bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solar-driven selective conversion of millimolar dissolved carbon to fuels with molecular flux generation
Authors: Liu Bin , Qian Zheng , Shi Xiang , Su Haoqing , Zhang Wentao , Kludze Atsu , Zheng Yuze , He Chengxing , Yanagi Rito , Hu Shu
Published: February 2025

The direct utilization of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater for CO2 conversion promises chemical production on-demand and with zero carbon footprint. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction (CO2R) devices promise the sustainable conversion of dissolved carbon in seawater to carbon products using sunlight as the only energy input. However, the diffusion-dominant transport mechanism and the near-zero concentration of CO2(aq) (CO2 dissolved in aqueous solution) in static seawater has made it extremely challenging to achieve high solar-to-fuel (STF) efficiency and high carbon-product selectivity. Here, where CO2(aq) as a reactant generated in situ by acidification of HCO3
- flows continuously from BiVO4 photoanodes to Si photocathodes, enabling a single-step conversion of dissolved carbon into products. Our PEC device significantly increases the CO selectivity from 3% to 21%, which approaches the 30% theoretical limit according to multi-physics modeling. Meanwhile, the Si/BiVO4 PEC CO2R device achieved a STF efficiency of 0.71%. Such flow engineering achieves flow-dependent selectivity, rate, and stability in simulated seawater, thus promising practical solar fuel production at scale.
Galloping Bubbles
Authors: Guan Jian H. , Tamim Saiful I. , Magoon Connor W. , Stone Howard A. , Sáenz Pedro J.
Published: February 2025

Despite centuries of investigation, bubbles continue to unveil intriguing dynamics relevant to a multitude of practical applications, including industrial, biological, geophysical, and medical settings. Here we introduce bubbles that spontaneously start to ‘gallop’ along horizontal surfaces inside a vertically-vibrated fluid chamber, self-propelled by a resonant interaction between their shape oscillation modes. These active bubbles exhibit distinct trajectory regimes, including rectilinear, orbital, and run-and-tumble motions, which can be tuned dynamically via the external forcing. Through periodic body deformations, galloping bubbles swim leveraging inertial forces rather than vortex shedding, enabling them to maneuver even when viscous traction is not viable. The galloping symmetry breaking provides a robust self-propulsion mechanism, arising in bubbles whether separated from the wall by a liquid film or directly attached to it, and is captured by a minimal oscillator model, highlighting its universality. Through proof-of-concept demonstrations, we showcase the technological potential of the galloping locomotion for applications involving bubble generation and removal, transport and sorting, navigating complex fluid networks, and surface cleaning. The rich dynamics of galloping bubbles suggest exciting opportunities in heat transfer, microfluidic transport, probing and cleaning, bubble-based computing, soft robotics, and active matter.
Microalgae-enriched (bio)inks for 3D bioprinting of cultured seafood
Authors: Marques Diana M. C. , Jabouille Madalena , Gusmão Afonso , Leite Marco , Sanjuan-Alberte Paola , Ferreira Frederico Castelo
Published: February 2025

Cultured seafood offers a sustainable alternative to traditional seafood by eliminating the need for animal sacrifice and reducing environmental impacts. 3D bioprinting enables precise manufacturing of these products by combining animal cells with plant-based materials. This study introduces novel (bio)inks: (i) κ-CAM bioinks (κ-carrageenan, alginate, and methylcellulose) compatible with seabass cells; and (ii) mFAT inks, plant-based fat inks containing microalgae for enhanced organoleptic properties. κ-CAM bioinks revealed Young’s modulus between 14.62 and 25.70 kPa values, suitable for cultured seafood products. Both κ-CAM and mFAT formulations presented adequate printability (Pr~1). Dicentrarchus labrax Embryonic Cells, encapsulated in κ-CAM bioinks, maintained viabilities >76.14% for up to 15 days. A preliminary assessment confirmed that specific microalgae can enhance the sea-like smell and flavor of the mFAT ink, and a 3D-printed calamari was fabricated to showcase its potential in the manufacturing of complex structures. Finally, hybrid structures combining both types of (bio)inks were also developed.
Periodic detection and disinfection maintenance of dental unit waterlines in dental simulation head model laboratories
Authors: Li Biyao , Hu Yuya , Wang Yiqi , Zhang Chengqi , Wang Zimo , Peng Xujie , Feng Jianying
Published: February 2025

Dental simulation head model laboratories are crucial for clinical simulation training for stomatological students, yet the maintenance of their dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) has been overlooked. This study investigated water contamination in DUWLs within these laboratories and proposed solutions. Water samples were collected from 12 dental chairs in three laboratories at three time points: the beginning, middle, and end of the semester. At the start of the semester, severe contamination was observed, with colony counts of 11,586
$$\:\pm\:$$
1715 CFU/ml for high-speed handpieces and 5375
$$\:\pm\:$$
874 CFU/ml for three ways syringes. As the semester progressed, colony counts gradually decreased but remained above clinical thresholds. Both 20 mg/L organochlorine disinfectant and 20 mg/L chlorine dioxide were effective in reducing bacterial contamination below standard ranges three days post-disinfection. Microbial diversity analysis revealed Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota as the dominant bacterial phyla, with Ascomycota as the dominant fungal phylum. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Ralstonia, Mycobacterium, Legionella, Paenibacillus, Streptomyces, Acinetobacter, and Prevotella, as well as fungi like Fusarium and Penicillium, were detected. Therefore, urgent attention is needed to address DUWL contamination in dental laboratories, and it is recommended to disinfect DUWLs using either 20 mg/L organochlorine disinfectant or 20 mg/L chlorine dioxide every three days.
Postmortal epithelial changes of donor corneas impair applicability of a refractive ultraviolet femtosecond laser
Authors: Hammer Christian M. , Topka Marius , Zhang Yao , Hotfiel Thilo , Paulsen Friedrich , Larionov Alexey , Lörner Johannes
Published: February 2025

This study evaluates the corneal applicability of a refractive ultraviolet femtosecond laser in postmortal human donor eyes and ex vivo porcine eyes. Refractive lenticule extraction and flap creation were attempted in 10 human donor eyes and 80 ex vivo porcine eyes with and without abrasion of the corneal epithelium. The postmortem interval ranged from 6 to 35 h in the human samples and was set to 4, 24, and 48 h for the porcine specimens. Nine human eyes and 60 porcine eyes were treated with an ultraviolet femtosecond laser. The rest was treated with an infrared laser. Optical coherence tomography and scanning electron microscopy were used to demonstrate success or failure of the procedures. Ultraviolet laser-assisted refractive surgery attempts without prior abrasion of the corneal epithelium were only successful at 6 h p.m. in the human eyes and at 4 and 24 h in the porcine eyes. Upon epithelial abrasion, refractive surgery was always successful with the ultraviolet laser. The infrared laser always performed successfully with and without prior epithelial abrasion. Thus, postmortal changes in the corneal epithelium impair the ability of refractive ultraviolet femtosecond lasers to create stromal cuts. This progresses with time but does not affect infrared femtosecond lasers.
The structure of Shigella virus Sf14 reveals the presence of two decoration proteins and two long tail fibers
Authors: Subramanian Sundharraman , Kerns Hailey R. , Braverman Samantha G. , Doore Sarah M.
Published: February 2025

Bacteriophage Sf14 infects the human pathogen Shigella flexneri. A previous low-resolution structure suggested the presence of a decoration protein on its T = 9 icosahedral capsid. Here, we determined high-resolution structures of the Sf14 capsid and neck, along with a moderate-resolution structure of the whole Sf14 tail and baseplate. These structures indicate the capsid has not one, but two different types of decoration proteins: a trimeric β-tulip lattice that covers the entire capsid and a set of Hoc-like proteins that bind preferentially to hexamers at the quasi-3-fold axes of symmetry. The neck also contains two sets of whiskers oriented in opposite directions, and the tail has two types of long tail fibers which may bind different receptors. Based on homology and phylogenetic analysis, Sf14 may be the product of multiple horizontal gene transfer events. The structures presented here can be used to investigate further hypotheses of phage structure-function relationships and structural diversity.
Scaling laws of CO2 emissions during global urban expansion
Authors: Yang Zhenshan , Wu Junkang , Shang Xu , Fu Runde , Xie Liou , Ge Quansheng
Published: February 2025

Continuous urbanisation, rising energy usage, and CO2 emissions challenge global sustainability. Current understanding is fragmented due to regional research differences and conflicting data sources. We used RS and GIS technologies to create a comprehensive dataset on global urban CO2 emissions (2000−2020). Besides population and density, we included land area size and physical compactness. Our findings indicate that higher population density may reduce emissions, physical compactness can increase them, and land area size influences emissions more than population size. Thus, strategic planning is essential for emission reduction. We found varied relationships between per capita emissions and population density and between emission intensity and compactness. Different cities face unique challenges based on location and development stage. Developing economies, especially in Africa, face significant challenges as emission scaling shifts from sublinear to superlinear with urbanisation. Large cities should reduce fossil fuel use and adopt eco-friendly technologies, while smaller cities should enhance emission efficiency.
Three-dimensional runout characterisation for rotationally symmetric components
Authors: Tompkins Christopher G. , Todhunter Luke D. , Gottmann Harald , Rettig Christoph , Schmitt Robert , Wacker Jochen , Piano Samanta
Published: February 2025

Rotationally symmetric components (such as gears and axels) are ubiquitous to modern devices, and their precision manufacture is necessary to keep costs and manufacture time down, as well as reduce waste and possibly hazardous component failure. The manufacturing errors, which affect the shape in the rotation axis, are grouped together into the common term “runout". Here we present a potential updated standard for characterising the runout of rotationally symmetric machined parts in three-dimensions, and evaluated using virtual instrumentation, enabling an accurate characterisation of the three dimensional (3D) surface deformation of a part from minimal surface information. For any 3D characterisation method to be widely adopted by the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics community, it must be fully compatible with previous methods and standards. As such, the proposed method produces a 3D runout vector based on four standard profile measurements. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed runout method, a technique for evaluating the errors of commonly used virtual instruments has been developed. This evaluation technique produces a single-valued quantification of the deviation of the instrument outputs compared to the input parameters, decoupled from the errors on the instrument itself.
Neckband-type earphone for continuous monitoring of cardiovascular symptoms via self-powered box knot pulse-wave sensor
Authors: Kim Tae-Ho , Jaworski Dominic , Sethi Rakesh , Huisman Elise , Fung Kam , Park Edward J.
Published: February 2025

Blood pressure (BP) assessment is one of the essential vital signs in the clinical field because of its significant relation with various chronic diseases. For effective continuous BP monitoring at home, the system should be portable, user-friendly, and comfortable for the patient, ensuring convenience during continuous data collection. Here, a wearable neckband-type earphone for continuous monitoring of cardiovascular symptoms and BP in a non-invasive and wireless manner via a Self-powered Box Knot Pulsewave sensor (SBKP) has been reported. The multi-stacked architecture of the SBKP, inspired by the knotting craft, holds a sensitivity and resolution of 38.17 mV Pa−1, and 0.006 kPa, respectively, which allows for the measurement of the human pulse waves from the cheek, neck, and wrist. Additionally, its low energy consumption sensor, achieved by the triboelectric mechanism, enables us to develop additional user-convenient auxiliary care systems: continuous BP monitoring with potential music therapy.
Biocatalytic cascade reactions for management of diseases
Authors: Xiao Ya-Ping , Wu Jiayingzi , Chen Peng-Hang , Lei Shan , Lin Jing , Zhou Xin , Huang Peng
Published: February 2025

Biocatalytic cascade reactions, which evolve from the confinement of multiple enzymes within living cells, represent a promising strategy for disease management.
Design of a modular, palladium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of pyrido[2,1-α]isoindoles via benzyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
Authors: Wong Karina S. , Ghanbari Mohammad , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: February 2025

We describe here the development of a new class of palladium catalyzed multicomponent coupling reaction for the assembly of pyrido[2,1-α]isoindoles via the carbonylative coupling of imines, bromopyridines and aryne derivatives.
Anharmonicity and vibrational Stark fields in phosphinic acid dimers
Authors: Boda Manjusha , Arzoo  , Patwari G. Naresh
Published: February 2025

Phosphinic acid dimers show much larger electric fields and higher vibrational Stark tuning rates than carboxylic acids.
Novel Cs2AuIMIIIF6 (M = As, Sb) double halide perovskites: sunlight and industrial waste heat management device applications
Authors: Mahmud Shuaib , Ahmed Usama , Atik Md. Atik Uz Zaman , Hossain Md. Mukter , Uddin Md. Mohi , Ali Md. Ashraf
Published: February 2025

Both compounds have potential energy-related uses due to their high absorption coefficient (on the order of 105) and an acceptable figure of merit.
Natural, modified and conjugated carbohydrates in nucleic acids
Authors: Dhara Debashis , Mulard Laurence A. , Hollenstein Marcel
Published: February 2025

The deep interconnection between nucleic acids and carbohydrates has prompted numerous synthetic campaigns to understand nucleic acid etiology, develop orthogonal genetic systems, and improve the properties of therapeutic oligonucleotides.
Single-ion magnet behaviour in highly axial lanthanide mononitrides encapsulated in boron nitride nanotubes: a quantum chemical investigation
Authors: Kumari Kusum , Moorthy Shruti , Singh Saurabh Kumar
Published: February 2025

Using state-of-the-art computational tools, we unravelled the electronic structure, bonding and magnetic anisotropy in [LnIIIN] (Ln = Dy/Tb) and their encapsulation in BNNT(8,0)/(9,0) to generate novel hybrid assemblies of SMMs.
Assessment of high spectral resolution lidar-derived PM2.5 concentration from SEAC4RS, ACEPOL, and three DISCOVER-AQ campaigns
Authors: Sutherland Bethany , Meskhidze Nicholas
Published: February 2025

Here we evaluate the HSRL-CH method for remotely monitoring PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) which is of vital importance as elevated levels of PM2.5 is associated with many adverse health outcomes.
Effects of protein-rich multi-nutrient intervention on bone mineralization and development: insights from a randomized controlled trial in prepubertal children and a zebrafish experiment
Authors: Xing Xiaolong , Li Xinyang , Guo Yi , Gu Wentao , Liu Qisijing , Ma Jianhua , Su Li , Wang Yu , Zhao Yanrong , Wang Shuo
Published: February 2025

Dietary protein supplementation and physical activity are crucial for bone mineralization and growth in early life.
A Gut-Brain axis on-a-chip platform for drug testing challenged with donepezil
Authors: Fanizza Francesca , Perottoni Simone , Boeri Lucia , donnaloja francesca , negro francesca , pugli francesca , Forloni Gianluigi , Giordano Carmen , Albani Diego
Published: February 2025

Current drug development pipelines are time-consuming and prone to a significant percentage of failure, partially due to the limited availability of advanced human preclinical models able to better replicate the...
Diffusiophoresis in porous media saturated with a mixture of electrolytes
Authors: Sambamoorthy Siddharth , Chu Henry C. W.
Published: February 2025

We have developed a mathematical model that predicts diffusiophoresis in porous media saturated with a general mixture of valence symmetric and asymmetric electrolytes.
Filling performance of an Acid Blue 1 leveler on blind microvias
Authors: Li Mingjie , Peng Xuesong , Jiang Jie , Li Yaqiang , Meng Fan , Wu Youzheng , An Maozhong , Li Ruopeng , Ren Penghui , Yang Peixia
Published: February 2025

The void-free blind microvia copper electroplating process is a key technology in HDI PCB manufacturing.
Improving colloidal stability and response performances using looped thermal-responsive brushes
Authors: Li Chi , Jing Jin , Pan Yanxiong , Ji Xiangling , Jiang Wei
Published: February 2025

Looped construction formed denser brushes in the inner layer and sparser chains in the outer layer, enhancing colloidal, size stability during heating–cooling cycles causing significant dye release at high temperatures.
Construction of fibrin-targeted nanoparticles for imaging diagnosis and treatment of arterial thrombosis
Authors: Liu Yaxue , Li Yu , Chen Junlong , Xie Pei , Yin Zongning
Published: February 2025

A schematic diagram of the preparation of LK/PDB/IR820-CREKA NPs and their application to image the embolized vessel and exert thrombolytic effects in a mouse model of FeCl3-induced carotid thrombosis. Created in BioRender. Liu, Y. (2025).
Incorporating metal active centers into covalent organic frameworks for boosting CO2 photoreduction
Authors: Chen Ming-zhen , Zhao Hai-rong , Zhang Kai-ming , Zhu Hong-jing , Duan Hai-bao , Ren Xiao-Ming
Published: February 2025

The photo-catalytic performance for the reduction of CO2 to CO can be significantly enhanced by covalently anchoring metal Ni on the COF-Tp-Azo.
Stereoisomerism-dependent gelation and crystal structures of glycosylated N-methylbromomaleimide-based supramolecular hydrogels
Authors: Yamashita Kotoyo , Ito Akitaka , Ishida Masashi , Shintani Yuki , Ikeda Masato , Hadano Shingo , Izumi Masayuki , Ochi Rika
Published: February 2025

Hydrogelation ability and crystallinity were tuned by stereoisomerism of a saccharide residue in methylbromomaleimide derivatives. Water molecules were incorporated into the hydrogen-bonding network in crystals of the compounds with gelation ability.
Hydrogen-bond disruption in molecularly engineered Janus evaporators for enhanced solar desalination
Authors: Zhu Jie , Wu Dong , Huang Xiayun , Chen Daoyong , Nie Zhihong
Published: February 2025

Tailoring the alkyl groups of biparental polyelectrolytes in the Janus evaporator effectively disrupts water hydrogen bonding, achieving a low water evaporation enthalpy of 1434 J g−1 and an evaporation rate of 4.1 kg m−2 h−1.
Carbohydrate-based alternatives to traditional synthetic plastic microbeads: a critical review
Authors: McMackin Amy , Cardinal Sébastien
Published: February 2025

Carbohydrate-based biopolymers from animals, plants, algae, and microbes used in microbead production are compared to their petrochemical and synthetic bioplastic counterparts. The analysis focuses on sustainability, versatility, and performance.
V2CTx MXene suppresses V5+ dissolution and boosts the stability and performance of BiVO4 for solar water splitting
Authors: Jahangir Tahir Naveed , Mahar Nasurullah , Ahmed Mahmoud G. , Alakel Nawaf Mohammed , Al-Ahmed Amir , Al-Saadi Abdulaziz A. , Kandiel Tarek A.
Published: February 2025

V2CTx MXene acts as a hole extractor and reservoir, quickly extracting holes from BiVO4 photoanode and transferring them to the Co–Pi co-catalyst, thereby suppressing V5+ dissolution and enhancing photostability and PEC performance.
Recent advances in dual functional calcium looping for integrated CO2 capture and conversion: a review
Authors: Zhuozhuo Liu , Zhiwei Ge , Haocheng Sun , Liang Wang , Xipeng Lin , Yakai Bai , Shuang Zhang , Haisheng Chen
Published: February 2025

We explored the cutting-edge dual-functional CaL-ICCC process, addressing current limitations and proposing future strategies to minimize energy penalties through integrated multiscale approaches spanning materials, reactors, and systems.
Advancements in 3D gel culture systems for enhanced angiogenesis in bone tissue engineering
Authors: Shi Aijing , Shi Yixin , Li Jie , Ye Minghan , Ma Xiaoqing , Peng Yuke , Gai Kuo , Chen Junyu
Published: February 2025

Various processing technologies for a 3D gel culture system used in bone tissue angiogenesis: bioprinting, organ decellularization, microfluidics, photolithography and electrospinning.
Orthogonal small-molecule zinc porphyrin derivative as efficient hole transport material for high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells
Authors: Sun Chaojun , Du Lunan , Du Wenxiu , Wang Jingsheng , Li Huiru , Tao Youtian , Sun Zhengyi
Published: February 2025

D–A type small molecule with a star-shaped orthogonal structure, constructed from a zinc porphyrin core and four DPP arms, was introduced as a hole transport material in inverted perovskite solar cells.
Unlocking branched cutin via sudden supercritical water hydrolysis of tomato peel
Authors: Leontijevic Vesna , Cantero Danilo , Solares Suset Barroso , Heredia Bayona Antonio , Cocero Alonso María José
Published: February 2025

A continuous and efficient method to extract and enrich cutin from tomato waste preserved the native three-dimensional polyester network.
A linearly programmable strategy for polymer elastomer mechanics
Authors: Xue Dichang , Su Xing , Xu Jin , Li Xiaodong , Jiang Hao , Zhang Lichen , Bai Zichen , Wang Ruibin , Deng Zitong , Zhu Lixiang , Su Zhengnan , Zou Meishuai
Published: February 2025

The mechanical properties of polymer elastomer materials, such as strength and ductility, play important roles in a wide range of applications, including the carrying of major equipment and the construction of infrastructure.
Retraction: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer analysis of PEG-capped Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles against hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Vijayakumar G. , Leonard Hilary H. Jude , Nisha P. , Thangavel Elangovan , Sambasivam Sangaraju
Published: February 2025

Retraction of ‘Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer analysis of PEG-capped Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles against hepatocellular carcinoma cells’ by G. Vijayakumar et al., New J. Chem., 2023, 47, 3112–3124, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ05795F.
Microwave-assisted Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl alkyl selenides with arylboronic acids
Authors: Sapra Shivani , Kumar Sumit , Singh Brajendra K.
Published: February 2025

A microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling methodology has been developed by utilizing aryl alkyl selenides and arylboronic acids.
Photochemical generation of heteroatom (N, Si, B) or carbon radicals leveraging preinstalled carboxylic acids
Authors: Tian Chao , Shi Lei
Published: February 2025

This review provides an overview of recent advancements in generating N, Si, B, and C radicals through the decarboxylation of preinstalled carboxyl substrates under visible light catalysis.
An unsymmetrical bifluorenylidene–fluorene based hole-transporting material for perovskite solar cells
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Chen Jianlin , Singh Praveen Kumar , Yadagiri Bommaramoni , Kumar Deepak , Liu Xuepeng , Dai Songyuan , Singh Surya Prakash
Published: February 2025

Hole-transporting material (HTM) plays an important role in PSCs. We report a novel and low-cost, bifluorenylidene-based HTM, denoted as sp-35, which achieved a high PCE of 21.59% and demonstrated good long-term stability compared to spiro-OMeTAD.
PDCD10/CCM3, a potential target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?
Authors: Ungefroren Hendrik
Published: February 2025

Malignant progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is driven by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 through extensive cross-talk with other signalling pathways. Prompted by the observation that the ubiquitous protein programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) is more abundantly expressed in PDAC tumour tissue compared with normal pancreas and highly correlated with reduced patient survival, authors examined its function as a modulator of TGF-β signalling in PDAC. Cytotoxicity assays with PDAC-derived tumour cell lines, PaTu8902 (DPC4+/+) and PaTu8988t (DPC4-/-) engineered to homozygously lack PDCD10 showed that PDCD10 renders cells more chemoresistant to anticancer drugs. Moreover, PDCD10 promoted TGF-β1-dependent proliferation by inactivating the retinoblastoma 1 protein (pRb) via a SMAD4-dependent pathway, and TGF-β1-driven EMT by increasing ERK1/2 activation via a non-SMAD4 pathway. Phosphorylation of pRB and ERK by PDCD10 is facilitated by binding of PDCD10 to MST4. Targeting PDCD10 in PDAC patients may represent a promising new strategy to improve TGF-β targeted therapies
Lexical Stress in Mandarin Second-Language Speakers of English: An Electromagnetic Articulography Study
Authors: Kim Boram , Bishop Jason , Whalen D. H.
Published: February 2025

Purpose:

The present study focused on the acoustic and articulatory realization of English lexical stress in Mandarin second-language (L2) speakers of English. We aimed to understand (a) how suprasegmental and segmental features were used in the acoustic domain and (b) how lingual and nonlingual articulators were manipulated in the articulatory domain during the production of lexical stress.

Method:

Production of stress minimal pairs (e.g., OBject–obJECT) was analyzed. The data were drawn from a publicly available data set consisting of time-synchronous acoustic–articulatory data from 20 first-language (L1) speakers of English and 20 Mandarin L2 speakers. Acoustic features included duration, intensity, fundamental frequency (
F
0), and vowel quality. Articulatory properties involved positional information of the tongue, lips, and jaw.

Results:

All suprasegmental cues investigated (
F
0, intensity, duration) were found to be involved in the production of lexical stress by the two speaker groups, although in L1-specific ways in the case of
F
0. In contrast, the segmental cue (vowel quality) was used to distinguish lexically stressed and unstressed syllables by the L1 speakers only. Both groups demonstrated increased displacements in nonlingual articulators (jaw and lip) in lexically stressed vowels, and a significant positional difference in the lingual articulator (tongue dorsum) was found for some (but not all) of the L1 speakers' productions.

Conclusions:

Mandarin L2 speakers were found to use some of the same acoustic and articulatory cues as English L1 speakers to realize lexical stress in English. In the L2 group, however, it was the suprasegmental cues rather than segmental cues that most consistently distinguished lexical stress contrasts, and nonlingual articulators were weighted more heavily than the lingual articulator.
An improved YOLOv5s‐CBAM network: For non‐standard operation identification in power network maintenance and operation
Authors: Zhang Zhou , Li Mengfei , Guo Wenjie
Published: February 2025

Safe and standardized power maintenance and repair is an essential part of ensuring the stable operation of electricity and is also an important way to protect the personal safety of power maintenance personnel. Therefore, to detect the operation actions better and improve the target detection accuracy in power overhaul and maintenance, this paper proposes an enhanced YOLOv5s algorithm based on the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) attention mechanism. This paper adopts the Mosaic9 data augmentation technique and a distance‐based non‐maximum suppression algorithm to replace the traditional Mosaic data augmentation technique and the traditional non‐maximum suppression algorithm. The accuracy, mean average precision (mAP@0.5), and recall of the improved YOLOv5s‐CBAM model is 93.1%, 84.8%, and 81.7%, respectively. Moreover, the image processing speed of 10.8 ms/image can well guarantee the real‐time performance of the detection network. The experimental results show that the improved YOLOv5s‐CBAM model has better performance.
NEUTRALUNIVERSEMACHINE: How filaments and dark-matter haloes influence the galaxy’s cold gas content
Authors: Ma Wenlin , Guo Hong , Jones Michael G.
Published: February 2025

Aims. We aim to investigate the influence of the distance to filaments and dark-matter haloes on galaxy cold-gas content in the empirical model NEUTRALUNIVERSEMACHINE (NUM) and the hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG.

Methods. We used DisPerSE to identify cosmic web structures and calculate the distance of galaxies to filaments for both observations and models. We show the results of the H I and H2 mass functions, H I- and H2-halo-mass relations, H I- and H2-stellar-mass relations for galaxies in the NUM model and IllustrisTNG with different distances to filaments and compare them with observational measurements. We also show the evolution of H I and H2 mass densities at different distances to filament bins.

Results. We find that how filaments affect the H I gas is generally less significant compared to the halo environment. There is a weak trend in the observations at z = 0 that low-mass haloes lying closer to the filaments tend to have reduced H I masses. However, this trend reverses for massive haloes with log(Mvir/M⊙) > 12.5. This behaviour is accurately reproduced in the NUM model due to the dependence of H I gas on the halo formation time, but it does not appear in IllustrisTNG. The influence of filaments on the H I gas becomes slightly weaker at higher redshifts and is only significant for galaxies that reside in massive haloes in the NUM model. Filaments have almost no impact on the H2-stellar-mass relation in both models, confirming that H2 is primarily determined by the galaxy stellar mass and star formation rate.
A multi-ion non-equilibrium solver for ionised astrophysical plasmas with arbitrary elemental abundances
Authors: Mathew Arun , Mackey Jonathan , Celeste Maggie , Thomas Haworth J. , Mellema Garrelt
Published: February 2025

While many astrophysical plasmas can be modelled successfully assuming ionisation and thermal equilibrium, in some cases this is not appropriate and a non-equilibrium approach is required. In nebulae around evolved stars, the local elemental abundances may also strongly vary in space and time. Here we present a non-equilibrium multi-ion module developed for the fluid-dynamics code pion describing the physical processes included and demonstrating its capabilities with some test calculations. A non-equilibrium ionisation solver is developed that allows arbitrary elemental abundances for neutral and ionised (but not molecular) gas, for the elements H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Si, S, and Fe. Collisional ionisation and recombination, photoionisation and charge-exchange reactions are included, and ion-by-ion non-equilibrium radiative cooling is calculated based on the instantaneous ion fractions of each element. Element and ion mass-fractions are advected using passive scalars, operator-split from the microphysical processes. The module is validated by comparing with equilibrium and non-equilibrium calculations in the literature. Effects of charge exchange on ion abundances in cooling plasmas are discussed. Application to modelling shocks and photo-ionised H ii regions is demonstrated. The time-dependent expansion of a WR nebula is studied, including photoionisation and collisional processes, and spectral-line luminosities calculated for non-equilibrium and equilibrium plasma states. The multi-ion module enables simulation of ionised plasmas with spatially varying elemental abundances using self-consistent ion abundances and thermal evolution. This allows prediction of spectral lines in UV, optical, IR, and X-ray even in cases where the plasma is out of ionisation equilibrium.
Spatial distribution and clustering properties of the young stellar populations in the Carina Nebula complex and Car OB1
Authors: Göppl C. , Preibisch T.
Published: February 2025

We use Gaia DR3 astrometry and photometry to analyze the spatial distribution of the young stellar populations and stellar clusters and to search for new OB star candidates in the Carina Nebula complex and the full extent (∼ 5 corresponding to $;∼ 200$;pc) of the Car OB1 association. We first performed a new census of high-mass stars in Car OB1 and compiled a comprehensive catalog of 517 stars with known spectral types (128 O-type, WR, and supergiant stars, and 389 B-type stars) that have Gaia DR3 parallaxes consistent with membership in the association. We applied the clustering algorithm DBSCAN on the Gaia DR3 data of the region to find stellar clusters, determine their distances and kinematics, and estimate ages. We also used Gaia astrometry and the additional astrophysical_parameters table to perform a spatially unbiased search for further high-mass members of Car OB1 over the full area of the association. Our DBSCAN analysis finds 15 stellar clusters and groups in Car OB1, four of which were not known before. Most clusters (80%) show signs of expansion or contraction, four of them with a ge 2σ significance. We find a global expansion of the Car OB1 association with a velocity of v_ out = 5.25±0.02 . A kinematic traceback of the high-mass stars shows that the spatial extent of the association was at a minimum 3--4 Myr ago. Using astrophysical parameters by Gaia DR3, we identified 15 new O-type and 589 new B-type star candidates in Car OB1. The majority (≳ 54%) of the high-mass stars constitute a non-clustered distributed stellar population. Based on our sample of high-mass stars, we estimate a total stellar population of at least ∼ 8 stars in Car OB1. Our study is the first systematic astrometric analysis that covers the full spatial extent of the Car OB1 association, and it therefore substantially increases the knowledge of the distributed stellar population and spatial evolution of the entire association. Our results suggest suggests Car OB1 to be the most massive known star-forming complex in our Galaxy.
Hydroxylamine in astrophysical ices: Infrared spectra and cosmic-ray-induced radiolytic chemistry
Authors: Maté Belén , Peláez Ramón J. , Molpeceres Germán , Rácz Richárd , Mifsud Duncan V. , Ortigoso Juan , Rivilla Víctor M. , Lakatos Gergő , Sulik Béla , Herczku Péter , Ioppolo Sergio , Biri Sándor , Juhász Zoltán
Published: February 2025

Gas-phase hydroxylamine (NH_2OH) has recently been detected within dense clouds in the interstellar medium. However, it is also likely present within interstellar ices, as well as on the icy surfaces of outer Solar System bodies, where it may react to form more complex prebiotic molecules such as amino acids. In this work, we aim to provide infrared spectra of NH_2OH in astrophysical ice analogues that will help in the search for this molecule in various astrophysical environments. Furthermore, we aim to provide quantitative information on the stability of NH_2OH upon exposure to ionising radiation analogous to cosmic rays, as well as on the ensuing chemistry and potential formation of complex prebiotic molecules. Ices composed of NH_2OH, H_2O, and CO were prepared by vapour deposition, and infrared spectra were acquired between $4000-500$ cm^-1 ($2.5-20$ μm) prior to and during irradiation using 15 keV protons. Our spectroscopic characterisations determine that NH_2OH ices deposited at $10-20$ K adopt an amorphous structure, which begins to crystallise upon warming to temperatures greater than 150 K. In interstellar ice analogues, the most prominent infrared absorption band of NH_2OH is that at about 1188 cm^-1, which may be a good candidate to use in searches for this species in icy space environments. Calculated effective destruction cross-sections and G -values for the NH_2OH-rich ices studied show that NH_2OH is rapidly destroyed upon exposure to ionising radiation (more rapidly than a number of previously studied organic molecules) and that this destruction is slightly enhanced when it is mixed with other icy species. The irradiation of a NH_2OH:H_2O:CO ternary ice mixture leads to a rich chemistry that includes the formation of simple inorganic molecules such as NH_3, CO_2, OCN^-, and H_2O_2, as well as ammonium salts and, possibly, complex organic molecules relevant to life such as formamide, formic acid, urea, and glycine.
Unveiling the largest structures in the nearby Universe: Discovery of the Quipu superstructure
Authors: Bohringer Hans , Chon Gayoung , Trumper Joachim , Kraan-Korteweg Renee C. , Schartel Norbert
Published: February 2025

For a precise determination of cosmological parameters we need to understand the effects of the local large-scale structure of the Universe on the measurements. They include modifications of the cosmic microwave background, distortions of sky images by large-scale gravitational lensing, and the influence of large-scale streaming motions on measurements of the Hubble constant. The streaming motions, for example, originate from mass concentrations with distances up to 250 Mpc. In this paper we provide the first all-sky assessment of the largest structures at distances between 130 and 250 Mpc and discuss their observational consequences, using X-ray galaxy clusters to map the matter density distribution. Among the five most prominent superstructures found, the largest has a length longer than $400$ Mpc with an estimated mass of about 2 M_⊙. This entity, which we named Quipu, is the largest cosmic structure discovered to date. These superstructures contain about 45% of the galaxy clusters, 30% of the galaxies, 25% of the matter, and occupy a volume fraction of 13%, thus constituting a major part of the Universe. The galaxy density is enhanced in the environment of superstructures out to larger distances from the nearest member clusters compared to the outskirts of clusters in the field. We find superstructures with similar properties in simulations based on ΛCDM cosmology models. We show that the superstructures should produce a modification on the cosmic microwave background through the integrated Sachs-Wolf effect. Searching for this effect in the Planck data we found a signal of the expected strength, however, with low significance. Characterising these superstructures is also important for astrophysical research, for example the study of the environmental dependence of galaxy evolution as well as for precision tests of cosmological models.
A uniformly accurate exponential wave integrator method for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with highly oscillatory potential
Authors: Li Jiyong , Zhu Xi , Wang Bin
Published: February 2025

The nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with a highly oscillatory potential (NKGE-OP) frequently occurs in recent studies of some multiscale dynamical systems, where the temporal oscillations causes the major numerical and analycal difficulties. In this paper, we propose a uniformly accurate second-order exponential wave integrator (EWI) method for arbitrary nonlinearity by integrating the potential function exactly twice. The proposed method has a fully explicit and concise form, and thus it can be efficiently implemented by using the fast Fourier transform. We give rigourously error analysis and establish second-order uniform error bounds for the numerical solutions without any CFL-type condition constraint. Moreover, the method is proved to be time symmetric which preserves the time symmetry of the considered system. Numerical experiments prove the correctness of our theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of our method.
Masernpneumonie bei nicht vorerkranktem Erwachsenem
Authors: Habermann Robin , Schmiedel Stefan
Published: February 2025

Ein 46 Jahre alter Patient stellt sich mit seit 2 Tagen bestehendem Fieber bis 40°C, ausgeprägter Belastungsdyspnoe und einem Hautausschlag in der Notaufnahme vor. Bis eine Woche vor Erkrankungsbeginn war der Patient im Urlaub in Griechenland.

Im CT-Thorax zeigten sich das Bild einer atypischen Pneumonie sowie eine ausgeprägte Lymphadenopathie. Der Nachweis von Masernvirus-RNA im Konjunktival-Abstrich führte zur Diagnose einer Maserninfektion als Ursache für die Pneumonie.

Der Patient wurde stationär aufgenommen und symptomatisch behandelt. Bei temporärer Hypoxie erfolgte die Gabe von Sauerstoff.

Bei passender klinischer Symptomatik (Fieber, makulopapulöses Exanthem, Konjunktivitis) sollte in jedem Alter eine Maserninfektion als Ursache in Betracht gezogen werden und die entsprechende Diagnostik (Serologie, PCR) eingeleitet werden.
Die Neurobiologie der Abwehr
Authors: Grafen Keren
Published: February 2025

Die Neurobiologie der Abwehr umfasst drei zentrale Systeme: Den Verdauungstrakt, das Nervensystem und das Immunsystem. Geraten die feinabgestimmten Prozesse der Neurobiologie der Abwehr durch Stressoren aus dem Gleichgewicht, kann es zu schwerwiegenden Erkrankungen kommen. Verschiedene Ansätze können nachhaltig die Gesundheit verbessern, indem sie sich positiv auf die drei Systeme der Neurobiologie der Abwehr auswirken; 7 Ansätze sind in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt.
Mangelnde Grenzbildung, überschießende Abwehr
Authors: Rosenhauer-von Löwensprung Natalie
Published: February 2025

Die Anthroposophische Medizin betrachtet allergische Prozesse als gestörte Abläufe in der Grenzbildung und Naturüberwindung auf Basis der 4 Wesensglieder und der Dreigliederung des Menschen. Therapeutische Ziele sind: die Seelenorganisation wieder stärker in den Körper zu integrieren und mit der Lebensorganisation zu verbinden sowie die Ich-Organisation in den Organismus zu verankern. Aus der anthroposophischen Arzneimittelratio kommen unter anderem infrage: Früchte mit lederartigen Schalen, Zubereitungen aus Blei und Quarz, Bitterstoffe, Organpräparate und wesensgemäße Heilpflanzen.
Jede Minute zählt
Authors: Schmid Eva C
Published: February 2025

Bei einer Sepsis handelt es sich um eine lebensbedrohliche Verlaufsform einer – häufig unspektakulär beginnenden – Infektion mit systemischer Ausprägung und Organdysfunktion, meist ausgelöst durch Bakterien, seltener Viren, Parasiten oder Pilze. Typische Zeichen sind Fieber, Schüttelfrost, Dyspnoe, Hyperventilation, Tachykardie, starkes Krankheitsgefühl und eine Veränderung des Bewusstseinszustandes bis hin zum septischen Schock (15 %). Entscheidend ist ein sofortiges Erkennen und Handeln mit Antibiose, notärztlicher und eventuell intensivmedizinischer Versorgung, denn jede verstreichende Stunde erhöht das Sterberisiko um etwa 1 %.
Eine Schönheit mit Krallen
Authors: Stern Cornelia
Published: February 2025

Die Hundsrose (Rosa canina L.) ist eine Heilpflanze, die in der Phytotherapie, der traditionellen Volksheilkunde, der Spagyrik sowie in der Bachblüten- und Gemmotherapie genutzt werden kann.
Optimale Versorgung von Patienten mit akuter Luftnot und pneumologischen Krankheitsbildern in einer Respiratory Care Unit
Authors: Keymel Stefanie , Bernhard Michael , Krüger Stefan
Published: February 2025

Die akute Luftnot ist das Leitsymptom verschiedener pneumologischer, kardiologischer und weiterer nicht-traumatologischer Erkrankungen, mit dem sich Patienten in der Notaufnahme vorstellen. Die akute Luftnot ist ein häufiges und komplexes Leitsymptom in der Notaufnahme. Patienten, die sich mit Luftnot in der Notaufnahme vorstellen, haben im Vergleich zu Patienten mit dem Leitsymptom Brust- oder Bauchschmerz eine höhere Rate an Aufnahmen auf die Intensivstation und eine höhere Mortalität. Für eine optimale Versorgung von Patienten mit akuter Luftnot in der Notaufnahme sollte ein hierfür spezialisierter Behandlungspfad einer Respiratory Care Unit (RCU) etabliert werden. Für die Etablierung des Behandlungspfads einer RCU sind bestimmte inhaltliche, personelle, strukturelle und organisatorische Voraussetzungen zu schaffen.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Uroflowmetry for Urethral Strictures in Pediatric Hypospadias: TIP vs. Non-TIP Outcomes
Authors: Ru Wei , Liu Hongbo , Zhou Juan , Hu Qibo , Yang Weifeng , Hu Lizhe , Chen Guangjie , Yan Xiang
Published: February 2025

Introduction: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of uroflowmetry in detecting pediatric urethral strictures following Tubularized Incised-Plate (TIP) and non-TIP urethroplasty.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on children who underwent primary hypospadias repairs from June 2016 to June 2023 at our institution. Patients were categorized into the TIP and the non-TIP groups. Urethral calibration and uroflowmetry were used to evaluate urethral patency following urethroplasty. Data on demographic characteristics, perioperative information, uroflowmetry results, urethral calibration outcomes, and postoperative complications were collected. The relationship between calibration and uroflowmetry and the diagnostic accuracy of uroflowmetry for urethral strictures were analyzed.
Results: A total of 62 cases were included, with 38 in the TIP group and 24 in the non-TIP group. Ten patients were diagnosed with urethral strictures. The maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) exhibited a higher area under the curve (AUC) than the average urinary flow rate (Qave) in both the TIP and non-TIP groups. The Qmax in the non-TIP group demonstrated a higher AUC than in the TIP group (non-TIP: AUC=0.94, Cut-off=6.65 ml/s, sensitivity=100%, specificity=81.0%; TIP: AUC=0.80, Cut-off=5.75 ml/s, sensitivity=100%, specificity=58.1%). A significant quadratic correlation was found between Qmax and urethral calibration (non-TIP: C2=14.72*Qmax, R2=0.96; TIP: C2=14.76*Qmax, R2=0.88). The Qmax nomogram interval ≤ -3 standard deviation was a significant predictor for non-TIP urethral strictures (Kappa=0.70).
Conclusions: Uroflowmetry, particularly Qmax, shows promise as a non-invasive screening tool for detecting urethral strictures after hypospadias repair, with high diagnostic accuracy in non-TIP cases but limited utility in TIP cases.
Evaluating optimal height for hamstring activity in maximum-speed single-leg bridge test
Authors: Sano Yuto , Kawabata Masashi , Sumiya Yuki , Watanabe Yuto , Uchida Yuto , Inada Tomoaki , Murase Masaki , Kenmoku Tomonori , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Takahira Naonobu
Published: February 2025

Hamstring strain injuries often occur during high-speed movements, yet no functional test reliably induces rapid hamstring contractions. This study aimed to determine the optimal platform height in the maximum-speed single-leg bridge test (MS-SLBT) to maximize hamstring activation. This cross-sectional study included 26 healthy male recreational athletes. Participants performed the MS-SLBT using 20, 40, and 60 cm platforms at maximal speed. The conventional single-leg bridge test (SLBT) was performed on a 60 cm platform at any speed. Measurements included buttock-raising speed; muscle activity of the semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris (BF), and gluteus maximus (GM) using surface electromyography; and heel-bearing force. MS-SLBT showed significantly faster buttock-raising speeds (0.7–1.0 m/s) than SLBT (0.5 m/s) (p<0.01). ST and BF muscle activities were significantly higher during MS-SLBT on 60 and 40 cm platforms (>90% maximal voluntary isometric contraction) than during SLBT and MS-SLBT on 20 cm platform (p<0.01). GM muscle activity during MS-SLBT was approximately double than that during SLBT(p<0.01). Heel-bearing force was significantly higher during MS-SLBT than during SLBT, MS-SLBT on 40cm platform showing the highest force (p<0.01). MS-SLBT on 40 and 60 platforms required higher hamstring activity, with faster buttock-raising speed and greater heel-bearing force than SLBT and MS-SLBT on 20 platform.