bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Push–Pull archetype of reduced graphene oxide functionalized with polyfluorene for nonvolatile rewritable memory
Authors: Zhang Bin , Chen Yu , Liu Gang , Xu Li‐Qun , Chen Junneng , Zhu Chun‐Xiang , Neoh Koon‐Gee , Kang En‐Tang
Published: November 2011

A solution‐processable PFTPA‐convalently grafted reduced graphene oxide (RGO‐PFTPA) was synthesized by the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide. Bistable electrical switching and nonvolatile rewritable memory effects were demonstrated in a sandwich structure of indium tin oxide/RGO‐PFTPA/Al. The switch‐on voltage of the as‐fabricated device was around −1.4 V, and the ON/OFF‐state current ratio was more than 103. The ON–OFF transition process is reversible because the application of a high enough positive voltage can induce the reverse transfer of electrons, reducing the conductivity back to its initial OFF state. Both the OFF and ON states are accessible and very stable under a constant voltage stress of −1 V for up to 3 h, or under a pulse voltage stress of −1 V for up to 108 continuous read cycles (pulse period = 2 μs, pulse width = 1 μs). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Design and proof of reversible micelle‐to‐vesicle multistimuli‐responsive morphological regulations
Authors: Jin Qiao , Luy Christoph , Ji Jian , Agarwal Seema
Published: November 2011

Multistimuli‐responsive precise morphological control over self‐assembled polymers is of great importance for applications in nanoscience as drug delivery system. A novel pH, photoresponsive, and cyclodextrin‐responsive block copolymer were developed to investigate the reversible morphological transition from micelles to vesicles. The azobenzene‐containing block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐6‐(4‐phenylazo phenoxy)hexyl methacrylate) [PEO‐b‐P(DEAEMA‐co‐PPHMA)] was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. This system can self‐assemble into vesicles in aqueous solution at pH 8. On adjusting the solution pH to 3, there was a transition from vesicles to micelles. The same behavior, that is, transition from vesicles to micelles was also realizable on addition of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) to the PEO‐b‐P(DEAEMA‐co‐PPHMA) solution at pH 8. Furthermore, after β‐CD was added, alternating irradiation of the solution with UV and visible light can also induce the reversible micelle‐to‐vesicle transition because of the photoinduced trans‐to‐cis isomerization of azobenzene units. The multistimuli‐responsive precise morphological changes were studied by laser light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–vis spectra. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Star‐shaped polymer PFStODO by atom transfer radical polymerization: Its synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence property
Authors: Gu Pei‐Yang , Lu Cai‐Jian , Xu Qing‐Feng , Ye Gao‐Jie , Chen Wei‐Qiang , Duan Xuan‐Ming , Wang Li‐Hua , Lu Jian‐Mei
Published: November 2011

A novel monomer bearing with pyrazoline chromophore, 3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐5‐(4‐(4‐vinylbenzyloxy)phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazole (FStODO), was synthesized, and its atom transfer radical polymerization initiated by a tetrafunctional initiator, pentaerythritol tetrakis(2‐bromoisobutyrate) (4Bri‐Bu), was studied in detail and characterized by 1H NMR, GPC, and TG‐DSC. The solution, film luminescence of monomer, and its polymer were studied in detail. Compared with that of monomer, both luminescence emission intensity and quantum yield of star‐shaped polymer PFStODO in DMF solution are decreased. However, the two‐photon absorption (TPA) spectra in DMF solution measured by a femtosecond laser show an entirely different result that the maxima TPA cross‐section value of polymer reaches to 203 GM, better than that of the monomer itself (13 GM). More interestingly, the film of polymer shows surprisingly white emission ranging from 400 to 700 nm assigned to the excimer formation. We attribute this formation of excimers to the ordered chromophore aggregates in film, which is further verified by X‐ray diffraction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Poly(3‐hexylselenophene) solar cells: Correlating the optoelectronic device performance and nanomorphology imaged by low‐energy scanning Transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Klein Michael F. G. , Pfaff Marina , Müller Erich , Czolk Jens , Reinhard Manuel , Valouch Sebastian , Lemmer Uli , Colsmann Alexander , Gerthsen Dagmar
Published: November 2011

The conjugated polymer poly(3‐hexylselenophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HS) is a promising donor material for organic solar cells as its absorption covers a large part of the visible spectrum up to 730 nm. We investigate bulk heterojunctions of P3HS and the fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester as the active layer in organic photovoltaic devices. Annealing of the respective samples leads to the formation of needle‐like structures that we identify as P3HS whiskers by means of low‐energy scanning transmission electron microscopy using a high‐angle annular dark‐field detector. A quantitative description of the size of the nanostructures was elaborated by means of spatial Fourier analyses. The results of electron microscopic studies are correlated with the macroscopic optoelectronic device properties, that is, solar cell performance parameters, with changes in the absorption spectrum and with the impact on the time‐dependent device photoresponse. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Soil amendments with Brassica cover crops for management of Phytophthora blight on squash
Authors: Ji Pingsheng , Koné Daouda , Yin Jingfang , Jackson Kimberly L , Csinos Alexander S
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: Phytophthora blight induced by Phytophthora capsici is responsible for serious yield loss in vegetable production in the United States and other countries. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Brassica cover crops used as soil amendments for managing Phytophthora blight of squash.

RESULTS: In greenhouse studies, disease incidence on squash plants was significantly reduced by soil amendment with mustard shoots or roots used at 1 and 2.5% (plant tissue/soil, w/w). The shoots of canola used at 1 or 2.5% also suppressed disease, while the roots of canola or other crops did not reduce disease significantly. In field studies, soil amendments with mustard and canola provided the greatest disease reduction and increased squash yield significantly compared with the non‐treated control. Mustard and canola did not appear to be susceptible to P. capsici.

CONCLUSION: The results indicated that some Brassica crops, particularly mustard and canola, had the potential to significantly reduce Phytophthora blight on squash when used as soil amendments. As P. capsici has a remarkable ability to develop resistance to chemical fungicides, use of effective Brassica cover crops could be a biorational alternative to fungicides and a valuable component in developing integrated disease management programs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for resistance against temperate root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
Authors: Wesemael Wim ML , Moens Maurice
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: An important part of the production area of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Belgium is located on the sandy soils of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg where Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Golden), M. fallax (Karssen) and M. hapla (Chitwood) are present. The host plant status of ten bean cultivars for root‐knot nematodes was determined by evaluating penetration, development and egg mass formation after inoculation with second‐stage juveniles.

RESULTS: The tested cultivars were poor to good hosts for M. chitwoodi, non‐hosts or bad hosts for M. fallax and excellent hosts for M. hapla. Significantly fewer M. fallax were found in the roots, and their development was delayed. Penetration of M. hapla took place over a longer period than that of M. chitwoodi and M. fallax. The number of mature females of M. chitwoodi in cv. Polder 6 weeks after inoculation was no different from that in other cultivars, although fewer egg masses were found on this cultivar in the screening test. There was no influence of M. chitwoodi on vegetative growth of cv. Polder.

CONCLUSION: The differences found in host plant status of bean cultivars stress the importance of a correct diagnosis of the Meloidogyne species in agricultural fields. Cultivar Polder showed potential as a trap crop for M. chitwoodi. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of background As on GaSb/GaAs quantum dots and its application in infrared photodetectors
Authors: Lin Wei‐Hsun , Tseng Chi‐Che , Wu Shung‐Yi , Wu Meng‐Hsun , Lin Shih‐Yen , Wu Meng‐Chyi
Published: November 2011

In this paper, GaSb nanostructures prepared under different Sb/background As ratios are investigated. With decreasing Sb/background As ratios, the morphologies of GaSb nanostructure changing from quantum dots (QDs) to quantum rings (QRs) are observed. The higher optical recombination probabilities of GaSb QRs are attributed to enhanced electron‐hole wave function overlapping and more surrounding electrons around the GaSb QR core shell. With well‐control Sb/background As ratios, the high‐temperature operation GaSb quantum‐dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) with simple stacked structure has been demonstrated. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beam steering and lateral hole burning in mid‐infrared quantum‐ cascade lasers
Authors: Yang Quankui , Kinzer Michel , Fuchs Frank , Hugger Stefan , Hinkov Borislav , Bronner Wolfgang , Lösch Rainer , Aidam Rolf , Wagner Joachim
Published: November 2011

We investigated the beam‐steering phenomenon of quantum‐cascade lasers emitting at ∼7.8 µm wavelength, operated in pulsed mode at heat sink temperatures around room‐temperature. The lasers have a dimension of 12 µm × 1500 µm. The observed beam‐steering phenomenon has been explained by considering spatial hole burning in the population inversion of conduction electrons along the lateral direction. Rate equations have been set up to describe the lateral hole burning effect. The simultaneous oscillation of at least two lateral modes, which are a consequence of the lateral hole burning and at the same time possible cause of beam steering, has been verified by high‐resolution spectroscopy. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assessing the performance of a prognostic and a diagnostic cloud scheme using single column model simulations of TWP–ICE
Authors: Franklin Charmaine N. , Jakob Christian , Dix Martin , Protat Alain , Roff Greg
Published: November 2011

Single column model simulations using the UK Met Office Unified Model, as used in the Australian Community Climate Earth System Simulator, are presented for the Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment (TWP–ICE) field study. Two formulations for the representation of clouds are compared with the extensive observations taken during the campaign, giving insight into the ability of the model to simulate tropical cloud systems. During the active monsoon phase the modelled cloud cover has a stronger dependence on relative humidity than the observations. Observed ice cloud properties during the suppressed monsoon period show that the ice water content is significantly underestimated in the simulations. The profiles of modelled ice fall speeds are faster than those observed in the levels above 12 km, implying that the observations have smaller sized particles in larger concentrations than the models. Both simulations show similar errors in the diurnal cycle of relative humidity during the active monsoon phase, suggesting that the error is less sensitive to the choice of cloud scheme and rather is driven by the convection scheme. However, during the times of suppressed convection the relative humidity error is different between the simulations, with congestus convection drying the environment too much, particularly in the prognostic cloud‐scheme simulation. This result shows that the choice of cloud scheme and the way that the cloud and convection schemes interact plays a role in the temperature and moisture errors during the suppressed monsoon phase, which will impact the three‐dimensional model simulations of tropical variability. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Reduced rank ridge regression and its kernel extensions
Authors: Mukherjee Ashin , Zhu Ji
Published: November 2011

In multivariate linear regression, it is often assumed that the response matrix is intrinsically of lower rank. This could be because of the correlation structure among the prediction variables or the coefficient matrix being lower rank. To accommodate both, we propose a reduced rank ridge regression for multivariate linear regression. Specifically, we combine the ridge penalty with the reduced rank constraint on the coefficient matrix to come up with a computationally straightforward algorithm. Numerical studies indicate that the proposed method consistently outperforms relevant competitors. A novel extension of the proposed method to the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) set‐up is also developed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 612–622, 2011
Photoluminenscence Blinking Dynamics of Colloidal Quantum Dots in the Presence of Controlled External Electron Traps
Authors: Xu Zhihua , Cotlet Mircea
Published: November 2011

The effect of the external charge trap on the photoluminescence blinking dynamics of individual colloidal quantum dots is investigated with a series of colloidal quantum dot–bridge–fullerene dimers with varying bridge lengths, where the fullerene moiety acts as a well‐defined, well‐positioned external charge trap. It is found that charge transfer followed by charge recombination is an important mechanism in determining the blinking behavior of quantum dots when the external trap is properly coupled with the excited state of the quantum dot, leading to a quasi‐continuous distribution of ‘on' states and an early fall‐off from a power‐law distribution for both ‘on' and ‘off' times associated with quantum dot photoluminescence blinking.
Novel extracellular hyper acidophil and thermostable α‐amylase from Micrococcus sp.NS 211
Authors: Samie Nima , Reddy Padma R. M. , Ashouri Masoumeh
Published: November 2011

Among several bacteria examined in this study, a hyper acidophil and thermostable Micrococcus sp.NS 211 designated as M.Amy NS 211 was selected for production of amylase using starch agar plates with following incubation at 85°C. Identification by 16SrRNA on selected bacterium disclosed the highest similarity for protean regions of this gene, 27 F and 1492R as Micrococcus sp.NS 211. Although activity of M.Amy NS 211 was established at temperatures between 70 and 110°C and pH ranges 1.2–8.0, the optimum temperature and pH was achieved at 85°C and 3.5 in sodium citrate buffer system respectively. Two‐step chromatography was performed using (CM Bio‐Gel A) and (Bio‐Gel A‐150) columns to purify 84 kDa hyper acidophil and thermostable α‐amylase. SDS‐PAGE analysis showed molecular mass and amylolytic activity as single band. Enhancement of enzyme activity was obtained in presence of 5 mM MnCl2 (298%), CaCl2 (347%), FeCl2 (211%), MgCl2 (253%), ZnCl2 (146%), NiCl (142%), NaCl (141%), Na‐sulfate (153%) while inhibition was observed with (5 mM) EDTA, PMSF (3 mM), urea (8 M), and SDS (1%) at 143, 134, 43, and 119%, respectively. M.Amy NS 211 can be applied in laundry detergents, textile, and modern relevant industrial processes at extreme temperatures and under acidic conditions.
Myostatin blockage using actRIIB antagonism in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma results in the improvement of muscle wasting and physical performance
Authors: Busquets Sílvia , Toledo Míriam , Orpí Marcel , Massa David , Porta Maria , Capdevila Eva , Padilla Núria , Frailis Valentina , López-Soriano Francisco J. , Han H. Q. , Argilés Josep M.
Published: November 2011

Background

Cachexia is a multiorganic syndrome associated with cancer, characterized by body weight loss, muscle and adipose tissue wasting and inflammation.

Methods

The aim of this investigation was to examine the effect of the soluble receptor antagonist of myostatin (sActRIIB) in cachectic tumor‐bearing animals analyzing changes in muscle proteolysis and in quality of life.

Results

Administration of sActRIIB resulted in an improvement in body and muscle weights. Administration of the soluble receptor antagonist of myostatin also resulted in an improvement in the muscle force.

Conclusions

These results suggest that blocking myostatin pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer cachexia.
Statism in Russia: The Implications for US–Russian Relations
Authors: Kasymov Shavkat
Published: November 2011

This essay seeks to identify and assess the general shift in Russian foreign policy thinking during Vladimir Putin's presidency. The main thesis of this essay is that a general shift in Russian foreign policy had occurred during Putin's presidency owing to the rise in Statist thinking. To substantiate the thesis, the author uses the State of the Nation addresses of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin to make a comparative analysis of the presidents’ foreign policy approaches. As demonstrated in the essay, the Russian foreign policy had experienced a dramatic influx of state power during Vladimir Putin's presidency, which resulted in the relative quantitative and qualitative reduction of cooperative initiatives between the United States and Russia.
Czech extreme right parties an unsuccessful story
Authors: Mareš Miroslav
Published: November 2011

This article describes the extreme right in the Czech Republic, where, in contrast to several other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, this part of the political spectrum has been unsuccessful for the past ten years. The aim of this article is to analyse the position of the extreme right in the Czech party system and the internal ideological and strategic cleavages within the extreme right. The conclusion of this article is that organized party-political extremism is after two decades of modern political development only a marginal part of the Czech political spectrum, with many internal problems and without real chances of significant success in the near future.
The Jeffery–Hamel similarity solution and its relation to flow in a diverging channel
Authors: Haines P. E. , Hewitt R. E. , Hazel A. L.
Published: November 2011

We explore the relevance of the idealized Jeffery–Hamel similarity solution to the practical problem of flow in a diverging channel of finite (but large) streamwise extent. Numerical results are presented for the two-dimensional flow in a wedge of separation angle $2\ensuremath{\alpha} $, bounded by circular arcs at the inlet/outlet and for a net radial outflow of fluid. In particular, we show that in a finite domain there is a sequence of nested neutral curves in the $(\mathit{Re}, \ensuremath{\alpha} )$ plane, each corresponding to a midplane symmetry-breaking (pitchfork) bifurcation, where $\mathit{Re}$ is a Reynolds number based on the radial mass flux. For small wedge angles we demonstrate that the first pitchfork bifurcation in the finite domain occurs at a critical Reynolds number that is in agreement with the only pitchfork bifurcation in the infinite-domain similarity solution, but that the criticality of the bifurcation differs (in general). We explain this apparent contradiction by demonstrating that, for $\ensuremath{\alpha} \ll 1$, superposition of two (infinite-domain) eigenmodes can be used to construct a leading-order finite-domain eigenmode. These constructed modes accurately predict the multiple symmetry-breaking bifurcations of the finite-domain flow without recourse to computation of the full field equations. Our computational results also indicate that temporally stable, isolated, steady solutions may exist. These states are finite-domain analogues of the steady waves recently presented by Kerswell, Tutty, & Drazin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 501, 2004, pp. 231–250) for an infinite domain. Moreover, we demonstrate that there is non-uniqueness of stable solutions in certain parameter regimes. Our numerical results tie together, in a consistent framework, the disparate results in the existing literature.
Instabilities and inertial waves generated in a librating cylinder
Authors: Lopez J. M. , Marques F.
Published: November 2011

A librating cylinder consists of a rotating cylinder whose rate of rotation is modulated. When the mean rotation rate is large compared with the viscous damping rate, the flow may support inertial waves, depending on the frequency of the modulation. The modulation also produces time-dependent boundary layers on the cylinder endwalls and sidewall, and the sidewall boundary layer flow in particular is susceptible to instabilities which can introduce additional forcing on the interior flow with time scales different from the modulation period. These instabilities may also drive and/or modify the inertial waves. In this paper, we explore such flows numerically using a spectral-collocation code solving the Navier–Stokes equations in order to capture the dynamics involved in the interactions between the inertial waves and the viscous boundary layer flows.
Finite wavelength selection for the linear instability of a suspension of settling spheroids
Authors: Dahlkild Anders A.
Published: November 2011

The instability of an initially homogeneous suspension of spheroids, settling due to gravity, is reconsidered. For non-spherical particles, previous studies in the literature report that normal-mode density perturbations of maximum growth rate are those of arbitrarily large, horizontal wavelength. Using the ‘mixture theory’ for two-phase flow we show that the maximum growth rate for horizontal density perturbations is obtained for a finite wavelength if the inertia of the bulk motion associated with the normal-mode density perturbation is accounted for. We find that for long wavelengths, $\lambda \ensuremath{\rightarrow} \infty $, the growth rate approaches zero as ${\lambda }^{\ensuremath{-} 2/ 3} $. The maximum growth rate is obtained for $\lambda \ensuremath{\sim} d/ \sqrt{{\ensuremath{\alpha} }_{0} { \mathit{Re}}_{L}^{1/ 2} \raisebox {-5pt}{}} $, where $d$ is the axis perpendicular to the axis of rotational symmetry of the spheroid, ${\ensuremath{\alpha} }_{0} $ is the undisturbed volume fraction of particles and ${\mathit{Re}}_{L} $, typically ${\ll }1$, is a Reynolds number of the bulk motion on a typical length scale $L\ensuremath{\sim} d/ \sqrt{{\ensuremath{\alpha} }_{0} } $ and a velocity scale on the order of the undisturbed settling speed. The theoretical results for the wavelength selection agree qualitatively well with previous experimental results in the literature of measured correlation lengths of vertical streamers in settling fibre suspensions.
Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune functionin vitro
Authors: Dong Honglin , Rowland Ian , Yaqoob Parveen
Published: November 2011

There is considerable interest in the strain specificity of immune modulation by probiotics. The present study compared the immunomodulatory properties of six probiotic strains of different species and two genera in a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) modelin vitro. Live cells of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus caseiShirota,L. rhamnosusGG,L. plantarumNCIMB 8826 andL. reuteriNCIMB 11951) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longumSP 07/3 andB. bifidumMF 20/5) were individually incubated with PBMC from seven healthy subjects for 24 h. Probiotic strains increased the proportion of CD69+on lymphocytes, T cells, T cell subsets and natural killer (NK) cells, and increased the proportion of CD25+, mainly on lymphocytes and NK cells. The effects on activation marker expression did not appear to be strain specific. NK cell activity was significantly increased by all six strains, without any significant difference between strains. Probiotic strains increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α to different extents, but had no effect on the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 or TNF-β. The cytokines that showed strain-specific modulation included IL-10, interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-12p70, IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. TheLactobacillusstrains tended to promote T helper 1 cytokines, whereas bifidobacterial strains tended to produce a more anti-inflammatory profile. The results suggest that there was limited evidence of strain-specific effects of probiotics with respect to T cell and NK cell activation or NK cell activity, whereas production of some cytokines was differentially influenced by probiotic strains.
The one-sided Ap conditions and local maximal operator
Authors: Bernardis Ana L. , Gogatishvili Amiran , Martín-Reyes Francisco Javier , Salvador Pedro Ortega , Pick Luboš
Published: November 2011

We introduce the one-sided local maximal operator and study its connection to the one-sided Ap conditions. We get a new characterization of the boundedness of the one-sided maximal operator on a quasi-Banach function space. We obtain applications to weighted Lebesgue spaces and variable-exponent Lebesgue spaces.
TANGIER IN THE RESTORATION EMPIRE
Authors: STEIN TRISTAN
Published: November 2011

This article reintegrates the colonization of Tangier into our understanding of the development of the English empire in the latter half of the seventeenth century. At its acquisition in 1661, Tangier appeared integral to the imperial ambitions of the restored monarchy and promised to carry England's commercial and maritime empire into the Mediterranean. This article argues that the particular conceptions of imperial and commercial organization that underlay the occupation of Tangier isolated the city from England's wider empire and contributed to its failure. The creation of a free port and crown colony at Tangier reflected prevalent perceptions of the political economy of trade in the Mediterranean, but added to a wider process whereby ideological debates over the organization of trade and empire helped to create legal and jurisdictional boundaries that differentiated oceanic space. As a free port, Tangier was out of place within an empire increasingly defined by exclusive and restricted trade. It was, however, the ideological significance of Tangier's status as a crown colony that made it unsustainable. Unable to sustain or surrender its sovereignty over Tangier, the crown abandoned the city in the face of Moroccan empire-building.
BURGLARY INSURANCE AND THE CULTURE OF FEAR IN BRITAIN, c. 1889–1939
Authors: MOSS ELOISE
Published: November 2011

This article explores the representations of burglary and burglars created by the burglary insurance sector in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain. Two lines of argument are developed: first, that the marketing strategy of the burglary insurance sector exacerbated existing fears about the nature and prevalence of burglary in a calculated bid to attract custom; and secondly, that the depictions of crime and criminal used in marketing this form of insurance were subsequently revised in the contracts issued to customers as part of the industry's commercial transactions, thereby securing against supposed ‘negligence’ by homeowners as well as malicious attempts to defraud insurers. As the self-styled commercial ‘protection’ against burglary, burglary insurance became an ordinary household investment. Its prosperity therefore enables us to identify certain ideas about crime and criminal then current. Crucially, this research highlights the intersection of media, state, and market discourse about crime in weaving a specific version of burglary into the very fabric of everyday life, uniting three domains that historians of crime have traditionally treated separately.
No Philosophy for Swine: John Stuart Mill on the Quality of Pleasures
Authors: HAUSKELLER MICHAEL
Published: November 2011

I argue that Mill introduced the distinction between quality and quantity of pleasures in order to fend off the then common charge that utilitarianism is ‘a philosophy for swine’ and to accommodate the (still) widespread intuition that the life of a human is better, in the sense of being intrinsically more valuable, than the life of an animal. I argue that in this he fails because in order to do successfully he would have to show not only that the life of a human is preferable to that of an animal on hedonistic grounds, but also that it is in some sense nobler or more dignified to be a human, which he cannot do without tacitly presupposing non-hedonistic standards of what it means to lead a good life.
Bi-auricular myxoma associated with atrioventricular dissociation in an 18-year-old boy: a case report
Authors: Tantchou Tchoumi Jacques C. , Giamberti Alessandro , Cirri Silvia , Butera Gianfranco
Published: November 2011

Primary cardiac tumours are rarely found and have an incidence of 0.3% in all open-heart surgeries. Among those, approximately 70% are myxomas, most of them in the left atrium. The reported incidence of cardiac tumours in autopsy series is 0.001–0.28%. Right atrial myxomas are uncommon, but when present they often originate from the interatrial septum, and conduction disturbances are rarely noted as an accompanying feature in this condition. We report the case of an 18-year-old boy with a myxoma in both left and right atrium associated with atrioventricular dissociation.
Charging the waters: the Grotte de Téthys as Versailles's initial metaphoric ground
Authors: Hofer Nina
Published: November 2011

Recent scholarly work has shifted our attention to the ways in which gardens negotiated the particularities of their ecological situation. New studies look at the archaeology of gardens, a fundamentally architectural shift which excavates issues of resource use. Materially specific research which sets gardens back into their hydraulic and topographic context has illuminated new dimensions of their inventive praxis. Many gardens turn out, in fact, to have been very carefully constructed in relation to a sensitive reading of local hydrological conditions. What is more, the facts of these sources seem also to be integrally enmeshed with their spatial and poetic aspects, providing salutary examples as our attention returns to what we are now calling sustainability.
Smartcities
Authors: Lim C. J.
Published: November 2011

What is a ‘Smartcity’? [1] The Smartcity differentiates itself from the ‘Eco-city’ by embracing new paradigms of programme, form and sociological interaction. It is neither a fixed place nor a singular approach but rather a manifesto for the production of a space relevant for the twenty-first century.

The Smartcity is not a creation from a blank slate, but an evolution of long-standing sustainable principles that intertwine with contemporary desires for a healthier physical, mental and social existence in an increasingly alienating world. It aims to preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources, expand the range of eco-transportation, employment and housing choice, and values long-term regional sustainability over short-term focus. The currency of an ‘eco-’ prefix has become devalued through overuse and abuse, and ‘sustainability’ is a blanket expression – clearly, some aspects of our lifestyle are worth sustaining and others are not. Deciding and acting on which category they fall into, however, is not as straightforward as it appears. Conservation of energy and the environment are key priorities, but so too is the conservation of heritage, tradition and human interaction. Each generation is the proprietor of its own values, and the current zeitgeist has reacted against the mass-produced and anodyne, whether in the guise of housing, jobs and clothing or fruit and vegetables. Without ignoring technological advances, the Smartcity embraces leanness and the low-tech by adopting an operating system that filters out excess and reboots our social space. Smartcity living does not ask for ‘more’ but determines how to use less in the creation of a healthier mental and physical existence [2].
Architecture and intellectual property
Authors: Singleton Rebecca
Published: November 2011

For architects, intellectual property (IP) law is vital. Without it plans, building designs and models would have no value as others could copy them without payment. But what are an architect's rights and how are those rights retained in order to avoid commercial exploitation?

The legislation for this area of law comes from the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA), the Registered Designs Act 1949, the Trade Marks Act 1994 and the Patents Act 1977. IP itself is divided into those rights that are registrable at the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) and those that are not. Rights that must be registered before the work is protected include trademarks, patents and registered designs; IP rights that cannot be registered include copyright and unregistered design rights.
Multiscale statistical characterization of migrating bed forms in gravel and sand bed rivers
Authors: Singh Arvind , Lanzoni Stefano , Wilcock Peter R. , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi
Published: November 2011

Migrating bed forms strongly influence hydraulics, transport, and habitat in river environments. Their dynamics are exceedingly complex, making it difficult to predict their geometry and their interaction with sediment transport. Acoustic instrumentation now permits high‐resolution observations of bed elevation as well as flow velocity. We present a space‐time characterization of bed elevation series in laboratory experiments of sand and gravel transport in a large 84 m long, 2.75 m wide flume. We use a simple filtering and thresholding methodology to estimate bed form heights and report that the shape of their probability density function (pdf) remains invariant to discharge for both gravel and sand and has a positive tail slightly thicker than Gaussian. Using a wavelet decomposition, we quantify the presence of a rich multiscale statistical structure and estimate the scale‐dependent celerity of migrating bed forms, showing the faster movement of smaller bed forms relative to the larger ones. The nonlinear dynamics of gravel and sand bed forms is also examined, and the predictability time, i.e., the interval over which one can typically forecast the system, is estimated. Our results demonstrate that flow rate as well as bed sediment composition exert a significant influence on the multiscale dynamics and degree of nonlinearity and complexity of bed form evolution.
3‐D transient hydraulic tomography in unconfined aquifers with fast drainage response
Authors: Cardiff M. , Barrash W.
Published: November 2011

We investigate, through numerical experiments, the viability of three‐dimensional transient hydraulic tomography (3DTHT) for identifying the spatial distribution of groundwater flow parameters (primarily, hydraulic conductivity K) in permeable, unconfined aquifers. To invert the large amount of transient data collected from 3DTHT surveys, we utilize an iterative geostatistical inversion strategy in which outer iterations progressively increase the number of data points fitted and inner iterations solve the quasi‐linear geostatistical formulas of Kitanidis. In order to base our numerical experiments around realistic scenarios, we utilize pumping rates, geometries, and test lengths similar to those attainable during 3DTHT field campaigns performed at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS). We also utilize hydrologic parameters that are similar to those observed at the BHRS and in other unconsolidated, unconfined fluvial aquifers. In addition to estimating K, we test the ability of 3DTHT to estimate both average storage values (specific storage Ss and specific yield Sy) as well as spatial variability in storage coefficients. The effects of model conceptualization errors during unconfined 3DTHT are investigated including: (1) assuming constant storage coefficients during inversion and (2) assuming stationary geostatistical parameter variability. Overall, our findings indicate that estimation of K is slightly degraded if storage parameters must be jointly estimated, but that this effect is quite small compared with the degradation of estimates due to violation of “structural” geostatistical assumptions. Practically, we find for our scenarios that assuming constant storage values during inversion does not appear to have a significant effect on K estimates or uncertainty bounds.
Maximum entropy method helps study multifractal processes
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2011

Many natural phenomena exhibit scaling behavior, in which parts of the system resemble the whole. Topography is one example—in some landscapes, shapes seen on a small scale look similar to shapes seen at larger scales. Some processes with scaling behavior are multifractal processes, in which the scaling parameters are described by probability distributions. Nieves et al. show that a method known as the maximum entropy method, which has been applied in information theory and statistical mechanics, can be applied generally to study the statistics of multifractal processes. The authors note that the method, which could be applied to a wide variety of geophysical systems, makes it possible to infer information on multifractal processes even beyond scales where observations are available. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048716, 2011)
Geometry of the 20 November 2003 magnetic cloud
Authors: Marubashi Katsuhide , Cho Kyung‐Suk , Kim Yeon‐Han , Park Yong‐Deuk , Park Sung‐Hong
Published: November 2011

This study is an attempt to find a coherent interpretation of the link between the 20 November 2003 magnetic cloud (MC) and its solar source. Most previous studies agree on the orientation of the MC, but the orientation is nearly perpendicular to the axis of the post‐eruption arcade (PEA) or the orientation of the neutral line in the solar source region. We first determine the geometry of this MC by fitting methods with both torus and cylinder models. Three possible geometries are obtained, which can reproduce the observed magnetic field variations associated with the MC, one from the cylinder fit and two from the torus fit. The cylinder fit gives the MC orientation with a tilt of a large angle (∼60°) from the ecliptic plane and nearly perpendicular to the PEA axis, being similar to those from previous studies. In contrast, two torus fit results give the MC axis with tilt angles less than 20° from the ecliptic plane. The two torus results correspond to the spacecraft encounter with the eastern flank of the flux rope loop (model A) and the western flank of the loop (model B), respectively. In either case, the orientation of the loop around the apex is nearly parallel to the PEA as observed by the SOHO/extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope instrument in the most plausible solar source region of a halo coronal mass ejection (CME), which appeared in the field of view of Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C2 at 08:50 UT, 18 November 2003. The magnetic helicity of the PEA region is positive in agreement with the helicity of the MC. The 3‐D reconstruction from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager data shows that the main part of the ejected plasma expands mainly to the west of the Sun‐Earth line. Thus, we reach the most straightforward interpretation of the link between the MC and its solar source as follows. The MC was created in association with the launch of the CME that was first observed by the LASCO C2 at 08:50 UT, 18 November 2003, and propagated through interplanetary space with its orientation almost unchanged. The spacecraft encountered the eastern flank of the loop as described by model A.
Ionospheric observations during the geomagnetic storm events on 24–27 July 2004: Long‐duration positive storm effects
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , McKinnell Lee‐Anne , Cilliers Pierre J. , Coster Anthea J.
Published: November 2011

Ionospheric storms represent large global disturbances of the ionospheric F region electron density in response to geomagnetic storms. In this study, we use a combination of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) global maps and data from in‐situ satellite measurements, such as solar wind data from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), and TOPographic EXplorer (TOPEX) and JASON‐1 satellites, to investigate the ionospheric response during the geomagnetic storm event on 24–27 July 2004. A chain of ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) stations and ionosonde measurements across South Africa have been used to give a comprehensive coverage over this midlatitude location. The most pronounced ionospheric effects of the storm occurred at low‐ and midlatitudes in the Southern hemisphere, with the most significant enhancements, observed on 25 and 27 July, presented here. The DMSP F15 satellite observed a sharp density enhancement over the midlatitudes. Over South Africa, the enhancement on 25 July was about twice as large as that observed on 27 July. The positive storm enhancements on 25 and 27 July both lasted over 7 hours, and can be classified as long‐duration positive storm effects. Also, IMF Bz had southward orientation for an extended number of hours (exceeding 9 hours) and could have been the means by which energy was continuously fed into the magnetosphere and ionosphere. In addition, the F region critical frequency (foF2) values observed at two ionosonde stations showed marked positive responses that were associated with an increase in the ionospheric peak height (hmF2).
Dual periodicities in planetary‐period magnetic field oscillations in Saturn's tail
Authors: Provan G. , Andrews D. J. , Arridge C. S. , Coates A. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Cox G. , Dougherty M. K. , Jackman C. M.
Published: November 2011

We examine magnetic field data from 10 apoapsis passes of the Cassini spacecraft during 2006 when the spacecraft explored the midnight and dawn sectors of Saturn's magnetotail to down‐tail distances of ∼65 RS (Saturn radius, RS, is 60,268 km). Oscillations in the radial component of the field near the ∼11 hour planetary period associated with north‐south motions of the current sheet are ubiquitous in these data. Here, we examine and model the phase of these oscillations throughout the interval, taking account of both local time and radial propagation effects, and show that the oscillations exhibit dual periodicities. Those observed at distances exceeding ∼3 RS north of the modeled average center of the current sheet are found to oscillate near the modulation period of the northern Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) emissions, while those observed south of this location oscillate near the modulation period of the southern SKR emissions. The phasing in both cases is consistent with the sense of the associated rotating quasi‐uniform perturbation fields within the quasi‐dipolar “core” region. We determine the structure of the current sheet as a function of the modeled phases, the results implying that the form of the modulation varies significantly over the beat cycle of the two oscillations. When the two field oscillations are in phase, the current sheet oscillates north‐south with a peak‐to‐peak amplitude of ∼3 RS. When they are in antiphase, however, the thickness of the current sheet is also strongly modulated during the oscillation by factors of ∼2.
Clean access, measurement, and sampling of Ellsworth Subglacial Lake: A method for exploring deep Antarctic subglacial lake environments
Authors: Siegert Martin J. , Clarke Rachel J. , Mowlem Matt , Ross Neil , Hill Christopher S. , Tait Andrew , Hodgson Dominic , Parnell John , Tranter Martyn , Pearce David , Bentley Michael J. , Cockell Charles , Tsaloglou Maria‐Nefeli , Smith Andy , Woodward John , Brito Mario P. , Waugh Ed
Published: November 2011

Antarctic subglacial lakes are thought to be extreme habitats for microbial life and may contain important records of ice sheet history and climate change within their lake floor sediments. To find whether or not this is true, and to answer the science questions that would follow, direct measurement and sampling of these environments are required. Ever since the water depth of Vostok Subglacial Lake was shown to be >500 m, attention has been given to how these unique, ancient, and pristine environments may be entered without contamination and adverse disturbance. Several organizations have offered guidelines on the desirable cleanliness and sterility requirements for direct sampling experiments, including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. Here we summarize the scientific protocols and methods being developed for the exploration of Ellsworth Subglacial Lake in West Antarctica, planned for 2012–2013, which we offer as a guide to future subglacial environment research missions. The proposed exploration involves accessing the lake using a hot‐water drill and deploying a sampling probe and sediment corer to allow sample collection. We focus here on how this can be undertaken with minimal environmental impact while maximizing scientific return without compromising the environment for future experiments.
An Integrative Conceptual Framework for Assessing Personality and Personality Pathology
Authors: Leising Daniel , Zimmermann Johannes
Published: November 2011

As a contribution to the ongoing debate over the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5, we present a framework for jointly conceptualizing personality and personality pathology. The key element is an explicit distinction between personality description (which is the realm of basic personality psychology) and personality evaluation (which is the realm of clinical personality psychology). Previous diagnostic systems did not acknowledge this crucial distinction. We created a sample diagnostic system, to illustrate how a practical application of our conceptual framework may look like. The system comprises two ingredients: First, a list of personality dispositions that may become problematic. These are described at a “basic level” of abstraction (i.e., the level at which patients and clinicians intuitively communicate about personality problems). Second, a list of negative consequences that are used to evaluate the extent to which a patient's personality pattern is “problematic.” A sample of therapists used the system for describing actual patients and found it to be better than the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 and DSM–IV. Based on our conceptual deliberations, we analyze the DSM-5 proposal for personality and personality disorders. The proposal contains three different sets of “higher-order concepts” (personality traits, personality types, and levels of personality functioning). Only the first of these is sufficiently supported by empirical evidence, including analyses of our own set of personality dispositions.
A Novel NIR Spectroscopy Correlation Approach to Amino Acid Analysis of Soybean Proteins for Composition Improvements- (v.4)
Authors: Prisecaru Valentin , Baianu I.
Published: November 2011

Amino acid NIR calibrations were developed in our Physical Chemistry of Foods Laboratory of the University of Illinois at Urbana for three selected amino acid groups that include essential amino acids for identified soybean accessions. Conventional “wet chemistry” analytical methods are time-consuming and costly. As a result, soybean breeders and researchers have an imperative need to utilize faster and less expensive methods. NIR Spectroscopy is a rapid and inexpensive method for composition analysis for academia and industry. Recent advancements in instrumentation design, such as the application of the Diode Array (DA) technique and the Fourier Transform (FT) IR and NIR techniques, have significantly improved overall instrument performance and advancement in the field of grain analysis.Novel results are presented for amino acid calibrations for US soybean accessions relevant to the food and agricultural industry.