bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying The Origins Of Evidential Texts
Authors: Grant Tim
Published: November 2023

The most frequent general criticism I receive is, I think, upon the style,—’if I would but change my style’! But that is an objection (isn’t it?) to the writer bodily? Buffon says, and every sincere writer must feel, that ‘Le style c’est l’homme’; a fact, however, scarcely calculated to lessen the objection with certain critics.Shepherd and Mortimer provided a series of methods for examining evidential texts 15.01 through which they identify anomalies which might be useful in understanding or criticising witness testimony. This chapter returns to the examination of evidential textsfrom a linguistic perspective and demonstrates how such an approach can deepen ourunderstanding of witness statements and on occasion provide forensic linguistic evidence for the origins of texts brought before the courts.
Waste
Authors: Calster Geert van
Published: November 2023

The amendments to Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Packaging Waste Directive) required a conciliation round between the European Parliament (EP) and the Council of Ministers. The last round of the talks focused on two main issues. The core considerations, which had provided the kick-start to the current legislative proceedings, concerned the amendment of the minimum and maximum targets which Member States have to achieve for re-use generally, and for recycling of packaging waste in particular. The Commission had initially proposed a general target for recovery of between 60 and 75 per cent weight of packaging mass (compared to the target of between 50 and 65 per cent in the currenttext). It moreover proposed a recycling target of between 55 and 70 per cent.
Water
Authors: Stal/worthy Mark
Published: November 2023

Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive) is premised upon the recognition that the water resource is a heritage to be protected rather than a mere product to be plundered in an uncontrolled fashion. Against the above background, following earlier phases based upon respective setting of quality standards or emission limits and sectoral, tentatively integrated strategies, much hope is now invested in the (end 2003) requirement for transposition of the Water Framework Directive, which should have been completed by end 2003, and its subsequent implementation phases, which span the coming 15 years.
Horizontal Instruments
Authors: Richardson BenjaminJ
Published: November 2023

The EC has long been accused of suffering from a democratic deficit, and its enthusiasm for the Aarhus Convention reflects a desire to shore up its political legitimacy, in addition to the practical benefits of improved environmental policy making. The Convention promotes government accountability, transparency, and responsiveness in environmental decision-making by providing high standards for public involvement in government decision processes. The Aarhus Convention imposes standards for citizenry involvement in environmental matters, and enforcement of environmental law, across three areas: public rights of access to environmental information; public rights to participate in decision-making processes; and access to justice (e.g. courts and tribunals) for the public. The Convention took effect on 31 October 2001, but has not yet been ratified by all EC Member States or the EC itself.
Miscellaneous Instruments
Authors: Ryland Diane
Published: November 2023

Regulation (EC) No. 2152/2003 concerns Monitoring of Forests and Environmental Interactions in the Community (Forest Focus). It establishes a Community scheme for broad-based, harmonized, and comprehensive long-term monitoring of the condition of forests. Its objectives, inter alia, are: to continue and further develop monitoring of air pollution and its effects, monitoring of forest fires and their causes and effects; to prevent forest fires; and to assess the requirements for and develop the monitoring of soils, carbon sequestration, climate change, and biodiversity, as well as the protective functions of forests. The duration of the scheme is four years from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006. The financial framework for its implementation during this period is €61 million, of which €9 million can be used for fire prevention measures, with the proviso that the financial resources will be increased in the case of accession of new Member States to the European Union (EU).
Foreign policy
Authors: Elz Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

‘In the beginning was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919’: as a characterization of the Weimar Republic’s foreign policy this statement would hit some nails on the head but it would also miss others. The true part would be that German foreign policy between 1919 and 1933 was indeed constantly directed towards the revision of this treaty: it inflicted too deep an injury on the self-perception of the German public and politicians for even a single one of its basic clauses to be left in place.
Women and the politics of gender
Authors: Canning Kathleen
Published: November 2023

The history of women and gender in the Weimar Republic was profoundly shaped by the four years of the First World War and its revolutionary end. The wartime transformations of women’s place in German society, and the anxieties they generated, were formative of gender relations in the Weimar Republic, from the figure of the ‘new woman’ who became representative of both the crisis and promise of modernity in the 1920s, to that of the ‘new man’, whose idealization of war and fantasies of revenge became a hallmark of nationalist politics in the mid-1920s.
The Weimar welfare system
Authors: Hong Young-Sun
Published: November 2023

The Weimar Republic was the first polity to stake its legitimacy on its claim to be a social state that was responsible for actively promoting the well-being of its citizens. This commitment was written into the Weimar Constitution itself. Article 7 gave the Reich authority to legislate in the areas of welfare for the poor, veterans, and survivors; population policy; maternity, infant, and youth welfare; and labour legislation, worker protection, and social insurance. Marriage, the family, motherhood, children (especially the children of single mothers), and labour were singled out as objects of special solicitude (Arts. 119– 22, 157).
Permitted infringing use: the scope of defences to an Infringement action
Authors: Roughton Ashley
Published: November 2023

Infringing use is now pretty well defined, at first glance at least,1 though there may be more surprises in store. Most of the current domestic case law on infringement is a result of factual disputes; this comment is driven by experience rather than being based upon any real . In this chapter references to the ‘owner’ are to the proprietor of the registered trade mark in the UK or the European Community and references to the ‘user’ refer to the putative defendant
Introduction
Authors: Helm Dieter
Published: November 2023

The importance of climate change is now widely accepted. From being a research topic, it has moved to the political stage, and while most politicians have yet to see it as a ‘greater threat than weapons of mass destruction’, the main political parties of almost all developed countries have accepted that emissions of greenhouse gases will have to be curbed to avoid serious climate change. What is less widely accepted is what needs to be done. Policies remain largely ad hoc, focusing on energy efficiency, renewables, and, in some countries, nuclear power and clean coal. To support these, a host of measures has been introduced, ranging from carbon and energy taxes, emissions trading schemes, and subsidies, to obligations to purchase selected technologies, tax concessions, and R&D expenditure. These policies are intended to achieve aspirations, targets, and, for those countries that have signed up to the Protocol, the Kyoto caps. The relationship between the measures and the objectives is, at best, poorly defined, and many of the aspirations and targets not very credible. In the case of Kyoto, only one or two countries in Europe are on track, and there are no serious penalties for those who fail. In the wider scientific context, the gulf between the scale of the problem and current objectives and measures is enormous. Scientists suggest that, with emissions now at around 370 parts per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide (CO2), relative to around 250 ppm before the Industrial Revolution, the aim should be to stabilize at around 550 ppm rather than permit a business-as-usual scenario of around 750 ppm during the course of this century. David King, in chapter 2, sets out the rationale for this view.
Climate-change Policy: A Survey
Authors: Helm Dieter
Published: November 2023

Climate change presents a challenge to policy-makers of an altogether different kind to the day-to-day business of intervention in the economy to correct market failures. It is characterized by major and multidimensional uncertainties (in the science, the economics, and the politics), it is an externality created by almost all production and consumption, and it requires international cooperation on an unprecedented scale. Arguably, there is no other economic problem on this scale—save perhaps the related one of population growth. Furthermore, while economic analysis focuses on changes at the margin, many argue that the consequences of climate change may be anything but marginal. Climate change is likely to have a massive impact on biodiversity, it may alter oceanic currents, and it may displace whole populations and significantly reduce the economic prospects of our grandchildren. Unsurprisingly then, the usual economists’ toolbox looks puny against the scale of this challenge, and will require very considerable review and development. There will be no easy read across from existing economic theory and empirical evidence to policy. Just as the experience of the unemployment of the 1930s required a reinvention of much of macroeconomics, climate change will need new thinking, too. Environmental economics is in its infancy.
The Social Cost of Carbon
Authors: Pearce David
Published: November 2023

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sets targets for the industrialized countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases by the period 2008–12. Analysis of the Protocol, the refusal of the USA to sign it, and the subsequent revisions to the Protocol in later Conferences of Parties, suggest strongly that the Protocol will secure little or no change in rates of global warming (see the chapter by Böhringer in this volume). Accordingly, if global warming is to be tackled, ‘Kyoto 2’, ‘3’, etc. need to be developed very soon. Debate surrounds the reasons for the highly probable failure of Kyoto to be environmentally effective (for an excellent discussion see Barrett, 2003a), but the low participation rate in the agreement can in part be explained by individual countries’ assessments of the costs and benefit to them of compliance with the targets. Certainly, the USA's stance can be explained by (a) a perception that the domestic costs of compliance are high, (b) recent work suggesting that the benefits of control are very low for the USA (see Mendelsohn and Neumann, 1999), and (c) the realization that future agreements will require significant side-payments to developing countries to bring them ‘on board’ with the Protocols. The new Bush Administration is unlikely to ratify the Kyoto Protocol and the US position on climate change, therefore, depends considerably on potential political changes within the USA and the success of other countries in meeting the Kyoto targets without significant economic disruption.
Carbon Trading in the Policy Mix
Authors: Sorrell Steven , Sijm Jos
Published: November 2023

Climate policy is relatively immature but growing rapidly in scale, scope, and complexity. In particular, the Kyoto mechanisms have created a unique international framework for market-based regulation which is stimulating the development of greenhouse-gas emissions trading schemes at the regional, national, and international level. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the most significant of these developments and will cover some 45 per cent of EU carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions from 2005 onwards (CEC, 2003a). As climate policy develops, so the number of policy instruments grows, together with the potential for interaction between these instruments. This interaction can be complementary and mutually reinforcing, but there is also the risk that different policy instruments will interfere with one another and undermine the objectives and credibility of each. Furthermore, the unprecedented scope of the climate problem means that climate policy also interacts with a range of other instruments in the areas of energy, environment, transport, trade, fiscal, technology, agricultural, and social policy. These interactions are likely to have a determinate impact on the success of climate policy in general and on the development of emissions-trading schemes in particular. But despite this, the topic of policy interaction remains under-researched. With a few notable exceptions (Smith, 1999; Johnstone, 2002; Egenhofer, 2002), the majority of the economics literature confines itself to the study of individual instruments in isolation.
Fiscal Interactions and the Case for Carbon Taxes over Grandfathered Carbon Permits
Authors: Parry Ian W H
Published: November 2023

Economists have long recognized that the welfare effects of environmental and other regulatory policies depend on how they interact with distortions in other markets of the economy (e.g. Lipsey and Lancaster, 1956; Harberger, 1974). One market that is particularly large (around three-quarters of GDP), and badly distorted at the margin, is the labour market, where income, payroll, and other taxes combine to drive a large wedge between the gross wage paid by firms and the net wage received by households. Yet, prior to the 1990s, there had been very little analysis of how interactions with the labour market might change the welfare effect of environmental policies, and regulatory policies more generally. In the early 1990s, economists, grappling with ways to combat the emerging possibility of global warming, began to emphasize that large welfare gains could be realized from using the revenues from carbon taxes to reduce taxes that distort factor markets (e.g. Pearce, 1991; Repetto et al., 1992; Nordhaus, 1993b; Oates, 1993). It was suggested that carbon taxes could yield a ‘double dividend’ by reducing emissions and the costs of pre-existing tax distortions at the same time. The idea that ‘revenue recycling’ might keep the overall economic costs of carbon taxes small, or even negative, was particularly appealing as it suggests that the policy is worthwhile, despite considerable controversy over the benefits from slowing atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases.
Credible Carbon Policy
Authors: Helm Dieter , Hepburn Cameron , Mash Richard
Published: November 2023

Most developed countries have adopted targets for the reduction of carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Some of these are aspirational, some are recorded in voluntary international agreements, others have the force of law and are enshrined in national legislation. That CO2 emissions should be reduced is now largely accepted: how such reductions might be achieved is still a matter of controversy and debate. The case for using market-based instruments is well known and increasingly accepted by government. The instruments under active consideration are emissions-trading schemes and carbon taxes. The former focuses on quantities—which are the variables that lend themselves to international agreements; the latter on price—lending themselves to revenue raising. Such instruments are typically effective in the medium to longer term. In the short run, demand for carbon-creating activities, such as electricity generation and transport, tends to be inelastic, and supply tends to be linked to fixed, sunk, and lumpy capital stocks. To reduce carbon emissions requires both adjustments on the demand side and in non-carbon supply technologies.
Private International Law
Authors: Butler William E
Published: November 2023

In the conventional understanding many chapters of this volume would fall within the traditional scope of private international law. Here, however, we use the expression as employed in Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, with minor adjustments.

Section VI of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is principally concerned with what in the Anglo-American family of legal systems is called conflicts of law; that is, conflicts rules or more general norms which do not resolve conflicts issues, but nonetheless ensure the application of conflicts norms. Although not an exhaustive codification of these rules, Section VI of the Civil Code does constitute the principal statement of conflicts law in the Russian Federation
Technology Licensing and Article 82
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John
Published: November 2023

The discussion above has focused on the application of Article 81 of the EC Treaty—the prohibition on agreements or concerted practices that restrict competition. The economics-based ‘new paradigm’ for application of competition law that is the focus for this work has thus far primarily concerned application of Article 81 and the Merger Regulation. Article 82—the provision in the EC Treaty that covers abuse of dominant position—has so far remained an outpost for the ‘Ordoliberal’ form-based approach to competition policy that characterised the old Article 81 regime. Even recent cases applying Article 82 emphasise ideal market structures or unarticulated notions of fairness, rather than a focus on actual or likely consumer harm.
Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks
Authors: Almeida Paul
Published: November 2023

Ideas, because they have no material content, should be the least spatially bounded of all economic activities. Being weightless, their transport is limited only by the quality and availability of communication. Since ideas serve both as the inputs and outputs in their own production, their location need be constrained neither by the happenstance of the spatial distribution of raw materials, energy, and labor, nor by that of demand and markets. Yet, there is good reason to believe that the production of ideas may be, contrary to its economics, prescribed within spatial boundaries. In his comparative analysis of nations, published in Industry and Trade (1920), Alfred Marshall noted that economic activity was drawn to regions rich in the ‘atmosphere’ of ideas.
Secondary verb types
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

None of the Secondary-A verbs have any independent semantic roles. Basically, they modify the meaning of a following verb, sharing its roles and syntactic relations.

As stated in §2.2.3 (see Table 2.2) the basic choice for a non-imperative clause (a statement or a question) is between realis, referring to some action or state which has reality, and irrealis, something which is uncertain in the future or was unrealised in the past. There are nine modalities within irrealis, each realised by a secondary verb. There are two syntactically different but semantically related types, modals and what we can call semi-modals, which express the modalities. The main modals, and the semi-modals, are set out in Table 6.1. (As mentioned under (7) in §1.5, will, would, shall, should, can, could and must are typically pronounced as clitics.)
I kicked at the bomb, which exploded, and wakened you up Transitivity and causatives
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

Some languages have a strict division of verbs into transitive—those that take A (transitive subject) and O (transitive object) core syntactic relations—and intransitive—those that have just one core syntactic relation, S (intransitive subject). A few languages even employ morphological marking so that there can never be any doubt as to whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, e.g. if a verb in Fijian shows a transitive suffix then it must have an object; if it lacks this suffix there will be no direct object.

Transitivity is a much more fluid matter in English. There are, it is true, a number of verbs that are strictly transitive, e.g. like, promote, recognise, inform, and a few that are strictly intransitive, e.g. arrive, chat, matter. But many verbs in English may be used either transitively or intransitively.
Our manager’s annoyance at thoughts of residence rearrangement bears no relation to his assistant’s criticism of building restrictions Nominalisations and possession
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

I was once conducting a class on the Aboriginal languages of Australia and, for every grammatical topic, I’d enquire of each participant ‘How is this shown in your language?’, referring to the language they were investigating. One student came to me after class and requested: ‘Could you please not refer to ‘‘our languages’’. They don’t belong to us but to the Aboriginal community.’

The student assumed that the use of a possessive form (a possessive pronoun or a noun phrase marked by ‘s) is equivalent to a claim of ownership. In fact it extends far beyond.
Yesterday, even the rather clever bishops could not very easily have sensibly organised a moderately unusual exorcism here Adverbs and negation
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines the grammatical behaviour of adverbs in English. There is brief mention of the forms of adverbs, and then detailed analysis of their five functional roles—modifying a clause or a sentence (sentential function), a verb-plus-object (manner function), an NP, an adjective, or another adverb. Subclasses of adverbs are outlined, together with the functional possibilities for each. There is also discussion of how adverbs can be combined within a single clause. The final section, §12.11, examines the functional roles of negation, comparing these with the functional possibilities for adverbs.
Elections and Electoral Systems in the Americas
Authors: Nohlen Dieter
Published: November 2023

This data handbook on Elections in the Americas is part of a wider project covering electoral data worldwide. Until recently, scholars of political science have been accustomed to finding information on elections ordered by country on the basis of their economic, social and political levels of development. In contrast, the data in this handbook is organized along continental lines.
For What it is Worth: Social Value and the Future of Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Young Rowena
Published: November 2023

All entrepreneurs try to create value. Whatever their business, value is their stock in trade. For entrepreneurs in the commercial sector, there are well-established methods for determining how much value they make. It is also clear who does the valuing. At least in the economies driven by international capital markets, the owners of capital and their agents determine business worth. None of their methods is perfect. All of them rely on the considerable exercise of judgement. But at least commercial entrepreneurs can expect to participate in shared assumptions and shared processes of valuation (e.g. looking at price/earnings ratios). Whatever other sorts of value businesses create as they go about their work, the financial profit, the traditional bottom line, is accepted as the most important measure of value.
Social Entrepreneurship: Exploring a Cultural Mode Amidst Others in the Church of England
Authors: Foster Doug
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores social entrepreneurship via a particular conceptualization of cultural modes, through competition and/or conflict with alternatives so configured (MacIntyre 1985: 163), and in the context of a particular shared socio-economic space. The approach here is to suggest social entrepreneurship is distinctly ‘social ‘ and ‘entrepreneurial ‘, and not ‘profit ‘ or ‘professionalism ‘ orientated. This might otherwise seem unremarkable if it were not for the contrast with those that suggest, a potential profession of social entrepreneurship (e.g. Drayton 2002). The discussion begins, therefore, with the rationale for, and subsequent theorization of, four different cultural modes, and then selects a socio-economic space where understandings of cultural modes can be explored; that socio-economic space is a sampled element of a particular diocese of the Church of England which is charged, according to one account (Ecclestone 1988), with the ‘cure or care of souls ‘ of all within its community. The chapter concludes with an overview of how convincing this conceptual differentiation is and a view on the potential of the Church of England in the socially entrepreneurial arena.
Wayfinding Without a Compass: Philanthropy ‘s Changing Landscape and Its Implications for Social Entrepreneurs
Authors: Osberg Sally
Published: November 2023

When asked about the role foundations in general, and the Skoll Foundation in particular, play in advancing the work of social entrepreneurs, Ashoka founder and Chairman Bill Drayton did not hold back. ‘What a social entrepreneur needs and what a foundation provides is an almost perfect mismatch ‘ he commented pointedly. Drayton should know. For more than two decades, he has been interacting with foundations and found the experience slow, inefficient, and burdensome, with any resulting grant generally less than appropriate to the scale of his vision and case.
Gathering your Data
Authors: Crowley Terry
Published: November 2023

One of the most commonly asked questions that non-linguists—and sometimes even linguists of the armchair variety—have asked me about the conduct of fieldwork is: How do you actually start when you are going to describe the phonology, the morphology, and the syntax of a language? That’s a perfectly reasonable question, of course, so let’s get on with it.
Beyond Elicitation
Authors: Crowley Terry
Published: November 2023

I have already indicated that elicitation can take you only so far in your study of a language. In this chapter, I will be discussing some of the issues that we face when trying to record natural speech.
Problems and Pitfalls
Authors: Crowley Terry
Published: November 2023

I have tried to present linguistic fieldwork so far as something of an exciting challenge. However, it would be unfair to suggest that fieldwork is always going to be easy, and that if you face a particular problem, all you have to do is look up a fieldwork guide for how to solve it. Life is often so much more complicated than that. In this chapter, I want to make you aware of some of the challenges that you may face.
Liability In Tort
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

As discussed in chapter 1, liability on the part of a solicitor will typically arise in contract, a contractual relationship being the usual one between solicitor and client. However, circumstances will occur where liability arises in tort. The general distinctions between contract and tort are addressed at length in other texts and will not be repeated here. Suffice to say that, in general, contractual obligations arise from the agreement between the parties and the extent of those obligations is based upon that agreement.
Criminal And Associated Liability
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

A solicitor who is alleged to have committed an act of dishonesty, for example theft of client funds, and is tried in a criminal court will be subject to the usual test for dishonesty established in those courts. The leading authority for the test of dishonesty is R v Ghosh which established a two-stage test. First, would the defendant’s behaviour be regarded as dishonest by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest people? If yes, second, was the defendant aware that his or her conduct was dishonest and would be regarded as dishonest by reasonable and honest people?2 In many such cases, usually post-conviction, the solicitor will also find him or herself having to face professional disciplinary charges arising from the same facts.
Firm Structure And Liability For Employees
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

Partnership law is based around the Partnership Act 1890 and, more recently, the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000. The 1890 Act provides a basic structure, with common law and equitable principles supplementing this. Under the 1890 Act a partnership is ‘the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit’. A partnership does not have a legal identity separate from its partners, so the firm itself cannot acquire rights or obligations and cannot, therefore, enter into contracts or employ people.
Solicitors’ Liability And The Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), which came into force in October 2000, gives effect to certain provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the ‘Convention’). Convention rights are given defined status in English law and thereby Convention remedies become directly available in domestic law. Prior to the enactment of the HRA, the Convention had applicability in the UK, but any action had to be brought against the State before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. Domestic proceedings had to be exhausted before this could be done.
Limitation Issues
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

The common law provides no period of limitation within which an action must be commenced, but statutory provisions, originally dating back to the seventeenth century, have addressed the issue. For the purposes of this chapter, discussion will focus upon the key limitation principles which are relevant to actions against solicitors.
The Potential Liability Of Solicitors For Costs
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

In some circumstances, as an alternative to an action in professional negligence, a court may order a solicitor to pay some or all of the costs of proceedings. For example, in Veasey v Millfeed Co Ltd the Court of Appeal observed that errors in litigation are not always best dealt with by means of traditional negligence claims. In this case, the solicitor issued proceedings in the name of a partnership, some two years after it had been dissolved. The solicitor’s failure was dealt with by means of wasted costs.
Global Scientization: An Environment for Expanded Organization
Authors: Drori Gili S , Meyer John W
Published: November 2023

Discussions of ‘the knowledge society’, ‘knowledge work’, and ‘expertise’ call attention to the generalized authority of professionalized knowledge, and its grip on modern (and especially postmodern) society. They emphasize the wide scope of the scientization of society. Science-based logics and practices have permeated almost all aspects of social life: they influence the ways we work, form relationships, and eat. Most relevant to the discussions in this volume, scientization acts as a basis for organizational formalization and proliferation. Scientization creates an environment in which organization becomes natural and necessary.
Australia: The Rights and Their Application
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In its general treatment of the rights and its focus on the author, the Australian Act is largely faithful to conventional moral rights concepts. In its formulations of the rights, the Act has diverged from those statutes that might have served as its models. The extensive process of consultation and drafting considered above has resulted in the longest and most detailed set of moral rights provisions in the world. The object has been the kind of completeness and thoroughness that Strömholm noted in 1967 as typical of the common law jurisdictions.
Introduction
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag
Published: November 2023

The investors in the financial markets may be categorized, broadly, as private house-holds, governmental agencies, public institutions, corporate firms, and institutional investors. Private households and governmental agencies are the ultimate holders of all assets, directly or indirectly, through public institutions, corporate firms, or institutional investors. Central banks and other monetary authorities, as well as certain international bodies, are categorized as ‘public institutions’.
The Regulatory Framework
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag
Published: November 2023

The regulatory duties owed by an investment manager as an authorized and regulated financial services provider are not owed to its clients per se. Financial services regulation has a general purpose. It aims at promoting properly functioning markets and a sound financial services industry. It is not always appropriate, therefore, to imply regulatory rules and principles as terms of the services contract between a client and a regulated firm, nor for them to serve as a general source of implied duties.
Securities Accounts And Securities Transfers
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag
Published: November 2023

Equity securities and fixed-income securities are issued either in registered form or in bearer form. Until, broadly, the 1960s, the delivery obligations on a contract for the sale and purchase of securities made in the financial markets would require the seller to transfer securities of a particular type, description, and quantity to the buyer. Thus, if a security is issued in registered form, in most legal systems, the transfer of a registered security must be effected by a written transfer instrument that is presented to the issuer’s registrar, after which the registrar will amend the register, so that the transferee will be recognized as the legal owner.
Uniform and Non-Uniform Aspects of Pro-Drop Languages
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: November 2023

In a recent paper, Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (1998) put forth an approach to the pro-drop parameter and the Extended Projection principle (EPP), according to which (1) EPP is universal and is understood as a D feature on I (Chomsky 1995) and (2) pro-drop languages satisfy this feature via A movement to I owing to the pronominal nature of their verbal agreement. In these languages A movement to spec, IP is not needed, and all movement to the preverbal position is A’-movement. Non-pro-drop languages, however, necessarily move or merge a DP in spec, IP to check EPP.
Asymmetrical Pro-Drop in Northern Italian Dialects
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I intend to address two basic questions concerning the role of overt morphology in the syntactic process of pro-drop. The two questions are intrinsically related in a more general perspective aiming to determine how much the presence of overt morphology influences syntactic processes. The empirical domain ranges over subject agreement, subject clitics, and pro-drop in some Northern Italian dialects, which will be compared with well-known analyses of the diachronic development of French.
Introduction: Competing, Collaborating, and Reinforcing Theories
Authors: Korczynski Marek , Hodson, Randy , Edwards Paul K
Published: November 2023

The sociology of work benefits from both strong empirical and theoretical traditions. Until now, however, there has been no available source that elaborates the various theoretical traditions in the study of work. This book is intended to fill that need. It grows out of our own pedagogical and research struggles to assemble readings for students and materials for ourselves that provide coherent overviews of the various theories of work.
Max Weber and the Irony of Bureaucracy
Authors: Sewell Graham , Barker James
Published: November 2023

Unless bureaucracy is to become the graveyard of democracy, freedom must learn the lessons of power as a normal tendency that moves through institutions in silent stealth. Logic is merely slavery within the fetters of language. But language includes within itself an illogical element: metaphor, etc. The initial power produces an equation between things that are unequal, and is thus an operation of the imagination. The existence of concepts, forms, etc. is based upon this.
Towards a Theory of Dominant Interests, Globalization, and Work
Authors: Frenkel Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Globalization is a controversial concept. This is partly because it encompasses a wide variety of economic, political, and social processes, whose relative importance varies according to the perspective of the scholar’s discipline and interests. Anthropologists explore changing social networks and consumption patterns while economists are more likely to focus on trade and investment flows. These varying perspectives give rise to different evaluations: globalization may be seen as a complex process of influence by Western cultures but also appropriation and reinterpretation by host societies.
C
Authors: Dacko Scott G
Published: November 2023

Ultimately, the extent of cannibalization depends on the extent that new products are substitutes for existing products. The cannibalization effect can be either intentional, as when a firm expects to replace its existing products with new ones, or unintentional, as when a firm only realizes after the introduction of a new product that sales for existing products are reduced. Marketers must aim to anticipate cannibalization effects of new product introductions in strategic marketing planning and implementation. Careful coordination of marketing strategies for new and existing products is needed to ensure that gains made with new products are not offset by losses in existing product sales and their value to the point where the firm is worse off as a result of introducing new products.
G
Authors: Dacko Scott G
Published: November 2023

Based on pioneering experimental research by Aronson and Linder (1965), the gain–loss effect is embodied in the finding that an individual’s attraction to another is commonly observed to be more dependent on the degree that the other individual’s liking of them has increased or decreased rather than the overall level of the other’s degree of liking. In such a context, an individual’s attraction to another tends to be high when the other’s liking of the individual has appeared to increase and low when the other’s liking of the individual has appeared to decrease. Marketers should consider how gains or losses associated with a customer relationship or product or service offering, whether experienced or simply perceived by a consumer or other individual, may have more influence on the individual’s behaviors or decisions than the overall level of a factor of influence. As such, the gain–loss effect may embody itself in elements of marketing relationships with consumers as well as in decision-maker evaluations of problems involving gains or losses.
S
Authors: Dacko Scott G
Published: November 2023

Based on research by Simon (1955, 1956), the concept of satisfying reflects the view that individual cognitive capacities and decision processes are not strictly rational and, as such, are not guaranteed to arrive at optimal results. Deviations from rationality arise due to limitations in individual information-processing ability and the costs involved in comparing all available options. Individual decision making, as well as group and organizational decision making, may therefore involve satisficing as a means to cope or work more easily within limitations on information-processing capabilities and lessen the cost of comparing available options. With satisficing, the aim of decision making may therefore be to achieve some minimal level of performance rather than optimal performance. As an example, individuals and organizations engaged in satisficing behaviors may choose to regularly adopt plans for future action in much the same way they have always done in the past if past performance has always been minimally satisfactory.
W
Authors: Dacko Scott G
Published: November 2023

Wal-Mart, a large US and international retailer with annual sales that consistently put it in the top rankings of retailers in the USA and the world, is credited with having an influence on business as well as local and national economies. Wage rates, prices, pricing practices, and supplier relations are just some of the areas influenced. The Wal-Mart effect also includes an economy-wide effect of lower inflation and increased productivity that have resulted from the operating practices of Wal-Mart that have been replicated by the retailer on a large scale. On a local level, the Wal-Mart effect includes a tendency for communities with Wal-Marts to have faster per-capita retail sales and tax increases than communities without Wal-Marts, and where non-competing businesses in Walmart communities experienced significant benefits while competing businesses experienced substantial revenue losses. On an industry level, WalMart’s use of information and communication technologies, combined with automation and centralization of warehousing as well as the scale of their retailing operations, has resulted in industry changes that have made many previous industry operations obsolete or unrecognizable. Marketers should not underestimate the significance of the array of Walmart effects on firm and industry practices (particularly in the retail industry), as well as local and national economies. The success of the innovations introduced by Wal-Mart, combined with the scale of their operations, continues to put considerable pressure on firms to find ways to reduce their costs and to meet customer expectations of a firm providing offerings at prices that move continually lower.
The Strategic Fitness Process and the Creation of Collaborative Community
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Foote Nathaniel
Published: November 2023

If, as this volume has argued, collaborative community is necessary as a foundation for knowledge-based organizations, there remains the question of how to get there-whether and how existing bureaucratic systems can be transformed in this direction. It is an important problem because efforts to build participation and involvement in corporations have often, perhaps usually, ended in failure. In the last thirty years the range of ‘programs ‘ designed to increase communication and teamwork has been dizzying, and in many companies has resulted in nothing more than heightened cynicism.
Surveillance And Covert Human Intelligence Sources: RIPA, Part II, ss 26–48
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

RIPA, Part II covers three areas, namely directed surveillance, Intrusive Surveillance and Covert Human Intelligence Sources (‘CHIS’) and provides authorisation procedures in each of those areas. It is important to note that Part II creates what is essentially a voluntary scheme for authorisation (often wholly internally to the public bodies concerned) of surveillance or use of CHIS. Thus in contrast to the position which was discussed in the earlier parts of this work relating to interception of communications, RIPA does not impose any form of legal duty or obligation upon public authorities to obtain prior authorisation of surveillance or CHIS activities.
The Covert Surveillance Code of Practice 2002 (under SI 2002 No 1933)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

The Covert Surveillance Code Of Practice 2002* (UNDER SI 2002 NO 1933)This code applies to every authorisation of covert surveillance or of entry on or interference with property or with wireless telegraphy carried out under section 5 of the Intelligence Services Act 1994, Part III of the Police Act 1997 or Part II of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 by public authorities which begins on or after the day on which this code comes into effect.
Interception Of Communications Code Of Practice 2002 (UNDER SI 2002 NO 1693)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

The text of this Code of Practice is taken from the version published by the Home Ofﬁce and made under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Interception of Communications: Code of Practice) Order 2002 (SI 2002 No 1693) which came into force on 1 July 2002.
Acquisition And Disclosure Of Communications Revised Code Of Practice (Home Office Pre-Consultative Document, 2005)*
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

Editorial note: this draft Code is taken from the copy promulgated by the Home Ofﬁce in 2005 as a pre-consultative document. Note that it is therefore not in force at time of writing. Footnotes throughout the remainder of this chapter are the ofﬁcial footnotes forming part of that document. The Home Ofﬁce published it in March 2005.
RIPA, Part I Case Law
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

The defendants were charged with conspiracy to supply cannabis, and the Crown’s evidence included taped conversations (face to face and telephone) between the defendants and police ofﬁcers posing as lorry drivers. The defence sought disclosure of the RIPA surveillance authorities so that the lawfulness of the obtaining of the evidence could be challenged.
Anti-Terrorism, Crime And Security Act 2001 (Part 11 Part 11
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

The Secretary of State shall issue, and may from time to time revise, a code of practice relating to the retention by communications providers of communications data obtained by or held by them.The Secretary of State may enter into such agreements as he considers appropriate with any communications provider about the practice to be followed by that provider in relation to the retention of communications data obtained by or held by that provider.A code of practice or agreement under this section may contain any such provision as appears to the Secretary of State to be necessary—for the purpose of safeguarding national security; or The sections reproduced here came into force upon enactment on 14 December 2001.
The Convention On Mutual Assistance In Criminal Matters Between The Member States Of The European Union Established By Council Act Of 29th May 2000 (2000/C197/01)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

Mutual assistance shall also be afforded in proceedings brought by the administrative authorities in respect of acts which are punishable under the national law of the requesting or the requested Member State, or both, by virtue of being infringements of the rules of law, and where the decision may give rise to proceedings before a court having jurisdiction in particular in criminal matters.