bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient detection of public key infrastructure‐based revoked keys in mobilead hocnetworks
Authors: Misra Sudip , Goswami Sumit , Pathak Gyan Prakash , Shah Nirav
Published: October 2009

Key revocation involves secure and efficient managing of the information about compromised keys. Spreading the information of revoked keys to the receivers of the key is a challenging task in public key infrastructure (PKI). PKI is more suitable for wired Internet infrastructure and lacks any tailor‐made protocols for extension over anad hocnetwork. The paper presents a MobileAd hocKey Revocation Server (MAKeRS) scheme which proposes to improve the performance and reliability of the system. Simulation shows that the concept presented in the paper is more reliable, faster, and scalable than the existing usage of PKI overAd hocnetworks. It proposes auto‐creation of zone of network availability (ZoNA) by each MAKeRS, which holds the revocation list and is the best service provider in its zone. A node automatically updates the identity of the key revocation server when it enters a new ZoNA. Each node maintains a list of identities of the key revocation servers sorted in order of their communication overhead. This list is regularly updated based on the broadcast from the servers and also gets modified based on the mobility of nodes and servers. The various scenarios of mobility of nodes and servers are considered and the scheme is designed to suit such scenarios in an optimum way. It reduces the time to gain information about the revocation list and ensures availability and, thus, improvement of the system as a whole. Hence, the proposed system results in scalable, reliable, and faster PKI infrastructure and will be attractive for the mobileAd hocnetwork (MANET) users who frequently connect to the Internet for secured transactions. We discuss the architecture as well as the performance of our scheme compared to the popular existing scheme. However, our scheme does not call for the entire change in PKI, but is compatible with the existing scheme. Our simulations show that the proposed scheme is better for key revocation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image overlay navigation by markerless surface registration in gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery
Authors: Sugimoto Maki , Yasuda Hideki , Koda Keiji , Suzuki Masato , Yamazaki Masato , Tezuka Tohru , Kosugi Chihiro , Higuchi Ryota , Watayo Yoshihisa , Yagawa Yohsuke , Uemura Shuichiro , Tsuchiya Hironori , Azuma Takeshi
Published: October 2009

Background

We applied a new concept of “image overlay surgery” consisting of the integration of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technology, in which dynamic 3D images were superimposed on the patient's actual body surface and evaluated as a reference for surgical navigation in gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery.

Methods

We carried out seven surgeries, including three cholecystectomies, two gastrectomies and two colectomies. A Macintosh and a DICOM workstation OsiriX were used in the operating room for image analysis. Raw data of the preoperative patient information obtained via MDCT were reconstructed to volume rendering and projected onto the patient's body surface during the surgeries. For accurate registration, OsiriX was first set to reproduce the patient body surface, and the positional coordinates of the umbilicus, left and right nipples, and the inguinal region were fixed as physiological markers on the body surface to reduce the positional error.

Results

The registration process was non‐invasive and markerlesss, and was completed within 5 min. Image overlay navigation was helpful for 3D anatomical understanding of the surgical target in the gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and pancreatic anatomies. The surgeon was able to minimize movement of the gaze and could utilize the image assistance without interfering with the forceps operation, reducing the gap from the VR. Unexpected organ injury could be avoided in all procedures. In biliary surgery, the projected virtual cholangiogram on the abdominal wall could advance safely with identification of the bile duct. For early gastric and colorectal cancer, the small tumors and blood vessels, which usually could not be found on the gastric serosa by laparoscopic view, were simultaneously detected on the body surface by carbon dioxide‐enhanced MDCT. This provided accurate reconstructions of the tumor and involved lymph node, directly linked with optimization of the surgical procedures.

Conclusions

Our non‐invasive markerless registration using physiological markers on the body surface reduced logistical efforts. The image overlay technique is a useful tool when highlighting hidden structures, giving more information.
Provision of Genetic Services for Hearing Loss: Results from a National Survey and Comparison to Insights Obtained from Previous Focus Group Discussions
Authors: Withrow Kara Anne , Tracy Kelly A. , Burton Sarah K. , Norris Virginia W. , Maes Hermine H. , Arnos Kathleen S. , Pandya Arti
Published: October 2009

Hearing loss is a common sensory deficit and more than 50% of affected individuals have a genetic etiology. The discovery of 40 genes and more than 100 loci involved in hearing loss has made genetic testing for some of these genes widely available. Genetic services for deafness are also being sought more often due to the early identification of hearing loss through newborn screening services. The motivations for pursuing genetic testing, and how genetic services are provided to the client may differ among individuals. Additionally, information obtained through genetic testing can be perceived and used in different ways by parents of deaf children and deaf adults. This study aimed to follow up on focus group studies published earlier with a quantitative survey instrument and assess the preference of consumers for provision of genetic services. We conducted a national survey of hearing and deaf parents of children with hearing loss and of deaf adults. Data was compared and analyzed by hearing status of the participant, their community affiliation and the genetic testing status using nominal logistic regression. Consistent with our focus group results, the survey participants thought that a genetic counselor/geneticist would be the most appropriate professional to provide genetics services. Statistically significant differences were noted in the preferred choice of provider based on the genetic testing status. Parents preferred that genetic evaluation, including testing, occur either immediately at or a few months after the audiologic diagnosis of hearing loss. This data should help providers in clinical genetics keep patient preferences at the helm and provide culturally competent services.
A Balancing Act—Telehealth Cancer Genetics and Practitioners’ Experiences of a Triadic Consultation
Authors: Zilliacus Elvira , Meiser Bettina , Lobb Elizabeth , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine , Tucker Katherine
Published: October 2009

Telehealth is increasingly used for outreach service in cancer genetic counseling; however what occurs during the consultation and the roles practitioners adopt is largely unknown. Fifteen practitioners participated in semi‐structured interviews that explored their roles within telehealth, compared to face‐to‐face consultations, and the relationship between practitioners during telehealth. As they were not physically present with the patient, most participants felt that telehealth altered the genetic clinician's role to one of a ‘visiting specialist’. Genetic counselors described undertaking multiple roles during the telehealth process. Two models of interaction were observed. The medical model reduced the interaction to a dyadic consultation by having the genetic counselor off‐screen and included minimal clinician meetings and supervision. The triadic co‐facilitation model incorporated a high level of information exchange, counselor autonomy and included the counselor onscreen. The co‐facilitation model offers a useful framework for telehealth genetic counselling, offering complementary roles between practitioners and efficient service delivery.
“Testing Times, Challenging Choices”: An Australian Study of Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Authors: Hodgson Jan M. , Gillam Lynn H. , Sahhar Margaret A. , Metcalfe Sylvia A.
Published: October 2009

In many countries pregnant women deemed to be at increased risk for fetal anomaly following a screening test may attend a genetic counseling session to receive information and support in decision‐making about subsequent diagnostic testing. This paper presents findings from an Australian study that explored 21 prenatal genetic counseling sessions conducted by five different genetic counselors. All were attended by pregnant women who had received an increased risk result from a maternal serum screening (MSS) test and who were offered a diagnostic test. Qualitative methods were used to analyze the content and structure of sessions and explore the counseling interactions. Findings from this cohort demonstrate that, within these prenatal genetic counseling sessions, counselor dialogue predominated. Overall the sessions were characterized by: a) an emphasis on information‐giving b) a lack of dialogue about relevant sensitive topics such as disability and abortion. Arguably, this resulted in missed opportunities for client deliberation and informed decision‐making. These findings have implications for the training and practice of genetic counselors and all healthcare professionals who communicate with women about prenatal testing.
Attitudes and Practice of Genetic Counselors Regarding Anonymous Testing for BRCA1/2
Authors: Ader Tammy , Susswein Lisa R. , Callanan Nancy P. , Evans James P.
Published: October 2009

Patients and clinicians alike view anonymous testing as a potential way to avoid perceived risks of genetic testing such as insurance and employment discrimination and the potential loss of privacy. To assess their experience with and attitudes towards anonymous testing for BRCA1/2, genetic counselors were invited to complete an internet‐based survey via the NSGC Familial Cancer Risk Counseling Special Interest Group (FCRC‐SIG) listerv. A majority of the 115 respondents (70%) had received requests from patients for anonymous BRCA1/2 testing at some point in their careers and 43% complied with this request. Most counselors, however, encountered such requests infrequently, 1–5 times per year. Although genetic counselors do not generally encourage anonymous testing and over a third of respondents feel it should never be offered, a substantial subset support its use under specific circumstances. In general, a strong consensus exists among counselors that anonymous testing should not be offered routinely. In light of the current legislative landscape, it is of note that a substantial proportion of respondents (42.7%) cited the threat of life insurance discrimination as a reason for pursuing AT, and fewer cited health insurance (30.0%) or employment discrimination (29.1%) as justifications. Since there exists no federal legislative protections against discrimination by life insurance companies, it makes sense that genetic counselors were more responsive to this issue as opposed to the threat of discrimination in health insurance and employment.
Continuous Lipase‐Catalyzed Alcoholysis of Sunflower Oil: Effect of Phase‐Equilibrium on Process Efficiency
Authors: Jachmanián Iván , Dobroyán Matías , Moltini Mercedes , Segura Nadia , Irigaray Bruno , Veira Juan Pablo , Vieitez Ignacio , Grompone Maria A.
Published: October 2009

Phase‐equilibrium diagrams of biodiesel synthesis substrate (oil/alcohol/alkyl esters) and product (alkyl esters/glycerol/alcohol) mixtures containing methanol, ethanol and propanol, respectively, were used for the identification of those composition ratios leading to mixture homogeneity. Based on the diagrams, complete conversion of the substrate oil contained in a sunflower oil/ethanol/ethyl ester mixture at a weight ratio of 7.6:11.4:81.0 resulted in the generation of an amount of glycerol capable of remaining in solution in the product mixture. In contrast, complete conversion using a mixture of a lower alcohol and ethyl ester content (19.0:6.0:75.0) leads to the separation of phases. A continuous reactor charged with Lypozyme TL‐IM and fed with the former mixture showed constant conversion and productivity with time, whereas process efficiency was found to decrease drastically when the latter mixture was fed. When a sunflower oil/isopropanol/isopropyl ester mixture at a weight ratio of 35:35:30 was fed in the reactor charged with Novozym 435, the output glycerol concentration was equivalent to that theoretically expected. In contrast, feeding a sunflower oil/ethanol/ethyl ester mixture of equal proportions as above, the glycerol concentration was lower than expected, suggesting the occurrence of glycerol adsorption on the enzyme support.
Thrombopoietic‐mesenchymal interaction that may facilitate both endochondral ossification and platelet maturation via CCN2
Authors: Sumiyoshi Kumi , Kubota Satoshi , Furuta Rika A. , Yasui Kazuta , Aoyama Eriko , Kawaki Harumi , Kawata Kazumi , Ohgawara Toshihiro , Yamashiro Takashi , Takigawa Masaharu
Published: October 2009

CCN2 plays a central role in the development and growth of mesenchymal tissue and promotes the regeneration of bone and cartilage in vivo. Of note, abundant CCN2 is contained in platelets, which is thought to play an important role in the tissue regeneration process. In this study, we initially pursued the possible origin of the CCN2 in platelets. First, we examined if the CCN2 in platelets was produced by megakaryocyte progenitors during differentiation. Unexpectedly, neither megakaryocytic CMK cells nor megakaryocytes that had differentiated from human haemopoietic stem cells in culture showed any detectable CCN2 gene expression or protein production. Together with the fact that no appreciable CCN2 was detected in megakaryocytes in vivo, these results suggest that megakaryocytes themselves do not produce CCN2. Next, we suspected that mesenchymal cells situated around megakaryocytes in the bone marrow were stimulated by the latter to produce CCN2, which was then taken up by platelets. To evaluate this hypothesis, we cultured human chondrocytic HCS‐2/8 cells with medium conditioned by differentiating megakaryocyte cultures, and then monitored the production of CCN2 by the cells. As suspected, CCN2 production by HCS‐2/8 was significantly enhanced by the conditioned medium. We further confirmed that human platelets were able to absorb/uptake exogenous CCN2 in vitro. These findings indicate that megakaryocytes secrete some unknown soluble factor(s) during differentiation, which factor stimulates the mesenchymal cells to produce CCN2 for uptake by the platelets. We also consider that, during bone growth, such thrombopoietic‐mesenchymal interaction may contribute to the hypertrophic chondrocyte‐specific accumulation of CCN2 that conducts endochondral ossification.
Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2, CTGF) and organ fibrosis: lessons from transgenic animals
Authors: Brigstock David R.
Published: October 2009

In recent months, four different systems have been reported in the literature in which CCN2 transgenes were individually expressed in podocytes, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes or respiratory epithelial cells to achieve overexpression in, respectively, the kidney, liver, heart, or lung. These transgenic systems have provided valuable information about the contribution of CCN2 to fibrosis in vivo and have begun to reveal the complexities of the underlying mechanisms involved. On the one hand, studies of these animals have revealed that CCN2 overexpression does not necessarily lead directly to fibrotic pathology but may cause severe non‐fibrotic tissue damage due to its other effects on cell function (e.g. heart). On the other hand, overexpression of CCN2 in concert with signaling pathways associated with development (e.g. lung) or fibrosing injuries (e.g. kidney, liver) can lead to the initiation or exacerbation of fibrosis. The significance of these studies is discussed in the context of the requirement for interactions between CCN2 and co‐stimulatory factors in the microenvironment for the manifestation of CCN2‐dependent fibrosis.
Is Race a Determinant of Student Performance in Economics?
Authors: Stockly Sue K.
Published: October 2009

While several authors have examined gender as a determinant of student performance in introductory economics, few have considered race as a contributing factor. In this study, data collected on over 5,000 students enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin indicate that on average minority students earn significantly lower grades than non-minority students. A probit model is developed to control for a set of variables that measure or proxy student characteristics, academic maturity, previous coursework, and relative high school quality. Race remains statistically significant. A decomposition framework, commonly used in labor economics to study wage gaps, is adapted to predict success in economics classes based on mean variable characteristics. Details on the probabilities of earning specific grades are obtained through development of an ordered logit model and decomposition techniques. Results of these analyses indicate significant and unexplained differences in average grades earned by minority students, relative to non-minority students.
Multiple solutions for a class of elliptic equations with jumping nonlinearities
Authors: Molle Riccardo , Passaseo Donato
Published: October 2009

We consider a semilinear elliptic Dirichlet problem with jumping nonlinearity and, using variational methods, we show that the number of solutions tends to infinity as the number of jumped eigenvalues tends to infinity. In order to prove this fact, for every positive integer

k

we prove that, when a parameter is large enough, there exists a solution which presents

k

interior peaks. We also describe the asymptotic behaviour and the profile of this solution as the parameter tends to infinity.

Nous considérons un problème de Dirichlet semi-linéaire avec le terme non linéaire qui interfère avec les valeurs propres de l'opérateur linéaire. Avec des méthodes variationnelles, nous montrons que le nombre de solutions est arbitrairement grand pourvu que le nombre de valeurs propres qui interfèrent avec le terme non linéaire soit suffisamment grand. Pour la démonstration nous prouvons que pour tout

k \in \mathbb{N}

le problème a une solution qui présente

k

pics quand un paramètre est suffisamment grand. Nous décrivons aussi le comportement asymptotique et la forme de cette solution quand ce paramètre tend à l'infini.
Blow up and grazing collision in viscous fluid solid interaction systems
Authors: Hillairet Matthieu , Takahashi Takéo
Published: October 2009

We investigate qualitative properties of strong solutions to a classical system describing the fall of a rigid ball under the action of gravity inside a bounded cavity filled with a viscous incompressible fluid. We prove contact between the ball and the boundary of the cavity implies blow up of strong solutions and such a contact has to occur in finite time under symmetry assumptions on the initial data.
A blow-up criterion for compressible viscous heat-conductive flows
Authors: Fan Jishan , Jiang Song , Ou Yaobin
Published: October 2009

We study an initial boundary value problem for the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations of viscous heat-conductive fluids in a bounded smooth domain. We establish a blow-up criterion for the local strong solutions in terms of the temperature and the gradient of velocity only, similar to the Beale–Kato–Majda criterion for ideal incompressible flows.

Nous étudions un problème de valeur limite initiale pour les équations de Navier–Stokes tridimensionnelles des fluides visqueux conducteurs de chaleur dans un domaine délimité lisse. Nous établissons un critère d'explosion pour les solutions fortes en termes de température et de gradient de vitesse seulement, semblable au critère de Beale–Kato–Majda pour les écoulements incompressibles idéaux.
“The Last of the World's Afflicted Race of Humans Who Believe in Freedom”: Race, Colonial Whiteness and Imperialism in John Ford and Dudley Nichols's The Hurricane (1937)
Authors: CASSANO GRAHAM
Published: October 2009

This essay examines the political meanings of John Ford and Dudley Nichols's film The Hurricane (1937). The Hurricane appears at a pivotal moment in American history, a moment when Ford and Nichols set out to make films for a “new kind of public.” This new audience was forged by new political forces, including the rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the Popular Front, and Roosevelt's New Deal. Building on previous work that documents Nichols's affiliation with Popular Front organizations, and Ford's own political cinema (including The Informer (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), and How Green Was My Valley (1941)), I argue that The Hurricane offers a fundamental critique of European imperialism, and imperial “whiteness.” At the same time, the energies for that critique come from a paradoxically “progressive” orientalism that represents South Seas “natives” as inherently wild and independent. It is this projected hunger for independence that allows Ford and Nichols to argue against colonial “whiteness,” while, almost simultaneously, they portray African Americans as servile and dependent, thus justifying white supremacy and racial oppression in the United States. Finally, by way of conclusion, I suggest that this dyadic representation – natives as independent, blacks as dependent – continues to structure the politics of Ford's post-World War II cinema, allowing him to normalize white supremacy at home, while at the same time justifying American military adventures abroad in the name of freedom for “the world's afflicted races.”
NINETEENTH CENTURY MEXICAN STATURES IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH INSOLATION AND VITAMIN D
Authors: CARSON SCOTT ALAN
Published: October 2009

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics. However, there are still some populations, places and times for which the comparison across groups remains unclear. One example is 19th century Mexicans in the US. This study demonstrates that after comparing the statures of Mexicans born in Mexico and the US the primary source of the stature difference between the two groups was birth year, and the stature gap increased as the US economy developed while the Mexican economy stagnated. Moreover, the stature growth of Mexicans born in the US was related to vitamin D, and the Mexican relationship between stature and insolation was more like that of Europeans than Africans.
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG UNMARRIED ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: SAMBISA WILLIAM , CURTIS SIAN L. , STOKES C. SHANNON
Published: October 2009

Understanding the social and cultural contextual determinants of sexual behaviour of adolescents and young adults is an essential step towards curtailing the spread of HIV. This study examined the effects of one cultural factor, ethnicity, on sexual abstinence, faithfulness, condom use at last sex, and risky sex among young people in Zimbabwe. Data from the cross-sectional, population-based 2005–06 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey were used. Net of the effect of sociodemographic and social–cognitive factors, and using multinomial logistic regression, ethnicity was found to have a strong and consistent effect on sexual behaviour among youth. In addition, the study found that there were ethnic-specific and within-gender differences in sexual behaviour, for both men and women. Shona youth were more likely to be abstinent than Ndebele youth. Compared with Shona youth, Ndebele youth were more likely to have engaged in risky sex. However, Ndebele men were more likely have used condoms at last sex, compared with Shona men. For both men and women, sexual behaviour was more socially controlled. School attendance and religion exerted protective effects on sexual abstinence. For men only, those living in rural areas were less likely to be faithful and more likely to have engaged in risky sexual behaviour than those living in urban areas. The study attests to the fact that ethnic norms and ideologies of sexuality need to be identified and more thoroughly understood. In addition, the study provides evidence that in order to promote safe and healthy sexuality among young people in Zimbabwe, cultural, social and gender-specific approaches to the development of HIV prevention strategies should be seriously considered. Current success in the Abstinence, Being faithful and Condom use (ABC) approach could be strengthened by recognizing and responding to cultural forces that reproduce and perpetuate risky sexual behaviours.
IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS ENGAGING IN RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR FOR CHLAMYDIA INFECTION IN THE UK: A LATENT CLASS APPROACH
Authors: STUART BETH , HINDE ANDREW
Published: October 2009

Chlamydia trachomitis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the UK and the number of cases diagnosed each year continues to rise. Although much is known about the risk factors for chlamydia from previous observational studies, less is known about how individuals put themselves at risk. Do they engage in just one risky type of behaviour or are certain individuals ‘risky’, engaging in multiple risky behaviours? This paper uses latent class analysis, applied to the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles II (2000–2001), to determine whether a subgroup of high-risk individuals can be identified and explores which features of their behaviour distinguish them from other groups of lower risk individuals. A 3-class solution was obtained, splitting the sample on the basis of the number of sexual partners in the past year. Those with no sexual partners in the past year (8%) and one sexual partner in the past year (71%) were much less likely to have engaged in any of the other behaviours known to increase chlamydia risk. However, the group who had two or more sexual partners in the past year (21%) were much more likely to have also engaged in other risky behaviours. The number of partners in the past year is therefore a useful marker for identifying those at increased risk of chlamydia infection. Individuals under 25 years old, males and those who were single or previously married were more likely to be allocated to the risky group. However, in spite of observed higher incidence of chlamydia infection, individuals in the black ethnic minority groups did not show an increased prevalence of risky behaviour, after controlling for age, sex and marital status.
Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11
Authors: Goldberg D. P. , Krueger R. F. , Andrews G. , Hobbs M. J.
Published: October 2009

Background

The extant major psychiatric classifications DSM-IV, and ICD-10, are atheoretical and largely descriptive. Although this achieves good reliability, the validity of a medical diagnosis would be greatly enhanced by an understanding of risk factors and clinical manifestations. In an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of aetiology, five clusters have been proposed. This paper considers the validity of the fourth cluster, emotional disorders, within that proposal.

Method

We reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by a Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force, as applied to the cluster of emotional disorders.

Results

An emotional cluster of disorders identified using the 11 validators is feasible. Negative affectivity is the defining feature of the emotional cluster. Although there are differences between disorders in the remaining validating criteria, there are similarities that support the feasibility of an emotional cluster. Strong intra-cluster co-morbidity may reflect the action of common risk factors and also shared higher-order symptom dimensions in these emotional disorders.

Conclusion

Emotional disorders meet many of the salient criteria proposed by the Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force to suggest a classification cluster.
Introduction
Authors: Alberti Benjamin , Bray Tamara L.
Published: October 2009

In the early days of anthropology, indigenous concepts of animating essences and the cross-cutting nature of the life-force, expressed in such terms as hau and mana, were front and centre in the ethnographic literature (e.g. Mauss 1954; 1975; Malinowski 1922; 1936; 1948). Branded as ‘mystical’, ‘primitive’ and ‘unscientific’ for more than a generation, however, such potentially key conceptual sites of alterity have only recently begun to be revisited and recuperated within anthropology and in other fields such as material culture studies and cognitive sciences. The articles in this special issue of CAJ consider what archaeology might contribute to the general theoretical discussion on animism and alternative ontologies. As a set, they offer a diversity of perspectives on how the recognition of animism as a prevalent theme within contemporary indigenous worlds can affect archaeological analysis and interpretation. They also offer ideas about how attending to the significance of such concepts may provide new analytical purchase on alternative ontologies and ways of constructing, dissolving, or transforming traditional dichotomies that continue to powerfully shape our worlds.
Ontology, Ethnography, Archaeology: an Afterword on the Ontography of Things
Authors: Holbraad Martin
Published: October 2009

In commenting on the preceding articles of the Special Section, this afterword elaborates on the methodological and analytical implications for archaeology of the ontological alterity of animist phenomena. If such phenomena are challenging because they transgress the conceptual coordinates of archaeologists' habitual interpretive repertoires (mind vs matter, materiality vs culture, etc.), then what might archaeology's response to such challenges be, what might be distinctively archaeological about it, and how might it compare to related concerns among socio-cultural anthropologists and philosophers?
Directed Graphs Without Short Cycles
Authors: FOX JACOB , KEEVASH PETER , SUDAKOV BENNY
Published: October 2009

For a directed graph G without loops or parallel edges, let β(G) denote the size of the smallest feedback arc set, i.e., the smallest subset X ⊂ E(G) such that G ∖ X has no directed cycles. Let γ(G) be the number of unordered pairs of vertices of G which are not adjacent. We prove that every directed graph whose shortest directed cycle has length at least r ≥ 4 satisfies β(G) ≤ cγ(G)/r2, where c is an absolute constant. This is tight up to the constant factor and extends a result of Chudnovsky, Seymour and Sullivan.

This result can also be used to answer a question of Yuster concerning almost given length cycles in digraphs. We show that for any fixed 0 < θ < 1/2 and sufficiently large n, if G is a digraph with n vertices and β(G) ≥ θn2, then for any 0 ≤ m ≤ θn − o(n) it contains a directed cycle whose length is between m and m + 6θ−1/2. Moreover, there is a constant C such that either G contains directed cycles of every length between C and θn − o(n) or it is close to a digraph G′ with a simple structure: every strong component of G′ is periodic. These results are also tight up to the constant factors.
Cardiac and vascular disease prior to hatching in chick embryos incubated at high altitude
Authors: Salinas C. E. , Blanco C. E. , Villena M. , Camm E. J. , Tuckett J. D. , Weerakkody R. A. , Kane A. D. , Shelley A. M. , Wooding F. B. P. , Quy M. , Giussani D. A.
Published: October 2009

The partial contributions of reductions in fetal nutrition and oxygenation to slow fetal growth and a developmental origin of cardiovascular disease remain unclear. By combining high altitude with the chick embryo model, we have previously isolated the direct effects of high-altitude hypoxia on growth. This study isolated the direct effects of high-altitude hypoxia on cardiovascular development. Fertilized eggs from sea-level or high-altitude hens were incubated at sea level or high altitude. Fertilized eggs from sea-level hens were also incubated at high altitude with oxygen supplementation. High altitude promoted embryonic growth restriction, cardiomegaly and aortic wall thickening, effects which could be prevented by incubating eggs from high-altitude hens at sea level or by incubating eggs from sea-level hens at high altitude with oxygen supplementation. Embryos from high-altitude hens showed reduced effects of altitude incubation on growth restriction but not on cardiovascular remodeling. The data show that: (1) high-altitude hypoxia promotes embryonic cardiac and vascular disease already evident prior to hatching and that this is associated with growth restriction; (2) the effects can be prevented by increased oxygenation; and (3) the effects are different in embryos from sea-level or high-altitude hens.
Investigation of the physical scaling of sea spray spume droplet production
Authors: Fairall C. W. , Banner M. L. , Peirson W. L. , Asher W. , Morison R. P.
Published: October 2009

In this paper we report on a laboratory study, the Spray Production and Dynamics Experiment (SPANDEX), conducted at the University of New South Wales Water Research Laboratory in Australia. The goals of SPANDEX were to illuminate physical aspects of spume droplet production and dispersion; verify theoretical simplifications used to estimate the source function from ambient droplet concentration measurements; and examine the relationship between the implied source strength and forcing parameters such as wind speed, surface turbulent stress, and wave properties. Observations of droplet profiles give reasonable confirmation of the basic power law profile relationship that is commonly used to relate droplet concentrations to the surface source strength. This essentially confirms that, even in a wind tunnel, there is a near balance between droplet production and removal by gravitational settling. The observations also indicate considerable droplet mass may be present for sizes larger than 1.5 mm diameter. Phase Doppler Anemometry observations revealed significant mean horizontal and vertical slip velocities that were larger closer to the surface. The magnitude seems too large to be an acceleration time scale effect. Scaling of the droplet production surface source strength proved to be difficult. The wind speed forcing varied only 23% and the stress increased a factor of 2.2. Yet, the source strength increased by about a factor of 7. We related this to an estimate of surface wave energy flux through calculations of the standard deviation of small‐scale water surface disturbance, a wave‐stress parameterization, and numerical wave model simulations. This energy index only increased by a factor of 2.3 with the wind forcing. Nonetheless, a graph of spray mass surface flux versus surface disturbance energy is quasi‐linear with a substantial threshold.
Lava discharge rates from satellite‐measured heat flux
Authors: Harris Andrew J. L. , Baloga Stephen M.
Published: October 2009

A commonly used method to convert lava flow area to volume flux using low spatial resolution satellite data rests on two primary assumptions, that: (1) volume flux is related to flow area, and (2) lava surfaces cool exponentially with time and distance from the source. Field data show that both assumptions are valid. The ensuing relationship is an empirical one in which flow area is proportional to time‐averaged discharge rate under given compositional, insulation, rheological and ambient conditions. Thus, the proportionality has to be determined depending on flow conditions, and the conversion set and applied on a case‐by‐case basis.
Total solar irradiance during the Holocene
Authors: Steinhilber F. , Beer J. , Fröhlich C.
Published: October 2009

For the first time a record of total solar irradiance covering 9300 years is presented, which covers almost the entire Holocene. This reconstruction is based on a recently observationally derived relationship between total solar irradiance and the open solar magnetic field. Here we show that the open solar magnetic field can be obtained from the cosmogenic radionuclide 10Be measured in ice cores. Thus, 10Be allows to reconstruct total solar irradiance much further back than the existing record of the sunspot number which is usually used to reconstruct total solar irradiance. The resulting increase in solar‐cycle averaged TSI from the Maunder Minimum to the present amounts to (0.9 ± 0.4) Wm−2. In combination with climate models, our reconstruction offers the possibility to test the claimed links between climate and TSI forcing.
Modeling crustal deformation and rupture processes related to upwelling of deep CO2‐rich fluids during the 1965–1967 Matsushiro earthquake swarm in Japan
Authors: Cappa Frédéric , Rutqvist Jonny , Yamamoto Koji
Published: October 2009

In Matsushiro, central Japan, a series of more than 700,000 earthquakes occurred over a 2‐year period (1965–1967) associated with a strike‐slip faulting sequence. This swarm of earthquakes resulted in ground surface deformations, cracking of the topsoil, and enhanced spring outflows with changes in chemical compositions, as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) degassing. Previous investigations of the Matsushiro earthquake swarm have suggested that migration of underground water and/or magma may have had a strong influence on the swarm activity. In this study, employing coupled multiphase flow and geomechanical modeling, we show that observed crustal deformations and seismicity could have been driven by upwelling of deep CO2‐rich fluids around the intersection of two fault zones: the regional east Nagano earthquake fault and the conjugate Matsushiro fault. We show that the observed spatial evolution of seismicity along the two faults and magnitudes surface uplift are convincingly explained by a few megapascals of pressurization from the upwelling fluid within the critically stressed crust, a crust under a strike‐slip stress regime near the frictional strength limit. Our analysis indicates that the most important cause for triggering of seismicity during the Matsushiro swarm was the fluid pressurization with the associated reduction in effective stress and strength in fault segments that were initially near critically stressed for shear failure. Moreover, our analysis indicates that a 2‐order‐of‐magnitude permeability enhancement in ruptured fault segments may be necessary to match the observed time evolution of surface uplift. We conclude that our hydromechanical modeling study of the Matsushiro earthquake swarm shows a clear connection between earthquake rupture, deformation, stress, and permeability changes, as well as large‐scale fluid flow related to degassing of CO2 in the shallow seismogenic crust. Thus our study provides further evidence of the important role of deep fluid sources in earthquake fault dynamics and surface deformations.
Nuclear DNA and protein content evaluation in Taxus plant cell cultures using multiparameter flow cytometry
Authors: Gaurav Vishal , Shavit Amit , C. Roberts Susan
Published: October 2009

Plant cell cultures of Taxus provide the most reliable production methods for the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. In order to comprehend the inherent culture heterogeneity and production variability in cell cultures, it is essential that the cellular metabolism is studied at the genomic level. Genomic stability in plant cell cultures is crucial as it affects cell growth and division, metabolite accumulation and protein synthesis. A rapid and efficient method to prepare nuclei suspensions from aggregated cell cultures of Taxus was employed. Methods were subsequently developed to simultaneously stain them for DNA and protein content using Propidium Iodide and Fluorescein Isothiocyanate respectively. Flow cytometry was used to analyze and quantify the DNA content and genome size of Taxus using known reference species as standards. Furthermore, their genomic stability was evaluated by correlating DNA content and genome size with cell size and complexity, protein content, and elicitation effects using multiparameter flow cytometry. These techniques to evaluate and correlate various culture characteristics can be very useful in designing superior bio processes for enhanced production.
Dietary Capsaicin Reduces Obesity‐induced Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Mice Fed a High‐fat Diet
Authors: Kang Ji‐Hye , Tsuyoshi Goto , Han In‐Seob , Kawada Teruo , Kim Young Min , Yu Rina
Published: October 2009

Obesity‐induced inflammation contributes to the development of obesity‐related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated whether dietary capsaicin can reduce obesity‐induced inflammation and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6 obese mice fed a high‐fat diet for 10 weeks received a supplement of 0.015% capsaicin for a further 10 weeks and were compared with unsupplemented controls. Glucose intolerance was estimated by glucose tolerance tests. Transcripts of adipocytokine genes and the corresponding proteins were measured by reverse transcription‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and macrophage numbers were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type‐1 (TRPV‐1), peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)‐α, and PPARγ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α) mRNAs were also measured by RT‐PCR, and PPARα luciferase assays were performed. Dietary capsaicin lowered fasting glucose, insulin, leptin levels, and markedly reduced the impairment of glucose tolerance in obese mice. Levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and interleukin (IL)‐6 mRNAs and proteins in adipose tissue and liver decreased markedly, as did macrophage infiltration, hepatic triglycerides, and TRPV‐1 expression in adipose tissue. At the same time, the mRNA/protein of adiponectin in the adipose tissue and PPARα/PGC‐1α mRNA in the liver increased. Moreover, luciferase assays revealed that capsaicin is capable of binding PPARα. Our data suggest that dietary capsaicin may reduce obesity‐induced glucose intolerance by not only suppressing inflammatory responses but also enhancing fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue and/or liver, both of which are important peripheral tissues affecting insulin resistance. The effects of capsaicin in adipose tissue and liver are related to its dual action on PPARα and TRPV‐1 expression/activation.
Changes in the Regional Prevalence of Child Obesity in 4th, 8th, and 11th Grade Students in Texas From 2000–2002 to 2004–2005
Authors: Hoelscher Deanna M. , Kelder Steven H. , Pérez Adriana , Day R. Sue , Benoit Julia S. , Frankowski Ralph F. , Walker Joey L. , Lee Eun S.
Published: October 2009

Although national and state estimates of child obesity are available, data at these levels are insufficient to monitor effects of local obesity prevention initiatives. The purpose of this study was to examine regional changes in the prevalence of obesity due to statewide policies and programs among children in grades 4, 8, and 11 in Texas Health Services Regions (HSRs) between 2000–2002 and 2004–2005, and nine selected counties in 2004–2005. A cross‐sectional, probability‐based sample of 23,190 Texas students in grades 4, 8, and 11 were weighed and measured to obtain BMI. Obesity was >95th percentile for BMI by age/sex using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Child obesity prevalence significantly decreased between 2000–2002 and 2004–2005 for 4th grade students in the El Paso HSR (−7.0%, P = 0.005). A leveling off in the prevalence of obesity was noted for all other regions for grades 4, 8, and 11. County‐level data supported the statistically significant decreases noted in the El Paso region. The reduction of child obesity levels observed in the El Paso area is one of the few examples of effective programs and policies based on a population‐wide survey: in this region, a local foundation funded extensive regional implementation of community programs for obesity prevention, including an evidence‐based elementary school‐based health promotion program, adult nutrition and physical activity programs, and a radio and television advertising campaign. Results emphasize the need for sustained school, community, and policy efforts, and that these efforts can result in decreases in child obesity at the population level.
Mild Calorie Restriction Induces Fat Accumulation in Female C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Li Xingsheng , Cope Mark B. , Johnson Maria S. , Smith Daniel L. , Nagy Tim R.
Published: October 2009

This study investigated the effects of mild calorie restriction (CR) (5%) on body weight, body composition, energy expenditure, feeding behavior, and locomotor activity in female C57BL/6J mice. Mice were subjected to a 5% reduction of food intake relative to baseline intake of ad libitum (AL) mice for 3 or 4 weeks. In experiment 1, body weight was monitored weekly and body composition (fat and lean mass) was determined at weeks 0, 2, and 4 by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. In experiment 2, body weight was measured every 3 days and body composition was determined by quantitative magnetic resonance weekly, and energy expenditure, feeding behavior, and locomotor activity were determined over 3 weeks in a metabolic chamber. At the end of both experiments, CR mice had greater fat mass (P < 0.01) and less lean mass (P < 0.01) compared with AL mice. Total energy expenditure (P < 0.05) and resting energy expenditure (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased in CR mice compared with AL mice over 3 weeks. CR mice ate significantly more food than AL mice immediately following daily food provisioning at 1600 hours (P < 0.01). These findings showed that mild CR caused increased fat mass, decreased lean mass and energy expenditure, and altered feeding behavior in female C57BL/6J mice. Locomotor activity or brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic capacity did not appear to contribute to the decrease in energy expenditure. The increase in fat mass and decrease in lean mass may be a stress response to the uncertainty of food availability.
Factor Structure of the Eating Disorder Examination Interview in Patients With Binge‐eating Disorder
Authors: Grilo Carlos M. , Crosby Ross D. , Peterson Carol B. , Masheb Robin M. , White Marney A. , Crow Scott J. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Mitchell James E.
Published: October 2009

Despite the widespread use of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) as a primary assessment instrument in studies of eating and weight disorders, little is known about the psychometric aspects of this interview measure. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure of the EDE interview in a large series of patients with binge‐eating disorder (BED). Participants were 688 treatment‐seeking patients with BED who were reliably administered the EDE interview by trained research clinicians at three research centers. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) performed on EDE interview data from a random split‐half of the study group suggested a brief 7‐item 3‐factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed on the second randomly selected half of the study group supported this brief 3‐factor structure of the EDE interview. The three factors were interpreted as Dietary Restraint, Shape/Weight Overvaluation, and Body Dissatisfaction. In this series of patients with BED, factor analysis of the EDE interview did not replicate the original subscales but revealed an alternative factor structure. Future research must further evaluate the psychometric properties, including the factor structure, of the EDE interview in this and other eating‐disordered groups. The implications of these factor analytic findings for understanding and assessing the specific psychopathology of patients with BED are discussed.