bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Similar are Recycling and Waste Reduction?
Authors: Ebreo Angela , Vining Joanne
Published: July 2003

The present research examined the relations between people’s self-reported recycling and waste reduction behaviors, their reasons or justifications for engaging in these behaviors, and their future orientation. The most engaging results of the project pertained to the observed relations between the consideration of future consequences and respondents’ self-reported recycling and waste-reduction behavior. The findings indicate that respondents’ concern for the future and their ratings of the importance of various justifications were related to recycling behaviors in a consistent manner. The relations between the same predictors and waste-reduction behaviors, however, were more complex. The findings also revealed that respondents’ tendencies to engage in waste-reduction behaviors were unrelated to their tendencies to recycle; that is, persons who perform one set of behaviors are not necessarily likely to perform the other. Some practical implications of these findings are also presented for developers of programs designed to increase public awareness of the need to reduce waste.
Preference and Perceived Danger as a Function of the Perceived Curvature, Length, and Width of Urban Alleys
Authors: Herzog Thomas R. , Flynn-Smith Jennifer A.
Published: July 2003

Herzog and Miller (1998) reported that people judged alleys with sharper curves as less dangerous than straighter alleys. The authors investigated the role of perceived alley length as a possible confounding influence. Raters judged a large sample of urban alleys for two target variables (preference and danger) and six predictor variables (setting care, mystery, shadow, curvature, length, and width). The partial correlation of danger and curvature, with length partialed out, was not significant. However, in regression analyses controlling for the entire set of predictors, curvature had a modest negative partial relation with preference and a tendency toward a modest positive partial relation with danger. Thus, when controlling for all predictors, the counterintuitive relation between danger and curvature disappears. In the regression analyses, the strongest predictors were setting care (positive for preference, negative for danger) and shadow (the opposite pattern). Mystery tended to be positively related to both target variables.
Standing for Where You Sit
Authors: Ewert Alan , Baker Doug
Published: July 2003

This study examined the differences between academic major and reported attitudes and beliefs about the environment. Other variables investigated included sex, age, and place of residence. Throughout the 1993 and 1995 academic years, students within a variety of academic majors at a university in British Columbia were queried using a modified New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) instrument. Significant differences in environmental attitudes were observed in the variables of academic major, gender, and age. The results of this study suggest that individuals majoring in different academic disciplines place fundamentally different levels of concerns and express different beliefs regarding the environment.
Changes in Drivers’ Perceptions and Use of Public Transport during a Freeway Closure
Authors: Fujii Satoshi , Gärling Tommy , Kitamura Ryuichi
Published: July 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate how cooperation can be facilitated in the real-world social dilemma of choosing to commute by automobile rather than by public transport. A survey of 335 drivers was carried out before and during an 8-day temporary freeway closure in Osaka, Japan. The results showed that the frequency of switching to public transport during the closure was inversely related to the frequency of automobile commuting before the closure. Furthermore, drivers who more frequently commuted by automobile overestimated commuting time by public transport to a larger extent than did drivers who commuted less frequently by automobile. At the same time, the larger the overestimation the more likely were drivers to change their perception of commute time. It is suggested that a temporary structural change, such as a freeway closure, may be an important catalyst that triggers cooperation in a social dilemma.
What Does Your Workspace Say about You?
Authors: Wells Meredith , Thelen Luke
Published: July 2003

Approximately 70% of American workers personalize their workspaces. However, some employees personalize more than others, such as managers and employees with enclosed offices. Studies examining personality traits suggest that employees who personalize the most tend to be creative and have a high need for affiliation and a low need for privacy. However, major personality factors have not been examined. This study examines the relationships between workspace personalization and the Big Five personality factors by surveying 234 employees from 33 companies. Results indicate that personality is only indirectly related to personalization through employee characteristics such as status and type of workspace. Personalization is primarily predicted by the company’s personalization policy and an employee’s status and workspace.
Vouchering out Distressed Subsidized Developments
Authors: Varady David P. , Walker Carole C.
Published: July 2003

When families are provided with Section 8 vouchers or certificates, with moderate counseling and no program requirements as to where they should move, how far will they move and how successful will the moves be in terms of attaining greater feelings of safety? This article offers some answers to these questions through analysis of the experiences of households relocated from four distressed privately owned subsidized developments in Baltimore, Newport News, Virginia; Kansas City, Missouri; and San Francisco. Even though many of the residents chose to remain in the same area, most improved their situation in terms of safety by moving. The overwhelming majority reported that they felt safer at their new location, noting a lower incidence of crime, better neighbors, less loitering, and better security features. Thus, this article contends that inner-city families need not make long-distance moves toward the suburbs to enhance their sense of security.
Modeling Consumer Perception of Public Space in Shopping Centers
Authors: Oppewal Harmen , Timmermans Harry
Published: July 2003

This article presents a study of the effects of various shopping center design and management attributes on consumer evaluations of the public space appearance (or atmosphere) in shopping centers. Examples of such attributes are level of maintenance, area for pedestrians, window displays, street layout, and street activities. A model is estimated from responses to experimentally controlled descriptions of hypothetical shopping centers. This conjoint analysis or stated preference-based model is compared with a similar regression model estimated from a cross section of perceptions of existing shopping centers. The conjoint and cross-sectional models are tested for their external validity on a holdout sample of respondents. It is concluded that both models perform equally well, but that the approach using hypothetical alternatives allows more detailed insight in the effects of the various shopping center attributes.
Virtual Nature
Authors: Levi Daniel , Kocher Sara
Published: July 2003

In the future, virtual reality technology will allow people to experience nature in a simulated environment—virtual nature. This article examines the implications of the availability of virtual nature experiences in three research studies. The first study showed that people would be interested in owning a virtual nature system and have a variety of expected uses for it. The second study showed that the commercial media’s presentation of nature tends to cause people to devalue their emotional experience of local natural areas. The third study showed that one of the effects of simulated nature experiences is to increase support for the preservation of national parks and forests, but it decreases support for the acquisition and preservation of local natural areas. Overall, these results suggest some of the dangers of the increasing use of information technology to simulate environments for people to experience. Widespread use of virtual nature could reduce support for the preservation of local natural environments, and these environments play a key role in the global ecology.
Equal Opportunity, Unequal Results
Authors: Scott Daniel
Published: July 2003

This study examined the underlying factors that influence household recycling intensity when program conditions (curbside collection) are standardized. A mail-back survey was used to obtain information on public solid waste diversion behaviors, motivations, policy perceptions, and environmental attitudes of 673 households in four communities within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Analysis revealed several salient factors that distinguish active recyclers from those with lower levels of material recovery, including individual motivations for recycling, attitudes toward the solid waste problem and strategies to address it, the range of other waste diversion actions adopted, and certain environmental attitudes. The findings suggest potential social marketing and program changes to stimulate household recycling, improvement integral for progress toward promulgated provincial and state solid waste diversion goals.
Goal Specificity and the Acquisition of Survey Knowledge
Authors: Rossano Matt J. , Reardon Wendy P.
Published: July 2003

Studies of route and survey knowledge have been inconclusive regarding whether survey knowledge is an inevitable outgrowth of extensive route knowledge. The current study examines one factor affecting the development of survey knowledge from route knowledge: goal specificity. Goal specificity refers to the extent to which an explicit goal exists to which problem-solving activities are directed. Past studies have shown that goal specificity inhibits the development of schematic representations. Using computer-simulated navigation about a novel campus environment, goal specificity was found to interfere with the acquisition of survey knowledge. Practically speaking, this implies that when getting to a goal is of primary concern, the development of survey knowledge may be inhibited even after extensive direct experience.
Subjective Expected Utility, Thresholds, and Recycling
Authors: Lüdemann Christian
Published: July 2003

Threshold models belonging to the rational choice paradigm are developed for situations in which actors have two behavior alternatives; the costs and/or benefits of each alternative are dependent on the number of other actors choosing each alternative. Despite the analytical power of such collective action models, attempts to empirically measure individual thresholds have been rare. In this article, a measurement procedure is proposed and applied in a survey on environmental behavior ( N = 247) in which costs, utilities, and expectations of outcomes of two behavior alternatives (putting waste glass into public recycling bins vs. putting glass into garbage cans) and personal thresholds for recycling waste glass are measured. First, subjective expected utility (SEU) theory is empirically tested. Second, a multivariate model explaining disposal behavior is examined. Third, hypotheses about predictors of individual thresholds are tested. Finally, problems associated with the use and measurement of thresholds are discussed.
Noise Disturbance from a Developing Airport
Authors: Staples Susan L. , Cornelius Randolph R. , Gibbs Margaret S.
Published: July 2003

The comparative importance of perceived risk to environmental quality and dispositions to be generally annoyed or sensitive to noise in predicting disturbance from aviation noise was investigated by distributing a mail-back questionnaire to 901 residents in neighborhoods bordering a small developing airport. An Environmental Noise Risk scale, developed by the authors, assessed how individuals appraise the trade-off between economic benefits from airport development and adverse environmental effects. Stepwise multiple regression analysis ( N = 358) showed that as hypothesized, disturbance was predicted by assessment of environmental noise risk (β = .60, p < .0001) but not by general annoyance or noise sensitivity. Those disturbed by noise were also more discriminating in their evaluation of other less salient attributes of neighborhoods. Environmental noise risk is discussed as a construct that can contribute to understanding how people evaluate the consequences of a developing noise source.
Physical Determinants of Preferences for Residential Facades
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: July 2003

Traditional design discourse uses very vague notions. The vagueness can be greatly reduced by confining one’s descriptions of physical design features to materials and spatial relationships. Such definitions are suggested for three factors of architectural facades: surface complexity, silhouette complexity, and facade articulation. Each of the three definitions correlates highly with subjective impressions ( rsin the range of .69 to .90). When all three factors were varied simultaneously, the most important factor for visual preference turned out to be the surface complexity (β weight = .72). Silhouette complexity was less important (β weight = .26), and facade articulation was least important (β weight = -.11). The findings have direct implications for both practice and research.
Convergent and Divergent Validity of Three Measures of Conservation Behavior
Authors: Corral-Verdugo Victor , Figueredo Aurelio José
Published: July 2003

Observations of the amount of reuse of glass, clothing, and metal were conducted at households of 130 individuals, and those direct observations were contrasted with the self-report of reuse of the same products. Two kinds of self-report were obtained: frequency of reuse self-reports and quantity of reuse self-reports. Thus, patterns of reuse of each particular type of material were assessed using the three methods of measurement. A multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix of correlations between the reuse of these three materials, using these three methods of measurement, was analyzed. This matrix revealed the convergent and discriminant validities for the assessments of reuse. Higher correlations between direct observations and quantity self-reports were obtained than between observations and frequency reports. A confirmatory factor analysis of the MTMM matrix confirmed those results, adding significance testing to the validity assessment and to the partitioning of trait and method variance, modeled as latent factors.
The Influence of Attitude Priming and Social Responsibility on the Valuation of Environmental Public Goods Using Paired Comparisons
Authors: Clarke Andrea , Bell Paul A. , Peterson George L.
Published: July 2003

Determining the value of an environmental public good, such as litigation over oil-spill damage to a beach, is an abstract and difficult task. Integration of economics and psychology enabled the study of how social responsibility and persuasive priming influenced the valuations of environmental public goods. Research participants were 460 university students randomly assigned to one of six combinations of social responsibility and either a negative, neutral, or positive priming editorial about the environment. Participants completed an interactive computer program in which the items were either environmental public goods (e.g., wildlife refuge, clean air) private goods of known market value (e.g., $15 meal, $500 airline ticket) or sums of money ranging from $1 to $9000. Results indicated the values derived for the environmental public goods were higher when participants had sole responsibility for the group outcome, but were not affected by priming editorials, although the editorials affected subsequent attitudes.
Transformational Leadership, Corporate Cultism and the Spirituality Paradigm: An Unholy Trinity in the Workplace?
Authors: Tourish Dennis , Pinnington Ashly
Published: July 2003

Leadership is a perennially popular topic in the academic and practitioner literature on management. In particular, the past twenty years have witnessed an explosive growth of interest in what has been termed ‘transformational leadership’ (henceforth, TL). The theory is closely linked to the growth in what has been defined as corporate culturism - an emphasis on the importance of coherent cultures, as a means of securing competitive advantage. This article outlines the central components of TL theory, and subjects the concept to a critical analysis. In particular, similarities are identified between the components concerned and the characteristics of leadership practice in organizations generally defined as cults. This connection has been previously unremarked in the literature. These similarities are comprehensively reviewed. Trends towards what can be defined as corporate cultism in modern management practice are also discussed. We conclude that TL models are overly concerned with the achievement of corporate cohesion to the detriment of internal dissent. Such dissent is a vital ingredient of effective decision-making. It is suggested that more inclusive and participatory models of the leadership process are required.
Failure as a Consequence of Partner Politics: Learning from the Life and Death of an International Cooperative Venture
Authors: Shenkar Oded , Yan Aimin
Published: July 2003

While it is widely recognized that international cooperative ventures suffer a high rate of failure, current theories, namely transaction costs, partner selection, bargaining and learning, offer limited and disjointed reasoning for it. Each of these theories is focused on a single aspect and on a limited phase in the venture’s life, neglecting the process that leads to eventual termination. To study this process, an in-depth analysis of the demise of an international cooperative venture in China traces the critical events in the venture’s life cycle. The analysis shows that escalation of partner political behavior played a key role in the venture’s failure. An integrative political process model incorporating the dynamic aspects of the relationships between parents within their environmental context is developed.
Aesthetics, Morality and Power: Design as Espoused Freedom and Implicit Control
Authors: Cairns George
Published: July 2003

This article is intended to contribute to debate on the arguments that are propounded both in support and in condemnation of new forms of workplace aesthetic. I draw upon experience in organizational intervention and on literature from the arenas of physical and social workplace design to support a multi-contextual debate on the new workplace aesthetic and on interpretations that are placed upon it within different contexts of study. While an essential tension of freedom and control is identified in the literature, I offer no conclusion in support or in condemnation of any particular viewpoint. Rather, I argue for a multi-perspective analysis of workplace aesthetic in order to surface meaning for different groups of actors within their own context of thinking/acting. From this, general theories for analysis of other situations may be derived rather than particular models or recipes for application.
Disgust and Organization
Authors: Pelzer Peter
Published: July 2003

The author’s experience of changes inside organizations is the basis for some speculation about the specific reactions of people who were subject to these changes. ‘I could have puked’ as a comment points to a deeper concern than the feelings of unrest, anger or disappointment. It is disgust they express about what they perceive. Disgust is the most extreme reaction to perceptions, a reaction not only of considering right or wrong in a specific situation and arguing against it but an involuntary reaction, a revolt of the body against a perception of something unacceptable, harmful, damaging, poisoning. Starting from a concrete case during a project in a large bank three aspects are explored. Disgust is interpreted as a means of knowledge; it is set into the classical framework with discussion of the perfect body; and it is viewed from the perspective of Kafka’s novels. All three offer valuable insights which aid in the interpretation of the case presented and demonstrate the power of aesthetic theory for gaining knowledge about organizations.
The Dialogue between the ‘Self’ and the ‘Other’: A Process Analysis of Palestinian-Jewish Encounters in Israel
Authors: Maoz Ifat , Steinberg Shoshana , Bar-On Dan , Fakhereldeen Mueen
Published: July 2003

This study assumes that the collective identities of both Jews and Palestinians in Israel have long been constructed around the Jewish-Palestinian conflict, a major focus of social and historical reality in the Middle East region. Monolithic in their early stages, these constructions of identity underwent a process of deconstruction and reconstruction, primarily due to changes in the political reality (the peace process), globalization, and the surfacing of conflicts that were hidden within the monolithic construction. The deconstruction process, though painful and problematic, creates new opportunities for a dialogue that engages elements of identity, which no longer ‘fit’ the contenders. Such a dialogue took place in ‘laboratory’ form at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev from October 1996 and June 1997 between two leading participants in an ongoing workshop for Jewish and Palestinian Israeli students. Most conflict group encounters are measured by outcomes, not by process. We identified problems when the method common for these groups was used at Jewish-Palestinian encounters and this led us to try another way. This study employs a qualitative methodology to analyse the process of groups in conflict. It looks into how the process of questioning one’s own self and the other’s perception takes place in this context. In describing the dialogue that evolved between a Jew, Avner and a Palestinian, Nasser (both pseudonyms), the tension between the individual and collective identity levels, between the internal group process and the asymmetric social and political reality, is revealed. We suggest that the confrontation and friendship between Avner and Nasser created a new quality of dialogue, enabling a more complex identity construction to emerge on both the Jewish and the Palestinian sides.
The Dynamics of Organizational Identity
Authors: Hatch Mary Jo , Schultz Majken
Published: July 2003

Although many organizational researchers make reference to Mead’s theory of social identity, none have explored how Mead’s ideas about the relationship between the ‘I’ and the ‘me’ might be extended to identity processes at the organizational level of analysis. In this article we define organizational analogs for Mead’s ‘I’ and ‘me’ and explain how these two phases of organizational identity are related. In doing so, we bring together existing theory concerning the links between organizational identities and images, with new theory concerning how reflection embeds identity in organizational culture and how identity expresses cultural understandings through symbols. We offer a model of organizational identity dynamics built on four processes linking organizational identity to culture and image. Whereas the processes linking identity and image (mirroring and impressing) have been described in the literature before, the contribution of this article lies in articulation of the processes linking identity and culture (reflecting and expressing), and of the interaction of all four processes working dynamically together to create, maintain and change organizational identity. We discuss the implications of our model in terms of two dysfunctions of organizational identity dynamics: narcissism and loss of culture.
Employee Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions: A Test of the Main and Moderating Effects of Individualism-Collectivism Orientations
Authors: Ramamoorthy Nagarajan , Flood Patrick C.
Published: July 2003

In this study, we examine whether individualism/collectivism (I/C) orientations predict employee attitudes and behavioral intentions, and also consider whether I/C orientation moderates the relationship between equity perceptions and these variables. Four hundred and two employees from 11 high technology and financial services companies participated in this study. Results indicated that the competitiveness dimension of I/C moderated the relationships between equity perceptions and effort, and equity perceptions and obligations towards teamwork. Similarly, the solitary work preference dimension of I/C moderated the relationships between equity perceptions and career intent, and equity perceptions and obligations towards teamwork. The interactions between equity perceptions and I/C dimensions produced interesting effects. The results suggest that varying levels of equity perceptions are associated with different effects on employee attitudes and behavioral intentions depending on the level of employee individualism or collectivism orientations. Also, the solitary work preference dimension of I/C was positively related to organizational commitment contrary to the hypothesized direction. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
An Examination of Organizational Ethics
Authors: Barker Richard A.
Published: July 2003

Explanations of organizational behavior that encompass conventional views of business ethics are overly simplistic and limited in their ability to provide constructive guidance for managers to understand and to manage moral problems in organizations. A construct of the organization as a political community wherein moral action and behavioral outcomes may be assessed using the organization’s constitution is presented. The guiding question is ‘why do management effectiveness programs rarely work?’.
Societal and Workplace Responses to Perinatal Loss: Disenfranchised Grief or Healing Connection
Authors: Hazen Mary Ann
Published: July 2003

Perinatal loss is a life-altering event for a mother, affecting every aspect of her existence, including her work and career. Fifteen women describe how such loss affected their work and how the responses of others influenced their healing. I consider the effects on grief of silence, disenfranchisement, attachment, trauma, shame, secrecy, and the social context. I note patterns of healing: connection to the self, attachment to the dead child, and linking the self and child to the family and community. Community attachments include those made in the workplace. Relationships at work and work itself can contribute to disenfranchised grief or healing from perinatal loss.
Bringing One’s Self to Work
Authors: Berg David N.
Published: July 2003

This article explores the advisability of bringing more of our “selves” to work organizations, especially our identity group memberships (e. g., ethnicity, race, gender, national origin). The question of how “whole” organizational members should be in their work roles poses a number of dilemmas both for individuals and organizations. What are the advantages and disadvantages of bringing one’s ethnicity to work? What are the costs and benefits of trying to keep such identity characteristics out? The author uses himself as a case study, examining his struggle to bring his Jewish identity into his work life. The article concludes that on balance, bringing more of our selves to work can enhance both individual and organizational vitality but that certain conditions are necessary for this to occur.
Analysis of the Arcan Apparatus in the Clamped Configuration
Authors: Mohr D. , Doyoyo M.
Published: July 2003

It is common practice to ignore the measurement of the horizontal force that acts on the Arcan apparatus when it is used in the clamped configuration. A simplified theoretical and finite element analyses for different isotropic and orthotropic butterfly specimens are presented. The results show that it is crucial for the reliability of the measurements to take the effect of the horizontal force into account. Expressions for possible errors in the normal and shear stresses in the elastic regime are derived as a function of stiffness properties and loading angle. An a posteriori correction procedure for the existing data is presented. An example application is given by correcting the previously measured biaxial failure surface of a honeycomb.
The Failure Strength for Pin-Loaded Multi-Directional Fiber-Glass Reinforced Epoxy Laminate
Authors: Okutan Buket , Karakuzu Ramazan
Published: July 2003

In this study, failure characteristics of laminated composites loaded by means of a single fastener were investigated. The development and evaluation of joint capability for both failure mode and ultimate load are the major aims. Tests have been carried out on single pinned joints in multi-directional glassfiber reinforced epoxy for a range of laminate configurationsand specimen geometry. For [90/0]2s and [45]2s laminates with single-hole joints the strengths have been measured; the effects of variables such as ply orientation, laminate edge and side distances were discussed in the light of the results. In addition, by using finite element code PDNLPIN, a static progressive failure analysis was performed. Comparisons were made between the test data and the results of the model. The effect of material nonlinearity on the prediction of the failure loadswas studied. Good agreement was found between numerical predictions and the experimental data.
Application of the V-Notch Shear Test for Unidirectional Hybrid Composites
Authors: He Jianmei , Chiang Martin Y.M. , Hunston Donald L. , Han Charles C.
Published: July 2003

The v-notch (Iosipescu) shear test was investigated as a mean for determining the in-plane shear modulus and strength of unidirectional hybrid composites. Two types of hybrid systems having different fiber tow volume fractions composed of carbon and glass fiber tows with epoxy matrix were used for this study. A fiber tow-based finite element analysis was also used to simulate the v-notch shear test for characterizing stress–strain distributions of the specimen. Our experimental and numerical evaluation shows that although the local inhomogeneity inherent in the hybrid composites affects the composite mechanics at a small scale in the v-notch specimen, the test still exhibits a limited region possessing a reasonably pure and uniform stress–strain state between the notches to meet the requirement for a desired shear test. Thus, the study indicates that the v-notch test can be used for the shear testing of the hybrid composites studied when it is correctly used.
Cure Cycle for Thick Glass/Epoxy Composite Laminates
Authors: Oh Je Hoon , Lee Dai Gil
Published: July 2003

Duringthe curingprocess of thick glass/epoxy composite laminates, substantial amounts of temperature lagand overshoot at the center of the laminates is usually experienced due to the large thickness and low thermal conductivity of the glass/epoxy composites, which require a long time for full and uniform consolidation. In this work, the temperature profiles of a 20mm thick unidirectional glass/epoxy laminate duringan autoclave vacuum bag process were measured and compared with the numerically calculated results. For the calculation of distributions of the temperature, degree of cure, resin pressure, exothermic heat and required time for full consolidation by three-dimensional finite element analyses, the effects of convective heat transfer coefficient and geometry of mold and bagging assembly on the temperature profiles were taken into consideration. Based on the numerical results, an optimized cure cycle with the coolingand reheatingsteps was developed by minimizingthe objective function to reduce the temperature overshoot in the composite. From the experimental and numerical results, it was found that the measured temperature profiles were in good agreement with the numerical ones, and conventional cure cycles recommended by prepregmanufacturers for thin laminates should be modified to prevent temperature overshoot and to obtain full consolidation.
Energy Model for Prediction of Mechanical Behavior of 2-D Triaxially Braided Composites, Part I: Model Development
Authors: Yan Yong , Van Hoa Suong
Published: July 2003

A macrostructure model of 2-D braided composite is developed. Fiber volume fraction and its upper limit are derived by this model. Effective stiffness of 2-D braided composite is obtained in a closed form by the analysis of elastic deformation energy in repeat-unit-cell (RUC) of braided composites.
Experiments and Analysis of Collapse Behaviour of Composite Domes under Axial Compression
Authors: Gupta N. K. , Velmurugany R.
Published: July 2003

Composite domes made of short, randomly oriented glass fiber mats with polyester resin were subjected to axial compression in an Instron machine, in both empty and foam filled conditions. The domes were of different sizes and their generator was a parabola. The mechanics of deformation and the energy absorbing characteristics of the shells were studied, and their load compression curves are presented. The effect of foam filling on the response of the domes is discussed. Based on the experimental observations analytical expressions were formulated to find the average crush load and total strain energy by considering the energy absorbed in different mechanisms involved in the crushing process. The results thus obtained were compared with experimental results and these match well. Some conical shells made of the same material, height and diameter as those of domes were also subjected to axial compression, and their behavior is compared with those of the corresponding domes.
The Effect of a Slow Impact on Sandwich Plates
Authors: Sburlati R.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this paper is to study the relation between the impact force and the corresponding elastic indentation produced by a rigid sphere falling on a sandwich plate. The analysis of the problem is articulated in three steps. Firstly, an explicit elastic solution for a sandwich panel, statically loaded by a distribution of surface pressures, reproducing Hertz’s contact law of a rigid sphere on an elastic half-space, is derived. Then, a certain number of quasi-static impact tests made on sandwich specimens constituted by two layers of graphite epoxy and a core of cellular foam are collected and discussed. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained from a finite element analysis having considered the plate as a three-dimensional elastic body. The conclusion is that the Hertzian contact pressure distribution is appropriate to describe the response of sandwich panels with a high-density core, but the assumption is not appropriate when the core has low-density.
Prediction of Notched Strength of Laminated Fibre Composites under Tensile Loading Conditions
Authors: Srivastava V.K. , Kumar Deepak
Published: July 2003

A modified point stress criterion for predicting the notched strength of glass fibre and carbon fibre laminated composites containing through the thickness centrally located circular or elliptical hole or a center crack is presented here. The effects of hole size and specimen width on the fracture behaviour of several woven fabric composite plates are presented here. It is shown that in the point stress criterion the characteristic length (do) depends on the hole size as well as width of the plate. The analytical based results are in good agreement with existing test results.
Shear Moduli of Structural Composites from Torsion Tests
Authors: Davalos Julio F. , Qiao Pizhong , Wang Jialai , Salim Hani A. , Schlussel Jeremy
Published: July 2003

A combined experimental/analytical approach for effective evaluation of in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli of structural composite laminates from torsion is presented. The test samples are produced by pultrusion and consist of E-glass fiber systems and vinylester resin. Three types of rectangular samples are used: unidirectional samples cut from plates; angle-ply and angle/cross ply samples cut from wide-flange beams. The shear moduli are obtained from the experimental torsional stiffnesses (T/) and data reduction techniques based on torsion solutions by Lekhnitskii and Whitney. The classical approach of usingpaired samples of different widths but same material orientation can grossly underestimate out-of-plane shear moduli. Thus, to overcome this problem, samples with material orientations normal to each other are used, and to obtain samples of larger dimensions than the available thicknesses of the material, the pultruded laminates are bonded flat-wise, from which transverse strips of different widths are cut. Consistent results are obtained by the two data reduction techniques, and the experimental values are compared to predictions by micro/macro-mechanics models.
Thick-Sectioned RTM Composite Manufacturing, Part II. Robust Cure Cycle Optimization and Control
Authors: Michaud D. J. , Beris A. N. , Dhurjati P. S.
Published: July 2003

We have developed a robust, simulation-based optimization and control methodology to identify and implement the optimal curing conditions for thick-sectioned resin transfer molding (RTM)composite manufacturing. The global optimization of the process identified the need for at least one cooling stage within the cure cycle to produce quality laminates within a minimal amount of time. A sensitivity analysis in the variability of the model parameters within the simulation was performed to characterize its effect on an optimal cure cycle. To further account for observed batch to batch model parameter variability, a novel optimization algorithm based on Evolutionary Strategies was developed to identify a more robust cure cycle. The control strategy for implementing the optimal cure cycle relies solely on the use of non-intrusive heat flux sensors.
Microscopic Model for Elastostatic and Elastodynamic Excitation of Chiral Sculptured Thin Films
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh
Published: July 2003

The Mori–Tanaka average stress and the Eshelby tensor for ellipsoids are used within the framework of localized homogenization to estimate the elastic constitutive properties of chiral sculptured thin films (STFs) from their micro-structural details. The devised model contains five arbitrary parameters, whose values can be decided upon by suitable experimentation. Composite compliances governing the elastostatic and the elastodynamic responses of chiral STFs to axial excitation are derived and their dependences on certain microstructural features are examined. The characteristics of the polarization-discriminatory Bragg phenomenon are also delineated.
Analysis of Delamination Growth in Laminated Composites with Consideration for Residual Thermal Stress Effects
Authors: Tay T. E. , Shen F.
Published: July 2003

This paper presents the results of a buckling and postbuckling analysis and modeling of embedded delaminations, and the prediction of delamination growth in laminated composites with consideration for residual thermal stresses. The distribution of the local strain energy release rate along the delamination front is obtained via the virtual crack closure technique applied to three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of circular delaminations embedded in woven and nonwoven composite laminates. In each case, the delamination is embedded at a different depth along the thickness direction of the laminates. The fibre orientation of the plies bounding the delamination significantly influences the distribution of the local strain energy release rate. There is general qualitative agreement between the predicted directions of delamination growth and C-scan results of the embedded delaminations. It is found that residual thermal stresses have a significant effect on the onset of buckling of the delaminated sublaminate, but negligible influence on the distribution of the local strain energy release rate in the postbuckled regime. Furthermore, the effect of residual thermal stresses is more pronounced for delaminations that are closer to the surface. A method for the prediction of delamination areas and directions using fatigue growth criteria derived from test coupon data is also presented. It is found that growth criteria based on components of the strain energy release rate predict the rate of delamination growth much better than those based on the total strain energy release rate.
Nonlinear Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminates Subjected to Uniaxial Tensile Load
Authors: Lin Wen-Pin , Hu Hsuan-Teh
Published: July 2003

A nonlinear constitutive model together with a mixed failure criterion for a single lamina is developed to simulate the behavior of composite laminates under uniaxial tension. In the model, fiber and matrix are assumed to behave elastic–plastic and the in-plane shear to behave nonlinear with a variable shear parameter. The damage onset for individual lamina is detected bya mixed failure criterion, which is composed of Tsai–Wu criterion and maximum stress criterion. After damage is taken place within the lamina, fiber and in-plane shear are assumed to exhibit brittle behavior and matrix to exhibit degrading behavior. This material model has been tested against experimental data and good agreement has been obtained.
Experimental Characterization of Interlaminar Shear Strengths of Graphite/Epoxy Laminated Composites
Authors: Zhang Chao , Hoa Suong V. , Ganesan R.
Published: July 2003

An investigation is conducted to study the effects of fiber orientations on the interlaminar shear (ILS) strengths of CYTEC® G40-800/5276-1 graphite/epoxy laminated composites. The results of this investigation are going to be reported in two separate parts; experimental characterization and stochastic simulation. The present paper demonstrates the experimental program and the experimental results.

The ILS strengths at the θ-interfaces (θ=0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90°), around which the two neighboring plies have a fiber orientation difference angle, are experimentally measured using the modified double notch shear specimens with an elaborately designed lay-up. Because of the potentially considerable scatter in the matrix-dominated ILS strengths, each data set at a specified interface is obtained through a larger sample with 35 specimens. A 3D finite element analysis is also performed to aid in the design of the multi-directional laminated composite specimens, so as to minimize the edge effects and obtain a relatively uniform stress state in the specimen gage sections.

The experimental results show that not only the mean values but also the probability distribution forms of ILS strengths depend on the fiber orientations of the neighboring plies around the interfaces. Five failure modes are also found by observing the fracture surfaces; i.e., interface crack, in-ply crack, crack jumping, fiber bridging, and fiber breakage. The inherent relationships between the failure modes and the probability distributions of ILS strengths are studied on the basis of rank-sum test. The general forms of the individual probability density functions corresponding to each experimental data set are determined by means of the maximum entropy technique and verified by Kolmogorov–Smirnov good-of-fit test.
Nonlinear Flexural Deflection of Thermoplastic Foam Core Sandwich Beam
Authors: Yoon K. Joon , Kim C. K. , Park Hoon C.
Published: July 2003

Nonlinear flexural deflection behavior of foam core sandwich beams hasbeen experimentally investigated. The experimental data were compared with the predicted results obtained from a proposed analytical method and the finite element analysis. Sandwich beams with thermoplastic foam core and carbon/epoxy fabric faces were manufactured using the vacuum bagging process. To investigate the effect of the face thickness on the nonlinear flexural deflection, three types of specimens with different face thickness were prepared and tested using the four-point bending test method. Basic engineering data and nonlinear mechanical properties of the face sheet and the foam core were obtained from the tensile and shear tests. An analytical model wasproposed to predict the global nonlinear flexural deformation of the foam core sandwich beams. In the model, measured material nonlinear behavior of the foam core wasimplemented. The predicted global nonlinear deflection of the foam core sandwich beam using the proposed analytical model and the finite element analysis agreed well with the experimental data up to the local indentation failure point within some scattered range.
A Methodology to Obtain a Desired Filling Pattern during Resin Transfer Molding
Authors: Minaie B. , Chen Y. F. , Mescher A. M.
Published: July 2003

In Resin Transfer Molding (RTM), dry spot formation and air entrapment during the filling stage often lead to defective parts and high scrap rate. These problems are usually caused by improper design of inlet conditions and vent locations that prevent the Last Point to Fill (LPF) location from coinciding with the preset vent location. Use of direct filling simulation as a design tool for the RTM process often involves trial-and-error procedures in order to find the appropriate inlet conditions and locations as well as exit vent locations. This design procedure becomes complex when adesign involving multiple inlet gates is being considered, especially in large parts. There may also be uncertainty as to whether the final design (obtained using trial-and-error simulation procedures) is indeed the optimum design.

This paper presents a methodology to design the RTM process with a desired filling pattern free of dry spots and knitlines. Unlike the traditional filling simulation that predicts the filling pattern using prescribed inlet conditions and the specification of the preform permeability field, this methodology calculates the optimum inlet conditions based on the specification of the desired filling pattern and the prescription of preform permeability. The use of this algorithm greatly enhances
Prediction of the Residual Tensile Strength after Solid Particle Erosion of UD-GF/PP Composites
Authors: Barkoula N.-M. , Karger-Kocsis J. , Papanicolaou G. C.
Published: July 2003

In the present work the residual tensile strength of unidirectional (UD) glass fibre (GF) reinforced thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) composites after oblique (30) solid particle erosion was investigated as a function of the impact time and relative fibre orientation (parallel, Pa and perpendicular, Pe).

A semi-empirical approach initially developed to predict the residual tensile strength after single normal impact [1] and latest successfully adopted for thermo-setting carbon fibre/epoxy (CF/EP) composites [2] worked well for the thermoplastic UD-GF/PP composites studied. A very good agreement was found between the experimental results at 30 erosion angle and the theoretical prediction in both Pa and Pe erosion directions. A comparison of the strength degradation behaviour of UD-GF/PP and CF/EP composites showed that UD-GF/PP presented the onset of its strength degradation considerably earlier but it preserved a higher relative residual tensile strength than CF/EP. The erosion direction in UD-GF/PP had marginal effect on the energy threshold resulting in severe strength degradation, whereas it showed a pronounced effect on the residual tensile strength.