bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estado de Exceção Democrático causado pela Pandemia Mundial: O Limite da Liberdade em Decorrência da Covid-19 no Brasil
Authors: da Silva Fernanda Cláudia Araújo
Published: March 2022

Discute-se acerca das medidas tomadas pelo Estado brasileiro durante a pandemia, restringindo a vida e a liberdade das pessoas. Desde a instalação da crise sanitária mundial, o comportamento social e jurídico foi afetado, por conta das restrições determinadas, mesmo sabendo-se que as medidas têm o condão de estabelecer a proteção à saúde, ou seja, com a preponderância do interesse da coletividade. Discute-se a temática sob o viés da consolidação do Estado de Direito e seu preceito democrático que se apresenta de forma difusa sob as mais diversas expressões de medidas governamentais de decretação de restrições da liberdade. Realiza-se uma pesquisa a partir de uma análise doutrinária que embasa o fenômeno vivenciado pelo mundo, considerando-se a peste da Covid-19 como fenômeno jurídico-político, devendo ser tratada a situação na pesquisa pelo método da fenomenologia. A pesquisa é doutrinária e descritiva, pois descreve a situação da pandemia da Covid-19 vivenciada no país e no mundo. Assim, a excepcionalidade trazida se traduz num Estado de Exceção jurídica para atender um princípio, o da vida, em detrimento do direito à liberdade.
European Investigation Order and the Right to a Trial Consecrated in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
Authors: Barata Mário Simões
Published: March 2022

In 2019, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered its first decision on the European Investigation Order (EIO) adopted by Directive 2014/41/EU in Case C-324/17, Gavanozov, 24th of October. Following a request for a preliminary ruling, the CJEU stated that "Article 5(1) of Directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and the Council, of 3 April 2014, on the European Investigation Order (EIO), read in conjunction with Section J of the form in Annex A to that directive, must be interpreted as meaning that the judicial authority of a Member State does not, at the time of issuing a European investigative decision, have to include in this section a description of any legal remedies in its Member State against the issuing of that decision". However, the Advocate General of the Union, Yves Bot, considered that the Bulgarian judicial authority could not have issued the EIO because the national legislation did not provide for any legal remedy against the investigative measures that were requested, which is contrary to what is foreseen in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU). In view of the opposite readings regarding this instrument of judicial cooperation in criminal matters, this presentation aims to examine the Court of Justice’s decision and the AG’s conclusions to substantiate a position on the possible need for the EU legislator to amend the EIO Directive in accordance with the requirements of respect for fundamental rights.
Effect of Different Ethephon Concentrations on Shiss Removal in ‘Khlass’ and ‘Sukkary’ Date Palm Varieties
Authors: ElJiati Abdelazize , Ahmed Imtiaz , Sanada Atsushi , Terada Naoki , Koshio Kaihei
Published: March 2022

After pollination, aborted date fruits known as tricarpel or shiss, remain on the brunch in most of the varieties and exert competition on fruits in water and nutrients. In Sukkary, they drop down at the end of kimri stage, while remain on ‘Khlass’ until the harvest. Most of them remain as bisr and little turns into tamr which is not appreciated in the date market. They can only be used as paste that has low price compared to dates. In an attempt to get rid of shiss, we sprayed Ethephon at different concentrations on bunches of ‘Sukkary’ and ‘Khlass’ after fruit-set, at hababook stage.Together with the shiss drop, a non-desirable fruit drop also occurs. We are looking for the optimum ethephon concentration where shiss dropped more than fruits. In ‘Khlass’, the Ethephon concentration 800 ppm showed the highest shiss drop (81%) together with a fruit drop of 20% that occurs as well, while in ‘Sukkary’, the concentration of 600 ppm was the best by giving shiss drop equal to 44%together with a fruit drop equal to 12%. We consider that the concentration of 800 ppm at hababook stage is the ideal concentration to generate an optimum drop in shiss with a reasonable percentage of fruit drop. We, therefore highly recommend a trial with this concentration on ‘Sukkary’ as well.
Metrology in the Quality of Life
Authors:   Etalons, S.A. DE C.V., Benitez Chavez Roberto
Published: March 2022

Quality of Life is defined as the physical, intellectual, emotional, or cultural satisfaction in a person's everyday life. Quality is a characteristic allowing for excellence. To improve quality we always say; “what is not defined can not be measured, what is not measured can not be improved and what does not get better, it always degrades”. Then if we try to measure anything, we should apply Metrology. To apply Metrology to anything, we also say; “measure what is measurable and make measurable what it is not”. ¿How can we measure the Quality of Life?, this concept as used in healthcare delivery defines the standard by which outcomes for the total patient can be assessed. Pleasing personal appearance, optimal vision and hearing, healthy skin, optimal nutrition with palatable and healthful food, good foot care with maintained mobility, an appropriate health care approach and life style regimen all and up to the basics necessary for Quality of Life. In all industries Quality of Life factors impact performance and productivity. The main factors are health, education, safety, family, stress, work, psychological and spiritual components. This paper presents how the Metrology has impacted along the life of the author and how has defined his Quality of Life.
Calibration of Defibrilator Analyzers at The HKSARG Standards and Calibration Laoratory (SCL)
Authors:   Standards and Calibration Laboratory, Yang Steven , Yan Aaron Y.K. ,   The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Published: March 2022

The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) has set up calibration facility for the calibration of defibrillator and defibrillator analyzer. Defibrillators are medical devices designed to resume normal heart pulse of a patient by discharging energy pulse to a person who is suffering from an emergency cardiac attack. They are commonly used in hospitals and medical institutes. At the SCL, the energy delivered by a defibrillator is measured using a high quality digital sampling system. The system comprises a high voltage divider, a sampling voltmeter, an impedance analyzer and a control computer. The sampled voltage waveform is digitally processed to derive the delivered energy. The system can also be used to check the accuracy of a defibrillator analyzer. The sampling system and its signal processing are described in this paper. To ensure the accuracy of the sampling system, it is calibrated against the laboratory's voltage and time reference standards. A standard waveform with calculable energy is used to verify the sampling system. It is shown that the system can achieve an energy measuring accuracy of better than 0.7%.
Calibration Interval Adjustment Methods Refinements in Quantitative Comparison
Authors:   Pantex Metrology, Kuster Mark
Published: March 2022

NCSLI Recommended Practice RP-1, “Establishment and Adjustment of Calibration Intervals, ”provides decision trees for selecting a calibration interval adjustment method based on inventory size, available data, quality emphasis, and budgeting priorities. RP-1 also describes each method’s pros and cons and offers qualitative recommendations based on expert knowledge and experience. Since releasing the current RP edition, the NCSLI 173.1 Calibration Intervals Working Group has sought to develop quantitative performance data on interval adjustment methods to further substantiate or tune the existing recommendations. Ultimately, the research will identify and map the optimal interval adjustment method into each region of the operational space determined by equipment inventory size, reliability target, and other parameters, enabling the future RP-1 reader to confidently select the most appropriate method for the situation at hand. This paper reports the latest progress toward that goal, including framework improvements such as AOPR and instrument lifetime simulation, adjustment method parameter optimizations, and simulation results to date. We compare results based on an excess relative cost metric, which estimates the cost premium an interval adjustment method, or lack thereof, incurs in a measurement and testing program.
How Effective is Self-Calibration In Precision DMMS
Authors:   National Instruments, Bennett Gary
Published: March 2022

This paper shows the results of an evaluation of 7.5 and 8.5 digit DMMs where the ambient temperature was changed by up to five degrees. A few laboratories operate with environmental controls of „b 1„aC, even more operate at „b 3 „aC, probably most operate at „b 5„aC. Precision DMMs have specifications requiring a self-calibration each time the internal temperature changes by more than one degree when using them at their highest accuracy. Some DMMs don¡¦t have a self-calibration capability and the specifications change once the ambient temperature changes by more than 1 degree from the adjustment temperature. Some require that the self-calibration be within 5 degrees of the last adjustment temperature. These experiments tested the accuracy of several DMMs at different temperatures, with and without self-calibration to get an idea of what controls are required to keep the DMM within its most accurate specifications.
On the Feasibility of Performing Line Scale Measurments on a High Accuracy Coordinate Measuring Machine
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Ren Wei
Published: March 2022

The NIST Linescale interferometer has been used to calibrate line standards for over 50 years. The last substantial upgrade of the instrument was over 20 years ago. The system, which is still very accurate, has become increasingly difficult to support. In this paper we report on a new calibration system being developed for line standards that uses one of the NIST high accuracy M-48 coordinate measuring machine. The talk will discuss the primary limitations of both the M-48 and the linescale, the new line finding microscope, system alignment and measurement process, software control system and data analysis algorithm. Finally performance data on the current version of the system comparing to other systems and algorithms will be presented. System improvements will be discussed at end also.
The Design and Construction of the In-Vacuum Mass Exchange System for the Realization and Dissemination of the New SI Unit of Mass
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Chao Leon
Published: March 2022

The international system of units will complete a transition in 2018 from a system based on seven fundamental units to a system of seven fundamental constants. More specifically, regarding the SI unit of mass, the kilogram (kg) will be realized in terms of a fixed value of the Planck constant. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a watt balance will be used to relate the kilogram to the Planck Constant. One major challenge introduced with this new definition involves the environment where the realization occurs. In traditional mass metrology, all comparisons are completed in air and a chain of traceability can be completed back to the International Prototype Kilogram using conventional mass balances. In the new SI, the watt balance will be operated under vacuum. The vacuum environment is important for multiple reasons, including the elimination of the buoyancy correction and the introduction of sorption effects if the artifacts are transferred from vacuum to air. In order for the mass community to utilize the new vacuum-based definition in air, the scientists in the Mass and Force Group are constructing a magnetic suspension balance. This experiment will allow comparison of a mass in vacuum from the watt balance to an artifact in air that will be used for dissemination. This vacuum-to-air transfer is only worthwhile if the artifacts in the watt balance can be transferred to other instruments without breaking vacuum. To solve this problem, a complete, custom vacuum transfer system was developed for mass artifacts. The system is comprised of a series of load locks, mass exchange points and vacuum transfer arms to connect the mass transport vehicle to each experiment. Each stage of mass transfer introduces new challenges including material selection of artifact handlers, strict component design constraints and the logistics of maintaining a clean, reproducible vacuum environment during transfers that can span 100 meters of labs and hallways. This paper will explain the growing importance of vacuum technology in mass metrology and discuss how each of the aforementioned design problems were solved to create the vacuum transfer system in place today.
Unceertainty Score Card With Economic Estimations
Authors:   Centro Nacional de Metrologia (CENAM), Echeverria-Villagomez Salvador
Published: March 2022

A continuous interest of metrologists is that of showing the economic impact of metrology in industrial and commercial processes. A number of papers and studies have been published treating this topic. This paper will present a tool developed for analysis of the technical variables involved in process control, combined with economical values of inputs and outputs, and linked by measurement uncertainty. This is a rather new, though simple approach, because it allows visualizing in a single score card the connections among the technical and economic variables involved in investment decisions. The model developed in this project is a modular tool in four layers. Below these layers are listed and later briefly described: 1. Engineering - Specifications. 2. Process - Manufacturing. 3. Measurement - Uncertainty. 4. Economic - Management.
Calibration in Regulated Industries: Federal Agency Use of ANSI Z540.3 and ISO 17025
Authors:   Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Reese Paul
Published: March 2022

ANSI/NCSL Z540.3-2006 and ISO/IEC 17025:2005 are voluntary consensus standards which prescribe requirements for the calibration of measuring and test equipment and for the technical competency of the performing laboratories. Many agencies in the U.S. which are part of, or regulated by, the Federal Government are required to use instruments which have been calibrated in accordance with one or both of these standards. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 compels all federal agencies to use technical standards that are developed by consensus standards bodies, in lieu of "government-unique" standards. ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3 have evolved over a half-century of metrological advancement, drawing upon expertise in the public and private sector. They are now supported by a mature infrastructure that facilitates mutual recognition and global trade, ensuring calibrations are accepted worldwide. However, some federal agencies and regulatory bodies in the U.S. have not yet adopted these standards. Calibrations are routinely performed on instruments, utilized in some government-regulated industries, which may not conform to these requirements. This paper discusses risks imparted to products and services produced in such environments. Particular focus is given to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulation of calibration requirements in the Quality System Regulation (QSR) found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Currently, a paucity of official guidance exists with respect to what constitutes an acceptable calibration program in medical device and pharmaceutical industries. Ambiguities persist due to lack of agreement upon voluntary consensus standards such as ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3. Fundamental requirements such as traceability, measurement uncertainty, measurement decision-rules, as well as basic metrological definitions are ill-defined in the CFR. The objective of this paper is to provide relevant background information and to encourage constructive dialogue between government agencies, standards writing committees, industry partners, and third party assessment/accreditation bodies. Cooperation of this type is consistent with public law and White House policy objectives. Ultimately, such dialogue may foster agreement on the use of these voluntary consensus standards for calibration in regulated industries, resulting in improved quality and reduced risk to consumers and patients.
Metrology of Navy Directed Energy Weapons
Authors:   NSWC Corona Division, Sanyal Subrata ,   Measurement Science & Engineering Department
Published: March 2022

As weapons technologies advance rapidly, so must the ability to measure the new technologies. The importance of carrying out basic and applied research, development, test & evaluation (RDT&E) for Metrology, Standardization, and Measurement Traceability to International System of Units (SI) will be highlighted. For Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) systems, inclusion of such work early in the life-cycle of DE technology development has potentially huge cost-benefits. Important challenges, both in S&T and otherwise, faced by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) / Department of Navy (DoN) DE Test and Evaluation (T&E) and Metrology and Calibration (METCAL) communities in executing their RDT&E efforts, will be discussed. Some approaches will be presented to address these challenges. As DEWs continue to develop, it is necessary that development of measurement techniques and calibration procedures become a priority in order to ensure that they can be reliable systems for the warfighter.
Calibration Of Infrasound Measurement Devices
Authors:   SPEKTRA Schwingungstechnik und Akustik GmbH, Mende Michael
Published: March 2022

Infrasound measurement devices like low frequency microphones and dynamic pressure sensors are widely used in many branches of trade like aerospace industries (airflow mechanics) or acoustical engineering (infrasound measurements of geophysical events, emissions of wind energy plants, etc.). This paper presents a calibration system that allows the calibration of such devices in a frequency range as low as 0.1 Hz to 31.5 Hz. It is based on a special low frequency pressure chamber that uses a similar working principle as a pistonphone but is adapted to the requirements of this low frequency range. The chamber has a size that allows to place the whole device under test (DUT) inside the chamber. So no mechanical adaption between DUT and pressure chamber is required and thus the DUT can have a nearly arbitrary shape. Other than a pistonphone which is based on the assumption that the sound level can be calculated from the physical dimensions of the chamber by means of the adiabatic gas law, this calibration system requires the use of a reference standard sensor. This is due to the fact that in the low frequency range the gas compression becomes more and more an isothermal process the lower the applied frequency gets. Thus a pressure sensor is used as reference standard allowing high precision measurements (uncertainty < 0.05 dB). The paper discusses the question how the measurement uncertainty over the whole frequency can be determined although the reference pressure sensor is only calibrated by static pressure calibration. It also shows how other parameters like the homogeneity of the pressure field can be determined that contribute to the measurement uncertainty. Finally some calibration results will be presented.
Implementation of the New Defense Standard VG 96910
Authors:   Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics, Germany, Mihm Gerhard
Published: March 2022

International military agreements and standards are published in Standardisation Agreements (STANAG). STANAG 4704 contains the minimum requirements for calibration (reference to ISO 17025) but also standard documents for the user of the t&m equipment. This STANAG has been developed further into the new German Defense Standard VG 96910 (Documentation of Calibration Services) by German Standards Institution (DIN) published 1. September 2015. According to VG 96910 the holder of a test & measurement equipment has to define the calibration services needed before placing a calibration order. This requirement will also change the way of procurement of test & measurement equipment not only within the German Armed Forces. Before placing an order for purchasing test & measurement equipment, the measurement requirements have to be defined properly in accordance with ISO 10012. This will lead to the creation of a datasheet for the test & measurement equipment to be purchased. The retailer / distributor has to demonstrate the fulfillment of the required specification within the calibration certificate of the test & measurement equipment on offer and the traceability to national standards. The first calibration of the item after receiving can be considered as the conformity testing of the test & measurement Equipment to the required specification. This calibration will be continued to ensure that the test & measurement equipment can be used for the designated task. The Review of the calibration results can be used in accordance with RP-1 to define the calibration interval.
Uncertainty Evaluation of the Predicted Value in Regression Analysis Based on Repeated Observations
Authors:   Center for Measurement Standards/Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hung Chen-Yun
Published: March 2022

Regression analysis is a practical statistical technique. It is mainly used to estimate the relationship among variables and then predict the unknown observations. In metrology, the calibration curve is an application of regression analysis, which describes the relationship between standard values and indications, or nominal values and standard values. According to ISO/IEC 17025:2005, the calibration certificates shall include the measurement uncertainty. Thus, when the standard value is obtained by a calibration curve, the uncertainty of the predicted value should be considered as an additional uncertainty component. The regression line can be fitted by estimating the regression coefficients from the observed data set. However, the observed data set may have different forms, such as one value of the independent variable against one observation of the dependent variable, and one value of the independent variable against repeated observations of the dependent variable. The latter form always confuses the laboratory staffs about calculation of the fitted regression line and evaluation of the measurement uncertainty. For this reason, this paper will focus on how to evaluate the measurement uncertainty of the predicted value in a simple linear regression line based on repeated observations. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique will be used to determine which uncertainty evaluation method is selected to avoid underestimating the measurement uncertainty.
The Reach and Impact of the Remote Frequency and Time Calibration Program at NIST
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Lombardi Michael
Published: March 2022

>For more than three decades, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has offered and provided remote frequency and time calibration services that continuously measure and calibrate a customer’s primary frequency and/or time standard. These services differ from the typical calibration model in at least two important respects. The first is that the device under test remains at the customer’s facility. NIST provides equipment to the customer that calibrates the device, records the measurements, and returns the results to NIST via a network connection. The second is that the measurements are continuous, with new results recorded 24 hours per day, 7 days a week. This allows customer to continuously establish traceability to the International System (SI) through UTC(NIST), the national standard for frequency and time, without ever disturbing or transporting their standard. In addition, the reported measurement uncertainties offered by these services are small enough to meet the requirements of nearly any potential customer. The NIST services not only help support calibration and metrology laboratories, but also benefit a wide variety of organizations in both the public and private sectors; including the U.S. military, U.S. government agencies and research laboratories, defense contractors, the aerospace industry, the energy industry, telecommunications providers, electronics and instrument manufacturers, and financial markets and stock exchanges. This paper describes the reach and impact of the NIST remote frequency and time calibration services. It does so by looking at the history of the services, how they work, their calibration and measurement capabilities, their quality management system, and the metrological requirements of the customers that they serve.
A Compact Self-Contained Cryogen-Free Instrument for the Realization of the Ohm in the Revised SI
Authors:   National Physical Laboratory, Fletcher Nick , Williams jonathan , Rozhko Sergiy , Tzalenchuk Alexander , Janssen JT , King Becky , Shelly Connor , Edmonds Kieran
Published: March 2022

The redefinition of the SI base units ampere and kilogram in 2019 formalized the use of the quantum Hall effect (QHE) to provide resistance traceability (the SI ohm) from the fundamental constants h and e. Traditionally, realization of the ohm via the QHE has required large complex liquid helium cryostats (including a high field superconducting magnet), and been largely confined to National Measurement Institutes. In recent years, graphene has been demonstrated as an ideal material for QHE samples, offering access to the quantum resistance reference (RK=h/e2) at lower magnetic fields and higher temperatures than previously possible. We present a system that builds on this technological advance, combined with liquid helium-free (closed cycle) cryogenic cooling techniques. The system integrates both a graphene QHE reference and a Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) instrument into a single compact enclosure. Resistance bridges based around a CCC offer the ultimate accuracy and noise performance for comparisons of conventional room temperature standard resistors to the QHE reference, and for scaling between different decade values, but this technology has not previously been demonstrated without the use of liquid helium. Our CCC system also integrates a second cryogenic SQUID detector to operate as the critical nanovoltmeter in the bridge electronics. We use a latest generation polymer-encapsulated molecular doped epigraphene sample optimized for operation at the 5 T field of our compact magnet, which does not require any user tuning of device properties on repeated cool-down cycles. Combined with the cryogen-free cooling, this gives a truly ‘turn-key’ system, making the quantum resistance reference and CCC accuracy available 24/7 in the metrology laboratory with no regular user intervention. The system is designed for both the realisation of the ohm at 100 Ω and regular calibration of standard resistors in the range 1 Ω to 10 kΩ, with combined relative standard uncertainties down to 0.01 ppm in the best cases.
Current status of the PB2 Planck-Balance
Authors:   Technische Universität Ilmenau, Rogge Norbert
Published: March 2022

The Planck-Balance (PB) is a table-top Kibble balance that was developed in a cooperation between the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Technische Universität Ilmenau (TUIL). The PB2 version of this system aims for a mass range from 1 mg to 100 g with uncertainties corresponding to class E2 mass standards as described in OIML-R111. In order to reduce the costs of the system, it is mostly set up by using commercially available standard parts and operates in air. A modified EMFC load cell is used to guide and drive the coil that is utilized in the Kibble experiment, while a homodyne interferometer system measures the displacement of the coil. The induced voltage is measured by a calibrated digital multimeter, which is also used to measure the voltage drop caused by the compensation current that is necessary to balance the system when a weight under test is applied. The paper presents the main components of the system while evaluating the different uncertainty contributions to the calibration of a mass standard. Recent experiments are presented that show the possibilities of a direct implementation of the new kilogram definition on the uncertainty level of class E2 mass standards.
Seasonal variations in fire conditions are important drivers to the trend of aerosol optical properties over the south-eastern Atlantic
Authors: Che Haochi , Segal-Rozenhaimer Michal , Zhang Lu , Dang Caroline , Zuidema Paquita , Sedlacek III Arthur J. , Zhang Xiaoye , Flynn Connor
Published: March 2022

Abstract. From June to October, southern Africa produces one-third of the global biomass burning (BB) emissions by widespread fires. BB aerosols are westward transported over the south-eastern Atlantic with the mid-tropospheric winds, resulting in significant radiative effects. Ascension Island (ASI) is located midway between Africa and South America. A 17-month in-situ campaign on ASI found a low single-scattering albedo (SSA) as well as a high mass absorption cross-section of black carbon (MACBC), demonstrating the strong absorbing marine boundary layer in the south-eastern Atlantic. Here we investigate the monthly variations of critical optical properties of BB aerosols, i.e., SSA and MACBC, during the BB seasons and the driving factors behind these variations. Both SSA and MACBC increase from June to August and decrease in September and October. The average SSA during the BB seasons is 0.81 at 529 nm wavelength, with the highest mean ~0.85 in October and the lowest ~0.78 in August. The absorption enhancement Eabs derived from the MACBC shows similar trends with SSA, with the average during the whole BB seasons at ~ 1.96 and ~ 2.07 in 2016 and 2017. As the Eabs is higher than the ~1.5 commonly adopted value by climate models, this result suggests the marine boundary layer in the south-eastern Atlantic is more absorbing than model simulations. We find the enhanced ratio of BC to CO (BC / ∆CO) is well correlated with SSA and MACBC, providing a simple way to estimate those aerosol optical characteristics in the south-eastern Atlantic. The exponential function we proposed can approximate SSA and MACBC with BC / ∆CO, and can better capture the growth of SSA as the decrease of BC / ∆CO, especially when BC / ∆CO is small. BC / ∆CO is influenced by combustion conditions and aerosol scavenging. From the analysis of the location of BB burning, the primary source fuel, the water content in the fuel, combined with the mean cloud cover and precipitation in the transport areas of BB plume, we conclude that the increase in BC / ∆CO from June to August is likely to be caused by burning becoming more flaming. The reduction in the water content of fuels may be responsible for the changing of the burning conditions during these periods. The decrease in BC / ∆CO in September and October may be caused by two factors, one being a lower proportion of flaming conditions, possibly associated with a decrease in mean surface wind speed in the burning area, and the other being an increase in precipitation in the BB transport pathway, leading to enhanced aerosol scavenging, which ultimately results in an increase in SSA and MACBC.
Distribution of hydrogen peroxide over Europe during the BLUESKY aircraft campaign
Authors: Hamryszczak Zaneta Teresa , Pozzer Andrea , Obersteiner Florian , Bohn Birger , Steil Benedikt , Lelieveld Jos , Fischer Horst
Published: March 2022

Abstract. In this work we present airborne in situ trace gas observations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP) estimated from measurements of the sum of organic hydroperoxides over Europe during the Chemistry of the Atmosphere – Field Experiments in Europe (CAFE-EU, also known as BLUESKY) aircraft campaign. The campaign took place in May/June 2020 over Central and Southern Europe with two additional flights dedicated to the North Atlantic Flight Corridor. Airborne measurements were performed on the High Altitude and LOng-range (HALO) research operating out of Oberpfaffenhofen (Germany). We report average mixing ratios for H2O2 of 0.32 ± 0.25 ppbv, 0.39 ± 0.23 ppbv and 0.38 ± 0.21 ppbv within the upper and middle troposphere and the boundary layer over Europe, respectively. Vertical profiles of measured H2O2 reveal a significant decrease in particular above the boundary layer, compared to previous observations, most likely due to cloud scavenging and subsequent rainout of soluble species. In general, the expected inverted c-shaped vertical trend with maximum hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios at 3 – 7 km was not found during BLUESKY. This contrasts with observations during previous air-borne studies over Europe, i.e., 1.64 ± 0.83 ppbv during the HOOVER campaign and 1.67 ± 0.97 ppbv during UTOPIHAN-ACT II/III. Simulations with the global chemistry-transport model EMAC partly reproduce the strong effect of rainout loss on the vertical profile of H2O2. A sensitivity study without H2O2 scavenging performed using EMAC confirms the strong influence of clouds and precipitation scavenging on hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Differences between model simulations and observations are most likely due to difficulties in the simulation of wet scavenging processes due to the limited model resolution.
The effect of hydrology and crevasse wall contact on calving
Authors: Zarrinderakht Maryam , Schoof Christian , Peirce Anthony
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Calving is one of the main controls on the dynamics of marine ice sheets. We solve a quasi-static linear elastic fracture dynamics problem, forced by a viscous pre-stress describing the stress state in the ice prior to the introduction of a crack, to determine conditions under which an ice shelf can calve for a variety of different surface hydrologies. Extending previous work, we develop a boundary-element-based method for solving the problem, which enables us to ensure that the faces of crevasses are not spuriously allowed to penetrate into each other in the model. We find that a fixed water table below the ice surface can lead to two distinct styles of calving, one of which involves the abrupt unstable growth of a crack across a finite thickness of unbroken ice that is potentially history-dependent, while the other involves the continuous growth of the crack until the full ice thickness is cracked, which occurs at a critical combination of extensional stress, water level, and ice thickness. We give a relatively simple analytical calving law for the latter case. For a fixed water volume injected into a surface crack, we find that complete crack propagation almost invariably happens at realistic extensional stresses if the initial crack length exceeds a shallow threshold, but we also argue that this process is more likely to correspond to the formation of a localized, moulin-like slot that permits drainage, rather than a calving event. We also revisit the formation of basal cracks and find that, in the model, they invariably propagate across the full ice shelf at stresses that are readily generated near an ice shelf front. This indicates that a more sophisticated coupling of the present model (which has been used in a very similar form by several previous authors) needs modification to incorporate the effect of torques generated by buoyantly-modulated shelf flexure in the far field.
An approach to the modeling of honey bee colonies
Authors: Romero-Leiton Jhoana P. , Gutierrez Alejandro , Benavides Ivan Felipe , Molina Oscar E. , Pulgarín Alejandra
Published: March 2022

Abstract. In this work, populations of adult and immature honeybees and their honey production are studied through mathematical and statistical modeling approaches. Those models are complementary and are presented in disjunct form. They were used to show different modeling methods for honey bee population dynamics. The statistical approach consisted of a generalized linear model using data from the Department of Agriculture of the United States of America (USDA), which showed that the relationship between the number of colonies and the rate of honey production is not constant in time but decrease over the years. These models showed that when a bee population is subjected to a stress factor (i.e., habitat destruction, Varroa mite, climate variability, season, neonicotinoids, among others), the abundance of individuals decreases over time as well as the honey produced by the colonies. Finally, the mathematical approach consisted of two models: (1) a smooth model, in which conditions of existence and stability of the equilibrium solutions are determined by an ecological threshold value, and (2) a non-smooth model where the mortality rate of bees is included as a function of the number of adult bees in the population.
Optimisation of a multi-element airfoil for application to airborne wind energy
Authors: De Fezza Gianluca , Barber Sarah
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Multi-element airfoils can be used to create high lift, and have previously been investigated for various application such as in commercial airplanes during take-off and landing and in the rear end of Formula One cars. Due to the high lift, they are also expected to have a high potential for application to airborne wind energy (AWE), as confirmed by recent studies. The goal of this work is to investigate and optimise a multi-element airfoil for application to AWE, in order to further the understanding and improve the knowledge base of this high-potential research area. This is done by applying the Computational Fluid Dynamics code OpenFOAM to a multi-element airfoil from the literature (the "baseline"), set up for steady-state 2D simulations with a finite volume mesh generated with snappyHex mesh. Following a grid dependency study and a feasibility study using simulation data from the literature, the angle of attack with the best performance in terms of E2CL (E = glide ratio, CL = lift coefficient) is identified. The maximum E2CL is found to be approximately seven times larger than that of a typical single-element AWE airfoil, at an angle of attack of 17°. Having found the ideal angle of attack, a geometric optimisation is carried out by altering the relative sizes and angles of the separate airfoil elements, first successively and then using promising combinations. The limits of these changes are set by the structural and manufacturing limitations given by the designers. The results show that E2CL can be increased by up to 46.6 % compared to the baseline design. Despite the increased structural and manufacturing challenges, multi-element airfoils are therefore promising for AWE system applications, although further studies on 3D effects and drone-tether interactions, as well as wind tunnel measurements for an improved confidence in the results, are needed.
Comparative evaluation of dimensional stability and flexural strength of different light cured tray materials with self-cured tray material: an in-vitro study
Authors: Attarwala Dr Taha , Dugal Dr Ramandeep , Godil Dr Aamir , Wadwan Dr Sanaa , Madanshetty Dr Pallavi , Kazi Dr Arshi
Published: March 2022

Objectives: To carry out a comparative evaluation of dimensional stability and flexural strength of different light cured tray materials with self-cured tray material as control.Materials and methods: The study was carried out in four groups based on the different available tray materials. Group A (n=30) – light cured resin (Individo Lux-VOCO™ GmbH Germany); Group B (n=30)- light cured resin (Profibase-VOCO™ GmbH Germany); Group C (n=30)- light cured resin (Plaque Photo-Willmann and Pein™ GmbH Germany); Group D (n=30)- control group-self cured resin (Asian special instant tray material Asian Acrylates™, Mumbai, India). A digital micro-meter was used to measure the length of each specimen first at 1 hour, 24 hour and 48 hour and three readings were taken up to 0.001 decimal. The values for flexural strength of each specimen were measured using the 3-point bending technique with the help of a universal testing machine. The mean values of dimensional stability and flexural strength were calculated by the one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test for multiple group`s comparison.Results The mean change in length (in mm) of light cured resins samples were significantly lower than self-cured resin samples at all three time intervals. The flexural strength values of light cured resin samples-Group A (84.46±13.32 N/mm2), B (83.43±14.52 N/mm2) and C (86.80±14.73 N/mm2) was significantly higher than the self-cured resin samples group D (41.29±7.93 N/mm2)Conclusions: Light cured tray materials are more dimensionally stable and have a higher flexural strength compared to self-cured tray materials.
Experience of a Medical Intern in a Secondary Healthcare Hospital in Mexico
Authors: Delgado Sánchez Jonathan Dazaeth
Published: March 2022

In Mexico, medical training is characterized by 4 or 5 years of studies at a university campus, one year of undergraduate internship and one year of social service.  The undergraduate internship is the theoretical-practical academic cycle that takes place in the clinical fields and is part of the curriculum of the medical career.  Normally we expect to be able to choose a hospital with subspecialties or with prestige in our region. But no matter the type of hospital, the important thing is our attitude to work and learn.
Combining Social Betterment and Inclusive Teaching Via Discussion Boards in Basic and Intermediate Statistics
Authors: Phan Ngoc , Luce Crystal , Donovan Courtney
Published: March 2022

To use Statistics and Data Science courses to address social injustice, our methods of teaching must aid in deconstructing oppressive ideologies. To truly facilitate transformative learning, we must start by examining how our pedagogies reinforce dominant narratives and silence marginalized perspectives. This requires intentional reflexive methods to create inclusive spaces where individuals critically engage with the material. Mark, Henry, & Julnes (2000) define Social Betterment as “the reduction or prevention of social problems, the improvement of social conditions, and the alleviation of human suffering.” Inclusive Teaching is a pedagogy that focuses on the needs of all students to support course engagement and includes a range of approaches geared towards creating a space that decenters whiteness in statistics education. We combine these into a framework that encourage transformative discourse in introductory and intermediate statistics courses through application discussions alongside content learning.
Reimagining online statistical education for accelerated teaching and learning; a perspective from West Africa
Authors:   Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Odame Owiredu Emmanuel , Adebanji Atinuke O. ,   Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Published: March 2022

Electronic learning (e-learning) swiftly became the essential mode of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education Institutions had to immediately migrate all in-person classes online. This posed some learning challenges to a lot of students especially those residing in more remote locations with inadequate online learning devices and poor internet facilities This study documents the online learning experiences of some undergraduate Statistics and Actuarial Science students from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, during COVID-19 lockdown. The responses revealed that majority (42.2%) of the students’ preferred in-person learning, some preferred online (18.6%), and hybrid method (39%). Internet access was through MTN (60%), Vodafone (24%) and Airteltigo (14%). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was employed to identify determining factors for student preferred mode of teaching and results showed internet service provider, place of residence, gender and program of study as significant.
Hands-on strategies in statistical literacy or education: effects on the present and future
Authors:   University of Granada, Spain, Mendoza Saboya Liliana Adriana
Published: March 2022

The aim of this research is to identify whether use of playful ways of statistical literacy is related to their perception of using statistics in the present and future. The conceptual framework of literacy and statistical education is reviewed in a non-probabilistic sample is observed, the study population is students and teachers in Colombia. To determine the independence between the variables of the study, Chi2 p-value<0.06 is used, the results are segmented into basic and secondary, rural or urban, Educational Institutions (E. I.), by gender and age. Likewise, a portion of the sample is trained with a logistic regression model to identify the pattern of literate students who are currently using statistics and students who will not continue to study statistics after high school. This will provide clues about the early literacy strategies that can increase the use of statistics in the daily and professional life of Colombians.
Promoting an Interest in Data Science through a Series of Online Workshops
Authors:   Kinnaird College For Women, Lahore, Pakistan, Habibullah Saleha Naghmi
Published: March 2022

In today’s data-rich world, developing countries cannot afford to remain away from the study and practice of data science. This paper presents an account of a series of online workshops initiated by the author in June 2020 from the forum of the Pak Institute of Statistical Training and Research (PISTAR), Lahore, Pakistan, the focus of which has so far been on topics such as ‘Tidyverse’, ‘Machine Learning’ and ‘Data Science Ideas for Aspiring Statistical Consultants’. The once-a-month online workshop series is exciting for the organizers and the participants alike as it is able to attract participants from various continents of the world, particularly from the developing countries. The congenial atmosphere and high-quality content of the workshops have led to confidence-building and trust that has prompted the launch of preparatory sessions which, together with the workshops, are serving as a vehicle for promoting interest in data science.
What meaning do future elementary schoolteachers attach to the numbers that appear in a EUROSTAT database?
Authors:   Autonomous University of Barcelona, Ubilla Francisca M. , Gorgorió Núria ,   Autonomous University of Barcelona
Published: March 2022

If we consider it important to prepare young people to become critical citizens, then we must begin by training teachers to cope with the complexity of databases in order to integrate them as resources for their future teaching. In the context of civic statistics, we carried out an activity structured around the basic cycle of learning from data with a group of first-year students on a primary teacher-training program. The activity was based on data extracted from Eurostat. In this paper, we analyze the way the students identified variables, values and their typology in order to show how they interpreted the “numbers” that appear in the tables, graphs and infographics. We conclude that understanding the numerical representations of civic statistics is a complex task that requires the learning of a decoding process.