bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Acclimation in Several Species of Stored-Grain Beetles.
Authors: Evans DE
Published: June 2005

The chill-coma temperatures, oxygen consumption at several constant temperatures, and fresh weights of adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) were determined before and after acclimation for 14 days at 15 deg C in the laboratory in Australia. Acclimation lowered the mean chill-coma temperatures of all species, but most in O. surinamensis. The oxygen consumption of insects that were free to move and of insects restrained during respirometry was reduced by acclimation. The curves relating respiration rate and temperature were shifted downwards by cold acclimation, but its effect on their slopes (i.e. on temperature sensitivity) varied between and within species. Similarly, the relative proportions of the change in the consumption rates of free insects acclimated at 15 deg C that were attributable to locomotor activity or to resting metabolism varied considerably. The weights of C. ferrugineus and R. dominica were increased by cold acclimation, but those of the other 2 species were not.
Haematology, Plasma Electrolytes and Serum Biochemical Values of Trichosurus Vulpecula (Kerr) (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae).
Authors: Presidente PJA , Correa J
Published: June 2005

Effects of age and sex on blood parameters in T. vulpecula were evaluated in pouch and back young,
yearlings and mature animals whose ages were estimated. There were age-related changes in haemoglobin
concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts, as well as serum total protein.
Sexual dimorphisms were demonstrated in haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and erythrocyte
counts; values for males w.ere greater than those for females in yearling and mature age groups. Among
lactating yearling females, those with young >3 months old had reduced body weight, haemoglobin.
erythrocyte and serum total protein values. Altered neutrophil : lymphocyte ratios in differential leucocyte
counts as well as elevated plasma corticosteroid and glucose values obtained from T. vulpecula
in good condition indicated moderate stress associated with the methods of trapping, handling and
sampling used.
Variable leucocytosis; with relative or absolute neutrophilia; lymphopaenia and eosinopaenia were
found in T. vulpecula in poor condition. Haemoconcentration with elevated plasma electrolytes and
urea levels were consistent with their dehydrated state. Free corticosteroid levels in plasma from males
were higher than those obtained from females.
The Ultrastructure of Enamel from the Kangaroo Macropus giganteus: Tubular Enamel and its 'Black Spots' Defect
Authors: Palamra J , Phakey PP , Rachinger WA , Orams HJ
Published: June 2005

A study of the enamel of M. giganteus by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy on
specimens prepared by argon-ion-beam thinning showed that normal tubular enamel consisted of closely
packed long lath-like crystals of hydroxyapatite, thickness range 30-50 nm and width range 50-90 nm,
and a micropore structure similar to that in human enamel. Enamel tubules, roughly circular in crosssection
of approximately 0.2-1.5 �m diameter. and spaced 2-9 �m apart, were a common feature of
tubular enamel and were not confined to any particular prism. Within the tubular enamel there were
pockets of defective enamel containing: (1) big crystals (~ 250 nm diameter) of hydroxyapatite,
whitlockite and/or octacalcium phosphate; (2) clusters of small (~ 15 nm diameter) crystals which
were predominantly hydroxyapatite; (3) some amorphous material. These were poorly packed together,
resulting in a porous (void diameter 25 nm) structure. The Rayleigh scattering of light due to the
porosity of the pockets of defective enamel caused the so-called 'black spot' appearance under light
microscopy. The defective enamel, which occurred typically in the interior, exhibited an ultrastructure
consistent with progressive demineralization of the normal lath-like enamel crystals, followed by
remineralization. The ultrastructure suggested that the tubules provided: (1) the pathways for dissolution
materials to reach the sites of defective enamel: (2) the space for nucleation of crystals during
remineralization.
Seasonal Field Analyses of Fat Content, Live Weight, Dry Weight and Water Content of the Aphidophagous Scymnodes Lividigaster (Mulsant) and Mycophagous Leptothea Galbula (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Authors: Anderson JME
Published: June 2005

Over 36 and 24 months, respectively, both the aphidophagous Scymnodes lividigaster (Muls.) and the mycophagous Leptothea galbula (Muls.) accumulated fat before periods of dormancy, but contained little fat after dormancy and during breeding. Over the whole period, there were no significant differences between sexes or between years in either species, except that dormant females contained significantly more fat than males, and that during breeding males of S. lividigaster contained significantly more fat than females. Subjective assessment of fat reserves gave the same results as did quantitative analysis. Live and dry weights of females were higher during breeding and dormancy than after dormancy; live weights of females were higher than those of males. Water content was lower during dormancy than during breeding. In L. galbula, seasonal changes were similar in a dry and a well watered habitat; any differences appeared related to a higher survival rate in females compared with males, especially in the poorer habitat. In S. lividigaster, seasonal changes in fat content were negatively related to changes in abundance of an essential prey species.
The Ecology of Northern Australian Dacinae (Diptera:Tephritidae) I. Host Phenology and Utilization of Opilia amentacea Roxb. (Opiliaceae) by Dacus (Bactrocera) opiliae Drew & Hardy, with notes on some other species.
Authors: Fitt GP
Published: June 2005

A newly discovered species of tephritid, Dacus (Bactrocera) opiliae Drew & Hardy, is almost indistinguishable
morphologically from the Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis. and was originally believed to
represent an invading population of that species. Breeding by D. opiliae is virtually restricted to the
fruit of the native vine Opilia amentacea throughout coastal areas of the Northern Territory and the
Kimberleys region of Western Australia. The phenology of the host and aspects of its utilization by
D. opiliae are described. Fruit suitable for oviposition is available only for a short period each year
from late November to early January. It is shown that D, opiliae is effectively univoltine. Although
it was able to infest various cultivated fruits in the laboratory, no evidence of such infestations by
natural populations of D. opiliae was recorded during this study and the species seem to present no
threat to Australia's fruit-growing industries. Information on host relations of D. jarvisi (Tryon), D.
aquilonis (May) and D. tenuifascia (May) is also presented.
The Mean Retention Times of Digesta Markers in the Gut of the Tammar, Macropus Eugenii.
Authors: Warner ACI
Published: June 2005

The average mean retention times of a solute marker (51chromium complex of EDTA) were 15.7 and 11.3 h, and of a particle marker (tris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) chloride labelled with 103Ru) 29.3 and 19.1 h, in tammar wallabies given, respectively, one meal of lucerne hay pellets daily or a similar ration fed continuously. Much more of the solute marker was excreted in the urine of those given one meal daily. The marker concentration curves showed irregularities that could be interpreted as due to 2 main processes. One was passage of small amounts of digesta through the gut much more rapidly than the bulk. The second was temporary sequestration and subsequent release of small amounts of digesta, at times in or before the major mixing compartment, presumably the stomach, at times in a tubular compartment after all substantial mixing compartments, with subsequent release. Attempts at kinetic analysis of the marker concentration curves were unsuccessful. Some were killed after 3 days' continuous feeding on labelled food. The amounts of marker in the digesta suggested that the stomach was the major site of delay in the passage of the particle marker, accounting for about two-thirds of the total retention time, and was also the major site of separation of the solute and particle markers. There was no evidence for any other major mixing compartment.
The Geographical Distribution of Reptile Ticks in Western Australia.
Authors: Sharrad RD , King DR
Published: June 2005

In a study of ticks parasitizing reptiles in the western half of Australia, eight species, including two
undescribed ticks, were identified. The data confirm that three species, Amblyomma albolimbatum, Amb.
limbatum and Aponomma hydrosauri, have distributions which abut with very little overlap (i.e. they
are parapatric). Ap, fimbriatum is sympatric with Amb. albolimbatum and Ap. hydrosauri. The other
ticks identified, Aponomma sp. nov., Amblyomma sp. nov., Amb. calabyi and Ornithodoros gurneyi, were
not found in sufficient numbers to allow detailed descriptions of their distributions. Data are also
presented on the hosts of the ticks and on the occurrence of ticks on islands off the Western Australian
coast.
Factors influencing Selection of Shelter by Individual Quokkas, Setonix brachyurus (Marsupialia), during Hot Summer Days on Rottnest Island
Authors: Kitchener DJ
Published: June 2005

Individual adult quokkas in the field were studied in relation to their choice of shelter sites on hot
summer days and to their physiological response to heat stress and physical condition. Metabolic rate,
evaporative water loss and rectal temperature were measured under laboratory conditions. The extent
to which male quokkas moved to better shelter on hot days is significantly and positively correlated
with their metabolic rate at T*a 37�C; movement of females is significantly but negatively correlated
with their rectal temperature. It is concluded that individual quokkas moving more frequently to better
shelter on hot days (males) were physiologically less able to tolerate heat stress. Indices of physical
condition and indicators of health and age were not correlated with movement. It is suggested that
physiological variation in quokkas, both between and within sexes, effectively reduces intraspecific competition
for a limiting resource (shelter). This expands their realised niche, increasing the carrying capacity
of their environment.
A Parapatric Boundary between Ranidella signifera and R. riparia (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in South Australia
Authors: Odendaal FJ , Bull CM
Published: June 2005

Ranidella signifera has a wide distribution in south-eastern Australia; R. riparia is endemic to the Flin- ders Ranges in South Australia. The ranges of the two species are largely allopatric, but they contact and overlap in a zone about 10 km wide, in the southern Flinders Ranges. The nature of the creeks changes across this zone. Immediately to the south and east, where only R. signifera is found, the creeks are slow-flowing and heavily vegetated, with mud or sand substrates. To the north and west the creeks are swift-flowing, and have rocky substrates and little vegetation; only R. riparia is found in these. In the sympatric overlap zone creeks are heterogeneous, with both habitat types represented. The close association between species and creek habitat is lost in populations not immediately adjacent to the overlap zone. This implies that each species can survive in both creek habitats but that R. riparia has a competitive advantage in swift, rocky creeks and R, signifera has an advantage in slow, vegetated creeks. This prevents either species from expanding its distribution beyond the narrow overlap area.
Growth and Development of Pseudomys gracilicaudatus (Rodentia: Muridae) in the Laboratory
Authors: Fox BJ , Kemper CM
Published: June 2005

Information on development (to 40 days) and growth (to adult size) was obtained from 26 litters of Pseudomys gracilicaudatus (Gould, 1845). Animals were laboratory-raised, the breeding stock originating from Myall Lakes, N.S.W. Young are precocial at birth and early development is rapid. Lower incisors have erupted at birth and upper incisors at 1(0-4) day. Head and shoulders are furred at birth and a full pelage is present by 6 days. Ears and eyes open at 9 (7-11) and 11 (9-12) days, respectively. Weaning occurs during the fourth week and the first moult begins at about 30 days. Adults show significant sexual dimorphism (males, 90 g; females; 69 g; P<0.05), which becomes apparent after an age of 1 month. Head length, hind foot length and head + body length do not show significant differences until after an age of 2 months. Growth in the first 40 days is multiphasic, changes in growth rate being related to developmental events. Inverse index of growth (20-90% of adult weight) is 110 days in females and 125 days in males. The rapid early development, which may be related to increasing juvenile survival, contrasts markedly with the slow growth rate.
The Simulated Distribution of Night-Flying Insects in a Wind Convergence.
Authors: Symmons PM , Luard EJ
Published: June 2005

The behaviour of night-flying insects under the influence of a cold front convergence has been simulated. The model generated an aggregation ahead of the discontinuity on relatively cold nights. On warm nights the aggregation formed in much the same position if the 'insects' oriented downwind, but formed behind the discontinuity if there was no preferred orientation.
Temperature, Size and Egg Production in the Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris Rapae L.
Authors: Jones RE , Hart JR , Bull GD
Published: June 2005

Larvae reared at low temperatures produce larger pupae and adults than those reared at high
temperatures, and pupal weight is linearly related to lifetime egg production; mean egg production in a
group reared at 29-3l�C may be twice that of another reared at 17.5-19�C. The number of eggs visible
with a dissecting microscope in the ovaries of young females is not proportional to their lifetime
production. Once size is taken into account, there is no additional effect of temperature or larval diet on
total egg production. The timing of egg production throughout an adult's life is unaffected by its size or
by the conditions in which it was reared. but there are marked differences between Australian and
Canadian (Vancouver) individuals. The size of eggs is inversely correlated with both the age and the size
of the mother. In any particular set of rearing conditions, males tend to be larger than females, and the
sexes show an equal and high degree of variation in size.
Tricholeiochiton Kloet & Hincks and Hew Genera in the Australian Hydroptilidae
Authors: Wells A
Published: June 2005

The west Palearctic-Southeast Asian genus Tricholeiochiton is newly recorded from Australia with descriptions of four species; the generic diagnosis is revised and a key given to Australian species. The number of endemic genera in the Australian Hydroptilidae is increased to eight, with the erection of four new genera to accommodate seven problematical species: the relationships of the endemics are discussed.
The Performance of Two Chewing Insects on Water-Stressed Food Plants in Relation to Changes in Their Chemical Composition.
Authors: Miles PW , Aspinall D , Correll AT
Published: June 2005

The rate of development of caterpillars of Pieris rapae L. on rape leaves was not affected by whether their host plants were water-stressed or not, nor were weights of the pupae affected. Survival was high on unstressed plants and was not enhanced on stressed plants. Similarly, the rate of development of larvae of Paropsis atomaria Oliver and the weight of the prepupae were unaffected by stress in young shoots of red gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., on which the larvae were feeding. In both species of plant, the degree of stress applied significantly increased the total nitrogen and amino content of the leaves. In the gum leaves, phenolic content varied inversely with nitrogen content: In well watered plants at temperatures below 25�C. phenolic compounds increased and nitrogenous compounds decreased in attacked leaves, compared with leaves on unattacked shoots of the same plant. No such differences were apparent when the plants were water-stressed, however, nor in watered plants at temperatures above 30�C.
Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 1. Intake and Digestion of Lucerne Hay and Fresh Grass, Phalaris Aquatica.
Authors: Dellow DW , Hume ID
Published: June 2005

Intake and digestion of chopped lucerne hay was studied in three macropodine species, eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus. red-necked pademelon Thylogale thetis and tammar wallaby M. eugenii, and in sheep. The utilization of fresh Phalaris grass by the two wallaby species T. thetis and M. eugenii was also examined and compared. On the chopped lucerne hay diet, intake of organic matter (OM) was similar in sheep and M. giganteus, but sheep digested more (P<0.05) OM and thus consumed more (P<0.05) digestible energy (DE) than all three macropodine species. Among the macropodines. M. eugenii consumed the least (P<0.01) OM and DE but digested more (P<0.05) OM. However, acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility was similar in the three macropodine species and lower (P<0.05) than in sheep. On the fresh grass diet M. eugenii consumed less (P<0.05) OM and DE than T. thetis. ADF digestibility was similar in both species. Although ,M. eugenii consumed less nitrogen (N) than the other three species on the lucerne diet (P<0.01) and less N than T. thetis on the Phalaris diet (P<0.05), N balance was similar and positive in all species. Data from this and other published studies indicate that the maintenance requirements for energy and nitrogen of most macropodines are lower than for sheep, and appear to be lower in M, eugenii than in any other macropodine studied so far. It is also apparent that there are probably few real differences among the Macropodinae in efficiency of fibre digestion, at least on diets of adequate nitrogen and DE content.
New Terrestrial Amphipods (Amphipoda:Talitridae) From Australian Forests.
Authors: Friend JA
Published: June 2005

Descriptions of two new genera including five new species of Australian landhoppers are presented. Two new species are recorded from south-west Western Australia (Austrotroides pectinalis and A. occidentalis) and one each from the Adelaide area (A. crenatus), southern Victoria (Agilestia hyperocha) and southern Queensland-northern New South Wales (A. hylaea). Notes on the life history of Austrotoides crenatus are provided.
Osteology and Myology of the GAstric Brooding Frog Rheobatrachus silus Liem (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Davies M , Burton TC
Published: June 2005

The gastric brooding frog Rheobatrachus silus exhibits osteological and myological character states that set it apart from other Australopapuan leptodactylid frogs. A number of convergent features shared with aquatic frogs of other families have been detected. The descriptions reported here are at variance with a number of features previously reported in the literature. The recorded data support the concept of the erection of a separate subfamily Rheobatrachinae, for the species.
The Structure of the Male Genital System of the Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus portujacksoni, with Particular reference to the Genital Ducts
Authors: Jones N , Jones RC
Published: June 2005

The testes of H. portusjacksoni are paired cylindrical organs with a germinal ridge running longitudinally along the ventral surface. The latter produces ampullae which contain Sertoli and germinal cells, and which migrate dorsally as spermatogenesis proceeds. They evacuate near the dorsal surface of the testis to release spermatozoa, large oval eosinophilic bodies (Sertoli cell bodies) and small eosinophilic particles. All of the genital ducts are lined by a ciliated epithelium. In the rete testis it is a low columnar type; the ducts consist of the conducting tubules, which convey ampullae across the testis, and the longitudinal testis canal, which runs along the dorsal surface of the testis. Six ductuli efferentes (lined by a low pseudostratified columnar epithelium) leave the testis, course dorsally through the epigonal organ and mesorchium, and enter the epididymis. Subsequently, pairs of ductuli efferentes successively join together to form a short common ductulus efferent which then continues as the ductus epididymidis. The latter has two structurally distinct regions: the initial segment is a narrow, convoluted, pigmented duct with a very tall pseudostratified epithelium; the terminal segment is wider than the initial segment, unpigmented and lined by a low pseudostratified epithelium. It is very convoluted proximally, but widens and becomes less convoluted distally; its distal 5 cm (ampulla of ductus epididymidis) is straight and contains a muscular wall. Very few Sertoli cell bodies are present in the terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis. However, except for the ampullary region the duct receives secretions (including irregularly shaped eosinophilic bodies) from Leydig's gland (a series of branched tubular glands). Secretions from these glands seem to be involved in the formation of spermatozoa into spherical bundles. The structure of the clasper and siphon are assessed in terms of their function and significance for taxonomical purposes.
Ingestion Rates and Aspects of Water, Sodium and Energy Metabolism in Caged Swamp Buffalo, Bubalus Bubalis, From Isotope Dilution and Materials Balances.
Authors: Williams CK , Green B
Published: June 2005

Exchanges of DM, sodium, water and energy were estimated on caged swamp buffalo of body mass (W) 297 plus or minus 13 kg. Estimates of feed ingestion estimated from rates of 22Na and 3H turnover were in close agreement with estimates from weighing. Tritium equilibrated in 6 h and 22Na in 12 h. Tritium space was 78.9 plus or minus 1.6% of body mass at 6 h and 83.9 plus or minus 1.1% at 24 h. The body pool of exchangable Na was 40.56 plus or minus 1.79 mmol/kg W at 12 h, and 44.62 plus or minus 2.12 mmol/kg W at 24 h. The daily rate of water turnover was 34.72 plus or minus 2.33 litres or 326.1 plus or minus 17.2 ml/kg W0.82, about three times that expected on the basis of body size, reflecting adaptation to a tropical swamp habitat. It was due mainly to the high rate of imbibition, 30.78 plus or minus 2.15 litres daily or 289.1 plus or minus 16.3 ml/kg W0.82 daily. Daily rates of water loss were partitioned as: faecal, 9.99 plus or minus 0.761 (94.1 plus or minus 7.0 ml/kg W0.82); urinary, 10.39 plus or minus 0.76 litres (98.2 plus or minus 7.6 ml/kg W0.82); pulmocutaneous, 14.34 plus or minus 1.37 litres (133.8 plus or minus 8.9 ml/kg W0.82). Swamp buffalo are unlikely to be able to satisfy their water requirements from food alone during the dry season in northern Australia. The daily rate of Na turnover was 6.29 plus or minus 0.41 mmol/kg W0.75. Na in the faeces was low, 8.3 plus or minus 0.9 mmol/kg dry faeces, indicating very effective alimentary absorption of Na. Apparent digestible energy intake (DE) per day for maintenance was about 651 plus or minus 41 kJ/kg W0.75. Daily rates of evaporative heat loss were high, 481 plus or minus 33 kJ/kg W0.75, exceeding the non-evaporative component of the DE, 321 plus or minus 35 kJ/kg W0.75; evaporative processes may have contributed to the high maintenance DE.
The Impact of Destructive Insects on Reproduction in Six Species of Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae).
Authors: Scott JK
Published: June 2005

Six species of Banksia (Proteaceae) were examined at two study sites near Perth for insect larvae that destroy flowers and seed. All species, B. attenuata, B grandis, B. ilicifolia, B. littoralis, B. menziesii and B.
telmatiaea, showed some damage to the conflorescence (flowering spike) while all except B, grandis and B.
ilicifolia had damage to the infructescence (fruit). Six lepidopteran larvae and a curculionid larva damaged conflorescences, and five lepidopteran larvae and three curculionid larvae consumed seed. The insects were found only on Banksia and were mostly host-specific. The insects prevent about one-third of conflorescences from developing seed, but only one-third of the total conflorescences develop into infructescences. It is not known why the remaining one-third of conflorescences do not set seed. Insects destroy up to 60% of the follicles, which contain one or two seeds, on these infructescences. Examples of possible adaptations of the conflorescence and infructescence for avoiding this insect damage are suggested.
The Genus Geckomima (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae: Morabinae)
Authors: Key KHL , Colless appendix by DH
Published: June 2005

The known species of the genus Geckomima, a relatively robust, subarboreal member of the norabine grasshopper tribe Warramungini, are described, keyed, and their relationships discussed. Twelve species, brevicornis, lesueuri, handschini, brevirostris, gecko, drysdaleana, yampi, tindalei, pilbara, leopoldana, nepos, and arnhemana, are recognized (the last seven new) and two races within arnhemana. The genus is restricted to the Northern Territory and the northern half of Western Australia. G. handschini has an extensive distribution in the drier parts of the Northern Territory and adjacent Western Australia, while the remaining species occupy smaller areas to the north and west. All species are ostensibly allopatric, but all are probably in fact parapatric with their nearest neighbours.
Karyotypes and Meiosis of the Morabine Grasshoppers IV.* The Genus Geckomima
Authors: White MJD
Published: June 2005

Of the 12 species of Geckomima, cytological material of only six has been available for study. All these are XO in the male sex. Most of them show the primitive morabine karyotype of 2n*female = 17 (metacentric X, metacentric AB and CD autosomes, six pairs of small acrocentric autosomes). However, G. pilbara has the AB chromosome dissociated into two acrocentric elements 'A' and 'B' (dissociation D11); and the most northerly individual of G. arnhemana has two different fusions (F21 and F22) between small chromosomes, thereby reducing the chromosome number to 2n*female = 13. Assuming that a northern race with this karyotype exists, it should be separated from the southern race by a rather strong chromosomal isolating mechanism.
Seasonal Changes in Body Weight and Composition of Australian Bush Rats, Rattus fuscipes, and Adaptation to Winter
Authors: Stewart AP , Barnett SA
Published: June 2005

A montane population of Australian bush rats, Rattus fuscipes, was studied for 3 years. Bush rats were also kept in captivity in natural conditions of temperature and light during the same period; these rats had food and water ad libitum. The body weights of free-living rats declined in autumn, and those of captive rats in winter. Changes in organ weights and body composition fell into three groups. (1) Testes, heart, spleen and adrenals were lighter in winter than in summer. (2) Hair weight increased gradually from February to a peak in June. The weight of carcass lipid and of brown adipose tissue increased rapidly in late autumn (May). (3) Body weights, and the weights of the lean carcass and the liver, were at a minimum in May, had a minor peak in June, and declined again in July and August. There was no evidence that any of these changes were related to diet or to food supply.
Activity and Distribution of Five Digestive Enzymes in the Gut of Gryllotalpa Gryllotalpa Curtis (Gryllotalpidae: Orthoptera) After Allatectomy, Brain Cauterization and Juvenoid Treatment.
Authors: Mandal S , Choudhuri A , Choudhuri DK
Published: June 2005

A study was made on the effects of allatectomy, brain cauterization and juvenoid treatment on the activities and distribution of protease, amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in various regions of the gut of the adult mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Curtis). Allatectomy resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of protease, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin enzyme activity. Brain cauterization produced the same effect, but amylase and lipase activity also decreased. Juvenoid treatment of allatectomized insects reversed the effect of allatectomy; in addition, the distribution pattern of the enzyme activity was changed in different regions of the gut. The results are discussed in relation to the neuroendocrine control of enzyme secretion and synthesis.
An Outline Classification of the Phylum Nematoda.
Authors: Inglis WG
Published: June 2005

An integrated classification of the free-living and parasitic Nematoda (Subkingdom Aschelmintha) is given in outline, in which three Classes and seven Subclasses are recognized; Class Rhabditea: Subclasses Rhabditia, Diplogasteria and Tylenchia; Class Enoplea: Subclasses Enoplia and Dorylaimia; Class Chromadorea: Subclasses Chromadoria and Monhystena. Twenty-five Orders are recognized and the major changes are explained. The Order Araeolaimida is provisionally retained and classified to the Family level.
Abbreviata (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in Lizards of the Varanus Gouldii Complex (Varanidae) in Western Australia.
Authors: Jones HI
Published: June 2005

Six species of nematode in the genus Abbreviata were recovered from the stomachs of 58 Varanus
gouldii, s.l., in Western Australia: A. hastaspicula, A. barrowi, A, antarctica, A. levicauda, sp. nov.,
A. tumidocapitis, sp. nov., and an unnamed species. A. occidentalis Jones, 1978 is reduced to
synonomy with A. antarctica (Linstow, 1899). A, hastaspicula was recovered from all hosts examined
except those from the south-west of the State, where it was replaced by A. antarctica. A. levicauda
and A. tumidocapitis occurred concurrently with one or both of the above species. Th'e increase in
A. hastaspicula numbers with host size in V. gouldii, s.s., (P<0,05) and in V. panoptes (P<0,05)
indicates that there is no effective host immune response. A. hastaspicula numbers were unaffected
by concurrent A. levicauda infection. There was a positive correlation between numbers of Abbreviata
sp. larvae and A. hastaspicula (P<0.01), and between Abbreviata sp. larvae and A. antarctica (P<0.01),
in V. gouldii, s.s. No larvae were seen in the stomach wall of these Varanus, and it is concluded that
those which occur commonly in this situation in elapid snakes are probably larvae of A. hastaspicula
or A. levicauda, which appear to be unable to mature in these hosts.
Seed Predation of Some Australian Acacias by Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
Authors: New TR
Published: June 2005

Eleven species of Acacia examined near Melbourne all suffered seed predation by larvae of weevils (Melanterius spp.). The life history of M. acaciae on A. baileyana is outlined. The weevils are univoltine and oviposit in developing seeds. Parasitization of immature stages is low. Infestation levels between individual trees, between host species and between years are very variable, but generally lower than levels recorded for seed predation on acacias elsewhere. Features of Melanterius biology are briefly described in relation to seed predators studied elsewhere.
A Revision of the Australian Osmylidae : Kempyninae (Insecta: Neuoptera)
Authors: New TR
Published: June 2005

Keys and illustrated descriptions are provided to enable separation of the Australian Osmylidae: Kempyninae. Twelve species are recognized in the genera: Kempynus (seven; five described as new), Australysmus (four; three described as new) and Clydosmylus, gen. nov. (one new species).
Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 5.microbial Fermentation in the Forestomach of Thylogale Thetis and Macropus Eugenii.
Authors: Dellow DW , Nolan JV , Hume ID
Published: June 2005

Rates of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia production at different sites along the forestomach of Thylogale thetis, the red-necked pademelon, and Macropus eugenii, the tammar wallaby, were estimated in vitro and in vivo. Estimates of the flow of microbial nitrogen from the stomach were also obtained in vivo. In both species VFA production was faster in vitro and in vivo in the sacciform forestomach than in the tubiform forestomach. The ratio of total VFA production to digestible organic matter (OM) intake was similar in the 2 species, and similar to published estimates for ruminants. Net production of ammonia in vivo was faster in the sacciform forestomach than in the tubiform forestomach of T. thetis but not of M. eugenii. The ratio of total net ammonia production to nitrogen intake was similar in the 2 species, and net synthesis of microbial protein per kilogram OM apparently fermented in the stomach of T. thetis and M. eugenii was similar to that in ruminants. The decrease in fermentation rate along the forestomach of both species was consistent with the previously reported pattern of apparent digestion of OM in the macropodine stomach. Although this pattern of microbial activity differs from that in ruminants, the overall fermentation is extensive. Thus the lower fibre digestibility often found in macropodines compared with sheep may be related to a faster rate of passage of particulate digesta through the macropodine forestomach, but it is not due to a less efficient microbial fermentation.
Spontaneous Spermatogenic Failure in the Marsupial Mouse Antechinus stuartii Macleay (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia)
Authors: Kerr JB , Hedger MP
Published: June 2005

Male Antechinus stuartii were collected from sclerophyll forests in Victoria at regular intervals from February to August. Spermatogenic function was assessed by means of light microscopy of testicular tissues fixed and embedded in epoxy plastic, from which a quantitative analysis of spermatogenesis was determined. Testis cytosols were prepared for assay of androgen-binding protein (ABP) and plasma was collected for androgen assay. Germ cell maturation proceeded normally until May, when failure of spermatogenesis was reflected by depletion of spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes. However, germ cells of more advanced maturational stages were able to complete the spermatogenic process, yielding mature sperm first observed in the testis late in June. Failure of the seminiferous epithelium to replenish the numbers of early germ cells resulted in progressive depletion of germ cells in later months, leading in August to collapse of the seminiferous tubules which then contained only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. Plasma androgens exhibited progressive elevation, reaching a peak in July and August, but testicular ABP was always undetectable. The findings suggest that the inability of the testis to maintain spermatogenesis results from intrinsic changes to testicular function exerted at the level of the spermatogonial population.
Identification of the Filial Relationships of Free-Living Small Mammals by 35Sulfur
Authors: Dickman CR , King DH , Happold D.C.D. , Howell M.J.
Published: June 2005

A technique for determining the filial relationships of free-living small mammals is described. The radioisotope 35*sulfur is injected into a lactating mother, and this passes from the milk and is incorporated in the growing hairs of the young. In three species, Mus musculus and Rattus fuscipes (Rodentia) and Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia), radioactivity in the hairs of the young was detected for up to 130 days after injection of the mother. The technique has the following advantages: (1) the half-life of 35*S is only 87.4 days; (2) 35*S had no evident adverse effects; (3) different treatments, ranging from 0.75 �Ci [27.75 kBq] g-� to 4.25 �Ci [157.25 kBq] g-� body weight of the mothers, resulted in different levels of radioactivity in the hair of the juveniles; consequently, the filial relationships of several mothers and their young may be established. The application of this technique to field studies of small mammals is outlined.
Five-Way Hybridization of Varied Sittellas Daphoenositta chrysoptera (Aves : Neosittidae) in Central Queensland
Authors: Short LL , Schodde R , Horne JFM
Published: June 2005

Five-way hybridization is documented in the varied sittella in central Queensland, involving all Australian forms: Daphoenositta chrysoptera leucoptera, D.c. striata, D.c. leucocephala, D.c. chrysoptera and D.c. pileata. For the first time, gene flow is demonstrated between striata and leucoptera, based upon breeding specimens from the region of Longreach and Barcaldine. At least 10 different morphological characters appear to segregate and recombine independently, including an extension of the wing bar into the secondaries which, described here for the first time, is present in the three 'orange-winged' forms but not in 'white-winged' leucoptera and striata. The evidence presented supports the view that all Australian sittellas are conspecific. Historical factors are invoked to explain divergence, hybridization and incomplete speciation in this complex.
Some Karyotypes of Australian Agamids (Reptilia : Lacertilia)
Authors: Witten GJ
Published: June 2005

Karyotypes of 22 species of Australian agamids are described. Most of these exhibit a macrochromosome complement of six pairs. Lophognathus differs in having 10 pairs of macrochromosomes. Most Australian agamids possess 20 microchromosomes but Physignathus and Gonocephalus retain 24. This difference confirms the division of the Australian Agamidae into a large endemic radiation and a small group more closely related to Asian genera.
A Revision of the Australian Crocinae (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae)
Authors: Mansell MW
Published: June 2005

The Australian Crocinae (Neuroptera : Nemopteridae) are revised. A new genus, Carnarviana, and three new species, Carnarviana cretata, C. janthorum and Austrocroce occidens, are described. The larvae of C. cretata, C. janthorum and Austrocroce mira (McKeown), and their habitats, are described. A key is provided for the two genera and six species now known from Australia, and taxonomic and distributional data are given for each.
Aspects of the Water, Electrolyte and Carbohydrate Physiology of the Silvereye, Zosterops Lateralis (Aves).
Authors: Rooke IJ , Bradshaw SD , Langworthy RA
Published: June 2005

Total body water content (TBW) and TBW turnover were measured by means of tritiated water (HTO) in free-ranging populations of silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis, near Margaret River, W.A. Birds were studied in their natural habitats during spring and summer, and compared with a vineyard population in summer. In the natural habitat TBW content was found to be 77.6% in spring, which was not significantly different from that measured in summer (78.3%). Birds in vineyards in summer, however, were dehydrated, with a TBW content of 69.4%. Calculated rates of water influx for spring, summer and summer vineyards birds were 1.44,2.20 and 0.65 ml g.day-' respectively. These water turnover rates are much higher than those of any other bird yet studied. Dehydration was marked in the vineyard birds, with a significantly lower TBW content and an average net water loss of 0.63 ml day-'. Laboratory studies showed that silvereyes have a low tolerance to sodium loading. Their tolerance is, however, quite adequate for them to drink the most concentrated free water available to them in the field. Ingestion of concentrated sugar solutions of up to 25% did not provoke an osmotic diuresis and thus cannot account for the dehydration and negative water balance of vineyard birds.
The Design of the Nematode Body Wall: the Ontogeny of the Cuticle.
Authors: Inglis WG
Published: June 2005

Hypotheses are presented which explain how the one-cell-thick nematode epidermis determines the structure of the complex proteinaceous cuticle during its ontogeny. The pseudometamerism, 3 major layers, and all radial structures, it is concluded, are laid down around the epidermis which acts as a template. The structurally very complex multilamellate, cross-fibre, and striated-paracrystalline materials can, it is demonstrated, be induced by spontaneous self-assembly on a liquid crystal model. The ontogeny of the cuticle, it is hypothesized, must involve a messenger system which induces changes in pre-set material, because the full thickness of cuticle is laid down initially as unmodified material which later switches to its final form. It is speculated that this may involve a paracrystalline switch comparable to the troponin-complex:tropomyosin-sequence of muscle contraction, because of the presence of striated-paracrystalline material and reports of nets, banded fibres, paracrystalline-like structures and possibly tactoids in some cuticles.
Movement and Host Finding by Unfed Nymphs of Two Australian Reptile Ticks.
Authors: Petney TN , Andrews RH , Bull CM
Published: June 2005

Unfed nymphs ofthe Australian reptile tick species Aponomma hydrosauri and Amblyomma limbatum stayed in aggregated groups in one spot, despite the presence of host lizards as close as 50 cm. The two tick species apparently wait for hosts to come by, in contrast to other species which actively respond to nearby hosts. It may be that, because the bodies ofthe reptile hosts are so close to the ground, the ticks do not have to give up the benefits of remaining in sheltered microhabitats for efficient host finding.
The Subspecific Biochemical Taxonomy of Antechinus minimus, A. swainsonii and Sminthopsis leucopus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)
Authors: Smith AMA
Published: June 2005

Electrophoretic variation in mainland and Tasmanian populations of Antechinus minimus, A. swainsonii and Sminthopsis leucopus was examined. The degree of genetic divergence observed among the trans-Bassian populations of each species corroborates the currently accepted subspecific rankings of A. minimus minimus and A. m. maritimus, A. swainsonii swainsonii and A. s. mimetes, and S. leucopus leucopus and S.l. ferruginifrons. The Flinders Island population of A. minimus was tentatively referred to the mainland subspecies, A. m. maritimus, on the basis of genetic similarity. Generally, levels of genetic divergence were found to be low when compared to those of similar taxonomic ranks in other animals.
Princeps Aegeus (Donovan) and Its Allies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): Systematics, Phylogeny and Biogeography.
Authors: Hancock DL
Published: June 2005

The systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the amynthor and gambrisius groups of Australasian Princeps Hubner are discussed. Nine species are recognized: amynthor group: amynthor (Boisduval), schmeltzii (Herrich-Schaffer), godeffroyi (Semper); gambrisius group: inopinatus (Butler), bridgei (Mathew), weymeri (Niepelt), gambrisius (Cramer), tydeus (C.& R. Felder), aegeus (Donovan). The new combination P. amynthor amphiaraus (C.& R. Felder) is proposed at the subspecies level. Several new synonymies are established and the taxon heringi Niepelt is regarded as a hybrid tydeus x fuscus (Goeze). The form names in P. aegeus are rationalized, only three female forms being recognized and the remainder having only varietal status.
Aspects of Lactation in the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata), in Waters of Eastern New South Wales.
Authors: Grant TR , Griffiths M , Leckie RMC
Published: June 2005

Female platypuses captured in waters of eastern New South Wales were found to be lactating between the months of October and March. Lactating females were most numerous in December, accounting for 64% of females captured. Non-lactating females were taken in all months, indicating that not all females breed successfully every year. There was no significant difference between the fatty acid complement of milk taken from a platypus lactating very late in the season and those of others sampled in December at the peak of the lactation season. Some evidence exists that females do not become reproductive until at least their second year of life. Some females were found lactating in consecutive years, and others lactated one year and not in the one following. Animals of over 9 years of age are known to breed. Most juveniles were captured in February, March and April, and it is suggested that the young leave the breeding burrows for the first time in late January through to March, and become independent from their mothers, who are ceasing lactation at that time.
Growth of the Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli (Pinnipedia)
Authors: Bryden MM , Smith MSR , Tedman RA , Featherston DW
Published: June 2005

Birth weight was more than trebled during the 6-week suckling period in Weddell seals, and increments in girth measurements were greater than increments in standard length. There was a very highly significant relationship between body weight and length and girth, but no consistent difference between the sexes in birth weight or growth during the suckling period. The distribution of body length frequencies, and regression of body length on age of juvenile and adult seals, indicated that at all ages greater than 1 year, females are larger than males. The mean length difference favouring females is approximately 6 cm. A multiple regression equation was derived that permits estimation of body weight from length and girth measurements. Relative weights and growth coefficients of several tissues and organs are recorded, and discussed in relation to similar data from other species of marine mammals.
The Relationship between Body Weight, Egg Weight, Incubation Period, Nestling Period and Nest Site in the Psittaciformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes and Columbiformes.
Authors: Saunders DA , Smith GT , Campbell NA
Published: June 2005

The theory that landbirds which nest in holes tend to have larger clutches, longer incubation periods and longer nestling periods than those which nest in the open was tested by comparing the Psittaciformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes. It was found that among the graminivore-frugivores, the hole-nesting Psittaciformes produce larger clutches, have longer incubation and nestling periods than the open-nesting Columbiformes. Among the carnivore-insectivores, the Strigiformes (which predominantly nest in holes) produce larger clutches and have longer nestling periods than the open-nesting Falconiformes but there is no difference in incubation periods.
Larvae of Australian Gomphomacromiinae and their Bearing on the Status of the Synthemis Groupof Genera (Odonata: Corduliidae)
Authors: Theischinger G , Watson JAL
Published: June 2005

The descriptive information available on the larvae of the Australian Gomphomacromiinae is summarized. The larvae of Austrocordulia leonardi Theischinger, A. refracta Tillyard, Hesperocordulia berthoudi Tillyard, Lathrocordulia metallica Tillyard, and ?Pseudocordulia sp. are briefly redescribed and refigured. The larvae of Apocordulia macrops Watson, Archaeophya adamsi Fraser, A. magnifica Theischinger & Watson, Austrocordulia territoria Theischinger & Watson, Austrophya mystica Tillyard, Micromidia atrifrons (McLachlan) and of a possibly new species of Micromidia (Micromidia sp. 'l') are described for the first time. The known larvae of the Australian Gomphomacromiinae are keyed. Two groups are recognized in the Gomphomacromiinae, the larvae of the Gomphomacromia group (including Gomphomacromia, Archaeophya and ?Pseudocordulia) having strongly synthemistid facies whereas those of the Oxygastra group (including the other genera of Gomphomacromiinae) are more typically corduliid; the venation of the adults also differs. Synthemis and its allies are, therefore, relegated to subfamilial status in the Corduliidae, adjacent to the Gomphomacromia group.