bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary breast diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: Therapeutic strategies and patterns of failure
Authors: Hu Shaoxuan , Song Yuqin , Sun Xiuhua , Su Liping , Zhang Wei , Jia Jing , Bai Ou , Yang Sheng , Liang Rong , Li Xiaoling , Zhang Huilai , Gao Yuhuan , Zhang Weijing , Xiao Xiubin , Bao Huizheng , Wang Ningju , Ren Hanyun , Cen Xinan , Yang Shun'e , Zhao Yu , Wang Yinan , Wang Yalan , Liu Aichun , Wang Jingwen , Shi Yuankai , Yuan Ming , Li Yufu , He Xiaohui
Published: October 2018

Primary breast diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (PB‐DLBCL) is a rare subtype of DLBCL with limited data on patterns of failure. This multicenter study aimed to define the optimum treatment strategy and patterns of failure for PB‐DLBCL patients. We retrospectively reviewed data on 108 PB‐DLBCL patients from 21 Chinese medical centers. Only patients with localized disease (involvement of breast and localized lymph nodes) were included. After a median follow‐up of 3.2 years, 32% of patients developed progression or relapse. A continuous pattern of relapse was observed, characterized by frequent late relapses in the contralateral breast and central nervous system (CNS). Although rituximab significantly reduced the overall cumulative risk of progression or relapse (5‐year cumulative risk 57% vs 24%, P = .029), it had limited effect on the reduction of breast relapse (P = .46). Consolidative radiotherapy significantly decreased the risk of breast relapse, even in the subgroup of patients treated with rituximab (5‐year cumulative risk 21.2% vs 0%, P = .012). A continuous risk of CNS progression or relapse up to 8.2 years from diagnosis was observed (10‐year cumulative risk 28.3%), with a median time to CNS relapse of 3.1 years. Neither rituximab nor prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy significantly decreased the risk of CNS relapse. In summary, our study indicates that PB‐DLBCL has a continuous pattern of relapse, especially with frequent late relapses in the CNS and contralateral breast. Rituximab and RT confer complementary benefit in the reduction of relapse. However, neither the addition of rituximab nor prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy could effectively prevent CNS relapse for PB‐DLBCL patients.
Can subunit‐specific phenotypes guide surveillance imaging decisions in asymptomatic SDH mutation carriers?
Authors: Tufton Nicola , Sahdev Anju , Drake William M. , Akker Scott A.
Published: October 2018

Objective

With the discovery that familial phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma syndrome can be caused by mutations in each subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDH), has come the recognition that mutations in the individual subunits have their own distinct natural histories. Increased genetic screening is leading to the identification of increasing numbers of, mostly asymptomatic, gene mutation carriers and the implementation of screening strategies for these individuals. Yet there is, to date, no international consensus regarding screening strategies for asymptomatic carriers.

Design

A comprehensive PubMed search from 1/1/2000 to 28/2/2018 was undertaken using multiple search terms and subsequently a manual review of references in identified papers to identify all clinically relevant cases and cohorts. In this review, the accumulated, published experience of phenotype and malignancy risks of individual SDH subunits is analysed. Where possible screening results for asymptomatic SDH mutation carriers have been analysed separately to define the penetrance in asymptomatic carriers (asymptomatic penetrance).

Results

The combined data confirms that “asymptomatic penetrance” is highest for SDHD and when there is penetrance, the most likely site to develop a PGL is head and neck (SDHD) and extra‐adrenal abdominal (SDHB). However, the risk in SDHB carriers of developing HNPGL is also high (35.5%) and a PCC is low (15.1%), and in SDHD carriers there is a high risk of developing a PCC (35.8%) or abdominal PGL (9.4%) and a small, but significant risk at other sympathetic sites. The data suggest that the risk of malignant transformation is the same for both PCC and extra‐adrenal abdominal PGLs (30%‐35%) in SDHB carriers. In SDHD carriers, the risk of malignant transformation was highest in HNPGLs (7.5%) and similar for sympathetic sites (3.8%‐5.2%).

Conclusions

Using this data, we suggest surveillance screening of asymptomatic carriers can be tailored to the underlying SDH subunit and review possible surveillance programmes.
Gaze and the Eye Pupil Adjust to Imagined Size and Distance
Authors: Sulutvedt Unni , Mannix Thea K. , Laeng Bruno
Published: October 2018

Pupillary responses and associated vergence eye movements were monitored during imagery of objects of differing sizes (“large” or “small”) from varying distances (“near” or “far”). Objects’ imagined size and distance affected oculomotor behavior. Objects visualized as “far” resulted in the larger pupil dilations and smaller visual angle, while small objects imagined “near” were associated with smaller pupils in contrast to relatively larger pupils when imagined as “far” away. Furthermore, near objects resulted in larger visual angle, and particularly, vergence adjustments were observed that were dependent on imagined size and distance of the small objects. The findings are consistent with the idea that imagery emulates perception, also at the embodied level of oculomotor behaviors.
Assessment of perioperative surgical complications in pediatric kidney transplantation: A comparison of pre‐emptive and post‐dialysis recipients
Authors: Kim Jin K. , Lorenzo Armando J. , Farhat Walid A. , Chua Michael E. , Ming Jessica M. , Koyle Martin A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To determine whether there is a benefit to pre‐emptive kidney transplantation in reducing surgical complications in pediatric population.

Methods

A retrospective review of kidney transplantations in our institution from 2000 to 2015 was performed. Intra‐ and postoperative complication rates and one‐year graft survival were compared in their respective donor type groups (pre‐emptive DD vs post‐dialysis DD; pre‐emptive LD vs post‐dialysis LD).

Results

A total of 318 patients were identified (pre‐emptive DD, n = 21; post‐dialysis DD, n = 145; pre‐emptive LD, n = 54; post‐dialysis LD, n = 98). Between the DD groups, post‐dialysis DD group was more likely to be female (P = 0.017). There was no difference in rates of intraoperative complications or graft loss (P = 0.365 and 1.000, respectively). Post‐dialysis DD groups were more likely to have postoperative complications (9.5% vs 35.1%, P = 0.023), but no difference in complications with Clavien‐Dindo grade 3 or higher was found (P = 0.130). Between the LD groups, post‐dialysis LD group was more likely to be females (P = 0.017) and with intrinsic renal (non‐urological/structural) ESRD etiology (P = 0.003). There was no difference in rates of intra‐and postoperative complications or graft loss (P = 0.353, P = 0.605, and P = 0.616, respectively).

Conclusions

Overall, there are similar perioperative complication rates between pediatric pre‐emptive and post–dialysis kidney transplant recipients.
Plastic collective endothermy in a complex animal society (army ant bivouacs: Eciton burchellii parvispinum)
Authors: Baudier Kaitlin M. , D'Amelio Catherine L. , Sulger Elisabeth , O'Connor Michael P. , O'Donnell Sean
Published: October 2018

Endothermic animals do not always have a single adaptive internal temperature; some species exhibit plastic homeostasis, adaptively allowing body temperature to drop when thermoregulatory costs are high. Like large‐bodied endotherms, some animal societies exhibit collective thermal homeostasis. We tested for plasticity of thermoregulation in the self‐assembled temporary nests (bivouacs) of army ants. We measured core bivouac temperatures under a range of environmental conditions and at different colony developmental (larval vs pupal brood) stages. Contrary to previous assertions, bivouacs were not perfect thermoregulators in all developmental stages. Instead, bivouacs functioned as superorganismal facultative endotherms, using a combination of site choice and context‐dependent metabolic heating to adjust core temperatures across an elevational cline in ambient temperature. When ambient temperature was low, the magnitude of metabolic heating was dependent on colony developmental stage: pupal bivouacs were warmer than larval bivouacs. At cooler high elevations, bivouacs functioned like some endothermic animals that intermittently lower their body temperatures to conserve energy. Bivouacs potentially conserved energy by investing less metabolic heating in larval brood because the high costs of impaired worker development may require more stringent thermoregulation of pupae. Our data also suggest that site choice played an important role in bivouac cooling under high ambient temperatures at low elevations. Climate warming may expand upper elevational range limits of Eciton burchellii parvispinum, while reducing the availability of cool and moist bivouac sites at lower elevations, potentially leading to future low‐elevation range contraction.
Do culture, sentiment, and cognitive dissonance explain the ‘above suspicion’ anomalies?
Authors: Altanlar Ali , Guo Jiaqi , Holmes Phil
Published: October 2018

We investigate how cognitive dissonance arising from interactions between sentiment and culture affects momentum and post‐earnings‐announcement‐drift (PEAD). We focus on differing views relating to change between western and East Asian cultures. Building on Hong and Stein's heterogeneous trader model and recognizing westerners’ (easterners’) belief in continuation (reversal), we propose cognitive dissonance arises in different circumstances and to differing degrees in the two cultures, resulting in it being a key driver of the anomalies. Results support our hypotheses, suggesting sentiment and culture interact to impact cognitive dissonance, explaining differences in the anomalies across countries evident in prior literature.
From learner to teacher assistant: Community‐based service‐learning in a dual‐language classroom
Authors: Baker Lottie
Published: October 2018

The growth of Latinx populations in the United States has resulted in an increasing number of community‐based service‐learning (CBSL) opportunities. In particular, the steady growth in Spanish‐English dual‐language schools and the accompanying staff shortages position elementary classrooms as meaningful settings in which to develop relationships between postsecondary L2 Spanish learners and Spanish–speaking children and adults. This qualitative study investigated a CBSL program in which L2 Spanish learners at an urban university served as weekly teaching assistants at a local dual‐language elementary school. Data were collected from 55 reflective blog entries, two focus group sessions, and interviews with four teaching assistants. The L2 Spanish learners reported that the experience supported their language acquisition by (1) providing oral language practice outside of class, (2) facilitating linguistic self‐confidence, (3) fostering metacognitive reflection, and (4) transforming motivation and attitudes. Implications are provided regarding ways that the dual‐language classroom setting holds promise for engaging L2 Spanish learners at various levels in CBSL.
Consistent Liberalism does not Require Active Euthanasia
Authors: Groarke Louis
Published: October 2018

I argue that ‘classical liberalism’ does not sanction any easy permissiveness about suicide and active euthanasia. I will use liberal arguments to argue that the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is real and that assisted suicide is, at the very least, deeply troubling when viewed from an authentic liberal perspective. The usual argument for active euthanasia is a utilitarian, not a liberal argument, as recent calls to eliminate the conscientious objection rights of doctors who refuse participation in such procedures plainly demonstrate. The paper focuses on arguments in the public sphere (such as those articulated by James Rachels).
Minimum common string partition: on solving large‐scale problem instances
Authors: Blum Christian
Published: October 2018

Minimum common string partition is an NP‐hard combinatorial optimization problem from the bioinformatics field. The current state‐of‐the‐art algorithm is a hybrid technique known as construct, merge, solve, and adapt (CMSA). This algorithm combines two main algorithmic components: generating solutions in a probabilistic way and solving reduced subinstances obtained from the tackled problem instances, if possible, to optimality. However, the CMSA algorithm was not intended for application to very large problem instances. Therefore, in this paper we present a technique that makes CMSA, and other available algorithms for this problem, applicable to problem instances that are about one order of magnitude larger than the largest problem instances considered so far. Moreover, a reduced variable neighborhood search (RVNS) for solving the tackled problem, based on integer programming, is introduced. The experimental results show that the modified CMSA algorithm is very strong for problem instances based on rather small alphabets. With growing alphabet size, it turns out that RVNS has a growing advantage over CMSA.
The evolution of iris colour in relation to nocturnality in owls
Authors: Passarotto A. , Parejo D. , Cruz‐Miralles A. , Avilés J. M.
Published: October 2018

Birds, due to their multiple colourful displays, constitute a classic paradigm for the study of colour evolution. Although avian eyes are remarkably coloured, the functional basis behind inter‐specific variability in iris colouration remains poorly understood. Owls are an ideal system to shed light on the role of ecology in promoting iris colour evolution as they show inter‐specific variation in iris colour and in niche specialization with some species being strictly nocturnal and others active during the day. Owls perching for hunting at night might be unnoticed by both predators and their prey if they had dark irises, which would predict that dark irises were more likely to evolve in strictly nocturnal species than in diurnal ones. Using phylogenetic comparative models, we tested the camouflage hypothesis for eye colour. The proportion of dark‐eyed owl species is higher among strictly nocturnal owls than among diurnal ones. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed that the owl ancestor of the family Strigidae was more likely bright‐irided whereas the ancestor of the family Tytonidae was more likely dark‐irided. Our results show robust support for the coevolution of iris coloration and nocturnality in the owls, and suggest that shifting to a nocturnal niche would be a prerequisite leading to the evolution of dark eyes in owls. The specific evolutionary pathway by which iris coloration and activity rhythm coevolve, however, remains to be investigated further as we have found only partial support for the idea that dark irises in birds might be an adaptive feature evolved due to the selective advantage of concealment from undesired visual receptors.
Commentary to “Mogamulizumab‐induced photosensitivity in patients with mycosis fungoides and other T‐cell neoplasms” by Y. Masuda et al.
Authors: Hönigsmann H.
Published: October 2018

Linked article: This is a commentary on Y. Masuda et al., pp. 1456–1460 in the previous issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14797
Hidradenitis suppurativa in Korea
Authors: Jemec G.B.E.
Published: October 2018

Linked article: This is a commentary on J.H. Lee et al., pp. 1784–1790 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15071
Resilience for health—an emergent property of the “health systems as a whole”
Authors: Sturmberg Joachim P.
Published: October 2018

Resilience has become a popular term, and its meaning varies widely depending on the context of its use. Its Latin origin, resilire, means “bouncing back”—should bouncing back be understood literally or rather metaphorically in the context of health, illness, dis‐ease, and disease? This essay examines ecological, physiological, personal, and health system perspectives inherent in the concept of resilience. It emerges that regardless of the level of aggregation, resilience is a systems property—it is as much a property of each of the subsystems of network physiology, the person, and the health care delivery system as it is a property of the health system as a whole. Given the interdependencies between people, their internal and external environments, and the health service system, strengthening resilience, ie, the ability to positively adapt to challenges and changing circumstances, will require a broad‐based public discourse: “How can we strengthen resilience and health for the benefit of people and society at large”.
Comparison of radiopacity of current restorative CAD/CAM blocks with digital radiography
Authors: Atala Mustafa H. , Atala Nagehan , Yeğin Elif , Bayrak Seval
Published: October 2018

Objective

While the radiopacity of restorative material affects the radiographic diagnosis of the teeth, there is no data about the radiopacity of current restorative computer‐aided design (CAD)/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) materials. Therefore, the present study compared the radiopacity values of current restorative CAD/CAM blocks to facilitate the material choice within such a wide variety of materials.

Materials and Methods

Specimens were prepared from 13 different restorative CAD/CAM blocks to compare with enamel and dentin. The specimens placed on the occlusal phosphor plate were imaged with aluminum step wedge and tooth section. The radiopacity values were calculated using the Image J program. The radiopacity values of the specimens were converted to mmAl values with the Curve Expert 1.4 program.

Results

The difference between the radiopacity values of dentin and e.max CAD was not significant, however, they exhibited a significant difference from the other 14 groups (P < .05). Enamel and Obsidien, Suprinity, and Celtra Duo had greater radiopacity values with significant differences from the other 12 materials whereas the difference within these groups was not significant (P > .05).

Conclusions

The evaluated restorative CAD/CAM materials have significantly different radiopacity values. Among these permanent restoration blocks, the highest radiopacity value was observed in Celtra Duo, the lowest in Block HC.

Clinical Significance

Cerasmart, Lava Ultimate, Obsidian, Vita Suprinity, Celtra Duo Blocks have adequate radiopacity for inlay, onlay and crown restorations, however, the use of Vita Enamic, Vita Mark II, GC LRF blocks and the others which have lower radiopacity value than dentin for the same kind of restorations depend on the radiopacity of the luting cement for the purpose of recurrent caries detection.
Hands‐Free, Nonwearable Technology for Outpatient Clinic Gait Speed Assessment
Authors: Vandenberg Ann E. , Jones Brian D. , Nadel Leigh , Johnson Theodore M.
Published: October 2018

See the Reply by Lisa C. Barry et al
Intralesional pentoxifylline injection in localized alopecia areata
Authors: El‐Taweel Abdel‐Aziz Ibrahim , Akl Essam Mohamed
Published: October 2018

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common non‐scarring autoimmune disease that affects hair‐bearing areas. A variety of therapeutic options has been used for treating this disease such as corticosteroids, minoxidil, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TRA) injection is considered the first‐line treatment in localized alopecia areata involving <50% of the scalp; however, intralesional steroid injections are associated with a variety of side effects.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline (PTX) vs triamcinolone acetonide intralesional in localized AA.

Patients and methods

The sample included 75 patients (47 males and 28 females) aged 18‐55 years, diagnosed as localized alopecia areata. The patients were treated by intralesional injection every three weeks up to five sessions. The patients were classified into three groups according to the used therapeutic modality. Group A: 25 patients treated by intralesional injection of TRA. Group B: 25 patients treated by combined intralesional injection of TRA and PTX injection. Group C: 25 patients treated by intralesional PTX injection.

Results

Both PTX and TRA intralesional injections were effective in the treatment of AA, but there was a statistically significant difference regarding the response to treatment between the three study groups (P value = 0.01). The highest response was reported in combined drug usage (TRA & PTX) followed by PTX alone and then TRA alone (72.0%, 60.0%, and 32.0%, respectively).

Conclusion

Pentoxifylline intralesional injection is effective, easy to perform with little side effects for the treatment of localized alopecia areata.
Let's talk about sex: A feminist poststructural approach to addressing sexual health in the healthcare setting
Authors: Ollivier Rachel , Aston Megan , Price Sheri
Published: October 2018

Aims and objectives

To explore the use of feminist poststructuralism (FPS) as a way to critique, understand and improve sexual health care and policy in healthcare settings.

Background

Sexual health is an important aspect of health; however, in healthcare settings, it often goes unaddressed by both healthcare providers and patients due to stigma, taboo, fear of embarrassment or uncertainty. Lack of attention to sexual health has been stated as a legitimate concern for patients across the lifespan; there remain gaps in implementing sexual health care discussions into practice in healthcare settings.

Design

A critical analysis will be presented to explore sexual health care and attitudes in the healthcare setting from patient and nursing perspectives using FPS.

Methods

Feminist poststructuralism is used to examine the meaning of experience that is personally, socially and institutionally constructed through relations of power. FPS will also be applied to understand how sexual health discourses are negotiated in healthcare settings. SQUIRE guidelines were used in the preparation of this paper (See Appendix S1).

Relevance to clinical practice

The application of a feminist poststructural lens to sexual health care in healthcare settings may be used by healthcare professionals to understand, question and challenge how social and institutional beliefs, values and practices surrounding sexual health, inclusive of a patient's sexual pleasure or sexual activity, are experienced by healthcare professionals and patients. This theoretical and methodological approach could lead to identifying possibilities for change in healthcare settings that are inclusive and supportive of sexual health care.
Male partners’ experiences of caregiving for women with cervical cancer—a qualitative study
Authors: Oldertrøen Solli Karianne , de Boer Marjolein , Nyheim Solbrække Kari , Thoresen Lisbeth
Published: October 2018

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to develop knowledge on the experiences of male partners of women with cervical cancer during and after the illness. We explore men's experiences of becoming caregivers as well as how the illness trajectory affects or has affected the relationship.

Background

Receiving a cancer diagnosis has a significant impact on the lives of both the cancer patient and their family members. However, studies of male partners’ experiences with cancer patients are scarce. Additionally, cervical cancer and its impact on male caregivers are less explored than how other cancer diagnoses impact male caregivers. The theoretical concept of caring masculinities is helpful to interpret men's experiences as caregivers and partners.

Design

The study employs a qualitative design with semi‐structured interviews with six men/partners recruited through the gynaecological section at a hospital. COREQ reporting guidelines have been applied.

Findings

Based on our analyses, we find that men's experiences of being caregivers and partners of women treated for cervical cancer are multifaceted, comprising emotional and practical aspects. However, three main findings stand out as particularly significant for men in the context of cervical cancer: loneliness, an altered sexual relationship and shared feelings of vulnerability.

Conclusions

The men describe an interdependence in the relationship with the women but also how the relationships have been seriously altered, particularly when it comes to sexuality. These findings resonate with hegemonic as well as caring masculinities.

Relevance to practice

Complex issues of intimacy and sexuality should be a pivotal element in educating future healthcare professionals. We strongly suggest that issues such as dealing with masculinity and caregiving roles should be on the agenda and reflected upon in teaching and supervising in clinical practice. A broader approach to sexual health and relationships is needed in the patient–clinician relationships, including information about human papillomavirus.
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN FINANCE: A COLLECTION OF LITERATURE SURVEYS
Authors: Claus Iris , Krippner Leo
Published: October 2018

Finance plays a critical function in economies and continues to evolve in practice complemented by research, policy, and regulation. The articles in this special issue provide up‐to‐date reviews of contemporary topics in finance. Unconventional monetary policy, implicit bank guarantees, and financial fraud are in various ways associated with rethinks stimulated by the Global Financial Crisis. The topics of inflation risk premia, finance and productivity, angel investing, venture capital, relationship lending, and microfinance have benefitted from increased research associated with more data and use in practice. The final two topics of crowdfunding and crypto‐currencies are the products of recent technological developments.
Bullying Victimization in Schools: Why the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model Is Essential
Authors: Brewer Steven L. , Brewer Hannah J. , Kulik Keri S.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Bullying is more likely to happen in schools than in any other location. The purpose of this study is to use decision tree analyses to predict specific risk factors for bullying to identify areas of interest for school‐based bullying prevention.

METHODS

We obtained data from the 2013 National Crime Victimization Study (NCVS) School Crime Supplement. We used case‐wise deletion to create a sample with completed data based on the measure of bullying (N = 4967). The dependent variable for this study was bullying. We used chi‐square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) to uncover predictors of bullying victimization in schools.

RESULTS

Results suggest that 21.7% of the participants were bullied during the 6 months prior to the survey. Being distracted in class and being involved in a fight were the top statistically significant variables for bullying victimization in schools. Fear of being attacked and seeing hate‐related words or symbols in school were also strong predictors of bullying.

CONCLUSIONS

Bullying victimization can often be predicted. Therefore, school personnel can implement programs and policies consistent with the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model to improve the social and emotional climate in schools and proactively reduce opportunities for bullying victimization.
Schoolteachers' and Administrators' Perceptions of Concussion Management and Implementation of Return‐to‐Learn Guideline
Authors: Romm Kaitlin E. , Ambegaonkar Jatin P. , Caswell Amanda M. , Parham Candace , Cortes Nelson E. , Kerr Zachary , Broshek Donna K. , Caswell Shane V.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Concussions are a public health concern and concussion management in school requires a team approach. We examined schoolteachers' and administrators' perceptions of concussions, management, and implementation of return‐to‐learn (RTL) guidelines.

METHODS

We audio‐recorded and transcribed semistructured interviews with teachers (N = 16) and administrators (N = 6) from a public school system. We analyzed data using an analytic induction and constant comparison approach.

RESULTS

Two themes emerged: different understanding, and school context. Participants with no sport coaching experience were less familiar with concussions than those who coached a sport. Participants with personal experience with concussions were more sympathetic toward concussed students' needs. Teachers expressed feeling ill‐equipped to implement RTL guidelines without specific instructions in the complex school environment. However, school administrators had minimal understanding of teacher‐described challenges.

CONCLUSIONS

Teachers and administrators recognize that concussions are a health concern, but differ in their perceptions of concussions, management, and implementation of RTL guidelines. Personal experiences mediate individual perceptions about concussions. The daily realities of a school environment complicate teachers' capacity to implement RTL guidelines. Conversely, school administrators did not express awareness of any challenges with concussion management. To best facilitate students' recovery schools should include all stakeholders when devising concussion management policies.
Disparities in Health Risk Behaviors and Health Conditions Among Rhode Island Sexual Minority and Unsure High School Students
Authors: Jiang Yongwen , Reilly‐Chammat Rosemary , Cooper Tara , Viner‐Brown Samara
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Sexual minority students have higher risk for health‐related behaviors. We examined 5 domains including 34 health risk behaviors and health conditions among sexual minorities and unsure students in Rhode Island. We also included sexual contact of heterosexually identified students to capture heterosexually identified students who may be considered sexual minorities by their behavior.

METHODS

We used the 2007‐2015 Rhode Island Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (N = 14,264). We categorized students into 4 groups: students self‐identified as heterosexual and reported no sexual contact with same sex only or both sexes (group 1); self‐identified as heterosexual and reported sexual contact with same sex only or both sexes (group 2); self‐identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual (group 3); and responded as unsure (group 4). We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations of sexual minority and unsure students with 34 health risk behaviors and health conditions accounting for complex sampling design.

RESULTS

Students in groups 2‐4 were more likely to engage in health‐risk behaviors including violent behaviors, attempted suicide, substance use, and no physical activity than their peers.

CONCLUSIONS

As sexual minority youth continue to report higher rates of health‐related risk behaviors, targeted evidence‐based prevention approaches must focus on reducing these risk behaviors among those youth.
Well‐Being and Academic Achievement: Differences Between Schools From 2002 to 2010 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area
Authors: Karvonen Sakari , Tokola Kari , Rimpelä Arja
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

We studied school‐level differences in academic achievement and well‐being from 2002 to 2010 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, as well as the connection between academic achievement, well‐being, and socioeconomic composition.

METHODS

The School Health Promotion Study covered 109 schools and 78% of schoolchildren (N = 100,413; aged 14 to 16 years). Depression was measured with the modified Beck Depression Scale and academic achievement with the grade‐point average. Trajectory analysis identified groups of schools that were as heterogeneous over time as possible.

RESULTS

Six school trajectories differing in academic achievement and 3 in well‐being were observed. Differences between the trajectories persisted over time. Academic achievement and well‐being were related: schools on a poor achievement trajectory were more often on a low‐well‐being trajectory. The poor socioeconomic composition of students was more common in low‐academic achievement and well‐being trajectories.

CONCLUSIONS

Academic achievement and well‐being differed between schools and are closely related to each other and to the school's socioeconomic composition. Differences between the schools did not increase over time. Educational policies aimed at reducing differences should address both academic achievement and well‐being.
Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin after single intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration to dogs
Authors: Landoni Maria Fabiana , Albarellos Gabriela Alejandra
Published: October 2018

The pharmacokinetic properties of the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin (LFX) were investigated in six dogs after single intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration at a dose of 2.5, 5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (T½dist 0.127 ± 0.055 hr) and wide as reflected by the volume of distribution of 1.20 ± 0.13 L/kg. Drug elimination was relatively slow with a total body clearance of 0.11 ± 0.03 L kg−1 hr−1 and a T½ for this process of 7.85 ± 2.30 hr. After oral and subcutaneous administration, absorption half‐life and Tmax were 0.35 and 0.80 hr and 1.82 and 2.82 hr, respectively. The bioavailability was significantly higher (p ˂ 0.05) after subcutaneous than oral administration (79.90 vs. 60.94%). No statistically significant differences were observed between other pharmacokinetic parameters. Considering the AUC24 hr/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratios obtained, it can be concluded that LFX administered intravenously (2.5 mg/kg), subcutaneously (5 mg/kg) or orally (5 mg/kg) is efficacious against Gram‐negative bacteria with MIC values of 0.1 μg/ml. For Gram‐positive bacteria with MIC values of 0.5 μg/kg, only SC and PO administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg showed to be efficacious. MIC‐based PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the proposed dose regimens of LFX, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg/24 hr by SC route and 10 mg/kg/24 hr by oral route, in dogs may be adequate to recommend as an empirical therapy against S. aureus strains with MIC ≤ 0.5 μg/ml and E. coli strains with MIC values ≤0.125 μg/ml.
Exploring urban print environments: a comparative study across San Antonio and Santiago and implications for early childhood literacy practices
Authors: Sailors Misty , Orellana Pelusa , Stortz Rebecca , Sellers Teresa
Published: October 2018

In this study, we compared the types of texts found in two metropolitan areas (Santiago, Chile, and San Antonio, TX, USA) as a way of documenting the sponsorship of literacy within these two communities. We found (roughly) equal number of texts across the sites but interesting patterns within each. San Antonio's texts were primarily sponsored by industry and the military and Santiago's texts by political and religious sponsors. Similarly, there were statistically significant differences in the types of texts across neighbourhoods based on how well they were historically resourced. Our findings have implications for teaching early literacy through environmental print.
Effects of exendin‐4 on colonic motility in rats and its underlying mechanism
Authors: Yan Lin , Tang Qincai , Quan Xiaojing , Ren Haixia , Chen Wei , Xia Hong , Luo Hesheng
Published: October 2018

Background

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists modulate gastrointestinal motility; however, the effects of GLP‐1R agonists on colonic motility are still controversial, and the molecular mechanism is unclear. Exendin‐4 shares 53% homology with GLP‐1 and is a full agonist of GLP‐1R. In this study, our aims were to explore the role and mechanism of exendin‐4 in isolated rat colonic tissues and cells.

Methods

An organ bath system was used to examine the spontaneous contractions of smooth muscle strips. The whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique was used to investigate the currents of L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels and large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BKCa) channels in smooth muscle cells.

Key Results

Exendin‐4 decreased both the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions of smooth muscle strips in a concentration‐dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was completely blocked by exendin‐4(9‐39), a GLP‐1R antagonist. Moreover, this effect was partially abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), a blocker of neuronal voltage‐dependent Na+ channels, Nω‐Nitro‐l‐arginine (L‐NNA), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, apamin, an inhibitor of small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (SK) channels. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings revealed that exendin‐4 inhibited the peak current of L‐type calcium channels in colonic smooth muscle cells, but did not change the shape of the current‐voltage (I‐V) curves. The steady‐state activation and steady‐state inactivation of L‐type calcium channels were not affected. Likewise, BKCa currents were significantly inhibited by exendin‐4.

Conclusions

Exendin‐4 indirectly inhibits colonic muscle activity via a nitrergic and a purinergic neural pathway through NO and ATP release and inhibits L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels and BKCa channels in smooth muscle cells.
The prospects for constraining productivity through time with the whole‐plant physiology of fossils
Authors: Boyce C. Kevin , Zwieniecki Maciej A.
Published: October 2018

Anatomically preserved fossils allow estimation of hydraulic parameters, potentially providing constraints on interpreting whole‐plant physiology. However, different organ systems have typically been considered in isolation – a problem given common mismatches of high and low conductance components coupled in the hydraulic path of the same plant. A recent paper addressed the issue of how to handle resistance mismatches in fossil plant hydraulics, focusing on Carboniferous medullosan seed plants and arborescent lycopsids. Among other problems, however, a fundamental error was made: the transpiration stream consists of resistances in series (where resistances are additive and the component with the largest resistance can dominate the behavior of the system), but emphasis was instead placed on the lowest resistance, effectively treating the system as resistances in parallel (where the component with the smallest resistance will dominate the behavior). Instead of possessing high assimilation capacities to match high specific stem conductances, it is argued here that individual high conductance components in these Paleozoic plants are nonetheless associated with low whole‐plant productivity, just as can be commonly seen in living plants. Resolution of how to handle these issues may have broad implications for the Earth system including geobiological feedbacks to rock weathering, atmospheric composition, and climate.
Roles, trust and skills: A typology of patronage appointments
Authors: Panizza Francisco , Peters B. Guy , Ramos Larraburu Conrado R.
Published: October 2018

This article contributes to the study of the politics of patronage appointments by creating a typology of patronage roles based on the nature of trust between patrons and appointees and on the skills patrons seek in appointees. Our classification brings together the dispersed literature on patronage roles and can be applied to the study of modalities of patronage across and within countries. We offer preliminary evidence from our study of the politics of patronage appointments in Latin America suggesting that variations in patronage roles can be related to variations in the institutionalization of party systems and to the nature of the links between political actors and voters. Finally, we explore whether the categories identified in our empirical study can be found in other settings. We conclude that our typology can contribute to the study of the impact of modalities of patronage on the quality of public administration and on political governability.
A cluster of high psychological and somatic symptoms in children with idiopathic scoliosis predicts persistent pain and analgesic use 1 year after spine fusion
Authors: Voepel‐Lewis Terri , Caird Michelle S. , Tait Alan R. , Farley Frances A. , Li Ying , Malviya Shobha , Hassett Afton , Weber Monica , Currier Emily , de Sibour Trevor , Clauw Daniel J.
Published: October 2018

Background

Persistent postoperative pain is a significant problem for many children, particularly for those undergoing major surgery such as posterior spine fusion. More than two‐thirds report persistent pain after spine fusion, yet factors that may contribute to poorer outcomes remain poorly understood.

Aims

This prospective, longitudinal study examined how psychologic and somatic symptoms cluster together in children aged 10‐17 years with idiopathic scoliosis, and tested the hypothesis that a higher psychological and somatic symptom cluster would predict worse pain outcomes 1 year after fusion.

Methods

Otherwise healthy children with idiopathic scoliosis completed preoperative surveys measuring recent pain intensity, pain location(s), somatic symptom severity, painDETECT (neuropathic‐type pain symptoms), pain interference, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing. Pain outcome data were collected during hospitalization, and at 1 year after surgery.

Results

Ninety‐five children completed baseline surveys and a cluster analysis differentiated 28 (30%) with a high symptom profile that included; higher depression, fatigue, pain interference, catastrophizing, and painDETECT scores. High symptom cluster membership independently predicted higher pain interference at 1 year (β 9.92 [95% CI 6.63, 13.2], P < 0.001). Furthermore, children in this high symptom cluster reported significantly higher pain intensity and painDETECT scores, and had a 50% higher probability of continued analgesic use at 1 year compared to those in the Low Symptom Cluster (95% CI 21.3‐78.5, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Findings from this exploratory study suggest a need to comprehensively assess children with scoliosis for preoperative signs and symptoms that may indicate an underlying vulnerability for persistent pain. This, in turn may help guide a comprehensive perioperative treatment strategy to mitigate the potential for long‐term pain trajectories.
Trichoderma species associated with green mould disease of Pleurotus ostreatus and their sensitivity to prochloraz
Authors: Innocenti G. , Montanari M. , Righini H. , Roberti R.
Published: October 2018

Green mould disease causes serious economic losses in Pleurotus ostreatus crops worldwide, including in Italy, where prochloraz is the only chemical fungicide allowed to control the disease. The effectiveness of the doses 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1 (field dose) of prochloraz (Sponix Flow, 450 g L−1), against colony growth rate and spore germination of Trichoderma pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense strains on wheat straw extract agar plates were evaluated. Complete inhibition of Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola growth was shown by the field dose of prochloraz, and also by the 0.25 μL L−1 dose for T. pleuroti. Complete inhibition of spore germination occurred for all Trichoderma strains at field dose, and at 0.25 μL L−1 for T. pleuroti strains. In in vivo assays, the effect of prochloraz doses 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1 on colonization of straw substrate by T. pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense inoculated at two spore densities (102 and 105 spores mL−1) immediately after P. ostreatus spawn was studied. Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola were both responsible for green mould disease, whereas T. guizhouense was not pathogenic. Trichoderma pleuroti was more aggressive than T. pleuroticola. Prochloraz was effective against T. pleuroti at the field dose, and against T. pleuroticola at 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1. The study on Trichoderma × Pleurotus interaction type showed that Trichoderma species were active against the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus by competition for space and nutrients, and neither hyphal interaction nor effect by volatile or nonvolatile metabolites occurred.
Incidence, pathogenicity and diversity of Alternaria spp. associated with alternaria leaf spot of canola (Brassica napus) in Australia
Authors: Al‐Lami H. F. D. , You M. P. , Barbetti M. J.
Published: October 2018

Studies were undertaken to determine Alternaria spp. associated with leaf spot symptoms on canola (Brassica napus) in two cropping seasons (2015, 2016) across southern Australia. Major allergen Alt a1 and plasma membrane ATPase genes were used to identify Alternaria spp. In 2015, 112 isolates of seven Alternaria spp. were obtained, with A. metachromatica predominating. In 2016, 251 isolates of 12 Alternaria spp. were obtained, with A. infectoria predominating. Alternaria spp. isolates were morphologically and phylogenetically identified and studies to determine their pathogenicity on both B. napus (cv. Thunder TT) and B. juncea (cv. Dune) confirmed 10 species (A. alternata, A. arborescens, A. brassicae, A. ethzedia, A. hordeicola, A. infectoria, A. japonica, A. malvae, A. metachromatica and A. tenuissima) as pathogenic on both Brassica species. Alternaria ethzedia, A. hordeicola and A. malvae were recorded for the first time in Australia on any host and the record of A. arborescens was the first for New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA). Other first records included A. infectoria on B. napus in NSW; A. japonica on B. napus in NSW and Western Australia (WA); A. metachromatica on any host in NSW, Victoria (VIC), WA and SA; and A. tenuissima on B. napus in NSW, SA and WA. It is evident that alternaria leaf spot on canola across southern Australia is not solely caused by A. brassicae, but that a range of other Alternaria spp. are also involved to varying degrees, depending upon the year and the geographic locality.
An application of data mining to identify potential risk factors for anophthalmia and microphthalmia
Authors: Weber Kari A. , Yang Wei , Carmichael Suzan L. , Lupo Philip J. , Dukhovny Stephanie , Yazdy Mahsa M. , Lin Angela E. , Van Bennekom Carla M. , Mitchell Allen A. , Shaw Gary M. ,   National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: October 2018

Background

We examined a large number of variables to generate new hypotheses regarding a wider range of risk factors for anophthalmia/microphthalmia using data mining.

Methods

Data were from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multicentre, case‐control study from 10 centres in the United States. There were 134 cases of “isolated” and 87 “nonisolated” (with other major birth defects) of anophthalmia/microphthalmia and 11 052 nonmalformed controls with delivery dates October 1997‐December 2011. Using random forest, a data mining procedure, we compared the two case types with controls for 201 variables. Variables considered important ranked by random forest were included in a multivariable logistic regression model to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Predictors for isolated cases included paternal race/ethnicity, maternal intake of certain nutrients and foods, and childhood health problems in relatives. Using regression, inverse associations were observed with greater maternal education and with increasing intake of folate and potatoes. Odds were slightly higher with greater paternal education, for increased intake of carbohydrates and beans, and if relatives had a childhood health problem. For nonisolated cases, predictors included paternal race/ethnicity, maternal intake of certain nutrients, and smoking in the home the month before conception. Odds were higher for Hispanic fathers and smoking in the home and NSAID use the month before conception.

Conclusions

Results appear to support previously hypothesised risk factors, socio‐economic status, NSAID use, and inadequate folate intake, and potentially provide new areas such as passive smoking pre‐pregnancy, and paternal education and ethnicity, to explore for further understanding of anophthalmia/microphthalmia.