bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Studies on Fertility and Sterility
Authors: Kiddy C. A. , Stone W. H. , Casida L. E.
Published: January 2023

Heifers were immunized with rabbit semen. The immune sera (IS) from them, in high concentrations, caused tail-tail agglutination of rabbit sperm in contrast to a head-head type produced by normal sera (NS). Diluted rabbit semen (same concentration for each trial) was mixed with NS and IS approximately 15 min before being used for insemination.

Normal serum did not affect fertilization. High concentrations of IS prevented fertilization but the fertilization rate increased as lower concentrations were used (173 females studied).

Embryo survival percentage was estimated in the NS and IS groups by a comparison of the number of fertilized ova in a random sample of females killed at 28 hours after insemination with the number of surviving fetuses in a comparable group of females at 28 days. The average embryo survival percentage for 58 IS females was 38.2 compared to 53.1 for 59 NS females. The loss of whole litters was much more common in the IS group (23 females out of 58) than it was in the NS group (3 females out of 59). Resorbing embryos or placental sites were found in 17 of the 23 IS females. A significantly greater amount (P < 0.005) of embryonic death occurred in the IS group.

The mechanism by which the antibodies caused fertilization failure and embryonic death is not known. The effect on fertility could not be explained on the basis of the gross amount of sperm agglutination or any marked interference with sperm motility.
The Fate of Killed, Radioiodinated Brucella Abortus Injected Into Mice
Authors: Sulitzeanu Dov
Published: January 2023

Following intraperitoneal injection of radioiodinated, acetone killed Brucella abortus, the spleens and livers of normal mice collected a higher amount of radioactivity and the mesenteric lymph glands a lower amount, than the corresponding organs of immune animals. The distribution of the label was similar, whether the mice had been actively immunized with a living or killed vaccine or passively immunized with mouse or rabbit anti-Brucella serum. There was a good correlation between the immunizing dose and the radioactivity in the mesenteric glands.

Labeled bacteria sensitized with antibody behaved in the normal animal in a manner identical to that of the nonsensitized bacteria in the immune animal.

The radioactivity found in the organs was shown to be attached to heavy particles retaining their antigenic properties, presumably intact bacteria.

A considerable proportion of the injected brucellae was destroyed and the breakdown products excreted during the first 6 hr after inoculation.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Endotoxins on Antibody Formation
Authors: Kind Phyllis , Johnson Arthur G.
Published: January 2023

The adjuvant effect on antibody formation of bacterial endotoxins has been shown to be confined to a period of time within several days after antigen administration. Enhancement of the antibody response was demonstrated by injection of endotoxin simultaneously, 6, 12, 24 or 48 hr after antigen. It was not shown by injection of endotoxin 24, 12 or 6 hr before antigen or three to four days after antigen.

Initial experiments are described documenting the ability of endotoxin administered simultaneously with antigen to partially restore antibody formation in x-irradiated rabbits.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Abelson Neva M. , Rawson Arnold J.
Published: January 2023

Through use of an anion exchange adsorbent, DEAE-cellulose, and a cation exchange adsorbent, CM-cellulose, isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B have been separated into three components. One fraction, of low anionic binding capacity, is associated with γ-2 globulins of low sedimentation constant. Its serologic behavior is characteristic of the “immune” antibody. A second fraction is of intermediate anionic binding capacity. It consists of an albumin-globulin mixture whose most conspicuous globulin component is α-2. The sedimentation constant (uncorrected) of the non-albumin portion of this fraction has been found to be 15.2. A third fraction is of high anionic binding capacity. It contains some non-γ-globulin and serologically-active γ-1 globulin. This γ-globulin is not homogeneous with respect to sedimentation constant. Serologically, the second and third fractions are similar in that they are not enhanced by high-protein diluents, but the third fraction contains relatively more hemolysin activity than the second.
Serologic Cross Reactions among Leptospirae Observed with Sera from Animals Infected with Leptospira Pomona
Authors: Lang R. W. , Morse E. V.
Published: January 2023

Sera from sheep, goats, pigs and guinea pigs infected with Leptospira pomona were examined for cross agglutination lysis reactions with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae AB, L. icterohaemorrhagiae A, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira sejroe and Leptospira hebdomadis antigens L. icterohaemorrhagiae AB, L. icterohaemorrhagiae A, and L. canicola antigens were consistently agglutinated by sera from infected sheep, goats and pigs. Guinea pig sera containing antibodies for either strain O or W did not agglutinate L. icterohaemorrhagiae AB, cells to an observable level but did react with L. icterohaemorrhagiae A, and L. canicola. Reactions for L. sejroe or L. hebdomadis were not regularly demonstrated with sera from L. pomona infected animals.

Generally the levels of cross reactivity coincided with the persistence and fluctuations of homologous titers.

The possible significance of differences in the degree of cross reaction observed with sera from several animal species and differences within a single animal species is pointed out.

An anamnestic response was obtained in guinea pigs infected with L. pomona strain O but not strain W upon challenge with any of the three cross reactive serotypes. Serum adsorptions were conducted on one sheep serum and two pig sera.
Thermal Differentiation of the Adenovirus Complement Fixing Antigens
Authors: Friedman Murray , De Berry Patricia , Barron W. L.
Published: January 2023

The CF antigens of adenovirus types 1 through 8 have been subjected to thermal inactivation at 68°C, 70°C and 75°C at pH levels of 6, 7 and 8. The rates of inactivation have been shown to be exponential in character and each adenovirus type CF antigen may be differentiated by its thermal characteristics. The inactivation rates of the antigens have been demonstrated to be influenced by the pH of the medium and the CF antigens have been arbitrarily separated into thermal-pH groups. Types 1, 2, 5 and 6 (Group A) are more resistant to inactivation at pH 6 whereas types 3, 4 and 8 (Group B) are more resistant at pH 8. The inactivation of type 7 is not affected by pH at temperatures of 70°C and 73°C, but is more resistant at pH 8 than at pH 6 at 68°C as are the group B antigens. The relation between the thermal-pH groupings of the adenovirus and their epidemiology has been discussed. The ΔH values derived from the thermal constants of the adenovirus CF antigens are not similar and suggest that immunologic homogeneity may mask molecular variation.
Quantitative Immunohematologic Studies of Hemagglutination
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Akeroyd Joseph H.
Published: January 2023

The log-probit hemagglutinins assay has been modified and applied to a study of human group A and AB red cells reacted with homologous stimulated group B sera. Qualitative differences among the A antigens were shown by the characteristic slopes produced by each subgroup. The decreasing progression in slope of the A cells was of the order: A1 > A1B > A2 > AintB > A2B > A3.

The findings of differences in the mode of reaction of A and AB cells along with that previously reported for the B and A1B cells lends support to the theory of Morgan and Watkins that the substance produced by the gene in the heterozygote differs from that of either gene in the homozygous condition. Significant quantitative differences in the content of agglutinogen were found among the cells of A1 individuals with stimulated group B sera. Three percentage grades of A1 have been recognized which are not related to genotype.
Kinetics of Equine Complement
Authors: Leon Myron A. , Nordén Åke
Published: January 2023

Equine complement reacts with sensitized sheep erythrocytes to form a complex that can be lysed with EDTA treated guinea pig serum. The complex formed is more labile than the corresponding human or guinea pig complexes. The maximal concentration of complex obtained decreases to an asymptotic value as the ratio of cells to equine serum is increased. At constant C′3, the lysis obtained is directly proportional to the concentration of complex.
Titration of Herpes Simplex Virus in One-Day Eggs by an Improved Inoculation Method and Its Application to the Serum Neutralization Test
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Taniguchi Sadako
Published: January 2023

A new and simple technique for the yolk sac inoculation of 1-day eggs is described. Since the nonspecific death rate within one week following the inoculation was fairly constant regardless of the diluent used or of the season of experiment, averaging less than 20% in one week, a formula for the LD50 calculation was standardized by adopting 0.2 as a correction factor for nonspecific deaths. The sensitivity of the new titration for egg-adapted herpes virus appeared to be about equal to that of other yolk sac titration methods employing older eggs, but the 1-day egg titration required only one week as compared with 10–12 days needed with older eggs. The standard deviation of titers using ten 1-day eggs per dilution was approximately 0.3–0.4 log10. When compared with the pock counting technique, the titer was approximately one log10 lower, and serial 1-day egg passages of the virus did not alter the ratio of PFU (pock-forming units) to OIU (1-day egg infective units). However, the 1-day egg technique was thought to be of special value in the serum neutralization test because of the technical ease, quick determination of titer and constancy of result, when a constant virus-varying serum system was utilized, the virus-serum mixture was incubated at 37°C for 1 hr and five eggs were used per dilution.
Studies on the Development of Complement Fixing Antibodies in Measles Patients
Authors: Bech Viggo
Published: January 2023

The development of complement fixing measles antibodies has been studied in 71 persons who had measles during a widespread epidemic in Greenland. The age of the patients was from 7 to 65 years.

Sera from measles immune persons living in close contact with a measles patient were also examined in complement-fixation tests. No variation in titers was observed in sera from these measles immune persons collected on the first day of the patient's rash and 10 to 16 days later.
Kinetics of Human Complement
Authors: Taylor A. B. , Leon Myron A.
Published: January 2023

A serum factor involved in the terminal, cation-independent stage of immune hemolysis is inactivated by hydrazine. The reaction kinetics favor a bimolecular mechanism for the inactivation. The reaction exhibits no Ca++ or Mg++ requirements and the rate is independent of ionic strength. The activation energy has been determined and the effect of pH investigated. The evidence indicates that the hydrazine reacts in the form of uncharged, free base. The inactivating properties of certain other reagents have been noted and discussed.
Kinetics of Human Complement
Authors: Leon Myron A. , Ransby Arnold
Published: January 2023

At least two different mechanisms are responsible for the decay of the complex EAhuC′A. The increase in the rate of decay with increasing concentration of EAhuC′A follows a sigmoid curve. Exposure of a single batch of EA to successive cycles of formation and decay of intermediate complexes results in decreasing lytic susceptibility to C′3 until a minimum is reached. The behavior of whole human and guinea pig complement with these cells is described. A hypothesis is advanced to described these results which postulates an equilibrium between decayed compopents of complement in the sensitized cell and fresh complement in solution.
The Resistance-Promoting Activity of Endotoxins and Other Microbial Products
Authors: Hook Edward W. , Wagner Robert R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

These studies emphasize the exacting conditions required for demonstration of endotoxin-induced resistance to typhoid infection. The degree of protection is never very great and can be readily overcome by increasing the challenge dose. It is also dependent upon the routes of inoculation and the interval of time between protective and challenge injections. Enhanced resistance to peritoneal typhoid infection was most marked in mice previously injected intraperitoneally with endotoxin. The incidence of death from cerebral typhoid infection was only slightly affected by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin, and not at all by subcutaneous injection. However, striking protection against cerebral typhoid infection was noted in mice pretreated with endotoxin by the intracerebral route. These observations suggest that local alterations of tissue susceptibility occur at the site of injection of endotoxin. The significance of these findings is discussed in the following paper on resistance to virus neurotoxicity.

An advantage accruing to the use of the brain as the site of infection is the relative ease with which reproducible growth curves of typhoid bacilli could be obtained. In support of the findings of Landy and Pillemer on typhoid peritonitis, the bacterial titers in the brains of resistant mice were appreciably lower than those in fully susceptible controls. Despite the favorable outcome of infection in mice pretreated with endotoxin, typhoid bacilli persisted at relatively high and constant levels throughout an observation period of 10 days.

Refractoriness to cerebral typhoid infection induced by prior injection of typhoid vaccine or xerosin is almost undoubtedly related to the endotoxin present in these materials. In contrast to its antiviral action, xerosin was the least effective of the products derived from Gram-negative bacteria. Slightly increased resistance to cerebral typhoid infections could also be demonstrated by pretreatment with influenza virus. The results with staphylococcus vaccine were uncertain and the inflammatory response produced by intracerebral injection of aleuronat was not accompanied by protection aginst typhoid infection.

Intracerebral injection of endotoxin or typhoid vaccine did not alter susceptibility to cerebral infection with streptococci or pneumococci. The capacity of bacterial products to bolster host resistance appears to be demonstrated most easily in infections with Gram-negative bacteria and, as will be shown in the following report, to the toxic action of viruses.
Studies on a Skin-Fixing, Reagin Blocking, Antipneumococcal Antibody
Authors: Palczuk Nicholas C. , Flick John A.
Published: January 2023

Sera from persons immunized with pneumococcal type specific polysaccharides contained factors which would fix to the skin of most injected subjects and which would block the reagin-antigen skin reaction. The factors showed specificity, had properties different from those of antigen, so were considered to be antibodies. In each case this antibody was found to be heat stable. It did not measurably coprecipitate with rabbit precipitating antiserum. The sera containing this form of antibody also contained others probably against the same antigenic component. Although precipitins were present, in these human sera, against other antigenic components, they could not be detected against the antigenic fraction corresponding to the skin-fixing, blocking antibody.
Further Studies on the Effect of Ca++ on the First Component of Human Complement (C′1)
Authors: Young Frank E. , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: January 2023

The kinetics of inactivation of C′1 in human serum treated with Na3 EDTA are reported. The extent of reaction was dependent on time and temperature but was insensitive to pH and ionic strength. Complete inactivation of C′1, following first order kinetics after an initial accelerated phase, was achieved by incubating serum at unadjusted pH and ionic strength with 10-2 to 5 × 10-2 M Na3 EDTA at 45°C for 4–5 hr. The specific effect of Ca++ in stabilizing C′1 was shown by using MgNa EDTA and CaNa EDTA under the same conditions. Although partial inactivation of other components of complement occurred in some experiments, the primary effect of Ca++-depletion was on C′1. The activity of C′1 could not be restored after complete inactivation had occurred but partial restoration was possible after partial inactivation.

Sera depleted of C′1 by treatment with Na3 EDTA (R1-EDTA) were tested as reagents for measurement of C′1 in a human serum pool and in a purified fraction. When prepared under carefully controlled conditions of concentration of Na3 EDTA, temperature, time, and ratio of surface area to serum volume, R1-EDTA compared favorably with conventional R1 prepared by dialysis as a reagent for such titrations.
Effect of Temperature on the Growth Curves of Herpes Simplex Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. , Canby Charles M.
Published: January 2023

Since recurrent herpes simplex infections in man can be precipitated in 40 to 70% of the general population by elevation of the bodily temperature (1, 2), it seems likely that temperature has an important effect, either directly or indirectly, upon the host-herpes simplex virus relationship. In a previous paper (3) we have demonstrated that temperature exerts a significant influence on the amount of herpes simplex virus produced in infected tissue cultures. During a 3-day period of incubation infected cultures kept at 35°C produced large amounts of virus, cultures kept at 30 and 40°C produced intermediate amounts of virus and cultures kept at approximately 25°C and which were produced little or no virus could be made to elaborate increased amounts of virus by raising the temperature of incubation to 35°C. These experiments were done by adding a known amount of virus to cultures and titrating the amount of virus present after 3 days of incubation at the four different temperatures.
Mortality Enhancing Polypeptide Constituents from Pseudomonas Pseudomallei
Authors: Levine H. B. , Lien O. G. , Maurer R. L.
Published: January 2023

The preparation and properties of mortality enhancing peptide fractions derived from Pseudomonas pseudomallei are described. The mortality of mice, inoculated intraperitoneally with this species, was proportional to the dosage of the fractions, also administered intraperitoneally, over a range of 3 to 30 μg. In the absence of infection, the preparations were nonlethal at a dosage of at least 1000 μg. At 50 μg/mouse, the LD50 of the infecting strain was lowered approximately 1000-fold. The fractions consisted of peptides of varying weight which were, however, similar in amino acid composition, solubility and spectral properties. These properties, in conjunction with others pertaining to biologic activity, suggested that the mortality enhancing peptides were derived from a common protein or similar proteins. A biologically active protein residue, resembling the fractions in certain properties, was demonstrated. The fractions and residue together comprised more than 0.6% of the dry weight of the organism. A crude lipid fraction of the organism also possessed mortality enhancing properties.
The Specificity of Antibody Response in Typhus Fever. Its Alteration during Murine Typhus Infection as a Result of Previous Exposure to Epidemic Typhus Antigen
Authors: Goldwasser R. A. , Shepard C. C. , Jordan M. E. , Fox J. P.
Published: January 2023

A previously described fluorescent antibody procedure that makes use of antibody absorption was used for the study of the sera of human volunteers in the strain E typhus vaccination experiments. These individuals had been vaccinated with either living strain E epidemic typhus rickettsiae or commercial killed epidemic typhus vaccine. They and several unvaccinated controls were subsequently challenged with living virulent rickettsiae of either epidemic typhus or murine typhus. In response to infection the unvaccinated controls formed specific (noncross-reacting) antibody that was directed toward the infecting rickettsiae. Similar results were seen in those (epidemic) vaccinated individuals who were infected with epidemic rickettsiae. Contrasting results were seen in the eight persons who received (epidemic) vaccine and were then infected with murine typhus rickettsiae. Five of these formed during their infection specific antibodies directed toward epidemic rickettsiae, two had mixed responses, and only one formed specific antibody for the infecting (murine) rickettsiae. These results indicate that the specificity of the antibody response is usually not a reliable indicator of the infecting type of typhus rickettsiae in persons who have had earlier immunologic experience with typhus antigen. In the United States this would include vaccinated members of the armed forces, and former inhabitants of eastern Europe. The latter group contains the individuals in whom recrudescent epidemic typhus, or Brill's disease, might be suspected.
Comparative Immunologic Studies of Cell Structures Isolated from Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Carey W. F. , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2023

The cell walls of Salmonella typhosa strains Ty2 and 0-901 exhibited similar lethality for mice as did the intact cells, whereas the isolated protoplasts and protoplasmic membranes were less toxic. Antigenic analysis showed that the somatic complex was a constituent of the protoplast membrane. No distinctive antigens could be detected as constituents of protoplasts or membranes. The protective potency of protoplasts of strain Ty2 was dependent upon retention of the Vi antigen. The addition of Vi antigen to protoplasts prepared from the Vi negative strain 0-901 resulted in their agglutination in specific Vi antiserum.
The Agglutination of L Cells by Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Brown Arthur , Mayyasi Sami A. , Officer Julius E.
Published: January 2023

The results of studies on the L cell-vaccinia virus interaction indicated that the L cell is relatively resistant to both infectious virus growth and release. Although low doses of virus can infect the cells, only higher multiplicities of infection induce the agglutination reaction. This reaction is independent of infectious virus growth and perhaps of noninfectious virus synthesis; it is dependent on temperature and on glycolytic cell metabolism, but independent of cell metabolism inhibited by azide and amethopterin. Agglutinated cells remain alive for 3 days and can partially reagglutinate during this time after they are first separated by a proteinase. Both the reagglutination and agglutination reactions have similar temperature and metabolic requirements.

A greater (cohesive) force can be observed to act in infected cells undergoing agglutination or reagglutination than is observed in uninfected cells which are allowed to clump under certain conditions.

It is suggested that the virus by the act of adsorption and/or penetration induces cell rounding but permits the cells to produce or maintain an otherwise normal substance which has caused the cells to become more cohesive (agglutinated) than adhesive (to glass) because of infection.

The mechanism of L cell agglutination is different from myxovirus induced hemagglutination.
The Effect of Irradiation on Natural Hemagglutinins of Mice
Authors: Kornfeld Lottie , Miller C. Phillip
Published: January 2023

Naturally occurring agglutinins for chicken red cells were studied in normal and x-irradiated CF-1 mice. Following total body exposure to 550 or 700 r, the mean hemagglutinin titers of individual mouse sera declined gradually over a 10- to 12-day period and returned to normal levels by the 19th–21st day postirradiation. This effect of irradiation was not demonstrable with pools of sera. Titers of individual sera from irradiated mice were distributed over a wider range than titers of sera from normal mice.
The Upper Limit for the Size of the Human Antidextran Combining Site
Authors: Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

With four human antidextran sera of 1,6 specificity isomaltoheptaose was not significantly better as an inhibitor than isomaltohexaose, but with a fifth antiserum the heptasaccharide was slightly better. The data indicate that in most instances the upper limit in size for most of the antibody combining sites is complementary to a hexasaccharide but that in one instance a detectable amount of antibody complementary to a heptasaccharide was found. A Russian and an American clinical dextran gave identical quantitative precipitin curves with two human antidextran sera of 1,6 specificity.
Immunologic Relationships Among the Spotted Fever Group of Rickettsias Determined by Toxin Neutralization Tests in Mice with Convalescent Animal Serums
Authors: Bell E. John , Stoenner Herbert G.
Published: January 2023

Tests of certain variables inherent in the spotted fever toxin neutralization test in mice revealed that a) spotted fever group toxins remained stable for a period of at least 3 hr at either room temperature (26°C) or at 2°C, b) serum antitoxin titers were maximum 15 min after mixing antiserum with toxin and they did not change significantly during 2 hr further incubation at room temperature, c) a relationship existed between the serum neutralization titer and the concentration of toxin neutralized: a 2-fold increase in quantity of toxin reduced the serum titer 4-fold. Three strains of Rickettsia rickettsii associated with spotted fever disease in man behaved alike in reciprocal cross neutralization tests. A strain of R. rickettsii from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris, showed a significant serologic difference from one but not from the other two of these strains of R. rickettsii. The rickettsias of boutonneuse fever, South African tick bite fever, Kenya tick typhus and Indian tick typhus, were indistinguishable from one another by the mouse toxin test. These studies with Indian tick typhus confirm recent information concerning its serologic relationship with this group of rickettsias. R. rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii were clearly differentiated from one another by the mouse toxin test. Neither of these two rickettsias produced more than a slight degree of cross neutralization with the other. The rickettsia of Siberian tick typhus could be distinguished by the mouse toxin technique from R. rickettsii and R. conorii as well as from other spotted fever group strains studied. However, a relatively high one-way cross neutralization occurred between the Siberian agent and certain strains of R. rickettsii and the rickettsia from the tick Amblyomma maculatum, but not R. conorii. Two strains of Siberian tick typhus rickettsias, one from the tick Dermacentor nuttalli, and the other of human origin, gave complete cross neutralization with one another and were essentially alike in their cross reactions with other members of the spotted fever group. The maculatum rickettsia exhibited distinct serologic differences from all other spotted fever strains studied. This rickettsia did, however, give notably high nonreciprocal cross reactions with R. conorii strains and with the rickettsia of Siberian tick typhus. Guinea pig antisera against Rickettsia australis and Rickettsia akari showed little or no cross neutralization of toxins of 10 other strains of spotted fever group rickettsias.
Studies on Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse
Authors: Morgan Perry , Sherwood Noble P. , Werder Alvar A. , Youngstrom Karl
Published: January 2023

A report is made on the effects of x-irradiation (500 r) on the anaphylactic response of mice sensitized with bovine albumin-adjuvant emulsion and challenged with bovine albumin solution. X-irradiation given 1/12, 2, 4, 6 or 8 days before or 2, 4 or 6 days following sensitization failed to enhance the anaphylactic sensitivity when the interval between sensitization and challenge was 7 days. X-irradiation given 1/12, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 days before or 2, 4, 6 or 8 days after sensitization depressed the anaphylactic sensitivity of mice challenged 10 days after sensitization as measured by mortality incidence and changes in rectal temperatures. In general, a depressive effect of x-irradiation on the anaphylactic response was observed in mice exposed 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 days prior to or 2 days following sensitization when challenge was made 14, 21, 28, 35 or 42 days postsensitization. An enhancement of susceptibility to fatal anaphylaxis was discernible in sensitized animals receiving x-irradiation 4 days or more following sensitization when the interval between sensitization and challenge was 14, 21 or 28 days. No effect of x-ray on mortality incidence or change in rectal temperature was observed when the interval was 35 or 42 days.
Immunochemical Studies on Cross-Reactions of Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

A variety of dextrans cross-react with Types II and XX antipneumococcal sera and, to the extent of their cross-reactivity, remove the same fraction of anti-SII or anti-SXX. There appears to be no correlation between the proportions of the various linkages in the dextrans and the maximum quantity of antibody precipitable by any given dextran. Glycogen precipitates a portion of the anti-SII which cross-reacts with dextrans.

The relationship between the proportions of 1,6 linkages in the dextrans and their efficiency, on a weight basis, to precipitate 50% of their maximum cross-reacting anti-SII or anti-SXX was very similar to that found in another investigation for the dextran-human antidextran reaction. In general, dextrans with 70% or more α-1,6 linkages are equally efficient in precipitating cross-reacting antibody but precipitating efficiency declines with decreasing proportions of 1,6 linkages below 70%. Several dextrans were found which did not follow this relationship and all but two of the exceptional dextrans behaved similarly both in the cross-reactions and the dextran-antidextran reaction.

Quantitative inhibition studies with oligosaccharides show that oligosaccharides of the isomaltose series are the best inhibitors of the cross-reactions of anti-SII and anti-SXX with dextrans and anti-SII with glycogen. An upper limit in inhibiting power of the cross-reactions of anti-SII and anti-SXX with dextran N236 was reached with isomaltopentaose and isomaltotetraose, respectively, indicating extents of the complementary areas of the cross-reacting combining sites on these antibodies in close agreement to that found for the dextran-human antidextran system. With other dextrans, units as small as α-methylisomaltoside gave maximum inhibition of the cross-reactions. The crossreaction of anti-SII with glycogen was inhibited maximally by α-methylisomaltoside.

Differences in the proportion of total anti-SII cross-reacting with dextrans were found in two horse Type II antisera, confirming previously reported heterogeneities in the antibody responses of different animals to the same antigen (SII).

The cross-reaction of anti-SII with Friedländer Type B polysaccharide seems to involve a fraction of anti-SII independent, at least in part, from the fraction cross-reacting with dextrans. Quantitative inhibition studies with oligosaccharides showed that glucuronic acid residues may be involved in this cross-reaction since glucuronic acid was the only inhibitor tested which was effective.
Studies on Immunity to Toxins of Clostridium Botulinum
Authors: Wright George G. , Duff James T. , Fiock Mary A. , Devlin Henry B. , Soderstrom Robert L.
Published: January 2023

Procedures were developed for preparation of purified adsorbed toxoids for immunization of man against type A and type B toxins of Clostridium botulinum. Purified toxins were converted to toxoids at pH 5.5 and 35°C, in the presence of 0.6% formalin. The detoxification reactions deviated markedly from first order behavior. Preparations of type A toxin were usually detoxified for guinea pigs in 16 days; type B toxin required 20 days. Although the toxins were initially more toxic for mice than for guinea pigs, detoxification for mice occurred more rapidly than detoxification for guinea pigs. Toxoids were readily adsorbed on aluminum phosphate suspension, and bivalent adsorbed preparations were antigenic in mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. The adsorbed toxoids deteriorated slowly when held at 4°C, but retained appreciable antigenicity after 3 years.
Studies on the Immunologic Mechanism of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Karush Fred
Published: January 2023

Two rabbit antibodies with specificity for well defined haptenic groups were studied. It was shown that haptens were unable to provoke PCA reactions in the guinea pig. Evidence for their interaction in vivo with specific antibody was, however, furnished by the demonstration of transitory protection against challenge with the complete antigen. These findings indicate that interactions in vivo between simple “monovalent” haptens and specific antibody do not provoke anaphylactic reactions.
Serologic Status of Children Four Years after Poliomyelitis Field Trial
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Napier John A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

All 504 children in this study were known to be without demonstrable antibodies to any type of poliomyelitis virus prior to the field trial of 1954. Therefore changes in their serologic status can only be due to events transpiring during the 4-year period of observations, namely, additional doses of vaccine, subclinical infection, or both.

The proportion of children with antibodies in 1958 against type II virus was consistently high in all groups.

The incidence of type I antibodies was next highest but significant numbers of children were without them especially those not vaccinated within the last 2 years.

Type III antibodies were least prominent of all types in 1958, in fact, approximately one-third of all the subjects were lacking in these antibodies.

The over-all analysis showed that although there were only nine “triple negative” individuals, there were significantly high numbers of children without antibodies to one or more types 4 years after the field trial of vaccine in spite of a history of subsequent injections. Furthermore, the number of negatives might well have been larger without the benefit of intercurrent subclinical infection which was demonstrated to play a significant role in the current serologic status of these study groups.

In view of the extreme variation in vaccination history subsequent to the field trial and the findings of this study, it seems clear that most individuals with no history of vaccination during the past 2 or 3 years could well profit by an additional injection of vaccine.
The Susceptibility of Mother Mice and Pregnant Mice to the Virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Campbell Charles H.
Published: January 2023

Experiments revealed that certain pregnant mice and mother mice nursing young were susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus produced in cultures of bovine kidney cells. Removal of the young 1 or 2 days before inoculation resulted in a decrease in the susceptibility of the mother mice. Regardless of the amount of virus inoculated, a maximum of about 40% to 70% of the mothers were susceptible, whereas others displayed no sign of infection.
Inactivation of Viruses by the Photodynamic Action of Toluidine Blue
Authors: Hiatt C. W. , Kaufman Eleanor , Helprin Jerome J. , Baron Samuel
Published: January 2023

In a study of the rates of inactivation of 11 different viruses by the photodynamic action of toluidine blue and visible light, a wide range of variation was encountered. Relative velocity constants, determined under standard conditions of dye concentration and light intensity, ranged from 1.0 for T3 coliphage and vaccinia virus to less than 0.001 for poliovirus and Coxsackie B2 and appeared to correspond at least approximately with accepted taxonomic groupings.

According to a hypothetical mechanism for this reaction, the dye combines at sites essential for infectivity, providing “marked targets” for the destructive action of the light energy. The dye then acts as a photosensitizer by absorbing light of specific quantum energy and transferring the energy increment to the virus particle at the site of combination.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Henle Werner , Lief Florence S.
Published: January 2023

A comparison was made of the usefulness of type-specific, soluble (S) and strain-specific, viral (V) antigens in the serodiagnosis of Asian (A2), and, to a lesser extent, of A1 influenza patients.

It was found that V antigens composed of virus identical with, or closely related to, the infecting agent provide diagnostically significant answers in all patients provided the acute and convalescent stage sera are collected at appropriate times. The appearance of antibodies to a new V antigen may require at times more than 2 weeks following onset of illness.

Conclusive diagnostic antibody responses may be measured with homologous V antigens even under conditions where the S-antigen fails to provide an answer; that is, a) in infants and children under 5 years of age, who often do not respond with anti-S; and b) in those patients of all ages, who possess relatively high levels of anti-S in the first serum so that no significant increments become detectable in the second.

Many patients show concomitant rises in antibodies to V antigens of strains which had been circulating in earlier years, even though no antigenic relationship may be demonstrable in vitro between the test and infecting viruses. Such heterologous anti-V responses are, as a rule, lacking, or no longer measurable under the same conditions in which S antigen is found to be inadequate.

A screening test has been described for rapid evaluation of numerous sera during epidemics and found suitable for a service laboratory which often receives bloods collected at times other than optimal. If the acute and convalescent stage sera are taken early; i.e., within the first few days and 2 weeks after onset of illness, respectively, often only the S antigen (or V antigen of an earlier strain) may afford an answer. If the paired sera are collected late; i.e., about 1–2 and 3–4 weeks after onset, only the homologous V antigen may still provide diagnostically significant results. These differences are explained on the basis that recall of antibodies to S antigen and V antigens of earlier strains is rapid in patients who had previous experiences with influenza antigens, whereas antibodies to a new V antigen develop at a slower rate.

The complement-fixation test has none of the difficulties inherent in the hemagglutination-inhibition and may be employed to advantage for strain-specific serodiagnosis.
Immunochemical Studies of Human Serum Rh Agglutinins
Authors: Chan P. C. Y. , Deutsch H. F.
Published: January 2023

The Rh saline and albumin type antibodies of human serum show distinct chemical and immunologic specificities. These two antibodies do not appear to be dissociation or aggregation products of each other. Mercaptan dissociation of the saline agglutinin and papain digestion of the albumin type antibody leads to their being converted into molecules which are unable to effect their usual agglutinin reactions but which are still capable of combining with antigen.
Studies in Immunization
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney
Published: January 2023

Rabbits immunized with BSA-rabbit anti-BSA specific precipitates combined with Freund's complete adjuvant produced circulating antibody and delayed hypersensitivity to the BSA portion of the complex. Rabbits immunized with specific precipitates given intravenously produced antibody to the BSA portion when the complex was formed at equivalence but not when the complex was formed in antibody excess. An additional antibody produced by some rabbits was shown to be directed towards the rabbit γ-globulin portion of the complex. No antibody was found which could be considered specific for the particular complex used for immunization.
Different Types of Serologic Reactivity to Bedsonia (Psittacosis Group) Antigen in Various Hosts. Discussion of Some Related Problems
Authors: Terzin Alexander L.
Published: January 2023

About 450 Bedsonia-positive serum samples from acutely sick, convalescent or apparently healthy humans and animals have been investigated by both CF and CFI tests with an ornithosis antigen prepared in our laboratory. Sera of humans (with three exceptions) and sera of horses, reacted in the CF test only. Sera of sheep (with one exception), as well as sera of pigs and cattle, showed either a positive CF or a positive CFI test. Sera of pigeons showed either positive CF or positive CFI tests or both. The sera of other birds (ducks, geese, hens and turkeys) reacted positively in the CFI test only (apparently an inherent characteristic of those orders). Significantly different types of serologic reactivity have been observed in various groups of Bedsonia-positive sheep. Sera which were positive in both CF and CFI tests showed a zone in the CF test mostly of the same height as the titer revealed in the CFI test. Sera positive in the CF test only have been mixed in various proportions with pigeon serum shown to be positive by the CFI test only, and the mixtures have been titrated by both tests. Results suggest the following conclusion: both types of antibodies (complete and incomplete), if contained in the same serum specimen or mixed in various proportions, may compete for the antigen resulting in a partial or complete suppression of their respective activities as manifested by positive CF test only with no zoning, by negative CF test and positive CFI test, or by positive CF test with zoning and positive CFI test, mostly with titers equaling the height of the zone revealed in the CF test.

Similarly, as the specificity of the CF titers can be verified by testing the sera vs various antigens of unrelated specificity, also specificity of the CFI titers has been checked by setting up CFI tests vs indicator systems of unrelated specificity. By means of several checkerboard titrations we have verified the well known observations that pigeon sera when titrated in the presence of larger doses of antigen show lower prozones in the CF test, and the titers obtained in the CFI test are lower if larger doses of antigen are used in the indicator system.

A simple test is proposed to determine if the so-called type III serologic reactivity (positive CF test with a prozone and a positive CFI test) is induced due to the presence of complete antibodies in an excess, or to the presence of incomplete antibodies as well as the complete ones.

Both serologic and epizootologic observations presented here seem to indicate the presence of the virus of enzootic abortion of ewes in Yugoslavia. Other observations concerning CF serology of the Bedsonia group of viruses are discussed.
Effects of γ-Rays on the Serologic Properties of Ovalbumin
Authors: Leone Charles A.
Published: January 2023

Samples of lyophilized ovalbumin were irradiated, under vacuum in a high energy, uniform field of γ-rays, to absorb dosages of 30, 60 and 100 electron volts/molecule (6.5, 13.0 and 21.7 × 106 rads). Solutions of the γ-irradiated ovalbumins were fractionated by promptly precipitating the radiation-denatured molecules at the isoelectric point of native ovalbumin, and by heating the neutral systems at 50°, 60° and 68°C and by precipitating the thermolabile constituents at the isoelectric point. Quantitative serologic tests on the solutions revealed that the irradiated ovalbumins had a dose-related loss of correspondence to native protein. Removal of the radiation-denatured and thermolabile constituents improved the correspondence of the supernatants to the native solutions. Supernatants from native and irradiated preparations, heated at 68°C, showed thermal damage serologically. Radiation-denatured and thermolabile proteins exhibited a low, essentially constant and doseunrelated serologic correspondence to native ovalbumin. The serologic data are interpreted as revealing, in γ-irradiated lyophilized ovalbumin, the existence of a spectrum of molecules exhibiting various degrees of structural degradation.
Genetic Influences on ISO-Immunization in the Rabbit
Authors: Cohen Carl
Published: January 2023

The production of iso-antibody is not simply a factor of donor-recipient incompatibility. Certain donor-recipient combinations, involving the same incompatible antigens, have different probabilities of antibody production. Antibody productivity may reflect the balance between compatible and incompatible units in an antigenic complex and the relative strength of the incompatible antigens.
Studies on the Inhibition of Immune Hemolysis by Phlorizin
Authors: Rodriguez Eugene , Osler Abraham G.
Published: January 2023

Experiments are described with regard to the mechanism of inhibition of immune hemolysis by phlorizin. It has been demonstrated that this inhibitor exerts little interference with the hemolytic process prior to the step involving interaction of EAC′1,4,2 with C′3. The presently available evidence is not considered adequate to conclude whether the suppressive action of phlorizin can be attributed to its interaction with EAC′1,4,2 or with C′3.
A Capillary Tube Agglutination Test for Histoplasmosis
Authors: Cozad George C. , Larsh Howard W.
Published: January 2023

A capillary tube agglutination test, using stained particles from disintegrated yeast phase cells of Histoplasma capsulatum as antigen, is described.

Serum specimens from rabbits reinfected with yeast cells of H. capsulatum were used to develop and standardize the CTA test and to evaluate its usefulness as compared to the complement fixation test. High titers of agglutinins were found to occur during the active stage of the disease, when animals exhibited signs and symptoms, but these titers diminished as the disease subsided. Complement-fixing titers also rose upon exposure of animals to living inocula, but these persisted in high titers after agglutinins had subsided.

Encouraging results were obtained in the application of the CTA test to sera from human cases of histoplasmosis and these studies are to be expanded.

The test as described is simple to perform, rapid, and the end points are strikingly obvious because of the stained antigen used. This antigen is easily prepared and remains stable for a long time. Large numbers of sera can be screened in a short time, using undiluted serum.
Anaphylactogenic Properties of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes in the Guinea Pig and Rabbit
Authors: Weigle William O. , Cochrane Charles G. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: January 2023

It has been confirmed that anaphylactic reactions can be produced in the guinea pig and rabbit by the intravenous injection of soluble antigen-antibody complexes. In the guinea pig, the symptoms, the emphysema produced in the lungs and the inhitition of symptoms by antihistamine were similar to those observed in the classical passive and active anaphylactic reactions. There was a preferential localization of the I131 activity in the lungs of guinea pigs during anaphylaxis induced by the injection of BSA-I131 anti-BSA complexes. A similar localization of I131 activity was observed in the lungs of guinea pigs passively sensitized with I131 anti-BSA and challenged 2 days later with BSA. A larger amount of activity was localized in the lungs of guinea pigs dying in anaphylaxis than in the lungs of guinea pigs having only mild reactions. A prior injection of antigen into guinea pigs increased the severity of the reactions produced by a subsequent injection of soluble antigen-antigody complexes. Considerable complement activity was removed from the blood of gunea pigs injected with soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes, even when no or only mild anaphylactic symptoms occurred.