bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eine kuriose Debatte wiederholt sich
Authors: Koepp Tabea , Schattka Chris
Published: July 2020

Der Beitrag setzt sich mit der aktuellen Debatte um den sogenannten „Situationismus“ innerhalb der soziologischen Gewaltforschung auseinander. Der Kritik, dass eine mikrosoziologische Perspektive auf Gewalt theoretisch weitgehend kontextblind sei, wird anhand einer Relektüre der einschlägigen Literatur widersprochen. Anstatt die Gräben zu vertiefen, wird für eine kontextsensible Mikrosoziologie der Gewalt plädiert, die auf Basis von detaillierten Rekonstruktionen transsituative Elemente in die Erklärung integriert. Zwei Fallstudien über das Massaker von Srebrenica 1995 sowie die Eskalation der Welcome to Hell-Demonstration in Hamburg 2017 zeigen exemplarisch die Potenziale dieser integrativen Perspektive. Die Fälle verdeutlichen, dass Mythen- und Propagandadiskurse in Konfrontationssituationen aktualisiert und in Form von trainierten Interaktionsritualen zur Gewinnung von emotionaler Dominanz genutzt werden bzw. präsituativ verfestigte Erwartungshaltungen bei Demonstrationen die Eskalationsdynamiken fördern und das Ausbrechen von Gewalt begünstigen.
Situation, Figuration und Gewalt
Authors: Ebner Johannes , Stopfinger Marion
Published: July 2020

In diesem Beitrag werden zwei in der soziologischen Gewaltforschung etablierte Ansätze – die mikrosoziologisch-situationistische Gewalttheorie von Randall Collins und die figurations- bzw. prozesssoziologische Perspektive von Norbert Elias – auf ihre Eignung für die Analyse von sexueller Kriegsgewalt überprüft. Nach einer kurzen Diskussion des Forschungsstandes zu sexueller Kriegsgewalt wird dieses Thema einmal mit Collins und einmal mit Elias beleuchtet. Danach werden die beiden Zugänge einander gegenübergestellt, um Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten herauszuarbeiten. Darauf aufbauend wird versucht, die Fruchtbarkeit eines „pragmatischen Dialoges“ zwischen einem mikro- und einem figurationssoziologisch inspirierten Ansatz auszuloten. Abschließend wird diskutiert, welche Folgerungen sich daraus für die Forschung zu sexueller Kriegsgewalt ergeben.
Komplexe Gewaltprävention
Authors: Staller Mario S. , Körner Swen
Published: July 2020

Maßnahmen zur Gewaltprävention sind wichtige Aspekte zur Reduzierung interindividueller Gewalt. Auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen dienen sie dazu, (a) das Auftreten einer möglichen Gewaltproblematik zu verhindern, (b) mit Gewalt umzugehen, wenn diese unmittelbar bevorsteht oder bereits aufgetreten ist, und (c) ihrem Wiederauftreten vorzubeugen. Evaluationen etablierter Schulungsprogramme zur Gewaltprävention legen nahe, dass teilweise reduktionistische Perspektiven auf Inhalte und angewandte Trainingspädagogiken existieren. Der Beitrag stellt das Konzept der komplexen Gewaltprävention vor und rückt die Komplexität als wesentlichen Bestandteil der Anwendungs- und der Trainingssituation in den Mittelpunkt. Die Komplexität der Gewaltprävention wird auf mehreren Dimensionen und Ebenen theoriegeleitet kartographiert, anhand derer Gewaltpräventionsschulungen reflektiert werden können. Damit leistet das Konzept der komplexen Gewaltprävention einen Beitrag zur reflektierten Praxis in entsprechenden Schulungssettings.
Development of a hand-held magnetic resonance sensor for the nondestructive quantification of fat and lean meat of fresh tuna
Authors: Nakashima Yoshito
Published: July 2020

For the in-situ nondestructive fat quantification of fresh tuna meat, an original lightweight (5.7 kg) hand-held sensor that consists of a planar radio-frequency coil and a single-sided magnetic circuit was developed as a subunit of a time-domain proton magnetic resonance (MR) scanner system. The investigation depth of the sensor unit is 12 mm, which is sufficient to probe the meat section beneath thick skin with scales and the underlying subcutaneous fat layer of large fish such as tuna. The scanner was successfully applied in a laboratory to a fillet of a bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) to measure meat sections 12 mm beneath the skin. The required measurement time was 100 s for each section. The results of MR scan at 11 locations on the fillet were compared with those of conventional destructive food analysis. Reasonable agreement with an error (root-mean-square residual) of as small as 1.8 wt% was obtained for fat quantification. The time-domain MR relaxometry for the same tuna fillet also allowed lean meat quantification with a small root-mean-square residual of 6.7 wt%.
Patient-reported outcomes and psycho-oncological screening in hematology: a practical example of routine electronic monitoring
Authors: Lehmann Jens , Wintner Lisa M. , Sztankay Monika , Willenbacher Wolfgang , Weger Roman , Weyrer Walpurga , Rumpold Gerhard , Holzner Bernhard
Published: July 2020

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have gained increasing importance in oncology. PROs can supplement medical treatment with important information about the patient’s quality of life (QoL), which is typically assessed using standardized questionnaires. PROs capture the symptomatology and functional impairments as perceived by the patient without further interpretation by another party. In this article, we describe how routinely assessed electronic PROs (ePROs) at the outpatient unit of the Department of Hematology Innsbruck complement the Austrian Myeloma Registry (AMR) and clinical routine. There is a broad body of literature showing that ePRO assessments can supplement patient–physician contact and help focus communication on clinically relevant issues that matter for the patient. Based on ePRO results, physicians can initiate clinical action such as referring patients to psycho-oncological treatment. Electronic PRO assessments might facilitate communication between healthcare providers among themselves but also between healthcare providers and patients, and make it possible to incorporate the patients’ point of view into treatment in a standardized way. The example depicted herein demonstrates how ePRO assessments can be integrated and used in routine monitoring and for psycho-oncological screening.
Effects of production, PVT and pipe roughness on multiphase flow correlations in gas wells
Authors: Abd El-Moniem Mohamed A. , El-Banbi Ahmed H.
Published: July 2020

The importance of gas production has increased as gas represents a clean source of energy. We studied different multiphase flow correlations for gas wells. We collected large database for bottomhole flowing pressure for different flow conditions and well configurations. In total, 32 gas wells were selected and our target was to study the effect of multiphase flow correlations input parameters on the accuracy of the predicted pressure drop. Several important multiphase correlations input parameters were selected for this study. These include condensate to gas ratio (CGR) and water to gas ratio (WGR) which represent the production conditions, API and specific gravity of surface gas (Ɣg) which represent PVT properties and the tubing roughness (ε) which represents the tubing condition. Our method was based on changing the values of these selected parameters by a percentage from its original value and determining the new predicted bottomhole flowing pressure. Consequently, we determined the new error compared to the actual measured bottomhole pressure. We performed 352 cases, and we could obtain the effect of the different parameters on both pressure drop calculations and the selection of the best correlation. Guidelines were developed to explain which parameters are more important to be measured accurately for different conditions.
Assessment of clay materials for suitability in drilling mud formulation from part of Ondo State, South-West Nigeria
Authors: Anthony Ameloko Aduojo , Esther Ogologo Chinonso , Chris Daramola Olakunle , Oni Babalola Aisosa
Published: July 2020

Bentonite used for drilling operations in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria is mainly imported into the country. This project evaluated the efficiency of additives and their function in enhancing the rheological and flow properties of local bentonite clay, obtained from Ibule-soro in Ondo State, Nigeria. X-Ray diffraction analysis of clay samples from previous research around the study area indicated large amount of silica, alumina, and iron contents suggesting that the clays were kaolinite in nature. The clay samples were analyzed for their rheological properties and subsequently compared with the imported bentonite with American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications as standard. The results obtained showed that the local bentonite exhibited low viscosity and high filtration loss. Therefore, to enhance the quality of the clay, it was beneficiated with sodium carbonate ($${\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{CO}}_{3}$$

Na
2

CO
3

) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Seven different formulations were made: (20 g of Imported bentonite), (20 g of local Bentonite Clay), (20 g of local Bentonite Clay + 3.3 g of $${\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{CO}}_{3}$$

Na
2

CO
3

 + 10 g of CMC), (25 g of local Bentonite Clay + 4.2 g of $${\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{CO}}_{3}$$

Na
2

CO
3

 + 10 g of CMC), (30 g of local Bentonite Clay + 5.0 g of $${\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{CO}}_{3}$$

Na
2

CO
3

 + 10 g of CMC), (35 g of local Bentonite Clay + 5.8 g of $${\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{CO}}_{3}$$

Na
2

CO
3

 + 10 g of CMC), and (40 g of local Bentonite Clay + 6.7 g of $${\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{CO}}_{3}$$

Na
2

CO
3

 + 10 g of CMC).The addition of additives (CMC and $${\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{CO}}_{3}$$

Na
2

CO
3

) reduced the calcium content via the cation exchange process and enhanced the rheological properties of the mud samples. The research work revealed that beneficiation of local bentonite with sodium carbonate, the addition of polymer (CMC), and an increase in clay concentration influenced the rheological and flow properties of mud samples. With proper beneficiation of local bentonite in Nigeria, they can be made suitable for drilling operations in the oil and gas industry.
Sleep Disorders and Headache: A Review of Correlation and Mutual Influence
Authors: Korabelnikova Elena A. , Danilov Alexey B. , Danilov Andrey B. , Vorobyeva Yulia D. , Latysheva Nina V. , Artemenko Ada R.
Published: July 2020

The review is devoted to the complex relationship between headache and sleep disorders. The shared neuroanatomical structures of the nervous system involved in pain perception and sleep are shown, and mechanisms of comorbidity between headaches and sleep disorders are considered. Various types of headaches in the continuum of the sleep–wake cycle are described. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to treatment are examined in detail, with the biochemical basis of the drug action.
Combining Life Cycle Assessment and Manufacturing System Simulation: Evaluating Dynamic Impacts from Renewable Energy Supply on Product-Specific Environmental Footprints
Authors: Rödger Jan-Markus , Beier Jan , Schönemann Malte , Schulze Christine , Thiede Sebastian , Bey Niki , Herrmann Christoph , Hauschild Michael Z.
Published: July 2020

The eco-efficiency of actual production processes is still one dominating research area in engineering. However, neglecting the environmental impacts of production equipment, technical building services and energy supply might lead to sub-optimization or burden-shifting and thus reduced effectiveness. As an established method used in sustainability management, Life Cycle Assessment aims at calculating the environmental impacts from all life cycle stages of a product or system. In order to cope with shortcomings of the static character of life cycle models and data gaps this approach combines Life Cycle Assessment with manufacturing system simulation. Therefore, the two life cycles of product and production system are merged to assess environmental sustainability on product level. Manufacturing simulation covers the production system and Life Cycle Assessment is needed to relate the results to the final product. This combined approach highlights the influences from dynamic effects in manufacturing systems on resulting life cycle impact from both product and production system. Furthermore, the importance of considering indirect peripheral equipment and its effects on the manufacturing system operation in terms of output and energy demands is underlined. The environmental flows are converted into impacts for the five recommended environmental impact categories. Thus, it can be demonstrate that Life Cycle Assessment can enhance the process simulation and help identify hot-spots along the life cycle. The combined methodology is applied for analysing a case study in fourteen scenarios for the integration of volatile energy sources into energy flexible manufacturing control.
Artificial inoculation methods for testing microorganisms as control agents of seed- and soil-borne Fusarium-seedling blight of maize
Authors: Koch Eckhard , Zink Petra , Pfeiffer Tobias , von Galen Astrid , Linkies Ada , Drechsel Jannika , Birr Tim
Published: July 2020

The study describes the development and employment of plant tests based on artificial inoculation of seeds or the potting substrate for evaluating the potential of microorganisms to control seedling blight of maize caused by seed- and soil-borne fusaria. Nine strains of Fusarium were isolated from maize kernels and identified morphologically and by molecular methods as belonging to the species Fusarium verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. cerealis, F. poae and F. proliferatum. In order to determine pathogenicity, maize kernels were inoculated by immersion in suspensions of conidia of these isolates and sown in a pasteurized substrate in seed trays. Based on plant dry weight, the isolates of F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans were more pathogenic than the other isolates. Using an isolate of F. subglutinans, the efficacy of a set of 25 potential fungal and bacterial antagonists was assessed using inoculation of maize kernels by placement in mixtures of the pathogen and the antagonists. The results obtained with this methodology indicate the potential of a number of different microorganisms applied as seed treatments, including some reported previously as biocontrol agents, to control seed-borne seedling blight of maize. In order to develop a method for the testing of biocontrol agents against soil-borne attack, isolates of F. subglutinans, F. cerealis and F poae from maize kernels together with isolates of F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum originating from maize silage and wheat were used to artificially inoculate the potting substrate. The results showed large differences in pathogenicity, with the most aggressive isolates belonging to F. culmorum and F. graminearum.
Lit from Within: First-Person Thought and Illusions of Transcendence
Authors: Salje Léa
Published: July 2020

Philosophical treatments of the self in a range of different traditions have positioned it outside the realm of ordinary worldly objects. This paper argues that part of the explanation for this seemingly widespread and persistent temptation to mystify the self is that the epistemic properties ofI-thought are apt to give rise to an illusion of transcendence about their objects—that is, about ourselves.
Children in hoarded homes: A call for protection, prevention, intervention and compassionate care
Authors: Chabaud Suzanne
Published: July 2020

This is a call for action to protect and assist children of hoarding parents. Action that minimises harm to children living in hoarded homes also promotes family safety and health. Optimal care involves the whole family system, both children and parents. Prevention of harm through early identification and intervention for hoarding can reduce the burden of a disorder that often increases in severity over a lifetime and deprives humans of a full and safe life. Helping children and their parents severely affected by hoarding disorder is for the public good. Public policy and funded programmes can reduce long-term and immense costs to children, families and the many systems hoarding affects. Specifically, public policy can facilitate and fund outreach, education, coordination of providers of health, social and public services, and research-driven methods for assessment and intervention on behalf of children, individuals and families. Releasing people from the grips of hoarding disorder can enable them to devote generative resources to themselves, their families and their communities. Ultimately, prevention of hoarding through early assessment and intervention for minors and young adults is the most efficient, long-term and cost-effective method for minimising harm. When unidentified, hoarding disorder intensifies, people go into hiding, risk increases and opportunity for detection and intervention decreases. Informing the public about hoarding disorder must be followed with sufficient resources to address it, otherwise, helplessness ensues, and people will likely remain in the hidden world it governs.
Optimizing lightweight structures with particle damping using frequency based substructuring
Authors: Oltmann J. , Hartwich T. , Krause D.
Published: July 2020

In many cases, the use of damping technologies is the only option to reduce undesired vibrations. Despite various damping techniques available on the market, the design of a precise damping behaviour still needs a lot of experimental testing and engineering experience. This is also the case for particle damping. However, for lightweight structures, technologies such as particle damping provide an opportunity to improve the structural dynamic behaviour without a large mass gain. With respect to this conflict, a hybrid numerical and experimental design approach is presented based on frequency based substructuring (FBS). With this technique, the use of experimental data for design optimization is possible and detailed modelling of the nonlinear particle damping system can be avoided. Moreover, based on the FBS, an approach to optimize damping and weight is proposed. All results are compared to experiments, and a subsequent discussion shows that the predictions for particle damping with FBS are accurate for defined operating points from which realistic designs can be derived. Generally, it is shown that methodical design approaches may strongly improve not only product development processes but also structural mechanical design.
Revealing insights of users’ perception: an approach to evaluate wearable products based on emotions
Authors: Liao Ting , Tanner Kesler , MacDonald Erin Faith
Published: July 2020

The wearable product market is growing rapidly and is full of products with similar functions and features. Engaging users at an emotional level may be the key to differentiating a product and encouraging long-term use. While researchers have proposed various design approaches to realize design qualities for wearable devices, emotional needs are often extracted by analysis-heavy methods and disconnected in the design process. To bridge this gap, we developed a new approach that uses a two-axis interactive collage tool for users to compare and evaluate wearable products with targeted emotion-related descriptive words. This approach enabled designers to explore how users perceive products and identify types of emotions that were associated with users’ preferences for and perception of the product’s form and visible characteristics. The example study demonstrated this approach by exploring the relationships between product characteristics and design goals, such as user comfort, user delight, and perceived product usefulness. The results showed that products that resemble clothing were perceived as more delightful and comfortable. The approach can be further used to explore other design concepts or goals.
Using three-dimensional geometric morphometric and dental topographic analyses to infer the systematics and paleoecology of fossil treeshrews (Mammalia, Scandentia)
Authors: Selig Keegan R. , Sargis Eric J. , Chester Stephen G.B. , Silcox Mary T.
Published: July 2020

Treeshrews are small, Indomalayan mammals closely related to primates. Previously, three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses were used to assess patterns of treeshrew lower second molar morphology, which showed that the positions of molar landmarks covary with intraordinal systematics. Another analysis used dental topographic metrics to test patterns of functional dental morphology and found that molar curvature, complexity, and relief were an effective means for examining patterns of variation in treeshrew dietary ecology. Here, we build on these analyses by adding two fossil taxa,Prodendrogale yunnanicaQiu, 1986 from the Miocene of China andPtilocercus kylinLi and Ni, 2016 from the Oligocene of China. Our results show thatPr. yunnanicahad a dental bauplan more like that of a tupaiid than that of a ptilocercid, but that the extant tupaiids, includingTupaiaandDendrogale, are more similar to one another in this regard than any are toProdendrogale.This is contrary to our expectations asProdendrogaleis hypothesized to be most closely related toDendrogale. Ptilocercus kylin,which has been proposed to be the sister taxon ofPt. lowiiGray, 1848, is characterized by dental morphology like that ofPt. lowiiin crest and cuspal position but is interpreted to have been more frugivorous. It has been claimed thatPtilocercushas undergone little morphological change through time. Our results suggest thatPt. kylinwas more ecologically distinct fromPt. lowiithan previously proposed, providing a glimpse into a more complex evolutionary history of the group than had been inferred.
NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PAINTED CRUCIFIX ATTRIBUTED TO ANTONIO DE SALIBA, IN THE V&A MUSEUM, LONDON
Authors: Vella Charlene
Published: July 2020

The V&A is home to a painted crucifix that has been attributed to the Sicilian master, Antonio de Saliba (c1466/7–c1535), who was active in Venice and eastern Sicily during the Renaissance. This paper takes a fresh look at the documentary sources that were published before the devastating earthquake that struck Messina, in the north west of Sicily, in 1908. In re-examining these sources, this paper reveals new insights into Antonio de Saliba’s oeuvre and enables a possible identification of the V&A’s painted crucifix with a specific contractual agreement that links this crucifix’s commission to the artist – specifically with a commission de Saliba received in 1508 from Limina, a small town in the province of Messina. The roots of this provincial commission would explain the persistence of a retardataire production visible in this early sixteenth-century painted crucifix. This paper also challenges the preconceived idea that such painted crucifixes were destined to be displayed high up in a church, on atramezzoor beam.
Why Semmelweis's doctrine was rejected: evidence from the first publication of his results by Friedrich Wieger, and an editorial commenting on the results
Authors: KADAR NICHOLAS , CROFT RUSSELL D.
Published: July 2020

We present English translations of two French documents to show that the main reason for the rejection of Semmelweis's theory of the cause of childbed (puerperal) fever was because his proof relied on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, and not because Joseph Skoda referred only to cadaveric particles as the cause in his lecture to the Academy of Science on Semmelweis's discovery. Friedrich Wieger (1821–1890), an obstetrician from Strasbourg, published an accurate account of Semmelweis's theory six months before Skoda's lecture, and reported a case in which the causative agent originated from a source other than cadavers. Wieger also presented data showing that chlorine hand disinfection reduced the annual maternal mortality rate from childbed fever (MMR) from more than 7 per cent for the years 1840–1846 to 1.27 per cent in 1848, the first full year in which chlorine hand disinfection was practised. But an editorial in the Gazette médicale de Paris rejected the data as proof of the effectiveness of chlorine hand disinfection, stating that the fact that the MMR fell after chlorine hand disinfection was implemented did not mean that this innovation had caused the MMR to fall. This previously unrecognized objection to Semmelweis's proof was also the reason why Semmelweis's chief rejected Semmelweis's evidence.
An early-life diet containing large phospholipid-coated lipid globules programmes later-life postabsorptive lipid trafficking in high-fat diet- but not in low-fat diet-fed mice
Authors: Ronda Onne A. H. O. , van de Heijning Bert J. M. , Martini Ingrid A. , Koehorst Martijn , Havinga Rick , Jurdzinski Angelika , Bloks Vincent W. , van Dijk Theo H. , van der Beek Eline M. , Kuipers Folkert , Verkade Henkjan J.
Published: July 2020

Feeding mice in early life a diet containing an experimental infant milk formula (Nuturis®; eIMF), with a lipid structure similar to human milk, transiently lowered body weight (BW) and fat mass gain upon Western-style diet later in life, when compared with mice fed diets based on control IMF (cIMF). We tested the hypothesis that early-life eIMF feeding alters the absorption or the postabsorptive trafficking of dietary lipids in later life. Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice were fed eIMF/cIMF from postnatal day 16–42, followed by low- (LFD, American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93 G, 7 wt% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD, D12451, 24 wt% fat) until day 63–70. Lipid absorption rate and tissue concentrations were determined after intragastric administration of stable isotope (2H or 13C) labelled lipids in separate groups. Lipid enrichments in plasma and tissues were analysed using GC-MS. The rate of triolein absorption was similar between eIMF and cIMF fed LFD: 3·2 (sd 1·8) and 3·9 (sd 2·1) and HFD: 2·6 (sd 1·7) and 3·8 (sd 3·0) % dose/ml per h. Postabsorptive lipid trafficking, that is, concentrations of absorbed lipids in tissues, was similar in the eIMF and cIMF groups after LFD. Tissue levels of absorbed TAG after HFD feeding were lower in heart (–42 %) and liver (–46 %), and higher in muscle (+81 %, all P < 0·05) in eIMF-fed mice. In conclusion, early-life IMF diet affected postabsorptive trafficking of absorbed lipids after HFD, but not LFD. Changes in postabsorptive lipid trafficking could underlie the observed lower BW and body fat accumulation in later life upon a persistent long-term obesogenic challenge.
A systematic review of the use of the Satiety Quotient
Authors: Fillon A. , Beaulieu K. , Mathieu M. E. , Tremblay A. , Boirie Y. , Drapeau V. , Thivel D.
Published: July 2020

The satiating efficiency of food has been increasingly quantified using the Satiety Quotient (SQ). The SQ integrates both the energy content of food ingested during a meal and the associated change in appetite sensations. This systematic review examines the available evidence regarding its methodological use and clinical utility. A literature search was conducted in six databases considering studies from 1900 to April 2020 that used SQ in adults, adolescents and children. All study designs were included. From the initial 495 references found, fifty-two were included. Of the studies included, thirty-three were acute studies (twenty-nine in adults and four in adolescents) and nineteen were longitudinal studies in adults. A high methodological heterogeneity in the application of the SQ was observed between studies. Five main utilisations of the SQ were identified: its association with (i) energy intake; (ii) anthropometric variables; (iii) energy expenditure/physical activity; (iv) sleep quality and quantity and (v) to classify individuals by their satiety responsiveness (i.e. low and high satiety phenotypes). Altogether, the studies suggest the SQ as an interesting clinical tool regarding the satiety responsiveness to a meal and its changes in responses to weight loss in adults. The SQ might be a reliable clinical indicator in adults when it comes to both obesity prevention and treatment. There is a need for more standardised use of the SQ in addition to further studies to investigate its validity in different contexts and populations, especially among children and adolescents.
CLOSED IDEALS AND LIE IDEALS OF MINIMAL TENSOR PRODUCT OF CERTAIN C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: TALWAR BHARAT , JAIN RANJANA
Published: July 2020

For a locally compact Hausdorff spaceXand aC*-algebraAwith only finitely many closed ideals, we discuss a characterization of closed ideals ofC0(X,A) in terms of closed ideals ofAand a class of closed subspaces ofX. We further use this result to prove that a closed ideal ofC0(X)⊗minAis a finite sum of product ideals. We also establish that for a unitalC*-algebraA,C0(X,A) has the centre-quotient property if and only ifAhas the centre-quotient property. As an application, we characterize the closed Lie ideals ofC0(X,A) and identify all the closed Lie ideals ofHC0(X)⊗minB(H),Hbeing a separable Hilbert space.
PERMISSION TO ACT: THE LEGAL CHARACTER OF GENERAL AND SECURITY EXCEPTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT LAW
Authors: Henckels Caroline
Published: July 2020

The dyadic rule–exception structure common to many legal systems has posed particular interpretive difficulties in international trade and investment law. Adjudicators have interpreted general and security exceptions in GATT, GATS and cognate provisions of investment treaties in divergent ways, and the analytic character of these provisions is under-theorised in the literature. This article argues that we should understand exceptions from a deontological perspective as permissions that affirm governmental regulatory capacity and thus limit the scope of the commands set out in the treaty. This characterisation of exceptions has both symbolic and practical implications, of which this article discusses two: determining the exception's applicability as a preliminary matter rather than as a defence, which would in turn permit consideration of regulatory purpose at the point of obligation; and whether the applicability of an exception is properly a question of merits or jurisdiction.
THE NEGOTIATIONS FOR A NEW IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT UNDER THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA CONCERNING MARINE BIODIVERSITY
Authors: Papastavridis Efthymios
Published: July 2020

This article discusses the current negotiations for an Implementing Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. It discusses, in particular, the issue of the relationship of the new agreement with existing and future relevant regional instruments and bodies and the need for cooperation and coordination amongst them, the guiding principles of the new agreement, and the question of implementation and enforcement of the new agreement. These issues and the choices that delegations will make respectively highlight the controversy on the underpinning tenet of the agreement, ie between the ‘freedom of the high seas’ and the common heritage of mankind. The article concludes with a pessimistic prognosis that, in general, the agreement will fall short of the expectations that many States and international community have had at the early days of the negotiation.
Specialized-domain grammars and the architecture of grammars: Possession in Oneida
Authors: KOENIG JEAN-PIERRE , MICHELSON KARIN
Published: July 2020

This paper describes the grammar of possession in Oneida (Northern Iroquoian), a case where domain-specific syntax permeates disparate areas of the grammar (referencing of semantic arguments, noun incorporation, expression of quantity, and negation). In each of these other areas, something unique must be stated, but some of what is special to possession is also shared across two or more of these areas. We describe this interesting mix of general and specific constraints in terms of a metaphor originally applied by Lévi-Strauss to the construction of myths, ‘bricolage’ (tinkering). We suggest the notion of bricolage aptly captures the properties of Oneida words that include a relation of possession. This novel way of conceiving of grammar of specialized domains is an alternative to the view where only general/universal, possibly parametrized, principles are countenanced.
Selective amplification of the chirped attosecond pulses produced from relativistic electron mirrors
Authors: Tan F. , Wang S. Y. , Zhang B. , Zhang Z. M. , Zhu B. , Wu Y. C. , Yu M. H. , Yang Y. , Li G. , Zhang T. K. , Yan Y. H. , Lu F. , Fan W. , Zhou W. M. , Gu Y. Q.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, the generation of relativistic electron mirrors (REM) and the reflection of an ultra-short laser off the mirrors are discussed, applying two-dimension particle-in-cell simulations. REMs with ultra-high acceleration and expanding velocity can be produced from a solid nanofoil illuminated normally by an ultra-intense femtosecond laser pulse with a sharp rising edge. Chirped attosecond pulse can be produced through the reflection of a counter-propagating probe laser off the accelerating REM. In the electron moving frame, the plasma frequency of the REM keeps decreasing due to its rapid expansion. The laser frequency, on the contrary, keeps increasing due to the acceleration of REM and the relativistic Doppler shift from the lab frame to the electron moving frame. Within an ultra-short time interval, the two frequencies will be equal in the electron moving frame, which leads to the resonance between laser and REM. The reflected radiation near this interval and corresponding spectra will be amplified due to the resonance. Through adjusting the arriving time of the probe laser, a certain part of the reflected field could be selectively amplified or depressed, leading to the selective adjustment of the corresponding spectra.
Homogeneity and heterogeneity in the pronunciation of English among Ugandans
Authors: Adokorach Monica , Isingoma Bebwa
Published: July 2020

English is an official language in Uganda and is said to be in its nativization phase when placed within Schneider's (2007) model of the trajectorial development of Englishes (Isingoma & Meierkord, 2019). In the present study, we delineate the general features of the Ugandan accent of English (i.e. those that cut across regional or ethnic boundaries) as well as features that evince variability among Ugandans due to regional or ethnic background. The first description of the phonological features of the variety of English spoken in Uganda is included in Fisher's (2000) seminal paper on this L2 (second language) variety of English. Another description of these features is found in Nassenstein (2016). Both Fisher (2000) and Nassenstein (2016) provide a short section, outlining the features which are similar to the general features of L2 Englishes, notably the restructuring of the phonemic system, e.g. /a/ replacing /ɜ:, ɑ:, ʌ, ə/ and the free variation of [l] and [r], although the latter occurs regionally (see similar findings on L2 varieties of English in Bailey & Görlach [eds.] 1984; Platt, Weber & Ho, 1984; Schmied, 1991; Simo-Bobda, 2000; Atechi, 2004; Schneider et al. [eds.], 2004; Tsilimos, 2018; among others). Additionally, Simo-Bobda (2001) and Schmied (2004) describe more or less the same features but in a more detailed way under the label ‘East African English’ (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). Schmied (2004) posits three reasons that underlie the features in question: substrate influence, simplification and spelling pronunciation. To these studies, we add a more focused study on one particular aspect of the Ugandan accent(s) of English, namely by Meierkord (2016), who looks at diphthongs and how they are realized by speakers of different L1s. Her findings demonstrate variability but also convergence in the idiomorphic pronunciation of diphthongs by Ugandans.
Optimal cut-off points for waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome in Chile
Authors: Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Martínez-Sanguinetti María Adela , Ho Frederick K , Celis-Morales Carlos , Pizarro Alonso
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To identify sex-specific cut-off points for waist circumference (WC) in the definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) for the Chilean adult population.

Design:

MetS was defined as the presence of at least two out of four of the following criteria: TAG ≥1·7 mmol/l; HDL-cholesterol: <1·3 mmol/l in women and <1·0 mmol/l in men; systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg; and fasting glucose ≥ 5·6 mmol/l or current treatment for diabetes. The receiver operating characteristics curve and the AUC were computed to derive the specificity and sensitivity using bootstrapping (10 000 iterations restricted to have at least between 40 and 60 % of the original population). The optimal cut-off point for the Chilean population was computed by sex.

Setting:

A representative sample of the Chilean population aged ≥15 years.

Participants:

8182 participants (60 % women) from the three available Chilean National Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2009–2010 and 2016–2017.

Results:

WC had a good predictive ability for MetS (AUC for men 0·74 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·76); AUC for women 0·71 (95 % CI 0·68, 0·73)). The optimal cut-off points for WC, in the definition of MetS, were 92·3 cm (95 % CI 90·5, 94·4) and 87·6 cm (95 % CI 85·8, 92·1) for men and women, respectively.

Conclusions:

The mentioned cut-off points should be used for WC in the definition of MetS in Chile. As a result, the current recommendation (WHO/International Diabetes Federation) for WC, in the identification of MetS, is not supported by these findings in a representative sample of the Chilean adult population.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Characterisation of the Sp2 Bonding Fraction Within Carbon Thin Films.
Authors: Papworth AJ , Kiely CJ , Silva SRP , Amaratunga GAJ
Published: July 2020

Electron energy loss spectroscopy is the only direct technique that can semi-quantitatively determine the nature of the bonding in carbon thin films. To quantify the sp2/sp3 bonding fraction, the spectrum taken from the film must be compared to that of a suitable known standard. The bonding fraction can be analysed by studying the K ionisation edge in the electron energy loss spectrum. A method for quantifying the sp2 bonding fraction in an amorphous carbon film has been described by Berger et al (1988), where the area of peak of the film is compared with that of graphite. The principle of quantifying the edge structure is to obtain a ratio of the two peak areas using the following formula, (1), where fπis the ratio between the two π* peaks, Iπ. is the integral of the transition, and ΔE is the integrated counts for the normalising energy window. The superscripts s and u denote the standard and unknown spectra respectively.
STRATEGIC CUSTOMERS IN MARKOVIAN QUEUES WITH VACATIONS AND SYNCHRONIZED ABANDONMENT
Authors: PANDA GOPINATH , GOSWAMI VEENA
Published: July 2020

We study impatient customers’ joining strategies in a single-server Markovian queue with synchronized abandonment and multiple vacations. Customers receive the system information upon arrival, and decide whether to join or balk, based on a linear reward-cost structure under the acquired information. Waiting customers are served in a first-come-first-serve discipline, and no service is rendered during vacation. Server’s vacation becomes the cause of impatience for the waiting customers, which leads to synchronous abandonment at the end of vacation. That is, customers consider simultaneously but independent of others, whether to renege the system or to remain. We are interested to study the effect of both information and reneging choice on the balking strategies of impatient customers. We examine the customers’ equilibrium and socially optimal balking strategies under four cases of information: fully/almost observable and fully/almost unobservable cases, assuming the linear reward-cost structure. We compare the social benefits under all the information policies.
SHIFTED COISOTROPIC CORRESPONDENCES
Authors: Haugseng Rune , Melani Valerio , Safronov Pavel
Published: July 2020

We define (iterated) coisotropic correspondences between derived Poisson stacks, and construct symmetric monoidal higher categories of derived Poisson stacks, where the$i$-morphisms are given by$i$-fold coisotropic correspondences. Assuming an expected equivalence of different models of higher Morita categories, we prove that all derived Poisson stacks are fully dualizable and so determine framed extended TQFTs by the Cobordism Hypothesis. Along the way, we also prove that the higher Morita category of$E_{n}$-algebras with respect to coproducts is equivalent to the higher category of iterated cospans.
Demography of Anglicans in Sub-Saharan Africa: Estimating the Population of Anglicans in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: McKinnon Andrew
Published: July 2020

There is an emerging debate about the growth of Anglicanism in sub-Saharan Africa. With this debate in mind, this paper uses four statistically representative surveys of sub-Saharan Africa to estimate the relative and absolute number who identify as Anglican in five countries: Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. The results for Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania are broadly consistent with previous scholarly assessments. The findings on Nigeria and Uganda, the two largest provinces, are likely to be more controversial. The evidence from statistically representative surveys finds that the claims often made of the Church of Nigeria consisting of ‘over 18 million’ exceedingly unlikely; the best statistical estimate is that under 8 million Nigerians identify as Anglican. The evidence presented here shows that Uganda (rather than Nigeria) has the strongest claim to being the largest province in Africa in terms of those who identify as Anglican, and is larger than is usually assumed. Evidence from the Ugandan Census of Populations and Households, however, also suggests the proportion of Ugandans that identify as Anglican is in decline, even if absolute numbers have been growing, driven by population growth.
Mars 2020 Team Using Australian Rocks in Search for Life on Mars
Authors: Brown A. , Viviano C. , Goudge T.
Published: July 2020

Scientists are investigating evidence of ancient terrestrial microbes preserved in Australia as well as mineral maps derived from Mars orbiter data to shed light on how to search for life on Mars.
Prolonged avoidance training exacerbates OCD-like behaviors in a rodent model
Authors: Martínez-Rivera Freddyson J. , Sánchez-Navarro Marcos J. , Huertas-Pérez Carlos I. , Greenberg Benjamin D. , Rasmussen Steven A. , Quirk Gregory J.
Published: July 2020

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by compulsive behaviors that often resemble avoidance of perceived danger. OCD can be treated with exposure-with-response prevention (ERP) therapy in which patients are exposed to triggers but are encouraged to refrain from compulsions, to extinguish compulsive responses. The compulsions of OCD are strengthened by many repeated exposures to triggers, but little is known about the effects of extended repetition of avoidance behaviors on extinction. Here we assessed the extent to which overtraining of active avoidance affects subsequent extinction-with-response prevention (Ext-RP) as a rodent model of ERP, in which rats are extinguished to triggers, while the avoidance option is prevented. Male rats conditioned for 8d or 20d produced similar avoidance behavior to a tone paired with a shock, however, the 20d group showed a severe impairment of extinction during Ext-RP, as well as heightened anxiety. Furthermore, the majority of overtrained (20d) rats (75%) exhibited persistent avoidance following Ext-RP. In the 8d group, only a minority of rats (37%) exhibited persistent avoidance, and this was associated with elevated activity (c-Fos) in the prelimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens. In the 20d group, the minority of non-persistent rats (25%) showed elevated activity in the insular-orbital cortex and paraventricular thalamus. Lastly, extending the duration of Ext-RP prevented the deleterious effects of overtraining on extinction and avoidance. These rodent findings suggest that repeated expression of compulsion-like behaviors biases individuals toward persistent avoidance and alters avoidance circuits, thereby reducing the effectiveness of current extinction-based therapies.
Ultra-fast vortex motion in a direct-write Nb-C superconductor
Authors: Dobrovolskiy O. V. , Vodolazov D. Yu , Porrati F. , Sachser R. , Bevz V. M. , Mikhailov M. Yu , Chumak A. V. , Huth M.
Published: July 2020

The ultra-fast dynamics of superconducting vortices harbors rich physics generic to nonequilibrium collective systems. The phenomenon of flux-flow instability (FFI), however, prevents its exploration and sets practical limits for the use of vortices in various applications. To suppress the FFI, a superconductor should exhibit a rarely achieved combination of properties: weak volume pinning, close-to-depairing critical current, and fast heat removal from heated electrons. Here, we demonstrate experimentally ultra-fast vortex motion at velocities of 10–15 km s−1 in a directly written Nb-C superconductor with a close-to-perfect edge barrier. The spatial evolution of the FFI is described using the edge-controlled FFI model, implying a chain of FFI nucleation points along the sample edge and their development into self-organized Josephson-like junctions (vortex rivers). In addition, our results offer insights into the applicability of widely used FFI models and suggest Nb-C to be a good candidate material for fast single-photon detectors.
TMEM16K is an interorganelle regulator of endosomal sorting
Authors: Petkovic Maja , Oses-Prieto Juan , Burlingame Alma , Jan Lily Yeh , Jan Yuh Nung
Published: July 2020

Communication between organelles is essential for their cellular homeostasis. Neurodegeneration reflects the declining ability of neurons to maintain cellular homeostasis over a lifetime, where the endolysosomal pathway plays a prominent role by regulating protein and lipid sorting and degradation. Here we report that TMEM16K, an endoplasmic reticulum lipid scramblase causative for spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAR10), is an interorganelle regulator of the endolysosomal pathway. We identify endosomal transport as a major functional cluster of TMEM16K in proximity biotinylation proteomics analyses. TMEM16K forms contact sites with endosomes, reconstituting split-GFP with the small GTPase RAB7. Our study further implicates TMEM16K lipid scrambling activity in endosomal sorting at these sites. Loss of TMEM16K function led to impaired endosomal retrograde transport and neuromuscular function, one of the symptoms of SCAR10. Thus, TMEM16K-containing ER-endosome contact sites represent clinically relevant platforms for regulating endosomal sorting.
Subsurface chemical nanoidentification by nano-FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Mester Lars , Govyadinov Alexander A. , Chen Shu , Goikoetxea Monika , Hillenbrand Rainer
Published: July 2020

Nano-FTIR spectroscopy based on Fourier transform infrared near-field spectroscopy allows for label-free chemical nanocharacterization of organic and inorganic composite surfaces. The potential capability for subsurface material analysis, however, is largely unexplored terrain. Here, we demonstrate nano-FTIR spectroscopy of subsurface organic layers, revealing that nano-FTIR spectra from thin surface layers differ from that of subsurface layers of the same organic material. Further, we study the correlation of various nano-FTIR peak characteristics and establish a simple and robust method for distinguishing surface from subsurface layers without the need of theoretical modeling or simulations (provided that chemically induced spectral modifications are not present). Our experimental findings are confirmed and explained by a semi-analytical model for calculating nano-FTIR spectra of multilayered organic samples. Our results are critically important for the interpretation of nano-FTIR spectra of multilayer samples, particularly to avoid that geometry-induced spectral peak shifts are explained by chemical effects.