bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term trends of global marine primary and secondary aerosol production during the recent global warming hiatus (2000–2015)
Authors: Song Sang-Keun , Shon Zang-Ho , Choi Yu-Na , Son Young-Baek , Kang Minsung , Han Seung-Beom , Bae Min-Suk
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Long-term trends in global sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes from sea to air during the recent global warming hiatus (2000–2015) were analyzed using satellite observations and modelling data. The SSA emissions were estimated using a widely used whitecap method with sea surface temperature (SST) dependence. In addition, sea-to-air DMS fluxes were also used to quantify the secondary contributions of DMS through its sequential oxidation and gas-to-particle conversion. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) was estimated by an aerosol optical model using the number concentration of SSA and non-sea-salt sulfate from DMS. The estimated AOD, which was derived from the SSA and DMS emitted from the sea surface, was compared with satellite-derived AOD to quantify its (primary and secondary) contribution to atmospheric aerosol loading (i.e., observed AOD). Yearly global mean anomalies in DMS fluxes and AOD derived from SSA showed statistically significant downward trends during the recent global warming hiatus, whereas SSA emissions and AOD derived from DMS oxidation did not. In terms of regional trends, the decreases in SSA emissions during 2000–2015 occurred over the central Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea, whereas upward trends in SSA emissions occurred over the tropical southeastern Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean. DMS fluxes during the study period showed a clear downward trend over most regions of the global ocean. The estimates of the contributions of SSA (primary) and DMS (secondary) to atmospheric aerosol loading were 23–62% and 26–38%, respectively, with the largest primary contribution (~90%) over the Southern Ocean.
Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions
Authors: Zheng Bo , Tong Dan , Li Meng , Liu Fei , Hong Chaopeng , Geng Guannan , Li Haiyan , Li Xin , Peng Liqun , Qi Ji , Yan Liu , Zhang Yuxuan , Zhao Hongyan , Zheng Yixuan , He Kebin , Zhang Qiang
Published: May 2018

Abstract. To tackle the problem of severe air pollution, China has implemented active clean air policies in recent years. As a consequence, the emissions of major air pollutants have decreased and the air quality has substantially improved. Here, we quantified China's anthropogenic emission trends from 2010–2017 and identified the major driving forces of these trends by using a combination of bottom-up emission inventory and Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA) approaches. The relative change rates of China's anthropogenic emissions during 2010–2017 are estimated as follows: −62 % for SO2, −17 % for NOx, +11 % for NMVOC, +1 % for NH3, −27 % for CO, −38 % for PM10, −35 % for PM2.5, −27 % for BC, −35 % for OC, and +18 % for CO2. The IDA results suggest that emission control measures are the main drivers of this reduction, in which the pollution controls on power plants and industries are the most effective mitigation measures. The emission reduction rates markedly accelerated after the year 2013, confirming the effectiveness of China's Clean Air Action that was implemented in 2013. We estimated that during 2013–2017, China's anthropogenic emissions decreased by 59 % for SO2, 21 % for NOx, 23 % for CO, 36 % for PM10, 33 % for PM2.5, 28 % for BC, and 32 % for OC. NMVOC emissions increased by 11 % and NH3 emissions remained stable from 2010–2017, representing the absence of effective mitigation measures for NMVOC and NH3 in current policies. The relative contributions of different sectors to emissions have significantly changed after several years' implementation of clean air policies, indicating that it is paramount to introduce new policies to enable further emission reductions in the future.
On the role of the south Pacific subtropical high at the onset of El Niño events
Authors: Zou Youjia , Xi Xiangying
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Previous studies have suggested that an eastward propagation of the warm pool in the western Pacific during El Niño events may be induced by a weakening of the easterly Trade Winds (Alexander et al., 2002; Bjerknes, 1969). However, the dynamic mechanism of the Trade Winds weakening is not well understood. Here we use a model and other published proxy records to demonstrate that the anomalous southward shift of the south Pacific subtropical high (SPSH) may play a crucial role at the onset of El Niño events. By analyzing the relationship between the Trade Winds, the Equatorial Currents, the Eastern Boundary Currents and the SPSH, we find that an anomalous southward shift of the SPSH can result in a weakening of the SE Trade Winds and a southward intrusion of the NE Trade Winds, leading to a southward migration of the Trade Wind-induced Equatorial Currents, including the Equatorial Countercurrent (from ~5°–8° N to ~0°). The warm pool in the western equatorial Pacific is therefore forced to propagate eastward by the enhanced Equatorial Countercurrent and, thus, a warm phase in the central or the eastern equatorial Pacific. Moreover, the equatorward upwelling in the eastern South Pacific, usually recurving along the equator, shifts southward along with the SPSH, in turn diverts towards the west at ~15° S to feed the westward South Equatorial Currents, resulting in a failure of cooling sea surface in the eastern tropical Pacific, thus a flattening of the thermocline. The model experiments indicate that the meridional position and intensity of the Equatorial Countercurrent in the Pacific are some of the determining factors in giving rise to El Niño diversity, suggesting that there should be more frequent warm events due to a meridional expansion of the warm pool under global warming.
N2 fixation as a dominant new N source in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean (OUTPACE cruise)
Authors: Caffin Mathieu , Moutin Thierry , Foster Rachel Ann , Bouruet-Aubertot Pascale , Doglioli Andrea Michelangelo , Berthelot Hugo , Guieu Cécile , Grosso Olivier , Helias-Nunige Sandra , Leblond Nathalie , Gimenez Audrey , Petrenko Anne Alexandra , de Verneil Alain , Bonnet Sophie
Published: May 2018

Abstract. We performed nitrogen (N) budgets in the photic layer of three
contrasting stations representing different trophic conditions in the western
tropical South Pacific (WTSP) Ocean during austral summer conditions
(February–March 2015). Using a Lagrangian strategy, we sampled the same
water mass for the entire duration of each long-duration (5 days) station,
allowing us to consider only vertical exchanges for the budgets. We
quantified all major vertical N fluxes both entering (N2 fixation,
nitrate turbulent diffusion, atmospheric deposition) and leaving the photic
layer (particulate N export). The three stations were characterized by a
strong nitracline and contrasted deep chlorophyll maximum depths, which were
lower in the oligotrophic Melanesian archipelago (MA, stations LD A and LD B)
than in the ultra-oligotrophic waters of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG, station
LD C). N2 fixation rates were extremely high at both LD A
(593 ± 51 µmol N m−2 d−1) and LD B
(706 ± 302 µmol N m−2 d−1), and the diazotroph
community was dominated by Trichodesmium. N2 fixation rates
were lower (59 ± 16 µmol N m−2 d−1) at LD C, and
the diazotroph community was dominated by unicellular N2-fixing
cyanobacteria (UCYN). At all stations, N2 fixation was the major source
of new N (> 90 %) before atmospheric deposition and upward nitrate
fluxes induced by turbulence. N2 fixation contributed circa 13–18 %
of primary production in the MA region and 3 % in the
SPG water and sustained
nearly all new primary production at all stations. The e ratio
(e ratio = particulate carbon export ∕ primary production) was
maximum at LD A (9.7 %) and was higher than the e ratio in most studied
oligotrophic regions (< 5 %), indicating a high efficiency of the WTSP
to export carbon relative to primary production. The direct export of
diazotrophs assessed by qPCR of the nifH gene in sediment traps
represented up to 30.6 % of the PC export at LD A, while their
contribution was 5 and < 0.1 % at LD B and LD C, respectively. At the
three studied stations, the sum of all N input to the photic layer exceeded
the N output through organic matter export. This disequilibrium leading to N
accumulation in the upper layer appears as a characteristic of the WTSP
during the summer season.
Marine and freshwater micropearls: Biomineralization producing strontium-rich
amorphous calcium carbonate inclusions is widespread in the genus
Tetraselmis
(Chlorophyta)
Authors: Martignier Agathe , Filella Montserrat , Pollok Kilian , Melkonian Michael , Bensimon Michael , Barja François , Langenhorst Falko , Jaquet Jean-Michel , Ariztegui Daniel
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The genus Tetraselmis (Chlorophyta) includes more than 30 species of unicellular micro-algae that have been widely studied since the description of the first species in 1878. Tetraselmis cordiformis (presumably the only freshwater species of the genus) was discovered recently to form intracellular mineral inclusions, called micropearls, which had been previously overlooked. These non-skeletal intracellular inclusions of hydrated amorphous calcium carbonates (ACC) were first described in Lake Geneva (Switzerland) and are the result of a novel biomineralization process. The present study shows that many Tetraselmis species share this biomineralization capacity: 10 species out of the 12 tested contained micropearls, including T. chui, T. convolutae, T. levis, T. subcordiformis, T. suecica and T. tetrathele. Our results indicate that micropearls are not randomly distributed inside the Tetraselmis cells, but are located preferentially under the plasma membrane and seem to form a definite pattern, which differs between species. In Tetraselmis cells, the biomineralization process seems to systematically start with a rod-shaped nucleus and results in an enrichment of the micropearls in strontium over calcium (the Sr / Ca ratio is up to 219 times higher in the micropearls than in the surrounding water or growth medium). This concentrating capacity varies from one species to the other, which might be of interest for possible bioremediation techniques regarding radioactive 90Sr water pollution. The Tetraselmis species forming micropearls live in various habitats, indicating that this novel biomineralization process can take place in different environments (marine, brackish and freshwater) and is therefore a widespread phenomenon.
Drivers of future seasonal cycle changes of oceanic pCO2
Authors: Gallego M. Angeles , Timmermann Axel , Friedrich Tobias , Zeebe Richard E.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Recent observations show that the seasonal amplitude of surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) has been increasing on average at a rate of 2–3 μatm per year (Landschützer et al., 2018). Future increases of pCO2 seasonality are expected, as marine CO2 will increase in response to increasing anthropogenic carbon emissions (McNeil et al., 2016). Here we use 7 different global coupled atmosphere/ocean/carbon cycle/ecosystem model simulations, conducted as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), to study future projections of the pCO2 annual cycle amplitude and to elucidate the causes of its amplification. We find, that for the RCP8.5 emission scenario the seasonal amplitude (climatological maximum-minus-minimum) of upper ocean pCO2 will increase by a factor of 1.5 to 3 times over the next 60–80 years. To understand the drivers and mechanisms that control the pCO2 seasonal amplification we develop a complete analytical Taylor expansion of pCO2 seasonality in terms of its four drivers: dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), temperature (T) and salinity (S). Using this linear approximation we show that the DIC and T terms are the dominant contributors to the total change in pCO2 seasonality. At first order, their future intensification can be traced back to a doubling of the annual mean pCO2, which enhances DIC and alters the ocean carbonate chemistry. Regional differences in the projected seasonal cycle amplitude are generated by spatially varying sensitivity terms. The subtropical and equatorial regions (40° S–40° N), will experience a ≈ 30–80 μatm increase in seasonal cycle amplitude almost exclusively due a larger CO2 concentration that amplifies the T seasonal effect on solubility. This mechanism is further reinforced by an overall increase in the seasonal cycle of T, as a result of stronger ocean stratification and a projected shoaling of mean mixed layer depths. The Southern Ocean will experience a seasonal cycle amplification of ≈ 90–120 μatm in response to the mean pCO2-driven change of the DIC contribution and to a lesser extent to the T contribution. However, a decrease of the DIC seasonal cycle amplitude somewhat counteracts this regional amplification mechanism.
The effect of a loss of model structural detail due to network skeletonization on contamination warning system design: case studies
Authors: Davis Michael J. , Janke Robert
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The effect of limitations in the structural
detail available in a network model on contamination warning system (CWS)
design was examined in case studies using the original and skeletonized
network models for two water distribution systems (WDSs). The skeletonized
models were used as proxies for incomplete network models. CWS designs were
developed by optimizing sensor placements for worst-case and mean-case
contamination events. Designs developed using the skeletonized network models
were transplanted into the original network model for evaluation. CWS
performance was defined as the number of people who ingest more than some
quantity of a contaminant in tap water before the CWS detects the presence of
contamination. Lack of structural detail in a network model can result in CWS
designs that (1) provide considerably less protection against worst-case
contamination events than that obtained when a more complete network model is
available and (2) yield substantial underestimates of the consequences
associated with a contamination event. Nevertheless, CWSs developed using
skeletonized network models can provide useful reductions in consequences for
contaminants whose effects are not localized near the injection location.
Mean-case designs can yield worst-case performances similar to those for
worst-case designs when there is uncertainty in the network model.
Improvements in network models for WDSs have the potential to yield
significant improvements in CWS designs as well as more realistic evaluations
of those designs. Although such improvements would be expected to yield
improved CWS performance, the expected improvements in CWS performance have
not been quantified previously. The results presented here should be useful
to those responsible for the design or implementation of CWSs, particularly
managers and engineers in water utilities, and encourage the development of
improved network models.
Varying soil moisture-atmosphere feedbacks explain divergent
temperature extremes and precipitation projections in Central
Europe
Authors: Vogel Martha M. , Zscheischler Jakob , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The frequency and intensity of climate extremes is expected to increase in many regions due to anthropogenic climate change. In Central Europe extreme temperatures are projected to change more strongly than global mean temperatures and soil moisture-temperature feedbacks significantly contribute to this regional amplification. Because of their strong societal, ecological and economic impacts, robust projections of temperature extremes are needed. Unfortunately, in current model projections, temperature extremes in Central Europe are prone to large uncertainties. In order to understand and potentially reduce uncertainties of extreme temperatures projections in Europe, we analyze global climate models from the CMIP5 ensemble for the business-as-usual high-emission scenario (RCP8.5). We find a divergent behavior in long-term projections of summer precipitation until the end of the 21st century, resulting in a trimodal distribution of precipitation (wet, dry and very dry). All model groups show distinct characteristics for summer latent heat flux, top soil moisture, and temperatures on the hottest day of the year (TXx), whereas for net radiation and large-scale circulation no clear trimodal behavior is detectable. This suggests that different land-atmosphere coupling strengths may be able to explain the uncertainties in temperature extremes. Constraining the full model ensemble with observed present-day correlations between summer precipitation and TXx excludes most of the very dry and dry models. In particular, the very dry models tend to overestimate the negative coupling between precipitation and TXx, resulting in a too strong warming. This is particularly relevant for global warming levels above 2 °C. The analysis allows for the first time to substantially reduce uncertainties in the projected changes of TXx in global climate models. Our results suggest that long-term temperature changes in TXx in Central Europe are about 20 % lower than projected by the multi-model median of the full ensemble. In addition, mean summer precipitation is found to be more likely to stay close to present-day levels. These results are highly relevant for improving estimates of regional climate-change impacts including heat stress, water supply and crop failure for Central Europe.
Cascading transitions in the climate system
Authors: Dekker Mark M. , von der Heydt Anna S. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. We provide a theory of cascading tipping, i.e., a sequence of abrupt transitions occurring because a transition in one subsystem changes the background conditions for another subsystem. A mathematical framework of elementary deterministic cascading tipping points in autonomous dynamical systems is presented containing the double-fold, fold-Hopf, Hopf-fold and double-Hopf as most generic cases. Statistical indicators which can be used as early warning indicators of cascading tipping events in stochastic, non-stationary systems are suggested. The concept of cascading tipping is illustrated through a conceptual model of the coupled North Atlantic Ocean – El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system, demonstrating the possibility of such cascading events in the climate system.
Near-global climate simulation at 1 km resolution: establishing a performance baseline on 4888 GPUs with COSMO 5.0
Authors: Fuhrer Oliver , Chadha Tarun , Hoefler Torsten , Kwasniewski Grzegorz , Lapillonne Xavier , Leutwyler David , Lüthi Daniel , Osuna Carlos , Schär Christoph , Schulthess Thomas C. , Vogt Hannes
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The best hope for reducing long-standing global climate model biases is by
increasing resolution to the kilometer scale. Here we present results from an
ultrahigh-resolution non-hydrostatic climate model for a near-global setup
running on the full Piz Daint supercomputer on 4888 GPUs (graphics
processing units). The dynamical core of the model has been completely
rewritten using a domain-specific language (DSL) for performance portability
across different hardware architectures. Physical parameterizations and
diagnostics have been ported using compiler directives. To our knowledge this
represents the first complete atmospheric model being run entirely on
accelerators on this scale. At a grid spacing of 930 m (1.9 km), we achieve
a simulation throughput of 0.043 (0.23) simulated years per day and an energy
consumption of 596 MWh per simulated year. Furthermore, we propose a new
memory usage efficiency (MUE) metric that considers how efficiently the
memory bandwidth – the dominant bottleneck of climate codes – is being
used.
Ecological ReGional Ocean Model with vertically resolved sediments (ERGOM SED 1.0): Coupling benthic and pelagic biogeochemistry of the south-western Baltic Sea
Authors: Radtke Hagen , Lipka Marko , Bunke Dennis , Morys Claudia , Cahill Bronwyn , Böttcher Michael E. , Forster Stefan , Leipe Thomas , Neumann Thomas
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Sediments play an important role in organic matter mineralisation and nutrient recycling, especially in shallow marine systems. Marine ecosystem models, however, often only include a coarse representation of processes beneath the sea floor. While these parametrisations may give a reasonable description of the present ecosystem state, they lack predictive capacity for possible future changes, which can only be obtained from mechanistic modelling. This paper describes an integrated benthic-pelagic ecosystem model developed for the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Western Baltic Sea. The model is a hybrid of two existing models: the pelagic part of the marine ecosystem model ERGOM and an early diagenetic model by Reed et al., 2011. The latter one was extended to include the carbon cycle, a determination of precipitation and dissolution reactions which accounts for salinity differences, an explicit description of adsorption of clay minerals and an alternative pyrite formation pathway. We present a one-dimensional application of the model to seven sites with different sediment types. The model was calibrated with observed pore water profiles and validated with results of sediment composition and bioturbation rates collected within the framework of the SECOS project.
Global re-analysis datasets to improve hydrological assessment and
snow water equivalent estimation in a Sub-Arctic watershed
Authors: Casson David R. , Werner Micha , Weerts Albrecht , Solomatine Dimitri
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Hydrological modelling in the Canadian Sub-Arctic is hindered by sparse meteorological and snowpack data. Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) of the winter snowpack is a key predictor and driver of spring flow, but the use of SWE data in hydrological applications is limited due to high uncertainty. Global re-analysis datasets that provide gridded meteorological and SWE data may be well suited to improve hydrological assessment and snowpack simulation. To investigate representation of hydrological processes and SWE for application in hydropower operations, global re-analysis datasets covering 1979–2014 from the European Union FP7 eartH2Observe project are applied to global and local conceptual hydrological models. The recently developed Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) and the Watch Forcing Data applied to ERA-Interim data (WFDEI) are used to simulate snowpack accumulation, spring snowmelt volume and annual streamflow. The GlobSnow-2 SWE product funded by the European Space Agency with daily coverage from 1979–2014 is evaluated against in-situ SWE measurement over the local watershed. Results demonstrate the successful application of global datasets for streamflow prediction, snowpack accumulation and snowmelt timing in a snowmelt driven Sub-Arctic watershed. The GlobSnow-2 product is found to under-predict late season snowpack over the study area, and shows a premature decline of SWE prior to the true onset of the snowmelt. Of the datasets tested, the MSWEP precipitation results in annual SWE estimates that are better predictors of snowmelt volume and peak discharge than the WFDEI or GlobSnow-2. This study demonstrates the operational and scientific utility of the global re-analysis datasets in the Sub-Arctic, although knowledge gaps remain in global satellite based datasets for snowpack representation.
WATER MAPPING USING MULTISPECTRAL AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA
Authors: Yan W. Y. , Shaker A. , LaRocque P. E.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This study investigates the use of the world’s first multispectral airborne LiDAR sensor, Optech Titan, manufactured by Teledyne Optech to serve the purpose of automatic land-water classification with a particular focus on near shore region and river environment. Although there exist recent studies utilizing airborne LiDAR data for shoreline detection and water surface mapping, the majority of them only perform experimental testing on clipped data subset or rely on data fusion with aerial/satellite image. In addition, most of the existing approaches require manual intervention or existing tidal/datum data for sample collection of training data. To tackle the drawbacks of previous approaches, we propose and develop an automatic data processing workflow for land-water classification using multispectral airborne LiDAR data. Depending on the nature of the study scene, two methods are proposed for automatic training data selection. The first method utilizes the elevation/intensity histogram fitted with Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to preliminarily split the land and water bodies. The second method mainly relies on the use of a newly developed scan line elevation intensity ratio (SLIER) to estimate the water surface data points. Regardless of the training methods being used, feature spaces can be constructed using the multispectral LiDAR intensity, elevation and other features derived from these parameters. The comprehensive workflow was tested with two datasets collected for different near shore region and river environment, where the overall accuracy yielded better than 96 %.
URBAN EXPANSION MODELING APPROACH BASED ON MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM AND CELLULAR AUTOMATA
Authors: Zeng Y. N. , Yu M. M. , Li S. N.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Urban expansion is a land-use change process that transforms non-urban land into urban land. This process results in the loss of natural vegetation and increase in impervious surfaces. Urban expansion also alters the hydrologic cycling, atmospheric circulation, and nutrient cycling processes and generates enormous environmental and social impacts. Urban expansion monitoring and modeling are crucial to understanding urban expansion process, mechanism, and its environmental impacts, and predicting urban expansion in future scenarios. Therefore, it is important to study urban expansion monitoring and modeling approaches. We proposed to simulate urban expansion by combining CA and MAS model. The proposed urban expansion model based on MSA and CA was applied to a case study area of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration, China. The results show that this model can capture urban expansion with good adaptability. The Kappa coefficient of the simulation results is 0.75, which indicated that the combination of MAS and CA offered the better simulation result.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF AGM FOR HIGH PRECISION GEOLOCATION OF SAR IMAGES
Authors: Zhou G. , He C. , Yue T. , Huang W. , Huang Y. , Li X. , Chen Y.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In order to take full advantage of SAR images, it is necessary to obtain the high precision location of the image. During the geometric correction process of images, to ensure the accuracy of image geometric correction and extract the effective mapping information from the images, precise image geolocation is important. This paper presents an improved analytical geolocation method (IAGM) that determine the high precision geolocation of each pixel in a digital SAR image. This method is based on analytical geolocation method (AGM) proposed by X. K. Yuan aiming at realizing the solution of RD model. Tests will be conducted using RADARSAT-2 SAR image. Comparing the predicted feature geolocation with the position as determined by high precision orthophoto, results indicate an accuracy of 50m is attainable with this method. Error sources will be analyzed and some recommendations about improving image location accuracy in future spaceborne SAR's will be given.
A NEW APPROACH FOR ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT OF PULSED LIDAR REMOTE SENSING DATA
Authors: Zhou G. , Huang W. , Zhou X. , He C. , Li X. , Huang Y. , Zhang L.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In remote sensing applications, the accuracy of time interval measurement is one of the most important parameters that affect the quality of pulsed lidar data. The traditional time interval measurement technique has the disadvantages of low measurement accuracy, complicated circuit structure and large error. A high-precision time interval data cannot be obtained in these traditional methods. In order to obtain higher quality of remote sensing cloud images based on the time interval measurement, a higher accuracy time interval measurement method is proposed. The method is based on charging the capacitance and sampling the change of capacitor voltage at the same time. Firstly, the approximate model of the capacitance voltage curve in the time of flight of pulse is fitted based on the sampled data. Then, the whole charging time is obtained with the fitting function. In this method, only a high-speed A/D sampler and capacitor are required in a single receiving channel, and the collected data is processed directly in the main control unit. The experimental results show that the proposed method can get error less than 3 ps. Compared with other methods, the proposed method improves the time interval accuracy by at least 20 %.
Metalinguistic negation from an informational perspective
Authors: Larrivée Pierre
Published: May 2018

This paper revisits the definition of metalinguistic negation (MLN) illustrated by e.g. They don’t have kids, they have children. A new definition is proposed that rests on two properties. The first is that MLN is a corrective speech-act. The second is that the sentence used to perform the speech-act has a paradoxical Information Structure: it is discourse-old material, along with the corrected a segment that is however treated as discourse-new by virtue of being focused and contrasted to the correcting segment. These properties are used to explain established features of MLN. MLN’s speech-act status accounts for the distinctive behaviour of relevant connectives. The paradoxical Information Structure distinguishes MLN from other uses of negation, relates it to other corrective constructions and metalinguistic phenomena (e.g. in conditionals and questions) and accounts for the alleged marked status of metalinguistic configurations. How MLN can be mapped by a cartographic approach is speculated upon.
La minería en Honduras: análisis espacial de su conflictividad territorial desde la perspectiva de las Ciencias de la Información Geográfica
Authors: Palma Herrera José Luis
Published: May 2018

En el año 2016, el Observatorio Universitario de Ordenamiento Territorial (OUOT) de la UNAH, con el apoyo económico de OXFAM y el apoyo tecnológico de Clark University, realizó un estudio en base a las Ciencias de la Información Geográfica (CIG) para determinar el estado actual y prospectivo del rubro minero en Honduras, además de su conflictividad territorial e indicadores para monitorear la misma en zonas donde se excluye la minería. Con los indicadores territoriales y resultados del estudio se creó un mapa minero interactivo web para monitorear que el avance de la minería en Honduras no genere conflictos territoriales, ambientales y sociales. Los productos del estudio han sido socializados con comunidades indígenas, ONGs, academia, cooperación internacional y la International Geographical Union (UGI) en la Conferencia Internacional “Geographies for Peace”, realizada en Bolivia en el 2017.
Does Industry Affect the Cash Flow Statement Presentation Format?
Authors: Sun Xiaojie Christine , Xu Yang , Zhao Lijuan
Published: April 2018

The statement of cash flows of a business can be presented by using either the direct method (DM) or the indirect method (IM). In United States, only a small portion of businesses use the DM. Compared to the IM, the DM has been shown to provide incremental information in predicting future cash flows. Furthermore, the DM can also improve the ability to compare the individual component of cash receipts and cash payments among similar companies over a period of time. This study finds that firms choosing the DM tend to be in high tech industries.
Management of Fraud: Case of an Indian Insurance Company
Authors: Mall Sunita , Ghosh Prasun , Shah Parita
Published: April 2018

Frauds in insurance are typically where a fraudster tries to gain undue benefit from the insurance contract by ignorance or wilful manipulation. Using the claims data in motor insurance obtained from a Mumbai based insurance company for the time period of 2010-2016, this study focuses on studying the pattern exhibited by those claims which have been rejected and accepted as well. The prime objective of the study is to identify the important or the significant triggers of fraud and predicting the fraudulent behaviour of the customers using the identified triggers in an existing algorithm. This study makes use of statistical techniques like logistic regression & CHAID (Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection) technique to identify the significant fraud triggers and to determine the probability of rejection & acceptance of each claim coming in future respectively. Data mining techniques like decision tree and confusion matrix are used on the important parameters to find all possible combinations of these significant variables and the bucket for each combination.This study finds that variables like Seats/Tonnage, No Claim Bonus, Type of Vehicle, Gross Written Premium, Sum Insured, Discounts, State Similarity and Previous Insurance details are found to be significant at 1% level of significance. The variables like Branch Code and Risk Types are found to be significant at 5% level of signify cance. The Gain chart depicts that our model is a fairly good model. This research would help the insurance company in settling the legitimate claims within less time and less cost and would also help in identifying the fraudulent claims.
Investigating the Influence of Financial Development Indicators on Economic Growth: Evidence from South Asia
Authors: Tahir Muhammad , Hayat Khizar , Ahmad Nisar
Published: April 2018

The study empirically investigates the influence of Financial Development on Economic Growth in South Asia by using six indicators of Financial Development i-e: Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCP), Broad Money (M2), Domestic Credit to Private Sector (DCPS), Market Capitalization (MC), Trade Openness (TO) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). While Economic Growth is measured by Real Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDP). For this purpose, the study used panel data from “World Development Indicators” for the period of 1980-2015 of six major South Asian countries i.e. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. These countries have common feature of being under-developed. The study shows its uniqueness by considering six under-developed South Asian countries and applying three result estimation techniques i-e: Pooled Group Mean (PMG), The Mean Group (MG) and The Dynamic Fixed Effect (DFE). Different results were produced through these three techniques. Final conclusion was drawn on the basis of Hausman test; that is PMG model estimation technique. Unit root test was also applied to check stationarity. The long run results of PMG model show significance of all independent variables, while short run results state insignificance of all independent variables except FDI. The results are consistent with the literature. Along with other recommendations, the study, especially, focuses that the trade barriers should be removed among South Asian countries as trade openness has positive influence on economic growth.  It will result in expanding the magnitude of growth.
Wilde’s Language Style in The Picture of Dorian Gray
Authors: Yang Fang
Published: April 2018

Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish Aestheitc Writer, is well-known for the humourous language in his works. As the “lord of language”, he deliberately utilizes English as a tool to show the beauty of the language itself. His only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray commendably reveals Wilde’s talent in language organizing. This paper outlines Wilde’s employing witty rhetorical devices, the harmonious diction, brilliant paradoxes, jocular dialogues and witty epigrams to help readers perceive that succinctness, vividness, impressiveness and meaningfulness form the most important features of the writing style of the novel.
Getting to the root of it: How do faculty address professional boundaries, role expansion, and intra-professional collaboration?
Authors: Limoges Jacqueline , Jagos Kim , Lankshear Sara , Madorin Sandy , Witmer Deb
Published: May 2018

Background: Little research exists to guide nursing faculty to respond to the most recent entry-to-practice education changes and subsequent practice and knowledge expansion for nurses. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of faculty as they teach about professional boundaries and role clarity to college and university nursing students and how this teaching is connected to in intra-professional collaboration.Methods: This qualitative research study used a critical feminist sociology to analyze interviews and relevant documents. Twenty-five nursing faculty from an Ontario, Canada school were interviewed.Results: Through our analysis we detected two main findings. The first was the activation of hierarchies positioning the university program with more status and legitimacy than the college program, and how this established power relations and impeded nursing education for role clarity. The second was the struggle to articulate the actual differences between the roles and contributions of the Registered Practical Nurse (RPN) and the Registered Nurse (RN) and how this struggle impeded education for effective collaboration and role clarity.Conclusions: Supporting faculty to recognize the distinct and overlapping contributions of each type of nurse can support educational reform that promotes competencies in collaborative care.
Optimum Dosage of Hyper-Thermophilic Aerobic Compost (HTAC) Produced from Sewage Sludge for Rice Yield
Authors: Cheng Yanfei , Inamori Ryuhei , Ruike Kakeru , Inamori Yuhei , Zhang Zhenya
Published: May 2018

Hyper-thermophilic bacteria can shorten the duration of composting process. This study aimed to elucidate the applicability and the optimum fertilization amount of hyper-thermophilic aerobic compost (HTAC) for rice growth and yield. The stem height, tillers number and rice yields in the treatments with HTAC significantly increased with increasing fertilization amount. But the ripening rate of grain was found to be lower at higher fertilization amount (250 and 500 kg N/ha). The rice yield in 180 kg N/ha HTAC treatment was 5.38 t/ha, which is similar with that using recommended amount of chemical fertilizer. The N and P concentrations in surface water of 180 kg N/ha HTAC treatment before midsummer drainage were lower than 1 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, reaching the environmental quality standard. Thus, the optimal fertilization amount of HTAC was deemed as 180 kg N/ha when considering the plant quality and environmental friendliness.
Eastern or Western - that is the Question. Some Notes on the New Evidence concerning the Eastern Origin of the Halberstadt Diptych
Authors: Bühl Gudrun
Published: May 2018

The Halberstadt diptych is a prominent example of late-antique official court art and of various kinds of expression of legitimation and power. In an article written in 1998, Alan Cameron attributed the diptych to Consul F1. Constans of 414, contradicting those who judged ita s having been commissioned by the western consul Fl. Constantius, who became consul only three years later. What may seem like a negligible difference in years is of significant consequence in that Cameron’s suggestion not only assigns the diptych a new date but, more importantly, postulates an eastern origin for it and raises wider questions in the history of art. In the following paper Cameron’s main argument will be refuted, while other arguments will be rehabilitated in favour of a western origin of the Halberstadt diptych.
The Cult of the Dead in Late Antiquity: Towards a New Definition of the Relation between the Living and the Dead
Authors: Rebillard Eric
Published: May 2018

Meals for the commemoration of the dead are envisioned here neither as a pagan persistence nor as an assimilation by Christianity of pagan’s practices. It is argued that the Church did not try either to forbid these meals, as long as they were not offered for the martyrs or to interfere in a sphere, the care of the dead, which was not relevant to its authority. It is suggested that the reason why the Church did not take care of the memory of the dead is that it did not offer any aid for the salvation of the dead who were not baptized nor to those who did not merit this aid during their life. It is thus a very long process, and not a continuous one, which sees the Church caring for the memory of the dead and becoming part of the relation between the living and the dead.
The concept of Rome in Late Antiquity reflected in the mosaics of the triumphal arch of S. Maria Maggiore in Rome
Authors: Warland Rainer
Published: May 2018

The mosaics of the triumphal arch of S. Maria Maggiore contain certain iconographical elements which cannot be explained with the usual reference to the biblical accounts of Christ’s birth and childhood. Such exhaustively discussed elements are the image of the goddess Roma on the front of the temple in the Presentation scene and the sombrely dressed woman in the scene of the Adoration of the Magi. A reinterpretation of these motifs leads to the overlying concept of the arch mosaics as a whole.
Dal palatium imperiale al palatium pontificio
Authors: Liverani Paolo
Published: May 2018

A partire dal I sec. d.C. il nome del colle Palatino passa a designare il palazzo imperiale. Le definizioni di Cassio Dione, del Codice Teodosiano e di Procopio insistono sul fatto che il palatium è riservato all’imperatore. Ciò diviene particolarmente evidente a partire dal IV sec., con il moltiplicarsi delle sedi imperiali si hanno diversi palatia, non solo nelle capitali, ma anche in diverse città dell’impero. Con il tempo il termine passa a indicare anche la corte o l’amministrazione imperiale. Il termine viene utilizzato ancora nel VI e VII sec. per indicare la sede dei re goti, longobardi e vandali. Nel VI sec. a Roma abbiamo l’attestazione esplicita di altri tre palatia: Licinianum, Sessorium, e Pincianum. Altre attestazioni dipendono unicamente da letteratura apocrifa e passioni martiriali. In tutti questi casi, in mancanza di indicazioni topografiche specifiche o contestuali che orientino differentemente, si deve intendere con palatium la reggia sul Palatino. Tuttavia in queste fonti il palatium costituisce un topos letterario legato al giudizio del amrtire, che spesso non conserva una reale memoria topografica. Una volta sviluppatasi una tradizione relativa a un palatium, questa può generare a posteriori identificazioni e aggiustamenti per far corrispondere al testo entità monumentali non più funzionali. Un esempio è il caso del palazzo di Nerone in Vaticano. L’ultimo slittamento semantico si ha a seguito dell’abbandono definitivo del Palatino e della fine del ducato romano: all’inizio del IX sec. appare per la prima volta la dizione sacrum palatium lateranense per indicare la sede del pontefice romano.
Constantine, the Lateran, and Early Church Building Policy
Authors: Brandt Olof
Published: May 2018

It is a common view that Constantine chose to build the Lateran basilica and baptistery in a peripherical position in Rome, far removed from public buildings in the city center, in order not to offend the pagan aristocracy. The aim of this paper is not to answer the question “why”, but rather to discuss categories like “public”, “private” and “temple” in the context of the fourth century church building in Rome, with a special attention to the case of the Lateran complex.
The Church Basilica
Authors: Kinney Dale
Published: May 2018

The debate over whether the early church basilica was “imperial” is bound up with many other questions, including the origins of the building type, and whether building types have fixed or only contingent associations. Krautheimer, for example, maintained that the imperial quality of the early Christian basilica was generally transmitted, as the church basilica was a descendant of the public basilica which it formally resembles, and which itself was in the imperial domain. Deichmann, by contrast, held that no architectural form has inherent meaning, rather buildings are constituted as Christian or imperial through use or posterior interpretation. Recent advances in semiotic theory offer a way around this impasse, by suggesting that the “basilica” is a discursive rather than a formal category, determined neither purely by form nor purely by use, but by a cultural and linguistic understanding; and that the properties of architectural space contribute to this understanding by thematizing culturally meaningful categories. Contrasting the Lateran Basilica to two earlier public basilicas, the Basilica Aemilia and the Basilica Ulpia, demonstrates a fundamental lack of resemblance without denying a possible genetic connection. Semiotic analysis of the Lateran’s interior suggests that it thematized many qualities that were also imperial but not exclusively so, including opulence, visibility, and power. It also thematized privacy – not an imperial attribute – and did not refer to the imperial themes par excellence, victory and military prowess.
Simbolismo cosmico e geometria sacra: San Miniato a Firenze
Authors: Manetti Renzo
Published: May 2018

No abstract
Brutto da morire. L'incontro tra i tre vivi e i tre morti e la chiesa di S. Paolo a Poggio Mirteto; sviluppo iconografico e contestualità storica
Authors: Ahlqvist Agneta
Published: May 2018

No abstract
Continuatio e renovatio nella Villa Adriana di Tivoli
Authors: De Franceschi Marina
Published: May 2018

Villa Adriana dimostra che i concetti di continuatio e renovatio sono strettamente collegati ed interdipendenti, due facce di una stessa medaglia. La continuatio si esprime nello stretto rapporto che esisteva fra la Villa e l’architettura romana che la precedeva: essa prese a modello il tradizionale repertorio architettonico e decorativo del mondo romano, ispirandosi all’iconografia dei palazzi e delle ville imperiali, ma anche delle domus e delle ville. Adottò quindi un linguaggio comune, noto e comprensibile a tutti. La renovatio consiste invece nell’evoluzione che Adriano impresse alla tradizione che lo precedeva, creano nuove forme e nuovi linguaggi. Edifici e giardini furono ridisegnati con un predominio delle linee curve e delle prospettive a ventaglio. Nuove forme vennero sperimentate per le cupole e le volte. Inediti disegni vennero appositamente creati per i mosaici ed i pavimenti in opus sectile. Creata sia dalla continuatio che dalla renovatio, la Villa di Adriano celebrava ed esprimeva l’immenso potere dell’Imperatore: nella sua dimora tutto doveva essere unico e superlativo, diverso ed originale rispetto a quanto era stato fatto prima di lui.
Contradictory Representations: Warrior Women in the Seventeenth-century Painting
Authors: Kolrud Kristine
Published: May 2018

This article considers seventeenth-century portraits of female warriors in the light of women’s participation in a war. Their contribution was far from insignificant, and the article argues that the number of portraits emphasizing women’s military effort may appear surprisingly limited. Contemporary views on women and warfare probably explain the lack of such portraits, but women’s participation was not universally condemned. By comparing historical accounts, contemporary literature as well as the visual arts, the article shows how attitudes were highly ambivalent; women could be praised as defenders of their homes but rarely as aggressors. Rather predictably, then, the warrior portraits tend to emphasize both so-called masculine and feminine qualities, often drawing on Minerva as a model. It is argued here that women’s bellicosity was sometimes modified by references to hunting, and that this may have been a reflection of changing attitudes to was as well as to female combatants in the seventeenth century.