bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Management and Autonomy of the Local State: The Role of the Judiciary in the United States
Authors: Johnston R J
Published: October 2006

The degree of autonomy of the local state and of urban managers is a focus of contemporary debate. This paper looks at the situation in the United States, where the actions of some local state managers may be subject to scrutiny by a panel of ‘supermanagers’, the justices of the Supreme Court.
Why Geography Cannot Be Marxist: Towards an Understanding of Lived Experience
Authors: Eyles J
Published: October 2006

The main aim of the paper is to provide a framework for understanding and explaining lived experience. It sets out to do this by examining the three strands of Marxian analysis that can be identified in human geography. All are subject to critique and found to present difficulties in terms of their own problematics for understanding lived experience. To retain a holistic, dialectical framework, humanistic elements from existential phenomenology are considered, although such humanism must be materially grounded. The notions of contradiction, alienation, seriality, and ideology are used to illustrate the potential of a critical, humanistic Marxian framework for understanding the nature, production, and reproduction of lived experience.
Dependency and Urban Growth: A Critical Review and Reformulation of the Concepts of Primacy and Rank-Size
Authors: Ettlinger Nancy
Published: October 2006

Concepts of city-size distributions are critically reviewed and reformulated. City-size distributions are conceptualized in terms of a continuum that is not necessarily unidirectional. Processes of urban growth and decline are explained with reference to interurban linkages and dominance-dependence relationships within and across national boundaries.
Spatiotemporal Models of Ethnic Segregation and Their Implications for Housing Policy
Authors: Woods R I
Published: October 2006

A number of models have been developed to simulate the changing segregation of ethnic groups in urban areas. Of these the ‘tipping point’ and ‘spatial diffusion’ models have been the most widely employed. This discussion presents a general evaluation of the effectiveness of such models and outlines an attempt to simulate changing segregation patterns by combining in-migration, diffusion, and housing structure elements. The simulation is tested with data for Birmingham, England, in the 1960s and 1970s. The general implications of the model for future government and local authority housing policies toward ethnic groups are also considered.
Measurement of the Effects of Regional Policy Instruments by Means of Linear Structural Equation Models and Panel Data
Authors: Folmer H
Published: October 2006

Two kinds of problems have generally been encountered in measuring the effects of instruments of regional policy. The first concerns the construction of an adequate method, which should (a) take explicitly into account the multidimensional character of a regional profile, (b) disentangle policy effects from autonomous developments, (c) make it possible to compare the effects of different policy instruments, and (d) be capable of dealing with theoretical constructs and measurement errors. The second problem relates to the scarcity of regional data, both concerning time-series and cross-sectional data. A linear structural equation model is presented which meets the first set of conditions. This model is then modified in such a way that it can be estimated by pooling cross-sectional and time-series data, thus increasing the number of observations. In addition, as an application the effects of regional industrialization policy on investments in the Netherlands during the period 1973–1976 are estimated.
The Dynamics of Urban Spatial Structure: Some Exploratory Results Using Difference Equations and Bifurcation Theory
Authors: Clarke M , Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

It is demonstrated that a simple difference equation model, which exhibits complex bifurcation behaviour, can be used to represent change in urban retailing and residential systems. These submodels are combined to form a rudimentary dynamic model of urban spatial structure. A sample of exploratory results are presented for a 169-zone hypothetical system.
Providing an Adequate Social Infrastructure in Rural Areas: An Application of a Maximal Supply Dispersion Model to Elementary School Planning in Rotenburg/Wümme (FRG)
Authors: Bahrenberg G
Published: October 2006

A short introduction is given to the structural problems of rural areas in the Federal Republic of Germany, and as an example the case of the declining provision of schools (especially elementary schools) is then presented. A location-allocation model, called a maximum supply dispersion model, is introduced which is capable of demonstrating the relation between the provision of schools and the minimum school size, and which may be used as a base for planning the development of schools and other public central facilities in rural areas.
Frameworks for the Analysis of Landsat Digital Data
Authors: Harris R
Published: October 2006

A brief summary is made of Landsat digital data structures, and two groups of image analysis techniques considered: the first, path sequential analysis by analysing pixels and window areas in series, and the second, segmentation and labelling by the use of methods such as edge detection and iterative relaxation to map Landsat data.
Optimal Distribution of City Sizes in a Region
Authors: Tabuchi T
Published: October 2006

First, an optimal spatial distribution model is proposed of population sizes in a country. The objective function to be examined consists of the amount of interaction benefit which is formulated by means of accessibility, and the amount of intraaction congestion cost which is measured by means of population density. Second, the optimal population distribution is obtained by use of this optimization model, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimal solution is given. Third, based upon the data analysis of population distribution in Japanese prefectures in 1975, it is shown that the Japanese population is undergoing suburbanization and that this leads to the optimal population distribution. Last, this model is used to obtain and analyze the optimal grid system population distribution of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.
Forecasting the Progress of Epidemics by Means of a Bayesian-Entropy Framework
Authors: Souza R C
Published: October 2006

In a recent paper a new approach to forecasting based on the Bayesian principles of information theory was proposed and called the Poisson-gamma single-state model. In this paper a two-state version of the Poisson-gamma model is formulated by considering the uncertainty not only in the parameters but also in the model itself. This model is particularly useful for modelling epidemic data such as measles by considering two different situations (states) of the generating process at each time point: viz, state 1—no epidemic phase; state 2—epidemic phase.
Restructuring Urban Managerialism: Towards a Political Economy of Urban Allocation
Authors: Williams P
Published: October 2006

This paper is concerned with conceptual frameworks in urban geography. It seeks to reestablish the validity of research at the institutional level albeit set within a broad political economy of urbanism. It also argues the need both to recognise and to explain the high degree of variation which exists within institutions operating in the urban realm.
The Changing Relationship between Local and National Unemployment Rates in Northern England, 1971–1980
Authors: Owen D W , Gillespie A E
Published: October 2006

One aspect of the ‘regional problem’ in the British context has been the tendency for certain regions to suffer from unemployment levels persistently above the national average, often reinforced by high degrees of sensitivity to national cyclical changes. The paper examines the relationships between levels of unemployment within the Northern Region and the nation as a whole, focussing particularly upon changes in these relationships over the last decade. The lack of stability identified, with areas reacting differently to different cycles or parts of cycles, raises a number of questions concerning the interpretation of interregional unemployment convergence or divergence trends.
Spatial Development Processes with Renewal in a Growing City
Authors: Akita T , Fujita M
Published: October 2006

Optimal spatial development processes with renewal in a growing city are studied by solving a long-term planning problem of urban land use in a monocentric city. Spatial development processes are classified according to the relative values of renewal cost and the relative length of the growth period of the city. Renewal processes are generally observed in the course of the spatial development processes unless renewal cost is extremely high. Since we do not consider depreciation of the building stock, urban renewal in this study is due solely to the efficiency of the spatial allocation of the building stock over time.
A Dynamic Predator–Prey Model for Fishery Resources: A Case of Lake Kasumigaura
Authors: Kitabatake Y
Published: October 2006

A dynamic model for fishery resources with predator–prey relationships is constructed based on observational data and research findings for Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. The analysis of the stationary state as well as the sensitivity analysis shows that the use of diesel-powered trawling, which enables the large-scale catch of prey species in comparison with the traditional method of sailing trawling, may lead to the extinction of predator as well as prey species once the trawling efficiency in the catch of prey species is improved beyond the present level, provided that fishermen behave so as to maximize their profits subject to the restriction of operation time.
A Model of Labour-Market Interdependencies in the London Region
Authors: Gordon I R , Lamont D
Published: October 2006

This paper develops an approach to the analysis of labour markets in a metropolitan region, emphasising the interdependencies between submarket areas arising from housing-related as well as employment-related migration and from induced shifts in commuting patterns. Three distinct migration streams with differing sensitivity to distance are identified and separately incorporated in a simultaneous equation model in which employment growth, unemployment, house construction, and house prices are also endogenous. Results are presented for estimation of this eleven-equation model with cross-sectional data for seventy-one areas in inner London, outer London, and the Outer Metropolitan Area. Important linkages are identified between the availability of rentable accommodation, labour migration and thus unemployment, between long-distance migration, and rates of private construction both in the areas of original destination and subsequent dispersal, and between intrametropolitan housing-related moves and the consequent decentralisation of employment. The distribution of new housing and employment opportunities, more than residential preference, is seen as the key factor in locational change within the region.
Provision and Wellbeing: An Agenda for Public Resources Research
Authors: Jones K , Kirby A
Published: October 2006

This paper begins by assessing the state of public facility location research, and follows Dear in suggesting that a new context for analysis is required. Such a context is outlined, placing public goods within a chain of provision that links social policy with the individual's quality of life. Parts of this argument are illustrated with recourse to preliminary empirical work undertaken in Reading on aspects of health-care provision.
Space Preferences, Locational Decisions, and the Dispersal of Civil Servants from London
Authors: Pacione M
Published: October 2006

Locational decisions are made on the basis of the individual's cognitive map of the real world, and the popular image of places can exert powerful influences on the structure of these internal models. This is of real importance for those engaged in tertiary and quaternary employment as well as for national strategies aimed at the regional redistribution of manpower. The present research examined the space perceptions and place images of potential migrants with particular reference to the planned dispersal of civil service posts from London to Glasgow.
Estimating input-output Multipliers—A New Hybrid Approach
Authors: Phibbs P J , Holsman A J
Published: October 2006

A new hybrid input-output technique known as GRITSSIC is proposed. The method uses survey-based sums of intermediate coefficients to improve the accuracy and reliability of generalised regional input-output tables. A series of simulation tests and empirical verification through the application of the technique to the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales suggest that GRITSSIC achieves a satisfactory compromise between reliability and cost efficiency.
The Importance of the First round in the Multiplier Process: The Impact of Civil Service Dispersal
Authors: Ashcroft B , Swales J K
Published: October 2006

In this paper an extended Keynesian regional multiplier model is developed and used to estimate the local impact of two proposed (but subsequently cancelled) moves in the UK programme of Government office dispersal. These moves were to have been the relocation of the Property Services Agency to Cleveland and part of the Ministry of Defence to the county of South Glamorgan. The multiplier formulation explicitly takes into account an important feature of Government office dispersal; that is, that a large proportion of the employees move with the job. The importance of the first round in the multiplier process is stressed, and quantitative estimates of the effects of varying the nature of the initial injection are given.
Models for the Analysis of Interregional Migration
Authors: Constantine A G , Gower J C
Published: October 2006

Asymmetric square tables, such as those arising from interregional migration, can be analysed by separating the skew-symmetric and symmetric components. A least-squares analysis of the skew-symmetric part can indicate the degree of complexity of model that is consistent with data and this can be combined with some suitable model for the symmetric part. The joint model may then be fitted by maximum likelihood based on suitable distributional assumptions. This approach is used for an analysis of Australian interstate migration for 1960–1966 and indicates a model with independent in-migration and out-migration rates proportional to a symmetric function of population sizes and interstate distance. Problems of identiflability of parameters are especially interesting and relevant to the formulation of models in this field. There is strong support for a modified gravity model, and some evidence that the out-migration rate is constant for most states.
Specifying Weights in Spatial Forecasting Models: The Results of Some Experiments
Authors: Stetzer F
Published: October 2006

The application of space-time forecasting models requires the specification of a set of place-to-place weights. The existing literature contains several recommendations for this specification. By a series of Monte Carlo simulations, various weighting rules are compared in terms of estimation of model parameters and accuracy of forecasts. It is shown that specification of the weights is important, especially when sample sizes are small and the data autocorrelated. Generally, the effective area of the weight function is more important than its distance decay.
Employment Density Variation in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area
Authors: Erickson R A
Published: October 2006

Traditional density models have used a single gradient to depict the employment distribution over metropolitan space. However, different processes have characterized city and suburban development, and suburban gradients are not simple extensions of central city ones. Analysis of employment data for the Baltimore standard metropolitan statistical area in 1974 indicates that differences in markets and transportation costs help to account for observed differences in city-suburban density gradients.
Accumulation, Spatial Policies, and the Production of Regional Labour Reserves: A Study of Washington New Town
Authors: Hudson R
Published: October 2006

It has recently been argued by Damette that regional labour reserves have come to occupy a central role in the accumulation process as a source of surplus profits. Moreover, the State has increasingly become involved in creating such reserves via its spatial policies, often with unintended results in relation to the stated aims of these policies. These general propositions are explored in this paper via an investigation of some aspects of the development of Washington New Town, considering in turn the policy context in which the proposals for the New Town emerged, the mechanisms involved in producing labour reserves there, and the results of developing the town in relation to the employment objectives specified for it.
Industrial Restructuring and Change in the Labour and Property Markets in Britain
Authors: Thorns D C
Published: October 2006

This paper seeks to identify the interrelationships between the labour and property markets and the role of regions and the local state in Britain in order to assess their effects upon the structure of opportunities. The labour market changes over the postwar period have resulted in labour shedding in the older heavy industries and in mining and quarrying, leading to changes both in the composition and in the location of the work force. During the same period there have been major changes in the tenure structure of housing with the growth of owner occupation. There is a strong relationship between the areas which have a buoyant labour market and those which have a high rate of house price increase. The implications of these changes in the labour and property markets are examined in relation to mobility and class structure.
Spatial Aggregation in Gravity Models: 4. Generalisations and Large-Scale Applications
Authors: Batty M , Sikdar P K
Published: October 2006

This paper is concerned with applying and extending a methodology for analysing spatial aggregation in gravity models developed in three earlier papers to a larger scale and hence more realistic example of spatial interaction than has been treated so far. Problems of model performance and the analysis of spatial aggregation effects identified in earlier papers are first described, and accordingly the spatial information (entropy) function used previously is then generalised to enable a wider set of models to be applied. Seven models are generated by means of spatial and generalised entropy functions subject to a standard set of model constraints, and the properties of the models in terms of their canonical forms are presented. The models are then applied to four levels of aggregation (234, 121, 58, and 22 zones) of the spatial interaction pattern in Edmonton, Alberta. As in previous papers, information in the data set at the four levels of aggregation is first measured and interpreted, the models are then fitted to these four levels, and relationships between information and parameter values sought. The approximation theory developed earlier is then used to predict parameter values of such models directly from observed spatial information. The results are only fair, better than those of part 3, but worse than those of part 2; although in terms of predicted parameter shift between levels of aggregation, the shifts associated with the doubly constrained model are accurately predicted. The various themes in these papers are then drawn together, conclusions with respect to the value of the insights gained are made, and speculations as to the most fruitful lines for future research outlined.
Economies of Scale and the Existence of Supply-Side Equilibria in a Production-Constrained Spatial-Interaction Model
Authors: Harris B , Choukroun J-M , Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

In previous research it has been shown that discrete changes in spatial patterns of supply in the production-constrained spatial-interaction model arise from changes in parameters such as α and β In this case, pattern changes are explored as a function of the given population distributions. This shows the existence of new kinds of critical points.
The Employment of Migrant Workers in the Belgian Economy: A Structural Phenomenon
Authors: Moulaert F , Philips F
Published: October 2006

An attempt is made to give a statistical answer to the question: “Has the employment of migrant workers in Belgium a purely structural or rather a mixed (that is, both structural and cyclical) character?”

Indicators of structural and cyclical economic development are used to examine which of two sets of regressions provides the best statistical explanation of the evolution of total employment of migrant workers over time. The first set contains regressions constructed in terms of indicators of structural development only, whereas the second set consists of regressions specified in terms of both types of indicators. It is found that including cyclical indicators into the specification does not meaningfully contribute to the statistical explanation of the employment of migrant workers. However, mixed specifications including the lagged dependent variable demonstrate a slight superiority for a number of individual coefficient statistics.
Urban Planning and the Community: An Example from the Third World
Authors: Soussan J G
Published: October 2006

In this paper the need for, and problems associated with, urban planning in the Third World is examined through the consideration of the implementation of a major large-scale planning exercise: the Delhi Master Plan. The main features of the planning exercise are outlined with emphasis placed on the comprehensive nature of the proposals in the plan. The implementation of these strategies is then considered and the failure to realise declared aims of the Master Plan is emphasised. This is attributed in part to the planning agencies failure to implement strategies efficiently and effectively, in part to the erroneous assumptions upon which these strategies are based, and in part to the comprehensive, blue-print approach adopted. In the final section the need for an alternative approach to urban planning is argued, with emphasis placed on the identification of realisable goals, the assessment of priorities, and the need for the involvement of the communities one is attempting to benefit.
Probabilistic Demands and Costs in Facility Location Problems
Authors: Mirchandani P B , Oudjit A
Published: October 2006

When deterministic assumptions in ‘classical’ location problems are relaxed some new theoretical and algorithmic problems arise. In this paper, the definition of medians is generalized to the cases: (1) when generated demands and travel costs are random, and (2) when the demand induced at the facilities is random because of competition. Under a particular set of assumptions, the well-known theorems on ‘optimality of node locations' hold for the underlying ‘probabilistic networks’.

For case (1) the model is shown to be a generalization of the probabilistic and deterministic median location problems on networks. The relationship of the model to a multicommodity location problem is also pointed out. Additionally, within the framework of the problem formulation, certain parallels with multiobjective location problems are drawn. For case (2), the competitive median location problem is formulated, and some results presented.

For the special structure of probabilistic tree networks some interesting localization properties for the 1-median and 2-median are discussed.
Estimating the Sources of Spatial Change in Election Results: A Multiproportional Matrix Approach
Authors: Johnston R J , Hay A M , Taylor P J
Published: October 2006

Several hypotheses have been suggested to account for spatial variations in the changing pattern of votes between elections. Unfortunately, data are not available to allow direct tests of these hypotheses. However, an entropy-maximizing procedure for providing the best estimates of the needed data is outlined, means of testing the hypotheses are suggested, and a set of analyses using a hypothetical data set are presented.
An Alternative Method for Assessing Goodness-of-Fit for Logit Models
Authors: Costanzo C M , Halperin W C , Gale N D , Richardson G D
Published: October 2006

An inference strategy is presented to assess the goodness-of-fit for logit models. The conventional approach has emphasized likelihood ratio tests in which a distribution for the test statistic is assumed. A more recent development, the prediction success table, is based upon a ratio of predicted to observed choice patterns, yet it is primarily a descriptive index not placed within the context of an inference strategy/hypothesis-testing framework. An alternative method is put forward which uses residuals. Although problematic in a parametric context, residuals can be used in an approach which incorporates both a nonparametric randomization procedure and a sample reuse design. A test statistic is defined and compared to a reference distribution created under the assumption of random variation in the responses with variation in the explanatory variable(s). A numerical example is carried out to investigate the efficacy of using this approach.
A Note on Small Sample Properties of Estimators in a First-Order Spatial Autoregressive Model
Authors: Anselin L
Published: October 2006

This note considers a Bayesian estimator and an ad hoc procedure for the parameters of a first-order spatial autoregressive model. The approaches are derived, and their small sample properties compared by means of a Monte Carlo simulation experiment.
A Mathematical Model of Group Social Interaction
Authors: Baker R G V
Published: October 2006

The definition of place utility from potential theory shows that a preference and orthogonal indifference field can influence a decisionmaker, which suggests the operation of behavioural forces. Learning energy is defined to be a major behavioural force and a statistical model is proposed for its distribution over an assembly of decisionmakers. An attitude system is derived for a social network where the decisionmaker can be in a unitary state of utility or disutility. The resulting partition function shows that the learning energy of the assembly is derived from nearest-neighbour interactions and the operation of an external place utility preference field. A positive linear relationship is proposed between learning energy and environmental stress. The critical stress in social interaction is determined and a variety of behaviours in urban sociology are predicted. The model is then applied to a Markov learning system and the results discussed.
Technological Change and Regional Development: Some Evidence on Regional Variations in Product and Process Innovation
Authors: Oakey R P , Thwaites A T , Nash P A
Published: October 2006

A contribution is made to the study of the regional development impacts of technological change by presenting new data on regional differences in innovation levels. In particular the analysis shows clear differences in the levels of product and process innovation. These differences in product and process innovation levels are then related to possible future policies aimed at promoting technological change in development regions.
Comparing Rectangular Data Matrices
Authors: Hubert L J , Golledge R G
Published: October 2006

A procedure is discussed for comparing two rectangular n × m data matrices. The two matrices would typically represent data on the same n objects (for example, cities or subjects) and the same m attributes (for example, crime rates or attitudinal variables). An index that measures the degree to which both matrices are similar is presented along with a significance testing strategy that takes into account the possible dependency among the m attributes. To illustrate the strategy, a numerical example is given that compares the seven index crime rates for a set of twenty standard metropolitan statistical areas for the years 1976 and 1977. In addition to giving several possible generalizations of the basic comparison method, including a natural procedure for comparing three or more data matrices, we show in some detail how the matrix comparison strategy encompasses and extends the work of Tjøtheim on measuring association for spatially related variables.
Map Analysis: Description or Modelling?
Authors: Haining R P
Published: October 2006

The role of descriptive measures of map pattern for lattice distributions and point processes and the usefulness of proceeding beyond these measures to the construction of statistical models of the data is discussed. For certain problems of estimation, forecasting, and equilibrium process modelling, it is argued that model building does add to an interpretation of map structure.
Toward a More Explicit Stochastic Model of a City-Size Distribution: A Reply to Kim's Critique
Authors: Okabe A
Published: October 2006

This note is a reply to Kim's critique on my paper concerning Simon's city-size distribution model. First, Kim's critique is shown not to be relevant. Second, to make the debate constructive, a possible direction toward a more general city-size distribution model is shown in the context of a Markov population process.
REMO—An Interregional Labor Market Model of Austria
Authors: Schubert U
Published: October 2006

This paper presents an overview of a continuing research project which attempts to analyse regional labor market disparities in Austria by means of an econometric model. First, the structure of the labor supply and demand models is described and a set of behavioral hypotheses is stated. The supply side is modelled as a nonstationary Markov chain, where the transition probabilities are variables. A labor market segmentation is assumed to exist, where the barriers to professional mobility are the educational attainment levels. This approach leads to an integrated analysis of the regional education system. Other components of the supply side are the migration, commuting, and labor force participation submodels. The demand side, because of data restrictions, deals only with the secondary sector, regional investment, containing capital flows to and from other regions and labor demand are modelled as a simultaneous equation subsystem. A disequilibrium model was chosen for the labor market as a whole, that is, supply and demand are only equal by coincidence. The statistical basis for the econometric work are cross-sectional data available for a few points in time, based on the ninety-eight counties of Austria.
Hierarchical Effects of Personal, Household, and Residential Location Characteristics on Individual Activity Demand
Authors: Wermuth M J
Published: October 2006

Frequency of activities categorized by work, work-related activity, education/training, personal shopping, recreation, and other personal business gives a characteristic measure for each individual, and it is therefore an important base variable for estimating demand in town and transport planning. In this context it is important to know whether the vector of category-specific activity frequencies is determined by personal, household, or residential location characteristics. These categories of characteristics display a hierarchical effects structure that is statistically analyzable only by means of a hierarchical analysis-of-variance model. The analysis of extensive data from household survey samples of 44000 and 400000 persons, respectively, in two different study areas shows that the obligatory activity levels (work, education/training) can be attributed almost exclusively to person-specific characteristics, and that 70% of the variance for the private activities of individuals can be attributed to personal characteristics, between 15–30% to household characteristics, and only up to 4% to locational characteristics.
Stochastic Input-Output Analysis: A Simulation Study
Authors: Hanseman D J
Published: October 2006

In the first part of the paper, the idea of a stochastic input-output model, as conceived by Gerking, is reviewed and criticized; and some extensions and simplifications are then made. The second part seeks to assess the small sample behavior of several regression estimators proposed by Gerking. Since samples available for the construction of regional tables are typically quite small, this Monte Carlo study provides evidence as to which of the proposed estimators is most feasible for the actual empirical construction of regional input-output tables.
Housing Landlordism in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Kemp P
Published: October 2006

The paper examines the form and function of housing landlordism in late nineteenth-century Britain. The first three sections discuss why private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure, and how this form of housing realisation was of advantage to tenants, builders, and investors. The paper then discusses the nature of loan capital in house property and the characteristics of housing to let as an investment. Particular emphasis is placed upon the way in which the form taken by the late nineteenth-century housing market was itself structured by the nature of the wider economy, of which it formed a part.
Equity, Efficiency, and Accessibility in Urban and Regional Health-Care Systems
Authors: Mayhew L D , Leonardi G
Published: October 2006

This paper explores four different criteria of health-care resource allocation at the urban and regional level. The criteria are linked by a common spatial-interaction model. This model is based on the hypothesis that the number of hospital patients generated in a residential zone i is proportional to the relative morbidity of i, and to the availability of resources in treatment zone j, but is in inverse proportion to the accessibility costs of getting from i to j. The resource-allocation criteria are based on objectives on which there is broad agreement among planners and other actors in a health-care system. These objectives are concerned with allocations that conform to notions of equity, efficiency, and two definitions of accessibility. The allocation criteria give mainly aggregate-level information, and are designed with the long-term regional planning of health-care services in mind. The paper starts by defining the criteria, and describes how they are intended to be employed in a planning context. The allocation rules are then formally derived and linked together mathematically. They are then applied to a region, London, England, which is known to have very complex health-care planning problems. As a result of this application, two of the criteria—equity and efficiency—are selected for further analysis. A new model is built and applied that specifically enables the user to trade off one of these criteria against the other.
Industrial Geography: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Malecki E J
Published: October 2006

Industrial geography has expanded beyond manufacturing, and various systems frameworks have been proposed to organize research. Industrial systems, urban and regional systems, and the world system all have some degree of applicability as explanatory devices. The papers in this issue of Environment and Planning A are introduced within the context of recent research in industrial geography.
Industrial Linkage and the Segmented Economy: 1. Some Theoretical Proposals
Authors: Taylor M J , Thrift N J
Published: October 2006

This paper, the first of two, reinterprets linkage studies as part of a geography of business organisations based on the power relationships between different segments of an industrial economy. Linkage studies are reviewed and found to lack any depth of explanation. An alternative approach based upon a combination of the concepts of segmentation and networks of power is then presented.
Control Factors in the Economic Development of Nonmetropolitan America
Authors: Briggs R , Rees J
Published: October 2006

Nonmetropolitan counties of the United States have shown a remarkable degree of economic growth and diversity in the 1970s. This paper examines three control mechanisms behind these changes and concludes that: the interstate highway system was not a major determining factor in the spatial pattern of nonmetropolitan development, branch plants of manufacturing companies seemed to contribute to employment stability in these areas, and unearned income played an increasing role over time in the economic base of these rural areas. These conclusions, therefore, separate some of the realities from the myths that have surrounded the growth of nonmetropolitan America.
Organisational Theory and Industrial Location
Authors: Marshall J N
Published: October 2006

In terms of theory, the study of industrial location is largely a derivative discipline. It is argued that industrial geographers have adopted concepts from the organisational sciences without sufficient consideration of their disciplinary context. A review of organisational science theory suggests that mainstream industrial location analysis is flawed from a political and methodological point of view. Industrial geography has adopted a model of the business organisation which has a managerial bias. More subjective approaches towards organisational theory which emphasise individual perceptions and behaviour and the importance of the strategic decisions made by senior managers have also been neglected. It is proposed that studies in industrial location should be more firmly grounded in social theory. A more qualitative analysis of the industrial enterprise is suggested which uses participant-observation techniques that focus on the potential for choice in organisational systems of control.
Urban Spatial Structure with Open Space
Authors: Yang C H , Fujita M
Published: October 2006

Urban open spaces such as parks, open squares, parkways, etc, are considered as amenity resources or local public goods and incorporated into neoclassical urban land-use theory. Models characterizing Pareto efficient allocations and competitive equilibrium allocations with open space are presented. The ‘fiscal profitability principle’ suggested by Margolis is confirmed to be applicable to determine an efficient distribution of open space. Many interesting results are established. For example, if utility function is Cobb-Douglas or log-linear, then rich will locate farther away from poor, irrespective of the distribution of open space; the optimal density distribution of open space is uniform if the spillover effects of open space are neglected, and it is decreasing with the distance from the CBD when the spillover effects of open space are taken into account.
Public Information Flows in Rural Australia
Authors: Walmsley D J
Published: October 2006

Geographical studies of the transmission of information have focussed overwhelmingly on private information flows based on direct, face-to-face contact. Very little attention has been directed to media-based public information flows despite the potential importance of this type of flow in regional development. Yet an examination of newspaper content for the New England region of New South Wales for 1971 and 1977 reveals that major changes are occurring in newspaper-based information flows. Rural newspapers are becoming increasingly aspatial and parochial in their news coverage and the flow of information between rural centres is changing from a complex system to a less complex system. The reasons for these trends are not entirely clear, but may relate to economic and technological changes within the newspaper publishing industry as well as to the fortunes of regional policy in Australia.
Life-Cycle Stages, Mobility, and Metropolitan Change: 1. Theoretical Issues
Authors: Webber M J
Published: October 2006

It is shown how one dynamic element may be incorporated into operational urban models. That element is household mobility, caused by the evolution of households through stages in the life cycle. First, the significance of life-cycle changes as an agent causing intraurban mobility is reviewed; next, a matrix representation of the dynamics of life-cycle changes is examined; and then the properties of that representation are described.
Model Misspecification and Spatial Structure in Spatial-Interaction Models
Authors: Baxter M
Published: October 2006

Concern has been expressed about the effects of spatial structure on parameter estimates from spatial-interaction models. The problem is essentially one of model misspecification. With a correctly specified model assumed, in which destination attraction depends on whether it is near to an origin or not, the consequences of using a misspecified model are examined. Explicit expressions for bias in the parameter estimates are derived; these are complex, but depend on terms that can be clearly interpreted in terms of aspects of spatial structure, such as scale, compactness, shape, remoteness of destinations, etc. Some simple special cases show how, with misspecified models, estimates from different systems will almost certainly differ. Extensions of the analysis and problems of estimation and interpretation are discussed.
The Strange Case of the Missing Time Period n + 1
Authors: Price C
Published: October 2006

Simplifying the intertemporal allocation of a stock resource to a two-period model fails to account for the unequal relationship between time periods, and, more seriously, does not account for an increase in stock scarcity as the number of periods is increased. Discounting mitigates the problem, but the appropriateness of this to natural resources is under challenge. A multiperiod model shows the future costs of present use increasing well beyond normal time horizons. An optimal conservation tax may be large, even indefinitely so.
A Multisectoral and Multiregional Transport Model for India—Data Base and Calibration Techniques
Authors: Dalvi M Q , Das T K
Published: October 2006

With the macroeconomic input-output model of the Planning Commission taken as a basis for spatial planning, this paper discusses methodology for regional allocation of national sectoral outputs and demands and construction and calibration of a transport model for India. Although national outputs are determined in the framework of an input-output model, regional supplies are estimated by shift and share technique and regional demands by regional input-output equations. Generation and distribution of traffic are determined by the doubly constrained gravity model of Wilson and modal splits are carried out on the basis of comparative advantages of different modes in terms of generalised cost. The paper also discusses data base and calibration techniques for the model and provides empirical results.
A Shortcut Method for Computing Final Demand Multipliers for Small Regions: Comment
Authors: Katz J L
Published: October 2006

The Phibbs-Holsman shortcut formula can produce sizeable errors especially for large regions. This paper derives an alternative shortcut final demand multiplier formula with the same data requirements as the Phibbs-Holsman formula that is accurate for both small and large regions.
Dimensions of Social Well-Being: Implications of Alternative Spatial Frames
Authors: McCracken K W J
Published: October 2006

That the choice of spatial frame may have a significant impact on the results of statistical analyses of areally aggregated data is widely recognised in principle, but generally ignored in practice. Data relating to New Zealand are employed to investigate the effects of using alternative frames on factor analytic dimensions of regional social well-being and also the extent to which hypothesised causal influences of levels of well-being are frame specific. The implications of the findings for regional development policy and theory construction are briefly discussed.
Tobler's “An Alternative Formulation for Spatial-Interaction Modeling”: An Observation
Authors: Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

It is shown that there is a possible relationship between the maximand used to produce To bier's spatial interaction model and Kullback entropy.
A Multiple-Attribute Housing Disequilibrium Model of Residential Mobility
Authors: Onaka J L
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a model of residential mobility to investigate the relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics of a household and housing dissatisfaction. The paper extends the microeconomic model of residential migration by incorporating the hedonic theory of housing prices. The proposed model is estimated by logistic regression with interaction terms, with data from a national longitudinal survey. It is shown that the model provides a statistically significant improvement in fit over existing approaches.
Construction of an Index of Housing Need Based on Data from the National Dwelling and Housing Survey
Authors: Thomas M
Published: October 2006

This paper describes the construction of an index designed to measure the level of housing need among households in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The index, which uses data from the National Dwelling and Housing Survey, is modeled on the points scheme used by the Tower Hamlets Council in assigning points to applicants on their housing waiting list. The characteristics of households with different levels of housing need are studied. The implications for different sections of the community of variations in the housing needs criteria and of changes in the points scoring system are examined.
Errors in the Measurement of Spatial Distances between Discrete Regions
Authors: Rodriguez-Bachiller A
Published: October 2006

The use of intercentroid distances to measure spatial separation between discrete zones, introduces substantial errors into the measurement of distances between zones. These errors can produce important distortions; for instance, in the performance of spatial models based on a power or exponential function of distance. The nature and source of the errors and the magnitude of their effect on the performance of spatial interaction models are established for different types of situations and for different degrees of complexity in the network along which distances are measured. Some suggestions are made on an approach to correcting these errors; a particular approximation including the self-distances in the calculation of interzonal distances is discussed, and it is shown that it reduces the magnitude of the errors to more acceptable levels.
Log-Linear Models with Dependent Spatial Data
Authors: Fingleton B
Published: October 2006

Log-linear models are an appropriate means of determining the magnitude and direction of interactions between categorical variables that in common with other statistical models assume independent observations. Spatial data are often dependent rather than independent and thus the analysis of spatial data by log-linear models may erroneously detect interactions between variables that are spurious and are the consequence of pairwise correlations between observations. A procedure is described in this paper to accommodate these effects that requires only very minimal assumptions about the nature of the autocorrelation process given systematic sampling at intersection points on a square lattice.
Intraurban Residential Relocation Choices for Students: An Empirical Inquiry
Authors: Hensher D A , Taylor A K
Published: October 2006

Student residential relocation decisions are not well understood. Knowledge of the factors considered in such decisions is important in the planning of the residential accommodation requirements of tertiary institutions. In this paper we apply a probabilistic choice model of the logit form to identify the factors important to a student's choice between residential movement and nonmovement during the period of study. A sample of students in Sydney is used to estimate the model, and a separate sample drawn to assess its predictive ability. The model is estimated on student-specific data, and tested for the functional form of elements of the indirect utility-function. The empirical results support the ‘accessibility to academic institution’ hypothesis, and identify some neglected explanatory variables—especially access to finance, and support from parents.