bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential role of nonhomologous end joining factors in the generation, DNA damage response, and myeloid differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Felgentreff Kerstin , Du Likun , Weinacht Katja G. , Dobbs Kerry , Bartish Margarita , Giliani Silvia , Schlaeger Thorsten , DeVine Alexander , Schambach Axel , Woodbine Lisa J. , Davies Graham , Baxi Sachin N. , van der Burg Mirjam , Bleesing Jack , Gennery Andrew , Manis John , Pan-Hammarström Qiang , Notarangelo Luigi D.
Published: June 2014

Significance

In this study, we compare the differential impact of nonhomologous end-joining–deficient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with mutations in genes encoding DNA ligase 4, DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit, or Artemis, on cellular reprogramming, DNA damage repair, and myeloid differentiation. We found a predominant role for ligase 4 in genomic stability and myeloid differentiation of iPSCs, but a minor one for Artemis. Disease modeling with patient-derived iPSCs may provide significant insights into phenotypic variability associated with mutations in various genes along the same pathway and may serve as a platform to explore tissue-specific consequences of single gene defects and development of therapeutic interventions.
Structural basis for simultaneous recognition of anO-glycan and its attached peptide of mucin family by immune receptor PILRα
Authors: Kuroki Kimiko , Wang Jing , Ose Toyoyuki , Yamaguchi Munechika , Tabata Shigekazu , Maita Nobuo , Nakamura Seiko , Kajikawa Mizuho , Kogure Amane , Satoh Takeshi , Arase Hisashi , Maenaka Katsumi
Published: June 2014

Significance

Here we show that both sialylatedO-linked sugar T antigen (sTn) and its attached peptide are required for recognition of paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (PILRα) byO-glycosylated mucin and related proteins. The crystal structure of PILRα complexed with theO-glycosylated peptide reasonably explains this simultaneous recognition of both the sTnO-glycan and the compact peptide structure, distinct from other sugar-recognition receptors. The structure provides a novel framework for the receptor-binding mode ofO-glycosylated mucin proteins, which are relevant in immune responses and viral infection.
Direct conversion of plant biomass to ethanol by engineered
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
Authors: Chung Daehwan , Cha Minseok , Guss Adam M. , Westpheling Janet
Published: June 2014

Significance

The ever-increasing demand for transportation fuels, the decrease in global petroleum reserves, and the negative impact of greenhouse gases resulting from burning petroleum make renewable and sustainable biofuels an imperative for the future. First-generation biofuels produced from food crops are limited by cost and competition with food supply. Considerable effort has been made to produce fuels from lignocellulosic biomass, but the need for chemical and enzymatic pretreatment to solubilize the biomass prior to microbial bioconversion is a major economic barrier to the development of an industrial process. Here we report the metabolic engineering of a bacterium,
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
, that is capable of using unprocessed switchgrass, an abundant, environmentally desirable, and economically sustainable lignocellulosic plant biomass, as feedstock to produce ethanol.
Differential targeting of VDAC3 mRNA isoforms influences mitochondria morphology
Authors: Michaud Morgane , Ubrig Elodie , Filleur Sophie , Erhardt Mathieu , Ephritikhine Geneviève , Maréchal-Drouard Laurence , Duchêne Anne-Marie
Published: June 2014

Significance

Eukaryotic cells have developed a variety of mechanisms to sort proteins into distinct intracellular compartments, using protein signals and potentially mRNA localization. Most mitochondrial proteins are nucleus-encoded and imported into mitochondria. The amino acid signals and receptors involved in import are now well characterized. However, a new model is emerging, involving mRNA targeting in mitochondrial protein import. In this work, we show that two mRNA isoforms encoding a mitochondrial porin are differentially targeted to the mitochondrial surface. The mRNA sorting signal has been identified and can be used as a tool to target a reporter RNA to mitochondria. Moreover, the differential mRNA targeting impacts mitochondria morphology and size, demonstrating the role of mRNA targeting in mitochondria biogenesis.
Female hurricanes are deadlier than male hurricanes
Authors: Jung Kiju , Shavitt Sharon , Viswanathan Madhu , Hilbe Joseph M.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Meteorologists and geoscientists have called for greater consideration of social science factors that predict responses to natural hazards. We answer this call by highlighting the influence of an unexplored social factor, gender-based expectations, on the human toll of hurricanes that are assigned gendered names. Feminine-named hurricanes (vs. masculine-named hurricanes) cause significantly more deaths, apparently because they lead to lower perceived risk and consequently less preparedness. Using names such as Eloise or Charlie for referencing hurricanes has been thought by meteorologists to enhance the clarity and recall of storm information. We show that this practice also taps into well-developed and widely held gender stereotypes, with potentially deadly consequences. Implications are discussed for understanding and shaping human responses to natural hazard warnings.
Measuring hydrogen exchange rates in invisible protein excited states
Authors: Long Dong , Bouvignies Guillaume , Kay Lewis E.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Site-specific rates of exchange of amide hydrogens with solvent protons are important parameters for characterizing protein structure and dynamics, providing insight into a range of biomolecular processes. In typical hydrogen exchange experiments, measured rates reflect exchange from all accessible states of a protein. Here we describe an NMR approach for measuring exchange rates in sparsely populated, transiently formed conformational states that interconvert with a highly populated and long-lived ground state. An application to a protein folding reaction of the Fyn SH3 domain is provided to illustrate the methodology, establishing that robust measures of hydrogen exchange are obtained both for the ground, native state and the invisible, unfolded state that are uncontaminated by the folding exchange process.
Contact inhibition and high cell density deactivate the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, thus suppressing the senescence program
Authors: Leontieva Olga V. , Demidenko Zoya N. , Blagosklonny Mikhail V.
Published: June 2014

Significance

This work solves longstanding mysteries in the field of contact inhibition (CI), cancer, and aging. As shown here during CI, cells do not undergo senescence, thus resuming proliferation after replating. We found that CI was associated with inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is required for the senescence program. In cancer cells, lacking CI, mTOR was still inhibited in high cell density by an alternative mechanism. Our work explains why CI is reversible and how cells can avoid senescence in vivo, allowing the organism to last for decades. Implications for cancer therapy are discussed.
Spectroscopic and computational insight into the activation of O
2
by the mononuclear Cu center in polysaccharide monooxygenases
Authors: Kjaergaard Christian H. , Qayyum Munzarin F. , Wong Shaun D. , Xu Feng , Hemsworth Glyn R. , Walton Daniel J. , Young Nigel A. , Davies Gideon J. , Walton Paul H. , Johansen Katja Salomon , Hodgson Keith O. , Hedman Britt , Solomon Edward I.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Activation of the O-O bond in dioxygen is difficult but fundamental in biology. Nature has evolved several strategies to achieve this, often including copper as an enzyme cofactor. Copper-dependent enzymes usually use more than one metal to activate O
2
by multielectron reduction, but recently it was discovered that cellulose and chitin degrading polysaccharide monooxygenase enzymes use only a single Cu center for catalysis, in a reaction that is of great interest to the biofuel industries. To understand this reactivity, we have determined the solution structures of both the reduced and oxidized Cu site, and determined experimentally and computationally how this site is capable of facile O
2
activation by a thermodynamically difficult one-electron reduction, via an inner-sphere Cu-superoxide intermediate.
Type I interferon is a therapeutic target for virus-induced lethal vascular damage
Authors: Baccala Roberto , Welch Megan J. , Gonzalez-Quintial Rosana , Walsh Kevin B. , Teijaro John R. , Nguyen Anthony , Ng Cherie T. , Sullivan Brian M. , Zarpellon Alessandro , Ruggeri Zaverio M. , de la Torre Juan Carlos , Theofilopoulos Argyrios N. , Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Lassa virus is, after dengue virus, the second most common cause of viral hemorrhagic fever. In susceptible individuals, Lassa virus infection is associated with vascular permeability, leading to tissue edema, organ failure, and death. Hemorrhagic fever viruses efficiently infect vascular endothelial cells, but are generally considered noncytopathic. Thus, the mechanism of virus-induced vascular injury remains unclear. Using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus variant clone 13, a prototype of Lassa virus, we show here that lethal vascular leakage in susceptible mice was completely prevented by type I IFN receptor blockade. Therefore, approaches that target type I IFNs or effector molecules induced by these cytokines may be considered for the treatment of Lassa fever and other severe hemorrhagic viral illnesses.
Synaptic function of nicastrin in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Sharma Manu , Südhof Thomas C. , Shen Jie
Published: June 2014

Significance

Mutations in the
presenilin
genes are the major cause of familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease. Nicastrin and presenilin are essential components of the γ-secretase complex, an intramembrane protease that cleaves type I membrane proteins such as Notch and the amyloid precursor protein. Presenilins are required for learning and memory, synaptic function, and age-related neuronal survival. In the current study we investigate whether nicastrin plays similar roles in hippocampal synapses by the generation and electrophysiological analysis of conditional knockout mice in which the
nicastrin
gene is deleted selectively in excitatory neurons of the adult cerebral cortex. Our data show that nicastrin is essential for both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity, underscoring its importance in the regulation of synaptic function.
Talin regulates moesin–NHE-1 recruitment to invadopodia and promotes mammary tumor metastasis
Authors: Beaty Brian T. , Wang Yarong , Bravo-Cordero Jose Javier , Sharma Ved P. , Miskolci Veronika , Hodgson Louis , Condeelis John
Published: June 2014

Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions that degrade the extracellular matrix and are required for stromal invasion, intravasation, and metastasis. The role of the focal adhesion protein talin in regulating these structures is not known. Here, we demonstrate that talin is required for invadopodial matrix degradation and three-dimensional extracellular matrix invasion in metastatic breast cancer cells. The sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE-1) is linked to the cytoskeleton by ezrin/radixin/moesin family proteins and is known to regulate invadopodium-mediated matrix degradation. We show that the talin C terminus binds directly to the moesin band 4.1 ERM (FERM) domain to recruit a moesin–NHE-1 complex to invadopodia. Silencing talin resulted in a decrease in cytosolic pH at invadopodia and blocked cofilin-dependent actin polymerization, leading to impaired invadopodium stability and matrix degradation. Furthermore, talin is required for mammary tumor cell motility, intravasation, and spontaneous lung metastasis in vivo. Thus, our findings provide a novel understanding of how intracellular pH is regulated and a molecular mechanism by which talin enhances tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
Mammalian CNTD1 is critical for meiotic crossover maturation and deselection of excess precrossover sites
Authors: Holloway J. Kim , Sun Xianfei , Yokoo Rayka , Villeneuve Anne M. , Cohen Paula E.
Published: June 2014

Meiotic crossovers (COs) are crucial for ensuring accurate homologous chromosome segregation during meiosis I. Because the double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination greatly outnumber eventual COs, this process requires exquisite regulation to narrow down the pool of DSB intermediates that may form COs. In this paper, we identify a cyclin-related protein, CNTD1, as a critical mediator of this process. Disruption of Cntd1 results in failure to localize CO-specific factors MutLγ and HEI10 at designated CO sites and also leads to prolonged high levels of pre-CO intermediates marked by MutSγ and RNF212. These data show that maturation of COs is intimately coupled to deselection of excess pre-CO sites to yield a limited number of COs and that CNTD1 coordinates these processes by regulating the association between the RING finger proteins HEI10 and RNF212 and components of the CO machinery.
CNTD1’s crossover act
Authors: Short Ben
Published: June 2014

The cyclin-related protein selects the sites of homologous recombination in meiotic cells.
Boolean algebra approximations
Authors: Harris Kenneth , Montalbán Antonio
Published: June 2014

Knight and Stob proved that every low

4

_4

Boolean algebra is

0

(
6
)

0^{(6)}

-isomorphic to a computable one. Furthermore, for

n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

n=1,2,3,4

, every low

n

_n

Boolean algebra is

0

(
n
+
2
)

0^{(n+2)}

-isomorphic to a computable one. We show that this is not true for

n
=
5

n=5

: there is a low

5

_5

Boolean algebra that is not

0

(
7
)

0^{(7)}

-isomorphic to any computable Boolean algebra.

It is worth remarking that, because of the machinery developed, the proof uses at most a

0

′
′

0^{\prime \prime }

-priority argument. The technique used to construct this Boolean algebra is new and might be useful in other applications, such as to solve the low

n

_n

Boolean algebra problem either positively or negatively.
Risso's dolphin depredation in the Azorean hand-jig squid fishery: assessing the impacts and evaluating effectiveness of acoustic deterrents
Authors: Cruz Maria João , Jordão Vera Leal , Pereira João Gil , Santos Ricardo Serrão , Silva Mónica A.
Published: June 2014

Depredation by cetaceans is a growing problem that may have serious economic implications for fisheries and for dolphin conservation. We investigated depredation by Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) in the hand-jig squid fishery around the Azores to determine the factors that may influence depredation behaviour and impacts on the fishery, and conducted experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of acoustic deterrent devices. Monitoring of the interaction between dolphins and the fishery was carried out through interviews with fishers and observations made from fishing vessels. Depredation was reported in 50% of the 506 interviews conducted from 2009 to 2011 and Risso's dolphins were reportedly responsible for 92% of the depredation events. Risso's dolphin depredation was recorded in 33% of the observed fishing trips (n = 96). Generalized additive models revealed that depth, sea surface temperature, and fishing time were important factors affecting depredation probability. Generalized linear models showed that fishing time also influenced the number of squids depredated, with greater catch losses predicted as duration of the fishing events increased. Depredation rate was calculated at 3% yielding an estimate of 8–12 t of squid lost to dolphins per year and an annual economic loss of €50 000 for the squid fishery of S. Miguel. The use of pingers had no significant effect on the catch per unit effort of squids. Depredation rates were similar for the control (0.20), inactive (0.19), and active (0.19) pinger conditions. Models indicated no significant effect of pinger brand and condition on cetacean depredation. This study is the first attempt to monitor depredation by Risso's dolphins on a hand-jig squid fishery providing a scientific basis for future management of interactions between cetaceans and fisheries.
The Ghost in the Music, or the Perspective of an Improvising Ant
Authors: Borgo David
Published: June 2014

One of the particular joys of improvising music together is not knowing precisely the relationship between one’s own actions and thoughts (one has to surprise oneself, after all) or between one’s actions and those of other improvisers (did you do that because I did that? Or did I do that because you did that?). Drawing on research in social psychology, actor-network theory, and the extended mind thesis in cognitive science, this chapter argues that one’s experience of musical “authorship” can be enhanced or undermined rather easily by social, material, and technological forms of agency in the environment. It concludes that musical improvisation offers simultaneously a situated practice for exploring interagency—and thereby exorcising the humanistic ghost of a “self-luminous” will—and the possibility of creating some provisional closure, some fleeting reduction of complexity, in a world increasingly characterized by relentless machinic heterogenesis.
Ensemble Improvisation, Collective Intention, and Group Attention
Authors: Hagberg Garry L.
Published: June 2014

Jazz improvisation offers raw material of considerable value for issues in the philosophy of mind, but this material remains insufficiently investigated. Collective intention and distributed group attention have emerged within philosophy in recent years as fruitful areas of study: the long-entrenched dualistic picture of an inner mental event standing behind its physical manifestation has been supplanted by a model of embodied action that is unburdened by a misleading inner/outer dichotomy (so we can now see how an intentional musical work emergeswithin, and not prior to, its physical sound). This makes possible a new focus on a special form of collective intentional action that is not contained within one single mind at one given moment, but rather distributed across a group of individuals engaged in a cooperative, interactively creative performance; cases examined here include John Coltrane, among others.
Improvisation, Action Understanding, and Music Cognition with and without Bodies
Authors: Iyer Vijay
Published: June 2014

A posited definition of improvisation encompasses such a broad range of human actions that it is helpful to consider both improvisation and rhythm in terms of embodied cognition and a notion of bodily empathy. This suggests a possible (though unstable and inconclusive) connection to action understanding, empathy, and mirror neurons, while acknowledging the latter’s disputed status. With or without mirror neurons, the concept of action understanding offers a reconsideration of improvisation and music cognition with or without bodies (i.e., live or recorded). The relationship of improvisation, rhythm, and embodiment to contemporary theories of expectation, speech, and the evolution of music are considered. Action understanding is posited as the foundation of both music cognition and the perception of improvisation, marking both processes as inherently intersubjective, even whether the other’s body is absent or fantasized (as is the case with recorded music).
Free Improvisation as a Path-Dependent Process
Authors: Burrows Jared , Reed Clyde G.
Published: June 2014

Freely improvised music lacks commonly used mechanisms (e.g., scores, conductors, shared performance practices) that serve to coordinate choices across performers in other musical genres. This chapter analyses problems and solutions of musical coordination in free improvisation through the lens of “path dependence,” an analytic framework used in economics to model situations in which agents perceive a high pay-off to coordinating market choices. Key results in the path-dependence literature are the likelihood of multiple equilibria and “lock-in” to inferior outcomes. The interpersonal skills identified as critical for coordination in free improvisation closely parallel the skills that have been identified by social scientists as essential for high-functioning group behavior in non-musical pursuits. This suggests a pedagogical role for improvisation in enhancing economic and personal well-being with regard to human capital formation and happiness.
“Nothing More than Just a Game”
Authors: Eisler Garrett
Published: June 2014

Stephen Sondheim’s most recent musical was based on one of his oldest ideas. As early as 1952 the composer-lyricist became fixated on the real-life misadventures of Addison and Wilson Mizner, misfit brothers who became legendary for their colossal business failures in the early twentieth century.Road Show, the musical Sondheim and librettist John Weidman finally wrote about the Mizners, underwent many transformations between 1999 and 2008 (including the adoption of two other titles:Wise GuysandBounce). But the most significant changes were tonal, from an initially vaudevillian travelogue comedy to an antiromantic one-act chamber musical. This final, now authoritative version delivered an emotional impact exceeding most previous works by this notoriously “all head, no heart” dramatist and offered a harsh vision of the materialist mania of the American Dream.
Sondheim on the London Stage
Authors: Wolf Matt
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines the unique status as contemporary American classics that Sondheim’s musicals have achieved in the United Kingdom since the British revue of his workSide by Side by Sondheimopened in London in 1977 before transferring to Broadway. The chapter not only suggests that Sondheim’s love of language, wit, and irony makes his work peculiarly attractive to British audiences, but also explains how the system of theatrical subsidy allows theaters to produce so many revivals and premiere productions, free of the commercial pressures that necessarily predominate on Broadway. Consideration of the innovatory actor-musician production by John Doyle ofSweeney Toddand the Menier Chocolate Factory’s revivals ofSunday in the Park with GeorgeandA Little Night Music—all three of which transferred successfully to Broadway—prompts reflections on the particular ways in which British directors have reconceived these extraordinary works, which have offered the thrill of witnessing great British performers such as Julia McKenzie, Imelda Staunton, Daniel Evans, Maria Friedman, Judi Dench, Hannah Waddingham, Michael Ball, and David Thaxton emerge as major interpreters of Sondheim.
Attending the Tale of
Authors: Thomson David
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines Tim Burton’sSweeney Todd, a film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim’s award-winning musical thriller. In direct opposition to Sondheim’s opinion that this is the best, mostfilmicfilm version of a stage musical ever made it argues that Burton’s powerful deployment of the visual possibilities of cinemaalters the grand guignol of the stage musical with its direct address to the audience, to create a more attractive and conventional view of the two psychologically introspective protagonists who fail to evoke the grotesque and demonic force of their more convincingly melodramatic stage counterparts. By analysing Burton’s exploitation of the screen presence of Johnny Depp and Helena Bonham-Carter, the chapteridentifies the contradictions resulting from the director’s attempt to position the film within the genre of such classic screen thrillers asPsycho.
Keeping Company with Sondheim’s Women
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines the eight female characters inCompany, what they do in the musical, and how they function in the show’s dramaturgy, and argues that they elicit the quintessential challenge of analyzing musical theater from a feminist perspective. On the one hand, the women tend to be stereotypically, even msogynistically portrayed. On the other hand, each character offers the actor a tremendous performance opportunity in portraying a complicated psychology, primarily communicated through richly expressive music and sophisticated lyrics. In this groundbreaking 1970 ensemble musical about a bachelor’s encounters with five married couples and three girlfriends, Sondheim’s female characters occupy a striking range of types within one show. From the bitter, acerbic, thrice-married Joanne to the reluctant bride-to-be Amy, and from the self-described “dumb” “stewardess” April to the free-spirited Marta,Company’s eight women are distillations of femininity, precisely sketched in the short, singular scenes in which they appear.
State Economic Development
Authors: Brace Paul
Published: June 2014

The brief survey of American political development presented in this chapter reveals that state economic development has always been a dominant feature of our politics and economics. Interstate economic competition dates to the Colonies. And throughout our history states have pursued opportunities to use their powers to secure public and private economic advantage, all the while constrained by national government policies and interventions. This chapter considers these developments and current issues in state economic development, which are nested within stable and unstable features of American federalism. The chapter makes it clear that there are opportunities for subnational governments to adopt policies to limit firm and investor tax exposure to attract or nurture coveted economic enterprises. These opportunities can be attractive to voters as well as the demands of powerful and well-organized economic interests seeking private benefit where costs can be socialized. The author makes clear throughout the chapter that economic development efforts have promised broad benefits but in practice they have produced unbalanced rewards and costs.
Conclusion
Authors: Haider-Markel Donald P.
Published: June 2014

This chapter summarizes major themes from the volume and points to research areas not covered by the chapters in the volume, including homeland security, emergency management, and local and state media and political communications.
Life Writing and the Victorians
Authors: Broughton Trev
Published: June 2014

This chapter uses Margaret Oliphant’s work on a biography of the deposed Church of Scotland preacher Edward Irving (1792–1834) as a case study in the professionalization of Life writing in the nineteenth century. It points to some of the literary developments and fashions that made biography popular despite its tendency to over-respectful, hyper-respectable treatment of its subjects. It charts some of the challenges and opportunities biographical evidence and research afforded, including the chance to probe the conventions of gender. It argues that biography offered a space in which authors—including authors outside the academy—could participate in the writing of the past and in the representation of local and national identities, as well as in the ongoing discussion about heroes and their role in Victorian culture.
Globalization and Economics
Authors: Çelikkol Ayşe
Published: June 2014

Facing rapid capitalist expansion in the nineteenth century, Britons reflected on the webs of commercial exchange in which they were embedded. Focusing on John Stuart Mill’s notion of the perpetual reproduction of capital alongside literary forms and tropes (Gothicism, mythological imagery, the theme of speculation, and treasure-hunt plots), this essay explores Victorian global consciousness. The past employment of slave labour in the colonies haunted the Victorians, who were also increasingly alarmed by finance capitalism’s reliance on abstractions. Cosmopolitan sympathy for the nation’s trading partners flourished in literature alongside the effort to obscure the foreign sources of the nation’s wealth.
Revolution and Changing Identities in France, 1787–99
Authors: Popkin Jeremy D.
Published: June 2014

The French Revolution involved not only a transformation of institutions but also a transformation of the personal and social identities that had structured people’s lives prior to 1789. Royal subjects were now citizens, nobles and members of other privileged groups lost all legal recognition of their special status, and Jews and blacks were no longer defined as outsiders in French society, whereas women, whose identity was supposedly dictated by ‘nature’, found themselves excluded from political power. The identity transformations of the revolutionary period are of great theoretical interest, since they challenge the prevailing tendency to regard established identities as difficult to change.
War and Diplomacy (1792–95)
Authors: Belissa Marc
Published: June 2014

‘War and Diplomacy’ . . . The first term has had a lot more attention from historians than the second as if the period that begins with the declaration of war on 20 April 1792 and ending with the Peace of Basel in 1795 was fully determined by the implacable nature of the struggle between revolutionary France and monarchist Europe. This bias—making revolutionary diplomacy the ghost of historiography—is itself determined by the idea that ‘the diplomatic game of the revolutionary period is marked as something artificial and ephemeral’ in the words of Jacques Godechot in 1956. If one believes historiography, it is war and not diplomacy which is the dominant reality of the 1792–95 period. Is there even a ‘revolutionary diplomacy’ or a ‘Republican’ one?
Wives and Husbands
Authors: Knieps-Port le Roi Thomas
Published: June 2014

The chapter provides an overview of recent developments in the theology and ethics of marriage. It places the debates first in a sociocultural context of deinstitutionalization and individualization which has rendered marriage more optional and more fragile, but not weakened its symbolic meaning. It is then shown how the Christian churches have responded to the challenges of late modern society, in particular the Roman Catholic Church with its new emphasis on conjugal love at the Second Vatican Council. Three main strands have marked the theological and ethical discourse subsequently: a revisionist position which defends the subjective and interpersonal aspects of marriage, a traditionalist position which insists on a divine plan for marriage and a corresponding theology of the body, and the approach of a new generation of scholars who accuse the traditionalists of an abstract and idealistic description of the spousal relationship and criticize the revisionists for their narrow focus on private interiority. In a third and final section three major trends are explored and perspectives developed: first, possible arguments for commending marriage over alternative forms of living together are assessed; second, it is argued how heterosexual marriage can still be proclaimed as the ethical norm without discriminating against deviant forms of sexual expression; third, the tension between interpersonal and institutional approaches to marriage is explored and the search for a balance between both poles suggested as a future challenge for the theology of marriage.
Rhetoric and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Chaitin Gilbert
Published: June 2014

In the 1950s, Jacques Lacan marshaled the concepts of structural linguistics in order to assert the homology between Sigmund Freud’s primary processes of condensation and displacement and the rhetorical tropes of metaphor and metonymy in unconscious formations. His anti-mimetic theory of language, the symbolic, emphasized the power of metonymy to express the individual’s desire for being and the potential of metaphor to create the signified that would capture the unique being of the analysand. In the 1960s, Lacan abandoned his earlier belief in the creative power of the symbolic; now it had become the realm of the universal in which all are the same. In his last years, Lacan reinstated poetry and rhetoric as the key players in the process of psychoanalysis, but now it was their ability to transgress the rules of language that allowed them to aim toward the inexpressible uniqueness and dignity of the individual.
Phenomenology
Authors: Clark Timothy
Published: June 2014

This article discusses the relevance of phenomenology to ecocriticism. It considers the influence of phenomenology on ecocritical work and elaborates the claims and importance of phenomenology based on David E. Cooper’s “The idea of environment.” It identifies the aspects of phenomenology of most relevance to environmental thinking and describes the specific applications of phenomenology in ecocritical practice. This article also considers the concept of ecophenomenology, which would continue the older task of resisting the tyranny of the scientific as the solely accepted model of the real and address the limits of inherited phenomenology.
Deconstruction and/as Ecology
Authors: Morton Timothy
Published: June 2014

This article examines the relevance of the concept of deconstruction to ecocriticism. It discusses Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction and contends that deconstruction is not nominalism because it tells us something profound about our actual universe. It argues that deconstruction is the ‘secret best friend’ of ecocriticism, despite how some versions of ecocriticism want to rough up deconstruction, and explains that, like evolution, deconstruction reveals a situation even more mysterious, uncanny, and intimate than other forms of environmental criticism. The article also considers the relevant principles of phenomenology and coexistentialism.
Ecocriticism and Modernism
Authors: Raine Anne
Published: June 2014

This article examines the historical relation between modernist studies and ecocriticism. It contends that modernist literature offers rich resources for ecocriticism because it responds to the changing environment of industrial modernity in ways that sometimes affirm but more often productively question conventional romantic and realist ideas about nature. It also argues that reading modernism ecocritically requires careful attention to how modernism’s adaptation or disruption of conventional literary forms contributes to its particular modes of ecological inquiry and critique and contends that it is important to develop a thoroughly historicized understanding of literary modernism’s relationship to romanticism, to the sciences, and to various forms of popular nature discourse.
W. E. B. Du Bois at the Grand Canyon
Authors: Claborn John
Published: June 2014

This article investigates why W. E. B. Du Bois combined existential, racial, and environmental themes in his essay Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. It analyzes how natural beauty gave rise to the combination of anti-racist protest and imported German romanticism in this work and highlights its potential contribution to a better understanding of the intersection of race, romanticism and modernism in the ecocritical tradition. It suggests that Du Bois’s explorations of the double environments of (black) Jim Crow and (white) national parks in the essay foreground practices of segregation across both natural and urban spaces.
Feminist Science Studies and Ecocriticism
Authors: Alaimo Stacy
Published: June 2014

This article examines what feminist science studies can offer for ecocriticism. It explains that feminist science studies traces the routes and interconnections between gender, science, technology, and cultural systems. The concepts of material-semiotic immersion and transcorporeality overcome the subject/object divide and highlight the entanglement of human and other agents. The article considers representations of the deep ocean as an alien space or as a genetic resource, and asks whether they act as ‘ecoporn’ or encourage ethical engagement with conservation issues.
Mediating Climate Change
Authors: Trexler Adam
Published: June 2014

This article examines Amitav Ghosh’s climate change novel The Hungry Tide, which has become something of a canonical text for environmental critics. It explains that this novel shows the literary processes of mediation and argues that, instead of viewing mediation as a substitution of the sign for the real, we follow Latour suggestion that the mediated circulation of things is what makes them real. It also argues that by tracing mediation in literary texts, ecocriticism can begin to describe their innovations in the world of things.
Is American Nature Writing Dead?
Authors: Philippon Daniel J.
Published: June 2014

This article examines the state of American nature writing and evaluates whether it has outlived its usefulness. It reviews several attempts to define nature writing as a genre and explores some recent critiques of nature, nature writing, and environmentalism. It argues that while the generic label “nature writing” may now be more trouble than it’s worth, the expansive sensibility expressed in much traditional nature writing still remains a useful tool with which to address the various humanistic challenges associated with sustainability.
Environmental Writing for Children
Authors: Buell Lawrence
Published: June 2014

This article analyzes representative topoi or traditions emanating from the so-called golden age of children’s writing in the late Victorian era that feature encounters with the physical environment. It traces the emergence of modern (Western) environmentally oriented children’s literature and examines the permutations of two overlapping topoi that have served as carriers of environmental concern since the late nineteenth century. It reviews works that purport to imagine nonhuman life-worlds from the standpoint of the creatures themselves and those that deal with the discovery or construction of special, often hidden outdoor places by children that are shown to have catalytic significance in bonding them to the natural environment.
“A Music Numerous as Space”
Authors: Lattig Sharon
Published: June 2014

This article examines the concept of cognitive environment in relation to ecocriticism. It discusses Gaston Bachelard’s analysis, in his The Poetics of Space, of historian Jules Michelet’s work depicting the building of a bird’s nest. It suggests that the corporeal act of nest-building may then be argued to imply the continuity of an organism and its environment and that the notion of enclosure is built into any ecology or Thoreavian economy.
Ecocriticism in Japan
Authors: Yuki Masami
Published: June 2014

This article examines the history of Japanese ecocriticism. It explains that while the association between literature and nature is so deeply imprinted in the Japanese mind, environmentally oriented literary criticism did not exist in Japan until it was imported from the United States in the middle of the 1990s. It discusses the shift in Japan’s academic landscape of literary environmentalism and describes the three major phases in the emergence of Japanese ecocriticism. These include the introduction of the literary movement from the early 1990s to 2000, the development of a comparative approach in the 2000s, and the cross-fertilization between ecocriticism and Japanese literary studies in the late 2000s to the present.
German Ecocriticism
Authors: Goodbody Axel
Published: June 2014

This article provides an overview of German ecocriticism. It highlights the reluctance of literary scholars in Germany to engage in environmentally focused criticism and discusses the achievements and contribution of German ecocriticism. These include explicating a body of thought that shares much with American and British culture and adding to the range of perspectives and methodologies in the toolkit of the international community of scholars. This article describes the specific contributions to ecocriticism of several German writers including Hubert Zapf, Timo Müller, and Hartmut Böhme.
The JOBS Program: Impact on Job Seeker Motivation, Reemployment, and Mental Health
Authors: Price Richard H. , Vinokur Amiram D.
Published: June 2014

JOBS is a research-based program delivered in a group format and designed to aid unemployed job seekers in their search for employment. The program has demonstrated positive impacts on job-search skills, motivation, reemployment rates, and mental health. The JOBS program was designed and tested in large-scale randomized trials at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. The positive effect of JOBS has been replicated in a number of national and international settings. Research, theory, and principles for best practice in the implementation of JOBS are discussed, as well as future directions for research and new applications.
New Economy Careers Demand Adaptive Mental Models and Resources
Authors: van Vianen Annelies E. M. , Klehe Ute-Christine
Published: June 2014

Volatile economic and labor market circumstances have significant effects on the development of people’s work careers; thus recent literature on careers has started to take into account the reality of increasingly unpredictable, nonlinear, and inherently uncertain careers. In this chapter we argue that careers in the new economy require, first, that people learn to cope with identity threats; second, that they need to change their mental models of careers; and third, that they must develop the resources to adapt to more frequent and unpredictable career transitions. Specifically we address three themes that we consider at the core of adaptation to nonlinear careers: people’s work-related identities, their conceptualization of career success, and their adaptability resources. We build a model called “identity and coping during career transitions” (ICCT), which integrates theories on identity, careers, and adaptability and could serve as an agenda for future research. Finally, we provide some guidelines for practitioners and organizations.
Through the Looking Glass: Employment Interviews from the Lens of Job Candidates
Authors: McCarthy Julie M. , Cheng Bonnie Hayden
Published: June 2014

Job interviews are of crucial importance to the job search process. As a result, recent years have witnessed a considerable amount of research on job interviews from the perspective of candidates. While this research has provided valuable insight into candidate reactions, it has yet to have a strong impact on the actual behaviors of job candidates and organizations. Thus the goal of the current chapter is to bridge the gap between empirical knowledge and applied practice in job interviews. To accomplish this objective we first present a framework for understanding the interview process that is grounded in theoretical and empirical research. The focus of this framework is whether candidate characteristics (e.g., gender, age), behaviors (e.g., impression management, communication style), and reactions (e.g., anxiety, justice) have an effect on important interview-related outcomes, such as interview performance. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion of research relevant to each section of the framework, including impression management, the first handshake, interview anxiety, and other predictors of interview success. Implications for research and practice are discussed and a checklist for practice is provided. We conclude by highlighting how properly conducted interviews can simultaneously serve the best interest of both job applicants and organizations.
By Any Other Name: Discrimination in Resume Screening
Authors: Derous Eva , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: June 2014

This chapter discusses perspectives and empirical findings on ethnic discrimination during the resume screening phase. First, the labor market position of ethnic minorities is discussed and two prominent hypotheses on the disadvantaged labor market position of ethnic minorities are presented, namely the human capital versus hiring discrimination hypothesis. Second, several theoretical perspectives are discussed that illustrate why resume screening might be vulnerable to biased decision making. Third, we turn our attention to influences on hiring discrimination that reside in the applicant, the job/organization, and recruiter. Finally, this chapter ends with a critical reflection on some practical recommendations (such as anonymous resume screening) and future research directions on hiring discrimination during resume screening, including new technologies such as video resumes.
Job-Search Behavior of the Unemployed: A Dynamic Perspective
Authors: Song Zhaoli , Sun Shu Hua , Li Xian
Published: June 2014

Unemployment is a major social issue in modern societies. Unemployed workers obtain reemployment mainly through their job-search activities. This chapter documents the literature on the uniqueness, antecedents, and outcomes of job-search behaviors of the unemployed. Because job-search behavior has recently been examined as a dynamic process, we summarize theoretical models, research designs, and analytical approaches in studying job-search dynamics, particularly with regard to unemployed job seekers. We further suggest conceptualizing and empirically examining job-search as behavioral episodes to enhance our understanding of job-search dynamics.
World Englishes and Creoles
Authors: Winford Donald
Published: June 2014

It is now generally acknowledged that the creation of all New Englishes (both ‘creoles’ and ‘indigenized varieties’) shares a great deal in common with regard to both the socio-historical circumstances and the processes of linguistic restructuring and change that were involved. It is generally agreed that these creations are all outcomes of language shift (i.e., group second language acquisition). The processes of restructuring by which they emerged involved the interplay of three primary factors: input from English varieties, influence from learners’ L1s, and internal developments. This chapter discusses the similarities and differences in the macro-level social contexts and community settings in which both creoles and indigenized varieties emerged and shows how such factors help us to understand the similarities in the processes of linguistic restructuring and adaptation that led to their creation.
English in South Africa
Authors: van Rooy Bertus
Published: June 2014

South African English (SAfE) traces its roots to the 1820 British settlers. From here, it spread to the descendants of Indian indentured labourers, who later shifted to English as home language. English diffused as second language to the indigenous African population and speakers of Afrikaans, and today occupies an important position as language of government, education, business, and the media. SAfE has borrowed vocabulary from Afrikaans, ancestral Indian languages, and in recent years also from other South African languages. Phonetically, SAfE has raised front vowels, the short front /i/ has allophones that range from high front in KIN to centralized in PIN, and a back vowel realization of START. Non-native varieties display various degrees of vowel contrast reduction. The modal must is used more extensively than in other varieties of English, while Black SAfE also uses the progressive aspect for a wider timespan than just temporariness.
Qualitative Research in Music Education
Authors: Matsunobu Koji , Bresler Liora
Published: June 2014

Qualitative research is an umbrella term for a wide array of genres. Recognizing the differences in intellectual traditions, purposes, units of analysis, and foci of qualitative research, this chapter examines the shared assumptions within qualitative inquiry, its broad goals, key concepts, general characteristics, and methods. The epistemological, methodological, and ethical underpinnings of qualitative research are discussed through current research examples in music education. Central to the discussion is reflexive, recursive, responsive, and collaborative aspects of qualitative research, as well as its emergent research design and interpretive process. Related issues to be discussed are the criteria of process and product, including trustworthiness and validity of interpretation, the situated nature of the researcher, subjectivity, the role of senses, and empathetic, case-specific understanding. We also discuss how the processes and characteristics of music and sound can inform the ways we conduct and think of qualitative research.