bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Cathode Films for Practical All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ye Chao , Xu Shijie , Li Huan , Shan Jieqiong , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: July 2024

The development of all‐solid‐state lithium‐sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) toward large‐scale electrochemical energy storage is driven by the higher specific energies and lower cost in comparison with the state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries. Yet, insufficient mechanistic understanding and quantitative parameters of the key components in sulfur‐based cathode hinders the advancement of the ASSLSB technologies. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of electrode parameters, including specific capacity, voltage, S mass loading and S content toward establishing the specific energy (Wh kg−1) and energy density (Wh L−1) of the ASSLSBs. Additionally, this work critically evaluates the progress in enhancing lithium ion and electron percolation and mitigating electrochemical‐mechanical degradation in sulfur‐based cathodes. Last, a critical outlook on potential future research directions is provided to guide the rational design of high‐performance sulfur‐based cathodes toward practical ASSLSBs.
Data sharing as the foundation of discovery: ADNI and breakthroughs in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Travaglia Alessio , Hoffmann Steve
Published: July 2024

The COVID pandemic has shown that when the research community comes together, we can conquer the most complex biomedical challenges. Collaboration and teamwork among federal agencies, private organizations, and researchers have been crucial in the development of vaccines and therapeutics against COVID.

Possibly the first example of such cross‐functional collaboration is the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), the largest and longest continually monitored Alzheimer's study. ADNI was designed and operated as a public‐private partnership, managed by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.

This article shows how recent successes in the Alzheimer's field are directly a result of ADNI's open and transparent sharing of knowledge, expertise, and resources, which have allowed researchers to advance their understanding of Alzheimer's and tackle challenges in a relatively short period of time. ADNI's approach to open‐source innovation also served as a model for addressing other complex diseases and led to numerous collaborative research initiatives.

Highlights

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) was designed, structured, and operated as a public‐private partnership, managed by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.

The recent successes in the Alzheimer's field are directly a result of ADNI's efforts.

Open and transparent sharing of knowledge, expertise, and resources allowed researchers to advance their understanding of Alzheimer's and tackle challenges in a relatively short period of time.
A Paramagnetic Nickel–Zinc Hydride Complex
Authors: Perez‐Jimenez Marina , Geoghegan Blaise L. , Collauto Alberto , Röβler Maxie M. , Crimmin Mark R.
Published: July 2024

Reaction of a molecular zinc–hydride [{(ArNCMe)2CH}ZnH] (Ar=2,6‐di‐isopropylphenyl) with 0.5 equiv. of [Ni(CO)Cp]2 led to the isolation of a nickel–zinc hydride complex containing a bridging 3‐centre,2‐electron Ni−H−Zn interaction. This species has been characterized in the solid‐state by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. DFT calculations are consistent with its formulation as a σ‐complex derived from coordination of the zinc–hydride to a paramagnetic nickel(I) fragment. Continuous‐wave and pulse EPR experiments suggest that this species is labile in solution. Further experiments show that in the presence of catalytic quantities of nickel(I) precursors, zinc–hydride bonds can undergo either H/D‐exchange with D2 or dehydrocoupling to form Zn−Zn bonds. In combination, the data support the activation and functionalisation of zinc–hydride bonds at nickel(I) centres.
Precisely Constructing Molecular Junctions in Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks for Efficient Artificial Photosynthetic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhang Yaqin , Li Ping , Cui Peng , Hu Xunliang , Shu Chang , Sun Ruixue , Peng Mengjie , Tan Bien , Wang Xiaoyan
Published: July 2024

The development of artificial photocatalysts to convert CO2 into renewable fuels and H2O into O2 is a complex and crucial task in the field of photosynthesis research. The current challenge is to enhance photogenerated charge separation, as well as to increase the oxidation capability of materials. Herein, a molecular junction‐type porphyrin‐based crystalline photocatalyst (Ni‐TCPP‐TPyP) was successfully self‐assembled by incorporating a nickel porphyrin complex as a reduction site and pyridyl porphyrin as an oxidation site via hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions. The resulting material has a highly crystalline structure, and the formation of inherent molecular junctions can accelerate photogenerated charge separation and transport. Thus, Ni‐TCPP‐TPyP achieved an excellent CO production rate of 309.3 μmol g−1 h−1 (selectivity, ~100 %) without the use of any sacrificial agents, which is more than ten times greater than that of single‐component photocatalyst (Ni‐TCPP) and greater than that of the most organic photocatalysts. The structure‐function relationship was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Our work provides new insight for designing efficient artificial photocatalysts, paving the way for the development of clean and renewable fuels through the conversion of CO2 using solar energy.
Photochargeable Mn‐Based Metal–Organic Framework and Decoupled Photocatalysis
Authors: Wu Shufan , Stanley Philip M. , Deger Simon N. , Hussain Mian Zahid , Jentys Andreas , Warnan Julien
Published: July 2024

Designing multifunctional materials that mimic the light‐dark decoupling of natural photosynthesis is a key challenge in the field of energy conversion. Herein, we introduce MnBr‐253, a precious metal‐free metal–organic framework (MOF) built on Al nodes, bipyridine linkers and MnBr(CO)3(bipyridine) complexes. Upon irradiation, MnBr‐253 colloids demonstrate an electron photocharging capacity of ~42 C ⋅ g−1MOF, with state‐of‐the‐art photocharging rate (1.28 C ⋅ s−1 ⋅ g−1MOF) and incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency of ~9.4 % at 450 nm. Spectroscopic and computational studies support effective electron accumulation at the Mn complex while high porosity and Mn loading account for the notable electron storage performance. The charged MnBr‐253 powders were successfully applied for hydrogen evolution under dark conditions thus emulating the light‐decoupled reactivity of photosynthesis.
Efficient Synthesis of Metastable Cyclodextrin‐Based Polyrotaxanes with Tunable Threading Ratios
Authors: Qiao Bo , Zeng Qinghong , Li Longyu
Published: July 2024

Cyclodextrin‐based polyrotaxanes (CD‐PRs) are gaining attention for their dynamic sliding rings along the polymer axis, enabling various applications in molecular shuttles, drug delivery, and durable polymers with slidable cross‐links. However, the conventional synthesis of CD‐PRs with tunable threading ratios is typically laborious, time‐consuming, and complicated, which limits their scalability and cost‐effectiveness. Herein, we highlight the great potential of planetary centrifugal mixing, a process that significantly accelerates and simplifies the initial synthesis of polypseudorotaxanes (PPRs), followed by a thiol‐ene click reaction as an efficient end‐capping reaction for the synthesis of PRs. Notably, PRs synthesized with glutathione (GSH) as the end‐capping reagent are in a metastable state, where GSH act as a molecular bumper that significantly prevent de‐threading of α‐CD rings at room temperature. Moreover, the rate of ring de‐threading can be precisely controlled by heating, enabling the preparation of metastable PRs with tunable threading ratios over a wide range. The developed strategy is of great significance to the efficient synthesis of CD‐PRs, thus marking a significant step towards their practical application in advanced functional materials and devices.
Gamma‐ray‐induced modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polypropylene solid materials with halogen‐containing olefins for X‐ray CT image contrast enhancement
Authors: Nakaya Toshimi , Katsura Daiji , Kawakami Keigo , Komaguchi Kenji , Adachi Yohei , Tanabe Eishi , Ohshita Joji
Published: July 2024

It is known that X‐ray CT of organic polymer materials usually provides low‐contrast images because of the low X‐ray absorption of these materials. In this paper, we describe a new method to enhance the contrast of X‐ray CT images of organic polymer materials. We demonstrate that gamma‐ray irradiation of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers in dichloromethane containing 2‐bromoethyl methacrylate, 2‐chloroethyl methacrylate, or 4‐bromostyrene results in the grafting of halogen‐containing oligomeric chains onto the PET fibers. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) analyses revealed a homogeneous distribution of bromine atoms within the 2‐bromoethyl methacrylate‐modified PET fibers, not only on the surface. This uniform incorporation translated to a significant improvement in X‐ray CT image contrast compared with pristine fibers. Similar treatment of polypropylene pellets also enhanced the contrast of their X‐ray CT images. This is a new simple and effective method to enhance the X‐ray CT image contrast and potentially applicable to various polymer materials including polymer composites and porous polymer materials, readily allowing the observation of their 3D microstructures finely.
expowo: An R package for mining global plant diversity and distribution data
Authors: Zuanny Débora C. , Vilela Bruno , Moonlight Peter W. , Särkinen Tiina E. , Cardoso Domingos
Published: July 2024

Premise

Data on plant distribution and diversity from natural history collections and taxonomic databases are increasingly becoming available online as exemplified by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Plants of the World Online (POWO) database. This growing accumulation of biodiversity information requires an advance in bioinformatic tools for accessing and processing the massive data for use in downstream science. We present herein expowo, an open‐source package that facilitates extracting and using botanical data from POWO.

Methods and Results

The expowo package is implemented in R and designed to handle the entire vascular plant tree of life. It includes functions to readily distill taxonomic and distributional information about all families, genera, or species of vascular plants. It outputs a complete list of species in each genus of any plant family, with the associated original publication, synonyms, and distribution, and plots global maps of species richness at the country and botanical country levels, as well as graphs displaying species‐discovery accumulation curves and nomenclatural changes over time. To demonstrate expowo's strengths in producing easy‐to‐handle outputs, we also show empirical examples from a set of biodiverse countries and representative species‐rich and ecologically important angiosperm families.

Conclusions

By harnessing bioinformatic tools that accommodate varying levels of R programming proficiency, expowo functions assist users who have limited R programming expertise in efficiently distilling specific botanical information from online sources and producing maps and graphics for the further interpretation of biogeographic and taxonomic patterns.
Exploring autism via the retina: Comparative insights in children with autism spectrum disorder and typical development
Authors: Li Mingchao , Wang Yuexuan , Gao Huiyun , Xia Zhengwang , Zeng Chaofan , Huang Kun , Zhu Zhaoqi , Lu Jianfeng , Chen Qiang , Ke Xiaoyan , Zhang Weiwei
Published: July 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a widely recognized neurodevelopmental disorder, yet the identification of reliable imaging biomarkers for its early diagnosis remains a challenge. Considering the specific manifestations of ASD in the eyes and the interconnectivity between the brain and the eyes, this study investigates ASD through the lens of retinal analysis. We specifically examined differences in the macular region of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT)/optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images between children diagnosed with ASD and those with typical development (TD). Our findings present potential novel characteristics of ASD: the thickness of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) with cone photoreceptors was significantly increased in ASD; the large‐caliber arteriovenous of the inner retina was significantly reduced in ASD; these changes in the EZ and arteriovenous were more significant in the left eye than in the right eye. These observations of photoreceptor alterations, vascular function changes, and lateralization phenomena in ASD warrant further investigation, and we hope that this work can advance interdisciplinary understanding of ASD.
Electrode Binder Design on Silicon‐Based Anode for Next‐Generation Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Wang Fei , Zhang Chengzhi , Dang Dai , Liu Quanbing , Tan Jun
Published: July 2024

As an important part of the electrode material of lithium‐ion batteries, the binder significantly affects the forming strength of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and also determines the mechanical properties and cycling stability. In the silicon anode, binder have greater effect in the chemical and electrochemical stability because of the volume of the silicon anode changes by more than 300 %. Thus, the development of functional new binders with enhanced properties is one of the keys to mitigating the instability of silicon anodes. This concept first briefly introduces the advantages and disadvantages of conventional electrode binders, then the current research progress of silicon anode binders is briefly summarized based on the different types of interaction forces of binders. Finally, we conclude the properties indicators of silicon anode binders with superior performance in batteries, and comment our previous work in detail.
Design, Synthesis, Anti‐Cancer, Anti‐Inflammatory and In Silico Studies of 3‐Substituted‐2‐Oxindole Derivatives
Authors: Hublikar Mahesh , Kadu Vikas , Edake Nagesh , Raut Dattatraya , Shirame Sachin , Ahmed Mahammad Z. , Makam Parameshwar , Ahmad Md. Sibgatullah , Meshram Rohan J. , Bhosale Raghunath
Published: July 2024

This study focuses on the design and synthesis of 3‐substituted‐2‐oxindole derivatives aimed at developing dual‐active molecules with anti‐cancer and anti‐inflammatory properties. The molecules were designed with diverse structural and functional features while adhering to Lipinski, Veber, and Leeson criteria. Physicochemical properties were assessed using SWISSADME to ensure drug‐likeness and favourable pharmacokinetics. Multistep synthetic procedures were employed for molecule synthesis. In vitro evaluations confirmed the dual activity of the derivatives, with specific emphasis on the significance of dialkyl aminomethyl substitutions for potency against various cell lines. 4 a exhibited GI50 value 3.00E−05 against MDA‐MB‐231, 4 b has shown GI50 value 2E−05 against MDA‐MB‐231, 4 c has shown GI50 value 6E−05 against VERO, 4 d has shown GI50 value 8E−05 each against both the MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 and 4 e has shown GI50 values 2E−05 and 5E−05 each against both the MCF‐7 and VERO. The analysis indicates that compounds 3 c (71.19 %), 3 e (66.84 %), and 3 g (63.04 %) exhibited significant anti‐inflammatory activity. Additionally, in silico binding free energy analysis and interaction studies revealed significant correlations between in vitro and computational data, identifying compounds 4 d, 4 e, 3 b, 3 i, and 3 e as promising candidates. Key residues such as Glu917, Cys919, Lys920, Glu850, Lys838, and Asp1046 were found to play critical roles in ligand binding and kinase inhibition, providing valuable insights for designing potent VEGFR2 inhibitors. The Quantum Mechanics‐based Independent Gradient Model analysis further highlighted the electronic interaction landscape, showing larger attractive peaks and higher electron density gradients for compounds 4 d and 4 e compared to Sunitinib, suggesting stronger and more diverse attractive forces. These findings support the potential of these compounds for further development and optimization in anticancer drug design.
Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum by an unusual foreign body: A case report and a review of literature
Authors: Milla Salguero Sara Elizabeth , Medina Enrique Adalberto , Hause Murillo Alejandra , Perdomo Domínguez Eduardo Smelin
Published: July 2024

Key Clinical Message

Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is rare, particularly by foreign body. High index of suspicion and thorough intraoperative assessment is needed in patients undergoing surgery for acute appendicitis, specifically when appendix appears normal.

Meckel's diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. While often asymptomatic, it can present with several complications. Perforation due to foreign body ingestion is rare but can have severe consequences if late diagnosis occurs. A 13‐year‐old male, initially suspected of acute appendicitis, was eventually diagnosed with perforation of MD by a wood splinter‐like foreign body after intraoperative assessment. Histological analysis revealed ectopic colonic tissue within the MD, a finding whose implications are not well understood, in contrast with the well‐established complications associated with ectopic gastric and pancreatic tissues. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of MD, which can mimic acute appendicitis, emphasizing the need for high suspicion when faced with atypical clinical presentation such as foreign body‐induced perforation. Although surgical resection of asymptomatic MD remains controversial, we recommend a case‐specific approach based on risk factors to guide decision‐making on surgical resection for asymptomatic MD.
Enhanced Low‐Temperature Oxidation Activity of Cu‐Doped Highly Active Pd‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Xu Zonghao , Gai Yiguang , Wang Guanghao , Jiang Li , Huang Qian , Duan Dengyou , Cheng Xianming , Li Kongzhai , Wang Hua
Published: July 2024

Pd‐based catalysts supported on cerium–zirconium (CZ) oxygen storage materials (OSM) have emerged as promising candidates for the catalytic oxidation of CH4 and CO. However, achieving efficient and stable treatment of CH4 and CO in exhaust gases with Pd‐based catalysts remains a long‐term challenge. To address this, we propose a straightforward strategy of doping the supports with Cu to enhance the catalytic performance of Pd/Ce0.4Zr0.5La0.1O1.95 catalysts. Performance tests revealed that the catalytic activity of the Cu‐doped catalysts significantly improved, with T90 (CH4) decreasing from 418–301 °C and T90 (CO) decreasing from 141–113 °C. Notably, the copper‐doped catalysts exhibited enhanced water and sulfur resistance while maintaining excellent thermal stability. The CO conversion decreased by less than 2 % after a thermal deactivation experiment lasting over 100 hours. The reduction in particle size and the increase in specific surface area due to copper doping are key factors contributing to the improved total oxygen storage capacity (OSC). The main reasons for the increase in total OSC are likely the reduced particle size and increased specific surface area.
The Journey for the Synthesis of Large Acenes
Authors: Lerena Laura , Zuzak Rafal , Godlewski Szymon , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: July 2024

Acenes, the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with linearly fused benzene rings, possess distinctive electronic properties with potential applicability in material science. Hexacene was the largest acene obtained and characterized in the last century, followed by heptacene in 2006. Since then, a race for obtaining the largest acene resulted in the development of several members of this family as well as diverse innovative synthetic strategies, from solid‐state chemistry to the promising on‐surface chemistry. This last technique allows the obtention of large acenes, up to tridecacene, the largest acene so far. This review presents the different methodologies employed for the synthesis of acenes, highlighting the newest studies, to provide a much more thorough understanding of the essence of the electronic structure of this captivating group of organic compounds.
2‐Azetine Derivatives as a Class of New Monomers for Controlled Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization towards Polyenamides†
Authors: Liu Jingrong , Lin Changquan , Tao Yuan , Lei Jiang , Liao Chenyang , Feng Yanli , Fu Liangbing
Published: July 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Nitrogen‐containing polymers have found a wide myriad of applications in materials science and other different areas, and have attracted much attention towards the development of new synthetic methods. Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization represents an area of great versatility and potential for the synthesis of highly functionalized polymers with low dispersity and control over molecular weight and architecture complexity. Expanding the scope of monomers through the incorporation of nitrogen atoms would further expand their utilities. In this work, a controlled synthesis of polymers with in‐chain enamide moiety through ring‐opening metathesis polymerization was developed by utilizing azetine derivatives as the monomers. Relatively short synthetic routes were designed and generated a panel of five monomers. The polymerization exhibited living characteristics, as linear relationship between molecular weights and degrees of polymerization and relatively narrow molar mass distributions were observed, which was further confirmed by successful diblock copolymers formation through sequential addition of two monomers. The resulting polymers that contain the enamide moiety within the backbone exhibited good stability and underwent facile degradation under acidic conditions.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel by Coumarate‐Based Ionic Liquids and Coatings
Authors: Monaci Sharon , Mantione Daniele , Mecerreyes David , Forsyth Maria , Somers Anthony
Published: July 2024

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as corrosion inhibitors is gaining significant attention due to their attractive properties such as high inhibition efficiency and ability to absorb onto metal surfaces. In this work, six protic ILs, based on the coumarate anion in combination with the nitrogen containing ammonium, pyrrolidinium and imidazolium cations with a short or long alkyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom, have been synthesized and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel. The anticorrosion properties of these ILs in solution as inhibitors were investigated electrochemically and the metal surface was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Moreover, the IL prepared from the coumarate anion and N‐dimethyl‐N‐tetradecyl ammonium ([DTA]Cou) was incorporated into an acrylic UV‐cured coating formulation as an additive and by designing a similar ionic monomer which covalently links to the acrylic coating formulation. Both coatings were analyzed using impedance spectroscopy during 11 days of exposure to a solution of 0,01 M NaCl, confirming the high performance of the inhibitor in both solution and when incorporated into a coating. The synthesized ILs present efficiencies in solution exceeding 70 %, in particular the ILs [DTA]Cou and the tetradecyl imidazolium coumarate ([C14Im]Cou) showed efficiencies of 88 % and 91 % respectively. Surface analysis after 24 h confirmed that the inhibitors efficiently adsorb onto the mild steel surface to form a protective film. The obtained inhibitors showed interesting anticorrosion behaviors and demonstrated how different cations and an increase in the chain length affect the corrosion inhibition properties.
Unraveling the NH3‐SCR‐DeNOx Mechanism of Cu‐SSZ‐13 Variants by Spectroscopic and Transient Techniques
Authors: Jabłońska Magdalena , Mollá Robles Alejandro , Rotko Marek , Vuong Thanh Huyen , Lei Huarong , Lavrič Žan , Grilc Miha , Lukman Muhammad Fernadi , Valiullin Rustem , Bertmer Marko , Möllmer Jens , Rabeah Jabor , Pöppl Andreas , Simon Ulrich , Gläser Roger
Published: July 2024

Commercial SSZ‐13 zeolite with different n(Si)/n(Al) ratios and from different suppliers were subjected to a post‐synthetic treatment in order to create mesopores of up to 15 nm. Furthermore, the materials were modified with copper ions and thoroughly physico‐chemically characterized. The modified textural properties varied the nature of copper species, and thus, activity in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia (NH3‐SCR‐DeNOx). Pulsed‐field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG‐NMR) studies with hexane as probe liquid revealed improved intracrystalline diffusion for some Cu‐containing SSZ‐13 materials. The NH3‐SCR‐DeNOx pathways are verified via in situ DR UV‐Vis, in situ FT‐IR and EPR, temperature‐programmed studies as well as SSITKA studies that provide a mechanistic understanding of the reaction. Kinetic modelling results demonstrate the highest NH3‐SCR‐DeNOx reaction rates and up to 20 % lower energy barriers with n(Si)/n(Al) ratio of 6.5 for all modified forms (i. e., (NH4)Cu‐SSZ‐13_6.5 and Cu‐SSZ‐13_6.5_NaOH/0.1) and cause only negligible parasitic ammonia oxidation. The modelling of the stop‐flow experiments further demonstrates that the SCR pathway via the HONO surface intermediate is present but barely contributes to the overall NO conversion compared to the dominant path between adsorbed NH3 and NO from the gas phase.
Designing Fe8−N2 Catalytic Sites of Nitrogen‐Doped Iron‐Based Nanoparticles with Oxidase‐Like Activity: Characterization, Calculation and Application
Authors: Liu Yun , Liu Guijiang , Chen Lichuan , Hong Song
Published: July 2024

Designing metal nanoparticles with oxidase‐mimicking capabilities has garnered significant attention due to their promising attributes. However, understanding the intricate catalytic mechanisms underlying these nanoparticles poses a formidable challenge. In this study, a straightforward pyrolysis procedure was employed to synthesize nitrogen‐doped iron‐based nanoparticles (Fe NPs‐N@C) with Fe8−N2 serving as active sites. The confirmation of these sites was thoroughly confirmed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations complemented by experimental validation. The resulting Fe NPs‐N@C nanoparticles, averaging 5.45 nm in size, exhibited excellent oxidase‐mimicking activity, with vmax=1.11×10−7 M s−1and km=1.67 mM, employing 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine as a substrate. The oxidation pathway and catalytic mechanism of Fe NPs‐N@C involved 1O2⋅ radicals, validated through electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and DFT calculations. Furthermore, Fe NPs‐N@C/TMB system was devised for ascorbic acid and nitrite quantitative detection. This method demonstrated the capability to detect ascorbic acid within concentrations ranging from 1 to 55 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.81 μM, and nitrite within concentrations from 1 to 160 μM, with a LOD value of 0.45 μM. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the catalytic mechanisms of Fe NPs‐N@C nanoparticles at the atomic level, along with its potential for colorimetric sensor in future.
AutoMitoNetwork: Software for analyzing mitochondrial networks in autofluorescence images to enable label‐free cell classification
Authors: Handley Shannon , Anwer Ayad G. , Knab Aline , Bhargava Akanksha , Goldys Ewa M.
Published: July 2024

High‐resolution mitochondria imaging in combination with image analysis tools have significantly advanced our understanding of cellular function in health and disease. However, most image analysis tools for mitochondrial studies have been designed to work with fluorescently labeled images only. Additionally, efforts to integrate features describing mitochondrial networks with machine learning techniques for the differentiation of cell types have been limited. Herein, we present AutoMitoNetwork software for image‐based assessment of mitochondrial networks in label‐free autofluorescence images using a range of interpretable morphological, intensity, and textural features. To demonstrate its utility, we characterized unstained mitochondrial networks in healthy retinal cells and in retinal cells exposed to two types of treatments: rotenone, which directly inhibited mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, and iodoacetic acid, which had a milder impact on mitochondrial networks via the inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis. For both cases, our multi‐dimensional feature analysis combined with a support vector machine classifier distinguished between healthy cells and those treated with rotenone or iodoacetic acid. Subtle changes in morphological features were measured including increased fragmentation in the treated retinal cells, pointing to an association with metabolic mechanisms. AutoMitoNetwork opens new options for image‐based machine learning in label‐free imaging, diagnostics, and mitochondrial disease drug development.
Role of tidal range and coastline morphology on the evolution of two macrotidal sand spits
Authors: Tessier Bernadette , Poirier Clément , Fruergaard Mikkel , Chaumillon Eric , Weill Pierre , Bertin Xavier , Mouazé Dominique
Published: July 2024

The present study examines the stratigraphy of two sandspits that both appeared and developed since the middle of the 17th century during the Little Ice Age. The Arçay spit is located along the macrotidal Atlantic coast in South‐West France with a maximum tidal range of 6.5 m. The Pointe du Banc in the English Channel, North‐West France, is located in a hypertidal coastal setting with a tidal range of up to 14 m. The evolution of the two spit systems has been compared using historical maps, ground penetrating radar data and facies analysis and geochronological data from sediment cores. The Pointe du Banc spit developed between 1650 and 1750 CE, in a dominant seaward direction while the main mode of construction of the Arçay spit was in a longshore direction. It is proposed that this difference relates to sediment supply and coastline morphology. At the Pointe du Banc spit, the large tidal range causes a long wind fetch and sustained aeolian sediment supply. Moreover, the spit is located at the apex of a large‐scale embayment where sediment transport from north and south converges. Combined, these factors result in a positive sediment budget and seaward shoreline progradation. At the Arçay spit, high wave obliquity results in a large littoral drift and sustained longshore spit construction. At both locations, low gradient shorefaces may have favoured a net landward‐directed sediment flux that supply sand to the foreshore.
Development and validation of general plasma screening method for performance enhancing drugs in racehorses utilizing liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS)
Authors: Lomnicka Izabela , Dubey Saurabh , Waller Pamela , Vora Dharmikkumar , Dirikolu Levent
Published: July 2024

The screening of drugs in plasma and urine often requires initial extraction (such as liquid–liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction) before the samples are submitted to instrumental analyses. These extraction procedures are often laborious and time‐consuming. In this manuscript, a high‐throughput automated assay based on liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) suitable for use as an initial testing procedure covering multiple classes of compounds prohibited in horse racing is described. The assay requires a 600‐μL plasma aliquot, which is subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) using OASIS HLB 96‐well SPE with Biotage Extrahera system, evaporation, and reconstitution in a 96‐well collection plate. LC–HRMS analyses were carried out on a Thermo Q‐Exactive Mass spectrometer coupled with Thermo UHPLC system equipped with Thermo Accela ALS 2.4.0 autosampler linked to ACE Excel column. Drug targets were detected by retention time and accurate mass, with a mass tolerance window of 5 ppm in positive and negative ionization mode. The screening method was validated for over 300 drug targets in a 13‐min run. Validation data including sensitivity, specificity, extraction recovery, and precision are presented. As the method employs full‐scan mass spectrometry, unlimited number of drug targets can theoretically be incorporated into this method.
Rates and predictors of cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Shahim Angiza , Donal Erwan , Hage Camilla , Oger Emmanuel , Savarese Gianluigi , Persson Hans , Haugen‐Löfman Ida , Ennezat Pierre‐Vladimir , Sportouch‐Dukhan Catherine , Drouet Elodie , Daubert Jean‐Claude , Linde Cecilia , Lund Lars H. ,   the KaRen investigators
Published: July 2024

Aims

The detailed sub‐categories of death and hospitalization, and the impact of comorbidities on cause‐specific outcomes, remain poorly understood in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We sought to evaluate rates and predictors of cardiovascular (CV) and non‐CV outcomes in HFpEF.

Methods

The Karolinska–Rennes study was a bi‐national prospective observational study designed to characterize HFpEF (ejection fraction ≥45%). Patients were followed for cause‐specific death and hospitalization. Baseline characteristics were pre‐selected based on clinical relevance and potential eligibility criteria for HFpEF trials. The associations between characteristics and cause‐specific outcomes were assessed with univariable and multivariable Cox regressions.

Results

Five hundred thirty‐nine patients [56% females; median (inter‐quartile range) age 79 (72–84) years; NT‐proBNP/BNP 2448 (1290–4790)/429 (229–805) ng/L] were included. Over 1196 patient‐years follow‐up [median (min, max) 744 days (13–1959)], there were 159 (29%) deaths (13 per 100 patient‐years: CV 5.1 per 100, dominated by HF 3.9 per 100; and non‐CV 5.8 per 100, dominated by cancer, 2.3 per 100). There were 723 hospitalizations in 338 patients (63%; 60 per 100 patient‐years: CV 33 per 100, dominated by HF 17 per 100; and non‐CV 27 per 100, dominated by lung disease 5 per 100).

Higher age and natriuretic peptides, lower serum natraemia and NYHA class III–IV were independent predictors of CV death; lower serum natraemia, anaemia and stroke of non‐CV death; and anaemia and lower serum natraemia of non‐CV death or hospitalizations. There were no apparent predictors of CV death or hospitalization.

Conclusions

In a clinical cohort hospitalized and diagnosed with HFpEF, death and hospitalization rates were roughly similar for CV and non‐CV causes. CV deaths were predicted primarily by severity of HF; non‐CV deaths primarily by anaemia and prior stroke. Lower serum sodium predicted both. Hospitalizations were difficult to predict.
Biomarker profiles associated with reverse ventricular remodelling in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: Insights from the echocardiographic substudy of the VICTORIA trial
Authors: Tromp Jasper , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Alemayehu Wendimagegn , de Filippi Christopher R. , Melenovský Vojtěch , Sliwa Karen , Lopatin Yuri , Arango Juan Luis , Bahit M. Cecilia , Roessig Lothar , O'Connor Christopher M. , Shah Palak , Westerhout Cynthia M. , Voors Adriaan A. , Pieske Burkert , Armstrong Paul W. ,   for the VICTORIA Study Group
Published: July 2024

Aims

Reverse ventricular remodelling, defined as a decrease in left ventricular end‐systolic volume indexed to body surface area (LVESVI) or an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods and results

We evaluated paired core‐lab assessed echocardiograms and measurements of 92 biomarkers at baseline and 8 months thereafter in 419 participants with HFrEF. Reverse ventricular remodelling was defined as a >5% LVEF increase or >15% LVESVI relative decrease between baseline and 8 months. We evaluated the association between baseline biomarkers and their changes with reverse ventricular remodelling in the prospectively randomized controlled VICTORIA (Vericiguat Global Study in Subjects With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial. Of 419 patients (median age 66 [interquartile range 57–74] years, 27.4% women), 206 (49.2%) had reverse ventricular remodelling (either a 5% LVEF increase or a 15% LVESVI decrease). There were no differences in baseline biomarker concentrations between patients with versus those without reverse ventricular remodelling on follow‐up. However, in patients with reverse ventricular remodelling there were significant decreases in biomarkers relating to inflammation and cardiac metabolism; particularly the tumour necrosis factor superfamily member 13B (ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–0.88), growth differentiation factor‐15 (ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.66–0.84), and insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 7 (ratio 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.88).

Conclusions

Reverse ventricular remodelling in patients with HFrEF is associated with a decrease of biomarkers related to inflammation and cardiac metabolism.
Status and timing of angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor implementation in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: Data from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry
Authors: Stolfo Davide , Benson Lina , Lindberg Felix , Dahlström Ulf , Käck Oskar , Sinagra Gianfranco , Lund Lars H. , Savarese Gianluigi
Published: July 2024

Aims

We explored timing, settings and predictors of angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) initiation in a large, nationwide cohort of patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods and results

Patients with HFrEF (ejection fraction <40%) registered in the Swedish HF Registry in 2017–2021 and naïve to ARNI were evaluated for timing and location of, and their characteristics at ARNI initiation. ARNI use increased from 8.3% in 2017 to 26.7% in 2021. Among 3892 hospitalized patients, 8% initiated ARNI in‐hospital or ≤14 days after discharge, 4% between 15 and 90 days, and 88% >90 days after discharge or never initiated. Factors associated with earlier initiation included follow‐up in specialized HF care, more severe HF, previous HF treatment use and higher income, whereas older age, higher comorbidity burden and living alone were associated with later/no initiation. Of 16 486 HFrEF patients, 8.1% inpatients and 5.9% outpatients initiated an ARNI at the index date. Factors associated with initiation in outpatients were overall consistent with those linked with an in‐hospital/earlier ARNI initiation; 4.9% of 10 209 with HF duration <6 months and 9.1% of 5877 with HF duration ≥6 months initiated ARNI. Predictors of ARNI initiation in HF duration <6 months were inpatient status, lower ejection fraction, hypertension, whereas previous angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use was associated with less likely initiation. Discontinuation at 1 year ranged between 13% and 20% across the above‐reported analyses.

Conclusions

In‐hospital and early initiation of ARNI are limited in real‐world care but still slightly more likely than in outpatients. ARNI were more likely initiated in patients with more severe HF, which might suggest its use as a second‐line treatment and only following worsening of clinical status. One‐year discontinuation rates were consistent regardless of the timing/setting of ARNI initiation.
Fast and efficient extraction and determination of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs using poly(8‐hydroxyquinoline)‐coated magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite prior to capillary electrophoresis analysis in wastewater, breast milk, and urine samples
Authors: Shahsavani Abolfath , Fakhari Ali Reza
Published: July 2024

In this study, magnetic graphene oxide coated with poly(8‐hydroxyquinoline) was successfully synthesized, characterized, and utilized as a novel sorbent for the ultrasonic‐assisted dispersive magnetic solid‐phase extraction of naproxen and ibuprofen. These analytes served as representative analytes for two nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in various real samples. Characterization techniques, such as IR, X‐ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray‐mapping, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), were used to confirm the correctness synthesis and preparation of the nanocomposites. Effective parameters on the extraction efficiency were investigated to maximize the analytical performance of the developed method. The dynamic range (1–1000 µg L−1), coefficients of determination (R2 ≥ 0.997), the limits of detection (0.3–1.0 µg L−1), and limit of quantification (1.0–3.0 µg L−1), intra‐day and inter‐day precisions (3.5%–7.2%) were achieved. The method validation results showed extraction recovery ranging from 80.4% to 96.0% and preconcentration factors ranging from 137 to 140.
Differentiation of five forensically relevant body fluids using a small set of microRNA markers
Authors: Altmeyer Linus , Baumer Karine , Hall Diana
Published: July 2024

In forensic investigations, identifying the type of body fluid allows for the interpretation of biological evidence at the activity level. Over the past two decades, significant research efforts have focused on developing molecular methods for this purpose. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) hold great promise due to their tissue‐specific expression, abundance, lack of splice variants, and relative stability. Although initial findings are promising, achieving consistent results across studies is still challenging, underscoring the necessity for both original and replication studies. To address this, we selected 18 miRNA candidates and tested them on 6 body fluids commonly encountered in forensic cases: peripheral blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, and skin. Using reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis, we confirmed eight miRNA candidates (miR‐144‐3p, miR‐451a, miR‐205‐5p, miR‐214‐3p, miR‐888‐5p, miR‐891a‐5p, miR‐193b‐3p, miR‐1260b) with high tissue specificity and four (miR‐203a‐3p, miR‐141‐3p, miR‐200b‐3p, miR‐4286) with lesser discrimination ability but still contributing to body fluid differentiation. Through principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, the set of 12 miRNAs successfully distinguished all body fluids, including the challenging discrimination of blood from menstrual blood and saliva from vaginal secretion. In conclusion, our results provide additional data supporting the use of a small set of miRNAs for predicting common body fluids in forensic contexts. Large population data need to be gathered to develop a body fluid prediction model and assess its accuracy.
Earth Surface Exchanges (ESEX) Response to the discussion ‘Swelling and flow of expanding clays as a cause for non‐tectonic deformations in a glacial–interglacial environment: Holy Cross Mountains, Poland’ Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2023: 1–16. DOI: 10.1002/esp.5609—reply
Authors: Jurewicz Edyta , Karnkowski Paweł , Czarnecka‐Skwarek Anna , Wójcik Emilia , Gawriuczenkow Ireneusz
Published: July 2024

In response to the revision of our article on the nontectonic origins of unusually steep and overturned strata in the Mesozoic of the Holy Cross Mountains (HCM), we refute arguments that the authors of discussion make our theory implausible. The authors focused on proving the presence of strike‐slip faults in the HCM, but at the same time, they believe that fold deformations precede the faults that cut them. The explanations provided by the critics still do not explain the extraordinary convergence of the morphology, surface of the fault and deformations occurring in its vicinity over a distance of 27 km. This problem was solved in our previous study, in which we have suggested that the steep and overturned orientation of the Oxfordian strata may be the result of non‐tectonic processes. We consider the arguments used by the critics to be incorrect.
Adenosine A2B receptors differently modulate oligodendrogliogenesis and myelination depending on their cellular localization
Authors: Cherchi Federica , Venturini Martina , Magni Giada , Frulloni Lucia , Chieca Martina , Buonvicino Daniela , Santalmasi Clara , Rossi Francesca , De Logu Francesco , Coppi Elisabetta , Pugliese Anna Maria
Published: July 2024

Differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a key event for axonal myelination in the brain; this process fails during demyelinating pathologies. Adenosine is emerging as an important player in oligodendrogliogenesis, by activating its metabotropic receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R). We previously demonstrated that the Gs‐coupled A2BR reduced differentiation of primary OPC cultures by inhibiting delayed rectifier (IK) as well as transient (IA) outward K+ currents. To deepen the unclear role of this receptor subtype in neuron‐OL interplay and in myelination process, we tested the effects of different A2BR ligands in a dorsal root ganglion neuron (DRGN)/OPC cocultures, a corroborated in vitro myelination assay. The A2BR agonist, BAY60‐6583, significantly reduced myelin basic protein levels but simultaneously increased myelination index in DRGN/OPC cocultures analyzed by confocal microscopy. The last effect was prevented by the selective A2BR antagonists, PSB‐603 and MRS1706. To clarify this unexpected data, we wondered whether A2BRs could play a functional role on DRGNs. We first demonstrated, by immunocytochemistry, that primary DRGN monoculture expressed A2BRs. Their selective activation by BAY60‐6583 enhanced DRGN excitability, as demonstrated by increased action potential firing, decreased rheobase and depolarized resting membrane potential and were prevented by PSB‐603. Throughout this A2BR‐dependent enhancement of neuronal activity, DRGNs could release factors to facilitate myelination processes. Finally, silencing A2BR in DRGNs alone prevents the increased myelination induced by BAY60‐6583 in cocultures. In conclusion, our data suggest a different role of A2BR during oligodendrogliogenesis and myelination, depending on their activation on neurons or oligodendroglial cells.
Surgical mentorship in low‐resource environments: Opportunities and challenges, a perspective
Authors: Awuah Wireko A. , Tan Joecelyn K. , Bharadwaj Hareesha R. , Aderinto Nicholas , Ferreira Tomas , Patel Heli , Shah Muhammad H. , Kapoor Abhay A. , Banerjee Sumitaksha , Abdul‐Rahman Toufik , Atallah Oday
Published: July 2024

Background and aims

In low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), a shortage of skilled surgical practitioners hampers healthcare delivery, impacting well‐being and economic growth. Surgical mentorship programs offer a promising solution but face challenges in implementation. This review aims to comprehensively assess the impact of surgical mentorship programs in LMICs and identify challenges and opportunities for their development and implementation.

Methods

A thorough literature search was conducted from 2000 to 2023 using multiple databases, focusing on surgical mentorship programs in LMICs. Inclusion criteria encompassed full‐text articles in English that demonstrated characteristics of mentorship. Rigorous exclusion criteria were applied to ensure high‐quality evidence inclusion.

Results

Surgical mentorship programs in LMICs strengthen local surgical capacity, improve surgical skills and patient outcomes, optimize resources and technology utilization, and positively impact medical students aspiring to be surgeons. However, challenges such as resistance to change, resource limitations, financial constraints, logistical and technological challenges, and time constraints hinder their implementation.

Conclusion

Despite challenges, surgical mentorship programs hold promise for enhancing surgical capacity and healthcare quality in LMICs. Standardized metrics for accountability, innovative funding mechanisms, collaborative partnerships for scalability, interdisciplinary integration, and leveraging virtual mentorship programs are key strategies to overcome challenges and foster sustainable learning cultures, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare equity and quality in low‐resource settings.