bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon Centered Trigonal Prismatic Tungsten Clusters [W6CCl18]n– (n = 1, 2) containing Copper(I) and Copper(II)
Authors: Mos Agnieszka , Ströbele Markus , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: September 2015

The solid state reaction of WCl6 with copper powder and a reactive source of carbon leads to a new trigonal prismatic carbon‐centered tungsten cluster containing copper ions. Cu[W6CCl18] dissolves in organic solvents (dimethylsulfoxide, acetone), resulting in two air stable products Cu(C2H6OS)6[W6CCl18] and Cu(C2H6OS)4[W6CCl18]2. Both of them contain carbon‐centered trigonal prismatic tungsten clusters [W6CCl18]n– (n = 1, 2) and Jahn‐Teller distorted octahedral copper(II) ions. Crystal structures of all compounds were investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The presence of carbon as an interstitial atom in the cluster is confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Customary Assets and Contemporary Artistry: Multimodal Learning and Remote Economic Participation
Authors: Lovell Judith
Published: September 2015

The role of artistry in transformative maintenance of law and custom is a theme widely researched and discussed in Aboriginal arts related literature. However, it is the aim of this paper to contribute to a wider discourse about learning and economic participation in remote Australia, and in particular the role of multimodality as a significant asset. The paper draws from relevant literature and two case studies; one from Keringke Arts, and one from Eastern Arrernte teacher and artist, Kathleen Kemarre Wallace. In customary form, multimodality combines and recombines various modalities — including dance, song, sand drawing, body painting and design, storytelling, stories, rhythm, petroglyph and ochre-painted rock art — enabling the intergenerational teaching and learning of rich cultural heritage in ways which connect that experience to the law and custom of the homelands. Multimodality, as it is used in this paper, draws on the concept of ‘form-relationality’; the way various modalities are combined and recombined, as elements which together describe a body of knowledge and yet separately provide myriad detail. Although beyond the scope of this paper, multimodality is also a mediating influence between contemporary and customary elements and contexts. This paper considers the complexity of multimodality as an asset in a contemporary arts market.
A Composition-Based View of Firm Growth
Authors: Luo Yadong , Child John
Published: September 2015

This article presents a composition-based view (CBV), which explicates the growth of enterprises that compete and develop without the benefit of resource advantages, core technology, or market power. The CBV emphasizes how ordinary firms with ordinary resources may generate extraordinary results through their creative use of open resources and unique integrating capabilities, resulting in an enhanced speed and a price-value ratio that are well suited to large numbers of mass market consumers. In addition to defining the CBV, this article explains the key elements of composition-based strategy and the distinctive processes of composition. Although CBV logic can apply to any firm endeavoring to catch up with better endowed competitors, it aligns well with the case of emerging economy enterprises (EEEs), and Chinese ones in particular. Nonetheless, the advantages of adopting composition-based strategy are temporary in nature and will decline over time, especially after the firm passes the imitative or catch-up stage. We also propose an agenda for future research.
DEFOLIATION ENHANCES GREEN FORAGE PERFORMANCE BUT INHIBITS GRAIN YIELD IN BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)
Authors: CHEN XIAODONG , ZHAO BIN , CHEN LIANG , WANG RUI , JI CHANGHAO
Published: September 2015

To evaluate the effects of defoliation on green forage performance and grain yield (GY) variation in barley, five barley genotypes were imposed on three levels of defoliation treatments over two consecutive growing seasons in this study. The results indicated that green forage yields were significantly improved by repeated defoliation. The traits of green forage quality, including the ratio of dry weight to fresh weight, crude ash and calcium content were improved, while crude protein and crude fat were reduced, and crude fiber and phosphorus contents appeared not to be influenced by repeated defoliation. Plant height (PH), GY and other yield components, grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight, were significantly reduced by defoliation over the two growing seasons, while internode length below spike was less affected. Reduction in spike length and the number of spikes per plant were identified in only one year. Correlation analysis revealed that only PH exhibited a positive correlation with GY. Effects of genotype, interaction between genotype and defoliation, and environments on changes of forage yield and quality and GY were also discussed. Our current work provides a feasible approach to select elite barley cultivars with optimal defoliation treatments for both forage and grain uses in barley breeding programme.
Variability of the caprine whey protein genes and their association with milk yield, composition and renneting properties in the Sarda breed: 2. TheBLGgene
Authors: Dettori Maria Luisa , Pazzola Michele , Pira Emanuela , Puggioni Ornella , Vacca Giuseppe Massimo
Published: September 2015

The variability of the promoter region and the 3′UTR (exon-7) of the BLG gene, encoding the β-lactoglobulin, was investigated by sequencing in 263 lactating Sarda goats in order to assess its association with milk traits. Milk traits included: milk yield, fat, total protein and lactose content, pH, daily fat and protein yield (DFPY), freezing point, milk energy, somatic cell count, total microbial mesophilic count, rennet coagulation time (RCT), curd firming rate (k20) and curd firmness (a30). A total of 7 polymorphic sites were detected and the sequence analysed was given accession number KM817769. Only three SNPs (c.−381C>T, c.−323C>T and c.*420C>A) had minor allele frequency higher than 0·05. The effects of farm, stage of lactation and the interaction farm × stage of lactation significantly influenced all the milk traits (P< 0·01,P< 0·001) except for lactose content and SCS, which were not affected by the farm, and RCT and k20, which were not affected by the stage of lactation. The BLG gene polymorphism influenced milk yield and DFPY, in relation to SNPs c.−381C>T and c.*420C>A (P< 0·01 andP< 0·05). All three SNPs affected milk pH, and this association was highly significant at c.−381C>T (P< 0·001). The c.−381TT homozygous goats showed lower pH, RCT and k20 than c.−381CT (P< 0·05). In conclusion the polymorphism of the goat BLG gene did not affect the total protein content of the Sarda goat milk, and only weakly influenced RCT and k20. On the other hand, an interesting effect on milk yields and DFPY emerged in two SNPs. This information might be useful in dairy goat breeding programs.
AN HONORIFICGNOMEOF THEKOINONOF THE PHRIKYLADAI. A NEW INSCRIPTION FROM LIVERPOOL
Authors: Liddel Peter , Low Polly
Published: September 2015

This article publishes a new decree from the storerooms of Liverpool's World Museum. We provide a text and translation of the document, and discuss difficulties in reading the text as well as restorations where the stone is illegible. We offer an approximate dating of the document to the mid-third century, and suggest, on prosopographical and formulaic grounds, that it derives from Erythrae. We offer an interpretation of the status of the transaction (which describes itself as agnome), the officials mentioned in the document, and the activities and nature of the Phrikyladai.
MOULDING CULTURAL CHANGE: A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH TO ANATOMICAL VOTIVE TERRACOTTAS IN CENTRAL ITALY, FOURTH–SECOND CENTURIES BC
Authors: Scopacasa Rafael
Published: September 2015

This article demonstrates how a contextual approach to material culture can help us think about the link between Roman hegemony and cultural change in Republican Italy. It does this by focusing on a particular set of artefacts — anatomical votive terracottas — that have been seen to indicate the spread of Roman and/or Latin culture in central Italy. Although the use of anatomical terracottas may have begun in the vicinity of Rome, communities in central Italy actively engaged with these artefacts according to their own cultural dispositions. Such signs of local agency are especially visible in the way that worshippers in the Apennine areas of central Italy favoured votive terracottas depicting legs, feet and hands, instead of reproductive organs, which were more popular in the Tyrrhenian zone. These findings emphasise the key role of local cultural practice in shaping the effect of accelerated political change on the micro-level.
BARBERS, BARBERSHOPS AND SEARCHING FOR ROMAN POPULAR CULTURE
Authors: Toner Jerry
Published: September 2015

This paper looks at one particular group of non-élite tradesmen — barbers — to see what they can tell us about popular culture, primarily in the city of Rome in the early Empire. It begins by looking at the significance barbers had in wider cultural discourse. Grooming the hair sat under that difficult umbrella term, cultus, which related to all manner of adornment and refinement. A key question for the study of ancient popular culture is whether it is possible to see through this largely élite literary construction and discern something of the underlying realities of everyday life. The paper argues that some level of plausible reconstruction is possible, and outlines what characteristics can be discovered about non-élite life. But popular sociability in the barbershop raised concerns among élite writers, and the paper examines these as a way to understand the nature of the relationship between popular and élite cultures.
WHAT FRANCESCO DI GIORGIO SAW ON THE CAPITOLINE HILL C. 1470
Authors: Moralee Jason , Moe Kiel
Published: September 2015

Francesco di Giorgio, the Sienese architect and artist, visited Rome c. 1470. By looking at his plan of the ‘porticho del Champitolio’, it is possible to reconstruct not only what Francesco di Giorgio saw on the Monte Tarpeo, but also what Poggio Bracciolini, Flavio Biondo, Pietro del Massaio and others saw there. It was apparently a notable site, an evocative ruin worthy of commentary, artistic representation and imaginative reconstruction. Whatever temple remains continued to be visible, however, these were insufficient to suggest that they were originally part of the temple. By the end of the fifteenth century, the temple had been lost. None the less, Francesco di Giorgio unwittingly documented the last standing columns of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
The ecosystem service of sense of place: benefits for human well-being and biodiversity conservation
Authors: HAUSMANN ANNA , SLOTOW ROB , BURNS JONATHAN K. , DI MININ ENRICO
Published: September 2015

Assessing the cultural benefits provided by non-market ecosystem services can contribute previously unknown information to supplement conservation decision-making. The concept of sense of place embeds all dimensions of peoples’ perceptions and interpretations of the environment, such as attachment, identity or symbolic meaning, and has the potential to link social and ecological issues. This review contains: (1) an evaluation of the importance of sense of place as an ecosystem service; and (2) comprehensive discussion as to how incorporating sense of place in an evaluation can uncover potential benefits for both biodiversity conservation and human well-being. Sense of place provides physical and psychological benefits to people, and has neglected economic value. The biodiversity-related experiences are essential components of the service that need to be further explored. A conceptual framework was used to explore how the existing knowledge on sense of place derived from other fields can be used to inform conservation decision-making, but further research is needed to fill existing gaps in knowledge. This review contributes to a better understanding of the role biodiversity plays in human well-being, and should inform the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).
Basic reproduction number of coxsackievirus type A6 and A16 and enterovirus 71: estimates from outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore, a tropical city-state
Authors: LIM C. T. K. , JIANG L. , MA S. , JAMES L. , ANG L. W.
Published: September 2015

Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) were the major enteroviruses causing nationwide hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics in Singapore in the last decade. We estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) of these enteroviruses to obtain a better understanding of their transmission dynamics. We merged records of cases from HFMD outbreaks reported between 2007 and 2012 with laboratory results from virological surveillance.R0was estimated based on the cumulative number of reported cases in the initial growth phase of each outbreak associated with the particular enterovirus type. A total of 33 HFMD outbreaks were selected based on the inclusion criteria specified for our study, of which five were associated with CV-A6, 13 with CV-A16, and 15 with EV-A71. The medianR0was estimated to be 5·04 [interquartile range (IQR) 3·57–5·16] for CV-A6, 2·42 (IQR 1·85–3·36) for CV-A16, and 3·50 (IQR 2·36–4·53) for EV-A71.R0was not significantly associated with number of infected children (P= 0·86), number of exposed children (P= 0·94), and duration of the outbreak (P= 0·05). These enterovirus-specificR0estimates will be helpful in providing insights into the potential growth of future HFMD epidemics and outbreaks for timely implementation of disease control measures, together with disease dynamics such as severity of the cases.
Diagnosing the completion of a sound change: Phonetic and phonological evidence for /ʃ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish
Authors: Rohena-Madrazo Marcos
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the variable devoicing of /ʒ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish, a phenomenon previously characterized as a change in progress. A novel method is implemented to determine the completion of the devoicing change by comparing the voicing levels of /ʒ/ to the inherent voicing variability of /s/, as well as by comparing the allophonic patterns of /ʒ/ to those of /s/. If the voicing levels of /ʒ/ are not significantly different from those of /s/ and the /ʒ/ no longer exhibits positional affrication, then the speaker's underlying postalveolar fricative is /ʃ/: they are a “devoicer.” The results suggest that, although older speakers, of both middle and upper classes, exhibit variation in the distribution of “voicers,” most younger speakers are devoicers, indicating that the /ʒ/ devoicing change is nearing conclusion. As a result, the underlying fricative for the majority of Buenos Aires Spanish speakers may very well be /ʃ/.
Calculating correct compilers
Authors: BAHR PATRICK , HUTTON GRAHAM
Published: September 2015

In this article, we present a new approach to the problem of calculating compilers. In particular, we develop a simple but general technique that allows us to derive correct compilers from high-level semantics by systematic calculation, with all details of the implementation of the compilers falling naturally out of the calculation process. Our approach is based upon the use of standard equational reasoning techniques, and has been applied to calculate compilers for a wide range of language features and their combination, including arithmetic expressions, exceptions, state, various forms of lambda calculi, bounded and unbounded loops, non-determinism and interrupts. All the calculations in the article have been formalised using the Coq proof assistant, which serves as a convenient interactive tool for developing and verifying the calculations.
On the Number ofBh-Sets
Authors: DELLAMONICA DOMINGOS , KOHAYAKAWA YOSHIHARU , LEE SANG JUNE , RÖDL VOJTĚCH , SAMOTIJ WOJCIECH
Published: September 2015

A setAof positive integers is aBh-setif all the sums of the forma1+ . . . +ah, witha1,. . .,ah∈Aanda1⩽ . . . ⩽ah, are distinct. We provide asymptotic bounds for the number ofBh-sets of a given cardinality contained in the interval [n] = {1,. . .,n}. As a consequence of our results, we address a problem of Cameron and Erdős (1990) in the context ofBh-sets. We also use these results to estimate the maximum size of aBh-sets contained in a typical (random) subset of [n] with a given cardinality.
Development and persistence of depressive symptoms in adolescents with CHD
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Rassart Jessica , Goossens Eva , Apers Silke , Oris Leen , Moons Philip
Published: September 2015

Patients with CHD are vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. The present study compared baseline depressive symptoms between adolescents with CHD and community adolescents, and also assessed the development and persistence of depressive symptoms in patients. We examined the implications of persistent depressive symptoms towards quality of life and patient-reported health. In total, 296 adolescents with CHD participated in a four-wave longitudinal study, with 9-month intervals, and completed measures of depressive symptoms – Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) – at time points one to four and of quality of life – linear analogue scale (LAS) – and patient-reported health – LAS and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – at T (time) 4. Information about diagnosis, disease complexity, and previous heart surgery was collected from medical records. At T1, 278 patients were matched 1:1 with community adolescents, based on sex and age. The findings of this study indicate that patients scored significantly lower on depressive symptoms compared with community adolescents. Depressive symptoms in the total patient sample were stable over time and were unrelated to disease complexity. Based on conventional cut-off scores of the CES-D, substantial individual differences existed in the extent to which depressive symptoms persisted over time: 12.2% of the patients reported elevated depressive symptoms at minimally three out of the four time points. Especially physical functioning, cardiac symptoms, and patient-reported health at T4 were predicted by persistent depressive symptoms, even when controlling for the level of depressive symptoms at T4. Our findings indicate that those involved in the care of adolescents with CHD should remain vigilant to persistent depressive symptoms and arrange timely referral to mental healthcare services.
Feasibility and safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Abumehdi Mohammad R. , Wardle Andrew J. , Nazzal Rewa , Charalampopoulos Athanasios , Schulze-Neick Ingram , Derrick Graham , Moledina Shahin , Giardini Alessandro
Published: September 2015

Background

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing helps prognosticate and guide treatment in adults with pulmonary hypertension. Concerns regarding its feasibility and safety limit its use in children with pulmonary hypertension. We aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a large paediatric pulmonary hypertension cohort.

Methods

We reviewed all consecutive cardiopulmonary exercise tests performed between March, 2004 and November, 2013. The exclusion criteria were as follows: height <120 cm, World Health Organization class IV, history of exercise-induced syncope, or significant ischaemia/arrhythmias. Significant events recorded were as follows: patient-reported symptoms, arrhythmias, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and abnormal responses of arterial O2 saturation.

Results

A total of 98 children underwent 167 cardiopulmonary exercise tests. The median age was 14 years (inter-quartile range 10–15 years). Peak oxygen uptake was 20.4±7.3 ml/kg/minute, corresponding to 51.8±18.3% of the predicted value. Peak respiratory quotient was 1.08±0.16. All the tests except two were maximal, being terminated prematurely for clinical reasons. Baseline Oxygen saturation was 93.3±8.8% and was 81.2±19.5% at peak exercise. A drop in arterial O2 saturation >20% was observed in 23.5% of the patients. Moreover, five patients (3.0%) experienced dizziness, one requiring termination of cardiopulmonary exercise testing; five children (3.0%) experienced chest pain, with early cardiopulmonary exercise test termination in one patient. No significant arrhythmias or electrocardiogram changes were observed.

Conclusion

Exercise testing in non-severely symptomatic children with pulmonary hypertension is safe and practical, and can be performed in a large number of children with pulmonary hypertension in a controlled environment with an experienced team. Side-effects were not serious and were resolved promptly with test termination.
Beyond the Call of Duty: The Structure of a Moral Region
Authors: Wessels Ulla
Published: September 2015

A woman risks her life to save someone else's child from a house that is on fire. While in his prime, a man donates one of his kidneys to a dialysis patient whom he does not know. In Auschwitz, Maximilian Kolbe sacrifices his life for the life of another prisoner.
Beyond Obligation? Jean-Marie Guyau on Life and Ethics
Authors: Ansell-Pearson Keith
Published: September 2015

There is a tradition of modern French philosophy that contains valuable resources for thinking about the nature and limits of obligation and how a higher calling of life beyond obligation might be conceived. This is a tradition of an ethics of generosity whose best exemplar is perhaps Henri Bergson (1859–1941) and that extends in our own time to the writing of Gilles Deleuze (1925–95).
Assimilating Supererogation
Authors: Levy D.K.
Published: September 2015

The interest in supererogation and supererogatory actions derives from the perception that there is something problematic about them. I shall argue that there is nothing problematic about them. The perception to the contrary arises from preconceptions common in ethical theory. When these are relaxed or dismissed, supererogatory actions are easily assimilated as well-motivated responses to moral situations. Assimilating, rather than denying, them is important for a sound moral philosophy.
Is supererogation more than just costly sacrifice?
Authors: Drummond Young Elizabeth
Published: September 2015

I begin by examining the answer to a traditional puzzle concerning supererogatory acts: if they are good to do, why are they not required? The answer often given is that they are optional acts because they cost the agent too much. This view has parallels with the traditional view of religious sacrifice, which involves offering up something or someone valuable as a gift or victim and experiencing a ‘cost’ as part of the ritual. There are problems with the idea that costs justify the optional nature of supererogatory acts, however, and I suggest that these problems mirror the tensions that are found in Christian theology when a traditional view of sacrifice is adopted.
US – Shrimp: United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products: Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Malaysia
Authors: Howse Robert , Neven Damien J.
Published: September 2015

This study discusses the ruling of the Appellate Body (AB) in the recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Malaysia in the context of the US import prohibition of certain shrimp and shrimp products from a legal and economic perspective. The first part of the chapter (section 2) discusses the background of the case, and, in particular, presents the main issues at stake in the Panel and AB decisions in the original case as well as their main findings. Section 3 discusses the key elements of the compliance panel and its subsequent appeal and identifies a few issues that are discussed in further detail. In section 4, in the context of a simple model, we first consider the consequences of making imports contingent on the adoption of environmental measures in exporting countries. We find that the attractiveness of such measures depends heavily on the characteristics of abatement technology and the range of policies available in the exporting countries. Finally, section 5 briefly discusses the trade-off between flexibility in the imposition of environmental standards and the enforcement of dispute settlements’ rulings.
US – Lamb: United States – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia: What Should be Required of a Safeguard Investigation?
Authors: Horn Henrik , Mavroidis Petros C.
Published: September 2015

The United States (US) imposed, in July 1999, a safeguard on lamb meat, in the form of tariff rate import quotas, which were to be applied for a period of three years. The measure was based on findings by the US International Trade Commission that increased imports of lamb meat were a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to the US industry producing the like product. Following complaints by New Zealand and Australia that the measure was inconsistent with Articles I, II and XIX of GATT 1994, and several provisions of the Agreement on Safeguards, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body established, in November 1999, a panel to review the consistency of the US measure with the mentioned WTO rules.
Mexico – Corn Syrup: Mexico – Anti-dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup from the United States, Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States
Authors: Howse Robert , Neven Damien J.
Published: September 2015

The 21.5 AB ruling in Mexico – Corn Syrup arises out of a dispute between the United States and Mexico concerning whether the Mexican agency’s finding of material injury from dumping was consistent with the Anti-dumping Agreement. The original Panel1 found that the agency’s determination of the existence of a threat of material injury to the domestic industry was made in violation of numerous provisions of the Anti-dumping Agreement. In light of these findings by the panel, the agency made a redetermination and the United States filed a 21.5 complaint, claiming that the redetermination failed to address adequately the defects identified by the original panel.
US – Lead and Bismuth II: United States – Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Privatization and the Injury Caused by Non-Recurring Subsidies
Authors: Grossman Gene M. , Mavroidis Petros C.
Published: September 2015

In 1993, the US Department of Commerce began to levy countervailing duties on imports of certain leaded bars from the United Kingdom. The United States applied tariffs to goods imported from British Steel Engineering Steels, a subsidiary of British Steel plc. Following investigations by the US Department of Commerce and the United States International Trade Commission, the US authorities held that the imposition of duties was both required by Section 701 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (as amended) and not in violation of any of the country’s obligations as a member of the World Trade Organization.
Canada – Dairy: Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk
Authors: Janow Merit E. , Staiger Robert W.
Published: September 2015

This paper summarizes and critically reviews the dispute brought before the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk, euphemistically referred to herein as Canada – Dairy. This dispute is centered on the WTO Agricultural Agreement, though it also involves the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement and GATT – 1994.
United States – Tax treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” Recourse to Arbitration by the United States under Article 22.6 of the DSU and Article 4.11 of the SCM Agreement (WT/DS108/ARB) A Comment
Authors: Howse Robert , Neven Damien J.
Published: September 2015

Some of the legal analysis in this study derives from joint work between Robert Howse and Susan Esserman on this ruling, “Trade disputes quire fairer arbitration,” FT.com, Sep 12, 2002

This chapter discusses the decision by the arbitrator on suspension of concessions (“retaliation”) in the dispute between the US and the EU regarding the tax treatment of offshore corporate income under US legislation. By way of background, the first part of the chapter (section 2) describes the operation of the US scheme, including as revised after the first round of WTO rulings.
United States – Countervailing Duties on Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Germany (WTO Doc. WT/DS213/AB/R): The Sounds of Silence
Authors: Grossman Gene m. , Mavroidis Petros C.
Published: September 2015

On August 17, 1993, the United States Department of Commerce (USDOC) imposed definitive countervailing duties (CVDs) on carbon steel originating in Germany. The imposition of these duties was based on an investigation by USDOC in which it was determined that certain German producers had benefited from five countervailable subsidy programs at a total ad valorem rate of 0.60 percent.
India – Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector
Authors: Bagwell Kyle , Sykes Alan O.
Published: September 2015

This study addresses the disputes brought to the World Trade Organization (WTO) by the European Communities and the United States concerning certain Indian measures affecting the importation of automobiles and components in the form of “completely knocked down” (CKD) and “semi-knocked down” (SKD) kits. The measures in question originated during a time when India employed extensive import licensing requirements, ostensibly for balance of payments purposes. India’s broad licensing regime was challenged in 1997 by the European Communities and the United States, resulting in a settlement with the European Communities and a ruling in favor of the United States pursuant to which India agreed to abolish its import licensing system. Some restrictions in the automotive sector remained, however,which became the subject of this proceeding.
United States – Preliminary Determination with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada: What is a Subsidy?
Authors: Horn Henrik , Mavroidis Petros C.
Published: September 2015

In August 2001, the United States Department of Commerce (USDOC) issued a preliminary determination that Canadian schemes for allocating standing timber to private harvesters – “stumpage” programs – provided countervailable subsidies to Canadian softwood lumber producers. It also preliminarily determined that critical circumstances existed in the US softwood lumber industry, caused by Canadian imports. Provisional measures were imposed on the basis of a preliminary subsidy rate of 19.31 percent, applicable to all producers/exporters, and applied to all entries of softwood lumber from Canada.
Mexico – Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services (WT/DS204/R) A Comment on “El mess in TELMEX”
Authors: Neven Damien J. , Mavroidis Petros C.
Published: September 2015

This chapter reviews the panel report on Mexico – Measures Affecting Telecommunication Services. The Panel considered claims by the United States that Mexico acted inconsistently with its obligations in respect to the liberalization of its market for telecommunication services. It is the first Panel to consider solely the rules agreed upon in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It is also the first Panel to deal with the telecommunication services industry and its complex layers of legislation, in particular the rules agreed to in the Telecommunications Reference Paper (TRP) on pro-competitive regulatory principles. Viewed from this perspective, this report is, because of its potential as a precedent, of particular significance.
European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (WT/DS246/AB/R)
Authors: Grossman Gene M. , Sykes Alan O.
Published: September 2015

The WTO case brought by India in 2002 to challenge aspects of the European Communities’ Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) brings fresh scrutiny to a policy area that has received little attention in recent years – trade preferences for developing countries. The idea for such preferences emerged from the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964. The ensuing negotiations led to Resolution 21(ii) at the second session of UNCTAD in 1968, acknowledging “unanimous agreement” in favor of the establishment of preferential arrangements. Tariff discrimination violates the most-favored nation (MFN) obligation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Art. I, however, and thus the legal authority for preferential tariff schemes had to await a GATT waiver of this obligation, which came in 1971. The waiver was to expire after 10 years, but the authority for preferences was extended by the GATT Contracting Parties Decision of November 28, 1979 on Differential and More Favorable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, popularly known as the “Enabling Clause,” and now incorporated into the law of the WTO along with the GATT itself.
Psychometric evaluation of a Czech version of the Family Inventory of Needs
Authors: Bužgová Radka , Kozáková Radka
Published: September 2015

Objective:

Identification of areas that family members consider important and in which they need help and support is one of the main goals of palliative care. Our research aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a Czech version of the Family Inventory of Needs (FIN).

Method:

The group comprised 272 family members of terminally ill cancer patients at the University Hospital in Ostrava. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test–retest reliability, and correlation of both scales and items within the scales (item–total correlation). To verify construct validity, exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis with a varimax rotation were utilized.

Results:

Using exploratory factor analysis, the following four factors (domains) were extracted: basic information, information on treatment and care, support, and comfort of the patient. Cronbach's α for the entire questionnaire was 0.924 on the importance scale and 0.912 for the satisfaction scale; for all domains, a value of α greater than 0.7 was ascertained. Test–retest reliability was also higher than 0.7 for all domains. On the satisfaction scale, a moderate correlation was confirmed between unmet needs in the domains basic information, support, and comfort of the patient, and the total score, and in selected quality-of-life domains.

Significance of results:

The results of tests on the psychometric properties of the FIN questionnaire demonstrated at least satisfactory validity and reliability, and confirmed that it can be employed to assess the needs of palliative care patients in the Czech Republic.
Initiating pain and palliative care outpatient services for the suburban underserved in Montgomery County, Maryland: Lessons learned at the NIH Clinical Center and MobileMed
Authors: Aggarwal Sunil K. , Ghosh Amrita , Cheng M. Jennifer , Luton Kathleen , Lowet Peter F. , Berger Ann
Published: September 2015

Objective:

With the ongoing expansion of palliative care services throughout the United States, meeting the needs of socioeconomically marginalized populations, as in all domains of healthcare, continues to be a challenge. Our specific aim here was to help meet some of these needs through expanding delivery of pain and palliative care services by establishing a new clinic for underserved patients and collecting descriptive data about its operation.

Method:

In November of 2014, the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center's Pain and Palliative Care Service (PPCS) launched a bimonthly offsite pain and palliative care outpatient clinic in collaboration with Mobile Medical Care Inc. (MobileMed), a private not-for-profit primary care provider in Montgomery County, Maryland, serving underserved area residents since 1968. Staffed by NIH hospice and palliative medicine clinical fellows and faculty, the clinic provides specialty pain and palliative care consultation services to patients referred by their primary care healthcare providers. A patient log was maintained, charts reviewed, and referring providers surveyed on their satisfaction with the service.

Results:

The clinic had 27 patient encounters with 10 patients (6 males, 4 females, aged 23–67) during its first 7 months of operation. The reason for referral for all but one patient was chronic pain of multiple etiologies. Patients had numerous psychosocial stressors and comorbidities. All primary care providers who returned surveys (n = 4) rated their level of satisfaction with the consultation service as “very satisfied” or “extremely satisfied.”

Significance of Results:

This brief descriptive report outlines the steps taken and logistical issues addressed to launch and continue the clinic, the characteristics of patients treated, and the results of quality-improvement projects. Lessons learned are highlighted and future directions suggested for the clinic and others that may come along like it.
Kognitive und affektive Perspektivübernahme bei Mädchen mit Sozialverhaltensproblemen in Abhängigkeit vom callous- unemotional Persönlichkeitsmerkmal
Authors: Ueno Kathrin , Schwenck Christina
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Zeigen Mädchen mit Sozialverhaltensproblemen (SVP) in Abhängigkeit vom callous-unemotional (CU)-Persönlichkeitsmerkmal gegenüber gesunden Mädchen Auffälligkeiten in der Perspektivübernahme (PÜ)? Methodik: Anhand einer Video-Sequenz-Aufgabe und der Animated-Shapes-Aufgabe wurde die kognitive und affektive PÜ von Mädchen mit SVP und hohen CU-Werten (SVP-CU+), Mädchen mit SVP und niedrigen CU-Werten (SVP-CU-) und einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (KG) untersucht. Hierfür wurden 59 Mädchen im Alter von 8;6 bis 16;11 Jahren getestet. Ergebnisse: Es wurden weder in der affektiven noch in der kognitiven PÜ signifikante Gruppenunterschiede gefunden. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit alters- und gendervergleichender Studien zur PÜ bei Mädchen mit SVP und CU-Zügen.
Fokussierte muskuloskelettale Sonografie
Authors: Horn Rudolf
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. Auf die fokussierte muskuloskelettale Sonografie kann in der Notfallsituation nicht verzichtet werden. Sie hat sowohl in der Traumatologie als auch in der Inneren Medizin einen sehr hohen Stellenwert. Eingesetzt wird sie vor allem zur Diagnostik von traumatischen Gelenkergüssen als Hinweis auf okkulte Frakturen/Fissuren, bei Gelenkentzündungen, bei Muskel- und Sehnenrissen, zur Differenzierung von Weichteilschwellungen, zum Aufsuchen eines Fremdkörpers und auch zur Frakturerkennung. Die fokussierte Sonografie sollte direkt vom behandelnden Arzt beim Notfallpatienten durchgeführt werden, um diese spezifischen Fragen beantworten zu können.
Breadth of tuning in taste afferent neurons varies with stimulus strength
Authors: Wu An , Dvoryanchikov Gennady , Pereira Elizabeth , Chaudhari Nirupa , Roper Stephen D.
Published: September 2015

Gustatory stimuli are detected by taste buds and transmitted to the hindbrain via sensory afferent neurons. Whether each taste quality (sweet, bitter and so on) is encoded by separate neurons (‘labelled lines’) remains controversial. We used mice expressing GCaMP3 in geniculate ganglion sensory neurons to investigate taste-evoked activity. Using confocal calcium imaging, we recorded responses to oral stimulation with prototypic taste stimuli. Up to 69% of neurons respond to multiple tastants. Moreover, neurons tuned to a single taste quality at low concentration become more broadly tuned when stimuli are presented at higher concentration. Responses to sucrose and monosodium glutamate are most related. Although mice prefer dilute NaCl solutions and avoid concentrated NaCl, we found no evidence for two separate populations of sensory neurons that encode this distinction. Altogether, our data suggest that taste is encoded by activity in patterns of peripheral sensory neurons and challenge the notion of strict labelled line coding.
Genetic mapping uncovers cis-regulatory landscape of RNA editing
Authors: Ramaswami Gokul , Deng Patricia , Zhang Rui , Anna Carbone Mary , Mackay Trudy F. C. , Billy Li Jin
Published: September 2015

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, catalysed by ADAR enzymes conserved in metazoans, plays an important role in neurological functions. Although the fine-tuning mechanism provided by A-to-I RNA editing is important, the underlying rules governing ADAR substrate recognition are not well understood. We apply a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approach to identify genetic variants associated with variability in RNA editing. With very accurate measurement of RNA editing levels at 789 sites in 131 Drosophila melanogaster strains, here we identify 545 editing QTLs (edQTLs) associated with differences in RNA editing. We demonstrate that many edQTLs can act through changes in the local secondary structure for edited dsRNAs. Furthermore, we find that edQTLs located outside of the edited dsRNA duplex are enriched in secondary structure, suggesting that distal dsRNA structure beyond the editing site duplex affects RNA editing efficiency. Our work will facilitate the understanding of the cis-regulatory code of RNA editing.
Stripe-like nanoscale structural phase separation in superconducting BaPb1−xBixO3
Authors: Giraldo-Gallo P. , Zhang Y. , Parra C. , Manoharan H.C. , Beasley M.R. , Geballe T.H. , Kramer M.J. , Fisher I.R.
Published: September 2015

The phase diagram of BaPb1−xBixO3 exhibits a superconducting dome in the proximity of a charge density wave phase. For the superconducting compositions, the material coexists as two structural polymorphs. Here we show, via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, that the structural dimorphism is accommodated in the form of partially disordered nanoscale stripes. Identification of the morphology of the nanoscale structural phase separation enables determination of the associated length scales, which we compare with the Ginzburg–Landau coherence length. We find that the maximum Tc occurs when the superconducting coherence length matches the width of the partially disordered stripes, implying a connection between the structural phase separation and the shape of the superconducting dome.
Targeted sequencing reveals clonal genetic changes in the progression of early lung neoplasms and paired circulating DNA
Authors: Izumchenko Evgeny , Chang Xiaofei , Brait Mariana , Fertig Elana , Kagohara Luciane T. , Bedi Atul , Marchionni Luigi , Agrawal Nishant , Ravi Rajani , Jones Sian , Hoque Mohammad O. , Westra William H. , Sidransky David
Published: September 2015

Lungs resected for adenocarcinomas often harbour minute discrete foci of cytologically atypical pneumocyte proliferations designated as atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH). Evidence suggests that AAH represents an initial step in the progression to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and fully invasive adenocarcinoma. Despite efforts to identify predictive markers of malignant transformation, alterations driving this progression are poorly understood. Here we perform targeted next-generation sequencing on multifocal AAHs and different zones of histologic progression within AISs and MIAs. Multiregion sequencing demonstrated different genetic drivers within the same tumour and reveal that clonal expansion is an early event of tumorigenesis. We find that KRAS, TP53 and EGFR mutations are indicators of malignant transition. Utilizing droplet digital PCR, we find alterations associated with early neoplasms in paired circulating DNA. This study provides insight into the heterogeneity of clonal events in the progression of early lung neoplasia and demonstrates that these events can be detected even before neoplasms have invaded and acquired malignant potential.
Erratum: Genome analysis of Excretory/Secretory proteins in Taenia solium reveals their Abundance of Antigenic Regions (AAR)
Authors: Gomez Sandra , Adalid-Peralta Laura , Palafox-Fonseca Hector , Adrian Cantu-Robles Vito , Soberón Xavier , Sciutto Edda , Fragoso Gladis , Bobes Raúl J. , Laclette Juan P. , Yauner Luis del Pozo , Ochoa-Leyva Adrián
Published: September 2015

Excretory/Secretory (ES) proteins play an important role in the host-parasite interactions. Experimental identification of ES proteins is time-consuming and expensive. Alternative bioinformatics approaches are cost-effective and can be used to prioritize the experimental analysis of therapeutic targets for parasitic diseases. Here we predicted and functionally annotated the ES proteins in T. solium genome using an integration of bioinformatics tools. Additionally, we developed a novel measurement to evaluate the potential antigenicity of T. solium secretome using sequence length and number of antigenic regions of ES proteins. This measurement was formalized as the Abundance of Antigenic Regions (AAR) value. AAR value for secretome showed a similar value to that obtained for a set of experimentally determined antigenic proteins and was different to the calculated value for the non-ES proteins of T. solium genome. Furthermore, we calculated the AAR values for known helminth secretomes and they were similar to that obtained for T. solium. The results reveal the utility of AAR value as a novel genomic measurement to evaluate the potential antigenicity of secretomes. This comprehensive analysis of T. solium secretome provides functional information for future experimental studies, including the identification of novel ES proteins of therapeutic, diagnosis and immunological interest.
Reconstruction of cropland cover changes in the Shandong Province over the past 300 years
Authors: Ye Yu , Wei Xueqiong , Li Fan , Fang Xiuqi
Published: September 2015

To advance global change rssearch, it is essential to reconstruct changes in historical cropland coverage on a regional scale in China. This paper presents data collected from 244 local gazetteers, government statistical records and remote-sensing land cover data from the Shandong Province. The study reconstructed the spatial distribution of the rate of reclaimed land at the county level and compared this map with a map of the current spatial distribution of suitable cropland. The following conclusions were drawn: (i) The rate of cultivated land grew exponentially. The extent of reconstruction in cropland areas during the 17th century, 18th~19th centuries, the beginning of the 20th century, the 1980 s and the beginning of the 20th century are 4.51 mha, 6.51 mha, 7.52 mha, 8.53 mha and 11.80–12.00 mha, respectively. (ii) Several agricultural centers formed during the late 17th century. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the reclamation rate increased rapidly near the four southern lakes, which are located in the Zaozhuang and Linyi regions. (iii) Most reclamation activities before the 19th century occurred in suitable agricultural areas and the cultivated land was already reclaimed by the beginning of the 20th century.