bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Labour Law Status of Managerial Employees
Authors:   Széchenyi István University, Deák Ferenc faculty of Law, Department of Labour and Social Law, Győr, Ferencz Jácint
Published: January 2023

"The study deals with the atypical employment relationship of managerial employees. One of the reasons for the atypical nature of the managerial employment relationship is that not all managers are employed in an employment relationship since the tasks can also be performed in an agency relationship, and some authors even consider the latter relationship to be more suitable for settling the rights and obligations of the parties. This atypicality is reinforced by the fact that the current legislation allows the manager’s employment contract to derogate from the provisions of the second part of the collective agreement and that the collective agreement does not cover the manager. The study also describes the liability of managerial employees and the rules on confl icts of interest and noncompetition that apply to them."
SANATSAL TEMSİLLERİN DERS MATERYALİ OLARAK KULLANIMI: “ÇALIŞMA İLİŞKİLERİ” ALANI İÇİN “KEN LOACH FİLMLERİ” ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: MAN Fuat
Published: January 2023

Derslerde anlatılan konuların, kavramların veya olguların somut bir bağlamda gösterilmesi, bu anlatılanların katılımcılar tarafından özümsenmesini kolaylaştırır. Bu somutlaştırma için başvurulabilecek etkili bir araç örnek olaylardır. Bu makalede çalışma ilişkileri alanı ile ilgili dersler için filmlerin etkili bir örnek olay materyali olabileceği gösterilmektedir. Makale, içerik analizi metodunu kullanarak, birçok filminde sıradan işçi sınıfı karakterlerine odaklanan yönetmen Ken Loach’un dört filminin ne denli önemli tematik içerimler barındırabileceğini ve dolayısıyla bu materyalin pedagojik amaçlarla kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Makalede günümüz çalışma ilişkilerini şekillendiren temel dinamik, neoliberalizm ve onun bir sonucu olarak da prekarizasyon kavramlarına gönderme yapılarak ortaya konmakta ve bunun yansımaları da yönetmenin Bread and Roses, The Navigators, It’s a Free World ve Sorry We Missed You adlı filmlerinde gösterilmektedir.
“SONUM BAŞLANGICIMDIR” OYUNUNDA MÜZİK TASARIMI ile KARAKTER, ANLAM ve DRAMATURJİ İLİŞKİSİ
Authors: DİNÇ Ayşegül
Published: January 2023

Bu çalışma, Bursa Devlet Tiyatrosu tarafından 2021-2022 sezonunda sahnelenen ‘Sonum Başlangıcımdır’ oyununun müziklerini konu edinmektedir. Amaç, ‘Sonum Başlangıcımdır’ oyununun müziklerini ‘Tiyatro Müziği Çözümleme Yöntemi’ kullanarak tahlil etmek ve müziklerin oyunla ilişkisini, alımlayıcıya yönelik iletilerini ve eylemden bağımsız varlıklarını tespit etmektir. Çözümleme sonucunda oyundaki müziklerin, adeta birer durak noktaları olduğu ve yekpare bütünü kesitlendirerek, sürekli akış halinde olan konular arasında köprü işlevi gördüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bir nevi eklem yerleri olan müzikler, oyunun temel karakteri olan Yosun’un parçalanmış kişiliğine, toplumdan izole olmuşluğuna ve hayatına dair birçok konuda fikir verir. Ayrıca prolog ve epilog müziğinde efsanevi ve ilkel olana atıfta bulunulur. Orkestra piyano, keman, viyolonsel, flüt ve vurmalılardan oluşur. Enstrümanlar kimi şarkılarda ‘ölüm’, ‘parçalanmışlık’, ‘gönüllü tecrit’ gibi temaları ve metaforları betimler. Ayrıca arpejli müzik cümleleri, pes perdelerde doğaçlamaya yakın üsluptaki viyolonsel, viyolonsel ile keman arasındaki ilişki, kullanılan kadanslar, prologda ‘yılan’ bahsiyle birlikte duyulan flüt, oyundaki karakterle ve anlam katmanlarıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Çalışmanın, kullanılan yöntem ve tiyatro müziklerine yaklaşım açısından müzikli oyunların incelenmesinde yol gösterici nitelikte olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Identifying problematic opioid use in electronic health record data: Are we looking in the right place?
Authors: Schirle, PhD Lori , Kwun Shinwho , Suh Ashley , Sanchez-Roige, PhD Sandra , Jeffery, PhD Alvin D. , Samuels, PhD David C.
Published: January 2023

Objective: To examine the value of data obtained outside of regular healthcare visits (clinical communications) to detect problematic opioid use in electronic health records (EHRs).Design: A retrospective cohort study.Participants: Chronic pain patient records in a large academic medical center.Interventions: We compared evidence for problematic opioid use in (1) clinic notes, (2) clinical communications, and (3) full EHR data. We analyzed keyword counts and calculated concordance and Cohen’s κ between data sources.Main outcome measure: Evidence of problematic opioid use in EHR defined as none, some, or high.Results: Twenty-six percent of records were discordant in determination of problematic opioid use between clinical communications and clinic notes. Of these, 54 percent detected more evidence in clinical communications, and 46 percent in clinic notes. Compared to full EHR review, clinic notes exhibited higher concordance (78 percent; κ = 0.619) than clinical communications (60 percent; κ = 0.290).Conclusion: Clinical communications are a valuable addition to opioid HER research.
The incidence of opioid misuse among the surgical patients with persistent opioid use
Authors: Namiranian, MD, PhD Khodadad
Published: January 2023

Objective: To calculate the monthly incidence of opioid-related adverse events in the opioid-naïve patients who continue to use opioids in the post-operative period.Background data: An estimate of 1-6 percent of surgery patients continues to persistently use the opioids longer than 90 post-operative days. However, the association of the opioid adverse events with the persistent post-operative use is not clearly known.Methods: This is a historical (retrospective) cohort study of the opioid-naïve US Veterans between the ages of 18 and 85. The surgical group (who had major surgery between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2015) was compared to the control references. The outcome of opioid misuse was either opioid overdose or the development of opioid use disorder. Each case was followed for 13 months. The monthly incidence of opioid misuse was calculated by dividing the number of new opioid misuse divided by the number of patients who are still filling the prescription for opioid medications in that specific month.Results: A total of 150,088 surgical patients and 1,145,553 controls met the inclusion criteria. The risk of opioid misuse was between 0.3 and 1.8 percent for first 11 post-operative months among both groups. The incidence of opioid misuse increases to 4.6 percent (95 percent CI: 3.2-6.4) at 12 months and to 8.1 percent (95 percent CI: 5.6-11.5) at 13th post-operative month. The incidence also increases to 2.3 percent (95 percent CI: 1.6-3.4) at 12th and 3.9 percent (95 percent CI: 2.5-6.0) at 13th follow-up month among the control references.Conclusions: After initiation of opioid prescription, the opioid misuse occurs, and the incidence increases dramatically after the 11th month regardless of the reason for opioid therapy initiation (surgery vs chronic conditions). The risks/benefits of opioid use must be evaluated more frequently with the longer opioid use.
Patient perceptions of pain management and opioid use prior to hip arthroplasty
Authors: Lee, MD Bradley H. , Gbaje, MPH Ejiro , Goydos, MS Ryan , Wu, MD Christopher L. , Ast, MD Michael , Gonzalez Della Valle, MD Alejandro , McLawhorn, MD Alexander , Sculco, MD Peter , Vigdorchik, MD Jonathan , Cross, MD Michael , Jerabek, MD Seth , Mayman, MD David , Sideris, PhD Alexandra
Published: January 2023

Objective: Qualitative assessment investigating patients’ perceptions related to opioids including their role in pain control, risks, and handling and disposal prior to undergoing hip replacement.Design: A prospective, cross-sectional survey study.Setting: Large urban teaching hospital specializing in orthopedic surgery affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical College.Participants: Patients aged 18-80, English-speaking, without recent or chronic opioid use, and planning to undergo primary total hip replacement. A total of 128 patients were enrolled and completed the study.Intervention: A 27-item interview evaluating perceptions on opioid-related topics.Main outcome measures: Responses to interview questions were documented by research assistant.Results: Most patients believe that there should be minimal or no pain with the use of opioids, though they also agree that opioids should be limited to pain that interferes with function or activity. Patients generally appreciate risks of addiction with opioids but are less familiar with risks associated with sleep apnea and sedatives. Minority of patients understand that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in combination with opioids would effectively reduce pain. Majority of patients were unsure of how to properly store and dispose of opioids.Conclusions: Qualitative assessment demonstrates that patients may benefit from education and discussion specifically about pain expectations, the role of opioids in treating pain, multimodal analgesia, and proper storage and disposal.
Bending Apart, 1773–1774
Authors: Carté Katherine
Published: January 2023

In 1772, religious leaders embraced optimism about their shared future; in 1774, the empire plunged toward rupture. This chapter details how the structures of imperial protestantism were turned away from their traditional goal of supporting the empire, despite a sense of optimism in the months around the Boston Tea Party. In that event's aftermath, three responses can be discerned across the imperial protestant system. In Britain, leaders of the Church of England stayed silent, drawing ridicule for their failure to defend the protestant empire. Meanwhile, in America, revolutionaries seized control of the rituals of public religion and enabled religious leaders to voice messages of resistance. Radical voices in both places, American Anglicans and English dissenters, decried the course of politics and advocated for their visions of protestant empire, but to little effect.
Conclusion
Authors: Carté Katherine
Published: January 2023

By the early nineteenth-century, religious leaders in the US and Great Britain began to rebuild networks, but they could no longer assume connections of the pre-revolutionary era. In the United States, the lack of a successor to British imperial protestantism meant that religious leaders could not count on a voice in society, and those who believed that the United States was a Christian nation had to find a way to assert that position, against growing opposition.
The Intersections of Race and Age
Authors: Webster Crystal Lynn
Published: January 2023

The introduction introduces a new framework for studying Black children referred to as the metaphysics of childhood. It provides an overview of studies of Black children. It places the study in conversation with new approaches to the field of childhood studies and history of slavery.
In School
Authors: Webster Crystal Lynn
Published: January 2023

Chapter 4 explores the nature of learning and the physical pursuit of education in northern schools. It examines the myriad ways in which African Americans confronted racial subjugation in Philadelphia, Boston, and New York through the educational activism of adults, and Black children’s efforts to gain admittance, travel to and from school, and combat mistreatment within the walls of the classroom. These educational experiences informed their relationship to notions of freedom and citizenship. By comparing Black children’s experiences to dominant discourse and debates over education and childhood, this chapter illustrates the relationship between the actions of African American children and national understandings of public education and childhood.
The Terms
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the terms offered by Grant to Lee at Appomattox Court House and their historical antecedents.
Urgent Pursuit
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

Both Union and Confederate officers recognized that a significant portion of Lee's army had not surrendered at Appomattox. Perhaps as many as 20,000 men that should have been paroled were missing. This chapter recounts the efforts by the Union army to extend paroles to willing Confederates at locales across Virginia and to hunt down those who were less than willing, such as John S. Mosby and his rangers.
To Johnston’s Army
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

By late April, many of those Confederates who had absconded from Appomattox were nearing their North Carolina destinations determined to join forces with Johnston's Army of Tennessee. The presence of both paroled and unparoled rebel soldiers in the state spiraled out of control when some began to ransack warehouses filled with much needed goods in Greensboro. Even when such chaos was checked, the soldiers from Lee's army discovered that Johnston would not accept their service. Some finally gave up their war. But others remained determined to continue the fighting, pressing farther south in search of the fleeing Confederate president Jefferson Davis.
Loyal Territory
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

The presence of paroled and unparoled rebels moving south through the Confederacy proved unsettling enough to the Union high command. But those heading north into loyal territory – especially in the wake of Lincoln's assassination – generated a host of new anxieties. Should Confederates from loyal states and regions be allowed to return home? Both Grant and Attorney General James Speed agreed that they should not and issued orders forbidding their return. Not satisfied that such orders were enough, many loyal Unionists formed vigilance committees to prevent them from returning.
Disgraceful to Live and Associate with Rebels
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

Unionists throughout the country knew that Confederate sympathies had not been quelled by the surrender or disbanding of rebel forces. But perhaps no state felt this more keenly than West Virginia. While Grant and Attorney General James Speed had forbidden rebels from returning to the loyal border states, West Virginia had been excluded from such prohibitions. Angered that Confederates might return to a state they had been trying to destroy, loyal West Virginians took matters into their own hands, forming vigilance committees and turning to other extra-legal means to keep the traitors from their midst.
Pardon and Amnesty
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

At the end of May 1865, President Johnson initiated his plan to reunite the divided nation through proclamations of pardon and amnesty. The proclamations simultaneously afforded a great deal of protection to the rank and file of Lee's army while setting in motion a host of new legal and constitutional questions. Among these, could Lee and other paroled Confederate officers be tried for treason?
The Battle for Credibility
Authors: Blair William A.
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the struggle for credible information on racial violence that led to the creation of Records Relating to Murders and Outrages. Democrats denied that the outrages visited upon Black Americans in the South were anything different from anywhere in the country. Freedmen’s Bureau agents stationed in the South, however, saw a different story. Their information caused superiors such as Generals Ulysses S. Grant and Oliver Otis Howard, the latter the commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau, to work with the Secretary of War behind the back of the president to contradict his position on Reconstruction. Information leaked to Radical Republicans was used on the floor of the Senate to justify Military Reconstruction in the South.
The Killing Fields of 1868
Authors: Blair William A.
Published: January 2023

In 1868, southern whites targeted violence against Black men and their white allies as part of election intimidation. Louisiana and Georgia—two states with registered Republican majorities—instead went Democrat in the presidential election. Reports in the Records Relating to Murders and Outrages exposed activity by the Ku Klux Klan, as well as the racial atrocities conducted in these two states. The worst violence to occur in terms of numbers during early Reconstruction came in Bossier and Caddo parishes, Louisiana. Maybe as many as 200 African Americans were gunned down in a couple of weeks, some of them the victims of mass executions. Although these two parishes that had 4,530 registered Republicans, only two voted in the election. The Records Relating to Murders and Outrages exposed these crimes in rural areas that became the subject of congressional investigations and that otherwise might have been lost to history.
Homemaking
Authors: Nabhan-Warren Kristy
Published: January 2023

This chapter is about Iowa’s rural Catholic history, with a focus on Irish American Catholicism. Iowa Catholic farming families like the O-Tool-Hargrafens are featured and oral histories are a focus. Stories of late nineteenth century to early twentieth century White Catholic’s migration, settlement and homemaking are at the core of the chapter. Chapter one sets the tone for the rest of the book which focuses on more recent migrants who have similar stories of migration, settlement, and turning to their religious faith for strength. The author makes the assertion that in order to understand and to compare and contrast more recent migration experiences to the Midwest, it is important to historicize migration to this region.
The Work of God and Hogs
Authors: Nabhan-Warren Kristy
Published: January 2023

This chapter is one of the longest chapters as it details the work in a Tyson hog processing plant. The chapter provides an in-depth view of what takes place inside a hog processing plant. The work that the mostly refugee workforce performs is dangerous, bloody, and difficult work. The meat that Americans and people around the world consume is processed by non-whites who labor in one of the most dangerous jobs in America. Tyson, the largest supplier of fresh pork in the world, employs a full-time chaplain at each of its plants, and the work of the chaplain is examined in this chapter. Moreover, the work of the hog producers, those who raise the hogs that make their way to the processing plants is detailed in this chapter. The chapter focuses on the vertical integration of the contemporary processing plant and how the animals from insemination to death are tightly controlled by corporations.
Introduction
Authors: Gardner Sarah E. , Stowe Steven M.
Published: January 2023

The editors’ introduction orients readers to recent scholarship in intellectual history. Social contexts, modes of thought, and cultural work, they point out, have increasingly influenced how practitioners have approached their research and writing. The genealogy of ideas and the “great men” who thought those ideas hold less traction than they once enjoyed. No longer beholden to these models of intellectual history, scholars of the history of Southern thought have appealed to new theoretical approaches, including “the Global South” and the “New Southern Studies.” In so doing, they have asked new questions and arrived at conclusions that would have been inconceivable decades earlier. The destabilization of long-held assumptions about the “South” has proved liberating as the essays in this volume attest.
Toward a History of Books in the American South
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: January 2023

What is the history of books and readers in the South, a place that has been considered uniquely illiterate in the United States? Beth Barton Schweiger argues that finding and seeing southern readers requires reimagining how we study the practice of literacy and the uses of print. Shifting our attention from how and where print was produced to how it was distributed and used allows us to see that the southern states were full of readers and of printed texts, especially ephemera. Most reading matter, although not all, was produced in other places. But print did not respect local, regional, or national boundaries because those who made it sought readers wherever profits could be made. Self-taught readers, both enslaved and free, used print daily, and even those who could not read were influenced by it. Oral tradition was a source for printed texts, and people who could not read routinely memorized texts, including songs, that circulated through their society. All of this challenges the prevailing view that culture somehow respected the border between slave and free states before the Civil War, enabling a fuller understanding of literacy and readers in the United States.
Identity as Debate
Authors: Romine Scott
Published: January 2023

Between 1866 and 1870, Virginian Edward A. Pollard described repeatedly, but inconsistently, a South to which he and all true Southerners belonged. Rather than seeing Pollard’s inconsistencies as false starts, Scott Romine argues that they are provisional, or “subintellectual” waystations on Pollard’s journey toward a vision of postwar southern white supremacy. The South of The Lost Cause (1866) comprised a separate people and civilization whose distinctiveness, derived from its early settlers, made economic and cultural reintegration into the Union a form of treason. The South of The Lost Cause Regained (1868), conversely, would lead the nation’s reintegration on the basis of the “supremacy of the white race.” Pollard drew on theories of scientific racism to exile Black Americans from the national imaginary. In another turn, however, in an 1870 essay, Pollard announced that his “former views of the negro were wrong.” The “black man,” promising to become an “exemplary citizen of the South,” should be championed by “decent” whites lest Black southerners align with an “alien” Republican party. In analyzing Pollard’s successive configurations, this essay understands the South not as a prior social reality out of which arguments emerge, but as an imagined basis for in-the-moment, tactical, and highly contingent disputes.
Fashioning Insiders and Outsiders
Authors: Wells Jonathan Daniel
Published: January 2023

At the turn of the twentieth century, leading men of letters in the South began planning what would become the massive, seventeen-volume Library of Southern Literature, the largest collection of works by southern authors ever published. Appearing in 1909, comprised of biographies of hundreds of authors together with thousands of poems, short stories, and excerpts from novels, the collection aimed to stake a fresh claim for southern literature’s place in the American literary canon. But as Jonathan Daniel Wells argues, the creation of the LSL clearly exposed traditional southern boundaries between insiders and outsiders even as the editors tried to imagine a new, ascendant South. The LSL did include a few leading white women writers, but the editors elected not to include a single African American author, instead deciding to promote a “Teutonic” vision of southern history. Despite its attempt to claim a new beginning, then, the Library of Southern Literature reflected contours of gender and race that had long bolstered the singular visibility of white, male intellectual life.
Tony Judt and Michael O ’Brien
Authors: Kreyling Michael
Published: January 2023

What happens in the transitional zone between a mass of accumulated historical research and the shaped, written text that follows as its distillation? Which is closer to the essence of history: the research or the writing? Isaiah Berlin set the same question in his essay on Tolstoy, “The Hedgehog and the Fox,” where the former knows one big thing and the latter many things. How bring these two creatures together? Berlin set the question but did not exactly answer it. Two almost exactly contemporary historians, Tony Judt on modern Europe and Michael O’Brien on the US South, have given us history writing that explores the tricky borderland between history and writing history. Both leave traces—Judt in Postwar and other works, O’Brien in Conjectures of Order and his earlier work—of actively taking Berlin’s observation to heart and mind. Their responses to the fox/hedgehog dilemma energize their work and our reading by keeping us constantly aware of the creative tension between event and the reporting of event.
Introduction
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

England came of age at a time when Mormonism had aligned itself with political conservatism, yet England labored to illuminate the liberal impulses at his religion’s core. An authoritarian church leadership repeatedly warned and disciplined England as he navigated a tenuous relationship to the faith he loved and wanted to defend but reinterpret.
Heresy, Orthodoxy, and the Perils of Provocation
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

England was one of the first Mormons to see the looming conflict between the new information age and institutional control of the church’s historical narrative. Trying to bridge this divide, he ran afoul of the leadership, Bruce R. McConkie in particular. His independent mind and immense popularity as a teacher and writer were stymied by hyper-authoritarian responses. Even England’s humanitarian work elicited criticism. The scene was set for the LDS church’s own version of a modernist crisis. As England recognized, the church had moved away from its initial synthesis of intellect and faith, so pronounced in early Mormonism.
The Writing on the Wall
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

By 1994, England’s future at BYU was in jeopardy. He had suffered apostolic rebukes, blackballing from church-affiliated projects, public embarrassment over the Strengthening Church Members committee gaffe, and complaints from students and colleagues. His teachings on atonement theology continued to elicit controversy and condemnation. BYU responded with reduced teaching responsibilities and dismissed him from the study abroad program. Finally, his department chair informed him that the administration wanted him to resign. With no defenders left, he accepted an offer to teach at Utah Valley State College (now Utah Valley University). There, he founded the nation’s first Mormon Studies program. Falling ill and profoundly depressed, he reached out to Neal A. Maxwell, but even this apostle declined to allay his psychic pain. Weeks later, England died from brain cancer.
The Revolution of Freedom
Authors: Milteer Warren Eugene
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the changing landscape of freedom for people of color in the Revolutionary South. The chapter investigates how religious movements and revolutionary ideas about freedom affected free people of color and changed the prospects for a small number of enslaved people across the South. The experience of free people of color during the American Revolution and the expansion of manumission are major topics covered in this section.
Making Freedom Work
Authors: Milteer Warren Eugene
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses how free people of color operated within southern society despite the developing radical backlash concerning their presence. It focuses on how free people of color built families, engaged in economic activities, created institutions, and dealt with discriminatory challenges. The chapter highlights the diversity of approaches free people of color took to deal with these tasks and illuminates the different reactions of white people to the presence and work of free people of color.
Unequaled in the Civilian World
Authors: Roth Tanya L.
Published: January 2023

Drawing from servicewomen’s oral histories, this chapter analyzes the jobs that servicewomen had access to. In the Cold War military, women had equal pay with men, a system based on the military’s rank structure. Even so, many of the jobs women held mirrored the traditionally feminine positions they might find in the civilian world. This chapter demonstrates the ways that military leaders created job opportunities for women and the limitations on those opportunities. Even with these limitations, some women joined the military because it offered more opportunities than they might have had in their hometowns. For example, some women held traditionally feminine jobs in places in the world that they might never have dreamed of visiting otherwise. In addition to highlighting women’s experiences, the limitations analyzed in this chapter begin to reveal the limits of military and government leaders’ ideas of what it meant for women’s equality meant in the military.
The Possibility of Maternity
Authors: Roth Tanya L.
Published: January 2023

A key limitation on women’s service was the prohibition against mothers in the military. Military and government leaders continually insisted that motherhood and military service were incompatible. Women could serve while married, but pregnancy, motherhood, or becoming a stepparent were frequent reasons why women’s military service ended. Using oral histories, this chapter illustrates women’s varied responses to these regulations and their responses to the system. While many women took their discharge and moved on with their lives, others fought to finish their careers, often without success. The regulations against mothers in service played an important role in shaping Cold War womanpower and limiting equality.
Nixon, Hoover, and America’s Homegrown Insurgency
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

When President Richard Nixon came into office in January 1969, he prioritized a politics of “law and order” that put at its center the repression of leftist radicals. Nixon expected cooperation from his friend, J. Edgar Hoover, but the FBI Director feared leaks exposing bureau involvement in illegal activities and refused to cooperate with all the president’s requests for surveillance and investigation of American dissidents. This chapter outlines the background of Hoover’s preemptive surveillance and counterintelligence programs (COINTELPROs) on Communists, the Black Power movement, and the New Left, while explaining that increasing leftist bombings during Nixon’s first six months in office sparked tensions between the White House and the FBI director.
Off the Pigs!
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

The FBI’s covert counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO) designed to destroy the Black Panther Party has been widely understood as a reflection, on one hand, of Director J. Edgar Hoover’s racism and anti-radicalism, and on the other, of the Panthers’ effectiveness in challenging America’s political status quo. However, this chapter revisits original FBI documents to reveal a more complicated story. Inspired by revolutions and national liberation movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and enraged by the longstanding problem of racist police violence in America’s urban Black communities, the Black Panthers actively promoted revolutionary violence as a means of social change. Moreover, a Black Panther underground led by Don Cox began carrying out shooting attacks on police in San Francisco in 1967. The FBI saw such Panther violence as a serious threat and targeted the Black Panther Party with COINTELPRO operations in an effort to preemptively destroy the group’s capacity for antipolice violence. COINTELPRO operations encouraged fratricide and contributed to the splintering of the Black Panther Party, but ironically, the FBI’s covert operations also inadvertently nourished the development of what would become the Black Liberation Army.
Covert Operations and Clandestine Radicals
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces how the FBI and New Left influenced one another from June 1969 to February 1970, after the militant Weatherman faction split from Students for a Democratic Society and announced plans to form a revolutionary urban guerrilla organization aimed at overthrowing US imperialism. The FBI targeted Weatherman with COINTELPRO-New Left, and FBI assistant director William Sullivan and Nixon aide Tom Huston began meeting behind Director J. Edgar Hoover’s back to concoct plans for confronting leftist violence and expanding federal domestic surveillance powers. Meanwhile, the US war in Vietnam and police violence at home, including the police murder of Chicago Black Panther Fred Hampton in December 1969, helped strengthen Weatherman’s determination to build a clandestine urban guerrilla underground.
Implosion
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

Bureaucratic conflict over responses to leftist guerrillas culminated in the downfall of FBI officials L. Patrick Gray and W. Mark Felt as well as the end of the Nixon presidency. Yet, as this chapter demonstrates, the tremendous manpower and resources the FBI had dedicated to fighting terrorism proved largely ineffectual. The Weather Underground withered on its own in 1973 and 1974 while the Black Liberation Army sputtered out in a wave of violent clashes with police that opened investigative leads for the FBI and New York Police Department, who collaborated in an interagency task force. Meanwhile, a new leftist guerrilla group—the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) out of San Francisco—generated a fresh high-profile crisis in February 1974 after kidnapping newspaper heiress Patty Hearst. Clarence M. Kelley, the FBI’s new director, was left with the challenge of further improvising counterterrorism while reforming the FBI and its battered image amid Watergate, the SLA investigation, and growing public controversy over FBI domestic surveillance.
Culture as Cause and Solution
Authors: Fuster Melissa
Published: January 2023

This chapter weaves public health nutrition scholarship with interviews with registered dietitians working with the Hispanic Caribbean community in New York City to examine how nutrition experts describe the diet-related problems in the community, its causes and solutions. The main problems discussed are diabetes and obesity, which are explained using an over-emphasis on culture, where tradition is seen as the cause and solution to health disparities in the community, following a linear view of dietary acculturation. The chapter also shows that the emphasis on culture diminishes the important role of structural and environmental factors, such as poverty and racism.
The Horror of Intimate Violence
Authors: King Amy K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how depictions of women’s violence in twentieth- and twenty-first-century settings literalize the grotesque social legacies of plantation slavery. This chapter thereby mobilizes Julia Kristeva’s and Barbara Creed’s theories of abjection and horror to reframe the grotesque nature of US and Caribbean societies through various imaginings of the “monstrous-feminine.” To do this, the chapter begins with more obvious performances of women as abject monsters, such as in the third season of the television show American Horror Story (“Coven” 2013–14). Then, the chapter demonstrates how the novels Unburnable by Marie-Elena John (2006) and Memory Mambo by Achy Obejas (1996) use the vocabularies of abjection to show how such violence is symptomatic of colonial, post-colonial, and neo-colonial societies at large. All these texts use the vocabularies of abjection as horror to depict violence between women as rivals or lovers, and each text draws on narratives about popular monstrous figures, such as witches, voodoo practitioners, zombies, and vampires.
Conclusion
Authors: King Amy K.
Published: January 2023

The conclusion argues that some texts magnify the ironies of power by blending generic conventions, and/or they might remix generic conventions to implicate the United States as a nation in plantation violence. The chapter examines three texts that exemplify such ironies to various degrees. First, the chapter analyzes the comic book series Bitch Planet by Kelly Sue DeConnick and Valentine De Landro (2014–17) as it blends, bends, and (sometimes) breaks tropes of science fiction/dystopian genres and women-in-prison exploitation films. However, the series also operates within the narrative confines of an exceptional plantation setting. Then, the chapter analyzes how the HBO series Insecure (2017) and Jordan Peele’s film Get Out (2017) reconfigure plantation settings in ironic and self-reflective ways through elements of melodrama, comedy, and horror, respectively. In doing so, these texts mix generic elements and situate violence in broader national contexts. This chapter concludes that women’s violence remains a narrative feature across these genres.
Otto Wood, the Bandit
Authors: McKenzie Trevor , Holt David
Published: January 2023

Legions of bluegrass fans know the name Otto Wood (1893–1930) from a ballad made popular by Doc Watson, telling the story of Wood’s crimes and violent death. However, few know the history of this Appalachian figure beyond the larger-than-life version heard in song. Trevor McKenzie reconstructs Wood’s life, tracing how a Wilkes County juvenile delinquent became a celebrated folk hero. Throughout his short life, Wood was jailed for numerous offenses, stole countless automobiles, lost his left hand, and made eleven escapes from five state penitentiaries, including four from the North Carolina State Prison after a 1923 murder conviction. An early master of controlling his own narrative in the media, Wood appealed to the North Carolina public as a misunderstood, clever antihero. In 1930, after a final jailbreak, police killed Wood in a shootout. The ballad bearing his name first appeared less than a year later.
Using reports of Wood’s exploits from contemporary newspapers, his self-published autobiography, prison records, and other primary sources, Trevor McKenzie uses this colorful story to offer a new way to understand North Carolina—and arguably the South as a whole—during this era of American history.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Francesca
Published: January 2023

The introduction uses a broad definition of politics that stresses power relations, to argue that descendants’ seemingly personal, narrow genealogy pursuits have also reified broader group relations and social hierarchies. Then there is an overview of this book’s contributions to the preexisting historiography on genealogists. These contributions include attributing to Mormon genealogy its rightful historical and modern-day importance to American genealogy at large and bringing attention to Native American genealogists who incorporated European practices (such as documenting paternal ancestry) into Indigenous practices. History and genealogy, as fields, have been moving closer together, given recent expansions of public history, microhistory, and family history as historians in academia have undertaken it. This book focuses on Americans and the US in particular because of its exploration of genealogy’s dynamism and popularity in republics. Readers are then introduced to historical developments in genealogy’s commercialism, including professional genealogists’ anticommercial critiques.
Introduction
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

No idea is more firmly ingrained in the American historical imagination than the movement of free people to the frontier after the American Revolution. Yet many people experienced the early national period not as one of free movement, but removal. Historians have carefully scrutinized both Jacksonian Indian removal and Liberian colonization. But long before the antebellum period, legislators, state and federal officials, reformers, intellectuals, and ordinary people pitched removal as a solution to the “problems” created by the American Revolution—land hunger, war debts, and slavery and emancipation. Observing the nation’s rapid growth in the late eighteenth century, they hoped to manipulate the movements of abstract populations to the ends of state formation. African Americans and Native Americans were not just candidates for removal, however. They also sought to control movement themselves, and they thwarted dispossession. Putting removal at the center of the story of the founding of the United States reveals how African Americans and Indigenous communities staunchly protected their right to remain in their homes and homelands. Most people in the early national period did not want unfettered migration—they hoped to remain in place.
Removal and the British Empire
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

Removal was one of the most common answers to social challenges in the Anglo-Atlantic world. In vagrancy statutes, Elizabethan poor laws, and criminal transportation, expulsion was the punishment and solution for a variety of social ills. Migration was calculated, something to be managed by the monarch toward the ends of empire. British officials believed that the transportation of large groups of people to new places would reform those convicted of crimes, suppress rebellion, support claims to territory, or solve poverty while funneling laboring men and women to North America. Removal made populations serve the state. By the 1780s, American legislators also believed that removal would control what they considered to be the dangerous effects of the American Revolution—Loyalist disaffection, growing numbers of free African Americans, white land-hunger, and Indigenous confederations. It would come to inform early national debates about population and who constituted the people in the new United States.
“A Great Road Cut”
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

By 1786, the United Indian Nations had developed a clear platform critiquing the pillars of postwar US Indian policy—the right of conquest, the right of preemption, and the idea that Native peoples would choose to alienate any lands at all. Their speeches outlined Indigenous sovereignty, autonomy, and land rights. Decades of war with American migrants convinced Native confederationists that they could only secure the right to remain if firm and clear borders set off Indian country as distinct from the United States. They pushed an antiremoval platform in which Native lands were held in common. These concerns animated the negotiations at the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. There, US officials also promised a permanent border. Even as they promised permanence, however, federal officials presumed that the boundary would eventually be superseded when the threat of war had passed. In the 1790s, they began to redefine borders as the tools of dispossession and removal.
The Tools of “Civilization”
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

After the Revolution, Native confederationists traveled across eastern North America to form military alliances to rival the United States. US officials indicted Indigenous people as peculiarly mobile, and they believed that movement proved Native peoples to be unsteady in their political attachments or without rights to land. U.S agents held only paper claims to power in Indian country, but they hoped that the control of movement would make those paper claims real. Early national policy—“civilization” plans, trading houses, the imposition of federal law—turned on the conceit of “attaching” Native people to the United States. All of these programs were designed to further removal by thwarting movement as a strategy of resistance. The early nineteenth century was a period of profound social change for Native Americans north of the Ohio River. That change was rooted as much in a contest over movement as it was in a contest over religion, political economy, and culture. In the early national period, the “problem” of mobility conversely emerged as a battleground in Native struggles for the right to remain east of the Mississippi River.
The Age of Removal
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

After the War of 1812, removal transformed Native lands north of the Ohio River into a series of free states. The speculators, policymakers, and migrants who built free states hoped that they would serve white freedom. Native peoples were an impediment to their plans, and African American migrants were not part of them. In the Ohio Valley states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, federal treaties made many Native Americans into migrants; federal preemption laws and US land policy encouraged the mobility of white men and women; new restrictive migration laws limited Black movement and residency. All the while, demand for land made those states the fastest growing in the country. Over the next decade, removal remade the region. These swift transformations on the ground were mirrored nationally. The idea that removal was a benevolent project of protection swayed national debates over funding for the American Colonization Society and Indigenous education and dispossession.
University Man
Authors: Link William A.
Published: January 2023

This chapter contextualizes Graham’s entrance as a freshman at the University of North Carolina in 1905. It explores the student culture and social and academic environment on campus, and how Graham became a student leader and began a career in the university and the state.
Angels of Darkness
Authors: Link William A.
Published: January 2023

Graham’s first years as UNC president were embroiled in controversy. The legislature required a consolidation of all senior public universities in North Carolina, which included the UNC-Chapel Hill, North Carolina State College, and the North Carolina College for Women. At the same time, academic and free speech issues emerged after a visit to Chapel Hill from Black poet Langston Hughes, while Graham’s sympathy for organized labor got him into hot water with the state’s business leaders. Finally, Graham’s support for reforming college sports made him unpopular among sports fans who were UNC alumni.
Postwar Crises
Authors: Link William A.
Published: January 2023

World War II brought extensive changes to the United States. In North Carolina, it disrupted labor relations and undermined the Jim Crow segregation. The war’s end saw growing tensions in the state over its future, especially the future of racial segregation. Much of this disquiet found a home in the growing phenomena anticommunism.
Rites of Retaliation
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: January 2023

During the Civil War, Union and Confederate politicians, military commanders, everyday soldiers, and civilians claimed their approach to the conflict was civilized, in keeping with centuries of military tradition meant to restrain violence and preserve national honor. One hallmark of civilized warfare was a highly ritualized approach to retaliation. This ritual provided a forum to accuse the enemy of excessive behavior, to negotiate redress according to the laws of war, and to appeal to the judgment of other civilized nations. As the war progressed, Northerners and Southerners feared they were losing their essential identity as civilized, and the attention to retaliation grew more intense. When Black soldiers joined the Union army in campaigns in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, raiding plantations and liberating enslaved people, Confederates argued the war had become a servile insurrection. And when Confederates massacred Black troops after battle, killed white Union foragers after capture, and used prisoners of war as human shields, Federals thought their enemy raised the black flag and embraced savagery.
Blending military and cultural history, this book sheds light on how Americans fought over what it meant to be civilized and who should be extended the protections of a civilized world.
Introduction
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: January 2023

The introduction explains the ritual of retaliation that was used during almost every military campaign of the American Civil War. Combatants negotiated how the laws of war applied to specific campaigns. The Department of the South is the ideal location for study because three contentious issues converged there: Federal recruitment of Black troops, Confederate treatment of prisoners of war; and Federal treatment of non-combatants. Retaliation reflected the desire of the Union and Confederacy to fight a civilized war and the fear that the war was degenerating into savagery. The US Commissioner for Exchange of Prisoners, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, is central to understanding how retaliation evolved.