bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The view from everywhere: Disciplining diversity in post–World War II international social science
Authors: Selcer Perrin
Published: October 2009

This paper explores the attempt of social scientists associated with Unesco to create a system of knowledge production to provide the international perspective necessary for democratic governance of a world community. Social scientists constructed a federal system of international associations that institutionalized American disciplines on an international scale. An international perspective emerged through the process of interdisciplinary international research. I call this ideal of coordinating multiple subjectivities to produce objectivity the “view from everywhere.” Influenced by social psychological “action‐research,” collaborative research was group therapy. The attempt to operationalize internationalists' rallying slogan, “unity in diversity,” illuminated tensions inherent in the mobilization of science for social and political reform. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon‐14 radiosynthesis of combretastatin A‐1 (CA1) and its corresponding phosphate prodrug (CA1P)
Authors: Brown Rodney T. , Murrell Victor L. , McMordie Austin , Sriram Madhavi , Pinney Kevin G. , Sharma Suman , Chaplin David J.
Published: October 2009

The natural product combretastatin A‐1 (CA1) is isolated from the African bush willow tree, a member of the Combretaceae family. CA1 has important medicinal value, due in part to its ability to inhibit tubulin assembly. The prodrug combretastatin A‐1 diphosphate (CA1P; OXi4503) is currently in human Phase I clinical trials as a vascular disrupting agent. This paper describes the carbon‐14 radiosynthesis of [4′‐14C]CA1 and the corresponding phosphate prodrug salt [4′‐14C]CA1P in high specific activity (55 mCi/mmol). The carbon‐14 label was introduced by methylation of the C‐4′ protected phenolic moiety of the CA1 precursor following removal of the tert‐butyldimethylsilyl protecting group in the presence of [14C]methyl iodide. This was accomplished in excellent yield without significant Z to E isomerization. The [14C]‐precursor ((Z)‐1‐[3′,[4′‐14C],5′‐trimethoxyphenyl]‐2‐[2″,3″‐di‐[(isopropyl)oxy]‐4″‐methoxyphenyl] ethene) was subjected to a de‐isopropylation reaction with TiCl4. The tetrabenzyl phosphate derivative of the resulting diol was prepared using fresh dibenzyl phosphite. Debenzylation with trimethylsilylbromide, followed by hydrolysis of the trimethylsilyl ester and adjustment of the pH with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid yielded [4′‐14C]CA1P with an overall radiochemical yield of 8.4%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of vacuum annealing on graphene
Authors: Ni Zhen Hua , Wang Hao Min , Luo Zhi Qiang , Wang Ying Ying , Yu Ting , Wu Yi Hong , Shen Ze Xiang
Published: October 2009

The effect of vacuum annealing on the properties of graphene is investigated by using Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurement. Heavy hole doping on graphene with concentration as high as 1.5 × 1013 cm−2 is observed after vacuum annealing and exposed to an air ambient. This doping is due to the H2O and O2 adsorption on graphene, and graphene is believed to be more active to molecular adsorption after annealing. Such observation calls for special attention in the process of fabricating graphene‐based electronic devices and gas sensors. On the other hand, because the quality of graphene remains high after the doping process, this would be an efficient and controllable method to introduce heavy doping in graphene, which would greatly help on its application in future electronic devices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of tannin on selection by sheep of forages containing alkaloids, tannins and saponins
Authors: Lisonbee Larry D , Villalba Juan J , Provenza Fred D
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:Mixtures of plant species provide biochemical diversity to pastures which may enhance productivity while decreasing reliance on herbicides and insecticides. All plants contain secondary metabolites (PSMs) that interact in plant communities in a variety of ways. For instance, tannins are a group of highly reactive chemical compounds with the potential to interact with other PSM such as alkaloids and saponins, neutralizing their negative effects. Our objective was to determine whether tannins modify the foraging behavior of sheep grazing on varieties of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil and tall fescue with high and low concentrations of saponins, tannins and alkaloids, respectively.

RESULTS:Lambs that received intraruminal infusions of tannins increased their consumption of the high‐saponin variety of alfalfa and the high‐alkaloid variety of tall fescue relative to lambs not infused with tannins (controls). Lambs infused with tannins and then offered choices among the three high‐PSM varieties of the forages also manifested higher consumption of the high‐alkaloid variety of tall fescue than control lambs. In contrast, lambs infused with tannins reduced their consumption of the high‐tannin variety of birdsfoot trefoil. Thus lambs modified their foraging behavior as a function of the presence/absence of tannins in their rumens.

CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate that ruminants are able to discriminate the specific post‐ingestive effects of forage varieties with high concentrations of PSM, and that PSM complementarities are likely to increase the efficiency of use of diverse forages with different biochemistries. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A case of luteinizing thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis: Revisiting a link with anti‐epileptic drugs
Authors: Nauen David W. , Martin Allison , Katz Aviva , Cohen Debra , Ranganathan Sarangarajan
Published: October 2009

Luteinizing thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis (LTSP) is a rare ovarian tumor of unclear etiology and pathogenesis. The diagnostic entity was proposed in 1994, but a number of earlier reports described possible cases, and some suggested an association with anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs). In presenting a new case we review the literature of previous cases to evaluate the possibility of such a link. When cases in reproductively immature patients are considered, evidence for an association between LTSP and AEDs is strongly suggested despite the rarity of the condition. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:470–472. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimised separation procedures for the simultaneous assay of three plant hormones in liquid biofertilisers
Authors: Tansupo Panadda , Suwannasom Pirom , Luthria Devanand L. , Chanthai Saksit , Ruangviriyachai Chalerm
Published: October 2009

Introduction – The overuse of petrochemical‐based synthetic fertilisers has caused detrimental effects to soil, water supplies, foods and animal health. This, in addition to increased awareness of organic farming, has generated considerable interest in the evaluation of renewable biofertilisers.

Objective – The three objectives of the current research were: (1) to evaluate and optimise a solid phase extraction procedure for extraction of three plant hormones, IAA, GA3 and ABA from two model biofertilisers produced from coconut shells and pineapple peels; (2) to develop an HPLC analysis procedure for the simultaneous separation and quantification of three plant hormones (IAA, GA3 and ABA); and (3) to evaluate the changes in three plant hormones levels at four different fermentation time periods and varying number of general bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

Result – An optimised procedure for sample preparation, separation and simultaneous analysis of three plant hormones [indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA)] produced in liquid biofertilisers was developed. This method involves sample cleanup using a Sep‐pack Oasis®MAX cartridge containing mixed‐mode anion‐exchange and reverse‐phase sorbents that provided optimum recovery of 85.6, 91.9 and 94.3%, respectively, for the three hormones, IAA, GA3, and ABA. Baseline separation of three hormones was achieved using mobile phase consisting of 1% acetic acid and acetonitrile (75:25, v/v) at pH 4.0. The amounts of hormones produced in liquid biofertilisers were influenced by fruit types, fermentation time and total number of general bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The quantities of three plant hormones produced during fermentation correlated well with the total number of microorganisms present in the liquid biofertilisers.

Conclusion – A simple and rapid sample preparation procedure followed by RP‐HPLC with UV detection was optimised and developed for simultaneous quantification and identification of three plant hormones namely, IAA, GA3 and ABA in the liquid biofertilisers. This procedure allows quantification of the three plant hormones in their natural states without any prior derivatisation step. The results presented illustrate that the contents of the three plant hormones depended on the type of fruit wastes, fermentation time and the number of microorganisms found in liquid biofertilisers. This method can be extended to determine the quantity of three hormones in other matrices. This assay procedure will aid in the development of liquid biofertilisers, a valuable alternative fertilisers to promote plant growth. This process will help farmers to reduce production cost and pollution problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of volatile constituents in Thai vetiver root oils obtained by using different extraction methods
Authors: Pripdeevech Patcharee , Wongpornchai Sugunya , Marriott Philip J.
Published: October 2009

Introduction – Vetiver root oil is known as one of the finest fixatives used in perfumery. This highly complex oil contains more than 200 components, which are mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives. Since conventional GC‐MS has limitation in terms of separation efficiency, the comprehensive two‐dimensional GC‐MS (GC × GC‐MS) was proposed in this study as an alternative technique for the analysis of vetiver oil constituents.

Objective – To evaluate efficiency of the hyphenated GC × GC‐MS technique in terms of separation power and sensitivity prior to identification and quantitation of the volatile constituents in a variety of vetiver root oil samples.

Methodology – Dried roots of Vetiveria zizanioides were subjected to extraction using various conditions of four different methods; simultaneous steam distillation, supercritical fluid, microwave‐assisted, and Soxhlet extraction. Volatile components in all vetiver root oil samples were separated and identified by GC‐MS and GC × GC‐MS. The relative contents of volatile constituents in each vetiver oil sample were calculated using the peak volume normalization method.

Results – Different techniques of extraction had diverse effects on yield, physical and chemical properties of the vetiver root oils obtained. Overall, 64 volatile constituents were identified by GC‐MS. Among the 245 well‐resolved individual components obtained by GC × GC‐MS, the additional identification of 43 more volatiles was achieved.

Conclusion – In comparison with GC‐MS, GC × GC‐MS showed greater ability to differentiate the quality of essential oils obtained from diverse extraction conditions in terms of their volatile compositions and contents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited prescription privileges for psychologists: Review and implications for the practice of psychology in the schools
Authors: Ball Carrie R. , Kratochwill Thomas R. , Johnston Hugh F. , Fruehling J. Jay
Published: October 2009

In this article, we present a balanced view of the prescriptive authority debate in relation to five major issues and within the context of the practice of psychology in the schools: (a) appropriate training, (b) quality of care, (c) access to services, (d) continuity of care, and (e) professional identity. We also provide an analysis of the quality and relevance of each issue within the school practice context. Despite the increasing momentum of the prescriptive authority initiative at the state level, it seems unlikely that prescription privileges will be extended to psychologists working in school‐based practice settings. Nevertheless, informed school psychologists have the opportunity to become involved in this issue at both the national and state levels. These efforts may take the form of supporting or opposing the initiative or of lobbying for extension of prescriptive authority into some school settings. At the individual level, informed school psychologists will have the opportunity to develop strong working relationships with prescribing psychologists in their communities and to exercise appropriate professional judgments when referring students or families for services in the community. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Current medications for the treatment of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Vaughan Brigette S. , Roberts Holly J. , Needelman Howard
Published: October 2009

Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is common among children. Fortunately, ADHD is highly treatable with medication. The purpose of this article is to serve as a primer on medication treatment for ADHD for school psychologists. The article discusses the available stimulant and nonstimulant medication for the treatment of ADHD. Additionally, this article discusses educational implications of medication treatment in the schools. Psychosocial interventions will also be highlighted in this article given their efficacy when paired with stimulant medications for children with ADHD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electro‐optical and cathodoluminescence properties of low temperature grown ZnO nanorods/p‐GaN white light emitting diodes
Authors: Kishwar S. , Hasan K. ul , Tzamalis G. , Nur O. , Willander M. , Kwack H. S. , Dang D. Le Si
Published: October 2009

Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods (NRs) with a diameter in the range of 160–200 nm were grown on p‐GaN/sapphire substrates by aqueous chemical growth technique and white light emitting diodes (LEDs) are fabricated. The properties of this LED were investigated by parameter analyzer, cathodoluminescnce (CL), electroluminescence (EL), and photoluminescence (PL). The I–V characteristics of the fabricated ZnO/GaN heterojunction revealed rectifying behavior and the LED emits visible EL when bias is applied. From the CL it was confirmed that both the ZnO NRs and the p‐GaN are contributing to the observed peaks. The observed EL measurements showed two emission bands centered at 450 nm and a second broad deep level defect related emission centered at 630 nm and extending from 500 nm and up to over 700 nm. Moreover, the room temperature PL spectrum of the ZnO NRs/p‐GaN reveals an extra peak at the green color wavelength centered at 550 nm. Comparison of the PL, CL, and EL data suggest that the blue and near red emissions in the EL spectra are originating from Mg acceptor levels in the p‐GaN and from the deep levels defects present in the ZnO NRs, respectively. The mixture of high and low energy colors, i.e., blue, green, and red, has led to the white observed luminescence.
Dielectric spectroscopy of CuBiP2S6 crystals
Authors: Dziaugys Andrius , Banys Juras , Macutkevic Jan , Samulionis Vytautas , Vysochanskii Yulian
Published: October 2009

Investigation results of broadband dielectric (20 Hz–1 MHz) properties of layered CuBiP2S6 crystals are presented. At higher temperatures the dielectric properties are strongly influenced by high electrical conductivity. The DC conductivity and conductivity relaxation time exhibit an anomaly close to the phase transition temperature Tc=220 K. Activation energies of both parameters are very similar, this suggests that the conductivity mechanism is single Cu ions hopping, and phase transition is of superionic type. Close to the phase transition temperature the dielectric relaxation appears, and its origin is discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐field electron mobility in InGaAs quantum wells
Authors: Požela Juras , Požela Karolis , Shkolnik Alexey , Sužiedėlis Algirdas , Jucienė Vida , Mikhrin Sergey , Mikhrin Vladimir
Published: October 2009

A new approach to design the electron–optical phonon scattering rate in a quantum well (QW), based on the dependence of interface phonon frequency upon QW interface composition, is suggested. Possibilities to regulate a scattering rate of electrons by interface phonons in the InGaAs QW by selecting QW barrier materials are considered. It is shown that the electron–interface phonon scattering rate in the In0.2Ga0.8As QW can be changed by several times by choosing content x in the Alx Ga1–x As QW barriers and in the inserted Inx Al1–x As barrier in the QW centre. It is observed experimentally that the low‐field mobility decreases and the high‐field saturated drift velocity increases with the increase of the Iny Ga1–y As/ Inx Al1–x As interface phonon energy. It is shown that the electron drift velocity saturates at the electric field F > 4 kV/cm and achieves values of 1.3–1.5 × 107 cm/s. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Peculiarities of ionic transport in LLTO solid electrolytes
Authors: Šalkus Tomas , Bohnke Odile , Macutkevic Jan , Orliukas Antanas Feliksas , Greičius Simonas , Kezionis Algimantas , Krotkus Arūnas , Suzanovičienė Rasa , Adomavičius Ramūnas
Published: October 2009

The Li3xLa2/3–xTiO3 (LLTO) (x = 0.1 Li+) ionic conductor was investigated by microwave spectrometer set‐up in the 106–109 Hz frequency range and by time‐domain transmission terahertz spectrometer in the 2·1011–3·1012 Hz frequency range. A relaxation dispersion of $ \tilde \sigma $ and $ \tilde \epsilon $ of LLTO ceramics was found in the microwave region and was attributed to the Li+ relaxation in bulk. The resonance dispersion of $ \tilde \sigma $ and $ \tilde \epsilon $ was found in the terahertz region with resonance frequency ω0. The value of ω0 correlates well with the value of attempt frequency f0, found from the Arrhenius plot of the relaxation frequency fR. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electroreflectance diagnostics of InGaN/AlGaN/GaN based LEDs structures
Authors: Avakyants Lev , Bokov Pavel , Chervyakov Anatoly , Chuas Alexey , Yunovich Alexander , Vasileva Elena , Yavich Boris
Published: October 2009

The LEDs InGaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures have been studied by means of electroreflectance spectroscopy. The interference fringes were observed in the electroreflectance spectra in the range of 460 – 1000 nm. Analysis of the period of the fringes shows that they are connected with the interference in the layers of the heterostructure with thicknesses of 240 nm, 720 nm and 4.9 μm. The interference signal from the region between multiple quantum wells and reflective mirror is connected with the changing of the reflection coefficient from the multiple quantum wells due to modulation of the electric field in the pn‐junction and was used to determine the position of the multiple quantum wells in the heterostructures. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dielectric properties of MWCNT based polymer composites close and below percolation threshold
Authors: Macutkevic Jan , Seliuta Dalius , Valusis Gintaras , Banys Juras , Kuzhir Polina , Maksimenko Sergey , Kuznetsov Vladimir , Moseenkov Sergey , Usolseva Anna , Mazov Ilya , Ischenko Arcady , Lambin Philippe
Published: October 2009

Results of broadband (20 Hz‐1 MHz) dielectric spectroscopy of multi‐wall carbon nanotubes/polymethylmethacrylate composites with low loading of the carbon fillers (up to 0.5 wt%) are reported. The temperature behaviour of complex dielectric permittivity of MWCNT/PMMA composites with 0.25 wt% is similar to the pure PMMA polymer. However, the dielectric permittivity and electric conductivity of composites with 0.5 wt% are very high and both parameters are almost temperature independent. The high complex dielectric permittivity of these composites indicates the onset of percolation threshold. The relaxation time of β relaxation is shorter in MWCNT/PMMA composites than in pure PMMA. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Terahertz imaging using high electron mobility transistors as plasma wave detectors
Authors: Nadar S. , Coquillat D. , Sakowicz M. , Videlier H. , Teppe F. , Dyakonova N. , Knap W. , Peiris J.‐M. , Lyonnet J. , Seliuta D. , Kasalynas I. , Valušis G. , Madjour K. , Théron D. , Gaquière C. , Poisson M.‐A.
Published: October 2009

Two experiments demonstrate that high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are well suited for terahertz (THz) imaging. We have shown that HEMTs can be effectively used as plasma wave detectors in a THz imaging system at frequencies higher than 1 THz at room temperature and this device are sensitive to the polarization direction of THz radiation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dielectric investigation of lead‐free perovskite strontium titanate with 25% bismuth ceramics
Authors: Grigalaitis Robertas , Banys Juras , Bagdzevicius Sarunas , Sternberg Andris , Bormanis Karlis
Published: October 2009

In this work lead‐free 0.75SrTiO3‐0.25BiTiO3 ceramics have been investigated in broad frequency range. Obtained results showed pronounced dispersion below room temperature typical for the dipolar glasses. The calculated relaxation time distribution function broadens toward longest relaxation times part on cooling. The obtained most probable relaxation time diverges according to the Vogel‐Fulcher relationship with the following parameters: dipole activation energy EA=2123 K, glassy state temperature T0=52.7 K, shortest relaxation time, referring to dipole relaxations at very high temperatures, τ0=2.1·10–14 s. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sol‐gel synthesis and XPS study of vanadium‐hydroquinone oxide bronze films
Authors: Bondarenka V. , Tvardauskas H. , Grebinskij S. , Senulis M. , Pašiškevičius A. , Volkov V. , Zakharova G.
Published: October 2009

A vanadium – hydroquinone oxide bronze has been synthesized by using a sol gel technology. The V2O5 powder, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroquinone C6H4(OH)2 were used as the starting materials to produce the bronze. At first the vanadium gel was made by the dissolving of vanadium pentoxide powder in hydrogen peroxide at 273 K. Then the solution was heated up to 350 K for the dissociation of peroxide complexes. An aqueous solution of hydroquinone was mixed with the formed gel in molar ratio 0.33:1. In this way the V2O5±δ·nH2O/HQ (HQ‐hydroquinone) gel was synthesized. These gels are applied on the Ni pad and dried in an air (wet gel synthesis) or heated up to 580 K in air for 1 h for the water removal from gel (bronze production). The wet gel, as well as a bronze, was investigated by means of XPS method. Analysis of V‐O region of XPS spectra shows that vanadium in both cases (wet gel and bronze) is in stable V5+ state. Oxygen in wet gel can be associated with V ions, hydroxide group and water. In bronze oxygen is connected with V and hydrogen (hydroxide). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence of ZnO crystals under surface and bulk excitation regimes
Authors: Serevičius Tomas , Miasojedovas Saulius , Gavryushin Vladimir , Juršėnas Saulius
Published: October 2009

Luminescence properties of vapor phase grown ZnO single crystals with different content of deep traps were explored under one‐photon and two‐photon excitation. Room‐temperature near bandgap emission of highly excited ZnO crystals was originated by inelastic exciton scattering. Under surface excitation regime, luminescence decay profile was governed by exciton diffusion and bimolecular recombination. At higher excitation, exciton recombination transients were significantly altered by stimulated emission. Two‐photon bulk‐like excitation revealed exciton recombination dynamics related to defect states. Correlation between the luminescence decay rate and the density of deep trap states of variously annealed crystals was observed. Results on crystal optical quality were in line with estimated values of stimulated emission threshold. The largest value of the average luminescence decay time τlu = 1.5 ns and the lowest value of the stimulated emission threshold Iexc = 0.6 mJ/cm2 were obtained for ZnO crystal annealed in vacuum. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An easterly tip jet off Cape Farewell, Greenland. I: Aircraft observations
Authors: Renfrew I. A. , Outten S. D. , Moore G. W. K.
Published: October 2009

An easterly tip jet event off Cape Farewell, Greenland, is described and analysed in considerable detail. In Part I of this study (this paper) comprehensive aircraft‐based observations are described, while in Part II of this study numerical simulations and a dynamical analysis are presented. The easterly tip jet of 21 February 2007 took place during the Greenland Flow Distortion experiment. It resulted through the interaction of a barotropic synoptic‐scale low pressure system in the central North Atlantic and the high topography of southern Greenland.In situobservations reveal a jet core at the coast with peak winds of almost 50 m s−1, about 600–800 m above the sea surface, and of 30 m s−1at 10 m. The depth of the jet increased with wind speed from ∼1500 m to ∼2500 m as the peak winds increased from 30 to 50 m s−1. The jet accelerated and curved anticyclonically as it reached Cape Farewell and the end of the barrier. The easterly tip jet was associated with a tongue of cold and dry air along the coast of southeast Greenland, general cloud cover to the east, and cloud streets to the south of Cape Farewell. Precipitation was observed during the low‐level components of the flight. The very high wind speeds generated a highly turbulent atmospheric boundary layer and resulted in some of the highest surface wind stresses ever observed over the ocean. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Bond‐dissociation using hybrid DFT
Authors: Siegbahn Per E. M. , Blomberg Margareta R. A.
Published: October 2009

The calculation of potential curves and potential surfaces is the main approach for quantum chemical studies of reaction mechanisms. For a sufficient accuracy, qualitatively correct descriptions of bond cleavages and bond formations are required. When large models are used, such as for systems of biological interest, in practice the only available method is DFT. The most common variant is hybrid DFT with the B3LYP functional. In the present study, two cases of bond dissociation using B3LYP are discussed, one for the single O–O bond in hydrogen peroxide, the other one for the hextuple bond in the chromium dimer. Quite accurate results are obtained in both cases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
The second largest component in the supercritical 2D Hamming graph
Authors: van der Hofstad Remco , Luczak Malwina J. , Spencer Joel
Published: October 2009

The two‐dimensional Hamming graph H(2,n) consists of the n2 vertices (i,j), 1 ≤ i,j ≤ n, two vertices being adjacent when they share a common coordinate. We examine random subgraphs of H(2,n) in percolation with edge probability p, in such a way that the average degree satisfies 2(n − 1)p = 1 + ε. Previous work [8] has shown that in the barely supercritical region n−2/3 ln1/3n ≪ ε ≪ 1, the largest component satisfies a law of large numbers with mean 2εn. Here we show that the second largest component has, with high probability, size bounded by 28ε−2 log(n2ε3), so that the dominant component has emerged. This result also suggests that a discrete duality principle holds, where, after removing the largest connected component in the supercritical regime, the remaining random subgraphs behave as in the subcritical regime. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
The effect of induced subgraphs on quasi‐randomness
Authors: Shapira Asaf , Yuster Raphael
Published: October 2009

One of the main questions that arise when studying random and quasi‐random structures is which properties
$ \cal P$
are such that any object that satisfies $ \cal P$
“behaves” like a truly random one. In the context of graphs, Chung, Graham, and Wilson (Combinatorica 9 (1989), 345–362) call a graph p‐quasi‐random if it satisfies a long list of the properties that hold in G(n,p) with high probability, such as edge distribution, spectral gap, cut size, and so on.

Our main result here is that the following holds for any fixed graph H: if the distribution of induced copies of H in a graph G is close (in a well defined way) to the distribution we would expect to have in G(n,p), then G is either p‐quasi‐random or p̄‐quasi‐random, where p̄ is the unique nontrivial solution of the polynomial equation xδ(1 − x)1−δ = pδ(1 − p)1−δ, with δ being the edge density of H. We thus infer that having the correct distribution of induced copies of any single graph H is enough to guarantee that a graph has the properties of a random one. The proof techniques we develop here, which combine probabilistic, algebraic, and combinatorial tools, may be of independent interest to the study of quasi‐random structures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
Electrochemical and surface analytical study of the corrosion behavior of mild steel with cathodically produced zinc phosphate coating
Authors: Kellner Florian J. J. , Schütze Katja , Kreutz Christian , Virtanen Sannakaisa
Published: October 2009

Corrosion protection of mild steel by zinc phosphate coatings produced by electrolytic phosphating under cathodic polarization was investigated by electrochemical and surface analytical techniques. The cathodically produced coating mainly consists of zinc phosphate as hopeite, with incorporation of a small amount of metallic zinc. Surface characterization by X‐ray diffraction, SEM and energy dispersive X‐ray as a function of exposure time in neutral and alkaline solutions gives information on solution‐induced changes of the protective layers. In neutral NaCl solution, the electrolytic zinc phosphate coating shows a very good corrosion protection, which even increases as a function of exposure time. Surface analytical investigations reveal that this is due to a formation of an underlayer of Zn(OH)2 at the metal/coating interface. This corrosion product layer is an additional barrier blocking the bare metal surface in the pores of the zinc phosphate coating. In alkaline solution, phosphate is preferentially dissolved from the coating, changing the chemical composition of the coating to ZnO. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wetting and evaporation behaviors of water–ethanol sessile drops on PTFE surfaces
Authors: Shi Laixin , Shen Ping , Zhang Dan , Lin Qiaoli , Jiang Qichuan
Published: October 2009

The wetting and evaporation behaviors of water–ethanol mixtures on polished poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) surfaces were studied with an emphasis on the influence of concentration. Three representative stages: (i) constant contact diameter with decreasing contact angle and drop height; (ii) increase in contact angle and drop height with decreasing contact diameter; and (iii) simultaneous decrease in contact angle, drop height, and contact diameter, were identified in the wetting process under evaporation. In the initial stage, with increasing ethanol concentration, the wetting and evaporating behaviors of the mixture drops are close to those of pure ethanol, while in the final stage they are close to those of pure water, regardless of the concentration. The most significant difference between the pure substance and mixture drops is in the intermediate stage due to the different controlling mechanisms behind the de‐pinning phenomenon. Moreover, the concrete wetting behavior is dependent on the composition of the mixture drops. For an evaporating sessile drop, the wetting should be evaluated using the combined parameters of contact angle, drop height, and contact diameter. Six representative modes are proposed to describe the wetting behaviors of the water–ethanol sessile drops on the PTFE surfaces under evaporation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color inhibition of phenolic antioxidants in Ziegler‐Natta polyethylene. II. In‐situ solution studies
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Liauw Christopher M. , Reyes Aitor , Edge Michele , Johnson Brian , Keck‐Antoine Klaus
Published: October 2009

Part I of this series of papers showed that color suppression (in some cases superior to that with established phosphites) of polyethylenes (PEs) containing a highly discoloring hindered phenolic antioxidant, Lowinox 22IB46 [2,2′‐isobutylidenebis(4,6‐dimethylphenol)] (L22IB46), and titanium catalyst residues could be achieved by using a range of relatively low cost multifunctional compounds, among which dipentaerythritol (DPE) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) performed notably well. It was speculated that the latter compounds in some way blocked the formation of highly chromophoric species, which were thought to be titanium phenolates. The studies conducted in Part II further investigate this effect via a solution‐based model‐compound approach, with decahydronaphthalene and titanium and aluminum isopropoxides as models for the PE and Ti‐ and Al‐based catalyst residues, respectively. This approach enabled the use of second‐derivative UV spectroscopy of refluxing solutions for the detection of chromophoric species. The level of antioxidant consumption was determined by using UV spectroscopy, and L22IB46 – (color suppressant) reaction products were characterized by using infrared spectroscopy. Titanium(IV) was found to play a major role in discoloration (via production of titanium phenolates) and the consumption of L22IB46 relative to that of aluminum, which displayed little color formation activity. This observation shows that L22IB46 oxidation products are not necessarily the major cause of discoloration. The DPE and TIPA also performed well in this solution‐based study, though interesting chain‐length‐related (and possibly solubility‐related) effects were apparent with poly(ethylene glycol). J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
The historical development of the thermoelectrically cooled X‐ray detector and its impact on the portable and hand‐held XRF industries (February 2009)
Authors: Pantazis T. , Pantazis J. , Huber A. , Redus R.
Published: October 2009

Portable/hand‐held X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments now achieve performance comparable to laboratory‐sized, expensive, liquid nitrogen cooled systems. The availability of these systems has expanded XRF applications out of the laboratory to in situ analysis including that for lead in paint, alloy identification, process control, restriction of hazardous substances/waste from electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS/WEEE) compliance, and art and archaeology. The development of small, low‐power, high‐performance, and cost‐effective X‐ray detectors was a critical part of this transformation. This paper will look back at the development and technical achievements of the Amptek X‐ray detector as well the future direction of portable XRF. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In-depth evaluation of the effects of an automatic emergency call system on road fatalities
Authors: Sihvola Niina , Luoma Juha , Schirokoff Anna , Salo Jari , Karkola Kari
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an automatic emergency call system on accident consequences in Finland (ex-ante evaluation). In addition, the effects of the system on emergency response times and the effects of real-time information about the accident location were assessed.

Methods

The evaluation utilised in-depth accident reports collected by the road accident investigation teams during the period 2001–2003. The time delay between the accident occurrence and notification of the emergency response centre was estimated from information in the phone log of emergency response centres and from the information provided by the road accident investigation teams. Accuracy and potential errors by emergency callers in defining the accident site, as well as potential problems with rescue units finding the accident site, were examined with a survey sent to emergency response centres.

Results and conclusions

The main finding showed that the system could very probably have prevented 3.6% of the road fatalities investigated. In addition, it was assessed that the total preventive effect on road fatalities could be approximately 4–8% if possibly preventable fatalities were taken into account. The system has the greatest potential to save lives in cases where the emergency call would, with no automatic emergency call system, be made more than 5 min after the accident. In conclusion, the system is recommended for immediate and widespread implementation in Finland.
OsBADH1 is possibly involved in acetaldehyde oxidation in rice plant peroxisomes
Authors: Mitsuya Shiro , Yokota Yuka , Fujiwara Takashi , Mori Nobuhiro , Takabe Tetsuko
Published: October 2009

Although rice (Oryza sativa L.) produces little glycine betaine (GB), it has two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH; EC 1.2.1.8) gene homologs (OsBADH1 and OsBADH2). We found that OsBADH1 catalyzes the oxidation of acetaldehyde efficiently, while the activity of OsBADH2 is extremely low. The accumulation of OsBADH1 mRNA decreases following submergence treatment, but quickly recovers after re‐aeration. We confirmed that OsBADH1 localizes in peroxisomes. In this paper, a possible physiological function of OsBADH1 in the oxidation of acetaldehyde produced by catalase in rice plant peroxisomes is discussed.
Nucleolar disruption impairs Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus ORF57‐mediated nuclear export of intronless viral mRNAs
Authors: Boyne James R. , Whitehouse Adrian
Published: October 2009

MINT‐7291715: ORF57 (uniprotkb:Q2HR75) and Aly (uniprotkb:Q86V81) colocalise (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
Groundwater geology of the western Siberian craton (implications for petroleum exploration)
Authors: Bukaty M.B.
Published: October 2009

According to the suggested model of groundwater stratigraphy obtained on the basis of geological and groundwater data, the sedimentary cover of the western Siberian craton includes the suprasalt, salt, and subsalt groundwater units subdivided into regional and subregional reservoirs. It has been found reasonable to carry out special groundwater studies, either before or concurrently with petroleum exploration, in order to ensure supply of drinking, household, and technological waters to meet the demand of oil and gas production and to make groundwater available for oil-well pressure maintaining systems and for underground burial of waste waters.
Clustering of groundwater chemistry data with implications for reservoir appraisal in West Siberia
Authors: Kurchikov A.R. , Plavnik A.G.
Published: October 2009

Division of sedimentary strata according to groundwater chemistry is discussed with implications for petroleum reservoir potential. It is suggested to process multiparametric water chemistry data from West Siberia using formalized clustering techniques. The efficiency of this approach has been tested for Neocomian clinoform reservoirs with reference to regional-scale appraisal and subregional petroleum division.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves from an induction source in media with time-dependent conductivity and permittivity
Authors: Dolgun A.A. , Shurina E.P. , Epov M.I.
Published: October 2009

Electromagnetic wave propagation from an induction source (a transmitter coil) in media with time-dependent conductivity and permittivity is simulated using the vector finite-element method. A special algorithm is suggested for source approximation.
ON COMMUTATIVE REDUCED FILIAL RINGS
Authors: ANDRUSZKIEWICZ R. R. , PRYSZCZEPKO K.
Published: October 2009

A ring in which every accessible subring is an ideal is called filial. We continue the study of commutative reduced filial rings started in [R. R. Andruszkiewicz and K. Pryszczepko, ‘A classification of commutative reduced filial rings’,Comm. Algebrato appear]. In particular we describe the Noetherian commutative reduced rings and construct nontrivial examples of commutative reduced filial rings without ideals which are domains.
A TWO-LEVEL DEFECT–CORRECTION METHOD FOR NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS
Authors: LIU QINGFANG , HOU YANREN
Published: October 2009

A two-level defect–correction method for the steady-state Navier–Stokes equations with a high Reynolds number is considered in this paper. The defect step is accomplished in a coarse-level subspace Hm by solving the standard Galerkin equation with an artificial viscosity parameter σ as a stability factor, and the correction step is performed in a fine-level subspace HM by solving a linear equation. H1 error estimates are derived for this two-level defect–correction method. Moreover, some numerical examples are presented to show that the two-level defect–correction method can reach the same accuracy as the standard Galerkin method in fine-level subspace HM. However, the two-level method will involve much less work than the one-level method.
REGULATORY COMPETITION IN PARTNERSHIP LAW
Authors: Siems Mathias M
Published: October 2009

Regulatory competition in company law has been extensively debated in the last few decades, but it has rarely been discussed whether there could also be regulatory competition in partnership law. This article fills this gap. It addresses the partnership law of the US, the UK, Germany, and France, and presents empirical data on the different types of partnerships and companies established in these jurisdictions. The main focus is on the use of a limited liability partnership (LLP) outside its country of origin. It is also considered whether some regulatory competition can take place in the law of limited partnerships.
Notes on the Echinoderms collected by Mr. Bourne in Deep Water off the South-west of Ireland in H.M.S. “Research”
Authors: Bell F. Jeffrey
Published: October 2009

Mr. Bourne has been good enough to submit to me most of the interesting specimens of Echinoderms which he obtained during his short stay on board H.M.S. “Research.” Coming so soon after the important collection made by the Rev. W. S. Green in neighbouring waters and at greater depths, it will, I think, suffice for me to treat this collection as an appendix to that, and to refer for a general discussion of such points as appeared worth noting to my report in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for December last.
Monthly Reports on the Fishing in the Neighbourhood of Plymouth
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: October 2009

The four charts published in this number, being for the months of May, June, July, and August, form a continuation, of the series of reports commenced in the last number (vol. ii, No. 3) and are intended to show the position of the fishing fleets.

The same symbols have been used, which, for convenience, are again given below.

I do not propose to attempt a full description of each month's fishing, but rather let the charts explain themselves, giving only a few necessary notes on the dates of the movements of shoals, which may be of use on a subsequent occasion.
An Apparatus for Keeping Marine Organisms Under Circulation in Narrow Observational Tanks
Authors: Grove A. J.
Published: October 2009

This apparatus was elaborated during some preliminary observations on the biology of the polychæte worm Melinna adriatica, and in view of its possibilities for facilitating observations on other small marine organisms, an account of it seems desirable.
On Some Colour Variations and Adaptations in Actiniae
Authors: Walton Chas. L.
Published: October 2009

The significance of the colouration of various Actiniaria has been of much interest to me for some time, and particularly the extreme variability displayed by certain of the most abundant species. Descriptions of colouration and coloured plates help but little toward elucidating these problems, the examination of numbers of the animals living in their natural environment being absolutely essential before any conclusions can be drawn.
Diurnal changes of photoadaptive pigments in microphytobenthos
Authors: Jordan Leonie , McMinn Andrew , Thompson Peter
Published: October 2009

Microphytobenthos need photoadaptive strategies to survive the highly dynamic light environment in which they reside. Xanthophyll pigments can provide photoprotection by cycling electrons between epoxide and de-epoxide forms, dissipating excess light energy as heat. This study examined the xanthophyll cycle in microphytobenthos on a tidally exposed substrate at Browns River, Tasmania. Fv/Fm decreased from 0.52±0.01 to 0.47±0.01 at noon in surface samples and a decrease in the diadinoxanthin:chlorophyll-aratio from 0.022±0.003 to 0.015±0.005 also suggests that the microphytobenthos was under physiological stress at noon. The results indicate that the cells exposed to light at the surface migrated deeper into the sediments and replenished the epoxide form of their xanthophylls. The results suggest that micrphytobenthos utilizes both behavioural and physiological strategies to survive in the dynamic intertidal environment.
The route to the top in the Ottomanilmiyehierarchy of the sixteenth century
Authors: Atcil Abdurrahman
Published: October 2009

In this essay, I look into the growth in the Ottomanilmiyehierarchy, and its emergence as a distinct career path, through an analysis of the backgrounds and careers of forty-nine officials who reached the highest fourilmiyepositions. The analysis reveals that towards the middle of the sixteenth century new teaching andkadılıkoffices absorbed the growing number ofilmiyeofficials. After 1570, limitation of tenure periods and rules for promotion and removal were introduced to facilitate the employment of more officials. Meanwhile, greater emphasis was placed on receiving one's education and obtaining teaching positions in the central cities, especially Istanbul. Those scholars educated and taught in areas distant from the centre lost the opportunity to reach the highestilmiyeposts. In addition, after 1550, the sons of government officials were increasingly favoured in theilmiyehierarchy.