bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Lipogenesis Rewiring in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Yi , Tao Junyan , Calvisi Diego F. , Chen Xin
Published: July 2021

Metabolic rewiring is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Altered de novo lipogenesis is one of the pivotal metabolic events deregulated in cancers. Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) controls the transcription of major enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis, including ACLY, ACACA, FASN, and SCD. Studies have shown the increased de novo lipogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples. Multiple mechanisms, such as activation of the AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, lead to high SREBP1 induction and the coordinated enhanced expression of ACLY, ACACA, FASN, and SCD genes. Subsequent functional analyses have unraveled these enzymes' critical role(s) and the related de novo lipogenesis in hepatocarcinogenesis. Importantly, targeting these molecules might be a promising strategy for HCC treatment. This paper comprehensively summarizes de novo lipogenesis rewiring in HCC and how this pathway might be therapeutically targeted.
The climatization of global politics: introduction to the special issue
Authors: Aykut Stefan C. , Maertens Lucile
Published: July 2021

Climate change now constitutes a major issue in world politics, intersecting with and shaping many other political domains, and wider patterns of social and economic life. Global climate governance is also no longer restricted to multilateral negotiations under the UN Climate Convention: it increasingly extends beyond the international climate regime toclimatizeother areas of global politics. This concept of climatization points to a powerful but uneven process of extension, translation, and social coordination, as climate change becomes the frame of reference through which other policy issues and forms of global activism are mediated and hierarchized. This special issue brings together contributions on both theoretical aspects and empirical cases of the climatization process. The introduction sets out a conceptual framework to systematize these observations and guide further research. First, we identify the preconditions for, and driving forces behind, climatization. We then sketch the contours of an emergent ‘climate logic’ that reshapes affected domains, and examine the wider implications of climatization for global politics. Beyond the climate case, we hope this will provide new ways to observe and understand contemporary transformations of global society and global governance.
An experiment for novel material thin-film solar cell characterization on sounding rocket flights
Authors: Reb Lennart K. , Böhmer Michael , Predeschly Benjamin , Grott Sebastian , Dreißigacker Christoph , Drescher Jörg , Meyer Andreas , Müller-Buschbaum Peter
Published: July 2021

Novel material thin-film solar cells are promising alternatives to conventional solar cells for future space applications. Previous terrestrial investigations have shown promising stability under simulated space conditions, pioneering the next step to test these solar cells under space conditions. Here, we present the sounding rocket experiment OHSCIS to characterize the electronic behavior of Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells In Space (OHSCIS). The mechanical and electronic design aims at maximizing the rate of data collection and the fail-safety for high scientific output with precise measurements. The maiden flight onboard the MAPHEUS-8 proved the experimental concept to be successful and produced valuable results for the operation and behavior of perovskite and organic solar cells in space.
Improving the accuracy and convergence of drug permeation simulations via machine-learned collective variables
Authors: Aydin Fikret , Durumeric Aleksander E. P. , da Hora Gabriel C. A. , Nguyen John D. M. , Oh Myong In , Swanson Jessica M. J.
Published: July 2021

Understanding the permeation of biomolecules through cellular membranes is critical for many biotechnological applications, including targeted drug delivery, pathogen detection, and the development of new antibiotics. To this end, computer simulations are routinely used to probe the underlying mechanisms of membrane permeation. Despite great progress and continued development, permeation simulations of realistic systems (e.g., more complex drug molecules or biologics through heterogeneous membranes) remain extremely challenging if not intractable. In this work, we combine molecular dynamics simulations with transition-tempered metadynamics and techniques from the variational approach to conformational dynamics to study the permeation mechanism of a drug molecule, trimethoprim, through a multicomponent membrane. We show that collective variables (CVs) obtained from an unsupervised machine learning algorithm called time-structure based Independent Component Analysis (tICA) improve performance and substantially accelerate convergence of permeation potential of mean force (PMF) calculations. The addition of cholesterol to the lipid bilayer is shown to increase both the width and height of the free energy barrier due to a condensing effect (lower area per lipid) and increase bilayer thickness. Additionally, the tICA CVs reveal a subtle effect of cholesterol increasing the resistance to permeation in the lipid head group region, which is not observed when canonical CVs are used. We conclude that the use of tICA CVs can enable more efficient PMF calculations with additional insight into the permeation mechanism.
Pulsatile flow dynamics in symmetric and asymmetric bifurcating vessels
Authors: Nagargoje Mahesh S. , Mishra Deepak K. , Gupta Raghvendra
Published: July 2021

Bifurcating vessel is a characteristic feature of biological systems such as arteries in the cardiovascular system and pulmonary airways. In cardiovascular system, the bifurcations are often asymmetric, flow is pulsatile, and the fluid, blood, shows a complex rheology. In this work, we study computationally pulsatile flow in planar symmetric and asymmetric, three-dimensional bifurcating vessels. The fluid is considered to be Newtonian as well as non-Newtonian following Carreau's model, and the results are compared. While the flow divides in the two daughter tubes equally in symmetric bifurcations, the flow distribution is time-dependent during a cardiac cycle in asymmetric bifurcations. The flow pattern changes significantly during a cardiac cycle. The secondary flow caused by a turning streamline is analyzed in terms of secondary velocity, vorticity, and helicity. Significant variation is observed in the secondary flow in a cardiac cycle. The secondary flow is observed to be stronger at the start of the diastole despite reduced flow rate. The separated flow on the outer wall causes a significant reduction in time-averaged wall shear stress, a biomarker to assess the possibility of atherosclerotic plaque development. While no significant difference is observed in the results obtained for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids at high shear rates, for example, during systole, significant differences are observed when the shear rate is low, during diastole or in the separation region. The velocity profile for the non-Newtonian fluid is observed to be flatter than that for Newtonian fluid. Further oscillatory shearing index, relative residence time, the parameters used as biomarkers are presented.
Non-statistical fragmentation in photo-activated flavin mononucleotide anions
Authors: Giacomozzi Linda , Kjær Christina , Brøndsted Nielsen Steen , Ashworth Eleanor K. , Bull James N. , Stockett Mark H.
Published: July 2021

The spectroscopy and photo-induced dissociation of flavin mononucleotide anions in vacuo are investigated over the 300–500 nm wavelength range. Comparison of the dependence of fragment ion yields as a function of deposited photon energy with calculated dissociation energies and collision-induced dissociation measurements performed under single-collision conditions suggests that a substantial fraction of photo-activated ions decompose through non-statistical fragmentation pathways. Among these pathways is the dominant photo-induced fragmentation channel, the loss of a fragment identified as formylmethylflavin. The fragment ion specific action spectra reveal electronic transition energies close to those for flavins in solution and previously published gas-phase measurements, although the photo-fragment yield upon excitation of the S2 ← S0 transition appears to be suppressed.
From coarse wall measurements to turbulent velocity fields through deep learning
Authors: Güemes A. , Discetti S. , Ianiro A. , Sirmacek B. , Azizpour H. , Vinuesa R.
Published: July 2021

This work evaluates the applicability of super-resolution generative adversarial networks (SRGANs) as a methodology for the reconstruction of turbulent-flow quantities from coarse wall measurements. The method is applied both for the resolution enhancement of wall fields and the estimation of wall-parallel velocity fields from coarse wall measurements of shear stress and pressure. The analysis has been carried out with a database of a turbulent open-channel flow with a friction Reynolds number Reτ=180 generated through direct numerical simulation. Coarse wall measurements have been generated with three different downsampling factors fd=[4, 8, 16] from the high-resolution fields, and wall-parallel velocity fields have been reconstructed at four inner-scaled wall-normal distances y+=[15, 30, 50, 100]. We first show that SRGAN can be used to enhance the resolution of coarse wall measurements. If compared with the direct reconstruction from the sole coarse wall measurements, SRGAN provides better instantaneous reconstructions, in terms of both mean-squared error and spectral-fractional error. Even though lower resolutions in the input wall data make it more challenging to achieve highly accurate predictions, the proposed SRGAN-based network yields very good reconstruction results. Furthermore, it is shown that even for the most challenging cases, the SRGAN is capable of capturing the large-scale structures that populate the flow. The proposed novel methodology has a great potential for closed-loop control applications relying on non-intrusive sensing.
The trapping of methane on Ir(111): A first-principles quantum study
Authors: Jackson Bret
Published: July 2021

We implement a fully quantum mechanical study of methane trapping on Ir(111), where the phonons, the molecule–surface interaction, and the molecule–phonon coupling are all computed from first-principles. We find that both the surface corrugation and the phonon coupling vary strongly with molecular orientation and that there is a “chemical” aspect to this due to the catalytic nature of the metal. For example, molecules with reactive orientations can approach close to surface sites with low barriers to dissociation. Moreover, lattice motion can lower the barrier to dissociation, leading to unusual behavior for the phonon coupling. We find good agreement with experiment and two recent classical studies if we average our potential energy surface over several orientations of the molecule. We also find reasonable agreement with a recent study of methane diffraction, although we show that diffraction does not play a major role in trapping on the smooth Ir(111) surface and that trapping obeys normal energy scaling, consistent with experiment. We show that the trapping probability can be sensitive to the temperature at both high and low incidence energies. Relaxation and desorption of trapped particles are examined.
Scanning probe-induced thermoelectrics in a quantum point contact
Authors: Fleury Geneviève , Gorini Cosimo , Sánchez Rafael
Published: July 2021

We study three-terminal thermoelectric transport in a two-dimensional Quantum Point Contact (QPC) connected to left and right electronic reservoirs, as well as a third one represented by a scanning probe tip. The latter acts as a voltage probe exchanging heat with the system but no charges on average. The thermoelectric coefficients are calculated numerically within the Landauer–Büttiker formalism in the low-temperature and linear response regimes. We find tip-induced oscillations of the local and non-local thermopowers and study their dependence on the QPC opening. If the latter is tuned on a conductance plateau, the system behaves as a perfect thermoelectric diode: for some tip positions, the charge current through the QPC, driven by a local Seebeck effect, can flow in one direction only.
Efficacy of estradiol in feminising the eastern mosquitofish,
Authors: Norazmi-Lokman N. H. , Purser G. J. , Patil J. G.
Published: July 2021

As a first step towards developing genetic option to control pest populations of Gambusia holbrooki, this study investigated the efficacy of oestradiol (E2) to feminise the species. The oestrogen was administered orally via food to neonates (Experiment 1) or embryos through gravid females (Experiment 2) at dosage between 50 and 400 mg kg–1 of feed. Two control groups consisted of (C1) normal feed and (C2) feed mixed with 70% ethanol. In Experiment 1, 100% feminisation was observed at all E2 concentrations except at 400 mg kg–1 where no treated individuals survived. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean survival rate (MSR) of all E2-treated juveniles than of controls (C1: 71.73 ± 22.86%; C2: 70.02 ± 18.26%), with 50 mg kg–1 showing the best MSR (66.38 ± 12.34%). In Experiment 2, 100% feminisation was achieved at E2 concentrations of 200–400 mg kg–1 food, with the best MSR (59.33 ± 12.54%) at 200 mg kg–1 concentration, which was, however, significantly lower than in control groups (C1: 79.96 ± 20.33%; C2: 77.09 ± 10.32%). The reproductive output and gestation period of gravid females were not affected by E2 exposure. The outcomes provide a framework for reliable sex reversal (feminisation) in this fish, paving way for developing genetic strategies to manage and eradicate this pest fish.
PIP4Ks impact on PI3K, FOXP3, and UHRF1 signaling and modulate human regulatory T cell proliferation and immunosuppressive activity
Authors: Poli Alessandro , Abdul-Hamid Shidqiyyah , Zaurito Antonio Enrico , Campagnoli Francesca , Bevilacqua Valeria , Sheth Bhavwanti , Fiume Roberta , Pagani Massimiliano , Abrignani Sergio , Divecha Nullin
Published: July 2021

Significance

PIP4Ks are druggable lipid kinases critical in cancer biology whose function in human immunity remains unknown. Here, we show that PIP4Ks specifically control the growth and activity of a subset of human immune cells called Tregs, isolated from the blood of healthy donors. Tregs function to exquisitely control the strength of the immune response. If the immune response is too strong, this can trigger autoimmune disease insurgence, while weak responses can lead to increased infections or enable tumor cell growth. Being able to selectively control Treg activity would impact the strength of immune responses and ultimately how we treat human diseases. Accordingly, we show that a drug-like inhibitor of PIP4K can be used to control Treg cell activity.
A functional analysis reveals extremely low redundancy in global mangrove invertebrate fauna
Authors: Cannicci Stefano , Lee Shing Yip , Bravo Henrique , Cantera-Kintz Jaime Ricardo , Dahdouh-Guebas Farid , Fratini Sara , Fusi Marco , Jimenez Pedro J. , Nordhaus Inga , Porri Francesca , Diele Karen
Published: July 2021

Significance

Global mangrove deforestation and degradation drive the loss of the associated invertebrate fauna vital to ecosystem services. The functional diversity and resilience of this fauna has not been assessed. We show that even small mangrove patches host functionally diverse faunal assemblages and can act as biodiversity reservoirs. However, globally, functional redundancy of mangrove invertebrates (i.e., the average number of species performing a similar functional role in an assemblage) is extremely low, except in Southeast Asia. Thus, even a modest local loss of invertebrate diversity will have significant negative consequences for mangrove functionality and resilience. Current approaches to assess threats to mangroves heavily rely on loss in areal extent, but our results suggest that loss of function may be more vulnerable.
THAP1 modulates oligodendrocyte maturation by regulating ECM degradation in lysosomes
Authors: Yellajoshyula Dhananjay , Pappas Samuel S. , Rogers Abigail E. , Choudhury Biswa , Reed Xylena , Ding Jinhui , Cookson Mark R. , Shakkottai Vikram G. , Giger Roman J. , Dauer William T.
Published: July 2021

Significance

The development and function of the nervous system is profoundly influenced by the interactions of neurons with glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Mechanisms regulating the maturation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating cells to facilitate central nervous system myelination play an essential role in circuit plasticity, including motor learning. Our work has identified that THAP1, a transcription factor whose loss of function leads to the neurodevelopmental movement disorder DYT6 dystonia, drives OPC development by regulating the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), essential components of the ECM. GAGs produced and secreted by OPCs act in an autocrine fashion to inhibit their lineage progression, highlighting a unique mechanism regulating the pool of mature oligodendrocytes.
Three-dimensional label-free visualization and quantification of polyhydroxyalkanoates in individual bacterial cell in its native state
Authors: Choi So Young , Oh Jeonghun , Jung JaeHwang , Park YongKeun , Lee Sang Yup
Published: July 2021

Significance

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacterial polyesters considered as sustainable and environmentally friendly substitutes for petroleum-based plastics. Despite great advances in PHA research, spatiotemporal characteristics of PHA granule formation and distribution in a live bacterial cell are not well understood. Here, we report the results of a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of live bacterial cells accumulating poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), the best-studied member of PHAs. Optical diffraction tomography was applied for visualizing individual cells and in vivo PHB granules and quantifying their physical properties such as weight, volume, density, and localization by measuring 3D refractive index distributions. Comparative analyses of native and recombinant PHB-producing strains revealed distinctive characteristics of PHB accumulation, providing insights into spatiotemporal localization of PHA granules in vivo.
Social change and cohort differences in group-based arrest trajectories over the last quarter-century
Authors: Neil Roland , Sampson Robert J. , Nagin Daniel S.
Published: July 2021

Significance

For decades, research and policy on crime have been influenced by perspectives emphasizing that the origins of offender groups, such as chronic offenders, rest on some combination of personal traits and early-life experiences. Such explanations are incomplete, however, because they do not account for social changes that differentiate successive birth cohorts over time. Our analysis shows that arrest trajectories among cohorts separated by as little as 10 y differ markedly in ways that are not explained by individual, family, or neighborhood circumstances in childhood. Analyzing cohort differences in crime is more than an overlooked strategy; it represents a class of explanation that calls for rethinking the nature of criminal offender groups and policies predicated on early-life predictors of crime alone.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C contributes to abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Zhang Chongyang , Zhao Hongmei , Cai Yujun , Xiong Jian , Mohan Amy , Lou Danfei , Shi Hangchuan , Zhang Yishuai , Long Xiaochun , Wang Jing , Yan Chen
Published: July 2021

Significance

The rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has high mortality while lacking effective therapeutics to prevent aneurysm progression. Identifying the regulators underlying aneurysm pathogenesis is essential. Herein, we reported induction of PDE1C in smooth muscle cell (SMC)–like cells of human and mouse AAA. Using genetic approaches, we demonstrated a causative role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C (PDE1C) in experimentally induced AAA. More importantly, we revealed that pharmacological PDE1 inhibition attenuated the progression of preestablished AAA. Mechanistically, PDE1C-controlled cAMP suppresses SMC senescence and AAA development through cAMP-mediated direct interaction and activation of SIRT1. Given that PDE1 inhibitors have been proposed in clinical trials, our findings may have high therapeutic significance for the potential of using PDE1 inhibitors in treating AAA.
Recovery of assessed global fish stocks remains uncertain
Authors: Britten Gregory L. , Duarte Carlos M. , Worm Boris
Published: July 2021

Concerns over overexploitation have fueled an ongoing debate on the current state and future prospects of global capture fisheries, associated threats to marine biodiversity, and declining yields available for human consumption. Management reforms have aimed to reduce fishing pressure and recover depleted stocks to biomass and exploitation rates that allow for maximum sustainable yield. Recent analyses suggest that scientifically assessed stocks, contributing over half of global marine fish catch, have, on average, reached or even exceeded these targets, suggesting a fundamental shift in the effectiveness of fisheries governance. However, such conclusions are based on calculations requiring specific choices to average over high interstock variability to derive a global trend. Here we evaluate the robustness of these conclusions by examining the distribution of recovery rates across individual stocks and by applying a diversity of plausible averaging techniques. We show that different methods produce markedly divergent trajectories of global fisheries status, with 4 of 10 methods suggesting that recovery has not yet been achieved, with up to 48% of individual stocks remaining below biomass targets and 40% exploited above sustainable rates. Furthermore, recent rates of recovery are only marginally different from zero, with up to 46% of individual stocks trending downward in biomass and 29% of stocks trending upward in exploitation rate. These results caution against overoptimistic assessments of fisheries writ large and support a precautionary management approach to ensure full rebuilding of depleted fisheries worldwide.
Puccinia kuehnii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia kuehnii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum arundinaceum, S. narenga, S. officinarum, S. spontaneum
and
Sclerostachya fusca
(=
Saccharum fuscum
). DISEASE: Leaf rust of sugarcane. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread on sugarcane and related grasses in Africa (Mozambique. South Africa - Natal), Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, India, Japan), Indian Ocean (Java), Pacific Ocean (Australia, Fiji, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan) (CMI Map 215).
Corynebacterium sepedonicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium sepedonicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum tuberosum
, also on
Solanum melongena
, other species of
Solanum
and
Lycopersicon esculentum
by inoculation (24: 164; 28: 141). DISEASE: Ring rot. A vascular wilt affecting foliage late in the growing season and producing in tubers, a creamy-yellow or light-brown, crumbly rot, which develops in the tissues immediately surrounding the vascular strands, leading usually to the formation of a ring of disorganized tissue or a gap between the cortex and the pith of the tuber. Distinguished from brown rot of potato caused by
Pseudomonas solanacearum
[Ralstonia solanacearum]
(CMI Descript. 15), by differences in tuber symptoms and in staining reactions of the two pathogens (41: 57) p. 69. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Europe, doubtful records in Asia (CMI Map 20). TRANSMISSION: By infected tubers, on contaminated cutting knives and bags, and by insects. Where the tuber is cut into seed pieces the risk of spread by the cutting knife is very great.
Xanthomonas sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sesamum orientale (Pedaliaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. Stems and capsules are infected with the formation of oval, slightly raised, dark red-brown lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the Sudan, not yet confirmed elsewhere, but see
Plant Dis. Reptr
40: 236, 1956 (CMI Map 398). TRANSMISSION: Presumably splash dispersal by wind driven rain. No information on seed transmission available.
Fusarium culmorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium culmorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gramineae
and a wide range of other plant species including the following families:
Aizoaceae, Betulaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae, Solanaceae, Violaceae, Vitaceae
. Also on fungi (
Agaricus
and
Ustilago
spp.) [Wollenweber & Reinking (1935), Gordon (34: 258; 38: 581; 40: 89) and Herb. IMI]. DISEASES: Causing cortical rots associated with a pre-emergence blight of seedlings, and a seedling blight, foot and root rot, and head blight of wheat, rye, oats and barley; also cob and stem rot of maize; brown patch of turf; foot rot of asparagus, carnation, leek and pea; and storage rots of apple, potato, sugar-beet and
Galtonia
bulbs. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, North America, Central America & West Indies, South America, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. TRANSMISSION: Mainly soil-borne but also in stable manure or compost containing infected straw (13: 23; 14: 735; 19: 649).
Fusarium culmorum
is a soil inhabitant possessing highly competitive saprophytic ability and unusual tolerance of antibiotic effects [see Garrett (1956, 1963); Rao (1959); 34: 147; 38: 577)]. It may occur in a viable condition in soil to a depth of 50 cm. (19: 11; 13: 23), and remain viable on wheat straw buried in unsterilized soil for 2 years (38: 509). The pathogen over-winters in both mycelial and conidial stages and is highly resistant to cold (17: 305, 306). Secondary infection by air-borne spores produced on lower nodes occurs in wet weather (3: 201; 7: 710; 9: 585), but these are not carried far and have not been recorded in traps (15: 384; 38: 319).
Phytophthora hibernalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora hibernalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus limon, C. medica, C. paradisi, C. reticulate
and
C. sinensis
. Also reported in association with other species of
Phytophthora
; on citrus fruit in Italy with
P. syringae
and
P. cactorum
(34: 717) and on
Sesamum indicum
with a species related to the
P. parasitica-palmivora
group in Venezuela (34: 817). DISEASE: Causing brown rot of fruit, and leaf and twig blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South); Asia (Israel); Australasia & Oceania (Australia,? Fiji, New Zealand); Europe (France, Italy, Portugal, Sicily and? Spain); North America [California (U.S.A.)]; Central America & West Indies [? Antilles, listed by Cook (19: 1103) without details]; South America [Argentina (as
P
.
syringae
),? Venezuela]. (CMI Map 47) TRANSMISSION: By rain splash from soil to low hanging fruit and foliage, and by wind-borne sporangia accompanying or just following rain, to higher portions of the tree (12: 212).
Puccinia helianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia helianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Helianthus, Heliopsis, Iva
and
Xanthium
spp. DISEASE: Sunflower rust. On leaves and stems of sunflower and Jerusalem artichoke causing severe damage and defoliation to susceptible varieties at onset of maturity. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in temperate and sub-tropical regions, scarce or absent in the tropics (CMI Map 195, Ed. 2, 1959). TRANSMISSION: Urediospores and teliospores have been recorded on seed but no proof of transmission has been given (8: 791). May be carried over to next crop on stems and leaves left in the field and by teliospores on the soil surface (36: 591; 37: 498), and by volunteer plants (8: 792; 31: 187). High altitude air currents may have assisted spread of the pathogen from N. America to other parts of the world as urediospores have been found remarkably tolerant to low temperatures, remaining viable after 1, 652 days at -10°C to -22°C (40: 311; Sackston, 1960). Outbreaks of sunflower rust in Uruguay in 1956-57 were attributed to airborne spores from Argentina (37: 298). During a light wind, some 14, 000 urediospores may settle on a single sunflower leaf in 3 hr. (8: 791). Infection takes place most readily with dry urediospores, on dry leaves in a moist atmosphere (19: 161).
Ascochyta phaseolorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta phaseolorum
[Phoma exigua
var.
exigua]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Canavalia ensiformis, Glycine max, Lablab (Dolichos) niger, Phaseolus acutifolius, P. atropurpureus, P. aureus, P. calcaratus, P. lathyroides, P. limensis, P. lunatus, P. mungo, P. nanus, P. richardianus, P. trilobus, P. vulgaris, Vigna catjang', V. coerulea, V. sesquipedalis, V. sinensis, V. unguiculata, Voandezia subterranea
. Also by inoculation on
Althaea rosea, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum annuum, Fagopyrum sagittatum, Gossypium
spp.,
Hibiscus esculentus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malva verticillata, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum melongena, Vicia sativa
(Crossan, 1958; Zherbele, 1958). DISEASE: Leaf spot (or blotch) of bean. Young leaf spots are irregularly circular with grey to brown centres surrounded by a border of light green-yellow tissue. Other spots are light to dark brown and frequently zonate, marginal, terminal or discrete, cracking in the centre when the dead tissue finally drops out, 3-5 cm diam. Lesions common on pulvini result in considerable defoliation.
Ascochyta phaseolorum
causes target-spot lesions on several genera in the
Leguminosae
. Such symptoms on
Phaseolus
spp. are indistinguishable from the drab, zonate lesions of
A. boltshauseri
, but are distinct from those of
A. pinodella
L. K. Jones which are purplish-brown, indistinctly zonate and irregular, and
A. pisi
Lib. which are not zonate but light brown with a darker distinct margin. Also destructive on pods, stems and roots of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, Sudan, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (China, India, Japan, Malaya, North Borneo, Pakistan, Sarawak), Australasia & Oceania (New Guinea, Solomon Is.); Europe (Denmark, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Sweden, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Peru). TRANSMISSION: Seed borne, persisting in a viable condition for 24 years (26: 276). Viability and virulence also unimpaired after storage in culture at 1°C or 10-12°C for 20-25 months (41: 374). The pathogen may spread by infected haulms and by spores disseminated by splashing rain drops from infected seedlings. Also spread in pods of harvested plants stored in stooks in the field in cool, moist, weather (Hubbeling, 1955).
Diplodia macrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diplodia macrospora
[Stenocarpella macrospora]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Dry rot of ears and stalks of maize. Badly diseased ears become shrivelled with the husks glued to the kernels by a white mould. Frequently associated with leaf lesions which are oval or irregular, elongate, single or confluent, pale cream brown with an indeterminate darker border, 1-10 cm long. Pycnidia are amphigenous when foliicolous. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Dahomey, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togoland, Zambia); Asia (North Borneo, Philippines); Australasia (New South Wales, Queensland); Europe (Rumania); North America (United States); Central America and Caribbean (Jamaica), South America (? Argentina, Brazil). (CMI Map 227, ed. 2, 1958) TRANSMISSION: Seed and soil borne (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, p. 76, 1958).
Aspergillus flavus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus flavus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus normally occurs as a saprophyte in soil and on many kinds of decaying organic matter causing no economic damage or disease. However, on occasion it may act as a spoilage organism of stored seeds and grains, including
Arachis hypogaea
(groundnut),
Bertholletia excelsa
(Brazil nut),
Cicer arietinum, Cucurbita pepo, Elaeis guineensis, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sorghum
spp.,
Theobroma cacao, Triticum
spp.,
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
and
Zea mays
(Herb. IMI), or become pathogenic to seedling plants as well as to man, cattle, birds and insects. DISEASES:
On man and animals
: The infection is most often pulmonary as in pigeon and turkey (Ainsworth & Austwick; RMVM 2, 1721) and captive wild birds (Ainsworth & Rewell; RMVM 1, 2090) or general as in broiler chickens (Stock,
Avian Dis
. 5: 89-93, 1961). Other types include bronchial infections, endocarditis and infections of the ear (Wolf; RMVM 1, 1095), brain, skin, nail, eye (Fazakaz; RMVM 4, 1084) and orbit in man and infection of the bovine placenta (see Austwick, 1965, p. 101).
Aspergillus flavus
is regarded as an important pathogen of insects (Austwick, 1965, p. 101-102).
On plants
: A limited amount of invasion of unblemished, intact, immature or mature groundnut pods has been recorded in the southern U.S.A. in the field. Diener
et al.
(1965) found that the invasion of overmature kernels and shells before harvest was reduced when rainfall was abundant and well distributed and when temperatures were moderate. It has been found to attack germinated groundnuts in the seed bed, particularly after injury to the seed coat or cotyledon (Clinton, 1960) and has also been reported highly pathogenic to cotton seedlings (37: 662). It has been isolated from rhizospheres of
Viciafaba
in Egypt (Herb.IMI).
Aflatoxin production
. Some strains when growing on groundnuts produce a toxin, afiatoxin. Toxic groundnuts induce disease in turkeys and ducklings (RMVM 4, 908) and Lancaster
et al.
(1961) demonstrated carcinogenic effects on rats fed on a diet containing 20% toxic groundnut meal. Aflatoxin has a large literature, see Austwick (in Raper & Fennell 1965, p. 106-109); RMVM: numerous papers, books and symposiums particularly, RMVM 4, 1731; Austwick & Ayerst, RMVM 4, 1732; 5, 1618; Wogan, 1965. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, particularly in tropical soils.
Emericella nidulans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Emericella nidulans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: This fungus is common in soil and has been isolated from the rhizospheres of
Cicer arietinum
in India and
Vicia faba
in Egypt (42: 427 & Herb.IMI). It occurs on decaying vegetation and sometimes on fleshy fungi and rusts (
Collybia velutipes, Polyporus
sp.,
Puccinia versicolor
) (Herb.IMI). It has also been reported causing disease in man and animals. DISEASES: Aspergillosis:
A. nidulans
has been reported as causing pulmonary and air sac infections or man and animals, particularly of birds (Ainsworth & Rewell, RMVM 1, 2090). Also recorded as causing maduromycosis (mycoses), ear infections, mycotic abortion, onychomycosis, dermatomycosis, mandibular periotitis, Austwick, 1965; pp. 98-99, and infection of the bone (see Redmond
et al.
; RMVM 5, 1162). It has been reported to greatly increase the losses in seed germination and post-emergence of French bean seedlings caused by
Macrophomina phaseoli
[Macrophomina phaseolina]
in inoculation experiments in sterile soil (40: 343). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, especially in warm dry soils. The diseases of man and animals, which are relatively rare, have only been recorded from isolated cases from Africa, N. & S. America and Europe.
Penicillium gladioli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium gladioli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gladiolus
corms and in soil; also on
Freesia, Tigridia, Scilla, Iris, Crocus, Montbretia
and
Tritonia
.DISEASE: Storage rot of gladiolus corms. Infected corms show one, two or three deeply sunken reddish-brown, relatively large lesions up to 12 mm diam. The surface is usually covered by a membraneous skin, below which pale pink sclero˜ia may be found. Under moist conditions spore masses may be seen. The fungus has been recorded causing rot in other bulbs, e.g. freesia, tigridia, scilla, iris, crocus, montbretia and tritonia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread where gladiolus corms are stored. It has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and N. America. TRANSMISSION: It is not certain where the disease originates, but it has been seen at lifting time on young corms produced by infected parent corms (Moore, 1939, p. 120). The disease spreads rapidly through the storage sheds, when there is high humidity and low temperatures, but will not enter uninjured tissue.
Mucor racemosus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sarbhoy A. K.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mucor racemosus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In soil etc. but frequently associated with disorders of man, animals and plants. DISEASES: Probably not a primary pathogen or perhaps non-pathogenic but very frequently associated with diseased conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Pythium mamillatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pythium mamillatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ageratum houstonianum, Agrostis stotonifera, Allium cepa, Ananas comosus, Antirrhinum majus, Aquilegia caerulea, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica nigra, B. oleracea, Citrullus vulgaris, Collinsia bicolor, Cucumis sativus, Festuca duriuscula, Geum chiloense, Gossypium
sp.,
Linum usitatissimum, Medicago sativa, Papaver somniferum, Pelargonium
spp.,
Pisum sativum, Saccharum officinarum, Triticum aestivum, Viola tricolor
and in soil. Also on algae (
Cladophora
sp.,
Glorocapsa
sp.) on inoculation. DISEASE: Causes damping-off of seedlings and root rot of various hosts including the following crops, cauliflower, cotton, cocumber, flax, lucerne, mustard, oats, onion, pineapple, sugar beet, sugarcane and wheat. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii); Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Sweden); North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Abundant in sandy nursery soils (44, 52). The pathogen has a restricted role as a pioneer colonizer of cultivated soil, surviving in organic matter as hyphal resting bodies (Barton, 1961). Oospore germination in response to exudates from living seedlings has also been demonstrated (Barton, 1957).
Kuehneola uredinis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Kuehneola uredinis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On numerous
Rubus
species including American dewberries, blackberries, loganberries, ornamental and wild species. In Europe on
R. fruticosus
agg. (European blackberries). There are a few unconfirmed records on
R. caesius
(European dewberry) and on
R. idaeus
(red raspberry). DISEASE: Rust on canes and leaves of blackberries, loganberries, dewberries, ornamental and
wild Rubus
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (S. Africa); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (widespread); N. America (Eastern Canada, Eastern U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Teliospores germinate in late summer and autumn; pycnia and uredial aecia occur on leaves and stems shortly after (Fischer & Johnson, 1950; Wilson & Henderson, 1966). In spring the first true uredia appear on the fruiting canes and their spores infect the newly formed leaves. Thus the fungus overwinters either as aecial urediospores or mycelium in the canes. In less severe climates the true urediospores overwinter and the other stages of the life cycle are omitted.
Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rosa pimpinellifolia
and its cultivated hybrids. Perhaps also on
Rosa rubiginosa
and
R. rugosa
. DISEASE: Rust on stems, leaves, petioles and fruits of burnet rose and its cultivated hybrids. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in U.S.A. except in the Southeastern and Southwestern states; also in Alaska. Recorded from Europe in Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, U.S.S.R.
Dibotryon morbosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Dibotryon morbosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Prunus americana, P. armeniaca, P. avium, P. besseyi, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. maritima, P. melanocarpa, P. pennsylvanica, P. pumila, P. serotina, P. virginiana
and other species of
Prunus
. DISEASE: Black knot of plum, damson, cherry, peach, apricot and other species of
Prunus
. The pathogen causes the formation of elongated black hypertrophied host tissue on the current year's branches or on trunks. These are generally confined to one side and are several times the normal diameter of the stem. The knots are olive-green and corky at first, later turning black and becoming hard and brittle. In late summer some may appear pink or white due to parasitism by
Trichothecium roseum
. On black cherry,
P. serotina
, large cankerous swellings 0.6 m or more long may be formed which render the tree worthless for timber. Attacked trees become stunted and dwarfed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Confined to North America (Canada and U.S.A.) (CMI Map 48). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores which have a peak production in May (45, 3263h). Storage of knots from
Prunus serotina
at -20°C for 6 months had little effect on ascospore viability (44, 2699j). Conidia also tolerate low temperatures, surviving 192 days at -20°C but only 25 days at 21°C (47, 573). In addition to some conidia overwintering in a viable condition on plum and cherry, others develop from overwintering chlamydospores on plum buds and bark (14: 43). Prunings containing excised knots which are left lying in orchards can continue to produce viable spores for several weeks after being removed (9: 116; 24: 375). The pathogen may also be introduced to new areas on infected nursery stock (McClintock, 1945).
Erwinia uredovora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia uredovora
[Pantoea ananas
pv.
uredovora]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Parasitic on urediospores of
Puccinia graminis
f.sp.
tritici
. Also infects uredia of
P. graminis
f.sp.
avenae
and
P. graminis
f.sp.
secalis
by artificial inoculation. DISEASE: Infected rust pustules are surrounded by a dark water-soaked margin. This may extend into the sorus and be apparent on the reverse side of the leaf if the infection is severe. Microscopic examination reveals large numbers of bacteria in and around the affected urediospores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Originally reported from the United States, later from Rhodesia (41: 761), but probably occurs much more widely without being noticed. TRANSMISSION: The bacterium exists in soil and can be transmitted in water splashes. Contaminated urediospores can also spread the bacterium to erupted pustules, but bacteria on urediospores that initiate rust infections apparently do not cause bacterial infection (Pon
et al
, 1955).