bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Truth to Disinterestedness in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Dear Peter
Published: March 2007

Words have social as well as lexical meanings. This paper traces a semantic shift of the word `objective', and the issues arising from it, in the seventeenth century. A word attaching to the concept of `truth' at the beginning of the century came increasingly to give way to considerations of `disinterestedness'; the restructuring of European intellectual life associated with the Scientific Revolution thus involved the constitution of knowledge-claims from criteria of trustworthiness, rather than from purported criteria of `objective' truth. The change appears to have followed the loss of general credibility of the scholastic educational structure, which brought about the creation of new forms for making knowledge. The career of the word `objective' took a turn away from `truth', a distancing that modern usages actively preserve.
How Superorganisms Change: Consensus Formation and the Social Ontology of High-Energy Physics Experiments
Authors: Knorr-Cetina Karin
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests variation in the ways in which agreement, concurrence, conformity or stability in science is brought about, and the need to think not in terms of one model of consensus formation, but in terms of many. One variant which can be witnessed in scientific practice is exemplified in experimental high-energy physics (HEP); this variant relocates the problem in the early stages of an experiment, when the technology is fixed, the groups participating in the work are selected, and the stage is set for results which - whether they are `negative' or `positive' - cannot be ignored by the relevant scientific field. The paper argues that consensus formation/stabilization is, at least at times, intricately connected to the social ontology of a domain. It proposes the `superorganism' metaphor to articulate the ontology of HEP experiments, and describes the form of change of these experiments as genealogical change.
The Plight of the Obscure Innovator in Science: A Few Reflections on Campanario's Note
Authors: Nissani Moti
Published: March 2007

The extent of resistance to original contributions of obscure scientists is controversial. Some hold that such resistance is rare, and hence requires little study and no remedy. But others argue that, although not widespread, it happens often enough to merit study and reform. And others again hold it to be common, constituting the single most formidable barrier to scientific advances, and so disturbingly regular as to call for a partial restructuring of the modern scientific enterprise. This Note argues that the controversy cannot be resolved by citation analysis. It then tests one implication of the third view - namely, that a search of the historical and biographical literature should reveal many cases of struggles for publication and recognition that are not usually cited in such discussions. Over 50 cases are suggested, mainly culled from original sources. It is likely that such struggles have many interdependent sociological, political and psychological causes: no overall review is attempted, but one psychological factor is highlighted, and may merit further attention. Given these diverse roadblocks, it may be more surprising that so many scientists appear to have escaped publication and recognition struggles than that some have not. A systematic historical survey is suggested to estimate the incidence of resistance: if this shows that obscurity plus originality often lead to oblivion, the case for reform in science will be strengthened.
Author Judgements about Works They Cite: Three Studies from Psychology Journals
Authors: Shadish William R. , Tolliver Donna , Gray Maria , Sen Gupta Sunil K.
Published: March 2007

Many researchers use citation counts to study science. But few studies explore the meanings of those citations. Oddly enough, least explored of all are judgements by the authors who cite them. This paper describes three empirical studies of citations in psychology journals that explored these judgements. In general, highly cited scholarly works are rated as exemplars and as being of higher quality, although there were differences between older and newer works in these ratings. More interestingly, works rated as highly creative had mixed fates. Creative works were judged to be higher quality exemplars; but creative works also had the lowest citation counts once quality and exemplar ratings were taken into account. It may be that some creative works fit poorly into existing conceptual or methodological structures, and so are used less.
Galileo and the Embryos: Religion and Science in Parliamentary Debate over Research on Human Embryos
Authors: Mulkay Michael
Published: March 2007

Confrontation between science and religion was a significant feature of the lengthy public appraisal of research on human embryos in Britain during the 1980s. The series of formal debates over embryo research in the House of Lords is chosen as a particularly appropriate setting to study this confrontation. It is shown that religious opposition to embryo research was repeatedly attacked in these debates by means of a stereotyped contrast between religious and scientific styles of thought. Leading figures in the movement for embryo research attempted to discredit their opponents by claiming that, whereas their own case was built upon reasoned assessment of the facts, the other side relied on religious dogma, clerical authority and faith. It is shown that, although there were genuine differences between those critical of embryo research on religious grounds and those supporting such research on grounds furnished by scientists, this account of the differences is inaccurate: dogma, reliance on authority and faith were as characteristic of the discourse associated with science as they were of that associated with religion. It is argued that these features were not generated by the presence of religious or scientific beliefs as such, but by the struggle between advocates of science and religion for intellectual and moral dominance.
Which Came First, the Fossil or the Fuel?
Authors: Cole Simon A.
Published: March 2007

This paper chronicles a challenge to the conventional theory of petroleum generation mounted by astro- and geophysicist Thomas Gold. Beginning in the late 1970s, Gold revived the `abiogenic' theory, which holds that hydrocarbons are primordial, not remnants of decayed biology. By contesting the central tenet of petroleum geology, Gold precipitated a bitter scientific controversy. Both sides employed novel rhetorical strategies in order to impute interests, to contest expertise, to recruit allies from peripheral disciplines, and to claim the mantle of scientific method; and both managed to construct plausible interpretations of the available data. We follow the controversy to Sweden, where two `crucial experiments', deep wells drilled in igneous bedrock from 1986 to 1992, still failed to resolve the controversy. The oil well proves to be an unruly scientific instrument, difficult to construct and even more difficult to keep free of various forms of `pollution', ranging from bacteria to drilling mud to simple greed.
Kuhn — The Conservative and Radical Interpretations: Are Some Mertonians `Kuhnians' and Some Kuhnians `Mertonians'?
Authors: Pinch T.J.
Published: March 2007

Continuing our occasional series of `Historic Papers', inaugurated in the February 1996 issue, we are reprinting here a paper by Trevor Pinch, originally published in the 4S Newsletter, Vol.7, No.1 (Spring 1982), 10-25. It was not widely noticed at the time, and is now difficult to locate. In the shadow of our tributes to Thomas Kuhn, we thought it appropriate to resurrect it. As is our custom, we are reprinting it in its original form. We have asked Trevor to add a brief `Epilogue'. Otherwise, what follows is essentially what readers read in 1982.
The Decision-Making Process in the Construction of the Synchrotron Light National Laboratory in Brazil
Authors: Velho Léa , Pessoa Osvaldo
Published: March 2007

In 1981, a small group of Brazilian physicists started a very effective campaign to construct a national synchrotron radiation laboratory. By the end of 1984, the project was officially approved and, surviving political shifts brought about by the end of military rule, construction of the lab began in 1987. Why, in these times of declining budgets in world science, should a relatively poor country, struggling with financial difficulties, decide to invest millions of dollars in a Big Science facility? We examine the decision-making process leading to the lab's construction, focusing on three intermediate stages: the decision to build the lab; the choice of its site; and the size of the machine. We show that basic support came much more from policymakers than from scientists and potential users, and that the political ability of the few scientists directly involved with the project was crucial for its implementation. We conclude that the decision to build was made, not to answer scientific problems or to achieve new technological applications relevant to Brazil, but mainly to stimulate technological development, and to introduce the country to the new level of scientific organization represented by Big Science and National Laboratories.
The Rise of Membrane Technology
Authors: van Lente Harro , Rip Arie
Published: March 2007

The policy category of `strategic science' is enjoying increasing popularity. Through a case study of membrane technology, as a scientific-technological field and as a newly-emerging `world' of membranes, this paper shows how such policy labels and rhetorical claims are filled up, and new social realities are created. The key step is the way in which promises put forward, and expectations being voiced, require actors to position themselves with respect to a future technology. Thus a shared agenda is built up at the same time as a `world of membranes gels'. The rhetorical space opened up by strategic science and technology policy is then filled up by actual strategic sciences and technologies.
The Evidence Does Not Speak for Itself
Authors: Daemmrich Arthur
Published: March 2007

During the past 15 years, new biotechnology companies have promoted DNA typing as a sophisticated criminal and paternity identification technique. Private testing laboratories produce results that link individuals with crime scenes and fathers to their children. Special problems of trust have arisen, because the domain of scientific practice termed `DNA typing' emerged in a commercial context, and its results serve as the basis for expert witness testimony in contentious courtroom settings. Firms accordingly had to develop their own rules for legitimating truth-claims, and standardizing and regulating laboratory practices. I argue here that the primary commodity crafted by DNA-typing companies - the courtroom credibility of DNA prints - required an intertwining of scientific authority, corporate practices, and the persona of the expert witness. This paper describes an actor-network coming into being, and shows how credible institutions, organizations that manufacture integrity as their main sellable product, adopted a vertically-integrated structure in order to control the production of DNA evidence from the laboratory to the courtroom.
Cultures of Proving
Authors: Livingston Eric
Published: March 2007

Although studies of scientific practice are now common, relatively little attention has been given to the technical detail of the social objects of the sciences. That detail, and the ordinariness of that detail, establish the legitimacy of practitioners' work and make that work recognizable as the work of a discovering science. In particular, the close examination of mathematical proofs exhibits the embeddedness of mathematics within a surrounding culture of proving, and leads to an appreciation of what it means to be a member of such a culture and to be engaged in the work of doing mathematics.
A Mental Patient with a Criminal Record
Authors: Landau Herbert , Plutchik Robert
Published: March 2007

HOW long should a man pay for a murder he committed in a psychotic condition? Does a psychotic episode render him incapable of returning to a normal productive life? The following case history highlights these and related questions.
Sexual Learning and Experience Among Adolescent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Longo Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Many sexual offenders begin to commit sexual crimes in adolescence. A growing number of adolescent sexual offenders are being apprehended and convicted. In this survey, it was found that many of them began to learn about sex prior to puberty and had sexual relations with adults who were gener ally eight years older than the offender.
Object-Relations Theory: Expanded and Applied to the Treatment of Certain Alcoholics
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to incorporate the theory of object-relations, and to "expand" it for application for those alcoholics who are in need of psychotherapy. Specific attention is given to alcohols function as an E.O. (exciting object). In this regard some of the features of a T.O. (transitional object) are considered and the necessity to replace it with mental structure. Clinical examples of the author's position are presented.
On the Social Causes and Function of Violence Against Women
Authors: Zoomer Olga J.
Published: March 2007

During the last decade it has become increasingly clear that violence against women is a more common feature than was generally assumed. The extent and specific nature of this violence make the "traditional" explanations for its occur rence insufficient. By explicitly taking into account the cultural background of this violence and the social context in which women are victimized it is possible to explain the violence and the reactions of institutions like the criminal justice system, social agencies, etc. By considering violent incidents exclusively as the individual problem of the parties involved, the essence of the problem is missed, even whilst dealing with individual cases.
Propositions for Professional Understanding and Treatment of the Alcoholic Patient: An Overview
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

A series of propositions delineates the complexity of individuals who are alcoholic. A suggested treatment approach attempts to respond to the various problems of the alcoholic.
Conceptual Images of Social Work and Probation Practice: A Case Study
Authors: Hil R.
Published: March 2007

This paper conveys the conceptual images of probation officers and clients in relation to the aims and purposes of the Southampton Day Centre. The paper begins by reviewing the literature on client's perceptions of social work and probation practice. The studies are divided into several categories. Accord ing to the present research it is suggested that the Day Centre findings go against the grain of most previous studies in so far as clients' and officers' views tend to coalesce. The research is based on a sample of clients and all staff interviewed in June/ July 1982.
Relapse in NGRI Outpatients: An Empirical Study
Authors: Rogers Richard , Wettstein Robert M.
Published: March 2007

The adjustment and rehospitalization of 39 NGRI outpatients was studied for a 20 month period. Each patient was evaluated at the beginning of the study and periodically assessed with the SADS-C at 3-4 month intervals. The study found that rehospitalized patients consistently demonstrated from the beginning greater psychological impairment with a wider range of more severe symptoms. Therefore, NGRI patients with GAS scores of less than 50 or more than seven SAD-C symptoms should be considered at high risk in community placement.
Art Theft in Perspective
Authors: DeGraw Melvin E.
Published: March 2007

Art theft has become a significant concern in many countries. This article examines several aspects of the crime, including motives of thieves, problems in collecting theft data, law enforcement response, and security. Multi-jurisdictional investigations have been successful in curtailing some thefts. Concentration on many fronts is necessary to impact on the crime.
Correctional Litigation-A Resource for Creative Jail Management and Training
Authors: Maghan Jess , Ryan Pat
Published: March 2007

Justice McKenna in Weems v U.S. (1910) put the clause cruel and unusual punishment into its proper sociological context when he said that the concept "may acquire meaning as public opinion becomes enlightened by a humane justice. " Chief Justice Warren, in Trop v Dulles (1958) felt that the clause "must draw its meaning from evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society. " Since 1960 a bevy of institutional cases have considered the prison and jail environment in light of "evolving standards" in corrections management as well as society. Does institutional litigation give warning to the administrators of our lockups? It appears that legislative and administrative bodies of local government concerned with jails should be well advised to carefully scrutinize the adequacy of their operations as a means of determining what changes might be necessary to assure that jails meet articulated constitutional standards. The authors view this process as positive and discuss it in terms of the practice of preventive law.
Use of an Outpatient Forensic Psychology Service: The Non-Attenders
Authors: Hambridge John A.
Published: March 2007

With increasing drives for efficiency and cost-effectiveness in the National Health Service in England, identifying those clients who are unlikely to attend appointments may be useful when the demandforservices exceeds the supply. The brief report examines non-attenders for a forensic psychology service over a three yearperiod. A number of client characteristics and referral factors are identified as indicators of high potentialfor non-attendance, with implications for the allocation of resources.
Group Home Environments and Victimization of Resident Juveniles
Authors: Mutchnick Robert J. , Fawcett Margaret
Published: March 2007

This research is an outgrowth of a previous study that examined the extent of victimization of juveniles who reside in group homes. The earlier research attempted to answer the question: "Are the individual attributes of the incarcerated juvenile related to the probability of becoming a victim of assault within the juvenile correctional facility?" This research shifts the level of analysis from the previous focus of the attributes of the individual residents to that of a broader systems analysis that examines the group home environments. It appears from the data analyzed that certain group homes, due to their organizational and management structure, provide an environment more conducive to victimization. Those group homes that were characterized as organized around a security orientation were more likely to have their residents report that they were victims of assault than were those juveniles housed in group homes structured around a rehabilitation orientation.
Is Rehabilitation Essential in the Probation Service in West Bengal?
Authors: Chakrabarti N. K.
Published: March 2007

All the Probation Service Agencies adopt a rehabilitation programme to help the probationers for their ultimate return to normal life. This author from his study of probationers regarding their socioeconomic conditions in West Bengal, India, asks: "Is rehabilitation essential in Probation Service?" The study is based on (1) official data, (2) house-to-house survey, and (3) field observations.
Toward a Better Understanding and Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Graham Kevin R.
Published: March 2007

To help understand and provide treatment programs suited to the needs of sex offenders more study is needed with respect to their personality characteristics. Three factors were examined: dissociation, locus of control, and alienation. Three groups of men were compared: 42 sex offenders, 26 nonsex offenders, and 42 men from a community control group. The MMPI subscales for alienation and the K scale, Bernstein and Putnam's dissociation scale, and Ried and Ware's multidimensional locus of control measure were combined and administered to the three groups. The sex offenders were found to be more dissociated than the other two groups, more external on the overall measure of locus of control and more external than the community group on the subscale of self-control. The sex offenders were found to be more alienated than the other two groups. Implications for treatment and further research are discussed.
The Outpatient Forensic Substance Abuse Profile
Authors: Cianciulli James M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the reliability and validity of an instrument that is clinically useful for assessment of risk factors among chemically dependent populations in an outpatient forensic setting. It is reliable, both across time and internally, and demonstrates a high degree of user acceptance. There is good agreement between client scores and independent assessment of the same characteristics. Continued examination of the measure's ability to differentiate between forensic populations and substance abuse populations is needed.
The Insanity Plea in the Case of a Serial Killer
Authors: Palermo George B. , Knudten Richard D.
Published: March 2007

The authors comment on society's approach to criminal responsibility in the past and at present, and on the M'Naghten, the Durham, and the American Law Institute definitions of legal sanity. Some statistical studies concerning the frequency and success of the insanity plea in the United States are reported. The recent case of a serial killer, examined by the first author for the assessment of his legal sanity prior to his trial for fifteen homicides, is reported. This case raises insanity plea issues that fall outside the current American Law Institute insanity definition and the authors feel that it might contribute to further insanity plea reassessment in the years ahead.
The Efficacy of a Serious Sex Offenders Treatment Program for Adolescent Rapists
Authors: Hagan Michael P. , King Robert P. , Patros Ronald L.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of the recidivism rates for 50 adolescent male rapists who had been sentenced to a state juvenile correctional facility was completed. All subjects in this study had committed a sexual assault against a person their age or older. A two-year follow-up of the subjects in this study found that five were reinvolved in a sexual assault. Additionally, 29 of the 50 subjects were convicted of additional charges. Of this, ten youths were placed under supervision and the other 19 subjects were placed in a correctional facility. The treatment program for perpetrators of serious sexual assault was considered to be effective in significantly reducing the likelihood of subjects being involved in another sexual assault within two years after completing the program. Additionally, the program was effective in breaking a pattern of criminal behavior in close to half of the subjects studied.
Plum Blossoms and Pheasants: Prostitutes, Prostitution, and Social Control Measures in Contemporary China
Authors: Gil Vincent E. , Wang Marco , Anderson Allen F. , Lin Guao Matthew
Published: March 2007

This report exmines unobtrusive data on prostitutes from the People's Republic of China through an analysis of prison arrest records from 13 facilities. Collectively, these data represent 2,057 prostitution cases, and span the years 1988-1990. Demographics are used to distinguish and describe the different types of prostitutes, and reveal marked differences from official characterizations. Prostitutes are further differentiated by drawing on ethnographic interview information. Discussion of factors affecting women's involvement with prostitution is engaged. Control measures for prostitution, at both national and provincial levels, are examined and critiqued.
Examination of the MMPI-A for the Assessment of Psychopathy in Incarcerated Adolescent Male Offenders
Authors: Hume Marie Perry , Kennedy Wallace A. , Patrick Christopher J. , Partyka David J.
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) for classifying adolescent offenders based on psychopathy was investigated with 101 male juvenile delinquents committed to a state training school. It was hypothesized that MMPI-A scales could indicate psychopathy as classified by Hare's Psychopathy ChecklistRevised (PCL-R). Using two-group discriminant function analysis on 15 MMPI-A scales to predict psychopathy as measured by the PCL-R, the results indicated that although statistically the MMPI-A may be usefulfor the prediction ofpsychopathy in a population of chronic, severe, juvenile offenders, practically there are no significant differences between MMPI-A scores of psychopaths and nonpsychopaths. Further, there is some question concerning the ability of the MMPI-A to differentiate chronic delinquents from "normal" adolescents.
Moral Problem Solving among Inmates in a Maximum Security Correctional Institution
Authors: Craig Richard D. , Truitt Kenneth
Published: March 2007

The authors initiated a closed-ended group for inmates in Patuxent Institution, a maximum security correctionalfacility located in Jessup, Maryland. This group was designed to provide aformat, by which inmates could examine and discuss a series of moral dilemmas in the Kohlbergian tradition, as well as provide a vehicle by which the authors could assess the level of moral judgment employed by the group members. Based on this experience, it was determined that the participants' moral judgments essentially reflected Stage 2 thinking, the stage often referred to as Instrumental Relativism. Furthermore, the analysis showed that a significant correlation existed between the inmates'stage of moral development and recorded institutional infractions, a general measure of institutional adjustment. The present essay summarizes observations related to the nature of these moral judgments made by the inmate participants and speculates on the interrelationship of these judgments to past criminality and institutional adjustment.
A Forensic Day Treatment Program for Personality-Disordered Criminal Offenders
Authors: Derks Frans C.H.
Published: March 2007

The first forensic day treatment program in the Netherlands was started in February 1992 with a capacity of 10 clients. In this article, results of an ongoing evaluation study are presented. More than 40% of the clients had committed sexual offenses; the majority of the others had committed nonsexual crimes. 77Te clients exhibit symptoms of various personality disorders with high levels of hostility and general psychopathology. Assessment of treatment results reveals a substantial reduction of pathology, especially in terms of hostility and anxiety. However, a comparison of pretreatment test scores of dropouts with those of clients who have completed the program reveals that forensic day treatment may better suit the group of relatively older (225 years) child molesters with cluster C personality disorders. Younger offenders with cluster B personality disorders who had committed nonsexual crimes are over represented among the dropouts.
Quality of Life and Psychological Well-Being of Mentally Disordered Offenders after Court Diversion: A 6-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Chung Man Cheung , Cumella Stuart , Wensley James , Easthope Yvette
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to examine the quality of life and the psychological well-being of mentally disordered offenders 6 months after being diverted from one court diversion scheme in England. A total of 65 offenders (58 male, 7 female) participated in the study, which used the Life Experiences Checklists (LEC) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The results showed that, when compared with the data of the standardized urban samples of Ager, the quality of life of offenders was significantly lower than that of the standardized population. Further analyses demonstrated that there were significant differences in the quality of life between the offenders who lived in private households, prisons, hostels, and hospitals.
Matricide: A Paradigmatic Case in Family Violence
Authors: Silberstein José Alejandro
Published: March 2007

Violence in the family is multifactorial, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. As a relatively new subject of scientific inquiry, theory and testing are at an early stage of development. However, there is strong evidence that victims of violence have often been exposed to violence in their families of origin. Experts agree that violence breeds violence. After a brief introduction, the author explains the psychodynamics at the basis of this unconscionable type of murder. He touches on projective identification and the symbioticfolie a' deuxfrom which the child tries to escape to achieve an autonomous self He presents a case study of matricide in which the victim is viewed as a maddening, pathologically abusive, domineering person, who, throughout the victimizer's life, had fostered his dependency on her.
Cambridge Economics as Commodity Fetishism
Authors: Roosevelt Frank , Roosevelt Frank
Published: March 2007

This article presents a Marxist critique of the Cambridge school, focussing particularly on the work of Piero Sraffa and Joan Robinson. Taking issue with those who see Cambridge economics as a contribution in the Marxian tradition, the author stresses the differences between the approaches of Marx and the Cantabrigians. After pointing out that the latter view history in a non-Marxian way, he goes on to argue that their economics has the effect of mystifying the basic social relations of capitalism. Finally, it is noted that Cambridge economics leads to a political strategy which aims at improving the distribution of income without altering the hierarchical structure of capitalist production.
Crisis and Accumulation in the Peruvian Economy, 1967-1975
Authors: Weeks John , Weeks John
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the contradictions in the process of accumula tion in the context of backwardness, looking in detail at the Peruvian economy over an eight year period. A general theoretical framework is developed in which the barrier to accumulation is derived from the sphere of production, following the method of Marx (a fuller development of this analysis is found in a forthcom ing joint work by Elizabeth Dore and John Weeks). The economic crises of 1967- 1969 and 1975 to the present are explained in terms of this theoretical analysis. Annual and quarterly data are employed to describe the form of these crises. It is argued that these crises are not the result of deficiencies in demand, either in the domestic market or in exports, but result from fundamental contradictions in the sphere of production. It is these contradictions which gave rise to the coup of 1968, in which the local industrial capitalist class seized power from an alliance of financial and exporting capitalists and pre-capitalist expropriators.
Emerging Ideologies in Medicine
Authors: Berliner Howard S.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the ideological content of three recent and popular books: Medical Nemesis by Ivan Illich, Who Shall Live ? by Victor Fuchs and The End of Medicine by Rick Carlson. These books are shown to use a victim-blaming epidemiology that obscures the relationship between production and disease, to promote individual responses to health problems, to undermine petit-bourgeois control of medical care delivery, and to justify cutbacks of medi cal care service.
South Africa, U.S. Policy, and the Anti-Apartheid Movement
Authors: Danaher Kevin , Danaher Kevin
Published: March 2007

The gap between the rhetoric and reality of Carter administration policy toward South Africa is criticized. We then analyze the major political- economic constraints on US policy, concluding with a section suggesting what type of political action will be necessary to move US policy in a progressive direc tion.
Simultaneous Valuation Extirpated
Authors: Emstt John R.
Published: March 2007

The neo-Ricardian interpretation of Marx's concept of value is criticized. A one commodity, circulating capital model is presented which both reinstates the neglected intertemporal aspect of value magnitudes, and seriously challenges the neo-Ricardian's "refutation" of the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Much of the further significance of the argument is summarily stated as a conclusion.
The Cockroaches of Paterson: A Study of Labor Conflict and Technological Change
Authors: McLewin Philip J.
Published: March 2007

A technological innovation based on a revival of the seventeenth century putting-out system dominated the Paterson broad-silk weaving industry during the 1920s and 1930s in the form of the family shop. It was introduced because Paterson capitalists - confronted with a militant work force - were unable to maintain control over the labor process in conventional central mills. The search for improved managerial efficiency resulted in the family shop that turned weavers into petty capitalists. This study demonstrates that capitalists' need to control the production process shapes technological innovation even to the point of reviving an antiquated system of industrial organization. It also concludes that working men and women persist in their concerted actions against such forces.
Capitalism and Efficiency: A Review and Appraisal of the Recent Discussion
Authors: Drago Robert
Published: March 2007

The paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical work by neo-Marxists suggesting that capitalist firms are inefficient, either technically or by Pareto criteria. The paper examines potential inefficiencies due to the division of labor, unemployment, labor segmentation/fragmentation, and bureaucracy/supervision. It is argued that technical inefficiency claims are incapable of being validated. While Pareto efficiency arguments may be warranted, presently existing socialist societies and experiments offer little persuasive evidence. Further empirical and theoretical work will be required to sustain efficiency arguments.
Is Supply-Side Economics Rational for Capital?
Authors: Chernomas Robert
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper is to evaluate theoretically, using Marxist theory, supply-side policy as promulgated by conservative political economy. The stated rational for conservative supply-side policy is to overcome the current prolonged stagnation of the U.S. economy by increasing productivity and output by providing incentives for "productive" investment and increases in labor supply. This paper presents a reconstruction of a Marxist theory of the current crisis, followed by a review of the supply-side economists' literature. The last section examines the potential impact of conservative policy on the current crisis brought on by a falling rate of profit and a rise in unproductive economic activity. It ultimately suggests an answer to the question: is conservative economic policy rational for capital?
The Phenomenology of Constant Capital and Fictitious Capital
Authors: Perelman Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper shows how Marx extended his value theory beyond a mechanistic summing up of labor values to include the effect of scarcity, financial shocks, and technical change. This theory had a subjective and an objective dimension. I demonstrate how Marx's crises theory takes account of scarcity and financial shocks and that this theory is superior to the algebraic falling profit rate theory usually attributed to Marx. I explain why Marx used the category of constant capital as an obscure indicator of scarcity because of the political influence of the Malthusians.
Accumulation and Crisis in a Small and Open Economy: The Postwar Social Structure of Accumulation in Puerto Rico
Authors: Melendez Edwin
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a model of capital accumulation in a small and open economy, a model consisting of an investment equation and a profit equation. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the erosion of the postwar social structure of accumulation, as reflected in declining profit rates, led to the current economic crisis. Econometric estimation of the model confirms the critical importance of lower profit-rate differentials in inducing a lower reinvestment of foreign capital, and it shows how the deterioration of the postwar social structure of accumulation has caused the decline of long-term profitability in Puerto Rico.
NAFTA and Neoconservative Transformation: the Impact on Canada and Mexico
Authors: Grinspun Ricardo
Published: March 2007

Economic integration as promoted by NAFTA encourages and consolidates profound transformations in the economic and social structures of Mexico and Canada. Adjustment costs in labor markets fall inordinately on disadvantaged groups in society. Larger economic inequality brings worsened social conditions and a political process that is even more permeated by the power of large national and international capital.
Redistribution — The Market's Overhead
Authors: Levy Paul A.
Published: March 2007

This article estimates the relative sizes of U.S. income distribution (e.g., market wages; dividends) and income redistribution (e.g., income maintenance; theft; inheritance; government subsidies). Using fairly conventional concepts and conservative estimates, it finds that half of individual income is from sources with significant redistributive qualities. Several implications are discussed. Most notably, the size and scope of redistribution suggest that it is intrinsic to the market. Seen in this way, redistribution is a costly overhead of operating a market system.
Occupation, Power and the Origins of Labor Segmentation in the U.S., 1870-1910
Authors: Wagman Barnet
Published: March 2007

Historical studies of labor segmentation have presented it as a predominantly post-World War 11 phenomenon. However, this view is based largely on the history of production workers in the manufacturing sector. Labor segmentation is closely related to differences in occupational characteristics that reflect workers' bargaining power. This paper examines the occupational structure of the U.S. in 1870 and 1910. The results indicate that labor segmentation was an established characteristic of the U.S. economy prior to World War 1.
Explaining the Rising Wage-Productivity Gap of the 1980s: Effects of Declining Employment and Unionization
Authors: Ferguson William D.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates causes of the dramatic increase in the wage-productivity gap—the divergence between the growth rates of aggregate productivity and real wages - in the post-1981 period. Using a two-step estimation procedure which incorporates three-digit industry wage regression coefficients into an aggregate wage growth identity equation, it finds that employment decline within unionized industries explains 18% of the post-1981 increase in the gap and that declining union ability to raise wages may explain as much as another 25%. Imports, on the other hand, do not appear to explain the gap independently of employment effects.
The Political Economy of Monetary Policy in the European Union: The Case of Belgium
Authors: Isenberg Dorene
Published: March 2007

The neoliberal notion of globalization implies a homogenizing of international markets into the Anglo-Saxon model. Drawing upon work by Gerald Epstein, this paper describes the changes in Belgium's political-economic power relations as the process of European integration has progressed from the 1960s to the 1990s. It then analyzes the changes in monetary policy and markets that have accompanied this move towards the European Monetary Union.
Corking and Uncorking: A Reflection on Group-Analytic Treatment for Alcoholics
Authors: Stevenson Beaumont , Ruscombe-King Gillie
Published: March 2007

Group-analytic treatment for alcoholics gives an opportunity to observe and to work through many different aspects of the addictive personality. Such a method of working was described by Fernando Arroyave as the `resolution of anything complex into its simple elements'. One element that we observed was not only the extent to which the patients talked about drink, but also the way in which they treated life and each other as `bottles'. This is hardly surprising since the bottle is the foremost thing in their lives.
Neuroses and Group Culture in Southern Italy: The Matrix of a `Real' Large Group
Authors: Pisani R.A.
Published: March 2007

At the 7th European Symposium in Group Analysis, Oxford, 1987, in my paper: `Transpersonal Processes and Self' I concluded by saying that: `Popular customs, rituals and traditions of Central-Southern Italy are based on certain main themes such as fertility and impotence, which are blended with or juxtaposed to magic-supernatural ones of propitiation, spells and exorcism. The dominating figure... is the mother, often felt to be omnipotent and hyper-protective. `I referred to a hypochondriac Self, clinical expression of a group matrix, whose main cultural aspect is a profound dependence on the mother figure. These conclusions were taken from a work I did on about 1000 patients coming from Central-Southern Italy (Pisani, 1990), the part of Italy I now examine as the matrix of a real large group.
Bion, Small Groups and the Analysis of Political Eras
Authors: Little Graham
Published: March 2007

Ifirst read Bion's Experiences in Groups (I961) fifteen years ago. The three groups, Fight-flight, Dependency and Pairing, highlighted for me the styles of three Australian political leaders, Malcolm Fraser, Jim Cairns and Gough Whitlam, who seemed to share between them much of the action in Australian politics in the 1970s. I enlarge on this here and extend the application of Bion's Basic Assumptions to the analysis of political eras in other parts of the English-speaking world.
A Group's Bad Self in Papua New Guinea: A True Home in the Modern World?
Authors: Bosse Hans
Published: March 2007

In an analytic research group with young males and females from the Sepik area in Papua New Guinea, the group's bad self is projected onto a member who has left the group. This is not just another case of the scapegoat mechanism. These adolescents, who have just stepped out of an ethnic culture and `stone-age economics', identify with the whites, their individual freedom and choice. However, white culture destroys traditional ways of bonding which give the individual some security. The phantasy of black magic being used against the group must be seen as the symbolic key to an unconscious inner image of the self, while the person or the group is under threat of cultural loss.1
Ending Psychotherapy
Authors: Fordham Michael
Published: March 2007

The paper starts with two cases with unsatisfactory endings, aiming to show that unsatisfactory endings are easier to define than desirable ones. The two cases also illustrate the social element involved in termination. Social demand for shorter treatments has led to attempts to introduce methods to shorten them, some of which are described as a reaction against `interminable' analyses. The author describes a number of endings, to be thought of rather as guidelines than as rules. Children as well as adults are considered. Among some analysed persons there remains a need for community which is a social problem not subject to ordinary transference reduction.
Group Reactions in a Hospital Crisis Intervention Programme
Authors: Berle Jan Oystein , Haver Brit , Karterud Sigmund W.
Published: March 2007

The paper describes group reactions among survivors, relatives and hospital staff participating in a crisis intervention programme following a bus accident in Norway. The survivors and the dead were brought to the regional hospital. The groups gathered were injured children and adults, and relatives of injured and dead victims. The participating hospital staff were mainly members of the intensive care unit, staff from two surgical wards and personnel from the psychiatric service unit. Group reactions observed were suggestibility and helplessness; a lack of autonomous functioning as individuals followed by group reinforcements of emotional out-bursts, and subsequently, fight/flight reactions and intergroup rivalry, parallel to an idealization of the Norwegian crisis team. Similar reactions were to a lesser extent also seen among members of staff groups. There was a reduction in the hospital's capacity to maintain its ordinary treatment programmes during the crisis intervention.
Captains and Cricket Teams: Therapists and Groups
Authors: Brearley Michael
Published: March 2007

The author describes W.R. Bion's concept of basic assumption groups, giving examples of such functioning in cricket teams. He compares and contrasts the roles of (group) therapist and team leader, addressing in particular the means each has at his or her disposal for effecting change by lessening basic assumption activity.
Peers as the `Guardian Angels' of Individuation in the Therapy Group: Ego Supportive Group Therapy for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Tijhuis Leo
Published: March 2007

From a psychological perspective, developmental assimilation within the age group is an important step during adolescence. But although peer groups play an essential role in the development of individuation and identity, peers and groups can be perceived as threats to adolescents1 with weak egos. This article recounts the author's search for the diagnostic and therapeutic elements in specific ego-supportive group therapy, following a pilot study (1997) of adolescent therapy, with peers seen in the role of `guardian angels' of each other's ego development and individuation.
Winners and losers: transformation processes and their consequences for adolescents
Authors: Steinke Ines
Published: March 2007

Transformation processes (e.g. transition to plurality, diversification of lifestyles, individualization, changing values, exponential increase of new options and new constraints on selecting and deciding) lead to changing developmental contexts for adolescents. This article considers individual consequences and subjective meanings of transformation processes for adolescents. A qualitative study conducted in East Berlin shows that three types of adolescents can be distinguished (winners, winners and losers, losers) from the ways they cope with transformation and its consequences. Each type can be regarded as a coherent system consisting of specific life-goals, values, anxieties, kinds of struggle for recognition, identities, characteristic social networks, personal and social resources. Differences in these dimensions are shown for the three types.
Sustaining identities? Prolegomena for inquiry into contemporary foodways
Authors: Crouch Mira , O'Neill Grant
Published: March 2007

As an essential yet also mundane everyday activity, eating in all cultures is expressive of both belief-systems and social distinctions that exist within them. While this has been recognized in social science - and, particularly, anthropology - many questions concerning the meanings of foodways within the overall patterns of “post-modern” culture have yet to be tackled. We argue that a novel signification of food consumption is currently taking place: in a social context where attrition of customary practices creates an extended range of options (which, notably, also represents a constraint), some of the needs of self-conscious individuation that arise within such a context are met through eating practices based on personal choice rather than social habit. In this article, the concept of an “eater's career” is used to explore theoretical and methodological dimensions of inquiry into uses of food that are significant for identity formation and maintenance in contemporary society.