bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interventions for Competency Restoration and Treatment in Jails
Authors: Gugliano Amanda L. , Howard Stephanie M. , Berthold Amanda L.
Published: May 2023

Both the deinstitutionalization movement and reductions in public mental health services have shifted an increasing number of mentally ill individuals from state hospitals to jails and prisons. People with severe and persistent mental illness that are involved within the criminal justice system and found incompetent to stand trial (IST) have typically been sent to state hospitals for competency restoration treatment. However, due to the high costs associated with treating IST defendants in state hospitals and the long wait time for beds to become available, many states have started to develop jail-based competency restoration programs to meet the needs of IST pretrial incarcerated persons. This chapter will discuss the benefits and limitations of competency restoration treatment in state hospitals and jail settings as well as provide an overview of the relatively new jail-based competency restoration programs that have been developed in many states across the United States.
Research and Advocacy in Jails
Authors: Batastini Ashley B. , Dvoskin Joel , Horton Jade , Cook Kaylee
Published: May 2023

The majority of published studies on correctional populations are in the context of prisons. As noted elsewhere in this book, while jails and prisons are often used as synonymous terms, their environments and populations can be quite distinct. Jails are inherently more difficult to study in a “clean” way, but more research on their unique needs and how best to address those needs is imperative. This chapter acknowledges these challenges and offers jail administrators and would-be jail researchers recommendations for improving the focus on empirical outcomes. Research can help jails and counties develop more sound polices for assessment, intervention, and reentry, as well as establish a foundation to advocate for additional resources (e.g., via state and county funding, external grant support). In addition to the importance of continued research and program evaluation, other recommendations for advocacy for jailed individuals and correctional and health care staff are provided.
The Jim Crow Car
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the Jim Crow regime. It elaborates on the segregation of privileges that separated white people and Black people. After moving to the edge of downtown Baton Rouge, Hubert Humphrey encountered Black people with more frequency compared with his parochial past. Humphrey entered the Louisiana State University, a domain in which Black people were meant to be ever present and yet magically invisible. The chapter explains that Humphrey’s attendance resulted in his realization of how segregation forced emotional contortions on white people. It elaborates on how Humphrey learned racism in The Bottoms, of Maggie, of Jamie Caffery, and about other forms of bigotry.
The Coming Confrontation
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter elaborates on the speeches conducted by Hubert Humphrey and Harry Truman. The Supreme Court’s decision in 1944 to declare Texas’s all-white primary elections unconstitutional challenged the unequal equilibrium of the Jim Crow South and radicalized Fielding Wright. Wright objected to the laws that Truman’s Committee of Civil Rights had proposed in late 1947 since he deemed the proposal to be deliberately aimed to wreck the South and its institutions. The chapter also considers Philip Randolph taking his attempt to remove segregation in the military straight to the White House. It notes how Humphrey, Wright, Randolph, James Loeb, and Andrew Biemiller prepared to go to Philadelphia for a confrontation.
Subjective Wellbeing and Resilience at the Individual Level
Authors: Cummins Robert A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter brings together ideas on resilience, from biology and psychology, to describe a single integrated system of homeostatic control for subjective wellbeing (SWB). SWB is a composite variable containing both emotion and mood. The emotion serves to inform the brain about relevant changes in the internal (interoceptive) and external environments. The mood component is characterised as a composite of the three affects: happy, content, and alert. These combine to form homeostatically protected mood (HPMood), which is the phenotype of a genetically determined process. HPMood exists as a weak, background effect that is present in all thoughts about the self, including SWB. Its purpose is to maintain a positive outlook in consciousness, and its level is unchanging within a narrow range around a setpoint for each person. It is proposed that understanding subjective wellbeing homeostasis is central to understanding sustainable wellbeing for humankind.
Life Satisfaction, Marital Status, and Partnership Quality
Authors: Chapman Bruce , Zakariyya Nabeeh
Published: May 2023

This chapter reports an empirical examination of the associations between relationship status, partner satisfaction, and life satisfaction. The authors analyse data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey from 2001 to 2019, a large longitudinal dataset that includes questions assessing subjective wellbeing, including overall life satisfaction and satisfaction with one’s partner. It also includes a significant sample in which both partners in a household are surveyed to provide information on reciprocal evaluation of each partner’s satisfaction, something which has not been previously reported. Based on both of these evaluations, the authors construct a composite index of overall partner satisfaction to measure relationship quality and examine its association with overall life satisfaction while controlling for other covariates. Results indicate that this composite measure of partnership satisfaction has large consequences for life satisfaction. In terms of the size of the effect, it seems that being in an unhappy relationship compared to a happy one has about a three times larger impact on life satisfaction than being unemployed compared with being employed.
Wellbeing in Higher Education
Authors: Christensen Bruce K. , Kennedy Rebecca E.
Published: May 2023

On average, the wellbeing of higher education (HE) students is low. Given the importance of HE to national economies and cultures, institutes of HE (IHE) are increasingly implementing strategies to improve wellbeing. Additionally, international organisations are repositioning the scope of HE initiatives beyond subjective wellbeing to considerations of community, society, and the natural environment. For example, the Okanagan Charter implores IHE to transform the wellbeing of people, places, and the planet. This chapter reviews evidence- and practice-based HE wellbeing strategies under this organisational structure of person-, place-, and planet-level approaches. Presently, the strongest evidence is for person-level interventions and is tied to student services, psychoeducation, and health promotion. Place-level strategies are commonly practiced and robustly supported by IHE but lack mature empirical support. Planet-level approaches are only emerging and require greater policy support to gain traction. Overall, additional research is required to build understanding across all levels of knowledge and practice.
Systems of Care and Experience for Dying Well
Authors: Chapman Michael , Philip Jennifer , Komesaroff Paul
Published: May 2023

Death and dying are events that all beings will share. Everyone is either anticipating or experiencing them. While often associated with notions of loss, fear, pain, and suffering, the reality of death and dying is more complex. Growth, hope, connection, and even wellbeing itself can co-exist with death and dying and may even be fostered. Within this chapter, various potentially positive aspects of death and dying arising within philosophy, literature, and cultural, religious, and care traditions will be explored, challenging the notion of a uniform negativity within responses to death and dying. The experience of mortality and wellbeing arise from the interplay of myriad dynamic, living systems, suggesting how wellbeing and death and dying can relate and coexist. These ideas have implications for understanding and enhancing care provision to support wellbeing within dying and normalise the possibility of this experience.
An Economy Centred on Human and Ecological Wellbeing
Authors: Fioramonti Lorenzo , Coscieme Luca
Published: May 2023

The concept of the ‘wellbeing economy’ (WE), which prioritises human and ecological wellbeing instead of economic growth at all costs, is gaining consensus amongst policy-makers, business, and civil society. Since 2018, several national governments have adopted its framework as a new approach to designing policies and assessing progress. The WE replaces the pursuit of increasing a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) with a more nuanced recognition of what the society wants to grow and what it wants to decline. It embodies a positive and forward-looking set of proposals for reducing environmental impacts and improving natural capital while increasing societal wellbeing more broadly conceived. In this chapter, after describing the main tenets of the WE, the authors discuss how its action-oriented approach moves beyond the argument on economic growth. The chapter describes some of the main changes that a shift from economic growth to wellbeing would bring about, including how it will affect physical and mental health and social capital and how it would help rethink concepts such as progress, productivity, work, technology, and the role of producers and consumers. The authors explore practical policy actions that are proving effective in aligning economic, social, and environmental objectives.
Verstehen and Narrative
Authors: Brockmeier Jens
Published: May 2023

Human understanding or verstehen is the central matter of hermeneutics. This chapter fuses the horizons of hermeneutic and narrative studies in exploring forms and practices of verstehen that are closely intermingled with a specific type of language, narrative language. The author is concerned with the narrative “deep structure” of verstehen, with the forms and practices of narrative that allow people to understand complex human realities. At the same time, the author investigates the hermeneutic dynamic of narrative processes, a dynamic that is involved whenever people try to understand these realities. This corroborates the assumption that stories and storytelling imply an array of interpretive operations and strategies. Drawing on earlier work on “narrative hermeneutics,” it is suggested that one of the main projects of this approach deals with this nexus of narrative and verstehen. An important element of this view is to conceive of verstehen not primarily as an intellectual operation to acquire knowledge but as an existential practice inherent to the human existence.
The Hermeneutics of Darkness
Authors: Schiff Brian , Altimore Kaylee , Bougher Genevieve
Published: May 2023

This chapter’s authors seek to contribute to the method and approach for understanding extreme forms of otherness—the perpetrators of atrocity crimes. The actions of perpetrators are so severe and devastating that they are often viewed as abhorrent—morally scarred or biologically susceptible to extreme violence. Is it possible to understand those who engage in mass violence, and, if so, by what means? As a starting point, the authors examine Gitta Sereny’s (1974/1983) Into that Darkness: An Examination of Conscience, which encompassed more than 70 hours of interviews with Franz Stangl, former Commandant of the Treblinka extermination camp, and interviews with many others. The authors analyze Sereny’s stance in the double hermeneutic and the complications of the position of interpreter in relation to the other who is interpreted in an effort to understand Stangl’s participation in the Shoah and his reflections on his actions. Sereny practices a hermeneutics of suspicion, seeking to get past the superficial to “penetrate the personality” and discover his authentic conscience. The authors ask if it is really possible to get to the truth of Stangl’s motivations that lay behind his words without contorting his testimony. Ultimately, they suggest an alternative reading to the text, one based on a hermeneutics of faithfulness that does not distort Stangl’s words but rather contextualizes them in the cultural models for moral agency and action of his time.
Perpetrator Histories, Silencing and Untold Stories
Authors: Frie Roger
Published: May 2023

This chapter uses a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective to explore how individuals are constituted by society, politics and history in ways that are often outside their awareness. With the rise of right-wing populism and the election of demagogues, the ethics of storytelling have become pressing. As a historian and relational psychoanalyst, the author describes how our understanding of history and the psychoanalytic setting always exist within and are shaped by social and political surroundings. Psychoanalysis plays an important role in helping people understand how the narratives of perpetration can be silenced and denied even as the effects of these histories continue to be seen and felt in the world. The analysis begins by examining how recent attempts to legislate history in Republican-controlled US state governments are extensions of and reinforce the memory dynamics in families and communities that have long sought to maintain a system of white supremacy. The author uses an example from a family dynamic in the American South and then focuses on the issue of German family memory, drawing on his German family history to illustrate how the Nazi past may be kept at bay through silencing, dissociation, and specific forms of storytelling. This chapter examines the emotional forces that shape what is said or not said in former and present perpetrator nations and sheds light on the social processes by which narrative possibilities are opened up or shut down in ways that are both conscious and unconscious.
Psychiatric Truth and Narrative Hermeneutics
Authors: Lewis Bradley
Published: May 2023

This chapter develops the perspective that psychiatry is a narrative hermeneutic practice. It uses Edwidge Danticat’s short story, “Sunrise, Sunset,” as a window into human concerns that can become “psychiatric problems” in a clinical situation. It then considers two imaginary clinical encounters if the lead character were to come to a psychiatrist for help. The first encounter is with a diagnostic psychiatrist trained in accordance with key textbooks published by the American Psychiatric Association. The second is with a narrative psychiatrist. Interestingly, narrative hermeneutics helps make sense of both these encounters, whether or not the psychiatrist uses a narrative frame. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the implications of this perspective for psychiatric practice, research, and education.
The Origins of the Baltic Question
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the three elements that made the Baltic situation a specific case in the Soviet context: the decision in 1940 by the United States not to recognize the annexation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as legal; the emergence of an active and well-organized Baltic-American diaspora during the Cold War; and the rise of the Baltic independence movements in the late 1980s. In addressing these three topics, the complexity of the Baltic issue is revealed: the legal debate about their international status, the ties between the Baltic diaspora and the US Congress, and the multi-causal roots of Baltic discontent with the Soviet rule.
“Have you not noticed our absence?”
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

This chapter follows the transformation of the Baltic question from a purely internal Soviet nationalities problem to an international issue in 1989. It analyzes the Soviet and American policies toward Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the context of Eastern European revolutions, highlighting the American unwillingness to get involved with the Baltic question, as well as the country’s inability to avoid it. The chapter sheds light on Baltic attempts to use the history of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact to delegitimize Soviet rule, both at home and abroad. It pays particular attention to the relations between Baltic independence movements and other Soviet actors such as Gorbachev’s liberal advisors, Yeltsin’s circle, and other republics. The chapter ends with the Malta summit, during which Bush and Gorbachev failed to effectively communicate their respective positions on the Baltic issue.
The Rise of the Republics, the Fall of the Center
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

This chapter underscores US attempts to understand the complexity of the Soviet domestic struggles and predict the possible future of the USSR during the first half of 1991. It describes the increasing power diffusion in the Soviet Union and the growing cooperation between the Baltic states and Boris Yeltsin before turning toward the international recognition of the Baltic states after the August coup. The US and European decisions to restore diplomatic relations with the Baltic states did not mean the abandonment of Gorbachev or acceptance of Soviet disintegration. Rather, it was a final disconnection of the Baltic and Soviet questions.
Introduction
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

Until the 1870s, the federal government played almost no role in regulating immigration. The states controlled mobility within and across their borders. Defenders of slavery feared that if Congress had power to control immigration, it could also regulate the movement of free black people and perhaps the interstate slave trade as well. The Civil War removed the political and constitutional obstacles to a national immigration policy, and Chinese immigration was the catalyst for federal action. In 1875, Congress passed the Page Act, targeting Chinese prostitutes. To justify the exclusion of Chinese laborers, the Court ruled in Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889) that power over immigrant admissions was inherent in national sovereignty. The federal government continues to control admissions and exclusions today, while cities and states regulate immigrants after they arrive. Some monitor and punish immigrants; others offer sanctuary and refuse to act as agents of federal law enforcement, thereby reasserting local sovereignty as a counterweight to federal power.
Introduction
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy , Kushi Sidita
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with an overview of the book’s core argument, contextualized within critical historical debates on US grand strategy, from perspectives on restraint, offshore balancing, and selective engagement to deep engagement. The chapter then offers brief summaries of the history of war and diplomacy within the United States by tracing the evolutions of the current Department of State and Department of Defense. Next, the chapter introduces the book’s approach, before showcasing snapshots of leading trends in US foreign policy; comparing our Military Intervention Project (MIP) trends to those from the current leading data set on US military interventions, and explaining the pivotal eras that demarcate shifting US objectives. It also shows how current patterns of US foreign policy are detrimental to the future of the country and the world, before explaining the book’s structure.
America the Expander
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy , Kushi Sidita
Published: May 2023

Using historical narratives, grand strategy applications, and data from the Military Intervention Project (MIP), this chapter traces the beginnings of the United States as a sovereign state from 1776 to 1864. Until the War of 1812, the United States was an isolated actor, with little presence on the international stage as it struggled for legitimacy with its traditional European powers. The United States undertook few military interventions in the form of colonial proxy wars within North America against its European rivals as well as some more distant skirmishes such as the Barbary Wars. But between 1813 and 1864, the United States’ objectives change to that of conquering the Great Frontier. Much of its foreign policy consists of waging the Frontier Wars against over 100 North American Indian nations, which are portrayed through historical and statistical evidence. The chapter assesses the United States’ growing military and economic power, concentrated within its continental-wide neighborhood.
America the Western Hegemon
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy , Kushi Sidita
Published: May 2023

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States vied for regional power within its neighborhood, now extending to Latin America and the Caribbean, and several islands in the South Pacific. This chapter traces how the once imperialized United States became the imperialist. Relying on historical narratives and data patterns from the Military Intervention Project (MIP), this chapter highlights key events in US foreign policy from 1865 to 1917, the pre–World War I era—including the Spanish-American War, Mexican Revolution, Banana Wars, and the Philippine-American War. As the United States progressed through the late 1800s and into the 1900s, it expanded its sphere of influence beyond its neighborhood and reached the heights of regional hegemony. Thus, the pre–World War I era from 1865 to 1917 characterized the United States as a growing imperialist power across Latin America and the Pacific, all while restraining European powers from economic and political gains in the continent.
America the Leader of the Free World
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy , Kushi Sidita
Published: May 2023

The Cold War era from 1946 to 1989 marked the United States as one of two superpowers in a bipolar world order. The United States’ greatest objective was to deter Soviet Union expansion, whether it be territorial, militaristic, economic, or ideological. Foreign policy specialists and leaders came to a shaky consensus on how to deal with the Soviet threat: the policy of containment, which demanded high diplomatic engagement alongside selective military involvement. As political elites broadened interpretations of the strategy of containment, in the background, another policy alternate lingered—the doctrine of rollback. The persistent proponents of rollback pushed for greater, sustained US militaristic commitment to completely “roll back” new Soviet territorial gains in Europe and political influence from the world at large. While muted for part of the Cold War, the rollback camp never fully disappeared. Instead, they would come to push the policy of containment toward more belligerent ends.
Horn Call
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Horn Call” is a thorough exploration of sound, vibration, and resonance. Its central archetype is reminiscent of hunting calls sounded by two horns playing together, a sonority used in numerous passages, movements, and compositions by many composers such as Scarlatti, Mozart, and Bruckner. The chapter presents exercises to enhance the pianist’s sensitivity to acoustic phenomena, to the relationship between gesture and sound, and to the influence of note groupings on gesture. Some of the exercises and compositions revisit the harmonic series, first studied in chapter 4. Compositions vary in length and style, some drawing indirect inspiration from Gustav Mahler and others offering a dialogue between raucous, loud sounds and the echo-like, consonant sonorities of the horn call. The chapter invites the pianist to string together a suite of pieces chosen from the chapter. Depending on which pieces the pianist choses, the suite may tell a heroic story of successful hunting, a troubling story of loss and loneliness, a story of obsession, and other stories still.
The Aftermath of Silencing the Trauma
Authors: Erlandsson Soly , Dauman Nicolas
Published: May 2023

The association between silence and powerlessness is one reason behind rape victims’ decision to remain silent about the assault. Rape victims, who most often are traumatized, face a wide array of negative experiences as a consequence of the violence. At the heart of this trauma narrative is the case of a female patient, 70 years old, suffering from tinnitus, for which she was offered psychotherapy. During one of the last therapy sessions the patient disclosed that she was raped at the age of 22 by a man she met when searching for a job. This case study explores the complex relationship between sensory fragments (i.e., hallucinations and tinnitus) and the disclosure of a hidden trauma that occurred half a century earlier. It also illustrates how establishing a confidential therapeutic alliance can contribute to a sustained integration of fragmented experiences of the trauma into a personal history.
Protecting and Enhancing American Oceans Leadership—Managing Change in a Thawing Arctic and Conflict in the South and East China Seas as Critical Examples
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This Chapter explores how America’s non-accession to UNCLOS has damaged its traditional leadership in oceans matters. At least since World War II, the United States, with the largest navy and the largest economy in the world, and bordering three oceans, has been a leader in oceans policy matters. But to the delight of its enemies and the consternation of its friends, American oceans leadership has been significantly harmed by its absence from the Law of the Sea Convention. America has not been able to participate in the new oceans institutions created by UNCLOS, it has been relegated to second class citizenship as a mere observer in the annual UNCLOS Meeting of States Parties, it has reduced effectiveness in dealing with international negotiations affecting the oceans, such as the ongoing BBNJ negotiations, and American absence has hampered and delayed American industry and government from actively engaging oceans opportunities and challenges. As examples of the costs for American leadership from non-adherence this chapter examines in separate sections the important issues presented by a thawing Arctic Ocean, as well as conflict in the South and East China Seas.
A Compendium of Specific Examples of False or Misleading Arguments Made Against the UNCLOS Treaty
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This Chapter illustrates through specific examples how the opponents’ arguments against UNCLOS have been false or misleading. Through an illustrative compendium of thirty-six statements or arguments, each specifically quoted and its source identified, this Chapter presents the arguments made against UNCLOS as they were actually argued in print or to the Senate. And it then responds on each as to why the statement or argument is false or misleading. Of particular note, the compendium sadly illustrates the important opposition role played by the Heritage Foundation, likely a hangover from Heritage’s understandable opposition to the defects in Part XI on deep seabed mining before the renegotiation of that part of the Convention; a renegotiation which cured those defects and met all of President Ronald Reagan’s conditions for United States support. The author has been a supporter of the Heritage Foundation’s important work for national defense, reasonable regulation and taxes, fiscal responsibility, constitutional checks and balances, and the rule of law. But he points out that opposition from Heritage toward UNCLOS, if it continues to make the difference in preventing American adherence to the Convention, simply empowers China, the Russian Federation, and even close American allies to continue to swoop up the strategic minerals of the deep seabed while America stands by with primly averted eyes. Indeed, as the Prologue to this book notes, through its non-adherence to the Treaty the United States has already lost two of its four “USA” designated deep seabed sites with strategic minerals worth an estimated half a trillion dollars, and it is at risk of losing America’s remaining two sites for a total loss of a trillion dollars in strategic minerals. Continued opposition would also be counter to the position of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the United States Navy, the United States Air Force, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Chamber of Commerce, the National Governor’s Association, the American Petroleum Institute (API), the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), the National Oceans Industries Association, the Financial Round Table, and the American deep seabed mining, shipping and underwater cable industries, among others.
The Allure of Empire
Authors: Suh Chris
Published: May 2023

Empires were never the agents of progress as their apologists claimed. Yet during the Progressive Era, various people across the Pacific turned to empires as a source of empowerment. While the United States and Japan strove to emerge as the world’s great powers, numerous Asians and African Americans embraced Japan to challenge long-standing assumptions of human inequality based on color. Japan’s allure, however, was hardly limited to nonwhite peoples. American policymakers perceived Japan as a “progressive” empire akin to their own, and the two powers cultivated an amicable relationship across the color line, even as they competed for influence in Asia and conflicted over Japanese immigration to the American West. The Allure of Empire traces how American ideas about Asians were made and remade on the imperial stage, and how these ideas shaped US foreign and immigration policies. Based on research conducted in South Korea and the United States, it uncovers how Americans justified Japan’s colonial rule in Korea by comparing it to the US rule in Cuba and the Philippines. It reveals that the United States refused to exclude Japanese immigrants the same way as it had excluded Chinese and Indian immigrants until American perceptions of Japan took a negative turn, in light of Japan’s violent treatment of Koreans and the Chinese. But even after Japanese exclusion in 1924, the mutual respect for “progressive” empires sustained the inter-imperial relationship until World War II, when both sides erased the history of their collaborations to cast each other as incompatible enemies.
Introduction: Seeing Race beyond the Color Line
Authors: Suh Chris
Published: May 2023

The Introduction explains how Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 inaugurated a new era in which a nonwhite race could disrupt the white-over-nonwhite hierarchy by adapting themselves to progressive imperialism and, in some cases, adopting it as their own. While some nonwhite observers hoped that this new era would be defined the revolution of the “colored races” against white supremacy, the world witnessed a long partnership between Japan and the United States that reinvented racial subjugation outside of the white-over-nonwhite hierarchy. This partnership across the color line, it explains, frustrated both anti-colonial movements in Asia and anti-Japanese immigration movements in the United States. The introduction uses snippets from the parallel lives of W. E. B. Du Bois and Yun Ch’i-ho, from the Russo-Japanese War to the Great Depression, to illustrate many of the major themes and historical problems discussed later in the book.
Justice in Human Capital
Authors: Cholbi Michael
Published: May 2023

Human capital is that body of skills, knowledge, or dispositions which enhances the value of individuals’ contributions to economic production. Because human capital is both a byproduct of, and an important ingredient in, cooperative productive activities, it is subject to demands of justice. This chapter considers what comparative justice in human capital benefits and burdens amounts to, with a special concern for the place of equality in allocating such burdens and benefits. Identifying these demands is complicated by the fact that human capital is not discretely produced or exploited, making it difficult to envision human capital justice in historical terms. This chapter defends a nonhistorical alternative that (the chapter contends) both distributive and relational egalitarians can embrace, namely that an allocation of human capital burdens and benefits is just only if under that distribution, no individual prefers another’s ledger of benefits and burdens to her own.
Introduction
Authors: Matos Yalidy
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the main arguments of the book and key terms. It contextualizes the argument that immigration attitudes are at bottom moral choices, utilizing Charles W. Mills’ theory of the racial contract as well as his concept of Herrenvolk ethics. In particular, this chapter sheds light on why immigration continues to be central to U.S. politics, and white American politics in particular, by tracing why and how whiteness is so deeply embedded in immigration politics, the role of group norms in performing whiteness, and how partisanship is implicated in the moral and political project of whiteness.
White Racial Privilege and Progressive Immigration Attitudes
Authors: Matos Yalidy
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 is the flip side of Chapter 3, examining a minority of whites who hold progressive immigration attitudes. This chapter argues that since whiteness structures immigration, an admission of white advantages and privilege should diminish restrictive immigration attitudes and influence progressive immigration attitudes among whites. In essence, it asks, why do some whites perpetuate the system of white supremacy while others reject it? Using the American National Election Studies (ANES) and the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), the chapter argues that the choice of race cognizance is a moral choice with deep political consequences and presents four important findings. First, awareness of white racial advantages among whites pushes whites toward more progressive attitudes. Second, predispositions, byproducts of socialization, moderate whether whites are pushed toward awareness or away from it. Third, patriotism is an important factor in determining white racial awareness. Finally, the influence of white racial awareness and predispositions are particularly telling for white Democrats.
Conclusion
Authors: Matos Yalidy
Published: May 2023

The conclusion reviews the main findings of the book and draws broader implications from its argument. In sum, this book adds a much-needed lens not only for our understanding of white Americans’ attitudes toward immigration but also regarding a host of other social policies. After the Civil Rights Movement, white elites and organizations worked hard to disentangle white identity from whiteness. This has resulted in scholarship that also divorces whites’ attitudes and behavior from the political and moral decisions they continue to make. Without an understanding of how immigration continues to perpetuate white supremacy, imagining anything different is almost impossible. The United States has chosen whiteness as its modal category, and this has been and continues to be a moral choice, a choice that white Americans do not have to make, but most continue to do so.
Autocracy or Representation?
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: May 2023

During Alexander I’s reign, intensive debates about the virtues of constitutional rule over unlimited monarchy unfolded against the background of near-constant warfare, which brought the ruble to the brink of collapse. In the minds of Russian reformers, the two issues—monetary and political—represented two sides of the same coin: a constitutional reform presupposed the introduction of a financial rule of law, while financial stability was unthinkable without limiting the power of monarchy. Mikhail Speransky built this dual principle into his reform plan of 1809, which was introduced in a severely truncated form, without a free Silver Bank or a representative legislature. The conservative opposition to Speransky’s reforms, which prevailed on the eve of Napoleon’s invasion in 1812, annulled his monetary innovations, including, most importantly, the silver standard, and proclaimed the ideas of a metal-based ruble incompatible with monarchy. The Napoleonic wars sealed the fate of Russia’s constitutional and monetary reforms.
Ruble’s Wars
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: May 2023

After the end of the Russo-Turkish War, the Ministry of Finance, which pursued financial austerity and the ruble’s restoration, was attacked by conservative and nationalistic journalists who enjoyed the patronage of the tsar and succeeded in removing the minister of finance, Nikolai Bunge. In the absence of political parties, newspapers and their editors assumed the role of leaders of public opinion. Among the various components of state national identity, the nationalists singled out currency as a symbol of Russia’s distinctiveness, turning the ruble’s inconvertibility into a virtue. Conservative criticism of “Western” financial principles revealed not only growing discontent with the government’s stringent policy among the nobility and commercial elites but also anxiety among the elites over the prospect of joining the monetary realm of Western Europe, which in the 1870s had switched to the gold standard. In the 1880s, the government resumed preparation for the introduction of the gold standard, while the representatives of the nobility and commercial circles spoke against the reform.
Witte’s Rollercoaster
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: May 2023

Serguei Witte, who is considered the father of Russia’s gold standard, joined the government as a conservative politician, which in financial terms meant inflationism. His 1892–95 plan to increase the volume of paper money was linked to the economic appropriation of Russia’s borderlands through the construction of waterways and railroads, the resettlement of peasants, and the development of the agrarian economy. Although Witte, disappointed because the financial efficiency of inflationism was insufficient to meet his goals, became an ardent supporter of the gold standard in 1895, he did not abandon his political stance. The gold reform of 1897 pursued the same objectives as those advocated by Witte’s earlier conservative mentors, such as the concentration of the government’s power over the production of money. As Witte reasoned, the gold ruble represented a better tool than a paper ruble to accomplish the objective of imperial expansion.
The Autocratic Standard
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: May 2023

The gold reform manifested a new iteration of financial nationalism that was fully compatible with both the orientation toward the West and the creation of favorable conditions for foreign investments. In preparation for the monetary reform, Witte tried to silence the opposition to the gold standard by taming newspapers, negotiating with journalists, and controlling public debates. Although Witte’s version of the gold standard looked similar to other models introduced in Europe and elsewhere, the political ramifications of the new monetary regime gave it a completely different meaning. Established by a royal decree in violation of all legislative procedures, the gold reform projected the autocratic principles onto finances. The transition to gold secured the ruble’s rate against constant fluctuations and increased the influx of foreign capital. In the absence of political guarantees, such as political representation and the State Bank’s independence from the government, the ruble’s standing and Russia’s credibility came to depend on the size of the gold reserve.
Introduction
Authors: Sitz Anna M.
Published: May 2023

This chapter opens with a pagan priest’s remarkable decision to reinscribe an epigram from the Persian Wars in the context of rising Christian dominance. This inscription demonstrates the continued vitality of ancient Hellenic culture even as pagan sanctuaries throughout the eastern Mediterranean gradually closed. Christian literature in this period was rife with calls for the destruction of pagan sanctuaries—but archaeology has shown that this rhetoric was rarely put into action. How do we explain this disconnect between rhetoric and reality? Sanctuaries were full of ancient inscribed texts, but they mainly dealt with civic matters, not with pagan religious beliefs. Stripped of their surrounding pagan ritual frames, these inscribed testaments of “polis religion” projected messages of civic privileges, illustrious rulers, and local benefactors. I argue that these inscriptions continued to be valued and engaged with in late antiquity, inflecting how people thought about, and reused, the remains of the pagan past.
Preservation
Authors: Sitz Anna M.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 presents archaeological case studies of ancient inscriptions that were preserved in their original places and still visible at sanctuary sites in late antiquity. Although we may initially think these inscriptions were simply ignored as late antique cities evolved around them, in several cases Christian graffiti is found in the vicinity of these ancient texts, while other inscriptions survived despite major building projects taking place nearby. This suggests that leaving inscriptions in situ was a decision. Close attention to the content of these texts reveals that many featured famous rulers of the past, such as Alexander or Augustus, and therefore had the potential to frame local people’s relations with late antique emperors. Even largely illegible texts in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Palmyrene Aramaic, Latin, or Lydian could contribute to the construction of civic identity.
The Politics of German Idealism
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: May 2023

The Politics of German Idealism reconstructs the political philosophies of Kant, Fichte, and Hegel against the background of their social-historical context. The simple guiding thought of this study is to understand German Idealist political philosophy as political, that is, as a set of policy options and institutional designs aimed at a broadly but distinctively German set of social problems. ‘Political’ here refers to use of the state’s power to enforce law, and ‘social’ to the norms and groups that are regulated by that enforcement but which also antedate or exceed that enforcement. Because the power to enforce law is very much still being actualized by state-building in the period at issue, ‘political’ refers quite narrowly to a certain kind of practical legal project rather than to a perennial set of problems from the history of philosophy. By way of method, the author claims that to reveal the political nature of German Idealist political philosophy requires understanding German Idealism as both taking place in and conceptualizing its own historical present—this is the sense in which it is not only political, but political philosophy. The most important general feature of the historical present of the German Idealists is the way in which the period from 1770 to 1830 was one of transition between early and late modernity, a so-called saddle period (Sattelzeit) in which the metaphor is of a Bergsattel or shallow valley between two mountain peaks.
Introduction
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: May 2023

The simple guiding thought of this study is to understand German Idealist political philosophy as political, that is, as a set of policy options and institutional designs aimed at a broadly but distinctively German set of social problems. ‘Political’ here refers to use of the state’s power to enforce law, and ‘social’ to the norms and groups that are regulated by that enforcement but which also antedate or exceed that enforcement. Because the power to enforce law is very much still being actualized by state-building in the period at issue, ‘political’ refers quite narrowly to a certain kind of practical legal project rather than to a perennial set of problems from the history of philosophy. By way of method, I claim that to reveal the political nature of German Idealist political philosophy requires understanding German Idealism as both taking place in and conceptualizing its own historical present—this is the sense in which it is not only political, but political philosophy.
Conclusion: Interreligious Dialogue and the Future of Citizenship in the Middle East
Authors: Driessen Michael D.
Published: May 2023

The Conclusion reviews and advances the main arguments of the book in light of the case studies presented in Part III. The chapter argues that the convergences and divergences present in the four case studies capture the three levels of the book’s analysis—geopolitical, ideational, and social—and indicate how they are interacting to reshape the role of religion in politics in the post–Arab Spring, post-ISIS context of the Middle East. The collective meaning of these three dynamics is revealed in a particular way through the political discourse and action on citizenship, religious change, and solidarity that has been adopted by the interreligious initiatives featured in the case studies. The conclusion briefly revisits these three themes, which form the subtitle of the book, and reflects on their relationship to the interests of state power and the future of public religious engagement in the region.
The Peaceful Resolution of Territorial and Maritime Disputes
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E.
Published: May 2023

The Peaceful Resolution of Territorial and Maritime Disputes examines states’ strategic behavior in pursuing methods of peaceful resolution, ranging from negotiations through mediation to international courts. The book investigates how the high stakes associated with settlement of territorial and maritime disputes and the unpredictability of outcomes push states to pursue “strategic selection” and forum shopping. The process of strategic selection occurs at two interrelated stages: the initial pursuit of a particular method and venue—choice-of-venue, and decision-making in the context of the chosen venue—within-venue. The driving force behind strategizing is the hope of reducing uncertainty and of increasing the chances of winning. As the disputants progress through the settlement process, states reconsider and refine these strategies. Several mechanisms influence states’ strategies: past experience with resolution methods (winning/losing), the relationship between domestic law and international law, framing legal claims, and shaping the resolution procedures. This book embraces a multimethod approach and combines statistical analyses and in-depth qualitative interviews with states’ legal counsel, judges, arbitrators, government officials, and other experts from multiple countries. The book also highlights numerous real-world instances of territorial and maritime disputes including the Philippines v. China arbitration case in the South China dispute.
Conclusions
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E.
Published: May 2023

The book concludes with an overview of the theory, the main arguments, and empirical results, stressing the applicability and timeliness of this inquiry. This chapter discusses how this research fits within the wider context of international law and international relations literature and considers the deep implications for policymakers and practitioners of international law. This concluding chapter highlights the complicated and multistage character of the settlement process in territorial and maritime disputes and how the inherently legal nature of disputes over sovereignty, coupled with the intricate framework of peaceful resolution methods, results in a fertile environment for strategic behavior. Overall, this book demonstrates that the deep-rooted, complex diversity of the international peaceful settlement regime should give rise to many empirically grounded studies about how strategic, political, and legal considerations shape states’ preferences. The conclusion highlights the fundamental reality that international dispute settlement constitutes a human-led enterprise whereby strategies and actions are carried out by international law practitioners, legal counsel, and decision makers.