bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Inviscid Limit Problem of the Vorticity Equations for Viscous Incompressible Flows in the Half‐Plane
Authors: Maekawa Yasunori
Published: March 2014

We consider the Navier‐Stokes equations for viscous incompressible flows in the half‐plane under the no‐slip boundary condition. By using the vorticity formulation we prove the local‐in‐time convergence of the Navier‐Stokes flows to the Euler flows outside a boundary layer and to the Prandtl flows in the boundary layer in the inviscid limit when the initial vorticity is located away from the boundary. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing survivability of smart grid distribution network designs accounting for multiple failures
Authors: Menasché Daniel Sadoc , Avritzer Alberto , Suresh Sindhu , Leão Rosa M. , de Souza e Silva Edmundo , Diniz Morganna , Trivedi Kishor , Happe Lucia , Koziolek Anne
Published: March 2014

Smart grids are fostering a paradigm shift in the realm of power distribution systems. Whereas traditionally different components of the power distribution system have been provided and analyzed by different teams through different lenses, smart grids require a unified and holistic approach that takes into consideration the interplay of communication reliability, energy backup, distribution automation topology, energy storage, and intelligent features such as automated fault detection, isolation, and restoration (FDIR) and demand response. In this paper, we present an analytical model and metrics for the survivability assessment of the distribution power grid network. The proposed metrics extend the system average interruption duration index, accounting for the fact that after a failure, the energy demand and supply will vary over time during a multi‐step recovery process. The analytical model used to compute the proposed metrics is built on top of three design principles: state space factorization, state aggregation, and initial state conditioning. Using these principles, we reduce a Markov chain model with large state space cardinality to a set of much simpler models that are amenable to analytical treatment and efficient numerical solution. In case demand response is not integrated with FDIR, we provide closed form solutions to the metrics of interest, such as the mean time to repair a given set of sections. Under specific independence assumptions, we show how the proposed methodology can be adapted to account for multiple failures. We have evaluated the presented model using data from a real power distribution grid, and we have found that survivability of distribution power grids can be improved by the integration of the demand response feature with automated FDIR approaches. Our empirical results indicate the importance of quantifying survivability to support investment decisions at different parts of the power grid distribution network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal‐aware code transformation across functional units
Authors: Chen Chia Jung , Chang Rong Guey
Published: March 2014

Various functional units (FUs) have been designed in modern embedded processors to perform different functions when running an application. Traditionally, compilers did not take this characteristic into account to reduce the temperature of a processor during execution. For many applications, the occurrences of different instructions are not the same after they are compiled. As a consequence, the temperature of the processor is very high, arising from the major heating contribution of the special structure of the active functional unit, and thus, the system will suffer severe damage. Consequently, to remedy this hurdle, this paper provides a solution by shifting the loading from heavy‐loading FUs to light‐loading FUs. Our approach first identifies all the FUs that can exchange the loading among themselves and then presents a thermal model for these exchangeable FUs to estimate the temperature impact on shifting loading. Finally, the loading shifting has been performed by transforming code under the consideration of limited performance loss without hardware cost. The result shows that our approach can reduce the temperature to a small cost of performance degradation and code expansion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CyberGIS Gateway for enabling data‐rich geospatial research and education
Authors: Liu Yan , Padmanabhan Anand , Wang Shaowen
Published: March 2014

This paper describes CyberGIS Gateway as an online problem‐solving environment for multiple science communities to conduct data‐rich geospatial research and education. CyberGIS Gateway is a key modality in the CyberGIS software environment. Scalable gateway application integration has been the focus of CyberGIS Gateway in order to efficiently develop highly interactive online geographic information systems (GIS) user interface components and couple a rich collection of heterogeneous and distributed geospatial data and analytical services for advanced cyberGIS capabilities on advanced cyberinfrastructure. An open mashup and service API approach is developed to address the integration challenges in CyberGIS Gateway application development. This approach is applied and evaluated in developing several representative cyberGIS data and analytical applications. The experience gained from the integration practice is shared. The education and outreach activities in CyberGIS Gateway are presented to illustrate the impact of CyberGIS Gateway in GIScience communities and the effective collaboration within the science gateway community. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance‐driven dynamic service selection
Authors: Ghezzi Carlo , Panzica La Manna Valerio , Motta Alfredo , Tamburrelli Giordano
Published: March 2014

Modern software systems are increasingly built by integrating different services implemented by independent organizations and offered in an open service marketplace. In such environment, multiple providers may compete with each other by publishing services that provide the same functionality, and export the same interface, but differ in the offered QoS and in particular in the offered performance. Clients and service integrators may therefore dynamically select the most efficient services that satisfy their requirements among the competing alternatives. Service selection may be performed by clients by following different strategies, which may ultimately affect the overall quality of service invocations. In this paper, we address the problem of analyzing and comparing different service selection strategies based on a framework that supports performance estimates. We report on quantitative analyses through simulations, highlighting advantages and limitations of each strategy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design Strategies for Enhanced Hydrogen‐Bond Donor Catalysts
Authors: Auvil Tyler J. , Schafer Andrew G. , Mattson Anita E.
Published: March 2014

Dual hydrogen‐bond donor (HBD) scaffolds can be strategically designed to enable their optimal performance as catalysts. The deliberate installation of activating groups on HBDs containing conventional functionalities, such as ureas and thioureas, has emerged as one fruitful direction in the identification of catalysts with enhanced activity and improved stereocontrol. Alternatively, new families of HBDs based on structurally unique, inherently more acidic functional groups, such as squaramide and aminopyridinium systems, have proven advantageous over conventional HBD catalysts in select processes. The appropriate incorporation of activating design elements into HBD catalyst frameworks is currently determined empirically and dictated by the specific process under development; each individual reaction benefits from tuning of the HBD catalyst acidity, steric environment, and/or electronic environment. This review presents recent design elements integrated into dual HBD catalyst scaffolds and their influence on HBD catalyst performance.
A High Yield Procedure for the Preparation of 2‐Hydroxynitrostyrenes: Synthesis of Imines and Tetracyclic 1,3‐Benzoxazines
Authors: Tena Pérez Víctor , Fuentes de Arriba Ángel L. , Monleón Laura M. , Simón Luis , Rubio Omayra H. , Sanz Francisca , Morán Joaquín R.
Published: March 2014

Attempts to synthesize 2‐hydroxynitrostyrenes by a Knoevenagel condensation of salicylaldehyde and subsequent elimination were unsuccessful because of the formation of a stable imine. This could be easily prevented by using secondary amines to catalyze the reaction, which then afforded 2‐hydroxynitrostyrenes in high yields. In addition, the stable imine that was formed by employing ammonium acetate underwent a reaction with phosgene to allow the preparation of benzoxazines in good yields.
High resolution two‐dimensional electrophoresis of native proteins
Authors: Weiland Florian , Zammit Carla M. , Reith Frank , Hoffmann Peter
Published: March 2014

Blue native PAGE (BN‐PAGE) is a powerful method to separate protein complexes while preserving their native state. However, the resolution of the method is limited as complexes with similar molecular masses cannot be resolved. Here we describe native 2DE using immobilized pH‐gradients in combination with BN‐PAGE to resolve protein complexes by their pI and molecular mass. This method enables electrophoretic separation of proteins between pI 3 and 10 and can resolve molecular masses up to 1.2 MDa. Visualized gel spots at large molecular weight were identified using MS to confirm potential protein complexes. Several protein complexes could be identified, most prominent GroEL in complex with GroES, parts of the ribosomal machinery and membrane transport system. In summary, this method enables easy high‐resolution electrophoretic separation of protein complexes.
A combined toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics approach to assess the effect of porewater composition on cadmium bioavailability to Folsomia candida
Authors: Ardestani Masoud M. , Oduber Fedor , van Gestel Cornelis A.M.
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present study was to improve our understanding of cadmium bioavailability by linking toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. The springtail Folsomia candida was exposed to different cadmium concentrations in solutions embedded in inert quartz sand. Survival and cadmium uptake in the animals were followed for 21 d. After 10 d, some animals were transferred to clean medium to assess cadmium elimination. Using a first-order one-compartment model, an overall uptake rate constant (k1) of 0.18 L kganimal–1 d−1 and an elimination rate constant (k2-TK) of 0.02 d−1 were calculated. Survival decreased with time, resulting in an estimated final median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.51 mM. A lethal body concentration (LBC) of 4.6 µmol Cd g−1 dry body weight was estimated by multiplying the final LC50 by the bioconcentration factor (k1/k2-TK). The LC50animal values based on internal cadmium concentrations were between 3.56 µmol Cd g−1 and 9.91 µmol Cd g−1 dry body weight, with an overall value of 7.9 µmol Cd g−1 dry body weight (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8–12.0 µmol Cd g−1 dry body wt). Because the 95% CI of the LC50animal included the LBC, there was good agreement of cadmium toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1570–1577. © 2014 SETAC
Reaction of Vinyl Selenides with Secondary Phosphines and Elemental Selenium: One‐Pot Selective Synthesis of a New Family of Diselenophosphinic Se‐Esters
Authors: Artem'ev Alexander V. , Chernysheva Nataliya A. , Gusarova Nina K. , Yas'ko Svetlana V. , Liao Jian‐Hong , Liu C. W. , Albanov Alexander I. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: March 2014

Alkyl vinyl selenides react with diverse secondary phosphines and elemental selenium in a 1.1:1:2 molar ratio (120–124°C, 20–40 min, 1,4‐dioxane) to afford selectively earlier unknown diselenophosphinic Se‐esters, R2P(Se)SeCH(Me)SeR´, in 82–99% yield. This three‐component atom‐economic reaction proceeds via intermediate formation of diselenophosphinic acid R2P(Se)SeH (generated from secondary phosphine and selenium), which adds to the double bond of vinyl selenide in a Markovnikov manner to give the target products.
Approximate Analytical Solution of Stagnation Point Flow and Heat Transfer over an Exponential Stretching Sheet with Convective Boundary Condition
Authors: Mabood Fazle , Khan Waqar A. , Ismail Ahmad Izani Md
Published: March 2014

This study is concerned with the stagnation point flow and heat transfer over an exponential stretching sheet via an approximate analytical method known as optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM). The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary nonlinear differential equations using similarity transformations available in the literature. The heat transfer problem is modeled using two‐point convective boundary condition. These equations are then solved using the OHAM approach. The effects of controlling parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, friction factor, and heat transfer rate are analyzed and discussed through graphs and tables. It is found that the OHAM results match well with numerical results obtained by Runge–Kutta Fehlberg fourth‐fifth order method for different assigned values of parameters. The rate of heat transfer increases with the stretching parameter. It is also found that the stretching parameter reduces the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness whereas the Prandtl number reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness.
Free Convective Flow of Pseudo‐Plastic and Newtonian Fluid Past a Convectively Heated Vertical Plate in a Darcian Porous Medium with Heat Generation/Absorption
Authors: Mutlag A.A. , Khan W.A. , Uddin Md. Jashim , Ismail Ahmad Izani Md.
Published: March 2014

We study the effect of thermal convective boundary condition and yield stress on free convection heat transfer for a pseudo‐plastic and Newtonian fluid past a permeable vertical flat plate which is embedded in a Darcian porous medium in the presence of heat generation/absorption numerically. Instead of using similarity transformations available in the literature, we have developed them by one point transformation and hence transform the governing boundary layer equations into corresponding similarity equations. The resulting similarity equations were solved using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth fifth (RKF45) order numerical method. The effect of the governing parameters, namely the power index of pseudo‐plastic fluids n, the rheological parameter Ω, heat generation/absorption parameter Q, suction/injection parameter , and the convective heat parameter B on the dimensionless velocity, the temperature and the heat transfer rates were investigated. A close agreement is found between our results and published results. Our present study finds application in printing and polymer industries and fluid phenomena associated with concentrated suspensions.
Investigation on Thermal Studies of Nanofluids Related to Their Applications
Authors: Chitra S.R. , Sendhilnathan S.
Published: March 2014

This work concerns the thermal studies and applications of suspensions of nanoparticles in fluids, that is, nanofluids. They have been traditionally used for heat transfer applications due to their low thermal conductivity, taking into account the rising demands of modern technology. They show substantial augmentation of their thermal properties and their distinctive features offer more potential for many applications. Most of the publications on nanofluids are about understanding their behavior so that they can be utilized. The straight enhancement of nanofluids is paramount in many industrial applications, nuclear reactors, transportation, and electronics as well as in biomedicine and food. Our theoretical research focuses on presenting the wide range of applications that involve nanofluids, prominence on their improved properties that are controllable. It is the specific characteristics that these nanofluids possess that make them suitable for such applications. We are certain that this paper will be used by researchers in the nanofield.
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with Linearly Heated Wall(s)
Authors: Sajjadi H. , Zafariyan S.
Published: March 2014

In this study, the lattice Boltzmann method is used in order to investigate the natural convection in a cavity with linearly heated wall(s). The bottom wall is heated uniformly and the vertical wall(s) are heated linearly, whereas the top wall is insulated. Investigation has been conducted for Rayleigh numbers of 103to 105, while Prandtl number is varied from 0.7 to 10. The effects of an increase in Rayleigh number and Prandtl number on streamlines, isotherm counters, local Nusselt number and average Nusselt number are depicted. It has been observed that the average Nusselt number at the bottom wall augments with an increase in Prandtl number.
Indian Lecanidae (Rotifera: Eurotatoria: Monogononta) and its distribution
Authors: Sharma Bhushan Kumar , Sharma Sumita
Published: March 2014

Taxonomic status of the Lecanidae of India is evaluated based on our collections and the published reports, and an annotated check‐list of 83 species is presented. These comprise nearly 41.0% of the global diversity of the taxon and ∼21.0% of the known species of Indian Rotifera. Biogeographically interesting lecanids include two Australian and Asian; eight Oriental endemic; four Indian endemic; eight Holarctic; two arctic‐temperate and five paleotropical elements, while several species exhibit regional distributional importance. Three species are new to India and the rare L. bulla diabolica is new to northeast India. The diversity pattern of the Indian Lecanidae is predominantly tropical, and has a moderate endemicity. The lecanids are studied in greater detail in certain states of northeast India and from the states of West Bengal (East India) and Tamil Nadu in South India; unfortunately, their diversity from other parts of this country, including the biodiversity important Himalayan region and Western Ghats, remains poorly known. Besides, analysis of cryptic diversity in the L. bulla, L hamata, L. leontina, L. ludwigii, L. lunaris, and L. quadridentata species group complexes deserves attention for further research on rotifer biogeography. Our conservative estimate of occurrence of nearly 100 species of Lecanidae in India merits biodiversity value.
INSOLVENCY PREDICTION IN THE PRESENCE OF DATA INCONSISTENCIES
Authors: Mendes A. , Cardoso R. L. , Mário P. C. , Martinez A. L. , Ferreira F. R.
Published: March 2014

In this paper we use data inconsistencies as an indicator of financial distress. Traditional models for insolvency prediction normally ignore inconsistent data, either by removing or replacing it. Instead of removing that information, we propose a new variable to capture it; using it together with traditional accounting variables (based on financial ratios) for the purpose of insolvency prediction.

Computational tests use three datasets based on the financial results of 2033 Brazilian Health Maintenance Organizations over 7 years (2001 to 2007). Sixteen classification methods were used to evaluate whether or not the new variable impacted solvency prediction. Tests show a statistically significant improvement in classification accuracy – average results improve 1.3 (p = 0.003) and 1.8 (p = 0.006) percentage points, for 10‐fold and leave‐one‐out cross‐validations respectively. In addition, the analysis of false positives and false negatives shows that the new variable reduces the potentially harmful misclassification of false negatives (i.e. financially distressed companies being classified as financially healthy) and also reduces the estimated overall error rate.

Regarding the extensibility of the results, even though this work uses data from Brazilian companies only, the calculation of the financial ratios variables, as well as the inconsistencies, could be extended to most companies worldwide subject to governmental accounting regulations aligned with the International Financial Reporting Standards. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined antibacterial effects of tissue‐tolerable plasma and a modern conventional liquid antiseptic on chronic wound treatment
Authors: Klebes Martin , Ulrich Christin , Kluschke Franziska , Patzelt Alexa , Vandersee Staffan , Richter Heike , Bob Adrienne , von Hutten Johanna , Krediet Jorien T. , Kramer Axel , Lademann Jürgen , Lange‐Asschenfeld Bernhard
Published: March 2014

Potential antimicrobial effects of sequential applications of tissue‐tolerable plasma (TTP) and the conventional liquid antiseptic octenidine dihydrochloride (ODC) were investigated. 34 patients with chronic leg ulcers were treated with TTP, ODC or a combination of both. The bacterial colonization was measured semi‐quantitatively before and immediately after treatment and changes in the microbial strains' compositions before and after antiseptic treatments were analyzed. All antiseptic procedures reduced the bacterial counts significantly. The sequential application of TTP and ODC displayed the highest antimicrobial efficacy. Me combined use of TTP and conventional antiseptics might represent the most efficient strategy for antiseptic treatment of chronic wounds. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In vivo blood flow imaging of inflammatory human skin induced by tape stripping using optical microangiography
Authors: Wang Hequn , Baran Utku , Wang Ruikang K.
Published: March 2014

Vasculature response is a hallmark for most inflammatory skin disorders. Tape stripping on human skin causes a minor inflammation which leads to changes in microvasculature. In this study, optical microangiography (OMAG), noninvasive volumetric microvasculature in vivo imaging method, has been used to track the vascular responses after tape stripping. Vessel density has been quantified and used to correlate with the degree of skin irritation. The proved capability of OMAG technique in visualizing the microvasculature network under inflamed skin condition can play an important role in clinical trials of treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory skin disorders. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PMMA‐hydroxyapatite composite material retards fatigue failure of augmented bone compared to augmentation with plain PMMA: In vivo study using a sheep model
Authors: Arabmotlagh Mohammad , Bachmaier Samuel , Geiger Florian , Rauschmann Michael
Published: March 2014

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the most commonly used void filler for augmentation of osteoporotic vertebral fracture, but the differing mechanical features of PMMA and osteoporotic bone result in overload and failure of adjacent bone. The aim of this study was to compare fatigue failure of bone after augmentation with PMMA‐nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) composite material or with plain PMMA in a sheep model. After characterization of the mechanical properties of a composite material consisting of PMMA and defined amounts (10, 20, and 30% volume fraction) of HA, the composite material with 30% volume fraction HA was implanted in one distal femur of sheep; plain PMMA was implanted in the other femur. Native non‐augmented bone served as control. Three and 6 months after implantation, the augmented bone samples were exposed to cyclic loading and the evolution of damage was investigated. The fatigue life was highest for the ovine native bone and lowest for bone‐PMMA specimens. Bone‐composite specimens showed significantly higher fatigue life than the respective bone‐PMMA specimens in both 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up groups. These results suggest that modification of mechanical properties of PMMA by addition of HA to approximate those of cancellous bone retards fatigue failure of the surrounding bone compared to augmented bone with plain PMMA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B, 102B: 1613–1619, 2014.
Edge loading does not increase wear rates of ceramic‐on‐ceramic and metal‐on‐polyethylene articulations
Authors: Halma Jelle J. , Señaris Jose , Delfosse Daniel , Lerf Reto , Oberbach Thomas , van Gaalen Steven M. , de Gast Arthur
Published: March 2014

The mal‐positioning of total hip arthroplasty components can result in edge loading conditions. Purpose of this study was to determine if the wear rate of ceramic‐on‐ceramic and metal‐on‐polyethylene increases under edge loading conditions. The literature was reviewed to determine which of the commonly used hip bearings is the most forgiving to implant mal‐orientation. Two 28‐mm ceramic‐on‐ceramic articulations were tested in vitro: pure alumina (PAL) ceramic versus the new alumina‐toughened zirconia (ATZ). Two 28‐mm metal‐on‐polyethylene articulations were tested in vitro: conventional ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) versus highly crosslinked polyethylene (HXLPE) stabilized with vitamin E. All bearings were tested at standard and at highest possible inclination angles. Hip simulator tests were run for five million cycles based on N = 3 tests per condition. The average wear rate of ATZ‐on‐ATZ is 0.024 mm3/Mcycles at 45° and 0.018 mm3/Mcycles at 65°. Wear rate of PAL‐on‐PAL is between 0.02 and 0.03 mm3/Mcycles at 45°, as well as 65°. The wear rate of UHMWPE was 31 ± 1 mm3/Mcycles at an inclination angle of 45° and 26 ± 1 mm3/Mcycles at 80°. The wear rate of vitamin E stabilized HXLPE was 5.9 ± 0.2 mm3/Mcycles at 45° and 5.8 ± 0.2 mm3/Mcycles at 80°. Edge loading does not increase the wear rate of ceramic‐on‐ceramic and metal‐on‐polyethylene articulations. The newest biomaterials showed markedly lower wear rates compared with their conventional counterparts. ATZ‐on‐ATZ showed the lowest wear rate of all tested pairings, but the vitamin E stabilized HXLPE seems to be the most forgiving material when it comes to implant mal‐orientation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B, 102B: 1627–1638, 2014.
Suppression of CXCL2 upregulation underlies the therapeutic effect of the retinoid Am80 on intracerebral hemorrhage in mice
Authors: Matsushita Hideaki , Hijioka Masanori , Ishibashi Hayato , Anan Junpei , Kurauchi Yuki , Hisatsune Akinori , Seki Takahiro , Shudo Koichi , Katsuki Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

We previously demonstrated that a synthetic retinoic acid receptor agonist, Am80, attenuated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)‐induced neuropathological changes and neurological dysfunction. Because inflammatory events are among the prominent features of ICH pathology that are affected by Am80, this study investigated the potential involvement of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the effect of Am80 on ICH. ICH induced by collagenase injection into mouse striatum caused prominent upregulation of mRNAs for interleukin (IL)−1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐6, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL3. We found that dexamethasone (DEX) and Am80 differently modulated the increase in expression of these cytokines/chemokines; TNF‐α expression was attenuated only by DEX, whereas CXCL2 expression was attenuated only by Am80. Expression of IL‐1β and IL‐6 was inhibited both by DEX and Am80. Neurological assessments revealed that Am80, but not DEX, significantly alleviated motor dysfunction of mice after ICH. From these results, we suspected that CXCL2 might be critically involved in determining the extent of motor dysfunction. Indeed, magnetic resonance imaging‐based classification of ICH in individual mice revealed that invasion of hematoma into the internal capsule, which has been shown to cause severe neurological disabilities, was associated with higher levels of CXCL2 expression than ICH without internal capsule invasion. Moreover, a CXCR1/2 antagonist reparixin ameliorated neurological deficits after ICH. Overall, suppression of CXCL2 expression may contribute to the beneficial effect of Am80 as a therapeutic agent for ICH, and interruption of CXCL2 signaling may provide a promising target for ICH therapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association mapping for five agronomic traits in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Nemli Seda , Asciogul Tansel Kaygisiz , Kaya Hilal Betul , Kahraman Abdullah , Eşiyok Dursun , Tanyolac Bahattin
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

The common bean is the most important grain legume and a major source of protein in many developing countries. We analysed the following traits: pod fibre (PF), seeds per pod (SPP), plant type (PT), growth habit (GH), and days to flowering (DF) for a set of diverse common bean accessions and determined whether such traits were associated with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.

RESULTS

In this study, 66 common bean genotypes were used and genotyped with 233 AFLP, 105 SNP and 80 SSR markers. The association analysis between markers and five traits was performed using a General Linear Model (GLM) in Trait Analysis by aSSociation, Evolution and Linkage (TASSEL). The population structure was determined using the STRUCTURE software, and seven groups (K = 7) were identified among genotypes. The associations for such traits were identified and quantified; 62 markers were associated with the five traits.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that association mapping using a reasonable number of markers, distributed across the genome and with the appropriate number of individuals harboured to detect DNA markers linked to the traits of PF, SPP, PT, GH and DF in common bean. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Recent Advances on Plasmin Inhibitors for the Treatment of Fibrinolysis‐Related Disorders
Authors: Al‐Horani Rami A. , Desai Umesh R.
Published: March 2014

Growing evidence suggests that plasmin is involved in a number of physiological processes in addition to its key role in fibrin cleavage. Plasmin inhibition is critical in preventing adverse consequences arising from plasmin overactivity, e.g., blood loss that may follow cardiac surgery. Aprotinin was widely used as an antifibrinolytic drug before its discontinuation in 2008. Tranexamic acid and ε‐aminocaproic acid, two small molecule plasmin inhibitors, are currently used in the clinic. Several molecules have been designed utilizing covalent, but reversible, chemistry relying on reactive cyclohexanones, nitrile warheads, and reactive aldehyde peptidomimetics. Other major classes of plasmin inhibitors include the cyclic peptidomimetics and polypeptides of the Kunitz and Kazal‐type. Allosteric inhibitors of plasmin have also been designed including small molecule lysine analogs that bind to plasmin's kringle domain(s) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan mimetics that bind to plasmin's catalytic domain. Plasmin inhibitors have also been explored for resolving other disease states including cell metastasis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and embryo implantation. This review highlights functional and structural aspects of plasmin inhibitors with the goal of advancing their design.
Pyridylalkylamine ligands and their palladium complexes: structure and reactivity revisited by NMR
Authors: Requet Alexandre , Colin Olivier , Bourdreux Flavien , Salim Salim M. , Marque Sylvain , Thomassigny Christine , Greck Christine , Farjon Jonathan , Prim Damien
Published: March 2014

Pyridylmethylamines or pma are versatile platforms for different catalytic transformations. Five pma‐ligands and their respective Pd complexes have been studied by liquid state NMR. By comparing 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shifts for each pma/pma–Pd couple, a general trend for the metallacycle atoms concerns variations of the electronic distribution at the pendant arm, especially at the nitrogen atom of the ligand. Moreover, the increase of the chemical shift of the pendant arm nitrogen atom from primary to tertiary amine is also related to the increase of crowding within the complex. This statement is in good agreement with X‐ray data collected for several complexes. Catalytic results for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction involving the pma–Pd complexes showed within this series that a sterically crowded and electron‐rich ligand in the metallacycle was essential to reach the coupling product with a good selectivity. In this context, NMR study of chemical shifts of all active nuclei especially in the metallacycle could give a trend of reactivity in the studied family of pma–Pd complexes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient approach to reduce alerts generated by multiple IDS products
Authors: Nguyen Tu Hoang , Luo Jiawei , Njogu Humphrey Waita
Published: March 2014

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) often trigger a huge number of unnecessary alerts. Managing the overwhelming number of alerts, especially from multiple IDS products, is a concern to every security analyst. Analyzing and evaluating these alerts is a difficult task that frustrates the effort of analysts. In fact, true alerts are usually buried under heaps of false alerts. We have identified several research gaps in the existing alert management approaches that need to be addressed, especially when handling alerts from different IDS products. In this work, we present an efficient alert management approach that reduces the unnecessary alerts produced by different IDS products using two main modules: an enhanced alert verification module that validates alerts with vulnerability assessment data; and an enhanced alert aggregator module that reduces redundant alerts and presents them in the form of meta alerts. Finally, we have carried out experiments in our test bed and recorded impressive results in terms of high accuracy and low false positive rate for multiple IDS products. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A thermomechanical finite element tool for Leak‐before‐Break analysis
Authors: Gill P. , Davey K.
Published: March 2014

A new finite element tool is presented, which utilises the extended FEM (XFEM) to model leaks through cracks. Heat flux and pressure boundary conditions are imposed on the crack in the form of jump terms. Enrichments are chosen to model either strong or weak discontinuities across the crack, as well as singularities at the crack tips. Excellent convergence rates are achieved for both the thermal and mechanical models, where errors are calculated relative to analytical solutions derived for this specific problem. A more general temperature approximation is also presented, which makes no assumptions about the continuity of temperature or heat flux across the crack. Results indicate that this is a robust way of modelling the temperature of a plate containing a crack with or without a leaking fluid. Thermomechanical simulations were then carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the FEM for analysing leak rates in nuclear reactor primary pipework. A two‐phase flow model based on the Henry–Fauske model is chosen for the fluid aspect, and this is coupled to the structure through a convection law. Crack closure is shown to reduce the leak rate by up to 40%. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfluidic assembly of uniform fluorescent microbeads from quantum‐dot‐loaded fluorine‐containing microemulsion
Authors: Chen Jie , Zhu Liangliang , Xie Heyi , Zhang Jing , Mao Yongsheng , Huang Zhenhong , Shi Bo , Chen Su
Published: March 2014

We report a facile strategy for fabricating fluorescent quantum dot (QD)‐loaded microbeads by means of microfluidic technology. First, a functional fluorine‐containing microemulsion was synthesized with poly[(2‐(N‐ethylperfluorobutanesulfonamido)ethyl acrylate)‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)‐co‐(butyl acrylate)] (poly(FBMA‐co‐MMA‐co‐BA)) as the core and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as the shell via differential microemulsion polymerization. Then, CdTe QDs capped with N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) were assembled into the poly(FBMA‐co‐MMA‐co‐BA‐co‐GMA) microemulsion particles through the reaction of the epoxy group on the shell of the microemulsion and the carboxyl group of the NAC ligand capped on the QDs. Finally, fluorescent microbeads were fabricated using the CdTe QD‐loaded fluorine‐containing microemulsion as the discontinuous phase and methylsilicone oil as the continuous phase by means of a simple microfluidic device. By changing flow rate of methylsilicone oil and hybrid microemulsion system, fluorescent microbeads with adjustable sizes ranging from 290 to 420 µm were achieved. The morphology and fluorescent properties of the microbeads were thoroughly investigated using optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that the fluorescent microbeads exhibited uniform size distribution and excellent fluorescence performance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The first pilot project of the consortium for top‐down proteomics: A status report
Authors: Dang Xibei , Scotcher Jenna , Wu Si , Chu Rosalie K. , Tolić Nikola , Ntai Ioanna , Thomas Paul M. , Fellers Ryan T. , Early Bryan P. , Zheng Yupeng , Durbin Kenneth R. , LeDuc Richard D. , Wolff Jeremy J. , Thompson Christopher J. , Pan Jingxi , Han Jun , Shaw Jared B. , Salisbury Joseph P. , Easterling Michael , Borchers Christoph H. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Agar Jeffery N. , Paša‐Tolić Ljiljana , Kelleher Neil L. , Young Nicolas L.
Published: March 2014

Pilot Project #1—the identification and characterization of human histone H4 proteoforms by top‐down MS—is the first project launched by the Consortium for Top‐Down Proteomics (CTDP) to refine and validate top‐down MS. Within the initial results from seven participating laboratories, all reported the probability‐based identification of human histone H4 (UniProt accession P62805) with expectation values ranging from 10−13 to 10−105. Regarding characterization, a total of 74 proteoforms were reported, with 21 done so unambiguously; one new PTM, K79ac, was identified. Inter‐laboratory comparison reveals aspects of the results that are consistent, such as the localization of individual PTMs and binary combinations, while other aspects are more variable, such as the accurate characterization of low‐abundance proteoforms harboring >2 PTMs. An open‐access tool and discussion of proteoform scoring are included, along with a description of general challenges that lie ahead including improved proteoform separations prior to mass spectrometric analysis, better instrumentation performance, and software development.
Traceable measurement of specific organic species at industrially relevant surface by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Giovannozzi Andrea Mario , Pennecchi Francesca , Saverino Antonio , Lobascio Cesare , Rossi Andrea Mario
Published: March 2014

Deposition of organic materials on hardware, high tech vacuum components and spacecraft materials is a common risk in the fabrication of space industry instrumentations, which often leads to impair their functionality. Metrological procedures that meet the industrial needs are urgently required in order to detect and quantify a contamination at relevant surfaces. In this work, a direct method based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was developed providing both qualitative and quantitative information on the source of the contamination. According to Thales Alenia Space (TAS) requirements, three main categories of contaminants were selected: hydrocarbons, esters and silicones. Traceable reference materials belonged to these categories were chosen and used for calibration equipment. A practice to assist in the preparation of the calibration curves of the selected standards within the concentration range useful for practical applications is here presented. This methodology was further applied in the framework of BepiColombo program to detect organic contamination into TAS2 and 2B cleanrooms, and it resulted to meet the industrial needs for monitoring surface contaminants. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of 2,2′‐bipyridine on oxidative dissolution of iron monosulfide
Authors: Chiriţă Paul , Bădică Cătălina E. , Constantin Cristina A. , Bîrsă Lucian M. , Matei Elena , Baibarac Mihaela
Published: March 2014

The 2,2′‐bipyridine effects on iron monosulfide (FeS) oxidative dissolution rates have been examined by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The adsorption of 2,2′‐bipyridine to synthetic FeS was investigated by batch adsorption experiments, SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The experiments were performed in air‐saturated solutions at pH 5, 25 °C and an ionic strength of I = 0.004 M NaCl. Correlation between oxidative dissolution rates and 2,2′‐bipyridine adsorption suggests that FeS oxidative dissolution is the result of two antagonistic processes: (i) the inhibiting adsorption of 2,2′‐bipyridine on mineral surface and (ii) the promoting effect of 2,2′‐bipyridine on the iron dissolution from FeS surface. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Co2+ ions concentration in a galvanic bath on properties of electrolytic Zn–Ni–Co coatings
Authors: Wykpis K.
Published: March 2014

The Zn–Ni–Co coatings were deposited onto carbon steel under galvanostatic conditions using a cathodic current density of j = 50 mAcm−2. The influence of Co2+ ions concentration in the electrolyte on surface morphology of the deposit, chemical and phase composition of electrodeposited Zn–Ni–Co was investigated by XRD and EDS methods.

The obtained results evidenced the possibility of Zn–Ni–Co alloy electrodeposition under galvanostatatic conditions. The Co2+ concentration had a certain influence on the morphology of the deposit. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS characterization of new corrosion inhibitor: zinc aminophosphonate coordination complex
Authors: Shabanova I. N. , Chausov F. F. , Naimushina E. A. , Somov N. V.
Published: March 2014

A new zinc aminophosphonate corrosion inhibitor (ZnATMP) containing the Zn–N bond in the coordination environment of zinc has been synthesized, separated and studied. The inhibition coefficient according to the all‐Union State Standard 9.502 is 14.7. The interaction of the metal‐coordination corrosion inhibitor ZnATMP with the surface of carbon steel has been studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The structure of the protective layer, its stability in the temperature range of 300–575 K and the mechanism of thermal destruction have been investigated. It is shown that the interaction of the nitrogen‐containing chelate corrosion inhibitor with the steel surface leads to the formation of the surface protective layer, the atoms of which form strong covalent bonds Fe–O–P–Zn–N(C). Fe atoms pass into a high‐spin state. Thermal action on the protective film results in its destruction at 575 K. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of interface adhesion between polyamide 6 (PA6) and nitrile rubber (NBR)
Authors: Wang Yuan , Ghita Oana , Kavanagh Dave , Chandler Duncan
Published: March 2014

The mechanism of interface bonding of a selected nitrile rubber compound vulcanized on polyamide 6 was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The two types of interfaces identified were formed through mechanical clamping and enhanced by hydrogen bonding between polyamide 6 and silane coupling agent in nitrile rubber compound. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical synthesis and functionality evaluation of silver nanostructured layers
Authors: Nováková Zuzana , Oriňáková Renáta , Oriňák Andrej , Škantárová Lenka , Hubálek Jaromír , Lofaj Frantisek
Published: March 2014

The functionality of silver nanostructures prepared by means of electrochemical deposition of silver into the pores of anodic alumina oxide (AAO) template was examined in correlation to electrodeposition conditions. The optical activity as well as the chemical separation ability of prepared nanostructured films was studied. The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) performance was evaluated by the signals of rhodamine 6G, 4‐aminothiophenol and 2,7‐dichlorfluorescein. Nanostructured silver substrates showed moderate surface enhancement for Raman scattering from adsorbed molecules with the magnitude of about 26.9. Moreover, a novel separation/pre‐concentration function of the silver nanowire structures was indicated. The identification and position detection of the model compounds were realised with SERS. The separation of single chemical components from the two‐component mixture over the examined silver nanostructured films was sufficiently approved. The results obtained demonstrated the potential of the prepared substrate as a SERS detection and separation probe for further implementation to any instrumentation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Akt/mTOR Attenuates Age-Related Changes in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Gharibi Borzo , Farzadi Samira , Ghuman Mandeep , Hughes Francis J.
Published: March 2014

The decline in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) self-renewal and function with aging contributes to diseases associated with impaired osteogenesis. MSC donor age in prolonged culture also limits the therapeutic potential of these cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Here, we demonstrate an intervention to preserve the immature state MSC and consequently maintain self-renewal and differentiation capacity during in vitro aging. We showed that blocking of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) prevents the development of an age-related phenotype and maintains MSC morphology of early passage cells with high clonogenic frequency and enhanced proliferative capacity. MSC cultured in the presence of inhibitors of Akt or mTOR also robustly maintain their osteogenic potential, that is otherwise lost during in vitro aging. We further report that these effects may be mediated by induction of expression of pluripotency genes Nanog and Oct-4 and by the reduction in the production of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, loss of Akt/mTOR and ROS was accompanied with lower levels of DNA damage. These results provide an insight into mechanisms involved in MSC aging and suggest possible interventions to maintain quiescence and function of MSC prior to in vivo transplantation or as pharmacological agents in diseases associated with loss of MSC function. Stem Cells  2014;32:2256–2266
Liver disease in infancy caused by oxysterol 7α‐hydroxylase deficiency: successful treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Dai Dongling , Mills Philippa B. , Footitt Emma , Gissen Paul , McClean Patricia , Stahlschmidt Jens , Coupry Isabelle , Lavie Julie , Mochel Fanny , Goizet Cyril , Mizuochi Tatsuki , Kimura Akihiko , Nittono Hiroshi , Schwarz Karin , Crick Peter J. , Wang Yuqin , Griffiths William J. , Clayton Peter T.
Published: March 2014

A child of consanguineous parents of Pakistani origin developed jaundice at 5 weeks and then, at 3 months, irritability, a prolonged prothrombin time, a low albumin, and episodes of hypoglycaemia. Investigation showed an elevated alanine aminotransferase with a normal γ‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase. Analysis of urine by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) showed that the major peaks were m/z 480 (taurine‐conjugated 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoic acid) and m/z 453 (sulphated 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoic acid). Analysis of plasma by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) showed increased concentrations of 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoic acid, 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholestenoic acid and 27‐hydroxycholesterol, indicating oxysterol 7α‐hydroxylase deficiency. The patient was homozygous for a mutation (c.1249C>T) in CYP7B1 that alters a highly conserved residue in oxysterol 7α‐hydroxylase (p.R417C) – previously reported in a family with hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5. On treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), his condition was worsening, but on chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 15 mg/kg/d, he improved rapidly. A biopsy (after 2 weeks on CDCA), showed a giant cell hepatitis, an evolving micronodular cirrhosis, and steatosis. The improvement in liver function on CDCA was associated with a drop in the plasma concentrations and urinary excretions of the 3β‐hydroxy‐Δ5 bile acids which are considered hepatotoxic. At age 5 years (on CDCA, 6 mg/kg/d), he was thriving with normal liver function. Neurological development was normal apart from a tendency to trip. Examination revealed pes cavus but no upper motor neuron signs. The findings in this case suggest that CDCA can reduce the activity of cholesterol 27‐hydroxylase – the first step in the acidic pathway for bile acid synthesis.