bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quantitative Estimation of Egg and Chicken Proteins in Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccines
Authors: Engel Lewis L. , Randall Raymond
Published: January 2023

The quantitative precipitin reaction has been applied as an index of purification to the analysis of equine encephalomyelitis vaccines for specific proteins of egg and chick embryo origin.
Age and Lung-Histamine
Authors: Trethewie E. R.
Published: January 2023

The histamine-content of foetal lungs was found to be negligible. This is in confirmation of earlier work. At birth the histamine-content of the lung is very high, the concentration being greater than that at either 8, 20 or 40 weeks. The total histamine-content of the lung varies little from birth to 8 weeks in spite of increased size of the lung, but after this period the histamine-content increases. The concentration of the lung histamine expressed as a function of the weight of the animal shows a similar distribution to that of concentration expressed as a function of the weight of the lung. The possible significance of variation in the standard deviation and means in the groups studied is discussed.
Persistence of Antigen at the Site of Inoculation of Vaccine Emulsified in Oil
Authors: Herdegen Miriam , Halbert Seymour P. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2023

A technic was developed for the in vivo quantitative estimation of Shigella paradysenteriae type III (Z) antigen in mice, by utilization of the minimum quantity found necessary to induce an agglutinin response (0.002 μg). This method was used to determine the fate of this antigen in a mineral oil emulsion at the site of subcutaneous inoculation in mice. Active Shigella antigen was recovered from the site of inoculation in mice at periods up to 18 and 24 weeks, depending on the original dose of antigen. There was a gradual diminution with time in the amount recovered. The deterioration of antigen at the site of inoculation was paralleled by a fall in the agglutinin titers of the mice receiving the oil vaccine.
A Specific Antigen Recovered from Tissue Infected with M. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Bacillus)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

Intestinal mucosa of sheep infected with M. paratuberculosis (Johne's bacillus) contains two substances that seem to be specific for this disease. One of these substances—the antigen—has been previously described (1, 2, 3, 4). It fixes complement in suitable mixtures with a specific antiserum. The second substance in the infected mucosa—the inhibitor—impedes the fixation of complement by the antigen.

The inhibitor is soluble at all hydrogen-ion concentrations between pH 3 and pH 9. This fact may be used to separate it from the antigen which is insoluble between pH 3 and pH 5. The inhibitor is not precipitated by 3 per cent trichloroacetic acid, and it is insoluble in ether. It will withstand boiling, but does not dialyze through a cellophane membrane.

The inhibiting substance was found to be present in all of the 13 infected intestines which were tested, while 13 normal intestines which were also tested as controls were not found to contain any of the inhibiting principle.

The inhibitor is thus a product of the specific morbid process. It seems reasonable to assume that its function in the tissue is somehow directed against the antigen as it is in vitro, where it inhibits one of the functions of the antigen.

To our knowledge no soluble, specific “antiinfectious” substances have previously been known to arise in the organism as a result of infection except the “antibodies” which are globulins or inseparably associated with globulins. The results reported in this paper, however, do seem to indicate that the organism may also form antiinfectious substances of other kinds, and these may also play a role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.
Chemotherapeutic Effect of Acridine Compounds in Experimental Rickettsial Infections in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Snyder John C. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Fox John P. , Hamilton Howard L.
Published: January 2023

2,3-dimethoxy-6-nitro-9(diethyl-amino-hydroxy-propyl-amino) acridine-dibydrochloride, nitroakridin 3582, and an arsenical salt of this compound, rutenol, have a chemotherapeutic effect in embryonated eggs infected with R. prowazeki, R. mooseri, D. rickettsi and R. orientalis. Two other acridines, namely 2-amino-5-nitro-acridine and acriflavine also appear to have some rickettsiostatic effect.
The Preparation of Highly Potent Endotoxin of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Flavell E. H.
Published: January 2023

A method is given for the production of unpurified pertussis endotoxin in relatively large amounts. Toxins prepared by repeated freezing and thawing and by sonic treatment are shown to be similar with respect to neutralization by antiserum. The structure of the H. pertussis cell is discussed. Suggestions are made for a theoretically desirable pertussis vaccine.
A Study of Influenza Virus Vaccines by a Serum-Virus Neutralization Test and by Active Immunization
Authors: Eddy Bernice E.
Published: January 2023

It required approximately 63 to 125 times more influenza virus vaccine to immunize mice actively against infection caused by intranasal instillation of influenza viruses, PR 8 and Weiss (type A), than it did to stimulate circulating antibodies which neutralized the same quantity of virus, the tests being carried out in identical mice and at the same time. For the Lee strain (type B), five times more vaccine was necessary to produce active immunity comparable to the protection afforded to mice against influenza virus neutralized by immune serum elicited by a small amount of vaccine.

The dilution of vaccine which actively immunized mice against influenza virus stimulated the production of immune serum of higher titer than did the dilutions of vaccine which did not actively protect the mice.

A measurement of the smallest amount of vaccine which would produce immune serum in mice capable of protecting other mice against approximately 103LD50 doses of virus was utilized to determine the potency of influenza virus vaccines.
Demonstration of the “M” Protein in Culture Filtrates of Hemolytic Streptococci of Group A
Authors: Olarte Jorge
Published: January 2023

Both type specific T and M proteins have been demonstrated in filtrates from heavy cultures of certain strains of Group A hemolytic streptococci grown in peptone-containing media. M-protein concentrated and partially purified from the culture supernate by ammonium sulfate fractionation is antigenic and produces type-specific precipitating and protective antibodies in rabbits. There is a correlation between the failure of a given strain to release M-protein into the culture medium and its virulence for mice. Strains which are virulent for mice release only traces of M-protein into the culture supernate although M can be extracted from the cells with N/20 HCl. Appreciable amounts of M-protein are present not only in the cells but in the culture filtrates from strains which are not virulent for mice. The possible relationship of these findings to the proteinase recently described by Elliott is discussed.
Complement Fixation with Soluble Antigens of Plasmodium Knowlesi and Plasmodium Lophurae
Authors: Davis Bernard D.
Published: January 2023

Soluble antigen from P. lophurae was prepared by extraction with 10 per cent NaCl of the sediment of hemolyzed parasitized duck blood, which resists extraction by isotonic solvents. The complement-fixing activity is associated with unstable opalescent material sedimentable at 16,000 rpm. Treatment of parasitized duck blood with 0.1 per cent formalin prevents disintegration of the parasites and nuclei and extraction of the antigen by 10 per cent NaCl.

Soluble antigen from P. knowlesi was precipitated by 2.25 M (NH4)2SO4 from the supernatant hemolysate of parasitized monkey blood. This antigen is more readily extracted and more stable than the lophurae antigen. Not only is it extracted without disintegration of the parasites, but treatment of the blood with formalin does not inhibit its release by hemolysis.

The lophurae antigen fixed complement with homologous sera, often in high dilution, of immunized or infected ducks, and also with heterologous sera of monkeys immunized or infected with P. knowlesi. The knowlesi antigen, on the other hand, reacted similarly with the homologous monkey antisera, but did not cross-react with the heterologous duck sera.

The reactions of a comparable extract of normal monkey red cells were much weaker; none were obtained with a normal duck red cell extract.
Studies with Antibiotic-Producing Strains of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Magnuson Harold J.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that eleven strains of E. coli, which are antagonistic in the living state against a Shigella parcdysenterice Flexner type III, are capable of producing antibiotic when grown on the surface of agar media. Little or no antibiotic developed under various conditions of broth culture. Four strains of E. coli, non-antagonistic in the living state were not capable of producing antibiotic under similar conditions. It has been possible to obtain moderate yields of antibiotic with several strains on a simple synthetic medium. The presence of as much as 25 per cent human serum does not interfere with the action of the antibiotics tested. The properties of the antibiotic of one strain, E. coli 534, have been studied in some detail. They are very similar to those of the substance described by Heatley and Florey (1).
Statistical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Susceptibility of Chick Embryos to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Crawley John F.
Published: January 2023

By application of Bliss's probit method of analyses it can be shown that: Chick embryos react in a more uniform manner at 39 C than at 35 C to infection with one strain of the virus of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis.With increasing age above eight days the chick embryo becomes more resistant to infection following inoculation via the chorio-allantoic sac route.Conversely, with increasing age up to fifteen days, at least, the embryo becomes more susceptible to infection when inoculated by the yolk sac route.Not only the susceptibility but also the uniformity of response varies with the temperature of incubation, the age of the embryo, and the route of inoculation. The uniformity of response of a population undergoing a change in susceptibility to the virus of equine encephalomyelitis is inversely related to the rate of such change.
Trichomonas Foetus: Experimental Infection in Rabbits
Authors: MacDonald Etta Mae , Nelson Phyllis M. , Byrne H. J. , Tatum A. L.
Published: January 2023

Flagellated protozoa which comprise the genus Trichomonas, having an axostyle and an undulating membrane, occur widely as parasites in man and other animals, and though these infections may vary in degree of severity, depending on the individual host reaction, they are generally difficult to eradicate by the existing chemotherapeutic procedures. Treatment is empirical, and little knowledge of laboratory infections in animals which can be used for evaluating the effectiveness of drugs in these diseases is available. Attempts to infect animals with pure cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis, which causes distressing leukorrhea and vaginitis in humans, have met with little success (1); however, vaginal infections by Trichomonas foetus, which produces sterility and abortion in cattle, can be initiated in rabbits, and an investigation of the infectivity of this parasite for these animals was begun in this laboratory.
In Vitro Action of Various Chemical Agents on Trichomonas Hominis, Trichomonas Vaginalis and Trichomonas Foetus
Authors: MacDonald Etta Mae , Tatum A. L.
Published: January 2023

Trichomonads are actively motile, flagellated, pear-shaped protozoa which occur widely as parasites in man and other animals. Infections may vary in degree of severity depending on the individual host reaction, but they are generally difficult to eradicate. Many types of treatment are recommended, but no reliably efficient chemotherapeutic agents are available; therapeutic procedures are largely empirical and therapy is apt to be uncertain and unsatisfactory.

Attempts to infect animals with bacteria-free cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis (1) have met with little success. In this laboratory, rabbits could not be infected by Trichomonas hominis inoculated intravaginally, and experimental infections of Trichomonas foetus in the vagina of the rabbit are too irregular and unpredictable for practical in vivo tests (2–4). Therefore, in vitro tests on clinical material or on cultures of the organisms remain as a basis for evaluating drugs, particularly for substances which may be expected to act promptly.
III. Relationship to Upper Respiratory Infections of Streptococci Producing a Green Zone on Standard Blood Agar Plates (Smith and Brown's Alpha Type)
Authors: Williams Anna W. , Unneberg Aarlaug , Goldman Agnes , Hussey Helena
Published: January 2023

The primary object of this study, as we have already stated, was to look for evidence of an epidemic strain among cocci of this type.

With regard to this group of bacteria, perhaps more than any other, sweeping statements have been made concerning the relationship of strains to epidemics. This is largely due to their ubiquity and the difficulty of demonstrating clear cut proofs of such relationship and also to the ease with which deductions are made from insufficient evidence.

The most important question relating to this subject about which we have little accurate knowledge, is the question of the permanency of those characteristics which are supposed to be indicative of species, of specific pathogenicity and of related characteristics which might be used in diagnosis.

We know a little of the limits of change in vitro but essential changes in the animal have not yet been demonstrated with controls sufficiently free from error.
The Value of Tissue Extracts of Virus Pigs in the Production of Anti-Hog Cholera Serum
Authors: Haslam Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

I. Introduction. The experiments presented in this article were planned to ascertain whether expressed or extracted juices from the tissues of “virus pigs” could be used as a means of hyperimmunizing hogs in preparing anti-hog cholera serum by the Dorset-Niles method. Uhlenhuth (1) seems to have considered that the saline extract of the blood containing organs was about equal to the blood itself as a means of hyperimmunization. However his methods of hyperimmunization and of testing the potency of the serum vary so greatly from American methods that it is difficult to judge what might be expected under the conditions prevailing here. Our experiment was limited to muscle tissue because the juices recovered from the visceral organs contained many more bacteria than the juices recovered from the musculature.

II. Preparation of Muscle Virus. The pigs killed for virus in the routine production of anti-hog cholera serum were suspended head downward immediately after being killed.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Keller Helen M.
Published: January 2023

Mice given by gavage daily doses of 1.2 billion Shigella sonnei as vaccine developed a maximal degree of systemic immunity within 12 days which enabled them to withstand intraäbdominal challenge with more than 59,415 LD50 doses of homologous Shigella.

Sera from mice vaccinated in the same way but not challenged showed a small increase in passive mouse protective power and no increase in agglutinative titers.

Sera from mice which were vaccinated in the same way and which survived intraäbdominal challenge infection showed high mouse protective antibody content and increased agglutinative titers.

Mice given by gavage daily doses of 10 billion Shigella sonnei as vaccine developed a maximal degree of systemic immunity within 9 days which enabled them to withstand intraäbdominal challenge with 61,666 LD50 doses of homologous Shigella.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Tepper Jack , Keller Helen M.
Published: January 2023

Six different monovalent vaccines were administered subcutaneously to groups of children 13 to 19 years of age.

One monovalent vaccine was administered subcutaneously, intravenously, and intradermally to three groups of children.

Intravenous administration of vaccine stimulated not only the best homologous antibody response but also the broadest statistically significant heterologous antibody response.

Subcutaneous administration of vaccine stimulated the next best antibody response.

Homologous antibody response was always greater than heterologous antibody response.

Statistically significant homologous antibody response persisted as long as followed in the sera of children given adequate amounts of vaccine. This was six weeks in the case of one vaccine, ten weeks for another, twenty-four weeks for each of four others, and fifty-two weeks for another.

Crossing antibody response was greatest between Shigella flexner I-V, II-W, III-Z, and VII-X.

Heterologous antibody response also occurred between Shigella flexner I-V and Shigella fiexneri VI-Boyd 88.

There was no statistically significant heterologous antibody response between Shigella sonnei and the strains of Shigella flexneri.

There was no heterologous antibody response between Shigella ambigua and the strains of Shigella flexneri.

The antigenic and toxic reactions to these vaccines were related directly to the content of bacterial cells or bacterial nitrogen.

There is evidence of parallelism between toxicity and antibody response.

Shigella vaccine standardized by viable bacterial count to contain ten billion killed bacteria per ml usually stimulated systemic reactions which were too severe.

Shigella vaccine standardized to contain 7.5 mg N/100 ml was not sufficiently antigenic.

We found the passive mouse protective test more sensitive than the agglutinative test for differentiating greater degrees of immune response.

A polyvalent vaccine composed of Shigella fiexneri II-W, III-Z, VI-Boyd 88, Shigella sonnei and Shigella ambigua should stimulate significant antibody response against Shigella flexneri I-V, I I - W , I I I - Z , VI-Boyd 88, VII-X, Shigella sonnei and Shigella ambigua.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Malkiel Saul
Published: January 2023

Independent serological determinants are demonstrated by absorptive technics for the green aucuba and J14D1 strains of tobacco mosaic virus even though they are not apparent by the quantitative precipitin reaction. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Mouse-Protective Test As a Means of Determining the Inhibitory Effect of Chemicals on Vibrio Cholera
Authors: Little Paul , Subbarow Y.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Mouse-protective tests were carried out against Vibrio cholera using fifty-seven different chemicals. The chemicals were selected because of activity in in vitro tests against Vibrio cholera as reported by McKenzie and co-workers. The only chemicals showing superior activity were 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine and its 5-bromo, 5-chloro, and 4-methyl derivatives. Animals having been protected by chemicals were immune when re-inoculated with Vibrio cholera. The xanthene dye, pyronin Y, and the thiazine dye, new methylene blue N, showed slight activity.
Therapy of Experimental Brucella Infection in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Shaffer James M. , Spink Wesley W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The superiority of combined streptomycin-sulfadiazine therapy in developing chick embryos infected with Br. abortus, Br. suis, or Br. melitensis is due to a synergistic action of the two therapeutic agents. The relative ineffectiveness of streptomycin alone was apparently not due to the development of resistance by the infecting organism. This synergistic action of streptomycin and sulfadiazine provides supportive evidence for the use of combined therapy in human brucellosis.
Antigenic Studies of a Sucrose-Fermenting Bacterium
Authors: Edwards P. R. , Moran Alice B. , Bruner D. W.
Published: January 2023

Two cultures of anaerogenic, sucrose-fermenting, coliform bacteria were found to have Salmonella antigens VI, VIII: d, (i). By growth in appropriate serums they were changed to VI, VIII; i and VI, VIII: j, (i). These changes were reversible. The VI, VIII: i phase was used for the production of specific i serum for Salmonella typing.
A New Type of Phase Variation in the 103 Race of Shigella Paradysenteriae
Authors: Veazie Lyle
Published: January 2023

Five antigenically identical strains of Shigella paradysenteriae 103 are described. They differ from most 103 strains in possessing a group antigen indistinguishable from that of the X race. The X antigen was the only antigenic component of one phase of the cultures, and was combined with 103 specific antigen in another phase. The X antigen decreased in quantity over a period of 4 years, being gradually replaced by 103B antigen. Some possible interpretations of this phenomenon and its application to the theories of antigenic structure and classification of the Flexners are discussed.
A Search for Human Carriers of Influenza Virus
Authors: McKee Albert P. , Hale WM. M.
Published: January 2023

Nose and throat washings from fifty people and one hundred tracheal specimens from autopsy were examined for influenzal virus. Whether the one positive finding was an active case of influenza, a convalescent, or a permanent carrier could not be determined positively.
The Influence of Certain Serum Factors of the Neutralization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Dozois Theodore F. , Wagner John C. , Chemerda Cecelia M. , Andrew Vivian M.
Published: January 2023

A method is outlined for the separation of rabbit complement into two fractions lacking C′1 and C′2. These fractions are hemolytically inactive by themselves, but fully active when combined in single unit amounts.

It is shown that C′3 and C′4 of rabbit complement are inactivated by the same means employed for the inactivation of these components in guinea pig and human complements.

Hemolytic titrations are given for the four components of rabbit complement. These components have less hemolytic activity than the corresponding components of guinea pig and human complements, but are otherwise similar.

The ability of fresh normal serum to enhance the virucidal capacity of heated immune serum is verified and the thermolabile nature of this property of fresh normal serum is confirmed.

Blood complement is shown to be the agent in fresh rabbit serum responsible for increasing the neutralizing action of heated immune serum against the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis.

The second, third and fourth components are shown to be involved in the role of complement in virucidal tests. It is further demonstrated that either the first component is not necessary or, if required, that only a minute amount of this component is needed in this reaction involving complement.
Use of Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy in the Quantitative Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Gitlin David
Published: January 2023

The effects of acid and alkali on several purified plasma proteins employed as antigens, and on their homologous specific precipitates, have been reported. The ultraviolet absorption properties of these antigens and their homologous rabbit antibodies have been shown to be largely dependent upon their tyrosine and tryptophane content. The ultraviolet absorption properties of the rabbit antibodies studied are very similar to those of human serum γ-globulin, and it is suggested that the tyrosine and tryptophane content of the rabbit antibodies is very similar to that of human serum γ-globulin. E 1% 1cm has been calculated for several rabbit antibodies. A method is described for using the spectrophotometer for studies of the quantitative precipitin reaction. The spectrophotometric method of determining total and antibody protein in specific precipitates has been applied to the study of the precipitation of several human and bovine plasma proteins by their homologous rabbit antisera.
Studies on Scrub Typhus (Tsutsugamushi Disease)
Authors: Bennett Byron L. , Smadel Joseph E. , Gauld Ross L.
Published: January 2023

Data indicating that certain strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi show definite differences from one another when examined by means of cross-vaccination tests were presented in a previous paper of this series (1). This article also summarized the results of serological studies by other workers which support the idea of heterogeneity within this species. The present investigation, which was undertaken concurrently with the cross-vaccination studies mentioned above, was designed to extend earlier observations made in this laboratory (2) on the relation between strains of R. tsutsugamushi as revealed by cross-neutralization tests.

Material and Methods. Strains of R. tsutsugamushi.—Ten different strains of R. tsutsugamushi were employed in the present study. These had been recovered from man, mites, or rodents in widely scattered areas of the South Pacific and Orient. The species of host, the geographic area from which each of the strains was obtained, and the date of isolation are shown in table I.
Multiplication of Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) in the Rabbit Lung and the Demonstration of a Hemagglutinating Component in Lung Suspensions from Normal Animals
Authors: Davenport Fred M.
Published: January 2023

Multiplication of PVM in the rabbit lung after intratracheal inoculation has been demonstrated. The virus was maintained through eleven serial passages in rabbit lungs. The development of a hemagglutinating component (RHC) in heated suspensions of rabbit lungs upon prolonged storage at 4 C is described and various properties of the component are enumerated. There is a close similarity between the hemagglutination reactions of RHC and PVM. The differences between RHC and hemagglutinating components previously found in other animal tissues are discussed. The available evidence suggests that RHC is a complex substance of large size which contains phospholipid and indicates that the lipid is essential for hemagglutinating activity.
The Failure of Merodicein to Modify Influenza Virus Infections
Authors: Francis Thomas , Penttinen Kari
Published: January 2023

The presented data show that under the conditions described which duplicate those employed by previous workers (1) merodicein has no modifying action against influenza virus infection.
A Comparison of the Removal of Mucoid and Non-Mucoid Variants of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Type B from the Splanchnic Circulating Blood of the Intact Animal
Authors: Kerby Grace P.
Published: January 2023

By a method previously described, which permits a quantitation of the rate of removal of bacteria from the splanchnic circulating blood of the intact animal, data have been obtained concerning the effect of variation in the phase of the Klebsiella pneumoniae type B on the efficiency of splanchnic removal. The average splanchnic removal in normal male rabbits of a mucoid encapsulated K. pneumoniae type B was 20 ± 10% (S.D.). This was increased, following varying degrees of prior experimental contact of the animal with the organism, to from 43 to 85 per cent. The average splanchnic removal in normal rabbits of a non-mucoid variant of K. pneumoniae type B was 56 ± 15% (S.D.). Prior experimental contact of the animal with the non-mucoid bacterium did not alter the removal rate.
The Effect of Splenectomy on the Formation of Circulating Antibody in the Adult Male Albino Rat
Authors: Rowley Donald A.
Published: January 2023

In the splenectomized rat, the production of circulating antibody is a function of the dosage of antigen and the route of administration of antigen. If the dosage is small and given intravenously, the splenectomized rat responds with a low circulating antibody titer. If the same small dose of antigen is given intraportally or intraperitoneally, the splenectomized animal responds as well as does the control animal. The immunological response of the splenectomized rat is the same whether immunization takes place one hour, fourteen days, two months, or six months after splenectomy. Specific immunization prior to splenectomy does not alter the response of the rats to the same specific immunization following splenectomy. The results were similar for two antigens tested, sheep erythrocytes and a bacterial vaccine, both particulate antigens.
Heparin and Ocular Hypersensitivity
Authors: Bick Malcolm W. , Wood Ronald M.
Published: January 2023

An anterior uveitis was produced in sensitized rabbits by the injection of antigen into the anterior chamber of the eye.

In heparinized animals the intensity of the ocular reaction was not as great as it was in the control group.

No effect was observed on the precipitin titer following the addition of heparin to either antigen or antibody.
Immunization of Hamsters and Dogs against Experimental Leptospirosis
Authors: Brunner K. T. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

It has been repeatedly pointed out that active immunization against leptospirosis in man and animals is one of the most desirable means of protection against serious illness or loss of life through the infection. Because diagnosis is usually delayed, chemotherapy, although valuable and effective in the early stages of the disease, often comes too late to prevent serious kidney damage.

Although chemotherapy offers excellent means of eliminating the carrier state in canicola infections (1), dog-owners have little enthusiasm for this form of preventive veterinary medicine, primarily because repeated treatment is costly and inconvenient. Unfortunately, the incidence of canicola carriers among the dog population is underestimated despite the fact that over 195 human infections have been recognized (2–6a) and that Broom (7) recently found that 10 of 13 dogs in the vicinity of 2 patients with canicola fever were active shedders of leptospirae.
The Etiology of Epidemic Pleurodynia: A Study of two Viruses Isolated from a Typical Outbreak
Authors: Weller T. H. , Enders J. F. , Buckingham M. , Finn J. J.
Published: January 2023

In the late summer of 1947, an outbreak of epidemic pleurodynia occurred in the Boston area. The intracerebral inoculation of one day old mice with throat washings collected during the outbreak resulted in the isolation of four strains of virus. Two of the strains have been studied in detail, and have been shown to be similar in their pathogenic and immunologic properties. Mice are completely susceptible during the first two days of life. Following intracerebral inoculation of 100 LD50 such animals die in three to six days with characteristic lesions of the liver and frequently of the pancreas. Specific neutralizing antibodies against the two viruses developed during the course of the illness in each of the two patients from whom they were isolated. Likewise, a rise in neutralizing antibodies for both agents was demonstrated in paired specimens of serum from 5 additional patients with epidemic pleurodynia. These findings indicate that these viruses are of human origin and played an etiologic role in the epidemic. An antigenic relationship between these agents and one of the strains of the Coxsackie group of viruses isolated by Curnen, Shaw and Melnick has been established.
Immunology and Preservation of the Norm
Authors: Francis Thomas
Published: January 2023

Although the Society of American Immunologists retains the custom of having its president, at the Annual Meeting, address the more tolerant and durable members of the organization, it imposes no restrictions upon the nature of that discourse. At mid-century the obvious invitation is to review the accomplishments of the period but it seems impossible and undesirable to attempt even a listing of the discoveries and advances in the field of immunology during the past 50 years. Immunology is a broad concept concerning itself extensively with the study of phenomena related to the modes of behavior of host and parasite; with the mechanisms involved in maintenance of the norm, and their modifications upon exposure to a variety of potentially harmful agencies of infectious or non-infectious nature. This field of study has no sharply limiting boundaries, nor a specific discipline by which it must be restricted.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Goodman Morris , Wolfe Harold R. , Norton Stata
Published: January 2023

The effect of varied NaCl concentrations on the reaction of chicken antisera with serum protein antigens was studied by turbidimetric and quantitative nitrogen techniques. The results of the two methods paralleled each other closely. Increasing the NaCl concentration up to that range in which there was some salting out of chicken serum proteins (14–18%) resulted in marked increases of precipitation with the maximum occurring at progressively higher antigen concentrations. The reaction was solely between specific antigen and antibody, and the effect of increasing the salt content was to cause a more complete precipitation of this antigen and antibody. Thus determinations of maximum antibody content could not be made at salt concentrations of less than about 8%. The precipitation also became more rapid with increases of salt concentration and reacting antibody. The significance of the above results was discussed.
A Method for Estimating the Capacity of Influenza Virus to Effect Antigenic Modification of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Stewart F. S. , Quilligan J. J.
Published: January 2023

Following treatment with a vibrio filtrate or the PR8 or Lee strains of influenza virus human Group O red cells develop closely similar if not identical antigenic changes.

A method for estimating the cell modifying activity (CMA) of virus fluids is described and it is shown that the titers obtained by this method are considerably higher than hemagglutination titers as determined by the pattern test.

The capacity of PR8 allantoic fluid to effect antigenic modification of human Group O red cell is less susceptible to the action of heat or ultra-violet irradiation than is infectivity in eggs.
Alternate Passage of Influenza Virus. A Comparison of the Effects of Serial Passage and Alternate Passage of Type B Influenza Virus in Hamsters
Authors: Davenport Fred M.
Published: January 2023

The effects of alternate passage in eggs and hamsters on the adaptation of a strain of type B influenza virus to hamsters have been described. The pathogenicity for hamsters of virus passaged in this manner was maintained and appeared to be somewhat enhanced, but the line of virus did not become adapted to hamsters. On the contrary, the process of adaptation appeared to be retarded following a number of alternate passages in eggs and hamsters. The implication of these findings with respect to the phenomenon of adaptation has been discussed.
Effect of BCG Vaccination and Chemotherapy on Experimental Tuberculosis in Mice
Authors: Siebenmann Charles O.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

In recording microscopic counts of acid-fast bacilli for lung, liver and spleen of mice, intravenously infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it was found that in the case of untreated control mice there is a close correlation between the counts and the progress of the infection, as judged by the time of survival and the change in body weight. The counts were made in stained contact films prepared with the freshly cut organs.

In mice, which were given BCG vaccine prior to infection or received chemotherapy, the counts were found markedly reduced, as compared to the counts in the infected controls, the degree of reduction depending upon the form of treatment and the organ examined. When, in analogy to the untreated control mice, the counts of acid-fast bacilli, determined for treated mice, are taken as a measure of the degree of infection, the analysis of the counts leads to the following conclusions: Chemotherapy (streptomycin + PAS) is more effective in the lung than in the two other organs.Subcutaneous vaccination with a BCG culture, grown in tween-albumin fluid medium, has a suppressive action upon the tuberculous infection, leading to markedly reduced microscopic counts of acid-fast bacilli in lung, liver and spleen.In the lung, which, according to gross examination and microscopic counts, is the organ most affected by the infection, chemotherapy is more effective than BCG vaccination.The lung is the only organ, of those studied, in which there is, according to the counts, a favourable additive effect when BCG vaccination is combined with subsequent chemotherapy.BCG vaccination is as effective against a streptomycin-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis as it is against a streptomycin-sensitive culture.

The rates of survival, recorded for the 33rd day after infection and the histopathological changes observed in sections of lung, liver and spleen, support the conclusions as set forth under points (2) and (5). The microscopic estimations, in lung sections, of the percentage destruction of alveolar spaces are in agreement with conclusion (3).

The described close correlation between the degree of tuberculous involvement and the counts of acid-fast bacilli, recorded for the three organs, appears to be characteristic for mice and does not necessarily apply to the tuberculous infection of other species. The described counting technique is applicable in the case of mice only.

Extensive perivascular accumulations of lymphocytes are described for liver and lung of the mice which had undergone BCG vaccination or chemotherapy.
The Tuberculin Reaction. V. The Antigenicity of Chloroform Soluble Tuberculoprotein Wax
Authors: Myrvik Quentin , Weiser Russell S.
Published: January 2023

Chloroform soluble tuberculoprotein wax in mineral oil is capable of inducing strong and typical tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs as judged by cutaneous, systemic and corneal reactions to Old Tuberculin.

The “defatting” of tubercle bacilli markedly reduces their capacity to produce tuberculin sensitivity but enhances their capacity to produce anaphylactic sensitivity to tuberculoprotein.
Studies on the Purification of Diphtherial Toxin
Authors: Lepow Irwin H. , Pillemer Louis
Published: January 2023

Purified fractions of diphtherial toxin prepared under a variety of conditions have been examined electrophoretically and the Lf/mg N value of each fraction correlated with the area of the toxin peak. A minimum value of 2400–2600 Lf/mg N for electrophoretically homogeneous diphtherial toxin has been calculated.

The quantitative flocculation reaction has been performed on a purified fraction of diphtherial toxin. An immunochemical value in the neighborhood of 2500 Lf/mg N for diphtherial toxin has been calculated.

The precipitinogen titers against anti-Corynebacterium diphtheriae rabbit serum of purified diphtherial toxin fractions prepared under a variety of conditions have been compared. Fractions of Lf/mg N values approaching electrophoretic homogeneity were found to differ widely in their precipitinogen titers depending on the conditions of fractionation.
The Influence of Adrenal Cortical Extract on Immunological Phenomena In Vivo
Authors: Stavitsky A. B.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The data presented indicate a lack of effect of aqueous adrenal cortical extract on the union of antigen and antibody in the circulating blood of the rabbit. Despite the previous injection of this extract the injection of antigen into immunized animals resulted in a marked drop of complement, granulocytes, and circulating antibody. From these results and those of other studies it appears that the effects of these hormones on allergic reactions are due not to interference with the in vivo union of antigen and antibody, but probably are connected with their effects on the reactivity of mesenchymal tissues.

Occasionally the mere handling and bleeding, or injection of saline, “aqueous alcohol,” or adrenal cortical extract into normal rabbits produced a lymphopenia and sharp decrease in serum complement. The mechanism of this effect is unknown.
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Lieberman Miriam , Aladjem Frederick
Published: January 2023

Sodium uptake by the specific antigen-antibody precipitate was studied. In precipitin tubes containing an initial mole ratio of total sodium present to antibody in the precipitate of about 7:1, the mole ratio decreased after centrifugation and decanting the precipitate to about 0.2:1. After washing the precipitate three times the mole ratio had decreased further, to 0.03:1. It is concluded that the residual activity was due to sodium adsorption by the glass of the tubes and that under the particular experimental conditions no sodium-ions were taken up by the antigen-antibody precipitate.
Amboceptor Titration as a Statistically Controlled Assay
Authors: Bier Otto G. , Siqueira Maria , Furlanetto Reynaldo S.
Published: January 2023

The relative potencies of amboceptors may be determined with data from experiments planned in factorial design and evaluated through the analysis of variance. Dose-response lines are calculated from the percentages of lysis obtained in the presence of a constant amount of complement (1.2 C'H50 units) at three different levels of the unknown and of a standard amboceptor preparation in the range of the supplementary zone.

The method is illustrated with data from a typical assay and the results obtained with two more amboceptors are briefly reported.
A Cysteine-Activated Proteinase of Clostridium Histolyticum
Authors: Lepow Irwin H. , Katz Sidney , Pensky Jack , Pillemer Louis
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

A cysteine-activated proteolytic enzyme present in culture filtrates of Cl. histolyticum has been purified by fractionation in methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and temperature and further purified by differential centrifugation, lyophilization and ammonium sulfate fractionation. The purified enzyme exhibits almost none of the lethal, necrotizing, and muscle digesting properties of the parent filtrates and only a small fraction of the collagenase activity originally present. These results clearly demonstrate that the lethal and necrotizing toxin are distinct from the cysteine-activated proteinase and provide independent confirmation of the work of Oakley and Warrack (12) whose conclusions were based entirely on immunological methods. The cysteine-activated proteinase would appear, therefore, to be only of secondary importance in Cl. histolyticum infections. The lethal and necrotizing toxin remains biochemically unidentified and requires further investigation.
California Encephalitis Virus, a Newly Described Agent
Authors: Hammon William McD. , Reeves William C. , Sather Gladys
Published: January 2023

Three closely related and probably identical viruses were isolated from mosquitoes (Aedes dorsalis and Culex tarsalis) from Kern County, California. These are believed to be 3 strains of a single virus not previously described or identified. Various characteristics of this agent, named California encephalitis virus, were studied and the following was learned:

In certain laboratory animals all three strains produced encephalitis that differs neither clinically nor pathologically from that caused by the other arthropodborne encephalitis viruses in the same area (St. Louis and western equine). Encephalitis, sometimes fatal, developed in mice, cotton rats and hamsters, particularly after intracerebral inoculation. Virus titers of an LD50 level of 10-5 to 10-6 were attained in the brains of infected mice. Guinea pigs, ground squirrels, rabbits, a calf and a monkey, all made a serologic response, but there was no clinical evidence of infection. The squirrel and rabbit are of particular epidemiologic interest, as viremia, necessary for vector infection, was demonstrated. Chickens were completely refractory to infection. Growth of the virus was supported well in the embryo and other tissues of the hen's egg and virus titers were as high as 10-4.

In the neutralization and/or vaccination-challenge tests, this virus was not related to western equine, St. Louis, Japanese B, West Nile, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Colorado tick fever, Anopheles A or B, Wyeomyia, Bwamba fever, Ilhéus, Theiler's TO or GDVII, herpes simplex or vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey and Indiana strain) viruses. There was a definite crossing shown by cross neutralization and vaccination challenge tests with a virus isolated from Aedes trivitattus from North Dakota, indicating a very close relationship but probable lack of complete identity. With complement-fixing antigen prepared from infected mouse brains, there was no discernible cross reaction with eastern equine or western equine viruses. Undiluted California virus antigen did react in low titer against St. Louis and Japanese B immune sera, but there was no cross reaction when undiluted antigens of these two viruses were tested against California virus antiserum.

This virus is roughly 60 to 125 mμ in diameter.

Present information indicates this agent probably gives rise to inapparent infections in the wild mammals of the vicinity and certain mosquitoes in the area pick it up from them and pass it along to other hosts, including man and horse. Evidence presented in the first paper of this series indicates that clinical encephalitis may be produced occasionally in man. On the basis of all the available information, it is suggested that the California encephalitis virus be tentatively placed in the group of arthropod-borne encephalitis viruses.
Bacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Paxson W. H. , Redowitz Edward
Published: January 2023

At least two distinct biologic groups of B. diphtheriae exist among virulent strains, as differentiated by the agglutination reaction.

We were unable to confirm the contention, that group II toxin is not neutralized by standard antitoxin to the same extent as group I toxin.

The results of the experiments presented, lead us to the conclusion that diphtheria antitoxin as produced by the injection of toxin obtained from group I strains, neutralized equally well the toxins produced by either group I or group II organisms.

One, one and a half, and two units of standard antitoxin injected simultaneously with large doses of virulent cultures, protect guinea-pigs against both types of B. diphtheriae.

We wish to acknowledge the courtesy of Drs. R. D. Meader, G. H. Robinson, and L. C. Havens, in supplying us with group II cultures.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Goldman Agnes , Kolchin Betty S.
Published: January 2023

In a previous article of this series there was reported by Doctor Williams (1) and her co-workers a detailed study of the colony formation on standardized blood agar plates of Smith and Brown's (2) alpha type streptococci isolated from the upper respiratory tract. The sugar reactions of these organisms were also given. The results of these studies showed a multiplicity of varieties of streptococci.

In a continuation of this investigation, we have tested the serological relationships of a number of these strains by the agglutination and agglutinin-absorption methods. Very little detailed study on the serological relations of the green producing streptococci seems to have been made and no minute study of the power of colony strains2 to absorb agglutinins has been reported. Krumwiede and Valentine (3) have reported the results of direct agglutination tests made with members of the streptococcus viridans group obtained from both pathogenic and normal sources.
The Immunological Relationship Between Human and Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Melcher L. R. , Masouredis S. P. , Reed R.
Published: January 2023

Reciprocal cross-reactions between bovine and human serum albumin have been demonstrated by the quantitative precipitin technic. The use of I131 labeled antibodies provided an independent analysis of the immune precipitates and permitted the calculation of antibody: antigen composition of precipitates in the zone of excess antigen.