bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Characteristics of the Chemical Composition of PM2.5 during a Severe Haze Episode in Suzhou, China
Authors: Huang Xiangpeng , Chen Yusheng , Li Yue’e , Wang Junfeng
Published: October 2024

During the past decade, the air quality has been greatly improved in China since the implementation of the “Clean Air Act”. However, haze events are still being reported in some regions of China, and the pollution mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the chemical characteristics of the pollution mechanism of the PM2.5 composition in Suzhou from October 18 to December 15, 2020. A notable declining trend in temperature was observed from 18 to 27 November, which indicates the seasonal transition from fall to the winter season. Four representative periods were identified based on meteorological parameters and the PM2.5 mass concentrations. The heavy pollution period had the typical characteristics of a relatively low temperature, a high relative humidity, and mass loadings of atmospheric pollutants; nitrate was the dominant contributor to the haze pollution during this period. The nitrate formation mechanism was driven by the planetary boundary layer dynamics. The potential source contribution function model (PSCF) showed that the major PM2.5 composition originated from the northwest direction of the sampling site. The aerosol liquid water content presented increasing trends with an increasing relative humidity. The pH was the highest during the heavy pollution period, which was influenced by the aerosol liquid water content and the mass loadings of NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, and Cl−. The comprehensive analysis in this paper could improve our understanding of the nitrate pollution mechanism and environmental effects in this region.
A Quick Look at the Atmospheric Circulation Leading to Extreme Weather Phenomena on a Continental Scale
Authors: Couto Flavio Tiago , Kartsios Stergios , Lacroix Matthieu , Andrade Hugo Nunes
Published: October 2024

The study delves into the primary large-scale atmospheric features contributing to extreme weather events across Europe during early September 2023. The period was examined using a dataset composed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis and satellite imagery. In early September 2023, an omega blocking pattern led to the development of a low-pressure system over the Iberian Peninsula producing heavy precipitation and flooding over Spain and acting as a mechanism for a mineral dust outbreak. A second low-pressure system developed over Greece. Extreme precipitation was recorded across Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria as the system gradually shifted southward over the Mediterranean. The system earned the name “Storm Daniel” as it acquired subtropical characteristics. It caused floods over Libya and its associated circulation favoured the transport of mineral dust over Northern Egypt as it moved eastward. Meanwhile, the high-pressure blocking system associated with the omega pattern induced heatwave temperatures in countries further north. This period was compared with the large-scale circulation observed in mid-September 2020, when severe weather also affected the Mediterranean region. However, the weather systems were not directly connected by the large-scale circulation, as shown in September 2023. Although mesoscale conditions are relevant to formation and intensification of some atmospheric phenomena, the establishment of an omega blocking pattern in early September 2023 showed how large-scale atmospheric dynamics can produce abnormal weather conditions on a continental scale over several days.
The Use of Artificial Intelligence for Estimating Anterior Chamber Depth from Slit-Lamp Images Developed Using Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Shimizu Eisuke , Tanaka Kenta , Nishimura Hiroki , Agata Naomichi , Tanji Makoto , Nakayama Shintato , Khemlani Rohan Jeetendra , Yokoiwa Ryota , Sato Shinri , Shiba Daisuke , Sato Yasunori
Published: October 2024

Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a major cause of visual impairment, particularly in Asia. Although effective screening tools are necessary, the current gold standard is complex and time-consuming, requiring extensive expertise. Artificial intelligence has introduced new opportunities for innovation in ophthalmic imaging. Anterior chamber depth (ACD) is a key risk factor for angle closure and has been suggested as a quick screening parameter for PACG. This study aims to develop an AI algorithm to quantitatively predict ACD from anterior segment photographs captured using a portable smartphone slit-lamp microscope. We retrospectively collected 204,639 frames from 1586 eyes, with ACD values obtained by anterior-segment OCT. We developed two models, (Model 1) diagnosable frame extraction and (Model 2) ACD estimation, using SWSL ResNet as the machine learning model. Model 1 achieved an accuracy of 0.994. Model 2 achieved an MAE of 0.093 ± 0.082 mm, an MSE of 0.123 ± 0.170 mm, and a correlation of R = 0.953. Furthermore, our model’s estimation of the risk for angle closure showed a sensitivity of 0.943, specificity of 0.902, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.923 (95%CI: 0.878–0.968). We successfully developed a high-performance ACD estimation model, laying the groundwork for predicting other quantitative measurements relevant to PACG screening.
Metabolic Rate of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) in the Face of Common Aquaculture Challenges
Authors: Herrera-Castillo Lisbeth , Vallejo-Palma Germán , Saiz Nuria , Sánchez-Jiménez Abel , Isorna Esther , Ruiz-Jarabo Ignacio , de Pedro Nuria
Published: October 2024

This study examined the metabolic rate (MO2, oxygen consumption) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under normal management conditions in aquaculture. Using an intermittent respirometry system, we assessed daily variations and the effects of feeding, handling, temperature increase, and anesthetics. MO2 exhibited a daily rhythm, with higher values during day. Feeding to satiety produced a 35% increase in MO2 compared to fasted animals, with a maximum peak after 3 h and returning to baseline after 7 h. Handling stress (5 min) produced a 140% MO2 peak (from 180 to 252 mg O2 kg−1 h−1), returning to the routine MO2 after 2.5 h. An increase in water temperature (+0.1 °C min−1) up to 30 °C caused MO2 to peak at 200% after 2.5 h from the start of the temperature increase. The use of common anesthetics in aquaculture (MS-222, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil in deep anesthesia concentration) affects MO2 during the first few minutes after anesthetic recovery, but also during the following 4 h. It can be concluded that the metabolic rate is a good indicator of the goldfish’s response to aquaculture practices involving energy expenditure and stress. Thus, intermittent respirometry is a valuable non-invasive tool for understanding and improving fish welfare in aquaculture.
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Bondar Denys , Karpichev Yevgen
Published: October 2024

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are crucial nuclear proteins that play important roles in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, gene transcription, and cell death. Among the 17 identified PARP family members, PARP1 is the most abundant enzyme, with approximately 1–2 million molecules per cell, acting primarily as a DNA damage sensor. It has become a promising biological target for anticancer drug studies. Enhanced PARP expression is present in several types of tumors, such as melanomas, lung cancers, and breast tumors, correlating with low survival outcomes and resistance to treatment. PARP inhibitors, especially newly developed third-generation inhibitors currently undergoing Phase II clinical trials, have shown efficacy as anticancer agents both as single drugs and as sensitizers for chemo- and radiotherapy. This review explores the properties, characteristics, and challenges of PARP inhibitors, discussing their development from first-generation to third-generation compounds, more sustainable synthesis methods for discovery of new anti-cancer agents, their mechanisms of therapeutic action, and their potential for targeting additional biological targets beyond the catalytic active site of PARP proteins. Perspectives on green chemistry methods in the synthesis of new anticancer agents are also discussed.
Mitophagy in Cell Death Regulation: Insights into Mechanisms and Disease Implications
Authors: Lin Jiani , Chen Xinyao , Du Yuyang , Li Jiapeng , Guo Tingting , Luo Sai
Published: October 2024

Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal mitochondrial populations, normal function, and intracellular homeostasis by monitoring and removing damaged or excess mitochondria. Furthermore, mitophagy promotes mitochondrial degradation via the lysosomal pathway, and not only eliminates damaged mitochondria but also regulates programmed cell death-associated genes, thus preventing cell death. The interaction between mitophagy and various forms of cell death has recently gained increasing attention in relation to the pathogenesis of clinical diseases, such as cancers and osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and renal diseases. However, despite the abundant literature on this subject, there is a lack of understanding regarding the interaction between mitophagy and cell death. In this review, we discuss the main pathways of mitophagy, those related to cell death mechanisms (including apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis), and the relationship between mitophagy and cell death uncovered in recent years. Our study offers potential directions for therapeutic intervention and disease diagnosis, and contributes to understanding the molecular mechanism of mitophagy.
Molecular Thumbprints: Biological Signatures That Measure Loss of Identity
Authors: Devchand Pallavi R. , Dicay Michael , Wallace John L.
Published: October 2024

Each life is challenged to adapt to an ever-changing environment with integrity—simply put, to maintain identity. We hypothesize that this mission statement of adaptive homeostasis is particularly poignant in an adaptive response, like inflammation. A maladaptive response of unresolved inflammation can seed chronic disease over a lifetime. We propose the concept of a molecular thumbprint: a biological signature of loss of identity as a measure of incomplete return to homeostasis after an inflammatory response. Over time, personal molecular thumbprints can measure dynamic and precise trajectories to chronic inflammatory diseases and further loss of self to cancer. Why is this important? Because the phenotypes and molecular signatures of established complex inflammatory diseases are a far cry from the root of the complex problem, let alone the initial seed. Understanding the science behind key germinating seeds of disease helps to identify molecular factors of susceptibility, resilience, and early dietary or drug intervention. We pilot this hypothesis in a rat colitis model that is well-established for understanding molecular mechanisms of colonic health, disease, and transition of colitis to cancer.
Biofilm Prevention and Removal in Non-Target Pseudomonas Strain by Siphovirus-like Coliphage
Authors: Pérez Leonardo Martín , Havryliuk Olesia , Infante Nury , Muniesa Maite , Morató Jordi , Mariychuk Ruslan , Tzanov Tzanko
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives. Bacteriophages have gained significant interest as a potential solution to combat harmful bacteria, especially in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. With the rise in drug-resistant microorganisms, the medical community is increasingly exploring new alternatives to traditional antibiotics, and bacteriophages offer several advantages in this regard. However, phage applications still face some challenges, such as host specificity. Methods. In this study, a somatic Siphovirus-like coliphage (SOM7) was tested for inhibiting the biofilm-forming capacity of the non-target strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 10145). The phage-sensitive strain E. coli WG5 was used as a control. The selected microorganisms were first tested for growth in the presence of SOM7 at three different concentrations (105, 107, and 109 PFU/mL). Results. As expected, the phage-sensitive E. coli WG5 was fully inhibited by the coliphage, and no phage-related affection on the growth rate was observed for the SOM7-resistant P. aeruginosa. More notably, increasing concentrations of SOM7 significantly reduced both the biofilm-forming capacity and the amount of pre-established bacterial biofilm of the phage-insensitive P. aeruginosa (24.9% and 38.8% reduction in the biofilm-forming ability, and 18.8% and 28.0% biofilm degradation for 107 PFU/mL and 109 PFU/mL SOM7, respectively; p < 0.05). These results were supported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, providing unprecedent evidence for the interaction of the somatic coliphage with the non-host strain. Conclusions. Although more studies in other biofilm models are necessary, our results show for the very first time that bacteriophages could potentially be used as an alternative to achieve desired anti-biofilm and biofilm-degrading activity in non-host bacterial strains.
Don’t Throw Away Your Notebook: Effects of Task Difficulty and Presentation Medium on Memory Performance
Authors: Han Meng , Xie Miaomiao , Li Bingcan
Published: October 2024

People are increasingly reliant on various electrical devices for learning and memory, yet the implications and consequences of this dependence remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate how learning through electrical media impacts recall under varying task difficulties. During this study, participants encoded information related to daily life situations (low difficulty), academic conceptual knowledge (middle difficulty), or associative word pairs (high difficulty), presented on smartphones, computers, or paper. At test, they recalled the omitted content based on the provided cue information. A significant screen-inferiority effect was observed for both computers and smartphones. However, the impairment related to computers disappeared in the retrieval of daily life situations and academic conceptual knowledge, whereas the impairment associated with smartphones was consistently present across all tasks. These results suggest that memory performance is modulated by the interaction between the presentation medium and the specific demands of the task, highlighting a more pronounced screen-inferiority memory effect when the media restrict the depth of processing or when the memory tasks pose greater external challenges. A deeper understanding of these factors can guide the optimization of electrical devices to enhance human memory abilities and functions.
A Study on the Effect of Urban Form on the Street Interface Rhythm Based on Multisource Data and Waveform Classification
Authors: Sun Chenxue , Zhao Jianbo , Song Kun
Published: October 2024

Good-quality urban street space is crucial for improving walkability. Frequency and amplitude are the main spatial characteristics of the street interface rhythm, known as a “virtual–real” relation. Exploring the mechanism influencing the urban street interface rhythm can help grasp the movement trend. In this study, the correlation between frequency and urban form is explored through a Pearson correlation analysis with multisource data, and the factors influencing the urban street interface rhythm are presented. The results indicate that frequency has a moderate negative correlation with the block scale and a moderate positive correlation with the number of pedestrian access entrances (PAE-n); the PAE-n also has a strong negative correlation with the block scale. Some spatial characteristics of outstanding streets from different countries are analyzed and discussed based on waveform classification. The regularities of interface rhythm that exist within multiple streets are found: multiple gaps on the street interface exist, acting as a “beat”, which regularly integrates or separates the street interface rhythm. The frequency and amplitude of the “beat” significantly affect streets’ walkability, and the amplitude is generally low and uniform, with good visual accessibility in all directions. A “Small Block and Dense Grid” becomes a key factor in improving walkability. Basic knowledge of the street interface rhythm in urban walking space research is supplemented by this study. Furthermore, theoretical guidance and parametric evidence are provided to improve walkability and promote the continuation of the traditional context.
Examination of Sarcopenia with Obesity as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Using the Psoas Muscle Mass Index
Authors: Haruna Kengo , Minami Soichiro , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Fujino Shiki , Mizumoto Rie , Toyoda Yuki , Hayashi Rie , Kato Shinya , Takeda Mitsunobu , Sekido Yuki , Hata Tsuyoshi , Hamabe Atsushi , Ogino Takayuki , Takahashi Hidekazu , Uemura Mamoru , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Doki Yuichiro , Eguchi Hidetoshi
Published: October 2024

Background: Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, is a negative prognostic factor in gastrointestinal cancer. Sarcopenia combined with visceral obesity (sarcopenic obesity) is associated with poor outcomes. We explored the influence of obesity and other factors on the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed with sarcopenia. Methods: We enrolled 211 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed with preoperative sarcopenic obesity who underwent radical resection at Osaka University Hospital between January 2009 and January 2012. Muscle mass was assessed using the psoas muscle mass index. Obesity was evaluated by measuring the visceral fat area in the umbilical region. Patients were categorized into two groups: sarcopenia with obesity (SO) and sarcopenia without obesity (non-SO). Overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and cancer-related relapse-free survival (CRRFS) were compared between the two groups. Patient characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, tumor markers, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), and geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), were also analyzed. Results: CRRFS was significantly shorter in the SO group than in the non-SO group (p = 0.028). PNI, mGPS, and GNRI were not identified as significant prognostic factors for CRRFS. Multivariate analysis highlighted sarcopenic obesity, elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels, and unfavorable histological types as significant predictors of poor CRRFS outcomes. Conclusions: Sarcopenic obesity is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with CRC. Thus, interventions aimed at increasing muscle mass and reducing visceral fat could potentially improve the prognosis of these patients.
Prevalence and Prognostication of CD5+ Mature T-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Elghawy Omar , Cao Miao , Xu Jason , Landsburg Daniel J. , Svoboda Jakub , Nasta Sunita D. , Chong Elise A. , Schuster Stephen J. , Thomas Colin J. , Carter Jordan S. , Tavakkoli Montreh , Ruella Marco , Barta Stefan K.
Published: October 2024

Background: T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) are a group of heterogenous cancers with poor rates and duration of response. There remains a great challenge in risk stratification of these cancers. Cluster of differentiation (CD) 5 has shown prognostic implication in many subtypes of B-cell lymphoma; however, its role in TCLs is not known. Methods: We performed a single-institution retrospective analysis of newly diagnosed patients with TCL. CD5 positivity was determined based on positive results via immunohistochemistry and/or flow cytometry. We used univariate and multivariable analysis of biological factors to assess their association with survival outcomes. Results: A total of 194 patients with TCL spanning 14 subtypes were identified. CD5 positivity was noted in 63% of patients, with the highest proportion of CD5 expression in TFH TCL (93.9%), PTCL-NOS (82.9%), and ATLL (77.8%) (p = 0.00004). Older age at diagnosis (p = 0.001), stage III or IV disease (p = 0.05), and bone marrow involvement (p = 0.003) were also associated with CD5 expression. Complete response rates were numerically lower in patients with CD5+ TCL across all subtypes. OS/PFS was not statistically associated with CD5 status in the overall cohort; however there was significantly decreased OS in CD5+ TFH TCL (p = 0.04) and CD5+ ATLL (p = 0.04) patients. Conclusions: This study represents the first to examine CD5 expression as a prognostic biomarker for outcomes in TCL. The frequent expression of CD5 in the most common nodal TCL in the Western world underpins its potential as an attractive target for cellular therapies. Confirmation of these findings in a larger cohort and investigation of potential pathophysiological mechanisms explaining our observations are planned.
Catalyst for the Generation of OH Radicals in Advanced Electrochemical Oxidation Processes: Present and Future Perspectives
Authors: Jaimes-López Raciel , Jiménez-Vázquez Adriana , Pérez-Rodríguez Samuel , Estudillo-Wong Luis Alberto , Alonso-Vante Nicolas
Published: October 2024

Heterogeneous Advanced Oxidation Processes (H-AOPs) are considered a new process for removing emerging pollutants. In this case, the high reactivity of hydroxyl radicals is used to degrade persistent organic pollutants. This review explores the state-of-the-art catalyst for hydroxyl radical generation in AOPs. As a parasite reaction, chloride ions appear in alkaline conditions and compete with the active sites. The theoretical foundation of catalyst performance is explored, focusing on the fundamental principles that govern the efficiency and mechanism of hydroxyl or chloride radical production. The synthesis and electronic modification sections explore the modifications of catalysts. It discusses key methodologies for catalyst preparation, with a particular emphasis on electronic modification that enhances both activity and stability. Finally, laboratory and pilot applications highlight the effectiveness of novel or modified catalysts in different scenarios. These last findings provide insights into the future directions for research and application, aiming to draw attention to the gap between laboratory studies and real-world implementations.
Investigating the p21 Ubiquitin-Independent Degron Reveals a Dual Degron Module Regulating p21 Degradation and Function
Authors: Riutin Marianna , Erez Pnina , Adler Julia , Biran Assaf , Myers Nadav , Shaul Yosef
Published: October 2024

A group of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are subject to 20S proteasomal degradation in a ubiquitin-independent manner. Recently, we have reported that many IDPs/IDRs are targeted to the 20S proteasome via interaction with the C-terminus of the PSMA3 subunit, termed the PSMA3 Trapper. In this study, we investigated the biological significance of the IDP–Trapper interaction using the IDP p21. Using a split luciferase reporter assay and conducting detailed p21 mutagenesis, we first identified the p21 RRLIF box, localized at the C-terminus, as mediating the Trapper interaction in cells. To demonstrate the role of this box in p21 degradation, we edited the genome of HEK293 and HeLa cell lines using a CRISPR strategy. We found that the p21 half-life increased in cells with either a deleted or mutated p21 RRLIF box. The edited cell lines displayed an aberrant cell cycle pattern under normal conditions and in response to DNA damage. Remarkably, these cells highly expressed senescence hallmark genes in response to DNA damage, highlighting that the increased p21 half-life, not its actual level, regulates senescence. Our findings suggest that the p21 RRLIF box, which mediates interactions with the PSMA3 Trapper, acts as a ubiquitin-independent degron. This degron is positioned adjacent to the previously identified ubiquitin-dependent degron, forming a dual degron module that functionally regulates p21 degradation and its physiological outcomes.
Early Symptoms in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Implications for Subsequent Bone Mineral Deficiency
Authors: Olczyk Mariusz , Frankowska Agnieszka , Tkaczyk Marcin , Socha-Banasiak Anna , Czkwianianc Elżbieta
Published: October 2024

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with multiple factors that influence bone metabolism. This study aimed to compare the clinical manifestations and diagnostic parameters of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) at the time of diagnosis, as well as to assess their relationship with subsequent bone disorders. Methods: Blood tests (including calcium–phosphate metabolism) and fecal tests (including calprotectin) were performed in eighty children recently diagnosed with IBD. Additionally, the bone densitometry results were evaluated in 25 of them. Results: Diarrhea (p = 0.02) and bloody stools (p < 0.001) were more frequent in patients with UC, whereas fever was more common in patients with CD (p = 0.003). Laboratory tests revealed anemia in 62.5% (50/80) and thrombocytosis in 36.3% (29/80). Higher calprotectin levels in the feces were found in girls at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.02). Osteopenia was detected in almost half of the examined patients (12/25), and 20% (5/25) met the criteria for osteoporosis. Low calcium levels at diagnosis were correlated with subsequent bone disorders (p = 0.005). Insufficient levels of vitamin D were detected in 77.8% (56/80). Conclusions: Early disease detection and the appropriate monitoring of children with IBD may decrease the risk of serious consequences, including osteoporosis.
Conservation of Yuan Dynasty Caisson Paintings in the Puzhao Temple, Hancheng, Shaanxi Province, China
Authors: Wang Juanli , Fu Peng , Cao Ming , Dong Wenqiang
Published: October 2024

Caisson paintings are an integral part of the unique interior decoration ceiling of traditional Chinese architecture. There are a large number of Yuan Dynasty caisson paintings in the Puzhao Temple, in Hancheng, Shaanxi Province, China. These caisson paintings have exquisite patterns and rich colors, which are rare artistic treasures of the Yuan Dynasty. In the history of nearly 700 years, due to various environmental and human factors, the caisson paintings have experienced various degradation; for example, the paper of the caisson paintings is acidified, the surface is polluted, the color is faded, mottled, and it is difficult to identify. Therefore, their protection is vital. In order to ensure the scientific and targeted development of the protection scheme, this study conducted a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the paper fibers, pigments, adhesives, wood supports, and pollutants of the caisson paintings and carried out a series of protection experiments in the field and laboratory, providing a step-by-step review of the protection treatment application for the caisson paintings. Mechanical and wet cleaning were used to remove the pollutants. The caisson painting was deacidified with a barium hydroxide ethanol solution, and the paper and pigments of the caisson painting were strengthened with water-based fluorine. Several conservation problems, such as the removal of pollutants, the deacidification of acidified paper, and the reinforcement of flaking paper and pigments, were solved. Meanwhile, good conservation and restoration results for caisson paintings were obtained. This research method of combining theory and practice has greatly improved the scientificity and success rate of conservation work. These research results provide valuable experience and reference for other caisson paintings in similar environments.
Experimental and Modeling Analysis of the Tensile Properties of Heavy-Duty Coatings for Steel Structures
Authors: Lin Pengzhen , Chen Xing
Published: October 2024

Coatings are essential for protecting steel structures from corrosion and mechanical stresses, especially under challenging environmental conditions. To this end, this study systematically examines the effects of temperature (−20 °C to 50 °C), strain rate (6.67 × 10−4 s−1 to 1.67 × 10−2 s−1), and intermediate coat thickness (140 μm to 700 μm, the layer between the primer and topcoat) on the uniaxial tensile properties of heavy-duty coatings for steel structures. Experimental and theoretical analyses were conducted to quantitatively assess the influence of these factors on the mechanical properties of the coatings. A multifactor constitutive model was developed based on the Sherwood–Frost model by integrating material characteristics and fitting experimental data, incorporating response functions for temperature, strain rate, and intermediate coat thickness. The results reveal that increased temperature causes temperature-induced softening, while higher strain rates lead to strain rate-dependent strengthening of the coatings. In contrast, the effect of layer thickness on mechanical properties follows a non-monotonic trend, influenced by the structural and material characteristics of the coatings, with the most significant mechanical response occurring at 560 μm thickness. These findings suggest that optimal coating design must consider multiple factors to enhance mechanical performance. Additionally, the correlation coefficients (r) between the model predictions and experimental results are 0.97 or higher, indicating the model’s effectiveness in predicting and optimizing the mechanical performance of heavy-duty coatings under complex conditions.
Advanced Laser Techniques for the Development of Nature-Inspired Biomimetic Surfaces Applied in the Medical Field
Authors: Visan Anita Ioana , Popescu-Pelin Gianina Florentina
Published: October 2024

This review focuses on the innovative use of laser techniques in developing and functionalizing biomimetic surfaces, emphasizing their potential applications in the medical and biological fields. Drawing inspiration from the remarkable properties of various natural systems, such as the water-repellent lotus leaf, the adhesive gecko foot, the strong yet lightweight spider silk, and the unique optical structures of insect wings, we explore the potential for replicating these features through advanced laser surface modifications. Depending on the nature and architecture of the surface, particular techniques have been designed and developed. We present an in-depth analysis of various methodologies, including laser ablation/evaporation techniques, such as Pulsed Laser Deposition and Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation, and approaches for laser surface structuring, including two-photon lithography, direct laser interference patterning, laser-induced periodic surface structures, direct laser writing, laser-induced forward transfer, and femtosecond laser ablation of metals in organic solvents. Additionally, specific applications are highlighted with the aim of synthesizing this knowledge and outlining future directions for research that further explore the intersection of laser techniques and biomimetic surfaces, paving the way for advancements in biomedical applications.
Weld Pool Flow Characteristics in Double-Wire Arc Welding of Aluminum Alloys: Research by Numerical Simulations
Authors: Dong Bolun , Xia Yunhao , Ni Zhida , Cai Xiaoyu , Lin Sanbao
Published: October 2024

Double-wire arc welding involves simultaneously feeding two wires into a molten pool, improving the efficiency and flexibility of traditional welding techniques. However, the interactions between the two wires and the molten pools are complex, which increases the difficulties in process and composition control. This work focuses on the weld pool flow characteristics in double-wire TIG arc welding. A CFD model incorporating a liquid bridge transfer model was developed to simulate the fluid flow phenomenon. Results show that the bead-forming appearances and flow characteristics of double-wire arc welding show no significant differences from single-wire arc welding. Welding current and welding speed have significant effects on the weld bead dimensions, while only welding current has effects on the flow characteristics. Wire feed XOZ angles show no significant influences on weld bead forming appearances and molten pool flow characteristics. Wire feed XOY angles influence the symmetry of the weld bead and the fluid flow. In 5B71/7055 heterogeneous double-wire arc welding, achieving a uniform distribution of alloy elements is difficult due to the complex convection patterns within the molten pool.
A Comparative Analysis of Island vs. Mainland Arthropod Communities in Coastal Grasslands Belonging to Two Distinct Regions: São Miguel Island (Azores) and Mainland Portugal
Authors: Calado Hugo Renato M. G. , Borges Paulo A. V. , Heleno Ruben , Soares António O.
Published: October 2024

Coastal grasslands host diverse arthropod communities and provide important ecosystem services. Islands, being isolated environments, are expected to have simpler ecosystems than continental areas, with the few successful colonizing species often attaining high densities; however, these patterns are still poorly documented for coastal grassland arthropods. We conducted a comparative study of the biodiversity of arthropod communities in two distinct coastal grassland ecosystems (Portugal mainland and the Azores) with the following objectives: (a) to investigate the arthropod community composition in both locations; (b) to compare the diversity profiles in both locations; (c) to investigate potential density compensation in the island’s arthropod communities. For four months, arthropods were collected on the Island of São Miguel, Setúbal Peninsula, and Sine’s region and subsequently classified into taxonomic groups. With the data collected, Hill Numbers were calculated for each region. We confirmed that the richness on the mainland was higher than in the Azores, and we found some apparent abundance compensation in the Azores. At the same time, we also observed that many species in the Azores are also present in the continental coastal grasslands of mainland Portugal.
Enhanced Model for the Analysis of Thermoelectric Effects at Nanoscale: Onsager’s Method and Liu’s Technique in Comparison
Authors: Di Domenico Maria , Sellitto Antonio
Published: October 2024

The aim of this paper is twofold. From the practical point of view, an enhanced model for the description of thermoelectric effects at nanoscale is proposed. From the theoretical point of view, instead, in the particular case of the proposed model, the equivalence between two classical techniques for the exploitation of the second law of thermodynamics is shown, i.e., Onsager’s method and Liu’s technique. An analysis of the heat-wave propagation is performed as well.
Long-Term Care in Germany in the Context of the Demographic Transition—An Outlook for the Expenses of Long-Term Care Insurance through 2050
Authors: Vanella Patrizio , Wilke Christina Benita , Heß Moritz
Published: October 2024

Demographic aging results in a growing number of older people in need of care in many regions all over the world. Germany has witnessed steady population aging for decades, prompting policymakers and other stakeholders to discuss how to fulfill the rapidly growing demand for care workers and finance the rising costs of long-term care. Informed decisions on this matter to ensure the sustainability of the statutory long-term care insurance system require reliable knowledge of the associated future costs. These need to be simulated based on well-designed forecast models that holistically include the complexity of the forecast problem, namely the demographic transition, epidemiological trends, concrete demand for and supply of specific care services, and the respective costs. Care risks heavily depend on demographics, both in absolute terms and according to severity. The number of persons in need of care, disaggregated by severity of disability, in turn, is the main driver of the remuneration that is paid by long-term care insurance. Therefore, detailed forecasts of the population and care rates are important ingredients for forecasts of long-term care insurance expenditures. We present a novel approach based on a stochastic demographic cohort-component approach that includes trends in age- and sex-specific care rates and the demand for specific care services, given changing preferences over the life course. The model is executed for Germany until the year 2050 as a case study.
Performance Evaluation of Routing Algorithm in Satellite Self-Organizing Network on OMNeT++ Platform
Authors: Wang Guoquan , Zhang Jiaxin , Zhang Yilong , Liu Chang , Chang Zhaoyang
Published: October 2024

Self-organizing networks of small satellites have gradually gained attention in recent years. However, self-organizing networks of small satellites have high topological change frequency, large transmission delay, and complex communication environments, which require appropriate networking and routing methods. Therefore, this paper, considering the characteristics of satellite networks, proposes the shortest queue length-cluster-based routing protocol (SQL-CBRP) and has built a satellite self-organizing network simulation platform based on OMNeT++. In this platform, functions such as the initial establishment of satellite self-organizing networks and cluster maintenance have been implemented. The platform was used to verify the latency and packet loss rate of SQL-CBRP and to compare it with Dijkstra and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR). The results show that under high load conditions, the delay of SQL-CBRP is reduced by up to 4.1%, and the packet loss rate is reduced by up to 7.1% compared to GPSR. When the communication load is imbalanced among clusters, the delay of SQL-CBRP is reduced by up to 12.7%, and the packet loss rate is reduced by up to 16.7% compared to GPSR. Therefore, SQL-CBRP performs better in networks with high loads and imbalance loads.
TCα-PIA: A Personalized Social Network Anonymity Scheme via Tree Clustering and α-Partial Isomorphism
Authors: Zhang Mingmeng , Chang Liang , Hao Yuanjing , Lu Pengao , Li Long
Published: October 2024

Social networks have become integral to daily life, allowing users to connect and share information. The efficient analysis of social networks benefits fields such as epidemiology, information dissemination, marketing, and sentiment analysis. However, the direct publishing of social networks is vulnerable to privacy attacks such as typical 1-neighborhood attacks. This attack can infer the sensitive information of private users using users’ relationships and identities. To defend against these attacks, the k-anonymity scheme is a widely used method for protecting user privacy by ensuring that each user is indistinguishable from at least k−1 other users. However, this approach requires extensive modifications that compromise the utility of the anonymized graph. In addition, it applies uniform privacy protection, ignoring users’ different privacy preferences. To address the above challenges, this paper proposes an anonymity scheme called TCα-PIA (Tree Clustering and α-Partial Isomorphism Anonymization). Specifically, TCα-PIA first constructs a similarity tree to capture subgraph feature information at different levels using a novel clustering method. Then, it extracts the different privacy requirements of each user based on the node cluster. Using the privacy requirements, it employs an α-partial isomorphism-based graph structure anonymization method to achieve personalized privacy requirements for each user. Extensive experiments on four public datasets show that TCα-PIA outperforms other alternatives in balancing graph privacy and utility.
CO2 Conversion by Oxygen-Enriched Gasification of Wood Chips
Authors: Schmittmann Clemens , Quicker Peter
Published: October 2024

With increasing efforts to lower CO2 emissions globally, the demand for carbon-based resources in industries remains on a high level, leading to new technologies being able to provide those essential carbon sources. To the best of our knowledge, we were able to show for the first time the adaption of a readily available gasifier for the gasification of wood chips using only O2 (18.4–23.1 Vol.-%) and CO2 as gasification agents, creating a nitrogen-free product gas. It was found that the setup used was able to convert up to 27.2% of the CO2 from the gasification agent to CO, creating a promising route for the production of renewable carbon sources for future carbon-based applications. Furthermore, no decrease in gasification performance was observed as the cold gas efficiency was at 83.5–95.5% with only minor formation of tar.
The Impact of Ambient Weather Conditions and Energy Usage Patterns on the Performance of a Domestic Off-Grid Photovoltaic System
Authors: Mcingani Iviwe , Meyer Edson L. , Overen Ochuko K.
Published: October 2024

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are growing rapidly as a renewable energy source. Evaluating the performance of a PV system based on local weather conditions is crucial for its adoption and deployment. However, the current IEC 61724 standard, used for assessing PV system performance, is limited to grid-connected systems. This standard may not accurately reflect the performance of off-grid PV systems. This study aims to evaluate how ambient weather conditions and energy usage patterns affect the performance of an off-grid PV system. This study uses a 3.8 kWp building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system located at SolarWatt Park, University of Fort Hare, Alice, as a case study. Meteorological and electrical data from August and November are analyzed to assess the winter and summer performance of the BIPV system using the IEC 61724 standard. The BIPV system generated 376.29 kWh in winter and 366.38 kWh in summer, with a total energy consumption of 209.50 kWh in winter and 236.65 kWh in summer. Solar irradiation during winter was 130.18 kWh/m2, while it was 210.24 kWh/m2 during summer. The average daily performance ratio (PR) was 44.01% in winter and 28.94% in summer. The observed decrease in PR during the summer month was attributed to the higher levels of solar irradiance experienced during this time, which outweighs the increased AC energy output. The low-performance ratio does not indicate technical issues but rather a mismatch between the load demand and PV generation. The results of this study highlight the need for a separate method to assess the performance of off-grid PV systems.
Satellite Reveals a Coupling between Forest Displacement and Landscape Fragmentation across the Economic Corridor of the Eurasia Continent
Authors: Wang Ying , Dong Li’nan , Wang Longhao , Jin Jiaxin
Published: October 2024

Jointly building the Economic Corridor of the Eurasia Continent (ECEC), which is one of the most important parts of the Silk Road Economic Belt, is a pivotal initiative for fostering regional development. Forests, which serve as a green foundation of economic resilience, underpin this effort. However, there is an imbalance in ecological status due to differences in natural resources and the social economy along the economic corridor. This imbalance has led to alterations in landscapes, yet the specific changes and their underlying relationships are still much less understood. Here, we quantitatively detected changes in the forest landscape and its ecological efforts over the ECEC via widespread, satellite-based and long-term land cover maps released by the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI). Specifically, the coupling between changes in forest coverage and landscape patterns, e.g., diversity, was further examined. The results revealed that forest coverage fluctuated and declined over the ECEC from 1992 to 2018, with an overall reduction of approximately 9784.8 km2 (i.e., 0.25%). Conversions between forests and other land cover types were widely observed. The main displacements occurred between forests and grasslands/croplands (approximately 48%/21%). Moreover, the landscape diversity in the study area increased, as measured by the effective diversity index (EDI), during the study period, despite obvious spatial heterogeneity. Notably, this pattern of landscape diversity was strongly associated with forest displacement and local urban development through coupling analysis, consequently indicating increasing fragmentation rather than biological diversity. This study highlights the coupled relationship between quantitative and qualitative changes in landscapes, facilitating our understanding of environmental protection and policy management.
Environmental Responsibility in Urban Forests: A Cognitive Analysis of Visitors’ Behavior
Authors: Erfanian Sahar , Maleknia Rahim , Azizi Reza
Published: October 2024

The environmentally responsible behavior of urban forest visitors is a key determinant for the conservation of urban forests. Identifying the determinants of individuals’ behavioral intentions and actual behavior in engaging in environmentally responsible actions is a crucial step in promoting such behavior. This research investigates the determinants of environmentally responsible behavior of urban forest visitors in Tehran using Social Cognitive Theory. Data for the study were collected using 456 questionnaires distributed to visitors of urban forests. The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling, which described a 62.9% variance in behavioral intention and 56.6% in environmental behavior of visitors. The socio-structural factors and the observation of others’ behaviors were the most significant predictors of behavioral intentions. Outcome expectations and self-efficacy significantly influence both behavioral intentions and actual behavior. This study demonstrates that while behavioral intention is a key factor, other determinants such as outcome expectations and self-efficacy play a crucial role in shaping actual environmentally responsible actions. These results underscore the importance of increasing awareness and enhancing the skills of urban forest visitors regarding environmental behaviors. Furthermore, this study highlights the need to remove barriers and provide the necessary facilities to promote sustained environmentally responsible behavior among visitors.
Lattice Boltzmann Model for Rarefied Gaseous Mixture Flows in Three-Dimensional Porous Media Including Knudsen Diffusion
Authors: Ho Michel , Tucny Jean-Michel , Ammar Sami , Leclaire Sébastien , Reggio Marcelo , Trépanier Jean-Yves
Published: October 2024

Numerical modeling of gas flows in rarefied regimes is crucial in understanding fluid behavior in microscale applications. Rarefied regimes are characterized by a decrease in molecular collisions, and they lead to unusual phenomena such as gas phase separation, which is not acknowledged in hydrodynamic equations. In this work, numerical investigation of miscible gaseous mixtures in the rarefied regime is performed using a modified lattice Boltzmann model. Slip boundary conditions are adapted to arbitrary geometries. A ray-tracing algorithm-based wall function is implemented to model the non-equilibrium effects in the transition flow regime. The molecular free flow defined by the Knudsen diffusion coefficient is integrated through an effective and asymmetrical binary diffusion coefficient. The numerical model is validated with mass flow measurements through microchannels of different cross-section shapes from the near-continuum to the transition regimes, and gas phase separation is studied within a staggered arrangement of spheres. The influence of porosity and mixture composition on the gas separation effect are analyzed. Numerical results highlight the increase in the degree of gas phase separation with the rarefaction rate and the molecular mass ratio. The various simulations also indicate that geometrical features in porous media have a greater impact on gaseous mixtures’ effective permeability at highly rarefied regimes. Finally, a permeability enhancement factor based on the lightest species of the gaseous mixture is derived.