bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is there something peculiar about Finnish views on alcohol addiction? – A cross-cultural comparison between four northern populations
Authors: Hirschovits-Gerz Tanja , Holma Kari , Koski-Jännes Anja , Raitasalo Kirsimarja , Blomqvist Jan , Cunningham John A. , Pervova Irina
Published: August 2021

Empirical studies have continued to display that Finns get heavily intoxicated more often than other Nordic people. This study asks whether Finnish views on alcohol problems and alcohol addiction differ from those of some other northern populations. This issue is studied by comparing survey results from Finland, Canada, Sweden and St. Petersburg, Russia. The data comprised 3 703 adults and it was analysed with standard descriptive methods and logistic regression analysis. Finnish general population respondents seemed to be at least as concerned about the risk of alcohol dependence as people in the other comparison countries. They also placed higher priority on alcohol problems among other societal problems than the respondents from the comparison countries. In issues of responsibility they were similar to Swedish respondents thus reflecting the common attitudes in Nordic welfare states. Their higher belief in the chances of recovery without treatment seems to reflect the traditional image of Finns as tough and self-sufficient people who can manage their problems on their own without external interference. The logistic regression analysis shows that the country effect still remains although the other sociodemographic variables were taken into account. In addition to this also some other background factors, particularly gender, age and education had some effect on the views. The combination of self-change optimism on the one hand and the general worry about alcohol problems on the other hand suggest that the cultural ambivalence towards alcohol consumption has not been fully resolved. This ambivalence could also be seen to contribute to the tradition of heavy binge drinking in Finland.
Messenger and defender – Timo Soini’s populist leadership and media strategies in winning the elections of 2011
Authors: Niemi Mari K.
Published: August 2021

The result of the Finnish parliamentary elections in 2011 was a surprise for many, as the True Finns (TF), a Finnish populist and nationalist political party of 5 parliamentarians, won the elections by boosting its parliamentary power obtaining altogether 39 seats. This article examines the populist leadership and media strategies of the party’s leader, Timo Soini, during the campaigning. Recent studies about the elections of 2011 confirm that the role of Timo Soini was crucial in gaining the votes for his party. However, as a media performer Timo Soini has not received much academic attention. Also the nature and amount of the media publicity of him and TF has remained in short supply. The goal of this article is to start filling that gap. The central assumption is that in the media publicity political leaders try to exploit the situation to their best advantage: create a basis of support for their policies by managing their visibility within the mediated arena. Scrutinizing a populist newcomer party’s leader’sinteraction with the media, two central roles come up. To work successfully via the media, the leader needs to be both a messenger and a defender. As a messenger, the central task is to articulate the party’s program, policies and goals as convincingly and grippingly as possible. To work effectively in the media, a leader must also be able to repel the attacks, like criticism or rumours, which endanger the party’s or its leader’s credibility and reputation.
Do fiscal policies influence educated young voters? Empirical evidence from Finland
Authors: Venetoklis Takis
Published: August 2021

We examine Finnish university students’ fiscal policy preferences and how they are associated with their voting behaviour in two consecutive parliamentary elections, 2003 and 2007. Data is collected through an internet based survey. The study utilises a very large number of responses (N=33320) of students from all disciplines, in all higher education establishments of the country. Fiscal policy preferences are operationalized with questions on budgetary appropriations allocated towards several Ministries. Pair wise comparisons among loyal student voters of all parties and students that changed their vote in the latter election, indicate that several fiscal policies affect significantly the voting behaviour of the population under scrutiny.
Cohorts and reading time on the basis of the Finnish time use data 1979–2009
Authors: Toivonen Timo
Published: August 2021

One of the most striking trends in leisure time reading is that the time devoted to reading has decreased. This is also evident on the basis of the longitudinal analysis of the Finnish Time Use Surveys from the years 1979, 1987, 1999, and 2009. In addition to the period effect, there seem to be a positive age effect and a positive cohort effect. Older people read more, as do older cohorts. At first glance, the decline in reading time seems to be mainly due to time devoted to computer and/or the Internet use and time devoted to watching TV. Control variables, such as time used for paid and domestic work, do not change the results. However, time devoted to computer use and time used for reading do not correlate, and only in extreme cases – when watching TV or reading is excessive – do time used for watching TV and time used for reading correlate negatively. There is a strong interaction between age and cohort: cohorts which read less when they are young, read even more when they grow older than cohorts whichread more when they are young. This seemed to be due for better education of younger cohorts.
Mauno Koivisto Lecture 2013: The end of the Eurocrisis?
Authors: De Grauwe Paul , Ji Yuemei
Published: August 2021

We argue, first, that the Eurozone crisis has left a legacy of unsustainable government debt levels. These will continue to exert a deflationary dynamics in the Eurozone except if creditor nations are willing to contemplate a debt restructuring. Second, we argue that the institutional innovations since the start of the debt crisis fall short of what is needed to solve the design failures of the Eurozone. In addition, they are not sustainable, mainly because they have led to a situation where bureaucratic institutions have been vested with more responsibilities without a concomitant increase in the democratic legitimacy of these institutions. We conclude that the Eurocrisis is not over.
Process or Outcome? How the Citizens’ Initiative to Ban Fur Farming affected Political Trust among Users of Avoin Ministeriö
Authors: Christensen Henrik Serup
Published: August 2021

In 2012, Finland introduced the citizens’ initiative to boost political support among citizens by extending possibilities for popular involvement in political decision making. However, it is still unclear whether the introduction had the intended effects. This article examines how the first decision by the Finnish parliament on a citizens’ initiative affected political trust among users on the website Avoin Ministeriö. The data come from a quasi-experimental survey study with 421 respondents before and after the decision of the Finnish parliament on the first citizens’ initiative in Finland. In particular, it is examined whether outcome satisfaction or process satisfaction were the most important factors for shaping the developments. The results suggest that both outcome and process satisfaction matters for the developments in political trust, but satisfaction with the process is the more important predictor. The implications for the effects of the Finnish citizens’ initiative are discussed in the conclusion.
Physical attractiveness – who believes it is a ticket to success?
Authors: Sarpila Outi , Erola Jani
Published: August 2021

According to previous research, physical appearance is an important asset that contributes to socio-economic success. However, the consequences associated with physical appearance are often considered gendered. By focusing on the two aspects relevant to physical attractiveness and social stratification, gender and socio-economic status (SES), the article examines whether or not women and men in certain socio-economic positions consider physical attractiveness an important asset in everyday life. We use data from a nationally representative survey. Our analyses suggest that women tend to believe that physical attractiveness contributes to success in life more often than men. Furthermore, we find that the representatives of the middle class, in particular, recognise the significance of physical attractiveness. This applies to both women and men. The results suggest that appearance-related beliefs reflect, first and foremost, the internal battle of middle status positions as well as the willingness to separate oneself from a lower status group.
Income poverty in households with children: Finland 1987-2011
Authors: Härtull Camilla , Saarela Jan , Cederström Agneta
Published: August 2021

The child poverty rate has increased noticeably in Finland since the mid-1990s. In this paper, we use register-based data to analyse how parents’ labour market status influences the likelihood of households with children being found in poverty, as measured by the equivalent taxable household income, and particularly whether and how these effects have varied over the study period 1987-2011. In households with parents in unemployment or outside the labour force, the likelihood of poverty increased markedly during the study period, as compared to those with employed parents. Growing divisions in society might be one reason to the development. The contribution of education and other characteristics on the difference in the poverty risk by labour market status is minor in single-parent households, and only slightly larger in two-parent households.
Does sugar sweeten the pill of low income? Inequalities in the consumption of various foods between Finnish income groups from 1985 to 2012
Authors: Lindblom Taru
Published: August 2021

Numerous studies have shown that social inequality can be reflected through poor food choices. Factors such as low-income, low level of education and low socio-economic position are associated with food consumption behaviours that are considered less beneficial. This study explores the disparities found among income and other socio-economic groups in terms of their food consumption shares. To find out how the food consumption patterns have developed in Finland, a nationally representative Household Budget Survey for the years 1985–2012 is used. Food consumption trends of the income quintiles are analyzed with ANOVA. The shares of food consumption expenditure spent on Meat, Vegetables, Fruit and berries, and Sugars are used as dependent variables; while education, age and household type are used as control variables. The disparities between the income groups have diminished, with meat and sugar consumption being most affected by the studied factors. Low income does not necessarily translate to a household’s less healthy eating habits. Rather, households in the lowest quintile are now depicted by the convergence of their fruit and vegetable consumption with the other income groups.
Active ageing: Results from Western Finland
Authors: Nyqvist Fredrica , Nygård Mikael , Snellman Fredrik
Published: August 2021

The Active Ageing Index (AAI) can be applied across countries to compare active aging outcomes, evaluate the current situation regarding ageing, and identify the most desired directions for policy action. While the AAI-EU is addressed on a national level, it can also be used for assessing active ageing policies on the municipal level, which is the case in this study. The aim of this article was to assess active ageing amongst older people in western parts of Finland by adapting the methodology used for the AAI-EU. We used GERDA data (n=5,011) collected from people aged 66, 71, 76, 81 and 86 for our descriptive analyses. The results showed that the municipalities differed in their active ageing outcomes, and that men and Swedish speakers generally scored higher on the index, which is something that warrants further investigation. Based on the results, we argue that AAI could potentially be used as a tool to monitor various dimensions of active ageing on a regional level and that gender and ethno-linguistic characteristics should be a central concern for a discussion on ageing in our study region.
Psicologia: sobre o conservadorismo, o liberalismo e o neoliberalismo
Authors: Coelho Junior Leconte de Lisle
Published: August 2021

O livro tem este objetivo, a exposição apurada sobre as ideologias de direita, mas que permite ao leitor suas considerações pessoais como aquelas que realmente são as que importam. Portanto, estes escritos se referem às origens, ascensões, predominâncias e consequências das ideologias de espectro político à direita, sem se posicionar contra uma ou favorecendo outras. É a capacidade de permitir a discussão que viabiliza a diversidade das argumentações, os muitos olhares sobre um determinado tema ou problemática. Embora propositalmente a exposição aqui não esgote o assunto, esta análise teórica é um degrau para que o leitor avance posteriormente de forma extensiva até a exaustão em outros materiais para que assim se possa assumir posicionamentos pungentes e firmes.
UPAYA GURU DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA TEMATIK REALISTIK SISWA KELAS DI KELAS IV SD NEGERI 34 SUNGAI BELIDAK
Authors: ISKANDAR ISKANDAR
Published: August 2021

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui upaya guru dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika tematik realistik siswa kelas di kelas IV dengan menggunakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) data diperoleh melalui observasi, dokumentasi yang berupa tugas-tugas siswa. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik deskripsi kualitatif. Keberhasilan yang dicapai siswa dalam penelitian ini dilihat dari adanya peningkatan dalam tindak belajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar dapat meningkat setelah diberi tindakan melalui Pembelajaran Realistik. Hasil belajar kognitif pada pra tindakan menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 3 siswa (20%) telah mencapai KKM kemudian pada siklus I meningkat menjadi 8 siswa (54,30%) dan pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 12 siswa (80%). Hasil rata-rata sikap siklus I mencapai 59,30% sedangkan siklus II diperoleh hasil rata-rata sikap sebesar 79,5%. Dengan demikian, Pembelajaran Matematika Realistik dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Matematika siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 34 Sungai Belidak
Effect of ultrahigh diluted homeopathic medicines on the electrical properties of PVDF-HFP
Authors: Chatterjee Ahana , Paul Biplab kumar , Kar Subrata , Das Sukhen , Basu Ruma , Bhar Durga Sankar , Manchanda Rajkumar , Khurana Anil kumar , Nayak Debadatta , Nandy Papiya S
Published: August 2021

In an effort to improve the electrical properties of the electroactive Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), we introduced a novel and simple approach to synthesize PVDF-HFP composite films by incorporating ultrahigh dilutions of two homeopathic medicines Ferrum metallicum (FM) and Zincum oxidatum (ZO) in different potencies. The homeo-PVDF-composite films (HPCF) were synthesized by simple solution casting technique. XRD, FESEM, FTIR studies were performed to check the presence of nanoparticles in the film. The electrical properties of the HPCF samples get enhanced significantly due to the incorporation of the medicines and the effect increases with the increase in potency of the medicines.
Effects of homeopathic medicine on physical properties of matter - a classical and QED perspective
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Poonam , Das Sukhen , Manchanda Raj Kumar , Khurana Anil Kumar , Nayak Debdatta , Bhar Durga Shankar , Basu Ruma , Nandy Papiya
Published: August 2021

Homeopathic medicines affect physical properties of matter which depend on the characteristic and the potency of the medicine1. These effects can be explained from two aspects: (a) classical and (b) quantum electrodynamical.

Using three different sets of experiments where homeopathic medicines have affected the physical properties of matter, we have shown how the results can be interpreted from both these points of view.
Basic Research on Homeopathy: Analysis of the Top Ten Best Investigated Substances
Authors: Stock-Schroeer Beate , Endler P. Christian , Koczy Petra , Baumgartner Stephan
Published: August 2021

1. Introduction

Almost fifteen years after introducing HomBRex database [1] the number of registered experiments increased from about 900 at that time to more than 2000 in 2016. This worldwide unique database provides the most comprehensive library on basic research in the field of homeopathy. The first overview on classification of systems and methods used in basic research came to the conclusion that a variety of research questions can be derived from the huge number of data collected in HomBRex [2]. After evaluation of proving and therapeutic experiments [3], infection models [4] and the use of high potencies in basic research on homeopathy [5], the current study deals with the question which homeopathic substances in what sort of experiments were mainly under investigation.

2. Methods

The HomBRex database is updated continuously by systematic searching of bibliographic databases. Each registered experiment is analyzed by scientists of the Carstens-foundation (lately BS, PK) to provide detailed information on the following items: organism, condition, substance, in vitro/in vivo, prophylactic/therapeutic, potency, and others. For the current study, the entire database was categorized according to the substances investigated. For selected substances, further subgroups were analyzed (e.g. organism, research field, and others).

3. Results

The following substances rank among the top ten of investigated substances in basic research: Arsenicum album (N=189), Sulfur (N=103), Thuja occidentalis (N=77), Belladonna (N=72), Natrium chloratum (N=70), Cuprum sulfuricum (N=70), Arnica montana (N=70), Mercurius corrosivus (N=60), Phosphorus (N=60) and Apis mellifica (N=60).

Arsenicum album, first on the list, was tested on animals in 78 experiments, in 52 on plants. 91 experiments were conducted in vitro and 98 in vivo. 175 authors report positive results, 14 state negative results.

Apis mellifica, the number ten,s tested on animals (N=16, mainly on guinea pigs and rats) in the field of toxicology or physiology. Sixteen experiments deal with human cells, mainly on reaction in blood cells granulocytes and lymphocytes e.g. with different potencies of the substance. Experiments with plants focus on virus infected plants and their treatment with Apis, only two experiments belong to the field of physical chemistry. Most of the authors report on positive results in their papers (N=57), only three state negative results.

4. Discussion/Conclusion

The most often used substances in published homeopathic basic research are well proven, well known and also frequently used homeopathic remedies in human therapy. Inorganic compounds predominate. Quantitative meta-analyses are still difficult due to the heterogeneity of experimental models used. The current analysis provides an overview on which substances are most relevant for future replication trials in defined experimental models.
Effect of biotherapics made from serum or rabbit serum in Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Ferraz Fabiana Nabarro , Da Veiga Franciele Karina , Aleixo Denise Lessa , De AraÃºjo Silvana Marques
Published: August 2021

The use of biotherapics as an intervention in experimental models of infection is a possible means to understand the effects of these medications [1-3]. This study evaluated the immunological and parasitological effects of biotherapics that were prepared from mouse or rabbit serum uninfected (MUI or RUI groups) or chronically infected with T. cruzi (MI or RI groups), dynamization 13cH. Male Swiss mice, 28 days of age were infected with T. cruzi-Y strain and treated with the different biotherapics diluted in water (1mL/100mL). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Experiments in Animals-UEM (protocol no. 080/2012). Using biotherapics made with mouse serum, MUI group exhibited good outcome with a pronounced Th1 response that was attributable to a reduction of IL-4 concentrations and decrease in IL-17 concentrations compared with the control group. However, this cytokine balance was not sufficient to promote decreased parasitemia in treated animals, likely because of a decrease in IFN-gama, thus hindering a more effective beneficial Th1 response. In contrast, the MI group presented a pronounced Th2 response that was attributable to increase in IL-4 and decrease in IFN-gama concentration compared to control group. MI group exhibited the worst outcome where the cytokine balance suppressed the immune response to T. cruzi in murine infection, resulting in a significant increased parasitemia and decreased survival time. Using biotherapics made with rabbit serum, RUI group exhibited the best outcome, including decreased parasitemia, with pronounced Th1 response that was attributable to decrease in IL-4 concentrations, with no changes in TNF-alpha and IFN-gama, associated to decrease in IL-17 compared to control group. In contrast, RI group did not exhibit alterations in parasitemia but a pronounced Th2 response that was attributable to increase in IL-4 concentration, with no changes in TNF-alpha and IFN-gama, associated to decrease in IL-17 compared to control group. Results show that biotherapics that were prepared from mouse or rabbit serum uninfected or chronically infected with T. cruzi differentially modulate the immune system in mice infected with this protozoan. Also, results provide evidence that biotherapics prepared with serum from healthy animal performed better than one made with serum from infected animal. In the same way biotherapics prepared with serum from resistant specie performed better than one made with serum from susceptible specie.
Study of the action mechanisms of Arnica montana effects on macrophages
Authors: Marzotto Marta , Bonafini Clara , Olioso Debora , Bellavite Paolo
Published: August 2021

Objective: To test the effect of Arnica montana (Arnica m.) on human macrophages.

Method: The human monocytic leukaemia cell line THP-1 was cultured and differentiated in mature macrophages with PMA and other differentiating agents. Macrophages were exposed to Arnica m. homeopathic dilutions (2c, 3c, 5c, 9c and 15c) or Control solvent. Total RNA was isolated and sequenced to perform quantitative evaluation.

Results: Screening sorted out with a list of 20 genes that were significantly changed by Arnica m. 2c treatment: 7 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated. Most notably, a clearly up-regulated function concerned the proteinaceous extracellular matrix (ECM), including genes HSPG2, FBN2, FN1 (p
The effects of ultra-high diluted gibberellic acid on in vitro lettuce seed germination.
Authors: Barreto Carolina Santos , Homsani Fortune , Da Silva Nina C Barboza , Holandino Carla
Published: August 2021

Lettuce seeds bioassays have been used in many different tests such as: alellopathyc models; developing of new drugs; ecotoxicity tests. In most cases, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae) has been used because of its sensitivity, simultaneous and rapid germination, reliability of germination percentage and homogeneity of seeds. The main goal was to evaluate the effects of ultra-high diluted gibberellic acid (GA3) on lettuce seeds germination and seedling growth. Experiment was performed using Petri dishes containing one disk of Whatman nÂº01 paper watered with 1ml of water. In each Petri dish 10 lettuce seeds(Lactuca sativa L.) cv Regina 500 were placed and 2ml of the different treatment solutions were add: GA33Âµmol, GA3 3CH (10-6), GA3 12CH (10-24), water 12CH and water (no dilution and succussion). One milliliter solutions were added every 2 days of experiment. The experiment was repeated twice and each one consisted in 5 Petri dishes per treatment (n=100). All seeds were maintained in germination incubator under controlled temperature (25Â°C) and photoperiod (16L/8D). The tested substances were prepared according to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (Brazil, 2011). The experiment was blinded all the time. All seeds germinated at same time (2 days) and after 7 days the germination rate was the same in all treatments. Root was affected just by Water 12 CH, in which shown the longest length (4.59 cm) when compared with others treatments. Shoot length was higher where gibberellin was added in concentration upper then Avogradoâ€™s number.
Raman spectroscopy reveals distinctive features of drugs at ultra high dilution
Authors: Sukul Nirmal Chandra , Sarkar Tandra , Konar Atheni , Chakraborty Indrani , Singha Achintya , Majumdar Dipanwita , Sukul Anirban
Published: August 2021

Background

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Drugs at ultra high dilution (UHD) have been used in homeopathy for a couple of centuries. The central theme in homeopathic Materia Medica is that each drug has its own distinctive features which need to be matched with the symptoms of a patient for eliciting therapeutic response. However, UHDâ€™s very often (above 12 cH) cross the Avogadro number, and are, therefore, devoid of original drug molecules. How do they maintain their individual identity ? This study aims to address this pertinent question.

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Objective :

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The medium of UHDâ€™s is ethanol water. It is thought that water structures in a UHD carry the identity of the drug and its rank of dilution. The objective is to decipher the exact nature of water structure in UHDâ€™s of different drugs by laser Raman spectroscopy.

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Method :

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Six homeopathic drugs and their control ethanol, all in 90% ethanol v/v, were used in the study. ForÂ SulphurÂ andÂ Natrum mur, potencies used were 30 cH, 200 cH and 1000 cH, and forÂ Calcarea carbÂ andÂ SepiaÂ  the potencies were 8 cH, 202 cH and 1002 cH. In addition to the four drugs we also used X-ray and Magnetis poli ambo which did not originate from any substance by exposure of ethanol water to X radiation and strong magnetic field.For this we could use their mother tinctures as well as ultrahigh dilutions(potencies) like 8cH, 14cH and 32cH. The potencies used for ethanol control were 8 cH, 14cH, 32cH and 20 cH. Raman spectra of all the potencies of 6 drugs, ethanol control and pure water were taken in the wave number region of 2400-4200 cm-1. All the samples were reduced to 25% ethanol by adding appropriate volume of water to each of them before taking the spectra. The mother tinctures MT of X-ray and Magnetis were studied.

The intensity ratio of vibration frequencies between 3200 cm-1Â and 3420 cm-1Â (R1) and that between 3620 cm-1Â and 3420 cm-1Â (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples.

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Results :

All the UHDâ€™s of the drugs and the control tested show difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups. The three UHDâ€™s from low to high ranks of both Natrum murÂ andÂ SulphurÂ show negative relationship with respect to R1 values, and positive one concerning Â R2 values. R1 values for 3 UHDâ€™s ofÂ Calcarea carbÂ andÂ Sepia show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In case of R2 values the relationship in 3 UHDâ€™s is 81002 forÂ Calcarea carb, and 8>202
Measurement report: Long-term changes in black carbon and aerosol optical properties from 2012 to 2020 in Beijing, China
Authors: Sun Jiaxing , Wang Zhe , Zhou Wei , Xie Conghui , Wu Cheng , Chen Chun , Han Tingting , Wang Qingqing , Li Zhijie , Li Jie , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system. However, our knowledge of the long-term changes in black carbon (BC) and aerosol optical properties in China are very limited. Here we analyze the nine-year measurements of BC and aerosol optical properties from 2012 to 2020 in Beijing, China. Our results showed large reductions in eBC by 67 % from 5.54 ± 5.25 µg m−3 in 2012 to 1.80 ± 1.54 µg m−3 in 2020, and 47 % decreases in light extinction coefficient (bext, λ = 630 nm) of fine particles due to clean air action plan since 2013. The seasonal and diurnal variations of eBC illustrated the most significant reductions in the fall and night time, respectively. ΔeBC/ΔCO also showed an annual decrease from ~6 to 4 ng m−3 ppbv−1 and presented strong seasonal variations with high values in spring and fall, indicating that primary emissions in Beijing have changed significantly. As a response to clean air action, single scattering albedo (SSA) showed a considerable increase from 0.79 ± 0.11 to 0.88 ± 0.06, and mass extinction efficiency (MEE) increased from 3.2 to 3.8 m2 g−1. These results highlight an increasing importance of scattering aerosols in radiative forcing, and a future challenge in visibility improvement due to enhanced MEE. Brown carbon (BrC) showed similar changes and seasonal variations to eBC during 2018–2020. However, we found a large increase of secondary BrC in the total BrC in most seasons, particularly in summer with the contribution up to 50 %, demonstrating an enhanced role of secondary formation in BrC in recent years. The long-term changes in eBC and BrC have also affected the radiative forcing effect. The direct radiative forcing (ΔFR) of BC decreased by 64 % from +3.00 W m−2 in 2012 to +1.09 W m−2 in 2020, and that of BrC decreased from +0.30 to +0.17 W m−2 during 2018–2020. Such changes might have important implications in affecting aerosol and boundary-layer interactions and the future air quality improvement.
Thermodynamic model for a pilot balloon
Authors: Favà Vicent , Curto Juan José , Gilabert Alba
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In the early part of the 20th century, tracking a pilot balloon from the ground with an optical theodolite was one of the few methods that was able to provide information from the upper air. One of the most significant sources of error with this method, however, was involved in calculating the balloon height as a function of time, a calculation dependent on the ascent rate which was traditionally taken to be constant. This study presents a new thermodynamic model which allows us to compute the thermal jump between the surrounding environment and the lifting gas as a function of different parameters such as the atmospheric temperature lapse rate or the physical characteristics of the balloon. The size of the thermal jump and its effect on the ascent rate is discussed for a 30 g pilot balloon, which was the type used at the Ebro Observatory (EO) between 1952 and 1963. The meridional and zonal components of the wind profile from ground level up to 10 km altitude were computed by applying the model using EO digitized data for a sample of this period. The obtained results correlate very well with those obtained from the ERA5 reanalysis. A very small thermal jump with a weak effect on the computed ascent rate was found. This ascent rate is consistent with the values assigned in that period to the balloons filled with hydrogen used at the Ebro Observatory and to the 30 g balloons filled with helium used by the US National Weather Service.
Evaluating uncertainty in sensor networks for urban air pollution insights
Authors: Peters Daniel R. , Popoola Olalekan A. M. , Jones Roderic L. , Martin Nicholas A. , Mills Jim , Fonseca Elizabeth R. , Stidworthy Amy , Forsyth Ella , Carruthers David , Dupuy-Todd Megan , Douglas Felicia , Moore Katie , Shah Rishabh U. , Padilla Lauren E. , Alvarez Ramón A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Ambient air pollution poses a major global public health risk. Lower-cost air quality sensors (LCS) are increasingly being explored as a tool to understand local air pollution problems and develop effective solutions. A barrier to LCS adoption is potentially larger measurement uncertainty compared to reference measurement technology. The technical performance of various LCS has been tested in laboratory and field environments, and a growing literature on uses of LCS primarily focuses on proof-of-concept deployments. However, few studies have demonstrated the implications of LCS measurement uncertainties on a sensor network’s ability to assess spatiotemporal patterns of local air pollution. Here, we present results from a 2-year deployment of 100 stationary electrochemical nitrogen dioxide (NO2) LCS across Greater London as part of the Breathe London pilot project (BL). We evaluated sensor performance using collocations with reference instruments, estimating ~35 % average uncertainty (root-mean-square error) of the calibrated LCS, and identified infrequent, multi-week periods of poorer performance and high bias during summer months. We analyzed BL data to generate insights about London’s air pollution, including long-term concentration trends, diurnal and day-of-week patterns, and profiles of elevated concentrations during regional pollution episodes. These findings were validated against measurements from an extensive reference network, demonstrating the BL network’s ability to generate robust information about London’s air pollution. In cases where the BL network did not effectively capture features that the reference network measured, ongoing collocations of representative sensors often provided evidence of irregularities in sensor performance, demonstrating how, in the absence of an extensive reference network, project-long collocations could enable characterization and mitigation of network-wide sensor uncertainties. The conclusions are restricted to the specific sensors used for this study, but the results give direction to LCS users by demonstrating the kinds of air pollution insights possible from LCS networks and provide a blueprint for future LCS projects to manage and evaluate uncertainties when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.
Human Capital Plan for Business Startups "Jamu Partnership" in Indonesia
Authors: Saputra Andhika , Indradewa Rhian , Syah Tantri Yanuar Rahmat
Published: August 2021

Background – PT OAM is a jamu partnership business startup company in Indonesia. This company is here to answer the customer pain and gain. In an effort to be competitive and sustainable in the jamu partnership business, this company use its competitive advantages in the form of an easy partnership process, good product taste and product innovation and sustainable partnerships. Of course, this competitive advantage can only be maintained and developed if the company has competent human resources. In actual process operations, PT OAM requires good human resources planning. This is because human resources in a company are important and must be managed optimally.
Method – Using Human Capital Plan, and Organizational Culture.
Result – This analysis help to preparing and implementing each of its human capital activities in PT OAM. With good human capital plan the business can be competitive and sustainable.

Keywords: Human Capital Plan, Human Resources, Startups, Jamu Partnership.
Human Resource Management Implementation at Startup Arena Corner
Authors: Zahra Farah Agharid , Syah Tantri Yanuar Rahmat , Indradewa Rhian
Published: August 2021

Arena Corner is a new startup engaged in applying sports venue rental related to everything that smells of sports. In an effort company's performance, it is necessary to implement good human resource management. The following purpose of this research is that research aims resource management (HRM) in the growth of Arena Corner startup. Considering Arena Corners of new digital startups are growing and require many human resources in the They need. Information systems so that the proper implementation of HRM correct maintain arena corner in the competitive digital startup competitive. The method applied uses human resources the approach with spectrum recruitment, personnel, people development, compensation benefit, and industrial relations. The results of this research show that the application of HRM becomes a necessity for startup companies. In winning competition, it is necessary to create a training center to print human resources that understand technology for the needs of the company and the needs of the startup ecosystem and can add income and new businesses in the era of startup the competition.

Keywords: Human resource management mission; Human resource management practices; HR startup, Arena Corner.
Effect of Service Quality and Company Image on Customer Loyalty with Satisfaction Customers as Intervening Variables (Case Study of Brilink Agent PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) TBK. Medan Region Office)
Authors: Hendrawan Apri , Fauzi Amrin , Fawzeea Beby Karina
Published: August 2021

Bank is a business entity that collects funds from the public such as deposits and it will be distributed to the public in the form of credit and / or other forms in order to improve people's lives. The objective of Indonesian banking is to support the implementation of national development in the context of increasing equity, economic growth and national stability towards improving people's welfare. From this objective, banks in Indonesia must carry out their duties and functions properly and be based on the principles of economic democracy. The Brilink agent is one of BRI's breakthroughs to educate people in knowing basic knowledge about financial management by use banking’s products and services. BRI provides financial services through Brilinkagentat remote villages. BRILink agent give service not only provides operational efficiency benefits, but also provides convenience for BRI’s customers and non customers when they making transaction with BRI. Phenomena that often occur in BRI Bank customers against Brilink Agents, both directly and indirectly, such as the quality of service provided to customers that are not up to standard so that it can lead to the customer's decision to return to transactions at Brilink Agents and the impact of these problems will decrease the number of transactions and decreased fee-based income for Brilink agents. The purpose of this study was analyzed the effect of service quality and corporate image on customer loyalty through satisfaction as an intervening variable at the Brilink agent of PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Medan regional office. The population of this research is customers in the micro segment. Sample criteria are customers who have transaction at Brilink agents, a total sample are 400 respondents. The sampling method used Purposive Sampling. Data analysis was carried out through PLS-SEM using the SmartPLS 3.0 program. The results showed that directly service quality and company image had a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction.

Keywords: Service Quality, Company Image, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty.
Effect of Attractions, Social Media, Quality of Service and Facilities on Revisit Interest with Customer Satisfaction as Intervening Variables to Geopark Kaldera Toba in Sianjur Mulamula Village
Authors: Harahap Agung Solikhin , Rini Endang Sulistya , . Fadli
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze effect of attractions, social media, quality of service and facilities on revisit interest with customer satisfaction as intervening variables to Geopark Kaldera Toba in Sianjur Mulamula Village. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with a research sample of 100 respondents who visited Sianjur Mulamula Village. Data collection techniques by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Hypothesis testing in this study was carried out using path analysis. The results of this study indicate that attractions has effect on customer satisfaction and revisit interest, quality of service has effect on customer satisfaction, and customer satisfaction has effect on revisit interest. While social media and facilities have no effect on customer satisfaction, and social media, quality of service, and facilities have no effect on revisit interest. Customer satisfaction is not able to mediate between social media with revisit interest, and customer satisfaction is able to mediate between attractions, quality of service, and facilities with interest in revisiting.

Keywords: Attractions, Social Media, Quality of Service, Facilities, Revisit Interest, Customer Satisfaction.
Enhance and Decrease Psychology Conditions of Children after Mother and Father Divorced
Authors: . Munisa , Rozana Salma , Widya Rika
Published: August 2021

Divorce in a family bond is common. However, not a few of these divorces hurt children. This cased makes children a victim of divorce from their parents. For example, children are often angry, not confident, often feel lonely, and so on. Of course, the psychology of children from divorced families will experience obstacles in the process of self-development. In Situbondo, the divorce rate reached 2055 cases of divorce filing in 2010; This is the highest divorce rate in the last five years. Therefore, the authors are interested in carrying out this study to determine the impact of divorce on children's psychology, especially children of farming families who divorce in Bungatan Village, Situbondo Regency. This study uses the snowball technique to determine the informants' children aged 6-17 years whose families are divorced. This study indicates that the psychology of children from divorced families has a significant negative impact, such as low self-esteem towards their environment, temperament (irritability), and prolonged disappointment with their parents.

Keywords: Psychology, Children, Divorce.
L’influence De L’éducation À L’entrepreneuriat Sur L’intention D’entreprendre au Maroc : Proposition d’un Modèle Conceptuel
Authors: El Boury Malak , Qafas Ahlam
Published: August 2021

À travers l’analyse de l’évolution de l’éducation à l’entrepreneuriat et en s’appuyant sur les théories de l’intention entrepreneuriale, notamment celle du comportement planifié de Ajzen, (1991); cet article examine l’influence de l’éducation à l’entrepreneuriat sur l’intention d’entreprendre des étudiants au Maroc. Ainsi, ce papier se donne les moyens de proposer un modèle conceptuel qui explique la relation entre ces deux dits éléments tout en utilisant les variables médiatrices de l’attitude entrepreneuriale, des normes subjectives et du contrôle comportemental perçu pour prédire l’intention d’entreprendre ainsi qu’en explorant les principales théories sur l’éducation à l’entrepreneuriat. En l’occurrence, le modèle que nous suggérons a pour caractéristique d’inclure des variables adaptées au contexte marocain, et ce parce que celui-ci intègre des variables modératrices issues d’une étude qualitative exploratoire menée auprès de 15 entrepreneurs marocains opérant dans différents secteurs.
	Response of Undergraduate Human Services Programs to the Mass Incarceration Crisis
Authors:   Old Dominion University, Shaikh Naeem
Published: August 2021

Mass incarceration has resulted in the United States having the world’s largest incarcerated population and the highest rate of incarceration. Consequently, nearly 1 in 4 Americans has a criminal record. Racial and ethnic minorities have much higher rates of incarceration than Whites. The collateral consequences of a criminal conviction are colossal and continue well beyond incarceration. Human services students must be well prepared to competently serve clients and families affected by this crisis. This exploratory, qualitative study aimed to determine if undergraduate programs accredited by the Council for Standards in Human Service Education offer course content related to the mass incarceration crisis. Results from a content analysis of course titles and descriptions of 17 accredited programs suggest students are not being adequately prepared to competently serve this population. Implications for human services education, practice, and research are discussed.
	A Qualitative Examination of the Preparedness of African American Pastors to Address Issues of Addictions
Authors: Tarver Shuntay , Winfield Chaniece , Preston Judith , Wilkerson Alexis , Shorter Isaac
Published: August 2021

This study qualitatively explored the preparedness of African American pastors to meet the needs of parishioners with addictions. Findings indicated that African American pastors do not always perceive themselves to be prepared to address issues of addiction, and existing cultural barriers challenge collaboration between human services practitioners and African American pastors. Findings also revealed that despite existing cultural barriers, African American pastors are willing to collaborate with professionals who offer educational opportunities in culturally relevant ways. Human services professionals’ ability to understand cultural nuances of African American pastors is of paramount concern to effectively enhance the quality of life for clients utilizing faith-based interventions to meet the needs of individuals with addiction. Recommendations for strategies for human service professionals to build collaborations with pastors of African American churches are provided.
Evaluation of Cancer Bio-markers through Hyphenated Analytical Techniques
Authors: Raju Ch. Prudhvi , Babu G. Raveendra , M. Sowjanya , M. Ramayyappa
Published: August 2021

Background: The accurate and efficient diagnosis at the early stages of cancers is the key feature for effective treatment and productive research for finding out news to types of cancers. It is essentially true for cancers, where there is no effective cure, but only one treatment is available. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy or radiation therapy or immunotherapy or targeted therapy or hormone therapy.Cancers symptoms of abnormal periods or pelvic pain, changes in bathroom habits, bloating, breast changes, chronic coughing, chronic headache, difficulty swallowing, excessing bruising. Despite the fact of having great need, the current availability of diagnostic tests is unable to diagnose different forms of cancers. Aim: The aim of the review is to explore the application of GC-MS, LC-MS and UP-LC/Q-TOF MS for the evaluation of changes in the biochemical composition of blood serum, urine and saliva. The power of high differentiation method will promote the translation of hyphenated techniques from a laboratory to clinical useful tool. Determination of biochemical information derives from hyphenated techniques from blood, serum, saliva and urine that will yield accurate and selective detection of cancer disorders. They will also provide diagnostic and prognostic indicators and will also play a significant role in the development of personalized medicine. Conclusion: Hyphenated techniques will allow differentiating blood serum, saliva and urine samples of common cancer disorders from normal control patients with sensitivity and specificity.
A Precise Review on Applications and Basic Concept of Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS)
Authors: Sharma Shivani , Singh Navdeep , Ankalgi Amar Deep , Rana Arti , Singh Ashawat Mahendra
Published: August 2021

Direct real time analysis (DART) is the most successful tool for the analysis of the compounds. This technique is useful for the identification, and classification of compounds. It is widely followed by the forensic chemistry, and also used for many purposes. Their main applications include inks, paints, drugs, bank dyes, explosives, beverages, and gunshot etc. The basic concepts of DART-MS were highlighted to understand the process. Also the basic fundamentals of DART-MS including special function were discussed. Various natural products were discovered by DART-MS includes plant tissue, insects, and microbe etc. The main focus of this review article is on the applications of direct real time analysis, which covers the varieties of uses in our pharmaceutical as well as chemical industries. This technique was helpful in the production of food material, and to identify the contaminants from animal sources in the part of veterinary drugs. Also, used in food processing in the form of additives, and adulterants. DART-MS has huge applications on analysis of seized drug like steroids supplements, psychoactive plants etc. Also, in inks, paint, and documents industry this technique has been widely used. So, this review covers the basic fundamentals of direct real time analysis DART-MS, and their applications.