bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychometrics of a Brief Measure of Emotional Self‐Efficacy Among Adolescents From the United States
Authors: Valois Robert F. , Zullig Keith J.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Preliminary data were collected to evaluate the psychometric properties of an emotional self‐efficacy (ESE) measure in a sample of 3836 public high school adolescents who completed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey in South Carolina.

METHODS

Principal axis factor analysis was followed by a 4‐way between‐groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing for differences in total score means on selected demographic estimates and their interactions. Relationships between total score and selected risk behaviors were examined through a series of 1‐way ANOVA procedures and subsequent Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) tests.

RESULTS

Factor analysis results suggested that a 1‐factor model best explained factor structure of the scale items (factor loadings .64 to .71, eigenvalue = 3.24, h2 = .46). Girls reported a significantly higher mean total ESE rating than boys; White students reported a significantly higher mean total ESE rating than Black students. Statistically significant lower mean total ESE ratings were also noted for those who reported physical fighting, lifetime alcohol use, and sexual intercourse.

CONCLUSION

This 7‐item scale is a reliable measure and could aid school health researchers and mental health practitioners in psychosocial screening and as an outcome of social and emotional learning as a brief measure of adolescent ESE.
Development of a Pre‐Service Teachers' Self‐Efficacy Instrument Regarding Teacher Health Education Standards
Authors: Clark Jeffrey K. , Brey Rebecca A. , Clark Susan E.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Whereas many education programs expect students to use national standards in various content areas, few studies have been conducted that examine pre‐service teachers' confidence in demonstrating their use of the professional teacher standards.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this project was 2‐fold: (1) To develop the Pre‐service Health Education National Standards Self‐efficacy (PHENSS) Scale; and (2) To establish the instrument's ability to draw inferences from PHENSS Scale scores.

METHODS

The final instrument consisted of 29 items and 4 demographic items. Validation was established using qualitative and quantitative procedures. After the instrument had been validated, pre‐service elementary education and pre‐service secondary health education teachers were recruited to complete the instrument at 2 different times.

RESULTS

Items were grouped to form 7 subscales (a subscale for each standard) and were analyzed to determine test‐retest reliability and internal consistency. All scales were found to be statistically significant (p ≤ .05). Cronbach's alpha for the 7 subscales ranged from .73 to .96, and α = .94 for the entire instrument.

CONCLUSION

The instrument, which assessed self‐efficacy toward implementing Professional Teacher Standards in Health Education, was found to be both valid and reliable.
The Challenge of a “Triple Diagnosis”: Identifying and Serving Homeless Canadian Adults With a Dual Diagnosis
Authors: Lougheed Donna C. , Farrell Susan
Published: September 2013

Adults with both a mental illness and intellectual disability (in Canada, a “dual diagnosis”) and who reside in shelters for the homeless are vulnerable and at risk for physical, sexual, and financial abuse. The same factors that make them vulnerable may result in neglect by the very services designed to help them. Their mental illnesses are difficult to diagnose and treat, and their intellectual impairments are difficult to ascertain. The authors review the existing literature on homelessness and intellectual disability, and use this and their extensive clinical experience with the homeless in a large Canadian city to identify and extrapolate reasons for the challenges facing both these individuals and the agencies and organizations that serve them. The authors identify several challenges to providing appropriate services, such as identifying and linking with these adults; recognizing the implications of the level of the intellectual delay and the mental illness on the individual's ability to cope, and stay safe; understanding the wants and needs of the individual; expanding the mandate of the agencies and professionals wanting to serve this group; and developing policy that will both provide appropriate support of the individual, but also provide protection, if necessary by legal means. They further suggest that focal services should be based on the following characteristics: flexibility, meeting the client where he or she lives, consideration of capacity to consent in order to avoid neglect issues, and understanding of the lifelong and pervasive effects of intellectual delay in all facets of life. Though the population discussed is resident in Canada, these issues apply to individuals in other countries, as well, where there are concerns about these vulnerable adults with a “triple diagnosis.”
Intellectual Disability, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Risk for Dementia
Authors: Silverman Wayne P. , Zigman Warren B. , Krinsky‐McHale Sharon J. , Ryan Robert , Schupf Nicole
Published: September 2013

People with intellectual disability (ID) are living longer than ever before, raising concerns about old‐age‐associated disorders. Dementia is among the most serious of these disorders, and theories relating cognitive reserve to risk predict that older adults with ID should be particularly vulnerable. Previous estimates of relative risk for dementia associated with ID have been inconsistent, and the present analyses examined the possible influence of variation in diagnostic criteria on findings. As expected, relaxation in the stringency of case definition for adults with ID increased relative risk, underscoring the importance of developing valid criteria for defining mild cognitive impairment and early dementia and distinguishing between the two in adults with ID. Once available, these standards will contribute to more effective evidence‐based planning.
Splenosystemic Shunts in Cats: A Retrospective of 33 Cases (2004–2011)
Authors: Palerme J‐S. , Brown J.C. , Marks S.L. , Birkenheuer A.J.
Published: September 2013

Background

Portosystemic shunts are uncommonly reported in cats. The majority of reports describe congenital shunts in young cats originating from the left gastric vein. Although they are only rarely reported, acquired portosystemic shunts in cats appear to be more variable in their anatomic location.

Hypothesis/Objective

To describe the signalment and disease conditions found in cats with splenosystemic shunts.

Animals

Thirty‐three client‐owned cats with documented splenosystemic shunts.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective study. All cats with vascular communications between the splenic and left renal veins or the splenic vein and caudal vena cava diagnosed ultrasonographically between 2004 and 2011 were included. Collected data included age, breed, sex, presenting complaints, clinicopathologic data, as well as clinical diagnosis when available.

Results

Splenosystemic shunts were identified in 1.3% of the cats that had an abdominal ultrasound performed during the study period. Older, spayed female cats were found to be significantly overrepresented when compared with the total population of cats having undergone ultrasound over the same time period. A large proportion of cats (42%) had a hepatopathy with the potential for associated portal hypertension.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Neither the signalment of cats in this report nor the anatomy of their portovascular anomalies shared similarities with those cats previously identified with single‐vessel shunts. The relevance and etiology of these newly described splenosystemic shunts remain elusive and warrantsfurther investigation.
Non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol independently predicts new onset of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Zelber‐Sagi Shira , Salomone Federico , Yeshua Hanny , Lotan Roni , Webb Muriel , Halpern Zamir , Santo Erwin , Oren Ran , Shibolet Oren
Published: September 2013

Background & Aims

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C), i.e. total cholesterol minus HDL, is a well‐established risk factor for CVD; however, its association with NAFLD development has not been established. Our aim was to test whether non‐HDL‐C is an independent predictor of new onset of NAFLD.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of 213 subjects from the general population, without liver disease, was studied. Evaluation of medical history, dietary and physical activity habits, fasting blood tests and ultrasonographic evidence of NAFLD was performed at baseline and after a 7‐year follow‐up by identical protocols.

Results

From 147 patients that did not have NAFLD at baseline, 28 (19%) developed NAFLD at the 7‐year follow‐up. The baseline levels of non‐HDL‐C were higher among subjects who developed NAFLD (179.5 ± 37.1 vs. 157.3 ± 35.1 mg/dl, P = 0.003). Non‐HDL‐C independently predicted new onset of NAFLD adjusting for age, gender, BMI or waist circumference, lifestyle and serum insulin (OR = 1.02 for every mg/dl increment, 1.01–1.04 95% CI, P = 0.008). Non‐HDL‐C was a stronger predictor for NAFLD than total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL. No patients with non‐HDL‐C < 130 mg/dl developed NAFLD, whereas 20.8% of those with values between 130 to 160 and 24.6% of those with values >160 mg/dl developed NAFLD (P for trend = 0.015).

Conclusions

Non‐HDL‐C is an independent predictor for NAFLD and a stronger predictor than other lipoproteins. This association may stem from the combined hepato‐toxic effect of non‐HDL‐C and may explain the association between NAFLD and CVD.
The amphibian skin‐associated microbiome across species, space and life history stages
Authors: Kueneman Jordan G. , Parfrey Laura Wegener , Woodhams Douglas C. , Archer Holly M. , Knight Rob , McKenzie Valerie J.
Published: September 2013

Skin‐associated bacteria of amphibians are increasingly recognized for their role in defence against pathogens, yet we have little understanding of their basic ecology. Here, we use high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the host and environmental influences on the skin microbiota of the cohabiting amphibian species Anaxyrus boreas, Pseudacris regilla, Taricha torosa and Lithobates catesbeianus from the Central Valley in California. We also studied populations of Rana cascadae over a large geographic range in the Klamath Mountain range of Northern California, and across developmental stages within a single site. Dominant bacterial phylotypes on amphibian skin included taxa from Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Sphingobacteria and Actinobacteria. Amphibian species identity was the strongest predictor of microbial community composition. Secondarily, within a given amphibian species, wetland site explained significant variation. Amphibian‐associated microbiota differed systematically from microbial assemblages in their environments. Rana cascadae tadpoles have skin bacterial communities distinct from postmetamorphic conspecifics, indicating a strong developmental shift in the skin microbes following metamorphosis. Establishing patterns observed in the skin microbiota of wild amphibians and environmental factors that underlie them is necessary to understand skin symbiont community assembly, and ultimately, the role skin microbiota play in the extended host phenotype including disease resistance.
Involvement of the ABCG37 transporter in secretion of scopoletin and derivatives by Arabidopsis roots in response to iron deficiency
Authors: Fourcroy Pierre , Sisó‐Terraza Patricia , Sudre Damien , Savirón María , Reyt Guilhem , Gaymard Frédéric , Abadía Anunciación , Abadia Javier , Álvarez‐Fernández Ana , Briat Jean‐François
Published: September 2013

Studies of Iron (Fe) uptake mechanisms by plant roots have focussed on Fe(III)‐siderophores or Fe(II) transport systems. Iron deficency also enhances root secretion of flavins and phenolics. However, the nature of these compounds, their transport outside the roots and their role in Fe nutrition are largely unknown.

We used HPLC/ESI‐MS (TOF) and HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS (ion trap) to characterize fluorescent phenolic‐type compounds accumulated in roots or exported to the culture medium of Arabidopsis plants in response to Fe deficiency. Wild‐type and mutant plants altered either in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis or in the ABCG37 (PDR9) ABC transporter were grown under standard or Fe‐deficient nutrition conditions and compared.

Fe deficiency upregulates the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and leads to the synthesis and secretion of phenolic compounds belonging to the coumarin family. The ABCG37 gene is also upregulated in response to Fe deficiency and coumarin export is impaired in pdr9 mutant plants.

Therefore it can be concluded that: Fe deficiency induces the secretion of coumarin compounds by Arabidopsis roots; the ABCG37 ABC transporter is required for this secretion to take place; and these compounds improved plant Fe nutrition.
Elevated CO2 decreases the response of the ethylene signaling pathway in Medicago truncatula and increases the abundance of the pea aphid
Authors: Guo Huijuan , Sun Yucheng , Li Yuefei , Liu Xianghui , Zhang Wenhao , Ge Feng
Published: September 2013

The performance of herbivorous insects is greatly affected by plant nutritional quality and resistance, which are likely to be altered by rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2.

We previously reported that elevated CO2 enhanced biological nitrogen (N) fixation of Medicago truncatula, which could result in an increased supply of amino acids to the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). The current study examined the N nutritional quality and aphid resistance of sickle, an ethylene‐insensitive mutant of M. truncatula with supernodulation, and its wild‐type control A17 under elevated CO2 in open‐top field chambers.

Regardless of CO2 concentration, growth and amino acid content were greater and aphid resistance was lower in sickle than in A17. Elevated CO2 up‐regulated N assimilation and transamination‐related enzymes activities and increased phloem amino acids in both genotypes. Furthermore, elevated CO2 down‐regulated expression of 1‐amino‐cyclopropane‐carboxylic acid (ACC), sickle gene (SKL) and ethylene response transcription factors (ERF) genes in the ethylene signaling pathway of A17 when infested by aphids and decreased resistance against aphids in terms of lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO).

Our results suggest that elevated CO2 suppresses the ethylene signaling pathway in M. truncatula, which results in an increase in plant nutritional quality for aphids and a decrease in plant resistance against aphids.
Relative Refractoriness of Left Ventricular Contraction Underlies Human Tachycardia‐Induced Mechanical and Electrical Alternans
Authors: KASHIMURA TAKESHI , KODAMA MAKOTO , WATANABE TOHRU , TANAKA KOMEI , HAYASHI YUKA , OHNO YUKAKO , OBATA HIROAKI , ITO MASAHIRO , HIRONO SATORU , HANAWA HARUO , MINAMINO TOHRU
Published: September 2013

Background

Mechanical alternans (MA) and electrical alternans (EA) are predictors of cardiac events. Experimental studies have suggested that refractoriness of calcium cycling underlies these cardiac alternans. However, refractoriness of left ventricular contraction has not been examined in patients with cardiac alternans.

Methods

In 51 patients with miscellaneous heart diseases, incremental right atrial pacing was performed to induce MA and EA. MA was quantified by alternans amplitude (AA: the difference between left ventricular dP/dt of a strong beat and that of a weak beat), and AA at 100/min (AA100) and maximal AA (AAmax) were measured. EA was defined as alternation of T wave morphology in 12‐lead electrocardiogram. Relative refractoriness of left ventricular contraction was examined by drawing the mechanical restitution curve under a basal coupling interval (BCL) of 600 ms (100/min) and was assessed by the slope at BCL (Δmechanical restitution). Postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) was also examined and the slope of PESP curve (ΔPESP) was assessed as a property to alternate strong and weak beats.

Results

MA and EA were induced in 19 patients and in none at 100/min or less, and at any heart rate in 32 and in 10, respectively. AA100 and AAmax correlated positively with Δmechanical restitution and negatively with ΔPESP. Patients with EA had a significantly larger Δmechanical restitution and a significantly larger absolute value of ΔPESP than those without.

Conclusions

In patients with MA and EA, the left ventricular contractile force during tachycardia is under relative refractoriness and prone to cause large fluctuation of contractile force.
Longibelus gen. nov., a new Cretaceous coleoid genus linking Belemnoidea and early Decabrachia
Authors: Fuchs Dirk , Iba Yasuhiro , Ifrim Christina , Nishimura Tomohiro , Kennedy William J. , Keupp Helmut , Stinnesbeck Wolgang , Tanabe Kazushige
Published: September 2013

The phylogenetic origin and the timing of origination of the Decabrachia are controversial. This is due to a poor understanding of character complexes relating to the shell, which causes difficulties in establishing homologies among different taxa. One central problem concerns a clear differentiation between belemnoids and early spirulids. A comparative analysis of shell structures of well‐preserved specimens including types and new material of Cretaceous spirulids Groenlandibelus, Naefia and Cyrtobelus, as well as selected taxa of aulacocerid, belemnitid and diplobelid belemnoids, revealed a set of 14 characters. Seven characters (apical angle, chamber length, dorsal and ventral sutures, orientation of septa, direction of the dorsal part of the septal neck, primordial rostrum) are not or less diagnostic, whereas the seven remaining characters can be reliably used to distinguish between the Decabrachia on the one hand and Belemnitida and Aulacocerida on the other hand. These diagnostic characters are as follows: (1) presence/absence of a mural flap; (2) position of the siphuncle; (3) shape of the dorsal soft tissue attachment scar; (4) presence/absence of tabular nacre in the conotheca; (5) presence/absence of a rostrum proper; (6) presence/absence of a narrow rod‐like proostracum; and (7) presence/absence of a caecum. Diplobelida and ‘Naefia’ matsumotoi, however, exhibit a mosaic of decabrachian and belemnoid characters. Owing to striking differences between N. neogaiea, the type species of Naefia, and ‘N.’ matsumotoi, the new genus Longibelus has been erected. Besides a redescription of Longibelus (‘Naefia’) matsumotoi, we describe the first Maastrichtian occurrences of this species from Hokkaido (northern Japan) and Alaska. Among the type material of N. neogaiea from the Maastrichtian of Chile, we found one specimen that unambiguously belongs to Longibelus gen. nov. Similarly, two specimens from the Maastrichtian of Mexico previously determined as N. neogaiea also belong to the new genus. Also, we can reinterpret material from the Cenomanian of India as Longibelus gen. nov. New material from the Albian of India likewise assignable to Longibelus is described for the first time. Finally, we introduce the first records of coleoids from Zululand (South Africa). These specimens belong to Longibelus as do specimens from the Aptian of Caucasus (previously described as ‘Naefia’ kabanovi). A phylogenetic approach suggests that Longibelus gen. nov. is derived from diplobelid‐like belemnoids and gave rise for the Decabrachia or at least groenlandibelid spirulids. This strongly supports earlier ideas on a close relationship between Cretaceous Decabrachia and belemnites and simultaneously challenges opinions that Decabrachia originated in the Carboniferous.
EarlyMioceneMollusca fromMcMurdoSound,Antarctica (ANDRILL2Adrill core), with a review ofAntarcticOligocene andNeogenePectinidae (Bivalvia)
Authors: Beu Alan , Taviani Marco
Published: September 2013

Retrotapes andrillorumsp. nov.,Hiatellacf.arctica(Linnaeus, 1767), ?Yoldiasp. (internal mould) and six taxa ofPectinidae are reported from theBurdigalian section of theANDRILL2Acore, drilled inMcMurdoSound,RossSea. The pectinids areAdamussiumcf.jonkersiQuaglioet al., 2010,Antarctipectengen. nov.alanbeui(Jonkers, 2003),Austrochlamys forticostasp. nov.,Austrochlamyscf.marisrossensisJonkers, 2003,Ruthipectengen. nov., sp. nov. (not named) and a fragmentary specimen representing an unnamed genus and species. In a revision ofAntarcticPectinidae,AustrochlamysJonkers, 2003,Ruthipectengen. nov. (proposed forChlamys(Zygochlamys)tuftsensisTurner, 1967, reported only fromWrightValley and theVestfoldHills, not present inANDRILL2A),Leoclunipectengen. nov. (proposed forAustrochlamys gazdzickiiJonkers, 2003, reported only fromOligocene rocks ofKingGeorgeIsland, not present inANDRILL2A) and the unnamed genus inANDRILL2Aare assigned to subfamilyChlamydinae, tribeChlamydini, whereasAdamussiumThiele, 1934 andAntarctipectengen. nov. are assigned to subfamilyPalliolinae, tribeAdamussiini. The diversePectinidae inANDRILL2Asuggest sea temperatures roughly 5°C warmer than at present in theRossSea duringEarlyMiocene time.
Phototherapy Rash in Newborn Infants: Does It Differ Between Conventional and Light Emitting Diode Phototherapy?
Authors: Surmeli‐Onay Ozge , Korkmaz Ayse , Yigit Sule , Yurdakok Murat
Published: September 2013

Data comparing the cutaneous side effects of light emitting diode (LED) phototherapy (LP) and conventional phototherapy (CP) devices in jaundiced newborn infants are very limited. We investigated the incidence and extent of skin eruptions caused by different phototherapy devices in preterm infants who are more prone to neonatal jaundice. This prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Hacettepe University Ihsan Dogramaci Childrens’ Hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Preterm infants without skin lesions before and requiring phototherapy in the first week of life were included in the study. The infants were randomly assigned to receive CP or LP and were monitored closely for skin eruptions during phototherapy. Fifty‐eight infants were included in the study: 25 (43.1%) received CP while 33 (56.9%) received LP. The duration of phototherapy was similar in the two groups (30.4 ± 9.6 hours and 31.8 ± 15.6 hours, respectively). Baseline and control bilirubin levels were similar for the two groups (p = 0.101 and p = 0.105, respectively). The frequency of skin eruptions was 36% in the CP group and 33% in the LP group (p = 0.83). The skin eruptions were macules in 13 (22.4%), papules in 5 (8.6%), and maculopapular rashes in 2 (3.4%) infants.There were no differences in the incidence and extent of skin eruptions in preterm infants who received CP or LP.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae–Induced Recurrent Stevens–Johnson Syndrome in Children: A Case Report
Authors: Campagna Cinzia , Tassinari Davide , Neri Iria , Bernardi Filippo
Published: September 2013

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the major pathogen of primary atypical pneumonia, is reported as the most common infectious agent associated with Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) in children. For that reason it is important to consider mycoplasma infection also in the absence of classical pulmonary symptoms. SJS is a rare and acute, self‐limited disease, characterized by severe inflammation and necrosis of two or more mucous membranes. We report the case of a 12‐year‐old boy with a diagnosis of SJS induced by M. pneumoniae infection. The patient's SJS relapsed 8 months after discharge. When the condition is recurrent, it is important early on to identify the cause of a single episode to optimize care and therapeutic choices.
Case Report of Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Demonstrating Human Herpesvirus‐6 Reactivation
Authors: Ferrero Natalie A. , Pearson Kelly C. , Zedek Daniel C. , Morrell Dean S.
Published: September 2013

Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome that presents with diffuse cutaneous eruptions, fever, and multiorgan involvement. Here we present a pediatric case of DRESS complicated by human herpesvirus (HHV)‐6 reactivation. After 1 week of sulfasalazine, our patient developed a diffuse morbilliform eruption. Sulfasalazine was discontinued. The patient presented to the emergency department soon thereafter with worsening eruption, fever, rigors, facial edema, and lymphadenopathy. Methylprednisolone was initiated. Peripheral smear did not demonstrate eosinophilia but showed toxic granulation with atypical lymphocytes. Transaminase levels and white blood cell count quickly became elevated, with increased eosinophils, suggesting DRESS. During the methylprednisolone taper, our patient experienced symptom exacerbation, acute hepatitis, and HHV‐6 seroconversion, indicating HHV‐6 reactivation as the cause. As demonstrated by our patient, a decelerated methylprednisone taper is important because of potential symptom flaring during taper. Additionally, in the care of individuals with DRESS, HHV‐6 is often tested for upon admission and not repeated. Delay in the rise of titers necessitates repeat testing.
Photogrammetric Processing of Spherical Panoramas
Authors: Fangi Gabriele , Nardinocchi Carla
Published: September 2013

Panoramic images have increasingly interesting applications and they are extensively used for cultural heritage documentation and virtual 3D environments. Moreover, it has been proven that they can contain good metric content. This paper describes a state‐of‐the‐art photogrammetric tool based on spherical panoramas. The fundamental photogrammetric equations are reviewed and two real applications are examined in order to illustrate its performance in terms of accuracy and efficiency. As a first step towards the automation of the orientation and restitution process, the epipolar geometry of spherical panoramic images has also been investigated. With a view to its integration in photogrammetric tools, the shape of the epipolar line is studied both in 3D space and as a 2D mapping; the results obtained with simulation data are analysed.
Differences in the readiness of guilty and informed innocent examinees to cooperate on the Guilty Action Test
Authors: Elaad Eitan
Published: September 2013

A mock crime experiment was designed in which 100 participants were randomly assigned to five conditions: four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design (two guilt conditions—guilty or informed innocents, crossed with two incentive level conditions—with or without a promised reward for proving innocence), and one control condition of uninformed innocents. Along with the common dependent polygraph measures, attitudes towards cooperating with the test were assessed. Results indicated that the informed innocents preferred to cooperate whereas guilty participants preferred to try and obstruct the test. These tendencies were amplified among participants who were promised a reward. The cooperative choice attenuated electrodermal responses to the critical items. Respiration measures were sensitive to the incentive level manipulation. Implications of the results for future research and for actual detection of information tests were discussed.
Padua and English students revisited
Authors: Woolfson Jonathan
Published: September 2013

This essay revisits the subject of my 1998 book, Padua and the Tudors: English Students in Italy, 1485–1603, and attempts to re‐evaluate it in the context of recent developments in the field. Partly through new research it confirms the extent and importance of English student mobility in the sixteenth century, and it addresses the question of what this mobility can tell us about England's relationship with continental Europe, a theme which in recent years has undergone reassessment. The essay moves on to consider the ars apodemica and informal educational travel as areas of significance, albeit they were neglected or somewhat played down in Padua and the Tudors. I propose once more the significance of the student universities at Padua as training grounds for civic participation.
On Sampling Designs with Ordered Conditional Inclusion Probabilities
Authors: Bondesson Lennart , Traat Imbi
Published: September 2013

In this paper we consider a family of sampling designs for which increasing first‐order inclusion probabilities imply, in a specific sense, increasing conditional inclusion probabilities. It is proved that the complementary Midzuno, the conditional Poisson, and the Sampford designs belong to this family. It is shown that designs of the family are more efficient than a comparable with‐replacement design. Furthermore, the efficiency gain is explicitly given for these designs.
Conclusions: Switzerland as a paradigmatic case of small‐state peace policy?
Authors: Graf Andreas , Lanz David
Published: September 2013

This concluding article looks at the findings of the special issue through the lens of the Swiss experience. It traces the development of Swiss peace promotion activities, emphasising the emergence of a fully institutionalized peace policy since the end of the Cold War. Drawing on role theory, it makes sense of this process by referring to changes in the structure of the international system, altered role expectations by external actors, as well as internal processes of role contestation. In comparison to other small states, the article argues that Switzerland can be seen as a paradigmatic case on some levels. Notably, Switzerland extended its peace promotion activities as part of a niche foreign policy, which emerged in response to the post‐Cold War world order as well as a change in dominant foreign policy role conceptions. At the same time, there are a number of idiosyncrasies: Switzerland as a non‐member of EU and NATO enjoys a higher degree of autonomy in crafting its peace policy and its peace promotion activities remain largely focused on civilian instruments.
Superposition of Episodic Memories: Overdistribution and Quantum Models
Authors: Brainerd Charles J. , Wang Zheng , Reyna Valerie F.
Published: September 2013

Memory exhibits episodic superposition, an analog of the quantum superposition of physical states: Before a cue for a presented or unpresented item is administered on a memory test, the item has the simultaneous potential to occupy all members of a mutually exclusive set of episodic states, though it occupies only one of those states after the cue is administered. This phenomenon can be modeled with a nonadditive probability model called overdistribution (OD), which implements fuzzy‐trace theory's distinction between verbatim and gist representations. We show that it can also be modeled based on quantum probability theory. A quantum episodic memory (QEM) model is developed, which is derived from quantum probability theory but also implements the process conceptions of global matching memory models. OD and QEM have different strengths, and the current challenge is to identify contrasting empirical predictions that can be used to pit them against each other.
The Potential of Using Quantum Theory to Build Models of Cognition
Authors: Wang Zheng , Busemeyer Jerome R. , Atmanspacher Harald , Pothos Emmanuel M.
Published: September 2013

Quantum cognition research applies abstract, mathematical principles of quantum theory to inquiries in cognitive science. It differs fundamentally from alternative speculations about quantum brain processes. This topic presents new developments within this research program. In the introduction to this topic, we try to answer three questions: Why apply quantum concepts to human cognition? How is quantum cognitive modeling different from traditional cognitive modeling? What cognitive processes have been modeled using a quantum account? In addition, a brief introduction to quantum probability theory and a concrete example is provided to illustrate how a quantum cognitive model can be developed to explain paradoxical empirical findings in psychological literature.
Automated Quantification of the Subcellular Localization of Multicompartment Proteins via Q‐SCAn
Authors: Bauer Nicholas C. , Corbett Anita H. , Doetsch Paul W.
Published: September 2013

In eukaryotic cells, proteins can occupy multiple intracellular compartments and even move between compartments to fulfill critical biological functions or respond to cellular signals. Examples include transcription factors that reside in the cytoplasm but are mobilized to the nucleus as well as dual‐purpose DNA repair proteins that are charged with simultaneously maintaining the integrity of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. While numerous methods exist to study protein localization and dynamics, automated methods to quantify the relative amounts of proteins that occupy multiple subcellular compartments have not been extensively developed. To address this need, we present a rapid, automated method termed quantitative subcellular compartmentalization analysis (Q‐SCAn). To develop this method, we exploited the facile molecular biology of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Individual subcellular compartments are defined by a fluorescent marker protein and the intensity of a target GFP‐tagged protein is then quantified within each compartment. To validate Q‐SCAn, we analyzed relocalization of the transcription factor Yap1 following oxidative stress and then extended the approach to multicompartment localization by examining two DNA repair proteins critical for the base excision repair pathway, Ntg1 and Ung1. Our findings demonstrate the utility of Q‐SCAn for quantitative analysis of the subcellular distribution of multicompartment proteins.
Building a Better Dynasore: The Dyngo Compounds Potently Inhibit Dynamin and Endocytosis
Authors: McCluskey Adam , Daniel James A. , Hadzic Gordana , Chau Ngoc , Clayton Emma L. , Mariana Anna , Whiting Ainslie , Gorgani Nick N. , Lloyd Jonathan , Quan Annie , Moshkanbaryans Lia , Krishnan Sai , Perera Swetha , Chircop Megan , von Kleist Lisa , McGeachie Andrew B. , Howes Mark T. , Parton Robert G. , Campbell Michael , Sakoff Jennette A. , Wang Xuefeng , Sun Jian‐Yuan , Robertson Mark J. , Deane Fiona M. , Nguyen Tam H. , Meunier Frederic A. , Cousin Michael A. , Robinson Phillip J.
Published: September 2013

Dynamin GTPase activity increases when it oligomerizes either into helices in the presence of lipid templates or into rings in the presence of SH3 domain proteins. Dynasore is a dynamin inhibitor of moderate potency (IC50 ˜ 15 μM in vitro). We show that dynasore binds stoichiometrically to detergents used for in vitro drug screening, drastically reducing its potency (IC50 = 479 μM) and research tool utility. We synthesized a focused set of dihydroxyl and trihydroxyl dynasore analogs called the Dyngo™ compounds, five of which had improved potency, reduced detergent binding and reduced cytotoxicity, conferred by changes in the position and/or number of hydroxyl substituents. The Dyngo compound 4a was the most potent compound, exhibiting a 37‐fold improvement in potency over dynasore for liposome‐stimulated helical dynamin activity. In contrast, while dynasore about equally inhibited dynamin assembled in its helical or ring states, 4a and 6a exhibited >36‐fold reduced activity against rings, suggesting that they can discriminate between helical or ring oligomerization states. 4a and 6a inhibited dynamin‐dependent endocytosis of transferrin in multiple cell types (IC50 of 5.7 and 5.8 μM, respectively), at least sixfold more potently than dynasore, but had no effect on dynamin‐independent endocytosis of cholera toxin. 4a also reduced synaptic vesicle endocytosis and activity‐dependent bulk endocytosis in cultured neurons and synaptosomes. Overall, 4a and 6a are improved and versatile helical dynamin and endocytosis inhibitors in terms of potency, non‐specific binding and cytotoxicity. The data further suggest that the ring oligomerization state of dynamin is not required for clathrin‐mediated endocytosis.
Distinct Ubiquitination Cascades Act on the Peroxisomal Targeting Signal Type 2 Co‐receptor Pex18p
Authors: El Magraoui Fouzi , Brinkmeier Rebecca , Schrötter Andreas , Girzalsky Wolfgang , Müller Thorsten , Marcus Katrin , Meyer Helmut E. , Erdmann Ralf , Platta Harald W.
Published: September 2013

Peroxisomal matrix protein import is facilitated by cycling receptors that recognize their cargo proteins in the cytosol by a peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS) and ferry them to the peroxisomal membrane. Subsequently, the cargo is translocated into the peroxisomal lumen, whereas the receptor is released to the cytosol for further rounds of protein import. This cycle is controlled by the ubiquitination status of the receptor, which is best understood for the PTS1‐receptor. While polyubiquitination of PTS‐receptors results in their proteasomal degradation, the monoubiquitinated PTS‐receptors are exported to the cytosol and recycled for further rounds of protein import. Here, we describe the identification of two ubiquitination cascades acting on the PTS2 co‐receptor Pex18p. Using in vivo and in vitro approaches, we demonstrate that the polyubiquitination of Pex18p requires the ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (E2) Ubc4p, which cooperates with the RING (really interesting new gene)‐type ubiquitin‐protein ligases (E3) Pex2p as well as Pex10p. Monoubiquitination of Pex18p depends on the E2 enzyme Pex4p (Ubc10p), which functions in concert with the E3 enzymes Pex12p and Pex10p. Our findings for the PTS2‐pathway complement the data on PTS1‐receptor ubiquitination and add up to a unified concept of the ubiquitin‐based regulation of peroxisomal import.
In‐work poverty and the living wage in the United Kingdom: a geographical perspective
Authors: Wills Jane , Linneker Brian
Published: September 2013

Drawing on new empirical data from the UK, this paper takes a geographical perspective on the living wage. It highlights the extent to which the living wage is a geographical intervention to tackle in‐work poverty that reflects the cost of living and social reproduction in a particular geographical area, aiming to set a new minimum across the labour market. The paper further argues that there is a scalar geography to understanding the impact of the campaign and the arguments made to defend it. Whereas the living wage has major cost implications for the particular employers and clients affected – increasing wages by approximately 30 per cent above the national minimum wage – it also has the potential to reduce costs across the wider society. There is thus a scalar dimension to making the argument for a living wage that can help to inform the future direction of the campaign. The paper concludes by raising some wider questions about the contribution that geographers can make to the study and alleviation of poverty.
Bromus tectorum invasion in South America: Patagonia under threat?
Authors: Speziale K L , Lambertucci S A , Ezcurra C
Published: September 2013

Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is an aggressive invasive species posing threats to native ecosystems including increase in fire frequency, alteration of water and nutrient cycles and exclusion of native species. As such, it is important to monitor this species worldwide. However, outside the United States, it has been poorly studied. We studied this species at two scales: (i) at a local scale, evaluating the species presence and its determinants, along the ecotonal area between the steppe and the forest within north‐western Patagonia, to reveal whether B. tectorum is actually invading natural ecosystems in areas comparable with those invaded in USA, and (ii) at a regional scale, through a search of literature and herbaria databases on B. tectorum in South America, to determine the current known distribution of the species in this subcontinent. Results indicate that it is already invading north‐western Patagonia in Argentina, mainly in the semi‐arid part of the region, and that precipitation influences the invasion process. We found that for South America, B. tectorum has been only documented in southern Argentina and Chile. Given the similarities to other invaded regions, the possibility of invasion for Patagonia has been predicted but not prevented. It is important to study changes in the invasion level where it is already established, and to encourage managers with prevention and control strategies. Combining this information with lessons from places with extensive periods of invasion could help to initiate management of the species in areas where the invasion process is beginning and before the species spreads widely.
Effect of Thermal Creep on Heat Transfer for a Two-Dimensional Microchannel Flow: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Çetin Barbaros
Published: September 2013

In this paper, velocity profile, temperature profile, and the corresponding Poiseuille and Nusselt numbers for a flow in a microtube and in a slit-channel are derived analytically with an isoflux thermal boundary condition. The flow is assumed to be hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed. The effects of rarefaction, viscous dissipation, axial conduction are included in the analysis. For the implementation of the rarefaction effect, two different second-order slip models (Karniadakis and Deissler model) are used for the slip-flow and temperature-jump boundary conditions together with the thermal creep at the wall. The effect of the thermal creep on the Poiseuille and Nusselt numbers are discussed. The results of the present study are important (i) to gain the fundamental understanding of the effect of thermal creep on convective heat transfer characteristics of a microchannel fluid flow and (ii) for the optimum design of thermal systems which includes convective heat transfer in a microchannel especially operating at low Reynolds numbers.
Predictive Modeling for Glass-Side Laser Scribing of Thin Film Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Wang Hongliang , Hsu Shan-Ting , Tan Huade , Yao Y. Lawrence , Chen Hongqiang , Azer Magdi N.
Published: September 2013

Laser scribing of multilayer-thin-film solar cells is an important process for producing integrated serial interconnection of mini-modules, used to reduce photocurrent and resistance losses in a large-area solar cell. Quality of such scribing contributes to the overall quality and efficiency of the solar cell, and therefore predictive capabilities of the process are essential. Limited numerical work has been performed in predicting the thin film laser removal processes. In this study, a fully-coupled multilayer thermal and mechanical finite element model is developed to analyze the laser-induced spatio-temporal temperature and thermal stress responsible for SnO2:F film removal. A plasma expansion induced pressure model is also investigated to simulate the nonthermal film removal of CdTe due to the micro-explosion process. Corresponding experiments of SnO2:F films on glass substrates by 1064 nm ns laser irradiation show a similar removal process to that predicted in the simulation. Differences between the model and experimental results are discussed and future model refinements are proposed. Both simulation and experimental results from glass-side laser scribing show clean film removal with minimum thermal effects indicating minimal changes to material electrical properties.
Automatic Structural Synthesis of the Whole Family of Planar 3-Degrees of Freedom Closed Loop Mechanisms
Authors: Ding Huafeng , Huang Peng , Liu Jingfang , Kecskeméthy Andrés
Published: September 2013

Conception of the kinematic structures with better performance has been a challenging, yet pivotal issue, since the beginning of the design of mechanisms or robots. This paper proposes a systematic method to synthesize and classify automatically all the valid kinematic structures of planar 3-DOF closed loop mechanisms or robots. First, after the structure representation graphs of planar mechanisms or robots are addressed, the unique representation of both contracted graphs and topological graphs is proposed and used to detect isomorphism in the synthesis process. Then the valid atlas database of the contracted graphs for planar 3-DOF closed loop mechanisms or robots up to 16-link is built. Based on the atlas database, an automatic synthesis method is proposed to synthesize all the kinematic structures of planar 3-DOF closed loop mechanisms or robots, and the complete atlas database with all the valid kinematic structures classified for planar 3-DOF closed loop mechanisms or robots up to 16-link is established. The creative design of 3-DOF heavy-load hydraulic robots is conducted to show the usefulness of the established atlas database.
Curing-Induced Distortion Mechanism in Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum AA6061-T6 and Steels
Authors: Zhu XiaoBo , Li YongBing , Chen GuanLong , Wang Pei-Chung
Published: September 2013

The bonding of dissimilar materials is of primary importance to the automotive industry as it enables designers the freedom to choose from a wide variety of low density materials such as aluminum and magnesium. However, when two dissimilar materials (e.g., aluminum-to-steel) are bonded by curing at elevated temperatures, residual stresses result upon cooling the layered material system to room temperature. Problems such as distortion and fracture of adhesive often emerge in bonding of these dissimilar materials for automotive applications. In this study, the transient distortion of riveted and rivet-bonded aluminum AA6061-T6-to-steels during the curing process was investigated using the photographic method. The influences of temperature, adhesive properties, adherend thickness, adherend strength, and the presence of constraints on the transient distortion and adhesive fracture were evaluated. The peak curing temperature was found to play the most important role in distortion and adhesive fracture, followed by the influence of adherends thickness. In contrast, the other parameters studied such as the adhesive strength, constraints' type, and adherend strength produced a limited effect on distortion. The results provide useful information about vehicle body structure's design in reducing the curing induced distortion.
Improved Rotary Contact Method for 5-Axis Sculptured Surfaces Machining
Authors: Fan Wengang , Ye Peiqing , Fang Chenxi , Shi Shaohua
Published: September 2013

The 5-axis tool positioning strategy named rotary contact method (RCM) for sculptured surfaces machining has been developed in our previous paper (Fan et al., 2012, “Rotary Contact Method for 5-Axis Tool Positioning,” Trans. ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 134(2), p. 021004). The RCM finds the optimal tool positions by rotating the tool backward based on the offset surface, and can generate big machined strip width. However, the RCM can only guarantee a contact point because of the design surface's geometric asymmetry in most cases, which leads to the poor surface quality. To resolve this problem, the improved rotary contact method (IRCM) is developed in this paper. The parametric equation of the circular curve of the toroidal cutter defined by the backward and the sideward tilt angle of the tool is strictly deduced. According to the nested optimization of the two tool's angles, there are two contact points found between the tool's cutting surface and the design surface around the feed direction without gouging. Tool positions investigation, machining simulation and cutting experiment are all performed based on a test surface. The results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the IRCM and show that the IRCM can apparently improve the surface quality compared to the RCM.