bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical Safety in Electrodiagnostic Medicine
Authors: Pease William S. , Grove Sarah L.
Published: March 2013

Enhancing safety during procedures is one of our primary professional obligations to our patients. The vigilant application of basic principles allows electrodiagnostic medicine consultants to maintain a safe environment for both patients and office staff. Use of a nerve stimulator in close proximity to the path of wires or catheters that enter the heart or great vessels should be avoided; a separation of at least 15 cm (6 in) is recommended. Other testing of nerves in the limbs can be performed safely, particularly in patients with modern bipolar pacemakers and even with cardiac defibrillation devices in place. Current must never have a path to flow through the torso. Proper grounding of electrodiagnostic equipment should be ensured, and both the instruments and the wall plugs should be tested periodically. In addition, adherence to the proper stimulation intensity and avoidance of overstimulation is important not only for safety but also because it improves measurement accuracy and patient comfort.
Regulating the 1918–19 Pandemic: Flu, Stoicism and the Northcliffe Press
Authors: Honigsbaum Mark
Published: March 2013

Social historians have argued that the reason the 1918–19 ‘Spanish’ influenza left so few traces in public memory is that it was ‘overshadowed’ by the First World War, hence its historiographical characterisation as the ‘forgotten’ pandemic. This paper argues that such an approach tends to overlook the crucial role played by wartime propaganda. Instead, I put emotion words, emotives and metaphors at the heart of my analysis in an attempt to understand the interplay between propaganda and biopolitical discourses that aimed to regulate civilian responses to the pandemic. Drawing on the letters of Wilfred Owen, the diaries of the cultural historian Caroline Playne and the reporting in the Northcliffe press, I argue that the stoicism exhibited by Owen and amplified in the columns ofThe Timesand theDaily Mailis best viewed as a performance, an emotional style that reflected the politicisation of ‘dread’ in war as an emotion with the potential to undermine civilian morale. This was especially the case during the final year of the conflict when war-weariness set in, leading to the stricter policing of negative emotions. As a protean disease that could present as alternately benign and plague-like, the Spanish flu both drew on these discourses and subverted them, disrupting medical efforts to use the dread of foreign pathogens as an instrument of biopower. The result was that, as dread increasingly became attached to influenza, it destabilised medical attempts to regulate the civilian response to the pandemic, undermining Owen’s and the Northcliffe press’s emotives of stoicism.
Indian Hospitals and Government in the Colonial Andes
Authors: Ramos Gabriela
Published: March 2013

This article examines the reception of the early modern hospital among the indigenous people of the Andes under Spanish colonial rule. During the period covered by this study (sixteenth to mid-eighteenth centuries), the hospital was conceived primarily as a manifestation of the sovereign’s paternalistic concern for his subjects’ spiritual well being. Hospitals in the Spanish American colonies were organised along racial lines, and those catering to Indians were meant to complement the missionary endeavour. Besides establishing hospitals in the main urban centres, Spanish colonial legislation instituted hospitals for Indians in provincial towns and in small rural jurisdictions throughout the Peruvian viceroyalty. Indian hospitals often met with the suspicion and even hostility of their supposed beneficiaries, especially indigenous rulers. By conceptualising the Indian hospital as a tool of colonial government, this article investigates the reasons behind its negative reception, the work of adaptation that allowed a few of them to thrive, and the eventual failure of most of these institutions.
What Is Half a Neutrino? Reviewing Cosmological Constraints on Neutrinos and Dark Radiation
Authors: Riemer-Sørensen S. , Parkinson D. , Davis T. M.
Published: March 2013

Neutrinos are one of the major puzzles in modern physics. Despite measurements of mass differences, the Standard Model of particle physics describes them as exactly massless. Additionally, recent measurements from both particle physics experiments and cosmology indicate the existence of more than the three Standard Model species. Here, we review the cosmological evidence and its possible interpretations.
On bar lengths in partitions
Authors: Gramain Jean-Baptiste , Olsson Jørn B.
Published: March 2013

We present, given an odd integerd, a decomposition of the multiset of bar lengths of a bar partition λ as the union of two multisets, one consisting of the bar lengths in itsd-core partitioncd(λ) and the other consisting of modified bar lengths in itsd-quotient partition. In particular, we obtain that the multiset of bar lengths incd(λ) is a sub-multiset of the multiset of bar lengths in λ. Also, we obtain a relative bar formula for the degrees of spin characters of the Schur extensions of$\mathfrak{S}_n$. The proof involves a recent similar result for partitions, proved by Bessenrodt and the authors.
On generalized Gauduchon metrics
Authors: Fino Anna , Ugarte Luis
Published: March 2013

We study a class of Hermitian metrics on complex manifolds, recently introduced by Fu, Wang and Wu, which are a generalization of Gauduchon metrics. This class includes the class of Hermitian metrics for which the associated fundamental 2-form is ∂∂-closed. Examples are given on nilmanifolds, on products of Sasakian manifolds, on S1-bundles and via the twist construction introduced by Swann.
Age of onset in obsessive–compulsive disorder: admixture analysis with a large sample
Authors: Anholt G. E. , Aderka I. M. , van Balkom A. J. L. M. , Smit J. H. , Schruers K. , van der Wee N. J. A. , Eikelenboom M. , De Luca V. , van Oppen P.
Published: March 2013

Background

Research into age of onset in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has indicated significant differences between patients with early and late onset of the disorder. However, multiple criteria have been used arbitrarily for differentiating between early- and late-onset OCD, rendering inconsistent results that are difficult to interpret.

Method

In the current study, admixture analysis was conducted in a sample of 377 OC patients to determine the number of underlying populations of age of onset and associated demographic and clinical characteristics. Various measures of anxiety, depression, co-morbidity, autism, OCD, tics and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were administered.

Results

A bimodal age of onset was established and the best-fitting cut-off score between early and late age of onset was 20 years (early age of onset ⩽19 years). Patients with early age of onset were more likely to be single. Early age of onset patients demonstrated higher levels of OCD severity and increased symptoms on all OCD dimensions along with increased ADHD symptoms and higher rates of bipolar disorder.

Conclusions

It is suggested that 20 years is the recommended cut-off age for the determination of earlyversuslate age of onset in OCD. Early age of onset is associated with a generally graver OCD clinical picture and increased ADHD symptoms and bipolar disorder rates, which may be related to greater functional implications of the disorder. We propose that age of onset could be an important marker for the subtyping of OCD.
On the integration of trust with negotiation, argumentation and semantics
Authors: Bonatti Piero , Oliveira Eugenio , Sabater-Mir Jordi , Sierra Carles , Toni Francesca
Published: March 2013

Agreement Technologies are needed for autonomous agents to come to mutually acceptable agreements, typically on behalf of humans. These technologies include trust computing, negotiation, argumentation and semantic alignment. In this paper, we identify a number of open questions regarding the integration of computational models and tools for trust computing with negotiation, argumentation and semantic alignment. We consider these questions in general and in the context of applications in open, distributed settings such as the grid and cloud computing.
A review of case-based reasoning in cognition–action continuum: a step toward bridging symbolic and non-symbolic artificial intelligence
Authors: Öztürk Pinar , Tidemann Axel
Published: March 2013

In theories and models of computational intelligence, cognition and action have historically been investigated on separate grounds. We conjecture that the main mechanism of case-based reasoning (CBR) applies to cognitive tasks at various levels and of various granularity, and hence can represent a bridge—or a continuum—between the higher and lower levels of cognition. CBR is an artificial intelligence (AI) method that draws upon the idea of solving a new problem reusing similar past experiences. In this paper, we re-formulate the notion of CBR to highlight the commonalities between higher-level cognitive tasks such as diagnosis, and lower-level control such as voluntary movements of an arm. In this view, CBR is envisaged as a generic process independent from the content and the detailed format of cases. Diagnostic cases and internal representations underlying motor control constitute two instantiations of the case representation. In order to claim such a generic mechanism, the account of CBR needs to be revised so that its position in non-symbolic AI becomes clearer. The paper reviews the CBR literature that targets lower levels of cognition to show how CBR may be considered as a step toward bridging the gap between symbolic and non-symbolic AI.
Natural Resources, Local Governance and Social Instability: A Comparison of Two Counties in China
Authors: Zhan Jing Vivian
Published: March 2013

This article compares two neighbouring underdeveloped counties in south-west China. They share many similarities in economic, political and demographic structures, but experience divergent levels of social instability. The comparison suggests that, under China's political system and cadre incentive structure, the endowment of mineral resources in one county, and the lack thereof in the other, significantly influences the modes of economic development and local governance in these two counties, and thus contributes to their different levels of social instability.
Interjurisdictional Cooperation through Bargaining: The Case of the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Railway in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Xu Jiang , Yeh Anthony G.O.
Published: March 2013

Interjurisdictional cooperation has emerged as a major recent trend in China in response to challenges from market reforms and globalization. However, given that cities are in fierce competition with one another, interjurisdictional cooperation presents many difficulties for policy making. This paper attempts to examine how cooperative partnerships can be developed, sustained, or even resisted. It uses the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Railway as a case study to explore the institutional configuration of such a practice and to understand how the historical contingencies and path-dependencies in a transitional society interact with intensive bargaining to influence partnership building. It argues that the lack of a formal institutional framework to facilitate horizontal networking forces actors to opt for ad hoc collaborative arrangements. With the objective of making joint projects workable, commitments for cooperation have to be negotiated on a case-by-case basis through extensive bargaining. Although this creates much flexibility in consensus building, it does not guarantee success: success depends on the interplay of inter-ministry politics, interscalar relations, intercity politics and state–market relations. To a certain extent, the Chinese state can go beyond economic logic and shore up its legitimacy by prioritizing development. The post-reform path-dependencies can provide current political leaders with more rather than fewer instruments with which to negotiate interjurisdictional projects, and thus have greater influence over urban and regional economic governance.
A New Avionics-Based GNSS Integrity Augmentation System: Part 1 – Fundamentals
Authors: Sabatini Roberto , Moore Terry , Hill Chris
Published: March 2013

The aviation community has very stringent navigation integrity requirements that apply to a variety of manned and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operational tasks. This paper presents the results of the research activities carried out by the Italian Air Force Flight Test Centre (CSV-RSV) in collaboration with the Nottingham Geospatial Institute (NGI) and Cranfield University (CU) in the area of Avionics-Based Integrity Augmentation (ABIA) for mission- and safety-critical Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications. Based on these activities, suitable models were developed to describe the main causes of GNSS signal outage and degradation in flight, namely: antenna obscuration, multipath, fading due to adverse geometry and Doppler shift. Adopting these models in association with suitable integrity thresholds and guidance algorithms, the ABIA system delivers integrity caution (predictive) and warning (reactive) flags, as well as steering information to the pilot and electronic commands to the aircraft/UAV flight control system. These features allow real-time avoidance of safety-critical flight conditions and fast recovery of the required navigation performance in case of GNSS data losses. This paper presents the key ABIA concepts, architecture and mathematical models. A successive paper will address the ABIA integrity thresholds criteria and detailed results of a TORNADO simulation case-study.
Measuring biological indicators for status assessment of the heart of Borneo
Authors: WULFFRAAT STEPHAN , MORRISON JOHN
Published: March 2013

The ultimate measure of the success or failure of conservation initiatives in an area will be the ecological health of that area and the sustainability of institutions which support that ecological health. Heretofore, no comprehensive data has been presented about the current conservation state of the area known as the Heart of Borneo (HoB), a mostly intact subset of the island of Borneo, which is an international conservation priority. This paper identifies a set of indicators representative of the biodiversity status of the HoB; collecting and analysing data concerning these indicators and combining these data with supplemental conservation information should provide an accurate assessment of the overall conservation state of the HoB. Based on the indicators identified in this study, the general biodiversity status of the HoB is rated as good, or viable, although there are specific elements of concern. Using the threat indicators identified in this study, the overall threat level is medium. Major threats from industrial forest conversion and mining currently exist mainly on the edges of the HoB, but are likely to expand further inland without any intervention simply based on proximity. Though most habitats within (but not outside) the HoB are generally intact, the current protected area system is insufficiently representative of the natural ecosystems of the HoB area and its management effectiveness is as yet unknown.
Compensation, conservation and communities: an analysis of direct payments initiatives within an Indonesian marine protected area
Authors: CLIFTON JULIAN
Published: March 2013

Conservation practitioners are increasingly faced with the need to compensate resource users because of restrictions imposed on access and use of natural resources. The idea that direct payments may facilitate compensation more effectively than a programme based upon income substitution is questioned through examining two direct payments initiatives in an Indonesian marine national park. Elite capture of the direct payments process was facilitated in a context characterized by malleable state institutions and powerful private business interests, thereby disadvantaging key resource-dependent groups. The ecological benefits of direct payments initiatives and of protected areas were compromised through the emphasis on business priorities rather than environmental criteria. These difficulties were mitigated through taking account of existing practices regarding resource access, ensuring equal distribution of benefits and introducing new systems gradually over a period of time through trusted individuals, thereby facilitating the acceptance of direct payments initiatives amongst key user groups.
The Kunming mouse: as a model for age-related decline in female fertility in human
Authors: Cui Long-Bo , Zhou Xue-Ying , Zhao Zhen-Jun , Li Qian , Huang Xiu-Ying , Sun Fang-Zhen
Published: March 2013

To ascertain whether the Kunming (KM) mouse is an available model for age-related decline in female fertility in human or not, oocytes from young (6–8 weeks), middle-aged (9 months) and aged (12 months) female mice were compared with respect to number of oocytes, frequency of in-vitro maturation (IVM) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF), and meiotic chromosome segregation and alignment. The mean number of pups born per mouse decreased significantly from the young to the middle-aged and the aged mice. The mean number of ovarian follicles, ovarian germinal vesicle oocytes and ovulated MII oocytes decreased significantly with maternal age. The rate of IVM in oocytes from young mice (73.9%) was less significantly than that in oocytes from middle-aged and aged mice (86.1% and 84.4%, respectively). Immunocytochemical analysis showed that ageing caused a significantly higher rate (49.3%) of chromosome misalignment than that (15.7%) of the young mice. The presence of premature chromatids was also significantly higher in MII oocytes of aged mice as compared with young mice (37.8 versus 8.3%). Pronuclear formation was delayed in oocytes of middle-aged and aged females (35.5 and 42.3% respectively in 5 h of IVF) as compared with young mice (88.1%). The study suggests that KM mouse exhibits an age-related decline in female fertility. Significant reduction of germinal vesicle (GV) and MII oocytes and significant increase of metaphase chromosome misalignment and premature chromatid segregation after meiotic maturation of oocytes, similar to human, presumably contribute to the decline in aged KM mice.
Metacognitive Functioning in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Barbato Mariapaola , Penn David L. , Perkins Diana O. , Woods Scott W. , Liu Lu , Addington Jean
Published: March 2013

Background: Metacognition has been described as the knowledge of our own cognitive processes. Metacognitive deficits are common in schizophrenia, but little is known about metacognition before the onset of full-blown psychosis. Aims: This study aimed to longitudinally characterize metacognition in a sample of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, and to determine if metacognition was related to later conversion to psychosis. Method: Participants (153 CHR individuals; 68 help seeking controls, HSC) were part of the large multi-site PREDICT study, which sought to determine predictors of conversion to psychosis. They were tested at baseline and 6 months using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) that has five sub-scales assessing different domains of metacognition. Results: Results of the mixed-effect models demonstrated significantly poorer scores at baseline for the CHR group compared to the HSC group in Negative beliefs about uncontrollability, Negative beliefs and the overall MCQ score. At the 6-month assessment, no difference was observed in metacognition between the two groups, but both groups showed improvement in metacognition over time. Those who later converted to psychosis had poorer performance on metacognitive beliefs at baseline. Conclusions: A poorer performance in metacognition can be seen as a marker of developing a full blown psychotic illness and confirms the potential value of assessing metacognitive beliefs in individuals vulnerable for psychosis.
Totaln-3 fatty acid and SFA intakes in relation to insulin resistance in a Canadian First Nation at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Paquet Catherine , Propsting Sarah L , Daniel Mark
Published: March 2013

Objective

The present study sought to investigate the associations of totaln-3 fatty acid and SFA intakes with insulin resistance in a Canadian First Nation sample at risk for type 2 diabetes.

Design

Fasting values for glucose and insulin were used to estimate insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Intakes ofn-3 fatty acids and SFA were computed from dietary food and drink data obtained using 3 d food records. Associations between HOMA-IR and dietaryn-3 and SFA consumption were tested using linear regression models accounting for age, sex, community, education, physical activity, waist circumference, fibre, protein and carbohydrate intakes, and HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations.

Setting

Rural Okanagan region of British Columbia, Canada.

Subjects

On-reserve First Nation individuals (Interior Salishan) aged 18 years and over, recruited for community-based diabetes screening and determined to be normoglycaemic (n126).

Results

HOMA-IR was negatively associated with dietaryn-3 fatty acid intake (β= −0·22; 95 % CI −0·39, −0·04;P= 0·016) and positively associated with dietary SFA intake (β= 0·34; 95 % CI 0·15, 0·53;P= 0·0 0 1).

Conclusions

Intake of dietaryn-3 fatty acids may be protective against whereas SFA intake may promote insulin resistance in this high-risk Canadian First Nation sample. Reduced dietary SFA intake and greatern-3 fatty acid intake may assist the prevention of glycaemic disease among First Nations peoples. More rigorous, controlled trials are required to test whether dietary supplementation withn-3 fatty acids in natural or supplement-based form might reduce diabetes risk in high-risk aboriginal groups.
From Gas to Stars over Cosmic Time
Authors: Mac Low Mordecai-Mark
Published: March 2013

The formation of stars from gas drives the evolution of galaxies. Yet, it remains one of the hardest processes to understand when trying to connect observations of modern and high-redshift stellar and galaxy populations to models of large scale structure formation. It has become clear that the star formation rate at redshifts z > 2 drops off rather more quickly than was thought even five years ago. Theoretical models have tended to overpredict the star formation rate at these high redshifts substantially, primarily due to overcooling. Overcooling in galaxies typically occurs because of unphysical radiative cooling. As a result, insufficient turbulence is driven by stellar feedback in galaxies. I show that such turbulence has the net effect of strongly inhibiting star formation, despite its ability to locally promote star formation by compression. Radiation pressure appears less likely to be a dominant driver of the turbulence than has been argued, but supernova and magnetorotational instabilities remain viable mechanisms. Gravity alone cannot be the main driver, as otherwise well-resolved models without feedback would accurately predict star formation rates. Star formation rate surface density correlates well with observed molecular gas surface density, as well as with other tracers of high density material. Correlation does not, however, necessarily imply causation. In this case, it appears that both molecule formation and star formation occur as a consequence of gravitational collapse, with molecules typically playing an important but not an essential role in cooling. The basic concept that gravitational instability drives star formation remains a true guide through the thickets of complexity surrounding this topic. I finally briefly note that understanding ionization heating and radiation pressure from the most massive stars will likely require much higher resolution models (sub-parsec scale) than resolving supernova feedback.
Star-forming Substructure within Molecular Clouds
Authors: Di Francesco James
Published: March 2013

Wide-field far-infrared/submillimeter continuum maps of molecular clouds by the Herschel Space Observatory GBS and HOBYS surveys are revealing the star-forming substructures that lead to star formation in dense gas. In particular, these maps have revealed the central role in clouds of filaments, likely formed through turbulent motions. These filaments appear to be non-isothermal and fragment into cores only when their column densities exceed a stability threshold. Organizations of filament networks suggest the relative role of turbulence and gravity can be traced in different parts of a cloud, and filament intersections may lead to larger amounts of mass flow that form the precursors of high-mass stars or clusters.
UV and optical spectrum variability of T Tau and RY Tau
Authors: Ismailov N. Z. , Quliyev N. Kh. , Khalilov O. V. , Adigezalzade H. N.
Published: March 2013

In this report we have presented results of spectral observations of classical T Tauri type stars T Tau and RY Tau. Observational dates were obtained from following sources: spectrograms of the UV range from the IUE archive data, and spectrograms of the visual range obtained in the 2 m telescope of ShAO of the NAS of Azerbaijan (Ismailov et al. 2010). For both of stars on the Scargle method we have searched a periodicity of variations in equivalent widths of emission lines in the optical and UV ranges. In the RY Tau firstly was detected the periodic variability in MgII λ2800 Å emission doublet intensities with a period of 23 days. The observed period had also revealed with the equivalent widths and displacements of components of Hα and H+Hϵ and K CaII emission.

The lines were found to be shifted to short wavelengths as the emission line intensities increased in both UV and optical spectral ranges. The lack of a correlation between the brightness variation and the emission line intensity also suggests that, on the whole, the contribution from the radiation in emission lines for the star RY Tau is insignificant.

On the analysis of T Tau we conclude that there is a significant variation of spectral emission lines in the optical and UV on a time scale of about 33 days and that this variations is periodic. Both of stars shows the periodicity also for observed group of such lines as CIV λ1450 Å, HeII λ 1640 Å, SII λ1756 Å (Ismailov et al. 2010, Ismailov et al. 2011).

Additionally we have carried out spectral energy distributions of this stars in the range 0.36-100 μm which have indicated the excess of spectral radiation in the IR range of spectrum. These excesses of radiations can be explained by the thermal radiation of still unformed bodies at the circumstellar environment. The periodic variability in the spectrum together with the excess of the spectral radiation may be occurred by protoplanets and/or protostars in these young systems. It is showed that possible, planet formation processes mainly to be completed at the time of the formation of classical T Tauri type stars.
Feedback of outflows in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
Authors: Li Huixian , Li Di , Nan Rendong
Published: March 2013

We collected 27 outflows from the literature and found 8 new ones in the FCRAO CO maps of the Taurus molecular cloud. The total kinetic energy of the 35 outflows is found to be about 3% of the gravitational potential energy from the whole cloud. The feedback effect due to the outflows is minor in Taurus.
Wiggling Structures Along the NGC 1333 IRAS 2A Outflow
Authors: Tsai Cheng-Hung , Chen Huei-Ru , Lee Chin-Fei , Hirano Naomi , Shang Hsien
Published: March 2013

Wiggling structures in a bipolar outflow may be attributed to orbital motion of a binary system or precession of an accretion disk perturbed by a companion. The shocked knots along the outflow axis display a morphology with either mirror symmetry due to the orbital motion or point symmetry resulted from disk precession. Using the Submillimeter Array (SMA), our CO (2-1) and SiO (5-4) observations show wiggling structures in the collimated bipolar outflow driven by the NGC 1333 IRAS 2A Class 0 protostar (d ~ 200 pc). By fitting the peak positions of emission knots, we can examine the lateral displacement of the molecular jet to constrain parameters of the unresolved binary system, such as the binary separation and total binary mass. With an angular resolution of ~3″, we have determined the knot positions in SiO (5–4)(Fig. 1) and CO (2–1). As a first attempt, we consider the scenario of orbital motion in a binary system and estimate a total binary mass of ~ 1M⊙ and a binary separation of roughly ~ 20 AU, corresponding to ~ 0.1″. Such a small separation makes it challenging to resolve this hypothesized proto-binary system, which is thought to be responsible for the large-scale quadrupolar outflow nearly perpendicular with each other in CO (1–0).
The Molecular Cloud Population of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Wong Tony , Hughes Annie , Ott Jürgen , Pineda Jorge L. , Muller Erik ,   the MAGMA collaboration
Published: March 2013

We have mapped an extensive sample of molecular clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) at 11 pc resolution in the CO(1-0) line as part of the Magellanic Mopra Assessment (MAGMA). We identify clouds as regions of connected CO emission and determine their sizes, line widths, and fluxes. We find that GMCs are not preferentially located in regions of high Hi line width or velocity gradient, and that there is no clear Hi column density threshold for CO detection. The luminosity function of CO clouds is steeper than dN/dL ∝ L−2, suggesting a substantial fraction of mass in low-mass clouds. The correlation between size and linewidth, while apparent for the largest emission structures, breaks down when those structures are decomposed into smaller structures. The virial parameter (the ratio of a cloud's kinetic to gravitational energy) shows a wide range of values and exhibits no clear trends with the likelihood of hosting young stellar object (YSO) candidates, suggesting that this parameter is a poor reflection of the evolutionary state of a cloud. More massive GMCs are more likely to harbor a YSO candidate, and more luminous YSOs are more likely to be coincident with detectable CO emission, confirming GMCs as the principal sites of massive star formation.
The star formation rate in the inner Milky Way Galaxy
Authors: Cavichia Oscar , Mollá Mercedes , Costa Roberto D. D. , Maciel Walter J.
Published: March 2013

The present star formation rate (SFR) in the inner Galaxy is puzzling for the chemical evolution models (CEM). No static CEM is able to reproduce the peak of the SFR in the 4 kpc ring. The main reason is probably a shortage of gas, which could be due to the dynamical effects produced by the galactic bar, not considered by these models. We developed a CEM that includes radial gas flows in order to mimic the effects of the galactic bar in the first 5 kpc of the galactic disk. In this model, the star formation (SF) is a two-step process: first, the diffuse gas forms molecular clouds. Then, stars form from cloud-cloud collisions or by the interaction between massive stars and the molecular gas. The former is called spontaneous and the latter induced SF. The mass in the different phases of each region changes by the processes associated with the stellar formation and death by: the SF due to spontaneous fragmentation of gas in the halo; formation of gas clouds in the disk from the diffuse gas; induced SF in the disk due to the interaction between massive stars and gas clouds; and finally, the restitution of the diffuse gas associated to these process of cloud and star formation. In the halo, the star formation rate for the diffuse gas follows a Schmidt law with a power n = 1.5. In the disk, the stars form in two steps: first, molecular clouds are formed from the diffuse gas also following a Schmidt law with n=1.5 and a proportionality factor. Including a specific pattern of radial gas flows, the CEM is able to reproduce with success the peak in the SFR at 4 kpc (fig. 1).
UKIRT Widefield Infrared Survey for H2
Authors: Froebrich Dirk , Ioannidis Georgios ,   UWISH2 Survey Team
Published: March 2013

We perform an unbiased search for outflows from YSOs along the Galactic Plane (GP). Our data has been taken as part of the UWISH2 survey (Froebrich et al. 2011). It uses as tracer the 1-0S(1) emission line of H2, and here we focus on a continuous 33 square degree sized region in Serpens and Aquila. We identify 130 outflows from which 94% are new discoveries. Thus, we increased the number of known MHOs by a factor of 15 in this area (Ioannidis & Froebrich 2012). The flux completeness limit for the flows is 3ċ10−18Wm−2. Typically, the known flows occupy the bright end of the flux distribution. Our survey thus increases the known integrated 1-0S(1) H2 flux from outflows only by a factor of two. We are able to assign possible driving sources to half of the outflows. Brighter MHOs are more likely to have a source candidate assigned to them.

Foreground star counts to GMCs associated with the outflows and the Besancon Galaxy model are used to determine distances. The method is calibrated using objects from the RMS survey. This allows us to estimate distances with a scatter of 25% (Ioannidis & Froebrich 2012). The spatial distribution of the outflows shows that they follow the GMC complexes in the GP. However, there are large areas with high extinction where no flows are detected. About 2/3 of the survey area is more or less devoid of outflows. The flows typically occur in groups of 3–5 members with a size of 5pc. The scale height of flows is ∼25–30pc, similar to young clusters and OB stars. The 1-0S(1) luminosities range from a few 10−4L⊙ to 0.1L⊙, ten times brighter than in nearby SF regions. Our sample is complete for objects brighter than 10−3L⊙ at 5kpc. This corresponds to HH211 behind AK = 1mag. The luminosity distribution of the outflows is a power law with N ∝ LH2−1.9 and the integrated luminosities indicate a Milky Way SF rate (averaged over a typical jet lifetime) of more than 0.4M⊙yr−1. The energy and momentum of the jets is insufficient to sustain the typical local turbulence levels in their parental clouds.

The projected jet length drops exponentially in number for longer jets. The fraction of parsec scale flows is 25%, twice as high as in nearby SF regions. A Monte-Carlo type model of jet speeds of 40–130kms−1 and ages between 4–20 × 103yrs can reproduce the length distribution. These lifetimes are an order of magnitude below estimates for the protostellar phase. For typical jet speeds the time gaps between the ejection of larger amounts of material are about 103yrs. According to the burst mode of SF models the creation of H2 knots is hence linked to low level fluctuations of the mass accretion rate and not FU-Ori type events. Their duty cycle is more in agreement with the total jet lifetime, which suggests these outburst as trigger (or stopping point or both) of a jet ejection phase. However, better constraints of the FU-Ori duty cycle and mechanism as well as more detailed models are required to draw any further conclusions.
Submillimeter-wave Observations of Complex Organic Molecules in Southern Massive Star Forming Regions
Authors: Kamegai Kazuhisa , Sakai Takeshi , Sakai Nami , Hirota Tomoya , Yamamoto Satoshi
Published: March 2013

Submillimeter-wave observations of complex organic molecules toward southern massive star forming regions were carried out with ASTE 10m telescope. Methyl formate (HCOOCH3) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) were detected in some molecular cloud cores with young protostars. Differences in chemical composition among neighboring cores were also found.
TRAO 13CO Outer Galaxy Survey
Authors: Lee Youngung , Kim Y. S. , Kang H. W. , Jung J. H. , Lee C. H. , Yim I. S. , Kim B. G. , Kim H. G. , Kim K. T.
Published: March 2013

We have observed the parts of the second quadrant of the Galactic Plane in 13CO(1-0) using the multibeam receiver system installed on the 14 m telescope at Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory (TRAO). The first target region A (L=108° to 112°.5) is the part of the 12CO Outer Galactic Plane Survey (OGS; Heyer et al. 1998), and it is for the exact Galactic plane with the latitude range of +1 and -1 degree. A total of 48,000 spectra (about 9 square degrees) were obtained on 50″ grid. Two following regions were also observed; Region B: L = 120° ∼ 121°.7, B = −1° ∼ +1° (38,000 spectra) Region C: L = 130° 132°, B = −1° ∼ +1° (42,000 spectra). Eventually all the regions of the OGS will be covered. The selected velocity resolution is 0.63 km s−1 and the covered velocity is 320 km s−1, from −210 to 110 km s−1. The typical system temperature is ranging from 400 to 800 K, and average sensitivity per channel is 0.17 K.

We developed a new reduction method, which effectively deals with a relatively noisy 3-dimensional database. After using simple linear baseline subtraction, we mainly used the IRAF twod.longslit.background task in 3D within some scripts, as well as IRAF tasks dealing with statistics, and a revised FCRAO reduction package, which is working within IRAF as external user's tasks. The collected 13CO database will be manipulated with pre-existing 12CO data to get several physical parameters. As it is located in the second quadrant, the kinematic distances of the individual clouds, which will be identified, can be estimated straightforwardly without any distance ambiguity. In this meeting we present the reduction method, integrated intensity maps, and spatial-velocity maps. We intend to clarify any difference of their characteristics between the clouds in the Outer Galaxy and Inner Galaxy using our data base.

The present TRAO receiver system has aged, and thus its performance level degraded. However, we have a plan to renovate our receiver system to a brand new one within the next two years. This will speed up the TOGS project. At present, it costs substantial amount of time to homogeneously reduce the spectra obtained with our present receiver system. To compensate this, we invested more integration time, and developed more advanced reduction methods (see above). A future multibeam array receiver system at the TRAO would be at least 16 beams with most recent mixers (Tsys ∼ 150 K at 110GHz), hopefully.
Morphology, Kinematics and Star Formation in Spiral Galaxies in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G)
Authors: Erroz-Ferrer Santiago , Knapen Johan H. , Font Joan , Beckman John E. ,   the S4G team
Published: March 2013

We present a study of the morphology, kinematics and star formation of a sample of 27 isolated spiral galaxies in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G), on the basis of Hα Fabry-Perot (FP) data from the GHαFaS instrument at the William Herschel Telescope (WHT) in La Palma, complemented with images at 3.6 micron from the Spitzer Space Telescope, and with images in the R-band and in Hα taken with the ACAM instrument mounted on the WHT. With the FP data we can investigate the gas kinematics in terms of velocity maps and position-velocity diagrams, keys to constrain the secular evolution processes. We can also analyse the morphology and compute the star formation rate (SFR) with the ancillary data.
Molecular gas and star formation in extreme starbursts at low redshift
Authors: Gonçalves T. S. , Basu-Zych A. , Borthakur S. , Baker A. , Sheth K. , Overzier R. , Martin D. C.
Published: March 2013

Lyman Break Analogs (LBAs) are a population of star-forming galaxies at low redshift (z ∼ 0.2). These objects present metallicities, morphologies and other physical properties similar to higher redshift Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs), motivating their detailed study as potential local analogs to high-redshift starburst galaxies (Hoopes et al. 2007, Basu-Zych et al. 2009, Overzier et al. 2010, Overzier et al. 2011).

Our recent integral-field spectroscopy survey of LBAs with Keck/OSIRIS shows that these galaxies have the same nebular gas kinematic properties as high-redshift LBGs. We argue that such kinematic studies are not an appropriate diagnostic to rule out major merger events as the trigger for the observed starburst. Comparison between kinematic analysis and morphological indices from HST imaging disagree with respect to merger identification, with no correlation between the two methods. Artificial redshifting of our data indicates the merger detection rate is even worse at high redshift due to surface brightness dimming and resolution loss. For more details, we refer the reader to Gonçalves et al. (2010).

More recently, we have initiated a program with the CARMA array to detect molecular gas in these galaxies (Gonçalves et al. 2013, in prep.). Our results show that LBAs present strong emission in CO(1-0), with similar gas fractions to those observed in high-redshift starburst galaxies. Moreover, the objects observed thus far follow the same Schmidt-Kennicutt law as local galaxies, albeit at much higher surface densities, as found in BzK galaxies at z ∼ 2 (Daddi et al. 2010). This distinguishes our sample from dusty starburst galaxies, such as ULIRGs and SMGs.

The upcoming operations of ALMA will definitely make a great impact on this project. We will be able to observe fainter, lower metallicity objects, and at the same time we will map the CO emission at sub-kpc resolutions. Once those data become available, we hope the scenario for the physical processes regarding the collapse of the molecular clouds and subsequent star formation will become clearer.
Obscured quasars: the link between star-formation and black hole activity
Authors: Mainieri Vincenzo , Bongiorno Angela ,   the COSMOS team
Published: March 2013

We explore the connection between black hole growth at the center of obscured quasars selected from the XMM-COSMOS survey and the physical properties of their host galaxies. We study a bolometric regime ( ∼ 8 × 1045 erg s−1) where several theoretical models invoke major galaxy mergers as the main fueling channel for black hole accretion. To derive robust estimates of the host galaxy properties, we use an SED fitting technique to distinguish the AGN and host galaxy emission. We find that at z ∼ 1, ≈ 62% of Type-2 QSOs hosts are actively forming stars and that their rates are comparable to those measured for normal star-forming galaxies. The fraction of star-forming hosts increases with redshift: ≈ 71% at z ∼ 2, and 100% at z ∼ 3. We also find that the evolution from z ∼ 1 to z ∼ 3 of the specific star-formation rate of the Type-2 QSO hosts is in excellent agreement with that measured for star-forming galaxies.
Molecular Gas and Star-formation in Selected H-ATLAS SDP Lensed SMGs
Authors: Leeuw Lerothodi L. , Riechers Dominik A. , Carpenter John M. , Negrello Mattia , Ivison Rob J. ,   H-ATLAS Lensing and Core
Published: March 2013

We present detections of spatially resolved CO(J = 2→1) and CO(J = 3→2) emission, respectively, from the lensed submillimeter (submm) galaxies (SMGs), ID 9 (z = 1.577) and ID 17b (z = 2.308), found in the Science Demonstration Phase (SDP) of the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS, www.h-atlas.org). The detections were obtained using the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, www.mmarray.org) and confirm redshifts of the lensed galaxies. We exploit the CARMA data together with existing high-J observations, to determine, among other physical properties of the lensed SMGs, the CO line luminosities, brightness temperature ratios, gas masses, and spatial sizes.
Influence of AGN on the properties of galaxies during the (U)LIRG phase
Authors: Lin Ming-Yi , Foucaud Sébastien , Hashimoto Yasuhiro
Published: March 2013

Merging, resulting from galaxy interaction and collision, is one essential scenario to interpret the distinct evolutionary stages of galaxy formation. However AGNs are believed to play an essential role towards the final stages of this scenario, in particular to clear the galaxy from a large excess of dust. Selecting galaxies with both 70μm and X-ray detection will help to understand the relation between star formation and AGN. We are taking advantage of the extensive multi-wavelength coverage of the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field to dissect the AGN influence on infrared luminous objects. We demonstrate that enhanced star formation is more probably responsible for additional obscuration of the central AGN than the dust torus, in agreement with current galaxy formation theory. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the presence of an AGN does not increase the galaxy dust temperature significantly.
Adaptive optics imaging of QSO UM402 field
Authors: Wang Y. P. , Yamada T. , Tanaka I. , Iye M. , Ji T.
Published: March 2013

We present initial results from adaptive optics deep imaging in the Ks-band of QSO UM402 (zem=2.856), with the IRCS camera on Subaru telescope.
Complete Ionisation of the Neutral Gas in High Redshift Radio Galaxies and Quasars
Authors: Curran S. J. , Whiting M. T.
Published: March 2013

Cool neutral gas provides the raw material for all star formation in the Universe, and yet, from a survey of the hosts of high redshift radio galaxies and quasars, we find a complete dearth of atomic (Hi 21-cm) and molecular (OH, CO, HCO+ & HCN) absorption at redshifts z ≳ 3 (Curran et al. 2008). Upon a thorough analysis of the optical photometry, we find that all of our targets have ionising (λ ≤ 912 Å) ultra-violet continuum luminosities of LUV ≳ 1023 W Hz−1. We therefore attribute this deficit to the traditional optical selection of targets biasing surveys towards the most ultra-violet luminous objects, where the intense radiation excites the neutral gas to the point where it cannot engage in star formation (Curran & Whiting 2010). However, this hypothesis does not explain why there is a critical luminosity, rather than a continuum where the detections gradually become fewer and fewer as the harshness of the radiation increases. We show that by placing a quasar within a galaxy of gas there is always a finite ultra-violet luminosity above which all of the gas is ionised. This demonstrates that these galaxies are probably devoid of star-forming material rather than this being at abundances below the sensitivity limits of current radio telescopes.
Chemical complexity and star-formation in merging galaxies
Authors: Davis T. A. , Heiderman A. , Iono D. ,   the VIXENS team
Published: March 2013

When galaxies merge the resulting conditions are some of the most extreme found anywhere in nature. Large gas flows, shocks and active black holes all can affect the ISM. Nearby merging galaxies with strong starbursts are the only places where we can conduct detailed study of star formation in conditions that mimic those under which the majority of stars in the universe formed. Here we study molecular gas tracers in 8 galaxies selected from the VIRUS-P Investigation of the eXtreme ENvironments of Starbursts (VIXENS) survey. Each galaxy has also been observed using the integral field unit spectrograph VIRUS-P, allowing us to investigate the relation between the chemical state of the gas, star formation and total gas content. Full details can be found in Heiderman et al. (2011). Here we report on new results obtained from IRAM-30m/NRO-45m 3mm line surveys towards 14 positions in these 8 merging galaxies. We detect ≈ 25 different molecular transitions towards these objects, many which have never been observed in these galaxies before. Our measurements show that the mean fraction of dense gas increases in later-stage mergers (Fig. 1, left), as does the average optical depth of the gas. Molecular diagnostic diagrams (Fig. 1, right) show that molecular regions we probe are, in general, UV photon dominated. Triggered AGN activity, and/or cosmic ray ionisation (from SNe II in the starburst) are not yet energetically important in determining the state of the gas.