bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The developmental and iron nutritional pattern of PIC1 and NiCo does not support their interdependent and exclusive collaboration in chloroplast iron transport in Brassica napus
Authors: Pham Hong Diep , Pólya Sára , Müller Brigitta , Szenthe Kálmán , Sági-Kazár Máté , Bánkúti Barbara , Bánáti Ferenc , Sárvári Éva , Fodor Ferenc , Tamás László , Philippar Katrin , Solti Ádám
Published: April 2020

Main conclusion

The accumulation of NiCo following the termination of the accumulation of iron in chloroplast suggests that NiCo is not solely involved in iron uptake processes of chloroplasts.

Chloroplast iron (Fe) uptake is thought to be operated by a complex containing permease in chloroplast 1 (PIC1) and nickel–cobalt transporter (NiCo) proteins, whereas the role of other Fe homeostasis-related transporters such as multiple antibiotic resistance protein 1 (MAR1) is less characterized. Although pieces of information exist on the regulation of chloroplast Fe uptake, including the effect of plant Fe homeostasis, the whole system has not been revealed in detail yet. Thus, we aimed to follow leaf development-scale changes in the chloroplast Fe uptake components PIC1, NiCo and MAR1 under deficient, optimal and supraoptimal Fe nutrition using Brassica napus as model. Fe deficiency decreased both the photosynthetic activity and the Fe content of plastids. Supraoptimal Fe nutrition caused neither Fe accumulation in chloroplasts nor any toxic effects, thus only fully saturated the need for Fe in the leaves. In parallel with the increasing Fe supply of plants and ageing of the leaves, the expression of BnPIC1 was tendentiously repressed. Though transcript and protein amount of BnNiCo tendentiously increased during leaf development, it was even markedly upregulated in ageing leaves. The relative transcript amount of BnMAR1 increased mainly in ageing leaves facing Fe deficiency. Taken together chloroplast physiology, Fe content and transcript amount data, the exclusive participation of NiCo in the chloroplast Fe uptake is not supported. Saturation of the Fe requirement of chloroplasts seems to be linked to the delay of decomposing the photosynthetic apparatus and keeping chloroplast Fe homeostasis in a rather constant status together with a supressed Fe uptake machinery.
Pairing Symmetries for Euclidean and Spherical Frameworks
Authors: Clinch Katie , Nixon Anthony , Schulze Bernd , Whiteley Walter
Published: April 2020

We consider the effect of symmetry on the rigidity of bar-joint frameworks, spherical frameworks and point-hyperplane frameworks in $${\mathbb {R}}^d$$

R

d

. In particular, for a graph $$G=(V,E)$$

G
=
(
V
,
E
)

and a framework (G, p), we show that, under forced or incidental symmetry, infinitesimal rigidity for spherical frameworks with vertices in some subset $$X\subset V$$

X
⊂
V

realised on the equator and point-hyperplane frameworks with the vertices in X representing hyperplanes are equivalent. We then show, again under forced or incidental symmetry, that infinitesimal rigidity properties under certain symmetry groups can be paired, or clustered, under inversion on the sphere so that infinitesimal rigidity with a given group is equivalent to infinitesimal rigidity under a paired group. The fundamental basic example is that mirror symmetric rigidity is equivalent to half-turn symmetric rigidity on the 2-sphere. With these results in hand we also deduce some combinatorial consequences for the rigidity of symmetric bar-joint and point-line frameworks.
Continuity and canceling operators of order n on $${\mathbb {R}}^n$$
Authors: Raiță Bogdan , Skorobogatova Anna
Published: April 2020

We prove that for elliptic and canceling linear partial differential operators$${\mathbb {B}}$$Bof ordernon$${\mathbb {R}}^n$$Rn, continuity of a mapucan be inferred from the fact that$${\mathbb {B}}u$$Buis a measure. We also prove strict continuity of the embedding of the space$${\text {BV}}^{\mathbb {B}}({\mathbb {R}}^n)$$BVB(Rn)into the space of continuous functions vanishing at infinity. Here,$${\text {BV}}^{\mathbb {B}}(\varOmega )$$BVB(Ω)denotes the space of vector fields$$u\in {\text {W}}^{n-1,1}(\varOmega )$$u∈Wn-1,1(Ω)such that$${\mathbb {B}}u$$Buis a finite vectorial measure on the open set$$\varOmega \subset {\mathbb {R}}^n$$Ω⊂Rn. For cubes$$Q\subset {\mathbb {R}}^n$$Q⊂Rn, the class of operators$${\mathbb {B}}$$Bsuch that$${\text {BV}}^{\mathbb {B}}(Q)\subset {\text {C}}({\bar{Q}})$$BVB(Q)⊂C(Q¯)is also characterized.
Increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization reduces yield loss of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought
Authors: Chareesri Anupol , De Deyn Gerlinde B. , Sergeeva Lidiya , Polthanee Anan , Kuyper Thomas W.
Published: April 2020

Drought reduces the availability of soil water and the mobility of nutrients, thereby limiting the growth and productivity of rice. Under drought, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase P uptake and sustain rice growth. However, we lack knowledge of how the AMF symbiosis contributes to drought tolerance of rice. In the greenhouse, we investigated mechanisms of AMF symbiosis that confer drought tolerance, such as enhanced nutrient uptake, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and hormonal balance (abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA)). Two greenhouse pot experiments comprised three factors in a full factorial design with two AMF treatments (low- and high-AMF colonization), two water treatments (well-watered and drought), and three rice varieties. Soil water potential was maintained at 0 kPa in the well-watered treatment. In the drought treatment, we reduced soil water potential to − 40 kPa in experiment 1 (Expt 1) and to − 80 kPa in experiment 2 (Expt 2). Drought reduced shoot and root dry biomass and grain yield of rice in both experiments. The reduction of grain yield was less with higher AMF colonization. Plants with higher AMF colonization showed higher leaf P concentrations than plants with lower colonization in Expt 1, but not in Expt 2. Plants with higher AMF colonization exhibited higher stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence than plants with lower colonization, especially under drought. Drought increased the levels of ABA and IAA, and AMF colonization also resulted in higher levels of IAA. The results suggest both nutrient-driven and plant hormone-driven pathways through which AMF confer drought tolerance to rice.
Surgical management of primary and secondary pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebellopontine angle (in adults and children) and review of the literature
Authors: Adib Sasan Darius , Schuhmann Martin U. , Hempel Johann-Martin , Bornemann Antje , Zamora Rocio Evangelista , Tatagiba Marcos
Published: April 2020

Glial tumors in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) are uncommon and comprise less than 1% of CPA tumors. We present four cases of pilocytic astrocytoma of the CPA (PA-CPA) that were treated in our department. Patients who received surgical treatment for PA-CPA from January 2004 to December 2019 were identified by a computer search of their files from the Department of Neurosurgery, Tübingen. Patients were evaluated for initial symptoms, pre- and postoperative facial nerve function and cochlear function, complications, and recurrence rate by reviewing surgical reports, patient documents, neuroradiological data, and follow-up data. We identified four patients with PA-CPA out of about 1500 CPA lesions (~ 0.2%), which were surgically treated in our department in the last 16 years. Of the four patients, three were male, and one was a female patient. Two were adults, and two were children (mean age 35 years). A gross total resection was achieved in three cases, and a subtotal resection was attained in one case. Two patients experienced a moderate facial palsy immediately after surgery (House–Brackmann grade III). In all cases, the facial function was intact or good (House–Brackmann grades I–II) at the long-term follow-up (mean follow-up 4.5 years). No mortality occurred during follow-up. Three of the patients had no recurrence at the latest follow-up (mean latest follow-up 4.5 years), while one patient had a slight recurrence. PA-CPA can be safely removed, and most complications immediately after surgery resolve in the long-term follow-up.
Assessing the potential of soil moisture measurements for regional landslide early warning
Authors: Wicki Adrian , Lehmann Peter , Hauck Christian , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Waldner Peter , Stähli Manfred
Published: April 2020

In mountainous terrain, rainfall-induced landslides pose a serious risk to people and infrastructure. Regional landslide early warning systems (LEWS) have proven to be a cost-efficient tool to inform the public about the imminent landslide danger. While most operational LEWS are based on rainfall exceedance thresholds only, recent studies have demonstrated an improvement of the forecast quality after the inclusion of soil hydrological information. In this study, the potential of in situ soil moisture measurements for regional landslide early warning is assessed. For the first time, a comprehensive soil moisture measurement database was compiled for Switzerland and compared with a national landslide database (Swiss flood and landslide damage database, WSL). The time series were homogenized and normalized to represent saturation values. From ensembles of sensors, the mean and standard deviation saturation were calculated and infiltration events were delimited, characterized, and classified as landslide-triggering or non-triggering based on the occurrence of landslides within a specified forecast distance. A logistic regression function was applied to model the landslide activity based on the infiltration event characteristics and several models were analysed and compared with receiver operating characteristics (ROC). A strong distance dependence becomes apparent showing a forecast goodness decrease with increasing distance between water content measurement site and landslide, and a better forecast goodness for long-lasting as opposed to short-duration precipitation events. While most variability can be explained by the two event properties antecedent saturation and change of saturation during an infiltration event, event properties that describe antecedent conditions are more important for long-lasting as opposed to short-duration precipitation events that can be better explained by properties describing event dynamics. Overall, the analysis demonstrated that in situ soil moisture data effectively contains specific information useful for landslide early warning.
Corporate Leadership and Mass Atrocity
Authors: Federman Sarah
Published: April 2020

With the last Holocaust survivors quietly passing away, one might also expect to see accountability debates slowing to a trickle. Surprisingly, however, recent years show an upswing in corporate World War II-related atonement debates. Interest in corporate participation in mass atrocity has expanded worldwide; yet what constitutes ethical corporate behavior during and after war remains understudied. This article considers these questions through a study of the French National Railways’ (SNCF) roles during the German occupation and its more recent struggle to make amends. This study demonstrates that ethical business leadership requires taking responsibility for past as well as current decisions. Most executives grappling with complex corporate histories work in isolation, in part because the scholarship on business ethics fails to provide guidance. Without such guidance, corporations often respond to accusations about their pasts with carefully crafted statements and legal strategies rather than deep expressions of moral leadership. To assist in remedying this tendency, this paper simultaneously encourages companies to engage in deeper reflection on corporate history, while urging scholars to help guide corporations through critical ethical conversations.
Assessing water distribution and agricultural expansion in the Cele Oasis, China
Authors: Waldron Brian , Gui Dongwei , Liu Yi , Feng Lydia , Dai Heng
Published: April 2020

Oases support 90% of the province’s inhabitants and produce more than 95% of the social wealth in Xinjiang Province of China. Oases’ dependency on water availability from mountainous regions plays a critical factor in the sustainability of agricultural practices and oasis expansion. In this study, we have chosen the Cele Oasis located in the south rim of the Taklimakan Desert, typical of oases in the region, as a case study to examine water availability. With over 97% of Cele’s economy tied to agriculture, unfettered expansion of the oasis into the desert has raised concern on water availability. A spatial and temporal analysis of water availability is performed using newly available data to determine whether agricultural production within the Cele Oasis has overexploited available water resources or if feasible expansion of agricultural production is feasible beyond its current boundary. Transferability of the methodology for assessing water availability spatially and temporally will be beneficial to other oases in the arid region that face similar concerns.
The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study
Authors: Steenfeldt-Kristensen Catherine , Jones Chris A. , Richards Caroline
Published: April 2020

Self-injurious behaviour is purportedly common in autism, but prevalence rates have not yet been synthesised meta-analytically. In the present study, data from 14,379 participants in thirty-seven papers were analysed to generate a pooled prevalence estimate of self-injury in autism of 42% (confidence intervals 0.38–0.47). Hand-hitting topography was the most common form of self-injury (23%), self-cutting topography the least common (3%). Sub-group analyses revealed no association between study quality, participant intellectual disability or age and overall prevalence rate of self-injury. However, females obtained higher prevalence rates than males (p = .013) and hair pulling and self-scratching were associated with intellectual disability (p = .008 and p = .002, respectively). The results confirm very high rates of self-injury in autism and highlight within group risk-markers.
Mapping Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores to EQ-5D utility scores using data of patients with atopic dermatitis from the National Health and Wellness Study
Authors: Vilsbøll Andreas Westh , Kragh Nana , Hahn-Pedersen Julie , Jensen Cathrine Elgaard
Published: April 2020

Purpose

To develop a mapping algorithm for generating EQ-5D-5-level (EQ-5D-5L) utility scores from the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD).

Methods

The algorithm was developed using data from 1232 patients from four countries participating in the National Health and Wellness Study. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the conceptual overlap between DLQI and EQ-5D-5L. Six mapping models (ordinary least squares [OLS], Tobit, three different two-part models, and a regression mixture model) were tested with different specifications to determine model performance and were ranked based on the sum of mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE).

Results

The mean DLQI score was 7.23; mean EQ-5D-5L score was 0.78; and there were moderate negative correlations between DLQI and EQ-5D-5L scores (p = − 0.514). A regression mixture model with total DLQI, and age and sex as independent variables performed best for mapping DLQI to EQ-5D-5L (RMSE = 0.113; MAE = 0.079).

Conclusion

This was the first study to map DLQI to EQ-5D-5L exclusively in patients with AD. The regression mixture model with total DLQI, and age and sex as independent variables was the best performing model and accurately predicted EQ-5D-5L. The results of this mapping can be used to translate DLQI data from clinical studies to health state utility values in economic evaluations.
Soziale Herkunftseffekte in der Wahl der Hochschulform
Authors: Bachsleitner Anna
Published: April 2020

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, basierend auf der Längsschnittstudie BIJU, die in den Bundesländern Nordrhein-Westfalen, Berlin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Sachsen-Anhalt durchgeführt wurde, soziale Herkunftseffekte bei der Wahl der Hochschulform zu Studienbeginn. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf den dahinter liegenden Mechanismen sozial ungleicher Übertritte an Universitäten, Fachhochschulen und Berufsakademien. Diese werden über primäre Effekte (herkunftsspezifische Unterschiede in Schulabschlussnoten und standardisierten Testleistungen), sekundäre Effekte in Form von Motiven der Ausbildungswahl und Aspekte des Ausbildungsweges modelliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Studierende aus akademischem Elternhaus überdurchschnittlich häufig eine Universität und unterdurchschnittlich häufig eine Fachhochschule besuchen. Bei multivariater Betrachtung können Unterschiede in der Art der Studienberechtigung, einer Berufsausbildung, der Englischleistung sowie den Ausbildungswahlmotiven Herkunftseffekte zum Teil vermitteln. Die Befunde bleiben auch bei ausschließlicher Betrachtung einer Studiengruppe, die an allen Hochschulformen umfangreich vertreten ist, den Wirtschaftswissenschaften, stabil.
The intestinal microbiota and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Effenberger Maria , Tilg Herbert
Published: April 2020

The intestinal microbiota seems to play a key role in many gastrointestinal, pancreatic and liver disorders. Dysbiosis, a substantial alteration in the intestinal microbiome, is associated with chronic liver disease (CLD) compared to healthy individuals. These findings were shown in several preclinical and clinical studies and were most distinct in the stage of cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its underlying diseases is still not completely understood: Bacteria and related metabolites and pro-inflammatory signals may be involved. Several animal and human studies have focused on the role of intestinal microbiota in HCC. Here a key role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis could be addressed, whereby the abundance of pro-inflammatory intestinal species is increased. Additionally, some studies could demonstrate a decrease of butyrate-producing species and other species known for their anti-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, multiple preclinical studies could demonstrate that the intestinal microbiota is a key player in hepatocarcinogenesis. The intestinal microbiota seems to interact with the central pathways of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Central composite design optimization of Bismarck Dye oxidation from textile effluent with Fenton’s reagent
Authors: Tony Maha A.
Published: April 2020

Coloured wastewater is discharged in a huge amount from textile industry as a result of using synthetic dyes that causes threat water pollution. A simple sol–gel technique was used to synthesis haematite nanocrystals as a source of photo-Fenton’s reagent. The current work is dealing with the mineralization of Bismarck Brown dye (BBD) using such reagent, and the process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology. Central composite design of the two most important variables of the Fenton’s reagent process (Fe3+ and H2O2 doses) was employed for the experimental design, and BBD removal was maximized. The suggested model investigated that the dye removal increases with the increasing of both reagents up to a certain limit then decreases afterwards. The reduction percentages of colour and chemical oxygen demand under the optimum operating parameters (37.21 mg/L of the haematite nanocrystal and 412.31 mg/L of H2O2) are found to be 76.5% and 73%, respectively. Analysis of variance and the high regression coefficient (98%) confirm a good estimation of the experimental values by polynomial regression model. Therefore, the exploration of using haematite nanocrystals as a Fenton’s reagent source for treating textile effluents is recommended from this study.
Figure of Merit Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Using Ga-Doped Zinc Oxide in Near Infrared Range
Authors: Pal Sarika , Verma Alka , Prajapati Y. K. , Saini J. P.
Published: April 2020

This work presents a surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the figure of merit enhancement by using Ga-doped zinc oxide (GZO), i.e., nanostructured transparent conducting oxide as plasmonic material in place of metal at the telecommunication wavelength. Two-dimentional graphene is used here as a biorecognition element (BRE) layer for stable and robust adsorption of biomolecules. This is possible due to stronger van der Waals forces between graphene's hexagonal cells and carbon-like ring arrangement present in biomolecules. The proposed sensor shows improved biosensing due to fascinating electronic, optical, physical, and chemical properties of graphene. This work analyses the sensitivity, detection accuracy, and figure of merit for the GZO/graphene SPR sensor on using the dielectric layer in between the prism and GZO. The highest figure of merit of 366.7 RIU−1 is achieved for the proposed SPR biosensor on using the nanostructured GZO at the 3000 nm dielectric thickness. The proposed SPR biosensor can be used practically for sensing of larger size biomolecules with due availability of advanced techniques for the fabrication of the nanostructured GZO and graphene.
Implementing the Sendai Framework in Africa: Progress Against the Targets (2015–2018)
Authors: van Niekerk Dewald , Coetzee Christo , Nemakonde Livhuwani
Published: April 2020

Five years after almost all African states signed the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), disasters still have a significant impact on the populations of Africa, their livelihoods, and the infrastructure on which they depend. In contrast with the period of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, African countries not only adopted the SFDRR but also internalized the various priorities by developing an additional five targets applicable to the continent. This article takes a look at the progress made in Africa against the SFDRR and its seven targets thus far. To determine the progress, a mixed methods research approach was followed. The research found that African states are making progress, but decisive action is needed to reach the 2030 targets of the SFDRR. Much better data and information management are needed, and the limitations towards reaching the SFDRR targets must translate into community-based actions geared towards resilience building.
Influence of the loading direction on the uniaxial compressive strength of sea ice based on field measurements
Authors: Ji Shunying , Chen Xiaodong , Wang Anliang
Published: April 2020

Sea ice is composed of columnar-shaped grains. To investigate the influence of the loading direction on the uniaxial compressive strength and failure processes of sea ice, field experiments were performed with first-year level ice. Loads were applied both horizontally (parallel to the grain columns) and vertically (across the grain columns) with various nominal strain rates. Two failure modes have been observed: a ductile failure mode at low nominal strain rates, and a brittle failure mode at high nominal strain rates. However, the failure pattern of sea ice was clearly dependent on the loading direction. At low nominal strain rates (ductile failure mode), the sea-ice samples yielded due to the development of wing cracks under horizontal loading and due to splaying out at one end under vertical loading. When sea ice fails in the ductile mode, the deformation is driven by grain boundary sliding under horizontal loading and by grain decohesion and crystal deflection under vertical loading. At high nominal strain rates (brittle failure mode), the sea-ice samples failed in shear faulting under horizontal loading and in cross-column buckling under vertical loading. The nominal strain rate at the brittle–ductile transition zone is about ten times higher under vertical loading.
“IDoWhatHappens”: The Productive Character of Practical Knowledge
Authors: O’Connell Rory
Published: April 2020

Elizabeth Anscombe introduced the notion of “practical knowledge” into contemporary philosophy. Philosophers of action have criticized Anscombe’s negative characterization of such knowledge as “non-observational,” but have recently come to pay more attention to her positive characterization of practical knowledge as “the cause of what it understands.” I argue that two recent Anscombean accounts of practical knowledge, “Formalism” and “Normativism,” each fail to explain the productive character of practical knowledge in a way that secures its status as non-observational. I argue that to do this, we must appreciate the role of know-how or skill in practical knowledge.
THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT AND PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: SKJÖNSBERG MAX
Published: April 2020

This review article considers the potentially fruitful relationship between the history of political thought and parliamentary history through a survey of recent books on Britain and France. Traditionally, this relationship has not been intimate, as the major historians of political thought have concentrated on linguistic and philosophical contexts, alongside political economy. However, as historians of political thought turn to concepts such as political representation, constitutionalism, party politics, and parliamentarism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it would be beneficial for parliamentary history to play a greater role. In order to place arguments in their non-intellectual contexts effectively, historians of political thought must become more careful analysts of events, institutions, and quotidian politics, as well as broader historiographical contexts, importantly the history of state formation. This review article argues that the development of parliamentarism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is an especially promising area for considering theory and practice in unison.
Trajectories of suicide attempts from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: prospective 11-year follow-up of a Canadian cohort
Authors: Geoffroy Marie-Claude , Orri Massimiliano , Girard Alain , Perret Lea C. , Turecki Gustavo
Published: April 2020

Background

Suicide is a leading cause of mortality in youth, yet the course of suicide attempts is poorly documented. We explored the vulnerable transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood to identify group trajectories and risk factors.

Methods

The National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth is a prospective representative cohort of Canadian children. We followed participants aged 7–11 years in 1994–95 to age 23 (2008–09). We modelled self-reported past-year suicide attempts (ages 12 to 23 years) using growth mixture models. We analysed risk factors from self- and parent-report questionnaires at pre-adolescence (ages 10–11) and early adolescence (ages 12–13) using multinomial logistic regressions. Analyses were adjusted for sample non-response and attrition.

Results

In 2233 participants answering questions on teen and adult suicide attempts, we identified three trajectories: never attempted (96.0%), adolescence-limited (2.0%) and persisting into adulthood (2.0%). Adolescent girls aged 12–13 with depression/anxiety symptoms, and with mothers experiencing depression had higher risks of adolescence-limited than never-attempted [relative risk RR 9.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.73–49.82); 2.03 (1.02–3.32), for each standard deviation increase; 1.07 (1.00–1.15); respectively]. Preteen ADHD symptoms increased the risk of attempts persisting into adulthood as compared to never-attempted [RR 2.05 (1.29–3.28) for each standard deviation increase]. Suicide death of schoolmate/acquaintance increased risks of an adulthood trajectory as compared to never-attempted and adolescence-limited [RR 8.41 (3.04–23.27) and 6.63 (1.29–34.06), respectively].

Conclusion

In half the participants attempting suicide, attempts continued into adulthood. We stress the need for preventive strategies in early adolescence and differential clinical/educational interventions as identified for each trajectory.
The social function of rationalization: An identity perspective
Authors: Van Bavel Jay J. , Sternisko Anni , Harris Elizabeth , Robertson Claire
Published: April 2020

In this commentary, we offer an additional function of rationalization. Namely, in certain social contexts, the proximal and ultimate function of beliefs and desires is social inclusion. In such contexts, rationalization often facilitates distortion of rather than approximation to truth. Understanding the role of social identity is not only timely and important, but also critical to fully understand the function(s) of rationalization.
Rationalization is rare, reasoning is pervasive
Authors: Dahl Audun , Waltzer Talia
Published: April 2020

If rationalization were ubiquitous, it would undermine a fundamental premise of human discourse. A review of key evidence indicates that rationalization is rare and confined to choices among comparable options. In contrast, reasoning is pervasive in human decision making. Within the constraints of reasoning, rationalization may operate in ambiguous situations. Studying these processes requires careful definitions and operationalizations.
Antecedent rationalization: Rationalization prior to action
Authors: Sievers Eric Thomas
Published: April 2020

Often times we find ourselves wrestling with the urge to commit a non-rational action. When this happens, we are quite good at adopting quasi-beliefs that, if true, would make the action rational. In other words, rationalization often occurs antecedent to a behavioral choice. A complete account of the evolutionary history of rationalization must include antecedent rationalization.
Hard domains, biased rationalizations, and unanswered empirical questions
Authors: Weinberg Stephen E. , Weinberg Jonathan M.
Published: April 2020

Cushman raises the intriguing possibility that rationalization accesses/constructs intuitions that are not otherwise cognitively available. However, he substantially over-reaches in arguing that rationalization is mostly right on average, based on claims that the process must have emerged adaptively. The adaptiveness of “bounded rationalization” is domain specific and is unlikely to be adaptive in a large number of important applications.
Rationalization: Why, when, and what for?
Authors: Saxe Rebecca , Nettle Daniel
Published: April 2020

In this commentary, we ask when rationalization is most likely to occur and to not occur, and about where to expect, and how to measure, its benefits.
Rationalization as representational exchange: Scope and mechanism
Authors: Cushman Fiery
Published: April 2020

The commentaries suggest many important improvements to the target article. They clearly distinguish two varieties of rationalization – the traditional “motivated reasoning” model, and the proposed representational exchange model – and show that they have distinct functions and consequences. They describe how representational exchange occurs not only by post hoc rationalization but also by ex ante rationalization and other more dynamic processes. They argue that the social benefits of representational exchange are at least as important as its direct personal benefits. Finally, they construe our search for meaning, purpose, and narrative – both individually and collectively – as a variety of representational exchange. The result is a theory of rationalization as representational exchange both wider in scope and better defined in mechanism.
A case of life-threatening valvulitis mimicking infective endocarditis in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Oh Kyung Jin , Kwon Hye Won , Cho Sungkyu , Seo Jeong Wook
Published: April 2020

Differential diagnosis of an intracardiac mass is difficult when detected only by echocardiography before a biopsy is completed. However, treatment cannot be postponed until the biopsy results are obtained. We report the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with an intracardiac mass in the mitral valve mimicking infective endocarditis and severe mitral regurgitation. The mass was finally diagnosed as valvulitis associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, which was complicated with macrophage activation syndrome. After careful exclusion of acute infectious disease, we started steroid pulse therapy and administered tocilizumab to treat the cytokine storm before performing the surgery. Finally, we performed mass excision and mitral valve replacement after immunosuppressant therapy.
Ketamine as a Prehospital Analgesic: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bansal Akhil , Miller Matthew , Ferguson Ian , Burns Brian
Published: April 2020

Objective:

Analgesia in the prehospital setting is an extremely important, yet controversial topic. Ketamine, a N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been commonly used in the prehospital setting, including recommendations by the US Department of Defense and by the Royal Australian College of Pain Medicine, despite the paucity of high-level evidence.

Methods:

Accordingly, a review of the literature was conducted using several electronic medical literature databases from the earliest available records to the time at which the search was conducted (October 2018).

Results:

The search strategy yielded a total of 707 unique papers, of which 43 were short-listed for full review, and ultimately, ten papers were identified as meeting all the relevant inclusion criteria. The included studies varied significantly in the prehospital context and in the means of administering ketamine. There was only low-grade evidence that ketamine offered a safe and effective analgesia when used as the only analgesic, and only low-grade evidence that it was as effective as alternative opioid options. However, there was moderate evidence that co-administration of ketamine with morphine may improve analgesic efficacy and reduce morphine requirement.

Conclusions:

Overall, ketamine as a prehospital analgesic may be best used in combination with opioids to reduce opioid requirement. It is suggested that future studies should use a standardized approach to measuring pain reduction. Future studies should also investigate short-term side effects and long-term complications or benefits of prehospital ketamine.
Using fundraising incentives and point-of-purchase nutrition promotion to improve food choices among school families in restaurants: a pilot and feasibility study
Authors: McNally Shawna L , Anzman-Frasca Stephanie , Bowman Kelly , Beleche Mariana , Folta Sara C , Patel Anjali A
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To assess the feasibility and efficacy of in-restaurant interventions aiming to promote healthy choices via fundraising incentives benefiting school wellness programmes and point-of-purchase nutrition promotion.

Design:

Twelve schools were randomly assigned to one of the two intervention periods: Fundraising Incentive (FI) donated funds for visiting the study restaurant and Fundraising-Healthy Eating Incentive (F-HEI) included FI with additional funds given when selecting a healthier item. Both conditions included point-of-purchase nutrition promotions. Families were recruited to attend their designated intervention and complete a survey. Feasibility was assessed based on recruitment and participation, implementation fidelity and intervention acceptability. Efficacy was assessed by comparing participant receipts between intervention periods and by comparing overall restaurant sales during intervention v. two no-intervention time frames.

Setting:

Fast-casual restaurant in Southern California.

Participants:

Parents with children attending participating schools.

Results:

Eighty-one families visited the restaurant during the intervention, with sixty-six completing surveys. All study activities were implemented successfully, but school family participation in the intervention was low (0·95 %). Among participants completing surveys, all indicated satisfaction with the programme. The percentage of healthier items ordered was significantly greater during both FI (χ2 = 5·97, P = 0·01) and F-HEI (χ2 = 8·84, P = 0·003) v. Comparison 2. Results were similar but did not reach statistical significance when comparing the interventions to Comparison 1.

Conclusions:

Results support potential efficacy of this programme, but more research is needed to inform feasibility. Fidelity and acceptability data supported feasibility, but participation rates were low in this initial study. Methods evaluating this intervention with a greater proportion of parents should be considered.
‘Not falling for that’: law's detraction and legal consciousness in the lives of Brazilian anti-torture activists
Authors: de Sa e Silva Fabio
Published: April 2020

Legalised accountability – the definition of torture as an illicit behaviour and the mobilisation of law-enforcement agencies, prosecutorial offices and courts to gather evidence, prosecute and convict torture perpetrators – has become central to anti-torture policies around the world, including Brazil. Based on legal-consciousness scholarship and in-depth interviews, this paper investigates the place and meaning of law in the everyday lives of Brazilian anti-torture activists. Counter-intuitive as it may sound, interviewees articulated an account in which law's authority is largely rejected, while non-legal tools against torture look much more preferable – even if they residually and cynically engage with the law. While exploring the discursive roots of such account, this paper highlights the role of law and justice institutions, particularly those in the criminal justice system, in the of building social support for – or rejection of – the law. These findings add to our knowledge of law's hegemony, while providing valuable insights for future legal-consciousness studies.
Can measurement of the foetal renal parenchymal thickness with ultrasound be used as an indirect measure of nephron number?
Authors: Brennan Sonja , Watson David , Schneider Michal , Rudd Donna , Kandasamy Yogavijayan
Published: April 2020

Chronic kidney disease continues to be under recognised and is associated with a significant global health burden and costs. An adverse intrauterine environment may result in a depleted nephron number and an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Antenatal ultrasound was used to measure the foetal renal parenchymal thickness (RPT), as a novel method to estimate nephron number. Foetal renal artery blood flow was also assessed. This prospective, longitudinal study evaluated the foetal kidneys of 102 appropriately grown and 30 foetal growth-restricted foetuses between 20 and 37 weeks gestational age (GA) to provide vital knowledge on the influences foetal growth restriction has on the developing kidneys. The foetal RPT and renal artery blood flow were measured at least every 4 weeks using ultrasound. The RPT was found to be significantly thinner in growth-restricted foetuses compared to appropriately grown foetuses [likelihood ratio (LR) = 21.06, P ≤ 0.0001] and the difference increases with GA. In foetuses with the same head circumference, a growth-restricted foetus was more likely to have a thinner parenchyma than an appropriately grown foetus (LR = 8.9, P = 0.0028), supporting the principle that growth-restricted foetuses preferentially shunt blood towards the brain. No significant difference was seen in the renal arteries between appropriately grown and growth-restricted foetuses. Measurement of the RPT appears to be a more sensitive measure than current methods. It has the potential to identify infants with a possible reduced nephron endowment allowing for monitoring and interventions to be focused on individuals at a higher risk of developing future hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
Excessive early-life cholesterol exposure may have later-life consequences for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Dumolt Jerad H. , Patel Mulchand S. , Rideout Todd C.
Published: April 2020

The in utero and immediate postnatal environments are recognized as critical windows of developmental plasticity where offspring are highly susceptible to changes in the maternal metabolic milieu. Maternal hypercholesterolemia (MHC) is a pathological condition characterized by an exaggerated rise in maternal serum cholesterol during pregnancy which can program metabolic dysfunction in offspring, including dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Although there is currently no established reference range MHC, a loosely defined cutoff point for total cholesterol >280 mg/dL in the third trimester has been suggested. There are several unanswered questions regarding this condition particularly with regard to how the timing of cholesterol exposure influences hepatic lipid dysfunction and the mechanisms through which these adaptations manifest in adulthood. Gestational hypercholesterolemia increased fetal hepatic lipid concentrations and altered lipid regulatory mRNA and protein content. These early changes in hepatic lipid metabolism are evident in the postweaning environment and persist into adulthood. Further, changes to hepatic epigenetic signatures including microRNA (miR) and DNA methylation are observed in utero, at weaning, and are evident in adult offspring. In conclusion, early exposure to cholesterol during critical developmental periods can predispose offspring to the early development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is characterized by altered regulatory function beginning in utero and persisting throughout the life cycle.
Unusual Location of the Geotail Magnetopause Near Lunar Orbit: A Case Study
Authors: Shang W. S. , Tang B. B. , Shi Q. Q. , Tian A. M. , Zhou X.‐Y. , Yao Z. H. , Degeling A. W. , Rae I. J. , Fu S. Y. , Lu J. Y. , Pu Z. Y. , Fazakerley A. N. , Dunlop M. W. , Facskó G. , Liu J. , Wang M.
Published: April 2020

The Earth's magnetopause is highly variable in location and shape and is modulated by solar wind conditions. On 8 March 2012, the ARTEMIS probes were located near the tail current sheet when an interplanetary shock arrived under northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions and recorded an abrupt tail compression at ∼(‐60, 0, ‐5) RE in Geocentric Solar Ecliptic coordinate in the deep magnetotail. Approximately 10 minutes later, the probes crossed the magnetopause many times within an hour after the oblique interplanetary shock passed by. The solar wind velocity vector downstream from the shock was not directed along the Sun‐Earth line but had a significant Y component. We propose that the compressed tail was pushed aside by the appreciable solar wind flow in the Y direction. Using a virtual spacecraft in a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, we reproduce the sequence of magnetopause crossings in the X‐Y plane observed by ARTEMIS under oblique shock conditions, demonstrating that the compressed magnetopause is sharply deflected at lunar distances in response to the shock and solar wind VY effects. The results from two different global MHD simulations show that the shocked magnetotail at lunar distances is mainly controlled by the solar wind direction with a timescale of about a quarter hour, which appears to be consistent with the windsock effect. The results also provide some references for investigating interactions between the solar wind/magnetosheath and lunar nearside surface during full moon time intervals, which should not happen in general.
Aram Dorsum: An Extensive Mid‐Noachian Age Fluvial Depositional System in Arabia Terra, Mars
Authors: Balme Matthew R. , Gupta Sanjeev , Davis Joel M. , Fawdon Peter , Grindrod Peter M. , Bridges John C. , Sefton‐Nash Elliot , Williams Rebecca M. E.
Published: April 2020

A major debate in Mars science is the nature of the early Mars climate, and the availability of precipitation and runoff. Observations of relict erosional valley networks have been proposed as evidence for extensive surface runoff around the Noachian‐Hesperian boundary. However, these valley networks only provide a time‐integrated record of landscape evolution, and thus, the timing, relative timescales and intensity of aqueous activity required to erode the valleys remain unknown. Here, we investigate an ancient fluvial sedimentary system in western Arabia Terra, now preserved in positive relief. This ridge, “Aram Dorsum,” is flat‐topped, branching, ~85 km long, and particularly well preserved. We show that Aram Dorsum was an aggradational alluvial system and that the existing ridge was once a large river channel belt set in extensive flood plains, many of which are still preserved. Smaller, palaeochannel belts feed the main system; their setting and network pattern suggest a distributed source of water. The alluvial succession is up to 60 m thick, suggesting a formation time of 105 to 107 years by analogy to Earth. Our observations are consistent with Aram Dorsum having formed by long‐lived flows of water, sourced both locally, and regionally as part of a wider alluvial system in Arabia Terra. This suggests frequent or seasonal precipitation as the source of water. Correlating our observations with previous regional‐scale mapping shows that Aram Dorsum formed in the mid‐Noachian. Aram Dorsum is one of the oldest fluvial systems described on Mars and indicates climatic conditions that sustained surface river flows on early Mars.
Degradation of Small Simple and Large Complex Lunar Craters: Not a Simple Scale Dependence
Authors: Riedel Christian , Minton David A. , Michael Gregory , Orgel Csilla , van der Bogert Carolyn H. , Hiesinger Harald
Published: April 2020

The crater record of a planetary surface unit is often analyzed by its cumulative size‐frequency distribution (CSFD). Measuring CSFDs involves traditional approaches, such as traditional crater counting (TCC) and buffered crater counting (BCC), as well as geometric corrections, such as nonsparseness correction (NSC) and buffered nonsparseness correction (BNSC). NSC and BNSC consider the effects of geometric crater obliteration on the CSFD. On the Moon, crater obliteration leads to two distinct states in which obtained CSFDs do not match the production CSFD—crater equilibrium and nonsparseness. Crater equilibrium occurs when each new impact erases a preexisting crater of the same size. It is clearly observed on lunar terrains dominated by small simple craters with steep‐sloped production CSFDs, such as Imbrian to Eratosthenian‐era mare units. Nonsparseness, on the other hand, is caused by the geometric overlap of preexisting craters by a new impact, which is also known as “cookie cutting.” Cookie cutting is most clearly observed on lunar terrains dominated by large craters with shallow‐sloped production CSFDs, such as the pre‐Nectarian lunar highlands. We use the Cratered Terrain Evolution Model (CTEM) to simulate the evolution of a pre‐Nectarian surface unit. The model was previously used to simulate the diffusion‐induced equilibrium for small craters of the lunar maria. We find that relative to their size, large craters contribute less to the diffusion of the surrounding landscape than small craters. Thus, a simple scale dependence cannot account for the per‐crater contribution to degradation by small simple and large complex craters.
Is the Lunar Magnetic Field Correlated With Gravity or topography?
Authors: Gong Shengxia , Wieczorek Mark A.
Published: April 2020

Magnetic field measurements made from orbit show that there are strong magnetic anomalies on the Moon, but many of these show no clear correlation with known geological processes. Given that the primary magnetic carrier on the Moon is metallic iron, which is considerably denser than the silicate minerals that make up the crust, we might expect that there would be a correlation between the magnetic field and gravity. If the magnetic anomaly were related to iron‐rich impact ejecta, there might also be a correlation between the magnetic field and topography. We use magnetic field, topography, and gravity data to test whether such correlations exist. Our results demonstrate that some magnetic anomalies show statistically significant positive correlations with free‐air gravity and topography, and the magnetic sources within these regions could potentially be iron‐rich impact ejecta. In a few cases, the magnetic anomalies show statistically significant positive correlations with Bouguer gravity, implying that the magnetic anomalies are associated with density anomalies within either the crust or upper mantle. The origin of the vast remainder of lunar magnetic anomalies remains enigmatic.