bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of western immunoblot for evaluation of myocardial dystrophin, α-sarcoglycan, and β-dystroglycan in dogs with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Spier Alan W , Meurs Kathryn M. , Coovert Daniel D , Lehmkuhl Linda B. , O'Grady Michael R. , Freeman Lisa M. , Burghes Arthur H. , Towbin Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the potential importance of dystrophin, α-sarcoglycan (adhalin), and β-dystroglycan, by use of western blot analysis, in several breeds of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Sample Population—Myocardial samples obtained from 12 dogs were evaluated, including tissues from 7 dogs affected with dilated cardiomyopathy, 4 control dogs with no identifiable heart disease (positive control), and 1 dog affected with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (negative control for dystrophin). Of the affected dogs, 4 breeds were represented (Doberman Pinscher, Dalmatian, Bullmastiff, and Irish Wolfhound).

Procedure—Western blot analysis was used for evaluation of myocardial samples obtained from dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy for the presence of dystrophin and 2 of its associated glycoproteins, α-sarcoglycan and β-dystroglycan.

Results—Detectable differences were not identified between dogs with and without myocardial disease in any of the proteins evaluated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Abnormalities in dystrophin, α-sarcoglycan, and β-dystroglycan proteins were not associated with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in the dogs evaluated in this study. In humans, the development of molecular biological techniques has allowed for the identification of specific causes of dilated cardiomyopathy that were once considered to be idiopathic. The use of similar techniques in veterinary medicine may aid in the identification of the cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, and may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:67–71)
Glucose tolerance testing in llamas and alpacas
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J. , Van Saun Robert J. , Smith Bradford B.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine blood glucose clearance in 2 species of New World camelids after IV challenge and to examine mechanisms of this clearance.

Animals—5 adult female llamas and 5 adult gelded alpacas.

Procedure—After food was withheld for 12 hours, camelids received 0.5 g of glucose/kg of body weight by rapid IV infusion. Serum concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, cortisol, and insulin, and plasma concentrations of lactate were determined before and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after infusion. Ratios of insulin to glucose and insulin to cortisol were calculated for each time point.

Results—Postinfusion glucose concentrations were significantly higher in llamas than alpacas for the first 15 minutes and remained significantly higher than baseline values in both species for 180 minutes. Lactate and cortisol concentrations did not change significantly; nonesterified fatty acid concentrations decreased in both species 30 minutes after infusion. Baseline insulin concentrations were < 6 μU/ml in both species and increased only to 10.1 ± 0.7 μU/ml in llamas. Insulin concentrations did not change significantly in alpacas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Llamas and alpacas clear glucose more slowly than other domestic species after challenge, mainly because of a weak insulin response and slow cellular uptake. This response may impair the assimilation of exogenous glucose as well as make llamas and alpacas prone to diabetes-like disorders when an abundance of endogenous or exogenous glucogenic agents are present. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:682–686)
Effect of topical administration of 2% dorzlamide hydrochloride or 2% dorzlamide hydrochloride-0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure in clinically normal horses
Authors: Willis A. Michelle , Robbin Terah E. , Hoshaw-Woodard Stacy , Wilkie David A. , Schmall Michael L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of topical administration of 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride or 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride-0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal horses.

Animals—18 healthy adult horses without ocular abnormalities.

Procedure—The IOP was measured at 5 time points (7 AM, 9 AM, 11 AM, 3 PM, 7 PM) over 11 days. On days 1 and 2, baseline values were established. On days 3 through 5, horses received 2% dorzolamide HCl (group D, n = 9) or 2% dorzolamide HCl-0.5% timolol maleate (group DT, 9) in 1 randomly assigned eye every 24 hours immediately following each daily 7 AM IOP measurement. On days 6 through 9, each drug was given every 12 hours (7 AM and 7 PM) in the treated eye. Measurements on days 10 and 11 assessed return to baseline. Mixed linear regression models compared mean IOP difference for each drug at each time period.

Results—Mean IOP decreased significantly in all eyes during the 2 dose/d period, compared with the baseline, 1 dose/d, and follow-up periods.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of either drug every 24 hours for short-term treatment does not reduce IOP significantly. Administering either drug every 12 hours induced a significant reduction of IOP; however, controlling for all variables, the reduction was less than 2 mm Hg. (Am J Vet Res2001;61:709–713)
Effect of storage conditions on hemostatic parameters of canine plasma obtained for transfusion
Authors: Iazbik Cristina , Couto C. Guillermo , Gray Tony L. , Kociba Gary
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of various storage
conditions on one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT),
activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen
concentration of canine plasma collected for
transfusion.

Sample Population—Plasma from 9 dogs.

Procedure—Whole blood was collected from dogs by
means of jugular venipuncture and centrifuged at
7,300 × g for 20 minutes at 0 C. A plasma extractor
was then used to generate plasma. Aliquots of plasma
were collected in segments of plastic tubing and
in microcentrifuge tubes, and plasma collection bags,
tubing segments, and microcentrifuge tubes were
immediately frozen at –30 C. Additional tubing segments
and microcentrifuge tubes were stored at 2 C.
After 1 week of storage, all samples were thawed,
and OSPT, APTT, and fibrinogen concentration were
measured. Collection bags and microcentrifuge tubes
were refrozen at –30 C, and values were measured
again 30 days after blood collection.

Results—Values for OSPT, APTT, and fibrinogen concentration
did not vary significantly with storage time,
temperature, or container.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested
that storage for up to 30 days and at 2 C versus
–30 C did not have any significant effect on hemostatic
parameters of canine plasma obtained for transfusion.
(Am J Vet Res 2001;62:734–735)
Biochemical characterization of cartilage affected by osteochondritis dissecans in the humeral head of dogs
Authors: Tomlinson James L. , Cook James L. , Kuroki Keiichi , Kreeger John M. , Anderson Mark A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of type-I, -II, and -X collagen from cartilage affected by osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in dogs.

Animals—31 dogs with OCD and 11 clinically normal purpose-bred dogs.

Procedure—Cartilage samples were evaluated microscopically, and GAG content was determined. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for type-I, -II, and -X collagen. Sections were subjectively evaluated for location and intensity of staining.

Results—Cartilage affected by OCD had a variety of pathologic changes and significantly lower GAG concentrations than did normal cartilage. Normal cartilage had no detectable type-I collagen. For dogs < 9 months of age, cartilage affected by OCD had significantly more type-I collagen but significantly less type- X collagen than did control cartilage. For dogs > 12 months of age, cartilage affected by OCD contained significantly more type-I collagen than did control cartilage. There was a significant negative correlation between immunoreactivity of type-I collagen and that of type-II and -X collagen. A significant positive correlation was found between immunoreactivity of type-II and -X collagen.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cartilage affected by OCD contains less GAG, more type-I collagen, and less type-X collagen, compared with normal cartilage. A direct correlation between these changes and the etiopathogenesis of OCD was not established. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:876–881)
Use of a murine xenograft model for canine transmissible venereal tumor
Authors: Harmelin A. , Pinthus J. H. , Katzir N. , Kapon A. , Volcani Y. , Amariglio E. N. , Rehavi G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a murine model for canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT).

Animals—Thirty-three 6-week-old NOD/LtSz-scid (NOD/SCID) mice and seven 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice.

Procedure—Samples of CTVT were excised from a 3-year-old dog and inoculated SC into ten 6-week-old NOD/SCID mice to induce growth of xenograft transmissible venereal tumor (XTVT). To establish mouseto- mouse transmission, samples of XTVT were removed and inoculated SC into 4 groups of 6-weekold NOD/SCID mice and into a control group. Samples of CTVT were also inoculated into immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice for a mouse antibody production (MAP) test. The canine and xenografted tumors were evaluated cytologically and histologically, and polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of the rearranged LINE/c-MYCjunction.

Results—8 of 10 NOD/SCID mice that were inoculated with CTVT developed tumors 3 to 10 weeks after inoculation. In the second-generation xenograft, all mice developed tumors by postinoculation day 47; 1 X 106of XTVT cells were enough to create a xenograft. Metastases developed in 4 of 20 mice. Xenografted and metastatic tumors retained cytologic, histologic, and molecular characteristics of CTVT. Results of the MAP test were negative for all pathogens.

Conclusion—We established an NOD/SCID murine model for XTVT and metastasis of CTVT. This model should facilitate study of tumor transplantation, progression, and metastasis and should decrease or eliminate the need for maintaining allogenic transfer in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:907–911)
Nitrogen balance in clinically normal dogs receiving parenteral nutrition solutions
Authors: Mauldin Glenna E. , Reynolds Arleigh J. , Mauldin G. Neal , Kallfelz Francis A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine nitrogen balance in clinically normal dogs receiving parenteral nutrition solutions.

Animals—8 clinically normal female Beagles.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to receive 4 treatments in random order. Treatment A consisted of IV administration of nonlactated Ringer's solution. Treatments B, C, and D consisted of IV administration of isocaloric parenteral solutions containing 0, 1.36, and 2.04 g of amino acids/kg of body weight/d, respectively, for 7 consecutive days. Urine and feces were collected on days 5, 6, and 7 of each treatment period, and Kjeldahl analysis was used to determine nitrogen balance.

Results—Mean nitrogen balance was negative with treatments A and B but was not significantly different from 0 with treatments C and D. Dogs had the lowest nitrogen balance values and lost the most weight while receiving treatment A. Dogs were able to conserve protein and had higher nitrogen balance values when receiving treatment B, compared with treatment A. Dogs lost the least amount of weight while receiving treatment D. Regression analysis indicated that an IV amino acid intake of 2.32 g/kg/d (95% confidence interval, 2.00 to 2.81 g/kg/d), as supplied by the commercial product used in this study, would result in zero nitrogen balance in clinically normal dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that IV amino acid requirement of clinically normal dogs is approximately 2.3 g/kg/d. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:912–920)
Effects of oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation in beef cattle that calved in late winter and late summer
Authors: Bass II Roger T. , Swecker William S. , Eversole Dan E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of breed and oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation on serum vitamin E and IgG concentrations in beef cows that calved in late winter and late summer and in neonatal calves.

Animals—73 Angus and 43 Hereford primiparous and multiparous cows and their calves.

Procedure—Cows in groups that were homogeneous regarding breed and age distribution were randomly allotted to groups that were orally supplemented (n = 59) or not supplemented (57) with vitamin E beginning 30 days prior to onset of 65-day calving seasons. Supplemental vitamin E was provided in a vitamin-mineral mix offered free-choice until parturition.

Procedure—Cows that calved in late winter and were supplemented orally with vitamin E had higher serum vitamin E concentrations at calving and after calving than did unsupplemented cows; differences between groups before calving were not significant. Calves from supplemented multiparous cows had higher vitamin E concentrations than did calves from unsupplemented cows. Winter-born calves from supplemented Hereford cows had heavier 205-day adjusted weaning weights than did winter-born calves from unsupplemented Hereford cows. Supplementation did not affect vitamin E or IgG concentrations in the herd that calved in late summer and did not affect calf growth.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral vitamin E supplementation during late gestation may be economically beneficial in certain cow-calf operations in which late-gestation cows are consuming stored forages. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:921–927)
Comparison of serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations and fractional urinary clearance of calcium and phosphorus in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis
Authors: Toribio Ramiro E. , Kohn Catherine W. , Chew Dennis J. , Sams Richard A. , Rosol Thomas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate calcium balance and parathyroid gland function in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis and compare results of an immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA) with those of an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for determination of serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in horses.

Animals—64 horses with enterocolitis and 62 healthy horses.

Procedures—Blood and urine samples were collected for determination of serum total calcium, ionized calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), phosphorus, BUN, total protein, creatinine, albumin, and PTH concentrations, venous blood gases, and fractional urinary clearance of calcium (FCa) and phosphorus (FP). Serum concentrations of PTH were measured in 40 horses by use of both the IRMA and ICMA.

Results—Most (48/64; 75%) horses with enterocolitis had decreased serum total calcium, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations and increased phosphorus concentrations, compared with healthy horses. Serum PTH concentration was increased in most (36/51; 70.6%) horses with hypocalcemia. In addition, FCa was significantly decreased and FP significantly increased in horses with enterocolitis, compared with healthy horses. Results of ICMA were in agreement with results of IRMA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enterocolitis in horses is often associated with hypocalcemia; 79.7% of affected horses had ionized hypocalcemia. Because FCa was low, it is unlikely that renal calcium loss was the cause of hypocalcemia. Serum PTH concentrations varied in horses with enterocolitis and concomitant hypocalcemia. However, we believe low PTH concentration in some hypocalcemic horses may be the result of impaired parathyroid gland function. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:938–947)
Evaluation of the survival prediction index as a model of risk stratification for clinical research in dogs admitted to intensive care units at four locations
Authors: King Lesley G. , Wohl James S. , Manning Ann Marie , Hackner Susan G. , Raffe Marc R. , Maislin Greg
Published: December 2005

Objective—To prospectively evaluate a survival prediction index (SPI) in dogs admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and to generate and test an improved SPI (ie, SPI2).

Sample Population—Medical records of 624 critically ill dogs admitted to an ICU.

Procedure—Data were collected from dogs within 24 hours after admission to an ICU. Variables recorded reflected function of vital organ systems, severity of underlying physiologic derangement, and extent of physiologic reserve; outcome was defined as dogs that survived or did not survive until 30 days after admission to the ICU. Probabilities of survival were calculated, using an established model (SPI). We then performed another logistic regression analysis, thereby reestimating the variables to create the new SPI2. Cross-validation of the models obtained was performed by randomly assigning the total sample of 624 dogs into an estimation group of 499 dogs and validation group of 125 dogs.

Results—Testing of SPI resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.723. Testing of SPI2 revealed an AUC of 0.773. A backwards-elimination procedure was used to create a model containing fewer variables, and variables were sequentially eliminated. The AUC for the reduced model of SPI2 was 0.76, indicating little loss in predictive accuracy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The new SPI2 objectively stratified clinical patients into groups according to severity of disease. This index could provide an important tool for clinical research. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:948–954)
Effects of dilated cardiomyopathy on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide activity, and thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs
Authors: Tidholm Anna , Häggström Jens , Hansson Kerstin
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) on activity of the reninangiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS), the N-terminal fragment of proatrial natriuretic peptide (NTproANP), and thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs.

Animals—15 dogs with clinical signs of DCM, 15 dogs without clinical signs of DCM, and 15 age-, breed-, and sex-matched control dogs.

Procedure—Physical examinations, thoracic radiography, ECG, and echocardiography were performed on all dogs, and blood and urine samples were collected.

Results—Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), urine aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio, and NT-proANP concentrations were significantly increased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with dogs without clinical signs and control dogs. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and total thyroxine concentrations did not differ significantly among groups; however, free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations were significantly decreased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with control dogs and DCM-dogs without clinical signs. Concentrations of PRA, PAC, FT4, and urine aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio were significantly correlated, whereas plasma concentrations of NT-proANP only correlated with FT4concentration.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with clinical signs of DCM, increased concentrations of components of the RAAS were associated with increased concentrations of NT-proANP. Analysis of the neurohormonal system may aid in identification of clinical stages of DCM for groups of dogs, but the range is too great and there are too many dogs that have neurohormonal concentrations within reference ranges to assess dogs on an individual basis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:961–967)
Comparison of the radius of curvature of the ulnar trochlear notch of Rottweilers and Greyhounds
Authors: Collins Kathleen E. , Cross Alan R. , Lewis Daniel D. , Zapata Jorge L. , Goett Scott D. , Newell Susan M. , Rapoff Andrew J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare radius of curvature along the ulnar trochlear notch of Rottweilers and Greyhounds to determine whether morphologic differences exist that may contribute to the cause and pathogenesis of fragmented coronoid process in Rottweilers.

Sample Population—Paired elbow joints from 13 Rottweilers and 14 Greyhounds.

Procedure—Elbow joints were radiographically scored on the basis of severity of osteoarthritic lesions. The articular contour of each ulnar trochlear notch was digitized. The radius of curvature at defined points along the ulnar trochlear notch was compared between breeds.

Results—Radius of curvature of the ulnar trochlear notch was not a constant function of arc length in either breed but had a consistent characteristic appearance in both breeds. Radius of curvature was greatest at each end of the ulnar trochlear notch and had 2 peaks in the midportion of the notch in both breeds. These peaks occurred farther distally in the notch and were larger in Rottweiler ulnae than Greyhound ulnae. A significant difference in mean radius of curvature was detected between breeds at these peaks. Greyhounds had significantly greater mean radius of curvature at the end of the medial coronoid process, compared with Rottweilers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Radius of curvature of the ulnar trochlear notch is a complex function of arc length in Rottweilers and Greyhounds. The waveform has a consistent characteristic appearance in both breeds. Although significant differences were identified between breeds, associations between these differences and cause or pathogenesis of fragmented coronoid process in Rottweilers were not apparent. (Am J Vet Res2001; 62:968–973)
Incidence of the endothelin receptor B mutation that causes lethal white foal syndrome in white-patterned horses
Authors: Santschi Elizabeth M. , Vrotsos Paul D. , Purdy Amanda K. , Mickelson James R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine incidence of the Ile118Lys
endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) mutation responsible
for overo lethal white syndrome (OLWS) and its association
with specific types of white patterning.

Animals—945 horses of white-patterned bloodlines
and 55 solid-colored horses of other breeds.

Procedure—Horses were genotyped by use of allelespecific
polymerase chain reaction to determine incidence
of the Ile118Lys EDNRB mutation.

Results—Genotypes detected were homozygous
Ile118, homozygous Lys118, and heterozygous. All
foals with OLWS were homozygous for the Ile118Lys
EDNRB mutation, and adults that were homozygous
were not found. White patterning was strongly associated
with EDNRB genotype. Color patterns with
highest incidence (> 94%) of heterozygotes were
frame overo, highly white calico overo, and frame
blend overo. White-patterned bloodlines with lowest
incidence of heterozygotes (< 21%) were tobiano,
sabino, minimally white calico overo, splashed white
overo, nonframe blend overo, and breeding-stock
solid. The mutation was not detected in solid-colored
horses from breeds without white patterning.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In homozygotes,
the Ile118Lys EDNRB mutation causes OLWS.
In heterozygotes, the mutation is usually responsible
for a frame overo phenotype. The frame pattern can
be combined with other white patterns, making accurate
estimation of EDNRB genotype by visual inspection
difficult. Wide range of incidence of heterozygotes
in various subtypes of white-patterned horses
indicates different genetic control of these color patterns.
Determination of EDNRB genotype by use of a
DNA-based test is the only way to determine with
certainty whether white-patterned horses can produce
a foal affected with OLWS. ( Am J Vet Res
2001;62:97–103)
Expression and distribution of the Kit receptor in bovine bone marrow cells
Authors: Hikono Hirokazu , Ohta Masato , Zhou Jian-Hua , Sakurai Michiharu
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize the expression and distribution of the Kit receptor in bovine bone marrow cells (BMC) and to define the function of its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF).

Animals—Six 7- to 70-day-old healthy male Holstein-Friesian calves.

Procedures—Expression and distribution of the Kit receptor were assessed by use of flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the bovine Kit protein. Using Giemsa-stained centrifuged preparations, the histologic appearance of Kit receptor positive (Kit+) BMC were evaluated. Semisolid cultures supplemented with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and SCF were used to measure the colony formation capacity of Kit+BMC.

Results—The Kit receptor was expressed on approximately 18% of total BMC. Most of Kit+BMC did not coexpress lineage markers, but a small subset of this population did coexpress CD3. The Kit+CD3– BMC were a heterogeneous cell population comprising blast-like cells such as myeloblasts, promyelocytes, rubriblasts, and prorubricytes. Conversely, Kit+CD3+BMC had a lymphocyte-like appearance. Kit+BMC formed colonies in semisolid culture with G-CSF, whereas Kit– BMC failed to grow. Addition of SCF to G-CSF resulted in superadditive enhancement in colony numbers and size.

Conclusions—The Kit receptor is expressed primarily on immature blood cells in bovine bone marrow, and Kit+BMC contain hematopoietic progenitor cells that are reactive to G-CSF. In addition, SCF synergizes with G-CSF to stimulate colony formation by these cells. Our results suggest that the Kit receptor and its ligand, SCF, are involved in early stages of granulopoiesis in calves. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:974–977)
Susceptibility of ducks to avian pneumovirus of turkey origin
Authors: Shin Hyun-Jin , Njenga Moses K. , Halvorson David A. , Shaw Daniel P. , Nagaraja Kakambi V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the susceptibility of ducks
to avian pneumovirus (APV) of turkey origin.

Animals—30 Pekin ducks that were 2 weeks old.

Procedure—Ducks were assigned to 3 groups (10
ducks/group). Ducks of groups 1 and 2 were inoculated
(day 0) with 200 µl of cell-culture fluid containing
APV of turkey origin (105.5 median tissue-culture infective
dose/ml) by the oculonasal (group 1) or oral
(group 2) route. Ducks of group 3 served as noninoculated
control birds. Two ducks from each group were
euthanatized 3, 6, 9, 15, and 21 days after inoculation.
Blood samples, tissue samples from the lungs, trachea,
nasal turbinates, duodenum, diverticulum
vitellinum (Meckel's diverticulum), and cecum, and
swab specimens from the choana, cloaca, and trachea
were obtained from all birds during necropsy
and examined for APV by use of reverse transcriptase-
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus isolation,
and histologic examination. Blood samples also
were examined for APV antibodies, using an ELISA.

Results—Tissue samples obtained up to 21 days after
inoculation had positive results when tested by use of
RT-PCR. Virus was isolated from nasal turbinates of
birds inoculated via the oculonasal route. Serum samples
obtained 15 and 21 days after inoculation had
positive results when tested for APV-specific antibody.
Clinical signs of disease were not observed in ducks
inoculated with APV of turkey origin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ducks inoculated
with APV of turkey origin may not develop clinical
signs of disease, but they are suspected to play a
role as nonclinical carriers of APV. (Am J Vet Res
2001;62:991–992)
Rate of carbon dioxide production and energy expenditure in fed and food-deprived adult dogs determined by indirect calorimetry and isotopic methods
Authors: Pouteau Etienne B. , Mariot Sandrine M. , Martin Lucile J. , Dumon Henri J. , Mabon Françoise J. , Krempf Michel A. , Robins Richard J. , Darmaun Dominique H. , Naulet Norbert A. , Nguyen Patrick G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate energy expenditure (EE) in dogs by estimating rate of CO2production (rCO2).

Animals—15 Beagles.

Procedure—Food was withheld for 24 hours, and all dogs received an IV infusion of13C sodium bicarbonate for 8 hours. Breath samples were collected before infusion and at 30-minute intervals from 4 to 8 hours, and13C enrichment in breath CO2was measured, using gas chromatography-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. Food was withheld from 6 dogs, and rCO2and O2consumption were measured, using a conventional indirect calorimeter. The CO2production and O2consumption were measured by use of indirect calorimetry in 6 other fed dogs that were injected with2H2O and H218O. Blood samples were collected before tracer injection, 4 hours later, and on days 4, 7, and 11. Deuterium and18O enrichments in plasma water were determined.

Results—Mean rCO2measured by indirect calorimetry was 516 ± 34 and 410 ± 16 µmol/kg0.75/min in 6 fed and 6 food-deprived dogs, respectively. The rCO2calculated from13C-bicarbonate dilution was 482 ± 30 µmol/kg0.75/min. Mean rCO2determined by use of the double-labeled water method was 1,036 ± 46 mmol/kg0.75/d. Mean energy expenditure calculated from rCO2determined by infusion of13C bicarbonate, indirect calorimetry in fed and food-deprived dogs, and infusion of double-labeled water was 386 ± 39, 379 ± 25, 338 ± 14, and 552 ± 25 kJ/kg0.75/d, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Energy expenditure calculated by indirect calorimetry in unfed dogs can be considered representative of basal metabolic rate. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:111–118)
Excretion in feces and mucosal persistence of Salmonellaser. Typhimurium in pigs subclinically infected with Oesophagostomum spp
Authors: Steenhard Nina R. , Jensen Tim K. , Baggesen Dorte L. , Roepstorff Allan , Møller Kristian
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine interactions betweenOesophagostomumspp andSalmonellaser. Typhimurium in pigs.

Animals—30 healthy 5- to 6-week-old pigs.

Procedure—Pigs were allotted to 3 groups (n = 10 pigs/group) and treated as follows: group A was givenOesophagostomum dentatumandO quadrispinulatum; group B was given O dentatum,O quadrispinulatum, andSTyphimurium; and group C was givenSTyphimurium only. Pigs in groups A and B were trickle infected with Oesophagostomum spp 3 times weekly throughout the study. After 19 days, groups B and C were inoculated once withSTyphimurium. One pig from each group was euthanatized on the day ofSalmonellaexposure and 2 and 4 days afterSalmonellaexposure. The remaining pigs were euthanatized on days 16 and 17 afterSalmonellaexposure.

Results—Pigs with dual infections of nematodes and bacteria (group B) excreted significantly higher amounts ofSTyphimurium in feces, compared with nematode-free pigs (group C). In addition, group-B pigs excretedSTyphimurium on more days than pigs in group C.SalmonellaTyphimurium was detected in the cecum and colon in the majority of pigs in group B, whereasSTyphimurium was only detected in the colon in pigs in group C. Immunohistochemical examinations detectedSTyphimurium in 7 of 9 pigs in group B but only 2 of 9 pigs in group C.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Interactions between intestinal nematodes and bacteria may play an important role in the dynamics ofSTyphimurium infections. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:130–136)
Regional and zonal variations in the sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate in normal equine corneal stroma
Authors: Biros Daniel J. , Brooks Dennis E. , Brown Murray P. , Merritt Kelly A. , Kubilis Paul S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine regional and zonal variation in sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate in normal equine corneal stroma.

Sample Population—22 normal eyes from 11 horses.

Procedure—Corneas were collected within 24 hours of death from equine necropsy specimens. After papain-chondroitinase digestion of corneal tissue, disaccharides ΔDi4S and ΔDi6S were quantified by use of capillary zone electrophoresis in the superficial, middle, and deep zones of central and peripheral regions of the cornea.

Results—For the 2 regions combined,ΔDi6S/ΔDi4S values were significantly lower in the deep and middle zones, compared with that of the superficial zone. In the central region, deep and middle zones had significantly lower ΔDi6S/ΔDi4S values than the superficial zone did. In the peripheral region, the deep zone had significantly lower ΔDi6S/ΔDi4S values, compared with superficial and middle zones. In the deep zone, the peripheral region had significantly lower ΔDi6S/ΔDi4S values than the central region did.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Distribution of ΔDi6S/ΔDi4S values follows a gradient across the healthy equine cornea, being smallest in the deep and middle zones of the central region and the deep zone of the peripheral region. Regional and zonal differences in the distribution of stromal ΔDi6S and ΔDi4S may influence the role of glycosaminoglycans in health, disease, and wound repair of the equine cornea. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:143–147)
Effect of tilmicosin on chemotactic, phagocytic, and bactericidal activities of bovine and porcine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Herman James D. , Clancy Julianne S. , Burden Kyland I. , Barry Tracie , Simpson R. B. , López Héctor Sumano
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate chemotactic, phagocytic, and bactericidal activities of bovine and porcine alveolar macrophages (AM) exposed to tilmicosin.

Animals—12 healthy calves and 12 healthy pigs.

Procedure—Lungs were obtained immediately after euthanasia; AM were collected by means of bronchoalveolar lavage and density gradient centrifugation. Chemotactic activity was evaluated by exposing AM to lipopolysaccharide or macrophage inhibitory peptide during incubation with tilmicosin. Phagocytic activity was evaluated by incubating AM with tilmicosin for 24 hours and then with tilmicosin-resistantSalmonellaserotype Typhimurium. Bactericidal activity was evaluated by incubating AM with tilmicosin (0, 10, or 20 µg/ml for bovine AM; 0 or 10 µg/ml or 10 µg/ml but washed free of tilmicosin for porcine AM) and then withMannheimia haemolytica(bovine AM) or withActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeorPasteurella multocida(porcine AM).

Results—Tilmicosin had no significant effects on chemotactic or phagocytic activities of bovine or porcine AM. The time-course of bactericidal activity was best described by polynomial equations. Time to cessation of bacterial growth and area under the time versus bacterial number curve were significantly affected by incubation of AM with tilmicosin.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results show that bactericidal activity of bovine and porcine AM was enhanced by tilmicosin, but not in proportion to the reported ability of AM to concentrate tilmicosin intracellularly. With or without exposure to tilmicosin, the time-course of bactericidal activity of bovine AM againstM haemolyticaand of porcine AM againstA pleuropneumoniaeorP multocidawas too complex to be reduced to a simple linear equation. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:36–41)
Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats
Authors: Stiles Jean , Townsend Wendy M. , Rogers Quinton R. , Krohne Sheryl G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether oral administration of L-lysine to cats would lessen the severity of conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV-1).

Animals—8 healthy young adult cats.

Procedure—Cats received oral administration of lysine monohydrochloride (500 mg, q 12 h) or placebo (lactose) beginning 6 hours prior to inoculation of virus. The left conjunctival sac received a 50-µl suspension of FHV-1 grown in cell culture (1.8 X 108tissue culture infective dose50) on day 1. Cats were evaluated and scores given for clinical signs each day for 21 days. Samples for virus isolation were collected from the eye and throat every third day. Plasma lysine and arginine concentrations were measured prior to the study and on days 3, 14, and 22.

Results—Cats that received lysine had less severe conjunctivitis than cats that received placebo. Virus isolation results did not differ between the groups. Plasma lysine concentration was significantly higher in cats that received lysine, compared with control cats, whereas plasma arginine concentrations did not differ between groups.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of 500 mg of lysine to cats was well tolerated and resulted in less severe manifestations of conjunctivitis caused by FHV-1, compared with cats that received placebo. Oral administration of lysine may be helpful in early treatment for FHV-1 infection by lessening the severity of disease. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:99–103)
Oral vesicular lesions in horses without evidence of vesicular stomatitis virus infection
Authors: Kim Lisa'Marie , Morley Paul S. , McCluskey Brian J. , Mumford Elizabeth L. , Swenson Sabrina L. , Salman M. D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To report clinical and serologic findings in horses with oral vesicular lesions that were consistent with vesicular stomatitis (VS) but apparently were not associated with VS virus (VSV) infection.

Design—Serial case study.

Animals—8 horses.

Procedure—Horses were quarantined after appearance of oral lesions typical of VS. Severity of clinical signs was scored every 2 to 5 days for 3 months. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by use of competitive ELISA (cELISA), capture ELISA for IgM, serum neutralization, and complement fixation (CF). Virus isolation was attempted from swab specimens of active lesions.

Results—2 horses with oral vesicular lesions on day 1 had antibodies (cELISA and CF) against VSV; however, results of CF were negative by day 19. Five of the 6 remaining horses were seronegative but developed oral lesions by day 23. Virus isolation was unsuccessful for all horses.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Horses were quarantined for 75 days in compliance with state and federal regulations. However, evidence suggests that oral lesions were apparently not associated with VSV infection. The occurrence in livestock of a vesicular disease that is not caused by VSV could confound efforts to improve control of VS in the United States and could impact foreign trade.Vesicular stomatitis is of substantial economic and regulatory concern. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1399–1404)
Herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in US dairies and association between familiarity of the herd manager with the disease or prior diagnosis of the disease in that herd and use of preventive measures
Authors: Wells Scott J. , Wagner Bruce A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate associations among herd infection status, herd management practices, and familiarity of the herd manager withMycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne's disease) or prior disease diagnosis in that herd to support development of Johne's disease-control programs.

Design—Population-based cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—1,004 US dairies, each with ≥ 30 cows, representing 79.4% of US dairy cows.

Procedure—Questionnaires were administered to dairy managers, and blood samples were collected from cows during herd visits. Sera were tested for antibodies toM paratuberculosis, using a commercially available ELISA. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between use of management practices, herd disease status, and familiarity of the manager with Johne's disease or prior diagnosis of Johne's disease in that herd.

Results—Results from serologic testing revealed that 3.4% of cows and 21.6% of dairy herds were infected withM paratuberculosis. Factors associated with infection included number of cows in herd, region of country, percentage of cows born at other dairies, group housing for periparturient cows, and group housing for preweaned calves. Few preventive practices were positively associated with prior diagnosis of Johne's disease (time of separation of newborn calf from dam) or familiarity of the manager with the disease (teats and udder washed before colostrum collected).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Risk factors associated with Johne's disease in this study confirmed those management practices generally recommended for disease control. An educational problem, however, is the finding that herd managers familiar with Johne's disease generally use management practices similar to those used by managers unfamiliar with the disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1450–1457)
Electrocardiographic assessment of antianxiety medication in dogs and correlation with serum drug concentration
Authors: Reich Marsha R. , Ohad Dan G. , Overall Karen L. , Dunham Arthur E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) on the ECG of dogs treated for behavioral conditions and to examine correlations between ECG findings and serum concentrations of these medications.

Design—Repeated-measures study.

Animals—39 client-owned dogs with behavioral problems.

Procedure—Two groups of dogs with behavioral problems were evaluated. In group 1 (n = 20), ECG tracings were recorded before starting treatment with TCA and again after treatment for ≥ 1 month. Dogs in group 2 were already on long-term maintenance amounts of antianxiety medication when ECG tracings were recorded and serum concentrations of medications were obtained.

Results—Significant differences were not detected for dogs in group 1 between ECG values measured before and after TCA administration. The ECG values for dogs in group 2 did not differ significantly from the mean of group-1 dogs before receiving medication or from the reference range used at our facility. Duration of the P wave had a significant positive correlation with serum concentrations of clomipramine but significant negative correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline. The QT interval corrected for heart rate had a significant negative correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Amitriptyline and clomipramine administered at standard dosages apparently do not cause ECG abnormalities in healthy dogs with behavioral problems. These medications should be used cautiously in dogs with conduction abnormalities, and clinicians should periodically monitor ECG and use good clinical judgment to weigh risks and benefits of medications for the safety of each dog. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216: 1571–1575)
Prevalence of pituitary tumors among diabetic cats with insulin resistance
Authors: Elliott Denise A. , Feldman Edward C. , Koblik Philip D. , Samii Valerie F. , Nelson Richard W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalence of pituitary tumors, detectable by means of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, in cats with insulin resistance suspected to have acromegaly or hyperadrenocorticism versus cats with well-controlled diabetes mellitus.

Design—Case series.

Animals—16 cats with insulin resistance that were also suspected to have acromegaly (n = 12) or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (4) and 8 cats with well-controlled diabetes mellitus.

Procedure—Computed tomography was performed on all 16 cats with insulin resistance and 2 cats in which diabetes mellitus was well-controlled. The remaining 6 cats in which diabetes mellitus was wellcontrolled underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Images were obtained before and immediately after IV administration of contrast medium.

Results—Computed tomography revealed a mass in the region of the pituitary gland in all 16 cats with insulin resistance. Maximum width of the masses ranged from 4.4 to 12.7 mm; maximum height ranged from 3.1 to 12.6 mm. Results of computed tomography performed on 2 cats with well-controlled diabetes and magnetic resonance imaging performed on the remaining 6 cats were considered normal.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cats with insulin resistance suspected to have acromegaly or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism are likely to have a pituitary mass detectable by means of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216: 1765–1768)
Sedative and physiologic effects of orally administered α2-adrenoceptor agonists and ketamine in cats
Authors: Grove Daniel M. , Ramsay Edward C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare efficacy of 3 regimens of orally administered sedatives and determine physiologic effects of 1 of these regimens in healthy cats.

Design—Prospective randomized study.

Animals—34 cats.

Procedure—Cats were assigned to 1 of 3 groups that were treated by oral administration of detomidine and ketamine, xylazine and ketamine, or medetomidine and ketamine. Cats were monitored for degree of sedation at 5-minute intervals for 60 minutes. Physiologic effects in cats treated with detomidine and ketamine were measured at 5-minute intervals for 30 minutes and compared with effects in cats treated IM with detomidine and ketamine or xylazine and ketamine.

Results—All cats treated orally with detomidine and ketamine became laterally recumbent; sedation was more variable in the other 2 groups treated orally. Vomiting and excessive salivation were the only adverse effects. Bradycardia (heart rate < 145 beats/min) was detected at each evaluation time in cats treated orally with detomidine and ketamine and in all cats treated IM. Minimal differences among groups were detected for heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of detomidine and ketamine is an effective method of sedating healthy cats and induces minimal physiologic effects that are similar to those resulting from IM administration of sedatives. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1929–1932)
5-Hydroxytryptophan toxicosis in dogs: 21 cases (1989–1999)
Authors: Gwaltney-Brant Sharon M. , Albretsen Jay C. , Khan Safdar A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine epidemiologic characteristics,
clinical findings, and treatment outcome of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) toxicosis in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—21 dogs with evidence of accidental 5-HTP
ingestion.

Procedure—Information was retrieved from the
National Animal Poison Control Center database.
Records of dogs ingesting 5-HTP between January
1989 and February 1999 were reviewed for information
on signalment, dose ingested, clinical signs
(onset, severity, duration), treatments administered,
and outcome.

Results—Clinical signs of toxicosis developed in 19 of
21 (90%) dogs. Neurologic signs included seizures (9
dogs), depression (6), tremors (5), hyperesthesia (5),
and ataxia (4). Gastrointestinal tract signs included
vomiting or diarrhea (12 dogs), signs of abdominal
pain (3), and hypersalivation (2). Other clinical signs
were hyperthermia (7 dogs) and transient blindness
(3). Three dogs died. No important clinical laboratory
or necropsy findings were reported. The doses of 5-HTP ingested ranged from 2.5 to 573 mg/kg (1.1 to
260 mg/lb) of body weight; the minimum toxic dose
reported in our study was 23.6 mg/kg (10.7 mg/lb),
and the minimum lethal dose was 128 mg/kg (58.1
mg/lb). Onset of signs ranged from 10 minutes to 4
hours after ingestion, and signs lasted up to 36 hours.
Of 17 dogs with clinical signs of toxicosis that
received treatment, 16 recovered; treatment consisted
of decontamination, seizure control, thermoregulation,
fluid therapy, and supportive care.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ingestion of
5-HTP in dogs can result in a potentially life-threatening
syndrome resembling serotonin syndrome in
humans, which requires prompt and aggressive care.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:1937–1940)