bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrient concentrations in mire vegetation as a measure of nutrient limitation in mire ecosystems
Authors: Wassen Martin J. , Olde Venterink Harry G.M. , de Swart Evalyne O.A.M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The above‐ground standing crop and nutrient concentrations in plant material were examined in 45 stands of mire vegetation in the Biebrza peatland, Poland. The stands included flood‐plains, rich fens, transitional fens and bogs. The pattern in nutrient concentrations in the above‐ground plant material resembled the pattern in nutrient concentrations in peatwater and peat which had been investigated in an earlier study. Concentrations of N were quite uniform along the gradient. P‐concentrations were highest in the transitional fen. Critical nutrient concentrations were defined on the basis of a review of nutrient concentrations in plant material from peatlands in which a fertilization experiment had been carried out. Defined critical values for phanerogams were: 13‐14 and 0.7 mg/g dry wt for N and P respectively. Concentrations lower than these values indicate deficiency. P/N ratios ≥ 0.07 indicate N‐deficiency and P/N ratios ≤ 0.04 — 0.05 indicate P‐deficiency. According to these values the Biebrza fens and bogs appear to be primarily deficient in N. The growth of the flood‐plain vegetation does not appear to be restricted by nutrients.
The ectomycorrhizal flora of primary and secondary stands of Pinus sylvestris in relation to soil conditions and ectomycorrhizal succession
Authors: Baar Jacqueline
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Ectomycorrhizal species composition and sporocarp abundance in two 15–20‐yr old primary stands of Pinus sylvestris in the central part of the Netherlands was compared with those in two 16‐ and 27‐yr old secondary stands of P. sylvestris in the Northeast of the country. The trees of the primary stands were spontaneously seeded in a drifting sand area. Only thin litter and humus layers were present. The trees of the 16‐yr old secondary stand were planted on podzolic sandy soil and those of the 27‐yr old stand on non‐podzolic sandy soil. In both secondary stands thick litter and humus layers had developed. The litter and humus partly originated from former stands at the same sites and partly from the present stands. In the secondary stands the thick litter and humus layers and herb vegetation were removed (‘sod‐cutting’) in order to simulate the thin litter and humus layers in the primary stands. Control treatments were present. Surveys in 1991, 1992 and 1993 showed that sod‐cutting enhanced both abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, species richness and diversity were higher in the primary stands than in the secondary ones, also even in the sod‐cut plots. High species richness and diversity were associated with low concentrations of nitrogen and relatively high pH in the litter and humus layers, and in the mineral soil.
Syntaxonomy and phytogeographical differentiation of the Fagus woods in the Southwest Balkan Peninsula
Authors: Dzwonko Zbigniew , Loster Stefania
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Up to now the syntaxonomy of the Fagus woods of the southern Balkans is far less known than that of beech communities in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula and in central and western Europe. A set of 607 phytosociological relevés from southeastern Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and northern and central Greece was subjected to numerical classification and ordination. These results were used for a syntaxonomic revision of Fagus, Fagus‐Abies and Fagus‐Acer woodland communities of the southwestern Balkans. The Doronico columnae‐Fagenion (seven associations from Serbia, the F.Y.R.O.M., and high altitudes in northern Greece) and the Doronico orientalis‐Fagenion (four associations from northern and central Greece) were distinguished. The results of ordination by Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) showed a very distinct phytogeographical pattern of differentiation between community types. The floristic composition of Fagus woods changes markedly along the north‐south gradient. The share of Subbalkan, Balkan, Submediterranean and Mediterranean species increases significantly towards the south, while the Central‐European, European, Euro‐Siberian, Euro‐Asiatic and Circumpolar species decrease in the same direction. The syntaxonomic differentiation of the Fagus woodlands and their classification into regional suballiances reflects this gradient. With the rise in altitude, the number of Balkan, Mediterranean, Submediterranean, European and Euro‐Asiatic species declines.
Sex‐related spatial patterns of Poa ligularis in relation to shrub patch occurrence in northern Patagonia
Authors: Bertiller Mónica B. , Ares Jorge O. , Graff Pamela , Baldi Ricardo
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Poa ligularis is a dioecious species and a valuable forage plant which is widespread in the arid steppe of northern Patagonia (Argentina). The vegetation in these areas consists of a system of perennial plant patches alternating with bare soil areas defining contrasting micro‐environments. We hypothesized that (1) male and female individuals of P. ligularis are spatially segregated in different micro‐environments, (2) the intensity of spatial segregation of sexes depends on plant structure and (3) spatial segregation of sexes is enhanced by competitive interactions between the sexes within the vegetation patches. We analysed the spatial distribution of female and male individuals in relation to the spatial pattern of vegetation in two areas differing in their vegetation structure. The location of P. ligularis within patches where either male, female or both sexes occurred was also analysed. The results indicate that different patterns of spatial distribution of sexes of P. ligularis may be found at the community level depending on the dominant life forms and geometric structure of plant patches. Where patches are of a lower height, with a high internal patch cover, individuals of both sexes are concentrated within patch canopies. In sites characterized by large, tall patches and less internal patch cover suitable microsites for female and male P. ligularis occur both within and outside the patch with males located at further distances from the patch edge. Where the patch is large and tall enough to allow the establishment of males and females at relatively high numbers, males occupy the patch periphery or even colonize the interpatch bare soil. These spatial patterns are consistent with selective traits in which females better tolerate intraspecific competition than males, while males tolerate wider fluctuations in the physical environment (soil moisture, nitrogen availability, wind intensity, etc.).
Diversity patterns in grasslands along a landscape gradient in northwestern France
Authors: Alard Didier , Poudevigne Isabelle
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Several measures of biodiversity were calculated (species richness SR, species diversity H', species evenness J', mean similarity, mosaic diversity and factorial diversity) in vascular plant communities along a landscape gradient in the Seine valley, Normandy, France. For these communities, we also recorded environmental and management data. Species and environmental data were analysed simultaneously by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) in order to study their relationships. CCA identifies one main landscape gradient linked to a set of highly linked ecological factors. Three community types were identified along this gradient: calcicolous communities on chalk slopes, mesophilous communities on colluvium and hydrophilous communities on alluviums. The measures of biodiversity between these groups and their variations along the landscape gradient indicate similar patterns for H', J' and SR. Between‐community biodiversity measures allow consideration of the distribution of species among communities in the landscape. Factorial diversity accounts for the organisation of the communities with reference to the basic mechanisms of species coexistence. Affinity analysis (similarity and mosaic diversity) measures the compositional pattern diversity, which is the function of the variation in species richness. We discuss the indicative versus the predictive value of these measures of biodiversity as regards ecological factors and processes and their application for conservation purposes.
Towards unification of national vegetation classifications: A comparison of two methods for analysis of large data sets
Authors: Bruelheide Helge , Chytrý Milan
Published: May 2006

Abstract. In European phytosociology, national classifications of corresponding vegetation types show considerable differences even between neighbouring countries. Therefore, the European Vegetation Survey project urgently needs numerical classification methods for large data sets that are able to produce compatible classifications using data sets from different countries. We tested the ability of two methods, TWINSPAN and COCKTAIL, to produce similar classifications of wet meadows (Calthion, incl. Filipendulenion) for Germany (7909 relevés) and the Czech Republic (1287 relevés) in this respect.

In TWINSPAN, the indicator ordination option was used for classification of two national data sets, and the extracted assignment criteria (indicator species) were applied crosswise from one to the other national data set. Although the data sets presumably contained similar community types, TWINSPAN revealed almost no correspondence between the groups derived from the proper classification of the national data set and the groups defined by the assignment criteria taken from the other national data set. The reason is probably the difference in structure between the national data sets, which is a typical, but hardly avoidable, feature of any pair of phytosociological data sets. As a result, the first axis of the correspondence analysis, and consequently the first TWINSPAN division, are associated with different environmental gradients; the difference in the first division is transferred and multiplied further down the hierarchy.

COCKTAIL is a method which produces relevé groups on the basis of statistically formed species groups. The user determines the starting points for the formation of species groups, and groups already found in one data set can be tested for existence in the other data set. The correspondence between the national classifications produced by COCKTAIL was fairly good. For some relevé groups, the lack of correspondence to groups in the other national data set could be explained by the absence of the corresponding vegetation types in one of the countries, rather than by methodological problems.
Role of disturbance in maintaining a savanna‐like pattern in Mediterranean Retama sphaerocarpa shrubland
Authors: Gómez Sal A. , Rey Benayas J.M. , López‐Pintor A. , Rebollo S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Can the interaction of episodic and chronic disturbances explain the maintenance of savanna‐like patterns? We explored the morphological and spatial patterns of the leguminous shrub Retama sphaerocarpa in a Mediterranean environment in relation to disturbance. Various morphological variables of R. sphaerocarpa shrubland were found to be determined by a combination of two types of disturbance: (1) mechanical cutting: an episodic, heavy, short‐term disturbance of anthropogenic origin for management purposes, and (2) herbivore activity primarily by rabbits: generally a chronic, more lenient, long‐term disturbance. The intensities of these two types of disturbance were not correlated. Mechanical cutting effects on R. sphaerocarpa shrubland morphology predominated quantitatively over herbivore effects. Herbivores generally produced open shrubland with fewer, more scattered, thicker branched, larger R. sphaerocarpa shrubs. In contrast, intense sprouting after cutting produced a higher density of smaller R. sphaerocarpa shrubs with denser aerial biomass. However, heavy herbivory in abnormally dry periods produced some effects similar to those of mechanical cutting. The size of R. sphaerocarpa shrubs was positively related to seed production. Thus, the means of propagation depended upon the type of disturbance: episodic disturbances resulted in intense sprouting, whereas chronic herbivore activity resulted in the formation of thick branches that produced a large number of seeds. The combination of these two disturbances determine, in part, space occupancy patterns of dominant woody species in this Mediterranean landscape and similar savanna‐type ecosystems. Investigations of environmental constraints on vegetation distribution and abundance should take into account the historical role of herbivores in shaping present systems.
Soil seed bank and community dynamics in an annual‐dominated Mediterranean salt‐marsh
Authors: Marañón T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The seed bank in the soil and litter of an annual grassland in the upper salt marsh of the Guadalquivir delta (SW Spain) contained on average 49110 seeds/m2; 29 species were represented. Field censuses of the grassland, in two consecutive springs, yielded 7 410 and 9 520 plants/m2 respectively. A combined Correspondence Analysis of the seed bank samples and field censuses showed differences in grassland composition between wet and dry years. The environmental changes induced different expressions of the soil seed bank, mediated by demographic processes.

The effect of salinity (25 dS/m of NaCl) was studied on intact soil blocks transplanted to a greenhouse. Salinity did not affect the emergence of seedlings, but reduced the growth of the dominant species, Trisetaria panicea.

The importance of the role of seed banks in community dynamics and their use for conservation management are discussed.
Fuzzy set ordination along an elevation gradient on a mountain in Vermont, USA
Authors: Boyce Richard L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract.Fuzzy set ordination was used to examine relationships between tree species and site factors on Mt. Ascutney, Vermont, USA. Prism plots were established at four elevations (455, 610, 760 and 915 m) along contour lines that encircled the mountain. In addition to elevation, which was the most important factor affecting tree species composition, slope, aspect and exposure to solar radiation all affected composition; however, these latter three factors were important only at 455 m. Topographic position was important at higher elevations as well. The responses of tree species to any of these factors were highly individualistic. Plots of the upper bounds of relative basal area of each species against the apparent elevation of sites where that species was found were useful in predicting how important an individual species could become over the course of forest succession. For example, northern hardwoods, which comprise the most common forest type of this region, are not very common on this mountain. This approach shows, however, that they are currently at levels well below their potential maximum; this is probably due to past disturbance.
Stand and neighbourhood parameters as determinants of plant species richness in a managed forest
Authors: Skov Flemming
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Patterns of species richness in a managed forest were related to ecological factors at two spatial scales. Local variables within a plot (5 m × 5 m) included 13 soil classes and nine stand classes. Neighbourhood variables were defined within a 25 m radius from the focal plot and were measured using a Neighbourhood Diversity Index (NDI ‐ total diversity of different stand classes) and nine Neighbourhood Scores (NS ‐ relative dominance of a given stand class).

224 species were registered in the survey of which 138 were true forest species. Local parameters (stand and soil class) were weak predictors of total and forest species richness. High total and forest species richness were significantly related to high values of NDI (i.e. heterogeneous neighbourhoods). Regression trees showed that total species richness was best predicted by the amount of roadside habitat in the neighbourhood and NDI. Forest species richness was positively related to NDI and negatively related to the amount of coniferous stands in the neighbourhood.
A digital land cover map of Wyoming, USA: a tool for vegetation analysis
Authors: Driese Kenneth L. , Reiners William A. , Merrill Evelyn H. , Gerow Kenneth G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. A Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) based digital land cover map has been created for the state of Wyoming, USA, at moderate spatial (l‐km2 minimum mapping unit) and high typal (41 land cover types) resolution as part of the Wyoming Gap Analysis Program (WGAP). This map presents opportunities for regional characterization of land cover, especially vegetation, and for examination of ecological phenomena that manifest themselves over large areas. Using the digital land cover data, we describe Wyoming vegetation and examine positions of three prominent physiognomic transitions in Wyoming: the elevation of upper and lower treeline, and the position of the biogeographic boundary between shruband grass‐dominated vegetation. By area, the three leading land cover types in Wyoming are Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis sagebrush (33.4 %), mixed grass prairie (17.5 %) and Pinus contorta forest (6.5 %). Average upper‐treeline elevation in Wyoming is 2947 m, and decreases with increasing latitude at an average rate of about 0.5 m/km, less than the rate of about 0.9 m/km reported by Peet (1978) for a gradient from Mexico to Canada. Lower‐treeline occurs at an average elevation of 2241 m, and decreases with increasing latitude and with southerly aspect. In Wyoming, shrub‐dominated communities are more likely to occur than grass‐dominated communities as summer precipitation decreases below 282 mm. All of these relationships are subtle, and it appears that for particular areas, local factors are more important than regional climatic trends in explaining the position of phytogeographic boundaries.
Tree regeneration and future dynamics of the laurel forest on Tenerife, Canary Islands
Authors: Arévalo José Ramón , Fernández‐Palacios María José , Palmer Michael W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We studied two sites in the laurel forest of Tenerife to predict future changes in canopy composition. We used two projection methods: Horn's ‘Markovian Projection’, which utilizes information on juveniles in the vicinity of canopy trees, and a 'Stand Projection’, which ignores such information. We performed these projections both including and excluding a‐sexual regeneration. Although all of our projections predict a change in species composition, inclusion of a‐sexual reproduction decreased the magnitude of successional change. The persistence of Prunus lusitanica and Ilex canariensis appears to be highly dependent on a‐sexual regeneration.

Both the Markov‐ and stand projections predict a slight convergence in species composition between the two sites when only sexual regeneration is considered, and also a higher dominance of the shade‐tolerant species Laurus azorica. When a‐sexual regeneration is also considered, some divergence is shown, with less projected change in the stand projection than in the Markov projection. In spite of some differences between the models, general patterns such as an increase of shade‐tolerant species (Laurus azorica and Prunus lusitanica) and a decrease of shade‐intolerant species (Erica arborea, Erica scoparia and Myrica faya) are consistent.
Becoming Messenian
Authors: Luraghi Nino
Published: May 2006

The article is an enquiry into the identity of two groups who called themselves Messenians: the Helots andperioikoiwho revolted against Sparta after the earthquake in the 460s; and the citizens of the independent polity founded by Epameinondas in 370/69bcin the Spartan territory west of the Taygetos. Based on the history of the Messenians in Pausanias Book 4, some scholars have thought that those two groups were simply the descendants of the free inhabitants of the region, subdued by the Spartans in the Archaic period and reduced to the condition of Helots. According to these scholars, the Helotized Messenians preserved a sense of their identity and a religious tradition of their own, which re-emerged when they regained freedom. One objection to this thesis is that there is no clear archaeological evidence of regional cohesiveness in the area in the late Dark Ages, while the very concept of Messenia as a unified region extending from the river Neda to the Taygetos does not seem to exist prior to the Spartan conquest. Furthermore, evidence from sanctuaries dating to the Archaic and Early Classical periods shows that Messenia was to a significant extent populated byperioikoiwhose material culture, cults and language were thoroughly indistinguishable from those documented in Lakonia. Even the site where Epameinondas later founded the central settlement of the new Messenian polity was apparently occupied since the late seventh century at the latest by a perioikic settlement. Some of theseperioikoiparticipated with the Helots in the revolt after the earthquake, and the suggestion is advanced, based on research on processes of ethnogenesis, that they played a key role in the emergence of the Messenian identity of the rebels. For them, identifying themselves as Messenians was an implicit claim to the land west of the Taygetos; therefore the Spartans consistently refused to consider the rebels Messenians, just as they refused to consider Messenians – that is, descendants of the ‘old Messenians’ – the citizens of Epameinondas' polity. Interestingly, the Spartan and the Theban-Messenian views on the identity of these people agreed in denying that the ‘old Messenians’ had remained in Messenia as Helots. Messenian ethnicity is explained as the manifestation of the will ofperioikoiand Helots living west of the Taygetos to be independent from Sparta. The fact that most Messenian cults attested from the fourth century onwards were typical Spartan cults does not encourage the assumption that there was any continuity in a Messenian tradition going back to the period before the Spartan westward expansion.
Athens and Chalkis: a study in imperial control
Authors: Ostwald Martin
Published: May 2006

The basic contention of this article is that, contrary to a widely held and influential view, the Chalkis Decree does not constitute evidence that Athens tried to impose democracies on rebellious allies after their subjugation. It contains an exchange of oaths between Athens and Chalkis, confirming an ‘agreement’ (homologia), the contents of which are lost. The oaths show Athenian concern for the protection of the Athenian democracy and its friends at Chalkis, and impose some judicial but no political restrictions on Chalkis to secure Athenian domination and assure the priority of Athenian interests. In fact, the Athenians acknowledge the right of the Chalkidians to insist on the performance of civic duties in Chalkis on the part of aliens (xenoi) resident there. The Athenians among these residentxenoi, who are exempted from these obligations, are neither colonists nor kleruchs, as is sometimes alleged, but most probably individual settlers who had been given land in Chalkidian territory by Tolmides in the 450s.
A transitional xerophytic tropical plant community of the Cape Region, Baja California
Authors: de la Luz León , Luis José , Navarro Pérez , Juan José , Breceda Aurora
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Our main objective was to use comparative floristic and structural criteria in order to understand the differences in assemblages brought about by the meeting of arid and dry‐tropical environments. We sampled 33 vegetation plots and recorded all perennial species. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

The floristic variation detected by the PCA was strongly related to altitude and rainfall. The gradient detected by the ordination procedure had Tropical deciduous forest (TDF) and Sonoran Desert (SD) at opposite extremes and Cape sarcocaulescent shrubland (CSCS) in an intermediate position. The numerical classification algorithm detected six distinct groups of species with clearly identifiable field distributions. Vegetation structure also differed significantly between the regions. SD had the lowest species‐richness (α‐diversity) and inter‐site similarity in the CSCS was highest, indicating that this environment is relatively uniform and has low species turnover (β‐diversity).

It is concluded that the CSCS is distinctly different from the sarcocaulescent shrublands of the more northern plant communities of the peninsula, where Sonoran Desert floristic affinities prevail. The floristic composition of the CSCS is rich in dry‐tropical affinities, its species richness is higher, it is homogeneous in its species content and turnover and is more dense with a taller canopy than the northern desert scrubs. It is proposed that the boundary line separating the Cape sediments of granitic origin from the basalt‐derived sediments of the northern‐lying Sierra de la Giganta should be used as an easily identifiable landscape trait to delimitate this unique community.
Logical Consequence Revisited
Authors: Sagüillo José M.
Published: May 2006

Tarski's 1936 paper, “On the concept of logical consequence”, is a rather philosophical, non-technical paper that leaves room for conflicting interpretations. My purpose is to review some important issues that explicitly or implicitly constitute its themes. My discussion contains four sections: (1) terminological and conceptual preliminaries, (2) Tarski's definition of the concept of logical consequence, (3) Tarski's discussion of omega-incomplete theories, and (4) concluding remarks concerning the kind of conception that Tarski's definition was intended to explicate. The third section involves subsidiary issues, such as Tarski's discussion concerning the distinction between material and formal consequence and the important question ofthe criterion for distinguishing between logical and non-logical terms.

§1. Preliminaries. In this paper an argument is a two-part system composed of a set of propositions P (the premise-set) and a single proposition c (the conclusion). The expression ‘c is a [logical] consequence of P’ is used with the same meaning as the expression ‘c is [logically] implied by P’. The expressions ‘is a logical consequence of’ and the converse ‘implies’ are relational. Often, I shall be talking in the same sense of validity of an argument. Validity is a property of arguments; an argument with premise-set P and conclusion c is valid if and only if P implies c; i.e., c is a logical consequence of P. Notice that this notion of argument is strictly ontic; it does not involve any agent that thinks, determines or establishes that a given proposition is or is not a consequence of a given set of propositions.
Hermann Weyl's Intuitionistic Mathematics
Authors: van Dalen Dirk
Published: May 2006

Dedicated to Dana Scott on his sixtieth birthday.

It is common knowledge that for a short while Hermann Weyl joined Brouwer in his pursuit of a revision of mathematics according to intuitionistic principles. There is, however, little in the literature that sheds light on Weyl's role and in particular on Brouwer's reaction to Weyl's allegiance to the cause of intuitionism. This short episode certainly raises a number of questions: what made Weyl give up his own program, spelled out in “Das Kontinuum”, how did Weyl come to be so well-informed about Brouwer's new intuitionism, in what respect did Weyl's intuitionism differ from Brouwer's intuitionism, what did Brouwer think of Weyl's views,…? To some of these questions at least partial answers can be put forward on the basis of some of the available correspondence and notes. The present paper will concentrate mostly on the historical issues of the intuitionistic episode in Weyl's career.

Weyl entered the foundational controversy with a bang in 1920 with his sensational paper “On the new foundational crisis in mathematics”. He had already made a name for himself in the foundations of mathematics in 1918 with his monograph “The Continuum” [18]; this contained in addition to a technical logical-mathematical construction of the continuum, a fairly extensive discussion of the shortcomings of the traditional construction of the continuum on the basis of arbitrary—and hence also impredicative—Dedekind cuts.
The Mathematical Development of Set Theory from Cantor to Cohen
Authors: Kanamori Akihiro
Published: May 2006

Set theory is an autonomous and sophisticated field of mathematics, enormously successful not only at its continuing development of its historical heritage but also at analyzing mathematical propositions cast in set-theoretic terms and gauging their consistency strength. But set theory is also distinguished by having begun intertwined with pronounced metaphysical attitudes, and these have even been regarded as crucial by some of its great developers. This has encouraged the exaggeration of crises in foundations and of metaphysical doctrines in general. However, set theory has proceeded in the opposite direction, from a web of intensions to a theory of extensionpar excellence, and like other fields of mathematics its vitality and progress have depended on a steadily growing core of mathematical structures and methods, problems and results. There is also the stronger contention that from the beginning set theory actually developed through a progression ofmathematicalmoves, whatever and sometimes in spite of what has been claimed on its behalf.

What follows is an account of the development of set theory from its beginnings through the creation of forcing based on these contentions, with an avowedly Whiggish emphasis on the heritage that has been retained and developed by current set theory. The whole transfinite landscape can be viewed as the result of Cantor's attempt to articulate and solve the Continuum Problem.
Two Applications of Inner Model Theory to the Study of Sets
Authors: Hjorth Greg
Published: May 2006

§0. Preface. There has been an expectation that the endgame of the more tenacious problems raised by the Los Angeles ‘cabal’ school of descriptive set theory in the 1970's should ultimately be played out with the use of inner model theory. Questions phrased in the language of descriptive set theory, where both the conclusions and the assumptions are couched in terms that only mention simply definable sets of reals, and which have proved resistant to purely descriptive set theoretic arguments, may at last find their solution through the connection between determinacy and large cardinals.

Perhaps the most striking example was given by [24], where the core model theory was used to analyze the structure of HOD and then show that all regular cardinals below ΘL(ℝ) are measurable. John Steel's analysis also settled a number of structural questions regarding HODL(ℝ), such as GCH.

Another illustration is provided by [21]. There an application of large cardinals and inner model theory is used to generalize the Harrington-Martin theorem that determinacy implies )determinacy.

However, it is harder to find examples of theorems regarding the structure of the projective sets whose only known proof from determinacy assumptions uses the link between determinacy and large cardinals. We may equivalently ask whether there are second order statements of number theory that cannot be proved under PD–the axiom of projective determinacy–without appealing to the large cardinal consequences of the PD, such as the existence of certain kinds of inner models that contain given types of large cardinals.
An Elementary Approach to the Fine Structure of L
Authors: Friedman Sy D. , Koepke Peter
Published: May 2006

We present here an approach to the fine structure of L based solely on elementary model theoretic ideas, and illustrate its use in a proof of Global Square in L. We thereby avoid the Lévy hierarchy of formulas and the subtleties of master codes and projecta, introduced by Jensen [3] in the original form of the theory. Our theory could appropriately be called ”Hyperfine Structure Theory”, as we make use of a hierarchy of structures and hull operations which refines the traditional Lα -or Jα-sequences with their Σn-hull operations.

§1. Introduction. In 1938, K. Gödel defined the model L of set theory to show the relative consistency of Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis. L is defined as a union

of initial segments which satisfy: L0 = ∅, Lλ = ∪α<λLα for limit ordinals λ, and, crucially, Lα + 1 = the collection of 1st order definable subsets of Lα. Since every transitive model of set theory must be closed under 1st order definability, L turns out to be the smallest inner model of set theory. Thus it occupies the central place in the set theoretic spectrum of models.

The proof of the continuum hypothesis in L is based on the very uniform hierarchical definition of the L-hierarchy. The Condensation Lemma states that if π : M → Lα is an elementary embedding, M transitive, then some ; the lemma can be proved by induction on α. If a real, i.e., a subset of ω, is definable over some Lα,then by a Löwenheim-Skolem argument it is definable over some countable M as above, and hence over some , < ω1. This allows one to list the reals in L in length ω1 and therefore proves the Continuum Hypothesis in L.
New Dichotomies for Borel Equivalence Relations
Authors: Hjorth Greg , Kechris Alexander S.
Published: May 2006

We announce two new dichotomy theorems for Borel equivalence relations, and present the results in context by giving an overview of related recent developments.

§1. Introduction. For X a Polish (i.e., separable, completely metrizable) space and E a Borel equivalence relation on X, a (complete) classification of X up to E-equivalence consists of finding a set of invariants I and a map c : X → I such that xEy ⇔ c(x) = c(y). To be of any value we would expect I and c to be “explicit” or “definable”. The theory of Borel equivalence relations investigates the nature of possible invariants and provides a hierarchy of notions of classification.

The following partial (pre-)ordering is fundamental in organizing this study. Given equivalence relations E and F on X and Y, resp., we say that E can be Borel reduced to F, in symbols

if there is a Borel map f : X → Y with xEy ⇔ f(x)Ff(y). Then if is an embedding of X/E into Y/F, which is “Borel” (in the sense that it has a Borel lifting).

Intuitively, E ≤BF might be interpreted in any one of the following ways:

(i) The classi.cation problem for E is simpler than (or can be reduced to) that of F: any invariants for F work as well for E (after composing by an f as above).

(ii) One can classify E by using as invariants F-equivalence classes.

(iii) The quotient space X/E has “Borel cardinality” less than or equal to that of Y/F, in the sense that there is a “Borel” embedding of X/E into Y/F.
Models of Second-Order Zermelo Set Theory
Authors: Uzquiano Gabriel
Published: May 2006

In [12], Ernst Zermelo described a succession of models for the axioms of set theory as initial segments of a cumulative hierarchy of levelsUαVα. The recursive definition of theVα's is:

Thus, a little reflection on the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF) shows thatVω, the first transfinite level of the hierarchy, is a model of all the axioms ofZFwith the exception of the axiom of infinity. And, in general, one finds that ifκis a strongly inaccessible ordinal, thenVκis a model of all of the axioms ofZF. (For all these models, we take∈to be the standard element-set relation restricted to the members of the domain.) Doubtless, when cast as a first-order theory,ZFdoes not characterize the structures 〈Vκ,∈∩(Vκ×Vκ)〉 forκa strongly inaccessible ordinal, by the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem. Still, one of the main achievements of [12] consisted in establishing that a characterization of these models can be attained when one ventures into second-order logic. For let second-orderZFbe, as usual, the theory that results fromZFwhen the axiom schema of replacement is replaced by its second-order universal closure. Then, it is a remarkable result due to Zermelo that second-orderZFcan only be satisfied in models of the form 〈Vκ,∈∩(Vκ×Vκ)〉 forκa strongly inaccessible ordinal.
Two Archaic Greek Sarcophagi
Authors: Dennis George
Published: May 2006

These sarcophagi were brought to light by accident in the summer of 1882, by peasants digging in the fields. Hearing of the discovery I made an attempt to purchase them, but before my negotiations were completed, the Ottoman authorities stepped in and appropriated the monuments, which are now lying in a porch of the Governor General's palace, much injured by the rough handling they have received in their transport to Smyrna.

These sarcophagi possess a peculiar interest as presenting to us the only specimens of local pictorial art of an early Greek period as yet discovered on the coast of Asia Minor. It is a singular fact that no figured vases, so far as I can learn, have been disinterred on this coast, save a few of small size and insignificant character found in the Troad, and two amphorae of a late period discovered by Mr. Newton in the necropolis of Halicarnassus (Discoveries in the Levant, vol. ii. p. 63). The scarcity of such vases seems to suggest that these exceptions had probably been imported, as we know that Greek vases were articles of commerce in ancient times (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 46); but these sarcophagi from their size, weight, and material cannot have been other than of local manufacture and adornment, and are the only monuments which afford us a knowledge of Ionian pictorial art at a period before Herodotus wrote or Pindar sung, and, it may be, before Anacreon fled from the neighbouring city of Teos to sing the praises of love and wine at the court of Polycrates.
An Inscription from Prienè
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

The following inscription was copied by Mr. A. S. Murray when travelling with Mr. Newton in Asia Minor in 1870, ‘from a stelè at the door of a house at Kelibesch.’ It has been put into my hands for publication because the inscribed marbles brought from Prienè by Mr. Pullan in 1870, and presented to the British Museum by the Society of Dilettanti, have been prepared by me for the press, and are now in course of publication. They will form a portion of Part iii. of the Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum. Kelibesch is a Turkish village on the southern slope of Mt. Mykalè, a short distance from the ruins of the temple of Athenè Polias at Prienè. A description of it will be found in Chandler's Travels in Asia Minor, vol. i., p. 197. Mr. Murray's memoranda do not furnish any account of the size or colour of the marble employed for this stelè: but it is evidently entire at the top and right side; the left-hand edge is slightly injured, but a good deal is broken off at the bottom.
Paintings on the Amazon Sarcophagus of Corneto
Authors: Colvin Sidney
Published: May 2006

Few monuments of ancient art possess either a more obvious beauty and attraction, or a greater interest for the archæological student, than the sarcophagus painted with various scenes of an Amazonomachia, which was discovered in 1869 in a grave at a little distance from Corneto, the ancient Tarquinii, and was a few years afterwards acquired for the Egyptian and Etruscan Museum at Florence. Its date is probably not much after 300 B.C., and the pictures which adorn it, even if not the work of a Greek hand, offer us the best example we possess of the manner of Greek polychrome painting in that age. They have been already described by several highly competent writers, including Dr. Helbig and Otto Donner (Bull. dell' Inst. 1869, p. 198 sq.); the late Dr. Klügmann, who for years made representations of the Amazons in ancient art his especial study (Ann. dell' Inst. 1873, p. 239 sq.); Mr. Dennis (Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 2nd ed., 1881, p. 96 sq.); and Dr. Woermann (Woltmann and Woermann, Hist. of Painting, English ed., 1880, vol. i., p. 100). But hitherto no adequate illustrations of them have been published. The sketches in slightly shaded outline engraved, (Mon dell' Inst., vol. ix., pl. lx.), to accompany Dr. Klügmann's article above referred to, furnish, indeed, a useful key to the shape and dimensions of the sarcophagus, and to the arrangement and subject-matter of its pictures. But of the style of the work they give little notion, and of its colouring, from the nature of the case, none at all. Coloured facsimiles of some selected portions of these most interesting paintings are published for the first time with the present number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies (Pls. XXXVI., XXXVII., XXXVIII.).
Inscriptions copied by Cockerell in Greece
Authors: Gardner Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

I have been requested to examine a MS. collection, bound in two volumes, and entitled MS. Inscriptions collected in Greece by C. R. Cockerell, 1810–14. A fuller description of the contents is added on the title page, apparently by the hand of the collector himself—‘Inscriptions collected in various parts of Greece by C. R. Cockerell, from the year 1810–14; they were copied from the original manuscripts in this form by Signor Amati, in Rome, in 1815, and examined by Mr. Akerblad, who made all the notes and corrections in red ink. Mr. Walpole has made copies of those marked “Cd.,” and has noted those already in print’. It is evident, therefore, that we have here documents of considerable importance, especially as all trace of the original manuscripts referred to has been lost. Signor Amati, the transcriber, seems to have done his work with great care and accuracy, even the forms of letters being, in most cases, faithfully preserved. A comparison with other independent transcriptions from the same originals will soon show that we may rely on his copying; where mistakes occur, they are almost always such as would arise from indistinctness on the stone itself. This statement is of importance, for other transcribers, whether independent or immediately deriving their material from this book, often show a carelessness which can easily be corrected by a reference to it, and which has, in many cases, affected the copies preserved in the Corpus itself.
On the Syrinx (σȗριγξ) in the Ancient Chariot
Authors: Verrall A. W.
Published: May 2006

The Attic Tragedians—for the use seems to have extant examples there only—several times apply the word σȗριγξ to the wheel of a chariot or some part of it. The passages are these:—

Aesch. Supp. 181:

Id. Sept. 205:

Soph. Electra, 720:

Eur. Hipp. 1234:

Id. Iph. A. 227:

The current explanation of the word in this application is given by Liddell and Scott thus: ‘σȗριγξ, II., anything like a pipe; 1. a spear-case = δορατοθήκη, II. 19, 387. 2. the box or hole in the nave of a wheel,’ with references selected from the above.
Vases from Rhodes with Incised Inscriptions
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

I have already had occasion (Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. V. p. 220) to speak of a collection of antiquities discovered by Mr. Biliotti in his excavations in Rhodes. These objects it will be remembered were transmitted to England with a diary of the excavations in which were noted the contents of each tomb as it was found; and a running number was pencilled upon every object as a reference to the tomb which had contained it. Unfortunately, these numbers have in many cases been lost, owing to the wear and tear of packing, breakage and cleaning; and even in other cases where these are preserved, it has been difficult sometimes to identify the object in its cleaned state with Mr. Biliotti's description on the spot: so that the most that can be done is to deduce general inferences only. I propose in the next volume of this Journal to publish the more interesting portions of the Diary, with references, wherever it has been possible to identify the objects, to Messrs. Sotheby's Sale Catalogue, in compiling which I have classed all the objects according to their style and have given a description of the more important. The results are I think likely to prove valuable for the study of Rhodian vase-fabrics.
The Collection of Ancient Marbles at Leeds
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

The collection of antiquities which forms the subject of this paper was presented in the year 1863—4 to the Museum of the Leeds Philosophical Society by the Rev. John Gott, D.D., then Vicar of Leeds and now Dean of Worcester. He tells me that it came into his hands in the following way. Mr. Benjamin Gott, elder brother of the Dean's father, made a tour in Greece about the year 1815, in the company of an intimate friend, Mr. Rawson. They visited Smyrna, and returned through the islands to Athens, purchasing, in the course of their travels, a number of ancient marbles. Mr. Benjamin Gott died of fever at the Piraeus, and was buried at Athens in the Theseium. Many years afterwards, when an English cemetery was opened at Athens, his body, with two others, was removed from the temple to this more fitting resting-place.

Upon Mr. B. Gott's death, the marbles passed into the possession of his fellow-traveller Mr. Rawson, in whose house at Halifax they remained for years. Here six of the inscriptions were copied and sent to Böckh for insertion in the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum which he was then preparing.
A Thasian Decree
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

The stone bearing the following inscription was found by Mr. Theodore Bent last year at Limena in Thasos, built into the wall of a Byzantine church which was pulled down for the erection of a house. Mr. Bent made an excellent impression of the inscription, which he has kindly sent me; upon this the text is based. The inscription is entire on the right and at the bottom; the left and the top are mutilated. The existing portion measures just one foot in height, and nine inches in width. The surface is for the most part well preserved, and the readings are certain except at the beginning of lines 17—18, of which more will be said. The letters are engraved στοιχηδόν.
ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΕΙΑ
Authors: Macan Reginald W.
Published: May 2006

The object of the following article is not to review the work achieved by the first editor of the newly recovered Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, still less to discuss the plan adopted for its publication by the authorities of the British Museum. It would, however, be an exaggerated and perhaps a misleading reticence, if no reference were made to those preliminaries and mere points of procedure. Many sharp things have been thought and said in various quarters about the matter: but there are several sides even to these minor questions. The Museum from amid its priceless cuneiform and hieroglyphic treasures, all crying for publication, need not have regarded the mission of this small Greek argosy as marking so great an epoch. A committee, indeed, might have worked more surely, but it would have worked more slowly than our single industrious and indeed brilliant editor: had assessors been voted him, we might still be waiting the result. Now, as may be observed with satisfaction, the resources of the whole world of learning are being concentrated upon the new text, and the earlier murmurs of critical dissatisfaction are in a fair way to be lost in good-humoured collaboration for a reconstruction of the text. This work, indeed, has been carried so far already, as appears from the March number of the Classical Review, that it will not be deemed premature to raise some questions in regard to the value of the new text, viewed from the side of the historian. It is the design of the present paper to define some of the points which must be considered before the exact place of the new text among our historical sources can be determined. It is no reproach to the editor to say that he has dealt somewhat curtly with these problems in his Introduction and notes. It will require that many minds should independently be brought to bear upon the multitude of questions which present themselves in connexion with the more strictly historical criticism, or, as it was in some quarters too proudly termed of yore, ‘the higher criticism,’ before definitive results can be reached. If the present paper contribute to elucidate some of the points to be discussed in relation to the historical authority of the recovered treatise on the Athenian Constitution, it will fulfil its purpose, and not be considered a petitio principii.