bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor PF-2545920 as a prospective agent for the clinical promotion of sperm motility
Authors: Yang Yi-Ting , Yan Bin , Li Yu-Hua , Guo Li-Na , Wang Wei-Wei , Liu Li-Jie , Yu He-Guo , Diao Hua
Published: August 2023

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors can improve sperm motility in patients with asthenozoospermia. However, the most commonly reported nonselective PDE inhibitor pentoxifylline and PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil have the disadvantages of requiring a high concentration and destroying sperm integrity. We examined the PDE10A inhibitor PF-2545920 to compare its ability to promote sperm motility with that of pentoxifylline and sildenafil. After seminal plasma was discarded, several semen samples were subjected to four treatments (control, PF-2545920, pentoxifylline, and sildenafil) to evaluate their ability to affect motility, viability, and spontaneous acrosome reactions. Intracellular calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial membrane potential, and penetration through viscous medium were assessed by flow cytometry, luciferase, and hyaluronic acid after treatment with PF-2545920. Statistical analyses were performed using the analysis of variance statistical test. PF-2545920 elevated the percentage of motile spermatozoa compared to the control, pentoxifylline, and sildenafil groups at 10 µmol l−1 (P < 0.01). It is less toxic to GC-2spd mouse spermatocytes cells and spermatozoa and causes fewer spontaneous acrosomal reactions (P < 0.05). PF-2545920 also increased mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.001) and altered intracellular calcium (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner, including increasing sperm hyaluronic acid penetrating ability (P < 0.05). Therefore, PF-2545920 might be an excellent choice for stimulating the sperm motility.
Assessment of distal forearm dexa scan as a screening tool for primary osteoporotic fractures of distal end radius in postmenopausal women
Authors: Ranjan Ravi , Khare Rahul , Guguloth Naresh , Jaiswal Sankalp , Pandey Sarvesh Kumar , Shukla Ajay , Yadav Ajay Kumar , Singh Devender
Published: August 2023

Background:

Fragility fractures, which most typically afflict postmenopausal women’s wrists, hips, and spines, are frequently caused by osteoporosis. In comparison to other times and places, the incidence is approximately two times higher during perimenopause. The risk of future wrist fractures is markedly increased by a prior fracture. Many studies have emphasized the importance of screening as a preventative measure against future fractures in these people with osteoporosis. This study aimed to assess the utility of distal forearm dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as a screening tool to assess the risk of development of primary osteoporotic fractures at the distal end radius (DER) in postmenopausal women.

Objectives:

The study’s objective was to determine whether DEXA at the distal end of the radius could be used as a screening technique to determine the fragility fractures.

Materials and Methods:

The method followed included a cross-sectional study conducted on 60 patients (30 in group A: postmenopausal women with DER fracture, and 30 in group B: postmenopausal women without fractures), who fulfilled the inclusion criteria.

Results:

All patients underwent DEXA scan at three sites (hip, spine, and distal radius). On comparison of T-score between Hip, Spine, DER in group A , T-score with value <−2.5 was 53.33% at Hip, 70% at Spine and 70 % at DER with Total of 64.44%. mean±S.D at Hip was −2.73±1.27, at Spine was −3.23±1.25 and at DER was −3.42±162. P-value 57 was 0.298, Hip vs Spine: 0.184 , Hip vs DER : 0.184, Spine vs DER : 1. On comparison of Tscore between Hip, Spine, DER in group B, T-score with value <−2.5 was 30% at Hip, 56.67% at Spine, 13.33% at DER with total of 33.33%. mean±SD was −2.09±0.9 at Hip, −2.54±1.32 at Spine and −1.64±0.78 at DER. P-value was 0.002,Hip vs Spine : 0.037, Hip vs DER: 0.209, spine vs DER: 0.0009. this supports above study and we can use DER DEXA Scan as a screening tool in postmenopausal women. There was a significant deterioration of T-score at DER and hip and spine in the fracture group compared with the control group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Some postmenopausal women showed preferential bone loss at the distal region of the radius, which would make them more susceptible to fragility fractures there. In general, forearm DXA for the evaluation of local bone density may prove beneficial to screening people at risk for distal radial fractures and makes it easier to identify patients who need osteoporosis treatment early on.
Retrograde intramedullary nailing for distal femur fracture after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Khan Mohammad Jesan , Asif Naiyer , Sankhwar Dilip Kumar , Aggarwal Pankaj
Published: August 2023

Periprosthetic fractures over the total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are increasing in aged population. When open reduction is considered as a treatment option there is excessive soft tissue insult causing reduction of periosteal blood supply resulting in delayed union and weight bearing. Patient of the case of postosteoarthritis TKA with periprosthetic supracondylar fracture treated with retrograde intramedullary nailing. The patient after 12 months of follow-up gained a comparable range of motion with early weight bearing and union. Retrograde intramedullary nail, through compatible TKA component, is a feasible option and has numerous advantages over other conventional methods being less invasive, less time-consuming, less blood loss, preservation of fracture hematoma, and periosteal blood supply.
Orf Mimicking a Venous Ulcer in the Foot
Authors: Cebeci Dua , Can İlkay , Bayraktaroğlu Görgün
Published: August 2023

Orf virus is a DNA virus belonging to the parapoxvirus family which is transmitted to humans by zoonotic routes through contact with infected animals. It is a worldwide spreading pathogen that can cause significant financial losses in animal production. Here, we present the case of a 42-year-old man diagnosed with orf but presenting as a venous ulcer in his on the inside of the left foot. He had been caring for his neighbor’s sheeps which had been recently ill with “sore mouth.” This case draws attention to the fact that orf should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with foot ulcers.
Multiple Orbital Hemangiomas
Authors: Mushtaq Iqra , Nibe Pranjali Lahanu , Iqbal Banyameen , Kambale Tushar
Published: August 2023

Intraorbital cavernous hemangiomas are the most known benign vascular tumors of the orbit in adults, however, multiple lesions diagnosed as cavernous hemangiomas in the orbits are very rarely reported. The most common presenting complaints are slowly progressive painless proptosis. They rarely present with vision impairment. Multiple cavernous hemangiomas, although rare, systemic evaluation of the patients should be done in these cases to rule out multi-centric lesions. Complete excision of the tumors should be done surgically, and the patients need to be followed on a long-term to monitor for recurrence. Here, we report a case of multiple unilateral cavernous hemangiomas in a 44-year-old male patient, who was treated as a case of neurofibroma clinically based on radiological investigations.
Audiological findings and non-audiological correlates in individuals with acoustic neuroma: A systematic review
Authors: Jayagopi Chinnarasu , Neelamegarajan Devi
Published: August 2023

Many individuals with vestibular schwannoma experience hearing loss along with tinnitus and dizziness. The accurate diagnosis of acoustic neuromas requires audiological evaluation, radiological evaluations, and other brain imaging findings. This review study aimed to compile the articles comprising audiological and non-audiological evaluations of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their correlations in individuals with acoustic neuroma. From the 38 finalized full-length articles, 13 studies were included in the systematic review. The results of these articles reported that most patients with acoustic neuroma have significant unilateral hearing loss, mostly descending or sloping type. Along with the hearing loss, these individuals showed marked abnormality in auditory brainstem response peaks and reduced speech discrimination scores. Approximately 4%–6% of the acoustic neuroma patients did not show any symptoms of hearing loss. The audiological test results did not significantly correlate with the tumor size or the site. However, small tumors or tumors at the early stage were difficult to diagnose through audiological tests alone. Non-audiological evaluations such as CT and MRI have increased the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma at the early stage. The incidence of vestibular schwannoma has increased globally during the past 30 years. This study insists on the utility of non-audiological evaluation in diagnosing acoustic neuroma, even though the patient shows no audiological symptoms such as hearing loss and tinnitus. Also, it recommends the audiologist consider the radiological findings while determining the diagnosis in patients indicating unilateral hearing loss, sudden sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, reduced speech understanding, and dizziness.
Development of a screening checklist to assess problem behaviors in children with communication disorders
Authors: Shaji Sujisha Muttamthottil , Antony Freddy , Yeshoda Krishna
Published: August 2023

Purpose:

The coexistence of problem behaviors and speech-language communication issues is widely known. But there is ambiguity in the management of children who have both behavioral and language difficulties on whether or when to make a referral for behavioral intervention. Hence, the present study aimed to develop a screening checklist to detect problem behaviors among children with communication disorders.

Materials and Methods:

A preliminary screening checklist was made after reviewing seven tests that are commonly used to assess problem behaviors. After content validation by three expert professionals and incorporating the observations made by them, a 13-item-screening checklist was finalized. The checklist was administered on 100 Malayalam-speaking parents of children with communication disorders aged below 14 years, identified using a systematic random sampling technique from the clinical service database (2019–2021) of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing. The interview was carried out over a telephone call.

Results:

The results showed that the 13-item-screening checklist was sufficient to assess problem behaviors in children in communication disorders. The results also showed a significant difference in problem behavior severity and frequency scores across communication disorders. Of the different communication disorders, the autism spectrum disorder group showed the highest presence of problem behavior.

Conclusion:

The easy and quick 13-item problem behavior-screening checklist, validated by expert professionals, is sufficient to assess problem behaviors in various communication disorders. The data show higher prevalence of and significant differences in problem behaviors across communication disorders, with autism spectrum disorder group showing the highest scores on problem behavior.
Comparison of Enamel Surface Roughness between Light-cured and Self-cured Composites used in Orthodontic Bonding by using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Mandolil George S. , Louis Chraseeta , Rai E. Ajay , Shetty Praveena
Published: August 2023

Introduction:

Debonding is a procedure of removing orthodontic attachments along with the entire residual adhesives from the surface of enamel following orthodontic treatment completion. The objective of the orthodontists should be to restore the surface of enamel as closely as possible to natural enamel without inducing iatrogenic injury and with minimal loss of enamel structure. Bonding of brackets on enamel involves surface etching, application of primer, and adhesive. All these steps involve the risk of damaging the enamel surface and changing its original morphology. Upon completion of orthodontic treatment, the debonding procedure followed by residual resin removal further damages the enamel, producing scratches, cracks, grooves, removal of fluoride-rich external enamel layer, and increasing the enamel roughness. The rough enamel surface inhibits proper cleaning and thus invites plaque deposition, bacterial retention, stain formation, and thus dampening the aesthetic appearance of the teeth. Restoring the enamel to its original morphology is a challenge. A variety of mechanical methods have been proposed to achieve satisfactory resin removal with least possible enamel damage following bracket debonding. The Enhance finishing and Pogo polishing system (Dentsply, Milford, USA) is also widely used and is made up of polymerized urethane dimethacrylate resin, aluminium oxide, silicon dioxide, and fine diamond powder.

Methods:

The sample of 50 tooth extracted for orthodontic purpose was procured as per the inclusion criteria. Buccal surfaces of teeth on the area where bracket is bonded and then debonding is done. After residual resin removal with Enhance system finishing and polishing bur. Measurements for each specimen were measured and mean was calculated and evaluated with the help of Atomic Force Microscopy (Baseline roughness data).

Result:

Self cure composite gives relatively lesser surface roughness when compared to light cure composites.

Conclusion:

The study shows that the self cure adhesive gives the smoother enamel surface when compared to the tooth treated with light cure adhesive after debonding and finishing and polishing.
A case of giant axonal neuropathy
Authors: Kuncheria Jo Martin , Shanavas A.
Published: August 2023

Giant axonal neuropathy is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in progressive mixed peripheral neuropathy and degeneration of central white matter. Child has short frizzy hair, distichiasis, pes planus, scoliosis, symptoms suggestive of cerebellar involvement, hypotonia, and hyporeflexia. Nerve conduction study showed features of axonal neuropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging brain showed hyperintensities in periventricular and bilateral deep cerebral white matter extending to involve the posterior limb of internal capsule, brain stem and cerebellar white matter. Clinical exome sequencing was positive for giant axonal neuropathy. Conservative management was done including physiotherapy under PMR guidance, family counseling, and follow-up care.
Aggressive Local Ablative Radiotherapy Mitigates Progression Risk in Oligometastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yang Gowoon , Kim Kyung Hwan , Lee Chang Geol , Hong Min Hee , Kim Hye Ryun , Cho Yeona , Yoon Hong In
Published: August 2023

Purpose This study aimed to determine the role of local ablative radiotherapy (LART) in oligometastatic/oligoprogressive lung adenocarcinoma.Materials and Methods Patients (n=176) with oligometastatic lung adenocarcinoma treated with LART were identified, and those treated with LART at the initial diagnosis of synchronous oligometastatic disease (OMD group) or treated with LART when they presented with repeat oligoprogression (OPD group) were included.Results In the OMD group (n=54), the 1- and 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) were 50.9% and 22.5%, respectively, whereas the 1- and 3-year overall survival in the OPD group were 75.9% and 58.1%, respectively. Forty-one patients (75.9%) received LART at all gross disease sites. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) use and all-metastatic site LART were significant predictors of higher PFS (p=0.018 and p=0.046, respectively). In patients treated with TKIs at the time of LART (n=23) and those treated with all-metastatic site LART, the 1-year PFS was 86.7%, while that of patients not treated with all-metastatic site LART was 37.5% (p=0.006). In the OPD group (n=122), 67.2% of the patients (n=82) maintained a systemic therapy regimen after LART. The cumulative incidence of changing systemic therapy was 39.6%, 62.9%, and 78.5% at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after LART, respectively.Conclusion Aggressive LART can be an option to improve survival in patients with oligometastatic disease. Patients with synchronous oligometastatic disease receiving TKI and all-metastatic site LART may have improved PFS. In patients with repeat oligoprogression, LART might potentially extend survival by delaying the need to change the systemic treatment regimen.
Characteristics and Treatment of Breast Cancer in Men: A 12-year Single-Institution Review
Authors: Matheka Mwongeli , Wasike Ronald
Published: August 2023

Background: Male breast cancer has a low incidence, hence there are few studies evaluating the disease, and no recent studies from Kenya. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics, and treatment of men diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study, carried out at a tertiary hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, of men diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2009 and December 2021. Data on the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment, and outcome were collected. Standard descriptive statistics were used to describe the patient characteristics. Results: Seventeen male patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, representing 1.40% of all breast cancer patients. Four patients were excluded due to incomplete records. The median age at diagnosis was 68 years (range 28–83). The majority were African Bantu (n=11, 84.6%). Most patients presented with clinical T1 (n=10, 76.9%) and N0 (n=8, 61.5%) disease. Luminal A molecular subtype was the most common (n=8, 61.5%). All 11 patients who underwent operative management underwent modified radical mastectomy. Conclusion: The rate of male breast cancer was similar to the global rate. The majority of our patients presented with early breast cancer and estrogen receptor-positive disease. Treatment was primarily modified radical mastectomy followed by adjuvant systemic therapy.
Spontaneous Lumbar Hernia: A Case Report
Authors: Mohamed Mundhir Said , Abdalla Ramadhani Omari
Published: August 2023

Lumbar hernias are rare, and the diagnosis can be easily missed. Acquired lumbar hernias can occur spontaneously; however, they are increasingly being reported due to trauma or flank surgery. A good history and examination can aid in diagnosis with imaging confirming the condition. Hernia repair can be laparoscopic or through open surgical approaches. We report a case of primary spontaneous lumbar hernia which was managed by an open approach to close the defect with retromuscular mesh placement.
Insecticidal activities of volatile oils of lime fruit peels and African black pepper seeds on adult kola weevil and their chemical compositions
Authors: Alabi O.Y. , Olaoluwa O.O. , Odeyemi E.F. , Buari R.A.
Published: August 2023

Balanogastris kolae reduces the quality of stored kolanuts; yet, plants with insecticidal properties could be used to manage this insect pest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plant oils against B. kolae, a storage pest of kolanuts. The Citrus aurantifolia fruit peel and Piper guineense seed volatile oils obtained via hydro-distillation of the dried, pulverised samples were tested. Their chemical composition was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Adult mortality was generally low (0.0%) across treatments and exposure times, though not significant (P > 0.05) in the fumigant tests The highest mortality (47.5%) was recorded at 24 hours in 1.0% P. guineense, while the mortality was 13.1% occurred at 12 hours in the 15.0% C. aurantifolia concentration. In contact toxicity tests, none of the weevils treated with 10.0% C. aurantifolia survived after 24 hours of exposure. The highest mortality (85.0%) was obtained from the 10.0 and 15.0% P. guineense volatile oil after 96 hours. Citrus aurantifolia elicited contact toxicity against the weevil more than P. guineense across all concentrations. The GC-MS analysis gave 33 compounds in C. aurantifolia and 43 in P. guineense volatile oil samples. The prominent compounds were limonene (3.222%), linalyl isobutyrate (2.484%), gamma-caryophyllene (1.197%) and Patchoulene (6.529%). Therefore, C. aurantifolia fruit peel and P. guineense seed volatile oils are efficacios in controlling Balanogastris kolae insect pest infestation on kolanuts, though C. aurantifolia fruit peel oil is the best as it compares closely with the synthetic pesticide (2,2-dimethyl dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP)).
Farmer knowledge, management practices and occurrence of tomato root knot nematodes in Kenya
Authors: Birithia R.K. , Kuria D.K.
Published: August 2023

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) is a major constraint to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in sub-Saharan Africa; yet there is low adoption of recommended nematode control measures in regions like east Africa due to inadequate farmer knowledge about the pest and associated diseases. The objective of this study was to assess farmers’ knowledge status, and intensity of damage of root-knot nematodes and their management practices in Kenya. A survey was conducted in Kenya, during February to August 2021; using a semi-structured questionnaire administered to 282 randomly selected household heads of actively growing tomato farmers, at two elevations in three counties. Most farmers (98.9%) could not identify the disease precisely. They mostly attributed its symptoms to moisture stress and nutrient deûciencies. Most farmers (63%) practiced mono-cropping; while only 4.3% of farmers amended soils with manure. Respondents preferred growing RKN susceptible tomato varieties, mainly Rio-Grande, Cal J, Onyx and Kilele FI. A total of 92% expressed willingness to shift to RKNs resistant varieties, if recommended varieties match their desirable characteristics. Majority of the respondents lacked knowledge on nematode characteristics and its associated disease control. A total of 37.9% of the respondents did not use control measures against the RKNs. There was high disease incidence, severity and galling index in the surveyed areas.
Using AquaCrop model to derive deficit irrigation schedules for improved irrigation water management for tomato production in Zimbabwe
Authors: Muroyiwa G. , Mhizha T. , Mashonjowa E. , Muchuweti M.
Published: August 2023

Increasing scarcity and unreliability of rainfall, and the absence of irrigation schedules are challenges to decision-making, particularly for viable tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) production in Zimbabwe. The objective of this study was to determine water requirements of tomato as a basis for developing generic calendar guidelines for a more efficient irrigation management in Harare, Zimbabwe. We explored the options of improving the traditional, dry and supplementary wet season irrigation practices. By considering the archived climate data of thirty years (1991-2021) for Harare; and model-simulated consumptive water use from 2014 to 2017 at Thornpark Research Station, together with the crop and soil characteristics; and the irrigation method; an irrigation calendar was developed using the AquaCrop model 5.0. The improved irrigation schedule for dry season tomato cultivation at 60% ETc, resulted in water use of 471.6 mm, with a yield of 3.40 t ha-1; compared to water use of 820 mm and a yield of 1.118 t ha-1; for the wet season. Through this model, we have been able to estimate the time interval between the previous irrigation and the next irrigation for any date in the growing season. Therefore, year-round irrigated tomato production may be feasible with an added yield advantage of 2.28 t ha-1 obtainable using water and rainy periods.
Restorative effects of Azadicarachta indica on the kidney histomorphometry in cisplatintreated Wister albino rats
Authors: Edwin Uluma Wanjala , Domnic Marera Oduor , Norman Demba Rodgers
Published: August 2023

Background: Cisplatin is used for treatment of soft tissue tumors and has been associated with nephrotoxicity. Azadirachta indica is a local herb that has been associated with attenuation and counteracting the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin. However, there is inadequate histomorphometric evidence to support this potential. This study therefore aims to evaluate the possible Restorative Effects of Azadirachta indica on Kidney Histomorphometry in Cisplatin-Treated Wister Albino Rats. Methods: Twenty-five Wister Albino Rats of weight 250-400g were randomly selected into five groups of control or experimental with each group containing five animals. The control group only fed on water adlibitum. Experimental group one was administered with intraperitoneal injection 0.28mg/kg of cisplatin, other three experimental groups were given a constant dose of intraperitoneal 0.28mg/kg of cisplatin on day one followed by per oral 6.67mg/kg/bwt/day experimental group two, 5mg/kg/bwt/day experimental group three and 3.33mg/kg/bwt/day experimental group four of azadiracta indica on day five for seven days. On day thirteen all animals were euthanized. The kidneys were histologically prepared. Photomicrographs were taken and uploaded on stepanizer for histostereology. Results: The glomerulus and the Bowmans capsule of experimental group one, two and four had a significant (P ≤ 0.0001) reduction and increased respectively, only the glomerulus space for the experimental group two had significant (P ≤ 0.002) increase as compared to the control. Conclusion: Out of the three doses of azadicracta indica, the medium dose of 5.0mg/kg was able to restore the histomorphometry and histostereology of the kidney on administration of 0.28mg/kg of cisplatin.
Finger print patterns distribution among diabetics and non-diabetics in western Uganda population
Authors: Marera Domnic
Published: August 2023

Background: Dactyloscopy is a branch of dermatoglyphics (the study of epidermal ridges) which involves assessment and classification of fingerprint patterns for identification. All fingerprint patterns are laid down permanently from the third month of the intra-uterine life and they remain unchanged throughout the life. This is also the time when all organs in the body are finalizing their development. Therefore, a positive association of the dermatoglyphic features with different diseases like diabetes, mongolism, schizophrenia and leprosy have been well documented in the literature. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dermatoglyphic patterns and the specific variations which may be used as a valuable diagnostic tool for early detection of diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 150 diabetic subjects and 150 non- diabetics (control) were selected from the KIUTH Western Uganda and their fingerprints were taken by the Indian ink method. The print patterns including whorls, arches, ulnar and radial loops were analysed and the variations were cross-tabulated between sex, the side of the hand and pattern distribution indexes. Data was analysed using SPSS version 26 and Dankmeijer's index and Furuhata's index were used to assess variability of the fingerprint patterns. Chi square tests was used to test for significance in variations at a confidence interval of 95%. Results and conclusion: Ulnar loops were the most predominant patterns among diabetic subjects at 35.2% followed closely by whorls at 35.1%. The most common pattern were whorls found in both hands of females at 21% (315/1500), whilst the most common pattern for male group were whorls at 17.5% (262). However, some fingers such as the ring finger completely lacked an arch pattern in both groups. The increase in arches was strongly supported by a significant increase in Dankmeijer’s index. The presence of high number of ulnar loops can therefore maybe used as an early indicator of type two diabetes.
Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens in a tertiary hospital, southwest Nigeria
Authors: Otaigbe I. I. , Ebeigbe E. , Okunbor H. N. , Oluwole T. O. , Elikwu C. J.
Published: August 2023

Background: Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance have made it necessary to regularly monitor antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram negative bacterial uropathogens in order to optimize antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens in Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, southwest Nigeria.

Methodology: This study was a retrospective review of the Medical Microbiology Laboratory records of the hospital to analyze the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative urinary bacterial isolates between May 2016 and April 2022. The bacteria were isolated and identified from routine urine samples using standard bacteriological methods. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) to amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem was routinely performed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and susceptibility break points determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.

Results: A total number of 3,549 urine samples were processed during the period of review, and 808 (22.8%) samples yielded positive bacterial cultures. Of the 808 isolates, 604 (74.8%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (41.9 %) and Klebsiella spp (27.5%) while Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp accounted for 4.3% and 1.0% of all isolates respectively. Meropenem had the highest in vitro antibacterial activity (74.3% to 90.3% of isolates were sensitive) for all isolates. Overall, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. showed high resistance rates to amoxicillin-clavulanate (65.3% to 97.1%).

Conclusion: Effective antimicrobial stewardship programs must be in place in order to ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics for treating urinary tract infections.
Isolation of Globicatella sanguinis from a neonate with sepsis using BacT/Alert and VITEK-2 compact system at Federal Teaching Hospital, Katsina, northwest Nigeria: A case report
Authors: Obaro H. K. , Suleiman M. B. , Yekinni S. A. , Sanda A. , Aminu B. T.
Published: August 2023

Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, predominantly in developing countries. The bacterial causes of neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are however dynamic. Globicatella sanguinis is a streptococcus-like bacterial agent capable of causing serious infection in humans that has been rarely isolated from clinical samples, and is an uncommon pathogen that is difficult to identify. Identification based on phenotypic methods alone can misidentify many bacteria, and this may affect precise antibiotic treatment. We report the isolation of a rare bacterial pathogen, G. sanguinis from a three-hour-old preterm female neonate (28 weeker, extremely low birth weight) with sepsis and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) at Federal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Nigeria, and to the best of our knowledge, one of the very few reported cases all over the world. Blood sample was aseptically collected from the neonate and cultured on BacT/Alert automated system (BioMérieux, Mercy-Etoile, France). A rare bacterium was identified from a positive culture, and in vitro susceptibility test using VITEK-2 compact system showed the isolate to be sensitive to gentamicin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. Despite antibiotic treatment and other standards of care, on day 9 of admission, the baby developed apnea and all resuscitative measures proved abortive. In a developing country like Nigeria where child mortality due to infection is high, the inclusion of advanced technologies such as improved VITEK-2 compact system, PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, and next-generation sequencing, could play a significant role in its reduction.
Isolated axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis in a Nigerian female: A case report with review of the literature
Authors: Uchendu J. O. , Yovwin D. G. , Esemuede O.
Published: August 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous infectious pulmonary and systemic disease caused mostly by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). It has variable clinical presentation and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the middle-and-low-income-countries (LMICs). Isolated axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis (ATL) is rare and is defined as the presence of axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis in the absence of previous or active pulmonary TB or evidence of extrapulmonary TB elsewhere. We present a case of isolated ATL in a 54-year-old HIV-negative Nigerian woman, whose diagnosis was made using histological evaluation that demonstrated typical Langhan’s giant cells and caseous necrosis, with the detection of mycobacterial DNA by GeneXpert TB test. Isolated ATL is a diagnostic enigma but should be considered in young and middle-aged women in TB endemic regions presenting with enlarged axillary lymph nodes in the absence of foci of infections or malignancy. Sex difference in immunological response to infection may account for this unique presentation among the female gender.
Impact of Climate Change on Flora and Fauna of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Mjema Janeth , Namwamba John Bosco , Malusu Joseph , Kiwale Kelvin , Kangwana Lucinda
Published: August 2023

Mount Kilimanjaro, a giant volcanic mountain in Tanzania, Africa, is the highest mountain in the continent. It has experienced observable changes as this paper will discuss. The objective of this study is to describe Mount Kilimanjaro’s climate, ecosystems, geology, the impact of climate change on its flora and fauna and model the mountain’s lateral cliff retreat with respect to years. Mount Kilimanjaro serves as the source of several water systems in both Kenya and Tanzania. Global warming’s impact on the mountain’s glacier affects the river systems through flood occurrences. The impact is also felt on the mountain as temperatures rise above the optimum temperatures of normal body activities of many species (both flora and fauna). The data was extracted from a publication. The researchers used the model to predict the elevation in 2040.This could result in suppression of some species and enhancement for those that are able to adapt to warmer temperatures. Invasive species may also be introduced to this environment and thrive. This study found that climate change dictated changes in patterns of large animals’ migration and changes in flora and fauna species’ population and structure.
Dynamics Reverting learners in Institutions of Higher Education in Kenya: Are Learners prepared for change?
Authors: Ndaita Justina Syonthi
Published: August 2023

This article attempts to interrogate the dynamics reverting young students in the institutions of higher Education in Kenya. It presents the dynamics reverting the young students and tries to bring forth the solutions to these dynamics. The tender age at which students join institutions of higher learning finds them unprepared for social economic conditions they encounter. Most students struggle to fit in, and with lack of proper guidance on time management they eventually find themselves engaging in destructive activities. The children join schools at their young age and learn from elementary, primary, secondary, and textually levels. The children are academically well prepared and pass well in Kenya National Examinations and qualify to join institutions of Higher Learning. These learners after graduating to join these institutions of higher learning lack proper orientation and induction before joining colleges and universities. The young learners lose their identity as they struggle to fit in without proper guidance and preparedness. The eventualities are tragic as some drop out of learning, commit suicide and others commit homicides. Other activities include peer pressure which leads to drug abuse and substance, students’ apathy, involvement in religious cults, early unwanted pregnancies and marriages. All these, is a clear indication of societal moral decay and disintegration. Therefore, it is for this reason that this article addresses key issues affecting young people in institutions of higher learning and offers some suggestions to the ministry of education, stakeholders and partners in education to collaborate in introducing orientation and induction programmes as an intervention approach to rescue young lives.
Invitro Antitrypanosomal activity of fractions of ethanol extract from Terminalia cattapa leaf against Trypanosomal Brucei Brucei
Authors: Zubairu Maimuna
Published: August 2023

Trypanosomiasis is a tropical disease threatening human and animal health. Trypanosoma brucei brucei is unicellular parasites transmitted by the bite of tsetse fly and is the causative agent of sleeping sickness in humans and related diseases in animals. Over 25% of our common medicines contains some compounds obtained from plants. This research work is aimed at evaluating the invitro activity of fractionated ethanol extract of Terminalia cattapa leaf against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Crude extract was obtained by cold maceration using absolute ethanol, followed by partial purification of the extract using column chromatography techniques. The test was performed in triplicates using a 96 well microtitre plate. Light microscope was used to view the parasite motility at magnification of × 400. Treatment with varying concentrations of pooled fractions F1, F2 and F3 (100, 50 and 25 mg/ml) resulted in reduction of number of motile parasites compared to the negative control loaded with parasites. In conclusion, fractions (F2 ans F3) from ethanol extracts of Terminalia cattapa leaf have anti-trypanosoma activities against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in a dose depended manner with F3 being the most potent..
Evaluation of Phytochemicals and anti-inflammatory effects of hexane extracts from Borreria stachydea [(DC) Hutch. and Dalziel] (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Anas A. , Ambi A. A. , Zainab M. , Saleh M. I. A. , Saifullahi U.
Published: August 2023

This studies evaluated the preliminary phytoconstituents of hexane extract of Borreeia stachydea (Rubiaceae), toxicity studies using OECD guideline, acute and chronic inflammation. This revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, steroid, triterpenes, and tannins. Acute toxicity study showed no symptoms of toxicity even at 5000 mg/kg for the period of fourteen days. Its efficacy was significant at doses of 125 at p< 0.01 and 500 mg/kg at p< 0.05 when compared to distilled water treated groups. It is also significant at 125 mg/kg at p< 0.05 in 4 hr. Also 250 and 500 mg/kg at p< 0.001 in 5th hr compared to 1 hr treated group. The standard drug Diclopenac (10 mg /kg) provided a significance difference at (p< 0.001). Also at (4th hour), the extract at 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg inhibited inflammation induced by carrageenan by 92.16, 88.24 and 88. 24 % respectively compared to standard drug that has the inhibition by 90.20 %. Chronic inflammation that served as a long term inflammation of this studies indicated a significance difference at p< 0.05 with 500 mg/kg on day 4, 5 and 6 at p<0.01 with 250 mg/kg on day 5 and 6. Consequently, a significance was also observed at p<0.01 and p<0.001 on day 5 and 6 All compared to day 1 treated group. Acute toxicity study were observed that the extracts did not show any behavioral changes or mortality even at a dose of 5000 mg/kg this indicated its safety and efficacy. However, further studies can be carried out to reveal the exact mechanisms of action responsible to manage inflammation. This study has highlighted that the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant could be a potential new source as well as scientific proof of its ethno-pharmacological use in inflammatory disorders.
Prevalence of intestinal parasites on fruits and vegetables sold in Biu Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Usman A.M.
Published: August 2023

Prevalence of intestinal parasites on fruits and vegetables sold in Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria, was studied from the month of September to November, 2022. The study was aimed to determine the prevalence, sample that harboured the parasite most and species of parasites on fruits and vegetables sold in the study area. Eight different fruits and five vegetables were purchased from the main markets of the three selected areas in the Local Governments (Biu, Buratai and Miringa) once in a week. A total of 384 samples, comprising of 280 fruits (Tomatoes, Guava, Watermelon, Orange, Bitter Garden Egg, Cucumber, Apple and Bananas) and 104 vegetables (Spanish, cabbages, lettuces, onions and Carrot) were purchased and examined for intestinal parasites using sedimentation method. An overall prevalence of 250 (65.1%) was observed and vegetables had the highest prevalence rate 82 (78.8%) while fruits had 168 (60%). The difference in prevalence rate in different locations within the study area on both fruits and vegetables were statistically not significant (p<0.05). Ascaris lumbricoide was the most prevalent specie 110 (44%) while hymenolopis nana was the lowest prevalence specie 7 (2.8%) on both fruits and vegetables. Others parasites encountered include Entamoeba histolytica 32 (12.8%), Trichuira trichuris 30 (12%), Ancylostoma spp 27 (10.8%), Taenia spp 16 (6.4%), Strongyloid stercoralis 16 (6.4%) and Giadia lamblia 12 (4.8%). From the results of this study fruits and vegetables sold in this study area were highly contaminated with intestinal parasites due to poor environmental sanitation, handling method and preservation techniques by vendors, farmers and consumers as well as use of wastewater and poor fertilizer during farming. This can be reduced or prevented through proper disposal of human and animal waste, proper handling and use of modern preservation techniques, use of clean or treated water and recommended fertilizer during farming as well as proper washing of fruits and vegetables before consumption.
Incidence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection among patients attending Rimingado Comprehensive Healthcare Centre, Kano State, Nigeria.
Authors: Adamu Abdulwahid Isah , Tsakuwa Rabiu Adamu , Karfi Ibrahim Adamu , Ahmad Jamilu Rilwan , Shehu Mujiba Nasir , Muhammad Maryam Habeeb
Published: August 2023

The research was carried out to determine the incidence of malaria-typhoid co-infection among patients attending Rimingado comprehensive healthcare centre, Kano state, Nigeria. Patients’ bio- data were obtained through structured questionnaire and diagnosis was done using venous blood sample obtained from the participants. Rapid diagnostic test was used for analysis of malaria parasites while widal test was used for the analysis of enteric fever. Of the 150 patients enrolled for the study (85 females and 65 males), 60 (40.0%) had malaria and typhoid fever co-infection (P<0.05). The incidence of malaria-typhoid co-infection was highest among those in the age group range between 11-20 years (12.0%). However, with regard to the marital status, those that were single had the highest incidence of coinfection (27.3%) than the married. Poor sanitary habits, poverty and ignorance are the predisposing factors for the development of malaria and typhoid infections.
Determination of periodic optimal recruitment and wastage schedule using dynamic programming approach
Authors: Ogumeyo S.A , Okogun E.A
Published: August 2023

In this paper we propose a dynamic programming (DP) model that can assist organizations in determining future manpower requirement in terms of number, level of skills, and competence as well as formulating plans to meet those requirements. The model which incorporates both wastage and recruitment costs in its formulation is derived with an algorithm for obtaining planned periodic wastages and recruitments which can result in maximum net accruable revenue. We applied data obtained from an institution of higher learning to illustrate our proposed DP model based on wastage and recruitment costs and the results reveals that there should be no staff wastage in periods 2, 5, 9 and 10, and no recruitment should take in periods 2, 5, 8, 9 and 12 if the total accruable revenue from human resources to the organization is to be maximized. We also observed that the dual objective function value and that of the primal are equal which is in agreement with the duality theorem for symmetric duals.
Phytochemical, analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Calotropis procera (apple of Sodom) leaves
Authors: Namadina M. M. , Suleiman J. , Zakari S.A. , Abubakar F.B. , Sale A.I.
Published: August 2023

With the emergence of new drug resistant microorganisms and current anti-oxidative drugs, many medicinal plants will continue to be the best source of drugs which could be administered as herbal supplements. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and analgesic activities of Calotropis procera leaf (methanol extract). Antimicrobial activities was carried out against selected clinical isolates by agar well diffusion method. The anti-oxidative activities of the extracts were determined by means of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenol, carbohydrate, steroids and triterpenes. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most susceptible bacteria at 500 mg/ml with inhibition zone of 17 mm followed by Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus with 14 mm and MIC of 31.25 mg/ml each. The extract demonstrated dose-dependent varying degrees of anti-oxidative efficacy in the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. For the DPPH assay, IC50 values of 115.2 μg/mL. The analgesic effects observed at 20 mg/kg more than that of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of the extract. The results showed that Calotropis procera leaf extract possess compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant as well as analgesic properties. The findings will add value to the traditional uses of Calotropis procera leaves and conservation is necessary due to the significant medicinal properties demonstrated by the plant. Further research on isolation and characterization of the active compounds from fractions that showed antimicrobial and analgesic activities is recommended.
Impact of health workers observance of the COVID-19 protocols on medication adherence among persons living with HIV/AIDS attending an ART clinic in Central Hospital Warri, Nigeria
Authors: Ahwinahwi Ufuoma Shalom , Akpo Christiana Orevaoghene , Ejedafeta Courage Oghenegweke , Okolosi –Patani Omotejohwo E. , Temisanren Omayeli
Published: August 2023

The interruption of the continuum of care of persons living with Human Immundeficiency Virus /Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could lead to the worsening of their state. This study assessed the impact of the observance of COVID-19 protocols by healthcare providers on patients’ adherence to their antiretrovirals. This was a retrospective study carried out in Central Hospital, Warri-Nigeria. Patients (18 years and above) attending the Heart-to-heart clinic and receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for at least six months prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic were included in the study, socio-demographic data , viral load and appointment diaries in the period preceding and during the pandemic were obtained. Descriptive statistics were done for demographic data, relationship between viral suppression and COVID-19 era were determined using a chi squared test, mean difference in appointment visits kept before and during COVID -19 pandemic was determined with the aid of a paired sample t- test. One hundred and fifty-six cases were assessed, mean age was 49.12±0.83, 115 (73.4%) were female, 108(59%) married, self-employment, 93(59.6%), was the commonest means of livelihood and the majority, 132(84.6%), had been on ART for a duration of 11-15 years. There was a significant relationship between viral load suppression and the periods studied (p<0.001), mean appointments kept was significantly higher during than before the COVID-19 pandemic (p=0.002). The observance of measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 by healthcare workers did not reduce the level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).