bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct At-Sea Observations of Elephant Seals (Mirounga spp.) to Help Interpret Digital Bio-logging Data
Authors: van den Hoff John , Thalmann Sam
Published: March 2020

Background:

A key short-fall with animal-borne bio-logging instruments, which collect digital time-series data regarding the foraging behaviours of cryptic marine mammal species, is validating those data against in situ behaviours.

Objective:

To collate direct observations of elephant seal feeding behaviour to help interpret foraging behaviours inferred from Time-Depth Recorder (TDR) data.

Methods:

Direct observations of elephant seal foraging behaviour were collated from the published literature using a search of the world-wide-web. Those observations were supplemented with an unpublished record.

Results:

Two deep-sea video recordings and six surface sightings of elephant seals ingesting prey were collated. Each observation either supported or suggested an alternative to behaviours derived from digital time-depth profiles. The tendency for elephant seals to surface following the capture of large prey suggests precipitous drops in stomach temperature at the sea-surface, which have been recorded and interpreted as drinking events, more likely represent the ingestion of large prey items.

Conclusion:

Direct observations of marine mammal foraging behaviours are rare, yet they provide a means to continuously evaluate and interpret outcomes of bio-logging instruments.
A DECADE OF EXPERIENCE IN APPLICATION OF TRANSMYOCARDIAL LASER REVASCULARIZATION IN COMBINATION WITH AORTOCORONARY SHUNTING
Authors: Krnchoyan A. V. , Lyashenko S. A. , Starovoitenko A. G. , Dyuzhikova A. V. , Gasparyan R. A. , Poddubny A. V. , Dyuzhikov A. А.
Published: March 2020

Objective: to study the security and the effect of transmyocardial laser revascularization in combination with aortocoronary shunting in patience with diffuse coronary artery disease.

Materials and methods: the study compared the results of surgical treatment in patients with diffuse distal coronary artery disease in the period from 2007 to 2013. Patients were divided into two groups, the first group consisted of patients who underwent CABG in combination with TMLR (n-60), the second group includes patients who underwent isolated CABG (n-46). According to the initial demographic data and comorbidity, the groups were not significantly different from each other. Subsequent observation (on average 7, 5±0, 9 years) included rating of survival and return of angina.

Results: remote mortality during the observation period in the first group was 7, 6 % (n = 4), and in the second group — 18, 9 % (n = 7). In both groups the functional class of angina pectoris significantly decreased, however, in the first group this tendency was more expressed (exertional angina I EF in the CABG + TMLR group have 54 (90 %) patients, in the second group — 33 (71,7 %), p = 0,02.

Conclusions: transmyocardial laser revascularization in combination with aortocoronary shunting in high-risk patients with diffuse atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries contributed to an increase in exercise tolerance, reduced symptoms, and provided an acceptable quality of life in the long term.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINORS PATIENTS OF FEMALE PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT № 6 OF “SPECIALIZED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL” OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE KRASNODAR REGION
Authors: Darin E. V.
Published: March 2020

The aim of the work is to describe the structure of the psychopathology of minor patients treated in a hospital. Inpatient medical records of 39 minor patients who were admitted for treatment in 2018 to the women’s general psychiatric department No. 6 of the «Specialized Psychoneurological Hospital of the Ministry of Health» of the Krasnodar Territory were examined. The data obtained as a result of the study on the nosological affiliation of the inpatient population of adolescent patients, epidemiological, clinical and social factors can be useful for further comparative studies with subsequent scientific substantiation of proposals to optimize the organization of the provision of psychiatric inpatient care for children and adolescents in order to improve its quality.
An Innovative Electronic Health Toolkit (Our Whole Lives for Chronic Pain) to Reduce Chronic Pain in Patients With Health Disparities: Open Clinical Trial
Authors: Gardiner Paula , D'Amico Salvatore , Luo Man , Haas Niina
Published: March 2020

Background

Chronic pain affects millions of Americans. Our Whole Lives, an electronic health (eHealth) toolkit for Chronic Pain (Our Whole Lives for Chronic Pain [OWLCP]), is a mind-body chronic pain management platform that teaches self-management strategies to reduce pain impact and pain medication use.

Objective

The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of OWLCP in reducing pain impact and pain-related outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a pre-post clinical study (2 cohorts) to assess the feasibility of OWLCP usage among low-income patients with chronic pain. Outcome data, collected at baseline and 9 weeks, included Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29), pain self-efficacy, and pain medication use. In the statistical analysis, we used descriptive statistics, logistic regression, linear regression, and qualitative methods.

Results

Among the enrolled 43 participants, the average age was 50 years, (39/43) 91% were female, (16/43) 37% were black, and (7/43) 16% were Hispanic. From baseline to follow-up, the PROMIS measures showed a reduction in depression (P=.02), pain interference (P=.003), and average pain impact score (P=.007). Pain self-efficacy increased ((P<.001), whereas opioid use had a 13% reduction (P=.03).

Conclusions

The eHealth chronic pain management platform, OWLCP, is a potential tool to reduce the impact of chronic pain for low-income racially diverse populations.
Influence of Community and Culture in the Ethical Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in a Pandemic Situation: Deliberative Democracy Study
Authors: Schoch-Spana Monica , Brunson Emily K , Gwon Howard , Regenberg Alan , Toner Eric S , Daugherty-Biddison Elizabeth L
Published: March 2020

Background

Stark gaps exist between projected health needs in a pandemic situation and the current capacity of health care and medical countermeasure systems. Existing pandemic ethics discussions have advocated to engage the public in scarcity dilemmas and attend the local contexts and cultural perspectives that shape responses to a global health threat. This public engagement study thus considers the role of community and culture in the ethical apportionment of scarce health resources, specifically ventilators, during an influenza pandemic. It builds upon a previous exploration of the values and preferences of Maryland residents regarding how a finite supply of mechanical ventilators ought to be allocated during a severe global outbreak of influenza. An important finding of this earlier research was that local history and place within the state engendered different ways of thinking about scarcity.

Objective

Given the intrastate variation in the themes expressed by Maryland participants, the project team sought to examine interstate differences by implementing the same protocol elsewhere to answer the following questions. Does variation in ethical frames of reference exist within different regions of the United States? What practical implications does evidence of sameness and difference possess for pandemic planners and policymakers at local and national levels?

Methods

Research using the same deliberative democracy process from the Maryland study was conducted in Central Texas in March 2018 among 30 diverse participants, half of whom identified as Hispanic or Latino. Deliberative democracy provides a moderated process through which community members can learn facts about a public policy matter from experts and explore their own and others’ views.

Results

Participants proposed that by evenly distributing supplies of ventilators and applying clear eligibility criteria consistently, health authorities could enable fair allocation of scarce lifesaving equipment. The strong identification, attachment, and obligation of persons toward their nuclear and extended families emerged as a distinctive regional and ethnic core value that has practical implications for the substance, administration, and communication of allocation frameworks.

Conclusions

Maryland and Central Texas residents expressed a common, overriding concern about the fairness of allocation decisions. Central Texas deliberants, however, more readily expounded upon family as a central consideration. In Central Texas, family is a principal, culturally inflected lens through which life and death matters are often viewed. Conveners of other pandemic-related public engagement exercises in the United States have advocated the benefits of transparency and inclusivity in developing an ethical allocation framework; this study demonstrates cultural competence as a further advantage.
Influence of Community and Culture in the Ethical Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in a Pandemic Situation: Deliberative Democracy Study (Preprint)
Authors: Schoch-Spana Monica , Brunson Emily K , Gwon Howard , Regenberg Alan , Toner Eric S , Daugherty-Biddison Elizabeth L
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Stark gaps exist between projected health needs in a pandemic situation and the current capacity of health care and medical countermeasure systems. Existing pandemic ethics discussions have advocated to engage the public in scarcity dilemmas and attend the local contexts and cultural perspectives that shape responses to a global health threat. This public engagement study thus considers the role of community and culture in the ethical apportionment of scarce health resources, specifically ventilators, during an influenza pandemic. It builds upon a previous exploration of the values and preferences of Maryland residents regarding how a finite supply of mechanical ventilators ought to be allocated during a severe global outbreak of influenza. An important finding of this earlier research was that local history and place within the state engendered different ways of thinking about scarcity.

OBJECTIVE

Given the intrastate variation in the themes expressed by Maryland participants, the project team sought to examine interstate differences by implementing the same protocol elsewhere to answer the following questions. Does variation in ethical frames of reference exist within different regions of the United States? What practical implications does evidence of sameness and difference possess for pandemic planners and policymakers at local and national levels?

METHODS

Research using the same deliberative democracy process from the Maryland study was conducted in Central Texas in March 2018 among 30 diverse participants, half of whom identified as Hispanic or Latino. Deliberative democracy provides a moderated process through which community members can learn facts about a public policy matter from experts and explore their own and others’ views.

RESULTS

Participants proposed that by evenly distributing supplies of ventilators and applying clear eligibility criteria consistently, health authorities could enable fair allocation of scarce lifesaving equipment. The strong identification, attachment, and obligation of persons toward their nuclear and extended families emerged as a distinctive regional and ethnic core value that has practical implications for the substance, administration, and communication of allocation frameworks.

CONCLUSIONS

Maryland and Central Texas residents expressed a common, overriding concern about the fairness of allocation decisions. Central Texas deliberants, however, more readily expounded upon family as a central consideration. In Central Texas, family is a principal, culturally inflected lens through which life and death matters are often viewed. Conveners of other pandemic-related public engagement exercises in the United States have advocated the benefits of transparency and inclusivity in developing an ethical allocation framework; this study demonstrates cultural competence as a further advantage.
Uncertain Future and Prospects of the Prespa Agreement between Macedonia and Greece
Authors: Janev Igor
Published: March 2020

In the present article we discuss the future and prospects of the Prespa Agreement, concluded on June 17, 2018, between Macedonia and Greece aiming at resolving their “difference” over the name of Macedonia. The analysis is carried out by examining the legal aspects of United Nations Security Council Resolution 817 (1993) recommending the admission of Macedonia to UN membership but imposing on the applicant a provisional name (pending the settlement of difference over the applicant’s name), in particular its legal consistence with the provisions of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) and with the general jus cogens norms of International Law enshrined in the UN Charter. It is concluded that the UN SC Res.817 (1993) is by itself an ultra vires act and cannot serve as a legal basis for the Prespa Agreement (ex injuria jus not oritur), that the Prespa Agreement violates the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the peremptory norms of International Law, particularly the principle of self-determination and enters into legal matters that belong stricto sensu to the domain of domestic jurisdiction of Macedonia. For these reasons the Prespa Agreement cannot be considered a legally valid treaty and, consequently, and Agreement can be subject of unilateral termination under provisions of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).
Thomas Hobbes’ views on Philosophy, State of Nature and International Relations
Authors: Sheikh Aabid Majeed , Hassan Mahdi Musse , Rashid Saima
Published: March 2020

The state of nature of Hobbes is like a reflection of the depression of 1640s that prevailed in the United Kingdom. The basic concept that determines the state of nature is individuality. This phenomenon is the expression of individuality, the beginning of Renaissance but not of full competence, of expressing individuality, liberating oneself from doctrinal teachings and medieval conceptions. According to Hobbes, human beings are individuals who have the desire and choice to choose. The person's ability to use his will and preference determines his happiness or unhappiness. The emotions of feeling, fear, desire etc. which are the basic characteristics of human life, are not merely physical and factual phenomenon, but a moral phenomenon that becomes evident by loving, enjoying or disliking, desiring or avoiding oneself. For Hobbes, human life is competition and struggle. As a creature that thinks of the future, human beings are constantly struggling to secure their future ambitions. It is the basic survival condition of a person that wants to be sovereign. It is inevitable that people who are equal in terms of physical and mental force will fight everyone in natural condition. This paper tries to elucidate Thomas Hobbes’ understandings of the concepts of philosophy, state and state of nature. This article will further try to shed light on the Thomas Hobbes’s views on International Relations
Quality Differences in Wooden and Normal Broiler Breast Meat Marinated with Traditional and Clean Label Marinades
Authors: Jarvis Tessa , Byron Michael , Von Staden Morgan , Crist Courtney , Zhang Xue , Rowe Clint , Smith Brian , Schilling Wes
Published: March 2020

Wooden breast (WB) is a Pectoralis major muscle myopathy in broilers that negatively impacts breast meat quality. The objective of this research was to evaluate quality differences between normal (NOR), moderately woody (MOD), and severely woody (SEV) broiler breast that were marinated with water (control); water, sodium phosphate, and salt (traditional); or water, potassium carbonate, and salt (clean label). Treatments were vacuum tumbled for 30 min and then frozen in a CO2 cabinet. A 3 × 3 factorial structure within a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used to evaluate the effects of marinade (control, traditional, clean label) and WB severity (NOR, MOD, SEV) on tumble and cook loss, shear force, and texture profile analysis. For sensory analysis, a 2 × 3 factorial structure was used because the control was not evaluated. When averaged over WB severity, clean label marinade had less tumble loss (P < 0.05) than traditional. When averaged over marinade, NOR had less tumble loss (P < 0.05) than MOD and SEV. Marinated SEV were crunchier and less tender (P < 0.05) than MOD and NOR, and MOD was less tender (P < 0.05) than NOR. Similarly, the clean SEV was chewier (P < 0.05) than MOD and NOR, but traditional SEV was only chewier (P < 0.05) than NOR. Clean and traditional SEV were less acceptable (P < 0.05) than MOD and traditional NOR, but no difference (P > 0.05) existed in acceptability between MOD and NOR for both marinades. In addition, when averaging over WB severity, the traditional marinade was preferred (P < 0.05) over the clean label marinade. Although the clean marinade samples were tender, the clean label formulation was not interchangeable with the traditional marinade when SEV was marinated. The use of salt and sodium phosphate or potassium carbonate improved the eating quality of MOD and SEV WB. However, differences remain between NOR and SEV in tenderness, gumminess, and crunchiness that negatively impact consumer acceptability.
Preliminary Exploration of the Accuracy of Visual Evaluation in Estimating Actual Bruise-Trim Weight of Beef Carcasses
Authors: Kline Helen C. , Weller Zachary D. , Grandin Temple , Algino Ryan J. , Belk Keith E. , Edwards-Callaway Lily N.
Published: March 2020

Carcass bruising results in economic loss to the beef industry and is an indicator of a potential animal-welfare concern. The industry relies on visual assessment to determine the prevalence of bruising and to estimate bruise size (weight). This study examines the accuracy of using visual assessment to estimate bruise-trim weight from beef carcasses in a commercial slaughter facility. The removed bruise trim from 105 beef carcasses (84 cow and 21 steer carcasses; hot carcass weight for a subsample [mean ± standard deviation] = 768 ± 157 lb) was visually assessed by one trained observer using a protocol adapted from the National Beef Quality Audit Bruise Key visual assessment tool, and a second observer weighed the bruise trim. These data were used to assess the accuracy of the visual assessment of trim off of a carcass. A total of 68.6% (95% confidence interval: 58.7%, 77.1%) of collected bruise-trim weights were assessed correctly using the modi- fied National Beef Quality Audit Bruise Size Key visual assessment. Because of a limited number of samples in several of the bruise-trim categories, there is not a clear trend in how accuracy of estimation changed with increased bruise weight. These findings suggest that visual assessment of bruise trim may not be providing an accurate estimate of bruise-trim weight. The development of training materials to aid in visual bruise weight/size assessment would be helpful for improving bruise estimates within the cattle industry.
THE EFFECT OF PEER ASSESSMENT TOWARDS STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL AT SEMESTER II OF STIE MUHAMMADIYAH JAMBI 2018-2019
Authors: J Syilvia Wenny , Fajar Rahmat
Published: March 2020

Speaking subject performed at colleges, especially English language courses, is provided to students to actively develop English speaking skills. However, in fact there are still many students who are less taking advantage of the opportunities given. This has an impact on low student speaking skills. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of peer assessment of student speech skills in the second semester of Economics Development of STIE Muhammadiyah JambiThe design of this research is a quasi experimental with a posttest-only control group design. The population of the study was the semester II student of Economics Development of STIE Muhammadiyah Jambi year 2018/2019. The population consisted of 75 students. This research sample was class A as the experimental class and B as the control class. Both classes was taken the value of the speaking test which then be compared. The results of this study showed that students taught using peer assessment had better speaking skills than students taught using the teacher assessment.
DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP SYSTEM TO PURSUIT THE VISION, MISSION, AND GOALS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sulismadi S , Winarsih Siti Nurul fitria
Published: March 2020

The role of the rural village government in organizing their people to participate inthe development program is the success measurement of community development.A democratic leader views his role as both coordinator and integrator, puttinghimself to control, manage, and supervise his region without precluding the people’sright to express their ideas. This study aims at explaining the people’s responsestowards unsuccessful infrastructure development by their leader and the village’sgovernment. This study reviewed the phenomena using the qualitative approach;the data analysis used descriptive method to analyze the data. An active roleof the society in the infrastructure development shows the concern on the localenvironment. The emergence of activity whose primary purpose is to initiateinfrastructure development such as road and bridge can provide advantages for thelocal people and maintain a good relation among those people.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND EFFORTS TO PREVENT FRAUD IN BANKING COMPANIES
Authors: Endah Nur , Tarjo Tarjo , Musyarofah Siti
Published: March 2020

To realize good corporate governance, the principles of transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence, and fairness must be implemented to the fullest. The purpose of this study is to determine how the implementation of Good Corporate Governance and efforts to prevent fraud in banking companies. The research method used is a qualitative method. The data sources are primary and secondary data. The data is collected by interview, observation, and documentation. Whereas the data analysis technique is done by data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that the application of GCG at PT. BPR X can be said to be done according to the rules, but it is not yet optimal, it can be seen from several problems that exist in the company. The maximum implementation of GCG is expected to prevent fraud in banking companies.
PRESSURE OF CREDITOR STAKEHOLDERS, MEDIA COVERES AND INDUSTRIAL GROUPS ON THE QUALITY OF COMPANY'S SOCIAL DISCLOSURE
Authors: Suryani Lilis -
Published: March 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh tekanan stakeholder kreditur, liputan media dan kelompok industri terhadap kualitas pengungkapan sosial dan lingkungan perusahaan. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis regresi data panel. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 85 perusahaan go public peserta PROPER yang konsisten setiap tahunnya dan terdaftar di BEI selama periode 2014-2018. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa kelompok industri, ukuran perusahaan dan profitabilitas berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas pengungkapan sosial dan lingkungan. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa tekanan stakeholder kreditur dan liputan media tidak berpengaruh tehadap kualitas pengungkapan sosial dan lingkungan. Kualitas pengungkapan sosial dan lingkungan perusahaan go public peserta PROPER tidak semuanya berkualitas tetapi menunjukan peningkatan kualitas setiap tahunnya mengingat pentingnya profit, sosial dan lingkungan untuk keberlanjutan perusahaan kedepannya.
WHISTLEBLOWING INTENTION IN ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE & ETHICAL CLIMATE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Setiawan Jonathan Wiyarta , Utami Intiyas , Pesudo David Adechandra Ashedica
Published: March 2020

Recenty, whistleblowing has become an important subject for organizations because it enables individuals to disclose any regulation’s irregularities and frauds in their organization and report those irregularities and frauds to their superior. Whistleblowing can be supported many factors, among them are organizational justice and ethical climate. Organizational justice consists of distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice, while ethical climate consists of egoism, benevolence and principle of ethical climate. This research was conducted to examine employees’ tendencies to show their whistleblowing intentions when faced with organizational justice and ethical climate. Laboratory study was used as the type of this research that was administered at one of private universities in Yogyakarta and this research used 115 bachelor students majoring in accounting as the subjects of this research and generated 63 usable data. This research used 3x3 between subjects experiment as the design of the research and manipulated organizational justice and ethical climate. The results show that subjects who experienced distributive justice and benevolence of ethical climate had higher employees’ tendencies to show whistleblowing intentions than subjects who experienced procedural justice and interactional justice and ethical climate of egoism and ethical climate of benevolence .
INDONESIAN LISTED FIRMS, CORPORATE TAX AVOIDANCE, AND TAX HAVEN: EVIDENCE FROM THE ICIJ OFFSHORE LEAKS DATABASE
Authors: Soepriyanto Gatot , Zudana Arfian , Linggam Priti Siwa
Published: March 2020

This study aims to investigate the involvement of Indonesian firms in tax haven jurisdiction and their corporate tax avoidance activities. Employing Indonesian companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database from 2005-2016, this study found that Indonesian companies with tax haven operations as documented in the offshore database have a lower Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR) and Book Effective Tax Rate (BETR) relative to companies which presumably are unrelated to tax haven jurisdiction based on the leaks data. The results indicate that the effect of having tax haven operations is the reduction of tax payments. Furthermore, as predicted, this study found evidence that companies with tax haven operations as indicated in the ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database have higher cash holdings compared to the counterparts. In this case, those companies also have lower leverage relative to the companies without tax haven operations. Additionally, we also found that firms involved in tax haven operations have a lower return on assets and capital expenditures compared to firms that are not established in a tax haven jurisdiction. In general, those results show that by having operations in tax havens, companies can generate higher cash tax savings to be used for their operations. The findings of this study are significant to identify the characteristics attached to companies with tax haven operations and extend previous literature studies by providing evidence on the characteristics of companies in developing countries which use tax haven operations.
Chronic effects of fire suppressors on the reproduction of the copepod Nitocra sp.
Authors: Ueda-De-Carvalho Maysa , Buruaem-Moreira Lucas , Maranho-Alves Luciane , Moledo-de-Souza-Abessa Denis
Published: March 2020

Fire suppressors are widely used in firefighting and their chemical composition may present a mixture of perfluorochlorinated surfactants (PFCs), including the perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) which has been internationally banned due to its classification as a persistent organic pollutant (POP). PFCs have been found in environmental matrices and soft tissues of organisms, but the potential effect of such compounds on marine organisms has been overlooked. Here, it was evaluated whether the chronic exposures (i.e., seven days) to the fire suppressors Ageofoam, Cold Fire, Kidde and Argus could affect the reproduction of the copepod Nitocra sp. The tested concentrations consisted of those recommended on the products’ manuals and those ranging between 0.0001% and 1%. For each compound, the effective concentrations to 50% exposed organisms (EC50) and the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) were estimated. All the fire suppressors exhibited high toxicity, causing fecundity reduction. At the recommended dilutions, 100% lethality occurred for all compounds. The EC50 values ranged from 0.00817% - Ageofoam - to 0.03081% - Argus. The LOECs ranged from 0.001% - Ageofoam - to 0.1% - Argus and Kidde; and were much lower than the concentrations recommended for commercial use. The fire suppressors showed high toxicity to the copepod, reducing the reproduction rates, even in very low concentrations, suggesting that the release of such substances in the estuary caused severe effects to the environment. This assessment provides subsides to the environmental regulation of fire suppressors in Brazil, because these compounds do not have national regulations for their use and disposal.
Анализ деятельности по управлению градостроительным процессом в Москве нач. XVIII - конца XX века
Authors: Kuznetsov Sergey
Published: March 2020

Градостроительный процесс во всём мире, в том числе и в России, носит стадиальный характер, который означает, что этапы активного развития чередуются с фазами замедле­ния. Историков архитектуры всегда интересовали факторы, влиявшие на смену этапов, и вопросы периодизации градо­строительства. Одним из важнейших факторов, влиявших на стадиальность градостроительного развития, является организация системы управления градостроительным про­цессом. Особенно ярко это проявилось в Москве вследствие её уникального положения в иерархии российских городов, особой исторической важности для императоров и по­литических лидеров государства, изменениям столичного административного статуса, а также вызовов, связанных с антропогенными и природными катаклизмами.

История создания и развития структур и механизмов управления градостроительством Москвы началась около трёхсот лет назад, и сама по себе является ценным элементом градостроительной культуры. В статье предпринята попытка с позиции ретроспективного анализа выявить этапы эволюции, их закономерности и различия, разобраться в механизмах выработки решений и взаимодействия субъектов системы управления градостроительным процессом в Москве на про­тяжении длительного исторического периода: с момента переноса столицы в Санкт-Петербург в 1713-1714 годад до возвращения ей столичного статуса в 1918-ом и затем - до превращения в столицу СССР, а затем -Российской Федерации (1991). Это историческое знание полезно как для понимания градостроительного процесса Москвы, так и для создания эффективной модели управления градостроительным раз­витием в будущем.
Hugh Davis Graham's 'The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy'
Authors: Moen Ole O.
Published: March 2020

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Orm Overland and Steinar Kjærheim's 'Fra America til Norge I: Norske utvandrerbrev 1838-1857'
Authors: Thorsen Niels
Published: March 2020

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Jørgen Holmgaard's 'Americana'
Authors: MacQueen Donald S.
Published: March 2020

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Text, Context, and Culture in Literary Studies
Authors: Hestetun Øyunn
Published: March 2020

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O MOVIMENTO E A EMERGÊNCIA DO JOGO DE PAPÉIS NA CRIANÇA COM AUTISMO
Authors: Chicon José Francisco , Oliveira Ivone Martins de , Siqueira Mônica Frigini
Published: March 2020

O estudo objetiva compreender aspectos do percurso de desenvolvimento do jogo de papéis em crianças com autismo, tendo por eixo principal o movimento. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo estudo de caso, que enfoca o jogo protagonizado de três crianças com autismo, durante atividades lúdicas em uma brinquedoteca universitária. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram a observação participante, videogravação das sessões e registros em diário de campo. O estudo realizado indica percursos singulares no desenvolvimento do jogo de papéis na brincadeira dessas crianças, seguindo uma direção que parte de interesses e movimentos restritos e ausência de linguagem verbal; percorre um caminho de ampliação e diferenciação do movimento, com presença de vocalizações associadas a funções psíquicas mais elaboradas; e tem como ponto de chegada um processo articulado de delineamento de gestos, linguagem verbal e jogo de papéis.
CULTURA POLÍTICA E INSTITUIÇÕES NO BRASIL REGENCIAL: A PRIMEIRA LEGISLATURA DA ASSEMBLEIA PROVINCIAL DE PERNAMBUCO (1835-1836)
Authors: Cavalcanti Junior Manoel Nunes
Published: March 2020

Em seus primeiros anos, o governo regencial do Brasil Império tomou uma série de medidas políticas e administrativas de caráter descentralizador, buscando amenizar a centralização que caracterizou o período anterior do Primeiro Reinado. Um dos símbolos destas mudanças foi a instituição das Assembleias Provinciais, criada pela reforma constitucional do Ato Adicional de 1834. O objetivo era conceder maior autonomia às províncias no âmbito de sua administração. Este trabalho tem por finalidade principal analisar a implantação na província de Pernambuco de sua Assembleia, desde a forma de escolha dos primeiros deputados até o funcionamento de sua primeira legislatura. Com as ferramentas da história política e dos estudos de cultura política, busca-se entender a maneira como esta nova instituição se incorporou às políticas locais, as ligações dos seus deputados com as diferentes facções que lutavam pelo poder na província e seu papel nas mudanças que aconteciam na Regência.
LA PROFESIONALIZACIÓN DOCENTE EN PERSPECTIVA CRÍTICO-GENEALÓGICA. EL CASO ESPAÑOL
Authors: Fedicaria Juan Mainer
Published: March 2020

En este trabajo se trata de esbozar algunas ideas sobre la construcción del oficio docente, desde una perspectiva crítico-genealógica, que nos permitan situar históricamente los actuales discursos y prácticas, de neta raigambre neoliberal, sobre la formación del profesorado, así como los supuestos nuevos perfiles profesionales que se postulan y pretenden, en particular para la educación secundaria en España, en el marco de las políticas educativas del totalcapitalismo.
MÉTODO CLÍNICO: DESENVOLVIMENTO MORAL EM QUILOMBOLAS
Authors: Berg Juliana , Vestena Carla Luciane Blum
Published: March 2020

O presente trabalho traz reflexões preliminares de estudo teórico e exploratório por método clinico realizado em escolas da Colônia Vitória, município de Guarapuava, estado do Paraná, Brasil que recebem crianças advindas da comunidade quilombola Invernada Paiol de Telha. Pretende-se refletir sobre esse método por meio da compreensão moral ambiental dessas crianças quilombolas. Baseados na obra do autor construtivista Jean Piaget e considerando a percepção ambiental como parte da conexão existente entre a formação do juízo moral e dos valores quilombolas que são construídos de forma a existir uma compreensão do meio ambiente enquanto meio onde há uma relação dinâmica de troca. Entende-se que o método clínico viabilizou essa analise quando colocou em movimento o pensar infantil ativando o julgamento moral para as questões ambientais e também quando evindenciou o silêncio por opressão vivida pelas meninas da comunidade.
The Effects of Client Status and the Auditor's Presentation of Multiple Estimation Alternatives on Client Financial Reporting Aggressiveness
Authors: Aghazadeh Sanaz , Collins Andrew M. , Stefaniak Chad M.
Published: March 2020

Accounting estimates are highly subjective and multiple estimation alternatives often exist for a single account. When addressing audit-related adjustments with clients, auditors must decide whether to discuss all possible estimation alternatives or approach the client with only a single, auditor-preferred estimation alternative. In an experiment with experienced CFOs and controllers, we find clients with relatively higher status (operationalized as those with a CPA license) take more aggressive financial reporting positions when the auditor approaches the client with multiple adjustment options based on various estimation alternatives. Our study provides the first evidence that client status is a significant factor in auditor-client negotiations. We also demonstrate how auditors' approach to client negotiations involving multiple allowable estimation alternatives can influence audit quality.
Use of Antihyperglycemic Medications in U.S. Adults: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Le Phuc , Chaitoff Alexander , Misra-Hebert Anita D. , Ye Wen , Herman William H. , Rothberg Michael B.
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVE

1) To examine trends in the use of diabetes medications and 2) to determine whether physicians individualize diabetes treatment as recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of 2003–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. We included people ≥18 years who had ever been told they had diabetes, had an HbA1c >6.4%, or had a fasting plasma glucose >125 mg/dL. Pregnant women and patients aged <20 years receiving only insulin were excluded. We assessed trends in use of ADA’s seven preferred classes from 2003–2004 to 2015–2016. We also examined use by hypoglycemia risk (sulfonylureas, insulin, and meglitinides), weight effect (sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones [TZDs], insulin, and meglitinides), cardiovascular benefit (canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and liraglutide), and cost (brand-name medications and insulin analogs).

RESULTS

The final sample included 6,323 patients. The proportion taking any medication increased from 58% in 2003–2004 to 67% in 2015–2016 (P < 0.001). Use of metformin and insulin analogs increased, while use of sulfonylureas, TZDs, and human insulin decreased. Following the 2012 ADA recommendation, the choice of drug did not vary significantly by older age, weight, or presence of cardiovascular disease. Patients with low HbA1c, or HbA1c <6%, and age ≥65 years were less likely to receive hypoglycemia-inducing medications, while older patients with comorbidities were more likely. Insurance, but not income, was associated with the use of higher-cost medications.

CONCLUSIONS

Following ADA recommendations, the use of metformin increased, but physicians generally did not individualize treatment according to patients’ characteristics. Substantial opportunities exist to improve pharmacologic management of diabetes.
Prognostic Significance of Long-term HbA1c Variability for All-Cause Mortality in the ACCORD Trial
Authors: Sheng Chang-Sheng , Tian Jingyan , Miao Ya , Cheng Yi , Yang Yulin , Reaven Peter D. , Bloomgarden Zachary T. , Ning Guang
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVE

The association between high glycemic variability and all-cause mortality has been widely investigated in epidemiological studies but rarely validated in glucose-lowering clinical trials. We aimed to identify the prognostic significance of visit-to-visit HbA1c variability in treated patients in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied the risk of all-cause mortality in relation to long-term visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, expressed as coefficient of variation (CV), variability independent of the mean (VIM), and average real variability (ARV), from the 8th month to the transition from intensive to standard glycemic therapy. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI.

RESULTS

Compared with the standard therapy group (n = 4,728), the intensive therapy group (n = 4,755) had significantly lower mean HbA1c (6.6% [49 mmol/mol] vs. 7.7% [61 mmol/mol], P < 0.0001) and lower CV, VIM, and ARV (P < 0.0001). In multivariate adjusted analysis, all three HbA1c variability indices were significantly associated with total mortality in all patients as well as in the standard- and intensive-therapy groups analyzed separately. The hazard ratios for a 1-SD increase in HbA1c variability indices for all-cause mortality were 1.19 and 1.23 in intensive and standard therapy, respectively. Cross-tabulation analysis showed the third tertile of HbA1c mean and VIM had significantly higher all-cause mortality (HR 2.05; 95% CI 1.17–3.61; P < 0.01) only in the intensive-therapy group.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term visit-to-visit HbA1c variability was a strong predictor of all-cause mortality. HbA1c VIM combined with HbA1c mean conferred an increased risk for all-cause mortality in the intensive-therapy group.
Supply Chains, Channel Structures and Networks
Authors: Fill Chris , McKee Scot
Published: March 2020

This chapter deals with two main elements. The first concerns the management of the logistical and physical flow of goods from producers to end user customers. This is referred to as ‘supply chain management’. The second element concerns the management of the marketing channels. These are structural configurations organisations use to add value and which enable end users to access finished goods (and services) in the most convenient way. Attention is given to conventional marketing channel structures, vertical marketing systems and network approaches to interorganisational channel structures.
Managing B2B Relationships
Authors: Fill Chris , McKee Scot
Published: March 2020

Following the exploration of the nature and characteristics of marketing channels, it is necessary to consider some of the managerial issues, processes and systems associated with maintaining and developing collaborative relationships. First, the nature, dispersion and use of power in relationships is examined, then time is spent looking at channel conflict and ways in which it can be minimised, recognising that some conflict can be constructive. Following a consideration of two important concepts, trust and commitment, which are considered to be a foundation of successful B2B relationships, the chapter concludes with a brief overview of the role of technology in managing relationships with a focus on CRM systems.
Debt maturity structure and firmsâ€™ performance: Evidence from Vietnam
Authors: LE Hoang duc
Published: March 2020

This paper investigates the impact of debt maturity structure on firmsâ€™ performance for all non-financial firms listed on Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange and Hanoi Stock Exchange between 2010 and 2017. We find that an increase in the ratio of long-term debt over total debt is associated with a decrease in firmsâ€™ performance. We also show that long-term debt financing can lead to a reduction in firmsâ€™ performance because it dampens the positive impact of the investment on firmsâ€™ performance. Our results are robust when we employ a System Generalized Methods of Moments to deal with endogeneity problems.
PEMANFAATAN LINGKUNGAN LAHAN BASAH PADA PEMBELAJARAN ASAM BASA MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN CTL TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS
Authors: Yunita Amalia
Published: March 2020

Ketersediaan lingkungan lahan basah dalam pembelajaran larutan asam basa dapat digunakan sebagai sumber belajar yang dapat digunakan siswa sebaik mungkin untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efektivitas pendekatan CTL yang memanfaatkan lingkungan lahan basah sebagai sumber belajar untuk keterampilan berpikir kritis bagi siswa di sekolah menengah atas pada bab larutan asam-basa. Penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen semu dengan 2 kelas yaitu kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen di SMA Negeri 7 Banjarmasin. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah cluster random sampling. Variabel bebas adalah pendekatan pembelajaran, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah keterampilan berpikir kritis. Analisis teknik data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan keterampilan berpikir kritis pada kelas eksperimen dan kontrol dengan harga thitung> ttabel yaitu 2,716> 1,996. Perbedaan ini disebabkan oleh kontribusi dari pendekatan CTL seperti konstruktivisme, penyelidikan, pertanyaan, pemodelan, komunitas pembelajaran, dan refleksi yang didukung oleh penggunaan sumber belajar dari lingkungan lahan basah selama proses pembelajaran.Keywords:  larutan asam basa, keterampilan berpikir kritis, Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Kontekstual (CTL), lingkungan lahan basah
Numerical modelling of pore-fluid-enhanced thermal spallation in granitic rock
Authors: Saksala Timo
Published: March 2020

This paper considers numerically the effect of pore-fluid on thermal spallation of granitic rock. For this end, a numerical model based on the embedded discontinuity finite element approach to rock fracture and an explicit scheme to solve the underlying thermo-mechanical problem is developed. In the present implementation, a displacement discontinuity (crack) is embedded perpendicular to the first principal direction in a linear triangle element upon violation of the Rankine criterion. In the thermo-mechanical problem, the heating due to mechanical dissipation is neglected as insignificant in comparison to the external heat flux. This leads to an uncoupled thermo-mechanical problem where the only input from the thermal part to the mechanical part is thermal strains. This problem is solved with explicit time marching using the mass scaling to speed up the solution. Finally, the fluid trapped into the micro-pores is modelled as a material that can bear only volumetric compressive stresses. A thermal spallation problem of a rock sample under axisymmetry is simulated as a numerical example.
Lisähuomioita energiataseiden käytöstä virtauslaskennassa
Authors: Salonen Eero-Matti , Holopainen Rauno
Published: March 2020

Artikkeli on täydennys tämän lehden aikaisempaan energiataseiden käyttöä koskevaan artikkeliin. Mekaanisen energian taseen periaatteessa kokoonpuristuvassa virtauksessa esiintyvä niin sanottu kokoonpuristumistermi otetaan mukaan tarkasteluun. Eräs havainnollistava esimerkkitapaus käydään yksityiskohtaisesti läpi. Lisäksi esitetään kritiikkiä virtauslaskennan esityksissä ilmeneviin epätäsmällisyyksiin, joita saattaa esiintyä energiatarkastelujen yhteydessä.