bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Features of Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 Air Quality over Asia under SSP Scenarios Based on CMIP6 Models
Authors: Sung Hyun Min , Shim Sungbo , Kim Jisun , Lee Jae-Hee , Sun Min-Ah , Chung Chu-Yong , Byun Young-Hwa
Published: March 2024

This study investigates changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and air-quality index (AQI) in Asia using nine different Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project 6 (CMIP6) climate model ensembles from historical and future scenarios under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The results indicated that the estimated present-day PM2.5 concentrations were comparable to satellite-derived data. Overall, the PM2.5 concentrations of the analyzed regions exceeded the WHO air-quality guidelines, particularly in East Asia and South Asia. In future SSP scenarios that consider the implementation of significant air-quality controls (SSP1-2.6, SSP5-8.5) and medium air-quality controls (SSP2-4.5), the annual PM2.5 levels were predicted to substantially reduce (by 46% to around 66% of the present-day levels) in East Asia, resulting in a significant improvement in the AQI values in the mid-future. Conversely, weak air pollution controls considered in the SSP3-7.0 scenario resulted in poor AQI values in China and India. Moreover, a predicted increase in the percentage of aged populations (>65 years) in these regions, coupled with high AQI values, may increase the risk of premature deaths in the future. This study also examined the regional impact of PM2.5 mitigations on downward shortwave energy and surface air temperature. Our results revealed that, although significant air pollution controls can reduce long-term exposure to PM2.5, it may also contribute to the warming of near- and mid-future climates.
Formation and photochemical aging of secondary organic aerosols from NO3 oxidation of phenolic compounds
Authors: Shen Hongru , Wu Rongrong , He Quanfu , Wang Hui , Baker Yarê , Zorn Sören , Fuchs Hendrik , Mentel Thomas , Zhao Defeng
Published: March 2024

Phenolic compounds containing at least one hydroxyl functional group on the aromatic ring constitute a significant fraction of volatile organic compounds precursors in urban cities, representing a wide range of environmental, climate, and health effects. Daytime OH oxidation and nighttime NO3 oxidation reactions are their main loss pathways. However, compared to OH oxidation, although NO3 reactions demonstrate higher chemical reactivities and potentially higher SOA yields, less is known about SOA formation from NO3 oxidation of phenolic compounds and their roles in next daytime OH oxidation aging. Here, we conducted NO3 oxidation experiments of phenol and o-cresol in SAPHIR-STAR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber-Stirred Atmospheric flow Reactor) and photochemical aging experiments in SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber). In both chamber experiments, an online EESI-ToF-MS (Extractive ElectroSpray Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer) was used for direct measurement of SOA composition on near-molecular level. Combining gas measurement using NO3- CI-ToF-MS (Chemical Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer), we showed a full picture of gas-phase products formation, their partitioning to particle phase, and photochemical aging of particle phase products. In contrast to OH oxidation reactions, highly oxygenated organic molecules (O≥6) contribute a small fraction of both gas (
Quantifying unaccounted greenhouse gas emissions due to the war in Ukraine – driver analysis, emission estimation, and implications to emission reporting
Authors: Bun Rostyslav , Marland Gregg , Oda Tomohiro , See Linda , Puliafito Enrique , Nahorski Zbigniew , Jonas Matthias , Kovalyshyn Vasyl , Ialongo Iolanda , Yashchun Orysia , Romanchuk Zoriana
Published: March 2024

Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a critical task for climate monitoring and mitigation actions.  Under the Paris Agreement, for example, accounting and reporting of GHG emissions are mandatory for Parties.  Reported emissions are often calculated using activity data approaches.  The robustness of the activity data collection is a key for obtaining accurate emission estimates; however, in a period of open conflict or war, the systems for data collection can be desperately damaged and destroyed and thus the ability of achieving robust GHG estimates and transparent reporting can be significantly hampered.  Also, military emissions, which are thought to be often poorly quantified, should increase significantly than peace times. We attempted to quantify GHG emissions during the first 18 months of the 2022/2023 full-scale war in Ukraine.  We first identified major, war-related, emission drivers and processes from the territory of Ukraine.  We analyzed publicly available data and used expert judgment to estimate emissions from (1) the use of bombs, missiles, barrel artillery, and mines; (2) the consumption of oil products for military operations; (3) fires at petroleum storage depots and refineries; (4) fires in buildings and infrastructure facilities; (5) fires on forest and agricultural lands; and (6) the decomposition of war-related garbage/waste.  Those sources are often not covered by current GHG inventory guidelines, and thus are not likely to be included in national inventory reports. Our estimate of the war-related emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) for the first 18 months of the war in Ukraine is 77 MtCO2-eq. with a relative uncertainty of ±22 % (95 % confidence interval).  It is important to note that these emissions are considered to be emissions from Ukraine in reporting because the emissions occurred within the territory of Ukraine.  The current emission accounting system (e.g. UNFCCC) is not designed to account war/conflict time emissions adequately.  The uncertainties due to the unaccounted emissions are also aliasing to our global and regional carbon budget calculations.
An inexact multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming approach for water-soil-fertilizer management under uncertainty considering “footprint family-planetary boundary” assessment
Authors: Zhang Yunquan , Yang Peiling
Published: March 2024

Water, energy, and food (WEF) are interlinked and create a dynamic system that impacts both human well-being and ecology. Given the importance of ecology within the WEF system, water resources serve as the core issue. The allocation of water resources in irrigation districts is a challenging problem for the coordinated development of agricultural production, water resources, and the ecological environment. The integration of stochastic multi-objective programming, fuzzy credibility-constrained programming, and mixed integer programming offers a solution to this issue, with the construction of a fuzzy credibility-constrained stochastic multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. The applicability and validity of this model were verified by applying it to the Kaikong Irrigation District (KID) of the Tarim River Basin in northwest China, with notable findings indicating that the optimized system reduces agricultural costs by 5.82%, increases irrigation water use efficiency by 1.80%, and reduces global warming potential by 6.45%. This study investigates the effects of diverse allocation strategies of water and land resources on the social, economic, and ecological subsystems and their interactions by downscaling four subprocesses PBs to the KID scale. The optimization model reveals that only the nitrogen footprint of Kuerle City surpasses the nitrogen boundary of the KID. The proposed solutions based on the model can encourage the green and ecologically-friendly development of agricultural production and can be applied to agricultural systems in arid regions with similar conditions. 
Contamination of steel slag waste on industrial soils of south-western Nigeria.
Authors: Ugwonoh Nelson
Published: March 2024

Ugwonoh1,3, P. Maleknia1, R. Khedhri1, Z.F. Ali1,4,S. Czigány2
1,3Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6.,7624, Pécs, Hungary.2Institute of Geography and Earth Science, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6.,7624, Pécs, Hungary.4Department of Geography, Faculty of Education, Koya University, Kurdistan region, Iraq.3Corresponding author, ugwonohnelson@gmail.com AbstractAs the demand for steel production increases, there is an increase in the disposal of steel slag, which may contaminate industrial soil due to the presence of heavy metals. Hence, this study examined the contamination of steel slag waste on industrial soil in southwestern Nigeria. Sample A (steel slag specimen) was provided by African Foundries Ltd. Sample B (soil samples) was collected using a soil auger at a dumping site in an industrial area. The three representative locations are Ogijo, Ogun State; Ibadan, Oyo State; and Ikeja, Lagos State.  Sample C was a mixture of steel slag and soil. The samples were pulverized, and the chemical composition of each sample for all locations was determined using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ARL QUANT’X EDXRF Analyzer) at the Research and Development Laboratory of the African Foundries Laboratory, Ogijo, Ogun State. The samples were dominated by Fe2O3, TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO oxides. The soil pH after slag addition increased, and the higher the slag addition, the higher the soil pH. A comparison was made between industrial soil samples (sample B) and the mixture of soil with steel slag (Sample C) using Pearson’s coefficient of correlation method. it was observed that the computed value of the Product moment correlation coefficient (r = + 0.89) of the samples for the first location falls within the table value (1 > r > 0.8) indicating that there is a strong positive linear correlation between the soil sample and the steel slag while for the other two locations the computed value of the Product moment correlation coefficient (r = + 0.77 and r = + 0.74) of the samples fall within the table value (0.8 > r > 0.4). The contamination/pollution index for heavy metals in the soil showed that vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), and barium (Ba) had very severe contamination (VSC) in the humus soil. Nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are severely contaminated in the soil, whereas (Fe), Chromium (Cr), and Zinc (Zn) are moderately contaminated.  Titanium (Ti) has slightly contaminated the soil.
Near-field measurements around offshore wind turbines show how they enhance hydrodynamics in their direct environment
Authors: Hendriks Erik , Langedock Kobus , van Duren Luca , Vanaverbeke Jan , Boone Wieter , Soetaert Karline
Published: March 2024

In the southern North Sea, a relatively shallow shelf sea, offshore wind farms are being constructed and planned on an extensive scale. To assess the possible ecosystem effects of these upscaling efforts (from 20GW in 2020 to more than 300 GW in 2050), we need to quantify the effect of turbines on local hydrodynamics and suspended matter dynamics. In this study, we present the results of a field campaign aiming at quantifying these effects.The campaign was undertaken in June 2022 in the Belgian Coastal Zone. We measured a set of hydrographic parameters at various locations around a single turbine, supplemented with water and sediment samples.The data reveal how the turbine enhances the local hydrodynamics and hydrographic parameters. In the turbine wake, we observe an increase in turbulent kinetic energy. This leads to a more well-mixed water column. At the water surface, this leads to colder and more saline water, while the water near the seabed becomes warmer and less saline. These effects are closely linked to the direction of the tidal current, as the turbine-induced wake is only several turbine diameters wide. The wake length is much longer, extending for several hundreds of meters behind the turbine.This presentation discusses the study setup and the steps required to quantify the impact of turbines on local hydrodynamics. Furthermore, we will discuss how this knowledge is implemented in large-scale models, as this step is crucial for assessing the ecosystem impact of upscaled offshore wind.
Depleted uranium migration in soil vadose zone due to a corroded penetrator of former armed conflicts
Authors: Wang Yuheng , Li Cui , Liang Yanru , Astner Markus , Paterson David J. , Wang Linlin , Guagliardo Paul , Aleshin Matvei , Burger Mario , Kopittke Peter M.
Published: March 2024

Corrosion of depleted uranium (DU) in armor penetrators can lead to DU contamination of soil and groundwater. This is a serious environmental problem at former theatres of war where DU penetrators had been used. However, literature on such DU migration is still scant. In the present study, a soil profile underneath a penetrator that had corroded over 7 y in Bosnia and Herzegovina was investigated. The highest concentration of DU was ~45,300 mg/kg in the layer immediately beneath the penetrator. But the concentration decreased rapidly in deeper soil layers. As a result, most (99.9%) of the released DU was within the 17 cm beneath the penetrator. Using electron microscopy, we found that the DU was primarily in the form of detrital U mineral particles near the penetrator (0-15 cm), and was mainly present as soluble form adsorbed on clay minerals and iron oxides in deeper soil layers (15-50 cm). Combining synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy (XFM) and micro-scale X-ray absorption spectroscopy (μ-XAS) analyses, we showed that the DU in the soil profile was mostly hexavalent, consistent with the oxic conditions of the vadose zone. Overall, this work revealed that the DU migration rate in the soil vadose zone was relatively slow. However, DU would eventually reach the underlying aquifer and pose a serious long-term risk, if the penetrator had been left in soil for decades.
Arctic Processes Under Ice: Structures in a Changing Climate
Authors: Allemang Owen
Published: March 2024

The Arctic region is undergoing unprecedented transformations due to Arctic amplification, warming at twice the global average rate. This warming has led to a drastic reduction in sea ice, with predictions of ice-free Arctic summers before 2050. Such profound changes signal a shift to a new climatic regime, posing significant risks to regional communities, industries, and ecosystems.This research addresses the urgent need to understand the evolving Arctic environment by harnessing machine learning (ML) to analyse sparse oceanic data. Utilising nearly two decades of Ice Tethered Profilers (ITP) data, complemented by ship-based (U-DASH), and ARGO profiles, this study aims to investigate the structure and dynamics of the Arctic Ocean.We fit a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to our observations, assigning each data point into a different cluster or class. Despite no spatial information being provided to the model, we find coherent classes emerge. We analyse the properties of each class, compare them with standard water masses from the literature, and look at decadal trends in properties such as oxygen saturation. This approach promises to enhance our understanding of Arctic water masses and their evolving role in a changing environment.
Investigating the effects of initial soil moisture and the uncertainty of Manning friction coefficient on flood hazard estimation and mapping.
Authors: Loukas Athanasios , Katsiolas Anastasios , Papaioannou George
Published: March 2024

Floods are among the most devastating water-related hazards and are primarily responsible for the loss of human life and destruction of the natural and man-made environment. This study addresses the estimation and mapping of flood hazard in small mountain watersheds with urban areas at the lowlands and the related uncertainty. Specifically, this research studies the flood hazard for the Metropolitan city of Volos in Central Greece, which is frequently affected by intense storms that cause flash floods. The above study area is crossed by three (3) streams.The methodology used in the study is divided into three stages. At first the 24-hour design storm hydrographs were constructed for the three sub-basins of the study area with using the mean IDF parameters and the relevant confidence limits. The Alternating Block Method was used for the design hyetographs for return periods, T = 50-year, T=100-year and T=1000-year (worst-case scenario). The second stage concerns the hydrological analysis using a rainfall-runoff model. Firstly, the net rainfall was estimated by using the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) method for three (3) soil's Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMC) for dry-average-wet conditions. Then, the net rainfall was transformed by using the Instantaneous Unit Clark hydrograph into discharge and the flood hydrographs for each return period were estimated. At the final stage, the flood hydrograph estimated for each watershed was routed through the hydrographic network using the HEC-RAS 2D hydraulic-hydrodynamic simulation (2D) model.  For the flow routing, Manning’s n was estimated for various cross sections by visual inspection and corresponding values reported in international reports. The “upper” and “lower” boundaries of Manning’s n were estimated as the -50% and +50% of the average Manning’s n values, respectively. In this simulation approach, flood hazard maps for three return periods, T=50, T=100 and T=1000 years considering three different soil moisture conditions and three different values of Manning’s n have been estimated. The values of Manning’s n in the flood plain were estimated by using land cover/land use data.  The flow routing with in the urban areas was simulated by the block rising method. In total twenty-seven (27) flood scenarios have been simulated for each watershed. The results were validated with the flooded areas during a specific historical flood event using the Critical Success Index (CSI) method and reports and photographs of the historical flood event. The results of hydrological analysis and hydraulic simulation were also compared with the results of the Greek Flood Hazard Management Plans.
Health integration in climate-related policies: evidence and gaps in the EU policy context  
Authors: de Luca Claudia , Cavalieri Benedetta , Baldassarre Benedetta , Ommer Joy , Kalas Milan
Published: March 2024

Climate change represents the greatest threat to human health, with both direct and indirect effects. 

The direct increase of deaths, due to extreme weather and climate events, the emergence and spread of infectious diseases related to changing temperature, habitat and precipitation patterns, and eventually climate shocks and growing stress and anxiety that are affecting mental health. Moreover, extreme weather events cause issues on our health systems and infrastructures, reducing capacity to provide health coverage.  

An increasing awareness on adverse effects of climate change is leading to an update of the EU policy framework through the introduction of  the EU Green Deal, a ‘package’ of directive, policies and strategies to ensure planning, monitoring and reporting of progress towards responsive climate adaptation and climate neutrality; however, a clear demonstration of the health-relevant outcomes of climate policies and actions is still missing, and current policies do not properly consider human health protection.  

The study is developed within the Horizon Europe-funded project TRIGGER, aimed at deepening the understanding of the linkage between climate change and health and advancing society uptake at policy level. 

Starting from mapping and screening the existing climate-related policies and measures at European level, this study assesses the integration of health in such documents. Specifically, through a keyword-based content analysis, it evaluates the integration of health-relevant considerations in 11 European plans and strategies, referring to climate mitigation and adaptation, environmental sustainability and biodiversity conservation. To establish to what extent they consider the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on human health, a qualitative assessment of health integration is performed, exploring also, when available, cost-benefits estimation to possible health impacts and health-related indicators developed.  

The results show that extreme events, such as heat waves and droughts, heavy precipitation and flooding, are the climate-related hazards mostly mentioned in relation to health, even though the policy integration remains limited. Indeed, just few policies contain references to physical health impacts determined by climate change, such as infectious and vector borne diseases, injuries from extreme weather events and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, while social and mental health effects are even less considered.  

 
Hydraulic Conductivity and Water Retention Functions of Porous Rock and Glacial Till Soil: Quasi-Steady Centrifuge versus Evaporation Methods
Authors: Caputo Maria Clementina
Published: March 2024

Hydraulic Conductivity and Water Retention Functions of Porous Rock and Glacial Till Soil: Quasi-Steady Centrifuge versus Evaporation MethodsMaria Clementina Caputo1, Lorenzo De Carlo1, Antonietta Celeste Turturro1, Horst Herbert Gerke21CNR National Research Council, IRSA Water Research Institute, via Francesco De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy2Research Area 1 “Landscape Functioning”, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany  Experimental laboratory measurements of the hydraulic conductivity and the water retention functions have a crucial role in describing the solid matrix-water dynamics. However, the direct determination of the hydraulic conductivity, K, as a function of the pressure head, h, is still difficult.  It is often estimated indirectly from the water retention curve, which relates the water content, θ, to h, or obtained by using pedotransfer functions or by field data of  pumping tests.In this study the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values of carbonate porous rocks and soil clods were measured by means of evaporation, Quasi-Steady Centrifuge (QSC) and double-membrane steady-through flow methods. Water retention curves were obtained by using the evaporation, QSC, suction table, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) and pressure chambers methods. Samples belonging to two rock lithotypes collected in southern Italy and to two soil clods coming from northeastern Germany were tested. The data were fitted to the unimodal and bimodal functions of van Genuchten and the Peters-Durner-Iden models by using the LABROS SoilView Analysis software. The bimodal functions better described the experimental data of both the studied rocks and soils.The soil compaction during the centrifuge runs performed by applying the QSC method, corroborated by changed values of bulk density, porosity, tortuosity, and pore connectivity after the runs, confirms that this method is not suitable to non-rigid media.The results confirm that the QSC method allows measuring the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values for rock samples. The larger range of experimental hydraulic conductivity values helps to improve the fitting and obtain the more accurate of the hydraulic conductivity function to better describe the unsaturated rock-soil-water dynamics.
Coupling Preferential Flow and Flow-induced Strain in Heterogeneous Rock-like Medium 
Authors: Bachrach Arnold , Edery Yaniv
Published: March 2024

Pressurized fluid injection into underground rocks occurs in applications like carbon sequestration, hydraulic fracturing, and wastewater disposal and may lead to human-induced earthquakes and to surface uplift. Yet, the full mechanical response of the underground to those injections is largely unknown. As the underground cannot be observed directly, experimental studies are crucial for understanding its mechanical reaction to fluid injection. Yet the need to maintain high pressure flow while tracking deformation complexes the execution of such experiments in comparison to standard mechanical tests. In this study we use a unique-transparent porous medium, made from chemically sintered Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) beads, to simulate the underground rocks. We inject into the medium fluid at increasing pressure while measuring its internal plane-strain field as it deforms. We find that although the medium is constrained in its periphery, internal strains still occur perpendicular to the flow, compensated by the medium itself. While the medium’s overall strain shows clear reversibility, the internal perpendicular strain variations show very little to no recovery at all. Flow simulations over permeability fields, derived from the measured strain, reveal that internal strain variations have a significant impact on preferential flow within the medium. Together with the measured strain, the simulations results constitute a strong base for modeling the local heterogenous coupling between preferential flow and deformation in the underground due to fluid injections.
Eruptive parameters of volcanoes Melón, Mina, Tzinzimacato Grande, Tzinzimacato Chico (Mexico) from morphology and petrographic studies 
Authors: Delgado Granados Hugo , Hernández Villamizar Daniela
Published: March 2024

Four monogenetic volcanoes were formed during the last 100 ka (Late Pleistocene), west of the city of Morelia (Mexico), in the central-eastern part of the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, located in the central region of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. These include four scoria cones (Melón, Mina, Tzinzimacato Grande, and Tzinzimacato Chico) and some lava flow deposits associated with the material emitted during the effusive phase of the volcanoes. From the study of stratigraphic relationships in the field and geological mapping, the eruptive chronology of the monogenetic volcanoes was determined. Subsequently, based on the analysis of the morphological (flow dimensions) and petrographic characteristics, the eruptive parameters (effusion rate and emplacement time) and the rheology of the lavas were estimated. The flow units of the effusive phase of the volcanoes present different morphological and mineralogical characteristics. The flows with greater slopes have average viscosities of 2.7x108 P and a higher volume content of phenocrysts; the value of this property decreases in the flows with lower slopes, 1.7x108 P as respectively. The results indicate that the most voluminous eruption corresponds to that emitted by the Mina volcano, with an effusion rate of 2.3 m3/s and a total duration of 239 days. The Tzinzimacato Chico volcano emitted a smaller volume of lava during its eruption, with an effusion rate of 0.9 m3/s and a total duration of 117 days, which is considered the most recent.
Modeling the Evolution of Transform Faults: Influence of Mid-Ocean Ridge Spreading Dynamics
Authors: Zhang Yinuo , Ruepke Lars , Zhang Fan , Liu Sibiao , Grevemeyer Ingo
Published: March 2024

The role of transform faults, significant plate boundaries located on the seafloor, in influencing and modifying the spreading processes of adjacent mid-ocean ridges has long been a subject of investigation. However, the reciprocal impact of spreading rate and magma supply on the development and demarcation of transform faults has not been fully addressed. Observations from the Atlantic further suggest that long offset transform faults tend to remain stable upon variations in magma supply at the adjacent ridge segments, while shorter transforms are frequently abandoned during axis reorganizations by e.g. propagating ridges. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional model to examine the response of transform faults to variations in magma supply at the adjacent ridges.  In a suite of model runs, we change offset, transform fault rheology, and magma supply to evaluate if shorter transforms are more likely to be abandoned or replaced by non-transform offsets than longer transforms. We confront our modeling insights with observations from the North Atlantic, particularly between latitudes 30°N and 35°N, where the Atlantis, Hayes, and Oceanographer transforms appear to have been stable on long time scales, while the shorter segmentations in between have experienced multiple reorganizations. 
A short review of the processes explaining water quality improvement during Soil Aquifer Treatment
Authors: Carrera Jesús , Rodriguez-Escales Paula , Valhondo Cristina , Martinez-Landa Lurdes , Diaz-Cruz Silvia , Piña Benjamín , Contreras Albert , Quintana Gerard , Navarro-Martin Laia
Published: March 2024

Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) consists of recharging the effluents of wastewater treatment plants across the soil (possibly reinforced with a reactive layer), unsaturated zone, and aquifer. It has been known since long that a dramatic water quality improvement occurs after soil and aquifer passage. However, the actual contaminant removal mechanisms remain open to discussion. Here, we summarize results observed at a number of sites displaying significant degradation of the most recalcitrant chemical compounds, as well as orders of magnitude reduction of antibiotic resistance and pathogen indicators. We have observed that the most toxic species, with significant partition coefficients, tend to accumulate in biofilms, where microorganisms accumulate. The accumulation of degrading microorganisms at the place where they can be degraded suggest natural selection. Further, a broad range of redox conditions, from aerobic to sulphate reduction (and, thus, a broad diversity of microbial communities), do occur during SAT. Together, these processes ensure a an extremely bioactive environment, which explains the dramatic reduction in toxicity we have observed after relatively modest (some 15 days) residence time in the aquifer. An implication from these observations is that the strict conditions imposed by the EU on SAT must be relaxed.
Mineral chemistry and water-rock interaction in exhumed mantle rocks at the Atlantis Massif: Insights from the newly drilled (April-June 2023) IODP Exp. 399
Authors: Osborne William , Savov Ivan , Agostini Samuele , McCaig Andrew , Baker Emily ,   International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 399 Sci Party
Published: March 2024

Hydrothermal circulation at slow-ultraslow spreading ridges represents the primary means by which seawater can penetrate the oceanic crust. This process redistributes volatile elements that can be sequestered in hydrous alteration minerals and later remobilised during plate subduction. Accordingly, the hydration state of the oceanic crust fundamentally influences a variety of fluid-mediated processes across subduction zones.Numerous drill cores penetrate the upper oceanic crust and provide relatively robust constraints on the volatile content of sedimentary and volcanic crustal components. However, very few drill cores sample the lower gabbroic and lithospheric mantle crustal domains, which are rich in hydrous minerals (serpentine, brucite, amphibole, chlorite, talc, zeolites, etc.). This has led to considerable uncertainty regarding the volatile makeup of the crust entering subduction zones, and the behaviour of fluid tracers such as boron and its isotopes.Lower crustal units are exposed by domal detachment faulting at the Atlantis Massif (30°N; Mid-Atlantic Ridge). We will present preliminary data from IODP Expedition 399, which recovered 1268m of serpentinized mantle peridotite and subordinate gabbroic rocks from the southern wall of the massif, proximal to the famous Lost City Hydrothermal Field. This is by far the longest core ever drilled in situ in serpentinized oceanic peridotite. We will report whole-rock and mineral (serpentine, amphibole, chlorite, prehnite, talc, Cr-spinel, oxide) chemistry in order to investigate the down-hole style of alteration. This will include whole-rock 11/10 B and 87/86 Sr isotope ratios to assess the role of seawater vs. possible ongoing metamorphic alteration at depth. These data represent an important step towards quantifying the fluid mobile element budgets and specifically the boron and 11/10 B content of the lower oceanic crust.
Detecting Climate Change Impacts on Socio-Hydrological Systems in the Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Williams David , Knapp Corrine , Shuman Bryan , Geerts Bart , Bukovsky Melissa , Ewers Brent , Albeke Shannon , Collins Sarah , Hamerlinck Jeff , Inouye Martha , Lund Jewell , Nippgen Fabian , Paige Ginger
Published: March 2024

Observation networks established in complex mountain landscapes promise to address critical gaps in understanding of socio-hydrological systems and their process interactions operating at local to regional scales. Knowledge of vulnerabilities and risks founded on observed biophysical and socioeconomic conditions and responses is required to represent realistic scenarios in model simulations of climate change impacts on managed water resources. Socio-hydrological observatories often lack design coordination that consequently constrains the ability to link processes and detect feedbacks across scales and domain boundaries. The goal of the 5-year (2022-2027) project WyACT (Wyoming Anticipating Climate Transitions) is to build adaptive capacity in headwater mountain communities in the Greater Yellowstone Area of of the Rocky Mountains founded on observations, simulation modeling, and driven stakeholder needs and participation. A key feature of WyACT is the development, from the ground up, of a regional observatory network that explicitly coordinates observations of socioeconomic, hydrological, and ecological responses to climate-driven stressors. WY-SEaSON (Wyoming Socio-Environmental Systems Observatory Network) will quantify and monitor the range of responses of snowpack and soil moisture, streamflow, aquatic ecosystems, vegetation stress and fire risk, economic risk perception, and preferred adaptation pathways to a changing climate in a key headwaters region that feeds three major river drainages in western North America. This presentation highlights the structure of WY-SEaSON including the operating principles, goals, mission, and design with examples of emerging and integrated observations.
Noise Characteristics in Single and Multi-GNSS Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution: A Comparative Analysis of GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo
Authors: Erkihune Eshetu , Teferle Felicia , Hunegnaw Addisu , Duman Hüseyin
Published: March 2024

In Precise Point Positioning (PPP) GNSS processing strategy, understanding the stochastic noise, particularly white plus power-law and white plus flicker noise, is essential for improving precision of coordinate estimates. In this study, we present an analysis of single-system and multi-GNSS PPP AR solutions using observations from the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo constellations. We employed three independent software packages, the Bernese GNSS Software v5.4 (BSW5.4), PRIDE-PPPAR (PRIDE) and GipsyX v2.1 (GX2.1), each employing their recommended set of products and processing settings, while attempting to keep settings as consistent as possible between the software packages and processing runs. We processed data from 50 globally distributed IGS stations, carefully selected for known quality and network geometry, for 2019.0 – 2023.5. In our recently showed that Galileo's single-GNSS solutions outperform GPS and GLONASS in precision (AGU2023 conference poster presentation). Combining GPS with Galileo provide the highest precision in coordinate estimates. This was confirmed through consistent results from three PPP-AR tools. We highlight the advantage of combining GPS and Galileo for superior GNSS positioning precision. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive noise and power spectra analysis of the position time series, focusing on solutions from GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo constellations and combinations. A comprehensive exploration was performed, initially delving into the precision of coordinate estimates through both single system (GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo) solutions and multi-GNSS solutions (including all possible binary and triple combinations) followed by an investigation of the noise characterstics using the Hector v2.0 software. We employed both power-law plus white noise and flicker plus white noise models to assess the behavior and amplitude of the different noises. Moreover, this research uses spectral analysis to emphasize power reduction strategies for periodic signals in single-system and multi-GNSS solutions. 
Differentiable Geomodeling: towards a tighter implementation of structural geological models into geophysical inverse frameworks
Authors: Wellmann Florian , de la Varga Miguel , Liang Zhouji
Published: March 2024

Geological models can be constructed with a variety of mathematical methods. Generally, we can describe the modeling process in a formal way as a functional relationship between input parameters (geological observations, orientations, interpolation parameters) and an output in space (lithology, stratigraphy, rock property, etc.). However, in order to obtain a suitable implementation in geophysical inverse frameworks, we have to consider specific requirements. In recent years, a substantial amount of work focused on low-dimensional parameterizations and efficient automation of geological modeling methods, as well as their combination with suitable geophysical forward simulations. In this contribution, we focus on differential geomodelling approaches, which allow for an integration of geological modeling methods into gradient-based inverse approaches.In this work, we emphasize differential geomodelling approaches. These approaches seamlessly integrate geological modeling methods into gradient-based inverse approaches. To achieve this integration, we actively employ modern machine learning frameworks, specifically TensorFlow and PyTorch. We then incorporate these geometric geological modeling methods into a Stein Variational Gradient Descent (SVGD) algorithm. SVGD is adept at addressing the challenges of multimodality in probabilistic inversion. Moreover, we demonstrate the implementation of these methods in a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo approach.Our results are promising, showing that treating geological modeling as a differentiable approach unlocks new possibilities. This method facilitates novel applications in the integration of geological modeling with geophysical inversion, paving the way for advanced research in this field.
An innovative method to qualitatively measure the wettability of sandstone reservoirs based on the sequential extraction and fluorescence analysis
Authors: Yan Haijun , Wang Zhongnan , Liu Keyu , Yu Jing , Zheng Guoqiang , Ji Lidan , Li Yilong , Zhang Yuxiang
Published: March 2024

Wettability is a key factor controlling the flow and distribution of multiphase fluids in reservoirs. The study of reservoir wettability is of great significance to understand the mechanism of oil and gas migration and improving oil and gas recovery. The oil reservoirs have various wetting characteristics, including water wet, neutrally wet and oil wet states. The conventional methods for reservoir wettability analysis, including the contact angle, Amott index and the USBM index, have been currently established in the petroleum industry. The contact angle method is relatively simple, but it is not suitable for the reservoir samples with complex mineral composition and strong heterogeneity. Amott and USBM method based on oil-water displacement are encountering problems such as long test time and large errors, when applied to low-permeability and tight reservoirs. This study takes the low-permeability and tight sandstone reservoirs in the Ordos Basin as an example. Based on the measurement of oil and water content in the rock using the nuclear magnetic resonance, the Amott-Harvey index was tested. Then the twin powder sample was sequentially extracted for 72 hours with the fluorescence spectrum of the extracted organic matter was tested every 12 hours. The fluorescence spectrum of the crude oil in the same production layer was also tested, and then the relationship between the fluorescence characteristics of the extracted organic matter and the Amott-Harvey index was analyzed. Finally, a new method for rapid and qualitative evaluation of reservoir wettability was established. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Crude oil represents the characteristics of free hydrocarbons in the reservoir, and its fluorescence spectrum has a fluorescence intensity peak around 375 nm. (2) The firstly extracted organic matter contains both free hydrocarbons and adsorbed hydrocarbons, and its fluorescence spectrum has a double peak with a wavelength of 375nm as the main peak and 460nm as a secondary peak. The last extracted organic matter has a lower proportion of free hydrocarbons and a higher proportion of adsorbed hydrocarbons compared with firstly extracted one. The fluorescence spectrum mostly shows double peaks with the same fluorescence intensities at the wavelength of 375nm and 460nm. (3) The ratio of fluorescence intensity of the extracted organic matter at a wavelength of 460nm to 375nm (I460nm/I375nm) may reflect the coverage proportion of the rock surface by adsorbed hydrocarbons, and thus can be used as a parameter indicating the wettability of the rock. The I460nm/I375nm value of the last extracted organic matter has a strong correlation with the Amott-Harvey index, therefore it can be used to qualitatively evaluate the reservoir wettability.
Unraveling Temporal Complexities in Lake Science through Sediment Records and Process-Based Models 
Authors: Jenny Jean-Philippe , Soares Laura M. V. , Mazure Theo , Desgué-Itier Olivia
Published: March 2024

The expected alterations in nutrient levels and climate conditions are projected to significantly reduce oxygen concentrations in numerous stratified lakes globally. Nevertheless, the exact duration, timing, and consequences on lake oxygen over decadal to centennial scales remain uncertain due to the limited availability of long-term monitoring data. In this study, we introduce an innovative model-data assimilation approach that integrates 150 years of limnological and paleolimnological data to assess the human-induced impact and future outlook of dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in the renowned Lake Geneva under various climate scenarios. Pluri-decadal series of limnological data monthly collected by the French Observatoire des LAcs (OLA database) were used to calibrate and validate the model. In addition, model outputs were further validated with published paleolimnological records for the past 170 years. Results of the calibration procedure show that the GLM-AED2 model accurately predicts the magnitude and seasonal dynamics of the state variables with goodness-of-fit metrics under the literature range (e.g. RMSE = 0.96 mg L–1 and RRMSE = 25% for dissolved oxygen; RMSE = 6.53 ug L–1 and RRMSE = 37% for chlorophyll-a, both in the epilimnion). Our analysis reveals that over centennial timescales, it was eutrophication combined with reduced winter mixing that initiated prolonged and severe bottom-water hypoxia. Conversely, examining the recent years and projecting forward to 2100, climate change is poised to be the primary driver of hypoxia in Lake Geneva and analogous lakes, even with decreased phosphorus concentrations. Our results strongly advocate for the necessity of reducing local phosphorus inputs in stratified lakes to avert deoxygenation. However, it is essential to acknowledge that doing so may also limit lake productivity due to nutrient availability.
Interactions and Connectivity between Large Inland Lakes, Coastal Wetlands and Groundwater
Authors: Heerspink Brent , Kendall Anthony
Published: March 2024

Changing climate conditions have altered sea and inland lake levels around the globe, including in the world's largest inland lake system, North America's Laurentian Great Lakes. These five lakes span the border between the United States and Canada, holding ~23,000 km3 of freshwater, including ~4,000 km3 of groundwater, which represents ~21% of the world's available freshwater. Rapid interannual changes in lake elevation of 1-2m over the last 25 years have occurred due to changing climatic conditions including precipitation, lake surface temperature and the extent of winter ice cover. Significant effort has been invested to develop predictive models for climate, runoff and lake levels in the Great Lakes region. Recent hydrologic modeling efforts have also investigated interactions between the Great Lakes and the adjacent groundwater aquifers, with a focus on groundwater as a source or sink of water to the lakes. Yet little attention has been given to the coastal hydrologic processes that control the feedback between lake levels and groundwater response. Here, we investigate the effects of lake level changes on terrestrial groundwater elevations with a coupled surface and groundwater hydrology model encompassing the entire State of Michigan, using the Landscape Hydrology Model (LHM). LHM is a gridded, process-based surface and shallow subsurface water balance model coupled to USGS MODFLOW which simulates saturated groundwater processes. We tested the effect of lake levels on terrestrial groundway by running a set of model experiments using consistent climate forcing data and different lake elevations as groundwater model boundary conditions. Results indicate the changing lake levels drive changes in terrestrial groundwater elevations of up to 2m and as far as 20 km inland. Here, we extend this study to consider how these lake-level induced changes in groundwater elevation affect the hydrologic connectivity of coastal wetlands. We explicitly consider both surface connectivity and groundwater connectivity, and how those vary in space and time. Given the predicted impacts of climate change on sea and lake levels globally, it is important to understand how feedbacks between surface and groundwater in coastal regions affect the connectivity of and ecosystem services provided by coastal wetlands. 
Do gas fluxes from numerical modeling and from field data match ?
Authors: Collombet Marielle , Burgisser Alain , Bresch Didier , Narbona Reina Gladys
Published: March 2024

Modeling magma ascent within volcanic conduits is not an easy task since it involves complex physical interactions between melt, crystals and gas. Since the evolution of gas content mainly controls the eruptive dynamics, we have to do our best to understand and quantify how and when this gas phase exsolves from the melt, expands and finds its way toward the surface, possibly independently from the melt. In order to follow these phenomena with time, we developed a new 1.5D two-phase system which takes, among others, effects of pressure, temperature, volatile exchanges (including diffusion and viscous relaxation) between the melt and gas phases into account. First tests with this numerical model have then been conduced in order to see if we manage to reproduce gas content and gas fluxes prior to the July 2013 vulcanian eruption at Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador.
Environmentally-uncoupled tree stem methane fluxes from temperate, Mediterranean and tropical upland ecosystems
Authors: Barba Josep , Gauci Vincent
Published: March 2024

Trees can emit methane to the atmosphere through the stems. These fluxes might represent a large (and still unaccounted for) source of methane from forests to the atmosphere, but the uncertainties related with the spatial variability are still too large for properly estimating their contribution to the regional CH4 budgets. The general understanding is that these emissions are microbial–produced (either originated in soils or in the heartwood of trees), and thus, they are assumed to be temperature-and-water dependent. However, this assumption has not been tested yet at large scales, from different and contrasted ecosystems and with multiple species. In this study, we measured stem CH4 fluxes on more than 400 trees from 28 different species, spanning temperate, Mediterranean and tropical ecosystems. Our main goal was to distinguish between site-specific, species-specific, and environmental effects on controlling stem CH4 fluxes. Preliminary results showed that species identity regulates stem CH4 fluxes independently of environmental conditions, which might be due to wood properties providing a range of internal stem microhabitats for methanogenic communities or controlling gas diffusivity through the wood.  