bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUMMARY OF THE VALIDATION OF THE SECOND VERSION OF THE ASTER GDEM
Authors: Meyer D. J. , Tachikawa T. , Abrams M. , Crippen R. , Krieger T. , Gesch D. , Carabajal C.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. On October 17, 2011, NASA and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan released the second version of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) to users worldwide at no charge as a contribution to the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). The first version of the ASTER GDEM, released on June 29, 2009, was compiled from over 1.2 million scene-based DEMs covering land surfaces between 83°N and 83°S latitudes. The second version (GDEM2) incorporates 260,000 additional scenes to improve coverage, a smaller correlation kernel to yield higher spatial resolution, and improved water masking. As with GDEM1, US and Japanese partners collaborated to validate GDEM2. Its absolute accuracy was within -0.20 meters on average when compared against 18,000 geodetic control points over the conterminous US (CONUS), with an accuracy of 17 meters at the 95% confidence level. The Japan study noted the GDEM2 differed from the 10-meter national elevation grid by -0.7 meters over bare areas, and by 7.4 meters over forested areas. The CONUS study noted a similar result, with the GDEM2 determined to be about 8 meters above the 1 arc-second US National Elevation Database (NED) over most forested areas, and more than a meter below NED over bare areas. A global ICESat study found the GDEM2 to be on average within 3 meters of altimeter-derived control. The Japan study noted a horizontal displacement of 0.23 pixels in GDEM2. A study from the US National Geospatial Intelligence Agency also determined horizontal displacement and vertical accuracy as compared to the 1 arc-second Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM. US and Japanese studies estimated the horizontal resolution of the GDEM2 to be between 71 and 82 meters. Finally, the number of voids and artifacts noted in GDEM1 were substantially reduced in GDEM2.
EVALUATION OF ASTER GDEM v.2 USING GPS CHECKPOINTS, OSGB DEM VALUES AND PHOTOGAMMETRICALLY DERIVED DEMS
Authors: Sadeq H. , Drummond J. , Li Z.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A 2010 study examining ASTER GDEM v1 data revealed accuracies of 12-25m and strong negative discrepancy biases compared to precise GPS observations, in several test sites in China. Rather than further investigating these, with the advent of ASTER GDEM v2 a new series of tests, also using precise GPS observations but also other DEMs, was performed. In these tests better than the expected 17m accuracies were found (RMSE values of 3.9m to 15.3m) and no strong biases.
THE VISUALIZATION METHOD OF THE 3D CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF ASIAN DUST IN THE GOOGLE EARTH
Authors: Okuda W. , Kusaka T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The Asian dust (called "Kosa" in Japan) transported from desert areas in the northern China often covers over East Asia in the late winter and spring seasons. In this study, first of all, for dust events observed at various places in Japan on April 1, 2007 and March 21, 2010, the long-range transport simulation of Asian dust from desert areas in the northern China to Japan is carried out. Next, the method for representing 3D dust clouds by means of the image overlay functionality provided in the Google Earth is described. Since it is very difficult to display 3D dust clouds along the curvature of the Earth on the global scale, the 3D dust cloud distributed at the altitude of about 6300m was divided into many thin layers, each of which is the same thickness. After each of layers was transformed to the image layer, each image layer was displayed at the appropriate altitude in the Google Earth. Thus obtained image layers were displayed every an hour in the Google Earth. Finally, it is shown that 3D Asian dust clouds generated by the method described in this study are represented as smooth 3D cloud objects even if we looked at Asian dust clouds transversely in the Google Earth.
A PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBLE POSITION EXTRACTION METHOD OF EXISTING 3D FILES FOR LARGE BUILDING EVACUATIONS
Authors: Niu L. , Ke X. , Qiu Z.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. As the emergency evacuation research in large building area draws more attention than ever before, it is natural to fast acquire the navigation information for this purpose. Current solution for extracting human accessible area from existing data files consumes a significant amount of resource and time. Thus a better solution is required. We propose a semi-automatic plan, which introduces a conceptual model to extract and organize the accessible data of large building. This solution utilizes several spatial algorithms to extract detail traversing information from existing 3D building files and introduce spatial relationships to manage the extracted data.
AN ITERATIVE TERRAIN RECOVERY APPROACH TO AUTOMATED DTM GENERATION FROM AIRBORNE LIDAR POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Chen H. , Cheng M. , Li J. , Liu Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper presents a hierarchical recovery method to generate DTMs from airborne LiDAR point clouds based one an idea of layering. The developed method first registers the last return points, and then layering them. The layering is done by dividing the points into different height layers and assigning layer numbers to each point. The layer numbers are comparing references in later identification process. Then a series of rasterized pyramid levels which consisted of lowest points are generated. Since the outliers have been removed after the layering, the cells in top level are considered to be terrain points and used as reference to identify cells in the following level. After the identification of the second level, an interpolation will occur in the cells which identified as offterrain. And the interpolated level will be used as reference in its following level and the same process is repeated at each level. Once this process of the bottom level finished, the proposed method adjusts the results based on the first return feedback and followed by the final interpolation. As a result, this produces the final DTM. The developed method is data driven, and does not assume a prior knowledge about the scene complexity. The proposed method was tested with the ISPRS WG III/3 LiDAR datasets covering different terrain types and filtering difficulties. The results show that the proposed method can perform well in flat terrain or gentle slope area.
AN UPDATING PRODUCTION LINE SYSTEM FOR NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHICAL DATABASE AT 1:50K OF CHINA BASED ON DIGITAL MAP GENERALIZATION
Authors: Zhao R. , Chen J. , Wang D. , Shang Y. , Wang Z. , Li X. , Ai T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper is focused on applying digital map generalization into the updating of geo-spatial database from large scale in the collaborative updating environment for SDI, an updating production line system for national topographical database at 1:50k of China is introduced. Based on the requirements analysis and review, we analyze the key factors for implementing updating geospatial data from large scale including technical and non-technical factors, followed by the general strategy of digital map generalization in practical production environment. In fact the most important factor is recognized that it is very difficult to establish generalization rules for production systems. We emphasized on this factor in our work and established a set of rules or constrains for scale topographical database updating 1:50k scaled data from 1:10k scaled data in a full digital environment mainly based on map specifications. Finally, the production line system structure is designed and the practical implementation is given.
RESEARCH ON THE PROTOTYPE OF RAIL CLEARANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Kohut P. , Mikrut S. , Pyka K. , Tokarczyk R. , Uhl T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Measuring of railway structure clearances is a very practical issue, and the operation itself is performed all over the world using various measuring systems. The measurement is aimed chiefly at determining the limits of space that no structure (e.g. a building) located close to the railway track may cross. The paper demonstrates flaws and advantages of particular systems and provides a technological summary of measuring equipment utilized in them. In those systems the measurement of structures is referred to the global system of coordinates, and later, following the detection of rail heads, a transformation to the rail axis arrangement takes place. The preliminary analysis leads to a conclusion that the accuracy of rail clearance measurement is higher in the case of specialized systems as compared to universal ones. On the basis of experience drawn from literature and earlier tests, a decision has been made to proceed with the construction of a rail clearance measurement system in Poland, at the University of Science and Technology in Cracow. This paper presents a research on the prototype of the rail clearance measurement system constructed at the University. The heart of the system involves laser scanners installed on a flatcar and digital cameras. The base of the system includes scanners, which capture data in a continuous way, and photogrammetric cameras, which yield digital images. The cloud of points obtained from a laser scanning is colorized, which causes that such information can replace a classical texture model.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SPATIAL INFORMATION CONSULTING METHOD FOR MERGED LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
Authors: Oku N. , Mizobuchi M. , Hatta A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. In Japan, the merger of local governments is progressing. Since a digital divide may exist between local governments before merging, however, the merger may increase the gap through presenting the contrast and may provide trouble for equitably providing citizen services that the merger should aim for. To solve this problem, we developed a spatial information consulting method for merged local governments. The method can be classified into four phases according to its execution steps. The four phases are "gap analysis" that compares the current state of merging local governments (As-Is) against the ideal state (To-Be),"Scenario analysis" that shows how to realize To-Be against current issues that have been defined through gap analysis, "Cost-benefit analysis" that calculate costs and benefits to verify the feasibility of the analysis-based scenario, and "Roadmap formulation" that reflect the results obtained by the analysis over a yearly schedule table. In result, we have achieved the appropriate planning to integrate data and system for merged local governments, and be introduced in a packaged framework to other local governments that have similar issues.
THE DIGITAL CAMERA AS A GPS COMPASS: LOCATION MATCHING USING POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Nakagawa M. , Kato D. , Endo H. , Itaya H. , Ochiai K. , Nakanishi A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We focus on the potential of a camera to act as a location sensor, assisting other location sensors to improve positioning accuracy. A camera is installed in almost all mobile devices. Moreover, the camera can be used as a location sensor without additional transmitters or receivers. However, if the camera is used as a location sensor, reliable maps will be required. Although there are some location-matching approaches that use maps, the success rate of location detection depends on the representation of a 3-D model and its information content. Compared with a model representation based on Computer-Aided Design (CAD), a point-cloud representation is more photorealistic. We therefore focus on point-cloud data being used for reliable maps. Our proposed locationmatching methodology is based on image matching using images from a digital camera and panoramic images generated from a massive point-cloud in an image-based Geographic Information System (GIS). We conducted experiments in location matching using a digital camera to supply the input data for location detection and a point cloud taken from a terrestrial laser scanner. We have confirmed that our approach can detect locations using a digital camera that is restricted to horizontal movement.
VARIOMETRIC TESTS FOR ACCELEROMETER SENSORS
Authors: D'Urso M. G. , Barbati N.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper has been re-published as: VARIOMETRIC TESTS FOR ACCELEROMETER SENSORS M. G. D'Urso and N. Barbati ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, I–4, 2012 Page(s) 315–320
A HYBRID PULL-PUSH SYSTEM FOR NEAR REAL-TIME NOTIFICATIONS ON SENSOR WEB
Authors: Huang C. Y. , Liang S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. World-wide sensor web generates tremendous amount of sensor data stream allowing people to observe events that were previously unobservable. Sensor web has been wildly applied in many monitoring systems; some of them are extremely time-sensitive, e.g., disaster management systems. However, with the growing amount of sensor data, the traditional request/response communication model becomes inefficient as it is based on point-to-point pulling interactions between users and data providers. In order to address this issue, publish/subscribe communication model has been proposed and applied in many applications, e.g., web blogging. The publish/subscribe model utilizes an intermediary broker on matching predefined queries with the data pushed to the broker. However, we argue that the publish/subscribe model is hard to be directly applied to sensor web due to the fact that most sensor web services are based on pulling interaction model only. For instance, more and more sensor data providers are publishing their sensor data with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Observation Service (SOS) standards, and the OGC SOS services are based on the request/response model. Therefore, in order to address this issue, we propose a hybrid pull-push system to retrieve sensor web data in a timely manner. The preliminary experimental results indicate that the proposed system is able to fetch near real time sensor streams from pull-based sensor web services.
USER FRIENDLY OPEN GIS TOOL FOR LARGE SCALE DATA ASSIMILATION – A CASE STUDY OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING
Authors: Gupta P. K.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Open source software (OSS) coding has tremendous advantages over proprietary software. These are primarily fuelled by high level programming languages (JAVA, C++, Python etc...) and open source geospatial libraries (GDAL/OGR, GEOS, GeoTools etc.). Quantum GIS (QGIS) is a popular open source GIS package, which is licensed under GNU GPL and is written in C++. It allows users to perform specialised tasks by creating plugins in C++ and Python. This research article emphasises on exploiting this capability of QGIS to build and implement plugins across multiple platforms using the easy to learn – Python programming language. In the present study, a tool has been developed to assimilate large spatio-temporal datasets such as national level gridded rainfall, temperature, topographic (digital elevation model, slope, aspect), landuse/landcover and multi-layer soil data for input into hydrological models. At present this tool has been developed for Indian sub-continent. An attempt is also made to use popular scientific and numerical libraries to create custom applications for digital inclusion. In the hydrological modelling calibration and validation are important steps which are repetitively carried out for the same study region. As such the developed tool will be user friendly and used efficiently for these repetitive processes by reducing the time required for data management and handling. Moreover, it was found that the developed tool can easily assimilate large dataset in an organised manner.
COMBINATION OF VIRTUAL TOURS, 3D MODEL AND DIGITAL DATA IN A 3D ARCHAEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Koehl M. , Brigand N.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The site of the Engelbourg ruined castle in Thann, Alsace, France, has been for some years the object of all the attention of the city, which is the owner, and also of partners like historians and archaeologists who are in charge of its study. The valuation of the site is one of the main objective, as well as its conservation and its knowledge. The aim of this project is to use the environment of the virtual tour viewer as new base for an Archaeological Knowledge and Information System (AKIS). With available development tools we add functionalities in particular through diverse scripts that convert the viewer into a real 3D interface. By beginning with a first virtual tour that contains about fifteen panoramic images, the site of about 150 times 150 meters can be completely documented by offering the user a real interactivity and that makes visualization very concrete, almost lively. After the choice of pertinent points of view, panoramic images were realized. For the documentation, other sets of images were acquired at various seasons and climate conditions, which allow documenting the site in different environments and states of vegetation. The final virtual tour was deducted from them. The initial 3D model of the castle, which is virtual too, was also joined in the form of panoramic images for completing the understanding of the site. A variety of types of hotspots were used to connect the whole digital documentation to the site, including videos (as reports during the acquisition phases, during the restoration works, during the excavations, etc.), digital georeferenced documents (archaeological reports on the various constituent elements of the castle, interpretation of the excavations and the searches, description of the sets of collected objects, etc.). The completely personalized interface of the system allows either to switch from a panoramic image to another one, which is the classic case of the virtual tours, or to go from a panoramic photographic image to a panoramic virtual image. It also allows visualizing, in inlay, digital data, like ancient or recent plans, cross sections, descriptions, explanatory videos, sound comments, etc. This project has lead to very convincing results, that were validated by the historians and the archaeologists who have now an interactive tool, disseminated through internet, allowing at the same time to visit virtually the castle, but also to query the system which sends back localized information. The various levels of understanding and set up details, allow an approach of first level for broad Internet users, but also a deeper approach for a group of scientists who are associated to the development of the ruins of the castle and its environment.
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF CHINA’S MAINSTREAM ONLINE MAP SERVICE WEBSITES
Authors: Zhang H. , Jiang J. , Huang W. , Wang Q. , Gu X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. With the flourish development of China's Internet market, all kinds of users for map service demand is rising continually, within it contains tremendous commercial interests. Many internet giants have got involved in the field of online map service, and defined it as an important strategic product of the company. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate these online map service websites comprehensively with a model, and analyse the problems according to the evaluation results. Then some corresponding solving measures are proposed, which provides a theoretical and application guidance for the future development of fiercely competitive online map websites. The research consists of three stages: (a) the mainstream online map service websites in China are introduced and the present situation of them is analysed through visit, investigation, consultant, analysis and research. (b) a whole comprehensive evaluation quota system of online map service websites from the view of functions, layout, interaction design color position and so on, combining with the data indexes such as time efficiency, accuracy, objectivity and authority. (c) a comprehensive evaluation to these online map service websites is proceeded based on the fuzzy evaluation mathematical model, and the difficulty that measure the map websites quantitatively is solved.
THE METHOD TO OBTAIN POSITION USING GNSS AND RFID FOR REALIZATION OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SEAMLESS POSITIONING
Authors: Shikada M. , Shiraishi S. , Takeuchi S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. To obtain indoor positioning by using GPS (GNSS) satellite is difficult now. Additionally it is difficult to obtain high accuracy outdoor position when GPS receiver cannot find four or more GPS satellites in the viewing field of sky. The Japanese Government executed a new law NSDI (National Spatial Data Infrastructure) for a spatial information society on May 30, 2007. In this law, everybody can know positional information in real time, anytime and anywhere. In addition, it is necessary to use satellite positioning for realization of seamless positioning, and to promote ubiquitous network technology. Realization of advanced geospatial information society will achieve by creating condition which can obtain positional information anytime and anywhere. However, those technologies have not been established yet. Our laboratory conducted seamless positioning experiment to verify whether it can obtain position seamlessly by using VRS-GPS (Virtual Reference System-GPS) ,QZSS(LEX signal) and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for realizing an advanced spatial information society. Especially, QZSS was launched in 2010 by JAXA and is satellite system taken by a combination of multi orbit plane and each satellite deployed to appear constantly 1 satellite near the zenith in Japan. We are joining the demonstration experiment of a part of Hokuriku area in Japan at 5th to 9th in March and 23th to 27th in April 2012. In this paper we described advanced spatial information society will realize by a combination of GPS(GNSS),RFID and QZSS.
SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sawant S. A. , Adinarayana J. , Durbha S. S. , Tripathy A. K. , Sudharsan D.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Rapid advances in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for agricultural applications has provided a platform for better decision making for crop planning and management, particularly in precision agriculture aspects. Due to the ever-increasing spread of WSNs there is a need for standards, i.e. a set of specifications and encodings to bring multiple sensor networks on common platform. Distributed sensor systems when brought together can facilitate better decision making in agricultural domain. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) through Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) provides guidelines for semantic and syntactic standardization of sensor networks. In this work two distributed sensing systems (Agrisens and FieldServer) were selected to implement OGC SWE standards through a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach. Online interoperable data processing was developed through SWE components such as Sensor Model Language (SensorML) and Sensor Observation Service (SOS). An integrated web client was developed to visualize the sensor observations and measurements that enables the retrieval of crop water resources availability and requirements in a systematic manner for both the sensing devices. Further, the client has also the ability to operate in an interoperable manner with any other OGC standardized WSN systems. The study of WSN systems has shown that there is need to augment the operations / processing capabilities of SOS in order to understand about collected sensor data and implement the modelling services. Also, the very low cost availability of WSN systems in future, it is possible to implement the OGC standardized SWE framework for agricultural applications with open source software tools.
GLOBAL MAPPING PROJECT – APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VERSION 2 DATASET
Authors: Ubukawa T. , Nakamura T. , Otsuka T. , Iimura T. , Kishimoto N. , Nakaminami K. , Motojima Y. , Suga M. , Yatabe Y. , Koarai M. , Okatani T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The Global Mapping Project aims to develop basic geospatial information of the whole land area of the globe, named Global Map, through the cooperation of National Mapping Organizations (NMOs) around the world. The Global Map data can be a base of global geospatial infrastructure and is composed of eight layers: Boundaries, Drainage, Transportation, Population Centers, Elevation, Land Use, Land Cover and Vegetation. The Global Map Version 1 was released in 2008, and the Version 2 will be released in 2013 as the data are to be updated every five years. In 2009, the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping (ISCGM) adopted new Specifications to develop the Global Map Version 2 with a change of its format so that it is compatible with the international standards, namely ISO 19136 and ISO 19115. With the support of the secretariat of ISCGM, the project participating countries are accelerating their data development toward the completion of the global coverage in 2013, while some countries have already released their Global Map version 2 datasets since 2010. Global Map data are available from the Internet free of charge for non-commercial purposes, which can be used to predict, assess, prepare for and cope with global issues by combining with other spatial data. There are a lot of Global Map applications in various fields, and further utilization of Global Map is expected. This paper summarises the activities toward the development of the Global Map Version 2 as well as some examples of the Global Map applications in various fields.
REVISED COORDINATES FOR APOLLO HARDWARE
Authors: Wagner R. V. , Speyerer E. J. , Burns K. N. , Danton J. , Robinson M. S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter provides direct imaging, at pixel scales of 0.5 to 1.0 meter, of anthropogenic equipment left on the Moon. We identified the descent stages of the lunar modules, central stations of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package, Laser Ranging Retroreflectors (LRRRs), and Lunar Roving Vehicles in each NAC image of the Apollo landing sites. The pixel coordinates of those objects were then converted to latitude and longitude coordinates using SPICE routines in the U.S. Geological Survey Integrated System for Imagers and Spectrometers. For images that contained an LRRR, pointing information was updated to match the well known LRRR coordinates. Final coordinates for each object are reported as averages from multiple images. NAC observations allow refinement of the locations of these objects and result in a more accurate geodetic referencing at these historic sites. Additionally, the anthropogenic coordinate analysis enables realistic error estimates for NAC derived coordinates for features anywhere on the Moon.
THE IMPORTANT OF TOPONYM IN THE MIDDLE OF MAPS AND IMAGERY FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Perdana A. P. , Hendrayana E. , Santoso W. E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Maps without toponym is blind maps, imagery without names in top of it is hard for us to understand for which location the imagery stand for. Place names should be verified and validated to maintain its unique, the consistency and accuracy also to understand the meaning behind the geographical names. In Indonesia, toponym is part of basic geospatial information that mentioned in Act Number 4 Year 2011 about Geospatial Information. According to Presidential Regulation Number 112 Year 2006 about National Team for Geographical Names Standardization mentioned that accurate information and data about the geographical names should be achieved and realizing the national gazetteer so there is a similarity of topographical names in Indonesia. Based on several disaster evidences in Indonesia, peoples are always looking for geographical names as the first key to enter relevant information. The accurate and consistent writing in geographical names play important roles in the maps and imagery. There is a need to build national gazetteer for disaster management and many other purposes because it is basic element for communication extensively in support social development, economic, conservation, and national infrastructure.
FUSION OF AIRBORNE AND TERRESTRIAL IMAGE-BASED 3D MODELLING FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT – VISION AND FIRST EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Nebiker S. , Cavegn S. , Eugster H. , Laemmer K. , Markram J. , Wagner R.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. In this paper we present the vision and proof of concept of a seamless image-based 3d modelling approach fusing airborne and mobile terrestrial imagery. The proposed fusion relies on dense stereo matching for extracting 3d point clouds which – in combination with the original airborne and terrestrial stereo imagery – create a rich 3d geoinformation and 3d measuring space. For the seamless exploitation of this space we propose using a new virtual globe technology integrating the airborne and terrestrial stereoscopic imagery with the derived 3d point clouds. The concept is applied to road and road infrastructure management and evaluated in a highway mapping project combining stereovision based mobile mapping with high-resolution multispectral airborne road corridor mapping using the new Leica RCD30 sensor.
3D IMAGING FOR MUSEUM ARTEFACTS: A PORTABLE TEST OBJECT FOR HERITAGE AND MUSEUM DOCUMENTATION OF SMALL OBJECTS
Authors: Hess M. , Robson S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. 3D colour image data generated for the recording of small museum objects and archaeological finds are highly variable in quality and fitness for purpose. Whilst current technology is capable of extremely high quality outputs, there are currently no common standards or applicable guidelines in either the museum or engineering domain suited to scientific evaluation, understanding and tendering for 3D colour digital data. This paper firstly explains the rationale towards and requirements for 3D digital documentation in museums. Secondly it describes the design process, development and use of a new portable test object suited to sensor evaluation and the provision of user acceptance metrics. The test object is specifically designed for museums and heritage institutions and includes known surface and geometric properties which support quantitative and comparative imaging on different systems. The development for a supporting protocol will allow object reference data to be included in the data processing workflow with specific reference to conservation and curation.
\\HIGH RESOLUTION 3D MODELING OF THE BEHAIM GLOBE
Authors: Menna F. , Rizzi A. , Nocerino E. , Remondino F. , Gruen A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The article describes the 3D surveying and modeling of the Behaim globe, the oldest still existing and intact globe of the earth, preserved at the German National Museum of Nuremberg, Germany. The work is primarily performed using high-resolution digital images and automatic photogrammetric techniques. Triangulation-based laser scanning is also employed to fill some gaps in the derived image-based 3D geometry and perform geometric comparisons. Major problems are encountered in texture mapping. The 3D modeling project and the creation of high-resolution map-projections is performed for scientific, conservation, visualization and education purposes.
A METHOD OF 3D MEASUREMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION FOR CULTURAL RELICS IN MUSEUMS
Authors: Zheng S. , Zhou Y. , Huang R. , Zhou L. , Xu X. , Wang C.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Three-dimensional measurement and reconstruction during conservation and restoration of cultural relics have become an essential part of a modem museum regular work. Although many kinds of methods including laser scanning, computer vision and close-range photogrammetry have been put forward, but problems still exist, such as contradiction between cost and good result, time and fine effect. Aimed at these problems, this paper proposed a structure-light based method for 3D measurement and reconstruction of cultural relics in museums. Firstly, based on structure-light principle, digitalization hardware has been built and with its help, dense point cloud of cultural relics' surface can be easily acquired. To produce accurate 3D geometry model from point cloud data, multi processing algorithms have been developed and corresponding software has been implemented whose functions include blunder detection and removal, point cloud alignment and merge, 3D mesh construction and simplification. Finally, high-resolution images are captured and the alignment of these images and 3D geometry model is conducted and realistic, accurate 3D model is constructed. Based on such method, a complete system including hardware and software are built. Multi-kinds of cultural relics have been used to test this method and results prove its own feature such as high efficiency, high accuracy, easy operation and so on.
LANDSLIDE MONITORING USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER: GEOREFERENCING AND CANOPY FILTERING ISSUES IN A CASE STUDY
Authors: Barbarella M. , Fiani M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. In order to define a methodology that faces the major critical issues, we used a Terrestrial Laser Scanner to monitor a large landslide that caused significant disruptions both to an important state road and to a major railway line in Italy. To survey the landslide we used three different models of Terrestrial Laser Scanners, including a "full wave form" one, potentially useful for filtering vegetation from the data. The output of each measurement campaign is a Digital Surface Model referred to a unique reference system. Starting from the DSMs we produced the Digital Terrain Models, one for each survey. The use of different models of TLS together with the software packages recommended by the companies for data processing, allowed us to compare the surveys and to evaluate the reliability and the accuracy of results. The comparison of data has been useful in order to identify and analyse over time the areas of greatest deformation and the directions of landslide movement and it also gives us some elements about the validity of the technique in this kind of applications. The laser surveys have shown a strong dynamic of the slope but have also highlighted some difficulties in order to efficiently filtering the data. Using two different kinds of TLS, full wave form and mono eco, on the same portion of landslide allows us to make comparisons between the two methodologies for landslide monitoring in a real-world context.
IPS – A SYSTEM FOR REAL-TIME NAVIGATION AND 3D MODELING
Authors: Grießbach D. , Baumbach D. , Börner A. , Buder M. , Ernst I. , Funk E. , Wohlfeil J. , Zuev S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. fdaReliable navigation and 3D modeling is a necessary requirement for any autonomous system in real world scenarios. German Aerospace Center (DLR) developed a system providing precise information about local position and orientation of a mobile platform as well as three-dimensional information about its environment in real-time. This system, called Integral Positioning System (IPS) can be applied for indoor environments and outdoor environments. To achieve high precision, reliability, integrity and availability a multi-sensor approach was chosen. The important role of sensor data synchronization, system calibration and spatial referencing is emphasized because the data from several sensors has to be fused using a Kalman filter. A hardware operating system (HW-OS) is presented, that facilitates the low-level integration of different interfaces. The benefit of this approach is an increased precision of synchronization at the expense of additional engineering costs. It will be shown that the additional effort is leveraged by the new design concept since the HW-OS methodology allows a proven, flexible and fast design process, a high re-usability of common components and consequently a higher reliability within the low-level sensor fusion. Another main focus of the paper is on IPS software. The DLR developed, implemented and tested a flexible and extensible software concept for data grabbing, efficient data handling, data preprocessing (e.g. image rectification) being essential for thematic data processing. Standard outputs of IPS are a trajectory of the moving platform and a high density 3D point cloud of the current environment. This information is provided in real-time. Based on these results, information processing on more abstract levels can be executed.
AUTOMATIC PROCEDURE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF THERMOGRAPHIC IMAGES WITH POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Lagüela S. , Armesto J. , Arias P. , Zakhor A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper presents a procedure for the automatic registration of thermographies with laser scanning point clouds. Given the heterogeneous nature of the two modalities, we propose a feature-based approach, satisfying the requisite that extracted features have to be invariant not only to rotation, translation and scale but also to changes in illumination and dimensionality. As speed and minimum operator interaction are prerequisites for the viability of the process in the building industry, our automatic registration procedure includes automatic feature extraction with no human intervention. With this aim, a line segment detector is used to extract 2D lines from thermographies, and 3D lines are extracted through segmentation of the point cloud. Feature-matching and the relative pose between thermographies and point cloud are obtained from an iterative procedure applied to detect and reject outliers; this includes rotation matrix and translation vector calculation and the application of the RANSAC algorithm to find a consistent set of matches. An automatically textured thermographic 3D model is the expected result of these procedures once the point cloud is filtered and triangulated.
ROBUST REAL-TIME AND ROTATION-INVARIANT AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE ALPHABET RECOGNITION USING RANGE CAMERA
Authors: Lahamy H. , Lichti D.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The automatic interpretation of human gestures can be used for a natural interaction with computers without the use of mechanical devices such as keyboards and mice. The recognition of hand postures have been studied for many years. However, most of the literature in this area has considered 2D images which cannot provide a full description of the hand gestures. In addition, a rotation-invariant identification remains an unsolved problem even with the use of 2D images. The objective of the current study is to design a rotation-invariant recognition process while using a 3D signature for classifying hand postures. An heuristic and voxelbased signature has been designed and implemented. The tracking of the hand motion is achieved with the Kalman filter. A unique training image per posture is used in the supervised classification. The designed recognition process and the tracking procedure have been successfully evaluated. This study has demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed rotation invariant 3D hand posture signature which leads to 98.24% recognition rate after testing 12723 samples of 12 gestures taken from the alphabet of the American Sign Language.
A NEW APPROACH FOR SUBWAY TUNNEL DEFORMATION MONITORING: HIGH-RESOLUTION TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING
Authors: Li J. , Wan Y. , Gao X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. With the improvement of the accuracy and efficiency of laser scanning technology, high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology can obtain high precise points-cloud and density distribution and can be applied to high-precision deformation monitoring of subway tunnels and high-speed railway bridges and other fields. In this paper, a new approach using a points-cloud segmentation method based on vectors of neighbor points and surface fitting method based on moving least squares was proposed and applied to subway tunnel deformation monitoring in Tianjin combined with a new high-resolution terrestrial laser scanner (Riegl VZ-400). There were three main procedures. Firstly, a points-cloud consisted of several scanning was registered by linearized iterative least squares approach to improve the accuracy of registration, and several control points were acquired by total stations (TS) and then adjusted. Secondly, the registered points-cloud was resampled and segmented based on vectors of neighbor points to select suitable points. Thirdly, the selected points were used to fit the subway tunnel surface with moving least squares algorithm. Then a series of parallel sections obtained from temporal series of fitting tunnel surfaces were compared to analysis the deformation. Finally, the results of the approach in z direction were compared with the fiber optical displacement sensor approach and the results in x, y directions were compared with TS respectively, and comparison results showed the accuracy errors of x, y, z directions were respectively about 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm. Therefore the new approach using high-resolution TLS can meet the demand of subway tunnel deformation monitoring.
ESTIMATION OF TREE STEM ATTRIBUTES USING TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Forsman M. , Börlin N. , Holmgren J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The objective of this work was to create a method to measure stem attributes of standing trees on field plots in the forest using terrestrial photogrammetry. The primary attributes of interest are the position and the diameter at breast height (DBH). The developed method creates point clouds from images from three or more calibrated cameras attached to a calibrated rig. SIFT features in multiple images in combination with epipolar line filtering are used to make high quality matching in images with large amounts of similar features and many occlusions. After projection of the point cloud to a simulated ground plane, RANSAC filtering is applied, followed by circle fitting to the remaining points. To evaluate the algorithm, a camera rig of five Canon digital system cameras with a baseline of 123 cm and up to 40 cm offset in height was constructed. The rig was used in a field campaign at the Remningstorp forest test area in southern Sweden. Ground truth was collected manually by surveying and manual measurements. Initial results show estimated tree stem diameters within 10% of the ground truth. This suggest that terrestrial photogrammetry is a viable method to measure tree stem diameters on circular field plots.
3D MODELING OF ARCHITECTURE BY EDGE-MATCHING AND INTEGRATING THE POINT CLOUDS OF LASER SCANNER AND THOSE OF DIGITAL CAMERA
Authors: Kochi N. , Kitamura K. , Sasaki T. , Kaneko S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We have been developing the stereo-matching method and its system by digital photogrammetry using a digital camera to make 3D Measurement of various objects. We are also developing the technology to process 3D point clouds of enormous amount obtained through Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). But this time, we have developed the technology to produce a Surface-Model by detecting the 3D edges on the stereo-images of digital camera. Then we arrived to register the 3D data obtained from the stereo-images and the 3D edge data detected on the 3D point-cloud of TLS, and thus succeeded to develop the new technology to fuse the 3D data of Camera and TLS. The basic idea is to take stereo-pictures by a digital camera around the areas where the scanner cannot, because of the occlusion. The camera, with the digital photogrammetry, can acquire the data of complicated and hidden areas instantly, thus shutting out the possibility of noises in a blink. The data of the camera are then integrated into the data of the scanner to produce automatically the model of great perfection. In this presentation, therefore, we will show (1) how to detect the 3D edges on the photo images and to detect from the scanner's point-cloud, (2) how to register the data of both 3D edges to produce the unified model, (3) how to assess the accuracy and the speed of analysing process, which turned out to be quite satisfactory.
FULLY AUTOMATED IMAGE ORIENTATION IN THE ABSENCE OF TARGETS
Authors: Stamatopoulos C. , Chuang T. Y. , Fraser C. S. , Lu Y. Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Automated close-range photogrammetric network orientation has traditionally been associated with the use of coded targets in the object space to allow for an initial relative orientation (RO) and subsequent spatial resection of the images. Over the past decade, automated orientation via feature-based matching (FBM) techniques has attracted renewed research attention in both the photogrammetry and computer vision (CV) communities. This is largely due to advances made towards the goal of automated relative orientation of multi-image networks covering untargetted (markerless) objects. There are now a number of CV-based algorithms, with accompanying open-source software, that can achieve multi-image orientation within narrow-baseline networks. From a photogrammetric standpoint, the results are typically disappointing as the metric integrity of the resulting models is generally poor, or even unknown, while the number of outliers within the image matching and triangulation is large, and generally too large to allow relative orientation (RO) via the commonly used coplanarity equations. On the other hand, there are few examples within the photogrammetric research field of automated markerless camera calibration to metric tolerances, and these too are restricted to narrow-baseline, low-convergence imaging geometry. The objective addressed in this paper is markerless automatic multi-image orientation, maintaining metric integrity, within networks that incorporate wide-baseline imagery. By wide-baseline we imply convergent multi-image configurations with convergence angles of up to around 90°. An associated aim is provision of a fast, fully automated process, which can be performed without user intervention. For this purpose, various algorithms require optimisation to allow parallel processing utilising multiple PC cores and graphics processing units (GPUs).
IMPLEMENTING AN ADAPTIVE APPROACH FOR DENSE STEREO-MATCHING
Authors: Stentoumis C. , Grammatikopoulos L. , Kalisperakis I. , Karras G.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Defining pixel correspondences in stereo-pairs is a fundamental process in automated image-based 3D reconstruction. In this contribution we report on an approach for dense matching, based on local optimization. The approach represents a fusion of state-of-theart algorithms and novel considerations, which mainly involve improvements in the cost computation and aggregation processes. The matching cost which has been implemented here combines the absolute difference of image colour values with a census transformation directly on images gradient of all colour channels. Besides, a new cost volume is computed by aggregating over cross-window support regions with a linearly defined threshold on cross-window expansion. Aggregated costs are, then, refined using a scan-line optimization technique, and the disparity map is estimated using a "winner-takes-all" selection. Occlusions and mismatches are also handled using existing schemes. The proposed algorithm is tested on a standard stereo-matching data-set with promising results. The future tasks mainly include research on refinement of the disparity map and development of a self-adaptive approach for weighting the contribution of different matching cost components.