bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halothane‐induced liver injury in guinea‐pigs: Importance of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and hepatic blood flow
Authors: FARRELL GEOFFREY C. , FROST LINDA , TAPNER MICHAEL , FIELD JACQUELINE , WELTMAN MARTIN , MAHONEY JANETTE
Published: March 2008

The basis for susceptibility to halothane‐induced liver necrosis in guinea‐pigs was examined. In hepatic microsomes, the following were similar in susceptible and resistant animals: total cytochrome (CYP) P450 (P450), phenobarbital‐inducible pathways of mixed function oxidation (androstenedione 6β‐ and 16β‐hydroxylase activities) and the CYP2E1‐catalysed pathway of N‐nitrosodimethylamine N‐demethylase activity. Similarly, immunohistochemical staining of CYP2E1 protein was equivalent in livers from susceptible and resistant guinea‐pigs. Prior treatment with the P450‐inhibitors, metyrapone and SKF‐525A ameliorated halothane‐induced liver damage in susceptible animals. Conversely, in resistant guinea‐pigs, stimulation of hepatic CYP2E1 activity by treatment with 4‐methylpyrazole produced severe hepatotoxicity after re‐exposure to halothane. These results confirm the conclusions of others, that P450‐mediated metabolism produces halothane‐induced liver necrosis in the guinea‐pig model but, as in other work, the data fail to explain why no difference in activity of these enzymes could be found between susceptible and resistant guinea‐pigs. To establish whether a differential effect on hepatic blood flow between susceptible and resistant guinea‐pigs could explain this paradox, studies were performed using a radiolabelled microsphere technique. The effect of halothane on lowering cardiac output was identical in both groups of animals and halothane significantly reduced hepatic arterial but not portal blood flow. The effect on arterial blood flow was more profound in susceptible guinea‐pigs (0.67 ± 0.17% of injected microspheres) than in resistant animals (0.99 ± 0.13%; P< 0.005). It is concluded that P450‐catalysed metabolism and reduced hepatic blood flow are both necessary to produce halothane‐induced liver injury in susceptible guinea‐pigs, but it is the effect of halothane on hepatic arterial blood flow that differs between susceptible and resistant animals.
Circadian occurrence of variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: SIRINGO SEBASTIANO , BOLONDI LUIGI , SOFIA SOCCORSA , HERMIDA RAMÓN C. , GRAMANTIERI LAURA , GAIANI STEFANO , PISCAGLIA FABIO , CARBONE CATERINA , MISITANO BRUNO , CORINALDESI ROBERTO
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Several clinical events have a rhythmicity over the 24 h period. We assessed the presence of periodic rhythm in the occurrence of haematemesis in patients with liver cirrhosis under different daylight regimens, namely during standard time and during daylight savings. Over a 48 month period there were 212 consecutive admissions of 118 cirrhotics with variceal bleeding. Complete data were available for 181 episodes of bleeding: 121 (66.9%) started with haematemesis and 60 (33.1%) started with melaena. One hundred and two (56%) episodes occurred during daylight savings and 79 (44%) occurred during standard time. The cosinor test showed a 24 h biphasic peak for the occurrence of haematemesis (09.45 and 21.45 h). Moreover, a biphasic diurnal asymmetric frequency was also found by multiple component rhythmometry. The time peaks of onset of variceal haemorrhage did not change significantly during standard time and daylight savings. Patients with more than one haematemesis episode significantly bled over the same time interval. The present study confirms that over the 24 h period variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients occurs with a predictable rhythmicity that does not seem to be under the control of the light‐dark cycle. The finding of a chronorisk for variceal haemorrhage addresses specific questions for pathophysiological studies as well as for new treatment strategies.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid
Authors: WONG SAI SIONG , LAWTON JWM
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Primary sclerosing cholangitis is rare among Chinese. We report on a 71 year old male patient who presented with clinical features consistent with the disorder. Subsequent investigations confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was found to have anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with specificity against proteinase 3. Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid resulted in clinical remission and disappearance of the antibodies.
A technique for the culture of Barrett's oesophageal cells
Authors: KHAN SEEMA M , PILLAY S PRAGA , PAPADIMOS DAVID , YONG JOHN WK , ROBERTS H JOHN V , CRAWFORD DARRELL H
Published: March 2008

Establishment of cells in tissue culture from Barrett's columnar epithelium has been difficult. The aim of this study was to develop a successful tissue culture method employing a serumfree medium for cultivation of Barrett's epithelial cells. Fragments of Barrett's mucosal tissue were explanted in a 3:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium and Ham's F12, to initiate the outgrowth of epithelial cells. Subsequently, a commercial serum‐free medium (formulated for the growth of keratinocytes) was used for the propagation of Barrett's oesophagus cells without fibroblast growth. Cells established in culture retained their epithelial morphology, stained positive for cytokeratin, and contained Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and periodic acid‐Schiff reagent‐positive/diastase‐resistant vacuoles, confirming their origin from Barrett's epithelium. Electron microscopy showed tonofilaments, microvilli and desmosomes. Coating the surface of culture vessels was not required and four cell strains could be passaged up to 20 times with no fibroblast growth, in the keratinocyte serumfree medium.
Survival of Helicobacter pylori in milk and tap water
Authors: FAN XUE‐GONG , CHUA ANDREW , LI TIE‐GANG , ZENG QING‐SHAN
Published: March 2008

The survival capacity of Helicobacter pylori in artificially contaminated milk and tap water was investigated in the study. Helicobacter pylori could survive for up to 10 days in milk at 4°C storage but only 4 days in tap water with a steady decrease of colony forming units. However, electron microscopy clearly showed that the non‐culturable coccoid form was present in tap water which had been kept at 4°C for 7 days. It is concluded that H. pylori may survive in tap water as well as in milk, with the implication that they may, thereby, act as a vehicle of transmission.
Gastric mucosal damage induced by compound 48/80: Roles of serotonin and nitric oxide
Authors: YASUHIRO TETSUYA , KONAKA AKIRA , KATO SHINICHI , TAKEUCHI KOJI
Published: March 2008

The roles of nitric oxide (NO) and serotonin (5‐HT) in the development of gastric mucosal lesions induced by compound 48/80 were investigated in rats. Repeated i.p. administration of 48/80 (1 mg/kg) produced damage in the stomach with severe oedema in the submucosa. The lesions induced by 48/80 were prevented by FPL‐52694 (a mast cell stabilizer) and methysergide but not tri‐pelennamine. The lesions were also inhibited by simultaneous administration of NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA), and this effect was mimicked by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitors, such as aminoguanidine or dexamethasone and significantly antagonized by coadministration of L‐arginine. The mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactants and vascular permeability in the stomach were all increased after 48/80 treatment and the changes were also attenuated by cotreatment with L‐NMMA. Repeated s.c. treatment with 5‐HT (20 mg/kg) provoked similar gastric lesions, which were also prevented by methysergide and iNOS inhibitors, as well as antioxidative drugs, such as allopurinol (a xan‐thine oxidase inhibitor) and hydroxyurea (a neutrophil‐reducing agent). The Ca2+‐independent NO synthase (NOS) activity was increased in the gastric mucosa after administration of 48/80 or 5‐HT and this change was inhibited by dexamethasone. These results suggest that: (i) the repeated administration of 48/80 induced inflammatory gastric lesions in the rat stomach, mediated by endogenous 5‐HT; (ii) NO/iNOS is involved in the pathogenic mechanism of 48/80‐induced gastric lesions, in addition to oxyradical formation; and (iii) the deleterious role of NO in this lesion model can be accounted for by a cytotoxic action of peroxynitrite that is formed in the presence of superoxide radicals.
CASE REPORT: Radiotherapy in the treatment of duodenal bleeding due to hepatocellular carcinoma invasion
Authors: HUNG HUNG‐CHANG , HUANG YI‐SHIN , LIN CHEN‐CHUN , CHAO YEE , CHI KWAN‐HWA , YEN SANG‐HUE , CHANG FULL‐YOUNG
Published: March 2008

Haemorrhage from an hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) directly invading the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is uncommon. A 58‐year‐old man was admitted with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding and panendoscopy on examination revealed a large duodenal ulcerative bleeding mass. The mass was eventually diagnosed as HCC by pathological examination. The bleeding failed to respond to conventional management of haemostasis, but resolved with an external beam of radiotherapy with a total dose of 6000 cGy over a 5 week period. This unusual presentation of UGI bleeding, due to HCC invading the duodenum and treated by radiotherapy, has not been previously reported.
Power Doppler imaging of hepatic tumours: Differential diagnosis between hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: KAWASAKI TOSHIHIKO , ITANI TOSHINAO , NAKASE HIROSHI , MIMURA JUN , KOMORI HIDESHI , SUGIMOTO KOJI
Published: March 2008

We evaluated the usefulness of power Doppler imaging in the differential diagnosis between hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma. Forty‐seven patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 18 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma were evaluated using power Doppler imaging. The colour signals of hepatic tumours were graded as follows: 1, colour signals only in the marginal area; 2, small dot or dotted line colour signals within the tumours; 3, continuous solid line colour signals within the tumours. The grade 3 colour signals were classified in the following three patterns; winding line pattern, stretched line pattern and mixed pattern. The colour signals of hepatocellular carcinoma were grade 1 in seven patients, grade 2 in 11 and grade 3 in 29. The colour signals of metastatic adenocarcinoma were grade 1 in three patients and grade 3 in 15. Of the 29 hepatocellular carcinoma patients with a grade 3 signal, 26 patients had winding line patterns and three had mixed patterns. Of the 15 metastatic adenocarcinoma patients with a grade 3 signal, 12 patients had stretched line patterns and three had mixed patterns. In conclusion, power Doppler imaging is useful in the differential diagnosis between hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma to evaluate the colour signal pattern within the tumour.
PANCREOZYMIN ‐ SECRETIN TEST OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC FUNCTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESULT FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE*
Authors: HADORN B. , JOHANSEN PATRICIA G. , ANDERSON CHARLOTTE M.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

Pancreozymin‐secretin tests were performed on 10 children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, who did not show any clinical symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The results indicate that in this particular group of patients water and bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas is more severely affected by the disease than enzyme secretion. Thus these patients secrete a small amount of pancreatic juice with a very low bicarbonate content but an abnormally high concentration of enzymes.

Based on these results, a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis is put forward using the concept that in most exocrine glands, 2 different types of secretion contribute to the final secretory product: a highly concentrated secretion of organic substances and a more dilute secretion containing mainly electrolytes. During the secretory process, the organic constituents of the first type of secretion are diluted by the electrolyte‐containing fluid of the second secretion. Evidence is presented, that the pathological features in the pancreas in cystic fibrosis could result from the failure to produce an adequate amount of electrolyte‐containing fluid and it is suggested that the changes occurring in other organs affected by the disease may result from a similar phenomenon.
TREATMENT OF JAUNDICE OF IMMATURITY WITH CORTICOTROPHIN A CONTROLLED TRIAL*
Authors: HOWIE R. N.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

Treatment of infants with jaundice of immaturity by means of corticotrophin has been investigated by a controlled trial in 136 babies of low birth weight. In the particular conditions of the trial, cortiootrophin appeared to do little good but no harm.
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS DUE TO MORAXELLA LACUNATA
Authors: HEWSTONE A. S. , EDWARDS PHOEBE
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A case of bacterial endocarditis due to Moraxella lacunata is presented. The characteristics and method of identification of the organism are described.
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MALARIA IN PAPUAN CHILDREN
Authors: GRACEY M. , BIDDULPH J.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

Clinical features seen in 55 patients with malaria admitted to the General Hospital, Port Moresby, during a 2 month period are discussed. Common presenting symptoms were fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. The major physical findings were splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and pallor. Cerebral malaria occurred in 11 patients and blackwater fever in one. Multiple diseases were frequently found. Parasitaemia was confirmed in all cases; anaemia was common, and the over‐all mortality was 3.6%.

Australian doctors should be conversant with this disease because of its importance in adjacent islands.
THE PREPARATION, TESTING, AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN GAMMA GLOBULIN FOR INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION
Authors: SCHIFF P. , SUTHERLAND S. K. , LANE W. R.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

For many years clinicians have been aware of the therapeutic value of passive intravenous prophylaxis with Human Gamma Globulin (H.G.G.). Normal H.G.G. preparations cannot be administered by this route.

After closely reviewing all described methods of rendering H.G.G. safe for intravenous use, treatment at 37°C. and at pH 4 with trace quantities of pepsin was selected as the method of choice. The final preparation was low in anticomplementary activity and had maintained its original antibody litres; no detectable disruption of the immunoglobulin structure had occurred. Significant anticomplementary activity had not returned after storage for 10 months.
STUDIES ON 782 CASES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY PART II
Authors: ROBOZ PAUL , PITT DAVID
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

In our previous paper (Part I) we have described our findings in Heber's Categories I and II (mental deficiency due to infection and toxic agents). This paper gives details of cases in Categories III, IV, and V.

In Category III we discuss mental deficiency due to brain injury (prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal).
BENIGN DISSEMINATED RETICULO‐ENDOTHELIOSIS OF THE SKIN IN INFANCY
Authors: TURNER ELIZABETH K.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A female infant of 10 weeks developed a maculopapular rash, with some ulceration, on the trunk and scalp, associated with hepatosplenomegaly. The rash was typical of Letterer‐Siwe disease, and a biopsy of the skin was regarded as consistent with this disease. However, the rash slowly faded, the child made a good recovery without treatment, and is believed to be a example of benign disseminated reticuloendotheliosis of the skin.
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN: A REVIEW OF 90 CHILDREN DIAGNOSED IN SYDNEY, 1948–1967*
Authors: FREEMAN R.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

In the past 20 years, 90 children with chronic lead poisoning, mostly due to the ingestion of peeling paint, have been diagnosed in Sydney. Eleven of the children died and at least 30% have serious neurological or renal sequelae. The aim of this brief review is to renew interest amongst the medical profession in this hazard, for only by early diagnosis and appropriate treatment will this sad picture be improved. It is also hoped to stimulate measures to rid our society of a preventable disease.
TYROSINOSIS: REPORT OF A CASE DEMONSTRATING IN VIVO DELAY IN TYROSINE BREAKDOWN AND EXCESS RENAL LOSS OF INSULIN
Authors: TOMPKINS J. R. , HOBDAY J. D.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The presentation, clinical and laboratory findings of a child with tyrosinosis are described. A low tyrosine and low phenylalanine diet produced considerable improvement, Investigation demonstrated an excessive loss of insulin in the urine. An experimental in vivo measurement of the rate of catabolism of tyrosine labelled with 14C confirmed the reported findings of a reduction in the rate of catabolism of tyrosine in vitro.
A CASE OF HEREDITARY METHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA
Authors: LAY HELEN , DAVIES H. E.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A case of methaemoglobinaemia resulting from a deficiency of NADH2‐methaemoglobin reductase (diaphorase) is described. The necessity of considering methaemoglobinaemia in the differential diagnosis of neonatal cyanosis is stressed, as well as the need for adequate laboratory back‐up The patient was effectively treated with ascorbic acid.
CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE IN THREE RELATED PATIENTS
Authors: FOTHERINGHAM B. J.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

Three related patients with chronic granulomatous disease are described. Two are brothers and one a half‐brother; all have the same mother. The purpose of this paper is to stress that an X‐linked genetic defect is probably involved in this condition, although there may be other modes of inheritance. This is thought to be the first report of chronic granulomatous disease in Australian children.
SYSTEMIC TO PULMONARY ARTERY ANASTOMOSIS IN THE FIRST THREE MONTHS OF LIFE
Authors: GLASSON M. J. , CELERMAJER J. M. , OVERTON J. H. , CARTMILL T. B.
Published: March 2008

Synopsis

The results of systemic artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis in 16 babies aged up to 3 months are reported. 8 of the patients survived. An ascencling aorta‐to‐right pulmonary artery shunt using Waterston's technique is prefered in those with a potentially curable lesion. The Potts' shunt is acceptable for conditions at present uncorrectable. The current survival rate of 50% should be capable of improvement. Surgical palliation of infants with low pulmonary bloodflow is worthwhile and leads to the salvage of patients with potentially curable lesions.
INADEQUATE MALE GENITALIA
Authors: MacMAHON R. A. , McEWAN LENA E.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A decision concerning the appropriate sex of rearing of an intersex patient can be difficult, especially in the patient in whom biological tests favour the male sex but the phallus is so small that it could be called an enlarged clitoris. Two such patients are described; one was reared as a male and the other as a female, and the reasons for the sex of rearing are discussed.
CHOLESTEROL AND THE CHILD: STUDIES OF THE CHOLESTEROL LEVELS OF BUSSELTON SCHOOL CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS1
Authors: GODFREY R. C. , STENHOUSE N. S. , CULLEN K. J. , BLACKMAN V.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

In 1964 as part of a population study, the blood cholesterols of 1,292 school children in the town of Busselton in Western Australia were examined. A gradual rise in the median value throughout school life was demonstrated in both boys and girls, with a pre‐adolescent rise comparable with similar studies elsewhere.

In 1969 the cholesterol levels of the children with the highest, middle and lowest 5% levels in 1967 were repeated and showed a highly significant correlation, thus indicating that a single cholesterol estimation in childhood is of considerable predictive value, at least over a 2 year period.

Comparison of cholesterol levels of 929 children with those of their parents revealed a significant correlation between parents and children throughout the whole cholesterol range. It has not been possible to demonstrate whether the cause is dietary or genetic, except in a few cases of genetic hyperlipidaemia, but it is likely that, at least in those children with a cholesterol higher than 250 mgm% of the cause is genetic. The mother's cholesterol is more closely related than the father's to that of the children. This might be due to both a genetic contribution to the children and her role in controlling the diet of the family, this control being greatest on the young children.
THE PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF BREATH‐HOLDING ATTACKS: A HYPOTHESIS
Authors: RENDLE‐SHORT J.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A physiopathological mechanism for the occurrence of breath‐holding attacks in children is postulated. This suggests that under certain stresses a child forcibly expires and squeezes deoxygenated blood out of the right side of his heart, through a patent foramen ovale into the systemic circulation. This deoxygenated blood causes cyanosis. A fall in cardiac output gives rise to cerebral anoxia, unconsciousness, and in some instances, fits. In the so‐called pallid attacks, much the same sequence of events occurs, but in this instance the foramen ovale is closed and therefore cyanosis cannot occur and the child faints due to transient cardiac arrest.
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION COMPLICATING HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAS MENINGITIS
Authors: HAWKER R. E. , CELERMAJER J. M. , ROBERTSON S. E. J.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A case of haemophilus meningitis complicated by pericardial effusion is described. This association has been reported only once previously. Clinical features suggesting acute constrictive pericarditis developed, but resolved during administration of diuretics. The difficulty in distinguishing acute constrictive pericarditis from pericardial tamponade is discussed.
PHARYNGEAL INCOORDINATION FROM BIRTH TO THREE YEARS, WITH RECURRENT BRONCHOPNEUMONIA AND ULTIMATE RECOVERY
Authors: BELLMAINE S. P. , McCREDIE JANET , STOREY B.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

Pharyngeal incoodination is an occasional cause of regurgitation and respiratory distress in the neonate, but it can cause an aspiration pneumonia which may be lethal. Usually the condition is self‐limited and followed by recovery in 1 or 2 weeks.

We report a case in which the manifestations, including recurrent attacks of bronchopneumonia, lasted for 3 years and were eventually followed by normal function.
THE SYDNEY LINE: A SIGNIFICANT SIGN IN DOWN'S SYNDROME
Authors: PURVIS‐SMITH S. G.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The simian crease is a familiar feature of Down's syndrome. Less well known is the extended proximal transverse palmar crease (‘the Sydney line’). A study of the incidence of unusual palmar creases in 105 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Down's syndrome has shown a statistically significant increase in the incidence of both the simian and Sydney lines in these patients. The total incidence of unusual palmar creases in Down's syndrome is thus higher than it was previously thought to be.
HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE: REPORT OF A CASE AND COMMENTS ON THE HAZARDS OF FRUCTOSE INFUSION
Authors: DANKS D. M. , CONNELLAN J. M. , SOLOMON J. R.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A 3 year old child with hereditary fructose intolerance had been recognised by her parents as unable to metabolise cane sugar and fruit sugar, and had been reared very successally without professional aid. She developed appendicitis with pelvic peritonitis, and the unfortunate use of fructose infusion caused hepato‐renal failure and death. The diagnosis was confirmed by postmortem assay of hepatic fructose‐1‐phosphate aldolase.

A plea is made for care in the use of fructose infusion in all patients, especially in the newborn, and in those with liver disease. 3 other illustrative case histories are presented to support a claim that fructose infusion is potentially harmful and must be carefully monitored.
IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA IN CHILDREN: RESULTS OF STEROID THERAPY AND SPLENECTOMY
Authors: BENHAM E. S. , TAFT L. I.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

This survey comprises a retrospective analysis of 132 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) treated at the Royal Children's Hospital from 1958 to 1966 inclusive.

There was a high spontaneous remission rate in this disease in children. A comparison of the results of treatment with and without steroids suggests that steroids initially help to control the bleeding tendency and in some cases a temporary elevation in platelet count follows their use. However in the two groups there was no difference in the long‐term remission rate or in the remission time.

While only about half the splenectomized patients have achieved full remission with a normal platelet count, they were all symptomless without the use of long‐term steroids.
STRONTIUM KINETIC STUDIES IN CHILDREN WITH BONE DISORDERS
Authors: McCREDIE D. , ROTENBERG ESTHER
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A technique for studying skeletal disorders by using stable strontium as a tracer for calcium is described. Patients with nutritional and hypophosphataemic vitamin resistant rickets, with osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta, and with osteopetrosis have been studied. Results are correlated with other tests, particularly calcium infusion, calcium balance, bone biopsy and response to calcitonin. The test has proved helpful in delineating two distinct types of osteoporosis, and has provided further evidence for a primary bone defect in one child with vitamin resistant rickets.
CLINICAL PROFILES OF ATYPICAL CHROMOSOME‐G ANOMALIES
Authors: DEY JUDITH
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

778 patients with Down's syndrome have been assessed at this hospital in the past 81/2 years and chromosome analyses were performed on 350; 9.7% had atypical karyotypes and these will be discussed in detail; the remaining 90.3% had standard trisomy‐G karyotypes with parents with normal karyotypes or whose parents had not had chromosome analyses. Of the 34 atypical cases, 10 have G/G translocations, 7 have a D/G translocation, 11 are mosaic mongols, 5 are standard trisomy‐G with one parent with an abnormal chromosome pattern, and one a trisomy‐G with a D/D translocation.
X‐LINKED CATARACT AND HUTCHINSONIAN TEETH
Authors: HORAN MARGARET B. , BILLSON F. A.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A family is described with Hutchinsonian teeth and segmental and posterior sutural cataracts; an hereditary X‐linked basis for both anomalies is suggested. The carrier state in this oculodental syndrome is recognisable by the presence of posterior, sutural, punctuate, opacities in the lens and less pronounced dental abnormalities.
AN UNUSUAL HETEROPAGUS
Authors: TAN K. L. , JOSEPH V. T. , CHIANG S. C.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

An unusual case of heteropagus is presented, in which a limb was attached to the sacral area of an otherwise apparently normal infant. A sausage‐shaped mass resembling a limb is most unusual and has never been documented before. Obvious amniotic bands were also present at the point of attachment and presumably contributed to the constriction at this area. Progress was normal after removal of this appendage.
CASE STUDIES ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SOCIALLY DEPRIVED CHILDREN IN SYDNEY
Authors: WOODHILL JOAN M. , NOBILE SILVIA , SILINK SANDRA J. , WINSTON JOAN M.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The nutritional status of 35 socially deprived, apparently healthy children was investigated. The study included 6 preschool boys of widows or deserted wives, and 29 children from 3 orphanages, viz.: 8 school boys, 8 preschool girls (4 of whom were part‐Aboriginal) and 13 school girls. Individual data on weighed and analysed dietary intakes from a 7‐day survey, anthropometry, haematology, blood vitamin levels, clinical and social findings are presented and interrelationships are discussed.

No clinical evidence of overt deficiency diseases was found, but malnutrition was demonstrated in the groups studied. Only 2 children had satisfactory levels of all parameters measured.

These results cannot necessarily be extrapolated into conclusions as to the nutritional status of socially deprived Australian children as a group in the community because the sample was small. While the number of malnourished children to be found in the Australian population cannot be deduced from the data presented in this paper, it is hoped that it will stimulate interest in the investigation of nutrition in large numbers of Australian children.
The Long‐Term Management of Cystinuria
Authors: MACDONALD W. B. , SELVARAJAH K.
Published: March 2008

Macdonald, W. B., and Selvarajah, K. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 102–112. The long‐term management of cystinuria. The maintenance of effective treatment for cystinuria is difficult in early childhood, for practical reasons. Older children and adults who have had renal colic or surgery are motivated to persist with tedious and inconvenient treatment as part of their life‐style. Experiences with the management of a selected sample of five children with cystinuria are recorded. The group includes one patient who has been successfully treated with D‐penicillamine for over 10 years, one of the longest treatment spans recorded for this drug in the treatment of cystinuria.
Influence of Early Introduction of Continuous Positive Pressure Breathing on the Course of Hyaline Membrane Disease
Authors: JOHN ELIZABETH , THOMAS D. B. , BURNARD E. D.
Published: March 2008

John, Elizabeth, Thomas, D. B. and Burnard, E. D. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 276–280. Influence of early introduction of continuous positive pressure breathing on the course of hyaline membrane disease. An alternate case study was carried out in babies with moderate to severe hyaline membrane disease to determine the effect of early introduction of continuous distending pressure on the course of the disease. 21 pairs of babies, matched for gestation, entered the trial. It was found that the early introduction of continuous distending pressure shortened both the duration of the disease and the time of exposure to high concentrations of oxygen. There was no important difference in complications.
Scintigraphic Diagnosis of Meckel's Diverticulum
Authors: ADISESHAN N. , NEELY M. G.
Published: March 2008

Adiseshan, N. and Neely, M. G. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 322–325. Scintigraphic diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum. 99mTc‐pertechnetate abdominal scintigraphy, employing a standardised procedure, was used in a group of 15 patients clinically suspected of having Meckel's diverticula and in a control group of 15 patients. Four patients with scintigraphic evidence of Meckel's diverticulum had the lesion at laparotomy. The scintigraphic procedure proved simple and reliable. The possible limitations are discussed.
Play materials and toys in the education of young children
Authors: WOODROFFE STELLA E. , WILLATT BEVERLEY J.
Published: March 2008

Woodroffe, Stella E. and Willatt, Beverley J. (1976). Aust. paediat. J., 12, 1–5. Play materials and toys in the education of young children. The paper discusses the need to consider the developmental level of the child when selecting appropriate toys and play materials that serve an educational purpose. The relevance of a number of play materials is discussed in general terms, although a range of possibilities for particular types of learning are specified in relation to some toys.

The learning is not inherent in the material but depends on the child's own cognitive processes, often assisted by an adult who is in a position to draw the child's attention to particular aspects of his encounters with his environment, and to guide the direction of his learning. For young children, a wide range of experiences will serve as a base upon which he will build his own structures. These will enable him to adapt to the requirements of learning his society will impose upon him as he grows.

Criteria are suggested for selecting toys and play materials which can serve an educative end. The reader is also reminded that materials which serve the child best are those which offer him a range of possibilities. Many of these are readily available in the home or neighbourhood and do not entail spending large sums of money, provided one uses a little imagination.
STUDIES ON ALLERGIC DERMATITIS (“QUEENSLAND ITCH”) OF THE HORSE
Authors: Riek R. F.
Published: March 2008

Studies have been made on a skin disease of horses in Australia, commonly known as “Queensland Itch” and referred to by the author as allergic dermatitis. It appears to be similar to conditions described by other workers in horses and mules in France, India, Philippine Islands and the United States of America.

The disease is prevalent during the summer and recedes with the advent of cold weather to recur the following summer. Only certain horses are susceptible but animals of all ages, breeds, colour and sex may be affected. Ani‐ mals show great irritation and itchiness and will bite affected areas or rub against fences and trees.

Lesions are confined almost exclusively to the dorsal surfaces and appear initially as discrete papules which later exhibit matting of the hair. These crusts eventually fall off and leave hairless areas which, in severe cases, become confluent.

Microscopic examination of early lesions shows oedema, engorgement of capillaries and eosinophilic infiltration of the dermis. In older lesions the oedema is absent and lymphoid cells are present with the eosinophils. Hyperkeratosis is seen in the more advanced cases and in chronic cases fibrosis and hypertrophy of epidermal tissue are well in evidence. In many animals trauma masks the earlier tissue changes.

Haematological examinations of susceptible animals revealed very little departure from normal. The white blood cells, eosinophils and platelets were, however, significantly higher in susceptible animals during the summer months.
STUDIES ON ALLERGIC DERMATITIS OF THE HORSE
Authors: Riek R. F.
Published: March 2008

Studies on the treatment and control of equine allergic dermatitis, a disease associated with the development of a hypersensitivity to the sandfly Culicoides robertsi (Lee and Reye) are reported.

Sandfly attack could be prevented by stabling the animals in an insectary from 4 p.m. to 7 a.m. during the warmer months of the year. Good protection was also obtained by spraying weekly during this period with 1 per cent. or 2 per cent. DDT. The higher concentration gave better protection during rainy weather and on short haired animals.

Treatment with the histamine azoprotein, “Hapamine”, at specified intervals caused a rapid recession of lesions in five of six animals and four animals showed a complete recovery.

Trials with antihistamines applied as creams or intramuscularly showed that these preparations could be expected to. relieve the irritation but were too costly to use.
ESCHERICHIA COM INFECTION IN LAMBS
Authors: Roberts D. S.
Published: March 2008

An account is given of an outbreak of a disease in lambs apparently resembling colibacillosis or “white scours” of calves.

Secondary infection of the meninges, however, appeared to be an important part of the disease syndrome. Lambs may have a comparatively weak blood‐brain barrier.

Several other cases of disease in lambs are briefly described. It is suggested that they also were caused by E. coll.
BONDING OF FRACTURES BY PLASTIC ADHESIVES
Authors: Bloch Bernard
Published: March 2008

1. Pioneering work in the use of adhesive resins in surgery is described, the work mainly centering on the bonding of fractures.

2. We are still sifting facts concerning callus formation, blood supply of bone and the biochemical and biomechanical effects of techniques described.

3. The ideal medical glue is still to be found, and our reinforcement of sleeve technique is to be condemned for reasons mentioned. A return to glue only between fracture ends is the choice.

4. Workers are advised not to use any resins whose full formulae will not be disclosed by manufacturers. Equally, a full understanding of the technology and accurate use of toxic amines is essential, else the consequences may be serious.

5. Resins are available that will adhere, remain inert or that can be moulded to the immediate requirement of the site with or without reinforcement. There is even a group that, after serving its purpose, can be absorbed and eliminated.

6. So much interest has been aroused that, by frank publication, we hope many centres will benefit from our experience. Exciting fields of application lie ahead.

7. To date any salvaging procedures necessary have been successful.
CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA: EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ANTIBIOTIC TYLOSIN
Authors: Hudson J. R. , Etheridge J. R.
Published: March 2008

The in vitro bacteriostatic level of tylosin tartrate against M. mycoides was found to be 0.07 μg/ml In experiments in cattle, infected 10 days earlier by subcutaneous inoculation, the infection was controlled by seven 12‐hourly intramuscular injections at a dose rate of 7.5 or 15 mg/kg body‐weight. M. mycoides was not eliminated from the residual lesions even at the higher rate.
THE IBR‐IPV VIRUS: REACTION TO INFECTION AND INTERMITTENT RECOVERY OF VIRUS FROM EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED CATTLE
Authors: Snowdon W. A.
Published: March 2008

The vaginal strain of the IBR‐IPV virus, V155, produced vaginitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and posthitis when inoculated into susceptible cattle. It did not produce a fatal encephalitis when inoculated into calves by the intracerebral route. Virus was recovered intermittently from cattle which had been inoculated by the vaginal, preputial, or intravenous routes. Virus was recovered intermittently during 117 days, 133 days and 364 days from vaginal swabs collected from heifers inoculated by the vaginal route; during 578 days from vaginal swabs and 510 days from nasal swabs collected from a pregnant heifer inoculated intravenously; and during 361 days from a bull infected by the preputial route. Apart from the period immediately following inoculation, virus was not recovered intermittently from calves inoculated by the nasal route, but these calves were under observation for a much shorter period.
PREVENTION OF HYPOMAGNESAEMIA AND GRASS TETANY
Authors: Herd R. P. , Schuster Norma , Coltman Margaret
Published: March 2008

A seasonal hypomagnesaemia, sometimes accompanied by a hypocalcaemia, was demonstrated in beef cattle at pasture and receiving supplementary hay in North‐East Victoria.

An effective method of prophylaxis under extensive grazing conditions was developed. This consisted of mixing a cheap magnesium oxide supplement with water and spraying it on a small percentage of the hay ration, which was then fed to stock before the remainder of the hay was made available.

Results from 1961‐63, showed that a dose of 2 oz/cow/day of magnesium oxide significantly raised serum magnesium levels. A dose rate of 4 oz/cow/second day appeared to be equally effective, but there was little evidence to support the use of 4 oz/cow/third day.

The data also suggested that the magnitude of the response to magnesium supplementation depended on the initial level of serum magnesium in the susceptible stock.

The practice of feeding magnesium oxide either daily or every second day to cattle and sheep during the grass tetany danger period has become widespread in Victoria since 1961. Losses on affected properties since feeding was initiated have been negligible.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gordon H. McL.
Published: March 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

THE TECHNIQUE OF SWABBING

REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN BEEF CATTLE

VETERINARY ECONOMICS
THE VETERINARIAN AND THE SALMONELLA REFERENCE CENTRE
Authors: Pullar E. M. , Oxer D. T.
Published: March 2008

This statement was prepared by Dr. E. M. Pullar and Dr. D. T. Oxer at the request of the Council of The Australian Veterinary Association. The Report is published by direction of Council for the information of members.
INVESTIGATION OF SHEEP DIPS
Authors: O'Neill D. K. , Hebdent S. P.
Published: March 2008

Groups of 30 sheep of four breeds (Merino, Dorset Horn, Romney Marsh and Border Leicester), that had been maintained under the same environmental and nutritional conditions were used in showering experiments with a diazinon emulsion.

The fleeces of all breeds stripped (or depleted) diazinon from the dipping fluid. Diazinon was not deposited evenly down the length of the wool staple. On the Merino fleece, more diazinon was deposited on the outer section and less on the inner section near the skin. On the other breeds, more diazinon was found in the inner and less on the outer sections.

Differences in the magnitude and location of the diazinon deposits are discussed, with the aid of supplementary in vitro dipping experiments, in relation to the compactness of the fleece and the amounts and distribution of wax, suint and dirt found there.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FEMALE CATTLE IN THE KIMBERLEY REGION OF NORTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Armstrong J. , Henderson A. G. , Lang D. R. , Robinson D. W. , Suijendorp H.
Published: March 2008

Three experiments were done to determine the influence of supplementary feeding with crushed whole cotton seed and weaning on the productivity of breeding female cattle under range conditions in the Kimberley region, north‐western Australia.

In the first experiment, supplementary feeding cut losses of breeding cows from 47% to nil, and increased calf turn‐off from 18% to 58%, in a sample of cattle from Argyle Downs cattle station during a severe dry season.

In the second experiment, weaning calves at 4–6 months of age reduced weight loss in supplemented cows, from 21 to 8% over the last 100 days of the dry season, although the subsequent growth of supplemented weaned calves was inferior to that of non‐weaned calves.

In the third experiment, weaning of calves had no effect on body weight changes in supplemented cows, although non‐weaned calves gained significantly faster than weaned supplemented calves.

Control of cattle tick infestation by spraying increased blood haematocrit and haemoglobin values, but had no effect on total plasma proteins.

A survey of feral cattle in the Kimberley area showed depressed blood haeboglobin, haematocrit and plasma protein values in breeding cows compared with other classes of cattle.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HELMINTH INFESTATION OF BEEF CATTLE IN CENTRAL QUEENSLAND
Authors: Winks R.
Published: March 2008

The results of epidemiological studies of helminths in young beef cattle in Central Queensland over a 2½‐year period commencing in January 1964 are reported.

Studies were made on ten beef cattle properties, which have a total annual calf crop of approximately 2500 calves. Twenty‐five faecal samples were collected monthly at random from 30 to 40 permanently identified calves on each property, to determine the types and intensity of helminth infections.

Although rainfall was well below average, infections with most of the helminth species commonly found in Queensland were detected. Increases in infection levels occurred, after rainfall of two inches or more, in animals up to 21 months of age. Only on a property where pastures were irrigated and the stocking rate was higher than normal for the area did a high percentage of calves show clinical symptoms of parasitic gastroenteritis.

Haemonchus placet and Oesophagostomum radiatum were the predominant species. An immunity developed to O. radiatum during the first 12 to 15 months of the calf's life. The immunity to H. placet was variable with some animals susceptible to re‐infection up to 21 months of age.

Recommendations for the control of helminths in beef cattle in this area are given.
SURVEY OF DAIRY HERDS IN THE MOSS VALE DISTRICT OF NEW SOUTH WALES: Fertility of Herds
Authors: McClure T. J. , Dowell Anne E.
Published: March 2008

The fertility of the dairy herds of the Moss Vale district of New South Wales varied considerably during 1963, 1964 and 1965, both within and between years. “Herd problems” occurred in 40% of the herd seasons. The monthly average first service non‐return rate ranged from 49.7 to 64.7% and the annual rate from 55.0 to 66.0%. Brucellosis and vibriosis, but not trichomoniasis or male infertility, appeared to contribute to the lowered fertility, but these were not responsible for all the problems. It appears that a major environmental factor, possibly nutritional, was depressing the fertility of herds in this district.
OCCURRENCE OF HAEMOLYTIC ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROGROUPS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PIG DISEASES IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Elder Jean K. , Tammemagi L. , Baynes I. D.
Published: March 2008

Serological examination of 177 strains of haemolytic Escherichia coil from pigs from 95 piggeries showed that 50 isolates from 28 piggeries were agglutinated by serums prepared against 0141:K85ab, 45 from 20 piggeries by 0141:K85ac, 32 isolates from 19 piggeries by 08 and four isolates from two piggeries by 0139:K82. Forty‐six strains from 26 piggeries were unclassified. Ninety strains were isolated from intestine and/or mesenteric lymph nodes and 87 from other organs.

Of the 95 outbreaks associated with haemolytic E. coli, 41 were diagnosed as oedema disease, 40 as coli‐enteritis and the remainder were miscellaneous conditions. The clinical and pathological features of outbreaks associated with colibacillosis and septicaemic salmonellosis were compared and discussed.
THE ANTHELMINTIC EFFICIENCY OF LAEVO‐TETRAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE AGAINST NEMATODE PARASITES OF SHEEP AND CATTLE
Authors: Hart J. A. , James P. S. , Curr C.
Published: March 2008

Critical anthelmintic tests and controlled trials were used to assess the efficiency of laevo‐tetramisole hydrochloride against nematode infections in sheep and cattle.

In sheep, oral dose rates of 5 mg/kg and above were 94 to 100% effective against adult Haemonchus contortus, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp, Nematodirus spp, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum and Chabertia ovina. A dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg was required for consistently high activity against Ostertagia spp, but activity against Trichostrongylus axei remained variable at this dose level. Efficiency against Trichuris ovis ranged from 76 to 100% at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg. The drug was 94 to 100% effective against 7‐day old and 14‐day old H. contortus, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp and O. colun bianum infections, and 83 to 89% effective against 14‐day old Ostertagia spp and T. axei, at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg. Seven‐day old Ostertagia spp larvae were highly resistant at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg, while activity against T. axei infections of the same age appeared variable at 5 and 10 mg/kg.

In cattle, subcutaneous treatment at dose rates of 1.5 mg/kg and above, and oral treatment at 7.5 mg/kg, were 93 to 100% effective against adult Haemonchus placei, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp, Nematodirus helvetianus, Cooperia spp and Oesophagostomum radiatum, and 84 to 98% effective against Ostertagia ostertagi. Against Trichostrongylus axei, a rate of 5 mg/kg subcutaneously was 83% effective, and a rate of 7.5 mg/kg orally 97% effective, while these dose rates gave 88 to 100% clearance of adult Dictyocaulus viviparous.
NITRITE POISONING IN SHEEP DUE TO CAPEWEED (ARCTOTHECA CALENDULA)
Authors: Fairnie J. J.
Published: March 2008

This communication discusses the relationship between capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) and nitrite poisoning and reports a case history involving a mob of wethers on an almost pure sward of young rapidly growing capeweed. It is postulated that methaemoglobinaemia resulted from the ingestion of capeweed containing high levels of nitrate quickly enough to overwhelm the normal detoxifying mechanisms of the sheep.

A rapid qualitative in vitro test on pasture specimens of capeweed is described, and its use is recommended for quick confirmation of diagnosis on suspected pasture plants.