bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the Occlusal Surfaces of Premolar and Molar Teeth as an Indicator of Age in the Horse
Authors: Carmalt JL , Allen AL
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of cheek tooth occlusal surface morphology as an indicator of age in the horse using a blinded cross-sectional design. Twenty horses of varying age, breed and sex were used. Horses of known age (foaling date) were euthanized for reasons other than dental disease. Following disarticulation of the head and sectioning of the mandibles, cheek teeth were cleaned using running water and photographs were taken of each arcade. Using a computer-based program, the total surface area of each premolar and molar, the outer enamel ridge perimeter distance, infundibular surface areas and perimeter distances were measured. Further anatomical data were calculated from these measurements and a statistical analysis of the relationship between horse age and cheek tooth occlusal morphology was performed. Results indicated that multiple anatomical regions within the occlusal surface of the equine cheek tooth can be used as an indicator of age. There are important differences between mandibular and maxillary teeth as well as between teeth in the same dental arcade. Horse size is also of significance. The mesial infundibular surface area as a percentage of the total surface area of tooth 111, and the mesiodistal length of 1/2/3/4 09 teeth, most closely approximates age within our mathematical model. Cheek tooth morphological data can be used to predict age in horses that possess all their permanent dentition. In cases in which the age of horses cannot be accurately determined from incisor examination, cheek teeth may be used.
In vitro Effect of Chinese Herb Extracts on Caries-Related Bacteria and Glucan
Authors: Li Ming Yu , Liu Zheng
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of herb extracts on caries -related bacteria and glucan of dental plaque in vitro. Bacterial sensitivity tests were done using broth dilution, and the phenol sulphate method was used to assess glucan inhibition. The results showed that tannic acid could inhibit bacterial growth more effectively than other herb extracts. Eugenol showed a 46.87 ± 12.74 and 36.67 ± 6.30 % inhibitory effect on insoluble and soluble glucan synthesis, respectively. Cnidium, barbaloin, caryophyllin, and piperine had > 40.0 % inhibitory effect on soluble glucan synthesis. Both insoluble and soluble glucan synthesis of S. sobrinus were inhibited by eugenol and piperine. Eugenol and piperine were efficacious in inhibiting glucan synthesis making them desirable agents for oral care products.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of a Dentigerous Cyst in a Dog
Authors: Kuyama Kayo , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Fufita Sisilia Fusi , Satoh Isao , Yamamoto Hirotsugu
Published: April 2016

A dentigerous cyst is a cyst that encloses part or the entire crown of an impacted or late-erupting tooth and occurs with comparatively high frequency in humans. In animals, there are three different lesions that are similar to dentigerous cyst and this complexity has led to confusion. In order to clarify the dentigerous cyst most similar to that in humans especially with regard to characteristics of the lining epithelium, this report describes the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features of a dentigerous cyst in a dog. Further, approaches to the surgical and dental management of this cyst in dogs are also discussed and the literature is reviewed. Extraction of an embedded right mandibular first premolar tooth and debridement of the dentigerous cyst soft tissue lining were performed in a 4-year-old female mixed-breed dog. Radiography showed a well-defined unilocular and radiolucent area associated with the crown of the unerupted tooth. Histologically, the unilocular cyst wall was mainly lined by non-keratinized stratified flattened epithelium. As in humans, canine dentigerous cyst can be appropriately treated by cyst enucleation after accurate diagnosis. The radiographic appearance of an unerupted tooth embedded in an osseous cyst wall is a significant characteristic finding. Moreover, non-keratinized epithelium is immunoreactive for amelogenin and ssDNA, which might be associated with deregulation of cell death in the lining epithelium, derived from odontogenic origin. When encountering any questionable lesions, an accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment can avoid malignant transformation.
Periodontal Health Status in a Colony of 109 Cats
Authors: Girard Nicolas , Servet Eric , Biourge Vincent , Hennet Philippe
Published: April 2016

Periodontal disease has not been well characterized in the cat, and it is not known if feline tooth resorptions (TR) are equivalent to those observed in humans and dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the different patterns of periodontal inflammation in cats, and to evaluate their prevalence in a standardized healthy population (n=109). Particular emphasis was placed on the potential associations between TR and periodontal parameters, as well as the influence of potential risk factors (including breed, sex, and age). A single complete periodontal examination was performed, including periodontal probing of each tooth and exploration of the tooth surface using a dental explorer; at least 10 radiographs were taken for each cat. Missing teeth with radiographic evidence of root apices were present in 34.0 % of cats. Periodontal disease was common, and 13.0 % of cats had aggressive periodontitis. All of the cats had some form of periodontal inflammation, and only 4.0 % of cats were free from gingival inflammation. Moderate to severe gingivitis was present in 13.0 % of teeth. Dental furcation exposure was present in 18.0 % of all multi-rooted teeth. Periodontal bone loss was observed in 31.2 % of teeth, with the majority (98.2 %) of all cats having some form of periodontal bone loss. Breed effects were identified for some variables. Eight of 14 periodontal variables were statistically correlated with Type 1 TR. Two of 14 variables (and age) were statistically correlated with Type 2 TR. In conclusion, the cats of this colony had a wide range of periodontal inflammation, including aggressive periodontitis. Type 1 TR and Type 2 TR were identified to be two significantly different manifestations of TR, with a strong association between Type 1 TR and periodontal disease.
Localization of the Mandibular Canal in Brachycephalic Dogs Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Martinez Lenin Arturo Villamizar , Gioso Marco Antonio , Lobos Cristian Marcelo Villegas , Pinto Ana Carolina Brandão de C. Fonseca
Published: April 2016

For some surgical procedures in veterinary dentistry including exodontia, orthognathic surgery, orthopedic surgery, oncologic surgery, and for the placement of dental implants, it is important to know the accurate location of the neurovascular structures within the mandibular canal. The aim of this research was to determine the course of the mandibular canal in the mandible and its relationship with other anatomical structures in brachycephalic dogs using computerized tomography. Mandibles from 10 brachycephalic cadaver dogs were evaluated. Measurements were taken in relation to the lingual, vestibular, alveolar crest, and ventral surfaces. These measurements indicated that the mandibular canal descends slightly from the mandibular foramen to the molar area, decreasing the distance of the mandibular canal from the mandibular ventral border. The mandibular canal is slightly closer to the lingual surface than the vestibular surface except in the molar tooth region. The mandibular canal continues in a rostral direction occupying the ventral region of the mandibular body, reaching its maximum distance from the alveolar crest at the level of the first molar and fourth premolar teeth. In the third and fourth premolar tooth region, the mandibular canal maintains a similar distance between the vestibular and lingual borders; then, at the level of the second premolar tooth, the distance of the mandibular canal from the lingual and ventral border increases before its termination at the mental foramen. The study reported here documents the feasibility of using CT to determine the location of the mandibular canal in relation to bony and dental parameters. Although the difference in mandible size of the group of brachycephalic dogs reported here resulted in broad ranges of measurements, it is clear that the MC course may vary between individual dogs.
Mandibular Incisor Apicoectomy in a Canadian Beaver
Authors: Steenkamp Gerhard , Venter Leon , Crossley David , Buss Peter
Published: April 2016

A 52-month-old Canadian beaver was presented for treatment of lip trauma resulting from overgrowth of the right mandibular incisor tooth following earlier loss of the right maxillary incisor tooth. Extraction of the affected tooth was considered, but rejected due to the length of the embedded portion of rodent mandibular incisor teeth. The lip injury was managed by crown reduction (odontoplasty) of the overgrowing incisor tooth pending a more permanent treatment plan. A 2-cm apicoectomy of the right mandibular incisor tooth was performed to arrest growth of the tooth when the beaver was 82-months-old. The remainder of the tooth continued to erupt and was completely expelled during a 9-month period with one additional odontoplasty being required. The beaver continued to feed normally with just the left maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth until its death at 118-months, with odontoplasty performed twice on the remaining incisor teeth during the 30-months following exfoliation.
Effect of Kibble Size, Shape, and Additives on Plaque in Cats
Authors: Clarke DE , Servet E , Hendriks W , Thomas DG , Weidgraaf K , Biourge VC
Published: April 2016

Forty mixed-breed cats completed a parallel-group, clinical study to compare supragingival plaque accumulation using a triangular or rectangular shaped dry-expanded diet, with or without an anti-calculus agent (sodium tripolyphosphate) or an anti-plaque agent (plaque-reducing nutrient). The cats were divided into 4 equal groups based on plaque scores. Results showed that coating the kibble with sodium tripolyphosphate had no effect on plaque accumulation. Increasing the surface area and volume and changing the shape of the kibble was associated with a reduction in plaque accumulation, and coating the kibble with a plaque-reducing nutrient further reduced plaque accumulation. The importance of a combination of both mechanical abrasion (chewing) and chemical interference (plaque-reducing nutrient) was demonstrated in this study.
Multifocal Odontoblastic Dysplasia in a Dog
Authors: Smithson Christopher W. , Smith Mark M. , Gamble David A.
Published: April 2016

A two-year-old Boerboel dog presented for a discolored left maxillary canine tooth. Dental radiographs revealed abnormally mineralized pulp within the discolored tooth. Similar radiographic findings were also seen in both maxillary third incisor teeth and in the remaining canine teeth to varying degrees. The discolored tooth was treated by surgical extraction and histopathology revealed abnormal dentin deposition within the canal indicative of dentin dysplasia. Although not previously documented in the dog, the pulpal changes in multiple teeth of the dog reported here were similar to those described for odontoblastic dysplasia in humans. This case report includes a review of developmental abnormalities of dentin in humans and pulpal response to inflammation and injury.
Treatment of a Periradicular Lesion in an Alpaca (Vicugna Pacos)
Authors: Parker Russell , Hawkes Claire , Cox Alistair , Barakzai Safia Z.
Published: April 2016

This case report describes the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a cyst-like periradicular lesion in an alpaca.
Multicentric Oral Plasmacytoma in 3 Dogs
Authors: Smithson Christopher W. , Smith Mark M. , Tappe Jay , Ann Beaudin , Bradley Myron
Published: April 2016

Oral extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP) are locally aggressive tumors in the dog that rarely metastasize. They represent 5.2 % of all canine oral tumors and 22.0 to 28.0 % of all EMPs diagnosed are in the oral cavity. EMPs consist of neoplastic plasma cells that do not arise from the bone marrow. No relationship between EMP and the development of multiple myeloma has been determined in dogs. Complete surgical excision is the primary treatment for this neoplasm and is usually curative. Multiple oral EMPs within the same patient have been rarely reported with tumors arising in the same location in the mouth. To the authors' knowledge, multicentric oral EMP, as described in the following cases, has not been reported in the dog.
Bilateral Dentigerous Cysts in a Dog
Authors: MacGee Scott , Pinson David M. , Shaiken Loren
Published: April 2016

Dentigerous cysts are infrequently seen in veterinary medicine, but the consequences of an undiagnosed dentigerous cyst can be severe. Dentigerous cysts, that can be sub-classified as eruption or follicular, are a type of benign odontogenic cyst. They can cause significant bony and dental destruction associated with expansion if they remain undiagnosed for a period of time. Dentigerous cysts are secondary to embedded or impacted teeth, however not every impacted tooth subsequently forms a dentigerous cyst. Intraoral dental radiographs are necessary to differentiate a missing tooth from an impacted tooth. This case demonstrates the successful surgical management of a dog with bilateral impacted mandibular canine teeth, with secondary dentigerous cyst formation.
Crown Preparation Design: An Evidence-Based Review
Authors: Soukup Jason W.
Published: April 2016

Evidence-based clinical guidelines for full metal crown preparation design are seldom encountered in the veterinary literature. The veterinary literature regarding prosthodontic treatment in companion animals is sparse and consists primarily of case reports and expert opinion based primarily on clinical experience. The goal of this manuscript is to present concepts of evidence-based practice, review common recommendations on crown preparation design from the veterinary literature, and to provide an assessment of the evidence for or against those recommendations.
Effect of Frequency of Brushing Teeth on Plaque and Calculus Accumulation, and Gingivitis in Dogs
Authors: Harvey Colin , Serfilippi Laurie , Barnvos Donald
Published: April 2016

The efficacy of brushing the teeth of beagle dogs in a randomized, controlled, blinded study design using a clearly-defined brushing technique was evaluated for 4 brushing frequencies: brushing daily, brushing every other day, brushing weekly and brushing every other week, compared with no brushing in a control group of dogs. All dogs were fed a standard dry kibble diet during the study. Standard plaque, calculus, and gingivitis indices were used to score the teeth. A ‘clean tooth’ model was used. No gingival or non-gingival lacerations or other signs of injury to oral tissues were found at the end of the 28 day trial period. Brushing more frequently had greater effectiveness in retarding accumulation of plaque and calculus, and reducing the severity of pre-existing gingivitis. Brushing daily or every other day produced statistically significant improved results compared with brushing weekly or every other week. Based on the results of this study, daily brushing is recommended.
Assessment of 68 Prosthodontic Crowns in 41 Pet and Working Dogs (2000–2012)
Authors: Fink Lisa , Reiter Alexander M.
Published: April 2016

A search of the medical and dental records at the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania was conducted to identify dogs that received full or partial prosthodontic crowns over a 13-year period (2000–2012). Forty-one dogs with a total of 68 prosthodontic crowns were identified. Further criteria for acceptance into the study included presence of complete medical records containing adequate information pertaining to the procedures performed, and current follow-up either by telephone, electronic mail, or via in-person examination. Treatment was considered to be successful when the prosthodontic crown was in place and there was no further structural injury to the tooth upon making contact with the client or at the time of death of the dog confirmed by the client. The mean number of days the prosthodontic crowns remained in place without further injury to the tooth was 1,598 (range, 161–4,464 days [median, 1,414 days], standard deviation 1,093 days). Bond failure between the cement and the tooth or the cement and the prosthodontic crown occurred in 3 cases (4.4%). Fracture of the prosthodontically treated tooth occurred in an additional 7 cases (10.3%). Treatment was classified as successful in 58 cases (85.3%). The results suggest that prosthodontic crown therapy is a successful, practical, and durable treatment option for protection of previously injured teeth in pet and working dogs.
Feline “Odontolysis” in the 1920's: The Forgotten Histopathological Study of Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORL)
Authors: Reiter Alexander M.
Published: April 2016

This article reviews an historic description of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) from the 1920's. Hopewell-Smith describes the complete resorption process of feline permanent premolar teeth in remarkable detail, using 14 excellent photomicrographs. Resorptive lesions in cats were seen in the early part of this century, however the prevalence of this condition in domestic cats appears to have increased concurrently with certain aspects of domestication since the 1960's.
Treatment of Traumatic Dental Displacement in Dogs: Six Cases of Lateral Luxation
Authors: Gracis Margherita , Orsini Paul
Published: April 2016

In dogs and cats, the most common causes of dental injury are fights with other animals, car accidents, falls from a height, and chewing on hard materials such as bones or rocks. The trauma more often causes fracture of the teeth, but sometimes avulsion or luxation can occur. Avulsion is the complete displacement of the tooth out of the alveolar socket and luxation is the partial displacement of the tooth. Tooth luxation and avulsion represent dental emergencies. Time is an important factor for successful treatment; the prognosis becomes poorer the longer the tooth is out of the socket. This paper describes the guidelines for treatment of dental displacement in cats and dogs and presents six cases of dental lateral luxation in dogs seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (VHUP) in the period from May 1996 to September 1997.
Use of Maxillary and Mandibular Splints for Restoration of Normal Occlusion following Jaw Trauma in a Cat: A Case Report
Authors: Legendre Loïc
Published: April 2016

A compression fracture of the maxilla in a young cat was treated by splinting the maxillary canine teeth. Wire-reinforced composite resin was used to keep these teeth from tipping palatally. This technique stabilized the fracture with anatomic reduction and minimal invasion of the tissues. A mandibular symphyseal separation was also stabilized with a cerclage wire and composite resin bonded wire fixation of the mandibular canine teeth. Two years later, occlusion was normal.
The Crystalline Components of Dental Calculus in the Domestic Cat
Authors: Clarke David E.
Published: April 2016

Feline dental calculus was found to consist of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)3(CO3)3(OH)2. Other forms of calcium phosphates consistently present in human calculus, and calcium carbonates found in horse, dog, and miniature pig calculus were not present. Calculus composition was performed using wet chemical method, x-ray diffraction, spectrographic analysis, and infrared spectrophotometric analysis. All samples showed traces of amorphous material, including magnesium and ammonium, but were negative for uric acid, cysteine, and oxalate.
Shape effect of nanosize particles in unsteady mixed convection flow of nanofluid over disk with entropy generation
Authors: Zeeshan Ahmed , Hassan Moshan , Ellahi Rahmat , Nawaz Muhammad
Published: April 2016

The aim of this paper is to study the different shapes of nanoparticles on mixed convective steady flow over a rotating disk. For nanofluid, the copper nanoparticles of disk, cylindrical, and spherical shapes of different sizes and water as base fluid are considered. The physical problem is first modeled and then the governing equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are dimensionless using geometrical and physical flowfield-dependent parameters and solved analytically. A very good agreement is observed between the obtained results of the current study and previously published study in limiting cases. The shape effects on velocity profiles in radial, tangential, axial directions, and temperature distribution are displayed graphically with the reflection of specific range of nanolayer thickness and its conductivity. In addition, irreversibility due to heat and fluid friction is investigated that supports the heat transfer enhancement in renewable energy systems and industrial thermal management. For the analysis of the averaged entropy generation number, the results are shown in pie charts and tablet form. It is evident from the study that proper choice of nanoparticles will be helpful in controlling velocity and heat transfer. It is also observed that irreversibility process can be reduced by using nanoparticles, especially the spherical particles.
Influence of vacancy defects on the damage mechanics of graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Zhang Ji , Ragab Tarek , Basaran Cemal
Published: April 2016

Using molecular dynamics simulations, graphene nanoribbons with armchair chirality were subjected to displacement-controlled uniaxial tension until complete fracture at 300 K in order to understand their damage mechanics. Graphene nanoribbons with and without a vacancy defect were simulated to compare the effect of the defect on the fracture behavior. Simulations were performed for graphene nanoribbons with lengths ranging from 2.5 to 15 nm. The stress–strain curve of each case is reported, and the influence of defect on the material properties is discussed. For each sample, damage mechanics types were observed and discussed. Results show a negligible effect of the single vacancy defect on the ultimate strength of the graphene nanoribbon. However, having a single vacancy defect does influence the failure strain, as well as the damage mechanics past the ultimate stress point.
Human Factors Guidelines for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Authors: Hobbs Alan , Lyall Beth
Published: April 2016

The pilot control stations of some unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) have been plagued by poor human–machine interfaces. Human factors guidelines focused on the unique challenges of unmanned aviation will be essential if UASs are to gain unrestricted access to civil airspace. We present a systematic approach that can assist in the development and organization of human factors guidelines for UAS pilot control stations and other human–machine interfaces.
Diagnostic Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity of Executive Function Tests in Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Ghana
Authors: Adjorlolo Samuel
Published: April 2016

The sociocultural differences between Western and sub-Saharan African countries make it imperative to standardize neuropsychological tests in the latter. However, Western-normed tests are frequently administered in sub-Saharan Africa because of challenges hampering standardization efforts. Yet a salient topical issue in the cross-cultural neuropsychology literature relates to the utility of Western-normed neuropsychological tests in minority groups, non-Caucasians, and by extension Ghanaians. Consequently, this study investigates the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of executive function (EF) tests (The Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test), and a Revised Quick Cognitive Screening Test (RQCST) in a sample of 50 patients diagnosed with moderate traumatic brain injury and 50 healthy controls in Ghana. The EF test scores showed good diagnostic accuracy, with area under the curve (AUC) values of the Trail Making Test scores ranging from .746 to .902. With respect to the Stroop Test scores, the AUC values ranged from .793 to .898, while Controlled Oral Word Association Test had AUC value of .787. The RQCST scores discriminated between the groups, with AUC values ranging from .674 to .912. The AUC values of composite EF score and a neuropsychological score created from EF and RQCST scores were .936 and. 942, respectively. Additionally, the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, EF composite score, and RQCST scores showed good to excellent sensitivities and specificities. In general, this study has shown that commonly used EF tests in Western countries have diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity when administered in Ghanaian samples. The findings and implications of the study are discussed.
Experiences of Otherness and Practices of Othering
Authors: Tanyas Bahar
Published: April 2016

The present study aims to explore the experiences of marginalization amongst young Turkish migrants in the UK. It pays particular attention to the ways in which marginalizing experiences and practices are reproduced, normalized and resisted across different ethnic/national contexts, namely, in encounters with the British/English majority, mainland Turks and other diaspora members. A narrative-based analysis of semi-structured interviews reveals that participants do not experience to be sharing an equal status with British/English majority despite their strong attachments to the UK, and that their experiences of otherness are also extended to their relationships with mainland Turks in Turkey and encounters in the diasporic community. However, Turkish migrant identity is not constructed as a fixed position, that of an inferior other. Rather depending on the net of power relationships characterizing the encounters, being of the Turkish minority also becomes a base for marginalizing others and is marginalized by participants themselves.
Meta analysis of different methods used for joint preserving procedures in the management of delayed, neglected and non-united femoral neck fractures in young adults
Authors: ELzohairy Mohamed Mansour , Eid Abdel Salam
Published: April 2016

Background

Neglected fractures in young adults can be amongst the most difficult to treat in the spectrum of fractures of the femoral neck. Because of its complex anatomy and blood supply, timely fixation is paramount. When this does not occur, non-union and avascular necrosis are common complications. Here, we present a meta-analysis of three common options available to the surgeon treating such complications.

Methods

We identified 97 relevant papers by the keywords ‘femoral neck fractures’; ‘neglected’; ‘joint preserving’ and ‘young adults’; 23 met the inclusion criteria and reported on an overall population of 725 patients.

Results

Osteotomy with internal fixation had a union rate of 91.33% (95% CI 84.91–92.87). Fractures fixed by internal fixation with pedicled muscle graft proceeded to union in 86.25% (95% CI 78.92%–88.54%) of cases and those managed with free fibular graft in 88% (95% CI 78.35%–90.84%), respectively. Internal fixation alone, in this study, used as an illustrative control group, was successful in 76.5% (95% CI 65.58%–83.81%) of cases.

Conclusion

These findings show superiority of osteotomy with internal fixation in the management of non-united femoral neck fractures, and more complex options with potentially higher morbidity confer no patient benefit.
Polarization of Ti6Al4V alloy in NaBr electrolyte and surface fractal analysis
Authors: He Yafeng , Lu Wenzhuang , Gan Weiming , Zhao Jianshe , Zuo Dunwen
Published: April 2016

Electrochemical machining is a promising method for titanium alloy processing. The polarization characteristics of Ti6Al4V were studied in detail in order to provide a deeper understanding of this method. The polarization curve of the alloy, which shows the relationship between current density and potential under an external electric field, was obtained in NaBr electrolyte at three different concentrations in a three-electrode electrochemical test system. The surface topography of the polarization zone and pits was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and their fractal features were calculated by the picture point cover method. The results show that Ti6Al4V in the more concentrated electrolyte has higher dissolution rate, lower decomposition potential, and more uniform surface topology in the polarization areas.
Towards a critique of cybernetic urbanism: The smart city and the society of control
Authors: Krivý Maroš
Published: April 2016

The smart city has become a hegemonic notion of urban governance, transforming and supplanting planning. The first part of this article reviews current critiques of this notion. Scholars present three main arguments against the smart city: that it is incompatible with an informal character of the city, that it subjects the city to corporate power and that it reproduces social and urban inequalities. It is argued that these critiques either misunderstand how power functions in the smart city or fail to address it as a specific modality of entrepreneurial urban governance. The second part advances an alternative critique, contending that the smart city should be understood as an urban embodiment of the society of control (Deleuze). The smart city is embedded in the intellectual framework of second order cybernetics and articulates urban subjectivity in terms of data flows. Planning as a political practice is superseded by an environmental-behavioural control, in which subjectivity is articulated supra-individually (permeating the city with sensing nodes) and infra-individually (making citizens into sensing nodes).
Characterisation of occupational blood and body fluid exposures beyond the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act
Authors: Green-McKenzie Judith , McCarthy Ronda B , Shofer Frances S
Published: April 2016

Objective:

To describe the use of mandated safety engineered sharps devices (SESDs) and personal protective equipment in healthcare workers (HCWs) with occupational body fluid exposures (BFE) since the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act.

Methods:

Two questionnaires were administered, over 3 years, to HCWs who reported sharps or splash BFEs. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used.

Results:

Of the 498 questionnaires completed, nurses completed 262 (53%), house staff 155 (32 %), technicians 63 (13%) and phlebotomists 11 (2%). Four (1%) completers reported ‘other’ and three (1%) reported unknown. Sharps injuries accounted for 349 (70%) of the BFEs. SESDs were utilised 43% (128/299) of the time with a 54% (70/130) activation rate. Phlebotomists (80%; 8/10) and nurses (59%; 79/267) used SESDs more than doctors (27%; 31/86) and technicians (26%; 10/39) ( P <0.0001). Fifty-four percent (185/207) of HCWs reported having had training on SESD use; nurses (64%; 98/154) and phlebotomists (70%; 7/8) significantly more so than house staff (44%; 59/133) and technicians (44%; 21/48) ( P <0.05). Most splash BFEs were to the eyes 73% (91/149). Five percent (4/79) of HCWs used protective eyewear.

Conclusions:

Systematic regular training, appropriate protocols and iteratively providing the safest SESDs based on HCW experience and technological advances will further reduce the physical and emotional toll of BFEs.
Income, amenities and negative attitudes
Authors: Waisman Gisela , Larsen Birthe
Published: April 2016

We exploit the regional variation in negative attitudes towards immigrants to Sweden in order to analyse the consequences of negative attitudes on refugees’ utility from labour income and amenities. We find that attitudes towards immigrants are important: while they affect mainly the refugees’ quality of life, they also affect their income. We estimate the utility effects of negative attitudes for refugees with different levels of education and gender. We also analyse how the size of the refugees’ networks relate to their quality of life and income as well as how negative attitudes towards immigration and networks interact.
Raised Fists: Politics, Technology, and Embodiment in 1970s French Feminist Video Collectives
Authors: Murray Ros
Published: April 2016

This article assesses the impact and import of 1970s French feminist video collectives, focusing on the relationship between technology, subjectivity, and embodiment. It investigates how early portable video technology provided the tools for an exploration of subjectivity as collective and political, focusing in particular on the work of French activist video collectives Vidéo Out, les Muses s'amusent, and les Insoumuses. Arguing for protoqueer, nomadic, dissident, and performative modes of expression, it demonstrates that collective subjectivity never follows a clear, linear pattern but rather emerges, so to speak, through the lines, much like the video image itself.
Memory Resurrected in HD: Collective Digital Video Filmmaking as Production of Counterhistory in the Folk Memory Project
Authors: Li Jinying
Published: April 2016

This article examines the Folk Memory Project, a collective documentary initiative in China that organized young filmmakers to return to their home villages to interview elders and unearth silenced memories of the devastating Chinese Great Famine of 1959–61. Focusing on two films produced as part of this project, Self-Portrait with Three Women (dir. Zhang Mengqi, China, 2010) and Children's Village (dir. Zou Xueping, China, 2012), the article argues that the project produces a counterhistory through collective film production in a digital format. These films foreground the filmmaking process and the filming subjects, demonstrating self-reflexive performativity more than transparent authenticity. It is such performativity that mediates between the past and the present, between the individual and the collective. As a participatory performance of filmmaking, the Folk Memory Project demonstrates the profound impact of digital production on the filming subjects as well as its sociopolitical implications. It asks for a paradigm shift in our theoretical understanding of digital cinema, moving from a focus on the indexicality of the image to a consideration of the plurality of knowledge in media, from the subjectivity of spectators to the subjectivity of filmmakers.
Friendship at Work: Can Peer Effects Catalyze Female Entrepreneurship?
Authors: Field Erica , Jayachandran Seema , Pande Rohini , Rigol Natalia
Published: April 2016

Does the lack of peers contribute to the observed gender gap in entrepreneurial success? A random sample of customers of India's largest women's bank was offered two days of business counseling, and a random subsample was invited to attend with a friend. The intervention significantly increased participants' business activity, but only if they were trained with a friend. Those trained with a friend were more likely to have taken out business loans, were less likely to be housewives, and reported increased business activity and higher household income, with stronger impacts among women subject to social norms that restrict female mobility. (JEL G21, J16, J24, L26, M53, O16, Z13)
Recent advances in understanding psoriasis
Authors: Eberle Franziska C. , Brück Jürgen , Holstein Julia , Hirahara Kiyoshi , Ghoreschi Kamran
Published: April 2016

T helper (Th) cells producing interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) form the key T cell population driving psoriasis pathogenesis. They orchestrate the inflammation in the skin that results in the proliferation of keratinocytes and endothelial cells. Besides Th17 cells, other immune cells that are capable of producing IL-17-associated cytokines participate in psoriatic inflammation. Recent advances in psoriasis research improved our understanding of the cellular and molecular players that are involved in Th17 pathology and inflammatory pathways in the skin. The inflammation-driving actions of TNF in psoriasis are already well known and antibodies against TNF are successful in the treatment of Th17-mediated psoriatic skin inflammation. A further key cytokine with potent IL-17-/IL-22-promoting properties is IL-23. Therapeutics directly neutralizing IL-23 or IL-17 itself are now extending the therapeutic spectrum of antipsoriatic agents and further developments are on the way. The enormous progress in psoriasis research allows us to control this Th17-mediated inflammatory skin disease in many patients.
Intercultural Problems In Teaching Russian Language To Foreign Students
Authors: Колесникова  , Kolesnikova L.
Published: April 2016

The article discusses the main features of intercultural teacher of high school, in particular, a teacher of Russian as a foreign language with the audience. The conclusion is that the modern university teacher must know the culture and the mentality of their students, to be a mediator of cultures and translator of Russian culture. Questions intercultural teacher of high school with international students are considered on the example of the Chinese students. The article is interesting for its examples, as well as the description of the author’s personal experience. The scientific approach in an article originally combined with the inclusion of elements of the pedagogical experiment that allows the author to show the most effective approaches to teaching foreign students the Russian language.
The Formation of Cadets Communicative Competence In the Process of Foreign Language Education In the Military Institute
Authors: Ханжина  , Khanzhina Tatyana
Published: April 2016

The formation of cadetscommunicative competence in the process of

foreign language education in the military institute consists of some

components. First of all it is authentic material – sound tracks, study films,

military documentation, slides. In the studying the discipline «The Foreign

Language» cadet must understand the general content of authentic publicpolitical,

journalistic and texts of military orientation. That`s why the special

role is given to the education of audition teaching. To prepare cadets for

the foreign communication it is necessary to teach him to work with the

profession oriented text, to reviewing it. This ability develops basic abilities

of the foreign speech understanding.

Today the new multimedia technologies for the foreign language teaching

are used. They help to understand language events, make communicative

situations, develop language and speech activities. The author gives the

lesson fragment with the multimedia technologies using.
Abilities to Integrate Consulting With Forms and Methods of a Modern Communication Science
Authors: Лукашеня  , Lukashenya Z.
Published: April 2016

The higher school, being significant social institute of modern society, is in a stage of reforming which assumes the radical changes caused by need of compliance world functioning tendencies. Problems of its reforming include updating of the priority purposes and problems of the higher education that causes emergence of its new functions. Characteristics of consulting function of higher education institution at which realization achievements of a modern kommunikation science are used are presented in article. The presented way of integration in high school educational practice, according to the author, will promote efficiency of functioning of educational institution due to the synergetic effect caused by increase of efficiency of activity of his subjects. Results of the research on formation which is carried out by the author at future experts of mechanisms of implementation of continuous vocational training within which questions of realization of their creative abilities, formations at them emotional ethics were analyzed are presented in article. Realization of consulting procedures through modern forms and methods of information and communicative interaction promotes professional and personal development of future experts.
Characterization of Factors Influencing Environmental Literacy in Suburban Park Users
Authors: G. Clark Daniel , E. Sorensen Amanda , C. Jordan Rebecca
Published: April 2016

Urban green spaces have long been studied in terms of their impact on human and environmental health and well-being. We collected and analyzed preliminary survey data for central New Jersey municipalities relating to participants’ perceptions of public green spaces, quality, and usage and relating these factors to environmental knowledge and literacy. Results have yielded new insights into the role of urban canopy cover in differing levels of environmental literacy. Included in this, persons living in areas with higher canopy cover have higher levels of environmental literacy (p=0.0338) and higher educational attainment (p=0.049). Persons with access to higher quality parks also exhibited higher levels of educational attainment (p=0.0475).This relationship and others collectively would support there being multiple types of environmental literacy, with diverse sources, impacts, and outcomes on individuals and communities. Work done to this point has not addressed this idea, nor sought to study the connections between EL and all influencing socio-cultural and landscape factors.
Augmenting the Stability of OB Dump by Using Fly Ash: A Geo Technical Approach to Sustainably Manage OB Dump at Jharia Coalfield, India
Authors: Gupta Anup , Paul Biswajit
Published: April 2016

This paper is mainly focused over the possible utilization of fly ash along with OB dump to enhance the stability of OB dump and thus provide a sustainable approach for better waste management of both these materials simultaneously. Instability of coal mine overburden (OB) dumps is an important problem in most of the coal mines like Jharia coalfields in India. This is mainly occurring due to sliding nature of the rock material, lack of vegetation etc. Numbers of Environmental and health issues are associated with these unstable OB dumps. As it may easily flow with running water can contaminate the nearby water resource as well as carbonaceous content of the dump causes air pollution due to simultaneous combustion. On the other hand management of coal ash that is produced from thermal plants is also an important task. Dumping of fly ash in open may cause number of environmental problems.Various geotechnical and physical parameters such as particle size analysis, specific gravity, density, and friction angle/cohesion test have been performed to check the stability of OB dump and to analyze impacts of fly ash utilization to stabilize the OB dump.
Fisheries and Management Status of Pechiparai Reservoir in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Lloyd C , Ananthan P.S , Sugunan V.V , Ramasubramanian V , Panikkar Preetha , T. Landge Asha
Published: April 2016

The study attempts to give a comprehensive account of socio-economic and ecological aspects of the fisheries and management in Pechiparai reservoir of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu by analysing the data obtained both using primary and from secondary sources. It is unique in terms of demographics - sparsely populated reservoir periphery, very low primary productivity, relatively less diversity in fish species and a typical institutional arrangement for benefit sharing and marketing (share system). Increase in fish seed stocking and fishing effort through share fishing system has increased the total fish catch of the reservoir from an average of 3.5 kg/hectare/year (1962-1980) to an average of 13 kg/hectare/year (1981 to 2015) due to considerable contribution by stocked varieties especially Indian Major Carps. However, regression analysis revealed that there is no significant relationship between fish seed stocking and fish catch in the reservoir. Underlining the limitations of present stock enhancement program, the study emphasises the possibilities of eco-tourism and sport fishing, for creating sustainable livelihoods based on further detailed scientific investigations on the socio-ecology of the reservoir region.
Assessment of Environment Control in Arid Area Green house coupled with Earth Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: Jethva Kamlesh , Sharan Girja
Published: April 2016

In hot arid regions, yields are low and unstable, growing season limited to one. Greenhouses can stabilize and improve yields and extend seasons. But their adoption is impeded by the requirement of large amount of water for (evaporative) cooling. Arid Area Greenhouse (AAG) is developed to reduce or eliminate this need by employing earth-tube-heat-exchanger (ETHE). ETHE was able to heat the greenhouse from 9°C to 22-23°C in 30 minutes in the cold winter nights. Static ventilation along with shading was effective for day time to control till early March. Subsequently ETHE was also operated. Yield of tomato in Arid Area Greenhouse was 1.5 to 2 times and water saving in AAG was 44% of that in open-field condition. ETHE and natural ventilation hold promise as environmental control devices for greenhouses in hot arid regions.
Production of Biodiesel Fuel from Waste Soya bean Cooking Oil by Alkali Trans-esterification Process
Authors: Deshpande Ajinkya , Chavda Pratiksinh , Kadeval Heena
Published: April 2016

Biodiesel is biodegradable, clean-burning, non-toxic, renewable, high-quality, and cheap diesel fuel made primarily from waste vegetable oil which can be used without any alterations in engine design. The paper is concerned with the extraction and quality evaluation of the biodiesel fuels synthesized from waste soya bean cooking oil. Waste soya bean cooking oil had high amount of free fatty acid. Thus, single step transesterification process with the aid of homogeneous catalyst as 1% potassium hydroxide were implemented in this experiment. Methanol was chosen as alcohol solvent. In the transesterification process, the triglycerides in waste cooking oil was reacted with a methanol to form esters and glycerol as by product.The biodiesel were extracted for different oil to methanol ratio as 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. The highest biodiesel yield of 76% was obtained at 1:3 volumetric ratio for 60 ºC reaction temperature and 1250 rpm stirring speed. Results show that the optimal methyl ester yield of 90% occurred at methanol: oil volume ratio of 3:1. The product met the ASTM fuel standards for relative density, acid value, relative density, calorific value, flash point and kinematic viscosity.
Effectiveness and safety of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for adults with lumbar spine pseudarthrosis following spinal fusion surgery
Authors: Bodalia P. N. , Balaji V. , Kaila R. , Wilson L.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the safety and efficacy of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) compared with bone graft when used specifically for revision spinal fusion surgery secondary to pseudarthrosis.

Methods

The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched using defined search terms. The primary outcome measure was spinal fusion, assessed as success or failure in accordance with radiograph, MRI or CT scan review at 24-month follow-up. The secondary outcome measure was time to fusion.

Results

A total of six studies (three prospective and three retrospective) reporting on the use of BMP2 met the inclusion criteria (203 patients). Of these, four provided a comparison of BMP2 and bone graft whereas the other two solely investigated the use of BMP2. The primary outcome was seen in 92.3% (108/117) of patients following surgery with BMP2. Although none of the studies showed superiority of BMP2 to bone graft for fusion, its use was associated with a statistically quicker time to achieving fusion. BMP2 did not appear to increase the risk of complication.

Conclusion

The use of BMP2 is both safe and effective within the revision setting, ideally in cases where bone graft is unavailable or undesirable. Further research is required to define its optimum role. Cite this article: Mr P. Bodalia. Effectiveness and safety of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for adults with lumbar spine pseudarthrosis following spinal fusion surgery: A systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:145–152. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.54.2000418.