bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth, characterization, and electrical properties of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 thin films on buffered silicon substrates using pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Gilmore Walter M. , Chattopadhyay Soma , Kvit Alex , Sharma A. K. , Lee C. B. , Collis Ward J. , Sankar J. , Narayan J.
Published: February 2008

Epitaxial thin films of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) were synthesized successfully on SrRuO3/SrTiO3/MgO/TiN/Si heterostructures by pulsed laser deposition. The films were single phase and had (001) orientation. The deposition parameters were varied to obtain the best epitaxial layer for each of the compounds. Transmission electron microscopy indicated good epitaxy for the entire heterostructure and sharp interfaces between the epilayers. Dielectric and P–E hysteresis loop measurements were carried out with evaporated Ag electrodes. The dielectric constant for the films was found to be between 400–450. The value of saturation polarization Ps was between 55–60 μC/cm2, and the coercive field Ec varied from 60–70 kV/cm. Integration of PZT films with silicon will be useful for future memory and micromechanical devices.
Structural analysis of coexisting tetragonal and rhombohedral phases in polycrystalline Pb(Zr0.35Ti0.65)O3thin films
Authors: Kelman Maxim B. , McIntyre Paul C. , Hendrix Bryan C. , Bilodeau Steven M. , Roeder Jeffrey F. , Brennan Sean
Published: February 2008

Structural properties of polycrystalline Pb(Zr0.35Ti0.65)O3(PZT) thin films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on Ir bottom electrodes were investigated. Symmetric x-ray diffraction measurements showed that as-deposited 1500 íthick PZT films are partially tetragonal and partially rhombohedral. Cross-section scanning electron microscopy showed that these films have a polycrystalline columnar microstructure with grains extending through the thickness of the film. X-ray depth profiling using the grazing-incidence asymmetric Bragg scattering geometry suggests that each grain has a bilayer structure consisting of a near-surface region in the etragonal phase and the region at the bottom electrode interface in the rhombohedral hase. The required compatibility between the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases in he proposed layered structure of the 1500 Å PZT can explain the peak shifts observed n the symmetric x-ray diffraction results of thicker PZT films.
Nanostructural study of sol-gel-derived zirconium oxides
Authors: Caracoche Mariía C. , Rivas Patricia C. , Cervera Mario M. , Caruso Ricardo , Benavídez Edgardo , de Sanctis Oscar , Mintzer Sergio R.
Published: February 2008

Two sol-gel derived zirconia powders were prepared at pH = 0.5 and pH = 5.5. They were investigated as a function of temperature using mainly perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy. The aim was to elucidate the relationship between the nanoscopic configurations around Zr4+ ions and the morphology and structure of the powders. The highly porous material resulting from the solution at higher pH could be described mainly by defective and disordered, very hydrolyzed tetragonal arrays. As temperature increased, the amount of these arrays decreased while they became increasingly asymmetric, thus suggesting their superficial localization. The easy removal of hydroxyls led to the early appearance of the monoclinic phase. The gel obtained from the precursor at pH = 0.5 was entirely described by configurations still involving organic residues. After their calcination, the powder underwent a well-defined two-step hydroxyl removal thermal process leading to the crystallization of the tetragonal and the monoclinic phases. The thermal stability of the metastable tetragonal phase in the investigated powders seems to be controlled by their different capability to absorb oxygen.
Uniform Bodies: Mass Movement and Modern Totalitarianism
Authors: Newhall Mary Anne Santos
Published: February 2008

When investigating the relationship between dance and political movements in the twentieth century a paradox emerges: How could modernist art coexist and indeed diri ve in companionship with totalitarian ideologies? Emphatic individualism has come to define the modern American age and the modern artist. Yet such autonomy stands in direct conflict witii the Fascist and Communist waves mat crashed over Europe and rolled tfirough Depression-era New York in the first half of the twentieth century. This paper traces a lineage of movement ideas that traveled to the United States from Germany during that time. I will briefly consider the chorie principle of the German dance pioneers and how ideas of monumental mass movement emigrated to and were assimilated into the dance world of 1930s New York. The coexistence of two trends, the mass dance and modern concert dance, offer a way to trace the dissemination of movement ideas that organized in tandem with emerging political movements on bom sides of me Atlantic. I will examine how die leftist New Dance Group grew out of me New York Wigman School under die direction of Hanya Holm. The Group used Holm's methods of movement improvisation to encourage amateur dance within the labor union revolution, while simultaneously supporting the development of professionals in die field. Over time, the Group had a lasting impact on American modern dance, encouraging collaboration among artists and racial equality for dancers.
Writing an Obituary for AIDS
Authors: Gere David
Published: February 2008

Earlier this week I viewed the 1990 film Longtime Companion for the umpteenth time, watching with the kind of obsessive fascination one usually reserves for a slow-motion train wreck or for the video-loop collapse of two gigantic buildings in lower Manhattan: you know what's going to happen, and you're horrified, and yet you simply cannot turn your eyes away. Written by Craig Lucas, Longtime Companion was the first Hollywood film to deal with the AIDS epidemic in the United States and, predictably, it concerns itself almost exclusively with gay men of the sort who spend part of each summer at Fire Island and part of every day at the gym, mediated for middle America through the point of view of a straight woman: homosexual culture for the masses.
Looking Back: An Interview with May O'Donnell
Authors: Beaman Patricia
Published: February 2008

May O'Donnell—dancer, choreographer, and teacher—was born in 1906 in California. After discovering dance at the age of seventeen, she eventually performed with Estelle Reed, a San Francisco-based teacher and choreographer who had studied with Mary Wigman in Europe. Moving to New York in 1932, O'Donnell took classes at the Wigman studio run by Hanya Holm. She had never heard of Martha Graham, but following the suggestion of a fellow student, she showed up at Graham's Greenwich Village studio. Watching O'Donnell effortlessly execute deep pelvic contractions and spinal twists, Graham asked if she had ever studied the technique. O'Donnell replied no. After a short period of intensive study, she was taken into Graham's company. From 1932 to 1938, and later, from 1944 to 1950, her splendid presence lent itself unforgettably to Graham's work. A riveting performer whose dancing was once described by Ernestine Stodelle as “Amazonian,” O'Donnell originated roles such as the Pioneer Woman in Appalachian Spring, She of the Earth in Dark Meadow, The Chorus in Cave of the Heart, and The Attendant in Herodiade.
Rethinking Global Indian Dance through Local Eyes: The Contemporary Bharatanatyam Scene in Chennai
Authors: Pillai Shanti
Published: February 2008

Discussions about globalization tend to fall somewhere between two poles. One invokes the paranoia of what Appadurai (1996) refers to as a McDonaldization of the world, in which local practices, identities, and economies give way to the homogenizing mandates of capitalism. The other rejoices over the emergence of so-called hybrid cultural forms, interpreted as signs of the resilience of non-Western societies, as harbingers of the dawn of some new age of multicultural understanding, or as proof of the political power of consumers (Garcia Canclini 1995). Both views often underestimate the complexity of the relationship between the local and the global, and lose from view the fact that this relationship can be understood only in terms of historical conditions operating in specific contexts. While capitalism plunders the world, littering its path with Tommy Hilfiger, Pizza Hut, and the ever-popular sitcom Friends, there are many examples of the ways in which local populations do not passively consume what is thrown at them, but actively reinterpret and selectively combine elements of mass-mediated culture within preexisting frameworks and markets (Diawara 1998; Feld 1988; Martinez 1999). Moreover, the indigenization of global culture opens up the possibility of alternative experiences of modernity, which do not fall under the rubric of American culture but instead refer to other geocultural identities (Ching 2000).
The Politeness of Achilles: Off-Record Conversation Strategies in Homer and the Meaning ofKertomia
Authors: Lloyd Michael
Published: February 2008

This article examines social interaction in Homer in the light of modern conversation analysis, especially Grice's theory of conversational implicature. Some notoriously problematic utterances are explained in terms of their ‘off-record’ significance. One particular off-record conversation strategy is characterized by Homer askertomia, and this is discussed in detail. The article focusses on social problems at the end of Achilles' meeting with Priam inIliad24, and in particular on the much-discussed word ἐπικερτομέων (24.649).
L'Ébriété Démocratique la Critique Platonicienne de la Démocratie Dans LesLois
Authors: Pradeau Jean-François
Published: February 2008

The aim of this study is to challenge the current scholarly consensus depicting Plato as having renounced the political ideal of hisRepublic, and modified it in favour of a ‘mixed constitution’ in his last work, theLaws. The study shows that Plato's critique of democracy remains as firm in theLawsas it was in theRepublicand theStatesman, refusing to concede any room to any form of popular sovereignty that could threaten the government of knowledge.
Dionysius Chalcusfr. 3 again
Authors: Rufilanchas Daniel Riaño
Published: February 2008

Dionysius Chalcusfr. 3 West contains an elaborate metaphor for the cottabus game in which the dining room and the symposiasts are compared to a gymnasium in which young pugilists are training. The author suggests that the visual force of the central part of the metaphor lies in the actual way in which σφαῖραι (used as a kind of boxing gloves) were wrapped around the hand and forearm. In the problematic v. 4, ἐκεῖνον is identified as the symposiarch, and the verse is seen to function as another part of this complex metaphor of the symposium asagōn.
A note on interval‐censored lifetime data and the constant‐sum condition of oiler, gómez & calle (2004)
Authors: Lawless Jerald F.
Published: February 2008

Oiler, Gomez & Calle (2004) give a constant sum condition for processes that generate interval‐censored lifetime data. They show that in models satisfying this condition, it is possible to estimate non‐parametrically the lifetime distribution based on a well‐known simplified likelihood. The author shows that this constant‐sum condition is equivalent to the existence of an observation process that is independent of lifetimes and which gives the same probability distribution for the observed data as the underlying true process.
A robust approach to longitudinal data analysis
Authors: Cantoni Eva
Published: February 2008

The author introduces robust techniques for estimation, inference and variable selection in the analysis of longitudinal data. She first addresses the problem of the robust estimation of the regression and nuisance parameters, for which she derives the asymptotic distribution. She uses weighted estimating equations to build robust quasi‐likelihood functions. These functions are then used to construct a class of test statistics for variable selection. She derives the limiting distribution of these tests and shows its robustness properties in terms of stability of the asymptotic level and power under contamination. An application to a real data set allows her to illustrate the benefits of a robust analysis.
On the effect of misspecifying the error density in a deconvolution problem
Authors: Meister Alexander
Published: February 2008

The author studies the effect of a misspecification of the error density on the mean integrated squared error (MISE) of the deconvolution estimator. He shows that the MISE converges to a certain functional which he defines. He also illustrates the fact that the limit can sometimes be infinite. Finally, he derives some guidelines for selecting the error density in order to ensure robustness properties of the procedure.
Legislative Demands for Bureaucratic Policymaking: The Case of State Medical Boards
Authors: WEISSERT CAROL S. , SILBERMAN SUSAN
Published: February 2008

AbstractWhile much is known about the relationship between Congress and regulatory agencies, there has been little examination of the role state legislatures play in the activities of state regulatory bodies, particularly those activities related to timely, salient policy issues. This article explores the relationship of state legislatures to medical boards, which are increasingly becoming more policy active. We find that state legislative involvement and influence are the most important determinants of policy‐active state medical boards; institutional elements play a secondary role. Major changes in the private health care delivery system affect legislative involvement and play an indirect role in predicting policy activism. We drew our data from a 50‐state survey of executive directors of state medical boards.
From nested Miquel triangles to Miquel distances
Authors: De Villiers Michael
Published: February 2008

This article presents interesting generalisations of three well-known results related to pedal triangles and distances, and the Simson line.

The triangle whose vertices are the feet of the perpendiculars from a point P inside a triangle ABC to each of its sides AB, BC and AC, is called a pedal triangle.
A unified construction of conies
Authors: Bataille Michel
Published: February 2008

Conies are often presented through the following definition: The conic Γ with focus F, directrix l and eccentricity e is the set of points Y of the Euclidean plane E2 such that d(Y, F) = e d(Y, l). Of course, the main interest in this focus-directrix property is to allow a unified approach to the three conies. Surprisingly, a simple construction of Γ given F, l, e seldom follows. The aim of this note is to fill the gap by describing … just one construction for the three conies! Readers are strongly encouraged to try out this construction, either by hand, using a ruler and a set-square, or by using a computer package. As is to be expected, the tangents to Γ are also easily obtained. Moreover, the transformation underlying the whole process leads to some properties of the conies in a simple and elegant way. A few examples will be given.
On Hilbert’s third problem
Authors: Zeeman E. C.
Published: February 2008

The year 2000 was the centenary of not only Hubert’s Problems but also Dehn’s solution of the Third Problem, which was the first to be solved. The Third Problem is concerned with the Euclidean theorem that two tetrahedra with equal base and height have equal volume [5, Book XII, Proposition 5].

Today one proves this theorem by integration, showing that the volume of a tetrahedron is a third base times height. This 3-dimensional theorem is the analogue of the 2-dimensional theorem that the area of a triangle is a half base times height. But Euclid did not have access to integration, nor the real numbers, nor the product of real numbers, so he did not use the concept of an area being the product of two lengths or a volume being the product of a numerical area and a length. For instance when he wanted to state the triangle theorem he said that two copies of the triangle were ‘equal’ to a rectangle with the same base and height, where by ‘equal’ he meant here that the two triangles could be cut into pieces and reassembled into the rectangle. So Hilbert’s problem was equivalent to asking whether the same could be said about a tetrahedron. Can three copies of the tetrahedron be cut into pieces and reassembled into a rectangular prism with the same base and height? Dehn proved that it was impossible, and later Boltianskii simplified his proof. Dehn’s proof invented a real number invariant of a solid, that was invariant under cutting and reassembling, and he showed that two particular tetrahedra with the same base and height had different values of his invariant.
Big Houses in Kano Emirate
Authors: Hill Polly
Published: February 2008

Opening Paragraph

In 1971–2 I undertook research in part of the very densely populated farming zone around Kano city (often called the Kano close-settled zone) in order to compare it with a Hausa village, Batagarawa, some 100 miles further north in Katsina Emirate, where I had lived and worked in 1967. At Batagarawa farmland is not scarce and members of the community are free to establish farms on uncultivated (bush) land, some of which is no further than a mile or so from the village. For some 30 to 40 miles or more around Kano city, on the other hand, there is little or no uncultivated bush and farmers with insufficient land are obliged to buy or to ‘borrow’ (aro) farmland from others. My purpose was to compare and contrast the socio-economic organization and economic conditions of farmers in the two localities, with special reference, in so far as this variable could be isolated, to population density.
Organizational Moral Values
Authors: Scott Elizabeth D.
Published: February 2008

This article argues that the important organizational values to study are organizational moral values. It identifies five moral values (honest communication, respect for property, respect for life, respect for religion, and justice), which allow parallel constructs at individual and organizational levels of analysis. It also identifies dimensions used in differentiating organizations’ moral values. These are the act, actor, person affected, intention, and expected result. Finally, the article addresses measurement issues associated with organizational moral values, proposing that content analysis is the appropriate measurement technique to be used for an organization-level conception of moral values.
Business Citizenship: From Domestic to Global Level of Analysis
Authors: Logsdon Jeanne M. , Wood Donna J.
Published: February 2008

In this article we first review the development of the concept of global business citizenship and show how the libertarian political philosophy of free-market capitalism must give way to a communitarian view in order for the voluntaristic, local notion of “corporate citizenship” to take root. We then distinguish the concept of global business citizenship from “corporate citizenship” by showing how the former concept requires a transition from communitarian thinking to a position of universal human rights. In addition, we link global business citizenship to global business strategy and to three analytical levels of ethical norms. Finally, we trace a process whereby global businesses can implement fundamental norms and learn to accommodate to legitimate cultural differences.
The Corporation as Actual Agreement
Authors: Sollars Gordon G.
Published: February 2008

In contrast to “social contract” theories of the corporation, a moral justification of the corporation as actual, not hypothetical, agreement is presented. Central to the justification is the idea of personal projects, as developed by Loren Lomasky. The key idea is the role that corporations can play in the construction and advancement of personal, value-creating projects. The concept of the corporation as actual agreement, as a type of “right of association” theory, is defended against influential criticism of such theories by Thomas Donaldson.
Damaged Goods—Or Durable? A Response to Tom McInerney
Authors: Herman Stewart W.
Published: February 2008

Contrary to criticisms by Thomas McInerney, Durable Goods proposes a realistic and empirically testable “covenantal” ethic for moving management and labor beyond tactics of mutual coercion and evasion. Nonetheless, two questions asked by McInerney remain germane. First, should the moral claims of management and labor always receive equal moral consideration, as a matter of justice? To this substantive question Durable Goods admittedly provides a less than satisfactory answer. Second, can the normative theory proposed by Durable Goods, based in part as it is on the Bible, meet the standards of cogency, coherence, and parsimony appropriate to business ethics as a field of rigorous inquiry? This methodological question remains unaddressed.
Moral Hazard and the Assessment of Insurance Risk in Eighteenth-and Early-Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Pearson Robin
Published: February 2008

Insurance is a business in which trust is the corollary of risk taking. One problem for the insurance industry in eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Britain was how to bridge the gap between the world of business based upon personal trust, and the emergence of new commercial relations where moral hazard was mass produced and where a commanding knowledge of personal reputations was virtually impossible. This paper examines the imperfect methods devised by early life and fire insurance offices to assess both physical and moral hazard and postulates a relationship between the two. The responses to two particular moral hazard “problems” identified by contemporary underwriters–insurance by the Jews and the Irish–are explored.
Cardinal Pamphilj Builds a Palace: Self-Representation and Familial Ambition in Seventeenth-Century Rome
Authors: Leone Stephanie C.
Published: February 2008

In reconstructing the palace commissioned by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Pamphilj between 1636 and 1638, this article brings to light a previously unstudied earlier building phase of the Palazzo Pamphilj in the Piazza Navona, Rome. The revised history alters our understanding of the palace, which was formerly thought to have been designed in its entirety after 1645, by Girolamo Rainaldi and Francesco Borromini, as half its design can now be attributed to Francesco Peperelli, who was an active palace builder though little known today. This new information also changes our perception of Cardinal Pamphilj, whose patronage prior to his pontificate as Innocent X (1644-55) has not been considered by historians. On the contrary, Cardinal Pamphilj emerges as an active patron who engaged in conspicuous consumption-specifically the building of a palace-to fashion an image representing his newly acquired identity as someone at the top of the social hierarchy, acting similarly to, and in competition with, his peers in the Sacred College.
Daily Practice and Social Memory at Çatalhöyük
Authors: Hodder Ian , Cessford Craig
Published: February 2008

This article is concerned with the social processes involved in the formation of large agglomerated villages in the Neolithic of the Near East and Anatolia, with particular reference to Çatalhöyük in central Turkey. The article aims to show that practice theories (dealing with how social rules are learned in daily practice within the house) can be used to interpret the patterning of recurrent construction and use activities within domestic space at Çatalhöyük. The regulation of social practices in the house created village-wide social rules, but it is argued that the habituated behavior was also commemorative and involved in the construction of social memory. Sitewide and house-based specific memories are documented at Çatalhöyük. The evidence for habituated practice and social memory at other sites is briefly discussed, and is argued to be relevant for the formation of settled agricultural societies.
High Precision Measurement of Obsidian Hydration Layers on Artifacts from the Hopewell Site Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Stevenson Christopher M. , Abdelrehim Ihab , Novak Steven W.
Published: February 2008

Obsidian hydration dating has served as one of the chronological indicators for the Hopewell Culture earthworks (ca. 200 B.C.—A.D. 500) in central Ohio. This work presents new obsidian hydration dates developed from high precision hydration layer depth profiling using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). These data suggest that long-distance exchange in obsidian occurred throughout the Hopewell period.
Demography and Cultural Evolution: How Adaptive Cultural Processes Can Produce Maladaptive Losses—The Tasmanian Case
Authors: Henrich Joseph
Published: February 2008

A combination of archeological and ethnohistorical evidence indicates that, over an approximately 8,000-year period, from the beginning of the Holocene until European explorers began arriving in the eighteenth century, the societies of Tasmania lost a series of valuable skills and technologies. These likely included bone tools, cold-weather clothing, hafted tools, nets, fishing spears, barbed spears, spear-throwers, and boomerangs. To address this puzzle, and the more general question of how human cognition and social interaction can generate both adaptive cultural evolution and maladaptive losses of culturally acquired skills, this paper constructs a formal model of cultural evolution rooted in the cognitive details of human social learning and inference. The analytical results specify the conditions for differing rates of adaptive cultural evolution, and reveal regimes that will produce maladaptive losses of particular kinds of skills and related technologies. More specifically, the results suggest that the relatively sudden reduction in the effective population size (the size of the interacting pool of social learners) that occurred with the rising ocean levels at the end of the last glacial epoch, which cut Tasmania off from the rest of Australia for the ensuing ten millennia, could have initiated a cultural evolutionary process that (1) kept stable or even improved relatively simple technological skills, and (2) produced an increasing deterioration of more complex skills leading to the complete disappearance of some technologies and practices. This pattern is consistent with the empirical record in Tasmania. Beyond this case, I speculate on the applicability of the model to understanding the variability in rates of adaptive cultural evolution.
Late Pleistocene Technology, Economic Behavior, and Land-Use Dynamics in Southern Italy
Authors: Riel-Salvatore Julien , Barton C. Michael
Published: February 2008

This paper proposes a new methodology to study prehistoric lithic assemblages in an attempt to derive from that facet of prehistoric behavior the greater technoeconomic system in which it was embedded. By using volumetric artifact density and the frequency of retouched pieces within a given lithic assemblage, it becomes possible to identify whether these stone tools were created by residentially mobile or logistically organized foragers. The linking factor between assemblage composition and land-use strategy is that of curation within lithic assemblages as an expression of economizing behavior. This method is used to study eight sites from southeastern Italy to detect changes in adaptation during the Late Pleistocene. We compare and contrast Mousterian, Uluzzian, proto-Aurignacian and Epigravettian assemblages, and argue that the first three industries overlap considerably in terms of their technoeconomic flexibility. Epigravettian assemblages, on the other hand, display a different kind of land-use exploitation pattern than those seen in the earlier assemblages, perhaps as a response to deteriorating climatic conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum. While we discuss the implications of these patterns in the context of modern human origins, we argue that the methodology can help identify land-use patterns in other locales and periods.
The Creation of Person, the Creation of Place: Hunting Landscapes in The American Southwest
Authors: Potter James M.
Published: February 2008

Because people conceptualize the land on which they live metaphorically, it is suggested that metaphor theory is an important component of landscape theory. One kind of metaphorically charged landscape is the hunting landscape, a type of gendered landscape that embodies hunting and animal metaphors related to gender categories and provides a field on which to perform and establish maleness. Two archaeological examples of hunting landscapes in the American Southwest are explored to show how hunting and its associated landscapes facilitate the creation and substantiation of the male persona through metaphorical linkages between humans and animals, hunting and warfare, and game animals and women.
The Language Ideologies of Courtship Ritual: Maya Pentecostals and Folk Catholics
Authors: Forand Nancy
Published: February 2008

This article examines the traditional Mayan practice of negotiating marital alliances, which is played out in a series of ritualized dialogues between two families. A Pentecostal hybrid ceremony incorporates evangelical symbols and speech forms that index a religious identity and ideology founded on biblical authority. In intergroup marriage negotiation, Mayan Pentecostals and traditionalists employ an accommodated form oj ritual speech that works around irreconcilable differences pertaining to authority and the relationship with the divine.
Projective Inversion in the Ancient Egyptian "Tale of Two Brothers"
Authors: Dundes Alan
Published: February 2008

After a brief review of the folkloristic scholarship devoted to the ancient Egyptian tale of two brothers, an attempt is made to distinguish between the concepts of projection and projective inversion. The utilization of the second concept seeks to illuminate the possible meaning of the tale including the initial part, which consists of the widespread Potiphar’s Wife motif.
Prophetic Riddling: A Dialogue of Genres in Choctaw Performance
Authors: Mould Tom
Published: February 2008

Riddles claim obscurity. Prophecy claims clarity. Despite this initial divide, the two can be so similar they appear to be indistinguishable. The similarities are both inherent and constructed. This study will explore the similarities between the two both when viewed as verbal genres and when brought into dialogue during the act of performance. Prophetic discourse among the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians provides a particularly informative case study. Tribal members have cultivated an oral tradition of prophecy with rigorous aesthetic, structural, and temporal rules. As the prophecies become fulfilled, however, these rules have become virtually impossible to uphold. Many Choctaw narrators have found a creative compromise by exploiting the similarities between prophecy and riddle. An examination of the structural, functional, stylistic, and linguistic parallels between riddle and prophecy at the nexus of performance shows how Choctaw narrators maintain one tradition by borrowing from another.
Validation of Oxytropis xinglongshanica C. W. Chang (Leguminosae)
Authors: Zhu Xiang-yun
Published: February 2008

The name Oxytropis xinglongshanica C. W. Chang was not validly published in 1987 because two types were indicated. The name is validated here.
Lectotypification of the name Lopholejeunea utriculata (Lejeuneaceae, Hepaticae)
Authors: Zhu Rui-Liang , Gradstein S. Robbert
Published: February 2008

A lectotype is designated for the name Lopholejeunea utriculata Steph. This selection preserves current usage of the name, but two other original specimens of Lopholejeunea utriculata are assigned to L. lepidoscypha.
Paeonia saueri (Paeoniaceae), a new species from the Balkans
Authors: Hong De-Yuan , Wang Xiao-Quan , Zhang Da-Ming
Published: February 2008

Paeonia saueri D. Y. Hong, X. Q. Wang et D. M. Zhang is described as a new species from Greece and Albania based on population sampling, statistics, chromosome observation, and SEM observations. It is characterized by tuberous roots, a high number of leaflets/segments, adaxially setulose along the veins on leaves, and a chromosome number of 2n = 20. It is closely related to P. peregrina. However, as shown by cluster analysis (Fig. 3) and principal coordinate analysis (Fig. 4), it differs distinctly from the latter in having mostly entire leaflets/segments that are hispidulous beneath, and red stigmas. From P. officinalis it differs in having the leaves setulose along the veins above and sparsely hispidulous below, and the stems, petioles and sepals always glabrous. Furthermore, it differs from those two species by its relatively short and wide follicles. The somatic chromosome number of the new species, 2n = 20, is reported here for the first time.
Amblysperma should be retained under Trichocline (Asteraceae, Mutisieae)
Authors: Katinas Liliana
Published: February 2008

The monotypic genus Amblysperma has been distinguished from Trichocline by previous authors on the basis of differences in geographic distribution, involucre shape, corolla colour, limb indumentum of the marginal corollas, anther filament surface, type of staminode basal appendages, and achenial shape. However, a critical re­examination of these characters reveals that most of them are shared between both genera. The presence of twin hairs in the corollas of Amblysperma and Trichocline is another character linking both genera. Differences in geographic distribution, i.e., Amblysperma in Australia and Trichocline in South America, and shape of the involucre provided the only distinguishing features which do not appear to justify the recognition of two different genera. Amblysperma is therefore placed in synonymy with Trichocline.
PCR amplification of Michele Tenore's historical specimens and facility to utilize an alternative approach to resolve taxonomic problems
Authors: De Castro Olga , Menale Bruno
Published: February 2008

A polymorphic non­coding region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from herbarium specimens of Pinus brutia and P. halepensis. The samples belong to the historical collection of Michele Tenore. Several discordances and inconsistencies in taxonomic attribution are present for historical specimens of P. brutia. Moreover, there are inaccuracies as to their geographical distribution. In this work, we demonstrate the potential use of molecular methods of amplifying DNA from historical samples to resolve the identification of herbarium specimens.
Lectotypification of seven taxon names in Eryngium L. (Apiaceae-Saniculoideae)
Authors: Wörz Arno
Published: February 2008

Seven names of taxa of the genus Eryngium L. (Eryngium amethystinum var. tenuifolium Boiss. & Heldr., Eryngium argyreum Maire, Eryngium atlanticum Batt. & Pit., Eryngium bourgatii var. atlanticum Ball, Eryngium carthamoides Sm., Eryngium marocanum Pit., Eryngium paniculatum Cav. & Dombey ex F. Delaroche) have been lectotypified in order to stabilize the names, and the holotype of E. falcatum Delaroche was detected. E. carthamoides Sm. in Rees was determined to be a synonym of E. aquifolium Cav. The lectotypification of E. paniculatum Cav. & Dombey ex F. Delaroche should contribute towards a resolution of the name's confusing nomenclature past.
Typifications and a new name in Alstroemeria L. (Alstroemeriaceae)
Authors: de Assis Marta Camargo , de Mello-Silva Renato
Published: February 2008

Lectotypes for the names Alstroemeria burchelii Baker, A. caryophyllaea Jacq., A. chapadensis Hoehne, A. cunha Vell., A. rubra Morel, A. argentovittata Lem., and A. butantanensis Hoehne are designated here. The typification of A. nemorosa Gardner and A. piauhyensis Gardner is here clarified. An epitype is also chosen in order to avoid misinterpretation of the name A. burchellii Baker. For A. psittacina Lehm. and A. radula Dusén neotypes are designated. Alstroemeria speciosa M. C. Assis is published as an avowed substitute (replacement name) for Alstroemeria insignis Kränzl.
More French "firsts" in Australia ignored: Dumont de Courset's Le Botaniste Cultivateur
Authors: Mabberley David J.
Published: February 2008

In the first edition of Baron Dumont de Courset's Le Botaniste Cultivateur, names were validly published for the Port Jackson Fig and the "Botany Bay oat" of the Sydney area, that of the fig at least antedating that in current use: it is proposed for rejection elsewhere in this issue (Mabberley & Dixon, 2004), though the identity of the "oat" is still unclear. By contrast, Tanacetum aucherianum (Compositae), apparently threatened by Chrysanthemum tanacetifolium Willd. (1803), is saved by the earlier but unlisted C. tanacetifolium (1802) of Dumont's book. The residue of other unlisted names in that work is disposed of, Dumont's use of Cels' binomials leading to a proposal elsewhere in this issue (Mabberley, 2004) to reject an earlier name for Fraxinus quadrangulata (Oleaceae) and consideration of a number of names in Ribes (Grossulariaceae). There remain unresolved issues in Anacampseros (Portulacaceae) and Bejaria (Ericaceae), while there are unplaced names in Cape Erica (Ericaceae), Gnidia (Thymelaeacea ), and Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Preliminary bibliographic findings on H. C. Andrews' Geraniums (1805 [­25]) are presented in an appendix.
Morphological and functional flower characteristics of New and Old World Annonaceae with respect to their mode of pollination
Authors: Silberbauer-Gottsberger Ilse , Gottsberger Gerhard , Webber Antonio C.
Published: February 2008

The Annonaceae show a broader flower biological radiation than originally thought, with flowers being pollinated not only by beetles, but also by thrips, flies and even bees. The majority of species have hermaphroditic protogynous flowers. Species with white or yellowish‐white, small, delicate, day‐active flowers, may be pollinated either solely by thrips, or by thrips and small beetles (e.g., species of Bocageopsis, Oxandra, Xylopia). Several of these thrips‐pollinated species have stamens with an elongated, tongue‐like connective. Pollination by flies is not well documented for American species, notwithstanding it appears to be more common in Old World species, e.g., in the genus Pseuduvaria. The mitriform flowers exhale an unpleasant smell, produce nectar in purple‐colored petal glands and have a sapromyiophilous syndrome. Flies enter the flower center through large openings between the inner petals. Beetle‐pollinated Annonaceae have flowers with comparatively thick and, often, fleshy petals, which, during anthesis frequently form a pollination chamber with the petals inclining over the flower center. The stamens usually have peltate connective shields, probably a device for protection against voracious beetles. Some cantharophilous species have flowers which are day‐active while others are night‐active. When they are in their pistillate phase, the beetles are attracted by characteristic odor components. They enter the pollination chamber and usually remain in the interior of the flower until the flower has changed to its staminate phase, when pollen is shed and afterwards petals and stamens detach. Two lines of cantharophilous Annonaceae are recognizable on the basis of present knowledge. Species with smaller and more delicate flowers are pollinated by small beetles (Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae and Staphylinidae), whereas species with large, more robust flowers in the Neotropics are pollinated by large beetles of the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Dynastinae. Some species of the cantharophilous Annonaceae, especially the large‐flowered ones, but also some species with smaller flowers, produce heat during anthesis (thermogenesis). Food bodies, developed on the adaxial surfaces or sides of the petals, provide unique nourishment possibilities for beetles when they stay inside the flowers during the pistillate phase. In the staminate stage of the flower, after pollen is shed, beetles also feed on pollen. Apparently, no dynastid‐flower relationship has evolved in Asia and Australia. Pollination by bees was discovered recently in Unonopsis guatterioides in Amazonia and Uvaria concava in North Queensland: the first by scent‐collecting euglossine males and the second by pollen‐collecting Meliponinae. The general trends in morphological/functional floral characteristics in the family are discussed in a presumptive phylogenetic context.
Historical biogeography of Caribbean plants: introduction to current knowledge and possibilities from a phylogenetic perspective
Authors: Santiago–Valentin Eugenio , Olmstead Richard G.
Published: February 2008

Knowledge of the evolution and biogeography of the Caribbean biota comes primarily from faunal studies, in spite of the tremendous richness of the Caribbean flora. The limited data to assess Caribbean phytogeography comes from fossils, floristic distributions, and phylogenetic studies. The geology in the Caribbean is extremely complex, but it is widely accepted that part of the Greater Antilles are old and precede the emergence of the Lesser Antilles and the Panamanian isthmus. Cuba and Hispaniola are each composed of a series of independent land blocks and Jamaica was mainly or entirely submerged during part of its history. Paleopalynological data, at present the only reliable source for reconstructing past plant communities, suggest warm–temperate to tropical conditions. Contemporary floristic data portray affinities with both Laurasian and Gondwanan derived plant groups. Shortcomings of traditional methodological approaches is a major criticism to studies assessing historical biogeography. Phylogenetics is an appropriate strategy to apply, because it: (1) elucidates the systematic relationships of taxa, (2) permits assessment of morphological and ecological evolution, and (3) illustrates the direction and sequence in which the distribution of a taxa originated. Study of Caribbean taxa with high levels of endemicity allows tracing the correspondence between taxa and geographic areas, and thus, permits application of a phylogeny for assessments of geographic relatedness under both dispersal and vicariant scenarios. Caribbean plant groups in several angiosperm families have now been studied phylogenetically. Some biogeographic patterns are starting to emerge from these studies, but more studies are needed for generalizations to be drawn.
Generic limits in Rhamnus L. s.l. (Rhamnaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogenies
Authors: Bolmgren Kjell , Oxelman Bengt
Published: February 2008

This study tested the monophyly of the previously proposed genera Alaternus, Frangula, Oreoherzogia, and Rhamnus s.str., and the phylogenetic relations suggested by Grubov (1949), within the Rhamnus s.l. clade.Based on a global sample of 22 species, we derived phylogenetic hypotheses using parsimony analysis of variation in trnL–F (chloroplast) and ITS (nuclear) DNA regions. Both Alaternus, Frangula, and Oreoherzogia gained strong support, and our results further support recognition of Frangula as a monophyletic genus. The resolution between Alaternus, Oreoherzogia, and the rest of Rhamnus s.str. was less clear, and the mainly Mediterranean Oreoherzogia was strongly grouped with the American R. crocea. Therefore, we consider it as unjustified to split the rest of Rhamnus into smaller genera. Regarding Grubov's phylogenetic hypothesis, our study could only support the dichotomy between Frangula and the rest of Rhamnus.
Generic relationships of Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie (Dipterocarpaceae) based on cpDNA sequences
Authors: Li Qiao–Ming , He Tian–Hua , Xu Zai–Fu
Published: February 2008

The systematic position of Parashorea chinensis (Dipterocarpaceae) was investigated by using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences of matK, trnL intron, and trnL–trnF intergenic spacer region of chloroplast DNA. Previous studies have placed the taxon in Parashorea or Shorea. Analyses indicate that P. chinensis belongs within Parashorea (80% bootstrap) rather than within Shorea. Furthermore, P. chinensis Wang Hsie and P. chinensis Wang Hsie var. kwangsiensis Lin Chi are further confirmed to be the same taxon.
Nomenclatural notes on Biatoridium Körb. (lichenized ascomycetes)
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: February 2008

It is shown that the name Chiliospora A. Massal. with its one species, C. elegans Zw. ex A. Massal., was made public before Biatoridium Körb. and its type B. monasteriensis Lahm ex Körb. However, this was done in a meeting at the Academy in Venice in February 1860, where a printed version of the lecture was handed out, but not, apparently, distributed to even the limited extent required for effective publication according to the ICBN. That happened only at the end of the year 1860, and in the meantime Körber had published his name in a valid and effective manner, his name being fortunately the earlier, and no nomenclatural changes are necessary.
Patrón funerario arcaico temprano del sitio Acha-3 y su relación con Chinchorro: Cazadores, pescadores y recolectores de la costa norte de Chile
Authors: Standen Vivien G. , Santoro Calogero M.
Published: February 2008

Se describe un contexto funerario correspondiente a una población costera del período Arcaico Temprano, cuyos rasgos se presentan como evidencia para proponer que la tradición Chinchorro sería de origen y desarrollo local. Los indicadores provienen del sitio Acha-3, vinculado a una tradición de adaptación marítima (9,000–8,000 a.P.). Estas evidencias validaría las siguientes propuestas: (a) define un patrón funerario, tecnológico y económico con fuertes vínculos Chinchorro; (b) la evidencia bioarqueológica demuestra que estos grupos manejaban una estrategia de subsistencia bien adaptada al ecosistema marítimo; y (c) representa un sitio funerario temprano para las tierras bajas del área centro sur andina, sustentado en dos dataciones de radiocarbono (no calibradas) de 8,120 ± 90 a.P. (Cuerpo 1) y 8,380 ± 60 a. P. (Cuerpo 3). El patrón mortuorio se caracteriza por una inhumación múltiple formada por tres individuos dispuestos en posición extendida, envueltos en pieles de camélido, lobo marino y esteras vegetales pintadas, con escasas ofrendas asociadas. Aunque no hay evidencias de momificación artificial, el claro intento de enfardar los cuerpos, la inhumación múltiple en posición extendida, y el contexto cultural asociado, nos permiten sostener la hipótesis de que la emergencia de las prácticas funerarias Chinchorro sería un desarrollo más bien local que alóctono.
The Langdell Problem: Historicizing the Century of Historiography, 1906–2000s
Authors: Kimball Bruce A.
Published: February 2008

Christopher Columbus Langdell (1826–1906) is arguably the most influential figure in the history of legal education in the United States, having shaped the modern law school by introducing a number of significant reforms during his tenure as dean of Harvard Law School (HLS) from 1870 to 1895. Langdell's innovations—including the admission requirement of a bachelor's degree, the graded and sequential curriculum, the hurdle of annual examinations for continuation and graduation, the independent career track for professional faculty, the transformation of the professional library from a textbook repository into a scholarly resource, and the inductive pedagogy of teaching from cases—became the characteristics gradually adopted by university law schools after 1890 and, eventually, schools of other professions. Langdell thus transformed legal education from an undemanding, gentlemanly acculturation into an academic meritocracy.
Imported Books, Imported Ideas: Reading European Jurisprudence in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Quebec
Authors: Reiter Eric H.
Published: February 2008

In the early 1860s, during his tenure as one of the commissioners working to codify Quebec private law, Augustin-Norbert Morin compiled a lengthy bibliography of foreign works on law and jurisprudence, filled with obscure German titles from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The list contains several hundred alphabetically organized entries over 284 pages and includes a wide variety of authors and periodicals, from prominent names like Savigny, Hugo, Thibaut, Puchta, and Zachariae, to more obscure figures like Johann Brunquel and Georg Friedrich Schutzenberger.