bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Athletic Trainers' Association-Accredited Postprofessional Athletic Training Education: Attractors and Career Intentions
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Dodge Thomas M.
Published: March 2017

Context

Anecdotally, we know that students select graduate programs based on location, finances, and future career goals. Empirically, however, we lack information on what attracts a student to these programs.

Objective

To gain an appreciation for the selection process of graduate study.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

Postprofessional programs in athletic training (PPATs) accredited by the National Athletic Trainers' Association.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 19 first-year PPAT students participated, representing 13 of the 16 accredited PPAT programs.

Data Collection and Analysis

All interviews were conducted via phone and transcribed verbatim. Analysis of the interview data followed the procedures as outlined by a grounded theory approach. Trustworthiness was secured by (1) participant checks, (2) participant verification, and (3) multiple analyst triangulations.

Results

Athletic training students select PPAT programs for 4 major reasons: reputation of the program or faculty (or both), career intentions, professional socialization, and mentorship from undergraduate faculty or clinical instructors (or both). Participants discussed long-term professional goals as the driving force behind wanting an advanced degree in athletic training. Faculty and clinical instructor recommendations and the program's prestige helped guide the decisions. Participants also expressed the need to gain more experience, which promoted autonomy, and support while gaining that work experience. Final selection of the PPAT program was based on academic offerings, the assistantship offered (including financial support), advanced knowledge of athletic training concepts and principles, and apprenticeship opportunities.

Conclusions

Students who attend PPAT programs are attracted to advancing their entry-level knowledge, are committed to their professional development as athletic trainers, and view the profession of athletic training as a life-long career. The combination of balanced academics, clinical experiences, and additional professional socialization and mentorship from the PPAT program experience will help them to secure their desired career positions.
What Is the Evidence for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation Therapy in the Treatment of Ankle Sprains in Adults?
Authors: van den Bekerom Michel P.J. , Struijs Peter A.A. , Blankevoort Leendert , Welling Lieke , van Dijk C. Niek , Kerkhoffs Gino M.M.J.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Ankle sprains are common problems in acute medical care. The variation in treatment observed for the acutely injured lateral ankle ligament complex in the first week after the injury suggests a lack of evidence-based management strategies for this problem.

Objective:

To analyze the effectiveness of applying rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) therapy begun within 72 hours after trauma for patients in the initial period after ankle sprain.

Study Selection:

Eligible studies were published original randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials concerning at least 1 of the 4 subtreatments of RICE therapy in the treatment of acute ankle sprains in adults.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE, Cochrane Clinical Trial Register, CINAHL, and EMBASE. The lists of references of retrieved publications also were checked manually.

Data Extraction:

We extracted relevant data on treatment outcome (pain, swelling, ankle mobility or range of motion, return to sports, return to work, complications, and patient satisfaction) and assessed the quality of included studies. If feasible, the results of comparable studies were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models.

Data Synthesis:

After deduction of the overlaps among the different databases, evaluation of the abstracts, and contact with some authors, 24 potentially eligible trials remained. The full texts of these articles were retrieved and thoroughly assessed as described. This resulted in the inclusion of 11 trials involving 868 patients. The main reason for exclusion was that the authors did not describe a well-defined control group without the intervention of interest.

Conclusions:

Insufficient evidence is available from randomized controlled trials to determine the relative effectiveness of RICE therapy for acute ankle sprains in adults. Treatment decisions must be made on an individual basis, carefully weighing the relative benefits and risks of each option, and must be based on expert opinions and national guidelines.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Authors: Kersey Robert D. , Elliot Diane L. , Goldberg Linn , Kanayama Gen , Leone James E. , Pavlovich Mike , Pope Harrison G.
Published: March 2017

This NATA position statement was developed by the NATA Research & Education Foundation.
A Test of an Evolutionary Hypothesis of Violence against Women: The Case of Sex Ratio
Authors: Stone Emily A.
Published: February 2017

A low sex ratio, where there are fewer men than women, has been associated with increasing rates of men’s same-sex aggression.  This is surprising, given the relative surplus of mates and presumably lowered mate competition in low sex ratio societies.  Two competing hypotheses—a “culture of violence” hypothesis and a functional, evolutionary hypothesis—may account for this finding.  The current research tests which of these hypotheses explains another facet of men’s aggression—violence against women. Correlations supported an evolutionary perspective of violence against women: higher sex ratio societies, where women are scarce, were significantly more likely to be tolerant toward rape and were significantly more likely to aggress against wives.  These results suggest refinement of a culture of violence perspective.  They also replicate and extend previous research on sex ratio imbalances and men’s aggression toward women.
Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance
Authors: Lu Chaoqun , Tian Hanqin
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In addition to enhancing agricultural productivity, synthetic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer application in croplands dramatically alters global nutrient budget, water quality, greenhouse gas balance, and their feedback to the climate system. However, due to the lack of geospatial fertilizer input data, current Earth system and land surface modeling studies have to ignore or use oversimplified data (e.g., static, spatially uniform fertilizer use) to characterize agricultural N and P input over decadal or century-long periods. In this study, we therefore develop global time series gridded data of annual synthetic N and P fertilizer use rate in agricultural lands, matched with HYDE 3.2 historical land use maps, at a resolution of 0.5°  ×  0.5° latitude–longitude during 1961–2013. Our data indicate N and P fertilizer use rates on per unit cropland area increased by approximately 8 times and 3 times, respectively, since the year 1961 when IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association) and FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) surveys of country-level fertilizer input became available. Considering cropland expansion, the increase in total fertilizer consumption is even larger. Hotspots of agricultural N fertilizer application shifted from the US and western Europe in the 1960s to eastern Asia in the early 21st century. P fertilizer input shows a similar pattern with an additional current hotspot in Brazil. We found a global increase in fertilizer N ∕ P ratio by 0.8 g N g−1 P per decade (p < 0.05) during 1961–2013, which may have an important global implication for human impacts on agroecosystem functions in the long run. Our data can serve as one of critical input drivers for regional and global models to assess the impacts of nutrient enrichment on climate system, water resources, food security, etc. Datasets available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.863323.
La antigua Roma en la narrativa de Rubén Darío
Authors: Pellicer Rosa
Published: March 2017

En el presente artículo se consideran los cuentos (“Febea”, “Respecto a Horacio. Papiro” y “La fiesta de Roma”) y la novela inconclusa El hombre de oro que tienen como escenario la Roma del Imperio. Además de plantear el tema del artista y el mundo, estas narraciones son “recreaciones arqueológicas”, que tienen como punto de partida otros textos, que se tratan de identificar. Su análisis corrobora su inserción en una moda literaria, el relato histórico, pero también su permanente interés por la tradición clásica.
Para alcanzar las estrellas. Poniatowska revela el universo de Guillermo Haro
Authors: Mariscal Hay Beatriz
Published: March 2017

A través de la biografía de Guillermo Haro, realizada por Elena Poniatowska, se lleva a cabo una reflexión en torno al desarrollo de las ciencias en el México del siglo XX.
Alberto Paredes: Y todo es lengua. Diez preguntas literarias,
Authors: Oviedo Pérez De Tudela Rocío
Published: March 2017

Alberto Paredes: Y todo es lengua. Diez preguntas literarias,
CEO Overconfidence and Fair Value Reporting-the Moderating Effect of Corporate Governance
Authors: Hsu Hui-Wen
Published: February 2017

This project examines whether CEO overconfidence affects firm's fair value reporting. Moreover, prior literature indicates effective corporate governance mechanisms ameliorate the adverse impact of CEO overconfidence. Thus, this paper further investigates whether effective corporate governance will mitigate the association between CEO overconfidence and level 3 fair values. Using a US sample drawn from 2008 to 2011, the results of this paper show that firms with higher CEO overconfidence report more Level 3 fair values and gains from Level 3 fair values. The results also indicates that the positive relationship between higher CEO overconfidence and Level 3 fair values reporting is attenuated for firms with high corporate governance.
An Interpretation of New Zealand’s Education System through PISA Reports
Authors: Martín Santiago Nieto , García María Luisa Sevillano
Published: February 2017

In this article, I attempt to show the characteristics of the education system in New Zealand, doing so based on the educational performance revealed in different countries through the PISA 2006 Report. I describe the characteristics obtained by carrying out a comparison with other countries in the world, and I clearly define the benefits through four models that define the educational systems of the world to address their heterogeneity.
Value and growth: Rethinking basic concepts in Lockean liberalism
Authors: Bailey Jennifer Leigh , Thorseth May
Published: February 2017

This article argues that protection of the environment requires reconsidering basic liberal ideas relating to value and growth. It selects a central thinker in the liberal tradition, John Locke, as a starting point. The article first shows how Locke’s political writings at first glance might support a “possessive individualist” position that gives primacy to individuals and their rights to property in a way that blocks governmental action to protect the environment, much as some modern versions of liberalism and libertarianism maintain. However, there are other aspects of Locke’s writings that undermine this position. In particular, a reconsideration of his views on private property in combination with his views on the harm principle, the common good, and future generations can support the position that an individual’s right to exploit nature is indeed limited. These elements of Locke are strengthened considerably if Locke’s view of nature is updated by reconsidering nature as composed of ecosystems and as providing ecosystem goods and services. That land should continue to produce abundantly is foundational to Locke, and the failure to protect the ecosystems that provide key services supporting this abundance harms both the property of others and the viability of society: preservation of these constitute a collective good that transcends the individual good. The protection of ecosystem services also works to protect the value of individual holdings as well as the value of land still held in common. Finally, Locke’s writing supports the view that it is the role of government to act to protect the abundance of nature, even against the wishes of an individual property owner.Article first published online: 25 Feb 2017
Beyond proximity: Consequentialist Ethics and System Dynamics
Authors: Palmer Erika
Published: February 2017

Consequentialism is a moral philosophy that maintains that the moral worth of an action is determined by the consequences it has for the welfare of a society. Consequences of model design are a part of the model lifecycle that is often neglected. This paper investigates the issue using system dynamics modeling as an example. Since a system dynamics model is a product of the modeler’s design decisions, the modeler should consider the life cycle consequences of using the model. Seen from a consequentialist perspective, the consequences of policies developed from system dynamics models determine the model’s moral value (ethical/unethical). This concept is explored by discussing model uncertainty from an engineering perspective. In this perspective, the ethical considerations shift from the behavior of the modeler (and away from validation) to the model itself and the model’s inherent uncertainty. When the ethical considerations are taken away from the modeler and directed to what the model does, the ethical boundaries extend beyond the proximity of the model. This discussion renews the ethics conversation in system dynamics by considering this shift in philosophical perspective, and investigates how consequentialist moral philosophy applies to the modeling process and in communicating with decision-makers. A model of social assistance in Norway in the context of immigration pressures illustrates some possibilities for addressing these ethical concerns. This paper argues for an ethical framework, or at the very least, an ethical conversation within the field of system dynamics.Article first published online: 25 FEB 2017
Conceptualising and Measuring Student Disengagement in Higher Education: A Synthesis of the Literature
Authors: Chipchase Lucy , Davidson Megan , Blackstock Felicity , Bye Ros , Colthier Peter , Krupp Nerida , Dickson Wendy , Turner Deborah , Williams Mark
Published: March 2017

Much has been written about why students engage in academic studies at university, with less attention given to the concept of disengagement. Understanding the risks and factors associated with student disengagement from learning provides opportunities for targeted remediation. The aims of this review were to 1) explore how student disengagement has been conceptualised, 2) identify factors associated with disengagement and 3) identify measureable indicators of disengagement in previous literature. A systematic search was conducted across relevant databases and key websites. Reference lists of included papers were screened for additional publications. Studies and national published survey data were included if they addressed issues pertaining to student disengagement with learning or the academic environment, were in full text and in English. In the 32 papers that met the inclusion criteria, student disengagement was conceptualised as a multi-faceted, complex yet fluid state that has a combination of behavioural, emotional and cognitive domains influenced by intrinsic (psychological factors, low motivation, inadequate preparation for higher education and unmet or unrealistic expectations) or extrinsic (competing demands, institutional structure and processes, teaching quality and online teaching and learning). A number of measurable indicators of disengagement were synthesised from the literature including those that were self-reported by students and those collected by an institution. An examination of the conceptualisation, influences and indicators of disengagement could inform intervention programs to ameliorate the consequences of disengagement for students and academic institutions.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language Teaching, Vol. 10, No. 3
Authors: Yu Gavin
Published: February 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for English Language Teaching, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2017
A Study on Listening Strategies Instructed by Teachers and Strategies Used by Students
Authors: Bao Xiaoli
Published: February 2017

Listening strategy is one of the most important factors that affect the process of listening comprehension. This article makes an empirical study on the listening strategies used by 174 non-English majors and 35 college English teachers. It aims at finding out how students use and teachers teach listening strategies, making comparison and contrast between teachers and students in using listening strategies, and recommending some constructive suggestions related to listening activities.
Walny Zjazd Delegatów PTP i 35-lecie Towarzystwa
Authors: Rotkiewicz Halina
Published: February 2017

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“Better at Math Than Me”: Questions about Equity, from the Kitchen Table to the Classroom
Authors: Wamsted John
Published: March 2017

This brief editorial works through a conversation the author had with his grade-school-age children. During this conversation, the author's daughter made a troubling comment pertaining to girls in the mathematics classroom, and the author works through the ramifications of her words, both as a parent and as an educator.
Crazy about science: The difficulty of mixing accountability and caregiving
Authors: Obiol Francés Sandra , Villar Aguilés Alícia
Published: March 2017

The general model for evaluating scientific production fits into the accountability system: a way of measuring scientific output which does not usually acknowledge the presence of gender imbalances in academic institutions. Here we take the need to rethink this system and the indicators it uses to measure productivity and scientific quality, as well as the social conditions in which these activities are measured, as a starting point. In particular, we urge the review of this system, considering the administration of caregiving to dependents, be they young or old, as an example, because it is an unresolved problem that affects scientific work as well as progress in gender equality in university institutions.
A mysterious Universe: Revealing the bright and dark sides of the cosmos
Authors: Planelles Susana , Biffi Veronica
Published: March 2017

Why is our universe as we observe it? Will it be the same forever? Understanding the nature of the main constituents of the universe is crucial to obtain a precise description of the way in which it reached its present state. Nowadays, many independent observations support a picture in which the matter content of the universe is shared between an ordinary and observable baryonic component (~5?%) and an invisible dark matter (~23?%). The remaining ~72?% of the universe content is in the form of a completely mysterious dark energy field. This composition emphasizes that, while ~95?% of our universe represents a major uncertainty for us, even the minor contribution from normal and, apparently, known matter entails important challenges for cosmologists.
Interstellar travel guide: Chronicles of a violent universe
Authors: Perucho Manel , Font José A.
Published: March 2017

In contrast to observations from our local viewpoint, the universe is extremely violent. Explosions of massive stars, X-ray and gamma-ray binary stars, and active galaxies are related to the presence of compact objects such as neutron stars or black holes. Processes such as matter accretion or the formation and release of relativistic plasma jets are responsible for the generation of large amounts of high-energy radiation, caused by the acceleration of elementary particles, and have a significant impact in their surroundings. Moreover, they are related to the generation of gravitational waves: vibrations in spacetime produced by the acceleration of compact massive objects that produce strong curvatures. These systems are studied within the framework of the general and special relativity theories. In this article, we summarise several of the most well-known astrophysical scenarios, and offer a brief description of what we currently know about them.
Direito de propriedade intelectual – formas de proteção, seu impacto no desenvolvimento econômico e propostas para sua melhoria
Authors: Scalea José Augusto , Tabak Benjamin Miranda
Published: March 2017

O presente trabalho propõe fazer uma análise sobre os impactos causados pela proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual à vista da Análise Econômica Comportamental do Direito, as diferentes formas de proteção adotadas pela legislação tanto nacional quanto estrangeira e suas consequências, a ocorrência de vieses comportamentais, em especial da ocorrência do “efeito dotação”, bem como a adoção de modelos que proporcionem um maior desenvolvimento econômico e aumento do bem-estar social baseados em um melhor aproveitamento e incentivos ao potencial inovador dos detentores dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, por meio de uma nova abordagem da proteção dos mesmos.
Zinc Serum Level Can Be a Risk Factor In Babol Stroke Patients?
Authors: AhmadiAhangar Alijan , Saadat Payam , Arab Fatemeh , Firozejahi Alireza , Biani Mohamad Ali , Sohrabnezhad Reza , Hosseinzadeh Hamed , Mortazavinezhad Roughaie , Faraji Sekine , Farajzadeh Fatemeh , Alijanpour Shayan
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The role of zinc as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of stroke was considered.Results: This cross-sectional study on 100 stroke patients in Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital and 100 control group from cohort master plan "Ageing and health projects Amirkola was conducted. Zinc levels Serum simultaneously with other blood tests in the early hours of hospitalization. Zinc serum level was defined 70 to 120 micrograms per deciliter.Findings: The difference in mean of zinc level in patients and control group was not significant (102.6±47.7 in control group vs 100.9±35.8 in patient, p=0.7). Difference in zinc Serum level had statically significant with IHD (under70 0 cases (0), 70 to120 8 cases (24), 120 and upper24 cases (75), p=0.003) and with type of stroke (under70 (3(3.3) hemorrhagic vs 0(0) ischemic), 70 to 120(19(21) vs6 (60)), 120 and upper68 (75.6) vs4 (40), p=0.025) and also with patient and control group (under70 (3(3) in patient's vs 20(20) control group), 70 to 120(25(25) vs54 (54)), 120 and upper72 (72) vs26 (26), p<0001). In patients group 72(73.5) of cases had zinc serum level above 120. HLP difference was significant in patient and control group (50(50) in control group vs 35(35) in patients, p=0.04). Regression logistic show that IHD (p<0001, OR=30, CI=6-152), HLP (p<0001, OR=4, CI=9.09-1.85), zinc serum level (p<0001, OR=15.5, CI=4-59.8) had significant role.Conclusions: Zinc serum levels, Ischemic Heart Disease, Hyperlipidemia were most risk factor that play role in Babol stroke patients.
Hyponatremia And Disability, Prevalence And Prognosis In Babol Stroke Patients.
Authors: Ahmadi Ahangar Alijan , Bazuiar Bahareh , Saadat Payam , Haghshenas Tahereh , Hosseinzadeh Hamed , Mortazavinezhad Roughaie , Faraji Sekine , Hosseinalipour Samaneh , Alijanpour Shayan
Published: February 2017

Background: Stroke is the leading cause of serious long-term disability. In recent studies hyponatremia as a risk factor for stroke.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was to evaluate serum zinc level in serum sodium over the first 24 hours after the onset of stroke. Different intensities were determined on Stroke Scale NIH (National Institute of Health) (mild 4-1) and (average moderate 15-5) and (moderate to severe 20-16) and (extreme severe 42- 21). Determination intensity of stroke after admission and discharge with Modified Rankin Scale and Barthel index. Blood serum concentrations of sodium 0.5 mL of venous blood were taken and sodium serum level was performed with Latex particle agglutination test in Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital. That normal range was defined 136-146 meq / LFindings: 125 patients were entered into this study; the prevalence of hyponatremia in female was 70% vs 60% in male. Of stroke patients included in this study 66% of them had hyponatremia and the frequency of hyponatremia in ischemic and hemorrhagic was 82% and 63%, respectively. Increase in hyponatremia with disability period of admission had statistically significant (10(12) mild vs 40(32) moderate, 32(25.6) severe, p=0.01) also with disability before discharge (24(19.2) mild, 26(20.8) moderate, 32(25.6) severe, p=0.03).Conclusions: Hyponatremia can effect on severity of the stroke and can be considered as a predictor of increased stroke severity and disability at admission and discharge.
Epidemiology And Risk Factor Of Stroke In Babol, Northern Iran (2014-2015)
Authors: Ahmadi Ahangar Alijan , Taheri Seyedeh Tahereh , Alijanpour Shayan
Published: February 2017

Background: Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Data on the epidemiology of stroke, patterns and risk factors in recent years in our region are brief.Methods and Material:  This retrospective study from 2014 to 2015 on stroke patients was conducted. The NIHSS, the MRS and the Barthel index were used at admission and discharge. Patient’s demographic data and checklist used to identify risk factorFindings: A total of 230 stroke patients, 122 (53%) was female. 194 patients (%84) was ischemic type vs 36(%16) hemorrhagic, P<0001). Difference in risk factors was statistically significant (168 patients (%73) had Hypertension, 121 (%52.6) Diabetes Mellitus, 118 (%51.3) Cardiac Disease, 108 (%46.9) Hyperlipidemia, 58 (%25.2) Smoking and 46 patients (%20) Opioid addiction, P<0001). Hypertension was statistically significant and increased in hemorrhagic subtype 25 patient (%70) Intracerebral vs11 patient (%30) Subarachnoid, P=0.01). Difference in Cardiac disease (p<0.0001), Diabetes Mellitus (p<0.001), Smoking (p<0.001), Opioid Addiction (p<0.04) was statistically significant and increased in Intracerebral patients.Conclusions: mortality rate in our study was low, stroke was more common in female, ischemic stroke was most common stroke type and hypertension especially in hemorrhagic was the most important risk factor for stroke.
Demographic And Technical Risk Factors Of 30-Day Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, And/Or Death In Standard And High Risk Patients Who Underwent Carotid Angioplasty And Stenting
Authors: Yousefi Samaneh , Bahramali Ehsan , Kokabi Safoora , Heydari Seyed Taghi , Shariat Abdolhamid , Nikseresht Alireza , Ashjazadeh Nahid , Izadi Sadegh , Petramfar Peyman , Poursadegh Maryam , Rahimi Jaberi Abbas , Emami Sajjad , Agheli Hamid , Nemati Reza , Yaghoubi Ehsan , Abdi Mohammad Hosein , Panahandeh Majid , Cruz-Flores Salvador , Edgell Randal , Safari Anahid
Published: February 2017

Background: Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is an accepted treatment to prevent stroke in patients with carotid artery stenosis. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for major complications after carotid angioplasty and stenting.Methods and Material: This is a prospective study conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in southern Iran from March 2011 to June 2014. Consecutive patients undergoing carotid angioplasty and stenting were enrolled. Both standard risk and high risk patients for endarterectomy were enrolled. Demographic data, atherosclerotic risk factors, site of stenosis, degree of stenosis, and data regarding technical factors were recorded. 30-day stroke, myocardial infarction, and/or death were considered as the composite primary outcome of the study.Results:  two hundred and fifty one patients were recruited (mean age: 71.1+ 9.6 years, male: 65.3%).  One hundred and seventy eight (70.9%) patients were symptomatic; 73 (29.1%), 129 (51.4%), 165 (65.7%) and 62 (24.7%) patients were diabetic, hyperlipidemic, hypertensive and smoker respectively. CAS performed for left ICA in 113 (45.4%) patients. 14 (5.6%) patients had Sequential bilateral stenting. Mean stenosis of operated ICA was 80.2 +13.8 %. Embolic protection device was used in 203 (96.2%) patients. Predilation and post-dilation were performed in 39 (18.5%) and 182 (86.3%) patients respectively. Composite outcome was observed in 3.6% (3.2% stroke, 0% myocardial infarction and 1.2% death). Left sided lesions and presence of DM was significantly associated with poor short term outcome. (P value: 0.025 and 0.020, respectively)Conclusion: There was a higher risk of short term major complications in diabetic patients and left carotid artery intervention.
Cerebral Infarction Associated With Thrombosed Developmental Venous Anomaly: A Case Report
Authors: Karimian Mehdi , Borhani Haghighi Afshin
Published: February 2017

Introduction:Developmental venous anomaly (DVA, venous angioma) is a congenital vascular variant of cerebral venous drainage, which consists of several radial veins draining into an enlarged central vein (caput medusa appearance). This anatomical variations are usually followed by benign and asymptomatic clinical course, so it is incidentally detected at MRI, MRA, CT, angiography or autopsy performed for unrelated problems. Rarely DVAs become symptomatic and present with headache, seizures, numbness, diplopia, paresthesia, syncope and focal neurologic deficit secondary to thrombosis in drainage veins. Hemorrhagic complications occur more often than isolated ischemic events. Also, non-hemorrhagic brain infarction is a rare complication in these patients. We describe a patient with non-hemorrhagic venous infarction associated with DVA.Case report:A 57-year- old female patient was admitted to Namazi hospital with complaints of acute severe headache in the right temporo-occipital region, vertigo, left sided paresthesia and weakness. She was in good health a week prior to admission when the blurred vision appeared in her right eye. The patient had previous history of recurrent episodes of migraine-like headache that controlled by medical therapy. The family history was unremarkable. Her only medications were various oral contraceptives and propranolol. On examination, she was afebrile and alert with stable vital signs. Her pupils were equal and reactive to light. Neurological examination was normal and the cranial nerves were intact. The deep tendon reflexes were brisk and symmetric and bilateral Babinski and Hoffmann’s signs were present. On admission, her speech, memory, and intellectual performance were normal. She had weakness of the upper and lower extremities (especially on the left side) and her knees were unstable while walking. Hematology and coagulation tests (protein C, activated protein C resistance, protein S, homocysteine, anticardiolipin antibodies, antithrombin III and antinuclear anti body) were normal.The initial CT scan of the brain demonstrated no evidence of abnormal density, hydrocephalus or hemorrhagic process in the cerebral hemispheres, MRI findings revealed several radially arranged veins converging to a small enlarged vein in the right temporo-occipital lobe. Thrombosis of collector veins detected as a hypersignality on contrast enhanced MRI. Also, “caput medusa” configuration was detectable in angiography.
Spontaneous Arterial Dissection—Risk Factors And Clinical Features: Study Of 70 Cases And Review Of Literature
Authors: Javanmardi Haniyeh , Nouri kouchi Saba , Goodarzi Kimia , Nobakht Mohammad Javad , Edraki Fatemeh , Hosseini Reza , Jazayeri Amin , Borhani Haghighi Afshin
Published: February 2017

Dissection refers to a serious condition that begin as a tear or rupture in the inner layers of large vessel wall. Tear allows the blood to surges through the layers, leads to intramural hematoma or an aneurysmal dilatation, either of which can be a source of thromboembolism. Ischemic symptoms in surrounding structures are more often secondary to embolism. Dissections are labeled spontaneous in the absence of major blunt or penetrating trauma. The incidence rates for spontaneous carotid artery dissection have been reported to be 2.5 to 3 per 100,000 population. The average annual incidence for vertebral artery dissection were calculated to be 1 to 1.5 per 100,000. Typical clinical features seen with dissection include unilateral headache, ipsilateral Homer's syndrome, oculosympathetic palsy, prominent neck and facial pain, retinal ischemia, and symptoms of focal brain ischemia due to the site of dissection. The reason of dissection occurrence is still unknown but numerous factors e.g. connective tissue disorders, hyperhomocystinemia, ﬁbromuscular dysplasia, recent infection, etc. may underlie spontaneous or minor trauma dissections. Patients with Spontaneous dissection are more susceptible to developing to stroke and its morbidity and mortality.    In this retrospective study, we evaluate the clinical features, risk factors, treatment and outcome of spontaneous dissection in 70 patients (31 female and 39 male), referred to Namazi hospital between September 2012 and September 2016. The diagnosis of arterial dissection was established by qualified physicians according to radiological and clinical features. Patients with traumatic dissection and a history of major or minor head and neck injury were excluded. Subjects were observed for multiple risk factors such as age dependent risk factors, family history of venous thrombosis, history of trauma, coagulopathies, infectious diseases, systemic disorders, arterio-venous malformations and autoimmune diseases. We also investigated for any history of OCP administration in female patients.    The collected data was evaluated using SPSS 16. Chi-square test were performed for the comparison of qualitative variables. And p<0.05 was considered as the level of significance in two-tailed tests. Statistical analysis of our data found a significant correlation between hypertension and occurrence of spontaneous arterial dissection. The findings confirm that hypertension, OCP administration and smoking can increase the risk of CVST significantly.
Evaluation of Estrogen level in Oral Contraceptive Pills used by the women with cerebral venous- sinus thrombosis
Authors: Ghoreishi Abdolreza
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Muslim women are not allowed to perform religious ceremonies in menstrual period. Some of them use oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) to delay menstruation, which can lead to cerebral venous - sinus thrombosis (CVST). Therefore, the incidence of CVST is significantly higher in Iranian women. Thrombosis incidence is directly related to estrogen level of OCPs. In this study, the estrogen level of OPCs was evaluated in a group of female CVST patients.Methods: This study was conducted from 2010 to 2011, including two consecutive months of Ramadan in Zanjan Province of Iran. The remaining tablets of patients with CVST and OCP consumption history were analyzed by HPLC method.Results: Of 32 female CVST patients, 27 patients had a history of OCPs consumption. 24 cases of them consumed LD. Analysis of LD tablets revealed normal level of estrogen except for one case.Conclusion: Using contraceptive products among Muslim women in incorrect manner to delay menstruation should be considered by healthcare system. It is recommended to decrease amount of estrogen in OCPs till their contraceptive effect is unaffected.
Effect of Botox in Glioblastoma
Authors: Moniri Samaneh
Published: February 2017

Background: glioblastoma multiform is malignant tumors of the central nervous system, the most aggressive and Vishay type of brain tumor in adults. Glioblastoma with a high potential for growth, invasion and resistance to treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy have a high potential for public recurrence.Methods: In this study, the U87-MG glioblastoma cells and doses of Botox 29 unit to 41unit has been used and tested by MTT, and SubG1 and Western blotting were used to examine the cell viability and apoptosis.Results: The results of the measurement of vital capacity cancer cells treated with Botox, in two different doses of 29 unit and 33unit between 24 and 48 hours, showed that cell death in the treated groups compared to the control group was statistically significant p< 0.05. SubG1 test also showed that 29 unit dose in 24 hours Apoptosis percent more compared to the control groups. Results showed that Western blotting test P53 protein expression significant increase compared to the control groups.Conclusion: The present data show that Botox could be an anti-cancer effect and apoptosis in glioblastoma cells by increasing the expression of P53 protein and also can be used as treatment in patients after in vivo studies to be used.
Combined Effect Of Botulinum Toxin And Splinting On Motor Components And Function Of People With Stroke
Authors: Shamili Aryan , Forogh Bijan , Pashmdarfard Marzieh
Published: February 2017

Background and objective: Spasticity is one of the problems following stroke. Due to this increase in muscle tone, patients are confronted to problems in motor control and difficulties in activities of daily living and complications such as shortness and contracture. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Simultaneous use of both splint and botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection on spasticity, range of motion and upper extremity function in a 3-month period.Methods: The design of this study was a comparison between 3 groups of interventions, conducted in rehabilitation clinics in Tehran. Sixty people with chronic stroke were recruited. Based on the inclusion criteria, a total of 39 stroke patients after completing the consent forms were entered to intervention groups; splint or botulinum toxin injection or combined splint/botulinum toxin injection. They were followed up about 3 months and the evaluations were done monthly. Goniometry was the method to measure range of motion, and Modified Ashworth scale was used to examine the spasticity and the upper extremity function was scored based on Fugl-Meyer assessment.   Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 17. And ANOVAs was used for comparison between groups and times.  Significance was set at 0.05.Results: All outcome measures improved within each group but the differences between splint group and BTX-A group and the BTX-A-splint group was not significant in most outcomes during 3 periods (first evaluation until end of the first month, the end of first month until the end of second month, the end of second month until the end of the third month) (p> 0 / 05). The results also showed that the changes in elbow`s spasticity {p= 0.05} and wrist`s spasticity {p= 0.007} and upper extremity function { p = 0.04} were obvious between the three groups over the 3-months and the difference in the group of combined use of botulinum toxin and splint was more than other groups.Conclusion: In this study, the effects of botulinum toxin injection and Volar-Dorsal Wrist/Hand Immobilization splint and the combined use of botulinum injection and splint were obvious in all groups but was not significantly different between the interventions in a 3-month follow-up.
Cervicocephalic Arterial Dissection
Authors: Abotorabi Marzie
Published: February 2017

Cervicocephalic arterial dissection is not a common disease (2.5 % of total brain infarction) and its pathogenesis is still not fully understood. However, it seems that it is multifactorial And rarely seen in the postpartum priod.A 40-year-old female patient who referred to emergency department because she experienced right lower limb Paresis 10 days following the delivery and her Paresis was progressed within 72 hours. She has no history of DM ,HTN, preeclampsia and  underlying cerebrovascular diseaseOn evaluations, Brain MRI revealed multiple infarction in the left MCA territory . ECG, TTE ,coagulation and rheumatologic tests were normal. leftextracranial carotid artery dissection was found in the cervical MRA.The likelihood of postpartum dissection is rare , But it could be due to vasculardamage associated with the Valsalva maneuver during labor ; hemodynamic and hormonal changes due to pregnancyare also involved.
Association Of Mir-196a (Rs11614913) And Mir-499 (Rs3746444) With Ischemic Stroke An Iranian Study
Authors: Pourjafar Mehrzad , Zare Halimeh , Kohan Maryam , Azarpira Negar
Published: February 2017

Objective: MicroRNAs are involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes, such as atherosclerosis. Genetic polymorphisms in microRNA may affect its biogenesis and function. The aim of this study was to examine whether microRNA polymorphisms (mir-196a rs11614913 and mir-499 rs3746444) contribute to the risk of ischemic stroke. Methods: Genotyping was performed in 85 patients and 105 normal control, using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.Results: In respect of rs11614913, significant association was observed between CC (P=0.003; OR= 0.41; CI=0.21 – 0.79), and TT (P=0.025; OR=2.22; CI=1.04 –4.8) genotypes. The inheritance of T allele increased the risk of ischemic stroke. There was a significant association between the GA genotype frequency of rs3746444 (P=0.01; OR= 0.41; CI=0.23– 0.87). TDiscussion: The present study provided evidence that the mir-196a and mir-499 polymorphisms are associated with a significantly increased risk of ischemic stroke in Iranian population. The common genetic polymorphism in pre-microRNAs may be contributed to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and represented as novel markers for stroke susceptibility.
Vascular Vertigo
Authors: Hashemilar Mazyar , Nikanfar Masoud , Savadi Oskoui Dariush
Published: February 2017

Vertigo is a common complaint in neurology and medicine. The most common causes of vertigo are benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular neuritis, Meniere’s disease, and vascular disorders. Vertigo of vascular origin is usually limited to migraine, transient ischemic attacks, and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Vascular causes lead to various central or peripheral vestibular syndromes with vertigo. This review provides an overview of epidemiology and clinical syndromes of vascular vertigo.Vertigo is an illusion of movement caused by asymmetrical involvement of the vestibular system by various causes. Migraine is the most frequent vascular disorder that causes vertigo in all age groups. Vertigo may occur in up to 25% of patients with migraine. The lifetime prevalence of migrainous vertigo is almost 1%. Cerebrovascular disorders are estimated to account for 3% to 7% of patients with vertigo. Vestibular paroxysmia has been diagnosed in 1.8% to 4% of cases in various dizziness units. Vasculitic disorders are rare in the general population, but vertigo may be seen in almost up to 50% of patients with different vasculitic syndromes.Conclusions: Migraine, cerebrovascular disorders especially involving the vertebrobasilar territory, cardiocirculatory diseases, neurovascular compression of the eighth nerve, and vasculitis are vascular causes of vertigo syndromes.
Enhancement Of Motor Recovery Through Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Oveisgharan Shahram , Organji Hosein , Ghorbani Asgar , Hachinski Vladimir
Published: February 2017

Background: Two previous studies, which investigated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) use in motor recovery after acute ischemic stroke, did not show tDCS to be effective in this regard. We speculated that additional left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ‎(DLPFC) ‎stimulation may enhance post stroke motor recovery.  ‎Methods: In the present randomized clinical trial, 20 acute ischemic stroke patients were recruited. Patients received real motor cortex (M1) stimulation in both arms of the trial. The two arms differed in terms of real vs. sham stimulation over the left DLPFC‎. Motor component of the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity assessment (FM) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) scores were used to assess primary outcomes, and non-linear mixed effects models were used for data analyses.Results: Primary outcome measures improved more and faster among the real stimulation group. During the first days of stimulations, sham group’s FM scores increased 1.2 scores per day, while real group’s scores increased 1.7 scores per day (P = 0.003). In the following days, FM improvement decelerated in both groups. Based on the derived models, a hypothetical stroke patient with baseline FM score of 15 improves to 32 in the sham stimulation group and to 41 in the real stimulation group within the first month after stroke. Models with ARAT scores yielded nearly similar results.Conclusion: The current study results showed that left DLPFC‎ stimulation in conjunction with M1 stimulation resulted in better motor recovery than M1 stimulation alone.
Effect Of Telerehabilitation, Face To Face Therapy And Attention Control Intervention For People With Aphasia
Authors: Jamshidi Farkhondeh , Shayan Arezoo
Published: February 2017

Purpose:Telerehabilitation enables patients to access remote rehabilitation services in their own homes, typically by using internet video conferencing technologies. A number of studies have explored the use of telerehabilitation across a range of stroke services with promising findings. However, the strength of evidence is low, with much of the data drawn from case series or feasibility studies. Applications of telerehabilitation in the domain of aphasia are even more preliminary. A number of studies have shown that remote language assessment is reliable and acceptable to participants. There is also some evidence that remote administration of treatment can improve targeted skills, and achieve good levels of patient satisfaction. Two studies compared face to face with remote delivery of aphasia therapy, Also, One study additionally included an attention control condition, comprising remote supported conversation. As, word retrieval deficits are widespread in aphasia and respond well to intervention,therefore, The purpose of this review, effect of Telerehabilitation, face to face therapy and attention control intervention in word retrieval deficits for people with aphasia.Method: ISI databases and browsers using Google Scholar, pubmed, Science direct and Medline to Article 30 in the period from 2007 to 2015 in this area was accessed. Among the found articles, articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected and used for writing this articleResult: no resultConclusion: The findings of this study have shown that Telerehabilitation administration of word retrieval therapy for people with aphasia was feasible and acceptable to participants. Telerehabilitation and face to face therapy improved word retrieval more than an attention control intervention.
A Review Of Different Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Therapies By Speech And Language Pathologists
Authors: Nadeifar Ehsan , Tahmasebi Garmatani Neda
Published: February 2017

Background and aims: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is one of the common symptoms after stroke and is a marker for poor prognosis. Select the best therapy procedure is important. This study reviews the various therapy methods available to clinicians.Methods: An electronic database search was performed on PubMed and Embase. The search was limited to English publications. Terms such as stroke, dysphagia, swallowing disorders; deglutition, deglutition disorders, treatment outcome, electro-stimulation-therapy, thermal-stimulation, muscle-training, rehabilitation, also extensive manual searching was conducted.Results: oropharyngeal dysphagia interventions are divided into 5 groups based on the type of therapy: 1- bolus modiﬁcations and management (Compensatory Techniques), 2- swallow maneuvers and postures (Compensatory Techniques and/or Rehabilitative Techniques) 3- combination of interventions (Compensatory Techniques and/or Rehabilitative Techniques), 4- electro-stimulation and thermo-tactile stimulation (Facilitation Techniques), 5- other interventions (Rehabilitative Techniques).Conclusion: There are different therapy procedures that can be use for Oropharyngeal dysphagia after stroke, but there are questions about the most effective of therapy, although some positive signiﬁcant outcome studies have been published.