bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relaciones de equivalencia – equivalencia: efectos de la estructura de entrenamiento y competencia entre relaciones arbitrarias y de similitud física
Authors: Fiorentini Leticia , Arismendi Mariana , Vernis Sergio , Sánchez Federico , Tabullo Angel , Primero Gerardo , Yorio Alberto Andrés
Published: October 2024

En el presente trabajo se estudian las condiciones necesarias y suficientes para el entrenamiento de relaciones condicionales, la formación de clases de equivalencia y de relaciones de "equivalencia-equivalencia". Se investiga además la influencia de la estructura de entrenamiento en la formación de relaciones de "equivalencia-equivalencia" y las posibles correspondencias entre el aprendizaje de las relaciones basales y la formación de las relaciones derivadas en condiciones de competencia entre "equivalencia-equivalencia" y relaciones con similitud física. Los resultados mostraron que cuando se forman solamente dos clases de equivalencia de tres miembros, es posible el establecimiento de relaciones de "equivalencia-equivalencia". Sin embargo, en estas condiciones, la estructura de entrenamiento no influye sobre el desempeño en el testeo de relaciones derivadas. Además, si dos modalidades de respuesta, por relación derivada y por similitud física están disponibles desde el inicio del test, la primera predomina sobre la segunda.
Estudio bibliométrico de las publicaciones científicas sobre los aportes de las técnicas de neuroimágenes en el Síndrome de Rett
Authors: Pavetti Jazmín , Aguirre Julieta , Pereno Germán Leandro
Published: October 2024

El presente estudio bibliométrico pretendió describir y analizar el desarrollo de la comprensión del Síndrome de Rett a través de las técnicas de neuroimagenes durante  el período 1990-2011. Con este objetivo, se utilizaron dos indicadores bibliométricos: productividad y análisis de materia. Los resultados del primero indicaron un crecimiento progresivo de investigaciones en el período de tiempo estudiado, resaltando 6 revistas científicas por su mayor productividad. Las instituciones destacadas por el mayor número de publicaciones corresponden a Universidades e Instituciones Mixtas. El segundo indicador reveló que la técnica de neuroimagen de mayor utilidad fue la Espectroscopía por Resonancia Magnética en el período 1990-2011. Los resultados expresan un crecimiento progresivo desde 1990 a 2011. El mismo puede situarse dentro del incremento de interés y relevancia que ha tomado la neurociencia en la comunidad científica, aunque se observa que en Latinoamérica se presentan escasas investigaciones sobre el tema.Palabras claves: Síndrome de Rett; Técnicas de Neuroimagen funcionales; Técnicas de Neuroimagen anatómicas; Estudio Bibliométrico.Bibliometric Study  of Scientific Publications  on the Contributions of Neuroimaging Techniques  in Rett Syndrome: This bibliometric study tried to describe and to analyze the development of the understanding of Rett Syndrome with neuroimaging techniques during the year 1990 to 2011. Thus, there was analyzed the information of Rett Syndrome with two indicators: the productivity indicator and matter analysis indicator. The results of productivity indicator indicated a progressive increase in the studied period of time; stand out 6 journals for his major productivity. The distinguished institutions for the major number of papers are Universities and Mixed Institutions. On the other hand, the matter analysis indicator revealed that the most used neuroimaging technique was the Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the 90s and in the 2000s. The results express a progressive increase from 1990 to 2011. This increase is paralleled to the increase of interest and relevancy that has taken the neuroscience in the scientific community. However, is observed that in Latin America are limited researches on the Rett Syndrome.Key Words: Rett Syndrome, Functional and Anatomical Neuroimaging Techniques, Bibliometric Study
Pensamiento y lenguaje en el marco de la ciencia cognitiva
Authors: Destéfano Mariela Natalia
Published: October 2024

En ciencia cognitiva, el panorama de discusión acerca de las relacionesentre lenguaje y pensamiento es ampliamente heterogéneo. Involucra desarrollos de la lingüística, la filosofía, la psicología, etc. Carruthers yBoucher (1998) consideran diferentes criterios para ubicar las diversasposturas dentro de la lingüística, la filosofía y la psicología con respecto alas relaciones entre pensamiento y lenguaje. Uno de estos criterios es latesis de la constitución (TC), la cual establece que el lenguaje estáconstitutivamente involucrado en el pensamiento. En este trabajo mepropongo mostrar algunos problemas que presentan las diferentes manerasde reconstruir TC para entender las relaciones entre pensamiento y lenguajeen el marco de la ciencia cognitiva.Palabras claves:Lenguaje; Pensamiento; Tesis de la constitución; Ciencia cognitiva.Thought and Language in Cognitive Science: In cognitive science, thediscussion about the relations between language and thought is veryheterogeneous. It involves developments on linguistics, philosophy,psychology, etc. Carruthers and Boucher (1998) identify different criteriathat would organize the diversity of positions about language and thoughtassumed in linguistics, philosophy and psychology. One of them is theconstitution thesis (CT), which establishes that language is constitutivelyinvolved in thought. In this paper I would like to show some problems ofCT in order to understand the relation between language and thought incognitive science.Key Words:Language; Thought; Constitution Thesis; Cognitive Science.
Conocimiento Previo y Memoria De Trabajo en la Comprensión de Textos Expositivos
Authors: Irrazabal Natalia , Burin Débora , Saux Gastón
Published: October 2024

El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la influencia del conocimiento previo específico de dominio y de la memoria de trabajo en la comprensión de textos expositivos generales y textos expositivos disciplinares. Para ello se administraron a lectores novatos y expertos dos textos: expositivo divulgativo y expositivo especializado,  comparando la realización de un resumen y las respuestas a preguntas como medidas de comprensión lectora. A los participantes de ambos grupos se les administró la Tarea de Amplitud de Lectura para medir la capacidad de memoria de trabajo. Los resultados mostraron un mejor rendimiento de los lectores con alto conocimiento previo en la comprensión del texto expositivo disciplinar. En cambio, la memoria de trabajo no tuvo efectos significativos, salvo para los lectores expertos en textos disciplinares. Estos resultados apoyarían la hipótesis según la cual el conocimiento previo sería el principal factor de la diferencia de rendimiento en la comprensión de textos expositivos. Palabras claves:  Texto  Expositivo;  Comprensión  Lectora;  Conocimiento  Previo;  Memoria de Trabajo   Expository  Text  Comprehension:  Prior  Knowledge  and  Working Memory.  This  paper  examines  the  comprehension  of  general  and disciplinary  expository  texts  as  a  function  of  previous  domain-specific knowledge,  and  working  memory  capacity.  Novices  or  experts  in psychology  topics  read  a  general  expository  text  and  a  disciplinary expository  text.  Two  measures  of  comprehension  were  collected:  the production  of  a  summary,  and  the  response  to  multiple-choice  questions. Working  memory  capacity  was  measured  with  the  Reading  Span  Task. Results indicated better performance from experts on the disciplinary text. No differences were found on the general text, or as a function of working memory,  except  for  expert  readers  in  disciplinary  texts.  These  results support  the  hypothesis  that  previous  domain-specific  knowledge  is  a  key factor  in  differences  in  text  comprehension,  in  comparison  with  the working memory capacity hypothesis.   Key Words: Expository Text; Reading Comprehension; Prior Knowledge; Working Memory.
Cerebro y Comportamiento: Una Revisión
Authors: Molero Chamizo Andrés , Rivera Urbina Guadalupe Nathzidy
Published: October 2024

El  aporte  de  múltiples  disciplinas  científicas  permite  conocer  aspectos sorprendentes de la relación entre el cerebro y sus funciones. La tecnología  actual  y  la  convergencia  de  estas  disciplinas  constituyen  aspectos esenciales  para  comprender  los  complejos  mecanismos  cerebrales  que subyacen a la conducta. En este trabajo se hará una descripción de aquellas  disciplinas  científicas  cuyos  estudios  ayudan  a  entender  los  sustratos biológicos  del  comportamiento  normal  y  alterado.  Se  describirán  varias  patologías o alteraciones neuropsicológicas y, además, se revisarán algunos  de  los  mecanismos  neurobiológicos  conocidos  que  gobiernan  nuestras funciones  cerebrales.  Todo  ello  nos  permite  concluir  que  el  comportamiento  y  las  funciones  cerebrales  dependen  de  complejos  mecanismos  biológicos,  muchos  de  los  cuales  permanecen  aún  por  dilucidar. Palabras claves:   Cerebro; Comportamiento; Neurotransmisores; Patología; Psicobiología.   Brain  and  Behavior:  a  Review:  The  contribution  of  many  scientific disciplines allows us to know surprising aspects of the relationship between the  brain  and  its  functions.  Current  technology  and  the  convergence  of these disciplines are essential to understand the complex brain mechanisms  underlying  behavior.  In  this  paper  will  be  described  some  scientific disciplines  whose  studies  help  to  understand  the  biological  substrates  of normal  and  altered  behavior.  We  will  describe  some  pathologies  or neuropsychological disorders and, in addition, we  will review some of the known  neurobiological  mechanisms  that  control  our  brain  functions.  This allows  us  to  conclude  that  the  behavior  and  brain  functions  depend  on complex biological mechanisms, many of which are still to be elucidated. Key Words: Behavior; Brain; Neurotransmitters; Pathology; Psychobiology.
Sentimiento de Orientación Vital y Vivencia del Cuerpo en Personas Impulsivas, con Trastornos de la Alimentación: un Estudio Fenomenológico-Narrativo
Authors: Carreras Xilenia , Duero Dante Gabriel
Published: October 2024

En este trabajo se analizan las experiencias corporales y las variaciones del sentimiento de orientación vital en tres mujeres adultas que han recibido diagnóstico de enfermedad mental. Se han realizado entrevistas en profundidad. Seguidamente se llevó a cabo un análisis fenomenológico-narrativo de las mismas. Para la configuración de las categorías y del análisis, se empleó el método de comparación constante.  En base a los resultados se efectuó una valoración y comparación entre los casos.  Palabras claves: Sentimiento de Orientación Vital; Vivencias Corporales; Enfermedad Mental; Ataque de Pánico; Anorexia.    Vital Orientation Feeling and Corporal Experiences in People with Eating Disorder: A Phenomenological and Narrative Approach: In this paper we analyze corporal experiences and the variations in existential feeling, in tree woman that have received mental disorder diagnosis. We have done in-depth interviews. We have used the constant comparison method to configure the categories and analysis. Then, we applied a phenomenological-narrative approach.  Based on our results we evaluate and compared cases. Key Words: Vital Orientation Feeling; Corporal Experiences; Mental Illness; Panic Attack; Anorexia
“Siento un dolor en el alma”: metáfora o realidad?
Authors: Mustaca Alba Elisabeth
Published: October 2024

En este trabajo se presentarán investigaciones con modelos animales y humanos que indagan sobre la existencia de paralelismos conductuales, fisiológicos y neurales entre el dolor físico y su anticipación (miedo y ansiedad) y el dolor psicológico y social y su anticipación (pérdida total o parcial de incentivos o cambios negativos para acceder a ellos). La mayor parte de las evidencias confirman que los efectos conductuales y mecanismos psicofisiológicos y neurales de ambos fenómenos son análogos, aunque algunas investigaciones recientes no muestran una completa identidad.Palabras claves: Dolor Físico; Dolor Psicológico y Social; Mecanismos Neurales. In this paper we present research with animal and human models that probe the existence of parallels behavioral, physiological and neural between physical pain (fear and anxiety) and social and psychological pain  (total or partial loss of incentives or negative changes to access them). The bulk of evidence confirms that the neural and psychophysiological mechanisms of both phenomena are similar, although some recent research not shows complete identityKey Words: Physical Pain; Psychological and Social Pain, Neural Mechanisms.
Una revisión crítica sobre la hipótesis de los requerimientos cognitivos como limitaciones de la reciprocidad en los animales
Authors: Freidin Esteban
Published: October 2024

La reciprocidad es una de las estrategias que pueden estabilizar la cooperación. Sin embargo, algunos autores sostienen que el altruismo recíproco es zoológicamente poco frecuente y que esto se debe a sus elevadas demandas cognitivas (e.g., control inhibitorio, bajo descuento temporal, seguimiento de la reputación). En esta revisión, se presenta la hipótesis de las limitaciones cognitivas sobre el despliegue de reciprocidad, y los principales argumentos y la evidencia empírica a favor y en contra de la misma son discutidos de manera crítica. Con este objetivo, describo estudios experimentales de habilidades cognitivas relevantes en animales no humanos, así como algunos estudios experimentales y de campo sobre altruismo recíproco en diversas especies. La conclusión es que la distribución de la reciprocidad en la naturaleza podría haber sido subestimada debido, en parte, a que los requerimientos cognitivos de la reciprocidad han sido sobreestimados. Palabras claves: Altruismo; Cooperación; Limitaciones Cognitivas; Reciprocidad. A critical review of the hypothesis that cognitive requirements constraint animal reciprocity: Reciprocity is one of the strategies that can stabilize cooperation. Nevertheless, some authors argue that reciprocal altruism is zoologically rare, and that this is a consequence of the high cognitive demands that it entails (e.g., inhibitory control, low temporal discounting, tracking of reputation). In this review, the hypothesis of the cognitive constraints on reciprocity is presented, and the main arguments and empirical evidence for and against it are critically discussed. With this aim in mind, I describe experimental studies of relevant cognitive abilities in nonhuman animals, and mention experimental and field evidence of reciprocal altruism in diverse species. The conclusion is that the distribution of reciprocity in nature could have been underestimated partly due to the fact that the cognitive requirements for reciprocity have been overestimated.Key Words:Altruism; Cognitive Constraints; Cooperation; Reciprocity.
La mente y los mecanismos cerebrales en la voz de destacados científicos
Authors: Rodríguez Tomas Caycho
Published: October 2024

The APA Concise Dictionary of Psychology (2010) defines mind in five meanings: "1) as all the intellectual and psychological phenomena of an organism, including motivational, affective, behavioral, perceptual, and cognitive systems; 2) set of emerging properties that are automatically derived from a brain that has achieved sufficient biological complexity; 3) human consciousness considered as an immaterial entity distinct from the brain; 4) the brain itself and its activities; and 5) as intention or volition" (p. 309).
¿Ítems Politómicos o dicotómicos? Un estudio empírico con una escala unidimensional
Authors: Dominguez Lara Sergio Alexis
Published: October 2024

Likert scales from its apparition and diffusion have been well received and are considered one of the best methods to build psychological testing. Furthermore, it is assumed than if have more response options, you will have more information about the individual, and better psychometric properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of the use of different formats for answers in a Likert-type scale. Were conducted psychometric analyzes in various formats proposed in the scale (item analysis, reliability and factor structure). Were found similarities in terms of the psychometric characteristics of four formats proposed. We conclude that both politomous and dichotomous formats provide important information as to the reliability and validity of the instrument.
¿Matrices Policóricas/Tetracóricas o Matrices Pearson? Un estudio metodológico
Authors: Dominguez Lara Sergio Alexis
Published: October 2024

The use of product-moment correlation of Pearson is common in most studies in factor analysis in psychology, but it is known that this statistic is only applicable when the variables related are in interval scale and normally distributed, and when are used in ordinal data may to produce a distorted correlation matrix . Thus is a suitable option using polychoric/tetrachoric matrices in item-level factor analysis when the items are in level measurement nominal or ordinal. The aim of this study was to show the differences in the KMO, Bartlett`s Test and Determinant of the Matrix, percentage of variance explained and factor loadings in depression trait scale of Depression Inventory Trait - State and the Neuroticism dimension of the short form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire -Revised, regarding the use of matrices polychoric/tetrachoric matrices and Pearson. These instruments was analyzed with different extraction methods (Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Rank Factor Analysis, Unweighted Least Squares and Principal Components), keeping constant the rotation method Promin were analyzed. Were observed differences regarding sample adequacy measures, as well as with respect to the explained variance and the factor loadings, for solutions having as polychoric/tetrachoric matrix. So it can be concluded that the polychoric / tetrachoric matrix give better results than Pearson matrices when it comes to item-level factor analysis using different methods.
El bienestar psicológico: diferencias según sexo en estudiantes universitarios y diferencias con población general
Authors: Del Valle Macarena Verónica , Hormaechea Florencia , Urquijo Sebastián
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was to analyze sex differences in Psychological Well-being among college students. Additionally, it was proposed to evaluate the difference between college students and general population. Psychological Well-being is the result of an evaluative assessment by the subject with respect to its own life. This study worked with a sample of 654 students (457 women and 197 men) of the National University of Mar del Plata. It was applied the Spanish adaptation (Díaz el at., 2006) of Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale. For the analyses of sex differences t student test and Mann-Whitney's U test were carried out. The results showed that women scored significantly higher than men in the scales of Purpose in Life, Positive Relations with others and Personal Growth; and men scored significantly higher in Autonomy with regard to women. However the effect sizes of the differences were small. Regarding educational level, a difference between college students and general population was observed.
ACT: Una invitación para transitar del sufrimiento al compromiso con la vida
Authors: Egúsquiza-Vásquez Kevin
Published: October 2024

Today, it is common to see many books called "self-help" and whose pages promise keys and even secrets for the development of this or that aspect in the personal life of each reader. However, the immediate question is how much of (scientific) psychology can really be found in these pages? The revised material aims precisely to try to correct this problem from its proposal: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). ACT is a psychological therapy that forms part of contextual therapies (Hayes, Stroshal & Wilson, 2014), it lays its foundations in functional contextualism (its philosophical posture) and in the theory of the relational framework (TMR, an experimental development) to understand and explain human behaviour; this seriousness in its work has achieved that, to date, ACT enjoys great success in the treatment of multiple problems (Egúsquiza-Vásquez, 2015).
Las dificultades interpersonales de los perfeccionistas: consideraciones teóricas sobre el modelo de desconexión social
Authors: Chemisquy Sonia
Published: October 2024

The Perfectionist Social Disconnection Model brings a theoretical framework suggesting an explanation of the associations between maladaptive perfectionism and mental health problems such as depression, eating disorders, hazardous drinking, and anxiety. According to this model, maladaptive perfectionists experience subjective and objective social disconnection throughout their own relational styles that involves interpersonal hostility and sensitivity. In turn, the social disconnection leads to increased levels of psychological vulnerability. Recent studies have shown that this framework is applicable in different cultures and ethnicities, and it must be considered for future investigations. The present paper describes maladaptive perfectionists and their personal difficulties, and introduces a theoretical description of the social disconnection model. Future research lines are discussed.
Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud: análisis factorial exploratorio del RAND-26 en mujeres de Buenos Aires
Authors: Custodio Jesica , Murawski Brenda , Elizathe Luciana , Rutsztein Guillermina
Published: October 2024

This study presents the adaptation and validation of the Rand-36 Item Health Survey 1.0 (RAND-26) in women aged between 18 and 65 from Buenos Aires. Regarding construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis was developed. A principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation solution (varimax) was performed. A two-factor structure (physical and mental) was the most parsimonious and theoretically appropriate. The Cronbach´s Alpha was excellent for the full-scale (? = .911) and very good for both components (physical component: ? = .873 and mental component: ? = .881). Concurrent validity indicators were also found. In conclusion, this local version of the instrument shows appropriate indicators of validity and internal consistency. It is a valid measure of health-related and perceived quality of life.
Definiciones y métodos de entrenamiento de la inhibición en la niñez, desde una perspectiva neuropsicológica. Una revisión sistemática
Authors: Aydmune Yesica , Lipina Sebastián , Introzzi Isabel
Published: October 2024

The structure and nature of the inhibition is discussed. However, it is recognized that inhibition is important for the performance of children in formal and informal education during the pre-school and school stages. Therefore, intervention studies have been developed, aimed at knowing the plasticity of its functioning and influencing other skills in which it participates. Consequently, this work intends to carry out a systematic review of process-based inhibitory intervention studies in children with typical development. We analyze practical aspects related to the effectiveness of the intervention and theoretical aspects, explaining the model that sustains each intervention and its specific contributions related to the nature of the inhibition construct. It is a contribution insufficiently treated in the literature about inhibition, which is important given the discrepancies on the construct. The analysis tries to draw conclusions that could be considered in the design and evaluation of the effectiveness of future inhibitory training programs.
Automatic differential kinematics of serial manipulator robots through dual numbers
Authors: Orbegoso Moreno Luis Antonio , Valverde Ramírez Edgar David
Published: October 2024

Dual Numbers are an extension of real numbers known for its capability of performing exact automatic differentiation of one-valued functions theoretically without error approximation. Also, Differential Kinematics of robots involves the computation of the Jacobian, which is a matrix of partial derivatives of the Forward Kinematic equations with respect to the robot’s joints. Thus, to perform the automatic calculation of the Jacobian matrix, this paper presents an extension of dual numbers composed of a scalar real part and a vector dual part, where the real part represents the angular value of the robot joint, and the dual part represents the direction of the corresponding partial derivative for each joint. The presented method was implemented in Matlab through Object Orientes Programming (OOP), and the results for calculating the Jacobian of the KUKA KR 500 robot model for 1000 random postures were subsequently compared in terms of execution time and Mean Squared Error (MSE) with other conventional methods: the geometric method, the symbolic method, and the finite difference method. The results showed a significant improvement in the computing time for calculating the Jacobian of the robotic model compared to the other methods, as well as a minimum MSE having as reference the numerical value of the symbolic calculations.
The legal status of participants in armed conflicts in international humanitarian law
Authors:   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Zhusupbekova M. , Toylybekova E. ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Shukenova Zh. ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University
Published: October 2024

At a time when the world is gripped by local and full-scale military conflicts, the question of who can be held accountable for war crimes remains relevant. War has no excuses, because without exception it is associated with cruelty and violence. However, even in conditions of military conflicts, the warring parties are obliged to comply with international regulations in order to avoid unjustified casualties and destruction. International humanitarian law clearly separates the two polar parties involved in hostilities - combatants and civilians. Such a separation is necessary in order to understand who a direct participant is and who needs protection in armed conflicts. In this regard, the article pays great attention to the study of documents establishing the status of direct participants in armed conflicts and civilians. For a comprehensive study of the identified issues, the Geneva Conventions adopted in 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977 were analyzed. Special attention is paid to Additional Protocol I, which develops the main provisions of the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. In these documents, the rights of combatants and civilians were regulated by international law, as well as the status of medical personnel and representatives of the clergy in conditions of military confrontations is separately regulated. In the presented work, international and non-international armed conflicts were also studied.
Powers of the Personal Data Protection Authority in Europe and Kazakhstan: comparative analysis, recommendations for improving the activities of the Kazakhstani Personal Data Protection Authority
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Akhmetova S.B. , Tursynkulova D.A. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Ibrayev N.S. ,   Q University
Published: October 2024

The progressive development of digital technologies has penetrated all spheres of human activity, society, business, and the state. The constant development of digital technologies entails risks and threats to human rights and freedoms, honour and dignity, and well-being. States, as guarantors and defenders of human rights and the right to the protection of personal data, are improving legislation and the activities of executive bodies. European legislation emphasises the vital role of personal data protection authorities (DPA). At the legislative level, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) obliges DPAs to raise public awareness and provide advice and guidance on personal data law and its uniform application. This article examines the powers of European and Kazakhstani DPAs. We will look at European legislation on the functions of DPA. Next, we will demonstrate the Estonian experience and look at the activities of the Kazakhstani DPA. We conclude that it is necessary to allocate DPA in Kazakhstan to an independent, separately existing executive body specialising exclusively in protecting personal data with highly qualified personnel and empower it with additional functions. Strengthening the role of the Kazakhstan DPA will contribute to more effective and improved protection of the right to personal data protection.
The category of legal certainty in the philosophical-legal conception H. Hart
Authors:   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Mitskaya E.V.
Published: October 2024

This article is aimed at providing those interested in the problems of understanding legal certainty in the concept of the leading British philosopher of law Herbert Hart, whose works have been little explored in domestic legal thought. H. Hart, being a pioneer of analytical philosophy of law, devotes much attention to the language of legal norms, analysis of legal norms in the context of interpretation, judicial discretion and uniform law enforcement practice. The relevance of the study of his works is determined by the fact that the understanding of legal certainty and legal uncertainty as paired categories of law is one of the fundamental and strategic directions of the study of law as a social phenomenon. It is possible to achieve the sustainability of law only through a progressive process of transition from its uncertainty to certainty. This is of direct practical importance, as everyone should know the scope of his or her rights in order not to violate the boundaries of permissible behavior in society. The study of H. Hart's works will help to learn the Western traditions of legal understanding, to compare them with domestic ones, to better understand legal certainty as an ideal to which we should strive through the understanding of legal uncertainty, which is of scientific and theoretical importance for the modern understanding of the effectiveness of law and law enforcement.
Some problems of protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of business entities in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors:   1International Taraz innovated institute named after Sh.Murtaza, Ilyassova I. , Askarbekkyzy N. ,   1International Taraz innovated institute named after Sh.Murtaza, Kurmanbayeva D. ,   Taraz university named after M. Kh. Dulaty
Published: October 2024

The issue of protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan have great importance. This statement is due to the special importance of the development of entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan both for the country and for the economy as a whole. The purpose of this study is to consider the problems that violate the constitutional rights and freedoms of entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan. Also, the main ideas in the disclosure of this goal are to determine the state of protection of the rights and freedoms of business entities, to study ways and mechanisms of their protection, to consider international support for entrepreneurs through the prism of special organizations and forums in this area. The scientific significance of the research topic under consideration lies in the new ideas proposed in the conclusions of the study, and the practical significance is presented in the form of a proposal for the adoption of a new law that improves the situation with the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of entrepreneurs in the future, based on the principle of freedom of access to information and openness of state control and supervision in the field of entrepreneurship. The authors investigated a number of scientific and regulatory legal material, on the basis of which conclusions were drawn about the need for a more thorough approach to the mechanisms of business protection. The issues of protecting the rights of entrepreneurs which was studied in article, their methods, types and mechanisms, the authors are convinced that these issues require a comprehensive settlement. In this regard, the authors present a number of proposals for improving these mechanisms in the legal practice of our country.
Liability in the context of the application of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts
Authors:   M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Khassanay A. , Abylaiuly A. ,   M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University
Published: October 2024

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that due to the development of military technologies, their use becomes a threat to national and international security, in connection with which there is a high risk of violating the norms of international law. Based on this, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative doctrine in the context of the application of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts. For this purpose, such methods as logical analysis, functional analysis, deduction, induction, formal-legal, dogmatic and others were used. During the study, the legislative doctrine of Kazakhstan was examined, which included conducting an analysis of the provisions of the Constitution, Regulations and decisions of the Constitutional Court. It also analyzed international legal acts, including the Convention on the Prohibition of Certain Weapons, the Geneva Convention and its Additional Protocols, with a focus on identifying violations and applying the principles of international law to assess unlawful acts in armed conflicts. Particular attention is paid to identifying the actors involved in such acts for the subsequent application of responsibility under international law. The idea of developing a specialized international instrument aimed at comprehensive regulation of the peculiarities of the use of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts is put forward. The results obtained have practical significance in providing recommendations aimed at considering ethical aspects and resolving liability issues related to the use of artificial intelligence in the context of armed conflicts.
Issues of settlement of investment disputes between the Republic of Kazakhstan and individuals or legal entities of other states
Authors:   ", Bazarbayev A. ,   KAZGUU University",   named after M.S. Narikbayev, Karatayeva A. ,   Academy of Justice under the Supreme Judicial Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: October 2024

Since the early 1990s, Kazakhstan has been actively attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), concluding various investment agreements, and enacting legislation to encourage this process. To encourage foreign capital, as well as the need to settle investment disputes, in 2004 the Republic of Kazakhstan ratified the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, March 18, 1965. Washington, March 18, 1965. As follows from the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 15, 2022 "On Approval of the Concept of Investment Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2026" for the period 2010-2020 the level of foreign direct investment amounted to 250 billion USD. According to this Resolution, the level of re-investment of foreign capital in our country's economy for the period 2005-2020 remains at a low level of 15 percent, while the world average is 30-35 percent. The creation of favorable investment conditions, the promotion and protection of investors' interests and the development of mechanisms to compensate for losses in the event of nationalization or expropriation play a key role in attracting foreign investment. Thus, from the perspective of foreign investors, one of the problematic aspects of the country's investment attractiveness is the lack of confidence in the judicial system, including the enforcement of arbitration awards within the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the opinion of the author, the practical significance of the article lies in the development of proposals for the improvement of investment attractiveness through the elimination of contradictions in the legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the settlement and resolution of investment disputes within the framework of obligations under the Convention of 18 March 1965.
Specialized investigative courts and judges in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors:   Turan University, Ablaeva E.
Published: October 2024

The paper deals with the issues of arrangement, organization and functioning of specialized investigative courts and judges in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The general and particular factors that were the conditions for the emergence and formation of specialized investigative courts and judges in the Republic of Kazakhstan are described. The relevance of the chosen topic is connected with the course of development of the judiciary and the improvement of the judiciary of the Republic of Kazakhstan in accordance with the principle of «specialization of courts and judges» that has lasted for three decades. At the same time, the ambitious goal of the Republic of Kazakhstan – «in 2050 to become one of the thirty leading nations of the world» makes this topic relevant. As a rule, it is impossible to achieve a given goal without a competitive national legal system that meets the new challenges of the time and all international standards in the field of rights protection. Accordingly, the relevance of the topic increases with the approval in 2015 of the Presidential Program «Plan of the Nation - 100 Concrete Steps» on 5 institutional reforms that Kazakhstan should confidently go through to enter the top thirty leading countries, strengthen the Kazakh state, create a modern state. Within the framework of the II Institutional Reform «Ensuring the rule of law», the function of judicial control over the activities of state administration and local self-government bodies, as well as criminal prosecution bodies, is of particular interest. The viability and relevance of investigative courts and judges are shown. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are given.
A biy’s court and a council of elders as a historical prerequisite for mediation in Kazakhstan
Authors:   Turan University, Kalshabaeva М.ZH. , Sartayev S.А. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Tauyekelov N.B. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: October 2024

In Kazakh history, there was a tradition of solving various conflicts in society with the help of the biys and a council of elders. These types of government institutions were the most accessible to the people. Their activities were based on the ideology of justice, humanity, and its ultimate goal was to reconcile the disputing parties and lead them to peace. It was every biy’s and elder’s sacred duty to show full justice to the disputing parties during the settlement of the case. "The ideal of conflict is peace" was found to be one of the main principles underlying the court of biys in nomadic Kazakh society. This, in turn, is one of the main tasks of mediation in modern Kazakhstan. The article attempts to identify the historical continuity of modern mediation and two traditional institutions (the court of biys and the council of elders) with peacemaking and reconciliation activities. A review of the writings of various scholars and historical archive materials was made to determine the court of biys and the activities of biys aimed at peacemaking and reconciliation. The specifics of the activities of the сcouncil of еlders, which is one of the oldest institutions in the traditional Kazakh society, were also identified. The principal avenues for the revitalisation and modernisation of traditional institutions in the context of the Republic of Kazakhstan's current developmental trajectory have been identified.
A Comprehensive Guide to Root Canal Treatment
Authors: Chatterjee Srishti Songsoya , Govind Shashirekha
Published: October 2024

Traditional protocols involve cleaning the pulp chamber and root canals and removing the bacteria and the smear layer.  Several globular and non-globular dentine types are revealed when the smear layer is removed. The dentinal walls should be cleaned before the lumen is chemically or mechanically enlarged. Apexogenesis and apexification are the sources of emerging pulp therapies that use totipotent, multipotent, or unipotent stem cells to help regenerate the tooth pulp.
Keywords: Root Canal Treatment, Contemporary techniques, Benefits of RCT
Cybermobbing, Hatespeech, Sexting und Cybergrooming
Authors: Paschel Felix , Schultz Mary , Salisch Maria von , Pfetsch Jan
Published: October 2024

Soziale Interaktionen von Kindern und Jugendlichen finden längst nicht mehr nur auf dem Schulhof statt, sondern zunehmend auch in virtuellen Räumen. Dieses Buch beleuchtet die zentralen Risiken, mit denen Kinder und Jugendliche bei ihren Interaktionen im Internet konfrontiert werden können: Cybermobbing, Online-Hatespeech, non-konsensuales Sexting und Cybergrooming. Auf der Grundlage entwicklungs- und medienpsychologischer Befunde und Theorien werden Gemeinsamkeiten und Besonderheiten dieser Risiken, Präventions- und Interventionsansätze sowie Empfehlungen für Forschung und Praxis vorgestellt. Das Buch bietet einen wissenschaftlich fundierten und praxisrelevanten Überblick zu aktuellen Themen der Online-Nutzung im Kindes- und Jugendalter.
Analysis of the impact of the contextual embeddings usage on the text classification accuracy
Authors: Barkovska Olesia , Havrashenko Anton , Serdechnyi Vitalii , Kholiev Vladyslav , Rusnak Patrik
Published: October 2024

Analysis of the impact of the contextual embeddings usage on the text classification accuracy
On-board radar complex for high-precision direction finding of radio sources for autonomous guidance of winged UAVs
Authors: Tserne Eduard , Zhyla Semen , Popov Anatoliy , Vlasenko Dmytro , Kolesnikov Denys , Inkarbaieva Olha , Kosharskyi Volodymyr , Cherepnin Hlib
Published: October 2024

The subject of this article is the design of a cheap, simple, and highly accurate on-board radar system for determining the angular position of radio-signal emission stations, which can be used to guide UAVs to a specified area of space. The aim of this study is to develop high-precision functioning algorithms, practical recommendations for implementation, and experimental measurements of the main parameters of the onboard radio direction finders of radio radiation sources placed on winged UAVs. Objectives of the research: 1) analysis of the statistical theory of optimization of signal processing algorithms in radar systems; 2) synthesis of direction-finding algorithms for radio measurement sources capable of performing measurements with high accuracy and in a wide range of unambiguous measurement angles; 3) synthesis of the radio direction finder structural scheme and its simulation modelling; 4) design of radio direction finder receiving antennas capable of operating separately and in a complex; 5) justification of the choice of components for the input paths of receivers, parameters of ADC and microcomputers that make up the main components of the radar complex; 6) manufacturing of a working model of the radar complex; 7) experimental measurements in the laboratory. The methods for solving the tasks are based on the statistical theory of optimization of radio engineering systems for remote sensing and radar, existing software tools for simulation modelling, and the theory of radio measurements. The main idea behind creating a cheap, simple, and highly accurate on-board radar system for radio emitter direction finding is to combine the results of angular position measurements from several amplitude and phase meters. This approach allows us to create an easy-to-implement radio system with the advantages of different measuring instruments. The following results were obtained: 1) theoretical studies and simulation modelling confirmed that by combining measurements from a two-antenna amplitude direction finder with narrow diagrams, a two-antenna direction finder with wide diagrams, and a two-antenna phase finder, it is possible to achieve both high accuracy and a wide range of unambiguous measurements; 2) a radar system based on a cheap and commonly available element base was developed; 3) antennas were developed that can be easily installed under the wings of UAVs; 4) experimental studies confirmed the performance of complex signal processing in an on-board six-antenna radio direction finder. The material of this work forms the basis for further experimental development of radio-direction finders for various purposes, opens up opportunities for overcoming the contradiction between accuracy and range of unambiguous measurements, and highlights an additional direction for increasing the autonomy of winged UAVs.
Methodology of deployment of dependable FPGA based artificial intelligence as a service
Authors: Perepelitsyn Artem
Published: October 2024

The subject of study in this article is the models, methods, and principles of organization of entire lifecycle of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Service implemented with the use of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The purpose of this work is the improvement of the methodology of the deployment of dependable FPGA-based Artificial Intelligence as a Service by creating a complex of mutually agreed concept, principles, models, and methods considering the specifics of the use of heterogeneous computations of Artificial Intelligence and the possibility of realizing the unified protection of FPGA implementations. Tasks: to clarify the taxonomy of the dependability term within the proposed methodology; to propose the concept of deployment of dependable FPGA-based heterogeneous computations of Artificial Intelligence as a Service; to formulate the principle of tracing changes in FPGA projects and integrated environments during the entire lifecycle; to formulate the principle of unification of protection of FPGA implementations of heterogeneous computing of Artificial Intelligence as a Service; to formulate the principle of the product-service assessment of the availability of FPGA as a Service; and to discuss the promising directions of heterogeneous computations of AI. According to the tasks, the following results were obtained. The existing concepts of dependable systems deployment are discussed. The concept of the deployment of computations of Artificial Intelligence as a Service, which is obtained based on the improvement of paradigms of the creation and deployment of dependable systems and services, is proposed. The principle of tracing of changes, which assumes the updating of requirements during the lifecycle of FPGA projects, is proposed. The principle of the unification of protection, which combines and joins the consideration of various unique features of the FPGA instance to protect the implementation and the set of cyberthreats for the service as a whole, is proposed. The principle of the product-service assessment, which considers parameters and indicators of availability, is proposed. The perspective of the progress of non-electronic mediums for heterogeneous computations with the use of a photonic implementations of Artificial Intelligence computations to ensure improved performance and reduced energy consumption is discussed. Conclusions. One of the main contributions of this research is that in the proposed methodology, the set of principles, models, and methods of deployment of Artificial Intelligence as a Service under conditions of changing requirements and integrated environments, and the need for mechanism of licensing protection of each instance of the system are developed, which allows to reduce model uncertainty by considering various stages of the lifecycle of dependable FPGA implementation using heterogeneous computations.