bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MANAGEMENT OF MANURE IN FARMING SYSTEMS IN SEMI-ARID WEST AFRICA
Authors: Harris F.
Published: July 2002

The last 50 years have seen a rapid expansion of cultivated area in semi-arid areas of West Africa. This has precipitated a change from traditional fallowing to more pro-active soil fertility management techniques. Smallholder farmers employ a range of technologies to enhance soil fertility and manure is a cornerstone of many of the soil fertility management strategies they use. This paper reviews manure management by smallholder farmers. It considers factors that affect the quality of the manure used, including methods for keeping livestock and storing manure. The paper reviews the strategies, such as night parking and crop-livestock integration, which farmers employ to ensure that manure reaches their fields. The nutrient balances of two farming systems are presented as evidence for the importance of manure as a nutrient source. Rangeland-to-cropland nutrient transfers are contrasted with nutrient recycling through crop-livestock integration. The paper concludes that within the constraints in which smallholder farmers operate in semi-arid West Africa, manure will remain an important component of soil fertility management strategies for the foreseeable future. Integrated nutrient management strategies that take into consideration the circumstances of farmers, and the resources available to them, are the best way forward. Appropriate interventions need to focus on improving manure management to ensure that the material which farmers so laboriously prepare and transport is of the best possible quality.
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE IN COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.): PHOTOTHERMAL FLOWERING RESPONSES IN THE EASTERN, SOUTHERN AND GREAT LAKES REGIONS OF AFRICA
Authors: QI A. , SMITHSON J. B. , SUMMERFIELD R. J.
Published: July 2002

The photothermal flowering responses of 25 diverse genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were examined in 25 African Bean Yield Adaptation Nurseries (AFBYAN) in the Eastern, Southern and Great Lakes regions of Africa during 1988 and 1991. The trials were located at latitudes between 0.6 and 29.3° and at altitudes from 780 to 2200 m asl. In those 13 trials where daily records of maximum and minimum temperature were available, mean pre-flowering temperatures for individual genotypes ranged from 17.9 to 24.6 °C and mean pre-flowering photoperiods varied from 12.7 to 14.7 h d−1. The time from sowing to first flowering (f) for the 25 genotypes varied from 26 to 42 d in the most-inductive regime to as late as 47 to 80 d in the least-inductive circumstances. The stepwise linear regression on daily mean temperature during the pre-flowering period explained most (52–86%) of the variation in the rate of progress from sowing towards flowering of 21 genotypes. In contrast, in four genotypes (GLPx 92, Ikinimba, G 13671 and G 2816) the fitted values of days to flowering using temperature alone were much earlier than the times observed in the two trials at Maseru in Lesotho (the highest latitude and coolest location). These differences may well reflect photoperiodic effects but from the photothermal combinations encountered this could not be confirmed and so remains to be proven. The overall mean absolute difference between the observed and fitted time to flowering was just 2.6 d. The estimated optimum temperatures ranged from 20.4 to 23.3 °C, at which the minimum times taken to flower were between 28 and 44 d. The derived base and ceiling temperatures ranged from 7.1 to 13.2 °C and from 29.1 to 40.2 °C respectively. Not surprisingly, the use of long-term monthly temperatures (for those trials from which daily temperature records were not available) gave poor agreement between predicted and observed flowering times. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to those from other studies on the photothermal flowering responses in common bean and the breeding and testing of common beans in Africa.
AN ANALYSIS OF GROWTH AND DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN RUBBER DURING THE IMMATURE PHASE IN A DRY SUBHUMID CLIMATE
Authors: CHANDRASHEKAR T. R. , NAZEER M. A. , MARATTUKALAM J. G. , PRAKASH G. P. , ANNAMALAINATHAN K. , THOMAS J.
Published: July 2002

An experiment with the objective of evaluating the performance of 15 clones of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) was conducted in the Konkan region of Western India. The clones under evaluation were RRII 5, RRII 6, RRII 105, RRII 208, RRII 308, RRIC
52, RRIC 100, RRIC 102, RRIC 105, RRIM 605, PB 260, PB 310, PB 311, PR 255, and PR 261. The region is a trial environment for the crop and experiences more than seven rainless months and severe drought in the summer months. Data on monthly girth growth w
ere collected for six years from a trial with randomized block design. The growth of clones in terms of monthly girth increment growth (GIN, cm month−1) seasonal mean girth increments (MGIN, cm season−1) and mean relative
increment rates (MRIR, mm cm−1 season−1) as well as annual MGIN (cm a−1) and MRIR (mm cm−1 a−1) was studied. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the effect
of seasonal growth on the final growth. At the beginning of the study, the largest girth noted was for the clone RRII 6 (22. 5 cm) followed by RRII 208 (22.0 cm). PR 261 with a girth of only 14.2 cm was the least vigorous among the clones. A large portion
of the growth occurred in the wet season only. During the dry season the growth rates of the clones declined substantially and decreases in girth ranging from 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm were noticed in most of the clones. At the end of the study period the largest
girth observed was for clone RRII 208 (49.3 cm) and the lowest for PR 261 (39.3 cm). The highest proportion of tappable trees noted was for clone RRII 208 (52.4%) and the lowest for PR 261 (2.7%). The pooled average of tappable trees was on
ly 17.5%. The data revealed that the immaturity period for Hevea in the region will not be less than 9 years under rainfed conditions. From the analysis based on the final girth it was concluded that clones RRII 208, RRIC 52, RRII 6, RRIC
100 and RRIC 102 are more tolerant to drought while RRII 105, RRIC 105, RRII 5, RRIM 605, PB 310, PB 260, PB 311, PR 255, RRII 308 and PR 261 are less tolerant. The results of correlation indicated that by analysing the growth, potentially drought-toleran
t clones can be identified.
Quantitative genetic models for the balance between migration and stabilizing selection
Authors: TUFTO JARLE
Published: July 2002

The evolution of a quantitative trait subject to stabilizing selection and immigration, with the
immigrants deviating from the local optimum, is considered under a number of different models of
the underlying genetic basis of the trait. By comparing exact predictions under the infinitesimal
model obtained using numerical methods with predictions of a simplified approximate model based
on ignoring linkage disequilibrium, the increase in the expressed genetic variance as a result of
linkage disequilibrium generated by migration is shown to be relatively small and negligible,
provided that the genetic variance relative to the squared deviation of immigrants from the local
optimum is sufficiently large or selection and migration is sufficiently weak. Deviation from
normality is shown to be less important by comparing predictions of the infinitesimal model with a
model presupposing normality. For a more realistic symmetric model, involving a finite number of
loci only, no linkage and equal effects and frequencies across loci, additional changes in the genetic
variance arise as a result of changes in underlying allele frequencies. Again, provided that the
genetic variance relative to the squared deviation of the immigrants from the local optimum is
small, the difference between the predictions of infinitesimal and the symmetric model are small
unless the number of loci is very small. However, if the genetic variance relative to the squared
deviation of the immigrants from the local optimum is large, or if selection and migration are
strong, both linkage disequilibrium and changes in the genetic variance as a result of changes in
underlying allele frequencies become important.
Effective population size of plant species
propagating with a mixed sexual and asexual reproduction system
Authors: YONEZAWA KATSUEI
Published: July 2002

The variance effective size (Ne) was
formulated for populations of monoecious plant species that
are partly asexually propagating with discrete or
overlapping generations. It was shown that partly
asexually reproducing populations have larger or smaller
effective sizes (ratios to the census size N)
than fully sexually reproducing populations, according to
whether the term
Vc/c¯
is smaller or larger than the term
(Vk/k¯
+1−β)/2, where c¯ and
Vc are the mean and variance of
the number of progeny asexually produced per plant per year,
respectively, k¯ and Vk
are the mean and variance of the number of gametes contributed
per plant per year, respectively, and β is the selfing
rate of each plant. Asexual reproduction has no effect on
Ne when the two terms are equal, as is true when the
numbers of both sexually and asexually produced progeny per
plant per year are Poisson-distributed
(Vc/c¯=1 and
Vk/k¯=1+β).
Populations with a larger generation length (L) tend to
have a smaller effective size: for a population model of
age-independent survival and fecundity
with an annual rate δ of asexual reproduction,
Ne declines asymptotically to
N(2−β)/{3−β
+Vk/k¯
+(2Vc/c¯
−Vk/k¯
−1+β).δ} as L gets large, which
simplifies to N(2−β)/4
under a Poisson-distributed reproductive contribution. The
trade-off relation of Ne and L,
however, does not always hold: for stage-structured populations,
increase in the survival rate of
juveniles may act to increase both Ne and L.
A scenario for the hobo transposable element invasion,
deduced from the structure of natural populations of
Drosophila melanogaster using tandem TPE repeats
Authors: BONNIVARD ERIC , BAZIN CLAUDE , DENIS BEATRICE , HIGUET DOMINIQUE
Published: July 2002

Temporal surveys of hobo transposable elements in natural populations reveal a historical pattern
suggesting a recent world-wide invasion of D. melanogaster by these transposons, perhaps
following a recent horizontal transfer. To clarify the dynamics of hobo elements in natural
populations, and thus to provide further data for our understanding of the hobo invasion, TPE
tandem repeats, observed in the polymorphic S region of the element, were used as molecular
markers. The number of TPE repeats was studied in 101 current populations from around the
world, and in 63 strains collected in the past. This revealed a geographical distribution which
seems to have been stable since the beginning of the 1960s. This distribution is compatible with a
number of hypotheses for the dynamics of hobo elements. We propose a scenario based on an
invasion in two stages: first, a complete invasion by elements with three TPE repeats, followed by
the beginning of a new invasion involving hobo elements with five or seven repeats.
The genetic structure of female life history in
D. melanogaster: comparisons among populations
Authors: SERVICE PHILIP M.
Published: July 2002

Two questions were addressed: (1) What is the genetic variance–covariance structure of a suite of
four female life history traits in D. melanogaster? and (2) Does the genetic architecture of these
traits differ among populations? Three populations of D. melanogaster were studied. Genetic
variances and covariances were estimated by sib analysis three times for each population:
immediately upon establishment of populations in the laboratory, and subsequently after
approximately 6 months and 2 years of laboratory culture. Entire genetic variance–covariance
matrices, as well as their individual components, were compared between populations by means of
likelihood ratio tests. All traits studied were significantly heritable in at least one-half of estimates.
Despite large sample sizes, additive genetic covariances were for the most part not statistically
significant, and only two significant negative covariance estimates were obtained throughout the
experiments. Therefore, these experiments provide little support for evolutionary life history
theories that are based on negative genetic correlations among life history components. Neither do
they support the idea that genetic variance for fitness components is maintained by trade-offs.
Evidence suggests that the G matrix of one population was initially different from those of the
other two populations. Those differences disappeared after 2 years of laboratory culture. At the
level of individual (co)variance components, there were relatively few differences among
populations, and the overall impression was that the three populations had generally similar
genetic architectures for the traits studied.
Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the
northeastern Oman margin
Authors: IMMENHAUSER ADRIAN , SCHREURS GUIDO , GNOS EDWIN , OTERDOOM HEIKO W. , HARTMANN BERNHARD
Published: July 2002

When the highlands of Arabia were still covered with an ice shield in the latest
Carboniferous/Early Permian period, separation of Gondwana started. This led to the creation of the
Batain basin (part of the early Indian Ocean), off the northeastern margin of Oman. The rifting reactivated
an Infra-Cambrian rift shoulder along the northeastern Oman margin and detritus from this
high was shed into the interior Oman basin. Whereas carbonate platform deposits became widespread
along the margin of the Neo-Tethys (northern rim of Oman), drifting and oceanization of the Batain
basin started only in Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous time. Extensional tectonics was followed in the
Late Cretaceous by contraction caused by the northward drift of Greater India and Afro-Arabia. This
resulted in the collision of Afro-Arabia with an intra-oceanic trench and obduction of the Semail
ophiolite and the Hawasina nappes south to southwestward onto the northern Oman margin ∼80 m.y.
ago. During the middle Cretaceous, the oceanic lithosphere (including the future eastern ophiolites of
Oman) drifted northwards as part of the Indian plate. At the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transition
(∼65 Ma), oblique convergence between Greater India and Afro-Arabia caused fragments of the early
Indian Ocean to be thrust onto the Batain basin. Subsequently, the Lower Permian to uppermost
Maastrichtian sediments and volcanic rocks of the Batain basin, along with fragments of Indian
Ocean floor (eastern ophiolites), were obducted northwestward onto the northeastern margin of
Oman. Palaeogene neo-autochtonous sedimentary rocks subsequently covered the nappe pile. Tertiary
extensional tectonics related to Red Sea rifting in the Late Eocene was followed by Miocene shortening,
associated with the collision of Arabia and Eurasia and the formation of the Oman Mountains.
Neoproterozoic extensional detachment in central Madagascar:
implications for the collapse of the East African Orogen
Authors: COLLINS ALAN S. , RAZAKAMANANA THEODORE , WINDLEY BRIAN F.
Published: July 2002

A laterally extensive, Neoproterozoic extensional detachment (the Betsileo shear zone) is
recognized in central Madagascar separating the Itremo sheet (consisting of Palaeoproterozoic to
Mesoproterozoic sediments and underlying basement rocks) from the Antananarivo block
(Archaean/Palaeoproterozoic crust re-metamorphosed in the Neoproterozoic). Non-coaxial deformation
gradually increases to a maximum at a lithological contrast between the granitoids and gneisses of
the footwall and the metasedimentary rocks of the hangingwall. Ultramylonites at this highest-strained
zone show mineral-elongation lineations that plunge to the southwest.

σ-, δ- and C/S-type fabrics imply top-to-the-southwest extensional shear sense. Contrasting metamorphic
grades are found either side of the shear zone. In the north, where this contrast is greatest,
amphibolite-grade footwall rocks are juxtaposed with lower-greenschist-grade hangingwall rocks. The
metamorphic grade in the hangingwall increases to the south, suggesting that a crustal section is preserved.

The Betsileo shear zone facilitated crustal-scale extensional collapse of the East African Orogeny,
and thus represents a previously poorly recognized structural phase in the story of Gondwanan amalgamation.
Granitic magmatism and granulite/amphibolite-grade metamorphism in the footwall are all
associated with formation of the Betsileo shear zone, making recognition of this detachment important
in any attempt to understand the tectonic evolution of central Gondwana.
Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey
Authors: OKAY ARAL I. , SATIR MUHARREM
Published: July 2002

A metamorphic core complex of latest Oligocene age crops out in the Kazdağ mountain
range in northwest Turkey. The footwall of the core complex consists of gneiss, amphibolite and
marble metamorphosed at 5 ± 1 kbar and 640° ± 50 °C. The average muscovite and biotite Rb/Sr ages
from the gneisses are 19 Ma and 22 Ma, respectively, and imply high temperature metamorphism
during latest Oligocene times. The hangingwall is made up of an unmetamorphosed Lower Tertiary
oceanic accretionary melange with Upper Cretaceous eclogite lenses. The hangingwall and footwall
are separated by an extensional ductile shear zone, two kilometres thick. Mylonites and underlying
high-grade metamorphic rocks show a N-trending mineral lineation with the structural fabrics indicating
down-dip, top-to-the-north shear sense. The shear zone, the accretionary melange and the high-grade
metamorphic rocks are cut by an undeformed granitoid with a 21 Ma Rb/Sr biotite age,
analytically indistinguishable from the Rb/Sr biotite ages in the surrounding footwall gneisses. The
estimated pressure of the metamorphism, and that of the granitoid emplacement, indicate that the
high-grade metamorphic rocks were rapidly exhumed at ∼ 24 Ma from a depth of ∼ 14 km to ∼ 7 km by
activity along the shear zone. The subsequent exhumation of the metamorphic rocks to the surface
occurred during Pliocene–Quaternary times in a transpressive ridge between two overstepping fault
segments of the North Anatolian Fault zone. The high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Kazdağ range
are surrounded by voluminous calc-alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks of Late Oligocene–Early
Miocene age, which formed above the northward-dipping Hellenic subduction zone. The magmatic
arc setting of the core complex and stratigraphic evidence for subdued topography in northwest
Turkey prior to the onset of extension suggest that the latest Oligocene regional extension was primarily
related to the roll-back of the subduction zone rather than to the gravitational collapse.
Himalayan inverted metamorphism and syn-convergence extension as a consequence of a general shear extrusion
Authors: VANNAY JEAN-CLAUDE , GRASEMANN BERNHARD
Published: July 2002

Two paradoxical geological features of the Himalaya are the syn-convergence extension
and the inverted metamorphic isograds observed in the crystalline core zone of this orogen. This High
Himalayan Crystalline Sequence corresponds to an up to 40 km thick sequence of amphibolite to
granulite facies gneiss, bounded by the Main Central Thrust at the base, and by the extensional faults
of the South Tibetan Detachment System at the top. Geochronological and structural data demonstrate
that coeval movements along both the Main Central Thrust and South Tibetan Detachment
System during Early to Middle Miocene times were related to a tectonically controlled exhumation of
these high-grade metamorphic rocks. The High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence systematically shows
an inverted metamorphic zonation, generally characterized by a gradual superposition of garnet, staurolite,
kyanite, sillimanite + muscovite and sillimanite + K-feldspar isograds, from the base to the top
of the unit. Recent kinematic flow analyses of these metamorphic rocks demonstrate the coexistence
of both simple shear and pure shear during the ductile deformation. The simple shear component of
such a general non-coaxial flow could explain a rotation of isograds, eventually resulting in an inversion.
The pure shear component of the flow implies a thinning of the metamorphic sequence that must
be balanced by a perpendicular stretching of the unit parallel to its boundaries. Inasmuch as seismic
data show that both the Main Central Thrust and South Tibetan Detachment System converge at
depth, a thinning of the wedge-shaped High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence should induce a ductile
extrusion of these high-grade rocks toward the surface. Rapid extension at the top of the sequence
could thus be the consequence of a general shear extrusion of this unit relative to its hanging wall.
Moreover, this extensional movement should decrease with depth to become zero where the boundaries
of the unit meet, accounting for the paradoxical convergence of the South Tibetan Detachment
System toward the Main Central Thrust. Furthermore, a general flow combining simple shear and
pure shear can reconcile inverted isograds with the lack of inverted pressure field gradient across the
High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence, despite an intense non-coaxial deformation. In good agreement
with the seismic, kinematic and P–T–t constraints on the Himalayan tectono-thermal evolution,
general shear extrusion provides a consistent model accounting for both inverted isograds and rapid
extension in a compressional orogenic setting.
The Exeter Group, south Devon, England: a contribution to the

early post-Variscan stratigraphy of northwest Europe
Authors: EDWARDS R. A. , WARRINGTON G. , SCRIVENER R. C. , JONES N. S. , HASLAM H. W. , AULT L.
Published: July 2002

The lower part of the post-Variscan succession around Exeter,

south Devon, England, comprises some 800 m of breccias, with

subordinate sandstones and mudstones, which rest upon Devonian and

Carboniferous rocks folded during the Variscan Orogeny and are

overlain, disconformably, by the Aylesbeare Mudstone Group (Early

Triassic?). These deposits comprise the most westerly of the early

post-Variscan successions preserved onshore in northwest Europe and

lie to the south of the Variscan Deformation Front; they are assigned

to the Exeter Group (new term). Geochronological and palaeontological

studies, in conjunction with detailed geological mapping, show that

the constituent formations comprise a lower (Late

Carboniferous(?)–Early Permian) sequence separated from an

upper (Late Permian) sequence by an unconformity which represents an

hiatus with a duration of at least 20 m.y. The lower sequence

contains volcanic rocks dated at between 291 and 282 Ma (Early

Permian) and pre-dates intrusion of the nearby Dartmoor Granite (280

Ma). In the overlying, palynologically-dated, Late Permian sequence,

older breccias contain clasts of the Dartmoor Granite aureole rocks,

and younger ones contain clasts of that granite. The lower sequence

occurs mainly within the Crediton Trough, an east–west

trending, partly fault-bounded, sedimentary basin that probably

formed by extensional reactivation of a Variscan thrust. Breccias in

this sequence formed largely on alluvial fans; the common occurrence

of debris flows and a down-fan passage from gravity flows into

fluvially deposited sediments is typical of deposition on semi-arid

fans. The upper (Late Permian) sequence is more widespread but

includes similar deposits overlain, at the top of the Exeter Group,

by aeolian dune and interdune deposits. Correlation within the

laterally variable facies associations which comprise these sequences

has been achieved using a combination of sedimentary facies analysis,

sedimentary geochemistry, and petrographical and geochemical clast

typing. The stratigraphy revealed within the Exeter Group is broadly

comparable with that recognized in the early post-Variscan Rotliegend

successions elsewhere in Europe. This similarity may, however, be

deceptive; the upper part of the Exeter Group may be coeval with the

Zechstein, and apparently correlatable major unconformities in the

group and the Rotliegend may reflect different events in the Variscan

fold-belt and Variscan Foreland areas, respectively.
Variscan structures in the Kent Coalfield, southeast England,

and their regional significance
Authors: RIPPON J. H. , GAYER R. A. , MILIORIZOS M.
Published: July 2002

The Upper Carboniferous Kent Coalfield lies concealed beneath various

Mesozoic formations,

its southern areas lying about 20 km north of the commonly accepted position

of the main Variscan

Deformation Front. However, despite intense intra-coal deformation, the
existing

literature is ambivalent

about compressional Variscan features in Kent, the general view being that

coal deformation is largely the

product of the depositional environment. The main deformation is interpreted

here as the result of Variscan

compression, the structural style being imposed by the sandstone-dominated

lithology. This conclusion is

necessitated by the regularity of deformational structures revealed by

mine workings, and supported by coal

sequence irregularities suggestive of thrusting, especially in the lower

Westphalian strata, all of which is

paralleled in parts of the South Wales Coalfield. The Kent data indicate
that,

as in South Wales, a zone of

thrusting many tens of kilometres wide lies in advance of the main deformation

front. Structural trends are

consistent with an overall swing in the front from east–west

across much of central-southern England, to

more northwest–southeast across northeastern France. This swing may

represent a transpressional transfer

zone, within which stress deflection and block rotation produced thrust

vergence oblique to the overall direction of maximum compression.
Late Silurian and Early Devonian stratigraphy and probable

strike-slip tectonics in northwestern Spitsbergen
Authors: FRIEND P. F. , HARLAND W. B. , ROGERS D. A. , SNAPE I. , THORNLEY R. S. W.
Published: July 2002

The stratigraphy of the Siktefjellet and Red Bay groups of

northwestern Spitsbergen is revised in

the light of new fieldwork. An early Early Devonian (Lochkovian) age is

indicated by the rich fossil

vertebrate faunas of the Red Bay Group. The underlying Siktefjellet Group

is likely to be Late Silurian in

age, although there is no direct fossil evidence of this. The most abundant

sediment type in the two groups

is fine-grained fluvial sandstone, although conglomerates and

lacustrine siltstones also occur. The conglomerates

that predominate in the lowest parts of both groups imply the presence

of fault scarps at the surface.

There has been much debate about the importance of strike-slip faulting

in the area, particularly in relation

to the major north–south trending Raudfjorden and Breibogen faults.

Between these faults, the

Biskayerhuken–Holtedahlfonna terrane contains a zone for which the

deliberately genetic name

‘Siktefjellet Strike-slip Zone’ is proposed. This zone

is characterized by evidence for a succession of events

that, taken together, suggest a history of continuing, repeated strike-slip.

These events were: (1) the tectonism

and metamorphism of the basement (Krossfjorden Group) and the emplacement
of

the high-grade

Richarddalen Complex, (2) development of crush zones in the basement, (3)

deposition of the

Siktefjellet Group in two distinct basins (perhaps of pull-apart origin),

(4) deposition of the Red Bay Group

(first as discrete scarp-related conglomerates, and then as part of a more

stable fluvial basin), (5) localized

compressional deformation of the Siktefjellet and Red Bay groups.
Palaeoceanographic significance of new and revised

palaeontological datings for the onset of Vigla Limestone

sedimentation in the Ionian zone of Greece
Authors: DANELIAN T. , DE WEVER P. , AZÉMA J.
Published: July 2002

Radiolarian and calpionellid dating establish a significant

sedimentary hiatus within a reduced

pelagic sequence of the central part of the Ionian zone (western Greece).

Bottom-current activity probably

decreased during the Oxfordian, allowing encroachment of radiolarian-rich

sediments onto a Jurassic high (at

Kato Kouklessi), and then increased again during Kimmeridgian–Tithonian

time. The onset of Vigla Limestone

sedimentation is diachronous within the Ionian zone, spanning late Tithonian
to

various levels of early

Berriasian time. This diachroneity can be explained by dispersal of fine-grained

sediment by current activity.
The Lower Silurian Osmundsberg K-bentonite.

Part I: stratigraphic position, distribution, and palaeogeographic

significance
Authors: BERGSTRÖM STIG M. , HUFF WARREN D. , KOLATA DENNIS R.
Published: July 2002

A large number of Lower Silurian (Llandovery) K-bentonite

beds have been recorded from

northwestern Europe, particularly in Baltoscandia and the

British Isles, but previous attempts to trace single

beds regionally have yielded inconclusive results. The

present study suggests that based on its unusual

thickness, stratigraphic position and trace element

geochemistry, one Telychian ash bed, the Osmundsberg

K-bentonite, can be recognized at many localities in Estonia,

Sweden and Norway and probably also in

Scotland and Northern Ireland. This bed, which is up to 115 cm

thick, is in the lower–middle turriculatus

Zone. The stratigraphic position, thickness variation and

geographic distribution of the Osmundsberg

K-bentonite are illustrated by means of 12 selected Llandovery

successions in Sweden, Estonia, Norway,

Denmark, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In Baltoscandia, the

Osmundsberg K-bentonite shows a trend of

general thickness increase in a western direction suggesting

that its source area was located in the northern

Iapetus region between Baltica and Laurentia. Because

large-magnitude ash falls like the one that produced

the Osmundsberg K-bentonite last at most a few weeks, such an

ash bed may be used as a unique time-plane

for a variety of regional geological and palaeontological studies.
Regional implications of structural and eustatic controls in the
evolution of submarine fans: an example from the Miocene
Adana Basin, southern Turkey
Authors: GÜRBÜZ KEMAL
Published: July 2002

Deep-sea fan development is generally thought to be controlled by a combination of
changes in sea level, the shape and size of the basin in which the fans are growing, and the nature of
the source area. The Early Miocene evolution of the eastern Mediterranean involved significant accumulation
of deep-water clastic sediment in which the importance of each of these controlling factors
can be evaluated. The deep-water clastic system located in the Adana Basin has been studied in detail.
Two contemporaneous, small, radial, sand-rich submarine fans (one in the west and one in the east)
exhibiting different scales, fan types and styles of deposition have been recognized within the Cingöz
turbidite sequence of the northern Adana Basin in southern Turkey. Sedimentological studies indicate
that the fans were controlled externally by tectonics and relative eustatic sea-level fall during late
Serravallian time, in combination with the nature of the source area to the north. The internal architectural
stacking patterns and external geometry of the two fan systems were strongly affected by the
interaction of local tectonics and turbidity current pathways, including a major topographic confinement
to the southeast that forced a vertical aggradation of the eastern fan and an east–west elongation
of the western fan. This paper describes a classic example of a well-exposed deep-water clastic system
where (1) tectonically driven sea-floor topography, (2) syn-sedimentary tectonism and (3) eustatic rise
in sea level, are the primary controls on its development.
Geometry of Quaternary sediments along the north Norfolk
coast, UK: a shallow seismic study
Authors: CHROSTON P. N. , JONES R. , MAKIN B.
Published: July 2002

Seismic refraction profiles on land and marine single-channel seismic profiling in inshore
waters were used to supplement shallow-borehole data to determine the overall form of the
Quaternary sequence in the coastal zone of North Norfolk. Refraction data from five principal profiles
across the zone shows four velocity units, and correlation with the borehole data indicates that
these (principally) represent (a) the surface drained/weathered zone, (b) Holocene and glacial sediments,
(c) weathered chalk, and (d) fresh chalk. A strong reflection on two marine profiles is interpreted
as the top of the Chalk. Integration of the data shows that Quaternary sediments are contained
in a broad, shallow, east–west trending trough centred along the marshes, landward of barrier sediments.
This trough extends eastwards beyond the present shoreline into the southern North Sea. The
linearity of the axis of the trough and the adjacent coastline suggests an underlying structural control
that may be east–west faulting on the northern side of the London–Brabant Massif.
Age of crustal melting, emplacement and exhumation history
of the Shivling leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: SEARLE M. P. , NOBLE S. R. , HURFORD A. J. , REX D. C.
Published: July 2002

We report a U–Pb monazite age of 23.0±0.2 Ma for the Shivling leucogranite, a
tourmaline+muscovite±biotite leucogranite at the top of the High Himalayan slab in the Garhwal
Himalaya, north India. The Shivling–Bhagirathi leucogranite is a viscous near-minimum melt,
emplaced as a foliation parallel laccolith via a dyke network not far from its source region. Prograde
heating occurred soon after the India–Asia collision at c. 50 Ma up to melting at 23 Ma and high
temperatures (>550 °C) were maintained for at least 15 Ma after garnet growth. The leucogranite was
emplaced at mid-crustal depths along the footwall of the Jhala fault, a large-scale low-angle normal
fault, part of the South Tibetan Detachment system, above kyanite and sillimanite grade gneisses. The
geometry of the leucogranite laccolith shows biaxial extension and boudinage both perpendicular
(north-northeast–south-southwest) and parallel to the strike (west-northwest–east-southeast) of the
mountain range. Unroofing occurred by underthrusting beneath the High Himalayan slab along the
Main Central Thrust zone, progressively ‘jacking up’ the leucogranites, removal of material above by
low-angle normal faulting, and erosion. Very rapid cooling at rates of 200–350 °C/Ma between
23–21 Ma immediately followed crystallization, as tectonic unroofing and erosion removed 24–28 km
of overburden during this time. K–Ar muscovite ages are 22±1.0 Ma and fission track ages of zircons
from >5000 m on the North Ridge of Shivling are 14.2±2.1 and 8.8±1.2 Ma and apatites are
3.5±0.79 and 2.61±0.23 Ma. Slow steady state cooling at rates of 20–30 °C/Ma from 20–1 Ma shows
that maximum erosion rates and unroofing of the leucogranite occurred during the early Miocene.
This timing coincides with initiation of low-angle, north-dipping normal faulting along the South
Tibetan Detachment system.
Contact metamorphism and anatexis of Torridonian arkose by
minor intrusions of the Rum Igneous Complex, Inner
Hebrides, Scotland
Authors: HOLNESS M. B.
Published: July 2002

Significant volumes of partial melt developed in the arkosic contact aureoles of two of the
numerous mafic and ultramafic minor intrusions found in the northern parts of the Isle of Rum,
Scotland. Melting was essentially static, with little movement of melt even on a thin-section scale, and
no segregation. The relative proportions of (now inverted) tridymite and high quartz inferred to have
crystallized in the silica primary-phase field constrain the pressure of metamorphism to 150 ± 50 bars.
Melting attained 95 vol. %, and occurred up to 15 m from the contact with the 50 m diameter gabbro
plug. Melting around the adjacent 200 m diameter peridotite plug reached ≈ 70 vol. %, and occurred
up to 6 m from the contact. Simple thermal models for the two aureoles, based on the isograds given
by the onset of melting, the breakdown of chlorite and the disordering of microcline, support the
hypotheses that the peridotite plug was injected as a crystal-rich mush close to its solidus, whereas
the gabbro plug was a relatively long-lived feeder conduit. Time scales for the melting events are of the
order of forty years for the aureole of the gabbro and ten years for that surrounding the peridotite
body. The melt distribution resulting from the heating part of the thermal history is controlled by reaction,
and is far from textural equilibrium. Crystallization was abrupt, being complete in ten years for
the gabbro, and in only four for the peridotite, resulting in a fine-grained cotectic intergrowth and
preservation of the melt distribution.
HEROIC IDEAS AND HERO-WORSHIP
Authors: CAMERON EUAN
Published: July 2002

Thomas Müntzer: apocalyptic mystic and revolutionary.

By Hans-Jürgen Goertz.

Translated by Jocelyn Jacquiery and edited by Peter Matheson. Edinburgh:
T & T

Clark, 1993. Pp. xxii+230. £22.50.

The Reformation: roots and ramifications. By Heiko A. Oberman.

Translated by Andrew

C. Gow. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1994. Pp. xvi+232. £14.95.

Calvin's Old Testament commentaries. By T. H. L. Parker.

Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1986

(reprinted 1993). Pp. viii+240. £13.95.

Calvin's New Testament commentaries. By T. H. L. Parker.

2nd edition. Edinburgh:

T & T Clark, 1993. Pp. x+258. £13.95.
JOHN WILSON CROKER: PATRONAGE AND CLIENTAGE AT THE ADMIRALTY,
1809–1857
Authors: HAMILTON C. I.
Published: July 2002

J. W. Croker's papers are a valuable and rare source concerning British government
patronage of the first half of the nineteenth century. They show us a system that was burdensome for
the participants, made more acceptable since it was an extension of gentlemanly civility. The papers
also show that patronage, like government generally, was able somewhat to reform itself. True, in his
particular sphere as patron – as first secretary to the Admiralty (1809–30) – Croker favoured his
relatives, but appointed only those he thought fit, and supervised and controlled their work in a way
not feasible outside a family. Nepotism could mean efficiency. It created a Croker family circle within
the Admiralty that lasted until the 1860s. Croker continued to have influence as a patron until he died
in 1857. He was aided by his network of friendships, but also there was the obligation felt by those
in power – of whatever party – to Croker's long years of Admiralty service. Political links had their
importance, but is is argued that the three factors of family, friendship, and service were predominant.
His career as patron illustrates a vital stage between ‘old corruption’ and competitive entry to the civil
service.
CONFLICT AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THE STATE AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY EGYPT
Authors: Moustafa Tamir
Published: July 2002

Al-Azhar, traditionally Egypt's most respected and influential center for Islamic study, adopted an increasingly bold platform opposing Egyptian government policy throughout the mid-1990s. Al-Azhar defied government policy on a variety of sensitive issues, including population control, the practice of clitoridectomy, and censorship rights. Moreover, al-Azhar directly challenged the government in high-profile forums such as the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in September of 1994. This open opposition was remarkable in light of the tremendous capacity that the Egyptian government has shown in the past to manipulate and control al-Azhar. Over the past century, and particularly since the 1952 Free Officers' coup, the Egyptian government virtually incorporated al-Azhar as an arm of the state through purges and control over Azhar finances, and by gaining the power to appoint al-Azhar's key leadership. Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, and Husni Mubarak all benefited from this dominance over al-Azhar by securing fatwas legitimating their policies. Given this overwhelming leverage, what can explain al-Azhar's increased opposition to the government throughout the mid-1990s?
POLITICS WITHIN THE LATE-PAHLAVI STATE: THE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY, 1963–69
Authors: Nasr Vali
Published: July 2002

In February 1963, the government in Iran formed the Ministry of Economy—a pilot bureaucratic agency that was to oversee industrial transformation and generate growth. In 1969, after six years of unprecedented growth and significant industrialization,1 the political leadership withdrew its support for the ministry and broke down its autonomy. The fate of the ministry had little to do with its performance or promise in the economic arena. It was, rather, the political implications of the rise of an autonomous and competent bureaucratic agency, and the rationalization of industrial policy-making, that led the political leadership—and Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in particular—to end its support for this experiment.
Unstitching the New Zealand State: Its Role in Domesticity and its Decline
Authors: Nolan Melanie
Published: July 2002

Studies of domesticity tend to take a simple view of the state's role. If the state made reforms, it was because some interest group forced it to do so. These studies risk a charge of functionalism by emphasizing that the state necessarily acted to further capitalist or patriarchal interests. In this paper I argue that the state's response to interests was neither as coherent nor as predictable as is suggested by these approaches. The state is a conflicting ensemble of institutions rather than a monolith. Various state agencies act independently, sometimes in conflicting ways, over domesticity. At the same time, overall, the state has relatively independent imperatives of its own too. Historically, domesticity has not been one of its high priorities. We can see that the New Zealand state undermined domesticity before second-wave feminism of the 1970s. But state powers are circumscribed by its democratic context. Just as there were limits to the state's willingness or ability to impose domesticity, so too were there limits to its power to legislate for equality.
Effect of timing of drought stress on growth and grain yield of extra-short-duration pigeonpea lines
Authors: NAM N. H. , CHAUHAN Y. S. , JOHANSEN C.
Published: July 2002

Four extra-short-duration (ESD) lines in 1991 and eight ESD lines in 1992 were grown with adequate soil moisture throughout their growth or subjected to drought coinciding with the vegetative, flowering and pod-filling stages under rainout shelters. In both years, drought stress treatments significantly reduced dry matter accumulation and grain yield. The extent of reduction in grain yield varied with the line and stage of stress imposition. Drought stress at the flowering stage caused greater reduction in total dry matter and grain yield than the stress imposed during the pre-flowering and pod-filling stages. Drought stress coinciding with the flowering stage reduced grain yield by 40–55% in 1991 and 15–40% in 1992 in different lines. ESD genotypes could extract moisture from up to a metre depth during pre-flowering and flowering stage stress but less so during the pod-filling stage stress. Genotype ICPL 88039, followed by ICPL 89021, showed consistently lowest sensitivity to drought stress at flowering. Protracted drought stress commencing from the pre-flowering to flowering or from the flowering to pod-filling stages was more harmful than stress at the individual stages. The reduction in yield under drought stress could be attributed mainly to less total dry matter accumulation, but also increased abscission of plant parts. The results suggest variation in sensitivity of ESD lines in relation to timing of stress, which should facilitate targeted screening for different intermittent moisture stress environments.
Effects of paclobutrazol and nitrogen fertilizer on the
growth and yield of maize
Authors: IREMIREN G. O. , ADEWUMI P. O. , ADULOJU S. O. , IBITOYE A. A.
Published: July 2002

In two field experiments conducted in 1991 and 1992 at Akure, Nigeria,
0–12 and 0–24 ml/l of the
plant growth regulator, paclobutrazol, and 0, 75 and 150 kg N/ha were
applied to maize in factorial
combinations. Substantial vegetative growth occurred with increasing N rates
in 1991 and this
accelerated 50% silking date. Paclobutrazol influenced maize growth at this
stage only in 1992 when
12 and 24 ml/l depressed plant height and increased both stem girth
and leaf number/plant.

Higher paclobutrazol application rates decreased plant height at maturity
in both years while, in
1991, 150 kg N/ha enhanced it, and also stem girth and shoot dry matter
yield. In 1991, both ear and grain dry weight yield/m2
increased with higher N rates while in 1992 4–24 ml/l paclobutrazol
enhanced ear dry yield/m2 compared with untreated maize.

Both chlorophyll a and b in the ear leaf increased with
higher rates of paclobutrazol and N
fertilizer, except in 1992 when high leaf N tended to mask the effect
of paclobutrazol. N fertilizer in
1991 enhanced the contents of N and Ca in the ear leaf while depressing
P, compared with untreated maize.
A comparison of fresh and dried

Calliandra calothyrsus supplements for sheep given a

basal diet of barley straw
Authors: NORTON B. W. , AHN J. H.
Published: July 2002

Leaves from the tropical tree legume calliandra (Calliandra

calothyrsus) were harvested and fed either

fresh frozen (F) or dried (D) as a supplement (200 g dry matter (DM)) to
sheep

(n=4) given barley

straw ad libitum in metabolism cages in a controlled-environment
animal

house. Sheep given these

diets were intra-ruminally infused (0·5 litres/day) with either

water or a solution containing 100 g/l

polyethylene glycol (PEG). These treatments were administered

in a randomized complete block

design, and the results statistically analysed. Drying significantly

increased the cell wall (cellulose,

hemicellulose) and lignin contents, but decreased the condensed tannin

(butanol-HCl method)

content (F=35·7, D=21·7 g/kg DM). Both drying and PEG

infusion significantly (P<0·05)

increased straw organic matter (OM) intake, but the effects

of drying plus PEG were not additive.

Organic matter digestibility of the diets was significantly

(P<0·05) increased by drying (F=433 g/kg,

D=486 g/kg), but not by the infusion of PEG. Total nitrogen (N)

digestibility was significantly (P<0·05) increased by
drying

(F=207 g/kg, D=316 g/kg) in the absence of PEG,

and by PEG for both frozen (−PEG=207 g/kg, +PEG=392 g/kg)

and dried (−PEG=316 g/kg, +PEG=434 g/kg) calliandra. PEG

infusion significantly increased the proportion of feed

N degraded in the rumen (−PEG=0·41, +PEG=0·52) and

rumen ammonia concentrations

(−PEG=63, +PEG=103 mgN/l), but had no significant effect on the

rate or efficiency of

microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. PEG infusions significantly

increased the amount and

proportion of N intake absorbed from the lower digestive tract, but had
no

significant effect on

overall N balance. Drying decreased the tannin losses (as % intake)

occurring in the rumen (F=37·3%, D=24·2%), and PEG infusion

increased these losses for both frozen (−PEG=37·3%,

+PEG=72·5%) and dried (−PEG=24·2%, +PEG=68·7%)

calliandra supplements. It was

concluded from these studies that the presence of tannins in fresh (frozen)

calliandra depressed feed

utilization, and that drying was an effective means of improving the nutritive

value of calliandra when fed as a supplement to low quality straws.
Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on herbage, oil yield
and water use of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus)
on alfisols
Authors: SINGH M.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was conducted with lemongrass (Cymbopogon
flexuosus) at Bangalore, India
during 1993–95 under three oil moisture regimes
(0·75, 0·50 and 0·25) irrigation water:cumulative
pan
evaporation (IW:CPE) ratios and four rates of nitrogen application

(0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha−1). The
soil moisture regime maintained at 0·75 IW:CPE ratio significantly
increased crop growth characters
such as plant height, leaf area index, herbage and essential oil yields,
compared with those having 0·25
and 0·50 IW:CPE ratios. An application of 100 kg N ha−1

was found to be optimal for crop yield. Oil
content and quality of oil were not affected by irrigation and nitrogen
rates.