bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders
Authors: Skeie G. O. , Apostolski S. , Evoli A. , Gilhus N. E. , Illa I. , Harms L. , Hilton‐Jones D. , Melms A. , Verschuuren J. , Horge H. W.
Published: April 2010

Background:  Important progress has been made in our understanding of the autoimmune neuromuscular transmission (NMT) disorders; myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and neuromyotonia (Isaacs’ syndrome).

Methods:  To prepare consensus guidelines for the treatment of the autoimmune NMT disorders, references retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were considered and statements prepared and agreed on by disease experts.

Conclusions:  Anticholinesterase drugs should be given first in the management of MG, but with some caution in patients with MuSK antibodies (good practice point). Plasma exchange is recommended in severe cases to induce remission and in preparation for surgery (recommendation level B). IvIg and plasma exchange are effective for the treatment of MG exacerbations (recommendation level A). For patients with non‐thymomatous MG, thymectomy is recommended as an option to increase the probability of remission or improvement (recommendation level B). Once thymoma is diagnosed, thymectomy is indicated irrespective of MG severity (recommendation level A). Oral corticosteroids are first choice drugs when immunosuppressive drugs are necessary (good practice point). When long‐term immunosuppression is necessary, azathioprine is recommended to allow tapering the steroids to the lowest possible dose whilst maintaining azathioprine (recommendation level A). 3,4‐Diaminopyridine is recommended as symptomatic treatment and IvIG has a positive short‐term effect in LEMS (good practice point). Neuromyotonia patients should be treated with an antiepileptic drug that reduces peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (good practice point). For paraneoplastic LEMS and neuromyotonia optimal treatment of the underlying tumour is essential (good practice point). Immunosuppressive treatment of LEMS and neuromyotonia should be similar to MG (good practice point).
The transcendent function and politics: NO!
Authors: Samuels Andrew
Published: April 2010

Translations of Abstract

Les analystes jungiens ayant collaboréà cet article traitent de la stagnation politique et sociale, de la régression et du changement, via l’usage singulier qu’ils font du concept de fonction transcendante.

Singer note qu’il est habituellement question de fonction transcendante lorsqu’ apparaît dans le matériel symbolique la figure de la réconciliation des opposés comme facteur de croissance psycho‐spirituelle. L’auteur examine également la notion de fonction transcendante telle qu’elle se manifeste en des occurrences similaires dans la psyché collective. Il s’intéresse également au phénomène opposé—qui pourrait se nommer fonction descendante—tel qu’il apparaît dans la psyché collective et montre comment sa présence dans le matériel symbolique peut générer la division en groupes de personnes opposées, les incitant à des expériences destructrices plutôt que transformatrices.

Selon Meador, Jung a désigné comme fonction transcendante le processus de médiation à travers lequel images et idées inconscientes sont assimilées à la conscience. Tout comme ce processus de synthétisation peut produire des insights chez le sujet, de même est‐il susceptible de générer des changements dans un contexte collectif sociétal.

Des croyances collectives bien ancrées tendent à se transformer lorsque les opposés entrent en collision, comme ce fut par exemple le cas au cours de l’effervescence politique et sociale des années soixante. Meador analyse la récente révolution des attitudes raciales et sexuelles comme résultant de la lutte collective, du conflit entre certaines mœurs enracinées du passé et des points de vue nouveaux.

La conclusion de Samuels est que le concept de fonction transcendante est de peu de valeur dans le champ des problèmes politiques. Son article est axé sur:

Les limites de l’utilisation d’idées—telles que la fonction transcendante—dérivées de l’analyse personnelle pour la compréhension des phénomènes politiques et sociaux.

Le problème spécifique de l’absence de modèles psycho politiques aptes à rendre compte du progrès ou de la régression sociale, la fonction transcendante s’avérant à cet égard inutilisable.

La question de l’agression politique, de la violence et des conflits sociaux est explorée à partir de la fonction transcendante afin d’évaluer son rôle possible dans la gestion des conflits politiques. Samuels adresse une critique sévère de ce qu’il nomme «  triangulation » et « hyper‐réflexion », aux analystes qui s’engagent sur le terrain du débat et des questions politiques.

Le leadership est examiné du point de vue de la fonction transcendante qui, une fois encore, ne s’avère pas pertinente. Les découvertes récentes de la psychologie familiale sur le rôle du père offrent selon lui de meilleures possibilités pour servir de base à une réflexion renouvelée sur le leadership.
Mourning and the symbolic process
Authors: Colman Warren
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  This paper describes the analysis of a patient whose difficulty symbolizing absence had prevented her from being able to mourn the loss of her father in her adolescence. Through a series of symbolic enactments and synchronistic events, she was eventually able to carry out a mourning ritual that enabled her to lay her father to rest. Some implications for symbolization are discussed, developing Segal's view of symbol formation as reparation: symbols are embedded in a context of communication and can only develop in the context of a relationship; they represent relationships as well as objects; and they are emergent in the sense that they exist within a complex web of interactive, multiple meaning and cannot be reduced back to any one object that they represent.
Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: how do children with and without an executive function deficit differ?
Authors: Lambek Rikke , Tannock Rosemary , Dalsgaard Soeren , Trillingsgaard Anegen , Damm Dorte , Thomsen Per Hove
Published: April 2010

Objective:  The study investigates behavioural, academic, cognitive, and motivational aspects of functioning in school‐age children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without an executive function deficit (EFD).

Method:  Children with ADHD – EFD (n = 22) and children with ADHD + EFD (n = 26) were compared on aspects of ADHD behaviour, school functioning, general cognitive ability, intra‐individual response variability, affective decision‐making, and delay aversion.

Results:  Children with ADHD – EFD and children with ADHD + EFD were comparable in terms of ADHD symptomatology and school functioning. However, children with ADHD + EFD had significantly lower IQ and more intra‐individual response variability than no EFD counterparts. Children with ADHD alone appeared more delay averse on the C‐DT task than children with ADHD + EFD.

Conclusions:  Some children with ADHD were primarily characterised by problems with executive functions and variability others by problems with delay aversion supporting multiple pathway models of ADHD. Given the exploratory nature of the study, results are in need of replication.
The evolution of seeds
Authors: Linkies Ada , Graeber Kai , Knight Charles , Leubner‐Metzger Gerhard
Published: April 2010

The evolution of the seed represents a remarkable life‐history transition for photosynthetic organisms. Here, we review the recent literature and historical understanding of how and why seeds evolved. Answering the ‘how’ question involves a detailed understanding of the developmental morphology and anatomy of seeds, as well as the genetic programs that determine seed size. We complement this with a special emphasis on the evolution of dormancy, the characteristic of seeds that allows for long ‘distance’ time travel. Answering the ‘why’ question involves proposed hypotheses of how natural selection has operated to favor the seed life‐history phenomenon. The recent flurry of research describing the comparative biology of seeds is discussed. The review will be divided into sections dealing with: (1) the development and anatomy of seeds; (2) the endosperm; (3) dormancy; (4) early seed‐like structures and the transition to seeds; and (5) the evolution of seed size (mass). In many cases, a special distinction is made between angiosperm and gymnosperm seeds. Finally, we make some recommendations for future research in seed biology.

Contents

Summary
817

I.
Introduction
818

II.
Seed development
819

III.
Evolution and functions of the endosperm tissue
821

IV.
Evolution of dormancy
822

V.
Early seed‐like structures and the transition to seeds
824

VI.
Seed size evolution
825

VII.
Conclusion
828

Acknowledgements
828

References
828
The flowering time regulator CONSTANS is recruited to theFLOWERING LOCUS Tpromoter via a uniquecis‐element
Authors: Tiwari Shiv B. , Shen Yu , Chang Han‐Chang , Hou Yanli , Harris Amanda , Ma Siu Fong , McPartland Megan , Hymus Graham J. , Adam Luc , Marion Colleen , Belachew Alemu , Repetti Peter P. , Reuber T. Lynne , Ratcliffe Oliver J.
Published: April 2010

Commentary p 1
The antioxidant properties of skim milk supplemented with rosemary and green tea extracts in response to pasteurisation, homogenisation and the addition of salts
Authors: GAD AHMED SAAD , EL‐SALAM MOHAMED H ABD
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study was to develop functional dairy products with high antioxidant activities to combat the risk of degenerative diseases. Rosemary and green tea extracts were added separately to reconstituted skim milk at the ratios of 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, 8.0% and 10.0% respectively. The effect of pasteurisation, homogenisation, addition of calcium chloride and sodium chloride as well as the effect of added extracts on rennet coagulation time of milk were measured. The additions of green tea, rosemary extract, calcium chloride and pasteurisation significantly increased markedly the phenol content and the antioxidant activity of skim milk.
Political cultures and transnational social fields: Chileans, Colombians and Canadian activists in Toronto
Authors: LANDOLT PATRICIA , GOLDRING LUIN
Published: April 2010

We offer an institutional analysis of Chilean and Colombian transnational politics in Toronto to account for cross‐group variation in transnational political practices and the formation of different types of transnational social fields of political action. The article is based on interviews conducted with Chilean and Colombian community activists and Canadian refugee rights and social justice activists. We use the concept of political culture to account for differences in Chilean and Colombian transnational politics and to explain the different kinds of relationships the two groups have developed with non‐migrants. We introduce the concept of activist dialogues, understood as patterns of strategic political interaction between groups, to characterize how migrants and non‐migrants read and navigate their interlocutors' ways of doing politics. We argue that variation in the character of activist dialogues results in different types of transnational social fields of political action. Chilean–Canadian activist dialogues reflect a convergence of political cultures and strategies of action; Colombian–Canadian activist dialogues are marked by a relationship in which there is a divergence of strategies of action. Convergent dialogues produce thicker and more stable transnational social fields. Divergent dialogues are associated with a series of ad hoc initiatives, the absence of stable and strongly institutionalized partnerships, and a thinner transnational social field of political action.
Bacterial and iron oxide aggregates mediate secondary iron mineral formation: green rust versus magnetite
Authors: ZEGEYE A. , MUSTIN C. , JORAND F.
Published: April 2010

In the presence of methanoate as electron donor, Shewanella putrefaciens, a Gram‐negative, facultative anaerobe, is able to transform lepidocrocite (γ‐FeOOH) to secondary Fe (II–III) minerals such as carbonated green rust (GR1) and magnetite. When bacterial cells were added to a γ‐FeOOH suspension, aggregates were produced consisting of both bacteria and γ‐FeOOH particles. Recently, we showed that the production of secondary minerals (GR1 vs. magnetite) was dependent on bacterial cell density and not only on iron reduction rates. Thus, γ‐FeOOH and S. putrefaciens aggregation pattern was suggested as the main mechanism driving mineralization. In this study, lepidocrocite bioreduction experiments, in the presence of anthraquinone disulfonate, were conducted by varying the [cell]/[lepidocrocite] ratio in order to determine whether different types of aggregate are formed, which may facilitate precipitation of GR1 as opposed to magnetite. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to analyze the relative cell surface area and lepidocrocite concentration within the aggregates and captured images were characterized by statistical methods for spatial data (i.e. variograms). These results suggest that the [cell]/[lepidocrocite] ratio influenced both the aggregate structure and the nature of the secondary iron mineral formed. Subsequently, a [cell]/[lepidocrocite] ratio above 1 × 107 cells mmol−1 leads to densely packed aggregates and to the formation of GR1. Below this ratio, looser aggregates are formed and magnetite was systematically produced. The data presented in this study bring us closer to a more comprehensive understanding of the parameters governing the formation of minerals in dense bacterial suspensions and suggest that screening mineral–bacteria aggregate structure is critical to understanding (bio)mineralization pathways.
Surviving sepsis: a trust‐wide approach. A multi‐disciplinary team approach to implementing evidence‐based guidelines
Authors: Gerber Karin
Published: April 2010

Aim: To share an experience of examining the true extent of the number of patients with severe sepsis being admitted, and the overall compliance with existing treatment guidelines in a district general hospital (DGH).

Background: Because of its aggressive, multi‐factorial nature, sepsis is a rapid killer. Mortality associated with severe sepsis remains unacceptably high: 30–50%. When shock is present, mortality is reported to be even higher: 50–60%. The rapid diagnosis and management of sepsis is vital to successful treatment. The International Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) was developed to help meet the challenges of sepsis and to improve its management, diagnosis and treatment. The overall aim is to reduce mortality from sepsis by 25% by 2009.

Data sources and methods: Data on the number of patients admitted with severe sepsis to the DGH were previously unknown. The aim of the baseline audits was to determine the true extent of the problem and baseline mortality rates, resulting in an action plan to provide evidence‐based care to patients with sepsis regardless of where in the hospital they were located.

Results: It was found that 11% of the patients audited presented with signs of severe sepsis and demonstrated elements of poor compliance with some elements of existing treatment guidelines as set out by the resuscitation component of the Surviving Sepsis Care Bundle.

Conclusion: As an international campaign introduced predominantly within critical care, within this DGH the SSC teams' innovative approach has resulted in:

Better educated staff;

Objectives agreed within multi‐disciplinary teams;

The appropriate assessment of resources;

Standardization of practice in terms of patients presenting with severe sepsis.
VARIABILITY IN CELL SIZE, NUTRIENT DEPLETION, AND GROWTH RATES OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN DIATOM FRAGILARIOPSIS KERGUELENSIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AFTER PROLONGED IRON LIMITATION1
Authors: Timmermans Klaas R. , Van Der Wagt Bas
Published: April 2010

Diatoms are the main primary producers in the Southern Ocean, governing the major nutrient cycles. Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (O’Meara) Hust. is the most abundant diatom species in the Southern Ocean and its paleo‐oceanographic record is frequently used to reconstruct the past position and nutrient characteristics of the Antarctic polar front. Here we report on the responses of F. kerguelensis on prolonged exposure to a range of iron concentrations, allowing a characterization of morphological and nutrient‐depletion changes in relation to iron status. Under iron limitation, F. kerguelensis grew slower, cells became smaller, chains became shorter, and the nutrient‐depletion ratios changed. Prolonged exposure to iron limitation caused F. kerguelensis to decrease its surface area and volume 2‐fold, and to increase its surface‐to‐volume ratio by 25%. With the decrease in growth rates, silicon (Si) and phosphorus (P) depletion per cell remained fairly constant, but when normalized per surface area (Si) or per cell volume (P), depletion increased. In contrast, nitrogen (N) depletion per cell decreased significantly together with the decrease in growth rates but was constant when normalized per cell volume. The different response in Si, P, and N depletion resulted in changes in the nutrient‐depletion ratios, most notably in the Si:N ratio, which significantly increased, and in the N:P ratio, which significantly decreased with decreasing growth rates. It is concluded that under iron limitation, variation in cell size and/or nutrient depletion ultimately can cause changes in oceanic biogeochemical nutrient cycles. It enables the use of cell size of F. kerguelensis as a paleo‐oceanographic proxy.
COMPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES FROM PERIPHYTON ASSEMBLAGES IN THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES1
Authors: Bellinger Brent J. , Gretz Michael R. , Domozych David S. , Kiemle Sarah N. , Hagerthey Scot E.
Published: April 2010

In wetland habitats, periphyton is a common component of open‐water areas with species assemblage determined by local water quality. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by algae and bacteria give structure to periphyton, and differences in EPS chemistry affect the functional roles of these polymers. The Florida Everglades provide a unique opportunity to study compositional differences of EPS from distinctive algal assemblages that characterize areas of differing water chemistry. Water conservation area (WCA)‐1 is a soft‐water impoundment; periphyton was loosely associated with Utricularia stems and amorphous in structure, with a diverse desmid and diatom assemblage, and varying cyanobacterial abundance. Extracellular polymers were abundant and were loosely cell‐associated sheaths and slime layers in addition to tightly cell‐associated capsules. The EPS were complex heteropolysaccharides with significant saccharide residues of glucose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose. Carboxylic acids were also prominent, while ester sulfates and proteins were small components. Structured, cohesive cyanobacteria‐dominated periphyton was observed in WCA‐2A, a minerotrophic impoundment, and filaments were heavily encrusted with calcium carbonate and detrital matter. EPS were primarily cell‐associated sheaths, and polymer residues were dominated by glucose, xylose, fucose, and galactose, with uronic acids also a significant component of the polymers. Principal components analysis revealed that periphyton community assemblage determined the monosaccharide composition of EPS, which ultimately determines a range of biogeochemical processes within the periphyton.
Development and In Situ Application of an Adjustable Aiming Device to Guide Extra‐ to Intraarticular Tibial Tunnel Drilling for the Insertion of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in Dogs
Authors: Winkels Philipp , Werner Hinnerk , Grevel Vera , Oechtering Gerhard , Böttcher Peter
Published: April 2010

Objective:To develop and test an arthroscopic aiming device for extra‐ to intraarticular tibial tunnel drilling emerging at the center of the tibial insertion (CenterTib) of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in medium to large breed dogs.

Study Design:Descriptive experimental study.

Sample Population:Fifty‐two cadaveric hind limbs of dogs ≥20 kg BW.

Methods:The mediolateral position and craniocaudal position (ccPos) of CenterTib in relation to the caudomedial meniscotibial ligament were measured on photographs of 46 dissected tibial plateaus. The proximal tibial depth (TibDepth) was determined on lateral radiographs and its correlation with ccPos was assessed using linear regression analysis. Extra‐ to intraarticular arthroscopic tibial tunnel drilling was performed in 6 independent cadaveric stifles. A C‐guide with an adjustable craniocaudal offset was constructed and adjusted according to ccPos estimated based on TibDepth. The position of the resulting bone tunnels was compared with the position of the CenterTib.

Results:Pearson's correlation between TibDepth and ccPos was strong (R=0.86;P<.001). ccPos (y) as a function of TibDepth (x) can be expressed as y=−4.8+0.3x. Arthroscopic tunnel drilling resulted in a median deviation of the drill tunnels around the CenterTib of 1 mm.

Conclusion:The regression equation and aiming device permit localization and targeting of CenterTib during extra‐ to intraarticular tibial bone tunnel drilling in vitro.

Clinical Relevance:The proposed technique may reduce tibial tunnel misplacement when performing intraarticular CCL repair using a tibial bone tunnel.
An Analysis of the Quality of Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease Information Available on the Internet
Authors: Taggart Ryan , Wardlaw Jennifer , Horstman Christopher L. , Mason David R. , Sidaway Brian , Havas Karyn
Published: April 2010

Objective: To assess the quality of information available on the Internet pertaining to canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease.

Study Design: Survey Study.

Methods: Three search phrases were entered separately into 5 search engines and the 1st page of websites from each search was analyzed. Unique websites were evaluated by 3 Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons using standardized scales for content and information value score (IVS). Websites were further categorized by veterinary or non‐veterinary authorship. The readability of each website was scored using a proven literacy scale (Flesch–Kinkaid system).

Results: Fifty‐four unique websites were evaluated. Websites located using anatomically correct veterinary terminology had significantly (P<.05) higher ratings for content and IVS compared with those found using lay terminology. Websites authored by veterinarians also had significantly (P<.05) higher IVS compared with those authored by non‐veterinarians. Websites found using anatomically correct veterinary terminology, and those authored by veterinarians, had significantly (P<.05) lower readability scores, requiring a higher literacy level for comprehension.

Conclusions: Information available on the Internet with respect to canine CCL disease is of highly variable quality. Use of anatomically correct veterinary terminology when conducting an Internet search detects sites with higher quality information; however, a higher literacy level is required to understand the material. Similarly, websites authored by veterinarians are more likely to present higher quality information, but require a more advanced literacy level for comprehension.

Clinical Relevance: CCL disease information on the Internet is of variable quality and can be misleading.
Detection and Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinases Involved in Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs Using Multiplex Bead Technology
Authors: Breshears Lee A. , Cook James L. , Stoker Aaron M. , Fox Derek B.
Published: April 2010

Objective:To measure matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) suspected to be involved in the initiation or progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) explant culture media using multiplex bead technology.

Study Design:In vitro experimental study.

Animals:Adult dogs with (n=10) and without (n=10) CCL deficiency.

Methods:Based on clinical, radiographic, and gross evidence of CCL deficiency, excised CCL were classified as normal and intact (n=10) or partially torn (n=10). The ligament was excised and immediately placed in tissue culture. Culture media were sampled and replaced on days 3 and 6. MMP‐1, 2, 3, 9, and 13 were quantified in explant media using a multiplexing machine that uses flow cytometry, microspheres, spectral dyes, lasers, digital signal processing, and traditional chemistry. MMP concentrations were determined using a standard curve constructed from the serial dilution of positive controls. Media MMP concentrations comparing the type of ligament and the time frame were analyzed using a Mann–Whitney rank sum test.

Results:Media exposed to intact ligaments had >3 times the amount of MMP‐2 than for partially torn ligaments on day 6 (P=.006). Media exposed to intact ligaments also had significantly higher levels of MMP‐3 than for partially torn ligaments on day 3 (P=.035) and on day 6 (P=.05).

Conclusions:MMP multiplexing is a reliable, cost‐effective, efficient, and sample‐sparing method of MMP quantification. MMP‐2, 3, 9, and 13 are released from CCL explants exposed to culture media and can be detected using multiplex bead technology.

Clinical Relevance:CCL remnants exposed to the intra‐articular environment may release degradative enzymes in vivo similar to that demonstrated in this in vitro study. Because MMPs are known to be involved in the initiation and progression of OA, debridement of these remnants as a component of treatment for cruciate disease in dogs deserves consideration.
What are Nice Feminists Like You Doing on the O. J. Defense Team? Personal Ruminations on the “Trial of the Century”
Authors: Stahly Geraldine Butts , Walker Lenore E. A.
Published: April 2010

This paper is the subjective, anecdotal, and introspective account of the experience of two feminist psychologists who served as defense consultants in the O. J. Simpson murder trial. The authors explore the personal and professional implications of involvement in a high‐profile case. They detail special problems forensic psychologists may encounter in high‐profile cases and make recommendations for meeting the challenges such cases present.
Beliefs of Guilt and Recommended Sentence as a Function of Juror Bias in the O. J. Simpson Trial
Authors: Chapdelaine Andrea , Griffin Sean F.
Published: April 2010

During the week of April 9, 1995, 125 male participants completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward the O. J. Simpson trial. Specifically, participants reported their belief in the defendant's guilt or innocence, stated how fair they perceived the trial to be, and recommended a sentence should the defendant be found guilty of the crime. Additionally, participants completed Kassin and Wrightsman's Juror Bias Scale and the revised California F scale. Overall, results showed that participants' scores on both scales were positively correlated with their beliefs in the defendant's guilt, perceived trial fairness, and more severe sentence recommendations.
Hype and Suspicion: The Effects of Pretrial Publicity, Race, and Suspicion on Jurors' Verdicts
Authors: Fein Steven , Morgan Seth J. , Norton Michael I. , Sommers Samuel R.
Published: April 2010

We exposed some mock jurors to pretrial publicity (PTP) biased against the defendant a few days before they read the trial transcript and rendered individual verdicts. Exposure to the PTP prejudiced the jurors toward voting “guilty,” unless they read information within the PTP that indicated that the defendant was African American and that raised suspicion about the racist motives underlying the PTP's reporting. Information designed to raise more generic, nonracist suspicion did not have this effect. In addition, participants were less likely to vote to convict the defendant if he was African American than if his race was unspecified, and non‐White participants were less likely to vote to convict the defendant than were White participants. We discuss these issues and results in the context of the O. J. Simpson trial, specifically, and of the psychology and law literatures more generally.
Disparities in Judgments of the O. J. Simpson Case: A Social Identity Perspective
Authors: Kuhl Victoria
Published: April 2010

In this article, social identity theory is used to explore the disparate perceptions of Blacks and Whites regarding the O. J. Simpson case. In social identity theory, the desire to view one's own social group positively is seen as a primary motivation underlying causal attributions for disturbing social events. This work suggests that racially polarized judgments of the O. J. Simpson trial may be related to (a) perceptions of the nature of status boundaries between Blacks and Whites in American society; (b) the relative importance of social identity; and (c) the degree to which the out‐group is seen to pose a threat to the in‐group's objective interests and identity concerns. Theoretical and empirical work in social identity theory is discussed.
Expectancies and Mental Models as Determinants of Adolescents' Smoking Decisions
Authors: Hine Donald W. , Summers Craig , Tilleczek Kate , Lewko John
Published: April 2010

Cigarette smoking has been identified as the single most preventable source of mortality and morbidity in the United States. Experimentation with tobacco typically begins in adolescence, and smoking during this period is one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of adult smoking status. In the present paper, we review several prominent decision models that have been applied to adolescent smoking, and point out important limitations of these models. We then propose a new process‐oriented framework of decision‐making based on the concept of mental models, and discuss the implications of this framework for developing effective smoking prevention and cessation interventions for adolescents.
Historical Overview of Tobacco Legislation and Regulation
Authors: Jacobson Peter D. , Wasserman Jeffrey , Anderson John R.
Published: April 2010

In this paper we describe the legislative and regulatory history of tobacco control efforts and discuss the ways in which the debate over tobacco control has been framed. From a regulatory perspective, primary concern is how to balance the individual 's legal use of tobacco products with society's obligation to limit the use of a lethal product. Our review demonstrates the progress tobacco control advocates have made in enacting statewide legislation and local ordinances, especially during the past fifteen years, to restrict both smoking in public places and youth access to tobacco products. Nevertheless, this progress may be threatened by a powerful and determined tobacco industry. We discuss various strategies for determining how and where to allocate tobacco control resources.
Smoker‐Nonsmoker Conflict: Using a Social Psychological Framework to Understand a Current Social Controversy
Authors: Gibson Bryan
Published: April 2010

Over the past two decades, state and federal restrictions of public smoking have become increasingly common. The resulting controversy has generally focused on the research evidence regarding the physiological effects of second‐hand smoke while ignoring relevant psychological aspects of smoker‐nonsmoker conflict. In this article 1 review the literature on the psychological consequences of smoker‐nonsmoker interaction, interpreting these results from the framework of social psychological research on inter‐group conflict. From this review I conclude that: a) smoker‐ nonsmoker conflict shares many characteristics of other ingroup‐outgroup interactions; b) both groups are served by the legislated separation of these groups; and c) such separation can be successfully accomplished only when close attention is paid to subtle environmental cues. Finally, theoretical benefits of studying smoker‐nonsmoker conflict from a social psychological perspective are discussed.
Suggestions for the Creation and Implementation of Tobacco Policy
Authors: Gibson Bryan
Published: April 2010

When making policy suggestions regarding tobacco use, it is important to consider why tobacco use has proved such a difficult behavior to eradicate. The articles in this issue have identified a number of variables that we would be well served to consider when creating tobacco policy. First, tobacco use has been difficult to eradicate because of the addictive nature of nicotine. Even though many smokers wish to quit, the addictive nature of the product makes this difficult. A second variable that compounds this problem is that tobacco addiction typically begins in adolescence. The decision‐making process used by adolescents that may lead to tobacco use may be particularly difficult to alter, thus making smoking initiation a difficult process in which to intervene. Finally, it is important to consider the political power of the tobacco industry and to identify promising methods of overcoming this power when creating policy. These might include innovative legal strategies and searching for compromises that can reduce tobacco use while protecting important tobacco constituencies.
Beyond Difference: A Biologist's Perspective
Authors: Fausto‐Sterling Anne
Published: April 2010

This piece addresses some of the challenges to social scientific thought originating from the field of evolutionary psychology and from social scientists committed to making biological arguments an important component of the sociological discussion of gender. I provide my own biological perspective on these contemporary discussions, noting especially the different kinds of explanatory value one can expect from particular kinds of argument. I also call for the application of stricter scientific standards to arguments about the evolution of sex differentiated human behaviors. I introduce some basic genetic concepts, such as the norm of reaction, which focus attention on the interaction between genes and environment during intra‐generational development. Finally, I challenge the idea that there is a necessary correlation between hormone levels and reproductive behavior in vertebrates.
Understanding Multiple Group Identities: Inserting Women into Cultural Transformations
Authors: Hurtado Aída
Published: April 2010

The study of cultural transformations in the United States has been studied predominantly from an assimilation/acculturation framework. There are several drawbacks to this theoretical perspective, chief among them being the exclusion of gender in examining what happens to different ethnic/racial groups when they come into contact. Feminist writings in the last twenty years provide a rich discussion of how inserting women into this social process would enrich our knowledge about human behavior in general and cultural change specifically. This paper reviews the literature on the assimilation/acculturation framework and integrates the most recent developments in feminist theory to provide a new alternative to studying cultural transformations. The social engagement model takes into account gender as well as other significant social identities like ethnicity/race, class, and sexuality to study how groups change as they come into contact with each other.
Beyond Ethnic Differences: Contextualizing the Influence of Ethnicity on Individualism and Collectivism
Authors: Wink Paul
Published: April 2010

The relationship between individualism and collectivism (I/C), ethnicity, and four other social variables was examined using data from 453 American college students of Chinese, Korean, and European descent. Measures of Chinese and Korean ethnicity were better predictors of collectivism than individualism. The strength of the relationship between ethnicity and collectivism was reduced substantially, however, once the influence of other social variables was controlled. In the domain of individualism, Chinese and Korean ethnicity were negatively associated with assertiveness and uniqueness, were not related to scores on a measure of private identity, and were not related to valuing of personal openness once frequency of religious attendance was controlled. Discussion centers around the implication of the findings for the broader conceptualization of I/C.
Elu(ci)d(at)ing Epistemological Impasses: Re‐Viewing the Qualitative/Quantitative Debates in Psychology
Authors: Rabinowitz Vita Carulli , Weseen Susan
Published: April 2010

For more than two decades, psychology has witnessed repeated, largely unheeded calls for the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods in research. This article examines some of the reasons behind the difficulties with — and resistance to — integrating these approaches, focusing on psychological, social, and political factors that are glossed over in most discussions of what has come to be known in certain quarters as the QQD: the qualitative/quantitative debates. In an effort to bring some new voices to the table, we interviewed 20 doctoral students enrolled in a social‐personality psychology program at the City University of New York (CUNY) about how they think about and choose research methods in their own work, and how the qualitative/quantitative divide plays out in their lives as researchers. The students varied considerably in their backgrounds, their tenure in the program, the topics they study, and the research methods they employ. Regardless of these differences, all respondents had much to say that went beyond what is usually discussed in the QQD. They raised such issues as the relationship between epistemology and methodology, attitudes about qualitative and quantitative methods, prospects for integrating the two approaches, and the impact of methodological choices on scholarly careers. In our preliminary analysis of the interviews, we read for common themes across respondents, but also looked within each interview for unique perspectives. Respondents spoke about the place of science in psychology, their social identity as researchers, and power dynamics within the profession that are rarely discussed in the vast and cacophonic literature that constitutes the QQD. These exploratory interviews reveal the need for lifting up psychological, social, and political forces to the light of empirical investigation. Taken together, these interviews further suggest that beyond individual struggles, the methodological choices with which people grapple are community struggles, with important implications for graduate training and the socialization of psychologists, as well as the long‐standing debates on what counts as knowledge in psychology.
Working Between Worlds: Qualitative Methods and Social Psychology
Authors: Marecek Jeanne , Fine Michelle , Kidder Louise
Published: April 2010

We invite social psychologists in the United States to join with psychologists in other countries and with researchers in other disciplines to include qualitative approaches in their research repertory. Several classic studies in social psychology used field‐based qualitative approaches, yet in recent decades, these ways of working have been on the margins of American social psychology. We explore what a qualitative stance offers and entails, giving examples from our own and others' research. The relentless attention that qualitative workers have given to issues of bias, subjectivity, and research ethics prompts us to consider how such issues are always present in research, regardless of its methods.
Phenomenological and Participatory Research on Schizophrenia: Recovering the Person in Theory and Practice
Authors: Davidson Larry , Stayner David A. , Lambert Stacey , Smith Peter , Sledge William H.
Published: April 2010

This article describes the application of phenomenological and participatory research methods in understanding the problem of recurrent inpatient admissions for individuals diagnosed with serious mental illness. Conventional approaches to understanding and addressing inpatient recidivism in serious mental illness have neglected to invite the perspective or input of the person with the disorder, further exacerbating the passive and helpless role of mental patient into which these individuals have become socialized by virtue of prevailing patterns of cultural stigma and clinical practice. These approaches have focused exclusively on the disorder and its signs and symptoms and have attempted to prevent readmission through early detection and intervention to prevent relapse. This paper describes the failure of one attempt to institute such an approach to addressing the problem of recidivism, and the use of phenomenological and participatory research methods to involve recidivist patients themselves in exploring the reasons for this failure and to suggest alternative approaches. These methods involved patients' describing their experiences of hospitalization, discharge, and readmission, identifying the precipitants and reasons for their readmissions, and participating in the design of a new intervention that has proven more successful in assisting them in establishing more satisfying lives for themselves in the community as an alternative to returning to the hospital. The authors suggest that such participatory methods provide an antidote to the passive and helpless role of mental patient often encouraged by conventional modes of clinical practice and research, allowing for a recovery of an active role for the person with the disorder both in the theory and practice of clinical psychology.
“The Approved Bureaucratic Torpor”: Goodwin Watson, Critical Psychology, and the Dilemmas of Expertise, 1930–1945
Authors: Nicholson Ian A. M.
Published: April 2010

The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) played an important role in expanding the mandate and influence of American psychology. This article examines the nature of that role through a consideration of the early career of SPSSI's first president, Goodwin Watson. During the Depression, Watson encouraged psychologists to abandon value neutrality and political disinterestedness in favor of politically committed activist science. Government service and political persecution during World War II prompted Watson to conclude that his Depression‐era views had neglected the problematic interface between psychological expertise and policy formation. Responding to these concerns, Watson adopted a professional model that emphasized psychology's neutrality and objectivity. The article also considers the implications of his experience for contemporary debates on psychology's professional orientation.
Social Psychologists' Expertise in the Public Interest: Civilian Morale Research During World War II
Authors: Johnson Blair T. , Nichols Diana R.
Published: April 2010

By reviewing the careers of three prominent social psychologists, Floyd Henry Allport, Daniel Katz, and Rensis Likert, this article describes the theoretical and practical psychological expertise that American psychologists developed before, during, and after World War II and describes how this expertise resulted in significant gains for the field of social psychology. Prior to World War II, Allport, Katz, and Likert made pioneering contributions to understanding issues relevant to society, to the science of social psychology, and to methods of attitude measurement and poll design. In response to World War II, each of the three pursued research topics more immediately connected to the war effort. Similar to other prominent social psychologists, Allport, Katz, and Likert were able to parlay their prewar reputations into significant, high‐level roles in the service of the World War II effort. In turn, these successes helped to lay the foundation for a postwar boom in social psychology that had implications for training in and research on social psychology. Nonetheless, social psychology's and society's utilization of the knowledge gained during World War II appears to have been less than optimal.
Beyond Recovery From Trauma: Implications for Clinical Practice and Research
Authors: Calhoun Lawrence G. , Tedeschi Richard G.
Published: April 2010

This article draws implications for clinicians working with survivors of major life crises in four general areas: the relation of psychological well‐being, distress, and posttraumatic growth; conceptual issues in this type of clinical work; the process of encouraging growth in clients following traumatic events; and suggestions for additional research. Posttraumatic growth can be accompanied by an increase in well‐being, but distress and growth may also coexist. Positive changes can occur in several domains, but many are likely to be phenomenological. Degree of change produced by clinical intervention may be limited in scope, but there clearly are some ways in which the clinician may make growth more likely for the client. Suggestions for future research include the call for longitudinal investigations, studies of rumination and responses of the social network, and the examination of potential gender differences in posttraumatic growth.
A Race, Class, and Gender Analysis of Thriving
Authors: Blankenship Kim M.
Published: April 2010

Thriving research has been dominated by a psychological perspective. Individuals are typically the unit of analysis and thriving is generally operationalized using psychological measures. This article discusses a race, class, and gender perspective that derives from feminist sociology, as well as its implications for thriving research. This perspective, which focuses on the role of race, class, and gender inequality in organizing social relations, draws attention to the need to recognize that both the likelihood that someone will face a challenge and their ability to thrive in the face of that challenge are determined largely by their location in the social hierarchy. It also demonstrates that distinctions must be made between thriving in the face of the routine challenges of daily life and thriving in the face of challenges that are an extraordinary part of life. Finally, the race, class, and gender perspective has implications for the development of interventions to promote thriving. Each of these issues is elaborated further with illustrations drawn from life history and focus group interviews with and field work conducted among drug‐addicted women.
Psychological Thriving Among Latinas With Chronic Illness
Authors: Abraído‐Lanza Ana F. , Guier Carolina , Colón Rose Marie
Published: April 2010

This study utilizes a 3‐year longitudinal design to explore factors that promote thriving among Latinas facing multiple adversity: poverty and chronic illness (specifically, arthritis). From a thriving paradigm, focus is placed on understanding the positive growth and thriving experiences reported by respondents, as well as the social, cultural, and personal resources that promote thriving. In the baseline interview, we employed a qualitative methodology to understand women's experiences of thriving. Women reported a variety of such experiences, the most frequent being enhanced appreciation of life. In the follow‐up study, we created a thriving scale based on responses generated at the initial interview and prior research, then examined which of a number of social/cultural and personal factors predicted thriving 3 years after the initial assessment. Only measures of competence (self‐esteem and self‐ efficacy) and psychological well‐being were related to thriving. Path analyses testing the causal sequence of these variables revealed that negative affect contributed to decreased self‐efficacy and self‐esteem, but it did not have a direct or indirect effect on thriving. Greater self‐esteem positively predicted thriving. In contrast, positive affect did not contribute to either measure of competence, but had a direct effect on thriving. Results suggest that psychological well‐being (not ill‐being) promotes thriving.