bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting the "Team" into Teamwork: Alternative Theoretical Contributions for Contemporary Management Practice
Authors: Lembke Svan , Wilson Marie G.
Published: August 2005

This paper establishes that teamwork is a function of how team members perceive the team and their role in it. Social identity theory (Hogg & Abrams, 1993; Tajfel & Turner, 1986) and self-categorization theory (Turner, 1987) offer explanations for the cognitive, evaluative, and emotional processes which motivate individuals to join a social group and enhance their ability to contribute to the maximum of their ability, which would be desirable for many team tasks. Social identity theory posits that the motivation for thinking, feeling, and thus working as a cohesive unit is socially constructed. Highly productive teamwork requires that team members recognize the team as a unit and as an attractive work arrangement. Fundamental assumptions of contemporary management, and management research, are challenged to integrate social identity findings.
Voicing by Adapting and Innovating Employees: An Empirical Study on How Personality and Environment Interact to Affect Voice Behavior
Authors: Janssen Onne , de Vries Thea , Cozijnsen Anton J.
Published: August 2005

This article reports two studies exploring how cognitive style preferences for adaption-innovation affect the likelihood that employees will voice ideas for organizational change toward their supervisors. As hypothesized, Study 1 demonstrates that innovatively compared to adaptively predisposed police officers are less likely to voice conventional ideas and more likely to voice novel ideas for solving work-related problems. Besides a replication of these findings, Study 2 shows how work satisfaction and the quality of the supervisor as voice manager shape the impact of adaption-innovation on employee likelihood to voice. That is, compared to innovators, adaptors are more likely to voice conventional ideas when they are dissatisfied rather than satisfied with work and perceive their supervisors as effective rather than ineffective voice managers. On the other hand, innovators compared to adaptors report greater likelihood to voice novel ideas when they are satisfied rather than dissatisfied with work and perceive their supervisors as effective rather than ineffective voice managers. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Participation in the Performance Appraisal Review: Inflexible Manager Behavior and Variable Worker Needs
Authors: Greller Martin M.
Published: August 2005

A survey of 137 employees provided data on performance appraisal reviews conducted by 38 managers. Participation in the review was influenced more by which manager conducted the review than the circumstances of the specific review. The effect of participation was greater for variables measuring future relationship (potential in the firm and seeking feedback from manager) than immediate decisions (self-evaluation and intention to stay). Reaction to the review was moderated by subordinate experience and prior feedback. The results indicate the importance of understanding the context in which the review occurs and the limited degree to which managers alter their own behavior in the review.
An Introduction to the Social Psychology of Insults in Organizations
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: August 2005

The author argues that insults are an important social and organizational phenomenon, which causes powerful emotions and enters peoplés personal histories. It is suggested that insults involve a perpetrator, a target and, often, an audience. The intention to insult is not necessary, as some insults are the result of misunderstanding or accident. However, the experience of being gratuitously offended and the corresponding feelings of shame, guilt, and anger are fundamental to insults. Several types of insults are observed, such as exclusion, stereotyping, obliteration of significant identity details, ingratitude, scapegoating, rudeness, broken promises, being ignored or kept waiting. Even more potent insults result from the defamation or despoiling of idealized objects, persons, or ideas. Different insult dynamics are noted; these include an apology, a commensurate retaliation, a disproportionate retaliation and possible escalation, a retaliation against a surrogate and weaker target than the perpetrator of the initial insult, an affected indifference with a possible delayed retaliation, or more commonly a resigned tolerance which may fuel subsequent insults. Insults as well as retaliation and resistance to them are part of an organization's political process which establishes, first, lines of domination/subordination, second, finer gradations of status and power, i.e., a pecking order, and third, opportunities for building coalitions and alliances. It is argued that insults allow for a certain mobility within a pecking order, by offering 'matches' for contestants to pitch their wit, venom, and courage against each other. They also enable audiences to take sides, thus influencing and testing the operation of coalitions and alliances.
The Study of Language in Organizations: A Symbolic Interactionist Stance
Authors: Cossette Pierre
Published: August 2005

Very few models have been developed from research on language in organizations, and those that exist are usually very general. In addition, the assumptions on which they are based are not always explicit, which means that the limits of the models themselves cannot be seen. After describing the characteristics of research that could be done on language from an objectivist and a subjectivist stance, and specifying the limits of these two fundamental views, this paper proposes an explicit model for understanding language based on a symbolic interactionist stance, with emphasis on ascribing meaning and understanding language in the context of the interactive situation in which it occurs. The interactive situation comprises three fundamental components: the environmental, cognitive, and emotional contexts. In the model, the tongue and psycholinguistic schemata of the individuals concerned inevitably have a restrictive effect on the language used, and the language context may help make the speaker's remarks meaningful. The assumptions underlying the choice of a symbolic interactionist stance are described, and the paper ends with some suggested avenues for research revealing new topics or new ways of studying old topics.
Emotional Aspects of Large Group Teaching
Authors: Hogan David , Kwiatkowski Richard
Published: August 2005

With the growth of mass education in the U.K. has come the seemingly inevitable growth of large group teaching. Many "technical" solutions to the problems of large group teaching have been proposed (e.g., use of microphones, structured handouts, buzz groups, etc.) but we contend that emotional aspects have been largely neglected and ignored. We argue that it is legitimate to consider the role of emotion in higher education, and its particular effects in large teaching groups. While it is, perhaps, easier and safer to pretend that all is well, there are clear emotional consequences to working in these large groups for both students and lecturers. For instance, students may experience powerful feelings of alienation, anger, and envy in large groups and compensate in various ways, some of which will be antithetical to achieving effective learning and a stimulating educational experience. Similarly, lecturers can also seek to cope with their own feelings of fear and uncertainty by behaving equally maladaptively. We examine the contribution psychodynamic thinking can make to our understanding of large teaching groups and contrast this with the consequences of adhering to simplistic technical models. We argue for the legitimacy of the role of emotion in higher education and seek to encourage a debate on this issue which will include appropriate research into the effects of trying to teach and learn in large groups. This paper thus seeks to raise issues and encourage debate in this relatively unresearched area. Further, we contend that it is important and necessary to conduct appropriate research into the emotional effects of such groups on both teaching and learning.
Engaging New Social Movements
Authors: Hills Dione
Published: August 2005

Organizations involved in the development of innovative social programs are coming under increasing pressure to establish structures through which the users, targets, or beneficiaries of program activities can be involved in program planning and implementation. The dynamic that this sets up between the program and its wider environment, particularly in areas in which "new social movements" are operating, can be quite challenging. This article seeks to examine these dynamics, particularly in the context of program evaluation. It is argued that an engaged evaluation approach (drawing on an action research orientation) has particular strengths in such a situation, although the limitations and challenges of such an approach are also outlined. It may, for example, require careful management in terms of the dynamics of the evaluation team. The discussion is illustrated by examples drawn from the evaluation of a European program for disabled people in which the author as member of a research team from The Tavistock Institute was involved.
Negotiated Project Engagements: Learning from Experience
Authors: Friend John , Bryant Don , Cunningham Bart , Luckman John
Published: August 2005

How far is it possible to capture the lessons to be drawn from successive projects that involve intervention by social scientists within or between organizations, whether acting as researchers, as consultants, as agents of change, or in some combination of these roles? This paper outlines the way in which a framework was developed, by staff and associates of The Tavistock Institute, for examining the varied and often subtle influences of successive "negotiated project engagements" on the development of wider personal, institutional, and disciplinary programs. This framework is designed to take into account the contrasting perspectives of the investigators themselves, of their organizational hosts, and of any external sponsors whose primary concern will normally be with project outcomes at a more generalized level. As an illustration, particular reference is made to the experience of a pioneering project concerned with policy-making in city government. This project was undertaken to advance the understanding and practice of public planning, while also exploring the potential for synergy between the perspectives of operational research and applied social science. The paper concludes with some speculations about the potential for further developing this kind of framework in supporting experiential learning.
The Needle and the Damage Done: Research, Action Research, and the Organizational and Social Construction of Health in the "Information Society"
Authors: Cullen Joe
Published: August 2005

This paper critically reviews the action research paradigm that has evolved over the last 50 years within and outside The Tavistock Insitute, with reference to radical shifts in the social construction of medicine and health that are occurring as a result of the transition toward the "information society." The medical domain has been chosen as an appropriate space within which to review the action research paradigm because it bridges both the past and future of the Institute. The paper firstly considers the original conception of action research and sociotechnical systems, and the role of consultants, in relation to Foucualt's analysis of power relations, social control, and "dividing practices." It then describes and analyzes recent developments in the field of medicine and healthcare service provision that, on the one hand, offer opportunities for increased self-management and control by consumers over physical, social, and emotional "self-hood" and on the other could lead to further social surveillance and the domination and subjectification of the individual. Drawing on recent work using innovative models of action research in the field of HIV/AIDS, the paper concludes by discussing ways in which action research could harness developments in information and communication technologies to maximize individual and collective engagement in new forms of organizational and social relations.
An Examination of the Perceptions of Organizational Politics Model: Replication and Extension
Authors: Kacmar K. Michele , Bozeman Dennis P. , Carlson Dawn S. , Anthony William P.
Published: August 2005

This study examined the Perceptions of Politics Model (Ferris, Russ, & Fandt, 1989) in a three-phase process. In the first phase, the model was examined using Anderson and Gerbing's (1988) two-step approach to structural equations modeling. The model was tested on data collected from 786 employees of a state government agency and 469 employees of an electric utility cooperative. Results from this phase indicated that the model had acceptable fit and was more parsimonious than any of the competing models to which it was compared. In the second phase, understanding as a moderator of the relationships between perceptions of organizational politics and several outcome variables was examined. Results indicated that understanding only moderated the outcome relationship between politics and job satisfaction, not intent to turnover or job anxiety. Finally, in phase three, the additional outcome variables of organizational satisfaction, supervisor effectiveness, and self-reported individual performance were included in an effort to expand the Ferris et al. (1989) framework. Additionally, the moderating effects of understanding on the relationships between perceptions of politics and these new outcome variables were explored. Results from the final step indicated that adding the new outcome variables increased the parsimony of the model without decreasing model fit. With respect to the moderating effects, only the politics-performance relationship was moderated by understanding. All of these results are discussed in light of their implications for future research.
Politics and Organizational Change: The Lived Experience
Authors: Buchanan David , Badham Richard
Published: August 2005

This paper explores the "lived experience" of organizational politics from the standpoint of the change agent. While political behavior appears inevitably to accompany organizational change, the literature of change management seems to adopt an ambivalent approach to this area. The literature of organizational politics, on the other hand, identifies power bases, and offers prescriptive lists of "power tactics" without explaining how these are deployed in the context of driving, shaping, influencing, or implementing change. How do change agents become engaged in political activity, what forms does this take, and can these actions withstand public scrutiny? This paper is based on qualitative, idiographic accounts drawn from five interviews from a pilot study designed to develop a research methodology for advancing understanding of the shaping role of political behavior in organizational change. The case illustrations presented suggest that political behavior is an accepted rather than an objectionable dimension of the change agency role; that change agents are drawn into political behavior by a combination of organizational and interpersonal factors; that political behavior can serve organizational goals (such as protection of a change agenda) as well as personal career objectives; and that while specific actions may appear unacceptable when considered in isolation, political behavior is potentially defensible in context. The definition of "political" here is the one used by respondents. This constructivist perspective reveals interpretations inconsistent with negative definitions, emphasizing the illegitimate and self-serving character of political behavior, which tend to dominate the literature.
What's Playing in the Organizational Theater? Collusive Relationships in Management
Authors: Kets de Vries Manfred E R.
Published: August 2005

This article takes as its point of departure concepts derived from couple therapy to better understand collusive relationships in organizations. As we examine these dysfunctional workplace relationships-these interpersonal "gridlocks"four main types of collusive superior-subordinate interaction patterns are identified-the narcissistic, the controlling, the paranoid, and the sadomasochistic-and the consequences of each such dyad in organizations are explored. In conclusion, the paper presents a number of recommendations on how to recognize the presence of such collusive arrangements (taking leadership behavior as a point of departure) and suggests preventive steps that can be taken.
Psychiatric Services: Organizing Impossibility
Authors: Willshire Lynette
Published: August 2005

This paper explores the proposition that elements of the work of psychiatric services are impossible. The notion of impossibility is considered from three perspectives: societal, interpersonal, and organizational. Organizational elements of impossibility are evidenced in attempts to work with madness, a phenomenon that defies clear definition. Resultant confusion in role and task boundaries is exacerbated by mad interpersonal interactions. The situation is compounded by societal conflicts between the mad and the sane. Attempts to house and treat the mad over the past 200 years are reviewed, and recent illustrative case material is presented from two community treatment teams. It is argued that primarily solution-focused approaches to madness have limited success. To acknowledge impossible elements of the work may enable psychiatric institutions to be designed in ways that help make individual and collective madness more bearable rather than something to be controlled and or denied.
The Effects of Pay Systems on Blue-Collar Employees' Emotional Distress: The Mediating Effects of Objective and Subjective Work Monotony
Authors: Shirom Arie , Westman Mina , Melamed Samuel
Published: August 2005

We hypothesized that employees' emotional distress would be affected by the degree to which their payment was contingent upon individual performance. Respondents were 2747 blue-collar employees in 21 factories in Israel. They completed questionnaires on company time. We found that, in comparison with those who were paid only according to time worked, being on a performance-contingent pay system was associated with higher levels of depression and somatic complaints, but not of anxiety. As expected, these effects were partially mediated by the extent to which the respondents' work was monotonous.
Relationships Between Candidate Self-Monitoring, Perceived Personality, and Selection Interview Outcomes
Authors: Anderson Neil , Silvester Jo , Cunningham-Snell Nicole , Haddleton Emma
Published: August 2005

A study into the relationships between candidate self-monitoring ability, interviewer perceptions of candidate personality, and interviewer outcome decisions in the context of actual graduate recruitment interviews (n = 130) is presented. Detailed psychometric norm data is also reported on the Lennox and Wolfe (1984) revised Self-Monitoring (RS-M) scale, together with the results of confirmatory factor analyses into the factor structure of this measure. It was found that candidate self-monitoring ability was only moderately and nonsignificantly related to interviewer outcome evaluations, and that self-monitoring was generally uncorrelated with the positiveness of recruiter impressions of candidate personality. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a two correlated factor structure for the RS-M scale, in accordance with the original authors' formulation, provided the most parsimonious fit. Norm data for the RS-M scale is reported for this sample of British graduates, including item statistics, item to subscale, item to scale correlations, and internal reliability coefficients. Implications for future research into candidate impression management, self-monitoring, interviewer decision making, and the practical implications arising from these findings are discussed.
Rethinking Bystander Nonintervention: Social Categorization and the Evidence of Witnesses at the James Bulger Murder Trial
Authors: Levine Mark
Published: August 2005

Bystander apathy is a long established phenomenon in social psychology which has yet to be translated into practical strategies for increasing bystander intervention. This paper argues that the traditional paradigm is hampered by a focus on the physical co-presence of others rather than an analysis of the social meanings inherent in (non)intervention. The testimony provided by 38 bystanders at the trial of two 10-year-old boys for the murder of 2-and-a-half-year-old James Bulger is analyzed. It is argued that their failure to intervene can be attributed to the fact that they assumed-or were told-that the three boys were brothers. The way in which this category of "the family" served to prohibit or deflect intervention is analyzed. This approach is contrasted with a traditional bystander apathy account of the bystanders' actions in the Bulger case. It is argued that bystander (non)intervention phenomenon should be analyzed in terms of the construction of social categories in local contexts.
Underlying Labor Market Dimensions of "Opportunities": The Case of Employee Turnover
Authors: Kirschenbaum Alan , Mano-Negrin Rita
Published: August 2005

The underlying labor market and organizational source of alternative job opportunities is re-examined here and applied to investigate employee turnover behavior. We contend that by refining this concept in terms of perceived and objective opportunities and market reference points, a clearer appreciation of this concept and more powerful model of turnover will emerge. To this end, a cross-sectional and multistage longitudinal survey of 700 employees was conducted in eight medical centers at seven distinct labor market locations. Measures of perceived and objective opportunities in internal and external markets were introduced into logistic regressions which clearly showed that objective opportunities are a far better set of explanations of actual turnover behavior than either perceived internal or external market opportunities. This relationship is further explored and its complexity woven into a labor market-oriented turnover model.
Contextualizing Business Ethics: Anomie and Social Life
Authors: Johnson Phil , Smith Ken
Published: August 2005

The objective of this paper is to explore how the current interest in Business Ethics can be located within an analysis of contemporary society which takes into account the prevalence of moral uncertainty along with the concomitant desire to (re)establish some form of normative order. As such, Business Ethics may be seen as a socially constructed "field" of study which reflects broader changes and controversies within society. Yet as a body of knowledge, Business Ethics articulates epistemological doubts. Two distinctive themes in Business Ethics discourse are considered-the modernist/rationalist and the postmodemist/relativist. It is argued that in different ways, each can be seen as both an expression of, and a reaction to, the increasing incidence of anomie in society. The implications for organizational practices are then considered through the example of Corporate Codes of Ethics and the problem of establishing consensus where the grounds for any claim to moral authority are problematic.
Internal vs. External Successions and Their Effect on Firm Performance
Authors: Lauterbach Beni , Vu Joseph , Weisberg Jacob
Published: August 2005

An examination of 165 top management successions in U.S. firms during 1989-91 reveals that external successions are more likely in small firms, in firms with poor economic performance, and in firms which offer the successor several top positions (for example, Chairman and CEO). This last finding illustrates that successor's interests and demands (such as organizational power) are also important in determining the final match between manager and firm. We also find that, on average, the postsuccession performance of external successors is superior to that of internal successors. This could indicate that the Board of Directors faces an agency problem, leading it to appoint too often from inside.
Role of Trust in Privatization
Authors: Forster Thomas Hamilton , Nilakant Venkataraman
Published: August 2005

This article is based on a qualitative study of the privatization process of an electricity utility in a less developed country—the Gambia. The electricity utility in the Gambia went through three forms of privatization between 1965 and 1999. Each form was characterized by a different governance structure. This article explores the organizational dynamics under the three governance structures using trust as an analytical construct. The authors argue that the dynamics of trust in each governance structure shaped the organizational culture and performance. The findings suggest that organizational factors such as trust generation may be as crucial as economic factors in ensuring the success of deregulation and privatization in less developed countries (LDCs).
Fatigue Response of Fabric-reinforced Polymeric Composites
Authors: Natarajan Venkatakrishnan , Gangarao Hota V. S. , Shekar Vimala
Published: August 2005

Mechanical fatigue response of fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composites is essential to better understand the durability of composite materials systems and to develop design specifications. Currently, the fatigue response of multidirectional glass composite materials is not well-understood and much needs to be done to understand their behavior under fatigue loading. In this study, three glass fabric FRP composite material coupons and systems are tested at constant low-amplitude fatigue loading. Experimental results show that for a given FRP material and load configuration, the energy loss per cycle due to fatigue damage is linear from about 10-90% of the fatigue life of the FRP composite material. The energy loss per cycle is determined to be a characteristic value of the constituent materials, and is found to vary with the induced fatigue strain levels by a power law. Based on the experimental results, a fatigue life prediction model is proposed, with internal strain energy as damage metric, to predict the useful life of FRP composites. The experimental and predicted fatigue lives at various strain levels are compared (S-N curves) and the model is found to be conservative.
A Comparative Assessment of the Behavior of Al-Cu Alloy and Its Composite
Authors: Dasgupta Rupa
Published: August 2005

An Al-Cu alloy (corresponding to the 2014 series) is used to make a composite by the addition of 15 wt% SiC dispersoids adopting the liquid metallurgy route by stir casting. The alloy and the composite are subjected to solutionizing and aging to optimize the attainable properties. They are characterized for their physical, microstructural, hardness, tensile, dry sliding, and abrasive wear (under high stress conditions) properties under identical experimental conditions. The obtained results indicate that the formation of the composite does not always improve the properties. A clear distinction can be made between the properties of alloys which can be improved by the formation of a composite. In other cases, the formation of a composite has resulted in deteriorating the properties of the alloy. The present study analyzes the causes for the behavior exhibited by the alloy and the composite and attempts to lay down conditions under which composites can be successfully used over their counterpart alloys and vice versa.
A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences
Authors: Cohen Erik
Published: August 2005

Contemporary studies of tourism see the tourist experience as either something essentially spurious and superficial, an extension of an alienated world, or as a serious search for authenticity, an effort to escape from an alienated world. It is argued that neither of these views is universally valid. A more discriminating distinction between five types of tourist experiences is proposed, based on the place and significance of tourist experience in the total world-view of tourists, their relationship to a perceived `centre' and the location of that centre in relation to the society in which the tourist lives. It is proposed that the resulting continuum of types of tourist experience is both more comprehensive than alternative conceptual frameworks and capable of reconciling and integrating the conflicting interpretations arising from earlier studies.
Called to Order: The Role of the Puritan Berufsmensch in Weberian Sociology
Authors: Eisen Arnold
Published: August 2005

The significance of Puritan `asceticism' - especially the focal idea of the calling - for rationalized Western culture in all its aspects has been examined as Weber proposed, but its role in shaping the method and substance of Weber's own work has gone largely unexamined. In the present essay a reading of `mainstream' English Puritan writings on the calling is presented, and Weber's representation of the idea is found to be accurate except for an exaggeration of its asceticism, probably due to Weber's reliance on post-Civil War sources. The Puritan themes of chance, proof, and control are then shown to be prominent in Weber's usage of Chancen to define social action and institutions, and fundamental to the method of interpretive sociology. The rationalist biases of Weber's work, the problematic formal-substantive distinction, and Weber's justification of ideal-typical analysis are assessed in terms of the Puritan Berufsmensch who `neither inquires about nor finds it necessary to inquire about the meaning of his actual practice of a vocation within the whole world, the total framework of which is not his responsibility, but his God's'.
Theoretical Considerations on the Study of Cultural `Needs'
Authors: Mennell Stephen
Published: August 2005

In discussions of cultural police, a great deal hinges on how cultural `needs', or `wants' or `aspirations' are to be conceptualized, and on how they are to be empirically discovered and studied through social research. By analogy with Steven Lukes's discussion of power, three views of `cultural needs' are examined. A `one-dimensional' view is implicit in the methods commonly used by many public authorities in making policy: consultation with existing interest groups, survey research, and PPBS. Illustrations are drawn from some of the towns which took part in the Council of Europe's Fourteen Towns Project. The `one-dimensional' approach, however, is atomistic and utilitarian, and largely ignores the possible existence of latent `needs'. A `two-dimensional' view is seen in the practice of animation socio-culturelle, which seeks to make latent `needs' evident by exposing people to new cultural experience. The logic of animation is experimental and reformist, but it is doubtful whether it amounts to a theoretically informed and directed praxis. A `three-dimensional' view of cultural `needs' is seen in the writings of the Frankfurt School. For Adorno and other Frankfurt theorists, latent `needs' are more deeply rooted in the structure of modern society. They reject current popular taste as a yardstick for policy. But their theories also involve making a distinction between `true' and `false needs' and `true' and `false' enjoyment, a distinction fraught with difficulties.
The Deradicalisation of Feminism: Ideology and Utopia in Action
Authors: Bouchier David
Published: August 2005

The distinctive radical feminist movement, which appeared in the United States around 1967, provided the women's movement with much of its initial impetus as well as its theoretical framework. As the movement grew and became more widely accepted, radical ideas and demands were blocked out by the larger and more orthodox liberal feminist organizations, and ceased to play an important part in the theoretical development of the whole movement. It is argued that any modern social movement which makes transformative demands on society - as the feminist movement does - must, in forming its ideas and programmes, fulfil certain conceptual and intellectual tasks which are characteristic of utopian thought, and which can be systematically analysed. One such task is the development of a holistic alternative theory of society and social change. The suppression of feminism's radical wing had the unintended consequence of eliminating the movement's major resource for the development of such a theory, and may seriously weaken feminism as a force for change in the future.
Families, Firms and Finance Capital: The Development of UK Industrial Firms with Particular Reference to their Ownership and Control
Authors: Francis Arthur
Published: August 2005

This paper reports findings from the Oxford Growth of Firms project on the ownership and control position of the largest 250 UK companies and, in more detail, that of a sample of 21 of these large firms. An analysis is made of the social and economic historical context in which most of today's large firms grew up. A theoretical model is developed of the stages of control through which firms are likely to pass. It is suggested that most firms are unlikely ever to become controlled by their own professional managers and that there is a trend towards firms being controlled by financial institutions. Evidence is then put forward, from an analysis of the current control position of the `top 250' UK firms and from brief histories of the 21 sample large firms, which supports the previously outlined theory.
Capital and Communication in Scottish Business
Authors: Scott John , Hughes Michael
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a conceptual model of the business system in terms of its two constituent parts: the exchange network and the communication network. This model is applied to the Scottish economy and an analysis of the Scottish business system is given. It is argued that whilst Scottish capital is predominantly owned by English interests, the network of interlocking directorships shows the relative autonomy of Scottish business within the British economy.
Democracy, Autocracy, and Intermediate Associations in Organizations: Flexibility or Unrestrained Change?
Authors: Calhoun C. J.
Published: August 2005

Organizational participation has often been treated as a matter of securing the involvement of individuals in a more `democratic' structure. Organizational responsiveness has often been sought in increasing ease and rate of change. These parallel approaches are criticized in this paper as overreactions to a myth of autocratic organization. They give inadequate attention to formal factors which constrain or encourage participation. Both extreme individualism and extreme centralism are shown to overlook the importance of intermediate associations. Arguments based on collective goods, small group and network theories are used to show how intermediate associations could increase the effectiveness of collective participation in organizational action and the stability of organizational structure.
Formal Communication, Journal Concentration and the Rise of a Discipline in Physics
Authors: Nadel Edward
Published: August 2005

Several communication theories of science argue that discipline institutionalization in science is reflected in the increased concentration of publications in a few journals. This argument is inspected in the case of superconductivity across seven time periods and using three types of data (current publications, cited publications and highly cited publications). Given certain initial historical contingencies of the case, all three types of data support the institutionalization hypothesis of initial dispersion and later concentration. The various types of data exhibit somewhat different patterns and are useful in more fully depicting an abrupt social dislocation in the research front (World War II).
"Accident-Prone Immigrants": An Assumption Challenged
Authors: Lee Gloria , Wrench John
Published: August 2005

The assumption that immigrant workers incur a disproportionately large number of industrial accidents does not seem to have been based on specific research evidence. Accordingly, a study was carried out of the accident and personnel records of five firms in the West Midlands over a one year period. Overall figures initially appeared to confirm that male immigrant workers had higher accident rates than other workers. However, total factory rates are meaningless because of the lack of control of risk. Thus, the next stage was to compare different ethnic groups doing the same work and with the same degree of risk. But here, immigrants were consistently found to be concentrated in different jobs to indigenous workers, so that in most cases a satisfactory comparison of accident rates was impossible. In the rare instance where there were comparable numbers of different ethnic groups in the same job exhibiting different accident rates, further investigation revealed differences in risk in either the task or the environment. Thus little evidence was found to suggest that cultural background related to industrial accidents. On the contrary, an apparent confirmation of the `accident-prone immigrant' at total factory level is attributable to immigrant workers' over-representation in the more dangerous jobs.
Social Class and Changes in Orientation to Meaning
Authors: Holland Janet
Published: August 2005

In continuation of studies into children's speech in different contexts undertaken within the framework of Bernstein's sociolinguistic theory, this work investigates differences in orientation to meaning by looking at classification strategies employed by eight year olds in dealing with familiar materials in the context of an extended interview. Social class differences are found in terms of the basic theoretical distinction between relatively context dependent and relatively context independent meanings. These differences are set in the context of the relationship between the child's primary contextualizing experience in the family and the recontextualizing principles of the school, and congruence is postulated between these two types of experience in the case of the middle class child. The results are seen as affording further support for Bernstein's theory of cultural reproduction.
Skill, Craft and Class: A Theoretical Critique and a Critical Case
Authors: Lee D. J.
Published: August 2005

Common to a number of otherwise divergent writings is the attempt to offer a theory of how the changing organization of industrial production impinges upon average skill levels in the work force. From this basis, generalizations are made about the future development of the class structure of advanced capitalism. This article argues that such a simple relation between skill and class structure is unlikely. Among the many factors which intervene between the two, the most important and complex are the labour market institutions and processes determining the exchange value of labour. An appropriate framework of concepts is deployed to allow for this; and its use is illustrated via the critical case of the `deskilling' of craft labour in twentieth-century Britain. It is argued that important implications exist for the concepts and theories by which the problems of skill and class have hitherto been approached.
Problems in the Analysis of Soft Data and Some Suggested Solutions
Authors: Norris Margaret
Published: August 2005

Research workers often abandon interesting `soft data' accumulated in the course of project work because of problems of analysis. This paper describes solutions to some familiar problems which emerged during the course of five years evaluative work with a community work organization. The suggestions for dealing with the mass of data systematically and in a manner which generates a conceptual framework, and the means of establishing reliability and validity may be adapted for use in other projects. Analysis based upon this rigourous approach to `soft data' was found to be of practical use to fieldworkers and the methods have been useful in other projects.
Approaches to Methodology Course Content
Authors: Bulmer Martin
Published: August 2005

Common methodological themes and issues are identified which run through quantitative, ethnographic and comparative-historical research. Particular attention is paid to a variety of historical methods.
Learning to Do Field Research: Intimacy and Inquiry in Social Life
Authors: Williams Robin
Published: August 2005

The paper documents the reasons for the reluctance of fieldworkers to formalize and codify their methods of data creation. While these reasons are not directly challenged, it is asserted that the conventional emphasis on the experimental foundation of fieldwork practice may usefully be replaced by a consideration of its communicational and interactional foundations. Some implications for the teaching and learning of fieldwork are outlined.
Methods and Imagination
Authors: Hope Keith
Published: August 2005

Quantitative analysis in sociology is a way of representing theories and, properly handled, its techniques may be employed to explore the relations between different theories. This is something which can be conveyed even to beginners by teaching them analysis by means of design matrices. Two examples are given, one an analysis of a table of means and the other a class analysis of a mobility table.
Constitution as Executive Order
Authors: Catlaw Thomas J.
Published: August 2005

This article offers a new strategy for examining the legitimacy question in public administration and representative government. A genealogy of political discourses is proposed to suggest that political forms have historically relied on a constitutive exclusion. The U.S. Constitution and administrative state are conceived of as events in this genealogy but are unique in that both deny the ontologically constitutive effect of the exclusion. Administration and constitutionalism are described as liberal political technologies, deployed to re-present and fabricate “the People,” that is, to bring into reality the organic totality that is ontologically presupposed.
Time Strains and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Nomaguchi Kei M. , Milkie Melissa A. , Bianchi Suzanne M.
Published: August 2005

Using data from the 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce, these authors examine gender differences in feeling time strain for children, spouse, and oneself and in the association of these feelings with psychological well-being among dual-earner parents. Fathers are more likely than mothers to report feeling time deficits with their children and spouse; however, it is primarily because fathers spend more hours in paid work than mothers. Yet feelings of time deficits with children and spouse are associated with lower well-being only for mothers. In terms of time for oneself, mothers more than fathers feel strains, net of the time they spend on free-time activities. Mothers and fathers who feel a time shortage for themselves express lower well-being, although for some measures, the relationship is stronger for fathers.
The Moderating Effects of Work-Family Role Combinations and Work-Family Organizational Culture on the Relationship Between Family-Friendly Workplace Supports and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Sahibzada Khatera , Hammer Leslie B. , Neal Margaret B. , Kuang Daniel C.
Published: August 2005

This study determined whether work-family role combinations (i.e., work and elder care, work and child care, work and elder care and child care) and work-family culture significantly moderate the relationship between availability of workplace supports and job satisfaction. The data were obtained from the Families and Work Institute’s 1997 archival data set, the National Study of the Changing Workforce (NCSW). As predicted, the relationship between availability of workplace supports and job satisfaction varied depending on the type of work-family role combinations and levels of work-family culture. Specifically, the relationship was significant for the elder care work-family role combination, in that higher levels of workplace supports in unsupportive work-family cultures were associated with the greatest levels of job satisfaction. In addition, it was found that a supportive work-family culture and an increase in workplace supports were related to a slight decrease in job satisfaction for the elder care work-family role combination.
Variations in Negative Work-Family Spillover Among White, Black, and Hispanic American Men and Women
Authors: Roehling Patricia V. , Jarvis Lorna Hernandez , Swope Heather E.
Published: August 2005

This study uses a nationally representative sample ( N = 1,761) to investigate how gender differences in negative work-family spillover vary by ethnicity (Black, White, and Hispanic) and parental status. Consistent with the authors’ hypotheses, Hispanics displayed a greater gender disparity in negative family-to-work spillover and negative work-to-family spillover than Blacks and Whites, even when controlling for gender-role attitudes. The authors also found that the relationship between ethnicity and gender on work-family spillover varied by parental status. The authors propose that the observed gender and ethnicity interactions are because of gender role and acculturation differences in the work experiences of Hispanic, Black, and White women.
A Question of Justice
Authors: Swanberg Jennifer E. , Pitt-Catsouphes Marcie , Drescher-Burke Krista
Published: August 2005

Within an organizational justice framework, this article investigates which group of employees are less likely to have access to flexible schedule options. Using data from the 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce, logistical regressions were conducted to identify the employee, job, and workplace factors associated with limited access to four flexible work schedules: modifying standard starting and ending times, daily flex-time, taking time off for personal or family time, and control over work hours. Analyses imply that workers who are less privileged report reduced access to a range of flexible schedule options. Lower wages, low education levels, and hourly work were factors associated with having less access to four, three, or two of the flexible work schedules, respectively. Implications and further directions for research are discussed.
Women First? On the Legacy of ‘Primitive Communism’
Authors: Boer Roland
Published: August 2005

One of the most important contributions to the study of the Hebrew Bible in the last 25 years is the argument for a mode of production unique to early Israel. Variously called the communitarian (Norman Gottwald), household (Carol Meyers), domestic (David Jobling and Ronald Simkins), or familial (Gail Yee), such a mode of production urges a firm basis in the study of political economics or Marxism. However, another feature of these arguments (apart from Simkins) is that such a mode of production was at least comparatively better for women. The concern of this article is to trace such a motif back through the work of biblical scholars to Marshall Sahlins, the anthropologist who first proposed the domestic mode of production, and then to the crucial work of Friedrich Engels, Lewis Henry Morgan, and J.J. Bachofen. What this article finds is that primitive communism has a more durable legacy in biblical studies than may at first appear.
Multiple Poets in Lamentations
Authors: Houk Cornelius
Published: August 2005

Syllable-word pattern analysis, using the chi-square test, determines that no poem within Lamentations is a unity. Because frequencies of words with 1, 2, 3, and 4-5 syllables seem to be evidence of unconscious rhythms in Biblical Hebrew, the changes in syllable-word patterns suggest different poets at work. Further, the analysis offered in this study supports the identi-fication of voice and point of view changes in Lamentations 1-3 with different poets. It concludes that Lamentations is to be divided into the following differing sections: 1.1-11, 12-22; 2.1-10, 11-16, 17-19, 20-22; 3.1-24, 25-39, 40-47, 48-66; 4.1-10; 5.1-14, 15-22.