bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Quiet Place
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

About three dozen houses of assorted ages are strung out along the roadside, each with its plot of grass, its dahlias and nasturtiums, its line of laundry flapping out in back, and in front a porch with a chair or two for sitting out on a warm day. A steepled church stands at each end of the village and the center is marked by a pair of red gas pumps in front of the general store. The size and personality of this village have not changed appreciably in the half-century that I have known it. Innovations have come and have been absorbed slowly and inconspicuously, improving its comforts without destroying its character. The brick one-room school-house is no longer used for its original purpose. The children are bussed to a central school eight miles away, but the schoolhouse has other uses now. It is a gathering place for special occasions-4-Hclub meetings, fish fries, and strawberry socials.
The People Protest
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

The petition was passed silently from hand to hand around the room. It was a warm Sunday late in May and the doors of the little school-house were open, letting in a broad ribbon of sunshi11e and the darting shadow of a hummingbird busy in the wisteria vine that hung heavy with lavender bloom over the front porch. Outside in the schoolyard stood two long trestle tables left over from the strawberry social held there the evening before, and beyond the schoolyard stood the white frame United Brethren Church with its cluster of family burial plots.
Reading and the Ironies of Technological Innovation
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

The toast rang through the north nave of the New York Crystal Palace, where the Association of New York Publishers convened on September 27, 1855, to honor 153 of their most popular authors.
Local Modelling in Phonology
Authors: Goldsmith John
Published: November 2023

Recent work in connectionist modelling suggests the possibility of formal models of phonological representation which will offer deeper explanations of basic phonological properties than our current models allow us. The present paper is an initial exploration of certain linguistic problems from this newer perspective. It is also, as I shall explain in the final section, an effort to produce a formal phonological grammar that is neither static nor derivational- a model that is not a hybrid of the two but, in fact, different from both. Our goal in these explorations is the traditional goal in phonological work: the development of a formal model that allows for a simple and direct account of facts within a specific language, set within the framework of an approach which allows for the statement of the principles found in other languages and yet which allows for as few unobserved sorts of principles as possible. It is of some importance for us to observe that the goals we set are those of the traditional linguist, and not - at least not directly - those of other connectionist modellers, whose goals may be informed by other theoretical questions, including (but not limited to) the issues of leamability, the relevance of particular connectionist learning techniques (such as back-propagation, for example), the significance of a memory structure that is content-addressable, or the importance of prototype effects.
PDP Learnability and Innate Knowledge of Language
Authors: Kirsh David
Published: November 2023

It is widely assumed that PDP learnability has some bearing on questions of innateness. If a PDP network could be trained to make correct judgements of grammaticality, for instance, it seems to follow that innate knowledge of grammar is not necessary for language acquisition. The reason, quite simply, is that the learning rules used in PDP learning -whether backpropagation or related gradient descent methods-are general, domain independent methods. They are what AI theorists call weak methods. Hence in teaching a system to make correct judgements, we seem to have an existence proof that there is enough information in the stimulus to permit learning by inductive means alone. It is this idea, and the methodological implications that flow from believing it, that I wish to explore here. The problem I have with this argument is that to discover a network that will learn successfully, designers must choose with care the network’s architecture, the initial values the weights are set to, the learning rule, and the number of times the data set is to be presented to the network-this latter parameter effects the smoothness of the estimated function. If such parameters are not controlled for, successful learning is extremely improbable. In thoughtful modelling, these parameters are chosen on the basis of assumptions about the nature of the function the system is to learn. That is, on the basis of assumptions about the task and the task domain. Prima fade, then, although the learning mechanism operating on data is a general one, the success of this mechanism depends equally on a set of antecedent choices that seem to be domain specific.
Speciation
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

The foregoing chapters have all dealt with evolution within species, or microevolution, and is largely the purview of population genetics or ecological genetics. We now tum attention to the second major aspect of biological evolution, namely, the actual splitting of one species into two or more species. The next chapter will deal with even higher levels of biological organization, the relationship of species and species groups, concerns often designated macroevolution. Thus the present subject represents a bridge between microevolutionary concerns and macroevolution. We might then call studies of speciation mesoevolution.
Genome Evolution
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

This is the first of two chapters that focus on how the genetic material, DNA, and its primary products (e.g., proteins) evolve. The subject is somewhat arbitrarily divided into two views. The “macro” view, which will be the subject of this chapter, considers issues such as the evolution of chromosome number, genome size, and organization of the genome. The “micro” level, the focus of the next chapter, is concerned with the specifics of DNA and protein evolution and the mechanisms involved. Although these two levels of analysis are really a continuum, there is some conceptual justification for separating them.
Retrospective and Prospective
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

For the reader who has faithfully read this volume from the start, I think it safe to state that one of the major points presented in the first chapter has been amply documented, namely, that no other organism could have served as a focal point for the presentation of research on so many different aspects of evolutionary biology. Drosophila have served as models for studies at every conceivable level, from the most reductionist molecular study to behavior, development, populations, ecology, and even ecosystems. To be sure, not all aspects are equally well-studied, nor are species of this genus equally suited for all these kinds of research. Nevertheless, a more diverse array of research is being done on this fly than on any other organism.
Introduction
Authors: Shaw Gordon L
Published: November 2023

Theoretical studies of the brain have been under way for several decades. For example, the pioneering works of Turing (1936), McCulloch and Pitts (1943), Hebb (1949), MacKay and McCulloch (1952), Cragg and Temperley (1954), Beurle (1956), von Neumann (1956), Lettvin, Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts (1959), Rochester, Holland, Haibt, and Duda (1956), Caianiello (1961), Farley and Clark (1961), Rall (1962), Rosenblatt (1962), and Uttley (1962) all were published over 25 years ago. Over the years since, there have been relatively few brain theorists, doing their research in a somewhat isolated fashion and publishing in a range of journals (see Shaw & Palm, 1988). These factors kept brain theory from playing as important a role as it should have.
From Life to Diary to Art in the Work of Ana:is Nin
Authors: John-Steiner Vera
Published: November 2023

Anais Nin’s life work, her writing, was the means by which she transmuted the given patterns governing her existence and created for herself a more authentically realized, fulfilled identity. While Nin is greatly admired for a group of short novels which form a flowing, interconnected, symbolist exploration of human relationships, her greatest achievement is her Diary. Nin was born in 1903, and by the time of her death in 1977 had produced 35,000 handwritten pages of journals. The published materials from her diaries consist at present of 10 volumes, covering the years 1914-74, from age 11 to age 71.
Art and Elegance in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds: Robert Burns Woodward
Authors: Woodward Crystal E
Published: November 2023

Robert Bums Woodward (1917-79) has been called the greatest organic chemist of his time. He is known for his work both in the synthesis of organic compounds and in structure determination, theory, and rules in chemistry. In 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his “meritorious contributions to the art of organic synthesis.” In 1981 the American Chemical Society held a commemorative meeting that honored Woodward for demonstrating, more than anyone else, that no molecule was too difficult to synthesize and for showing great art in the way he constructed molecules. In this chapter, I will focus on the issues of art, elegance, and beauty in Woodward’s work in chemistry. I write as daughter to Woodward and as artist. For my discussions of chemical history and chemical fact, I rely largely on statements of his colleagues.
A Convergence of Streams: Dramatic Change in the Artistic Work of Melissa Zink
Authors: Franklin Margery B
Published: November 2023

The work of any artist, like that of any creative individual, changes over time. Art critics and art historians, as well as psychologists, trace lines of development in artists’ work, identify periods marked by changes in style or subject matter, and attempt to discern sources of change. Dramatic shifts in style or mode of work, the apparently sudden appearance of a stream of new ideas, and marked increases in level of energy and productivity are not uncommon in narratives of artistic work. Yet relatively little attention has been devoted to analyzing such phenomena. In this chapter, I examine an instance of dra matic change in the work of one artist, Melissa Zink, showing how she forged a new personal idiom at a crucial point in her career. I will argue that this event cannot be seen as a step in an orderly continuous progression but is more appropriately understood as a phenomenon of emergence, representing a radical disjuncture with what went before and, in effect, a new beginning.
Creativity and Human Survival
Authors: Gruber Howard E
Published: November 2023

The study of creative work is fascinating and rewarding in its own right, but it may also provide a valuable springboard for some useful reflections on the greatest moral question of our age-how to work effectively for the survival of our species. As the creative life unfolds, work proceeds on many fronts; this is ex pressed in the diversity of the creator’s network of enterprise: the work is organized in hierarchical structures-problems within tasks, tasks within projects, and projects within enterprises. The creator must not only organize the work itself but must manage the diverse demands of a creative life. Work and life go forward within the bounds of constraints that can be divided into two kinds-what can be done and what should be done.
Soils
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

Soils are very complex systems that have developed over time as a result of the principal soil-forming factors as elucidated by Hans Jenny many years ago. Those factors are climate, topography, parent material and biological activity along with time. The physical and chemical variability of soils arises from the great variations in soil forming factors found from one location to another. These, in turn, influence plant development and biological activity of soil. The purpose of this discussion is to provide an awareness of the characteristics of soils that are influencing plant growth and changes in the nitrogen pools in the rhizosphere. This perspective of various soil characteristics allows more informed decisions with respect to nitrogen management.
Environment
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

Climate is an integral aspect of environment and in one sense the words are synonymous. Plant growth is easily recognized as being greatly influenced by the environment. Less readily apparent is the influence of climate on soils. However, it has long been recognized by soil scientists that climate is one of five basic soil-forming factors. In this chapter the climatic environment is examined from the standpoint of its influence on distribution of irrigated lands, nitrogen pools and transformation, and cropping patterns. The principal features of the environment that will be considered are precipitation and temperature.
Irrigation Management
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

Management of irrigation water influences the movement of nitrogen in soils, and thus the ability of the plant to utilize nitrogen, which ultimately effects the efficiency of nitrogen use. In order to manage water for efficient fertilizer use, an understanding is required of the differences between irrigation methods with respect to rates of application, timing, the uniformity of application, and frequency of application which interact with soil nitrogen to influence leaching, denitrification, and positional availability of nitrogen. These factors are also influenced by soil physical characteristics. In Fig. 11-1 are shown the depths of water penetration and the amounts of available water per unit depth in the soil profile for different soil textures. Coarse textured soils have a greater potential for leaching losses because of the greater depth of water movement for a given amount of surface-applied water. For the same amount of surface water applied, the depth of water penetration is considerably less in a fine textured soil. The effect of soil structure and texture on pore size distribution and ultimately on the infiltration rate and internal drainage causes differences in the movement and potential losses of nitrogen that occur as a function of the application of water.
Superstitious Thinking
Authors: Vyse Stuart A
Published: November 2023

At Belmont Park; on October 27, 1990, Bayakoa, a six-year old mare who had won the same race the year before, ran to victory in the Breeders’ Cup, 6 3/4 lengths ahead of her closest competitor. But for those who watched in the stands and in the national television audience, this commanding performance was overshadowed by the horror of the race. During the fall 1990 season, a shadow seemed to have fallen over the track. Just in the last two weeks, four horses had sustained career ending injuries, and earlier that day in the Sprint, Mr. Nickerson, a four-year-old colt, had suffered an apparent heart attack in the far turn. As he fell he took the trailing Shaker Knit with him, and the slower horse suffered a spinal cord injury. In the Juvenile race, one owner withdrew his entry due to a shin injury, saying, ‘‘I don’t want to take a chance with this valuable a horse on a track where so many things are happening.’’ With a million-dollar purse at stake, the Distaff Breeders’ Cup, a 1 1/8 mile race for fillies and mares, soon developed into a duel between Bayakoa, threatening to repeat her win, and the filly Go For Wand, a strong candidate for Horse of the Year. They ran nose to nose through the stretch when suddenly, less than one hundred yards from the finish, Go For Wand’s right front foreleg collapsed, breaking at the ankle. As the crowd of fifty-thousand gasped, the filly went down directly in front of the grandstand, throwing her jockey into the air and rolling to rest under the rail. Suddenly she was up again, staggering horribly across the track on a bent and broken ankle before falling for the last time in front of the outside fence.
A Magical View of the World
Authors: Vyse Stuart A
Published: November 2023

The basic question of this book has been: Why are people superstitious? Or, given that we observe many people to be superstitious, how do they become so? As we have seen, the answer is not simple. There are many factors that can contribute to the acquisition and maintenance of superstition. Not all of them apply to any particular individual, but each can lead us to hold beliefs or engage in acts that reflect a magical view of the world. Given the great number of psychological influences we have encountered-and there are undoubtedly others that have yet to be discovered and researched-we might expect everyone to hold some secret magical belief or practice some hidden superstitious ritual. But the sheer number of potential psychological influences is not a true indicator of the role of these forces in our lives. Some social and psychological phenomena are more important, pervasive, or powerful than others. The rest, while potentially influential when the necessary circumstances arise, are undoubtedly rarer or subtler in their action. The time has come to stand back and take a broader view. Now that we have enumerated the many sources of superstitious belief and behavior, it is time to reexamine the most important themes that have emerged in the foregoing chapters. In addition, having come this far without passing serious judgment on superstition, we must now assess the impact of superstitious beliefs and behavior in our current society. Do superstition and belief in the paranormal serve us well or ill? Where can we see the effects of superstition in our world? Finally, we will consider what, if anything, can—or should—be done about superstition.
Thermal Problems
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

One of the most popular and earlier applications of the boundary element method is found in the steady-state heat conduction or potential flow problems governed by the Laplace equation. The heat transfer process in many manufacturing processes, at least as a first attempt, may also be modelled as steady-state conduction.
Planar Forming Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

Forming is one of the most common manufacturing processes. This chapter focuses on the applications of the boundary element method (BEM) to analyses of various planar forming processes, for example, plane strain extrusion, slab rolling, or profile rolling.

The boundary element formulations for elastoplastic and elastoviscoplastic problems involving large strains and rotations are considered first. The elastic strains are assumed to remain small. The rotations and nonelastic strains, however, are allowed to be large. Bulk compressibility effects, which are often ignored for finite-strain problems of metallic solids, are explicitly included here.
Machining Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

Elevated temperatures generated in machining operations significantly influence the chip formation mechanics, the process efficiency, and the surface quality of the machined part. Accordingly, a BEM approach is developed here to analyze the thermal aspects of machining processes. Particular attention is given to modeling of the tool-chip, chip-workpiece, and tool-workpiece interfaces. An exact expression for matching the boundary conditions across these interfaces is developed to avoid any iterations. A direct differentiation approach (ODA) is used to determine the sensitivities of temperature and flux distributions with respect to various design parameters.
Talk about Thoughts and Beliefs
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M
Published: November 2023

We examined children’s use of the terms believe, think, know, wonder, expect, and dream in order to chart their early understanding of mental states such as thoughts generally and beliefs more specifically. The concept of belief is central to our everyday understanding of mind-our ordinary belief-desire psychology-as noted in our introductory chapter. Beliefs, as intentional states, involve thinking about something. More specifically, beliefs are thoughts that some potential state of affairs is actually so. Of course, the believer can be mistaken, that is, can believe falsely.
Taney Court, 1837-1864
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

“Imagine a Court . . . conducting its business not in a massive building but in a basement room of an unfurnished Capitol.”1 One familiar with the marble temple in which the highest bench now sits will find it hard to picture the dingy quarters which that tribunal occupied during its early years. We saw in Chapter 2 that when the new capital was built, no chamber had been built for the Supreme Court. Instead, when the Government moved to Washington, the Court had to hold its sessions in a House committee room on the first floor of the Capitol. When the Capitol north wing was rebuilt in 1809, the Court moved to a new courtroom underneath the reconstructed Senate Chamber. After the British burned the Capitol in 1814, the Court moved to temporary quarters for five years. They were back in their basement courtroom for the 1819 Term.
Watershed Cases: Dred Scott v. Sandford) 1857
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

Supreme Court history is marked by landmark cases which have drastically affected both the country and the Court itself. These are watershed cases, which, in Holmes’s words, “exercise a kind of hydraulic pressure which makes what previously was clear seem doubtful, and before which even well settled principles of law will bend.”
War and Reconstruction,1861-1877
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

In many ways the Civil War was the test of fire of the American constitutional system. In an 1862 article, Lord Acton referred to it as the Second American Revolution1-a characterization that has since been made often. Like the Revolution, the Civil War represented an extralegal appeal to force to settle the ultimate legal issue of the nature of the polity. And the issue itself was decided, not by the tribunal to which the resolution of such questions was confided by the Constitution, but by the victorious Union armies. When the Supreme Court in 1869 decided that secession was illegal, since “[ t]he Consititution in all its provisions, looks to an indestructible Union,” it was only confirming a decision already made at Appomattox Courthouse.
Stone and Vinson Courts,1941-1953
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

While it may be the custom to designate the Supreme Court by the name of its head, one who looks only to the bare legal powers of the Chief Justice will find it hard to understand this underscoring of his preeminence. Aside from his designation as Chief of the Court and the attribution of a slightly higher salary, his position is not superior to that of his colleaguesand certainly is not legally superior. In Justice Tom C. Clark’s words, ‘‘The Chief Justice has no more authority than other members of the court.”
The Transmission of Oral Traditions
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Acquisition of semipennanent knowledge typically involves repeated exposure to infonnation, with losses of information during intervals between exposures. Continued maintenance of knowledge depends on periodic access. Bahrick, 1979, p. 296 All of the methods so far described deal with factors influencing individual observers. They help to show what occurs when a person makes use of some new material which he meets, assimilating it and later reproducing it in his own characteristic manner. Already it is clear, however, that several of the factors influencing the individual observer are social in origin and character.
A Cult Grows in America
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

Pretty, vivacious, and petite, Delia was a picture of fashionable perfection when she first walked into my office. Her tight blue jeans and fringed Western shirt showed off her thin, 5-ft frame; her black cowboy boots and silver earrings completed a presentation that said, “Look at me!” The perfect picture had a serious price. Delia had come to me to talk about her “problem.” She is bulimic. In secret, she regularly binges on large amounts of food, then forces herself to vomit. It has become a powerful habit, one that she is afraid to break because it so efficiently maintains her thin body. For Delia, as for so many others, being thin is everything.
There’s No Business Like the Body Business: Fitness and Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

The words in vogue at my fitness club are “tight” and “steel,” as in “buns of steel” and “abs of steel.” “Discipline,” “strength,” and “power” are also part of the vocabulary. “Muscle definition” is the term used by trainers to urge both men and women to sculpt their bodies. To make the point, the club has changed the name of my aerobics and conditioning class to “Body Defined.” Some of the women here think of their different body parts as fashion accessories. One works on the triceps so that she can show off her arms in a new sleeveless shirt, another counts situps in order to reveal her “abs of steel” in a bikini. Our cultural mirrors have undergone a massive transition from the 1950s, when the ideal female body had soft curves. The illustrated pages of Cosmopolitan and Vogue reflect these changes over the past four decades. In the late 1950s, the tiny waistline was in. Clothing was tapered to fit, emphasizing the shoulders, waist, and hips. Women relied on girdles to achieve this look.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

The writing in this part reflects the abhorrence Toomer had for rigid classifications of people. He felt that especially in America, it was a distortion and a limitation of the individual to define him or her solely according to ethnic background and race. He had personally experienced the force of such limitation after writing Cane: Critical pressure urged him to continue writing from the viewpoint of black life, while he thought that that perspective was now used up for him, a dead end, and he wanted to pursue different literary projects in his continuing search for meaning and personal growth and wholeness. The three short introductory pieces express Toomer’s repugnance to ward prejudice. The opening statement on prejudice is an undated, handwritten note in draft material for the essay “The Negro Emergent,” which I have included in the next section of this part. “The Negro Emergent” comes from an undated typescript draft that Kerman and Eldridge (The Lives of Jean Toomer) estimate was written around 1924. “Germ Carriers” is my title for an excerpt from “Preface #3,” a second-draft preface to “Book X,” one of Toomer’s autobiographical works. “Preface #3” is dated March 13, 1935. In the third section of this part, “The Blue Man,” I have used much of the rest of “Preface #3” in the essay I have titled “Not Typically American.” “
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

I. Gurdjieff, the mystical philosopher who was popular among some intellectuals and writers in the 1920s. Gurdjieff believed that people’s minds were cluttered with destructive notions because they lived in negative social environments. Most of what people heard and read gave them distorted or false views of the nature of the world and themselves. This negative environment prevented people from developing full and harmonious lives. Gurdjieff believed that most people were like machines, mechanical and efficient but asleep, with no consciousness of their real potential as human beings. Many of the pieces in this part reflect Toomer’s great interest in Gurdjieffs philosophy. The fiction describes negative and mechanistic societies containing human automatons, some of whom are groping for freedom from their rigid, programmed, and often lonely lives. The nonfiction discusses the problems with modern society that have created a less than human world.
The South
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

Some miles northwest of New York, perhaps a hundred and fifty as the crow flies, there is a valley flanked by the southern spur-ends of the Catskill mountains. The valley is well watered. In summer, the natural grass and agricultural growths spread out in rich green waves and solid ractangles. Looked down upon from the mountain top, when the sun is shining, this carpet of the valley is amazingly fresh and brilliant. Towns, valley villages, irregular in form, houses for people and barns for cattle, belonging there, are clustered and scattered over the verdant lawn. The house[s] are white; some dulled to grey and greyish brown by long weathering. Most of them, built years ago, were built to stay and be homes. They are honest. The barns are red. The old red barns, among the finest forms of the American landscape. Peace, an active repose rests on this valley, wells up from it as dawn and twilight rise upward from horizons. When bands of cloud hang over it or drift slowly like great airships, the scene is magical. Particularly is it so if looked down upon from a mountain top when the sun rises and strikes these clouds, causing them to lift, turning them to mist and iridescence.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

For the first time in five years I would not spend the winter in Chicago. We-Marian and I-were off for the Southwest and the Pacific coast. I would miss the round of the Chicago season’s activities-the carrying on of my own work, the doings of my friends, play openings, dance recitals, Berta Ochsner, Ruth Page, new artists, parties, and all the rest. I would miss winter in Chicago-Michigan Avenue bright and white and blowy in a blizzard. That was a thing not to be missed. A Chicago blizzard was an event in America. Michigan Avenue piled white was a vivid American scene. I would escape being stopped on the street and begged for money. Business conditions, I was told, were not as bad in the Southwest and far West. We had personal reasons for this trip, and I wanted to see the Pacific coast and thus complete my picture of America. New England, New York, the eastern seaboard, the south, the middle west, the southwest-these sections I knew. But for years California and the Pacific coast had been a blank in my map, a vacant spot in my vision of the country.
Aspects of the biotic environment
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Following humans over the world, feral pigeons interact with an enormous range of organisms. Some of them also may be commensal and accompany humans or pigeons in many different habitats; others are native. The feral cat is a good example of the first group and is a serious predator on pigeons everywhere (Goodwin 1977; Dorzhiev 1991; Janiga 1992b; Wormuth 1993). Prairie Falcons (Chapter 15), represent the second group. Because the number of species of organisms interrelating with pigeons is extensive, we selected only the basic literature sources for Tables 21.1, 21.2., and 21.3. Many more exist, but those cited will serve as an introduction to anyone looking for greater detail.
Introduction to dynamic modelling
Authors: Sandefur James T
Published: November 2023

Dynamics is the study of how quantities change over time. Dynamic modeling is the process of developing a mathematical relationship that in some sense describes how a real world quantity changes over time. We do not claim that the mathematics gives an exact description of reality. But we do hope the analysis will give us some insight into the phenomenon being studied. Let’s begin by developing a simple model of how medicine is eliminated from the body. An empty container will represent the body. Add 4 cups of water to the container to model the blood in the body. Suppose we are going to take some medicine internally. Let’s assume that the proper dose of this medicine, say cough syrup, is 16 ml. To model this, add 16 ml of food coloring to the container. See figure 1.1. (To be precise, the 16 ml of food coloring should be added first, with enough water added to make a total of 4 cups of liquid.) How do the kidneys remove impurities from the blood? Loosely speaking, during any 4-hour period, the kidneys take in a fixed percentage of the blood and remove the medicine from that blood. Let’s assume the kidneys purify one-fourth of the blood during any 4-hour period.
Behavioral Alterations and the Fitness and Longevity of Infected Hosts
Authors: Moore Janice
Published: November 2023

Despite an impressive repertoire of parasite avoidance techniques, animals still acquire parasites. If behavioral alterations in parasitized animals were all the result of natural selection favoring increased parasite transmission and therefore increased R0for parasites, the world I am describing here would be uncomplicated. Of course, most of the mechanisms by which parasites alter behavior remain a mystery, and the evolutionary events that enabled them to seize upon these mechanisms are equally unknown to us. These questions certainly lead into complicated territory.
Global Climatic Change: Climatically Important Biogenic Gases and Feedbacks
Authors: Mackenzie Fred T
Published: November 2023

In the next century the earth will almost certainly experience climatic change. In the normal course of events, the planet would enter another glacial maximum about 23,000 years from now (Figure 2.1). However, the flywheels of population growth and fossil fuel burning are turning rapidly and will be difficult to slow within a century. The global population is growing at a rate of 1.6% per year, representing a doubling time of 44 years; the rate implies a population of at least nine billion people by 2040 (Figure 2.2A). All these people will require energy to sustain themselves; most scenarios of future global energy use project a continuous heavy reliance on fossil fuel into the 21st century (Figure 2.2B).
Introduction
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

This book is about the South, and particularly southern Democrats, in national party politics since the culmination of the civil rights revolution in 1965 (the year that the Voting Rights Act was passed). The South has been the major aberration in the pattern of America’s economic and social development since the Civil War, and as a consequence, southern party politics also has deviated from the national norm. The clearest illustration of this deviation was the establishment of the one-party Democratic “Solid South” at both the state and national levels in order to maintain the South’s hierarchical social system based on racial segregation and black disfranchisement. Since the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965, the old barriers of segregation and disfranchisement have disappeared, and rapid economic development has brought an end to the old southern economic and social system. One outcome of these changes has been the emergence of a competitive two-party system in the South.
The South and American Party Factionalism
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

Intraparty factionalism is one of the most understudied areas of American political science. Although we have strong evidence of increasingly polarized, coherent, and durable party factions in both the national Republican and Democratic parties, an overall analysis of American party factionalism is still lacking. The remainder of this chapter is an attempt to arrive at such an analysis by looking at the nature of factionalism in the Republican and Democratic parties today. Before embarking on this task, however, it is necessary to consider what precisely is meant by the term faction. In classical republican usage, faction was almost always used pejoratively to refer to self-interested groups of persons who sought to manipulate the polity for their own ends rather than the common good. As such, factions were generally condemned as a danger to the health of the republic as a whole. This usage of the term was still current when critics of the British government in the early eighteenth century led by Lord Bolingbroke condemned the patronage-oriented “factional” politics of Robert Walpole’s regime.
The Democrats’ Presidential Weakness in the South, 1968 to 1988
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

The South ceased to be solidly Democratic at the presidential level during the 1950s, and since 1964 it has been the Democrats’ weakest region in presidential elections. Between 1968 and 1988 their consistently poor electoral performance in the southern states also doomed the Democrats’ efforts to win nationally. The sole Democratic presidential triumph during that period (in the South and nationwide), in 1976, was the exception that proved the rule. It was impossible for the Democratic party to win presidential elections without winning at least some of the electoral votes of the southern states, yet during the 1980s this appeared to be an increasingly remote possibility. Despite losing presidential elections in the South, the Democrats nevertheless remained the region’s dominant party below the presidential level. Although the Republicans were competitive in senatorial and gubernatorial elections in the South by the late 1980s, they still held only about a third of the region’s House seats, and the Democrats enjoyed overwhelming and secure majorities in almost all southern state legislatures.
Southern Democrats in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

Scholars of the U.S. Congress over the past two decades are virtually unanimous in their agreement that there has been a transformation in the internal power structure of both the House and Senate. One aspect of this transformation has been a reduction in the influence of the southern Democrats. Under the congressional power structure that prevailed from 1910 to 1970, southern Democratic members exercised a dominant influence on the behavior and policy output of the Congress. Over the past two decades, however, this influence has clearly eroded. This chapter deals with the situation of southern Democrats in the present-day Congress and is based largely on a series of interviews conducted during the summer of 1990 with thirty southern Democratic congressmen, three senators, two former senators, and five senior Senate staffers. The first section deals with the House and the second with the Senate.
The Conservative Counterattack: The Democratic Leadership Council
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

In the discussion of American party factionalism in Chapter 1, I noted that one of the most salient features of the contemporary American party system has been the weakness of the ideological “center” in both of the major parties. The Downsian model of party competition prevalent during the late 1950s assumed that parties operated as unified teams and that in a two-party system the candidates and policies of the parties would inevitably gravitate toward the center of the ideological spectrum (where most of the voting public was situated). Yet since the Republicans’ nomination of Barry Goldwater in 1964, the major American parties have generally adopted presidential candidates and platforms more representative of the views of the parties’ ideological activists than of the parties’ identifiers in the general electorate. The major reason for the recent weakness of the centrist or “moderate” wings of the Democratic and Republican parties is the transformation of American party politics that has been in progress since the Progressive era at the tum of the century and that culminated in the party reform movement of the 1968-72 period.
The 1992 Election: The South Recaptures the Democratic Party and the White House
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

The 1992 election marked a crossroads in American politics in more than one respect. With the end of the cold war and the collapse of Communism, the Republican presidential advantage in foreign defense policy was nullified. A sluggish national economy for most of the Bush presidency also put economic pressure on the middle- and working-class voters who had deserted the Democrats on foreign policy and cultural issues during the 1980s. These fears combined with a widespread national anxiety over America’s relative economic “decline” vis-a-vis Japan and Western Europe. Finally, George Bush, in contrast with his Republican predecessor, appeared to have little empathy with middle- and working-class Americans and was widely perceived to be a weak and vacillating leader. The Democrats still had to grasp the opportunity, however, and their presidential travails over the previous two decades did not inspire great confidence that they would finally be able to seize the White House in 1992.
Conclusion: The Future of the Southern Democrats and American Party Factionalism in the 1990s
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

Given the spectacular success of the all-southern Democratic Clinton- Gore ticket in 1992, the short-term prospects for the southern wing of the Democratic party would appear to be very bright indeed. In defiance of the apparent logic of the presidential nominating process during the 1968-88 period, an ostensibly moderate southerner was able to win the Democratic presidential nomination with ease and end more than a decade of Republican domination of the presidency. Whereas from the Civil War up to almost the end of the New Deal era it was virtually inconceivable that the Democratic party would nominate a southerner for president, since 1964 the only times when the Democratic party has won presidential elections has been with southern nominees: Johnson, Carter, and now Clinton. Yet parties exist not only to win elections but also to govern in accordance with a set of principles or policies, and the reemergence of the southern wing of the Democratic party needs to be confirmed by a successful Clinton presidency followed by reelection in 1996. Failure in office for a second time might well doom the southern conservative wing of the party to a further spell in the wilderness while the Republicans dominate the White House.
What This Book Is About
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

OF ALL CREATURES ON THIS EARTH, humans are the most emotional. Our speech, actions (gestures, body movements, and postures), and our faces, too, are frequently contorted with emotion. We express anger, anxiety, fright, shame, joy, love, and sadness, as well as other perhaps socially more subtle emotions, such as guilt, envy, jealousy, pride, relief, hope, gratitude, and compassion. Everything important that happens to us arouses emotion.
When Coping Fails Psychotherapy Offers a Solution
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we explore psychotherapy as a way of dealing with dys functional and distressing emotions. People seek professional help for their emotional problems when they feel miserable, when their hopes and ambitions are blocked or interfered with by these problems, and when their own efforts have not ameliorated their pain and suffering. They may have tried other sources of help, looking to friends, family, or clergy, but the problems remain daunting. This is an age-old story, going back to ancient shamans who, with potions and potent ideas consistent with their cultural traditions, sought to cure emotional problems and the physical symptoms often accompanying them.
The Place of Concepts in the History of Mentalites: The Handbuch of French Political and Social Concepts
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

The Handbuch, or Handbook of Political and Social Concepts in France, 1680-1820, is being edited by Rolf Reichardt, Reinhart Koselleck’s former Assitent and still occasionally his collaborator. After describing the Hand buch’s project, I shall compare its program and practice to those of the GG, and supply critical accounts of representative articles in the Handbuch. This will prepare the way for a chapter comparing both works in German to analogous treatments of political language by J. G. A. Pocock and Quentin Skinner. There methodological as well as substantive issues will be considered, for example: What is the nature and extent of the linguistic and semantic con texts requisite to any account of thought which, in Skinner’s phrase, claims to be “strictly historical?”
The Pine Birds
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

High On The Continental Divide, Where it winds across western Wyoming, is a mosaic of subalpine meadows and forests I have visited in every month of the year. Despite the seasonal changes in the weather, the landscape, and the vegetation, one thing remains constant: I can always depend on being greeted by the guttural “kra-a-a-k” of faraway nut crackers calling from unseen treetops. Soon one or two birds, or more, will inspect me, remind me whose mountain this is, and rapidly depart on quick pulsed beats of white-tipped black wings. These nutcrackers are of the species Nucifraga columbiana, Clark’s Nutcracker, native to the western United States and Canada, but I have heard Siberian Nutcrackers in a Finnish pine forest and European Nutcrackers in the French and Swiss Alps emit identical cries. This “corvid squawk,” as Stephen Vander Wall has called it, one of several nutcracker calls, is not far removed from the shriller calls of jays and magpies, or the deeper ones of crows and ravens, all of which are shaped by subtle differences in size or conformation of syrinx, bronchial rings, tympanic membrane, and related anatomic determinants of voice production among members of a family.
Pine Nuts and People
Authors: Lanner Ronald M
Published: November 2023

In The Fall Of 1983 American Forest entomologist William Mattson was riding the Trans-Siberian Railway between Irkutsk and Moscow. Despite his fancied familiarity with Russian custom, he was astonished to see his fellow passengers reach into their bags or pockets, extract egg-shaped pine cones, and shuck the scales one by one as they threw the nuts into eager mouths. The train’s conductor came down the aisle, reached into a cloth sack, and distributed pine nuts to passengers who wished a snack with their tea. As a biologist, Mattson should not have been so taken by surprise.
The Science of Mind
Authors: Dodwell Peter
Published: November 2023

So far I have sketched the established disciplines of cognitive science, in brief outline only, to give the flavor of their separate claims to the understanding of mind. Each has its distinctive approach, but with a good deal of mutual borrowing and interaction. Together they have converged on what can be termed the Standard Model of Mind in cognitive science, or the standard model, as we have called it. We can characterize the convergence on that model in terms of its most basic features, ones that are accepted pretty well without question in the cognitive science community as being both necessary and sufficient for an understanding of mind. We might even call them axioms of cognitive science, given their dominating place in the thinking of cognitive scientists.