bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Khums in Imāmī Shī'ī jurisprudence, from the tenth to the sixteenth centtury A.D.
Authors: Calder Norman
Published: January 2010

Khums was, like zakāt, a ritual duty incumbent on individuals, a farīḍa 'alā l-'ayn. Distinguished from the other 'ibādāt by being as to immediate aim human rights and not divine ones (ḥaqq li'l-ādamiyyīn not ḥaqq li'llāh) the final aim of both khums and zakāt was none the less divine reward and more certain salvation. The qur'ānic basis for khums was found in the verse (8: 41):

Know that whatever you acquire as material gain a fifth belongs to God and to the Prophet and to those related and the orphans and the poor and the wayfarers.
A note on split ergativity in Burushaski
Authors: Tiffou Étienne , Morin Yves-Charles
Published: January 2010

In his pioneer work on the Burushaski language, Lorimer (1935a:64) noted the existence of what has been later described as an ergative construction: the subject of a transitive verb is in the ergative case (a special case, usually marked by the suffix-e) while the subject of inttransitive verbs, as well as the object of transitive verbs, are in the absolutive case (morphologically unmarked) as appears in the examples 1(a)-(c) below:
Iruṅkoveḷ and the Koṭṭai Veḷāḷar—the possible origins of a closed community
Authors: Ramanathan P.
Published: January 2010

Stanzas 201 and 202 of PuṟanāṆūṟu are addressed by Kapilar to Iruṅkoveḷ. The following are the principal matters known about Iruṅkoveḷ from the stanzas and their old gloss:

He was an important chief among the Veḷir and his ancestors were the rulers of the well-fortifiied Tuvarai—‘Tuvarāpati’ according to the gloss—for 49 generations. He was obviously not at Tuvarai in Kapilar's time.
Calling the Soul: A Mongolian Litany
Authors: Bawden C. R.
Published: January 2010

The examination and cataloguing of Mongol manuscripts and prints in European libraries in recent years has brought to light a considerable number of books whose subject matter is the occurrence and treatment of sickness by magical means, and the magical ceremonies to be performed after a person's death in order to counteract the prolongation of the evil influences which were responsible for the occurrence.
The Arabic Literature of Nigeria to 1804: a Provisional Account
Authors: Bivar A. D. H. , Hiskett M.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this essay is to provide a convenient introduction to the Arabic literature composed in Nigeria and the immediately adjoining areas in the period before the commencement of the Fulani jihād. That far-reaching movement of political and religious reform, initiated in 1804 under the leadership of Shehu Usuman dan Fodio (in Arabic texts ‘ b. Fūdī, often surnamed Nur al-zamdn and Mujaddid al-isldm) clearly marks off the division between the early and the modern period in the Arabic literature of this area. As is well known, the standard bibliographical work of reference, Brockelmann's encyclopaedic Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, however full its coverage of the writing of the Arabic-speaking world at large, represents only scantily the West African writers of Arabic.
Kuwaiti Arabic idioms
Authors: Yassin Mahmoud Aziz F.
Published: January 2010

Publications by Weinreich, Chafe, Makkai, and Mitchell have put the problem of idiom formation in the focus of attention. Kuwaiti Arabic (KA) idioms, however, seem to have received very little attention or no serious attention from professional linguists. The majority of KA idioms are semantically specialized phrases that belong to a more informal or colloquial level of speech.
Some remarks on Oyrot morphology
Authors: Menges K. H.
Published: January 2010

In view of the scarcity of publications on the Turkic languages of the Soviet Union, especially the Turkic languages of Siberia, every contribution to this subject is highly welcome. One of these is C. G. Simpson's Some features of the morphology of the Oirot (Gorno-Altai) language (issued by the Central Asian Research Centre in association with St. Antony's College (Oxford) Soviet Affairs Study Group), 1955, which, in 68 pp. of typescript, tries to give the essentials of Oyrot morphology, being based, as the author says, mainly on Dyrenkova's Oyrot grammar (Γpaмматика ОЙротского ЯзьІ,ка Moscow, 1940, 302 pp.) and Baskakov's grammatical sketch of the Oyrot language in the little Oyrot dictionary, published by himself and T. M. Toščakova.
Buddha's Prolongation of Life
Authors: Jaini Padmanabh. S.
Published: January 2010

The belief in immortality and the immeasurable life-span of a single existence is found in the earliest records of the Indian religions. The general trend of the Vedas, the epics, and the Purāṇas is towards immortalizing their devatās and deities. The avatāras of the Hindu Godhead, in spite of their earthly existence, were considered free from the laws of birth and death. In their case these incidents were spoken of as mere appearances, since such beings were but devices of the immortal God to work among mortals.
Some Remarks on the Structure of the Verb Complex in Standard Chinese
Authors: Simon H. F.
Published: January 2010

These remarks on the verb complex are based on the speech system of one informant. The informant was born in Tientsin but was brought up in Peking, and lived in both Peking and Tientsin until 1948. She does not wish her name to be divulged, but I should nevertheless like to place on record here my very great indebtedness to her for her great patience and conscientiousness.
Mu'Tasim and the Turks
Authors: Ismail Osman S. A.
Published: January 2010

In the course of their expansion into Central Asia the Muslims came into contact with Turks, either settled and Iranized or else nomadic and marauding in their mode of life. As early as the time of the Caliph ‘Uthmān, when the conquest of Khurāsān was barely complete, there were, according to the historical sources, a number of incursions by Turkish nomads into that province in the neighbourhood of Marw and even as far as Nīshāpūr. Under the Umayyads, however, the Muslims came into direct contact with both the Western and the Northern Turkish states. In the period 86–96/705–15, under Qutaiba b. Muslim, the famous Umayyad governor, the Muslims won their first important victory over the Western Turks. Under Naṣr b. Sayyār, in the year 121/738–9, the Muslims broke the power of the Western Turks by defeating the dominant group amongst them, that of the TürgeshKhāqāns. The empire of the Northern Turks was destined to come to an end shortly afterwards in the year 744.
Some Phonological Characteristics of Rājasthānī
Authors: Allen W.S.
Published: January 2010

Rājasthānī in its historical aspect has been admirably served by Western scholarship—most notably by the work of Tessitori on Old Western Rājasthānī (OWR), and of Sir Ralph Turner on Gujarātī phonology (since OWR ‘represents the stage of comparative linguistic unity of Gujarātī and Rājasthānī’). Last year saw the unveiling in Bikaner of a memorial to Luigi Pio Tessitori; this year sees the seventieth anniversary of his birth, and the publication of the present volume in honour of Sir Ralph.
Sanskrit /Gur- ‘To Welcome’
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

The meanings of the root /gar- (1) are according to the concise statement of Neisser, ‘Stimme erheben, besingen; ehren, ruhmen, loben; beifällig, ehrend aufnehmenä. This accurately represents the facts, but it gives rise to an obvious question inasmuch as the last meaning, which involves no raising of the voice or utterance, is on consideration noticeably different from the first. Neisser's statement, which represents the consensus of opinion, assumes that the primary meaning of this root is ‘speak aloud, sing, proclaim, etc.’, and that the other set of meanings ‘welcome, approve, show appreciation, etc.’, represents a secondary meaning development, presumably through the intermediate stage ‘express approval’, etc.
Fragments of Assyrian Scholastic Literature
Authors: Gadd C.J.
Published: January 2010

With this article are presented the inscriptions upon nine fragments of tablets belonging to the royal library of the Assyrian kings which was found at Nineveh, its remains being now in the British Museum (and the writer is indebted to the Trustees for permission to publish these specimens). He had already taken the liberty to quote from them in the course of his Inaugural Lecture at the School of Oriental and African Studies, and it is therefore appropriate to include them in a volume in honour of Professor Sir Ralph Turner, Director of the School, whose great services will be more fittingly celebrated by others, but the present writer gladly uses this opportunity to testify his gratitude for many acts of personal kindness, of which the Director's presence and publicly-expressed approval on the aforesaid occasion were not the least appreciated.
Two Problems in New Indo-Aryan
Authors: Hendrisken Hans
Published: January 2010

The following two problems, though different in other respects, have this in common—that they at first glance invite an easy, though phonologically unsatisfactory, explanation, whereas their solution is to be sought in other directions. My attention was called to them through my studies of some Himachali1 dialects.
The Patterns of theTriṣṭubh
Authors: Randle H.N.
Published: January 2010

§ 1. No doubt the coincidence (except for a long initial syllable) of the classical Sanskrit metrevasanta-tilakawith the first period of Pindar's sixth Pythian is fortuitous:
Notes on the Pronunciation of Sea Dayak
Authors: Scott N.C.
Published: January 2010

In my Dictionary of Sea Dayak, I gave a scheme for the systematic spelling of the language in a table that is reproduced below. The following notes on the phonetic interpretation of this spelling are based on the pronunciation
of speakers from the Second Division of Sarawak. The descriptions refer to words spoken in isolation, which have slightly increased stress on the final syllable.
Tibetangseband Cognate Words
Authors: Simon Walter
Published: January 2010

Theentrygsebin Jäschke's Tibetan dictionary, which has been taken over almost without a change into that compiled by Sarat Chandra Das, poses a problem in so far as it differs in an important point from the entries to be found in the dictionaries of A. Csoma de Kőrös, I. J. Schmidt, and that of the Catholic Missionaries of Tibet, generally referred to as Desgodins' dictionary. While all these dictionaries are in agreement on the meaning of ‘stallion’, which has been listed by J(äschke) under I, the difference occurs in the treatment ofgseb(alternating withseb), listed by J under II.
The Castle of Violets:from Greek Monemvasia to Turkish Menekshe
Authors: Wittek Paul
Published: January 2010

Monemvasia, an island town of the Morea, the Malvasia of the Italians, the Malvoisie of the French, is now an almost forgotten place, though its name still lives on as that of the strong sweet wine originally grown there—the ‘Malvasia’, ‘Malvasier’, ‘Malvoisie’, ‘Malmsey’ of the various languages and literatures of Europe. Yet once Monemvasia was a major port and emporium on a most important sea-route, and at the same time an impregnable fortress which played in history a rôle of no small consequence. As guardian of the western entrance to the Aegean Sea it was indeed the ‘Gibraltar of Greece’, as a modern writer1 has called it, though nowadays the comparison is confined to its natural situation.
A Judaeo-Arabic document form Sicily
Authors: Wansbrough John
Published: January 2010

Among the Arabic documents preserved in the archives of Sicily is one relating to the affairs of the Jewish community in Siracusa at the end of thetwelfth century. Belonging by origin to the episcopal church of Cefalù, it isnow in the Archivio di Stato at Palermo (Tabulario della Chiesa Vescovile di Cefalù, Perg. no. 25), and was included in the collection published by S. Cusain 1868–82.
The establishment of the East India Company Residency at Baghdād, 1798–1806
Authors: Yapp M. E.
Published: January 2010

The establishment of a British political agent at Baghdad marked an important shift in British policy in the area of the Persian Gulf. It underlined the changing interest from trade to politics, the recognition of the strategic problem of Indian defence, and the assertion by the British Government in India of a policy towards the Ottoman Empire which was in contrast to that of the Government in England. During the period of office of the first Resident, Harford Jones, these changes were but dimly perceived through the fog of personal feuds which surrounded him. None the less these feuds did ultimately reflect significant divisions about policy.
Meghanādbadhkāvya, canto viii: descensus Averno
Authors: Clark T. W.
Published: January 2010

Michael Madhusudan Datta (1824–73) wrote Meghanādbadhkāvya‘ The death of Meghanād’, a nine-canto epic, in 1861. Being a Rāma story, the poem naturally owes much of its substance to the Rāmāyaṇa tradition, which is represented in Sanskrit by Vālmīki's mahākāvya and in Bengali by Krittibās's work; but it differs from that tradition, widely and in a most original way, in the characterization of the persons, the selection and presentation of the episodes, and above all in sentiment and sympathy. This divergence was the result of deliberate choice. ‘I despise Ram and his rabble (i.e. the monkeys); but the idea of Ravan elevates and kindles my imagination’ Datta wrote to R. N. Basu. In other letters he gave further indications of his thinking about the approach to his subject. ‘I mean to give free scope to my Inventing powers and to borrow as little as I can from Vahniki’; and,' If the father of our poetry (i.e. Vāhmīki) had given Ram human companions I could have made a regular Iliad of the death of Meghanad.
Professor A. Guillaume's Translation of the Sīrah
Authors: Serjeant R.B.
Published: January 2010

Professor Guillaume's new translation of the Sīrah of Ibn Isḥāq (in the recension of Ibn Hishām) will stand as an enduring monument to his tenure of the Chair of Arabic at the University of London. The Arabic has been rendered into elegant classical English, very readable in style, with none of that awkwardness of English idiom which often besets translations attempting to present an Arabian setting and outlook so utterly different from those of the Occident as that portrayed in the Sīrah.
A Drawing of the Fatimid Period
Authors: Rice D.S.
Published: January 2010

Under the patronage of the enlightened Fatimid caliphs (A.D. 969–1171) there flourished in Egypt a vigorous and refined art. The sumptuous palaces with which they had adorned their capital Cairo have vanished without trace, but the remains of their religious architecture, the magnificent gateways of Cairo's Fatimid wall (which have escaped destruction), together with the enthusiastic descriptions of contemporary travellers enable us to imagine the splendour of their court.
Bharata's Concept of Sādhāraṇa
Authors: Jairazbhoy N.A.
Published: January 2010

Many of the concepts of Indian music commonly prevalent in Bharata's time, and expressed quite succinctly in his Nāṭyaśāstra, have subsequently been confused by later writers. Even now, several modern writers are still in some doubt as to the nature of the ancient parent scales, the sa-grāma and the sa-grāma. The fundamental difficulty hinges around the location of the svara (note) in relation to its śrutis (component intervals). Contrary to Western practice, the interval is considered to precede the note, so that the four śrutis of sa are located between sa and the ni below it.
Muslim Modernism in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent
Authors: Rahman F.
Published: January 2010

Just before the intellectual impact of Britain on Indian Islam a religious reform movement had swept over Muslim India. Although this movement itself does not come into the scope of the present essay, we note it at the outset because:
(a) Intellectually it sought to regenerate Islam by going back to the pure and simple Islam of the early period and tried to weaken the hold of medieval authorities on the Muslim mind. Consequently, although reactionary in itself, its ‘purification’ impetus prepared, in some measure, the way for subsequent intellectual developments.
The Gadabuursi Somali Script
Authors: Lewis I.M.
Published: January 2010

At the moment, both in the British Protectorate and in Somalia, the adoption of a standard orthography for the Somali language is fiercely debated. In discussion of the merits of the various scripts proposed, technical problems of orthography have to some extent been lost sight of. Nationalistic arguments have favoured ‘Somali writing’ (‘Ismaaniya) while religious or Pan-Islamic arguments have supported an Arabic script. This article discusses an orthography invented some 20 years ago by a well-known Gadabuursi sheikh, Sheikh ‘Abduramaan Sh. Nuur, the present Government Qā1E0D;ī of Borama District in the west of the British Protectorate. The script has not, as far as I am aware, been previously described in the literature on Somaliland. I publish it here with no intention of attempting to contribute to the already abundant confusion in the choice of a standard orthography for Somali.
The Influence of the Hebrew Language on Contemporary Israeli Art Music
Authors: Keren Zvi
Published: January 2010

IN the second half of the nineteenth century, the general upsurge of nationalism in Europe exerted an influence on the Jewish population as well. This influence was particularly strong in Eastern Europe, where there occurred a formidable Jewish nationalistic renaissance, some features of which were: the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language; the widespread use of Jewish folk-lore in the works of Jewish writers, painters, and musicians; and the rebuilding and resettling of Palestine by small groups of Jewish pioneers. The new settlers in Palestine soon adapted Hebrew (which had indeed remained very much alive through the centuries as a literary tongue) to the requirements of daily existence, and it became the language of instruction in most of their schools. At present, practically the entire Israeli population (about two million) speaks Hebrew.
Historians and Historiography of Ḥaḍramawt
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

Hadramawt, properly speaking, is the name of the Wadi, a province separated from its coast by an empty stony plateau. Each of these provinces is a distinct entity
Development of Agricultural Land Taxation in Modern Iraq
Authors: Keren Zvi
Published: January 2010

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the general upsurge of nationalism in Europe exerted an influence on the Jewish population as well. This influence was particularly strong in Eastern Europe, where there occurred a formidable Jewish nationalistic renaissance, some features of which were: the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language; the widespread use of Jewish folk-lore in the works of Jewish writers, painters, and musicians; and the rebuilding and resettling of Palestine by small groups of Jewish pioneers. The new settlers in Palestine soon adapted Hebrew (which had indeed remained very much alive through the centuries as a literary tongue) to the requirements of daily existence, and it became the language of instruction in most of their schools. At present, practically the entire Israeli population (about two million) speaks Hebrew.
A Bactrian Seal-Inscription
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

Professor O. Maenchen kindly draws my attention to a paper by B. Staviskiy (Soobščeni'a Gostidarstvennogo Ermitaža, xx, 1961, 54–6) on a hitherto unpublished Kushan-type seal with a cursive inscription in Bactrian. It consists of a single word:
Old Persian Artācā Brazmaniy
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

The Old Persian phrase artācā brazmaniy does not seem yet satisfactorily explained, in spite of numerous attempts, and although much headway has been made towards its complete elucidation.
Disturbances in western Afghanistan, 1839–41
Authors: Yapp M. E.
Published: January 2010

The subject matter of this article is the disturbances which took place in the area under the control of the government of Qandahar. Between 1839 and 1841 Qandahar formed part of the dominions of Shāh Shuj¯ʻ al-Mulk and its government was nominally carried on by two of his sons, Fatḥ Jang (1839–40) and Muḥammad Tīmūr (1840–2). But in practice the day-to-day management of the government, outside the town of Qandahar, was conducted by the Pārsīwān revenue officials, who had been inherited from the Bārakzais, and who were under the control of the British Political Agent, who in turn was subordinate to Sir William Macnaghten, the Envoy and Minister with Shāh Shujāʻ.
The Pāli Lokanīti and the Burmse Nīti kyan and their sources
Authors: Sternbach Ludwik
Published: January 2010

In his Spreading of Cāṇakya's aphorisms over ‘Greater India’ this author drew the attention to the similarity between the Pāli Lokanīti and the Burmese Nīti kyan. The present study contains a detailed analysis of these two sources and is not limited to their comparison with Cāṇakya's sayings.
The Great Way of Former Heaven: a group of Chinese secret religious sects
Authors: Topley Marjorie
Published: January 2010

This paper discusses certain aspects of an esoteric, secretly organized, religion in China called Hsien-t‘ien Ta-tao (or Hsien-t‘ien Tao) ‘The Great Way of Former Heaven’ (or ‘The Way of Former Heaven’). It is based mainly on material discovered in Singapore during 1954–5.

The name Hsien-t‘ien Tao has been recorded elsewhere as that of a Chinese ‘sect’. Evidence suggested that it might have links with several other groupings but the exact nature of connexion was obscure.
New Qatabāni Inscriptions—II
Authors: Ghul Mahmud'Ali
Published: January 2010

Inscription on a limestone slab, 27 ½ in. 7 ½in.; obtained from a man who has done extensive digging in Haid Ibn ‘Aqil, the necropolis of Timna’, and now in Major, M. D. Van Lessen's possession. Plate I.
Notes on the dialect of the Ḍhafr of north-eastern Arabia
Authors: Ingham Bruce
Published: January 2010

It was remarked by the Czech linguist Pavle Ivi that it would be possible for particular linguistic landscapes to fit easily into particular theories about linguistic diffusion. He was referring especially to the difference between the Stammbaum or family tree theory and the Wellentheorie or wave theory as expounded by the Neo-grammarians. The family tree theory sees dialect features as genetically transmitted and traceable to the homeland of the group concerned. The wave theory on the other and concentrates more on the present geographical location of the speakers and traces the geographical diffusion of dialect features across the landscape independently of the movement of groups of people. If a distinction between family tree landscapes and wave theory landscapes is possible, as Ivi suggests, then the dialectology of the bedouin tribes of north-eastern Arabia falls quite definitely into the first group. In a previous article the writer described the dialect of the Muṭair tribe of Eastern Arabia which a dialect of the Central Najd type akin to the dialects of Central Najd and the 'Aniza tribes of the Syrian Desert. The Ḍhafr, although direct neighbours of the Muṭair to the north and west, speak a dialect of a quite different kind, basically North Najd, akin to the speech of the Jabel Shammar and the Shammar tribes, but with some admixture of Central Najd features. It seems that in this area dialect is a marker of tribal identity and since there is no gradation between membership of the Ḍhafr tribe and membership of the Muṭair, the dialects are similarly clearly demarcated geographically. The boundary between the Ḍhafr and the Muṭair also Muṭair also constitutes a more far-reaching boundary between Ahl al-Shiml and Ahl al-Jinb, northern and southern bedouin. This division is marked by dialect features and also certain other cultural externals such as dress and tent structure.
The three groups of particles in the Nirukta
Authors: Falk Harry
Published: January 2010

Yska, in his Nirukta, divides words into four classes: nman (noun), khyta (verb), upasarga (preposition) and nipta (particle). He is the only one of all the ancient writers on grammar who deals at some length with the last mentioned category of particles. The introduction to this class runs as follows:

atha nipt uccvaceṣv artheṣu nipatanti. apy upamrthe. api karmopasaṃgrahrthe. api padapraṇḥ
Middle Indian Miscellanies
Authors: Alsdorf L.
Published: January 2010

The Jain recension of the Siṃhāsanadvātriṃśikā contains two Apabhraṃśa, or as we shall see rather Old Gujarati, stanzas which, as far as I can judge, have not been satisfactorily dealt with by either Weber or Edgerton.
Aspects of Islam in Nineteenth-Century South Africa
Authors: Rochlin S. A.
Published: January 2010

Writing about life in Mecca in 1884–5 Professor C. Snouck Hurgronje made this observation: ”A class of Jâwah who dwell outside the geographical boundaries but who in late years have made regular pilgrimages to Mekka are people from the Cape of Good Hope. They are derived from Malays, formerly brought to the Cape by the Dutch, with a small mixture of Dutch blood. Some words of their Malay speech have passed into the strange, clipped Dutch dialect of the Boers. On the other hand they have exchanged their mother tongue for Cape Dutch, of course retaining many Malay expressions. Taking into consideration the genuinely Dutch names of many of these Ahl Kâf (as they are called in Mekka) one is tempted to believe that degenerated Dutch have been drawn by them into their religion, and many types among them increase the probability of this suggestion. Separated from intercourse with other Moslims they would scarcely have had the moral strength to hold their religion had not eager co-religionists come to them from abroad. When and whence these came is not known to me; however this may be, the mosques in Cape Colony have been more fervently supported in the last twenty years than ever before, more trouble is taken in teaching religion and every year some of the Ahl Kâf fare on pilgrimage to the Holy City.“
Two Mende Tales
Authors: Eberl-Elber Ralph
Published: January 2010

During my stay in the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone in the year 1935 I had the opportunity of studying the Mende language, one of the most important languages spoken in this part of West Africa. Through the kind intermediary of the British authorities and by the friendly help of some missionaries, I was able to get knowledge of the different dialects of the Mende language, and to collect a considerable number of stories, fables, and tales.

The following two texts are specimens of the innumerable Mende stories dealing with the “Bush Demon”, a fabulous creature, who is supposed by the natives to be very powerful, and very often to behave extremely inimically towards mankind.
Arabic Documents Of Northern Nigeria
Authors: Bivar A. D. H.
Published: January 2010

The present article is based on photographs of nineteenth-century Arabic official letters, made by the author while carrying out conservation work on manuscript material for the Nigerian Department of Antiquities at the Northern Nigerian centres of Sokoto and Bauchi. Thanks to conscientious local custody, and the moisture-free atmosphere which these districts enjoy for most of the year, the greater number of these papers were still in remarkably good condition. At the same; time, progressive embrittlement of the fibres was making direct handling of the sheets undesirable, and some protection was felt necessary, The custodians of these collections had therefore been in touch with the Department of Antiquities, and it was decided as a first step to mount the most delicate and valuable specimens between sheets of glass, to be sealed at the edges with passe-partout and enclosed in light wooden frames.2 Since photo-graphy was likely to be more difficult after the completion of this work, the documents selected for treatment were first recorded upon 35 mm. film.
Disturbances in Eastern Afghanistan, 1839–42
Authors: Yapp M. E.
Published: January 2010

The collapse of the authority of the Saddozai rulers of Afghanistan in the early years of the nineteenth century left their empire divided into a number of separate states. By 1838 the only states still under Afghan rule were those of Herat, Qandahar, and Kabul. At that time fear that Russia had gained a preponderant influence in Persia which would be extended to Afghanistan caused the British authorities in India and England to decide to remove Dost Muḥammad Khān, the ruler of Kabul, and his brothers, who ruled in Qandahar, and to restore Shāh Shujā' al-Mulk, the deposed Saddozai monarch, to the government of those territories.
Three ‘Immortal’ Burmese Songs
Authors: Pe Hla
Published: January 2010

It is one of the most tantalizing features of the ancient history of southern Asia that there is no generally accepted solution to the dating problems of the Kushan dynasty. The wide divergences of opinion still current with regard to this question were well evidenced by the lively discussions which took place at the Conference on the Date of Kanishka, held at the School of Oriental and African Studies from 20 to 22 April I960. It was rightly appreciated that numerous questions of Oriental history and archaeology depend on the correct solution of this problem.
The 32 Myos in the Medival Mon Kingdom
Authors: Shorto H. L.
Published: January 2010

He hunted the valley till it was midday. Moreover, there were with him two-and-thirty crowned kings, his vassals at that time. Not for the joy of hunting did the emperor hunt with them so long, but because he had been made a man of such high dignity that he was lord over all those kings.

‘The dream of Macsen Wledig’

That the three provinces which constituted Rāmaññadesa, the Mon kingdom in Lower Burma, were divided into 32 townships is one of those acknowledged crumbs of fact which, passed down from historian to historian, never seem to excite more specific inquiry. The institution has suggestive parallels and analogues elsewhere in South East Asia, to the study of which Sir Richard Winstedt, in the ‘History of Perak’ which he wrote with R. J. Wilkinson, himself contributed almost thirty years ago.
Rarotongan Sentence Structures
Authors: Bivar A. D. H.
Published: January 2010

Rarotongan sentences may be classed broadly as statements, unmarked questions, and marked questions. Statements have an intonation contour characterized by a final fall; unmarked questions are segmentally identical with statements, but have an intonation contour characterized by a final rise-fall and generally require a yes-or-no answer; marked questions contain one of four interrogatives, a?a ‘what ?’, ?ai ‘who ?’, ?ea ‘where ?, when ?’, ?ia ‘how many ?’, are characterized by a final rise in the intonation contour, and cannot be answered by a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
Dated Chinese Manuscripts in the Stein Collection
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

This century is cut in two by the fateful rebellion of An Lu-shan. The first half was a period of halcyon peace and prosperity, hardly affected by the Palace intrigues and massacres that followed the abdication of the Empress Wu. The long reign of the Emperor Ming Huang has some claim to be regarded as the Golden Age of China; for the magnificence of the Court was solidly based on the well-being of the people, and while trade and commerce nourished, the arts of poetry and painting reached a height which has never since been equalled. Buddhism, however, suffered a partial eclipse after its great patroness had passed away; and even in the remote region of Tunhuang a gradual decrease in its influence is clearly observable.
New Light on the Chinese Empress-Dowager
Authors: Johnston Registald F.
Published: January 2010

The central figure in this deeply interesting and moving narrative is the Manchu empress-dowager Tz'ŭ-Hsi, for many years (till her death in 1908) the de facto ruler of China. We see her here not as the august and awe-inspiring occupant of the Dragon throne, arbitress of the fates of a fifth of the world's population, the wife of one emperor and the mother of a second; for although in these pages she still plays the sinister role of judge and jaileress of a third emperor, she figures mainly as a scared and bewildered fugitive, a hungry and selfish old lady, amiable and urbane when things were going well with her, petulant and querulous when they went badly, and volcanic when the wisdom of any of her actions was called in question.
Hvatanica II
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

The present notes were suggested by the publication of the Glossary to the texts contained in the Khotanese MS. designated E by the late Professor E. Leumann.

The Glossary has been awaited eagerly. Professor Ernst Leumann's work, as one of the pioneers in the study of the unknown languages of Central Asia, has already been warmly recognized. And to his son, Professor Manu Leumann, we owe the edition of the Glossary, and of the two previous parts containing the text and translation. In all three parts we find the same exact work.
A List of Middle-Persian and Parthian words
Authors: Henning W.
Published: January 2010

As the publication of the Manichæan fragments in the possession of the Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften will necessarily take some more years, it may be found useful at present to make the linguistic material contained in those texts available to students of Iranian languages. The following list of words which are not yet attested in the texts hitherto published, is offered as a contribution to this aim. Out of the materials made known up to now, a few words are included which have not yet been fully explained. I am greatly indebted to Geheimrat Lüders for kindly permitting me to make use of the fragments belonging to the Akademie of Berlin.
Further Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Niya
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

The following documents were discovered by Sir Aurel Stein in his last Central Asian expedition, in 1930. Since he was not allowed by the local authorities to bring anything out of the country on that occasion, these texts are edited from photographs. The originals are presumably not likely to be seen again.
The Gūrān
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

The vague and indiscriminate use of the term Kurd goes back to early times. According to Ḥamza Iṣfahānī (circa 350/961), ed. Berlin, 151, “The Persians used to call Daylamites ‘the Kurds of Ṭabaristān’, as they used to call Arabs ‘the Kurds of Sūristān’, i.e. of 'Irāq”. Other Arab and Persian authors of the tenth century A.D. mean by Kurds any Iranian nomads of Western Persia, suth as the tent-dwellers of Fārs.
An Inscription from the Temple of Sin at Ḥurai

dh

a in the Ḥa

dh

ramawt
Authors: Smith Sidney
Published: January 2010

The longest inscription published in Miss Caton Thompson's report on her excavation of the temple of the moon-god at Ḥuraidha l presents some problems which are not unfamiliar in South Arabian inscriptions, but are now set in a fresh light because they are related to the definite archæological results obtained by an exceptionally well-directed, if brief, excavation conducted under difficult conditions.
Some Notes on Central-Asian Kharoṣṭhī Documents
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: January 2010

This document (No. 661 in Kharosṣṭhī inscriptions transcribed and edited by A. M. Boyer, E. J. Rapson, and É. Senart [and P. S. Noble]) has been the subject of special study by Professor Konow (Acta Orientalia, ii, pp. 124–7; x, pp. 77–80; xiv, pp. 233–240), and by Professor Noble (Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, VI, pp. 445–455), not to mention the subsequent discussion by Dr. Burrow of the word hinajha and his translation. The historical and linguistic importance which has been given to the document may excuse a further study of its problems. In order to make an auspicious commencement of these notes we may welcome the opportunity of acknowledging the advance made in the interpretation by Professor Konow's latest discussion, in Acta Orientalia, xiv, pp. 231 sqq. He shows that on the basis of the Saka-Khotanī forms the prima facie surprising royal name Vijita-Siṃha may be interpreted as practically equivalent to the Vijaya-Siṃha of the Khotan Chronicle. In Sanskrit-Prākrit also vijita could in certain circumstances have the same meaning as vijaya “victory” (as well as also that of “dominions”), so that a hearer or reader need not have been misled into understanding “Vanquished Lion”. We may accordingly forgo the reading Avijita-Siṃha or the idea of a guasi-approbrious name on the lines of Raṇa-bhīta, etc.: to understand the name as a bahu-vrīhi “one who has vanquished (s.c. surpasses) the lion” would be inappropriate, since the Vijaya/Vijita is a recurrent, dynastic, element in the names. Possibly, however, we may not even yet have completely solved the problem the (elsewhere also instanced) form Vijita, to which we may recur infra.
Grammar of the Pokau Language, Central Division of Papua, New Guinea
Authors: Lanyon-Orgill P. A.
Published: January 2010

The Pokau or Nara (also spelt Pokao or Nala) language is spoken in a hilly district near the coast to the east of Hall Sound in the Central Division of British New Guinea. The villages speaking the language are Vanuamai, Oroi, Alaala, Diumana, Dubu (or Tubu), Kaiau (or Bokama), Lalime, Abo and Epa.
Indo-Aryan and Dravidian
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

A. A. Macdonell in his commentary on RV. IV. 50.5 (Vedic Reader for Students) remarks: “The exact meaning … does not clearly appear from its four occurrences; but it must have a sense closely allied to receptacle—in three passages it is spoken of as being rent or pierced, and twice is associated with Valá; and in the Naighaṇṭuka it is given as a synonym of megha cloud.” Grassmann (Wörterbuch) similarly translates as Behälter, Wolke. The four passages in which it occurs are I. 62.4, phaligam, Indra śakra, valaṃ raveṇa darayo, “Rend, O mighty Indra, the ph. cage with a crash”; I. 121.10, tam, adrivaḥ, phaligaṃ hetim asya, “At that ph., O thou of the thunderbolt, hurl thy missile”; IV. 50.5, sa … valaṃ ruroja phaligaṃ raveṇa, “He hath burst with a crash the ph. cage”; VIII. 32.35, ya udnaḥ phaligaṃ bhinan nyak sindhūṃr avāsṛjat, “Who split the ph. of the water and let the streams rush down.” Phaligam is here a valam, cave, prison or cage, but is not always used as such, otherwise there would be no need to complete its meaning by valam. It shares with the rock and the cloud the function of imprisoning the waters, but, unlike the twin aśman (cloud above and rock below), is not mentioned as a producer of fire. The cloud, like the rock, must be hard, so that the clash of the upper with the nether aśman may yield fire, and phaligam is probably hard also. It may be white, like the bright cloud or the snow-capped mountain, grey or even black, like the rain-charged cloud or the stark rock.
Sattayā
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

A peculiar and interesting use of the instrumental case of the word sattā, which seems to have escaped the attention of the Sanskrit dictionaries, occurs frequently in the legal and commentatorial literature in connection with the Brahmanical gotra-system. Briefly, the situation is as follows: a Brahman may not marry within his own gotra. But as the word gotra came in the course of linguistic development to be loosely applied to subdivisions of the original groups, and even to individual families, while the exogamous unit remained the larger group, the prohibition of marriage within the gotra became ambiguous, and required to be supplemented, or rather defined, by a consideration of the pravara, the list of ṛṣi-names recited on specific sacrificial occasions. In other words, the pravara is used as a test to decide to which of the large exogamous groups a man belongs. In the pravara-appendix to the Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra the rule reads: eka eva ṛṣir yāvat pravareṣv anuvartate, tāvat samānagotratvam anyatra bhṛgvaṅgirasāṃ gaṇāt. “If even one ṛṣi recurs in the pravaras, that constitutes sameness of gotra (for exogamous purposes), except in the case of a gaṇa of the Bhṛgus and Aṅgirases (where a majority of the ṛṣi-names must be identical in order to prevent intermarriage).” Thus, for example, a member of the Nidhruva “gotra”, with the pravara “Kāśyapa, Āvatsāra, Naidhruva”, and a member of the Śaṇḍila “gotra”, with the pravara “Kāśyapa, Āvatsāra, Śāṇḍila”, both clearly belong to the Kaśyapa gotra, and as such are forbidden to marry.
The Sudanese Mahdia and the Outside World: 1881–9
Authors: Holt P.M.
Published: January 2010

On 29 June 1881 letters were despatched by a Dunqulāwī ascetic and religious teacher to various notables in the Egyptian Sudan. The writer, who had previously been known as Muḥammad Aḥmad b. ‘Abdallāh, announced in these letters what had for some time been an open secret among his followers, namely that he was the Expected Mahdi. Muḥammad Ahmad was by no means an unknown figure. He was at this time approaching 40 years of age. From childhood he had been profoundly devoted to the study of Islam, Ṣufī doctrine, and the ascetic life, although, unlike a number of other Sudanese, he had never proceeded to higher studies at al-Azhar. His experience of the world was limited to the northern and central parts of the Egyptian Sudan.
‘The Map of Hajji Ahmed’ and its Makers
Authors: Ménage V.L.
Published: January 2010

Thisstudy owes its inception to Sir Percival David, who possesses among the treasures in his private collection one of the few surviving copies of a large engraved map of the world, known to students of cartography as the Map of Hajji Ahmed. Invited by its owner to translate for him the legends in the map and especially the lengthy text accompanying it, which are written in Turkish, I became aware that a close analysis of this text yielded more information than has so far been obtained about the origin of the map.
Aspiration in Two Polynesian Languages
Authors: Milner G.B.
Published: January 2010

In the summer of 1951, the presence in London of an Ellice Islander, Penitala Teo, gave me an opportunity of making a sound recording in a little-known Polynesian language. The briefness of his stay, as well as other factors, did not leave time for more than a cursory analysis of his speech, but there was enough evidence to establish a prima facie case for recognizing aspirated as well as non-aspirated consonants.
The Noun in Bilin
Authors: Palmer F.R.
Published: January 2010

This study of the nominal forms of Bilin follows the theoretical approach and expositional framework of a previous paper that dealt with the verbal forms of the language, but the linguistic statement is both phonologically and morphologically of a very different type.

The forms associated with the scatter of the noun are far less numerous than those of the verb; the maximum number theoretically obtainable from the analysis presented here is 84. Some of the forms could be regarded as composed of three elements (and in some cases four), but for a general statement it is more appropriate to treat Bilin as inflected rather than as agglutinative. For there are again phonetic features that preclude a purely segmental analysis; these include pitch pattern, but not vowel harmony, and two new features, one of reduplication, and the other involving alternating types of consonantal articulation.
Some Khotanese Past Participles
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: January 2010

One of the difficulties in the study of the verbal system of a language that is comparatively little known can be finding the appropriate past participles to go with present stems or the reverse. This difficulty faces those working with Khotanese. H. W. Bailey has only recently assigned ārsta- to ārīh- ‘to share’ and pärsta- to prïh- ‘to conceal’. Some further suggestions I make here for the first time.
Intonation in present-day North Indian classical music
Authors: Jairazbhoy N. A. , Stone A. W.
Published: January 2010

Most Sanskrit texts dealing with Indian music refer to 7 svaras (notes) and 22 śrutis (intervals ? microtones ?) which are said to be the basis of Indian music. Many modern writers in Western as well as the vernacular languages consider that śrutis refer to the microtonal variations in particular notes from one rāga to another. In order to convey the general opinion on the subject of intonation, we quote from Alain Daniélou, a prominent writer on North Indian music:

‘It is impossible to sing the complete scale of the shrutis accurately in succession (as some singers pretend to do), but they can all be sung with perfect accuracy when they are embodied in expressive scales’.
A song from Tun-huang
Authors: Waley Arthur
Published: January 2010

No. 6174 of Giles's Catalogue of the Chinese manuscripts from Tun-huang states that on the back of this manuscript there is a ‘short text relating to the legend of the Weaving Maiden and the Cowherd’. On inspection this turns out to be a series of verses, two for each of the five watches of the night, headed Hsi ch‘iu t‘ien ‘Eejoicing in the autumn sky’
The structure of the Rarotongan verbal piece
Authors: Buse J. E.
Published: January 2010

The term ‘verbal piece’ is applied here to any utterance stretch defined initially by one of the particles listed in paragraph 6 and finally either by sentence-closing intonation or by a marker indicating the onset of another piece. Investigation of the order in which forms appear within these limits leads to the recognition of a number of sequential positions within the verbal piece. Forms are classified according to their distribution over these positions and commutability within them.
Kātib Čelebiana
Authors: Ménage V. L.
Published: January 2010

The commemoration volume published by the Turkish Historical Society for the tercentenary of the death of the Ottoman polymath Kātib Čelebi (1609–57) contains an exhaustive survey of his works by 0. Ş. Gökyay, with much new information on the extant manuscripts. Here appears a description of his Rawnaq al-salṭana ‘Splendour of the sultanate’, previously known only from the author's cursory mention of it, in his Mīzān al-ḥaqq, as ‘a history of Constantinople’.
A Sogdian god
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

The argument to be presented here proceeds from the analysis of a Sogdian word of uncertain orthography and disputed meaning. It first occurred, as by' / npšqty (apparently with word-division), in Soghd. Texte, I, 39.4, in a translation of Luke xii, 36, corresponding with Syriac bed meštūoā = (ÉK) Tŵv yáuwv; Müller gave ‘Gastmahl’, with an asterisk to denote his doubt. Later I published two Manichaean passages. One, hi the text I titled ‘A Job story’, speaks of a man who makes his way in the world and becomes rich and “takes to himself many wives and has by them many sons and daughters and gives wives to the sons and grooms to the daughters and makes a great By‘n’yšp / [']krty” : the context demands ‘marriage-feast’, in agreement with the Greek of Luke. The other is a Sogdian version of a Middle Persian verse, the original having been preserved by good fortune, ‘Hail to you, bridegroom, who hast made a marriage-feast for the sons’ : here By'ny / pškt'kw renders MPers. wdwdg'n ‘wedding’.
India's philosophies—whose presuppositions?
Authors: Gelblum Tuvia
Published: January 2010

In his new work Presuppositions of India's philosophies, addressed as a textbook to the Western reader, Professor Karl H. Potter submits an interpretation of the key Indian concept of mokṣa, in which he draws an analogy with Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy of Will to Power. The latter is invoked as typifying ‘a strand of thought which glorifies spontaneity and growth, which looks ahead to man's eventual success in overcoming the bonds which make him temporarily less divine, and which sees no exercise of power of which man is not in principle capable’(p. 2).