bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discarding Cultures
Authors: Siniawer Eiko Maruko
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyzes the Japanese social critique of overconsumption by way of addressing how the issue of food waste was linked to broader concerns, such as environmental degradation and the low rate of national food self-sufficiency. It describes how bureaucrats, citizens, corporations, and social critics are mobilized to dissuade the consuming public from their tastes for convenience and disposability. Using examples from didactic materials, such as the conservationist cartoons of High Moon and children's books, the chapter reveals national anxieties around food issues and the recourse to nostalgia as a solution for contemporary waste. Critics sought to imbue consumers with the spirit of earlier times, when consumers respected whole foods, produced through the sweat of farmers and prepared with motherly love, rather than relying on processed convenience foods.
The Unbearable, Endless Anxiety of Eating
Authors: Kleeman Faye Yuan
Published: April 2018

This chapter explains the “endless anxiety” over food safety caused by the March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami, when concerns over issues such as food waste and self-sufficiency were quickly superseded by worries about food contamination. For the public, the tragedy symbolized Japan's loss of economic advantage and problem-solving ability, capping decades of economic recession. The chapter presents two popular works that address emerging food values post 3/11: Hatanaka Mieko's critique of contemporary food practices as fashion-driven, akin to consuming a form of popular culture, and Yūki Masumi's examination of the ecological impact of eating via essays and conversations with other writers.
“Of His Fullness Have All We Received”
Authors: McClymond Michael J.
Published: April 2018

Michael J. McClymond traces Johannine themes in Jonthan Edwards’ theology. He first introduces some such themes in Edwards’ writings, particularly the notion of God’s continually increasing grace into eternity. Then he explores how Edwards understood the Gospel of John as a book that emphasizes spiritual meanings. He goes on to consider “the logic of fullness” in Edwards’ theology as seen in his Johannine exegesis, a logic that highlights the work of the Holy Spirit and the inexhaustible, ever-increasing grace that comes in Christ. McClymond highlights how Edwards’ treatments of Johannine themes cross multiple theological subdisciplines and thus defy neat categorization. Instead, Edwards integrated (at least) three Johannine themes into his theology—realized eschatology, interpersonal indwelling, and dynamic union—using the original concept of “the eternal and yet ever-increasing union of blessed creatures with God.”
Sabina Augusta
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: April 2018

This work aims to synthesize the textual and (massive) material evidence on the empress Sabina (born ca. 85–died ca. 137). The book traces the development of Sabina’s partnership with her husband, the emperor Hadrian (reigned 117–138), and shows the vital importance of the empress for Hadrian’s own aspirations. Sabina accumulated more public honors in Rome and the provinces than any imperial woman had enjoyed since the first empress, Augustus’ wife Livia. Indeed, Sabina is the first woman whose image features on a regular and continuous series of coins minted at Rome. She was the most traveled and visible empress to date. Hadrian also deified his wife upon her death. It is argued that Hadrian meant for Sabina to play a key role in promoting the public character of his rule, and that the emperor’s exaltation of his wife served to enhance his own claims to divinity. Yet the (sparse) literary sources on Sabina put the worst light on the dynamics of her marriage. There is a strong ancient tradition that Hadrian treated his wife little better than a slave, and forced her to suicide. The book fully explores the various (overwhelmingly negative) notions this empress’s life stirred up in historiography, and against the material record proposes a new and nuanced understanding of her formal role. This study of Sabina’s life sheds new light also more widely on Hadrian—including the vexed question of that emperor’s relationship with his supposed lover Antinoös—and indeed on Rome’s imperial women as a group.
“Empress” at Rome
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: April 2018

This chapter emphasizes that for Rome, the title “empress” is a term of convenience. The closest Latin equivalent to “empress” is ‘Augusta,’ which by the later first century CE became expected for an emperor’s wife, but was extended to other women of the imperial family. This chapter explains ‘Augusta’ by highlighting the evolving distinctions for powerful women from the Triumviral era of the Republic and the era of Augustus (especially for his wife Livia). It also traces the formation of the imperial household (domus), and the granting of divine honors to women, in both life and death. However, the prominence that members of Rome’s imperial family enjoyed had its own dangers: in the mid-first century CE, seven of the eight empresses met unfortunate ends. Later, when the emperor Domitian’s rule grew intolerable, his wife introduced another potent precedent for an empress—by helping to assassinate him in the year 96.
Egypt and the Journey Home
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: April 2018

Sabina visited the famous “singing statue” of the Colossus of Memnon near Egyptian Thebes in November 130, just after Antinoös’ death. The proof is her first-person graffiti carved on a leg of this gigantic statue. Emperor and empress repeatedly visited the statue to hear its sound, as their companion the Seleucid princess Julia Balbilla records in her own verse graffiti on the stone. Her four poems, in a revival of Sappho’s Lesbian dialect with eroticized language, describe the empress, apparently to highlight the attributes of Sabina’s developed, official public persona: youthfulness, seductive beauty, piety, marital fidelity colored by institutionalized jealousy, and communion with the immortal. The chapter then reconstructs honors given Sabina in 131 in travel from Egypt to Anatolia and Athens. The chapter concludes with Hadrian’s forced return to Judaea in 132 to face the Bar Kochba revolt and examines recent evidence for extensive cultic honors to Sabina on Epirus.
Final Years in Rome
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: April 2018

Direct evidence for Sabina’s activities as Augusta in and around Rome is disappointing. Although inscriptions suggest some (limited) benefactions by the empress, the most conspicuous expression of Sabina’s heightened status comes from the Rome mint, which produced an impressive series of original images publicizing the empress’s imperial virtues. Changing titulature and hairstyles on Sabina’s Rome coins help establish a relative chronology and an understanding of the intended messages. The provincial coin issues bearing Sabina’s portrait are harder to assess: on their reverses their subject matter overlaps significantly with types showing the emperor. The regime also offered ever-changing sculptural images of Sabina. On both coins and sculptures, this era’s portrait artists, generally abandoning naturalism, pictured the middle-aged empress as a young serene beauty. The chapter also quantifies Sabina’s assimilation to specific goddesses in the eastern inscriptions, and seeks to understand how eastern communities balanced public honors for Hadrian, Sabina, and Antinoös.
Epilogue
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: April 2018

This epilogue first traces a common thread running through modern understandings of Sabina, from Antonio de Guevara in the 16th century to romantic novelist Kate Quinn in the 21st: Hadrian treated his wife poorly, as the ancient literary sources unequivocally tell us. Attention to Sabina is rare in modern history, art, or literature. Most representations of the empress through time are ancillary appearances in biographical or novelistic treatments of Hadrian; few are especially probing. When Antinoös is introduced, Sabina recedes. It was surely consequential that Hadrian’s successor Antoninus Pius lost his own wife, Faustina I, barely two years after accession, in 140. Her funeral and deification, commemorative post-consecration coinage, honorary statues and games, dedicated priestesses, and grand temple constructed in the Roman Forum evidently eclipsed Hadrian’s honors for his wife. Yet these very honors show that Antoninus observed and approved how Hadrian had promoted Sabina and the concept of empress.
Shifting Power
Authors: Shaner Katherine A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores differences between rhetorics of sacrifice in inscriptional evidence in Ephesos and in imperial depictions. Different rhetorics around configurations of sacrificial personnel reveal a contestation around enslaved leadership in ritual practices. As imperial presence strengthened in Ephesos in the second century CE, the rhetoric of imperial authority attempted to contain the social tensions that come with enslaved leadership. Drawing on rhetorical analysis of the Parthian Reliefs and the prevalence of enslaved personnel in the Artemis cult, this chapter argues that the work of enslaved ritual specialists sustains sacrificial practices. Inscriptions describing the sacrificial duties of honorary priests in the city suggest that these specialists were charged with proper instruction of such duties. If one reads these inscriptions as one kind of intervention into the tensions around enslaved leadership and the reliefs as another, the work of enslaved persons as specialists in sacrificial practices comes into view.
1803 to 1837
Authors: Graber Jennifer
Published: April 2018

In 1803, Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory and brought Kiowa lands under the authority of the United States. Over the next 30 years, the federal government worked to purchase Indian lands and create a barrier between settlers and Indians, using treaties and removal agreements to achieve these aims. They also sought to “civilize” Indians by funding Protestant and Catholic efforts to teach farming, domestic skills, and Christianity. Kiowas maintained their way of life, far from events east of the Mississippi, and had strong alliances with other Native peoples and agreements with other colonial powers. They maintained their ritual practices and flourished in many respects. Over time, however, the arrival of Native people who had been removed from the East put new pressures on Kiowas. With more people venturing into their lands, Kiowas finally met with American officials in the 1830s and signed their first treaty with the United States.
1838 to 1867
Authors: Graber Jennifer
Published: April 2018

By the late 1830s, Americans increasingly ventured across the Mississippi. Any barrier that had once existed between Native people and Americans began to break down. Indian Territory became increasingly crowded and chaotic. Kiowas responded by making new alliances with Indian nations, as well as adapting their practices for seeking sacred power. They sought to secure themselves against their enemies and protect their families from disease and hunger. As Americans poured into the West and confronted Native people defending their homelands, they argued for containing Indians on bounded reservations. Leading American Protestants, who saw these new spaces as ideal places for teaching civilization and Christianity, were key reservation promoters. Hoping to secure a measure of security and needed supplies, Kiowas signed an 1867 treaty that created a reservation for them and their Comanche and Apache allies.
1868 to 1872
Authors: Graber Jennifer
Published: April 2018

As the federal government established reservations across the American West, Protestant leaders argued that they were best suited to run them. Quakers, especially, claimed that America’s benevolent character could be best expressed by turning reservations over to Protestant representatives. By the early 1870s, Protestant and Catholic representatives administered dozens of reservations in what came to be known as the “Peace Policy.” Kiowas, now living on a reservation, found ways to continue their cultural practices despite the reservation’s limits and its Quaker administration. They lived nomadically, hunted for their food, and participated in a broad regional economy for buffalo hides and other trade goods. They also carried out their rites for seeking sacred power. But Quakers pushed them to farm, attend school, and remain inside reservation boundaries. And federal officials withheld food rations and incarcerated Kiowas who broke reservation regulations. Tensions grew between Kiowas and the Quakers who lived among them.
Introduction
Authors: Hutchison Katrina , Mackenzie Catriona , Oshana Marina
Published: April 2018

This introduction distinguishes ways the social dimensions of moral responsibility have been investigated in recent philosophical literature: some theories highlight the interpersonal dimensions of moral responsibility practices; some explicate the interlocutive properties of morally reactive exchanges; while others seek to explain the role of the social environment in scaffolding agency. Despite the rise of social approaches, philosophers have paid scant attention to the implications of inequalities of power for theorizing about moral responsibility. The remainder of the introduction articulates a set of problems posed by contexts of structural injustice for theories of moral responsibility and highlights the relevance of recent work in feminist philosophy on relational autonomy and social epistemology for understanding and addressing these problems. The introduction notes the overlaps and differences between the concepts of autonomy and moral responsibility and offers preliminary reflections on how debates about relational autonomy might bear on social theories of moral responsibility.
Power, Social Inequities, and the Conversational Theory of Moral Responsibility
Authors: McKenna Michael
Published: April 2018

According to the conversational theory, moral responsibility is essentially interpersonal and communicative. Indeed, it is not only communicative; it has a conversational dimension. On the conversational theory, an agent’s actions—those that are candidates for blameworthiness or praiseworthiness—are potential bearers of meaning, where meaning is a function of the quality of an agent’s will. This meaning is analogous to the meaning a competent speaker conveys when she engages in conversation. Call this “agent meaning.” Like speaker meaning, agent meaning can be affected by the interpretive framework whereby others interpret the meaning of an agent’s actions. One aspect of the conversational theory that remains unexplored is how asymmetrical power-dynamics, especially resulting from social inequities, shape the interpretive framework that in turn influences the context in which morally responsible agents act. This chapter explores this topic and thereby exposes an unpalatable side to the nature of our moral responsibility practices.
Two Ways of Socializing Moral Responsibility
Authors: Holroyd Jules
Published: April 2018

This chapter evaluates two competing views of morally responsible agency. The first view at issue is Vargas’s circumstantialism—on which responsible agency is a function of the agent and her circumstances, and so is highly context sensitive. The second view is McGeer’s scaffolded-responsiveness view, on which responsible agency is constituted by the capacity for responsiveness to reasons directly, and indirectly via sensitivity to the expectations of one’s audience (whose sensitivity may be more developed than one’s own). This chapter defends a version of the scaffolded-responsiveness view, and develops two further claims. Firstly, moral responsibility should not be tied too closely to liability to praise or blame. Secondly, rather than revising our existing concept of responsibility, we would do better to ask what we want the concept of responsibility for.
Answerability
Authors: Stoljar Natalie
Published: April 2018

This chapter defends externalist or “constitutively relational” conceptions of autonomy through an examination of an alternative approach developed by Andrea Westlund. Westlund develops her approach in response to what has been called the “agency dilemma.” On the one hand, constraining external circumstances seem to undermine autonomy; on the other, the claim that people are nonautonomous because of their circumstances seems to erase their agency and disrespect their evaluative commitments. This chapter distinguishes the necessary and sufficient conditions of several interrelated aspects of agency: autonomy, authentic agential perspective, and moral responsibility. I argue that whereas answerability may be sufficient for moral responsibility, it is not sufficient for autonomy. Objections to externalist conceptions of autonomy, including the agency dilemma, wrongly assume that denying autonomy implies erasing agency. Once it is recognized that autonomy does not always overlap with authentic agential perspective or moral responsibility, the objections lose their force.
Choice Pillar II
Authors: Peari Sagi
Published: April 2018

This chapter evaluates Friedrich Carl von Savigny’s choice-of-law theory, qualifies and extends it. It shows that CEF’s foundational Choice Pillar does not need to be developed from scratch but rather can be exerted through the process of distillation from Savigny’s argument of its Kantian components. The argument in this chapter proceeds through the following three focal points. First, it elaborates on the main aspects of Kantian legal philosophy and demonstrates their presence within Savigny’s scholarship. Second, it evaluates Savigny’s choice of law organizing principle of “voluntary submission” and suggests making qualifications to meet the Kantian standard. In neo-Kantian terminology, it is a crystallization of “juridical relational choice.” Finally, it evaluates and qualifies both aspects of the operational mechanism of Savigny’s theory: the normative ensemble of party autonomy and constructive inference.
The Equality Pillar
Authors: Peari Sagi
Published: April 2018

This chapter elaborates on the second foundational pillar of CEF—the “Equality Pillar” as a crystallization of the subsidiary version of the better law approach. First, through exposition of the Equality Pillar’s three constituents (Innate Equality, Barbarism, and State Equality), it provides normative meaning to better law as a subsidiary rule, and as such sets out substantive limits on the formal operation of choice-of-law rules. Secondly, it returns to the challenges that have been mounted against all versions of better law and shows how CEF’s vision of better law is immune to those challenges. Finally, it suggests drawing a parallel between the subsidiary version of better law and such notions as the “evil laws” phenomenon and public policy doctrine.
Deliberation and Spontaneity
Authors: Brownstein Michael
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that in some contexts, deliberation may have a limited role to play in making our spontaneous reactions more virtuous. The chapter begins by considering the arguments of Peter Railton, and Nomy Arpaly and Timothy Schroeder, that deliberation cannot be foundational for action. Then, the chapter examines cases in which agents appear to act ethically in spite of their deliberative reasoning. Even perfect deliberation can undermine ethical action, the chapter argues. In the case of overcoming implicit bias, the relationship between spontaneity and deliberation is fraught too. Even when deliberation appears to be playing a central role in guiding our decisions and behavior, things may be considerably more complicated.
Conclusion
Authors: Brownstein Michael
Published: April 2018

This concluding chapter reviews the central contention of this book, which is that understanding the two faces of spontaneity—its virtues and vices—requires understanding the implicit mind. While alternative interpretations of each of the case studies discussed are available, the shared features of these cases illuminate a pervasive feature of our lives: actions the psychology of which is neither reflexive nor reasoned; actions that reflect upon us as agents but not upon what we know or who we take ourselves to be; and actions the ethical cultivation of which demand not just planning and deliberating but also, centrally, pre-committing to plans, attending to our contexts, and, as Bruce Gemmel—the coach of arguably the best swimmer of all time, Katie Ledecky— said, just doing the damn work. Finally, open questions for future research are discussed.
Incentives
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2018

Incentives for environmental behavior are skewed from the beginning: making a good environmental choice is often more costly, or more difficult, than engaging in environment-harming behavior, simply because of the inherent characteristics of environmental issues. Incentives against environmental behavior are also created as a side effect of other policy choices: subsidies and other policy decisions decrease the cost of behavior that have environmentally problematic consequences. Changing incentive structures such that the environmentally preferred outcome is less expensive or more convenient than the alternative can make a major difference in behavior. This change is frequently, although not exclusively, undertaken through policy intervention. When incentive structures change, behavior is likely to change, even without a widespread adjustment in values, attitudes, or even knowledge. A good first step to changing environmental behavior, therefore, is to get the incentives right.
Information
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2018

When doing the right environmental thing makes what you are trying to accomplish more costly or more difficult, information alone is insufficient to prioritize environmental benefit. In some cases information can even backfire: people faced with graphic information of intractable environmental problems may come to feel that their actions would be insignificant or the problem is hopeless, and therefore stop making choices to minimize environmental harm. Information can nevertheless play a useful role in behavior change, especially for people who are already motivated to avoid environmental harm. Information that helps people make informed choices about which alternatives are preferable. Providing feedback to people about their own behavior or prompts to remind them to do things they would like to do can also motivate action. The effect of information in motivating environmentally friendly behavior is, nevertheless, modest.
Attitudes and Norms
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2018

Many people care about the environment and are in favor of protecting it, but these concerns are imperfect determinants of behavior. There are good reasons for this “value-action gap”: incentives are frequently aligned against environmentally preferable action, and we each face so many daily environmentally relevant decisions that efforts to do the right thing consistently are daunting. These approaches can even backfire, as people dislike feeling judged, or may tire of constant efforts to behave and may backslide on good intentions. A more promising option for explaining or encouraging environmental behavior is invoking social norms. People modify their behavior to fit social expectations, so community decisions that work against environmental behavior can discourage beneficial behavior. Framing information in a way that demonstrates the environmentally beneficial choices of neighbors or group members increases willingness to make environmentally positive choices.
What to Do About It
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2018

This final chapter distills the book’s analysis into lessons—how to get good people to do good environmental things: Make the better environmental choice easier and cheaper than the alternatives. Avoid scaring or depressing people, or using guilt or shame. The best kind of information is procedural: show people how to do the things that will make an environmental difference. Behavior can change attitudes; get people to act in an environmental way and they are more likely to support environmental action. Willpower can be a depletable resource; make the preferred option automatic or habitual or obligatory, rather than a constant moral decision. Change the systems (social, economic, or legal) rather than the individuals. Recognize that people’s behavior happens for a reason. Find out what they are trying to accomplish, and figure out a way for that need or goal to be met in a less environmentally damaging way.
Introduction
Authors: Ince Onur Ulas
Published: April 2018

This chapter outlines the research question, the argument, and the interventions of the book. It presents the book’s objective of “rematerializing” the relationship between liberalism and empire by disclosing the mediation of that relationship by capitalism. It defines the book’s central theoretical problematic as the tension between the liberal conception of capitalism in metropolitan political economy and the coercive capitalist transformations and structures in the colonies. It clarifies the specific usages of key terms, such as “colonial capitalism,” “primal norms of liberalism,” and “disavowal,” and explains the reasons for focusing on John Locke and property in America, Edmund Burke and trade in India, and Edward Gibbon Wakefield and labor in Australasia. Following an overview of the structure of the book, the chapter concludes by summarizing the contribution of the framework of colonial capitalism to the study of liberal ideas.
Not a Partnership in Pepper, Coffee, Calico, or Tobacco
Authors: Ince Onur Ulas
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines Edmund Burke’s arguments on the Anglo-Indian trade and the British rule in Bengal. In contrast to the culturalist interpretations of Burke’s position on the British Empire, the chapter brings Burke’s political economic writings to bear on his efforts to maintain the empire in India while expunging its illiberal economic aspects. Behind Burke’s attempt to reform the Indian administration and impeach Warren Hastings, it is argued, was the East India Company’s systematic violation of the liberal economic principles that defined the British character as a commercial society. Burke openly castigated the illiberal extractive policies being used in India and sequestered them from the essentially liberal conception of British commercial society. His condemnation of Company policies in India can therefore be understood as an attempt to shore up the increasingly blurred distinctions between civilized commerce and unabashed pillage, between enlightened self-interest and unbridled rapacity, and between “imperial commerce” and “imperious commerce.”
Introduction
Authors: Ogorzalek Thomas K.
Published: April 2018

This chapter frames the subsequent analyses with a vignette of a congressional debate between urban and rural constituencies. In this exchange, city politician par excellence Richard J. Daley articulates the priorities of cities and explains their pursuit of allies, while rural representatives cite the formidable unity of urban legislators as a reason for maintaining cities’ historic underrepresentation. But the very premise of this rural position—that cities are sites of political unity—demands scrutiny. After all, cities are the sites of all kinds of continual and recurrent contention, both violent and subtle. From where did the political unity of urban representation, constructed from deeply divided “pre-political” building blocks, come? This is the key question of the book. The chapter also describes the original data gathered for the project and situates the analysis within the study of the effects of local institutions on national politics.
Urbanicity, City Delegations, and Two-Dimensional Liberalism
Authors: Ogorzalek Thomas K.
Published: April 2018

This theoretical chapter develops the argument that the conditions of cities—large, densely populated, heterogeneous communities—generate distinctive governance demands supporting (1) market interventions and (2) group pluralism. Together, these positions constitute the two dimensions of progressive liberalism. Because of the nature of federalism, such policies are often best pursued at higher levels of government, which means that cities must present a united front in support of city-friendly politics. Such unity is far from assured on the national level, however, because of deep divisions between and within cities that undermine cohesive representation. Strategies for success are enhanced by local institutions of horizontal integration developed to address the governance demands of urbanicity, the effects of which are felt both locally and nationally in the development of cohesive city delegations and a unified urban political order capable of contending with other interests and geographical constituencies in national politics.
The Future of Global Governance for Health
Authors: Sidibé Michel , Nygren-Krug Helena , McBride Bronwyn , Buse Kent
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that the current global health agenda has failed to put people and their rights at the center. With communities unable to have their voices heard, challenge injustice, and hold decision makers to account, states are ill-equipped to realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all. The chapter articulates a shift from a discretionary development paradigm to a rights-based paradigm for global health, building on rights-based approaches that have been proven to work—as in the AIDS response. Seven reforms are proposed, addressing: (1) priority-setting, (2) systems for health, (3) data and monitoring, (4) access to justice, (5) the need to safeguard the right to health across sectors, (6) partnerships, and (7) financing. These reforms call for a broad social movement for global governance for health, advancing and operationalizing rights-based approaches across the SDGs.
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
Authors: Nygren-Krug Helena
Published: April 2018

This chapter centers on the role of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in promoting and protecting HIV-related human rights. It starts by recalling the rationale for creating UNAIDS and explains how its mandate and structure has enabled communities affected by HIV to remain engaged. This engagement has been critical in ensuring that human rights considerations remain at the forefront of the global AIDS response. The chapter also looks at the journey ahead, taking AIDS “out of isolation.” It argues that this process can benefit not only the AIDS response but also other health-related Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets, in particular universal health coverage (UHC). It concludes by recognizing the SDGs as a springboard for UNAIDS to scale up efforts to support the realization of human rights, which will ultimately determine whether we will be able to reach the end of the AIDS epidemic.
The World Bank
Authors: Shawar Yusra Ribhi , Ruger Jennifer Prah
Published: April 2018

The World Bank, one of the largest global health funders, continues to deny a formal legal obligation for human rights. Internal constraints limit the Bank’s ability to do so, since its Articles of Agreement explicitly forbid it from interfering in a country’s internal political affairs, making it unclear whether human rights risk management is within the institution’s mandate. This stands in contrast to the institution’s commitment to human rights, as reflected in its commitment to helping countries achieve universal health coverage and in its “twin goals” of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, which fundamentally contribute to the realization of social and economic rights. This chapter analyzes the ways in which rights-based discourse has evolved in the Bank’s global health policies and practices and identifies the institutional factors that have shaped its consideration of human rights.
Human Rights Treaty Bodies
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Gomes Virgínia Brás
Published: April 2018

This chapter assesses the role of human rights treaty bodies in monitoring, interpreting, and adjudicating health-related human rights obligations, facilitating accountability for the realization of human rights in health policy. With each core human rights treaty having its own corresponding human rights treaty body, these international institutions influence states and galvanize advocates to take action to realize human rights across a range of global health issues. Describing treaty body efforts to monitor state implementation, interpret human rights, and adjudicate individual complaints, this chapter examines the evolving composition and functions of these treaty bodies and analyzes their effectiveness in facilitating the implementation of human rights as a basis for global health. Given recent United Nations efforts to strengthen treaty body functions and streamline monitoring processes, treaty bodies provide complementary approaches for public health practitioners to support accountability for the implementation of health-related human rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: April 2018

This concluding chapter analyzes the structural determinants of human rights mainstreaming for global health and considers common themes for the implementation of human rights through global governance for health. Human rights are implemented in global health through a dynamic global governance system—extending across the World Health Organization’s mandate to realize the right to health; United Nations specialized agency efforts to address health-related human rights; economic governance to support rights-based priorities in public health funding; and human rights governance to advance global health. The unique context of each institution is crucial to implementing human rights for global health; however, there are generalizable institutional themes that can be drawn from these experiences. By comparing the structures that facilitate organizational efforts to advance human rights across the contributing chapters in this edited volume, it becomes possible to understand the institutional determinants of the rights-based approach to health.
Afterword
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: April 2018

Out of the ashes of the Second World War, institutions of global health and human rights have brought the world together in unprecedented cooperation over the past seventy years, giving rise to the successes and opportunities detailed throughout this volume; however, the current populist age casts new doubts on many of these governance successes and raises debilitating obstacles to future progress. In challenging the shared goals of global governance in responding to a globalizing world, populism—abetted by the resurgent horrors of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia—seeks to retrench nations inward, with rising nationalist movements directly threatening global institutions and spurring isolationism in international affairs. Such retrenchment could lead to a rejection of both global governance and human rights as a basis for health advancement in the years to come....
Introduction
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

Germany is in a state of euphoria about its economy. The German media and many government officials would have observers believe that the nation’s economy is booming and has become stronger than it ever was. As a prelude to this book’s careful examination of what the author argues is an illusion, this chapter, firstly, provides an introduction to and an overview of Germany’s economic, social, and political strengths and weaknesses; secondly, the chapter looks closely at why Germany has turned from a decisive architect of European integration to a reluctant hegemon that is disillusioned with Europe and its own role therein.
The investment gap
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

The widespread perception at home and abroad is that Germany is Europe’s economic superstar: its economy is booming, and its economic and social policies have been impeccable. But there is a flip side to this success: Germany’s economy has fundamental weaknesses, and its economic policies have serious flaws. This chapter identifies the substantial and growing public and private investment gap in Germany as the main source of weakness and vulnerability in the German economy and discusses the measurement and origin of this investment gap, as well as its sectoral and regional distribution. In addition, the chapter explains why weak public investment is a key reason for low private investment, identifies those areas and sectors in which the investment gap is largest, and offers policy recommendations on how to close Germany’s investment gap and, thus, help solve the key economic weaknesses of the country.
Germany as Europe’s reluctant hegemon
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

Why does Germany perceive itself as a victim, even though it has dominated and defined European politics so strongly? Why does Germany feel so uncomfortable in its role as a de facto hegemon? As the largest country and the one with the strongest and largest economy in Europe and a stable political system, Germany’s power and influence have grown. Yet hardly anyone in Germany feels comfortable in this role, for it brings with it more responsibility for Europe as a whole. Europe is standing at the crossroads. What will Europe’s future look like? And what role does Germany have to play in it? These are some of the decisive questions that have been discussed in every country and especially in Berlin. If one thing is certain, it is that Germany’s role will be decisive for shaping Europe’s future.
Germany’s Postwar Constitution
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

The German Federal Constitutional Court granted extensive horizontal effect to the rights in Germany’s constitution, the Basic Law, starting in the late 1950s. This chapter lays out the institutional and normative context against which these moves played out and in light of which they made sense. The new Court spent its first decade fending off attempts to marginalize it, not only from the executive branch but also from Germany’s other, more established, high courts. At the same time, the new Basic Law furnished the Court with interpretive authority over an expansive set of new rights, while the private law establishment was slow to satisfy the normative demands of a liberalizing postwar Germany.
Introduction
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M
Published: April 2018

The introduction presents the two-fold purpose of this book: (a) to demonstrate that the self is not determined by society as an outside cause but shaping society in its own self-organization and (b) to investigate the extent to which the self is democratically organized. The presented positioning theory provides an alternative to both Antony Greenwald’s totalitarian ego and Marvin Minsky’s depiction of the self as a bureaucratic organization. As an analogy to Amartya’s conception of democracy as a societal learning process, the democratic self is described as an internal learning process in which parts of the self (so-called I-positions) are continuously organized and reorganized in fields of tension between dialogue and social power. The presented theory is characterized as a “bridging theory” that explores the links between theories from different disciplines with the intention to develop a theory of a self that is continuously involved in processes of positioning, counter-positioning, and repositioning. The content of the 8 chapters of the book are summarized.
Dialogical Democracy in a Boundary-Crossing World
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M
Published: April 2018

The democratic and dialogical self is placed in the broader context of three views on democracy—cosmopolitan, deliberative, and agonistic conceptions—relevant to a boundary-crossing world in which individuals and groups are faced with differences and oppositions. A model is presented including three fields of tension: between self and other, between three levels of inclusiveness (individual, social, and human), and between dialogue and social power. Meta-positions and promoter positions are included in the model. Its practical implications focuses on stimulating a dialogical relationship between reason and emotion, increasing tolerance of uncertainty, and including shadow positions as integrative parts of a democratic self. Finally, a definition of health is proposed that considers health of the self as a learning process in a democratic society.
Shifting Diaspora Policies toward Integration in the Country of Destination
Authors: Délano Alonso Alexandra
Published: April 2018

This chapter explains the rationale behind the Mexican government’s gradual shift in discourse to make integration a priority goal of its diaspora policies. It also draws on examples of other Latin American governments that have begun to adopt similar policies or language. Compared to more widespread diaspora engagement strategies focused on development, these origin-country-led integration and social protection programs arise in a highly specific context responding to three main factors: first, the large percentage of Latin American migrants that is undocumented; second, the context of the country of destination, specifically the political discourse and the resources deployed to support or limit services for immigrants; and third, the strategic role of these policies as diplomatic tools, in the context of bilateral relations with both the destination country and other countries whose populations share similar challenges.
Consular Protection and Solidarity across Borders
Authors: Délano Alonso Alexandra
Published: April 2018

This chapter demonstrates how Latin American governments with large populations of migrants with precarious legal status in the United States are working together to promote policies focusing on their well-being and integration. It identifies the context in which these processes of policy diffusion and collaboration have taken place as well as their limitations. Notwithstanding the differences in capacities and motivations based on the domestic political and economic contexts, there is a convergence of practices and policies of diaspora engagement among Latin American countries driven by the common challenges faced by their migrant populations in the United States and by the Latino population more generally. These policies, framed as an issue of rights protection and the promotion of migrants’ well-being, are presented as a form of regional solidarity and unity, and are also mobilized by the Mexican government as a political instrument serving its foreign policy goals.
The Origins of the Question of Origins
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2018

The search for origins, comparative empires, and textual scholarship that characterize the present study are actually quite old and go back to the very origins of Western historical, philological, and orientalist scholarship in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The European debate regarding “Asian empires” often boiled down to two main issues: oriental despotism and racial origins. While modern scholarship has continued the debate regarding despotism into the twenty-first century, the discussion regarding racial origins was closed off by the late eighteenth century and has received less attention since then. The evolution of the discourse can be observed in the writings of François Bernier, Jean Sylvain Bailly, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, Voltaire, Edward Gibbon, William Jones, and William Erskine.
Uzbeks and Kazakhs in Fazl Allah Khunji’s Mihmannamah-i Bukhara
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2018

This chapter looks at another Persian historian, Fazl Allah b. Ruzbihan Khunji (d. 1519), in his journey to Central Asia and his attempt to justify the Uzbek ruler Shibani Khan (d. 1510) in his disastrous campaign against the Kazakhs of Turkestan. Fazl Allah had to project onto his master’s kinsmen/enemies all the negative associations of a Turkic ancestry in order to justify their murder and enslavement. However, this projection created difficulties for the author as well because he knew that his Shibanid patrons were actually related to the Kazakhs across the river in Turkestan. Thus even in Central Asia itself, Turco-Mongol origins were problematic.
Timurid India
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2018

This chapter will show how the Mughals in India entered a world in which the value of Timurid sovereignty (initially crucial following the capture of Delhi by Timur) had become irrelevant, leaving behind only the traumatic memories of destruction and pillage. However, thanks to the influx of other Timurid mirzas from Central Asia, the emperor Humayun unsuccessfully tried to reclaim that legacy through the efforts of three historians. The survey of texts includes generally overlooked Persian histories from the courts of Delhi, Mandu, Kalpi, and Gujarat from the fifteenth century, as well as Kabul, Gwalior, and the Deccan from the sixteenth century.
Political Choice
Authors: Epstein Ben
Published: April 2018

Chapter 4 explains the concept of political choice, the second and most important phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). The political choice phase is the process in which political actors choose if and when to incorporate new information and communications technologies (ICTs) into their communication strategies. This chapter details the process that political actors or organizations go through when determining whether to innovate and helps to identify characteristics of those parties that are more likely to innovate earlier than others, known as innovativeness. Political choice is the behavioral component of the political communication cycle. These innovation decisions are the primary determinants regarding if and how ICT innovations are used to change political communication activity. Therefore, political choice is the most important phase of the PCC, differentiating political communication change from social and societal communication change more broadly.
Innovation by Political Outsiders
Authors: Epstein Ben
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores communication innovations made by American social movements over time. These movements share political communication goals and outsider status, which helps to connect innovation decisions across movements and across time. The chapter primarily explores two long-lasting movements. First is the women’s suffrage movement, which lasted over seventy years of the print era from the mid-nineteenth century until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Next is the long-lasting fight against racial discrimination, which led to the modern civil rights movement starting in the print era, but coming of age along with television during the 1950s and 1960s. Both the women’s suffrage movement and civil rights movement utilized innovative tactics with similarly mild results until mainstream coverage improved. Finally, these historical movements are compared with movements emerging during the internet era, including the early Tea Party, Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and the Resist movement.
The Stabilization Process Then and Now
Authors: Epstein Ben
Published: April 2018

This chapter shifts the focus to the third and final stabilization phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). During the stabilization phase, a new political communication order (PCO) takes shape through the building of norms, institutions, and regulations that serve to fix the newly established status quo in place. This status quo occurs when formerly innovative political communication activities become mundane, yet remain powerful. Much of the chapter details the pattern of communication regulation and institution construction over time. In particular, this chapter explores the instructive similarities and key differences between the regulation of radio and the internet, which offers important perspectives on the significance of our current place in the PCC and the consequences of choices that will be made over the next few years.