bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Founding and Early Years of the American Board of Forensic Psychology
Authors: Kaslow Florence W.
Published: April 2018

This chapter chronicles the start of board certification by the American Board of Forensic Psychology and its partner, the American Academy of Forensic Psychology. It recapitulates the early organizational history, partly initiated when a small group of those involved in forensic psychology learned that psychiatry was rapidly moving toward establishing board certification in forensic psychiatry, which might threaten forensic psychologists’ claim to expertise in the field. This chapter also discusses the process of gaining acceptance as the sixth recognized specialty by the American Board of Professional Psychology and describes the growth of the field and our endeavors to expand it during the first decade and a half of its formal evolution.
Community Psychology, Public Policy, and Children
Authors: Reppucci N. Dickon
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes the author’s early development as an “accidental” community psychologist who contributed an ecological/community perspective to the field of law and psychology, especially regarding research and intervention projects in juvenile justice. The author’s supervision of more than 50 PhD dissertations during the past half-century has focused on the importance of social context to individual interactions as a theme, permeating his mentoring, teaching, and research. A few early projects, especially changing the culture of a juvenile correctional facility and exploring the landscape of child sexual abuse, have led to efforts to influence public policy regarding youth in the legal system. The central goal has been that understanding through research and theory should facilitate reasoned action.
Goal-oriented practice
Authors: Law Duncan
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the application of goals and goal-setting in goal-oriented practice. It sets out goal-oriented practice as a therapeutic ‘stance’ and not a therapy model, and sets the clinical context for goal-oriented practice. The chapter explores how service systems and structures can support goal-oriented practice. Goal-oriented practice is defined as any therapeutic encounter that works towards helping the person move towards what they want to get from therapy. A ‘goal’ is considered shorthand for ‘what I want to be different if therapy is successful’. Its emphasis is on co-producing explicit goals for therapy that can then be revisited and tracked throughout an intervention. Therapists need to be realistic and pragmatic about the goals that are achievable in therapy and be cognizant to the complexity and adversity in the real-world contexts in which many of our clients strive to reach their goals.
Goal-oriented practice across therapies
Authors: Grey Nick , Byrne Suzanne , Taylor Tracey , Shmueli Avi , Troupp Cathy , Stratton Peter , Sefi Aaron , Law Roslyn , Cooper Mick
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores goal-oriented practice across therapies: cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), psychoanalytic psychotherapy, psychoanalytic child psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), humanistic and existential therapies, systemic family therapy, and online therapy. Each section gives an overview of the approach and sets out ways that goals are conceptualized, negotiated, and embedded. Examples are given to illustrate how goals are used. Differences are found across these approaches in the methods used to negotiate goals, and the extent that these are made explicit and embedded in the work. Greater similarities are found in the use of goals in CBT and IPT, compared with the less directive modalities of humanistic, psychodynamic, and systemic psychotherapies. Differences are also found within modalities (e.g. psychoanalytic psychotherapy for adults versus psychoanalytic child psychotherapy). However, the chapter demonstrates the many similarities in the use of goals as a common factor across these different therapeutic approaches.
Transplant Drug Interactions and a Word of Caution for the HIV Provider. A Case Report
Authors: Hemmersbach-Miller Marion , Berg Carl L , Messina Julia A , Wolfe Cameron R
Published: April 2018

Electronic medical record platforms fail to support provider alerts when a drug is discontinued. Protease inhibitors, often boosted by ritonavir or cobicistat, increase the serum concentration of calcineurin inhibitors. This case demonstrates acute liver transplant rejection in an HIV-positive recipient due to a failure to recognize the loss of protease inhibitor interaction with his immunosuppressive regimen.
Inca Advances into the Southeastern Tropics
Authors: Alconini Sonia
Published: April 2018

The eastern Inca frontier represented a formidable challenge to the empire’s hegemonic interests. Ethnohistoric accounts report how the rulers Tupac Inca Yupanqui and his son Huayna Capac constructed a number of frontier fortifications, and many frustrated Inca attempts to conquer the forest and its elusive inhabitants. The relations that the Inca empire maintained with the myriad of eastern tropical groups were complex and varied. This chapter is dedicated to evaluating the kinds of those relations the Inca maintained with some of these southern polities like the Yampara. It also explores the singular encounter between the Inca and the intruding Guaraní-Chiriguano tropical tribes along the southern Inca frontier, and its effects on the indigenous population dynamics.
The Spread of Inca Power in the Cuzco Region
Authors: Covey Alan
Published: April 2018

Colonial documents demonstrate that the Incas thought about and described their origins in different ways: as the invention of a unique imperial ruling title, as the genealogy of royal households descended from previous rulers, and as the unification of many Cuzco area groups to create an imperial heartland. These distinct approaches to the spread of Inca power can be tested archaeologically in different ways, and several models can be dismissed using the material evidence. Archaeological surveys and excavations in the Cuzco region indicate an early growth of Inca power, with a period of expansion and consolidation that preceded the rapid century of imperial campaigns beginning around 1400 ce. Recasting the spread of Inca power as a long-term process that involved men and women from multiple groups helps us see that the Inca project was not complete when Spaniards took control of the Cuzco region.
Inca Imperial Strategies and Installations in Central Bolivia
Authors: Gyarmati János , Condarco Carola
Published: April 2018

The local ethnohistoric sources and the archaeological evidence, as well as the radiocarbon dates, indicate that the Inca Empire conquered the mighty polities of Central Bolivia around the mid-fifteenth century, and then created a well-structured imperial infrastructure. The rationale behind the creation of this infrastructure can be sought in the region’s agricultural potential and raw material deposits. In order to fully exploit these resources, the Inca performed a large-scale population resettlement, principally of groups from the altiplano and the mountain regions to the eastern valleys. The goods produced in these agricultural and craft centers ensured the defense of the empire’s eastern frontiers, and contributed to the provisioning of its heartland.
Inca Ancestry and Colonial Privilege
Authors: Garrett David
Published: April 2018

Descendants of Hanan and Hurin Cuzco remained privileged for the duration of Spanish rule. Throughout the Andes, descendants of Huayna Capac and Tupa Inca Yupanqui held hereditary control over important cacicazgos, and they dominated the Indian republic in the Inca heartland around Cuzco. The ayllus of Hurin Cuzco remained among the most powerful groups in the Huatanay Valley. For both, legal and economic privileges depended on Inca ancestry, making genealogical claims a central feature of the Inca archive; to what extent the understandings of kinship and descent portrayed in these documents reflected those of Cuzco’s ayllus and Inca lineages is unclear. Cuzco’s Inca emphasized a hierarchy based on pure descent from the “Inca kings,” but outside their small domain others did—and continue to—assert genealogical and symbolic claims to Inca descent.
Pachacamac and the Incas on the Coast of Peru
Authors: Eeckhout Peter , López Hurtado Enrique
Published: April 2018

The process of Inca domination is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. As a result, Inca domination was adaptable, depending on specific contexts and circumstances. This chapter focuses on the center of Pachacamac and the surrounding central and southern Pacific coast, in order to highlight the methods and mechanisms through which the Incas ensured their domination. One important manifestation of this control was the establishment of a coastal network of shrines subordinated to the great oracle Pachacamac. This was accompanied by the expansion of the cult to Pachacamac under the imperial umbrella, along with the enlargement of a thriving maritime trading network. This overview also includes a reflection on the importance of religion and ideology in the Inca conquest, and the ways in in which local architecture was incorporated into the construction of religious and administrative centers like Pachacamac.
Inca Aesthetics and Scholarly Inquiry
Authors: Herring Adam
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the interpretive challenges that art historians and anthropologists have faced in approaching Inca intellectual and artistic achievements, which do not fit comfortably in Western categories. George Kubler took up the question of Inca art in the mid-twentieth century, creating a space in art history for studying the Incas. This development occurred at a time when archaeologists such as John Rowe worked to place the Incas within the broader context of Andean civilizations, and structuralists like Tom Zuidema were beginning to challenge historical narratives in search of underlying elements of Andean culture. The scholarly interest in Inca art, material culture, and intellect was but one aspect of the Inca focus of that time, as artists found inspiration in Inca ruins and museum galleries in the United States, and other countries began to exhibit Inca artifacts as an art to be approached on its own terms.
Fishing Economies and Ethnic Specialization under Inca Rule
Authors: Aland Amanda
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the nature of fishing economies on the Peruvian coast and in the Titicaca Basin following conquest by the Inca Empire. The pre-Hispanic coast has been regularly described by ethnohistorical sources as a region composed of polities characterized by occupational specialization carried out by various distinct ethnic groups. Each group reportedly specialized in one particular job in one environmental zone, but was integrated into an overall sociopolitical and economic system that allowed for all members of society to have access to any goods they might need. The discussion in this chapter includes the ethnohistorical and archaeological evidence for the presence and organization of fishing economies in order to examine the way the Inca Empire incorporated, administered, and extracted tribute from these groups.
Garments, Tocapu, Status, and Identity
Authors: Phipps Elena
Published: April 2018

The Inca developed and perfected a special type and quality of weaving that was the hallmark of their garment-making tradition. Textiles made of high-quality tapestry (cumbi) embodied the Inca aesthetic as a political and cultural force. In the colonial period, these Inca attributes were transformed and adapted in new directions: some self-referential, overt expressions of rebellion against colonial viceregal rule, others more acquiescent to the new social order. During festivals and other celebratory events, such garments were worn as part of a “theater” of Inca heritage. The garments, including the tocapu designs, were part of complex cultural interactions and contributed to expressions of status and identity in the Andes.
Writing Inca History
Authors: Pillsbury Joanne
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides an overview of documentary sources for the study of the Inca, with special attention to the processes of the construction of histories in viceregal Peru. From the earliest chronicles written by Spaniards associated with the Conquest to late colonial encyclopedic works, this chapter addresses both published and unpublished sources, including chronicles (relaciones), religious sources, and administrative reports (visitas). Viewed through time and by genre, the chapter discusses the first eyewitness accounts of the Inca Empire, the rise of “official” Inca histories during the Toledan Reforms, manuals for the extirpation of idolatry, and illustrated accounts by native writers.
The Acllacona and Mitmacona
Authors: Turner-Livermore Bethany , Hewitt Barbara R.
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses research by the authors among Inca populations from two sites in Peru. Machu Picchu was a royal Inca estate, close to the imperial capital of Cuzco and inhabited by a permanent group of servants, while Túcume is a large site on the northern coast of Peru, in the hinterland of the empire, but with an elite burial context including a number of female attendants. Characterization of both light and heavy isotopes in the bones and teeth of individuals from both sites has permitted the authors to estimate the social status (mitmacona, yanacona, acllacona/mamacona) of the servants at both sites, and to better characterize their geographic origins and diet. When interpreted against an ethnohistorical and archaeological backdrop, isotopic bioarchaeology results discussed here indicate that the acllacona in particular represent a variety of possible manifestations in the archaeological record, reflecting the variety of roles they played in the empire.
Conclusions
Authors: Alconini Sonia , Covey Alan
Published: April 2018

This chapter summarizes the themes presented in Part 2, which focused on centers of Inca power in the Cuzco region and other parts of the Andes. Focusing on the overlapping concepts of royal estates and imperial centers, the chapter considers the different governing functions of each category, as well as the special social statuses (mitmacona, yanacona, acllacona) providing the labor that sustained them. These people were part of Inca efforts to extend royal households (panacas) from the Cuzco region into the provinces. The provincial construction of new state farms and imperial centers echoed similar projects of agrarian intensification and estate building in the Inca heartland and outlying provinces, helping to create nodes of imperial social and economic power that supported the imperial administration of diverse populations from across the Andes.
Conclusions
Authors: Covey Alan , Alconini Sonia
Published: April 2018

This chapter is an editorial conclusion to Part 3, responding to the central issues raised in chapters on the military, political, and economic power of the Inca state. The concluding chapter mentions some large-scale theoretical formulations for imperial rule, and then discusses the trajectory of Inca militarism as the empire expanded beyond the Cuzco region. Conquest led to varying manifestations of Inca economic power, and many aspects of the political economy were projected from the household of the ruling Inca and his wife. Kinship served as a key means for connecting Inca rulers with subject populations, but local people could evade the imperial state under some circumstances, especially in areas where food production practices were different from those most familiar to the maize-farming Incas.
The Inca Center of Incallacta in the Southeastern Andes
Authors: Coben Lawrence
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the monumental site of Incallcta, an important Inca installation of Collasuyu (Cochabamba, Bolivia). By analyzing the site’s layout, architecture, and surrounding landscape, the author argues that Incallacta replicated the sacred geography of the Inca capital of Cuzco. Therefore, it was one of the “other Cuzcos” in the Collasuyu region, as stated in the colonial accounts. By discussing the nature of “Other Cuzcos” as the replicas of the sacred capital, the chapter also suggests that these centers became important nodes of power and political performance, particularly in the more distant regions of the Inca Empire.
The Inca State and Local Ritual Landscapes
Authors: Chase Zachary James
Published: April 2018

Ritual landscapes were integral to Inca imperial expansion, both as a medium for and as a product of the interaction between the Inca state and regional and local polities. The incorporation of peoples and lands into the Inca Empire entailed complex dealings with local and regional huacas, together with the co-optation and modification of local elite lineages, corporate origins, and histories. Late Horizon ritual landscapes were thus emergent phenomena, constructed over time through processes of negotiation and reconfiguration between the Inca and other peoples. I refer to these negotiated landscapes as “local-imperial,” and explore these interactive processes through archaeological and ethnohistorical data from Cuzco, Pachacamac, Huamachuco, and Huarochirí. Inasmuch as local-imperial ritual landscapes were composite entities described in this article, viewing these different forms of evidence together clarifies our image of the Inca expansion as the work of physical, social, and symbolic-semiotic mastery.
Other People as Situations
Authors: Clark Margaret S. , Lemay Edward P. , Reis Harry T.
Published: April 2018

Researchers usually construe situations in terms of their impact on individuals, taking little account of a fundamental feature of situations: Who else is involved or implicated in that situation and what is the nature of the relationship between those persons? This chapter provides a framework for conceptualizing these relationship effects, followed by a review of relationship-context effects in six prominent areas of social-psychological research: prosocial behavior, social influence, person perception, self-concept, self-regulation, and evaluative judgments. This review indicates that relationship contexts are one of the most powerful and pervasive situational influences fundamentally shaping human behavior. In the chapter we further argue that any conceptualization of situations that seeks to be comprehensive must incorporate these relationship context effects.
Interacting Brain Networks Underlying Creative Cognition and Artistic Performance
Authors: Beaty Roger E. , Jung Rex E.
Published: April 2018

Cognitive neuroscience research has begun to address the potential interaction of brain networks supporting creativity by employing new methods in brain network science. Network methods offer a significant advance compared to individual region of interest studies due to their ability to account for the complex and dynamic interactions among discrete brain regions. As this chapter demonstrates, several recent studies have reported a remarkably similar pattern of brain network connectivity across a range of creative tasks and domains. In general, such work suggests that creative thought may involve dynamic interactions, primarily between the default and control networks, providing key insights into the roles of spontaneous and controlled processes in creative cognition. The chapter summarizes this emerging body of research and proposes a framework designed to account for the joint influence of controlled and spontaneous thought processes in creativity.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Attentional Decoupling during Mind-Wandering
Authors: Kam Julia W.Y. , Handy Todd C.
Published: April 2018

The tendency to disengage from the immediate environment and to wander off to another time and place is a unique characteristic of the human mind. While much research has focused on the neural origins of such mind-wandering experience, less understood is the mechanism by which the mind facilitates task-unrelated thoughts. This chapter presents electrophysiological evidence demonstrating a widespread attenuation of numerous cognitive responses to external events during mind-wandering, suggesting that this transient modulation of the depth of the cognitive investment in external events may be one potential mechanism in which the mind facilitates these task-unrelated thoughts. The chapter also highlights the utility of resting-state and intracranial EEG as valuable methodology in illuminating the neural mechanisms underlying these internally directed mental experiences.
The Philosophy of Mind-Wandering
Authors: Irving Zachary C. , Thompson Evan
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the philosophy of mind-wandering. It begins with a philosophical critique of the standard psychological definitions of mind-wandering as task-unrelated thought or stimulus-independent thought. Although these definitions have helped bring mind-wandering research onto center stage in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, they have substantial limitations. They do not account for the dynamics of mind-wandering, task-unrelated thought that does not qualify as mind-wandering, or the ways in which mind-wandering can be task-related. The chapter reviews philosophical accounts that improve upon the current psychological definitions, in particular an account of mind-wandering as “unguided thinking.” It critically assesses the view that mind-wandering can be defined as thought lacking meta-awareness and cognitive agency, as well as the view that mind-wandering is disunified thinking. The definition of mind-wandering as unguided thinking not only is conceptually and phenomenologically precise, but also can be operationalized in a principled way for empirical research.
Spontaneous Thinking in Creative Lives
Authors: Pang Alex Soojung-Kim
Published: April 2018

Scientists have only recently begun to explore spontaneous thinking. It might appear that as elusive a phenomenon as it is in the laboratory, it would be impossible to detect in the historical record. This essay argues that it is possible to make space for accounts of spontaneous thinking in historical accounts of creativity and discovery. It argues that historians can use scientific work on daydreaming, mind-wandering, and other forms of spontaneous thought to illuminate the history of ideas. It explains how historical research informed by science could generate new insights in the history of writing and thinking, the history of attitudes towards reason and inspiration, the daily practices of creative thinkers, and even elusive phenomena like sensory perception and sleep. With diligence and imagination, it will be possible to reconstruct the place of spontaneous thinking in the history of ideas.
Why Is Mind-Wandering Interesting for Philosophers?
Authors: Metzinger Thomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores points of contact between philosophy of mind and scientific approaches to spontaneous thought. While offering a series of conceptual instruments that might prove helpful for researchers on the empirical research frontier, it begins by asking what the explanandum for theories of mind-wandering is, how one can conceptually individuate single occurrences of this specific target phenomenon, and how one might arrive at a more fine-grained taxonomy. The second half of this contribution sketches some positive proposals as to how one might understand mind-wandering on a conceptual level, namely, as a loss of mental autonomy resulting in involuntary mental behavior, as a highly specific epistemic deficit relating to self-knowledge, and as a discontinuous phenomenological process in which one’s conscious “unit of identification” is switched.
The Neuroscience of Spontaneous Thought
Authors: Andrews-Hanna Jessica R. , Irving Zachary C. , Fox Kieran C.R. , Spreng R. Nathan , Christoff Kalina
Published: April 2018

An often-overlooked characteristic of the human mind is its propensity to wander. Despite growing interest in the science of mind-wandering, most studies operationalize mind-wandering by its task-unrelated contents, which may be orthogonal to the processes constraining how thoughts are evoked and unfold over time. This chapter emphasizes the importance of incorporating such processes into current definitions of mind-wandering, and proposes that mind-wandering and other forms of spontaneous thought (such as dreaming and creativity) are mental states that arise and transition relatively freely due to an absence of constraints on cognition. The chapter reviews existing psychological, philosophical, and neuroscientific research on spontaneous thought through the lens of this framework, and calls for additional research into the dynamic properties of the mind and brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology of Flexible and Creative Thinking
Authors: Beversdorf David Q.
Published: April 2018

Many factors affect performance on tasks associated with creativity. Stress is one of the more established of these factors impacting performance, most likely mediated by effects on neurotransmitter systems. This chapter discusses the literature on the effects of stress, the noradrenergic system, the dopaminergic system, and other pharmacological factors on creativity. This chapter will also discuss the effects of norepinephrine and dopamine on other related aspects of cognition, such as working memory and set shifting. The effects on divergent and convergent task performance will also be discussed, as well as the need for greater understanding of the optimization of creativity performance.
Pain and Spontaneous Thought
Authors: Kucyi Aaron
Published: April 2018

Pain is among the most salient of experiences, while also, curiously, being among the most malleable. A large body of research has revealed that a multitude of explicit strategies can be used to effectively alter the attention-demanding quality of acute and chronic pains and their associated neural correlates. However, thoughts that are spontaneous, rather than actively generated, are common in daily life, and so attention to pain can often temporally fluctuate because of ongoing self-generated experiences. Classic pain theories have largely neglected to account for unconstrained fluctuations in cognition, but new studies have demonstrated the behavioral relevance, putative neural basis, and individual variability of interactions between pain and spontaneous thoughts. This chapter reviews behavioral studies of ongoing fluctuations in attention to pain, studies of the neural basis of spontaneous mind-wandering away from pain, and the clinical implications of this research.
Rock Art of the Pacific
Authors: Wilson Meredith , Ballard Chris
Published: April 2018

This chapter sets out to provide an overview of the rock art of the Pacific region, previous studies having focused largely on particular techniques or specific areas within the region. The study expands the frame of analysis to encompass the wider geographical setting of Oceania and seeks to place the region’s rock art within a series of contexts that might enhance our understanding of its significance. These contexts include ethnographic access to continuities in the production and meaning of art and an appreciation of the embeddedness of rock art within a suite of other symbolic media, allowing for the intertextual exchange of motifs and meanings.
Developmental Consequences of Trauma on Brain Circuits
Authors: Opendak Maya , Sullivan Regina
Published: April 2018

Traumatic experiences can be challenging at any age, but recent evidence has highlighted the trauma experienced from an attachment figure as particularly detrimental. Fear, or threat, conditioning is a major experimental paradigm that has uncovered the neurobiology of trauma processing. This controlled paradigm has enabled us to understand the changing neurobiology of trauma processing as well as the developmental importance of caregiver presence during trauma. Maternal presence buffers the infant during brief trauma exposure, although repeated trauma in her presence programs the enduring trauma effects on the neurobiology of cognition and emotion. We review the data on innate and learned fear responses across development and describe the interaction between trauma and attachment in early life when threatening cues are processed by the attachment circuitry, rather than fear circuitry, within the brain. This approach can provide insight into age-specific treatments and interventions following infant trauma in the presence of a caregiver.
Latinitas Iesu
Authors: Haskell Yasmin
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that the “ludic” Latin culture of the early modern Jesuit classroom, as projected in the Ratio Studiorum of 1599 and evidenced through numerous pedagogical and literary works from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, was the matrix for a religious, ideological, but also emotional community. Aside from the contents of the curriculum, Jesuit teachers imbued their students with a set of cultural values and reflexes, via a set of literary and affective practices and performances, that bound them to one another and to the Society itself. The goal of the prodigious Latin literary activity of early modern Jesuits was not so much the cultivation of the personal or elite poetic voice as the initiation of new generations into the rites of a continuous Latin-writing community—one that was, in theory, coextensive with the global Society of Jesus, if in practice always rooted in local colonies and poetic “microtraditions.”
Jesuit Theater
Authors: Gallo Anne-Sophie
Published: April 2018

The Jesuits were famous for didactic and college theater performances, but they also practiced other forms of theater in their scholasticates, close to the convent and amateur theater. Jesuit theater generally refers to the early modern period that corresponds to a specific moment in the Society’s history. But Jesuits continued to write and perform theater during the late modern period, even if the suppression of the Society of Jesus created deep changes in the Jesuits’ relation to theater. If Jesuit drama productions during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are more limited and different in nature, they also reveal new accommodations the Society faced after the suppression and restoration. This chapter proposes an approach to Jesuit theater from a longue durée perspective that allows an understanding of how this practice has characterized Jesuit cultural identity in the early modern period but no longer in the late modern period, although a Jesuit theater still exists.
Astronomy, Cosmology, and Jesuit Discipline, 1540–1758
Authors: Carolino Luís Miguel
Published: April 2018

Jesuit scholars took part in all the major scientific controversies in the field of astronomy and cosmology, and taught generations of philosophers in Europe. Jesuit missionaries disseminated novelties of Western astronomy as far as China and Japan. Historians have tended to perceive Jesuit astronomers as a homogeneous group, unified by a common religious program. This chapter challenges that view and argues that Jesuit scholarship evolved from defending a traditional Aristotelian-Ptolemaic worldview to advocacy of a Tychonic cosmology, and eventually supporting, in some cases, a Newtonian view of the universe. Jesuit astronomers and philosophers also disagreed among themselves on fundamental questions. In a word, there was no “Jesuit astronomy”. However, this learned community was particularly affected by official efforts to maintain doctrinal uniformity, as the debate on Copernicanism demonstrates. Although those institutional constraints did not fossilize Jesuit astronomical learning, they contributed to diverting it away from the scientific mainstream.
Jesuit Humanism and Indigenous-Language Philology in the Americas and Asia
Authors: McManus Stuart M.
Published: April 2018

As part of their missionary projects in the Americas and Asia, the Society of Jesus undertook the systematic study of many native languages. In codifying and applying these languages, the Jesuits relied heavily on their humanistic training, mapping non-European grammars and rhetorics onto humanist models, which in turn had to be adjusted for these new contexts. In this way, Jesuit humanism became something akin a “world philology,” not in its universality but in its ability to interact with learned traditions from Asia, Africa, and the Americas, producing hybrid textual cultures that became naturalized in the Christian societies that grew up in the wake of Iberian expansion and Jesuit missions. This chapter will look in particular at the cases of Guaraní from Paraguay and Konkani from western India.
Rise, Character, and Development of Jesuit Education
Authors: Casalini Cristiano
Published: April 2018

One key to the success of Jesuit education has been the tension between the recognizable mark of uniformity that long distinguished the methods, contents, and practices of Jesuit schools and their ability to adapt to different contexts and times. Both of the aspects could be said to have found explicit support in that unique foundational document, the Ratio Studiorum, which retained some sway up until the middle of the twentieth century despite the many variations and complexities that had arisen since early modernity. Soon after the Ratio fell into oblivion, Jesuit schools began to think about what made them distinctively Jesuit. There was a need to clarify the profile of their mission in the contemporary world. This chapter will sketch a history of Jesuit education, focusing on both the permanent and changing traits of its distinctive pedagogy.
Genre, Science, and “Hans Pfaall”
Authors: Lee Maurice S.
Published: April 2018

This essay moves beyond questions of source study and reception to show how “The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall” mixes genres of satire and realism. In doing so, Poe not only participates in the early development of science fiction but also explores emerging relationships between scientific and literary discourses during the nineteenth-century print revolution, which made it difficult to distinguish between fictions and facts. “Hans Pfaall” self-consciously dramatizes through stylistic turbulence how knowledge is generically produced within unruly media ecologies and is thus epistemologically unstable. In this sense, the story—not in spite but precisely because of its generic and aesthetic inconsistencies—can be regarded less as an unsuccessful hoax and more as a narrative about the dynamics of writing and reading fiction under conditions of doubt.
Poe and His Global Advocates
Authors: Esplin Emron
Published: April 2018

This essay explores Edgar Allan Poe’s extraordinary relationships with various literary traditions across the globe, posits that Poe is the most influential US writer on the global literary scene, and argues that Poe’s current global reputation relies at least as much on the radiance of the work of Poe’s literary advocates—many of whom are literary stars in their own right—as it does on the brilliance of Poe’s original works. The article briefly examines Poe’s most famous French advocates (Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Valéry); glosses the work of his advocates throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas; and offers a concise case study of Poe’s influence on and advocacy from three twentieth-century writers from the Río de la Plata region of South America (Quiroga, Borges, and Cortázar). The essay concludes by reading the relationships between Poe and his advocates through the ancient definition of astral or stellar influence.
Large Conductance Potassium Channels in the Nervous System
Authors: Carrasquel-Ursulaez Willy , Lorenzo Yenisleidy , Echeverria Felipe , Latorre Ramon
Published: April 2018

The Slowpoke (Slo) family of large conductance K+ channels comprises four structurally and functionally related members (Slo1, Slo2.1, Slo2.2, and Slo3). With the exception of Slo3, all Slo channels are expressed in neurons, where their diverse functions include influencing the shape, frequency, and propagation of action potentials, as well as neurotransmitter release. The Slo1 channel (KCa1.1; KCNMA1, BK) is Ca2+- and voltage-activated, while the two Slo2 channels, Slo2.1 (KNa1.2, KCNT2, Slick) and Slo2.2 (KNa1.1, KCNT1, Slack), are activated by internal Na+. The functional diversity of the Slo family is greatly increased through alternative splicing, metabolic regulation, and the formation of heterotetramers (Slo2 channels). Co-expression of the pore-forming α subunit of Slo1 with its accessory subunits β and γ further increases channel diversity. This chapter focuses on the role of the Slo channel family in neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Home and Vehicle in American Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Hutcheson Cory Thomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter unfolds the intersectionality of the domestic sphere in three parts. First, the home itself presents a multivalent space in which individual locations become realms of practice and performance for different groups, such as bathrooms used by children at slumber parties as the locus of legend ostension. Issues of personal identity and even “solo folklore” appear in spaces like treehouses and apartments, as do considerations of material cultural performance. Questions of gender and occupation appear in rooms like the “man cave” or the “home office” as well. Beyond the domestic space is the intersection of home and public spaces in practices such as holiday decoration, yard art, porch culture, and backyard cookouts. The automobile informs the final section, demonstrating the connection between domestic, familial, social, and political performance.
American Folk Ideas, Beliefs, and Worldview
Authors: Mechling Jay
Published: April 2018

Alan Dundes (1971) proposed the phrase “folk idea” as a concept folklorists could and should use to link the folk items and practices they usually study to larger patterns in American culture, a goal that other familiar folklore concepts (such as myth and genre) could not accomplish. Folk ideas are “underlying assumptions” and offer people ways to order and understand their experiences. Folk ideas move across levels of culture, entering popular culture and even high culture. Dundes saw the folk idea as the smallest unit of the worldview of a people, recognizing that the concept of “worldview” is as vague as “folk idea” and that both needed to be operationalized through concrete examples. The Dundes project is where American folklore studies and American Studies meet, as American Studies scholars look to American history, literature, and the arts for evidence of larger patterns in American culture.
American Folk Poetry
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth
Published: April 2018

Associated with all stages of life, from the cradle to the grave, American folk poetry can be serious or light-hearted, irreverent, and subversive. The genre includes rhymes, recitations, and inscriptions of many varieties. Scholars have given particular attention to children’s folk poetry; they should examine folk poetry of adulthood in greater depth and pay attention to interrelationships between children’s and adults’ folk poetry. Many studies of American folk poetry are based upon English-language poetics; more poetry of diverse ethnic and linguistic origins should be examined in detail. As in studies of other genres of folklore, it is necessary to consider connections to related expressive forms; game and ritual are among the genres that have an especially close relationship to folk poetry. In various settings, including small groups of friends, large organized groups, public performances, and interaction on the Internet, folk poetry continues to grow and change.
Unravelling the Relationships between Humanitarianism, Human Rights, and Decolonization
Authors: Thompson Andrew S.
Published: April 2018

Humanitarianism, human rights, and decolonization have each generated their own historiography. This chapter demonstrates how their histories were so closely entangled that they are barely comprehensible when studied in isolation. The central argument is that the post-colonial world was forged at the intersection of these three post-war geopolitical forces, and that the study of human rights and humanitarianism enable us to see decolonization in a much more dynamic way than state-centric approaches. Human rights activists and humanitarians hoped to change the face of a decolonizing world, but that decolonizing world profoundly affected what they were able to do and what they eventually became. Decolonization is revealed for what it actually was: an untidy, indefinite, and possibly even unfinishable process, the consequences of which are still very much with us today.
East Asian Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Madsen Richard
Published: April 2018

Buddhism was transmitted to China around the beginning of the Common Era and from there spread to the other societies in East Asia. The Mahāyāna tradition eventually became embedded in the ordinary life of those societies, closely intertwined with Confucian and Daoist ethics. Popular Buddhist ethics were basically utilitarian, a means to produce desirable consequences. In the twentieth century, reformers like Taixu (1890–1947) tried to purify this popular Buddhism and make it relevant to the challenges of modernity. The result was a ‘Buddhism in the Human Realm’ expressed as a virtue ethic that teaches its followers to develop the capacities to follow a bodhisattva path of creating a Pure Land on earth. This chapter explores the implications of this for the family, public life, politics and war, economic inequality, sexuality, and environmental ethics.
A Perspective on Ethics in the Lotus Sūtra
Authors: Reeves Gene
Published: April 2018

Because the Lotus Sūtra is primarily soteriological rather than philosophical, its ethics do not readily fit into standard categories of Western philosophical discourse. What the Lotus Sūtra cares about is that every human being becomes a buddha, and it often uses unconventional or unorthodox ideas to advance that cause. Accordingly, the Lotus Sūtra gives little attention to Buddhist precepts. It is somewhat patriarchal, but only in part, as can be seen from important parts of the Sūtra itself. The ethics of the Lotus Sūtra can best be characterized as ‘the bodhisattva way’, a way of appropriate, skilful, and effective action through helping others, and which involves practising wisdom and compassion in everyday life. Moreover, helping others is not understood as solely a matter of helping individuals. Rather, the Lotus Sūtra supports what is today called ‘Engaged Buddhism’.
Tantric Ethics
Authors: Sparham Gareth
Published: April 2018

There are many early sets of rules (vrata) specific to the ascetic practices of particular Tantras, but the first codification of ethical conduct for practitioners of Buddhist Tantra, in general, is found in the Vajraśekhara, a part of the Tattvasaṃgraha group. There, Tantric ethics are codified as five sets of commitments (samaya) connected with the transformation of the five skandhas into five family buddhas. The full systematization of the Buddhist Tantric code of ethics as the avoidance of fourteen major and eight minor infractions appears soon after. This fully developed Tantric code of ethics incorporates earlier Buddhist codes, in particular the tripartite codification of a syncretistic morality systematized in the Bodhisattvabhūmi. The defining characteristic of the Buddhist Tantric code of ethics is the centrality of the unification of wisdom (prajñā) and special feelings of bliss with method (upāya) as an underpinning.
Buddhist Perspectives on Abortion and Reproduction
Authors: Barnhart Michael
Published: April 2018

The chapter begins with a brief outline of specific ethical issues associated with abortion, assisted reproduction, and research use of embryonic stem cells. Buddhist attitudes are explored first by reference to scriptures and then by what is known about Buddhist attitudes in modern, mostly Asian societies, especially in regard to abortion, and the degree to which this fits with but also challenges the scriptural tradition. These attitudes are then considered on their philosophical merits, focusing particularly on the key claim of traditional Buddhist embryology that conception signals the presence of all the necessary elements of moral personhood, as understood by Buddhists, thus triggering the First Precept’s prohibition on the taking of a human life. Finally, the chapter considers what a less prohibitive Buddhist stance on abortion might look like, particularly in reference to various alternatives defended in contemporary philosophical discussions.
The Changing Way of the Bodhisattva
Authors: Clayton Barbra R.
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the nature of the connections between contemporary understandings of the bodhisattva path as socially engaged, and the canonical Mahāyāna tradition in India—the Ugraparipṛcchā-sūtra and the works of Śāntideva. These canonical treatments of the bodhisattva’s career are compared with a contemporary understanding as reflected in the commentary on Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra by Pema Chödrön. This analysis reveals distinct visions of the bodhisattva, from the Ugra’s elite superhero, to Śāntideva’s saintly bodhisattva, to the modern view of the bodhisattva as social activist. The career of the bodhisattva is furthermore shown to involve a range of types of social engagement. While the canonical texts support the ideal of imbuing all daily activities with an altruistic motive, as well as endorsing selfless service to meet the needs and wants of sentient beings, only the contemporary reading of the bodhisattva path advocates social action to address systemic causes of collective suffering.
History of International Thought
Authors: Boucher David
Published: April 2018

Our attitudes to understanding past texts fall into three conceptually distinct manners of enquiry. The Emblematic Past is resistant to correction, and impervious to criticism, and its characters and events are on permanent loan to the present as symbols indicative of all the vices and virtues of humanity. The Practical Past is the predominant mode of invoking a world of ideas to assist us in working through, or understanding, current problems. In contrast, those disposed to the Historical Past adopt a disinterestedness that sometimes verges on disdain towards those whose purpose is not interpretive authenticity. These attitudes are to be distinguished from the levels at which thought about International Relations occurs. We encounter types of thinking that relate to immediate circumstances; attempts to synthesize experience into principles and recommendations, or guides to action; and philosophical considerations of the place of International Relations in experience more generally.
Global Distributive Justice
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the relevance of facts and empirical enquiry for the normative project of enquiring what principles of distributive justice, if any, apply at the global level. Is empirical research needed for this kind of enquiry? And if so, how? Claims about global distributive justice often rest on factual assumptions. Seven different ways in which facts about national, regional and global politics (and hence empirical research into global politics) might inform accounts of global distributive justice are examined. A deep understanding of the nature of global politics and the world economy (and thus empirical research on it) is needed: to grasp the implications of principles of global distributive justice; to evaluate such principles for their attainability and political feasibility; to assess their desirability; and, first, to conceptualize the subject-matter of global distributive justice and to formulate the questions that accounts of global distributive justice need to answer.