bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Planktonetta atlantica, Borgert
Authors: Herbert Fowler G.
Published: April 2021

It is now many years ago that Richard Hertwig1 founded the group of Tripylarian Radiolariaus. Since that date Haeckel 2 has added enormously to the list of known forms in his monumental monograph ; yet but little attention has been paid to the intimate structure of these curious organisms. As there were several comparatively unbroken and numerous broken specimens of an unusual Phæodarian type among the Plankton which I collected in the Bay of Biscay on H.M.S. Research, in 1900, it seemed worth while to study them somewhat more systematically than has usually been the lot of members of this group.
A New Koenenia from Texas
Authors: Rucker Augusta
Published: April 2021

During the later part of July I received from Bonham, Texas, a small package of soil containing Koenenia, which was sent by Miss Florence Rhine. The distance from Bonham, which is in the northern part of the State, near Red River, to Austin was so great, and the heat at that time was so intense, that the soil, which was in a paper box, became perfectly dry before it reached me. However, on placing the dry earth in a large dish of water, several specimens of Koenenia, in a wrinkled and distorted condition, were floated out and taken up with a brush. The wrinkles were smoothed out, by the use of KOH, to an extent that allowed of a partially satisfactory examination of the exoskeleton. The first glance at the ventral surface of an adult female revealed the fact that an entirely new species of Koenenia had been taken.
On the Dermal Fin-rays of Fishes–Living and Extinct
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

In the following paper are given the results of a study, carried, on for some years, on the structure and development of the dermal fin-rays of fish. The classification of living and extinct fish is a subject which has grown much in importance of late years, and has been greatly advanced in quite modern times through the labours of Cope, Traquair, A. Smith Woodward, and others. Almost every available character has been made use of in turn by systematists in the endeavour to classify the larger groups; and of these characters it is obvious that those which are based on structures capable of being fossilised must be the most useful. No parts of a fish are, as a rule, better preserved than the dermal skeleton. Yet, although Agassiz (1) long ago classified’ fish into large divisions according to the structure of the scales, modern systematists are inclined to attach so little importance to the exo-skeleton that I venture to think they have somewhat neglected the dermal fin-rays. If it is true that the application of cut and dried definitions of the scaling will no longer enable us satisfactorily to subdivide the Pisces into Placoidei, Ganoidei, Cycloidei, and Ctenoidei; if it is true that “placoid” scales may be present in the Ganoidei, and that various forms of cycloid scales may have been independently evolved from rhomboid ganoid scales in later groups,—nevertheless these facts do not by any means prove that the scaling is of little systematic importance.
Notes on the Structure and the Development of the Elephant’s Placenta
Authors: Assheton Richard , Stevens Thomas G.
Published: April 2021

On August 31st, 1902, an elephant belonging to Messrs. Sanger and Sons gave birth to a calf in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London under circumstances related by the Society’s Prosector, Mr. F. E. Beddard, F.R.S., in the ‘Proceedings’ of the year 1902, vol. ii.
The Development of the Corpus Luteum : a Review
Authors: Marshall Francis H. A.
Published: April 2021

The present paper is the result of an attempt to collect together and give an account of the literature of the formation of the corpus luteum, during the last ten years, that is, since the publication of Sobotta’s first paper on the corpus luteum of the mouse.
The Development, Structure, and Morphology of the Scales in some Teleostean Fish
Authors: Marett Tims H. W.
Published: April 2021

The interest attaching to a precise knowledge of the structure and development of the scales of fishes is twofold. Not only may it throw light upon the affinities between groups of existing fishes and their evolution, but it helps to elucidate the problems involved in regard to tooth-genesis; for there can be but little doubt that scales and teeth are homologous structures.
Studies in Spicule Formation.: I.—The Development and Structure of the Spicules in Sycons: with Remarks on the Conformation, Modes of Disposition and Evolution of Spicules in Calcareous Sponges generally
Authors: Woodland W.
Published: April 2021

It being my immediate intention to systematically study the subject of spicule formation in various animal groups, I hope to publish, from time to time, papers containing the results of my inquiries in this direction. Whilst so engaged in elucidating the facts I may, on occasion, be tempted to accompany them with interpretations, but, however this may be, I propose to more fully deal with the theoretical aspect of the subject at the close of the series of studies contemplated, ensuring by this procedure a sound basis of facts upon which to found my final conclusions.
III.—On the Mode of Formation of the Spicular Skeleton in the Pluteus of Echinus esculentus
Authors: Woodland W.
Published: April 2021

Though the mode of development of the skeleton of the Pluteus larva has already been ascertained, as regards the main features, in the case of several genera, as, e. g., in Echinus (miliaris) by Selenka (17) in 1879, and Théel (23) in 1902, in Arbacia (Echinoid) by Garman and Colton (6) in 1882,in Ophiopholis (Ophiuroid) and Echinarachnius (Echinoid) by Fewkes (5) in 1886, and especially in Echino-cyamus (Echinoid) by Théel (21) in 1892, yet since this subject has not hitherto been investigated in detail in any one instance (excepting the case of Echinocyamus), it is well that the following description of the process of spicule formation as it occurs in the larva of Echinus esculentus should be published. This is further desirable in that I have both several new facts of importance to add to our existing knowledge of this process and a few minor suggestions to make relevant to the factors concerned.
The Digestive Organs of the Alcyonaria and their Relation to the Mesoglœal Cell Plexus
Authors: Pratt Edith M.
Published: April 2021

Statement of our knowledge of the food of Alcyonaria. Investigation of the nature of the food in tropical and British members of the family belonging to the genera mentioned in the Introduction.
Observations on Hæmatozoa in Ceylon
Authors: Castellani Aldo , Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

The observations recorded in this paper were made primarily with the object of ascertaining the distribution, frequency, and forms of infection of the parasites of the blood of vertebrates in Ceylon.
The Gastrulation of the Vertebrates1
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W.
Published: April 2021

On p. 945 of the first volume of his ‘Handbuch der Entwickelungslehre ‘Oscar Hertwig refers (in a postscript to his theory of the germinal layers) to a theoretical view concerning the process of gastrulation in mammals (and also in vertebrates generally) which I have attempted to establish in my article on ‘Keimblattbildung und Furchung bei Tarsius spectrum’ (1902, Verhandel. Kon. Akad. v. Wetensch. Amsterdam). He points out that I have “considerably changed my views,’ and that I have “now been induced to look upon matters in a way which differs considerably from what lie (Hertwig) and many other embryologists are ready to uphold.”
Notes on the Maturation of the Ovum of Alcyonium digitatum
Authors: Hill M.D. , Oxon M.A.
Published: April 2021

As long ago as 1892 Professor Hickson1 drew attention to certain recorded facts as to the fragmentation of the oosperm in the ova of various animals, and added thereto subsequently accounts of his own researches on Distichopora and Alcyonium. In these papers he showed that at least there was strong reason to believe that the early development of these ova was strikingly different to what had been described in a host of other animals, and to what was generally held to be necessary from a theoretical standpoint. It luis always been a matter of surprise to me that these observations did not attract more notice from cytologists. In fact, they appear to have been almost entirely overlooked. Prof. E. B. Wilson in his widely known summary of our knowledge of the cell3 makes no reference to them, nor does he include Hickson’s papers in his bibliography of cytological literature. There could, however, be no doubt that if Hickson’s observations were correct a new series of phenomena in cytology had to be reckoned with. Press of administrative and other work prevented Prof. Hickson from following up his discovery, and in 1895 he suggested that I should take the matter up. He most kindly handed over to me all his material, preparations, and the notes he had made thereon. I found, however, that certain important stages were missing, and if the work was to be completed, it would be necessary to obtain ova preserved after artificial fertilisation, in all stages up to the time of the beginning of segmentation. To gain this object proved far more difficult than either of us had imagined, and altogether we made five attempts to obtain ova in the right stages of development. I myself visited Plymouth in December, 1896, and January, 1897, and at the same season in 1902-3. In 1900-1 I sent my laboratory assistant. It was, however, only in the first week of January, 1903, that I was able to get anything approaching to satisfactory material, and I am much indebted to Dr. E. J. Allen, Director of the Plymouth Biological Station, for the zeal with which he did all that was possible to provide me with ripe colonies of Alcyonium.
On Some Points in the Anatomy of the Platydesmidæ
Authors: Sinclair F. O.
Published: April 2021

In 1901 I received a small amount of material which enabled me to make out a little of the anatomy of the species of Platydesmus, which I described in my paper on the Myriapods of the Skeat Expedition as Platydesmus kelantanicus.
A Study of the Life-history of Bucephalus Haimeanus; a Parasite of the Oyster
Authors: Hilt Tenuent David
Published: April 2021

Among a number of oysters which I procured in February, 1902, for the purpose of a demonstration, were several which were badly infected with the cercaria Bucephalus. At the suggestion of Professor Brooks I undertook a study of the origin of the germ-cells, from which the cercariæ arise, the material at my command promising to be favourable for such an investigation.
On the Auditory Organ in the Decapod Crustaceans
Authors: Hensen Du. V.
Published: April 2021

The auditory organ of the Decapod Crustaceans is usually situated in the basal portion of the inner antenna, for it has been satisfactorily shown that the organ at one time termed an “auditory cylinder,” and enclosed in the basal joint of the outer antenna, has nothing to do with the function of audition. The true auditory organ was discovered by Rosenthal, in 1811, and in 1843 it formed the subject of careful studies by M. Favre. It has since been studied by several observers, and in particular by M. Kröyer †but the details of its structure have nevertheless, in great part, remained a subject of dispute. The excellent researches of M. Hensen, which have extended to twenty-eight species of Crustacea, are therefore a welcome contribution on the subject.
The Anatomy of the Earthworm
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

In the last number of this Journal the tegumentary, muscular, and digestive organs of the earthworm were briefly described, the form and structure of certain œsophageal appendages being more particularly noticed. The following pages will be devoted to the consideration of the Reproductive system, and of such secreting organs as are not of necessity connected either with it or the digestive system.
Note on CœNurus
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer
Published: April 2021

I beg to call the attention of the Society to a specimen of Cœuurus obtained from the viscera of an American Squirrel which died at the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, several years back. In doing so, my object is partly to correct the opinion, still very generally held, that there is only one kind of Cœnurus, and partly, also, to point out the time when the existence of a second kind of Cœnurus was first demonstrated, and by whom, likewise, the discovery was made. When, in January 1859, I described to the Society a large Cœnurus obtained from the viscera of a Madagascar Lemur, I carefully abstained from theorizing on the subject, but I never entertained any doubt as to its distinctness from the ordinary Cœnurus cerebralis of the Sheep. I refrained also from giving it any specific title, on the ground that it was only a larval parasite. Shortly afterwards, Leuckart, in one of his able, ‘Reports ‘in Wiegmann’s Archiv (for 1860, S. 140), made special allusion to the description and figure as given in the Society’s ‘Transactions,’ and at the same time referred to a case by Baillet who had recently discovered a Cœnurus in the pectoral muscle of a rabbit; he also quotes a similar example by Eichler, who had found a Cœnurus in the subdermal cellular tissue of a sheep. Until recently, I must confess that I was not aware that the discovery of a second kind of Cœnurus dated even much earlier than the period here mentioned, and I doubt if even Leuckart is yet aware of the earliest record on the subject. A few weeks ago, Mr. Caleb B. Rose, now of Great Yarmouth, but formerly of Swaffham, Norfolk, called my attention to the circumstance that he had described
On a New Genus of Alcyonidæ
Authors: Wright E. Perceval
Published: April 2021

The western coast of Ireland has always been regarded as good collecting ground by the naturalist ; and yet, so far as its marine fauna-is concerned, it may be said to be altogether unexplored. This is true, not only of its invertebrate, but even of its vertebrate animals; and any young ardent zoo legist will still find plenty of work to do among the western Phocidæ and Fish, and almost a new field in the shell-less Molluscs, Annelids, and Coelenterata, of Donegal, Sligo, Mayo, Clare, and Kerry. At one time, I had hoped to have been able to investigate the mafine fauna of western Cork and Kerry, making Bearhaven and Ventry my headquarters; but since my report on this subject to the British Association in 1857 professional engagements have prevented me from devoting the requisite time to this pursuit. I have, however, in the course of this spring, received, by the kindness of W. Harte, Esq., C.E., County Surveyor for the northern district of Donegal, several small collections of marine animals from Rathmullen, in that county; and as these all for the most part bore easily the carriage by night to Dublin, I have been able—reviving them with the help of several large aquaria ——to add some new species to the Irish fauna. With care, I have thus received in perfect health such delicate creatures as Pectinaria Bélgica, Eolis alia and Drummondi, Siphonostoma undnata, Hydra tuba, and others ; but none of them more interesting than the little solitary Alcyonarian Actinoióón which it is the Object of this paper briefly to describe.
On a New method of Illumination
Authors: Castracane Count Francesco
Published: April 2021

[The following letter from Count Francesco Castracane to R. P. Angelo Secchi originally appeared in the ‘Atti della Academia pontificia de Nuovi Lincei,’ t. xvii, 1864, and has been forwarded to us by Sig. Castracane for publication, as he thinks the method of illumination therein recommended is one deserving of more notice than it appears hitherto to have received, and also because he entertains a hope that his desire to be assisted in the execution of the work he has proposed to himself may receive some support from English diatomists. Sig. Castracane has favoured us with a sight of some of his photographic figures of diatoms, with respect to which we can only say that we have never seen any to compare with them for minuteness and clearness of definition; and if he be equally successful in his projected work with other species, it cannot fail to be one of the greatest interest and importance to all who are concerned in the same branch of microscopic inquiry.]
How to Work with the Microscope
Authors: Beale Lionel S.
Published: April 2021

There are few persons to whom modern microscopic research is more indebted than to Dr. Lionel Beale. It is to his pen that we owe a larger series of works on the structure and uses of the microscope than to any other living man. One of his earliest and most useful works was ‘The Use of the Microscope in Practical Medicine’ which may be said to be the manual by which the medical student more especially works. In addition to this general contribution to the literature of his profession, we have from his pen writings devoted to more special subjects. Thus, in his work on ‘Urine and Urinary Deposits,’ he has given, not only the general results of microscopic observations on urinary deposits, but has added a large number of observations of his own. The nature of these deposits he has illustrated by a series of ‘Illustrations of Urine, Urinary Deposits, and Calculi’ published in a separate form. In his ‘Archives of Medicine’ he has contributed a series of papers showing how thoroughly he understands the practical application of the microscope to the elucidation of the nature of disease. His contributions to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and his papers in our own pages on the structure and formation of nervous centres, and the ultimate conditions of cell-formation, stamp him as one of the most sagacious observers and original thinkers of the modern European school—as one amongst the few British micro-scopists who may take a place by the side of Kölliker, Schwann, Schultze, Schleiden, and the great school of German microscopic observers. For this reason he has been worthily selected as the editor of the late Dr. Todd’s ‘Clinical Lectures’ and also as the colleague of Mr. Bowman in the production of a new edition of Todd and Bowman’s ‘Physiological Anatomy.’ To have such a man for a guide is the privilege of those who are students of the microscope in England; and in this volume on ‘How to Work the Microscope’ we have the master sitting down to instruct the humblest labourer in the field of microscopic investigation. Nor has he spared any pains in striving to make his work useful to those who are beginning to use the microscope, for he says in his preface— “No work can be higher or more useful than that of assisting to make men original thinkers in any department of science, and of encouraging original work. Working books by working men will do far more towards those ends than the most brilliant discoveries; and the author believes that working men cannot labour more usefully than by endeavouring to make others work.” This is a noble aim, and worthy a great teacher. We wish we could see men of science more generally impressed with the fact that their labour is useless unless it benefits others, and that the great end of all scientific research should be the elevation of our common humanity by the widest possible extension of a knowledge of its discoveries.
A Treatise on the Construction, Proper Use, and Capabilities of Smith, Beck, and Beck’s Achromatic Microscope
Authors: Beck Richard
Published: April 2021

It is not often that the makers of scientific instruments are the most skilful exponents of the principles of their structure or the authors of discoveries made by their use. Nevertheless, many departments of practical science afford exceptions to the rule—none more so than the inventors and makers of improvements in the microscope, and every microscopist will recollect that Joseph Jackson Lister, after he had overcome the difficulties of making a compound achromatic microscope, set to work to make observations therewith, and produced a series of highly interesting observations, which were published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ on some of the lower forms of Tunicated Mollusca. It may not be generally known that, so little was the microscope appreciated as an instrument of research by those who conducted the business of the Royal Society in 1838, that when Joseph Jackson Lister sent his first great paper to that society, on the construction of achromatic glasses, and accompanied it with various observations on the mechanical parts of the instrument, the paper was sent back to him on this account, with a request that, as the microscope was, after all, a mere toy, he would omit any reference to what he considered mechanical improvements. In this fact we see how dangerous it might be to commit the interests of science to any select body of men, and that it is only in the perfect freedom of voluntary association that science can progress. The Microscopical Society was shortly after founded, one of the great objects of which was to cultivate those scientific researches by which this” mere toy “of the Royal Society might be made available for the profound scientific researches for which it was adapted. One of the indirect results of the rejection of the Royal Society of Mr. Lister’s practical suggestions was his connection as friend and adviser of certain microscope-makers in London. From these houses have issued the most perfect microscopes that have been constructed in accordance with Mr. Lister’s principles. No one of these houses has been more distinguished than that of Smith, Beck, and Beck, and in Mr. Richard Beck, the author of the present volume, we have a remarkable instance of the combination of the finished mechanician and accomplished observer. Previous, however, to Mr. Beck entering the field as an author, the late Mr. Andrew Ross, the founder of one of our great microscope-making houses, had written a valuable work on the physical principles involved in the manufacture and in the structure of the microscope. This work originally appeared as an article in the f Penny Cyclopædia,’ and may claim priority over all the works that have been devoted to the history and structure of the microscope during the last quarter of a century.
The Anatomy of Oncholaimus vulgaris, Bast., with Notes on two Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: April 2021

I began this work with the intention of trying to ascertain if any light could be thrown on the comparative morphology of the coelom and Nephridia by the study of Nematodes. The uncertainty as to the true nature of the body-spaces in this class is well known. No one has been sufficiently daring to identify any space in Nematodes with the cœlom. The space between the body wall and the gut is generally admitted to be a schizœle.
Preliminary Account of a New Organ in Periplaneta orientalis
Authors: Harrison Ruth M.
Published: April 2021

While dissecting a cockroach in the Zoological Laboratory at Oxford I noticed a pair of small oval pouches lying below and to either side of the nerve-cord between the fifth and sixth abdominal ganglia. Being unable to find either description or figures of any such structure, I proceeded to examine it further by means of dissection and serial sections.
Structure and Origin of Canker of the Apple Tree
Authors: Blomfield James E.
Published: April 2021

The object of the present communication is to give an account of the structure and origin of the tumours produced on the apple by the woolly aphis, Schizoneura lanigera.
On the Medusa of Microhydra ryderi and on the Known Forms of Medusæ inhabiting Fresh Water
Authors: Potts Edward
Published: April 2021

The three species of freshwater jellyfish as yet discovered were announced during the years 1880, 1893, and 1897 respectively. As the first of these dates was twenty-six years ago, and as the paper reporting the North American form was unaccompanied by illustrative figures, it has been suggested to the writer that a general review of the subject, so far as known, would be useful at this time, and the kind assurance was given that if it included “good drawings and a full account of the polyp and medusa” of Microhydra ryderi, it would be gladly accepted and published by the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.’
On the Freshwater Medusa liberated by Microhydra ryderi, Potts, and a Comparison with Limnocodium
Authors: Browne Edward T.
Published: April 2021

Through the kindness of Professor Ray Lankester, I have had the pleasure of examining a specimen of the Medusa liberated from the freshwater Hydroid Microhydra ryderi.
On the Parietal Sense-organs and Associated Structures in the New Zealand Lamprey (Geotria australis)
Authors: Dendy Arthur
Published: April 2021

Some years ago, whilst residing in New Zealand, I had the good fortune to obtain a plentiful supply of living specimens of the New Zealand freshwater Lamprey, Geotria australis. These specimens were all in what is known as the “Velasia” stage of their development, none of them being sexually mature, and all of them without the characteristic gular pouch of the adult. 1 They were, however, of considerable size, averaging nearly a couple of feet in length, and the organs which form the subject of the present memoir were probably already fully developed. For the purposes of this investigation a considerable number of specimens were hardened and preserved in a perfectly fresh condition by means of various re-agents, of which absolute alcohol, Zenker’s fluid, and Flemming’s solution yielded the most satisfactory results. In some cases the head was simply cut off and hardened in toto, while in others it was partially dissected in the fresh state before being placed in the hardening re-agent.
On Neurosporidium cephalodisci, n. g., n. sp, a Sporozoon from the Nervous System of Cephalodiscus nigrescens
Authors: Kidewood W. Cr. , Fantliam H. B.
Published: April 2021

The organism described in this paper occurs in the nervous layer of the ectoderm of Cephalodiscus (Idiothecia) nigrescens, Lank., a large and massive form of Cephalodiscus dredged by the “Discovery” on January 13th, 1902, in 100 fathoms, off Coulmann Island, near Victoria Land, in the Antarctic Ocean.
On the Structure of Ænigma ænigmatica, Chemnitz ; a Contribution to our Knowledge of the Anomiacea
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: April 2021

In a recent paper in the ‘Arbeiten ans dem zoologischen Instituten der Universität Wien,’ Sassi (16) has given a full account of the anatomy of Anomia ephippium, and has elucidated several hitherto obscure points relating to the kidneys and the reno-pericardial orifices in that species. Before Sassi’s paper had come into my hands I had made some observations on the allied genus Ænigma, a tropical member of the Anomiacea, the principal outcome of which has been to confirm Sassi’s results. At the same time I have found certain differences between the genera Anomia and Ænigma which are of sufficient importance to make it worth while publishing a short account of the latter genus.
Note on the Formation of the Skeleton in the Madreporaria.
Authors: Ogilvie Gordon Maria M.
Published: April 2021

Within the last few days there has been brought under my notice a short account by M. Armand Krempf1 of the mode of origin of the calcareous skeleton in Madreporarian Corals.
Notes on some Parasitic Protists
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford
Published: April 2021

During the last few years the Bacteria and their allies have engaged the attention of so many workers, have caused so much controversy, and have proved to be of such great interest—phylogenetically and otherwise—that I believe any observations, however small, which would supplement our knowledge of their cytology or life-history, are much to be desired. With this conviction I offer these few imperfect notes on some of the more interesting protists which have come under my observation from time to time.
Investigations on the Development of Trypanosomes in Tsetse-Flies and other Diptera
Authors: Minchin E. A.
Published: April 2021

In this memoir I propose to give a full account of the work done and the results obtained by me during my stay in Entebbe, Uganda, as a member of the Sleeping Sickness Commission from the beginning of April to the beginning of December, 1905. Some of my results have already appeared in the form of preliminary reports; but with regard to some few points further study necessitates revision or correction of statements previously made. In my eight months in Uganda I accumulated a great deal of material which it has required much time and labour to work out. The study of this material has occupied the time left from other duties since my return from Uganda, and may now be considered complete.
The Distribution and Classification of the Onychophora
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

The genus Peripatus, so far as adult conformation is concerned, is a very hsomogeneous one. It was pointed out by me in 1888 that the species from the same part of the world resembled each other more closely than they do species from other regions, and that tbe species in this way fall into discontinuous groups which were defined in the monograph then published. Since the publication of that monograph, specimens have been recorded from two other regions, viz. New Britain and Equatorial Africa, and the species established on these specimens completely conform to the above generalisation. So that now there are six discontinuous groups of species of Peripatus all capable of precise definition. They are (1) the South African group; (2) the Australasian group; (3) the Peripatus from New Britain; (4) those from the Neotropical Region; (5) the Peripatus from the Congo; and (6) the four species from Malaya. To these must be added a seventh group formed by the Chilian Peripatus, P. blainvillei, which, as Bouvier has shown, is quite distinct from the other neotropical species, and from all the species found in other regions. The remarkable point about these groups is that they are sharply marked off from one another, and, though there is the usual interdigitationof characters, there is not the slightest difficulty in assigning allot the known species to their groups. When, in 1888, I recognised the existence of this grouping, I carefully considered the desirability of establishing them as distinct genera or subgenera, but I came to the conclusion that it would be rash to do so, partly because it was by no means certain that they would stand the test of later discoveries, and partly because the known species were so small in number and so easy to handle from a classificatory point of view, that there did not appear to be any advantage to be gained by so doing.
On the so-called. “Sexual” Method of Spore-formation in the Disporic Bacteria
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford
Published: April 2021

Until the year 1902, no definite evidence regarding the sexuality of the Bacteria had been brought forward. It was generally supposed that the Bacteria constituted a group of very primitive organisms, in which the phenomenon of sex had not made its appearance. But with the publication of Schaudinn’s remarkable researches on Bacillus bütschlii, it became apparent that such a supposition could not unreservedly be made. It appeared probable that—in B. bütschlii at least—a peculiar event in the life-history immediately preceding sporulation should be interpreted as representing a primitive or degenerate method of conjugation. If this interpretation is correct, then a fact of the utmost importance has been discovered—a fact of deep significance not merely as regards the affinities of the Bacteria, but also in relation to the general problem of sex.
Studies on Polychæt Larvæ
Authors: Gravely F. H.
Published: April 2021

During July, 1907, whilst studying in a general way the pelagic larvæ of Port Erin, my attention was specially turned to the Polychæt larvæ on account of their abundance and the difficulty I experienced in identifying them. As a result of this I spent part of the following summer in a more careful examination of these larvæ. I am publishing a systematic account of the results of this investigation elsewhere (Gravely, 1909). In the present paper I propose to describe a young specimen of a pelagic species of Odontosyllis, and the “vestibule “and associated modifications of the anterior end of larvæ of the Spionidæ and Polydoridæ ; and in conclusion I shall discuss certain other points of goveneral interest arising from the above investigations. As, however, there appears to be no account in the English language of the terminology commonly adopted in the description of polychæt larvæ, it will probably serve a useful purpose if the first part of the paper is devoted to this subject.
Further Notes on a Trypanosome found in the Alimentary Tract of Pontobdella muricata
Authors: Robertson Muriel
Published: April 2021

In a previous paper published in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Phys. Soc. of Edinburgh/ vol. xvii, No. 3, 1907, an account was given of the main features in the life cycle of T. raiæ as it appeared in the leech Pontobdella muricata.
Dendrosoma Radians, Ehrenberg
Authors: J. Hickson Sydney , Wadsworth J. T.
Published: April 2021

Dendrosoma radians was first described by Ehrenberg in 1837 (9), but the figures he drew to illustrate its structure were not published until 1862 (11). In 1840 (10) he gave the following diagnosis of the species “Dendrosoma radians: D. corpusculis conicis, crassis, mollibus lævibusque, alterne ramosis, rame ápice incrassatis et tentaculatis S”
Experimental Observations on the Organs of Circulation and the Powers of Locomotion in Pennatulids
Authors: Musgrave Edith M.
Published: April 2021

The study of Pennatulids has long engaged the attention of zoological workers. In the publications of the eighteenth century wonderful and fantastic accounts are given of the habits, form and movements of members of this interesting family; of their graceful flight through the water, their exceeding luminosity by night, and their gymnastic contortions even in captivity. In those early days of zoological research a “sea pen” was regarded as a single individual provided with lateral “fins” for swimming purposes, and a mouth opening at the base, which served also for the excretion of waste matters.
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Geoffrey
Published: April 2021

The re-discovery of Mendel’s observations on heredity, and the extended application of his ideas by such writers as Correns, Tschermak, and Bateson to every branch of life, has had a very profound influence on contemporary biological conceptions, and it is not surprising that the problem of sex, which has occasioned so many speculative theories in past times, has been brought under the focus of Mendelian research and subjected to its analysis. The conceptions of segregation, of allelomorphism, of heterozygotism, to employ the accepted terminology of Professor Bateson (1), seem admirably suited in their application to the phenomena of sex, because in sexual reproduction we actually see that the sexual characters do segregate into two sharply separated sets of individuals, the males and the females, as if maleness and femaleness were in some way allelomorphic to one another, while the occurrence of hermaphrodite forms and the latent presence in one sex of characters proper to the opposite sex indicate the phenomenon of heterozygotism or sex-hybridism.
Tropidonotus and the “Archenteric Knot” of Ornithorhynchus
Authors: Assheton Richard
Published: April 2021

In my paper in a recent number of this Journal, in which I discussed Professor Hubrecht’s memoir upon the ontogenetic phases of mammalia, I referred to the peculiar condition of the egg of Ornithorhynchus as described by Wilson and Hill in the ‘Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,’ vol. cxcix, and the interpretation placed by them thereon.
Observations on certain Blood-parasites of Fishes occurring at Rovigno
Authors: Minchin E. A. , Woodcock H. M.
Published: April 2021

The objects of this paper are twofold. The first is the description of a hæmogregarine and a trypanosome occurring in a species of Trigla (T. lineata), which is a common gurnard in the Northern Adriatic. We are unaware of any published observations of blood-parasites in this fish, and we regard the hæmogregarine as anew species, for which we propose the name Hæmogregarina rovignensis. Neumann, in his recent account of hæmatozoa of marine fishes at Naples (15), mentions the occurrence of a trypanosome which he names T. triglæ in another species of Trigla, namely, T. corax. It is not at all improbable that the trypanosome we have found is the same species as that described by Neumann; we therefore do not propose to give it a new specific name.
The Structure and Life-History of Crithidia melophagia (Flu), an Endo-parasite of the Sheep-Ked, Melophagus ovinus
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: April 2021

The part played by insects as agents in the transmission of the pathogenic organisms of sleeping sickness and other protozoal diseases gives great importance to the investigation of the parasites found within them. It is necessary for anyone seeking developmental stages of pathogenic flagellate Protozoa to have also a first-hand working knowledge of the possible flagellates that may be purely parasites of the insect involved, for certain stages of insect flagellates may resemble possible developmental phases of such organisms as Trypanosomes. Much useful information regarding stages of flagellates can be gained from the study of such a parasite as Crithidia melophagia (Flu), occurring in the alimentary tract, ovaries, and ova of the sheep-” ked,” Melophagus ovinus. This insect, which is blood-sucking, is also known as the sheep-” tick” or sheep-”louse.” It. belongs really to the Diptera (Hippoboscidæ), possessing extremely reduced wings.
The Development of Aplysia punctata
Authors: Saunders A. M. Carr , Poole Margaret
Published: April 2021

This work was begun by one of us in the spring of 1909, at the Zoological Station at Naples, when holding the Oxford biological scholarship.1 Owing to various reasons, the chief of which was ill-health, little more was done there than to collect material. It has been completed with assistance in reconstruction of sections and illustrations at Oxford in the department of Comparative Anatomy during the winter 1909-10. We must here express our gratitude to Prof. Bourne for the opportunity he has afforded us, and the encouragement he has given us to complete the work.
Is the Trophoblast of Hypoblastic Origin as Assheton will have it?
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W.
Published: April 2021

In the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science’ there has lately appeared (vol. 54, part 2) an article by my friend Assheton, in which he points out certain objections which he feels inclined to raise against some of the views that were developed by me in a contribution to the fifty-third volume of this Journal, entitled “Early Ontogenetic Phenomena in Mammals.”
The Early Development of the Marsupialia, with Special Reference to the Native Cat (Dasyurus Viverrinus).
Authors: Hill J. P.
Published: April 2021

“In mammalian embryology very many surprises are yet in store for us”(Hubrecht, ‘08).
On Merlia normani.a Sponge with a Siliceous and Calcareous Skeleton
Authors: Kirkpatrick R.
Published: April 2021

A good deal of the work in connection with the following investigation was done at the Lister Institute, in the laboratory of Professor E. A. Minchin, and I take this opportunity of thanking him for the continual help and instruction which he very kindly gave me in methods of technique.
Two abnormal Plutei of Echinus, and the light which they throw on the Factors in the normal development of Echinus
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

The present paper deals with two remarkable larvæ, the first a larva of Echinus miliaris obtained in a culture reared from eggs fertilised in the Zoological Laboratory of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, and the second a larva of Echinus esculentus obtained in a culture of eggs fertilised in the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Station at Plymouth. The second and more interesting specimen I owe to the kindness of Mr. de Morgan, by whom the culture in which it appeared was instituted.
A Note on the Early Stages of Nuclear Division of the Large Amœba from Liver-abscesses
Authors: Martin C. H.
Published: April 2021

From some cultures which Major Liston was good enough to send me in the course of the summer, I have been able to obtain the early stages of the nuclear division of the large amoeba from liver-abscesses.
Studies on the Development of Echinoidea: II. The Early Larva of Echinocardium cordatum and the Result of Crossing this Species with Echinus esculentus
Authors: Macbridc E. W.
Published: April 2021

The results recorded in this paper were obtained during two months’ sojourn at the Biological Station of the West of Scotland Marine Biological Association at Millport last summer. A preliminary account of the same has already been published in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society ‘(16).
On Paternal Characters in Echinoid Hybrids
Authors: Shearer Cresswell , De Morga Walter , Fuchs H. M.
Published: April 2021

Last autumn we published a paper (12) giving a brief summary up to date of some three years’ work on the hybridisation of Echinoderms. The experiments were made with the three species of Echinus found at Plymouth. Froma study of the late larval characters of the pure forms and of the hybrids we arrived at the conclusion that the inheritance of these characters was invariably maternal—that is to say, that the late larval hybrid always resembles its mother. Since the date of the publication of our preliminary paper we have continued our experiments, and have had occasion to repeat all our crosses. To our surprise, however, the behaviour of some of the hybrids has differed greatly this season from that of previous years. In late larval life some of the hybrid crosses have shown as strictly a paternal inheritance as in previous years they showed a maternal one. It may therefore be of interest to other investigators in this field of work if we publish a short account of these new facts before the completion of our full paper.
Herpyllobius arcticus
Authors: Haddon Kathleen
Published: April 2021

Among parasitic copepods Herpyllobius is remarkable for the extreme degeneracy attained by the adult male and female, both of which are entirely devoid of appendages. The female has a globular body 2 to 4 mm. long, which, bears two large egg-sacs. It is attached to its host, a polychæte worm, by means of a chitinous fixing organ, through this there protrudes into the worm a mass of vacuolated tissue, recalling in its structure and nutritive function the root system of the parasitic Rhizocephala amongst the Cirri-pedes. It seems hardly likely that an endoparasitic stage is included in its life-history, but of this we are entirely ignorant. The adult males have a sac-like body, which remains enclosed in the last larval skin; they live attached to the body of the female in the-region of the genital apertures.
Metameric Segmentation and Homology
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

In two recently published papers on the development of the fins of fish and on the segmentation of the head of Amphibia (12, 15), I had occasion to discuss incidentally the segmental relations of homologous organs, and to point out that, in the Vertebrates at all events, corresponding parts must be considered as fully homologous although occupying different segments of the body. In this paper I shall not attempt to define the nature of segmentation nor trace its origin, but shall merely try to show that a practical definition of the homology of an organ must not depend on its position in the series of segments. The subject of metameric segmentation has been very clearly dealt with by Sir E. Ray Lankester in articles on the Arthropod and Metamerism in the tenth and eleventh editions of the ‘Encyclopasdia Britannica’ (reprinted in vol. 47 of this journal). While giving a comprehensive review of the whole question of metamerism, he states thirteen “laws,” or general propositions, with most of which what follows will be found in complete agreement. But, in spite of the results of Fiirbringer (9, 10) from anatomical investigations, of Bateson (1) from observations on variation, and of others, there is, I think, a reluctance on the part of many anatomists to give up the idea that true homology depends on segmental correspondence. For instance, when discussing the homology of the occipital condyle in the Amphibia and the Amniota, we are asked on what segments they occur, it being implied, if not expressly stated, that if they are not on the same segment they cannot be homologous.
On a Remarkable New Type of Protistan Parasite
Authors: Woodcock M. , Lapage G.
Published: April 2021

In the course of a study of the flagellates, which, develope in simple cultures of goat’s dung, we were afforded recently the opportunity, by the kindness of Drs. E. H. Ross and J. W. Cropper, of examining the contents of the rumen and other parts of the digestive tract of a goat, with a view to ascertaining what flagellates occurred in the active condition in the goat. The results of our observations in this connection will be dealt with in another memoir. The object of this communication is to describe certain remarkable parasites which we found, which appear to be of a nature quite distinct from any other protist of which we are aware. These parasites occur under two characteristic forms, which we have distinguished respectively as crescents and ovals. We are strongly inclined to regard these two principal types as being different phases of one parasite. We have examined, up to the present, six goats, and in the rumen of each, either the crescents, or the ovals, or both forms have occurred in enormous numbers—far exceeding those of the ciliates or ordinary flagellates present. A comparison of the occurrence of the two forms is given in the following table :
On the Anatomy of Ascaris (Atractis) Dactyluris
Authors: Macalister Alexander
Published: April 2021

As the attention of the Members of the Natural History Society of Dublin has been of late directed to the consideration of the group of Entozoa, I think it might not be uninteresting to communicate a few anatomical facts with regard to the structure of a species of intestinal worm which has lately fallen under my observation. While engaged in examining the anatomy of Testudo græca, I was surprised to find that the alimentary canal in all the individuals which I dissected was filled with worms in large quantities, in fact, that entozoa constituted more than half their faecal contents ; of these there were several species, but that which was most numerous was the small, white, usually straight, and somewhat shuttle-shaped Ascaris dactyluris, first discovered by Bremser, and named by Rudolphi. The species is described by the latter naturalist in his ‘Synopsis Entozoorum,’ pp. 40272, as “Ascaris dactyluris capite nudo, corpore utrinque æqualiter attenuate, caudo fæminæ longa subulata, maris apice brevis obtuso depresso ante quern spicula passim substantia passim egressa vasa in vaginam fimbriatam.” In his subsequent description he refers to it as being found in great abundance ; he obtained “multa millia specimina ut maxima fæcum pars iisdem constaret/’ exactly according with my own experience as stated above ; he likewise describes it as being from two to two and a half lines long, with a three-val ved head ; a straight, narrow œsophagus, which is longer in the male than in the female, a subglobose stomach, and elliptic oblong ova, 3ach with a large and obscurely divided nucleus. There are several points of greater or less importance which he has omitted in his description, but on the whole these characters ire very distinct. Dujardin, in the appendix to his work on ‘Intestinal Worms,’ refers to this animal, and states his opinion that it should be separated from the genus Ascaris on account of its obscurely bi- or trilobate mouth and its unequal spicula ; he does not enter into any further details respecting its structure, but expresses his regret at not having been able to fulfil his original intention of thoroughly examining its internal organization. A few notices of this species likewise occur in Siebold’s ‘Anatomy of Invertebrates,’ but, with these exceptions, I am not aware of there being any special anatomical description of this creature extant.