bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure Analysis of Modern Silicon Dice
Authors: Dugnani Roberto , Verghese Paul
Published: April 2013

Although the utilization of silicon dice in electronic devices has been in place for approximately 50 years, its widespread application has occurred more recently with the rapid expansion of the consumer markets for digital devices such as cameras, personal computers, video players, and smart phones. In particular, due to the recent market drive in the miniaturization and cost reduction of electronic products, silicon dice are often utilized without encapsulation and mounted directly to the substrate by means of conductive adhesives or BGA mounting. Silicon die often need to be thinned to a few hundred micrometers thickness to fit into compact devices and to reduce parasitics. The intrinsic brittle nature of silicon in combination with the lack of mechanical protection such as encapsulation has made fracture of bare dice a typical failure mechanism in handheld electronic devices. In the current work, we tested to failure {100} silicon dice and obtained mirror–mist boundary measurements for correlation to the fracture strengths of the parts. This work will also present various practical examples of how to reliably conduct failure analysis of fractured silicon dice. The intrinsic brittle nature of silicon in combination with the lack of mechanical protection such as encapsulation has made fracture of bare dice a typical failure mechanism in handheld electronic devices such as cameras, portable computers, tablets, media players, and smart phones. In these products, silicon dice are often utilized without encapsulation and are attached directly to the substrate by means of conductive adhesives or ball grid array mounting. Modern silicon dice used in these products typically have small dimensions and higher flexural strength compared to their predecessors. Prior silicon fractographic findings have investigated low strength failures. In the current work, we extend the quantitative fractography of silicon to the high failure stress regime. We have mechanically tested modern silicon dice to failure by four‐point bending and obtained mirror–mist boundary measurements for correlation to the fracture strengths of the specimens. Two key areas are addressed which improve the practical application of quantitative fractography to modern silicon dice: (1) application of silicon fractography to high flexural strength regimes and (2) development of a systematic means of reliably measuring fracture surface features.
Human dendritic cell subsets
Authors: Collin Matthew , McGovern Naomi , Haniffa Muzlifah
Published: April 2013

Dendritic cells are highly adapted to their role of presenting antigen and directing immune responses. Developmental studies indicate that DCs originate independently from monocytes and tissue macrophages. Emerging evidence also suggests that distinct subsets of DCs have intrinsic differences that lead to functional specialisation in the generation of immunity. Comparative studies are now allowing many of these properties to be more fully understood in the context of human immunology.
Mast cells in cutaneous tumors: innocent bystander or maestro conductor?
Authors: Biswas Asok , Richards Joanna E. , Massaro Joseph , Mahalingam Meera
Published: April 2013

Background

Evidence favoring a critical role for mast cells (MC) in cutaneous malignancies is conflicting.

Methods

Using the immunohistochemical stain tryptase, MC counts were performed in the following tumor categories: epithelial (basal cell carcinoma [BCC]: nodular [N], n = 10, infiltrative [I], n = 10; squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]: well differentiated [W], n = 9, moderate/poorly differentiated [MP], n = 15); melanocytic (intradermal nevus, n = 10, malignant melanoma in situ [MMIS], n = 8, invasive melanoma, n = 15); vascular (hemangioma [HEM], n = 11, Kaposi's sarcoma [KS], n = 14, angiosarcoma [AS] n = 8); and fibrohistiocytic (dermatofibroma [DF], n = 7, atypical fibroxanthoma [AFX], n = 5, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans [DFSP], n = 5). MC (intra‐ and peritumoral) were expressed as cells per 10 high‐power fields.

Results

Mean MC counts were: BCCN 166.30; BCCI 130; SCCW 167.22; SCCMP 133.80; nevus 156.40; MMIS 93; MM radial growth phase 73.86; MM vertical growth phase 82.13; HEM 165.18; KS 120.57; AS 168.13; DF 247.86; AFX 280.20; and DFSP 83.60. Using a one‐way analysis of variance, statistically significant differences were observed in the following pairs: AFX and DF vs. DFSP, nevus vs. melanoma, AS and HEM vs. KS.

Conclusions

Our findings appear to point towards a dichotomous role for mast cells in fibrohistiocytic and vascular neoplasms and argue against their preferential recruitment in epithelial malignancies and malignant melanoma. The value of mast cell counts as a prognostic index appears to be limited in most cutaneous malignancies.
Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Venezuela
Authors: Mata‐Essayag Sofia , Delgado Alejandro , Colella Maria T. , Landaeta‐Nezer Maria E. , Rosello Arantza , Perez de Salazar Celina , Olaizola Carolina , Hartung Claudia , Magaldi Sylvia , Velasquez Etna
Published: April 2013

Background

Sporotrichosis is one of the most common subcutaneous mycoses in Venezuela. It is a granulomatous chronic infection with cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue lesions. Regional lymphatic involvement may be present; extracutaneous disease is rare. The causal fungus Sporothrix schenckii has been isolated from soil, vegetation, and animals on numerous occasions and in many localities throughout the world. The aim of this study is to describe clinical and epidemiological features of cases of sporotrichosis observed in Venezuela and review of the literature.

Patients and methods

We included the demographic data, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment, and follow‐up of patients with sporotrichosis from 1963 to 2009, diagnosed at the Department of Medical Mycology.

Results

One‐hundred and thirty‐three sporotrichosis cases were diagnosed. Most patients were under the age of 30 years (66.15%). In 61.6% of them, the mode of transmission was not identified. The predominant clinical form in this population was lymphocutaneous (63.15%). Direct microscopic diagnosis was performed in 123 cases, and 57.9% yielded positive results for asteroid body.

Conclusions

Sporotrichosis is an endemic subcutaneous mycosis in Venezuela. There are no reports to this date of disseminated forms of the disease, even amongst patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Direct microscopic examination of wet mount slides with saline solution or distilled water in the search for asteroid bodies is paramount. Saturated sodium and potassium iodine solutions continue to be extremely efficacious and affordable to most of our patients, therefore our treatment of choice.
Molecular characterisation of a calmodulin gene,VcCaM1,that is differentially expressed under aluminium stress in highbush blueberry
Authors: Inostroza‐Blancheteau C. , Aquea F. , Loyola R. , Slovin J. , Josway S. , Rengel Z. , Reyes‐Díaz M. , Alberdi M. , Arce‐Johnson P.
Published: April 2013

Calmodulin (CaM), a small acidic protein, is one of the best characterised Ca2+sensors in eukaryotes. This Ca2+‐regulated protein plays a critical role in decoding and transducing environmental stress signals by activating specific targets. Many environmental stresses elicit changes in intracellular Ca2+activity that could initiate adaptive responses under adverse conditions. We report the first molecular cloning and characterisation of a calmodulin gene,VcCaM1(Vaccinium corymbosum Calmodulin 1), in the woody shrub, highbush blueberry.VcCaM1was first identified asVCAL19, a gene induced by aluminium stress inV. corymbosumL. A full‐lengthcDNAofVcCaM1containing a 766‐bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 149 amino acids was cloned from root RNA. The sequence encodes four Ca2+‐binding motifs (EF‐hands) and shows high similarity (99%) with the isoform CaM 201 ofDaucus carota. Expression analyses showed that following Al treatment,VcCaM1message level decreased in roots of Brigitta, an Al‐resistant cultivar, and after 48 h, was lower than in Bluegold, an Al‐sensitive cultivar.VcCAM1message also decreased in leaves of both cultivars within 2 h of treatment. Message levels in leaves then increased by 24 h to control levels in Brigitta, but not in Bluegold, but then decreased again by 48 h. In conclusion,VcCaM1does not appear to be directly involved in Al resistance, but may be involved in improved plant performance under Al toxicity conditions through regulation of Ca2+homeostasis and antioxidant systems in leaves.
Concept Analysis and Validation of the Nursing Diagnosis, Delayed Surgical Recovery
Authors: Appoloni Aline Helena , Herdman T. Heather , Napoleão Anamaria Alves , Campos de Carvalho Emilia , Hortense Priscilla
Published: April 2013

Objective

To analyze the human response of delayed surgical recovery, approved by NANDA‐I, and to validate its defining characteristics (DCs) and related factors (RFs).

Method

This was a two‐part study using a concept analysis based on the method of Walker and Avant, and diagnostic content validation based on Fehring's model.

Results

Three of the original DCs, and three proposed DCs identified from the concept analysis, were validated in this study; five of the original RFs and four proposed RFs were validated.

Conclusions

A revision of the concept studied is suggested, incorporating the validation of some of the DCs and RFs presented by NANDA‐I, and the insertion of new, validated DCs and RFs.

Implications for Nursing Practice

This study may enable the extension of the use of this diagnosis and contribute to quality surgical care of clients.

Objetivo

Analisar o diagnóstico de enfermagem aprovado da NANDA Internacional, Inc., recuperação cirúrgica retardada e validar suas características definidoras (CD) e fatores relacionados (FR).

Método

Estudo realizado em duas etapas, com utilização do método de análise de conceito de Walker e Avant e o modelo de Fehring de validação de conteúdo diagnóstico.

Resultados

Três CD originais e três CD propostas foram validadas; cinco FR originais e quatro propostos foram validados.

Conclusões

Uma revisão do conceito estudado é sugerida, com a incorporação da validação de algumas das CD e dos FR apresentados pela NANDA‐I e com o acréscimo de novas CD e novos FR validados.

Implicações para a Prática De Enfermagem

Este estudo pode permitir maior utilização deste diagnóstico de enfermagem e contribuir para um cuidado de maior qualidade aos clientes cirúrgicos.
Calorie‐sweetened beverages and fructose: what have we learned 10 years later
Authors: Bray G. A. , Popkin B. M.
Published: April 2013

What is already known about this subject

Consumption of high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.

Fructose from sugar (sucrose) is just as bad as from HFCS.

Soft Drink consumption related to risk of obesity, diabetes, and CVD in adults and children.

What this study adds

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver increased by consuming fructose in containing beverages.

Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, fruit drinks and probably fruit juice may mimic metabolic syndrome.

Reducing intake of calorically sweetened beverages slows weight gain.

Background

Sugar‐sweetened drinks and the fructose they provide are associated with several health problems.

Methods

Data from the Nielsen Homescan and product content were analysed for sweetener type using the Gladson Nutrition Database. Meta‐analyses and randomized clinical trials were used to evaluate outcomes of beverage and fructose intake.

Results

Over 70% of all foods contain some amounts of added sugar, and consumption of soft drinks has increased fivefold since 1950. Meta‐analyses suggest that consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages is related to the risk of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adults and in children. Drinking two sugar‐sweetened beverages per day for 6 months induced features of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Randomized, controlled trials in children and adults lasting from 6 months to 2 years have shown that lowering the intake of soft drinks reduced weight gain. Genetic factors influence the weight gain when drinking soft drinks.

Conclusion

Consumption of calorie‐sweetened beverages and the fructose they contain has continued to increase and may play a role in the epidemic of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease. Reducing intake of soft drinks is associated with less weight gain and metabolic improvement as well.
Continental‐scale assessment of genetic diversity and population structure in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Authors: Callahan Colin M. , Rowe Carol A. , Ryel Ronald J. , Shaw John D. , Madritch Michael D. , Mock Karen E.
Published: April 2013

Aim

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) has the largest natural distribution of any tree native to North America. The primary objectives of this study were to characterize range‐wide genetic diversity and genetic structuring in quaking aspen, and to assess the influence of glacial history and rear‐edge dynamics.

Location

North America.

Methods

Using a sample set representing the full longitudinal and latitudinal extent of the species’ distribution, we examined geographical patterns of genetic diversity and structuring using 8 nuclear microsatellite loci in 794 individuals from 30 sampling sites.

Results

Two major genetic clusters were identified across the range: a south‐western cluster and a northern cluster. The south‐western cluster, which included two subclusters, was bounded approximately by the Continental Divide to the east and the southern extent of the ice sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum to the north. Subclusters were not detected in the northern cluster, despite its continent‐wide distribution. Genetic distance was significantly correlated with geographical distance in the south‐western but not the northern cluster, and allelic richness was significantly lower in south‐western sampling sites compared with northern sampling sites. Population structuring was low overall, but elevated in the south‐western cluster.

Main conclusions

Aspen populations in the south‐western portion of the range are consistent with expectations for a historically stable edge, with low within‐population diversity, significant geographical population structuring, and little evidence of northward expansion. Structuring within the south‐western cluster may result from distinct gene pools separated during the Pleistocene and reunited following glacial retreat, similar to patterns found in other forest tree species in the western USA. In aspen, populations in the south‐western portion of the species range are thought to be at particularly high risk of mortality with climate change. Our findings suggest that these same populations may be disproportionately valuable in terms of both evolutionary potential and conservation value.
Characterization of 2 Genetic Variants of Nav1.5‐Arginine 689 Found in Patients with Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: SOTTAS VALENTIN , ROUGIER JEAN‐SÉBASTIEN , JOUSSET FLORIAN , KUCERA JAN P. , SHESTAK ANNA , MAKAROV LEONID M. , ZAKLYAZMINSKAYA ELENA V. , ABRIEL HUGUES
Published: April 2013

Nav1.5‐Arg689 in Arrhythmias

Hundreds of genetic variants in SCN5A, the gene coding for the pore‐forming subunit of the cardiac sodium channel, Nav1.5, have been described in patients with cardiac channelopathies as well as in individuals from control cohorts. The aim of this study was to characterize the biophysical properties of 2 naturally occurring Nav1.5 variants, p.R689H and p.R689C, found in patients with cardiac arrhythmias and in control individuals. In addition, this study was motivated by the finding of the variant p.R689H in a family with sudden cardiac death (SCD) in children.

When expressed in HEK293 cells, most of the sodium current (INa) biophysical properties of both variants were indistinguishable from the wild‐type (WT) channels. In both cases, however, an ∼2‐fold increase of the tetrodotoxin‐sensitive late INa was observed. Action potential simulations and reconstruction of pseudo‐ECGs demonstrated that such a subtle increase in the late INa may prolong the QT interval in a nonlinear fashion. In conclusion, despite the fact that the causality link between p.R689H and the phenotype of the studied family cannot be demonstrated, this study supports the notion that subtle alterations of Nav1.5 variants may increase the risk for cardiac arrhythmias.
An Update on the Cardiovascular Pleiotropic Effects of Milk and Milk Products
Authors: Chrysant Steven G. , Chrysant George S.
Published: April 2013

Hypertension is a major risk factor in addition to atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus for the development of coronary heart disease and strokes. Several prospective clinical studies have demonstrated a possible protective effect of milk and dairy product consumption on these conditions. The putative effects of milk and dairy products are possibly mediated through their mineral content of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamin D. These dairy substances exercise their blood pressure–lowering effect either directly on the arterial wall by these minerals or indirectly through blockade of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) by the amino acids contained in the casein and whey of milk. The blockade of ACE results in the inhibition of production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictive peptide, and the prevention of degradation of bradykinin, a potent vasodilating peptide. For this concise review, a Medline search of the English language literature was conducted from 2006 to September 2012 and 16 pertinent papers were selected. The potential beneficial pleiotropic effects from these studies together with collateral literature will be discussed in this review.
A Hypertensive Response to Exercise Is Prominent in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension: A Controlled Study
Authors: Kasiakogias Alexandros , Tsioufis Costas , Thomopoulos Costas , Andrikou Ioannis , Kefala Anna , Papadopoulos Dimitrios , Dima Ioanna , Milkas Anastasios , Kokkinos Peter , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: April 2013

Blood pressure (BP) behavior during exercise is not clear in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The authors studied 57 men with newly diagnosed essential hypertension and untreated OSA (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI] ≥5) but without daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale score ≤10), and an equal number of hypertensive controls without OSA matched for age, body mass index, and office systolic BP. All patients underwent ambulatory BP measurements, transthoracic echocardiography, and exercise treadmill testing according to the Bruce protocol. A hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) was defined as peak systolic BP ≥210 mm Hg. Patients with OSA and control patients had similar ambulatory and resting BP, ejection fraction, and left ventricular mass. Peak systolic BP was significantly higher in patients with OSA (197.6±25.6 mm Hg vs 187.8±23.6 mm Hg; P=.03), while peak diastolic BP and heart rate did not differ between groups. Furthermore, an HRE was more prevalent in patients with OSA (44% vs 19%; P=.009). Multiple logistic regression revealed that an HRE is independently predicted by both the logAHI and minimum oxygen saturation during sleep (odds ratio, 3.94; confidence interval, 1.69–9.18; P=.001 and odds ratio, 0.94; confidence interval, 0.89–0.99; P=.02, respectively). Exaggerated BP response is more prevalent in nonsleepy hypertensives with OSA compared with their nonapneic counterparts. This finding may have distinct diagnostic and prognostic implications.
Hypertension in Pregnancy Is a Risk Factor for Microalbuminuria Later in Life
Authors: Kattah Andrea G. , Asad Reem , Scantlebury Dawn C. , Bailey Kent R. , Wiste Heather J. , Hunt Steven C. , Mosley Thomas H. , Kardia Sharon L. R. , Turner Stephen T. , Garovic Vesna D.
Published: April 2013

The authors aimed to compare renal function by estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in 3 groups of women: nulliparous women, women with a history of normotensive pregnancies, and women with a history of at least one hypertensive pregnancy. Women who participated in the second Family Blood Pressure Program Study visit (2000–2004) and had serum creatinine and urine albumin measurements (n=3015) were categorized as having had no pregnancy lasting >6 months (n=341), having had only normotensive pregnancies (n=2199), or having had at least 1 pregnancy with hypertension (n=475) based on a standardized questionnaire. Women who reported having had at least one pregnancy with hypertension were significantly more likely to be hypertensive (75.6% vs 59.4%, P<.001), diabetic (34.2% vs 27.3%, P≤.001), and have higher body mass index (32.8 vs 30.5, P<.001) than those who reported normotensive pregnancies. There was a significantly greater risk of microalbuminuria (urine albumin‐creatinine ratio >25 mg/g) in those who reported at least one pregnancy with hypertension (odds ratio, 1.37; confidence interval, 1.02–1.85; P=.04) than in those with normotensive pregnancies, after adjusting for risk factors for chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of future microalbuminuria.
Two New Marine Ciliates, Caryotricha rariseta n. sp. and Discocephalus pararotatorius n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea), with Phylogenetic Analyses Inferred from the Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences
Authors: Jiang Jiamei , Xing Yi , Miao Miao , Shao Chen , Warren Alan , Song Weibo
Published: April 2013

The morphology, infraciliature, and molecular phylogeny of two novel spirotrich ciliates, Caryotricha rariseta n. sp. and Discocephalus pararotatorius n. sp., isolated from coastal waters of China, were investigated. Caryotricha rariseta n. sp. differs from its congeners mainly in possessing seven sparsely ciliated cirral rows that are conspicuously shortened posteriorly and three transverse cirri aligned in a row. Discocephalus pararotatorius n. sp. is characterized by the conspicuous spine‐like dorsal cilia, one extra (endoral?) membrane, and seven frontal, six ventral, and seven posterolateral marginal cirri. The small subunit rRNA gene was sequenced for both species. Complete SSU rRNA gene sequences of two Caryotricha spp. (including C. rariseta n. sp.) and two Discocephalus spp. (including D. pararotatorius n. sp.), along with those of 40 other ciliates, were used to determine their molecular phylogeny using maximum likelihood, neighbor joining and maximum parsimony analyses. The two Caryotricha species cluster with Kiitricha marina in the well‐supported Protohypotrichia clade that is basal to the main spirotrich assemblage. The two discocephalids form a clade that is sister to the Hypotrichia.
Plastination and its importance in teaching anatomy. Critical points for long‐term preservation of human tissue
Authors: Riederer Beat M.
Published: April 2013

Most medical curricula rely on human bodies for teaching macroscopic anatomy. Over the past 20 years, plastination has become an important means of preservation of organs, for well dissected specimens or for body slices. Here, several critical points regarding body donation with legal and ethical considerations for long‐term preservation, the use of cadavers in teaching and the preparation of plastinates as an additional teaching tool will be discussed. SiliconeS10 is the gold standard in the preparation of plastinates. An important point to respect is the preparation of specimens, since only very well dissected body parts or excellent tissue sections should be plastinated to show the extraordinary aspects of the human anatomy. The preparation of thin and transparent sections and preservation withP40 polyester provides an additional technique to prepare resistant body slices. A selection of samples prepared byS10 andP40 are shown and compared. In addition, Prussian or Berlin blue staining of brain slices is shown to discriminate better between gray and white matter and demonstrate neuroanatomical structures. These plastinates have been used for many years in teaching first‐ and second‐year medical students and have not lost their appeal. Students and staff appreciate the use of such plastinates. One of the advantages is that their use is not restricted to the dissection hall; slices and body parts can be used in any lecture room or in small group teaching. Therefore, ethical and legal questions need to be addressed regarding their specific use. Plastinates do not replace the traditional dissection courses, since students learn best the anatomical features of a given region by hands‐on dissection and by exploratory anatomy. Furthermore, plastinates are more rigid and do not allow demonstration of hidden structures; they also become more cumbersome for endoscopy or are too rigid for demonstrating mechanical features of joints. However, although not a replacement for traditional dissections, plastination provides an additional tool for long‐term preservation and for teaching human anatomy.
Salicylic acid: an old hormone up to new tricks
Authors: Boatwright Jon Lucas , Pajerowska‐Mukhtar Karolina
Published: April 2013

Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signalling molecule in plant defence against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic phytopathogens. The biosynthesis of SA on pathogen detection is essential for local and systemic acquired resistance, as well as the accumulation of pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. SA biosynthesis can occur via several different substrates, but is predominantly accomplished by isochorismate synthase (ICS1) following pathogen recognition. The roles of BTB domain‐containing proteins, NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4, in SA binding and signal transduction have been re‐examined recently and are elaborated upon in this review. The pathogen‐mediated manipulation of SA‐dependent defences, as well as the crosstalk between the SA signalling pathway, other plant hormones and defence signals, is also discussed in consideration of recent research. Furthermore, the recent links established between SA, pathogen‐triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response are highlighted.
Which national group will I identify myself with? The role of preferred and perceived identity representations
Authors: Duriez Bart , Reijerse Arjan , Luyckx Koen , Vanbeselaere Norbert , Meeus Joke
Published: April 2013

Research shows that the more people identify with a national in‐group, the more their citizenship representation becomes in line with the citizenship discourse attached to this national‐identity. However, although national identification may lead to a preference for a specific citizenship representation, national identification might itself depend on preexisting citizenship representation preferences. In line with this, a longitudinal study among Flemish‐Belgian high‐school students (N = 275) showed reciprocal relations between national identification and citizenship representation. A second study among Flemish‐Belgian high‐school students (N = 407) then showed that strength of national identification does not simply depend on preexisting citizenship representation preferences but on the (mis)match between such preferences and the citizenship representation perceived to be attached to a national‐identity. In addition, results showed that the relation between national identification and out‐group attitudes depends on the national‐identity under consideration.
Concurrent overactivation of the cytosolic glutamine synthetase and the GABA shunt in the ABA‐deficient sitiens mutant of tomato leads to resistance against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Seifi Hamed Soren , Curvers Katrien , De Vleesschauwer David , Delaere Ilse , Aziz Aziz , Höfte Monica
Published: April 2013

Deficiency of abscisic acid (ABA) in the sitiens mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) culminates in increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea through a rapid epidermal hypersensitive response (HR) and associated phenylpropanoid pathway‐derived cell wall fortifications. This study focused on understanding the role of primary carbon : nitrogen (C : N) metabolism in the resistance response of sitiens to B. cinerea. How alterations in C : N metabolism are linked with the HR‐mediated epidermal arrest of the pathogen has been also investigated.

Temporal alterations in the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle and phenylpropanoid pathway were transcriptionally, enzymatically and metabolically monitored in both wild‐type and sitiens plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing, microscopic analyses and pharmacological assays were used to further confirm the data.

Our results on the sitiens–B. cinerea interaction favor a model in which cell viability in the cells surrounding the invaded tissue is maintained by a constant replenishment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle through overactivation of the GS/GOGAT cycle and the GABA shunt, resulting in resistance through both tightly controlling the defense‐associated HR and slowing down the pathogen‐induced senescence.

Collectively, this study shows that maintaining cell viability via alterations in host C : N metabolism plays a vital role in the resistance response against necrotrophic pathogens.
Identification of a novel microRNA (miRNA) from rice that targets an alternatively spliced transcript of the Nramp6 (Natural resistance‐associated macrophage protein 6) gene involved in pathogen resistance
Authors: Campo Sonia , Peris‐Peris Cristina , Siré Christelle , Moreno Ana Beatriz , Donaire Livia , Zytnicki Matthias , Notredame Cedric , Llave César , San Segundo Blanca
Published: April 2013

Plants have evolved efficient defence mechanisms to defend themselves from pathogen attack. Although many studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of defence responses, less is known about the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) as post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plant immunity. This work investigates miRNAs that are regulated by elicitors from the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in rice (Oryza sativa).

Small RNA libraries were constructed from rice tissues and subjected to high‐throughput sequencing for the identification of elicitor‐responsive miRNAs. Target gene expression was examined by microarray analysis. Transgenic lines were used for the analysis of miRNA functioning in disease resistance.

Elicitor treatment is accompanied by dynamic alterations in the expression of a significant number of miRNAs, including new members of annotated miRNAs. Novel miRNAs from rice are proposed. We report a new rice miRNA, osa‐miR7695, which negatively regulates an alternatively spliced transcript of OsNramp6 (Natural resistance‐associated macrophage protein 6). This novel miRNA experienced natural and domestication selection events during evolution, and its overexpression in rice confers pathogen resistance.

This study highlights an miRNA‐mediated regulation of OsNramp6 in disease resistance, whilst illustrating the existence of a novel regulatory network that integrates miRNA function and mRNA processing in plant immunity.
Promotion of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I during the evolution of NADP–malic enzyme‐type C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria
Authors: Nakamura Naoya , Iwano Megumi , Havaux Michel , Yokota Akiho , Munekage Yuri Nakajima
Published: April 2013

C4 plants display higher cyclic electron transport activity than C3 plants. This activity is suggested to be important for the production of ATPs required for C4 metabolism.

To understand the process by which photosystem I (PSI) cyclic electron transport was promoted during C4 evolution, we conducted comparative analyses of the functionality of PSI cyclic electron transport among members of the genus Flaveria, which contains several C3, C3–C4 intermediate, C4‐like and C4 species.

The abundance of NDH‐H, a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase‐like complex, increased markedly in bundle sheath cells with the activity of the C4 cycle. By contrast, PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) and PGR5‐LIKE1 increased in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in C4‐like Flaveria palmeri and C4 species. Grana stacks were drastically reduced in bundle sheath chloroplasts of C4‐like F. palmeri and C4 species; these species showed a marked increase in PSI cyclic electron transport activity.

These results suggest that both the expression of proteins involved in PSI cyclic electron transport and changes in thylakoid structure contribute to the high activity of cyclic electron flow in NADP–malic enzyme‐type C4 photosynthesis. We propose that these changes were important for the establishment of C4 photosynthesis from C3–C4 intermediate photosynthesis in Flaveria.
Host‐specific salivary elicitor(s) of European corn borer induce defenses in tomato and maize
Authors: Louis Joe , Peiffer Michelle , Ray Swayamjit , Luthe Dawn S. , Felton Gary W.
Published: April 2013

Plants turn on induced defenses upon insect herbivory. In the current study, we evaluated the role of European corn borer (ECB) elicitors (molecules secreted by herbivores) that either induce/suppress defenses in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Zea mays (maize), two very important crop plants that are grown for food and/or fuel throughout the world.

We used a combination of molecular, biochemical, confocal and scanning electron microscopy, caterpillar spinneret ablation/cauterization, and conventional insect bioassay methods to determine the role of ECB elicitors in modulating defenses in both tomato and maize crop plants.

Our results clearly demonstrate that the components present in the ECB saliva induce defense‐related proteinase inhibitors in both tomato (PIN2) and maize (MPI). Presence of glucose oxidase in the ECB saliva induced defenses in tomato, but not in maize. However, ECB saliva induced genes present in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway in both tomato and maize.

Although ECB saliva can induce defenses in both tomato and maize, our results suggest that host‐specific salivary components are responsible for inducing host plant defenses. Proteomic analysis of ECB salivary elicitors and plant receptors/signaling mechanisms involved in recognizing different ECB elicitors remains to be determined.
Extremal Dependence in International Output Growth: Tales from the Tails
Authors: de Carvalho Miguel , Rua António
Published: April 2013

This article explores the comovement of the economic activity of several OECD countries during periods of large negative and positive growth. Extremal dependence measures are here applied to assess the degree of cross‐country tail dependence of output growth rates. Our main empirical findings are: (i) cross‐country tail dependence is much stronger during periods of large negative growth, than during the ones of large positive growth; (ii) cross‐country growth is asymptotically independent; (iii) cross‐country tail dependence is considerably stronger than the one arising from a Gaussian dependence model. In addition, our results suggest that, among the typical determinants for explaining international output growth synchronization, only economic specialization similarity seems to play a role during such extreme periods.
Timing and Route of Amiodarone for Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery: A Network Regression Meta‐analysis
Authors: CHATTERJEE SAURAV , SARDAR PARTHA , MUKHERJEE DEBABRATA , LICHSTEIN EDGAR , AIKAT SHAMIK
Published: April 2013

Background

We attempted to evaluate if an oral‐only regimen was as effective in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery, in comparison to a regimen that included intravenous (IV) administration using a network meta‐analysis of available data, and also attempted to assess if preoperative administration at least 1 day before surgery was superior to postoperative prophylaxis (at least 1 day after surgery).

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials’ databases for randomized controlled trials conducted between 1990 and 2011 that assessed rates of POAF with amiodarone. Finally an interaction odds ratio was computed to assess the efficacy of an oral‐only regimen of amiodarone compared to one including IV administration and to evaluate if preoperative amiodarone was superior to postoperative prophylaxis.

Results

Twenty‐three studies (total N = 3,950) were included. Both regimens of amiodarone improved risk of POAF; oral‐only risk ratio (RR) was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49–0.70; P < 0.01) and regimen including IV RR was 0.57 (95% CI 0.43–0.75, P < 0.01). The interaction odds ratio was 1.17 (95% CI 0.72–1.89, P = 0.533). Both preoperative amiodarone (P < 0.01) and postoperative prophylaxis were effective (P = 0.0009), irrespective of duration.

Conclusions

This systematic review suggests a regimen of both oral‐only and one including IV administration, as well pre‐ and postoperative administration of amiodarone is effective in prevention of POAF after cardiac surgery.
Taking the High Ground:FEMATrailer Siting after Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Aldrich Daniel P. , Crook Kevin
Published: April 2013

Using data on more than 300 census blocks from across New Orleans, Louisiana, this article investigates two steps in the placement of temporary housing after Hurricane Katrina. First, the authors seek to understand the factors that determined whether census blocks were selected for Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) trailers. Then, in light of the widespread resistance to the trailers, they focus on variables that influenced whether trailers were successfully placed on those sites. Despite past research arguing that race, collective action potential, and political factors are the primary determinants of facility placement and the success or failure of the attempt, these data show that technocratic criteria dominated. Interestingly, although census blocks in less vulnerable areas were more likely to be selected as locations forFEMAtrailer parks than ones in more vulnerable areas, it was precisely the former areas where siting success was less likely. Flood‐resistant areas that decision makers chose for housing were less willing to accept such projects than more flood‐prone ones.
GIANT EMBRYO encodes CYP78A13, required for proper size balance between embryo and endosperm in rice
Authors: Nagasawa Nobuhiro , Hibara Ken‐Ichiro , Heppard Elmer P. , Vander Velden Kent A. , Luck Stanley , Beatty Mary , Nagato Yasuo , Sakai Hajime
Published: April 2013

Among angiosperms there is a high degree of variation in embryo/endosperm size in mature seeds. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying size control between these neighboring tissues. Here we report the rice GIANT EMBRYO (GE) gene that is essential for controlling the size balance. The function of GE in each tissue is distinct, controlling cell size in the embryo and cell death in the endosperm. GE, which encodes CYP78A13, is predominantly expressed in the interfacing tissues of the both embryo and endosperm. GE expression is under negative feedback regulation; endogenous GE expression is upregulated in ge mutants. In contrast to the loss‐of‐function mutant with large embryo and small endosperm, GE overexpression causes a small embryo and enlarged endosperm. A complementation analysis coupled with heterofertilization showed that complementation of ge mutation in either embryo or endosperm failed to restore the wild‐type embryo/endosperm ratio. Thus, embryo and endosperm interact in determining embryo/endosperm size balance. Among genes associated with embryo/endosperm size, REDUCED EMBRYO genes, whose loss‐of‐function causes a phenotype opposite to ge, are revealed to regulate endosperm size upstream of GE. To fully understand the embryo–endosperm size control, the genetic network of the related genes should be elucidated.
A case of well‐differentiated palpebral liposarcoma in a Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Quinton Jean‐François , Ollivier Franck , Dally Claire
Published: April 2013

Liposarcomas are rare malignant tumors of the adipose tissue which are well described in humans and animals. Wide margin excision is the recommended treatment for these infiltrative, slow to metastasize tumors. Primary liposarcoma with ocular localization is a very rare tumor in humans, dogs and cats. This report describes, for the first time, a palpebral liposarcoma in a 18‐month old guinea pig that presented with a large palpebral mass and purulent discharge in the right eye. The ophthalmic evaluation revealed a one‐centimeter infiltrating subcutaneous mass within the upper eyelid, a severe chemosis and hyperhemia of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva of the right eye. Cytologic examination of the mass revealed only epithelial cells. Histologic examination interpreted the lesion as a xanthogranulomatous reaction possibly secondary to meibomian gland rupture or inflammation. One month later, the mass had increased in size and the animal had stopped eating. Euthanasia was perfomed and a large biopsy was submitted for another histological examination. Histopathology revealed polygonal to rounded cells with a large, empty intracytoplasmic vacuole, and an ovoid, eccentrically located nucleus. The histology was consistent with a well‐differentiated liposarcoma. Given the unusual location, immunohistochemistry was performed to ascertain the mesenchymal nature of the neoplasm.
Siah2‐deficient mice show impaired skin wound repair
Authors: Musyoka James N. , Liu Mira C.P. , Pouniotis Dodie S. , Wong Christina S.F. , Bowtell David D. , Little Peter J. , Getachew Robel , Möller Andreas , Darby Ian A.
Published: April 2013

Hypoxia is associated with the dermal wound healing process and hypoxia signaling is presumed to be crucial for normal wound repair. The Siah2 ubiquitin ligase controls the abundance of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha, and loss of Siah2 results in destabilization of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha under hypoxia. Utilizing Siah2−/− mice we demonstrate that cutaneous wound healing is impaired in these mice. Wounds in Siah2−/− mice heal slower and are associated with delayed induction of myofibroblast infiltration and reduced collagen deposition. This coincides with delayed angiogenesis and reduced macrophage infiltration into the wounds of Siah2−/− mice. We furthermore demonstrate that primary Siah2−/− dermal fibroblasts have reduced migratory capacities and produce less collagen than wild‐type fibroblasts. Additionally, Siah2−/− fibroblasts showed conserved responses to transforming growth factor‐β at the receptor level (pSmad 2C activation) but reduced responses downstream. Together, our data show, for the first time, that Siah2 is involved as a positive regulator in the wound healing response. Understanding the role of hypoxia signaling in tissue repair and fibrosis and interference with the hypoxia signaling pathway via regulation of Siah2 may provide new targets for clinical regulation of fibrosis and scarring.
Deep dermal fibroblast profibrotic characteristics are enhanced by bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Ding Jie , Ma Zengshuan , Shankowsky Heather A. , Medina Abelardo , Tredget Edward E.
Published: April 2013

Hypertrophic scars are a significant fibroproliferative disorder complicating deep injuries to the skin. We hypothesize that activated deep dermal fibroblasts are subject to regulation by bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs), which leads to the development of excessive fibrosis following deep dermal injury. We found that the expression of fibrotic factors was higher in deep burn wounds compared with superficial burn wounds collected from burn patients with varying depth of skin injury. We characterized deep and superficial dermal fibroblasts, which were cultured from the deep and superficial dermal layers of normal uninjured skin obtained from abdominoplasty patients, and examined the paracrine effects of BM‐MSCs on the fibrotic activities of the cells. In vitro, deep dermal fibroblasts were found higher in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of type 1 collagen, alpha smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta, stromal cell–derived factor 1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, an inhibitor of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1). As well, deep dermal fibroblasts had low matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA, produced more collagen, and contracted collagen lattices significantly greater than superficial fibroblasts. By co‐culturing layered fibroblasts with BM‐MSCs in a transwell insert system, BM‐MSCs enhanced the fibrotic behavior of deep dermal fibroblasts, which suggests a possible involvement of BM‐MSCs in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scarring.
Diabetes impairs adipose tissue–derived stem cell function and efficiency in promoting wound healing
Authors: Cianfarani Francesca , Toietta Gabriele , Di Rocco Giuliana , Cesareo Eleonora , Zambruno Giovanna , Odorisio Teresa
Published: April 2013

Adipose tissue–derived stem cells (ASCs) are gaining increasing consideration in tissue repair therapeutic application. Recent evidence indicates that ASCs enhance skin repair in animal models of impaired wound healing. To assess the therapeutic activity of autologous vs. allogeneic ASCs in the treatment of diabetic ulcers, we functionally characterized diabetic ASCs and investigated their potential to promote wound healing with respect to nondiabetic ones. Adipose tissue–derived cells from streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic mice were analyzed either freshly isolated as stromal vascular fraction (SVF), or following a single passage of culture (ASCs). Diabetic ASCs showed decreased proliferative potential and migration. Expression of surface markers was altered in diabetic SVF and cultured ASCs, with a reduction in stem cell marker‐positive cells. ASCs from diabetic mice released lower amounts of hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1, growth factors playing important roles in skin repair. Accordingly, the supernatant of diabetic ASCs manifested reduced capability to promote keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration. Therapeutic potential of diabetic SVF administered to wounds of diabetic mice was blunted as compared with cells isolated from nondiabetic mice. Our data indicate that diabetes alters ASC intrinsic properties and impairs their function, thus affecting therapeutic potential in the autologous treatment for diabetic ulcers.
How mechanical deformations contribute to the effectiveness of negative‐pressure wound therapy
Authors: Daigle Patrick , Despatis Marc‐Antoine , Grenier Guillaume
Published: April 2013

Negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has significantly improved healing rates and patient comfort since its inception. However, a considerable number of questions have been raised regarding its mechanisms of action. Many health care workers and researchers have attempted to clarify the role of NPWT in wound healing. The purpose of this perspective article is to assemble some of the concepts that have been put forward in order to propose an integrated view of the mechanisms involved in NPWT. Particular emphasis will be placed on mechanically induced tissue deformations and their involvement in some of the key processes of wound healing, including nutrient and oxygen transport, blood vessel formation, and cellular proliferation and differentiation, mainly of myofibroblasts.