bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irrigation as a means for Maximisation of Crop Production
Authors:   Assitant Cotton Specialist,Siruguppa, N KESAVA IYENGAR
Published: November 2023

The importance of irrigation to step up production of crops has been well recognised and of late numerous irrigation schemes have been started in various countries. In the Madras State, two major schemes viz., the Tungabhadra and the Lower Bhavani Projects are expected to be completed by 1952. Of these, the former is intended to irrigate certain parts of the Ceded Districts, over an area of two-and-a half lakhs of acres, where nearly cighty percent of tht tract is composed of deep black soils. As the tracts are subject to very variable and uncertain rainfall, the average yield of crops is low. Chemical investigations conducted on the black soil of the tract and the water of the Tungabhadra river were in favour of irrigation, since the salt contents were low and no harmful effects like upward rise of salts or water-logging were noticed as a result of irrigation. Likewise, the performance of the crops under irrigation.
How Mechanisation of Agriculture helps in Maximisation of Production
Authors:   Research Engineer, C.P RAJU
Published: November 2023

The Second World War, and particularly the Bengal Famine, have brought out poignantly how much Indian Agriculture and the Indian Farmer were neglected. The emphasis in the previous regime was mostly on bullock and manual labour, which has landed the nation today in an acute food shortage. A few demonstrations with tractors and mouldboard ploughs were held, at a few research stations of this vast sub-continent and the visitors looked on it more as a tamasha.
Maximisation of Production by the Cultivation of Hybrid Strains with Special Reference to Cumbu (Pearl Millet)
Authors:   Millets Breeding Station, P KRISHNA RAO , A KUNHIKORAN NAMBIAR ,   Millets Breeding Station, P MADHAVA MENON ,   Millets Breeding Station
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon of hybrid vigour has engaged the attention of plant breeders and geneticists from very early times. In recent years, the utilisation of hybrid vigour or heterosis, for improvement of crop yields has brought forth very valuable results. In naturally cross-pollinated crops, continued inbreeding results in loss of vigour of the progeny and consequent reduction in yields. Hybridisation between the inbred types, in cross-pollinated crops, is usually accompanied by greater vigour in the resulting pro- geny leading to phenomenal increases in yield. This factor, coupled with the ease of hybridisation on a large scale, paved the way for the exploitation of hybrid vigour as a method of maximisation of production in these crops. The results achieved in one of them, maize, have clearly demonstrated the potentialities of this method and have revolutionised corn production in all the corn-growing countries of the world. The remarkable achievements attained in corn production, through the introduction of hybrid strains, have stimulated investigations on similar lines in other cross-pollinated crops. Among Millets, Cumbu has responded remarkably well and the results obtained from preliminary studies, at the Millet Breeding Station, Coimbatore, are briefly presented in this paper.
The Horticultural Approach in Maximising Food Production
Authors:   Fruit Specialist Coimbatore, U NARASINGA RAO
Published: November 2023

Any agricultural policy for maximising food production should draw its inspiration, not from the accidents of temporary food shortages but from fundamental concepts of human nutrition. In the shaping of a food plan for the Indian Union we should distinguish two aspects that have gained clear recognition at the hands of nutrition experts. First, of course, is the need for providing the requisite amount of calories which supply the needed energy for people of different ages and in different avocations in life. Second is the introduction into the diet of an adequate quantity of protective foods which are indispensable to keep the human body free of illnesses traced to ill-balanced food. As Sir John Orr put it in that documentary film The World of Plenty "It is not enough to eat more food-it is the kind of food that matters most" Governments today are assuming greater and greater responsibilities for the regulation of agricultural production, and the shape and hue which agricultural industry takes under such direction should make the fullest use of what scientific facts have to offer. Into a pattern of that kind, therefore, a purely unregulated agriculture weighted wholly in favour of calorie-yielding food crops will no longer fit. Modern agricultural policy in the Indian Union should not merely be a palliative for our food shortage, with its sole interest to alleviate hunger at the expense of health. On the other hand, it should be attuned to the national requirement of an improved dietary with a readjustment to concepts of food in relation to health.
Economics of Crop Production on Bapatla Sandy Soils
Authors:   Section of Agricultural Economics,Agricultural College Bapatla, S.V DURAISWAMI , K.S SURYANARAYANA ,   Section of Agricultural Economics,Agricultural College Bapatla, I.V PARTHASARATHY ,   Section of Agricultural Economics,Agricultural College Bapatla
Published: November 2023

Any visitor to Bapatla, as he approaches the place in the train would be struck with the view on both sides, of stretches of sandy belts, fallow or covered with crops and dotted with palmyra or cashew-nut trees. There may also be attractive green patches of paddy or tobacco, interspersed with jasmine or vegetables coming to view according to the season. A closer observation will reveal the presence of small ponds or 'doruvus", wells from which water is lifted in pots for 'irrigating the adjacent crops. The sands drink up water and hence pot-watering is a continuous process from day to day. A visit to these areas will show that very good crops could be grown out of these poor sandy soils. A study of this type of crop production and its economics has been considered worthwhile and might be interest, particularly to students of agriculture.
Groundnut in Madras; Maximisation of Production
Authors:   Oilseed Specialist, Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore, G VENKATANARAYANA
Published: November 2023

I propose to deal with the subject in two parts; first about maximisation of production in general and then about the groundnut in particular. Necessity for increased production: As in most parts of the world, in this country too, almost all commodities required by man, particularly foods and grains are in high demand and short supply. This situation has caused prices to soar up abnormally high, with the result that the lower and the middle classes are very hard hit. The standard of living is going down with consequent repercus- sions on health, society, State economy and public relations. In a country like ours where yields are low and famines are always staring us in the face, the necessity for increased production of all commodities is always there. While the world figure is 1'5 acres of cultivated land per head of population, the figure for this country is only about an acre, which is rather low, and on the other hand population is increasing at rather too rapid a rate. Therefore the need for increased production of crops is much more urgent in this country than in most other parts of the world.
Some means to increase production of rice
Authors:   Assitant Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, V KRISHNASWMI
Published: November 2023

The World War II has left its disastrous effects on every country. One such is shortage of food. Our country with its vast millions comprising nearly 1 5 of the world's population was even in normal times, an importing country in the matter of food grains. The present position is such that even if the world's production of rice is raised by 10 million tons it will not be possible to secure the prewar level of consumption in rice- eating countries as the deficit between production and consumption of rice is in the neighbourhood of 14 million tons. While, there is an increase in the population of the country by 10 per cent, the yield of rice has been going down due to adverse causes as failure of monsoons, want of fertilisers and agricultural implements. Dr. Aldous Huxley says "That the only alternative to world-wide starvation is reduction in numbers almost everywhere and a world population policy based on birth control. Meanwhile the resources of applied science are to be mobilised for the relief of the world's hunger". Sir John Russell, while agreeing with the latter proposition maintains that the world can keep pace in food production with any foreseeable increase in population. It is possible that the truth lies in between the pronouncements of the two eminent scientists. Leaving aside the question of birth control to economists and politicians let us examine a few ways and means of increasing rice production in our country with special reference to Madras State.
Women in Maximisation of Crop Production
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, V.K KUNJAMMA , S VARADARAJAN ,   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

This paper deals with the subject of women in relation to crop production and how far they can help to achieve this objective. Man is the only animal that grows its own food. The rest of them eat their food as and when they find or collect and store food for their future use. The lines of Dorothy Wellesley will bring home the truth how animals are unconcerned about their food:- "The sheep. They stand upon their breakfast, And lie down upon dinner, ofler. If only we too had, "Fish growing round our legs, If we had floors of Marmalade, And beds of buttered eggs." We would not have to suffer all the ills of the present day.
"DREAM or NOT"
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, K RAJAGOPALAN
Published: November 2023

A marriage has been arranged and will shortly take place perhaps it will, but it is not as easy as all that. Even though marringes are sometimes made in Heaven, the details must be filled in by us, poor mortals, on earth. That is why it is important to order the dress, the jewellery, perfumes, flowers, all in good time and of course from the best shops. In the case of our hero his marriage is celebrated twice in his life with the same girl-once in his dreams and again, if I remember right, in the year 1250, month December, date the 22nd.
MY MAIDEN FLIGHT
Authors:   Final Year B.Sc Agriculture, G THULASIDAS
Published: November 2023

I was sitting up into the night; I saw the old day expire and t new one being born. There was no one else awake in the whole hoste not one light burning in a hundred and thirty-nine other rooms. Sleep elusive, fickle sleep would not come. I lay in be restlessly tossing to and fro. At last, realising that sleep like a fick maiden comes only when unsought, I rose from my bed and stood on t verandah. All the myriads of stars were shining in the sky as brightly as th 'did in the beginning of the world, and they shall continue to twinkle.
A TRAGEDY OF ERRORS
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, . SADHU
Published: November 2023

The news that Raju had fallen in love came as a bolt from the blue even to his intimate friends. No one had expected such a thing would happen. Some how Raju did not appear to be of that sort to go and fall in love. At least he did not look like it. But the inevitable had happened and Raju was really in love. He himself could not say how all began. One fine evening as soon as the dull and monotonous lecture in Agriculture, was over, he went to the Nirmala College to see his sister who was studying there. He was asked to wait in the visitors room. Raju liad a hell of a time waiting there flooks of girls passed by that room staring at him as if he was an unusual specimen. While he was sitting there and fidgeting nervously, a girl entered and asked him in a sweet, soft voice, "Whom do you want to see, please?" Raju looked up and suddenly he felt a strange sensation. He forgot even good manners and involuntarily stared at the girl. How beautiful she was. Raju was sure he had never seen before such a girl. Soon he woke up from his reverie and realising the awkward situation, blurted ont, "Oh! I want to see my sister, I mean, I want to see Miss Leela" Quite involuntarily his left hand plunged deep into his trouser pocket and his right hand began to twitch at the funny knot-of his necktie. The girl, ignorant of his nervousness, knit her charming eye-brows in perplexity and asked, "Thangam, which one do you mean? Raju summoned up all his courage, and replied. "I mean K. Leela of junior inter."
A Note on the Record Yield of C0419 Sugarcane in Kuniamuthur Village, Coimbatore.
Authors:   Special Agricultural Demonstator Sugarcane Development Scheme Coimbatore, P.K NATESA AIYAR
Published: November 2023

Maximisation of food production is the crying need of the hour but increase in sugar production is also equally important. Results of research are translated in the cultivators' fields with the object of securing increased yields. The following is an account how increased yields of sugarcane were obtained by a progressive farmer, Sri P. G. Venugopal Naidu, Kuniamuthur. The field which gave such a phenomenal yield of 20,240 lb. of jaggery per acre is situated on a village road running parallel to the Kurichi channel on its northern bank four furlongs away from the Madras-Calicut trunk road, and about four miles from Coimbatore. The area planted with cane was six acres, irrigated from a well. The soil is black loam and well-drained. The crop was planted in furrows 36 inches apart and and watered regularly every tenth day, earthed up properly and the canes were induced to grow erect and tall. The canes were also propped up.
Sclerotial Disease of Ginger
Authors:   Assitant Mycology Coimbatore 641 003, N.V SUNDARAM
Published: November 2023

Cultivation of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is widespread in Malabar district. This crop is subject to a serious disease viz., rhizome rot and wilt, caused by three species of Pythium (P. aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick, P. myriotylum Dreschler and P. vexans de Bary). Infection is prevalent in storage and in field. During 1950 when large quantities of seed material had to be purchased from the growers for experi- mental purposes at the Agricultural Research, Station, Pattambi, it was found that many of the rhizomes were considerably shrunk and had a white growth of fungal mycelium on the surface. Careful examination of the diseased material showed that the rhizomes were infected by Sclerotium rolfsii Saco. Mustard-seed-like sclerotia were observed on several of the diseased rhizomes. Park (1937) has recorded from Ceylon, the occurrence of this fungus, infecting ginger rhizomes superficially, Examination of the local material revealed that the infection was not merely superficial but also internal. Therefore experiments were conducted to find out the role of S. rolfsii in causing the rotting of rhizomes in ginger.
Preliminary Studies on Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia)
Authors:   Oilseed Section , Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore, S.G AIYADURAI
Published: November 2023

Of the cultivated gourds, melons and cucumbers, the bitter gourd (Tamil Pavakkai, Telugu - Kakara, Hindi - Karela) is a common vegetable plant grown in almost every kitchen garden in South India. It is reported to be cultivated throughout India, as also in Malaya, China, Tropical Africa and America. People in Europe call it Balsam-Pear, but no information is available to show that the fruits are used by them for edible purposes.
A Cheap Device for a Cool Chamber.
Authors:   Agricultural Research Station Anakapalle 531001, P PRAKASAM
Published: November 2023

The need for preserving fungal cultures in cool chambers needs no emphasis. In some of the moffussil research stations where neither electricity nor refrigerators are available the maintenance of cultures particularly in the summer months is difficult. Some cheap and efficient devices without the use of ice or refrigerator were tested. The following device described in brief was found to be of very helpful.
Food Yeast from Cane Molasses
Authors:   Government Mycologist ,Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, D MARUDARAJAN
Published: November 2023

Yeasts are unicellular fungi which thrive in a sugary medium and are responsible for various types of fermentation. They are widely employed in industrial concerns for the production of alcohol and alcoholic drinks. The yeasts themselves are rich in proteins and also vitamins of the B complex (especially thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid). These are important accessory factors in human nutrition. Consequently the yeast sludge obtained from fermentation industries is dried and marketed. But food yeast is another type, which is more palatable and grows readily on molasses. It does not produce much of alcohol. The use of yeast is highly desirable in a country where the people use as staple food starchy grains like polished rice, so that the deficiencies in protein and vitamins can be made up.
Co-operative Farming in Practice (An Ideal Farming Family near Guntur)
Authors:   Lecturer Agricultural Economics ,Agricultural College Coimbatore  641 003, S.V DURAISWAMI
Published: November 2023

When there is so much subdivision of holdings and diminished size of farms, it is a refreshing contrast to find a family of ryots not sub- dividing the holding among themselves, but continuing to farm the entire area jointly, and sharing the produce equitably. Our interest is heightened when we know that the number of brothers who are thus co-operating are as many as nine and not only this, they have also taken more area on lease. The total number of members of the family thus fed from this joint farm exceeds 60. It will be of interest to the readers of the journal and students of agriculture to know some details about this family of co-operating farmers.
A Contribution to the Taxonomy of the Genus Turnera, L.
Authors:   Botany Section,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, C RAJASEKHARA MUDALIAR , J SAKHARAM RAO ,   Botany Section,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

The genus Turnera, L. (Turneraceae) is not dealt with in detail in any of the Floras and an adequate description is wanting. Haines (1921) and Trimen (1894) recognise only one species, viz., T. ulmifolia, L. while Grisebach (1864) 864) mentions three species, namely, T. ulmifolia, L., T. parviflora, Benth., and T. pumilia, L. Harvey (1862) has described in his flora only one species, T. capensis, Harv. Hooker (18 (1894) has omitted the entire family while Gamble (1924) gives only a very meagre description of the solitary species T. ulmifolia, L. and the two varieties T. ulmifolia, L. var. angustifolia, Willd., and T. ulmifolia, L. var. elegans, Urb., pointing out only the difference in leaves.
Fungicides and Weedicides
Authors:   Government Mycologist ,Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, D MARUDARAJAN
Published: November 2023

Discases of crops have been prevalent from ancient times. But the nature of the agents responsible for the causation of these diseases and the uses of chemicals for controlling them began to be understood only after the middle of the last century. The practice of certain vine growers whose vine yards were on the roadside, of sprinkling a mixture of lime and blue vitriol on the leaves and bunches to keep off thieves led to the discovery of one of the most widely-used and potent fungicides-Bordeaux mixture. To the French Professor, Millardet, is attributed the credit of observations on the effect of this practice on the control of the downy mildew which was causing heavy damage to vines and the formulation of Bordeaux mixture, about the year 1882.
The Madras City Milk Plan
Authors:   Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry Madras, T MAJOR MURARI
Published: November 2023

It is a well-known fact that milk supply in Madras City is not only inadequate but also the quality of milk has no bearing on the very high price paid. From various surveys made with regard to the exact number of milch animals in the City and taking the 2,000 licenses held by the City milkmen into account the total number of animals is computed to be 12,248 cattle and buffalocs. These are distributed in the 50 divisions comprising the City of Madras. Taking an average of about 8,000 female stock in milk and daily average yield at 10 Ib. per animal the total milk yield would be about 80,000 lb. The demand of the city is not wholly met by the milkmen. The Government Milk Factory distributes about 8,000 lb. of milk per day. The Co-operative Milk Supply Societies supply about 28,000 Ib. collecting from various centres from both within and outside the limits of the city up to 35 miles radius. Added to this, milk is brought by trains, cyclists and buses and the quantity handled by them would roughly be about 24.000 lb. The total quantity of whole milk distributed within the city would be about 1,40,000 lb. The population of the Madras City was 12-35 lakhs in 1946 according to the City Rationing Officer. It may now be taken as not less than 14 lakhs. Based on the above calculations the average per capita consumption of milk is 16 ozs. which is perhaps the lowest in the world. It is therefore imperative in the interest of the nation that the average milk consumption of the citizen should be increased to 16 ozs. per capita per day.
The Role of Heterosis in Crop Breeding with Special Reference to Hybrid Cottons
Authors:   Assitant Cotton Coimbatore, V SRI SANTHANAM
Published: November 2023

The manifestations of increased size, vigour of development, productivity and similar beneficial effects have long been recognised in many first generation hybrids of plants and animals. This increase in size and vigour resulting from hybridisation has been designated variously as the "stimulating effects of hybridity", "hetero- zygosis" or "hybrid vigour" and Shuli (1914) first proposed the use of the term "heterosis" to denote such a phenomenon. "Heterosis" attracted the early attention of the plant breeders through its conspicuous effects on several economic characters of the crop plants studied, notably that of grain yields in maize (Zea Mays. L) a crop taken up for pioneer investigations by the American geneticists. With the advent of Mendelism after 1900, the subject of heterosis evoked considerable academic interest and the advancement of genetical knowledge provided practical applications The years that followed witnessed remarkable progress in the study of quantitative inheritance and applied genetics. In maize breeding in the United States of America, harnessing of heterosis became the main consideration and the achievements gradually revolutionised corn production and made economic history.
The Evaluation of Residual Deposits of DDT
Authors:   Agricultural College Bapatla, P Dr. SATYANARAYANA
Published: November 2023

Investigations reported in the earlier articles (Satyanarayana, 1951), showed that the amount of DDT recovered from the surfaces of apple leaves varied with the mode of deposition, the nature of the solvent used, and the concentration of the insecticide in the preparation. The nature of the emulsifer used had but little effect, the percentage of the solvent in the preparation and the nature of the surface (upper or lower) though having some slight effect did not appear to be of much consequence. Though under the experimental procedure adopted in the present investigation it has not been possible to recover all the DDT initially deposited, it was shown that either by pro- longing the period of shaking or by continued extraction in a soxhlet cent percent recovery was possible. It was, therefore, clear that the material that was not recovered was not lost by any other process like the catalytic decomposition by leaf tissue, etc., but could be recovered. Absorption of insecticides into the plant tissue is not a new idea. Swain (1933), working with petroleum oils observed this and suggested a differentiation between the available' i.e. the insecticidally useful, and the non-available or the locked up portions. Probably, a similar differentation needs to be made in the case of DDT also, In a way this fact seems to have been realized by Barlow and Hadaway (1949), when they designated the two fractions of DDT as 'inner' and outer.
Water Requirements of Crops, with Special Reference to Rice
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, M. B. V NARASINGA RAO
Published: November 2023

Since all agriculture is dependent on water, it is not surprisng that centres of ancient civilization have all been close to perennial river systems. Later on, people have constructed dams, and storage reservoirs. to spread out the water supply from these rivers more uniformly and control the risk of periodical floods and inundations. Tank systems are also similar in their aim and execution. In any system of irrigation however, one has to take into account the quantity of water available and the quantity needed by different crops at different stages of their life cycle. The present paper is a review of the work done so far in India, on the water requirements of different crops, with special emphasis upon Rice, as it is the most important amongst all our food crops. The material has been culled out from various Annual Reports of different State Depart- ments of Agriculture and Schemes financed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1).
Manurial Experiments on Rice 2. Effects of season and continuous green leaf manuring on yield
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, C HANUMANTHA RAO
Published: November 2023

Rice growers of this Province, by traditional ex- perience resort to green leaf manuring with a view to obtain increased yields. Investigations to assess its effect were for some time past in progress in this and other provinces. Two schools of thought were developed, the one attributing the beneficial effect of green leaf manuring to Nitrogen and its influence on the biological reactions in the soil and the other laying stress on the physical effects of the organic matter and also the possible influence on the solubility of soil phosphates. However, the literature on the cumulative effects of green leaf manuring over long periods is scanty. Irrespective of the nature of its action, green leaf manuring is an accepted practice among farmers to increase rice vields. Twenty five years ago two experiments on continuous green leaf manuring were laid out at Palur and Manganallur. At Palur in one experiment on rice, green leaf was applied to alluvial soils. The rice was grown in the samba season (September-January) irrigated by a perennial spring channel of Gadilam river.
Pyrethrum cultivation at Nanjanad
Authors:   SuperIntendent Agricultural Research Station Nanjanad, K HANUMANTHA RAO
Published: November 2023

Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium) belonging to the family Compositas is a glaucous perennial 18 to 24" high. The stems are unbranched and slightly hairy. The leaves are petioled and finely cut. The insecticidal property of this plant is known as "Pyrethrin", which is obtained mainly from its flowers the stamens and pistils, having insecticidal principle, in its most concentrated form. The original home of the plant seems to be in Persia. During the early part of the 19th century, Europe used to import both the plant itself and flower powder from Persia to meet a widespread demand for an effective vermifuge. Later on, in about 1850-60 a new species of the plant was produced in Dalmatia which gradually proved to be superior in quality to the Persian stuff. Long after this period the plant found its way to other places like Japan, Kenya etc.,. In pre-war period Japan used to produce 25 million pounds of dried pyrethrum flowers per annum and 90% of the output went to the United States. Since Japan started hostilities, the only supply for the allied countries has been from Kenya where pyrethrum is regarded as one of the most flourishing industries. Hence efforts were made to increase the area under this crop. From the year 1937 the Imperial (now Indian) Council of Agricultural Research seriously considered the introdue- tion of pyrethrum into India and after a number of experiments fonnd that places like the Punjab, Shillong in Assam, Kashmir and in certain parts of the Madras Presidency namely Nilgiris and Kodaikanal were suitable for its cultivation. During the World War II the area under this orop increased extensively to supply dried flowers to the military.
Pedigree seed of rice-its rapid extension in the country
Authors:   Paddy Specialist, Agricultural College and Reserch Institute, Coimbatore, M.B VENKATANARASINGA RAO
Published: November 2023

Temporary increase in production could be obtained by erop management but as a long-term policy, efficiency of production must be increased by breeding. For, in the management of crop, the question of cost comes in, and a certain treatment ceases to have value if it is un- economical. That the use of seed, improved by breeding, is a sure and cheap way of augmenting seed supply is an indisputable point. It has been found that pedigree seed is able to give increased yield anywhere from 10 to 30 per cent depending upon the variety. It has also been found that certain seeds besidos yield, quality otc., are also valuable for their other characteristics such as resistance to lack or excess water, posts and diseases ote. The use of pedigree seed is thus an insurance against losses. It has also been found from some preliminary investigations that pedigree seed is more efficient in utilising soil nutrients.
Parasitism of Striga lutea Lour. on Rice and methods to protect rice plant against Striga.
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, P UTTAMAN
Published: November 2023

There is a fair amount of literature on Striga as a root parasite on several agricultural crops. Luthra (1921) in the course of his studies of Striga densiflora Benth. on sugar-cane makes mention of Striga lutea Linn as a root parasite on Jowar (Andropogon Sorghum Brot.) In the case of Striga densiflora he thinks that the parasite absorbs the food materials from the soil as a normal course to claborate its own food while being parasitic on the host's roots. He has threfore classed it as a, typical semiparasite. Mechanism of absorbing food material from the host plant and the anatomy of haustoria etc., are described and illustrated by the same author. Thadulingam and Narayana (1932) mention Striga lutea as attacking Varagu (Papsalum Scrobiculatum Linn.) Ragi (Eleusine Coracana Gaertn.) and Sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum Linn. The same authors have recorded Striga euphrasioides, Benth. another spocies of Striga attacking rice plants in the swamp. In the brochure issued by the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (16). Striga lutea is mentioned as a serious pest on Tenai or Korra (Setaria Italica Benth). Pearson (1913) has made an extensive study of Striga lutea L. as a parasite on maize. Excepting some casual reference made of its parasitism on rice by a few authors, very little detailed work has been done on it.
Some problems on Banana Breeding
Authors:   Diploma Course  in Horticulture Madras, K.T SHETTY
Published: November 2023

The province of Madras has an estimated area of 1,36,455 acres under bananas, with an annual production of 11,33,000 tons of fruits. Added to this the banana has also numerous other virtues, which entitles it to be classed as the most popular fruit crop in this province. It thrives from sea level up to 5,500 feet and is as equally at home in the arid hot plains as in the tropical humid zones. With a capacity to yield a quantity of food per acre excelled by none and of a type valuable to infants, invalids as well as for all normal persons the banana assumes a special importance in the present context of intensified food production. It is, therefore, appropriate that the Government of Madras, in conjunction with the Government of India have decided to establish the All India Banana Research Station in our province, in the Tanjore District.
Suggestions for Stocking Fish Ponds in Madras
Authors:   Freshwater Fisheries Biological Research Station Madras, S.V GANAPATI , P.I CHACKO ,   Freshwater Fisheries Biological Research Station Madras
Published: November 2023

Very frequently the questions "How many fish can a pond hold?" ог "How many fingerlings of Catla, Labeo, Etroplus, Mirror, Carp, Chanos, etc., can one stock in a pond?" are posed; but satisfactory answers for them have not been received. Although definite data have been worked out for similar American and European fish ponds, there does not seem to be any agreed answer to these questions for tropical waters. Worthington (1943) states in this connection "......But producti- vity of fish should be capable of even greater development on account of the higher water temperatures and lack of winter. Thus there may be a big future for fish farming in the colonies in ponds specially constructed for the purpose, properly managed and manured. For intensive fish farming in warm climates, we have the outstanding example of the. Chinese who see to it that every square yard of water produced a crop of fish. Before such a new industry is started in countries where opportuni. ties for fish ponds are extensive, intensive research work is necessary in. order to bring to bear our knowledge of productivity in water, of manuring, and of the life histories of difierent species of fish". Our knowledge about the bionomics of the inland fishes of the Madras State is fairly extensive and therefore it is possible at this stage to arrive at a uniform and standard method of computation per unit area or volume of water for stocking South Indian ponds with fingerlings of various kinds.
Recent Advances in the Manufacture and Use of Butterfat or Ghee
Authors:   Indian Dairy Research Institute Bangalore 30, C.P Dr. ANANTAKKISHNAN
Published: November 2023

Butterfat has always been highly valued as a food and much attention has been given to its conservation. The common methods of preserving it have been by the production of and storage of butter, or of the fat from which the other milk constituents have been removed. The problems of preservation of butter or butterfat for any great period of time are mainly related to spontaneous chemical reactions with the oxygen of the atmosphere and to enzymic spoilage and bacterial growth. Dry butterfat in a variety of forms has long been an article of commerce. Butteroil or milk oil are the terms applied in the United States to the milk fat which romains after the curd and water have been removed from butter. Various other terms are in common use in other countries, Australia, dehydrated butter (this term is not strictly correct, as dehydration implies only the removal of water); England, clarified butter; Egypt, samna or masli; France, beurre fondu; Germany, Butter schmelz, floss Butter, geschmolzene Butter, Kuhschmelz, Rind schmelz: Indis, ghee; Iran, Roghan and Switzerland, eingesottene Butter.
A Standard Process for Cooking Rice for Experimental Purposes
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, E.J VERGHESE
Published: November 2023

Volume expansion on cooking has generally been accepted as a factor of quality in rice. Reported values for this factor are however often vitiated by the lack of any standard technique for its determination. Kondo (1928) and Kondo and Okamura (1930, 1933, 1935, 1937, 1938) boiled rice in a kettle and determined volume by water displacement. Srinivasan and Mudaliar (1938) cooked rice in a boiling tube 14" x 8.0", heated in a water bath, and measured the volume of the raw and cooked rice in a specially improvised dilatometer. Verghese (1948) during the course of an investi. gation on Quality in Rice, found it necessary to cook for estimating the expansion in volume and to collect the "Kanjee" the rice water-for the determination of its density, vicosity, reducing power, starch content etc., under standard and comparable conditions and the techinque for cooking rice detailed in this paper was consequently devised.
Role of the Scutellum in the embryonic growth in corn (Maize)
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, P UTTAMAN
Published: November 2023

In a two-week old embryo of corn, the scutellum almost envelopes the axis. Whether this has any special role in the growth of the embryo is the object of this experiment.
A Horticultural Programme for the Irrigation Project Areas
Authors:   Horticultural Trainee, L KRISHNAN
Published: November 2023

Horticulture is defined as the cultivation of plants for consumption or ornament, as distinguished from field crops, sylvicul- ture or forestry; Hortus meaning garden and culture being cultivation, by horticulture is meant cultivation of garden crops. While there are several schemes to increase the area under cereals, and some mention is discernible for increasing the area under vegetables, a comprehensive plan is still to be worked out for the development of fruit crops, which alone in the opinion of the author can effectively help to solve the food crisis. However, it will be only ignoring the facts, if fruits are intended to replace the cereal diet. The aim is only to supplement and not to substitute the normal diet. Fruits being appetisers and health promoters, the horticultural approach alone can provide a lasting solution to the devitalising food deficit. In preparing this paper the author has freely drawn information from several published and unpublished records. The paper deals mainly about fruit crops, as regards their importance, their responses under different environments and the possibilities for their extension, particularly in the irrigation project areas.
Useful Span of Life of the Fowl in India
Authors:   Poultry Research Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, S.G NARAYANAN , S NARAYANAN ,   Poultry Research Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Published: November 2023

In commercial poultry farms where economic production is the prime concern layera are seldom kept for table eggs during the second and subsequent years. The common practice is to rotain a third of the pullets after the first year of laying for a year more and sell the remaining birds for table. Unfortunately this procedure will not enable the poultry. keeper to test his birds for their breeding worth.
Production of Broad-leaved Suckers in Bananas
Authors:   Department of Agriculture Madras, T GOPALAN NAIR , SUNDARARAJ DANIEL ,   Department of Agriculture Madras
Published: November 2023

The occurrence of two types of suckers in banana plantations, the sword and the broad-leaved or water suckers is well known. Cook (1911) attributed the development of sword suckers to the growth of buds on the rhizome situated near the surface of the ground. Skuteh (1929) says that this "phenomenon is one of apical dominance". Preliminary investigations on the occurrence of broad-leaved suckers were undertaken and materials collected by the excavation of a number of broad-leaved and sword suckers in various stages of development.
A note on the Interspecific Hybridisation in Sesamum
Authors:   Cytogeneticits Section,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, K RAMANATHAN
Published: November 2023

In the course of the cytogenetical studies of the genus Sesamum (Gingelly), most of the available wild relatives of the cultivated species viz. Sesamum prostratum Retz, Sesamum laciniatum Klein, Sesamum radiatum Schum, and Sesamum occidentale Heer & Regel., were found possess to very valuable characters like disease and drought resistance. Most of the cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum Linn. (Syn: Sesamит orientale Linn.) are found to be susceptible to the attack of Antigastra catalaunalis in the early stages and to the virus disease Phyllody'. With a view to get an economic type with all the desirable qualities, the species were crossed inter-se and some interesting results, have been noted regarding the crossability of the species.
Classification of the Bananas A Resume
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, K.S Dr. VENKATARAMANI
Published: November 2023

Although there seems little reason to doubt that the banana was one of the first foods of man and that it was one of the first plants cultivated, its specific and varietal relations have never been well defined. For want of a proper approach to the problem of classification and nomenclature, the various attempts to study these plants have only resulted in chaos. Based on the extensive collection of the species of Musa at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, Cheesman (1947, 1948, 1949) has recently discussed the subject in a series of articles under the caption "Classification of the bananas". His publications really deal with the genus Musa as a whole and not on the edible bananas as such. It is, therefore, necessary to point out that the word banana has been used by him in these papers in a very wide sense and it covers both the fertile (wild and seeded) and the parthenocarpie (edible) forms.
Rainfall and crop yields in Madras State. A preliminary study
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, D. B. V NARASINGA RAO , C BALASUBRAMANIAM ,   Agriculture Meteorology ,Coimbatore, M.V JAYARAMAN ,   Assitant Agriculture Meteorology ,Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

It is common knowledge that an intimate relation exists between rainfall and crop production. The quantity of rainfall received is as important as the nature of its distribution. "Unseasonal rain is as bad as untimely food". The unpredictable nature of distribution of rainfall is the reason for the oft-quoted saying that "Agriculture is a gamble with the monsoon."
Floral Abnormalities in Jack
Authors:   Agricultural Research Station Pattambi, Kerala., P.C SAHADEVAN , A ABDUL SAMAD ,   Agricultural Research Station Pattambi, Kerala., K. C. P MΕΝΟΝ ,   Agricultural Research Station Pattambi, Kerala.
Published: November 2023

The Jack tree (Artocarpus integrifolia, L.) is monoscious, bearing spikes of male and female flowers. The spikes are enclosed in stipules when young. Numerous male spikes are produced and within three weeks of its emergence from the stipule the male spike drops off, while the female develops into the so-called jack fruit. The latter as is well known, is a large multiple fruit with a spinescent appearance. Each spine represents the hardened apex of a perianth. These apices fuse together and form the spiny rind of the fruit. The female inflorescence has a number of fertile flowers and numerous sterile ones surrounding the fertile ones. The stigmas appear at the end of each spine. In a fertile flower the perianth enlarges, becoming succulent and enclosing a pericarp with a single seed. The unfertilised ones thicken out into flat ribbons and are often edible. An aborted seed and pericarp are found in these. The steriles develop into the whitish flakes filling up the intervening space. The colour of the edible flakes varies from pale yellow to reddish orange. At the Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, a study is being conducted on this fruit plant, maintaining a collection of about 160 trees. The number of female spikes in a tree may vary from 3 to 40 per cent of all the spikes produced and they take 90 to 110 days to mature.
USES OF INTERNA ORGANS FOR BACTERIAL EVALUATION OF POULTRY CARCASSES
Authors: M.SHAMSHOON SABAH , S.A.AL-MAYAH ALI , S.HASSAN ABBDE
Published: November 2023

Eighteen birds were taken from a flock of line C and A,. They were reared on three types of litters, wood shaving, typha and blady grass until 7 weeks of age. After slaughtering and defeathering the carcasses were kept frozen. samples of breast and thigh muscles,liver and heart tissues were taken from the carcasses as well as samples of litters which were taken before and after rearing. The results showed that wood shaving contained less bacteria (P < 0.05) than the other two, before and after rearing. Litters from pens containing line C had less bacteria counts than that of line A. Samples from carcasses of line C revealed significantly (P <0.05) less bacterial counts than that of line A. Number of bacteria in liver and heart were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of breast and thigh muscles in both lines. Therefore, it seems to be advantageous to consider the sampling in internal organs (liver or heart) for determination of carcass" bacterial condition.
FIRST RECORD OF KNEMIDOCOPTES MUTANS FROM CHICKEN IN IRAQ
Authors: O.AL-ANI MUNTASIR , A.HASSAN EMAD , A.SHALASH ALI
Published: November 2023

Knemidocoptes mutans (Sercoptidae) was recorded for the first time in IRAQ in egg laying fowl that have been kept on bad managment in house cages.
Experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats injected with alloxan
Authors: Ibrahim Mustafa Bushra
Published: November 2023

The present investigation aimed determenation of diabetic nephrepathy in alloxan treated rats. The study included: 

Seruim chemical studies. 

Histopathological and histochemical study on the kidney glomeruli. 

Thirty white male rats were used. They were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Izgroup was injected with alloxan monohydrate for 30 days: 

2nd group was fed 1% cholesterd lie and injection of 38 mg/kg B.W alloxan dialy for 30 days; 3rd group was normal diet. 

kept on 

Blood glucose and total Serum cholestered in 1 and 2 groups significantly increased at day 10, 20, 30. 

Glomerular lesion in 1 and 2 groups were found, characterized by dilation of glomeruli which showed lipid accumulation. 

In conclusion, hyperlipidemia accompanying hyperlipidemia in alloxan induced hyperglycemia, in part apossible factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
Effect of the incorporation of cereals (fonio, rice), tubers (sweet potato, cassava), and a legume (cowpea) on the functional properties of Penne type pasta
Authors: Maurice JFS LOPY  , Mamadou Salif SOW  , Abdou DIOUFA
Published: November 2023

The partial replacement of wheat in pasta with local cereals, tubers and legumes could constitute an alternative to the massive imports of wheat into Senegal. For this purpose, three formulations of Penne type pasta were prepared by substituting 50% of wheat semolina with locally available foods (fonio, rice, cassava, sweet potato, and cowpea) with the aim of measuring the impact on functional properties. The three formulations prepared are: PBFN (50% wheat, 40% fonio and 10% cowpea), PBRMN (50% wheat, 2%, rice, 20% cassava and 10% cowpea) and PBPN (50% wheat, 40% sweet potato and 10% cowpea). The Prepared pasta was assessed according to the following parameters: optimal cooking time, weight gain, color, cooking losses, protein content and fiber content. The results obtained on cooking losses vary from 5.175g for PBFN, 6.55g for PBRMN and 7.005g for PBPN per 100g of pasta. Results which place penne made from composite flours in the category of high-quality pasta. In addition, shorter optimal cooking times were obtained for all formulations based on composite flour compared to control wheat. Sensory analyzes showed pasta with acceptability indices greater than 70%, making these pasta acceptable. The best formulation was obtained with sweet potato. This study showed that the partial replacement of durum wheat semolina by cereals, tubers and legumes could be a solution to reduce wheat imports without causing consumer rejection.