bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of standard and variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus on infections of chickens
Authors: Craft David W. , Brown John , Lukert Phil D.
Published: January 2024

T-cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were measured in chickens infected with standard and variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus. One-day-old and 3-week-old chickens were infected with these viruses and then given sheep rbc, killed Brucella abortus strain 19, and Newcastle disease virus. Appropriate serologic tests were used to monitor the primary and secondary responses to the antigens. Lymphoblast transformation assays were performed weekly. The response to the infectious bursal disease virus was determined by virus neutralization tests, microscopic examination of bursas, and bursal to body weight ratios. One-day-old chickens had T-cell-mediated and humoral immune suppression with both strains of virus, compared with controls. The lymphoblast transformation responses indicated that the variant strain was significantly (P < 0.05) more suppressive than the standard strain. Three-week-old chickens had humoral immune suppression with the standard strain, but not with the variant strain. The lymphoblast transformation response was transiently suppressed at this age by the variant strain only. During the first week of infection, 1-day-old and 3-week-old chickens had lower neutralizing antibody titers to the variant strain than to the standard strain.
Immunoturbidimetric quantification of serum immunoglobulin G concentration in foals
Authors: Bauer John E. , Brooks Timothy P.
Published: January 2024

Immunoturbidimetric determination of serum IgG concentration in foals was compared with the reference methods of single radial immunodiffusion and serum protein electrophoresis. High positive correlations were discovered when the technique was compared with either of these reference methods. The zinc sulfate turbidity test for serum IgG estimation was also evaluated. Although a positive correlation was discovered when the latter method was compared with reference methods, it was not as strong as the correlation between reference methods and the immunoturbidimetric method.

The immunoturbidimetric method used in this study is specific and precise for equine serum IgG determination. It is rapid and, thus, is advantageous when timely evaluation of critically ill foals is necessary. The technique should be adaptable to various spectrophotometers and microcomputers for widespread application in veterinary medicine.
Preliminary study of laryngeal sacculectomy in horses, using a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser technique
Authors: Shires G. M. H. , Adair H. S. , Patton C. S.
Published: January 2024

In an attempt to ablate the laryngeal saccule as an alternative method of sacculectomy (conventially done through a laryngotomy incision for laryngeal hemiplegia) a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser was used transendoscopically in noncontact fashion in 6 horses. The procedure was easy, quick, and labor-saving, with few complications.

Endoscopically, the lased sacculectomy site appeared healed at postsurgical day 42. On postsurgical day 42, microscopic examination revealed mucosal remnants under the granulation bed. Laser energy caused thermal damage to tissues adjacent to the lased saccule. Additional work must be done to refine the technique before it can be recommended for clinical applications.
Elimination of salicylic acid in goats and cattle
Authors: Short Charles R. , Hsieh Lily C. , Malbrough Marsha S. , Barker Steven A. , Neff-Davis Carol A. , Davis Lloyd E. , Koritz Gary , Bevill Richard F.
Published: January 2024

Sodium salicylate was administered to cattle and goats iv and po according to a crossover design. Total urinary excretion of sa and its metabolites was measured for 3 days after dosing. Salicyluric acid (sua) was the only metabolite detected in urine of either species. Recovery of sodium salicylate and sua in goats amounted to 67.9 and 34.6% of the dose, respectively, after iv administration. After oral dosing, total recoveries were 30.2% (sodium salicylate) and 71.7%(sua) of dose. By comparison, cattle excreted significantly (P < 0.05) less sodium salicylate (54.0%) and more sua (49.9%) after iv dosing. The same pattern was observed after oral administration, wherein cattle excreted < 12% as sodium salicylate and more than 99% as sua. In both species, almost 90% of the drug excreted as sodium salicylate was found in urine within the first 12 hours after an iv dose and within 24 hours after oral dosing. The excretion of sua was somewhat slower in both species, especially after oral administration. The data suggested that there were only quantitative differences in the metabolism and elimination of sodium salicylate between the 2 species, with cattle excreting a higher proportion of the drug as the glycine conjugate sua.
Factors associated with the development of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Authors: Dill Stephen G. , Correa Maria T. , Erb Hollis N. , deLahunta Alexander , Kallfelz Francis A. , Waldron Cynthia
Published: January 2024

A case-control study was done to identify factors associated with the development of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (edm). Questionnaires were mailed to the owners of 146 horses admitted to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine between November 1978 and June 1987 and diagnosed as having edm by histologic examination. Questionnaires also were sent to owners of 402 clinically normal horses admitted to the college during the same period. Data were compared between the edm-affected and control groups (56 and 179 questionnaires returned, respectively). Risk factors identified included the use of insecticide applied to foals, exposure of foals to wood preservatives, and foals frequently spending time on dirt lots while outside. Foals spending time outside on green pastures was a protective factor. Foals from dams that had had an edm-affected foal were at higher risk of developing edm than were foals from other dams.
Effect of antimicrobial solution lavage on the palmar digital tendon sheath in horses
Authors: Baird A. N. , Scruggs Daniel W. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Taylor Tex S.
Published: January 2024

Sixteen horses were allotted to 4 groups of 4 horses each to evaluate the effect of tendon sheath lavage with 4 solutions (balanced electrolyte solution, 0.1% povidone-iodine, 0.5% povidone-iodine, and 0.5% chlorhexidine). The synovitis caused by 0.1% povidone-iodine lavage was not appreciably worse than that caused by balanced electrolyte solution lavage, but the 0.5% povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine lavages caused severe synovitis, and, therefore, should not be used for tendon sheath lavage.
Visual-evoked potentials and electroretinograms in ruminants with thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia or suspected listeriosis
Authors: Strain George M. , Claxton Marjorie S. , Olcott Bruce M. , Turnquist Susan E.
Published: January 2024

Electrodiagnostic visual testing (electroretinogram [erg] and visual-evoked potential [vep]) was performed on 5 ruminants (3 lambs, 1 kid, and 1 steer) with thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia (pem) and on 2 sheep with listeriosis. The lambs and kid had typical clinical signs of pem, especially blindness. In these animals, the erg was normal but the vep was abnormal. Follow-up recordings in the kid and 1 lamb indicated an improvement in vep recordings accompanying a gradual return of vision after thiamine treatment. Possible subtle changes in vep peak latencies could not be assessed because of lack of normative vep data for sheep and goats. All animals had complete return of vision (owner-assessed). The steer did not have signs of blindness, and the erg and vep were normal. Changes in vep accompanying permanent pem blindness are not known.

One sheep with suspected listeriosis had lack of menace response and palpebral and corneal reflexes, but had intact vision. The erg and vep were normal. The second sheep with suspected listeriosis had intact menace response and vision, but became acutely blind and died; the ERG was normal, but vep amplitudes were depressed.
Use of the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with isolated Anaplasma marginale initial bodies for serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle
Authors: Montenegro-James S. , Guillen A. T. , Ma S. -J. , Tapang P. , Abdel-Gawad A. , Toro M. , Ristic M.
Published: January 2024

Isolated Anaplasma marginale initial bodies were successfully used in a dot elisa for rapid detection of antibodies to Anaplasma organisms. The enzyme immunoassay used only 25 ng of antigen dotted onto nitrocellulose disks. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected by use of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated protein A, and reactions were read visually after addition of a precipitable, chromogenic substrate. The test allowed the processing of multiple sera, either for screening or for titer determination, in < 3 hours and was found to be as sensitive as the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The overall performance of the dot elisa, using isolated A marginale initial bodies, for 580 bovine serum samples was as follows: sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 96%; and predictive value, 95%. Cross-reactivity was not observed with sera positive to Babesia bovis and B bigemina, Trypanosoma vivax, or common bacteria or viruses infecting cattle. The antigen dotted onto nitrocellulose disks was stable when stored at -20, 4, or 25 C. Compared with the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the dot ELISA allowed easier, faster, and more objective interpretation of results. Its simplicity and low cost combined with high sensitivity and specificity indicate that this assay could effectively replace serologic assays currently used for diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle.
Physiologic and body composition changes in feeder pigs under simulated marketing conditions
Authors: Becker B. Ann
Published: January 2024

Two experiments were conducted to determine changes in body composition and various physiologic variables in feeder pigs under simulated marketing conditions. In the first experiment, pigs were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups for 48 hours: (1) no water and feed; (2) water ad libitum, no feed; (3) no water, feed ad libitum; or (4) water and feed ad libitum. During a 48-hour recovery period, all pigs were allowed feed and water ad libitum. Plasma triiodothyronine decreased (P < 0.01) within the first 24 hours in groups-1 and -2 pigs, but increased (P < 0.01) within the first 6 hours of the recovery period. The circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol was disrupted in groups- 1 and -3 pigs and during recovery in group-1 pigs. Packed cell volume increased (P < 0.05) in groups-1 and -3 pigs and returned to initial values within the first 24 hours of the recovery period. In the second experiment, body composition was estimated by the 40K technique for fat free body mass, percentage of nitrogen, and percentage of fat. Body composition was determined before and after pigs were allotted to 1 of 2 groups for 48 hours: group-1 pigs were given feed and water ad libitum and group-2 pigs were not given feed and water. Group-1 pigs gained 2.2 kg of body weight (P < 0.01), 0.6% fat (P < 0.01), 0.7 kg of fat-free body mass, and 0.02% nitrogen (P > 0.01). Group-2 pigs lost 2.3 kg of body weight (P < 0.01), 0.6% fat (P < 0.01), 2.0 kg of fat-free body mass (P < 0.01), and 0% nitrogen.
Flow cytofluorometric studies on the alteration of leukocyte populations in blood and milk during endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows
Authors: Saad A. M. , Ostensson K.
Published: January 2024

Alterations in the various leukocyte populations in milk, blood, and mammary lymph were studied by use of the flow cytometric method during acute mastitis episodes induced by endotoxin infusion (50 μg of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium SH 4809) via the teat canal. Lymph samples were collected via a semipermanent catheter from an afferent duct to the supramammary lymph node. Milk somatic cell count increased at 4 hours after infusion of endotoxin. Neutrophils were the predominant cell population for up to 59 hours after infusion. Numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes-macrophages in milk also increased after the endotoxin infusion. The total cell count in milk started to decrease during the third postinfusion day and returned to preinfusion values during the fourth day. Lymphocyte numbers remained high for about 1 week after the infusion, and lymphocytes were the predominant cell population between postinfusion days 4 and 8. Total blood leukocyte count decreased during the first 6 hours after infusion, followed by an increase until postinfusion hour 31. The proportion of neutrophils in blood increased during the first day, whereas that of lymphocytes decreased. Lymph flow rate and leukocyte numbers in lymph increased after endotoxin infusion. The proportion of neutrophils in the lymph increased during the first 6 hours, whereas that of lymphocytes decreased. After postinfusion hour 6, the inverse course of events was seen.
Effects of treatment of growing swine with aflatoxin and T-2 toxin
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Huff William E. , Corrier Donald E. , Rottinghaus George E. , Phillips Timothy D.
Published: January 2024

Effects of dietary aflatoxin (af) and T-2 toxin, singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace × Hampshire) pigs. The experimental design consisted of 4 treatment groups of 6 barrows each fed diets containing 0 mg of af and T-2/kg of feed (controls; group 1), 2.5 mg of af/kg of feed (group 2), 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (group 3), or 2.5 mg of af plus 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (af + T-2; group 4) ad libitum for 28 days (7 to 11 weeks of age). Production performance, and serum biochemical, and hematologic evaluations were made weekly. Body weight and body weight gain were depressed by all toxin treatments, but the effect of af and T-2 toxin in combination was less than additive. Liver and kidney weights, as a percentage of body weight, were increased by af treatment, and heart weight, as a percentage of body weight, was increased by T-2 treatment. Treatment with T-2 toxin induced necrotizing contact dermatitis on the snout, buccal commissures, and prepuce. Consumption of af resulted in increased serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, cholinesterase, and γ-glutamyltransferase, and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Consumption of T-2 toxin resulted in increased serum triglyceride concentration and decreased serum iron concentration. Treatment with af induced lower serum unsaturated iron-binding capacity and high rbc count, pcv, hemoglobin concentration, wbc count, and prothrombin time. Treatment with T-2 toxin induced microcytic hypochromic anemia, increased numbers of circulating metarubricytes and decreased absolute numbers of lymphocytes. Hepatocellular lesions in barrows of the af and the af plus T-2 groups (2 and 4, respectively) were compatible with aflatoxicosis. When fed in combination, each toxin appeared to have a sparing action on certain effects of the other, and the responses elicited were either additive or less than additive.
Effect of endotoxin administration on equine digital hemodynamics and Starling forces
Authors: Hunt Robert J. , Allen Douglas , Moore James N.
Published: January 2024

Using a pump-perfused extracorporeal isolated digital preparation, the effects of a 30-minute infusion of either saline solution (control) or endotoxin on equine digital hemodynamics and microvascular function were determined. Digital blood flow and arterial, venous, and capillary pressures were recorded at 15-minute intervals for 150 minutes. From these data, total vascular resistance and pre- and postcapillary resistances were calculated. Isogravimetric capillary filtration coefficient, vascular compliance, and the osmotic reflection coefficient were determined after the last hemodynamic measurements were taken.

Changes in hemodynamic values of control equine digits were not observed. During the 120 minutes after infusion of endotoxin, digital blood flow decreased 43%, and total vascular resistance increased 89%. Precapillary resistance increased 122%, but postcapillary resistance did not change significantly. Changes in vascular compliance or the capillary filtration coefficient were not observed in response to either treatment. The osmotic reflection coefficient, an index of permeability, did not differ significantly between digits of the endotoxin-treated and control groups. These data indicate that the increase in vascular resistance during endotoxemia may have been attributable to arterial/arteriolar constriction and that neither the permeability nor the surface area of the exchange vasculature within the digit was significantly affected by endotoxin. Although marked alterations in vascular function are seen after administration of endotoxin, these changes do not parallel those documented in association with experimentally induced laminitis.
Effect of T-2 toxin on resistance to systemic Salmonella typhimurium infection of newly hatched chickens
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , Elissalde Marcel H.
Published: January 2024

Newly hatched chickens were treated with the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, during the first day of life. Control chickens were treated with other agents known to cause immunosuppression—cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, and aflatoxin. Chickens were infected on day 6 (5 days after treatment with T-2 toxin) by intraperitoneal inoculation with Salmonella typhimurium. Blood samples were collected from treated chickens (noninfected) and used to assess the responsiveness of blood lymphocytes to T-cell or B-cell mitogens, phytohemagglutinin, or lipopolysaccharide, respectively. The T-2 toxin had a profound negative effect on the ability of the chickens to resist salmonellosis, as measured by survival. However, the toxin effect in reducing phytohemagglutinin- and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mitogenesis, though significant (P > 0.05), was not severe. Our data indicate a direct effect of T-2 toxin on native resistance to systemic salmonellosis, which was not accompanied by marked alteration in T- or B-cell responses to mitogenic stimulation.
Anthelmintic activity of the macrocyclic lactone F28249-α in sheep
Authors: Shoop W. L. , Egerton J. R. , Eary C. H. , Suhayda D.
Published: January 2024

The macrolytic lactone F28249-α was titrated in experimentally infected sheep and found to be highly effective against most of the common gastrointestinal nematodes as a single oral dose, given at a rate of 0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg. Specifically, maximal activity was evident at even the lowest dosage against adult Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcinta, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis and L4 O circumcinta. Activity against Oesophagostomum columbianum was also high at all dosages, with a calculated ed95 of 0.029 mg/kg. Cooperia curticei was eliminated at 0.1 mg/kg, but control was erratic at the lower dosages. The greatest weakness of this compound was its activity against C oncophora. The activity against this parasite was weak (≤ 85%) at all dosages, and the dosage-response curve was flat, suggesting dosages substantially higher than those given would be necessary for high-order control of this species.
Prophylactic efficacy of four antibacterial shampoos against Staphylococcus intermedius in dogs
Authors: Kwochka Kenneth W. , Kowalski Joseph J.
Published: January 2024

Prophylactic efficacy of 4 antibacterial shampoos against Staphylococcus intermedins in dogs was determined by use of a controlled quantitative technique. Ten adult Beagles were used in the study. The antibacterial agents in the shampoos were 3.0% benzoyl peroxide, 0.5% Chlorhexidine acetate, 1.0% available iodine as a polyalkyle-neglycol-iodine complex, and a combination of 0.5% triclosan, 2.0% sulfur, and 2.0% salicylic acid. Treated and control sites were challenge exposed with 5.30 ± 0.10 (log10) S intermedins colony-forming units (cfu)/cm2 of skin and occluded for 5 hours. At the end of the test period, remaining bacteria were removed with a detergent cup-scrub technique and the total number of S intermedins cfu/cm2 skin was calculated for each treated and control site.

Nontreated bacteria-challenged control sites yielded 5.62 ± 0.65 S intermedins cfu/cm2 of skin. Staphylococcus intermedins recovery (cfu/cm2) from the treated sites was 0.94 ± 0.76 for benzoyl peroxide, 1.96 ± 1.33 for Chlorhexidine acetate, 3.11 ± 0.48 for organic iodine, and 4.69 ± 0.23 for triclosan-sulfur-salicylic acid. Each S intermedins recovery value from the 4 treated sites was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that from the nontreated S intermedins challenge-exposed control site. Bacteria recovery values were also significantly (P < 0.05) different among the 4 shampoo-treated sites.

We concluded that all shampoos had significant (P < 0.05) prophylactic activity against S intermedins over 5 hours. The shampoo containing benzoyl peroxide was determined to have the greatest efficacy among the products tested.
Induction of pneumonia in rabbits by use of a purified protein toxin from Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Chrisp Clarence E. , Foged Niels T.
Published: January 2024

Heat-labile toxin from a cell sonicate of a virulent typeD strain of Pasteurella multocida was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Toxic activity was assayed during toxin purification by cytopathic effect in Vero or bovine embryonic lung cell cultures. Toxicity for cells correlated with dermonecrosis in guinea pig skin. Toxicity was accounted for by a single protein with a molecular weight of 149,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbits were inoculated intranasally with purified toxin to determine whether toxin had a role in the induction of pneumonia in rabbits infected with P multocida. Pneumonia, pleuritis, acute hepatic necrosis, and splenic lymphoid atrophy were found in 4 of 5 rabbits. One of 5 rabbits had bilateral turbinate atrophy. Western blotting with monoclonal antibodies to toxin from a P multocida isolate causing atrophic rhinitis in pigs revealed the toxin that induces pleuritis and pneumonia in rabbits to be the same or a closely related toxin.
Diversity of pilin of serologically distinct Bacteroides nodosus
Authors: Gradin Joseph L. , Stephens Jennifer A. , Pluhar G. Elizabeth , Marta Kimette M. , Smith Alvin W.
Published: January 2024

Pili from 11 distinct serotypes of Bacteroides nodosus were examined for diversity of pilin polypeptide subunits among serotypes and for purity of the pilin preparations. The pilin of all 11 samples was shown to be homogeneous. Mean ± sd molecular weight of the pilin of 7 serotypes (A198, IV, V, VI, IX, XVII, and XVIII) was 18,500 ± 100. The pilin of serotypes I, III, and VIII had molecular weight of 17,600, 19,400, and 19,000, respectively. Serotype XV differed greatly from the other 10 serotypes in that 2 distinct polypeptide bands with molecular weight of approximately 7,800 and 6,200 were detected. We suggest that these 2 low molecular weight bands resulted from proteolytic cleavage of the pilin protein.
Cotrol study of fowl cholera outbreaks in meat turkeys in California from August 1985 through July 1986
Authors: Hird David W. , Carpenter Tim E. , Snipes Kurt P. , Hirsh Dwight C. , McCapes
Published: January 2024

From Aug 1985 through July 1986, 720 meat turkey flocks on 160 California premises were monitored and outbreaks of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) were investigated. Data from 43 outbreak (case) flocks were compared with data from 43 nonoutbreak (control) flocks. Outbreak flocks, compared with control flocks, were more likely to be located on premises with higher maximal bird capacity and history of fowl cholera outbreaks. The overall impression was that flocks in larger, newer, more intensively managed premises were at greater risk of fowl cholera outbreaks than were other flocks.
Immunohistologic examination of monoclonal antibodies generated against Eimeria bovis sporozoites for reactivity to meronts and sexual stages of E bovis and other eimerian parasites
Authors: Lindsay D. S. , Dubey J. P. , Fayer R.
Published: January 2024

Seven monoclonal antibodies (mab) generated against sporozoites of Eimeria bovis were tested for reactivity against immature and mature first-generation meronts, sexual stages, and oocysts in tissues from experimentally infected calves by use of an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (abpc) immunohistologic test. Three of the 7 mab reacted in the abpc test. One of these, mab-4FB4, reacted only with mature E bovis meronts. The other 2 mab, mab-2AE7 and mab-4AD7, reacted with all the developmental stages of E bovis tested. Asexual stages and sexual stages of E tenella from chickens and E papillota from mice also were examined in the abpc test. Monoclonal antibodies mab-2AE7 and mab-4AD7 reacted with all stages of these eimerian protozoa. None of the other 5 mab reacted with these parasites. Results of this study suggested that antigens are shared among the asexual and sexual stages of several diverse Eimeria species.
Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis by whey
Authors: Barta Ota , Barta Vera D. , Crisman Mark V. , Akers R. Michael
Published: January 2024

Bovine whey samples were evaluated by use of lymphocyte-transformation tests to determine their effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis. Whey samples from mammary glands with clinical mastitis strongly inhibited dna synthesis and blastogenesis in lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens or dividing because of bovine leukemia virus infection. Whey samples from apparently healthy glands either did not inhibit lymphocyte dna synthesis or inhibited it to a lesser degree than did whey from mastitic glands. Degree of inhibition was dose-dependent. The molecules causing inhibition were noncytotoxic and underwent minimal binding to the lymphocytes. Inhibitory molecules were susceptible to various proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes, indicating a glycoprotein-like structure. Whey inhibited incorporation of thymidine if it was in the cell cultures during the early stages of stimulation. Incubation of lymphocytes in whey that inhibited thymidine incorporation did not affect dna synthesis in subsequent culturing of the same cells without whey. Degree of inhibition was affected by the method of whey preparation.
Age-related changes in protein concentrations in serum and respiratory tract lavage fluid obtained from cats
Authors: McCarthy Grainne M. , Quinn P. J.
Published: January 2024

Total protein concentration was determined in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid, and nasal flush fluid obtained from specific-pathogen-free cats from birth to maturity and from adult conventionally raised cats. Protein components were analyzed by Immunoelectrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Albumin, and α-, β-, and γ-globulins were among the proteins identified in bal fluid, and their isoelectric point ranged from 3.1 to 5.1. γ-Globulin was not detected in serum or bal fluid of newborn kittens before they had ingested colostrum. By day 3 after ingestion of colostrum, IgG was detected in high concentration in serum and was the predominant immunoglobulin in serum and bal fluid of older cats. Nasal flush fluid from cats > 6 months old contained albumin, and α-, β-, and γ-globulins, with IgA being the predominant immunoglobulin. Total protein concentration in nasal flush fluid increased progressively with increasing age, and albumin was the predominant protein. Protein concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in bal fluid from conventionally raised adult cats than in that from specific-pathogen-free cats.
Changes in blood and bronchoalvelor lavage fluid components in calves with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Bauer Milton C. , Whiteley Laurence O. , Maheswaran Samuel K. , Ames Trevor R.
Published: January 2024

Pneumonic pasteurellosis was experimentally induced in calves by inoculation of 5 × 108 Pasteurella haemolytica organisms into the right diaphragmatic lung lobe. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained prior to inoculation and at postinoculation hour (pih) 2, 4, and 6. Calves developed acute lung injury, characteristic of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Lesions were found only in the right diaphragmatic lobe. By pih 4, significant (P < 0.01) increases were detected in lavage fluid total cell count, neutrophil count, total protein and albumin concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (alp) and lactic dehydrogenase (ld) activities. Myeloperoxidase and elastase activities did not increase. Neutrophil depletion ameliorated the lung lesions and prevented the increase in lavage fluid cell count, total protein, and albumin concentrations and alp and ld activities. Treatment with the iron chelator, deferoxamine mesylate-hydroxyethyl starch, attenuated the increase in total protein and albumin concentrations and alp and ld activities at pid 4, but not pih 6. Treatment with a neutrophil function inhibitor, pentoxifylline, prevented the increase in lavage fluid neutrophil numbers, but accentuated the increase in total protein and albumin concentrations, and alp, ld, myeloperoxidase, and elastase activities.
Use of newly developed assays for protein C and plasminogen in horses with signs of colic
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Prasse Keith W. , Moore James N.
Published: January 2024

Protein C content and plasminogen activity were measured in plasma from 100 horses with signs of colic. Data were analyzed by grouping horses 4 ways. Each horse was allotted to 1 of 2 outcome groups (survivors and nonsurvivors), 1 of 3 broad-category diagnosis groups (inflammatory disorders, strangulating obstructions, and all other gastrointestinal disorders), and 1 of 2 clinical management groups (medical and surgical). In a fourth grouping, all horses (although numbers of horses included in each subgroup were small) were assigned either to specific diagnostic groups that had high expectation for activated hemostasis (intestinal ischemia, endotoxemia, jugular thrombosis, peritoneal adhesions, and laminitis) or to a control group, in which active hemostasis was unlikely. Within 2 to 24 hours after admission, nonsurvivors developed lower protein C content than did survivors. Protein C content and plasminogen activity became low during hospitalization in horses with strangulating obstructions and in horses having surgery. The results from the grouping by specific diagnosis must be considered pilot data because the numbers of horses in each subgroup were small. Although not statistically significant, trends were noticed in protein C and plasminogen: (1) horses with intestinal ischemia and endotoxemia developed low protein C content and plasminogen activity, (2) protein C content became low in horses that developed peritoneal adhesions or laminitis, and (3) plasminogen activity became low in horses that developed jugular thrombosis. Low protein C content or low plasminogen activity, or both, may be useful as predictors for outcome and for these specific complications of equine colic. Protein C content and plasminogen activity were often normal at admission, but decreased by 2 to 24 hours; therefore, the hemostatic alterations appear to be an effect, rather than a cause of the gastrointestinal disorders. A return to normal values over several days may signify clinical improvement.
Granulopoiesis in the pineal gland of chickens
Authors: del Cacho Emilio , Gallego Margarita , Bascuas Jose Antonio
Published: January 2024

Foci of differentiating heterophilic granulocytes in the pineal gland were studied by light and electron microscopy in chickens, from hatching until 56 weeks of age. Foci of granulopoiesis could be seen in the first 24 hours after hatching. Thereafter, their number and cellular density increased, becoming highest at 2 weeks. From then on, numbers decreased progressively until foci disappeared at 18 weeks. Granulopoietic cells established local associations with fibroblast-like cells. Mature granulocytes reached the bloodstream by the 2 mechanisms described for hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, either passing between lining cells or through the cytoplasm of lining cells.
Development of a serologic assay for cysticercosis, using an antigen isolated from Taenia spp cyst fluid
Authors: Hayunga Eugene G. , Sumner Mary P. , Rhoads Marcia L. , Murrell K. Darwin , Isenstein Robert S.
Published: January 2024

An ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid (Thfas) was further evaluated for use in the immunodiagnosis of cysticercosis. Analysis of Thfas by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein immunoblot analysis confirmed earlier reports of a highly specific, low molecular weight antigen in this preparation; in contrast, other components of Thfas were shown to react nonspecifically. Antibodies against the < 12-kD diagnostic antigen were detected in sera from 10 cattle and 4 swine inoculated with metacestodes of T saginata and T solium, respectively, but not in animals inoculated with Fasciola hepatica, Trichinella spiralis, Brucella abortus, or Toxoplasma gondii, or in noninoculated controls. Isolation and immobilization of the < 12-kD antigen on a hydrophobic transfer membrane resulted in development of an unambiguous dipstick assay capable of correctly identifying fully developed (10-week) experimentally induced infections in cattle and swine. In addition, the dipstick assay was highly specific for diagnosis of the disease in human beings, and offers the potential of distinguishing between human clinical cases of cysticercosis and taeniasis. A similar reactive antigen of diagnostic potential was also identified and isolated from T crassiceps and T taeniaeformis cyst fluids.
Ultrastructure of developing Isospora suis in cultured cells
Authors: Lindsay David S. , Blagburn Byron L. , Toivio-Kinnucan Maria
Published: January 2024

The ultrastructure of Isospora suis sporozoites, type-1 meronts, and type-1 merozoites was examined, using transmission electron microscopy of infected cultured cells. The ultrastructure of sporozoites and type-1 merozoites was similar. Each possessed trimembranous pellicles, subpellicular microtubules, a conoid, anterior and posterior polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, a single vesicular nucleus, tubular mitochondria, Golgi complexes, ribo-somes, endoplasmic reticula, inactive micropores, amylopectin bodies, lipid bodies, dense bodies, and crystalloid bodies. Merozoites were produced by endodyogeny. Ultrastructural events associated with merozoite production by type-1 meronts are described.
Effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on immune complex glomerulonephritis
Authors: Longhofer Susan L. , Frisbie David D. , Johnson Heidi C. , Culham Cynthia A. , Cooley A. James , Schultz Kevin T. , Grauer Gregory F.
Published: January 2024

To determine the role of thromboxane A2 in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced immune complex glomerulonephritis, 12 concanavalin A-immunized Beagles were infused with 1 mg of concanavalin A via each renal artery and treated twice daily for 8 days with either 30 mg of CGS 12970/kg, po, a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, or placebo. The effect of treatment was assessed by measuring endogenous creatinine clearance and urine protein and eicosanoid excretion, and by evaluating changes in glomerular morphometric characteristics. On postinfusion day 8, urine protein, thromboxane B2, and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 excretion, glomerular epithelial crescent formation, and glomerular cell proliferation in the CGS 12970-treated dogs were significantly decreased when compared with values in the placebo-treated group. Differences were not observed in endogenous creatinine clearance, urine prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α excretion, or glomerular polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration between groups in this study. These findings suggest thromboxane A2 has a role in the development of immune complex glomerulonephritis and that thromboxane synthetase inhibition may be beneficial in attenuating some of the functional and histologic changes associated with immune complex glomerulonephritis.
Risk factors associated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats on California dairies
Authors: Rowe J. D. , East N. E. , Thurmond M. C. , Franti C. E.
Published: January 2024

Log-linear methodology was used to examine relations among caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) seroreactivity and host/management factors in a cross-sectional study of 2,826 goats on 13 California dairies. The caev serologic status was associated with age and feeding method (pasteurized/unpasteurized milk), but not with breed. Data from a prevalence survey of 321 goats from 2 additional dairies demonstrated very good fit of the selected log-linear model (P = 1.00), indicating that the model was very appropriate to describe the relations. Odds of seropositivity and odds ratios were generated by use of a logit model derived from the log-linear model. Goats raised by the unpasteurized feeding method were estimated to have been 3.3 times more likely to be caev-seropositive than goats fed by the pasteurized method, when adjusted for the effects of age. Goats aged 2, 3, 4, and 5 or greater years were estimated to have been 1.7, 2.6, 4.5, and 5.7 times, respectively, more likely to be caev-seropositive than were yearling goats when ratios were adjusted for pasteurization status. Breed, gender, and herd of origin were not associated with caev seroreactivity when the effects of other factors were considered. Estimated odds of caev seroreactivity and the associated odds ratios for combinations of factor levels are reported. In this study, the magnitude and direction of the associations among caev serologic status, age, and pasteurized feeding methods were demonstrated.
In vitro transport of cycloleucine by equine cecal mucosa
Authors: Freeman David E. , Donawick William J.
Published: January 2024

Mucosa obtained from the cecum of healthy horses and incubated in vitro with 0.1 mM cycloleucine could accumulate this amino acid against an apparent concentration gradient after 60 and 120 minutes. Accumulation by the serosal (antiluminal) surface of the tissue was 3 times greater than accumulation by the mucosal (luminal) surface after 120 minutes (P < 0.001). Cycloleucine accumulation was significantly reduced by Na deprivation after 60 minutes (P< 0.05) and 120 minutes (P < 0.01) and by anoxic conditions after 120 minutes (P < 0.05). Transmucosal flux from mucosal to serosal surface of the tissue was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the opposing flux, but both unidirectional fluxes were small and were largely attributed to passive processes. It was concluded that the most avid transport system for cycloleucine was on the serosal surface of the horse's cecal mucosa, and an active transport system was not evident on the mucosal surface. An active transport system for amino acids on the serosal surface could be explained by the need for crypt cells, the predominant epithelial cell type in the cecum, to obtain nutrients from blood, rather than from the intestinal lumen.
Quantitative electroencephalography in dogs anesthetized with 2.0% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Moore Michael P. , Greene Stephen A. , Keegan Robert D. , Gallagher LeRoy , Gavin Patrick R. , Kraft Susan L. , DeHaan Constance , Klappenbach Kurt
Published: January 2024

Quantitative electroencephalography was assessed in dogs under controlled, 2% end-tidal isoflurane anesthetic conditions, and each variable at each electrode site was tested for normal distribution. With the quantitative electroencephalographic system used, 16 values for each of 21 electrode sites were evaluated. Absolute power ratios also were evaluated. The methods for quantitative electroencephalographic recording and analysis appear to be readily adaptable to the dog. Most of the data do not conform to a normal distribution. Therefore, distribution- free nonparametric statistics should be used when looking for differences under experimental or clinical conditions. Quantitative electroencephalography appears to be a sensitive noninvasive method that could be used to evaluate brain function under anesthetic, clinical, and experimental settings.
Comparison of fractional excretion and 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium in clinically normal cats and cats with induced chronic renal failure
Authors: Adams Larry G. , Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , O’Brien Timothy D.
Published: January 2024

The influence of induced chronic renal failure on 24- hour urinary excretion and fractional excretion of sodium and potassium was studied in cats. Induction of chronic renal failure significantly increased fractional excretion of potassium (P < 0.0001) and sodium (P < 0.05); however, 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium decreased slightly following induction of chronic renal failure.

Fractional excretion and 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were compared by linear regression in clinically normal cats, cats with chronic renal failure, and clinically normal and affected cats combined. In clinically normal cats, linear regression revealed only moderate correlation between fractional excretion and 24- hour urinary excretion for sodium and potassium. Linear regression of these same relationships in cats with chronic renal failure, and in clinically normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure combined, indicated low correlation.

Fractional excretions of sodium and potassium were not reliable indicators of 24-hour urinary excretion of these electrolytes in cats with chronic renal failure or unknown glomerular filtration rate. Fractional excretion of potassium and sodium correlated only moderately with 24-hour urinary excretion in clinically normal cats.
Effect of repeated phlebotomy on iron status of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Mandell Carol P. , George Jeanne W.
Published: January 2024

Iron status, as determined by hematologic values, serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, and zinc protoporphyrin concentration, was determined in 2 groups of 6 nonpregnant monkeys. Monkeys of groups 1 and 2 had 10 and 5%, respectively, of their blood volume withdrawn per week for up to 10 weeks or until blood hemoglobin concentration was ≤ 10 g/dl. A third group of 6 monkeys served as controls.

The majority (8/12) of the monkeys became anemic (hemoglobin concentration, ≤ 10 g/dl) after approximately 30 to 70% (mean, 49%) of their blood volume was removed. Anemia was accompanied by decrease in serum iron concentration and percentage of transferrin saturation. Microcytosis, hypochromasia, and increased zinc protoporphyrin concentration, all hematologic characteristics of iron deficiency, developed later. The calculated iron stores ranged from 1 to 133 mg, with mean value of 51 mg. Iron-depleted monkeys had mean calculated available iron store of 20.8 mg, whereas iron-replete monkeys had mean available iron store of 114.0 mg. Changes were not observed in monkeys of the control group during the study period.

None of the baseline hematologic or biochemical analytes measured were good predictors of iron stores. The diet used at the research center did not provide sufficient iron to prevent iron deficiency in most of the monkeys from which a total amount of 30 to 70% of blood volume at 5 or 10%/week was withdrawn. Studies requiring that much blood may need to be modified to include iron supplementation, reduction of sample volume, or iron replacement after termination of projects.
Prospective vaccine prepared from a new mutant of Toxoplasma gondii for use in cats
Authors: Frenkel J. K. , Pfefferkorn E. R. , Smith D. D. , Fishback J. L.
Published: January 2024

Kittens are the principal disseminators of Toxoplasma gondii. They can shed > 108 oocysts in the feces after initial infection with bradyzoites in tissue cysts. Thereafter, most kittens develop protective immunity and do not shed oocysts again if they are reinfected. Bradyzoites of a T gondii mutant, designated T-263, were used to vaccinate kittens. Their use did not result in oocyst shedding, but successfully prevented 84% (31/37) of the kittens from shedding oocysts when challenge exposed with a normal isolate of T gondii. Vaccination of outdoor-roaming cats and kittens would be a useful public health measure to prevent transmission of toxoplasmosis near homes, on farms, and in zoos. It is anticipated that several years will be required for a lyophilized bradyzoite vaccine to be ready for licensing and possible commercial availability.
Effects of postmilking teat treatment on the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus on chapped teat skin
Authors: Fox Lawrence K. , Nagy John A. , Hillers Joe K. , Cronrath James D. , Ratkowsky David A.
Published: January 2024

Sixteen Holstein cows were used to test the effect of postmilking teat treatment on colonization and intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus on chapped teats. Treatments were (1) chapping the teat and using 1% I2/10% glycerin postdip solution, (2) 1% I2/10% glycerin postdip solution on nonchapped teats, (3) chapping the teat and using 10% glycerin postdip solution, (4) chapping the teat and not using a postdip solution. All mammary glands were free of S aureus teat skin colonization and intramammary infection at the start of the study. Teats selected for chapping were dipped in 1N NaOH prior to 3 applications of S aureus broth culture; cultures were applied at 12-hour intervals on all teats. Treatments were applied after each milking for 30 days and were initiated after the second broth dip. Teat skin swab specimens and milk samples were collected before treatment application. Teat skin condition was scored daily. Nonchapped teats (treatment 2) did not support skin or orifice colonization by S aureus. Treatment-1 teats healed most rapidly and supported less colonization in skin and orifice than did treatment-3 and -4 teats. Teat skin scores and skin colonization were lower for treatment-3 than treatment-4 teats. A correlation between teat skin colonization and teat skin conditions was found. Two intramammary infections were found in treatment-4 quarters and 1 in a treatment-3 quarter. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that poor teat skin condition will more readily support S aureus colonization, that a dip of 1% I2 with glycerin helped reduce S aureus colonization and was associated with faster healing, and that glycerin in teat dips may be of value in preventing colonization by S aureus and in promoting healing.
Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses
Authors: Lechtenberg K. F. , Nagaraja T. G.
Published: January 2024

Hepatic abscesses were induced experimentally in 5 steers by inoculating Fusobacterium necrophorum via ultrasonography-guided, percutaneous catheterization of the portal vein. Hepatic ultrasonography was performed to determine the onset and progression of abscessation. Blood samples were collected before and after inoculation for performing leukocyte counts and hepatic function tests. Ultrasonographic evidence of liver abscesses was observed as early as 3 days after inoculation. Abscesses appeared as hyperechoic centers (cellular debris and pus) surrounded by hypoechoic or anechoic areas (fluid). Increases in rectal temperature, leukocyte counts, fibrinogen, globulin, bilirubin, γ-glutamyltransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase concentrations were detected. Hepatic dysfunction was evidenced by decrease in serum albumin concentration and low sulfobromophthalein clearance. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of abscesses correlated well with necropsy findings.