bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climatology of aerosol optical depth in north‐central Oklahoma: 1992–2008
Authors: Michalsky Joseph , Denn Frederick , Flynn Connor , Hodges Gary , Kiedron Piotr , Koontz Annette , Schlemmer James , Schwartz Stephen E.
Published: April 2010

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been measured at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program central facility near Lamont, Oklahoma, since the fall of 1992. Most of the data presented are from the multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer, a narrow‐band, interference‐filter Sun radiometer with five aerosol bands in the visible and near infrared; however, AOD measurements have been made simultaneously and routinely at the site by as many as three different types of instruments, including two pointing Sun radiometers. Scatterplots indicate high correlations and small biases consistent with earlier comparisons. The early part of this 16 year record had a disturbed stratosphere with residual Mt. Pinatubo aerosols, followed by the cleanest stratosphere in decades. As such, the last 13 years of the record reflect changes that have occurred predominantly in the troposphere. The field calibration technique is briefly described and compared to Langley calibrations from Mauna Loa Observatory. A modified cloud‐screening technique is introduced that increases the number of daily averaged AODs retrieved annually to about 250 days compared with 175 days when a more conservative method was employed in earlier studies. AODs are calculated when the air mass is less than six; that is, when the Sun's elevation is greater than 9.25°. The more inclusive cloud screen and the use of most of the daylight hours yield a data set that can be used to more faithfully represent the true aerosol climate for this site. The diurnal aerosol cycle is examined month‐by‐month to assess the effects of an aerosol climatology on the basis of infrequent sampling such as that from satellites.
A scanning tunneling microscope for a dilution refrigerator
Authors: Marz M. , Goll G. , Löhneysen H. v.
Published: April 2010

We present the main features of a home-built scanning tunneling microscope that has been attached to the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator. It allows scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy measurements down to the base temperature of the cryostat, T≈30 mK, and in applied magnetic fields up to 13 T. The topography of both highly ordered pyrolytic graphite and the dichalcogenide superconductor NbSe2 has been imaged with atomic resolution down to T≈50 mK as determined from a resistance thermometer adjacent to the sample. As a test for a successful operation in magnetic fields, the flux-line lattice of superconducting NbSe2 in low magnetic fields has been studied. The lattice constant of the Abrikosov lattice shows the expected field dependence ∝1/B and measurements in the scanning tunneling spectroscopy mode clearly show the superconductive density of states with Andreev bound states in the vortex core.
Quasiclassical dynamics and kinetics of the N+NO→N2+O, NO+N atmospheric reactions
Authors: Gamallo Pablo , Martínez Rodrigo , Sayós R. , González Miguel
Published: April 2010

The kinetics and dynamics of the title reactions were studied using the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) method and two ab initio analytical potential energy surfaces (PESs) developed by our group. In addition to the rate constant (T: 10–5000 K), we also considered a broad set of dynamic properties as a function of collision energy (up to 1.0 eV) and the rovibrational state of NO (v=0–2,j=1,8,12). The production of N2+O, reaction (1), dominates the reactivity of the N+NO system over the conditions studied, as expected from the large energy barriers associated to the NO+N exchange reaction, reaction (2). Moreover, the ground PES, which is barrierless for reaction (1), plays a dominant role. Most of the results were interpreted according to the properties of the PESs involved and the kinematics of the system. The QCT rate constants of reaction (1) are in agreement with the experimental data (T: 47–3500 K), including very recent low temperature measurements, and also with variational transition state kinetics and most of quantum dynamics calculations. In addition, the QCT average vibrational energy content of the N2 product also agrees with the experimental and quantum data. The PESs used here could also be useful to determine equilibrium and nonequilibrium reaction rates at very high temperatures (e.g., 5000–15 000 K).
Bending in VO2-coated microcantilevers suitable for thermally activated actuators
Authors: Rúa Armando , Fernández Félix E. , Sepúlveda Nelson
Published: April 2010

The curvature of VO2-coated silicon microcantilevers was measured as the temperature was cycled through the coating’s insulator-to-metal transition (IMT), which drives the curvature change mainly through the strain generated during this reversible structural transformation. The films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on heated substrates. Cantilever tip displacement was measured for a 130 μm long cantilever as the temperature was changed by recording the deflection of a laser beam, and the curvature change and estimated film stress were calculated from this data. A change in curvature of over 2000 m−1 was observed through the narrow temperature range of the IMT, with a maximum rate of ∼485 m−1 per degree. Estimated recoverable stress was ∼1 GPa through the transition region. These results suggest applications in actuator devices with reduced dimensions, including submicron lengths, multifunctional capabilities, and possibly with higher operational frequencies than other thermally actuated devices.
Inhomogeneous critical nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a harmonic potential
Authors: Cao Daomin , Han Pigong
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we study the Cauchy problem of the inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a harmonic potential: i∂tu=−div(f(x)∇u)+|x|2u−k(x)|u|4/Nu, x∊RN, N≥1, which models the remarkable Bose–Einstein condensation. We discuss the existence and nonexistence results and investigate the limiting profile of blow-up solutions with critical mass.
Threshold electric fields controlled by surface treatments in KTaO3 field-effect transistors
Authors: Nakamura H. , Kimura T.
Published: April 2010

Buffered hydrofluoric acid treatments with different hydrogen fluoride (HF) concentrations have been performed on KTaO3 (100) substrates to study their effects on field-effect characteristics. The threshold gate electric fields for carrier accumulation in KTaO3 field-effect transistors with parylene gate insulator were found to decrease reproducibly after the buffered HF (BHF) treatments. It is shown that this threshold shift reflects a resistivity change near the surface of KTaO3 substrates caused by the surface treatments, which we attribute to the creation of shallow donor states in the near surface region of KTaO3. These results suggest that a wet process can be a useful tool to control the performance of field-effect devices based on transition-metal oxides.
Unique diffusion behavior observed in supercritical ethanol
Authors: Ghosh Swapan K. , Tsujii Kaoru
Published: April 2010

We have systematically investigated the diffusion behavior of silica nanoparticles within supercritical ethanol, in terms of solvent properties by varying temperature (T) and pressure (P), to elucidate how the inhomogeneous solvent structures and density fluctuations in the solvent affect the diffusion behavior of solute particles. Results show that at a constant pressure, the diffusion coefficient (D) of the particles increases with increasing temperature, reaches the maximum (Dmax) within the gaslike supercritical fluid (slightly below the ridge), and finally decreases abruptly at very low fluid density when temperature is increased further. Results reveal that D is appreciably larger than the theoretical prediction (Einstein–Stokes relationship) in the vicinity of the critical density (ρc) of the solvent. We interestingly observed that D becomes maximum (Dmax) at a particular thermodynamic condition (Ti,Pi), which is expressed by the empirical formula Tri=Pri0.16 (for Tri>1, Pri>1). Here, Tri=Ti/Tc and Pri=Pi/Pc; Tc and Pc are the temperature and the pressure at critical point, respectively. Results further reveal that Dmax increases significantly with decreasing solvent density within the gaslike supercritical fluid where the changes in viscosities are negligible. These findings are unique, novel, and intriguing. We suggest that the enhancement of the diffusion coefficient in the vicinity of the critical density and the abrupt decrease in the diffusion coefficient in very low density gaslike fluid are associated with the change in the solvent-solvent and solute-solvent direct correlation function (related to the effective interaction potential) upon density change when the fluid crosses the ridge of density fluctuations and within the gaslike fluid.
Exact energy conservation laws for full and truncated nonlinear gyrokinetic equations
Authors: Brizard Alain J.
Published: April 2010

The exact global energy conservation laws for the full and truncated versions of the nonlinear electromagnetic gyrokinetic equations in general magnetic geometry are presented. In each version, the relation between polarization and magnetization effects in the gyrokinetic Poisson and Ampère equations and the quadratic ponderomotive gyrocenter Hamiltonian is emphasized.
Improved thermal stability of Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 high-k gate dielectric stack on GaAs
Authors: Suh Dong Chan , Cho Young Dae , Kim Sun Wook , Ko Dae-Hong , Lee Yongshik , Cho Mann-Ho , Oh Jungwoo
Published: April 2010

Thermal stability of HfO2 high-k gate dielectric on GaAs is investigated. Compared to HfO2 gate dielectric, significant improvements in interfacial properties as well as electrical characteristics were found by constructing a Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 dielectric stack. At elevated temperatures, the amorphous Al2O3 layers were effective in inhibiting crystallization of HfO2. Since the passivating Al2O3 layers prevent interfacial oxide and trap charge formation, it aids in reducing the increasing rate of equivalent oxide thickness as well as capacitance-voltage hysteresis. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data supported the improved electrical characteristic of GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 gate dielectric stack.
In situ magnetization switching of magnetic probes applied to spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Hsu Pin-Jui , Lu Chun-I. , Chen Szu-Wei , Hsueh Wang-Jung , Chu Yu-Hsun , Hsu Chuang-Han , Butler Christopher John , Lin Minn-Tsong
Published: April 2010

Soft magnetic tip was utilized to be the probe of spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. It was demonstrated that the spin contrast can be reversed by in situ switching tip magnetization through varying tip-substrate distance for resolving perpendicular magnetic domain images. With this in situ magnetization direction switching of the soft magnetic tip, it is conceivable to separate magnetic from chemical and topographic contributions without applying external magnetic field. This provides an effective tool for the study of complex magnetic spin structures with various nonmagnetic impurities or compositions involved.
Quasicontinuous refractive index tailoring of SiNx and SiOxNy for broadband antireflective coatings
Authors: Qiu Weibin , Kang Young Mo , Goddard Lynford L.
Published: April 2010

A broadband antireflective coating for silicon was fabricated by tailoring the compositions of SiNx and SiOxNy during conventional plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The coating’s refractive index was quasicontinuously graded, e.g., from 3.22 to 1.44 at 1550 nm. Over the 280–3300 nm wavelength range, the reflectance was below 8% peak and 4.3% average. The deposited stack was composed of dense dielectric materials. This enables patterning and processing into robust devices after coating deposition. Using single layer ellipsometry data, the transfer matrix method was applied to predict the multilayer coating’s reflectance spectra. The results showed good agreement with experimental data.
Modeling of bulk and bilayer organic heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Cuiffi Joseph , Benanti Travis , Nam Wook Jun , Fonash Stephen
Published: April 2010

Solar cells require symmetry-breaking features such as built-in electrostatic fields and/or effective fields. We examine an organic heterojunction structure with no built-in field and explore the origins of its current-voltage characteristics and open circuit voltage (VOC). Two behaviors are found: (1) VOC=VI+m[(HOMO(D) - (LUMO(A)] where m≈1, the intercept (VI) is determined by interface recombination kinetics, HOMO(D) is the donor highest occupied molecular orbital, and LUMO(A) is the acceptor lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; (2) if interface recombination is suppressed, VOC is controlled by bulk/contact recombination and is not dependent upon HOMO(D) - LUMO(A).
Dual nature of acceptors in GaN and ZnO: The curious case of the shallow MgGa deep state
Authors: Lany Stephan , Zunger Alex
Published: April 2010

Employing a Koopmans corrected density functional method, we find that the metal-site acceptors Mg, Be, and Zn in GaN and Li in ZnO bind holes in deep levels that are largely localized at single anion ligand atoms. In addition to this deep ground state (DGS), we observe an effective-masslike delocalized state that can exist as a short lived shallow transient state (STS). The Mg dopant in GaN represents the unique case where the ionization energy of the localized deep level exceeds only slightly that of the shallow effective-mass acceptor, which explains why Mg works so exceptionally well as an acceptor dopant.
Dual functional modification by N doping of Ta2O5: p-type conduction in visible-light-activated N-doped Ta2O5
Authors: Morikawa Takeshi , Saeki Shu , Suzuki Tomiko , Kajino Tsutomu , Motohiro Tomoyoshi
Published: April 2010

We report dual functional modulation, both p-type conduction and band gap narrowing, of Ta2O5 semiconductor induced by heavy doping of nitrogen in films sputtered in N2/Ar mixture and ammonia-treated powders. The N doping induced a redshift in the optical absorption edge from 320 to 500 nm, resulting in the absorption of visible light. Simultaneously, the N doping caused a change in the conduction from n-type to p-type. As a result, the N–Ta2O5 photoelectrode containing 7.6 or 16.1 at. % of N exhibited a distinct cathodic photocurrent (due to p-type conduction) in solutions under visible light irradiation (>410 nm).
Multifunctional nonlinear magnonic devices for microwave signal processing
Authors: Ustinov Alexey B. , Drozdovskii Andrei V. , Kalinikos Boris A.
Published: April 2010

A multifunctional microwave spin-wave device utilizing a ferrite-film magnonic crystal is reported. A principal of operation of the device is based on a nonlinear frequency shift and a nonlinear damping of the carrier spin waves propagating in the magnonic crystal. The device performs several functions of microwave signal processing, namely, enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio, limiting or suppression of high-power signals, and power-dependent phase shift.
Magnetocaloric effect in HoMnO3 crystal
Authors: Midya A. , Mandal P. , Das S. , Banerjee S. , Chandra L. S. Sharath , Ganesan V. , Barman S. Roy
Published: April 2010

We have investigated the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of HoMnO3 single crystal. HoMnO3 displays a series of complicated phase transitions due to the long range ordering of Mn3+ and Ho3+ moments. Field variation in magnetization generates a metamagnetic transition and produces an entropy change of 13.1 J/kg K at 7 T in the vicinity of antiferromagnetic ordering temperature of Ho3+. The values of adiabatic temperature change (∼6.5 K) and relative cooling power (∼320 J/kg) for a field change of 7 T are also appreciable to consider HoMnO3 as a magnetic refrigerant at low temperature.
Wide bandwidth lasing randomly assembled ZnS/ZnO biaxial nanobelt heterostructures
Authors: Yang H. Y. , Yu S. F. , Yan J. , Zhang L. D.
Published: April 2010

Wide-bandwidth random lasing action is observed from the randomly assembled ZnS/ZnO biaxial nanobelt heterostructures under optical excitation. This is because optical gain at ultraviolet regime can be obtained from the near-band-edge radiative recombination of ZnS and ZnO. Surface defects related radiative recombination centers of ZnS and ZnO nanostructures also contribute to the visible optical gain. Hence, a broadband optical gain is obtained from the ZnS/ZnO biaxial nanobelt heterostructures. Moreover, a wide bandwidth coherent optical feedback can be achieved from the randomly assembled biaxial nanobelts due to high refractive index contrast between the nanobelts and air.
Determination of magnetic anisotropies in ultrathin iron films on vicinal Si(111) substrate by the ferromagnetic resonance
Authors: Du Hai-Feng , He Wei , Liu Hao-Liang , Fang Ya-Peng , Wu Qiong , Zou Tao , Zhang Xiang-Qun , Sun Young , Cheng Zhao-Hua
Published: April 2010

Fe single crystal film with thickness of 45 monolayer was fabricated on vicinal Si(111) substrate using ultrathin p(2×2) iron silicide as buffer layer. Scanning tunneling microscope images show that the Fe nanoclusters form chains on vicinal substrate. The first- and second-order magnetocrystalline anisotropies, uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constants of the films were obtained by fitting the ferromagnetic resonance data. The sixfold symmetry of the in-plane resonance field for Fe(111) film was changed into the superposition of a fourfold and a twofold contribution due to the effect of the vicinal substrate.
Poverty as a Structural Failing
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This chapter turns to the question of why poverty exists at such high rates in the United States. Much of the focus in the past has been upon explaining poverty in terms of individual characteristics and personal deficits. It is argued that such an approach misses the underlying causes and mechanisms that produce poverty. The fundamental causes of poverty are to be found in the economic, political, and social failings of society. A conceptual model is outlined that allows the reinterpretation of the dynamic of American poverty. It incorporates the importance of human capital characteristics in determining who loses out at the economic game, within the broader structural nature of American poverty that ensures the existence of economic losers in the first place. This is referred to as a structural vulnerability explanation of poverty.
Future Directions
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This chapter discusses a set of policies and politically feasible strategies that have the potential to significantly reduce the likelihood and severity of impoverishment. These strategies flow from the new paradigm and are linked to the diagnoses of poverty found in the preceding chapters. They include the creation of adequately paying jobs, increasing the accessibility of several key public goods, buffering the economic consequences of family change, building individual and community assets, and providing a sensible safety net. In combination, they are designed to reduce both the short- and longer-term risk of poverty.
From the Ground Up
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This final chapter pulls together several concluding observations, themes, and thoughts. In particular, it discusses the ways in which one person can make an important difference in helping to create the fundamental changes necessary if America is to once and for all effectively combat the injustice of poverty. It turns to a wide range of information and research during the course of the book in order to build its arguments. Sources include analyses conducted with various national data sets; information from the U.S. Census Bureau and other government sources; discussions and interviews with those who are living in poverty as well as with individuals who are working on the front lines of poverty; historical material; and the vast array of previous research and writings on this subject.
Evolutionary Explanation: Between Science and Values
Authors: Segerstråle Ullica
Published: April 2010

The sociobiology debate, which has often been interpreted as a political controversy between conservative hereditarians and progressive culturalists (or environmentalists), in fact represented a clash between two total scientific-cum-moral world views. What was at stake was the nature of science and the moral responsibility of the scientist, especially when it came to “telling the truth” about the biological foundation of human nature. It was fundamentally a debate about the nature of evolutionary explanation of human behavior and what ought to count as “acceptable knowledge” at a particular time.
Behavioral Ecology and the Social Sciences
Authors: Cronk Lee
Published: April 2010

Evolutionary psychologists have made a strong case that the human mind is particularly adept at certain tasks, such as monitoring compliance with social rules, learning language, and selecting mates, which are likely to have been especially important in human evolution. Human behavioral ecology has shown that the tremendous variations in human behavior across societies largely reflect adaptive responses to variable environments, conceived of as including not only physical elements but also people's social, political, and economic situation and their history. More specifically, human behavioral ecology has shown that human behavior largely conforms to the predictions of models derived from evolutionary theory, particularly in areas crucial to an individual's inclusive fitness, such as food choice and acquisition, social behavior, mate choice and acquisition, parental behavior, and social behavior.
Evolution, Agency, and Sociology
Authors: Baldus Bernd
Published: April 2010

Two major difficulties stand in the way of an evolutionary analysis of human culture: the large number of adaptively redundant or even maladaptive cultural traits, and the presence of agency, choice, and design in cultural evolution. Darwin saw organisms as active participants in evolution; their search for the use of inherited traits and environmental resources during their lifetime was as important as the genetic transmission of its results. Combining the lived and inherited part of evolution suggests that culture is shaped by inheritance, but also by the experimental, redundancy- and design-producing adaptation during the individual's life cycle. A model of evolution that combines the genetic and generative aspects of adaptation provides much better access to the complexity of human cultural behavior and to the role of organisms as agents in evolutionary processes.
Introduction
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the rising number of children living in poverty in the United States. It then considers the failure of existing programs to deal with the problem of child poverty. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
2 Child Welfare Research: The Effectiveness of Casework
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter examines research on the effectiveness of casework: the main approach used by child welfare social workers to serve their clients. Topics discussed include the modern caseworker, professional constraints to casework effectiveness, assessing the effectiveness of casework, family preservation services, the long-term impact of foster care, and research on child development.
9 The Rise and Fall of Welfare for Disadvantaged Children in America
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter traces the rise of the modern welfare system in the United States, and the causes that led to the continued high rates of welfare up to the end of the 20th century. It examines the conservative arguments against welfare which led ultimately to its reform and, some say, its essential end. Many of the changes began in the late 1960s but continue even today. It is shown that although the welfare program designed to provide income assistance to poor children has been reformed and largely dismantled, the social and economic conditions it was designed to address are still present.
11 Two Simple Programs for Ending Child Poverty
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter examines social policy initiatives and programs designed to alter the current structural arrangements responsible for the condition of poor children. If the families served by child welfare agencies suffer from severe economic hardship, and this hardship is a factor that contributes to the problems child welfare is attempting to solve, social and economic policy changes which address this hardship should be pursued. Further, solutions to these problems do not necessarily require more money so much as rethinking and redesigning policies and programs that have proven ineffective and out of date. For example, children suffer because of an ineffective and obsolete court-administered child support collection system. They also suffer because of inequities in the form of the children's allowance program developed in the United States.
Closing
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

The closing chapter brings the arguments together and presents a summary of the analysis and a discussion of future directions. Today, in the United States the major remaining social failure has been our inability to make progress in the war against poverty, especially child poverty. Many of the approaches toward letting people change their circumstances, which social work has promoted, have failed. These programs simply have not produced or facilitated change. But there have been successes. Reform efforts must look to those programs that have succeeded, while casting aside those programs that have not. Beyond that, we must turn to and follow the lead of empirical research.
Darwin Vindicated
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

Female mating preferences for highly ornamented males are central to Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Mate-choice experiments with House Finches, both the laboratory and in the field, showed conclusively that female House Finches preferred to mate with males with redder and brighter feathers. By having redder than average feathers, males are able to pair with older, more experienced females who nest earlier and produce more offspring.
Why Red?
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

There are a number primary models for why males in bird species like the House Finch evolved bright feather coloration: the Fisherian model of sexual selection, the honest advertisement model, the species recognition model, and the sensory bias model. Mate choice experiments showed that female House Finches from all populations showed a preference for males with large patches of bright red feathers. Males in the populations with small patches of red also show delayed maturation of plumage. These observations are most consistent with the honest advertisement hypothesis.
Fantasies of Flight
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Fantasies of Flight invigorates the field of personality psychology by challenging the contemporary academic view that individuals are best studied as carriers of traits. The book exchanges a heart-to-heart, case study approach to understanding human behavior for the current strategies of categorizing and comparing individuals according to their manifest traits. Its author asks and endeavors to answer questions like “What were the psychological conditions that led Sir James Barrie to create a character named Peter Pan?” and “What were the dynamics behind the Marshall Herff Applewhite's conviction that a space ship, hiding behind the Hale–Bopp comet, would rescue him and his Heaven's Gate followers after they enacted a mass suicide pact in 1997?” Answering these questions requires the author to resurrect “old” ways of thinking about personality and “old” strategies for studying individuals one by one. Early in the book, the author reviews the history of why intensive case studies were discredited in psychology and describes how Sigmund Freud's psychobiographical account of Leonardo da Vinci's fascination with flight inadvertently abetted critics of psychoanalytic psychology. He then performs a partial psychobiography of James Barrie and the origins of Peter Pan, followed by an investigation of Carl Jung, who fashioned the collective unconscious to serve as humankind's link with eternity. Arguing that personality psychology needs to become less insular, the author integrates information from the disciplines of developmental psychology and neuroscience into a theory regarding the latent needs that both Barrie and Jung sought to satisfy. The theory, including its emphasis on the onset of self and consciousness, is then applied to an array of well-known and obscure individuals with ascensionistic inclinations.
Come Fly with Me
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter outlines the purpose of the book, which is to show that there are many different forms for expressing the urge to fly. Special attention is given to stories whose main character(s) are endowed with the ability to fly, such as Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie. On the basis of strategies for interpreting stories in the context of major underlying concerns of their creators, it is argued that Peter Pan was partly crafted as a means for granting outward expression to some of the internal needs of the author who brought him into existence. Evidence is presented to support this assumption and thereby gain a foothold on decoding the meaning of flying fantasies. The ideas that emerge from considering the life of Barrie are then be extended to the study of the lives of others for whom various forms of flight were of special appeal. This exploration will lead to a deeper understanding of Carl Jung's vision of himself in space, Marc Chagall's striking canvases of levitated figures, and Marshall Herff Applewhite's tragically enacted fantasy of himself and his Heaven's Gate followers being lifted from Earth by a comet. The book will also consider the lives of less well-known figures, for example, a boy who devoted several years to the project of creating a flying machine, a man who flew in a lawn chair with weather balloons fastened to it, and a murderer awaiting execution who regularly dreamt of being rescued by a bird and taken to heaven.
All the King’s Horses and All the King’s Men
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on Henry Murray's approach to laboratory studies of individual lives. The goal was to condense the story of a person's life into another story, a psychological narrative that dealt with a person's inner reality, which can be referred to as psychobiography. Secure in his knowledge of science and its limitations, Murray was forthright about there being a component of artistry involved in writing psychological narratives. He insisted, however, that narratives be written as part of a joint venture with input from a team of researchers that constituted what became known as a “diagnostic council”. The diagnostic council was one of the ways Murray endeavored to control for a very serious problem in writing psychobiographies. People who study the lives and stories of other people have stories and lives of their own. Just as the target of an investigation may not be fully conscious of the effects of his or her subjective experiences on the stories he or she tells, the investigator may not be able to place a rein on the influence of his or her own non-conscious issues and conflicts in the process of reading and interpreting another person's life. Murray's safeguard against the unknowing infiltration (he called it “projection”) of an investigator's own psychological dynamics into the life of the subject under the pretext of objectivity was the diagnostic council whose members served the function of all the king's horses and all the king's men, making suggestions and taking positions, and struggling to agree about which piece went where in the psychological design of the person.
Freud on Da Vinci: The Rocky Road of Psychobiographic Investigations
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Freud wrote about dreams and fantasies of flight on at least two occasions, and in both instances he arrived at the same conclusion: images of flight in dreams and in daytime fantasies are to be understood as deflected expressions of sexual impulses. The latent meaning carried by manifest images of flying, for males anyway, is the desire for sex. Freud's position was that fantasies of levitation and interests in flight are formed and sustained as sublimated expressions of sexual instincts whose normal channels have been blocked. Sexual instincts, of course, would prefer more direct outlets. But when anxiety gets in the way, or when a person is confused about the raw nature of his or her desires, fantasies of floating above the ground or soaring through space provide at least partial release of primitive forces. This chapter presents Freud's application of his diverted sex-drive theory of imaginary flight to the life and works of Leonardo Da Vinci. In the process of considering Freud's case study of one of the world's most famous artists who aspired to fly, examples will arise of the problem with psychobiographic investigations mentioned earlier: the risk of biographers observing in others what may be more true of themselves.
He Played until His Mother Looked Happy
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on J. M. Barrie's childhood. Jamie Barrie was born in 1860 in a small cottage in Kirriemuir, Scotland. For his first three years, Jamie was the youngest of seven living children. In 1866, his brother David, seven years older than little Jamie and barely known to him, was killed in a skating accident. His mother, Margaret Ogilvy never recovered from the tragedy. Over the ensuing days, weeks, and months (lifetime one could say), Jamie spent much of his time trying to make his mother forget about David. Both Margaret and Jamie discovered a way to periodically escape the emotional turmoil that had been triggered by the family tragedy. Throughout the many days that Jamie spent at his mother's bedside, an opening into a conversational safety zone emerged that involved Margaret reminiscing about her childhood.
What Can I Do to Be Forever Known?
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on J. M. Barrie and how the stories related by his mother, Margaret Ogilvy, over several years, provided him with ideas that he would subsequently use as an initial answer to his question “What can I do to be forever known?” They escalated the career of a young, hardworking and often witty journalist to that of an author of books which brought him early fame.
Attachment and Separation
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

The study of J. M. Barrie brings us face to face with an issue that confronts all human beings and is more problematic for some than for others. The matter involves the question of how can one be embedded in relationships (that is, connected with others) and construct a sense of identity that, in some respects, is independent of one's relationships. This chapter introduces some ideas pertaining to attachment and separation in a way that provides a general platform for the remaining chapters in part II. The accept me/reject me balancing act that Barrie perfected with Margaret throughout his childhood continued to be played out during his adult years. Freud's concept of “repetition compulsion” can be applied to this phenomenon if we think of such compulsions in terms of repeating variations of general patterns of behavior instead of replicating specific actions. These patterns are not random. Instead, they can be thought of as being guided by scripts. The elements of Silvan Tomkins' script theory are discussed.
Attachment Revisited
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

The disruption of Carl's relationship with his mother gives us a point of comparison between his experiences and the experiences of Jamie Barrie, whose relationship with his mother was transformed by her grief over the loss of her favorite son. It may be that these parallel experiences are not incidental to the creation of levitation fantasies. This chapter explores this possibility.
Stern’s Outside-In Theory of Self-Development
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

There is a commonly held notion that infants begin life in a state of symbiotic fusion with the mother and that in many other ways they lack the ability to differentiate themselves from their surroundings. Daniel Stern disagrees. He observes that shortly after birth, infants show clear evidence of possessing a self in the making. He refers to it as the emergent self. Although it operates outside of awareness, Stern describes it as willful, coherent, and bounded. One can witness its presence when a baby shows preferences, actively seeks visual and auditory stimulation, attends to changes in its environment, and demonstrates mastery of simple cause-and-effect relationships. This chapter discusses Stern's theory in more detail.
What’s Missing from this Picture?
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Both J. M. Barrie and Carl Jung, at critical times in their development, experienced such traumatic discrepancies between their internal self-with-mother representations and what reality suddenly presented them that they scrambled to somehow restore conditions (or cues) that had previously evoked a sense of (subjective) self-continuity and thereby calm disturbances in their internal milieus. In both cases, the most familiar, prominent, and reassuring cue associated with core self safety was the mother. Restorative efforts were required on the parts of both young boys, and Jung had to look outside his home. Chapter 17 described three restorative strategies. One is to endeavor to get the external world to adjust itself in ways that conform to one's internal pictures of a safe environment. J. M. Barrie specialized in that choice. Another avenue for restoring earlier conditions of intersubjective harmony involves giving up all hope of getting the “real world” to behave itself and instead inventing an “imaginary world” that would do the trick. Carl Jung selected that path. A third option, one that is not necessarily independent of the other two, is based on the non-conscious fantasy that if one were to succeed in recreating the feelings of earlier sensations of oneness, new life would magically be brought to the imprints etched into working models of former glorious times. This chapter begins with a discussion of the first strategy: the attempt to modify features of the external world in ways that fit previously encoded internal pictures.
A Case for Case Studies
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter discusses the affiliation of personality psychology with social psychology. It argues that personality psychology is in danger of getting stuck with traits. Trait measurement became personality psychologists' solution to accusations of being artists in the midst of serious scientists. However, there is a finite “amount of truth” to be discovered about the human psyche, and most of those truths may already be known. If that is the case, the remaining days of both social and personality psychology will be played out with researchers trying to find exceptions to general principles and designing research on these specialized topics so as to draw sufficient attention to maintain a dwindling number of careers.
In the Care of Strangers
Authors: Weick Ann
Published: April 2010

This chapter begins with a discussion of the meanings of care, the increasing development of non-family-based systems of care, the nature of social care, and communities of care. It argues that as community-focused initiatives continue, it will be necessary to draw from social work's traditions and understandings a clearer evaluation of the profession's own assets and potential for growth. At what may be optimistically called the eve of a paradigm shift from systems of treatment to communities of care, it will be important to recognize the factors in current social work practice that limit creativity and stunt the capacity for thinking outside the box. Central to this is a searching assessment of beliefs about social work expertise. To the extent that the profession searches for and aligns itself with approaches that appear to make social workers experts on the lives and troubles of others, it will maintain its preoccupation with professional status and role-narrowing self-definitions.
Family and Network Therapy Training for a System of Care
Authors: Olson Mary E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter presents a training curriculum that has been taught as an advanced master's-level course at a graduate school of social work. Parts of this curriculum have been the basis of presentations to community agencies and hospitals, and of postgraduate workshops and courses. Some of the material was developed originally in collaboration with Carlos Sluzki MD, and other senior faculty at the Family Center of the Berkshires, during the years 1990-1995. This curriculum has been used successfully in a variety of settings and with trainees from a variety of clinical disciplines, including social work, psychology, psychiatry, nursing, and family medicine.
Evaluating Community-Based Clinical Practice
Authors: Dore Martha Morrison , Lightburn Anita
Published: April 2010

The evaluation of social programs and clinical practice has become an essential component of collective efforts to solve, ameliorate, or prevent the problems and difficulties that negatively impact communities and erode the lives of the people living in them. Indeed, the evaluation enterprise now wears multiple hats: (1) as facilitator in the development and implementation of new programs and services; (2) as a key source of understanding and direction in the revision of established programs; and (3) as the identifier, interpreter, and disseminator of program results. This chapter presents a constructivist approach to evaluation that honors the principles of community-based clinical practice. This approach is the context for the three broadly defined roles of evaluation just described. A model is presented that is synchronous with these principles. The goal is to enable those involved in implementing community-based clinical practice models to view evaluation as an essential tool in building their programs and practice.
The Network Context of Network Therapy
Authors: Andersen Tom
Published: April 2010

The network of mental health teams providing alternative, community-based psychotherapeutic interventions was first started in the north of Norway in the late 1960s and blended in 1988 with a similar network in the north of Finland that had started in the very early 1980s. Therapists from northern Sweden joined the northern Norwegians in 1988 and became part of their training program. From this northern Nordic network a larger network has emerged, including groups from eight countries: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. All want to develop alternative psychotherapeutic practices when psychotic crises occur, and share an interest in the principles of “open talks” and “network therapy.” This chapter outlines the history of the Nordic northern network. Basic principles for the practice of Open Talks in the network, particularly those that integrate reflecting team practices; the organization of such practices; and the corresponding philosophies, are described. A training program for northern Sweden and northern Norway that corresponds to these practices and philosophy is also discussed.
Unitas: Therapy for Youth in a Street Society
Authors: Eismann Edward P.
Published: April 2010

This chapter describes community mental health theory as the clinical rationale underpinning the creation of this neighborhood caretaker system, then demonstrates how such theoretical concepts were applied in practice to a local neighborhood. It concludes with a reflective analysis of the author's own transformative journey in creating this therapeutic street society.
Working With High-Risk Children and Families in Their Own Homes
Authors: Adnopoz Jean A.
Published: April 2010

The family has long been recognized as the most effective, long-term institution for raising children. Adequately functioning families socialize children, transmit intergenerational values and beliefs, and provide a place of refuge from the challenges of the outside world. In cases where parental functioning is impaired and the family environment is chaotic, taking the child out of home for treatment either in traditional outpatient care or by temporarily removing him or her to a different, unfamiliar setting may fail to address the underlying systemic issues that affect the child's sense of self and ability to function autonomously. This chapter describes some of the characteristics of families for whom the home may be a preferred treatment site, reviews some of the literature on home-based preventive and intervention programs for high-risk children, and provides specific case examples drawn from both a family preservation program and a psychiatric service for children and adolescents with severe emotional disturbances, which are delivered in the child and family's home.
The Ecology of Intensive Community-Based Intervention
Authors: Lyman D. Russell , Toledo Borja Alvarez de
Published: April 2010

This chapter presents a case study for practitioners in intensive community-based family work. The story of the Vega family helps describe the roots, program development, and strategic clinical techniques of a service designed to maintain children who have experienced or are at risk of hospitalization or residential care. The aim is twofold. First, as program developers, the authors describe the roots of their model and how it can be constructed, supported, and implemented clinically. Second, as clinicians they seek to move beyond basic principles to describe some of the approaches they have refined over years of working with severely challenged families. These include ecological assessment, the art of intensive case management and metasystemic family work, contingency planning for urgent intervention, and assisting families in making transitions in care. With the Vegas' help, the chapter also illustrates how this work can be carried out through grassroots work by a relatively small community-based agency.
Police–Mental Health Collaboration on Behalf of Children Exposed to Violence
Authors: Marans Steven , Berkman Miriam
Published: April 2010

The Child Development-Community Policing program (CDCP) is an innovative collaboration between police and child mental health professionals that aims to co-ordinate clinical approaches to intervention for children exposed to or involved in violence with police activities that contain the external sources of danger in the child's world. This chapter describes the theory and practice of CDCP and the impact of this unusual interdisciplinary partnership on the delivery of policing, mental health, and other social services for children and families exposed to violence and trauma.
It Takes a Community to Help an Adolescent
Authors: Berger Roni
Published: April 2010

This chapter argues that immigrants' need for mental health services can most effectively be met by community-based services that respect and integrate aspects of their culture of origin. The chapter includes three sections. First, unique characteristics of adolescent immigrants and their special needs are reviewed and illustrated. The second section reviews hallmarks of community-based practice, discusses and illustrates principles generated from successful community-based mental health services for adolescent immigrants, and argues why such services are better equipped than traditional services to meet their needs. The focus is on what proved helpful and how it can be done. Finally, the third section presents one example of a community-based mental health service.