bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BLOOD AGGLUTINOGENS OF THE MEXICANS
Authors: ARTEAGA C. , SALAZAR‐MALLÉN M. , UGALDE E. L. , VELEZ‐OROZCO A.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
THE BLOOD GROUPS OF THE NORTHERN SUDANESE
Authors: BROOKS PATRICIA J. , GARNER KATHLEEN E. , IKIN ELIZABETH W. , MOURANT A. E. , DRYSDALE A.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
THE FERTILITY OF THE PARENTS OF ABNORMALS
Authors: KROOTH ROBERT S.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
URINARY AMINO‐ACIDS IN MICE OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES
Authors: HARRIS H. , SEARLE A. G.
Published: April 2011

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
A Genome‐Wide Linkage Screen in the Amish with Parkinson Disease Points to Chromosome 6
Authors: Cummings Anna C. , Lee Stephen L. , McCauley Jacob L. , Jiang Lan , Crunk Amy , McFarland Lynne L. , Gallins Paul J. , Fuzzell Denise , Knebusch Clare , Jackson Charles E. , Scott William K. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Haines Jonathan L.
Published: April 2011

Parkinson disease (PD) is a common complex neurodegenerative disorder with an underlying genetic etiology that has been difficult to dissect. Although some PD risk genes have been discovered, most of the underlying genetic etiology remains unknown. To further elucidate the genetic component, we have undertaken a genome‐wide linkage screen in an isolated founder population of Amish living in the Midwestern United States. We performed tests for linkage and for association using a marker set of nearly 6000 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. Parametric multipoint linkage analysis generated a logarithm of the odds of linkage (LOD) score of 2.44 on chromosome 6 in the SYNE1 gene, approximately 8 Mbp from the PARK2 gene. In a different region on chromosome 6 (∼67 Mbp from PARK2) an association was found for rs4302647 (p < 4.0 × 10−6), which is not within 300 kb of any gene. While the association exceeds Bonferroni correction, it may yet represent a false positive due to the small sample size and the low minor allele frequency. The minor allele frequency in affecteds is 0.07 compared to 0.01 in unaffecteds. Taken together, these results support involvement of loci on chromosome 6 in the genetic etiology of PD.
Measuring Protected‐Area Isolation and Correlations of Isolation with Land‐Use Intensity and Protection Status
Authors: SEIFERLING IAN S. , PROULX RAPHAËL , PERES‐NETO PEDRO R. , FAHRIG LENORE , MESSIER CHRISTIAN
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Protected areas cover over 12% of the terrestrial surface of Earth, and yet many fail to protect species and ecological processes as originally envisioned. Results of recent studies suggest that a critical reason for this failure is an increasing contrast between the protected lands and the surrounding matrix of often highly altered land cover. We measured the isolation of 114 protected areas distributed worldwide by comparing vegetation‐cover heterogeneity inside protected areas with heterogeneity outside the protected areas. We quantified heterogeneity as the contagion of greenness on the basis of NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) values, for which a higher value of contagion indicates less heterogeneous land cover. We then measured isolation as the difference between mean contagion inside the protected area and mean contagion in 3 buffer areas of increasing distance from the protected‐area border. The isolation of protected areas was significantly positive in 110 of the 114 areas, indicating that vegetation cover was consistently more heterogeneous 10–20 km outside protected areas than inside their borders. Unlike previous researchers, we found that protected areas in which low levels of human activity are allowed were more isolated than areas in which high levels are allowed. Our method is a novel way to assess the isolation of protected areas in different environmental contexts and regions.
Registration accuracy of three‐dimensional surface and cone beam computed tomography data for virtual implant planning
Authors: Ritter L. , Reiz S. D. , Rothamel D. , Dreiseidler T. , Karapetian V. , Scheer M. , Zöller J. E.
Published: April 2011

Objective: Virtual wax‐ups based on three‐dimensional (3D) surface models can be matched (i.e. registered) to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of the same patient for dental implant planning. Thereby, implant planning software can visualize anatomical and prosthetic information simultaneously. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of a newly developed registration process.

Material and methods: Data pairs of CBCT and 3D surface data of 16 patients for dental implant planning were registered and the discrepancy between the visualized 3D surface data and the corresponding CBCT data were measured on 64 teeth at seven points by two investigators in two iterations with a total of 1792 measurements.

Results: All data pairs were matched successfully and mean distances between CBCT and 3D surface data were between 0.03(±0.33) and 0.14(±0.18) mm. At two of seven measuring points, statistically significant correlations were determined between the measured error and the presence and type of restorations. Registration errors in maxilla and mandible were not statistically significantly different.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, registration of 3D surface data and CBCT data works reliably and is sufficiently accurate for dental implant planning. Thereby, barium‐sulfate scanning templates can be avoided and dental implant planning can be accomplished fully virtual.

To cite this article: Ritter L, Reiz SD, Rothamel D, Dreiseidler T, Karapetian V, Scheer M, Zöller JE. Registration accuracy of three‐dimensional surface and cone beam computed tomography data for virtual implant planning. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012 447–452. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02159.x
Retinoids suppress cysteine‐rich protein 61 (CCN1), a negative regulator of collagen homeostasis, in skin equivalent cultures and aged human skin in vivo
Authors: Quan Taihao , Qin Zhaoping , Shao Yuan , Xu Yiru , Voorhees John J. , Fisher Gary J.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Alterations in connective tissue collagen are prominent features of both chronologically aged and photoaged (ageing because of sun exposure) human skin. These age‐related abnormalities are mediated in part by cysteine‐rich protein 61 (CCN1). CCN1 is elevated in the dermis of both chronologically aged and photoaged human skin in vivo and promotes aberrant collagen homeostasis by down‐regulating type I collagen, the major structural protein in skin, and promoting collagen degradation. Vitamin A and its metabolites have been shown to improve chronologically aged and photoaged skin by promoting deposition of new collagen and preventing its degradation. Here, we investigated regulation of CCN1 expression by retinoids in skin equivalent cultures and chronologically aged and photoaged human skin in vivo. In skin equivalent cultures, all‐trans retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive form of vitamin A in skin, significantly increased type I procollagen and reduced collagenase (matrix metalloproteinases‐1, MMP‐1). Addition of recombinant human CCN1 to skin equivalent cultures significantly reduced type I procollagen and increased MMP‐1. Importantly, RA significantly reduced CCN1 expression in skin equivalent cultures. Topical treatment with retinol (vitamin A, 0.4%) for 7 days significantly reduced CCN1 mRNA and protein expression in both chronologically aged (80 + years) and photoaged human skin in vivo, compared to vehicle‐treated skin. These data indicate that the mechanism by which retinoids improve aged skin, through increased collagen production, involves down‐regulation of CCN1.
Cell biology and immunology of malaria
Authors: Hafalla Julius Clemence , Silvie Olivier , Matuschewski Kai
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Malaria is a vector‐borne infectious disease caused by unicellular parasites of the genus Plasmodium. These obligate intracellular parasites have the unique capacity to infect and replicate within erythrocytes, which are terminally differentiated host cells that lack antigen presentation pathways. Prior to the cyclic erythrocytic infections that cause the characteristic clinical symptoms of malaria, the parasite undergoes an essential and clinically silent expansion phase in the liver. By infecting privileged host cells, employing programs of complex life stage conversions and expressing varying immunodominant antigens, Plasmodium parasites have evolved mechanisms to downmodulate protective immune responses against ongoing and even future infections. Consequently, anti‐malaria immunity develops only gradually over many years of repeated and multiple infections in endemic areas. The identification of immune correlates of protection among the abundant non‐protective host responses remains a research priority. Understanding the molecular and immunological mechanisms of the crosstalk between the parasite and the host is a prerequisite for the rational discovery and development of a safe, affordable, and protective anti‐malaria vaccine.
Human genetic susceptibility to intracellular pathogens
Authors: Vannberg Fredrik O. , Chapman Stephen J. , Hill Adrian V. S.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Intracellular pathogens contribute to a significant proportion of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence points to a major role for host genetics in explaining inter‐individual variation in susceptibility to infectious diseases. A number of monogenic disorders predisposing to infectious disease have been reported, including susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in association with mutations in genes of the interleukin‐12/interleukin‐23/interferon‐γ axis. Common genetic variants have also been demonstrated to regulate susceptibility to intracellular infection, for example the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism that modulates human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) disease progression. Genome‐wide association study approaches are being increasingly utilized to define genetic variants underlying susceptibility to major infectious diseases. This review focuses on the current state‐of‐the‐art in genetics and genomics as pertains to understanding the genetic contribution to human susceptibility to infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens such as tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV‐1, hepatitis, and malaria, with a particular emphasis on insights from recent genome‐wide approaches. The results from these studies implicate common genetic variants in novel molecular pathways involved in human immunity to specific pathogens.
Views of immunology: effector T cells
Authors: Lewinsohn Deborah A. , Gold Marielle C. , Lewinsohn David M.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  For many intracellular bacteria, both adaptively acquired and innately encoded effector T cells play a central role in the control, and in some cases, clearance of these pathogens. Through the rapid identification of those cells harboring intracellular bacteria, effector T cells have the capacity to both directly control the infection and shape the immune response to the pathogen. Here, we review the mechanisms by which effector T cells control intracellular infection and emphasize the means by which they recognize their targets. As will become evident, the diversity of both redundant and non‐redundant effector mechanisms in conjunction with broad recognition of both protein and non‐protein antigens allows for the identification of a broad array of bacterial pathogens and lessens the likelihood of immune evasion.
Challenges in the pursuit of immune tolerance
Authors: Nepom Gerald T. , St. Clair E. William , Turka Laurence A.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Strategies for inducing immune tolerance are fundamentally similar across a spectrum of immune‐mediated disorders, including allergic disease, autoimmunity, and rejection of allografts. In each case, the objective of establishing an immunoregulatory balance is challenged by variable upswings in effector cell populations and proinflammatory mediators of immunity, requiring careful, and innovative therapeutic intervention to restore stability. The Immune Tolerance Network, an international consortium sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, seeks to advance both the scientific understanding and the clinical success of immune therapies for these disorders, through an innovative and collaborative effort involving clinical trials and mechanistic studies. Over the last decade, scientists have evaluated cell‐based ablation and deviation strategies in trials using lymphocyte‐specific targeting, induction of host‐donor hematopoietic chimerism, induction of antigen‐specific immune regulation, and a variety of antigen desensitization approaches. In this article, we review some of the highlights of this experience and discuss the potential for progress, utilizing new insights into regulatory mechanisms and biomarker signatures of tolerance.
Shifting the equilibrium in cancer immunoediting: from tumor tolerance to eradication
Authors: Quezada Sergio A. , Peggs Karl S. , Simpson Tyler R. , Allison James P.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  The continual interaction of the immune system with a developing tumor is thought to result in the establishment of a dynamic state of equilibrium. This equilibrium depends on the balance between effector and regulatory T‐cell compartments. Whereas regulatory T cells can infiltrate and accumulate within tumors, effector T cells fail to efficiently do so. Furthermore, effector T cells that do infiltrate the tumor become tightly controlled by different regulatory cellular subsets and inhibitory molecules. The outcome of this balance is critical to survival, and whereas in some cases the equilibrium can rapidly result in the elimination of the transformed cells by the immune system, in many other cases the tumor manages to escape immune control. In this review, we discuss relevant work focusing on the establishment of the intratumor balance, the dynamic changes in the populations of effector and regulatory T cells within the tumor, and the role of the tumor vasculature and its activation state in the recruitment of different T‐cell subsets. Finally, we also discuss work associated to the manipulation of the immune response to tumors and its impact on the infiltration, accumulation, and function of tumor‐reactive lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment.
Oral tolerance
Authors: Weiner Howard L. , da Cunha Andre Pires , Quintana Francisco , Wu Henry
Published: April 2011

Summary:  The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue is the largest immune organ in the body and is the primary route by which we are exposed to antigens. Tolerance induction is the default immune pathway in the gut, and the type of tolerance induced relates to the dose of antigen fed: anergy/deletion (high dose) or regulatory T‐cell (Treg) induction (low dose). Conditioning of gut dendritic cells (DCs) by gut epithelial cells and the gut flora, which itself has a major influence on gut immunity, induces CD103+ retinoic acid‐dependent DC that induces Tregs. A number of Tregs are induced at mucosal surfaces. Th3 type Tregs are transforming growth factor‐β dependent and express latency‐associated peptide (LAP) on their surface and were discovered in the context of oral tolerance. Tr1 type Tregs (interleukin‐10 dependent) are induced by nasal antigen and forkhead box protein 3+ iTregs are induced by oral antigen and by oral administration of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Oral or nasal antigen ameliorates autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in animal models by inducing Tregs. Furthermore, anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody is active at mucosal surfaces and oral or nasal anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody induces LAP+ Tregs that suppresses animal models (experimental autoimmune encephalitis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, lupus, arthritis, atherosclerosis) and is being tested in humans. Although there is a large literature on treatment of animal models by mucosal tolerance and some positive results in humans, this approach has yet to be translated to the clinic. The successful translation will require defining responsive patient populations, validating biomarkers to measure immunologic effects, and using combination therapy and immune adjuvants to enhance Treg induction. A major avenue being investigated for the treatment of autoimmunity is the induction of Tregs and mucosal tolerance represents a non‐toxic, physiologic approach to reach this goal.
How to guarantee adequate sun protection for a young sportsperson
Authors: Ghazi Sara , Couteau Céline , Coiffard Laurence J. M.
Published: April 2011

Background: Young male athletes involved in sports like soccer are subject to sun exposure which can often be intense because of the timing and duration of their practice time.

Patients and Methods: The goal of this work was to study using a spectrophoto‐metric method what level of sun protection was provided by the various articles of clothing which make up a standard soccer uniform, as well as by the cosmetics used by fan clubs.

Results: We were able to demonstrate that the sports clothing does guarantee a good level of protection for the skin areas covered.

Conclusions: Depending on the type of clothing, the level of sun protection will vary greatly, with UPF values ranging from 30 for a T‐shirt to 300 for a club shirt. This type of protection is higher than that obtained by sun creams and does not change over time.
Filthy lucre: lawyers’ fees and lawyers’ ethics – what is wrong with informed consent?
Authors: Moorhead Richard
Published: April 2011

This paper concentrates on the ethical tension created by lawyer billing. In particular, it examines the tension between a lawyer's commercial imperative to make a profit and their ethical obligation to promote their clients interest over their own. Conventionally, this conflict is resolved through the lawyer providing disinterested advice on (their own) costs and the client granting informed consent to billing arrangements on that basis. This paper uses empirical data to suggest that notions of disinterested advice and informed consent are deeply flawed when it comes to lawyers' fees. Clients passively consume exploitative practices. As a result, this paper argues that, where possible, regulators should supplant informed consent with an approach requiring simple charging: reducing professional discretion over charging practices and strengthening the market-based regulation of price. This requires a significant simplification of lawyers' fees wherever possible.
Sensory Properties of Californian and Imported Extra Virgin Olive Oils
Authors: Delgado Claudia , Guinard Jean‐Xavier
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Production and consumption of extra‐virgin olive has been increasing in the United States, particularly in California. The objective of this study was to compare the sensory characteristics of 22 extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) from California, Italy, Spain, Chile, and Australia using a generic descriptive analysis. A total of 22 sensory attributes were identified and defined by the descriptive panel. With the exception of thick and citrus, all sensory attributes were significantly different among the oils. Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) showed that California oils differed from some imported EVOOs, mainly by their absence of defects. A second analysis, of only those attributes included in the International Olive Council (IOC) official scorecard, provided a less detailed description of the samples and did not allow for a full characterization of the oils. While the IOC attributes allowed for faster classification in terms of clean versus defective EVOOs, the more comprehensive descriptive analysis provided both more information and a more refined classification of the samples. Variety and region of origin were important factors in the classification of both Californian and imported EVOOs.

Practical Application:  Measuring olive oil sensory quality using the IOC method—positive attributes of fruitiness, bitterness, and pungency, and defects including fusty, musty, winey, and rancid—allows for the certification of oils as extra virgin but it provides limited information on the sensory characteristics of the oils. A full descriptive profile, on the other hand, provides information that can be used by producers in the processing and marketing of their oils, and is a useful tool in the education of consumers about the wide range of (positive) sensory attributes in EVOO and the various sensory styles of EVOO.
Effects of Antimicrobial Coating from Catfish Skin Gelatin on Quality and Shelf Life of Fresh White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
Authors: Jiang Mingkang , Liu Shaoyang , Wang Yifen
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fish skin gelatin‐based antimicrobial coating on the shelf life of fresh white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Antimicrobial coating was prepared by incorporating potassium sorbate, sodium tripolyphosphate, or both ingredients in coating solution made from catfish skin gelatin. Shrimp samples were untreated, rinsed with water, or coated with the antimicrobial films, and then they were stored in ice under aerobic conditions. Samples were taken periodically and evaluated for total aerobic plate count, psychrotrophic bacteria count, near‐infrared spectrum (NIR), springiness, pH value, and color measurement. The results showed that the antimicrobial coating could retard microbial growth and prolong shelf life for up to 10 d. Partial least square analysis produced an acceptable model fitting between the NIR and the changes of microbial count in shrimp samples. The springiness and pH value of shrimp muscle were not affected by the coating treatments. Color parameter a* value increased linearly for all the treatments during the whole ice‐storage period.

Practical Application:  One of the most important technical and economic problems facing the shrimp industry is the relatively short shelf life of fresh shrimp products. Catfish skin gelatin‐based antibacterial edible films/coatings provide an ideal technique to solve this problem. The shrimp industry will be the immediate beneficiary of the study, and the information provided by this research will be expended to other seafood.
Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Muscle Protein Isolate Performance Processed under Different Acid and Alkali pH Values
Authors: Davenport M.P. , Kristinsson H.G.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle was subjected to 6 protein extraction and precipitation techniques using acid solubilization (pH 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0) or alkaline solubilization (pH 10.5, 11.0, 11.5) followed by precipitation at pH 5.5. The catfish protein isolate was compared with ground defatted white muscle. Alkali‐processed catfish showed increased gel rigidity, gel strength, and gel flexibility compared to acid‐processed catfish, which exhibited inconsistent functional performance, increasing and decreasing gel rigidity, gel strength, and gel flexibility. The gel rigidity (G′) at pH 3.0 in the absence of salt had the highest G′ of the acid treatments and was not significantly different from the alkaline‐treated catfish muscle (P > 0.05). However in the presence of added salt pH treatment it had the lowest G′ and was different from alkaline treatments (P < 0.05) during break force testing. These results show that pH‐shift processing of channel catfish muscle provides highly functional isolates with a potentially broad range of applications. This range of applications is possible due to the modification of the textural properties of catfish muscle protein produced using different acidic or alkaline pH solubility treatments.
How Do Xanthan and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Individually Affect the Physicochemical Properties in a Model Gluten‐Free Dough?
Authors: Crockett Rachel , Ie Pauline , Vodovotz Yael
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  To better understand the physicochemical changes imparted by hydrocolloids on gluten‐free dough, 2 hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses (HPMCs) and xanthan gum were added at 2%, 3%, and 5% to rice cassava dough without the addition of alternative proteins. The formulated doughs were analyzed using thermoanalytic and rheological techniques to determine the role of water and subsequent flow behavior upon hydrocolloid addition. The baked loaves were then measured for specific loaf volume and tensile strength to determine bread quality. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that hydrocolloid‐added dough held water more tightly than the rice cassava control with an additional water distribution at 85 to 88 °C. Rheologically, the increase of elastic moduli in the low methoxy HPMC and xanthan‐added dough became more pronounced with gum addition; however, both HPMC formulations had increased viscous moduli allowing the gas cells to expand without collapsing. In the bread, the final specific loaf volume increased with high methoxy HPMC (2% to 5%) and low methoxy HPMC (2%) but was depressed with increased addition of low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (3% and 5%). Crumb hardness was decreased in high methoxy HPMC loaves but was increased significantly in low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (5%) formulations. From the gums studied, it was concluded that high methoxy HPMC was the optimum hydrocolloid in the rice cassava gluten‐free dough.

Practical Application:  Two types of hydrocolloids, xanthan gum and HPMC, were individually added to a gluten‐free rice cassava formulation. Based on the thermoanalytic and rheological studies on dough, as well as the bread quality studies, high methoxy HPMC at 5% addition was determined to optimally improve the bread quality when only gum addition was considered. This study indicates the potential use of high methoxy HPMC as an additive in gluten‐free bread formulations prior to considering alternative proteins.
A Simple Method for Weight Estimation of Whole Herring (Clupea harengus) Using Planar X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Veliyulin Emil , Misimi Ekrem , Bondø Morten , Vebenstad Petter Aaby , Østvik Stein Ove
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Fish weight is one of the key parameters used in commercial sorting of fresh fish. The capability of on‐line and accurate estimation of the weight of each individual fish has a direct impact on profitability for the fish processors. Planar X‐ray images of whole herring (n = 16) were taken using a commercial medical X‐ray apparatus. The integral intensity of all pixels in each image was calculated and correlated with the weight of the respective fish producing a linear relationship with a high correlation factor (R2= 0.992) and a calculated mean prediction error of 2.5%. Planar X‐ray imaging combined with simple image processing was successfully used to predict weight of whole herring. The technique has a potential to be used industrially for on‐line weight estimation in sorting/grading systems.
Influence of Various Levels of Flaxseed Gum Addition on the Water‐Holding Capacities of Heat‐Induced Porcine Myofibrillar Protein
Authors: Sun Jian , Li Xue , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  As a food hydrocolloid, flaxseed gum (FG) can significantly increase the water‐holding capacity (WHC) of food, which is important to both yield and texture of related products. The main purpose of this study is to examine the WHC increase by FG in a meat product and the mechanism of the interactions between proteins and polysaccharides when FG is added into porcine myofibrillar protein (PMP). Increasing the FG concentration caused a significant increase in WHC (P < 0.001). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed that WHC in the protein gel network was related to gel microstructure. Distributed analysis of the T2 relaxation revealed that addition of FG significantly decreased water mobility of porcine myofibrillar protein (PMP) (P < 0.05). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) analysis suggested that the FG adding strengthened electrostatic attraction of PMP system. Improvement of WHC in heat‐induced PMP by FG is concentration dependent and achieved by a finer gel network, lower relaxation time, and stronger electrostatic attraction.

Practical Application:  Flaxseed gum (FG) addition significantly increased water holding capacity (WHC) of porcine myofibrillar protein (PMP). In addition, the improvement of WHC in heat‐induced PMP by FG was concentration dependent and achieved by a finer gel network, lower relaxation time, and stronger electrostatic attraction. Thus, FG has potential for use in meat products.
Oregano: Chemical Analysis and Evaluation of Its Antimalarial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Babili Fatiha El , Bouajila Jalloul , Souchard Jean Pierre , Bertrand Cédric , Bellvert Florian , Fouraste Isabelle , Moulis Claude , Valentin Alexis
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  GC‐FID and GC‐MS analysis of essential oil from oregano leaves (Origanum compactum) resulted in the identification of 46 compounds, representing more than 98% of the total composition. Carvacrol was the predominant compound (36.46%), followed by thymol (29.74%) and p‐cymene (24.31%). Serial extractions with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water were performed on aerials parts of Origanum compactum. In these extracts, different chemical families were characterized: polyphenols (gallic acid equivalent 21.2 to 858.3 g/kg), tannins (catechin equivalent 12.4 to 510.3 g/kg), anthocyanins (cyanidin equivalent 0.38 to 5.63 mg/kg), and flavonoids (quercetin equivalent 14.5 to 54.7 g/kg). The samples (essential oil and extracts) were subjected to a screening for antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS assays) and antimalarial activities and against human breast cancer cells. The essential oil showed a higher antioxidant activity with an IC50= 2 ± 0.1 mg/L. Among the extracts, the aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50= 4.8 ± 0.2 mg/L (DPPH assay). Concerning antimalarial activity, Origanum compactum essential oil and ethyl acetate extract showed the best results with an IC50 of 34 and 33 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, ethyl acetate extract (30 mg/L) and ethanol extract (56 mg/L) showed activity against human breast cancer cells (MCF7). The oregano essential oil was considered to be nontoxic.
Adjuvant Carboplatin and Gemcitabine Combination Chemotherapy Postamputation in Canine Appendicular Osteosarcoma
Authors: McMahon M. , Mathie T. , Stingle N. , Romansik E. , Vail D. , London C.
Published: April 2011

Background: Appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA), the most common bone tumor in dogs, is typically treated by amputation and adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite numerous efforts, the median survival time (MST) for dogs receiving a platinum compound, doxorubicin, or a combination of these remains at 8–12 months. Evidence from studies in mice suggests that gemcitabine has activity against OSA in vivo. Our preliminary work demonstrated that the addition of low‐dosage (10 mM) gemcitabine to carboplatin resulted in synergistic inhibition of OSA cell viability in vitro.

Objective: The purpose of the following study was to determine whether the addition of low‐dosage (2 mg/kg) gemcitabine to carboplatin chemotherapy in dogs with OSA after amputation would improve MST over carboplatin monotherapy.

Animals: Fifty dogs with histologically confirmed appendicular OSA.

Methods: Dogs were treated prospectively with amputation and up to 4 dosages of carboplatin and gemcitabine in combination every 3 weeks.

Results: The chemotherapeutic regimen was well tolerated with only 5 episodes of grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity. The median disease‐free interval (DFI) was 203 days and the MST was 279 for all dogs in this study. The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates were 29.5 and 11.3%, respectively. Dogs with proximal humeral OSA had a shorter median DFI (P= .04) compared with dogs with OSA in other locations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results are comparable to those reported for carboplatin monotherapy indicating that the addition of gemcitabine to carboplatin in dogs with appendicular OSA does not appear to improve outcome.
Long‐Term Clinicopathological Characteristics of Alpacas Naturally Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type Ib
Authors: Bedenice D. , Dubovi E. , Kelling C.L. , Henningson J.N. , Topliff C.L. , Parry N.
Published: April 2011

Background:Substantial bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)‐related production losses in North American alpaca herds have been associated with BVDV type Ib infection.

Objectives:To classify and differentiate the long‐term clinicopathological characteristics of BVDV type Ib infection of alpaca crias, after natural virus exposure. We hypothesized that persistently infected (PI) alpacas specifically demonstrate growth retardation, clinicopathological evidence of opportunistic infections, and early mortality.

Animals:Thirty‐five crias naturally exposed to BVDV (18 acute, 3 chronic, 14 PIs), and 19 healthy cohort controls of 5 northeastern alpaca farms were prospectively evaluated over 2 years (September 2005–September 2008).

Methods:Observational cohort‐control study.

Results:Chronically (viremia >3 weeks) and PI crias demonstrated significantly lower birth weights, decreased growth rates, anemia, and monocytosis compared with control animals. Common clinical problems of PI alpacas included chronic wasting, diarrhea, and respiratory disease. Median survival of PI alpacas that died was 177 days (interquartile range, 555) with a case fatality rate of 50% within 6 months of life. Transplacental infection was confirmed in 82% (9/11) of pregnant females on 1 farm, resulting in the birth of 7 PI crias (7/10 deliveries; 1 animal was aborted). Mean gestation at the beginning and end of BVDV exposure was 64 and 114 days, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Natural BVDV type 1b infection during early pregnancy resulted in a high incidence of PI offspring. Although PI alpacas may have distinct clinical characteristics, verification of persistent viremia in the absence of endogenous, neutralizing antibodies is essential to differentiate persistent from chronic infection.
Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia in Malinois Puppies: A Hereditary Autosomal Recessive Disorder?
Authors: Kleiter M. , Högler S. , Kneissl S. , Url A. , Leschnik M.
Published: April 2011

Background: There is a high incidence of hereditary degenerative diseases of the central nervous system in purebred dogs.

Hypothesis: Cerebellar ataxia in Malinois puppies, caused by degenerative changes that predominate in cerebellar nuclei and the granular cell layer, is a hereditary disorder that is distinct from cerebellar cortical abiotrophies.

Animals: Thirteen Malinois puppies with cerebellar ataxia.

Methods: Retrospective study. Records of Malinois puppies with spongy degeneration of the cerebellar nuclei were analyzed including clinical signs, histopathological changes, and pedigree data.

Results: Signs of cerebellar dysfunction were observed in puppies of both sexes from 5 different litters (1995–2009) of phenotypically normal parents. Clinical signs started before the age of 2 months and resulted in euthanasia of all puppies by the age of 13 weeks. Histopathology disclosed marked bilateral spongy degeneration of the cerebellar nuclei and vacuoles in the granular cell layer and foliate white matter of the cerebellum. In some puppies, discrete vacuoles in gray and white matter were present in other parts of the brain. Furthermore, spheroids and dilated myelin sheaths were observed. Pedigree data and segregation frequency support an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Malinois suffer from a hereditary spongiform degeneration that predominates in the cerebellum and causes an early onset of clinical signs with unfavorable prognosis. Future efforts should increase awareness among veterinarians and breeders and aim to identify underlying metabolic mechanisms and the affected genes.
Aglepristone Decreases Proliferation in Progesterone Receptor‐Positive Canine Mammary Carcinomas
Authors: Guil‐Luna S. , Sánchez‐Céspedes R. , Millán Y. , De Andrés F.J. , Rollón E. , Domingo V. , Guscetti F. , Martín de las Mulas J.
Published: April 2011

Background: Progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist aglepristone (RU534) has been used successfully for pregnancy termination and therapy of pyometra, vaginal tumors, and mammary hyperplasia in bitches and queens. All of these conditions share with canine mammary carcinomas the expression of PR.

Objectives: To study the effect of RU534 on proliferation and apoptosis in canine mammary carcinomas in relation to PR expression.

Animals: Twenty‐seven nonspayed bitches with mammary carcinomas were treated with either 2 doses of 20 mg/kg RU534 (n = 22, RU534‐treated group) or oil placebo (n = 5, control group) on days 1 and 8.

Methods: Tumor samples were collected before (day 1) and after (day 15) treatment for immunohistochemistry. PR expression, proliferation index (PI), and apoptotic index (AI) were determined using antibodies against PR, Ki67, and cleaved lamin A/C antigens, respectively. The effect of treatment on these parameters was analyzed.

Results: Differential expression of PR between day 1 (59.1% PR‐positive tumors) and day 15 (36.4% PR‐positive tumors) was observed in RU534‐treated tumors exclusively. After RU534 treatment, mean PI was significantly decreased in PR‐positive but unchanged in PR‐negative RU534‐treated tumors. A reduction of ≥20% in PI was found in 61.5% of RU534‐treated tumors with PR expression. Conversely, no effect on AI was observed after RU534 treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Neoadjuvant RU534 treatment had PR expression‐related inhibiting effects on proliferation of canine mammary carcinoma cells.
The Preparation of Sparingly Soluble Penicillin Salts
Authors: Vanderhaeghe H
Published: April 2011

The preparation of sparingly penicillin salts with dialkylaminoalkyl benzoates has been investigated. Only the diethylaminoethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid has the same properties as diethylaminoethyl p-aminobenzoate (procaine). Phenylalanine esters (methyl to n-amyl) give sparingly soluble penicillin salts. The anomalies, described with different l-tyrosineesters, were not observed in this series.
The Local Anæsthetic ACtivity of 4-alkoxybenzoates
Authors: Vanderhaeghe H , Kolosy P , Claesen M
Published: April 2011

A series of p-alkoxy benzoates of β-dimethylamino-, β-diethylamino-, β-(1-pyrrolidyl)-ethanoland of γ-diethylamino-; γ-(1-pyrrolidyl-)3 propanol has been prepared. Some pharmacological activities of those compounds have been investigated. A certain number of them show good local anæsthetic properties.
Veinlet Termination Number—Some Further Observations
Authors: Hall J P , Melville C
Published: April 2011

Veinlet termination numbers for further species of commonly used medicinal leaves, both whole and coarsely ground, are presented. The relationship between veinlet termination number and the number of vein islets per 1 sq. mm. of leaf surface, and between veinlet termination number and leaf area are discussed.
Observations on the Stereochemistry of Benzamine
Authors: Stenlake J B
Published: April 2011

The stereochemical configurations of the two isomeric 2:2:6-trimethyl-4-piperidols and of benzamine and isobenzamine have been established by conformational analysis.
The Chemical Assay of Benzathine Penicillin
Authors: Parker G , Donegan L
Published: April 2011

A modified iodimetric assay for benzathine penicillin, based upon the method of Alicino, is described. Typical results are detailed, and compared with values obtained by estimation of the organic base content, and by biological assay.
A Comparative Study of the Spasmolytic Activities of Octaverine, Perparine and Papaverine
Authors: Goldberg A A , Shapero M
Published: April 2011

A comparative study has been made of the toxicities and spasmolytic activities of papaverine and 2 synthetic analogues, octaverine and perparine. Octaverine and perparine have about one-half of the acute toxicity of papaverine, as shown by the combined LD50 figures, the minimum convulsive doses and the minimum doses required to diminish reflexes and establish lateral decubitus in mice. Octaverine is 4 times, and perparine twice, as active as papaverine in suppressing the spontaneous contractions of rat uterus. All 3 alkaloids have the same activity against barium chloride-induced spasm in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Octaverine and papaverine possess the same activity against spasm provoked by histamine or by pilocarpine; perparine has one-half of the activity of papaverine against histamine spasm and double the activity of papaverine against pilocarpine spasm. 5 Orally administerd papaverine has no action against histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs; both octaverine and perparine possess a definite although small activity under comparable conditions.
The Ultra-Violet Spectrophotometric Assay of Alkaloids; Part II. Quinine and Strychnine
Authors: Bhattacharya Rabindra Nath , Ganguly Anil Kumar
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions

A simple ultra-violet spectrophotometric method for assay of mixed solutions of strychnine and quinine has been developed. Strychnine in solutions containing strychnine and quinine down to the ratio of 1:250 could be estimated within 1 per cent, of the actual quantity present. For ultra-violet spectrophotometric assay of strychnine and quinine it is imperative that the mixture should have little or no fluorescence under an ordinary ultra-violet lamp. For assay of the alkaloids in pharmaceutical preparations containing other ingredients, the bases are extracted and estimated as hydrochlorides. The accuracy of the method is largely dependent on the efficiency of such extractions.
Pharmacological Studies in the Apocynaceous Genus Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. Aspidosperma Oblongum A.DC
Authors: Banerjee J N , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

The bark of Aspidosperma oblongum A.DC. contains alkaloids which antagonise the actions of acetylcholine, histamine, barium and adrenaline, and reverse the actions of the latter. The alkaloids markedly depress the isolated heart's action and change the electrocardiogram pattern.
The Stability of Solutions of Sodium Phenobarbitone
Authors: O'Reilly W J , Wright S E
Published: April 2011

The estimation of phenobarbitone by titration in anhydrous pyridine solution with sodium methylate is not affected by phenylethylacetylurea. The rate and extent of decomposition of sodium phenobarbitone in different strength aqueous solutions at various temperatures has been followed for periods up to 35 days. The results indicate a more rapid rate of decomposition than has been found previously, and confirm the necessity for avoiding the storage of phenobarbitone solutions for long periods at room temperature.
Preferential Crystallisation of one Stereoisomer from Solutions of Atropine Sulphate in Ethanol
Authors: Rosenblum E I , Taylor W S
Published: April 2011

Atropine and l-hyoscyamine sulphates crystallise from ethanol solution as alcoholates. The solubility of l-hyoscyamine alcoholate is considerably lower than that of the atropine compound, which may account for the “spontaneous resolution” of the latter. The direction of optical rotation of crystals from deliberately seeded atropine sulphate solutions follows that of the seeds.
Routine Pyrogen Testing
Authors: Smith K L
Published: April 2011

The examination of preparations from large-scale manufacture for freedom from pyrogens is described. Typical results from the examination of 11. and 0·51. packs of water for injection, glucose-saline and solution and normal saline solution are presented. Evidence supporting the claim that reduction in the pyrogen levels take place on storage is provided.
The Leucocyte Response in the Rabbit to Pyrogen from Proteus Vulgaris; Part I. Mononuclear and Temperature Responses
Authors: Dawson Mary , Todd J P
Published: April 2011

Rabbit leucocyte response to a freeze-dried pyrogen from Proteus vulgaris was investigated and differential counts were carried out. The relative percentage of small lymphocytes fell, the maximum fall occurring about three hours after injection. The fall was expressed as a percentage of the initial level. At the high dose level injected, the small lymphocyte percentage fall had a coefficient of variation of 20 per cent, and the temperature rise a coefficient of 39 per cent. At the two lower dose levels the responses were of equal variability. The small lymphocyte response remained quantitative over the three doses studied but the temperature response failed to distinguish between the middle and high doses chosen.
Morphine Derivatives with Antianalgesic Action
Authors: Green A F , Ruffell G K , Walton E
Published: April 2011

A series of N-alkyl substituted derivatives of morphine has been synthesised and examined for analgesic and antianalgesic action. Several of these compounds have shown powerful antianalgesic activity, N-propylnormorphine and the diacetyl and dipropionyl derivatives of N-allylnormorphine (nalorphine) being about as active as nalorphine.
Observations on Dithiols and the Distribution of Lead in Rabbits
Authors: Adam K R , Weatherall M
Published: April 2011

The influence of several dithiols on the acute distribution and excretion of lead salts has been studied in rabbits. Dimercaprol glucoside and 1:2-dimercaptopropionic acid were substantially more effective than dimercaprol in promoting the excretion of lead in the urine. 1:3-dimercaptopropanol and 1:4-dimercaptoerythritol were not more effective than dimercaprol. After dimercaprol glucoside the lead remaining in the body was distributed more uniformly than in the control animals. 5 After a tenfold increase in the dose of lead inequalities in the distribution were exaggerated. Dimercaprol and dimercaprol glucoside caused a bigger absolute increase in the urinary excretion of lead after this dose than after the smaller dose of lead. Relatively to the dose of lead, they were less effective. 6 The mechanism underlying these changes is discussed and a simple theory is put forward to account for them.
The Alkaloids of Duboisia Leichhardtii: Butropine and Valtropine
Authors: Rosenblum Edward Ivan , Taylor Walter Seward
Published: April 2011

Two new alkaloids, butropine (iso-butyryltropeine) and valtropine (d-α-methylbutyryltropeine) have been found in the leaves of Duboisia leichhardtii. They may occur in quantity comparable with that of the hyoscine. The two bases have been separated by vacuum fractionation, and by fractional extraction of an ether solution with aqueous acid. They form well defined crystalline salts. n-Butyryl, isobutyryl and isovalerytropeines have been synthesised, and the m.pts. of a number of their salts are recorded.