bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Italian Instrumental Music of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Cooper Gerald M.
Published: January 2007

Having occasion recently to study the early history of instrumental music, I was struck by the different course that those first developments took in the chief countries of Europe. I found that it was impossible to deal with the whole subject in one gulp. Each country had to be taken separately and approached from a different point of view, for in each what I might term the vital stream took a different course. To illustrate my meaning, the backbone of German music in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the deep-rooted tradition of amateur music-making, which has lasted up to the present day in Germany as in no other country. The professional musicians of that period were largely foreigners, and although the exotic influences that they brought with them undoubtedly left their mark, it was the comparatively simple and essentially German music, written for the amateur, that bore the germ from which the great classical period sprang.
Early Keyboard Instruments
Authors: James Philip
Published: January 2007

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I deeply appreciate the honour you have conferred on me by asking me to speak to you about early keyboard instruments, and I feel sure that you will agree that, as a very interested amateur speaking to a body of experts, I am entitled to a full measure of tolerance. May I ask you at the outset to believe that I am not here to initiate a Scrap-Your-Grand-Piano campaign or to advocate a programme of “Clavichords for All”? I come to suggest that, after an examination of the construction of these instruments, of their beauties and their limitations, we shall agree that for the proper appreciation of the music of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it is essential both to recognise them and to use them. As far as I can discover from the Proceedings of this Association the last occasion on which these instruments were the subject of a paper was in 1885 when the late A. J. Hipkins spoke about them. Every musical historian gratefully recognises Mr. Hipkins's pioneer work, but a good deal of fresh material has come to light since those days.
Byzantine Music
Authors: Wellesz Egon
Published: January 2007

Until recently the study of Byzantine history and civilisation has had to fight against an almost insuperable prejudice. The whole Byzantine world was considered as petrified, bloodless and decadent both in its life and in its artistic creation, and gifted scholars refused to waste their energy on a study which seemed unimportant. Although a large number of Byzantine manuscripts were brought to Europe in the seventeenth century and, in spite of the publication of Allacci's Studies in the Liturgical Books of the Greek Church, Goar's Commentary on the Euchologium and Montfaucon's Palœographia Grœca, yet knowledge of these works and the study of Byzantine art were confined to a small number of people and aroused no regular interest. Sixty years ago a famous German scholar—Professor W. Christ, of the University of Munich—in his Preface to the Anthologia Grœca Carminum Christianorum apologised for deserting the “elegance and fine freedom of the poets of Greece and Rome for the thorny bypaths of mediæval Christian verse.” The prefaces, too, of later works dealing with Byzantium all contain the same apology, the author wishing to make it clear that he has undertaken his task in a spirit of scientific enquiry rather than out of conviction or enthusiasm.
The Vocal Accompaniment of Plainchant
Authors: Shore S. Royle
Published: January 2007

My paper is not concerned with the merits or demerits of Piainchant, or even of its organ accompaniment, but with its vocal accompaniment, or embellishment. We are also concerned only with practical musical considerations, and entirely apart from religious and liturgical ones. The latter are there, but must remain in the background. Something, however, must be said about Piainchant and its accompaniment.
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
Authors: Antcliffe Herbert
Published: January 2007

What is it that makes the work of a composer classical? The question is no mere oratorical one, for it affects directly the discussion of the work, and the influences which made that work and put it into the position it holds to-day, of one whose name is more widely known than is his music, and yet whose name is far from being a household word even among musicians of some learning. “It is as an organist,” says Mr. Reginald Lane Poole, in his notice of Sweelinck which has run through several editions of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, “It is as an organist and the founder of a school of organists that Sweelinck had the most influence, an influence which made itself felt through the whole length of Northern Germany. In the next generation nearly all the leading organists there had been his scholars; his learning and method were carried by them from Hamburg to Danzig. His pupil Scheidemann handed down the tradition to the great Reincke—himself a Dutchman—from whom, if we are to accept a statement supported alike by unanimous testimony and by exhaustive analysis of the works, it turned to find its consummation in Sebastian Bach.” This summing up of the position of Sweelinck, although in itself absolutely accurate and the conclusion of an article that is one of the best studies of the life and work of the great Amsterdam master, combined with the fact that at the present time none of the manuscripts of his works are to be found in Holland, has led sometimes to a misapprehension of the national position of the man and his music. He has, among less accurate and careful writers, been classed as a great German, and as one merely “whose organ works are of great historical interest.” Thanks to the researches of Professor Max Seiffert and others and particularly lately to those of Bernhard van der Sigtenhorst Meyer, to whose recent book on Jan P. Sweelinck en zijn Instrumentale Muziek I am indebted for most of the facts contained in this paper, we know that he was essentially a Dutchman by birth and family, though it is not unlikely that some of his relations, as happens with most families in Holland, settled at one time or another in towns on the Eastern side of the frontier.
The Gipsy in Andalusian Folk-Lore and Folk-Music
Authors: Starkie Walter
Published: January 2007

My object in reading this paper before the British Musical Association is to describe certain observations I have made concerning the folk-lore and music of the south of Spain. I shall not attempt to deal with the great problem of Spanish musical history: that has been done by Professor Trend in his excellent books such as The Music of Spanish History and Manuel de Falla. My study of the music of the south of Spain is mainly based upon personal experience as a minstrel in the towns and villages of the country, where I had the opportunity of mixing with folk-singers, guitarists, gipsy minstrels and dancers. My main object in studying thus the music of the Andalusian folk was to enable me to arrive at a deeper understanding of that elusive Indian Romany race which has played such an important part in the history of European music. It will, therefore, not be amiss if to-day I consider briefly the history of the gipsies as minstrels.
What is Modern Music?
Authors: Bush Alan
Published: January 2007

The subject of modern music presents us with some of the most actual, and at the same time controversial problems with which musicians are faced to-day, actual in the sense of affecting directly the livelihood of countless composers and instrumentalists, controversial as a result of the multiplicity of conflicting opinions expressed by musicians and non-musicians alike, and the heat with which they are contested. In such circumstances the consideration of the subject by a learned society such as the Musical Association is important in the very highest degree. Only musicians who are in the habit of looking at their art in a detached and scientific way and from a historical point of view can hope to throw any light on or provide any basis for the fruitful discussion of the questions involved. The present paper is an attempt to clear away some of the difficulties in understanding the trends which can be seen to exist in the music which is usually described as modern, and to provide some objective standards of judgment, which, while not entirely beyond the influence of personal opinion, are yet not merely the individual subjective reactions of like and dislike for any particular work, which are not infrequently dignified by the name of musical criticism.
The Use and Treatment of Canto Fermo by the Netherlands School of the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Sawyer F. H.
Published: January 2007

Some time ago, in collaboration with Professor Read of St. Andrews, I was engaged in the transcription of some music contained in a book on Alchemy by one Michael Maier. The book, entitled Atalanta fugiens, was published near Frankfort in 1618. It contained fifty Discourses on Alchemy, each being preceded by a woodcut, an epigram in doubtful Latin verse and the first couplet of each of the latter set to music in canon; all the canons being written above, below, or around the same Canto Fermo. I had intended to speak of the music to-day, but as most of what I should have said has recently appeared in Professor Read's book Prelude to Chemistry, in which some of the canons are reproduced, I did not feel justified in repeating matter so recently issued in print. I have the book here and shall be glad to show it to anyone caring to see it at the close of the proceedings.
Musical Education in Tudor Times (1485–1603)
Authors: Harris David G. T.
Published: January 2007

The Tudor Era was remarkable for the interest shown in music by all classes of society. Educationists as Sir Thomas Hoby through his translation of Castiglione'sBook of the Courtier, Sir Thomas Elyot inThe Boke of the Governour, Roger Ascham inToxophilus, and Richard Mulcaster inThe Elementariewrite at length on the value of musical education.
English Lute Music of the Golden Age
Authors: Newton Richard
Published: January 2007

The music we are going to hear this evening is really the fulfilment of a desire expressed by this Association nearly thirty-one years ago. After a paper on the subject of lute-music by Miss Janet Dodge, Mr. James Matthew said: “We were many of us rather hoping we might have the pleasure of hearing the actual instrument,” and Dr. Southgate added “We should of course have liked to hear the lute.” But in those days much patient effort had still to be made before the art of lute-playing (distinct from a kind of bastard imitation on the guitar) could be said to have been fully recovered; and so they had to be content with a piano. Even to-day, the sound of the lute will be strange and unknown to most of us here; and as I am convinced that any critical discussion of music for an unknown instrument can only be misleading, I have asked Mrs. Poulton to play the very generous programme you have before you, in the hope that you will be able to gain some clear idea how this music really sounded at the hands of its composers.
Dvořák in England
Authors: Fischl Viktor
Published: January 2007

On September 8th, 1941, a hundred years had passed since the birth of the Czech composer Antonin Dvořák. “I believe the nations that possess and practise their art will never perish, however small they may be,” Dvořák once wrote to his German publisher, Simrock. In these words is concealed a portion of that faith which to-day inspires the people in Czechoslovakia as they listen to the powerful notes of winged freedom that gush forth from Dvořák's music with the invincible certitude of new liberty.
Santley and Some Famous Singers of His Time
Authors: Levien J. Mewburn
Published: January 2007

Charles Santley (1834–1922): early days and training. Maestri Gaetano Nava (1802–75) and Manuel Garcia (1805–1906). Henry Fothergill Chorley (1808–72), music critic. Opening of Liverpool Philharmonic Hall. Giulia Grisi (1811–69), Marietta Alboni (1823–94), Pauline Viardot-Garcia (1821–1910), Mario (1810–83), Sims Reeves (1818–1900), Karl Formes (1816–89), Luigi Lablache (1794–1858), Joseph Staudigl (1807–61), Jenny Lind (1820–87), Giulia Ravogli (1860-), Italo Gardoni (1821–82), Edward Lloyd (1845–1927), Joseph Maas (1847–86), Ben Davies (1858–1943), Gervase Elwes (1866–1921), Jean de Reszke (1850–1925), Antonio Cotogni (1831–1918), Aynsley Cook (1831–94), J. L. Hatton (1809–86), John Orlando Parry (1810–79), Therese Tietjens (1831–77), Adelina Patti (1843–1919), lima di Murska (1836–89), Dame Emma Albani (1852–1930), Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931), Louisa Pyne (1832–1904), Janet Patey (1842–94), Charlotte Sainton-Dolby (1821–85), Giorgio Ronconi (1810–90), Giuditta Pasta (1798–1860, Marie Caroline Carvalho (1827–95), Louisa Kirkby Lunn (1873–1930), John Braham (1774–1856), The Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe (1764–1839) on Recitative. Ambroise Thomas on Santley's Hamlet with Christine Nilsson (1843–1921) as Ophelia.
The Music of Delius
Authors: Harrison May
Published: January 2007

The subject is such a vast one, and Sir Thomas Beecham has written so perfectly and with such beauty about Delius, that I feel most diffident at speaking, and will only touch on the chamber and instrumental music, and recall some of the many lovely memories which my sisters and I treasure of Delius and his wonderful wife Jelka, whom we knew very intimately for about the last eighteen years of their lives.
The English Symphonists of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Cudworth C.L.
Published: January 2007

My purpose this afternoon is to trace the development of the three-movement symphony-overture in England during the eighteenth century, as composed by English composers and not by visiting foreigners, whose works will only be mentioned in so far as they contribute to our knowledge of the native style. I use the hyphenated expression ‘symphony-overture’ advisedly, as its two component terms were completely interchangeable throughout the whole period under review; both signified a piece of music, usually for a full band of players, which could be performed either before or during a theatrical representation, or as a separate item in a concert. Both words had long been familiar in this country; ‘symphony,’ a word of Greek derivation, seems to have been the older in English usage, although more familiar as a term referring to various instruments of the hurdy-gurdy class than to any specific kind of music.
Thomas Tomkins 1575?–1656
Authors: Rose Bernard
Published: January 2007

The tercentenary of the death of Tomkins falls on 9 June of this year. The exact year of his birth is not known, but Atkins and Fellowes, from information on the memorial tablet of his son, Nathaniel, both agree that it was 1575 or a little earlier. Tomkins's remark in the dedication to his Songs (1662) (in which he addresses the Earl of Pembroke) that ‘… I first breathed, and beheld the sunne, in that Country, to which your Lordship gives that greatest lustre, taking the Title of your Earledome from it …’ encouraged Dr. Fellowes to follow up the clue, and he was rewarded by discovering in a Chapter Act Book at St. David's Cathedral, Pembrokeshire, that three by the name of Thomas Tomkins—a father and two sons—had served there.
The Operas of Leoš Janáček
Authors: Shawe-Taylor Desmond
Published: January 2007

To Discuss the operas of Janáček without a smattering of Czech is rash. The extensive Janáček literature so far published is almost all in untranslated Czech; this includes the composer's two treatises on harmony, which are said to be obscure even to his compatriots. Moreover, Janáček's music is closely linked with the rhythms and contours of speech in his native Moravia, and study of this aspect of his work is inevitably hampered by ignorance of the language. My solitary claim to speak to a learned society on the subject—apart from a personal enthusiasm which can be taken for granted—is that during recent years I have been able to see all nine of his operas performed in Czechoslovakia, some of them more than once, and some of them elsewhere in Europe as well. Criticism of opera on the basis of the printed page alone, though often unavoidable, is seldom satisfactory; in the case of Janáček it is particularly hazardous.
The Keyboard Music of Orlando Gibbons (1583–1625)
Authors: Hendrie Gerald
Published: January 2007

Orlando Gibbons was undoubtedly one of the greatest of English composers. Indeed, his music ranks among the finest written by any European composer of the day. His musical gifts received early recognition, and in 1605, at the age of twenty-one, he was appointed an organist of the Chapel Royal. John Bull and Edmund Hooper were among his colleagues. Doubtless, much of the organ music was written at this time, but since it is all stylistically mature it is impossible to date it accurately. However, some of the best keyboard music was included in Parthenia, and this dates from 1612–13. It is likely that much of the dance music—both for keyboard and for strings—was written after his appointment in 1619 as a musician of the Privy Chamber, for dancing was much in vogue at court and dance-music was enjoyed also in its own right. In 1623 Gibbons was appointed organist of Westminster Abbey, and two years later he died, at Canterbury.
The Purpose of Harmony Teaching
Authors: Wishart Peter
Published: January 2007

If one reads the text-books of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it becomes obvious that in those days the practical knowledge of harmony and counterpoint was a sine qua non for all musicians. Most performers, indeed, of any reputation composed music habitually, either to play themselves, for teaching, or to make some profit from publication. It may be that this universal education in the making of music is one of the reasons for the astonishing amount of much more than tolerable music which has come to us from this period. Even singers, that variety of homo sapiens which is often classified apart, were so trained, if only to decorate the repeats of da capo arias with their ‘incredible graces’.
On the Velocity of Sound in Air
Authors: Blaikley D. J.
Published: January 2007

The importance of this subject, whatever the value of the work of any individual observer may be, must be manifest to all, for upon a right understanding of it depends the power of designing buildings of good acoustical proportions and wind instruments of all kinds, and the massing together to the greatest advantage (or perhaps we should say the least disadvantage) of large numbers of singers and instrumentalists. In the highest regions of physical science, also, the determination of the velocity of sound has had its place, not only for its own sake, but as a means to an end of great importance. However, it will not be necessary for our purpose to do more than touch upon this point.
The Performance of Plainsong in the Later Middle Ages and the Sixteenth Century
Authors: More Thomas
Published: January 2007

If it were possible to consult representatives of a cross-section of ordinary European church choirs towards the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries, it would be interesting to see how much unanimity there would be in their answers to our questions about the performance of the chant. The sort of men one would like to question would be the precentors of churches with a great liturgical tradition, such as Salisbury Cathedral, and also of some of the smaller churches, for example, St Mary-at-Hill in the City, where music was fostered as a matter of course and where members of the Chapel Royal occasionally sang. One would also like to consult the organists; those concerned with the teaching of the chant and those engaged in editing new service-books, such as Dr. Sampson of King's College, Cambridge, in the first quarter of the sixteenth century.
J. C. Bach's Operas
Authors: Warburton Ernest
Published: January 2007

The editors of the recently published vocal score of Temistocle point out that Johann Christian Bach ‘is one of the few composers in the history of music who have been equally successful in symphonic music and in opera’. A glance at C. S. Terry's thematic catalogue of Bach's works is sufficient to convince one of the wide range of the composer's musical sympathies. Indeed, Haydn and Mozart apart, there were very few musicians active in the second half of the eighteenth century who could claim such versatility. Yet the claim that Bach was a particularly successful composer of either Italian or French opera is not supported by the facts.
Opera under the French Revolution
Authors: Dean Winton
Published: January 2007

There is never much danger of historians underrating the political, social or literary importance of the French Revolution. While that cataclysmic event is acknowledged to have affected the course of musical development, as of everything else, the music composed in Paris at the time has received little attention. This neglect has distorted our view of the past. We are apt to think of the romantic movement in music as a German development, stemming from Beethoven, who in turn built on tidy foundations laid by Haydn and Mozart. This view, fostered by German scholarship, contains an element of truth; but it is very far from being the whole story. If there was such a thing as a romantic breakthrough, it occurred in France in the early 1790s. before Beethoven had formed his style. It was largely a product of the Revolution, and like most other musical innovations during the baroque, classical and romantic periods—monody, the symphony, sonata form, the Mozartian concerto, the relaxation of tonality in Wagner—its origins must be sought in the opera house.
Some Aspects of the Changing Relationship between Composer and Performer in Contemporary Music
Authors: Smalley Roger
Published: January 2007

Until comparatively recently the history of musical notation has been synonymous with the desire of the composer to exercise an increasing degree of control over the performance of his works via the medium of the written score. Viewed in historical perspective, it will be seen that during the last thirty years virtually every aspect of this complex composer/performer relationship has been radically changed—in many instances the outcome has been an almost total reversal of roles.
The Gemshorn: a Reconstruction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Horace
Published: January 2007

The Gemshorn can be defined as a folk recorder, made from an animal horn, which enjoyed some currency from the latter part of the fourteenth century to the middle of the sixteenth. It belongs to that definitively European class of instruments, the end-blown fipple pipes; but it is unique amongst them in having a bore which is a stopped inverted cone. Apart from endearing itself to organists for some four and a half centuries as a useful flute-stop in which its name survives, the Gemshorn made few appearances, whether folk or formal, after its final decline round about 1550.
The French Operatic Overture from Grétry to Berlioz
Authors: Deane Basil
Published: January 2007

Like every other constituent of opera in the middle of the eighteenth century, the overture was subjected to theoretical scrutiny. Rousseau's article in the Encyclopédie was the starting point for critical discussion. An attack on the traditional French overture was part of his general campaign against French tragédie lyrique, and with characteristic polemical skill he gives an illusion of objectivity by attributing his views to unspecified third parties. He begins with an impeccable definition: ‘The overture is a symphonic piece which the composer aims to render brilliant, imposing, harmonious, and which introduces operas and other lyric dramas of substantial proportions’. He goes on to point out that 40 years earlier the French type of overture was exported to Italy. But music has progressed since then, so the Italians now use the quick-slow-quick sequence. By so doing they silence the audience and command attention with the lively opening; induce receptivity to emotions with the softer slow section; and arouse a sense of expectancy with the conclusion. They (the Italian musicians) assert that the French overture does not fulfil the essential function of engaging the attention of the audience, because the slow introduction is indistinguishable from the preliminary tuning-up, and because what follows is conducive of boredom, not concentration. Rousseau goes on to deal with the relationship of the overture to the following opera. A connection between the two is desirable. But it is wrong to include in the overture all the features of the drama. This has the consequence that the action and the development of the opera is presented twice. The best kind of overture, says Rousseau, is one which predisposes the audience to be receptive to the mood of the opening scene of the opera.
Performance of an Institutionalized Legislature
Authors: Gilligan Thomas W.
Published: January 2007

Within the context of a game-theoretic model with incomplete information, three dimensions of performance are defined and used to evaluate and analyze an institutionalized legislature. The performance of an institutionalized legislature is also compared to that of a noninstitutionalized legislature, one without any internal differentiation and in which members are equally uninformed about key parameters of the choice environment. Among the results are that increasing institutionalization (lower member turnover and the application of universal decision criteria) can diminish legislative performance. Additionally, a noninstitutionalized legislature always dominates the institutionalized legislature on at least one performance dimension. Institutionalization is neither necessary nor sufficient for superior legislative performance.
Mixing Methods: A Multistage Strategy for Studying Patriotism and Citizen Participation
Authors: Theiss-Morse Elizabeth , Fried Amy , Sullivan John L. , Dietz Mary
Published: January 2007

We propose a methodological strategy that addresses some of the widespread criticisms of survey research. Traditional survey research has, to a great extent, neglected the role of contested concepts in politics and respondents' subjectivity. Our mix of methods—including conceptual analysis,Q-methodology, and survey research—enables us to measure people's subjective understandings of contested concepts while allowing us to reap the benefits of survey research. In two case studies, one on patriotism and the other on participatory citizenship, we demonstrate that the mixed method more accu rately measures respondents' subjectivity and leads to greater predictive abil ity through more accurate measures.
Nonparametric Unidimensional Unfolding for Multicategory Data
Authors: van Schuur Wijbrandt H.
Published: January 2007

This article describes a nonparametric unidimensional unfolding model for dichotomous data (van Schuur 1984) and shows how it can be extended to multicategory data such as Likert-type rating data. This extension is analogous to Molenaar's (1982) application of Mokken's (1970) nonparametric unidimensional cumulative scaling model. The model is illustrated with an analysis of five-point preference ratings given in 1980 to five political presidential candidates by Democratic and Republican party activists in Missouri.
A Correction for an Underdispersed Event Count Probability Distribution
Authors: Winkelmann Rainer , Signorino Curtis S. , King Gary
Published: January 2007

We demonstrate that the expected value and variance commonly given for a well-known probability distribution are incorrect. We also provide corrected versions and report changes in a computer program to account for the known practical uses of this distribution.

The probability distribution in question, named the continuous parameter binomial (CPB) by King (1989a), has been known for at least six decades. The publications that reported the moments incorrectly, or were at least unclear about them, include a dated article (Guldberg 1931), a dissertation and several resulting published articles (Katz 1945, 1965), a popular reference book (Johnson and Kotz 1969),' work in political science on event count regression models (King 1989a), and extensions of these event count models in econometrics (Winkelmann and Zimmermann 1991). Event count regression models have become increasingly common in empirical political science research; some recent examples include Wang et al. (1993) and Krause (1994).
Highly efficient concerted evolution in the ribosomal DNA repeats: Total rDNA repeat variation revealed by whole-genome shotgun sequence data
Authors: Ganley Austen R.D. , Kobayashi Takehiko
Published: January 2007

Repeat families within genomes are often maintained with similar sequences. Traditionally, this has been explained by concerted evolution, where repeats in an array evolve “in concert” with the same sequence via continual turnover of repeats by recombination. Another form of evolution, birth-and-death evolution, can also explain this pattern, although in this case selection is the critical force maintaining the repeats. The level of intragenomic variation is the key difference between these two forms of evolution. The prohibitive size and repetitive nature of large repeat arrays have made determination of the absolute level of intragenomic repeat variability difficult, thus there is little evidence to support concerted evolution over birth-and-death evolution for many large repeat arrays. Here we use whole-genome shotgun sequence data from the genome projects of five fungal species to reveal absolute levels of sequence variation within the ribosomal RNA gene repeats (rDNA). The level of sequence variation is remarkably low. Furthermore, the polymorphisms that are detected are not functionally constrained and seem to exist beneath the level of selection. These results suggest the rDNA is evolving via concerted evolution. Comparisons with a repeat array undergoing birth-and-death evolution provide a clear contrast in the level of repeat array variation between these two forms of evolution, confirming that the rDNA indeed does evolve via concerted evolution. These low levels of intra-genomic variation are consistent with a model of concerted evolution in which homogenization is very rapid and efficiently maintains highly similar repeat arrays.
Candida albicans inactivation and cell membrane integrity damage by microwave irradiation
Authors: Campanha Nara Hellen , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , Brunetti Iguatemy Lourenço , Vergani Carlos Eduardo , Machado Ana Lucia , Spolidorio Denise Madalena Palomari
Published: January 2007

In indicating the microwave irradiation for disinfecting dentures it is necessary to see how this procedure influences Candida albicans integrity and viability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of microwaves to inactivate C. albicans and damage cell membrane integrity. Two 200‐ml C. albicans (ATCC 10231) suspensions were obtained. A sterile denture was placed in a beaker containing the Experimental (ES) or the Control suspension (CS). ES was microwaved at 650 W for 6 min. Suspensions were optically counted using methylene blue dye uptake as indicative of membrane‐damaged cells; spread on Agar Sabouraud dextrose (ASD) for viability assay; or spectrophotometrically measured at 550 nm. Cell‐free solutions were submitted to content analyses of protein (Bradford and Pyrogallol red methods); Ca++ (Cresolftaleine complexone method); DNA (spectrophotometer measurements at 260 nm) and K+ (selective electrode technique). Data were analysed by Student's t‐ or Wilcoxon z‐tests (α = 0.05). All ES cells demonstrated cell membrane damage. Viable cells were non‐existent in the ES ASD plates. No significant difference in optical density between ES and CS was observed (P = 0.272). ES cells released significantly high protein (P < 0.001, Bradford; P = 0.005, Pyrogallol red), K+ (P < 0.001), Ca++ (P = 0.012) and DNA (P = 0.046) contents. Microwaves inactivated C. albicans and damaged cell membrane integrity.
Sporotrichosis in north‐east India
Authors: Haldar Nibideta , Sharma M. K. , Gugnani H. C.
Published: January 2007

Reports on the occurrence of sporotrichosis in some parts of north‐east India are scarce. We report here five cases of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis from north‐east India, including one from Sikkim State and four from distant places in the north‐eastern part of West Bengal. All patients were full or part‐time farmers or gardeners. Diagnosis of sporotrichosis was confirmed by isolation of Sporothrix schenckii in culture and in vitro conversion of the isolates to yeast form. The cases were treated with 50% solution of potassium iodide.
Partial Plane Contact of an Elastic Curved Beam Pressed by a Flat Surface
Authors: Block Joseph M. , Keer Leon M.
Published: January 2007

The normal contact of a frictionless, elastic curved beam indented by a flat, rigid surface is solved using a Michell–Fourier series expansion, which satisfies the mixed boundary value problem resulting from partial contact. When the contact region is small compared to the radius of curvature of the beam, semi-analytical solutions are obtained by exploiting dual series equation techniques. The relation between the level of loading and the extent of contact, as well as stress on the surface, are found for plane strain. The elasticity results extend Hertz line contact to finite thickness, curved beams. As the beam becomes thin, beam theory type behavior is recovered. The results may have application to finite-thickness wavy surfaces, cylindrical structures, or pressurized seals.
The groundwaters of Fontevivo (Parma Province, Italy): redox processes and mixing with brine waters
Authors: Toscani Lorenzo , Boschetti Tiziano , Maffini Monica , Barbieri Maurizio , Mucchino Claudio
Published: January 2007

This paper describes the chemical and isotopic characterization of H
2
S-bearing groundwaters of the Fontevivo area, northern Italy. Groundwaters from Fontevivo (Parma Province) contain dissolved H
2
S and minor hydrocarbons, which are released from the truncated front of a buried geological structure (Calabrian– Miocene terrains) and through abandoned unsealed oil wells. H
2
S concentration is up to 5.54 mg/l in groundwaters from the topographical high of the village and its distribution in the investigated area is inversely related with those of NH
4
+
and SO
4
2−
. Groundwaters are dominantly Ca-HCO
3
type with lesser Ca-SO
4
and Na-Cl types and display two compositional trends: group A, waters from Ca-HCO
3
to Ca-SO
4
; group B, waters from Ca-HCO
3
to Na-Cl. Group A water compositions are influenced by redox processes including the oxidation of H
2
S to SO
4
2−
. Primary sulphate from dissolution of Messinian evaporite is rare. Group B waters represent mixing of meteoric water with small amounts of brine. The most Cl (Br, I)-rich groundwaters are located in the NE of the investigated area, where a Cl–Br–I-rich brine was encountered by an exploration well in the Calabrian stratum. Berner has provided a classification of redox environments starting from the observation of the sequence of reduction/oxidation processes as shown by groundwater composition. At Fontevivo the Berner redox zones show an areal distribution where the anoxic zones occur in the topographical high.

The δ
2
H and δ
18
O values of groundwaters plot close to the Global Meteoric Water Line. They indicate that local precipitation recharges the shallow aquifer (<30 m deep), whereas rainwater from the higher elevated Apennine ridge recharges the deeper aquifer (≧30 m deep) via the Taro river and its alluvial fan.

Dissolved H
2
S is depleted in
34
S consistent with biogenic sulphate reduction. Secondary origin from oxidation of H
2
S in shallow groundwater is invoked for depleted δ
34
S (SO
4
2−
). The studied saline sample (27.8 g/l TDS) show a δ
34
S (H
2
S) value of +24.9‰, suggesting a nearly complete reduction of Messinian sulphate within a system closed to H
2
S.

A hydrogeological model is presented based on a chemical-thermodynamic, trace element statistical, and multi-isotope approach.
Abundance, correlations and spatial patterns of nutrients and metals in till, humus, moss and pine needles in a boreal forest, western Finland
Authors: Fältmarsch R. , Peltola P. , Åström M. , Raitio H.
Published: January 2007

Moss, humus, till and needle samples from coniferous forests at 87–103 sites were used to elucidate how natural processes and human activities throughout a 500 km
2
area in western Finland have affected the content, accumulation and dispersion of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in the environment. Abundance, correlations and spatial trends between and within the organic, biological and inorganic compartments were determined. No evident spatial trends existed for K, P, S, Mn, Mg and Ca. The distribution of these macronutrients in and between the media is controlled, to a high degree, by biological cycling; thus the nutrient levels are optimized in the various media. Low correlation coefficients for Ca, P, K, S and Mg between humus and moss, and the low spread of these nutrients in moss and needles, are other strong indications of efficient recycling. No correlation existed between the concentrations of B and the distance from the coast, suggesting that the B patterns are unaffected by deposition of marine salts. There was a strong spatial pattern for B in humus, moss and needles, probably connected with anthropogenic emissions from a nearby town centre. Geogenic dust affected the spatial distribution and the high correlation between Fe and Cr in moss, while natural processes were associated with the Fe anomaly found in the needles. The spatial accumulation patterns of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in humus and moss were strong and diverse and related to current industry, the former steel industry, traffic, coal combustion, and natural geochemical processes. An intriguing Cu anomaly in moss, probably caused by corrosion of the railway line's electric cables, was identified.
Clonal and Parallel Evolution of Primary Lung Cancers and Their Metastases Revealed by Molecular Dissection of Cancer Cells
Authors: Takahashi Kenji , Kohno Takashi , Matsumoto Shingo , Nakanishi Yukihiro , Arai Yasuhito , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi , Tanaka Noriaki , Yokota Jun
Published: January 2007

Purpose: Several models of cancer progression, including clonal evolution, parallel evolution, and same-gene models, have been proposed to date. The purpose of this study is to investigate the authenticity of these models by comparison of accumulated genetic alterations between primary and corresponding metastatic lung cancers.

Experimental Design: A whole-genome allelic imbalance scanning using a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array and mutational analysis of the p53, EGFR, and KRAS genes were done on eight sets of primary and metastatic lung cancers. Based on the genotype data, the natural history of each case was deduced, and candidate metastasis suppressor loci were determined.

Results: Five to 20 chromosomal regions showed allelic imbalance in each tumor. Accumulated genetic alterations were similar between primary and corresponding metastatic tumors, and the majority(>67%) of genetic alterations detected in metastatic tumors was also detected in the corresponding primary tumors. On the other hand, in seven of the eight cases, there were genetic alterations accumulated only in metastatic tumors. Among these alterations, allelic imbalances at chromosome 11p15 and 11p11-p13 regions were the most frequent ones (4 of 8, 50%). Likewise, four cases showed genetic alterations detected only in primary tumors.

Conclusions: The natural history of each case indicated that the process of metastasis varies among cases, and that all three models are applicable to lung cancer progression. According to the clonal and parallel evolution models, it is possible that a metastasis suppressor gene(s) for lung cancer is present on chromosome 11p.
Risk of Second Cancer in Nongastric Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphomas of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue: A Population-Based Study from Northern Italy
Authors: Arcaini Luca , Burcheri Sara , Rossi Andrea , Pascutto Cristiana , Passamonti Francesco , Brusamolino Ercole , Paulli Marco , Orlandi Ester , Buelli Maurizio , Viero Piera , Lucioni Marco , Montanari Francesca , Merli Michele , Cortelazzo Sergio , Lazzarino Mario
Published: January 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to define the risk of second cancer in nongastric marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Experimental Design: We considered for the analysis 157 patients with a confirmed histology of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT, presenting with a clinically prevalent extranodal site of disease, except for stomach. All patients came from two hematologic institutions of Northern Italy. We compared the occurrence of second cancer with respect to the general population by calculating the standardized incidence ratio, with the age- and sex-specific incidence rates of a cancer registry of Northern Italy (Lombardia) as a reference.

Results: A history of solid neoplasia was present in 29 (18%) patients for a total number of 30 neoplasms: 25 solid tumors, 2 hematologic diseases (1 Hodgkin's lymphoma and 1 essential thrombocythemia), and 3 nonmelanoma in situ skin cancers. In 4 patients, the site of cancer and lymphoma was the same. In 21 cases the solid tumor preceded the MALToma, in 3 the neoplasm was concomitant, whereas in 6 it was subsequent. For the entire group, the standardized incidence ratio of an additional malignancy was 0.8 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.55-1.17; P = 0.2]. After excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, the standardized incidence ratio of a second tumor was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.5-1.12; P = 0.2). After excluding all previous malignancies, the standardized incidence ratio of a second cancer was 1.32 (95% CI, 0.69-2.55; P = 0.4). The comparison of risks between males and females was not significant in each group analysis.

Conclusions: Patients with nongastric MALT lymphomas are not at increased risk for other neoplasms compared with the general population of the same geographic area.
The Combi-Targeting Concept: In vitro and In vivo Fragmentation of a Stable Combi-Nitrosourea Engineered to Interact with the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor while Remaining DNA Reactive
Authors: Qiu Qiyu , Domarkas Juozas , Banerjee Ranjita , Merayo Nuria , Brahimi Fouad , McNamee James P. , Gibbs Bernard F. , Jean-Claude Bertrand J.
Published: January 2007

Purpose: JDA58 (NSC 741282), a “combi-molecule” optimized in the context of the “combi-targeting concept,” is a nitrosourea moiety tethered to an anilinoquinazoline. Here, we sought to show its binary epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/DNA targeting property and to study its fragmentation in vitro and in vivo.

Experimental Design: The fragmentation of JDA58 was detected in cells in vitro and in vivo by fluorescence microscopy and tandem mass spectrometry. EGFR phosphorylation and DNA damage were determined by Western blotting and comet assay, respectively. Tumor data were examined for statistical significance using the Student's t test.

Results: JDA58 inhibited EGFR tyrosine kinase (IC50, 0.2 μmol/L) and blocked EGFR phosphorylation in human DU145 prostate cancer cells. It induced significant levels of DNA damage in DU145 cells in vitro or in vivo and showed potent antiproliferative activity both in vitro and in a DU145 xenograft model. In cell-free medium, JDA58 was hydrolyzed to JDA35, a fluorescent amine that could be observed in tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. In tumor cells in vitro or in vivo, or in plasma collected from mice, the denitrosated species JDA41 was the predominant metabolite. However, mass spectrometric analysis revealed detectable levels of the hydrolytic product JDA35 in tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions: The results in toto suggest that growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo may be sustained by the intact combi-molecule plus JDA35 plus JDA41, three inhibitors of EGFR, and the concomitantly released DNA-damaging species. This leads to a model wherein a single molecule carries a complex multitargeted-multidrug combination.
Requirement of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Overexpression for CYP1B1 Up-Regulation and Cell Growth in Human Lung Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Chang Jinghua Tsai , Chang Han , Chen Po-Hung , Lin Shong-Ling , Lin Pinpin
Published: January 2007

Purpose: CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 expression is up-regulated by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through binding of ligands such as cigarette smoke components. We examined the association between AhR, CYP1B1, and CYP1A1 expression in noninvasive bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BAC) and lung adenocarcinomas and investigated the effects of AhR overexpression on cell physiology.

Experimental Design: AhR, CYP1B1, and CYP1A1 expression was examined in 107 lung adenocarcinomas and 57 BAC by immunohistochemistry. AhR expression in lung adenocarcinoma H1355 cells was stably reduced by RNA interference (RNAi). AhR, CYP1B1, and CYP1A1 expression was examined using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Cell physiology was evaluated by measuring anchorage-independent growth and intracellular reactive oxygen species.

Results: Expression of AhR and CYP1A1 was associated in smoking adenocarcinoma patients, whereas expression of AhR and CYP1B1 was associated regardless of smoking status. The level of CYP1B1, but not CYP1A1, was positively associated with AhR overexpression in BAC. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin–induced CYP1A1/1B1 expression was reduced in AhR RNAi clones. In the absence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin, CYP1B1 mRNA levels were reduced in AhR RNAi clones, whereas CYP1A1 mRNA levels were barely detectable. Furthermore, anchorage-independent growth and intracellular oxidative stress were significantly reduced in AhR RNAi cells.

Conclusions: In the absence of exogenous AhR ligands (such as cigarette smoke components), AhR overexpression up-regulated the expression of CYP1B1 in the early stage of lung adenocarcinoma. Elevated AhR expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells could increase intracellular oxidative stress and promote cell growth, implying that disrupting AhR expression might prevent the early development of lung adenocarcinomas.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Induces Cachectic Syndromes without Directly Modulating the Expression of Hypothalamic Feeding-Regulating Peptides
Authors: Hashimoto Hirofumi , Azuma Yumiko , Kawasaki Makoto , Fujihara Hiroaki , Onuma Etsuro , Yamada-Okabe Hisafumi , Takuwa Yoh , Ogata Etsuro , Ueta Yoichi
Published: January 2007

Purpose: Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a causative factor of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and concurrent anorexia and wasting. Because changes in the expression of hypothalamic feeding-regulating peptides can directly affect appetites and thereby can cause anorexia and wasting, we addressed whether the cachectic syndromes induced by PTHrP rely on the action of hypothalamic feeding-regulating peptides.

Experimental Design: Rats were inoculated with a LC-6 human cancer xenograft that secreted PTHrP, and the mRNA levels of the hypothalamic feeding-regulating peptide genes and serum leptin levels were examined before and after the development of HHM by in situ hybridization histochemistry and ELISA, respectively. Some rats were given the anti-PTHrP antibody.

Results and Conclusion: The mRNA levels for the orexigenic peptides, such as the agouti-related protein and the neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus (Arc), were significantly increased after the development of HHM, whereas the mRNA levels for the anorexigenic peptides, such as the proopiomelanocortin in the Arc, the cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the Arc, and the corticotropin-releasing factor in the paraventricular nucleus, were significantly decreased after the development of HHM. Plasma leptin levels were also reduced in cachectic rats, and the administration of anti-PTHrP antibody to the cachectic rats not only improved the cachectic symptoms but also restored the mRNA levels of these orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, except for orexin. Thus, PTHrP induces HHM and concurrent cachectic syndromes by mechanisms other than directly modulating the leptin or hypothalamic feeding-regulated peptides.