bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Mount Emory’ Mountain Sage
Authors: Simpson Benny J. , McWilliams E. L.
Published: September 2022

Salvia regla Cav. is native in Texas only in the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, located in Brewster County (1, 5, 6). It is found in Mexico from Coahuila and Durango to Oaxaca with the type from Regia in the state of Hidalgo (5). In the Chisos, it is found in Oak Creek Canyon, Lost Mine Trail, and Green Gulch; it is especially prevalent around the western slopes of Mount Emory at altitudes of generally over 1610 m (1 mile). It is called the Queen of the Chisos Mountains and is considered by many the most beautiful of all the autumn-flowering shrubs (6). Mountain sage is found in dappled shade and is quite spectacular when in bloom from June to October. It is a favorite of many species of hummingbirds and is browsed by deer. It becomes a prime attractant to hummingbirds on their return migration to the tropics in September-October when planted out of its natural environment.
‘Solano’, ‘Sonora’, and ‘Padre’ Almonds
Authors: Kester D. E. , Asay R. N. , Micke W. C.
Published: September 2022

Three new cultivars of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb syn. P. amygdalus Batch] are released for distribution. ‘Solano’ has a high-quality kernel and could be grown in combination with ‘Nonpareil’ for simultaneous bloom and sequential harvest. ‘Sonora’ has a high-quality kernel, blooms earlier than ‘Nonpareil’, and could be used as a substitute for or in combination with ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ and ‘Peerless’. ‘Padre’ is a high-yielding, late-blooming cultivar that could be planted together with or as a substitute for the ‘Mission’.
Protoplast Fusion for Plant Improvement
Authors: Sink K. C.
Published: September 2022

Most horticultural plant breeders probably are skeptical of the “potential for crop improvement by genetic manipulation through the use of protoplasts,” which has been professed optimistically in review papers and at genetic engineering conferences and meetings (45). This attitude may be warranted to some degree (43). Certainly, the ability to manipulate quantitatively inherited traits will be very difficult to achieve. Exogenous DNA may be introduced into protoplasts, but the subsequent integration, phenotypic expression, and sexual transmission of the new DNA are prerequisite to any possible exploitation by plant breeders. Significant advances have been and are being made presently, however, toward the realization of somatic cell genetic manipulations by the use of protoplasts. These efforts should increase genetic diversity of available germplasm and provide more efficient means for handling specific traits at various steps in plant breeding.
Genetic Engineering: The Relationship Between Industry Academia and Plant Scientists
Authors: Lower Richard L.
Published: September 2022

The title of this presentation might well have been either: Publish, Perish, Patent, Profit or Genetic Engineering: An Achilles Heel for Agricultural Research (7). References to academia in this discussion are specific to or encompass only public or land-grant institutions unless mention is made of privately endowed schools. It might be appropriate to define the role of land-grant institutions and then attempt to see if we are measuring up to land-grant philosophies as the gap is bridged between the exciting new biotechnology areas and state agricultural experiment stations. It is the latter that employ most of us.
In Vitro Propagation of Vanilla planifolia
Authors: Kononowicz Halina , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

In vitro shoot proliferation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.) by axillary branching was achieved in a basal medium consisting of Murashige and Skoog salts supplemented with (per liter) 0.1 mg thiamine-HCl, 0.5 mg pyridoxine-HCl, 100 mg i-inositol, 0.5 mg nicotinic acid, 2.0 mg glycine, 1 g casein hydrolysate, 30 g sucrose, 8 g agar, and 0.5 mg 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Rooted shoots were established successfully in the greenhouse using an organic medium (redwood bark chips).
Growth and Rooting of Grape Shoot Apices in Vitro
Authors: Li Jia-Rui , Eaton G. W.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips from ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Cascade’ were pretreated in 6-benzylamino purine (BA) solution at 0, 1.33 × 10−3, 2.22 × 10−3, or 3.94 × 10−3 m and cultured in media containing naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0, 2.9 × 10−6 or 5.7 × 10−6 m. Higher concentrations of either BA or NAA reduced the effectiveness of the other in increasing dry weight of shoot tips. Shoots obtained were pretreated in indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 0, 1.48 × 10−3, 2.46 × 10−3, or 3.94 × 10−3 m and then placed in water, half-strength, or full-strength Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). Rooting of both cultivars was improved by IBA pretreatment with maximum rooting at concentrations of 2.46 × 10−3 or 3.94 × 10−3 IBA and usually in half-strength MS.
In Vitro Plant Regeneration from Leaf Disks of Hausa Potato (Coleus parviflorus)
Authors: Asokan M. P. , O’Hair S. K. , Litz R. E.
Published: September 2022

Leaf disks of Hausa potato (Coleus parviflorus Benth.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Optimum adventitious shoot development on the explant was obtained using 6.0 to 8.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) in combination with 2.5 to 4.0 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Shoot regeneration was obtained from callus following callus subculture on media with 4.0 to 8.0 mg/liter BA in combinations with 1.5 to 4.0 mg/liter NAA. Rooting was induced on shoots by transfer to a growth regulator-free medium.
The Effect of Seaweed Concentrate on Growth of Nutrient-stressed, Greenhouse Cucumbers
Authors: Nelson W. R. , Van Staden J.
Published: September 2022

A commercially available seaweed concentrate (Kelpak 66) was applied to nutrient-stressed plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativa L. cv. Pepinova) as a root dip at transplant or as a weekly foliar spray. Overall plant dry mass was increased by the seaweed treatment. Those plants receiving higher levels of seaweed treatment showed greatly increased root growth.
Effect of Row Covering, Transplant Size, and Partial Defoliation in the Production of Early Chinese Cabbage
Authors: Fritz V. A. , Honma S.
Published: September 2022

Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) transplants grown under a protective, wax-coated paper cover were subjected to various degrees of defoliation (0%, 25%, and 50% of the foliar length) to determine the effect on the incidence of premature bolting and transplant shock recovery. Various transplant sizes (3–4, 5–6, and 7–8 true leaves) were used to determine differences in vernalization sensitivity and bolting ability. Protective tunnels significantly reduced the percentage of bolters. Olders transplants (7–8 leaves) without protection were superior in preventing bolting. The 5–6 transplants grown under tunnels produced the best overall yield. Partial defoliation failed to show consistent results on all parameters measured from year to year and from soil to soil.
The Vegetable Seed Industry and Public Plant Breeding: Some Concerns
Authors: Grant Vest H.
Published: September 2022

Recently, the USDA/ARS announced a policy on cultivar development which calls for a reduction of 2 million dollars for breeding of horticultural crops (1). It has been indicated that this reduction will take place “upfront,” early in the proposed 6-year readjustment period. A significant decline in the number of public vegetable breeders also is projected in the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) by the year 1990 (unpublished data, H. Brooks and G. Vest, 1983 National Survey of Horticulture Administrators). Many believe that this decline in numbers has begun already. Coupled with the loss of ARS breeding programs, this reduction by SAES could signal the end of significant public investment in genetic improvement of important vegetable crops. There has not been a corresponding increase in private plant breeding activity for most vegetable crops to compensate for the reduction in the public sector.
Simazine and Atrazine—Suppression of Denitrification
Authors: McElhannon William S. , Mills Harry A. , Bush Parshall B.
Published: September 2022

The effectiveness of the s-triazines simazine [2-chloro-6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine] and atrazine [2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine and nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine] in suppressing denitrification was evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse studies. Parameters used to measure suppression of denitrification were N2 and N2O evolution, soil NO3-N, and plant N (% N × dry weight). Simazine and atrazine significantly reduced N2O evolution in laboratory incubation studies, but had no effect on N2 evolution, while nitrapyrin reduced both N2 and N2O evolution. In greenhouse studies, 0.5 mg kg-1 soil of simazine and atrazine, and 2.0 mg kg-1 soil of nitrapyrin increased soil NO3-N and plant N as compared to the control. It is concluded that simazine and atrazine inhibited denitrification under greenhouse and laboratory conditions and, therefore, that increased media NO3-N availability is the most likely explanation why N concentration in the plant tissue was higher.
In Vitro Propagation of Exacum
Authors: Torres K. C. , Natarella N. J.
Published: September 2022

Multiple shoot formation was obtained from terminal and lateral buds excised from stems of Exacum affine on a medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts, vitamins, sucrose, agar plus 0.01 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2.0 mg/liter kinetin. Root formation occurred at the expense of shoot production at 1.0 mg/liter NAA plus 0.1 mg/liter kinetin. Individual shoots could be rooted directly under normal greenhouse conditions.
Rapid Multiplication of Bananas and Plantains by In Vitro Shoot Tip Culture
Authors: Cronauer Sandra S. , Krikorian A. D.
Published: September 2022

Rapidly multiplying cultures of dessert banana clones (‘Philippine Lacatan’ and ‘Grande Naine’) and plantain clones (‘Saba’ and ‘Pelipita’) were established from isolated shoot tips on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). The growth rates of these cultures, expressed as increase in fresh weight over a 4-week period, were assessed. Rooted plantlets were produced using the auxins naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 1 mg/liter with low levels of activated charcoal (0.025% w/v).
In Vitro Propagation of Escarole from Leaf Explants
Authors: Subramanya R. , Schwandes L. P.
Published: September 2022

Leaf margin explants of escarole (Cichorium endivia L.) were cultured in 3 basal media [Doerschug and Miller (DM), Gamborg and Wetter (B5), and Murashige and Skoog (MS)] and 5 sets of growth regulators [kinetin + 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), kinetin + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylamino purine (BA) + 2,4-dichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), N6 isopentenyladenine (2iP) + NAA, and BA + NAA] in factorial combination. Maximum shoot production was obtained in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/liter NAA and 1.0 mg/liter BA. The shoots were rooted in ¼ concentration MS basal medium without any growth regulators. Successful transplantation into soil and growth to maturity was achieved with all explants.
An Electrophoresis Method for Water-soluble Protein of Prunus
Authors: Huang Feng Hou , Tsai Sonia , Rom Roy C.
Published: September 2022

An extraction, concentration, and electrophoresis method is described for water-soluble proteins from Prunus species. Protein band patterns were obtained from cambia of 1- to 2-year growth of F1 hybrid plum, its parental plum species, and peach and nectarine cultivars.
Improving the Rooting of Peach Hardwood Cuttings under Field Conditions
Authors: Erez A.
Published: September 2022

Hardwood cuttings of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) and exposed to constant temperatures between 3° and 15°C for 44 to 47 days rooted well only at a temperature of 12° or higher. The medium temperature threshold for root formation seems to lie between 9° and 12°. Covering moist sand in winter outdoors at The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, with polyethylene raised the temperature at a depth of 35 cm by over 1° on bright days and improved rooting of the cuttings.
Rootstock Influences the Chilling Requirement of ‘Rome Beauty’ Apple in Brazil
Authors: Couvillon Gary A. , Finardi Nelson , Magnani Marcio , Freire Claudio
Published: September 2022

The rootstock has been shown to influence the chilling requirement of pear (Oregon) (9) and peach (New Jersey) (10). This is not surprising because the rest influence moves across graft unions (1) and the scion and stock differ genetically and may have different chilling requirements. However, it has been reported that under the chilling conditions characteristic of the major California pear districts, rootstock had little or no influence on bloom date or chilling requirement (5). Also, budbreak and/or bloom of ‘Croncels’ (3), ‘Delicious’, and ‘McIntosh’ (4) were not influenced by early and late leafing stocks.
A Third Muskmelon Male-sterile Gene
Authors: McCreight J. D. , Elmstrom G. W.
Published: September 2022

A 3rd recessive, male-sterile gene in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) is named male sterile-3 and symbolized ms-3. Male sterile-3 is phenotypically distinct from male-sterile genes ms-1 or ms-2.
Effects of Genotype and Within-row Spacing on the Stability of Sex Expression in Cucumber
Authors: Nienhuis J. , Lower R. L. , Miller C. H.
Published: September 2022

Two gynoecious pickling cucumber inbred lines, GY 14-2 and GY 2, and 4 hybrids derived from crosses of these gynoecious lines by a monoecious determinate (M 20-2), and a monoecious indeterminate line (M 11) were grown at densities of 1, 2, and 4 plants per hill, all at populations of 84,000 plants/ha. Increasing numbers of plants/hill reduced the percentage of pistillate nodes/plant in all hybrids, the number of flowering nodes in both gynoecious inbred lines and their hybrids, and the percentage of gynoecious plants in both gynoecious inbred lines, and in their hybrids with the determinate M 20-2 line.
Influence of Ammonium Peroxydisulfate and Ethephon on Glucosinolates in ‘Laurentian’ Rutabaga
Authors: Chong Calvin , Poapst P. A.
Published: September 2022

Yields of the glucosinolate breakdown products, goitrin, volatile isothiocyanates, and thiocyanate were determined in long-stored roots of ‘Laurentian’ rutabaga [Brassica napus L. (Napobrassica group)] after preharvest treatments with 2 defoliants, ammonium peroxydisulfate (persulfate) at 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 0 and 1000 mg/liter, applied in all combinations. Root fresh weight and the 3 glucosinolate breakdown products were significantly influenced by persulfate applications (main effects), but not by ethephon. While the volatile isothiocyanates decreased progressively with increasing persulfate concentrations, goitrin was increased with applications of 0.5% persulfate. Thiocyanate was increased by applications of 0.5% persulfate and by 0.75% persulfate combined with ethephon.
Pepper Yields from Fluid Drilling with Additives and Transplanting
Authors: Ghate Suhas R. , Phatak Sharad C. , Batal K. M.
Published: September 2022

Germinated seeds of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were fluid drilled in loamy sand and sandy soils on 5 sowing dates with additives daminozide, diphenamid, gibberellic acid, phenamiphos, and metalaxyl. Two sets of greenhouse transplants were produced from germinated seeds. The plants of the first set (T1) were transplanted in the field at the time of field seeding. The second set (T2) was greenhouse seeded on the field sowing dates and was transplanted later in the field. Gel additives did not affect total fruit yield. The T1 transplants produced significantly higher total yields than did the field-seeded crop. However, yields from these transplants were equal to or less than those from the field-seeded crop when the yields from the first 6 harvests were compared on Tifton loamy sand. Yields from the T2 transplants were similar to those obtained by field sowing. Yields in loamy sand were higher than those in sandy soil at all plantings for all treatments.
Effects of Hand-pinching and Dikegulac-sodium Sprays on Capsicum annuum
Authors: Matta Frank B.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of dikegulac-sodium (sodium salt of 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(1-methylethylidene)-alpha-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid) at 722 and 2888 ppm and hand-pinching significantly increased branching of chili pepper cultivars ‘Sandia’, ‘NM 6’, and ‘Espanola 1’ (Capsicum annuum L.). Both dikegulac-sodium concentrations were equally effective in increasing branching. Hand-pinching and dikegulac-sodium at 722 ppm did not influence plant height. Dikegulac-sodium at 2888 ppm significantly reduced plant height. Hand-pinching and dikegulac-sodium at 722 ppm delayed first harvest by 9 days. Dikegulac-sodium at 2888 ppm delayed first harvest by 34 days. Dikegulac-sodium at 5053 ppm resulted in death of treated plants. All concentrations of dikegulac-sodium decreased yield.
Effects of Root-zone Heating on Growth and Flowering of Calceolaria
Authors: White John W. , Biernbaum John A.
Published: September 2022

A crop of Calceolaria herbeohybrida Voss, was grown from December 1979 through March 1980 using a 16-week production schedule and nightbreak lighting to accelerate flowering. A second crop was grown from March through June 1980 without lighting. Root-zone heating of 20° to 22°C increased shoot fresh and dry weights and flower number but had no effect on days to anthesis. Plants at ambient (10° to 12°) root-zone temperature were of poor quality and underdeveloped; while plants with root-zone heating were well-developed with an adequate number of flowers. Root-zone heating was less effective for the March to June crop.
Radicle Growth of Grasses and Legumes in Response to Temperature
Authors: Masiunas J. B. , Carpenter P. L.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of Andropogon gerardii Vitman., Panicum virgatum L., Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray., Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex H.B.K.) Lag ex. Griffiths, Lotus corniculatus L. ‘Empire’, Bromus inermis Leyss., Trifolium hybridum L., Medicago sativa L. Subsp. Sativa ‘Vernal’, and Poa pratensis L. ‘Park’ were pregerminated and grown for 48 hours at 5°C increments between 12° and 37° and at 47°. No radicle growth occurred at 47° for any species. Maximum growth occurred at 27° for B. inermis and 32° for P. virgatum and A. gerardii. For other species, maximum growth occurred over a range of temperatures from 22° to 32°. P. pratensis and B. inermis, C-3 grasses, had no growth but B. gracilis, P. virgatum, and A. gerardii, C-4 grasses, had significant radicle growth at 37°C.
Effects of Temperature on Radicle Growth of Lolium multiflorum, Bouteloua curtipendula, and Lespedeza stipulacea
Authors: Masiunas J. B. , Carpenter P. L.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim., and Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. were grown at 5°C increments between 12° and 37°, 47°, and at alternating temperature regimes of 17°/10°, 25°/18°, 30°/24°, 37°/30°, or 43°/36°. Radicle growth for all species was inhibited at 12° or 17°, and under all alternating temperature cycles. Maximum growth for Lo. multiflorum occurred at 22°, and at 32° for Le. stipulacea and B. curtipendula. No species grew at 47°.
Production Light Levels and Pesticides: Postproduction Effects on Dizygotheca elegantissima
Authors: Elliott Mark S. , McConnell D. B. , Joiner J. N. , Short D. E. , Conover C. A.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of Dizygotheca elegantissima (Hort. Veitch) R. Vig & Guillaum (false aralia) were grown for 90 days under maximum, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 797 or 278 μmol s−1m−2 and then treated with 2 pesticides (diazinon or dicofol) in 2 formulations [emulsifiable concentrate (EC) or wettable powder (WP)]. Plants were sleeved, held under simulated shipping conditions for 5 days at 22° ± 1°C, followed by simulated foliage plant warehouse conditions for 10 days at 20° ± 1°. Root and shoot quality ratings were 2-fold better at 278 than 797 μmol s−1m−2 PAR. Light compensation points (LCP) and percentage of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) levels were lower while root TNC levels were higher in plants grown under 278 than 797 μmol s−1m−2 PAR. The percentage of leaf abscission ratio of 278 and 797 μmol s−1m−2 PAR plants was similar to their LCP ratio. Plants had higher tissue levels of N, P, and K and lower levels of Mg and Ca grown at 278 than 797 μmol s−1m−2 PAR. Canopy width of dicofol WP-treated plants grown under 797 μmol s−1m−2 PAR decreased during simulated shipping and warehousing. Pesticide effects on other measurements were not detected.
‘Vanier’ Plum
Authors: Tehrani G. , Menzies D. R.
Published: September 2022

‘Vanier’ is a good quality, bright red, medium-sized, round, small-pitted, clingstone, Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). ‘Vanier’ matures during the last week of August, the same season as ‘Burbank’ and ‘Ozark Premier’. It is introduced primarily for fresh market consumption and for planting in areas where Japanese plums are grown.
Introduction to the Workshop
Authors: Sundstrom F. J.
Published: September 2022

Farm population in the 1880s was about 45% of the United States total population. Labor represented over 60% of total inputs whereas capital (machinery) was less than 20% of the total inputs used in United States agriculture. By the 1980s, farm population was less than 3%, labor input had dropped to less than 16%, whereas capital investments had risen to over 60% of total inputs. During this same 100 year period, United States farm output per hectare increased 5 times.
Cultural Modification of Vegetables for Mechanized Production
Authors: Sims W. L.
Published: September 2022

Many vegetables are highly perishable and must be harvested within a very short time frame. Soon after harvesting, the vegetables must be handled carefully, processed, properly stored or consumed fresh. Research and experience have shown that successful harvest mechanization requires a systems approach and involves the cooperative efforts of engineers, plant breeders, plant physiologists, food scientists, and others. It is truly an interdisciplinary approach.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Nell Terril A.
Published: September 2022

Harmful effects on the physiology and morphology and reductions in yield resulting from water stress on horticultural crops (1) have been documented increasingly in HortScience, the Journal of the American Society, for Horticultural Science, and in review articles. The scientific accomplishments in understanding horticultural crop water stress physiology have been extensive, considering limitations in instrumentation and procedures.
Integration of Water Stress in Fruit Trees
Authors: Syvertsen J. P.
Published: September 2022

Two major contact points exist between terrestrial plants and their external environment. One interface exists between the root and the soil, where water, mineral nutrients, and oxygen enter the plant system while carbohydrates, amino acids, other exudates, and CO2 can leave the plant and enter the rhizosphere. The other interface exists between shoot tissues and their aerial environment, where in leaves, CO2 and oxygen are exchanged and H2O vapor inevitably diffuses out of stomata. These interfaces are critical control points where environmental factors and physiological mechanisms interact to regulate exchanges of energy (heat and radiation) and materials (water, carbon, oxygen, and mineral nutrients). When available soil water is limited, water movement through the plant system is regulated primarily by soil water supply and conductivity of the roots. When soil water is adequate, water movement is controlled by transpiration which is regulated by both stomatal aperture and evaporative demand.
In Vitro Germination and Growth of Rubus Seeds and Embryos
Authors: Ke Shanquiang , Skirvin Robert M. , McPheeters Kenneth D. , Otterbacher Alan G. , Galletta Gene
Published: September 2022

Freshly harvested seeds of 10 Rubus crosses were germinated in vitro on modified Lepoivre medium without growth regulators. Among several seed preparation treatments, the best germination and subsequent survival in soil was achieved with halved seeds. In vitro germination bypassed the need for cool moist stratification and resulted in 57% to 81% germination within 8 to 12 days. This system provides an alternative method to secure high germination when a breeder is working with limited seed number, as in some interspecific Rubus crosses.
Effects of Culture Medium on in Vitro Rooting of Antonovka 313 Apple
Authors: Travers J. N. , Starbuck C. J. , Natarella N. J.
Published: September 2022

In vitro propagated shoots of the apple rootstock, Antonovka 313 (Malus pumila Mill.)9 were rooted successfully in vitro. Roots became visible in 6-8 days, and 100% rooting after 2 weeks was achieved consistently in shoots cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt medium supplemented with 0.25 μm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Sucrose was the most influential medium component for rhizogenesis. Inorganic nutrients, IBA and vitamins did not influence rooting. Omitting activated charcoal caused only a slight decrease. A 1.5% sucrose solution added to a peat-vermiculite growing medium in vitro resulted in higher rooting than in treatments without sucrose.
Response of Gas Exchange Behavior of Schefflera arboricola to Air Humidity and Temperature
Authors: Lorenzo-Minguez P. , Ceulemans R. , Gabriels R. , Impens I. , Verdonck O.
Published: September 2022

The effects of air temperature and leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the gas exchange behavior, i.e., net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) and dark respiration rate, transpiration, leaf diffusive conductance to water vapor, water use efficiency (WUE), and xylem pressure potential of Schefflera arboricola Hayata ‘Compacta’ were examined under conditions of adequate substrate moisture in a controlled environment growth chamber. The optimum temperature for NCER was around 25°C at a photo-synthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 450 μmol s-1m-2 and an ambient CO2-concentration of about 350 cm3.m-3. With increasing VPD, transpiration increased while leaf diffusive conductance as well as leaf temperature decreased. Due to humidity induced stomatal closure, WUE expressed per unit of VPD also decreased. Changes in VPD did not significantly affect NCER and xylem water potential.
Response of Statice to Selected Herbicides
Authors: Gilreath J. P.
Published: September 2022

Seventeen herbicide treatments applied pre- and posttransplant were evaluated for toxicity to statice (Limonium sinuata L.) in 2 screening experiments. From these, 6 treatments were selected for further evaluation. Two applications (one pre-transplant followed by one posttransplant over the top) of 1.7 kg/ha alachlor, 4.5 kg/ha oxadiazon, 3.4 kg/ha EPTC, 9.0 kg/ha DCPA, 2.2 kg/ha napropamide, and 2.2 kg/ha oryzalin were evaluated for toxicity to field-grown ‘Midnight Blue’ statice. Oxadiazon, EPTC, and DCPA were not injurious to statice and produced yields of marketable panicles that were comparable to those in the untreated weed-free checks. Alachlor, napropamide, and oryzalin stunted plants and resulted in low panicle yields. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon); S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC); dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA); 2-(naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide (napropamide); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin).
Citrus Freeze Protection with Microsprinkler Irrigation during an Advective Freeze
Authors: Parsons Lawrence R. , Combs Brian S. , Tucker D. P. H.
Published: September 2022

Microsprinkler irrigation was used to protect young citrus trees during severe advective freeze conditions in Florida during 24–26 Dec. 1983. Three factors (microsprinkler distance from the tree, compass position, and water volume output) influenced the amount of protection or tree damage. Spray jets that delivered 76 liters/hr (9 mm/hr) and were located 0.7 m or less from the north side of the trees protected the lower scaffold branches and trunk of young trees to temperatures below −6°C. Spray jet irrigation, particularly when jets were more than 1 m away on the east side of the trees resulted in more tree damage than no irrigation. This was due to low dew point temperatures and northwest winds which kept continuously-sprayed water away from the tree. Volume of water per tree needs to be moderately high, and spray jets should be located on the upwind (northwest) side of the tree at a distance no greater than 0.7 m from the tree in order to provide optimum freeze protection with microsprinkler irrigation.
Postharvest and Storage Factors Affecting Superficial Scald and Core Flush of ‘Granny Smith’ Apples
Authors: Little C. R. , Taylor H. J. , McFarlane F.
Published: September 2022

Initial O2 stress (IOS) treatments in 0% to 0.5% O2, followed by ultra low O2 (ULO) storage (O2<1.7%, in 0°C, 92–96% RH, of ‘Granny Smith’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh) reduced fruit susceptibility to storage scald allowing satisfactory control of the disorder after 9 months of storage with 300 mg.1-1 diphenylamine (DPA). Storage factors increasing scald were the reversion from ULO to air storage twice during 9 months of ULO storage, and the omission of an IOS treatment prior to ULO storage. When storage included IOS treatments and continuous ULO, the inclusion of the fungicide (Rovral) 1-isopropylcarbamoyl-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) hydantoin, manufactured by Rhome Poulene, Lyon, France, increased scald, compared to treatments in calcium chloride (CaCl2) or DPA, and 1500 mg.1-1 of DPA compared to treatments in water and (CaCl2) increased core flush. Susceptibility to storage scald was reduced by low ethylene levels during storage in 3.0% CO2 + 3.5% O2 but not during storage in ULO 0.5% CO2 + 1.0% O2. The incidence of core flush, however, was reduced by low ethylene levels during storage, regardless of the CA storage treatment.
Induction of Parthenocarpic Fruit Growth in Sour Cherry with N-substituted Phthalimide and NAA
Authors: Bukovac Martin J. , Retamales Jorge B. , Shao-ying Xu , Matsui Hiroyuki
Published: September 2022

Parthenocarpic fruit development was induced in ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) with AC 94377. The biological activity of AC 94377 was increased significantly by NAA. The development (Stages I, II, III, “June drop”, ripening) of parthenocarpic fruit was similar to that of open pollinated controls except for smaller fruit size. Ovules enlarged during Stage I in AC 94377-induced parthenocarpic fruit, but lacked embryos; all ovules aborted during Stage II or III of fruit development. The primary action of NAA appeared to reduce abscission of AC 94377-treated ovaries with no significant effect on fruit size. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (6-BA); 1-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cy-clohexanecarboximide (AC 94377); polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Atlox BI).
Evaluation of Liquid and Slow-release Fertilizer Applications in the Production of Dwarf Date Palm
Authors: Doughty S. C. , O’Rourke E. N. , Barrios E. P. , Mowers R. P.
Published: September 2022

Young Phoenix roebelenii O’Brian palms (2–3 leaves) and older seedlings (6–9 leaves) were potted in Mott’s amended medium and grown for 42 and 20 weeks, respectively. Three rates of 18N–2.6P–10K Osmocote, 25N–3.9P–14K Peter’s soluble and Osmocote plus Peter’s soluble fertilizer were used as treatments. Controls were potted but not fertilized. All were greenhouse grown at temperatures varying between 18° to 46°C. Fertilizer types or rates had no significant effect on leaf length or dry weight. High rates of Osmocote, and, in some instances, middle to high rates of fertilizer combinations, increased leaf number significantly. Plants receiving all rates of fertilizer appeared larger and produced significantly more leaves than unfertilized plants.
Relationship between Catkin Development and Cropping in the Persian Walnut ‘Serr’
Authors: Ryugo K. , Bartolini G. , Carlson R. M. , Ramos D. E.
Published: September 2022

Crowded conditions in ‘Serr’ walnut orchards predispose trees to initiate numerous catkins which reduce crop potential in 3 ways: a) catkins replace potentially fruitful buds at several nodes; b) they occasionally induce abscission of the terminal bud; and c) they utilize much reserve food, requisite for pistillate flower set, especially, because the cultivar is protandrous.
Root Distribution of Two Field-grown Ilex
Authors: Fare Donna C. , Gilliam Charles H. , Ponder Harry G.
Published: September 2022

In field production of nursery stock, plant losses may occur after digging but before plants leave the nursery, thereby reducing profitability. Although little information is available, it appears this plant loss may result from moisture stress induced by root pruning at digging and subsequent handling procedures (2, 3). To ensure adequate roots in the rootball, most nurserymen dig root-balls in accordance with the American Standard for Nursery Stock (ASNS) (1), which allows for increasing rootball size with increased shoot growth.
Release of Lily Clones as Germplasm
Authors: Ronald W. G. , Collicutt L. M.
Published: September 2022

The lily hybrids RSM (Research Station, Morden) 73-9-1, 75-9-8, and 77-15-1 were developed through hybridization between 3 sections and 2 subsections of the genus Lilium. Several years of evaluation have shown these clones to be potentially useful for breeding and cultivar development, and for pollen-stylar incompatibility studies. As germplasm, the clones may serve as basic breeding material, whereas further evaluation also may show direct commercial value for garden or greenhouse lilies.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Norton Colin R.
Published: September 2022

Seed germination is usually the most critical factor in determining the success of stand establishment. However, laboratory seed germination tests show a poor correlation with seedling emergence in the field (6), mainly due to the influence of environmental factors in the field. Physical, mechanical, chemical, and biotic effects can be identified as environmental factors affecting seeds in the field (5). This symposium discusses these factors where they have a direct bearing on the physiology of seed germination and emergence.
Manipulation of Seed Water Relations Via Osmotic Priming to Improve Germination Under Stress Conditions
Authors: Bradford Kent J.
Published: September 2022

For annual crops, the time from planting to seedling establishment is a crucial phase in the production cycle. Uniformity and percentage of emergence of direct-seeded crops can have a major impact on final yield and quality, particularly for vegetables (84). Techniques of precision planting to achieve desired plant populations depend on a high probability of successful establishment for each seed planted (26). Furthermore, increasing use of expensive hybrid seed has placed additional emphasis on the performance of each seed planted. The soil environment often, however, is not conducive to rapid germination and seedling growth. Physical stresses, such as extreme temperatures, excess or deficit of water, salinity, or soil crusting; and biological stresses, including pathogens and insects, can all adversely affect germination and seedling growth. These problems are compounded by the increased susceptibility of plants to many of these stresses during germination and emergence. It is not surprising, therefore, that there have been many attempts to devise presowing treatments to improve seed performance in the field. The wide range of such treatments has been thoroughly reviewed and categorized by Heydecker and Coolbear (38).
Response of Strawberries to Soil and Foliar Fertilizer Rates
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M.
Published: September 2022

A3 × 3 factorial study of soil and foliar-applied N, P, and K fertilizer was conducted on ‘Dover’ and ‘Tufts’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) using the annual hill cultural system. Rates of soil-applied fertilizer were: a) 0, b) 112N-12P-93K, and c) 224N-24P-186K (kg·ha−1). Rates of weekly foliar fertilizer applications were a) 0, b) 1.20N–0.54P–1.02K, and c) 2.40N–1.08P-2.04K (kg·ha−1). Increasing rates of soil-applied fertilizer increased fruit yields, fruit number, foliar N and K, plant size, and foliage color. Rates of foliar N, P, and K had much less effect than soil-applied fertilizer. The greatest plant response to foliar fertilization was with inadequate rates of soil fertilizer. Foliage damage was evident with foliar fertilization, and damage was greatest with the highest foliar rate.
Effect of Stage of Development on Postharvest Behavior of Cucumber Fruit
Authors: Kanellis Angelos K. , Morris L. L. , Saltveit M. E.
Published: September 2022

Parthenocarpic cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Deliva) were harvested from 3 to 30 days after an thesis. Fresh weight increase followed a single sigmoid curve. Commercial maturity was attained 10 to 11 days after anthesis, and these mature fruit had a 20- to 30-day shelf life and good color retention at 20°C. Chlorophyll content at harvest decreased with fruit age. Fruit harvested before commercial maturity showed declining rates of CO2 and C2H4 production at 20°, while commercially mature fruit maintained relatively constant rates throughout their holding period. Fruit harvested after commercial maturity showed increased respiration during holding; this increase was greatest for 30-day-old fruit. Fruit harvested 20, 25, and 30 days after anthesis showed peaks of C2H4 production during holding; this production was most pronounced for mature fruit.
Heritability of Fruit Quality Traits in Peach and Nectarine Breeding Stocks Dwarfed by the dw Gene
Authors: Hansche Paul E.
Published: September 2022

Means and heritabilities were estimated for the 2 fruit quality defects of dw/dw peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] genotypes that obstruct the commercial exploitation of the advantages inherent in their dwarf growth habit. The average dw/dw peach has substandard taste and too little blush for commercial acceptance. The average dw/dw nectarine also has substandard taste. In addition, it has substandard surface polish. The heritability of taste (as measured by percentage of soluble solids) in UCD's dwarf peach breeding stock was estimated to be 0.17 ± 0.04. The heritability of amount of surface blush was estimated to be 0.19 ± 0.04. The heritability of percentage of soluble solids in UCD's dwarf nectarine breeding stock was estimated to be 0.35 ± 0.04; of sweetness 0.19 ± 0.09; and of flavor 0.16 ± 0.06. The heritability of skin polish was estimated to be 0.24 ± 0.13. As expected, dw appears to have little or no effect on means or heritabilities of fruit weight, fruit firmness, or ripe date. The implications of these results are discussed.
Heritability of Juvenility in Peach
Authors: Hansche P. E.
Published: September 2022

The feasibility of genetically curtailing the period of sexual repression in peach and nectarine seedlings was studied by assessing the propensity of 2-year-old seedlings in a dwarf peach and nectarine breeding stock to produce flowers and fruit. Mean flower number, in a breeding stock comprising about 6300 seedlings from about 300 families, was estimated to be 9 per 2-year-old seedling; with a narrow sense heritability 0.16 ± 0.02. Mean fruit number in this population was estimated to be 3.7 per 2-year-old seedling; with a heritability of 0.33 ± 0.03. It was estimated that 3 cycles of “mass selection” on this trait could increase mean fruit number to about 13 per 2-year-old seedling, thus facilitating a reduction in the minimum length of selection cycles in this breeding stock from 3 to 2 years.
Regeneration of Plants from Axillary Buds of Harvested and Stored Heads of Field-grown Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Bloksberg Leonard N. , Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: September 2022

A micropropagation procedure was developed to regenerate plants via tissue culture from excised axillary buds of harvested and stored heads of field-grown crisphead (iceberg) lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The procedure permits rescue of lettuce germplasm that shows resistance to postharvest physiological disorders and diseases. This procedure was used successfully to regenerate plants of ‘Winterhaven’ lettuce, which showed resistance to russet spot. More than 50% of the excised buds gave rise to viable plants.
In Vitro Propagation of Japanese Persimmon
Authors: Sugiura Akira , Tao Ryutaro , Murayama Hideki , Tomana Takashi
Published: September 2022

Dormant bud explants taken from mature trees of Japanese persimmon cv. Hiratanenashi were established successfully on modified Murashige and Skoog's medium with nitrate reduced to half-strength [MS (½NO3)] or woody plant medium, both supplemented with 22.2 μM (5 mg°liter−1) BA. Shoot proliferation in subcultures also was best at 22.2 μM (5 mg°liter−1) BA in MS (½NO3) medium, but growth was of the rosette type. Shoot elongation, however, was stimulated the most in the same medium supplemented with 24.6 μM (5 mg°liter−1) 2iP instead of BA. Rooting of the proliferated shoots was enhanced by the treatment with IBA at 1.23 mM (250 mg°liter−1). Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP), 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Tissue Culture Propagation of Acer ×freemanii Using Thidiazuron to Stimulate Shoot Tip Proliferation
Authors: Kerns H. R. , Meyer Martin M.
Published: September 2022

Two clones of natural hybrids Acer × freemanii were propagated as scions and cuttings from trees 55-60 years old. Shoot tips from propagules were disinfected and cultured on a modified Linsmeier-Skoog (LS) medium in vitro. Elongation of shoots, rooting, and callus formation at the shoot base were dependent on the concentration of growth regulator used. The lower well-developed nodes of the typical cultured shoots could be separated and cultured individually to obtain a slow increase in propagules. When shoot tips were transferred to a medium with 0.01-0.05 μM N-phenyl-N'-l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron), shoot proliferation was initiated, which could be separated into 3-10 new shoots at 6-week intervals for further proliferation or rooting. Rooted shoots were transferred to the greenhouse for further growth and subsequent transfer to the field.
Micropropagation of Typha Species
Authors: Zimmermann Elizabeth S. , Read Paul E.
Published: September 2022

Three Typha species were micropropagated successfully using immature inflorescence segments as the explant. Plantlet production via organogenesis was optimum when the explants were first placed on LS medium + 5.0 mg°liter−1 2,4-D to initiate callus production, and after 9½ weeks the callus was recultured on LS + 1.0 mg°liter−1 benzyladenine (BA). Of three species tested, T. glauca produced callus and new shoots more readily than T. latifolia or T. angustifolia. As inflorescences matured, an increased level of an auxin-like plant growth regulator, picloram, was necessary for callus induction. Excision and separate culture of green “spots” or clumps that formed on the calli enhanced shoot regeneration from the callus. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and A-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Competition Effects in Single-row Plot Sweet Potato Yield Trials
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C.
Published: September 2022

Yield trials of named cultivars and advanced breeding lines are used frequently by breeders to make final determinations concerning the naming and release of breeding lines. Often a single-row per line replicate is planted and harvested due to constraints of time, space, and/or planting materials. An implicit assumption is that there is no effect on an entry by adjacent rows. The assumption was tested using data from 7 years of sweet potato yield trials. Data were not analyzed for the 1977 crop due to unavailability of the plot plan. In 1980, no yield trial was conducted and in 1982 sequential harvests of random portions of each row rendered analyses for competition inappropriate.
Alcohol Pretreatment of Cut Poinsettias
Authors: Gordon Joy , Evensen K. , Holcomb E. J.
Published: September 2022

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. is a popular Christmas flowering pot plant that occasionally is used as a cut flower. Popularity of the poinsettia cut flower is limited by its short postharvest life. When the poinsettia is cut, a milky latex excreted from the cut stem accumulates and prevents uptake of water, resulting in rapid wilting of the leaves and bracts (2). Several methods of preventing latex flow have been proposed, including heat searing, dipping in boiling water, and dipping in alcohol (2, 3). Freyermuth et al. (1) showed that treating the cut stems with al cohol was the best method for improvement of the postharvest quality of cut poinsettias. The objective of this study was to determine when the alcohol pretreatment could be applied, and whether a flower preservative had any effect on postharvest life of cut poinsettia.
Ice Formation in Woody Plants Under Field Conditions
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Davis G. A.
Published: September 2022

Research on the role of ice nucleation active bacteria in frost injury in plants has led to renewed interest in determining the temperature that ice formation is initiated in plant tissues (1, 3-6). We recently determined the temperature at which water froze in mature nectarine trees (Prunus persica L. Batsch) under field conditions (4). Trees supercooled very little prior to freezing. Ice formation was initiated between −0.6° and −2.6°C. We noted that ice formation was initiated at several locations within the tree and subsequently spread throughout. The speed at which ice propagated throughout the tree depended on the prevailing weather conditions.
Manganese Deficiency Symptoms in Spathiphyllum
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry
Published: September 2022

Although nutrient deficiency symptoms for widely grown dicotyledonous crops are well-known and generally similar for a given element (5), deficiency symptoms of many elements on tropical monocotyledonous ornamental plants are unknown (4). Symptoms often differ dramatically among these taxa and may often be attributed to non-nutritional causes.
‘Solohead’ Broccoli
Authors: Honma Shigemi
Published: September 2022

‘Solohead’, as the name suggests, is a broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) that bears only the primary head with no lateral shoot development prior to head maturity. Lateral shoots may appear at a later date after the primary head has been harvested. This cultivar shows resistance to black rot [Xanthomonas campestris (Pam.) Dows.]. ‘Solohead’ was developed for commercial production where only the primary head is harvested, but is also useful for the home garden and as a germplasm source.
‘Oregon Spring’ and ‘Santiam’ Parthenocarpic Tomatoes
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D.
Published: September 2022

'Oregon Spring' and 'Santiam' are early maturing, Verticillium wilt-resistant tomatoes with compact growth habit and medium-large fruit that are mostly seedless. The cultivars differ in fruit size and maturity. 'Oregon Spring' bears fruits that are larger than those of 'Santiam', but ripen about 5 days later. They should be especially useful in cool-summer areas where seedlessness and relative earliness will be maximized. 'Oregon Spring' and 'Santiam' will be most useful for home garden, roadside stand, and limited local market, since they lack the fruit firmness required for commercial handling.
‘Wolfpack 1’ and ‘Wolfpack 2’ Tomato
Authors: Henderson W. R.
Published: September 2022

‘Wolfpack 1’ and ‘Wolfpack 2’ are processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars developed for whole-pack use and adapted to either once-over machine or hand harvest. They were released in Sept. 1984 by the N.C. Agricultural Research Service.