bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Image blur estimation using gradient field analysis
Authors:   Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Asatryan D. ,   Institute for Information and Automation Problems of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
Published: January 2018

Estimating the degree of blur is an important step in improving the image quality. In the literature, many approaches, criteria and algorithms for estimating the degree of blurring are proposed, which utilize the properties of the gradient field of an image. In this paper, we propose a new measure for blur estimation, based on the use of the Weibull distribution shape parameter, determined from a sample of magnitudes of the image gradient. Using artificially blurred images as an example, it is shown that the larger the blur factor, the nearer the proposed measure value to "2", and a monotonic dependence of the measure value on the blur factor is observed. The same effect is observed when the image is filtered, but as the filter factor increases, the value of the measure decreases monotonically. In the paper, it is proposed that the measure of blurring should be considered as a criterion for the structuredness of the image.
Technological future of Russia: the challenge of the “third nature”
Authors: Gorbunov D. V. , Nesterov A. Yu.
Published: January 2018

The article discusses the technological development of Russia in the light of the tasks set by the National Technological Initiative. The subject of discussion and analysis is the logic of the development of the innovation ecosystem of the Russian Federation, the problem of anticipating the world trends in technical and economic development and the global issue of the grounds for making state decisions in the spheres of science, economy and education. It is shown that solving the task of developing a technological innovation ecosystem requires involvement not only of managers and specialists in engineering development, but also philosophers, sociologists, historians. The purpose of the article is to show the transformation of the technical and economic balance of society, inevitable in the conditions of explosive technological growth, to isolate and analyze the basic stages of this transformation, their philosophical foundations and main features. The question of the development of a technological innovation ecosystem in terms of general philosophy is stated as a problem of constructing ontologies that entail significant technological, economic and social transformations. The trial solution of the problem is represented in the form of a scheme of eight stages of development from the model Funnel to the model Grail and is a deductive construction, open to verification and falsification procedures. Verification and approbation of the solution of the problem of the development of technical and economic balance formulated in the article requires the participation of a wide range of specialists in the socio-humanitarian, technical and natural-science fields. The current state of technology and economics on a global scale is characterized as a transition from second nature technologies to third nature technologies. A consistent model of management of the technical and economic balance, overcoming the current model described by the Stevens-Burley formula is demonstrated. The role and the problem of the person in the conditions of technologies of the second and third nature is emphasized, problems of determining the substance of educational activity concerning the generations that will live in a new technical and economic environment are formulated.
Reducing Undesirable Cases
Authors: Croley Steven P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter marks the first of four reform chapters, taking up the issue of undesirable cases, which are those that should never be brought in the first place. The chapter accordingly proposes a number of filters to prevent or discourage undesirable cases from entering the civil litigation system altogether, again in the interest of lowering litigation costs. These reforms include tightening rules and procedures aiming at frivolous cases and increasing the potential use of sanctions, as well as mechanisms to provide advice to self-represented (pro se) individuals.
Providing Cheaper Paths to Court
Authors: Croley Steven P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on reforms that seek to make litigation more accessible by lowering its "price." After explaining the promises and limits of familiar alternatives to traditional litigation, such as alternative dispute resolution and health courts, the chapter proposes the establishment of new forms of civil proceeding. In particular, it proposes a new "medium claims court" that has some, but fewer, of the features of traditional litigation. A medium claims court should be designed for cases in which the stakes are too great for small claims court but too small for ordinary litigation. In this same vein, this chapter also proposes adoption of expedited jury trials and experimentation with small claims juries. More generally, it argues that parties should be incentivized, and judges should affirmatively be encouraged, to adopt tailored litigation processes according to the needs and stakes of all civil cases, in order to ensure that civil procedure better aligns litigation costs to the size of a given case.
Adenopexia nictitante como alternativa quirúrgica del ojo cereza en caninos
Authors: Martínez-Martínez Mastoby Miguel , Cardona-Álvarez José Alberto , Pérez Berrío Diana Marcela
Published: January 2018

Para esta investigación se realizó un estudio descriptivo no probabilístico en caninos que llegaron a consulta a la Clínica Veterinaria de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia. Se describe el seguimiento médico-quirúrgico de 36 pacientes con edades entre los 10 y los 18 meses, de las razas bulldog inglés, cocker spaniel, beagle y mestizos de cocker spaniel con prolapso unilateral o bilateral de la glándula nictitante. En la exploración, la constante clínica fue epífora, inflamación crónica de la conjuntiva palpebral, masa ovalada, lisa, de tamaño variable, de color rosáceo con mayor intensidad en la superficie más expuesta, masa que sobrepasaba el borde libre del párpado inferior y de localización en relación con el canto palpebral nasal. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir una nueva técnica quirúrgica utilizada para la solución de una serie de 51 casos en 36 pacientes con prolapso de glándula nictitante en caninos, y que permitió su reposicionamiento.
Implante de membrana amniótica en la corrección de úlceras corneales profundas de caninos y felinos
Authors: Graciano Echeverry Luis Felipe , Acevedo Toro Sandra Patricia , Vanegas Giraldo Jorge Luis
Published: January 2018

Antecedentes: gran parte de los defectos del epitelio corneal, como las queratitis ulcerativas, no responden al tratamiento convencional y progresan a ulceración estromal y perforación inminente. En busca de nuevas opciones terapéuticas para corregir dichos defectos corneales, se encuentran el uso de membrana amniótica y las plastias corneales, ambos tratamientos quirúrgicos buscan una reepitelización corneal y un adecuado proceso de cicatrización cuando el tratamiento médico no ha tenido éxito. Objetivos: por medio de este trabajo se busca analizar los estudios actualizados referentes a los implantes de membrana amniótica para la resolución de úlceras corneales profundas en caninos y felinos, para poder definir los principios terapéuticos de la membrana amniótica en patologías oculares, determinar un protocolo de preparación de injertos de membrana amniótica y servir de base para estudios prácticos acerca de implantes corneales en caninos y felinos en Colombia. Conclusiones: con base en los resultados obtenidos en el proceso de revisión documental y en la experiencia quirúrgica de los autores, puede concluirse que el uso de la membrana amniótica apoya el crecimiento del epitelio de la superficie ocular y facilita la migración de las células epiteliales, proporciona una barrera a la infección, promueve la revitalización y mejora el dolor. Gracias a sus características únicas ofrece una opción importante en el tratamiento de úlceras corneales. En los últimos años su eficacia ha sido demostrada en el tratamiento de las enfermedades de la superficie ocular, y es ampliamente utilizada en este tipo de patologías.
PERSPECTIVE FOR RADIO IN THE INTERNET ERA
Authors: Gruhonjić Dinko A
Published: January 2018

Rad se bavi analizom teorijskih stanovišta domaćih i stranih autora o budućnosti radija u eri interneta. Radio stanice više se ne mogu ograničiti na linearne, jednosmerne, tradicionalne kanale, jer su očekivanja publike da radio može pratiti kroz brojne druge kanale, na prvom mestu preko mobilnih telefona i drugih platformi koje su povezane na internet. Zahtev publike je i da ima određenu kontrolu nad sadržajem programa, ali se u tom slučaju postavlja pitanje ko će preuzeti uređivačku odgovornost nad takvim medijem? Samim tim, postavlja se pitanje da li je medij koji nema urednika uopšte medij u tradicionalnom smislu te reči ili je u pitanju neka nova, hibridna forma? Situacija u Srbiji je takva da većina radio stanica zapravo i nema informativni program, već je uglavnom reč o muzičkim stanicama. Činjenica koja se potvrđuje kroz istraživanja je takođe da se taj poslovni model nije pokazao uspešnim, a pritom je u dobroj meri uništio medijski pluralizam, jer se takav radio ne bavi ostvarivanjem javnog interesa. U takvoj situaciji, a zahvaljujući internetu, otvara se šansa ne samo za javne radijske servise da podignu svoj uticaj u javnosti, već i za specifične vrste radija, kao što je (g)lokalni radio i – još više – za radio zajednice.
VIZUELNE REPREZENTACIJE IZBEGLICA NA "BALKANSKOJ RUTI" U MEDIJIMA U SRBIJI
Authors: Kleut Jelena , Drašković Brankica
Published: January 2018

U radu analiziramo predstavljanje izbeglica na „Balkanskoj ruti“ u televizijskoj slici i novinskoj fotografiji. Rad ima za cilj da istraži kako se izbeglice predstavljaju u zemlji u kojoj izbeglička kriza nije politizovana i da ispita kako se izbeglice predstavljaju u različitim modalitetima - putem statičnih i pokretnih slika. Uzorak od 125 tekstova i televizijskih priloga prikupljen je tokom sedam dana u martu 2016. godine i tokom marta 2017. godine iz onlajn izdanja novina Blica i Politike, i večernjih dnevnika Radio-televizije Srbije i TV N1. Metoda vizuelne analize zasnovana je na Kresovoj i Van Lijuvenovoj vizuelnoj gramatici, i posebno na analizi vizuelnih toposa predstavljanja. U pogledu narativnih obrazaca predstavljanja identifikuje se pet toposa: drama, kretanje, primanje pomoći, higijena i igra. U konceptualnim obrascima pojavljuju se toposi porodice, dece, usamljenosti, žice i simboličke drugosti. Pozitivnije nego u drugim zemljama, ove su vizuelne predstave izbeglica su kontradiktorne – iako pozivaju na saosećaje i dalje konstruišu drugost i razlike između „nas“ i „njih“.
EMOCIONALNA INTELIGENCIJA DAROVITIH UČENIKA
Authors: Letić Milena M.
Published: January 2018

Polazeći od savremenog shvatanja darovitosti kao domenospecifičnog kvaliteta, koji se ne ogleda samo u razvijenosti određenih vrsta sposobnosti već i u različitim kombinacijama vansposobnosnih karakteristika, sprovedena je empirijska studija kojom se nastoje upotpuniti saznanja o emocionalnoj sferi darovitih u različitim domenima. Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrde distinktivne karakteristike muzički, likovno, sportski i matematički darovitih učenika u prostoru sledećih aspekata emocionalne inteligencije: samosvest, vladanje samim sobom, društvena svest i upravljanje odnosima. Na prigodnom uzorku od 473 ispitanika, koji pohađaju specijalizovane srednje škole za darovite iz Novog Sada, Beograda i Kraljeva, primenjena je skala emocionalnih kompetencija, konstruisana za potrebe ovog istgraživanja.

Nakon ispitivanja razlika između četiri grupe ispitanika pronađena su dva distinktivna obeležja u setu specifikovanih aspekata emocionalne inteligencije, a to su vladanje samim sobom i samosvest. Prvo svojstvo je najizraženije kod sportski darovitih učenika i po njemu se ova grupa ispitanika statistički značajno razlikuje od likovno i matematički darovitih ispitanika. Ovakvi nalazi protumačeni su osobenostima datih domena odnosno činjenicom da domen sporta odlikuje veća fokusiranost na spoljnu realnost, dok domeni slikarstva i matematike podstiču introspektivnost i upućenost na intrapsihički plan, što prouzrokuje razlike u njihovoj emocionalnoj sferi. Kada je u pitanju samosvest, uočeno je da se likovno daroviti učenici statistički značajno razlikuju od preostale tri grupe ispitanika, te da je ovo svojstvo kod njih najmanje izraženo. Najizraženije je kod muzičara, zatim slede sportisti, pa matematičari. Ovi nalazi su dovedeni u vezu sa ranijim istraživanja slične problematike koja su pokazala da likovno daroviti učenici pokazuju mnogo veće smetnje u aspektu socijalne prilagođenosti, najverovatnije zbog toga što društvo, te konsekventno i školski sistem, manje vrednuju darovitost u ovom domenu, što se verovatno negativno odražava i na njihovo samopouzdanje. S druge strane, izraženost ovog svojstva kod muzički darovitih učenika jasno ukazuje da je visoko vrednovanje vlastitih sposobnosti neobično važno za ovladavanje domenom muzike.

U celini posmatrano, rezultati istraživanja upućuju na značaj domena u nastanku specifične konstelacije emocionalnih kompetencija koja se u njemu manifestuje. Stoga se zaključuje da se emocionalno funkcionisanje darovitih može precizno sagledati jedino ako se locira u okvire pojedinačnih domena.

 

KLJUČNE REČI: vanintelektualne karakteristike, domeni darovitosti, samosvest, vladanje samim sobom, društvena svest, upravljanje odnosima.
MATHEMATIKER IN DER SCIENCE FICTION
Authors: Thiel Christian
Published: January 2018

Darstellung und Bewertung von sieben ausgewählten „science fiction stories“, in deren Zentrum Mathematiker oder unterhaltsame mathematische Probleme stehen, erlauben instruktive Blicke auf die Beziehung von Mathematik und Geisteswissenschaften, auf C. P. Snows „zwei Kulturen“ und die demgegenüber treffendere Diagnose von „half-cultured individuals“. Vorgeschlagen wird die Fortführung und Erweiterung der wegweisenden Analysen Knut Radbruchs zum Verhältnis von Mathematik, Dichtung und Literaturwissenschaft.
Pedagoški aspekti primene koncepta ishoda učenja u visokoškolskoj nastavi
Authors: Lungulov Biljana
Published: January 2018

U radu se razmatra problematika definisanja, planiranja i upotrebe ishoda učenja u visokoškolskoj nastavi, kao jednog o ključnih aspekata nastavnog rada. Koncept ishoda učenja posebno je aktuelizovan Bolonjskim procesom i predstavlja značajan alat za planiranje nastavnog rada i kreiranje kurikuluma kao i za prepoznavanje stečenih znanja i veština studenata. Analizirani su relevantni dokumenti u okviru reforme visokog obrazovanja kojima se ističe značaj ishoda učenja za usaglašavanje različitih sistema visokog obrazovanja u okviru Evrope. Akcenat je stavljen na pedagoške implikacije upotrebe ishoda učenja i na njihov značaj za nastavni rad, posebno iz perspektive pristupa usmerenog na studenta. Dat je prikaz konkretnih uputstava i smernica za kreiranje i definisanje ishoda učenja. Prikazana je SOLO taksonomija kao jedna od značajnijih taksonomija za pisanje ishoda učenja u visokom obrazovanju i za procenjivanje usvojenih znanja i veština studenata. Rezultati ukazuju na to da ishodi učenja predstavljaju konstrukt koji omogućava nastavnicima efikasno planiranje i organizovanje nastave, kao i procenjivanje stečenog znanja i kompetencija studenata. Sa druge strane, studentima omogućava mobilnost na druge univerzitete, priznavanje stečenih kvalifikacija, priznavanje prethodnog učenja i dr. Zaključuje se da adekvatna implementacija ishoda učenja u nastavnu praksu, studijske programe i predmete u značajnoj meri utiče na kvalitet obrazovanja.
MIŠLJENJE NASTAVNIKA, RODITELJA I STUDENATA PEDAGOGIJE O MODELU ŠKOLOVANJA DECE KOD KUĆE
Authors: Milutinović Jovana , Zuković Slađana , Slijepčević Senka
Published: January 2018

U radu se predstavljaju iskustva i osnovne dileme školovanja u porodičnim uslovima zapadnih zemalja, mogućnosti ovog modela školovanja, kao i izvesna metodološka ograničenja u istraživanjima ove problematike. Cilj rada usmeren je na sagledavanje mišljenja nastavnika, roditelja i studenata pedagogije o modelu školovanja dece kod kuće. Primenjeni instrument konstruisan je za potrebe šireg istraživanja, a uzorkom je obuhvaćen 441 ispitanik. Rezultati pokazuju da većina ispitanika ne podržava školovanje dece kod kuće, pri čemu studenti pedagogije u manjoj meri, nego nastavnici i roditelji, izražavaju negativan stav prema ovom modelu školovanja. Zaključuje se da je, u procesima demokratizacije i nastojanja da se poboljša kvalitet obrazovanja za svu decu, ključno upoznavanje učesnika obrazovnog procesa s alternativama u obrazovanju, prednostima, mogućnostima i potencijalnim nedostacima različitih modela. Takođe, neophodno je kreirati uslove za adekvatnu podršku roditeljima, kada je reč o donošenju odluke o biranju, ili pak organizovanju obrazovanja koje će odgovarati specifičnim potrebama njihove dece.
OSNOVNE DEMOGRAFSKE ODLIKE UGARSKE PREMA POPISU STANOVNIŠTVA IZ 1910. GODINE
Authors: Đere Zoltan , Fajfer Atila
Published: January 2018

Apstrakt: Predmet istraživanja bio je opšti popis stanovništva Ugarske iz 1910. g., a cilj da se na osnovu rezultata popisa prikažu osnovne demografske značajke stanovništva. Sem sadržajnosti popisa važna je činjenica, da se radi o najsavremenijem ugarskom popisu, koji je ujedno bio i poslednji pred njen raspad 1920. godine. Popis je simultano vršen u celoj Austrougarskoj. Autor je posebnu pažnju posvetio teritorijama današnje Vojvodine. Pri izradi studije korišćeni su prvenstveno sumarni i detaljni rezultati popisa za Ugarsku, podaci za austrijske krunovine, kao i relevantna stručna literatura. Pri obradi podataka upotrebljene su osnovne statističke metode, a u prezentaciji rezultata dijagrami, tabele i jedna karta. Popis oslikava Ugarsku u razvoju, uz rast stanovništva, sa dinamičnim migratornim kretanjima, sve izraženijim procesom urbanizacije, jačanjem građanskih elemenata društva i procesa industrijalizacije, rastom obrazovnog nivoa, određenim promenama u etničkoj strukturi i slično. Uz to, uočene su pojave koje su zabrinjavale savremenika: snažna ekonomska emigracija i rast broja porodica s jednim detetom – odnosno smanjenje nataliteta u odnosu na prethodna vremena. Popis iz 1910.g. je vanredno vredan istorijski izvor za izučavanje demografske, društvene i privredne istorije Vojvodine i Ugarske u doba dualizma (1867-1918).
Enacting Social Justice in Education through Spiritual Leadership
Authors: Perumal Juliet , Edwards Graham
Published: January 2018

Promulgated by Nelson Mandela in December 1996, South Africa’s post-Apartheid Constitution draws on the Bill of Rights to affirm the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. As an emerging democracy, South Africa further seeks to address issues of social justice and equality in education through the South African Schools Act of 1996. This Act sets out policies and practices intended to redress past injustices and support the rights of learners, educators and parents. Drawing on critical feminist theory, this study explored the experiences of female educational leaders in South Africa’s disadvantaged rural school communities.
This qualitative research project adopted a case study research design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations. The aims of this paper are: (i) to investigate the principles of social justice and equity as expressed through spiritual leadership; and (ii) to interpret these principles in relation to education policies. Identifying connectedness and spirituality as prerequisites for spiritual leadership, the study found that spiritual leadership is a means through which social justice leadership can be enacted. While the South African Schools Act upholds the notion that public schools promote democracy through respect for all and tolerance of diverse religious beliefs, this paper does not conflate spirituality with religion. It instead, explores alternative interpretations which explore spiritual leadership and restorative justice as vehicles through which equity and social justice can be understood and enacted.
Decolonizing the school curriculum for equity and social justice in South Africa
Authors: Lebeloane L
Published: January 2018

The starting point of decolonizing the curriculum is in the schools and classrooms that I regard as the formal education laboratories for equity and social justice in a just society. Unfortunately, many South African public schools’ curricula are not yet decolonized and thus continue to perpetuate the preparation of learners for leading western lives in a continent that is not western by nature. The South African school curriculum does little to address decolonization for equity and social justice in the South African public schools. This article argues for the decolonization of public school curricula for equity and social justice in South Africa. Background information is provided. Key terms will be decoded, followed by an outline of the frame of reference, method of research and a discussion of the process of decolonising the curriculum. The importance of decolonizing the school curriculum for equity and social justice in South Africa will be discussed. Threats emanating from not decolonizing the curriculum for equity and social justice in South Africa will also be discussed. Conclusions will be drawn.
Reificação, representação e instanciação: Georg Lukács contra seus intérpretes
Authors: Bewes Timothy
Published: January 2018

De acordo com História e Consciência de Classe de Georg Lukács, o pensamento e a existência são “aspectos reais de um mesmo processo histórico e dialético”. A simultaneidade do pensamento e da existência é obscurecido pela reificação, entendida por Lukács como a lógica das relações capitalistas. Meu argumento é que as implicações de sua grande inovação conceitual para se compreender as relações entre o capitalismo e a representação têm sido eclipsados por comentários recentes sobre o conceito de reificação. Ao me aproximar criticamente dos comentários recentes ( por Axel Honneth e Kevin Floyd), os quais tendem a ver a reificação enquanto um modo de representação e não uma lógica, argumento por um retorno e clarificação do conceito de reificação de Lukács como melhor meio de se orientar na lógica contemporânea da racionalidade capitalista.
Do "viver" e do "morrer" nos estudos literários: Gayatri Spivak e a morte da literatura comparada como Aufhebung
Authors: Araújo Nabil
Published: January 2018

Revisitando, dez anos depois de seu polêmico lançamento nos EUA, o influente Death of a discipline (2003) de Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, este texto, ao revelar de que forma a referida morte disciplinar se estabelece, na verdade, como uma Aufhebung (Hegel) disciplinar, busca contribuir para uma anatomia da “morte” nos Estudos Literários.
Apresentação
Authors: Costa Cristina Henrique da
Published: January 2018

Apresentação da Remate de Males
Literatura, História e Imaginário: a viagem de Vasco da Gama revisitada por Mário Cláudio
Authors: Alves Daniel Vecchio
Published: January 2018

Esse artigo tem como objetivo colocar em comparação um documento histórico, a Relação (1497) de Álvaro Velho, com uma obra literária, a Peregrinação de Barnabé das Índias (1998) do escritor português contemporâneo Mário Cláudio. O motivo dessa comparação seria que, diante das imagens documentais da primeira viagem à Índia, o que temos na realidade é um grande silêncio, tanto sobre as fraquezas físicas e mentais da tripulação, quanto sobre os pontos de vista das comunidades orientais que receberam tal empresa. Na zona obscura desse episódio histórico é que o excelente romancista mencionado parece ter encontrado o seu campo de trabalho. Dada a escassez de dados concretos acerca dessa viagem de descobrimento, ele recorreu à contextualização, sobretudo, ao que diz respeito aos imaginários historicamente possíveis de tal episódio.Como apontado pelas pesquisas da historiografia cultural, verifica Mário Cláudio que, em diversas circunstâncias, os hábitos mentais e as formas fantásticas reaparecem em quase todos os domínios da vida corrente do Renascimento. Por isso, ele investe em uma representação das viagens gâmicas a partir dos imaginários da época, o que não deixa de ter certa coerência histórica.
William Blake e Fernando Pessoa: Poiesis e Complexidade
Authors: Pellanda Nize Maria Campos , Richter Sandra Regina Simonis
Published: January 2018

A partir do conceito de autopoiesis, núcleo central da teoria da Biologia da Cognição, desenvolvido por Maturana e Varela, o ensaio aproxima literatura e ciência para abordar a imaginação poética como fenômeno absolutamente capilar à trama interpretativa da vida. Tendo como referência os pressupostos onto-epistemológicos do paradigma da complexidade – fluxo, devir, emergência, não linearidade, abdução e abordagem holística – destaca fragmentos das obras de William Blake e Fernando Pessoa como duas forças poéticas que, em épocas diferentes, resistiram à simplificação da experiência de pensamento imposta pelo paradigma da ciência moderna. Ambos os poetas foram refratários à cultura da disjunção da experiência de pensamento respondendo com uma obra complexa nas quais buscam aproximar dimensões da realidade esquecidas pela racionalidade científica. Blake e Pessoa, ao negarem a objetividade calculável da vida, ousaram ir além do conhecimento do ser e do mundo para afirmar a potência poética da imaginação ao recusar a separação entre linguagem e vida. A atualidade renovadora dessa recusa está na abertura para outros modos de sentir e pensar a experiência de viver no mundo, como devires humanos auto-criadores no operar da vida na simultaneidade de existir em linguagem como modo particular de estarmos sendo humanos: outra inteligibilidade para o mistério da existência.
Notas sobre a mimesis em Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, leitor de Guimarães Rosa
Authors: Moraes Anita Martins Rodrigues de
Published: January 2018

Pretendo, neste trabalho, tratar do fecundo diálogo de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho com a obra de Guimarães Rosa, diálogo este tecido na própria escrita do autor angolano. Meu interesse será lidar com a representação literária de modos de ser e de falar alheios (estranhos) àqueles que se apresentam como normais (familiares e adequados) no mundo ocidental ou ocidentalizado. Trata-se de refletir sobre a mimesis, ou seja, sobre a representação do outro e de sua fala, em contextos de confronto cultural, atentando para as instâncias da autoria, da voz narrativa e da representação da fala das personagens (fictícias ou não). Darei destaque para momentos de Desmedida: crônicas do Brasil (2006), da trilogia Os filhos de Próspero (Os papéis do inglês, 2000; As paisagens propícias, 2005; A terceira metade, 2009), de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, e para Grande sertão: veredas (1956), de Guimarães Rosa. Buscarei sugerir que a leitura feita por Ruy Duarte de Carvalho da ficção rosiana impregna a configuração de suas próprias estratégias de composição literária.
Imaginação e literatura: O caso de O paraíso perdido
Authors: Sá Luiz Fernando Ferreira
Published: January 2018

N’O paraíso perdido de John Milton, criatividade poética e imaginação crítica estão intimamente associadas. Usando o circuito da teoria e da prática pós-colonial de Edward Said, este artigo encena uma leitura do texto de Milton em contraponto: o poema épico pode finalmente se livrar de seu conteúdo colonial e contribuir decisivamente para a reorganização do espaço entre a crítica e a criatividade. O paraíso de Milton é lido em termos de um mo(vi)mento de resistência contra e intervenção em uma suposta grande narrativa de poder com vistas a propor tanto uma conversação pós-colonial com este poema inglês do início da modernidade quanto uma cena contemporânea para este texto.
Apresentação de um jovem escritor: José de Alencar nos Ensaios Literários
Authors: Oliveira José Quintão de
Published: January 2018

Quando estudante na Academia de Direito de São Paulo no período de 1846 a 1850, José de Alencar e os calouros de 1946 fundaram uma Associação Literária no ano seguinte à sua matrícula. Em 1847 a Associação iniciou a publicação da revista Ensaios Literários, da qual se editaram ao menos 13 números entre esse ano e 1850. Nos Ensaios Literários o futuro ficcionista publicou três pequenos ensaios, suas primeiras publicações de que se tem conhecimento. Não obstante sua pequena importância como criações literárias, esses escritos de iniciante são importantes por serem os únicos testemunhos do aprendizado literário do escritor. Nestas páginas se apresenta uma pequena introdução a esses três textos seguida da sua transcrição fidedigna.
Not All Polyaxial Locking Screw Technologies Are Created Equal
Authors: Schoch Bradley , Hast Michael W. , Mehta Samir , Namdari Surena
Published: January 2018

Update

This article was updated on February 21, 2018, because of a previous error. On page 3, the legend of Figure 3 had read “Zimmer NCB variable-angle locking screw and plate.” The legend now reads “Synthes VA-LCP variable-angle locking screw and plate.” In addition, on page 4, the legend of Figure 4 had read “Synthes VA-LCP variable-angle locking screw and plate.” The legend now reads “Smith & Nephew PERI-LOC-VLP variable-angle locking screw and plate.” In addition, on page 4, the legend of Figure 5 had read “Smith & Nephew PERI-LOC-VLP variable-angle locking screw and plate.” The legend now reads “Stryker VariAx variable-angle locking screw and plate.” In addition, on page 4, the legend of Figure 6 had read “Stryker VariAx variable-angle locking screw and plate.” The legend now reads “Zimmer NCB variable-angle locking screw and plate.”

An erratum has been published: JBJS Reviews. 2018 Feb;6(2):e8.

Background:

Locking plate fixation strength relies on axial alignment of the screw axis and plate hole, with small deviations in alignment substantially decreasing the load to failure. In an effort to overcome this technical deficiency, polyaxial locking plates were designed to provide increased flexibility of screw positioning with the intent of not sacrificing fixation strength. The purpose of this article is to review the variety of polyaxial locking mechanisms currently available, to compare the biomechanical performance of these designs, and to highlight their differences, which may have clinical implications.

Methods:

A systematic review using the search terms “polyaxial locking,” “variable angle locking,” “polyaxial screws,” and “variable angle screws” was conducted to identify all English-language articles assessing variable-angle locking screw technology. All articles directly comparing the biomechanical performance of polyaxial locking technologies were included.

Results:

Polyaxial locking is achieved by 5 described mechanisms: point-loading thread-in, cut-in, locking cap, expansion bushing, and screw-head expansion. With increasing insertion angulation, point-loading thread-in and cut-in designs demonstrate reduced failure strength. However, locking-cap fixation maintains consistent failure strength with increasing off-axis insertion angles.

Conclusions:

Reports comparing polyaxial locking technologies are limited. The current biomechanical literature raises concerns that these mechanisms have various strengths and performance characteristics. Based on the results of the few studies that exist, it appears that locking-cap fixation provides superior biomechanical strength when compared with point-loading and cut-in designs. Additional studies are needed to assess variable-angle locking mechanisms more completely.
Complications Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair and Reconstruction
Authors: Desai Vishal S. , Southam Brendan R. , Grawe Brian
Published: January 2018

* Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a commonly performed procedure with low morbidity; however, postoperative complications do occur and surgeons must be familiar with how to prevent and treat them.

* Despite the availability of revision strategies and treatment options, the prevention of complications and successful primary rotator cuff repair results in better functional outcomes.

* While some complications can be treated, resulting in a full recovery, others may result in permanent disability; patients should be counseled to have realistic expectations.
Современные тенденции развития биологии водных экосистем
Authors: Лихошвай Е. В.
Published: January 2018

Охарактеризованы новые направления океанологии, сформированные в последние несколько лет благодаря внедрению в практику современных методов получения и обработки данных. Это методы массового секвенирования, «омики» и биоинформационные методы хранения и анализа данных. Выявление биологически активных веществ в водной среде и результаты лабораторных экспериментов показывают, что существует молекулярное взаимодействие (сигналинг) как на уровне популяционных и межвидовых отношений между микроорганизмами, так и на уровне их трофических связей. «От молекул к экосистеме» — так охарактеризовано актуальное направление биологии морских экосистем. Объединение и анализ огромных массивов данных, включая полученные с помощью космических съёмок и «облачных» технологий, сформировали новое направление экоинформатики, которое применительно к водным экосистемам позволяет приблизиться к пониманию их структурно-функциональной организации в целом.
Миксоспоридии рода Kudoa (Myxosporea, Kudoidae) рыб мировой фауны и их значение для рыбного промысла и марикультуры: обзор
Authors: Юрахно В. М.
Published: January 2018

Проанализированы данные литературы и многолетние собственные сборы по миксоспоридиям рода Kudoa рыб мировой фауны. Рассмотрены специфика паразитов, локализация их в теле хозяина, распространение в различных водоёмах планеты. Перечислены патогенные виды, паразитирующие в ценных в пищевом отношении видах рыб Мирового океана и наносящие урон рыбному промыслу и марикультуре. Указано негативное влияние этих паразитов на своих хозяев на организменном, тканевом и биохимическом уровне. Даны показатели заражённости и отмечены её сезонные изменения для некоторых видов рыб, а также зависимость заражённости от их пола. Описана симптоматика кудоозисов в природе и марикультуре. Рассмотрены мероприятия, направленные на уменьшение урона, наносимого многостворчатыми миксоспоридиями.
Dampak Kebijakan Subsidi Pupuk Terhadap Daya Saing Komoditas Sayuran di Bali
Authors: Rinaldi Jemmy , Nugrahapsari Rizka Amalia , Suharyanto NFN
Published: January 2018

Usahatani sayuran dinilai tidak berdaya saing dan kurang menguntungkan karena mahalnya harga input produksi tidak seimbang dengan harga output yang dihasilkan. Hal ini menyebabkan produksi sayuran di Bali semakin berkurang sehingga harus mendatangkan pasokan sayuran dari luar Bali. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui daya saing usahatani sayuran di Bali dan (2) mengetahui dampak kebijakan subsidi pupuk pemerintah terhadap pengembangan usahatani sayuran di Bali. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Tabanan Provinsi Bali dengan pertimbangan bahwa kabupaten tersebut merupakan sentra produksi sayuran di Bali. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan Focus Group Discussion (FGD) yang dihadiri oleh 50 orang petani sayuran sebagai sampel penelitian. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer berupa data input output dalam berusahatani sayuran yang diterapkan petani selama tahun 2014. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam mengolah data adalah Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usahatani sayuran di Bali masih memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif terutama pada usahatani komoditas cabai merah, cabai rawit dan tomat. Kebijakan subsidi pupuk dari pemerintah berdampak pada pengembangan usahatani sayuran di Bali terutama pada usahatani cabai merah, sawi hijau dan kubis/kol. Untuk meningkatkan daya saing usahatani sayuran dan merangsang petani meningkatkan produksi sayuran di Bali diharapkan pemerintah daerah mampu memberikan kebijakan tambahan berupa: subsidi obat-obatan yang selama ini masih dibeli dengan harga impor oleh petani dan menetapkan kebijakan harga output pada komoditas sayuran.
Budidaya Kubis di Dalam Rumah Kasa Dalam Upaya Menekan Serangan Hama
Authors: Prabaningrum Laksminiwati , Moekasan Tonny Koestoni
Published: January 2018

Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya kubis ialah serangan hama utama yaitu ulat daun kubis  Plutella xylostella dan ulat krop kubis Crocidolomia binotalis. Penggunaan penghadang fisik atau rumah kasa sedang dikembangkan sebagai alternatif cara pengendalian selain menggunakan insektisida. Informasi mengenai sejauh mana pengaruh penggunaan rumah kasa terhadap serangan hama-hama tersebut pada budidaya kubis di Indonesia masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu  penelitian untuk menguji kemampuan rumah kasa dalam mencegah serangan hama kubis dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Margahayu (1250 m dpl.), Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran di Lembang, dari bulan Desember 2014 sampai April 2015. Penelitian disusun menggunakan petak berpasangan dengan dua macam perlakuan, yaitu budidaya kubis di dalam rumah kasa (A) dan budidaya kubis di lahan terbuka (B). Tiap  perlakuan diulang sebanyak empat kali. Aplikasi insektisida dilakukan jika populasi hama telah mencapai ambang pengendalian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan rumah kasa mampu menekan populasi ulat daun kubis dan kerusakan tanaman oleh serangan ulat krop kubis, sehingga dapat mengurangi jumlah aplikasi insektisida sebesar 62,50%, dengan hasil panen lebih tinggi sebesar 13,75% dan kualitas krop kubis tetap tinggi.
Deteksi Cepat Carnation mottle virus pada Tanaman Anyelir (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
Authors: Diningsih Erniawati , Suastika Gede , Damayanti Tri Asmira , Susanto Slamet
Published: January 2018

Carnation mottle virus (CarMV) merupakan virus penting pada tanaman anyelir di Indonesia maupun di dunia.  Deteksi virus yang mudah dan cepat, diperlukan untuk memantau sumber induk anyelir bebas virus. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengevaluasi tiga metode preparasi RNA total yang mudah dan cepat dari tanaman anyelir sebagai templat one step RT-PCR.  Sumber RNA total adalah dari daun dan batang anyelir terinfeksi CarMV. Metode yang dievaluasi yaitu SDT, SEM, dan kit komersial sebagai pembanding. Optimasi dilakukan terhadap konsentrasi akhir primer (0.4 – 1.0 µM) dan MgCl2 (1.5 dan 2.0 mM).  Metode SDT dan SEM berhasil mendapat RNA total dari tanaman anyelir baik dari sampel daun maupun batang.  Keberhasilan yang didapat dengan metode SDT dan SEM sebanding dengan kit komersial.  One step RT-PCR RNA total yang digabungkan dengan metode SDT dan SEM menghasilkan intensitas DNA yang sebanding dengan kit komersial.  RNA total dari daun sebagai sumber templat one step RT-PCR terbaik dibandingkan batang. Preparasi RNA total dengan metode SDT dan SEM adalah metode cepat, mudah, dan murah dalam menyediakan templat one step RT-PCR. Konsentrasi primer 0.4 µM dan MgCl2 2 mM merupakan konsentrasi optimum dan menghasilkan hasil amplifikasi terbaik
The Pacific Ocean as Highway to Gold Mountain
Authors: Sinn Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

This chapter takes a broad look at the Pacific Ocean in relation to Chinese migration. As trade, consumption and capital flows followed migrants, powerful networks were woven and sustained; in time, the networks fanned across the Pacific from British Columbia along the West Coast of the United States to New Zealand and Australia. The overlapping personal, family, financial and commercial interests of Chinese in California and those in Hong Kong, which provide the focus of this study, energized the connections and kept the Pacific busy and dynamic while shaping the development of regions far beyond its shores. The ocean turned into a highway for Chinese seeking Gold Mountain, marking a new era in the history of South China, California, and the Pacific Ocean itself.
Pop Gingle’s Cold War
Authors: Hamilton Peter E.
Published: January 2018

During its first century as a colonial entrepôt (1841-1941), Hong Kong was defined by free trade imperialism and global interconnection. Founded to anchor the opium trade between British India and Qing China, Hong Kong emerged in the late nineteenth century as the principal hub of overseas Chinese migration to and from North America and Southeast Asia. The Second World War’s brutal Japanese occupation and the Cold War seemed to spell doom for Hong Kong’s future as a center of mobility and exchange, however. The unraveling of European Asian empires, the rise in regional anti-Chinese nationalisms, and the collapse in U.S.-China relations all undermined the established commercial networks passing through the territory. In reality, Hong Kong’s fraught continuation as a Crown colony allowed it to persist as a node of unique and overlapping political possibilities and economic interactions. This article investigates early Cold War Hong Kong as an interstitial node of contested sovereignties and loyalties through the shifty figure of American restaurateur “Pop” Gingle. A charismatic and shrewd opportunist, Gingle deployed mounting U.S. regional influence as cover over his non-aligned personal empire of patronage, money, and information.
Kilsoo Haan, American Intelligence, and the Anticipated Japanese Invasion of California, 1931–1943
Authors: Hayashi Brian Masaru
Published: January 2018

To what extent did U.S. intelligence believe that Imperial Japanese forces would invade the West Coast, an idea that many believe was responsible for the alleged atmosphere of wartime hysteria that led to mass confinement of West Coast Japanese Americans? Based on unused archival materials, this article shows that these agencies dismissed the idea of an impending Japanese invasion, shown by their negative reaction to Korean nationalist Kilsoo Haan’s “Yellow Peril” prediction of a Japanese invasion of California in 1943. It also demonstrates that assumptions about Yellow Peril ideas require more nuanced analysis, for they were not universally accepted or as widespread as often believed. The chapter concludes with observations on Kilsoo Haan, U.S. intelligence, and Japanese American internment.
Introduction
Authors: Crissey Etsuko Takushi
Published: January 2018

After World War II, the U.S. military built vast installations and imposed occupation rule until 1972. For all the post-war years Okinawans have lived next door to American bases. As one result, large numbers of Okinawan women married American military men and immigrated to the U.S. Couples had to overcome stubborn resistance to their marriages from the U.S. military in Okinawa, and a legacy of discriminatory immigration laws in the United States, especially targeting Asians. Couples also faced racial prejudice living in the U.S., where interracial marriages were illegal in several states until 1967. Negative stereotypes about international marriages abound in American popular culture, such as James A. Michener’s 1954 novel Sayonara about an American airman and his Japanese fiancee. Yet many women interviewed in this study had successful marriages and fulfilling lives, demonstrating extraordinary courage and perseverance in adjusting to a markedly different society and culture. Many have formed local Okinawa prefectural associations throughout the U.S. for mutual support and participation with their families in Okinawan cultural events.
The Survey
Authors: Crissey Etsuko Takushi
Published: January 2018

The survey and interviews were conducted from 1995 to 1997, with follow-up interviews in 2010 and 2011. Respondents, who ranged in age from twenties to eighties, were asked about their circumstances before marriage, when they had come with their husbands to the U.S., what their lives had been like in America, what had given them the most trouble, what they enjoyed, and how they viewed their lives today. Items in the questionnaire survey included age and birthplace, number of years in the U.S, adjustments to American life, marital history, education, employment, children, and future plans. More than half listed struggles with English as their biggest problem, with cultural differences second. Younger women had higher levels of education. Most women had worked, more older women as manual labourers in factories, and more younger women as office workers and Japanese language teachers. The most common job for all was waitressing in Japanese restaurants. Contrary to what is widely believed, the rate of their divorces was not especially high compared to divorce rates in Japan, while the rate of re-marriages was much higher. The majority said they intended to remain in the U.S., but some younger women considered returning to Okinawa.
GI Brides
Authors: Crissey Etsuko Takushi
Published: January 2018

The Japanese term “ame-jo,” meaning women who date American men, carries a tone of disapproval. Such an attitude persists in Germany and other countries with U.S. bases. It contradicts the attitude of acceptance toward local men who date foreign women.
The attitudes of Okinawan women toward their marriages have changed considerably over time. Among interviewees, younger women with higher levels of economic status and education were far less dependent on their husbands than older women. Older women felt more pressure to follow their husbands and adopt American culture while younger women encouraged their husbands to learn about Okinawan culture. Older women worked to help with household expenses while younger women sought jobs to develop careers even if they were still struggling with English.
Within their marriages women cited differences in culture, rather than language, as a cause of misunderstandings. Some even said that their lack of complete fluency in English might have helped avoid conflict by preventing them from saying hurtful things. Older women felt more isolated in America, missing the closeness with relatives in Okinawa. But both younger and older women complained about complicated ties to relatives there, preferring their privacy in an “individualistic” America.
World Historians and the Future of Academic History
Authors: Karras Alan
Published: January 2018

This essay explores the relationship between academic training in history and teaching world history. Historians are almost always trained to do original archival research, which generally leads to detailed, but narrow, studies. When they are hired into academic positions, they are required to teach outside of their comfort zones, with a survey course in world history being at the extreme end of such requests. But the general public, including many students, is interested in larger questions about the relationship between history and the contemporary world. There is therefore a disconnect between historical training and public discourse, which Jerry Bentley and others tried to bridge, which has unfortunately led to the marginalization of historians in public debate. Historians can again be relevant to public life by broadening their research and/or contextualizing it differently, so that it is located in a wider geographic and intellectual space. World history is a fine start to this process.
The Sixteenth-Century World War and the Roots of the Modern World
Authors: Burke Edmund
Published: January 2018

This essay examines several world historical events from an unfamiliar perspective, that of sixteenth-century Morocco. It seeks to provide a new way of conceptualizing empires, one that builds upon recent work, while imagining them differently. As a key player in the struggle over the western Mediterranean, Morocco’s neglected history has much to tell us about both the power and the limits of the military revolution of early modern times. Moreover, Morocco’s success in withstanding Iberian efforts to extend the reconquista to Northwest Africa served to deflect the expansionary energies across the Atlantic and around Africa. More generally, Morocco provides a useful vantage point for thinking about the emergence of the international structures of power that define the early modern world.