bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cluster and meta‐analyses on factors influencing stress‐induced alcohol drinking and relapse in rodents
Authors: Noori Hamid R. , Helinski Sandra , Spanagel Rainer
Published: February 2014

Numerous preclinical studies have focused on the identification of biological and environmental factors that modulate stress and alcohol interactions. Although there is a good qualitative description of the determinants of alcohol consumption in rodents, the magnitude of the variables influencing stress‐induced ethanol intake and its dynamics are still poorly understood. We therefore carried out a clustered meta‐analysis on stress‐induced alcohol consumption in 1520 rats. Two‐step clustering of the literature‐derived dataset suggests a strong dependency of the experimental outcome on the method used to measure alcohol intake. Free‐choice home cage drinking versus operant self‐administration is the most critical determinant of stress‐induced increases in alcohol consumption in rats. Stress does not typically result in enhanced alcohol consumption in operant self‐administration paradigms, whereas it leads to increased home cage drinking. Stress‐induced alcohol consumption is age dependent, with adults being more sensitive than adolescents. In addition, foot shock and forced swim stress enhance alcohol intake, while restraint stress does not. In contrast, a meta‐analysis of 327 rats on stress‐induced reinstatement of alcohol‐seeking behavior shows less influence of those modulating factors, and usually foot shock or yohimbine leads to a reinstatement of approximately 300 percent of extinction level responding. Via accurate characterization of the significant factors in the interplay of alcohol consumption, relapse and stress, our quantitative description not only improves the understanding of underlying mechanisms, but also provides an appropriate framework for the optimal experimental design of preclinical studies that more accurately translates to the human condition.
Probiotics reduce psychological stress in patients before laryngeal cancer surgery
Authors: Yang Hui , Zhao Xiaoyun , Tang Shan , Huang Hua , Zhao Xiulan , Ning Zhuohui , Fu Xiurong , Zhang Caihong
Published: February 2014

Aim

Laryngeal cancer is a common malignancy; surgery is the preferred treatment. Psychosocial stress is one of the negative impacts on patient recovery. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of probiotics on ameliorating anxiety, and on serum corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) in laryngeal cancer patients before surgery.

Methods

A total 30 patients with laryngeal cancer and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited. During the 2 weeks before surgery, 20 patients were randomly allocated to receive probiotics or placebo twice a day. Heart rate was recorded daily. The degree of anxiety was assessed by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA).

Results

Serum CRF levels in laryngeal cancer patients increased significantly in approaching surgery. After ingestion of probiotics, serum levels of CRF and heart rate did not increase before surgery. In addition, taking probiotics relieved the degree of anxiety of the patients from HAMA 19.8 to 10.2.

Conclusion

Probiotics can ameliorate the clinical anxiety and biochemical features of stress in patients scheduled for laryngectomy.
Environmental exposures and asthma morbidity in children living in urban neighborhoods
Authors: Matsui E. C.
Published: February 2014

A substantial disparity in asthma prevalence and morbidity among urban children compared with their nonurban counterparts has been recognized for more than two decades. Because of the nature of urban neighborhoods, pest allergens, such as cockroach and mouse, are present in high concentrations in US urban housing and have both repeatedly been linked to asthma morbidity in sensitized children. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that concentrations of many pollutants are higher indoors than outdoors in both US and European urban communities and that exposures to indoor pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are independently associated with symptoms in children with asthma. Although environmental interventions are challenging to implement, when they reduce relevant indoor allergen and pollutant exposures, they are associated with clear improvements in asthma. Other modifiable risk factors in urban childhood asthma that have emerged include dietary and nutritional factors. Overweight and obese children, for example, may be more susceptible to the pulmonary effects of pollutant exposure. Insufficiency of vitamin D and folate has also emerged as modifiable risk factors for asthma morbidity in children. The identification of these modifiable risk factors for urban childhood asthma morbidity offers a ripe opportunity for intervention.
The prevalence and predictive value of weak language skills in children with very low birth weight – a longitudinal study
Authors: Stolt Suvi , Matomäki Jaakko , Lind Annika , Lapinleimu Helena , Haataja Leena , Lehtonen Liisa
Published: February 2014

Aim

Previous findings regarding the prevalence and predictive value of weak language skills in preterm children with very low birth weight (VLBW) are unclear. This study analysed the prevalence of weak language skills, the predictive value of early weak language skills on later weak language skills, and the sensitivity and specificity of cognitive scores for identifying concurrent weak language skills in a longitudinal sample of VLBW children (n = 141) and their full‐term controls (n = 146).

Methods

Data on language skills and cognitive development were gathered at two and five years of age. Weak language skills were defined by the 10th percentile value of the controls.

Results

In VLBW children, the prevalence of weak language skills varied between 16% and 18% at 2 years of age (controls: 8 to 10%) and between 20% and 27% at 5 years of age (controls: 10%). Early weak language skills predicted later weak language skills in VLBW children. Cognitive scores were specific, but their sensitivity for identifying concurrent weak language skills was low.

Conclusion

The prevalence of weak language skills in VLBW children increased during the follow‐up period and was higher than the controls. Language‐sensitive methods should be used in the clinical follow‐up of VLBW children.
Expression and function of gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) in normal and cancerous urological tissues
Authors: Ischia Joseph , Patel Oneel , Bolton Damien , Shulkes Arthur , Baldwin Graham S.
Published: February 2014

Gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) acts as an important regulatory peptide in several normal physiological processes and as a growth factor in certain cancers. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge of GRP in urological tissues under both normal and cancerous conditions. GRP and its receptor, GRP‐R, are expressed in the normal kidney and renal cancers. GRP can stimulate the growth of renal cancer cells. GRP and GRP‐R are expressed in prostate cancer and GRP can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cell lines. Importantly, GRP is a key neuroendocrine peptide, which may be involved in the progression of advanced prostate cancer and in the neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer. Recent animal studies have shown that GRP and GRP‐R are an integral part of male sexual function and play a crucial role in spinal control of erections and ejaculation.
A Closer Look at the Output Hypothesis: The Effect of Pushed Output on Noticing and Inductive Learning of the Spanish Future Tense
Authors: Russell Victoria
Published: February 2014

This study empirically tested the noticing function of the output hypothesis (Swain, 1993, 1995, 1998) and explored the relationship between noticing and learning by comparing the effects of the production of output to exposure to textually enhanced input. The present study is a conceptual replication of Izumi (2002); however, Izumi examined a complex grammatical form (relativization in English) while the present study investigated a more salient form (the Spanish future tense) among 55 first‐semester students of Spanish. The results supported the noticing function of the output hypothesis and revealed that pushed output followed by exposure to future tense forms in subsequent input enabled students to learn the targeted form inductively. However, exposure to textual enhancement did not produce similar learning gains. These findings have implications for the instruction of second language grammar.
Romantic Partner Deviance and the Continuity of Violence From Adolescence to Adulthood Among Offending Girls
Authors: Oudekerk Barbara A. , Burgers Darcy E. , Dickon Reppucci N.
Published: February 2014

Little research has examined whether romantic relationships promote or deter antisocial behavior over the transition to adulthood among women who offend in adolescence. We examined associations between partner deviance and offending for women who were sentenced to confinement within a juvenile correctional facility in adolescence. Most (73.6%) women dated deviant partners in adulthood. Women with deviant partners experienced significant continuity in violent crime between adolescence and adulthood, whereas those with nondeviant partners did not. Results held after controlling for age, relationship length, and peer deviance. Partner deviance was associated with increased nonviolent crime within adulthood, but did not moderate the continuity of nonviolent crime. Interventions targeting the development of prosocial relationships might help reduce violence among high‐risk girls.
Apelin and Relaxin Plasma Levels in Young Healthy Offspring of Patients With Essential Hypertension
Authors: Papadopoulos Dimitris P. , Makris Thomas , Perrea Despina , Zerva Kannelina , Tsioufis Costas , Faselis Charles , Papademetriou Vasilios
Published: February 2014

Epidemiologic studies have shown that healthy offspring of hypertensive patients exhibit many features of the metabolic syndrome, such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and lipid disorders, while hypoapelinemia and hyporelaxinemia may contribute to vascular damage that accelerates atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine apelin and relaxin plasma levels in the healthy offspring of hypertensive patients and to compare the findings with those of healthy offspring of healthy parents, matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Forty‐six (24 men and 22 women) healthy offspring of hypertensive patients, mean age 18±3 years and BMI 22.4±1.4 kg/m2 (group A), and 50 healthy offspring of healthy parents (28 men and 22 women), mean age 18±3.2 years and BMI 22.6±1.7 kg/m2 (group B), were studied. The apelin and relaxin plasma levels (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method) were determined in the study population. The two groups were matched for age, sex, and BMI. Plasma apelin levels (6±3 vs 105 pg/mL, P<.001) and relaxin plasma levels (20±7 vs 29±8 pg/mL, P<.001) were significantly lower in group A compared with group B, respectively. Our findings suggest that healthy offspring of healthy parents have significantly lower plasma apelin and relaxin levels. This group of individuals needs closer follow‐up and further examination.
Left Atrial Enlargement in the Early Stage of Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Common But Ignored Condition
Authors: Su Guanhua , Cao Heng , Xu Sudan , Lu Yongxin , Shuai Xinxin , Sun Yufei , Liao Yuhua , Li Jingdong
Published: February 2014

How to identify the early signs of hypertensive heart disease is the key to block or reverse the process of heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of left atrial (LA) enlargement in the early stage of hypertensive heart disease and to explore the correlations between LA enlargement and heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFnEF), as well as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Baseline clinical characteristics, biochemical indices, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data were collected from 341 consecutive patients with essential hypertension. Among those patients, LA enlargement was more frequently presented than LV enlargement (57.2% vs 17.9%). Compared with patients without HFnEF, the prevalence of LA enlargement was higher in patients with HFnEF (82.9% vs 49.0%, P<.0001). From grade 2 to grade 3 hypertension, LA size was significantly larger in patients with MetS (P<.01) than those without. Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that age, body mass index, waist circumference, triglyceride level, and left ventricular diameter were independent predictors of LA enlargement. The simple measurement for identification of LA enlargement potentially allows early recognition of those patients at risk for heart failure, particularly among patients with MetS.
Markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease
Authors: Elsheikh Elzafir , Younoszai Zahra , Otgonsuren Munkhzul , Hunt Sharon , Raybuck Bryan , Younossi Zobair M
Published: February 2014

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiac‐related mortality.

Aim

To assess the association between endothelial dysfunction markers (Endocan, high mobility group box 1 [HMGB1], and anti‐endothelial cell antibodies [AECAs]) and the risk of CAD in NAFLD.

Methods

Ninety‐one patients scheduled for coronary angiography for chest pain were included. Of these, 77 had NAFLD (85% with documented CAD). NAFLD was diagnosed after exclusion of other causes of liver diseases and by hepatic ultrasound and/or fatty liver index. Diagnosis and severity of CAD were established with coronary angiography. Endocan (ng/mL) and HMGB1 (ng/mL) concentrations were determined in the serum using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technique. AECAs were quantified in sera using flow cytometry.

Results

NAFLD patients with CAD had higher serum endocan level as compared with NAFLD without CAD (P = 0.006). Furthermore, levels of endocan (odds ratio [OR] 38.66 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.10–999.99]) and hyperlipidemia (OR 5.62 [95% CI 1.36–23.19]) were significantly associated with the risk of CAD and high serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level (OR 0.92 [95% CI 0.87–0.97]) was protective against CAD. On the other hand, serum level of HMGB1 was significantly lower in NAFLD patients with CAD than NAFLD patients without CAD (P = 0.0003). Interestingly, in our NAFLD cohort, serum endocan levels positively correlated the severity of CAD (r = 0.27; P < 0.05), whereas HMGB1 levels negatively correlated with severity of CAD (r = −0.35; P < 0.05). The levels of AECA were not significantly associated with CAD in NAFLD.

Conclusion

Markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients NAFLD patients may be associated with the risk for CAD.
Unique and conserved features of floral evocation in legumes
Authors: Liew Lim Chee , Singh Mohan B. , Bhalla Prem L.
Published: February 2014

Legumes, with their unique ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, play a vital role in ensuring future food security and mitigating the effects of climate change because they use less fossil energy and produce less greenhouse gases compared with N‐fertilized systems. Grain legumes are second only to cereal crops as a source of human and animal food, and they contribute approximately one third of the protein consumed by the human population. The productivity of seed crops, such as grain legumes, is dependent on flowering. Despite the genetic variation and importance of flowering in legume production, studies of the molecular pathways that control flowering in legumes are limited. Recent advances in genomics have revealed that legume flowering pathways are divergent from those of such model species as Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we discuss the current understanding of flowering time regulation in legumes and highlight the unique and conserved features of floral evocation in legumes.
Gender and the Transmission of Risk: A Prospective Study of Adolescent Girls Exposed to Maternal Versus Paternal Interparental Violence
Authors: Moretti Marlene M. , Bartolo Tania , Craig Stephanie , Slaney Kate , Odgers Candice
Published: February 2014

Violence perpetrated by young women typically occurs in close relationships. This study assessed the impact of exposure to interparental violence (IPV) on girls' perpetration of violence within romantic relationships and examined whether this relationship was mediated through sensitivity to interpersonal rejection (RS). Exposure to maternal IPV predicted girls' romantic partner aggression in adolescence and 5 years later in young adulthood. Additionally, girls high on RS were at increased risk of aggression in romantic relationships in adolescence and young adulthood. RS mediated the relationship between IPV and levels of romantic partner aggression in adolescence, but not into young adulthood. These effects remained stable even when paternal IPV and other forms of parental abuse were controlled.
Training-Intensity Distribution During an Ironman Season: Relationship With Competition Performance
Authors: Muñoz Iker , Cejuela Roberto , Seiler Stephen , Larumbe Eneko , Esteve-Lanao Jonathan
Published: February 2014

Purpose:

To describe training loads during an Ironman training program based on intensity zones and observe training–performance relationships.

Methods:

Nine triathletes completed a program with the same periodization model aiming at participation in the same Ironman event. Before and during the study, subjects performed ramp-protocol tests, running, and cycling to determine aerobic (AeT) and anaerobic thresholds (AnT) through gas-exchange analysis. For swimming, subjects performed a graded lactate test to determine AeT and AnT. Training was subsequently controlled by heart rate (HR) during each training session over 18 wk. Training and the competition were both quantified based on the cumulative time spent in 3 intensity zones: zone 1 (low intensity; AnT).

Results:

Most of training time was spent in zone 1 (68% ± 14%), whereas the Ironman competition was primarily performed in zone 2 (59% ± 22%). Significant inverse correlations were found between both total training time and training time in zone 1 vs performance time in competition (r = –.69 and –.92, respectively). In contrast, there was a moderate positive correlation between total training time in zone 2 and performance time in competition (r = .53) and a strong positive correlation between percentage of total training time in zone 2 and performance time in competition (r = .94).

Conclusions:

While athletes perform with HR mainly in zone 2, better performances are associated with more training time spent in zone 1. A high amount of cycling training in zone 2 may contribute to poorer overall performance.
Standardized Versus Customized High-Intensity Training: Effects on Cycling Performance
Authors: Capostagno Benoit , Lambert Michael I. , Lamberts Robert P.
Published: February 2014

Purpose:

To determine whether a submaximal cycling test could be used to monitor and prescribe high-intensity interval training (HIT).

Methods:

Two groups of male cyclists completed 4 HIT sessions over a 2-wk period. The structured-training group (SG; n = 8, VO2max = 58.4 ± 4.2 mL · min−1 · kg−1) followed a predetermined training program while the flexible-training group (FG; n = 7, VO2max = 53.9 ± 5.0 mL · min−1 · kg−1) had the timing of their HIT sessions prescribed based on the data of the Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test (LSCT).

Results:

Effect-size calculations showed large differences in the improvements in 40-km time-trial performance after the HIT training between SG (8 ± 45 s) and FG (48 ± 42 s). Heart-rate recovery, monitored during the study, tended to increase in FG and remain unchanged in SG.

Conclusions:

The results of the current study suggest that the LSCT may be a useful tool for coaches to monitor and prescribe HIT.
Tactical Considerations in the Middle-Distance Running Events at the 2012 Olympic Games: A Case Study
Authors: Renfree Andrew , Mytton Graham J. , Skorski Sabrina , Gibson Alan St Clair
Published: February 2014

Purpose:

To identify tactical factors associated with progression from preliminary rounds in middle-distance running events at an international championship.

Methods:

Results from the 2012 Olympic Games were used to access final and intermediate positions, finishing times, and season-best (SB) times for competitors in men’s and women’s 800-m and 1500-m events (fifteen 800-m races and ten 1500-m races). Finishing times were calculated as %SB, and Pearson product–moment correlations were used to assess relationships between intermediate and finishing positions. Probability (P) of qualification to the next round was calculated for athletes in each available intermediate position.

Results:

There were no significant differences in finishing times relative to SB between qualifiers and nonqualifiers. In the 800-m, correlation coefficients between intermediate and final positions were r = .61 and r = .84 at 400 m and 600 m, respectively, whereas in the 1500-m, correlations were r = .35, r = .43, r = .55, and r = .71 at 400 m, 800 m, 1000 m, and 1200 m, respectively. In both events, probability of qualification decreased with position at all intermediate distances. At all points, those already in qualifying positions were more likely to qualify for the next round.

Conclusions:

The data demonstrate that tactical positioning at intermediate points in qualifying rounds of middle-distance races is a strong determinant of qualification. In 800-m races it is important to be in a qualifying position by 400 m. In the 1500-m event, although more changes in position are apparent, position at intermediate distances is still strongly related to successful qualification.
Reliability of Physiological Attributes and Their Association With Stochastic Cycling Performance
Authors: Levin Gregory T. , Laursen Paul B. , Abbiss Chris R.
Published: February 2014

Purpose:

To assess the reliability of a 5-min-stage graded exercise test (GXT) and determine the association between physiological attributes and performance over stochastic cycling trials of varying distance.

Methods:

Twenty-eight well-trained male cyclists performed 2 GXTs and either a 30-km (n = 17) or a 100-km stochastic cycling time trial (n = 9). Stochastic cycling trials included periods of high-intensity efforts for durations of 250 m, 1 km, or 4 km depending on the test being performing.

Results:

Maximal physiological attributes were found to be extremely reliable (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]: coefficient of variation [CV] 3.0%, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] .911; peak power output [PPO]: CV 3.0%, ICC .913), but a greater variability was found in ventilatory thresholds and economy. All physiological variables measured during the GXT, except economy at 200 W, were correlated with 30-km cycling performance. Power output during the 250-m and 1-km efforts of the 30-km trial were correlated with VO2max, PPO, and the power output at the second ventilatory threshold (r = .58–.82). PPO was the only physiological attributed measured during the GXT to be correlated with performance during the 100-km cycling trial (r = .64).

Conclusions:

Many physiological variables from a reliable GXT were associated with performance over shorter (30-km) but not longer (100-km) stochastic cycling trials.
Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus fabifermentans Strain T30PCM01, Isolated from Fermenting Grape Marc
Authors: Treu Laura , Vendramin Veronica , Bovo Barbara , Giacomini Alessio , Corich Viviana , Campanaro Stefano
Published: February 2014

Here, we report the draft genome assembly of
Lactobacillus fabifermentans
strain T30PCM01 isolated from grape marc. Its genome is the largest (3.58 Mbp) among
Lactobacillus
species and reveals an enormous potential for carbohydrate utilization and transcriptional regulation.
Genome Sequence of the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Formerly Lactobacillus casei) LOCK908
Authors: Koryszewska-Bagińska Anna , Bardowski Jacek , Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk Tamara
Published: February 2014

Lactobacillus rhamnosus
LOCK908, a patented probiotic strain (Polish patent no. 209987), was isolated from the feces of a healthy 6-year-old girl. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of LOCK908 and identify genes likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPSs).
Targeted depletion of an MDSC subset unmasks pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to adaptive immunity
Authors: Stromnes Ingunn M , Brockenbrough J Scott , Izeradjene Kamel , Carlson Markus A , Cuevas Carlos , Simmons Randi M , Greenberg Philip D , Hingorani Sunil R
Published: February 2014

Background

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterised by a robust desmoplasia, including the notable accumulation of immunosuppressive cells that shield neoplastic cells from immune detection. Immune evasion may be further enhanced if the malignant cells fail to express high levels of antigens that are sufficiently immunogenic to engender an effector T cell response.

Objective

To investigate the predominant subsets of immunosuppressive cancer-conditioned myeloid cells that chronicle and shape the progression of pancreas cancer. We show that selective depletion of one subset of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in an autochthonous, genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of PDA unmasks the ability of the adaptive immune response to engage and target tumour epithelial cells.

Methods

A combination of in vivo and in vitro studies were performed employing a GEMM that faithfully recapitulates the cardinal features of human PDA. The predominant cancer-conditioned myeloid cell subpopulation was specifically targeted in vivo and the biological outcomes determined.

Results

PDA orchestrates the induction of distinct subsets of cancer-associated myeloid cells through the production of factors known to influence myelopoiesis. These immature myeloid cells inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of activated T cells. Targeted depletion of granulocytic MDSC (Gr-MDSC) in autochthonous PDA increases the intratumoral accumulation of activated CD8 T cells and apoptosis of tumour epithelial cells and also remodels the tumour stroma.

Conclusions

Neoplastic ductal cells of the pancreas induce distinct myeloid cell subsets that promote tumour cell survival and accumulation. Targeted depletion of a single myeloid subset, the Gr-MDSC, can unmask an endogenous T cell response, disclosing an unexpected latent immunity and invoking targeting of Gr-MDSC as a potential strategy to exploit for treating this highly lethal disease.
Modulating effect of pair-hopping and spin exchange interactions on a half-filled generalized U–V chain
Authors: Ding Hanqin , Zhang Jun
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we study analytically a half-filled generalized Hubbard chain with a quite general nearest-neighbor interaction, parametrized by diagonal repulsion V, off-diagonal pair-hopping and correlated-hopping repulsions W, X and antiferromagnetic spin exchange J for small values of the interactions. The ground state phase diagram is obtained in the weak-coupling regime. Besides the charge-density-wave (CDW) and spin-density-wave (SDW) phases for large 2V/U and U/2V, respectively, we identify a bond-spin-density-wave (BSDW) for J/W < 2, 3J/2 - 2W < 2V - U < 2W - J/2 and bond-charge-density-wave (BCDW) phase for J/W > 2, 2W - J/2 < 2V - U < 3J/2 - 2W. The modulating effect of W and J is responsible for the emergence of BSDW and BCDW phases, which, however, are decreased weakly by the Umklapp scattering of parallel-spin electrons.
Role of peripheral reflexes in the initiation of the esophageal phase of swallowing
Authors: Lang Ivan M. , Medda Bidyut K. , Babaei Arash , Shaker Reza
Published: February 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the role of peripheral reflexes in initiation of the esophageal phase of swallowing. In 10 decerebrate cats, we recorded electromyographic responses from the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus and manometric data from the esophagus. Water (1–5 ml) was injected into the nasopharynx to stimulate swallowing, and the timing of the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing was quantified. The effects of transection or stimulation of nerves innervating the esophagus on swallowing and esophageal motility were tested. We found that the percent occurrence of the esophageal phase was significantly related to the bolus size. While the time delays between the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing were not related to the bolus size, they were significantly more variable than the time delays between activation of muscles within the pharyngeal phase. Transection of the sensory innervation of the proximal cervical esophagus blocked or significantly inhibited activation of the esophageal phase in the proximal cervical esophagus. Peripheral electrical stimulation of the pharyngoesophageal nerve activated the proximal cervical esophagus, peripheral electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve activated the distal cervical esophagus, and peripheral electrical stimulation the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) had no effect on the esophagus. Centripetal electrical stimulation of the SLN activated the cervical component of the esophageal phase of swallowing before initiation of the pharyngeal phase. Therefore, we concluded that initiation of the esophageal phase of swallowing depends on feedback from peripheral reflexes acting through the SLN, rather than a central program.
Human Cytomegalovirus–Platelet Interaction Triggers Toll-Like Receptor 2–Dependent Proinflammatory and Proangiogenic Responses
Authors: Assinger Alice , Kral Julia B. , Yaiw Koon C. , Schrottmaier Waltraud C. , Kurzejamska Ewa , Wang Yajuan , Mohammad Abdul-Aleem , Religa Piotr , Rahbar Afsar , Schabbauer Gernot , Butler Lynn M. , Söderberg-Naucler Cecilia
Published: February 2014

Objective—

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that correlates with various clinical complications, including atherosclerosis. HCMV is released into the circulation during primary infection and periodic viral reactivation, allowing virus–platelet interactions. Platelets are important in the onset and development of atherosclerosis, but the consequences of platelet–HCMV interactions are unclear.

Approach and Results—

We studied the effects of HCMV–platelet interactions in blood from healthy donors using the purified clinical HCMV isolate VR1814. We demonstrated that HCMV bound to a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2–positive platelet subpopulation, which resulted in signal transduction, degranulation, and release of proinflammatory CD40L and interleukin-1β and proangiogenic vascular endothelial–derived growth factor. In mice, murine CMV activated wild-type but not TLR2-deficient platelets. However, supernatant from murine CMV–stimulated wild-type platelets also activated TLR2-deficient platelets, indicating that activated platelets generated soluble mediators that triggered further platelet activation, independent of TLR2 expression. Inhibitor studies, using ADP receptor antagonists and apyrase, revealed that ADP release is important to trigger secondary platelet activation in response to HCMV. HCMV-activated platelets rapidly bound to and activated neutrophils, supporting their adhesion and transmigration through endothelial monolayers. In an in vivo model, murine CMV induced systemic upregulation of platelet–leukocyte aggregates and plasma vascular endothelial–derived growth factor in mice and showed a tendency to enhance neutrophil extravasation in a TLR2-dependent fashion.

Conclusions—

HCMV is a well-adapted pathogen that does not induce immediate thrombotic events. However, HCMV–platelet interactions lead to proinflammatory and proangiogenic responses, which exacerbate tissue damage and contribute to atherogenesis. Therefore, platelets might contribute to the effects of HCMV in accelerating atherosclerosis.
Pivotal Role of mTORC2 and Involvement of Ribosomal Protein S6 in Cardioprotective Signaling
Authors: Yano Toshiyuki , Ferlito Marcella , Aponte Angel , Kuno Atsushi , Miura Tetsuji , Murphy Elizabeth , Steenbergen Charles
Published: February 2014

Rationale:

There is tight coupling between Akt activation and suppression of cell death. Full Akt activation requires mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), but the regulation of mTORC2 is unclear.

Objective:

To gain new insights into mechanisms of mTORC2/Akt signaling.

Methods and Results:

The role of mTORC2 in cardioprotection was examined. In perfused mouse hearts, ischemic preconditioning increased mTORC2 activity, leading to phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473. The protective effect of ischemic preconditioning was lost by pretreatment with dual mTORC inhibitors but not with rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, which indicates the fundamental role of mTORC2 activation in cardioprotection. Next, the regulation and downstream targets of mTORC2/Akt signaling were explored. We have found that ischemic preconditioning and other Akt activators (insulin and opioids) result in phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (Rps6) at Ser235/236 in mouse hearts and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Rps6 interacts with components of mTORC2, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rps6 attenuates insulin-induced mTORC2 activation and Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation. On the other hand, Rps6 overexpression enhanced Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, indicating that Rps6 activation amplifies mTORC2/Akt signaling. Disruption of the Rps6/mTORC2 pathway by knockdown of Rps6 or rictor abrogated insulin-induced cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Although rapamycin blocks Rps6-dependent mTORC2 activation, mTORC2 is still activated by an alternative signaling pathway, demonstrating the redundancy in cardioprotective signaling.

Conclusions:

Activation of mTORC2 plays a pivotal role in cardioprotection, and Rps6 is a convergence point of cardioprotective signaling, providing positive feedback regulation of mTORC2/Akt signaling.
Adaptation as Hospitality: Shanghai Theatre Academy Winter Institute 2013 Performance Series
Authors: Chun Tarryn Li-Min
Published: February 2014

The productions of the Shanghai Theatre Academy Winter Institute 2013 performance series ranged from a Yue opera adaptation of Ibsen's The Lady from the Sea to modern dance theatre to an exhibition by students. Each production worked in a unique way within the framework of the encounter between foreign and local, guest and host. Together they offered a vision of cross-cultural theatrical exchange that is reconstitutive and inclusionary.
How not to Argue from Science to Skepticism
Authors: Maitzen Stephen
Published: February 2014

For at least several decades, and arguably since the time of Descartes, it has been fashionable to offer scientific or quasi-scientific arguments for skepticism about human knowledge. I critique five attempts to argue for skeptical conclusions from the findings of science and scientifically informed common sense.
Fe-Sem Characterisation Of Pinus Radiata Solid Wood And Plywood Surfaces Following Machining
Authors: Singh Adya P. , Dawson Bernard S.W.
Published: February 2014

Selection of coatings for good performance on textured wooden surfaces requires a sound knowledge of the wooden surface textures which result from machining treatments. In this work, Pinus radiata solid wood surfaces were planed, sanded and band-sawn while Pinus radiata plywood surfaces were peeled and rough-sawn. The impact of the various machining treatments was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Particular emphasis was placed on micro-morphological characteristics of surface and sub-surface tissue layers. Planing and sanding resulted in even surface topographies. On planed surfaces, cell deformation and cell wall damage was confined to the outermost cell layers while on sanded surfaces they extended to one or two subsurface layers. Band-sawn solid wood surfaces and rough-sawn plywood surfaces were highly irregular, the result of distortion and loss of tissue masses along the outer face caused by forces generated during sawing. Cell wall level damage, such as delamination and cracking, were present in many cell layers below the surface. Compared to the band-sawn solid wood samples, tissue damage in rough-sawn plywood was more severe. These features are discussed in relation to how micromorphological damage embedded in the surface and subsurface tissue layers can create regions of a highly porous nature with increased surface area which are suited to coating entanglement.
A new species and notes on Perlidae (Plecoptera) from Paraná and Santa Catarina States, southern Brazil
Authors: NOVAES MARCOS CARNEIRO , BISPO PITÁGORAS DA CONCEIÇÃO
Published: February 2014

Specimens of Perlidae (Plecoptera) deposited in the Entomological Collection "Padre Jesus S. Moure" of the Universidade Federal do Paraná and additional material recently collected in Paraná and Santa Catarina states, Brazil were studied. Six previously described species were identified, Anacroneuria debilis (Pictet, 1841), A. cathia Froehlich, 2002, A. polita (Burmeister, 1839), A. trimacula Jewett, 1959, Kempnyia neotropica (Jacoson and Bianchi, 1905) and K. colossica (Navás, 1934). Additionally, a new species, Anacroneuria iguazu n. sp is described.
Internet-based training to improve preschool playground safety: Evaluation of the Stamp-in-Safety Programme
Authors: Schwebel David C , Pennefather Jordan , Marquez Brion , Marquez Jessie
Published: February 2014

Objective:

Playground injuries result in over 200,000 US paediatric emergency department visits annually. One strategy to reduce injuries is improved adult supervision. The Stamp-in-Safety programme, which involves supervisors stamping rewards for children playing safely, has been demonstrated in preliminary classroom-based work to reduce child risk-taking and increase the quality of adult supervision. This study evaluated the efficacy of delivering Stamp-in-Safety to playground supervisors via the Internet.

Design:

Pre-post design following a pragmatic trials approach.

Setting:

Twenty-four preschools in the USA.

Method:

Guidance for implementing the Stamp-in-Safety programme was delivered to preschool supervisors via the Internet. Supervisors and preschool directors completed online surveys concerning self-efficacy to keep children safe, playground supervision behaviour, perceptions about playground safety, and knowledge about playground supervision/Stamp-in-Safety both prior to and after the intervention was implemented. They completed a usability survey after using the online intervention.

Results:

Ratings of usability and satisfaction with the programme were high, indicating feasibility. Paired-samples t-tests showed some improvement in supervisors’ self-efficacy, and improvement in most aspects of supervisory behaviours, perception of playground safety, and knowledge about playground supervision/Stamp-in-Safety.

Conclusion:

Results suggest the Stamp-in-Safety programme can be delivered successfully via Internet. A public health challenge is translating effective interventions to broad dissemination. Internet delivery of Stamp-in-Safety holds the promise to overcome this challenge and improve playground supervision practices.
Theoretical evaluation of tensile and flexural moduli of structural polymer foams
Authors: Mohyeddin Ali
Published: February 2014

In this paper, the tensile and flexural behaviors of structural polymer foams with integrated skin layer are studied. Several models are reviewed to show the dependence of Young’s modulus of cellular solids on void fraction. Effective flexural modulus of structural foam is computed based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and results are compared with experimental data available for uniform density core. The effects of skin thickness, core relative density, and density transition profile on the elastic modulus are investigated for symmetrical structural foams. Lower and upper bounds of effective moduli are obtained to evaluate the role of structural foams in increasing specific mechanical strength of polymeric structures. The optimum thickness of solid skin is then estimated in terms of relative density of cellular core to get maximum specific tensile or flexural modulus. Density profile of structural foams with graded density core is also optimized to find the most possible value of specific flexural modulus. The present study is expected to provide some useful information for evaluation and designing of structural foams with the aim of material saving and improvement in mechanical properties.
The Australian mining industry and the ideal mining woman: Mobilizing a public business case for gender equality
Authors: Mayes Robyn , Pini Barbara
Published: February 2014

Despite ongoing ‘boom’ conditions in the Australian mining industry, women remain substantially and unevenly under-represented in the sector, as is the case in other resource-dependent countries. Building on the literature critiquing business-case rationales and strategies as a means to achieve women’s equality in the workplace, we examine the business case for employing more women as advanced by the Australian mining industry. Specifically, we apply a discourse analysis to seven substantial, publically-available documents produced by the industry’s national and state peak organizations between 2005 and 2013. Our study makes two contributions. First, we map the features of the business case at the sectoral rather than firm or workplace level and examine its public mobilization. Second, we identify the construction and deployment of a normative identity – ‘the ideal mining woman’ – as a key outcome of this business-case discourse. Crucially, women are therein positioned as individually responsible for gender equality in the workplace.
Experimental investigation of adhesively bonded patch repair of an inclined center cracked panel using DIC
Authors: Srilakshmi R , Ramji M
Published: February 2014

Repair of a cracked aircraft structure by an adhesively bonded composite patch has gained lot of importance in extending the fatigue life as well as improving the structural integrity of it. In the present work, an experimental study is carried out using digital image correlation (DIC) technique to analyze the behavior of single and double-sided adhesively bonded patch repair of an inclined center cracked aluminium panel subjected to uniaxial tensile loading. Further, the shear strain distribution in the adhesive layer is also estimated using the DIC technique. Shear strain concentration at the overlap edge in the adhesive layer is very high leading to patch debonding. Further, optimum patch dimension and patch thickness for the given cracked panel are arrived using a genetic algorithm-based optimization technique in conjunction with finite element analysis (FEA). With the optimum patch configuration, a 3-D FEA is further carried out and the obtained results are compared with the experimental prediction from DIC. The DIC prediction correlates with FEA contours on overall basis.
The Three Domains of Urban Planning for Health and Well-being
Authors: Kent Jennifer L. , Thompson Susan
Published: February 2014

Urban planning has an important role to play in supporting human health. While this is increasingly recognized in a burgeoning interdisciplinary body of literature, there remains an ongoing need to clarify and conceptualize the relationship between planning and health. This is especially the case from the perspective of built environment professionals, as they increasingly focus on health and well-being issues. The key contribution of this article is such a conceptualization—a framework to group and review the literature in this rapidly expanding area of research. We suggest three domains where urban planning can most effectively focus support for health and well-being. These domains address the principle risk factors for contemporary chronic disease—physical inactivity, obesity, and social isolation. Our framework is then used to review an evidence base that supports the development, prioritization, and implementation of healthy built environment practice. This article concludes with a critical discussion of theoretical and practical tensions identified as potential impediments to the progression of this new and exciting interdisciplinary area of research.
Transforming Stories and Teachings Into Social Work Pedagogies
Authors: Ormiston Naadli Todd
Published: February 2014

Indigenous pedagogies involve seeking out various forms of indigenous knowledge and a commitment to learning and teaching our traditions, ceremonies, philosophies and values, land, and languages. This article validates the differing ways in which indigenous people are infusing indigenous pedagogy into social work education. This article introduces two aspects of indigenous pedagogy that needs to be emphasized by indigenous social work educators: (1) mentoring and nurturing student identity and belongingness and (2) land-based education. For those interested in indigenous epistemologies, this article is intended to provide an additional resource to understanding and practicing indigenous pedagogies.
Relational Power, Legitimation, and Pregnancy Discrimination
Authors: Byron Reginald A. , Roscigno Vincent J.
Published: February 2014

Pregnancy-based employment discrimination has long been a topic of interest for gender inequality scholars and civil rights agencies. Prior work suggests that employer stereotypes and financial interests leave pregnant women vulnerable to being fired. We still know little, however, about women’s interpretations of their terminations and how employers justify such decisions in the face of arguably protective laws. This article provides much needed, in-depth analyses of such dynamics and a relational account of pregnancy-based employment discrimination claims. Elaborating on theoretical expositions of power and research surrounding the patriarchal character of organizational life, we draw on unique quantitative and qualitative data from verified cases of pregnancy-based firing discrimination. Our analyses reveal a two-pronged legitimation process where employers symbolically vilified pregnant workers while simultaneously amplifying ostensibly meritocratic organizational procedures and concerns. Pregnancy discrimination plaintiffs attempted to counter employer arguments. Yet, their limited power within the organizational hierarchy along with the culturally resonant nature of employer logics—logics that seem gender-neutral but that reify gendered assumptions and prioritize business profit—place pregnant women at a considerable disadvantage. Without attending to such cultural and structural power imbalances and the relational processes that undergird them, pregnancy discrimination will remain a significant problem.
Using Bibliometric and Social Media Analyses to Explore the “Echo Chamber” Hypothesis
Authors: Goldie David , Linick Matthew , Jabbar Huriya , Lubienski Christopher
Published: February 2014

Educational policy debates are no longer occurring exclusively in academic or governmental settings. Intermediary actors are promoting research using a variety of traditional and non-traditional media to advance and oppose policy agendas. Given the current policy arena, it is useful to re-examine the research underlying current reforms, and to determine whether there is an “echo-chamber” effect, where a small, or unrepresentative, sample of studies is repeatedly cited to create momentum around a policy proposal. In exploring the echo-chamber hypothesis, we focus on two distinct methodologies. Using bibliometric methods and examining social media activity by intermediary organizations, our preliminary evidence suggests the presence of an echo-chamber effect in policy debates.