bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directed Surveillance
Authors: Brayne Sarah
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on directed surveillance, or the surveillance of people and places deemed suspicious. Big data is associated with a shift from reactive to predictive policing. Predictive policing refers to analytic techniques used by law enforcement to forecast potential criminal activity. It involves using data to determine current crime patterns and direct patrol resources, such as where officers should go and who they should stop. In general terms, the stages of predictive policing are collection, analysis, intervention, and response. The chapter analyzes how the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) conducts person- and place-based predictive policing; why it adopted different forms of predictive policing; how it uses algorithms to quantify criminal risk; how the police do—and do not—incorporate insights from the algorithms into their work in the field; and how predictive policing serves as a foundation for ongoing intelligence gathering.
Coding Inequality
Authors: Brayne Sarah
Published: October 2020

This chapter looks at the promise and peril of police use of big data analytics for inequality. On the one hand, big data analytics may be a means by which to ameliorate persistent inequalities in policing. Data can be used to “police the police” and replace unparticularized suspicion of racial minorities and human exaggeration of patterns with less biased predictions of risk. On the other hand, data-intensive police surveillance practices are implicated in the reproduction of inequality in at least four ways: by deepening the surveillance of individuals already under suspicion, codifying a secondary surveillance network of individuals with no direct police contact, widening the criminal justice dragnet unequally, and leading people to avoid institutions that collect data and are fundamental to social integration. Crucially, as currently implemented, “data-driven” decision-making techwashes, both obscuring and amplifying social inequalities under a patina of objectivity.
Conclusion
Authors: Brayne Sarah
Published: October 2020

This concluding chapter reflects on the major lessons learned from this book. The Los Angeles Police Department’s continued use of big data policing underscores the primary argument running through this book—that big data is fundamentally social. At every phase—from big data’s adoption to collection and analysis, institutional intervention, and reception—there is a social patterning to how data is used. There is a need to curb institutions’ craving for data, because that hunger too often outpaces people’s understanding of the intended and unintended consequences of a data binge. The chapter then offers guidelines for academics, lawmakers, and community groups regarding how data can be leveraged to promote efficiency, fairness, and accountability in criminal justice reform. It also discusses the future of law enforcement; identifies policy and research priorities; and argues that the implications of big data surveillance extend beyond policing into other social sectors.
Panpipes & Ponchos
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

Melodious panpipes and kena flutes. The shimmering strums of a charango. Poncho-clad musicians playing “El Cóndor Pasa” at subway stops or street corners while selling their recordings. These sounds and images no doubt come to mind for many “world music” fans when they recall their early encounters with Andean music groups. Termed “Andean conjuntos” in this book and “pan-Andean bands” in other scholarship, four-to-six member ensembles of this type have long formed part of the “world music” circuit of the Global North, and also been present in the music scenes of Latin America’s major cities. It is only in Bolivia, however, that the Andean conjunto format has represented the preeminent ensemble line-up for interpreting “national music” since the late 1960s. The La Paz band Los Jairas is widely credited, by scholars and local musicians alike, with canonizing the Andean conjunto tradition in the Bolivian context. When the group debuted in 1966, though, their interpretive approach and instrumentation did not represent a radically new direction for the Bolivian folklore movement. As this book reveals, Los Jairas made popular in Bolivia a style of “national music” interpretation with roots in the folklorization practices developed by previous generations of urban criollo-mestizo musicians.
A major goal of this book is to illuminate how urban La Paz folkloric musical trends, practices, and initiatives of the early-to-mid 20th century paved the way for Los Jairas’ dramatic ascent to national stardom in the mid-to-late 1960s and facilitated Bolivia’s ensuing canonization of the Andean conjunto. The second principal aim is to shed light on the Bolivian state’s role in the folkloric music movement, from the period when indigenismo first became a major influence on La Paz artists (the 1920s), to the boom decade of the local folklore movement (the 1960s). The third major goal is to elucidate how La Paz folkloric musical practices articulated with non-Bolivian artistic currents. Perhaps surprisingly to many people, given Bolivia’s image internationally as one of the most “Indian” and therefore culturally traditional countries of Latin America, the Bolivian folkloric music movement developed in close dialogue with a wide array of transnational or cosmopolitan musical trends in the pivotal era spanning the 1920s to 1960s.
Musical Dimensions of Indigenismo
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

In 1925, La Paz city residents observed Bolivia’s first centennial of political independence, with official state celebrations that in hindsight appear remarkably devoid of Bolivian nationalist exhibitions of indigenismo. Twenty-three years later, urban La Paz hosted another lavish commemoration, this time to honor the city’s 400th anniversary. But, in a clear departure from the 1925 centennial, the 1948 event included a “folklore” festival that was wholly devoted to Andean indigenous music-dance traditions, the Concurso Folklórico Indígena del Departamento. As the Concurso’s inclusion in the 1948 celebration suggests, mainstream La Paz criollo-mestizo views about the cultural value and meanings of Andean indigenous expressive practices had undergone a significant transformation in the twenty-three years following the 1925 centennial. This chapter elucidates this major shift, by exploring key developments in the paceño indigenista musical scene that transpired in the period from the 1920s to 1940s. Throughout Latin America, elite and middle-class interest in regionally distinctive music-dance expressions reached new heights in the early decades of the 20th century, as part of a quest among a varied cast of politicians, writers, and artists for local traditions that unmistakably demonstrated the nation’s cultural uniqueness. Indigenismo represented a manifestation of this phenomenon. The Bolivian variant of this nativist movement took inspiration from indigenista currents radiating from other Latin American countries, including Mexico and Argentina, but above all else from Peru.
Toward Relation-Centered Evaluation
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

A relational orientation to evaluation is developed with three primary features: the first is a focus on the process of co-inquiry, where stakeholders inquire together into the student’s learning and development; the second is an emphasis on adding value to experiences of learning; and the third is the enhancement of meaningful relationships key to learning. Relational practices of evaluation should strive to foster learning, engender a sustained engagement in learning, and enrich the relational process itself. Such practices can be embedded within the ongoing learning processes, especially through dialogue and collaboration among co-learners. Equally, evaluative reflection may take place at specified intervals, such as once a term. Here students acquire a vocabulary of evaluation and appreciation that can be incorporated into the future learning journeys. Co-inquiry involves a generative process in which mutual valuing is prominent. Such evaluative reflection should ultimately be extended to the whole school as a learning community and beyond.
The Women Who Wrote
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces some of the female playwrights of the early twentieth century and examines some of the social conditions under which they worked. It argues that many of them represented a major cultural change for women of the period who were leaving the Victorian era behind and forging new paths in the young century. But the press frequently undermined their efforts by presenting them as wives instead of individuals, scrutinizing their physical attractiveness, and implying that playwriting was a hobby on the same level as gardening or homemaking. The chapter then shifts to the challenges of writing for the musical theater and collaborating with other writers. It concludes with examples of Young’s correspondence with the Shuberts and demonstrates her ability to navigate the business side of the theater.
The Old-Fashioned Things Must Go
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines two musical comedies by Young: Lady Luxury and Sometime. Both shows demonstrate the hallmarks of musical comedy: they take place in the present, use common slang and topical references, use dance as entertainment (rather than to advance plot), and are lighthearted. Lady Luxury is one of Young’s funniest musical comedies and anticipates some of the characters and themes of the 1925 hit No, No, Nanette. Sometime, which Young wrote with Rudolf Friml, contains aspects of operetta and musical comedy. It featured Ed Wynn, who may have written his own dialogue. For both shows, the chapter provides a synopsis and analysis of the libretto and lyrics.
Just One of the Boys
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores three musicals for which Young co-wrote the libretto and/or lyrics: The Red Petticoat (music by Jerome Kern, text co-written with Paul West), When Love Is Young (music by William Schroeder, text co-written with William Cary Duncan), and His Little Widows (also with Schroeder and Duncan). The Red Petticoat and When Love Is Young were adaptations of earlier plays by Young. For both, the chapter compares Young’s original script with its musical libretto to try to distinguish Young’s writing style and voice from those of her collaborators. This task was more challenging for His Little Widows, as there was no previous material with which to compare it. Again, for each show, the chapter provides a synopsis and analysis of the libretto and lyrics.
Will You Remember?
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

Some of Young’s most productive years were during World War I. This chapter examines three operettas written during the war: Her Soldier Boy (music by Sigmund Romberg, based on Emmerich Kálmán), Maytime (music by Romberg), and Little Simplicity (music by Augustus Barratt). For each show, the chapter provides a synopsis and analysis of the libretto and lyrics. Her Soldier Boy and Maytime were both adapted from German sources and “Americanized” to suit audiences in an anti-German climate. Maytime was one of Young’s most successful shows, with an initial run of 492 performances.
Introduction
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: October 2020

This introduction presents the Centro Latinoamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales (CLAEM) at the intersecton of the three key themes in the book Elite Art Worlds. First, understanding how local and international philanthropy providing funding for CLAEM articulated foreign policy, private interests, and cultural diplomacy. Second, how diverse models of musical avant-gardism were followed, consumed, and rearticulated and then embodied, resignified and institutionalized in Latin America, problematizing the idea of a single homogenous avant-garde. And third, the ways in which participants of CLAEM navigated a regional discourse about identity and professional positioning labeled Latin Americanism. The chapter concludes with a discussion and problematization of the idea of elites and art worlds.
John Harrison, Alberto Ginastera, and the Creation of CLAEM
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the creation of CLAEM through a series of vignettes that use the interactions between Rockefeller Foundation officer John P. Harrison and the famous composer Alberto Ginastera to show how institutional forces, usually imagined on a seemingly abstract level, actually come into play on the ground through the exchanges of specific people. The chapter demonstrates how Harrison played a fundamental role in the creation of CLAEM and heading several inroads of the Rockefeller Foundation into Latin American art music during the early 1960s. The narrative constructed in this chapter around the creation of CLAEM sets up several issues that will be further explored in the rest of the book in relation to the Rockefeller Foundation, the Di Tella Family, and the mission and vision of CLAEM.
Global Urbanization and Health Trends
Authors: Roux Ana V. Diez
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes global urbanization trends and key demographic and economic characteristics of cities across the globe. It briefly reviews the implications of urbanization for the environment. The chapter also includes an overview of population health in cities and how health is linked to the urban context. It concludes with a discussion of how urban health issues are reflected in various global agendas.
Systems Approaches to Urban Health
Authors: Roux Ana V. Diez , Stankov Ivana
Published: October 2020

This chapter reviews ways the concepts and tools of systems approaches can help understand how city environments affect health and identify the most effective policies. The authors discuss basic conceptual elements of systems thinking, review core systems modeling methods, and provide examples of their applications in urban health. They conclude with a discussion of the challenges involved in using these approaches.
“A Darkness Which Might be Felt”
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers Handel’s invention of the English oratorio in relation to its Italian antecedents and seeks to demonstrate how Samson (1743) in particular reimagines the Italian oratorio as an English genre. Samson’s engagement with and emancipation from the ordinances of Italian opera and oratorio connect Handel to Fux, whose biblical oratorio La fede sacrilega nella morte del Precursore, San Giovanni Battista (1714) is examined in detail in order to define the axis that lies between generic servitude (in this work) and imaginative autonomy (in Samson). The comparative analysis of both works is contextualized by an appraisal of Handel’s reputation as an “entertainer,” a reputation which has eclipsed his radical transformation of genre and his liberation of English dramatic music from the servitude of Italian opera, an enslavement of which his contemporaries had long complained.
Conclusion
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

The conclusion to this book revisits the work-concept in the light of the arguments represented here in relation to servitude and autonomy as underlying agents in a continuous axis of musical thought. It is this axis that conjoins Fux, Bach, and Handel. The servility of Fux’s musical discourse consequently gains in historical understanding and significance, and so too does the imaginative autonomy discerned in the late works of Bach and Handel. The nature of the European musical imagination in the first half of the eighteenth century is thereby more sharply defined
Ethical Learning, Natural and Artificial
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: October 2020

How might artificial systems become sensitive to ethically relevant considerations? This chapter argues that the question we should ask is not “How can we build ethics into robots?” but rather “How can we build robots with a capacity for ethical learning?” It is evident from the continuing disagreement over overarching ethical theories that we do not know a set of consensus ethical principles with sufficient definiteness to “program” ethics into a machine. Recent research in artificial intelligence has shown the power of general-purpose learning to acquire autonomous human-level competencies. Intriguingly, recent research in developmental psychology suggests that children may also acquire independent social and ethical competence via similar mechanisms. Instead of programing ethics into robots, this chapter proposes that artificial systems could gain ethical competence through general-purpose learning, comparable to infants learning human ethics in part by observing adult behavior.
Modeling and Reasoning with Preferences and Ethical Priorities in AI Systems
Authors: Loreggia Andrea , Mattei Nicholas , Rossi Francesca , Venable K. Brent
Published: October 2020

As AI systems make decisions that affect our lives, we must ensure that these systems operate according to the same constraints, guidelines, and ethical principles that a human would follow. Humans make many complex decisions that rely on their subjective preferences, but their decisions are usually also constrained by these ethical priorities. Hence it is essential to equip AI systems with the tools to evaluate whether or not preferences are compatible with these other priorities. In computer science, the Conditional Preference networks (CP-nets), which graphically represent conditional and qualitative preference relations, can be used to model, combine, and compare subjective preferences and ethical priorities. This chapter proposes that one can use CP-nets to measure the distance between an agent’s subjective preference and the ethical principles of the agent’s community in order to ensure that the decisions of an AI system are aligned with a given set of ethical priorities.
Computational Law, Symbolic Discourse, and the AI Constitution
Authors: Wolfram Stephen
Published: October 2020

How should we tell AIs what we want? For the past few decades, the Wolfram Language has been developed as a computational communication language to provide a bridge between human goals and computational capabilities. The Wolfram Language is becoming a full symbolic discourse language that can capture the kinds of human intentions we find in laws and contracts. If we want to tell AIs to “be nice to humans,” how should we actually do that? This chapter first discusses how the development of symbolic discourse language can make it possible to express such ideas. It then considers how we might approach building an AI constitution that defines how we want AIs to act and what ethics they should follow. This chapter also discusses some of the fundamental issues around having a complete computational legal or ethical system.
Gothic and Classical in Eighteenth-Century Criticism
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the dynamic and evolving relationship between conceptions of “Gothic” and “classical” in mid-eighteenth-century criticism. It argues that both terms were highly changeable in their content and were rarely imagined as mere opposites. The chapter focuses on three authors, all of whom reinterpreted the classical world as an object of private aesthetic experience rather than as a source of political or ethical examples. In his Conjectures on Original Composition (1759), Edward Young imagines the Roman poets as a giant “spectre,” which threatened to overwhelm modern poets, inhibiting their capacity for original creation. In his Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757), Edmund Burke describes a frightening descent into the Underworld of Virgil’s Aeneid as an opportunity to form homosocial bonds with other male readers. Finally, Richard Hurd in Letters on Chivalry and Romance (1762) describes the classical world as a distant forerunner to a more modern preoccupation with enchantment and imagination. In all three of these authors, the classical world is shifting its meaning and significance. It is becoming, paradoxically, increasingly Gothic.
Horace Walpole, Gothic Classicism, and the Aesthetics of Collection
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the presence of classical texts and objects in the work of Horace Walpole, in his writing and also among his vast collection of miscellaneous artifacts at his villa, Strawberry Hill. First, it considers the textual reuse of lines from Horace and Lucan in his novel The Castle of Otranto and his Gothic drama The Mysterious Mother. In each case, the classical images and ideas are startlingly, aggressively altered in their context and meaning to fit the aesthetic choices of those works. The chapter then turns to Walpole’s ideas on classical theater, as reflected in a periodical piece and in the prologue to The Mysterious Mother. Walpole praises Attic drama for its free expression of horror; the classical becomes associated with the wild imagination that has been dammed up and repressed in his own age. Finally, the chapter examines the classical objects in Strawberry Hill, arguing that Walpole was consistently attracted to objects that exemplified horror and hybridity, thereby challenging facile assumptions about symmetry and decorum in ancient art. Walpole establishes a paradigm for the presence of the classical within the Gothic: it is not absent or ignored, but rather irreverently fragmented and rearranged.
Others
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

The subject of others draws out some of the most significant differences among existentialist thinkers. This chapter shows how consideration of others for some existentialists, including Sartre and Beauvoir, begins with separation and potential opposition between self and others, while for other existentialists, including Heidegger and Marcel, being with others is intrinsic to our very being. Marcel’s critique of Sartre’s hostile rendering of the self-other relation is considered, along with the apparent ability of Sartre and Beauvoir to account in existential terms for human oppression, and the merits of Camus’s notion of rebellion on behalf of the freedom of others.
World
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter begins by examining the existentialist challenge to claims of absolute objective knowledge about the world and their rejection of any god’s-eye view of reality in favor of the world as a source of existential wonder. The situatedness of the subject is shown to be constitutive of the world as existentially described. In this context are presented Heidegger’s notions of being-in-the-world, and the attunement with which the world is accessed by an existential subject. Beauvoir’s notion that we experience the world as a detotalized totality is traced to the phenomenological notion of a world horizon and likened to Nietzsche’s promotion of perspectivism. The threat of nihilism and fragmentation, and the possibility of experiencing the world as inhospitable, alienating, or uncanny are also considered in existentialist terms through Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Camus, while existential wonder in the face of the world is considered in light of Camus and Marcel.
Earth
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

Existentialism’s focus on the individual and the human condition may appear to be alien to ecological thinking. Existentialism has been criticized for its anthropocentrism and egocentrism, and as this chapter describes, Sartre often described nature as a threat to human subjectivity and freedom. Yet other existentialist thinkers, particularly Nietzsche, Camus, and Heidegger, along with the poet Rilke, urged concern for the earth, critically rethinking the human role in nature. The critique of human arrogance and of idealist dismissal of the earthly realm by Nietzsche, reverent descriptions of nature by Camus and Rilke, and the critique of technology in Heidegger are shown to all contribute to reconsidering existentialism as an ecologically minded philosophy.
Being
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

Being, as this chapter shows, is the most difficult existentialist concept to define, and it is on this topic that the existentialists are most diverse and often obscure. Being encompasses the dimensions of self, others, world, and earth considered in previous chapters, and yet according to existentialists evades objective thought. This chapter considers the problem of Being in light of Heidegger’s notions of being-in-the-world and the ontological difference, Marcel’s conception of the ontological mystery, Jaspers’s account of the encompassing. It considers Levinas’s turn against existentialism in rejection of its fascination with Being, while also pointing out the persistence of ontology in his own post-existential ethics.
On Imitation, Inspiration, and Authenticity
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers the existentialist conception of authenticity and how it may be possible to achieve despite the natural human capacity for imitation and in light of inspiration for which one might look to others. It argues against taking any existentialist philosopher’s life as a model for authentic living, while also considering the inspiration Kierkegaard found in Socrates and Nietzsche found in Schopenhauer. Apart from the unremarkability, from an external point of view, of some existentialist philosopher’s lives, others may be ethically problematic, as exemplified by Heidegger and his entanglement in nationalist politics. This chapter suggests that the ethical failure on Heidegger’s part contradicts the existentialist conception of authenticity, which demands singularity and responsibility over and above group identification.
I Selfie, Therefore I Am
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents the contemporary phenomenon of “selfie” culture from an existentialist viewpoint. The chapter imagines how Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, and Heidegger might have responded to the persistence in contemporary culture of self-imaging. It critically examines the self-objectification inherent in the making and circulation of such images, the anonymity with which they are circulated, and the detrimental effects of the phenomenon for both sense of self and being-with-others. The chapter also considers the artistic nature of some selfie-making. It asks whether the production and circulation of selfies can be understood in some cases as a form of existential self-invention.
Saving the Nation
Authors: Reilly Thomas H.
Published: October 2020

This book is a history of the Chinese Protestant elite and their contribution to building a new China in the years from 1922 to 1952. While a small percentage of China’s overall population, China’s Protestants constituted a large and influential segment of the urban elite. They exercised that influence through their churches, hospitals, and schools, especially the universities, and also through institutions such as the YMCA and the YWCA, whose membership was drawn from the modern sectors of urban life. These Protestant elites believed that they could best contribute to the building of a new China through their message of social Christianity, believing that Christianity could help make Chinese society strong, modern, and prosperous, but also characterized by justice and mercy. More than preaching a message, the Protestant elite also played a critical social role, through their institutions, broadening the appeal and impact of social movements, and imparting to them a greater sense of legitimacy. This history begins with the elite’s participation in social reform campaigns in the early twentieth century, continues with their efforts in resisting imperialism, and ends with their support for the Communist-led social revolution.
The YMCA and the Protestant Elite Welcome the Revolution
Authors: Reilly Thomas H.
Published: October 2020

Following World War II, the Chinese began the task of rebuilding their nation. Protestant churches and schools joined these efforts, and Protestant leaders such as Ginling College’s president Wu Yifang represented the Nationalist republic to the world. The wartime alliance between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists broke down in 1946, and a civil war ensued, ending with a Communist victory in 1949. The YMCA secretary Wu Yaozong took the lead in preparing the churches and the Protestant elite for life under the new regime. Consulting with the Communist leader, Zhou Enlai, Wu published the Christian Manifesto, which was a statement confessing the church’s complicity in Western imperialism and expressing her determination to support the revolution. The Korean War added a sense of urgency to these actions, and a new church structure, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, was established to better serve the new relationship between state and church.
Introduction
Authors: Bellaviti Sean
Published: October 2020

It was some time after I first met Panamanian vocalist and multi-instrumentalist Lucho de Sedas, in early 2005, that he began playing a custom designed Fender Stratocaster whenever he performed for audiences in Toronto. In contrast to the sleek B. C. Rich Gunslinger Assassin that had followed him from Panama, Lucho’s new electric guitar had emblazoned on its front the tricolored Panamanian flag. This new guitar would become a key part of his signature look, for it communicated his connection to and love of country. Indeed, for the highly diverse contingent of Hispanic Canadians that made up the audience for his music in his newly adopted land, the instrument was also the most striking if not principal reference to the musician’s nationality. This is because—as Lucho would remark to me on several occasions—Panamanian music is little known outside of Panama. This lack of familiarity with the music to which he had devoted his life was deeply felt by Lucho, who is not only a household name in his own country, but had risen to fame performing the most widely embraced form of popular music in Panama....
Early Música Típica and Its Antecedents
Authors: Bellaviti Sean
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 examines música típica’s antecedents in Panama’s Azuero peninsula during a period of great social change. Focusing on developments in areas of musical sound and all the practices that surround large rural dances called bailes, this chapter reveals how the evolution of this music was shaped by the peninsula’s geography, its evolving economic structure and labor relations, and, most of all, the musical preferences of performing musicians and their fans, the dancing baile-goers. In sharp contrast to the Panamanian folklorists’ romantic portrayals of their rural compatriots as untouched by modernization, this chapter outlines a history that makes clear that in terms of their musical interests and dance preferences, Azuerenses were not too dissimilar from their urban counterparts. Moreover, whether in terms of the social imperatives that led to the baile’s emergence as the foremost occasion for broad-based community participation or the seamless elision of themes of romantic love, nostalgia, and the pain of physical separation, this chapter shows that many of música típica’s most compelling, widely-embraced, and distinctive features were firmly established well before the sea changes brought about by the genre’s eventual commercialization.
A Listener’s Guide to Música Típica
Authors: Bellaviti Sean
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 familiarizes the reader with the musical details of música típica. It begins by examining the evolution of ensemble instrumentation and instrument roles over the final quarter of the twentieth century, noting important changes that include more frequent appearance of women as the lead vocalists and other novel practices brought about through the pioneering efforts of cumbia innovadores (innovators). This is followed by a detailed outline of the standard musical features of the genre, including instrument roles and the collection of interlocking patterns that make up the composite grooves that both musicians and dancers report are at the heart of música típica’s aesthetic appeal. This chapter concludes with an exploration of this music’s capacity to call up nationalist feelings while remaining, in the view of its practitioners, decidedly, indeed adamantly, nonpolitical.
Epilogue
Authors: Bellaviti Sean
Published: October 2020

The epilogue examines the events that unfolded when an unusual confluence of events placed a top música típica band on the stage of Canada’s premier salsa festival only weeks after the Panamanian soccer team had scored its first ever and only goal in a World Cup match. Describing the series of in-the-moment decisions that occurred during the course of the performance, the stage-side discussion of the musicians longing for a genuine change to the standard baile routine, and the response of Panamanian festival goers who were still high on the strong feelings of national pride produced by their small country’s entry into one of the world’s most important sporting events, the author shows that when it comes to its capacity to represent the nation, some of the reasons why música típica has not caught on widely outside the country, indeed, the significant barriers to international fame that it has historically encountered are, at the same time, the very features that for Panamanians makes música típica el baile del pueblo.
From the Cabaret Number to the Melodrama of Dance Reform
Authors: Iyer Usha
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on two Bharatanatyam-trained stars in the 1950s and 1960s, Vyjayanthimala and Waheeda Rehman, analyzing changes in film dance alongside the canonization of specific classical and folk dance forms by the Sangeet Natak Akademi. By studying how dance training influences acting repertoires, this chapter calls attention to movement, gesture, and bodily comportment to enhance our understanding of virtuosity and technique, proposing a movement-based analysis of film acting grounded in kinesthetic performance and spectatorship. Rehman and Vyjayanthimala’s most ambitious production numbers speak to their own performative desires as trained dancers. Films featuring these A-list actresses as dancing protagonists evince a generic tendency, described here as the “melodrama of dance reform,” which combines the dance spectacular with the “social problem” film, producing in the process cinematic figurations riven with anxieties and aspirations around female sexuality, bodily movement, and economic independence.
Introduction
Authors: Vera Alejandro
Published: October 2020

The Introduction posits the theoretical concepts and bibliographical context for the book. Based on testimony from Josefa Soto, a nun who played the harp in the convent of La Victoria from the late eighteenth century onwards, it states that duality was an essential trait of colonial music and culture. Also, it explains some of the similarities and differences with previous studies about music in colonial cities, and reflects on the concepts of “thick narrative” (Burke), history, and microhistory (Ginzburg), among others. It then discusses the cities of Santiago and Lima, showing that the latter was the main referent for the former and that several of Santiaguino musical practices and culture can be better understood in the light of Lima’s influence. The Introduction concludes by describing the primary sources, including both historical documents and music scores found in several archives from Chile and abroad, the limitations of this research, and the acknowledgments.
The Private Sphere and the Music Trade
Authors: Vera Alejandro
Published: October 2020

This chapter studies the musical life of private houses in the city. Informed by historical documents (namely wills, dowries, inventories, and customs records), music scores, and treatises from the colonial period, it begins by documenting the instruments and books of music that prevailed in the domestic space and its context. Subsequently, it supplies new information about the music trade among individuals from Cádiz, Lima, and Santiago, showing how the elite took advantage of their commercial networks to foster their musical practice. It also revises the role performed by women and the familiar entourage in private musical life, as well as the prevailing genres and styles, highlighting the different ways of performing dances and songs. One of the chapter’s conclusions, indeed, is that the performance—more than the instruments and genres in themselves—acquired increasing importance in social terms during the 18th century, as the enlightened ideas gained more influence in the city.
Conclusion
Authors: Vera Alejandro
Published: October 2020

The Conclusion summarizes the main contents and ideas of the book. Some of these are that Santiago was musically and culturally related to other cities of the Spanish empire (particularly Lima) and that its relatively scarce resources did not hinder it from giving rise to a complex—and dual—musical life. Duality, indeed, was present in the manner of understanding music as a double-edged sword, the distance between the artistic and social prestige of musicians, the blurred limits between sacred and secular music, and even the practice of composing. The Conclusion ends by explaining in detail the most relevant continuities and changes in musical practice that took place over time.
Ballet in the Cold War
Authors: Searcy Anne
Published: October 2020

During the Cold War, the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union developed cultural exchange programs, in which they sent performing artists abroad in order to generate goodwill for their countries. Ballet companies were frequently called on to serve in these programs, particularly in the direct Soviet-American exchange. This book analyzes four of the early ballet exchange tours, demonstrating how this series of encounters changed both geopolitical relations and the history of dance. The ballet tours were enormously popular. Performances functioned as an important symbolic meeting point for Soviet and American officials, creating goodwill and normalizing relations between the two countries in an era when nuclear conflict was a real threat. At the same time, Soviet and American audiences did not understand ballet in the same way. As American companies toured in the Soviet Union and vice versa, audiences saw the performances through the lens of their own local aesthetics. Ballet in the Cold War introduces the concept of transliteration to understand this process, showing how much power viewers wielded in the exchange and explaining how the dynamics of the Cold War continue to shape ballet today.
Place, Frankishness, and Regionality
Authors: Golden Rachel May
Published: October 2020

While the First Crusade would entail great destruction, Pope Urban’s initial summons proved captivating, joining concepts of love and duty, and associating crusading with Frankishness, an index of identity for northern Frenchmen and Occitanians. Crusade chronicles, along with concepts found in Crusade song, reveal the persuasive nature of this messaging. This chapter demonstrates the particularly Frankish and Occitanian nature of the First Crusade and ways that Occitanian citizens, like Raymond of Saint-Gilles and Adhémar of Le Puy, aided the effort. Occitanians found crusading inspiration in relics like the Holy Lance, and in stories of local heroes, like Gouffier of Lastours. Chant e deport by Gaucelm Faidit demonstrates such notions of locality, heroism, and imagination. Finally, Occitanians affirmed their allegiance to Christian theologies such as the Incarnation, and saw the failure to uphold one’s vows as warranting extreme acts of violence. These values are articulated in Latin versus Nube carnis maiestatis.
Locality, Distance, and Troubadour Song in the Second Crusade
Authors: Golden Rachel May
Published: October 2020

Troubadour song has been explored as an expression of courtly love and early vernacular song creation, even mythologized as a brief flowering of a romanticized Occitanian golden age. However, troubadour songs also importantly act as expressions of place and provide indices of contemporaneous regional communities and identities. Contemporary with the Second Crusade, the troubadour songs Pax in nomine Domini by Marcabru and Lanqan li jorn by Jaufre Rudel employ circularity, dialectic, and movement as ways of expressing place and creating a sense of near versus far. These songs should not be understood as only fixed texts; rather in sounding, transmission, and the enacting of motion they move through new environments and assume new agency as they travel. Troubadour songs of the Second Crusade thus transcend the role of fixed musical object to mediate between the position of composer-poet, the voice of the performer, and the reception of distant listeners.
The Red Mirror
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz
Published: October 2020

This book inquires into Vladimir Putin’s leadership strategy and relies on social identity theory to explain Putin’s success as a leader. The author argues that Russia’s second president has been successful in promoting his image as an embodiment of the shared national identity of the Russian citizens. He has articulated the shared collective perspective and has built a social consensus by tapping into powerful group emotions of shame and humiliation derived from the painful experience of the transition in the 1990s. He was able to overturn these emotions into pride and patriotism by activating two central pillars of the Soviet collective identity: a sense of exceptionalism that the Soviet regime promoted to consolidate the Soviet nation, and a sense of a foreign threat to the state and its people that also was foundational for the Soviet Union. Putin’s assertive foreign policy decisions, culminating in the annexation of Crimea, appeared to have secured, in the eyes of the Russian citizens, their insecure national identity. The top-down leadership and bottom-up collective identity–driven processes coalesced to produce a newly revanchist Russia, with its current leader perceived by many citizens to be irreplaceable. Politics of national identity in Russia are promoted through a well-coordinated media machine that works to focus citizens’ attention on Putin’s foreign policy and on Russia’s international standing. Public fears are played out against the backdrop of Soviet legacies of national exceptionalism and the politics of victimhood associated with the 1990s to conjure a sense of collective dignity, self-righteousness, and national strength to keep the present political system intact.
The White Knight and the Red Queen
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz
Published: October 2020

This chapter relies on the “new psychology of leadership”—an approach to analyzing leadership process relying on social identity theory—to explain the relationship between Vladimir Putin and the Russian people. The main insights of this theory highlight the key elements that make Putin’s leadership effective. These are the shared popular perceptions: (1) that Putin is “one of us”; (2) that he is “doing it for us”; (3) that he is “crafting a sense of us”; and (4) that he is “making us matter.” In this chapter I address each of these elements conceived as a glue that links the followers to the leader and discuss how these sentiments get manifested in people’s own articulations. This chapter also discusses the results of an original survey experiment that aimed at testing the political implications of prompting insecure collective identity.
Constructing the Collective Trauma of the 1990s
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz
Published: October 2020

This chapter investigates the role of the 1990s for the political legitimation of Russia’s current political leadership. It builds on the constructivist approach to analyze the role of collective trauma in Russia and demonstrates that the cultural and political constructions in Russia over the past two decades have gone hand in hand in their modes of representing the collective experience of the 1990s. This decade has been represented entirely in black colors, highlighting and exaggerating the negative side of these experiences. The chapter demonstrates that this frame of the 1990s is propagated by the pro-Kremlin media personalities and is frequently invoked by Vladimir Putin in his speeches and press conferences.
MMM for VVP
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz
Published: October 2020

Putin’s leadership is constructed through media. This chapter explores the key points in the development of the Kremlin-controlled media machine, including the key actors, central mechanisms, and the dominant ideological frames. The chapter makes an argument that the media machine evolved in response to arising political challenges such as Ukraine’s 2004 “Orange revolution,” the 2011–2012 public protests in Russia, and the new standoff with the West after the 2014 annexation of Crimea.
Le Cirque Politique à la Russe
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz
Published: October 2020

This chapter advances further the analysis of media as a political legitimation mechanism in Russia by delving into the role of political talk shows in controlling public opinion in Russia. Borrowing most effective practices from Western media and American “outrage industry,” the Russian media professionals create TV programming focused on the personalities of their hosts and driven by moral outrage, anger, and other uncivil techniques. The analysis zooms in on Vladimir Solovyev’s talk shows, considered most crucial for the Kremlin-based propaganda efforts, and pays specific attention to the toolkit used by Solovyev and other media personalities in service of the Kremlin.
Refugee Camps and Urban Settlements
Authors: Parekh Serena
Published: October 2020

Though our moral obligations to resettle refugees or grant them asylum often dominate discussions among philosophers and the general public alike, this chapter shows why we must also think about the vast majority of refugees who will never be resettled nor even seek asylum. Over 90 percent of refugees remain in the Global South, in refugee camps or informally in urban centers, sometimes for decades. Refugee camps are often unable to protect basic rights or guarantee security and require refugees to give up their autonomy. Increasingly, refugees are refusing to go to camps and choosing instead to live, virtually without aid, in urban centers. Though they maintain their autonomy, urban refugees often struggle to find adequate work and housing, and often cannot access education for their children. This chapter demonstrates that neither of the two main options granted to refugees today allows refugees to access the minimum conditions of human dignity.
Knowledge Attributions to Minimal Epistemic Agents
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: October 2020

Widespread usage data for “know,” “learn,” “see,” “remember,” and other epistemic words are given. Such words are routinely and literally applied to animals ranging from sophisticated elephants and orcas to insects like ants and honeybees to nonconscious mechanisms like driverless cars, drones, and thermostats. Further, “S knows p” places no constraints on the agent S vis-à-vis the concepts exhibited in p: Rover need not have the concept of “cat” to know that a cat is trapped above him in a tree. How this data shows that a knowing agent need not know much, need not be self-conscious of what she knows, and need not be conscious or capable of metacognition is described. The modularity of agential knowledge is characterized: two agents may have the same sensory evidence for p, and yet one can know p while the other doesn’t because of other aspects of their methods for establishing p.