bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oscillations in the immune system
Authors: Stark Jaroslav , Chan Cliburn , George Andrew J. T.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Oscillations are surprisingly common in the immune system, both in its healthy state and in disease. The most famous example is that of periodic fevers caused by the malaria parasite. A number of hereditary disorders, which also cause periodic fevers, have also been known for a long time. Various reports of oscillations in cytokine concentrations following antigen challenge have been published over at least the past three decades. Oscillations can also occur at the intracellular level. Calcium oscillations following T‐cell activation are familiar to all immunologists, and metabolic and reactive oxygen species oscillations in neutrophils have been well documented. More recently, oscillations in nuclear factor κB activity following stimulation by tumor necrosis factor α have received considerable publicity. However, despite all of these examples, oscillations in the immune system still tend to be considered mainly as pathological aberrations, and their causes and significance remained largely unknown. This is partly because of a lack of awareness within the immunological community of the appropriate theoretical frameworks for describing and analyzing such behavior. We provide an introduction to these frameworks and give a survey of the currently known oscillations that occur within the immune system.
Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human dentin
Authors: Jágr Michal , Eckhardt Adam , Pataridis Statis , Mikšík Ivan
Published: October 2015

Proteomic analysis of the human body is a significant recent scientific endeavour. In this study, we investigated the proteomic profile of human dentin using modern analytical and mass spectrometric techniques. Five healthy permanent human molars from five adults were cut, pulverized, denaturated with guanidine buffer, and demineralized with EDTA buffer. The extracted proteins were analysed by gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis), digested with trypsin, and separated by liquid chromatography/high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 289 proteins with high confidence, 90 of which had not been previously detected in human dentin. Nine (currently hypothetical) proteins were identified for the first time in an actual human sample. The proteins have a variety of functions, including calcium‐ion binding, formation of the extracellular matrix, formation of the cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal protein binding, immune response, and transport. In conclusion, this is the first use of two‐dimensional electrophoresis for investigating human dentin.
Docetaxel‐induced photo‐recall phenomenon
Authors: Droitcourt Catherine , Le Hô Hélêne , Adamski Henri , Le Gall François , Dupuy Alain
Published: October 2015

Photo‐recall phenomenon is a phototoxic eruption occurring on areas of previous ultraviolet‐induced solar erythema following a systemic administration of a drug. It has been mostly described with methotrexate but remains rare with other antineoplastic drugs. We describe a case of docetaxel‐induced photo‐recall skin rash in a woman treated for a non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Although the patient has refused to receive a second infusion, chemotherapy can be carried on with photoprotection and the use of topical and/or systemic corticosteroids. In contrast, radiation recall is a well‐known reaction by oncologists, most of them may not be aware of a similar phenomenon called photo‐recall phenomenon. Recognizing this entity may avoid misdiagnosing a drug allergy and should avoid inappropriate decisions of drug discontinuation.
Attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors of secondary school adolescents regarding protection from sun exposure: a survey in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Tempark Therdpong , Chatproedprai Susheera , Wananukul Siriwan
Published: October 2015

Background

Sun protection behavior is a proven intervention for aging skin and skin cancer prevention, especially if training on prolonged sun exposure can be performed early in life. Despite the fact that there are several study reports from multicenters in the West, there are limited data on sun protection in tropical countries where the prevalence of sunburn as well as sun protection behavior and knowledge are low. In Bangkok, sun protection behavior among adolescents is different from the studies performed in the West. Schools are key institutions in encouraging students to prevent themselves from acquiring problems of long‐time sun exposure.

Objective

To assess the amount of time exposed to the sun, sun protection behavior, attitudes, and knowledge about sun exposure protection among secondary school adolescents in Bangkok, Thailand.

Methods

This is a nonrandomized, cross‐sectional survey. All students from seven secondary schools in Bangkok (public/private, male/female/coed) were recruited in to the study.

Results

A total of 10 387 students were enrolled in to the study; 6176 (59.5%) and 4211 (40.5%) students were from grades 7 to 9 and 10 to 12, respectively. Male students significantly lacked proper sun‐protecting behaviors when compared to the female students in the use of sunscreen (9.4% vs. 28.0%, P < 0.001), staying under the shade (55.5% vs. 65.2%, P < 0.001), and use of umbrellas (5.2% vs. 12.1%, P < 0.001). Proper attitudes and sun‐protecting behaviors among junior high school students were deficient when compared to high school students in the use of sunscreen (57.1% vs. 60.6%, P < 0.001), types of clothing (10.5% vs. 15.3%, P < 0.001), and hat (3.2% vs. 3.9%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Sun protection behavior among adolescents in Bangkok was poor compared to Western countries. The attitudes and general knowledge about sun protection were significantly different among male and female students from grades 7 to 9 and 10 to 12.

Limitation

The limitation of the study is the use of self‐reported questionnaires in assessing sun exposure and protection.
Topical nutlin‐3a does not decrease photocarcinogenesis induced by simulated solar radiation in hairless mice
Authors: Lerche Catharina Margrethe , Philipsen Peter Alshede , Poulsen Thomas , Gniadecki Robert , Wulf Hans Christian
Published: October 2015

Background

Nutlin‐3a increases p53 levels after UVB radiation, which could result in a decrease in DNA damage and thus lead to a lower risk of non‐melanoma skin cancer. Especially, organ transplant recipients might derive benefit from such a topical formulation with an active ingredient to prevent DNA damage.

Purpose

To investigate whether topical nutlin‐3a can decrease photocarcinogenesis induced by simulated solar radiation.

Methods

72 hairless C3.Cg/TifBomTac mice were treated 3 days/week topically with 100 μl nutlin‐3a (9 mM) [Groups 1 and 3 (120 days)) or 100 μl vehicle (Group 2). Three hours later, all mice were exposed to simulated solar radiation (a radiometric equivalent of three standard erythema dose units).

Results

The median time to tumours did not differ between the mice treated with nutlin‐3a and with the vehicle. The median time to the first and second tumours did not differ between ‘nutlin‐3a‐120 days’ and vehicle‐treated mice, but there was a small significant difference in the median time to the third tumour (211 vs. 196 days, P = 0.043). However, after Bonferroni correction, there was no difference at all.

Conclusion

Nutlin‐3a had no reductive effect on photocarcinogenesis and we do not believe in nutlin‐3a as a potential drug against DNA damage in a topical formulation for organ transplant patients.
Job satisfaction and job content in Dutch dental hygienists
Authors: Jerković‐Ćosić K , van Offenbeek MAG , van der Schans CP
Published: October 2015

Objectives

This study compares the scope of practice of Dutch dental hygienists (DHs) educated through a 2‐ or 3‐year curriculum (‘old‐style DHs’) with that of hygienists educated through a new extended 4‐year curriculum leading to a bachelor's degree (‘new‐style DHs’), with the aim to investigate whether an extended scope of practice positively affects perceived skill variety, autonomy and job satisfaction.

Methods

The questionnaires were obtained from old‐ and new‐style DHs (n = 413, response 38%; n = 219, response 59%, respectively), in which respondents had recorded their dental tasks, perceived skill variety, autonomy and job satisfaction.
T
‐tests were used to analyse differences between old‐ and new‐style DHs, and regression analyses were performed to assess the relation between scope of practice and skill variety, autonomy and job satisfaction.

Results

New‐style DHs have a more extended scope of practice compared with old‐style DHs. Despite their more complex jobs, which are theoretically related to higher job satisfaction, new‐style DHs perceive lower autonomy and job satisfaction (P < 0.05). Skill variety is the strongest predictor for DHs' job satisfaction (β = 0.462), followed by autonomy (β = 0.202) and caries decisive tasks, the last affecting job satisfaction negatively (β = −0.149). Self‐employment is the strongest significant predictor for autonomy (β = 0.272).

Conclusions

The core business of DHs remains the prevention and periodontology services. New‐style DHs combine these tasks with extended tasks in the caries field, which can lead to comparatively less job satisfaction, because of a lower experienced autonomy in performing these extended tasks.
The Analgesic Concentration of Oxycodone with Co‐administration of Paracetamol – A Dose‐Finding Study in Adult Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Kokki Merja , Broms Susanna , Eskelinen Matti , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Halonen Toivo , Kokki Hannu
Published: October 2015

We have previously shown that paracetamol has an opioid‐sparing effect in tonsillectomy, and now, we evaluated the analgesic efficacy of paracetamol i.v. in early post‐operative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCC). Twenty‐four patients with LCC were randomized to receive paracetamol i.v. 1 g (group 1) or 2 g (group 2) at the end of surgery. All patients were provided 0.1 mg/kg of oxycodone i.v. 15 min. before the end of surgery. At the recovery room when the wound pain at rest was ≥3/10 and/or ≥5/10 during the wound compression, plasma sample was taken for the determination of oxycodone (minimum effective concentration, MEC), its metabolites and paracetamol. After that the patients were titrated with further doses of oxycodone i.v. to wound pain < 3/10 at rest and < 5/10 during wound compression, plasma sample was taken for the determination of minimum effective analgesic concentration (MEAC) of oxycodone. The total oxycodone dose needed for pain relief was similar, about 0.3 mg/kg (range 0.2–0.5), in both groups (p = 0.80). At the onset of pain, P‐oxycodone (MEC) was similar in both groups, 25 ng/ml (19–32) in group 1 and 24 ng/ml (16–34) in group 2. The pain relief (MEAC) was achieved in group 1 with P‐oxycodone 70 ng/ml (30–131) and in group 2 with 62 ng/ml (36–100) (p = 0.48). In conclusion, in the early‐phase after LCC, there was no significant difference between the effect of paracetamol doses of 1 g and 2 g i.v. on the need of i.v. oxycodone.
Lysosomal Instability and Cathepsin B Release during Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Woolbright Benjamin L. , Ramachandran Anup , McGill Mitchell R. , Yan Hui‐min , Bajt Mary Lynn , Sharpe Matthew R. , Lemasters John J. , Jaeschke Hartmut
Published: October 2015

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is currently the most frequent cause of drug‐induced liver failure in the United States. Recently, it was shown that lysosomal iron translocates to mitochondria where it contributes to the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether cathepsin B, a lysosomal protease, is involved in APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity. Cathepsin B activity was measured in subcellular liver fractions of C57Bl/6 mice 3 hr after 300 mg/kg APAP treatment. There was a significant increase in cytoplasmic cathepsin activity, concurrent with a decrease in microsomal activity, indicative of lysosomal cathepsin B release. To investigate the effect of cathepsin B on hepatotoxicity, the cathepsin inhibitor AC‐LVK‐CHO was given 1 hr prior to 300 mg/kg APAP treatment along with vehicle control. There was no difference between groups in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values, or by histological evaluation of necrosis, although cathepsin B activity was inhibited by 70–80% compared with controls. These findings were confirmed with a different inhibitor (z‐FA‐fmk) in vivo and in vitro. Hepatocytes were exposed to 5 mM acetaminophen. Lysotracker staining confirmed lysosomal instability and cathepsin B release, but there was no reduction in cell death after treatment with cathepsin B inhibitors. Finally, cathepsin B release was measured in clinical samples from patients with APAP‐induced liver injury. Low levels of cathepsin B were released into plasma from overdose patients. APAP overdose causes lysosomal instability and release of cathepsin B into the cytosol but does not contribute to liver injury under these conditions.
Complete Early Virological Response Was Highly Achieved by Double Filtration Plasmapheresis Plus IFN‐Beta Induction Therapy for HCV‐1b Patients With Relapse or No Response After Previous IFN Therapy
Authors: Ishikawa Toru , Higuchi Kazuo , Kubota Tomoyuki , Seki Kei‐ichi , Honma Terasu , Yoshida Toshiaki , Kamimura Tomoteru , Tasaki Kazuyuki , Hirose Shintarou , Suzuki Yasushi
Published: October 2015

The efficacy of double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) plus interferon (IFN)‐β induction therapy was preliminarily investigated in re‐treated patients with chronic genotype 1b hepatitis C and high viral load (patients with relapse or non‐response to previous IFN therapies). In eight patients with chronic hepatitis C, DFPP was performed five times over 2 weeks during IFN‐β therapy, and 3 MU of IFN‐β was administered twice a day for 2 weeks. Combination therapies with ribavirin and pegylated IFN‐α2b (PEG‐IFN‐α2b) or pegylated IFN‐α2a (PEG‐IFN‐α2a) were subsequently used. After 4 weeks, hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐RNA tended to be more greatly decreased with DFPP combination therapy than with previous IFN therapy (4.5 ± 2.0 log10IU/mL vs. 2.9 ± 1.2 log10IU/mL). Rates of both rapid virological response and complete early virological response were significantly higher with DFPP and IFN‐β induction therapy than with previous IFN therapy. DFPP plus IFN‐β induction therapy produced a great reduction of viral load during the early stage of treatment and achieved a high early virological response, suggesting that this combination therapy may be useful as a new treatment modality for chronic hepatitis C patients in difficult‐to‐treat states. This combination may contribute to sustained virological response (SVR). The effects of DFPP on SVR and its significance remain to be clarified.
Immunoregulatory Effects of Adsorptive Granulocyte and Monocyte Apheresis in Patients with Drug Refractory Crohn's Disease
Authors: Nagase Kazuko , Fukunaga Ken , Kashiwamura Shinichiro , Kono Tomoaki , Kamikozuru Koji , Yokoyama Yoko , Hida Nobuyuki , Ohda Yoshio , Takeda Naohisa , Yoshida Koji , Iimuro Masaki , Kikuyama Risa , Kato Kyoichi , Miwa Hiroto , Matsumoto Takayuki
Published: October 2015

In Japan, adsorptive granulocyte/monocyte apheresis (GMA) is an approved treatment option in patients with active Crohn's disease (CD). However, there is inadequate knowledge regarding the mechanism(s) of therapeutic effects of this non‐pharmacologic treatment strategy. Further, recently we have been interested in the regulatory T‐cell (Treg) profile which has an essential immunoregulatory function. Thirteen CD patients were treated with a single GMA session. The mean CD activity index (CDAI) and duration of CD were 218.5 and 9.8 years, respectively. Eight healthy volunteers participated as a control group. From CD patients, whole blood was taken immediately before and after the GMA session directly from the GMA column inflow and outflow lines. Broad spectrum serum key cytokines and chemokines were measured by suspension‐array and ELISA. At baseline, almost all assayed inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in CD patients. Treg‐associated cytokines including IL‐10 (P < 0.02) and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 (P < 0.03), were higher in the GMA column outflow vs. inflow. In contrast, the Th1/Th2 balance, defined as IFN‐γ/IL‐10 was lower during hemofiltration (P = 0.05), potentially due to an elevated IL‐10 (P < 0.02) because an elevation of pro‐inflammatory IFN‐γ (Th1) was not observed at the GMA column outflow. A single GMA session had a significant impact on the Treg profile. Treg‐related cytokines like IL‐10 and TGF‐β1 in the blood returning to the patients from the GMA column outflow were elevated, while pro‐inflammatory cytokines like IFN‐γ were not. This action of GMA is potentially very interesting in patients with immune disorders, like CD patients.
Environmental Impact of Agricultural Trade Liberalization under NAFTA
Authors: SOTO GLORIA
Published: October 2015

Fifteen years after its implementation, the North American Free Trade Agreement has been subject to evaluations from different perspectives, including environmental assessments. According to the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), results of these evaluations show that at the aggregate level, the environmental impacts of free trade are marginal. This article presents relationships between corn trade and environment through anex postevaluation. I show a quantification of the land‐use change and connections with deforestation and biodiversity loss in Mexico, as poor farmers expanded their agricultural activity into marginal forest and jungle areas to compensate for lost income. I also analyze the impact on land‐use change in the United States resulting from increased corn exports to Mexico.

Related Articles:Ibarrarán. 2007. “Climate Change Research and Policy in Mexico: Implications for North American Security.”

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00080.x/abstract

VanNijnatten. 2007. “The Security and Prosperity Agreement as an ‘Indicator Species’ for the Emerging North American Environmental Regime.”

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00079.x/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=

Related Media:Annan. 2005. “Message of Kofi Annan.”

http://www.maweb.org/en/Videos.aspx

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005b. “Ecosystems and Human Well‐being.”

http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf

Quince años después de su implementación, el TLCAN ha sido sujeto a muchos estudios desde diferentes perspectivas, incluyendo evaluaciones ambientales. De acuerdo con la Comisión para la Cooperación Ambiental (CCA), los resultados de estas evaluaciones muestran que a un nivel agregado los impactos ambientales del libre comercio son marginales. Este artículo presenta la relación entre el comercio de maíz y el medio ambiente a través de una evaluaciónex post. Se muestra una cuantificación del cambio de uso de suelo y su conexión con la deforestación y la pérdida de biodiversidad en México; a medida que agricultores de escasos recursos expandieron sus actividades agrícolas hacia los márgenes de áreas con bosques y selvas para compensar pérdidas en su ingreso. También se analiza el impacto de un cambio en el uso de suelo en los Estados Unidos como resultado de un aumento en las exportaciones de maíz a México.
Corruption's Challenge to Democracy: A Review of the Issues
Authors: Lagunes Paul F.
Published: October 2015

This article examines the challenge that corruption poses to democracy. Democracy is attractive because it offers people a state that is accountable to the public. This is a guarantee founded on the notion that sovereign power belongs to the citizenry. A corollary to this idea is that government officials are the public's agents. Thus, when civil servants use their position of authority to serve their personal interests, they weaken the democratic regime's legitimacy and place the entire social contract at risk. Given the risks associated with corruption, the battle to curb this undesirable behavior through the use of multiple mechanisms of accountability is necessary.

Related Articles in this Politics & Policy Special Issue:

Luckhurst and Zavala de Alba. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 735‐739. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

Palonen. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 930‐957. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00389.x/abstract

Lenz. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 827‐847. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00383.x/abstract

Related Media:

. 2010. “ [Montesinos: The True Story].” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4ucGVHdP6w&feature=youtu.be

Este artículo estudia la tensión que existe entre dos fenómenos políticos: la democracia y la corrupción. La democracia es un sistema de gobierno atractivo porque ofrece un estado que tiene como objetivo favorecer el interés público. Esta es una garantía basada en el principio de que el poder soberano le pertenece a la ciudadanía. Por lo mismo, cuando un funcionario actúa de manera corrupta abusando de su autoridad para servir sus intereses particulares deslegitima la autoridad y pone en riesgo al contrato social. Para evitar que la corrupción debilite al régimen democrático es necesario que los gobiernos combatan este mal a través de diversos mecanismos que promueven la rendición de cuentas.
Parenting Styles, Socialization, and the Transmission of Political Ideology and Partisanship
Authors: R. Murray Gregg , Mulvaney Matthew K.
Published: October 2015

While research has long shown that parents are first and foremost among the agents of political socialization, substantial evidence suggests there is a great deal of variation in the transmission of political values from parents to their children. This article attempts to explain some of this variation by examining how parenting style—as represented by the parent–child relational context in terms of dimensions of parental control and affect—affects the intergenerational transmission of political attributes. In particular, it evaluates how differences in parenting style influence the intergenerational transmission of political ideology and partisan identification. Findings based on original data collected from a sample of mother–offspring dyads show that differences in parenting styles play an important moderating role in the variable transmission of parental political values. Further, these results add a new dimension to the study of political socialization by demonstrating the role of parenting styles in the transmission of political values.

Related Articles

Medoff, Marshall H. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 193‐221. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00235.x/abstract

Roch, Christine, and Amanda Wilsker. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 1187‐1210.%20http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00274.x/abstract

Henderson, Ailsa, Steven D. Brown, and S. Mark Pancer. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 93‐130. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00341.x/abstract

Mientras que investigaciones han mostrado que los padres son los primeros y principales agentes de socialización política, evidencia substancial sugiere que hay una gran variación en la transmisión de valores políticos de padres a hijos. Este estudio intenta explicar parte de esta variación al examinar cómo las formas de educación—representadas por el contexto relacional padres‐hijos in términos de dimensiones de control parental y afecto—repercuten la transmisión intergeneracional de atributos políticos. En particular, evalúo cómo las diferencias en las formas de educación influencian la transmisión intergeneracional de ideología política e identificación partidista. Resultados basados en datos originales recolectados de una muestra de pares madre‐hijo muestran que las diferencias en las formas de educación juegan un papel moderador importante en la variable de transmisión de los valores paternos. Así mismo, estos resultados añaden una nueva dimensión al estudio de la socialización política al demostrar el papel de las formas de educación en la transmisión de valores políticos.
“I Am a Muslim Not an Extremist”: How the Prevent Strategy Has Constructed a “Suspect” Community
Authors: Awan Imran
Published: October 2015

The aim of this article is to examine the new Prevent Strategy 2011 in the United Kingdom and critically analyze its impact upon British Muslim communities. The U.K. government's controversial Prevent Strategy 2011 has come under fierce opposition, with critics arguing that it will not actually prevent extremism but risks labeling the Muslim community as a “suspect” community. Following the British government review of counterterrorism policies and strategies in 2010, the article examines the key question: Will the new Prevent policy actually work? Recent studies show that previous Prevent policies have risked alienating the Muslim community (Kundnani). Indeed, the new Prevent Strategy 2011 also has the risk of the depoliticization of Muslim communities from wider civic society and risks creating a mosaic for extremist ideologies. The article argues that, in practice, Prevent is not particularly efficacious, and that the new strategy risks further marginalizing and stigmatizing Muslim communities.

Related Articles

Spalek, Basia. 2010. “.’ ” Politics & Policy 38 (): 789‐815. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00258.x/abstract

Jenkins‐Smith, Hank C., and Kerry G. Herron. 2009. “.” Politics & Policy 37 (): 1095‐1129. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00215.x/abstract

Biswas, Bidisha. 2009. “ ” Politics & Policy 40 (): 929‐950. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00205.x/abstract

Related Media

. 2011a. “.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk‐politics‐12371994

. 2011b. “.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk‐13678635

. 2011. “.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0132p8m

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la nueva Estrategia de Prevención 2011 (Prevent Strategy 2011) en el Reino Unido y analizar críticamente su impacto en las comunidades musulmanas británicas. La controversial Estrategia de Prevención 2011 del gobierno del Reino Unido ha sido objeto de una fuerte oposición, con críticos afirmando que no prevendrá el extremismo y se arriesgará el encasillar a la comunidad musulmana como una comunidad “sospechosa.” Luego de la modificación del gobierno británico de sus políticas y estrategias contra el terrorismo del 2010, este artículo examina la pregunta clave: ¿funcionará la nueva política de prevención? Estudios recientes muestran que políticas de prevención anteriores han corrido el riesgo de alienar a la comunidad musulmana (Kundnani). En efecto, la nueva Estrategia de Prevención 2011 también corre el riego de despolitizar a la comunidad musulmana de la sociedad civil y se arriesga a crear un mosaico de ideologías extremistas. Este artículo sostiene que en la práctica, Prevención 2011 no es particularmente eficaz y que la nueva estrategia expone a una mayor marginalización y estigmatización de las comunidades musulmanas.
Geographic Proximity in the Diffusion of Concealed Weapons Permit Laws
Authors: Tucker Justin A. , Stoutenborough James W. , Beverlin R. Matthew
Published: October 2015

Previous research has failed to adequately address why we should expect the diffusion of policy innovations in the realm of gun policy. As a social regulatory policy, gun policy may be highly influenced by policy adoptions in neighboring regions, in part due to the high likelihood of spillover effects. This article discusses under what conditions we should expect policy diffusion to occur from neighboring jurisdictions. We use event‐history analyses to evaluate impact of neighboring states diffusion pressure on the adoption of “shall issue” concealed weapons laws between 1974 and 2007. Neighboring diffusion pressure has a significant effect on policy adoption even when controlling for National Rifle Association membership and a previous adoption of a similar policy (“may issue” permit). We provide a rationale why scholars should find neighboring diffusion effects in some policy areas but not others.

Related Articles

Cagel, Christine, and J. Michael Martinez. 2004. “.” Politics & Policy 32 (): 278‐310. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2004.tb00185.x/abstract

Pufong, Marc, and Charles Kluball. 2009. “.” Politics & Policy 37 (): 1235‐1280. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00219.x/abstract

Clark, Jill. 2000. “.” Southeastern Political Review 28 (): 3‐25. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2000.tb00565.x/abstract

Related Media

Documentary: . 2008. “.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7uEpHFhDS4&list=LPz814mog8j1U&index=3&feature=plcp

Audiovisual Resources: . 2007. “.” http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2007/virginiatech.shootings/

Investigaciones anteriores no han tenido éxito en evaluar el por qué se debería esperar la difusión de políticas innovadoras en el ámbito de la regulación de armas. Vista como una política regulatoria social, la regulación de armas puede ser altamente influenciada por las regulaciones adoptadas en las regiones adyacentes, en parte debido a la alta probabilidad de efectos de propagación. Este estudio analiza bajo qué condiciones deberíamos esperar la difusión de políticas en jurisdicciones adyacentes. Usamos un Análisis de Eventos Históricos para evaluar el impacto de la presión en la difusión de estados adyacentes en la adopción de políticas “Shall Issue” para armas encubiertas entre 1974 y 2007. La presión en la difusión de estados contiguos tiene un efecto significativo en la adopción de regulaciones aún cuando se controla por membresía en la NRA y previas adopciones de políticas similares (permisos “May Issue”). Brindamos una explicación del por qué se deberían de encontrar efectos de difusión adyacentes en algunas políticas pero no en otras.
The Economics of Atrial Fibrillation: A Time for Review and Prioritization
Authors: Cadilhac Dominique A.
Published: October 2015

Stroke associated with atrial fibrillation may occur in up to one third of people who experience an ischemic event, and results in greater stroke severity and poorer health outcomes. The ageing population in developed and developing countries will lead to an increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in society. Detecting people who have atrial fibrillation and ensuring optimal prevention management is essential for reducing the burden of stroke worldwide. There is evidence that use of anticoagulants is inadequate in primary and secondary prevention of stroke. New anticoagulants that have fewer side effects and population screening tools are available. However, there is little information available about the cost-effectiveness of these new options for atrial fibrillation detection and stroke prevention management over current practice. Since resources for spending in health are limited, it is essential that formal economic analyses are undertaken to ensure there are informed and evidence-based decisions on where to best invest stroke prevention resources. It is essential that renewed efforts in the area of atrial fibrillation and options for stroke prevention are undertaken within the public health research community.
Improving democratic governance through institutional design: Civic participation and democratic ownership in Europe
Authors: Skelcher Chris , Torfing Jacob
Published: October 2015

In this article we provide a conceptual and argumentative framework for studying how institutional design can enhance civic participation and ultimately increase citizens' sense of democratic ownership of governmental processes. First, we set out the socio‐political context for enhancing the democratic governance of regulatory policies in Europe, and highlight the way in which civic participation and democratic ownership is given equal weight to economic competitiveness. We then discuss the potential for institutionalized participatory governance to develop and its prospects for improving effective and democratic governance in the multi‐layered European polity. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for the field and identifying the priorities for scholars working interactively with civil society and governments.
Pharmaceutical Companies vs. the State: Who is Responsible for Post-Trial Provision of Drugs in Brazil?
Authors: Wang Daniel Wei L. , Ferraz Octavio Luiz Motta
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses so-called post-trial access to drugs for patients who participated in clinical trials in Brazil. Brazil is currently a relevant country for the pharmaceutical industry due to the dimensions of its actual and potential market. As a consequence, the number of pharmaceutical trials has been rising. It is the largest market for pharmaceutical companies in Latin America, the 8th biggest in the world and second only to China among the so-called BRICS’s emerging countries. The demand for pharmaceutical products in the country has been increasing by double digits over the last few years, reaching 20% in 2008. Not surprisingly, we are also witnessing a steady increase in the number of applications by national and international pharmaceutical companies before ethical research authorities for authorization to perform clinical trials of drugs.
Human Rights Responsibilities of Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines
Authors: Lee Joo-Young , Hunt Paul
Published: October 2015

The Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) affirms that “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being.” The Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays the foundations for the international framework for the right to health. This human right is now codified in numerous national constitutions, as well as legally binding international human rights treaties, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Although medical care and access to medicines are vital features of the right to health, almost two billion people lack access to essential medicines, leading to immense avoidable suffering. Improving access to essential medicines could save 10 million lives each year, four million of them in Africa and South-East Asia alone. Gross inequity is a shocking feature of the world pharmaceutical situation.
Pharmaceutical Speakers' Bureaus, Academic Freedom, and the Management of Promotional Speaking at Academic Medical Centers
Authors: Boumil Marcia M. , Cutrell Emily S. , Lowney Kathleen E. , Berman Harris A.
Published: October 2015

Pharmaceutical companies routinely engage physicians, particularly those with prestigious academic credentials, to deliver educational talks to groups of physicians in the community to help market the company's brand-name drugs. These speakers receive substantial compensation to lecture at events sponsored by pharmaceutical companies, a practice that has garnered attention, controversy, and scrutiny in recent years from legislators, professional associations, researchers, and ethicists on the issue of whether it is appropriate for academic physicians to serve in a promotional role. These relationships have become so contentious that three years ago the pharmaceutical industry trade association, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), adopted voluntary guidelines stating that drug companies should stop giving doctors free pens, calendars, sports bags, or tickets to entertainment events. Further, numerous medical associations, such as the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and the Institute on Medicine as a Profession (IMAP), and government bodies such as the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have recommended that medical schools and teaching hospitals prohibit or strongly discourage faculty from participating in so-called industry Speakers Bureaus — promotional events designed solely to market pharmaceutical products.
Toward Evidence-Based Conflicts of Interest Training for Physician-Investigators
Authors: Greenwood Kate , Coleman Carl H. , Boozang Kathleen M.
Published: October 2015

In recent years, the government, advocacy organizations, the press, and the public have pressured universities, academic medical centers, and physicianinvestigators to do more to ensure that their financial interests and relationships do not conflict with their duties to conduct high-quality research and protect the safety and welfare of clinical trial participants. A number of factors underlie the increased focus. First, private sector funding of clinical research has grown both in absolute terms and as a proportion of overall funding. In 2008, the pharmaceutical, medical device, and biotechnology industries’ domestic research and development expenditures constituted approximately 60.9% of funding for biomedical research in the United States; the next largest funder, the National Institutes of Health, funded 27.9%. Private industry spent $58.6 billion on research in 2007, up from $40 billion in 2003, an increase of 25% after adjusting for inflation.
No Theory of Justice Can Ground Health Care Reform
Authors: Trotter Griffin
Published: October 2015

The “Father of the United States Constitution,” James Madison, once described justice as “the end” of both government and of civil society. Yet curiously, Madison said little about justice in elaborating the principles of American federalism in The Federalist Papers and elsewhere. His fundamental concerns, to the contrary, were in contriving a system of separated, countervailing powers and in establishing a first federal principle of enumerated powers — in which federal powers “are few, and defined.” This strategy, for Madison, was the most feasible way of checking the innate tendency of political power to accumulate, centralize, and trample on citizens’ liberties.
Pediatric Participation in Non-Therapeutic Research
Authors: Morris Marilyn C.
Published: October 2015

Pediatric participation in non-therapeutic research that poses greater than minimal risk has been the subject of considerable thought-provoking debate in the research ethics literature. While the need for more pediatric research has been called morally imperative, and concerted efforts have been made to increase pediatric medical research, the importance of protecting children from undue research risks remains paramount.

United States research regulations are derived largely from the deliberations and report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The authors of this report specifically designated children as a vulnerable population and suggested additional protections, most of which became U.S. law. One of the more contested sets of regulations surrounds non-therapeutic research, e.g., research that does not offer the potential for direct benefit to participants. Federal regulations allow local Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to approve non-therapeutic research posing a minor increase above minimal risk when it involves children who have the disease or medical condition that the research addresses (Table 1).
Too Fast or Not Too Fast: The FDA's Approval of Merck's HPV Vaccine Gardasil
Authors: Tomljenovic Lucija , Shaw Christopher A.
Published: October 2015

There are not many public health issues where views are as extremely polarized as those concerning vaccination policies. Ever since its Fast Track approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006, Merck's human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil has been sparking controversy. Initially, the criticism has been focused at Merck, due to their overly aggressive marketing strategies and lobbying campaigns. According to a 2007 editorial in Nature Biotechnology, Surrounded by a chorus of disapproval, Merck cracked. As Nature Biotechnology went to press, the company announced a cessation of all efforts to lobby for US state laws requiring compulsory vaccination. Subsequently, questions have been raised whether it was appropriate for vaccine manufacturers to partake in public health policies when their conflicts of interests were so obvious. Some of their advertising campaign slogans, such as cervical cancer kills x women per year and your daughter could become one less life affected by cervical cancer, seemed more designed to promote fear rather than evidence-based decision making about the potential benefits of the vaccine versus any risks.
Public Health and the Law
Authors: Hodge James G. , White Lexi C. , Sniegowski Andrew
Published: October 2015

Promoting and protecting the public's health in the United States and abroad are intricately tied to laws and policies. Laws provide support for public health measures, authorize specific actions among public and private actors, and empower public health officials. Laws can also inhibit or restrict efforts designed to improve communal health through protections for individual rights or structural principles of government. Advancing the health of populations through law is complex and subject to constant tradeoffs. This column seeks to explore the role of law in the interests of public health through scholarly and applied assessments across a spectrum of key issues. The first of these assessments focuses on a critical topic in emergency legal preparedness.
Toward Correlation in In Vivo and In Vitro Nanotoxicology Studies
Authors: Maurer-Jones Melissa A. , Haynes Christy L.
Published: October 2015

Much of the focus of the published 2011 symposium that inspired this work focused on the question, “When have you reduced risk enough to move from bench/animal studies to ‘first in-human’ studies?” Building applied research ethics related to nanotherapeutics requires bench and clinical scientists to have a clear vision about how to test nanotherapeutic safety, and it is clear that there is still much to be considered at the steps before “in-human” assessment. Herein, the perspective of the bench scientist is brought to bear on using in vivo and in vitro models to assess the safety of nanotherapeutics. Much of this work falls under the purview of the field of nanotoxicology that aims to understand the toxicological impact of engineered nanoscale materials. Engineered nanomaterials include a wide variety of materials that are manipulated and controlled on the nanoscale level where, typically, the nanoparticle or nanomaterial has some dimension that is less than 100 nm.
Responsible Conduct in Nanomedicine Research: Environmental Concerns beyond the Common Rule
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: October 2015

The Common Rule (45 CFR 46, subpart A) is a set of regulations for protecting human participants in research funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), which has been adopted in part by 17 federal agencies. It includes four different subparts: Subpart A (general protections for human research participants), Subpart B (additional protections for pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates), Subpart C (additional protections for prisoners), and Subpart D (additional protections for children). The Common Rule has not been significantly revised since 1981 although some significant changes may be forthcoming. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has adopted its own regulations for the protection of human participants, which are similar to the Common Rule in many key areas, such as the structure and function of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), and the criteria for approving research.
Medication Information for Patients with Limited English Proficiency: Lessons from the European Union
Authors: Regenstein Marsha , Andres Ellie , Nelson Dylan , David Stephanie , Lopert Ruth , Katz Richard
Published: October 2015

Access to clear and concise medication information is essential to support safe and effective use of prescription drugs. Patient misunderstanding of medication information is a common reason for non-adherence to medication regimens and a leading cause of outpatient medication errors and adverse drug events in the U.S. Medication errors are the most common source of risk to patient safety, leading to poor health outcomes, hospitalizations, and deaths. Over half a million adverse drug events occur in the outpatient setting each year at a cost of approximately $1 billion annually.

Nearly half of adults in the U.S. experience difficulty understanding and acting upon health information. Even individuals with high levels of general literacy may find medication information difficult to understand or use. The risk of misunderstanding medication information is compounded for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) who may not have access to this information in their own language.
Rumen fermentation and liveweight gain in beef cattle treated with monensin and grazing lush forage
Authors: Packer EL , Clayton EH , Cusack PMV
Published: October 2015

Objective  To determine the prevalence of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) in beef cattle grazing lush pasture and the effect of monensin on reducing SARA and improving animal performance.

Design  Commercial Angus and Murray Grey steers received a monensin slow‐release capsule (n = 19) or remained untreated (n = 19). Cattle grazed an oats crop or tetraploid ryegrass pasture for a total of 91 days. Rumen fluid pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid concentrations and body weight data were collected prior to treatment and again 28, 56 and 91 days after treatment. Changes in measures over time were analysed using mixed model repeated measures analysis. Differences in average daily gain between treatment groups were determined.

Results  The prevalence of SARA was low during the study, with only one animal satisfying criteria for SARA at one time point. Cattle treated with monensin capsules were 11.9 kg heavier at the completion of the study compared with untreated controls (414.5 ± 3.88 kg vs 402.6 ± 4.03 kg, P = 0.04). Rumen VFA and L‐ and D‐lactate levels did not differ between cattle treated with monensin and untreated cattle. However, the ratio of propionate to acetate plus two times butyrate was higher (P < 0.001) when cattle were treated with monensin.

Conclusions  Subacute rumen acidosis was not consistently detected under the conditions of the study. The higher body weight of cattle treated with monensin may have been due to improved energy utilisation of the pasture, indicated by increased propionate proportions in the rumen, rather than prevention of SARA.
Treatment of refractory feline sporotrichosis with a combination of intralesional amphotericin B and oral itraconazole
Authors: Gremião IDF , Schubach TMP , Pereira SA , Rodrigues AM , Honse CO , Barros MBL
Published: October 2015

Objective To describe the use of intralesional amphotericin B in localised lesions for the treatment of 26 cats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with sporotrichosis refractory to oral itraconazole.

Design Uncontrolled intervention study.

Method The 26 cats in this study were diagnosed with sporotrichosis, confirmed by isolation ofSporothrix schenckii, and presented residual localised skin lesions refractory to treatment with oral itraconazole for a minimum period of 8 weeks. The animals received weekly applications of intralesional amphotericin B in conjunction with oral itraconazole. In cases of owner unavailability, a maximum of 2 weeks between the infiltrations was accepted.

Results Twenty‐two (84.6%) of the 26 treated cats achieved clinical remission, 16 (72.7%) of which were cured, and in the remaining six (27.3%) the lesions recurred at the same site. Lack of clinical response was observed in one animal and three owners abandoned treatment.

Conclusion The proposed therapeutic regimen is an adjunctive treatment option for cats with sporotrichosis presenting as residual skin lesions refractory to itraconazole.