bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substructure of Visibility Functions from Scattered Radio Emission of Pulsars through Space VLBI
Authors: Popov M. V. , Bartel N. , Burgin M. S. , Gwinn C. R. , Smirnova T. V. , Soglasnov V. A.
Published: January 2020

We report on the substructure of visibility functions in the delay domain of PSRs B0329+54, B0823+26, B0834+06, B1933+16, and B0833–45 (Vela) observed with Earth–Earth and RadioAstron space–Earth two-element interferometers at frequencies of 324 and 1668 MHz. All visibility functions display unresolved spikes distributed over a range of delays. They are due to band-limited scintillation noise and related to the scattering time. The envelopes for each but the Vela pulsar are well fit by a single Lorentzian, which we interpret as being indicative of isotropic scattering on the plane of the sky due to a thin scattering screen between the pulsar and us. In contrast, the envelope for the Vela pulsar needs to be mostly fit by at least two Lorentzians, a narrow and a broad one at the same zero delay. We interpret this characteristic as indicative of anisotropic scattering due to a more complex structure of scattering screens in the supernova remnant. The possibility of describing the delay visibility functions by Lorentzians is likely a general property of pulsars and offers a new way of describing the scattering parameters of the intervening interstellar medium. Furthermore, for all of our pulsars, the unresolved spikes in visibility functions of similar projected baselines were well correlated, indicating that the telescopes are located in the same diffraction spot. The correlation vanished for visibilities from largely different baselines, when some radio telescopes are not in the same spot.
Structural and Dynamical Analysis of 0.1 pc Cores and Filaments in the 30 Doradus-10 Giant Molecular Cloud
Authors: Indebetouw Rémy , Wong Tony , Chen C.-H. Rosie , Kepley Amanda , Lebouteiller Vianney , Madden Suzanne , Oliveira Joana M.
Published: January 2020

High-resolution (<0.1 pc) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the 30Dor-10 molecular cloud 15 pc north of R136 are presented. The 12CO 2–1 emission morphology contains clumps near the locations of known mid-IR massive protostars, as well as a series of parsec-long filaments oriented almost directly toward R136. There is elevated kinetic energy (line widths at a given size scale) in 30Dor-10 compared to other Large Magellanic Cloud and Galactic star formation regions, consistent with large-scale energy injection to the region. Analysis of the cloud substructures is performed by segmenting emission into disjoint approximately round “cores” using clumpfind, by considering the hierarchical structures defined by isointensity contours using dendrograms, and by segmenting into disjoint long thin “filaments” using Filfinder. Identified filaments have widths ∼0.1 pc. The inferred balance between gravity and kinematic motions depends on the segmentation method: entire objects identified with clumpfind are consistent with freefall collapse or virial equilibrium with moderate external pressure, whereas many dendrogram-identified parts of hierarchical structures have higher mass surface densities ΣLTE than if gravitational and kinetic energies were in balance. Filaments have line masses that vary widely compared to the critical line mass calculated assuming thermal and nonthermal support. Velocity gradients in the region do not show any strong evidence for accretion of mass along filaments. The upper end of the “core” mass distribution is consistent with a power law with the same slope as the stellar initial mass function.
Quasi-periodic Pulsations of Gamma-Ray Emissions from a Solar Flare on 2017 September 6
Authors: Li D. , Kolotkov D. Y. , Nakariakov V. M. , Lu L. , Ning Z. J.
Published: January 2020

We investigate quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) of high-energy nonthermal emissions from an X9.3 flare (SOL2017-Sep-06T11:53), the most powerful flare since the beginning of solar cycle 24. The QPPs are identified as a series of regular and repeating peaks in the light curves in the γ- and hard X-ray (HXR) channels recorded by the Konus-Wind, as well as the radio and microwave fluxes measured by the CALLISTO radio spectrograph during the impulsive phase. The periods are determined from the global wavelet and Fourier power spectra as 24–30 s in the HXR and microwave channels, which are associated with nonthermal electrons, and ∼20 s in the γ-ray band related to nonthermal ions. Both nonthermal electrons and ions may be accelerated by repetitive magnetic reconnection during the impulsive phase. However, we could not rule out other mechanisms, such as magnetohydrodynamic oscillation in a sausage mode. The QPP detected in this study is useful for understanding the particle acceleration and dynamic process in solar flares and also bridging the gap between stellar and solar flares because the energy realm of the X9.3 solar flare is almost comparable to a typical stellar flare.
Identification of Absorption Lines of Heavy Metals in the Wavelength Range 0.97–1.32 μm
Authors: Matsunaga Noriyuki , Taniguchi Daisuke , Jian Mingjie , Ikeda Yuji , Fukue Kei , Kondo Sohei , Hamano Satoshi , Kawakita Hideyo , Kobayashi Naoto , Otsubo Shogo , Sameshima Hiroaki , Takenaka Keiichi , Tsujimoto Takuji , Watase Ayaka , Yasui Chikako , Yoshikawa Tomohiro
Published: January 2020

Stellar absorption lines of heavy elements can give us various insights into the chemical evolution of our Galaxy and other nearby galaxies. Recently developed spectrographs for the near-infrared wavelengths are becoming more and more powerful at producing a large number of high-quality spectra, but identification and characterization of the absorption lines in the infrared range remain to be fulfilled. We searched for lines of elements heavier than the iron group, i.e., those heavier than Ni, in the Y (9760–11100 Å) and J (11600–13200 Å) bands. We considered the lines in three catalogs, i.e., the Vienna Atomic Line Database, the compilation by R. Kurucz, and the list published in 1999 by Meléndez & Barbuy. Candidate lines were selected based on synthetic spectra, and the confirmation was done by using WINERED spectra of 13 giants and supergiants within FGK spectral types (spanning 4000–7200 K in the effective temperature). We have detected lines of Zn i, Sr ii, Y ii, Zr i, Ba ii, Sm ii, Eu ii, and Dy ii, in the order of atomic number. Although the number of the lines is small, 23 in total, they are potentially useful diagnostic lines of the Galactic chemical evolution, especially in those regions for which interstellar extinction hampers detailed chemical analyses with spectra in shorter wavelengths. We also report the detection of lines whose presence was not predicted by the synthetic spectra created with the above three line lists.
Knock knock, who’s there?: marine invertebrates in tubes of Ceriantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)
Authors: Ceriello Hellen , Lopes Celine , Reimer James , Bakken Torkild , Fukuda Marcelo , Cunha Carlo , Stampar Sérgio
Published: January 2020

This study reports on the fauna found in/on tubes of 10 species of Ceriantharia and discusses the characteristics of these occurrences, as well as the use of mollusc shells in ceriantharian tube construction. A total of 22 tubes of Ceriantharia from Argentina, Brazil, Japan, Norway, Portugal and the United States were analysed, revealing 58 species of marine invertebrates using them as alternative substrates. Based on a literature review and analyses of the sampled material, we report new occurrences for Photis sarae (Crustacea), Microgaza rotella (Mollusca), Brada sp., Dipolydora spp., Notocirrus spp., and Syllis garciai (Annelida). The use of mollusc shells in tube construction increases the tubes’ structural resistance and strength. Ceriantharian tubes are suitable alternative substrates for the dwelling of numerous tubicolous and infaunal species that usually burrow into sediments or anchor on fixed or mobile habitats seeking shelter, thus playing a relevant role as local biodiversity hotspots.
A genus in disguise. Revision of the genus Salcedia Fairmaire, 1899 with descriptions of nine new species (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaritinae, Salcediini)
Authors: Balkenohl Michael
Published: January 2020

This monograph on the genus Salcedia Fairmaire, 1899 revises the nine described species S. perrieri Fairmaire, 1899, S. coquilhati Alluaud, 1932, S. elongata Alluaud, 1932, S. africana (Britton, 1947), S. schoutedeni Alluaud, 1930, S. putzeysi (Oberthür, 1883), S. miranda (Andrewes, 1920), and S. parallela Baehr, 1998. The following nine new species are described: S. unifoveatasp. nov., S. failleisp. nov., S. lukuluasp. nov., S. matsumotoisp. nov., S. uteteasp. nov., S. robustasp. nov., S. procerasp. nov., S. tuberculatasp. nov., and S. baroensissp. nov. Photographs of the habitus and male and female genitals are provided for all species. An identification key to the species is given. Morphological characteristics of the genus are described and illustrated. Zoogeography of the group is discussed and distribution records from Africa are displayed on a map. Available biological data are summarised.
10. L’argent dirige-t-il les entreprises ?
Authors: Dudouet François-Xavier
Published: January 2020

L’idée que l’argent dirige les entreprises repose en grande partie sur la croyance que les firmes sont la propriété des actionnaires. Cette vision du monde économique est erronée. Elle ne rend pas compte de trois révolutions majeures, juridique, financière et organisationnelle, qui ont séparé le capital-actions du capital productif, éloigné les actionnaires de la direction des firmes et amené à leur tête une nouvelle espèce de dirigeants que sont les managers. Si l’argent dirige les firmes, au sens où les actionnaires parviennent à imposer leur logique financière, c’est en raison de l’adhésion des managers à l’idéologie de la valeur actionnariale.
L’approche interprétative dans un cadre de type éthique appliquée
Authors: Létourneau Alain
Published: January 2020

Il s’agira de montrer ce que serait l’apport, en éthique appliquée, d’une approche herméneutique ou interprétative, prenant en compte tant les discussions en philosophie depuis Dilthey et Gadamer que les développements en sciences sociales depuis Weber et Simmel (sociologie compréhensive ou verstehende soziologie ). Cette lignée va d’un côté jusqu’aux interactionnistes, dans la ligne des pragmatistes que sont Peirce, James, Dewey et Mead, et de l’autre jusqu’à Umberto Eco, rarement associé explicitement à l’herméneutique. Le travail descriptif qui est plus appelé que développé ici comme piste de méthode requiert ainsi un détour par la réflexion épistémologique en sciences humaines et sociales. L’analyse de discours et même de conversation pourraient dès lors devenir des méthodes permettant d’attester des actes de parole pertinents pour l’éthique, dans une approche à la fois compréhensive et descriptive
Légalité et légitimité. À propos de J. Habermas
Authors: Berten André
Published: January 2020

La problématique moderne de la légitimité a ouvert une question à laquelle la théorie démocratique a prétendu donner une réponse logique, permettant d’identifier légalité et légitimité. J. Habermas montre que cette théorie est aujourd’hui entrée en crise en raison de ses liens avec une idéologie économique libérale devenue inadéquate. Cependant, il est possible que certains acquis de cette idéologie -entre autres les exigences du rationalisme scientifique et de la morale universaliste- se révèlent irréversibles ; s’il en était ainsi, il faudrait reformuler le principe démocratique dans un cadre nouveau. Dans le cas contraire, on pourrait voir se développer un type inédit de société où les exigences de légitimation deviendraient sans objet.
Notes pour une sociologie immédiate de la réaction sociale organisée
Authors: Houchon Guy
Published: January 2020

Des événements récents de la vie judiciaire pénale peuvent être adéquatement analysés grâce à l’armature conceptuelle de la criminologie. La thématique de la justice de classe, la théorie structurale du contrôle social et spécialement les matières concernant la reportabilité et le renvoi sont utilisées pour rendre compte des manœuvres sociales de différenciation sociale d’un acteur et de son activité en termes de délinquance. L’hypothèse de base est que le S.A.J.C., notamment en raison des circonstances socio-économiques, est entré dans le champ des luttes sociales. Cette analyse est suivie de brèves propositions ponctuelles qui visent à arrêter le fourvoiement des appareils vers la logique de l’intimidation.
Peut-on fonder des conventions ?
Authors: de Greef Jan
Published: January 2020

Le langage normatif est présenté comme une forme particulière de langage performatif. Le concept de convention est leur base non juridique commune. L’impossibilité d’une régression à l’infini pour fonder le fondement se traduit ainsi par l’impossibilité de fonder une “convention fondamentale” qui serait non conventionnelle. L’auteur se demande si le caractère sui-référentiel des performatifs ne permet pas d’échapper aux paradoxes sémantiques de la sui-référentialité et de faire l’économie du concept de “convention fondamentale”, ce qui au niveau du langage normatif juridique rendrait superflu celui de “norme fondamentale”.
Imunski sistem žuželk in njihov imunski odziv na entomopatogene glive / Insect immune system and their immune response to entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Praprotnik Eva , Narat Mojca , Razinger Jaka
Published: January 2020

IZVLEČEKImunski sistem predstavlja enega izmed najbolj kompleksnih sistemov, saj nadzoruje interakcije med mikroorganizmi in gostitelji. Najbolj kompleksen imunski sistem imajo sesalci, vendar pa imajo tudi žuželke svoj imunski sistem in poznavanje le-tega ima posreden vpliv na ljudi. Težko je oceniti zdravstveni pomen in finančno breme škodljivih žuželk na ljudi. Ocenjuje se, da žuželke letno uničijo približno 15-18 % svetovne produkcije hrane, bolezni, ki jih prenašajo žuželke, pa so odgovorne za več milijonov smrti ljudi in domačih živali letno. To so razlogi, zakaj je že od konca 19. stoletja prejšnjega tisočletja imunski sistem žuželk predmet podrobnih raziskav, z namenom odkrivanja metod za biološki nadzor nad škodljivimi žuželkami. Namen tega prispevka je obravnavanje tematike in razjasnitev določenih pojmov v slovenskem jeziku, saj je slovensko izrazoslovje na področju imunskega obrambnega sistema nevretenčarjev pomanjkljivo. Ključne besede: imunski sistem žuželk, entomopatogene glive, imunske signalne poti, parazitizem ABSTRACTThe immune system is one of the most complex systems, as it controls the interactions between microorganisms and hosts. Mammals have the most complex immune system, however insects also have their immune system and improved knowledge of it has an indirect effect on human life quality. It is difficult to assess the health significance and financial burden of harmful insects on humans. It is estimated that insects annually destroy approximately 15-18 % of global food production; furthermore insect-borne diseases are responsible for millions of deaths of people and domestic animals annually. Immune system of insects has been the subject of detailed research since the end of the 19th century in order to discover practical methods for the biological control of harmful insects. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and clarify certain concepts in the Slovenian language, since the Slovenian terminology of invertebrate immune system is sometimes inadequate. Keywords: insect immune system, entomopathogenic fungi, immune signaling pathways, parasitism
Innovation Trends in Human Management for Competitiveness in SMEs
Authors: Perez-Uribe Rafael Ignacio , Ovalle-Mora Omar Orlando , Ocampo-Guzman David , Ramirez-Salazar Maria Del Pilar
Published: January 2020

Innovation trends in human management are key factors that have a major influence in a company's competitiveness and its business sustainability. Therefore, an innovation process grants substantial and/or incremental improvements in all business processes, thus achieving organizational value that in turn promotes a definition of the organizational strategy and its actions. This definition leads an organization towards developing specific competencies and strengths that are paramount in obtaining concrete results, whilst competing within an ever-changing and turbulent economic environment. Thence, current and future trials and tribulations in sustainable innovation must be directed to all types of business models: commercial, managerial, financial, environmental, and social. It is very important to emphasize that the above must include staying ahead of trends in human resource management, aimed at simplifying processes, management guidance in information flow within the workplace, and building an organizational culture founded in innovation.
Organizational Components That Explain Profitability as a Key Factor of Competitiveness
Authors: Ramirez-Garzon Maria Teresa , Perez-Uribe Rafael Ignacio , Espinosa-Mosqueda Rafael
Published: January 2020

This chapter explains one of the hypotheses of the results of a basic research of the Ramírez-Garzón doctoral thesis entitled, “Organizational components that explain the profitability of Colombian SMEs,” which focused on the application of the Model of Modernization for organizational Management (MMOM) and the Return on Assets (ROA) in 144 Colombian SMEs. The chapter affirms there are organizational components that explain profitability in Colombian SMEs as a key factor for business competitiveness. The multiple regression analysis was used as a statistical method to correlate the organizational components of the MOMM and the ROA of those SMEs. It was found that the components that explain preferentially between 20% and 23% the profitability of the companies analyzed in light of the ROA are: strategic direction, production management, human management, logistics, and innovation and knowledge.
Reducing the Size of the Informal Economy in Latin America
Authors: Salcedo-Perez Carlos , Carvajal-Contreras Andres , Rondón-González Dario
Published: January 2020

Authors analyze the current situation of competitiveness in the region and in selected countries, using available data. They diagnose the level of informal economy in the region. The chapter articulates how informality affects the competitive capability of a country. Recommendations are made on how to tackle informality, based on the current literature on the topic, previous experiences from other countries, and the authors' analysis. This chapter considers the importance of Colombia, Peru, and Mexico to Latin America in terms of economic size, population, and territory. Besides, these countries, along with Chile, form the Alianza del Pacifico (Pacific Alliance), a group of countries that constitutes a basic form of economic integration. Chile is excluded from this chapter since it shows significantly lower levels of informality than the other three alliance members.
Key Factors of Dynamic SMEs in Colombia Using GEM Data
Authors: Bernal León Darío Parra , Cusi Milenka Linneth Argote
Published: January 2020

This chapter contributes to the public policy discussion about the key factors related with dynamic SMEs in Colombia. Authors analyze the case of Colombia through a quantitative approach with a binomial logistic model to estimate the level of association between selected independent variables and dynamic SMEs in the country using GEM data 2017. One of the most important outcomes was that the export activity as well as the level of education of entrepreneurs and previous business experience increase the propensity of Dynamic SMEs in the country. In contrast, variables such as seed capital at the beginning of business and business training did not show a significant relationship with Dynamic SMEs for this case. Notwithstanding the prosperity entrepreneurship ecosystem in Colombia, only 3% of entrepreneurs and their companies are classified as dynamic by authors' model, and there are still great challenges to changes in public policy toward knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship.
MSMEs in India
Authors: Gautam Nidhi , Sondhi Akash
Published: January 2020

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have emerged as a vehicle of economic growth in several emerging countries in the world. The SMEs significantly impact nations' growth in terms of their contribution to exports, employment generation, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It has been witnessed that these small enterprises help countries to sustain in times of economic recession. This chapter presents the significance of MSMEs, a critical review of the challenges they face, and the futuristic vision which is required by these firms so as to multiply their economic contribution in special reference to India. The chapter would serve as a resource for policy makers while bringing attention of key stakeholders to the potential of SMEs in paving the future growth curve for emerging economies in the global context. Through a critical review of secondary literature, the chapter also discusses the vision for the future which is needed for SMEs to achieve the various long-term objectives keeping in view the dynamic external environment where the world is a global village.
Corner Store and Competitiveness Opportunities
Authors: Patiño Omar Alonso , Gutierrez Laura Marcela Patiño
Published: January 2020

Since the decade of the 1960s, the retail trade has evolved in a dizzying way. This has put at risk the permanence in the market of the traditional distribution and final sale models in which the local store is established, and whose existence has favored the development of the urban settlements in Latin America and, particularly, in Colombia. However, at present these may not be sufficient in the face of the development of new business models and technological platforms that have facilitated the acquisition process of products of primary necessity in a market composed of consumers with less availability for purchasing. In this sense, the local store assumes risks that can be addressed through the implementation of strategies that not only depend on the competitiveness conditions provided by the national government, but also on the decisions that autonomously take as a business model, whether as sector or as individual level. The chapter recommends actions to be implemented by the shopkeepers in the search for their permanence in the market.
Competitiveness in the Language Service Industry in Colombia and Spain
Authors: Clavijo Olmos Sandra Bibiana , Duro Moreno Miguel
Published: January 2020

Enterprises in the Colombian language service industry require, as in all trades, increasing competitiveness to stay in the market and grow. In a rapid changing business environment, companies must increase their competitive advantages and/or implement them if they want to stay active and be sustainable. This chapter analyzes the current situation of the Colombian language service industry and benchmarks it against the same business in Spain, a country with a modest yet more robust sector within the Spanish-speaking world. It further discusses some strategies that Colombian language service providers at large could adopt to increase productivity. Since the language service industry is rapidly growing across the world, Colombia needs also to stay ahead in aspects that make it grow. Market trends, the use of updated technology, proper training of professionals, and some other related aspects are likewise scrutinized. A proposal for an in-depth quantitative research is also outlined.
Improving Productivity in Small Cheese Production Enterprises
Authors: Samamé Cristhian E. , Macassi Iliana A. , Alvarez José C.
Published: January 2020

In Peru, the Cajamarca region plays an important role in the dairy sector, which includes micro and small-scale enterprises. Most of these manufacturers fail to comply with the technical standards and good manufacturing practices (GMP), thus losing competitiveness. To improve the manufacturing processes and to increase the productivity of these MSEs, this chapter aims to implement processes. Quality management processes in 33 SMEs were investigated and the data obtained were assessed against the parameters of the Peruvian Technical Standards and GMP for the dairy sector. Based on this analysis, some hygiene-related problems were found during the inspection of milk and cheese, raw materials and finished product warehouses, procedures, infrastructure, energy supply, and equipment. It was found that applying technical standards and manufacturing best practices would significantly improve the productivity of these SMEs.
Increasing the Competitiveness of SMEs
Authors: Sepúlveda Guido Salazar , Vega-Muñoz Alejandro
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores a private law corporation and a body dependent of the Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism of Chile located in a lag zone. It contributes to increasing the competitiveness of entrepreneurship and of small and medium-sized companies in Chile. The main conclusions document the experiences of entrepreneurs and micro-companies regarding services to access training, consultancies, and application to finance lines.
Strategic Innovation
Authors: Lugo William Henry Torres
Published: January 2020

The chapter proposes a revision of the concept of strategic innovation, its diverse perspectives, and the most used approaches to its use, such as disruptive, value-based, and open innovation. The analysis is to identify the possibilities for the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) to improve their competitiveness, based on the review of existing literature cases, to highlight applications from the three approaches: design of business concepts, business models, curves of value and exercises of co-creation of value.
Study of Competences Required for Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation
Authors: Molina-Sánchez Rubén , García Patricia Hernández
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes the role played by universities in the graduate students' attitudes and social values, since they will be the future CEOs of businesses and organizations. It considers that everybody is able to launch a startup or to become a social innovator provided he or she has grown up in an adequate environment, with a social paradigm. The chapter presents the first data collection from a theoretic perspective (Ajzen, 1991; and Sieger, 2014), enunciating the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey (GUESSS) to consider how the university context exerts a great deal of influence on students' entrepreneurial and innovative intentions. The chapter also considers that the aim of starting a business or practicing social innovation can be measured from students' attitudes, norms, and perceptions. Thus, perceived behavioral control is an essential explanatory variable for students' entrepreneurial and innovative intentions.
Women´s Leadership in Mexican SMEs
Authors: Acevedo Natalie Berenice Diaz , Sampieri Roberto Hernández
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents the female leadership model present in the women who lead the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Mexico. It was found that women entrepreneurs have balanced leadership between the pursuit of economic results and the development of quality relationships with employees. This means they are good communicators and consider their employees in the integral development of their companies, but the women entrepreneurs are also interested in the achievement of the organizational objectives. This style of leadership develops in a context in which family support is key to success, where the main challenge they face is the economic one and where, under the perception of themselves, they have been able to break with the traditional scheme of work and female leadership.
Practices of Self-Censorship Among Nepali Journalists
Authors: Koirala Samiksha
Published: January 2020

Although Nepal has entered a new era of democracy and press freedom since 2006, self-censorship still exists in the reporting/editing of many Nepali journalists. Nepal has more than 100 years of press history, most of it has faced pressure from the government if not censorship. Drawing upon interviews with journalists, the chapter demonstrates how self-censorship is being practised in Nepali media houses as a result of state power, the culture of impunity, commercial interests, and political inclination of journalists. While highlighting these agents, the chapter also aims to explain the difference in practices of self-censorship by gender and type of news media.
Threats to Media Freedom and the Safety of Journalists in Nigeria
Authors: Pate Umaru A. , Dauda Sharafa
Published: January 2020

This chapter interrogates long-established and wide-sprung threats to media freedom and journalists' safety in Nigeria. The study used semi-structured interviews to explore field and newsroom experiences. The findings revealed the types of threats to media freedom and journalists' safety, non-existing safety frameworks, mitigation and protection measures, and recommendations on how to protect media organisations and journalists from threats. Consequently, the participants clamoured for constitutional provisions to protect journalists from threats; enforcement of existing and additional constitutional provisions and laws to deter violations against media freedom; establishing and empowering institutions to certify journalists; instituting policies for routine editorial staff training on conflict, safety, and sensitive reporting; and reviewing the NUJ Constitution to address contemporary media and journalism practices and issues, among others.
Types and Sources of Threats to Media Freedom in Uganda
Authors: Selnes Florence Namasinga , Walulya Gerald
Published: January 2020

This chapter contributes to journalism research from the Uganda's context by investigating the types and sources of threats to journalists' safety and media freedom in the country. The authors achieve this by examining relevant documents on the state of journalism in Uganda and interviewing journalists. There are two overarching questions that this chapter is concerned with, which are What are the types of threats to journalists' safety and media freedom? and What are the sources of threats to journalists' safety and media freedom in Uganda? The investigation is grounded in theory about journalists' safety and media freedom. The data were collected through document analysis and interviewing of a purposively selected of sample of journalists in Kampala. The data was collected between April and May 2019 in Kampala, Uganda's capital. The findings show rampant violations against journalists and the media. The violations include physical assault, intimidation, arrests in addition to destruction of journalists' property such as cameras. These are perpetuated by security agencies.
Journalists' Safety and Multifaceted Censorship in Colombia
Authors: Valderrama Yennue Zarate
Published: January 2020

Safety of journalists has been studied as part of freedom of expression. This chapter seeks to address issues surrounding journalists' safety and censorship in Colombia by shedding light on a triple menace: the decrease in journalistic quality, citizens' right to information, and the influence on journalists' professional behavior by analysing the multifaceted press censorship from 2008 to 2012, which occurred before the Peace Accord between FARC guerrilla and former president Juan Manuel Santos. Media ethnography and in-depth interviews were used. Employing the Bourdieu's theory of professional field, the praxis, rationale, and censorship of journalists during the conflict were mapped. The findings shed light on how the censorship went on during a more stable period in the conflict and how journalists were silenced and threatened.
Peer Influence Mechanism Behind Travel Experience Sharing on Social Network Sites
Authors: Chilembwe James Malitoni , Mweiwa Victor Ronald
Published: January 2020

The way tourism consumers share travel experiences have changed tremendously in recent years. There is increased use of technology to distribute travel experiences via social networking sites. Travel companies are increasingly developing their websites in order to network with their tourism customers. These network sites play a significant role in receiving customer feedback using online reviews. As a result, travel companies can utilize their customer evaluations to improve products and service offerings. The visual images and textual postings on network sites have the power to motivate others to embark on travel. This chapter is about peer influence mechanisms behind travel experience sharing on the social network sites. It uses both phenomenology and ethnographic methodological approaches to analyze some of the comments and photographs posted on SNSs by tourists in Malawi. It concludes that most of the tourists traveling to Malawi were influenced by what is being shared on social network sites, yet others do visit out of curiosity to discovering new things.
Social Media Applied to Tourism and Hospitality
Authors: Pacheco Luís , Moreira Fernando
Published: January 2020

Online hotel reviews, ratings, or opinions have gained importance with the growth of social media tools. The objective of this chapter is to study the impact of specific satisfaction attributes on overall satisfaction. It is used a secondary data set obtained from three of the most influential online travel platforms, being analyzed the guests' average ratings for around 130 hotel units, distributed by four quality segments, located in the Porto metropolitan area. The application of this methodology to a large sample of Portuguese hotels has not been done before, been that the main contribution of this study. It is evidenced that the different platforms, while all incorporating consumer reviews as primary social knowledge, are distinct from each other on some aspects. The three platforms present roughly the same supply of hotels, albeit presenting some differences in terms of volume of data. In terms of specific attributes, with the exception of “service,” the three platforms present significant differences that may reflect the different user bases on these platforms.
The Importance of Social Media for the Improvement of the Tourist Experience Offered by Rural Tourism Enterprises
Authors: Amaral Marta Isabel , Rodrigues Ana Isabel
Published: January 2020

Social networks and the use of social media have been gaining more and more importance in recent years and have had a very significant impact on the tourism sector. The way this influences activity can be seen in two ways. On the one hand, from the point of view of the consumer himself, especially the way in which tourists access information. On the other hand, social networks are used by tourism companies as a means to support their marketing activities, such as the promotion of tourism products. This chapter explores how rural tourism companies use social media as a way to improve the tourist consumer experience. By assessing managers of the rural tourism businesses in the Alentejo Region, Portugal, the aim is to identify entrepreneurs' perceptions regarding the factors that influence the tourism experience, the use of social media and their relationship with the improvement of the tourist experience and customer loyalty. It is possible to conclude that rural tourism establishments are no longer ignoring the important role of social media in promoting their tourism experiences.
Online Reputation of Porto Hotel Supply, Northern Region of Portugal
Authors: Araújo Vila Noelia , Villamarín Pablo de Carlos , Pereira Alexandra Matos
Published: January 2020

Recent advances in ICT has led to changes in the tourism sector, mainly in information dissemination and online reputation. Information no longer flows from suppliers to tourists, being the tourist, simultaneously an information consumer and an information creator or generator based on his tourism experience. Through networks, searches, and metasearch engines tourists can review and rate products and services and can access other users' information. They can access online content before, during, and after the trip. This information serves as a reference to choose the next destination to travel to, being much more influential than that generated by the tourism provider or the destination management office. As a case study, this chapter analyses online reputation of the hotel offer in the city of Porto (Portugal), the second most important city in the country, using information from Booking.com. Known as one of the most well-known search engines worldwide, Booking.com allows the guests to assess the hotel units they have stayed in, using seven different items, from staff to free Wi-Fi.
A Nonparametric Bayesian Network Model for Predicting Corrosion Depth on Buried Pipelines
Authors: Xiang Wei , Zhou Wenxing
Published: January 2020

The present study develops a nonparametric Bayesian network (NPBN) model to predict the corrosion depth on buried pipelines using the pipeline age and local soil properties. The dependence structure and parameters of the NPBN model are extracted from Velázquez’s dataset, which consists of 250 samples of corrosion depths, pipeline age, and such local soil properties as the water content, redox potential, and pH value. The NPBN models the joint distribution of the corrosion depth, pipeline age, and local soil parameters by a Gaussian copula. The five-fold cross-validation is used to examine the predictive capability of the developed NPBN model. The results indicate that the predicted mean values of corrosion depths in general agree well with the corresponding field measurements, and more than 95% of the field-measured depths are within the 5 to 95 percentile range of the predicted distribution for the corrosion depth. The NPBN and the associated model mining method provide an effective data-driven approach to develop predictive models of corrosion depths using soil parameters as predictors. The developed NPBN will benefit the corrosion management of pipelines for which direct inspections are infeasible.
Towards an operational Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) retrieval product
Authors: Eriksson Patrick , Rydberg Bengt , Mattioli Vinia , Thoss Anke , Accadia Christophe , Klein Ulf , Buehler Stefan A.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The second generation of the EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS-SG) will include the
Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), the first operational sensor covering sub-millimetre
wavelengths. Three copies of ICI will be launched that together will give a
measurement time series exceeding 20 years. Due to the novelty of ICI, preparing
the data processing is especially important and challenging. This paper
focuses on activities related to the operational product planned, but also
presents basic technical characteristics of the instrument. A retrieval
algorithm based on Bayesian Monte Carlo integration has been developed. The
main retrieval quantities are ice water path (IWP), mean mass height (Zm)
and mean mass diameter (Dm). A novel part of the algorithm is that it fully
presents the inversion as a description of the posterior probability
distribution. This is preferred for ICI as its retrieval errors do not always
follow Gaussian statistics. A state-of-the-art retrieval database is used to
test the algorithm and to give an updated estimate of the retrieval
performance. The degrees of freedom in measured radiances, and consequently
the retrieval precision, vary with cloud situation. According to present
simulations, IWP, Zm and Dm can be determined with 90 % confidence at
best inside 50 %, 700 m and 50 µm, respectively. The
retrieval requires that the data from the 13 channels of ICI are
remapped to a common footprint. First estimates of the errors introduced by
this remapping are also presented.
Implications of different nitrogen input sources for potential production and carbon flux estimates in the coastal Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and Korean Peninsula coastal waters
Authors: Kim Jongsun , Chapman Piers , Rowe Gilbert , DiMarco Steven F. , Thornton Daniel C. O.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The
coastal Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and coastal sea off the Korean Peninsula (CSK)
both suffer from human-induced eutrophication. We used a nitrogen (N) mass
balance model in two different regions with different nitrogen input sources
to estimate organic carbon fluxes and predict future carbon fluxes under
different model scenarios. The coastal GOM receives nitrogen predominantly
from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers and atmospheric nitrogen
deposition is only a minor component in this region. In the CSK, groundwater
and atmospheric nitrogen deposition are more important controlling factors.
Our model includes the fluxes of nitrogen to the ocean from the atmosphere,
groundwater and rivers, based on observational and literature data, and
identifies three zones (brown, green and blue waters) in the coastal GOM and
CSK with different productivity and carbon fluxes. Based on our model
results, the potential primary production rate in the inner (brown water)
zone are over 2 gC m−2 d−1 (GOM) and 1.5 gC m−2 d−1
(CSK). In the middle (green water) zone, potential production is from 0.1 to
2 (GOM) and 0.3 to 1.5 gC m−2 d−1 (CSK). In the offshore (blue
water) zone, productivity is less than 0.1 (GOM) and 0.3
(CSK) gC m−2 d−1. Through our model scenario results, overall
oxygen demand in the GOM will increase approximately 21 % if we fail to
reduce riverine N input, likely increasing considerably the area affected by
hypoxia. Comparing the results from the USA with those from the Korean
Peninsula shows the importance of considering both riverine and atmospheric
inputs of nitrogen. This has direct implications for investigating how
changes in energy technologies can lead to changes in the production of
various atmospheric contaminants that affect air quality, climate and the
health of local populations.
El entenado, de Juan José Saer: “nueva crónica de Indias”, “nueva novela histórica”, “metaficción historiográfica”, “ficción y de archivo” y “novela neobarroca”
Authors: Crespo-Vila Raquel
Published: January 2020

Desde los distintos marcos interpretativos que se han propuesto para una aproximación crítica a la marcada eclosión de lo histórico en la última narrativa latinoamericana, el artículo que sigue propone una serie de notas para la lectura de la obra de Juan José Saer, El entenado (1983), atendiendo, de un modo especial, aunque no excluyente, al componente metafictivo e intertextual de la obra, en tanto patrones narrativos concomitantes y subyacentes a todos los programas analíticos considerados.
En las fauces de Leviatán: contextos iconográficos de la boca zoomorfa del infierno en el imaginario medieval
Authors: García Arranz José Julio
Published: January 2020

En numerosas representaciones artísticas de temas como el Infierno, el Juicio final, la Anastasis o la Caída de los Ángeles Rebeldes, o en la ilustración de determinados pasajes procedentes del Apocalipsis, podemos observar la frecuente inclusión de un terrible motivo icónico: unas enormes fauces abiertas de rasgos zoomórficos, a menudo llameantes, caracterización alegorizada de la boca o entrada del infierno al que van a parar los condenados, que en algunas ocasiones nos permite entrever las terribles torturas que tienen lugar en su interior, y que en otras se transforma en umbral de tránsito por el que diversas criaturas infernales emergen del inframundo y acceden al mundo terrenal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer la conexión de esta figura infernal con el relato mítico de Leviatán, gigantesca criatura acuática de muy remotos orígenes, al tiempo que analizar sus precedentes literarios y artísticos, y las más importantes manifestaciones gráficas y variantes del tipo iconográfico de las fauces infernales en el imaginario medieval occidental.
El enigma del personaje y de la trama del romance de la Infantina: una aproximación al estudio del romance sefardí e hispánico
Authors: Delić Simona
Published: January 2020

El artículo sobre la trama y el personaje del romance pan-hispánico de La Infantina se basa en un extenso trabajo archivístico en algunos de los más prestigiosos centros de documentación folklórica (Archivo Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Madrid, Reino de España, Instituto de Estudios Etnológicos y Folklorísticos de Zagreb, República de Croacia). Se ofrece una nueva interpretación del origen del romance basado en este trabajo archivístico (en un fragmento de la Leyenda del Caballero de Cisne) y se ofrece un extenso trabajo comparado basado en el análisis filológico in situ de las versiones mundiales del romance. De este modo, hemos querido combinar el reader-response criticism del análisis postestructualista con las técnicas tradicionales de análisis filológico en un cuerpo de textos siempre abierto a la interpretación y al análisis, así como a la recolección folklorística en los trabajos de campo a lo largo de la cuenca mediterránea. Se defiende en este artículo el molde individualista del recitador y del filólogo y comparatista, que van mano a mano con el carácter individualista, a la vez que colectivo, en el sentido de la herencia colectiva, del folklore, en oposición al “autor masa” o “colectivo” tanto de la literatura tradicional o culta.
The mystical theology as a path of man for the divine Knowledge in the writings of Gregory of Nyssa, Dionysius Areopagite, and Maximus the Confessor
Authors: Artemi Eirini , Terezis Christos
Published: January 2020

En el cristianismo primitivo, el término mystikos se refería a tres dimensiones, que pronto se entrelazaron, a saber, la bíblica, la litúrgica y la espiritual o contemplativa. La dimensión bíblica se refiere a las interpretaciones "ocultas" o alegóricas de las Escrituras. La dimensión litúrgica se refiere al misterio litúrgico de la Eucaristía, la presencia de Cristo en la Eucaristía. La tercera dimensión es el conocimiento contemplativo o experiencial de Dios. El vínculo entre la teología mística y la visión de lo Divino fue introducido por los primeros Padres de la Iglesia, quienes usaron el término como un adjetivo, como en la teología mística y la contemplación mística. Gregory's of Nyssa, Dionysius Areopagite y Maximos the Confessor realmente llegan a conocer a Dios no mediante su comprensión humana, sino a través de la teología mística. Los poderes de razonamiento deben entrar en una quietud pasiva, permitiendo que la facultad más alta en la persona humana posea a Dios con un conocimiento que excede la comprensión. Este conocimiento es una oscuridad que está más allá de la luz.
La aparición de las vestiduras litúrgicas del cristianismo occidental en la iconografía tardoantigua y altomedieval
Authors: Pazos-López Ángel
Published: January 2020

El artículo presenta algunos apuntes sobre la incorporación de las vestiduras litúrgicas a las representaciones iconográficas del culto cristiano en la Antigüedad Tardía y la Alta Edad Media. Para ello se señalan los principales problemas historiográficos y las fuentes más relevantes para reconstruir los orígenes de las prendas litúrgicas del rito romano. A continuación, se propone un recorrido por algunos ejemplos figurativos que permiten trazar la primera historia visual de los ornamentos sagrados, prestando especial atención a tres focos. En primer lugar, la presencia de las vestiduras litúrgicas en los programas pictóricos murarios y musivarios de los primeros siglos. En segundo lugar, la representación de los clérigos y sus ornamentos en pequeñas piezas altomedievales de  marfil.  Finalmente,  la  codificación  del  atuendo  sagrado  en  el  desarrollo  de  la  incipiente iluminación litúrgica de los siglos IX y X.