bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Creativity of P. G. Chesnokov
Authors:   Music Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Zaytseva Elena A.
Published: December 2022

The paper addresses the life and work of the outstanding Russian choir director, choir conductor, composer and teacher Pavel Grigoryevich Chesnokov (1877–1944) and is dedicated to the 145th anniversary of his birth. It touches upon the biographical, historical-contextual, stylistic, and performing aspects of his heritage. The life and creative path of Chesnokov fell into two eras, split by the events of 1917. As a student of Danilin and Golovanov, Taneyev and Vasilenko, Chesnokov, together with a group of like-minded people, participated in the creation of conducting and choral faculty of the Moscow Conservatory. Implementing Russian song folklore in his compositions, the composer turned to archaic genres: labor artel, round dance and more. His secular compositions — in particular over sixty choirs to verses by Russian and European poets — are enjoying great popularity up to this day. Among the academic genres as a significant component of the master's heritage, one should mention one-act opera or poem “Flood” (“Heaven and Earth”) to the composer's libretto after Byron. Created in 1917, it was performed for the first time more than a century later in 2019. Over four hundred choral compositions made it into the golden fund of Russian sacred music. In the book “Chorus and its Management” Chesnokov left his will as a mentor. Russian song folklore, temple music, traditions of domestic and foreign musical culture — these are the origins of the composer's melos which are of enduring significance to this day.
Sistem Informasi Promosi dan Penjualan Pupuk, Beras dan Benih Berbasis Web
Authors: Nababan Ester , Filza Izzati  , Rati Rahmadani  , Lusiana Efrizoni
Published: December 2022

Sistem informasi telah banyak digunakan oleh beberapa perusahaan untuk beralih dari sistem manual ke sistem komputerisasi. Penjualan dan promosi online saat ini berkembang pesat. Dengan memanfaatkan teknologi berbasis web, proses penjualan dapat dilakukan secara online dan promosi produk akan memiliki jangkauan yang lebih luas. PT.Sang Hyang Seri Pekanbaru merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang agribisnis yang bekerjasama dengan dinas pertanian provinsi Riau untuk mendistribusikan hasil pertanian. Perusahaan memiliki tempat produksi sendiri untuk beras, pupuk dan benih. PT.Sang Hyang Seri Pekanbaru memiliki kendala dalam proses bisnis penjualan yang masih bersifat konvensional (offline) dimana perusahaan harus datang langsung ke rekanan sehingga prosesnya terbatas dan memakan waktu lama. Dengan begitu PT. Sang Hyang Seri Pekanbaru akan kalah saing dengan perusahaan yang sudah menggunakan e-commerce. Dengan cara ini peneliti mengusulkan suatu sistem informasi promosi dan penjualan pada PT.Sang Hyang Seri Pekanbaru dengan model pengembangan sistem waterfall yang dapat digunakan perusahaan sebagai wadah penjualan dan promosi produk pertanian.
Analisis Efisiensi Sistem Turbocharger pada Engine PLTMG 20 MW Berdasarkan Konsumsi Udara
Authors: Sepfitrah
Published: December 2022

Turbocharging system efficiency is a comparison between turbocharging efficiency and turbocharger efficiency. This study analyzes the performance of the ABB 140 and TCR 18 turbochargers on two JGS 620 series F111 gas engines for 3000 hours of operation. The analysis will be carried out based on the specific airflow consumption of the JGS 620 series F111 gas engine. The specific air flow consumption is obtained based on calculations, the ABB A140 turbocharger consumes an average of 0.2% more air than the TCR 18 turbocharger. This condition results in a higher output power on engine 2 on average of 2516.84 kW, compared to the output power engine 1 on average of 2402.72 kW. Based on the calculation of the conduction ratio, the average air consumption on engine 2 is less than engine 1 by 0.41%. The turbocharging efficiency value on the turbine engine 2 side is disrupted at 1700 and 2500 hours of operation. This is due to the disturbance on the turbocharger compressor side of the incoming airflow. The efficiency of the turbocharging system on engine 1 has a value of 79.77%, while on engine 2 it is 77.99%.
Analisis Klaster Tingkat Pengangguran di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Menggunakan Algoritma K-Means
Authors: Harits Dimaz , Puji Ari Andriyas , Andivas Marulan , Dermawan Dedi , Thoriq Eaden Ahmed
Published: December 2022

Kalimantan Timur merupakan Provinsi dengan Pendapatan Domestik Bruto Regional tertinggi kedua di Indonesia setelah Jakarta. Besarnya PDRB Kalimantan Timur ternyata tidak sesuai dengan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbukanya. Hal ini tentu mengundang pertanyaan, mengapa Provinsi dengan PDRB tertinggi ke-2 justru Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerjanya terburuk ke-7. Penelitian ini mencobamenjawab dari tataran analisis klaster. Proses pengelompokanya dapat memberi sudut pandang awal tentang karakteristik Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka di Kalimantan Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat dua klaster Tingkat pengangguran dengan karakteristik cukup berbeda. Klaster 1 memiliki tingkat pengangguran terbuka yang cukup tinggi, dengan partisipasi kerja dibawah klaster 2. Menariknya, walaupun TPT dan TPAK klaster 1 kalah dengan klaster 2, nilai PDRB, IPM dan PMDN mereka jauh melampui klaster 2. Temuan ini cukup menarik, sebab tinggi rendahnya PDRB tidak sejalan dengan Tingkat Pengangguran, bertolak belakang dengan Teori Okun.
Evaluasi Pengendalian Mutu Proses Penggilingan Kopi Berbasis Pendekatan Statistical Process Control
Authors: Astutik Umi Desi Tri , Mahbubah Nina
Published: December 2022

Pertumbuhan konsumen peminum kopi berdampak positif pada peningkatan permintaan kopi bubuk. Produsen kopi giling mengalami pertumbuhan signifikan setelah masa pandemi. Kopi Bubuk Eyang Kakung merupakan produsen penggilingan kopi UKM di wilayah Gresik. Pemilik usaha saat ini berupaya melakukan evaluasi mutu pada di sepanjang proses penggilingan kopi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengidentifikasi,menghitung, menganalisis, dan membantu perbaikan pada kualitas produksi menurun yang disebabkan oleh defect produk Hasil dari penelitian ini menggunakan statisti process control atau biasa disebut seventools dengan jumlah produksi 1.305.000 gram otal kecacatan 67.050 gram dengan dua jenis kecacatan yaitu butiran kasar 50.500 gram,jumlah berkurang 16550 gram dengan proposi cacat tantara 0,049 sampai dengan 0,050 Diketahui faktor utama penyebab defect pada penelitian ini dipengaruhi oleh mesin yang sudah tua dan perlu adaya perawatan mesin yang rutin dan ekstra.
Covid-19 Salgınının Tüketici Satın Alma Davranışlarına Etkisi
Authors: EŞİYOK Arzu , USLU DİVANOĞLU Sevilay
Published: December 2022

Çin’in Wuhan eyaletinde yeni bir virüs olarak ortaya çıkan Covid-19 salgını, tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye için de bir tehdit unsuru olmuştur. Tüm dünyada etkisini günden güne arttırarak ciddi boyutlara ulaşan bu salgın ile birlikte bireysel, toplumsal, kültürel ve ekonomik sorunlardan kaçmak ise neredeyse güç bir duruma gelmiştir. İnsan sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen bu salgın aynı zamanda sektörler için de kaçınılmaz bir kriz unsuru olmuştur. Sektörler, kimi zaman çalışmalarında zorlu süreçten geçerek satışlarında ve kâr oranlarında ciddi düşüşler yaşamıştır. Bununla birlikte işletme varlıkları yok olma tehlikesi ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu süreçten en çok etkilenen kitlelerden biri de tüketiciler olmuştur. Tüketiciler salgın kriziyle karşılaşmaları neticesinde yaşam tarzlarına yeniden yön vermiştir. İstek ve ihtiyaçlarını yeniden şekillendiren tüketiciler, kontrollü harcamalar yaparak finansal konulara daha çok önem vermeye başlamıştır. Yatırım kararlarının ön plana çıktığı bu dönemde, tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarında ciddi değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. Satın alma davranışlarındaki en belirgin değişiklik, tüketicilerin fiziksel satın almanın yerine çevrimiçi satın almayı tercih etmesi ve stok yapma eğiliminin artışı olmuştur. Bu çalışma ile birlikte son yıllarda ortaya çıkan ve tüm dünyada etkisi halen devam eden korona virüs salgınının, tüketicilerin satın alma davranışı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda nicel bir araştırma yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama aracı olarak birincil kaynaklardan olan anket yöntemine başvurulmuştur. Çevrimiçi olarak hazırlanan anket 422 adet katılımcılıya ulaştırılarak veriler toplanmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan anket sonucunda toplanan veriler SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) programına aktarılarak gerekli analizler yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda elde edilen verilere uygun frekans tabloları oluşturularak hipotezler test edilmiştir. Sonraki aşamada analizlerin sonuçları tablo halinde sunularak yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde araştırmaya ilişkin genel değerlendirmelere yer verilerek çalışma tamamlanmıştır.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF GOVERNANCE OF FAMILY FIRMS
Authors: Pu Zhongmin , Xu Zeshui , Wang Xinxin , Skare Marinko
Published: December 2022

Governance in family firms can profoundly influence corporate behavior and performance. Recently, family firm governance (FFG) has attracted extensive attention as increasing empirical research has been published. However, few studies have attempted to map the global research on this growing field. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review and bibliometric analysis are conducted to provide an overview of the FFG. A total of 626 relevant studies from the Web of Sciences Core Collection database between 1998 and 2020 are analyzed. First, based on a literature review by identifying the classification of FFG and topics related to family governance, an overall conceptual structure is proposed. Second, the performance and influence of journals, authors and papers are analyzed by descriptive bibliometric analysis. Finally, with assistance from the CiteSpace and VoS viewer tools, the co-authorship, co-occurrence and co-citation network are presented to display the social and intellectual structure and find the hotspots. The findings of this study help to objectively understand the evolution of FFG and to capture potential research directions.
T1 and T2 mapping – basic principles and clinical application
Authors: Genova K. , Kostova-Lefterova D.
Published: December 2022

Cardiac magnetic resonance tomography is widely used method in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. In the last decade, new techniques have been developed to obtain quantitative parameters of myocardial changes. T1 and T2 mapping are part of the routine CMRT protocol and allow direct quantification of T1 and T2 relaxation times in the myocardium as well as the calculation of extracellular volume. These are important biomarkers both for the diagnosis of various myocardial diseases and for monitoring treatment follow-up and determining prognosis. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the basic principles of the T1 and T2 mapping techniques, as well as their main applications in different types of cardiomyopathies.
Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of nonischemic cardiomyopathies
Authors: Partenova A. , Kostova-Lefterova D. , Genova K.
Published: December 2022

In recent decades, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has been established  as a valuable tool in the diagnosis of patients with or at risk of heart failure. With its ability to characterize tissue changes in the myocardium, CMR can provide detailed and clinically useful information about the type and severity of cardiac damage. The method is not only important for differentiation of ischemic from non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, but also contributes to the correct diagnosis of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy subtypes. It is also widely accepted as a reference standard for the quantification of myocardial mass, volumes and ejection fraction. The purpose of this article is to review the role of CMR in the diagnosis and treatment of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.
Du conflit d’usages au prisme communautaire : penser les conflits agropastoraux et leurs réponses à l’est du Cameroun (régions de l’Adamaoua et de l’Est)
Authors: Lefort-Rieu Claire
Published: December 2022

Bien que les « conflits communautaires » soient un sujet vif au Cameroun, tous ne bénéficient pas de la même attention. On se propose d’analyser les formes et conséquences de conflits encore peu étudiés par la littérature académique, à savoir ceux opposant agriculteurs et éleveurs dans les régions de l’Adamaoua et de l’Est. Si ces derniers ne constituent pas un phénomène nouveau, ils ont cependant gagné en intensité ces dernières années. En étudiant la pluralité des facteurs à l’origine de ces tensions entre agriculteurs et éleveurs, on montrera comment des conflits d’usages sont transformés en enjeux intercommunautaires érigeant les parties en groupes rivaux. La récurrence des conflits et les approches qu’ils suscitent, à divers niveaux, mettent en lumière les profondes transformations à l’œuvre dans la zone ainsi que les recompositions et enjeux de pouvoir qui s’y jouent. En étudiant les stratégies déployées par deux types d’acteurs, nationaux (représentants de la communauté mbororo) et internationaux (ONG), on étudie les recompositions dont font l’objet ces tensions agropastorales et la manière dont elles s’articulent avec un contexte autoritaire d’« État stationnaire ».
Effets des dépenses publiques de santé sur la mortalité maternelle dans les pays de la CEMAC
Authors: Zabatantou Louyindoula Hardy
Published: December 2022

L’objet de la présente réflexion est de mettre en exergue les effets des dépenses publiques de santé sur la mortalité maternelle dans les pays de la CEMAC. Cette étude a utilisé les données de la banque mondiale (WDI) de 2020. L’analyse réalisée via l’économétrie des données de panel, conformément à la technique DOLS a permis de montrer que les dépenses publiques de santé influencent la mortalité maternelle. Ces résultats ont donné lieu à des implications de politique économique
Some Schl$ \ddot{a} $fli type modular equations of composite degrees
Authors: Radha D. Anu , Kumar B. R. Srivatsa
Published: December 2022

S. Ramanujan documented several modular equations of degrees in his notebooks. These identities are used to evaluate Weber's class in variants, continued fractions and many more. In the present work, we establish modular equations of composite degrees using the known identities.
Primerjava izvora in razvoja frazemov ločiti ljuljko od pšenice in ločiti zrnje od plev ter njunih variant
Authors: Trivunović Eva
Published: December 2022

V prispevku je predstavljen izvor dveh izbiblijskih frazemov ločiti ljuljko od pšenice in ločiti zrnje od plev ter njun razvoj v slovenskem knjižnem jeziku od 16. stoletja do sodobnega časa. Frazema druži veliko podobnosti, vendar sta se v slovenskem jeziku rabila zelo različno. V gradivu za slovenski knjižni jezik 16. stoletja je podoba ljuljke med pšenico pogostejša od ločevanja zrnja od plev, vendar v drugačni obliki od danes uveljavljenega frazema. V kasnejših obdobjih je frazem ločiti zrnje od plev bistveno pogostejši in tvori več variant, kar potrjujeta tako prisotnost v slovarjih kot korpusna analiza.
Attention Res-UNet
Authors: Rehman Aasia , Butt Muheet A. , Zaman Majid
Published: December 2022

During a dermoscopy examination, accurate and automatic skin lesion detection and segmentation can assist medical experts in resecting problematic areas and decrease the risk of deaths due to skin cancer. In order to develop fully automated deep learning model for skin lesion segmentation, the authors design a model Attention Res-UNet by incorporating residual connections, squeeze and excite units, atrous spatial pyramid pooling, and attention gates in basic UNet architecture. This model uses focal tversky loss function to achieve better trade off among recall and precision when training on smaller size lesions while improving the overall outcome of the proposed model. The results of experiments have demonstrated that this design, when evaluated on publicly available ISIC 2018 skin lesion segmentation dataset, outperforms the existing standard methods with a Dice score of 89.14% and IoU of 81.16%; and achieves better trade off among precision and recall. The authors have also performed statistical test of this model with other standard methods and evaluated that this model is statistically significant.
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Modulus Similarity Measure
Authors: Gora Pawan , Tomar V.P.
Published: December 2022

The concept of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) is an expected explanation for finding the appropriate information. It originated from concept of fuzzy set (FS) theory, which extends the classical conception of a fuzzy set. This paper examines a number of widely employed similarity measures then proposes an IFSs modulus similarity measure and a weight similarity measure. Initially, the authors have discussed numerous existing similarity measures, some of which are unable to justify the axioms of being a similarity measure. Furthermore, some numerical examples are presented to compare the existing similarity measures with the proposed similarity measure. The proposed similarity measure is a practical and effective method for determining the qualitative similarity between IFSs, which do not have any paradoxical nature. In addition, the proposed similarity measure has been demonstrated practically in pattern recognition and medical diagnosis problem. Suggestions for future research comprise the conclusions of the paper.
A Systematic Review on the Detection and Classification of Plant Diseases Using Machine Learning
Authors: Munjal Deepkiran , Singh Laxman , Pandey Mrinal , Lakra Sachin
Published: December 2022

The occurrence of disease in plants might affect the crop production at a large scale, resulting into decline of the economic growth rate of the country. The disease in plants can be detected and treated at an early stage. Machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and computer vision-based techniques could play a pivotal role in detecting and classifying the diseases at an early stage. These approaches have even surpassed the human performance, as well as image processing based traditional approaches in the analysis and classification of plant diseases. Over the years, numerous authors have applied various image processing ML and DL techniques for the diagnosis of different ailments in plants that gives great hope to the farmers and landlords to cure the disease at an early stage. In this study, the authors addressed and evaluated the various currently existing state of art methods and techniques based on machine and deep learning. Besides, the authors have also focused on various limitations and challenges of these approaches that can explore greater possibly of these methods about their usability for disease detection in plants.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Weil Richard
Published: December 2022

In the following papers the term “Anaphylactic antibody” has been replaced by the word “Sensitizin.” This has the advantage of brevity. The word is formed on the analogy of the words precipitin and agglutinin, and carries its own significance—namely that substance which confers sensitization. No distinctions are at present known between the substance responsible for active, and that for passive sensitization, so that both are covered by this term. Besredka some years ago suggested “Sensibilisin,” but this is foreign to the spirit of the English tongue, being constructed on the root of the French verb “Sensibiliser” (to sensitize). “Anaphylactin,” a term suggested by Anderson, had been used in a different sense by Gay and Southard, which seems to preclude its adoption.

Friedberger (5) was among the first to maintain the identity of precipitin and sensitizin, basing his belief on the fairly constant ratio between these two substances in various sera.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Weil Richard
Published: December 2022

Introduction. Interest in the equilibrium of precipitation reactions is now about fifteen years old, and dates from certain observations made in 1902 by Linossier and Lemoine, and by Eisenberg. Linossier and Lemoine (9) mixed antigen and precipitin in the test-tube, and, after removing the resulting precipitate, again tested the supernatant fluid for the presence of each factor. For example, horse serum, and the serum of a rabbit immunized thereto, were mixed in various proportions; the supernatant fluids in each tube were then divided into two equal portions, and to the one was added horse serum, and to the other the immune rabbit serum. If precipitation resulted in the former, it indicated the presence of remnants of precipitin; if in the latter, it showed that a fraction of the original horse serum still remained in the supernatant fluid. As a matter of fact, Eisenberg (6, 7) found that both substances could practically always be demonstrated.
A Cutaneous Reaction in Canine Distemper
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Harkins Malcolm J. , Reichel John
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions

A summary of the results of these anaphylactic tests with a polyvalent antigen of washed and heat-killed cultures of B. bronchisepticus (Ferry-McGowan) is shown in table 6. As shown in this summary the highest percentage of positive reactions occurred among dogs suffering with distemper at the time these tests were made and among those known to have had distemper while under our direct observation. Whether or not the reactions occurring among those dogs that were normal at the time of these tests, but of whose previous medical history we were ignorant and totally unable to ascertain whether or not they had distemper prior to admission to the University animal house, were true anaphylactic reactions due to sensitization with bronchisepticus protein as a result of infection, we are unable to say definitely. Owing, however, to the widespread dissemination of canine distemper and the large number of young dogs known to contract this disease, it is highly probable that some of these animals had been infected with B. bronchisepticus and that the reactions were an expression of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to the protein of this microörganism. While we wish to record in another communication the results of our experiments bearing upon the etiological character of B. bronchisepticus in canine distemper either as the direct cause of this disease or as a mircoörganism closely associated with it in a manner analogous to the relation of streptococci to scarlet fever, we may state here that B. bronchisepticus is found in a large proportion of dogs suffering with distemper and that these anaphylactic tests indicate this relationship by the large proportion of infected animals displaying a condition of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to its protein. While the bronchisepticin skin test may prove of practical value in the diagnosis of canine distemper and particularly as an index of a previous infection in an apparently normal animal, it is probable that it has no value as an index of immunity and that an animal presenting a positive reaction is still susceptible to relapses or recurrences of the disease (7).
Antibody Production by Typhoid Vaccines
Authors: Stoner H. W.
Published: December 2022

The success attained by the use of antityphoid vaccine in military circles both in this country and abroad, naturally attracted the attention of public health officers to the use of this agent as a preventive against typhoid fever in civil life. While a very good beginning has been made, there are problems not encountered in the army that must be overcome before equally brilliant results can be hoped for in this field.

The health departments of Maryland and of Baltimore City were among the first to prepare and distribute antityphoid vaccine to the citizens of the state and city without cost. This work was begun early in 1910, and up to January 1, 1916, 22,681 complete doses of vaccine had been prepared and distributed to inhabitants of the state and city.

The greater part of this vaccine was prepared by washing off twenty-four hour old agar cultures with sterile salt solution and killing the organisms by heating at a temperature of 58°C.
The Relation of the Bronchisepticin Skin Reaction to Immunity in Canine Distemper including the Bactericidal Action of Dog Serum for B. Bronchisepticus
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Matsunami Toitsu , Harkins Malcolm J.
Published: December 2022

In a previous paper (1) we have described the results observed with a cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in canine distemper with a polyvalent emulsion of washed and heat killed B. bronchisepticus (Ferry-McGowan). The intracutaneous injection of this emulsion or “bronchisepticin,” has been followed by well marked papular or pustular reactions in 77 per cent of dogs suffering with distemper at the time of the tests, and in 60 per cent known to have had the disease while under our observation. Reactions were also observed in 35 per cent of dogs just admitted to the animal house of the University and presenting no clinical evidences of distemper; we were unable to state what percentage of these dogs had had the disease or whether the reactions were purely traumatic. Whether or not B. bronchisepticus (Ferry-McGowan) is accepted as the primary etiological agent of canine distemper, we concluded that these anaphylactic reactions may be interpreted as indicating that in this disease a large percentage of dogs display a condition of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to its protein.
Studies on the Serologic Classification of B. Botulinus
Authors: Schoenholz P. , Meyer K. F.
Published: December 2022

The results of an investigation dealing with the serological relationship of 111 strains of B. botulinus (including 7 duplicate strains) isolated from a diversity of sources and from many localities have been intimated in a previous communication (1). It was stated that by means of agglutination and absorption tests Type A strains can be subdivided into at least 3 and possibly 4 groups, while the B types can be classed into at least 2 groups.

Since the publication of the preliminary notes Starin and Dack (2) have reported their studies on the serological grouping of this organism. They have shown that there are at least 3 distinct subgroups of Cl. botulinum Type B and 4 subgroups of Type A. In the case of the latter, intermediate strains, partaking of the nature of more than 1 of the 4 distinct subgroups have been noted.
Agglutinin Absorption
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Cooper Georgia , Provost Dorothy J.
Published: December 2022

There is no other means of measuring the specific agglutinin content of a serum except by using the bacterial type which is known to have stimulated the production of the agglutinins in a serum even though this means may not always be adequate. There is no basic validity therefore, in a procedure which assumes the reliability of determining the infecting bacterium or bacteria by testing the absorptive capacity of several cultures on the agglutinins present in the patient's serum for each of such cultures. Such a procedure does not take into account all the possible alternatives. The observation of the character of the clumping and the use of the specific component for test purposes may give strongly suggestive results. The probable alternatives in such methods are discussed.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: O'Neill F. I. , Moy H. Bing , Manwaring W. H.
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions

Glycogen, therefore, disappears almost quantitatively from the canine liver during the first fifteen minutes of anaphylactic shock. This observation is in line with the initial hyperglycaemia in guinea-pig anaphylaxis recently reported by Zunz and La Barre (4). A reduction in liver glycogen during peptone poisoning was observed by McGuigan and Ross (5). The factors contributing to this rapid glycogen disappearance will be considered in a subsequent paper.
Acquired Immunity in Silkworms
Authors: Glaser R. W.
Published: December 2022

Silkworms are extremely susceptible to certain types of bacteria which often contaminate the mulberry leaves. The origin of this contamination is still imperfectly understood, notwithstanding the fact that much work has been done in this laboratory to trace the source. Therefore, some matters, to be described, that deal with the maintenance of a healthy stock are purely empirical. Experience in rearing large numbers of silkworms for three seasons (1922, 1923 and 1924) has clearly shown that clean food is one very important factor. Worms can be maintained in a healthy state if the mulberry leaves are clean, namely, free from bird feces, mulberry fruit juice spots and other visible dirt. When a bacterial disease once appears in a culture it is extremely difficult to eradicate; for, as has been pointed out in a previous publication (1) dealing with such a disease, the living sick worms contaminate everything through defecations, and when they die soil the food with their fluids.
Evidence for the IgG Nature of Complement-Fixing (CF) Antibodies to Adenovirus Type 12 Hamster Tumor Neoantigens
Authors: van Hoosier G. L. , Cupp Carolyn , Boren Dee , Trentin J. J.
Published: December 2022

Sera from hamsters bearing transplants of adenovirus type 12 (A-12) tumors, and containing CF antibodies reactive with antigens prepared from such tumors, were characterized to determine the immunoglobulin class of these antibodies. Differential characteristics studied were zonal sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient, susceptibility to reduction by mercaptoethanol, persistence following tumor ablation, and placental transfer. The findings indicate that the CF antibodies to A-12 hamster tumors are of the IgG or 7 S type.
A Modification of the Hemolytic Plaque Assay for Use with Protein Antigens
Authors: Golub Edward S. , Mishell Robert I. , Weigle William O. , Dutton Richard W.
Published: December 2022

A method is presented which allows the in vitro enumeration of cells producing antibody against a variety of protein antigens. The proteins are covalently linked to red blood cells by means of a carbodiimide reagent. The concentrations of protein required for the plaque assay are greater than those required for passive agglutination.

The method is simple and sensitive and the results mimic the kinetics of the response that is seen in in vivo assays of serum antibody. Both direct (probably 19 S) and indirect (probably 7 S) plaque-producing cells are detected.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Mandy William J. , Woolsey Marion E. , Lewis F. B.
Published: December 2022

Homoreactant in rabbits has been shown to be passively transmitted from mother to fetus, thus fulfilling another criterion of its immunoglobulin nature. Newly synthesized HR began to appear in the newborn rabbit sera immediately after the disappearance of maternal HR, i.e., 4 to 5 weeks after parturition.

Early HR characterized as a γM-globulin by 2-ME sensitivity and DEAE-cellulose chromatography was actively synthesized by the newborn rabbit only between the ages of 4 and 10 weeks. This was followed by the continued synthesis of a 2-ME resistant γG-globulin HR. This constitutes the first observation of an apparent 19 S to 7 S transition in the synthesis of a natural antibody.

Both the 2-ME susceptible and 2-ME resistant forms of HR were directed to determinants which are otherwise buried in the intact γG-globulin molecule and exposed by digestion with papain.
Histology of PCA Reactions in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Lieberman Moses K. , Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

PCA reactions were produced in guinea pigs with rabbit γG- and guinea pig γG1-antibodies. The histologic picture of PCA reactions with guinea pig γG1 in guinea pigs is similar to the reaction produced with rabbit antibodies. PCA reactions with rabbit and guinea pig γG1-antibodies were partially inhibited by an antihistamine (Neo-Antergan) to the same degree. Depletion of PMN did not diminish the PCA reactions with either antibody. It has been concluded that PMN infiltration is a consequence, and not the determining factor, of PCA reactions in guinea pigs.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with γG Antibodies
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

PCA reactions were studied in mice with mouse, rat, rabbit and guinea pig IgG antibodies. Homologous IgG antibodies were the most efficient, rat antibodies slightly less so, whereas rabbit antibodies were far less active. In addition, with rabbit antibodies PCA reactions could only be elicited with high challenge doses of antigen. Guinea pig γ-1 or γ-2 antibodies were virtually inactive. RPCA reactions could be produced in mice sensitized with low doses of different antigens, including ovalbumin, as long as mouse antibodies were used for challenge. Massive doses of rabbit antibodies were required for RPCA reactions with ovalbumin, whereas, no reactions were induced by guinea pig antibodies.
Reactivity of Human Immunoglobulins in Amebiasis
Authors: Maddison Shirley E. , Kagan Irving G. , Norman Lois
Published: December 2022

Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) were separated from sera of two patients with symptomatic infections of Entamoeba histolytica. The techniques used were Sephadex G 200 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The relative purity of fractions was assayed by the Ouchterlony technique and immunoelectrophoresis against specific immunoglobulin antisera. Whole serum and fractions were analyzed by serodiagnostic methods and by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the guinea pig and monkey. Absorption experiments were carried out to confirm the reactions. The IgG globulins were reactive in all the serodiagnostic tests for E. histolytica and in the guinea pig PCA test. The reaginic activity demonstrable by PCA in the monkey appeared to be heterogenous and was associated with an IgA fraction eluted from a Sephadex G 200 column and the IgG fraction eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column. While hypersensitivity in man associated with amebiasis has not, as yet, been demonstrated, a high proportion of amebic diagnostic sera gave positive PCA reactions in the guinea pig. The monkey appeared to be far less sensitive.
Effect of Bacterial Endotoxin on Experimental Fungal Infections
Authors: Kimball Harry R. , Williams Temple W. , Wolff Sheldon M.
Published: December 2022

Escherichia coli endotoxin was administered to mice prior to challenge with 5 × 106 Candida albicans, 5 × 106 Rhizopus arrhizus or 1 × 106 Blastomyces dermatitidis organisms. When 100 or 400 µg endotoxin was given 1 hr prior to challenge with C. albicans, significant acceleration in mortality occurred, while the same doses of endotoxin given 24 hr before challenge delayed lethality. Similar protection but no enhancement of lethality was noted for R. arrhizus, while reproducible alterations in lethality were not demonstrable with B. dermatitidis. Protection against C. albicans appeared to have a bimodal character, being maximal at 24 hr and 6 days following endotoxin administration. Sterile sera were passively administered in amounts of 1.0 ml to normal mice, which were then challenged 1 hr later with C. albicans. Lethality was significantly delayed only in the animals receiving sera collected 24 hr after endotoxin but not in the groups receiving saline, normal sera or sera obtained 6 days following endotoxin. These studies demonstrate that serum factors are important in the initial phase of increased resistance against C. albicans induced by endotoxin.
Application of Immunodiffusion Methods to the Antigenic Analysis of Dengue Viruses
Authors: Ibrahim Adly N. , Hammon W. McD.
Published: December 2022

Six prototypes of dengue viruses, West Nile and Sindbis viruses were cross-reacted in a rather standard type of immunoelectrophoresis test against four rabbit anti-dengue sera representing two closely related pairs as determined by more conventional serology. By this test D-1 and TH-Sman were readily differentiated, each possessing three or four antigens not possessed by the other. One antigen was common to both and to all other dengue protoypes and West Nile virus. A similar differentiation was demonstrated between D-2 and TH-36 and all other viruses employed. One D-2 antiserum demonstrated what may be a subgroup specific dengue antigen shared by all dengues but not by West Nile. The method gives promise of improved differentiation of arboviruses within an antigenic group.
Cold-Reacting Antibodies: The Enhancement of Antibody Fixation by the First Component of Complement (C′la)
Authors: Rosse Wendell F. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: December 2022

Partially purified C′1a increases the binding of cold-reacting (“Anti-I”) antibodies to human cells. Reduction of the hemolytic activity of the C′1a solution by heating, dilution or absorption by unrelated antigen-antibody aggregates reduces the ability to enhance binding of antibody. Reduction of hemolytic activity by ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduces only partially the ability to increase the binding of antibody. The effect of C′1a in increasing the binding of antibody to antigen appears to be greater for more dissociable antibodies.
Detection of Immune Response Against Synthetic Polymers of Amino Acids Employing the Plaque-Forming Cell System
Authors: Walsh Patricia , Maurer Paul H. , Egan Marianne
Published: December 2022

Plaque-forming cells which cross-react with the normal sheep erythrocyte can be induced by immunization of rabbits (but not mice or guinea pigs) with the synthetic α-L-amino acid copolymers, Glu42:Lys28:Ala30 and Glu36:Lys24:Ala35:Tyr5. A similar response cannot be induced with Glu60:Ala40, Glu60:Ala30:Tyr10, or Glu60:Lys40. The specificity of this reaction is confined to the sheep erythrocyte and was not observed with ox, turkey, goose, duck, guinea pig or rabbit erythrocytes. Soluble GLA30 polymer and sheep antirabbit globulin serum partially inhibited the formation of antibody which cross-reacted with normal sheep erythrocytes in the Jerne PFC technique.
A New Rapid Method for Genetic Typing of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Vyas G. N. , Fudenberg H. H. , Pretty H. M. , Gold E. R.
Published: December 2022

A passive hemagglutination technique employing isolated γ-globulins and myeloma proteins of known genetic types coated onto human group O cells by CrCl3 method has been developed. Cells thus coated have been successfully used for Gm and Inv typing of human sera. The degree of discrimination between inhibiting and noninhibiting sera is as great as with the conventional method using cells coated with incomplete anti-Rh.
Cross-Reactions of Calf Thymus Histones with Polylysine Antisera
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , David Stollar B.
Published: December 2022

Rabbit antisera obtained by immunization with poly-L-lysine-phosphorylated bovine serum albumin reacted with free whole histone, free F1(A) and free Fw as well as with whole histone and all the histone fractions coupled to human serum albumin with the carbodiimide reagent. Free whole histone and the histone fractions inhibited the reaction of these poly-L-lysine antisera with poly-L-lysine and the order of inhibitory effectiveness paralleled the lysine content of whole histone and the histone fractions. Antibodies obtained by immunization with the carbodiimide coupled poly-L-lysine reacted with poly-L-lysine, whole histone and the histone fractions coupled to human serum albumin but did not react with free poly-L-lysine, free whole histone or the free histone fractions. The sera obtained after immunization with poly-L-lysine coupled to human serum albumin contained only 7 S antibodies whereas those obtained following immunization with poly-L-lysine-phosphorylated bovine serum albumin contained both 7 S and 19 S antibodies. The 7 S fraction reacted more efficiently with poly-L-lysine and the 19 S with free F1(A). Whole histone and the histone fractions did not react with a poly-D-lysine antiserum nor did they inhibit the reaction between poly-D-lysine and a poly-D-lysine antiserum. Whole histone and the histone fractions, whether free or coupled, did not react in C′ fixation with a nonimmune rabbit serum or a nonrelated rabbit serum such as anti-ribonuclease. Direct reactivity was observed between the poly-L-lysine-phosphorylated bovine serum albumin antisera and another basic protein, ribonuclease, and with deoxyribonucleoprotein but less than 20% C′ fixation occurred with cytochrome c, lysozyme, human serum albumin or pepsin.
Studies of Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes of Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Asofsky Richard
Published: December 2022

Using an in vitro tissue incubation technique, the capabilities of mouse thoracic duct cells to synthesize immunoglobulins was compared to those of solid lymphoid tissues. Spleen and lymph nodes made all four classes of immunoglobulins and the ileum and jejunum only IgA. Thoracic duct cells synthesized IgA and IgM, but no 7 S γ1 or 7 S γ2. Cells obtained from the 1st day produced less IgA and IgM than those collected from later days. The amount of immunoglobulins synthesized by thoracic duct cells appeared to be less than that by equal samples of spleen cells. These studies suggest that thoracic duct cells are not, in general, representative of the lymphoid population.

Culture of tissues obtained from chronically drained animals yielded autoradiographs similar to normal patterns for each organ. Thus cells synthesizing each of the immunoglobulin classes remained fixed in tissues and were not removed from the animal.

The lymph contained relatively large amounts of 7 S γ1, 7 S γ2 and IgA; the serum levels of these were rapidly lowered with drainage. Very small quantities of IgM were present in the lymph and prolonged drainage was necessary to decrease its serum level. Therefore, thoracic duct drainage diminishes the serum immunoglobulin levels partly by direct protein loss and partly by removal of the cells or their precursors responsible for synthesis.
Antibody Production by Isolated Spleen Cells: A Study of the Cluster and the Plaque Techniques
Authors: Zaalberg O. B. , van der Meul V. A. , van Twisk M. J.
Published: December 2022

In previous publications, cluster formation as an expression of antibody production by isolated spleen cells has been described and compared with the results of the plaque technique. In the present study these investigations have been extended and the conclusion is drawn that cells producing IgM antibodies can form both clusters and plaques. The cells producing IgG antibodies readily form clusters, whereas plaque formation only occurs when anti-mouse-γ-globulin is added (indirect plaque formation).

Evidence is presented that cluster formation does not always depend on the excretion of antibodies. At 4 days after immunization about 40% of the clusters were formed by cells which did not excrete antibodies during in vitro incubation. Within the remaining 60% of cluster-forming cells a large variation in the amount of excreted antibodies was found. The function of the inactive cells is still uncertain. In view of their persistence long after the primary response, some of them may be “memory” cells responsible for the anamnestic response. Investigation of this subject is in progress.
Antigens of Rickettsia Prowazeki. II. Activity in Guinea Pigs and Experimental Vaccine Production
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Patt Judith K.
Published: December 2022

Studies on the activity of fractions of Rickettsia prowazeki in guinea pigs revealed that protective antigens are found in cell wall, protoplasm and soluble antigen fractions. The soluble antigens released by ether treatment were the most active when compared on a dry weight basis with the other materials. The results of production of experimental vaccines by concentrating the rickettsiae before ether treatment showed that vaccines of excellent potency in the standard guinea pig assay could be obtained with a considerable reduction in contamination with egg material.
The Age Distribution in Humans of Hemagglutinating-Inhibiting Antibodies Reacting with Avian Strains of Influenza a Virus
Authors: Davenport Fred M. , Hennessy Albert V. , Minuse Elva
Published: December 2022

HI antibody against formalinized A/Duck/England/62 was found at low frequencies and low titers in the sera of persons 67 to 97 years of age in 1964. With active virus the values were lower. The same sera contained higher frequencies and higher levels of antibody against A/Equine-2/Milford/63 virus. Avian strain antibody was detectable only when the same specimen contained horse strain antibody. The HI antibody failed to neutralize active virus and reacted as heterologous antibody in the photometric test of Drescher. A low frequency of low HI antibody increases against A/Duck/England/62 was found in the sera of older persons vaccinated with Equine-2 monovalent vaccine. The present data confirm and extend information on the antigenic linkage between avian, horse and human strains of influenza A virus. HI antibody was not found in the serum collection spanning the age range from birth to 97 years of life when tested with A/Duck/England/56, A/Tern/South Africa/61 or A/Turkey/England/63, nor from birth to 66 years of age when tested with A/Duck/England/62.
Immune Cryoglobulins in Rabbit Streptococcal Antiserum
Authors: Davie Joseph M. , Osterland C. Kirk , Miller Edward J. , Krause Richard M.
Published: December 2022

Electrophoretic patterns of certain sera from rabbits immunized intravenously with streptococcal vaccines exhibit discrete protein bands in the γ-globulin region. These were identified as group-specific carbohydrate antibodies. The L-chains of these γ-globulins exhibited electrophoretic homogeneity. This report describes a group B immune serum which possesses unusual cryoprecipitating properties. Ninety per cent of the γ-globulin was cryoprotein and was distributed in two electrophoretically distinct peaks designated fast and slow. Both proteins, isolated by electrophoresis were γG-globulin. The slow cryoglobulin possessed group B antibody activity. Although the fast cryoglobulin agglutinates group B cell walls the exact specificity has not been determined. Electrophoretic patterns of dissociated light chains were studied by a variety of electrophoretic techniques. By disc electrophoresis in acrylamide gel the L-chains of the slow cryoglobulin were heterogeneous and exhibited six bands. L-chains of the fast cryoglobulin were distributed in only two bands. These data suggest that immunization has resulted in the proliferation of a limited population of lymphoid cells which produced γ-globulin with cryoprecipitating properties.
A New Serologic Test for Adenovirus Infection
Authors: Artenstein Malcolm S. , Dandridge Oliver W.
Published: December 2022

A new serologic test for adenovirus infection in man has been described. The SAFA test utilizes an adenovirus tissue culture antigen which is dried upon cellulose acetate discs, incubated with human serum at a single dilution of 1:25 and then reacted with fluorescein-conjugated antihuman globulin antiserum. Fluorescence is read objectively in a fluorometer. The SAFA test is comparable to the CF test for adenoviruses in that it is group-specific rather than type-specific. Twenty-nine of 32 patients with significant CF antibody responses were SAFA test positive. Eleven of 36 CF negative patients were SAFA positive. It would appear that the SAFA test is more sensitive than the CF test since 7 of the 11 had other evidence for adenoviral infection. Other advantages of the SAFA test are the use of a single dilution of serum, the requirement for very small amounts of serum and the stability of the antigens used.