bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Censorial Indistinction
Authors: Klumbyte Neringa
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the Broom editors' and artists' positionality toward censorship, which correlates to the relative freedom and encapsulates the relations of political intimacy with censors and banal opposition. In relation, censorial indistinction was shaped by inconsistent and arbitrary censoring practices. Since humor is full of ambiguities and resistant to clear-cut interpretations, some strategies of contextualization used by editors involve adding ideological statements to cartoons. Vilnius Glavlit's ideological control strategies of print media have overlapping categories of generalisations, misrepresentation of reality, and ideological incorrectness. The chapter also discusses Broom as an object of ideological censorship. It explains how political intimacy mediated censorship.
Histories in Motion
Authors: Burzlaff Jan
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that social scientists are now shedding new light on existing critical debates among historians of the Holocaust. It makes a case for historians to engage with this steadily growing body of social science scholarship and to consider how its methodological and theoretical developments can help further advance historical Holocaust research. Such an approach not only requires a more interdisciplinary dialogue but also aligns well with recent evolution in Holocaust studies. The chapter begins by reviewing existing encounters between Holocaust historians and social scientists to emphasize more common ground than one generally assumes. Building on the various chapters, it then highlights two perspectives that further enhance such a dialogue, regarding different scales of analysis and variations across Nazi-occupied Europe.
A Common History of Violence?
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates the role of the Germans, the Soviets, and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in the pogroms of 1941 in Western Ukraine. Although all three of these factors carry some causal weight, none of them—either together or separately—are completely satisfactory. The chapter begins by looking at various possible causes of the pogroms of 1941 in order to settle on what seems to be the most powerful account, one that stresses underlying political conflicts between ethnic majorities and Jewish minorities, conflicts that preceded the violence itself, sometimes by decades. Having established the logic of the power-threat hypothesis, it then compares the pogroms of summer 1941 to two other instances of localized anti-Jewish violence from history—one in Alexandria 38 CE and the second in Valencia in 1391—in order to explore whether the facilitating conditions for pogroms found on the eve of the Holocaust reflect common patterns. In these cases, too, the question of political “ownership” played a crucial and underappreciated role in the onset of pogroms, suggesting that anti-Jewish violence is less about hatred or cultural difference than about political conflict.
Plague Propaganda
Authors: Meerwijk Maurits Bastiaan
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes how home improvement was in fact insufficient as a response to plague. In a plot twist, the chapter reveals how it emerged that Dutch health officials had recognized from the start that home improvement was to be accompanied by home inspection and hygiene education to keep the improved dwelling rat free. The chapter follows the development of plague propaganda specifically and argues for its centrality to the Dutch plague control efforts in Java between 1911 and 1942. It first highlights that home improvement was intended to facilitate a regular cleaning of the house that was to become adat—a part of local practices and beliefs grounded in Islamic and animist traditions. The chapter then looks at a range of powerful visual technologies which sought to instruct the Javanese in the art of inhabiting the home and to inculcate new hygienic practices and beliefs. If home improvement colonized the Javanese house and by extension the land around it, “plague propaganda” sought to replace existing Javanese ideas of cleanliness and practices of health with European ones.
Introduction
Authors: Neidorf Leonard
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the canonicity of Beowulf. According to the contemporaneous poem Widsith, Beowulf is an odd hero in a very odd poem and the legends that were attached to figures were not always found in external sources. After considering Hlǫðskviða, people were forced to consider the moral significance of the narrative's events. The chapter provides an overview of the narrative of Beowulf, wherein major deeds bear little resemblance to heroes and heroines. It also argues that the most prominent characters in Beowulf, who are kin-slayers, oath-breakers, and vengeful wives of antecedent tradition, are also represented as courteous monotheists who spend much of the poem giving pious and courtly speeches.
Courtesy and Courtliness
Authors: Neidorf Leonard
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into how the Beowulf poet modified the heroic and folkloric traditions by making ideals of courtesy and courtliness central to the matter of his epic poem. It notes how the poet paid considerable attention to the courteous behavior of these foregrounded characters in an effort to curb the unrelenting ethos conventionally celebrated in the heroic-legendary tradition. Beowulf also exhibited courteousness and self-restraint with the court life in mind, which furthered his journey from being a courtier to being a king. In Beowulf, courtesy and courtliness are associated with life, society, thriving, and rising, so it was suited to a narrative about a hero's coming of age. On the other hand, the themes are correspondingly unsuited to a narrative surrounding a hero's death.
Ready to Help
Authors: Strach Patricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the garbage problem that cities faced as they grew and became more concentrated. As the problem arose, so did possible solutions, with technological advances that experts recommended. The chapter highlights how sanitarians and engineers devoted considerable attention to innovations in garbage collection in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also talks about how the boards of health offered the pretext of concern for public health, while public health officers were largely marginalized in the political game. The chapter tracks the rise of professional associations, civic organizations, and the networks connecting them. It points out how the establishment of knowledge allowed for the passage of garbage ordinances, although experts did not control municipal collection and disposal decisions or programs.
Getting and Keeping Garbage Collection
Authors: Strach Patricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the long history of sanitation's relationship to racism, fear, and deflection as cities drew attention away from their own shortcomings and turned it toward specific city populations. The chapter traces the history of racializing garbage collection back to when cities initially wrested collection practices away from individual scavengers. Once garbage collection programs were run out of departments of public works or health, problems of collection could be attributed to laggard citizen populations rather than the reigning political regime. This chapter shows how racial hierarchy was used as a resource of government to blame collectors and poor neighborhoods for inadequate trash collection and disposal programs. It takes up the unusual garbage collection program of San Francisco, categorized by sanitarians as having no municipal collection.
Pluralism
Authors: Kunakhovich Kyrill
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the attempt to adjust communism to East European societies. The chapter talks about how state officials began by researching popular desires in the late 1950s and early 1960s where they turned to public-opinion polling, starting in cultural institutions. The state officials' newfound interest stemmed from the shocks of recent popular uprisings, which demonstrated the endurance of prewar identities. The chapter considers how communist authorities had to rebuild a polling industry from the ground up and began by asking about culture. For state officials, cultural desires were less threatening than political demands and more manageable than economic proposals and asking about the arts seemed innocuous, which is a good way to demonstrate attentiveness to the public's needs.
Protest
Authors: Kunakhovich Kyrill
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights how individual dissent increasingly morphed into organized protest over the 1980s as cultural institutions gave it room to grow, sheltering critical voices while fostering contact between them. The chapter describes Leipzig's Gewandhaus, wherein spaces of art incubated the popular activism that fueled the revolutions of 1989. It also reviews the cultural matrix that Eastern Bloc regimes built up and ultimately helped East Europeans bring them down, which was clear on Karl Marx Square on October 9, 1989. The chapter details how East European men and women played leading roles in the events of 1989 by organizing, demonstrating, and simply reclaiming public space. Repression and integration defined cultural life in the last decade of communist rule and shaped the way in which that rule came crashing down in Poland and East Germany.
Muslim Exceptionalism and Genocide
Authors: Burnet Jennie E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter confronts the trope of Muslim resistance to genocide and examines the reasons why certain predominantly Muslim communities engaged in collective acts of rescue. It mentions the Muslim Hutu in the Biryogo of Kigali and in the town of Gisenyi that reacted to the genocide much like Rwandans of other faiths. It also talks about Muslims in Biryogo and Gisenyi that were deeply enmeshed in actor-networks that coalesced into genocidal agency due to the local histories of settlement, colonial apartheid policies, urbanization, and patronage ties entangled with business, trade, and politics. The chapter explores how religion still influenced Muslim actions in the neighborhoods of Gisenyi and Kigali, even if it did not result in collective rescue efforts. The cases of the Muslim neighborhoods in the cities of Gisenyi and Kigali contradict the trope that Muslims did not participate in the genocide.
Civil Governance
Authors: Liu Huwy-min Lucia
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) nationalized all funeral institutions and promoted cremation and secular civil funerals. It then references Katherine Verdery's theoretical insight to explore the politics of dead bodies and Hikaru Suzuki's ethnographic concern with the practicalities of managing dead bodies. The CCP attempted to diminish religious, affective, and relational ideas in conceptualizing the dead and their relationship to the living in these policies. The chapter explores the key existing frameworks concerning Funeral Reform: dead body management and religious changes in Sinophone societies. It provides an overview into cremation campaigns under the CCP.
The Fragile Middle
Authors: Liu Huwy-min Lucia
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the fragile middle position that funeral brokers take in the Shanghai funeral industry under the market governance of death. It then recognizes funeral brokers, as ordinary people who had struggled to achieve moderate success under the post-economic reform in Shanghai. However, despite the fragility of their position under the circumstances, brokers brought about structural change in the industry regardless of their amoral or immoral practices. The chapter correlates the notion of fragility with the concept of precarity, which are economic concepts with political consequences. It highlights that fragility created, conditioned, and sustained a market subjectivity in China.
Conclusion
Authors: Liu Huwy-min Lucia
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter provides an overview of how marketization affected the emergence of new Chinese ways of death. Additionally, the subject formation of funeral professionals, the bereaved, and the dead challenged the current research on the assumed relationship between the market economy and market subjects in Sinophone studies and the anthropology of subjectivity. Market governance did not necessarily produce market subjectivity and fragility is a condition of possibility for the creation of market subjectivity under authoritarian market economies. The chapter considers the concepts of resonance and dissonance in understanding the interplay between subjectivity and governance. It cites the importance of dead body management in the era of COVID-19.
Anti-imperialist Struggle for a Just Peace
Authors: Kim Suzy
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the development of the women's movement for decolonization in Asia. When the Korean War halted with a temporary cease-fire, international women renewed their efforts for lasting peace and continued to build relationships. The chapter references the three pivotal gatherings of the 1949 Asia Women's Conference, the 1952 Asia Pacific Peace Conference, and back to the 1953 World Congress of Women in Copenhagen. While the history of colonialism shaped the definition of peace in the postcolonial world, definitions of peace and its substantive content are intricately tied to movements for decolonization. The chapter explains how socialist women's commitment and allegiance to the oppressed peasant masses became a through-line in the birth of the Third World.
Transnational Solidarities
Authors: Kim Suzy
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter considers the significant contributions of communist and leftist women on the behalf of UN efforts and women. It also highlights the significance of the year 1967. The year marked the turn toward “gender mainstreaming” with the UN International Women's Year, which coincided with the rise of neoliberalism, the end of decolonial movements, and the waning of the Cold War. The chapter also acknowledges the persistent calls raising sexual violence and rape as international issues. Women crossed the divide to call for peace and justice for the sake of humanity despite facing the Cold War bloc politics and the radical paradigm for women's place in politics, the economy, and the cultural sphere.
“An Irrepressible Conflict between Opposing and Enduring Forces”
Authors: Hoffer Peter Charles
Published: May 2023

This chapter notes William Henry Seward's time with the Republican Party. After the Bleeding Kansas dealt a fatal blow to the Whig Party, Seward joined the Republican Party and became one of the standard bearers. Seward already made his stance clear on slavery during his first Republican Party oration, which resulted in his position against the US Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The chapter also considers Seward's campaign for the Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore Whig ticket during the 1848 presidential election year. In the governor's office, Seward had pledged himself to seek better laws and correct abuses in the laws.
“I Am to Engage in Conducting a War against a Portion of the American People”
Authors: Hoffer Peter Charles
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines William Henry Seward's work as the Secretary of State. Seward had supported Abraham Lincoln's campaign, swallowing his disappointment at not becoming his party's choice for the White House. Moreover, Seward recognized the challenge of balancing his role as secretary of state with his longtime advocacy of the rule of law. The chapter notes the orations wherein Seward offered the Senate a version of the relational rights doctrine. It then elaborates on Seward taking the task of steering the country through troubled diplomatic waters and replacing some of James Buchanan's ministers to European governments with reliable Union men.
Collaboration and Resistance
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights collaboration and resistance among Eastern Workers and Soviet prisoners of war (POWs). It addresses the question of agency and assesses it through the Wustrau propagandist training camp and resistance groups in Leipzig. Soviet POWs who volunteered for service to Germany mostly did so because they wondered if they could survive the desperate conditions of the POW camps. Collaboration had freed them from backbreaking labor, starvation, and harsh restrictions on mobility. As the certainty of the Allied victory grew from 1943, Soviet people in Germany chose increasingly to rebel. Indeed, opportunity was an important factor in collaboration and resistance. The strains that the war placed upon states gave Soviet-born people in Germany a modicum of agency. Men were the main targets because states viewed them as potential soldiers and security personnel, although limited numbers of women were also recruited as propagandists and camp administrators.
Liberated in a Foreign Land
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the short but critical period in the spring and summer of 1945 when over two million people would enter Soviet control from France and the Western-controlled areas of Germany and Austria. For many, the question was not whether to return but how to return. USSR-bound displaced persons (DPs), like their counterparts from across Europe, were largely self-governed under the Western Allies' control. Although DP camps for Soviet-claimed people were nominally under joint Soviet–Allied supervision, DPs were beyond the direct control of Moscow. Local leaders created unauthorized pro-Soviet political organizations and used violence to reinstate Stalinist political and social norms. This process can be called “wild re-Sovietization,” part of the broader dynamic of self-organization and violence that occurred in Europe on the heels of liberation. By participating in these efforts, Soviet DPs hoped they could return to the USSR as citizens in good standing.
Ambiguous Homecoming
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter evaluates Soviet repatriation, which generated problems that are typical of virtually all incidents of mass displacement. Returnees became second-class citizens in the USSR for the sin of having been the lowliest of workers in Hitler's forced labor empire. Popular resentment transformed into abuses when state and occupation authorities would not or could not defend returnees. In Soviet-occupied Europe, the chaos of the wartime and postwar periods made repatriate women a target for opportunistic sexual abuse, while accusations of their amorality justified sexualized violence as a form of revenge. An element of official hostility contributed to repatriates' difficulties by giving license to their tormentors. Stalin and other Soviet leaders could have protected returnees with strong, public messages about their status as citizens in good standing. Instead, central leaders demanded that repatriates endure the verification of their wartime biographies, a process that signaled reasons to suspect the returnees.
Repatriation and the Economics of Coerced Labor
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates how the conscription of returnees as laborers combined notions of punishment with the decentralization of power that occurred during the war and in the immediate postwar period. For many economic managers, repatriates' status as suspect people made it easy to justify mobilizing them for labor as penance. At the end of the war, Stalin ordered those determined to be “Vlasovites”—a blanket term for people who had served in pro-German formations—to work in so-called special exile in the most inhospitable places in the USSR. A second category of mobilized workers, liberated service-age men among Eastern Workers and prisoners of war, Soviet leaders sent to “labor battalions” while they underwent verification. For a third category of returnees, auxiliary workers in Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe, hostility toward them in the military also justified punishment in the form of indefinite employment abroad. The chapter then considers how the logic of coerced labor sometimes contravened the hard-line goals of punishing collaboration and rooting out potential spies. Ultimately, the priorities of the Soviet state in postwar reconstruction placed the migrants in limbo between return and repression.
A Return to Policing
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses how Soviet officials shaped postwar life through cases against collaboration and espionage. For years after return, police continued to monitor repatriates as a suspect group, and thousands would face arrest as traitors and spies. In many cases, the charges turned real cooperation with Germany and its allies into the postwar crime of collaboration. Other returnees confessed to obviously fabricated charges of spying for postwar capitalist powers. Both types of investigations enacted vengeance for perceived wartime betrayals and used Stalinist policing methods to construct the postwar order. The chapter then considers how the emergence of the Cold War motivated the partial return to preemptive arrests of enemies. Police monitored all returnees but focused espionage investigations on those who had lived under the Western Allies. Hundreds became the victims of false accusations, and tens of thousands of returnees came under police surveillance as potential arrestees.
“Now We Have Funeral after Funeral”
Authors: Uehling Greta Lynn
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides a foundation for understanding the outbreak of hostilities and the humanitarian needs that resulted from the Donbas conflict. It contends that multiple gaps in the protection of civilians led to massive forced displacement and amounted to politics of neglect and death. The ethics of care that arose in this landscape are especially significant against the background of forced migration and state neglect. The chapter supplies a foundation for understanding what happened next in the lives of civilians, highlighting the region's history, culture, politics, and the military conflict itself. It shows Donbas's political economy and the linguistic issues that were confronting Ukraine at the time.
Interpersonal Peace
Authors: Uehling Greta Lynn
Published: May 2023

This chapter follows the patrons of Café Patriot home to understand what transpires in the intimate spaces of living rooms and kitchens where the intersecting forces of military conflict and national propaganda reconfigured relationships. It shows how care produced an interpersonal, everyday kind of peace. It also mentions Svetlana as a good example of care as her friends from opposing militaries shared tea at her kitchen table in the evenings. The chapter points out how everyday peace came at a cost and was sufficiently flawed as it prompted thoughts about everyday war. One of the most troubling features of the conflict in Donbas for those who experienced the intersecting forces of military conflict and national rhetoric was that it reconfigured relationships among people who knew one another.
Home Fronts
Authors: Uehling Greta Lynn
Published: May 2023

This chapter talks about how romantic partnerships sometimes became casualties to the conflict. It advances the argument that an innovative way to think about the catastrophic effect of war on relationships is that it upsets the established relationships between relationships. People were torn by decisions like whether to volunteer at shelters for internally displaced strangers or cook for their spouse. In line with the thesis that interpersonal relationships provide valuable insight into war, the intersectionality in this chapter is between different kinds of attachments. The chapter extends the concept that “people are like bombs,” which is an apt metaphor for the way of thinking about how contemporary conflicts erupt at multiple sites, including within interpersonal relationships.
The Displaced People’s Republic
Authors: Marantzidis Nikos
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the early Cold War years from August 1949 to 1956. The Communist Party of Greece's (KKE) defeat in the civil war transformed the party yet again. Some eighty thousand people left Greece and settled behind the newly emergent Iron Curtain, while the KKE's leaders moved again, this time to Bucharest, Romania. Unlike Spanish Republicans, who found refuge mainly in the West, in the Greek case, it was the Eastern European people's democracies that became a refuge for the defeated, profoundly shaping their political culture and their political and social trajectory and exposing them to different currents occupying the international Communist world. When Joseph Stalin died in March of 1953, the KKE, already dependent on its international comrades, had to adapt to the changes taking place in the Soviet Bloc. The new leadership in Moscow had little sympathy for the old Stalinist Greeks. Hence, the haphazard process of de-Stalinization in the international Communist world yet again pushed the KKE into a protracted crisis. Greek Communists, scattered over the entire continent, had to find a way to reconcile their different visions of what Communism meant.
The Collector and His Circle
Authors: Pfeifer Annie
Published: May 2023

This chapter studies a series of largely overlooked essays in which Carl Einstein espouses a theory of collecting that is connected to his broader literary and art historical aims. The importance of these essays reinforces the argument that during the modernist period, the previously distinct roles of collector and artist began to intersect. Reflecting on his friend, the renowned art collector Dr. Gottlieb Friedrich Reber, Einstein develops the notion of the “creative collector” who rejects the role of the historian to preserve and record, becoming an explorer who “boldly intervenes.” Reber's collection is uniquely modernist in its reliance on juxtaposition to break down and reconfigure the conventional arrangement of objects. Equally applicable to Einstein as a collector of Africana, his notion of the “creative collector” represents the culmination of the artistic current of modernist collecting—the polar opposite of Nietzsche's neurotic, antiquarian hoarder.
Sisters
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the Order of Poor Sisters in San Damiano, which sits outside the walls of Assisi. At the time of his conversion, Francis had taken refuge in this small, half-ruined church and then restored it with his own hands even before the arrival of his first companions. In 1211, it became the fledgling female community's shelter. At San Damiano, almost from the beginning, at least from as early as 1220, there were two categories of religious women: the “ladies” or “sisters,” on one hand, and the “servants” or “serving sisters,” on the other. The entire monastic life, even more so for women than for men, is thought of as a withdrawal, a retreat, a cloistering, a move apart from the world and a shelter from its defilements, as a safeguard of consecrated purity, above all virginity. For this reason, contact with the world, a burden borne exclusively by the servants, represents a permanent risk of pollution. This risk is clearly expressed in the precautions contained in Clare's Form of Life, which transform (but also confirm) a likely social inferiority into a moral danger.
Fontevraud
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how Robert of Arbrissel named Petronilla of Chemillé as abbess at Fontevraud. Though he was not a Benedictine monk, Robert of Arbrissel knew the Rule of Benedict very well. He was, however, a man of the “Gregorian moment,” the decisive move to reform church and society that had been launched by Pope Gregory VII and pursued by his successors. Thus, the founder of Fontevraud introduced a clause entirely foreign to Benedict's thought: the insistence that the superior (here in the feminine) would have to come from one of the abbey's internal categories rather than from another. The reforming Gregorian movement was the papacy's battle to rid itself of the German emperors' oversight and of the influence of princes, to free bishops from the power of counts, and to liberate parish priests and monks from the grip of secular lords. Ultimately, the Gregorian reform is emblematic of the ideological paradox of Christian society—that is, the exacerbated tension between the dominant religion and the social order it is supposed to protect as an ideology.
Treasure Trove
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter evaluates Michel Foucault's 1977–1978 course, which he devoted to the study of an idea he has already sketched out: “bio-power.” Across the first three lectures, Foucault traces out a distinction between the series discipline–people–sovereignty and the series security–population–government. This leads him to devote his fourth lecture to the problem of government. The idea of government takes on multiple aspects: government of the self, which relates to morals; government of the family, which relates to economy; government of the state, which relates to politics. At heart, governing a state is a matter of applying the family father's economy on a larger scale. In contrast to sovereignty, the objective of government is not to impose law on human beings, but to arrange things.
A Note
Authors: Dalarun Jacques
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the talk given by Attilio Bartoli Langeli on October 15, 1993, during a colloquium sponsored by the International Society of Franciscan Studies on the subject of “Brother Francis of Assisi.” The talk was entitled “Francis of Assisi's Writings: The Autograph of an Illiteratus.” In his talk, Attilio Bartoli Langeli applied a rigorous, penetrating paleographic expertise to the only two autographs known to have been written by Francis of Assisi. One is a chartula conserved at the Sacro Convento of Assisi, a bit of goatskin parchment that bears (on the flesh side) the Praises of the Most High God and (on the hair side) the blessing to Brother Leo, framed by headings added later by its recipient. The other is a letter conserved in the archives of the cathedral of Spoleto, a fragment of goatskin parchment that has (only on the flesh side) the nineteen-line message addressed by Francis to this same Brother Leo.
Gender, Race, and Civility in Eighteenth-Century Education
Authors: Kane Maeve
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the first Haudenosaunee students to enroll at Eleazar Wheelock's school in Lebanon Crank. Although they traveled a further distance to get there than most, the chapter argues that it was not so surprising to the white residents of Lebanon Crank after a few years of seeing other Indigenous students come and go. Moor's Indian Charity School, run by New Light Congregationalist minister Eleazar Wheelock, was intended to be the center of a sweeping effort to transform Haudenosaunee territories into a bulwark of British, Christian evangelism and reform of the North American continent. As the chapter emphasizes, Moor's was just one of several British American efforts to educate Indigenous people in Christianity and material civility in the mid-eighteenth century. Looking at Wheelock's efforts to educate Indigenous missionaries, the chapter reveals both the central importance of converting the Haudenosaunee to British imperial imaginings and the reliance of white masculinity on both free and enslaved women's labor.The chapter underlines that the founding and transformation of Moor's from Indian boarding school to Dartmouth College represented the progression of British American imaginings of Indians, and especially the Haudenosaunee, from potential partners in the British empire to inherently incompatible others.
Disasters and the Polity
Authors: McCarthy Gerard
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how ideals and practices of non-state welfare were entrenched and stretched during natural disasters in 2008 and 2015, popularizing expansive notions of political and social duty beyond direct kinship that implicitly exclude ethnic and religious minorities. The chapter begins by surveying available accounts of the devastation and aftermath of the 2008 Cyclone Nargis, noting the role of local welfare groups, religious actors, and businesspeople in providing support, often at the behest of junta officials. The chapter then draws on fieldwork conducted with welfare groups from central Myanmar during Cyclone Komen in 2015 to describe how social, geographic, and logistic proximity led Buddhists in flooded lowland regions to receive far more support from these networks than ethno-religious minorities in upland regions affected by landslides. By deliberately and inadvertently cleaving hierarchies of belonging within the polity in this way, non-state aid can undermine shared commitment to state-led collective improvement, which is crucial to justifying taxation and building a more inclusive welfare regime. The chapter concludes that ideals and practices of obligation and redistribution enacted by lowland non-state actors fill important gaps in social aid while also paradoxically fracturing popular commitment to the role of state agencies in achieving social justice.
Introduction
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the development of care robots in Japan. In Japan, state and industry backers of care robots aim to promote the development and use of a range of what they call personal care robots, to be employed mainly in care institutions but also increasingly in private homes, to help with demanding or time-consuming care tasks. Ultimately, the development of care robots represents an attempt to square the apparent contradiction of capitalism in Japan while continuing to grow the economy: to digitally and mechanically reproduce and replace large swathes of human care, substituting capital for labor and so acting as a kind of bridge between productive and reproductive labor. The chapter considers how robots are the ultimate enchanting dream of modernity, embodying progress through innovation. The chapter explains that the book examines the differences between how the roboticization of care is imagined, how it is proceeding, and what this process looks like from the perspective of an eldercare facility and care workers expected to use robots.
Developing Robots and Designing Algorithmic Care
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the world of Japan's National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) to address the everyday activities of robotics engineers working on the Robot Care Project in the context of ongoing institutional change. It looks at how engineers approached questions of robot ethics and the role of standardization and explores how they constructed a vision of algorithmic care through their development practices. As concerns about robot ethics were understood at AIST primarily as matters of engineerable safety, so too were they translated into questions of standardization. The standardization of ethical concerns about care robots in the form of globally scalable technical criteria of safety and risk management also required the standardization of human subjects. Algorithmic care represents an attempt to radically disentangle the messy elements of human life to produce a scientifically rationalized, Taylorized, and dehumanized version of care, materializing it in the form of robots designed to carry out each of the supposedly discrete and linear physical and communicatory tasks that are understood by engineers to constitute care.
Portrait of a Care Home
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This chapter evaluates the genba (actual site) of care at Sakura nursing home before care robots were introduced and addresses the questions of who does care, how, and why. Although more men are becoming caregivers in Japan, the balance at Sakura reflected the still predominantly female-gendered norm of caregiving roles in Japanese society. Given the labor shortage in the care sector and difficulty finding and recruiting new care workers, maintaining staff morale was one of the most important tasks of the manager of Sakura, and he hoped that robots might help. However, the introduction of robots or any change is complicated: staff had to be persuaded to accept them or at least to try them out. The chapter then details the care routines and the flow of daily life at Sakura, looking at the motivations of the staff for entering the Japanese eldercare industry, how they provide personalized care, and how they build trust relationships with residents.
Hug
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses the use of care robots for manual lifting in care. Back pain due to lifting is often identified in state and media discourses as a major contributing factor to the large and growing shortage of care workers in Japan. As such, the reduction of back injuries to zero through the use of robots was a key objective for the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in implementing the Robot Care Project. In the Robot Care Project, lifting devices were divided into two categories: wearable and nonwearable. Wearable devices include machines such as Cyberdyne's HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb) exoskeleton. Nonwearable devices include machines that use robotic arms to lift users, such as Fuji Machine Manufacturing's Hug and Muscle Corporation's Robohelper Sasuke. Despite the recent proliferation of the types of robotic lifting aids available, they are far from commercially successful and have so far failed to make a significant impact in Japanese eldercare. The chapter looks at the introduction of Hug at Sakura nursing home. Within the context of an underlying ethic and ideology of personalized care, technological mediation of the social and tactile care relationship was perceived by staff at Sakura as disrupting the “connection and interchange between people” that most of them said they valued.
Pepper
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how the survival of the Japanese care system has often been framed in media, academic, and state discourses in terms of a choice between the two alternatives of significantly increased immigration or vastly expanded use of care robots. The unspoken assumption of the idea that robots will “save” Japan is that they will do so not just by providing care and bolstering other industries suffering from a shortage of labor but also by preventing the need for migrant workers and preserving Japan's presumed ethnic and sociocultural homogeneity. The chapter looks at the introduction of Pepper—a humanoid robot marketed as a multipurpose service robot that could attract and emotionally engage with customers and other users, and provide information or services to them while, importantly, collecting data from and about them—at Sakura nursing home. It considers how Pepper eliminated the need for fluency in Japanese and a knowledge of Japanese culture as prerequisites for conducting recreation sessions. Ultimately, instead of a binary opposition of care robots and foreign care workers, the relationship between robots and foreign care staff is more symbiotic than oppositional.
Drought stress detection technique for wheat crop using machine learning
Authors: Gupta Ankita , Kaur Lakhwinder , Kaur Gurmeet
Published: May 2023

The workflow of this research is based on numerous hypotheses involving the usage of pre-processing methods, wheat canopy segmentation methods, and whether the existing models from the past research can be adapted to classify wheat crop water stress. Hence, to construct an automation model for water stress detection, it was found that pre-processing operations known as total variation with L1 data fidelity term (TV-L1) denoising with a Primal-Dual algorithm and min-max contrast stretching are most useful. For wheat canopy segmentation curve fit based K-means algorithm (Cfit-kmeans) was also validated for the most accurate segmentation using intersection over union metric. For automated water stress detection, rapid prototyping of machine learning models revealed that there is a need only to explore nine models. After extensive grid search-based hyper-parameter tuning of machine learning algorithms and 10 K fold cross validation it was found that out of nine different machine algorithms tested, the random forest algorithm has the highest global diagnostic accuracy of 91.164% and is the most suitable for constructing water stress detection models.
A comparative analysis of small RNA sequencing data in tubers of purple potato and its red mutant reveals small RNA regulation in anthocyanin biosynthesis
Authors: Liu Fang , Zhao Peng , Chen Guangxia , Wang Yongqiang , Yang Yuanjun
Published: May 2023

Anthocyanins are a group of natural pigments acting as stress protectants induced by biotic/abiotic stress in plants. Although the metabolic pathway of anthocyanin has been studied in potato, the roles of miRNAs on the metabolic pathway remain unclear. In this study, a purple tetraploid potato of SD92 and its red mutant of SD140 were selected to explore the regulation mechanism of miRNA in anthocyanin biosynthesis. A comparative analysis of small RNAs between SD92 and SD140 revealed that there were 179 differentially expressed miRNAs, including 65 up- and 114 down-regulated miRNAs. Furthermore, 31 differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted to potentially regulate 305 target genes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for these target genes showed that plant hormone signal transduction pathway and plant-pathogen interaction pathway were significantly enriched. The correlation analysis of miRNA sequencing data and transcriptome data showed that there were 140 negative regulatory miRNA-mRNA pairs. The miRNAs included miR171 family, miR172 family, miR530b_4 and novel_mir170. The mRNAs encoded transcription factors, hormone response factors and protein kinases. All these results indicated that miRNAs might regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis through transcription factors, hormone response factors and protein kinase.
Single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy provide equal prognosis with overall survival in patients with brain metastases at diagnosis without surgery at primary site
Authors: Ostdiek-Wille Garett Paul , Amin Saber , Wang Shuo , Zhang Chi , Lin Chi
Published: May 2023

Background and purpose

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) are both treatments shown to be effective in treating brain metastases (BMs). However, it is unknown how these treatments compare in effectiveness and safety in cancer patients with BMs regardless of the primary cancer. The main objective of this study is to investigate the SRS and SRT treatments’ associations with the overall survival (OS) of patients diagnosed with BMs using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Materials and methods

Patients in the NCDB with breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, other lung cancers, melanoma, colorectal cancer, or kidney cancer who had BMs at the time of their primary cancer diagnosis and received either SRS or SRT as treatment for their BMs were included in the study. We analyzed OS with a Cox proportional hazard analysis that adjusted variables associated with improved OS during univariable analysis.

Results

Of the total 6,961 patients that fit the criteria for the study, 5,423 (77.9%) received SRS and 1,538 (22.1%) received SRT. Patients who received SRS treatment had a median survival time of 10.9 (95% CI [10.5–11.3]), and those who received SRT treatment had a median survival time of 11.3 (95% CI [10.4–12.3]) months. This difference was not found to be significant (Log-rank P = 0.31). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis did not yield a significant difference between the treatments’ associations with OS (Hazard Ratio: 0.942, CI 95% [0.882–1.006]; P = .08) or SRS vs. SRT.

Conclusions

In this analysis, SRS and SRT did not show a significant difference in their associations with OS. Future studies investigating the neurotoxicity risks of SRS as compared to SRT are warranted.
Aprendizagem Cooperativa: uma proposta metodológica no ensino da administração na Educação Profissional e Tecnológica
Authors: Vidal Francisco Antonio Barbosa , Pereira Raquel da Silva , Ximenes Rachel Lima Serra , De Lima José Aureliano Arruda Ximenes
Published: May 2023

A criação dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia (IFs) no Brasil, através da Lei 11.892, de 29/12/2008, faz emergir um debate crítico-dialético no âmbito das macropolíticas educacionais voltadas para os alunos do IFCE em relação às questões dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Esta pesquisa objetivou propor modelagem de ensino balizado em plano de aula lastreado pelos preceitos da Aprendizagem Cooperativa no âmbito do projeto pedagógico de ensino de um curso de Pós-Graduação lato sensu em Planejamento e Gestão de Políticas Públicas. A vertente teórica permitiu um percurso formativo, cujo método estruturante organiza o coletivo de alunos de uma turma em células de estudo e pesquisa, com papéis de mediação intersubjetiva. A pesquisa é de abordagem qualitativa e classifica-se como experimental. A culminância epistêmica da presente pesquisa se deu por meio do delineamento de uma planificação de aula de uma disciplina ministrada em um curso de Pós-Graduação latu senso, na área da Administração, cujo percurso e método podem ser replicados em outros cursos e instituições. Nos resultados e discussões do trabalho, constatou-se que a aplicação desse método de ensino requer adaptações pedagógicas, uma vez que não basta reunir estudantes em prol de uma atividade para que este grupo seja entendido como cooperativo.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of Methylene Blue over Nanosized Ca2+ Doped LaMnO3 under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Nayak Himansulal , Padhi Biswajit
Published: May 2023

The Photocatalytic performance of the Calcium doped lanthanum manganite nanocomposite for photodegradation of Methylene Blue(MB)  dye as an Organic water pollutant,was evaluated over visible light irradiation, at a pH of 4, at constant dose for several hours. The result showed La0.75Ca0.25MnO3 having Perovskite structure shows high degree of catalytic efficiency of 69% within 100 min illumination time, for the removal of Methylene Blue organic dye from its aqueous solution. The sample powder(LCMO) was prepared through sol-gel technique and was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The XRD data revealed the formation of single phase crystallinity.SEM images shows that the micro sized La0.75Ca0.25MnO3 powder has nanocrystalline structure with average diameter of 1-3 µm. The ICP-AES data confirmed formation of required stoichiometric La1-xCaxMnO3 Oxide. The rates of photodegradation linearly increase as a function of time of irradiation, which was confirmed from study of the optical properties of the resulting aqueous solutions. These findings shows convincingly that La0.75Ca0.25MnO3 photocatalyst possess great promise for visible light driven photodegadation of Methylene Blue dye.