bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF DETERMINING NITROGEN FRACTIONS IN SOILS
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Sowden F. J.
Published: March 2010

The ammonia, hexosamine, and amino acid nitrogen fractions of soil hydrolyzates were determined with the Technicon autoanalyzer and the results compared with those from other more rapid methods of analysis. Ammonia determination by steam distillation agreed well with that by the autoanalyzer. Amino acid nitrogen, as determined by direct color development with ninhydrin and as ammonia after ninhydrin oxidation, agreed well with total amino acid nitrogen. Steam distillation was not a very satisfactory method of determining hexosamine nitrogen, probably because it was determined by difference between total distillable and distillable ammonia and the hexosamine nitrogen was small relative to the total nitrogen distilled.The soils tested contained approximately 20% acid-insoluble nitrogen. The acid hydrolyzate contained approximately 36% of total soil nitrogen as amino acid nitrogen, about 22% as ammonia nitrogen, and about 4% as hexosamine nitrogen. Approximately 20% of the soil nitrogen appeared in the hydrolyzate in a soluble form which was not identified by the methods used. A method is proposed which appears suitable for routine analysis of the nitrogen fractions of soils.
DITHIONITE- AND OXALATE-EXTRACTABLE Fe AND Al AS AIDS IN DIFFERENTIATING VARIOUS CLASSES OF SOILS
Authors: McKeague J. A. , Day J. H.
Published: March 2010

Iron and aluminum were determined in acid ammonium oxalate extracts and in dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate extracts of a wide range of Canadian soils, several oxide and silicate minerals, and some amorphous preparations of iron or aluminum and silica. The oxalate extraction dissolved much of the iron and aluminum from the amorphous materials but very little from crystalline oxides, whereas the dithionite extraction dissolved a large proportion of the crystalline iron oxides as well as much of the amorphous materials. Oxalate-extractable iron and aluminum gave a useful indication of Bf horizon development in many soils, even if the parent materials were high in iron oxides. In one class of Gleysolic soils, however, the Bfg horizons were high in dithionite-extractable iron and low in oxalate-extractable iron. An accumulation of goethite was found in the Bfg horizon of some of these soils. In some other Gleysolic soils iron was depleted in the A horizon but there was no horizon of iron accumulation. Extraction of soils with oxalate as well as with dithionite is useful in differentiating certain classes of soils and in identifying horizons of accumulation of secondary sesquioxides.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS LONG-TERM SOIL FERTILITY TREATMENTS ON THE PHOSPHORUS STATUS OF A CLAY CHERNOZEM
Authors: Spratt E. D. , McCurdy E. V.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were started in 1945 to study the effectiveness of various rates of monoammonium phosphate and barnyard manure for wheat production on an Indian Head clay Chernozem. The yield data indicate that the various long-term treatments have changed the relative yield potential of their respective plots. Over the years, the responses of wheat to the various treatments have changed, with the higher rates of amendments giving progressively higher yield increases while the lower rates have given less significant yield increases. Soil tests and 'A' value data from subplots show that the plots which had high rates of amendments have phosphorus values much higher than the plots which received no amendments. The use of moderate rates of monoammonium phosphate for the past 20 years has maintained the phosphorus fertility of the Indian Head soil near an optimum level.
A MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDY OF LOWER FRASER RIVER ALLUVIAL SEDIMENTS
Authors: Mackintosh E. E. , Gardner E. H.
Published: March 2010

Mineralogical and chemical analyses were conducted on samples representing Fraser River sediments deposited under freshwater and seawater environments. The analyses indicated these sediments to be highly detrital in nature, dominantly reflecting their source area and being influenced to a lesser degree by marine diagenesis. Indications of diagenesis were most pronounced in sediments from the neritic environment. These were characterized by a reduction in the content of expanding-lattice minerals. The average non-exchangeable K, Mg, and Ca contents of the clay fractions were considerably higher in the neritic and littoral sediments than the corresponding contents of the floodplain sediments.The type of alluvial deposit—lateral accretion, vertical accretion, or deltaic deposition—appeared to have little influence on their clay mineral contents.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON NUTRIENT PERCENTAGE OF OAT TISSUE
Authors: Fulton J. M. , Findlay W. I.
Published: March 2010

The available soil moisture regime necessary for maximum yield of grain was dependent upon temperature. Ambient temperature or soil moisture regimes which restricted yield of oats generally, increased the nutrient percentage of grain and straw tissue. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium percentages associated with maximum yield were different for each temperature or moisture regime employed. The position of the curve relating yield and leaf nitrogen percentage as they respond to nitrogen fertilization was also temperature-dependent.
MEASUREMENT OF SOIL COLOR
Authors: Shields J. A. , St. Arnaud R. J. , Paul E. A. , Clayton J. S.
Published: March 2010

The color of cultivated surface samples from Chernozemic and Gray Wooded soils were measured by visual and spectroreflectance methods. Variations in visual color measurements among different observers were of sufficient magnitude to represent serious errors in the application of the soil color criteria outlined in the Canadian soil classification system.Spectroreflectance measurements facilitated the accurate measurement and characterization of the Munsell renotations of Chernozemic and Gray Wooded soils sampled within their respective soil zones. The ratio of renotation value: renotation chroma of the Chernozemic samples (air-dry) were distinctly lower than those of the Gray Wooded samples. The presence of moisture caused a greater decrease in the renotation value of the Gray Wooded samples than it did in the Chernozemic samples. The renotation hue of most of the measured samples occurred midway between the 10YR and 2.5Y hue charts currently available in the Munsell soil color chart series.Color measurement of cultivated surface soil samples taken within the various soil zones of Saskatchewan indicated discrepancies between their renotation values and the color criteria currently suggested by the National Soil Survey Committee of Canada for the respective soils at the Order and Great Group levels.
THE FIXATION OF Fe2+ BY FERRIC OXIDES IN SOILS
Authors: McKeague J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE RELATION BETWEEN pH AND SOLUBLE AND EXCHANGEABLE Al IN SOME ACID SOILS
Authors: Clark J. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF FREEZING ON THE FREE AMINO ACIDS IN SOIL
Authors: Ivarson K. C. , Sowden F. J.
Published: March 2010

Five soils were subjected to temperatures of 1° and −14 °C for 3 weeks. Freezing caused a marked increase in the total amount of free amino acids extracted. The amounts of free amino acids released were greater in soils where decomposition of organic matter was more complete. While prolonged storage of soil at 1 °C had no measurable effect on the free amino acids released, storage over a long period at −14 °C decreased the free amino acid content. Equilibration of wetted soil at room temperature prior to storage at cold temperatures decreased the extractable free amino acids. The data support the contention that part of the effect of soil freezing on the acceleration of microbial activity is due to release of available energy sources.
AN EVALUATION OF NITROGEN SOIL TEST METHODS FOR ONTARIO SOILS
Authors: Smith J. A.
Published: March 2010

Several methods for providing an index of the availability of soil nitrogen were evaluated by relating laboratory soil test values to yields of dry matter and uptake or nitrogen by orchardgrass in the greenhouse. Determination of soil organic matter or total soil nitrogen contents was relatively ineffective. Available nitrogen initially present in the soil at sampling time, extracted by several different methods, was superior to measurements of nitrogen released upon incubation. The nitrate form of nitrogen, either initially present or released upon incubation, served as a better index of soil nitrogen availability than the ammonium form. Inclusion of initial nitrates and nitrates released upon incubation as independent variables in a multiple regression resulted in the highest correlation with total nitrogen uptake. In the three incubation methods evaluated, discarding the initial nitrogen content of the soil, as is commonly done, severely reduced the validity of the tests as measures of nitrogen availability.
CHANGEMENTS PHYSIQUES DES SOLS DURANT LE TAMISAGE
Authors: Bourget S. J. , Tabi M. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
EVAPORATION FROM BARE SOIL COMPARED WITH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A POTATO CROP
Authors: Fulton J. M.
Published: March 2010

Floating lysimeters were used to measure evaporation from bare soil and evapotranspiration from a potato crop during three consecutive seasons. Evaporation from bare soil amounted to 87.5% of the water lost by evapotranspiration from the crop. Moisture loss from the bare and cropped areas differed only for a short period of time at mid-season. It was concluded that, during this period, plant roots utilized moisture stored at depths beyond which water was available for evaporation. Later in the season when this source of water was exhausted losses from the two areas were again equal. Moisture conservation by summer-fallow was limited to that amount which was stored at a depth penetrated by plant roots but unavailable to evaporation from the bare surface. The amount of water conserved in these experiments was small but probably dependent upon the moisture characteristics of the soil, the depth of root penetration, and the frequency with which the soil moisture reservoir was recharged during the growing season.
A RAPID DIGESTION METHOD FOR TOTAL IRON AND ALUMINUM IN SOILS
Authors: Levesque M.
Published: March 2010

not available
FERTILITY OF A CHERNOZEMIC CLAY SOIL AFTER 50 YEARS OF CROPPING WITH AND WITHOUT FORAGE CROPS IN THE ROTATION
Authors: Spratt E. D.
Published: March 2010

In recent field trials nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizer increased the yield of wheat following summerfallow on a Chernozemic clay soil cropped previously for 50 years in a summerfallow, wheat, wheat rotation. But the fertilizer had no significant effect on wheat yield when the previous cropping system during the 50-year period was summerfallow, wheat, oats, brome–alfalfa for3 years, intertilled corn, wheat, and oats. The beneficial effect of brome–alfalfa in the rotation was reflected in a higher yield of wheat. The average yield of grain per year in the recent trials was 400 kg/ha higher when brome–alfalfa had been included in the rotation.The brome–alfalfa crops produced a better physical condition in the soil. Furthermore, soil samples from the rotation containing brome–alfalfa had higher contents of nitrogen, organic carbon, and total phosphorus than did the samples from the summerfallow, wheat, wheat rotation.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOIL MOISTURE TENSIONS ON FLAX AND CEREALS
Authors: Bourget S. J. , Finn B. J. , Dow B. K.
Published: March 2010

Young seedlings of flax and cereals, grown in a greenhouse, were subjected to 0, 12.5, and 25.0 cm of soil moisture tension for periods of 7, 14, and 21 days The grain, straw, and root yields of all plant species, except barky, increased with increasing soil moisture content was maintained near field capacity during the growth of plants. The yields of oats, winter wheat, and fall rye decreased with increasing duration of flooding, whereas those of barley, flax and spring wheat were variable. Correlation coefficients between yields of tops and roots were positive.
AMMONIUM FIXATION IN RELATION TO EXCHANGEABLE K AND ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT IN TWO SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: Hinman W. C.
Published: March 2010

Profile samples from two fine-textured soils were analyzed for native fixed NH4, ammonium-fixing capacity, exchangeable K, and organic matter content. Ammonium fixation decreased with proximity to the surface whereas exchangeable K and organic matter increased. Adding KCl to Sceptre subsoil to increase the exchangeable K decreased NH4 fixation approximately in proportion to the amount of KCl added. Destruction of organic matter prior to NH4 fixation increased the amount of NH4 fixed, the increase being greater the higher the organic matter content of the sample. The decrease in NH4 fixation with proximity to the surface was due to potassium ion and organic matter content.
A CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON GLACIAL LACUSTRINE CLAYS IN NORTH CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Floate M. J. S.
Published: March 2010

Chemical, physical, and mineralogical studies have been made on Gray Wooded and Solonetzic soils developed on varved clays in four glacial lacustrine basins in north central British Columbia.The soils have a high content of exchangeable cations. Calcium and magnesium are the dominant cations in all soils but sodium is higher in Solonetzic man in dray Wooded soils.The data suggest that clay has been translocated from the A into the Bt horizons of all soils. The ratio of clay in the B horizon to that in the A horizons is apparently related to the size of the clay fraction, its mineralogical composition, the nature of the exchangeable cations, and the intensity of leaching. Clay eluviation appears to have been most marked in Solonetzic soils containing montmorillonoid minerals in the fine clay fraction.Within each depositional basin, mineralogical composition of the clay fraction is relatively uniform: greater differences were found between basins. Mineralogical composition is thought to reflect the source of detrital materials.
OXYGEN-CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC SOILS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE DEGREE OF HUMIFICATION AS DETERMINED BY SOLUBILITY IN SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE SOLUTION
Authors: Schnitzer M. , Desjardins J. G.
Published: March 2010

Carboxyls, phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyls, carbonyls, and methoxyls were determined in 20 organic soil samples that ranged from peats, mucky peats, peaty mucks to mucks. The absorbance of a sodium pyrophosphate extract of each sample served as basis for grouping the samples into three broad classes: (i) peat, (ii) mucky peat – peaty muck, and (iii) muck.A statistical analysis of the analytical data showed that (a) the determination of COOH and of OCH3 groups distinguished between the peat and muck classes, and (b) measurement of alcoholic OH groups differentiated between the peat class and the intermediate class and between the peat and muck classes. The experimental data indicated that increased humification was associated with increases in COOH, OCH3, and to a lesser extent of C==O groups, increased solubility in dilute sodium pyrophosphate solution, decreases in alcoholic OH groups but practically no changes in phenolic OH groups. It is suggested that functional group analysis could be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool for assessing the degree of humification of organic matter in organic soils and could thus serve as an aid in the classification of organic soils.
THE ORIGIN OF BANDS IN SANDY SOILS OF THE STONY PLAIN AREA
Authors: Coen G. M. , Pawluk S. , Odynsky W.
Published: March 2010

The presence of bands in the lower sola has presented difficulties in the classification of soils developed from pitted deltaic sandy parent materials west of Edmonton, Alberta. The bands were shown to contain more organic matter, free iron, and clay than the interbands, which resulted in a darker, redder color and finer texture as observed in the field. The bands were often coincidental with stratified layers, but their occasional transgression across geologic stratification and their development in profiles without stratification suggested a pedogenic origin. Micropedological investigations revealed oriented clay around the sand grains in the bands and not the interbands, further indicating that the increase in clay was due, at least in part, to illuviation.The bands in the soils investigated have sufficient total thickness of clay accumulation to meet the requirements for a Bt horizon and together with their chemical, physical, and mineralogical characteristics permit their inclusion in the Eluviated Dark Grey Subgroup of the Chernozemic Order and the Orthic Dark Grey Wooded Subgroup of the Podzolic Order.
THE DISTRIBUTION CONSTANT FOR EXCHANGE OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN WYOMING BENTONITE
Authors: Clark J. S.
Published: March 2010

The distribution constant for exchange of calcium and magnesium ions was determined in Wyoming bentonite suspensions with pH values varying from 3.5 to 9.2. Using a neutral salt to extract the exchangeable cations, the mean value of the distribution constant using ion activities in solution was found to be 1.06 and there was no significant difference in the constant at different pH values. Thus, the presence of Al ions in the acid preparations, the precipitation of hydroxy aluminum polymers on the clay surfaces at intermediate pH values, and the precipitation of excess base in the alkaline region possibly as double hydroxides of Al and Mg or Ca had no significant effect on the exchange distribution of Mg and Ca ions.Under comparable conditions, the ion product (Al) (OH)3 had the same value in the presence of Ca or Mg. Because of this and the fact that the distribution constant for exchange was approximately 1, the two ions may be considered as a single ionic species for practical purposes in suspensions of Wyoming bentonite.
THE LIME POTENTIAL – PERCENT BASE SATURATION RELATIONS OF ACID SURFACE HORIZONS OF MINERAL AND ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: Clark J. S. , Nichol W. E.
Published: March 2010

Values of the lime potential, corrected for the varying magnitude of the ionic product (Al) (OH)3, and the degree of base saturation based on the cations extracted with NaCl from acid Ah and Ap horizons of mineral soils and from surface samples of mucks and peats, agreed closely with the curve calculated for the titration of Al bentonite with Ca(OH)2. The peat and muck samples, although strongly acid, had percent base saturation values over 88% owing to the low values of the ionic product (Al) (OH)3 in the aqueous extracts of these organic soils.
A MICROPEDOLOGICAL STUDY OF ELUVIAL SOIL HORIZONS
Authors: Dumanski J. , St. Arnaud R. J.
Published: March 2010

Three distinctive types of banded fabric related to the degree of eluviation were observed in Ae horizons of Saskatchewan soils. In addition, a type of intertextic fabric and cleavage block fabric were found to be characteristic of the upper and lower portions respectively of Ae horizons. Although essentially similar fabrics can occur within Ae horizons of Chernozemic, Solonetzic, Podzolic, and Gleysolic soils, the occurrence of specific fabric types appears to be related to the degree of eluviation which the horizons have undergone and bears a general relationship to the macrostructure exhibited by the soil.
PROPERTIES OF AN IRONPAN HUMIC PODZOL FROM NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: McKeague J. A. , Schnitzer M. , Heringa P. K.
Published: March 2010

An ironpan consisting of one or more layers of hard, cemented, black, vitreous material a few millimeters thick, underlain by strong brown, less strongly cemented material, occurred at various depths within the B horizon of a Humic Podzol developed in gravelly till. The results of differential thermogravimetric analysis and various chemical analyses of the ironpan, of ultimate and functional group analysis of the organic matter extracted from the pan material with 0.5N NaOH, and of micromorphological observations, indicated that the pan consisted mainly of an iron-fulvic acid complex that was soluble in 0.2M acid ammonium oxalate. The properties of the other horizons of the soil are shown to be similar, in general, to those of corresponding horizons of other Podzols. Some hypotheses of the genesis of ironpans are discussed in the light of the data presented.
INFILTRATION RATE AS RELATED TO RAINFALL ENERGY
Authors: Bisal F.
Published: March 2010

Infiltration rate with respect to rainfall energy was determined on a Sceptre clay, Haverhill loam and Hatton fine sandy loam. The infiltration rate of saturated Sceptre clay dropped from 24.0 to 0.6 cm per hour with an application of 2.0 cm of simulated rain. The infiltration rate of saturated Haverhill loam dropped from 4.0 to 0.6, and that of Hatton sandy loam from 14.5 to 9.5 cm per hour. Raindrop energy was from a 4.6-mm diameter drop tailing through a 6.55-m height.To maintain a high level of infiltration, surface soil must be protected from rainfall energy.
THE EFFECT OF SOIL CATENA AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE YIELD OF WHEAT IN WESTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Gorby B. J.
Published: March 2010

An investigation of the yield and plant response to phosphorus on Black Chernozemic soils occurring in catenary sequence indicated that a large proportion of the total variance was attributable to fields and to the interaction between fields and soils. It is evident from the results that no simple relationship exists between the productivity of the soils in the catenas sampled and their morphological characteristics. This variability is thought to be due in part to changes in microclimatic factors as affected by the shape, size and aspect of the drainage areas sampled and by seasonal and yearly fluctuations in meteorological factors, and also due in part to the effect of these changes on the competitive ability of weeds.Plant response to phosphorus was related to the topographic position of the soil. The lowest topographic position (Gleyed-Calcareous Black) of the Miniota association required approximately twice as much phosphorus to maximize profits from wheat as the better drained (Orthic-Black) locations. Similar results were obtained by sampling the Carroll soil association. However, within the Waskada association an interaction between plant response to phosphorus and topographic position was obtained in only one year out of four.
SALT ACCUMULATION AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION METHOD
Authors: Hobbs E. H. , Russell G. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
A WIND-OPERATED AUTOMATIC POWDER DISPENSER FOR EVAPORATION SUPPRESSANTS
Authors: Nicholaichuk W. , Pohjakas K.
Published: March 2010

not available
PROPERTIES AND GENESIS OF A BISEQUA SOIL FROM CAPE BRETON ISLAND
Authors: McKeague J. A. , Bourbeau G. A. , Cann D. B.
Published: March 2010

Evidence based upon macro- and micromorphological observations, particle-size distribution, chemical and mineralogical analyses indicated bisequa development in a soil formed from brown to reddish brown, calcareous clay loam till in Cape Breton Island. Within the upper solum, there was a white Ae horizon depleted of clay and sesquioxides, underlain by weakly developed B horizons in which some secondary forms of Fe and Al and some clay but little organic matter had accumulated. A second Ae horizon separated the upper solum from the Bt horizon. Estimates of the areal distribution of oriented (presumably translocated) clay from observations of thin sections were: none in the upper Ae horizon, 7.9% in the Bt horizon and 1.2% in the Ck horizon. The results suggested that many of the soils formed from reddish brown, medium-to fine-textured, calcareous deposits in the Atlantic Provinces may be Gray Wooded soils with some degree of secondary Podzol development in the upper solum.
NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN ILLUVIAL ORGANIC MATTER
Authors: Sowden F. J. , Schnitzer M.
Published: March 2010

Organic matter (O.M.) was extracted with 0.5 N NaOH under N2, from samples of the Bh horizon of a Podzol soil. The NaOH-soluble O.M. from one sample was partitioned into "classical" humic and fulvic acids. The O.M. extracted from other samples was passed over an H-resin and purified fulvic acid" was prepared from the eluate. The O.M. retained on the resin was eluted with base. After hydrolysis a sample of the original soil the NaOH-insoluble residue and the various O.M. preparations were analyzed for amino acids, amino sugars and ammonia.Eighty percent of the amino acids in the original soil were accounted for in the NaOH-insoluble residue plus the purified fulvic acid and the NH4OH eluate. Most of the soil amino acids were recovered in the NaOH-insoluble residue plus classical humic plus classical fulvic acid fractions. Qualitatively, the amino acid distribution in all fractions was similar to the distribution or amino acids in an "average" protein. Amounts of amino sugars were small consisting of two-thirds glucosamine and one-third galactosamine. Recoveries of amino sugars were low, possibly due to the effect of alkali.Slightly more than 50% of the soil-N was accounted for as amino acids plus NH3 plus amino sugars. The behavior of the fraction on the exchange resin suggested that the organic C- organic N-system extracted from the soil was not uniform, and that at least portions of the ammo acids and amino sugars were either adsorbed on or physically mixed with organic matter.
EFFECT OF REPEATED APPLICATIONS OF STRAW ON GRAIN YIELDS AND ON SOME SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: Ferguson W. S.
Published: March 2010

During the period 1956 to 1963 three rates of cereal straw (0, 4,484 and 8 967 kg/ha) and three rates of nitrogen (0, 44.8 and 89.7 kg/ha) were applied annually in factorial arrangement on Miniota sandy loam at the Research Station, Brandon, Manitoba. The plots were cropped each year, alternating wheat and oats. Alternated grain-summerfallow was used as a control.The yield of the first stubble crop without nitrogen was approximately 60% of the yield on summerfallow. After 8 years of repeated application of straw with continuous cropping, the ninth and tenth crops showed a residual benefit from the heaviest rate of straw and yielded more than a second crop after summerfallow. Approximately 40 kg/ha N were sufficient to maintain yields under continuous cropping, regardless of the amount of straw added. The evidence suggests that repeated applications of straw had a residual effect on yield because of its effect on the amount of nitrogen mineralized. Available potassium was increased by applications of straw.
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS AT SWIFT CURRENT, SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Pohjakas K. , Read D. W. L. , Korven H. C.
Published: March 2010

Irrigation water was applied by the surface method to nine perennial and five annual crops grown at Swift Current. Soil moisture content was maintained between 50% of available moisture and the field capacity. Soil moisture stresses were measured by tensiometers. The total water use and peak requirements varied depending on the season. The total mean water use for perennial forages varied from 589 to 688 mm, and averaged 526 mm for wheat, 486 mm for barley, 610 mm for sugar beets and 560 mm for potatoes.Consumptive use: evaporation ratios were calculated from the Experimental Farms buried tank, a Class A pan, and black Bellani plate atmometers. The water use to evaporation ratio (U: E) from the Experimental Farms buried tank ranged from 0.81 to 1.14, for the Class A pan it was from 0.53 to 0.75, and for the black Bellani plates from 0.321 to 0.446. In all cases the perennial crops were at the higher end and the annual crops were at the lower end of the range.Three to eight irrigations were applied per season. Seasonal water use by annual crops was slightly higher at Swift Current than the rates reported for Lethbridge and Vauxhall, Alberta.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF CARBON IN SOIL ORGANIC MATTER EXTRACTS BY DRY-COMBUSTION
Authors: Morris G. F. , Schnitzer M.
Published: March 2010

not available
CATION EXCHANGE AND ASSOCIATED PROPERTIES OF SOME SOILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Clark J. S. , Green A. J. , Nichol W. E.
Published: March 2010

Studies of the cation exchange properties of the soils of Vancouver Island, British Columbia showed that, in general, the soils had high base saturation even though the precipitation was high. There was no consistent relation between the corrected lime potential values for the soils and the annual precipitation. The pH-dependent CEC values of the soils were highly correlated with organic matter and oxalate-extractable Al but poorer correlations were obtained with the clay content and oxalate-extractable Fe. The correlation between pH-dependent CEC and citrate-dithionite-extractable Fe was not significant. Complexes of Al with organic matter appeared to be the main source of the pH-dependent CEC in the soils.Soils from the drier southeastern part of the Island with fragipans had as low or lower corrected lime potential values in the upper part of the profile than did soils from the more humid and more densely forested parts of the Island. Although oxalate-extractable Al was accumulated in the upper solum of soils with fragipans there was no pronounced enrichment of either oxalate- or citrate-dithionite-extractable Fe. The corrected lime potential pattern and the free oxide distribution of the soils with fragipans differed from the soils without fragipans.
HUMIC-FULVIC ACID RELATIONSHIPS IN ORGANIC SOILS AND HUMIFICATION OF THE ORGANIC MATTER IN THESE SOILS
Authors: Schnitzer M.
Published: March 2010

Twenty organic-soil samples of widely differing degrees of decomposition were extracted with 0.5 N NaOH solution under N2. Amounts of humic and of fulvic acids in the acidified extracts did not correlate significantly with pyrophosphate solubilities. This was thought to be due to interference in the separation scheme by relatively large amounts of ash constituents in the extracts. Since the "classical" fractionation of soil organic matter appears to involve essentially the "salting out" of higher molecular-weight humic from lower molecular-weight fulvic acids, an excessively high salt concentration during the separation should be avoided.To lower the concentration of inorganic constituents in the extracts, the samples were first pretreated with dilute HCl–HF solution and then extracted with 0.1 N NaOH rather than with 0.5 N NaOH. Under these conditions, amounts of fulvic acids in the acidified extracts showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.52) with pyrophosphate solubilities of untreated extracts, whereas amounts of humic acids in the extracts exhibited a highly negative correlation (r = −0.57) with pyrophosphate solubilities. In the soils examined, increased humification was associated with increases in fulvic-acid but decreases in humic-acid concentrations.From the results of this and of earlier investigations done in this laboratory it appeared that the main mechanism governing humification in these soils was oxidative degradation, resulting ultimately in the formation of fulvic from humic acid.
EFFICACITE DE DIFFERENTS AGITATEURS MECANIQUES DANS L'ANALYSE GRANULOMETRIQUE DES SOLS
Authors: Bourget S. J. , Rousseau L. Z.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN AUTOMATIC SINGLE-SCREEN SOIL SIEVE
Authors: Bisal Frederick , Caswell H. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
HUMIC-FULVIC ACID RATIO, Al, Fe AND C IN PYROPHOSPHATE EXTRACTS AS CRITERIA OF A AND B HORIZONS
Authors: McKeague J. A.
Published: March 2010

The ratio of carbon in humic to carbon in fulvic acid (Ch/Cf) in 0.1 M pyrophosphate extracts of soils was useful in differentiating certain A horizons from the associated B horizons. A Ch/Cf ratio of less than 50% was characteristic of Bf and Bh horizons, and the ratio was greater than 50% for nearly all of the A horizons. The ratio varied widely for Bm horizons and for the two Bg horizons tested.The ratio of carbon extracted by pyrophosphate to total carbon (C ext/C) was greater than 50% for the B horizons of acid Brunisolic soils and Podzols, and less than 50% for the A horizons. The ratio of carbon in fulvic acid to total carbon (Cf/C) was greater than 30% for the B and less than 30% for the A horizons of the same soils. Neither percentage extractable carbon nor Cf/C clearly differentiated between Bm and Ah horizons.Ratios of Al + Fe to fulvic acid in the extracts of the B horizons were as high as or higher than those of some insoluble synthetic complexes.
SULFUR DEFICIENCY IN CEREAL GRAINS
Authors: Nyborg M.
Published: March 2010

A sulfate fertilizer greatly increased the yield of NPK-fertilized oats in field tests on four Gray Wooded soils. The sensitivity of oats to deficiency of S was less than that of second-year alfalfa, but nearly equal to that of first-year alfalfa. In pot-culture tests wheat, oats, barley, rape and first-cut alfalfa and red clover were all about equally sensitive.
WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS IN THE PARENT MATERIAL OF SOLONETZIC AND CHERNOZEMIC SOILS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Ballantyne A. K.
Published: March 2010

The B, C1 and a C2 horizon were sampled from 26 Solonetz and 35 Orthic Chernozemic profiles. Water-soluble analyses were done on all samples. Soil profiles developed from saline parent material may be in either the Solonetzic or Chernozemic Order. Eighty-eight percent of the Solonetz and 34% of the Chernozemic profiles were developed on saline C2 horizons. Seventy-three percent of the Solonetz were developed on C2 horizons that were saline and contained over 40% water-soluble sodium. No Chernozemics developed on this type of C2 material. Forty-nine percent of the Chernozemics developed on non-saline, low-sodium C2 horizons. No Solonetz profiles developed on this type of C2 horizon. This information could be used to assist in the classification of Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils. The pH of the B, C1 or C2 horizons was of no value in distinguishing between Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS ANIONS ON MANGANESE TOXICITY IN SOLANUM TUBEROSUM
Authors: Cheng B. T. , Ouellette G. J.
Published: March 2010

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown on a soil with a pH of 4.5 and containing 12 ppm of exchangeable manganese, and in sand cultures where the manganese concentration ranged from 0.2 to 10 ppm. Potassium was supplied in the forms of chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate and hydroxide. On un-limed soils, the yields of tubers were in the following order: K2CO3 > KOH > KNO3 > K2SO4 > KCl. With lime, they were as follows: K2SO4 > KCl > KNO3 > K2CO3 > KOH. The potassium content of potato foliage tended to be lower when lime was added. Liming also reduced the chlorine content of plants by about 20%. Part of the reduction in the potassium and chlorine contents of plants could be the result of greater growth. KCl and K2SO4 increased the uptake of manganese and K2CO3 decreased it. Potassium uptake from the soil where that element was in short supply was in the following order: K2SO4 > KCl > KOH > K2CO3 > KNO3. In sand cultures where K was plentiful, potassium sources had no effect on potassium uptake by plants. Manganese toxicity builds up very gradually in potatoes. In a period of 9 to 10 weeks, the manganese content of the lower leaves reached a level of 400 ppm (stage where the first symptoms appear), but 5 weeks later they contained 1,200 ppm. Plants containing an excess of chlorine were lighter in color and contained less nitrogen in their leaves but more in their stems.
INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS ON MOLYBDENUM CONTENT OF BRUSSELS SPROUTS UNDER FIELD AND GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS AND ON RECOVERY OF ADDED MOLYBDENUM IN SOIL
Authors: Gupta Umesh C. , Cutcliffe J. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in the field and greenhouse to investigate the influence of P on the growth and Mo content of Brussels sprouts. Increasing the rate of superphosphate increased yield and P content, but depressed Mo content. The reduced Mo content could be attributed to both P and S rather than to P alone. In the greenhouse, application of Mo, either with the seeds or to the soil, increased yield and Mo content. Plants grown under moist conditions were larger and contained more Mo than those grown under drier conditions. Phosphorus content was not affected by the moisture levels.Phosphorus applications did not affect the quantity of exchangeable Mo in the soil. There was no difference in the amount of Mo recovered over an incubation period of 0 to 12 weeks.
INFLUENCE OF CATION SATURATION ON PHOSPHORUS ADSORPTION BY SELECTED CLAY MINERALS
Authors: Pissarides A. , Stewart J. W. B. , Rennie D. A.
Published: March 2010

Three clay minerals, a kaolinite, an illite and a montmorillonite, were saturated with different cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, Sr++, and Ba++) before equilibration with dilute phosphorus solutions. The phosphorus adsorption data conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The relative magnitude of the phosphorus adsorption constants (b and k) could be qualitatively predicted from the type of exchangeable cations for any one clay mineral.The patterns of the adsorption isotherms and adsorption constants, b and k, can be explained on the basis of P adsorption at the edges of the clay minerals; the possibility of precipitation of the phosphorus with divalent cations or aluminum in solution was considered but rejected.
MONTHLY AND YEARLY CHANGES IN AGGREGATE SIZE OF SURFACE SOILS
Authors: Bisal Frederick , Ferguson W. S.
Published: March 2010

Repeated sampling at a single location on each of three soil types at irregular intervals during the 12-year period 1955–1967 indicated a highly monthly and yearly variation in the percentage of the total soil in aggregates < 0.84 mm in diameter (the erodible fraction) by dry-sieve analysis. The greatest degree of variation occurred in the clay soil. Increases and decreases in aggregation were correlated among soils.The amount of the erodible fraction determined by dry-sieve analysis is highly dependent on the date of sampling. Consequently, the value of dry sieving as a method of predicting the susceptibility of soils to wind erosion over an extended period of time is limited.
ALTERATIONS OF SOIL STRUCTURE UPON FREEZING AND THAWING AND SUBSEQUENT DRYING
Authors: Hinman W. C. , Bisal Frederick
Published: March 2010

A laboratory investigation of a clay soil indicated that the percentage of aggregates < 1 mm in diameter might be increased, decreased or unaffected by freezing and thawing depending on the initial moisture content, the initial size of soil aggregates and the method of drying the sample. Little or no changes in aggregate size occurred if the initial moisture content was at 15 atmospheres. At 0.1 atm, aggregates which were initially coarse (> 4 mm) tended to break down slightly when exposed to alternate freezing and thawing followed by air-drying at room temperature. On the other hand, a substantial decrease in aggregates < 1 mm in diameter occurred when aggregates which were originally fine received the same sequence of treatments. However, if the samples were freeze-dried following the same treatments, all aggregates were reduced to < 1 mm in diameter. Similar trends were established with samples which were continuously frozen and when the initial moisture content was at 0.33 atm, although the magnitude of the change was much smaller. It is proposed that forces engendered during freezing disrupt aggregates, but this process is reversed during thawing and drying at room temperatures.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SOIL PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF SOME MANITOBA SOILS
Authors: Shaykewich C. F. , Zwarich M. A.
Published: March 2010

The relationships between soil physical constants and soil components of Manitoba soils were investigated on 112 samples varying widely m physical composition. The physical constants bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, available moisture on a weight basis, and available moisture on a volume basis were related to the soil components fine sand, very fane sand, silt, clay, organic matter and calcium carbonate. The results showed that a highly significant relationship existed between soil components and each soil physical constant. In the case of bulk density, field capacity and permanent wilting percentage, the relationships were sufficiently close to permit their use for prediction purposes. The large standard error of estimate for the regression equations of the other two soil physical constants limited their usefulness for this purpose.
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN CALCULATED AND DETERMINED BASE SATURATION IN SOME STRONGLY ACID SOILS
Authors: Clark J. S. , Nichol W. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
ASCORBIC ACID AS A REDUCTANT FOR TOTAL PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATION IN SOILS
Authors: Alexander T. G. , Robertson A.
Published: March 2010

not available
IRON-MANGANESE AND OTHER PANS IN SOME SOILS OF NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: McKeague J. A. , Damman A. W. H. , Heringa P. K.
Published: March 2010

The thin, dark-colored, cemented layers that occur commonly in coarse deposits under peat in humid coastal areas of Newfoundland were found to be cemented mainly by amorphous Fe and Mn or by Fe compounds. The Mn contents of these pans varied from about 0.1 to 15%, and Mn tended to accumulate in the lower part of the pan. The Fe-Mo pans could be distinguished in the field from Fe or Fe-organic matter pans by the fact that the black layer at the base of the Fe-Mn pans reacted vigorously with cold 3% H2O2. The Fe-organic pans, which usually had a rusty brown layer at the base, reacted only slowly. The Fe-Mn pans were associated generally with more humid conditions, as indicated by a greater thickness of peat, than those characteristic of the Fe-organic matter pans. We think that reduction, translocation as Fe+2 and Mn+2 and subsequent oxidation and precipitation of mixed hydrous oxides must be involved in the formation of the Fe-Mn pans, whereas translocation and precipitation of Fe-organic complexes are thought to be involved in the formation of Fe-organic matter pans.Many of the Fe-Mn pans occur below organic soils, but they also occur within the sola of some mineral soils. Thus, they should be recognized in soil mapping and accommodated in the soil classification system.
SOLUBILITY OF DIMAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE TRIHYDRATE AND TRIMAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE
Authors: Racz G. J. , Soper R. J.
Published: March 2010

The solubilities in water of dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate (MgHPO4,∙3H2O), trimagnesium phosphate twenty-two hydrate (Mg3 (PO4)2∙22H2O), and anhydrous trimagnesium phosphate (Mg3 (PO4)2) were determined. The solubilities of these phosphates (pKsp) were found to be 5.83 ± 0.01, 23.70 ± 0.12 and 23.28 ± 0.01, respectively.The solubility of dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate was found to be constant in solutions of 0.001 M to 0.020 M MgCl2. The solubility of dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate, however, was decreased in CaCl2, solutions exceeding 0.008 M, indicating that CaCl2 solutions should not be used as equilibrating solutions for soils in which dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate could occur.
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS FORMS IN SOME ALBERTA SOILS AS RELATED TO SOIL DEVELOPMENT, PARENT MATERIAL AND AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Alexander T. G. , Robertson J. A.
Published: March 2010

Inorganic P forms in 18 profiles representing five great groups of Alberta soils were determined by the modified Chang and Jackson procedure. Ca-P is dominant in the Chernozemic Brown and Black soils and in the C horizons containing CaCO3, while Fe-P and Al-P or Occl-P are the main forms in the Podzolic soils. Three series high in available P contain appreciable amounts of Al-P and Fe-P in their surface horizons. The organic P content is relatively high in the soils exhibiting the least pedogenic development.With increasing degree of soil development, Fe-P and Occl-P tend to increase. However, parent materials have a marked influence on the distribution of inorganic P forms and a close relationship between soil development and distribution of inorganic P forms does not appear to exist in these soils. The Al-P and Fe-P forms seem to be the major sources of available P in the soils studied.
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM ADDITIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER ON CROP YIELDS AND SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: Halstead R. L. , Sowden F. J.
Published: March 2010

Annual additions of green rye, straw, alfalfa, leaves, peat, muck and manure to a sand and a clay soil for 20 years tended to increase the mean yields of the crops grown in the field. This positive effect of the organic amendments on yield was confirmed in a greenhouse experiment with oats, which were grown in samples obtained at the end of the experimental period. Additions of straw, alfalfa, leaves and manure had the greatest effect on yield and on uptake of N and P by the oats.A comparison of the amended and untreated samples at the end of the experiment showed that the amendments usually increased the total C and N slightly, nitrate production capacity, exchange capacity, exchangeable and water-soluble Ca, Mg and K, and phosphatase enzyme activity of the soils, whereas their effect on soil P was less consistent. In most instances, the amendments increased the aggregate stability of the clay soil.Of the N fractions investigated, only the nitrate N released during a two-week incubation period was correlated significantly with yield and N uptake in the greenhouse experiment. These yield parameters and the amounts of nitrate N produced were not related significantly to total, hexosamine, NH4 or amino acid N forms or to individual amino acids in the soils.
MOVEMENT OF FALL-APPLIED NITROGEN IN SANDY SOIL
Authors: Krause H. H. , Batsch W.
Published: March 2010

not available
A METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING AND INSTALLING THERMOCOUPLES FOR MEASURING SOIL TEMPERATURES
Authors: Fraser J. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
NITRATE ION ELECTRODE METHOD FOR SOIL NITRATE NITROGEN DETERMINATION
Authors: Myers R. J. K. , Paul E. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
ULTRASONIC VIBRATION FOR PARTICLE-SIZE ANALYSES
Authors: Bourget S. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIVE WEATHERABILITY OF CALCIUM-CONTAINING MINERALS
Authors: Burger D.
Published: March 2010

The percentage of calcium released from semi-weathered minerals by dilute sulfuric acid was used as an index of weatherability, resulting in a sequence of decreasing weatherability as follows: calcite and dolomite, bytownite, apatite, labradorite, oligoclase, diopside, augite, hornblende and grossularite. This order agrees with other published sequences, but mainly for minerals within structural groups. The relative position of structural groups along a weatherability scale varies with weathering conditions, resulting in a unique weatherability sequence for each set of conditions.
MACRO- AND MICROMORPHOLOGY OF TEN REDDISH BROWN SOILS FROM THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES
Authors: McKeague J. A. , Bourbeau G. A. , MacDougall J. I. , Langmaid K. K.
Published: March 2010

Detailed morphological studies of monoliths and thin sections of 10 soils formed in reddish brown deposits in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick revealed appreciable differences in the kind and degree of development. Contrary to recent concepts of pedogenesis in this area, it was found that Podzol development was restricted to the coarser materials. Clay translocation had occurred in most of the soils and five of them, including two Gleysolic soils, had Bt horizons. Free carbonate occurred within 140 cm of the surface of seven of the soils, but it was not established that free carbonate had occurred in all of the materials from which the sola developed. Bisequa development was evident in four of the soils, and in one of these it appeared that there were two sequa of clay eluviation and illuviation. No micromorphological evidence was found of a Bft horizon in any of the soils. The study casts further doubt upon the validity of the concept that there is, in the Atlantic Provinces, a group of soils (Textural Podzol) having a Bt horizon that satisfies the requirements of a Podzol B.