bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La sociologie de la religion en Grèce
Authors: Tzanimis Anastase
Published: March 2007

Sociology of religion has not developed in Greece as it has in the western countries. It is not easy to determine the reasons for the scarcity of studies and research projects con cerning sociology of religion. In fact, neither religion, taken as a universal social phenomenon, nor orthodox theological thought and its application to the individual and to the social, political and economic life of the Greek people have been sufficiently studied from a sociological point of view. Con temporary Greek sociologists have only touched on the subject of religion. Some effort has been made during the last decade by young Greek theologians to properly establish and develop the science of sociology of religion. This effort, however, has, so far, not brought about the anticipated scientific results. Moreover, it has failed to gain the confidence and acknow ledgement in theological and ecclesiastical circles where socio logy as a science is still generally regarded with much re servation. It should be noted that the development of sociology of religion in Greece was first prompted by various Christian — social movements for the purpose of opposing several anti- Christian ideological movements which have appeared since the beginning of our century.
Analyse statistique et sociographique des ordinations dans I'Eglise de Grêce entre 1950 et 1969
Authors: Goussidis Alexandre
Published: March 2007

In the present article we have tried to 1) describe the development of ordinations in the Church of Greece during the period from 1950 to 1969 as well as certain characteristics of a demographic and social nature, and 2) verify the hypo thesis that ordinations increase a) as we leave the large towns for smaller ones and the smaller towns for villages; b) as the level of education decreases from the Gymnasium and equivalent levels to elementary education levels, and c) as age increases from under 30 to over 30. Our figures seem to indicate that the chief source of ordinations in the Church of Greece lies in the socially lower state of the population belonging to areas as yet untouched by modern civilisation.
Political Radicalism and Religion : Competitors for Commitment
Authors: Cheal David J.
Published: March 2007

De nombreux indices semblent indiquer que le radicalisme politique, spécialement celui de gauche, est associé avec un faible niveau d'engagement religieux. Il faut s'interroger sur la nature des mécanismes sociaux qui rendent compte de cette relation.
Weberian theory and the ideological function of religion
Authors: Houtart François , Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

Les auteurs de cet article exposent comment leurs travaux sur les fonctions sociales de la religion à Sri Lanka et au Kerala s'inspirèrent dans un premier temps de la pensée wébérienne, mais aussi comment ils furent conduits à dépas ser ce cadre théorique. Après avoir synthétisé la pensée de Weber sur le point précis qui les occupe, les auteurs montrent en quoi cette perspective est insuffisante et comment ils s'en sont distanciés.
Témoins de Jéhovah et Etudiants de la Bible. Qui est schismatique ?
Authors: Rogerson Alan , Jacques M. Fi.
Published: March 2007

Russell's failure to provide his movement with a clear authority structure together with the disappointment of 1914 led to central and local schisms after his death, in which informal elites in the movement struggled for power. Russell's movement split into different groups, each emphasising a part of his message. The Pastoral Bible Institute catered for the introversionist perspective of individual character development and contemplative study ; the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement emphasised the exegetical and doctrinal complexity purveyed by a charismatic leader; the Watch Tower Society under Rutherford concentrated on evangelis ation and en passant a rigid, centrally controlled sect struc ture ; and finally the Dawn Bible Student Association catered for those elements in Russell's following who eschewed the extremes and moved towards a denominational position. Rutherford, through the Watch Tower Society, succeeded in changing all aspects of the sect from 1919 to 1932 and created the Jehovah's Witnesses — a schismatic offshoot from the Bible student community. The subsequent develop ment of the Jehovah's Witnesses and Bible student groups is used to illustrate a number of central sociological issues.
Recrutement et candidats en puissance
Authors: Munters Quirinus J. , Jacques Marie-Flore
Published: March 2007

It was Bryan R. Wilson who once remarked that the Je hovah's witnesses are so much concerned with recruitment that their whole movement is organised essentially towards the work of "publishing the good news " (Wilson, 1967:15). In a sense this remark is somewhat deceptive. The work of " publishing the good news " should not be mixed up with genuine recruitment, the latter being a possible — but not a necessary — sequel to the former. All Witnesses are en gaged in publishing their message, convenient or inconvenient ; they are engaged in straight recruitment, however, only when and where they see their chance. Not all individuals outside the Watch Tower movement are, as it were, cut out for becoming serious candidates for membership, and the ordinary Witness is fully aware of this. Therefore, trying to avoid casting pearls before swine, he only proceeds to deliberate recruitment after having separated non-promising and promis ing outsiders. In this paper the latter category is examined on the basis of Dutch research data.
« Socio-political » and « Charismatic » Symbolics : Cultural Change and Transactions of Meaning
Authors: Hiernaux Jean-Pierre , Remy Jean
Published: March 2007

Cet article traite des symboliques sociales sous-jacentes aux engagements chrétiens contemporains de type « socio-poli tique » et de type « charismatique », telles qu'elles ressortent de l'examen d'un certain nombre de matériaux concrets.

Les auteurs analysent comment ces symboliques corres pondent à des « transactions de sens » réélaborant — dans des voies différentes et à partir de contraintes d'existence sociale distinctes — des éléments du modèle traditionnel- ascétique qui a inspiré les formes religieuses classiques jus qu'il y a peu et, d'autre part, d'un modèle symbolique « pro motionnel » imposé dans le cadre global de la société con temporaine.

La conclusion, apparamment paradoxale, des auteurs est que la symbolique socio-politique s'élabore dans des versions proches d'éléments centraux de type traditionnel-ascétique, tandis que la symbolique charismatique emprunte des éléments centraux au modèle promotionnel.
Sociological Aspects of Christian Church's Penetration in the Confucian Regions of Asia
Authors: Houtart François
Published: March 2007

L'étude de l'impact d'une religion exogène au sein d'une aire géographique particulière demande que l'on tienne compte des conditions sociales de sa genèse, des groupes sociaux susceptibles d'adopter cette religion, des fonctions sociales que cette religion rempli dans le contexte social, des institutions qui lui servent d'agent de transmission.

C'est à une telle démarche que s'adonne l'Auteur de cet article qui passe en revue les différentes étapes historiques de la pénétration des Eglises chrétiennes dans des aires géo graphiques originellement confucéennes. Il apporte en outre un soin particulier à l'analyse du cas spécifique de la Corée.
Religion et classe ouvrière dans les sociétés industrielles
Authors: Nesti Arnaldo
Published: March 2007

The true complexity of the religious field has been gradually brought to light by research carried out in sociology of religion throughout the course of industrial societies. At present, the limits to the theories linking religious withdrawal to industrial development, have become apparent. And current research and debates on « popular religion » now also bring out the complex nature of this phenomenon. The author of this article has considered the « popular religion» peculiar to industrial society's proletariat. In doing so, he has first of all briefly made a typological account of existing research, and following that, a few remarks on the concept of religion and some of the intellectual dichotomies frequently found in his own work and in the field of social sciences. He then concentrates on the social groups within western capitalist society he is dealing with. Finally, he examines the link between class belonging and religion. And keeping an inter disciplinary outlook, he concludes by trying to relate the synchronous and diachronous aspects of the phenomena and to find out the import of religious phenomena within society as a whole.
Relationships between Means of Production, Caste and Religion
Authors: Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

L'auteur explique comment le système des castes s'est établi au Kerala à partir du IXe siècle, suite à une migration de Brahma nes du Nord et à des guerres incessantes entre deux royaumes du Sud, celui des Cholas (Tamilnadu) et des Choras (Sud Kerala actuel) à propos des épices et autres produits naturels vendus aux pays méditerranéens. On passa alors de l'organisation clanique de la production dans des royaumes tributaires à une appropriation progressive de la terre par les Brahmanes, agents religieux, les divers clans faisant don de leurs terres aux divinités, afin de les soustraire au pillage.

Il en résulta une organisation en caste, intégrant d'une part les clans existants dans une hiérarchie nouvelle (les hors-castes étant les tribus pré-dravidiennes) et formant d'autre part des grou pes sociaux nouveaux (castes), comme intermédiaires gestionnaires des agents religieux et comme réserve d'épouses (polyandrie) pour les enfants mineurs des Brahmanes, seul l'aîné pouvant se marier dans sa caste, afin de conserver le patrimoine terrien.

Ce système déboucha sur une série de pratiques sociales éta blissant des distances entre chaque groupe, chacun d'entre eux sauf les esclaves hors-castes, ayant toujours un groupe inférieur en-dessous de lui. Les diverses jatis permirent aussi une division fonctionnelle du travail qui se construisit sur les anciennes appar tenances ethniques.

II apparait clairement que le système des castes ne peut être expliqué par le simple recours au religieux, mais que ce dernier doit être resitué dans l'ensemble des rapport sociaux et des expres sions symboliques.
Vie quotidienne, éthique et religion
Authors: Isambert François - A.
Published: March 2007

Invited to give some critical reflections on the articles in this issue, F.A. Isambert prefers to take them as simple points of departure for a series of questions he asks himself.

Why does the everyday currently attract the attention of sociologists of religion ?

Why is ethics particularly involved in this respect?
Islam and the Changing of Social and Cultural Structures in the Angkola Batak Homeland
Authors: Rodgers Susan
Published: March 2007

À Sumatra, l'Islam a été introduit tardivement, seulement au début du XIXème siècle. Il rassemble officiellement 90 % de la population, tandis que 10 % sont chrétiens. L'implantation de ces deux religions et en particulier de l'Islam s'est réalisée dans la région de Angkola Batak, au prix d'une transaction avec I'ancienne religion. C'est ainsi que l'on relève aujourd'hui une conjonction de trois éléments: l'adat (religion traditionnelle), l'agama (religion monothéiste) et le negara (l'État-nation). Tout cela indique clairement comment le champ religieux islamique fonctionne comme élément d'intégration des anciens groupes dans un univers plus large et notamment sur un plan national. L 'article décrit les différentes sortes d'esprits, typiques d'une représenta tion religieuse des rapports à la nature, et liée cependant à la struc ture de parenté, les esprits étant souvent des ancêtres. Les trois piliers dont il a été question plus haut se retrouvent également au niveau des foyers individuels. Cela se reflète dans les rituels. On voit aussi I'Islam tenté de réinterpréter I'histoire des groupes Batak, afin de les intégrer dans l'ensemble musulman. Certains esprits perdent leurs fonctions. D'autres sont réinterprétés en fonction du champ religieux islamique ou même chrétien. Par ail- leurs, une secte islamique réagit contre la transaction entre la reli gion monothéiste et l'ancienne religion Batak, en luttant pour une purification de ce syncrétisme. L'Islam joue clairement un rôle d'intégration dans une société plus large, qui devient aujourd'hui de plus en plus une société de classe.
The Social Foundations of Morality : Durkheimian Problems and the Vicissitudes of Niklas Luhmann's Systems Theories of Religion, Morality and Personality
Authors: Schöfthäler Traugott
Published: March 2007

Cet article analyse les questions de base d'une sociologie de la morale. L'essentiel de ces questions a été formulé par les philoso phes du siècle des lumières: quelle est la meilleure méthode pour séculariser la morale religieuse sans remettre en question l'univer salité de la pensée scientifique? Durkheim a développé la dialecti que de ce problème. Il a analysé la morale en tant que système des règles de la conduite constituées par la société. Mais il a institué les sociologues comme jury en matière d'abandon, de maintenance ou de transformation des règles morales existantes. Par consé quent Durkheim a créé trois antinomies avec sa théorie d'une morale laïque: celle de l'universalité et de la particu/arité de la morale; celle de l'autonomie et de la subordination; et celle de l'usage des règles héréditaires et de leur transformation.
Jewish Communities, Jewish Education and Quebec Nationalism
Authors: Bauer Julien
Published: March 2007

La relation entre nationalisme et judaïsme n'est pas statique. Les nationalismes canadien et québécois ont traversé une période de changement et se sont orientés vers des conceptions opposées à propos de leur statut de minorité.
Que devient l'Église Évangélique d'Allemagne?
Authors: Daiber Karl Fritz
Published: March 2007

In West Germany, more than 1.5 million people say that they have left the Evangelical Church over the past 10 years. What is happening with this Church ? Are we witnessing the beginning of a collapse? Or is this more now slowing down?
Les civils, leurs communautés et l'Etat dans la guerre comme système social au Liban
Authors: Beydoun Ahmad
Published: March 2007

The causal explanation of the origins of the Lebanese conflict is the obsession of numerous intellectuals of this country to the point that they end up eliminating from their preoccupations the social effects of the conflict itself and forgetting to analyse the perverse situations that it has brought about. Yet, it is certainly on the war considered as a social system profoundly shaping Lebanese society that one must focus all attention should one wish to reflect on the means by which it may be replaced by a reign of peace.
Pluralisme religieux, Etat et éducation
Authors: WILLAIME Jean-Paul
Published: March 2007

While the State accepts the existence of religious pluralism in so far as private beliefs are concerned, it also expects the various religions to play an increasingly important role in maintaining societal cohesion. This it does by encouraging each religion to contribute to the transmission of a set of common values which are to be shared by all members of the society.

Thus confronted by the challenge of cultural pluralism, Western societies find that their value system is not religiously neutral: the State utilizes the sacred. Whether they do so in conflict or in co-operation, State and religion inevitably meet in the sphere of education.
Ethique charismatique et esprit due capitalisme avancé: essai sur le mouvement charismatique catholique français
Authors: COHEN Martine
Published: March 2007

Inspired by Weberian analysis of the Protestant ethic, the hypothesis of an affinity between Catholic charismatism (in France) and advanced capitalism is tested. Five characteristics of the advanced capitalist ethos are first defined: in particular an expressive individualism, evolving from the counter-culture period and responding now to the requirements of the post-industrial world. The charismatic vision of salvation and its realization in two communities of the French movement are explored. These communities present an ideal-typical opposition related to two themes: (1) the relationship between salvation and this-worldly happiness; (2) the importance, in the achievement of salvation, of ecclesial mediation. From this opposition, it appears that only one community is in tune with advanced capitalism: it confuses salvation and selfrealization, moreover it purports to obtain salvation by means of “selfformation” rather than through the sacraments; the other community appears to be closer to paternalistic capitalism in attitude. But both these forms of engagement in the post-industrial world may be functional within a “dual” society.
La transformation du christianisme dans la société occidentale - selon Max Adler
Authors: LA ROCCA Tommaso
Published: March 2007

Christianity underwent two fundamental transformations over the course of the centuries: one which saw it change from a “popular religion” into an “ideology of power”, a religion of the dominant classes, and the other, its change “from religion to church”, meaning from a private, interior religion into an exterior, public religion, from a religion of conscience into a dogmatic religion. Furthermore, these two transformations are interrelated. The first is the most familiar and its analysis has been amply elaborated by Marxist thinkers (especially Engels, Kautsky, Gramsci and Bloch). Study of the second transformation is newer and more interesting. The Austrian Marxist, Max Adler, anticipating the secularizing interpretations of Christianity proposed by historians and sociologists of the post-Second World War period, formulated the law of “increasing ecclesiasticization” and of dogmatization corresponding with a “decreasing religiosity”. Yet the religious death of Christianity does not necessarily signal the destiny of private religion, of pure interior consciousness, which on the contrary will be reborn with renewed vitality out of the dogmatic and mythological ashes of Christianity. But, outside of traditional churches, where and how?
The “New Age” Worldview of Polish Students
Authors: DOKTÓR Tadeusz
Published: March 2007

After factor analysis of the 85 items of a worldview questionnaire, the author constructed a “New Age” scale of 18 items related to oriental religious beliefs, occultism, and magic. The scores were found to be positively correlated with mysticism, anxiety and self-esteem, and negatively with father's religiosity. A “New Age” worldview is interpreted as a loosely structured belief system, individually constructed by way of bricolage, “this-worldly” rather than “other-worldly” in orientation, and emphasizing experiential rather than institutional legitimation; this appeals more to those with only a weak connection to traditional Christianity. The role of the individual self in the construction of the “New Age” worldview, the lack of certainty of these beliefs, and their magical and mystical orientation, are interpreted in terms of narcissism (heightened self-esteem as a form of defence against anxiety), a trait fostered by deinstitutionalization and subjectivization of modern culture.
Conversion to Islam: Between Syncretism and Symbolic Battle
Authors: WOHLRAB-SAHR Monika
Published: March 2007

With reference to a study on conversion to Islam in Germany and the USA, the author argues that conversion in the West is structurally relevant because of its double frame: the religion and culture people turn away from, but stay related to, and Islam as the newly chosen world view, with which they cannot completely identify. “Syncretism” and “symbolic battle” are distinguished as two different modes of adopting Islam and of relating to one's original frame of reference. Referring to three case studies which represent different expressions of symbolic battle, the author argues that adopting Islam becomes a means of articulating problems of disintegration in one's own social context and enables the symbolization of maximal distance within this context.
The Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Fibrous Materials
Authors: Teszler Otto , Kiser Lila H. , Campbell Patricia W. , Rutherford Henry A.
Published: March 2007

Cotton, rayon, and acetate yarns were exposed for different periods of time to thermal neutrons and to gamma rays. The results have shown that total dose is the deciding factor in the extent of change in physical properties of the materials and that gamma rays (Co60) alone have essentially the same effect as thermal neutrons when the energies from the two are equated. The decreasing order of stability of the materials was acetate, rayon, and cotton. The data suggest that there are linkages in the native cellulose molecule susceptible to radiation that are not present in the regenerated materials.
Reaction Spinning of Fibers
Authors: Pohl Herbert Ackland
Published: March 2007

A method of forming fibers which is relatively new, yet of potentially wide applica tion, is described herein. The process may be termed "reaction spinning." In reaction apinning, the usual viscosity increase required between spinneret and windup is ac complished by chemical reaction. Incompletely polymerized or incompletely solubilized polymer is forced through an extrusion die or spinneret under such conditions of rate, temperature. concentration, and activation that the polymerization proceeds rapidly within the fiber after it leaves the spinneret. This causes the soft extruded fiber to set to a solid or suitably semisolid state in fiber form on the windup package. where further reaction will complete the transformation to the desired fiber properties. Principles and experimental examptes of the process are described.
Changing Preservice Teacher Perceptions of Minority Schools
Authors: Groulx Judith G.
Published: March 2007

This study compared education students’ attitudes toward working in urban schools as they entered teacher preparation and later after student teaching. Given descriptions of four schools differing in demographic makeup, students rated interest and comfort levels for teaching in each situation. Respondents also ranked 14 school characteristics according to importance when considering a teaching position. Attitudes shifted more favorably toward urban school teaching among students whose field placements provided positive urban teaching experiences. School security and parental support ranked as highly important both initially and later. Socioeconomic and ethnic diversity became more important later. Written comments illuminated students’ ratings and helped inform a professional development school project.
Social Science and Educational Policy
Authors: Lesser Philip
Published: March 2007

Research and the Schools, II. A specific example.
"Municipal Overburden" as State Educational Aid
Authors: Stein Jay M.
Published: March 2007

The equity of "municipal overburden" can be tested empirically.
Public School Treatment of Low-Income Children
Authors: Harvey Mary R.
Published: March 2007

The classroom behavior of second-grade pupils is, in most but not in all ways, statistically independent of their families' income. But teachers of low-income family pupils criticize more often, are more directive, seem much more concerned with control. The author argues that these teachers prepare their pupils for failure.
Inner-City Teachers and School-Community Relations
Authors: London Clement B.G. , Griffith Albert R.
Published: March 2007

Several indicators show that in the inner city the contact of teachers with parents and community is slight and occasional.
Models of Working with Troubled Adolescents
Authors: Johnson Roosevelt
Published: March 2007

Effectiveness in aid depends upon appropriate organization and intraagency cooperation.
Teaching Controversial Ideas
Authors: Eisenstein Herbert S.
Published: March 2007

Teaching Strategies: Neglected Options?
Equal Educational Opportunity and the New Federalism
Authors: Salomone Rosemary C.
Published: March 2007

The "New Federalism" will redefine "equal educational opportunity."
Low-Income Parents' Perceptions of Favoritism in the Schools
Authors: Brantlinger Ellen
Published: March 2007

Interviewed low-income parents feel that schools favor the children of others, have negative feelings about schools, and feel powerless.
Conflict and Frustration for School Board Members
Authors: Merz Carol Smith
Published: March 2007

Conflicting role expectations for school board members' roles may cause conflict andfrustration. Role expectations vary from state to state.
Intentions and Impacts
Authors: Rossman Gretchen B. , Corbett H. Dickson , Dawson Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Federal and state school reform initiatives are often diverted or blunted by local and contextual considerations.
State Financing of Public Schools
Authors: Ornstein Allan C.
Published: March 2007

State taxation for schooling takes many forms, some less satisfactory than others.
Determinants of Parent Attitudes about Schools and the School System
Authors: Bingham Richard D. , Haubrich Paul A. , White Sammis B.
Published: March 2007

Parents judge the school their child attends by one set of standards, the school system by another.
School District Aids Policies
Authors: Strouse Joan H.
Published: March 2007

A school system AIDS policy can protect both AIDS victims and the system.
Socioeconomic or Race Differences?
Authors: Karraker Meg Wilkes
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed data from a national sample of 4,573 high school senior females in the class of 1980. Females from high-income families have the highest levels of education plans. However, when compared to White females, Black females (a) in all family income categories are less likely to plan to terminate education with high school graduation, (b) in families with incomes less than $25,000 are more likely to plan graduate education, and (c) in families with incomes greater than $25,000 are more likely to plan a doctoral degree. Multiple regression analysis supported the notion that a female is more likely to plan higher education if she has a mother with higher education, is from a higher-income family, is Black, and lives in a mother-only family. Although the impact of socioeconomic factors on female educational aspirations is significant, the effect of race cannot be discounted.
School-Based Leadership and Professional Socialization of the Assistant Principal
Authors: Cantwell Zita M.
Published: March 2007

Under the cooperative sponsorship of a university, school district, and local chapter of a professional organization for educational administrators, the Super-Center is designed to develop and implement continuing professional development programs for new assistant principals. In this study, 72 assistant principals, participating in a center activity, and their principals were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on perceptions of assistant principal job time spent in seven administrative functions. Analysis of responses indicated that assistant principals and principals agreed in their perceptions of actual on-the-job and ideal time distribution. However, differences appeared between assistant principal and principal perceptions of each other's ideal assistant principal role. The principal's insight into assistant principals' thinking was accurate; assistant principals' insight into principals' thinking was not.
Parental Choice in Education
Authors: Ogawa Rodney T , Dutton Jo Sargent
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors describe four prominent forms of parental choice that have been proposed as broad policy tools to improve education, identify assumptions underlying these initiatives, and review the findings of research that bear on these assumptions. Although the evidence is generally incomplete and inconclusive, it sheds more light on the type of parents who are most likely to exercise choice: They tend to be better educated and already involved in their children's education. The general lack of evidence leads us to two observations: (a) the current debate over choice may center less on the question of its ability to improve education and more on the question of whose interests are served by education, and (b)the failure of researchers to examine nonchoosing parents may have eliminated an important perspective from the discussion on choice as an educational policy tool.
Life in the Bricks
Authors: Bruckerhoff Charles
Published: March 2007

In Cleveland, the poorest children live in public housing projects called the bricks. The culture of the people there, along with some misguided public policy, has hindered efforts to reform the mathematics curriculum in Cleveland's intermediate-level schools. Students were poorly prepared for school, and their local culture was in conflict with teachers and school authorities. Teachers' efforts to change their curriculum from a textbook-dependent approach to an emphasis on problem solving were unsuccessful also because of their fears of being fired, their not wanting to appear ignorant to their students, and the high rate of student absenteeism. To make public schools integrated with the community and conducive to curriculum reform, they should cooperate with local religious and social organizations for the educational benefit of people in local cultures.
Urban Students Acquiring English and Learning Mathematics in the Context of Reform
Authors: Secada Walter G.
Published: March 2007

Urban schools face a dilemma. Should their efforts at reforming school mathematics specifically address the status of students acquiring English? Or should urban schools assume that these students' needs will be addressed under the broader aegis of reform? This article provides a rationale as to why educators should choose the former: the danger of re-creating stratification of opportunity to learn mathematics is simply too great to ignore the status of students acquiring English. The bilingual education literature that is related to mathematics teaching fails to address critical mathematics reform issues. Yet, bilingual education research provides a foundation on which to build efforts that combine attention to bilingual education and mathematics reform. This article ends with an elaboration of ways to think about the bilingual learner of mathematics, curriculum, teaching, assessment, and evaluation where collaboration between mathematics reformers and bilingual educators could be productive.
The Idea of an Urban University
Authors: Severino Carol
Published: March 2007

American public and professional attitudes toward the idea of the urban university have always been ambivalent and confused, if not hostile and resistant, in keeping with tendencies toward metrophobia, or fear of the city and its people. Furthermore, definitions of and criteria for the urban university have suffered from ambiguity, thus exacerbating negative attitudes toward it. Uncovering the reasons for these views toward and definitions of the urban university requires analyses that are both rhetorical and historical. Sources of resistance to the urban university are found in the rural and small town traditions of colonial, state, and land grant institutions in the United States. Further indication of ambivalence and ambiguity is the current rhetorical move that poses what used to be called urban problems as metropolitan or human problems and the corresponding reconceptualizations of urban universities as metropolitan or generic, thus deflecting attention from urban institutions and inner cities.
Multiculturalism
Authors: De La Torre William
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author maintains that urban public schools' multicultural curriculum either bridges or fragments students' racial and ethnic differences. The author also argues that racial and ethnic student conflict intensifies when school officials attempt to design their multicultural curriculum around the themes of citizenship and community in a way that makes student differences transparent and masks existing economic inequality. The author concludes that if teachers are to respond effectively to the educational needs of multicultural student populations, they will first have to re-examine what the ideas of community and citizenship mean and can mean in multicultural urban schools, then develop a curriculum that treats cultural democracy, social justice, and economic justice as prime components of their pedagogy.
Contextualizing Parent Education Programs in Urban Schools
Authors: Norwood Pamela M. , Atkinson Sue Ellen , Tellez Kip , Saldana Deborah Carr
Published: March 2007

This article describes a collaborative effort among a university college of education, its graduate school of social work and a community school to develop a culturally responsive parent education/involvement program. Educators and social workers worked cooperatively to provide a model for involvement and education that validated the cultural frame of reference, values, and heritage of the participants. As a result of participating in this type of program, the participants indicated they had more knowledge and confidence, which enabled them to interact more effectively with their children at home, as well as with teachers and others at the school.
Negotiating Social Differences
Authors: Davidson Ann Locke
Published: March 2007

Many have described the opposition youths from stigmatized social groups may develop toward school. This study focuses alternatively on interactional, pedagogical, and curricular actions that stigmatized high school students perceive as affecting their willingness to adapt to varied classrooms. Interview, observation, and record data from 49 students illustrate that stigmatized youths prefer teachers who give personal attention to students, who convey respect for and confidence in students who are socially different from themselves, and who support and elicit student voice and input. Youths also express strong distaste for lecturing and seat-work and prefer personally relevant curriculum.
The Trouble with Peace
Authors: HIGGINS KATHRYN , McELRATH KAREN
Published: March 2007

The cease-fires of 1994 marked the transition of Northern Ireland toward peace. Local media, public perception, and claims by “drug authorities” suggest an increase in drug use subsequent to the cease-fires. This article suggests that social problems in Northern Ireland must be understood in the context of wider political conflict and that the conflict affects all social phenomena. Therefore, the extent and patterning of drug use in young people in Northern Ireland are explored, linked to the major cease-fires. The historical influences of the key paramilitary groups are outlined in relation to their drug ideologies. Media and professional perceptions are examined alongside available evidence constructed from multiple indicators of drug use. Our review of the evidence suggests that it is incorrect to assume that most drug use has increased since the cease-fires. One notable exception to that general conclusion is that a heroin scene may be developing in Northern Ireland.
Graffiti
Authors: KLINGMAN AVIGDOR , SHALEV RONIT
Published: March 2007

A political opponent assassinated Yitzhak Rabin, the Prime Minister of Israel, in 1995. The event was a macro-level collective trauma during which youth had to confront and contend with the symptoms of trauma and grief and their interactions. One unique reaction of youth was to write graffiti on the walls of Tel Aviv's city hall. The texts and symbols of the graffiti were examined and studied. Overall, the graffiti was found to represent spontaneous and authentic feelings of loss and “spontaneous memorization.” Beyond this, content analysis of the graffiti revealed that many youth were addressing the social, political, and cultural aspects of the tragedy. The uniqueness of the graffiti symbols is also discussed.
In Pursuit of Community Justice
Authors: MALONEY DENNIS , HOLCOMB DEEVY
Published: March 2007

Although it is a relatively new development, community justice has many permutations and manifestations. Deschutes County, Oregon, applies a particular set of community justice principles and philosophies that have produced tangible, useful, and successful programs that build community, reduce risk, and repair harm. This article describes some of Deschutes County's community justice history and programs, including revamped victim assistance programs, victim-offender mediation, and a community youth investment program that treats youth locally instead of sending them to state institutions, earning state resources that otherwise would be destined for corrections costs and reinvesting them in juvenile crime prevention efforts.
African American Mothers of Early Adolescents
Authors: STROM ROBERT , DOHRMANN JILL , STROM PARIS , GRISWOLD DIANNE , BECKERT TROY , STROM SHIRLEY , MOORE ELSIE , NAKAGAWA KATHRYN
Published: March 2007

This study sought to determine how 271 African American mothers of 10- to 14-year-olds viewed their strengths and limitations as parents and to detect how 292 children from this age group perceived the parent performance of their mothers. Significant generational differences were found in four of six scales and 30 of 60 items on the Parent Success Indicator. The independent variable with the greatest influence on how both generations saw parent success was the amount of time they spent together.
Dilemmas of Desire
Authors: DURHAM MEENAKSHI GIGI
Published: March 2007

This article interrogates gendered ideologies of sexuality in two teen magazines, Seventeen and YM. The method of analysis involves a close reading of written texts and images relating to sex or sexuality. The patterns that emerge from this analysis reveal tensions that center around sexual decision making versus sexual signification via costuming, cosmetics, and body image. The analysis uncovers a representation of sexuality that parallels sociocultural norms of contradiction and antilogy in the characterization of girls' desire.
The Struggle for Self
Authors: HEILMAN ELIZABETH E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews theories of identity formation ranging from the classic work of E. H Erikson to postmodern and feminist theories, and it incorporates qualitative research to examine the particular difficulties adolescent girls face in forming confident and powerful adult identities. Social/economic status identity, body image identity, the effects of the mass media, and the declining influence of family and community are discussed. The article concludes by suggesting that schools can potentially serve as sites for deconstructing these complex issues.
Adolescent Prosocial Values and Self-Efficacy in Relation to Delinquency, Risky Sexual Behavior, and Drug Use
Authors: LUDWIG KRISTIN B. , PITTMAN JOE F.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined relations of prosocial values and three measures of self-efficacy as predictors of delinquency, risky sex, and drug use in a sample of 2,146 racially diverse adolescents. It also explored moderating effects on the relations between self-efficacy and values on the three problem behaviors. Adolescents with strong prosocial values and self-efficacy reported fewer problem behaviors. Implications for program development and implementation based on differential needs by race and gender are discussed.
African Philosophy and the Sociological Thesis*
Authors: Pearce Carole
Published: March 2007

"African philosophy," when conceived of as ethnophilosophy, is based on the idea that all thought is social, culture-bound, or based in natural language. But ethnophilosophy, whatever its sociological status, makes no contribution to philosophy, which is necessarily invulnerable to the sociological thesis. The sociological thesis must be limited in application to its own proper domain. The conflation of sociological and philosophical discourse arises from the fallacy of misplaced concreteness. This fallacy is responsible, among other things, for the sociological misinterpretation of Wittgenstein. African philosophy, to be thought philosophical, must conceive of itself as addressing universal problems instead of pursuing intellectual apartheid.
Husserl, Weber, Freud, and the Method of the Human Sciences
Authors: McIntosh Donald
Published: March 2007

In the debate between the natural science and the phenomenological or herme neutical approaches in the human sciences, a third alternative described by Husserl has been widely ignored. Contrary to frequent assumptions, Husserl believed that a purely phenomenological method is not generally the appropri ate approach for the empirical human sciences. Rather, he held that although they can and should make important use of phenomenological analysis, such sciences should take their basic stance in the "natural attitude," the ordinary commonsense lifeworld mode of understanding which cuts across the divergent abstractive specializations of natural science and phenomenology Human sci ence in the natural attitude, shorn of its naivete by phenomenological insight, would be the field of descriptive concrete sociocultural sciences capable of taking a truly explanatory approach to their subject matter, persons and personal formations. In practice, both Weber and Freud exemplify the method recom mended by Husserl.
Popper's Situational Analysis and Contemporary Sociology
Authors: Hedström Peter , Swedberg Richard , Udéhn Lars
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the value of Karl Popper's situational analysis for contem porary sociology We maintain that this element of Popper's social science methodology has been largely neglected by sociologists and suggest that this is because it is borrowed from economics. As such, situational analysis has much in common with recent attempts to introduce rational choice in sociology. Our main question is this: What is the contribution of situational analysis to the current debate about rational choice in sociology? Our answer is that Popper has little to add to this debate. His formulation of situational analysis is too general and too vague to be much of a guide to research. Among other things, situational analysis fails to pay due attention to interests and to social interaction in the explanation of social phenomena. On the positive side, we notice that Popper does include social institutions as the most important element in individuals' situations.
Truth, Rationality, and the Situation
Authors: Notturno Mark A.
Published: March 2007

The Rationality Principle says that people act adequately to their situation, but does not specify how they must act in order to do so. Situational Analysis uses the Rationality Principle, together with a model of the social situation, to explain actions in the past. Unlike Rational Choice Theory, Situational Analysis does not try to predict or influence actions in the future. Popper regarded the Rationality Principle as false, but thought that we should use it nonetheless. This poses a problem for understanding his views about conjecture and refutation. Popper, however, thought that all scientific models are false, and that whether or not we should reject a model depends on the problem that we are trying to solve.
Noisy Convention Selection with Local Interaction
Authors: ARAKI KAZUNORI , LOW HAMISH
Published: March 2007

Stochastic evolutionary processes can be used to determine which equilibrium a society selects, but expected waiting times for the transition to such an equilibrium can be fantastically large. Waiting times are reduced if interaction is predominantly local or if the selection process is very noisy. This article uses simulation to study waiting times when interaction is local and selection is noisy simultaneously. Waiting times fall significantly, and increases in population size do not necessarily lead to increased waiting times. The form of local interaction is shown to be important to the effect on waiting times. The key to the speed of overall convergence is the speed of convergence of the first subgroup. Applications to the problem of convention selection rely on more frequent mistakes in learning, which weakens the selection result. The selection result is also weakened by local interaction.
Modeling Joint and Marginal Distributions in the Analysis of Categorical Panel Data
Authors: VERMUNT JEROEN K. , RODRIGO MARÍA FLORENCIA , ATO-GARCIA MANUEL
Published: March 2007

This article presents a unifying approach to the analysis of repeated univariate categorical (ordered) responses based on the application of the generalized log-linear modeling framework proposed by Lang and Agresti. It is shown that three important research questions in longitudinal studies can be addressed simultaneously. These questions are the following: What is the overall dependence structure of the repeated responses? What is the structure of the change between consecutive time points? and What is the structure of the change in the marginal distributions? Each of these questions involves specifying log-linear models for different marginal distributions of the multiway cross classification of the responses. The proposed approach is illustrated by means of two real data examples.
Procedures for Estimating Standardized Regression Coefficients From Sample Data
Authors: Mayer Lawrence S. , Younger Mary Sue
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the role played by the standardized regression coefficients in linear regression analysis. The linear regression model is reparameterized to explicitly contain standardized regression coefficients. Several estimators of these coefficients are considered. It is shown that the usual beta coefficient is a good estimator of the coefficients in the linear regression model with random predictor variables. However, in the linear regression model with nonstochastic predictors, alternative estimators are better than the usual beta coefficient. A sociological application is included in order to display the empirical behavior of the various estimators.
The "Token" Minority
Authors: Cockerham William C. , Imrey Peter B. , Kronus Sidney J.
Published: March 2007

Attitudes of "token" numbers of black and Oriental youths embedded in a large sample survey of Wyoming junior and senior high school students are compared to those of Anglo youth utilizing an approach developed by Mantel and Haenszel (1959) and Mantel (1963). This "matched-set analysis" offers a method by which categorical responses of rare or small classes of respondents in large samples may be compared to those of larger respondent subgroups while controlling for extraneous variation due to covariates. Our results suggest that black Wyoming youth hold relatively negative attitudes toward school, community, and local criminal justice system. Negative attitudes toward certain aspects of American society may be common among blacks regardless of the size or density of the black community involved.
Cohesion Versus Structural Equivalence as a Basis for Network Subgroups
Authors: Burt Ronald S.
Published: March 2007

Two basic approaches to network analysis are compared in terms of the network subgroups each produces. The relational approach, developing from traditional sociometry, focuses on relations between actors (individuals, groups, or corporations) and aggregates actors connected by cohesive bonds into "cliques." The positional approach focuses on the pattern of relations in which an actor is involved and aggregates actors with similar patterns, i.e., "structurally equivalent" actors, into jointly occupied positions. There are several questions that can be posed for a specific project that might lead an individual to analyze subgroups in terms of cohesion versus structural equivalence. Here, considering a series of such questions, I conclude that subgroups based on structural equivalence are to be preferred to those based on cohesion. Cliques can be analyzed as a special type of jointly occupied network position. Illustration is provided by data on the elite experts in methodological and mathematical sociology circa 1975.