bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploitation of specific properties of trifluoroethanol for extraction and separation of membrane proteins
Authors: Deshusses Jacques M. P. , Burgess Jennifer A. , Scherl Alexander , Wenger Yvan , Walter Nadia , Converset Véronique , Paesano Salvo , Corthals Garry L. , Hochstrasser Denis F. , Sanchez Jean‐Charles
Published: August 2003

Hydrophobic proteins are difficult to analyze by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) because of their intrinsic tendency to self‐aggregate during the first dimension (isoelectric focusing, IEF) or the equilibration steps. This aggregation renders their redissolution for the second dimension uncertain and results in the reduction of the number and intensity of protein spots, and in undesirable vertical and horizontal streaks across gels. Trifluoroethanol (TFE) is traditionally used at high concentration to solubilize peptides and proteins for NMR studies. Depending upon its concentration, TFE strongly affects the three‐dimensional structure of proteins. We report here a phase separation system based on TFE/CHCl3, which is able to extract a number of intrinsic membrane proteins. The addition of TFE in the in‐gel sample rehydration buffer to improve membrane protein IEF separation is also presented. The procedure using urea, thiourea, and sulfobetaine as chaotropic agents was modified by the addition of TFE and removing of sulfobetaine at an optimized concentration in the solubilization medium used for the first dimension. When using membrane fractions isolated from Escherichia coli, the intensity and the number of spots detected from 2‐DE gels that used TFE in the solubilization medium were significantly increased. The majority of the proteins identified using peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were intrinsic membrane proteins, proteins of beta barrel structure or transmembrane proteins.
Development of narrow immobilized pH gradients covering one pH unit for human seminal plasma proteomic analysis
Authors: Starita‐Geribaldi Mireille , Roux Françoise , Garin Jérôme , Chevallier Daniel , Fénichel Patrick , Pointis Georges
Published: August 2003

Micropreparatively loaded two‐dimensional (2‐D) electrophoresis gels were used to identify human seminal plasma polypeptides by using narrow immobilized pH gradients (IPGs) covering one pH unit as first dimension. This investigation was restricted to IPG 4.5–5.5 and 5–6 because of the main spot distribution in the acidic part of the 2‐D map performed with IPG 3–10, a zone presumed to be rich in spermatogenic markers. Both highly expressed and minor spots of the 2‐D map were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectroscopy analysis. Identification was obtained by a combination of mass spectrometry and database searching. Identified proteins were of different origin from the male genital tract and some proteolysis was observed. They appeared as either isolated molecules or isoforms. At the analytical level, narrow IPGs allowed a two‐fold increase in the number of spots, improved resolution of minor spots particularly in surrounding of highly expressed spots and sensitivity level. Some of these faint spots were differently expressed in azoospermic patients as compared to normospermic men. Therefore, zooming‐in on the proteome of human seminal plasma allowed more accurate differential expression analysis of impaired spermatogenesis associated markers.
Towards a phosphoproteome map of Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Bendt Anne K. , Burkovski Andreas , Schaffer Steffen , Bott Michael , Farwick Mike , Hermann Thomas
Published: August 2003

In this study, the phosphoproteome of Corynebacterium glutamicum, an industrially important soil bacterium of the Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Nocardia (CMN) group of Gram‐positive bacteria, was investigated by two different detection methods: first, by in vivo radio‐labeling using [33P]‐phosphoric acid with subsequent autoradiography and second, by immunostaining with phosphoamino acid‐specific monoclonal antibodies. After two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE), around 60 [33P]‐labeled protein spots were visualized and around 90 antibody‐decorated protein spots detected; 31 of the protein spots were detected with both methods. By peptide mass fingerprinting, 41 different proteins were identified, namely 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate 3‐phosphate synthase, aconitase, acyl‐CoA carboxylase, acyl‐CoA synthetase, ATP (synthase α‐ and β‐chain), carbamoyl‐phosphate synthase, citrate synthase, cysteine synthase, DnaK, the elongation factors G, P, Ts and Tu, enolase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase, fumarase, Gap dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase I, glycine hydroxymethyltransferase, GroEL2, GTPase, heat‐inducible transcriptional repressor DnaJ2, inorganic pyrophosphatase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ketol‐acid reductoisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, leucine‐tRNA ligase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, methionine synthase, O‐acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase, pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate oxidase, ribosomal protein S1, RNA polymerase (β‐subunit), succinyl‐CoA:CoA transferase, transketolase and UDP‐N‐acetylmuramoyl‐L‐alanine ligase, besides a hypothetical 35k protein and a hypothetical glucose kinase. Both detection techniques were used to create a phosphoproteome map. Additionally, the influence of nitrogen deprivation on the phosphoproteome of C. glutamicum was investigated.
Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Mini‐Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MINI‐MAC) scale
Authors: Ho Samuel M.Y. , Kam Fung Wong , Chan Cecilia L.W. , Watson Maggie , Tsui Yenny K.Y.
Published: August 2003

The psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Mini‐Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale (Mini‐MAC) were examined among 115 Chinese cancer patients in Hong Kong. The five subscales from the original Mini‐MAC (Anxious Preoccupation, Helpless–Hopeless, Fighting Spirit, Fatalism, Cognitive Avoidance) had acceptable internal reliabilities (Cronbach's α ranged from 0.65 to 0.88) and construct validities in our sample. Factor analysis suggested three factors: (1) Negative Emotion (α=0.91) contained items of the Anxious Preoccupation and the Helpless–Hopeless subscales of the original Mini‐MAC, (2) Positive Attitude (α=0.77) combined the Fighting Spirit and the Fatalism subscales of the original version, and (3) Cognitive Avoidance (α=0.65) which was identical to the Cognitive Avoidance subscale of the original Mini‐MAC. Construct validities of the novel factors were shown by their correlations with HADS Anxiety and Depression scores in the predicted directions. It was concluded that both the 5‐factor model from the original Mini‐MAC and the 3‐factor model from the present study were valid in Hong Kong Chinese cancer patients. The results were discussed in terms of the meaning of the original Mini‐MAC factors and cultural differences in coping functions between Chinese and UK cancer patients. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lay understanding of terms used in cancer consultations
Authors: Chapman Kristina , Abraham Charles , Jenkins Valerie , Fallowfield Lesley
Published: August 2003

The study assessed lay understanding of terms used by doctors during cancer consultations.

Terms and phrases were selected from 50‐videotaped consultations and included in a survey of 105 randomly selected people in a seaside resort. The questionnaire included scenarios containing potentially ambiguous diagnostic/prognostic terms, multiple‐choice, comprehension questions and figures on which to locate body organs that could be affected by cancer. Respondents also rated how confident they were about their answers.

About half the sample understood euphemisms for the metastatic spread of cancer e.g. ‘seedlings’ and ‘spots in the liver’ (44 and 55% respectively). Sixty‐three per cent were aware that the term ‘metastasis’ meant that the cancer was spreading but only 52% understood that the phrase ‘the tumour is progressing’ was not good news. Yet respondents were fairly confident that they understood these terms. Knowledge of organ location varied. For example, 94% correctly identified the lungs but only 46% located the liver.

The findings suggest that a substantial proportion of the lay public do not understand phrases often used in cancer consultations and that knowledge of basic anatomy cannot be assumed. Yet high confidence ratings indicate that asking if patients understand is likely to overestimate comprehension. Awareness of the unfamiliarity of the lay population with cancer‐related terms could prompt further explanation in cancer‐related consultations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audiotaped social comparison information for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: Differential effects of procedural, emotional and coping information
Authors: Bennenbroek Femke T.C. , Buunk Bram P. , Stiegelis Heidi E. , Hagedoorn Mariët , Sanderman Robbert , Van den Bergh Alfons C.M. , Botke Gerrit
Published: August 2003

The present study focused on the effects of social comparison information on subjective understanding of radiation therapy, validation of emotions, and self‐efficacy of cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. The effects of three different audiotapes, containing different kinds of social comparison information, were examined. On the procedural tape a man and woman discussed their illness and radiation treatment, on the emotion tape they focused on the emotional aspects of these issues, and on the coping tape they focused on the way they had been coping. The effects of these tapes were measured on subjective understanding about radiation therapy, validation and recognition of emotions, self‐efficacy, and mood. The results indicate positive effects of the tapes, especially of the procedural and the coping tape. These audiotapes increased understanding of radiation therapy, self‐efficacy and the feeling of validation of emotions. Therefore, these tapes may be an important supplement to existing patient education information. Possible explanations and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive‐existential group psychotherapy for women with primary breast cancer: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kissane David W. , Bloch Sidney , Smith Graeme C. , Miach Patricia , Clarke David M. , Ikin Jillian , Love Anthony , Ranieri Nadia , McKenzie Dean
Published: August 2003

Background. We conducted a randomised, controlled trial of cognitive‐existential group therapy (CEGT) for women with early stage breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with the aim of improving mood and mental attitude to cancer.

Methods. Women were randomised to 20 sessions of weekly group therapy plus 3 relaxation classes or to a control arm receiving 3 relaxation classes. Assessments, independently done at baseline, 6 and 12 months, included a structured psychiatric interview and validated questionnaires covering mood, attitudes to cancer, family relationships, and satisfaction with therapy.

Results. Three hundred and three of 491 (62%) eligible patients participated over 3 years. Distress was high pre‐intervention: 10% were diagnosed as suffering from major depression, 27% from minor depression and 9% from anxiety disorders. On an intention‐to‐treat analysis, there was a trend for those receiving group therapy (n=154) to have reduced anxiety (p=0.05, 2‐sided) compared to controls (n=149). Women in group therapy also showed a trend towards improved family functioning compared to controls (p=0.07, 2‐sided). The women in the groups reported greater satisfaction with their therapy (p<0.001, 2‐sided), appreciating the support and citing better coping, self‐growth and increased knowledge about cancer and its treatment. They valued the CEGT therapy. Overall effect size for the group intervention was small (d=0.25), with cancer recurrence having a deleterious effect in three of the 19 therapy groups. Psychologists as a discipline achieved a moderate mean effect size (d=0.52).

Conclusion. CEGT is a useful adjuvant psychological therapy for women with early stage breast cancer. Interaction effects between group members and therapists are relevant to outcome. Group‐as‐a‐whole effects are powerful, but the training and experience of the therapist is especially critical to an efficacious outcome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship of APOE genotype to neuropsychological performance in long‐term cancer survivors treated with standard dose chemotherapy
Authors: Ahles Tim A. , Saykin Andrew J. , Noll Walter W. , Furstenberg Charlotte T. , Guerin Stephen , Cole Bernard , Mott Leila A.
Published: August 2003

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the neuropsychological performance of long‐term survivors of breast cancer and lymphoma treated with standard dose chemotherapy who carried the ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene to those who carry other APOE alleles.

Patients and methods: Long‐term survivors (mean=8.8±4.3 years post‐treatment) of breast cancer (N=51, age=55.9±8.8) or lymphoma (N=29, age=55.8±11.6) who had been treated with standard‐dose chemotherapy completed a standardized battery of neuropsychological and psychological tests. Survivors were also classified into two groups based on the presence (N=17) or absence (N=63) of at least one ε4 allele of APOE.

Results: Analysis of covariance, controlling for age, gender, education, diagnosis, and WRAT‐3 reading subtest (a proxy measure of baseline IQ), indicated that survivors with at least one ε4 allele scored significantly lower in the visual memory (p<0.03) and the spatial ability (p<0.05) domains and tended to score lower in the psychomotor functioning (p<0.08) domain as compared to survivors who did not carry an ε4 allele. No group differences were found on depression, anxiety, or fatigue.

Conclusions: The results of this study provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that the ε4 allele of APOE may be a potential genetic marker for increased vulnerability to chemotherapy‐induced cognitive decline. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Couples therapy at end of life
Authors: Mohr David C. , Moran Patricia J. , Kohn Carolynn , Hart Stacey , Armstrong Keith , Dias Rodrigo , Bergsland Emily , Folkman Susan
Published: August 2003

This study reports on a preliminary uncontrolled study of a treatment for couples in which one partner is diagnosed with a terminal illness. In this study nine couples, in which one partner was diagnosed with a terminal illness and had less than 18 months to live, were offered eight sessions of couples therapy. Follow‐up data were available for six couples. Two patients died during treatment and a third patient moved out of the area prior to completing the follow‐up assessment. Significant decreases were seen in the patients' distress about dying and the frequency of partners' worry about their partner dying. Improvements were also seen in relationship quality. While the size of the study precludes generalizing these findings to a larger population, this study supports further exploration of couples therapy as a potentially useful adjunct to end of life care. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of aqueous Moringa seed extract as a seed treatment biofungicide for groundnuts
Authors: Donli Patricia O , Dauda Hassan
Published: August 2003

In a search for alternatives to currently used fungicides, the potential of aqueous Moringa seed extract (AMSE) as a seed treatment was evaluated. Seeds of groundnut, Arachis hypogea L cv Dakar, were soaked in AMSE at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g litre−1 for 24 h. Comparison was made with Apron Plus (metalaxyl + carboxin + furathiocarb), until recently a recommended seed‐treatment chemical, and distilled water, which was the medium for extraction of Moringa seeds. The results showed that AMSE has potential for use as a biofungicide on groundnut seeds, since all the concentrations used except 1 g litre−1 brought about significant reduction in the incidence of fungi on the seeds, such reduction increasing as the dosage of AMSE increased. There were no significant differences in control between the highest concentration of AMSE (20 g litre−1) and Apron Plus at the manufacturer's recommended level. Water also produced slight reductions in the incidence of fungi, although this was not significant at P = 0.05. The sensitivity to AMSE of the fungi tested varied, Mucor sp being the most sensitive and Aspergillus niger the least, with Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus flavus intermediate. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Modulation of sodium channels by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N‐decarbomethoxylated metabolite in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Tsurubuchi Yuji , Kono Yoshiaki
Published: August 2003

The effects of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N‐decarbomethoxylated metabolite (DCJW) on tetrodotoxin‐resistant (TTX‐R) voltage‐gated sodium channels in rat dorsal ganglion neurons were studied using the whole‐cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed the peak amplitude of action potentials, and DCJW exhibited a faster time course and higher potency than indoxacarb in the blocking effects. In voltage‐clamp experiments, indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed TTX‐R sodium currents in a time‐dependent manner without a steady‐state level of suppression. IC50 values for indoxacarb and DCJW on TTX‐R sodium currents were estimated to be 10.7 and 0.8 µM after 25 min of bath application, respectively. DCJW was about 10 times more potent than indoxacarb in blocking TTX‐R sodium currents. Although the suppressive effects of indoxacarb were partially reversible after washout with drug‐free external solution, no recovery of sodium current was observed in DCJW treated neurons after prolonged washout. In current–voltage relationships, both indoxacarb and DCJW blocked the sodium currents to the same degree in the entire range of membrane potentials. The sodium conductance–voltage curve was not shifted along the voltage axis by indoxacarb and DCJW at 10 µM. In contrast, the steady‐state inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by indoxacarb as well as by DCJW. Based on these results, it was concluded that indoxacarb and DCJW potently blocked the TTX‐R sodium channel in rat DRG neurons with hyperpolarizing shifts of the steady‐state inactivation curves, suggesting preferential association of the insecticides to the inactivated state of sodium channels. The small structural variation between indoxacarb and DCJW resulted in clear differences in potency for blocking sodium channels and reversibility after washout. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Degradation of the sulfonylurea herbicide LGC‐42153 in flooded soil
Authors: Kim Jin , Liu Kwang‐Hyeon , Kang Seung‐Hun , Koo Suk‐Jin , Kim Jeong‐Han
Published: August 2003

LGC‐42153, 2‐fluoro‐1‐[3‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]propyl methoxyacetate, is a new sulfonylurea herbicide for use in rice. Its breakdown and metabolism was studied in soil under flooded conditions using two radioactive tracer compounds labelled at either the propyl group or the pyrimidine ring. The half‐life of LGC‐42153 was approximately 3.0 days. The mass balance over 120 days ranged from 94.0 to 104.2% of applied radiocarbon, and no significant amount of volatiles or [14C]carbon dioxide were observed. Solvent non‐extractable radiocarbon reached about 11–14% of applied radiocarbon at 120 days after treatment. The major metabolic reaction was the cleavage of the carboxyl ester bond to give 1‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐3‐[2‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐fluoropropyl)pyridine‐3‐sulfonyl]urea, which underwent hydrolysis of the sulfonylurea bridge giving 2‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐fluoro)propyl‐3‐pyridinesulfonamide and 4,6‐dimethoxy‐2‐aminopyrimidine. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of new aliphatic and aromatic phytotoxic derivatives of 2α,4α‐dimethyl‐8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐one
Authors: Barbosa Luiz C de A , de Alvarenga Elson S , Demuner Antônio J , Figueiredo Remilson , da Silva Antônio A
Published: August 2003

Several new compounds with potential herbicidal activity were synthesized from 2α,4α‐dimethyl‐6,7‐exo‐isopropylidenedioxy‐8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐3‐one (4). Seven aromatic alcohols were prepared by reaction of (4) with aryllithium reagents, where the aryl groups were 4‐ethoxyphenyl (5, 70% yield), 4‐ethylphenyl (6, 82% yield), 4‐butylphenyl (7, 78% yield), 4‐tert‐butylphenyl (8, 81% yield), 2,4‐dimethoxyphenyl (9, 75% yield), 2‐ethylphenyl (10, 12% yield) and para‐(4‐bromophenoxy)phenyl (11, 24% yield). Reaction of the acetonide (4) with Grignard reagents formed also four aliphatic alcohols where the alkyl groups are ethyl (13, 78%), butyl (14, 85%), hexyl (15, 81%) and octyl (25, 92%). The alcohols (5), (6), (7), (8), (13), (14), (15) and (25) were reacted with thionyl chloride in pyridine, forming their respective alkenes (17, 76%), (18, 74%), (19, 83%), (20, 73%), (22, 78%), (26, 62%), (23, 77%) and (24, 66%). The effect of these compounds, at the concentration of 5.5 µg g−1, on the development of radicle and aerial parts of Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench, Euphorbia heterophylla L, Brachiaria decumbens and Desmodium tortuosum DC was evaluated. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitivity analyses for four pesticide leaching models
Authors: Dubus Igor G , Brown Colin D , Beulke Sabine
Published: August 2003

Sensitivity analyses using a one‐at‐a‐time approach were carried out for leaching models which have been widely used for pesticide registration in Europe (PELMO, PRZM, PESTLA and MACRO). Four scenarios were considered for simulation of the leaching of two theoretical pesticides in a sandy loam and a clay loam soil, each with a broad distribution across Europe. Input parameters were varied within bounds reflecting their uncertainty and the influence of these variations on model predictions was investigated for accumulated percolation at 1‐m depth and pesticide loading in leachate. Predictions for the base‐case scenarios differed between chromatographic models and the preferential flow model MACRO for which large but transient pesticide losses were predicted in the clay loam. Volumes of percolated water predicted by the four models were affected by a small number of input parameters and to a small extent only, suggesting that meteorological variables will be the main drivers of water balance predictions. In contrast to percolation, predictions for pesticide loss were found to be sensitive to a large number of input parameters and to a much greater extent. Parameters which had the largest influence on the prediction of pesticide loss were generally those related to chemical sorption (Freundlich exponent nf and distribution coefficient Kf) and degradation (either degradation rates or DT50, QTEN value). Nevertheless, a significant influence of soil properties (field capacity, bulk density or parameters defining the boundary between flow domains in MACRO) was also noted in at least one scenario for all models. Large sensitivities were reported for all models, especially PELMO and PRZM, and sensitivity was greater where only limited leaching was simulated. Uncertainty should be addressed in risk assessment procedures for crop‐protection products. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
The discovery of dinotefuran: a novel neonicotinoid
Authors: Wakita Takeo , Kinoshita Katsutoshi , Yamada Eiichi , Yasui Naoko , Kawahara Nobuyuki , Naoi Atsuko , Nakaya Michihiko , Ebihara Koichi , Matsuno Hirozumi , Kodaka Kenji
Published: August 2003

Dinotefuran (MTI‐446: (RS)‐1‐methyl‐2‐nitro‐3‐(tetrahydro‐3‐furylmethyl)guanidine) is a new neonicotinoid commercialized by Mitsui Chemicals. Research led to this novel neonicotinoid by the removal of the chloropyridine or chlorothiazole ring that had been considered as indispensable for neonicotinoides. The research advanced as follows; (1) selection of acetylcholine for the lead compound, (2) recognition of the insecticidal advantages of 3‐methoxypropyl compounds, (3) synthesis of (±)‐tetrahydro‐3‐furylmethyl compounds by cyclization of the 3‐methoxypropyl moiety. It resulted in dinotefuran which has a (±)‐tetrahydro‐3‐furylmethyl moiety instead of a halogenated aromatic heterocyclic ring, and belongs to the third‐generation neonicotinoids (sub‐class: furanicotinyl compounds). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Correlations of the electrophysiological activity of neonicotinoids with their binding and insecticidal activities
Authors: Nishiwaki Hisashi , Nakagawa Yoshiaki , Kuwamura Morihiko , Sato Kazuyuki , Akamatsu Miki , Matsuda Kazuhiko , Komai Koichiro , Miyagawa Hisashi
Published: August 2003

The electrophysiological actions of various neonicotinoids, including substituted benzyl derivatives, against recombinant Drosophila SAD/chicken β2 hybrid nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) were measured to analyze the relationships between the in vivo (insecticidal) and in vitro (binding and agonist) activities. Most of the neonicotinoids tested were capable of inducing inward currents by activating the hybrid nAChRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, whereas some compounds had no agonist activity and only blocked the acetylcholine‐induced currents. Variations in the agonist activity were well correlated with those in the binding potency evaluated using [3H]imidacloprid as well as insecticidal activities. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
cis‐Jasmone treatment induces resistance in wheat plants against the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Bruce Toby JA , Martin Janet L , Pickett John A , Pye Barry J , Smart Lesley E , Wadhams Lester J
Published: August 2003

cis‐Jasmone is a plant volatile known to have roles as an insect semiochemical and in inducing plant defence. It was evaluated in laboratory and field trials for control of cereal aphids. In an olfactometer bioassay cis‐jasmone was repellent to alatae of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Moreover, wheat, Triticum aestivum (L), seedlings sprayed with formulated cis‐jasmone 24 h previously were less susceptible to attack by S avenae than control plants. In field simulator studies, significantly fewer alate S avenae settled on cis‐jasmone‐treated plants over a 24‐h period. In addition, the intrinsic rate of population increase, rm, of S avenae apterae was reduced on cis‐jasmone treated seedlings. In a series of small‐plot experiments conducted over four years, cis‐jasmone applications reduced cereal aphid populations infesting wheat in the field. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Model predictive control springer, Berlin, 1999, ISBN 3540762418, 280 pages
Authors: Camacho Eduardo F. , Bordons Carlos , Normey‐Rico Julio E.
Published: August 2003

This volume is a recent addition to the Camacho and Bordons' book ‘Model Predictive Control in the Process Industry’, edited by Springer Verlag. The book presents a complete review of the theory and applications of Model Predictive Control MPC, from the simple unconstrained SISO case to the more complex constrained MIMO situations. Special attention is given to the Generalized Predictive Controller that is one of the most known and cited MPC strategies. In all the chapters the results are illustrated with simulation examples and also with some experimental results that validated the controllers and tuning rules analyzed in the book. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Input‐to‐state stability with respect to inputs and their derivatives
Authors: Angeli David , Sontag Eduardo D. , Wang Yuan
Published: August 2003

A new notion of input‐to‐state stability involving infinity norms of input derivatives up to a finite order k is introduced and characterized. An example shows that this notion of stability is indeed weaker than the usual ISS. Applications to the study of global asymptotic stability of cascaded non‐linear systems are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralized nonlinear robust control of UAVs in close formation
Authors: Singh Sahjendra N. , Zhang Rong , Chandler Phil , Banda Siva
Published: August 2003

This paper treats the design of a decentralized nonlinear robust control system for formation flying of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In close formation, it is assumed that vortex of any UAV affects the motion of all the UAVs behind it. The forces produced by these vortices are complex functions of relative position co‐ordinates of the UAVs. In this paper, these forces are treated as unknown functions, which cannot be parameterized. Since the system is not invertible in the wind axes system, a simplified co‐ordinate system obtained from the wind axes system for which the velocity roll (bank angle) is zero, is considered for the design of the control system. A nonlinear robust control system for the separation trajectory control of the wing aircraft in the simplified wind coordinate system is derived. Uncertain functions and unmeasured variables are estimated using a high‐gain observer for the synthesis of the control system. Each wing UAV synthesizes its control law using its own state variables and the relative position of the preceding UAV with respect to the wing UAV. Thus the control system is decentralized since each UAV has to communicate (depending on sensors for position measurement) with at most one (preceding) UAV, and no data transmission from the remaining vehicles is required. Simulation results for two UAVs are presented which show precise separation trajectory control of each wing UAV in spite of the presence of unknown and unstructured vortex forces, while the lead aircraft maneuvers. Furthermore, these results confirm that when the wing aircraft is positioned properly in the vortex of the lead aircraft, it experiences reduction in its required flight power. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase II benchmark control problem for seismic response of cable‐stayed bridges
Authors: Caicedo J. M. , Dyke S. J. , Moon S. J. , Bergman L. A. , Turan G. , Hague S.
Published: August 2003

This paper presents the problem definition for the second generation of benchmark structural control problems for cable‐stayed bridges. The goal of this study is to provide a testbed for the development of strategies for the control of cable stayed‐bridges. Based on detailed drawings of the Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge, a three‐dimensional evaluation model has been developed to represent the complex behavior of the full‐scale benchmark bridge. Phase II considers more complex structural behavior than phase I, including multi‐support and transverse excitations. Evaluation criteria are presented for the design problem that are consistent with the goals of seismic response control of a cable‐stayed bridge. Control constraints are also provided to ensure that the benchmark results are representative of a control implementation on the physical structure. Each participant in this benchmark bridge control study is given the task of defining, evaluating and reporting on their proposed control strategies. Participants should also evaluate the robust stability and performance of their resulting designs through simulation with an evaluation model which includes additional mass due to snow loads. The problem and a sample control design have been made available in the form of a set of MATLAB equations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of pseudo‐negative stiffness control to the benchmark cable‐stayed bridge
Authors: Iemura Hirokazu , Pradono Mulyo Harris
Published: August 2003

The effectiveness of a variable damper employing pseudo‐negative stiffness control on benchmark cable‐stayed bridges was studied. Combination of a pseudo‐negative stiffness hysteretic loop produced by the variable damper plus elastic stiffness of the deck‐tower connections produces a hysteretic loop that approaches rigid perfectly plastic force–deformation characteristics with a large damping ratio. The advantage is that sensors are required only at damper connections to measure relative displacements. Moreover, the small amount of sensors and simple algorithm reduce the source of errors and uncertainties. Comparisons are made between passive, pseudo‐negative stiffness, and active control for the phase II benchmark bridge. The results of pseudo‐negative stiffness control are significantly better than those of passive control and comparable to those of active control. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma desterrensis sp. n., isolated from South American bats
Authors: GRISARD E. C. , STURM N. R. , CAMPBELL D. A.
Published: August 2003

Trypanosomes isolated from South American bats include the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi. Other Trypanosoma spp. that have been found exclusively in bats are not well characterized at the DNA sequence level and we have therefore used the SL RNA gene to differentiate and characterize kinetoplastids isolated from bats in South America. A Trypanosoma sp. isolated from bats in southern Brazil was compared with the geographically diverse isolates T. cruzi marinkellei, T. vespertilionis, and T. dionisii. Analysis of the SL RNA gene repeats revealed size and sequence variability among these bat trypanosomes. We have developed hybridization probes to separate these bat isolates and have analysed the DNA sequence data to estimate their relatedness. A new species, Trypanosoma desterrensis sp. n., is proposed, for which a 5S rRNA gene was also found within the SL RNA repeat.
Application of riboprinting for the identification of isolates of cutaneousLeishmaniaspp.
Authors: NIMRI L. F. , SCHALLIG H. D. F. H.
Published: August 2003

Riboprinting is one of several molecular methods that can generate comparative data independently of the complexity of the organism's morphology. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles derived from digestion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the ribosomal 18S fromLeishmaniaspp. yields a typical ‘riboprint’ profile that can vary intraspecifically. A selection of 76 stocks ofL. majorandL. tropica, isolated from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, was analysed by riboprinting to assess divergence within and between species.L. majorandL. tropicacould be easily differentiated from each other. Analysis of PCR–RFLP profiles indicated that stocks ofLeishmaniaspp. could be broadly partitioned into 2 species corresponding toL. majorandL. tropica. To test if ribosomal 18S sequences were homogeneous within each species, several isolates of each of theLeishmaniaspp. were digested. Interpretation of the riboprint profiles of the 18S independently amplified by PCR, there would appear to be one restriction pattern present within eachLeishmaniaspp. Homogeneity within copies of the ribosomal 18S within a single genome has, therefore, been demonstrated. The species designation established by riboprinting results were in agreement with the zymodeme analysis of the same isolates. The restriction patterns produced were simple, reproducible and easy to interpret.
Specific systemic IgG1, IgG2 and IgM responses in pigs immunized with infective eggs or selected antigens ofAscaris suum
Authors: FRONTERA E. , CARRÓN A. , SERRANO F. J. , ROEPSTORFF A. , REINA D. , NAVARRETE I.
Published: August 2003

A total of 35 pigs aged 15 weeks old, and 21 pigs aged 8 weeks old were divided into 7 groups. Groups 1 and 2 were uninfected and challenge control groups, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were infected weekly with 6 increasing doses ofAscaris suumeggs, and group 4 was additionally treated with pyrantel. Groups 5, 6, and 7 were immunized weekly with the 14, 42, or 97 kDa fractions from adult worms, respectively. Animals of groups 2–7 were challenged with 10 000A. suumeggs 7 days after the last infection/immunization. Serum was sampled weekly and specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgM responses were measured. Pigs of groups 5, 6, and 7 showed high IgG1 and IgG2 responses especially against adult worms antigens, while infected groups had high IgG1 and IgM responses, especially against larva. The IgG1 responses were negatively correlated to the numbers of larvae in the lungs, and positively associated with the liver white spot numbers. There was a positive correlation between IgG2 and the numbers of white spots and lung larvae, while IgM was negatively correlated with these parasitological measures. These findings are discussed and it is suggested that acquired resistance againstA. suumlarvae is correlated with the induction of IgG1 and IgM, and not with IgG2, and that future vaccination protocols may focus on inducing the Th2 activity.
Transmission, infectivity and survival of Diplostomum spathaceum cercariae
Authors: KARVONEN A. , PAUKKU S. , VALTONEN E. T. , HUDSON P. J.
Published: August 2003

The transmission dynamics of the cercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum were investigated under laboratory conditions using cercariae collected from naturally infected Lymnaea stagnalis. Cercariae were kept in a constant temperature of 20 °C and the survival and infectivity to naïve young rainbow trout recorded at 3-h intervals until few cercariae were alive. Mortality initially remained constant but increased rapidly after 20 h. While a model of constant mortality fitted the survival data, an age-dependent model provided a better fit and implied that cercariae tended to carry similar quantities of resources and once these were exhausted the cercariae died. Cercarial infectivity also showed an age-dependent pattern although infectivity tended (P=0·09) to increase with age over the first 6 h of life and then fall. The per capita transmission rate of cercariae was investigated by experimentally infecting rainbow trout under standardized conditions, first with an increasing cercarial density and second, by keeping density constant but increasing numbers of cercariae. The per capita transmission rate was frequency dependent and averaged 0·341/h (±0·036).
Impact of number of isoenzyme loci on the robustness of intraspecific phylogenies using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: consequences for typing of Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: BRENIERE S. F. , BARNABE C. , BOSSENO M. F. , TIBAYRENC M.
Published: August 2003

Thirty-one stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, representative of the genetic variability of the 2 principal lineages, that subdivide T. cruzi, were selected on the basis of previous multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis using 21 loci. Analyses were performed with lower numbers of loci to explore the impact of the number of loci on the robustness of the phylogenies obtained, and to identify the loci that have more impact on the phylogeny. Analyses were performed with numerical (UPGMA) and cladistical (Wagner parsimony analysis) methods for all sets of loci. Robustness of the phylogenies obtained was estimated by bootstrap analysis. Low numbers of randomly selected loci (6) were sufficient to demonstrate genetic heterogeneity among the stocks studied. However, they were unable to give reliable phylogenetic information. A higher number of randomly selected loci (15 and more) were required to reach this goal. All loci did not convey equivalent information. The more variable loci detected a greater genetic heterogeneity among the stocks, whereas the least variable loci were better for robust clustering. Finally, analysis was performed with only 5 and 9 loci bearing synapomorphic allozyme characters previously identified among larger samples of stocks. A set of 9 such loci was able to uncover both genetic heterogeneity among the stocks and to build robust phylogenies. It can therefore be recommended as a minimum set of isoenzyme loci that bring maximal information for all studies aiming to explore the phylogenetic diversity of a new set of T. cruzi stocks and for any preliminary genetic typing. Moreover, our results show that bootstrap analysis, like any statistics, is highly dependent upon the information available and that absolute bootstrap figures should be cautiously interpreted.
Mucus pH of the tiger pufferTakifugu rubripesis an important factor for host identification by the monogeneanHeterobothrium okamotoi
Authors: HIRAZAWA N. , OSHIMA S. , MITSUBOSHI T. , YAMASHITA S.
Published: August 2003

We examined a host-finding factor of the monogeneanHeterobothrium okamotoioncomiracidia to develop an alternative prophylaxis.H. okamotoioncomiracidia attached preferentially to gill filaments and skin mucus from the tiger pufferTakifugu rubripescompared with corresponding material from other tested fishes (amber jackSeriola dumerili, red sea breamPagrus major, Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceusand spotted halibutVerasper variegatus). The body mucus pH of the tiger puffer was 6·40±0·09 (mean±S.D.), whereas that for the other tested fishes was 7·2–7·4. To find if this difference in pH could account for the specific targeting of tiger puffer byH. okamotoioncomiracidia, the attachment response of the oncomiracidia to pieces of agar buffered at various pH between 6·0 and 7·4 was examined. The number of attaching oncomiracidia was maximal at pH 6·4. We produced gynogenetic tiger puffers from a single female. These gynogenetic individuals showed a variety of body mucus pH and they were exposed to the oncomiracidia. Thirteen days after exposure, more youngH. okamotoiwere found on the gills of gynogenetic tiger puffer with mucus at pH 6·3–6·6, than on gills of fish with mucus at pH 6·0–6·3 and 6·6–7·2.H. okamotoiexploits the body mucus pH to identify the host. The simplicity of pH as a lure may lead to development of a simple and economical method to controlH. okamotoioutbreaks.
Compatibility of Schistosoma haematobium, S. intercalatum and their
hybrids with Bulinus truncatus and B. forskalii
Authors: WEBSTER B. L. , SOUTHGATE V. R.
Published: August 2003

Schistosoma haematobium and S. intercalatum readily hybridize with
each other producing generations of viable hybrid offspring. Experiments were designed to
investigate the infectivity and viability of the S. haematobium×S.
intercalatum F1 and F2 hybrid larvae in their two intermediate
snail hosts compared with the parental species. Analysis of the data obtained suggested that
the S. haematobium [male ]×S. intercalatum [female] F1 hybrid
miracidia were more infective to Bulinus truncatus than to B. forskalii, and also
more infective to B. truncatus compared with the parental S. haematobium miracidia.
This hybrid was also observed to have a greater cercarial productivity from both intermediate hosts
and these cercariae were shown to be more infectious and to have a longer longevity compared with
the cercariae of S. haematobium, S. intercalatum and the S. haematobium
[female]×S. intercalatum [male ] F1 hybrid cercariae. The S.
haematobium [female]×S. intercalatum [male ] F1 hybrid was shown
not to be very successful in all stages of the investigations. The results indicate that the
S. haematobium [male ]×S. intercalatum [female] F1 hybrid may
have many reproductive advantages over the reciprocal hybrid and the parental schistosome species.
The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the epidemiological consequences
occurring in Loum, Cameroon, and other areas where S. haematobium and S.
intercalatum are sympatric and able to hybridize.
Spatial and temporal variation of life-history traits documented using capture-mark-recapture methods in the vector snailBulinus truncatus
Authors: CHLYEH G. , HENRY P.-Y. , JARNE P.
Published: August 2003

The population biology of the schistosome-vector snailBulinus truncatuswas studied in an irrigation area near Marrakech, Morocco, using demographic approaches, in order to estimate life-history parameters. The survey was conducted using 2 capture-mark-recapture analyses in 2 separate sites from the irrigation area, the first one in 1999 and the second one in 2000. Individuals larger than 5 mm were considered. The capture probability varied through time and space in both analyses. Apparent survival (from 0·7 to 1 per period of 2–3 days) varied with time and space (a series of sinks was considered), as well as a square function of size. These results suggest variation in population intrinsic rate of increase. They also suggest that results from more classical analyses of population demography, aiming, for example at estimating population size, should be interpreted with caution. Together with other results obtained in the same irrigation area, they also lead to some suggestions for population control.
Ascaris egg profiles in human faeces: biological and epidemiological implications
Authors: PENG W. , ZHOU X. , GASSER R. B.
Published: August 2003

Since 2 morphological forms (fertilized and unfertilized) of egg can be produced by Ascaris, infected humans can release in their faeces fertilized eggs only (FEO), unfertilized eggs only (UEO) or both fertilized and unfertilized eggs (FUE) (designated herein as the 3 different egg profiles). Epidemiologically, fertilized eggs are of significance as they enable effective transmission of the parasite. This study, for the first time, characterizes the Ascaris egg profiles in human faeces in an endemic region of China, explores possible host- and parasite-factors related to these profiles, and discusses the biological and epidemiological implications of the findings. The 3 egg profiles were recorded throughout the study period of 2 years, and the overall percentages of people with FEO, FUE and UEO profiles were ~41–47%, 32–42% and 17–21%, respectively. The overall number of unfertilized eggs for the entire population accounted for ~6–9% of all eggs excreted. The different Ascaris egg profiles showed no correlation to host gender, but they did relate to age and worm burden of the host and to the sex ratio and developmental status of the parasite. While an annual universal anthelmintic treatment resulted in some fluctuation in the values of individual egg profiles, the general features of these profiles remained similar throughout the study period. The findings of this study should have significant implications for understanding transmission patterns of Ascaris and for the implementation of control measures against ascariasis in endemic regions.
The properties of acidic compartments in developing schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: AL-ADHAMI B. H. , THORNHILL J. , AKHKHA A. , DOENHOFF M. J. , KUSEL J. R.
Published: August 2003

A variety of fluorescent probes have been used to study the acidic compartments in cercariae and schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni. Freshly transformed schistosomula treated with the LysoTracker Red dye specific for lysosomes showed large acid-containing compartments (0·5–10 μm in size). The uptake of the dye is an energy-dependent process that depends on the metabolic activity of schistosomula. The compartments were quantified individually with respect to area, quantity of fluorescence and the total number/schistosomulum. Under normal conditions these compartments were not found in untreated cercariae, but appeared in cercariae slightly damaged by poly-L-lysine. The formation of these compartments seemed to be related to the development of cercariae into schistosomula as the number of compartments and uptake of fluorescence increased with time after transformation. Also, the method of transformation as well as thein vitroincubation of the parasite affected the percentage area of compartments/schistosomulum. Acid phosphatase enzyme activity was assessed using an endogenous phosphatase probe. Living and fixed schistosomula displayed the presence of enzyme activity in compartments of the same size and distribution as the acid-rich compartments. This was confirmed by histochemical staining showing deposition of enzyme-generated lead at the sites of phosphatase activity. We suggest that the development of acidic compartments is important during the transformation process or as a consequence of damage.