bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unfolded Protein Responses With or Without Unfolded Proteins?
Authors: Snapp Erik
Published: November 2012

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of secretory protein biogenesis. The ER quality control (QC) machinery, including chaperones, ensures the correct folding of secretory proteins. Mutant proteins and environmental stresses can overwhelm the available QC machinery. To prevent and resolve accumulation of misfolded secretory proteins in the ER, cells have evolved integral membrane sensors that orchestrate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The sensors, Ire1p in yeast and IRE1, ATF6, and PERK in metazoans, bind the luminal ER chaperone BiP during homeostasis. As unfolded secretory proteins accumulate in the ER lumen, BiP releases, and the sensors activate. The mechanisms of activation and attenuation of the UPR sensors have exhibited unexpected complexity. A growing body of data supports a model in which Ire1p, and potentially IRE1, directly bind unfolded proteins as part of the activation process. However, evidence for an unfolded protein-independent mechanism has recently emerged, suggesting that UPR can be activated by multiple modes. Importantly, dysregulation of the UPR has been linked to human diseases including Type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. The existence of alternative regulatory pathways for UPR sensors raises the exciting possibility for the development of new classes of therapeutics for these medically important proteins.
Examining Local Climate Variability in the Late Pennsylvanian Through Paleosols: An Example from the Lower Conemaugh Group of Southeastern Ohio, USA
Authors: Dzenowski Nicole , Hembree Daniel
Published: November 2012

Three temporally close stratigraphic sections were excavated in Glenshaw Formation of Athens County, Ohio. The described units are Upper Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, 305–302 Ma) and located in the distal portion of the Appalachian foreland basin. Mudstone units interpreted as paleosols were identified across all three sections. Detailed field and micromorphological studies lead to the recognition of two separate paleosols within the profile. The profile consists of a composite paleosol composed of two cumulative paleosols. The lower paleosol is interpreted as a calcic Vertisol which formed in a seasonally dry environment whereas the upper paleosol is interpreted as a gleyed Inceptisol which formed in a seasonally wet environment. The change in paleosol types is the result of increased precipitation which led to saturation of the soil and surface ponding. Pedogenic carbonate nodules are a common feature throughout the entire profile as are stress cutans. A coalesced carbonate horizon (Bk) was observed approximate 120 cm from the top of the profile in all three sections. This carbonate horizon formed in the Vertisol and later served as a barrier which limited the downward movement of surface water. This limited the gleization of the bottom portion of the overprinted Vertisol resulting in a diffuse boundary with the overlying Inceptisol and producing a composite paleosol.
Carbonic Anhydrase as Pollution Biomarker: An Ancient Enzyme with a New Use
Authors: Lionetto Maria , Caricato Roberto , Giordano Maria , Erroi Elisa , Schettino Trifone
Published: November 2012

The measurement of cellular and sub-cellular responses to chemical contaminants (referred to as biomarkers) in living organisms represents a recent tool in environmental monitoring. The review focuses on carbonic anhydrase, a ubiquitous metalloenzyme which plays key roles in a wide variety of physiological processes involving CO2 and HCO3−. In the last decade a number of studies have demonstrated the sensitivity of this enzyme to pollutants such as heavy metals and organic chemicals in both humans and wildlife. The review analyses these studies and discusses the potentiality of this enzyme as novel biomarker in environmental monitoring and assessment.
Nuclear Microsatellite Primers for the Endangered Relict Fir, Abies pinsapo (Pinaceae) and Cross-Amplification in Related Mediterranean Species
Authors: Sánchez-Robles Jose , Balao Francisco , García-Castaño Juan , Terrab Anass , Navarro-Sampedro Laura , Talavera Salvador
Published: November 2012

Twelve nuclear microsatellite primers (nSSR) were developed for the endangered species Abies pinsapo Boiss. to enable the study of gene flow and genetic structure in the remaining distribution areas. Microsatellite primers were developed using next-generation sequencing (454) data from a single Abies pinsapo individual. Primers were applied to thirty individuals from the three extant localities. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to four. Cross-amplification was tested for other Abies species from the Mediterranean Basin, and most of the loci showed higher polymorphisms in the Mediterranean species than in A. pinsapo. These microsatellite markers provide tools for conservation genetic studies in Abies pinsapo as well other Abies species from the Mediterranean Basin.
The Kabachnik–Fields Reaction: Mechanism and Synthetic Use
Authors: Keglevich György , Bálint Erika
Published: November 2012

The Kabachnik–Fields (phospha-Mannich) reaction involving the condensation of primary or secondary amines, oxo compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and >P(O)H species, especially dialkyl phosphites, represents a good choice for the synthesis of α-aminophosphonates that are of significant importance due to their biological activity. In general, these three-component reactions may take place via an imine or an α-hydroxy-phosphonate intermediate. The monitoring of a few Kabachnik–Fields reactions by in situ Fourier transform IR spectroscopy has indicated the involvement of the imine intermediate that was also justified by theoretical calculations. The Kabachnik–Fields reaction was extended to >P(O)H species, comprising cyclic phosphites, acyclic and cyclic H-phosphinates, as well as secondary phosphine oxides. On the other hand, heterocyclic amines were also used to prepare new α-amino phosphonic, phosphinic and phosphine oxide derivatives. In most cases, the synthesis under solvent-free microwave (MW) conditions is the method of choice. It was proved that, in the cases studied by us, there was no need for the use of any catalyst. Moreover, it can be said that sophisticated and environmentally unfriendly catalysts suggested are completely unnecessary under MW conditions. Finally, the double Kabachnik–Fields reaction has made available bis(phosphonomethyl)amines, bis(phosphinoxidomethyl)amines and related species. The bis(phosphinoxidomethyl)amines serve as precursors for bisphosphines that furnish ring platinum complexes on reaction with dichlorodibenzonitriloplatinum.
4-(1H-Pyrazol-1-yl) Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives: Identifying New Active Antileishmanial Structures for Use against a Neglected Disease
Authors: Marra Roberta K. F. , Bernardino Alice M. R. , Proux Tathiane A. , Charret Karen S. , Lira Marie-Luce F. , Castro Helena C. , Souza Alessandra M. T. , Oliveira Cesar D. , Borges Júlio C. , Rodrigues Carlos R. , Canto-Cavalheiro Marilene M. , Leon Leonor L. , Amaral Veronica F.
Published: November 2012

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease responsible for about 56,000 deaths every year. Despite its importance, there are no effective, safe and proper treatments for leishmaniasis due to strain resistance and/or drug side-effects. In this work we report the synthesis, molecular modeling, cytotoxicity and the antileishmanial profile of a series of 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamides. Our experimental data showed an active profile for some compounds against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis. The profile of two compounds against L. infantum was similar to that of pentamidine, but with lower cytotoxicity. Molecular modeling evaluation indicated that changes in electronic regions, orientation as well as lipophilicity of the derivatives were areas to improve the interaction with the parasitic target. Overall the compounds represent feasible prototypes for designing new molecules against L. infantum and L. amazonensis.
Evaluation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Toxicity Induced by the Radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-Methylenediphosphonic Acid and by Stannous Chloride in Wistar Rats
Authors: De Mattos José Carlos Pelielo , Matos Vanessa Coutinho de , Rodrigues Michelle Pinheiro , Oliveira Marcia Betânia Nunes de , Dantas Flavio José S. , Santos-Filho Sebastião David , Bernardo-Filho Mario , Caldeira-de-Araujo Adriano
Published: November 2012

Radiopharmaceuticals are employed in patient diagnostics and disease treatments. Concerning the diagnosis aspect, technetium-99m (99mTc) is utilized to label radiopharmaceuticals for single photon computed emission tomography (SPECT) due to its physical and chemical characteristics. 99mTc fixation on pharmaceuticals depends on a reducing agent, stannous chloride (SnCl2) being the most widely-utilized. The genotoxic, clastogenic and anegenic properties of the 99mTc-MDP(methylene diphosphonate used for bone SPECT) and SnCl2 were evaluated in Wistar rat blood cells using the Comet assay and micronucleus test. The experimental approach was to endovenously administer NaCl 0.9% (negative control), cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg b.w. (positive control), SnCl2 500 μg/mL or 99mTc-MDP to animals and blood samples taken immediately before the injection, 3, and 24 h after (in the Comet assay) and 36 h after, for micronucleus test. The data showed that both SnCl2 and 99mTc-MDP-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand breaks in rat total blood cells, suggesting genotoxic potential. The 99mTc-MDP was not able to induce a significant DNA strand breaks increase in in vivo assays. Taken together, the data presented here points to the formation of a complex between SnCl2 in the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-MDP, responsible for the decrease in cell damage, compared to both isolated chemical agents. These findings are important for the practice of nuclear medicine.
Quercetin Improves Baroreflex Sensitivity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Monteiro Matheus , França-Silva Maria , Alves Naiane , Porpino Suênia , Braga Valdir
Published: November 2012

Quercetin is a well-known antioxidant. Here, we investigated the effects of treatment with quercetin on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR and their controls (WKY) were orally treated with quercetin (2, 10 or 25 mg/kg/day) or saline for seven days. On the 8th day, MAP and HR were recorded. BRS was tested using phenylephrine (8 mg/kg, i.v.) and sodium nitroprusside (25 mg/kg, i.v.). Oxidative stress was measured by tiobarbituric acid reactive species assay. The doses of 10 (n = 8) and 25 mg/kg (n = 8) were able to decrease the MAP in SHR (n = 9) (163 ± 4 and 156 ± 5 vs. 173 ± 6, respectively, p < 0.05) but not in WKY (117 ± 1 and 118 ± 2 vs. 113 ± 1, respectively, p < 0.05). The dose of 25 mg/kg/day increased the sensitivity of parasympathetic component of the baroreflex (−2.47 ± 0.31 vs. −1.25 ± 0.8 bpm/mmHg) and decreased serum oxidative stress in SHR (2.04 ± 0.17 vs. 3.22 ± 0.37 nmol/mL, n = 6). Our data suggest that treatment with quercetin reduces hypertension and improves BRS in SHR via reduction in oxidative stress.
Advances in Deoxynivalenol Toxicity Mechanisms: The Brain as a Target
Authors: Bonnet Marion , Roux Julien , Mounien Lourdes , Dallaporta Michel , Troadec Jean-Denis
Published: November 2012

Deoxynivalenol (DON), mainly produced by Fusarium fungi, and also commonly called vomitoxin, is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is one of the most abundant trichothecenes which contaminate cereals consumed by farm animals and humans. The extent of cereal contamination is strongly associated with rainfall and moisture at the time of flowering and with grain storage conditions. DON consumption may result in intoxication, the severity of which is dose-dependent and may lead to different symptoms including anorexia, vomiting, reduced weight gain, neuroendocrine changes, immunological effects, diarrhea, leukocytosis, hemorrhage or circulatory shock. During the last two decades, many studies have described DON toxicity using diverse animal species as a model. While the action of the toxin on peripheral organs and tissues is well documented, data illustrating its effect on the brain are significantly less abundant. Yet, DON is known to affect the central nervous system. Recent studies have provided new evidence and detail regarding the action of the toxin on the brain. The purpose of the present review is to summarize critical studies illustrating this central action of the toxin and to suggest research perspectives in this field.
Microsatellite primers for the neotropical epiphyte Epidendrum firmum (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Kartzinel Tyler R. , Trapnell Dorset W. , Glenn Travis C.
Published: November 2012

• Premise of the study: Ten microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the neotropical epiphytic orchid Epidendrum firmum to examine levels of genetic diversity and genetic structure at multiple spatial scales.

• Methods and Results: We screened loci in 12–25 individuals from each of two populations in Costa Rica and identified 10 polymorphic loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to 15 while observed heterozygosity for polymorphic loci ranged from 0.360 to 0.960.

• Conclusions: Primers for these informative genetic markers will be useful for quantifying genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, and gene flow in E. firmum.
Prologue: 2011 Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA)
Authors: MEASE PHILIP J. , GLADMAN DAFNA D.
Published: November 2012

The 2011 Annual Meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) was held in July 2011 in Naples, Italy, and attended by rheumatologists, dermatologists, and representatives of biopharmaceutical companies and patient groups from around the world. The meeting began with a trainee symposium, where 25 rheumatology fellows and dermatology residents presented their original research work. Presentations and discussions by GRAPPA members during the remaining 2-day meeting included a 2-part discussion of the status of psoriatic disease biomarker research, summaries of the GRAPPA Composite Exercise and the GRAPPA video projects, a contribution from Italian members on their psoriasis and PsA projects, a lengthy discussion of research and collaborative initiatives from GRAPPA dermatologists, updates on ultrasound imaging in psoriatic disease and on plans to define inflammatory musculoskeletal disease, a presentation of the results of a small study of psoriasis and PsA in aboriginal people of Peru, and a review of global education and partnering opportunities. Introductions to these discussions are included in this prologue.
GRAPPA Trainees Symposium 2011: A Report from the GRAPPA 2011 Annual Meeting
Authors: ASH ZOE , RITCHLIN CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: November 2012

The 2011 annual meeting in Naples, Italy, of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) began with a Trainees Symposium, which has become an important aspect of the meeting. In 2011, 25 trainees currently involved in research in psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis were invited to deliver an oral abstract or poster presentation. We present a brief overview of the oral and poster presentations, which show the diversity and focus of current research performed by members and trainees of GRAPPA.
Exploring Priority Research Areas in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis from Dermatologists’ Perspective: A Report from the GRAPPA 2011 Annual Meeting
Authors: ARMSTRONG APRIL W. , CALLIS DUFFIN KRISTINA , GARG AMIT , GELFAND JOEL M. , GOTTLIEB ALICE B. , KRUEGER GERALD G. , QURESHI ABRAR A. , ROSEN CHERYL F.
Published: November 2012

At the 2011 annual meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) in Naples, Italy, the GRAPPA dermatology members led discussions on priority research areas in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). These discussions centered on 3 primary areas: evaluation of PsA screening tools, updates on psoriasis comorbidities, and new developments in genetics and comparative effectiveness research. Introductory presentations were followed by engaging panel discussions and audience interaction. The members agreed that screening tools are highly valuable in early detection of PsA among dermatology patients and that efforts are necessary to develop tools suitable for adoption in clinical practice. Members also agreed that a collaborative investigation to evaluate the effect of psoriasis treatments on cardiovascular comorbidities would be highly informative. Finally, the members supported continued efforts to explore the genetic basis of psoriasis and more studies focused on comparative effectiveness of existing treatments.
Politiques de jeunesse : universalité, ciblage ou « discrimination positive »?
Authors: Avenel Cyprien
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’auteur analyse la montée des dispositifs de ciblage, notamment en direction des jeunes, destinés à compenser les insuffisances des politiques de droit commun. En se référant à des exemples précis qui montrent l’incertitude des objectifs, des moyens et des résultats de ces dispositifs, l’auteur plaide pour leur inscription beaucoup plus conséquente au sein des politiques de droit commun. Une réelle discrimination positive devrait permettre aux usagers de s’approprier les politiques de droit commun, d’en être les acteurs et d’être considérés comme une ressource locale plutôt que comme une population déficitaire.
Parier sur l'habileté sociale des jeunes
Authors: Diebold Noëlle
Published: November 2012

Résumé Parier sur l’habileté sociale des jeunes, c’est se donner les chances, simultanément, du développement social et du développement de l’identité individuelle des jeunes. Cela nécessite, pour le monde des adultes, de s’attacher à connaître et reconnaître les compétences sociales des jeunes pour les mettre en œuvre dans les projets qu’ils construisent. Les jeunes mettent en œuvre naturellement ces compétences dans trois domaines, celui des proches, celui de l’organisation sociale instituée et celui de l’environnement social proche. Ce pari suppose aussi d’abandonner la logique actuelle de construction des projets centrée sur le manque pour développer une méthodologie adaptée aboutissant à la mise en œuvre de ces compétences sociales lors de la construction de projets sur un territoire donné.
L'engagement syndical des jeunes employés
Authors: Chabault Vincent
Published: November 2012

Résumé Ce texte s’appuie sur une enquête menée auprès d’employés du grand commerce parisien et traite du rapport au syndicalisme et des formes de militantisme à travers une perspective générationnelle. Peu syndiqué, exposé aux emplois peu qualifiés, ce secteur professionnel devient parfois le théâtre de mobilisations. Des mouvements sociaux récents et l’apparition de nouveaux réseaux militants indiquent à la fois la formation d’une contestation sociale et la volonté que ce secteur soit plus largement couvert par le droit du travail. L’expansion, dans ce type d’entreprise, d’un salariat diplômé, en raison de la massification scolaire, du fort taux de chômage et de l’élévation du niveau de recrutement, laisse entrevoir des évolutions concernant les ressources disponibles pour l’action collective et la conception du syndicalisme.
Comprendre le « monde des choses humaines »
Authors: Mauger Gérard , Lebon Francis , de Linarès Chantal
Published: November 2012

Résumé Après avoir évoqué son parcours de « miraculé scolaire », qu’il explique sociologiquement, sa découverte tardive de la sociologie, liée à un investissement politique après Mai 68, son apprentissage « sur le tas » du métier de sociologue, Gérard Mauger décrit comment sa rencontre avec l’apport théorique de Pierre Bourdieu en 1979 a été décisive et structure son travail de sociologue et ses projets en cours. Tout en soulignant la place mineure de la sociologie de la jeunesse dans la hiérarchie scientifique, il insiste sur la nécessité de construire cet objet de recherche en prenant appui sur d’autres sociologies et souligne que ce domaine d’investigation s’est enrichi ces dernières années grâce à l’apport de jeunes chercheurs et l’ouverture à d’autres disciplines.
Sociologue de l'expérience sociale
Authors: Dubet François , Lebon Francis , de Linarès Chantal
Published: November 2012

Résumé François Dubet retrace un parcours marqué très tôt par le sentiment que la sociologie est au « cœur des choses ». Sa rencontre, déterminante, avec Alain Touraine l’ouvre à une sociologie de l’acteur et à la méthode d’intervention sociologique. Au cours de ses nombreux travaux, dont les objets sont apparemment différents, il conforte son hypothèse que pour comprendre la société contemporaine, il faut partir de l’expérience des acteurs portés par plusieurs logiques d’action. Le sociologue souligne l’évolution plutôt heureuse de la sociologie de la jeunesse vers une sociologie générale. Il se reconnaît comme sociologue engagé et déplore l’absence de projets de la société en direction des jeunes.
De la « co-âgitation » urbaine aux « maisonnées » intergénérationnelles
Authors: Némoz Sophie
Published: November 2012

Résumé Alors que les étudiants ont de plus en plus de mal à se loger dans les grandes villes universitaires, de nombreuses personnes âgées vivent seules dans ces mêmes espaces urbains et disposent de pièces inoccupées à l’intérieur de leur domicile. De Madrid à Paris, associations et programmes locaux tirent parti de cette inégalité résidentielle pour rapprocher l’âge de la retraite de celui des études supérieures. Avec cette co-âgitation, ils en appellent au logement intergénérationnel. Sous ce fronton, de nouvelles maisonnées faites d’anciens et de jeunes se découvrent. De l’auberge étudiante au gîte néofamilial, en passant par la demeure gériatrique, Sophie Némoz nous convie à leur visite sociologique.
Une génération « Tanguy » ?
Authors: Van de Velde Cécile
Published: November 2012

Résumé Assiste-t-on à l’émergence d’une génération « Tanguy » Les médias diffusent l’image d’une jeunesse sous dépendance parentale prolongée, particulièrement peu encline à quitter le cocon familial. À travers l’analyse des modes de cohabitation entre les jeunes adultes et leurs parents au sein de différents milieux sociaux, cet article met à l’épreuve ces représentations et s’attache à montrer la complexité des flux de solidarité qui sous-tendent les situations de maintien au foyer parental après la fin de l’adolescence.
L'expérience du déclassement
Authors: Peugny Camille , Van de Velde Cécile
Published: November 2012

Résumé Définissant le déclassement en termes de mobilité sociale entre générations, l’auteur éclaire l’histoire des générations nées dans les années 1960 pour lesquelles la mobilité sociale ascendante diminue alors que les trajectoires descendantes sont en augmentation. Le sociologue analyse les effets de cette dynamique sur ceux qui vivent ce déclassement : perte de confiance dans l’institution scolaire, sentiment d’appartenance à une « génération sacrifiée » ou constat d’un échec personnel. Il souligne aussi le paradoxe d’un refus du libéralisme économique accompagné d’une hostilité marquée vis-à-vis de populations éloignées du travail que ces déclassés considèrent comme assistées.
Les étudiants et le contrat première embauche
Authors: Michon Sébastien
Published: November 2012

Résumé Une enquête par questionnaire réalisée à Strasbourg auprès d’étudiants permet de rendre compte des liens entre attitudes à l’égard du contrat première embauche (CPE) et caractéristiques sociopolitiques. Les réponses des étudiants témoignent de l’importance de dispositions à opiner politiquement et à se mobiliser (ou pas), développées au cours des socialisations primaires. Les analyses invitent également à ne pas négliger le contexte d’étude comme matrice socialisatrice à la mobilisation.
L'indépendance des Autorités européennes de surveillance
Authors: Lafarge François
Published: November 2012

Résumé Les autorités européennes de surveillance ont été créées pour renforcer le contrôle des activités financières dans l’Union européenne. Ce sont les premières autorités de régulation européennes dotées de pouvoirs juridiques contraignants. Leur rang européen, leurs pouvoirs et leur place au sein du Système européen de surveillance financière posent toutefois des questions particulières quant aux modalités et à l’étendue de leur indépendance. Si le législateur y a fait face en les dotant de garanties indéniables, la portée de certaines solutions et les préoccupations liées à certaines limites font l’objet du présent travail.
L'indépendance des autorités de régulation économique et financière en Espagne : l'intéret de la clarification du droit public
Authors: Delzangles Hubert
Published: November 2012

Résumé En Espagne, la loi 2/2011 sur l’économie durable s’attache entre autres à rationnaliser, dans une logique transversale commune, les statuts des autorités de régulation indépendantes. L’intérêt de cette réforme législative est, au‑delà de la mise en conformité du droit espagnol avec le droit de l’Union européenne, d’uniformiser les statuts et le fonctionnement des « Autorités de régulation indépendantes » en fonction d’un schéma beaucoup plus respectueux de leur nécessaire indépendance. Même si certains éléments restent critiquables, les principaux reproches que l’on pouvait faire sur le manque d’indépendance fonctionnelle dans l’ancien cadre législatif ne sont plus de mise. La législation espagnole offre donc un cadre dont peuvent utilement s’inspirer les pouvoirs publics des autres États membres de l’Union européenne.
L'indépendance de l'Autorité de contrôle prudentiel
Authors: Israël Didier
Published: November 2012

Résumé Institution récente, l’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel (ACP) bénéfice d’un statut législatif, et de moyens de nature à garantir son indépendance organique et fonctionnelle tant à l’égard des secteurs régulés que du pouvoir exécutif. Ainsi, bien que dépourvue de la personnalité juridique, elle jouit de l’autonomie budgétaire et d’une certaine souplesse dans la gestion de ses ressources humaines. Par ailleurs, si l’indépendance à l’égard du Gouvernement constitue l’une des raisons d’être des autorités administratives indépendantes, tel n’est pas le cas à l’égard du Parlement, lequel peut notamment imposer à l’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel un plafond des autorisations d’emplois. En revanche, elle ne peut instaurer d’elle‑même des règles prudentielles et doit recourir à des mécanismes complexes de « droit mou », comme la recommandation.
L'indépendance de la Commission de régulation de l'énergie
Authors: Beatrix Olivier
Published: November 2012

Résumé Trois lignes de forces se dessinent lorsque l’on examine la question de l’indépendance de la Commission de régulation de l’énergie. La première, reflétant une tendance plus générale de la loi, réside dans l’instabilité législative affectant les autorités de régulation, laquelle représente une menace pour la garantie de l’indépendance de ces autorités. La seconde, plus spécifique au secteur de l’énergie, tient dans la relative difficulté pour le législateur français de concilier l’existence d’un régulateur indépendant avec la nécessité de la conduite, par les pouvoirs exécutif et législatif, d’une politique publique de l’énergie. Enfin, la troisième a trait à l’attention croissante portée à la question de l’indépendance des régulateurs nationaux par la réglementation européenne du secteur de l’énergie et qui se traduit par des dispositions ou recommandations d’ordre organisationnel mais également d’ordre fonctionnel.
Indépéndant de qui ? Les trois âges de l'indépendance des régulateurs des télécommunications en Europe
Authors: Hoynck Stéphane
Published: November 2012

Résumé Les directives relatives à la régulation des communications électroniques sont venues, par étapes, renforcer les exigences d’indépendance fonctionnelle, d’abord à l’égard des opérateurs régulés, puis de l’État en tant qu’il a des intérêts dans des entreprises régulées, et enfin à l’égard du pouvoir politique dans une acception non‑conditionnée. Ces trois étapes constituent les trois âges de l’indépendance des régulateurs. L’objet de cet article est alors d’analyser comment et pourquoi les autorités de régulation du secteur des communications électroniques se sont vues offrir des garanties particulières et explicites en matière d’indépendance.
Les enjeux et défis de l'administration en 2012
Authors: Sauvé Jean-Marc
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’article revient sur les réformes que l’administration a connues récemment, réformes souvent profondes, parfois difficiles. Il en souligne la nécessité mais, dans le même temps, il met en garde vis‑à‑vis d’une approche trop gestionnaire de celles‑ci. Il recommande qu’elles soient le plus possible en phase avec les finalités de l’État, dont la principale est l’intérêt général.
Changing Transfusion Practice in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Observational Study of the Reduction of Blood Use Over 6 Years
Authors: Robinson Paul M. , Obi Nnamdi , Harrison Timothy , Jeffery James
Published: November 2012

Patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) have historically been over-transfused. In a district general hospital setting, the authors observed a significant downward trend in blood transfusion requirements in these patients over 6 years after a change in transfusion policy. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the change in transfusion practice and present the results of the restrictive transfusion policy.

All patients undergoing primary THA between January 2003 and December 2008 were identified from hospital records. Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin levels, transfusion trigger hemoglobin, blood transfusion requirements, patient age and sex, 30-day mortality, and length of stay data were analyzed for all patients. A total of 1169 primary THAs were performed. Annual allogeneic blood transfusion requirements reduced progressively from 151 units in 2003 to 90 units in 2008 despite an increase in the number of patients undergoing THA. During this period, the proportion of patients transfused decreased from 35% to 17%. A reduction of mean transfusion trigger hemoglobin from 79 to 73 g/L was observed over the study period. No patient experienced any significant complications as a result of undertransfusion.

The authors’ institution has steadily restricted the use of blood transfusion in patients undergoing THA to those symptomatic of anemia. Increasing confidence among medical and nursing staff that reduced postoperative hemoglobin levels can be safely tolerated has resulted in a 55% reduction in blood transfusion in patients undergoing THA with no other change of practice.
Use of Redon Drains in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Has No Clinically Relevant Benefits
Authors: von Roth Philipp , Perka Carsten , Dirschedl Katharina , Mayr Hermann O. , Ensthaler Ludwig , Preininger Bernd , Hube Robert
Published: November 2012

Although no proven evidence exists for the use of drainage in primary total hip arthroplasty, such drainage is routinely used.

This prospective, randomized study comprised 80 patients who underwent a non-cemented total hip arthroplasty using a minimally invasive anterolateral approach. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 40: group 1 underwent drainage treatment and group 2 underwent no drainage treatment. No selection of patients occurred by age, sex, or body mass index. Blood loss was not significantly different between groups 1 (mean blood loss, 0.9 L [range, 0.3–2.1 L]) and 2 (mean blood loss, 0.9 L [range, 0.3–2.4 L]) (
P
=.7). On postoperative day 1, patients who underwent drainage treatment reported significantly more pain at rest (
P
=.01) and under stress (
P
=.03). The same finding was observed on postoperative day 4 (at rest,
P
=.04; under stress,
P
=.02). The nonuse of drainage significantly reduced operative time by 72 seconds (
P
=.01). Patients without drainage treatment had significantly larger hematomas than patients with drainage (mean, 43.7 cm
2
[range, 0–343 cm
2
] vs mean, 40.1 cm
2
[range, 0–514 cm
2
], respectively) (
P
=.03).

No clinically relevant benefits associated with the use of drainage were identified. The increased size of the hematoma was not reflected in patient comfort. The authors consider the use of drainage in primary total hip arthroplasty unnecessary.
Devoción mariana y poder regio: las visitas reales al monasterio de Guadalupe durante los siglos XIV y XV (ca. 1330- 1472)
Authors: De Paula Cañas Gálvez Francisco
Published: November 2012

En este artículo se estudian las visitas regias a Santa María de Guadalupe durante los dos primeros siglos de su existencia, las causas de aquellos viajes y, sobre todo, sus consecuencias en la vida espiritual y económica del cenobio hasta convertirlo a mediados del siglo XV en uno de los centros políticos más activos de la Península Ibérica.
Imágenes sagradas. Imágenes sacralizadas. Antropología y devoción en la Baja Edad Media
Authors: Pérez Monzón Olga
Published: November 2012

Las imágenes en la Baja Edad Media desempeñaron un importante papel tanto en la labor evangelizadora de la iglesia como en la finalidad propagandística y publicitaria del poder político. En el presente artículo, analizamos ambos elementos subrayando las largas pervivencias que tales usos han tenido en el tiempo.
L’anglais de la recherche médicale : une grande diversité
Authors: Beaufrère-Bertheux Christiane
Published: November 2012

Presque tout a été écrit sur le discours scientifique depuis trente ans. Pourtant, de nombreuses erreurs et des généralisations hâtives circulent encore. La recherche médicale est l'objet de notre étude. Quel est le rôle du chercheur-auteur ? L'analyse est conduite dans deux écrits de recherche, la Communication primaire et l'Étude de cas (en prenant le critère « temps » comme observable). Qui influence l'écriture de la recherche : la discipline, la communauté scientifique ou le genre choisi ?
An assessment of surficial geology, massive ice, and ground ice, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Northwest Territories: application to the proposed Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk all-weather highway
Authors: Smith I R , Duong L
Published: November 2012

This report utilizes seismic shothole drillers' lithostratigraphic logs as a basis for contrasting previously published maps and reports of surficial geology, massive ice and ground ice, on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Northwest Territories. Areas of glaciofluvial
ice-contact and outwash deposits, and lacustrine sediments in thermokarst terrain are demonstrated to be less extensive, while areas of till cover are more widespread. Approximately 2% of all shotholes contain records of massive ice, it is most abundant between 4 and 14 m depth, and principally
is situated at lithostratigraphic contacts (73%). On the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, half (52%) of the massive ice records occur in areas of surface till cover, and it is largely underlain by "sorted + sorted, fine" deposits (72%). Significant spatial, lithostratigraphic, and thickness
differences are noted in other physiographic regions. Shothole ground ice records are more common (13% of all such records), particularly within the 15 km buffer area surrounding the proposed Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway (18.4%), although it is acknowledged that many such records may relate
to massive ice deposits, and that drillers typically under-report ground ice occurrence. There is significant disagreement between shothole-based massive ice and ground ice occurrences with existing permafrost and ground ice maps that were constructed on the basis of surficial geology-related ground
ice associations. Changes in surficial geology classification account for part, elsewhere, ground ice is simply found to be more abundant in different deposit types than previously surmised.
It is argued that integration of abundant shothole lithostratigraphic data provides a more reliable reconstruction of surficial geology, massive ice, and ground ice conditions in the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula. The data and syntheses presented can better inform engineering and landscape stability
assessments, and similarly identify areas wherein more detailed field-surveys and inspection are likely required as part of an infrastructure development proposal.
The Church mission relative to socio-political issues in Francophone Africa
Authors: Mwambazambi Kalemba
Published: November 2012

The Church mission relative to socio-political issues in Francophone Africa requires a paradigm shift in both practice and teaching. To revitalise the Christian mission and pave the way for the positive transformation of Francophone Africa, a method review and mission strategy is relevant. The Church�s mission is to create disciples, to evangelise people, bring them to a deeper faith, promote truth, justice, peace, reconciliation, reconstruction, development and defend the poor and oppressed. Thus, people should always be central to the Church�s commitment regarding evangelism and social advancement. This article has provided a missiological overview of the Christian mission to gain a better understanding of the role of the Church in Francophone Africa today.
Technical Note: Spectral representation of spatial correlations in variational assimilation with grid point models and application to the Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical Observations (BASCOE)
Authors: Errera Q. , Ménard R.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The formulation of the background error covariances represented in the spectral space is discussed in the context of univariate assimilation relying on a grid point model, leaving out all the aspects of balances between the different control variables needed in meteorological assimilation. The spectral transform operations are discussed in the case of a spherical harmonics basis and we stress that there is no need for an inverse spectral transform and of a Gaussian grid. The analysis increments are thus produced directly on the model grid. The practice of producing analysis increments on a horizontal Gaussian grid and then interpolating to an equally spaced grid is also shown to produce a degradation of the analysis. The method discussed in this paper allows the implementation of separable and non-separable spatial correlations. The separable formulation has been implemented in the Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical ObsErvations (BASCOE) and its impact on the assimilation of O3 observed by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) is shown. To promote the use of this method by other non-meteorological variational systems and in particular chemistry, the Fortran code developed is made available to the community.
Global and regional emission estimates for HCFC-22
Authors: Saikawa E. , Rigby M. , Prinn R. G. , Montzka S. A. , Miller B. R. , Kuijpers L. J. M. , Fraser P. J. B. , Vollmer M. K. , Saito T. , Yokouchi Y. , Harth C. M. , Mühle J. , Weiss R. F. , Salameh P. K. , Kim J. , Li S. , Park S. , Kim K.-R. , Young D. , O'Doherty S. , Simmonds P. G. , McCulloch A. , Krummel P. B. , Steele L. P. , Lunder C. , Hermansen O. , Maione M. , Arduini J. , Yao B. , Zhou L. X. , Wang H. J. , Elkins J. W. , Hall B.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. HCFC-22 (CHClF2, chlorodifluoromethane) is an ozone-depleting substance (ODS) as well as a significant greenhouse gas (GHG). HCFC-22 has been used widely as a refrigerant fluid in cooling and air-conditioning equipment since the 1960s, and it has also served as a traditional substitute for some chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) controlled under the Montreal Protocol. A low frequency record on tropospheric HCFC-22 since the late 1970s is available from measurements of the Southern Hemisphere Cape Grim Air Archive (CGAA) and a few Northern Hemisphere air samples (mostly from Trinidad Head) using the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) instrumentation and calibrations. Since the 1990s high-frequency, high-precision, in situ HCFC-22 measurements have been collected at these AGAGE stations. Since 1992, the Global Monitoring Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL) has also collected flasks on a weekly basis from remote sites across the globe and analyzed them for a suite of halocarbons including HCFC-22. Additionally, since 2006 flasks have been collected approximately daily at a number of tower sites across the US and analyzed for halocarbons and other gases at NOAA. All results show an increase in the atmospheric mole fractions of HCFC-22, and recent data show a growth rate of approximately 4% per year, resulting in an increase in the background atmospheric mole fraction by a factor of 1.7 from 1995 to 2009. Using data on HCFC-22 consumption submitted to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), as well as existing bottom-up emission estimates, we first create globally-gridded a priori HCFC-22 emissions over the 15 yr since 1995. We then use the three-dimensional chemical transport model, Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers version 4 (MOZART v4), and a Bayesian inverse method to estimate global as well as regional annual emissions. Our inversion indicates that the global HCFC-22 emissions have an increasing trend between 1995 and 2009. We further find a surge in HCFC-22 emissions between 2005 and 2009 from developing countries in Asia – the largest emitting region including China and India. Globally, substantial emissions continue despite production and consumption being phased out in developed countries currently.
Carbonaceous components, levoglucosan and inorganic ions in tropical aerosols from Tanzania, East Africa: implication for biomass burning contribution to organic aerosols
Authors: Mkoma S. L. , Kawamura K. , Fu P.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol samples of PM2.5 and PM10 were collected at a rural site in Tanzania in 2011 during wet and dry seasons and they were analysed for carbonaceous components, levoglucosan and water-soluble inorganic ions. The mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 28.2±6.4 μg m−3 and 47±8.2 μg m−3 in wet season, and 39.1±9.8 μg m−3 and 61.4±19.2 μg m−3 in dry season, respectively. Total carbon (TC) accounted for 16–19% of the PM2.5 mass and 13–15% of the PM10 mass. On average, 85.9 to 88.7% of TC in PM2.5 and 87.2 to 90.1% in PM10 was organic carbon (OC), of which 67–72% and 63% was found to be water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Water-soluble potassium (K+) and sulphate (SO42−) in PM2.5 and, sodium (Na+) and SO42− in PM10 were the dominant ionic species. We found, that concentrations of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan and mannosan) well correlated with non-sea-salt-K+, WSOC and OC in the aerosols from Tanzania, East Africa. Mean contributions of levoglucosan to OC ranged between 3.9–4.2% for PM2.5 and 3.5–3.8% for PM10. This study demonstrates that emissions from biomass- and biofuel-burning activities followed by atmospheric photochemical processes mainly control the air quality in Tanzania.
Stratospheric loss and atmospheric lifetimes of CFC-11 and CFC-12 derived from satellite observations
Authors: Minschwaner K. , Hoffmann L. , Brown A. , Riese M. , Müller R. , Bernath P. F.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The lifetimes of CFC-11 and CFC-12 have been evaluated using global observations of their stratospheric distributions from satellite-based instruments between the period 1992 and 2010. The CFC data sets are from the Cryogen Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES), the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA-1 and CRISTA-2), the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE). Stratospheric loss rates were calculated using an ultraviolet radiative transfer code with updated cross section and solar irradiance data. Mean steady state lifetimes based on these observations are 50.3 ± 16.8 yr for CFC-11 and 106.9 ± 21.7 yr for CFC-12, which are in reasonable agreement with the most recent WMO Ozone Assessment recommendations but are somewhat longer by 12% and 7%, respectively. There are two major sources of error in calculating lifetimes using this method. One error source is due to uncertainties in tropical stratospheric measurements, particularly for CFC-11. Another large contribution to the error arises from uncertainties in the penetration of solar ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths between 185 and 220 nm, primarily in the tropical stratosphere between 20 and 35 km altitude.
Assessing Single Particle Soot Photometer and Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow
Authors: Schwarz J. P. , Doherty S. J. , Li F. , Ruggiero S. T. , Tanner C. E. , Perring A. E. , Gao R. S. , Fahey D. W.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. We evaluate the performance of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) and the Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer (ISSW) in quantifying the concentration of refractory black carbon (BC) in snow samples. We find that the SP2 can be used to measure BC mass concentration in snow with substantially larger uncertainty (60%) than for atmospheric sampling (<30%). Achieving this level of accuracy requires careful assessment of nebulizer performance and SP2 calibration with consideration of the fact that BC in snow can exist in larger sizes than typically observed in the atmosphere. Once these issues are addressed, the SP2 is able to measure the size distribution and mass concentration of BC in the snow. Laboratory comparison of the SP2 and the ISSW revealed significant biases in the estimate of BC concentration from the ISSW when test samples contained dust or non-absorbing particulates. These results suggest that current estimates of BC mass concentration in snow or ice formed from fallen snow using either the SP2 or the ISSW may be associated with significant underestimates of uncertainty.
Direct-sun total ozone data from a Bentham spectroradiometer: methodology and comparison with satellite observations
Authors: Antón M. , Román R. , Valenzuela A. , Olmo F. J. , Alados-Arboledas L.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. A methodology to obtain the total ozone column (TOC) from the direct-solar spectral measurements of a Bentham spectroradiometer located at Granada (Spain) is presented in this paper. The method relies on the differential absorption technique using two pairs of direct irradiance at adjacent wavelengths between 305 and 340 nm. The extraterrestrial constant was determined from the extrapolation to zero air mass of each wavelength pair (Langley plot method). We checked the strong influence of the cloud cover on the Bentham TOC measurements using simultaneous sky images taken with an All-sky camera. Thus, reliable TOC data are exclusively obtained during cloud-free conditions or partly cloudy conditions without the solar disk obstructed. In this work, the hourly TOC averages retrieved by the Bentham instrument with a~standard deviation smaller than 3% (~ 10 Dobson Unit) are selected as high-quality TOC data. The analysis of the diurnal TOC variations during cloud-free days showed a differential behavior between the morning and afternoon periods. Thus, while the mornings exhibit an almost stable pattern, the afternoons displays a monotonic TOC increase which could be related to photochemical processes in the lower troposphere associated with the formation of surface ozone. Finally, the Bentham TOC measurements were validated against the satellite data derived from three satellite instruments: OMI, GOME and SCIAMACHY. The mean absolute values of the relative differences between satellite and ground-based data were smaller than 3% which highlight the high reliability of the retrieval method proposed in this paper to derive TOC data.