bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piezo1 agonist restores meningeal lymphatic vessels, drainage, and brain-CSF perfusion in craniosynostosis and aged mice
Authors: Matrongolo Matt J. , Ang Phillip S. , Wu Junbing , Jain Aditya , Thackray Josh K. , Reddy Akash , Sung Chi Chang , Barbet Gaëtan , Hong Young-Kwon , Tischfield Max A.
Published: September 2023

Skull development coincides with the onset of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, brain-CSF perfusion, and meningeal lymphangiogenesis, processes essential for brain waste clearance. How these processes are affected by craniofacial disorders such as craniosynostosis are poorly understood. We report that raised intracranial pressure and diminished CSF flow in craniosynostosis mouse models associates with pathological changes to meningeal lymphatic vessels that affect their sprouting, expansion, and long-term maintenance. We also show that craniosynostosis affects CSF circulatory pathways and perfusion into the brain. Further, craniosynostosis exacerbates amyloid pathology and plaque buildup inTwist1+/−:5xFADtransgenic Alzheimer’s disease models. Treating craniosynostosis mice with Yoda1, a small molecule agonist for Piezo1, reduces intracranial pressure and improves CSF flow, in addition to restoring meningeal lymphangiogenesis, drainage to the deep cervical lymph nodes, and brain-CSF perfusion. Leveraging these findings, we show Yoda1 treatments in aged mice with reduced CSF flow and turnover improve lymphatic networks, drainage, and brain-CSF perfusion. Our results suggest CSF provides mechanical force to facilitate meningeal lymphatic growth and maintenance. Additionally, applying Yoda1 agonist in conditions with raised intracranial pressure and/or diminished CSF flow, as seen in craniosynostosis or with ageing, is a possible therapeutic option to help restore meningeal lymphatic networks and brain-CSF perfusion.
Gas5 regulates early life stress-induced anxiety and spatial memory
Authors: Banerjee Dipanjana , Sultana Sania , Banerjee Sourav
Published: September 2023

Early life stress (ES) induced by maternal separation (MS) remains a proven causality of anxiety and memory deficits at later stages of life. Emerging studies have shown that MS-induced gene expression in the hippocampus is operated at the level of transcription. However, the extent of involvement of non-coding RNAs in MS-induced behavioural deficits remains unexplored. Here, we have investigated the role of synapse-enriched long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in anxiety and memory upon MS. We observed that MS led to an enhancement of expression of the lncRNA Gas5 (Growth Arrest Specific-5) in the hippocampus; accompanied by increased levels of anxiety and deficits in spatial memory. Gas5 knockdown in early life was able to reduce anxiety and partially rescue the spatial memory deficits of maternally separated adult mice. However, the reversal of MS-induced anxiety and memory deficits is not attributed to Gas5 activity during neuronal development as Gas5 RNAi did not influence spine development. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that Gas5 exerts its function by regulating RNA metabolism and translation. Our study highlights the importance of MS-regulated lncRNA in anxiety and spatial memory.
Circuit-based intervention corrects excessive dentate gyrus output in the Fragile X mouse model
Authors: Deng Pan-Yue , Kumar Ajeet , Cavalli Valeria , Klyachko Vitaly A.
Published: September 2023

Abnormal cellular and circuit excitability is believed to drive many core phenotypes in fragile X syndrome (FXS). The dentate gyrus is a brain area performing critical computations essential for learning and memory. However, little is known about dentate circuit defects and their mechanisms in FXS. Understanding dentate circuit dysfunction in FXS has been complicated by the presence of two types of excitatory neurons, the granule cells and mossy cells. Here we report that loss of FMRP markedly decreased excitability of dentate mossy cells, a change opposite to all other known excitability defects in excitatory neurons in FXS. This mossy cell hypo-excitability is caused by increased Kv7 function inFmr1KO mice. By reducing the excitatory drive onto local hilar interneurons, hypo-excitability of mossy cells results in increased excitation/inhibition ratio in granule cells and thus paradoxically leads to excessive dentate output. Circuit-wide inhibition of Kv7 channels inFmr1KO mice increases inhibitory drive onto granule cells and normalizes the dentate output in response to physiologically relevant theta-gamma coupling stimulation. Our study suggests that circuit-based interventions may provide a promising strategy in this disorder to bypass irreconcilable excitability defects in different cell types and restore their pathophysiological consequences at the circuit level.
Massively parallel identification of sequence motifs triggering ribosome-associated mRNA quality control
Authors: Chen Katharine Y. , Park Heungwon , Subramaniam Arvind Rasi
Published: September 2023

Decay of mRNAs can be triggered by ribosome slowdown at stretches of rare codons or positively charged amino acids. However, the full diversity of sequences that trigger co-translational mRNA decay is poorly understood. To comprehensively identify sequence motifs that trigger mRNA decay, we use a massively parallel reporter assay to measure the effect of all possible combinations of codon pairs on mRNA levels inS. cerevisiae. In addition to known mRNA-destabilizing sequences, we identify several dipeptide repeats whose translation reduces mRNA levels. These include combinations of positively charged and bulky residues, as well as proline-glycine and proline-aspartate dipeptide repeats. Genetic deletion of the ribosome collision sensor Hel2 rescues the mRNA effects of these motifs, suggesting that they trigger ribosome slowdown and activate the ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) pathway. Deep mutational scanning of an mRNA-destabilizing dipeptide repeat reveals a complex interplay between the charge, bulkiness, and location of amino acid residues in conferring mRNA instability. Finally, we show that the mRNA effects of codon pairs are predictive of the effects of endogenous sequences. Our work highlights the complexity of sequence motifs driving co-translational mRNA decay in eukaryotes, and presents a high throughput approach to dissect their requirements at the codon level.
LRRK2 kinase dependent and independent function on endolysosomal repair promotes macrophage cell death
Authors: Morrison Rebecca , Mihaylov Simeon R , Luk Chak Hon , Rodgers Angela , Athanasiadi Natalia , Morris Huw R , Pellegrino Enrica , Ultanir Sila , Gutierrez Maximiliano G
Published: September 2023

LRRK2 is commonly mutated in Parkinson’s disease and has cell type-specific mechanisms of activation and function. In macrophages, LRRK2 is associated with lysosomes and is activated following lysosomal damage. However, effects of pathogenic LRRK2-G2019S in macrophages are unknown. Here, using primary mouse and human iPSC-derived macrophage (iPSDM) models of LRRK2-G2019S, we defined the substrates of LRRK2 after lysosomal damage. Using phosphoproteomics we found that LRRK2-G2019S and wild-type macrophages showed similar levels of Rab phosphorylation after lysosomal damage, with the exceptions of Rab12 and Rab35, which were increased and decreased, respectively, in LRRK2-G2019S. LRRK2-G2019S macrophages showed a LRRK2 kinase activity-independent deficit in lysosomal membrane repair which resulted in more cell death and increased apoptosis. Importantly, we recapitulated this phenotype in iPSDM from patients carrying the G2019S mutation, but not in isogenic control iPSDM. Altogether, we define here the signaling downstream of G2019S in macrophages and identify susceptibility to cell death after lysosomal damage as an important phenotype of this mutation.
Exonuclease Xrn1 regulates TORC1 signaling in response to SAM availability
Authors: McGinnis Madeline M. , Sutter Benjamin M. , Jahangiri Samira , Tu Benjamin P.
Published: September 2023

Autophagy is a conserved process of cellular self-digestion that promotes survival during nutrient stress. In yeast, methionine starvation is sufficient to induce autophagy. One pathway of autophagy induction is governed by the SEACIT complex, which regulates TORC1 activity in response to amino acids through the Rag GTPases Gtr1 and Gtr2. However, the precise mechanism by which SEACIT senses amino acids and regulates TORC1 signaling remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify the conserved 5’-3’ RNA exonuclease Xrn1 as a surprising and novel regulator of TORC1 activity in response to methionine starvation. This role of Xrn1 is dependent on its catalytic activity, but not on degradation of any specific class of mRNAs. Instead, Xrn1 modulates the nucleotide-binding state of the Gtr1/2 complex, which is critical for its interaction with and activation of TORC1. This work identifies a critical role for Xrn1 in nutrient sensing and growth control that extends beyond its canonical housekeeping function in RNA degradation and indicates an avenue for RNA metabolism to function in amino acid signaling into TORC1.
Emotional memory consolidation during sleep is associated with slow oscillation–spindle coupling strength in young and older adults
Authors: Rodheim Katrina , Kainec Kyle , Noh Eunsol , Jones Bethany , Spencer Rebecca M.C.
Published: September 2023

Emotional memories are processed during sleep; however, the specific mechanisms are unclear. Understanding such mechanisms may provide critical insight into preventing and treating mood disorders. Consolidation of neutral memories is associated with the coupling of NREM sleep slow oscillations (SOs) and sleep spindles (SPs). Whether SO–SP coupling is likewise involved in emotional memory processing is unknown. Furthermore, there is an age-related emotional valence bias such that sleep consolidates and preserves reactivity to negative but not positive emotional memories in young adults and positive but not negative emotional memories in older adults. If SO–SP coupling contributes to the effect of sleep on emotional memory, then it may selectively support negative memory in young adults and positive memory in older adults. To address these questions, we examined whether emotional memory recognition and overnight change in emotional reactivity were associated with the strength of SO–SP coupling in young (n= 22) and older (n= 32) adults. In younger adults, coupling strength predicted negative but not positive emotional memory performance after sleep. In contrast, coupling strength predicted positive but not negative emotional memory performance after sleep in older adults. Coupling strength was not associated with emotional reactivity in either age group. Our findings suggest that SO–SP coupling may play a mechanistic role in sleep-dependent consolidation of emotional memories.
Gamification and its challenges in e-learning: a case study of computer science learners in KKHSOU
Authors: Barua Antara Mahanta , Bharali Sruti Sruba
Published: September 2023

Purpose

The purpose of the case study is to investigate the perception of computer science learners at Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University (KKHSOU) regarding the use of gamification and to identify the challenges in implementing gamified teaching-learning processes in open and distance learning (ODL) institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

The case study was carried out by observing the views of the learners on the use of gamification in distance learning and studying the participation level of computer science learners before and after the gamification environment was added to a specific topic through the learning management system (LMS). The pre-game and post-game effects on learners' participation against various factors using t-tests were also investigated in this study.

Findings

The study reveals that gamification had a positive and highly significant influence on the learners' participation and engagement in the e-content provided via the LMS. The post-gamification mean score (5.62) was higher than the pre-gamification mean score (2.36), and the overall paired t-test (5.301) value was significant at the 1% level of significance. Some of the challenges faced during the study were communication with the learner, lack of technical skills of the learner, duration of study, etc.

Originality/value

This study will help in understanding the perception and effect of gamification on computer science learners in ODL mode in India. The study succeeded in demonstrating that the use of gamified elements results in increased learner participation.
Extending training predictors link with training transfer through mediation of motivation
Authors: Yaqub Yasmin , Dutta Tanusree , Singh Arun Kumar , Srivastava Abhaya Ranjan
Published: September 2023

Purpose

The study proposes to empirically test a model that illustrates how identical elements (IEs), transfer design and trainer performance as training predictors affect trainees' motivation to improve work through learning (MTIWL) and training transfer (TT) in the Indian context.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey was conducted to validate the study model. The quantitative data collected from 360 executives and managers were analyzed using the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) technique.

Findings

The study finds that trainees' MTIWL has a full mediation impact between transfer design, trainer performance and TT. However, a partial mediating impact of MTIWL was found between IEs and TT.

Originality/value

This is the first study that empirically explores the mediating mechanism of MTIWL between IEs, transfer design, trainer performance and TT. This study extends the current understanding of trainees' MTIWL that links the cumulative influence of training predictors to TT.
Bounding gait control of a parallel quadruped robot
Authors: Hao Xu , Wei Lang , Qiao Yue , Xu Shengzui , Liao Jian Bin , Xi Yu , Wei Wang , Liu Zhi-Wei
Published: September 2023

Purpose

The computing power of the legged robot is not enough to perform high-frequency updates for the full-body model predictive control (MPC) of the robot, which is a common problem encountered in the gait research of the legged robot. The purpose of this paper is to propose a high-frequency MPC control method for the bounding gait of a parallel quadruped robot.

Design/methodology/approach

According to the bounding gait characteristics of the robot, the quadruped robot model is simplified to an equivalent plane bipedal model. Under the biped robot model, the forces between the robot’s feet and the ground are calculated by MPC. Then, the authors apply a proportional differential controller to distribute these forces to the four feet of the quadruped robot. The robot video can be seen at www.bilibili.com/video/BV1je4y1S7Rn.

Findings

To verify the feasibility of the controller, a prototype was made, and the controller was deployed on the actual prototype and then fully analyzed through experiments. Experiments show that the update frequency of MPC could be stabilized at 500 Hz while the robot was running in the bounding gait stably and efficiently.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a high-frequency MPC controller under the simplified model, which has a higher working efficiency and more stable control performance.
I want what they have: the impact of salesperson envy on customer relationships amid organizational disruption
Authors: Hancock Tyler , Mallin Michael L. , Pullins Ellen B. , Johnson Catherine M.
Published: September 2023

Purpose

This study aims to use cognitive appraisal theory to explain how organizational disruption influences the development of envy resulting in unethical selling practices, turnover intentions and a reduction in customer orientation that causes disruption to impact customer relationships. This research helps to address drivers of salesperson envy, the potential disruptions to customer relationships and the required need to invest in psychological resources to offset these negative effects.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 211 salespeople were surveyed to test the hypotheses. First, the measurement model was validated using a confirmatory factor analysis. Next, the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling AMOS 27. Mediation and moderated mediation were tested using the bootstrap method. Estimands were created within AMOS to test the indirect and interaction effects in the full model. A post hoc analysis further informed the findings.

Findings

The results show that the development of envy increases under conditions of organizational disruptions, leading to potential customer disruptions through turnover intentions, unethical selling behaviors and a reduction in customer orientation. In addition, the mediation analysis shows that envy drives the relationship between organizational disruption and unethical selling, turnover intentions and customer orientation through fully mediated relationships. Finally, the interaction effects between organizational disruption and psychological capital show high levels of psychological capital help to decrease the development of envy, thus reducing unethical selling behaviors and turnover intentions while increasing customer orientation.

Practical implications

The study provides practitioners with insights into how to reduce envy by investing in the psychological capital of their salesforce. The study also provides suggestions for handling disruptions and managing envy to prevent actions that act to damage customer relationships.

Originality/value

Salespeople are likely to encounter organizational disruption. Sales managers need to be prepared to manage the outcomes of organizational disruption as it impacts the sales force. Understanding how disruptions impact customer relationships through envy is an important yet under-explored topic. This research adds to and expands the sales literature using cognitive appraisal theory to help address drivers of salesperson envy and its potentially negative impact on customer relationships and shows the required need to invest in psychological resources to offset these negative effects. The study also helps expand the recent focus on worldwide disruptions by adopting another context for disruption stemming from organizational disruption.
Frequency‐domain autocorrelation imaging condition for 3D elastic time‐reversal imaging
Authors: Yoon Byoungjoon , Moon Seokjoon , Cho Yongchae , Park Kwon‐Gyu , Pyun Sukjoon
Published: September 2023

In this study, we propose a frequency‐domain autocorrelation as an imaging condition for time‐reversal imaging. The previous imaging conditions in time‐reversal imaging require time‐domain calculations such as inverse Fourier transform. The computational burden of these calculations is critical; therefore, time‐reversal imaging is not the proper method for real‐time event localization. We exclude these time‐domain calculations for efficiency. Instead, the maximum amplitude position of the frequency‐domain autocorrelation of the time‐reversal wavefield is determined as a source location. We conducted numerical tests to validate our imaging condition. The synthetic data test shows that our proposed algorithm provides a more credible source localization result than the conventional grid‐search method does in a noisy environment even using only one frequency component with many receivers. We also applied our algorithm to two real datasets acquired from the small monitoring network in Pohang. The real‐data test shows a comparable result with the result of the grid‐search method.
Modelled economic evaluation of a virtual emergency department in Victoria
Authors: Le Long Khanh‐Dao , Thai Thao , Cameron Peter A , Sri‐Ganeshan Muhuntha , O'Reilly Gerard M , Mitra Biswadev , Nehme Ziad , Brichko Lisa , Underhill Andrew , Charteris Claire , Egerton‐Warburton Diana , Mihalopoulos Cathrine
Published: September 2023

Objective

Virtual ED (VED) can potentially alleviate ED overcrowding which has been a public health challenge. The aim of the present study was to conduct a return‐on‐investment analysis of a VED programme developed in response to changing healthcare needs in Australia.

Methods

An economic model was developed based on initial patient outcome data to assess the healthcare costs, potential costs saved and return on investment (ROI) from the VED. The VED programme operating as part of Alfred Health Emergency Services. The participants were the first 188 patients accessing the Alfred Health VED. VED is the delivery of emergency assessment and management of specific patients virtually via audio‐visual teleconferencing. ROI ratios that compare cost savings with intervention costs.

Results

The mean total operational cost of VED for 79 days for 188 patients was A$344 117 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] $296 800–$392 088). The VED led to a potential A$286 779 (95% UI $241 688–$330 568) healthcare cost saving from reductions in emergency visits and A$97 569 (95% UI $74 233–$123 117) cost saving in ambulance services. The ROI ratio was estimated at 1.12 (95% UI 0.96–1.32).

Conclusions

The VED was cost neutral in a conservatively modelled scenario but promising if any hospital admission could be saved. Ongoing research examining a larger cohort with community follow up is required to confirm this promising result.
Do rights matter? An intraday analysis of rights issues in Australia
Authors: Drienko Jozef , Sault Stephen J. , Wong Wai Han
Published: September 2023

We examine intraday abnormal returns associated with rights issue announcements in the Australian equity market over the period January 2000 to December 2022. Consistent with prior studies, we find significant abnormal returns ranging from −2.9% to −2.7% on the event day. We provide the first evidence on intraday price reactions pertaining to rights issues in Australia. Within 15 min of an announcement, we find significant abnormal trade returns of −1.2%. However, market participants are unable to profit by trading on these announcements due to transaction costs. Our results imply that the information content is fully impounded within 90 min.
Letter: NSBB for fatty liver disease—Still a long way to go. Authors' reply
Authors: Jachs Mathias , Paternostro Rafael , Reiberger Thomas , Mandorfer Mattias
Published: September 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Paternostro et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17653 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17692
Challenging the geographic bias in recognising large‐scale patterns of diversity change
Authors: Zhang Wenyuan , Grenyer Richard , Gaston Kevin J. , Sheldon Ben C.
Published: September 2023

Aim

Geographic structure is a fundamental organising principle in ecological and Earth sciences, and our planet is conceptually divided into distinct geographic clusters (e.g. ecoregions and biomes) demarcating unique diversity patterns. Given recent advances in technology and data availability, however, we ask whether geographically clustering diversity time‐series should be the default framework to identify meaningful patterns of diversity change.

Location

North America.

Taxon

Aves.

Methods

We first propose a framework that recognises patterns of diversity change based on similarities in the behaviour of diversity time‐series, independent of their specific or relative spatial locations. Specifically, we applied an artificial neural network approach, the self‐organising map (SOM), to group time‐series of over 0.9 million observations from the North American Breeding Birds Survey (BBS) data from 1973 to 2016. We then test whether time‐series identified as having similar behaviour are geographically structured.

Results

We find little evidence of strong geographic structure in patterns of diversity change for North American breeding birds. The majority of the recognised diversity time‐series patterns tend to be indistinguishable from being independently distributed in space.

Main Conclusions

Our results suggest that geographic proximity may not correspond to shared temporal trends in diversity; assuming that geographic clustering is the basis for analysis may bias diversity trend estimation. We suggest that approaches that consider variability independently of geographic structure can serve as a useful addition to existing organising rules of biodiversity time‐series.
Characterization of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl causing stem canker on Teak (Tectona grandis L.) in Ecuador
Authors: Vélez‐Zambrano Sergio Miguel , Vélez‐Olmedo Jefferson Bertin , García Susana , Bonfim Bianca S. A. , Cedeño Pedro Emilio , Pinho Danilo
Published: September 2023

Teak is a very important tropical timber in Ecuador. In 2017, teak samples displaying stem canker symptoms were collected in two provinces of Ecuador. From 11 symptomatic trees, 11 isolates resembling a species of Lasiodiplodia were obtained. All isolates obtained induced stem canker on teak plants after artificial inoculation, confirming them as the cause of the observed canker symptoms. Bayesian inference with concatenated sequences of complete ITS and partial TEF‐α and β‐TUB gene sequences from two representative isolates clustered teak isolates with other sequences of Lasiodiplodia theobromae available in Genbank. This is the first report of L. theobromae causing stem canker on teak plants in Ecuador.
Research on monitoring method for crack depth of railway hollow axle during bench test
Authors: Yan Rui‐Guo , Wang Wen‐Jing , Zhou Ping‐yu , Shan Wei
Published: September 2023

Hollow axles are critical safety components for high‐speed trains, and the operational safety of the axle is ensured by combining infinite life design and damage tolerance analysis based on ultrasonic testing. The establishment of the ultrasonic inspection interval requires the axle bench test, but it has been a challenge to obtain the initial crack at a determined depth. This paper proposes a method for predicting the transverse crack depth of axles by combining a full‐scale axle bench test with simulation analysis. The monitoring of crack depth is achieved by measuring the cracks on the axle surface. The crack propagation test was conducted to validate the prediction method with good results. The test results demonstrate the potential of crack monitoring methods in axle crack monitoring and provide new ideas for axle safety monitoring.
Thermal conductivity improvement in silicon nitride ceramics via grain purification
Authors: Imamura Hisayuki , Kawata Tsunehiro , Honda Sawao , Iwamoto Yuji
Published: September 2023

β‐silicon nitride (β‐Si3N4) ceramics with an additive oxide system of 1 wt% MgO and 3 wt% Re2O3 (Re = Gd, La, Y, and Yb) were fabricated by liquid phase sintering at 1950°C under nitrogen pressure of 748 kPa. Starting α‐Si3N4 powder with 10 vol% rod‐like β‐Si3N4 seed crystallites and an extended sintering time from 5 to 40 h resulted in the formation of bimodal microstructure composed of fine matrix grains and large grains. The 40 h‐sintered specimens of pseudo ternary β‐Si3N4‐MgO‐Gd2O3 system exhibited enhanced thermal conductivity of 127.2 ± 2.5 W m−1 K−1 associated with a degradation of the fracture strength from 1008.0 ± 38.0 to 491.7 ± 32.0 MPa, which was due to the formation of coarse‐grained aggregates that acted as both fracture origin as well as a thermal conductive pathway. The theoretical thermal conductivity was predicted for the sintered specimens by using equations based on a mean‐field micromechanics model to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of each component of binary composites. The calculation results suggested that the thermal conductivity of the large β‐Si3N4 grains (≥ 2 μm in diameter) was relatively high and estimated to be in the range of 175 to 191 Wm−1 K−1. The improved thermal conductivity of the 40 h‐sintered specimens was further discussed for the series of β‐Si3N4‐MgO‐Re2O3 systems based on the nanostructure characterization results obtained by the high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry analyses.
Interdisciplinary treatment of mutilated dentition and transverse maxillary deficiency with microimplant‐assisted rapid palatal expansion, microimplants, and dental implants
Authors: Lee Mi‐Young , Park Jae Hyun , Chang Na‐Young , Chae Jong‐Moon
Published: September 2023

Objective

This case report demonstrates an interdisciplinary approach to treat a 26‐year‐old male patient with hyperdivergent Class II skeletal pattern, maxillary transverse deficiency, slight anterior open bite, and multiple hopeless teeth with root rests.

Clinical Considerations

An interdisciplinary treatment was required for oral hygiene improvement, caries treatment, extraction of residual roots and hopeless teeth, maxillary expansion using microimplant‐assisted rapid palatal expansion, improvement of skeletal and dental relationship using orthodontic microimplants, and prosthetic restorations with the aid of dental implants.

Conclusion

Consequently, esthetic and functional occlusal rehabilitation was achieved.

Clinical Significance

Hyperdivergent Class II facial and skeletal patterns with multiple missing teeth can be effectively treated using orthodontic skeletal anchorage. In young adults, the transverse discrepancy can be resolved using MARPE, which is also useful for improving the sagittal and vertical relationships. In the case of multiple missing teeth, orthodontic treatment can provide the proper space to facilitate dental implants to achieve optimal esthetics and function.
The impact of labor on the performance of founder‐family firms
Authors: Jagannathan Murali , Myers Brett W. , Niu Xu
Published: September 2023

Firms managed by the scions of founders continue to be prevalent in the United States despite the increase in shareholder activism over the last few decades, calling into question the argument that such organizational structures reduce firm value. Founder‐family successions are rare in high‐growth industries where the benefits of selecting from a larger pool of managers is significant. Rather, they tend to happen in low‐growth industries, in manufacturing/retail firms. Once we account for the differences in firm characteristics, we do not find that founder‐family successions reduce firm value. We explore a mechanism that compensates for the costs of choosing from a smaller pool of managers and document evidence consistent with family firms benefiting from improved labor relations.
PETROGRAPHY OF PYROBITUMENS IN MIDDLE – LATE JURASSIC SANDSTONES FROM THERMALLY DEGRADED HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATIONS, EAST GREENLAND
Authors: Strogen Dominic P. , Marshall John E. A. , Whitham Andrew G. , Andrews Steven D.
Published: September 2023

A number of exhumed hydrocarbon traps have been described from the Traill Ø region of East Greenland. This study focuses on the Bjørnedal area where the distribution of bitumen has been mapped out. Bitumen staining clearly has a cross‐cutting relationship to stratigraphic units and can be shown to form distinct palaeo‐accumulations. Detailed petrographic studies show that bitumen occurs as late diagenetic phases in Middle to Late Jurassic sandstones, and is present both as both grain‐coating and pore‐filling phases. Geochemical analyses confirm that the bitumen is organic in composition and is composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Both H/C ratios and bonds identified by FTIR behave as expected with increasing maturity measured using bitumen reflectance. Together, these results provide strong evidence that the material is pyrobitumen derived from the in situ thermal degradation of a liquid hydrocarbon precursor. On the basis of textures in transmitted and reflected light and quantitative bitumen reflectance distributions, two populations of pyrobitumen may be recognised in some samples.

Two phases of Paleogene magmatism occurred in the Traill Ø region. The first late Paleocene – early Eocene phase was related to the opening of the northern North Atlantic in the earliest Eocene, and was experienced throughout East Greenland and the northwest European margin. The later magmatic phase was related to the gradual separation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent from East Greenland through the late Eocene – early Oligocene. A single pyrobitumen phase is recognised in accumulations only affected by the early magmatism, and a second phase is only observed in areas affected by both the early and later magmatism. This relationship is interpreted as evidence for a direct relationship between magmatic phases and bitumen generation. The presence of bitumen formed by the thermal degradation of liquid hydrocarbons during the later magmatic event suggests that a viable petroleum system remained active following the early magmatic event.
Socialisation of children to nurse and nursing images: A Goffman‐inspired thematic analysis of children's picture books in a Swedish context
Authors: Glasdam Stinne , Xu Hongxuan , Stjernswärd Sigrid
Published: September 2023

Picture books are often part of children's socialisation processes, contributing to the children forming images of the world, including ideas about (categories of) people, such as nurses. The study aims to explore how nurses/nursing are portrayed in children's picture books in a Swedish context. Through a systematic search, 44 books were included for analysis using thematic analysis and a theoretical lens inspired by Goffman. The results were presented in three themes: ‘The costume characterised and designated nurses’, ‘Nurses and nursing were defined through specific activities and accessories’, and ‘Nurses’ role as caregivers and decency practitioners'. The results showed that nurses were depicted/described in varied contexts, performing their roles mainly front stage in ‘hands‐on work’ in close contact with patients and relatives. Nurses were attributed different accessories and personality characteristics. Nurses/nursing were generally set within a healthcare context, oftentimes within an overarching medical logic. Historical depictions of nurses' uniforms still appeared as a signifier for nurses/nursing. The presentation of nurses/nursing might have potential implications on children's understanding of and for reputations of nurses/nursing in the long term as primary socialisation and related understandings of the (sub)world(s) are deeply rooted in humans.
Identification of biomarkers related to prognosis and diagnosis of periodontitis by bioinformatics based on public database
Authors: Wang Xi , Zou Yuchun , Zhang Jingque
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that has a negative impact on people's life. However, studies on potential key genes with excellent diagnostic value for periodontitis disease have not been systematically explored.

Methods

GSE10334 data set was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Following the gene expression profiles were normalized by the Robust multi‐array average (RMA) algorithm, the differentially expressed genes were screened and incorporated into Weight gene correlation network analysis to obtain hub genes. Receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis was used to verify the validity and agility of the hub genes‐based least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model. Furthermore, we validated the expression of these hub genes by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.

Results

Eight hub genes were identified and had good diagnostic values. Besides, the upregulations of eight hub genes were verified both in protein and mRNA levels in clinical periodontitis gum tissue.

Conclusion

We discovered potential biomarkers in periodontitis based on the public database and these biomarkers focused on several immune responses and inflammatory pathways. Thus, this study may provide potential therapeutic targets for early diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
Hertz's legacy in Tractarian metaphysics1
Authors: Schmidt Martin
Published: September 2023

The influence of Heinrich Hertz's The Principles of Mechanics on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus has been studied for decades, but it has never become a mainstream topic in the Wittgensteinian literature. This paper focusses on Tractarian notions of objects, elementary facts and elementary sentences and discusses their similarities with Hertz's concepts of mass, its constituents and their mechanistic images. As the paper demonstrates, the Hertzian context provides some fruitful interpretational leads concerning several controversial ideas endorsed by early Wittgenstein, namely propositional analysis, logical independence of elementary facts, logical independence of elementary sentences, and modalities.
Characteristics and gaps in the assessment of progress in mine restoration: insights from five decades of published literature relating to native ecosystem restoration after mining
Authors: Harries Katherine L. , Woinarski John , Rumpff Libby , Gardener Mark , Erskine Peter D.
Published: September 2023

Desires that mine sites are restored to self‐sustaining native ecosystems providing benefits for people have been longstanding. However, achieving and demonstrating progress toward mine restoration goals is complex and requires sustained assessment of numerous disparate components. The recently released Society for Ecological Restoration Mine Site Restoration Standards (SER MSRS) recommend utilizing restoration science assessments to determine whether sites are developing toward similarity with targeted ecosystems and exhibiting self‐sustainability. We conducted a global review of publications that assessed restoration to native ecosystems after mining. Our objectives were to (1) document case studies of long‐term assessments of mine restoration and (2) evaluate the extent to which restoration assessment has reported the achievement of varied mine restoration goals on a global scale, including (3) whether any ecosystem components and restoration attributes are underrepresented in published assessments. Among the 712 publications we collated, we documented case studies with sustained reporting on similar restoration and significant increase over time in the quantity and breadth of attributes and ecosystems assessed. Nevertheless, notable gaps remain, or underreporting persists. For example, there have been relatively few assessments targeting understanding of key ecosystem processes, resilience, and threats to ecosystem persistence that are necessary for demonstrating “self‐sustainability.” Our review also revealed limited consideration of ecosystem services that rarely involved impacted communities. We recommend efforts to collate and expand assessments of similar restoration trajectories, placing more focus on indicators that enable the evaluation of characteristics and progress toward a self‐sustaining socioecological ecosystem, to help achieve the goals of mine site restoration.
Psychopathy and COVID‐19: Callousness, impulsivity, and motivational reasons for engaging in prevention behavior
Authors: Tacke Luke J. , Lishner David A. , Knepple Carney Amy , Vitacco Michael J. , Saltigerald Ben , Jacquez Haley R. , Hillman Vanessa , Meendering MacKenzie , Burgess Brittany , Smith Allison , Neumann Craig S.
Published: September 2023

Two direct replication studies were conducted to investigate the associations of psychopathic traits with engagement in COVID‐19 prevention behavior and motivational reasons for engaging in such behavior. College undergraduate students completed two self‐report measures of psychopathic traits based on the four‐factor conceptualization of psychopathy (callous affect, manipulative tendency, erratic lifestyle, criminal tendency) and the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy (meanness, disinhibition, boldness). Participants then reported the degree to which they engaged in COVID‐19 prevention behavior currently and in the past, and reported their self‐focused and other‐focused motivational reasons for doing so. Results aggregated across both studies (N = 292) revealed that traits reflecting emotional callousness and impulsivity independently predicted lower levels of other‐focused reasons for engaging in prevention behavior. Moreover, controlling for other‐focused reasons appreciably reduced negative associations of emotional callousness and impulsivity with prevention behavior. The results provide insight into points of convergence in conceptualization and measurement of psychopathy from multiple theoretical perspectives and the importance of considering the impact of divisive personality traits on motivation to protect others during pandemics.
Multi‐level Implementation of International Law: The Role of Vertical Epistemic Communities
Authors: Niederhauser Matthieu , Maggetti Martino
Published: September 2023

Subnational entities in federal states typically retain a degree of sovereignty and enjoy leeway in implementation, raising questions such as whether—and how—international law is actually implemented at the subnational level. This article sheds light on these questions, using two contrasted case studies in Switzerland: The Istanbul Convention on domestic violence and the European Union (EU) Directive 2016/680 on data protection. Based on a document analysis of the law‐making process and 44 semi‐structured interviews with national and subnational political actors, we observe how international obligations are legally implemented, that is, transposed into legislation at the subnational level. Our results show that: (1) Subnational civil servants play a decisive role, while members of parliament are marginal. (2) Civil servants may constitute Vertical Epistemic Communities (VECs), which are able to “technicize” the issue to ensure swift implementation through administrative venues. (3) VECs are particularly influential as they use intercantonal conferences as institutional platforms to shape implementation processes. Otherwise, implementation becomes politicized, and its success strongly depends on subnational politics.
Digital connectedness and exports upgrading: Is sub‐Saharan Africa catching up?
Authors: Cariolle Joël , da Piedade Camille
Published: September 2023

We highlight a new dimension of the submarine cable infrastructure network, termed ‘digital connectedness’, reflecting a country's digital proximity to main world markets and assess its impact on export upgrading. Using an instrumental variables approach conducted on a sample of 60 developing countries—including 23 sub‐Saharan African countries—over the period 1995–2017, we find that digital connectedness contributes positively and significantly to the export basket complexity but also points out spatial heterogeneity within our sample. In fact, estimations stress that compared to the Rest of the World, a 10 pp increase in the share of world GDP directly cabled to SSA countries leads to a supplementary increase ranging from 4.6 index points to 5.3 index points in the export complexity index. Moreover, while everywhere else the positive effect of digital connectedness declines with distance from global markets, in sub‐Saharan Africa the benefit increases. Finally, in line with the literature, improved digital connectedness also translates into higher exports of differentiated goods and greater participation in the global value chain.
Las cláusulas abusivas en el contrato estatal
Authors: Rodríguez Yong Camilo Andrés , Yong Serrano Samuel
Published: September 2023

El artículo analiza, a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, la aplicación de la doctrina de las cláusulas abusivas en los contratos estatales. Con este objetivo, se dividió el documento en dos partes. En la primera, se exponen algunas consideraciones generales sobre las cláusulas abusivas. En la segunda, cuál es el alcance de estas cláusulas en el ámbito particular de la contratación estatal en Colombia, en especial, su finalidad, características y la sanción jurídica a la cual están sometidas.
Heat Transfer in an Injector-Scaled Additively Manufactured Fuel Passage
Authors: Walker Thomas D. , Bonham Clare
Published: September 2023

Knowledge of heat transfer in fuel wetted passages is important for informing injector design and life estimates due to the effects of temperature on fuel degradation. Future injectors will be manufactured using additive methods in an effort to reduce production costs and time, while also facilitating more agile design practices. Additive manufacturing (AM) is known to result in increased surface roughness compared to conventional manufacturing techniques, however limited data exist on how this roughness impacts heat transfer, particularly in liquid flows. This paper solves the inverse heat conduction problem for heat transfer coefficient in liquid flows through rough 90 deg channel bends typical of the pilot gallery in a lean direct-injection fuel spray nozzle. Heat transfer distributions across two rough surfaces are compared to an equivalent smooth surface. The two rough surfaces have different morphologies but have the same relative effective sand grain roughness which is matched to a prototype AM fuel injector. The sand grain roughness is predicted from a correlation that has been adapted for the high relative roughness scales characteristic of additively manufactured fuel passages. The effective sand grain roughness estimated from surface measurements of a prototype AM fuel gallery was ∼13% of the passage hydraulic diameter. For the two rough surfaces, the heat transfer enhancement is up to three times the smooth surface value for the straight section preceding the bend and up to four times around the bend. Heat transfer distributions across the two rough surfaces are similar, but the magnitudes differ by ∼17% depending on the surface morphology. This highlights the importance of the heat transfer effectiveness of surface features, which unlike the sand grain roughness is not matched for the two surfaces considered. Adjusting the data for differences in heat transfer effectiveness corrects the average heat transfer for the rough surfaces to within 7%.
Compressor Design for Compact, Highspeed Electric Motors
Authors: Teichel Sönke , Çokşen Ahmet , Handschuh Philipp
Published: September 2023

High-speed electric drives and compact turbo compressors allow to increase efficiency and decrease size of gas supply systems. A new high-speed drive platform using highly loaded electrical components and passive gas bearings is introduced. Aiming at a large variety of gas supply applications (e.g. general air supply, fuel cell gas supply, refrigeration), the required mass flow, pressure ratio and power also greatly varies. To cover all applications, the full design space of axial, mixed, and radial flow compressors is relevant. In this paper, general design considerations for electrically powered, compact compressors are presented along with exemplary compressor designs. These designs are investigated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as well as experimental tests. Using test data, it is shown that the numerical predictions in terms of compressor performance agree well with the experimental results. The test data confirm that gas supply system efficiencies above 55% are possible with compact turbo compressors.