bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does End‐tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Detect Respiratory Events Prior to Current Sedation Monitoring Practices?
Authors: Burton John H. , Harrah John D. , Germann Carl A. , Dillon Douglas C.
Published: March 2006

Objectives:
The value of ventilation monitoring with end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) to anticipate acute respiratory events during emergency department (ED) procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is unclear. The authors sought to determine if ETCO2 monitoring would reveal findings indicating an acute respiratory event earlier than indicated by current monitoring practices.

Methods:
The study included a prospective convenience sample of ED patients undergoing PSA. Clinicians performed ED PSA procedures with generally accepted patient monitoring, including oxygen saturation (SpO2), and clinical ventilation assessment. A study investigator recorded ETCO2 levels and respiratory events during each PSA procedure, with clinical providers blinded to ETCO2 levels. Acute respiratory events were defined as SpO2≤92%, increases in the amount of supplemental oxygen provided, use of bag‐valve mask or oral/nasal airway for ventilatory assistance, repositioning or airway alignment maneuvers, and use of physical or verbal means to stimulate patients with depressed ventilation or apnea, and reversal agent administration.

Results:
Enrollment was stopped after independent review of 20 acute respiratory events in 60 patient sedation encounters (33%). Abnormal ETCO2 findings were documented in 36 patients (60%). Seventeen patients (85%) with acute respiratory events demonstrated ETCO2 findings indicative of hypoventilation or apnea during PSA. Abnormal ETCO2 findings were documented before changes in SpO2 or clinically observed hypoventilation in 14 patients (70%) with acute respiratory events.

Conclusions:
Abnormal ETCO2 findings were observed with many acute respiratory events. A majority of patients with acute respiratory events had ETCO2 abnormalities that occurred before oxygen desaturation or observed hypoventilation.
Allelic Variants of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid-A Receptor α1-Subunit Gene (GABRA1) Are Not Associated with Idiopathic Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty in Girls with and without Electroencephalographic Abnormalities
Authors: Brito Vinicius Nahime , Mendonca Berenice Bilharinho , Guilhoto Laura M. F. F. , Freitas Karina Cocco Monteiro , Arnhold Ivo J. Prado , Latronico Ana Claudia
Published: March 2006

Context: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a dominant inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in the modulation of brain electric activity and puberty onset in primates. GABA inhibitory effects on GnRH neurons are mainly mediated by GABA-A receptor α1-subunit.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate functional mutations or polymorphisms of the GABA-A receptor α1-subunit gene (GABRA1) in girls with idiopathic gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty (GDPP) with and without electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities.

Design: The entire coding region of GABRA1 was sequenced in all patients. Two known GABRA1 polymorphisms were investigated by GeneScan software analysis or enzymatic restriction. Seventy-three normal women were used as controls for genetic study. EEG tracings were recorded in 23 girls with GDPP and 17 girls with adequate pubertal development.

Setting: The study was performed at a university hospital.

Patients: Thirty-one girls from 28 unrelated families with idiopathic GDPP were studied.

Results: Automatic sequencing revealed no functional mutations in girls with GDPP. Seven different GABRA1 polymorphisms, including two exonic (156T>C and 1323G>A) and five intronic [IVS2–712(GT)n, IVS3+12A>T, IVS8+45T>G, IVS9+76A>G, and IVS10+15G>A], were found in GDPP girls and controls. Abnormal EEG tracings were found in 26% of 23 girls with GDPP, two of them with epilepsy. The genotype and allele frequencies of the GABRA1 polymorphisms were not statistically different between unrelated GDPP girls and controls or between GDPP girls with or without EEG abnormalities.

Conclusions: GABRA1 functional mutations or polymorphisms are not associated with the intrinsic mechanism of GDPP in girls with and without EEG abnormalities.
Dissecting the signaling and mechanical functions of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex
Authors: Judge Luke M. , Haraguchiln Miki , Chamberlain Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2006

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin is required for assembly of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and provides a mechanically strong link between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Several proteins in the complex also participate in signaling cascades, but the relationship between these signaling and mechanical functions in the development of muscular dystrophy is unclear. To explore the mechanisms of myofiber necrosis in dystrophin-deficient muscle, we tested the hypothesis that restoration of this complex without a link to the cytoskeleton ameliorates dystrophic pathology. Transgenic mice were generated that express Dp116, a non-muscle isoform of dystrophin that assembles the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, in muscles of dystrophin-deficient mdx4cv mice. However, the phenotype of these mice was more severe than in controls. Displacement of utrophin by Dp116 correlated with the severity of dystrophy in different muscle groups. Comparison with other transgenic lines demonstrated that parts of the dystrophin central rod domain were required to localize neuronal nitric oxide synthase to the sarcolemma, but this was not correlated with presence or extent of dystrophy. Our results suggest that mechanical destabilization, rather than signaling dysfunction, is the primary cause of myofiber necrosis in dystrophin-deficient muscle.
Multiple factors contribute to integrin-talin interactions in vivo
Authors: Tanentzapf Guy , Martin-Bermudo Maria D. , Hicks Marcus S. , Brown Nicholas H.
Published: March 2006

The cytoplasmic protein talin is an essential part of the integrin-cytoskeleton link. We characterized the interaction between integrin and two conserved regions of talin, the N-terminal `head' domain and the C-terminus, which includes the I/LWEQ domain, within the living organism. Green-fluorescent-protein-tagged head and C-terminal domains were recruited to integrin adhesion sites. Both required integrins for recruitment, but the C-terminal domain also required endogenous talin, showing it was not recruited directly by integrins. We used chimeric transmembrane proteins containing the cytoplasmic domain of the integrin β subunit to examine the integrin-talin head interaction. Monomeric chimeric proteins did not recruit talin head, whereas dimeric chimeras efficiently recruited it and caused a strong inhibition of integrin-mediated adhesion. These chimeras recruited surprisingly few integrin-associated proteins, indicating that recruitment of talin did not initiate a cascade of recruitment. Mutagenesis of the integrin cytoplasmic domain, within the chimera, showed the dominant-negative inhibition was not due to talin sequestration alone and that additional interactions are required.
Extracellular adenosine activates AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)
Authors: Aymerich Ivette , Foufelle Fabienne , Ferré Pascal , Casado F. Javier , Pastor-Anglada Marçal
Published: March 2006

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric complex that senses intracellular energy status and exerts rapid regulation on energy-demanding and -consuming metabolic pathways. Although alterations in the intracellular adenosine nucleotide pool are traditionally assumed to be the consequence of changes in energy metabolism, in this study we have addressed the question of whether extracellular adenosine contributes to AMPK regulation. In the intestinal rat epithelial cell line IEC-6, addition of adenosine rapidly increases AMP intracellular concentrations and upregulates α1AMPK, thus promoting phosphorylation of its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). The effect of adenosine on AMPK signaling is completely blocked by transducing IEC-6 cells with an adenoviral vector expressing a mutated α1 subunit, resulting in a dominant-negative effect on endogenous AMPK activity. These effects are blocked by 5′-iodotubercidine (5′-ITU), an inhibitor of adenosine kinase. Moreover, inhibition of adenosine transport through the concentrative adenosine plasma membrane transporter CNT2 with formycin B results in the blockade of adenosine-mediated AMPK signaling. Extracellular adenosine is equally able to activate AMPK and promote ACC phosphorylation in liver parenchymal cell models in a manner that is also inhibited by 5′-ITU. In summary, this study shows that adenosine, when added at physiological concentrations, activates AMPK and promotes ACC phosphorylation. Adenosine must be transported and phosphorylated to exert its action. Thus, nucleoside transporters might be novel players in the complex regulation of AMPK and energy metabolism.
The aPKC–PAR-6–PAR-3 cell polarity complex localizes to the centrosome attracting body, a macroscopic cortical structure responsible for asymmetric divisions in the early ascidian embryo
Authors: Patalano Solenn , Prulière Gérard , Prodon François , Paix Alexandre , Dru Philippe , Sardet Christian , Chenevert Janet
Published: March 2006

Posterior blastomeres of 8-cell stage ascidian embryos undergo a series of asymmetric divisions that generate cells of unequal sizes and segregate muscle from germ cell fates. These divisions are orchestrated by a macroscopic cortical structure, the `centrosome attracting body' (CAB) which controls spindle positioning and distribution of mRNA determinants. The CAB is composed of a mass of cortical endoplasmic reticulum containing mRNAs (the cER-mRNA domain) and an electron dense matrix, but little is known about its precise structure and functions. We have examined the ascidian homologues of PAR proteins, known to regulate polarity in many cell types. We found that aPKC, PAR-6 and PAR-3 proteins, but not their mRNAs, localize to the CAB during the series of asymmetric divisions. Surface particles rich in aPKC concentrate in the CAB at the level of cortical actin microfilaments and form a localized patch sandwiched between the plasma membrane and the cER-mRNA domain. Localization of aPKC to the CAB is dependent on actin but not microtubules. Both the aPKC layer and cER-mRNA domain adhere to cortical fragments prepared from 8-cell stage embryos. Astral microtubules emanating from the proximal centrosome contact the aPKC-rich cortical domain. Our observations indicate that asymmetric division involves the accumulation of the aPKC–PAR-6–PAR-3 complex at the cortical position beneath the pre-existing cER-mRNA domain.
N-terminal palmitoylation within the appropriate amino acid environment conveys on NOS2 the ability to progress along the intracellular sorting pathways
Authors: Navarro-Lérida Inmaculada , Álvarez-Barrientos Alberto , Rodríguez-Crespo Ignacio
Published: March 2006

We have analysed the mechanism by which palmitoylation permits the progression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) along the ER-Golgi-TGN pathway. Introduction of an additional myristoylation site at the N-terminus of NOS2 resulted in a chimera that displayed an enhanced association with the particulate fraction and with the plasma membrane but did not display increased enzymatic activity. In the absence of palmitoylation, introduction of a surrogate myristoylation site resulted in a mutant NOS2 with only 25% activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. Hence, the novel surrogate myristoyl moiety not only failed to increase NOS2 activity when introduced in a wild-type sequence environment, but was also unable to rescue the inactive phenotype of the Cys3Ser mutant. Introduction of an additional palmitoylatable Cys at position 2 of the wild-type sequence resulted in a chimera that associated to a larger degree with membranes and displayed decreased activity. Our data indicate that palmitoylation of inducible NOS at position 3 exquisitely determines its transit along the secretory pathway following a route that cannot be mimicked by a surrogate myristoylation or by a palmitate at position 2. In addition, the exit of NOS2 from the TGN and the accumulation in the cellular plasma membrane per se did not correlate with increased ·NO synthesis.
Profilin-I-ligand interactions influence various aspects of neuronal differentiation
Authors: Lambrechts Anja , Jonckheere Veronique , Peleman Christa , Polet Debby , De Vos Winnok , Vandekerckhove Joël , Ampe Christophe
Published: March 2006

Differentiating neurons extend membrane protrusions that develop into growing neurites. The driving force for neurite outgrowth is the dynamic actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by actin-binding proteins. In this study, we describe for the first time, the role of profilin I and its ligand interactions in neuritogenesis of PC12 cells. High-level overexpression of wild-type profilin I had an inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth. Low levels of profilin I did not disturb this process, but these cells developed many more filopodia along the neurite shafts. Low-level overexpression of mutant forms of profilin I changed one or more aspects of PC12 differentiation. Expression of a profilin I mutant that is defective in actin binding (profilin IR74E) decreased neurite length and strongly inhibited filopodia formation. Cells expressing mutants defective in binding proline-rich ligands (profilin IW3A and profilin IR136D) differentiated faster, developed more and longer neurites and more branches. The profilin IR136D mutant, which is also defective in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding, enhanced neurite outgrowth even in the absence of NGF. Parental PC12 cells treated with the ROCK inhibitor Y27632, differentiate faster and display longer neurites and more branches. Similar effects were seen in cells expressing profilin IWT, profilin IW3A and profilin IR74E. By contrast, the profilin IR136D-expressing cells were insensitive to the ROCK inhibitor, suggesting that regulation of profilin I by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolism is crucial for proper neurite outgrowth. Taken together, our data show the importance of the interaction of profilin I with actin, proline-rich proteins and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells.
Maximum Entropy Utility
Authors: Abbas Ali E.
Published: March 2006

This paper presents a method to assign utility values when only partial information is available about the decision maker’s preferences. We introduce the notion of a utility density function and a maximum entropy principle for utility assignment. The maximum entropy utility solution embeds a large family of utility functions that includes the most commonly used functional forms. We discuss the implications of maximum entropy utility on the preference behavior of the decision maker and present an application to competitive bidding situations where only previous decisions are observed by each party. We also present minimum cross entropy utility, which incorporates additional knowledge about the shape of the utility function into the maximum entropy formulation, and work through several examples to illustrate the approach.
Requirements Planning with Pricing and Order Selection Flexibility
Authors: Geunes Joseph , Romeijn H. Edwin , Taaffe Kevin
Published: March 2006

Past requirements-planning research has typically assumed that the firm’s demands are determined prior to production planning. In contrast, we explore a single-stage planning model that implicitly decides, through pricing decisions, the demand levels the firm should satisfy in order to maximize contribution to profit. We briefly discuss solution methods and properties for these problems when production capacities are unlimited. The key result of this work is a polynomial-time solution approach to the problem under time-invariant finite production capacities and piecewise-linear and concave revenue functions in price.
Supplemental Mandibular Permanent Incisor Teeth: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Cho Shiu-yin
Published: March 2006

Two cases of supplemental mandibular permanent incisors are presented. These supernumerary teeth often erupt into the dental arches causing crowding and aesthetic problems. Management may range from simple extraction of the supernumerary teeth to comprehensive orthodontic treatment. Early diagnosis may provide better opportunity for optimal treatment outcome.
Quality of Written Reports Provided by Consultants in Restorative Dentistry to Referring General Dental Practitioners in the West Midlands
Authors: Saha Shuva , Summerwill Anthony J
Published: March 2006

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to assess the views of general dental practitioners (GDPs) on the content, style, and readability of written reports provided by restorative consultants at a dental hospital in response to referral letters from the GDPs. The secondary objective was to determine the style of the written consultant report preferred by GDPs.

Setting

Referral letters received and replied to by four consultants in the restorative department at Birmingham Dental Hospital.

Method

The quality of written reports sent by the four consultants to 100 referring GDPs in the West Midlands area was evaluated using a postal questionnaire, which assessed 100 GDPs’ satisfaction with the content, style, and readability of the reports. To assess which format they favoured a second questionnaire was subsequently sent to the same GDPs with three versions of the original report in: (a) a standard format, (b) a summary format, and (c) a bullet point format.

Results

The results of the initial questionnaire revealed that 79 (96%) of practitioners were satisfied with the existing style of the reports. Following a second questionnaire in which GDPs were asked to choose which format they preferred, 61 (81%) expressed a preference for a bullet point or summary style report.

Conclusion

The GDPs who responded to the questionnaires felt that a bullet point format or summary style report from the consultants concerned would summarise cases more clearly and concisely than the conventional standard format letters which they had previously received. Opportunities may exist for improving the quality of consultant reply letters through the use of structured templates and/or a summary or bullet point format.
Comparison of Ultrasonic Cleaning Schemes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Walker Natalie , Burke FJ Trevor , Palenik Charles J
Published: March 2006

Objective

Ultrasonic cleaning is an effective method for cleaning dental instruments prior to sterilisation. However, there are few studies that directly compare precleaning and ultrasonic cleaning solutions. This study evaluated the efficacy of different ultrasonic cleaning schemes.

Method and Materials

Twenty representative dental instruments, five of which were soiled with a mixture of blood and hydroxyapatite, were used in a series of cleaning runs. Cleaning employed a presoaking agent, ultrasonic cleaning, or a combination of both. Two presoaking agents (Non-ionic Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution and ProEZ Foaming Enzymatic Spray) plus five ultrasonic cleaners (UltraDose, General Purpose Cleaner, Co-enzyme Concentrate, Enzol Enzymatic Detergent, and Non-ionic Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution) were compared, with tap water serving as a control. There were two cleaning times: seven and 15 minutes. After rinsing, the working ends of the instruments underwent scrubbing for 20 seconds using a dental polishing brush held in a haemostat. After scrubbing, the brush and instrument were placed in a tube containing sterile saline. Vortexing of the tube lasted 30 seconds. Testing for the post-cleaning presence of blood involved Hemastix dipsticks. These sticks measure minute amounts of blood in urine and can detect as few as 35 red blood cells per ml. Comparisons of colour change were made to a standard scale followed by assignment of numeric values.

Results

Tap water was the poorest cleaning solution, while UltraDose was the most effective. Blood removal improved when cleaning time was increased from seven to 15 minutes. The combined effect of a presoak immersion followed by ultrasonic cleaning was the most effective cleaning scheme overall. Cleaning by either ultrasound or presoaking only was less effective. Some instruments were more difficult to clean than others.

Conclusion

Within the constraints of the small number of test runs performed, it was concluded that application of a presoak agent before ultrasonic cleaning produced the most effective instrument-cleaning regimen.
Pharmaceutical Prescribing for Children
Authors: Martin Michael V , Palmer Nikolaus OA
Published: March 2006

This is the fourth paper in a series on the prescribing of medicines for children by dentists working in primary dental care. It deals with the prescription of antifungals and antivirals for children.
The Role of the Seven Key Skills Portfolios in the Assessment of New Dental Graduates in General Dental Practice
Authors: Grieveson Brian , Brigden David
Published: March 2006

In this article, the authors examine the role of the seven key skills portfolios in the assessment of new dental graduates in general dental practice. They discuss the nature and construction of portfolios and explore how the use of portfolios encourages learning. They outline what educational support is available and consider where key skills fit within a career pathway.
Future Opportunities for Research in Primary Dental Care: Developing Research to Support the Commissioning of Care
Authors: Eaton Kenneth A , Toy Andrew , Batchelor Paul , Redfearn Ian
Published: March 2006

On 23rd November 2005, there was a first for the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) [FGDP(UK)] when it hosted an open, national research study day, funded by the Department of Health. The study day followed on from a national Research and Development in Primary Dental Care meeting, ‘Reflection and Moving Forward’, held in Manchester in March 2004.1
Diabetic Patient Compliance as a Function of Patient Counseling
Authors: Powell M. F. , de P. Burkhart V. , Lamy P. P.
Published: March 2006

The impact of a specially designed patient education program upon the diabetes-related knowledge and compliance of insulin dependent diabetic patients was investigated. The program consisted of an audiovisual presentation, illustrated handout material, and pharmacist-patient counseling.

Based on statistical considerations, 65 eligible patients were assigned systematically to a control group (Group I) and a study group (Group II) and were evaluated for compliance following a standardized protocol. Immediately following the interview, Group II patients were instructed utilizing the patient education program. Scores for initial and final evaluations of knowledge and compliance were compared using appropriate statistical procedures. The program was successful in producing improvements in both knowledge and compliance but a need for individualization of patient education efforts was indicated. Significant improvements in compliance were not observed among patients older than the mean age for study patients and those with diabetes complicated by cardiovascular and hypertensive disease.
Cost-Utility Model of Rasagiline in the Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease in Finland
Authors: Hudry Joumana , Rinne Juha O , Keränen Tapani , Eckert Laurent , Cochran John M
Published: March 2006

Background:

The economic burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) is high, especially in patients experiencing motor fluctuations. Rasagiline has demonstrated efficacy against symptoms of PD in early and advanced stages of the disease.

Objective:

To assess the cost-utility of rasagiline and entacapone as adjunctive therapies to levodopa versus standard levodopa care in PD patients with motor fluctuations in Finland.

Methods:

A 2 year probabilistic Markov model with 3 health states: “25% or less off-time/day,” “greater than 25% off-time/day,” and “dead” was used. Off-time represents time awake with poor or absent motor function. Model inputs included transition probabilities from randomized clinical trials, utilities from a preference measurement study, and costs and resources from a Finnish cost-of-illness study. Effectiveness measures were quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and number of months spent with 25% or less off-time/day. Uncertainty around parameters was taken into account by Monte Carlo simulations.

Results:

Over 2 years from a societal perspective, rasagiline or entacapone as adjunctive therapies to levodopa showed greater effectiveness than levodopa alone at no additional costs. Benefits after 2 years were 0.13 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.17) additional QALYs and 5.2 (3.6 to 6.7) additional months for rasagiline and 0.12 (0.08 to 0.17) QALYs and 5.1 (3.5 to 6.6) months for entacapone, both in adjunct to levodopa compared with levodopa alone.

Conclusions:

The results of this study support the use of rasagiline and entacapone as adjunctive cost-effective alternatives to levodopa alone in PD patients with motor fluctuations in Finland. With a different mode of action, rasagiline is a valuable therapeutic alternative to entacapone at no additional charge to society.
Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Germany
Authors: Eickhoff Christiane , Schulz Martin
Published: March 2006

Objective:

To discuss the provision of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Germany including community pharmacy, organization and delivery of health services, pharmacy education, community pharmacy services, research in community pharmacy, and future plans for community pharmacy services.

Findings:

In Germany, cognitive pharmaceutical services have been developed for more than 12 years. Several studies and programs have shown that pharmaceutical care and other pharmaceutical services are feasible in community pharmacy practice and that patients benefit from these services. In 2003, a nationwide contract was established between representatives of the community pharmacy owners and the largest German health insurance fund. In this so-called family pharmacy contract, remuneration of pharmacists for provision of pharmaceutical care services was successfully negotiated for the first time. In 2004, a trilateral integrated care contract was signed that additionally included general practitioners, combining the family pharmacy with the family physician. Within a few months, the vast majority (>17 000) of community pharmacies have registered to participate in this program.

Conclusions:

German community pharmacies are moving from the image of mainly supplying drugs toward the provision of cognitive pharmaceutical services.
Implementation of Ward-Based Clinical Pharmacy Services in Belgium—Description of the Impact on a Geriatric Unit
Authors: Spinewine Anne , Dhillon Soraya , Mallet Louise , Tulkens Paul M , Wilmotte Léon , Swine Christian
Published: March 2006

Background:

Patient-centered clinical pharmacy services are still poorly developed in Europe, despite their demonstrated advantages in North America and the UK. Reporting European pilot experiences is, therefore, important to assess the usefulness of clinical pharmacy services in this specific context.

Objective:

To report the results of the first implementation of Belgian clinical pharmacy services targeting patients at high risk of drug-related problems.

Methods:

An intervention study was conducted by a trained clinical pharmacist providing pharmaceutical care to 101 patients (mean age 82.2 y; mean ± SD number of prescribed drugs 7.8 ± 3.5) admitted to an acute geriatric unit, over a 7 month period. All interventions to optimize prescribing, and their acceptance, were recorded. An external panel (2 geriatricians, 1 clinical pharmacist) assessed the interventions' clinical significance. Persistence of interventions after discharge was assessed through telephone calls.

Results:

A total of 1066 interventions were made over the 7 month period. The most frequent drug-related problems underlying interventions were: underuse (15.9%), wrong dose (11.9%), inappropriate duration of therapy (9.7%), and inappropriate choice of medicine (9.6%). The most prevalent consequences were to discontinue a drug (24.5%), add a drug (18.6%), and change dosage (13.7%). Acceptance rate by physicians was 87.8%. Among interventions with clinical impact, 68.3% and 28.6% had moderate and major clinical significance, respectively. Persistence of chronic treatment changes 3 months after discharge was 84%.

Conclusions:

Involving a trained clinical pharmacist in a geriatric team led to clinically relevant and well-accepted optimization of medicine use. This initiative may be a springboard for further development of clinical pharmacy services.
Book Reviews
Authors: Donaldson Catherine
Published: March 2006

Depressive rumination: Nature, theory & treatment Edited by Costas Papageorgiou & Adrian Wells

Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004, Pp. 282, Paperback £24.99, ISBN: 0‐471‐48692‐2
Behavior Change in a Student With a Dual Diagnosis of Deafness and Pervasive Development Disorder: A Case Study
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R , Handley C. Michele
Published: March 2006

The broad term pervasive developmental disorder (PPD) describes a set of symptoms that occur along a continuum of severity; these symptoms are often referred to as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Little is known about the incidence and prevalence of ASDs among students who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). Teachers of DHH students, who must work with individuals with dual diagnoses, are at a loss for guidance from the literature. The authors review the literature on ASDs (also referred to as PDD) within the DHH population, provide results of a single-subject study to reduce PDD-type behaviors in a child with hearing loss, and argue that teachers of students who are DHH must learn about practices associated with applied behavior analysis as an tool for intervening therapeutically with children with dual diagnoses of hearing loss plus an ASD.
Deaf Clients' Perceptions of Counseling Expertise as a Function of Counselors' Signing Skill, Gender, and Therapy Type
Authors: Feldman David , Kluwin Thomas N , McCrone William P
Published: March 2006

The study examined deaf clients' perceptions of counseling expertise as a function of several counseling variables: counselor's signing skill, gender, and therapy type. Twenty undergraduate students at a special college for the deaf who were enrolled in either counseling courses or psychology courses viewed 4 video clips reflecting a mock counseling session. After viewing the clips, the participants were asked to complete the Counselor Rating Form—Short Form (Corrigan & Schmidt, 1983). There was no statistically significant main effect for the sex of the counselor, the match between the counselor's gender and the client's gender, or the mode of communication. While the study demonstrates the utility of the method for future research with deaf clients, further modifications of the method are necessary.
Education of the Deaf in Australia and Norway: A Comparative Study of the Interpretations and Applications of Inclusion
Authors: Hyde Merv , Ohna Stein Erik , Hjulstadt Oddvar
Published: March 2006

Inclusion is a term and process that is culturally, politically, medically, philosophically, and historically relative in its interpretations in the education of the deaf. The present study is a comparative analysis of two substantially different education systems for deaf students, those of Norway and Australia. The study objective was to elucidate the sources of some of these differences and to examine the interpretations and applications of inclusion that are inherent in the two countries' policies and practices, and in recent research evaluations. Significant differences exist in the national contexts and in the manner in which inclusion is understood and applied in Norway and Australia; the study reports on recent research examinations of inclusion in the two countries and finds that the transitions from policy to practice seem questionable.
The Effect of Multimedia Stories About American Deaf Celebrities on Taiwanese Hearing Students' Attitudes Toward Job Opportunities for the Deaf
Authors: Ju Jing-ming
Published: March 2006

In Taiwan, hearing people generally think deaf individuals can only do jobs requiring minimal communication. The present study was planned to help change hearing people's attitudes toward deaf people's job competence. Multimedia stories of deaf celebrities, e.g., physicians, lawyers, university presidents, professors, senior government officials, and movie stars, were developed. A multimedia computer reading program was developed in which graphic organizers, picture clues, video, and voice were integrated to make reading more exciting and pleasant. Materials were developed to be suitable for dissemination on CD. Regarding attitude change, all differences between pretests and posttests were statistically significant: Hearing students' attitudes toward deaf and hard of hearing people changed positively and significantly. It is recommended that the CD featuring American deaf celebrities be distributed to make hearing people understand deaf people's potential, and to contribute to an environment conducive to their employment in Taiwan.
Administrators' Ratings of Competencies Needed to Prepare Preservice Teachers
Authors: Lartz Maribeth N , Litchfield Sharon K
Published: March 2006

Deaf education teacher preparation programs must prepare teachers to staff an increasing number of oral programs. A survey was conducted to determine which competencies administrators of deaf education programs rate as important for teachers in oral programs and to compare ratings of these competencies by oral school administrators to ratings made by administrators of comprehensive deaf and hard of hearing programs. Between the two groups of administrators, six areas of agreement about competencies were found. There were notable differences in the range of ratings between the two groups. These differences were attributed to the roles teachers assume in the two types of programs and the focus of instruction in each type of program.
An Examination of the Evidence-Based Literacy Research in Deaf Education
Authors: Luckner John L , Sebald Ann M , Cooney John , Young John , Muir Sheryl Goodwin
Published: March 2006

The ability to read and write for a variety of purposes is essential to success in school and in contemporary society. The purpose of this investigation was to conduct an exhaustive review of the literature and a meta-analysis of literacy research in the field of deaf education. Computer and manual searches of 40 years of peer-reviewed journal articles were conducted. A total of 964 articles related to literacy and deafness were identified and examined; 22 articles met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Results indicate that (a) no two studies examined the same dimension of literacy; (b) there was a paucity of well-designed group studies; (c) there were no systematic replication of studies; (d) there is limited data to establish evidenced-based practices. Consequently, increasing the quantity and improving the quality of research in the field is recommended.
Deaf Education in China: History, Current Issues, and Emerging Deaf Voices
Authors: Lytle Richard R. , Johnson Kathryn E. , Yang Jun Hui
Published: March 2006

Abstract: An overview is provided of (a) deaf education in China, (b) views of deaf Chinese, and (c) recent empowering international collaborations. China's national policy focuses on oral/aural education and hearing rehabilitation. However, everyday practice in schools for deaf children includes various forms of Chinese Sign Language. Early childhood education focuses on speech and hearing. Elementary and secondary school curricula reflect low expectations for deaf students and lack the same academic content provided to hearing students. There are limited higher education opportunities. There are no support services such as note takers or interpreters for mainstreamed students. There are no deaf teacher preparation or interpreter training programs. Jobs are few; the vast majority of deaf adults are unemployed. Deaf people interviewed for the article describe their needs, their dreams, and the changes they are witnessing, which result in part from recent empowering international collaborations.
Views From the Field: Program Directors' Perceptions of Teacher Education and the Education of Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Teller Henry , Harney Jillian
Published: March 2006

A random sample of directors of programs for the deaf in North America were surveyed to get their views about the skills that teacher education programs need to be teaching future teachers of students who are deaf or hard of hearing. The directors were queried about literacy practices, classroom management strategies, and communication strategies used in their programs, and were encouraged to comment freely on the questionnaire items presented to them. Program directors predicted a need for more itinerant and resource teachers. The survey also revealed that programs for the deaf are highly behaviorist (i.e., You do this and you'll get that) in the way they induce students to learn and in how they manage student behavior.
Augmentation du niveau pour U(3)
Authors: Bellaïche Joël , Graftieaux Phillipe
Published: March 2006

Pour la forme compacte à l'infini du groupe unitaire à trois variables attaché à une extension CM, nous démontrons un résultat d'augmentation du niveau analogue à celui obtenu par Taylor dans le cas de GL 2 . Nous donnons une application aux représentations automorphes non tempérées.
The domain of definition of the complex Monge-Ampère operator
Authors: Błocki Zbigniew
Published: March 2006

We give a precise characterization of those plurisubharmonic functions for which one can well define the Monge-Ampère operator as a regular Borel measure.
Tight closure and plus closure in dimension two
Authors: Brenner Holger
Published: March 2006

We prove that the tight closure and the graded plus closure of a homogeneous ideal coincide for a two-dimensional N-graded domain of finite type over the algebraic closure of a finite field. This answers in this case a "tantalizing question" of Hochster.
On the center problem for ordinary differential equations
Authors: Brudnyi Alexander
Published: March 2006

We study the Center Problem for equations v ' = Σ ∞ i =1 a i (x)v i +1 . This problem is closely connected to the classical Poincaré Center-Focus problem about the characterization of planar polynomial vector fields whose integral trajectories are closed curves with interiors containing a fixed point, a center .
On a priori C 1,α and W 2, P estimates for a parabolic Monge-Ampère Equation in the Gauss Curvature Flows
Authors: Huang Qingbo , Lu Guozhen
Published: March 2006

This paper establishes Hölder estimates of Du and L p estimates of D 2 u for solutions u to the parabolic Monge-Ampère equation - Au t + (det D 2 u ) 1/ n = ƒ .
Moduli spaces and Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of sheaves on surfaces
Authors: Langer Adrian
Published: March 2006

We generalize Donaldson, Gieseker, Li and O'Grady's results on generic smoothness of the moduli spaces of sheaves with fixed determinant and large discriminant to positive characteristic. We also show optimal bounds on the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of sheaves on surfaces and we use it to give the first general effective results on irreducibility of the moduli spaces.
Dual spheres have the same girth
Authors: Álvarez Paiva J.C.
Published: March 2006

Symplectic and Finsler geometry are used to settle a conjecture of Schäffer stating that the girth of a normed space—the infimum of the lengths of all closed, rectifiable, centrally symmetric curves on its unit sphere—equals the girth of its dual.
Quadratic diophantine equations and orders in quaternion algebras
Authors: Shimura Goro
Published: March 2006

We first reformulate the main theorem on quadratic Diophantine equations given in our recent book in terms of the even Clifford group. In the quaternary case the group is the multiplicative group of a quaternion algebra, and the reformulated theorem connects a class of primitive solutions of a quadratic equation with a class of an order in the algebra. In the indefinite case each class is essentially a class of binary hermitian forms. In the definite case the result is an analogue of the result of Gauss on the sums of three squares.
The Yang-Mills heat flow on the moduli space of framed bundles on a surface
Authors: Woodward Christopher T.
Published: March 2006

We study the analog of the Yang-Mills heat flow on the moduli space of framed bundles on a cut surface. Existence and convergence of the heat flow give a stratification of Morse type invariant under the action of the loop group. We use the stratification to prove versions of Kähler quantization commutes with reduction and Kirwan surjectivity.
Upholding the Land Legislation of a 'Communistic and Socialist Assembly': The Benefits of Confederation for Prince Edward Island
Authors: Bittermann Rusty , McCallum Margaret
Published: March 2006

Most accounts of Prince Edward Island's entry into Confederation note that the federal government provided the Island with $800,000 for buying out the landlords who held large blocks of Island land, but few accounts recognize that money alone would not end landlordism if the landlords were unwilling to sell their estates. Until Confederation, landlords and the Colonial Office, acting at landlords' behest, resisted legislation to compel the landlords to sell their estates. After Confederation, landlords continued to resist, but the Colonial Office left the supervision of Island land legislation to Canada's governor general. On its second try, the Island obtained royal assent for legislation compelling the landlords to sell their estates at a price to be set by a three-person commission. When the newly created Supreme Court of Canada rejected the landlords' challenge to the awards made under the legislation, the Island was free to complete the expropriation of all large Island estates. Without the often-overlooked element of compulsion, the Island could not have used its $800,000 to create a more equitable distribution of land resources. La plupart des comptes rendus de l'entrÃ©e de l'Ãle-du-Prince-Ãdouard au sein de la confÃ©dÃ©ration soulignent que le gouvernement fÃ©dÃ©ral a fourni 800 000 $ Ã  l'Ãle pour faire des acquisitions auprÃ¨s des propriÃ©taires terriens qui possÃ©daient de grandes parties des terres de l'Ã®le. Cependant, peu de ces comptes rendus reconnaissent que l'argent ne suffirait pas Ã  mettre fin au rÃ¨gne des propriÃ©taires terriens si ces derniers refusaient de vendre leurs terres. Jusqu'Ã  la confÃ©dÃ©ration, les propriÃ©taires terriens et le ministÃ¨re des Colonies, agissant pour le compte des propriÃ©taires, ont rÃ©sistÃ© Ã  la rÃ©glementation visant Ã  inciter les propriÃ©taires Ã  vendre leurs terres. AprÃ¨s la confÃ©dÃ©ration, les propriÃ©taires ont continuÃ© Ã  rÃ©sister, mais le ministÃ¨re des Colonies a dÃ©lÃ©guÃ© la supervision des lois relatives aux terres de l'Ã®le au Gouverneur gÃ©nÃ©ral du Canada. Lors de sa deuxiÃ¨me tentative, l'Ãle a obtenu la sanction royale pour l'adoption d'une loi exigeant des propriÃ©taires qu'ils vendent leurs terres Ã  un prix qui serait Ã©tabli par une commission constituÃ©e de trois personnes. Une fois que la Cour suprÃªme du Canada, qui venait d'Ãªtre crÃ©Ã©e, ai rejetÃ© l'appel prÃ©sentÃ© par les propriÃ©taires terriens Ã  l'Ã©gard des prix Ã©tablis en vertu de la loi, l'Ãle a Ã©tÃ© en mesure de terminer l'expropriation de tous les vastes domaines qui se trouvaient sur l'Ã®le. Sans cet Ã©lÃ©ment d'obligation, que l'on tend souvent Ã  nÃ©gliger, l'Ãle n'aurait pas pu utiliser ses 800 000 $ pour obtenir une distribution plus Ã©quitable des terres.
'The best men that ever worked the lumber': Aboriginal Longshoremen on Burrard Inlet, BC, 1863-1939
Authors: Parnaby Andy
Published: March 2006

This essay examines Aboriginal longshoremen, most of whom belonged to the Squamish First Nation, on Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, from 1863 to 1939. Beginning with a consideration of the Squamish adaptation to wage labour in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, this essay analyses the ways in which Aboriginal workers negotiated the daily demands of waterfront work. Their encounter with the work process, labour politics, welfare capitalism, and class conflict are studied in depth. Despite intense competition from non-Aboriginal workers for limited job oppor tunities, Aboriginal longshoremen worked on Burrard Inlet for a long period of time; in addition to the daily demands of waterfront work, this essay also explores the strategies that Squamish dockers adopted to protect their positions on the waterfront. Often mentioned in the scholarly literature, but never studied in a systematic way, the 'Indian' waterfront provides a window into the importance of waged work to Aboriginal people on Burrard Inlet and the sophisticated ways that the Squamish responded to Canadian colonialism and capitalism. La pr�sente �tude aborde la question des d�bardeurs autochtones, dont la plupart faisaient partie de la Premi�re nation de Squamish, � Burrard Inlet, en Colombie-Britannique, de 1863 � 1939. Apr�s avoir abord� l'adaptation des autochtones de Squamish au travail salari� au cours de la deuxi�me moiti� du XIXe si�cle, l'article analyse la mani�re dont les travailleurs autochtones g�raient les exigences quotidiennes du travail dans un port; leur initiation aux processus et aux politiques du travail, au capitalisme social et � la lutte des classes sont �tudi�es de mani�re approfondie. Malgr� une rivalit� intense de la part des travailleurs non-autochtones pour les quelques emplois disponibles, les d�bardeurs autochtones ont travaill� � Burrard Inlet pendant longtemps. Outre les exigences quotidiennes du travail dans un port, cette �tude analyse �galement les strat�gies adopt�es par les d�bardeurs autochtones de Squamish pour prot�ger leurs postes dans le port. Souvent mentionn�e dans les recherches, mais jamais �tudi�e de mani�re syst�matique, l'�tude du travail des Indiens dans les ports constitue un aper�u de l'importance du travail salari� pour les autochtones � Burrard Inlet ainsi que des m�thodes �labor�es dont se servaient les autochtones de Squamish pour r�agir au colonialisme et au capitalisme canadiens.
Portrait of a Patriot's Son: Philip Ahn and Korean Diasporic Identities in Hollywood
Authors: Chung Hye Seung
Published: March 2006

This essay examines the life and career of Philip Ahn (1905–78), the first Korean American actor to appear in Hollywood movies. His on-screen and off-screen personas are situated in a transnational context of Korean colonial diaspora in hopes of recuperating his pioneering status in both American and South Korean film industries.
Benshi as Stars: The Irony of the Popularity and Respectability of Voice Performers in Japanese Cinema
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki
Published: March 2006

This essay examines the complex history of the benshi's stardom in terms of their performance, position in the film industry, and social status. While their institutionalization helped some benshi gain respectability and popularity, it also served to endorse their "vulgarity," localize their stardom, and ultimately make them replaceable by talkies.
Matthew Barney and the Paradox of the Neo-Avant-Garde Blockbuster
Authors: Keller Alexandra , Ward Frazer
Published: March 2006

Analyzing the connections between Matthew Barney's Cremaster series and a double genealogy—performance art of the 1960s and 1970s and blockbuster film and museum culture—this essay argues that the series' investment in the blockbuster serves to spectacularize performance in ways that undermine its historical relations to protest culture.
The Academy and the Avant-Garde: A Relationship of Dependence and Resistance
Authors: Zryd Michael
Published: March 2006

This essay examines what was called the academization of the North American avant-garde in the 1970s and 1980s, arguing for a material historical understanding of the role that academic institutions played in sustaining avant-garde distribution co-ops, regionalizing exhibition, publishing criticism, providing employment, and developing future generations of artists, critics, and audiences.