bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПРОЕКЦИЯ УРАВНЕНИЯ ХОХЛОВА-ЗАБОЛОТСКОЙ НА ОСЬ ВОЛНОВОГО ПУЧКА КАК МОДЕЛЬ НЕЛИНЕЙНОЙ ДИФРАКЦИИ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Васильева О.А. , Лапшин Е. А. , Руденко О.В.
Published: September 2018

Получено уравнение, описывающее нелинейную дифракцию сфокусированной волны в полупространстве начиная от источника волны, далее через область фокуса вплоть до дальней зоны, где волна становится сферически расходящейся. В отличие от уравнения Хохлова-Заболотской (ХЗ), содержащего две пространственные переменные, расчёт поля на оси пучка сведён к более простой одномерной задаче. Указаны интегральные соотношения, полезные при численном интегрировании. Построены профили периодической волны, гармонической на входе в среду. Проведено сравнение с результатами численного решения задач на основе ХЗ, обнаружившее хорошую точность приближённой модели. Прослежено прохождение волны через область фокуса, сопровождающееся формированием ударных фронтов, дифракционных фазовых сдвигов и асимметричным искажением областей различной полярности.
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ УРАВНЕНИЯ ГАМИЛЬТОНА-ЯКОБИ И ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ИГРЫ ДЛЯ СИСТЕМ НЕЙТРАЛЬНОГО ТИПА, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Лукоянов Н. Ю. , Гомоюнов М.И. , Плаксин А. Р.
Published: September 2018

Установлена связь между дифференциальной игрой для систем нейтрального типа и функциональным уравнением Гамильтона-Якоби с коинвариантными производными. Доказано совпадение функционала цены игры и минимаксного решения этого уравнения. Указаны оптимальные стратегии игроков.
МАКРОКИНЕТИКА ПИРОЛИЗА УГЛЕРОДСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО СЫРЬЯ В?ТРУБЧАТОМ РЕАКТОРЕ ПЕРЕМЕННОГО СЕЧЕНИЯ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Быков В.И. , Ломакин С.М. , Цыбенова С.Б. , Варфоломеев С.Д.
Published: September 2018

Построена макрокинетическая модель пиролиза углеродсодержащего сырья в трубчатом реакторе переменного сечения. Показано, что с целью интенсификации процесса пиролиза в трубчатом реакторе необходимо менять диаметр в соответствии с вязкостью продуктов реакции.
О ВОЗРАСТЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ОСНОВАНИЯ ШПИЦБЕРГЕНА: U-PB-ДАТИРОВАНИЕ ДЕТРИТНОГО ЦИРКОНА ИЗ ВЕРХНЕДОКЕМБРИЙСКИХ И НИЖНЕКАМЕННОУГОЛЬНЫХ ОБЛОМОЧНЫХ ПОРОД СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ЧАСТИ ЗЕМЛИ НОРДЕНШЕЛЬДА, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Сироткин А. Н. , Марин Ю.Б. , Кузнецов Н.Б. , Коробова Г. А. , Романюк Т.В.
Published: September 2018

Изучен характер распределения возрастов детритного циркона из верхнерифейских и раннекаменноугольных песчаников северо-западной части Земли Норденшельда (о. Западный Шпицберген). Полученные результаты дополняют данные, известные ранее для пород докембрийских и палеозойских толщ запада Шпицбергена. Совместное рассмотрение этих данных показывает, что временной интервал средний рифей - ранний карбон включительно подразделяется (как минимум) на 5 этапов, во время которых питающие провинции, поставлявшие детрит в осадочные бассейны, реликты которых представлены в современной структуре Западного Шпицбергена, существенно различались. Самый древний из выявленных эпизодов изменения источников осадочного материала (рубеж среднего и позднего рифея) соответствует времени консолидации древнего фундамента архипелага Шпицберген.
ДЮМОРТЬЕРИТ- И КОРУНДСОДЕРЖАЩИЕ КВАРЦ-ПОЛЕВОШПАТ-СЛЮДЯНЫЕ ПЕГМАТОИДНЫЕ ПОРОДЫ БЕЛОМОРСКОЙ ЭКЛОГИТОВОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ: ПРИМЕР ПЛАВЛЕНИЯ ФЕНГИТ+КВАРЦ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Докукина К.А. , Конилов А.Н. , Ван К.В. , Минц М.В.
Published: September 2018

В эклогитах Салмы Беломорской эклогитовой провинции изучены дюмортьерит-, фенгит- и корундсодержащие кварц-полевошпатовые породы, высокобарный минеральный парагенезис, который был представлен гранатом, фенгитом, кварцем. Породы формировались при дегидратации и/или плавлении боросодержащих пород при погружении их в зону мезо-неоархейской субдукции на глубину не менее 70 км. В результате последующих событий в РТ-условиях гранулитовой фации повышенных давлений фенгит в кварце подвергся инконгруэнтному дегидратационному плавлению с формированием сложных полиминеральных псевдоморфоз, состоящих из полевых шпатов, биотита, мусковита, кианита, корунда, дюмортьерита. Оценки температуры постэнклогитового события (850-900°С согласно реакциям плавления фенгита, и ~1000°С согласно реинтегрированному составу полевого шпата - мезопертита) на 50-100°С (и более) выше полученных ранее.
ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ МИКРОКОМПОНЕНТНОГО СОСТАВА МАГМАТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ЕЛЕТЬ-ОЗЕРО, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Рябчиков И.Д. , Когарко Л.Н.
Published: September 2018

Разработан новый метод оценки валовых коэффициентов распределения микрокомпонентов на основе анализа ковариаций концентраций элементов-примесей в интрузивных телах. Рассчитаны коэффициенты распределения ряда микрокомпонентов из данных по геохимии интрузивного комплекса Елеть-Озеро (Северная Карелия). Проведённый анализ показывает, что вся серия пород массива Елеть-Озеро от ранних базитов до лейкократовых нефелиновых сиенитов произошла в ходе единого процесса кристаллизационной дифференциации, контролируемого теми же коэффициентами распределения, что и обычные базальтовые магмы. Признаки отделения сульфидной жидкости в ходе эволюции магматической системы указывают на возможность ассоциации сульфидных рудных месторождений с плутонами типа Елеть-Озepo.
О ВИХРЕВОМ МЕХАНИЗМЕ ПОДАВЛЕНИЯ ВОЛН ЦУНАМИ ПОДВОДНЫМИ ПРЕГРАДАМИ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Бошенятов Б.В.
Published: September 2018

На основе интегральных законов сохранения потока массы и энергии разработана теоретическая модель, объясняющая эффект аномального подавления энергии (до 70%) волн типа цунами тонкими (по сравнению с длиной волны) подводными преградами. Показано, что аналитические зависимости для коэффициентов отражения и прохождения волн через подводную преграду, полученные на основе предложенной автором теоретической модели, соответствуют результатам экспериментов и численному моделированию на основе полных уравнений Навье-Стокса.
МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ СИГНАЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМ ГИПОТАЛАМУСА И ВЛИЯНИЕ НА НИХ МЕТФОРМИНА У МЫШЕЙ С МУТАЦИЕЙ AY/A, ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИ ПРЕДРАСПОЛОЖЕННЫХ К ОЖИРЕНИЮ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Деркач К.В. , Захарова И.О. , Романова И.В. , Зорина И. И. , Михрина А.Л. , Шпаков А.О.
Published: September 2018

Исследовали метаболические показатели и функциональное состояние гипоталамических систем у мышей, несущих мутацию Yellow в локусе Agouti с меланокортиновым типом ожирения, и влияние на них метформина (МФ, 200 мг/кг, в течение 9 сут). Обработка МФ снижала массу тела мышей и нормализовала нарушенную толерантность к глюкозе. В гипоталамусе МФ восстанавливал сниженную активность Akt-киназы, основного компонента лептинового пути, и нормализовал повышенную экспрессию 1B-серотонинового рецептора. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об эффективности МФ для лечения ожирения меланокортинового типа.
ОЦЕНКА ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ОХОТОМОРСКОЙ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ ГРЕНЛАНДСКОГО КИТА (BALAENA MYSTICETUS LINNAEUS, 1758), "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Шпак О.В. , Мещерский И.Г. , Кузнецова Д.М. , Чичкина А.Н. , Парамонов А.Ю. , Рожнов В.В.
Published: September 2018

Методом повторных отловов для модели открытой популяции на основе индивидуального генотипиро­вания получена оценка численности охотоморской популяции гренландского кита 388 ± 108 особей. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что восстановления этой находящейся под угрозой исчезновения популяции не происходит.
АНАЛИЗ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОБЕЗЗОЛЕННЫХ УГЛЕЙ ПЕЧОРСКОГО УГОЛЬНОГО БАССЕЙНА, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ МЕТОДОМ ЭКСТРАКЦИИ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИМ РАСТВОРИТЕЛЕМ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Бурдельная Н.С. , Бурцев И. Н. , Бушнев Д.А. , Кузьмин Д.В. , Мокеев М.В.
Published: September 2018

Впервые на материале углей Печорского бассейна была показана возможность получения беззольных экстрактов угля - так называемых “гиперуглей”. Их зольность не превышает первых, а в исходных углях до 20%. Методом высокоразрешающей 13С ЯМР-спектроскопии установлена близость структуры исходного угля и соответствующего экстракта. Показано, что избранный для экстракции гиперугля растворитель не является вполне химически инертным и продукты взаимодействия N-метилпирролидона и органического вещества угля присутствуют в составе полученных экстрактов.
Catalytic, Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Shi Lei , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: September 2018

Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of heteroarenes provides straightforward, atom‐economical access to the corresponding cyclic heterocycles, which are found as common structural motifs in many important biologically active reagents and alkaloids. This enantioselective transformation has developed only recently due to the high stability of these aromatic compounds and the poisoning effects of nitrogen or sulfur atoms to chiral catalysts. Moreover, heteroarenes comprise a very large family with diverse structural features and each type of heteroarene substrate shows distinct reactivity in hydrogenation. Various heteroarenes, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, pyridines, indoles, pyrroles, imidazoles, oxazoles, and furans, can be smoothly hydrogenated with good to excellent enantioselectivity under proper reaction conditions. Transition‐metal catalysts, based on iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium complexes, play an important role in this field, and organocatalysts have also shown high efficiency for hydrogenation of certain heteroarenes. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis that includes the advantages of a given catalyst system for each type of substrate. Some total syntheses that feature enantioselective hydrogenation of heteroaromatics as key steps are also described in this chapter.
Actinides: Electronic Structure of the Oxides
Authors: Roy Lindsay E.
Published: September 2018

This article outlines the recent work in using density functional methods to describe the structure and properties of the actinide oxides. The area represents a rich research history of using various methods such as local‐density approximation/generalized gradient approximation (LDA/GGA), modified density functional theory (DFT+U), self‐interaction correction methods (SIC), density functional theory + dynamic mean field theory (DFT+DMFT), and hybrid density functional theory (HSE) to assess the accuracy of predicting the properties of the oxides. Herein, the methods are assessed with respect to their accuracy in predicting the lattice constants, bulk moduli, band gap, and volumes based on experiment. Of the oxides, the dioxides represent the most complete analysis of the actinide series; of the elements, the most comprehensive study of structure–property relationships has been performed for the uranium oxides; and of the methods, DFT+Uhas been able to accurately reproduce the known properties of the actinide oxides at a reasonable computational cost. While the issues associated with theoretical methods remain challenging, it is clear that the field will continue to push the bounds and ultimately lead to a predictive science for development of new nuclear materials.
Actinides: Amido Complexes
Authors: Emslie David J. H.
Published: September 2018

This article reviews progress in actinide amido chemistry, highlighting the role of amido anions as constituents of robust supporting ligands and as reactive ligands. The synthesis, structures, and reactivity of homoleptic actinide complexes in oxidation states III–VI are initially reviewed. Reactivity developed using an ancillary ligand set composed of three bulky monodentate amido anions is then discussed, followed by the chemistry of N(CH2CH2NSiR3)3(TrenX) and HC(SiMe2NAr)3(TsX) ligands, which feature three amido anions within a multidentate ligand framework. These trisamido ligand platforms have been used to develop a remarkable breadth of actinide chemistry, including terminal UE and U(η2‐E2) linkages (E = S, Se, or Te), the first terminal nitrido complexes of uranium(V) and (VI), a unique nitrido analogue of the uranyl anion [NUO]+, the only terminal PH and AsH complexes of a d‐ or f‐element, and the first metal complex containing the elusive As2H2molecule. Complexes of tridentate pincer ligands are also described, with a focus on organometallic derivatives, as are bidentate ligands, including redox‐active NN and NO donors. Actinide complexes of polypyrrolyl ligands containing up to eight nitrogen donors are then outlined, including a neptunium(II) complex and a highly reducing thorium(II) synthetic equivalent. Furthermore, bimetallic “Pacman”‐style uranyl complexes are reviewed, providing examples of acis‐uranyl linkage, as well as reduction and functionalization of the normally inert uranyl dication. Finally, additional facets of amido ligand reactivity are discussed, including alternative pathways to synthesize actinide amido complexes and the role of actinide–amido complexes in catalysis.
Actinides: Superconducting Materials
Authors: Ott Hans R. , Fisk Zachary
Published: September 2018

In comparison with metallic elements, whose conduction electrons derive from atomic s‐, p‐, and d‐orbitals, superconductivity of metals with itinerant electrons from atomic f‐orbitals is a rather scarce phenomenon. This article on superconductivity of the heaviest metals intends to demonstrate that this indeed is the case. The topic is, however, of interest because these metals and, in particular their compounds, often adopt unconventional superconducting phases with new and therefore exciting properties that are not yet fully understood. In some cases, superconductivity competes or even co‐exists with other long‐range order phenomena, demonstrating that subtle details in the electronic structure and the interaction of the electrons among themselves and/or with other excitations of structural or magnetic character have to be considered.
Selective Activation of Transition‐Metal Complexes in Medicine
Authors: Renfrew Anna
Published: September 2018

With their unique spectrum of reactivity, wide range of accessible oxidation states, and easily tunable properties, transition‐metal complexes are ideally suited to targeting highly specific cellular environments. In particular, the reactivity of many metallodrugs can be tailored so that they are inert, and biologically inactive, under normal physiological conditions, but can be selectively transformed to an active species in the target cells or tissue. This approach of delivering a complex as a “prodrug” can circumvent many of the issues commonly associated with both organic and metal‐based drugs, including systemic toxicity, off‐target reactions, and low bioavailability. In this article, we explore the diverse ways in which a metalloprodrug can be selectively transformed to its active species, covering strategies that exploit an intrinsic difference in the target cell environment, and also those that use an irradiation source as an external trigger.
Ternary composites of polyaniline with polyvinyl alcohol and Cu by inverse emulsion polymerization: A comparative study
Authors: Ullah Rizwan , Bilal Salma , Shah Anwar‐ul‐Haq Ali , Rahman Gul , Ali Khurshid
Published: September 2018

Addition of inorganic particles and insulating polymeric materials to conducting polymers allows the alteration and modification of physical properties of the conducting polymer. An inverse emulsion polymerization technique was employed for the synthesis of polyaniline (PANI), composites of PANI with copper (PANI‐Cu), polyvinyl alcohol (PANI‐PVA), as well as composites of PANI with Cu and PVA (PANI‐Cu‐PVA) under comparable experimental conditions. The FTIR and UV/Vis, spectra were employed to determine the chemical structure. The morphology of the synthesized composites was studied by SEM technique. The XRD pattern illustrates good crystallinity of the composites with improved conductivity at room temperature. The TGA results show an increase in the thermal stability of the composites. The results show that co‐addition of PVA and Cu into PANI greatly affects the properties of PANI as well as the solubility as the composites were soluble in a number of commonly used organic solvents such as DMSO, NMP, chloroform, 2:1 mixture of chloroform and 2‐propanol, and 2:1 mixture of toluene and 2‐propanol.
What and How Can Psychoanalysis Contribute in Support of Refugees? Concepts, clinical experiences and applications in the project STEP‐BY‐STEP, a pilot project supporting refugees in the initial reception center “Michaelisdorf” (Michaelis‐village) in Darmstadt, Germany
Authors: Leuzinger‐Bohleber Marianne , Hettich Nora
Published: September 2018

The topic of migration, flight and trauma is as old as civilization, as its myths, fairytales, and its legends such as “The Odyssey” and well‐known literary figures like Oedipus and Medea (first section of the paper). However, the current refugee crisis in Europe has led to societal tensions and even splitting among large groups, such as in Germany where enormous empathy for the refugees' plight can be observed on the one hand, and hostilities, anxiety and xenophobic feelings and actions on the other hand. In the second section of the paper, the authors summarize some of the psychoanalytical concepts trying to understand some of the unconscious roots of xenophobia, antisemitism, fundamentalism and nationalism. Another psychoanalytical contribution in support of refugees comes from the body of psychoanalytic and interdisciplinary research on trauma and its transgenerational transmission (third section). Therewith psychoanalysis has produced a large conceptual, research and clinical knowledge base, which we may consider to be one of the contributions of psychoanalysis to current interdisciplinary and public discourse on refugees and immigrants. In the last section of this paper the authors summarize the pilot project STEP‐BY‐STEP which was carried out from January 2016 until April 2017 in a first reception center in Darmstadt. Concepts, applications and clinical experiences are presented for discussion. The pilot project has been quite successful and is serving as a model to be implemented during the next five years by four Psychosocial Centers for supporting refugees in Hesse. Given the large problems society faces in response to the “Refugee Crisis”, the authors consider their labors a mere drop in the endless ocean of pain, despair and sufferings of thousands of refugees who have escaped war, terror and poverty in their home countries and are hoping for a better life in Europe and elsewhere.
Migration, Social Catastrophes and Traumas in Argentina. Mental Health Interventions with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Schejtman Clara Raznoszczyk , Fischbein Susana Vinocur
Published: September 2018

This paper aims at reflecting on the impact of social catastrophes and crises that have caused personal and social traumas in recent Argentine history. The possibility of processing social traumas requires the intervention of social practices that involve the reconstruction of social bonds and the lifting of the denial of responsibility for the crime.

The authors give an account of Argentine's social catastrophes and address the complexity of the subjective processes of individuals who have lived immersed in disturbing and violent situations or in permanently stressful contexts for prolonged periods of time. The military dictatorship (1976–1984), the blasting of the Central Jewish Community Headquarters (1994), and the economic bankruptcy (2001–2004) are related along with their sequels, all of which have produced deep injuries to the mental health of a considerable segment of the population.

The history of the beginnings and expansion of psychoanalysis in Argentina is reviewed in an attempt to explain how the distressing vicissitudes of democracy and the coexisting social catastrophes have caused psychoanalysts along with mental health professionals to become increasingly concerned with the best methods to deal with patients who have undergone severe trauma due to the socio‐economic and political events.

The authors' personal experience working at mental health institutions and as members of the teams which developed assistance programs are presented, as well as several conceptual developments, programs and investigations generated by Argentine psychoanalysts who have been actively committed to social work from that time onwards. It is concluded that it should be therapeutically beneficial to build creative networks between mental health intervention, psychotherapy, community projects and research. These networks can generate new and deeper understanding about the overlap between individual trauma and social trauma which may lead to the design of programs appropriate to each particular community's needs.
The precision prevention and therapy of HPV‐related cervical cancer: new concepts and clinical implications
Authors: Hu Zheng , Ma Ding
Published: September 2018

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, with concepts and knowledge about its prevention and treatment evolving rapidly. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a major factor that leads to cervical cancer, although HPV infection alone cannot cause the disease. In fact, HPV‐driven cancer is a small probability event because most infections are transient and could be cleared spontaneously by host immune system. With persistent HPV infection, decades are required for progression to cervical cancer. Therefore, this long time window provides golden opportunity for clinical intervention, and the fundament here is to elucidate the carcinogenic pattern and applicable targets during HPV‐host interaction. In this review, we discuss the key factors that contribute to the persistence of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis, emerging new concepts and technologies for cancer interventions, and more urgently, how these concepts and technologies might lead to clinical precision medicine which could provide prediction, prevention, and early treatment for patients.
BCR‐ABL exon 7 deletion and novel point mutation in patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia and TKI resistance
Authors: Mikhailov Ilya
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

I report a novel BCR‐ABL point mutation c.844G>C p.E282Q and a case of combination of two BCR‐ABL point mutations (p.E282Q and p.L298R) and exon 7 deletion (del. c.1086‐1270) in TKI‐resistant patient. These point mutations were present only in a truncated transcript and were absent in “wild‐type” BCR‐ABL transcript.
Self‐Sacrificial Template Synthesis of a Nitrogen‐Doped Microstructured Carbon Tube as Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Yang Limeng , Zeng Yachao , Tang Xuejun , Xu Dongyan , Fang Dahui , Huang He , Shao Zhigang , Yi Baolian
Published: September 2018

The development of low‐cost, efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is desirable but remains a great challenge. We report a self‐sacrificial template synthesis approach for nitrogen‐doped hollow carbon microtubes as electrocatalyst for ORR. Typically, Fe‐MIL (Materiaux de l'Institute Lavosier) nanocrystals cast as self‐sacrificial template. Polyaniline (PANI) was in situ‐synthesized and deposited on the surface of Fe‐MIL nanocrystals. By a two‐step pyrolysis of the MIL‐101 (Fe)@PANI hybrids, unique microstructured carbon tubes with Fe3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated inside the wall were fabricated after the self‐sacrificial template decomposed. The optimized C‐PANI‐MIL‐2 catalyst exhibits a high onset potential of 1.0 V in alkaline media. Out of the negative effect of the disruption of metal‐organic frameworks (MOF) morphology, the ingenious catalytic activities may be ascribed to the well‐defined microtube architecture with a high accessible surface area, the existence of FeN2+2/FeN4 and rich active nitrogen atoms. Moreover, C‐PANI‐MIL‐2 exhibited excellent methanol tolerance and durability compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst in both electrolytes. This work may provide a new strategy for the design and preparation of microstructured non‐precious metal based catalysts supported on hollow carbon tubes for fuel cells.
Synthesis of γ,γ‐Disubstituted Butenolides through a Doubly Vinylogous Organocatalytic Cycloaddition
Authors: Skrzyńska Anna , Drelich Piotr , Frankowski Sebastian , Albrecht Łukasz
Published: September 2018

A novel organocatalytic approach to γ,γ‐disubstituted butenolides is described. It is based on a fully site‐selective functionalization of 5‐alkylidenefuran‐2(5H)‐ones via trienamine‐mediated [4+2]‐cycloaddition with α,β,γ,δ‐diunsaturated aldehydes. The developed methodology proceeds with excellent stereocontrol and constitutes a unique example of trienamine chemistry with vinylogous dienophiles. Importantly, the reaction has very broad scope and allows for the introduction of substituents also in the α‐ or the β‐position of the butenolide ring. Usefulness of the products obtained has been confirmed in the intramolecular Stetter reaction leading to polycyclic product.
Evaluating optimizations that reduce global memory accesses of stencil computations in GPGPUs
Authors: Carrijo Nasciutti Thiago , Panetta Jairo , Pais Lopes Pedro
Published: September 2018

This work compares the performance of optimizations that transform replicated global memory accesses into local memory accesses on 3D stencil computations in the NVIDIA Tesla K80 GPGPU. The optimizations reduce global memory contention caused by the set of multiprocessors. Evaluated optimizations are grid tiling, inserting spatial and temporal loops into kernels, register reuse, and some of their combinations. A standardized experiment evaluates performance variation with grid size and stencil size for each optimization. Experimental data show that codes that use these optimizations are up to 3.3 times faster than the classical stencil formulation. It also shows that the most profitable optimization varies with grid and stencil sizes.
Multicolor Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Approaches for Simultaneous Analysis of the Entire Human Genome
Authors: Zhang Chengsheng , Cerveira Eliza , Rens Willem , Yang Fengtang , Lee Charles
Published: September 2018

Analysis of the organization of the human genome is vital for understanding genetic diversity, human evolution, and disease pathogenesis. A number of approaches, such as multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, cytogenomic microarray (CMA), and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, are available for simultaneous analysis of the entire human genome. Multicolor FISH‐based spectral karyotyping (SKY), multiplex FISH (M‐FISH), and Rx‐FISH may provide rapid identification of interchromosomal and intrachromosomal rearrangements as well as the origin of unidentified extrachromosomal elements. Recent advances in molecular cytogenetics have made it possible to efficiently examine the entire human genome in a single experiment at much higher resolution and specificity using CMA and NGS technologies. Here, we present an overview of the approaches available for genome‐wide analyses. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunobiology of Inherited Muscular Dystrophies
Authors: Tidball James G. , Welc Steven S. , Wehling‐Henricks Michelle
Published: September 2018

The immune response to acute muscle damage is important for normal repair. However, in chronic diseases such as many muscular dystrophies, the immune response can amplify pathology and play a major role in determining disease severity. Muscular dystrophies are inheritable diseases that vary tremendously in severity, but share the progressive loss of muscle mass and function that can be debilitating and lethal. Mutations in diverse genes cause muscular dystrophy, including genes that encode proteins that maintain membrane strength, participate in membrane repair, or are components of the extracellular matrix or the nuclear envelope. In this article, we explore the hypothesis that an important feature of many muscular dystrophies is an immune response adapted to acute, infrequent muscle damage that is misapplied in the context of chronic injury. We discuss the involvement of the immune system in the most common muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and show that the immune system influences muscle death and fibrosis as disease progresses. We then present information on immune cell function in other muscular dystrophies and show that for many muscular dystrophies, release of cytosolic proteins into the extracellular space may provide an initial signal, leading to an immune response that is typically dominated by macrophages, neutrophils, helper T‐lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes. Although those features are similar in many muscular dystrophies, each muscular dystrophy shows distinguishing features in the magnitude and type of inflammatory response. These differences indicate that there are disease‐specific immunomodulatory molecules that determine response to muscle cell damage caused by diverse genetic mutations. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1313‐1356, 2018.
Disorder‐specific attachment characteristics and experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and a major depressive episode
Authors: Gander Manuela , Sevecke Kathrin , Buchheim Anna
Published: September 2018

For the first time, the present study investigates disorder‐specific attachment characteristics and childhood trauma in adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa (n = 30, girls/boys: 28/2, age: M = 14.84, SD = 1.20), a major depressive episode (n = 30, girls/boys: 27/3, age: M = 15.14, SD = 1.50), and controls (n = 60, girls/boys: 44/16, age: M = 16.10, SD = 1.20). We used the Structured Clinical Interview to diagnose Axis I disorders, the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System to classify attachment representations, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire to assess child maltreatment. Our findings demonstrate an overrepresentation of the unresolved attachment status in the patient samples. A one‐way analysis of variance succeeded by Bonferroni post hoc tests indicated that adolescents with anorexia nervosa show more isolation and dissolution of boundaries between life and death when confronted with situations of solitude. Although they report moderate to severe levels of traumatic childhood experiences, they tend to minimize those. Adolescents with a major depressive episode report higher levels of emotional abuse and neglect in their childhood, leaving them in a state of failed protection and danger during attachment distress. Integrating these attachment‐related characteristics into specific psychotherapeutic interventions might be associated with a better outcome in that age group.
A Sandwich Complex of Bismuth Cation and Mono‐Lacunary α‐Keggin‐Type Phosphotungstate: Preparation and Structural Characterisation
Authors: Wihadi Muh Nur Khoiru , Hayashi Akio , Ichihashi Katsuya , Ota Hiromi , Nishihara Sadafumi , Inoue Katsuya , Tsunoji Nao , Sano Tsuneji , Sadakane Masahiro
Published: September 2018

We report the first Peacock–Weakley type complexes composed of mono‐lacunary Keggin‐type phosphotungstate, [α‐PW11O39]7–, and Bi3+. The self‐assembly reaction between the Keggin‐type phosphotungstate and Bi3+ in aqueous solution produced Peacock–Weakley type 2:1 ([(PW11O39)2Bi]11–, 1) and 1:1 ([PW11O39Bi]4–, 2) complexes depending on the mixing ratio of [α‐PW11O39]7– and Bi3+. Studies of both complexes in solution were conducted by different NMR techniques including 31P and 183W analyses. Complex 1 was successfully isolated as both tetramethyl ammonium (1a) and potassium (1b) salt, and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The sandwich structure of 1a and 1b was determined to be constructed by eight Bi–O bonds with two [α‐PW11O39]7– units.
The Self‐Assembly of AgI‐Containing Heterobimetallic Complexes with a Discriminatory N,P‐Based Heteroditopic Ligand
Authors: Hutchinson Daniel John , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: September 2018

The heteroditopic ligand L1, which contains discriminatory N‐based pyrimidine‐hydrazone‐pyridine (pym‐hyz‐py) and hybrid N,P‐based pym‐hyz‐phosphole coordination sites, reacts with AgI triflate to give a dimeric [AgL1]2(SO3CF3)2 complex in which the AgI ions are bound to donors of both coordination sites. Unusual heterobimetallic complexes could also be reliably formed in one pot reactions with L1 and combinations of AgI and either ZnII, PbII or CuII triflate. Here, the coordination sites of L1 proved discriminatory, as the AgI ions were consistently only bound by the hybrid N,P‐coordination site, with the second metal occupying the other site. The solid‐state structures of the dimeric complexes [AgL1]2(SO3CF3)2, [AgZnL1(SO3CF3)3]2 and [AgPbL1(SO3CF3)3]2 show structural diversity; they contain L1 molecules in different conformations, AgI ions in a variety of coordination geometries, as well as argentophilic contacts.
Mono(2,2′‐bipyridyl)RuII Complex with Four Dimethyl Sulfoxide Ligands as Precursor for cis‐Bis‐heteroleptic RuII Complex: Syntheses, Structures, and Substitution Reactions
Authors: Toyama Mari , Fujimoto Daichi , Matsuoka Yumi , Asano Yuki , Nagao Noriharu
Published: September 2018

The dication complex trans(O,S)‐[Ru(bpy)(dmso‐O)2(dmso‐S)2](OTf)2 [1·(OTf)2; bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridyl; dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide; OTf– = CF3SO3–] was obtained from the reaction of cis(Cl),cis(S)‐[RuCl2(bpy)(dmso‐S)2] with Ag(OTf) in DMSO. The crystal structure of 1·(OTf)2 revealed two labile dmso‐O ligands and two less‐labile dmso‐S ligands positioned cis to each other. In DMSO, the equatorial dmso‐O in 12+ equilibrates with its linkage isomer dmso‐S to fac(S)‐[Ru(bpy)(dmso‐O)(dmso‐S)3]2+ [1iso2+] ([1iso2+]/[12+] = 3:97 at 298 K and 33:67 at 373 K). The linkage isomerization kinetic parameters, determined by 1H NMR, were ΔH = 22(1) kJ mol–1 and ΔS = 52(2) J mol–1 K–1. The two O‐bonded dmso ligands of 1·(OTf)2 were easily solvolyzed in MeCN to form trans(NMeCN,S)‐[Ru(bpy)(MeCN)2(dmso‐S)2](OTf)2 [2·(OTf)2]. Moreover, the reaction of 1·(OTf)2 with 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) in acetone afforded cis‐[Ru(bpy)(phen)(dmso‐S)2](OTf)2 [3·(OTf)2] in very good yield (95 %) and excellent purity.
Electron Donor‐Acceptor Complexes in Perfluoroalkylation Reactions
Authors: Postigo Al
Published: September 2018

Electron‐donor‐acceptor complexes (EDA) can be established through halogen‐bonding interactions between the N lone electron pair from organic bases (or N‐/O‐centered anions) and perfluoroalkyl iodides RF–I. These EDA complexes can be activated thermally or photochemically, and will be shown to be responsible for new C–RF bond formation reactions, bypassing the use of visible‐light photocatalysts (either organic or organometallic) or harsh reaction conditions, thus simplifying reaction protocols, work‐up and analysis. Through this strategy, diverse reaction types can be realized, such as atom transfer radical additions, homolytic aromatic substitutions, and multicomponent reactions.
Chemoselective Alkylation of Aminoacetophenones with Alcohols by Using a Palladacycle‐Phosphine Catalyst
Authors: Mamidala Ramesh , Subramani M. Siva , Samser Shaikh , Biswal Priyabrata , Venkatasubbaiah Krishnan
Published: September 2018

The development of efficient and environmentally benign palladacycle‐phosphine catalyzed process to enable the formation of chemoselective C‐alkylated or N‐alkylated aminoacetophenones with alcohols is described. This methodology proved to be tunable by variation of the base and the temperature, which allows for the isolation of structurally diverse C‐alkylated and N‐alkylated aminoacetophenones. Moreover, this methodology has been applied to the synthesis of biologically and industrially important donepezil.
Chichibabin and IsoChichibabin Pyridinium Syntheses of Isodesmosine, Desmosine, and their Derivatives
Authors: Tanaka Nao , Kurita Manami , Murakami Yuko , Usuki Toyonobu
Published: September 2018

Isodesmosine and desmosine are 1,2,3,5‐tetrasubstituted and 1,3,4,5‐tetrasubstituted pyridinium amino acids that crosslink elastin and exist naturally in a 1:1 ratio. In this work, starting from the corresponding aldehyde and amine, we achieved the selective Chichibabin pyridinium syntheses of isodesmosine and desmosine with protecting groups using 50 mol‐% Pr(OTf)3 in H2O/DMF (2:1) and H2O/CH2Cl2 (1:6), respectively. It is important to note that selective desmosine synthesis (herein called isoChichibabin pyridinium synthesis) has been discovered and reported for the first time. Meanwhile, the reaction of aldehyde and amine bearing one alanine using the same conditions as above afforded the protected isodesmosine‐(Ala)4 and desmosine‐(Ala)4 with no selectivity, suggesting that these reactions imitated the formation of the elastin crosslinkers in nature.
Hepatocyte‐Specific β‐Catenin Deletion During Severe Liver Injury Provokes Cholangiocytes to Differentiate Into Hepatocytes
Authors: Russell Jacquelyn O. , Lu Wei‐Yu , Okabe Hirohisa , Abrams Marc , Oertel Michael , Poddar Minakshi , Singh Sucha , Forbes Stuart J. , Monga Satdarshan P.
Published: September 2018

Liver regeneration after injury is normally mediated by proliferation of hepatocytes, although recent studies have suggested biliary epithelial cells (BECs) can differentiate into hepatocytes during severe liver injury when hepatocyte proliferation is impaired. We investigated the effect of hepatocyte‐specific β‐catenin deletion in recovery from severe liver injury and BEC‐to‐hepatocyte differentiation. To induce liver injury, we administered choline‐deficient, ethionine‐supplemented (CDE) diet to three different mouse models, the first being mice with deletion of β‐catenin in both BECs and hepatocytes (Albumin‐Cre; Ctnnb1flox/flox
mice). In our second model, we performed hepatocyte lineage tracing by injecting Ctnnb1flox/flox
; Rosa‐stopflox/flox‐EYFP mice with the adeno‐associated virus serotype 8 encoding Cre recombinase under the control of the thyroid binding globulin promoter, a virus that infects only hepatocytes. Finally, we performed BEC lineage tracing via Krt19‐CreERT
; Rosa‐stopflox/flox‐tdTomato mice. To observe BEC‐to‐hepatocyte differentiation, mice were allowed to recover on normal diet following CDE diet–induced liver injury. Livers were collected from all mice and analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. We show that mice with lack of β‐catenin in hepatocytes placed on the CDE diet develop severe liver injury with impaired hepatocyte proliferation, creating a stimulus for BECs to differentiate into hepatocytes. In particular, we use both hepatocyte and BEC lineage tracing to show that BECs differentiate into hepatocytes, which go on to repopulate the liver during long‐term recovery. Conclusion: β‐catenin is important for liver regeneration after CDE diet–induced liver injury, and BEC‐derived hepatocytes can permanently incorporate into the liver parenchyma to mediate liver regeneration.
Estimation of economic losses from tropical cyclones in China at 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming using the regional climate model COSMO‐CLM
Authors: Wen Shanshan , Wang Yanjun , Su Buda , Gao Chao , Chen Xue , Jiang Tong , Tao Hui , Fischer Thomas , Wang Guojie , Zhai Jianqing
Published: September 2018

Adverse impacts and increasing economic losses from tropical cyclones (TCs) are a major focus in respect to the potential global warming of 1.5 °C or even 2.0 °C. Based on observed meteorological data and county‐scale loss records, loss‐inducing rainfall and wind speed thresholds are identified using the regional climate model CCLM to project future TC events in China. An established damage function is combined with future gross domestic product predictions under five shared socio‐economic pathways. At the 1.5 °C warming level, normalized TC losses will be four times higher than in the reference period (1986–2005). At the 2.0 °C warming level, a sevenfold increase is projected. Relative to the 1.5 °C warming level, TCs will become more frequent under the 2.0 °C scenario, especially along the southeast coast of China. Nearly 0.2–0.5% of the increase in gross domestic product might be offset by TC losses between the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming levels, and the single highest TC loss at 2.0 °C may double that at 1.5 °C, with a larger affected area and more severe rainstorms and wind speeds. Rainfall is attributed more often to TC losses than wind speed. Limiting global warming at 1.5 °C would avoid an estimated increase in TC losses of more than 120 billion CNY annually.
Future intensity–depth–frequency curves estimation in Korea under representative concentration pathway scenarios of Fifth assessment report using scale‐invariance method
Authors: Choi Jeonghyeon , Lee Okjeong , Jang Juhyoung , Jang Suhyung , Kim Sangdan
Published: September 2018

Many Global Climate Models (GCMs) or Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are being developed around the world and are being used in future climate change adaptation planning. However, in Korea, future rainfall data as a national standard scenario are provided on a daily basis, so it is difficult to apply directly to the design of hydraulic structures considering the impact of climate change. In this study, a method for estimating future intensity–depth–frequency (IDF) curves in Korea is proposed using a simple scale‐invariance assumption associated with trend analysis of future extreme rainfall data. First, the scale characteristics of hourly rainfall data observed at 60 meteorological stations operated by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) are examined, and scale parameters of IDF curves are estimated from observed scale‐invariance characteristics. Second, the future daily annual maximum rainfall data provided by KMA‐RCM is bias‐corrected. Various methods are used for the correction of biases of rainfall depths. The third is trend analysis, which is used to determine the mean and the coefficient of variance of future daily annual maximum rainfall time series in future years. Finally, future IDF curves are estimated by combining scale‐invariance method and trend analysis.
Detecting Mild Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson's Disease: Comparison of Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Hoogland Jeroen , van Wanrooij Lennard L. , Boel Judith A. , Goldman Jennifer G. , Stebbins Glenn T. , Dalrymple‐Alford John C. , Marras Connie , Adler Charles H. , Junque Carme , Pedersen Kenn F. , Mollenhauer Brit , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Eslinger Paul J. , Lewis Simon J. G. , Wu Ruey‐Meei , Klein Martin , Rodriguez‐Oroz Maria C. , Cammisuli Davide M. , Barone Paolo , Biundo Roberta , de Bie Rob M. A. , Schmand Ben A. , Tröster Alexander I. , Burn David J. , Litvan Irene , Filoteo J. Vincent , Geurtsen Gert J. , Weintraub Daniel ,   on behalf of the IPMDS Study Group “Validation of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease”
Published: September 2018

Background: Numerous neuropsychological tests and test versions are used in Parkinson's disease research, but their relative capacity to detect mild cognitive deficits and their comparability across studies are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify neuropsychological tests that consistently detect cognitive decline in PD across studies.

Methods: Data from 30 normed neuropsychological tests across 20 international studies in up to 2908 nondemented PD patients were analyzed. A subset of 17 tests was administered to up to 1247 healthy controls. A 2‐step meta‐analytic approach using standardized scores compared performance in PD with normative data.

Results: Pooled estimates of the differences between PD and site‐specific healthy controls identified significant cognitive deficits in PD patients on 14 test scores across 5 commonly assessed cognitive domains (attention or working memory, executive, language, memory, and visuospatial abilities), but healthy control performance was statistically above average on 7 of these tests. Analyses based on published norms only, as opposed to direct assessment of healthy controls, showed high between‐study variability that could not be accounted for and led to inconclusive results.

Conclusions: Normed neuropsychological tests across multiple cognitive domains consistently detect cognitive deficits in PD when compared with site‐specific healthy control performance, but relative PD performance was significantly affected by the inclusion and type of healthy controls versus the use of published norms only. Additional research is needed to identify a cognitive battery that can be administered in multisite international studies and that is sensitive to cognitive decline, responsive to therapeutic interventions, and superior to individual cognitive tests. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Functional monoamine oxidase B gene intron 13 polymorphism predicts putaminal dopamine turnover in de novo Parkinson's disease
Authors: Löhle Matthias , Mangone Graziella , Wolz Martin , Beuthien‐Baumann Bettina , Oehme Liane , van den Hoff Jörg , Kotzerke Jörg , Reichmann Heinz , Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Storch Alexander
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of common functional polymorphisms in genes involved in dopamine metabolism on striatal dopamine turnover in de novo Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: This was an observer‐blinded cohort study investigating effects of common functional polymorphisms in dopa decarboxylase (DDC, rs921451), monoamine oxidase B (MAOB; rs1799836), catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT, rs4680), and dopamine transporter/solute carrier family 6 member 3 (DAT/SLC6A3, variable number tandem repeats) genes on 18F‐fluorodopa uptake and an effective distribution volume ratio (inverse of dopamine turnover) measured by 18F‐fluorodopa PET in 28 untreated PD patients.

Results: Patients carrying the MAOBCC/(C)/CT genotype (low/intermediate enzyme activity) had a lower dopamine turnover in the putamen (higher mean effective distribution volume ratio) when compared with patients with MAOBTT/(T) genotype (high enzyme activity). Striatal PET measures were not different between variants in the remaining genes.

Conclusions: The MAOB (rs1799836) polymorphism predicts putaminal dopamine turnover in early PD with the MAOBTT allele linked to high enzyme activity leading to higher intrinsic dopamine turnover, which has been demonstrated to constitute a risk factor for motor complications. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Preceptorship during health personnel students’ clinical studies in nursing homes—An institutional perspective on an intervention
Authors: Aglen Bjørg , Louise Sørø Vera , Orvik Arne , Haugan Gørill
Published: September 2018

Aim

The recruitment and retention of preceptors to mentor health professional students and apprentices in their clinical studies are not easy. The aim of this study was to investigate factors that hindered the implementation of an intervention intended to improve the working conditions for preceptors in nursing homes. The preceptorship was related to clinical studies for health professional students and apprentices.

Design

A qualitative, explorative design was applied.

Methods

Qualitative data were collected in September 2014 by means of focus groups with preceptors and key informant interviews. The data were prepared by thematic analysis and interpreted in the light of institutional theory.

Results

The intervention to improve the working conditions for preceptors was hampered by institutional traits involving rule‐like perceptions of “want to,” “ought to” and “have to.” Precepting was preserved as an individual task of the preceptors and was not considered a daily activity in nursing homes.

Conclusions

To improve the working conditions for preceptors in nursing homes and thus improve recruitment and retention among preceptors, the nursing home leaders should address institutional traits related to preceptorship.