bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roman and Byzantino Campaigns in Atropatene
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

One of the arduous problems of ancient geography is the location of the furthest points in Atropatene (Azarbayjāan) which were reached by Antonius in 36B.C., by the Byzantine allies of Khusrau II in A.D.591 and by the Emperor Heraclius in A.D. 624–7.
Dravidian Studies IV
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

Bishop caldwell, the founder of the comparative study of the Dravidian languages, was interested not only in the relationship of those languages among themselves, but also in the question of their connection with other families of languages outside India. His investigations in this direction led him to believe that the Dravidian languages are connected with what he called the “Scythian” family of languages. By the term “Scẏthian” Caldwell referred mainly to the Ural-Altaic languages, though occasionally using the word in a rather wider sense than that. Within the “Scythian” family he held that it was possible to define the position of Dravidian even more closely, by attaching it to the Finno-ugrian group in particular. The evidence which Caldwell offered in support of this theory consisted partly of grammatical features which he held to be common to the languages concerned, and partly of comparisons of vocabulary. The former are to be found scattered through the body of his work, and the latter are collected together in an appendix entitled “Glossarial Affinities”. In presenting this theory Caldwell was quite modest in his claims; he admitted the possibility of being misled by accidental assonances, and claimed rather to have pointed the way to the possibilities of future research than to have demonstrated the relationship with any finality.
Khimi Grammar and Vocabulary
Authors: Shafer Robert
Published: January 2010

Khami is one of the most important Sino-Tibetan languages because of the extensive data it presents regarding prefixes, preserved in so few groups of that linguistic family. The Khimi described here is a subdialect of the Southern dialect of the Khami language, Kukish group, Burmic division of Sino-Tibetan. Phonetically it differs from the more commonly recorded Southern dialect chiefly in the pronunciation of an original-a as -aw(as in Englishawe).
Studies in Islamic Metal Work–VI
Authors: Rice D.S.
Published: January 2010

Thepurpose of these ‘SIMW’, as also of some papers which have appeared under different titles in thisBulletinand elsewhere, is to clear the ground for the preparation of aHandbook of early Islamic metal work. My aim is to broaden the basis on which the writing of such a handbook (covering the period from the rise of Islam to the end of the fourteenth century) can be attempted, by submitting unpublished and significant material in the form of brief, but detailed, monographs. I hope that readers will call my attention to errors and omissions. The supporting illustrations (which, unless otherwise stated, are my own) form an essential part of such an undertaking, and I am most grateful to the Editorial Board of BSOAS for allowing a generous number of plates and line-drawings to be reproduced in each issue.
Two Sixteen-Century Arabian Geographical Works
Authors: Serjeant R.B.
Published: January 2010

During the course of my 1953–4 tour in Arabia, I was able to see a great many new MSS, mostly of specifically South Arabian content, amongst which for example was a rare early copy of Ibn Samurah's 1E6C;abaḳāt, the same MS also containing what appears to be an unknown treatise on the grammatical scholars of Basrah and Kūfah. A photocopy of this MS is now in the Library of the School, and a brief description is in the Madjallat al-Makhtūṭāt al-‘Arabīyah, n, 2, p. 341. Fu'ād Saiyid of the Dār al-Kutub has recently published an edition of the said Ṭabaḳāt.
The Sudhana Poem Of Ṛddhiprabhāva
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In the Saka language of Gostana (Khotan) three manuscripts contain a metrical version of the Buddhist avadāna of Sudhana. These texts were printed in my Khotanese Buddhist texts (1951). Two, Ch. 00266 and P 2025 (with P 4089a), are two copies of one text. The third text, P 2957, differs markedly in phrases, in additional verses, and in orthography; it is in a less developed form of the language.
A documentary Study of Chinese landlordism in late Ch'ing and early Republican Kiangnan
Authors: Mueamatsu Yuji
Published: January 2010

In current studies of the problem of landlorḍism in twentieth-century China there is a fundamental conflict and contradiction between the interpretations of the socio-economic historians, whose major thesis is often the inevitable process of progressive weakening and eventual decline of the control of ‘feudal’ landlords over land and peasants, and the actual conditions and facts of contemporary Chinese history, in which the decay of landlord power seems to have been far from inevitable, and where such persons as P'eng Pai and Mao Tse-tung have had to exert great revolutionary efforts to forcibly destroy the landlords' dominance.
The Glorious Victories of 'Amda ṣeyon, King Of Ethiopia
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: January 2010

'Amda ṣeyon was one of the most outstanding Ethiopian kings of any age and a singular figure dominating the horn of Africa in the fourteenth century. Almost alone among Ethiopian rulers he was fortunate in having his principal campaign against Adal chronicled in a manner worthy of this exploit, for, in contrast to much of the literature preserved in G∂‘∂z, 'Amda ṣeyon's chronicler j could wield his pen with dexterity and some literary panache.
Tanzimat in Egypt—the penal code
Authors: Baer Gabriel
Published: January 2010

In the new activity of qānūn-making at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Egypt preceded Turkey, especially with regard to criminal law. Although Egypt was still part of the Ottoman Empire, Muḥammad ‘Alī framed new laws based on Egyptian conditions and valid in Egypt only, while the Ottoman laws of the Tanzimat did not come into force in Egypt before Sa‘īd's days. The purpose of this paper is to trace the development of Egyptian penal laws in the nineteenth century, to analyse their relation to Ottoman laws, and to relate the story of the Ottoman Sultan's attempt to introduce into Egypt ‘the Tanzimat’—meaning mainly the Ottoman penal code.
Some Gorānī lyric verse
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

Since its début in 1881, when Charles Rieu's brief but masterly grammatical sketch appeared, the Gorānī koinĒ has become one of the Cinderellas of Iranian studies, literary and linguistic. Apart from a notice by E. B. Soane, of which more below, its only real outing has been in Professor Minorsky's compendious article on ‘The Gūrān’, containing an illustrated survey of all the epic, lyric, and religious verse then known in Gorānī. The surviving manuscripts acquired by Professor Minorsky he has since donated to the Leningrad branch of the Oriental Institute (Institut Narodov Azii AN), where they remain unpublished.
British policy in Persia, 1892–1903—II
Authors: Greaves Rose Louise
Published: January 2010

The turn of events in Tehran completely frustrated whatever chance there might have been for a loan from Britain in 1898. On 21 July Durand reported that Muzaffar al-Dīn had complained that the loan was not big enough. Hewanted §2,000,000 and he would not increase the security. The Amīn al-Sultān was ‘practically in power’ (he was reinstated on 12 August 1898 as Sadr-iA'zam), and was working vīgorously against the loan. This is partly explainedby his being himself a farmer of customs from whīch he drew an estimated§ 70,000 annually and so was against any foreign control. The sum which the Shah named could not be raised in London on the security offered. Besides,after the return to power of the Amīn al-Sultān the loan discussions betweenthe British and the Persians took on an air of unreality.
The ‘Song of Bagauda’: a Hausa king list and homily in verse—III
Authors: Hiskett M.
Published: January 2010

It is argued that this work is a native Hausa tradition, and therefore a Hausa comment on history and the confrontation between Islam and paganism. This is important because our researches have hitherto been based almost entirely upon documents of the Fulani tradition, and Hausa comment has been scant. The fact that the song is written in Hausa is not of itself evidence of native Hausa origin, for certain of the Fulani are known to have composed in Hausa as well as Arabic and Fula. It is to the content and the imagery that we must look for this evidence.
Bhū-Bharaṇa, Bhū-Pālana, Bhū-Bhojana: an Indian conundrum
Authors: Duncan J. , Dereett M.
Published: January 2010

The attributes of the Indian king have long been familiar, but taken together they have an inexplicable feature-their apparent incompatibility.An explanation for one,bhū-bhojana, is hinted at by J. J. Meyer&sTrilogie altindischer Māchte und Feste der Vegetation (Zürich and Leipzig, 1937), and the setting in which the subject is to be reviewed has been entirely recast by the lengthy and exhaustive article by J. Gonda, entitled ‘Ancient Indian kingship from the religious point of view’(Numen, III-IV, 1956–7). It is much to be hoped that these works will not escape the notice of historians of India, and it is assumed in this paper that Professor Gonda&s article is accessible to the reader.
The Reconstruction of Archaic Chinese
Authors: Simon Walter
Published: January 2010

Since 1923 we have witnessed an attempt to reconstruct the Chinese of the Sui Dynasty, or more accurately to reconstruct the Chinese dialect spoken about A.D. 600 in the capital of that time, Ch'ang An (Hsi An), namely Professor Bernhard Karlgren's Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino- Japanese, which constitutes a brief summary of the results of the first three parts of his Études sur la phonologie chinoise (Archives ďÉtudes Orientales XV (1915–1919)) and their practical application to about 6,000 characters which can now be verified in their reconstructed form (v. Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1924, col. 1905, etc.).
Tathāgata
Authors: Coomaraswamy Ananda K.
Published: January 2010

In Bsos. viii, 781 ff., Mr. E. J. Thomas argues that “Tathagata” may have been taken over by the Buddhist from the Jain Tathāgaya, and that it may be an incorrect Sanskritization of some unknown non-Aryan and non-Dravidian word. This seems very far-fetched. Mr. Thomas does not take any account of possibly Vedic origins, common to Buddhism and Jainism. We have shown incidentally elsewhere that countless Buddhist terms, for example arkat and attā, are purely Vedic, and have argued that the Buddha legend is almost wholly made up of Vedic material with only such modifications as are inevitable when the eternal birth is to be retold in terms of a temporal narrative. We are convinced, in other words, that the Buddha, the “Kinsman of the Sun”, the “Eye of the World”, and “Great Person” of the Pali texts, the Buddha who may be represented in art by a pillar of fire, is an incarnation or descent (avatarana) of the Vedic Agni.
Melanesian Demonstratives
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

In his various grammars in Melanesian Languages Codrington places the Melanesian demonstratives under “ Pronouns ”; as also does Ray in Melanesian Island Languages. To class them asdemonstrative pronouns is the nearest approximation to a correct statement of their nature and use. In general they answer to theEnglish “this”, “that”, “here”, “there”; but, as Codringtonsays, the Melanesian demonstratives are in use also as articles andadverbs, and are to be found embedded in the personal pronouns.
The Phonetic Structure of Bamum
Authors: Ward Ida. C.
Published: January 2010

The Bamum language is spoken in theFrench mandated territory of the Cameroons around the town of Famboun by about 55,000 speakers.

The observations set out here are based upon a short but intensive period of investigation at the Paris Exhibition in 1937, when, through the kind offices of Professor Henri Labouret, I was able to work with a native craftsman (an embroiderer) from Famboun, Andre Njoya.
An early source on Shaykh Khaḍir al-Mihrānī
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

Shaykh Khaḍir al-Mihrānī, the Ṣ؛fī guide and soothsayer of the Maml؛k sultan al-Ẓāhir Baybars (regn. 658–76/1260–77), was the subject of an article by Louis Pouzet, ‘Haḍir ibn Abî Bakr al-Mihrānî’ (Bulletin d'Études Orientales, XXX, 1978, 173–83), which is based almost entirely on the account of Shaykh Khaḍir in al-Nahj al-sadīd by the Coptic chronicler al-Mufaḍḍal b. Abi'l-Faḍā'il. Pouzet was apparently unaware that an almost identical account of Shaykh Khaḍir appears in the eighth volume of Ibn al-Dawādārī's Kanz al-durar wa-jāmi' al-ghurara. The editor of this volume, Ulrich Haarmann, discusses at length in his introduciton (pp.24–9) the relationship between the works of Ibn al-Dawādārī and Ibn Abi'l-Faḍā'il, and demonstrates that they drew independently on a source derived at one or two removes form the still largely unpublished Ḥawādith al-zamān of the Syrian chronicler al-Jazarī (658–739/1260–1338). Since Ibn al-Dawādārī completed this volume, according to the colophon, in 734/1334, while the unique (and probably autography) MS of al-Nahj al-sadīd is dated 759/1358, the version in Kanz al-durar may reasonably be assumed to be the older. A collation of the two versions, however reveals that they agree almost entirely, both verbally and in content. Two points of detail regarding Blochet's edition and translation of Ibn Abi'l-Faḍā'il, as used by Pouzet, may be noted in passing. Blochet, p. 459, line 2, reads kanīsat al-fuh؛d (tr. ‘l'église des Panthères’), a textual error for kanīsat al-Yah؛d, Șthe synagogue of the Jews’. Pouzet here tacitly corrects his source (p. 178). On the other hand, he accepts Blochet's curious rendering of bābā as ‘intendant’ (Pouzet, pp. 174–5 and n. 9), whereas it is surely obvious from the context that it has here, as often, a dervish connotation.
Chotano-Sogdica
Authors: Sims-Williams Nicholas
Published: January 2010

The appearance of Sir Harold Bailey's Dictionary of Khotan Saka brings to completion a project conceived as long ago as 1934 and initiated in 1945 with the publication ofKhotanese texts, I. The next two decades saw the appearance of five further volumes of texts (Khotanese Buddhist texts, 1951, and Khotanese texts, II–v, 1954–63) as well as of a much-admired volume of lexical commentary, Khotanese texts, VI: Prolexis to the Book of Zambasta (1967). In style and method the Dictionary closely resembles the Prolexis, demonstrating once again its author's extraordinary erudition and ingenuity, this time on a truly monumental scale.
Tone-patterns in Zimbabwean Ndebele
Authors: Rycroft David K.
Published: January 2010

Zimbabwean Ndebele and Zulu might be likened, in a very broad sense, to American English and British English, in their relationship. Mzilikazi and his few followers left Zululand in 1822, and in the 1840s founded a new nation, over 1,000 km. to the north. There are certain differences in pronunciation and tone. Divergence is likely to have been bilateral: while Ndebele shows clear signs of non-Zulu influence in certain respects, Zulu on the other hand is probably not quite the same today as it was in 1822
Hvatanica III
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

The Sanskrit-Khotanese bilingual text edited in this study is contained in the manuscript fonds Pelliot 5538. Since we are still seriously in need of bilingual texts in the elucidation of Khotanese problems, the present short text is welcome. I am deeply indebted to Professor Paul Pelliot who has most kindly and courteously given me permission to read and to publish Khotanese manuscripts of his collection.
The Regulation of the Waters of the Zāyande Rūd
Authors: Lambton Ann K. S.
Published: January 2010

The Zāyande Rūd, from Lenjān to the Gāv Khūnī, was regulated by an elaborate system, which is said to go back to Safavid times. This system remained in force until A.H. 1315 (shamsī, A.D. 1936), when it underwent alteration, owing to the fact that, on government orders, the cultivation of cotton was substituted in the lands watered by the Zāyande Rūd for the cultivation of rice.

The details of this regulation are found in an interesting document, popularly known as Shaikh Bahā‘ī’s ūmār, to be found in the Finance Ministry of Isfahan. The precise date of the origin of the ūmār is uncertain. The following words are written at the beginning of the document: “Written in the sealing office of the late Shah Tahmasp 923.”
Arabic Literature in Egypt in the Eighteenth Century with some Reference to the Poetry and Poets
Authors: Heyworth-Dunne J.
Published: January 2010

Before considering the literature of Egypt of the eighteenth century, a glance at the state of the country would not be out of place. There was not such a great difference between Egypt under the Turks and under the Circassians. The Sultan sent a Turkish governor but the Amīrs, no longer the great men of earlier times, were still the rulers. The governor lived in perpetual terror of his own garrison, while the Amīrs, who had formed themselves into parties (the Ḳ¯simīs and the Fiḳārīs were the most famous), fought and intrigued with one another for power. At times the anarchy was unbearable, but street fighting seems to have been of such common occurrence that the tradesmen sometimes did not even bother to shut up their shops while it was going on. Occasionally a really strong Amir was able to prevail over the rest of his rivals for a few years and a few names of such strong men are worth mentioning, for it was under them that Egypt was able to regain some of its prosperity.
Aspects d'une ancienne psychophysiologie dans l'lnde et en Extrême-Orient
Authors: Przyluski Maryla Falk et Jean
Published: January 2010

DANS un long mémoire, qui est sous presse au moment où nous écrivons, le mot manas est défini en ces termes, a propos du Nāsadāsīyasūkta (RV., x, 129):

“Dans la littérature védique et postvédique, les termes specifiques pour designer la connaissance sont dhī, prajñā, jñāna et leurs dérivés,ainsi que plus tard buddhi ; manas est un terme plus large désignant la fonction psychique, qui dans la psychologie de l'epoque n'est pas encore différenciée en facultés particulières, et dont I'aspect prépondérant—ainsi qu'il résulte de l'analyse introspective constamment pratiquée dans les milieux où cette terminologie est progressivement élaborée—est celui du désir, de la tendance, de l'impulsion.
The Lucky Stone and the Lung Stone
Authors: Waley Arthur
Published: January 2010

THIS paper deals with two passages in the Chou Li. The first occurs in chapter 66 : [“The Chief Magistrate, ta ssŭ-k'ou] by means of the lucky stone cures tiresome people. When any of the myriad common folk is committing sins and transgressions, but has notactually committed a statutory offence, yet is doing harm to his district, his feet and hands are to be shackled and he is put to sit uponthe lucky stone. [Afterwards ?] he performs forced labour for theMinistry of Works. If the sin is a heavy one, he sits for 13 (? 12) daysand does forced labour for a year. In less flagrant cases he sits fornine days and does forced labour for nine months. Next, seven days’sitting, seven months’ labour ; five days’ sitting, five months’ labour ;three days’ sitting, three months’ labour.
A Grammar of the Language of Lamalanga, North Raga, New Hebrides
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

LAMALANGA is situated on the north-west coast of the island called Raga, or Araga (Pentecost Island), in the central New Hebrides, Melanesia.

The head station of the Melanesian Mission on Raga is at Lamalanga which itself is on the coast; but the people who speak the language represented in this grammar live on the hills just above the Mission Station. Dr. R. H. Codrington published a grammar of the language spoken at Vun Marama on the same coast, a few miles north of Lamalanga.
Word-building and Agglutination in South-Eastern Papua
Authors: Capell A.
Published: January 2010

The Melanesian and non-MN languages alike belong to the group known as agglutinating, i.e. they are able to form compound words out of a number of elements, many of which are incapable of independent existence. In this they are not entirely different from the MN languages to the east of them, and yet there is a difference, and that not merely of degree but of kind. Prefixes and suffixes play their parts in these languages, as they do in SEP, but the power of adding indefinitely suffix to suffix is much more limited in insular MN than in SEP. Such a compound word as Suau ‘ita-komakomani-uyo-i-miu, take care of yourselves again, is hardly to be thought of, say, in Mota, Fiji, or Samoa.
The Position of the Dialect of Curia Muria in Modern South Arabic
Authors: Leslau Wolf
Published: January 2010

In preparing a bibliography of the modern South Arabic languages I came across the only document of the dialect of Curia Muria. It is J. G. Hulton's article, “ Notice on the Curia Muria Island,” in the Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, 3 (1840), 183–197.2 This article, in which the author gives a detailed description of the island and its inhabitants, contains a list of 103 words in English, Arabic, and in the dialect of Curia Muria.3
Vīs u Rāmīn: A Parthian Romance
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

Some scheme of political organization can also be detected in the text ofVīs u Rāmīn.

The capital Marv is definitely considered the centre of a world monarchy, within the limits which we have tried to elucidate.1Mōbad is the king of kings,shahriyār, to whom all the shahs owe obedience (banda būdand) (p. 28). His personal dominions he in North-Eastern Iran and are surrounded by a belt of vassal territories (abaristān, Gurgān, Dihistān, Khwārazm, etc.), but politically his authority extends to Media and beyond it to Transcaucasia (Arrān) and Armenia, reaching even the Mediterranean and North African territories.
À propos d′un sens magico-religieux de skt. guru
Authors: Gonda Par J.
Published: January 2010

DANS un livre, écrit en langue néerlandaise et qui a paru pendant la guerre,1 M. H. Wagenvoort, étudiant les traces du concept “primitif” de mana chez les Romains, a fait des observations intéressantes sur l′usage du mot latin gravitas. L′expression gravis auctor, qui se trouve fréquemment, n′a pas seulement la signification de “auteur ou informateur important ou compétent”, mais aussi celle de “homme d′influence et qui prend l′initiative”. La qualité la plus saillante de Vauctor, mot qui à l′origine a du signifier “celui qui augmente”, est celle que nous désignons par le terme “prestige”. Et comme auctor est un mot “mana”, c.à.d. un mot exprimant un concept relatif à l′ensemble des idées primitives et sémi-primitives qui se groupent autour du “mana”, M. Wagenvoort cherche à démontrer qu′il y a aussi des traces de “mana” dans l′usage du mot gravis. En preparant son expose sur gravis etc. il m′a demande quelques renseignements sur le mot Sanskrit guru- “lourd, etc.”, et sa question a attiré mon attention sur la signification primitive de guru- “maitre” et sur la croyance, répandue dans l′antiquité classique, que les dieux et les etres surhumains en général ont, en vertu de leur mana, un poids extraordinaire.
Līlātilaka: A Sanskrit Tract on Malayalam Grammar and Poetics
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

The recently discovered Līlātilaka, containing as it does the oldest known observations upon the grammar of the Malayalam language, has naturally won for itself a position of importance; and although there has perhaps been a tendency to exaggerate its merits, the evidence which it offers will certainly be of interest and value to students of the history of the Dravidian languages. Nevertheless, although it has quickly achieved fame in its own country, it has remained all but unknown in the west. So far as I can ascertain, only a solitary copy of the edition of the Sanskrit sutras with Malayalam translation of the original Sanskrit commentary, by A. Krsna Pisarati (Trivandrum, 1092 = A.D. 1916) has reached this country; and even this did not reach the British Museum until 1938. The chief aim of the present paper, therefore, is to render accessible the text of the sutras.
Hruso
Authors: Shafer Robert
Published: January 2010

On the hills in the angle formed by Assam and Bhutan2live the Hruso, called by their neighbours Aka or Angha, a band of “ bold and daring robbers and cut-throats ” who exert great influence on the powerful and numerous clans of the Midzi tribe on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. The Hruso act as intermediaries for the Midzi in contacting the peoples of the valley of Assam.
Tamim ibn Baḥr' s Journey to the Uyghurs
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

One of the main and most tempting problems for a student of Arab geographers is the analysis of their excursions into the little-explored regions on the periphery of the Islamic world, such as Eastern Europe, Central Asia, China, and India. It is a well known fact that these geographers, intent on Space, are often negligent of Time. On a sixteenth century Turkish map I have found a phantom of America stretched into the shape of a new-born moon, whereas the wastes of Siberia were still marked as the haunts of the traditional Gog and Magog. Thus, too, in the ninth and tenth centuries, the classical period of Arab geography, the scholars felt no compunction in plagiarizing one another, or borrowing from some ancient source data bearing no relation to the contemporary conditions: in the tenth century King Dahum of “common origin” still figured among, the rulers of India, although this name referred to Dharmapala, the ruler of Bengal about A.D. 800.
A Sogdian Fragment of the Manichaean Cosmogony
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

As a good missionary and teacher Mani knew the value of repetition. With endless pains he had elaborated a story of the world, which was to explain all phenomena, of nature and the mind, that came within reach of his knowledge. Its comprehensiveness made it so complicated that it required—and still requiresa strong effort to remember all its details. t All the greater was the need to force it, by ceaseless repetition, into the minds of those who were ready to listen to the new prophet. No doubt every one of his books and longer epistles opened with this story, which may have been the sole subject of several of them. It is therefore useless to try to identify the various accounts before us either with each other or with one of the books of which we know merely the title.
Irano-Indica
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In a recent lecture to the Philological Society (now in the press, and to appear in the Transactions, 1947) I had occasion to quote a Central Asian ethnic name Ttaudägara–. The one passage where this name has been found is in the Khotanese manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale numbered P 2741. I had prepared this text for publication in 1942, but it remains still unprinted. I therefore print it here since a controversy may be expected over this name as a possible equivalent of Ooyápa, and it is desirable the basic evidence should be in the hands of scholars as soon as possible. A complete translation is hardly possible yet and only the relevant passage is rendered here.
Pali Yathābhūtam
Authors: Stede W.
Published: January 2010

In reading through the Pali Canon one cannot help being struck by the frequent occurrence of phrases which lay stress both on the real objective character of the truth and the supreme importance of “ self ” in the matter of the subjective aspect of the truth in so far as it is the function and duty of the self to realize (i.e. make real) the truth which the self recognizes by means of its cognitive and intuitional faculties. This emphasis is in keeping with the definite assertion of a positive and real self all through the Canon
The Context of the Yüan Tao and the Yüan Hsing
Authors: Rideout J. K.
Published: January 2010

After the death of Han Yü in 823, his literary works were collected and edited by his relative and disciple Li Han . These works were soon forgotten, and the name of Han Yü remained virtually unknown until the chance discovery of a fragmentary copy by the child Ou Yang Hsiu in the house of a friend in 1016.1 Ou Yang Hsiu, who within thirty years had done much both to restore Han Yü′s text, and to demand for him the recognition that he had claimed but never received during his lifetime, was followed in his work by every Confucian scholar of note, until Han Yü′s position as the last of the classical writers was irremovably established. In his original edition Li Han had arranged Han Yü′s works according to categories: he may have made some attempt at a chronological order within those categories, but if so, the disintegration of copies during the 200 years of neglect undid his work.
Iranian Studies V
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

The task of publishing the Khotanese Saka texts of the India Office and the British Museum, on which I am engaged, is likely to be long protracted. It therefore seems advisable to make known as soon as possible a list of the words for which parallel texts guarantee the meanings in Tibetan, Chinese, or Sanskrit. Most of the following words are from the Siddhasāra-śāstra of Ravigupta, of which there are extant sixty-five folios. The Tibetan is to be found in the Tanjur. Two short passages of the Sanskrit are preserved in a compilation in a Madras MS., of which a copy (made in 1902) is in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Through the courtesy of the Librarian I have been ableto make use of this.
Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

MAYYĀFĀRIQĪN, a small town situated on one of the left tributaries of the Tigrīs, at 70 km. to the north-east of Āmid (Diyārbakr), owed its importance to its situation on a short road connecting Armenia (Mush) with Upper Mesopotamia. It is probable that the ancient capital of Armenia, Tigranocerta, built by Tigran II circa 80 B.C., stood in the immediate neighbourhood of MAYYĀFĀRIQĪN.

In Islamic times Mayyāfāriqīn had a historian, Ahmad b. Yusuf b. ‘All ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriql, who wrote shortly after 572/1176. The only two copies of this curious work belong to the British Museum. The detailed description of the work and the first systematic presentation of its contents belong to that accurate British historian H. F. Amedroz, who has so considerably increased our knowledge of the medieval Arabic sources for the Near East. Numerous passages from Ibn al-Azraq are quoted by Amedroz in the footnotes of his edition of Ibn al-Qalanisi (1908). In more recent years M. Canard has published six passages of the history of Mayyāfārīqīn relative to Sayf al-daula and Claude Cahen has summed up its rich information on the early Artuqids.

These preparatory works will greatly help the future editor of the Mayyāfārīqīn chronicle. His task will not be easy, for the two versions are defective and divergent, and the best plan will be to print them in parallel columns. The script of Or. 6310 is very cursive and devoid of dots; that of Or. 5803 is defaced towards the end. The scribes were negligent even in geographical and personal names. The grammar of the author (or of his copyists) is lax and may occupy the attention of some student of vulgar Arabic in Upper Mesopotamia.
Recent Work on the Indus Civilization
Authors: Basham A. L.
Published: January 2010

Among a bewildering mass of archaeological reports and learned papers the small book of the late Dr. Ernest Mackay, The Indus Civilization, published in 1935, has provided an excellent concise outline of the subject. It has now been reissued under a significantly amended title, with revisions and additions by the author's widow. New maps and illustrations have also been added.

Since 1935 further researches have considerably modified our earlier view of the Indus culture. The excavations at Chanhu-daro, conducted by Dr. Mackay for the American School of Indie and Iranian Studies have shown that the culture of which the Harappā remains are the type was superseded, in this part of Sind at any rate, by later intrusive cultures, those of Jhukar and Jhangar (p. 3). Advances in Mesopotamian chronology have permitted a closer estimate of the date of the abandonment of the Indus cities. This, it appears, took place at about the same time as the end of the first Babylonian dynasty, which, on the most recent evidence, must be placed as late as the sixteenth century b.c. (p. 157). It has been conclusively shown that we may no longer retain the rather Utopian picture suggested by reports of earlier excavations, which seemed to reveal an affluent commercial people, living in comfort and security in unfortified cities, and free from the oppressions of a theocratic government such as ruled in contemporary Sumer and Egypt.

Dr. Mackay and all serious archæologists doubted the accuracy of this picture. In the first edition of The Indies Civilization it was pointed out that the control of such well-planned cities as Mohenjo-daro and Harappā demanded a highly organized government, that the excavations had not been completed, and that further work on the sites might reveal fortresses and royal palaces.
The Three Conjugations in Sinhalese
Authors: Hendriksen H.
Published: January 2010

Although Geiger's Grammar of the Sinhalese Language (1938) has cleared up admirably the main line in the historical development of this language, there still remains much to be done. Especially in the morphology of the verb there are many obscure points and in the following lines we shall try to unravel some of them.

1 The Sinhalese has three conjugations (paradigms:labanavā “to get”, badinavā “to fry”, tävenavā “to be heated”). Geiger explains the third conjugation from the MInd, passive: tävenavā < *tāvīya- < Skr. (causative passive) tāpyate (Geiger, § 140, 3), which coincides well with the fact that nearly all the verbs belonging to this conjugation are intransitive. As for the development ī > e compare elu: name of the old Sinhalese language < Sīhala, neranavā “to set aside, put out of the way ” < P. nīharati (Geiger, § 21, 3). So there can hardly be any doubt that this explanation is in the main correct. The -lya- is not always the passive-morpheme; thus Geiger mentions ālenavā “to adhere to” from Skr. āliyate; another case is pipenavā “to expand, open (of flowers)” from the denominative Skr. puspyati > *pupphīya- (other examples later in this article). Geiger derives vädenavā “to affect, concern, to be struck by an arrow” (Clough's dict.) from Skr. vrajati (Et. Gl.; Geiger gives the meaning “to strike against, to enter, intrude ”); I should, if the meaning given by Geiger is correct, prefer the derivation from āpadyate with loss of the initial vowel as in bisev “royal unction ” from abhiseka-, etc. (Grammar, § 30, 2); but it must be admitted that all the examples mentioned by Geiger contain short initial vowel.
Two Tonal Languages of New Guinea
Authors: Capell A.
Published: January 2010

WHILST the tonal languages spoken in West Africa have latterly received W a good deal of attention, it has not been generally realized that such languages are found also in parts of New Guinea. In New Guinea there are in fact two types of tonal languages. In one, the tones may be described as ” ornamental”, i.e. though they exist they do not seem to have semantic value, but rather to be connected with a certain type of sentence rhythm; in the other the tone systems are more definitely akin to those of Western Africa, and in such languages tones do possess semantic value. It is interesting that one at least of the latter group of languages tends also to be monosyllabic. It is hoped to provide a study of the former class of languages—at least one representative of which is also found in Northern Australia—at a later date. The present paper is occupied with the languages in which tones do have semantic value.

These languages, so far as has been observed yet, are two in number, and they are spoken along the shores of Huon Gulf, in north-eastern New Guinea. The map on p. 186 will show their locations. Both belong to the group of languages known as Melanesian, and this makes the occurrence of tones even less expected. A considerable number of other languages are spoken round about this area, and though some of these also are Melanesian, they do not seem to have developed tones. Moreover, it would seem that the use of tones in these two languages antedates the coming of the Melanesian languages, for reasons that will be given towards the end of this paper.
On the Alphabetic Notation of Certain Phonetic Features of Malayalam
Authors: Butlin Raymond T.
Published: January 2010

IT is proposed here to offer some considerations on the representation of certain Malayalam sounds. It is not the purpose of these note s to present a detailed laboratory account of the acoustic and physiological phenomena to be symbolized, but while characterizing these phenomena sufficiently for the reader to appreciate their general nature, rather to consider certain specific phonetic circumstances of their occurrence and the significance of these in the elaboration of a notational system.
Hvatanica
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

It has seemed desirable to make known at once certain information of interest to Central Asian studies contained in Khotan texts of the British Museum and India Office. This information may here be conveniently grouped under the heads (1) the animal cycle of twelve years, (2) the names of the months and seasons in Khotan, (3) dates androyal names.
Ḍholā-Mārūrā Dūhā: A Fifteenth-century Ballad from Rājputānā
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

The story of Dholā and Mārū is told in a stirring RājputānĪ ballad published in the Bālābakhsh Rājpāt Cāran Pustakmālā, series. It is reviewed on another page of this Bulletin.

The story of the poem is briefly this. Pingal, the king of Pūgal, had a daughter called MāravanĪ Nal, the king of Narvar, had a son named Dholā. During a famine Pingal sought temporary refuge in Narvar, where the two rajas betrothed their children to each other. Some years after this Nal, reflecting that Pingal lived far away, and that the journey to his country was perilous, married his son to Mālavani, daughter of the Raja of Mālvā.
Ismā'īlī Notes
Authors: Lewis B.
Published: January 2010

The importance of the oath in Ismā′īlism was recognized at an early date, and some of the earliest tracts against the sect devote several pages to the oaths demanded from new recruits. Of particular interest is a passage in a medieval Egyptian manual for secretaries, giving the formula of oaths to be sworn by Ismā′īlīs. The work, the Tā′rīf bi ′l–Muskdah ash–Sharīf, is administrative rather than theological in scope, and may, on the whole, be relied upon as giving the approved formula for the numerous Ismallls still to be found in the Mamlūk dominions. The author was the respected and well known chief Qādī Shihāb ad–Dān b. Fadl Allah al–Umarā. Qalqashandi quotes the passage, with some explanatory and critical notes, in his chapter on the Ismā′īlīs.
The Date of the Sogdian Ancient Letters
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

The Sogdian “Ancient Letters”, no doubt one of the most important of Sir Aurel Steins many finds, have been attributed to the middle of the second century of our era, on the strength of archaeological evidence (Serindia, ii, 671 sqq.). Their editor, H. Reichelt, expressed a mild doubt (Die Soghdischen Handschriftenreste des Britischen Museums, ii, p. 6), and so did Pelliot in his review of Reichelts edition (Toung Pao, xxviii, 1931, 457–463). If the date originally proposed by Sir Aurel Stein (between A.D. 105 and 137, or in 153) could be substantiated, the Letters, which are on paper, would have to be regarded as the oldest paper documents in existence.
The Seven Princes
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

The following few pages, dedicated to Dr. L. D. Barnett in memory of many A kindnesses, may call up for a brief moment the forgotten princes, the acaryas, Buddhist teachers, who in the tenth century on their way between Khotan and China were plundered and distracted by the Turks who met them on their way. They are religious teachers and have no enemies, said their guides to the Turks. The short text forms part of the Buddhist legacy of India to Central Asia. The Stein MS. Ch 00269 contains, after some incomplete phrases in lines 0–8, the drafts of three letters: 9–23 concern a certain Prabhākaravardhana; 24–108 and 108–120, here edited and translated, give the letter of the messengers, written in Sacū (1. 84), and the letter of the seven princes. Lines 75–80 were quoted in BSOS 8. 883 (twelve years ago) for their importance for the Tokharian problem. The companion piece to this MS. is P 2741 at the Bibliotheque Nationale, of which an edition has been given in this same volume XII of the BSOAS. Both were prepared for the press as long ago as 1942, but it has not been possible hitherto to publish them.
A Note on an Illustrated Manuscript of the Jog-Bāshisht
Authors: Wilkinson J. V. S.
Published: January 2010

The Spanish priest Fra Sebastian Manrique, who visited Agra thirty-five years after Akbar′s death, recorded that Akbar′s Library, consisting of books written mostly by “very ancient and serious authors”numbered twenty-four thousand. Many of these must have been illuminated and illustrated ;nearly all, like most of the frescoes with which the Emperor caused his artists to adorn his palaces at Lahore and at Fathpur Sikri, have now perished. Ivan Stchoukine in his careful study of Indian miniature painting, surveying the principal illustrated manuscripts of the reign, enumerates only fourteen, though his list might have been rather larger. It would, had Stchoukine known of it, certainly have included the manuscript with which this note is concerned, for Mr. Chester Beatty′s Jog-Bāshisht is unquestionably one of the leading documents of the book art of the formative period of Mughal painting, and deserves to rank with two other celebrated manuscripts, both in this country, of the latter part of Akbar′s reign, the Bahāristān belonging to the Bodleian Library, and Mr. Dyson Perrins′s Khamsa of Nizāmī.
Clive in the English Political World, 1761–64
Authors: Philips C. H.
Published: January 2010

Much of the economic and colonial history of England can be written in terms of the changing membership of the House of Commons;and much of the early history of the British in Asia in particular can be fully understood only in relation to the rise and fall of competing parties at the India House in Leadenhall Street. The following brief glimpse into Indian politics in London in the period of Olive′s sojourn in England between his first and second governorships of Bengal illustrates the force and truth of these generalizations.
A Classified Guide to the Thirteen Classes of Chinese Prose
Authors: Edwards E. D.
Published: January 2010

“All polite literature”, said the scholar Yen Chih-t′ui, “is derived from the five classical writings ”,. This statement, true in a general sense, illustrates the traditional attitude of Chinese scholars who, whenever possible, referred to the classical age as the source of anything new which they desired to introduce.
Bih ′ = Wey ′?
Authors: Simon Walter
Published: January 2010

The gloss bih you wey yee (with the reading of in the falling tone indicated by the faanchie “bih. bih ell faan ”) is to be found in Ju Shi ′s “Collected Commentaries to the Four Books” (Syhshu Jyijuh) in explanation of a famous passage in Mencius (Jiuann [hereafter abbreviated as J.], 1, p. 5B). The King Huey of Wey admits to Mencius the ignominious position into which his country has fallen from the heights of past glory through defeats suffered on all sides, and tells him of his intention to make a supreme effort to wipe off the shame: Goaren chyy jy.
Idrisi's Account of the British Isles
Authors: Beeston A.F.L.
Published: January 2010

Idrisi's great geographical encyclopædia, Nuzhat al-muŠtāq al-āfāq, compiled in A.D. 1153 for King Roger II of Sicily, is formally arranged according to the seven Ptolemaic climates, each divided into ten “sections” numbered from west to east. In this arrangement, Ireland occupies the first section of the seventh climate, and Great Britain the second. Since Tuulio's publication of the third to fifth sections of this climate, it seems time that a comprehensive treatment should be attempted of the preceding two sections. Jaubert's pioneer French translation contains many attempts at identification of the place-names mentioned, which are not uniformly successful. Miller's Mappæ Arabicæ represents a considerable advance in this respect, but his identifications are not in every case acceptable, and even where correct they deserve some justificatory comment. In the following pages I have attempted to give all necessary comments, and to suggest some identifications which I believe to be an improvement on those hitherto proposed. I must express my grateful thanks to the Conservateur du Cabinet des Manuscrits of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, and to the India Office Librarian in London, for the facilities which they have afforded me of consulting the manuscripts in those places; to Dr. W. B. Stevenson for generously allowing me to see the typescript of his article on Idrisi's map of Scotland before publication; to Professor I. Y. Krachkovskii and the Director of the Publichnaya Biblioteka for assisting me to obtain photographs of the Leningrad manuscript; and to Professor H. A. R. Gibb for some very helpful suggestions.
Materials for South Arabian History
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

The Mss. herein described were purchased, copied, or recorded during a tour V A in Hadramawt as Colonial Research Fellow. Besides visiting the main ”f Wadi lying between Kabr Hūd and Hainin, I made investigations in the Wādī f Daw‘an, Huraida in ‘Amd, and in the course of a journey from Bal-Hᾶf, on the I coast, to Habbān on the western fringe of Wāhidi territory. Time did not I allow of a systematic recording of all existing MSS., which can be seen in i hundreds, especially as this formed only part of my programme, but those described here are the more interesting MSS. inspected. A similar tour seems to have been performed by Dr. Hamidullah in the Yemen shortly before my own investigations in Hadramawt.

The many scholars, mostly saiyids, whom I met in Hadramawt gave generously of their assistance, often placing MSS. freely at my disposal; I must; mention in particular the ‘Attās family of Huraida, and Sālih b. ‘Alī al-Hāmidī of Saiwūn. On the other hand, I have been informed, I have no means of assessing how accurately, that there are occasional individuals in the country I who possess some valuable MSS. but would rather see them moulder to pieces ‘ than show them to strangers. I understand that some saiyids keep their books in the women's part of the house, as in learned saiyid society books are reckoned fair game to the casual borrower who succeeds in abstracting them while the owner is not looking.

For anyone wishing to discover new MSS.