bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary synovial sarcoma with polypoid endobronchial growth: A case report, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic study*
Authors: Niwa Hideki , Masuda Shinji , Kobayashi Chikashi , Oda Yoshinao
Published: July 2004

A rare case of primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma with polypoid endobronchial growth in a 42‐year‐old Japanese woman is described. Left upper sleeve lobectomy was performed for the polypoid tumor measuring 2.5 cm in the left major bronchus and the patient was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Three years later, a recurrent tumor was discovered. Microscopically, this tumor was characterized by a proliferation of oval to spindle‐shaped cells arranged in sheets and fascicles and covered by the thin normal bronchial epithelium. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for vimentin, and focally positive for pancytokeratin recognized by AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 7 and epithelial membrane antigen. A chimera gene, SYT‐SSX1, was detected. Recently, primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma is an increasingly recognized clinical entity; however, most of these tumors present as a parenchymal mass. The present case is a unique example of primary synovial sarcoma of endobronchial polypoid type. This case suggests that pulmonary synovial sarcoma might originate from bronchial submucosal stromal tissue.
Proximal‐type epithelioid sarcoma in a 36‐year‐old man: Closer immunoelectron‐microscopic resemblance of the tumor cells to epithelial cells than to mesenchymal cells
Authors: Masunaga Atsuko , Ikeda Katsuhide , Suzuki Takao , Fukumori Nobutaka , Ishibashi Kazuyoshi , Tajiri Takuma , Ogata Akio , Midorikawa Takemasa , Mitsuya Toshiyuki
Published: July 2004

Proximal‐type epithelioid sarcoma (PES) is a rare neoplasm. We report a case of PES that arose in the perineal subcutis of a 36‐year‐old Japanese man who died within 4 months of the first clinical sign, probably due to massive pulmonary metastases. In the present study, we analyzed the tumor obtained at surgery, immunohistochemically, immunoelectron‐microscopically and genetically. Although the tumor cells in the patient expressed both cytokeratin and vimentin immunohistochemically, they showed epithelial characteristics immunoelectron‐microscopically because they had tonofilaments constructed of cytokeratin, not vimentin. In addition, the cytokeratins expressed on the tumor were glandular‐type keratins. These findings indicate that PES may be a form of carcinoma in soft tissue. To ascertain the possible origin of the tumor, we compared the tumor immunohistochemically with fetal tissues. Although notochord and fetal peritoneal mesothelium were similar to the tumor antigenically, we could not confirm the specific origin of the tumor. Furthermore, the p53‐WAF1 pathway did not contribute to tumorigenesis in the patient because the tumor had no mutation in exons 5–8 of the p53 gene and was immunohistochemically positive for WAF1.
Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver: Case report and literature review
Authors: Yuri Takashi , Danbara Naoyuki , Shikata Nobuaki , Fujimoto Sachiko , Nakano Takahide , Sakaida Noriko , Uemura Yoshiko , Tsubura Airo
Published: July 2004

A case of malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) occurring as a primary hepatic neoplasm in a 12‐month‐old Japanese female infant is presented. The patient had a slight fever for 2 weeks and presented with a palpable mass in her left hypochondrial region. After admission, the hepatic artery was embolized due to intra‐abdominal hemorrhage arising from the tumor. The patient received chemotherapy with cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and adriacin. Despite treatment, the patient developed dyspnea, pancytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Rupture of the tumor resulted in death within 3 weeks. A limited abdominal autopsy revealed that the liver weighed 1240 g and was occupied by multiple hemorrhagic and/or necrotic tumor nodules. Histologically, neoplastic cells had an abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm containing paranuclear inclusions, and vesicular nuclei with a centrally located prominent nucleolus. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic inclusions were composed of whorled filaments measuring 10 nm. Immunohistochemically, almost all of the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and cytokeratins (CK) 8 and 18, some were positive for CK 7 and 19, while none were positive for CK 1, 10, 13–17 and 20. The tumor cells did not express desmin, myoglobin, and α‐fetoprotein. We found 18 cases of MRT of the liver published in English language literature and then, adding the present case, we summarized the 19 cases. Hepatic MRT is an uncommon neoplasm. However, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an aggressive liver neoplasm in childhood.
Anal canal neuroendocrine carcinoma with Pagetoid extension
Authors: Guo Limei , Kuroda Naoto , Miyazaki Eriko , Jin Yulan , Toi Makoto , Hamauzu Tadashi , Hiroi Makoto , Inoue Takeshi , Inoue Atsushi , Enzan Hideaki
Published: July 2004

A case of anal canal neuroendocrine carcinoma with Pagetoid intraepithelial extension is presented. An 80‐year‐old man was admitted to hospital with a complaint of pain in the anorectal region. Clinical examination revealed a hard and fixed mass in the anal canal, and subsequent biopsy of the lesion showed it to be a carcinoma. The surgically resected specimen showed a solid tumor measuring 3.4 × 3.2 cm within the area from the surgical anal canal to the anatomical anal canal. Tumor cells proliferated predominantly with compact nests. Many tumor cells had a high nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic ratio, dispersed chromatin, and conspicuous nucleoli. Additionally, neoplastic cells focally formed a glandular structure. Some polygonal neoplastic cells were small with round nuclei. A rosette‐like arrangement was also focally observed. In addition, tumor cells exhibited Pagetoid extension into the overlying epithelium of the histological anal canal. Both the underlying original neoplastic cells and the Pagetoid spreading tumor cells showed cytoplasmic granules positive for Grimelius staining and immunopositivity for carcinoembryonic antigen, synaptophysin and cytokeratins 7 and 20. These findings are highly suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation of adenocarcinoma cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of anal canal neuroendocrine carcinoma with Pagetoid extension into the overlying epithelium of the histological anal canal.
Systemic granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis in a MPO–ANCA‐positive patient
Authors: Kurata Atsushi , Nishimura Yu , Yamato Tsunee , Arimura Yoshihiro , Yamada Akira , Sakamoto Atsuhiko , Fujioka Yasunori
Published: July 2004

We present a case of myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO–ANCA)‐associated vasculitis that demonstrated a systemic granulomatous lesion at autopsy. The patient initially showed anorexia, general malaise and anemia. Colon fiber was examined to detect the bleeding site, which revealed ischemic mucosal damage associated with venous fibrin thrombus. Because a high titer of MPO–ANCA was found, ANCA‐associated vasculitis was suspected and the patient was started on steroid pulse therapy. However, anemia, renal failure and respiratory failure worsened and the patient died of sudden cardiac failure 2 days after the start of the therapy. An autopsy revealed systemic arteritis in multiple organs including the kidneys, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal system and genital organs that indicated fibrinoid necrosis accompanied by granulomatous reaction with multinucleated giant cells; the granulomatous reaction further extended along the splenic capsule. Glomerulonephritis and diffuse pulmonary damage, which are common in MPO–ANCA‐associated vasculitis, were almost absent but parapleural fibrosis was present. The direct cause of death was presumed to be hemorrhagic shock due to rupture of an aneurysm in the gastric subserosa. As far as we know, this is the first case of a systemic granulomatous reaction in MPO–ANCA‐positive vasculitis, although the cause of the granulomatous lesion is unknown.
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the tunica vaginalis of the testis with an adjacent uterus‐like tissue*
Authors: Tulunay Özden , Göǧüş Çaǧatay , Baltacı Sümer , Bulut Şafak
Published: July 2004

Testicular and paratesticular neoplasms that resemble the common epithelial type of ovarian tumor are quite rare. Paratesticular clear cell carcinoma is very uncommon in the testis, with no reported cases of a tumor arising from the tunica vaginalis in the literature to our knowledge. The present case shows that it is highly malignant and metastatic. The differential diagnosis of the tumor was made after thorough clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical investigations, from the mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis, paratesticular serous papillary carcinoma, carcinoma of the rete testis, epididymal adenocarcioma, yolk sac tumor of the testis and metastatic carcinoma. The tumor showed Bcl‐2 and Her‐2/neu immunoreactivity, but was non‐reactive for p53. This tumor, with a uterus‐like structure as a paratesticular tumor‐like mass, was composed of endometrial‐type glands and stroma surrounded by bundles of smooth muscle, and is the third example of this kind of structure in English written literature. The patient, having normal external genitalia and fertility, represents the first reported case of paratesticular malignant differentiation of müllerian‐type epithelium in the normal gonadal state. Müllerian‐type epithelium located in the vicinity of the testis and/or endometriotic metaplasia of the mesothelium of the tunica vaginalis might be the possible origins for this uterus‐like structure, and as a result, for this tumor.
Pitfalls in the management of salivary gland tumours: Lessons from three cases
Authors: Wai Talen Kin‐Hang , Tsang Raymond King‐Yin , Vlantis Alexander Chris , Van Hasselt C Andrew
Published: July 2004

We report three cases of malignant salivary gland tumours that were referred to our institution for further management, in which the initial management was suboptimal. These cases serve to illustrate common pitfalls in the management of salivary gland neoplasms. Relevant literature was reviewed. We recommend that all salivary gland neoplasms should be managed with an oncological intent; complete excision with a margin of normal tissue. The recommended minimum surgery for parotid tumours is a superficial parotidectomy with dissection of the facial nerve. The recommended minimum surgery for submandibular tumours is an extra‐capsular submandibulectomy.
Colonic duplication in a patient with obstructing carcinoma of the colon
Authors: Li Jimmy Chak‐Man , Lee Kit‐Fai , Lai Paul Bo‐Shan , Leong Heng‐Tat
Published: July 2004

Duplications of the colon are unusual congenital anomalies and they rarely present in adulthood. It is even rarer to encounter the association of colonic carcinoma with tubular colonic duplications. We report a case of colonic duplication that was found in a 75‐year‐old woman during a laparotomy for obstructing colon cancer.
Adoption of laparoscopic technique for radical prostatectomy in a district hospital in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Steve Wai‐Hee , Yung Max Yee‐Ping , Que Manuel Bon‐We , Mah Ida Soo‐Fan , Man Chi‐Wai
Published: July 2004

Objective:  To investigate the feasibility of adopting laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in treating organ‐confined adenocarcinoma of the prostate in a low volume urology centre.

Methodology:  We applied the technique to 21 patients with early prostate cancer from March 2002 to July 2003. Modifications of the technique were described. Methods to shorten the learning time were discussed.

Results:  Operative time and blood loss improved after the first 10 cases and were averaged at 260 min and 650 mL, respectively, in the last 10 cases. Two patients required re‐operation for complications. A total of 14.7% of specimens showed positive surgical margin. Only one of the 15 patients needed to wear a pad for incontinence. Two of the eight patients regained the ability to have an erection after attempts of nerve sparing. A longer follow‐up was required for the evaluation of oncological control.

Conclusion:  Adoption of the technique was feasible for an Asian centre with a caseload of approximately 20 cases per year.
Varicocele: Current controversies in pathophysiology and treatment
Authors: Tam Po‐Chor
Published: July 2004

Although varicocele is generally regarded as the most common and easily correctable cause of male factor infertility, controversy continues to surround its pathophysiology and treatment. Most likely, a varicocele is the result of a multifactorial process including a longer left internal spermatic vein with its right‐angle insertion into the left renal vein and the absence of valves, which causes a higher hydrostatic pressure resulting in dilatation. Much of the pathophysiology is still unknown, increased blood flow causing an elevated intratesticular temperature may be important. The best method for diagnosis remains a good clinical examination. A key to patient counselling regarding varicocele treatment is an understanding of outcomes data and various predictive factors for response. Positive gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone stimulation test, normal serum follicle‐stimulating hormone level, grade III varicocele, normal testicular size, total motile sperm count more than 5 million per ejaculate and absence of genetic defect are associated with improved outcomes following varicocelectomy. Surgical ligation is still the preferred method of treatment. Percutaneous treatment is reserved for recurrent varicoceles after failure of surgical ligation.
Heart valve surgery in the modern era: Towards zero operative mortality in the developing area
Authors: He Guo‐Wei
Published: July 2004

Objective:  Despite modern technology, heart valve replacement still carries significant operative mortality, ranging from 2 to 10% in most cardiac centres.

Methodology:  From December 1999 to January 2003, more than 150 heart valve operations on mitral valve (MV)/aortic valve (AV) or double valve replacement (DVR) were performed at the cooperative heart institutes with no operative mortality (defined as either in‐hospital or postoperative 30‐day death). The present study analyses the data of the 109 patients among this group who were operated on by a single surgeon (the author).

Results:  There were 49 male and 60 female patients with an average age of 41.6 ± 1.2 years old (range: 7–69 years). All patients had a certain degree of heart failure and most had cardiothoracic ratio increased, with the largest being 99%. The operations performed were: MV replacement (41); AV replacement (21; five patients had concomitant repair of rupture of the aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva); double valve replacement/intervention (46); MV repair ± annuloplasty ring (3); concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (5) and tricuspid valve annuloplasty (2). There were no operative deaths. The prostheses used were: St. Jude (86); Sorin (10); Monostrut (24) and China Langzhou (29). One patient died of bleeding and infectious complications 5 months after the operation.

Conclusions:  We conclude that in the modern era, valve replacement can have superior results even in a developing area. The commonly used prostheses have similar results. Particular attention should be paid to proper preoperative preparation, operative details, and postoperative care.
Treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Chan Lung‐Wai
Published: July 2004

Prostate cancer is mainly an androgen sensitive disease. The use of androgen ablation can be dated back to Huggins in 1941. Currently patients with localized prostate cancer are managed aggressively and hormonal manipulations are reserved for locally advanced or metastatic disease. When androgen independence has emerged, treatment options are essentially palliative; with the aim of controlling symptoms and maintaining quality of life, and if possible prolonging survival. Following the failure of primary androgen ablation, a number of treatment strategies are available. Exploitation of the anti‐androgen withdrawal syndrome and using second or third line hormonal therapies are well established treatments. Interest in chemotherapy has been revived owing to demonstrable benefits in prostate‐specific antigen response and pain palliation, albeit without definite improvements in survival. An increased understanding of the molecular biology of prostate cancer has led to the identification of novel agents that may prolong survival while maintaining quality of life. Ongoing clinical trials are designed for assessment of these agents, with the view of adding them to our armamentarium against prostate cancer.
Surgical hand‐washing
Authors: Lung David Christopher , Man Jannifer Hiu‐Kwan , Tang Tommy Hing‐Cheung , Wong Lydia Ka‐Yee , Leung Gilberto Ka‐Kit
Published: July 2004

Pre‐operative hand‐washing is essential for the reduction of surgical site infection (SSI) rate. This article aims to review the current literature regarding the issues on: (i) the duration of washing; (ii) the use of the brush; and (iii) the reagents used. Based on current evidence, preoperative hand‐washing for 10 min is not recommended and 2–5 min is adequate. There is no evidence supporting the use of the brush, and washing without the brush may confer further advantages of reducing skin irritation and delayed colonization. The newly developed aqueous alcoholic solutions (AAS) are equally effective as conventional reagents such as chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone‐iodine in preventing SSI. Aqueous alcoholic solutions have the advantage of better user compliance and causing fewer occupational hazards. The author concluded that a 1 min non‐antiseptic hand‐wash, followed by thorough rubbing with AAS until dry and without brushing is a safe and effective alternative to the conventional scrubbing technique.
Tailor‐Made Pharmacotherapy: Future Developments and Ethical Challenges in the Field of Pharmacogenomics
Authors: Van Delden Johannes , Bolt Ineke , Kalis Annemarie , Derijks Jeroen , Leufkens Hubert
Published: July 2004

Pharmacogenomics is the study of the myriad interactions between genes and pharmacotherapy. Developments in pharmacogenomics have changed and will affect pharmaceutical research, drug development and the practice of medicine in a significant way. In this article, we make an inventory of the ethical implications that might arise as a result of possible developments in pharmacogenomics and investigate whether the present ethical framework will be able to adequately answer arising questions.

We think that many of the questions related to the consequences of pharmacogenomics are answerable along the lines of present ethical thinking. We also believe, however, that many ‘changes of degree’ may result in a ‘change of kind.’ We therefore think that pharmacogenomics may potentially have such a profound influence on scientific research and the pharmaceutical industry, the practice of medicine and society at large, that this will generate its own unique dynamic, which will require new ethical research. We suggest that the notion of ‘responsibility’ will be a major focus of such research.
Tailored Medicine: Whom Will it Fit? The Ethics of Patient and Disease Stratification
Authors: Smart Andrew , Martin Paul , Parker Michael
Published: July 2004

A key selling point of pharmacogenetics is the genetic stratification of either patients or diseases in order to target the prescribing of medicine. The hope is that genetically ‘tailored’ medicines will replace the current ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ paradigm of drug development and usage. This paper is concerned with the relationship between difference and justice in the use of pharmacogenetics. This  new  technology,  which  facilitates  the  identification and use of difference, has, we shall argue, the potential to lead to injustice either by the inappropriate use of difference or through the inappropriate failure to use difference. We build on empirical data from a detailed study of the range of options for the development of pharmacogenetics to present a consideration of the ethical issues that surround patient and disease stratification. In it we explore the ways in which the use of pharmacogenetics may lead to the creation of new, genetically stratified, forms of difference and new forms of injustice based on these divisions. We also examine the ways in which existing forms of difference and social stratification may interact with the use of pharmacogenetics. In conclusion, we suggest how an understanding of these ethical issues could usefully inform future policy discussions.
Pharmacogenetic Testing, Informed Consent and the Problem of Secondary Information
Authors: Netzer Christian , Biller‐Andorno Nikola
Published: July 2004

Numerous benefits for patients have been predicted if prescribing decisions were routinely accompanied by pharmacogenetic testing. So far, little attention has been paid to the possibility that the routine application of this new technology could result in considerable harm to patients. This article emphasises that pharmacogenetic testing shares both the opportunities and the pitfalls with ‘conventional’ disease‐genetic testing. It demonstrates that performing pharmacogenetic tests as well as interpreting the results are extraordinarily complex issues requiring a high level of expertise. It further argues that pharmacogenetic testing can have a huge impact on clinical decisions and may influence the therapeutic strategy as well as the clinical monitoring of a patient. This view challenges the predominant paradigm that pharmacogenetic testing will predict patients’ responses to medicines, but that it will not provide any other significant disease‐specific predictive information about the patient or family members. The article also questions published proposals to reduce the consent procedure for pharmacogenetic testing to a simple statement that the physician wishes to test a sample of the patient's DNA to see if a drug will be safe or whether it will work, and presents an alternative model that is better suited to protect patients’ interests and to obtain meaningful informed consent. The paper concludes by outlining conditions for the application of pharmacogenetic testing in clinical practice in a way that can make full use of its potential benefits while minimising possible harm to patients and their families.
Ethical Implications of Pharmacogenetics – Do Slippery Slope Arguments Matter?
Authors: Schubert Lilian
Published: July 2004

Pharmacogenetics is a rapidly expanding area of research exploring the relationship between inter‐individual genetic variation and drug response, with the goal of developing genetically optimised therapies. Slippery slope arguments claim that a particular action should be rejected (or supported) because it might be the first step onto a slippery slope leading to undesirable (or desirable) consequences. In this article, several slippery slope arguments relevant to the context of pharmacogenetics are evaluated under consideration of underlying reasons for their popularity. The author concludes that although the examined arguments are unconvincing as slippery slope arguments, they do matter in this context. While positive slippery slope arguments serve as a driving force to fuel the development of pharmacogenetics, their negative counterparts play an important role to sensitise policy makers and the public to potential problems.
Aggression and Moral Development: Integrating Social Information Processing and Moral Domain Models
Authors: Arsenio William F. , Lemerise Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2004

Social information processing and moral domain theories have developed in relative isolation from each other despite their common focus on intentional harm and victimization, and mutual emphasis on social cognitive processes in explaining aggressive, morally relevant behaviors. This article presents a selective summary of these literatures with the goal of showing how they can be integrated into a single, coherent model. An essential aspect of this integration is Crick and Dodge's (1994) distinction between latent mental structures and online processing. It is argued that moral domain theory is relevant for describing underlying mental structures regarding the nature and boundaries of what is moral, whereas the social information processing model describes the online information processing that affects application of moral structures during peer interactions.
Returning to Roots: On Social Information Processing and Moral Development
Authors: Dodge Kenneth A. , Rabiner David L.
Published: July 2004

Social information processing theory has been posited as a description of how mental operations affect behavioral responding in social situations. Arsenio and Lemerise (this issue) proposed that consideration of concepts and methods from moral domain models could enhance this description. This paper agrees with their proposition, although it suggests that numerous additional concepts about the nature of latent mental structures (e.g., working models, schemas, scripts, object relations, classical conditioning) provide equally compelling refinements to processing theory. Furthermore, theoretical and methodological challenges in integrating latent mental structures into processing theory remain.
Finding Commonalities: Social Information Processing and Domain Theory in the Study of Aggression
Authors: Nucci Larry
Published: July 2004

TheArsenio and Lemerise (this issue)proposal integrating social information processing (SIP) and domain theory to study children's aggression is evaluated from a domain theory perspective. Basic tenets of domain theory rendering it compatible with SIP are discussed as well as points of divergence. Focus is directed to the proposition that domains constitute latent structures of SIP. Latent structures are described as cogenerative elements of online processing rather than cumulative stores of social information. Microgenetic studies of the reciprocal role of productive systems described within SIP and latent structures attributed to domain theory are proposed as important to the study of children' aggression. Domain theory studies of social exclusion and bullying are proposed as rich contexts for future research.
Extended Households and the Life Course of Young Mothers: Understanding the Associations Using a Sample of Mothers With Premature, Low Birth Weight Babies
Authors: Gordon Rachel A. , Lindsay Chase‐Lansdale P. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: July 2004

This paper examined whether the greater average schooling and employment, and lower parenting competence, of young mothers who reside with adult relatives reflect preexisting differences versus potential causal mechanisms. The sample included 554 young mothers (ages 13 to 25; nearly two thirds African American) from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) a random‐assignment intervention study of premature, low birth weight babies followed 8 times from birth to age 3. Ordinary least squares, fixed‐effects, and random‐effects models indicated that young mothers of low birth weight babies sorted into extended households based on preexisting characteristics that were correlated with their lower parenting skills and knowledge. In contrast, coresidence predicted greater schooling or employment across models, with some variations for different subgroups.
Socioeconomic Status and Health in Adolescents: The Role of Stress Interpretations
Authors: Chen Edith , Langer David A. , Raphaelson Yvonne E. , Matthews Karen A.
Published: July 2004

The role of psychological interpretations in the relationship between low socioeconomic status (SES) and physiological responses was tested. One hundred high school students (ages 15–19) watched videos of ambiguous and negative life situations, and were interviewed about their interpretations. Lower SES was associated with greater threat interpretations during ambiguous (but not negative) situations and with greater diastolic blood pressure and heart rate reactivity. Threat interpretations partially mediated relationships between SES and reactivity. General life events (e.g., lack of positive life events), rather than specific life events (e.g., exposure to violence), partially explained the relationship between low SES and threat interpretations. Results suggest that the larger social environment helps explain how adolescents approach new social situations, which in turn has implications for adolescent physical health.
Infant Vocal–Motor Coordination: Precursor to the Gesture–Speech System?
Authors: Iverson Jana M. , Fagan Mary K.
Published: July 2004

This study was designed to provide a general picture of infant vocal–motor coordination and test predictions generated by Iverson and Thelen's (1999) model of the development of the gesture–speech system. Forty‐seven 6‐ to 9‐month‐old infants were videotaped with a primary caregiver during rattle and toy play. Results indicated an age‐related increase in frequency of vocal–motor coordination, greater coordination with arm (specifically right arm) than leg or torso movements, and a temporal pattern similar to that in adult gesture–speech coproductions. Rhythmic vocalizations (consonant–vowel repetitions) were more likely to occur with than without rhythmic movement, and with rhythmic manual than with nonmanual activity, and the rate of vocal–manual coordination was higher in babblers than in prebabblers.
Speech Perception in Infancy Predicts Language Development in the Second Year of Life: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Tsao Feng‐Ming , Liu Huei‐Mei , Kuhl Patricia K.
Published: July 2004

Infants' early phonetic perception is hypothesized to play an important role in language development. Previous studies have not assessed this potential link in the first 2 years of life. In this study, speech discrimination was measured in 6‐month‐old infants using a conditioned head‐turn task. At 13, 16, and 24 months of age, language development was assessed in these same children using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory. Results demonstrated significant correlations between speech perception at 6 months of age and later language (word understanding, word production, phrase understanding). The finding that speech perception performance at 6 months predicts language at 2 years supports the idea that phonetic perception may play an important role in language acquisition.
High Antenatal Maternal Anxiety Is Related to ADHD Symptoms, Externalizing Problems, and Anxiety in 8‐ and 9‐Year‐Olds
Authors: Van den Bergh Bea R.H. , Marcoen Alfons
Published: July 2004

Associations between antenatal maternal anxiety, measured with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and disorders in 8‐ and 9‐year‐olds were studied prospectively in 71 normal mothers and their 72 firstborns. Clinical scales were completed by the mother, the child, the teacher, and an external observer. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that maternal state anxiety during pregnancy explained 22%, 15%, and 9% of the variance in cross‐situational attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, externalizing problems, and self‐report anxiety, respectively, even after controlling for child's gender, parents' educational level, smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, and postnatal maternal anxiety. Anxiety at 12 to 22 weeks postmenstrual age turned out to be a significant independent predictor whereas anxiety at 32 to 40 weeks was not. Results are consistent with a fetal programming hypothesis.
Shape and the First Hundred Nouns
Authors: Gershkoff‐Stowe Lisa , Smith Linda B.
Published: July 2004

This paper reports evidence from a longitudinal study in which children's attention to shape in a laboratory task of artificial noun learning was correlated with a rate shift in noun acquisitions. Eight children were tested in the laboratory at 3‐week intervals beginning when they had less than 25 nouns in their productive vocabulary (M age=17 months). Children were presented with a novel word generalization task at each session. Additionally, the study examined the kinds of words the children learned early, based on parent reports, and the statistical regularities inherent in those vocabularies. The results indicate that as children learned nouns, they also learned to attend to shape in the novel word task. At the same time, children showed an acceleration in new noun production outside of the laboratory.
Cross‐Linguistic Analysis of Vocabulary in Young Children: Spanish, Dutch, French, Hebrew, Italian, Korean, and American English
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Cote Linda R. , Maital Sharone , Painter Kathleen , Park Sung‐Yun , Pascual Liliana , Pêcheux Marie‐Germaine , Ruel Josette , Venuti Paola , Vyt Andre
Published: July 2004

The composition of young children's vocabularies in 7 contrasting linguistic communities was investigated. Mothers of 269 twenty‐month‐olds in Argentina, Belgium, France, Israel, Italy, the Republic of Korea, and the United States completed comparable vocabulary checklists for their children. In each language and vocabulary size grouping (except for children just learning to talk), children's vocabularies contained relatively greater proportions of nouns than other word classes. Each word class was consistently positively correlated with every other class in each language and for children with smaller and larger vocabularies. Noun prevalence in the vocabularies of young children and the merits of several theories that may account for this pattern are discussed.
Reciprocal Influences Among Relational Self‐Views, Social Disengagement, and Peer Stress During Early Adolescence
Authors: Caldwell Melissa S. , Rudolph Karen D. , Troop‐Gordon Wendy , Kim Do‐Yeong
Published: July 2004

This study examined reciprocal‐influence models of the association between relational self‐views and peer stress during early adolescence. The first model posited that adolescents with negative self‐views disengage from peers, creating stress in their relationships. The second model posited that exposure to peer stress fosters social disengagement, which elicits negative self‐views. Participants were 605 early adolescents (M age=11.7). As part of a 3‐wave longitudinal study adolescents reported on self‐views and stress, and teachers reported on social disengagement. As hypothesized, negative self‐views predicted social disengagement, which contributed to peer stress. Stress predicted subsequent disengagement and negative self‐views. These findings suggest that adolescents and their environments participate in reciprocal‐influence processes that account for cross‐temporal continuity in personal attributes of youth and their social experiences.
Relative Roles of General and Complementation Language in Theory‐of‐Mind Development: Evidence From Cantonese and English
Authors: Cheung Him , Hsuan‐Chih Chen , Creed Nikki , Ng Lisa , Ping Wang Sui , Mo Lei
Published: July 2004

Complex complements are clausal objects containing tensed verbs (e.g., that she cried) or infinitives (e.g., to cry), following main verbs of communication or mental activities (e.g., say, want). This research examined whether English‐ and Cantonese‐speaking 4‐year‐olds' complement understanding uniquely predicts their representation of other minds (i.e., theory of mind). Results showed that neither meaning of main verbs (communication vs. desire) nor complement structure (tensed vs. infinitival) affected the correlation between complement understanding and theory of mind. More important, the correlation became insignificant after controlling for general language comprehension. These findings led to the conclusion that the syntax of complement per se does not contribute uniquely to theory‐of‐mind development; general language comprehension is a more important factor to consider.
The Development of Symbol‐Infused Joint Engagement
Authors: Adamson Lauren B. , Bakeman Roger , Deckner Deborah F.
Published: July 2004

Fifty‐six children were observed longitudinally from 18 to 30 months of age interacting with their mothers during a Communication Play that contained 8 scenes designed to encourage interacting, requesting, commenting, and narrating. Of primary concern was how often symbols infused the child's states of engagement with people and objects and how experience in such symbol‐infused states related to language acquisition. Findings indicate that symbols increasingly infuse joint engagement, and that both the timing and the trajectory vary widely among typically developing toddlers, especially during the last half of the 2nd year. Moreover, variations in amount of symbol‐infused supported joint engagement may both be influenced by variations in the onset of language and contribute to differences in language facility at 30 months.
Assessing Attachment Security With the AttachmentQSort: Meta‐Analytic Evidence for the Validity of the Observer AQS
Authors: Van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Vereijken Carolus M.J.L. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Marianne Riksen‐Walraven J.
Published: July 2004

The reliability and validity of the AttachmentQSort (AQS;Waters & Deane, 1985) was tested in a series of meta‐analyses on 139 studies with 13,835 children. The observer AQS security score showed convergent validity with Strange Situation procedure (SSP) security (r=.31) and excellent predictive validity with sensitivity measures (r=.39). Its association with temperament was weaker (r=.16), which supports the discriminant validity of the observer AQS. Studies on the stability of the observer AQS are still relatively scarce but they have yielded promising results (meanr=.28;k=4,n=162). It is concluded that the observer AQS, but not the self‐reported AQS, is a valid measure of attachment.
Factor Structure of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance With Two Pre‐Elementary Samples
Authors: Mantzicopoulos Panayota , French Brian F. , Maller Susan J.
Published: July 2004

Competing models of the factorial structure of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance (PSPCSA) were tested for fit using multisample confirmatory factor analysis. The best fitting model was tested for invariance (a) across samples of middle‐class (n=251) and economically disadvantaged (Head Start, n=117) kindergarten children (whose ages ranged from 67 to 86 months), and (b) over time (at the end of preschool and kindergarten) for the Head Start sample. For kindergarten children, regardless of socioeconomic status, the factor structure of the PSPCSA was consistent with the 2‐factor model of Competence and Acceptance. This model also fit reasonably well for Head Start children at the end of their preschool year. However, in addition to providing broad support for the dimensionality of the measure, our findings highlight important concerns about the PSPCSA.
Maternal Parenting and Children's Conscience: Early Security as Moderator
Authors: Kochanska Grazyna , Aksan Nazan , Knaack Amy , Rhines Heather M.
Published: July 2004

Socialization research is shifting from direct links between parenting and children's outcomes toward models that consider parenting in the context of other factors. This study proposed that the effects of maternal responsive, gentle parenting on child conscience are moderated by the quality of their relationship, specifically, early security. A 2‐process model of early conscience development was proposed and confirmed in this longitudinal study. The child's security and trust in the caregiver, assessed at 14 months in the Strange Situation, rendered him or her receptive and eager to accept the caregiver's socialization agenda. That early security then enhanced the effectiveness of parental adaptive parenting style, observed from 14 to 45 months, in terms of promoting conscience at 56 months, which encompassed moral conduct, moral cognition, and moral self.
Children's Perception of Gap Affordances: Bicycling Across Traffic‐Filled Intersections in an Immersive Virtual Environment
Authors: Plumert Jodie M. , Kearney Joseph K. , Cremer James F.
Published: July 2004

This study examined gap choices and crossing behavior in children and adults using an immersive, interactive bicycling simulator. Ten‐ and 12‐year‐olds and adults rode a bicycle mounted on a stationary trainer through a virtual environment consisting of a street with 6 intersections. Participants faced continuous cross traffic traveling at 25 mph or 35 mph and waited for gaps they judged were adequate for crossing. Children and adults chose the same size temporal gaps, but children left far less time to spare between themselves and the approaching vehicle when they crossed the intersection. Relative to adults, children delayed in getting started and took longer to reach the roadway. Discussion focuses on developmental changes in how children coordinate self movement with object movement.
Maternal DHA and the Development of Attention in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Authors: Colombo John , Kannass Kathleen N. , Jill Shaddy D. , Kundurthi Shashi , Maikranz Julie M. , Anderson Christa J. , Blaga Otilia M. , Carlson Susan E.
Published: July 2004

Infants were followed longitudinally to document the relationship between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and the development of attention. Erythrocyte (red‐blood cell; RBC) phospholipid DHA (percentage of total fatty acids) was measured from infants and mothers at delivery. Infants were assessed in infant‐control habituation at 4, 6, and 8 months augmented with psychophysiological measures, and on free‐play attention and distractibility paradigms at 12 and 18 months. Infants whose mothers had high DHA at birth showed an accelerated decline in looking over the 1st year and increases in examining during single‐object exploration and less distractibility in the 2nd year. These findings are consistent with evidence suggesting a link between DHA and cognitive development in infancy.
General and Task‐Related Experiences Affect Early Object Interaction
Authors: Lobo Michele A. , Galloway James C. , Savelsbergh Geert J. P.
Published: July 2004

The effects of 2 weeks of no, general, and task‐related enhanced movement experiences on 8‐ to 12‐week‐old infants' (N=30) hand and foot interactions with objects were assessed using standard video and motion analysis. For hand–object interaction ability, general and task experience led to greater success than did no experience, and task experience led to greater success than did general experience. Only general experience led to greater success for foot–object interaction ability. Experiences therefore resulted in differential effects depending on which limbs infants used. The results suggest that different movement experiences can advance infants' earliest object interactions. They also indicate that even early purposeful behaviors result from a complex interplay of experience, current ability, and task demands.
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: A Comparison of 2‐Year‐Old Children in Parental and Nonparental Care
Authors: Brown Josephine V. , Bakeman Roger , Coles Claire D. , Platzman Kathleen A. , Lynch Mary Ellen
Published: July 2004

Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and parental versus nonparental care on outcome at 2 years of age were examined. The sample included 83 cocaine‐exposed and 63 nonexposed children and their caregivers; 49 and 34 of the cocaine‐exposed children experienced parental and nonparental care, respectively. Prenatal drug exposure was not related directly to children's outcome at 2 years of age. However, compared with cocaine‐exposed children in parental care, those in nonparental care experienced a more optimal environment and performed better in several developmental domains at 2 years of age in spite of being at greater neonatal risk. Further analyses suggested that this protective effect of nonparental care was in part due to nonkin rather than kin care.
Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) in Internal Jugular Venous Blood of Migraine without aura Patients Assessed during Migraine Attacks
Authors: Sarchielli P , Alberti A , Coppola F , Baldi A , Gallai B , Floridi Al , Floridi Ar , Capocchi G , Gallai V
Published: July 2004

The aim of the study was to verify the production of PAF and the activity of PAF acetyl-hydrolase (PAF-AH), the enzyme involved in the catabolism of this phospholipid mediator, in migraine attacks. Their levels were determined during migraine crises in serial samples of internal jugular venous blood taken from five migraine patients without aura, who were admitted to the hospital during the crises. Internal jugular venous blood samples were taken immediately after catheter insertion at 1, 2, and 4 h after attack onset, and within 2 h from its cessation. PAF was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and determined by radioimmunoassay method. The enzymatic activity of PAF-AH was measured by reverse-phase HPLC, based on the derivatization with 7-diethylaminocoumarin-3-carbonylazide. In the internal jugular venous blood of migraine patients without aura (MO), an increase was observed in PAF levels, which was already evident at the time of catheter insertion (885.6 ± 82.8) and at the first hour (868.4 ± 65.24) (ANOVA: P < 0.0001). PAF levels remained elevated through the second (746.8 ± 82.95), fourth (700.6 ± 34.93) and sixth hours (644.4 ± 42.85), and then decreased at the end of the attack, reaching levels significantly lower than those measured at the time of catheter insertion (565.5 ± 38.34). The activity of PAF-AH showed an opposite trend with higher values at the first hour and significantly lower values at the second and fourth hours from the beginning of the migraine attack (ANOVA: P < 0.02). The increased production of PAF may account for persistent platelet activation during migraine crises, even in the presence of an increased production of nitric oxide (NO) end-products which, on the other hand, should instead intervene in counteracting and limiting platelet activation. Potential sources of PAF production are the endothelial cells from cerebral vessels, stimulated by trigeminal neuropeptides, platelets themselves, and mast cells, as suggested by the neurogenic inflammation model.
Blockade of CGRP Receptors in the Intracranial Vasculature: A New Target in the Treatment of Headache
Authors: Edvinsson L
Published: July 2004

In primary headaches, there is a clear association between the headache and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) but not with any of the other neuronal messengers. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of CGRP in the intracranial circulation and to elucidate a possible role for a specific CGRP receptor antagonist in the treatment of primary headaches. Acute treatment with a 5-HT1B/1D agonist (triptan) results in alleviation of the headache and normalization of the cranial venous CGRP levels, in part due to a presynaptic inhibitory effect on sensory nerves. The central role of CGRP in migraine and cluster headache pathophysiology has led to the search for small molecule CGRP antagonists with few cardiovascular side-effects. The initial pharmacological profile of such a group of compounds has recently been disclosed. One of these compounds has been found to be efficacious in the relief of acute attacks of migraine.
Cluster Headache in the Taiwanese — a Clinic-Based Study
Authors: Lin K-H , Wang P-J , Fuh J-L , Lu S-R , Chung C-T , Tsou H-K , Wang S-J
Published: July 2004

Cluster headache has not been fully investigated in Asians. One hundred and four patients (90M/14F; mean age 39.2 ± 12.2 years) with cluster headache were recruited from two major headache clinics in Taiwan. They filled out a structured cluster headache questionnaire. All participants were diagnosed to have episodic cluster headache. Mean age of onset was 26.9 years; mean latency of diagnosis was 8.1 years. A trend of decrease in male/female ratio with time was noted. Seventy-three percent were ex- or current smokers (M: 79%, F: 36%). Restlessness was reported by 51% patients. Only 1 patient (1%) reported visual aura. Patients responded well to standard acute and prophylactic treatment. The monthly incidence of cluster period was inversely related to sunshine duration. Compared to Western series, our patients were different in several aspects including the absence of chronic cluster headaches and a low prevalence of restlessness and aura. Racial and geographical factors might contribute to these discrepancies.