bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital morphometry of onion seeds
Authors: Musaev F. B. , Ivanova M. I. , Priyatkin N. S. , Kuznets S. V.
Published: June 2021

Relevance. One of the problematic issues in crop production remains the quality of sown seeds. Vegetable plants during the period of generative development are demanding to the conditions of light and heat supply, but the conditions of most regions of our country cannot meet these requirements. Post-harvest refinement and pre-treatment of seeds is also not carried out at the proper level. There are no reliable informative tools for analyzing seed quality. Employees of the FSBSI FSVC, Agrophysical Research Institute and Argus-Bio LLC are developing a method of digital morphometry of vegetable seeds.

Methods. The material for the studies was the seeds of various samples of varieties of the genus Allium: Allium cristophii Trautv., Allium schoenoprasum L., Allium fistulosum L. Digital images of seeds were obtained using the HP Scanjet 200 tablet scanner, BMP, TIFF, JPG save file format, 600 DPI resolution. Morphometric analysis of digital scanned images of seeds was carried out on the basis of the Agrophysical Research Institute using the serial software Argus-BIO, manufactured by Argus Soft LLC, St. Petersburg.

Results. Analysis of the color characteristics of seeds (values of color components according to the RGB model) Allium cristophii Trautv. revealed a statistically significant decrease in all color channels in the row from the lower tier – the upper, which is an indicator of different levels of maturity. Seeds of various samples of Allium schoenoprasum L. in size (projection area) varied significantly within the species from 2.39 to 3.06 mm2 , in shape they also turned out to be unaligned: elliptical with an elongation factor of 1.99 to 2.21 relative units. Analysis of morphometric parameters of seeds of varieties Allium fistulosum L. made it possible to distinguish the influence of natural and genetic factors on these parameters: the factor of the year had a significant effect (from 43.5% to 45.4%), the factor of the variety – from 39.5% to 43.2%, on the main morphometric parameters of seeds. So, a new approach to seed quality analysis is presented, which includes rapid digital morphometry, data modeling and their integration with standard ISTA tests.
Yield and quality of strawberries when applying fertilizers
Authors: Ivanova T. E. , Lekomtseva E. V. , Tutova T. N. , Sokolova E. V. , Nesmelova L. A.
Published: June 2021

Relevance. One of the most important elements of the technology of cultivation of strawberries for increasing productivity and improving the quality of berries is the use of fertilizers that can regulate the growth, development, yield and quality of products.

Methods. During 2016-2018, the impact of pre-planting application of complex mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of strawberries in the Udmurt Republic was studied. The analysis of meteorological conditions during the growing season of the crop according to the research results is carried out.

Results. The results of the use of complex fertilizers Azofoska, Perm-yagodnoye and Fusco-yagodnoye on garden strawberries when grown in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic are presented. It was found that the use of these fertilizers in comparison with the control (Azofoska) contributes to an increase in yield and has a positive effect on the quality of berries. The aftereffect of the studied fertilizers on the second and third year of fruiting of wild strawberries is noted. According to the results of research, the highest yield of berries of the garden strawberry was obtained in 2016 in the first year of fruiting when applying Chamfer-berry (1.33 kg/m2 ). The pre-planting application of the FaskoYagodnoye fertilizer provided a reliable increase in yield at all times of berry harvesting, and on average for three years by 0.13 kg/m2 with an NSR of 0.04 kg/m2 . The content of dry matter, water-soluble sugars and vitamin C in the berries corresponded to the characteristics of the Darenka variety and to a greater extent depended on the meteorological conditions of the growing season of strawberries.
Osnove konstruiranja: Učbenik
Authors: Pehan Stanislav , Glodež Srečko , Kramberger Janez
Published: June 2021

V učbeniku so predstavljene teoretične osnove konstruiranja strojnih delov in elementov konstrukcij, ki so na posameznih mestih dopolnjene z nekaterimi praktičnimi primeri. Na začetku so pojasnjeni nekateri osnovni pojmi pri konstruiranju, v nadaljevanju pa so podrobno obravnavane posamezne stopnje konstruiranja (načrtovanje, koncipiranje, snovanje in razdelava), ki skupaj s splošnimi smernicami za konstruiranje in konstrukcijskimi materiali predstavljajo osrednji del učbenika. Na koncu so na kratko predstavljena še orodja pri konstruiranju in tehnična zakonodaja na področju konstruiranja. Učbenik je v osnovi namenjen študentom strojništva pri predmetih Osnove konstruiranje in Metodika konstruiranja, uporaben pa je tudi pri predmetih sorodnih vsebin. Ker je v učbeniku precej praktičnih zgledov, predstavlja koristen pripomoček tudi konstruktorjem pri konstruiranju v vsakdanji tehniški praksi.
Enfoque de economía política de las barreras comerciales: el caso de la liberalización comercial peruana
Authors: Tello Mario
Published: June 2021

Este artículo analiza los factores y actores de la economía política que pueden haber influido en los instrumentos comerciales en Perú durante el período de liberalización de 2001-2015 (que se inició en 1990 bajo la administración de Fujimori). La evidencia apoya la hipótesis de que la liberalización de las barreras comerciales peruanas en el período 2000-2015 fue liderada por el poderoso 'Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF)', acompañado de exportadores tradicionales y diversificados (que consolidaron la liberalización comercial unilateral) y de firmas de sustitución de importaciones. que influyó en cierta medida y redujo la velocidad del proceso de liberalización unilateral de las barreras comerciales. Además, la liberalización unilateral del comercio fue facilitada por el débil papel de la fuerza laboral formal y los grupos de interés de los consumidores con orientación liberal.
La Fundación Rockefeller y la dimensión experimental en la campaña contra la Anemia Tropical en Colombia, 1920 – 1934
Authors: Garzon Maria Catalina
Published: June 2021

Este artículo analiza las prácticas de tratamiento de la campaña contra la anemia tropical en Colombia, que fue llevada a cabo a través de un acuerdo de cooperación entre la Junta Internacional de Salud (IHB) de la Fundación Rockefeller y el gobierno colombiano entre 1920 y 1934. Particularmente, se analizan los procesos que llevaron a cambios en los métodos de tratamiento y las variaciones en las dosis de vermífugos y purgantes, que en muchos casos desencadenaron en intoxicaciones y muertes en la población campesina de la región cafetera, principal foco de la campaña. La revisión de fuentes documentales, locales e internacionales, sobre la campaña para combatir la anemia tropical en Colombia durante el periodo 1920 y 1934 permitió reflexionar y comprender cómo tales prácticas de tratamiento hicieron parte de un proceso de medicalización experimental en terreno sobre la población, donde las directrices tiempo y costo guiaron, en gran parte, las decisiones sobre qué método y qué tratamiento seguir.
La formación profesional de los sanitaristas de Buenos Aires 1960 – 1970. Un aporte desde la prosopografía
Authors: Rayez Federico Ramón
Published: June 2021

El artículo analiza la formación y el desempeño profesional de los médicos sanitaristas, ingenieros sanitarios, enfermeras y otros agentes que se desempeñaron entre 1960-1970 como profesores e investigadores en la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Para arribar al descubrimiento de los principales patrones de esa experiencia social y científico-profesional proponemos abordar un conjunto de trayectorias desde un método basado en la prosopografía o biografía colectiva. En este sentido, la idea es analizar en un primer momento los problemas, ventajas y posibles límites de estos métodos de investigación histórica, para lo cual tomamos en consideración algunos parámetros y discusiones relevantes que diferentes autores como P. Bourdieu, L. Stone, S. Shapin, A. Thackray, L. Pyenson, etc. han propuesto en las últimas décadas. En un segundo momento, y a partir de un relevamiento exhaustivo de relatos autobiográficos, legajos personales y otros papeles administrativos, planteamos una reconstrucción de las trayectorias profesionales de estos expertos en salud pública. Este análisis biográfico colectivo nos permite identificar los patrones de circulación académica de estos agentes (sus carreras y universidades de procedencia), experiencia laboral (su participación en el sistema sanitario argentino de mediados del siglo XX), sus itinerarios transnacionales (viajes formativos, participación en consultorías profesionales, sus vínculos con organismos inter-americanos). Según tendremos oportunidad de ilustrar, ya sea concentrándonos en un caso individual o en casos múltiples, la utilización de métodos centrados en la búsqueda de información personal y biográfica es una herramienta útil para historizar procesos complejos y transformaciones en las comunidades académicas, aun no estudiadas profundamente.
THE INFLUENCE OF HALAL PRODUCT IMAGE, PRODUCT DESIGN, AND MARKETING STRATEGY ON CONSUMER LEVELS IN HALAL COSMETIC PRODUCTS (CASE STUDY ON SAFI)
Authors: Isnaini Nispawatil , Zaida Alifia Nur , Zulmiati Khusnul
Published: June 2021

The halal industry is an innovation in the business world that can increase economic growth in Indonesia. The halal industry market in Indonesia is now growing rapidly and has become an alternative choice among the public. Several industrial sectors that support the development of the halal industrial market include banking, food and beverage, Muslim fashion, health, and cosmetics. The topic that is the focus of this research is the cosmetics industry which has been certified halal. Halal cosmetics are one of the halal products that are being discussed and sought after by many people. In Indonesia, the halal cosmetics industry continues to experience significant development. Public interest in halal cosmetics is increasing along with public awareness of the importance of using halal products, especially cosmetic products. In order to meet the increasing consumer demand for halal cosmetic products, of course, producers will make various efforts to be able to provide quality products. Efforts to improve the quality of this product are aimed at maintaining and increasing consumer confidence in the halal cosmetic products he has chosen. Talking about efforts to increase consumer confidence in halal cosmetic products, there are several supporting factors that need to be studied. Therefore, in this study the researcher wanted to analyze the effect of the image of halal products, product design, and marketing strategies on the level of consumer confidence in halal cosmetics. This research is more focused on one of the brands of halal cosmetic products, namely Safi, where its products are well known by the wider community. The theoretical framework in this study uses the TOE (Technology, Organization, Environment) framework approach where each independent variable that affects is correlated with this concept. The method used is a quantitative method. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to respondents, in this case the consumers of Safi halal cosmetic products in Indonesia. This research was conducted using non-probability techniques. The test of this research is that the authors use SPSS 25.
ELECTRONIC BASED PAYMENT SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA
Authors: Mashabi M , Wasiaturrahma Wasiaturrahma
Published: June 2021

This research aims to analyze the effect of electronic payment systems based on credit cards, debit cards, and electronic money, as well as macroeconomic variables namely the money supply (M1), price level, and velocity of money towards real gross domestic product as a proxy for economic growth. The estimation carried out in this journal uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with period time series data of 2010:1-2018:12. The results of the journal show that doing debit card and electronic money-based transactions has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia in the long run.Keywords : Electronic payment systems, electronic money, credit cards, debit cards, economic growth, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Keywords: Electronic payment systems, electronic money, credit cards, debit cards, economic growth, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) JEL : O470 C320
Negative Symptoms Management in Schizophrenia
Authors: Lolobua Maria Francisca Intan Primasiwi , Khairina Khairina , Wardani Ida Aju Kusuma , Santoso Angelina M. Mirna
Published: June 2021

Clinicians often overlook the presence of negative symptoms in treating schizophrenia. The burden borne by patients, families, and society is quite heavy. These symptoms not only have high costs, but also affect the functional prognosis in independence and socializing. There is a need for adequate therapy of negative symptoms of schizophrenia which can improve the patient’s quality of life. Negative symptoms are characterized by blunt affect, alogia, avolition, anhedonia, and asociality. Knowing the difference between the primary and secondary types of negative symptoms of schizophrenia can bring big impact on the therapy. The primary type of negative symptoms is an integral part of schizophrenia, while the secondary one is caused by external conditions of schizophrenia, such as depression. Management of negative symptoms of schizophrenia includes psychopharmaceuticals and non-psychopharmaceuticals. Atypical antipsychotics remain the drug of choice due to their affinity not only to D2 receptor, but also to serotonin, glutamate, histamine, α adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors. In addition, the higher dissociation rate of D2 receptors of atypical antipsychotics allow for minimal motor side effect. Cariprazine has been approved by The Food and Drug Associaton and The European Medicines Agency to treat primary and persistent negative symptoms due to its minimal side effect. Non-pharmacological therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Motivation and Engagement Training (MOVE) can optimize the treatment efficacy. These therapies will enhance the cognitive improvement, adaptation, and social skill development of the patients.
Correlation between FEV1% Predicted and Blood Eosinophils in Patients with Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Authors: Nurfaizi Alfian , Marhana Isnin Anang , Sari Gadis Meinar , Bakhtiar Arief
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are still the leading causes of mortality. Eosinophil counts were recommended in assessing the risk of exacerbations. This additional examination was preferred rather than the pulmonary function test (PFT), which was considered less precise and had vast differences. Therefore, an analysis of the correlation between the FEV1% predicted and blood eosinophil counts were needed as a reference in the diagnosis of COPD exacerbation. This study aimed to determine the correlation between FEV1% predicted and blood eosinophils counts in patients with COPD exacerbations.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study by analyzing medical records of patients with COPD exacerbations at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, from 2017 to 2018.Results: The characteristics of patients with exacerbations of COPD consisted of 91.7% male patients. Most of them were in the age group of 61-70 years old, 58.3% were in the private sector, 75% had a high school diploma, and 41.7% had normal body mass index (BMI). The percentage of the FEV1% predicted is directly proportional to the percentage of blood eosinophils with weak and statistically insignificant strength.Conclusion: The FEV1% predicted and blood eosinophil counts had a very weak correlation and statistically insignificant strength. Thus, it could not be used as a reference for diagnosis using one of the variables. Further research is needed with sputum eosinophils and biopsy as consideration for more accurate results.
The Hidden Variables Theory
Authors: Fried Israel
Published: June 2021

The book presents a new concept on several physics topics. The initial values are non-relativistic quantities of subatomic particles which the values obtained in experiments are actually their relativistic reflection. The subjects in the book are presented in such order that each new topic is based on the development of its predecessor that explains where it stems from. The book presents methods of analyzing traditional physics concepts to extract hidden embedded information that reveals new variables which are combined with those known. The new formulas yield results that match experiments accurately. It presents discoveries as: The electric charge of subatomic particle results directly from its OAM (Orbital Angular Momentum). OAM Offset exhibits neutral state. The electron mass is a magnitude that expresses quantitatively the square of its magnetic flux quantum, hence this mass in the Wave Function yields solutions that their squared values represent the flow pattern of magnetic flux surrounding electrons at energy levels, contrary to probability density describing odds of locating electron in atom. In calculation of hydrogen's wave function the electron and proton constitute one entity. Hence zero OAM at ground state determined by computational and experimental means is due to OAM offset of electron and proton rotation in opposite directions at center of mass. The proton, neutron and all baryons consist of three energy levels on which the quarks are orbiting. The third energy level of 80.5Gev plays a major role in the weak force while it is filled by charged mesons that are emitted thru W boson while acquiring the level's energy. The OAM of the orbiting quarks are third or two thirds of the reduced Planck constant. The proton missing spin is resolved by the OAM of quarks. The Electron is bound state composition of a negative Pion and an Electron's neutrino. The theory predicts a neutral boson of 160Gev (Accompanied by W+ boson from 240Gev decaying particle).
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE HOTEL FACILITY AND THE MARKET
Authors: Berc Radišić Branka
Published: June 2021

To sell its product, the hotel facility needs to communicate with its partners on the market. Guests and potential guests, tourist agencies, businesses, and the environment — participants in creating the hotel product — are partners o f the hotel facility, together with the transmitters of hotel messages.
Generalized Rest Mass and Dirac’s Monopole in 5D Theory and Cosmology
Authors: Aliyev Boris
Published: June 2021

It is shown that the 5D geodetic equations and 5D Ricci identities give us a way to create a new viewpoint on some problems of Modern Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology. Specifically, the application of the 5D geodetic equations in (4+1) and (3+1+1) splintered forms obtained with the help of the monad and dyad methods made it possible to introduce a new, effective generalized concept of the rest mass of the elementary particle. The latter leads one to novel connections between the General Relativity and quantum field theories, as well as all of that, including the (4+1) splitting of the 5D Ricci identities, brings about a better understanding of the magnetic monopole problem and the vital difference in the origins of the Maxwell equations and gives rise to surprising connections between them. The obtained results also provide new insight into the mechanism of the 4D Universe’s expansion and its following acceleration.
Faktor-faktor Kesulitan Menulis Imla Mahasiswa PBA IAIN Kudus di Masa Pandemik
Authors: Suwardi Fuad Munajat
Published: June 2021

Artikel ini menyoroti penyebab kesulitan mahasiswa dalam menulis imla yang menjadi masalah klasik dalam pembelajaran kitabah. Kesulitan tersebut pada gilirannya menjadi lebih besar ketika pandemic covid 19 melanda. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menelusuri 1) Kesulitan yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam belajar Imla, 2) Tema-tema Imla yang dipersepsikan sulit oleh mahasiswa, dan 3) Persepsi mahasiswa terkait pembelajaran Imla secara online. Dengan menggunakan metode survey pada mahasiswa yang mengambil mata kuliah Kitabah didapati bahwa 1) kesulitan yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam pembelajaran Imla berupa model kuliah daring dan materi kaidah imla yang cukup rumit baik teori maupun praktik, 2) tema yang dipersepsi sulit menurut mahasiswa antara lain huruf-huruf yang ditambahkan pada kata tetapi tidak diucapkan, pungtuasi, dan washal fashal, 3) mayoritas mahasiswa menyatakan kurang senang dengan pembelajaran online dengan 63,1 %.
Optimalisasi Pembelajaran dalam Jaringan (Daring) dengan Media Pembelajaran Video Interaktif Terhadap Pemahaman Matematis Siswa
Authors: Riayah Salma , Fakhriyana Dina
Published: June 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana cara mengoptimalisasikan pembelajaran dalam jaringan (daring) di masa pandemi Covid-19 agar pemahaman siswa terhadap mata pelajaran matematika lebih meningkat. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu yang sudah dilaksanakan dilapangan, pengemasan yang menarik dalam menyampaikan materi matematika saat pembelajaran daring menjadi hal yang terpenting dan memang perlu di perhatikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur yang fokus pada penggunaan media pembelajaran dalam penyampaian materinya yaitu menggunakan video interaktif. Berdasarkan analisis literatur dari beberapa jurnal, pembelajaran matematika dengan menggunakan media berupa video interaktif lebih optimal dan efektif dalam meningkatkan pemahaman matematis siswa dibandingkan dengan pembelajaran tanpa media video interaktif, terlebih saat pembelajaran daring berlangsung.

The purpose of this study is to describe how to optimize online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic so that students' understanding of mathematics can increase. Based on previous research that has been carried out in the field, attractive packaging in conveying mathematics material during online learning is the most important thing and indeed needs to be paid attention to. This study uses a literature study method that focuses on the use of instructional media in delivering the material, namely using interactive videos. Based on literature analysis from several journals, learning mathematics using media in the form of interactive videos is more optimal and effective in increasing students' mathematical understanding compared to learning without interactive video media, especially when online learning is taking place.
Custo-efetividade da assistência domiciliar comparada à internação hospitalar em adulto
Authors: Lima Adeânio , Aragão Erika , Nogueira Iara Antonia , Souza Lucimaria , Bastos Bruno
Published: June 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar e sintetizar evidências científicas disponíveis sobre o custo-efetividade da assistência domiciliar em comparação com a internação hospitalar. Métodos: Os seguintes bancos de dados eletrônicos foram utilizados: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, LILACS e Google Academics. As buscas eletrônicas retornaram um total de 501 estudos nas bases de dados e na busca complementar, que foram triados por título e resumo. Finalmente 14 estudos atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão: 11 ensaios clínicos randomizados e 3 estudos de coorte. Resultados: A assistência domiciliar mostra-se uma alternativa viável aos cuidados hospitalares e para redução dos gastos com pacientes crônicos estáveis, sendo necessário analisar fatores que podem interferir na implantação do modelo, como a disposição dos cuidadores de assumir os cuidados do paciente em casa e logística própria dos sistemas de saúde. No entanto, esta revisão não conseguiu demonstrar que a assistência domiciliar é menos dispendiosa que os esquemas existentes para subgrupos como pacientes que se recuperam de cirurgia eletiva ou pacientes que necessitam de cuidados agudos. Conclusão: O esquema de assistência domiciliar pode proporcionar uma alternativa econômica para cuidados crônicos se os custos de funcionamento do hospital local forem relativamente altos. Recomenda-se, ainda, a realização de estudos primários que possam avaliar a assistência domiciliar no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde.
Leading Edge Flow Assurance Management Strategy to Optimize the Design and Operations, for a Deepwater Gas Condensate Reservoir, Reducing Costs and Associated Risks Through Integrated Engineering Analysis
Authors: Villanueva Alonso Julio Cesar , Espinola Gonzalez Oswaldo , Alvarez Martinez Julieta
Published: June 2021

Most operator companies work under a philosophy of responding with mitigation strategies rather than prevention ones to flow assurance problems when they arise. Although mitigation strategies help to maintain a stable production, gas condensate fields require the implementation of proactive techniques to be prepared for future scenarios, especially when it comes to deep water environments, since the combination of the changes in composition of a condensate fluid and the thermodynamic considerations of producing in deep water fields increase the frequency of operational problems and therefore, additional costs and risks.

Furthermore, the concept of management is not frequently applied to the Flow Assurance area as much as the concept of Reservoir Management. Analogous to best Reservoir Management practices, this concept can be translated to the design and operation in the flow assurance area to provide more robust and precise analysis.

Taking these considerations into account, a proactive approach is required, so that operator companies can better prepare and act in an optimum way. This paper presents a Flow Assurance Management Strategy (FAMS) methodology focused on increasing and improving the response capacity through understanding the behavior of production trends, predicting the come up of potential flow assurance problems.

By the implementation of this methodology, we are seeking to operators obtain a full perspective of all the potential problems that will eventually can take place in their fields, identifying, when, where and why they will occur, and thus, allowing to set proactive actions to minimize unexpected potential flow assurance problems.

The objective of this paper is to share a detailed methodology, which is intended to apply for any kind of flow assurance problem, helping operators to implement the best solution according to their capabilities and to set a base to homologate the concept of management, additionally, a short case in which an optimization study was carried out is shown for demonstration purposes.
Novel Approach to Enhance Field Development Plan Process and Reservoir Management to Maximize the Recovery Factor of Gas Condensate Reservoirs Through Integrated Asset Modeling
Authors: Espinola Gonzalez Oswaldo , Vazquez Macedo Laura Paola , Villanueva Alonso Julio Cesar , Alvarez Martinez Julieta
Published: June 2021

The proper exploitation for a gas condensate reservoir requires an integrated collaboration and management strategy capable to provide detailed insight about future behavior of the reservoir.

When a development plan is generated for a field, the reservoir management is not performed integrally, this is, different domains: geology, reservoir, drilling, production, economics, etc., work separately, and therefore, an adequate understanding of the main challenges, leading to issues such as an over dimensioning of surface facilities, excessive costs, among others.

Through this paper, a methodology to improve the conventional field development plan is described, which contains 4 main pillars: Collaborative approach, Integrated analysis, engineering optimization and monitoring & surveillance.

The methodology involves the description of a hybrid workflow based on the integration of multiple domains, technologies and recommendations to consider all the phenomena and compositional changes over time in the whole production system, aiming to define the optimum reservoir management strategy, facilities and operational philosophy as part of the Field Development Plan (FDP). Conventionally, the used of simplistic models most of times do not allow seeing phenomena in the adequate resolution (near wellbore and porous media effects, multiphase flow in pipelines, etc.), that occur with high interdependency in the Integrated Production System.

With this methodology, the goal pursued is to support oil and gas companies to increase the recovery factor of gas condensate fields through the enhancement in the development and exploitation process and therefore, reducing associated costs and seizing available time and resources.
Environmentally-Friendly Production and Recovery Processes for Heavy Oils
Authors: Canbaz Celal Hakan , Temizel Cenk , Palabiyik Yildiray , Kor Korhan , Hendrandingrat Luky , Hosgor Fatma Bahar , Aksahan Firat
Published: June 2021

Oil Industry is going green and there is no solid and comprehensive publication that outlines the use of green energies and methods in oil recovery. Thus, this paper is going to close that gap. As there are more environmental restrictions especially in developed countries, inclusion of green energy methods in petroleum recovery processes is very important for the future of these reserves.

We will focus on extra/heavy oil as conventional oil is simpler to produce and doesn't need EOR processes that may come with environmental footprints. The objective of this study is to investigate and outline the ‘green’ production and recovery processes of heavy oil recovery in environmentally-sensitive locations where greenhouse gas emissions, type of energy used to extract oil and gas (e.g., generation of steam using natural gas vs solar), environmental impact of surface facilities, transportation of produced oil and gas and other associated materials/chemica ls required for recovery (e.g. solvents for steam injection process) are critical for the operations as well as economics.
Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Varying Temperature and Viscosities on Foamy Oil Production
Authors: Medina Jasmine Shivani , Medina Iomi Dhanielle , Zhang Gao
Published: June 2021

The phenomenon of higher than expected production rates and recovery factors in heavy oil reservoirs captured the term "foamy oil," by researchers. This is mainly due to the bubble filled chocolate mousse appearance found at wellheads where this phenomenon occurs. Foamy oil flow is barely understood up to this day. Understanding why this unusual occurrence exists can aid in the transfer of principles to low recovery heavy oil reservoirs globally.

This study focused mainly on how varying the viscosity and temperature via pressure depletion lab tests affected the performance of foamy oil production. Six different lab-scaled experiments were conducted, four with varying temperatures and two with varying viscosities. All experiments were conducted using lab-scaled sand pack pressure depletion tests with the same initial gas oil ratio (GOR).

The first series of experiments with varying temperatures showed that the oil recovery was inversely proportional to elevated temperatures, however there was a directly proportional relationship between gas recovery and elevation in temperature.

A unique observation was also made, during late-stage production, foamy oil recovery reappeared with temperatures in the 45-55°C range.

With respect to the viscosities, a non-linear relationship existed, however there was an optimal region in which the live-oil viscosity and foamy oil production seem to be harmonious.
ESPCP - An Economic Artificial Lift Method for an Offshore Field in Southwest Trinidad
Authors: Ramkhalawan Nigel , Hassanali Hamid
Published: June 2021

Frequent rod failures still occur in Progressive Cavity Pumped (PCP) wells with high dog-leg severities although they are fitted with adequate rod centralization. This results in well downtime and production deferrals. Offshore workovers are expensive and significantly affect operating cost (OPEX) of the operator. This study sought to evaluate the potential benefits of Electrica l Submersible Progressive Cavity Pumps (ESPCP) as an economic alternative for highly deviated wells in the offshore field in Trinidad.

In this theoretical study, a screening criterion was established and four (4) candidates, all produced by surface driven PCPs, were selected. Models of ESPCP systems were developed using industry standard Progressive Cavity Pump software, parameters from the original PCP models as well as actual field well tests and production data. An economic evaluation, which integrated oil price and production rate sensitivities, was conducted using field data, including field reservoir characteristics and past well performance.

The ESPCP model results suggest a cumulative increase of 567 BOPD is expected for all four wells. Using an oil price of US $45 per barrel, the analysis was conducted on all wells targeted for ESPCP conversion. Assuming a P50 oil rate, sensitivities were run to establish the minimum oil price for the project to be economically feasible. The operator's project economic success criteria were :(1) pay-out period of <2 years and (2) NPV of > US $0.15 Million considering a ten (10) year project. An integrated sensitivity analysis was performed for the entire project with varying expected production increases and fluctuating global oil prices. The simulations identified that the project will be uneconomic at a global oil price of US $20/bbl. Assuming a project life of 10 years and based on the expected production increase, the project is massively profitable, yielding an expected NPV of US $9.3 Million at US $45 per barrel with expected pay-out times between 0.63-1.8 years with investment of US $4 Million. Additional benefits anticipated include, increased well uptime and the corresponding reduction in workover costs. Another opportunity that results from the conversion to ESPCP, is the possibility of lowering the pump in the wellbore, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing the recoverable reserves.

Installation of ESPCPs, in theory, can be an economic success in an area where surface driven PCP experiences repetitive rod failures, leading to production deferrals and workover. Additionally, lowering the pump in the wellbore may be possible, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing recoverable reserves which would not have been possible using traditional artificial lift methods.
Evaluating the Lower Cruse and Navet Formations Within the Wd-8 Lease Operatorship Block
Authors: Bishop Mark Emmanuel , Lalla Wilson , Moonan Xavier Ravi
Published: June 2021

Lease Operatorship block WD-8, lies within the Forest Reserve oilfield. Forest Reserve is known for having the ENE-WSW trending, south easterly verging Forest Reserve anticline which plunges into NW-SE trending Los Bajos Fault. Regionally to the south of the Forest Reserve anticline lies the south westerly plunging Siparia syncline and to the north of the Forest Reserve anticline is the Morne L′ Enfer syncline. WD-8 is situated on the northern flank of the Forest Reserve anticline with the axis of the anticline occurring within the southern part of the block. Prior to 2018, TETL last drilled within the WD-8 block in the year 2014. Drilling within the WD-8 block pre-2018 was mainly in the southern portion of the block. The year 2018 saw TETL drill five wells in the northern part of the WD-8 block. The results from these wells prompted an evaluation within the Northern portion of the WD-8 block to determine the structure and extent of the Lower Cruse and Navet reservoirs. Field wide mapping post 2018 drills within the block highlighted the sand trend at the Cruse level is in a WSW-ENE direction and that these sands in northern WD-8 are very narrow with maximum widths ranging between 100 ft – 150 ft. Additionally, it showed that by using a smaller well spacing, wells would encounter different producing sand bodies not seen in adjacent wells. Differences in the sand character between wells in the Southern part of the block to wells in the northern part of the block at the Lower Cruse level were also seen. The Lower Cruse section in the southern part of the WD-8 block tends to have thick stacked slope channel sand deposits, while the northern part of WD-8 has relatively thin stacked slope/base of slope channel deposits. Structurally, the presence of an ENE-WSW fault which separates the southern wells from the northern wells was also revealed. Abnormal stratigraphy was also found in Northern WD-8 where the Eocene Navet formation was encountered below the Late Miocene Lower Cruse formation. Two (2) wells in the northern portion of the block found the Navet formation resistive with only one well testing this reservoir. This then presents a new under exploited target reservoir with the block. Mapping of the Navet Formation indicates that this reservoir trends in a WSW-ENE direction. This updated geological model for the WD-8 block resulted in six infill developmental wells being identified to further exploit the remaining reserves within the Lower Cruse and Navet Formations in the WD-8 block.
Raising the National Average for Asset Integrity Management in the Energy Sector of a Small Island Developing State
Authors: Rudder Marc , Kissoon Amanda , Rampaul-Cheddie Indira
Published: June 2021

In 2015 and 2016, the Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries (MEEI) undertook a National Facilities Audit (NFA) to augment the periodic audit exercises of the Ministry. This Audit was the first of its kind conducted in Trinidad and Tobago and involved upstream, midstream and downstream energy sector companies. Some companies scored highly in the Audit, some were average and others below average. This paper will provide guidance to operators who scored below the average so that they can make the necessary adjustments to improve their Asset Integrity scores to above average and beyond in future. The selected consultant who performed the NFA developed a standardized audit protocol to audit all the companies. The MEEI set up a Steering Committee to oversee the execution and delivery of the audit to ensure it was conducted within the project's objectives. The consultant and MEEI representatives conducted joint audits, which involved document reviews, interviews and site visits. A Systems and Equipment Audit was conducted followed by a site visit. The project lasted 9 months, a total of 30 audits were conducted during the period, and a report prepared and presented to the MEEI by the consulta nts with the findings and recommendations. Scores were assigned to various categories in both the System and Equipment Audits, which contributed to a System score and Equipment score. From these two scores, an overall score was determined. The audit found that Asset Integrity Management (AIM) systems showed a wide variation across the industry, international companies were typically more advanced with AIM than domestic companies, the state-owned companies had the lowest scores and Joint Venture companies generally had the highest scores. Generally, many companies did poorly in the audit due to lack of proper documented internal procedures with respect to Asset Integrity. Companies that did well had well-documented procedures for process safety management. The paper will show the benefit of conducting a nationwide Asset Integrity Audit that can inspire other countries to consider doing likewise and thus encourage improved Asset Integrity Management in the global energy sector. The paper will go into the details of the audit so that in future companies would be more prepared for a similar type of audit, and who show significant improvements with their scores.
Field Application of Newly Designed Non-Damaging Sealing Killing Fluid to Control Losses in Completion and Workover Operations in Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Mohamed Youssry Abd El-Aziz , El-Gindy Alaa Tawfik , El-Agamy Helal Ahmed , Moustafa Amr Ismail , Eissa Ali Mohamed , Akeel Mansour Mohamed
Published: June 2021

Invasion of completion fluids to permeable reservoir formations causes different challenges including increase in water saturation, fine migration problems, well control problems and complicated fluid management. Such problems can result in severe reservoir damage leading to delay in production and increase in operation cost. This paper presents newly designed non-damaging, sealing and killing fluids (Salt Plug) customized to solve such challenges and engineered to control fluid invasion of completion fluid into reservoir. Formation damage might occur during subsequent well workover and perforation operations which requires non-damaging, sealing and killing fluids. The salt plug design incorporates a temporary plugging agent that form a physical barrier across formation face or within formation matrix. Consequently, the plug minimizes formation damage and fluids invasion into reservoir formation during well flow back. Due to its water solubility characteristics, the plug can be easily cleaned up using unsaturated brine water after remedial workover operations. Salt plug was used in reservoir formation in a wide fluid density range of 10.3 - 15.0 Pounds per Gallon (ppg) based on brine type and sized particles concentration to prevent fluid loss during remedial completion operations.

This plug was applied in field proving its success in more than 10 deep wells and was successful to seal off void spaces around perforation tunnels and holes up to 0.5 inch. It can be customized to meet project requirements through proper selection of the particle-size distribution (PSD) of salt. Filter cake associated with salt was easily removed with start in production phase with a minimal differential pressure of 20-50 Psi to unload the well. This pill was effective replacing conventional water insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bridging solids with water soluble sized salt bridging solids which are less aggressive breaker systems.
Optimising Oil Field Net Present Value with Produced Water Salinities and Tracers
Authors: Daramola Babalola
Published: June 2021

This paper presents case studies of how produced water salinity data was used to transform the performance of two oil producing fields in Nigeria. Produced water salinity data was used to improve Field B’s reservoir simulation history match, generate infill drilling targets, and reinstate Field C’s oil production.

A reservoir simulation study was unable to history match the water cut in 3 production wells in Field B. Water salinity data enabled the asset team to estimate the arrival time of injected sea water at each production well in oil field B. This improved the reservoir simulation history match, increased model confidence, and validated the simulation model for the placement of infill drilling targets. The asset team also gained additional insight on the existing water flood performance, transformed the water flooding strategy, and added 9.6 MMSTB oil reserves.

The asset team at Field C was unable to recover oil production from a well after it died suddenly. The team evaluated water salinity data, which suggested scale build up in the well, and completed a bottom-hole camera survey to prove the diagnosis. This justified a scale clean-out workover, and added 5000 barrels per day of oil production. A case study of how injection tracer data was used to characterise a water injection short circuit in Field D is also presented.

Methods of using produced water salinity and injection tracer data to manage base production and add significant value to petroleum fields are presented. Produced water salinity and injection tracer data also simplify water injection connectivity evaluations, and can be used to justify test pipeline and test separator installation for data acquisition.
An Independent Analysis of the Performance Characteristics and Economic Outcomes of the Liza Phase 1 Development Offshore Guyana Using Public Domain Data
Authors: Paul Simon , Dyall Kadija , Gabriel Quinn
Published: June 2021

An attempt was made to independently verify the proposed performance of the Liza 1 field using only data available in the public domain. The data used in modelling was sourced from news reports, company disclosures and the analogue Jubilee field in Ghana. Reservoir rock and fluid data from Jubilee Field was deemed an appropriate fit because of the corroboration provided by the Atlantic Drift Theory.

A major challenge in creating the model, was determining the aerial extent of the field. According to Yang and Escalona (2011), the subsurface can be reasonably approximated using the surface topography which is possible via the use of GIS software. Google Earth Pro software was used to estimate the coordinates and areal extent of the Liza 1 reservoir. A scaled image of the field location showing the Guyana coastline was re-sized to fit the coastline in Google Pro and then the coordinates for the Liza field and wildcat well locations were estimated. This was used to create the isopach map and set reservoir boundaries to create the static and dynamic models in Schlumberger's Petrel E & P Software Platform (2017) and Computer Modelling Group IMEX Black Oil and Unconventional Simulator CMG IMEX (2016).

The initialized model investigated the reservoir performance with and without pressure maintenance over a twenty (20) year period. The original oil in place (OOIP) estimated by the model was 7% larger than the OOIP estimated by ExxonMobil for Liza field. The model produced 35% of the OOIP compared to 50% of OOIP as forecasted by the operators. (See Table 1). The factors that strongly influenced this outcome were, the well positioning and the water injection rates. A significant percentage of the oil remained unproduced in the lower layers of the model after the 20-year period. Time did not permit further modelling to improve the performance of the model.

Table 1 Comparison of The Created Model and ExxonMobil's Proposal for Liza. Property ExxonMobil's statement on Liza field Modelled field Result Original Oil in Place (MMbbl) 896 967 Oil Recovery Factor (%) 50 35

Gas production from the model would be used as gas injection from three injector wells and as fuel for the proposed 200 MW power plant for Guyana. Even so, significant volumes of natural gas remained unallocated and subsequently a valuable resource may have to be flared.