bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hallucinogenic drug induced states resemble acute endogenous psychoses: results of an empirical study
Authors: Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E , Habermeyer E , Hermle L , Steinmeyer AM , Kunert HJ , Sass H
Published: July 2002

Clinical evidence suggests that hallucinogenic drug-induced altered states of consciousness (ASCs) and the incipient, acute stages of endogenous psychoses share many common phenomenological features. The aim of our study was to assess hallucinogen-like phenomena in endogenous psychotic patients using standardised methods. We examined 93 endogenous psychotic patients, 50 healthy controls and a small group of drug induced psychotic patients (n= 7) with two ASC self-assessment scales (questionnaire APZ =AbnormerPsychischerZustand = Altered State of Consciousness [Dittrich et al, 1985]; and questionnaire OAV = Abbreviation of the three subscales:Oceanic Boundlessness/Angst = Dread of Ego Dissolution/Visionary Restructuralisation [Bodmer 1989]). Patients were examined shortly after remission of their last acute psychotic episode and they answered the questionnaires referring to the early phase of this episode. Differences in the questionnaire scores were significant between psychotic patients and controls. Drug induced patients had numerically higher scores than endogenous psychotic patients, however these differences were only significant for the APZ total score and the undifferentiated items of the APZ, but not for the three APZ subscale and the OAV scores. More than 50% of the endogenous psychotic patients answered 26% of the APZ-and 43% of the OAV-items with “yes”. The OAV total score and the OSE (OzeanischeSelbstentgrenzung = oceanic boundlessness) scores of both questionnaires correlated significantly with BPRS Factor 3 (thought disturbance). Our results support the hypothesis that hallucinogen-like experiences represent common phenomena during the acute stages of endogenous psychoses. Remarkably, these phenomena include subjectively pleasant experiences of the OSE dimension. In the routine clinical assessment of endogenous psychotic patients experiences of this dimension may be more easily overlooked than the negative experiences of the AIA dimension (AIA:Angst vor derIch-Auflösung = dread of ego dissolution).
Retinitis pigmentosa and schizophrenia
Authors: McDonald C , Kenna P , Larkin T
Published: July 2002

There have been previous suggestions in the literature of a link between schizophrenia and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or its associated syndromes. In this article, we describe two cases of schizophrenía and two cases of delusional disorder occurring in patients with RP. We explore possible reasons for an association between RP and schizophrenia including shared genetic predisposition, sensory deprivation, coarse brain disease and retinoid dysregulation. Awareness of an association may help to direct future research into the aetiology of these disorders, especially in the areas of neurochemistry and medical genetics.
Prediction of duration of psychosis before first admission
Authors: Verdoux H , Bergey C , Assens F , Abalan F , Gonzales B , Pauillac P , Fournet O , Liraud F , Beaussier JP , Gaussares C , Etchegaray B , Bourgeois M , van Os J
Published: July 2002

Objective:

To assess the factors predicting the delay between onset of psychotic symptoms and first admission in a populationbased sample.

Method:

The duration of psychosis before admission was ascertained in a standardised way for 59 consecutively first-admitted patients presenting with psychotic symptoms.

Results:

The median of the duration of psychosis before admission was 3 months (interquartile range 0.5-14). A delay ≥ 3 months was independently predicted by family history of psychiatric hospitalisation (odds ratio [OR] = 12.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-97.0, P = 0.02). low educational level (OR = 7.7, 95% CI 1.0-50.0, P = 0.05), poor global adjustment in the preceding year (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.860.99, P = 0.04). and by greater global severity of illness at admission (OR = 4.0, 95% CI 0.87-18.3, P = 0.07).

Conclusion:

As these factors are also known to predict poor outcome, our results suggest that the association between duration of untreated psychosis and poor prognosis may be mediated, at least in part, by such demographic and clinical variables.
Estonia's success: prescription or legacy?
Authors: Panagiotou R.A.
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on Estonia's post-communist transition and attempts to determine why it has been more successful than the other two Baltic states, Lithuania and Latvia. It proposes that the central factor conditioning the outcome of the Baltic states' transition process was their different experiences during the Soviet period. Although the post-independence reform program itself played a crucial role in Estonia's successful transition, the paper concludes that the seeds for the country's achievements can actually be found in its Soviet legacy: Estonia's selection of policies, their implementation and the resulting positive outcome were all dependent on favorable conditions which had been established in Estonia during the Soviet period. Significantly, these positive conditions had not been created in the other two Baltic states.
The effects of chronic carvedilol therapy on QT dispersion in patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Yildirir Aylin , Sade Elif , Tokgozoglu Lale , Oto Ali
Published: July 2002

Background:

Carvedilol therapy reduces mortality from sudden cardiac death and progressive pump failure in congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the effect(s) of carvedilol on ventricular repolarization characteristics is unclear.

Aim:

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chronic carvedilol therapy on ventricular repolarization characteristics as assessed by QT dispersion (QTd) in patients with CHF.

Method:

Nineteen patients (age 53±12 years; 16 male, three female) with CHF (eight ischemic, 11 non‐ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy) were prospectively included in the study. Carvedilol was administered in addition to standard therapy for CHF at a dose of 3.125 mg bid and uptitrated biweekly to the maximum tolerated dose. From standard 12‐lead electrocardiograms the maximum and minimum QT intervals (QTmax, QTmin), QTd, corrected QT intervals (QTcmax, QTcmin) and corrected QTd (QTcd) values were calculated at baseline, after the 2nd and the 16th month of carvedilol therapy.

Results:

A significant reduction was noted in the QTd and QTcd values with carvedilol therapy after the 16th month (QTd: 81±22 ms vs. 40±4.3 ms P<0.001; QTcd: 91±25 ms vs. 51±7 ms P<0.001), but not after the 2nd month (P>0.05). The resting heart rate was also significantly reduced after a 16‐month course of carvedilol therapy (78±13 bpm vs. 66±15 bpm, P<0.05). Carvedilol therapy did not alter QTmax and QTcmax intervals (P>0.05), however, QT min and QTcmin significantly increased with carvedilol at the 16th month (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively).

Conclusion:

Long‐term carvedilol therapy was associated with a reduction in QTd, an effect that might contribute to the favorable effects of carvedilol in reducing sudden cardiac death in CHF.
COMPARING WOMEN'S ASSESSMENT OF MIDWIFERY AND MEDICAL CARE IN QUÉBEC, CANADA
Authors: De Koninck Maria , Blais Régis , Joubert Pierre , Gagnon Claude ,   L'équipe d'évaluation des projets‐pilotes sages‐femmes
Published: July 2002

In 1990, the province of Québec, Canada, adopted a law that authorized the evaluation of the practice of midwifery through pilot projects before its legalization. A key objective of this evaluation, as defined by the law, was the documentation of women's assessment of maternity care, especially with regard to humanization and continuity of care. Two to 3 months after birth, 933 midwifery clients and 1,000 physicians' clients, matched on several characteristics, responded to a mailed questionnaire (response rates were 93% and 76%, respectively). Results showed that women from both groups were generally satisfied with the care they received, although women who received midwifery care were assessed as more positive on every issue surveyed. Objective measures supported impressions that were also confirmed through qualitative data analysis: midwifery clients had a greater number of and longer prenatal visits, their care was perceived to be more personalized, and a greater number of midwives' clients breastfed their infants. However, the interpretation of these results must take into account that the two groups had different personal expectations and values with regard to health and health care. These findings are enlightening in evaluating women's needs, expectations, and satisfaction with health care services and should be included in future development of maternity care, including midwifery services, in Québec and other locations.
A comparison of work environment, job insecurity, and health between marginal part-time workers and full-time workers in Denmark using pooled register data
Authors: Nielsen Helena Breth , Gregersen Laura Stonor , Bach Emma Steffensen , Dyreborg Johnny , Ilsøe Anna , Larsen Trine Pernille , Pape Kathrine , Pedersen Jacob , Garde Anne Helene
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate characteristics of the work environment, job insecurity, and health of marginal part-time workers (8.0-14.9 hours/week) compared with full-time workers (32.0-40.0 hours/week).

Methods

The study population included employees in the survey Work Environment and Health in Denmark (WEHD) in 2012, 2014, or 2016 (n = 34 960). Survey information from WEHD on work environment and health was linked with register-based information of exposure based on working hours 3 months prior to the survey, obtained from the register Labour Market Account. Associations between marginal part-time work and work environment and health were assessed using logistic regression models.

Results

Marginal part-time workers reported less quantitative job demands, lower levels of influence at work, poorer support from colleagues and leaders, less job satisfaction and poorer safety, as well as more job insecurity. Results on negative social relations in the workplace and physical workload were more ambiguous. Marginal part-time workers were more likely to report poorer self-rated health, treatment-requiring illness, and depressive symptoms compared with full-time workers. Adjusting for characteristics of the work environment showed an indication of altered odds ratios for self-rated health and depressive symptoms, whereas job insecurity did not.

Conclusions

This study finds that marginal part-time workers experience a poorer psychosocial work environment and safety, higher job insecurity, and poorer health than full-time workers. Work environment characteristics may confound or mediate the association between marginal part-time work and health. However, prospective studies are needed to determine the causal direction of the revealed associations.
The effect of classroom aggression‐related peer group norms on students' short‐term trajectories of aggression
Authors: Velásquez Ana M. , Saldarriaga Lina M. , Castellanos Melisa , Bukowski William M.
Published: July 2021

Using a four‐wave/seven‐month longitudinal design with a sample of 1595 preadolescents (53% boys, 47% girls, Mage = 10.2 years) from 63 fourth‐, fifth‐ and sixth‐ grade classrooms in nine mixed‐sex schools in Bogotá, Colombia, we examined whether growth trajectories of measures of overt and relational aggression varied as a function of classroom norms for aggression. Multilevel growth mixture modeling revealed (a) distinct trajectories of overt and relational aggression for boys and girls and (b) that norm salience (i.e., the process by which a group norm is made salient via the punishments or reinforcements to the behavior within the group) was a better predictor of associations with trajectories of overt and relational aggression than were perceived injunctive norms (i.e., the perceived standards of what is approved or disapproved in a social context). In classrooms where popular or accepted children were perceived by their peers as aggressive, more boys followed an increasing trajectory of overt and relational aggression than a low‐stable trajectory, and more girls followed a high‐stable trajectory of relational aggression than a low‐stable trajectory. These findings are discussed in terms of the practical implications for the design of educational interventions aimed at preventing aggression in classroom settings.
Does depicting consequences of actions in narratives bolster the formation of propositional beliefs? First results from an experimental approach
Authors: Bonneterre Solenne , Zerhouni Oulmann , Green James
Published: July 2021

We explored (i) whether narratives can influence viewers' evaluations toward alcohol through evaluative learning and (ii) compared predictions from dual‐process and single‐process models of evaluative learning. In study 1, participants had to read vignettes, while they were exposed to TV show excerpts in study 2. Both studies (nstudy1 = 147; nstudy2 = 150) followed a 2 (valence: positive vs. negative) × 2 (drinking consequences: yes vs. no) study design. Automatic associations and propositional beliefs were then measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a Relational Responding Task (RRT) respectively. A multilevel meta‐regression was conducted to provide cumulative evidence for our hypotheses. Our first study did not yield robust significant results in the direction of associative or propositional processes. Conversely, the results of study 2 and meta‐analytic findings showed stronger evidence for (i) an effect of exposure to narratives on alcohol‐related evaluations and (ii) in favor of propositional models. Simply presenting a stimulus within a valenced context had no effect on the IAT or RRT. We conclude that these results are more in line with inferential propositional models of evaluative learning than with dual‐process models.
Effects of Atorvastatin on T‐Cell Activation and Apoptosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Novel Simulated Interactions With C‐Reactive Protein and Interleukin 6
Authors: Sun Jitong , Kumar Panda Pritam , Kumar Samal Shailesh , Ahuja Rajeev , Ajeganova Sofia , Hafström Ingiäld , Liu Anquan , Frostegård Johan
Published: July 2021

Objective

We study activation of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells and induction of apoptosis in cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with controls and effects of atorvastatin and its simulated interactions with other compounds.

Methods

Mononuclear cells from 10 patients with SLE and 10 controls were cultured in conditions that induce Th17 and/or Treg cell polarization and/or apoptosis and were studied by FACScan. Gene expression was determined by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Cytokines in plasma were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The Search Tool for Interactions of Chemicals (STITCH) was used to retrieve information regarding the binding properties of atorvastatin.

Results

Among patients with SLE, the proportion of Th17 (CD4+IL17+) cells was higher compared with controls after activation, with Th17 or Treg polarizing cytokines, phorbol myristate acetate, and ionomycin. In contrast, Treg cells (CD4+CD25+CD127dim/−) frequencies were lower. CD95 stimulation induced relatively more apoptosis in Treg cells and less in Th17 cells, as compared with controls. Addition of atorvastatin normalized Th17/Treg cell balance and apoptosis induction. Accordingly, the ratio of RORC/FoxP3 decreased in patients with SLE. Interleukin 17 and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) levels were increased in patients with SLE. Atorvastatin interacted strongly with C‐reactive protein (CRP) and also significantly with IL‐6.

Conclusion

There is a higher proportion of Th17 cells and a lower proportion of Treg cells in patients with SLE after activation. Th17 cells were more resistant than Treg cells to CD95‐induced apoptosis in SLE. Atorvastatin normalized these effects. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism behind the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells with implications for treatment in SLE. We determine for the first time simulated interaction between atorvastatin, CRP, and IL‐6, implying a novel role of atorvastatin.
Overcoming the Dependence on Animal Models for Osteoarthritis Therapeutics – The Promises and Prospects of In Vitro Models
Authors: Singh Yogendra Pratap , Moses Joseph Christakiran , Bhardwaj Nandana , Mandal Biman B.
Published: July 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of osteochondral tissues. Current treatment is restricted to the reduction of pain and loss of function of the joint. To better comprehend the OA pathophysiological conditions, several models are employed, however; there is no consensus on a suitable model. In this review, different in vitro models being developed for possible therapeutic intervention of OA are outlined. Herein, various in vitro OA models starting from 2D model, co‐culture model, 3D models, dynamic culture model to advanced technologies‐based models such as 3D bioprinting, bioassembly, organoids, and organ‐on‐chip‐based models are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. Besides, different growth factors, cytokines, and chemicals being utilized for induction of OA condition are reviewed in detail. Furthermore, there is focus on scrutinizing different molecular and possible therapeutic targets for better understanding the mechanisms and OA therapeutics. Finally, the underlying challenges associated with in vitro models are discussed followed by future prospective. Taken together, a comprehensive overview of in vitro OA models, factors to induce OA‐like conditions, and intricate molecular targets with the potential to develop personalized osteoarthritis therapeutics in the future with clinical translation is provided.
Room‐Temperature Chiral Light‐Emitting Diode Based on Strained Monolayer Semiconductors
Authors: Pu Jiang , Zhang Wenjin , Matsuoka Hirofumi , Kobayashi Yu , Takaguchi Yuhei , Miyata Yasumitsu , Matsuda Kazunari , Miyauchi Yuhei , Takenobu Taishi
Published: July 2021

Room‐temperature chiral light sources whose optical helicity can be electrically switched are one of the most important devices for future optical quantum information processing. The emerging valley degree of freedom in monolayer semiconductors allows generation of chiral luminescence via valley polarization. However, relevant valley‐polarized light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have only been achieved at low temperatures (typically below 80 K). Here, a room‐temperature chiral LED with strained transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers is realized. Spatially resolved polarization spectroscopy reveals that strain effects are crucial to yielding robust valley‐polarized electroluminescence. The broken threefold rotational symmetry of strained monolayers induce inequivalent valley drifts at the K/K’ valleys, resulting in different amounts of spin recombination driven by electric fields. Based on this scenario, ideally strained conditions are designed for LEDs on flexible substrates, in which the helicity of room‐temperature valley‐polarized electroluminescence is electrically tuned. The results provide a new pathway for practical chiral light sources based on monolayer semiconductors.
Chiral Helimagnetism and One‐Dimensional Magnetic Solitons in a Cr‐Intercalated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide
Authors: Zhang Chenhui , Zhang Junwei , Liu Chen , Zhang Senfu , Yuan Ye , Li Peng , Wen Yan , Jiang Ze , Zhou Bojian , Lei Yongjiu , Zheng Dongxing , Song Chengkun , Hou Zhipeng , Mi Wenbo , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Manchon Aurélien , Qiu Zi Qiang , Alshareef Husam N. , Peng Yong , Zhang Xi‐Xiang
Published: July 2021

Chiral magnets endowed with topological spin textures are expected to have promising applications in next‐generation magnetic memories. In contrast to the well‐studied 2D or 3D magnetic skyrmions, the authors report the discovery of 1D nontrivial magnetic solitons in a transition metal dichalcogenide 2H‐TaS2 via precise intercalation of Cr elements. In the synthetic Cr1/3TaS2 (CTS) single crystal, the coupling of the strong spin–orbit interaction from TaS2 and the chiral arrangement of the magnetic Cr ions evoke a robust Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. A magnetic helix having a short spatial period of ≈25 nm is observed in CTS via Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. In a magnetic field perpendicular to the helical axis, the helical spin structure transforms into a chiral soliton lattice (CSL) with the spin structure evolution being consistent with the chiral sine‐Gordon theory, which opens promising perspectives for the application of CSL to fast‐speed nonvolatile magnetic memories. This work introduces a new paradigm to soliton physics and provides an effective strategy for seeking novel 2D magnets.
A Soft and Absorbable Temporary Epicardial Pacing Wire
Authors: Hang Chen , Ding Li , Cheng Shiyu , Dong Ruihua , Qi Jie , Liu Xiaoyan , Liu Qian , Zhang Yan , Jiang Xingyu
Published: July 2021

Existing temporary epicardial pacing wires (TPWs) are rigid and non‐absorbable, such that they can cause severe complications after cardiac surgery. Here, a soft and absorbable temporary epicardial pacing wire (saTPW) for effectively correcting abnormal heart rates in a rabbit model, such as bradycardia and ventricular premature beat, is developed. The saTPW exhibits excellent conductivity, flexibility, cycling stability (>100 000 cycles), and less inflammatory response during two‐month subcutaneous implantation in a rat model. The saTPW which consists of poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) and liquid metal, can degrade about 13% (mass loss) in the rats over a two‐month subcutaneous implantation. It can be absorbed over time in the body. The cytocompatibility and absorbability avoid secondary injuries caused by remaining wires which are permanently left in the body. The saTPW will provide a great platform for diagnosis and treatments in cardiovascular diseases by delivering the physiological signal and applying electrical stimulation for therapy.
Chiral Phonons and Giant Magneto‐Optical Effect in CrBr3 2D Magnet
Authors: Yin Tingting , Ulman Kanchan Ajit , Liu Sheng , Granados del Águila Andrés , Huang Yuqing , Zhang Lifa , Serra Marco , Sedmidubsky David , Sofer Zdenek , Quek Su Ying , Xiong Qihua
Published: July 2021

Phonons with chirality determine the optical helicity of inelastic light scattering processes due to their nonzero angular momentum. Here it is shown that 2D magnetic CrBr3 hosts chiral phonons at the Brillouin‐zone center. These chiral phonons are linear combinations of the doubly‐degenerate Eg phonons, and the phonon eigenmodes exhibit clockwise and counterclockwise rotational vibrations corresponding to angular momenta of l = ± 1. Such Eg chiral phonons completely switch the polarization of incident circularly polarized light. On the other hand, the non‐degenerate non‐chiral Ag phonons display a giant magneto‐optical effect under an external out‐of‐plane magnetic field, rotating the plane of polarization of the scattered linearly polarized light. The corresponding degree of polarization of the scattered light changes from 91% to −68% as the magnetic field strength increases from 0 to 5 T. In contrast, the chiral Eg modes display no field dependence. The results lay a foundation for the study of phonon chirality and magneto‐optical phenomena in 2D magnetic materials, as well as their related applications, such as the phonon Hall effect, topological photonics, and Raman lasing.
Penta‐PdPSe: A New 2D Pentagonal Material with Highly In‐Plane Optical, Electronic, and Optoelectronic Anisotropy
Authors: Li Peiyang , Zhang Jiantian , Zhu Chao , Shen Wanfu , Hu Chunguang , Fu Wei , Yan Luo , Zhou Liujiang , Zheng Lu , Lei Hongxiang , Liu Zheng , Zhao Weina , Gao Pingqi , Yu Peng , Yang Guowei
Published: July 2021

Due to their low‐symmetry lattice characteristics and intrinsic in‐plane anisotropy, 2D pentagonal materials, a new class of 2D materials composed entirely of pentagonal atomic rings, are attracting increasing research attention. However, the existence of these 2D materials has not been proven experimentally until the recent discovery of PdSe2. Herein, penta‐PdPSe, a new 2D pentagonal material with a novel low‐symmetry puckered pentagonal structure, is introduced to the 2D family. Interestingly, a peculiar polyanion of [SePPSe]4− is discovered in this material, which is the biggest polyanion in 2D materials yet discovered. Strong intrinsic in‐plane anisotropic behavior endows penta‐PdPSe with highly anisotropic optical, electronic, and optoelectronic properties. Impressively, few‐layer penta‐PdPSe‐based phototransistor not only achieves excellent electronic performances, a moderate electron mobility of 21.37 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a high on/off ratio of up to 108, but it also has a high photoresponsivity of ≈5.07 × 103 A W−1 at 635 nm, which is ascribed to the photogating effect. More importantly, penta‐PdPSe also exhibits a large anisotropic conductance (σmax/σmax = 3.85) and responsivity (Rmax/Rmin = 6.17 at 808 nm), superior to most 2D anisotropic materials. These findings make penta‐PdPSe an ideal material for the design of next‐generation anisotropic devices.
A Universal Compensation Strategy to Anchor Polar Organic Molecules in Bilayered Hydrated Vanadates for Promoting Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Storage
Authors: Wan Fang , Hao Zhimeng , Wang Shuai , Ni Youxuan , Zhu Jiacai , Tie Zhiwei , Bi Songshan , Niu Zhiqiang , Chen Jun
Published: July 2021

The electrochemical performance of layered vanadium oxides is often improved by introducing guest species into their interlayer. Guest species with high stability in the interlayer and weak interaction with Zn2+ during charge/discharge process are desired to promoting reversible Zn2+ transfer. Herein, a universal compensation strategy was developed to introduce various polar organic molecules into the interlayer of AlxV2O5·nH2O by replacing partial crystal water. The high‐polar groups in the organic molecules have a strong electrostatic attraction with pre‐intercalated Al3+, which ensures that organic molecules can be anchored in the interlayer of hydrated vanadates. Simultaneously, the low‐polar groups endow organic molecules with a weak interaction with Zn2+ during cycling, thus liberalizing reversible Zn2+ transfer. As a result, AlxV2O5 with polar organic molecules displays enhanced electrochemical performance. Furthermore, based on above cathode material, a pouch cell was assembled by further integrating a dendrite‐free N‐doped carbon nanofiber@Zn anode, displaying an energy density of 50 Wh kg‐1. This work provides a path for designing stable guest species with a weak interaction with Zn2+ in the interlayer of layered vanadium oxide towards high‐performance cathode materials of aqueous Zn batteries.
Spin–Orbit Torque‐Induced Domain Nucleation for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Zhou Jing , Zhao Tieyang , Shu Xinyu , Liu Liang , Lin Weinan , Chen Shaohai , Shi Shu , Yan Xiaobing , Liu Xiaogang , Chen Jingsheng
Published: July 2021

Neuromorphic computing has become an increasingly popular approach for artificial intelligence because it can perform cognitive tasks more efficiently than conventional computers. However, it remains challenging to develop dedicated hardware for artificial neural networks. Here, a simple bilayer spintronic device for hardware implementation of neuromorphic computing is demonstrated. In L11‐CuPt/CoPt bilayer, current‐inducted field‐free magnetization switching by symmetry‐dependent spin–orbit torques shows a unique domain nucleation‐dominated magnetization reversal, which is not accessible in conventional bilayers. Gradual domain nucleation creates multiple intermediate magnetization states which form the basis of a sigmoidal neuron. Using the L11‐CuPt/CoPt bilayer as a sigmoidal neuron, the training of a deep learning network to recognize written digits, with a high recognition rate (87.5%) comparable to simulation (87.8%) is further demonstrated. This work offers a new scheme of implementing artificial neural networks by magnetic domain nucleation.
Advances of Adsorption and Filtration Techniques in Separating Highly Viscous Crude Oil/Water Mixtures
Authors: Yu Jiacheng , Cao Changqian , Pan Yongxin
Published: July 2021

The efficient separation of highly viscous crude oil/water mixtures caused by offshore crude oil exploitation, marine transportation, and oil recovery is still a big challenge. Adsorption and filtration techniques are considered as powerful and renewable approaches for oil/water separation because of their low cost and simple operation. However, conventional adsorption and filtration materials show poor separation performance due to the extremely high viscosity of crude oil. A variety of advanced adsorption and filtration materials have been developed very recently for the improvement of the crude oil/water separation performance, such as oil adsorption materials with in situ thermogenesis and filtration membranes with self‐cleaning property. In this review, the background of crude oil and crude oil/water mixtures are first described. Then, the fundamental wetting theories are also presented. Furthermore, the state‐of‐the‐art materials for viscous crude oil/water separation based on adsorption and filtration techniques are summarized respectively, including the separation mechanisms, strategies, fabrication methods, and separation performance. Finally, the conclusions and challenges for the viscous crude oil/water mixture separation are discussed.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Cross‐Dehydrogenative Alkynylation of Selenophenes
Authors: Chen Shi‐Yen , Tseng Yan‐Hsiang , Lu Chia‐Fang , Chuang Chun‐Yao , Cheng Yen‐Ju
Published: July 2021

A palladium‐catalyzed (Pd(PPh3)4/Ag2O/PivOH) C2‐regioselective direct dehydrogenative alkynylation of unsubstituted selenophene was achieved. The selenophenes substituted with R1 groups at 2‐position can be C5‐alkynylated with a variety of 4‐substituted phenylacetylenes (R2 groups). The R1 and R2 can be either electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating groups, demonstrating a wide range of substrate scope with various functional group tolerance. The mono/C2‐alkynylated selenophenes can subsequently undergo the second direct alkynylation at C5‐position to afford symmetrical or unsymmetrical donor‐π‐acceptor 2,5‐dialkynylated selenophenes.

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Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Enabled by Phosphorus Doping of the Fe Electronic Structure in Iron–Nickel Selenide Nanosheets
Authors: Huang Yuan , Jiang Li‐Wen , Shi Bu‐Yan , Ryan Kevin M. , Wang Jian‐Jun
Published: July 2021

The electronic structure of active sites is critically important for electrochemical reactions. Here, the authors report a facile approach to independently regulate the electronic structure of Fe in Ni0.75Fe0.25Se2 by P doping. The resulting electrode exhibits superior catalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) showing a low overpotential (238 mV at 100 mA cm−2, 185 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and an impressive durability in an alkaline medium. Additionally, the mass activity of 328.19 A g−1 and turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.18 s−1 at an overpotential of 500 mV are obtained for P─Ni0.75Fe0.25Se2 which is much higher than that of Ni0.75Fe0.25Se2 and RuO2. This work presents a new strategy for the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts for OER.
Direct Solar Hydrogen Generation at 20% Efficiency Using Low‐Cost Materials
Authors: Wang Yuan , Sharma Astha , Duong The , Arandiyan Hamidreza , Zhao Tingwen , Zhang Doudou , Su Zhen , Garbrecht Magnus , Beck Fiona J. , Karuturi Siva , Zhao Chuan , Catchpole Kylie
Published: July 2021

While direct solar‐driven water splitting has been investigated as an important technology for low‐cost hydrogen production, the systems demonstrated so far either required expensive materials or presented low solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiencies, both of which increase the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). Here, a low‐cost material system is demonstrated, consisting of perovskite/Si tandem semiconductors and Ni‐based earth‐abundant catalysts for direct solar hydrogen generation. NiMo‐based hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst is reported, which has innovative “flower‐stem” morphology with enhanced reaction sites and presents very low reaction overpotential of 6 mV at 10 mA cm−2. A perovskite solar cell with an unprecedented high open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.271 V is developed, which is enabled by an optimized perovskite composition and an improved surface passivation. When the NiMo hydrogen evolution catalyst is wire‐connected with an optimally designed NiFe‐based oxygen evolution catalyst and a high‐performance perovskite‐Si tandem cell, the resulting integrated water splitting cell achieves a record 20% STH efficiency. Detailed analysis of the integrated system reveals that STH efficiencies of 25% can be achieved with realistic improvements in the perovskite cell and an LCOH below ≈$3 kg−1 is feasible.
Paraprofessional Youth Mentoring: A Framework for Integrating Youth Mentoring with Helping Institutions and Professions
Authors: McQuillin Samuel D. , Hagler Matthew A. , Werntz Alexandra , Rhodes Jean E.
Published: July 2021

The demand for child mental health services, including those provided by psychologists, counselors, and social workers, exceeds the supply. This trend is expected to continue or worsen unless there are substantial structural changes in how mental health services are provided. We propose a framework for paraprofessional youth mentors, defined as a subgroup of professionally supervised, non‐expert volunteer or paid mentors to whom aspects of professional helping tasks are delegated. Our proposal is aligned with historical and modern solutions to scaling mental health services, and this framework could simultaneously increase the number of youth receiving evidence‐based mental health services and reduce the burden on existing systems of care. The framework defines three plausible tasks for paraprofessional mentors: (1) reducing barriers to mental health service, (2) increasing engagement in services, and (3) providing direct services. The safety and effectiveness of these task‐shifting efforts will hinge on competency‐based training and evaluation, supervision by professionals, and documentation of services rendered, all of which the field of youth mentoring currently lacks. We describe several requisite scientific, institutional, and regulatory advances that will be necessary to realize this variant of youth mentoring for a subgroup of youth who are presenting for assistance with mental health problems.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 3‐Substituted Isoquinolinium Salts
Authors: Li Bin , Wang Jiaxin , Li Xiaoye , Xi Jiayue , Wang Ruoxuan , Zhang Dongxu , Zheng Xiaohui , Nie Huifang , Zhang Shengyong
Published: July 2021

Chiral tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQ) is a highly important molecular skeleton in natural alkaloids and biologically active compounds, and its derivatives are often used as key intermediates for the synthesis of drugs. Herein, we described an efficient enantioselective hydrogenation of 3‐substituted isoquinolinium salts catalyzed by a bromine‐bridged dimeric complex [{Ir(H)[(R,S,Sax)‐Ph‐ax‐Josiphos]}2(μ‐Br)3]+Br−. This efficient enantioselective transformation could provide a series of useful chiral cyclic amines, which were of great potential value in natural product modification and drug molecular preparation in high yields and moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (68–97% ee). Additionally, turnover number experiments and a gram‐scale synthesis of chiral 3‐phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline were conducted.
Spatially Structured Optical Effects in a Four‐Level Quantum System Near a Plasmonic Nanostructure
Authors: Hamedi Hamid R. , Yannopapas Vassilios , Paspalakis Emmanuel
Published: July 2021

The light–matter interaction for a four‐level double‐V‐type quantum system interacting with a pair of weak probe fields while located near a 2D array of metal‐coated dielectric nanospheres is studied. A situation is considered in which one of the probe field carries an optical vortex, that is, an electromagnetic field with optical angular momentum, and the other probe field has no vortex. It is demonstrated that due to the phase sensitivity of the closed‐loop double V‐type quantum system, the linear and nonlinear susceptibility of the non‐vortex probe beam depends on the azimuthal angle and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the vortex probe beam. This feature is missing in an open four‐level double V‐type quantum system interacting with free‐space vacuum, as no quantum interference occurs in this case. The azimuthal dependence of optical susceptibility of the quantum system is used to determine the regions of spatially structured transparency.
Spin‐Regulated Electron Transfer and Exchange‐Enhanced Reactivity in Fe4S4‐Mediated Redox Reaction of the Dph2 Enzyme During the Biosynthesis of Diphthamide
Authors: Feng Jianqiang , Shaik Sason , Wang Binju
Published: July 2021

The [4Fe‐4S]‐dependent radical S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) proteins is one of large families of redox enzymes that are able to carry a panoply of challenging transformations. Despite the extensive studies of structure–function relationships of radical SAM (RS) enzymes, the electronic state‐dependent reactivity of the [4Fe‐4S] cluster in these enzymes remains elusive. Using combined MD simulations and QM/MM calculations, we deciphered the electronic state‐dependent reactivity of the [4Fe‐4S] cluster in Dph2, a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of diphthamide. Our calculations show that the reductive cleavage of the S−C(γ) bond is highly dependent on the electronic structure of [4Fe‐4S]. Interestingly, the six electronic states can be classified into a low‐energy and a high‐energy groups, which are correlated with the net spin of Fe4 atom ligated to SAM. Due to the driving force of Fe4−C(γ) bonding, the net spin on the Fe4 moiety dictate the shift of the opposite spin electron from the Fe1‐Fe2‐Fe3 block to SAM. Such spin‐regulated electron transfer results in the exchange‐enhanced reactivity in the lower‐energy group compared with those in the higher‐energy group. This reactivity principle provides fundamental mechanistic insights into reactivities of [4Fe‐4S] cluster in RS enzymes.
Li4MgGe2S7: The First Alkali and Alkaline‐Earth Diamond‐Like Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material with Exceptional Large Band Gap
Authors: Abudurusuli Ailijiang , Huang Junben , Wang Peng , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie , Li Junjie
Published: July 2021

Large band gap and strong nonlinear optical (NLO) effect are two valuable but contradictory parameters, which are difficult to balance in one infrared (IR) NLO material. Herein, the first alkali and alkaline‐earth metal diamond‐like (DL) IR NLO material Li4MgGe2S7, presenting a honeycomb‐like 3D framework constructed by 6‐membered LiS4 rings and GeMgS6 zigzag chains, was rationally designed and synthesized. The introduction of rigid alkali metal and alkaline‐earth metal LiS4 and MgS4 tetrahedra effectively broadens the band gap of DL compound to 4.12 eV (the largest one in the reported quaternary metal chalcogenides), generating a high laser damage threshold of 7 × AgGaS2 at 1064 nm. Furthermore, Li4MgGe2S7 displays a suitable SHG response (0.7 × AgGaS2) with a type I phase‐matching behavior. The results indicate that Li4MgGe2S7 is a promising IR NLO material for the high‐power laser application and it provides an insight into the design of new DL compound with outstanding IR NLO performances.
Programmable Site‐Specific Functionalization of DNA Origami with Polynucleotide Brushes
Authors: Yang Yunqi , Lu Qinyi , Huang Chao‐Min , Qian Hongji , Zhang Yunlong , Deshpande Sonal , Arya Gaurav , Ke Yonggang , Zauscher Stefan
Published: July 2021

Combining surface‐initiated, TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase) catalyzed enzymatic polymerization (SI‐TcEP) with precisely engineered DNA origami nanostructures (DONs) presents an innovative pathway for the generation of stable, polynucleotide brush‐functionalized DNA nanostructures. We demonstrate that SI‐TcEP can site‐specifically pattern DONs with brushes containing both natural and non‐natural nucleotides. The brush functionalization can be precisely controlled in terms of the location of initiation sites on the origami core and the brush height and composition. Coarse‐grained simulations predict the conformation of the brush‐functionalized DONs that agree well with the experimentally observed morphologies. We find that polynucleotide brush‐functionalization increases the nuclease resistance of DONs significantly, and that this stability can be spatially programmed through the site‐specific growth of polynucleotide brushes. The ability to site‐specifically decorate DONs with brushes of natural and non‐natural nucleotides provides access to a large range of functionalized DON architectures that would allow for further supramolecular assembly, and for potential applications in smart nanoscale delivery systems.
Regenerated cellulose/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite films with improved mechanical property
Authors: Li Gang , Hu Yang , Yang Xinfei , Yang Quanling , Tian Huafeng , Shi Zhuqun , Xiong Chuanxi
Published: July 2021

Construction of environment‐friendly biomass‐based nanocomposites with high performance is in great demand for developing of a sustainable low‐carbon society. Here, transparent and flexible regenerated cellulose (RC)/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposite films were prepared from aqueous NaOH/urea solutions. The obtained nanocomposite films were characterized using AFM, SEM, FTIR, XRD, tensile testing, water contact angle, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that LDH nanoplatelets were individually dispersed with a thickness of 1 nm and surface diameter of 100 nm after ultrasonic treatment. Strong interaction existed between LDH nanoplatelets and cellulose molecules, leading to the improved thermal stability and mechanical strength of RC together with the original good properties of LDH. In particular, the nanocomposite films with 10 wt% LDH showed a 135% and 234% increase in the tensile strength and Young's modulus than those of the neat RC film. Meanwhile, the nanocomposite films exhibited high transparency. Therefore, these RC/LDH nanocomposites are promising in the fields of high‐performance packaging materials, flexible display panels, and high‐temperature dielectric materials.
Ecdysteroids from the Aerial Parts of Paris verticillata
Authors: Jiang Peng , Liu Yan , Sun Yan‐Ping , Pan Juan , Guan Wei , Xu Zhen‐Peng , Li Xiao‐Mao , Wang Si‐Yi , Mei Yu , Kuang Hai‐Xue , Yang Bing‐You
Published: July 2021

Two new ecdysteroids 14‐epi‐polypodine B (1) and 22‐oxo‐hydroxyecdysterone (2), along with nine known compounds, polypodine B (3), viticosterone E (4), 20‐hdroxyecdysone‐2‐acetate (5), 22‐oxo‐20‐hydroxyecdysone (6), 5‐hydroxyecdysone (7), pinnatasterone (8), 3‐epi‐20‐hydroxyecdysone (9), ecdysterone (10) and stachysterone B (11), were isolated from the aerial parts of Paris verticillata. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations and ANN‐PRA/DP4+ probability analysis. Among them, the absolute configuration of compound 1 and 2 was unambiguous determined by ECD. Also, the isolated compounds were assessed for their cytotoxic activities. Compounds 2, 3 and 7 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against PC12, LN299 and SMCC7721 cells.
Mental health‐related police incidents: Results of a national census exercise in England and Wales
Authors: Kane Eddie , Cattell Jack , Wire Julia
Published: July 2021

Background

The level of mental state incidents dealt with by police and the police resource involved is under‐researched, often giving rise to un‐evidenced claims around demand, response and resources. The 2019 National Police Chiefs' Council and College of Policing definition of such incidents provides a useful basis for more accurate calculation: ‘Any police incident thought to relate to someone's mental health where their vulnerability is at the centre of the incident or where the police have had to do something additionally or differently because of it’.

Aims

To establish the nature and frequency of incidents involving the police when mental state is a primary reason for the involvement.

Methods

In this mixed methods study, we first analysed data from records in two mixed inner city/urban/rural forces and one large multi‐local authority metropolitan force. Secondly, we made an in‐depth analysis of a sample of mental state‐related incidents (n = 320) in two of these forces. Thirdly, we took a 24‐hour snapshot of all such incidents in England and Wales.

Results

Mental state‐related incidents accounted for 5.1% of recorded police contacts from the public, rising to just 7.8% when confining attention only to contacts that generated a police response beyond taking the call and recording it. Length of time between an incident being reported and first response was similar between mental state‐related and non‐mental state‐related incidents, but response to closure time was shorter for the former.

Conclusions

While incidents relating to mental state problems do consume police resources, they do not represent disproportionate demand in terms of numbers or time spent. That said, only about a quarter of the police work recorded was related to possible crimes, and the possibility of conflating perception of wider social need with mental state problems may further account for an apparent mismatch between the perceived and actual proportion of the workload spent on these incidents.
Surgical management of a delayed post‐traumatic saccular aneurysm of the radial artery
Authors: Chalidis Byron , Kitridis Dimitrios , Tirta Maria , Galanis Nikiforos , Givissis Panagiotis
Published: July 2021

Post‐traumatic aneurysm of the radial artery is a rare and often misdiagnosed vascular lesion of the wrist. Radial artery ligation can lead to excellent results if Allen test confirmed that ulnar artery is the dominant feeding artery to the hand.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Heteroaryl Ketones using Noyori‐Ikariya Catalysts
Authors: Zheng Ye , Martinez‐Acosta Jaime A. , Khimji Mohammed , Barbosa Luiz C. A. , Clarkson Guy J. , Wills Martin
Published: July 2021

A range of ketones flanked by a combination of an aromatic and a heterocyclic ring (furan, thiophene, N‐methylimidazole) were reduced under asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) conditions. Using a range of [(arene)Ru(TsDPEN)Cl] precatalysts, including tethered derivatives, the reduction enantioselectivity was high (up to 99 % ee) in cases where the aromatic ring contained an ortho‐substituent. The enantioselectivity is influenced by a combination of steric and electronic factors which for the furan and thiophene series, follow literature precedents. In the case of the N‐methylimidazole‐containing ketones, an unexpected switch in enantioselectivity took place upon variation of the opposing aromatic group. Pyrrole‐ containing ketones were resistant to reduction. This study demonstrates the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of a range of hindered heterocyclic ketones, in high conversion and ee, using Noyori‐Ikariya catalysts.
Selective Carbon‐Carbon Bond Amination with Redox‐Active Aminating Reagents: A Direct Approach to Anilines†
Authors: Qiu Xu , Wang Yachong , Su Lingyu , Jin Rui , Song Song , Qin Qixue , Li Junhua , Zong Baoning , Jiao Ning
Published: July 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Amines are among the most fundamental motifs in chemical synthesis, and the introduction of amine building blocks via selective C—C bond cleavage allows the construction of nitrogen compounds from simple hydrocarbons through direct skeleton modification. Herein, we report a novel method for the preparation of anilines from alkylarenes via Schmidt‐type rearrangement using redox‐active amination reagents, which are easily prepared from hydroxylamine. Primary amines and secondary amines were prepared from corresponding alkylarenes or benzyl alcohols under mild conditions. Good compatibility and valuable applications of the transformation were also displayed.