bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Last Mile
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

The last mile has been the hardest for fiber optics. Optical fibers carry both telephone and cable television signals to your town or neighborhood, but except for a few experimental systems, the threads of glass do not reach homes. Somewhere within few miles of your home the fibers end in a box, which converts their optical signals into electrical form and sends them to copper wires. Telephone calls go over simple pairs of wires; cable television uses coaxial cable, a thin central wire surrounded by an insulator, which in turn is sheathed within a metal tube, then covered by protective plastic.
The hard act to follow: Hank Williams and the legacy of hard country stardom
Authors: Ching Barbara
Published: November 2023

Hank Williams hardened country music in several ways. His songs, often reminiscent of early Tin Pan Alley or sentimental, old-fashioned ballads, form only part of his legacy. He coupled this atavistic aura with an exciting new drive and a dramatic voice. His lyrics dangled in an equally delicate balance. Country artists sang confessional honky-tonk songs and lost-love laments before Williams. What he did, by writing so many of his own songs, was turn the country singer into a complex character. In fact, he sang as at least two characters. Most often, he was Hank Williams, a deathly thin yet intensely alive presence who sang about his own agony without aestheticizing it; if anything, he tried, and of course failed, to anesthetize it. Nevertheless, because of his defeat, drug and alcohol abuse are now among the defining features of hard country. In a world of straight thinkers, Williams (and the hard acts that followed him) sang at the extremes of high or low, stoned or painfully sober. When he sang as his alter ego Luke the Drifter, though, he universalized and stigmatized this wayward condition. His death at age 29—euphemistically ascribed to heart failure—added a compelling twist, proof that the honky-tonk blues were as fatal as his songs said they were. The rigors of his job killed him, and its solaces failed him just as they would so many in postwar urban America.
Ideologies Of Gender And The Social Positioning Of Women
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the broader community into the analysis of Javanese women’s discourse and identity. Initially, we examine the role of ideology as a tool of power, after which we look at the official Indonesian ideologies on women and their roles in the state. To see how the ideological positioning of women functions in practice, I discuss how language conventions assist our understanding of gender. Then, we explore in brief how women are portrayed in the mass media. By focusing specifically on themes of violence toward women, we see how cinema, literature, and the press frame gender roles in terms of responsibility. In conjunction to the media representations of women, I present excerpts from letters written by rape victims to a women’s crisis center to show how the ideological positioning of women has framed their perceptions of self. Finally, this chapter shows how both gender and class ideologies combine to marginalize the urban, working-class women whose narratives make up the corpus on which this study of language and identity is based.
Empowering the Powerless: The Coconstruction of Experience
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the two following explore different facets of participation and the related issue of responsibility as they give structure and meaning to three situated sequences of narratives. Sari, the second daughter in the Budi family, was the central speaker in each of the three situations. But each of the storytelling contexts involved different participants who interpreted and hence performed their roles in the speech event in accordance with that interpretation. I have argued that meaning is strongly tied to social context and it is through these stories that we begin to see how aspects of meaning are actively shaped. We specifically learn to recognize how participation in a conversation is synonymous with being responsible for it. Responsibility here has a wide range. Initially, we need to keep in mind that there is no freedom of speech in this society and that disagreement or conflict of whatever kind tends to be avoided. Furthermore, it is my intention to show that these Javanese speakers do not reflexively see their “tradition” as oppressive but rather actively participate in sustaining it as a high cultural ideal. With a tradition of refinement and elegance in all social interactions as the backdrop, these Javanese speakers are acutely aware that words released into the public sphere carry consequences. These situations illustrate the extent to which the story is linked to a sociocentric framework that begins with the participants and extends into the broader domain of community membership and the elements of hierarchy that shape it.
Roger Sessions
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

Composer Roger Sessions was a commanding figure on the American musical scene. He enjoyed the solid respect of his peers, and as a teacher of a generation of composers and author of compelling writings on his craft, his influence on musical thought remains profound. Yet, even in his lifetime, his music endured vastly disrespectful neglect. He was a "difficult" composer. Sessions was well aware of it. In a New York Times article, he wrote, "I have sometimes been told that my music is 'difficult' for the listener. There are those who consider this as praise, those who consider it a reproach. For my part I regard it as, in itself, neither one or the other...it is the way the music comes, the way it has to come." The way Sessions's music "had to come" is a recurrent focus of this biography. As the story is told, often in the composer's own words, the complex picture emerges of a remarkable man who, gradually and not very willingly, learned to accept his unexpected lot as a "difficult" composer. Frederik Prausnitz, an acquaintance of Sessions and conductor of his work, combines personal and musical insights to present this fascinating portrait of an influential, yet often overlooked, modernist composer.
Introduction
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

Near the end of Roger Sessions’ last summer, a visitor would walk along Nassau Street past fashionable stores and restaurants facing the Princeton University campus. He would turn right on Bayard Lane, whose broad, treelined sweep belies its modest title, and continue among old gardens, big houses and shady trees until he reached the blue gabled, spacious former home of the composer during his tenure as a Princeton professor. Almost directly opposite Stanworth Lane begins a U-shaped roadway traversing some large tracts of more modest university housing.
Young Roger
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

Ruth Sessions, matriarch in training, began by being an adoring mother, taking special delight in portents of her son’s future that seemed to confirm her own most cherished hopes and ambitions. In hindsight of four decades on, and in the carefully polished prose of Sixty Odd, she writes as one who welcomed a promising composer to this world with all the care and special concern he might have wished; in turn, during the first months of his life baby Roger Huntington Sessions appears to have pleased his mother with a promising variety of fine infant responses to music.
The Musical Idea I
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

The year 1927 had been a vintage one for Sessions. With the first performance of his symphony by a major orchestra it had witnessed the transformation of a very promising student of composition into a young professional and had seen the beginning of a long-term metamorphosis in his life: the gradual discovery of his identity as a composer. This did not come about in a sudden, sweeping revelation of the mystery of musical creation, although it began with a single memorable event that was indeed sudden and remained mysterious. Rather, it brought home to him, for the first time, that a special kind of echoing epiphany was to be the essential precondition for every work he would write-not only at the time of its first conception but also at many stages along the way to a completed score. While the initial vision would come to him unbidden in most cases (not all), subsequent perceptions often required intense and sometimes frustrating effort.
Berkeley
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1945, Sessions moved to California to take up his new post at Berkeley. Ten years earlier, teaching summer school on the magnificent campus that overlooked San Francisco Bay, he had met his future wife, Lisl Franck, then a student in one of his classes.
The Musical Idea Ill
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

Most composers in mid-twentieth century were “difficult” or suspected of doing their best to become so. Schoenberg and his twelve-tone disciples had appeared hopeless from the start-nato difficile-while Stravinsky, after an early scandalous success with such works as The Rite of Spring, seemed to have opted for near respectability as the symbolic leader of the so-called neoclassicist movement-until, to the disgust of his true believers, he chose to adopt twelvetone procedures from 1953. As it happened, Sessions wrote his first twelve-tone work, the Sonata for Solo Violin, in the same year. To the uninitiated, neither composer sounded very different in 1954.
Harvest
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

The best was now to come. The creative flowering that had begun in Sessions’ Berkeley years ripened into a truly astonishing harvest during and after his second tenure at Princeton. The composer who had labored almost half his musical life to write one symphony, one piano sonata, a violin concerto, and a string quartet produced, in roughly the same number of years, seven more symphonies, the Rhapsody for Orchestra, two operas, a piano concerto, a double concerto for violin and cello, two more piano sonatas, a second quartet and a string quintet among other chamber works, the solo violin sonata, choruses, and three extraordinary cantatas: The Idyll ef Theocritus, Psalm 140, and the work he loved best: When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed.
Fieldwork in the Ethnomusicological Past
Authors: Bohlman Philip V
Published: November 2023

The Jewish communities of the shevah kehillot, the Seven Holy Cities, of Burgen land constituted, until the 1930s, a boundary region between Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The villages and small cities of the shevah kehillot and the areas of previously intensive Jewish settlement in this border region attract relatively little attention today. Most of them are unknown outside of Austria, although a few claim a bit of fame from famous musicians who once lived there: Franz Joseph Haydn and Fred Astaire in Eisenstadt, Karl Goldmark in Deutschkreuz, and Joseph Joachim in Kittsee. Some physical evidence of the Jewish past from the Seven Holy Cities survives: the synagogue in Kobersdorf; cemeteries, or at least the stones of cemeteries, rescued from the ravages of neglect; and streets and walls intended to bound the Jewish quarters of a town. Human evidence did not survive to the pre sent quite so well; there are reputed to be three Jewish families still living in the Seven Holy Cities today, but no one knows who they are, and they do not identify themselves (Gold 1970).
Prologue
Authors: Witt Doris
Published: November 2023

April 1997 witnessed the victory of rookie golf professional Eldrick “Tiger” Woods at the U.S. Masters tournament in Augusta, Georgia. Even before Woods had a chance to accept the green jacket bestowed yearly upon the otherwise fortunate winner, veteran player Fuzzy Zoeller offered his sport’ s heir apparent some unsolicited advice about how to supervise the menu for the championship dinner: “That little boy is driving well. ... You pat him on the back ... and tell him not to serve fried chicken next year. Got it? ... Or collard greens or whatever the hell they serve.
“My kitchen was the world” vertamae smart gorsvenors geechee diapora
Authors: Witt Doris
Published: November 2023

In her critically acclaimed 1991 film Daughters of the Dust, Julie Dash explores the lives of Gullah peoples on the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Brought from Africa to the United States as slaves, they cultivated indigo and later cotton while creating “a distinct, original African-American cultural form” because of their relative isolation from outside influences (Creel 69).
Songs in Their Heads
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: November 2023

This book explores the musical interest and needs of children in their daily lives. Based upon their expressed thoughts and actual ‘musicking’ behaviours, this text examines the songs they sing, the rythyms they make, and the roles that music plays for them. Blending standard education field experiences with ethnographic techniques, Dr. Campbell demonstrates how music is personally and socially meaningful to children and what values they place on particular musical styles, songs, and functions. He explores musical behaviours in various contextual settings, and presents in notated and narrative forms some of the ‘songs in their heads’, balancing music learned with music ‘made’, and intentional, purposeful music with natural musical behaviour. Songs in Their Heads is a vivid and engaging book that bridges the disciplines of music education, musicology, ethnomusicology, and folklore. Designed as a text or supplemental text in a variety of music education method courses, as well as a reference for music specialists and classroom teachers, this book will also appeal to parents interested in understanding and enhancing music making in their children.
On Music: Conversations with Children
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: November 2023

Talk about music is a fact of life. Where there’s music, there are people who talk about what it sounds like, how it feels, what it does, who makes it, and how (well) they make it. Further, as musical talk is a constant, it can also be studied. In 1979, Hugo Zemp suggested that “the ways people talk about music can be a significant datum of musical concepts, theory, and experience” (p. 29). In 1990, Jean-Jaques Nattiez laid out in Music and Discourse principles for the semiotic analysis of words about music. He claimed that through the “interaction between the ethnoinformation and analytical tools of the researcher,” a thorough study of music could be had (p. 194). Words are documents of the ideas of those who make, listen to, and think about music, so they have been deconstructed, interpreted, and fit back together again, all in an attempt to understand music in its most comprehensive ways.
The Anaesthetics of Emotion
Authors: Novitz David
Published: November 2023

Some things seem so obvious that few people ever question them. Except when I am doing philosophy or being silly, I do not doubt, even for one moment, that the people I speak to are conscious human beings capable of having thoughts and emotions. Nor do I doubt that at least some of the things that I say and write will be understood by them, and that the overwhelming majority of my utterances are meaningful. With almost as much certainty, I believe that it is wrong to torture kittens or puppy dogs, to beat defenseless people, to exploit the innocent, to make love in public, or to betray your spouse of many years. These beliefs and values cannot easily be abandoned-not primarily be cause of their content but because of the role that they play in my life. They are the beliefs in terms of which I organize my existence and shape my world, and it is precisely because they impart sense and order to my life that I have considerable difficulty with the idea that they are either misleading or false. This is not to say that I cannot ever acknowledge their inadequacy; only that it will cost much to do so. For any challenge to such beliefs tends to unde mine the foundations of my world, threatens its stability, and with it my own security and sense of place.
Emotions and Identification
Authors: Oatley Keith , Gholamain Mitra
Published: November 2023

Much is known about what connects people to each other. There are many kinds of connections-attachment, love, friendship, shared purpose, competition-for humans are members of the most social of vertebrate species. But what connects people to the texts of fiction?

In this chapter we suggest that the links that easily form between reader and story throw light both on the properties of narrative and on human psychology. We concentrate mainly on readers and texts, but some of our discussion also concerns the theater and the cinema.
The Characteristics of Peak Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

A peak performance exhibits the strength of the mind-body link. For you as a peak performer what you think is echoed by what you do. A peak performance is accompanied not by the fear of failure but rather by a confident and optimistic attitude, not by an unsettled state of mind but rather by a sense of inner calm and a high degree of concentration, not by an acceptance of powerlessness but rather by a feeling of being in control of an (apparently) effortless, unforced result, not by unmanageable tension but rather by a (learned technique of) physical relaxation and, at the same time, an extraordinary awareness of body and surroundings.
The Performing Cycle: Plans and Routines
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

All your performances are psychological as well as physical, because a performance is led by your thinking patterns and your mental images. In that moment in time when you must perform, both your body and your technique are at a certain level of excellence. Perhaps they might be better if you had been working longer at vocal technique or at your physical well-being, but regardless of your technical or physical capacity, when it comes to the actual performance it is to your mental ability that you must look in order to get the most out of yourself.
The Self and Performance: You, the Person; You, the Performer
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Life itself mandates that human beings have an awareness of self, that is, the ability to form an identity and then attach worth to it. So performers must define themselves as persons and then decide whether they like those identities or not. Yet the human propensity to be judgmental creates a problem. In the same way that they would protect themselves from a physical wound, human beings protect themselves from self-rejection by avoidance of anything that might cause pain for the self. Judging and rejecting oneself can be a very painful experience. Under such circumstances, one may avoid taking risks, such as meeting with other people; one may find it difficult to be the center of attention or to even hear criticism. Present in the performer, these factors soon interfere with the performance itself. The performer has to learn to take from the person all positive strengths and qualities so as to use them in performance when necessary. “To avoid judgments and self-rejection,[performers] erect barriers of defense, perhaps[invent] blame and get angry, or bury themselves in perfectionistic work” (McKay and Fanning, 1992, p. 2).
The Audition and the Competition
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Auditions and competitions give singers the closest approximation to the real experience of competing in a sporting event where the competitor gets only one shot at the target. Just as in competitive sports, if you fail or are not up to the required standard you will not often get a second chance. To perform very well while coping with an audition/competition scenario makes demands on your performance thinking.
Fear in Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Mental toughness almost guarantees a good performance, and lack of fear is one of the essential elements of mental toughness. Peak performance cannot exist alongside fear. But, as we all know, experiencing fear during our performances is very common for most, if not all, of us at some time. Yet Franklin D. Roosevelt’s statement: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” is not only inspiring but also absolutely accurate. You must learn how to deal with your fears and use them in a positive manner, because fear is one of the biggest obstacles to successful performing.
Postperformance Management
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

All performances have an outcome: successful or unsuccessful, a laudable achievement or a stressful experience. It is important to plan your performances, and most of you will do this, even if just in a general way, such as what to do before your performance and what to do during your performance. However, the plan for the period after the performance, called postperformance, is just as important as the other two plans. At the conclusion of your performance, you will need to devise and utilize some way to relieve the excess emotion caused by performing. The postperformance evaluation phase is critical and should be ongoing. Psychological research (Maslach, 1982; Morgan, 1984) says that performers give themselves a better chance of repeating a good performance or enhancing a poor performance when they are able to evaluate it in an objective manner. After every performance, take time to reflect upon what happened before and during the performance. This is just as important for successful as for unsuccessful performances. A performance is usually unsuccessful in the head before the body fails.
Staleness and Burnout in Performers
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Staleness occurs frequently in performance. There are very intense pressures placed on performers in all fields today, and singing is no exception. Often the people around you, your voice teacher, your coaches, your fitness guru, and even you yourself may have difficulty in recognizing and diagnosing what is happening, quite apart from preventing or treating it. Once the process of staleness begins and is left unchecked, it can result in what is known as burnout. Staleness and burnout are interrelated.
Opening of Drake Passage and Its Impact on Cenozoic Ocean Circulation
Authors: Lawver Lawrence A , Gahagan Lisa M
Published: November 2023

In 1977, an article concerning the “Cenozoic evolution of Antarctic glaciation, the Circum-Antarctic Ocean and their impact on global paleoceanography” was published by Kennett. He correctly deduced many of the tectonic causes of the Cenozoic evolution of both Antarctic glaciation and global paleoceanography. Even without an absolute plate tectonic framework and direct knowledge of opening of Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica (Fig. 10.1), the conclusions in his paper are still valid. In the interim, compilation of a global database of marine magnetic anomalies and fracture zone lineations based on satellite derived gravity has enabled us to produce an absolute plate tectonic framework for the Cenozoic (Muller et al., 1993).
General Principles of Expression—concluded
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

We now come to our third principle, namely, that certain actions, which we recognize as expressive of certain states of mind, are the direct result of the constitution of the nervous system, and have been from the first independent of the will, and, to a large extent, of habit. When the sensorium is strongly excited nerveforce is generated in excess, and is transmitted in certain directions, dependent on the connection of the nerve-cells, and, as far as the muscular system is concerned, on the nature of the movements which have been habitually practised. Or the supply of nerve-force may, as it appears, be interrupted. Of course every movement which we make is determined by the constitution of the nervous system; but actions performed in obedience to the will, or through habit, or through the principle of antithesis, are here as far as possible excluded. Our present subject is very obscure, but, from its importance, must be discussed at some length; and it is always advisable to perceive clearly our ignorance.
Low Spirits, Anxiety, Grief, Dejection, Despair
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

After the mind has suffered from an acute paroxysm of grief, and the cause still continues, we fall into a state of low spirits; or we may be utterly cast down and dejected. Prolonged bodily pain, if not amounting to an agony, generally leads to the same state of mind. If we expect to suffer, we are anxious; if we have no hope of relief, we despair.
Joy, High Spirits, Love, Tender Feelings, Devotion
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

Joy, when intense, leads to various purposeless movements – to dancing about, clapping the hands, stamping, etc., and to loud laughter. Laughter seems to be the expression of mere joy or happiness. We clearly see this in children at play, who are almost incessantly laughing. With young persons past childhood, when they are in high spirits, there is always much meaningless laughter. The laughter of the gods is described by Homer as ‘the exuberance of their celestial joy after their daily banquet’. A man smiles – and smiling, as we shall see, graduates into laughter – at meeting an old friend in the street, as he does at any trifling pleasure, such as smelling a sweet perfume. Laura Bridgman, from her blindness and deafness, could not have acquired any expression through imitation, yet when a letter from a beloved friend was communicated to her by gesture-language, she ‘laughed and clapped her hands, and the colour mounted to her cheeks’. On other occasions she was seen to stamp for joy.
Hatred and Anger
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

If we have suffered or expect to suffer some wilful injury from a man, or if he is in any way offensive to us, we dislike him; and dislike easily rises into hatred. Such feelings, if experienced in a moderate degree, are not clearly expressed by any movement of the body or features, excepting perhaps by a certain gravity of behaviour, or by some ill-temper. Few individuals, however, can long reflect about a hated person, without feeling and exhibiting signs of indignation or rage. But if the offending person be quite insignificant, we experience merely disdain or contempt. If, on the other hand, he is all-powerful, then hatred passes into terror, as when a slave thinks about a cruel master, or a savage about a bloodthirsty malignant deity. Most of our emotions are so closely connected with their expression, that they hardly exist if the body remains passive – the nature of the expression depending in chief part on the nature of the actions which have been habitually performed under this particular state of the mind. A man, for instance, may know that his life is in the extremest peril, and may strongly desire to save it, yet may exclaim as did Louis XVI, when surrounded by a fierce mob, ‘Am I afraid? feel my pulse.’ So a man may intensely hate another, hut until his bodily frame is affected he cannot be said to be enraged.
Surprise –Astonishment – Fear – Horror
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

Attention, if sudden and close, graduates into surprise; and this into astonishment; and this into stupefied amazement. The latter frame of mind is closely akin to terror. Attention is shown by the eyebrows being slightly raised; and as this state increases into surprise, they are raised to a much greater extent, with the eyes and mouth widely open. The raising of the eyebrows is necessary in order that the eyes should be opened quickly and widely; and this movement produces transverse wrinkles across the forehead. The degree to which the eyes and mouth are opened corresponds with the degree of surprise felt: but these movements must be co-ordinated; for a widely opened mouth with eyebrows only slightly raised, results in a meaningless grimace, as Dr Duchenne has shown in one of his photographs. On the other hand, a person may often be seen to pretend surprise by merely raising his eyebrows.
The Thesis and Its Refinement
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

What does such a statement as the epigraph to this chapter mean? What is its import and implications? It is in the consequence of writing this work a provocative declaration. It is also a fundamental starting point for understanding much of what has emerged as Afrocentric or Africa-centered thought and discourse in the United States. It implies, as Roth has pointed out, that this discourse is international in scope; it is dynamic and diverse in its formation, perspectives, and interpretations. To declare oneself a “Diopian” is also a statement of declaration as to where one believes the critical theory begins.
The Gastropods
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

The phylum Mollusca is second only to the Anthropoda in number of species. The molluscan lineage has been extremely plastic, and a great variety of structural plans have appeared. Of the seven classes of molluscs (Fig. 1.1), the largest is Gastropoda, which accounts for about 80% of the extant fauna. Estimates of the total number of living gastropod species is at least 40,000 and perhaps more than 100,000, with about 13,000 named genera (Bieler, 1992); the range of uncertainty indicates our substantial ignorance of this major taxonomic group.
Locomotion
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

Not all gastropods are slow moving. The pelagic species, such as the pteropod Clione, are strong swimmers that can swim at speeds up to 50 cm/second. However, the vast majority of gastropods locomote not by swimming, but by crawling, and they are indeed slow. The fastest of the crawlers, Lymnaea peregra, has been clocked at speeds up to 17.5 cm/second. Crawling is accomplished by two different mechanisms, depending on the animal. Cilia are present on the soles of all gastropods, and their use for crawling is probably primitive, but ciliary locomotion is generally limited to small animals that carry light loads or larger marine animals that are buoyant in water.
Coronary Heart Disease Rates among Adventists and Others
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Deaths from coronary heart disease have decreased by half or more in the United States over the last 30 years (Gillum, 1993; Havlik and Feinleib, 1979). Despite this, it is still a major killer in the United States and most Western countries, as well as being leading cause of morbidity. Among the manifestations of this disease are myocardial infarction (heart attack), sudden death, congestive heart failure, serious arrhythmia, and angina pectoris.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a consequence of the atherosclerotic process as it affects the coronary arteries and thus diminishes the blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, collagen, and inflammatory cells beneath the lining of arteries (Ross, 1993). We now understand that this process depends on higher values of LDL cholesterol and a relatively oxidizing environment (Witztum, 1994). The oxidized LDL cholesterol filters into the artery wall and tends to remain there, forming a plaque that may protrude into the open space (lumen) of the artery.
Social Support, Religiosity, Other Psychological Factors, and Health
Authors: Lee Jerry , Stacey, Graham , Fraser Gary
Published: November 2023

Rather than providing a comprehensive analysis of psychosocial and religious commitment variables and their effects on mortality rates, we will focus here on the roles that some of these factors might play in distorting our dietary analyses. For instance, vegetarian Adventists may have better social support or attend church more regularly. If social support or church attendance are independent predictors of mortality, the apparent influence of vegetarianism would involve a mixture of effects of the related psychosocial variables and of any true effect of vegetarianism. In other words, the dietary and psychosocial variables would then be confounded and both would need to be included in the statistical models if their independent effects were to be estimated. Some possible interrelations between different kinds of variables are shown in Figure 9–1.

A confounding variable needs to be related to both the variable of interest (say, meat consumption) and the endpoint it affects (say, CHD mortality). Hence, in the sections that follow, we provide definitions of some of the psychosocial and religious variables of interest and describe mechanisms by which they may influence mortality. To the extent that the Adventist data allow, associations between psychosocial variables and dietary factors, and between psychosocial factors and mortality, are explored separately to decide if confounding is likely.
Changing a Population’s Diet: A Behavioral View of the Adventist Experience
Authors: Hopp-Marshak Helen , Freier Kiti , Fraser Gary
Published: November 2023

Although Americans, on average, have made definite changes toward a more healthful diet over the last 20 to 30 years, these have been relatively modest, despite the strong media and governmental focus on diet and its health effects. Recently, for instance, the U.S. Surgeon General declared obesity to be a national epidemic. As described in Chapter 1, Adventists tend to make food choices that are quite different from those of their non-Adventist neighbors. Moreover, they began doing this many decades before there was any credible scientific evidence to demonstrate the benefits.

What made this behavioral change possible in a diverse and geographically dispersed group? Are there lessons here that may be helpful for others who wish to make similar changes? It is possible to find explanations for Adventists’ success with dietary changes and maintenance that are based on theories from the behavioral sciences. While there are no data that directly address this question in regard to Adventists, research on similar issues in other study groups provide some likely explanations.
Shifting to a Vegetarian Diet: Practical Suggestions from a Nutritionist
Authors: Haddad Ella
Published: November 2023

With a new understanding and appreciation of the health benefits of vegetarian diets, some are motivated to make changes in this direction. How is this accomplished? Is it difficult?

The term vegerarian encompasses a range of dietary practices. Although “vegetarian” is not consistently defined in the scientific literature, the following definitions are commonly used:

It is not difficult or complicated to plan appealing and nutritionally adequate vegetarian meals. The same steps of food selection, preparation, and presentation that are used in conventional diets are necessary for vegetarians. Meals should be both tasty and nutritionally adequate. Here are some useful guidelines that are generally consistent with the most recent position paper issued by the American Dietetic Association (Messina and Burke, 1997).
Basic Principles of Immunology and Genital Tract Immunity
Authors: Crowley-Nowick Peggy A
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an introduction to the basic concepts of immunology and immunity in the reproductive tract of women. Immunology is a complex field, and our understanding of the intricate mechanisms used by the immune system to protect individuals from the massive onslaught of pathogens in our environment expands each day. Therefore, it is impossible to cover all aspects of immunity in a single chapter. This chapter is meant only to be an overview of a field that is reviewed in more detail elsewhere. 1,2 To simplify the immunologic concepts, it is divided into four sections: (1) antigens; (2) the humoral and cellular aspects of innate immunity; (3) the humoral and cellular factors of adaptive immunity; and (4) immunology of the female genital tract.
Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Manzi Susan , Ramsey-Goldman Rosalind
Published: November 2023

Under normal conditions, the immune system distinguishes the body’s own tis sues from external invaders. In autoimmune diseases the immune system inappropriately targets the body and this results in tissue injury. Autoimmune responses may be directed toward a specific organ or towards components of cells. Organ-specific autoimmune conditions include autoimmune thyroiditis and bullous dermatologic conditions, including pemphigoid. In contrast, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against the nucleus, cytoplasm, or membrane of cells. This generalized autoreactivity in SLE results in multi-organ involvement.
Red Arctic
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

A work of refreshing originality and vivid appeal, Red Arctic tells the story of Stalinist Russia’s massive campaign to explore and develop its Northern territories during the 1930s. Author John McCannon recounts the dramatic stories of the polar expeditions--conducted by foot, ship, and plane--that were the pride of Stalinist Russia, in order to expose the reality behind them: chaotic blunders, bureaucratic competition, and the eventual rise of the Gulag as the dominant force in the North. Red Arctic also traces the development of the polar-based popular culture of the decade, making use of memoirs, films, radio broadcasts, children’s books, and cultural ephemera ranging from placards to postage stamps to show how Russia’s “Arctic Myth” became an integral part of the overall socialist-realist aesthetic that animated Stalinist culture throughout the 1930s.
Introduction
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

One summer day in Moscow, as I was bringing my dissertation research to a close, I decided to combine business with pleasure by visiting the Druzhba (“Friendship”) Theater. Showing that afternoon was a matinee of The Two Captains, the film adaptation of the famous novel by Veniamin Kaverin. In what was by far his most popular work, Kaverin depicts the adventures of a young man who grows up to become an Arctic pilot during the Stalin era.1 The story itself was inspired directly by the central subject of my research: the real-life exploits of the Soviet polar heroes who stormed their way into the hearts and imaginations of citizens throughout the USSR during the 1930s. It was only natural, then, that I should take some time off from the archives and the Lenin Library to spend the day at the movies.
Days Of Glory:The Major Expeditions, 1932-1939
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

During the 1930s, there were, in effect, two Arctics that existed in the USSR. The first was the Arctic described in the previous chapters: the Arctic of blunders, crime, and substandard living conditions. This was the grim Arctic of prison-camp labor. It was a rough-hewn region in which the Soviets could-and did-inch forward, but only by means of trial, error, and painstaking effort. It was also a behind-the-scenes Arctic that remained very much hidden from the Soviet public.
Between Rhetoric And Reality:Manufacturing The Arctic Myth
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

On the evening of 21 May 1937, a play opened at the Variety Theater in Moscow. The offering that night was Mikhail Vodopianov’s A Pilot’s Dream (Mechta pilota), a melodrama depicting a squadron of Soviet pilots landing at the North Pole. The remarkable thing about A Pilot’s Dream has nothing to do with its literary qualities (which are meager) but rather the timing of the play’s premiere. When the curtain went up, the author of the play had actually arrived at the pole only hours beforehand, having piloted the lead aircraft of the SP-1 expedition to the top of the world. In other words, the opening of the play was deliberately staged to coincide with the real-life fulfillment of the fantasy portrayed on stage.
Polestar descending:glavsevmorput in decline, 1936-1939
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

In July 1937, in the wake of his successful expedition to the North Pole, Otto Shmidt gave a public address at Moscow’s Regional Council of Professional Labor Unions. Afterward, Shmidt was asked by a reporter why Levanevsky had not yet made a transpolar flight to America. After all, both Chkalov and Gromov had done so. Why not a Glavsevmorput pilot? Shmidt answered by repeating the question: “Why, indeed, has Levanevsky not flown this year?” He paused, allowing a grin to appear on his face: “Remember, my comrades, the year is not yet out.” In other words, bigger and better things were yet to come from GUSMP.
Paleontology and Macroevolution On the Theoretical Conflict between an Expanded Synthesis and Hierarchic Punctuationism
Authors: Szalay Frederick S
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to define where macroevolution begins and microevolution ends (Levinton, 1988), and therefore who is or is not a proper macroevolutionist is equally contentious. Since a zenith of macroevolutionary understanding provided by the Modem Synthesis, and well represented by Simpson’s two tomes (1944, 1953) and subsequent writings (also by Rensch’s 1947 and 1959 independent contributions), enormous amount of new data has surfaced, along with new subdisciplines, all of which continue to demand theoretical treatment in the framework of taxic and other macroevolutionary perspectives. In Fitch and Ayala (1995), based on a 1994 symposium paying homage to G. G. Simpson’s (1944) “Tempo and Mode,” widely ranging contributions examined the change in the past 50 years. Opinions varied a great deal on the relevance of the Synthesis, although it is probable that advances in genetics, molecular, and developmental biology went beyond even of what Simpson might have fantasized. Basic theoretical issues put forward in “Tempo and Mode” about the evolutionary dynamic, however, have not been shown to be wrong or even “outdated”. Subsequent to what was then merely called punctuated equilibrium, S. J. Gould declared in 1980 that the Synthesis was dead (see Mayr & Provine, 1980). The simple question then and now remains: Beyond a far more detailed knowledge of patterns in the fossil record, have we learned enough about causal explanations and evolutionary process through time to justify Gould’s declarative statement? In particular, is the claim justified that macroevolution can and should be causally decoupled (beyond the important and unique description of various processes and interactions of organisms and environment) from the basic mechanisms that affect population level change (Gould, 1982a,b)? I briefly reexamine here some theoretical positions that surround the issue of decoupling versus continuity and mutual dependency of micro- and macroevolutionary analysis. In spite of its earlier rhetoric, punctuationism claims to retain most if not all the tenets of the Synthesis, while paradoxically it claims to replace its foundations with a new ontology and advocates the practice of methods based on the latter (Eldredge, 1995). Interesting quasi-Darwinian claims about autocatalytic evolution (Kauffman, 1993, 1995; Weber & Depew, 1996) add other issues to future theoretical examinations of macroevolution.
Landforms, Climate, Ecogeographic Mosaics, and the Potential for Hominid Diversity in Pliocene Africa
Authors: O’Brien Eileen M , Peters Charles R
Published: November 2023

We assume that hominid biodiversity in Pliocene Africa was somehow related to the continent’s mosaic of evolving landscapes, vegetation, and changing climate. But how? As yet, we do not know the answer. Our knowledge of the continent’s physical geography and biotic environments during the Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene is limited. The development of evolutionary theory, as it concerns both biodiversity and adaptation, is still weak. What we can be glad of is a fairly well-developed descriptive understanding of landforms, climate, and vegetation as they exist today. Theoretical considerations and alternative interpretations of the paleorecord suggest that the environments of the Pliocene were richer than usually assumed, certainly richer than today. We explore the potential of Pliocene Africa to support an array of hominids within a broad theme of environmental dynamics and changing scales of geographic heterogeneity across the continent. In sum, our chapter attempts to sketch the possibilities of hominid biogeographic potential, from deathlands to potential heartlands of relatively high species richness, interrelated through mosaics of contrasting adjacent environments at the regional and subregional scales. First we introduce landforms, climate, and African phytogeography. Then we explore some ecogeographic possibilities for continentwide biodiversity.
Introduction
Authors: Howell F Clark
Published: November 2023

More than three and a half decades ago, with encouragement and facilitation of the Wenner-Gren Foundation, Franvois Bourliere and I organized a symposium to interrelate ecological studies in Africa and the emerging development of paleoanthropological investigations on the continent. The published outcome was the volume African Ecology and Human Evolution (Howell & Bourliere, 1963). A subsequent massive and protracted symposium, held in 1965 under the same auspices, entitled “Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary” (published as Background to Evolution in Africa, Bishop and Clark, 1967) reified and expanded the earlier proposed goals, effectively setting the direction for subsequent interdisciplinarily focused paleoanthropological and diverse associated natural science studies. African Biogeography, Climatic Change, and Early Hominid Evolution exemplifies this tradition and affords new approaches toward synthesis, altered perspectives, and, of course, new unforeseen problems.
Introduction
Authors: Leakey Meave
Published: November 2023

In the early part of this century, studies of human evolution were traditionally based on morphological descriptions and comparisons of the few known hominid fossils. Scant attention was paid to context. Even as late as 1960, the fossil evidence was so sparse that Louis Leakey was able to pen a note to Nature describing the discovery of OH 5, for publication less than 1 month after its initial discovery (Morrell, 1995). Subsequent studies in the 1960s at Olduvai Gorge, the Omo Valley, and elsewhere began the current increasing trend to view hominid discoveries in the broader paleoenvironmental and geological context. Today’s investigations into human prehistory benefit from a wealth of data accumulated since that time and originate from a variety of disciplines.
Disclosing Shame
Authors: Macdonald James
Published: November 2023

Tie first part of this chapter provides an overview of theoretical approaches to the relationship between shame and disclosure. This will include phenomena which may make this relationship more complex, such as experiences of shame that are momentary and possibly minimally conscious, as well as theoretical perspectives which emphasize a relationship between nondisclosure and the need to avoid shame. Following this, an attempt will be made to review the existing empirical evidence on the relationship between shame and disclosure. Although there does seem to be evidence which supports the theoretical argument that the “action tendency” in shame is one of hiding, some of this work suggests that people may subsequently disclose experiences of shame, at least in certain contexts. At the end of the chapter, a small body of work will be reviewed that suggests that the anticipation of shame plays a role in the nondisclosure of emotional experience more generally.