bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A conceptual model for characterizing the problem domain
Authors: Winters Kirsten M. , Lach Denise , Cushing Judith B.
Published: October 2015

Defining characteristics of a problem domain continues to challenge developers of visualization software although it is essential for designing both tools and resulting visualizations. Additionally, effectiveness of a visualization software tool often depends on the context of systems and actors within the domain problem. The nested blocks and guidelines model is a useful template for informing design and evaluation criteria for visualization software development because it aligns design to need. Characterizing the outermost block of the nested model—the domain problem—is challenging, mainly due to the nature of contemporary domain problems, which are dynamic and by definition difficult to problematize. We offer here our emerging conceptual model, based on the central question in our research study—what visualization works for whom and in which situation—to characterize the outermost block, the domain problem, of the nested model. We apply examples from a 3-year case study of visualization software design and development to demonstrate how the conceptual model might be used to create evaluation criteria affecting design and development of a visualization tool.
Intertextuality in New Testament Scholarship: Significance, Criteria, and the Art of Intertextual Reading
Authors: Emadi Samuel
Published: October 2015

‘Intertextuality’ is currently a hot topic among biblical interpreters. However, a great deal of debate regarding the locus, purpose, and meaning-effect of an intertextual event, the criteria used to discern the presence of intertexts (if in fact there are any), and the theological value of intertextuality in Scripture still exists. This article surveys these interpretive questions and discusses how the foremost contributors to the conversation have aimed at resolving these hermeneutical tensions. In this article, I examine and compare the hermeneutical methodologies of Richard Hays, Michael Thompson, Dale Allison, Greg Beale, Christopher Beetham, Leroy Huizenga, and Peter Leithart with respect to intertextuality. My aim is to identify the strengths of each contributor’s hermeneutical method, while clarifying where these scholars share similar hermeneutical convictions, as well as where they part ways with one another’s convictions about the practice of intertextual reading.
The Canadian Social Marketing Story
Authors: Lagarde François
Published: October 2015

This article presents Canada’s major social marketing achievements and contributions to date, the strengths of the Canadian social marketing field, and the challenges it currently faces. As an early adopter of social marketing, Canada has been integrating this unique form of marketing into its public health and environmental strategies for over 40 years. The Canadian track record includes successful initiatives, major events, seminal publications, high-quality training programs, as well as academic and professional centers that have had an impact in Canada and around the world. The field is currently facing some challenges, however. If this remarkable story is to continue, Canadian social marketing leaders will need to rally around a number of collective initiatives to advance the field, promote its value, mobilize resources, and attract a renewed network of practitioners and academics.
Incarcerating Youth With Mental Health Problems
Authors: White Clair
Published: October 2015

Mental health problems among youth in the juvenile justice system are of particular concern given their high prevalence rate. The current study applies attribution theory and focal concerns to examine how mental health problems influence the judicial decision to commit youth to confinement. Furthermore, the study examines whether the effect of mental health problems is conditioned by race and ethnicity, hypothesizing that minorities with mental health problems will be treated more severely than Whites with mental health problems. Using administrative court records from Maricopa County, AZ ( n = 5,501), findings reveal that mental health problems increased the likelihood of confinement, and this effect was moderated by race. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
Long-term Effectiveness of Intensive Therapy in Chronic Stroke
Authors: Wu Xiaotian , Guarino Peter , Lo Albert C. , Peduzzi Peter , Wininger Michael
Published: October 2015

Background. While recent clinical trials involving robot-assisted therapy have failed to show clinically significant improvement versus conventional therapy, it is possible that a broader strategy of intensive therapy—to include robot-assisted rehabilitation—may yield clinically meaningful outcomes. Objective. To test the immediate and sustained effects of intensive therapy (robot-assisted therapy plus intensive conventional therapy) on outcomes in a chronic stroke population. Methods. A multivariate mixed-effects model adjusted for important covariates was established to measure the effect of intensive therapy versus usual care. A total of 127 chronic stroke patients from 4 Veterans Affairs medical centers were randomized to either robot-assisted therapy (n = 49), intensive comparison therapy (n = 50), or usual care (n = 28), in the VA-ROBOTICS randomized clinical trial. Patients were at least 6 months poststroke, of moderate-to-severe upper limb impairment. The primary outcome measure was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment at 12 and 36 weeks. Results. There was significant benefit of intensive therapy over usual care on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment at 12 weeks with a mean difference of 4.0 points (95% CI = 1.3-6.7); P = .005; however, by 36 weeks, the benefit was attenuated (mean difference 3.4; 95% CI = −0.02 to 6.9; P = .05). Subgroup analyses showed significant interactions between treatment and age, treatment and time since stroke. Conclusions. Motor benefits from intensive therapy compared with usual care were observed at 12 and 36 weeks posttherapy; however, this difference was attenuated at 36 weeks. Subgroups analysis showed that younger age, and a shorter time since stroke were associated with greater immediate and long-term improvement of motor function.
Fixed-dose combination therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Dimitropoulos Konstantinos , Gravas Stavros
Published: October 2015

Despite their multifactorial etiology, male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) have been traditionally associated with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) because of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Several pharmaceutical therapies have been used to manage LUTS, with α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists (α1-blockers) and inhibitors of 5α-reductase (5α-RIs) representing the most commonly prescribed agents currently in use for LUTS treatment. Due to their different modes of action, combined use of α1-blockers and 5α-RIs has been proven to offer more optimal control of symptoms and better associated quality of life, even though higher rates of adverse events have been shown. Following previous studies on the separate administration of dutasteride and tamsulosin, a fixed-dose combination capsule of tamsulosin 0.4 mg and dutasteride 0.5 mg has been approved and released for clinical use in men with BPH. The present review aims to discuss the rationale behind the combined use of tamsulosin and dutasteride for treating male LUTS, and to present the available data on the role of combination therapy in the management of BPH-related symptoms in terms of efficacy and safety. Special attention is given to the impact of combination treatment on the prevention of clinical progression of BPH. Cost-effectiveness of fixed-dose combination and patients’ adherence to treatment are also discussed.
Validation of Plantar Pressure Measurements for a Novel In-Shoe Plantar Sensory Replacement Unit
Authors: Sawacha Zimi
Published: October 2015

An article by Ferber and coauthors in Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology reported on the ability of a novel in-shoe plantar sensory replacement unit (PSRU) to provide alert-based feedback derived from analyzing plantar pressure (PP) threshold measurements in real time. The study aimed at comparing the PSRU device to a gold standard pressure-sensing device (GS-PSD) to determine the correlation between concurrent measures of PP during walking. Data were collected simultaneously from 10 participants who walked overground with both devices. The variable of interest was the number of recorded data points greater than 32 mmHg for each of the PSRU sensors and corresponding average recordings from the GS-PSD. Authors concluded that the PSRU provides analogous data to the GS-PSD.

However, several aspects of the study should be considered when interpreting their clinical relevance.
Viewing the interpersonal mistreatment literature through a temporal lens
Authors: Cole Michael S. , Shipp Abbie J. , Taylor Shannon G.
Published: October 2015

Given increasing awareness of time’s critical role, we assess the current position of time in the workplace mistreatment literature. Focusing on four mistreatment constructs (viz., abusive supervision, workplace bullying, workplace incivility, and social undermining) found in the organizational psychology literature, our search revealed 266 studies that have empirically examined the consequences of these forms of interpersonal mistreatment. We examine and critique these studies, finding that with a few exceptions, most have failed to design and test theoretical relationships in a manner consistent with construct definitions. As interpersonal mistreatment research has neglected the role of time, we conclude that the substantial number of existing studies offer limited insight into the true nature of mistreatment’s consequences over time. We go on to elaborate on the types of theoretical insights that might emerge when a temporal lens (objective time and/or subjective time) is adopted by mistreatment researchers.
A two-stage clinical decision support system for early recognition and stratification of patients with sepsis: an observational cohort study
Authors: Amland Robert C , Lyons Jason J , Greene Tracy L , Haley James M
Published: October 2015

Objective

To examine the diagnostic accuracy of a two-stage clinical decision support system for early recognition and stratification of patients with sepsis.

Design

Observational cohort study employing a two-stage sepsis clinical decision support to recognise and stratify patients with sepsis. The stage one component was comprised of a cloud-based clinical decision support with 24/7 surveillance to detect patients at risk of sepsis. The cloud-based clinical decision support delivered notifications to the patients’ designated nurse, who then electronically contacted a provider. The second stage component comprised a sepsis screening and stratification form integrated into the patient electronic health record, essentially an evidence-based decision aid, used by providers to assess patients at bedside.

Setting

Urban, 284 acute bed community hospital in the USA; 16,000 hospitalisations annually.

Participants

Data on 2620 adult patients were collected retrospectively in 2014 after the clinical decision support was implemented.

Main outcome measure

‘Suspected infection’ was the established gold standard to assess clinical decision support clinimetric performance.

Results

A sepsis alert activated on 417 (16%) of 2620 adult patients hospitalised. Applying ‘suspected infection’ as standard, the patient population characteristics showed 72% sensitivity and 73% positive predictive value. A postalert screening conducted by providers at bedside of 417 patients achieved 81% sensitivity and 94% positive predictive value. Providers documented against 89% patients with an alert activated by clinical decision support and completed 75% of bedside screening and stratification of patients with sepsis within one hour from notification.

Conclusion

A clinical decision support binary alarm system with cross-checking functionality improves early recognition and facilitates stratification of patients with sepsis.
The Conservatism of Emoji: Work, Affect, and Communication
Authors: Stark Luke , Crawford Kate
Published: October 2015

This piece examines emoji as conduits for affective labor in the social networks of informational capitalism. Emoji, ubiquitous digital images that can appear in text messages, emails, and social media chat platforms, are rich in social, cultural, and economic significance. This article examines emoji as historical, social, and cultural objects, and as examples of skeuomorphism and of technical standardization. Now superseded as explicitly monetized objects by other graphics designed for affective interactions, emoji nonetheless represent emotional data of enormous interest to businesses in the digital economy, and continue to act symbolically as signifiers of affective meaning. We argue that emoji characters both embody and represent the tension between affect as human potential, and as a productive force that capital continually seeks to harness through the management of everyday biopolitics. Emoji are instances of a contest between the creative power of affective labor and its limits within a digital realm in the thrall of market logic.
How the Facebook Arabic Page “We Are All Khaled Said” Helped Promote the Egyptian Revolution
Authors: Alaimo Kara
Published: October 2015

This study analyzes how the owner of the Facebook Arabic page “We Are All Khaled Said” both catalyzed and took advantage of opportunities in the Egyptian political climate in order to help promote the country’s 2011 revolution. Using a content analysis of posts on the Facebook page before and throughout the Egyptian revolution, the case study finds that the owner of the page, Wael Ghonim, served as a long-term trainer or coach, educating his online followers about the abuses of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s regime and helping them gradually become more comfortable with political activism, so that when a triggering event—the Tunisian revolution—occurred, he was able to move his followers into the streets to protest. Two other particularly successful tactics were utilized by Ghonim: He capitalized on a powerful personal story—that of a young man brutally killed by the police—in order to elicit emotion and help others identify with the cause, and he used lofty rhetoric to convince his followers that their actions could actually make a difference. The case study disproves Gladwell’s (2010) claim that social media is a platform for shallow and networked interactions, finding both that the grievances and ideas shared on this page were remarkably substantive and that the movement was not a network but rather a hierarchy, led by Ghonim until his imprisonment. The study suggests that social media is a more powerful platform for promoting political change than previously appreciated and offers important lessons for political activists.
Hashtagging Politics: Transnational Anti-Fracking Movement Twitter Practices
Authors: Hopke Jill E.
Published: October 2015

I examine a 2-week window into an environmental movement trying to gain traction in the public sphere, centered on a transnational day of action calling for a ban on the drilling technology, high-volume hydraulic fracturing, the Global Frackdown. Twitter serves a different purpose for the anti-fracking Global Frackdown movement than other Internet-based communications, most notably email listservs. Findings show that Global Frackdown tweeters engage in framing practices of movement convergence and solidarity, declarative and targeted engagement, prefabricated messaging, and multilingual tweeting. In contrast to Global Frackdown tweeters’ use of the platform for in-the-moment communication, Global Frackdown activists report in in-depth interviews that they place more emphasis on private (i.e., listservs) communication channels for longer term, durable movement building. The episodic, crowdsourced, and often personalized, transnational framing practices of Global Frackdown tweeters support core organizers’ goal of promoting the globalness of activism to ban fracking. This research extends past scholarship on socially mediated activism by providing a case study of how environmental activists use Twitter for ephemeral movement communication during a pre-planned transnational day of action, blurring internal movement collective identity-building and affirmation with publicly enacted strategic framing.
Social Media Activism at the Margins: Managing Visibility, Voice and Vitality Affects
Authors: McCosker Anthony
Published: October 2015

This article is concerned with social media activism at the margins and deals with the problem of managing visibility and voice and the role of affect in the emergence of contested publics over time. While we hear a lot about social media mobilization and exchange during critical and large-scale protest events, less is understood about the capacities for building and maintaining more peripheral dissident publics over longer timeframes. And while platforms such as YouTube have been celebrated (and censored) for their ability to make protest visible through dispersed affective networks, the increasingly commercialized channel structure raises questions about the sustainability of ordinary acts of protest in the long term. This article examines a case study of peripheral anarchist political activism that moves through and beyond critical events. The study applies methods of video content analysis, qualitative analysis of comments and interactions, and visual analysis of selected videos to examine emergent “affective publics,” drawing on Daniel Stern’s notion of vitality affects.
Equalization versus Normalization: Facebook and the 2013 Israeli Elections
Authors: Samuel-Azran Tal , Yarchi Moran , Wolfsfeld Gadi
Published: October 2015

The question of whether social media grant challengers a fair opportunity to compete with incumbents, thus promoting equalization rather than normalization, is a key issue in studies of the web’s contribution to democratic systems. To contribute to the current debate, whose evidence so far strongly supports the normalization hypothesis, we examined the ability of the five leading political candidates in Israel popularity to promote engagement to their messages on social media by measuring Likes and Shares on their Facebook posts during the 2013 election campaign. Surprisingly, we found that first-time candidate, Naftali Bennett, achieved statistically similar engagement levels as achieved by PM Netanyahu, measured by the two Facebook measures mentioned above, and attracted dramatically more Likes than Netanyahu during the campaign. Similarly, first-time contender Yair Lapid’s messages promoted equal levels of engagement as did the messages of opposition leader Shelly Yachimovich. The study indicates the ability of challengers to generate similar engagement levels as incumbents through social media campaigns, an encouraging result that illustrates the democratizing potential of social media.
Political Expression on Facebook in a Context of Conflict: Dilemmas and Coping Strategies of Jewish-Israeli Youth
Authors: Mor Yifat , Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Maoz Ifat
Published: October 2015

Social media, and Facebook in particular, embody a complex and challenging context for impression management, particularly when it comes to political expression. The Israeli case presents a unique context in which to examine these questions as Jewish-Israeli youth are embedded in a divided society involved in the protracted Israeli–Palestinian conflict. A thematic content analysis of 15 in-depth interviews with Israeli-Jewish students who are regular Facebook users revealed distinct dilemmas. Jewish-Israeli youth are highly motivated to discuss politics on Facebook, while also aware of social risks involved in such discussion. Thus, they adopt unique coping strategies in which political expression is an integral part in the delicate act of impression management. This research extends our understanding of Facebook as a platform for expressing political content in divided societies, characterized by considerable internal and external conflict as well as high levels of political involvement.
Comparative Study of the Availability and Use of Information Technology in the Subject of Education in Public and Private Universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi
Authors: Yasmeen Saima , Alam Muhammad Tayyab , Mushtaq Muhammad , Alam Bukhari Maqsud
Published: October 2015

The study was designed to compare availability and use of information technology in the subject of education in public and private universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The objectives of the study were, first, to highlight the status of information technology in public and private universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi; second, to compare the availability and utilization of resources for information technology in public and private universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi; third, to find out the problems in the use of information technology in public and private universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi and to recommend strategies for better use of information technology in public and private universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The design of the study was descriptive, and it was a survey study. Two questionnaires were used for data collection: one for teachers and one for students. A stratified random sampling technique was used. Two groups of teachers were selected from public and private universities, and 50% teacher and 10% students were selected from the population. The data were analyzed in terms of percentage, and t test was also applied. A significant difference was found between the availability and usage of equipment in education departments of public and private universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Difference between the students learning and teachers training skills was not significant.
Quality of Life and Determinants of Parents’ School Satisfaction in War Contexts
Authors: Veronese Guido , Pepe Alessandro , Jaradah Alaa , Murannak Feda , Hamdouna Housam
Published: October 2015

The present mixed-method exploratory study aims at exploring how families’ perceptions of education are influenced by the availability of resources promoting well-being and the ability to cope with political and military violence. A convenience sample of 120 households selected in the Gaza Strip was administered using two self-reported instruments: WHOQOL-BREF (WHO Quality of Life-BREF) adapted to the Palestinian context, and items adapted from the Teacher Involvement of Parents (TIP) Questionnaire. The quantitative results showed interactions between different domains of quality of life—namely, basic needs ( B = .361, p < .01) and psychological distress ( B = .307, p < .05)—while perceptions of education had a statistically significant effect on school satisfaction. Three main themes emerged from the qualitative survey: economic constraints, constraints on the school environment, and issues with the curriculum. The ongoing disruption of general economic, environmental, health, and living conditions affects the domain of education, contributing to further undermining opportunities for improvements in subjective well-being and familial quality of life.
Exploitation by Economic Necessity
Authors: Braekkan Kristian F. , Sowa Victoria “Tori”
Published: October 2015

This study develops and tests a model that proposes economic necessity moderates the relationship between psychological contract violations (PCVs) and organizational commitment and trust in the employing organization among non-unionized manufacturing workers ( N = 226). Moderated regression analyses revealed that there was a significant interaction between PCV and economic necessity in predicting both outcomes. Specifically, the findings indicated that individuals experiencing high PCV and high economic necessity did not decrease their organizational commitment like their counterparts who endorsed lower economic necessity. They did, however, experience significantly decreased trust in their employer. The findings suggest that individuals who are forced to sell their labor power and obtain what they need through the market are more likely to continue to be exploited by their employer, as they have no other options than to continue the relationship. The importance of the findings is discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided.
Chronic Disease Prevalence and Medicare Advantage Market Penetration
Authors: Howard Steven W. , Bernell Stephanie Lazarus , Casim Faizan M. , Wilmott Jennifer , Pearson Lindsey , Byler Caitlin M. , Zhang Zidong
Published: October 2015

By March 2015, 30% of all Medicare beneficiaries were enrolled in Medicare Advantage (MA) plans. Research to date has not explored the impacts of MA market penetration on individual or population health outcomes. The primary objective of this study is to examine the relationships between MA market penetration and the beneficiary’s portfolio of cardiometabolic diagnoses. This study uses 2004 to 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) Household Component data to construct an aggregate index that captures multiple diagnoses in one outcome measure (Chronic Disease Severity Index [CDSI]). The MEPS data for 8089 Medicare beneficiaries are merged with MA market penetration data from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Ordinary least squares regressions are run with SAS 9.3 to model the effects of MA market penetration on CDSI. The results suggest that each percentage increase in MA market penetration is associated with a greater than 2-point decline in CDSI (lower burden of cardiometabolic chronic disease). Spill-over effects may be driving improvements in the cardiometabolic health of beneficiary populations in counties with elevated levels of MA market penetration.
Engaging Communities in Commodity Stock Monitoring Using Telecommunication Technology in Primary Health Care Facilities in Rural Nigeria
Authors: Okoli Ugo , Oduenyi Chioma , Onwudinjo Nonso , Ejeckam Chukwuebuka , Adegoke Femi , Holmlund Marcus , Dias Pedro Rosa , Crawford Emily
Published: October 2015

Background:

With several efforts being made by key stakeholders to bridge the gap between beneficiaries and their having full access to free supplies, frequent stock-out, pilfering, collection of user fees for health commodities, and poor community engagement continue to plague the delivery of health services at the primary health care (PHC) level in rural Nigeria.

Objective:

To assess the potential in the use of telecommunication technology as an effective way to engage members of the community in commodity stock monitoring, increase utilization of services, as well as promote accountability and community ownership.

Methods:

The pilot done in 8 PHCs from 4 locations within Nigeria utilized telecommunication technologies to exchange information on stock monitoring. A triangulated technique of data validation through cross verification from 3 subsets of respondents was used: 160 ward development committee (WDC) members, 8 officers-in-charge (OICs) of PHCs, and 383 beneficiaries (health facility users) participated. Data collection made through a call center over a period of 3 months from July to September 2014 focused on WDC participation in inventory of commodities and type and cost of maternal, neonatal, and child health services accessed by each beneficiary.

Results:

Results showed that all WDCs involved in the pilot study became very active, and there was a strong cooperation between the OICs and the WDCs in monitoring commodity stock levels as the OICs participated in the monthly WDC meetings 96% of the time. A sharp decline in the collection of user fees was observed, and there was a 10% rise in overall access to free health care services by beneficiaries.

Conclusion:

This study reveals the effectiveness of mobile phones and indicates that telecommunication technologies can play an important role in engaging communities to monitor PHC stock levels as well as reduce the incidence of user fees collection and pilfering of commodities (PHC) level in rural communities.
Attitudes and use of medicinal plants during pregnancy among women at health care centers in three regions of Mali, West-Africa
Authors: Nergard Cecilie Sogn , Ho Thi Phung Than , Diallo Drissa , Ballo Ngolo , Paulsen Berit Smestad , Nordeng Hedvig
Published: October 2015

Background

Although, medicinal plants have been important for women’s health historically, the knowledge about such use during pregnancy in developing countries is limited. This is the first quantitative, ethnobotanical study on Malian women’s use of and attitudes towards the use of medicinal plants during pregnancy.

The aim of the study was to describe Malian women’s use of medicinal plants during pregnancy according to indications and to evaluate the potentially safety of such use. The overall aim was to preserve valuable information about medicinal plants for women’s reproductive health for the future.

Methods

Data was collected through structured interviews of 209 pregnant women or mothers in three health care centers in Mali. The women were interviewed about their uses of medicinal plants during pregnancy and their attitudes to such use. Nine specific medicinal plants commonly used in Mali and treatment of eleven common ailments in pregnancy were specifically queried about.

Results

In total, 79.9 % had used medicinal plants during pregnancy. Only 17 women (8.5 %) had received a recommendation from a traditional practitioner (TP). The most commonly used medicinal plants were Lippia chevalieri (55.5 %), Combretum micranthum (39.7 %), Parkia biglobosa (12.0 %) and Vepris heterophylla (8.1 %). The most common reasons for use were for well-being (37.7 %), symptoms of malaria (37.1 %) and ”increased salt-elimination” (to reduce edema) (19.2 %). For treatment of symptoms of malaria and urinary tract infections during pregnancy, the women’s choices of medicinal plants agreed with those previously reported from interviews with TPs. Almost 30 % believed that medicinal plants had no adverse effects for the mother.

Conclusion

This study showed an extensive use and knowledge of medicinal plants during pregnancy in three regions in Mali. However, exclusive use of medicinal plants as treatment of malaria and urinary tract infections during pregnancy may pose a health risk for the mother and her unborn child. A wider collaboration with TPs, with local communities and conventional health workers of the health care centers, on the safe use of medicinal plants, is important to promote safer pregnancies and better health care for pregnant women and their unborn infants in Mali.
Needs and fears of young people presenting at accident and emergency department following an act of self-harm: secondary analysis of qualitative data
Authors: Owens Christabel , Hansford Lorraine , Sharkey Siobhan , Ford Tamsin
Published: October 2015

Background

Presentation at an accident and emergency (A&E) department is a key opportunity to engage with a young person who self-harms. The needs of this vulnerable group and their fears about presenting to healthcare services, including A&E, are poorly understood.

Aims

To examine young people's perceptions of A&E treatment following self-harm and their views on what constitutes a positive clinical encounter.

Method

Secondary analysis of qualitative data from an experimental online discussion forum. Threads selected for secondary analysis represent the views of 31 young people aged 16–25 with experience of self-harm.

Results

Participants reported avoiding A&E whenever possible, based on their own and others' previous poor experiences. When forced to seek emergency care, they did so with feelings of shame and unworthiness. These feelings were reinforced when they received what they perceived as punitive treatment from A&E staff, perpetuating a cycle of shame, avoidance and further self-harm. Positive encounters were those in which they received ‘treatment as usual’, i.e. non-discriminatory care, delivered with kindness, which had the potential to challenge negative self-evaluation and break the cycle.

Conclusions

The clinical needs of young people who self-harm continue to demand urgent attention. Further hypothesis testing and trials of different models of care delivery for this vulnerable group are warranted.
Victimisation in adults with severe mental illness: Prevalence
and risk factors
Authors: de Mooij Liselotte D. , Kikkert Martijn , Lommerse Nick M. , Peen Jaap , Meijwaard Sabine C. , Theunissen Jan , Duurkoop Pim W. R. A. , Goudriaan Anna E. , Van Henricus L. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Dekker Jack J. M.
Published: October 2015

Background

Patients with a severe mental illness (SMI) are more likely to experience
victimisation than the general population.

Aims

To examine the prevalence of victimisation in people with SMI, and the
relationship between symptoms, treatment facility and indices of
substance use/misuse and perpetration, in comparison with the general
population.

Method

Victimisation was assessed among both randomly selected patients with SMI
(n = 216) and the general population
(n=10 865).

Results

Compared with the general population, a high prevalence of violent
victimisation was found among the SMI group (22.7% v.
8.5%). Compared with out-patients and patients in a sheltered housing
facility, in-patients were most often victimised (violent crimes: 35.3%;
property crimes: 47.1%). Risk factors among the SMI group for violent
victimisation included young age and disorganisation, and risk factors
for property crimes included being an in-patient, disorganisation and
cannabis use. The SMI group were most often assaulted by someone they
knew.

Conclusions

Caregivers should be aware that patients with SMI are at risk of violent
victimisation. Interventions need to be developed to reduce this
vulnerability.
Inhabiting the Impasse
Authors: Rodríguez Dylan
Published: October 2015

This article examines the concept of genocide as an incomplete accounting of gendered racial and racial-colonial violence. The mid-twentieth-century enunciation of the genocide concept, in and beyond the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, attempts a totalizing notion of an alleged extremity of modern power. I am concerned with how this Western humanist conception of massive fatality begins to induce, but cannot fully engage, a delineation of the violences, exterminations, and fatalities encompassed by the long preceding, long following processes of global racial ordering and modern civilization as such. This article asks readers to consider whether and how the racial and racial-colonial violences that are insufficiently invoked, marginally referenced, and pragmatically compartmentalized by hegemonic genocide discourses are precisely the forms of constitutive dehumanization that precede, constitute, and overwhelm the very thing(s) that the term genocide intends to apprehend and, ultimately, definitively name. The genocide concept is stalked and disrupted by the world-making, civilization-building, socially productive technologies of racial dominance that have made possible the consolidation of the very units of sociality—humanity, the civilized world, mankind, nation-state, and the international—on which the UN Genocide Convention (and hegemonic genocide discourses more generally) depends for its epistemic and juridical cogency. Perhaps, then, it is necessary to consider less whether genocide provides an adequate rubric within which to categorize particular forms of racial power and violence to render them legible to “mankind and the civilized world” (in the words of the Convention itself) and more whether the distended field of genocide discourse creates a largely unintended opening into a radical critique of the very “civilized humanity” it intends to righteously defend.
Movement after Randy Martin
Authors: Joseph May , Clough Patricia Ticineto , Lepecki André , Edwards Brent Hayes , Foster Susan Leigh , Franko Mark , Miller Toby , Lee Benjamin , Meister Bob , Browning Barbara , Zatz Iván , Appadurai Arjun , Wosnitzer Robert
Published: October 2015

This section collects a series of short reflections on the life, camaraderie, and scholarship of Randy Martin, a longtime member of the Social Text editorial collective. In place of definitive, authoritative analyses of Martin's work, these pieces present a montage of personal snapshots by people that collaborated, moved, thought, wrote, edited, and learned with him.
Aspm sustains postnatal cerebellar neurogenesis and medulloblastoma growth
Authors: Williams Scott E. , Garcia Idoia , Crowther Andrew J. , Li Shiyi , Stewart Alyssa , Liu Hedi , Lough Kendall J. , O'Neill Sean , Veleta Katherine , Oyarzabal Esteban A. , Merrill Joseph R. , Shih Yen-Yu Ian , Gershon Timothy R.
Published: October 2015

Alterations in genes that regulate brain size may contribute to both microcephaly and brain tumor formation. Here, we report that Aspm, a gene that is mutated in familial microcephaly, regulates postnatal neurogenesis in the cerebellum and supports the growth of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) express Aspm when maintained in a proliferative state by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and Aspm is expressed in Shh-driven medulloblastoma in mice. Genetic deletion of Aspm reduces cerebellar growth, while paradoxically increasing the mitotic rate of CGNPs. Aspm-deficient CGNPs show impaired mitotic progression, altered patterns of division orientation and differentiation, and increased DNA damage, which causes progenitor attrition through apoptosis. Deletion of Aspm in mice with Smo-induced medulloblastoma reduces tumor growth while increasing DNA damage. Co-deletion of Aspm and either of the apoptosis regulators Bax or Trp53 (p53) rescues the survival of neural progenitors and reduces the growth restriction imposed by Aspm deletion. Our data show that Aspm functions to regulate mitosis and to mitigate DNA damage during CGNP cell division, causes microcephaly through progenitor apoptosis when mutated, and sustains tumor growth in medulloblastoma
A novel mouse model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC): eye-specific Tsc1-ablation disrupts visual pathway development
Authors: Jones Iwan , Hägglund Anna-Carin , Törnqvist Gunilla , Nord Christoffer , Ahlgren Ulf , Carlsson Leif
Published: October 2015

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome that is best characterised by neurodevelopmental deficits and the presence of benign tumours (called hamartomas) in affected organs. This multiorgan disorder results from inactivating point mutations in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 genes and consequent activation of the canonical mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling (mTORC1) pathway. Since lesions to the eye are central to TSC diagnosis, we report here the generation and characterisation of the first eye-specific TSC mouse model. We demonstrate that conditional ablation of Tsc1 in eye committed progenitor cells leads to the accelerated differentiation and subsequent ectopic radial migration of retinal ganglion cells. This results in an increase in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and consequent regionalized axonal loss within the optic nerve and topographical changes to the contra- and ipsilateral input within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Eyes from adult mice exhibit aberrant retinal architecture and display all the classic neuropathological hallmarks of TSC including an increase in organ and cell size, ring heterotopias, hamartomas with retinal detachment and lamination defects. Our results provide the first major insight into the molecular etiology of TSC within the developing eye and demonstrate a pivotal role for Tsc1 in regulating various aspects of visual pathway development. Our novel mouse model therefore provides a valuable resource for future studies concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying TSC and also as a platform to evaluate new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of this multiorgan disorder.
Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health
Authors: Borba Renata S. , Klyczek Karen K. , Mogen Kim L. , Spivak Marla
Published: October 2015

Honey bees, as social insects, rely on collective behavioral defenses that produce a colony level immune phenotype, or social immunity, which in turn impacts the immune response of individuals. One behavioral defense is the collection and deposition of antimicrobial plant resins, or propolis, in the nest. We tested the effect of a naturally constructed propolis envelope within standard beekeeping equipment on the pathogen and parasite load of large field colonies, and on immune system activity, virus and storage protein levels of individual bees over the course of a year. The main effect of the propolis envelope was a decreased and more uniform baseline expression of immune genes in bees during summer and fall months each year, compared to the immune activity in bees with no propolis envelope in the colony. The most important function of the propolis envelope may be to modulate costly immune system activity. As no differences were found in levels of bacteria, pathogens and parasites between the treatment groups, the propolis envelope may act directly on the immune system, reducing bees' need to activate the physiologically costly production of humoral immune responses. Colonies with a natural propolis envelope had increased colony strength and vitellogenin levels after surviving the winter in one of the two years of the study, despite the fact that the biological activity of the propolis diminished over the winter. A natural propolis envelope acts as an important antimicrobial layer enshrouding the colony, benefiting individual immunity and ultimately colony health.
Nacional Monte de Piedad Uses a Novel Social-Value Measure for Allocating Grants Among Charities
Authors: Garza-Escalante Enrique , de la Torre Arturo
Published: October 2015

Allocating grants among charities presents several difficulties. Evaluating trade-offs is emotionally difficult and time consuming for trustees; charities that do not receive support complain of favoritism; and sufficient resources are not available to help all charities. This paper presents a unique and flexible metric that maps money granted to units of social value, which we use in a mixed-integer programming model to assist Nacional Monte de Piedad in its annual grant-allocation process. The model captures complex interactions in a simple, understandable, and representative way.
Assimilation or Contrast? Status Inequality, Judgment of Product Quality, and Product Choices in Markets
Authors: Huang Zhi , Washington Marvin
Published: October 2015

Much of organizational status research has been conducted at the micro level by examining the effect of individual status positions. To answer calls for more status research at the macro level, this study extends psychological research on assimilation and contrast effects to examine how status inequality as a distributional property influences product choices in markets. In the context of U.S. college bowls (a specific type of organization within U.S. collegiate athletics), this study analyzes how the status inequality among bowls influences bowls’ stadium attendance, which reflects the judgment of bowls by football fans as the key buyers. The analyses yield evidence consistent with assimilation and contrast effects. Below the middle level of status inequality, the relationship between status inequality and stadium attendance is positive for low-status bowls but negative for high-status bowls. Above the middle level of status inequality, the relationships are reversed. The effect of status inequality is also stronger for low-status bowls that are newer and thus more uncertain in product quality. These findings make significant contributions to understanding status hierarchies in markets by redirecting organizational status research with a macrolevel view, uncovering cognitive processes underlying buyers’ judgment of products based on organization status, and demonstrating the dynamics of status hierarchies and their consequences for organizations.
Organizational Oscillation Between Learning and Forgetting: The Dual Role of Serious Errors
Authors: Haunschild Pamela R. , Polidoro Francisco , Chandler David
Published: October 2015

We know that organizations change over time as a result of their ability to learn and their tendency to forget. What we know less about, however, is why they might change back, despite evidence suggesting that this occurs. In this paper, we develop and test a model of organizational oscillation that explains why firms cycle through periods of learning and periods of forgetting. In particular, we identify a dual role for serious errors, which push firms toward a focus on safety while also pulling them away from other foci, such as efficiency or innovation. Although existing learning research recognizes errors as disruptive, this dual effect has not been theorized. We also demonstrate that, over time, the effect of a serious error on safety weakens, allowing alternative activities to emerge that lead to subsequent errors. We draw on qualitative data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Challenger and Columbia accidents to build theory about why organizations oscillate between safety and other foci, and how serious errors trigger these shifts. We then test this theory using a data set of all pharmaceutical firms that introduced Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs in the United States from 1997 to 2004. Results confirm our theory, which contributes to our understanding of complex learning processes by identifying a mechanism by which organizations learn, then forget; then learn, then forget again.
DASHBOARD USABILITY IN FINANCIAL MODELING
Authors: Stríček Ivan , Andrisková Ivana
Published: October 2015

This article is focused on the possibility of utilizing dashboard applications in financial modeling. In the era of easy access to the spreadsheet generator, as well as applications and the Internet, it is appropriate to use these tools in each area. The increasing amount of data and the need for daily monitoring and evaluation lead to the development of management applications with graphical data analysis known as “Dashboards.” The manager has the option to buy the app with a predefined environment, or create his own version—specific to the company. If only a simpler design is needed, without an online base and a connection with external databases, then it is possible to create such a simple dashboard using Excel and manage it by trained personnel. In the article, we, therefore, introduced a sample of financial indicator suitable for analysis through the application process and also showed how to create the basic interactive application.