bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestational hypertension and childhood atopy: a Millennium Cohort Study analysis
Authors: Henderson Ian , Quenby Siobhan
Published: March 2021

Gestational hypertension may confer risk of atopic disease in offspring through a direct biological mechanism, but another possibility is that risk is mediated through complications of pregnancy. To explore these associations, we conducted an analysis of a nationally representative birth cohort based in the UK involving children born 2000–2002. We included 12,450 mother-child pairs. We used logistic regression to estimate the association between hypertensive disease and asthma, hay fever, or eczema by age 5, and parentally reported early wheeze and severe wheeze. Mediation by gestation at delivery and caesarean delivery was explored using causal mediation analysis. Odds ratios (95% CI) for gestational hypertension and childhood asthma, hay fever, and eczema were 1.32 (1.09, 1.59), 1.22 (0.97, 1.55), and 1.12 (0.96, 1.32) respectively, adjusted for confounding. The population attributable fractions were 2.4% (1.0–3.8%), 0.9% (−0.3% to 2.1%), and 1.8% (0.0–3.7%), respectively. Accounting for mediation by gestational age and caesarean delivery, odds ratios (95% CI) for the potential direct effects of gestational hypertension were 1.21 (0.97, 1.50), 1.17 (0.91, 1.49), and 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) for the same.

Conclusion: Gestational hypertension was weakly positively associated with asthma and this was partly mediated by earlier delivery. Only a small proportion of early childhood asthma was attributable to gestational hypertensive disease in this representative UK-based birth cohort.

What is known:• Gestational hypertension has been shown to be an inconsistent risk factor for the atopic diseases.• The in utero immune environment may modify the risk of atopy in offspring; alternatively, complications of pregnancy including caesarean delivery and prematurity may explain an association between hypertensive disease and atopy.

What is new:• Self-reported gestational hypertension was a weak risk factor for asthma and wheeze in the Millennium Cohort Study.• Part of the association between gestational hypertensive disease and asthma was explained by earlier delivery.
Obtaining a Proportional Allocation by Deleting Items
Authors: Dorn Britta , de Haan Ronald , Schlotter Ildikó
Published: March 2021

We consider the following control problem on fair allocation of indivisible goods. Given a set I of items and a set of agents, each having strict linear preferences over the items, we ask for a minimum subset of the items whose deletion guarantees the existence of a proportional allocation in the remaining instance; we call this problem Proportionality by Item Deletion (PID). Our main result is a polynomial-time algorithm that solves PID for three agents. By contrast, we prove that PID is computationally intractable when the number of agents is unbounded, even if the number k of item deletions allowed is small—we show that the problem is $${\mathsf {W}}[3]$$

W
[
3
]

-hard with respect to the parameter k. Additionally, we provide some tight lower and upper bounds on the complexity of PID when regarded as a function of |I| and k. Considering the possibilities for approximation, we prove a strong inapproximability result for PID. Finally, we also study a variant of the problem where we are given an allocation $$\pi $$
π
in advance as part of the input, and our aim is to delete a minimum number of items such that $$\pi $$
π
is proportional in the remainder; this variant turns out to be $${{\mathsf {N}}}{{\mathsf {P}}}$$

N
P

-hard for six agents, but polynomial-time solvable for two agents, and we show that it is $$\mathsf {W[2]}$$

W
[
2
]

-hard when parameterized by the number k of
Digitale Interventionen für Geflüchtete. Herausforderungen, Chancen und die Perspektive der agency
Authors: Rubeis Giovanni
Published: March 2021

Geflüchtete weisen eine hohe Prävalenz an psychischen Störungen auf. Dem hohen Behandlungsbedarf stehen jedoch Barrieren gegenüber, die den Zugang zu psychischen Versorgungsleistungen behindern. Zu den Zugangsbarrieren gehören strukturelle Hürden ebenso wie kulturell differente Haltungen gegenüber psychischer Gesundheit und Krankheit sowie therapeutischen Maßnahmen. Eine Möglichkeit, diese Zugangsbarrieren zu überwinden und Geflüchteten Versorgungsleistungen nach ihrem Bedarf zukommen zu lassen, wird in digitalen Interventionen gesehen. In Form von interaktiven Websites oder Smartphone-Apps haben sich diese internet- und mobilgestützten Interventionen bereits in der Versorgung bewährt. Auch gibt es erste Beispiele für einen gelungenen Einsatz bei Geflüchteten. Die ethischen Aspekte digitaler Interventionen für Geflüchtete sind bislang aber kaum erforscht. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, dieses Desiderat zu bearbeiten. Als Instrument der ethischen Analyse wird dazu das agency-Konzept verwendet. Nach dem agency-Konzept sind Personen als handlungsfähige Akteure zu verstehen, die aus eigenen Ressourcen und Kompetenzen schöpfen und selbstwirksam handeln können. Agency ist in vorliegender Arbeit das Leitprinzip, um die Chancen und Risiken digitaler Interventionen bei Geflüchteten zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus werden die Perspektiven eines agency-basierten Einsatzes digitaler Interventionen für Geflüchtete aufgezeigt. Auf dieser Grundlage können therapeutische Konzepte entwickelt werden, die aus ethischer Sicht zu einer Verbesserung der Versorgungssituation von Geflüchteten beitragen können.
Pre-injury antithrombotic agents predict intracranial hemorrhagic progression, but not worse clinical outcome in severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Svedung Wettervik Teodor , Lenell Samuel , Enblad Per , Lewén Anders
Published: March 2021

Background

The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients of older age with comorbidities, who are pre-injury treated with antithrombotic agents (antiplatelets and/or anticoagulants), has increased. In this study, our aim was to investigate if pre-injury antithrombotic treatment was associated with worse intracranial hemorrhagic/injury progression and clinical outcome in patients with severe TBI.

Methods

In this retrospective study, including 844 TBI patients treated at our neurointensive care at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, 2008–2018, 159 (19%) were pre-injury treated with antithrombotic agents. Demography, admission status, radiology, treatment, and outcome variables were evaluated. Significant intracranial hemorrhagic/injury evolution was defined as hemorrhagic progression seen on the second computed tomography (CT), emergency neurosurgery after the initial CT, or death following the initial CT.

Results

Patients with pre-injury antithrombotics were significantly older and with a higher Charlson comorbidity index. They were more often injured by falls and more frequently developed acute subdural hematomas. Sixty-eight (8%) patients were pre-injury treated with monotherapy of antiplatelets, 67 (8%) patients with anticoagulants, and 24 (3%) patients with a combination of antithrombotics. Pre-injury anticoagulants, but not antiplatelets, were independently associated with significant intracranial hemorrhagic/injury evolution in a multiple regression analysis. However, neither anticoagulants nor antiplatelets were associated with mortality and unfavorable outcome in multiple regression analyses.

Conclusions

Only anticoagulants were associated with intracranial hemorrhagic/injury progression, but no antithrombotic agent correlated with worse clinical outcome. Management, including early anticoagulant reversal, availability of emergency neurosurgery, and neurointensive care, may be important aspects for reducing the adverse effects of pre-injury antithrombotics.
Fluid–structure interaction in a fully coupled three-dimensional mitral–atrium–pulmonary model
Authors: Feng Liuyang , Gao Hao , Qi Nan , Danton Mark , Hill Nicholas A. , Luo Xiaoyu
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to investigate detailed mechanical interactions between the pulmonary haemodynamics and left heart function in pathophysiological situations (e.g. atrial fibrillation and acute mitral regurgitation). This is achieved by developing a complex computational framework for a coupled pulmonary circulation, left atrium and mitral valve model. The left atrium and mitral valve are modelled with physiologically realistic three-dimensional geometries, fibre-reinforced hyperelastic materials and fluid–structure interaction, and the pulmonary vessels are modelled as one-dimensional network ended with structured trees, with specified vessel geometries and wall material properties. This new coupled model reveals some interesting results which could be of diagnostic values. For example, the wave propagation through the pulmonary vasculature can lead to different arrival times for the second systolic flow wave (S2 wave) among the pulmonary veins, forming vortex rings inside the left atrium. In the case of acute mitral regurgitation, the left atrium experiences an increased energy dissipation and pressure elevation. The pulmonary veins can experience increased wave intensities, reversal flow during systole and increased early-diastolic flow wave (D wave), which in turn causes an additional flow wave across the mitral valve (L wave), as well as a reversal flow at the left atrial appendage orifice. In the case of atrial fibrillation, we show that the loss of active contraction is associated with a slower flow inside the left atrial appendage and disappearances of the late-diastole atrial reversal wave (AR wave) and the first systolic wave (S1 wave) in pulmonary veins. The haemodynamic changes along the pulmonary vessel trees on different scales from microscopic vessels to the main pulmonary artery can all be captured in this model. The work promises a potential in quantifying disease progression and medical treatments of various pulmonary diseases such as the pulmonary hypertension due to a left heart dysfunction.
A Symbolic Analysis of the Islamic Period Gravestones in the Ahar Museum
Authors: Kazempour Mehdi , Shokrpour Shahriyar
Published: March 2021

The Ahar city not only has a large number of historical cemeteries but also the courtyard of the city’s museum has one of the richest Islamic-era gravestone collections. These gravestones date to the thirteenth-eighteenth centuries and have been collected from inside the city as well as from surrounding villages. The present study analyzes these gravestones based on a symbolic approach. In this paper, we will answer the question: What are the symbolic meanings of the decorations on the Ahar Museum gravestones? We conclude that various motifs appear, including inscriptions, geometric designs, and allegorical, military, and narrative scenes. These motifs directly relate to the beliefs of the people who created them.
The essential role of TAZ in normal tissue homeostasis
Authors: Jeong Mi Gyeong , Kim Hyo Kyeong , Hwang Eun Sook
Published: March 2021

Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) has been extensively characterized in organ development, tissue regeneration, and tumor progression. In particular, TAZ functions as a Hippo mediator that regulates organ size, tumor growth and migration. It is highly expressed in various types of human cancer, and has been reported to be associated with tumor metastasis and poor outcomes in cancer patients, suggesting that TAZ is an oncogenic regulator. Yes-associated protein (YAP) has 60% similarity in amino acid sequence to TAZ and plays redundant roles with TAZ in the regulation of cell proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Therefore, TAZ and YAP, which are encoded by paralogous genes, are referred to as TAZ/YAP and are suggested to be functionally equivalent. Despite its similarity to YAP, TAZ can be clearly distinguished from YAP based on its genetic, structural, and functional aspects. In addition, targeting superabundant TAZ can be a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment; however, persistent TAZ inactivation may cause failure of tissue homeostatic control. This review focuses primarily on TAZ, not YAP, discusses its structural features and physiological functions in the regulation of tissue homeostasis, and provides new insights into the drug development targeting TAZ to control reproductive and musculoskeletal disorders.
Perceptions of exercise benefits and barriers: the influence on physical activity behaviour in individuals undergoing haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Lightfoot Courtney J. , Wilkinson Thomas J. , Song Yan , Burton James O. , Smith Alice C.
Published: March 2021

Background

Despite growing evidence about the benefits of physical activity and exercise in patients receiving dialysis, physical inactivity is highly prevalent. This may be due to uncertainty and lack of appropriate guidance about exercise, or driven by the relative barriers and benefits that patients perceive. Understanding these perceptions in dialysis patients may inform interventions aimed to increase exercise participation.

Methods

Perceived benefits and barriers to exercise were measured by the ‘Dialysis Patient-perceived Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale’ (DPEBBS). Self-reported physical activity status was assessed by the ‘General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire’. Barriers and benefits to exercise were classed as binary variables (i.e. yes and no). Frequency analyses and chi-squared tests were conducted to compare the differences perceived by people on haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Binominal logistical regression was performed to determine which perceived barriers and benefits had the biggest impact on physical activity status.

Results

One thousand twenty-two HD and 124 PD patients completed the DPEBBS. A greater proportion of HD than PD patients reported ‘reduces body pain’ (P = 0.013), ‘delays decline in body function’ (P = 0.01), and ‘improves quality of life’ (P = 0.033) as benefits of exercise. No differences in barriers were observed. Tiredness was the most reported barrier to exercise. Patients who perceived ‘other comorbidities’ (OR 3.389, P < 0.001) or ‘burden of family’ (OR 3.168, P < 0.001) as barriers were 3 times more likely to be inactive.

Conclusions

Dialysis patients perceive several barriers which may prevent them from engaging in physical activity. Addressing these barriers may be key to increasing participation in physical activity and exercise.

Graphic abstract
Comparative investigation on the mechanical behavior of injection molded and 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane
Authors: Oelsch Erik , Landgraf Ralf , Jankowsky Lysander , Kausch Martin , Hoyer Stefan , Drossel Welf-Guntram , Ihlemann Jörn
Published: March 2021

3D printing opens up new possibilities for the production of polymeric structures that would not be possible with injection molding. However, it is known that the manufacturing method might have an impact on the mechanical properties of manufactured components. To this end, the mechanical behavior of test specimens made of thermoplastic polyurethane is compared for two different manufacturing methods. In particular, the SEAM technology (screw extrusion additive manufacturing) is compared to a conventional injection molding process. Uniaxial tension test specimens from both manufacturing methods are analyzed in two testing sequences (multi-hysteresis tests to analyze inelastic properties and uniaxial tension until rupture). To get as less perturbation as possible, the 3D-printed samples are printed with only one strand per layer. Moreover, a correction approach based on optical measurements is applied to determine the true cross-sectional area of the test specimens. The mechanical tests reveal that the inelastic material behavior is the same for both manufacturing methods. Instead, 3D-printed specimens show lower maximal stretch values at rupture and an increased variance in the results, which is related to the surface structure of 3D-printed specimens.
Strukturelle Gewalt – ein analytisch überschätzter Begriff
Authors: Braun Andreas
Published: March 2021

Der Beitrag widmet sich vor dem Hintergrund der jüngst von Peter Imbusch vorgeschlagenen Revitalisierung dem Konzept der strukturellen Gewalt. Entgegen der von Imbusch vertretenen fruchtbaren Reintegration des Konzeptes in neuere gewaltsoziologische Forschungen wird hier die These einer diesbezüglichen analytischen Überschätzung vertreten. Vor dem Hintergrund eines einfachen (bezugsproblemorientierten) Vergleichs wird aufgezeigt, dass eine Berücksichtigung für die neuere gewaltsoziologische Forschung insofern überschätzt wird, als das Konzept nicht auf Gewalt (violentia), sondern auf Macht (potestas) abzielt. Darüber hinaus wird konstatiert, dass die von Imbusch postulierte gewaltsoziologische Engführung auf Körper und Leid keineswegs eine nicht zu rechtfertigende Fokussierung darstellt. Gerade Ansätze der neueren gewaltsoziologischen Forschung sind mit diesem Bezugsrahmen in der Lage, Gewalt und Macht analytisch trennscharf zu behandeln und eine differenzierte Betrachtung struktureller und kultureller Faktoren im Kontext nicht normativer unda prioridyadischer (de-)legitimierender Gewaltbeobachtungen vorzunehmen. Aspekte, die sich hingegen für eine galtungsche Friedens- und Konfliktforschung als fruchtbar erweisen können.
Plotting for Peace
Authors: Larsen Daniel
Published: March 2021

With Britain by late 1916 facing the prospect of an economic crisis and increasingly dependent on the US, rival factions in Asquith's government battled over whether or not to seek a negotiated end to the First World War. In this riveting new account, Daniel Larsen tells the full story for the first time of how Asquith and his supporters secretly sought to end the war. He shows how they supported President Woodrow Wilson's efforts to convene a peace conference and how British intelligence, clandestinely breaking American codes, aimed to sabotage these peace efforts and aided Asquith's rivals. With Britain reading and decrypting all US diplomatic telegrams between Europe and Washington, these decrypts were used in a battle between the Treasury, which was terrified of looming financial catastrophe, and Lloyd George and the generals. This book's findings transform our understanding of British strategy and international diplomacy during the war.
The Redress of Law
Authors: Christodoulidis Emilios
Published: March 2021

From a legal-philosophical point of view, The Redress of Law presents a critical analysis of a number of related doctrinal fields: constitutional, labour and EU Law. Focusing on the organisation and protection of work, this book asks what it means to protect work as an essential aspect of human (individual and collective) flourishing. This is an ambitious and highly sophisticated intervention in contemporary academic and political debates around a set of critically important questions connected to processes of globalisation and market integration. The author redefines the nature of legal and political thought in an age in which market rationality has exceeded its classic domain and has come to pervade the organization of social and political life. This restatement of critical legal theory is intended to defend the concept of constitutionalism and suggest new ways to deploy the law strategically.
Simplicity and Humility in Late Antique Christian Thought
Authors: Maxwell Jaclyn L.
Published: March 2021

The social values of upper-class Christians in Late Antiquity often contrasted with the modest backgrounds of their religion's founders – the apostles – and the virtues they exemplified. Drawing on examples from the Cappadocian Fathers, John Chrysostom, and other late antique authors, this book examines attitudes toward the apostles' status as manual workers and their virtues of simplicity and humility. Due to the strong connection between these traits and low socioeconomic status, late antique bishops often allowed their own high standing to influence how they understood these matters. The virtues of simplicity and humility had been a natural fit for tentmakers and fishermen, but posed a significant challenge to Christians born into the elite and trained in prestigious schools. This volume examines the socioeconomic implications of Christianity in the Roman Empire by considering how the first wave of powerful, upper-class church leaders interpreted the socially radical elements of their religion.
Writing the Jerusalem Pilgrimage in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Boyle Mary
Published: March 2021

An examination of four written accounts of medieval pilgrimages to Jerusalem.
Aristocratic Women in Ireland, 1450-1660
Authors: Duffy Damien
Published: March 2021

An in-depth analysis of the key contribution made by the women members of this important ruling family in maintaining and advancing the family's political, landed, economic, social and religious interests.
Do nudges crowd out prosocial behavior?
Authors: Gråd Erik , Erlandsson Arvid , Tinghög Gustav
Published: March 2021

Both theory on motivational crowding and recent empirical evidence suggest that nudging may sometimes backfire and actually crowd out prosocial behavior, due to decreased intrinsic motivation and warm glow. In this study, we tested this claim by investigating the effects of three types of nudges (default nudge, social norm nudge, and moral nudge) on donations to charity in a preregistered online experiment (N = 1098). Furthermore, we manipulated the transparency of the nudges across conditions by explicitly informing subjects of the nudges that were used. Our results show no indication that nudges crowd out prosocial behavior; instead, all three nudges increased donations. The positive effects of the nudges were driven by the subjects who did not perceive the nudges as attempts to manipulate their behavior, while donations among subjects who felt that the nudges were manipulative remained unaffected. Subjects’ self-reported happiness with their choice also remained unaffected. Thus, we find no indication that nudges crowded out warm glow when acting altruistically. Generally, our results are good news for the proponents of nudges in public policy, since they suggest that concerns about unintended motivational crowding effects on prosocial behavior have been overstated.
Risk of Cancer Following an Ischemic Stroke in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Rioux Bastien , Gioia Laura C. , Keezer Mark R.
Published: March 2021

Background:

Stroke survivors may be at higher risk of incident cancer, although the magnitude and the period at risk remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the risk of cancer in stroke survivors to that of the general population.

Methods:

The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging is a large population-based cohort of individuals aged 45–85 years when recruited (2011–2015). We used data from the comprehensive subgroup (n = 30,097) to build a retrospective cohort with individual exact matching for age (1:4 ratio). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios of new cancer diagnosis with and without a prior stroke.

Results:

We respectively included 920 and 3,680 individuals in the stroke and non-stroke groups. We observed a higher incidence of cancer in the first year after stroke that declined afterward (p-value = 0.030). The hazard of new cancer diagnosis after stroke was significantly increased (hazard ratio: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.21, 4.61; p-value = 0.012) as compared to age-matched non-stroke participants after adjustments. The most frequent primary cancers in the first year after stroke were prostate (n = 8, 57.1%) and melanoma (n = 2, 14.3%).

Conclusions:

The hazard of new cancer diagnosis in the first year after an ischemic stroke is about 2.4 times higher as compared to age-matched individuals without stroke after adjustments. Surveillance bias may explain a portion of post-stroke cancer diagnoses although a selection bias of healthier participants likely led to an underestimation of post-stroke cancer risk. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the potentially pressing need to screen for post-stroke cancer.
Middle Ordovician linguliformean microbrachiopods from western Argentina: new data and biogeographic implications
Authors: Lavié Fernando J. , Mestre Ana I. , Carrera Marcelo G.
Published: March 2021

New linguliform microbrachiopods from the Middle Ordovician are described and illustrated. This fauna was recovered from the uppermost beds of the San Juan Formation in two sections of the Central Precordillera (Argentina), which are accurately dated to theLenodus pseudoplanusZone (middle Darriwilian). The fauna consists of the obolidLuthieria diminutan. gen. n. sp., and the acrotretidsEoconulus tucunucoensisn. sp.,Conotreta andinaLavié, Serra, and Feltes,Scaphelasma zharykensisPopov, andNumericoma rowelliHolmer et al. This low-diversity lingulate association displays close similarities with coeval faunas that inhabited the Laurentia, Baltica, and Kazakhstanian regions, in agreement with evidence from other linguliform and rhynchonelliform brachiopods.

UUID:http//zoobank.org/fe9acbb0-6654-4462-ba4d-ea2386ae79f6
A CLASS OF FIELDS WITH A RESTRICTED MODEL COMPLETENESS PROPERTY
Authors: DITTMANN PHILIP , LEIJNSE DION
Published: March 2021

We introduce and study a natural class of fields in which certain first-order definable sets are existentially definable, and characterise this class by a number of equivalent conditions. We show that global fields belong to this class, and in particular obtain a number of new existential (or diophantine) predicates over global fields.
Influential Women, New World Riches, and Masculine Anxieties in the Development of the Spanish Council of the Indies, 1524–98
Authors: Masters Adrian
Published: March 2021

Sixteenth-century Spain was at the vanguard of European collegiate bureaucratic rule and imperial governance. This article argues that its Council of the Indies became substantially more bureaucratic partly due to the influence of women. Vassals’ attempts to shape ministers’ decisions via female connections prompted the council's fundamental 1542 and 1571 guidelines. Subsequently, Madrid's anxieties about women's sway, and surfeits of Indies commodities, stirred misogynistic treatises, royal scrutiny, and an increasingly explicit masculine ministerial ethos. Women's influence over council operations nonetheless persisted, through near-invisible labor contributions and petitions. One female author in Peru even envisioned influential women directing the empire.
AN EMENDATION IN HESYCHIUS π 196
Authors: Xenis Georgios A.
Published: March 2021

The entry π 196 of Hesychius is textually corrupt. This note challenges the traditional way of explaining the corruption and emending the text, which goes back to Marcus Musurus (1514), and replaces it with a simpler and more economical approach.
The effect of surgical complications on ENT trainees
Authors: McLaren O , Perkins C , Alderson D
Published: March 2021

Background

The ‘second victim phenomenon’ is a term attributed to the traumatic effect a medical error can have on healthcare professionals. Patient safety incidents have been shown to occur in as many as one in seven patients in hospital. These incidents cause significant, potentially devastating, trauma to patients and their relatives, and can have deep and long-lasting effects on the health professionals involved. These incidents can have a negative impact on doctors’ emotional wellbeing; their professional practice in relation to this impact has not been extensively investigated in surgical trainees.

Method

A survey of UK otolaryngology trainees was conducted to investigate the effects of complications and medical errors on trainees, and examine how these are discussed within departments.

Results and conclusion

The findings suggest that further training is required and would be warmly received by otolaryngology trainees as part of higher surgical training.
Association between psychomotor disturbance and treatment outcome in psychotic depression: a STOP-PD II report
Authors: Flint Alastair J. , Bingham Kathleen S. , Neufeld Nicholas H. , Alexopoulos George S. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Rothschild Anthony J. , Whyte Ellen M. , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Marino Patricia , Meyers Barnett S.
Published: March 2021

Background

Little is known about the relationship between psychomotor disturbance (PMD) and treatment outcome of psychotic depression. This study examined the association between PMD and subsequent remission and relapse of treated psychotic depression.

Methods

Two hundred and sixty-nine men and women aged 18–85 years with an episode of psychotic depression were treated with open-label sertraline plus olanzapine for up to 12 weeks. Participants who remained in remission or near-remission following an 8-week stabilization phase were eligible to participate in a 36-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared the efficacy and tolerability of sertraline plus olanzapine (n = 64) with sertraline plus placebo (n = 62). PMD was measured with the psychiatrist-rated sign-based CORE at acute phase baseline and at RCT baseline. Spearman's correlations and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between CORE total score at acute phase baseline and remission/near-remission and CORE total score at RCT baseline and relapse.

Results

Higher CORE total score at acute phase baseline was associated with lower frequency of remission/near-remission. Higher CORE total score at RCT baseline was associated with higher frequency of relapse, in the RCT sample as a whole, as well as in each of the two randomized groups.

Conclusions

PMD is associated with poorer outcome of psychotic depression treated with sertraline plus olanzapine. Future research needs to examine the neurobiology of PMD in psychotic depression in relation to treatment outcome.
Recalling and/or Repressing German Marxism? The Case of Ernst Fraenkel
Authors: Scheuerman William E.
Published: March 2021

I spent a few unseasonably hot summer days in 1996 digging around in the German Federal Archives in Koblenz for what later became a lengthy essay on Ernst Fraenkel (1898–1975), the neglected German socialist political and legal thinker. I still recall struggling to justify my efforts not simply as an historian of ideas but also as a political theorist who, at least in principle, was expected to make systematic contributions to contemporary debates. The problem was that Fraenkel had focused his acumen on investigating liberal democratic instability and German fascism, matters that did not seem directly pertinent to a political and intellectual constellation in which political scientists were celebrating democracy's “third wave.” With Tony Blair and Bill Clinton touting Third Way politics, and many former dictatorships seemingly on a secure path to liberal democracy, Fraenkel's preoccupations seemed dated. Even though Judith Shklar had noted, as late as 1989, that “anyone who thinks that fascism in one guise or another is dead and gone ought to think again,” political pundits and scholars in the mid-1990s typically assumed that capitalist liberal democracy's future was secure. When I returned to the US and described my research to colleagues, they responded, unsurprisingly, politely but without much enthusiasm.
Drivers of Methane Flux Differ Between Lakes and Reservoirs, Complicating Global Upscaling Efforts
Authors: Deemer B. R. , Holgerson M. A.
Published: March 2021

Methane is an important greenhouse gas with growing atmospheric concentrations. Freshwater lakes and reservoirs contribute substantially to atmospheric methane concentrations, but the magnitude of this contribution is poorly constrained. Uncertainty stems partially from whether the sites currently sampled represent the global population as well as incomplete knowledge of which environmental variables predict methane flux. Thus, determining the main drivers of methane flux across diverse waterbody types will inform more accurate upscaling approaches. Here we use a new database of total, diffusive, and ebullitive areal methane emissions from 313 lakes and reservoirs (ranging in surface area from 6 m2 to 5,400 km2) to identify the best predictors of methane emission. We found that the best predictors of methane emission differed by waterbody type (lakes vs. reservoirs), and that ecosystem morphometric variables (e.g., surface area and maximum depth) were more important predictors in lakes whereas metrics of autochthonous production (e.g., chlorophyll a) were more important in reservoirs. We also found that productivity strongly predicted methane ebullition, whereas ecosystem morphometry and waterbody type were more important predictors of diffusive methane flux. Finally, we identify several knowledge gaps that limit upscaling efforts. First, we need more methane emission measurements in small reservoirs, large lakes, and both natural and artificial ponds. Additionally, more accurate upscaling efforts require improved global information about waterbody surface area, waterbody type (lake vs. reservoir), ice phenology, and the distribution of productivity‐related predictor variables such as total phosphorus, DOC, and chlorophyll a.
The Shear Deformation Zone and the Smoothing of Faults With Displacement
Authors: Perrin Clément , Waldhauser Felix , Scholz Christopher H.
Published: March 2021

We use high‐resolution earthquake locations to characterize the three‐dimensional structure of active faults in California and how it evolves with fault structural maturity. We investigate the distribution of aftershocks of several recent large earthquakes that occurred on continental strike slip faults of various structural maturity (i.e. various cumulative fault displacement, length, initiation age and slip rate). Aftershocks define a tabular zone of shear deformation surrounding the mainshock rupture plane. Comparing this to geological observations, we conclude that this results from the re‐activation of secondary faults. We observe a rapid fall off of the number of aftershocks at a distance range of 0.06‐0.22 km from the main fault surface of mature faults, and 0.6‐1.0 km from the fault surface of immature faults. The total width of the active shear deformation zone surrounding the main fault plane reaches 1.0‐2.5 km and 6‐9 km for mature and immature faults, respectively. We find that the width of the shear deformation zone decreases as a power law with cumulative fault displacement. Comparing with a dynamic rough fault model, we infer that the narrowing of the shear deformation zone agrees quantitatively with earlier estimates of the smoothing of faults with displacement, both of which are aspects of fault wear. We find that earthquake stress drop decreases with fault displacement and hence with increased smoothness and/or slip rate. This may result from fault healing or the effect of roughness on friction.
2D Parametric Model for Surface Wave Development Under Varying Wind Field in Space and Time
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vladimir , Yurovskaya Maria , Chapron Bertrand
Published: March 2021

A fully consistent 2D parametric model of wave development under spatially and/or time varying winds is developed. Derived coupled equations are written in their characteristic form to provide practical means to rapidly assess how the energy, frequency and direction of dominant surface waves are developing and distributed under varying wind forcing conditions. For young waves, nonlinear interactions drive the peak frequency downshift, and the wind energy input and wave breaking dissipation are governing the wave energy evolution. With a prescribed wind wave growth rate, proportional to (u*/c) squared, wave breaking dissipation must follow a power‐function of the dominant wave slope. For uniform wind conditions, this choice for the growth rate imposes solutions to follow fetch laws, with exponents q = −1/4, p = 3/4 correspondingly. This set of exponents recovers the Toba's laws, and imposes the wave breaking exponent equal to 3. A varying wind direction can then drive spectral peak direction changes, leading to the occurrence of focusing/defocusing wave groups over localized areas where wave‐rays merge and cross. Significant (but finite) local variations of the energy are then expected under varying wind forcing. Propagating away from a stormy area, wave rays generally diverge, leading to dispersive swell systems. Examples of practical applications of this model are provided in (Kudryavtsev et al., 2021, companion paper).
On the Isotopic Composition of Cold Pools in Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium
Authors: Torri Giuseppe
Published: March 2021

Although stable water isotopologues are important tools in the study of the climate system, some of the physical processes that affect them are still imperfectly constrained. In this work, I concentrate on cold pools, essential components of deep convective systems that are arguably one of the least understood features from the water isotopologue perspective. Using a combination of a Lagrangian and an Eulerian framework, I first focus on quantifying how different processes determine the initial water vapor isotopic composition of cold pools. By analyzing the precipitation‐driven downdrafts that give rise to cold pools, I determine that mixing with environmental air has an enriching effect. On the other hand, microphysical processes tend to deplete the downdraft in the initial stages, mostly in the free troposphere, and to enrich it in the final stages, when the downdraft is in the subcloud layer. Then, I consider what processes might influence the isotopic composition of cold pools during their propagation, and I find that surface latent heat fluxes play a much greater role than cold pool entrainment. Finally, I show how water isotopologues could be used to diagnose the origin of water vapor in cold pool moist patches.
Nonlinear Coupling Between Longwave Radiative Climate Feedbacks
Authors: Huang Han , Huang Yi
Published: March 2021

The radiative feedbacks of such climate variables as air temperature, water vapor, and clouds influence the energy budget of the climate system. Measuring the strength of each feedback is of critical importance for understanding the climate sensitivity and its spread in climate models. Most feedback analyses to‐date, such as those using the kernel method, have been based on a linear decomposition of the radiation budget and neglect the nonlinear effects between the feedbacks. In this work, we quantify the coupling effects between different longwave radiative feedbacks based on partial radiative perturbations using a radiative transfer model. Two climate change scenarios, the El niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the quadrupling CO2 (4xCO2), are examined. We find that the coupling effect between water vapor and cloud is the strongest among all the coupling effects and can amount to 50% or greater of the univariate cloud feedback. This significant coupling effect results from the masking effect of the two feedbacks on each other and can be well explained by a simple analytic model.
Upscaling Reactive Transport and Clogging in Shale Microcracks by Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Ziyan , Battiato Ilenia
Published: March 2021

Fracture networks in shales exhibit multiscale features. A rock system may contain a few main fractures and thousands of microcracks, whose length and aperture are orders of magnitude smaller than the former. It is computationally prohibitive to resolve all the fractures explicitly for such multiscale fracture networks. One traditional approach is to model the small‐scale features (e.g., microcracks in shales) as an effective medium. Although this fracture‐matrix conceptualization significantly reduces the problem complexity, there are classes of physical processes that cannot be accurately upscaled by effective medium approximations, for example, microcrack clogging during mineral reactions. In this work, we employ deep learning in place of effective medium theory to upscale physical processes in small‐scale features. Specifically, we consider reactive transport in a fracture‐microcrack network where microcracks can be clogged by precipitation. A deep learning multiscale algorithm is developed, in which the microcracks are upscaled as a wall boundary condition of the main fractures. The wall boundary condition is constructed by recurrent neural networks, which take concentration histories as input and predict the solute transport from main fractures to microcracks. The deep learning multiscale algorithm is first employed in specific scenarios, then a general model is developed which can work under various conditions. The new approach is validated against fully resolved simulations and an analytical solution, providing a reliable and efficient solution for problems that cannot be upscaled by effective medium models.
Cratons, Why Are You Still Here?
Authors: Paul Jyotirmoy
Published: March 2021

How have these continental relics from Earth’s early history survived the plate tectonic mixing machine?
Cytoplasmic DNA accumulation preferentially triggers cell death of myeloid leukemia cells by interacting with intracellular DNA sensing pathway
Authors: Baba Tomohisa , Yoshida Takeshi , Tanabe Yamato , Nishimura Tatsunori , Morishita Soji , Gotoh Noriko , Hirao Atsushi , Hanayama Rikinari , Mukaida Naofumi
Published: March 2021

Accumulating evidence indicates the presence of cytoplasmic DNAs in various types of malignant cells, and its involvement in anti-cancer drug- or radiotherapy-mediated DNA damage response and replication stress. However, the pathophysiological roles of cytoplasmic DNAs in leukemias remain largely unknown. We observed that during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in mouse myeloid leukemia models, double-stranded (ds)DNAs were constitutively secreted in the form of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from myeloid leukemia cells and were transferred to the donor cells to dampen their hematopoietic capabilities. Subsequent analysis of cytoplasmic DNA dynamics in leukemia cells revealed that autophagy regulated cytoplasmic dsDNA accumulation and subsequent redistribution into EVs. Moreover, accumulated cytoplasmic dsDNAs activated STING pathway, thereby reducing leukemia cell viability through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Pharmaceutical inhibition of autophagosome formation induced cytoplasmic DNA accumulation, eventually triggering cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathways to exert cytotoxicity, preferentially in leukemia cells. Thus, manipulation of cytoplasmic dsDNA dynamics can be a novel and potent therapeutic strategy for myeloid leukemias.
The fatty acid receptor CD36 promotes HCC progression through activating Src/PI3K/AKT axis-dependent aerobic glycolysis
Authors: Luo Xiaoqing , Zheng Enze , Wei Li , Zeng Han , Qin Hong , Zhang Xiaoyu , Liao Meng , Chen Lin , Zhao Lei , Ruan Xiong Z. , Yang Ping , Chen Yaxi
Published: March 2021

Metabolic reprogramming is a new hallmark of cancer but it remains poorly defined in hepatocellular carcinogenesis (HCC). The fatty acid receptor CD36 is associated with both lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver. However, the role of CD36 in metabolic reprogramming in the progression of HCC still remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that CD36 is highly expressed in human HCC as compared with non-tumor hepatic tissue. CD36 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and in vivo tumor growth of HCC cells, whereas silencing CD36 had the opposite effects. By analysis of cell metabolic phenotype, CD36 expression showed a positive association with extracellular acidification rate, a measure of glycolysis, instead of oxygen consumption rate. Further experiments verified that overexpression of CD36 resulted in increased glycolysis flux and lactic acid production. Mechanistically, CD36 induced mTOR-mediated oncogenic glycolysis via activation of Src/PI3K/AKT signaling axis. Pretreatment of HCC cells with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors largely blocked the tumor-promoting effect of CD36. Our findings suggest that CD36 exerts a stimulatory effect on HCC growth and metastasis, through mediating aerobic glycolysis by the Src/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
CXCR4 promotes B cell viability by the cooperation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α under hypoxic conditions
Authors: Jang Ju-Won , Thuy Pham Xuan , Lee Jae-Wook , Moon Eun-Yi
Published: March 2021

B cells that interact with T cells play a role in regulating the defense function by producing antibodies and inflammatory cytokines. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a specific receptor for stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) that controls various B cell functions. Here, we investigated whether CXCR4 regulates B cell viability by inducing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) under a hypoxic condition in WiL2-NS human B cells. Nrf2 and CXCR4 expressions increased significantly when WiL2-NS cells were incubated under a hypoxic condition. Interfering with CXCR4 expression using CXCR4-siRNA inhibited cell viability. CXCR4 expression also decreased after treatment with a HIF inhibitor under the hypoxic condition, leading to inhibited cell viability. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the expression of HIF-1α and Nrf2 decreased under the hypoxic condition following incubation with N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, which was associated with a decrease in CXCR4 expression. CXCR4 expression was augmented by overexpressing Nrf2 after transfecting the pcDNA3.1-Nrf2 plasmid. CXCR4 expression decreased and HIF-1α accumulation decreased when Nrf2 was inhibited by doxycycline in tet-shNrf2-expressed stable cells. Nrf2 or HIF-1α bound from −718 to −561 of the CXCR4 gene promoter as judged by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, these data show that B cell viability under a hypoxic condition could be regulated by CXCR4 expression through binding of HIF-1α and Nrf2 to the CXCR4 gene promoter cooperatively. These results suggest that CXCR4 could be an additional therapeutic target to control B cells with roles at disease sites under hypoxic conditions.
Ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate mediate the distinct effects of M1/M2-macrophage infusion on liver recovery after hepatectomy
Authors: Sun Hang , Sun Shibo , Chen Gang , Xie Haorong , Yu Sheng , Lin Xinxin , Qian Jianping , Mao Cungui , Peng Hongxian , Chen Hao , Chen Xuefang , Li Yiyi , Liu Cuiting , Shi Junmin , Zhu Bili , Guo Linghong , Li Qingping , Huang Pengxiang , Wei Yiran , Huang Xixin , Liu Meiqi , Cui Zhonglin , Zhang Qifan , Zhou Jie , Li Chuanjiang , Wang Kai
Published: March 2021

Post-hepatectomy liver dysfunction is a life-threatening morbidity that lacks efficient therapy. Bioactive lipids involved in macrophage polarization crucially regulate tissue injury and regeneration. Herein, we investigate the key bioactive lipids that mediate the cytotherapeutic potential of polarized-macrophage for post-hepatectomy liver dysfunction. Untargeted lipidomics identified elevation of ceramide (CER) metabolites as signature lipid species relevant to M1/M2 polarization in mouse bone-marrow-derived-macrophages (BMDMs). M1 BMDMs expressed a CER-generation-metabolic pattern, leading to elevation of CER; M2 BMDMs expressed a CER-breakdown-metabolic pattern, resulting in upregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). After infusing M1- or M2-polarized BMDMs into the mouse liver after hepatectomy, we found that M1-BMDM infusion increased M1 polarization and CER accumulation, resulting in exaggeration of hepatocyte apoptosis and liver dysfunction. Conversely, M2-BMDM infusion enhanced M2 polarization and S1P generation, leading to alleviation of liver dysfunction with improved hepatocyte proliferation. Treatment of exogenous CER and S1P or inhibition CER and S1P synthesis by siRNA targeting relevant enzymes further revealed that CER induced apoptosis while S1P promoted proliferation in post-hepatectomy primary hepatocytes. In conclusion, CER and S1P are uncovered as critical lipid mediators for M1- and M2-polarized BMDMs to promote injury and regeneration in the liver after hepatectomy, respectively. Notably, the upregulation of hepatic S1P induced by M2-BMDM infusion may have therapeutic potential for post-hepatectomy liver dysfunction.