bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Lipedema with Ketogenic Diet: 22-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Cannataro Roberto , Michelini Sandro , Ricolfi Lorenzo , Caroleo Maria , Gallelli Luca , De Sarro Giovambattista , Onorato Alberto , Cione Erika
Published: December 2021

Lipedema is a pathology of adipose tissue, still of unclear etiology and challenging to diagnose. For these reasons, a therapeutic approach is also complex and sometimes controversial. The inflammation state present in lipedema can be limited by controlling the glycemic peaks. Specifically, the ketogenic diet (KD) seems to have the right conditions to be effective. Herein, we reported a subject diagnosed with lipedema who, with only KD nutritional intervention, achieved a significant weight loss (−41 Kg), with a net decrease in body circumferences, and also reporting an improvement in pain, and therefore in the overall quality of life. She refused other types of intervention and kept KD for two years. This case could represent the first step to organize a KD nutritional protocol specifically applied to lipedema.
Biliary hCGβ Is a Potential Novel Marker for Prediction of Biliary Neoplasia in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Patients
Authors: Koistinen Hannu , Boyd Sonja , Arola Johanna , Jokelainen Kalle , Koistinen Riitta , Lempiäinen Anna , Hotakainen Kristina , Stenman Ulf-Håkan , Färkkilä Martti
Published: December 2021

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Novel markers, to complement or replace CA19-9, are urgently needed for the screening of PSC-associated biliary neoplasia. Previous studies have suggested that serum trypsinogen-2 and human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit (hCGβ) may serve as such markers. Using highly specific in-house immunoassays, we studied trypsin(ogen)-2 and -3, SPINK1 and hCGβ in bile samples of 214 patients, referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. We found that biliary trypsinogen-2 was decreased (p = 0.027) and hCGβ was elevated (p < 0.001) in PSC patients who were diagnosed 1.6 years (median, range 0.1–8.8 years) later with CCA or in whom biliary dysplasia was observed at least twice in brush cytology (n = 11) as compared to PSC patients without CCA or repeated dysplasia (n = 171). The other studied markers did not show significant differences between these groups. Our results warrant further evaluation of hCGβ as a predictive marker for PSC-associated biliary neoplasia.
Rheologically Assisted Design of Conductive Adhesives for Stencil Printing on PCB
Authors: Silva Ângelo D. M. , Silva Mariana M. , Figueiredo Hugo , Delgado Isabel , Lopes Paulo E. , Paiva Maria C. , Hilliou Loic
Published: December 2021

Driven by the need to deliver new, lead-free, eco-friendly solder pastes for soldering electronic components to Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) based on epoxy, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and exfoliated graphite (EG) were designed. The rheology of the adhesives prepared is paramount for the success of the deposition process, which is based on stencil printing. Thus, a rheological analysis of the process was first performed. Then, an experimental protocol was defined to assess the relevant viscoelastic characteristics of the adhesives for stencil printing application. Different composite formulations of epoxy/CNT/EG were produced. Their rheological characteristics were established following the designed protocol and benchmarked with a commercial solder paste. The thermal and electrical properties of the composite formulations were also characterized. As a result, a new, electrically conductive adhesive was delivered with potential to be an eco-friendly alternative to the solder paste currently used in stencil printing of PCB.
Impact Resistance of Polypropylene Fibre-Reinforced Alkali–Activated Copper Slag Concrete
Authors: Chakrawarthi Vijayaprabha , Avudaiappan Siva , Amran Mugahed , Dharmar Brindha , Raj Jesuarulraj Leon , Fediuk Roman , Aepuru Radhamanohar , Vatin Nikolai , Saavedra Flores Erick
Published: December 2021

Copper slag (CS) is produced during the smelting process to separate copper from copper ore. The object of the experimental research is to find the optimum percentage of CS and PPF volume fraction when CS replaces fine aggregate, and PPF volume fraction when subjected to impact loading. Copper slag was incorporated as 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with PPF of 0.2–0.8% with 0.2% increment. The number of blows on failure of the specimen increases as the fibre volume increases. In addition, the energy absorption of composite concrete is higher than that of ordinary concrete. Concrete with up to 40% CS and 0.6% PPF volume shows a 111.72% increase in the number of blows for failure as compared to the control specimen. The impact resistance at failure was predicted by regression analysis, and very high regression coefficients of 0.93, 0.98 and 0.98 were obtained respectively at 7-, 14- and 28-days curing. In addition to regression analysis, a two-parameter Weibull distribution analysis was used to obtain reliable data on the number of blows at first cracking and eventual failure. The energy absorption at 28-day curing period is 1485.81 Nm which is 284% higher than the control mix. Based on the findings, it can be inferred that adding CS up to 60% densifies the microstructure due to its pozzolanic activity, while polypropylene fibre acts as a micro reinforcement, increasing the number of blows.
The Technological Process of Obtaining New Linen Dressings Did Not Cause the Loss of Their Wound-Healing Properties
Authors: Gębarowski Tomasz , Jęśkowiak Izabela , Janeczek Maciej , Żuk Magdalena , Dobosz Agnieszka , Wiatrak Benita
Published: December 2021

Background: Linen dressings were invented a few years ago but are still being worked on. Methods: The obtained fabrics from the traditional variety of flax (Nike), two transgenic types of flax (M50 and B14) and the combination of these two flax fibers (M50 + B14) were tested in direct contact in cell cultures. Cell viability tests were performed, and the proliferation potential of cells on Balb3T3 and NHEK cell lines was checked using the Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) test. Moreover, the effect of new linen fabrics on apoptosis of THP-1 cells, as well as on the cell cycle of NHEK, HMCEV and THP-1, cells after 24 h of incubation was assessed. Results: All tested linen fabrics did not raise the number of necrotic cells. The tested fabrics caused a statistically significant decrease in the total protein content in skin cancer (except for 0.5 cm of Nike-type fabrics). The smallest cells in the apoptotic phase were in cultures treated with M50 fiber on an area of 0.5 cm. After 48 h of incubation of HEMVEC, NHEK and THP-1 cells with the tested fabrics, the growth of S-phase cells was noticed in all cases. At the same time, the greatest increase was observed with the use of B14 fabric. Necrosis is not statistically significant. Conclusions: All the obtained flax fibers in the form of flax dressings did not lose their wound-healing properties under the influence of the technological process. New dressings made of genetically modified flax are a chance to increase the effectiveness of treatment of difficult healing wounds.
Estimation of Energy Losses in Nanocrystalline FINEMET Alloys Working at High Frequency
Authors: Petrescu Lucian-Gabriel , Petrescu Maria-Catalina , Cazacu Emil , Constantinescu Catalin-Daniel
Published: December 2021

Soft magnetic materials are at the core of electromagnetic devices. Planar transformers are essential pieces of equipment working at high frequency. Usually, their magnetic core is made of various types of ferrites or iron-based alloys. An upcoming alternative might be the replacement the ferrites with FINEMET-type alloys, of nominal composition of Fe73.5Si13.5B9Cu3Nb1 (at. %). FINEMET is a nanocrystalline material exhibiting excellent magnetic properties at high frequencies, a soft magnetic alloy that has been in the focus of interest in the last years thanks to its high saturation magnetization, high permeability, and low core loss. Here, we present and discuss the measured and modelled properties of this material. Owing to the limits of the experimental set-up, an estimate of the total magnetic losses within this magnetic material is made, for values greater than the measurement limits of the magnetic flux density and frequency, with reasonable results for potential applications of FINMET-type alloys and thin films in high frequency planar transformer cores.
Multi-Response Optimization of Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Ti6Al4V Using Integrated Approach of Utilized Heat Transfer Search Algorithm and RSM
Authors: Fuse Kishan , Chaudhari Rakesh , Vora Jay , Patel Vivek K. , de Lacalle Luis Norberto Lopez
Published: December 2021

Machining of Titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) becomes more vital due to its essential role in biomedical, aerospace, and many other industries owing to the enhanced engineering properties. In the current study, a Box–Behnken design of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the performance of the abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) of Ti6Al4V. For process parameter optimization, a systematic strategy combining RSM and a heat-transfer search (HTS) algorithm was investigated. The nozzle traverse speed (Tv), abrasive mass flow rate (Af), and stand-off distance (Sd) were selected as AWJM variables, whereas the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR), and kerf taper angle (θ) were considered as output responses. Statistical models were developed for the response, and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was executed for determining the robustness of responses. The single objective optimization result yielded a maximum MRR of 0.2304 g/min (at Tv of 250 mm/min, Af of 500 g/min, and Sd of 1.5 mm), a minimum SR of 2.99 µm, and a minimum θ of 1.72 (both responses at Tv of 150 mm/min, Af of 500 g/min, and Sd of 1.5 mm). A multi-objective HTS algorithm was implemented, and Pareto optimal points were produced. 3D and 2D plots were plotted using Pareto optimal points, which highlighted the non-dominant feasible solutions. The effectiveness of the suggested model was proved in predicting and optimizing the AWJM variables. The surface morphology of the machined surfaces was investigated using the scanning electron microscope. The confirmation test was performed using optimized cutting parameters to validate the results.
Modeling, Simulation and Data Processing for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Salmi Mika
Published: December 2021

Additive manufacturing or, more commonly, 3D printing is one of the fundamental elements of Industry 4 [...]
Structure of Alloys for (Sm,Zr)(Co,Cu,Fe)z Permanent Magnets: III. Matrix and Phases of the High-Coercivity State
Authors: Dormidontov Andrey G. , Kolchugina Natalia B. , Dormidontov Nikolay A. , Zheleznyi Mark V. , Bakulina Anna S. , Prokofev Pavel A. , Andreenko Aleksandr S. , Milov Yury V. , Sysoev Nikolay N.
Published: December 2021

Observations of the surface domain structure (Kerr-effect), optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-SE), and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA-SEM), measurements of major and minor magnetic hysteretic loops were used to study pseudo-single-crystal samples of (Sm,Zr)(Co,Cu,Fe)z alloys subjected to heat treatments to the high-coercivity state, which are used in fabricating sintered permanent magnets. Correlations between the chemical composition, hysteretic properties, structural components, domain structure, and phase state were determined for the concentration ranges that ensure wide variations of 4f-/4d-/3d-element ratio in the studied samples. The phase state formed by collinear and coherent phase components determines the high coercive force and ultimate magnetic hysteresis loops of the pseudo-single crystals. It was found that the 1:5 phase with the hexagonal structure (P6/mmm) is the matrix of the alloys for (Sm,Zr)(Co,Cu,Fe)z permanent magnets; the matrix undergoes phase transformations in the course of all heat treatments for the high-coercivity state. The heterogeneity observed with optical magnifications, namely, the observation of main structural components A and B, is due to the alternation, within the common matrix, of regions with modulated quasi-spherical precipitates and regions with hexagonal bipyramids (cellular phase) although, traditionally, many investigators consider the cellular phase as the matrix. It is shown that the relationship of volume fractions of structural components A and B that account for more than 0.9 volume fraction of the total, which is due to the integral chemical composition of the alloys, determines the main hysteretic performances of the samples. The Zr-rich phases, such as 5:19, 2:7, and 6:23, and a structural component with the variable stoichiometry (Sm(Co,Cu,Fe)3.5–5) that is almost free of Zr and contains up to 33 at% Cu, were found only within structural component A in quantities sufficient for EPMA analysis.
Real Hypersurfaces in Complex Grassmannians of Rank Two
Authors: Li Dehe , Zhai Shujie
Published: December 2021

It is known that there does not exist any Hopf hypersurface in complex Grassmannians of rank two of complex dimension 2m with constant sectional curvature for m≥3. The purpose of this article is to extend the above result, and without the Hopf condition, we prove that there does not exist any locally conformally flat real hypersurface for m≥3.
Review of the Latest Progress in Controllability of Stochastic Linear Systems and Stochastic GE-Evolution Operator
Authors: Ge Zhaoqiang
Published: December 2021

According to the spatial dimension, equation type, and time sequence, the latest progress in controllability of stochastic linear systems and some unsolved problems are introduced. Firstly, the exact controllability of stochastic linear systems in finite dimensional spaces is discussed. Secondly, the exact, exact null, approximate, approximate null, and partial approximate controllability of stochastic linear systems in infinite dimensional spaces are considered. Thirdly, the exact, exact null and impulse controllability of stochastic singular linear systems in finite dimensional spaces are investigated. Fourthly, the exact and approximate controllability of stochastic singular linear systems in infinite dimensional spaces are studied. At last, the controllability and observability for a type of time-varying stochastic singular linear systems are studied by using stochastic GE-evolution operator in the sense of mild solution in Banach spaces, some necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained, the dual principle is proved to be true, an example is given to illustrate the validity of the theoretical results obtained in this part, and a problem to be solved is introduced. The main purpose of this paper is to facilitate readers to fully understand the latest research results concerning the controllability of stochastic linear systems and the problems that need to be further studied, and attract more scholars to engage in this research.
Research on Deep-Hole Cutting Blasting Efficiency in Blind Shafting with High In-Situ Stress Environment Using the Method of SPH
Authors: Sun Bo , Zhang Zhiyu , Meng Jiale , Huang Yonghui , Li Hongchao , Wang Jun
Published: December 2021

This article aiming at the lack of research on the influence of rock clamp production on cutting blasting under high in-situ stress conditions and the lack of rock damage criteria for RHT constitution in numerical simulation. Combined with the critical rock damage criterion and the embedded function of RHT constitution, the criterion for determining the critical damage of rock in RHT constitutive was studied, and the mechanical parameters of Metamorphic sodium lava were substituted to obtain the critical damage threshold of rock in numerical simulation. The smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method was used to numerically simulate and analyze the influence of different rock clamping coefficients on the rock damage range and the cavity area in the cutting blasting. The stress state applied by the numerical simulation was inversely deduced by the field test scanning results to simulate the rock clamping coefficient Kr at the corresponding depth. The relationship between the cavity area Sc and the free surface distance Df is analyzed and established. The results show that the rock clip production has an inhibitory effect on the development and propagation of blast-induced cracks. The stress applied in the numerical simulation affects the range and development degree of cracks, and the cracks generated by the explosion are mainly circumferential cracks. The larger coefficient of rock clip production, the more obvious the inhibitory effect on cut blasting, the less the blast-induced cracks and the smaller the rock damage circle. The fitting results show that the curve fitting degree is about 0.94, which proves the accuracy of Sc-Df curve, and provides important reference value for the design of one-time completion blasting of upward blind shaft.
A Novel Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis Marine Isolate as a Potential Probiotic: Anti-Inflammatory and Innate Immune Modulatory Effects against Thermal and Pathogenic Stresses
Authors: Wasana Withanage Prasadini , Senevirathne Amal , Nikapitiya Chamilani , Eom Tae-Yang , Lee Youngdeuk , Lee Jong-Soo , Kang Do-Hyung , Oh Chulhong , De Zoysa Mahanama
Published: December 2021

A marine bacterial strain was isolated from seawater and characterized for it beneficial probiotic effects using zebrafish as a model system. The strain was identified by morphological, physiological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses. The strain was most closely related to Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis Y2, with 99.66% similarity; thus, we named it Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis S1131. Improvement of host disease tolerance for the P. xiamenensis isolate was adapted in a zebrafish model using Edwardsiella piscicida challenge. The larvae were pre-exposed to P. xiamenensis prior to E. piscicida challenge, resulting in a 73.3% survival rate compared to a 46.6% survival for the control. The treated larvae tolerated elevated temperatures at 38 °C, with 85% survival, compared to 60% survival for the control. Assessment of immunomodulatory responses at the mRNA level demonstrated the suppression of pro-inflammatory markers tnfα and il6, and upregulation of heat shock protein hsp90 and mucin genes. The same effect was corroborated by immunoblot analysis, revealing significant inhibition of Tnfα and an enhanced expression of the Hsp90 protein. The antibacterial activity of P. xiamenensis may be related to mucin overexpression, which can suppress bacterial biofilm formation and enhance macrophage uptake. This phenomenon was evaluated using nonstimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Further studies may be warranted to elucidate a complete profile of the probiotic effects, to expand the potential applications of the present P. xiamenensis isolate.
Investigation of Al-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Friction Stir Additive Processing
Authors: Zubcak Martin , Soltes Jaroslav , Zimina Mariia , Weinberger Thomas , Enzinger Norbert
Published: December 2021

Aluminium—boron carbide metal matrix composites (Al-B4C MMCs) belong to the class of materials extensively used in the nuclear industry as a thermal neutron absorber in spent fuel casks. This article investigates a novel production method of Al-B4C MMCs—Friction Stir Additive Processing (FSAP)—as an alternative production method to casting or sintering. FSAP is derived from friction stir welding, which can be used to local modifications of microstructure, or it can be used to incorporate the second phase into the processed material. During this study, a variant of FSAP for MMC production was proposed, and its mechanical and thermal neutron absorbing properties have been investigated. Further, the influence of neutron irradiation on mechanical properties has been studied. Results show that FSAP can successfully produce Al-B4C MMCs with 7 mm thickness. Neutron irradiation causes only a slight increase in hardness, while its effect on tensile properties remains inconclusive.
Improving Mechanical Properties of Mg–Sc Alloy by Surface AZ31 Layer
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Peng Cheng , Huang Jin , Zhao Yanchun , Han Tingzhuang , Wang Guangang , Wu Liang , Huang Guangsheng
Published: December 2021

Building a gradient structure inside the Mg alloy structure can be expected to greatly improve its comprehensive mechanical properties. In this study, AZ31/Mg–Sc laminated composites with gradient grain structure were prepared by hot extrusion. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg–1Sc alloy with different extrusion temperatures and surface AZ31 fine-grain layers were investigated. The alloy has a more obvious gradient microstructure when extruded at 350 °C. The nanoscale hardness value of Mg–1Sc alloy was improved through fine-grain strengthening and solution strengthening of the surface AZ31 fine-grain layer. The strength of Mg–1Sc alloy was improved due to the fine-grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening of the surface AZ31 fine-grain layer, and the elongation of Mg–1Sc alloy was increased by improving the distribution of the microstructure.
A Study on the Fiber YAG Laser Welding of 304L Stainless Steel
Authors: Mahmoud Essam R. I. , Almohamadi Hamad , Aljabri Abdulrahman , Elkotb Mohamed Abdelghany
Published: December 2021

This work aims to optimize the main YAG fiber laser parameters to weld 304L stainless steel plates of 3 mm thick. Different laser powers (2500, 2000, and 1500 W) and speeds (60, 40, and 20 mm/s) were used and merged in heat input, maintaining the defocusing distance at –2 mm to get full penetration. The weld quality and the effect of the laser heat input on the microstructures of the weld and heat-affected zones were investigated. Besides, the fracture strength of the welded joints and hardness distribution through the cross-sections were evaluated. The weld width has a direct relationship with heat input. The laser power of 2800 W produced full penetration joints without any macro defects while reduction in laser power pronounced partial penetration defects. The size of the heat-affected zone in all the processing parameters was very small. The microstructure of the weld zone shows columnar dendrite austenite grains with small arm spacing in most of the welded zone. The size of the dendrites became finer at lower heat input. At a higher heat input, a reasonable amount of lathy equiaxed grains with some delta ferrite occurred. A small amount of delta ferrite was detected in the heat-affected zone, which prevented the crack formation. The hardness of the weld metal was much higher than that of the base metal in all processing parameters and it has a reverse relationship with the heat input. The fracture strength of the welded joints was very close to that of the base metal in the defect-free samples and it increased with decreasing the heat input.
Development of an Experimental Setup to Investigate Influences on Component Distortion in Gravity Die Casting and a First Variation of Temperature Control Strategy
Authors: Wolff Nino , Hohlweck Tobias , Vroomen Uwe , Bührig-Polaczek Andreas , Hopmann Christian
Published: December 2021

Distortion (1), residual stresses and hot cracks can facilitate significant decreases in quality characteristics of casting products. Their reduction by a suitable component design (2) and process control is therefore desirable. In the casting process, these characteristics are assumed as a result of the combination of solidification shrinkage paired with the local self-feeding and the geometric constraints imposed on the component by the mold. In gravity die casting (3) of aluminum (4) with thermally well conducting and rigid metal molds, the control of solidification through a localized adjustment of the heat balance (5) appears to be a suitable approach to minimize these effects. The development of an experimental setup for the assessment of the interdependencies of the alloy, casting geometry and cooling are described in this work. A first series of experiments with A356 aluminum alloy and the introduction to the different methods of evaluation are presented. Furthermore, an approach to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms is outlined.
Mechanism of Blunt Punching Tools’ Influence on Deformation and Residual Stress Distribution
Authors: Wang Wei , Fang Xiang , Wang Xuanguo , Andrieux Michel , Ji Vincent
Published: December 2021

Punching is the main manufacturing process with high efficiency and machining accuracy used to produce the iron cores of motors. However, it usually introduces residual stress at the cutting edge and affects the magnetic properties of the iron core. Further studies show that the tensile residual stress (TRS) has a negligible effect on the magnetic properties, compared with the compressive stress. The blunt punch tools cause local TRS and the formation of local large plastic deformation (PD) at the cutting edge as the cost. The PD has a more serious effect on the magnetic properties of materials than TRS. Therefore, this study mainly focused on local deformation distribution and the associated microstructure evolution using EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) and finite element analysis; and the formation mechanism of tensile residual stress during the punching process at the cutting edge of a non-oriented silicon steel after punching with blunt tools, by using nanoindentation and a numerical simulation. The experimental results showed the existence of a specific bending area, a highly deformed area and a large burr at the cutting edge. These direct observations were confirmed with those obtained by the simulation model. Furthermore, the tensile residual stress on the surface was verified through nanoindentation tests and by a numerical simulation. The results indicate also that the formation of a tensile residual stress zone depends especially on the bending area formed during punching with blunt tools.
Verification of Possibility of Molten Steels Decopperization with ZnAl2O4
Authors: Wei Xingwen , Dudczig Steffen , Chebykin Dmitry , Aneziris Christos G. , Volkova Olena
Published: December 2021

In the previous research works, ZnAl2O4 material was considered as one of the solutions for the decopperization process of molten steels; up to 33% of decopperization efficiency was reported by utilising the ZnAl2O4 filter. In order to verify the decopperization possibility of ZnAl2O4 materials, iron-based alloys with various copper and carbon contents were interacted with ZnAl2O4 substrates in a heating microscope under an argon gas atmosphere at 1600 °C. Fe-Cu alloys were found to react with the ZnAl2O4 substrate during the interaction process, and a reaction layer with a complex composition around the alloy droplet was formed; however, Cu was not detected in the reaction layer. Cu was later found infiltrated inside of the ZnAl2O4 substrates. Furthermore, the Cu-Zn compounds were detected when the copper content in Fe-Cu alloys was 10 wt% Cu. After interaction experiments, copper was decreased in all cases. Thereby, the copper evaporation and infiltration into the ZnAl2O4 substrate were considered as the reasons for copper loss. Moreover, oxygen dissolved in melt was found to have a great effect on the copper evaporation process.
Fatigue Tests on Buried or Repaired Dented Steel Pipeline Specimens
Authors: Paiva Vitor , Gonzáles Giancarlo , Vieira Ronaldo , Ribeiro Alexandre , Maneschy José , Diniz Jorge , D’Almeida Ana , Freire José
Published: December 2021

This paper presents the results of fatigue tests performed on dented steel pipeline specimens that were tested under different environmental conditions and subjected to cyclic internal pressure. Thirty-three pipe specimens were divided into three groups and tested under three different conditions. A first set of nine dented specimens was tested in air without any restrictions. A second set of eight specimens was tested while buried in the soil. A third set of sixteen specimens was tested in air, after the dents had been repaired by composite material sleeves. Hot-spot cyclic strain amplitudes were measured using two experimental techniques: Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Fiber Optic Bragg Strain Gauges (FBSG). At first, all thirty-three specimens were tested in air along five full cycles in order to carry out full-field measurements using DIC to identify and quantify strain concentration at sites that were potential locations for fatigue cracks to initiate. Close to these point-locations, measurements of strains using FBSG were also made, and the results were then compared with the DIC results. FBSG were also used during the cyclic pressure loading process while the specimens were being tested, in such a way as to monitor the influence of the environment in the dented areas. The test results demonstrated that a simple uniaxial Manson-Coffin fatigue equation that uses the universal exponents proposed by Manson, together with the circumferential strain amplitude measured at the hot spots can be used to predict the fatigue life of the dented specimens. Moreover, it was determined that the measured strains at the hot-spot locations were not influenced by the soil coverage, although showing a considerable and beneficial decrease in their amplitudes caused by the composite repair reinforcements.
The Role of Silica in the Chlorination–Volatilization of Cobalt Oxide by Using Calcium Chloride
Authors: Han Peiwei , Li Zhengchen , Liu Xiang , Yan Jingmin , Ye Shufeng
Published: December 2021

The role of silica in the chlorination–volatilization of cobalt oxide, using calcium chloride, is investigated in this paper. It is found that the Co volatilization percentage of the CoO–Fe2O3–CaCl2 system is not larger than 12.1%. Silica plays an important role in the chlorination–volatilization of cobalt oxide by using calcium chloride. In the CoO–SiO2–Fe2O3–CaCl2 system, the Co volatilization percentage is initially positively related to the molar ratio of SiO2 to CaCl2, and remains almost constant when the molar ratio of SiO2 to CaCl2 rises from zero to eight. The critical molar ratios of SiO2 to CaCl2 are 1 and 2 when the molar ratios of CaCl2 to CoO are 8.3 and 16.6, respectively. The Co volatilization percentage remains almost constant with the increase in CaO concentration, and decreases when Al2O3 and MgO are added. Ca2SiO3Cl2 is determined after roasting at 1073 K and 1173 K, and disappears at temperatures in excess of 1273 K in the calcines from the CoO–SiO2–CaCl2 system. CaSiO3 always exists in the calcines at temperatures in excess of 973 K.
Effects of Residual Stresses on the Fatigue Lifetimes of Self-Piercing Riveted Joints of AZ31 Mg Alloy and Al5052 Al Alloy Sheets
Authors: Lee Young-In , Kim Ho-Kyung
Published: December 2021

During the self-piercing riveting (SPR) process, residual stress develops due to the high plastic deformation of the sheet materials. In this study, the effect of the residual stress on the fatigue lifetime of SPR joints with dissimilar magnesium AZ31 alloy and aluminum Al5052 alloy sheets was evaluated. The residual stress distribution was derived through a simulation of the SPR process by the FEA (finite element analysis). The measured values by the X-ray diffraction technique confirmed that the validity of the simulation has a maximum error of 17.2% with the experimental results. The fatigue strength of the SPR joint was evaluated at various loading angles using tensile-shear and cross-shaped specimens. It was found that the compressive residual stresses of the joint reduce the stress amplitude by 13% at 106 cycles lifetime, resulting in extension of its lifetime to approximately 3.4 million cycles from 106 cycles lifetime. Finally, it was confirmed that the fatigue life of SPR joints was appropriately predicted within a factor of three using the relationship between the fatigue life and the equivalent stress intensity factor. The fatigue resistance of the magnesium AZ31 alloy on the upper sheet was found to govern fatigue lifetimes of SPR joints of dissimilar magnesium AZ31 alloy sheets.
Effect of Post-Deposition Solution Treatment and Ageing on Improving Interfacial Adhesion Strength of Cold Sprayed Ti6Al4V Coatings
Authors: Boruah Dibakor , Zhang Xiang
Published: December 2021

This study aims at investigating the effect of post-deposition solution treatment and ageing (STA) on improving the interfacial adhesion strength in cold spray (CS) Ti6Al4V coatings deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates, measured by the adhesive-free collar-pin pull-off (CPP) test. Solution treatment was performed at 940 °C for 1 h and ageing was carried out at 480 °C for 8 h. Investigations were carried out for specimens with three different pre-treatments of the substrate surface, namely grit-blasted, as-machined (faced on lathe machine), and ground. Additionally, the effect of post-deposition STA was studied in terms of phase analysis, microstructure, and porosity level. It was observed that STA led to complete interfacial mixing resulting in significantly improved adhesion strength (by more than 520%) with the maximum measured value of greater than 766 MPa for ground substrates, reaching 81% of the ultimate tensile strength of mill annealed Ti6Al4V.
Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting of Early Cretaceous Intrusive Rocks in the Northern Ulanhot Area, Central and Southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China
Authors: Tai Baoqiang , Mi Wentian , Wang Genhou , Li Yingjie , Kong Xu
Published: December 2021

Abundant Early Cretaceous magmatism is conserved in the central and southern Great Xing’an Range (GXR) and has significant geodynamic implications for the study of the Late Mesozoic tectonic framework of northeast China. In this study, we provide new high-precision U–Pb zircon geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotopic data for representative intrusive rocks from the northern part of the Ulanhot area to illustrate the petrogenesis types and magma source of these rocks and evaluate the tectonic setting of the central-southern GXR. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating showed that magmatism in the Ulanhot area (monzonite porphyry: 128.07 ± 0.62 Ma, quartz monzonite porphyry: 127.47 ± 0.36, quartz porphyry: 124.85 ± 0.34, and granite porphyry: 124.15 ± 0.31 Ma) occurred during the Early Cretaceous. Geochemically, monzonite porphyry belongs to the metaluminous and alkaline series rocks and is characterized by high Al2O3 (average 17.74 wt.%) and TiO2 (average 0.88 wt.%) and low Ni (average 4.63 ppm), Cr (average 6.69 ppm), Mg# (average 31.11), Y (average 15.16 ppm), and Yb (average 1.62 ppm) content with enrichment in Ba, K, Pb, Sr, Zr, and Hf and depletion in Ti, Nb, and Ta. The granitic rocks (e.g., quartz monzonite porphyry, quartz porphyry, and granite porphyry) pertain to the category of high-K calc-alkaline rocks and are characterized by high SiO2 content (>66 wt.%) and low MgO (average 0.69 wt.%), Mg# (average 31.49 ppm), Ni (average 2.78 ppm), and Cr (average 8.10 ppm) content, showing an affinity to I-type granite accompanied by Nb, Ta, P, and Ti depletion and negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.57–0.96; average 0.82). The Hf isotopic data suggest that these rocks were the product of the partial melting of juvenile crustal rocks. Notably, fractionation crystallization plays a crucial role in the process of magma emplacement. Combining our study with published ones, we proposed that the Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the Ulanhot area were formed in an extensional tectonic background and compactly related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean plate.
Organic Petrology and Thermal Maturity of Dispersed Organic Matter from the Ramalhal-1 Well (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal)
Authors: Gonçalves Paula Alexandra , Mendonça Filho João Graciano , Flores Deolinda
Published: December 2021

Organic petrology is an important tool used to characterize dispersed organic matter (DOM) in sediments and sedimentary rocks, and to assess its thermal maturity. This study was carried out on 33 cutting samples (Middle-Upper Jurassic) from the Ramalhal-1 well to characterize the particulate organic matter and to evaluate its thermal maturity. The samples were submitted to optical petrography analysis (reflected white and blue incident lights) and the mean random reflectance was measured. Microscopic observations revealed a low DOM content, characterized by the predominance of macerals of the inertinite group (including charcoal), followed by solid bitumen. Huminite/vitrinite is usually small in size and quantity. Liptinite macerals were also present, represented by sporinite, cutinite, liptodetrinite and rare bituminite. A type III-IV kerogen was defined for the Ramalhal-1 sequence. Huminite/vitrinite mean random reflectance varied between 0.38% and 0.75%, pointing to an immature-to-mature stage of the organic matter. Multi-populations of solid bitumen occurred in almost all the samples, filling voids and fractures in the inorganic materials (mainly carbonates). The bitumen populations were quite heterogeneous, concerning both the optical characteristics and distribution, displaying different thermal maturities. No relationship between vitrinite and bitumen reflectance was established, indicating that these bitumens were not generated in situ.
Quantitative X-ray Maps Analaysis of Composition and Microstructure of Permian High-Temperature Relicts in Acidic Rocks from the Sesia-Lanzo Zone Eclogitic Continental Crust, Western Alps
Authors: Zucali Michele , Corti Luca , Roda Manuel , Ortolano Gaetano , Visalli Roberto , Zanoni Davide
Published: December 2021

Three samples of meta-acidic rocks with pre-Alpine metamorphic relicts from the Sesia-Lanzo Zone eclogitic continental crust were investigated using stepwise controlled elemental maps by means of the Quantitative X-ray Maps Analyzer (Q-XRMA). Samples were chosen with the aim of analysing the reacting zones along the boundaries between the pre-Alpine and Alpine mineral phases, which developed in low chemically reactive systems. The quantitative data treatment of the X-ray images was based on a former multivariate statistical analytical stage followed by a sequential phase and sub-phase classification and permitted to isolate and to quantitatively investigate the local paragenetic equilibria. The parageneses thus observed were interpreted as related to the pre-Alpine metamorphic or magmatic stages as well as to local Alpine re-equilibrations. On the basis of electron microprobe analysis, specific compositional ranges were defined in micro-domains of the relict and new paragenetic equilibria. In this way calibrated compositional maps were obtained and used to contour different types of reacting boundaries between adjacent solid solution phases. The pre-Alpine and Alpine mineral parageneses thus obtained allowed to perform geothermobarometry on a statistically meaningful and reliable dataset. In general, metamorphic temperatures cluster at 600–700 °C and 450–550 °C, with lower temperatures referred to a retrograde metamorphic re-equilibration. In all the cases described, pre-Alpine parageneses were overprinted by an Alpine metamorphic mineral assemblage. Pressure-temperature estimates of the Alpine stage averagely range between 420 to 550 °C and 12 to 16.5 kbar. The PT constraints permitted to better define the pre-Alpine metamorphic scenario of the western Austroalpine sectors, as well as to better understand the influence of the pre-Alpine metamorphic inheritance on the forthcoming Alpine tectonic evolution.
Gut Microbiome and Degradation Product Formation during Biodegradation of Expanded Polystyrene by Mealworm Larvae under Different Feeding Strategies
Authors: Tsochatzis Emmanouil , Berggreen Ida Elizabeth , Tedeschi Francesca , Ntrallou Konstantina , Gika Helen , Corredig Milena
Published: December 2021

Polystyrene (PS) is a plastic polymer extensively used for food packaging. PS is difficult to decompose and has low recycling rates, resulting in its accumulation in the environment, in the form of microplastic particles causing pollution and harming oceans and wildlife. Degradation of PS by mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) has been suggested as a possible biological strategy for plastic contamination; however, the biodegradation mechanism of PS by mealworms is poorly understood. It is hypothesized that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the degradation of PS by mealworms. This study carried out a comparative analysis of the gut microbiome of Tenebrio molitor larvae under different feeding strategies, and of the formation of degradation compounds (monomers, oligomers). A diet of bran:PS at 4:1 and 20:1 ratios was tested. The diet with the low ratio of bran:PS led to the presence of higher amounts of these compounds, compared to that with the high ratio. In addition, it was demonstrated that the addition of H2O significantly improved the biodegradation of PS monomer and oligomer residues, which could be identified only in the frass. The protein and nitrogen contents in insects’ biomass and frass varied amongst treatments. The diets resulted in differences in the gut microbiota, and three potential bacterial strains were identified as candidates involved in the biodegradation of PS.
Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Resveratrol and Polydatin Isolated from Mulberry (Morus alba L.)
Authors: Li Ziwei , Chen Xiaoman , Liu Guo , Li Jun , Zhang Jinglin , Cao Yong , Miao Jianyin
Published: December 2021

Natural stilbenes have unique physiological effects, such as anti-senile dementia, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, lowering blood lipid, and other important biological functions, which have attracted great attention from scholars in recent years. In this study, two stilbene compounds, resveratrol (RES) and polydatin (PD), were isolated from Mulberry (Morus alba L.), and their antioxidant activity and mechanism were investigated. The results showed that the contents of RES and PD in mulberry roots were 32.45 and 3.15 μg/g, respectively, significantly higher than those in mulberry fruits (0.48 and 0.0020 μg/g) and mulberry branches (5.70 and 0.33 μg/g). Both RES and PD showed high antioxidant potential by DPPH, ABTS free-scavenging methods, and ORAC assay, and provided protection against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells by increased catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and Glutathione (GSH) content, and decreasing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Therefore, RES and PD treatment could be effective for attenuating AAPH-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. This study will promote the development and application of stilbene compounds. Furthermore, the RES and PD could be used as antioxidant supplements in functional foods, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals, contributing to health improvement.
Tetraalkyl Hydroxymethylene-bisphosphonate and Dialkyl 1-Diphenylphosphinoyl-1-hydroxy-ethylphosphonate Derivatives by the Pudovik Reaction and Their Rearranged Products
Authors: Szalai Zsuzsanna , Keglevich György
Published: December 2021

The reaction of diethyl α-oxoethylphosphonate and diethyl oxobenzylphosphonate with diethyl phosphite, dimethyl phosphite, and diphenylphosphine oxide affords, depending on the substrates and conditions (nature and quantity of the amine catalyst, temperature, and solvent), the Pudovik adduct and/or the corresponding >P(O)–CH–O–P(O)< product formed by rearrangement. The nature of the substituent on the central carbon atom (a methyl or phenyl group) influences the inclination for the rearrangement. The asymmetric products (either adducts or rearranged species) with different P(O)Y functions (Y = RO or Ph) exhibit interesting NMR features.
Yukmijihwang-Tang Suppresses Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL)-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Prevents Ovariectomy (OVX)-Mediated Bone Loss
Authors: Han Sang-Yong , Kim Yun-Kyung
Published: December 2021

Yukmijihwang-tang (YJ) has been used to treat diabetes mellitus, renal disorders, and cognitive impairment in traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-osteoporotic effect of YJ on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in a rat and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). YJ reduced the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells (MNCs) in an osteoclast/osteoblast co-culture system by regulating the ratio of RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) by osteoblasts. Overall, YJ reduced TRAP-positive cell formation and TRAP activity and F-actin ring formation. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms indicated that YJ inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos, resulting in the suppression of osteoclast differentiation-related genes such as TRAP, ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38 kDa, V0 subunit d2, osteoclast-associated receptor, osteoclast-stimulatory transmembrane protein, dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor. YJ also inhibited the nuclear translocation of NFATc1. Additionally, YJ markedly inhibited RANKL-induced phosphorylation of signaling pathways activated in the early stages of osteoclast differentiation including the p38, JNK, ERK, and NF-κB. Consistent with these in vitro results, the YJ-administered group showed considerably attenuated bone loss in the OVX-mediated rat model. These results provide promising evidence for the potential novel therapeutic application of YJ for bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Low-Level Endothelial TRAIL-Receptor Expression Obstructs the CNS-Delivery of Angiopep-2 Functionalised TRAIL-Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Glioblastoma
Authors: Krishna Moorthy Nivetha , Seifert Oliver , Eisler Stephan , Weirich Sara , Kontermann Roland E. , Rehm Markus , Fullstone Gavin
Published: December 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant and aggressive form of glioma and is associated with a poor survival rate. Latest generation Tumour Necrosis Factor Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-based therapeutics potently induce apoptosis in cancer cells, including GBM cells, by binding to death receptors. However, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle for these biologics to enter the central nervous system (CNS). We therefore investigated if antibody-based fusion proteins that combine hexavalent TRAIL and angiopep-2 (ANG2) moieties can be developed, with ANG2 promoting receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) across the BBB. We demonstrate that these fusion proteins retain the potent apoptosis induction of hexavalent TRAIL-receptor agonists. Importantly, blood–brain barrier cells instead remained highly resistant to this fusion protein. Binding studies indicated that ANG2 is active in these constructs but that TRAIL-ANG2 fusion proteins bind preferentially to BBB endothelial cells via the TRAIL moiety. Consequently, transport studies indicated that TRAIL-ANG2 fusion proteins can, in principle, be shuttled across BBB endothelial cells, but that low TRAIL receptor expression on BBB endothelial cells interferes with efficient transport. Our work therefore demonstrates that TRAIL-ANG2 fusion proteins remain highly potent in inducing apoptosis, but that therapeutic avenues will require combinatorial strategies, such as TRAIL-R masking, to achieve effective CNS transport.