bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT AND STORAGE ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS
Authors: Sackston W. E. , Chernick Barbara M.
Published: March 2010

Seeds of Sunrise sunflowers were treated with 14 common chemical seed dressings at [Formula: see text] and 15 ounces per bushel and stored up to [Formula: see text] years. At intervals samples of seeds were sown in soil beds in a greenhouse, and plated on agar in petri dishes.Germinability of stored seed was not affected adversely by treatment with [Formula: see text] ounces per bushel of any chemical tested. Treatment with 15 ounces per bushel of some mercurial preparations markedly reduced germination, and induced characteristic symptoms of mercury poisoning in surviving seedlings. No injury was caused by the non-mercurial materials. Growth of fungi from treated seeds plated on agar was effectively prevented by most of the mercurial chemicals even at [Formula: see text] ounces per bushel. Several of the non-mercurial materials reduced the number of fungus colonies, but none gave complete control. The microflora appeared to be confined primarily to the hulls of sunflower seeds, although some invasion of the testa also occurred.
ATMOMETER ASSEMBLIES, A COMPARISON
Authors: Carder A. C.
Published: March 2010

The field performance of six different atmometer assemblies was determined during the growing seasons of 1956 to 1959. The black Bellani plate atmometer equipped with Livingston-Thone wool mercury valve was used as standard. Other black Bellani assemblies involved Shive's mercury U-tube valve, fritted glass valve, and two different mounts using plastic shields instead of valves. An assembly functioning on the principle of a Piché atmometer and using a black porous disc as absorbent pad was also tested.The daily response of all valve-equipped atmometers to changing meteorological conditions was essentially the same. Since the U-tube and fritted glass valves were free from blockage by foreign matter, assemblies having them proved superior to the standard. However, these valve types did not solve the difficulty of priming. The use of shields to avoid this difficulty increased the evaporation rate and atmometers so equipped responded significantly differently from the standard. The black porous disc assembly also lost more water by evaporation than the standard but its response was not significantly different from the conventional assembly. Since the black porous disc mount has neither valve nor shield it is easier to maintain and operate than the other assemblies. It proved also less susceptible to frost damage.
INSECT TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS CAUSING LITTLE CHERRY DISEASE
Authors: Wilde W. H. A.
Published: March 2010

Little cherry virus disease of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was transmitted under screenhouse conditions by 3 species of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) out of 24 species tested. Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), the 6-spotted leafhopper, transmitted the disease in seven tests; Scaphytopius acutus (Say), the sharp-nosed leafhopper, transmitted it once; and Psammotettix lividellus (Zett.) transmitted it once. The transmissions were made from diseased sweet cherry trees of the variety Lambert to indicators of the varieties Star or Sam. With the exception of 1 transmission, 2 to 4 years were necessary following inoculation for unmistakable expression of symptoms in the indicators. M. fascifrons was also implicated in 18 successful transmissions to mature sweet cherry trees grown in the open.
CONTROL OF ROOT MAGGOTS ATTACKING CRUCIFEROUS CROPS, MAINLY RUTABAGAS, GROWN IN RIDGES
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: March 2010

Experiments in 1958 and 1959 with pre-planting soil treatments of insecticides, applied in a 5-inch band [Formula: see text] below the seed in ridges of soil, snowed that heptachlor, aldrin and chlordane, each at 5 pounds toxicant per acre, gave 70 to 90 per cent reduction in root maggot damage in cruciferous crops in Prince Edward Island. Each of these insecticides gave better control of the second than of the first generation of root maggots. Nematocide 18,133, at 5 and at 10 pounds per acre gave complete control throughout the growing season and also gave the highest yield. Thimet at 5 and at 10 pounds gave better control than the chlorinated hydrocarbons; parathion and Guthion, at the same rates, gave better control of the first generation but not as effective control thereafter. Korlan at 6 pounds gave fair control of the first generation but was ineffective thereafter. Ethion, Trithion, Di-syston and Diazinon, each at 5 and at 10 pounds, and Co-Ral and Dylox at 5 pounds were ineffective in controlling root maggot injury. Diazinon was highly phytotoxic; none of the other insecticides showed any phytotoxicity.
RELATION OF ELEVATION OF A MOUNTAIN STREAM TO REACTION AND SALT CONTENT OF WATER AND SOIL
Authors: Wilcox J. C. , Holland W. D. , McDougald J. M.
Published: March 2010

Water samples were obtained from a number of mountain lakes and irrigation reservoirs in the Okanagan Valley, and from streams emptying them. It was found that in any one drainage basin, the water had a higher pH and salt content at low elevation than at high elevation.A more detailed investigation was conducted in the Mission Creek watershed. With decreasing elevation the following relationships were found: (a) increasing pH, electrical conductivity, and contents of calcium, potassium and sodium in the stream water; (b) increasing pH and conductivity in seepage water; (c) increasing pH and conductivity in the soil. Relationships between elevation and pH were similar with stream water, seepage water and soil, as also were relationships between elevation and conductivity values.
EFFECT OF CROP RESIDUES AND FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON THE YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF WHEAT
Authors: Hedlin R. A. , Smith R. E. , Leclaire F. P.
Published: March 2010

Results are presented showing the effect of alfalfa, grass and wheat crop residues on the yield and protein content of wheat during the 6-year period, 1948–1953.The yield of first crop wheat after alfalfa (34.4 bu./ac.) was greater than the yield after grass (25.6 bu.). The yields of wheat after fallow in which wheat straw residues had been incorporated were 31.4 and 32.4 bu. The second wheat crop after alfalfa (23.8 bu.) yielded more than the second crop after grass (19.4 bu.) and also than the second crop after fallow (18.4 and 16.3 bu.)Returning wheat crop residues reduced yields. This effect was slight the first year after fallow but more pronounced the second year after fallow. The depressing effects of grass and wheat crop residues were partly offset by applications of 16-20-0 at 108 lb. per acre. Yields of the second crop of wheat after fallow were greater where sweet clover had been ploughed down in the fallow year or where the straw residues were burned.The protein content was highest after alfalfa and where sweet clover was ploughed down in the fallow year. Protein content was low after grass breaking. Fertilizer treatments, although they increased yield, had little effect on protein content.
SOME EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG CORN PLANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: Ketcheson J. W.
Published: March 2010

Germinated corn seedlings were planted in Burford loam soil in 1-gal. glazed pots and allowed to grow for 8 weeks in the greenhouse. Two levels of phosphorus, 0 and 20 p.p.m P2O5, were used, along with a uniform treatment of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. Carrier-free phosphorus-32 was placed in the bottom of the pot as compared with mixing throughout to indicate regions of root activity. One set of pots, consisting of four replications per treatment, was placed in a water bath averaging approximately 13 °C. A corresponding set was placed on the greenhouse bench where temperature averaged approximately 20 °C. Air temperature was the same for both sets.Although the soil used for this study tested high in acid-soluble phosphorus and thereby suggested a low fertilizer phosphorus requirement, the use of phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased both the yield and phosphorus uptake of corn plants. Moreover, the relative increase for fertilizer was much greater under low temperature than under high temperature conditions. This was due to an actual reduction in phosphorus percentage in fertilized plants grown at the higher temperature while the reverse was true at the lower temperature level.Root activity, particularly in the bottom portion of the pots, was reduced by low temperature, but phosphorus fertilizer partially overcame this effect. The consequence of these effects on growth of corn in the field, and on soil test correlation work, is mentioned.
TILLAGE PRACTICES IN RELATION TO CROP YIELDS, POWER REQUIREMENTS AND SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: Byers G. L. , Webber L. R.
Published: March 2010

Tillage experiments were conducted on Burford loam and Lockport clay loam. Different implements and combinations of implements were used to accomplish nine methods of tillage. The mouldboard plough was used as a standard treatment and compared with other treatments using a plough equipped with sub-bases, a disk plough, a one-way disk, a field cultivator, and rotary tillage. Crop yields, power requirements, and the effect on soil physical properties were studied.On Burford loam, with a 5-year rotation of corn, oats, and hay for three years, the yield of oats was significantly better when the fall tillage included mouldboard ploughing. No tillage treatment resulted in significant differences in the yields of corn as silage, and of hay. On Lockport clay loam the crop yields from a rotation of corn, oats, hay, hay, fall wheat, and red clover, were not significantly affected by tillage treatment.Tillage treatments did not produce significant differences in soil aggregation, bulk density or aeration porosity in any year of the experiment. Significant differences were from year to year when the mean values of all treatments were compared.The power required to accomplish the tillage treatments was measured.
RELATIONSHIP OF NITRATE ACCUMULATION TO YIELD RESPONSE OF WHEAT IN SOME SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: Cook F. D. , Warder F. G. , Doughty J. L.
Published: March 2010

The capacity of Saskatchewan soils to accumulate nitrate, as determined by a laboratory procedure, was investigated as a method for evaluating the response of wheat to nitrogenous fertilizers. The correlation coefficient between the field yield ratios (which are a measure of the response to nitrogen) and nitrate accumulation for 31 stubble fields was 0.846** and for 30 fallow-soils was 0.830**. Greenhouse experiments with soil samples from 31 stubble fields showed a high correlation (0.874**) between nitrate accumulation and nitrogen uptake by wheat plants during a 30-day growth period.It is considered that a significant increase from the application of nitrogenous fertilizers can be expected when the nitrate accumulation value is below 50 p.p.m. N in soil from stubble fields or 40 p.p.m. N in fallowed soils.
EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC MATTER FROM PODZOLIC SOILS BY MEANS OF DILUTE INORGANIC ACIDS
Authors: Schnitzer M. , Wright J. R.
Published: March 2010

HF, HCl and an HCl-HF mixture at 0.5 per cent concentration for each acid, extracted only 2 per cent of the carbon of the A0 and up to 96 per cent of that of the B horizon of a podzol soil. Acid concentrations higher than 0.5 per cent (1.25 and 2.50 per cent) were less effective in extracting carbon. Both HF and the HCl-HF mixture were more effective extractants than HCl alone. The amounts of carbon extracted by 0.5 per cent HCl showed a correlation with those of iron and aluminium with maxima occurring in the B horizon extracts.
SOIL CONDITIONERS—THEIR EFFECT ON COARSE-TEXTURED SOILS, CROP YIELDS AND COMPOSITION
Authors: Holmes R. M. , Toth S. J.
Published: March 2010

Crop response to soil structural changes caused by soil conditioner amendments was studied in several different sandy soils of New Jersey. The response varied with the crop and treatment. Those chemicals that were slightly hydrophobic were most effective and generally crop response was greatest on these treatments. Cations such as Na may be added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, and this may result in reduced uptake of other nutrients such as Mg. and K. Except for this effect, conditioners did not reduce nutrient uptake by plants. When elements such as Na and N are added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, there may be an increased uptake of these nutrients.Catalin and VAMA conditioners produced a dry surface mulch which appeared to reduce evaporation. Moisture reserves were, therefore, preserved through a drought and this resulted in increased growth of crops over those grown on other treatments. Cultural practices destroyed the stability of the conditioned aggregates, since in most cases the effect had largely disappeared by the third growing season. Chemicals which were effective in soil aggregate stabilization were also effective as anti-crustants when crusting was a problem.
AN EVALUATION OF SOME TILE-DRAIN DEPTH AND SPACING FORMULAE FROM THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS
Authors: Hore F. R. , Gray D. M.
Published: March 2010

Soil physical properties determined on six fine-textured soil types near Brampton and Chatham were used to solve and evaluate formulae for the depth and spacing of tile drains proposed by Hooghoudt, Walker, Slater, and Dumm. At the Chatham site, measurements of water-table drawdown between tile drains were recorded to compare with Neal's water-table observations of adequate drainage.A wide difference in soil properties was exhibited between the two study sites. None of the formulae results of spacing agreed precisely. Causes for discrepancies between the results were shown to be due to technical differences in applying data to the formulae and to inherent differences in derivation of the formulae. Data are presented showing the need for a physical criterion of adequate drainage.
THE EFFECT OF CROP COVER ON THE INFILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GUELPH LOAM SOIL
Authors: Ayers H. D.
Published: March 2010

Application of simulated rainfall to a Guelph loam soil indicated that a dense cover crop of grasses and legumes served to maintain the infiltration capacity above 1.6 inches per hour during the first 60 minutes of wet runs. When the cover was removed and the soil surface prepared to simulate a finely prepared seedbed the infiltration capacity dropped to 0.7 inches per hour or less after 60 minutes. The mass infiltration of water during the initial runs on plots appeared to be inhibited by air entrapment in the soil profile.
EVALUATION AND CALIBRATION OF PHOSPHORUS SOIL TEST METHODS FOR PREDICTING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS OF POTATOES
Authors: Smith J. A. , Sheard R. W.
Published: March 2010

According to concepts and techniques developed by Bray, ten extracting procedures for soil phosphorus were compared and evaluated against phosphorus response collected from field potato trials conducted in various potato-growing areas of Southern Ontario over three years.A modification of the PA2 test, developed by Bray and his associates for the extraction of adsorbed + acid-soluble phosphorus, was chosen as most nearly fulfilling the requirements of a successful soil test under the conditions of this experiment.The soil test was calibrated against response to phosphorus fertilizer rates resulting in a phosphorus requirement table for potatoes.
STATEMENT OF EDITORIAL POLICY AND PRACTICE for the CANADIAN JOURNALS OF "ANIMAL", "PLANT", and "SOIL SCIENCE"
Authors: Hu F
Published: March 2010

not available
ACCUMULATION OF DDT IN THE SOIL OF AN ONTARIO PEACH ORCHARD
Authors: Herne D. C. , Chisholm D.
Published: March 2010

An Ontario peach orchard in which known amounts of DDT had been applied as foliage sprays was used to study the accumulation and distribution of this insecticide in the soil. Run-off from the foliage at the time of spraying was an important factor in the rate of DDT accumulation. Approximately 95 per cent of the accumulated insecticide was retained in the cultivated layer, and the amounts near the trunks of the trees were significantly greater than those under the peripheries of the trees or midway between adjacent trees.
LABORATORY AND GREENHOUSE STUDIES ON EFFECT OF LIME AND OTHER AMENDMENTS ON WATER-SOLUBLE BORON IN SOIL
Authors: Bishop R. F. , Cook R. L.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were used to study the effect of various soil amendments on the water-soluble boron content of a strongly acid soil.In the greenhouse, using ladino clover as the test crop, liming reduced boron availability as measured by soil and plant analysis. Calcium-boron ratios in the clover ranged from approximately 550:1 to 2000:1 and there was a significant correlation between the water-soluble boron in the soil and the boron content of the clover.In the laboratory studies calcium and magnesium carbonates were equally effective in decreasing water-soluble boron in soil. Gypsum was ineffective. Manure or alfalfa hay increased the water-soluble boron content of soil in proportion to the amounts applied. Applications of sodium hydroxide, resulting in a range of soil pH values from 4.82 to 9.72, were accompanied by decreases in water-soluble boron until a pH of approximately 8.0 was reached. Above this point water-soluble boron increased. At comparable pH values of approximately 7.0 or less, sodium hydroxide caused a smaller reduction in water-soluble boron than did either calcium or magnesium carbonate.
THE EFFECT OF THE WATER-STORAGE CAPACITY OF THE SOIL ON MASS INFILTRATION
Authors: Ayers H. D. , Wikramanayake V. E. A.
Published: March 2010

By the application of artificial rainfall to field plots of Guelph Loam at various levels of water-storage capacity in the top 6 inches, it was found that the equation Y = 0.43 + 0.38 X, where Y = mass infiltration in inches for 20 minutes and X = the available storage capacity in inches, expressed the relationship between the variables. A graph is presented to indicate the recovery of available storage with time, following a period of precipitation excess.
U-SHAPED DUNES AND EFFECTIVE WIND DIRECTIONS IN ALBERTA
Authors: Odynsky Wm.
Published: March 2010

Studies were made of aerial photographs of sand dune areas outlined by the Alberta Soil Survey. The presence of U-shaped, V-shaped, blow-out parabolic dunes indicated the direction of the effective wind responsible for their formation. Descriptions, pictures of such dunes and a sketch map showing the probable effective wind directions are included in the report. The shapes of these dunes indicate that the effective wind direction in the Grande Prairie area was from the southwest. In the central portion of Alberta the effective wind direction was from the northwest, while in the southern and southeastern portion of the province the effective winds were from the southwest. Comparison of the indicated effective wind directions with the average pattern of the direction of strong winds shows a very marked similarity.
THE pH OF STRONGLY ACID SOILS
Authors: Turner R. C. , Nichol W. E.
Published: March 2010

With strongly acid soils [Formula: see text], pMg-pCa and [Formula: see text] were unaffected by the soil/water ratio. The amount of CaCl2 added to the suspensions had an effect on [Formula: see text] and pMg-pCa but the effect was such that [Formula: see text] was independent of the salt concentration. A means of calculating the pH of strongly acid soils under field conditions is presented.
THE LIMING OF DIKELAND SOILS
Authors: MacLeod L. B.
Published: March 2010

In a greenhouse study dolomitic and calcitic limestone were applied at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 tons per acre to three samples of dikeland soil representative of surface soil, sub-soil and a mixture of the two. The two kinds of limestone were equally effective in increasing crop yields and there were no significant yield differences with different soils, when limed at the appropriate rate. Increases in yield due to liming were highly significant, but significance of the yield increases for successive increases in rate of liming varied with different crops. The increases in grain and clover yields above the 6-ton rate were, on the average, small and not significant.Where dolomitic limestone was applied the Ca:Mg ratio remained approximately 1: 1 in all soils. The application of calcitic limestone resulted in a Ca:Mg ratio ranging from 2: 1 for the 2-ton rate to 5: 1 for the 8-ton rate, but this wide range did not have any apparent effect on crop yield in this experiment.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE PEAT BOGS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES
Authors: Smith D. G. , Bryson C. , Thompson E. M. , Young E. Gordon
Published: March 2010

The proximate chemical composition of seven peat bogs in the Maritime Provinces has been determined. The results have been expressed as profiles in relation to depth and as over-all averages for each bog.The acidity tended to be high at pH 3.9–4.8; the moisture content was 90–95 per cent; the total ash was low at 0.5–3 per cent of which about 14 per cent was CaO, 0.85 per cent K2O, and 2.7 per cent P2O5. Of the organic constituents the fraction containing waxes and resins averaged about 7 per cent of the dry matter in most bogs. The total nitrogen was less than 1 per cent. Hemicelluloses and other substances soluble in hot dilute HCl constituted 32–42 per cent of the dry matter and humic substances 28–34 per cent.The process of humification was indicated by a decrease in cellulose, hemicelluloses and gums, and an increase in humic substances, waxes and resins.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL TEXTURE, REACTION, AND TEMPERATURE ON THE UPTAKE OF NITROGEN FROM THREE NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
Authors: Baldwin C. S. , Ketcheson J. W.
Published: March 2010

Rye grass was grown on four soils varying in texture and pH, in half-gallon glazed pots for a period of 8 months in the greenhouse. A 6-week cool period at 35° F. was employed following the first cutting. Nitrogen was top-dressed at the rate of 80 lb. nitrogen/ac., in the form of either urea, ammonium sulphate or calcium nitrate. These materials were added after germination of the ryegrass in one treatment, and beginning the cool period in a second treatment.From 50 to 100 per cent of the added nitrogen was recovered in plant material and leachates. Calcium nitrate gave the highest recovery of nitrogen on all soils. No difference was found between ammonium sulphate and urea in the uptake and leaching of nitrogen. Urea was converted to ammonia, at temperatures as low as 35° F. The application of nitrogen before the cooling period extended the period of uptake by the crop.It was concluded that the behaviour of nitrogen fertilizers in soil is dependent on both the texture and reaction of the soil, that the movement of urea in soil is small, and that the time of application influences the subsequent utilization of these materials by the crop.
NOTE ON RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CARBONATES IN SOILS
Authors: SKINNER S. I. M. , HALSTEAD R. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE INFLUENCE OF BURNING ON THE SOIL IN THE TIMBER RANGE AREA OF LAC LE JEUNE, BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Beaton J. D.
Published: March 2010

Three-inch soil cores were taken in triplicate from areas that had been burned in 1943, 1945, 1945 and 1951, and from corresponding unburned areas present within each burned-over area.Studies carried out on these cores taken from the 0 to 3-inch layer of soil revealed that, as a result of burning, there were decreases in total porosity and non-capillary porosity and an increase in capillary porosity. Field investigations showed that there was a decrease in the infiltration rate of burned soils and that there was an increase in soil temperature at a depth of 3 inches in burned soils.
THE USE OF 8-HYDROXY QUINOLINE (OXINE) IN THE EXTRACTION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Boswall G. W. , Delong W. A.
Published: March 2010

A mild laboratory procedure, employing oxine in a water-benzene system, for the release of organic phosphorus from two unimproved pasture soils differing widely in total phosphorus, ratio of organic to inorganic phosphorus, pH, calcium content and clay content, is described.Data are presented showing the influence of the following factors on the amount of phosphorus released: soil to water ratio, the pH of the extraction medium, and the soil pretreatments. Under the more favourable conditions the two soils released 75 and 86 per cent of their total organic phosphorus respectively.
HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL
Authors: Read D. W. L.
Published: March 2010

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the rate of extraction and the distance water will move in a horizontal radial system. An absorber was placed in the centre of a layer of soil 5 cm. deep. Extractions were made from three soils, loam, sand, and clay, which were at soil moisture tensions of zero to 450 cm. of water tension. Over this moisture range water moved to the absorber from at least 14 cm. away. No appreciable soil moisture tension gradients developed in the soil, even though there was a difference between the tension in the absorber and that in the cup.
CHEMICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF SOILS ON ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Authors: Wright J. R. , Leahey A. , Rice H. M.
Published: March 2010

Three distinct profile types of soil found on alluvial deposits appeared to represent a chronosequence in soil formation. The chemical, morphological and mineralogical characteristics of these soils, classified as Alluvial, Brown Wooded and Grey Wooded, are given and soil development is discussed.
ALKALINE PERMANGANATE OXIDATION OF THE ORGANIC MATTER OF THE A0 AND B21 HORIZONS OF A PODZOL
Authors: Wright J. R. , Schnitzer M.
Published: March 2010

The organic matter of the A0 and B21 horizons of a podzol soil has been oxidized with alkaline permanganate under conditions similar to those employed by Bone et al. (1, 2). Using a slight excess of alkaline permanganate, about 65 per cent of the carbon of the A0 horizon was oxidized to CO2, 23 per cent to oxalic acid and 2 per cent to acetic acid. The remaining 10 per cent resisted oxidation to these products. Under the same conditions 92 per cent of the carbon of the B21 horizon was oxidized to CO2, 7 per cent to oxalic acid and 1 per cent to acetic acid.In order to obtain additional identifiable products less drastic conditions were used. The organic matter of the A0 horizon was oxidized at a KMnO4/organic matter ratio of 4.7-1 and that of the B21 horizon at ratios of 2.5-1 and 5.0-1.The products of oxidation were fractionated by the scheme of Bone et al. (1). While the mean composition of a substantial portion of the CO2-free oxidation products approximated to that of benzene di- and tricarboxylic acids and that of another fraction to saturated open chain acids, numerous attempts to isolate these acids in pure forms were unsuccessful. Reasons for the failure to isolate these acids are advanced.
ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHORUS BY FOUR SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: Rennie D. A. , McKercher R. B.
Published: March 2010

The adsorption of phosphorus by four soils of differing colloid content showed close agreement with the Langmuir isotherm when final phosphorus solution concentrations were less than 20 μg. P/ml. Calculated adsorption maximum for the four soils were 79.1, 87.7, 150.4 and 164.4 μg. P per g. of soil. The average value of the constant k, related to the bounding energy of the soil for phosphorus, was 0.141.The percentage phosphorus saturation of the adsorption maximum was closely correlated with the equilibrium phosphorus concentration in the soil suspension. At an equilibrium concentration of 28.7 μg. P/ml., 100 per cent saturation of the adsorption capacity of the four soils was obtained; the total adsorbed phosphorus on the four soils was not related to the phosphorus concentration of the soil solution but varied considerably depending on the colloid content of the respective soils.Carbonated water extractable phosphorus, and 'surface' phosphorus measured by P32 equilibrium studies, were not related to the equilibrium concentration of phosphorus of the soil solution. It appears that the percentage phosphorus saturation of the adsorption maximum may prove a more reliable measure of the capacity of the soil to supply phosphorus to the soil solution than either of the 'quick' tests used.Organic matter appeared to be equally as important as the inorganic colloids in determining the phosphorus adsorption capacity of the soils. Differences in exchangeable calcium were not closely related to the adsorption maximum.
STUDIES WITH WASTE SULPHITE LIQUOR: II. WASTE SULPHITE LIQUOR AS A SOIL AGGREGATING AGENT
Authors: Doyle J. J. , MacLean A. A.
Published: March 2010

Ammonium-base waste sulphite liquor (solids) (W.S.L.S.) was added to three soils and incubated for 7 weeks. Weekly measurements of organic carbon content and aggregation showed an increase in aggregation to a maximum at 3 weeks, followed by a decline and then by a second increase at 6 weeks. This increase and decline in aggregation paralleled very closely the corresponding biological activity as indicated by loss of organic carbon. Results suggest that decomposition of sugars is responsible for the⁁ development of aggregation in the early stages of incubation and that the ligninsulphonates may have an effect after further incubation.The aggregating effect of W.S.L.S. was compared with that of two synthetic conditioners HPAN and VAMA. The effect of all materials varied considerably with the clay content of the soil. Results indicate that W.S.L.S. is about 1/16 as effective as HPAN and about 1/36 as effective as VAMA.
EFFECT OF TILLAGE TRAFFIC ON CERTAIN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CROP YIELD ON A BROOKSTON CLAY SOIL
Authors: Bolton E. F. , Aylesworth J. W.
Published: March 2010

A field study was carried out on a Brookston clay soil at Woodslee, Ontario, in 1952–1955 to measure some effects of tillage traffic on soil physical conditions and crop yield. The experiment was conducted at high and low moisture levels and on cropping systems considered to be extreme in effect on the soil.In this study tillage traffic was not consistently deleterious to physical properties and appeared to have little influence on corn and oat yields. Crop yield seemed to be affected by the preceding crop.
RATE OF SOIL DRAINAGE FOLLOWING AN IRRIGATION: I. NATURE OF SOIL DRAINAGE CURVES
Authors: Wilcox J. C.
Published: March 2010

Bare soil was irrigated, covered to prevent evaporation, and sampled periodically to depths of 6 or 7 feet. In 12 tests the total time after irrigating varied from 15 days to 64 days. By charting moisture content against time on log-log paper, straight-line trends were obtained with an equation of the type M = a T−b, in which M = moisture content, T = time, and a and b are constants. The fit was quite close except during the first day or two after irrigating. An examination of results reported by other workers yielded the same type of equation. From this were calculated equations relating rate of moisture loss to time, rate of moisture loss to moisture content, and cumulative moisture loss to time. With increasing depth in the soil, the total drainage increased but the net rate of loss per foot of soil decreased. The finer-textured the soil, the greater was the moisture loss per unit of time but the less was the b value.
A STUDY OF THE CLAY-HUMUS COMPLEXES OF A CHERNOZEMIC AND A PODZOL SOIL
Authors: Brydon J. E. , Sowden F. J.
Published: March 2010

The clay mineralogy of the humate and KCl floc fractions separated from a Dark Brown Chernozemic and a Podzol soil by the Tyulin method was studied. The predominant minerals, montmorillonite and illite, and small amounts of kaolinite appeared in all fractions. The smaller-sized and less well-crystallized clays were concentrated in the humate fractions. In general, the podzol colloids contained more "free" iron and aluminium than the chernozem colloids, and the humate fractions in both contained more than the KCl floc fractions. From studies of the organic matter after treatment with dithionite and EDTA, it appeared that amino groups were involved in the union between organic matter and the inorganic constituents.
THE RELATION OF SOIL TEST VALUES TO FERTILIZER RESPONSE BY THE POTATO: I. NITRATE PRODUCTION AND CROP YIELD
Authors: MacKay D. C. , MacEachern C. R. , Bishop R. F.
Published: March 2010

The ability of soil to produce nitrate nitrogen was determined by an incubation method and values obtained were related to potato yields at 21 experimental locations by Bray's modified Mitscherlich equation. The mean c1 value (proportionality constant) for a total of 58 tests, which included three varieties during a 2-year period, was 0.0182. The standard error of the mean was 0.0014. While differences between c1 values for years were not significant, differences between locations and varieties were. When the soils were grouped, the c1 values for those from the Annapolis Valley were approximately twice those for soils from the adjacent North and South Mountains, and the values within each group were remarkably uniform. The appropriate equations for relating soil test values and crop yields were log (A-y) = log A − 0.0112b1 and log (A-y) = log A − 0.0204b1 for Mountain and Valley soils respectively.
THE PENETRATION OF RADIOACTIVE SUPERPHOSPHATE INTO A PODZOL SOIL
Authors: MacKay D. C. , Eaton J. B.
Published: March 2010

The penetration into the soil of phosphorus, applied as superphosphate, was determined under various conditions in a field experiment on Cornwallis sand. Monocalcium phosphate containing P32 was thoroughly incorporated in the surface inch, and the activity was later determined in 1-inch segments of core samples.Movement downward of applied phosphorus was very slight in spite of the coarse texture of this soil. In 2 weeks an average of 5.2 per cent was located in the 2–6 inch zone and only 8.5 per cent had reached this depth in 4 weeks. Application of 2 inches of water per week (rainfall plus irrigation) produced no significant difference from 1 inch per week. Neither adjustment of pH levels with dolomitic limestone, nor increasing the organic matter levels with anthraxylate (a. humus-like material prepared from coal) had any significant effect on phosphorus migration.There was some evidence that increased rates of superphosphate resulted in greater penetration of phosphorus but the effect was not statistically significant. Even the heaviest rate of phosphorus used (800 lb./ac. of P2O5) did not saturate this soil appreciably, as it has a high phosphorus retention capacity (28.7 tons/acre).
MORPHOLOGY AND GENESIS OF THE SOILS OF THE CARIBOU CATENA, IN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA
Authors: Wicklund R. E. , Whiteside E. P.
Published: March 2010

Soils of the Caribou catena occur in the rolling Uplands of the northeastern section of New Brunswick. The well drained soils in this region are members of the podzol great soil group.Four soil profiles, representing the catenary sequence, were selected for study. Investigation included both field and laboratory studies.Field studies indicated that profiles of all soils in the better drained positions had the same horizon sequence but the sola became thinner towards the base of a slope. The A2 horizon in the well drained position was replaced by an A1 in the imperfectly and poorly drained positions.The sola of all soils possessed high percolation rates and low bulk densities. Calculations indicated that, when compared to the C horizons, increases in silt and net losses in clay had taken place in all horizons of the well drained and imperfectly drained soils.The profiles showed marked gains in organic matter in the A0, A1 and B horizons.Aluminium had accumulated in the B horizons of all profiles. A small net gain in iron had occurred in the three best drained profiles. The associated Dark Grey Gleysolic soil had decreased in iron. The surface horizons showed the greatest concentration of exchangeable cations.
EFFECTS OF THIOUREA, ETHYL URETHANE AND SOME DITHIOCARBAMATE FUNGICIDES ON NITRIFICATION IN FOX SANDY LOAM
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Robinson J. B. , Chase F. E.
Published: March 2010

Nitrification in Fox Sandy Loam was studied using the soil percolation technique. The formation of nitrate from ammonium sulphate was inhibited for about 20 days by 1.6 × 10−3moles of thiourea/kgm. of soil, for 8 days by 1.6 × 10−2moles of ethyl urethane/kgm. of soil, for 25 and 17 days by 2.1 × 10−4moles of manzate and zineb/kgm. of soil respectively, and for 28 days by 3.5 × 10−4moles of ferbam/kgm. of soil. Thiourea and ethyl urethane were less effective inhibitors of the nitrification of ammonia added as ammonium carbonate, possibly because of the more alkaline pH in percolates containing this salt. The four dithiocarbamate fungicides caused a lag in nitrification of 150 days when added to percolation units at a concentration of 2.1 × 10−3moles/kgm. of soil.The investigations indicated that treatment of soil with ferbam inhibited the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria as well as the ammonium-oxidizing organisms.
SOME PODZOL SOILS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Pawluk S.
Published: March 2010

Recent exploratory surveys in the northern sections of Alberta revealed many soils morphologically similar to podzols. A laboratory study was carried out to obtain a better understanding of the genesis and morphology of these soils.Chemical analyses showed the percentage base saturation and pH to be higher than for typical podzols.Physical analyses showed slight increases in clay content in the B horizons and decreases in the A horizons when compared to the parent material.From mineralogical studies of the profiles, the following weathering sequences were established: feldspars>quartz; chlorite>biotite>muscovite; [Formula: see text]. X-ray diffraction data showed illite, montmorillonite-illite mixed layering, montmorillonite, and kaolinite as being the principal clay minerals present in the A and C horizons. The clay mineral components of the B horizons were primarily chlorite-like with lesser amounts of kaolinite. Analyses indicated that the chlorite-like mineral lacked properties attributed to well crystallized chlorites and provided strong evidence in favour of authigenic origin.Data obtained in this study showed the genesis of these soils to be somewhat different from that reported for podzols elsewhere although the process of formation evidently was primarily chemical.
RATE OF SOIL DRAINAGE FOLLOWING AN IRRIGATION.: II. EFFECTS ON DETERMINATION OF RATE OF CONSUMPTIVE USE
Authors: Wilcox J. C.
Published: March 2010

An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of soil drainage and other factors on consumptive use as measured by the soil sampling procedure. Four pairs of adjoining plots were established in four different fields in which the soil varied from coarse loamy sand to clay loam. One plot of each pair was kept in crop and the other was kept bare and covered. They were irrigated thoroughly, and their soil was sampled periodically for 20 days or longer to determine the soil moisture contents. Between samplings the bare plot was kept covered with a tarpaulin. The following results were obtained:1. No really satisfactory method was developed for separating consumptive use from drainage during the initial period of 2 or more days following an irrigation. During this initial period, consumptive use occurred largely at the expense of free water that would otherwise have drained away. This situation continued longer with a fine-textured soil than with a coarse-textured soil.2. By the procedure used in these tests, consumptive use was separated from drainage satisfactorily following the initial period after irrigation. After this initial period the rate of consumptive use decreased with time until the end of each test.3. The rate of drainage was less in the cropped plots than in the covered plots, but the rate of total moisture reduction was greater.4. When the total moisture lost from a bare covered plot was deducted from that lost from a cropped plot, the values thus obtained for consumptive use were much too low.5. When the total moisture lost from the cropped plots was used as a measure of consumptive use, the results were often much too high.It is concluded that no reliable method has yet been developed for routine determination of the rate of consumptive use by soil sampling.
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM SURFACE APPLICATIONS OF LIMESTONE AND FERTILIZERS TO PERMANENT HAYLAND
Authors: MacLeod L. B. , Bishop R. F. , Jackson L. P. , Goring E. T.
Published: March 2010

Limestone, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, alone and in various combinations, were applied to the surface of permanent hayland during a 27-year period. Both limestone and phosphorus produced marked changes in the chemical properties of the soil. Phosphorus content of the soil where surface applications of this fertilizer were made decreased markedly with depth of sampling. Yield response to phosphorus was greater than to nitrogen or potassium although changes in botanical composition of the sward indicated the value of nitrogen, for grass and of limestone for legumes. Irrespective of the treatment, yields declined with time.
THE NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF HYBRID CORN AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZATION: I. THE NITROGEN PERCENTAGE IN LEAF AND GRAIN
Authors: Fulton J. M. , Findlay W. I.
Published: March 2010

In field experiments on a sandy loam and a clay soil in 2 consecutive years, the yield of grain and percentage of nitrogen in ear shoot leaf and in the grain increased with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilization. The change in nitrogen percentage was greater for the leaf than for the grain and correlation between yield and nitrogen content was better for leaf samples than for grain samples. The relation between nitrogen content for the ear shoot leaf and yield was a straight line when rate of nitrogen fertilization was the only nutrient variable influencing yield. Thus, in this case, there was no evidence of luxury consumption or a critical level of nitrogen. However, when yield was limited by lack of phosphorus, luxury consumption of nitrogen did occur. The influence of applied nitrogen fertilizer on leaf nitrogen percentage was greater on the sandy loam than on the clay in spite of the fact that nitrogen percentage of the ear shoot leaf from the unfertilized plots was similar.
ABSORPTION OF FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS BY SUGAR BEETS AS INFLUENCED BY PLACEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN
Authors: Werkhoven C. H. E. , Miller M. H.
Published: March 2010

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of placement of phosphorus and nitrogen on absorption of fertilizer phosphorus by sugar beets. Seven placements of P-32-labelled concentrated superphosphate combined with three nitrogen treatments—ON, 20 lb. N mixed with the soil, and 20 lb. N applied with the phosphorus—were used. The nitrogen source was ammonium nitrate. The phosphorus placements included three band placements, two applications mixed with 2 inches of soil at the 3–5 inch depth with and without a starter, and two applications mixed with 2 inches of soil at the 0–2 inch depth with and without a starter.The placement of nitrogen had a greater influence on the uptake of fertilizer phosphorus than did the placement of phosphorus. Nitrogen applied with the phosphorus generally resulted in greater uptake of fertilizer phosphorus than did nitrogen mixed with the soil. The nitrogen was more effective when the phosphorus was banded than when it was mixed with a volume of soil 2 inches deep. When no nitrogen was added or when nitrogen was mixed with the soil, a shallow band placement or the applications mixed with 2 inches of soil were equally effective in supplying phosphorus to the plant, and were superior to either a deep band or a mixed application with a starter. However, when nitrogen was added with the phosphorus, the shallow and deep bands were equally effective and were superior to the mixed applications with or without a starter.
NITRATE-SUPPLYING POWER OF EIGHT GRASSLAND SOILS OF THE KAMLOOPS, B.C., AREA AND CORRELATION WITH RANGE FORAGE PRODUCTION
Authors: Beaton J. D. , Warren R. A. J. , Hubbard W. A.
Published: March 2010

The formation of nitrate in eight grassland soils of the Kamloops, British Columbia, area was studied using a laboratory incubation technique. All the accumulative totals of nitrate nitrogen produced by these soils were low and suggest that the amount of nitrate formed may be inadequate for optimum plant growth. The desert-like soils, although they are regarded as being members of the Brown great soil group, released the most nitrate nitrogen. The Shallow and Degrading Black soils released nitrate in intermediate amounts while the Brown and Dark Brown soils produced the smallest quantities. The correlations between the accumulative total of nitrate released during incubation with: C/N ratio, total nitrogen and organic matter, were not highly significant. Poor correlation was obtained in the comparison between the accumulative total nitrate formed and the forage produced during the period 1954–1957.
CONSERVATION OF SOIL MOISTURE FROM FALL AND WINTER PRECIPITATION
Authors: Staple W. J. , Lehane J. J. , Wenhardt A.
Published: March 2010

Twenty years' results showed that 37 per cent of the over-winter precipitation at Swift Current was conserved in stubble fields and 9 per cent in fallow. Further analysis showed that rainfall and snowfall were conserved equally well in stubble but that conservation in fallow was mostly from rainfall. Much of the snow was blown from the fallow and accumulated in the stubble.Fall moisture was also a factor, in that each inch of moisture stored in the soil in the fall reduced the over-winter conservation by approximately 0.2 inch.Nine years' results with fall cultivation on stubble showed that one-way disking after harvest reduced the winter storage in 3 years out of 9. Apparently any gain in moisture conservation from the removal of weed growth was more than offset by reduced snow accumulation during the winter. Blade tillage in the fall resulted in greater moisture storage at seed-time in 1 year out of 9.
QUANTITATIVE FRACTIONATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN SOME ALBERTA SOILS
Authors: Thomas R. L. , Lynch D. L.
Published: March 2010

Soil samples from the A and B horizons of nine virgin profiles and from the A2 horizons of two of the profiles were analysed for organic phosphorus content. The nine profiles represented five of the major soil zones of Alberta. Organic phosphorus extracted with HCl and NaOH treatments was separated into three fractions using an anion exchange column. The three fractions contained unidentified phosphorus compounds, meso-inositol hexaphosphate and a supposed isomer of meso-inositol hexaphosphate respectively.The unidentified compounds in the A horizons contained the major proportion of the organic phosphorus. Of the two inositol hexaphosphate compounds measured, the supposed isomer was present in larger quantities than the meso form with the exception of the Hemaruka soil in which the meso form was slightly higher. The three fractions together accounted for only 54.0 per cent of the total organic phosphorus.The largest amounts of organic phosphorus in the B horizons also occurred in Fraction 1. However, in the B horizons this fraction accounted for 63.4 per cent of the total organic phosphorus in comparison to the 42.2 per cent in the first fraction of the A horizons. The total of the two inositol hexaphosphate compounds in the B horizons accounted for only 2.8 per cent of the total organic phosphorus while in the A horizons the same compounds accounted for 11.8 per cent of the total organic phosphorus. Of the 2.8 per cent organic phosphorus that was present as inositol hexaphosphate in the B horizons, the greatest proportion was in the meso form, while the reverse was true of the A horizons.The A3 horizons contained 6.9 per cent of the total organic phosphorus in the inositol hexaphosphate form, with the larger amount in the meso form.