatal periosteum cultured in serum‐free, xeno‐free Essential 8 medium. A portion of the palatal periosteum tissues from three patients were dual‐immunostained with MSC‐specific markers (CD105, CD90, and CD73). The remaining portions were expanded in culture, and the isolated MSCs were analyzed using flow cytometry and tri‐lineage differentiation. Palatal periosteum sections were found to contain CD105‐, CD90‐, and CD73‐positive cells. The cultured cells were 73.0 ± 6.7% (mean ± SD) positive for all three MSC‐specific markers and were without hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) markers 0.5 ± 0.3% (mean ± SD). Tri‐lineage differentiation analysis confirmed that palatal periosteum cells could become adipoblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts. The results demonstrate that palatal‐derived MSCs could be detected in situ within small niches, and when expanded in serum‐free, xeno‐free medium represent a viable source of MSCs for clinical use.
Combining population genomics and forward simulations to investigate stocking impacts: A case study of Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) from the St. Lawrence River basin
Authors: Rougemont Quentin , Carrier Anne , Le Luyer Jeremy , Ferchaud Anne‐Laure , Farrell John M. , Hatin Daniel , Brodeur Philippe , Bernatchez Louis
Published: January 2019

Understanding the genetic and evolutionary impacts of stocking on wild fish populations has long been of interest as negative consequences such as reduced fitness and loss of genetic diversity are commonly reported outcomes. In an attempt to sustain a fishery, managers implemented nearly five decades of extensive stocking of over a million Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), a native species in the Lower St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada). We investigated the effect of this stocking on population genetic structure and allelic diversity in the St. Lawrence River in addition to tributaries and several stocked inland lakes. Using genotype by sequencing, we genotyped 643 individuals representing 22 locations and combined this information with forward simulations to investigate the genetic consequences of long‐term stocking. Individuals native to the St. Lawrence watershed were genetically differentiated from stocking sources and tributaries, and inland lakes were naturally differentiated from the main river. Empirical data and simulations within the St. Lawrence River revealed weak stocking effects on admixture patterns. Our data suggest that the genetic structure associated with stocked fish was diluted into its relatively large effective population size. This interpretation is also consistent with a hypothesis that selection against introgression was in operation and relatively efficient within the large St. Lawrence River system. In contrast, smaller populations from adjacent tributaries and lakes displayed greater stocking‐related admixture that resulted in comparatively higher heterozygosity than the St. Lawrence. Finally, individuals from inland lakes that were established by stocking maintained a close affinity with their source populations. This study illustrated a benefit of combining extensive genomic data with forward simulations for improved inference regarding population‐level genetic effects of long‐term stocking, and its relevance for fishery management decision making.
An ordered sparse subspace clustering algorithm based on p‐Norm
Authors: Chen Liping , Guo Gongde , Wang Hui
Published: January 2019

Images in video may include both Gaussian noise and geometric rotation. Thus, it is challenging to represent an image sequence in its intrinsically low‐dimensional space in a noise‐robust and rotation‐robust manner. In this paper, we propose a novel‐ordered sparse subspace clustering algorithm based on a p‐norm to achieve an effective clustering of sequential data under heavy noise conditions. We also use the wavelet‐histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) transform in the kernel view to extract both the global features (with the wavelet process) and the local features (with the HOG process) from the image. In addition, we assign different weights to different features to obtain a sparse coefficient matrix that helps to emphasize the global and local correlations in each sample. Similarly, the clustering algorithm based on the p‐norm for sequential images emphasizes the within‐class correlations amongst samples. Therefore, in this paper, we select additional denoising main components under a Laplacian constraint to achieve a better block‐diagonal structure and highlight the independence of different clusters. Extensive experiments performed on various public datasets (including the ordered face dataset, handwritten recognition dataset, video scene segmentation dataset, and object recognition dataset) demonstrate that the proposed method is more resilient to noise and rotation than other representative sparse subspace clustering methods.
A systematic review of qualitative studies of adults’ experiences of being assessed for psychological therapies
Authors: Sweeney Angela , Clement Sarah , Gribble Kate , Jackson Elizabeth , Carr Sarah , Catty Jocelyn , Gillard Steve
Published: January 2019

Objective

To synthesize the qualitative literature on adults’ experiences of psychological therapy assessments. The review was led by people with experience of undergoing assessments, with high levels of client involvement throughout.

Search strategy

A comprehensive search of electronic databases was undertaken, with additional search strategies employed to locate further literature.

Inclusion criteria

Studies were included that qualitatively explored the experiences of people aged 16+ who had been assessed for psychological therapy services. Assessments could be structured or unstructured. Qualitative was defined as any analysed account of people's experiences, including qualitative survey data.

Data extraction and synthesis

Literature quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist, modified to include client involvement and intersectionalities. Following data extraction, thematic synthesis was used to synthesize findings across studies.

Results

Of 12 743 titles were screened, with 13 studies relevant to the review. Themes and subthemes were identified at three stages of the assessment process: the journey to the assessment, at the assessment, and after the assessment. Findings highlighted the emotional impact of assessments, collaboration, intersectionalities, rights, pathologization, socioeconomic restrictions, and information and support needs. Implications and limitations were indicated.

Discussion and conclusions

Findings were situated within the trauma‐informed (TIA) literature. Trauma‐informed assessment principles, including collaborative assessments, may be fruitful means of improving people's experiences. Whilst the benefits of collaboration appear self‐evident, explicitly collaborative approaches were not the norm, nor were studies conducted independently. Further service user research is needed. A greater understanding of the experience of minority groups is also needed.
Prevalence and predictors of airflow obstruction in an HIV tertiary care clinic in Montreal, Canada: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Costiniuk CT , Nitulescu R , Saneei Z , Wasef N , Salahuddin S , Wasef D , Young J , de Castro C , Routy JP , Lebouché B , Cox J , Smith BM , Ambroise S , Pexos C , Patel M , Szabo J , Haraoui LP , de Pokomandy A , Tsoukas C , Falutz J , LeBlanc R , Giannakis A , Frenette C , Jenabian MA , Bourbeau J , Klein MB
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The reported prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) varies widely. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of airflow obstruction and COPD in unselected PLWHIV and identify characteristics that increase the risk of nonreversible airflow obstruction in order to guide case finding strategies for COPD.

Methods

All adults attending the Chronic Viral Illness Service were invited to participate in the study, regardless of smoking status or history of known COPD/asthma. Individuals underwent spirometric testing both before and after use of a salbutamol bronchodilator. Airflow obstruction was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 0.7 post‐bronchodilation, whereas COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC < 0.7 post‐bronchodilation and Medical Research Council (MRC) score > 2. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors associated with airflow obstruction, reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs).

Results

Five hundred and three participants successfully completed spirometry testing. The median (Q1; Q3) age was 52 (44; 58) years. The median (Q1; Q3) CD4 count was 598 (438; 784) cells/μL and the median (Q1; Q3) nadir CD4 count was 224 (121; 351) cells/μL. There were 119 (24%) current smokers and 145 (29%) former smokers. Among those screened, 54 (11%) had airflow obstruction whereas three (1%) of the participants had COPD. Factors that were associated with airflow obstruction included a history of smoking [aOR 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1; 4.7], older age (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2; 2.2), and lower CD4 count (aOR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7; 1.0).

Conclusions

Airflow obstruction was relatively uncommon. Our findings suggest that PLWHIV who are ≥50 years old, smokers and those with nadir CD4 counts ≤ 200 cells/μL could be targeted to undergo spirometry to diagnose chronic airflow obstruction.
Effects of a synthetic di‐phosphoserine peptide (SS‐2) on gene expression profiling against TNF‐α induced inflammation
Authors: Zhang Hua , Xu Cai Na , Mine Yoshinori
Published: January 2019

It has been showed bioactive di‐phosphoserine peptide (SS‐2) possesses functions to ameliorate oxidative stress in vitro. This study aimed to substantiate the role of bioactive di‐phosphoserine peptide (SS‐2) in modulating inflammatory responses in TNF‐α‐stimulated HT‐29 cells, and its mechanism of action. SS‐2 significantly reduced IL‐8 secretion in TNF‐α‐induced HT‐29 cells, and also suppressed pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐8, IL‐12, MCP‐1 and TNF‐α. Moreover, SS‐2 inhibited TNF‐α initiated signalling cascades by suppressing phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, JNK, P38 and IκB those culminate in above cellular inflammatory responses. Differentially expressed genes analysis within NF‐κB signalling pathway revealed that SS‐2 blocks multiple sites of upstream NF‐κB signalling cascade, including FADD and MyD88, thereby preventing the signalling transduction involved in cellular inflammatory response. These results provide a new insight into molecular mechanism for anti‐inflammatory action of SS‐2, suggesting SS‐2 is a potential alternative approach to treat IBD by particular targeting TNF‐α driven inflammatory event.
Structure characterisation of polysaccharide isolated from huangjiu and its anti‐inflammatory activity through MAPK signalling
Authors: Peng Lin , Liu Shuangping , Ji Zhongwei , Chen Shuguang , Mao Jian
Published: January 2019

Huangjiu is a famous alcoholic beverage in China due to its nutritional and functional properties. In the present study, a polysaccharide HJ‐P with molecular weight of 1435 Da was purified from huangjiu and was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, galactose and glucose (highest mole percentage of 85.36%). Methylation and NMR analysis suggest that the linkage type of HJ‐P was proposed to be composed of (1→4)‐linked‐Glcp, (1→6)‐linked‐Galp and (1→4)‐linked‐Manp with terminal unit (1→)‐linked‐Glcp and most of the sugar residues were α‐anomeric configuration. HJ‐P had a great anti‐oxidant activity and the scavenging rates of DPPH and ABTS radical were 92.61% and 78.13% respectively. Meanwhile, HJ‐P effectively reduced NO and pro‐inflammatory cytokines production through the phosphorylation inhibition of MAPK signal pathway. This is the first report on anti‐inflammatory activity of polysaccharide from huangjiu and will be helpful to gain better understanding of the functional value of huangjiu.
Utility of new red cell parameters for distinguishing functional iron deficiency from absolute iron deficiency in children with familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Gezgin Yıldırım Deniz , Kaya Zühre , Bakkaloglu Sevcan A.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Few data are available on the clinical utility of new red cell parameters for detecting anemia in children with inflammatory diseases. The aim was to investigate the utility of three new red cell parameters for distinguishing functional iron deficiency (FID) from absolute iron deficiency (AID) in children with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).

Methods

The study involved 198 children with genetically confirmed FMF and 18 healthy‐age and sex‐matched controls. Complete blood counts with the new red cell parameters of low hemoglobin (Hb) density (LHD), microcytic anemia factor (MAF), and red blood cell size factor (RSF) were measured in a Unicel® DxH800, along with conventional iron parameters. The FMF patients’ medical records were retrospectively reviewed to assess inflammation status and genetic results.

Results

The frequencies of FID and AID among the 198 FMF patients were 35% and 65%, respectively. Among patients with homozygous MEFV mutation, FID was more common than AID (P < 0.05). Mean LHD was significantly higher and mean Hb, MCV, MAF, and RSF were significantly lower among the FMF patients with FID compared to those with AID and controls (P < 0.05). Specificity for distinguishing FID from AID in children with FMF was greatest for MAF (92%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 85%‐96%), followed by LHD (85%; 95% CI 76%‐91%) and RSF (81%; 95% CI 72%‐88%).

Conclusion

The new red cell parameters measured by the Unicel® DxH800 may be useful for guiding physicians in distinguishing FID from AID in children with FMF.
The effectiveness of immediate implant placement for single tooth replacement compared to delayed implant placement: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cosyn Jan , De Lat Liesa , Seyssens Lorenz , Doornewaard Ron , Deschepper Ellen , Vervaeke Stijn
Published: January 2019

Aim

To compare immediate implant placement (IIP) to delayed single implant placement (DIP, ≥3 months post‐extraction) in terms of implant survival (primary outcome), surgical, clinical, aesthetic, radiographic and patient‐reported outcomes (secondary outcomes).

Materials and Methods

Two reviewers independently performed an electronic search in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane and a hand search to identify eligible studies up to May 2018. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized controlled studies (NRSs) comparing IIP to DIP with at least 1 year of follow‐up were selected for a qualitative analysis and meta‐analysis.

Results

The search identified 3 RCTs and 5 NRSs out of 2,589 titles providing data on 473 single implants (IIP: 233, DIP: 240) that had been in function between 12 and 96 months. One RCT showed unclear risk of bias, whereas all other studies demonstrated high risk. Meta‐analysis showed significantly lower implant survival for IIP (94.9%) as compared to DIP (98.9%) (RR 0.96, 95% CI [0.93; 0.99], p = 0.02). All were early implant failures. A subgroup meta‐analysis demonstrated a trend towards lower implant survival for IIP when postoperative antibiotics had not been administered (RR: 0.93, 95% CI [0.86; 1.00], p = 0.07). This was not observed among studies including the administration of postoperative antibiotics (RR: 0.98, 95% CI [0.94; 1.02], p = 0.35). Meta‐analyses showed similar probing depth (WMD 0.43 mm, 95% CI [−0.47; 1.33], p = 0.35) and aesthetic outcomes as assessed by the pink aesthetic score (standardized WMD −0.03, 95% CI [−0.46; 0.39], p = 0.88) for IIP and DIP. Data on marginal bone loss were conflicting and highly biased. Soft tissue recession was underreported and available data were highly biased. Patient‐reported outcomes were underreported, yet both IIP and DIP seemed well tolerated.

Conclusion

Immediate implant placement demonstrated higher risk for early implant loss than DIP. There is a need for RCTs comparing IIP to DIP with CBCT analyses at different time points and data on midfacial recession with the preoperative status as baseline. In these studies, the need for hard and soft tissue grafting should also be evaluated.
Osteoimmunology: Inflammatory osteolysis and regeneration of the alveolar bone
Authors: Gruber Reinhard
Published: January 2019

Aim

Osteoimmunology covers the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for inflammatory osteolysis that culminates in the degradation of alveolar bone. Osteoimmunology also focuses on the interplay of immune cells with bone cells during bone remodelling and regeneration. The aim of this review was to provide insights into how osteoimmunology affects alveolar bone health and disease.

Method

This review is based on a narrative approach to assemble mouse models that provide insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms causing inflammatory osteolysis and on the impact of immune cells on alveolar bone regeneration.

Results

Mouse models have revealed the molecular pathways by which microbial and other factors activate immune cells that initiate an inflammatory response. The inflammation‐induced alveolar bone loss occurs with the concomitant suppression of bone formation. Mouse models also showed that immune cells contribute to the resolution of inflammation and bone regeneration, even though studies with a focus on alveolar socket healing are rare.

Conclusions

Considering that osteoimmunology is evolutionarily conserved, osteolysis removes the cause of inflammation by provoking tooth loss. The impact of immune cells on bone regeneration is presumably a way to reinitiate the developmental mechanisms of intramembranous and endochondral bone formation.
Relationship between natural killer cell activity and glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes
Authors: Kim Jung Hye , Park Kahui , Lee Sang Bae , Kang Shinae , Park Jong Suk , Ahn Chul Woo , Nam Ji Sun
Published: January 2019

Aims/Introduction

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes critical to human immunity. Previous studies showed correlations between NK cell function and blood glucose concentrations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the NK cell activity and various metabolic parameters in people with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes and normal glucose tolerance.

Materials and Methods

A total of 49 participants were enrolled in the study. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters including age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, C‐peptide, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed. The 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was carried out for 2‐h postload glucose level. Homeostatic model assessment was calculated for insulin resistance and β‐cell function. NK cell activity was measured by detecting the circulating interferon‐gamma level secreted from NK cells.

Results

NK cell activity was lower in patients with type 2 diabetes (768.01 ± 650.35) compared with those with prediabetes (2,396.08 ± 653.76, P < 0.001) and normal glucose tolerance (2,435.31 ± 633.22, P < 0.001). In patients with type 2 diabetes, there was a significant inverse linear relationship between NK cell activity and fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and 2‐h postload glucose level (all P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed glycated hemoglobin to be an independent predictor of NK cell activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions

Compared with individuals with normal glucose tolerance or prediabetes, type 2 diabetes patients have a reduced NK cell activity, and it is significantly related to glucose control.
Evaluation of lemongrass and ginger essential oils to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes in biofilms
Authors: Reis‐Teixeira Fernanda Barbosa , Sousa Ingrid Pontes , Alves Virgínia Farias , Furtado Niege Araçari Jacometti Cardoso , De Martinis Elaine Cristina Pereira
Published: January 2019

Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen, is hard to eliminate from food processing environments because it can persist in biofilms. Searching for natural agents that can effectively act against L. monocytogenes biofilms is important to prevent food contamination, especially in the case of ready‐to‐eat foods. Here, we determine the key components of the lemongrass and ginger essential oils (EOs) and evaluate the activity of each EO against L. monocytogenes biofilms. Biofilms grown on stainless steel and glass coupons were monitored by culture method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). These techniques revealed the presence of live and dead cells. Monoterpenes were the main components in the lemongrass EO; monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the main constituents of the ginger EO. Although the lemongrass EO affected L. monocytogenes biofilms significantly, none of the tested treatments inhibited the pathogen completely. Therefore, controlling the presence of L. monocytogenes in food processing areas demands preventive measures.

Practical application

Microbial biofilms constitute a challenge for effective sanitation in the food industry. Synthetic products are commonly used as sanitizers, but consumers have demanded more natural food produced in eco‐friendly environments. This scenario has motivated the search for natural antimicrobials that can be applied in food facilities to eliminate microorganisms from biofilms. Plant‐derived compounds represent an alternative source of antimicrobials due to their potential acceptance by the consumers and wide availability. This study shows that treatment with lemongrass essential oil significantly affects biofilms formed by the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, but the treatment does not eradicate the biofilms. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to identify natural antimicrobials with potential use as alternative sanitizers in the food industry.
Modified non‐flared fully covered self‐expandable metal stent versus plastic stent for preoperative biliary drainage in patients with resectable malignant biliary obstruction
Authors: Lee Hyun Woo , Moon Jong Ho , Lee Yun Nah , Chung Jun Chul , Lee Tae Hoon , Choi Moon Han , Cha Sang‐Woo , Cho Young Deok , Park Sang‐Heum
Published: January 2019

Background and Aim

Fully covered self‐expandable metal stents (FCSEMS) may be better than plastic stents (PS) for preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) to relieve cholangitis or jaundice for resectable malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). However, modification of current FCSEMS designed originally for nonresectable MBO is needed to be a proper stent for PBD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible superiority of non‐flared modified FCSEMS (M‐FCSEMS) with 12‐mm diameter and waist of central portion over PS in patients with resectable MBO.

Methods

Eighty‐five consecutive patients underwent PBD followed by operation from August 2015 to December 2017. In each M‐FCSEMS and PS group, 29 patients were matched for age, sex, body mass index, and preoperative albumin and bilirubin levels.

Results

The overall technical success rates of PBD using M‐FCSEMS and PS were 100%. The time to operation was similar between groups (18.6 ± 10.8 vs 19.3 ± 11.6 days, respectively; P = 0.843). The prevalence of PBD‐related adverse events (AEs) was 6.9% (2/29) in the M‐FCSEMS group versus 27.6% (8/29) in the PS group (P = 0.037). Re‐intervention before operation was required in 20.7% (6/29) of patients in the PS group but no patients in the M‐FCSEMS group (P = 0.023). No differences were found between perioperative AEs in the M‐FCSEMS and PS groups (27.5% vs 31.0%, respectively; P = 0.773).

Conclusion

Modified FCSEMS led to lower PBD‐related AEs, re‐intervention rate, and comparable perioperative AEs compared with PS. M‐FCSEMS may be a potential novel stent for PBD in patients with resectable MBO.
Developing disease‐resistant thermosensitive male sterile rice by multiplex gene editing
Authors: Li Sanfeng , Shen Lan , Hu Ping , Liu Qing , Zhu Xudong , Qian Qian , Wang Kejian , Wang Yuexing
Published: January 2019

High‐quality and disease‐resistant male sterile lines have great potential for applications in hybrid rice breeding. We introduced specific mutations into the TMS5, Pi21, and Xa13 genes in Pinzhan intermediate breeding material using the CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex genome editing system. We found that the transgene‐free homozygous triple tms5/pi21/xa13 mutants obtained in the T1 generation displayed characteristics of thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) with enhanced resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight. Our study provides a convenient and effective way of converting breeding intermediate material into TGMS lines through multiplex gene editing, which could significantly accelerate the breeding of sterile lines.
Hypoxia: The force of endometriosis
Authors: Wu Meng‐Hsing , Hsiao Kuei‐Yang , Tsai Shaw‐Jenq
Published: January 2019

Aim

Summarize recent findings of how hypoxia regulates numerous important processes to facilitate the implantation, proliferation and progression of ectopic endometriotic lesions.

Methods

Most up‐to‐date evidences about how hypoxia contributes to the disease pathogenesis of endometriosis and potential therapeutic approaches were collected by conducting a comprehensive search of medical literature electronic databases. Quality of data was analyzed by experienced experts including gynecologist and basic scientists.

Results

Uterus is a highly vascularized organ, which makes endometrial cells constantly expose to high concentration of oxygen. When endometrial tissues shed off from the eutopic uterus and retrograde to the peritoneal cavity, they face severe hypoxic stress. Even with successful implantation to ovaries or peritoneum, the hypoxic stress remains as a critical issue because endometrial cells are used to live in the well‐oxygenated environment. Under the hypoxia condition, cells undergo epigenetic modulation and evolve several survival processes including steroidogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metabolic switch. The complex gene regulatory network driven by hypoxia ensures endometriotic cells can survive under the hostile peritoneal microenvironment.

Conclusion

Hypoxia plays critical roles in promoting pathological processes to facilitate the development of endometriosis. Targeting hypoxia‐mediated gene network represents an alternative approach for the treatment of endometriosis.
Digital pathology: Review of current opportunities and challenges for oral pathologists
Authors: Liu Yingci , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: January 2019

Whole slide imaging (WSI) has impacted the practice of pathology in the arenas of education, clinical practice, and research. With digital slides, pathologists can circumvent the limitations of traditional glass. Presently, digital pathology is primarily utilized for second opinion consults, clinical conferences, and education at select academic medical centers, with its mainstream adoption on the rise. However, challenges of adoption for oral pathologists are unique given the highly specialized nature of their work. The hurdles include the high‐cost instrumentation and regular maintenance, need for additional training, changes in traditional workflow, and integration with present software. Given these barriers, it remains unclear the extent to which slide scanning and virtual pathology should be adopted by oral pathologists at this conjuncture. This review seeks to shed light on the current state of WSI and analyzes the opportunities and challenges for oral pathology in the rapidly evolving field of digital pathology.
“We're Supposed to Look Like Girls, But Act Like Boys”: Adolescent Girls’ Adherence to Masculinity Norms
Authors: Rogers Leoandra Onnie , Yang Rui , Way Niobe , Weinberg Sharon L. , Bennet Anna
Published: January 2019

In the ecological systems perspective, gender ideologies are part of the macrosystem that shapes human development. A growing literature indicates that youth accommodate and resist such ideologies, with adherence to masculinity norms being linked with negative adjustment. Most masculinity research focuses on boys’ adherence to masculinity, but girls are also pressured to uphold masculinity norms. Using mixed modeling, we examined girls’ adherence to masculinity and psychological (self‐esteem, depressive symptoms) and social (peer support and conflict) well‐being in the United States (N = 407;Mage = 12.28) and China (N = 356;Mage = 12.41). In both countries, adherence to masculinity was negatively associated with psychosocial well‐being. Chinese girls reported greater masculinity adherence, but associations with psychosocial well‐being were not moderated by nationality.
Yea or Nay: Do Legislators Benefit by Voting Against Their Party?
Authors: Donnelly Christopher P.
Published: January 2019

This article asks whether legislators are able to reap electoral benefits from opposing their party on one or more high‐profile issues. Using data from a national survey in which citizens are asked their own positions on seven high‐profile issues voted on by the U.S. Senate, as well as how they believe their state's two senators have voted on these issues, I find that senators generally do not benefit from voting against their party. Specifically, when a senator deviates from her party, the vast majority of out‐partisans nonetheless persist in believing that the senator voted with her party anyhow; and while the small minority of out‐partisans who are aware of her deviation are indeed more likely to approve of and vote for such a senator, there are simply too few of these correctly informed citizens for it to make a meaningful difference for the senator's overall support.
Effectiveness and persistence of mirabegron as a first‐line treatment in patients with overactive bladder in real‐life practice
Authors: Shin Jung Hyun , Choo Myung‐Soo
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness and persistence of mirabegron as a first‐line treatment in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) in real‐life practice.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients with OAB who received mirabegron (50 mg) as a first‐line treatment. According to treatment course, patients were divided into three groups, (a) mirabegron only (monotherapy group), (b) mirabegron and anticholinergics (add‐on group), and (c) mirabegron replaced with another treatment (switch group). The patients' symptoms were documented with a voiding diary including an urgency scale and a patient perception of treatment benefit questionnaire (PPTB). Follow‐up was at 4 weeks after initial treatment and then 2 months later, according to our routine protocol.

Results

A total of 196 patients were included: 128 patients (65.3%) received monotherapy and 60 patients (30.6%) received add‐on therapy. Eight patients discontinued mirabegron and switched to another treatment modality. The add‐on group had more episodes of baseline urinary frequency, nocturia and urgency than the monotherapy group (P = 0.011, 0.001, and 0.006, respectively). In the monotherapy group, mean daily frequency, nocturia, urgency episodes, and urgency urinary incontinence were improved (P < 0.05) after mirabegron treatment. The persistence of mirabegron monotherapy was 68.0% at 3 months, 54.4% at 6 months, and 39.4% at 12 months. Treatment‐naïve patients had better persistency than previously anticholinergics‐treated patients.

Conclusions

Mirabegron is an effective first‐line therapy for OAB, but has a persistence rate of 39.4% at 12 months. Patients with severe baseline OAB symptoms tended to require add‐on therapy during follow‐up.
Medical education should teach heuristics rather than train them away
Authors: Feufel Markus A , Flach John M
Published: January 2019

Context

Ample research suggests that most decisions are based on heuristics—simple rules of thumb—that violate prescriptions of logic and probability theory and should therefore be avoided. Yet findings on decision making in everyday work contexts support the idea that heuristics are in fact the very basis of good decision making if adapted to the challenges and performance criteria of the specific work domain. Because traditional pedagogies aim at circumventing heuristics in (clinical) decision making, ways in which to improve the use of heuristics via (medical) education have rarely been explored.

Objective

To describe the rationale for teaching and learning proper use of heuristics, rather than stigmatising them, and to identify principles and potential implications for the design and improvement of pedagogies for training in clinical decision making.

Results

Based on theory and evidence concerning heuristic decision making in everyday work domains, we suggest that heuristics should not be avoided as irrational or a mere source of errors, in particular in domains where errors are unavoidable. Instead, we should teach and learn how to use heuristics to make fewer and ‘smarter’ mistakes rather than ‘dumb’ ones. Based on concepts borrowed from signal detection and control theory, we demonstrate that, to improve heuristic decision making, teaching should focus on differential diagnoses and learning from feedback and mistakes, in teams and in contextually rich settings where the frequencies, costs and trade‐offs between different types of errors (misses versus false alarms) can be experienced. We discuss three possible teaching formats and how to best implement them based on our findings.

Conclusions

The most promising way to train (future) physicians and other health professionals in clinical decision making is not to circumvent heuristics or correct deviations from logic and probability theory but to enhance the use of heuristics by improving perspicacity, that is, by tuning the (recognition) processes that underlie the domain‐specific adaptive selection of heuristics and management of ensuing errors.
Factors predicting the health status of caregivers of stroke survivors: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Long Ngo X. , Pinyopasakul Wanpen , Pongthavornkamol Kanaungnit , Panitrat Rungnapa
Published: January 2019

In this cross‐sectional study, we aimed to determine factors influencing the health status of caregivers of stroke survivors. A total of 126 caregivers of stroke survivors were recruited from three outpatient clinics in Thai Nguyen National General Hospital, Vietnam, from November 2016 to March 2017. Data were collected through six instruments: a demographic questionnaire, the Modified Barthel Index, the Zarit Burden Interview Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Family Caregiver Conflict Scale, and the Short Form‐36 Health Survey. Stepwise multiple regression was employed to analyze the data. Caregiver burden, patient's functional status, caregiver's age, and social support together explained 80.3% of the variations in health status of caregivers of stroke survivors. Caregiver burden was the strongest predictor of health status of these caregivers. Based on the findings, nurses should take caregiver's age, functional status of stroke survivors, caregiver burden, and social support into consideration when preparing family caregivers to provide care for stroke survivors. To reduce perceived caregiver burden, family support interventions should be embraced to enhance health status of the caregivers of stroke survivors.
IDD16 negatively regulates stomatal initiation via trans‐repression of SPCH in Arabidopsis
Authors: Qi Shi‐Lian , Lin Qing‐Fang , Feng Xuan‐Jun , Han Hui‐Ling , Liu Jie , Zhang Liu , Wu Shuang , Le Jie , Blumwald Eduardo , Hua Xue‐Jun
Published: January 2019

In Arabidopsis, the initiation and proliferation of stomatal lineage cells is controlled by SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Phosphorylation of SPCH at the post‐translational level has been reported to regulate stomatal development. Here we report that IDD16 acts as a negative regulator for stomatal initiation by directly regulating SPCH transcription. In Arabidopsis, IDD16 overexpression decreased abaxial stomatal density in a dose‐dependent manner. Time course analysis revealed that the initiation of stomatal precursor cells in the IDD16‐OE plants was severely inhibited. Consistent with these findings, the transcription of SPCH was greatly repressed in the IDD16‐OE plants. In contrast, IDD16‐RNAi transgenic line resulted in enhanced stomatal density, suggesting that IDD16 is an intrinsic regulator of stomatal development. ChIP analysis indicated that IDD16 could directly bind to the SPCH promoter. Furthermore, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing IDD16 exhibited significantly increased drought tolerance and higher integrated water use efficiency (WUE) due to reduction in leaf transpiration. Collectively, our results established that IDD16 negatively regulates stomatal initiation via trans‐repression of SPCH, and thus provide a practical tool for increasing plant WUE through the manipulation of IDD16 expression.
Leaf morphology, rather than plant water status, underlies genetic variation of rice leaf rolling under drought
Authors: Cal Andrew J. , Sanciangco Millicent , Rebolledo Maria Camila , Luquet Delphine , Torres Rolando O. , McNally Kenneth L. , Henry Amelia
Published: January 2019

Soil drying causes leaf rolling in rice, but the relationship between leaf rolling and drought tolerance has historically confounded selection of drought‐tolerant genotypes. In this study on tropical japonica and aus diversity panels (170–220 genotypes), the degree of leaf rolling under drought was more affected by leaf morphology than by stomatal conductance, leaf water status, or maintenance of shoot biomass and grain yield. A range of canopy temperature and leaf rolling (measured as change in normalized difference vegetation index [ΔNDVI]) combinations were observed among aus genotypes, indicating that some genotypes continued transpiration while rolled. Association mapping indicated colocation of genomic regions for leaf rolling score and ΔNDVI under drought with previously reported leaf rolling genes and gene networks related to leaf anatomy. The relatively subtle variation across these large diversity panels may explain the lack of agreement of this study with earlier reports that used small numbers of genotypes that were highly divergent in hydraulic traits driving leaf rolling differences. This study highlights the large range of physiological responses to drought among rice genotypes and emphasizes that drought response processes should be understood in detail before incorporating them into a varietal selection programme.
Contemporary Diplomacy, Global Politics, and Nongovernmental Actors: Dilemmas of the Multistakeholder Mechanism of Participation in Mexico
Authors: Alejo Antonio
Published: January 2019

This article examines dilemmas of the multistakeholder mechanism of participation in Mexico—situated in the context of the post‐2015 Agenda for Sustainable Development—to rethink the interplay between contemporary diplomacy, global politics, and nongovernmental actors. The central argument is that diplomacy has to open up and function as a collaborative space that includes nongovernmental actors who, in turn, influence the design of contemporary institutions. This, I contend, ultimately leads to a redefinition of relations between governments and societies under a more democratic, inclusive design and code of conduct. The case of the nongovernmental organization campaign “Beyond2015” in Mexico is used in the above context. I evidence, through a qualitative analysis, that the particular multistakeholder mechanism encouraged both at the United Nations level and the Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs, held important limitations for developing an effective inclusive mechanism for certain nongovernmental actors.
White House Wit: How Presidents Use Humor as a Leadership Tool
Authors: Carpenter Dick M. , Webster Marjory J. , Bowman Chad K.
Published: January 2019

This article examines how presidents use humor, specifically wit, as a leadership tool. It uses a sample of more than 500 exchanges between presidents and reporters covering the administrations of Franklin Roosevelt to George W. Bush. Content analysis using deductive coding based on a typology of humor uses reveals presidents most often used neutral humor to deflect questions from reporters in order to avoid answering directly. This type of humor was used consistently throughout the years covered in the study.
Uncompensated emotional labor, racial battle fatigue, and (in)civility in digital spaces
Authors: Williams Apryl A. , Bryant Zaida , Carvell Christopher
Published: January 2019

Emotional labor was originally theorized by Arlie Hochschild in the context of domestic labor. Since her early theorization, popular culture and social scientists have adopted the term to refer to emotion work that is exhibited in a manner of financially compensated social settings. Emotional labor refers to the process by which individuals are expected to conform to a set of societal guidelines, ensuring that their emotions conform to that performance. As the use of social media grows, emotional labor plays an increasing role in the lives of people of color—across media platforms. We frame the ever‐present negotiation involved in racialized interactions online as a type of uncompensated emotional labor that results in racial battle fatigue. Next, we position emotional labor as an intrinsic part of the experience for social media users of color because digital media is by default a White, racialized space. Lastly, we argue that current research on civility does not account for the emotional labor of people of color. We offer an original view of uncompensated emotional labor that is inclusive of cross‐platform, racialized emotional labor that can result in racial battle fatigue.
The impact of Daratumumab on transfusion service costs
Authors: Cushing Melissa M. , DeSimone Robert A. , Goel Ruchika , Hsu Yen‐Michael S. , Parra Priscilla , Racine‐Brzostek Sabrina E. , Degtyaryova Diana , Lo Dian T. , Morrison Meta , Crowley Kathleen M. , Rossi Adrianna , Vasovic Ljiljana V.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Daratumumab (DARA) is a human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody directed against CD38, approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. As CD38 is expressed on RBCs, DARA can interfere with pretransfusion testing. DARA interference can be negated by denaturation of CD38 on RBCs with dithiothreitol (DTT) reagents. Because of this interference in pretransfusion testing, our hospital implemented a notification and testing/transfusion algorithm (NATTA) for pretransfusion testing and RBC product provision for DARA patients. This standardized approach combines DTT‐based testing with selective genotyping and the provision of phenotypically similar RBCs for patients with clinically significant antibodies.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We evaluated pretransfusion test results and transfusion requirements for 91 DARA patients in an academic medical center over 1 year to determine the incremental cost of pretransfusion testing and RBC selection. The actual costs for the NATTA approach were compared to a theoretical approach using universal genotyping with a provision of phenotypically similar RBC transfusions.

RESULTS

The annual cost of testing related to DARA after NATTA implementation was $535.76 per patient. The simulated annual cost for the alternative genotyping with provision of phenotypically similar RBC transfusions approach was $934.83 per patient.

CONCLUSION

In our entire cohort of DARA patients, a DTT‐based testing algorithm with selective genotyping and provision of phenotypically similar RBCs only for patients with clinically significant antibodies was less expensive than a simulated model of universal genotyping and provision of phenotypically similar RBCs.
Molecular identification of Ehrlichia ewingii in a polyarthritic Texas dog
Authors: Modarelli Joseph J. , Borst Mindy M. , Piccione Julie , Esteve‐Gasent Maria D.
Published: January 2019

An 8‐year‐old, neutered male, Golden Retriever presented for bilateral carpal joint effusion. A complete blood count revealed mild leukopenia and marked thrombocytopenia. Samples were sent to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory for blood smear review and serologic testing for tick‐borne diseases. Numerous morulae were observed within neutrophils, and antibodies against Ehrlichia canis were detected at a 1:512 dilution via the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. As neutrophilic morulae are morphologically indistinguishable between Ehrlichia ewingii and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and genus‐wide cross‐reactivity is possible with serologic testing, additional molecular testing was performed. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) followed by conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing were performed on serum identified with E ewingii as the sole disease‐causing agent. Three months after diagnosis and treatment, no morulae were found, molecular testing for E ewingii detected no DNA, and convalescent IFA testing demonstrated a continued detection of antibodies for E canis at a 1:512 dilution. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of E ewingii confirmed with molecular diagnostics in a Texas dog. The zoonotic transmission potential of E ewingii should be noted as Texas supports competent tick vectors, and dogs represent effective sentinels for human ehrlichiosis. This report also highlights the utility of molecular diagnostics when serologic and microscopic evaluations are not sufficient in providing the species‐level identity of a causative agent.