bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Efficient Optical Gain in High‐Mobility Organic Semiconductors for Multifunctional Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Ma Suqian , Zhou Ke , Hu Mengxiao , Li Qingyuan , Liu Yingjie , Zhang Hantang , Jing Jiangbo , Dong Huanli , Xu Bin , Hu Wenping , Tian Wenjing
Published: July 2018

Simultaneously integrating efficient optical gain and high charge carrier mobility in organic semiconductors for multifunctional optoelectronic applications is challenging. Here, a new thiophene/phenylene derivative, 5,5′‐bis(2,2‐diphenylvinyl)‐bithiophene (BDPV2T), containing an appropriate butterfly molecular configuration in a π‐conjugated structure, is designed to achieve both solid‐state emission and charge transport properties. The prepared BDPV2T crystals exhibit excellent light‐emitting characteristics with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 30%, low light‐amplification threshold of 8 kW cm−2, high optical net gain up to 70 cm−1, and high charge carrier mobility up to 1 cm2 V−1 s−1 in their J‐aggregate single crystals. These BDPV2T single crystal characteristics ensure their application potential for photodetectors, field‐effect transistors, and light‐emitting transistors. High optoelectronic performances are achieved with photoresponsivity of 2.0 × 103 A W−1 and light on/off ratio of 5.4 × 105 in photodetectors, and efficient ambipolar charge transport (µh: 0.14 cm2 V−1 s−1, µe: 0.02 cm2 V−1 s−1) and electroluminescence characteristics in light‐emitting transistors. The remarkably integrated optoelectronic properties of BDPV2T suggest it is a promising candidate for organic multifunctional and electrically pumped laser applications.
Toward Biomaterials for Enhancing Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy
Authors: Fan Qin , Chen Zhipeng , Wang Chao , Liu Zhuang
Published: July 2018

Despite the remarkable progress in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy for cancer treatment, low objective response and immune‐related side effects (immune‐related adverse events, irAEs) limit the further development of ICBs. To address these challenges and enhance the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy, the emerging interest has focused on manipulating biomaterials to form innovational drug delivery systems that are necessary to effectively deliver immune checkpoint inhibitors. Such biomaterial‐based strategies can improve accumulation, control release, and enhance retention of checkpoint inhibitors within target locations while simultaneously reducing drug exposure for off‐target tissues, thereby optimizing both the efficacy and safety. In addition, with the assistance of biomaterials, combinations of ICB and conventional treatment strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and phototherapy are designed to further enhance the response rate of ICB. This review focuses on the latest reports on engineering biomaterials to improve the antitumor efficiency of ICB, with stress on antibody‐, gene‐, and trap protein–based immune checkpoint blockade strategies and their combinations with conventional therapies. Challenges and future trends in engineering biomaterials to modulate immune checkpoint therapy are discussed.
Fabrication of Copper Window Electrodes with ≈108 Apertures cm−2 for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Pereira H. Jessica , Reed Joseph , Lee Jaemin , Varagnolo Silvia , Dabera G. DineshaM. R. , Hatton Ross A.
Published: July 2018

A powerful approach to increasing the far‐field transparency of copper film window electrodes which simultaneously reduces intraband absorption losses for wavelengths <550 nm and suppresses reflective losses for wavelengths >550 nm is reported. The approach is based on incorporation of a random array of ≈100 million circular apertures per cm2 into an optically thin copper film, with a mean aperture diameter of ≈500 nm. A method for the fabrication of these electrodes is described that exploits a binary polymer blend mask that self‐organizes at room temperature from a single solution, and so is simple to implement. Additionally all of the materials used in electrode fabrication are low cost, low toxicity, and widely available. It is shown that these nanostructured copper electrodes offer an average far‐field transparency of ≥80% and sheet resistance of ≤10 Ω sq−1 when used in conjunction with a conventional solution processed ZnO electron transport layer and their utility in inverted organic photovoltaic devices is demonstrated.
3D Nanoprinted Plastic Kinoform X‐Ray Optics
Authors: Sanli Umut T. , Ceylan Hakan , Bykova Iuliia , Weigand Markus , Sitti Metin , Schütz Gisela , Keskinbora Kahraman
Published: July 2018

High‐performance focusing of X‐rays requires the realization of very challenging 3D geometries with nanoscale features, sub‐millimeter‐scale apertures, and high aspect ratios. A particularly difficult structure is the profile of an ideal zone plate called a kinoform, which is manufactured in nonideal approximated patterns, nonetheless requires complicated multistep fabrication processes. Here, 3D fabrication of high‐performance kinoforms with unprecedented aspect ratios out of low‐loss plastics using femtosecond two‐photon 3D nanoprinting is presented. A thorough characterization of the 3D‐printed kinoforms using direct soft X‐ray imaging and ptychography demonstrates superior performance with an efficiency reaching up to 20%. An extended concept is proposed for on‐chip integration of various X‐ray optics toward high‐fidelity control of X‐ray wavefronts and ultimate efficiencies even for harder X‐rays. Initial results establish new, advanced focusing optics for both synchrotron and laboratory sources for a large variety of X‐ray techniques and applications ranging from materials science to medicine.
Spatial and Frequency Selective Plasmonic Metasurface for Long Wavelength Infrared Spectral Region
Authors: Pan Xiaohang , Xu Hao , Gao Yanqing , Zhang Yafeng , Sun Liaoxin , Li Dan , Wen Zhengji , Li Shimin , Yu Weiwei , Huang Zhiming , Wang Jianlu , Zhang Bo , Sun Yan , Sun Jinglan , Meng Xiangjian , Chen Xin , Dagens Béatrice , Hao Jiaming , Shen Yue , Dai Ning , Chu Junhao
Published: July 2018

The development of novel approaches that control absorption and emission operating in the long wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectral region is of fundamental importance for many applications, such as remote temperature sensing, thermal imaging, radiation cooling, environmental monitoring, and night vision. A high performance plasmonic metasurface–based absorber for the LWIR spectral region is presented. In the design, a pyroelectric thin film, poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) copolymer, is introduced as spacer, that offers the device not only multiple selective high absorption bands but also promising potential for application in optoelectronics. The angle‐resolved optical responses show that the absorption effect is sensitive to the incident angles and can be controlled by the periodicity, indicating that the design can function as optical devices with directional and frequency‐selective absorption/emission characteristics. By employing near‐field optical microscopy, both the near‐field amplitude and phase optical responses of the absorber are investigated at resonant wavelength, thereby providing direct experimental evidence to verify the nature of the absorption effect. To further demonstrate the versatility of the design, a particular metasurface patterned by the building blocks of the absorber is fabricated. 2D hyperspectral images show that such a patterned structure exhibits both frequency and spatially selective absorption.
An Integrated Approach for the Design of Emulsified Products
Authors: Kontogeorgis Georgios M. , Mattei Michele , Ng Ka M. , Gani Rafiqul
Published: July 2018

Consumer‐oriented chemical‐based products, including emulsified ones, are structured products constituted by numerous chemicals, and they are used every day by millions of people. They are still mainly designed through trial‐and‐error‐based experimental techniques. A systematic approach, integrating model‐ and experiment‐based techniques, for design of these products could significantly reduce both time and cost connected to product development by doing only the necessary experiments and ensuring chances for innovation. In this work, we present an integrated methodology for the design of emulsified formulated products. The methodology consists of three stages: the problem definition stage, the model‐based design stage, and the experiment‐based verification stage. In the problem definition stage, the consumer needs are translated into a set of target thermophysical properties and into a list of categories of ingredients, which are to be included in the formulation via a robust knowledge base. In the model‐based design stage, structured databases, dedicated algorithms, and a property model library are employed for designing a candidate base case formulation. Finally, in the experiment‐based verification stage, the properties and performances of the proposed formulation are measured by means of tailor‐made experiments. The formulation is then validated or, if necessary, refined thanks to a systematic list of actions. All these tools have been implemented as a new template in our in‐house software called the Virtual Product‐Process Design Laboratory and have been illustrated via a case study (a hand wash detergent) where the complete methodology (all three stages) is for the first time applied. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 75–86, 2019
Uniformly Oriented Zeolite ZSM‐5 Membranes with Tunable Wettability on a Porous Ceramic
Authors: Fu Donglong , Schmidt Joel E. , Pletcher Paul , Karakiliç Pelin , Ye Xinwei , Vis Carolien M. , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Filez Matthias , Mandemaker Laurens D. B. , Winnubst Louis , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: July 2018

Facile fabrication of well‐intergrown, oriented zeolite membranes with tunable chemical properties on commercially proven substrates is crucial to broadening their applications for separation and catalysis. Rationally determined electrostatic adsorption can enable the direct attachment of a b‐oriented silicalite‐1 monolayer on a commercial porous ceramic substrate. Homoepitaxially oriented, well‐intergrown zeolite ZSM‐5 membranes with a tunable composition of Si/Al=25–∞ were obtained by secondary growth of the monolayer. Intercrystallite defects can be eliminated by using Na+ as the mineralizer to promote lateral crystal growth and suppress surface nucleation in the direction of the straight channels, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy measurements. Water permeation testing shows tunable wettability from hydrophobic to highly hydrophilic, giving the potential for a wide range of applications.
Guest‐Induced Structural Transformations in a Porous Halogen‐Bonded Framework
Authors: Nikolayenko Varvara I. , Castell Dominic C. , van Heerden Dewald P. , Barbour Leonard J.
Published: July 2018

Structural evidence obtained from in situ X‐ray diffraction shows that halogen bonding is responsible for the formation of a dynamic porous molecular solid. This material is surprisingly robust and undergoes reversible switching of its pore volume by activation or by exposure to a series of gases of different sizes and shapes. Volumetric gas sorption and pressure‐gradient differential scanning calorimetry (P‐DSC) data provide further mechanistic insight into the breathing behavior.
Manipulation of Molecular Aggregation States to Realize Polymorphism, AIE, MCL, and TADF in a Single Molecule
Authors: Huang Bin , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Li Zijing , Zhang Jinfeng , Zhao Weijun , Feng Yan , Tang Ben Zhong , Lee Chun‐Sing
Published: July 2018

Multifunctional emitting materials are scarce and need to be further explored. Now, a newly anthraquinone derivative, 2‐(phenothiazine‐10‐yl)‐anthraquinone (PTZ‐AQ) was designed and synthesized and found to demonstrate polymorphism, multi‐color emission, aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), mechanochromic luminescence (MCL), and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in its different solid forms. It is shown for the first time that TADF properties of a compound can be systematically tuned via its aggregation state. The optimized PTZ‐AQ crystal shows a small singlet–triplet energy splitting of 0.01 eV and exhibits red TADF with a photoluminescence quantum yield as high as 0.848. This study shows that the unique multiple functions can be integrated into one single compound through controlling the aggregation states, which provides a new strategy for the investigation and application of multifunctional organic materials.
Room‐Temperature Functionalization of N2 to Borylamine at a Molybdenum Complex
Authors: Espada Maria F. , Bennaamane Soukaina , Liao Qian , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Massou Stéphane , Clot Eric , Nebra Noel , Fustier‐Boutignon Marie , Mézailles Nicolas
Published: July 2018

Intermolecular, stepwise functionalization by BH bonds of a (triphosphine)MoIV–nitrido complex generated by N2 splitting is reported. The imido–hydride and di‐hydride–amido MoIV complexes have been isolated and characterized. Addition of PinBH to the [Mo(H)2(N(BPin)2)]+ complex at room temperature results in the liberation of borylamines from the metal center.
Optimizing mechanical and morphological properties of biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer based on epoxidized natural rubber and poly(butylene succinate) blends
Authors: Faibunchan Parisa , Nakaramontri Yeampon , Pichaiyut Skulrat , Chueangchayaphan Wannarat , Wisunthorn Suwaluk , Kummerlöwe Claudia , Vennemann Norbert , Nakason Charoen
Published: July 2018

Biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer (BTPE) blends of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were prepared by the melt mixing process. Influences of the processing parameters mixing temperature, rotor speed, and mixing time on mechanical and morphological properties of BTPE were investigated. Taguchi method was applied to improve the mechanical and morphological properties by optimizing the processing parameters. That is, the experimental design adopted the L9 Taguchi orthogonal array with three manipulated factors (i.e., mixing temperature, rotor speed, and mixing time). Analysis of mean and analysis of variance were also exploited and the mixing temperature was found to be the most significant processing parameter regarding mechanical properties. The mixing temperature showed large contributions to Young's modulus, 100% modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break, namely 45.33, 40.38, 49.31, and 36.04%, respectively. Furthermore, the optimum conditions found for mixing temperature, rotor speed, and mixing time were 140 °C, 100 rpm and 10 min, respectively. The result was confirmed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs showing fine‐grained co‐continuous phase morphology of the ENR/PBS blends. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46541.
Significance of Collateral Circulation in Patients With Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Iskandrian Abdulmassih S. , Tendler Steve , Mintz Gary S. , Bemis Charles E. , Kimbiris Demetrios , Segal Bernard L.
Published: July 2018

Fifty patients with left main coronary artery disease were studied to evaluate the functional role of collateral circulation. The left main was narrowed 50–70% in 22 patients (group I), and more than 70% in 28 patients (group II). Significant disease in the other vessels was equally common in each group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of inter‐ and intracoronary collaterals in the two groups. Fifteen patients with no collaterals were compared with 35 patients with collaterals, and to a subset of 11 patients with very rich right‐to‐left collaterals, and there was no significant difference in historic or ECG evidence of old infarction, duration of angina, incidence of unstable angina, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure, cardiac index, ejection fraction, or segmental contraction abnormalities.

We conclude that there is no evidence of protective effect of collateral vessels in patients with left main disease.
Pseudo Subaortic Stenosis — A Catheter‐Induced Artifact
Authors: Danahy Daniel T.
Published: July 2018

Three cases are reported of valvular aortic stenosis in which artifactual subvalvular chambers were recorded on pressure tracings. The pressure tracings were obtained during withdrawal of multiholed catheters from the left ventricle to the aortic root.

Several recent reports have described the coexistence of valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. The cases reported here re‐emphasize that a multiholed catheter, which is the type commonly used for retrograde left ventricular entry in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis, is unsatisfactory for the detection of coexisting subvalvular obstruction.
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) and Coronary Artery Ectasia
Authors: Dianzumba Sinda B. , Kumar Sudarshan
Published: July 2018

A case of isolated ectasia of the entire right coronary artery and mitral valve prolapse is reported. The patient presented with acute inferior myocardial infarction and progressive angina pectoris. The diagnosis of ectasia of the right coronary artery and mitral prolapse was established angiographically. During a two‐year follow‐up period, the patient has continued to have angina and has suffered a second inferior myocardial infarction. Subsequent angiographic reevaluation has failed to show occlusive coronary lesions. It is suggested that distal thromboembolism due to changes in the character of blood flow in the dilated vessel has been responsible for the two episodes of myocardial infarction and persistent angina pectoris.
Transseptal Left Heart Catheterization in Infants and Children
Authors: Duff Desmond F. , Mullins Charles E.
Published: July 2018

Transseptal left heart catheterization was performed in 80 infants and children with various forms of congenital heart disease. The majority had left heart obstructive lesions. Forty percent were under 5 years of age and less than 20 kg in weight. Uncomplicated cardiac perforation occurred in two patients. The technique is described in detail with emphasis on measures which increase the safety of the procedure for the patient. We conclude that this is a useful technique and in selected patients may be the preferred approach to the left heart.
Experimental Study on Catalytic Biomass Gasification in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Authors: Cao Zhenheng , Chen Jun , Wang Caiqin
Published: July 2018

A bubbling fluidized‐bed gasification system was selected for catalytic steam gasification of rice straw with four Ni‐based catalysts, i.e., Ni/Al2O3, Ni/CeO2, Ni/MnO2, and Ni/MgO. The effect of temperature, steam/biomass ratio (S/B), and catalyst/biomass ratio (C/B) on the gas composition, char conversion, and hydrogen yield was evaluated. It was found that higher temperature and S/B promote hydrogen production and char conversion. The results also demonstrated that the catalytic activity of Ni/Al2O3 under different S/B values is better than those of the other catalysts. Regarding the catalyst activity, all four catalysts exhibited good performance in terms of tar removal and carbon conversion. However, the performance of Ni/Al2O3 was superior to that of the other three catalysts.
Trimethylsilylnitrene and Its Surprising Rearrangement to N‐(Dimethylsilyl)methanimine via Silaziridine and Silaazomethine Ylide
Authors: Wentrup Curt , Lüerssen Holger , Silva Hugo Santos , Dargelos Alain , Bégué Didier
Published: July 2018

Photolysis of trimethylsilyl azide at 254 nm in Ar matrix at 15 K generates the triplet ground state trimethylsilylnitrene 2 aT, observed by ESR spectroscopy (|D/hc|=1.540 cm−1; |E/hc|=0.0002 cm−1). Calculations at the CASPT2(14,13) level reveal the open‐shell singlet nitrene 2 aS(1A“) is a discrete intermediate lying ≈38 kcal mol−1 above the triplet. The normally expected rearrangement of the nitrene 2 aS to dimethylsilanimine 3 a has a high calculated barrier (33 kcal mol−1), which explains why this product has never been observed. Instead, the singlet nitrene 2 aS inserts into a methyl C−H bond to yield silaziridine 12 via an activation barrier of only 6 kcal mol−1. Ring opening of 12 generates a 1‐silaazomethine ylide 13, in which a facile 1,2‐H shift yields N‐(dimethylsilyl)methanimine 5, all with barriers well below the energy of the singlet nitrene.
Heterogeneous Parahydrogen Pairwise Addition to Cyclopropane
Authors: Salnikov Oleg G. , Kovtunov Kirill V. , Nikolaou Panayiotis , Kovtunova Larisa M. , Bukhtiyarov Valerii I. , Koptyug Igor V. , Chekmenev Eduard Y.
Published: July 2018

Hyperpolarized gases revolutionize functional pulmonary imaging. Hyperpolarized propane is a promising emerging contrast agent for pulmonary MRI. Unlike hyperpolarized noble gases, proton‐hyperpolarized propane gas can be imaged using conventional MRI scanners with proton imaging capability. Moreover, it is non‐toxic odorless anesthetic. Furthermore, propane hyperpolarization can be accomplished by pairwise addition of parahydrogen to propylene. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of propane hyperpolarization via hydrogenation of cyclopropane with parahydrogen. 1H propane polarization up to 2.4 % is demonstrated here using 82 % parahydrogen enrichment and heterogeneous Rh/TiO2 hydrogenation catalyst. This level of polarization is several times greater than that obtained with propylene as a precursor under the same conditions despite the fact that direct pairwise addition of parahydrogen to cyclopropane may also lead to formation of propane with NMR‐invisible hyperpolarization due to magnetic equivalence of nascent parahydrogen protons in two CH3 groups. NMR‐visible hyperpolarized propane demonstrated here can be formed only via a reaction pathway involving cleavage of at least one C–H bond in the reactant molecule. The resulting NMR signal enhancement of hyperpolarized propane was sufficient for 2D gradient echo MRI of ∼5.5 mL phantom with 1×1 mm2 spatial resolution and 64×64 imaging matrix despite relatively low chemical conversion of cyclopropane substrate.
Photofading of an Extended BOPHY Chromophore Dispersed in Poly(methyl methacrylate) as a Chemical Actinometer
Authors: Woodford Owen J. , Ziessel Raymond , Harriman Anthony
Published: July 2018

The target compound is a member of the symmetric pyrrole‐BF2 family, known as BOPHY, which has been equipped with 3,8‐styryl groups that push the absorption maximum to lower energy. To assist solubility and facile dispersion in plastic films, poly(ethylene glycol) chains are added to the styryl groups. The photophysical properties are somewhat sensitive to changes in solvent polarity and temperature due to the imposition of weak, intramolecular charge‐transfer character. The chromophore bleaches under white‐light illumination to form an intermediate species that absorbs and emits at higher energy. This species is believed to be a BOPHY unit with one styryl arm removed from the conjugation path. The intermediate is quite resistant to photobleaching but does fade on prolonged illumination. The kinetics associated with photobleaching in poly(methyl methacrylate) films allow development of a simple model that can be used to establish a robust chemical actinometer for recording exposure to sunlight. Similar photofading behaviour is observed in polar solution, where self‐catalysis is observed, with the overall kinetics depending on the nature of the solvent.
Modelling of plasma and its wall interaction for long‐term tokamak operation
Authors: Okamoto K. , Tatsumi R. , Abe K. , Hatayama A. , Hanada K.
Published: July 2018

Metal plasma‐facing materials (PFMs) are expected to be candidates for future fusion power plants from the view point of tritium retention. The purpose of this study is to develop a model including a long timescale plasma interaction with metal PFMs. As a first step, we have developed a simple zero‐dimensional (0D) model, which consists of particle balance equations for the following three different particle species: (a) hydrogen plasma (elec., H+, , ), (b) neutral hydrogen atoms (H) and molecules (H2) in the gas phase, and (c) the wall‐stored H atoms. The model has been applied to simulate long‐term operation in the limiter configuration of the QUEST tokamak. Modelling results of the long time evolution of the H atom wall inventory reasonably reproduce the experimental tendency. Although the present model is relatively simple, it is useful to understand the basic characteristics of overall plasma particle balance, the density control of the main plasma, and the H atom wall inventory for long‐term tokamak operation.
Sacubitril–valsartan in heart failure and multimorbidity patients
Authors: Rodil Fraile Raquel , Malafarina Vincenzo , Tiberio López Gregorio
Published: July 2018

Aims

The poor control of symptoms in patients with advanced heart failure with reduced ejection function (HFrEF) can limit the functionality of patients. Sacubitril–valsartan, compared with enalapril, has been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalization, and nowadays, there is still little evidence about the improvement on functionality. The aim of our study is to analyse the improvement of the functional class and the 6 min walking test (6MWT) in patients with multiple pathologies and advanced heart failure.

Methods and results

From September 2016 to March 2018, 65 multimorbidity patients with severe symptomatic HFrEF were initiated to receive sacubitril–valsartan. Mean age was 78.6 ± 7.4 years, and 68% were male. The Charlson co‐morbidity index was 8 points. Seventy‐four per cent had New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class IV. After the treatment, patients were able to achieve 55.68 m or more on 6MWT, and 91% presented an improvement in the NYHA functional class.

Conclusions

Sacubitril–valsartan relieves symptoms and improves functional class prognostic risk of patients with advanced HFrEF and co‐morbidity.
Effectively controlled microfluidic trap for spatiotemporal analysis of the electrotaxis of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Yoon Sunhee , Yeo Mingu , Kim Hoon , Jeon Tae‐Joon , Kim Sun Min
Published: July 2018

C. elegans is a popular model organism with a well‐developed neural network. Approximately 60% of the genes in C. elegans have genomic counterparts in humans, including those involved in building neural circuits. Therefore, we can extend the study of human neural network mechanisms to C. elegans which is easy to genetically manipulate. C. elegans shows behavioural responses to various external physical and chemical stimuli. Electrotaxis is one of its distinct behavioural responses, which is defined as movement towards the cathode in an electric field. In this study, we developed an effective microfluidic trap system for analysing electrotaxis in C. elegans. In addition, two mutant strains (unc‐54(s74) and unc‐6(e78)) from wild‐type (N2) worms were screened using the system. Wild‐type (N2) worms and the two mutant strains clearly showed different behavioural responses to the applied electric field, thus enabling the effective screening of the mutant worms from the wild type (N2). This microfluidic system can be utilized as a platform for the study of behavioural responses, and for the sorting and mutant screening of C. elegans.
Changing generations in today's workforce: Leadership skills for Millennials
Authors: Bottomley Kevin , Willie Burgess Sylvia
Published: July 2018

The focus of traditional leadership expectations is the individual leader's developmental experience. However, Millennials are seeking to take on leadership roles more quickly than previous generations. The Practice‐Immediacy Model provides a framework where Millennials can take on these leadership roles while continuing to develop their own behavior and skills. The present article expands on the four basic behavioral components of leadership—vision building, standard‐bearing, integrating, and developing. The article then describes the associated specific skills within each behavioral component. Finally, the article proposes an interdisciplinary model that professionals can use to develop leadership skills for Millennials.
The Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in a bariatric surgery‐seeking sample: Factor structure, convergent validity, and associations with BMI
Authors: Zickgraf Hana F. , Rigby Andrea
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to validate the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ), a measure of food approach and avoidant traits, for use in bariatric surgery candidates. Participants were 337 bariatric surgery candidates in the Mid‐Atlantic United States. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that one item did not load onto its original factor. A 34‐item, eight‐factor model had better fit than a seven‐factor model; dropping the Hunger factor, as previously suggested, did not improve fit. The factors had good internal consistency and showed convergent/divergent validity with an existing measure of food approach traits. The emotional overeating scale was positively correlated with BMI at programme entry, whereas the slow eating scale was negatively correlated with baseline weight. The AEBQ scales had the same pattern of intercorrelations and similar means to those of two previously published samples. The AEBQ is a valid measure of appetitive traits in bariatric candidates.
Seepage reflux dolomitization and telogenetic karstification in Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Liu Jingdong , Jiang Youlu , Yang Zhiwei , Wang Wei
Published: July 2018

This study investigates the characteristics of the heterogeneous carbonate reservoir of Majiagou Formation in Jingxi area, Ordos Basin, China, to explain the diagenetic control and distribution of high‐quality reservoir intervals. The carbonates of the study area mainly consist of silt‐sized crystalline dolomite, microcrystalline dolomite, and microcrystalline limey dolomite. Both dolomite content and dolomite size gradually decrease both from top to bottom and from slope to basin. Intercrystalline pores exist in the silt‐sized crystalline dolomite, and vuggy pores and fractures mainly developed in microcrystalline (limey) dolomite. Furthermore, typical geopetal infills and three stages of calcite cements could be differentiated. Based on petrographical and geochemical analysis, the reservoir is dominantly controlled by seepage reflux dolomitization and telogenetic karstification. Four reservoir evolutions could be differentiated. The reservoir in the first model is dominated by intercrystal porosity occurring in silt‐sized crystalline dolostone. It experienced strong dolomitization, telogenetic karstification, and shallow as well as deep burial cementation. The reservoir in the second model consists of only a small amount of high‐angle dissolution fissures and vertical dissolution cavities in microcrystalline (limey) dolostone. It experienced relatively weak dolomitization, strong telogenetic karstification, and two important calcite cementation events. The reservoir in the third model is marked by many vuggy pores and dissolution fractures, occurring in microcrystalline (limey) dolostone. The strata experienced relatively weak dolomitization, strong telogenetic karstification, and two weak calcite cementation episodes. The reservoir in the fourth model is dominated by fractures and their related dissolution pores, which developed in microcrystalline (limey) dolostone. These dolostones experienced relatively weak dolomitization, telogenetic karstification, and calcite cementation. From a reservoir point of view, the reservoirs represented by the first and third models, which respectively are composed of silt‐sized crystalline dolomite occurring in the top of the whole dolostone succession and the dolomite affected by telogenetic karstification, are the most vital exploration targets.
Testing multi‐group measurement invariance of data from the knowledge creation practice inventory
Authors: Jeong Shinhee , Song Jihoon , Hsiao Yu‐Yu
Published: July 2018

This study examined the extent to which the factor structure of the Knowledge‐Creation Practice Inventory (KCPI) is invariant across different occupational groups in South Korea, based on the studies of Song et al in 2011 and 2012. Inspired by Nonaka's (1994) knowledge‐conversion theory, the inventory consists of four dimensions (i.e., knowledge sharing, creating concepts, justifying concepts, and building prototypes), measured by 11 items. A total of 2,364 responses collected from school teachers (n = 1,864), public‐sector employees (n = 214), and private‐sector employees (n = 286) were utilized to examine the measurement invariance, using a series of hierarchical multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. The results indicated that the four‐factor, 11‐item measurement model is equivalent across the three groups, supporting configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, and factor variance/covariance invariance, except factor mean invariance. A series of post‐hoc tests were additionally conducted to identify the factor mean differences among the three groups. Based on the results of this study, future researchers should use more diverse samples including a wide range of cultures or different subcultural groups (e.g., occupations, genders, and educational backgrounds) to expand the universality of the factor construct. Relevant organizations can utilize the inventory to assess their current capacity of knowledge creation and design for appropriate human resource (HR) or organizational development interventions to nurture and enhance employees' learning‐related behaviors. Since the generalizability and validity of the KCPI were supported in this study, at least among these three groups, more reliable, rigorous group comparisons are available for future research utilizing this inventory.
The role of external debt in the foreign direct investment–growth relationship
Authors: Tanna Sailesh , Li Chengchun , De Vita Glauco
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates the relevance of external debt as a factor inhibiting economic growth gains to be accrued from foreign direct investment (FDI). We develop a model that formalizes a mechanism to allow for the influence of external debt in the transmission of FDI‐generated externalities and conduct threshold regressions to test the existence of a debt contingency effect that limits the positive impact of inward FDI on growth. With the use of annual as well as 5‐year averaged data for 39 developing countries over the period 1984–2010, our findings support the hypothesis that FDI‐induced growth is dependent on the external debt constraint. In particular, we show that beyond a certain threshold high indebtedness constrains economies from reaping growth benefits from FDI as they seek to reduce their debt levels. In this scenario, the evidence also shows that increasing financial development can mitigate the negative influence of high external debt on the FDI–growth nexus.
Postforced eviction communities: The contribution of personal and environmental resources to the sense of belonging to the community
Authors: Levy Drorit , Friedman Yuval
Published: July 2018

This article aims to examine the contribution of personal and environmental resources to the sense of belonging to the community among postforced eviction communities. The study included 140 participants who experienced forced eviction, and ranged in age from 20 to 79 years. Slightly more than half were women (52.4%, 74). Nearly half of the participants continued living alongside their fellow community members, while others left for different communities. The participants filled out self‐report questionnaires assessing their sense of belonging, social and family support, sense of mastery, and self‐esteem. We used 2 complementary instruments: the stepwise regression and the mediation model. Results indicated that the level of social and family support was found to be higher in the unified communities. Lower levels of the sense of belonging were found in the split communities. The sense of mastery was found to positively contribute to the sense of belonging. The self‐esteem resource was not found to contribute to the sense of belonging, whereas social and family support was found to positively contribute to the sense of belonging. The mediation model presented an interesting finding insofar that an indirect positive association was found regarding the sense of belonging via social support within different types of communities. The discussion refers to the findings and their contribution to both theory and practice.
Two‐dimensional nanomaterials for photocatalytic water disinfection: recent progress and future challenges
Authors: Liu Yue , Zeng Xiangkang , Hu Xiaoyi , Hu Jian , Zhang Xiwang
Published: July 2018

Photocatalysis has received ever‐growing attention as a promising alternative to traditional water treatment technologies for waterborne biohazard inactivation. Due to unique optical, electronic, physicochemical properties and feasibility of functional architecture assembly, two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have become important in developing novel photocatalysts. This review summarizes the recent progress in configuring nanostructures with 2D materials as building blocks for photocatalytic water disinfection. In this review, five categories of 2D nanomaterials, that is, graphene, graphitic carbon nitride, 2D metal oxides and metallates, metal oxyhalides and transition metal dichalcogenides, for photocatalytic pathogen inactivation are introduced. First, the synthesis process, nanostructure engineering and disinfection performance of 2D‐based photocatalysts are reviewed in categories. In the following section, the bacteria destruction mechanism based on the generation and roles of reactive species (RSs) is presented. Moreover, the effects of the chemical characteristics of the water matrix on photocatalytic bactericidal performance are discussed. Finally, the challenges regarding the development and application of 2D‐based photocatalysts for highly efficient water sterilization are highlighted. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Family‐supportive supervisor behaviors: A review and recommendations for research and practice
Authors: Crain Tori L. , Stevens Shalyn C.
Published: July 2018

Family‐supportive supervisors empathize with employees' attempts to balance work and nonwork, while also actively facilitating employees' ability to manage work and nonwork demands. Over the last three decades, approximately 60 publications have investigated family‐supportive supervisor behavior (FSSB), with one third of these appearing in just the last 3 years. Thus, as the burgeoning FSSB literature continues to develop, there is a critical need to understand this body of work in totality in order to further advance theory, expand empirical investigation of the construct, and facilitate the practical dissemination of FSSB‐related information into organizational settings. We conduct the first comprehensive and systematic review of the FSSB literature to date. More specifically, we discuss early formative work establishing the construct of FSSB, existing theory, antecedents, outcomes, moderators, and interventions. Lastly, we provide a number of future directions for this subject area related to construct clarification, theory, expanding the FSSB nomological network, methodology, and interventions.
Relationship between mean and extreme precipitation and circulation types over Hungary
Authors: Maheras Panagiotis , Tolika Konstantia , Anagnostopoulou Christina , Makra László , Szpirosz Klicasz , Károssy Csaba
Published: July 2018

In this paper we analyse the relationship between the mean and extreme precipitation for five stations in Hungary and the circulation types at the 500 hPa level, for a 52‐year period, 1958–2010. We used daily rainfall data for each station and a calendar of the daily circulation types at the 500 hPa geopotential height for Hungary based on an automatic classification scheme. A trend analysis showed that, in general, the mean and extreme precipitation rarely exhibit significant trends, similarly to previous studies. The only exception was found for the number of annual and summer rainy days in Budapest with significant negative trends (p = .05), as well as the number of days with rainfall amounts greater than the 95% probability level for Debrecen with a significant positive trend. It was found that the circulation types that are mainly responsible for the largest precipitation amounts overall show (in some cases significant) negative trends, as well as the precipitation amounts that are associated with them (Cwsw, Cse, Cwnw). In most cases, the circulation types that are prevailing during the extreme precipitation events are associated with western or almost‐western atmospheric circulations (Cwsw, Ase) and Mediterranean‐ or Atlantic‐origin depressions.
Tuber formation as influenced by the C : N ratio in potato plants
Authors: Zheng Hongli , Wang Yingnan , Zhao Jingyu , Shi Xiaohua , Ma Zhong , Fan Mingshou
Published: July 2018

Increasing the tuber number per plant and promoting tuber formation are important goals for potato production. Thus, it is of significance to understand how environmental factors affect tuber formation, which relates to the development of agronomical practices. The objective of this research was to test whether changing the CO2 or N supply level could alter the C : N ratio in potatoes, and whether a change of the C : N ratio in potatoes closely correlates with tuber formation in potato plants. Potato plantlets were grown in greenhouse with varied CO2 or N levels. The C and N concentrations of plants were measured, and the tuber number and tuber weight were recorded after different growth times. The results show that the C : N ratios in the potato plants increased with increasing CO2 concentration and that potato plants treated with higher CO2 concentrations form tubers earlier. A decrease in the N supply also resulted in a higher C : N ratio and earlier tuber formation. Therefore the hypothesis proposed previously is supported by the present work. In addition, the results that C concentration in plants remained stable under different CO2 or N levels imply that the variation of C : N ratio in the potato plants is mainly due to a change of N concentrations which decreased as the environmental CO2 concentration increased, while increased as the N supply level increased.
Protection of cyanobacterial carotenoids' Raman signatures by Martian mineral analogues after high‐dose gamma irradiation
Authors: Baqué Mickaël , Hanke Franziska , Böttger Ute , Leya Thomas , Moeller Ralf , de Vera Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2018

The future robotic exploration missions to Mars—European Space Agency/Roscosmos's ExoMars2020 and National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Mars2020 rovers—will search for signs of extant or extinct life using, among other instruments, Raman spectrometers for the first time. The question remains whether organic biosignatures—such as pigments and cellular components—may be detected by this method. Evaluating their detection limit under simulated extraterrestrial conditions is therefore crucial for the success of future life detection missions. Ionizing radiation can be considered as the most deleterious factor for the long‐term preservation of potential biomarkers on Mars. Here, we report on the preservation potential of Raman signatures in the Antarctic strain CCCryo 231‐06 of the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. after high doses of gamma irradiation. The carotenoids' signals, a well‐established biosignature model, dominate the Raman spectra at 532‐nm excitation wavelength due to resonance effects. But comparing their distribution and quantifying their preservation are still problematic in natural samples. To standardize the analyses, we successfully applied Raman mapping and signal‐to‐noise ratio masks to quantify the effects of irradiation. The typical in vivo Raman signatures of carotenoids could be detected after exposure to up to 56 kGy with significant deterioration in terms of signal coverage and signal‐to‐noise ratio. But they remained stable even after the highest dose of γ rays (117 kGy) tested in this study for colonies embedded in two different Martian mineral analogues. Data gathered during these ground‐based irradiation experiments contribute to interpret results from space experiments and will guide our search for life on Mars and other bodies of interest.
Molecular Strategies for Improved Dielectric Elastomer Electrical Breakdown Strengths
Authors: Yu Liyun , Skov Anne L.
Published: July 2018

Dielectric elastomer transducers (actuators and generators) possess great commercial potential because they allow for novel transducer designs and applications due to—amongst others—their flexibility and low weight. On the other hand, the flexibility and inherent softness of dielectric elastomers also pose restrictions on their use, since the thin elastomers may undergo destructive deformations under large loads or in large electrical fields. In order to design better dielectric elastomers, it is crucial to understand the underlying phenomena of how thin and elastic dielectric elastomer films undergo electrical breakdown. This understanding will allow for the design of dielectric elastomers with high electrical breakdown strength and thus open up the use of films in transducers at higher electrical fields and forces. Here, the study couples intrinsic electrical breakdown strengths with well‐described polymer and network characteristics, namely Kuhn parameters and cross‐linking density. The universality of the developed model is illustrated by comparison over a wide range of silicone‐based elastomers, such as prestretched elastomers and synthesized cross‐linked bottlebrush polymers, representing both filled and unfilled elastomers. This study paves a robust way for the molecular design of elastomers into high‐intrinsic electrical breakdown strength dielectric elastomers.
Visualization and Analysis of Complex Reaction Data: The Case of Tautomeric Equilibria
Authors: Glavatskikh Marta , Madzhidov Timur , Baskin Igor I. , Horvath Dragos , Nugmanov Ramil , Gimadiev Timur , Marcou Gilles , Varnek Alexandre
Published: July 2018

Generative Topographic Mapping (GTM) approach was successfully used to visualize, analyze and model the equilibrium constants (KT) of tautomeric transformations as a function of both structure and experimental conditions. The modeling set contained 695 entries corresponding to 350 unique transformations of 10 tautomeric types, for which KT values were measured in different solvents and at different temperatures. Two types of GTM‐based classification models were trained: first, a “structural” approach focused on separating tautomeric classes, irrespective of reaction conditions, then a “general” approach accounting for both structure and conditions. In both cases, the cross‐validated Balanced Accuracy was close to 1 and the clusters, assembling equilibria of particular classes, were well separated in 2‐dimentional GTM latent space. Data points corresponding to similar transformations measured under different experimental conditions, are well separated on the maps. Additionally, GTM‐driven regression models were found to have their predictive performance dependent on different scenarios of the selection of local fragment descriptors involving special marked atoms (proton donors or acceptors). The application of local descriptors significantly improves the model performance in 5‐fold cross‐validation: RMSE=0.63 and 0.82 logKT units with and without local descriptors, respectively. This trend was as well observed for SVR calculations, performed for the comparison purposes.