bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SAGE of the developing wheat caryopsis
Authors: McIntosh Shane , Watson Loraine , Bundock Peter , Crawford Allison , White Jessica , Cordeiro Giovanni , Barbary Daniel , Rooke Lee , Henry Robert
Published: November 2006

Understanding the development of the cereal caryopsis holds the future for metabolic engineering in the interests of enhancing global food production. We have developed a Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) data platform to investigate the developing wheat (Triticum aestivum) caryopsis. LongSAGE libraries have been constructed at five time‐points post‐anthesis to coincide with key processes in caryopsis development. More than 90 000 LongSAGE tags have been sequenced generating 29 261 unique tag sequences across all five libraries. Tag abundance, generated from cumulative tag counts, provides insight into the redundancy and diversity of each library. Annotation of the 500 most abundant tags spanning development highlights the array of functional groups being expressed. The relative frequency of these more abundant transcripts allows quantitative analysis of patterns of expression during grain development. We have identified activities of cellular proliferation/differentiation, the accumulation of storage proteins and starch biosynthesis. The abundance of calcium‐dependent protein kinases indicate their importance in signalling across development. Acquisition of a broad array of defence coincides with storage accumulation and is dominated by inhibitors of amylase activity. Differential expression profiles of abundant tags from each library reveal the coordinated expression of genes responsible for the cellular events constituting caryopsis development. This SAGE platform has also provided a resource of novel sequence and expression information including the identification of potentially useful promoter activities. Further investigations into both the abundant and low expressing transcripts will provide greater insight into wheat caryopsis development and assist in wheat improvement programmes.
Response Bias in a Popular Indicator of Reading to Children
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L.
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the hypothesis that parents exaggerate their reading with children aged 3 to 5 when asked typical single-item questions and that the extent of exaggeration is greater for better-educated parents. It examines differences in parental reporting of reading to children that may result from differences in response bias. It examines whether differences in reading with children by race/ethnicity, income, and family structure holdup after controlling for maternal education and other factors. Finally, it examines whether any bias we find affects the relationship between reading and achievement test scores. Data are from the Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative sample of children and their parents who were asked detailed questions about their lives and activities in 1997.
Vegetation and songbird response to land abandonment: from landscape to census plot
Authors: Sirami Clélia , Brotons Lluis , Martin Jean‐Louis
Published: November 2006

While intensification of human activities and its ecological effects in many natural areas have recently received much attention, land abandonment in marginal areas is still the largely ignored side of a process rooted in the same socioeconomic context. Decreasing human impact in marginal rural areas often triggers a recovery of seminatural vegetation. Over a period of 25 years, we studied the changes in landscape and vegetation structure that followed land abandonment in a traditional Mediterranean mosaic of crops, grasslands, shrublands and woodlands, and assessed their effects on songbird occurrence and distribution. We combined an analysis of vegetation changes based on aerial photo interpretation with an analysis of bird censuses from 1978, 1992 and 2003 at two spatial scales: landscape and census plot (respectively 2800 and 3 ha). The perceived temporal changes in the vegetation were scale dependent. At the landscape scale, open habitats tended to disappear and woodlands matured. The contrasts in vegetation structure that defined habitat patches at the onset of the study tended to disappear. There was an overall shift of the bird community in favour of woodland species. At the scale of the census plot, however, the colonization by woody vegetation of patches formerly characterized by a homogeneous grass cover increased the local diversity of the vegetation, at least temporarily. Of seven species dependent on open habitats, the occurrence rate of five species significantly decreased, whereas it increased for two species: woodlark (Lulula arborea) and melodious warbler (Hippolais polyglotta). This increase was linked to the transitional increase in local vegetation diversity. In patches originally dominated by woodlands, local vegetation diversity decreased as woody vegetation expanded into clearings. The occurrence rate significantly increased for seven species relying on closed woodlands, while it decreased for two woodland species. As most species of high conservation profile in the Mediterranean are tied to open or to heterogeneous transitional habitats, these trends raise questions concerning their persistence in the future.
Patterns of Diagnosis and Acute and Preventive Treatment for Migraine in the United States: Results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study
Authors: Diamond Seymour , Bigal Marcelo E. , Silberstein Stephen , Loder Elizabeth , Reed Michael , Lipton Richard B.
Published: November 2006

Objective.—To describe the patterns of medical treatment for migraineurs in the United States.

Background.—Over the past decade, many new treatments for migraine have become available and awareness of migraine has improved. However, there is little information about the patterns of medical treatment in the US society.

Design/Methods.—A validated self‐administered headache questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 120,000 US households. Each household member with severe headaches was asked to complete the survey. The questionnaire assessed headache features, disability, and patterns of medical treatment. Subjects were classified according to their use of headache preventive medication, as current users, coincident users (using effective medications for other medical reasons), lapsed users (had used in the past but not at the time of the survey), or never users.

Results.—In 162,576 participants, the prevalence of migraine was 17.1% in women and 5.6% in men. Only 56.2% of those with migraine had ever received a medical diagnosis. Ninety‐eight percent of the migraineurs used acute treatment for their migraine attacks. Forty‐nine percent (49%) usually used over‐the‐counters, 20% usually used prescription medications, and 29% used both. Only 12.4% of migraineurs indicated that they were taking a migraine preventive medication, but 17.2% were using medications with potential antimigraine effects for other medical reasons. Current or past use of preventive medication was more likely in women than men (odds ratio [OR]= 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27‐1.48), increased with age and individuals with high MIDAS grade (Grade IV vs I, OR 2.35, 95% CI 2.09‐2.64). Preventive medication use increased with awareness of migraine and with illness severity.

Conclusions.—Migraine remains undertreated in the US population. Barriers to preventive treatment are greater in younger age groups, men, and people unaware that they have migraine.
Staging Headache Cases: Reconciling the Complexity of a Case With the Required Intensity of Treatment
Authors: Saper Joel , Lake Alvin , Lipton Richard
Published: November 2006

To stage a chronic illness is to place the case along a continuum of illness progression and complexity. Staging can also identify key clinical variables and treatment targets in order to assure the most effective treatment, as well as providing the basis for measuring illness progression and improvement. Underlying an effective staging concept is the principle that to achieve clinically effective outcomes and maximal cost effectiveness, the severity and complexity of a case must be matched to the most appropriate level and intensity of care. With the growing appreciation that the primary headache disorders represent a major public health problem and the increasing need to assure the most cost effective and clinically effective care, the authors believe that the time to implement a formal staging concept for primary headaches is now upon us.
Fibrillin‐1 Gene Analysis of Korean Patients With Spontaneous CSF Hypovolemia
Authors: Chung Sun J. , Ki Chang‐Seok , Lee Myoung C. , Lee Jae‐Hong
Published: November 2006

Background.—Mutations in different domains of the Fibrillin‐1 (FBN1) gene may be responsible for the variable phenotypic expression of Marfan's syndrome that may present with CSF hypovolemia.

Objectives.—To evaluate the association between mutations in the Fibrillin‐1 (FBN1) gene and spontaneous CSF hypovolemia (SCH) in a Korean population.

Methods.—We studied 10 consecutive patients with SCH without clinical characteristics of Marfan's syndrome. The genetic analysis was performed.

Results.—Direct sequencing analysis of the FBN1 gene identified 15 genetic variations, of which 5 coding (3 synonymous, 2 nonsynonymous) and 8 intronic variations were listed in the single nucleotide polymorphism database (dbSNP). The other 2 variations, c.2728 – 12T > C in intron 21 and c.4582 – 19A > G in intron 35, were also observed in normal controls with estimated frequencies of 0.06 and 0.15, respectively.

Conclusions.—We could not identify any FBN1 variations possibly associated with SCH in our study population.
Altered pain behavior and regeneration after nerve injury in TNF receptor deficient mice
Authors: Vogel Carola , Stallforth Sabine , Sommer Claudia
Published: November 2006

Abstract  The pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha is an important mediator in hyperalgesia, nerve injury, and regeneration. Here, we used mice deficient of TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 or 2 to investigate the role of TNF signaling via receptor in each pain behavior and nerve de‐ and regeneration after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. We found an absence of thermal hyperalgesia in mice deficient of TNFR1 and a reduction in mechanical and cold allodynia in mice deficient of TNFR1 or TNFR2 compared with wild‐type mice. Nerve conduction studies and nerve pathology did not reveal major differences between genotypes in the temporal course of de‐ and regeneration of the nerve. We propose that the functional effects of the TNFRs on pain symptoms are independent of effects on nerve regeneration. Furthermore, the differential action of TNF via each of its receptors should be taken into account when considering clinical trials with TNF inhibitors for pain.
Dose of intravenous immunoglobulins in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Rajabally Yusuf A. , Seow Hanny , Wilson Patrick
Published: November 2006

Abstract  The usual initiating dose of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) in the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is 2 g/kg/course. Although not evidence based, subsequent reductions are advised to the lowest possible level for maintenance. In practice, the achievable levels of such reductions and their impact on treatment frequency have not been studied. Factors determining maximal dosage reduction are unknown. We retrospectively reviewed data concerning IVIg therapy for 15 patients with CIDP, from their medical records between 1997 and 2005. Lowest effective dose and treatment frequency were determined. The following correlations were ascertained: dose to frequency, dose to weight, dose to disease duration, amplitude of dose reduction to disease duration, and dose to pre‐therapeutic disease severity. Dose reductions were possible in all (mean: 63.3%, range: 42.4–88%). The lowest effective dose of IVIg per course and treatment frequency were both very variable (18–108 g and 2–17 weeks, respectively). Lowest dose per course did not correlate to weight, frequency of administration, disease duration, or pre‐therapeutic degree of disability. Amplitude of dose reduction achieved was independent of disease duration. Treatment frequency could not be lowered in any patient. Our findings show that IVIg target doses should be titrated individually but suggest that infusion frequencies are fixed in each case in relapsing CIDP. Importantly, lower dose treatment is not associated with shorter intervals between courses, and lowest effective dose is independent of weight and disease duration. Initial level of disability does not appear to influence dose required. These results suggest considerably lower, standardized, initiating, and maintenance doses might be effective and highlight the need for prospective dose comparative trials.
Artemin has potent neurotrophic actions on injured C‐fibres
Authors: Bennett David L. H. , Boucher Timothy J. , Michael Gregory J. , Popat Reena J. , Malcangio Marzia , Averill Sharon A. , Poulsen Kris T. , Priestley John V. , Shelton David L. , McMahon Stephen B.
Published: November 2006

Abstract  In this study, we have investigated the effects of artemin (ARTN), one of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, on C‐fibres following nerve injury in the adult rat. GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα) 3, the ligand binding domain of the ARTN receptor, is expressed in 34% of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, predominantly in the peptidergic population of C‐fibres and in a proportion of the isolectin B4 (IB4)‐binding population. Interestingly, only 30% of GFRα3‐expressing DRG cells co‐expressed RET (the signal transducing domain). In agreement with previous studies, treatment with ARTN prevented many of the nerve injury‐induced changes in the histochemistry of both the peptidergic and the IB4‐binding populations of small, but not large, diameter DRG cells. In addition, ARTN treatment maintained C‐fibre conduction velocity, and C‐fibre evoked substance P release within the dorsal horn following nerve injury. ARTN was also protective following capsaicin treatment, which produces selective C‐fibre injury. Given the potent neurotrophic actions of ARTN on C‐fibres, it may therefore provide potential for the treatment of nerve injury, particularly in the maintenance of small fibre function.
Isolated amyloidosis presenting with lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy: description of two cases and pathogenic review
Authors: Ladha Shafeeq S. , Dyck P. James B. , Spinner Robert J. , Perez Domingo G. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Solomon Alan , Klein Christopher J.
Published: November 2006

Abstract  In this study, we present two cases of infiltrative, localized amyloidosis involving lumbosacral root and plexus, e.g., isolated amyloidomas. Rare and poorly understood amyloidomas may occur in both neurologic and non‐neurologic tissues. The described cases emphasize potential for localized peripheral amyloidomas: (1) potential for associated λ light chain lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma association; (2) e isolated amyloidosis without evidence for systemic plasma cell dyscrasia; (3) features suggestive of potential pathogenesis; and (4) discussion of treatment options including immunotherapy and resection. The limited literature and experience among other cases is described.
A Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Dignified Dying
Authors: Doorenbos Ardith Z. , Wilson Sarah A. , Coenen Amy
Published: November 2006

Purpose: To describe the characteristics of dignified dying and other terminology nurses used to describe this phenomenon in Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and the United States (US).

Design: A cross‐sectional descriptive survey with a convenience sample of nurses who cared for dying patients in Ethiopia (n=14), India (n=229), Kenya (n=36), and the US (n=281). Data were collected between 2002 and 2004.

Methods: Nurses were recruited to complete the ICNP® Dignified Dying survey, which consists of demographic information, 2 open‐ended questions, and 14 questions about characteristics of dignified dying.

Findings: The 14 characteristics on the dignified dying scale reliably measured dignified dying, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .91. All characteristics were rated as representative of dignified dying, with content validity scores ranging from .62 to .77. Factor analysis yielded a two‐factor solution, which accounted for 53% of the variance.

Conclusions: Findings of this study contribute to the ongoing development of the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP®) regarding the nursing phenomenon of dignified dying. The ICNP®, a unified nursing language system, is used to promote and facilitate scholarly exchange among nurses across countries.
A trait‐based model of the potential demand for a genetically engineered food crop in a developing economy
Authors: Edmeades Svetlana , Smale Melinda
Published: November 2006

We predict the potential demand of smallholder farmers for genetically transformed varieties of a food crop, the cooking banana of the East African highlands. Farmer demand for planting material is derived in an agricultural household model that accounts for variety traits and missing markets. The demand for candidate host varieties is predicted using a Zero‐Inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression system. The fitted model is used to illustrate the sensitivity of farmer demand for improved planting material to (a) investments in research and development, represented by the effectiveness of gene insertion and expression, and (b) other public investments in education, extension, and market infrastructure that support diffusion. By comparing the characteristics of agricultural households we demonstrate that the choice of host variety can have social consequences, favoring one rural population compared with another. Clients for transgenic banana planting material are likely to be poorer, subsistence‐oriented farmers in areas greatly affected by biotic constraints. A model of this type might be useful in assessing the investments needed to support the systematic dissemination of improved planting material. The approach can be generalized to other crop biotechnologies for smallholder farming systems, particularly in developing economies.
Changes in vitreous amino acid concentrations in a rabbit model of cataract surgery
Authors: Yagihashi Tomoyuki , Wakabayashi Yoshihiro , Kezuka Jun , Usui Masahiko , Iwasaki Takuya
Published: November 2006

Purpose: We previously reported marked elevation of glutamate, gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and alanine in the vitreous after combined cataract surgery and vitrectomy for macular disorder. Photo‐stimulation by the operating microscope and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) are possible causes of postoperative increases in amino acids. An animal model was used to verify this hypothesis.

Methods: Forty‐five coloured rabbits were studied; stress was applied to simulate cataract surgery. Simultaneous photic and pressure stress, photic stress alone, or pressure stress alone were exerted for 20 mins. The vitreous was extracted at the end of the stress period, or 10 mins or 30 mins later. Levels of six amino acids (asparate, glutamate, glycine, taurine, alanine and GABA) in the vitreous were analysed quantitatively.

Results: Significant increases in vitreous glutamate concentrations in treated eyes were observed following simultaneous photic and pressure stress, as well as after pressure stress alone, whereas no difference was found after photic stress alone. The mean glutamate concentrations in treated eyes and fellow eyes, respectively, were 5.59 ± 2.03 µMand 4.36 ± 2.09 µM(p ≤ 0.05) 10 mins after simultaneous photic and pressure stress, and 4.32 ± 0.97 µMand 2.29 ± 0.51 µM(p < 0.05) 10 mins after pressure stress alone. Taurine concentration was elevated by pressure stress alone at 0 min and at 10 mins post‐stress. Alanine concentration was reduced by photic stress alone at 10 mins post‐stress. In all protocols, no significant differences between treated and fellow eyes were observed at 30 mins after stress. Time‐dependent changes were observed not only in the treated eyes, but also in untreated fellow eyes.

Conclusions: Elevations of vitreous glutamate in cataract surgery may be caused by pressure stress due to irrigation. Photic stress caused by the operating microscope has little influence. Sympathetic response may be involved in amino acid changes due to stress in cataract surgery.
Towards the development of a simplified long‐term organ culture method for human scalp skin and its appendages under serum‐free conditions
Authors: Lu Zhongfa , Hasse Sybille , Bodo Eniko , Rose Christian , Funk Wolfgang , Paus Ralf
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Organ culture of human scalp skin is usually performed with serum‐containing medium, which limits its analytical usefulness. Here we report that intact human scalp skin can be grown at the air/liquid interface in supplemented, serum‐free William's E medium for more than 2 weeks. Active hair shaft growth was visible until day 16 and was significantly enhanced compared with minimum essential medium (MEM) + 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Moreover, William's E medium protected better against cell death than MEM + 10% FBS before day 12. Using quantitative immunochemistry, proliferating (Ki‐67+) cells could still be observed in the epithelium of hair follicles even on day 17 of serum‐free skin organ culture. The number of apoptotic (TUNEL+) cells in the skin epithelium rose steadily after day 5. Giemsa stains revealed mature skin mast cells even after 13 days in culture. The percentage of surviving hair follicles (mostly with catagen‐ or telogen‐like morphology) gradually increased over time displaying mostly catagen hair follicles after 17 days of culture. Although epidermis and hair follicle epithelium showed increasing atrophy and degeneration, and their pigmentation decreased gradually over time, some long‐term‐surviving epithelial islands were found in association with remnants of follicular structures as late as on day 88. These preliminary data suggest that a very simple serum‐free organ culture method allows prolonged human skin and hair follicle survival as well as some limited hair follicle cycling in intact skin for more than 2 weeks under well‐defined experimental conditions. This pragmatic assay invites multiple uses, and may become a valuable tool for both skin and hair research.
Aneuploidy and proliferation in keratinocytic intraepidermal neoplasias
Authors: Smits Tim , Olthuis Diana , Blokx Willeke A. M. , Kleinpenning Marloes M. , Van De Kerkhof Peter C. M. , Van Erp Piet E. J. , Gerritsen Marie‐Jeanne P.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Cutaneous squamous (pre)malignancies can be classified according to the keratinocytic intraepidermal neoplasia (KIN) classification. Aneuploidy can be seen as the result of chromosomal aberrations leading to altered DNA content and has been strongly associated with malignancy. Hyperproliferation is also strongly associated with tumorigenesis. The aim of the study was to analyse the presence and the amount of aneuploidy and proliferation in the progression from intraepithelial neoplasm to microinvasive carcinoma (miSCC). For this purpose, nuclei were isolated from 116 formalin‐fixed KIN lesions from 68 patients in which DNA content was measured by flow cytometry. Proliferation was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for Ki67 as well as by flow cytometry. Aneuploidy was increasingly found in higher KIN lesions, but not in normal skin. However, in miSCC aneuploidy was relatively less frequently found. DNA indices (mean ± SE) of KIN III‐lesions (1.57 ± 0.05) were significantly lower compared with KIN I/II lesions (1.71 ± 0.05). Ki67 expression was strongly positively correlated with KIN grade, and proved to be a good adjunct in the classification of KINs. Thus, aneuploidy occurred more frequently in higher KIN lesions, indicating cumulative damage during KIN progression. The lower frequency of aneuploidy in miSCC compared with KIN III may point at alternative routes towards invasive carcinoma besides serial progression through all three KIN stages. Ki67 expression appears a valuable marker in the classification of KINs.
Strain specificity and cholinergic modulation of visuospatial attention in three inbred mouse strains
Authors: Pattij T. , Janssen M. C. W. , Loos M. , Smit A. B. , Schoffelmeer A. N. M. , Van Gaalen M. M.
Published: November 2006

The tremendous increase in the use of mouse inbred strains and mutant mice to study the molecular basis of psychiatric disorders urges for a better understanding of attentional performance in mice. To this aim, we investigated possible strain differences in performance and cholinergic modulation of visuospatial attention in three widely used mouse inbred strains (129S2/SvHsd, C57BL/6JOlaHsd and DBA/2OlaHsd) in the five‐choice serial reaction time task. Results indicated that after extended training, performance of 129S2/SvHsd mice was superior to that of C57BL/6JOlaHsd and DBA/2OlaHsd mice in terms of attention, omission errors, inhibitory control and latencies to correct choice. Increasing the attentional load resulted in comparable decrements in attention in all strains and inhibitory control impairments that were most pronounced in DBA/2OlaHsd mice. Further pharmacological evaluation indicated that all strains showed attentional impairments after treatment with the muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists scopolamine and mecamylamine, respectively. 129S2/SvHsd mice were less sensitive, whereas DBA/2OlaHsd mice appeared more sensitive to the detrimental effects of mecamylamine. In addition, subchronic, but not acute, nicotine treatment slightly improved attentional performance in all strains to the same extent. In conclusion, our data indicate strain specificity with particularly good performance of 129S2/SvHsd mice and strong cholinergic involvement in visuospatial attention in mice.
KINETIC MODELING OF ANAEROBIC THERMAL DEGRADATION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN ROSE HIP (ROSA CANINA L) PULP
Authors: KARHAN MUSTAFA , AKSU MEHMET , TETIK NEDIM , TURHAN IRFAN
Published: November 2006

Ascorbic acid loss in thermally treated rose hip pulp was modeled mathematically. Isothermal experiments in the temperature range of 70–95C were utilized to determine the kinetics of ascorbic acid loss in the pulp during heating under anaerobic circumstances. Changes in ascorbic acid decomposition followed a first‐order reaction. Temperature dependence of the rate constant during thermal processing of rose hip pulp obeyed the Arrhenius relationship with an activation energy of 47.5 kJ/mole.
VITAMIN AND SELENIUM CONTENT OF RIBEYE CUTS FROM GRASS‐ AND GRAIN‐FINISHED BISON OF THE SAME HERD
Authors: DRISKELL JUDY A. , MARCHELLO MARTIN J. , GIRAUD DAVID W. , SULAEMAN AHMAD
Published: November 2006

Individual ribeye cuts from 10 grass‐ and 8 grain‐finished bulls of the same herd were analyzed for vitamin and selenium content. Vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and selenium concentrations of ribeye cuts from grass‐ and grain‐finished bulls were similar. Vitamin C and folic acid levels were not detectable in ribeyes from both groups. Ribeyes from grass‐finished bulls contained significantly higher quantities of β‐carotene (P < 0.0005) and niacin (P < 0.01) and significantly lower (P < 0.0001) quantities of riboflavin than those from grain‐finished bulls. Bison ribeyes from both groups were rich sources (>20% Daily Values) of vitamin B12 and selenium and good sources (10–19% Daily Values) of thiamin, niacin and vitamin B6.
DEMETER AND PERSEPHONE: FEARS OF CANNIBALISTIC ENGULFMENT IN BULIMIA
Authors: Marsden Patricia
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the story of Demeter and Persephone is related to bulimia and the myth is regarded as presenting physical enactments of unconscious phantasies. These phantasies, which can oscillate in a terrifying way, are of cannibalistic engulfment and fusion and are seen to relate to an early failure in maternal containment and consequent difficulties in separation‐individuation. Anxieties over sexuality and more adult feminine identifications are seen as being overlaid on this unsafe ground.
PROTECTIVE‐IDENTIFICATION: A NARCISSISTIC DEFENCE AGAINST PRIMARY OBJECT LOSS
Authors: Leibowitz Michael S.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the writer introduces the theoretical concept of Protective‐Identification as a defence mechanism. As an ego adaptive strategy, Protective‐Identification allows the ego to remain defensively attached to internal objects. As a form of protection against trauma or feared loss or abandonment by the object, the infantile ego resorts to oral assimilation defences in order to preserve harmonious internal ego‐object relations and ego‐object cathexes. It is argued here that Protective‐Identification as a defence operates at the regressed level of primary narcissistic identification with the object at the cost of integrated ego autonomy.
GENITALITY AND GENITAL HOMOSEXUALITY: CRITERIA OF SELECTION OF HOMOSEXUAL CANDIDATES
Authors: Mendoza Steven
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Genitality is reviewed as genital love, an organization of mind independent of sex and gender. Homosexuality is considered as including in its varieties the possibility of having a genital organization. This is held to be a maturity and regard for others endowing an individual with the capacity to train and practise as a psychotherapist. Homosexuality is examined as a defence protecting loving feelings from oedipal and earlier vicissitudes. Attitudes to homosexuality are attributed to prejudice, the projection of unacceptable homosexual phenomena. More generally prejudice is suggested to be an attack on the faculty of thinking in psychoanalysis.
THE GENERATION OF PSYCHOANALYTIC KNOWLEDGE: SOCIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES PART ONE:‘GIVE ME A CONSULTING ROOM …’1
Authors: Rustin Michael
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the contradiction between the advances of psychoanalysis over the near century since Freud invented it, and its apparent divergence from the procedures of the other sciences. It argues that developments in the sociology and history of science since the 1960s enable the different dimensions of scientific activity to be more objectively identified. The work of Bruno Latour is discussed, focusing on his account of the laboratory as the key site of scientific discovery, and leading to a comparison between the laboratory and the psychoanalytic consulting room. However, significant differences between laboratory‐based science and psychoanalysis are also pointed out. The most important of these is the degree to which the control of the outside world routinely sought by normal sciences is made impossible and undesirable for psychoanalysis by its distinctive commitment to the autonomy of its human subjects.
MOTHER‐INFANT INTERACTION DURING THE FIRST YEAR WITH A CHILD WHO SHOWS DISORGANIZATION OF ATTACHMENT
Authors: Hughes Patricia , McGauley Gill
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This study details the interaction between a mother and infant where the mother is unresolved with respect to loss as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview and the infant shows the disorganized pattern of attachment behaviour in the Strange Situation at 13 months. The paper discusses the factors which predispose children to becoming disorganized in their attachment behaviour. Working from a psychoanalytic perspective the authors make some suggestions about the unconscious anxieties in the mother which contribute to the development of dysfunctional interactions between mother and child.
‘TOO EARLY, TOO LATE’: ENDINGS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY ‐ AN ATTACHMENT PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Holmes Jeremy
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Endings in psychoanalytic psychotherapy are often problematic, especially in publicly‐funded therapies. Endings may be premature or delayed ‐‘too soon’or‘too late’. This paper looks at some parallels between endings in literature and endings in psychotherapy; considers the gender bias in Freud's‘Analysis Terminable and Interminable’; introduces evidence from psychotherapy research; and puts forward an attachment‐informed approach to ending, based on the distinction between avoidant and ambivalent attachment and how this may be played out by both therapist and patient in the transference‐countertransfence matrix. A controlling therapist with an avoidant patient may end‘too early’, an over‐empathic therapist with an ambivalent patient may end‘too late’. Clinical examples illustrate these theoretical points.
PROCESSES OF LOVE AND SEPARATION IN JANE AUSTEN'S MATURE WORK
Authors: Bishop Bernardine
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper considers Jane Austen's later novels in terms of a process towards emotional maturity. It conceives this specifically as the maturation of the capacity to love, and of the development of that capacity from narcissistic undifferentiation to true relatedness. The degree to which the object of love is seen as separate from and other to the self is seen as crucial in this evolution.
TRIADIC RELATIONSHIPS IN CELTIC TRADITIONAL NARRATIVE: THE LIMITATIONS OF APPLIED PSYCHOANALYSIS
Authors: McMahon Brendan
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTMy intention in this paper is to explore certain kinds of triadic relationships which occur with some frequency in the traditional narratives of Ireland and Wales. I attempt to elucidate their dynamic structure and compare and contrast them with psychoanalytic perspectives on Oedipus. The paper concludes by questioning the validity of applied psychoanalysis and asserting the creativity of narrative forms.
DISCRETION AS POWER: IN THE SITUATION CALLED ‘PSYCHOTHERAPY’
Authors: Szasz Thomas
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
I use the term‘psychotherapy’ as the name of a freely contracted relationship between two competent and responsible adults, one paying the other for assisting him, by means of a dialogue, to live his life better. In addition, I distinguish sharply between voluntary psychotherapy, whose wellspring is the patient's need for helping the Self and involuntary interventions called ‘psychotherapy’, whose wellspring is the family's (or the court's) need for controlling the Other. The former rests on consent, the latter on coercion. It is just as absurd to conflate voluntary and involuntary‘psychotherapeutic’ relations as it is to conflate sexual relations between consenting adults and sexual assault called ‘rape’.

After a brief critical overview of the development of modern psychotherapy ‐ epitomized by psychoanalysis ‐ I offer some observations on the current proliferation of‘psychotherapies'under cultural and political‐economic conditions inimical to the only therapy I value, which is contingent on a human relationship in which personal assistance is secured by an equality of self‐restraint on the part of ‘therapist’ and ‘patient’.

Dare to be fearful, when all about you are full of presumption and confidence. (Edmund Burke 1789/1992)
CONFIDENTIALITY AND THERAPEUTIC PRACTICE
Authors: Venier Katherine
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTOver the last century psychotherapy has developed alongside technology and legal test cases, with each impacting on the other. Client confidentiality is no longer simply a moral obligation on the part of the psychotherapist or a valuable psychotherapeutic tool. It is tied up in complex legislation and legal rights, duties and obligations as well as codes of ethics and conduct issued by each of the psychotherapy organizations.
DESTRUCTIVE NARCISSISM AND THE OBLITERATION OF SUBJECT‐OBJECT SEPARATION: VARIOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF AN UNDERLYING PSYCHODYNAMIC CONFIGURATION
Authors: Seidler Günter H.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The article describes the specific psychodynamics of ‘destructive narcissism’, a configuration which in its effects, if not in its intentions, can truly be said to be ‘destructive’. The two most widely used diagnostic manuals (ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV) correctly deny it the status of an illness or personality disorder in its own right, as it is more appropriately described as a fundamental anthropological dimension. As such it is similar in status to consciousness, bipersonal reciprocity or self‐referentiality. Its aim is the obliteration of the subject‐object relation. Destructive narcissism finds expression in a variety of manifestations differing according to context. They include some psychic symptoms and disorders. The article is also a plea for the application of psychoanalysis (enriched by a phenomenological perspective) to the discussion of anthropological issues.
ASSESSMENT ‐ WHAT FOR? WHO FOR?
Authors: Klein Josephine
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
It is customary for psychotherapists to write diagnostic assessments on prospective patients, either for their own use or for the use of those to whom the patient is referred for treatment. But our theories are not sufficiently advanced for such assessments to be very useful in indicating suitable treatment accurately. Indeed, on the whole, assessors refer patients to colleagues trained as they were trained, Freudians to Freudians, Kleinians to Kleinians, Gestalt to Gestalt, cognitive to cognitive, or else they refer according to the requirements of the institution they work in. Diagnosis does not indicate treatment in any generally agreed way.

Two attempts at a more systematic approach are sketched but, while we are waiting for diagnostic theory to catch up to the point where we can use it for therapy, some interim measures are suggested which would do more justice than is now done, both to the variety of human distress and the variety of therapeutic procedures currently available.
ISSUES FOR PREGNANT THERAPISTS: MISSED APPOINTMENTS AND FEE PAYMENTS
Authors: Napoli Maria
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Patterns of missed appointments and fee payments for six female clients who were in therapy for one year or more prior to the therapist's pregnancy were studied. The study revealed that there were significant differences in appointments missed and no significant differences in feepaying patterns during and following the pregnancy when compared to patterns prior to the pregnancy. The changes in appointment patterns can affect the therapist's attitude toward clients and intensify a sense of instability. Anticipation of such changes can prevent unnecessary stress for both the client and therapist.
COGNITIVE‐ANALYTIC THERAPY FOR BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER IN THE CONTEXT OF A COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH TEAM: INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHODYNAMIC IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Kerr Ian B.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Given that borderline personality disorder (BPD) is increasingly managed by community mental health teams (CMHTs), an exploration of the effectiveness of the cognitive‐analytic model (Ryle 1997a) was undertaken in this context. A young man with a primary diagnosis of BPD was offered a course of cognitive‐analytic therapy (CAT) by a member of the CMHT. Therapy was only partially successful, due apparently to the severity of the disorder but also, critically, to the absence of a shared understanding of the disorder by team members as well as other agencies involved. However, the CAT model, involving explicit reformulation, helped educate key members of the team about the disorder and the part they might play in it and to contain the splitting and anxiety provoked by such a patient. In addition, CAT created a reasonably robust therapeutic alliance, with more regular contact and no re‐admission during the period of therapy. An extended‘contextual’ reformulation can also offer a means of understanding the difficulties encountered in working with such patients, classically described by Main in‘The ailment’ (1957), and provide the conceptual containment required to work with such‘difficult’ patients.
PSYCHOTHERAPY SUPERVISION FACE‐TO‐FACE AND BY VIDEO CONFERENCING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Sorlie Tore , Gammon Deede , Bergvik Svein , Sexton Hal
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
A shortage in qualified psychotherapy supervisors in rural Norway motivated a study evaluating the quality of the supervision process when supervisors and trainees communicated by interactive audiovisual videoconferencing (VC). Six trainee and supervisor pairs participated in five alternating VC based and face‐to‐face sessions. The pairs had previously established a good face‐to‐face relationship. Self‐report data of the quality of communication, the alliance and disturbing elements in the supervision sessions were collected from specially designed questionnaires completed after each session. Independent ratings of the videotaped sessions and qualitative interviews conducted at the end of the study were also conducted. The only significant difference between the two conditions was that trainees scored higher on disturbing factors under VC conditions. Recommendations for use of VC are provided in light of the findings.
OEDIPUS ‐ BABY OR BATHWATER? A REVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES OF HOMOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Izzard Susannah
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough psychoanalysis has a new social consciousness regarding issues of homosexuality, the ramifications of new ways of thinking about these issues have yet to affect the theory of the Oedipus complex. To date there has been no review of the literature concerning the revision of developmental theory to reflect societal change and clinical insights into homosexuality. This article explores the options that are open to psychoanalytic thought in moving forward, by critically reviewing three different approaches to issues of development. Two main avenues seem open to the profession: to recapture the essence of Freud and retain an elaborated version of the Oedipus complex, or to argue that oedipal theory is so bound up with the socio‐political culture of the day in t too, like the patriarchal context, must be abandoned.
ASSESSMENT: THE STRUGGLE TOWARDS OBJECTIVITY
Authors: Berger Lorna
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
In this paper I aim to explore the dynamics inherent in the assessment process, with particular reference to the therapist's overall emotional response. This response is composed of the therapist's more personal, subjective feelings, as well as their countertransference. Under the pressure exerted by a limited time frame (one interview) and the magnitude of the task, the therapist's contribution to the dynamics will be significant and, I will argue, mutative, affecting the patient's behaviour and thus the direction of the interview. This will have an effect on the assessor's conclusions and recommendation.

The paper describes the therapist's struggle to maintain an observing stance, and to think psychodynamically and diagnostically, when meeting with a stranger at assessment.
PROFILE OF A POTENTIAL ABUSER
Authors: Balbernie Robin
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This is a study of a boy entering puberty who developed fantasies of sexually abusing younger children; it looks at a number of issues that lie behind such thoughts and the risk that they might be acted out. A child who has been the victim of inappropriate sexual advances from a parent may develop into an abuser themself later on in life, but this is not inevitable. Other risk factors have to be considered, and all taken in the context of the strong possibility that being exploited by a caregiver has left the child with neither a sense of trust nor an organized internal programme for creating fulfilling relationships (disorganized attachment) in the future. The six risk factors considered are: social isolation, unhelpful ego‐defences, distorted identity, lack of empathy, a need to dominate, and precipitating oedipal fantasies into reality. Work with a boy in whom all six risk factors coalesced is described.
DOUBLE BIND: A STUDY OF TWO PAIRS OF FEMALE MONOZYGOTIC TWINS CONCORDANT FOR ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Authors: Marsden Patricia , Lacey J. Hubert
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The cases of two pairs of female monozygotic twins concordant for anorexia nervosa are considered in order to explore the interrelationship between the psychodynamics of the twin relationship and the psychopathology of anorexia. It is suggested that twins face a dual task of separation‐individuation ‐ from mother and from the other twin ‐ and that separation‐ individuation between monozygotic twins presents particular difficulties. Anorexia nervosa may represent an attempt to avoid separation by means of a retreat to a pre‐adolescent state in which differences, envy and rivalry can be denied.
THE INEVITABILITY OF COMMUNICATION: QUESTIONS RAISED BY THE WORK WITH PRE‐VERBAL AUTISTIC AND MENTALLY DELAYED CHILDREN
Authors: Pires Luciana
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This text discusses theoretical dilemmas posed by the treatment of pre‐verbal patients who present themselves as‘out of reach’, like autistic and mentally delayed children. The questioning goes through concepts such as unconscious communication, countertransference, communication as a survival tool for the human species and Lacan's and Winnicott's‘Mirror Stage’. In this way, the clinic of such patients contributes to the thinking about the very nature of the communication between analyst and patient.
THE EDINBURGH PROJECT:A PILOT STUDY FOR THE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENT OF BORDERLINE AND OTHER SEVERE PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Authors: Cookson Alison , Espie Jonathan , Yates Kathleen
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTPatients with borderline and other severe personality disorders take up a disproportionate amount of time from psychiatric, accident and emergency and community services. The Edinburgh Project was commissioned to examine the process and outcome of time‐limited psychoanalytic psychotherapy with these patients. The project provided once weekly psychotherapy over the period of a year for 19 patients and administered a range of psychometric self‐report questionnaires at the beginning of the therapy, monthly and at 3, 13 and 20 months post‐therapy. This article presents the findings of those studies and relates them to the psychotherapeutic process. The results suggest that the model adopted in Edinburgh can help to reduce symptoms, acting out, impulsive feelings and behaviours and that these reductions are maintained at posttreatment follow‐ups.
MAPPING A DETOUR: WHY DID FREUD SPEAK OF A DEATH DRIVE?1
Authors: Black David M.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
When Freud first put forward his relatively late hypothesis of a death drive, he did so using a rather surprising argument from evolution. However, he came to support it with a neuroanatomical argument dating back to the earliest days of psychoanalysis. In this paper I look at these two streams of argument in some detail, and conclude that neither is persuasive. My thesis is then in two parts: firstly that the death drive, as such, probably merits no future in psychoanalytic thinking; secondly that, though mistaken, Freud's discussion of the death drive was hugely productive for the future development of psychoanalysis. Perhaps the abiding interest of the ‘death drive’ lies in this apparent paradox that mistaken theory can be truly fruitful.

… you are right in inferring that I have often been compelled to make detours in following my own path.