bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress modulation by Rosmarinus officinalis in CCl4‐induced liver cirrhosis
Authors: Gutiérrez Rosalinda , Alvarado José L. , Presno Manuel , Pérez‐Veyna Oscar , Serrano Carmen J. , Yahuaca Patricia
Published: October 2009

Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) possesses antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects, and so may provide a possible therapeutic alternative for chronic liver disease. The effect produced by a methanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis on CCl4‐induced liver cirrhosis in rats was investigated using both prevention and reversion models. Over the course of the development of cirrhosis, the increased enzymatic activities of gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminotransferase, and the rise in bilirubin levels caused by CCl4 administration, were prevented by Rosmarinus officinalis co‐administration. When the cirrhosis by oxidative stress was evaluated as an increase on liver lipoperoxidation, total lipid peroxides, nitric oxide in serum, and loss of erythrocyte plasma membrane stability, R. officinalis was shown to prevent such alterations. On cirrhotic animals treated with CCl4, histological studies showed massive necrosis, periportal inflammation and fibrosis which were modified by R. officinalis. These benefits on experimental cirrhosis suggest a potential therapeutic use for R. officinalis as an alternative for liver cirrhosis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of raw and processed garlic and onions on plasma classical and non‐classical atherosclerosis indices: investigations in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Gorinstein Shela , Leontowicz Hanna , Leontowicz Maria , Jastrzebski Zenon , Najman Katarzyna , Tashma Zev , Katrich Elena , Heo Buk‐Gu , Cho Ja‐Yong , Park Yun‐Jum , Trakhtenberg Simon
Published: October 2009

Garlic and white and red varieties of onion were subjected to processing by a variety of culinary methods, and bioactive compounds then determined. For in vivo studies, 84 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 14 diet groups, each of six rats, including two control groups (one with no supplementation and one with cholesterol supplementation only). During the 30‐day trial, the basal diets of the other 12 groups were supplemented with 1% cholesterol and raw or processed vegetables.

Both raw red onion and red onion subjected to blanching for 90 s hindered the rise in plasma lipids more than the other vegetables studied in the supplemented diets. The decrease in antioxidant activity compared to the cholesterol‐supplemented control group was significantly less for the group fed with red onion subjected to blanching for 90 s.

No histological changes were detected in the studied organs of rats that had been fed cholesterol. In conclusion, blanching for 90 s most fully preserved the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potentials, and hindered the rise in plasma lipid levels and the decrease in plasma antioxidant activity of rats fed cholesterol. Alkaline phosphatase levels correlated with classical atherosclerosis indices, and determination of alkaline phosphatase is suggested as an additional index in atherosclerosis testing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifungal activity of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis against Malassezia furfur
Authors: Filip Rosana , Davicino Roberto , Anesini Claudia
Published: October 2009

Malassezia furfur is a lipodependent, dimorphic and saprophyte fungus which causes pityriasis versicolor, dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis in humans. The drugs available to treat this fungal infection are few. These drugs are highly toxic and are costly when used in prolonged treatments. For these reasons, it is necessary to find new compounds to treat these infections. Ilex paraguariensis St Hilaire is a plant that grows in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis on the growth of M. furfur. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify and isolate compounds of I. paraguariensis and the agar‐well diffusion method was used to assess the antifungal activity of the extract. The fungicidal/fungistatic effect was evaluated by the modified Thompson assay. The results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (1000 mg/ml) possesses inhibitory activity against M. furfur. This antimalassezial activity was equivalent to 2.7 μg/ml of ketoconazole. Therefore, the topical use of Ilex paraguariensis extract as alternative antifungal agent can be suggested. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethnopharmacy of turkish‐speaking cypriots in greater London
Authors: Yöney Ahmet , Prieto José M. , Lardos Andreas , Heinrich Michael
Published: October 2009

For centuries, in the Eastern Mediterranean region, medicinal plant use has been widely accepted as a treatment method for both minor and major diseases. Although some knowledge exists on the use of such medicinal plants within the Greek Cypriot culture and considerable information is available on various regions in Turkey, no detailed ethnopharmaceutical or ethnobotanical studies exist on Turkish‐speaking Cypriots (TSC) both in Cyprus and within one of the largest TSC migrant communities in London, UK.

Semi‐structured interviews with members of the TSC community in London were conducted by using a questionnaire consisting both of open and closed questions. Open questions were aimed at identifying herbs, spices, medicinal plants and their uses. Also, graded questions were used to define informants' opinions as a quantitative parameter, constructing a statistical basis.

A wide range of therapeutic claims were recorded, including 13 chronic illnesses within 85 different plant species, of which 18 were cited more than 10 times. The most frequently mentioned species were Mentha spicata, Salvia fruticosa and Pimpinella anisum. The plants recorded are frequently based on knowledge derived from Turkish‐Cypriot traditions, but many examples of medicinal plants with a use based on UK or general western herbal medical traditions were also recorded. Informants highlighted the risk of knowledge loss in younger generations and thus this study serves as a repository of knowledge for use in the future. Due to a lack of knowledge about such usages in the healthcare professions, our study also highlights the need to develop information sources for use by healthcare practitioners in order to raise awareness about benefits and risks of such medical and health food products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction between RNA segment (adenine‐uracil) and model of protein unit (formamide): A density‐functional theory study
Authors: Ma Ke‐Sheng , You Jin‐Mao , Zhou Zheng‐Yu , Su Chun‐Fang , Wang Xiang‐Xiang
Published: October 2009

Various possible structures of adenine‐uracil‐formamide hydrogen‐bond complexes were optimized at 6‐311++G(d,p) level, and the binding energies of these complexes were also calculated at DFT B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level. Eight stable cyclic structures being involved in the interaction are found on the potential energy surface. By analyzing the structure, NPA charge and interaction energy of complexes, we obtain the most stable geometry structure. The results show that the interactions between formamide and adenine‐uracil (A‐U) base pair affect the stabilities of the base pairs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Energetic stability of boron nitride nanostructures doped with one carbon atom
Authors: Gonçalves Rebeca D. , Azevedo Sérgio , Moraes Fernando , Machado M.
Published: October 2009

We have investigated, using first‐principles calculations, the role of a substitutional carbon atom on the geometric stability of boron nitride monolayers, nanotubes, and nanocones. It is shown that the formation of energy depends on the number of atoms for the monolayers and on the diameter for the tubes. It is also found, for the carbon‐doped boron nitride nanotubes, that the value for the strain energy approaches the one obtained for nondoped tubes with increasing diameter. For the structural stability, we have verified that the doping, which introduces an excess of nitrogen or boron, makes each structure more favorable in its reverse atmosphere, i.e., excess of nitrogen is more stable in a boron‐rich growth environment, whereas excess of boron is preferred in a nitrogen‐rich condition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Asymptotic stabilization of high‐order feedforward systems with delays in the input
Authors: Zhang Xianfu , Boukas E. K. , Liu Yungang , Baron L.
Published: October 2009

This paper deals with the state feedback controller design for a class of high‐order feedforward (upper‐triangular) nonlinear systems with delayed inputs. The uncertainties in the systems are assumed to be dominated by higher‐order nonlinearities multiplying by a constant growth rate. The designed controller, which is a continuous but not smooth feedback, could achieve global asymptotical stability. Based on the appropriate state transformation of time‐delay systems, the problem of controller design can be converted into the problem of finding a parameter, which can be obtained by appraising the nonlinear terms of the systems. The nonlinear systems considered here are more general than conventional feedforward systems and they could be viewed as generalized feedforward systems. Two examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of formulation and processing parameters on the morphology of extruded polypropylene‐(waste ground rubber tire powder) foams
Authors: Xin Zhen Xiang , Zhang Zhen Xiu , Pal Kaushik , Lu Bing Xue , Deng Xu , Lee Sung Hyo , Kim Jin Kuk
Published: October 2009

This paper presents an experimental study of the foaming behavior of polypropylene (PP)/(waste ground rubber tire powder) (WGRT) blends when using a chemical blowing agent in an extrusion foaming process. The effects of formulations (i.e., WGRT content, blowing agent content, compatibilizer) and the processing parameters (i.e., die temperature, screw speed) on the void fraction, average cell size, cell density, and cell morphology of the PP/WGRT foams were investigated. The blowing agent loading affected the cell structure of the foams and the average cell size, and the void fraction increased with increasing blowing agent loading. Both increasing the screw speed and decreasing the die temperature could establish a high pressure drop in the extruder die, and these were beneficial to the foaming extrusion. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Performance and diversity analysis of decode‐and‐forward cooperative system over Nakagami‐m fading channels
Authors: Hu Yongxu , Li Kwok Hung , Teh Kah Chan
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we derive the upper bound of bit‐error rate (BER) performance and diversity gain for a decode‐and‐forward (DF) cooperative system. Either maximal‐ratio combining (MRC) or cooperative MRC (C‐MRC) is employed at the receiver in the presence of independent, non‐identical Nakagami‐m fading. Both analytical and simulation results show that C‐MRC takes advantage of spatial diversity more efficiently and thus achieves the same or better performance and diversity order as compared to MRC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient power aware routing algorithm for mobilead hocnetworks
Authors: Varaprasad G.
Published: October 2009

If the battery of a node is drained out, then it cannot be communicated with other nodes and the number of dead‐nodes makes the network partition. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a new routing algorithm for mobilead hocnetworks. It uses the residual battery capacity, transmission power, and hop‐count to route the data packet. Here the proposed model has simulated with the help of 100 mobile nodes using the network simulator and has tested under various conditions. It compares with thead hocon‐demand distance vector protocol, minimum total transmission power, and min–max battery cost routing models. The proposed model has shown better results in terms of node lifetime and network lifetime. The mobile nodes start to die at 400, 420, 440, 470, and 508 s for AODV, MTPR, MMBCR, CMMBCR, and proposed models, respectively. If the system has 145 J, then the AODV model transmits 38 000 of data packets, whereas the MTPR, MMBCR, CMMBCR, and proposed models will transmit 37 600, 47 240, 41 580, 42 700, and 42 955 of data packets, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Credit default swaps: the quest of the hedge
Authors: Vrins Frédéric , Schoutens Wim
Published: October 2009

It appears from discussions held with practitioners on forums and conferences that hedging products with CDSs is often considered to be an easy task. For instance, a bond‐CDS position is frequently seen to be a perfect hedge as is the index CDS and its corresponding single‐name counterparts. On the other hand, theoreticians claim that a perfect hedge is impossible to achieve with credit derivatives: currently it seems there is no model from which a perfect hedge of credit derivatives can be set up. So, who's right? This paper aims to show that, surprisingly, both are right, in some sense. The misunderstanding comes from a misspecification of the “hedge” term, together with a confusion between hedging and arbitraging. We focus on Credit Default Swaps and explain why, among other things, the “Bond‐CDS on the Bond” position does not result in a perfect hedge (except in a very specific case, which is not market standard). By contrast, partial hedge (that is, hedging some parts of the risk) can be obtained and, of course, arbitrage opportunities could be found. We then explain, adopting a philosophical point of view, why it is so problematic to set up a credit portfolio being perfectly hedged (even in a first‐order approximation sense). It appears that the nature of the derivative's underlying prevents us reaching this with the currently available financial instruments. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Analytical evaluation of averaged forward rate payoffs
Authors: Polishchuk Alexander Ya.
Published: October 2009

Accrual index is defined as constant maturity Libor rate averaged over a certain period of time. A closed form expression for present value of in‐arrears payoff based on such index is derived. Practical applications include Averaged Forward Rate Agreement and certain types of basis BMA swaps (ISDA). Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Markov chain models to estimate the premium for extended hedge fund lockups
Authors: Derman Emanuel , Park Kun Soo , Whitt Ward
Published: October 2009

A lockup period for investment in a hedge fund is a time period after making the investment during which the investor cannot freely redeem his investment. It is routine to have a one‐year lockup period, but recently the requested lockup periods have grown longer. We estimate the premium for such extended lockup, taking the point of view of a manager of a fund of funds, who has to choose between two investments in similar funds in the same strategy category, the first having a one‐year lockup and the second having an n‐year lockup. Assuming that the manager will rebalance his portfolio of hedge funds on a yearly basis, if permitted, we define the annual lockup premium as the difference between the rates of return from these investments. We develop a Markov chain model to estimate this lockup premium. By solving systems of equations, we fit the Markov chain transition probabilities to three directly observable hedge fund performance measures: the persistence of return, the variance of return and the hedge‐fund death rate. The model quantifies the way the lockup premium depends on these parameters. Data from the TASS database are used to estimate the persistence, which is found to be statistically significant. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
An algebraic approach to the design of compilers for object-oriented languages
Authors: Duran Adolfo , Cavalcanti Ana , Sampaio Augusto
Published: October 2009

In this paper we describe an algebraic approach to construct provably correct compilers for object-oriented languages; this is illustrated for programs written in a language similar to a sequential subset of Java. It includes recursive classes, inheritance, dynamic binding, recursion, type casts and test, assignment, and class-based visibility, but a copy semantics. In our approach, we tackle the problem of compiler correctness by reducing the task of compilation to that of program refinement. Compilation is identified with the reduction of a source program to a normal form that models the execution of object code. The normal form is generated by a series of correctness-preserving transformations that are proved sound from the basic laws of the language; therefore it is correct by construction. The main advantages of our approach are the characterisation of compilation within a uniform framework, where comparisons and translations between semantics are avoided, and the modularity and extensibility of the resulting compiler.
Thirty‐Year Experience with Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery Grafting: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Kurlansky Paul
Published: October 2009

As a profession, surgery is well into its fourth decade of experience with bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease. Numerous compelling retrospective analyses appear to have documented a clear benefit for BITA grafting over the use of a single internal thoracic artery (SITA) graft in reducing the long‐term risk of mortality, cardiac mortality, and cardiac events. Despite this wealth of literature and scientific as well as clinical investigation, the chilling fact remains that the STS database reports that less than 4% of coronary bypass (CABG) operations involve the use of BITA grafting. The historic, physiologic, and clinical aspects of BITA grafting are reviewed. Clinical challenges and technical advances are addressed. The future of BITA grafting is explored, both from a research perspective and from a clinical point of view.
Enabling, Implementing, and Validating Training Methods in Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Fowler Dennis L.
Published: October 2009

Background

The challenges of teaching and learning technical skills for laparoscopic surgery have limited the use of laparoscopy for complex abdominal surgery. In an attempt to facilitate learning these skills, surgical educators are using simulators, but there is little conclusive evidence that simulators can predict improved performance by surgical trainees receiving training on them (predictive validity).

Methods

In the present study the results of three attempts to establish predictive validity for a virtual laparoscopic simulator were reviewed. In each study, the performance of surgery residents before and after training on the simulator was documented by means of a validated assessment tool, and then the results were compared.

Results

Some task performance was improved by training on the simulator, but predictive validity could not be established for the simulator in any of the three attempts to do so.

Conclusions

Although predictive validity for the virtual simulator was not conclusively established, reasons for this failure are discussed. Based on the evidence that training on simulators results in some task performance improvement, future studies are justified to better define more effective use of the simulator.
Index Radial Collateral Ligament Repair with Titanium Mini-Suture Anchor: Osteolysis Complication of an Underreported Injury
Authors: Mirza Ather , Reinhart Mary Kate , Bove Joseph John
Published: October 2009

We are reporting on a case of an index radial collateral ligament tear repaired with a titanium Mitek bone suture anchor. The development of cystic radiographic changes and increased pain and weakness led to suture anchor removal at 10 months post-repair. Periprosthetic osteolysis due to titanium-induced osteoclastogenesis and micromotion was suspected to be the cause. This case report provides a dual focus by stressing the importance of the diagnosis and treatment of this underreported ligament tear and highlighting our osteolysis complication via the mechanism of titanium-induced osteoclastogenesis for future therapeutic preventive measures.
Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse CdS Nanocrystals via Microreaction
Authors: Wan Zhen , Yang Hongwei , Luan Weiling , Tu Shan-tung , Zhou Xinggui
Published: October 2009

CdS-based nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted extensive interest due to their potential application as key luminescent materials for blue and white LEDs. In this research, the continuous synthesis of monodisperse CdS NCs was demonstrated utilizing a capillary microreactor. The enhanced heat and mass transfer in the microreactor was useful to reduce the reaction temperature and residence time to synthesize monodisperse CdS NCs. The superior stability of the microreactor and its continuous operation allowed the investigation of synthesis parameters with high efficiency. Reaction temperature was found to be a key parameter for balancing the reactivity of CdS precursors, while residence time was shown to be an important factor that governs the size and size distribution of the CdS NCs. Furthermore, variation of OA concentration was demonstrated to be a facile tuning mechanism for controlling the size of the CdS NCs. The variation of the volume percentage of OA from 10.5 to 51.2% and the variation of the residence time from 17 to 136 s facilitated the synthesis of monodisperse CdS NCs in the size range of 3.0–5.4 nm, and the NCs produced photoluminescent emissions in the range of 391–463 nm.
Effect of Surfactants on the Structure and Morphology of Magnesium Borate Hydroxide Nanowhiskers Synthesized by Hydrothermal Route
Authors: Kumari Latha , Li WZ , Kulkarni Shrinivas , Wu KH , Chen Wei , Wang Chunlei , Vannoy Charles H , Leblanc Roger M
Published: October 2009

Magnesium borate hydroxide (MBH) nanowhiskers were synthesized using a one step hydrothermal process with different surfactants. The effect surfactants have on the structure and morphology of the MBH nanowhiskers has been investigated. The X-ray diffraction profile confirms that the as-synthesized material is of single phase, monoclinic MgBO2(OH). The variations in the size and shape of the different MBH nanowhiskers have been discussed based on the surface morphology analysis. The annealing of MBH nanowhiskers at 500 °C for 4 h has significant effect on the crystal structure and surface morphology. The UV–vis absorption spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers synthesized with and without surfactants show enhanced absorption in the low-wavelength region, and their optical band gaps were estimated from the optical band edge plots. The photoluminescence spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers produced with and without surfactants show broad emission band with the peak maximum at around 400 nm, which confirms the dominant contribution from the surface defect states.
Delayed fixation of the transcervical fracture of the neck of the femur in the pediatric population: Results and complications
Authors: Dhar Shabir Ahmed , Ali Murtaza Fazal , Dar Tahir Ahmed , Sultan Asif , Butt Mohammed Farooq , Kawoosa Altaf Ahmed , Mir Mohammed Ramzan
Published: October 2009

Purpose

To determine the impact of a substantial delay in providing surgical treatment on the final outcome in transcervical femoral neck fractures in children.

Methods

Data on all pediatric patients with transcervical fractures of the femoral neck that were fixed by reduction and internal fixation after a delay of ≥7 days in our department between 2000 and 2008 were collected both retrospectively and prospectively.

Results

The medical records of 14 patients (15 fractures) were analyzed. The results after an average of 43 months of follow-up showed that the complication and avascular necrosis rates were higher in cases in which treatment had been delayed compared to those in comparable fractures that had been treated promptly after the event in other series. Nine of the 15 fractures had developed avascular necrosis at final follow-up. Overall, there were four excellent, three good, and eight poor results (based on the Ratliff criteria).

Conclusions

Children whose transcervical fractures of the femoral neck were surgically treated after a delay of 1 week or longer had a high avascular necrosis rate and a relatively poor outcome. Reduction and internal fixation as the initial treatment should be implemented shortly after injury in order to enhance treatment outcome.
Delayed diagnosis and management of injuries involving the distal radioulnar joint and distal ulna in the pediatric population: Recognition and conduct
Authors: Dello Russo Bibiana , Miscione Horacio F.
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Distal radius fractures associated with ligament or distal epiphyseal injuries of the ulna occur less frequently in skeletally immature patients. The underestimation of the mechanisms of injury leads to conservative management of this type of fracture, resulting in unsatisfactory reductions and loss of range of motion.

Materials and methods

Between January 2000 and March 2008, ten cases that were referred to our institution from other centers were studied. Treatment was joint reconstruction. The mean age was 11.9 years. Mechanisms of the fracture, as well as the delay of diagnosis, definitive reduction, and the number of surgeries previously performed, were analyzed.

Results

The mean follow-up until the skeletal maturity of the patients was 3.4 years. The mean number of surgeries before the definitive treatment was given was 2.1, varying from attempts of closed reductions under anesthesia to percutaneous pinning in most of the cases. Eighty-seven percent of the patients improved their range of motion after the definitive surgery in the last follow-up, and there has been no evidence of growth disorders.

Conclusions

The presented fracture pattern is generally undervalued when evaluating management in children; the reduction of this type of injury should be surgical in order to achieve an adequate alignment. Parents should be informed about the treatment, its evolution, and possible subsequent surgeries to reestablish the joint axes and the adequate length of the wrist bones.
Hyperhomocysteinemia selectively alters expression and stoichiometry of intermediate filament and induces glutamate‐ and calcium‐mediated mechanisms in rat brain during development
Authors: Loureiro Samanta Oliveira , Heimfarth Luana , de Lima Pelaez Priscila , Lacerda Bruna Arcce , Vidal Luiza Fedatto , Soska Angela , Santos Natália Gomes dos , Andrade Cláudia , Tagliari Bárbara , Scherer Emilene B.S. , Guma Fátima Therezinha Costa Rodrigues , de Souza Wyse Angela Terezinha , Pessoa‐Pureur Regina
Published: October 2009

The aim of the present work was to investigate the actions of a chemically induced chronic hyperhomocysteinemia model on intermediate filaments (IFs) of cortical and hippocampal neural cells and explore signaling mechanisms underlying such effects. Results showed that in hyperhomocysteinemic rats the expression of neural IF subunits was affected. In cerebral cortex, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was donwregulated while in hippocampus high and middle molecular weight neurofilament subunits (NF‐H and NF‐M, respectively) were up‐regulated. Otherwise, the immunocontent of IF proteins was unaltered in cerebral cortex while in hippocampus the immunocontent of cytoskeletal‐associated low molecular weight neurofilament (NF‐L) and NF‐H subunits suggested a stoichiometric ratio consistent with a decreased amount of core filaments enriched in lateral projections. These effects were not accompanied by an alteration in IF phosphorylation.In vitroresults showed that 500 μM Hcy‐induced protein phosphatases 1‐, 2A‐ and 2B‐mediated hypophosphorylation of NF subunits and GFAP in hippocampal slices of 17‐day‐old rats without affecting the cerebral cortex, showing a window of vulnerability of cytoskeleton in developing hippocampus. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors were involved in this action, as well as Ca2+release from intracellular stores through ryanodine receptors. We propose that the mechanisms observed in the hippocampus of 17‐day‐old rats could support the neural damage observed in these animals.
Dietary fibre and phytate – a balancing act: results from three time points in a British Birth Cohort
Authors: Prynne Celia J. , McCarron Aine , Wadsworth Michael E. J. , Stephen Alison M.
Published: October 2009

An investigation was carried out to determine whether there were significant changes in the intake of dietary fibre (NSP) and phytate of adult men and women in the UK from 1982 (aged 36 years) to 1999 (aged 53 years). The 1253 subjects studied were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development; a longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of births in 1946. Food intake was recorded in a 5 d diary at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999. The food composition database was amended with revised values for phytate. Outcome measures were mean intakes of total NSP and phytate by year, sex and food source. There were significant changes in total NSP and phytate intake over the three time points. Intakes of NSP rose significantly between 1982 and 1999 for men and women but phytate intakes rose significantly only between 1989 and 1999. Cereal foods were the most important source of both NSP and phytate. Between 1989 and 1999 there was a significant increase in the contribution from pasta, rice and other grains. The present study shows that an increase in dietary fibre that is in accordance with dietary guidelines would almost inevitably be accompanied by a rise in phytate. The increased dietary phytate is discussed in relation to its recognised inhibition of mineral absorption and its merits with regard to protection against some cancers and other diseases of an ageing population.
Torque reduction in Taylor–Couette flows subject to an axial pressure gradient
Authors: MANNA MARCELLO , VACCA ANDREA
Published: October 2009

The paper investigates the phenomena occurring in a Taylor–Couette flow system subject to a steady axial pressure gradient in a small envelope of the Taylor–Reynolds state space under transitional regimes. A remarkable net power reduction necessary to simultaneously drive the two flows compared to that required to drive the Taylor–Couette flow alone is documented under non-trivial conditions. The energy transfer process characterizing the large-scale coherent structures is investigated by processing a set of statistically independent realizations obtained from direct numerical simulation. The analysis is conducted with an incompressible three-dimensional Navier–Stokes flow solver employing a spectral representation of the unknowns.
Influence of ion temperature on plasma sheath transition
Authors: GHOMI HAMID , KHORAMABADI MANSOUR
Published: October 2009

Using a two-fluid model, the ion transition from plasma sheath boundary is investigated taking into account the effect of the finite ion temperature. It is shown that by considering the effects of neutral-ion elastic collision on the sheath, there will be an upper as well as a lower limit for the ion transition velocity into the sheath. The dependency of upper and lower limits of the ion transition velocity on the ion temperature is investigated, and it is shown that the finite ion temperature only affects lower limits in non-hot plasmas.
Basins of measures on inverse limit spaces for the induced homeomorphism
Authors: KENNEDY JUDY , RAINES BRIAN E. , STOCKMAN DAVID R.
Published: October 2009

Let f:X→X be continuous and onto, where X is a compact metric space. Let $Y:=\invlim {X,f}$ be the inverse limit and F:Y →Y the induced homeomorphism. Suppose that μ is an f-invariant measure, and let m be the measure induced on Y by (μ,μ,…). We show that B is a basin of μ if and only if π−11(B) is a basin of m. From this it follows that if μ is an SRB measure for f on X, then the induced measure m on Y is an inverse-limit SRB measure for F. Conversely, if m is an inverse-limit SRB measure for F on Y, then the induced measure μ on X is an SRB measure for f.
Feigenbaum Julia sets of singularities of free energy
Authors: QIAO JIANYONG , YIN YONGCHENG , GAO JUNYANG
Published: October 2009

Considering the Potts model on diamond-like hierarchical lattices, in this paper, we show that the Julia sets of the singularities of the free energy may be a Feigenbaum Julia set. Furthermore, we prove that these Julia sets are locally connected if they are connected.
On sums of indicator functions in dynamical systems
Authors: DURIEU OLIVIER , VOLNÝ DALIBOR
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we are interested in the limit theorem question for sums of indicator functions. We show that in every invertible ergodic dynamical system, for every increasing sequence (an)n∈ℕ⊂ℝ+ such that an↗∞ and an/n→0 as n→∞, there exists a dense Gδ of measurable sets A such that the sequence of the distributions of the partial sums $(\sfrac {1}{a_n})\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}(\ind _A-\mu (A))\circ T^i$ is dense in the set of the probability measures on ℝ.
The Parliamentary Papers of Nicholas Ferrar, 1624
Authors: Ransome David R.
Published: October 2009

Nicholas Ferrar's fame in the twentieth century rests largely upon religious foundations – as a saint of the Church of England and as one of the moving spirits at Little Gidding – but in fact his historical importance is more than merely religious, and indeed religion did not dominate his life before 1625. Born in London in February 1593, the youngest but one of a family of six, Nicholas was named for his father, a highly successful Merchant Adventurer who was also a Master of the Skinners Company. Small, fair-haired, precocious and frail, Nicholas was always his mother's favourite, and it was she who largely influenced his development. At the age of seventeen he was a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, but soon after his twentieth birthday he left Cambridge for the sake of his health, spending the years 1613–17 on the continent, chiefly at Padua, where he studied medicine. On his return to England he did not resume his fellowship at Clare, but remained in London with his parents, attending to his now elderly father's business affairs which included membership of the East India and Virginia Companies – and acting as his executor upon his death in 1620.
Private Indentures for Life Service in Peace and War 1278–1476
Authors: Jones Michael , Walker Simon
Published: October 2009

Acknowledgements 5

Abbreviations 6

Introduction 9

Editorial Note 34

Private Indentures for Life Service in Peace and War 1278–1476

Index
William Atkins, A Relation of the Journey From St Omers to Seville, 1622
Authors: Murphy Martin
Published: October 2009

Preface 195

Abbreviations 196

Introduction 197

I The Relation and its Author 197

The Manuscript

Authorship

History of the manuscript and date of the original text

Purpose of the work

Style

James Wadsworth's account

II The Journey and its Historical Context 204

The Sale pirates

St Omers and Seville

Editorial Principles 209

Itinerary 210

Maps: Location of Main Sites Named in Text 211

A Relation of the Journey of Twelve Students 213

Plan of Sale 241

The Route from Gibralter to Seville 275

Index 287
The Brevis Relatio de Guillelmo Nobilissimo Comite Normannorum, Written by a Monk of Battle Abbey, edited with an historical commentary
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth M. C.
Published: October 2009

Foreword 5

List of Abbreviations 6

Introduction

i.

Contents 7

ii.

Manuscripts 8

iii.

Text development 10

iv.

Date 12

v.

Author 14

vi.

Historical value and sources 15

vii.

Reception of theBrevis Relatio23

viii.

Editions 24

TheBrevis Relatio25
A 1301 Sequestrator-General's Account Roll for the Diocese of Coventry and Lichfield
Authors: Hughes Jill B.
Published: October 2009

Acknowledgements 108

List of Abbreviations 109

Introduction 110

Editorial Procedure 115

Text 116
Debates in the House of Commons, 1604–1607
Authors: Healy Simon
Published: October 2009

Although the authors of the journals and speeches reproduced below all came from the East Midlands and were loosely related to each other, they offer three widely differing viewpoints of the proceedings of the House of Commons during the parliamentary sessions of 1604 and 1606–7. The Rutland manuscript concentrates on the privilege dispute over election returns which dominated the opening weeks of the 1604 session, while Sir Robert Cotton was chiefly concerned to record procedural precedents for use in subsequent Parliaments, and Sir Edward Mountagu focussed on the House's legislative activity.
John Langdon. Three Voyages to the West Coast of Africa, 1881–1884, edited by Martin Lynn
Authors: Lynn Martin
Published: October 2009

Acknowledgements 4

Editorial note 4

Introduction 5

The Letters 7

Index 157
Determinants of breast-feeding in a Finnish birth cohort
Authors: Erkkola Maijaliisa , Salmenhaara Maija , Kronberg-Kippilä Carina , Ahonen Suvi , Arkkola Tuula , Uusitalo Liisa , Pietinen Pirjo , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M
Published: October 2009

Objective

To assess milk feeding on the maternity ward and during infancy, and their relationship to sociodemographic determinants. The validity of our 3-month questionnaire in measuring hospital feeding was assessed.

Design

A prospective Finnish birth cohort with increased risk to type 1 diabetes recruited between 1996 and 2004. The families completed a follow-up form on the age at introduction of new foods and age-specific dietary questionnaires.

Setting

Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) project, Finland.

Subjects

A cohort of 5993 children (77 % of those invited) participated in the main study, and 117 randomly selected infants in the validation study.

Results

Breast milk was the predominant milk on the maternity ward given to 99 % of the infants. Altogether, 80 % of the women recalled their child being fed supplementary milk (donated breast milk or infant formula) on the maternity ward. The median duration of exclusive breast-feeding was 1·4 months (range 0–8) and that of total breast-feeding 7·0 months (0–25). Additional milk feeding on the maternity ward, short parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, small gestational age and having no siblings were associated with a risk of short duration of both exclusive and total breast-feeding. In the validation study, 78 % of the milk types given on the maternity ward fell into the same category, according to the questionnaire and hospital records.

Conclusions

The recommendations for infant feeding were not achieved. Infant feeding is strongly influenced by sociodemographic determinants and feeding practices on the maternity wards. Long-term breast-feeding may be supported by active promotion on the maternity ward.
PHILOSOPHY IN PHILOSOPHY IN SCHOOLS
Authors: Worley Peter
Published: October 2009

There has recently been a great deal written about philosophy in schools and in this article I shall be addressing some of the main concerns raised in objection to philosophy with young people. By young people I have in mind those in primary school from reception through to Year 6 (ages 4–11).
FREEWILL, FREE PROCESS, AND LOVE
Authors: Beale Nicholas
Published: October 2009

Of all the philosophical challenges to theism in general and Christianity in particular, the one that Christians take most seriously is the Problem of Evil. It is clearly not logically contradictory to hold that there exists a Loving Ultimate Creator; and nevertheless there is a very substantial amount of evil and suffering in the world. But it is certainly problematic. Deeper scientific understandings of physics and evolution shed some light on this. It is also useful to reflect more deeply on the relationships between love, suffering and creativity.
MUST THEISTS BELIEVE IN A PERSONAL GOD?
Authors: Burns Elizabeth
Published: October 2009

The claim that God is a person or personal is, perhaps, one of the most fundamental claims which religious believers make about God. In Hinduism, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva are represented in person-like form. In the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament God walks in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:8), experiences emotions (e.g. Isaiah 61:8), and converses with human beings (e.g. Job 38–41). In the New Testament, God communicates with his people, usually by means of angels or visions (e.g. Matthew 1:20–21), and retains the ability to speak audibly, as he does to Paul on the Damascus road (Acts 9:4–6). And, in the Qur'an, Allah is said to have a face and two hands (e.g. Qur'an 38:75), to see, and to sit on a throne (e.g. Qur'an 57:4). Many believers today would still claim that, among other things which God can do, he loves those who believe in him (e.g. Ephesians 5:29; I Peter 5:7; Qur'an 1:3) and responds to their prayers (e.g. Matthew 7:7–8; Mark 11:24; Qur'an 11:61).
Sind körperliche Beschwerden bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im Selbsturteil eindimensional und spezifisch objektiv messbar?
Authors: Barkmann Claus , Mack Bernd , Brähler Elmar , Schulte-Markwort Michael
Published: October 2009

Zusammenfassung. Der Gießener Beschwerdebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche (GBB-KJ) ist derzeit der einzige deutschsprachige Test zur standardisierten mehrdimensionalen Messung körperlicher Beschwerden im Selbst- und Fremdurteil bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Skalierbarkeit der fünf Beschwerdedimensionen im ordinalen Mixed-Rasch-Modell mit bis zu vier Clustern und vier Response-Modellen analysiert (Partial Credit, Dispersion, Äquidistanz und Ratingskala). Die verwendeten Selbstbeurteilungsdaten von N = 1027 11- bis 18-Jährigen stammen aus dem bundesweit repräsentativen Hamburger Gesundheitssurvey ( Barkmann, 2004 ). Von den fünf Originalskalen mit je sieben Items konnte nur Erkältungsbeschwerden im 3-Cluster-Ratingskalen-Modell ohne Ausschluss nicht modellkonform antwortender Personen Rasch-skaliert werden. Im 5-Item-Reskalierungsansatz konnte für jede der fünf Beschwerdedimensionen mehr als ein gültiges Modell gefunden werden. Körperliche Beschwerden erweisen sich prinzipiell als gut geeignet für probabilistische Messmodelle. Zukünftige Studien müssen entscheiden, welche der beiden Lösungen die deutlicheren und konsistenteren Ergebnisse in Forschung und Praxis bereitstellt.
Die Intelligence and Development Scale Sozial-Emotionale Kompetenz (IDS-SEK)
Authors: Meyer Christine Sandra , Hagmann-von Arx Priska , Grob Alexander
Published: October 2009

Zusammenfassung. Bisher fehlten geeignete Messinstrumente zur Erfassung sozial-emotionaler Fähigkeiten bei Kindern weitgehend. Zur Schliessung dieser Lücke in der Testdiagnostik wurde die Sozial-Emotionale Kompetenz Skala (IDS-SEK) der Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS) entwickelt. Sie umfasst die folgenden vier sozial-emotionalen Kompetenzdimensionen: 1. Emotionen Erkennen (EE), 2. Emotionen Regulieren (ER), 3. Soziale Situationen Verstehen (SV) und 4. Sozial Kompetent Handeln (SH). Die Skalenvalidität wurde in mehreren Studien mit insgesamt 839 Kindern aus der Schweiz im Alter von 5 bis 10 Jahren geprüft. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für die Kriteriums- und Konstruktvalidität. Vergleiche zwischen Kindern mit Asperger-Syndrom (N = 38) beziehungsweise aggressiver Verhaltensauffälligkeit (N = 57) und nach Alter, Geschlecht sowie Intelligenzquotienten gepaarten verhaltensunauffälligen Kindern belegen zudem die Differenzierungsfähigkeit der Skala. Die IDS-SEK eignet sich zur mehrdimensionalen Erfassung von Ressourcen und Defiziten im sozial-emotionalen Bereich. Sie kann als Basis für spezifische Förderung verwendet werden.
Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität bei Patienten nach Nierentransplantation – Lässt sich die Skalenstruktur des SF-36 replizieren?
Authors: Jäger Susanne , Jagla Melanie , Morfeld Matthias , Türk Tobias , Witzke Oliver , Reimer Jens , Franke Gabriele Helga
Published: October 2009

Zusammenfassung. Eine Nierentransplantation führt bei Patienten mit einer chronischen Niereninsuffizienz zu einer Verbesserung der Lebensqualität. Zur Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität dieser Patienten können entweder spezifische oder generische Verfahren eingesetzt werden. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die psychometrischen Eigenschaften des SF-36 an einer großen Stichprobe von N = 1.687 nierentransplantierten Patienten zu evaluieren. Die interne Konsistenz lag für die Untersuchungsstichprobe zwischen α = .64 (Skala Allgemeine Gesundheitswahrnehmung) und α = .92 (Skala Körperliche Funktionsfähigkeit), womit berichtete Werte repliziert werden konnten. Die diskriminante Validität wurde mittels Effektstärken geprüft (–.03 bis –.35). Die nierentransplantierten Patienten berichteten eine schlechtere gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität als die Normstichprobe. Die Überprüfung der Konstruktvalidität ergab inkonsistente Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Bidimensionalität des Verfahrens. Das SF-36 kann jedoch auch ohne den Fokus auf der Bidimensionalität als Forschungsinstrument der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität bei Patienten mit Nierentransplantation gelten.
A model for observed circular polarized electric fields coincident with the passage of large seismic waves
Authors: Honkura Y. , Ogawa Y. , Matsushima M. , Nagaoka S. , Ujihara N. , Yamawaki T.
Published: October 2009

Among electric field variations supposed to be associated with earthquakes, electric field variations coincident with the passage of seismic waves have been well documented and interpreted mostly in terms of the electrokinetic effect. Here we present two examples of electric field variations obtained in association with small artificial earthquakes caused by blasting and three examples for aftershocks of two large earthquakes of magnitude 6.9 and 7.2, respectively. The electric field turned out to be circularly polarized in some cases, whereas linearly polarized cases were also seen. Since it is unclear whether such a peculiar behavior is understood in terms of existing models, we propose another mechanism to explain circular polarization; here we call this mechanism as “seismic dynamo effect,” which would be regarded as an extended model of the so‐called induction effect. In our model we consider ions motion in pores filled with water in the ground, which is driven by ground motion in the Earth's magnetic field. With this model we show that circular polarization of electric field is realized in association with resonance between the frequency of ground velocity due to seismic wave and the cyclotron frequency of ions, such as HCO3− or Cl− contained in pores, for the Earth's magnetic field at the observation site. Ions with positive charge, such as Na+, also seem to be responsible for circular polarization of electric field with rotation direction opposite to that for ions with negative charge. We also show that in this model the magnitude of electric field can be estimated in terms of the number density of ions.