bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracking the methodological evolution of climate change projections for UK river flows
Authors: Chan Wilson CH , Shepherd Theodore G , Facer-Childs Katie , Darch Geoff , Arnell Nigel W
Published: April 2022

Much research has been carried out on the possible impacts of climate change for UK river flows. Catchment and national-scale studies since the early 1990s are here categorized into four modelling approaches: “top-down” GCM (Global Climate Model)-driven and probabilistic approaches and “bottom-up” stylised and scenario-neutral approaches. Early studies followed a stylised approach with a small number of model experiments focused on system sensitivity. GCM-driven approaches dominate since the mid-1990s and are scenario-led and “top-down”, but which incur the cascade of uncertainty which results in a large amount of information that may not be conducive to decision-making. The emergence of probabilistic projections aims to incorporate probabilistic information in navigating climate model uncertainty but remained “top-down” with challenges over its practical use for water resources planning. The scenario-neutral approach has clear roots in the early stylised approach with the aim to explore plausible futures beyond climate model projections and system sensitivity. A synthesis of studies employing each approach shows that the magnitude and sign of change in different hydrological variables remain uncertain between different regions of the UK. Comparison between studies is difficult due to their methodological differences and consequently different choices along the impact modelling chain, and with a notable geographic bias in catchment selection in southeast England. Major limitations for each approach include barriers to decision-making from wide uncertainty ranges, limited consideration of high-impact outcomes, and challenges in their application in water resources planning. These challenges represent priorities for future research using new “hybrid” approaches to produce complementary information to “top down” projections within a more “bottom-up” framework. Exploratory modelling, robust decision-making and storylines are examples of new approaches that have emerged. Key to the emerging approaches identified is a need to combine different modelling approaches to tackle different sources of uncertainty according to the intended aims of individual applications.
Correlation Analysis for Exploring the Relationship Between Probe Vehicle Data and Event-Based Traffic Signal Performance Measures
Authors: Tahsin Emtenan A. M. , Day Christopher M.
Published: April 2022

Probe vehicle data have been extensively used to assess the performance of roadway systems, particularly the interstate highway system. High-resolution data from traffic signal controllers is another data source used for automated traffic signal performance measures (ATSPM), which is increasingly used to evaluate signal operation. As high-resolution data require additional resources and may not always be available, probe vehicle data are sometimes used to evaluate signalized corridor operation. However, there has been little previous research comparing probe vehicle data on signalized corridors with ATSPM. In this study, we compared the average speeds from probe vehicle data with ATSPMs to examine the degree of correlation between the two datasets. Different scenarios including segments with random arrivals and platoons were considered for parts of US 20 in Dubuque, Iowa. Regression analysis was performed with average speed as the dependent variable to check the correlation between the two datasets. Four different signal performance measures, namely the percent on green, volume-to-capacity ratio, percent of green duration, and average delay, were used as independent variables. Two sets of categorical variables representing time-of-day and day-of-week variables were also added. It was found that there exists good correlation between the datasets, supporting the use of probe vehicle data for corridor-level analysis in the absence of high-resolution data. Additionally, the durations of the intervals used for data aggregation were varied to check its impact on the correlation. Higher levels of aggregation resulted in better correlation between the two datasets.
Examples of Successful Practices with State Implementation of Balanced Design of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Hajj Elie Y. , Aschenbrener Timothy , Nener-Plante Derek
Published: April 2022

State departments of transportation (DOTs) are at various stages of implementation of their balanced mix design (BMD) program. Some states have not yet started and may still be exploring the feasibility of integrating BMD within their asphalt pavement program, while others have already moved forward with implementation activities and are currently at different stages of the implementation process. The latter have valuable experience and lessons learned that could facilitate the implementation of a BMD program into practice to improve long-term pavement durability and performance. Thus, an effort was initiated to identify and put forward positive practices from state DOTs when implementing BMD and performance testing of asphalt mixtures. To accomplish this objective, information was collected through virtual site visits, and other means made necessary by the coronavirus pandemic, with seven key state DOTs. As a result of this effort, it was identified that five state DOTs out of seven use Approach A for the BMD process as defined in AASHTO PP 105-20, and one state DOT uses a combination of Approach A and Approach B. One state DOT also allows for Approach C while another state DOT allows for Approach D. Eight major tasks for the overall process for implementing BMD as part of mixture design approval and acceptance are established, and positive practices with examples for each task are provided. Those successful efforts used by state DOTs could be considered by other state DOTs in their effort to implement BMD within their asphalt pavement program.
Spatiotemporal Approach for Evaluating the Vehicle Restriction Policy with Multi-Sensor Data
Authors: Huang Yizhe , Sun Daniel(Jian) , Li Aoyong , Garrick Norman , Zhang Shuichao , Liu Wen
Published: April 2022

Vehicle restriction has been one of the most popular policies in alleviating traffic congestion and air pollution in mega cities. This paper evaluates the effect of the vehicle restriction policy on urban networks in Shanghai based on multi-source traffic data. First, before–after comparisons are conducted to investigate the impact of the restriction policy on travelers’ adaptation behaviors. A macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD)-based approach is then applied to analyze the network performance under different levels of restrictions that have been implemented over the years. A spatial regression method is used to account for the spatial and temporal reasons of network performance under different restriction policy stages. Following the first increase of the vehicle restriction time in Shanghai (2015), the network-wide traffic performance significantly improved in the short term (within one month), but the effect was not substantial in the long term (one year). Affected drivers tended to shift either their travel routes or departure time. No significant increase of travelers on the public transport system was found after the extension of the vehicle restriction time. Both urban expressways and surface road networks became less efficient after a further extension of restricted time in 2016. Population distribution, interactions among different modes, distribution of parking facilities, and locations of ramps can account for the increase of congested links at the neighborhood level, which in turn aggravated the imbalance of the entire network after the extension of vehicle restriction time.
Physical and Sexual Violence and Sexual Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in 22 U.S. Cities—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2017
Authors: Freeman Jincong Q , Cha Susan , Wejnert Cyprian , Baugher Amy
Published: April 2022

National prevalence of physical and sexual violence and its relationship to sexual behaviors are unknown among men who have sex with men (MSM). We estimated 12-month prevalence of physical and sexual violence and assessed relationships between violence and sexual behaviors among MSM. Data were obtained from National HIV Behavioral Surveillance 2017 that used time-space sampling methods to recruit and interview MSM in 22 U.S. cities. Weighted percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% CIs were calculated using logistic regression with predicted marginal means. Overall, 10.2% (95% CI: 9.3%–11.2%) of MSM experienced physical violence only, 3.2% (95% CI: 2.7%–3.7%) experienced sexual violence only, and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.9%–2.7%) experienced both types of violence, in the past 12 months. Compared to MSM who did not experience violence, those who did reported higher percentages of unemployment, poverty, homelessness, same-sex discrimination, non-injection drug use, and binge drinking. Violence was not independently associated with condomless anal sex among MSM. MSM who experienced both types of violence were more likely than those who did not experience violence to have had four or more male sex partners (aPR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.02–1.37). MSM who experienced both types of violence (aPR=2.49, 95% CI: 1.52–4.09), sexual violence (aPR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.47–3.52), or physical violence (aPR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.27–2.44) were more likely than those who did not experience violence to have had exchange sex. Recent physical violence and sexual violence are common among MSM. Findings highlight the importance of violence screening and suggest the need for tailored interventions that improve the safety and economic security of MSM who experience violence, including those who exchange sex.
Anti-individual morality in the international human rights system
Authors: McGrogan David
Published: April 2022

This article argues that modern human rights practice is largely imbued with an understanding of morality which is properly described as ‘anti-individual’ in the sense in which Michael Oakeshott used that phrase. In summary, this means that the contemporary human rights movement is informed by a vision of morality as something that is to be imposed on populations from above for their own good, rather than something that inheres within each individual and is contingent on free choice. This gives effect to a fundamentally managerial approach, meaning that international human rights law now largely manifests itself in obligations imposed on States to coordinate societies towards benevolent ends. This undoubtedly derives from good motives, but it means that the human rights movement for the most part buttresses an aggrandisement of the State that will happen regardless. This places it on the side of a creeping paternalistic ‘soft despotism’ – a development that is to be regretted.
Avashai Margalit and Theology of Institutions
Authors: Warne Nathaniel Adam
Published: April 2022

In this article, I compare recent literature on theology of institutions with the ethics of philosopher Avishai Margalit. This article has two tasks. First, it shows that Margalit's understanding of a decent society provides helpful categories for moral and political theology. The second task, by putting theology and Margalit in dialogue, and focusing on the topic of labor and economic institutions, highlights where moral and political theology exposes potential weaknesses within Margalit's thought. Though his account of humiliation and the ‘decent society’ draws upon a rich theological and philosophical tradition, his rejection of a doctrine of creation weakens his claims.
Enhancing the tractive performance of unmanned vehicles using an optimised wheel-step driving system
Authors: Wang Wen-Hao , Zou Teng-An , Xu Xiao-Jun , Xu Hai-Jun
Published: April 2022

A wheel-step driving system that can realise a wheel-step driving mode is proposed to improve the tractive performances of wheeled unmanned vehicles when driving on soft roads. Although the wheel-step driving system proposed in this paper adopts double wishbone suspension, it also can be applied for different suspension configurations after adjustment. In this paper, a typical sandy soil and a designated tyre are selected as hypotheses to verify the enhanced effect of wheel-step driving system on tractive performance. First, the wheel-soil interaction mechanism of the wheel-step driving mode is analysed based on terramechanics theory and the wheel-step driving strategy is optimised. The tractive performances of the wheel-step driving mode and the normal driving mode are compared and analysed through numerical calculations. Then, a soil model is established using discrete element software and a wheel model is established using dynamics software; the coupled simulation of the dynamic and discrete elements compares the drawbar pull, the driving torque and the sinkage in the normal driving mode, the wheel-step driving mode and the optimised wheel-step driving mode. The simulation data verify the effectiveness of the optimisation strategy used and the enhancement effect of the wheel-step driving mode on the traction performance. Finally, a soil-bin test system is built and a tractive performance experiment is performed. The experimental data and the simulation data show good agreement, thus verifying the correctness of the simulation model.
Mechanisms of absolute pitch: I. Acoustical beating
Authors: Baggaley Jon , Thurlow Alan
Published: April 2022

Musicologists and philosophers have commonly attributed distinctive qualities to individual musical pitches, and absolute pitch (AP) possessors recognize and recall notes and keys with immediacy and accuracy, leaving little doubt that they are aware of such characteristics. Bachem proposed that these distinct tonal qualities underlie the rapid and accurate judgments that he identified as genuine AP, and he defined the qualities as tone chroma (TC). The TCs of notes and keys, and of notes separated by a musical octave ( pitch class) are frequently expressed in visual terms, and studies of synaesthesia, the association of intersensory stimuli, provide clues to the systematic variation of TC qualities. The historical literature relating to note and key characteristics is commonly overlooked in the study of AP, however, and the article seeks to address this problem. Long-standing conclusions are reviewed, leading to the hypothesis that TC sensitivity can derive from an awareness of variations in the acoustical beats that occur in the tuning of instruments to equal temperament and which are perceived with particular clarity in organ tuning. This acoustical hypothesis is supported by modern neuroscientific findings and was predicted by theoretical observations in the literature as long ago as three centuries. In a follow-up article, Thurlow and Baggaley discuss the role of synaesthesia-type judgments in musical skills not previously regarded as absolute: for example, a perfect touch capacity observed in keyboard players.
Determining an approximate minimum toxic dosage of diphacinone in horses and corresponding serum, blood, and liver diphacinone concentrations: a pilot study
Authors: Romano Megan C. , Francis Kyle A. , Janes Jennifer G. , Poppenga Robert H. , Filigenzi Michael S. , Stefanovski Darko , Gaskill Cynthia L.
Published: April 2022

Poisoning of nontarget species is a major concern with the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). At postmortem examination, differentiating toxicosis from incidental exposure is sometimes difficult. Clotting profiles cannot be performed on postmortem samples, and clinically significant serum, blood, and liver AR concentrations are not well-established in most species. We chose diphacinone for our study because, at the time, it was the publicly available AR most commonly detected in samples analyzed at the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. We determined an approximate minimum toxic dosage (MTD) of oral diphacinone in 3 horses and measured corresponding serum, blood, and liver diphacinone concentrations. Diphacinone was administered orally to healthy horses. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and serum and blood diphacinone concentrations were measured daily. At the study endpoint, the horses were euthanized, and diphacinone concentration was measured in each liver lobe. The horse that received 0.2 mg/kg diphacinone developed prolonged (>1.5× baseline) PT and aPTT; the horse that received 0.1 mg/kg did not. This suggests an approximate oral MTD in horses of 0.2 mg/kg diphacinone. Median liver diphacinone concentration at this dosage was 1,780 (range: 1,590–2,000) ppb wet weight. Marginal (model-adjusted) mean diphacinone concentrations of liver lobes were not significantly different from one another ( p = NS). Diphacinone was present in similar concentrations in both serum and blood at each time after administration, indicating that both matrices are suitable for detection of diphacinone exposure in horses.
“Just Hemorrhoids, Not Cancer”: Perceptions of Colorectal Cancer Among Thai Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Haritavorn Niphattra , Nimsun Chanika
Published: April 2022

Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of mortality among Thais. Understanding patients’ perceptions of colorectal cancer can help in the design of educational programs to enhance awareness of colorectal cancer among Thais. This study aims to elucidate illness explanatory models of colorectal cancer and their perceptions of colorectal cancer through the explanatory model. In-depth interviews with 30 patients about their perceptions and experiences of colorectal cancer were subjected to thematic analysis. The findings show that the patients were unaware of colorectal cancer, had misconceptions regarding colorectal cancer detection and screening; they considered the symptoms to be the result of hemorrhoids, karma, and heredity. Their explanatory model underlies the body of knowledge grounded in the lay explanation which results in perception, beliefs, relative experiences, and approaches to illness management. There is a need for further information about colorectal cancer symptoms to assist symptom recognition through cancer education and screening programs.
Varus-Tilted Distal Tibial Plafond Is a Risk Factor for Recurrent Ankle Instability After Arthroscopic Lateral Ankle Ligament Repair
Authors: Yoshimoto Kensei , Noguchi Masahiko , Maruki Hideyuki , Tominaga Ayako , Ishibashi Mina , Okazaki Ken
Published: April 2022

Background:

Although varus-tilted distal tibial deformity is an established risk factor for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI), no studies have reported whether this deformity influences ankle instability after arthroscopic lateral ankle ligament repair (ALLR) for CLAI.

Methods:

A total of 57 ankles from 57 patients who underwent ALLR for CLAI were retrospectively analyzed. Tibial articular surface (TAS) angles were measured on preoperative plain radiograph. After 12 months of follow-up, recurrent ankle instability and talar tilt angles on stress radiograph were evaluated as outcomes. Relationships between the TAS angle and these outcomes were assessed.

Results:

Recurrent ankle instability was observed in 10 ankles. The TAS angles of patients with recurrent instability were significantly lower (85.2 degrees vs 87.9 degrees). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the cutoff value of TAS angle for recurrent instability was 86.2 degrees. Based on this cutoff value, our patients were divided into 2 groups: low-TAS and high-TAS group. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that low TAS was an independent risk factor for recurrent ankle instability and greater postoperative talar tilt angles.

Conclusion:

Varus-tilted distal tibial plafond appears to be a risk factor for recurrent ankle instability after ALLR.
The Association Between Adolescents’ Food Literacy, Vegetable and Fruit Consumption, and Other Eating Behaviors
Authors: LeBlanc Jasmine , Ward Stephanie , LeBlanc Caroline P.
Published: April 2022

Adolescents’ intake of vegetables and fruits is generally low, and many demonstrate unhealthy eating behaviors. Food literacy may be key to improving adolescents’ nutrition. However, the relationship between food literacy, fruit and vegetable intake, and other healthy eating behaviors remains unclear, as well as how these relationships may differ among boys and girls. This study assessed the relationship between food literacy (including food skills and cooking skills), vegetable and fruit consumption, and other eating behaviors of adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 1,054 students, including 467 boys and 570 girls from five francophone high schools in New Brunswick, Canada. Quantitative data on students’ food and cooking skills, vegetable and fruit consumption, and other eating behaviors were collected with a self-reported questionnaire. Multilevel regressions were used to assess the relationship between food literacy, students’ consumption of vegetables and fruits, and other eating behaviors. Better cooking skills were associated with healthier eating behaviors and greater vegetable and fruit consumption for boys and girls. Better food skills were also associated with healthier eating behaviors and greater vegetable and fruit consumption among both genders. These findings highlight the importance of improving food literacy among adolescents. Public health interventions should focus on increasing cooking and food skills to improve adolescents’ nutrition.
Student Perspectives on Implementation and Impact of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in Their Middle Schools
Authors: Lloyd Blair P. , Carter Erik W. , Hine Melissa C. , Davis A. Dia , Lanchak Emily R. , Ferrell Madelaine A. , Axelroth Tara L. , Shuster Brooke C. , Haynes Rebecca L. , Higgs Jennifer , Chauvin Casey B.
Published: April 2022

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is an evidence-based framework for promoting positive school climates and improving student social and behavioral outcomes. Yet secondary schools have lagged behind elementary schools in their adoption and implementation of PBIS. The transition from elementary to middle school is marked by a host of developmental and environmental changes that creates a critical window for establishing supportive school environments. We conducted a series of focus groups with middle school students ( N = 45) attending PBIS schools to learn about their views and understandings of PBIS, the perceived impact of these programs, the extent to which they were involved in PBIS, and their recommendations for improving their school’s program. Although middle school students’ understanding of PBIS was often focused on their acknowledgment system, students identified a range of impacts beyond improving student behavior. Students also expressed a desire for more (a) transparent communication between staff and students and (b) opportunities for students to be actively involved in their school’s program. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to increasing the uptake and impact of PBIS in secondary schools.
Short-term eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to treat children with posttraumatic stress symptoms after single trauma: A case series
Authors: Lempertz Daniela , Vasileva Mira , Brandstetter Luise , Bering Robert , Metzner Franka
Published: April 2022

Background

Traumatic experiences can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For young children, even minor, inconspicuous looking events can lead to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Trauma-focused treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) offers children an age-adapted intervention to help them successfully process traumatic experiences. So far, there has been a lack of well evaluated trauma-focused treatments for young children.

Methods

These case series examine the effectiveness of a short-term treatment with EMDR therapy for children showing PTSD symptoms after experiencing a single incident induced trauma. Five children between 5 and 10 years of age who developed PTSD after a single incident trauma received a manualized EMDR treatment for 6 weeks (mean number of sessions: seven including a mean number of EMDR sessions: 3.4). Posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed prior to treatment, following treatment and at a 3-month follow-up with standardized instruments for caregivers and children.

Results

PTSD symptoms decreased for all children after completing the treatment from clinical to non-clinical level. Reductions in vegetative hyperarousal, fears and clinging behaviour were achieved. Furthermore, reductions in the parental stress levels, as well as a recovery of everyday routine and everyday stability were observed.

Conclusion

Short-term EMDR treatment appears to be a promising treatment for single incident trauma in young children providing a potentially successful quick and safe psychological treatment for children. Results contribute to the knowledge of feasibility and acceptability of short-term, trauma-focused treatments of children with EMDR. Replication of the results of these case series in larger samples using a randomized controlled design is warranted.
Development of a corrective model of short-term radon concentrations to estimate annual effective doses in the primary schools of the Doukkala-Abda region, Morocco
Authors: Ouakkas Saad , Boukhair Aziz , Abdo Maged Ahmed Saleh , Benjelloun Mohammed
Published: April 2022

In order to assess the radiological impact of radon on >250,000 students, the total annual effective dose was estimated inside 204 Moroccan primary schools sampled in the Doukkala-Abda region. The measurement of indoor radon concentrations was conducted using the LR115 detector for each month, each season and throughout the year. The evolution of indoor radon concentrations showed a decrease in annual average radon concentrations of 20–26% and 10–14%, respectively, compared to the monthly and seasonal annual average radon concentrations. For this purpose, a corrective model of short-term radon concentrations was developed to calculate the seasonal correction factors in order to estimate the annual indoor radon concentrations. For the qualitative evaluation of these factors, a percentage of deviation between the measured and estimated annual radon concentrations was calculated. Almost half of the estimated annual concentrations were 10% less than the measured concentration and the majority of these estimated values were within 40%. The estimated total annual effective doses received by students, except those in the Sidi Bennour city, were higher than the world average (1.15 mSv/y). Nevertheless, all these doses remained below the permissible limit recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (3–10 mSv/y).
Eyes wide open to avoid misleading diagnosis and treatment planning
Authors: Pinheiro Isabela Sales , Campos Marcio José da Silva , Reis Luisa Gatti , Mota Júnior Sergio Luiz , Vitral Robert Willer Farinazzo
Published: April 2022

Introduction:

The treatment of impacted and transposed teeth is a challenge for clinical practice. A precise assessment of the relative position of the transposed tooth could lessen the risks of adverse effects, such as root resorption and periodontal problems.

Description of the case:

An 18-year-old patient went to the Orthodontic Department of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil for a re-evaluation of the orthodontic treatment to which she had been receiving since the age of 12. Attempted traction of an impacted maxillary canine resulted in root resorption, marked mobility and alteration in the position of adjacent teeth as well as loss of alveolar bone in the anterior region of the maxilla. This tooth was not only partially transposed, but it also had ankylosis, external and internal tooth resorption, which indicated the need for tooth extraction. A change was made to the treatment plan, with the extraction of the canine, bone graft and mesial movement of the posterior teeth.

Results:

All the spaces were closed at the end of treatment, with normal overbite and overjet. At the follow-up, the teeth position, the shape of dental arches, disocclusion guides and dental occlusion were preserved. The bone graft in the maxilla showed height and mineral density stability.

Conclusion:

The presence of the maxillary permanent canines in the dental arch is important for both aesthetics and a functional occlusion. However, despite the importance of their maintenance in the arch, it is well advised that each case be analysed individually.
The Independence Day as a nationalist ritual: Framework of the March of Independence in Poland
Authors: Żuk Piotr , Żuk Paweł
Published: April 2022

The article contains a cultural analysis of the March of Independence as a symbol of nationalist revival in Poland. The authors analyse the social context of this event, show its history and, inspired by Goffman’s classic approach, describe the theatrical setting of this annual event – its scenography, props, musical setting and costumes (‘patriotic clothing’). In addition to participant observation, the authors analyse materials posted by the organisers of the March of Independence on the YouTube channel. The article presents historical and cultural patterns used by contemporary Polish nationalists – primarily symbols, messages and ideology of nationalists from the interwar period (1918–1939). According to the authors, events such as the March of Independence are a manifestation of local discourse over Western modernisation. The neoliberal order in Eastern Europe cannot do without the help of nationalism – losers of the neoliberal transformation have become the main basis for the ‘national awakening’.
How tracking gets under the skin: German education system and social consciousness of Turkish descent students in basic secondary school tracks
Authors: Çelik Çetin
Published: April 2022

Students of Turkish heritage are overrepresented in basic secondary vocational schools and underrepresented in university-track academic secondary schools in Germany. Macro-level studies analyzing this achievement gap generally focus on the effects of family resources, institutional practices, and discrimination. Yet, the impact of macro-level factors, such as the effects of institutional mechanisms on students’ identities, remains relatively unquestioned. Drawing on the ethnicization framework and utilizing in-depth interviews and ethnography, this study examines the social consciousness of a group of male Turkish descent students in German secondary school tracks. The study analyzes the relationship between social consciousness and the broader educational context, suggesting that this relationship involves ethnicized oppositional elements stemming not from culture but from class and ethnic stratifications affirmed and lived out in German schools on a daily basis.
Postsecondary Co-Enrollment Patterns Among Latinx/a/o Students
Authors: Taggart Amanda
Published: April 2022

Postsecondary co-enrollment, or simultaneous enrollment at multiple institutions, is becoming increasingly common among U.S. college students. This descriptive analysis documented the characteristics and co-enrollment patterns of Latinx/a/o students in the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (12/17). Findings of the study revealed that Latinx/a/o students co-enrolled at multiple postsecondary institutions at greater rates than all students combined, and that persistence and bachelor’s degree completion rates were higher for co-enrolled Latinx/a/o students than for all Latinx/a/o students.
Ultrasound Use by Upper Extremity Surgeons in 2020: A Survey of ASSH Members
Authors: Demino Cory , Koesarie Kathleen , Smith Jay , Fowler John R.
Published: April 2022

Background:

The use of musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) among hand surgeons appears to be increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization patterns and attitudes regarding US among American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) members in 2020 as well as the changes in usage patterns since a previous survey in 2015.

Methods:

In 2020, an updated and expanded 27-question survey was distributed to 4852 members of the ASSH. Questions assessed respondent demographics, training, and practice patterns, and access, utilization, training, and opinions pertaining to US.

Results:

A total of 418 surveys (8.6%) were analyzed. Compared to 2015, there was an increase in the percentage of respondents using US for diagnostic purposes (51%-68%), as well as having personal access to US machines (43% to 58%). US use to assist in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome increased from 19% to 27%. The most common reason for using US was convenience and practice efficiency, while the most common reasons for not using US was no machine access. In 2020, 33% of respondents performed US-guided injections.

Conclusions:

Compared to 2015, the majority of responding upper extremity surgeons now have personal access to US machines. Utilization of diagnostic US appears to be increasing, and two-thirds of respondents believed that US use will continue to increase among upper extremity surgeons.
A dynamic separable convolution RCNN for lubrication condition identification of planetary roller screw mechanism
Authors: Cai Wei , Liu Geng , Ma Shangjun , Fu Xiaojun , Zhang Jianxin , Niu Maodong
Published: April 2022

Lubrication condition has a strong effect on the service ability of planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM), so how to effectively identify the lubrication condition of PRSM is highly important in practical industrial applications. A dynamic separable convolution residual convolutional neural network (DSC-RCNN) method is proposed in this paper for the lubrication condition identification of PRSM. In the proposed method, a dynamic separable convolution (DSC) is developed by adopting depthwise separable convolution and dynamic convolution. To verify the learning competence of the proposed method, the PRSM failure test is carried out firstly and vibration data of the PRSM with and without grease are collected in multiple working conditions. Then, three experiments are implemented. The first one is to obtain the optimal number of the depthwise separable convolution in the DSC. The second one compares the effect of the DSC unit and the dynamic convolution unit on the diagnosis capacity of the proposed method. The last one compares SVM, BSA-SVM, AEs, LSSVM, LSTM, VGG-13, and the proposed method. The results reveal the best number of the depthwise separable convolution, the optimal unit of the proposed model and indicate that the DSC-RCNN has enormous recognition and transfer learning abilities.
Perpetual Enemy, Intimate Alien: Somerset v. Stewart’s Effect on the Legal and Political Status of the English Jews
Authors: Smedberg Casey
Published: April 2022

By redefining villeinage as applicable only to those of English heritage, Somerset v. Stewart inadvertently expanded Englishness to encompass English Jews, who had been associated with villeinage both in the medieval and early modern periods. The sudden cessation of legal and political references to Jewish villeinage post- Somerset constitutes a reframing of Jewish history, with the goal of reestablishing the boundary between Englishness and Jewishness. To fully understand Somerset’s contribution to the making of Englishness, we must, therefore, look beyond the case’s impact on racial slavery and consider the role the case played in legally and politically redefining English Jews as fundamentally non-English.
Nurses in clinical trials: perceptions of impact on the research enterprise
Authors: Jones Carolynn T , Griffith Catherine A , Fisher Cheryl A , Grinke Kathleen A , Keller Rosemary , Lee Hyacinth , Purdom Michelle , Turba Elyce
Published: April 2022

Background

Clinical Research Nurses practice across a wide spectrum of roles and settings within the global research enterprise. Clinical Research Nurses working with clinical trials face a dual fidelity in their role, balancing integrity of the protocol and quality care for participants.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to describe Clinical Research Nurses’ experiences in clinical trials, educational preparation, and career pathways, to gain a deeper understanding of clinical research nursing contributions to the clinical research enterprise.

Methods

An internet-based survey was conducted to collect demographic data and free text responses to four open-ended queries related to the experience of nurses working in clinical trials research, educational preparation, and role pathways. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze free text responses. The study was guided by the Clinical Research Nursing Domain of Practice and Duffy’s Quality Caring Model of relationship centered professional encounters.

Results

Forty clinical research nurses responded to the open-ended questions with themes related to dual fidelity to study participants and protocols, relationships and nursing care, interdisciplinary team membership and contributing to science, emerging from the data. Gaps in educational preparation and professional pathways were identified.

Conclusion

This study provides insights to unique clinical research nurse practice contributions in the clinical trial research enterprise within a context of Duffy’s Quality Caring Model.
Who’s included? The role of the Clinical Research Nurse in enabling research participation for under-represented and under-served groups
Authors: Beer Kelly , Gentgall Melanie , Templeton Nicola , Whitehouse Claire , Straiton Nicola
Published: April 2022

Background

There is a global call for more inclusive clinical research that is representative of all populations, particularly those historically under-represented or under-served. A lack of broad representation results in disproportionate health outcomes and limits the applicability and translation of research findings.

Aim

Identify and describe barriers to participation across the research lifecycle and consider the role of the Clinical Research Nurse (CRN) in promoting inclusivity, including for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples within Australia.

Discussion

Review of recent literature and best practice identified barriers to research participation across the research process; at system, participant and practitioner levels. This discussion paper explores the role of the CRN; acting as enablers, facilitators and navigators, to mitigate participation barriers.

Conclusion

With their comprehensive understanding of the research process, clinical care pathways, reflective practices and participant-centred approaches, CRNs are uniquely positioned to advocate for greater equity in access to clinical research and to motivate stakeholders across the research enterprise to embed inclusive approaches in the design, conduct and dissemination of research.

Implications for Practice

An in-depth understanding of the research process, self, and cultural norms of the populations they serve is essential for CRNs to effectively advocate for equity in access to research.
Evolution of quality indicators in acute stroke during the RACECAT Trial: Impact in the general population
Authors: Olivé-Gadea Marta , Pérez de la Ossa Natalia , Jovin Tudor , Abilleira Sonia , Jiménez Xavier , Cardona Pere , Chamorro Angel , Flores Alan , Silva Yolanda , Purroy Francesc , Martí-Fabregas Joan , Rodríguez-Campello Ana , Zaragoza Josep , Krupinski Jerzy , Canovas David , Gomez Choco Manuel , Mas Natalia , Palomeras Ernest , Cocho Dolores , Aragonès Josep M , Repullo Carmen , Sanjurjo Eduard , Carrion Dolores , Catena Esther , Costa Xavier , Almendros M Cruz , Barceló Miquel , Monedero Jordi , Rybyeva Maria , Diaz Gloria , Ribó Marc
Published: April 2022

Background:

Acute ischemic stroke patients not referred directly to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) have reduced access to endovascular treatment (EVT). The RACECAT trial is a population-based cluster-randomized trial, designed to compare mothership and drip-and-ship strategies in acute ischemic stroke patients outside the catchment area of a CSC.

Aims:

To analyze the evolution of performance indicators in the regions that participated in RACECAT.

Methods:

This retrospective longitudinal observational study included all stroke alerts evaluated by emergency medical services in Catalonia between February 2016 and February 2020. Cases were classified geographically according to the nearest SC: local SC (Local-SC) and CSC catchment areas. We analyzed the evolution of EVT rates and relevant workflow times in Local-SC versus CSC catchment areas over three study periods: P1 (February 2016 to April 2017: before RACECAT initiation), P2 (May 2017 to September 2018), and P3 (October 2018 to February 2020).

Results:

We included 20603 stroke alerts, 10,694 (51.9%) of which were activated within Local-SC catchment areas. The proportion of patients receiving EVT within Local-SC catchment areas increased (P1 vs. P3: 7.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 6.4–8.7) to 22.5% (95% CI, 20.8–24.4) p < 0.001). Inequalities in the odds of receiving EVT were reduced for patients from CSC versus Local-SC catchment areas (P1: odds ratio (OR) 3.9 (95% CI, 3.2–5) vs. P3: OR 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3–1.7) In Local-SC, door-to-image (P1: 24 (interquartile range (IQR) 15–36), P2: 24 (15–35), P3: 21 (13–32) min, p < 0.001) and door-to-needle times (P1: 42 (31–60), P2: 41 (29–58), P3: 35 (25–50) p < 0.001) reduced. Time from Local-SC arrival to groin puncture also decreased over time (P1: 188 [151–229], P2: 190 (157–233), P3: 168 (127–215) min, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

An increase in EVT rates in Local-SC regions with a significant decrease in workflow times occurred during the period of the RACECAT trial.
The state of American democracy after Trump
Authors: Arvanitopoulos Constantine
Published: April 2022

Democracy is retreating worldwide. As Freedom House reports, the US has not escaped this trend. The system of checks and balances of American democracy managed to thwart Trump’s assault on democracy. But together with longstanding institutional and structural defects, his presidency clearly indicates that American democracy is on the verge of political decay. Political polarisation, inequalities, identity politics and the inability of the two political parties to reach compromises are further testing the American democratic institutions. To avert decay, the US needs a reform coalition to bring about institutional changes; and more importantly, to establish inclusive economic policies and a renewed focus on citizenship, duty and a shared purpose.
Enantiomeric Distribution of Terpenoids in Juniperus Essential Oils: Composition of Juniperus horizontalis and Juniperus scopulorum Leaf Essential Oils From Southwestern Idaho
Authors: Swor Kathy , Poudel Ambika , Satyal Prabodh , Setzer William N.
Published: April 2022

The essential oils from the leaves and twigs of Juniperus horizontalis and Juniperus scopulorum, growing in southwestern Idaho, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC(FID)). The major components in the essential oil of J horizontalis were α-pinene, 16.9%, predominantly ( + )-α-pinene; sabinene, 37.1%, exclusively ( + )-sabinene; myrcene, 5.0%; and terpinene-4-ol, predominantly ( + )-terpinen-4-ol. The essential oil of J scopulorum was rich in sabinene, 29.8%, exclusively ( + )-sabinene; terpinene-4-ol, 13.2%, nearly racemic; α-elemol, 9.7%; and 8α-acetoxyelemol, 6.4%. In addition, 12 commercial Juniperus communis fruit essential oils were analyzed by chiral GC-MS. α-Pinene showed considerable variation in enantiomeric distribution, depending on geographical location. The dominant enantiomer of sabinene in J communis essential oils was ( + )-sabinene.
Local failure resistance of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete plates subjected to projectile impact
Authors: Beppu Masuhiro , Mori Koki , Ichino Hiroyoshi , Muroga Yoichiro
Published: April 2022

This study investigated local failure characteristics of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PPFRC) plates subjected to projectile impact. Flexural and compression tests for two types of PPFRC specimens (PPFRC1 and PPFRC2) were conducted to examine mechanical properties of the PPFRC. The average flexural strength of PPFRC1 and PPFRC2 at a strain rate of 10−1/s were 12.2 N/mm2 and 10.4 N/mm2, respectively. The average compressive strength of PPFRC1 and PPFRC2 at a strain rate of 100/s were 58 N/mm2 and 74.9 N/mm2, respectively. Projectile impact tests for 60 mm- and 80 mm-thick PPFRC plates were conducted by using a 50 g-mass projectile collided at velocities corresponding to 193–423 m/s. Experimental results exhibited that the PPFRC plate had a higher effect of suppressing local failure than a plain concrete plate. Comparison of the tests results with the modified NDRC formula revealed that the limit scabbing thickness was 15–20% smaller than that of a plain concrete plate.
Factors influencing height gain in children born small for gestational age treated with recombinant growth hormone: what extent is puberty involved?
Authors: Arroyo Ruiz Ramón , Ballester Pérez Aránzazu , Leiva-Gea Isabel , Martínez-Aedo MªJosé , López-Siguero Juan Pedro
Published: April 2022

Objective:

The objective was to analyze the efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment in children born small for gestational age (SGA) without catch-up growth treated before the onset of puberty, with follow-up until adult height. The influence of demographic and auxological factors on the final response evaluated as adult height and height gain was assessed.

Patients and methods:

A prospective longitudinal observational study performed in a tertiary hospital, involving SGA patients, who started treatment with rhGH between October 2003 and April 2015. Potential response predictors were evaluated by multiple regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results:

Of the initial 96 patients included, 61 patients (28 boys and 33 girls) reached adult height. Adult height gain in standard deviation (SDS) was 0.99 (0.8) and 1.49 (0.94), respectively ( p < 0.05). An adult height greater than −2 SDS was reached in 75% of the girls but only in 53% of the boys. The pubertal height gain was 22.6 (5.8) cm in boys and 18.8 (4.5) cm in girls. The multiple regression model obtained for total height gain explained 42% of the variability in this variable including sex, height gain during the first year, and the difference from target height at the start of treatment. A first-year height gain of 0.69 SDS was the optimal point for assessing a final height gain greater than 1.5 SDS with a specificity of 70% and a sensitivity of 71%.

Conclusion:

Most SGA patients achieve normalization of height above −2 SD, the percentage being higher in girls. According to our predictive model, height gain in the first year is the most important variable for predicting good response to treatment. During puberty, there is a loss of height SDS, probably due to a lower total pubertal gain with respect to the reference population, which is more marked in boys.
How does my student learn? Neurodiversity and the nature of learning in autism
Authors: Norris Nola G
Published: April 2022

This paper reports on a framework of thinking, memory and learning that emerged from a qualitative research study into the nature of learning for individuals with autism. The framework is useful for professional development of teachers regarding the learning characteristics of neurodiverse students with autism spectrum disorder. The paper provides a review of the neuroscience and memory-in-autism literature and introduces the Learning Ladder, a new evidence-based model that facilitates explanation of the learning characteristics of neurodiverse learners and serves as a guide for pedagogical decision-making. The application of the framework for teaching and learning within the context of Christian education is considered.