bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Some Novel Phosphonyl‐ and Phosphoryl Pyrazole Compounds
Authors: Ali Tarik E.
Published: August 2013

1,3‐Diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehyde (1) reacted with aniline, 2‐substituted anilines, and P,P‐dimethylphosphinic hydrazide in the presence of diethyl phosphite to give acyclic α‐aminophosphonate 2, cyclic α‐aminophosphonates 4–6, and α‐hydrazinophosphonate 7, respectively. Also, treatment of aldehyde 1 with cyanoaceto‐hydrazide, acetophenone, and malononitrile afforded the condensation products 8, 16, and 21, respectively, which in turn, reacted with diethyl phosphite and P,P‐dimethylphosphinic hydrazide. The reaction of diethyl phosphite with the hydrazone 8 and chalcone 16 yielded the novel phosphorus heterocycles 13 and 18, respectively, while its reaction with the dicyanoarylidene 21 produced the dicyanopyrazolyl phosphonate 22. On the other hand, treatment of the hydrazone 8 with P,P‐dimethylphosphinic hydrazide gave the unexpected P,P‐dimethylphosphinic hydrazone 15, which reacted with diethyl phosphite forming α‐hydrazinophosphonate 7. Furthermore, the interesting N‐phosphoryl pyrazoles 20 and 24 were resulted in good yield via cycloaddition of P,P‐dimethylphosphinic hydrazide to the chalcone 16 and dicyanoarylidene 21, respectively. Structures of all newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by considering the data of IR spectroscopy, MS, and 1H‐, 13C‐, and 31P‐NMR spectroscopy, as well as that of elemental analyses.
Projected risks to groundwater‐dependent terrestrial vegetation caused by changing climate and groundwater abstraction in the Central Perth Basin, Western Australia
Authors: Barron Olga , Froend Ray , Hodgson Geoff , Ali Riasat , Dawes Warrick , Davies Phil , McFarlane Don
Published: August 2013

The effect of potential climate change on groundwater‐dependent vegetation largely depends on the nature of the climate change (drying or wetting) and the level of current ecosystem dependence on groundwater resources. In south‐western Australia, climate projections suggest a high likelihood of a warmer and drier climate. The paper examines the potential environmental impacts by 2030 at the regional scale on groundwater‐dependent terrestrial vegetation (GDTV) adapted to various watertable depths, on the basis of the combined consideration of groundwater modelling results and the framework for GDTV risk assessment. The methodology was tested for the historical period from 1984 to 2007, allowing validation of the groundwater model results' applicability to such an assessment. Climate change effects on GDTV were evaluated using nine global climate models under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios by applying the climate projections to groundwater models. It was estimated that under dry climate scenarios, GDTV is likely to be under high and severe risk over more than 20% of its current habitat area. The risk is also likely to be higher under an increase in groundwater abstraction above current volumes. The significance of climate change risk varied across the region, depending on both the intensity of the change in water regime and the sensitivity of the GDTV to such change. Greater effects were projected for terrestrial vegetation dependent on deeper groundwater (6–10 m). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field investigation and modelling of coupled stream discharge and shallow water‐table dynamics in a small Mediterranean catchment (Sardinia)
Authors: Niedda Marcello , Pirastru Mario
Published: August 2013

In the semi‐arid Mediterranean environment, the rainfall–runoff relationships are complex because of the markedly irregular patterns in rainfall, the seasonal mismatch between evaporation and rainfall, and the spatial heterogeneity in landscape properties. Watersheds often display considerable non‐linear threshold behavior, which still make runoff generation an open research question. Our objectives in this context were: to identify the primary processes of runoff generation in a small natural catchment; to test whether a physically based model, which takes into consideration only the primary processes, is able to predict spatially distributed water‐table and stream discharge dynamics; and to use the hydrological model to increase our understanding of runoff generation mechanisms. The observed seasonal dynamics of soil moisture, water‐table depth, and stream discharge indicated that Hortonian overland‐flow was negligible and the main mechanism of runoff generation was saturated subsurface‐flow. This gives rise to base‐flow, controls the formation of the saturated areas, and contributes to storm‐flow together with saturation overland‐flow. The distributed model, with a 1D scheme for the kinematic surface‐flow, a 2D sub‐horizontal scheme for the saturated subsurface‐flow, and ignoring the unsaturated flow, performed efficiently in years when runoff volume was high and medium, although there was a smoothing effect on the observed water‐table. In dry years, small errors greatly reduced the efficiency of the model. The hydrological model has allowed to relate the runoff generation mechanisms with the land‐use. The forested hillslopes, where the calibrated soil conductivity was high, were never saturated, except at the foot of the slopes, where exfiltration of saturated subsurface‐flow contributed to storm‐flow. Saturation overland‐flow was only found near the streams, except when there were storm‐flow peaks, when it also occurred on hillslopes used for pasture, where soil conductivity was low. The bedrock–soil percolation, simulated by a threshold mechanism, further increased the non‐linearity of the rainfall–runoff processes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF IRRIGATION OF BIOSALINE CROPS WITH SALINE WATER VIEWED FROM A LAND AND WATER USE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Croon Frank W.
Published: August 2013

The potential for using saline water for the irrigation of salt‐tolerant or biosaline crops, as a way to reduce the dependence of agriculture on limited freshwater resources, is analysed in this paper. In theory, saline water irrigation is possible provided high leaching ratios are applied; in practice this is only possible and sustainable where soils have a high infiltration capacity and drainability, provided the infrastructure (i) can handle the high volumes of leaching water; (ii) is salt resistant, (iii) is virtually seepage free (to prevent salinization of surrounding areas) and (iv) the highly saline drainage water can be safely disposed of. Specialized management is required to monitor salinity and prevent and correct errors and damage; this results in costly infrastructure and operation and maintenance.

Most biosaline crops are low‐value crops. Therefore saline water irrigation for dry foot crops will often not be commercially feasible. In the case of wet foot crops the conditions for soils, infrastructure and management are less strict and less costly. Irrigation with saline water of wet foot crops could therefore be feasible in certain areas. The most promising biosaline inundated crops are biomass and fibre crops as a raw material for pulp, energy or particle boards. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on “Empirical relationship between electron precipitation and far‐ultraviolet auroral emissions from DMSP observations” by Sotirelis et al.
Authors: Knight H. , Strickland D.
Published: August 2013

Sotirelis et al. (2013), which reported on comparisons of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16 Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield short and long (LBHS and LBHL) far ultraviolet (FUV) radiances with Special Sensor J/5 (SSJ/5) in situ particle fluxes, overlooked comparable comparisons of observations made by the same two instruments reported in Knight et al. (2008, 2012). The results are compared, and it is found that the statistical ratio of SSUSI LBHL to SSJ/5 electron energy flux reported by Soterelis et al. is a factor of ~2 greater than would be expected based on Knight et al. (2008, 2012). This difference is mainly caused by a SSUSI calibration change.
The shape of Enceladus as explained by an irregular core: Implications for gravity, libration, and survival of its subsurface ocean
Authors: McKinnon William B.
Published: August 2013

Enceladus' global shape is not consistent with a simultaneously hydrostatic and fully differentiated body, but its geophysical hyperactivity strongly implies that it is differentiated. Enceladus' surface conforms to a triaxial shape, consistent with relaxation to a global geoid, but its rocky core need not be hydrostatic. A modestly irregular core, either in terms of topography or density, and dynamically aligned, would act to enhance the global geoid. Explaining the full global shape of Enceladus requires ~10 km of excess core polar flattening and ~4 km of excess core equatorial distortion, for a uniform density core. The stresses associated with this excess topography can be sustained indefinitely, but because the rocky core is not hydrostatic, Enceladus' degree‐2 gravity coefficients J2 and C22 will not conform to the hydrostatic ratio of 10/3 (testable by Cassini gravity). Notably, core polar axes could be depressed by up to 4–6 km with respect to internal isobars. Such a topographic variation could help preserve polar ocean remnants. For example, if Enceladus' ocean undergoes secular freezing, it will first ground near the tidal axes. Polar seas would be the last to freeze, and survival of a south polar sea may be one reason why Enceladus' activity today is concentrated at high southern latitudes. Isostatic variations in the thickness or density of a floating ice shell may also contribute to Enceladus' nonhydrostatic shape, but a strength‐supported, nonisostatic icy lithosphere is argued here to be unlikely, given Enceladus' record of regional high heat flows, faulting, and viscous relaxation.
On Rooted Packings, Decompositions, and Factors of Graphs
Authors: Lonc Zbigniew , Petryshyn Nataliya
Published: August 2013

In this article, we study so‐called rooted packings of rooted graphs. This concept is a mutual generalization of the concepts of a vertex packing and an edge packing of a graph. A rooted graph is a pair , where G is a graph and . Two rooted graphs and are isomorphic if there is an isomorphism of the graphs G and H such that S is the image of T in this isomorphism. A rooted graph is a rooted subgraph of a rooted graph if H is a subgraph of G and . By a rooted ‐packing into a rooted graph we mean a collection of rooted subgraphs of isomorphic to such that the sets of edges are pairwise disjoint and the sets are pairwise disjoint. In this article, we concentrate on studying maximum ‐packings when H is a star. We give a complete classification with respect to the computational complexity status of the problems of finding a maximum ‐packing of a rooted graph when H is a star. The most interesting polynomial case is the case when H is the 2‐edge star and S contains the center of the star only. We prove a min–max theorem for ‐packings in this case.
Exact stability conditions in upwinding‐scheme FDTD for the Boltzman transport equation
Authors: Chamanara Nima , Caloz Christophe
Published: August 2013

An in‐depth stability analysis of the FDTD method under the upwinding scheme for the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) under the relaxation time approximation is provided. Both time forward and time backward difference equations are considered. In the time forward differencing case, a sufficient stability condition is derived for the BTE with variable coefficients, and a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the BTE with constant coefficients. In the time backward differencing case, it is shown that the differencing equations are unconditionally stable. It is shown numerically that the previously reported stability conditions in the literature are not accurate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and thermal residual stress analysis of SiC fiber through Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Xiao Zhiyuan , Yang Yanqing , Jin Na , Liu Shuai , Luo Xian , Huang Bin
Published: August 2013

SiC fiber‐reinforced metal matrix composite is an interesting material for aerospace industry because of its excellent properties. However, these properties are greatly influenced by fiber microstructure and thermal residual stresses introduced by the preparation of the composites. Due to complicated preparation technology, microstructure and thermal stress along SiC fiber radius varies, which makes characterization difficult. Raman spectroscopy is a non‐destructive technique which provides information, at micrometer scale, on the phase composition and the crystalline state (structure and texture) of materials. Line scanning was used to assess microstructure along SiC fiber radius embedded in Ti64. The SiC coating is subdivided into three concentric parts across the fiber diameter, according to the differences in intensity and width of SiC transverse optical phonon (TO) band. Part 2 is considered to be a buffer zone connecting Part 1 and Part 3 with different deposition conditions, respectively. Amorphous Si is detected throughout fiber radius, while crystalline Si is only detected in the outer part. Thermal residual stress along fiber radius in the composite was calculated by using SiC TO band shifts with a bare fiber as reference. A cylindrical model was also used to compare with the stress data obtained from Raman shift. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immune recognition construct plasmonic dimer for SERS‐based bioassay
Authors: Chen Lei , Yu Zhi , Li Haibo , Wang Xu , Zhao Chun , Xu Weiqing , Zhao Bing , Jung Young Mee
Published: August 2013

We have first time demonstrated the construction of a plasmonic gold dimer model for bioassays based on immune recognition with surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). To induce a strong plasmonic coupling effect, a dimer of gold nanoparticles (NPs) with a Raman label located between adjacent NPs is assembled through specific recognition in biological systems. One promising application for this model is the provision of a new type of in situ self‐calibrated and reliable SERS platform where biotinylated molecules can selectively be trapped by streptavidin and placed in the gap enhanced plasmonic field, which may enable the development of powerful, biospecific recognition‐based SERS assays. The capabilities of the dimeric constructions for analytical applications were demonstrated through the use of the SERS technique to detect biotin at very low concentrations. Additionally, the spatial SERS radiation for the gold dimer assembled on the silicon slide was simulated using the finite‐difference time‐domain method; this simulation demonstrated the distribution of the electric field as well as the utility of the proposed system, thereby introducing potential uses of bio‐specific recognition as well as opportunities for the construction of plasmonically coupled nanostructures and bioassay applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double‐viewing‐zone integral imaging 3D display without crosstalk based on a tilted barrier array
Authors: Tang Song , Wang Ya‐Zhou , Deng Huan , Ji Chao‐Chao , Wang Qiong‐Hua
Published: August 2013

We propose an integral imaging (II) three‐dimensional (3D) display using a tilted barrier array and a stagger microlens array. The tilted barrier array consists of two orthogonally polarized sheets. In the stagger microlens array, the center of the microlens has p/2 shift with the elemental image along the horizontal direction, where p is the pitch of the microlens. The proposed II 3D display produces two different viewing zones and each of them is almost equal to that of the conventional II 3D display, and it has no crosstalk. We verify the feasibility of the proposed II 3D display in the simulation results.
Assessment of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the simultaneous extraction, preconcentration, and derivatization of Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ for further determination by GC–MS
Authors: Soares Bruno M. , Pereira Ederson R. , Maciel Juliana V. , Vieira Augusto A. , Duarte Fabio A.
Published: August 2013

This work reports the development of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the simultaneous extraction, preconcentration, and derivatization of Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ species from water samples for further determination by GC–MS. Some parameters of the proposed method, such as volume and type of disperser and extraction solvent, and Na[B(C6H5)4] concentration were investigated using response surface methodology. Suitable recoveries were obtained using 80 μL C2Cl4 (as extraction solvent), 1000 μL ethanol (as disperser solvent), and 300 μL 2.1 mmol/L Na[B(C6H5)4] (as derivatizing agent). Accuracy was evaluated in terms of recovery and ranged from 87 to 99% with RSD values <7%. In addition, a certified reference material of water (NIST 1641d) was analyzed and agreed with the certified value about 107% (for Hg2+), with RSD values <8.5%. LODs were 0.3 and 0.2 μg/L, with enrichment factors of 112 and 115 for Hg2+ and CH3Hg+, respectively. The optimized method was applied for the determination of Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ in tap, well, and lake water samples.
The method of variation of the domain for poly‐Bergman spaces
Authors: Pessoa Luís V.
Published: August 2013

If , is an increasing sequence (well ordered by inclusion) of domains then the sequence of poly‐Bergman projections on the domains strongly converges to the poly‐Bergman projection on the limit domain. As a corollary some properties of the poly‐Bergman spaces on the half‐planes are deduced from the corresponding ones in the unit disk. We obtain explicit representation of the poly‐Bergman projections in terms of the two‐dimensional singular integral operators , likewise explicit formulas for the poly‐Bergman kernels. We prove that the poly‐Bergman projections on the sectors with a non‐smooth boundary do not admit the usual representations by the two‐dimensional singular integral operators. The variation of the domain and the latter peculiarity of the poly‐Bergman projections allow us to furnish a larger class of domains not admitting Dzhuraev's formulas.
Exact and analytical solutions for a nonlinear sigma model
Authors: Baxter Mathew , Van Gorder Robert A.
Published: August 2013

We consider wave solutions to nonlinear sigma models in n dimensions. First, we reduce the system of governing PDEs into a system of ODEs through a traveling wave assumption. Under a new transform, we then reduce this system into a single nonlinear ODE. Making use of the method of homotopy analysis, we are able to construct approximate analytical solutions to this nonlinear ODE. We apply two distinct auxiliary linear operators and show that one of these permits solutions with lower residual error than the other. This demonstrates the effectiveness of properly selecting the auxiliary linear operator when performing homotopy analysis of a nonlinear problem. From here, we then obtain residual error‐minimizing values of the convergence control parameter. We find that properly selecting the convergence control parameter makes a drastic difference in the magnitude of the residual error. Together, appropriate selection of the auxiliary linear operator and of the convergence control parameter is shown to allow approximate solutions that quickly converge to the true solution, which means that few terms are needed in the construction of such solution. This, in turn, greatly improves computational efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites using stearic acid as both an interface and a clay surface modifier
Authors: Gonzalez Lucas , Lafleur Pierre , Lozano Tomas , Morales Ana B. , Garcia Ricardo , Angeles Marisela , Rodriguez Francisco , Sanchez Saul
Published: August 2013

The effects of stearic acid treatment on the crystallization, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/montmorillonite (Mm) nanocomposites were investigated. Stearic acid was used as a new surface modifier for Mm, and also small amounts of this acid were used as a new interface modifier. Nanocomposites containing 1.5, 2.5, 5, and 10% in weight of the unmodified and modified Mm were prepared by melt blending. The tensile and impact properties of nanocomposites were evaluated. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction was used to study both the generated PP β crystals and the dispersion state of the nanocomposites. Differential scanning calorimeter was used to detect the melting and crystallization behavior of the samples. The toughness of some nanocomposites was higher than the pure PP. β phase of PP was observed with the addition of Mm. Stearic acid favored the dispersion of the nanocomposites when used as interface modifier. Nanocomposites with better dispersion exhibited crystallization temperatures similar to pure PP. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1–9, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of Ag/ZnO hybrid filler, preparation, and characterization of antibacterial poly(vinyl chloride) composites made from the same
Authors: Bazant Pavel , Kuritka Ivo , Hudecek Ondrej , Machovsky Michal , Mrlik Miroslav , Sedlacek Tomas
Published: August 2013

Hybrid silver/zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) nanostructured microparticles were obtained via the fast and simple microwave‐assisted synthesis. The phase structure of filler particles was revealed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Composites with medical‐grade poly(vinyl chloride) were prepared with filler concentration from 1 to 5 wt%. The scanning electron microscopy was used for morphology characterization and elemental analysis of both filler and composites. The mechanical properties of composites and the electrical resistivity were found suitable for medical device application. The excellent surface antibacterial performance of the prepared composite tested according to ISO 22196:2007 against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed the reliability of the material in the medical application field. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:19–26, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
In situ preparation and property investigation of polypropylene/fumed silica nanocomposites
Authors: Azinfar Bahareh , Ahmad Ramazani S.A. , Jafariesfad Narjes
Published: August 2013

We present the preparation of polypropylene (PP)/fumed silica (FS) nanocomposites via in situ polymerization in this article. The approach includes preparation and utilization of a bisupported Ziegler–Natta catalytic system in which magnesium ethoxide and FS are used as conjugate supports of the catalyst. Catalyst preparation and polymerization processes are carried out in the slurry phase and under argon atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy images show a good dispersion of the FS throughout the PP matrix. Results from differential scanning calorimetry reveal that the crystallization temperature of prepared nanocomposites increases by increasing FS loading. Also, crystal content of nanocomposites increases as the FS concentration increases up to 3.48 wt%. Nanocomposites containing <3.14 wt% of nanoparticles do not show considerable change in their melting point where with more increment in filler concentration, melting temperature slightly increases. Thermogravimetric analysis shows a considerable improvement in the thermal stability of PP/FS nanocomposites compared to pure PP. Rheological studies indicate that the incorporation of FS into PP matrix results in increment in storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity of polymeric matrix, particularly in low frequency region. By increasing FS loading, the PP/FS nanocomposites show a transition from liquid‐like to solid‐like viscoelasticity behavior depicting microstructural changes in their structures. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:37–44, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
A polycaprolactone‐based compatibilization treatment to improve dispersion and interphase structure of silica polyurethane composites
Authors: Chiacchiarelli Leonel Matias , Monsalve Leandro , Vázquez Analía , Kenny José M. , Torre Luigi
Published: August 2013

Silica nanoparticles (SNs) were grafted with ε‐caprolactone using an environmentally friendly approach. By using tartaric acid as a catalyst and the silanol groups as initiators, grafted nanoparticles (GNs) with organic weight fractions (wof) within the range 0–46 wt% were synthesized. Thermogravimetric (TGA) and infrared analysis were used to measure the wof and to corroborate the covalent bond between the SN and the caprolactone monomer. Transmission electron micrographs of the polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites based on the SN and the GN revealed that the interfacial area of the GN‐based PU increased by the reduction of agglomerate dimensions from 10 µm to around 0.1 µm. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the GN nanocomposites improved the storage shear modulus from 616±11 to 849±8 MPa for a GN with wof = 16.7% and 3 wt% filler concentration. In addition, the GN particles prevented a relevant decrease of the transition temperature (Tg). Differential scanning calorimetry corroborated that GN increased the enthalpic energy associated to the physical crosslinking of the hard segments (HS). Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction proved that the GN formed a HS structure with improved crystallinity. The thermal stability of the GN‐based PU a nanocomposite was improved by an increase of the thermal stability of the castor oil soft segments. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1817–1826, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
The effect of cooling press on the encapsulation properties of crystalline photovoltaic modules: residual stress and adhesion
Authors: Li Heng‐Yu , Perret‐Aebi Laure‐Emmanuelle , Chapuis Valentin , Ballif Christophe , Luo Yun
Published: August 2013

A high‐quality encapsulation process is crucial to ensuring the performance and long‐term reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules. In crystalline Si technology‐based modules, poly (ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) is the most widely used PV encapsulant. Its encapsulation process is usually performed in a flat‐bed vacuum bag laminator. In certain types of laminators, cooling press can be applied to the module cooling process after the module encapsulation, leading to a much higher cooling rate (~100 °C/min) than conventional natural cooling due to the application of water cooling circulation and mechanical pressure on the modules. In this work, the effect of the cooling press on the encapsulation properties of PV modules with EVA as the encapsulant are assessed on the aspects of residual stress in the modules, peeling strength between glass and EVA, and the resulting EVA gel content after encapsulation. The results show that the cooling press influences the encapsulation properties of PV modules. In particular by applying the cooling press after encapsulation, the residual normal stress in the Si solar cell in the encapsulated module after cooling can be reduced by as much as 22 ± 2 to 27 ± 3% depending on the EVA gel content, whereas the peeling strength between front glass and EVA is increased by ~ 10%. This work should help the further optimization of PV module encapsulation processes aimed at improving module encapsulation quality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospun Microfibrous Membranes with Atmospheric‐Pressure Plasma Surface Modification for the Application in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Chun , Lin Pin‐Jen , Tsai Ching‐Yuan , Juang Ruey‐Shin
Published: August 2013

Electrospun poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) microfibrous membrane was modified by cyclonic atmospheric‐pressure plasma in this work. The gas‐phase temperature of plasma state was <90°C, indicating that this plasma could treat electrospun PVDF‐HFP membrane without heat damages. Surface properties of the plasma‐modified electrospun PVDF‐HFP membranes were examined by the static contact angle (CA) analysis. It was observed that such cyclonic atmospheric‐pressure plasma was useful in electrospun PVDF‐HFP membrane surface modification; for example, the water CA was reduced from 137 to <30° with only 1 min treatment time. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the changes in surface features of the electrospun PVDF‐HFP membrane after plasma treatment. A dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with the plasma‐modified electrospun PVDF‐HFP membrane electrolyte revealed good conversion efficiency. This work proved that surface modification of the electrospun PVDF‐HFP microfibrous membrane by cyclonic atmospheric‐pressure plasma was an innovative method for DSSC applications.
Controller design for nonlinear systems using the Contoured Robust Controller Bode plot
Authors: Taylor J. D. , Messner William
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we develop the Contoured Robust Controller Bode (CRCBode) plot and demonstrate its use in the design of robust controllers for nonlinear single‐input single‐output (SISO) systems. The CRCBode plot shows contours (level sets) of a robust performance quantity on the Bode magnitude and phase plots of the controller. An iterative frequency domain loop‐shaping design approach is employed to eliminate all intersections of the controller frequency response with certain ‘forbidden regions,’ indicating that a standard SISO robust stability and performance criterion is satisfied. Nonlinearities are accounted for by avoiding the maximum forbidden regions over a structured uncertainty set consisting of linearizations of the system dynamics about several operating points. We demonstrate this technique by designing and experimentally verifying a flow‐rate controller for a butterfly‐valve based liquid cooling system, which is robust to valve nonlinearities and flow disturbances. Finally, we compare this compensator with one generated using an automated H ∞  synthesis algorithm and discuss the advantages of the CRCBode approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Writing‐to‐Learn Activities on Elementary Students’ Conceptual Understanding: Learning About Force and Motion Through Writing to Older Peers
Authors: CHEN YING‐CHIH , HAND BRIAN , McDOWELL LEAH
Published: August 2013

This quasi‐experimental and pre/posttest study was designed to examine whether fourth‐grade students who engaged in collaboratively writing letters to 11th‐grade students performed better on tests of conceptual understanding of a unit on force and motion than students who did not. The participants included 835 fourth‐grade students and 416 11th‐grade students from four elementary schools and one high school in the United States. Students in treatment groups were asked to write three letters for exchange at the beginning/during/completion of an 8‐week teaching unit about force and motion. The structure of writing was based on three components of arguments: question, claim, and evidence. A comparison of the pre‐ and posttest results indicated that students who engaged in collaborative letter‐writing tasks performed better than students who did not. The pre‐ and posttest results also showed that female, special, low socioeconomic status, and gifted students benefited the most from the collaborative letter‐writing tasks. Through the letter‐writing exchange activities, the fourth‐grade students were supported and encouraged to learn difficult concepts by the 11th‐grade students. The more the 11th graders asked the fourth graders for explanation and clarification of the concepts in the letters, the more the fourth‐grade students learned. Two factors related to argumentative writing were identified as predictors of success on students’ achievement tests: overall cohesiveness, with an emphasis on embedding multiple modal representations in the text and the strength of the relationship between claims and evidence. This study suggests that there is a pedagogical need to build support structures to help students understand the role of audience, the function of multiple modal representations, and the quality of evidence for supporting knowledge claims in argumentative writing, as this could lead to a better understanding of scientific concepts. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:745–771, 2013
Transforming Misconceptions: Using Transformative Experience to Promote Positive Affect and Conceptual Change in Students Learning About Biological Evolution
Authors: HEDDY BENJAMIN C. , SINATRA GALE M.
Published: August 2013

Teaching and learning about complex scientific content, such as biological evolution, is challenging in part because students have a difficult time seeing the relevance of evolution in their everyday lives. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the Teaching for Transformative Experiences in Science (TTES) model (Pugh, 2002) for facilitating conceptual change and positive affect in college students learning about evolution. Fifty‐five undergraduates experienced instruction on six key evolution concepts (adaptation, variation, inheritance, speciation, domestication, and extinction). Instruction enhanced with the TTES model was compared to a conceptual change intervention, using refutation text and discussion. Outcomes were assessed using the Evolutionary Reasoning Scale (Shtulman, 2006), the Transformative Experience Survey (Pugh, Linnenbrink‐Garcia, Koskey, Stewart, & Manzey, 2010a), and the Evolution Emotions Survey. The results showed that the group that experienced the TTES model showed higher levels of transformative experience and greater conceptual change than the comparison group. In addition, the treatment group showed an increase in enjoyment of the evolution content over the course of instruction. Implications for transformative experience as a conceptual change pedagogical technique are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:723–744, 2013
Certificateless identification protocols from super singular elliptic curve
Authors: Dehkordi Massoud Hadian , Alimoradi Reza
Published: August 2013

To transmit information through very limited secure channels, we can use public key cryptosystems. A new kind of public key system, called identity‐based public key system, sets the users' public identity, for example, their email addresses, as their public key. This characteristic of identity‐based public key systems decreases expense and increases speed in executing many important protocols in data security such as cryptography, identification, key agreement, and digital signatures. But, the major shortcoming of these systems is Key Escrow (legal key retrieval) and also the key generation center's ability to impersonate users. In this paper, two certificateless identity‐based identification schemes devoid of the aforementioned shortcomings are represented. These are Challenge‐response Identification protocols. Also, the second scheme introduced in this paper has the batch verification quality. The security analysis of the introduced schemes will come at the end. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secret sharing scheme with dynamic size of shares for distributed storage system
Authors: Wang Bo , Chen Jianyong , Jia Songsong , Lv Chunli , Wang Xiaomin , Zheng Hongying
Published: August 2013

With fast development of cloud computing, more and more sensitive data are stored in distributed storage systems. It is mainly suffered from the following two threats: (i) data at rest are stolen; and (ii) data in transmission are intercepted. The threats may lead to serious problems. For example, personal private data eavesdropping may lead to legal problems and credit crisis, while company information leaking may cause huge economic loss. To tackle such security threat in cloud distributed storage system, we propose a novel scheme to produce dynamic size of shares with multiple iterations of secret sharing scheme. A file is partitioned into multiple file shares, and one of them is taken as a new file to be further partitioned into smaller size with low additional computational cost and data expansion. The small‐size file share is stored at user terminal as a necessary component to recover original file. It can be used in scenarios that user terminal, such as smart phone, is one of nodes in distributed storage systems. In this case, attackers cannot recover information through eavesdropping shares transmitted in network. Storage service providers cannot also obtain useful information through file shares stored online without the participant of the small‐size file share at user terminal. Therefore, sensitive data can be protected confidentially. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on “fishing for sharks: Partner selection in biopharmaceutical R&D alliances” by diestre and rajagopalan
Authors: Mason Richard , Drakeman Donald L.
Published: August 2013

A recent study of R&D alliances between new biotechnology firms (NBFs) and pharmaceutical firms investigated how NBFs deal with the “swimming with sharks” dilemma involved in allying with firms capable of appropriating value. It concludes that NBFs are less likely to select alliance partners with related expertise because of greater appropriation risk. Based on our experience as NBF managers and a survey of NBF executives, we believe that such situations are uncommon, and that the study more likely shows pharmaceutical firms seeking diversification. Thousands of NBFs seek alliances with the top 100 pharmaceutical firms, and the larger company is much more likely to be the one to select among multiple potential partners. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Teachers' Choices Cognate Database for K–3 Teachers of Latino English Learners
Authors: Montelongo José A. , Hernández Anita C.
Published: August 2013

The purpose of the present paper is to introduce the Teachers’ Choices Cognate Database. English‐Spanish cognates are words that are orthographically and semantically identical or nearly identical in both English and Spanish. To create this free online database, the cognates from every one of the 146 International Reading Association's Teachers’ Choices books for the years, 1998‐2012, were compiled and published at www.angelfire.com/ill/monte/teacherschoices.html.

The cognates in the database may be used to create vocabulary lessons or mini‐lessons to accompany book read‐alouds for Latino English Language Learners (ELLs) in the early primary grades. Ideas for teaching English‐Spanish cognates through picture book read‐alouds are presented and discussed.
Peri‐Interactions in 8‐Diphenylphosphino‐1‐bromonaphthalene, 6‐Diphenylphosphino‐5‐bromoacenaphthene, and Derivatives
Authors: Beckmann Jens , Do Truong Giang , Grabowsky Simon , Hupf Emanuel , Lork Enno , Mebs Stefan
Published: August 2013

The syntheses and full characterizations of the peri‐substituted naphthalenes (Nap) and acenaphthenes (Ace) 1‐Br‐8‐(Ph2P)‐Nap (1a) and 5‐Br‐6‐(Ph2P)‐Ace (1b), as well as their derivatives 1‐Br‐8‐[Ph2P(E)]‐Nap [E = CH3+ (counterion I–) (2a); E = O (3a); E = S (4a); E = Se (5a)] and 5‐Br‐6‐[Ph2P(E)]‐Ace [E = CH3+ (counterion I–) (2b); E = O (3b); E = S (4b); E = Se (5b)] are reported. In order to quantify the energetic and electronic effects of the peri‐interactions, an additional set of molecules, 1c–5c, with the bromine atom and the Ph2P(E) fragment on opposite sides of the naphthalene group was generated, which serves as reference because 1c–5c exhibit negligible peri‐interactions. The molecular arrangements of all 15 compounds were optimized at the B3PW91/6‐311+G(2df, p) level of theory. The analysis of the peri‐interactions was not only based on the inspection of the molecular arrangement and energies alone, but extended to a set of real‐space bonding indicators (RSBI). These indicators were derived from theoretically calculated electron densities and pair densities, respectively. Particularly, the stockholder, Atoms‐In‐Molecules (AIM) and Electron‐Localizability‐Indicator (ELI‐D) space partitioning schemes were used to produce Hirshfeld surfaces (HS), bond topological properties and basins of localized bonding and nonbonding electron pairs. Since 1c–5c are 35–58 kJ·mol–1 lower in energy than their counterparts 1a–5a, the hypothesis of a mainly repulsive peri‐interaction in 1a/b–5a/b was confirmed. The shapes and contact patterns of the HSs of atoms and fragments involved in the peri‐interactions (Br, P, E = CH3+, O, S, Se) reveal that only in 1a and 1b are peri‐interactions exhibited between the bromine and the phosphorus atoms. In all other cases (2a/b–5a/b), the interaction mainly occurs between the bromine atom and the E atom/fragment. According to the bond topological properties and the electron populations within the (non)bonding ELI‐D basins, which both are almost unaffected by the Br‐P/E peri‐interaction, sterical interactions are characterized essentially by geometrical and energetical changes.
Hexacarbonyl (Trimethylsilyl Ethyne) Dicobalt as MOCVD Precursor for Thin Cobalt Layer Formation
Authors: Georgi Colin , Hildebrandt Alexander , Tuchscherer André , Oswald Steffen , Lang Heinrich
Published: August 2013

The low melting Co0 source [Co2(CO)6(η2‐Me3SiC≡CH)] (3) was prepared as a precursor system for the metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of cobalt. The synthesis of 3 was realized by the reaction of trimethylsilyl acetylene (2) with dicobalt octacarbonyl (1) in n‐hexane at ambient temperature. Vapor pressure measurements and TG‐MS analysis were performed revealing the suitability of 3 in the CVD process. Cobalt layers formed in a vertical cold wall CVD reactor were characterized by SEM, EDX, and XPS. The appropriate metallic films consist of a mixture of cobalt and cobalt oxide.
Two Extended 5‐Methyltetrazolate‐Based Magnetic Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Liu Jing , Dong Hui‐Ming , Yang En‐Cui , Zhao Xiao‐Jun
Published: August 2013

Two 5‐methyl‐tetrazolate (mtz–)‐based paramagnetic metal coordination polymers, {[Cu2(H2O)2(mtz)(μ3‐OH)(nip)]·H2O}n (1) and [Cu(H2O)(mtz)2]n (2), were obtained in the presence and absence of aromatic 5‐nitroisophathalate (nip2–) coligand by varying the preparation methods. Structural determinations reveal that 1 is a three‐dimensional (3D) framework with corner‐sharing triangular ribbons infinitely extended by ditopic nip2– connectors. In contrast, 2 is a coplanar (4,4) layer constructed from square‐pyramidal CuII ions and μ‐N1,N4‐mtz– linkers, which is further assembled into a 3D supramolecular network by interlayer hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Magnetically, spin‐frustrated antiferromagnetic ordering is observed in the 3D framework of 1 and canted antiferromagnetic behavior with a slight spin‐flop transition is presented in 2, which are structurally resulting from the locally Δ‐ribbon in 1 and asymmetric magnetic superexchange mediated by the μ‐N1,N4‐mtz– bridge of 2.
Disorder and Transport Properties of In3SbTe2 – an X‐ray, Neutron and Electron Diffraction Study
Authors: Schröder Thorsten , Rosenthal Tobias , Grott Sebastian , Stiewe Christian , de Boor Johannes , Oeckler Oliver
Published: August 2013

Quenched metastable In3SbTe2 was investigated by X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The average structure corresponds to the rocksalt type, the anion position being occupied by antimony and tellurium. Neutron data indicate no antisite disorder of indium and antimony. The compound is a high‐temperature phase that can be quenched to yield a metastable compound at ambient temperature which, upon heating, decomposes at ca. 320 °C into InSb and InTe. Diffuse scattering in reconstructed X‐ray and selected area electron diffraction patterns indicates local distortions of the crystal structure due to static atom displacement along <100> from the average positions, caused by the different size of the anions, but no superstructure. The electrical conductivity of In3SbTe2 is 3.2 × 104 S·cm–1 at 25 °C, the temperature characteristics correspond to metallic behavior. Consequently, the thermal conductivity is also rather high. The decomposition into InSb and InTe reduces the electrical conductivity by a factor of 3 in heterogeneous microstructures.
Leptonic dynamical Yukawa couplings
Authors: Alonso R. , Gavela M. B. , Hernández D. , Merlo L. , Rigolin S.
Published: August 2013

Abstract

A dynamical origin of the Yukawa couplings is a promising scenario to explain the flavour puzzle. The focus of this letter is set on the role of the neutrino Majorana character: when an O(2)N flavour symmetry acts on the right-handed neutrino sector, the minimum of the scalar potential allows for large mixing angles -in contrast to the simplest quark case- and predicts a maximal Majorana phase. This leads to a strong correlation between neutrino mass hierarchy and mixing pattern. Realistic solutions point to the existence of three heavy right-handed neutrinos.
Cognitive dysfunction and depression in Fabry disease: a systematic review
Authors: Bolsover Fay E. , Murphy Elaine , Cipolotti Lisa , Werring David J. , Lachmann Robin H.
Published: August 2013

Background

Fabry disease, an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder, leads to multi‐organ dysfunction, including cerebrovascular disease and psychological disorders. However, the prevalence and pattern of associated cognitive dysfunction is not well understood.

Objectives

To investigate whether there is reliable evidence for neuropsychological impairment in patients with Fabry disease and which cognitive domains are affected. To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with depression in patients with Fabry disease.

Method

Qualitative systematic review of the literature of studies conducting neuropsychological assessment or measuring the prevalence of depression in adults with Fabry disease using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines where appropriate.

Results

There is some evidence for neuropsychological impairment in Fabry disease in executive functioning, information processing speed and attention, with preservation of: general intellectual functioning, memory, naming, perceptual functioning and global cognitive functioning. Prevalence rates of depression in Fabry disease ranged from 15 % to 62 %, with the largest study to date reporting a prevalence rate of 46 %. The most common factor associated with depression was neuropathic pain, both directly and indirectly by affecting social and adaptive functioning.

Conclusion

Our review suggests that Fabry disease may be associated with a characteristic pattern of cognitive deficits and a high prevalence of psychological disorders such as depression but highlights the limited available data. Exploring the nature of cognitive impairment in Fabry disease using standardised neuropsychological assessment, brain imaging and measures of depression is an important task for future research.
A Qualitative Inquiry of the Financial Concerns of Couples Opting to Use Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Prevent the Transmission of Known Genetic Disorders
Authors: Drazba Kathryn T. , Kelley Michele A. , Hershberger Patricia E.
Published: August 2013

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an innovative prenatal testing option because the determination of whether a genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality is evident occurs prior to pregnancy. However, PGD is not covered financially under the majority of private and public health insurance institutions in the United States, leaving couples to decide whether PGD is financially feasible. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the role of finances in the decision‐making process among couples who were actively considering PGD. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were completed with 18 genetic high‐risk couples (36 individual partners). Grounded theory guided the analysis, whereby three themes emerged: 1) Cost is salient, 2) Emotions surrounding affordability, and 3) Financial burden and sacrifice. Ultimately, couples determined that the opportunity to avoid passing on a genetic disorder to a future child was paramount to the cost of PGD, but expressed financial concerns and recognized financial access as a major barrier to PGD utilization.