bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mouse Plasmacytoid Cells
Authors: O'Keeffe Meredith , Hochrein Hubertus , Vremec David , Caminschi Irina , Miller Joanna L. , Anders E. Margot , Wu Li , Lahoud Mireille H. , Henri Sandrine , Scott Bernadette , Hertzog Paul , Tatarczuch Lilliana , Shortman Ken
Published: November 2002

The CD45RAhiCD11cint plasmacytoid predendritic cells (p-preDCs) of mouse lymphoid organs, when stimulated in culture with CpG or influenza virus, produce large amounts of type I interferons and transform without division into CD8+CD205− DCs. P-preDCs express CIRE, the murine equivalent of DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN). P-preDCs are divisible by CD4 expression into two subgroups differing in turnover rate and in response to Staphylococcus aureus. The kinetics of bromodeoxyuridine labeling and the results of transfer to normal recipient mice indicate that CD4− p-preDCs are the immediate precursors of CD4+ p-preDCs. Similar experiments indicate that p-preDCs are normally long lived and are not the precursors of the short-lived steady-state conventional DCs. However, in line with the culture studies on transfer to influenza virus-stimulated mice the p-preDCs transform into CD8+CD205− DCs, distinct from conventional CD8+CD205+ DCs. Hence as well as activating preexistant DCs, microbial infection induces a wave of production of a new DC subtype. The functional implications of this shift in the DC network remain to be determined.
Activation-induced Modification in the CD3 Complex of the γδ T Cell Receptor
Authors: Hayes Sandra M. , Laky Karen , El-Khoury Dalal , Kappes Dietmar J. , Fowlkes B.J. , Love Paul E.
Published: November 2002

The T cell antigen receptor complexes expressed on αβ and γδ T cells differ not only in their respective clonotypic heterodimers but also in the subunit composition of their CD3 complexes. The γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) expressed on ex vivo γδ T cells lack CD3δ, whereas αβ TCRs contain CD3δ. While this result correlates with the phenotype of CD3δ−/− mice, in which γδ T cell development is unaffected, it is inconsistent with the results of previous studies reporting that CD3δ is a component of the γδ TCR. Since earlier studies examined the subunit composition of γδ TCRs expressed on activated and expanded peripheral γδ T cells or γδ TCR+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, we hypothesized that activation and expansion may lead to changes in the CD3 subunit composition of the γδ TCR. Here, we report that activation and expansion do in fact result in the inclusion of a protein, comparable in mass and mobility to CD3δ, in the γδ TCR. Further analyses revealed that this protein is not CD3δ, but instead is a differentially glycosylated form of CD3γ. These results provide further evidence for a major difference in the subunit composition of αβ- and γδ TCR complexes and raise the possibility that modification of CD3γ may have important functional consequences in activated γδ T cells.
Effect of free play in rotor blades hinges on the non‐linear ground resonance of a helicopter
Authors: Kowaleczko Grzegorz , Dzygadlo Zbigniew
Published: November 2002

In this paper results of numerical analysis of the ground resonance are shown. This analysis is performed making use of the complete model of the one‐main rotor helicopter. This model is adopted from flight mechanics. For the basic analysis it is assumed that the helicopter fuselage is a rigid body and the main rotor consists of four rigid blades. Each blade performs motions about its horizontal flapping hinge and vertical lagging hinge. The tail rotor is treated as a hingeless and weightless source of thrust, which equilibrates the drag moment and ensures directional control of the helicopter. For analysis of the ground resonance phenomenon, forces and moments produced by the landing gear are taken into account – their rigidity and damping are included into consideration.
The cultural acceptability of the EBEM in Yemen
Authors: Al‐Zamany Y. , Dulaimi M.F. , Hoddell S.E.J. , Savage B.M.
Published: November 2002

This paper examines the importance of quality management for Yemen, a developing country, in the light of challenges introduced by recent changes in levels of protection from international competition previously enjoyed by Yemeni companies. The current state of quality practices in Yemeni organisations is investigated and discussed. Then a variety of issues relating to the introduction and use of quality management approaches such as ISO 9000 and the European business excellence model (EBEM) are raised, with particular emphasis being placed on cultural issues. This paper also introduces a methodology to test the cultural acceptability of the European business excellence model in Yemen that could be accomplished in Yemen. Finally, the results of surveys and trials conducted in Yemen are presented.
Globalisation, development and poverty in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: November 2002

Using the United Nations’ definition of least developed nations, examines the socioeconomic situation of the least developed Pacific island nations, namely the Melanesian countries – the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, the Polynesian countries – Samoa and Tuvalu, and the Micronesian country – Kiribati, and critically discusses the type of development policy advice given to these nations by Bretton Woods’ institutions and their “relatives”. Suggests that the emphasis of these institutions and many donor countries on the desirability of business‐led development, structural adjustment policies and the globalisation of these economies has paid insufficient attention to the cultural background, institutional and other constraints encountered by these economies and may have added to political instability in this region, as well as the occurrence of poverty and growing inequality. A different set of policy proposals would have emerged if greater account had been taken of the general views of Myrdal rather than relying almost exclusively on the neoclassical economic paradigm. This is especially unfortunate because severe poverty (even more so than in much of Asia) exists in several of these least developed nations e.g. the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.
The strategic resource management (SRM) model revisited
Authors: Ring Lawrence J. , Tigert Douglas J. , Serpkenci Ray R.
Published: November 2002

Revisits the strategic resource management (SRM) model, a framework that was developed 20 years ago as a managerial tool for performance measurement and integrated decision making in retailing. Shows certain modifications to the SRM model, focusing on the gross and net margin return on retail space (i.e. GMROF and NMROF) as the key metrics. Authors contend the new focus gives the SRM framework a firmer grounding conceptually, and makes the SRM model more directional in practice. The paper also extends the SRM framework from its traditional gross margin metrics to net margin. Authors believe the greatest benefits of the SRM framework continue to be in benchmarking, planning, and executing alternative inventory, space, and people strategies in an integrative fashion.
REGULAR ARTICLES / ARTICLES RÉGULIERSThe effects of refuse-feeding on home-range use, group size, and intergroup encounters in the banded mongoose
Authors: Gilchrist Jason S , Otali Emily
Published: November 2002

The effects of food availability and distribution on population dynamics have been the subject of numerous experimental studies, but no study has quantified the effects of a concentrated supplementary food supply on groups of a social carnivore. We investigated the effects of refuse-feeding at garbage dumps on banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) groups. Garbage dumps represent a reliable, concentrated source of food. Data were collected from three refuse and seven nonrefuse-feeding groups in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Groups were located using radiotelemetry, and home-range size and use, group size and population density, and intergroup encounter rate were analysed. Although refuse-feeding groups had home ranges similar in size to those of nonrefuse-feeding groups, their home-range use was more concentrated and their core areas always included the available predictable garbage dumps. Two of the three refuse-feeding groups were larger and denser than other groups. The two groups that shared the same garbage dump had significantly higher intergroup encounter rates than all other groups and their encounters occurred at the shared dump.
Coral biodiversity and evolution: recent molecular contributions
Authors: Frank Uri , Mokady Ofer
Published: November 2002

Tropical reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems. Corals, as the most prominent members and framework builders of these communities, deserve special attention, especially in light of the recent decline of coral reefs worldwide. The diversity of corals at various levels has been the subject of many studies, and has traditionally been investigated using morphological characters. This approach has proved insufficient, owing to several ecological and life-history traits of corals. The use of molecular/biochemical approaches has been propelling this discipline forward at an ever-increasing rate for the past decade or so. Reticulate evolution in corals, which has challenged traditional views on the ecology, evolution, and biodiversity of these organisms, is only one example of the results of molecular studies supporting the development of new concepts. We review recent literature reporting studies of the biodiversity, ecology, and evolution of corals in which molecular methods have been employed. We anticipate that in the coming years, an increasing number of studies in molecular biology will generate new and exciting ideas regarding the biology of corals.
A cytological study of the Pacific black flySimulium cataractarum(Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Spironello Mike , Hunter Fiona F , Craig Douglas A
Published: November 2002

Polytene chromosomes from the salivary glands of Simulium cataractarum larvae from the islands of Moorea and Tahiti were examined. Intraspecific comparisons revealed a polymorphism in the short arm of chromosome I, termed the IS-1cainversion. This inversion sequence was significantly heterozygous in the Tahitian populations (s/i), while the Moorean populations were all homozygous for the standard sequence (s/s). These two island populations seem to be reproductively isolated from one another. Thus, two cytotypes are recognized. Based on biogeographical relationships between the islands, we argue that the Moorean cytotype is likely to be ancestral to the Tahitian cytotype. Furthermore, a heterozygote advantage may exist in the Tahitian cytotype. Chromosomal maps for S. cataractarum are presented.
ANTI-DE SITTER GRAVITY FROM BF–CHERN–SIMONS–HIGGS THEORIES
Authors: CASTRO CARLOS
Published: November 2002

It is shown that an action inspired from a BF and Chern–Simons model, based on the AdS4 isometry group SO(3,2), with the inclusion of a Higgs potential term, furnishes the MacDowell–Mansouri–Chamseddine–West action for gravity, with a Gauss–Bonnet and cosmological constant term. The AdS4 space is a natural vacuum of the theory. Using Vasiliev's procedure to construct higher spin massless fields in AdS spaces and a suitable star product, we discuss the preliminary steps to construct the corresponding higher-spin action in AdS4 space representing the higher spin extension of this model. Brief remarks on noncommutative gravity are made.
GENERALIZED MULTIPLE ATTRACTOR CELLULAR AUTOMATA (GMACA) MODEL FOR ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY
Authors: GANGULY NILOY , MAJI PRADIPTA , SIKDAR BIPLAB K. , PAL CHAUDHURI P.
Published: November 2002

This paper reports an efficient technique of evolving Cellular Automata (CA) as an associative memory model. The evolved CA termed as GMACA (Generalized Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata), acts as a powerful pattern recognizer. Detailed analysis of GMACA rules establishes the fact that the rule subspace of the pattern recognizing CA lies at the edge of chaos — believed to be capable of executing complex computation.
A NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR MINIMUM SPANNING CIRCLE: ITS CONVERGENCE, ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: DATTA AMITAVA , PARUI S. K.
Published: November 2002

A self-organizing neural network model that computes the smallest circle (also called minimum spanning circle) enclosing a finite set of given points was proposed by Datta.3 In the article,3 the algorithm is stated and it is demonstrated by simulation that the center of the smallest circle can be achieved with a given level of accuracy. No rigorous proof was given in support of the simulation results. In this paper, we make a rigorous analysis of the model and mathematically prove that the model converges to the desired center of the minimum spanning circle. A suitable neural network architecture is also designed for parallel implementation of the proposed model. Time complexity of the algorithm is worked out under the proposed architecture. Extension of the proposed model to higher dimensions is discussed and demonstrated with some applications.
A HYBRID SCHEME FOR HANDPRINTED NUMERAL RECOGNITION BASED ON A SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORK AND MLP ClASSIFIERS
Authors: BHATTACHARYA UJJWAL , DAS TANMOY KANTI , DATTA AMITAVA , PARUI SWAPAN KUMAR , CHAUDHURI BIDYUT BARAN
Published: November 2002

This paper proposes a novel approach to automatic recognition of handprinted Bangla (an Indian script) numerals. A modified Topology Adaptive Self-Organizing Neural Network is proposed to extract a vector skeleton from a binary numeral image. Simple heuristics are considered to prune artifacts, if any, in such a skeletal shape. Certain topological and structural features like loops, junctions, positions of terminal nodes, etc. are used along with a hierarchical tree classifier to classify handwritten numerals into smaller subgroups. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks are then employed to uniquely classify the numerals belonging to each subgroup. The system is trained using a sample data set of 1800 numerals and we have obtained 93.26% correct recognition rate and 1.71% rejection on a separate test set of another 7760 samples. In addition, a validation set consisting of 1440 samples has been used to determine the termination of the training algorithm of the MLP networks. The proposed scheme is sufficiently robust with respect to considerable object noise.
GENERALIZED FUZZY ROUGH SETS BY CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY RELATIONS
Authors: INTAN ROLLY , MUKAIDONO MASAO
Published: November 2002

In 1982, Pawlak proposed the concept of rough sets with a practical purpose of representing indiscernibility of elements or objects in the presence of information systems. Even if it is easy to analyze, the rough set theory built on a partition induced by equivalence relation may not provide a realistic view of relationships between elements in real-world applications. Here, coverings of, or nonequivalence relations on, the universe can be considered to represent a more realistic model instead of a partition in which a generalized model of rough sets was proposed. In this paper, first a weak fuzzy similarity relation is introduced as a more realistic relation in representing the relationship between two elements of data in real-world applications. Fuzzy conditional probability relation is considered as a concrete example of the weak fuzzy similarity relation. Coverings of the universe is provided by fuzzy conditional probability relations. Generalized concepts of rough approximations and rough membership functions are proposed and defined based on coverings of the universe. Such generalization is considered as a kind of fuzzy rough set. A more generalized fuzzy rough set approximation of a given fuzzy set is proposed and discussed as an alternative to provide interval-value fuzzy sets. Their properties are examined.
A COMBINATION SCHEME FOR FUZZY CLUSTERING
Authors: DIMITRIADOU EVGENIA , WEINGESSEL ANDREAS , HORNIK KURT
Published: November 2002

In this paper we present a voting scheme for fuzzy cluster algorithms. This voting method allows us to combine several runs of cluster algorithms resulting in a common partition. This helps us to tackle the problem of choosing the appropriate clustering method for a data set where we have no a priori information about it. We mathematically derive the algorithm from theoretical considerations. Experiments show that the voting algorithm finds structurally stable results. Several cluster validity indexes show the improvement of the voting result in comparison to simple fuzzy voting.
NOISY SPEECH SEGMENTATION/ENHANCEMENT WITH MULTIBAND ANALYSIS AND NEURAL FUZZY NETWORKS
Authors: LIN CHIN-TENG , WU RUI-CHENG , WU GIN-DER
Published: November 2002

This paper addresses the problem of speech segmentation and enhancement in the presence of noise. We first propose a new word boundary detection algorithm by using a neural fuzzy network (called ATF-based SONFIN algorithm) for identifying islands of word signals in fixed noise-level environment. We further propose a new RTF-based RSONFIN algorithm where the background noise level varies during the procedure of recording. The adaptive time-frequency (ATF) and refined time-frequency (RTF) parameters extend the TF parameter from single band to multiband spectrum analysis, and help to make the distinction of speech and noise signals clear. The ATF and RTF parameters can extract useful frequency information by adaptively choosing proper bands of the mel-scale frequency bank. Due to the self-learning ability of SONFIN and RSONFIN, the proposed algorithms avoid the need of empirically determining thresholds and ambiguous rules. The RTF-based RSONFIN algorithm can also find the variation of the background noise level and detect correct word boundaries in the condition of variable background noise level by processing the temporal relations. Our experimental results show that both in the fixed and variable noise-level environment, the algorithms that we proposed achieved higher recognition rate than several commonly used word boundary detection algorithms and reduced the recognition error rate due to endpoint detection.
EVOLVABLE SUBSETHOOD PRODUCT FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK FOR PATTERN CLASSIFICATION
Authors: SHUNMUGA VELAYUTHAM C. , KUMAR SATISH , PAUL SANDEEP
Published: November 2002

This paper presents an evolvable version of a novel subsethood product fuzzy neural inference system (ESuPFuNIS). The original SuPFuNIS model20 employs only fuzzy weights, and accepts both numeric and linguistic inputs. All numeric inputs are fuzzified using a feature specific fuzzifier. The model composes fuzzy signals from the input layer with fuzzy weights using a mutual subsethood measure. Rule nodes use a product aggregation operator. Outputs from the network are generated using volume defuzzification. Here we replace the original gradient descent learning procedure with a genetic optimization technique and report considerable improvements in classification accuracy and rule economy on three benchmark problems. Real-coded genetic algorithms (RGA's) have been employed to search for an optimal set of network parameters. We demonstrate the classification capabilities of the network on Ripley's synthetic two class data, Iris data and Forensic glass data. In all the problems considered, the GA based classifier performs better than its gradient descent counterpart in terms of classification accuracy as well as rule economy.
Measurement of stopping power ratio of chemo‐ports using energy spectrum extracted from integral depth dose
Authors: Gonzalez Rosette , Olis Stephen , Mossahebi Sina , Yao Weiguang
Published: February 2025

Purpose

In proton radiotherapy, the stopping power ratio (SPR) of non‐biological materials must be independently measured with proton beams for accurate dose calculation. Small‐size chemo‐ports challenge the measurement. The purpose of this work is to measure the SPR of chemo‐ports by using the energy spectra of the proton pencil beams.

Methods and materials

Chemo‐ports used in this study were irradiated in both lateral and vertical directions by 100‐, 160‐, and 200‐MeV monoenergetic proton pencil beamlets. The integrated depth doses (IDDs) were acquired using a multi‐layer ion chamber (MLIC), with and without the chemo port in front of the MLIC. The energy spectrum (ES) of the IDD was extracted. The water equivalent thickness (WET) of the chemo‐port was determined from the shift in corresponding peaks in the spectra. To reduce the effect of spot size and its Gaussian distribution on the measurement, the measurements were repeated with a lead collimator (5 mm circular opening) in front of the chemo‐ports. Additionally, the WET values were also obtained by a conventional approach that calculated the shift of the peaks in the IDDs rather than in the energy spectra.

Results

The complex internal structure of the chemo‐port was reflected in multiple peaks in the ES. The measured WET values from different energy beamlets agreed within 0.5 mm (4.6%) of each other using the ES method, while agreement up to 1 mm was observed from the traditional approach. When the collimator was used, the agreement was decreased to within 1.1 and 8 mm from the ES method and conventional approach, respectively.

Conclusion

Proton SPRs of chemo ports can be successfully measured using the ES method. Better agreement of the measured WET values from different energy pencil beams was obtained from the ES method than from a conventional approach. The use of a collimator can decrease accuracy.
Targeted Long‐Read Sequencing as a Single Assay Improves the Diagnosis of Spastic‐Ataxia Disorders
Authors: Rudaks Laura Ivete , Stevanovski Igor , Yeow Dennis , Reis Andre L. M. , Chintalaphani Sanjog R. , Cheong Pak Leng , Gamaarachchi Hasindu , Worgan Lisa , Ahmad Kate , Hayes Michael , Hannaford Andrew , Kim Samuel , Fung Victor S. C. , Halmagyi Gabor M. , Martin Andrew , Manser David , Tchan Michel , Ng Karl , Kennerson Marina L. , Deveson Ira W. , Kumar Kishore Raj
Published: February 2025

Objective

The hereditary spastic‐ataxia spectrum disorders are a group of disabling neurological diseases. The traditional genetic testing pathway is complex, multistep and leaves many cases unsolved. We aim to streamline and improve this process using long‐read sequencing.

Methods

We developed a targeted long‐read sequencing strategy with the capacity to characterise the genetic variation of all types and sizes within 469 disease‐associated genes, in a single assay. We applied this to a cohort of 34 individuals with unsolved spastic‐ataxia. An additional five individuals with a known genetic diagnosis were included as positive controls.

Results

We identified causative pathogenic variants that would be sufficient for genetic diagnosis in 14/34 (41%) unsolved participants. The success rate was 5/11 (45%) in those who were naïve to genetic testing and 9/23 (39%) in those who were undiagnosed after prior genetic testing, completed on a clinical basis. Short tandem repeat expansions in FGF14 were the most common (7/34, 21%). Two individuals (2/34, 6%) had biallelic pathogenic expansions in RFC1 and one individual had a monoallelic pathogenic expansion in ATXN8OS/ATXN8. Causative pathogenic sequence variants other than short tandem repeat expansions were found in four individuals, including in VCP, STUB1, ANO10 and SPG7. Furthermore, all five positive controls were identified.

Interpretation

Our results demonstrate the utility of targeted long‐read sequencing in the genetic evaluation of patients with spastic‐ataxia spectrum disorders, highlighting both the capacity to increase overall diagnostic yield and to streamline the testing pathway by capturing all known genetic causes in a single assay.
Customizing Synchronous Charge Tunneling Photosystems Toward Solar CO2 Conversion
Authors: Chen Qing , Chen Yi‐Han , Zhu Jun‐Rong , Li Zhuang‐Yan , Xiao Fang‐Xing
Published: February 2025

Solar‐driven CO2 conversion to high‐value‐added chemical fuels has been deemed as an emerging way of alleviating deteriorating energy depletion and greenhouse effect. Nevertheless, precise modulation of spatial vectorial charge migration/separation in CO2 artificial photosystem remains challenging due predominantly to the ultrashort charge lifetime, sluggish charge transfer kinetics, and ultra‐stable symmetry of CO2 molecules, rendering stimulation of CO2 adsorption, activation and reduction a grand challenge. Herein, we conceptually demonstrate the design of a novel semiconductor‐insulator‐cocatalyst charge tunneling photosystem via a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly strategy, which involves progressive intercalation of dual ultrathin insulating polymer layers in‐between layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and transition metal chalcogenide (TMC). It is demonstrated for the first time unleash that electron‐hole pairs photoexcited over TMC can simultaneously tunnel through the insulating polymer interim layers, followed by holes trapping by terminal LDHs and directional electrons migration to the CO2 molecules absorbing on the polymers surface, synergistically boosting the charge separation and reinforcing the solar CO2 reduction. This work would open a shining frontier to strategically craft novel charge‐tunneling artificial photosystems and benefit the fundamental understanding on the CO2 photoreduction technology toward solar energy conversion.
Benchtop Fabrication and Integration of Laser‐Induced Graphene Strain Gauges and Stimulation Electrodes in Muscle on a Chip Devices
Authors: Svetlova Anastasia , Law Hiu Tung J. , Kim Dawon , Enriquez Nicolas , Soleimani Ali , Al‐Shami Abdulrahman , Kohan Samuel , Peck Raymond , Eremina Olga E. , Zavaleta Cristina , Mousavi Maral P. S. , McCain Megan L.
Published: February 2025

Muscle on a Chip devices are valuable research tools for interrogating the structure and physiology of engineered heart, skeletal, or smooth muscle tissue constructs from the molecular to the multi‐cellular level. However, many existing devices rely on functional assays with limited throughput, such as optical microscopy, to measure contractility. Although electrical components have been integrated to automate recordings in advanced devices, their fabrication typically requires specialized equipment found in cleanroom facilities. In this work, miniature strain gauges are engineered to record the contractions of engineered skeletal muscle bundles using only benchtop fabrication equipment. A commercial CO2 laser is employed to generate patterns of laser‐induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide (PI) films. LIG is then transferred from PI to thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films to make conductive and intrinsically flexible and stretchable layers that demonstrate long‐term stability under repeated cycles of stretch. Engineered skeletal muscle bundles are anchored to LIG‐PDMS strain gauges and their contraction is sensed in response to electrical stimulation, which is delivered by LIG‐PI stimulation electrodes also integrated into the device. Collectively, these results demonstrate that LIG is an attractive material for rapidly and inexpensively integrating electrical components for in situ strain sensing and electrical stimulation in Muscle on a Chip devices.
Sonochemical Functionalization of Glass
Authors: Li Tiexin , Datson Zane , Hena Sufia , Chang Steven , Werry Shane , Zhao Leqi , Amiralian Nasim , Bhatelia Tejas , Lopez‐Ruiz Francisco J. , MacGregor Melanie , Iyer K. Swaminathan , Ciampi Simone , Shiddiky Muhammad J. A. , Darwish Nadim
Published: February 2025

Functionalized glass plays a crucial role in various fields, including materials and biomedical sciences. Traditionally, it has been produced through silanization reactions or by coating the glass with polymers. But these approaches involve toxic chemicals and result in films that are prone to hydrolysis upon long‐term exposure to water. In this report, a novel, simple method for functionalizing glass using ultrasonication of aryl diazonium salts is introduced. When these salts are exposed to ultrasound under mild conditions (24 kHz/400 W), aryl radicals are generated, which spontaneously react with the glass surface. This reaction forms a thin organic polymeric film whose surface properties, such as hydrophobicity or charge, can be tailored by the terminal group of the diazonium salt employed. The film is covalently bonded to the glass surface via Si–O–C bonds, which offer enhanced stability compared to the more hydrolysis‐prone Si–O–Si bonds that govern traditional silanization techniques. This newly functionalized glass is shown to adhere microorganisms such as microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris C. vulgaris), bacteria (Escherichia coli, E. coli), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae), suggesting potential applications in enzyme production, filtration, environmental remediation technologies, biofuels, and biofuel cells.
Enhancing Optoelectronic Properties in Phthalocyanine‐Based SURMOFs: Synthesis of ABAB Linkers by Avoiding Statistical Condensation with Tailored Building Blocks
Authors: Langer Lukas S. , Stahlberger Mareen , Liu Xiaojing , Luo Yi , Häußermann Niklas E. , Singhvi Puja , Liu Yidong , Fuhr Olaf , Nieger Martin , Heinke Lars , Heine Thomas , Wöll Christof , Bräse Stefan
Published: February 2025

Phthalocyanine (PC)‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hold substantial promise for applications in energy storage, sensing, and catalysis due to their robust stability and enhanced electron transfer capabilities. However, synthesizing phthalocyanine linkers with precise geometries presents a significant challenge, which limits their prevalence in the field. Traditional methods typically employ readily synthesized tetratopic PC linkers for realizing PC‐based MOFs. In response, the study presents an innovative approach using ditopic ABAB‐phthalocyanine MOF linkers. The A and B building blocks in PC synthesis are deliberately designed to circumvent issues of statistical condensation. These PC linkers are then utilized in the fabrication of zinc‐based surface‐anchored MOF (SURMOF) thin films. The structural and electronic properties of these SURMOFs are explored through a series of detailed experimental and computational methods, including X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. UV–Vis spectroscopy reveals significant improvements in electronic absorption, thereby enhancing the material's performance in light harvesting and energy conversion. Furthermore, a photodetector built with this novel linker demonstrates high efficacy in the long‐wavelength region (780 nm), highlighting its potential for cutting‐edge sensing technologies.
Modulating Electronic Structure and Mass Transfer Kinetics via Mo‐Mo2C Heterostructure for Ampere‐Level Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yuan Shisheng , Xiang Lijuan , Li Nan , Liang Tianqi , Wang Kaiwen , Gao Xinxin , Cui Mengyang , Zhao Liang
Published: February 2025

Molybdenum carbide (Mo2C), known for its platinum‐like electronic structure and excellent corrosion resistance, has demonstrated promising catalytic performance in laboratory tests. However, under industrial harsh conditions, the catalytic performance of Mo2C faces constraints due to its inherently strong hydrogen adsorption. Additionally, at elevated current densities, rapid depletion of active species in the electrolyte, coupled with hydrogen gas bubble accumulation, introduce significant mass transport challenges. This work introduces an electrode with Mo‐Mo2C heterostructures supported on a Mo plate (Mo‐Mo2C/Mo). Further analyses reveal that incorporating metallic Mo into the heterostructures optimizes the electronic structure of Mo2C. This optimization achieves a more balanced hydrogen adsorption, while also enhancing the capacity for water adsorption and dissociation of Mo2C, collectively improving catalytic activity. Furthermore, this electrode features a unique “bush‐like” surface morphology that can induce a “turbulence” effect in the electrolyte near the electrode surface, facilitating electrolyte flow and mass transport. As a result, the Mo‐Mo2C/Mo electrode exhibits excellent catalytic performance at high current densities (η1000 = 452 mV). Moreover, the strong corrosion resistance and robust integration of Mo and Mo2C ensure long‐term stability, with the electrode remaining stable at 1.5 A in 6 M KOH over extended periods.
Transition Metal Fluorides as Advanced Cathodes for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Rational Enhancement Strategies and Underlying Electrochemical Mechanisms
Authors: Wu Ruijie , Bo Xiaoxu , Zhao Shiqiang , Zhang Jiatong , Zhang Qian , Jin Huile , Lin Zhiqun , Wang Shun
Published: February 2025

High‐capacity and low‐cost cathodes are urgently pursued to improve the energy density and realize the large‐scale application of lithium/sodium ion batteries. Transition metal fluorides (MFx), which involve multiple electron transfer based on conversion reactions, are widely regarded as promising candidates with the advantages of high capacity (≈500–800 mAh g−1) and abundant resources. However, MFx cathodes face significant challenges, including low conductivity, structural pulverization, sluggish kinetics, dissolution of MFx in electrolyte, etc. Here, four rational strategies to overcome the shortcomings and improve the properties of MFx are presented in detail. First, compositing MFx with functional materials can enhance electronic conductivity, buffer volume changes, suppress agglomeration, and stabilize particle surface. Second, constructing hierarchical, porous, and hollow structures can strengthen structural stability, shorten ion transport distance, and expose rich reactive sites. Third, doping heterogeneous elements can improve electrical/ionic conductivity, promote reaction reversibility, and contribute additional capacity. Fourth, optimizing electrolytes and binders can form a stable electrode/electrolyte interface, widen voltage window, and inhibit dissolution of MFx. Moreover, theoretical investigations are introduced to understand the underlying mechanisms for the reaction and enhancement. Finally, a perspective on the future prospects of MFx is highlighted, to provide valuable inspiration and reference for the development of next‐generation alkali‐ion batteries.
Contact Potential Homogenization via Buried Interface Engineering Enables High‐Performance Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Guo Yaxiong , Du Shengjie , Chen Weiqing , Zhou Hai , Chen Guoyi , Wang Shuxin , Yu Zixi , Hu Xuzhi , Yao Fang , Li Chun , Ke Weijun , Fang Guojia
Published: February 2025

Microscale imperfections and inhomogeneity at buried interface leads to energy losses and insufficient carrier extraction of wide bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we report a collaborative buried interface strategy by introducing 3‐aminopropanoic acid (3‐APA) to mix with [4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me‐4PACz) as hole‐selective self‐assembled monolayer (SAM). With the addition of 3‐APA, the wettability of perovskite precursors is increased. Furthermore, the film morphology and heterogeneity at perovskite buried interface is improved. As a result, the nonradiative recombination and interfacial energy loss are greatly suppressed. This strategy also leads to marginally higher ionization potential of hole‐selective monolayers, approximating to the valence band of perovskite film. Benefits from suppressed charge transfer loss and nonradiative recombination loss, the mixed SAM strategy is present to overcome the passivation transport trade‐off, delivering VOC × FF of 84.5% of the S–Q limit. The combine benefits enable efficient 1.67 eV WBG PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of 22.4% and a high open circuit voltage of 1.255 V and fill factor of 85.5%. Under mix SAM strategy, we also demonstrat all‐perovskite tandem solar cells with efficiency of 28.4%.
Novel Protein‐Rich Bioactive Bioink Stimulates Cellular Proliferation and Response in 3D Bioprinted Volumetric Constructs
Authors: Liu Suihong , Kilian David , Bernhardt Anne , Wirsig Katharina , von Witzleben Max , Duin Sarah , Lode Anja , Hu Qingxi , Gelinsky Michael
Published: February 2025

3D extrusion bioprinting, a promising and widely adopted technology in the emerging field of biofabrication, has gained considerable attention for its ability to fabricate hierarchically structured, native‐mimicking tissue substitutes with precisely defined cell distributions. Despite notable advancements, the limited availability of suitably bioactive bioinks remains a major challenge, hindering the construction of volumetric tissue substitutes effectively mimicking biological functionality. Therefore, this work proposes a protein‐rich, low‐cost, bioactive bioink: abundantly available eggwhite powder (EWP) is leveraged to functionalize an alginate‐methylcellulose (AlgMC) hydrogel matrix and enhance cellular response. The developed EWP‐supplemented bioinks not only maintain favorable printability and high shape fidelity but also exhibit remarkable bioactivity. Notably, incorporating EWP into AlgMC‐based bioinks enhances shear‐thinning features, thereby improving the viability of encapsulated cells within the bioprinted constructs. The versatility and biofunctionality of EWP in bioprinted constructs are demonstrated using three distinct cell types, encompassing sources such as a stem cell line, human soft skin, and stiff bone tissues. Furthermore, the promising and wide applicability of the EWP‐supplemented bioink for biofabrication is demonstrated exemplarily in core‐shell and multi‐channel bioprinting strategies as a proof‐of‐concept for functional tissue construction. These findings underscore the significant and versatile potential of this novel bioink in biofabrication and biomedical applications.
Nanocellulose‐Derived Hierarchical Carbon Framework‐Supported P‐Doped MoO2 Nanoparticles for Optimizing Redox Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Shi Mengjiao , Han Xue , Qu Wen , Jiang Meihui , Li Qing , Jiang Feng , Xu Xiang , Ifuku Shinsuke , Zhang Chunlei , Wang Chao , Hu Junfeng , Yang Liansheng , Lin Yuanjun , Yu Haipeng , Liu Shouxin , Li Jian , Wu Yiqiang , Chen Wenshuai
Published: February 2025

The integration of nanocatalysts into the separators of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) boosts the polysulfide conversion efficiency. However, the aggregation of catalyst nanoparticles diminishes the active surface area. Moreover, densely packed catalyst‐modified layers often hinder ion transport rates and impede access to the catalytic sites. To overcome these challenges, a strategy is reported for modifying commercial separators, using wood nanocellulose as a building block to construct hierarchical P‐doped MoO2−x nanoparticles anchored on N, P co‐doped porous carbon (P‐MoO2−x/NPC). The web‐like entangled nanocellulose forms a framework for the in situ polymerization of polyaniline, providing abundant anchoring sites for MoO2 nanoparticles. The addition of P atoms optimizes the d‐band center of MoO2 and enhances the catalytic activity of polysulfide conversion. The LSBs assembled using a P‐MoO2−x/NPC coated polypropylene separator display an initial discharge capacity of 1621 mAh g−1 and rate performance of 774 mAh g−1 at 5 C. Even with a sulfur loading of 8.1 mg cm−2 and lean electrolyte conditions, the cell achieves an initial areal capacity of 11.3 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C. This work provides a biopolymer nanofiber solution for constructing LSB separators with advanced electrochemical reactivity.
Lithiophilic‐Gradient, Li+ Supplementary Interphase Design for Lean Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Cheng Lu , Liu Jiacheng , Wang Yingche , Wang Helin , Shao Ahu , Li Chunwei , Wang Zhiqiao , Zhang Yaxin , Li Yunsong , Tang Jiawen , Guo Yuxiang , Liu Ting , Zhao Xiaodong , Ma Yue
Published: February 2025

The practicability of anode‐less/free lithiummetal batteries (LMBs) is impeded by unregulated dendrite formation on thedeposition substrate. Herein, this study presents a lithiophilic‐gradient, layer‐stacked interfacial design for the lean lithium metal battery (LLMB) model. Engineered via a facile wet‐chemistry approach, the high entropy metalphosphide (HEMP) particles with tunable lithiophilic species are dispersedwithin reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Moreover, a poly (vinylidene fluoride co‐hexafluoropropylenepolymer) (PVDF‐HFP), blended with molten Li at the tailorable amounts, forms aLi supplementary top layer through a layer‐transfer printing technique. Theintegrated layer (HEMP@RGO‐MTL@PH) not only regulates the dendrite‐free lithiumdeposition towards the Cu substrate up to 10 mAh cm−2, but also maintains robust cyclability of the symmetric cell at 5 mA cm−2 even under 83% depth of discharge. As pairing the modified Cu foil with the LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode (NCM811, 16.9 mg cm−2, double sided, N/P ratio of 0.21) in the 200 mAh pouch cell, achieves gravimetric energy densities of 414.7 Wh kg−1, power output of 977.1 W kg−1, as well as highly reversible phasic evolutionmonitored in operando. This gradient interfacial strategy can promotethe commercialization of energy/power‐dense energy storage solutions.
Research on the Mechanism of Diamond Heteroepitaxial Growth Based on First‐principles Calculations
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Wang Yinghao , Shen Jie , Zhang Dongliang , Gan Zhiwen , Yang Bo , Gan Zhiyin , Wang Fan
Published: February 2025

Although single‐crystal diamond is successfully grown on some other substrate materials, the heteroepitaxial mechanism is still not fully understood. In this research, by analyzing the density of states curve of surface atoms in heterostructures and comparing them with atoms in the bulk material, the electronic properties of the surface atoms can be revealed. Monolayer carbon (C) atoms on cubic boron nitride (c‐BN) surface exhibit some properties of diamond‐like carbon. Conversely, the monolayer C atoms covering the Iridium (Ir) surface demonstrate distinct metallic properties. The C atoms on the surface of the 8‐layer heterostructure exhibit some properties of diamond‐like carbon. This explains why single‐crystal diamond heteroepitaxy growth on Ir film requires the bias‐enhanced nucleation process. However, on the c‐BN surface, single‐crystal diamonds can be grown directly. The method is also used to analyze the heteroepitaxy of indium phosphide (InP) on gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN) on aluminum nitride (AlN), and the results have further confirmed the effectiveness. Therefore, this approach offers a new perspective for identifying suitable substrate materials based on their electronic properties, rather than solely relying on the matching of lattice constants and surface energies.
The Transcription Factor WFZP Interacts with the Chromatin Remodeler TaSYD to Regulate Root Architecture and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency in Wheat
Authors: Du Dejie , Li Zhaoju , Jiang Zihao , Yuan Jun , Zhang Xiangyu , Zhao Huanhuan , Tian Lulu , Liu Yunjie , Li Renhan , He Fei , Li Xiongtao , Ke Wensheng , Chai Lingling , Liu Jie , Xin Mingming , Yao Yingyin , Sun Qixin , Xing Jiewen , Ni Zhongfu
Published: February 2025

The root architecture is crucial for the robust growth and nutrient absorption in cereals. However, it is urgent to identify the factors that simultaneously optimize root architecture and nutrient utilization in wheat. In this study, a beneficial role of the class II AP2/ERF transcription factor WHEAT FRIZZY PANICLE (WFZP) on lateral root number (LRN), root length (RL), and nitrogen utilization is revealed. In addition, interactors of WFZP including TaSYD are identified, as a subunit of the chromatin remodeling complex. The Tasyd mutants show a significant reduction in LRN, RL, and nitrogen uptake efficiency, resembling the phenotype of wfzp mutants. Furthermore, it is revealed that the WFZP‐TaSYD module promotes the expression of root development and nitrate uptake‐related genes by modulating chromatin accessibility and histone modifications. Finally, an elite allele (WFZP‐A‐I) associated with improved LRN and thousand‐grain weight (TGW) is identified. Hence, these findings not only unveil the mechanisms underlying the coordination of root development and nitrogen uptake efficiency, but also provide valuable targets for breeding high‐yield crops.
Lipid Droplets Metabolism Mediated by ANXA7‐PPARγ Signaling Axis Regulates Spinal Cord Injury Repair in Mice
Authors: Chen Lu , Liu Haoran , Jiang Linlin , Wang Zihang , Chang Yong , Li Na , Feng Shiqing
Published: February 2025

Spinal cord injury is characterized by high incidence and high disability, and the specific targets and drugs have not yet been explored. Lipid droplet is a type of organelles that regulates lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. And the regulatory mechanisms of lipid droplets on spinal cord injury remain unclear. Herein, it is found that GTPase activation of Annexin A7 (ANXA7) promotes the up‐regulation of genes related to lipid droplet formation. ANXA7 can interact with peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to enhance the stability of PPARγ, and promote lipid droplet formation and interaction with mitochondria through promoting Perilipin 5 expression. Then, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are inhibited due to the promotion of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) nuclear translocation and expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). ANXA7 activation promotes lipid droplet formation and mitochondria‐lipid droplet interaction by enhancing nuclear translocation of PPARγ, which contributes to inhibiting lipid peroxidation and neuron damage. Furthermore, activation of PPARγ can promote neural function recovery and spinal cord repair in mice. The focus of this study is to investigate the effects of lipid droplets regulated by ANXA7/PPARγ, providing new targets and strategies for spinal cord injury.
Designing Hydrophobic Micro‐Three‐Phase Reaction Interfaces to Enhance the ORR Kinetics Toward Zinc‐Air Battery
Authors: Tu Wen‐Bin , Song Li‐Na , Liang Shuang , Wang Yue , Sun Yu , Wang Huan‐Feng , Xu Ji‐Jing
Published: February 2025

Zinc−air batteries (ZABs) are considered as a promising option for energy storage systems and the consumer electronic market. The sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction/evolution reactions at cathodes result in issues such as low power density and unsatisfactory cyclic life. Herein, a superiorly simple strategy of hydrophobicity engineering is used to regulate the rich micro‐three‐phase interfaces (MTPI) of the cathode by adopting hydrophobic ionic liquid coated on N‐doped hollow carbon spheres. According to the results of ab initial molecular dynamics simulation and finite element method, the spatial distance between the catalysts and electrolytes can be effectively expanded by the generated hydrophobic micro‐environment, which is beneficial to creating cavities at the boundaries of the three‐phase interfaces of the electrochemical reaction, further improving the oxygen concentration around the catalytic active sites and improving the sufficient utilization of the catalytic active sites. Accordingly, the as‐assembled ZABs exhibit an excellent rate performance of 0.94 V (@ 150 mA cm−2), lower galvanostatic charge–discharge voltage gap of 0.77 V (2 mA cm−2) with extremely long cyclic stability over 1000 h, and a maximum power density of 193 mW cm−2. The obtained beneficial results provide a promising strategy for designing high‐performance ZABs and promoting its industrial application.