bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CMOS image sensor with stacked photodiodes for lensless observation system of digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Takehara Hironari , Miyazawa Kazuya , Noda Toshihiko , Sasagawa Kiyotaka , Tokuda Takashi , Kim Soo Hyeon , Iino Ryota , Noji Hiroyuki , Ohta Jun
Published: February 2014

A CMOS image sensor with stacked photodiodes was fabricated using 0.18 µm mixed signal CMOS process technology. Two photodiodes were stacked at the same position of each pixel of the CMOS image sensor. The stacked photodiodes consist of shallow high-concentration N-type layer (N+), P-type well (PW), deep N-type well (DNW), and P-type substrate (P-sub). PW and P-sub were shorted to ground. By monitoring the voltage of N+ and DNW individually, we can observe two monochromatic colors simultaneously without using any color filters. The CMOS image sensor is suitable for fluorescence imaging, especially contact imaging such as a lensless observation system of digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Since the fluorescence increases with time in digital ELISA, it is possible to observe fluorescence accurately by calculating the difference from the initial relation between the pixel values for both photodiodes.
Photodriven Charge Separation and Transport in Self‐Assembled Zinc Tetrabenzotetraphenylporphyrin and Perylenediimide Charge Conduits
Authors: Roznyatovskiy Vladimir V. , Carmieli Raanan , Dyar Scott M. , Brown Kristen E. , Wasielewski Michael R.
Published: February 2014

Zinc tetrabenzotetraphenyl porphyrin (ZnTBTPP) covalently attached to four perylenediimide (PDI) acceptors self‐assembles into a π‐stacked, segregated columnar structure, as indicated by small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. Photoexcitation of ZnTBTPP rapidly produces a long‐lived electron–hole pair having a 26 Å average separation distance, which is much longer than if the pair is confined within the covalent monomer. This implies that the charges are mobile within their respective segregated ZnTBTPP and PDI charge conduits.
Hypoxia‐Targeted siRNA Delivery
Authors: Perche F. , Biswas S. , Wang T. , Zhu L. , Torchilin V. P.
Published: February 2014

Altered vasculature and the resultant chaotic tumor blood flow lead to the appearance in fast‐growing tumors of regions with gradients of oxygen tension and acute hypoxia (less than 1.4 % oxygen).1 Due to its roles in tumorigenesis and resistance to therapy, hypoxia represents a problem in cancer therapy.1, 2 Insufficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the hypoxic regions in solid tumors is recognized as one of the causes of resistance to therapy.1, 3 This led to the development of hypoxia imaging agents,4 and the use of hypoxia‐activated anticancer prodrugs.2a Here we show the first example of the hypoxia‐induced siRNA uptake and silencing using a nanocarrier consisting of polyethyleneglycol 2000, azobenzene, polyethyleneimine (PEI)(1.8 kDa), and 1,2‐dioleyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) units (the nanocarrier is referred to as PAPD), where azobenzene imparts hypoxia sensitivity and specificity.4a We report hypoxia‐activated green fluorescent protein (GFP) silencing in vitro and its downregulation in GFP‐expressing tumors after intravenous administration. The proposed nanoformulation represents a novel tumor‐environment‐responsive modality for cancer targeting and siRNA delivery.
Direct Hydroboration of BB Bonds: A Mild Strategy for the Proliferation of BB Bonds
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. , Hörl Christian , Phukan Ashwini K. , Pinzner Florian , Ullrich Stefan
Published: February 2014

Synthetic access to electron‐precise boron chains is hampered by the preferential formation of nonclassical structures. The few existing strategies for this involve either strongly reducing reagents or transition‐metal catalysts, both with distinct disadvantages. The synthesis of new furyl‐ and thienyl‐substituted diborenes is presented, along with their direct hydroboration with catecholborane (CatBH) to form a new electron‐precise BB bond and a B3 chain. The reaction is diastereoselective and proceeds under mild conditions without the use of strong reducing agents or transition‐metal catalysts commonly used in B‐B coupling reactions.
Diphenylacetylene‐Linked Peptide Strands Induce Bidirectional β‐Sheet Formation
Authors: Lingard Hannah , Han Jeongmin T. , Thompson Amber L. , Leung Ivanhoe K. H. , Scott Richard T. W. , Thompson Sam , Hamilton Andrew D.
Published: February 2014

In the search for synthetic mimics of protein secondary structures relevant to the mediation of protein–protein interactions, we have synthesized a series of tetrasubstituted diphenylacetylenes that display β‐sheet structures in two directions. Extensive X‐ray crystallographic and NMR solution phase studies are consistent with these proteomimetics adopting sheet structures, displaying both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid side chains.
Lability‐Controlled Syntheses of Heterometallic Clusters
Authors: Newton Graham N. , Mitsumoto Kiyotaka , Wei Rong‐Jia , Iijima Fumichika , Shiga Takuya , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Oshio Hiroki
Published: February 2014

A bulky bidentate ligand was used to stabilize a macrocyclic [FeIII8CoII6] cluster. Tuning the basicity of the ligand by derivatization with one or two methoxy groups led to the isolation of a homologous [FeIII8CoII6] species and a [FeIII6FeII2CoIII2CoII2] complex, respectively. Lowering the reaction temperatures allowed isolation of [FeIII6FeII2CoIII2CoII2] clusters with all three ligands. Temperature‐dependent absorption data and corresponding experiments with iron/nickel systems indicated that the iron/cobalt self‐assembly process was directed by the occurrence of solution‐state electron‐transfer‐coupled spin transition (ETCST) and its influence on reaction intermediate lability.
Efficacy of Combining Interview Techniques in Detecting Deception Related to Bio‐threat Issues
Authors: Morgan Charles A. , Rabinowitz Yaron , Leidy Robert , Coric Vladimir
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this project was to assess the detecting deception efficacy of three well‐validated “detecting deception” methods – i.e., forced choice testing (FCT), modified cognitive interviewing (MCI) and autobiographical implicit association testing (aIAT) – when applied to the issue of bio‐threat.

The detecting deception accuracies of FCT and MCI were 81% and 75%, respectively. Although the aIAT mean response times in block 5 differed significantly between deceptive and truthful persons, the classification accuracy was low. FCT alone reduced the group of 64 persons to 11 and detected 50% of the liars; the false positive rate was 9%. MCI alone reduced the group of 64 to 24 and detected 92% of the liars; the false positive rate was 54%. When FCT was paired with MCI, 75% of liars were detected and the false positive rate was 13%.

Forced choice testing and MCI show promise as methods for detecting deception related to bio‐threat under low‐base‐rate conditions. These methods took little time, enhanced the odds of detecting deceptive individuals and exhibited high positive likelihood ratios, suggesting that they have merit as screening tools. The aIAT required more time and was less accurate but may still serve as a useful screening tool. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can we beat over‒fitting?
Authors: Cloarec Olivier
Published: February 2014

Over‒fitting in multivariate regression is often viewed as the consequence of the number of variables. However, it is almost counterintuitive that the number of variables used to fit a regression model increases the risk of over‒fitting instead of adding useful information. In this paper, we will be discussing the source of over‒fitting and ways of reducing it during the computation of partial least squares (PLS) components. A close look at the linear algebra used for PLS component calculation will highlight hints of the origin of over‒fitting. Simulation of multivariate datasets will explore the influence of noise, number of variables and complexity of the underlying latent variable structure on over‒fitting. A tentative solution to overcome the identified problem will be presented, and a new PLS algorithm will be proposed. Finally, the properties of this new algorithm will be explored. Copyright © 2014 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Assessment of Protecting‐Group Stability by Using a Robustness Screen
Authors: Collins Karl D. , Rühling Andreas , Lied Fabian , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2014

An experimentally simple method has been developed to rapidly establish the stability of widely utilized silyl, acetal, and carbamate protecting groups to a given set of reaction conditions. Assessment of up to twelve protecting groups in a single experiment has been demonstrated. Evaluation of this protocol in two unrelated synthetic transformations suggests that this method can be used to select appropriate protecting groups in the design of synthetic routes.
Structural Effects in Lithiocuprate Chemistry: The Elucidation of Reactive Pentametallic Complexes
Authors: Harford Philip J. , Peel Andrew J. , Taylor Joseph P. , Komagawa Shinsuke , Raithby Paul R. , Robinson Thomas P. , Uchiyama Masanobu , Wheatley Andrew E. H.
Published: February 2014

TMPLi (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide) reacts with CuI salts in the presence of Et2O to give the dimers [{(TMP)2Cu(X)Li2(OEt2)}2] (X=CN, halide). In contrast, the use of DMPLi (DMP=cis‐2,6‐dimethylpiperidide) gives an unprecedented structural motif; [{(DMP)2CuLi(OEt2)}2LiX] (X=halide). This formulation suggests a hitherto unexplored route to the in situ formation of Gilman‐type bases that are of proven reactivity in directed ortho cupration.
Selective Reduction of CO2 with Silanes over Platinum Nanoparticles Immobilised on a Polymeric Monolithic Support under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Taori Vijay P. , Bandari Rajendar , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: February 2014

Here, we demonstrate the use of Pt0 nanoparticles immobilised on a polymeric monolithic support as a ligand‐free heterogeneous catalytic system for the reduction of 13CO2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The described system effectively reduces 13CO2 with dihydrosilanes as the hydrogen source to yield a mixture of silylformates, silylacetals and methoxysilanes, which upon further hydrolysis with D2O, produces their respective C1‐type products, that is H13COOD, 13CH2(OD)2 and 13CH3OD. If a monohydrosilane was used as the hydrogen source, a selective reduction of 13CO2 to a product mixture of only silylformates was observed. Addition of diethylamine to this reaction mixture results in the formation of H13COOH and Et2N13CHO. This robust catalytic system is not only maintenance‐free and simple to handle, as compared with organometallic and organocatalyst systems, but also shows 3‐ to 11‐fold better catalytic activity and exhibits higher turnover numbers (TONs) up to 21 900 (activity=6.22 kg gPt−1 bar−1).
Utility of brachyury in distinction of chordoma from cytomorphologic mimics in fine‐needle aspiration and core needle biopsy
Authors: Jo Vickie Y. , Hornick Jason L. , Qian Xiaohua
Published: February 2014

Chordoma is a neoplasm of notochordal differentiation that typically occurs in the axial skeleton. Accurate diagnosis is therapeutically important but can be challenging, especially in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB). Immunohistochemistry for the transcription factor brachyury (T) has recently proven diagnostically useful in whole‐tissue sections. Our aim was to compare brachyury performance with conventional markers (S‐100, EMA, keratin) and to evaluate its utility in distinguishing chordoma from cytomorphologic mimics. Brachyury immunohistochemistry was performed on chordoma (8 FNA, 12 CNB), chondrosarcoma (10 FNA), and metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma (12 FNA). Immunohistochemistry performed at the time of diagnosis was also reviewed. Brachyury was positive in 17 (85%) cases of chordoma and typically showed moderate‐to‐strong nuclear staining. Of five sets of concurrent FNA and CNB, four pairs were positive for brachyury in both samples and one pair was positive for brachyury in the CNB and negative in the cell block. S‐100, EMA, and keratin stains were available for 13 chordomas: 9 (69%) cases (including the 3 negative for brachyury) were positive for S‐100 and keratin or EMA; 4 cases were keratin positive but S‐100 negative. No nuclear brachyury staining was seen in chondrosarcoma or adenocarcinoma, though two adenocarcinomas showed cytoplasmic staining. Brachyury separates chordoma from cytomorphologic mimics with high sensitivity and specificity in small biopsies. As a single test, brachyury has higher sensitivity than a combined panel of S‐100 and epithelial markers. When added to the conventional panel, brachyury increases sensitivity to 100% without sacrificing specificity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:647–652. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders in fluid specimens
Authors: Yu Gordon H. , Vergara Norge , Moore Erika M. , King Rebecca L.
Published: February 2014

The diagnostic evaluation of fluid specimens, including serous effusions and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs), can be challenging for a number of reasons. The evaluation of lymphoid proliferations in these specimens can be particularly problematic, given the frequent presence of coexisting inflammatory conditions and the manner in which these specimens are processed. As a result, immunophenotypic analysis of hematopoietic cell populations by flow cytometry has emerged as a useful ancillary study in the diagnosis of these specimens, both in patients with and without a previous history of a lymphoproliferative disorder. In this study, we review our experience with flow cytometry in fluid specimens over a four‐year period. Flow cytometry was performed in 184 of 6,925 total cases (2.7% of all fluids). Flow cytometry was performed in 4.8% of pleural fluids (positive findings in 38%, negative in 40%, and atypical in 18%), 1.1% of peritoneal fluids (positive in 40%, negative in 50%, and atypical in 10%), 1.9% of pericardial fluids (positive in 67%, negative in 33%), and 1.9% of CSFs (positive in 23%, negative in 55%, atypical in 3%). The specimen submitted was inadequate for analysis in 9.2% of cases, most commonly with CSF specimens, but was not related to the volume of fluid submitted. Atypical flow cytometry findings and atypical morphologic findings in the context of negative flow cytometry results led to the definitive diagnosis of a lymphoproliferative disorder in a significant number of cases when repeat procedures and ancillary studies were performed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:664–670. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondary tumors of the pancreas diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration: A 10‐year experience
Authors: Waters Lindsay , Si Quisheng , Caraway Nancy , Mody Dina , Staerkel Gregg , Sneige Nour
Published: February 2014

Determining whether a pancreatic mass is a primary or secondary neoplasm is necessary for appropriate treatment. We reviewed our experience using endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) for diagnosis of pancreatic tumors to identify clinical and cytopathologic characteristics of metastatic disease. We reviewed all cases of tumors metastatic to the pancreas evaluated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas during the period from 2002 to 2012. The review included cytologic specimens, clinical history, radiologic findings, primary tumor type, and clinical follow‐up. We identified 66 patients with disease metastatic to the pancreas for which cytologic material was available: 38 (58%) men and 28 (42%) women, with an average age of 63 years (range, 40–89 years). Most metastases (98%) were single lesions, and nearly half were located in the head of the pancreas (30/66). The most common site of origin for these metastases was kidney (27 [41%] cases). Follow‐up information was available for 65 (98%) patients, and duration of follow‐up ranged from <1 to 10 years (mean, 2.3 years). Thirty‐three patients (50%) were alive at the time of the most recent follow‐up contact. Of the 25 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, clear cell type, 19 (76%) were alive at the time of the most recent follow‐up. It was concluded that metastases may mimic primary pancreatic carcinomas both clinically and cytologically. Ancillary studies in conjunction with clinical history are necessary for the accurate diagnosis of FNAs of secondary pancreatic tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:738–743. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Cationic Bis(N‐Heterocyclic Dicarbene) Ruthenium(II) Complexes
Authors: Tubaro Cristina , Bertinazzo Davide , Monticelli Marco , Saoncella Omar , Volpe Andrea , Basato Marino , Badocco Denis , Pastore Paolo , Graiff Claudia , Venzo Alfonso
Published: February 2014

Four ruthenium(II) N‐heterocyclic dicarbene complexes of general formula [Ru{MeIm(CH2)nImMe}2(RCN)2][PF6]2 (1: n = 1, R = Me; 2: n = 1, R = Ph; 3: n = 2, R = Me; 4: n = 2, R = Ph; MeIm = 3‐methylimidazol‐2‐yliden‐1‐yl) have been synthesised by transmetalation of the dicarbene ligand from a dicarbene silver complex with [RuCl2(COD)]x (COD = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene) or [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 as ruthenium precursors. The relative position of the coordinated nitrile molecules (cis or trans) depends on the group that links the two carbene moieties: the dicarbene with the methylene bridge affords the trans isomer, whereas the cis complex is obtained with the ethylene bridge. The lability of coordinated nitriles towards entering nucleophiles, in particular, cyclohexyl and tert‐butyl isocyanide, has been carefully checked, and the corresponding substitution complexes [Ru{MeIm(CH2)nImMe}2(RNC)2][PF6]2 (6: n = 1, R = Cy; 7: n = 2, R = Cy; 8: n = 2, R = tBu) have been synthesised. The trans complexes are more inert than the cis ones, and benzonitrile is a better leaving group than acetonitrile; these characteristics allow a proper tuning of the coordination set and the stereoelectronic properties of these dicarbene ruthenium complexes. The X‐ray crystal structures of 1 and 7 have also been determined.
Disposable Screen‐Printed Edge Band Ultramicroelectrodes for Use as Nitric Oxide Gas Sensor in Designing an Easily Applicable Method for Real Sample Analysis of Nitrite with Superior Selectivity and Sensitivity
Authors: Chen Wei‐Chung , Hsu Ya‐Li , Venkatesan Shanmuganathan , Zen Jyh‐Myng
Published: February 2014

We report here an easily applicable method for the quantification of nitrite (NO2−) in real samples. This approach simplified the two steps of sample preparation and detection into a 2‐in‐1 single step process. Samples were digested in sulfuric acid and the as‐generated nitric oxide (NO) was detected by an electrochemical sensor in the gas phase. It eliminated almost all of the interferents in the solution phase and hence resulted in a highly selective determination of nitrite suitable for food samples with complicated matrix. We successfully demonstrated the determination of nitrite in sausage and vegetables and further validated the results with an AOAC official reference method.
Operation Experience with a 20 kW SOFC System
Authors: Peters Ro. , Blum L. , Deja R. , Hoven I. , Tiedemann W. , Küpper S. , Stolten D.
Published: February 2014

Systems based on planar SOFC stacks have a great potential to become compact high efficient power plants. At Forschungszentrum Jülich system technology is under development aiming at a 20 kW demonstration plant. An important challenge is to realize a compact and efficient system. To achieve this, Jülich has invented an Integrated Module, which incorporates all hot parts of the system. After a few years of development four stacks with a nominal power of 5 kW were assembled and characterized with proper quality. After integrating them into the system operation was started and 21.3 kW gross power were achieved. Because of a leakage in the periphery the test had to be interrupted after 550 h of operation under load. Because repair would have taken too long, the test was continued with two modules of 5 kW power each. The system was in operation under load for 4,000 h.
Computational Studies of Allosteric Regulation in the Hsp90 Molecular Chaperone: From Functional Dynamics and Protein Structure Networks to Allosteric Communications and Targeted Anti‐Cancer Modulators
Authors: Verkhivker Gennady M.
Published: February 2014

Computational studies of allosteric interactions have witnessed a recent renaissance fueled by growing interest in the modeling of complex molecular assemblies and biological networks. Allosteric interactions of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 with a diverse array of cochaperones and client proteins allow for molecular communication in signal transduction networks. In this review, recent developments in the understanding of allosteric interactions in the context of structural, functional, and computational studies of the Hsp90 chaperone are discussed. A comprehensive analysis of structural and network‐based models of protein allostery is provided. Computational and experimental approaches and advances in the understanding of Hsp90 interactions and regulatory mechanisms are reviewed to provide a systematic and critical view of the current progress and most challenging questions in the field. The current status and future prospects for translational research, bridging the basic science of chaperones with the discovery of anti‐cancer therapies, are also highlighted.
Solvent polarity scales: determination of new ET(30) values for 84 organic solvents
Authors: Cerón‐Carrasco José P. , Jacquemin Denis , Laurence Christian , Planchat Aurélien , Reichardt Christian , Sraïdi Khadija
Published: February 2014

The solvent polarity parameter ET(30) is newly measured from the solvatochromism of the betaine dye 30 for 84 solvents and re‐measured for 186 additional ones. The results are organized in a database. It is shown that the validity of linear solvation energy relationships used for the determination of secondary ET(30) values is limited to non‐hydrogen‐bond donor solvents. Relationships with the chain length n are given for the determination of tertiary ET(30) values of the homologous H(CH2)nY solvent series. The parameter ET(30) is orthogonal to the function of the refractive index (n2 − 1) / (2n2 + 1). For non hydrogen‐bond donor solvents, this allows to enter ET(30) as an almost pure electrostatic parameter in a new linear solvation energy relationship. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and optimization of high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry for phospholipid quantitation
Authors: Fu Mingkun , Xu Wei , Lu Qing , Pan Guoyu , Varga Csanad
Published: February 2014

RATIONALE

High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS) provides an attractive alternative to the traditional triple quadrupole mass spectrometry selected reaction monitoring (SRM) methodology in the field of quantitation.

METHODS

An LTQ Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer coupled with a Shimadzu UHPLC system was used. A mass extraction window (MEW) was defined to mathematically correlate with mass resolving power (MRP). Five MRP measurement conditions at 7500, 15 000, 30 000, 60 000, and 100 000, and five MEW widths at 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100% of ±1000000/MRP, and were utilized as the experimental conditions. Comparison of profile and centroid algorithms was evaluated as well.

RESULTS

Selection of pH 8.5 buffer, C4 column, 20% IPA, and 10 ppm H3PO4, minimized hydrophobic and silanol interactions to enhance separation. Narrowing the MEW minimized background noise, while over‐narrowing the MEW gave signal loss due to mass accuracy deviation. The mass accuracy deviation was larger for lower MRP measurements especially with centriod data, and hence a profile algorithm was recommended. The post‐ionization signal suppression was observed with low MRP and was further confirmed with the analysis of multi‐level linearity.

CONCLUSIONS

It was found that the HPLC/HRMS method with conditions of 20% ±1000000/MRP as MEW, 30 000 or 60 000 MRP, and profile algorithm, provide optimum results for quantitation of seven model phospholipids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium 7‐Azaindolato Complexes and their Lithium Precursors
Authors: Haehnel Martin , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: February 2014

Two differently 2‐substituted 7‐azaindoles (substituent = H (1‐H), t‐Bu (1‐tBu)) react with n‐butyllithium in tmeda to give different Li complexes. Using the ligand 1‐H, the binuclear complex [(tmeda)Li(azH)]2 (2‐H) is formed. The sterically more demanding ligand 1‐tBu leads to formation of the mononuclear Li complex (tmeda)Li(aztBu) (2‐tBu). The decamethyltitanocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complex Cp*2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3) (3a) reacts with 7‐azaindole (1‐H) to give the dark red titanocene(III) complex 4. Using the sterically more demanding 1‐tBu ligand upon deprotonation with dialkylmagnesium, followed by subsequent salt metathesis with (Cp2TiCl)2, the dark green titanocene(III) heterometallacyclic complex 5 is obtained. Complexes 2‐H, 2‐tBu and 5 were characterized by X‐ray analyses.
Skin manifestations in CDG
Authors: Rymen D. , Jaeken J.
Published: February 2014

The group of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) has expanded tremendously since its first description in 1980, with around 70 distinct disorders described to date. A great phenotypic variability exists, ranging from multisystem disease to single organ involvement. Skin manifestations, although inconsistently present, are part of this broad clinical spectrum. Indeed, the presence of inverted nipples, fat pads and orange peel skin in a patient with developmental delay are considered as a hallmark of CDG, particularly seen in PMM2 deficiency. However, over the years many more dermatological findings have been observed (e.g., ichthyosis, cutis laxa, tumoral calcinosis…). In this review we will discuss the variety of skin manifestations reported in CDG. Moreover, we will explore the possible mechanisms that link a certain glycosylation deficiency to its skin phenotype.
In-Situ Investigation of Local Boundary Migration During Recrystallization
Authors: Zhang Yubin , Godfrey Andy , Juul Jensen Dorte
Published: February 2014

A combination of electron channeling contrast (ECC) and electron backscatter diffraction pattern (EBSP) techniques has been used to follow in situ the migration during annealing at 323 K (50 °C) of a recrystallizing boundary through the deformed matrix of high-purity aluminum rolled to 86 pct reduction in thickness. The combination of ECC and EBSP techniques allows both detailed measurements of crystallographic orientations to be made, as well as tracking of the boundary migration with good temporal resolution. The measured boundary velocity and the local boundary morphology are analyzed based on calculations of local values for the stored energy of deformation. It is found that the migration of the investigated boundary is very complex with significant spatial and temporal variations in its movement, which cannot directly be explained by the variations in stored energies, but that these variations relate closely to local variations within the deformed microstructure ahead of the boundary, and are found related to the local spatial arrangements and misorientations of the dislocation boundaries. The results of the investigation suggest that local analysis, on the micrometer length scale, is necessary for the further understanding of recrystallization boundary migration mechanisms.
Control of neuronal morphology and connectivity: Emerging developmental roles for gap junctional proteins
Authors: Baker Michael W. , Macagno Eduardo R.
Published: February 2014

Recent evidence indicates that gap junction (GJ) proteins can play a critical role in controlling neuronal connectivity as well as cell morphology in the developing nervous system. GJ proteins may function analogously to cell adhesion molecules, mediating cellular recognition and selective neurite adhesion. Moreover, during synaptogenesis electrical synapses often herald the later establishment of chemical synapses, and thus may help facilitate activity‐dependent sculpting of synaptic terminals. Recent findings suggest that the morphology and connectivity of embryonic leech neurons are fundamentally organized by the type and perhaps location of the GJ proteins they express. For example, ectopic expression in embryonic leech neurons of certain innexins that define small GJ‐linked networks of cells leads to the novel coupling of the expressing cell into that network. Moreover, gap junctions appear to mediate interactions among homologous neurons that modulate process outgrowth and stability. We propose that the selective formation of GJs between developing neurons and perhaps glial cells in the CNS helps orchestrate not only cellular synaptic connectivity but also can have a pronounced effect on the arborization and morphology of those cells involved.
‘A thorn in the side of European geodesy’: measuring Paris–Greenwich longitude by electric telegraph
Authors: KERSHAW MICHAEL
Published: February 2014

The difference in longitude between the observatories of Paris and Greenwich was long of fundamental importance to geodesy, navigation and timekeeping. Measured many times and by many different means since the seventeenth century, the preferred method of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made use of the electric telegraph. I describe here for the first time the four Paris–Greenwich telegraphic longitude determinations made between 1854 and 1902. Despite contemporary faith in the new technique, the first was soon found to be inaccurate; the second was a failure, ending in Anglo-French dispute over whose result was to be trusted; the third failed in exactly the same way; and when eventually the fourth was presented as a success, the evidence for that success was far from clear-cut. I use this as a case study in precision measurement, showing how mutual grounding between different measurement techniques, in the search for agreement between them, was an important force for change and improvement. I also show that better precision had more to do with the gradually improving methods of astronomical time determination than with the singular innovation of the telegraph, thus emphasizing the importance of what have been described as ‘observatory techniques’ to nineteenth-century practices of precision measurement.
Host specificity in the host-seeking larva of the dipteran parasitoidMallophora ruficaudaand the influence of age on parasitism decisions
Authors: Barrantes M.E. , Castelo M.K.
Published: February 2014

Larvae of the robber flyMallophora ruficaudaare ectoparasitoids of white grubs and adults are an important apiculture pest in Argentina. Females oviposit on tall grasses and the second instar larva actively searches and locates hosts. There are nine potential hosts in the distribution area of this parasitoid andCyclocephala signaticollis(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is the most parasitized in the field. However,M. ruficaudahas a certain degree of behavioural flexibility towards different host species, and not being a strict specialist. The conditions under which the parasitoid orientates and accepts different hosts’ species are unknown. We studied the host specificity ofM. ruficaudatowards three species ofCyclocephalagenus and we determined whether this specificity depends on larval age. We also evaluated whether larva orientation towardsCyclocephalaspecies changes with chemical cue concentration. We assessed host specificity measuring the orientation and acceptance behaviours towards kairomones extracts and live individuals ofCyclocephalaspecies usingM. ruficaudalarvae of low and high life expectancy (i.e., young and aged second instar larvae). We observed that young larvae orientated only towardsC. signaticollischemical stimulus, whereas aged larvae orientated also towardsC. modesta, and the same was observed with increasing stimuli's concentration. Both young and agedM. ruficaudalarvae orientate towards liveC. signaticollisandC. putridaspecies and rejectedC. modesta. Also, we found that larvae accepted allCyclocephalahosts. In conclusion, our results indicate that specificity in the laboratory, observed through host orientation and host acceptance behaviours, depends not only on the availability of host species, but also on the nature of the host's stimuli combined with parasitoid age.
The experiments behind the Tullio phenomenon
Authors: Addams-Williams J , Wu K , Ray J
Published: February 2014

Background:

Professor Pietro Tullio was a director at the Laboratory of Experimental Physiology in Bologna during the early twentieth century. His experimental studies resulted in the description of the Tullio phenomenon, which is characterised by sound-induced vertigo and/or eye movements.

Objective:

The experimental studies behind his contribution to vestibular physiology are described within this paper, as are some of the further developments that have been made.
Amores perritos: Puppies, Laughter and Popular Catholicism in Bourbon Mexico City
Authors: PROCTOR FRANK ‘TREY’
Published: February 2014

In late eighteenth-century Mexico City, Spanish colonials, particularly members of the urban middle and popular classes, performed a number of weddings and baptisms on puppies (which were wearing clothes or bejewelled collars) in the context offandangosor dance parties. These ceremonies were not radical challenges to orthodoxy or conservative reactions in the face of significant economic, political, religious and cultural Bourbon reforms emanating from Spain. Employing Inquisitorial investigations of these ceremonies, this article explores the rise of pet keeping, the meanings of early modern laughter and the implications of the cultural and religious components of the Enlightenment-inspired Bourbon reforms in late colonial Mexico.
An Amphibian Party? Organisational Change and Adaptation in the Brazilian Workers' Party, 1980–2012
Authors: RIBEIRO PEDRO FLORIANO
Published: February 2014

The arrival of Luiz Inácio ‘Lula’ da Silva and the Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party, PT) at the helm of the Brazilian federal government in 2003 represented the culmination of a slow and deep-rooted process of party transformation. Attributable partly to the inevitable consequences of the party gradually inserting itself into governmental institutions, and partly to strategic decisions made by the dominant coalition that had controlled the PT since 1995, these transformations significantly changed the organisational features of the party, paving its way to the federal government. This article analyses these processes, and the subsequent changes throughout the Lula government, from an organisational perspective, linking exogenous challenges and the party's genetic model with the strategies consciously adopted by thepetistaleadership.
On automorphism groups of generalized Hua domains
Authors: RONG FENG
Published: February 2014

Hua domains, generalized Hua domains and Hua constructions, named after the great Chinese mathematician Luogeng Hua (Loo-Keng Hua), are generalizations of Cartan–Hartogs domains introduced by Weiping Yin around the end of the 20th century. In this paper, we give a complete description of automorphism groups of generalized Hua domains. We also discuss the corresponding problem for Hua constructions.
Astronomical Vessel Position Determination Utilizing the Optical Super Wide Angle Lens Camera
Authors: Li Chong-hui , Zheng Yong , Zhang Chao , Yuan Yu-Lei , Lian Yue-Yong , Zhou Pei-Yuan
Published: February 2014

Celestial navigation is an important type of autonomous navigation technology which could be used as an alternative to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) when a vessel is at sea. After several centuries of development, a variety of astronomical vessel position (AVP) determination methods have been invented, but the basic concepts of these methods are all based on angular observations with a device such as a sextant, which has disadvantages including low accuracy, manual operation, and a limited period of observation. This paper proposes a new method that utilises a fisheye camera to image the celestial bodies and horizon simultaneously. Then, we calculate the obliquity of the fisheye camera's principal optical axis according to the image coordinates of the horizon. Next, we calculate the altitude of the celestial bodies according to the image coordinates of the celestial bodies and the obliquity. Finally, the AVP is determined by the altitudes according to the robust estimation method. Experimental results indicate that this method not only could realize automation and miniaturization of the AVP determination system, but could also greatly improve the efficiency of celestial navigation.
Report on the MISSCA 2013 International Crystallographic Conference
Authors: Masciocchi Norberto , Galli Simona , Guagliardi Antonietta
Published: February 2014

Early in September 2013, only a few months away from the International Year of Crystallography (2014), nearly 230 scientists from more than 15 different Countries gathered in Como, for an International Conference co-organized by the Italian, Spanish, and Swiss Crystallographic Associations, presenting their most recent crystallographic results in variety of fields, in basic and applied Science. This brief account highlights the topics discussed during the conference, and the future of the European crystallographic research, with its relevance to distinct fields of physics, chemistry, biology, materials, and earth science, as well as in preservation of cultural heritage.
The Staging of Salieri’s Les Danaïdes as Seen by a Cellist in the Orchestra
Authors: Rice John A.
Published: February 2014

During the 1780s a cellist in the orchestra of the Opéra, known only as Monsieur Hivart, served the Russian Count Nicholas Sheremetev as an operatic agent, sending scores, librettos, costume designs, stage designs and other materials related to opera in Paris, and advising the count on the production of French operas in Russia. Hivart was in contact with such composers as Grétry, Sacchini and Piccinni, and the stage machinist and ballet master of the Opéra, and from his place in the orchestra he could watch their work take shape on stage. This gives his letters to Sheremetev (published in Russian translation in 1944 but largely unknown in the West) significant value for historians of opera in eighteenth-century Paris. Especially extensive are Hivart’s reports on the first production of Salieri’s Les Danaïdes, which contain much information about the first production available nowhere else.
Pimmalione: Rousseau and the Melodramatisation of Italian Opera
Authors: Lockhart Ellen
Published: February 2014

This article traces the Italian reception of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Horace Coignet’sPygmalion(1770), ultimately arguing that the influence of early melodrama (and not the better-remembered Viennese reform) was behind the emergence of a style of speech-like singing and gestural mirroring in Italian opera in the decades immediately around 1800. Rousseauian melodrama was one of a few related projects subsuming the spoken word within the domain of music during the 1770s and 1780s; another was Joshua Steele’sProsodia rationalis, which proposed a system of modified music notation in order to preserve and transmit the spoken word. This article suggests (contra most recent historians of melodrama) that such projects were inflected by a kind of twilight classicism, in which the revived object was made to show signs of decay. The revivalist strain in the first melodrama was particularly important for its Italian reception. Rousseau’s ideal of an ancient, onomatopoeic language collapsing meaning and medium was naturalised into the rhetoric of Italian opera reform during the 1770s and 1780s by the Jesuit theorists Antonio Eximeno and Stefano Arteaga. By way of a coda, this article traces the emergence of a ‘melodramatic’ style of Italian opera, first in all-sung adaptations ofPygmalion, thence into Venetian opera of the 1790s more broadly, and finally into Donizetti’s techniques of gestural mirroring and what was called the ‘canto filosofico’ of Bellini’s early operas.
Comparison of the effect of inhaled anaesthetic with intravenous anaesthetic on pulmonary vascular resistance measurement during cardiac catheterisation
Authors: Giesen Leonie A. , White Michelle , Tulloh Robert M.R.
Published: February 2014

Background: Children with pulmonary hypertension routinely undergo pulmonary vascular resistance studies to assess the disease severity and vasodilator responsiveness. It is vital that results are accurate and reliable and are not influenced by the choice of anaesthetic agent. However, there are anecdotal data to suggest that propofol and inhalational agents have different effects on pulmonary vascular resistance.Methods: A total of 10 children with pulmonary hypertension were selected sequentially to be included in the study. To avoid confounding because of baseline anatomic or demographic details, a crossover protocol was implemented, using propofol or isoflurane, with time for washout in between each agent and blinding of the interventionalist.Results: Pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance were not significantly different when using propofol or isoflurane. However, the calculated resistance fraction – ratio of pulmonary resistance to systemic resistance – was significantly lower when using propofol than when using isoflurane.Conclusions: Although no difference in pulmonary vascular resistance was demonstrated, this pilot study suggests that the choice of anaesthetic agent may affect the calculation of relative pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance, and provides some preliminary evidence to favour propofol over isoflurane. These findings require replication in a larger study, and thus they should be considered in future calculations to make informed decisions about the management of children with pulmonary hypertension.
READING MAUD'S REMAINS: TENNYSON, GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES, AND PALAEONTOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Geric Michelle
Published: February 2014

As Tennyson's “little Hamlet,”Maud (1855) posits a speaker who, like Hamlet, confronts the ignominious fate of dead remains. Maud's speaker contemplates such remains as bone, hair, shell, and he experiences his world as one composed of hard inorganic matter, such things as rocks, gems, flint, stone, coal, and gold. While Maud's imagery of “stones, and hard substances” has been read as signifying the speaker's desire “unnaturally to harden himself into insensibility” (Killham 231, 235), I argue that these substances benefit from being read in the context of Tennyson's wider understanding of geological processes. Along with highlighting these materials, the text's imagery focuses on processes of fossilisation, while Maud's characters appear to be in the grip of an insidious petrification. Despite the preoccupation with geological materials and processes, the poem has received little critical attention in these terms. Dennis R. Dean, for example, whose Tennyson and Geology (1985) is still the most rigorous study of the sources of Tennyson's knowledge of geology, does not detect a geological register in the poem, arguing that by the time Tennyson began to write Maud, he was “relatively at ease with the geological world” (Dean 21). I argue, however, that Maud reveals that Tennyson was anything but “at ease” with geology. While In Memoriam (1851) wrestles with religious doubt that is both initiated, and, to some extent, alleviated by geological theories, it finally affirms the transcendence of spirit over matter. Maud, conversely, gravitates towards the ground, concerning itself with the corporal remains of life and with the agents of change that operate on all matter. Influenced by his reading of geology, and particularly Charles Lyell's provocative writings on the embedding and fossilisation of organic material in strata in his Principles of Geology (1830–33) volume 2, Tennyson's poem probes the taphonomic processes that result in the incorporation of dead remains and even living flesh into the geological system.
The DUSP26 phosphatase activator adenylate kinase 2 regulates FADD phosphorylation and cell growth
Authors: Kim Hyunjoo , Lee Ho-June , Oh Yumin , Choi Seon-Guk , Hong Se-Hoon , Kim Hyo-Jin , Lee Song-Yi , Choi Ji-Woo , Su Hwang Deog , Kim Key-Sun , Kim Hyo-Joon , Zhang Jianke , Youn Hyun-Jo , Noh Dong-Young , Jung Yong-Keun
Published: February 2014

Adenylate kinase 2 (AK2), which balances adenine nucleotide pool, is a multi-functional protein. Here we show that AK2 negatively regulates tumour cell growth. AK2 forms a complex with dual-specificity phosphatase 26 (DUSP26) phosphatase and stimulates DUSP26 activity independently of its AK activity. AK2/DUSP26 phosphatase protein complex dephosphorylates fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and regulates cell growth. AK2 deficiency enhances cell proliferation and induces tumour formation in a xenograft assay. This anti-growth function of AK2 is associated with its DUSP26-stimulating activity. Downregulation of AK2 is frequently found in tumour cells and human cancer tissues showing high levels of phospho-FADDSer194. Moreover, reconstitution of AK2 in AK2-deficient tumour cells retards both cell proliferation and tumourigenesis. Consistent with this, AK2+/− mouse embryo fibroblasts exhibit enhanced cell proliferation with a significant alteration in phospho-FADDSer191. These results suggest that AK2 is an associated activator of DUSP26 and suppresses cell proliferation by FADD dephosphorylation, postulating AK2 as a negative regulator of tumour growth.
Syntheses, characterization, and properties of five coordination compounds based on the ligand tetrakis(4-pyridyloxymethylene)methane
Authors: Ju Zemin , Cao Dapeng , Qin Ling , Zhang Chuanlei , Zhang Mingdao , Shi Zhiqiang , Zheng Hegen
Published: February 2014

Based on tetrakis(4-pyridyloxymethylene)methane (TPOM) and different carboxylates, five new MOFs with structures of high dimension and mutual interpenetration have been successfully synthesized.
Molecular symmetry and fluorine-containing supramolecular synthons as structure-differentiating agents in some “bridge-flipped” isomeric bis-benzylideneanilines
Authors: Ojala William H. , Balidemaj Barjeta , Johnson Jenna A. , Larson Sarah N. , Ojala Charles R.
Published: February 2014

The non-isomorphous crystal structures of “bridge-flipped” isomers1–5are described and are compared to those of recently reported fluorinated benzylideneanilines.
Control of magnetic field distribution by using nickel powder@PDMS pillars in microchannels
Authors: Yu Xu , Wen Cong-Ying , Zhang Zhi-Ling , Pang Dai-Wen
Published: February 2014

A simple and robust approach to control the localized magnetic field distributions in microfluidic chips by nickel powder@PDMS pillars was established.
Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrochemical performance towards lithium storage
Authors: Liang Chaolun , Zhai Teng , Wang Wang , Chen Jian , Zhao Wenxia , Lu Xihong , Tong Yexiang
Published: February 2014

Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites with superior lithium storage capability were successfully prepared by a simple co-precipitation method.
Alkoxide-intercalated CoFe-layered double hydroxides as precursors of colloidal nanosheet suspensions: structural, magnetic and electrochemical properties
Authors: Abellán Gonzalo , Carrasco Jose A. , Coronado Eugenio , Romero Jorge , Varela María
Published: February 2014

Alkoxide-intercalated CoFe–LDHs have been successfully synthesized and characterized, showing size-dependent magnetism, supercapacitive properties and excellent water oxidation electrocatalytic behaviour.
Aggregation of a model porphyrin within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG): effect of water, PEG molecular weight, ionic liquids, salts, and temperature
Authors: Rai Rewa , Kumar Vinod , Pandey Siddharth
Published: February 2014

Porphyrin J-aggregation is facilitated in 10 wt% water-added PEGs at pH 1; it increases with PEG MW and is controlled by RTILs.