bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization of 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐sulfanyl (TEMPS) Dimers
Authors: Hobich Jan , Huber Birgit , Theato Patrick , Mutlu Hatice
Published: April 2021

The preparation of polymers containing sulfur–nitrogen bond derivatives, particularly 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐sulfanyl (TEMPS) dimers (i.e., BiTEMPS), has been limited to free‐radical or conventional step‐growth polymerization as result of the inherent thermal lability of the BiTEMPS unit. Accordingly, a novel poly(diaminodisulfide) possessing the BiTEMPS functional group is synthesized via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization at 65–75 °C within 3 h with precise control over the primary polymer structure. Polymer is isolated with an Mn of 20 400 g mol−1 and Ð of 1.9. Importantly, detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size exclusion chromatography, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐IR) in addition to elemental analysis studies of the BiTEMPS polymer confirm the successful polymerization, and show that the BiTEMPS unit remains intact during the polymerization process. Furthermore, the previously unexplored UV‐responsiveness of the BiTEMPS decorated polymer backbone is investigated for the very first time.
Translating Simulated Chain Length and Molar Mass Distributions in Chain‐Growth Polymerization for Experimental Comparison and Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Marien Yoshi W. , Edeleva Mariya , Figueira Freddy L. , Arraez Francisco J. , Van Steenberge Paul H. M. , D'hooge Dagmar R.
Published: April 2021

The molar mass distribution (MMD), which is also known as the molecular weight distribution (MWD), is a key molecular property for a polymerization process, as it determines polymer strength and polymeric material deformation. Several MMD and related chain length distribution (CLD) representations are however used interchangeably, often leading to biased conclusions. Herein it is highlighted how the most interesting simulated CLD/MMD representations, i.e., the number, mass, z‐based, and logarithmic CLD/MMD, can be translated into each other and how they need to be corrected to facilitate comparison with experimental size exclusion chromatography traces. Their relevance is highlighted by including case studies with increasing complexity in polymer products, addressing first linear, then branched, and ultimately crosslinked systems. For illustration purposes, the case studies are restricted to chain‐growth polymerization, including free radical polymerization, cationic ring‐opening polymerization, and free radical‐induced grafting. All model parameters are taken from literature and kinetic Monte Carlo tools are utilized. Guidelines are also provided for both the experimentalist and modeler to maximize the reliability of CLD/MMD reporting in future kinetic studies.
Homozygous GDF2 nonsense mutations result in a loss of circulating BMP9 and BMP10 and are associated with either PAH or an “HHT‐like” syndrome in children
Authors: Hodgson Joshua , Ruiz‐Llorente Lidia , McDonald Jamie , Quarrell Oliver , Ugonna Kelechi , Bentham James , Mason Rebecca , Martin Jennifer , Moore David , Bergstrom Katie , Bayrak‐Toydemir Pinar , Wooderchak‐Donahue Whitney , Morrell Nicholas W. , Condliffe Robin , Bernabeu Carmelo , Upton Paul D.
Published: April 2021

Background

Disrupted endothelial BMP9/10 signaling may contribute to the pathophysiology of both hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), yet loss of circulating BMP9 has not been confirmed in individuals with ultra‐rare homozygous GDF2 (BMP9 gene) nonsense mutations. We studied two pediatric patients homozygous for GDF2 (BMP9 gene) nonsense mutations: one with PAH (c.[76C>T];[76C>T] or p.[Gln26Ter];[Gln26Ter] and a new individual with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs; c.[835G>T];[835G>T] or p.[Glu279Ter];[Glu279Ter]); both with facial telangiectases.

Methods

Plasma samples were assayed for BMP9 and BMP10 by ELISA. In parallel, serum BMP activity was assayed using an endothelial BRE‐luciferase reporter cell line (HMEC1‐BRE). Proteins were expressed for assessment of secretion and processing.

Results

Plasma levels of both BMP9 and BMP10 were undetectable in the two homozygous index cases and this corresponded to low serum‐derived endothelial BMP activity in the patients. Measured BMP9 and BMP10 levels were reduced in the asymptomatic heterozygous p.[Glu279Ter] parents, but serum activity was normal. Although expression studies suggested alternate translation can be initiated at Met57 in the p.[Gln26Ter] mutant, this does not result in secretion of functional BMP9.

Conclusion

Collectively, these data show that homozygous GDF2 mutations, leading to a loss of circulating BMP9 and BMP10, can cause either pediatric PAH and/or “HHT‐like” telangiectases and PAVMs. Although patients reported to date have manifestations that overlap with those of HHT, none meet the Curaçao criteria for HHT and seem distinct from HHT in terms of the location and appearance of telangiectases, and a tendency for tiny, diffuse PAVMs.
Oregon hospital seeks more capacity in painstaking approval process
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: April 2021

In a state that consistently ranks near the bottom nationally in inpatient psychiatric capacity and is now facing heightened demand for services, one might expect that a proposal for a new psychiatric hospital facility would sail through the approval process. Yet that by no means characterizes Cedar Hills Hospital's second attempt in four years to obtain a Certificate of Need (CON) from Oregon officials.
SNR‐enhanced diffusion MRI with structure‐preserving low‐rank denoising in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces
Authors: Ramos‐Llordén Gabriel , Vegas‐Sánchez‐Ferrero Gonzalo , Liao Congyu , Westin Carl‐Fredrik , Setsompop Kawin , Rathi Yogesh
Published: April 2021

Purpose

To introduce, develop, and evaluate a novel denoising technique for diffusion MRI that leverages nonlinear redundancy in the data to boost the SNR while preserving signal information.

Methods

We exploit nonlinear redundancy of the dMRI data by means of kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), a nonlinear generalization of PCA to reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. By mapping the signal to a high‐dimensional space, a higher level of redundant information is exploited, thereby enabling better denoising than linear PCA. We implement KPCA with a Gaussian kernel, with parameters automatically selected from knowledge of the noise statistics, and validate it on realistic Monte Carlo simulations as well as with in vivo human brain submillimeter and low‐resolution dMRI data. We also demonstrate KPCA denoising on multi‐coil dMRI data.

Results

SNR improvements up to 2.7 were obtained in real in vivo datasets denoised with KPCA, in comparison to SNR gains of up to 1.8 using a linear PCA denoising technique called Marchenko‐Pastur PCA (MPPCA). Compared to gold‐standard dataset references created from averaged data, we showed that lower normalized root mean squared error was achieved with KPCA compared to MPPCA. Statistical analysis of residuals shows that anatomical information is preserved and only noise is removed. Improvements in the estimation of diffusion model parameters such as fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and fiber orientation distribution functions were also demonstrated.

Conclusion

Nonlinear redundancy of the dMRI signal can be exploited with KPCA, which allows superior noise reduction/SNR improvements than the MPPCA method, without loss of signal information.
Buprenorphine may be effective for treatment of paramyotonia congenita
Authors: Ravaglia Sabrina , Maggi Lorenzo , Zito Antonio , Arceri Sebastiano , Gallotti Pietro , Altamura Concetta , Desaphy Jean Francois , Bernasconi Pia , Alfonsi Enrico
Published: April 2021

Introduction/Aims

Paramyotonia congenita (PMC) is a skeletal muscle sodium channelopathy characterized by paradoxical myotonia, cold sensitivity, and exercise/cold‐induced paralysis. Treatment with sodium‐channel–blocking antiarrhythmic agents may expose patients to a risk of arrhythmia or may be poorly tolerated or ineffective. In this study we explored the effectiveness of non‐antiarrhythmic sodium‐channel blockers in two patients with PMC.

Methods

Earlier treatment with mexiletine was discontinued for gastrointestinal side effects in one of the patients and lack of clinical benefit in the other. One patient received lacosamide, ranolazine, and buprenorphine, and the other was given buprenorphine only. Drug efficacy was assessed by clinical scores, timed tests, and by long and short exercise tests.

Results

In both patients, buprenorphine improved pain scores by at least 50%, stiffness and weakness levels, and handgrip/eyelid‐opening times. The fall in compound muscle action potential (CMAP) during short exercise normalized in both patients at baseline, and improved after cooling. During long exercise, one patient showed an earlier recovery of CMAP, and the other patient had a less severe decrease (<60%). With buprenorphine, the fall in CMAP induced by cooling normalized in one patient (from −72% to −4%) and improved (from −49% to −37%) in the other patient.

Discussion

Buprenorphine showed promising results for the treatment of exercise‐induced paralysis and cold intolerance in the two patients assessed. The exercise test may be useful for quantitative assessment of treatment response. Further studies on a larger number of patients, under carefully controlled conditions, should be considered to address the effectiveness and long‐term tolerability of this therapeutic option.
Characteristics of pelvic organ prolapse content available on social media
Authors: Pace Lauren A. , Herbert Amber S. , Malik Rena D.
Published: April 2021

Aims

To analyze the quality, understandability, and actionability of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) content and to characterize creators of content and treatment options discussed on social media platforms YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, qualitative study was conducted for each platform. A search for “pelvic organ prolapse” was conducted and the first 100 relevant results analyzed. Data collected include source characteristics, treatments discussed, and scores for each criterion of validated Patient Education Materials and Assessment Tool and DISCERN metrics to evaluate quality, actionability, and understandability. The χ
2 analysis, univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were done to assess correlations and the impact of variables on outcomes of interest across platforms.

Results

Low to moderate quality was present in 74.1% of posts. Poor understandability was seen in 37.1% of posts, and 56.1% had poor actionability. The most common publisher of content overall was health and wellness or physical therapy groups (44.6%). The most common YouTube publisher was doctors, hospitals, or clinics (49%). Pelvic floor muscle training was the most discussed treatment overall (57.4%). On YouTube surgery was discussed more frequently than Instagram or Pinterest (58% vs. 11% vs. 43%, p < 0.001. Pinterest posts had better understandability ratings than YouTube videos (odds ratio = 0.19; 95% confidence interval: [0.10–0.36]; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Information on popular platforms regarding POP demonstrates inconsistent quality and poor understandability and actionability. There is an opportunity for health care providers to direct patients to curated lists of high‐quality educational content on these platforms. Awareness of information available on social media is an increasingly important aspect of patient care.
A survey of nurses' experience integrating oncology clinical and academic worlds
Authors: Haase Kristen R. , Strohschein Fay J. , Horill Tara C. , Lambert Leah K. , Powell Tracy L.
Published: April 2021

Aim

To better understand how oncology nurses (a) navigate graduate studies; (b) perceive the impact of their academic work on their clinical practice, and vice versa; and (c) engage with clinical settings following graduate work.

Design

Interpretive descriptive cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

A qualitative exploratory web‐based survey exploring integration of graduate studies and clinical nursing practice.

Results

About 87 participants from seven countries responded. 71% were employed in clinical settings, 53% were enrolled in/graduated from Master's programs; 47% were enrolled in/graduated from doctoral programs. Participants had diverse motivations for pursuing graduate studies and improving clinical care. Participants reported graduate preparation increased their ability to provide quality care and conduct research. Lack of time and institutional structures were challenges to integrating clinical work and academic pursuits.

Conclusions

Given the many constraints and numerous benefits of nurses engaging in graduate work, structures and strategies to support hybrid roles should be explored.
Cross the river by feeling the stones: How did nonlocal grassroots nonprofits overcome administrative barriers to provide quick responses to COVID‐19?
Authors: Wang Xiaoyun , Cheng Yuan (Daniel)
Published: April 2021

This field report explores how nonlocal grassroots organizations provided effective and quick responses during the initial stage of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Wuhan and surrounding regions. Despite the lack of resources and local connections, they were able to overcome administrative failures and provide quick responses to the crisis. Built on a researcher‐practitioner collaborative action research project, three strategies facilitating grassroots organizations' quick and effective responses are analyzed and discussed: putting pandemic relief as the strategic priority of their organizations, leveraging social media platforms to scale up existing organizational networks and foster cross‐sector collaboration, and effective online trust‐building. As COVID‐19 unprecedently pushes nonprofits to transform how they deliver services and engage stakeholders, these findings have important policy and theoretical implications for an expanded view of how nonprofits may engage in disaster responses and how public and private funders may shift their funding strategies to cultivate such capacities of grassroots nonprofits.
Validity of congenital malformation diagnoses in healthcare claims from a university hospital in Japan
Authors: Ishikawa Tomofumi , Oyanagi Gen , Obara Taku , Noda Aoi , Morishita Kei , Takagi Shuyu , Inoue Ryusuke , Kawame Hiroshi , Mano Nariyasu
Published: April 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the validity of diagnoses of congenital malformations (CMs) recorded in claims of a university hospital in Japan.

Methods

Congenital malformations were identified according to Code Q00–Q89 of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. All the children who had been diagnosed with CMs based on their claims in 2015 and within 1 year from their birth month were selected for this study. The infants' medical records were considered as a gold standard. Positive predictive values (PPVs) for CMs were calculated.

Results

This study included 227 infants who had a CM diagnosis in their claims. Based on the algorithms established by the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort study group, the PPV for any CM was 90.7% and that for major CMs (MCMs) was 91.5%. Concerning MCMs of specific organ systems, those of the circulatory system (PPV 85.1%) were the most frequent, followed by cleft lip and cleft palate (PPV 100.0%), and other CMs of the digestive system (PPV 96.4%). Based on the EUROCAT classification, the PPV for any MCM was 88.5%. Specific MCMs reported in ≥20 infants were ventricular septal defect (PPV 96.0%), patent ductus arteriosus (PPV 72.7%) and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (PPV 100.0%).

Conclusions

The PPVs for CMs in the Japanese administrative data were high enough to suggest that these data could be utilized for perinatal pharmacoepidemiological evaluations. The results were from a single center, and further validation studies are needed.
Polyaniline nanorod adsorbed on reduced graphene oxide nanosheet for enhanced dielectric, viscoelastic and thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Akkalamattam Maitheen Kunju Rahnamol , Gopalakrishnan Jayalatha
Published: April 2021

In this work, polyaniline nanorod adsorbed on reduced graphene oxide (P@G) hybrid filler was prepared via in situ polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of reduced graphene oxide as template. Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed the formation of P@G hybrid. The P@G hybrid was dispersed in dichlorobenzene and then introduced into epoxy resin at different loadings. The epoxy nanocomposites containing 9 wt% P@G hybrids (E/P@G9) exhibited a maximum DC conductivity of 1.34 × 10−5 S/cm that is eight orders higher compared to pure epoxy. At 103 Hz, a dielectric constant (ε′) of 163 was attained for E/P@G9, nearly 34 times higher than pure epoxy. A percolation threshold of 4 vol% was observed for ε′. Dynamic mechanical studies showed that significant enhancement in storage modulus values were exhibited for 3 and 5 wt% of hybrids. The glass transition temperature showed a maximum shift of 10°C to higher temperatures at 3 wt% loading of P@G hybrids (E/P@G3). The tensile strength, Young's modulus, and impact strength of the E/P@G3 nanocomposites enhanced by 19.7, 72, and 12%, respectively. The thermal stability of the epoxy nanocomposites also enhanced with the addition of P@G hybrid.
Use of Remdesivir in Myasthenia gravis and COVID‐19
Authors: Peters Bradley J. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , DuBrock Hilary M.
Published: April 2021

Myasthenia gravis and the associated pharmacologic management options could place patients at higher risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and exhibiting more severe manifestations of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Multiple agents have been studied for the management of the COVID‐19, including remdesivir. To date, no published reports have evaluated the utilization of the antiviral remdesivir in patients with myasthenia gravis. We describe the first reported clinical course of three patients with myasthenia gravis who safely received remdesivir in combination with dexamethasone for the management of COVID‐19.
Factors associated with psychological distress for couples facing head and neck cancer: A systematic literature review
Authors: McCabe‐White Linda , Moghaddam Nima , Tickle Anna , Biswas Sanchia
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Cancer patients in supportive relationships display improved health and survival outcomes. Identifying factors that might respond to intervention for Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) dyads is important as HNC patients and their partners experience heightened distress. This article systematically reviewed and evaluated the research findings and methodological quality of studies which identified factors influencing psychological distress for couples facing HNC.

Methods

PsycINFO, Medline, and CINAHL were searched. Studies were included if they used validated psychological distress measures and quantitative data collection methods. Eleven studies satisfied inclusion criteria.

Results

Studies identified factors associated with the psychological distress experienced by couples facing HNC, with substantial effect size variation. These factors included clinical, sociodemographic, relational, and psychological variables. Factors associated with increased psychological distress included disease burden, reduced social contact, perception of reduced relationship quality, and less adaptive/assimilative coping although the effect sizes displayed considerable heterogeneity. Overall, studies possessed good methodological quality but generally could have been improved by minimising the risk of non‐response bias and fully reporting relational characteristics.

Conclusions

The implications of these results for clinical practice and future research are discussed. Further research is recommended to report effect sizes more consistently for both dyad members to gain greater insight into couple‐level distress and to perform moderator analyses to identify which variables influence the magnitude of psychological distress.
Movement, Survival, and Delays of Atlantic Salmon Smolts in the Piscataquis River, Maine, USA
Authors: Molina‐Moctezuma Alejandro , Peterson Erin , Zydlewski Joseph D.
Published: April 2021

Movement, delays, and survival of hatchery Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar smolts were evaluated through the Piscataquis River, a tributary of the Penobscot River in Maine, USA. We explored the effects of the river’s four dams (Guilford, Dover, Browns Mill, and Howland dams) from 2005 to 2019. During this period, the downstream‐most dam (Howland Dam) transitioned from full hydropower generation to seasonal turbine shutdowns and later was decommissioned with the construction of a nature‐like fish bypass in 2016. We estimated survival through open‐river reaches and at each dam using acoustic telemetry (n = 1,611). Dams decreased survival, with per‐river‐kilometer (rkm) apparent survival averages of 0.972, 0.951, and 0.990 for Guilford, Dover, and Browns Mill dams compared to a per‐rkm survival of 0.999 for open‐river reaches. Turbine shutdowns increased survival at Howland Dam (to around 0.95), which was further increased by the nature‐like fish bypass (0.99). We used radiotelemetry in 2019 (n = 75) and demonstrated that approximately one‐third of the fish used the bypass, while the remaining fish used alternative routes. Smolts successfully passing the three upstream dams had lower apparent survival through Howland Dam than smolts that were released upstream of Howland Dam. Although smolts passing Browns Mill Dam had high survival, the dam caused extended delays, with median delay times surpassing 48 h in most years. Most of the delays caused by Browns Mill Dam occurred after fish had passed the dam and may indicate a sublethal effect of passage. Overall, while survival through Howland Dam has improved, passage and delays at the three upstream dams in aggregate represent a critical impediment to the effective use of the high‐quality spawning habitat found upstream.
Reaching the Full Potential of Electroorganic Synthesis by Paired Electrolysis
Authors: Zhang Wenzhao , Hong Nianmin , Song Lu , Fu Niankai
Published: April 2021

Electroorganic synthesis has recently become a rapidly blossoming research area within the organic synthesis community. It should be noted that electrochemical reaction is always a balanced reaction system with two half‐cell reactions‐oxidation and reduction. Most electrochemical strategies, however, typically focus on one of the two sides for the desired transformations. Paired electrolysis has two desirable half reactions running simultaneously, thus maximizing the overall margin of atom and energy economy. Meanwhile, the spatial separation between oxidation and reduction is the essential feature of electrochemistry, offering unique opportunities for the development of redox‐neutral reactions that would otherwise be challenging to accomplish in a conventional reaction flask setting. This review discusses the most recent illustrative examples of paired electrolysis with special emphasis on sequential and convergent processes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Aromatic C−H Functionalizations Utilizing Electrochemical Oxidations
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Kochi Takuya
Published: April 2021

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed electrochemical C−H functionalizations have been extensively studied as atom‐ and step‐economical clean methods in organic synthesis. In this account, we described our efforts on the palladium‐catalyzed electrochemical C−H functionalizations, including C−H halogenations of arylpyridines and benzamide derivatives using HCl/HBr and I2 as a halogen source, a one‐pot process giving teraryls via the palladium‐catalyzed electrochemical C−H iodination and subsequent Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling, and an iodine‐mediated oxidative homo‐coupling reaction of arylpyridines.
Blood biomarkers for dementia in Hispanic and non‐Hispanic White adults
Authors: Gonzales Mitzi M. , Short Meghan I. , Satizabal Claudia L. , O’ Bryant Sid , Tracy Russel P. , Zare Habil , Seshadri Sudha
Published: April 2021

Introduction

The study evaluated if blood markers reflecting diverse biological pathways differentiate clinical diagnostic groups among Hispanic and non‐Hispanic White adults.

Methods

Within Hispanic (n = 1193) and non‐Hispanic White (n = 650) participants, serum total tau (t‐tau), neurofilament light (NfL), ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase LI, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), soluble cluster of differentiation‐14, and chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (YKL‐40) were quantified. Mixed‐effects partial proportional odds ordinal logistic regression and linear mixed‐effects models were used to evaluate the association of biomarkers with diagnostic group and cognition, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, apolipoprotein E ε4, education, and site.

Results

T‐tau, NfL, GFAP, and YKL‐40 discriminated between diagnostic groups (receiver operating curve: 0.647–0.873). Higher t‐tau (odds ratio [OR] = 1.671, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.457–1.917,P < .001), NfL (OR = 2.150, 95% CI = 1.819–2.542,P < .001), GFAP (OR = 2.283, 95% CI = 1.915–2.722,P < .001), and YKL‐40 (OR = 1.288, 95% CI = 1.125–1.475,P < .001) were associated with increased likelihood of dementia relative to cognitively unimpaired and mild cognitive impairment groups. Higher NfL was associated with poorer global cognition (β = –0.455, standard error [SE] = 0.083,P < .001), semantic fluency (β = –0.410, SE = 0.133,P = .002), attention/processing speed (β = 2.880, SE = 0.801,P < .001), and executive function (β = 5.965, SE = 2.037,P = .003). Higher GFAP was associated with poorer global cognition (β = –0.345, SE = 0.092,P = .001), learning (β = –1.426, SE = 0.359,P < .001), and memory (β = –0.890, SE = 0.266,P < .001). Higher YKL‐40 (β = –0.537, SE = 0.186,P = .004) was associated with lower memory scores. Interactions with ethnicity were observed for learning (NfL, GFAP, YKL‐40), memory (NfL, GFAP), and semantic fluency (NfL; interaction termsP< .008), which were generally no longer significant in a demographically matched subset of Hispanic and non‐Hispanic White participants.

Discussion

Blood biomarkers of neuronal/axonal and glial injury differentiated between clinical diagnostic groups in a bi‐ethnic cohort of Hispanic and non‐Hispanic Whites. Our results add to the growing literature indicating that blood biomarkers may be viable tools for detecting neurodegenerative conditions and highlight the importance of validation in diverse cohorts.
Against the Driverless City
Authors: Fleming Steven
Published: April 2021

It’s the first rule of marketing: don’t start with the product, start with the customer’s need. The customer seeking a drill bit, we are reminded, is really just seeking a hole.
Von lokalen Projekten der Verkehrswende für automatisierten und vernetzten Verkehr lernen
Authors: Stickler Andrea
Published: April 2021

Mit diesem Beitrag werden ausgewählte Projekte im Namen der Verkehrs- oder Mobilitätswende im ländlichen und suburbanen Raum betrachtet und diese in Bezug zum automatisierten und vernetzten Fahren gesetzt. Die in diesem Artikel entwickelte These ist, dass der automatisierte und vernetzte Verkehr das bestehende „System der Automobilität“ (Urry 2004) zwar entscheidend verändern kann, die konkreten Veränderungen jedoch im Zusammenhang mit lokal-spezifischen Herausforderungen und gegenwärtigen Konflikten und Kämpfen um Mobilitätssysteme betrachtet werden müssen. Analysiert werden daher lokale Mobilitätsprojekte, mit denen über eine reine Ablösung der fossilen Antriebstechnologie der Automobilität hinausgegangen und eine umfassendere Verkehrswende mit neuen Mobilitätsdienstleistungen wie Mikrosystemen im öffentlichen Verkehr (ÖV), gemeinnützige Fahrtendienste und Car-Sharing angestrebt wird.
Recoupling mechanism for exotic mesons and baryons
Authors: Simonov Yu. A.
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The infinite chain of transitions of one pair of mesons (channel I) into another pair of mesons (channel II) can produce bound states and resonances in both channels even if no interactions inside channels exist. These resonances which can occur also in meson-baryon channels are called channel-coupling (CC) resonances. A new mechanism of CC resonances is proposed where transitions occur due to a rearrangement of confining strings inside each channel — the recoupling mechanism. The amplitude of this recoupling mechanism is expressed via overlap integrals of the wave functions of participating mesons (baryons). The explicit calculation with the known wave functions yields the peak at E = 4.12 GeV for the transitions $$ J/\psi +\phi \leftrightarrow {D}_s^{\ast }+{\overline{D}}_s^{\ast } $$
J
/
ψ
+
ϕ
↔

D
s
∗

+

D
¯

s
∗

, which can be associated with χc1 (4140), and a narrow peak at 3.98 GeV with the width 10 MeV for the transitions $$ {D}_s^{-}+{D}_0^{\ast}\leftrightarrow J/\psi +{K}^{\ast -} $$

D
s
−

+

D
0
∗

↔
J
/
ψ
+

K

∗
−

, which can be associated with th recently discovered Zcs (3985).
Theoretical uncertainties for cosmological first-order phase transitions
Authors: Croon Djuna , Gould Oliver , Schicho Philipp , Tenkanen Tuomas V. I. , White Graham
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We critically examine the magnitude of theoretical uncertainties in perturbative calculations of fist-order phase transitions, using the Standard Model effective field theory as our guide. In the usual daisy-resummed approach, we find large uncertainties due to renormalisation scale dependence, which amount to two to three orders-of-magnitude uncertainty in the peak gravitational wave amplitude, relevant to experiments such as LISA. Alternatively, utilising dimensional reduction in a more sophisticated perturbative approach drastically reduces this scale dependence, pushing it to higher orders. Further, this approach resolves other thorny problems with daisy resummation: it is gauge invariant which is explicitly demonstrated for the Standard Model, and avoids an uncontrolled derivative expansion in the bubble nucleation rate.
Higher-derivative supergravity, wrapped M5-branes, and theories of class $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{R}} $$
Authors: Bobev Nikolay , Charles Anthony M. , Gang Dongmin , Hristov Kiril , Reys Valentin
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We study the interplay between four-derivative 4d gauged supergravity, holography, wrapped M5-branes, and theories of class $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{R}} $$
ℛ
. Using results from Chern-Simons theory on hyperbolic three-manifolds and the 3d-3d correspondence we are able to constrain the two independent coefficients in the four-derivative supergravity Lagrangian. This in turn allows us to calculate the subleading terms in the large-N expansion of supersymmetric partition functions for an infinite class of three-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SCFTs of class $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{R}} $$
ℛ
. We also determine the leading correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of asymptotically AdS4 black holes arising from wrapped M5-branes. In addition, we propose and test some conjectures about the perturbative partition function of Chern-Simons theory with complexified ADE gauge groups on closed hyperbolic three-manifolds.
Erratum to: Electric dipole moments in the minimal scotogenic Model
Authors: Abada Asmaa , Toma Takashi
Published: April 2021

The sentences below eq. (3.8) in section 3.2, figure 3-7 and appendix A are corrected. The loop function ID (xi, xj) is changed to be exactly zero in the minimal scotogenic model. The behaviour of the loop function IM (xi, xj) that has been numerically evaluated.
A new B-flavour anomaly in Bd,s → $$ {K}^{\ast 0}{\overline{K}}^{\ast 0} $$: anatomy and interpretation
Authors: Algueró Marcel , Crivellin Andreas , Descotes-Genon Sébastien , Matias Joaquim , Novoa-Brunet Martín
Published: April 2021

Abstract

In the context of the recently measured non-leptonic decays Bd→$$ {K}^{\ast 0}{\overline{K}}^{\ast 0} $$

K

∗
0

K
¯

∗
0

and Bs→$$ {K}^{\ast 0}{\overline{K}}^{\ast 0} $$

K

∗
0

K
¯

∗
0

we analyse the anatomy of the LVV observable that compares the longitudinal components of Bs→VV and Bd→VV decays. This observable is cleaner than the longitudinal polarisation fraction as it is afflicted only at subleading order in a 1/mb expansion by the theoretical uncertainties arising in the transverse components entering the polarisation fraction. Focusing on the particular case of Bd→$$ {K}^{\ast 0}{\overline{K}}^{\ast 0} $$

K

∗
0

K
¯

∗
0

and Bs→$$ {K}^{\ast 0}{\overline{K}}^{\ast 0} $$

K

∗
0

K
¯

∗
0

, we discuss the main sources of hadronic uncertainty in the SM. We find for the SM prediction $$ {L}_{K^{\ast }{\overline{K}}^{\ast }}={19.5}_{-6.8}^{+9.3} $$

L

K
∗

K
¯

∗

=

19.5

−
6.8

+
9.3

, which implies a 2.6σ tension with respect to the most recent data, pointing to a deficit in the b→s transition of the non-leptonic decay versus the corresponding b→d transition. We discuss possible New Physics explanations for this deviation, first at the level of the Weak Effective Theory and we identify that the two Wilson coefficients $$ {\mathcal{C}}_4 $$

C
4

and $$ {\mathcal{C}}_{8g} $$

C

8
g

can play a central role in explaining this anomaly. Finally, we briefly explore two different simplified New Physics models which can explain the anomaly through a contribution either in $$ {\mathcal{C}}_4 $$

C
4

(Kaluza-Klein gluon) or in $$ {\mathcal{C}}_{8g} $$

C

8
g

, with a significant amount of fine tuning, but possible connections to the b→sℓℓ anomalies.
Salvage-Laryngektomie nach primärer Radio- und Radiochemotherapie
Authors: Sievert Matti , Goncalves Miguel , Binder Benedicta , Mueller Sarina K. , Rupp Robin , Koch Michael , Dürr Stephan , Traxdorf Maximilian , Hecht Markus , Iro Heinrich , Gostian Antoniu-Oreste
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund

Das rezidivierende und residuelle Larynxkarzinom nach organerhaltender Radio- bzw. Radiochemotherapie ist mit einer schlechten Prognose verbunden. Die Salvage-Operation stellt in diesen Fällen die wichtigste therapeutische Option dar.

Ziel der Arbeit

Erfasst wurden die Rate an Rezidiv- und Residualtumoren sowie die Überlebensraten und die Komplikationsrate nach Salvage-Chirurgie des Kehlkopfs an dem akademischen Tumorzentrum der Autor(inn)en.

Material und Methoden

Retrospektiv wurden alle Patienten untersucht, bei denen zwischen 2001 und 2019 eine Salvage-Operation aufgrund eines Tumorresiduums oder Rezidivs nach primärer nichtchirurgischer Therapie erfolgt war.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 33 Salvage-Operationen durchgeführt. Die Defektrekonstruktion erfolgte in 30,3 % der Fälle (n = 10) mittels freier und in 15,2 % (n = 5) mittels regionaler Lappenplastik. Ein Patient hat sowohl eine freie als auch gleichzeitig eine gestielte Lappenplastik erhalten. Das Gesamtüberleben nach einem, 2 und 5 Jahren betrug 68,7 %; 47,9 % bzw. 24,2 %, das krankheitsfreie Überleben 81,6 %; 47,8 % bzw. 24,2 % bei insgesamt 48,5 % (n = 16) postoperativen Tumorrezidiven. Das krankheitsfreie Überleben war signifikant kürzer bei Tumorausdehnung im bzw. auf den Hypopharynx (p = 0,041). Postoperativ entwickelten 72,7 % der Patienten eine pharyngokutane Fistel unabhängig von einer simultanen Defektrekonstruktion. Nur 24 % der der aufgetretenen Fisteln mussten operativ therapiert werden. Der Krankenhausaufenthalt betrug 28,0 ± 16,1 Tage.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Salvage-Laryngektomie ist mit vielen, aber beherrschbaren Komplikationen und einer hohen Morbidität verbunden. In Anbetracht der behandelten fortgeschrittenen Tumorkategorien und der Gesamtsituation des Patienten sind respektable onkologische Ergebnisse zu erreichen.
Tumour draining lymph node-generated CD8 T cells play a role in controlling lung metastases after a primary tumour is removed but not when adjuvant immunotherapy is used
Authors: Fear Vanessa S. , Forbes Catherine A. , Neeve Samuel A. , Fisher Scott A. , Chee Jonathan , Waithman Jason , Ma Shao Kang , Lake Richard , Nowak Anna K. , Creaney Jenette , Brown Matthew D. , Saunders Christobel , Robinson Bruce W. S.
Published: April 2021

Surgical resection of cancer remains the frontline therapy for millions of patients annually, but post-operative recurrence is common, with a relapse rate of around 45% for non-small cell lung cancer. The tumour draining lymph nodes (dLN) are resected at the time of surgery for staging purposes, and this cannot be a null event for patient survival and future response to immune checkpoint blockade treatment. This project investigates cancer surgery, lymphadenectomy, onset of metastatic disease, and response to immunotherapy in a novel model that closely reflects the clinical setting. In a murine metastatic lung cancer model, primary subcutaneous tumours were resected with associated dLNs remaining intact, completely resected or partially resected. Median survival after surgery was significantly shorter with complete dLN resection at the time of surgery (49 days (95%CI)) compared to when lymph nodes remained intact (> 88 days; p < 0.05). Survival was partially restored with incomplete lymph node resection and CD8 T cell dependent. Treatment with aCTLA4 whilst effective against the primary tumour was ineffective for metastatic lung disease. Conversely, aPD-1/aCD40 treatment was effective in both the primary and metastatic disease settings and restored the detrimental effects of complete dLN resection on survival. In this pre-clinical lung metastatic disease model that closely reflects the clinical setting, we observe decreased frequency of survival after complete lymphadenectomy, which was ameliorated with partial lymph node removal or with early administration of aPD-1/aCD40 therapy. These findings have direct relevance to surgical lymph node resection and adjuvant immunotherapy in lung cancer, and perhaps other cancer, patients.
The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale resolution, part I: evaluation of precipitation
Authors: Ban Nikolina , Caillaud Cécile , Coppola Erika , Pichelli Emanuela , Sobolowski Stefan , Adinolfi Marianna , Ahrens Bodo , Alias Antoinette , Anders Ivonne , Bastin Sophie , Belušić Danijel , Berthou Ségolène , Brisson Erwan , Cardoso Rita M. , Chan Steven C. , Christensen Ole Bøssing , Fernández Jesús , Fita Lluís , Frisius Thomas , Gašparac Goran , Giorgi Filippo , Goergen Klaus , Haugen Jan Erik , Hodnebrog Øivind , Kartsios Stergios , Katragkou Eleni , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Keuler Klaus , Lavin-Gullon Alvaro , Lenderink Geert , Leutwyler David , Lorenz Torge , Maraun Douglas , Mercogliano Paola , Milovac Josipa , Panitz Hans-Juergen , Raffa Mario , Remedio Armelle Reca , Schär Christoph , Soares Pedro M. M , Srnec Lidija , Steensen Birthe Marie , Stocchi Paolo , Tölle Merja H. , Truhetz Heimo , Vergara-Temprado Jesus , de Vries Hylke , Warrach-Sagi Kirsten , Wulfmeyer Volker , Zander Mar Janne
Published: April 2021

Here we present the first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale horizontal grid spacing over a decade long period. A total of 23 simulations run with a horizontal grid spacing of $$\sim $$
∼
3 km, driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis, and performed by 22 European research groups are analysed. Six different regional climate models (RCMs) are represented in the ensemble. The simulations are compared against available high-resolution precipitation observations and coarse resolution ($$\sim $$
∼
12 km) RCMs with parameterized convection. The model simulations and observations are compared with respect to mean precipitation, precipitation intensity and frequency, and heavy precipitation on daily and hourly timescales in different seasons. The results show that kilometer-scale models produce a more realistic representation of precipitation than the coarse resolution RCMs. The most significant improvements are found for heavy precipitation and precipitation frequency on both daily and hourly time scales in the summer season. In general, kilometer-scale models tend to produce more intense precipitation and reduced wet-hour frequency compared to coarse resolution models. On average, the multi-model mean shows a reduction of bias from $$\sim \,$$

∼

 −40% at 12 km to $$\sim \,$$

∼

 −3% at 3 km for heavy hourly precipitation in summer. Furthermore, the uncertainty ranges i.e. the variability between the models for wet hour frequency is reduced by half with the use of kilometer-scale models. Although differences between the model simulations at the kilometer-scale and observations still exist, it is evident that these simulations are superior to the coarse-resolution RCM simulations in the representing precipitation in the present-day climate, and thus offer a promising way forward for investigations of climate and climate change at local to regional scales.
Critical Brownian multiplicative chaos
Authors: Jego Antoine
Published: April 2021

Brownian multiplicative chaos measures, introduced in Jego (Ann Probab 48:1597–1643, 2020), Aïdékon et al. (Ann Probab 48(4):1785–1825, 2020) and Bass et al. (Ann Probab 22:566–625, 1994), are random Borel measures that can be formally defined by exponentiating $$\gamma $$
γ
times the square root of the local times of planar Brownian motion. So far, only the subcritical measures where the parameter $$\gamma $$
γ
is less than 2 were studied. This article considers the critical case where $$\gamma =2$$

γ
=
2

, using three different approximation procedures which all lead to the same universal measure. On the one hand, we exponentiate the square root of the local times of small circles and show convergence in the Seneta–Heyde normalisation as well as in the derivative martingale normalisation. On the other hand, we construct the critical measure as a limit of subcritical measures. This is the first example of a non-Gaussian critical multiplicative chaos. We are inspired by methods coming from critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos, but there are essential differences, the main one being the lack of Gaussianity which prevents the use of Kahane’s inequality and hence a priori controls. Instead, a continuity lemma is proved which makes it possible to use tools from stochastic calculus as an effective substitute.
Impact of self-determination theory in a physiotherapeutic training
Authors: Strempfl Johanna , Wutzl Teresa , Ün Didem , Greber-Platzer Susanne , Keilani Mohammad , Crevenna Richard , Thajer Alexandra
Published: April 2021

Background

This study determined to what extent the underpinning of physiotherapeutic interventions with the evidence-based motivational psychological concept of the self-determination theory (SDT) by Ryan and Deci can increase motivation and enjoyment of movement in obese adolescents.

Methods

In this study 12 obese adolescents aged 14–18 years were offered a targeted group-specific sports program including a home exercise program of 8 weeks. The group leaders were trained in the SDT and supported to integrate motivational aspects. A SDT-based questionnaire by Kohake and Lehnert was used to evaluate motivational interventions.

Results

In total, seven (58%) patients finished the study. In the before-after comparison there were little changes in motivation. Results showed that contrary to expectations the motivation of the obese adolescents to move and to participate in the study was generally high. In the study, more internalized forms of motivation dominated, the highest quality form of motivation.

Conclusion

Digital technologies could be a successful way to further increase motivation and compliance of our target group. This MotiMove study is a basis for future research programs and empower physiotherapists and movement experts to develop and implement training programs for obese adolescents and children.
Higher integrability for variational integrals with non-standard growth
Authors: Schäffner Mathias
Published: April 2021

We consider autonomous integral functionals of the form $$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {F}}[u]:=\int _\varOmega f(D u)\,dx \quad \text{ where } u:\varOmega \rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}^N, N\ge 1, \end{aligned}$$

F

[
u
]

:
=

∫
Ω

f

(
D
u
)

d
x

where

u
:
Ω
→

R

N

,
N
≥
1
,

where the convex integrand f satisfies controlled (p, q)-growth conditions. We establish higher gradient integrability and partial regularity for minimizers of $${\mathcal {F}}$$
F
assuming $$\frac{q}{p}<1+\frac{2}{n-1}$$

q
p

<
1
+

2

n
-
1

, $$n\ge 3$$

n
≥
3

. This improves earlier results valid under the more restrictive assumption $$\frac{q}{p}<1+\frac{2}{n}$$

q
p

<
1
+

2
n

.
Wege zur Gestaltung agiler Klimaanpassungsprojekte
Authors: Häußler Simone , Hofmann Martina , Müller Martin
Published: April 2021

Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels stellen Städte vor große Herausforderungen. Sie sind besonders vulnerabel für Schäden infolge von Extremwetterereignissen. Daher besteht eine besondere Dringlichkeit, wirkungsvolle Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen in den Städten zu initiieren. Die Umsetzung und die Verstetigung dieser Maßnahmen bleiben bis dato häufig hinter dem Notwendigen zurück. Es besteht die Gefahr, dass wichtige Klimaanpassungsprojekte möglicherweise zu spät oder gar nicht umgesetzt werden und dadurch ihre Wirkung nur bestenfalls unzureichend entfalten können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die Ursachen dieser Hemmnisse am Beispiel Baden-Württemberg aufzudecken, um agiles und fokussiertes Handeln im kommunalen Bereich zu den drängenden Fragen der Klimaanpassung zu verbessern. Es geht um die Beantwortung der Frage: Wo liegen die Hemmnisse für die effektive Integration von Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen in Kommunen? Und darauf aufbauend: Welche Lösungsansätze tragen zur Überwindung dieser Hemmnisse bei? Hierzu wurde mit Fach- und Führungskräften der Bereiche Klimaschutz und Klimaanpassung aus baden-württembergischen Kommunen ein zweitägiger Workshop durchgeführt. Die entwickelten Lösungsvorschläge zur Überwindung der Hemmnisse in den Bereichen Politik, Kommunikation und Organisation sind im Wesentlichen: die Schaffung lokaler Interessensvertretungen in Form von Netzwerken; die Etablierung strategischer Stakeholder-Kooperationen für Wissenstransfers sowie Veränderungen in den kommunalen Prozessen und Organisationsstrukturen.
Anwendungen für Mehrphasen-CFD am Fahrzeugexterieur
Authors: Demel Daniel , Schütz Thomas , Kölzer Christian , Tropea Cameron
Published: April 2021

In der Automobilindustrie werden einphasige Strömungssimulationen seit vielen Jahren zur Aerodynamik- und Aeroakustikentwicklung eingesetzt. Sie gewähren einen detaillierten Einblick in das Strömungsfeld und helfen bei der Optimierung des Luftwiderstands und des Innenraumpegels in frühen Phasen des Fahrzeugentwicklungsprozesses. Daneben spielen zweiphasige Strömungssimulationen eine zunehmende Rolle, z. B. bei der Funktion der Scheibenwischer, der Sichtfreihaltung von Scheiben, der Reinigung von Sensoren oder dem Abtropfen von Regenwasser beim Öffnen von Türen und Klappen. Solche Mehrphasenströmungen sind jedoch weitaus komplexer und weniger gut verstanden. BMW arbeitet zusammen mit der TU Darmstadt an der Weiterentwicklung von Simulationsmethoden zur frühzeitigen Analyse und Auslegung des externen Wassermanagements.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden drei Anwendungsfälle mit zweiphasigen Strömungen betrachtet. Der erste Anwendungsfall umfasst die Beaufschlagung der Frontscheibe mit Regenwasser, dessen Verdrängung durch die Scheibenwischer und das Abfließen des Wassers. Beim zweiten Anwendungsfall wird das Ablaufverhalten von Regenwasser am stehenden Fahrzeug berechnet und überprüft, ob und wie das Wasser beim Öffnen der Heckklappe in den Fahrzeuginnenraum abtropft. Der letzte Anwendungsfall betrifft die Reinigung von Sensoren zur Fahrzeugumfeldüberwachung im Rahmen des teil-, hoch- und vollautomatisierten Fahrens. Damit das Reinigungsmedium jederzeit effizient seinen Zweck erfüllt, wird das Sensorreinigungssystem simulativ optimiert. Für alle drei Anwendungsfälle werden die zugrundeliegenden Methoden erläutert, Simulationsergebnisse präsentiert und ein Abgleich mit experimentellen Daten zur Validierung durchgeführt.