bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspektiven in Diagnostik und Therapie des oligometastasierten Lungenkarzinoms
Authors: Pfannschmidt Joachim , Taber Samantha
Published: April 2021

Das Stadium der Oligometastasierung ist definiert als eine klinisch und radiologisch an Anzahl und Tumorvolumen limitierte und im Verlauf stabile Metastasierung. Ist das Metastasierungsausmaß auf 1 oder 2 Organsysteme und die Anzahl der Metastasen auf maximal 5 Metastasen begrenzt, so können unterschiedliche lokal ablative Verfahren, wie die chirurgische Resektion und stereotaktische Strahlentherapie, ihre Berechtigung haben. Die biologischen Grundlagen der Oligometastasierung als eines intermediären Tumorstadiums sind heute noch weitestgehend unverstanden. Da aussagekräftige prädiktive Biomarker fehlen, beruht die Patientenauswahl weiterhin auf etablierten klinischen Prognosefaktoren. Hierzu zählen der thorakale Lymphknotenstatus des primären Lungenkarzinoms und das zeitliche Auftreten der Metastasierung als synchron oder metachron. Vor jeder Operation oder lokal ablativen Strahlentherapie mit kurativem Ansatz muss stets eine weitergehende Polymetastasierung mittels FDG-PET/CT und MRT des Schädels ausgeschlossen werden. Neben publizierten retrospektiven Fallserien finden sich aktuell 3 prospektiv randomisierte Studien, die einen signifikanten Behandlungsvorteil hinsichtlich des progressionsfreien Überlebens der Patienten mit lokal ablativer Therapie gegenüber der Vergleichskohorte belegen. Ein günstiger Effekt auf das Langzeitüberleben nach lokal ablativer Therapie ist ebenso wahrscheinlich. Zur zukünftigen Festlegung des Stellenwertes lokal ablativer Verfahren innerhalb moderner onkologischer Therapiekonzepte unter Einschluss der Immuntherapie und molekular stratifizierter Behandlungen sind weitere Phase III-Studien in Entwicklung.
Entwicklung der universitären
Rheumatologie in
Ostdeutschland
Authors: Schröder Hans-Egbert
Published: April 2021

Die Entwicklung der universitären Rheumatologie in Ostdeutschland ist eng mit
den universitären Einrichtungen in Dresden, Jena, Leipzig, Magdeburg und
Ost-Berlin sowie Rostock verknüpft. In diesem Beitrag kann aus
Platzgründen nur auf die Entwicklung bis zum Ende der DDR eingegangen
werden. Die Entwicklung der Rheumatologie für Kinder- und Jugendliche bedarf
einer gesonderten Darstellung.
Risikostratifizierung in der Rheumatologie:
Analgetika-Therapie
Authors: Eidner Thorsten , Wolf Gunter , Oelzner Peter
Published: April 2021

Auch im Biologika-Zeitalter ist Schmerz ein häufiges Symptom bei
Patienten mit rheumatischen Erkrankungen. NSAR sind dabei
unverändert meist Mittel der ersten Wahl. Insbesondere aufgrund
ihres gastrointestinalen, kardiovaskulären und renalen
Nebenwirkungspotenzials erfordert ihr Einsatz eine individuelle
Risikostratifizierung beim Patienten in Abhänggigkeit von der
zugrundeliegenden Erkrankung, den Komorbiditäten und der
Komedikation.

Bei NSAR-Versagen oder -Unverträglichkeit stehen nur wenige
Nichtopioid-Analgetika als Alternative zur Verfügung. Paracetamol
ist häufig nicht ausreichend effektiv und bedarf eines hepatischen
Monitorings. Beim Einsatz von Metamizol ist bei meist guter Wirksamkeit und
allgemein guter Verträglichkeit über die sehr seltene
Möglichkeit einer Agranulozytose und deren Symptome
aufzuklären. Sofern auch hiermit keine zufriedenstellende
Schmerzkontrolle möglich ist, können Opioide zum Einsatz
kommen. Die Risikostratifizierung erfordert hier ein leitliniengerechtes
Abwägen des zu erwartenden Nutzens in Abhängigkeit von der
Grunderkrankung einerseits und den Risiken andererseits, wobei v. a.
psychische Effekte einschl. Missbrauchs- und Abhängigkeitspotenzial,
Übelkeit, Obstipation und erhöhtes Sturzrisiko im Fokus
stehen.

Für die nahe Zukunft sind keine wesentlichen Neuentwicklungen bei den
Analgetika zu erwarten, sodass die individuelle Risikostratifizierung
für die derzeit verfügbaren Präparate langfristig
entscheidend für eine optimale Therapie des einzelnen Patienten
bleiben wird.
COVID-19: Pandemie, Infodemie?
Authors: Wildner Manfred
Published: April 2021

„Eine Infodemie ist ein Übermaß an angebotener
Information, sowohl offline [in den klassischen Medien] als
auch online“, stellen die internationalen Organisationen WHO,
UN, UNICEF, UNDP, UNESCO, UNAIDS, ITU, UN Global Pulse und IFRC in einer
seltenen gemeinsamen Erklärung fest 1. Sie kommen dann schnell auf den Punkt: Darin enthalten seien
„gezielte Versuche, Falschinformationen zu verbreiten, um die
öffentlichen Abwehr- und Hilfsmaßnahmen zu unterminieren und
alternative Agenden zu befördern“. Solche
Fehlinformationen könnten dann gesundheitliche Folgen haben, zu
Stigmatisierungen und zur Ablehnung von sinnvollen
Infektionsschutzmaßnahmen führen, einschließlich von
Hygienemaßnahmen, Test- und Impfangeboten. Kurz: Falschinformationen
können Menschenleben kosten, insbesondere in einer Pandemie und
darüber hinaus durch Hetze und Misstrauen den sozialen Zusammenhalt
einer Gemeinschaft nachhaltig schädigen. Damit wird die Pandemie in
einem zweiten Schritt zum Vehikel einer nochmals die Gesundheit auf
individueller und Bevölkerungsebene schädigenden
„Infodemie“.
Angst vor dem Coronavirus, Absicht zum Befolgen der AHA-Regeln und
Risikowahrnehmung bezüglich Arztbesuchen: Querschnittsstudie mit
psychisch vorerkrankten Menschen
Authors: Dahmen Alina , Keller Franziska , Kötting Lukas , Derksen Christina , Lippke Sonia
Published: April 2021

Ziel der Studie Die COVID-19-Pandemie erfordert zur Eindämmung
Maßnahmen wie Kontaktbeschränkungen und Hygieneregeln und
verursacht neben psychischen Problemen auch die Angst vor einer Ansteckung
oder einem schweren Verlauf von COVID-19. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht
den Zusammenhang zwischen der Angst vor einer Ansteckung und dem Einhalten
von Hygieneregeln und der Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Versorgung.

Methodik Es wurden 1005 Patienten (20–79 Jahre,
626=62,4% weiblich) vor Antritt einer psychosomatischen
Rehabilitationsmaßnahme mittels Online-Fragebogen befragt. Die
Auswertung erfolgte deskriptiv, korrelativ und über
Varianzanalysen.

Ergebnisse 68,6% hatten selten/manchmal und
17,9% hatten immer Angst vor einer Ansteckung mit dem Coronavirus
oder vor einem schweren Verlauf der Krankheit. Wer oft/immer Angst
hatte, beabsichtigte sich die Hände häufiger zu waschen
(97,2%), als diejenigen, die nie Angst hatten. Unabhängig
von einer Veränderung des körperlichen und psychischen
Gesundheitszustandes waren die Patienten bereit, Hygienemaßnahmen
einzuhalten. Jedoch hing mehr Angst vor Ansteckung mit mehr
Risikowahrnehmung zusammen, medizinische Versorgung in Anspruch zu nehmen.
Bedenken waren bei den Patienten am stäksten ausgeprägt, die
einen verschlechterten Gesundheitszustand berichteten.

Schlussfolgerung Die Absicht des Befolgens der Hygieneregeln ist bei
psychisch vorerkrankten Menschen abhängig von einer vorbestehenden
Angst, sich selber oder andere mit dem Coronavirus anzustecken bzw. an einer
schweren Verlaufsform zu erkranken. Insbesondere psychisch bzw.
psychosomatisch vorerkrankte Menschen müssen adäquat
über das Coronavirus und die notwendigen individuellen
Schutzmaßnahmen informiert werden, um Ängste zu reduzieren
und um die Bereitschaft zu steigern, medizinische Hilfe in Anspruch zu
nehmen.
Synthesis of Diporphyrins by Oxidative Coupling with Pd(TFA)2-Cu(OTf)2 under Ball-Milling Conditions
Authors: Lu Xiuqiang , Li Fei , Chen Guofen
Published: April 2021

A sustainable synthetic method for the synthesis of diporphyrins under ball-milling conditions is reported. The meso-meso linked diporphyrins are efficiently accessed by direct oxidative homo-coupling of porphyrins with Pd(TFA)2 as the catalyst and Cu(OTf)2 as the oxidant.
Wittig Reactions of Maleimide-Derived Stabilized Ylides with Alkyl Pyruvates: Concise Approach to Methyl Ester of (±)-Chaetogline A
Authors: Argade Narshinha P. , Shelar Santosh V.
Published: April 2021

A facile synthesis of methyl ester of chaetogline A is reported starting from the corresponding methyl 1-methyltryptophanate-derived­ maleimide. A stereoselective Wittig olefination with a carbonyl function in methyl pyruvate followed by phosphorous pentoxide-induced­ regioselective dehydrative cyclization are the essential reactions. An acid-induced thermodynamically driven stereoselective β- to α-position migration of the exocyclic C=C bond unit in ethyl tetrahydroindolizinoindolylidenepropanoate is described.
Aesthetically Thriving through Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Evaluation of Patient Motivation and Perception on Aesthetic Surgery and Minimally Invasive Procedures
Authors: Sezgin Billur , Tatar Sedat , Kara Basak Selin , Ozmen Selahattin , Yavuzer Reha
Published: April 2021

Although the cancellation of elective procedures due to the COVID-19 outbreak has been a vital precaution, it has resulted in the suspension of aesthetic procedures and surgeries worldwide. Consequently, this postponement and other factors might have a negative impact on patients planning to undergo aesthetic procedures. Understanding the changes in patient motivation and perception in comparison to the prepandemic period is imperative for proper adjustment of plastic surgery clinics.

A prospective questionnaire study was conducted on patients with cancelled aesthetic surgeries or procedures to determine the effects that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had on patient motivation regarding cosmetic surgery and procedures and to establish a relationship between patient characteristics and the overall effect of pandemia on the perception of cosmetic surgery.

Although most patients felt angry or frustrated due to the cancellation of their surgeries or procedures, the majority accepted that it was a necessary precaution. Patients with a history of previous minimally invasive procedures had a significantly higher ratio of acceptance for cancellations, whereas single patients were more likely to want to have their treatments done if the decision were left up to them. A subset of patients considered undergoing additional cosmetic procedures in the setting of self-isolation, and all patients stated that they would reschedule once the pandemia was under control.

Patients with established motivation for plastic surgery and minimally invasive procedures ultimately plan to resume their normal treatments alongside others after the pandemia subsides. Plastic surgeons must actively communicate with their patient population during this time to properly educate, embrace, and direct them under scientific guidelines.
Pretemporal Transcavernous Approach for Resection of an Orbito-Cavernous Oculomotor Schwannoma
Authors: Rutkowski Martin J.
Published: April 2021

The following operative video demonstrates surgical tenets and nuances of the pretemporal transcavernous approach in an unusual case of a 33-year-old patient suffering new onset diplopia and a third nerve palsy due to an orbito-cavernous oculomotor schwannoma. Near total resection was accomplished through an extended pterional craniotomy with pretemporal transcavernous exposure of her lesion, resulting in resolution of her preoperative oculomotor palsy and visual dysfunction. When combined with extended pterional and modified frontotemporal orbitozygomatic approaches, the pretemporal transcavernous approach provides excellent surgical access to the parasellar region including the superior orbital fissure and cavernous sinus. Meticulous dissection and early identification of tissue planes, including cranial nerve and vascular anatomy, allows for safe removal of tumors arising in this region.

The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/EuIRTP7wWBQ.
A dilemma in rape crisis and a contribution from philosophy
Authors: Maung Hane Htut
Published: April 2021

The notion that rape is an act of violence rather than sex is a central tenet in rape crisis support and education. A therapeutic benefit of this conceptualisation of rape is that it counters shame and guilt by affirming that the victim was not a complicit partner in an act of sex. However, this conceptualisation has recently been criticised for not capturing what makes rape an especially serious kind of wrong. This raises an apparent dilemma for rape crisis support. Recent work in analytic moral philosophy on the nature of rape offers a way to resolve this dilemma. It is argued that rape is not sex, but is nonetheless sexual. This distinction allows for a charitable reformulation of the central tenet in rape crisis support, which can facilitate the dual therapeutic aims of countering the sense of shame and of recognising the especially serious kind of the harm suffered by the victim.
Method to correct finite-size effects in many electron systems
Authors: Gasparini Allison
Published: April 2021

A scheme proposes to overcome the finite-size effects in electronic structure simulations by identifying a short-range exchange correlation with amazing performance at extreme temperatures.
Intermediate scattering functions of a rigid body monoclonal antibody protein in solution studied by dissipative particle dynamic simulation
Authors: Zhai Yanqin , Martys Nicos S. , George William L. , Curtis Joseph E. , Nayem Jannatun , Z Y , Liu Yun
Published: April 2021

In the past decade, there was increased research interest in studying internal motions of flexible proteins in solution using Neutron Spin Echo (NSE) as NSE can simultaneously probe the dynamics at the length and time scales comparable to protein domain motions. However, the collective intermediate scattering function (ISF) measured by NSE has the contributions from translational, rotational, and internal motions, which are rather complicated to be separated. Widely used NSE theories to interpret experimental data usually assume that the translational and rotational motions of a rigid particle are decoupled and independent to each other. To evaluate the accuracy of this approximation for monoclonal antibody (mAb) proteins in solution, dissipative particle dynamic computer simulation is used here to simulate a rigid-body mAb for up to about 200 ns. The total ISF together with the ISFs due to only the translational and rotational motions as well as their corresponding effective diffusion coefficients is calculated. The aforementioned approximation introduces appreciable errors to the calculated effective diffusion coefficients and the ISFs. For the effective diffusion coefficient, the error introduced by this approximation can be as large as about 10% even though the overall agreement is considered reasonable. Thus, we need to be cautious when interpreting the data with a small signal change. In addition, the accuracy of the calculated ISFs due to the finite computer simulation time is also discussed.
A photogrammetric method for target monitoring inside the MEG II detector
Authors: Cavoto G. , Chiarello G. , Hildebrandt M. , Hofer A. , Ieki K. , Meucci M. , Milana S. , Pettinacci V. , Renga F. , Voena C.
Published: April 2021

An automatic target monitoring method based on photographs taken by a CMOS photo-camera has been developed for the MEG II detector. The technique could be adapted for other fixed-target experiments requiring good knowledge of their target position to avoid biases and systematic errors in measuring the trajectories of the outcoming particles. A CMOS-based, high resolution, high radiation tolerant, and high magnetic field resistant photo-camera was mounted inside the MEG II detector at the Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland). MEG II is used to search for lepton flavor violation in muon decays. The photogrammetric method’s challenges, affecting measurements of low momentum particles’ tracks, are the high magnetic field of the spectrometer, high radiation levels, tight space constraints, and the need to limit the material budget in the tracking volume. The camera is focused on the dot pattern drawn on the thin MEG II target, about 1 m away from the detector endcaps where the photo-camera is placed. Target movements and deformations are monitored by comparing images of the dots taken at various times during the measurement. The images are acquired with a Raspberry board and analyzed using custom software. Global alignment to the spectrometer is guaranteed by corner cubes placed on the target support. As a result, the target monitoring fulfills the needs of the experiment.
Experimental observations of shock-wave-induced bubble collapse and hot-spot formation in nitromethane liquid explosive
Authors: Turley W. D. , La Lone B. M. , Mance J. G. , Staska M. D. , Stevens G. D. , Veeser L. R. , Dattelbaum D. M.
Published: April 2021

We studied the collapse of individual helium gas bubbles in the homogeneous explosive nitromethane (NM) to investigate effects of hot-spot formation on the detonation process. A bubble was injected into a NM sample, and a shock wave from an explosive detonator compressed the bubble, creating a localized hot spot. We measured shock and detonation wave speeds with optical velocimetry, and we used a high-speed camera to image the shock propagation and the pre- and post-bubble collapse processes. An infrared camera image showed the residual radiance temperature distribution after the bubble collapse, and an optical fiber pyrometer measured the time-resolved thermal radiance. We measured the optical spectra of light emitted from detonating NM without a bubble and from a collapsing bubble in shocked, undetonated NM. We estimated temperatures of the detonation fronts and of the hot spots formed by bubble collapse. To study the incipient detonation process, we performed all bubble collapse experiments at pressures below the threshold for creating a sustained detonation. Where the bubble collapsed, we observed an opaque, thermally emissive region believed to be chemical reaction products. Chemical reactions in NM can be produced with lower shock pressures (∼1 GPa) when a helium bubble is present than without a bubble (∼10 GPa). We used hydrodynamic modeling to predict shock wave propagation, extent of chemical reaction, and subsequent temperature rise from the collapsing bubble. Simulations using a temperature-dependent Arrhenius burn model gave much better results than reactive burn models that depend only on pressure and density.
Oblique-incidence Sagnac interferometric scanning microscope for studying magneto-optic effects of materials at low temperatures
Authors: Zhu X. D. , Ullah R. , Taufour V.
Published: April 2021

We describe an oblique-incidence zero-area Sagnac interferometric microscope for studying spatial and temperature dependence of magneto-optic (MO) effects in samples under cryogenic conditions. The microscope is capable of independently measuring Kerr effects from three Cartesian components of a magnetization and thus can be used to map out the magnetization vector across the sample. For illustration, we present MO Kerr effect images of magnetic domains at 77 K of a LaCrGe3 crystal terminated with an a–c plane (the plane that contains the lattice a-axis and c-axis). We further present measurements of magnetization in these domains from 90 to 77 K during zero-field cooling and field cooling in an external magnetic field from 20 to 150 Oe. The inherently high sensitivity and the capability of detecting a magnetization without external modulation makes such a Sagnac interferometric microscope particularly useful for studying magnetic effects in novel materials at low temperatures.
Regularities of non-stationary diffusion growth of overcritical gas bubbles and kinetics of bubble distribution in presence of capillary and viscous forces
Authors: Kuchma Anatoly E. , Shchekin Alexander K.
Published: April 2021

The regularities of non-stationary diffusion growth of overcritical gas bubbles and kinetics of their distribution in sizes in a supersaturated-by-gas liquid solution on the nucleation stage have been analytically described by taking into account the full-scale influence of viscous and capillary forces on pressure in the overcritical bubbles. The results are general and not limited by values of gas supersaturation and gas solubility in the surrounding liquid solution. It is shown how the nonuniform concentration profile of the dissolved gas in supersaturated solution around the growing bubble changes with time and distance from the center of the overcritical bubble and gradually transforms into a stationary (at low solubility and moderate supersaturation of the dissolved gas) or self-similar profile (at large solubility and supersaturation of the dissolved gas). The kinetic theory of the nucleation stage with the excluded volume has been extended to the case of non-stationary gas concentration profiles due to viscous and capillary forces. The general approach has been illustrated in the limiting case of negligible viscous but significant capillary contributions to the vapor pressure in the bubble and in the case when the approximation of the mean field of gas supersaturation can be applied.
A post-HF approach to the sunscreen octyl methoxycinnamate
Authors: Fois Ettore , Oriani Mario , Tabacchi Gloria
Published: April 2021

Octyl methoxycinnamate (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, OMC) is a commercial sunscreen known as octinoxate with excellent UVB filter properties. However, it is known to undergo a series of photodegradation processes that decrease its effectiveness as a UVB filter. In particular, the trans (E) form—which is considered so far as the most stable isomer—converts to the cis (Z) form under the effect of light. In this work, by using post-Hartree–Fock approaches [CCSD, CCSD(t), and CCSD + T(CCSD)] on ground state OMC geometries optimized at the MP2 level, we show that the cis and trans forms of the gas-phase OMC molecule have comparable stability. Test calculations on the same structures with a series of dispersion-corrected density functional theory-based approaches including the B2PLYP double hybrid predict the trans structures to be energetically favored, missing the subtle stabilization of cis-OMC. Our results suggest that the cis form is stabilized by intra-molecular dispersion interactions, leading to a folded more compact structure than the trans isomer.
Shear dynamics of polydisperse double emulsions
Authors: Tiribocchi A. , Montessori A. , Bonaccorso F. , Lauricella M. , Succi S.
Published: April 2021

We numerically study the dynamics of a polydisperse double emulsion under a symmetric shear flow. We show that both dispersity and shear rate crucially affect the behavior of the innermost drops and of the surrounding shell. While at low/moderate values of shear rates, the inner drops rotate periodically around a common center of mass triggered by the fluid vortex formed within the emulsion generally regardless of their polydispersity; at higher values, such dynamics occurs only at increasing polydispersity, since monodisperse drops are found to align along the shear flow and become approximately motionless at late times. Our simulations also suggest that increasing polydispersity favors close-range contacts among cores and persistent collisions, while hindering shape deformations of the external droplet. A quantitative evaluation of these effects is also provided.
Large magnetic-field-induced strain at the magnetic order transition in triangular antiferromagnet AgCrS2
Authors: Kanematsu Tomoya , Okamoto Yoshihiko , Takenaka Koshi
Published: April 2021

Strain induced by a magnetic field is a common phenomenon for ferromagnets, but few antiferromagnets show large strain induced by a magnetic field. On the basis of linear strain measurements of sintered samples of triangular antiferromagnet ACrS2 (A = Cu, Ag, and Au) in magnetic fields up to 9 T, the AgCrS2 sample was found to show a large strain, yielding a large volume change over 700 ppm, which is one of the largest volume changes measured to date for an antiferromagnet. This large strain appeared only at the Néel temperature of 42 K and was not restored to its initial state when the applied magnetic field was decreased to zero; however, it was initialized by cooling the sample to far below the Néel temperature. These results suggest that the coexistence of magnetically ordered and paramagnetic phases at the first-order phase transition plays an important role. AuCrS2 showed a magnetic field-induced strain with similar features although it was smaller than that in AgCrS2.
Analysis of blood flow characteristics in fractal vascular network based on the time fractional order
Authors: Chen Yanli , Zhang Xueqing , Ren Liuxing , Geng Yuanyuan , Bai Guiqiang
Published: April 2021

Fractional calculus has shown good adaptability in describing the mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials. Based on fractional order theory, the characteristics of blood flow in the fractal network of blood vessels are analyzed, and experiments are carried out by using a mixed solution to prove the results of simulation analysis that contains glycerol, gelatin, sodium chloride, etc. Under different time of fractional order conditions, the effects of Reynolds number, vascular network fractal dimension, and bifurcation series conditions, the blood flow characteristics in fractal vascular network are analyzed. The analysis results show that the blood flow increases with the increase in time fractional order and the flow resistance decreases with the increase in time fractional order. The blood flow law curve based on the equivalent Casson fluid theory has the same trend between the orders α = 0.9 and α = 1.0 of the time fractional order curve, so the order of time fractional order can describe the blood flow characteristics of equivalent Casson fluid. The experimental data are distributed on both sides of the theoretical calculation curve and the relative error is small, which is in good agreement with the effect of vascular fractal parameters obtained by integer order on blood.
Spatio-temporal correlations in three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulence
Authors: Gorbunova A. , Balarac G. , Canet L. , Eyink G. , Rossetto V.
Published: April 2021

We use direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of the forced Navier–Stokes equation for a three-dimensional incompressible fluid in order to test recent theoretical predictions. We study the two- and three-point spatiotemporal correlation functions of the velocity field in stationary, isotropic, and homogeneous turbulence. We compare our numerical results to the predictions from the Functional Renormalization Group (FRG) which were obtained in the large wavenumber limit. DNSs are performed at various Reynolds numbers and the correlations are analyzed in different time regimes focusing on the large wavenumbers. At small time delays, we find that the two-point correlation function decays as a Gaussian in the variable kt, where k is the wavenumber and t the time delay. We compute a triple correlation from the time-dependent advection-velocity correlations, and find that it also follows a Gaussian decay at small t with the same prefactor as the one of the two-point functions. These behaviors are in precise agreement with the FRG results, and can be simply understood as a consequence of sweeping. At large time delays, the FRG predicts a crossover to an exponential in k2t, which we were not able to resolve in our simulations. However, we analyze the two-point spatiotemporal correlations of the modulus of the velocity and show that they exhibit this crossover from a Gaussian to an exponential decay, although we lack of a theoretical understanding in this case. This intriguing phenomenon calls for further theoretical investigation.
Reconfigurable terahertz rainbow deflector
Authors: Cai Jiacheng , Chen Benwen , Wu Jingbo , Li Yi-Hang , Xue Qiang , Wang Taofeng , Zhang Caihong , Wen Qiye , Jin Biaobing , Chen Jian , Wu Peiheng
Published: April 2021

Dynamic terahertz (THz) beam steering is a promising technique for numerous applications, including communication, high-resolution imaging, and radar. However, advances in this technology are considerably limited by inadequate broadband and active phase shifters at THz frequencies. In this paper, we developed a type of VO2-based device capable of broadband THz beam steering. The effect of the tunable Brewster angle of the VO2 thin film along with the insulator-to-metal transition process was verified. We demonstrated that the VO2 grating could realize a dispersive beam deflector in a broad frequency band. Furthermore, upon heating, the VO2 grating could switch between three states of mirror reflector, “rainbow” deflector, and metallic grating. We believe that the proposed reconfigurable and broadband THz beam deflector offers a powerful avenue for manipulating THz beams.
Overexpression of CD47 is associated with brain overgrowth and 16p11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Li Jingling , Brickler Thomas , Banuelos Allison , Marjon Kristopher , Shcherbina Anna , Banerjee Sravani , Bian Jing , Narayanan Cyndhavi , Weissman Irving L. , Chetty Sundari
Published: April 2021

Copy number variation (CNV) at the 16p11.2 locus is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. CNVs of the 16p gene can manifest in opposing head sizes. Carriers of 16p11.2 deletion tend to have macrocephaly (or brain enlargement), while those with 16p11.2 duplication frequently have microcephaly. Increases in both gray and white matter volume have been observed in brain imaging studies in 16p11.2 deletion carriers with macrocephaly. Here, we use human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from controls and subjects with 16p11.2 deletion and 16p11.2 duplication to understand the underlying mechanisms regulating brain overgrowth. To model both gray and white matter, we differentiated patient-derived iPSCs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). In both NPCs and OPCs, we show that CD47 (a “don’t eat me” signal) is overexpressed in the 16p11.2 deletion carriers contributing to reduced phagocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, 16p11.2 deletion NPCs and OPCs up-regulate cell surface expression of calreticulin (a prophagocytic “eat me” signal) and its binding sites, indicating that these cells should be phagocytosed but fail to be eliminated due to elevations in CD47. Treatment of 16p11.2 deletion NPCs and OPCs with an anti-CD47 antibody to block CD47 restores phagocytosis to control levels. While the CD47 pathway is commonly implicated in cancer progression, we document a role for CD47 in psychiatric disorders associated with brain overgrowth.
Microstructure and volume shrinkage during directional solidification of peritectic steel
Authors: Li Yaqiang , Hong Lukuo , Han Baochen
Published: April 2021

Directional solidification experiments were carried out on peritectic steels to investigate the microstructure and volume shrinkage. A δ-dendritic structure developed intermittently and was enclosed by γ-austenite at growth rates of 15, 50, and 80 μm s−1. The primary dendritic spacing narrowed and the average spacing of dendrites decreased as the growth velocity increased. The functional relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing and cooling rates was established by statistical analysis. The influence of cooling rate on crack formation was analysed as a function of volume shrinkage. Reducing the cooling rate of the solidification delayed a massive type of peritectic transformation away from the ZST–ZDT brittle zone, thus reducing the probability of crack formation.
Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies protect against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses
Authors: VanBlargan Laura A. , Errico John M. , Kafai Natasha M. , Burgomaster Katherine E. , Jethva Prashant N. , Broeckel Rebecca M. , Meade-White Kimberly , Nelson Christopher A. , Himansu Sunny , Wang David , Handley Scott A. , Gross Michael L. , Best Sonja M. , Pierson Theodore C. , Fremont Daved H. , Diamond Michael S.
Published: April 2021

Although Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-transmitted flavivirus that causes severe or fatal neuroinvasive disease in humans, medical countermeasures have not yet been developed. Here, we developed a panel of neutralizing anti-POWV mAbs recognizing six distinct antigenic sites. The most potent of these mAbs bind sites within domain II or III of the envelope (E) protein and inhibit postattachment viral entry steps. A subset of these mAbs cross-react with other flaviviruses. Both POWV type–specific and cross-reactive neutralizing mAbs confer protection in mice against POWV infection when given as prophylaxis or postexposure therapy. Several cross-reactive mAbs mapping to either domain II or III also protect in vivo against heterologous tick-transmitted flaviviruses including Langat and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Our experiments define structural and functional correlates of antibody protection against POWV infection and identify epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies with therapeutic potential against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses.
Low-dimensional multi-scale Fisher discriminant dictionary learning for intelligent gear-fault diagnosis
Authors: Zhou Li , Wang Shibin , Zhao Zhibin , Cai Gaigai , Yan Ruqiang , Chen Xuefeng
Published: April 2021

Fisher discriminant dictionary learning (FDDL) is an effective classification method that has achieved excellent results in image processing. However, there are still some shortcomings when it is directly applied to intelligent gear-fault diagnosis, such as low classification accuracy, a time-consuming dictionary learning process and unsatisfactory anti-interference capabilities, especially for vibration signals with heavy noise. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a low-dimensional multi-scale FDDL (LM-FDDL) model, which extracts the fault-sensitive and multi-scale information from wavelet packet transform coefficients, and constructs a low-dimensional sample set via L-kurtosis for dictionary learning. This improves the anti-interference capability of the model and greatly reduces the computational cost. The dictionary learned from the low-dimensional sample set has excellent discriminant performance and interpretability, which are verified by the visualization of reconstructed signals. Experimental results for a spur-gear fault dataset and a bevel-gear fault dataset demonstrate the superiority of LM-FDDL over other related methods in terms of fault classification accuracy and computational cost. An added-noise comparison experiment verifies that the dimension -reducing strategy of LM-FDDL has strong robustness to noise and outliers, and thus ensures that the main fault features can be extracted from vibration signals with heavy noise interference.
Electron transmission through suspended graphene membranes measured with a low-voltage gated Si field emitter array
Authors: Rughoobur Girish , Jain Lay , Akinwande Akintunde I
Published: April 2021

We experimentally demonstrate the transmission of electrons through different number (1, 2, and 5) of suspended graphene layers at electron energies between 20 and 250 eV. Electrons with initial energies lower than 40 eV are generated using silicon field emitter arrays with 1 μm pitch, and accelerated towards the graphene layers supported by a silicon nitride grid biased at voltages from −20 to 200 V. We measured significant increase in current collected at the anode with the presence of graphene, which is attributed to the possible generation of secondary electrons by primary electrons impinging on the graphene membrane. Highest output current was recorded with monolayer graphene at approximately 90 eV, with up to 1.7 times the incident current. The transparency of graphene to low-energy electrons and its impermeability to gas molecules could enable low-voltage field emission electron sources, which often require ultra-high vacuum, to operate in a relatively poor vacuum environment.
The superconducting transition temperature for P-doped hydrogenated penta-graphene
Authors: Einollahzadeh Hamideh , Fazeli Seyed Mahdi
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we theoretically study superconductivity in hydrogenated penta-graphene (HPG). HPG has thermodynamical, mechanical and structural stability. By decreasing the Fermi energy of HPG, both manually and p-doping, we get strong density of states at the Fermi level. Therefore, one could expect that decreasing the Fermi energy may increase the superconducting transition temperature similar to graphane. We predict the superconducting transition temperature

(

T

C

)

about 90 K for B-doped HPG. This high superconducting transition temperature suggests that p-doped HPG could be a decent candidate for a nanoscale superconductor.
Certification of three black boxes with unsharp measurements using 3 → 1 sequential quantum random access codes
Authors: Wei Shihui , Guo Fenzhuo , Gao Fei , Wen Qiaoyan
Published: April 2021

Unsharp measurements play an increasingly important role in quantum information theory. In this paper, we study a three-party prepare-transform-measure experiment with unsharp measurements based on 3 → 1 sequential random access codes (RACs). We derive optimal trade-off between the two correlation witnesses in 3 → 1 sequential quantum random access codes (QRACs), and use the result to complete the self-testing of quantum preparations, instruments and measurements for three sequential parties. We also give the upper and lower bounds of the sharpness parameter to complete the robustness analysis of the self-testing scheme. In addition, we find that classical correlation witness violation based on 3 → 1 sequential RACs cannot be obtained by both correlation witnesses simultaneously. This means that if the second party uses strong unsharp measurements to overcome the classical upper bound, the third party cannot do so even with sharp measurements. Finally, we give the analysis and comparison of the random number generation efficiency under different sharpness parameters based on the determinant value, 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 QRACs separately. This letter sheds new light on generating random numbers among multi-party in semi-device independent framework.
Mixed convection hybridized micropolar nanofluid with triple stratification and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model
Authors: Ahmad Shafiq , Nadeem Sohail , Khan Muhammad Naveed
Published: April 2021

In the present article, we analyzed the unsteady bio-convective hybridized micropolar nanofluid flow over vertical exponentially stretching surface under the stratification conditions. Hybrid nanoparticles (AA7075 + AA7072 alloys) with a base fluid of water are deliberated in the current study. The Cattaneo–Christov heat flux and activation energy is taken into account to examine the heat and mass transfer rate. The appropriate transformations are used to transfer the flow model into the coupled non—linear ODEs. The Bvp4c Matlab technique is used to solve the coupled equations. The conclusion of various parameters is examined graphically. The physical quantities like skin friction, local Sherwood number and local microorganisms number observed via graphs. It is worth noticing that the axial and angular velocity reduces near the boundary and enhances away from the boundary with the escalation of solid volume fraction single and multi wall carbon nanotubes. Further, the skin factor, Sherwood number, and microorganism number show increasing behavior as increasing stretching parameter and solid volume fraction.
Heat capacity of holographic screen inspires MOND theory
Authors: Senay M , Mohammadi Sabet M , Moradpour H
Published: April 2021

It is argued that Planck mass may be considered as a candidate for the mass content of each degree of freedom of holographic screen. In addition, employing the Verlinde hypothesis on emergent gravity and considering holographic screen degrees of freedom as a q-deformed fermionic system, it is obtained that the heat capacity per degree of freedom inspires the MOND interpolating function. Moreover, the MOND acceleration is achieved as a function of Planck acceleration. Both ultra-relativistic and non-relativistic statistics are studied. We, therefore, believe that our results can at least mathematically be employed to write the MOND theory corresponding to various samples.
VieRDS: A Software to Simulate Raw Telescope Data for very Long Baseline Interferometry
Authors: Gruber J , Nothnagel A , Böhm J
Published: April 2021

The digital data produced by each telescope within the observation process of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) can be referred to as raw data. The raw telescope data represents the initial data stage (Level 0 data) of the VLBI processing chain, consisting of correlation, fringe-fitting, and geodetic/astrometric parameter estimation. Any systematic effects which are compensated and used for parameter estimation within this chain, are present in the raw telescope data streams. The group delay, although the primary geodetic VLBI observable, can be considered to be the most prominent effect. In this publication, we present a new software package implemented in MATLAB that can simulate raw telescope data for VLBI. The software is called VieRDS (https://github.com/TUW-VieVS/VieRDS) and features tools to simulate a delay, a delay rate, a phase offset, and a frequency response of arbitrary magnitude for each channel of the telescope data stream. The signal model consists of a radio source component of selectable flux density, a system noise component, and a phase calibration signal. Furthermore, a tool for one and two bit quantization and a module to store the simulated data in VDIF data format is implemented. For the first time, the simulation of a dispersive group delay for a VGOS broadband frequency setup, and the simulation of the characteristic station frequency response of two VGOS telescopes are shown for demonstration purposes. The simulated data can be correlated and fringe-fitted by commonly used VLBI software correlators and fringe-fitting programs. VieRDS is thus an ideal tool for testing hypotheses of adverse observational effects in a controlled environment by deliberately causing these effects and studying the responses in the correlator output. In this article, we focus on the description of the key characteristic of the simulation concept, the digital signal creation, the digital signal processing algorithms, and the software architecture.
Method of Wavelet Analysis of Time Series to Assess the Effectiveness of the Country’s Energy Security
Authors: Komissarova M A , Storozhuk I N , Kulikov M M
Published: April 2021

This article addresses the problems of energy security at the level of Russian regions, which is a particularly urgent in modern economic conditions characterized by global digitalization processes. In this case, the problem arises the need to develop mathematical tools for planning and assessing energy security in conditions of high uncertainty and fluctuations of the studied parameters of the external environment.

The paper presents the mathematical justification for the use of wavelet analysis and the construction of spaces of scaling functions in order to obtain the theorem of multifunctional analysis of economic parameters and indicators of regional energy security, based on many intervals and determining the corresponding wavelet spaces.
Application Possibilities and Standardization Features for Lean Methods in Service Industries
Authors: Kotlyarova E A , Mekhantseva K F , Markin L S , Otrishko M O
Published: April 2021

The article attempts to analyze the application of lean manufacturing tools and techniques in the service sector for their further standardization. Initially, lean manufacturing arose and found application at industrial enterprises, and for some time it was believed that lean processes work effectively only in the manufacturing sector. However, the examples of the application of lean manufacturing tools in practice, given in this article, make it possible to show their effectiveness even in such an area of economic activity as the service sector, the specialty of which is the intangibility, intangibility of the service itself. The analysis showed that almost all the methods given in the standard are applicable and effective for the service sector. The peculiarity of the lean manufacturing tools and methods application for the service sector was at the initial stage the correct and reliable value determination of the service as a product. The possibilities of lean manufacturing tools using in various service sectors were analyzed on the specific examples, taking into account international and national standards in the field of lean manufacturing and activities classified at the national level. The main directions of standardization of lean manufacturing tools in the service sector are proposed.
PAES -Nature Similar Technology for Creation of the New Technosphere
Authors: Sandrykina O S , Ivanova O Ya , Manchuk E P
Published: April 2021

In this article the author’s technique of introduction of "nature similar" technologies which will give the chance to overcome a threshold of synchronous expenses is offered. Simultaneous interaction of technologically combined productions will allow to gain synergetic effect. The main link connecting new technologies the personal autonomous ecological system (PAES) is designed to become.

The personal autonomous ecological system, in economic sense, is a personal subsidiary farm, expanded and technically equipped. The list, the values made in personal ecological system increases. They in the set create the new quality of life inaccessible in former technological ways. Live organisms and lifeless substances, devices, designs are a part of personal autonomous ecological system. The system which adapts to needs and desires of the specific person functions. Physical parameters of system are supported at optimum level irrespective of weather changes, state of environment. Stability of the system provides repeated duplication of each resource from different sources, stocks of resources and a variety of their consumption. The system can be reconstructed and evolve. Everything depends on what objects are set for it.
Multi-objective optimization of laminar flow characteristics in helical coiled tubes based on NSGA-II
Authors: Yuan Yuyang , Wang Xuesheng , Cao Jiaming , Chen Qinzhu
Published: April 2021

To meet the requirement of energy conservation and optimize the design of helical coils in laminar flow, the pitch, the coil radius and the average inlet velocity were selected as design parameters to obtain the tendency of the heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics of the helical coils. Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop per unit length of helical coils were taken as the optimization objective functions. A multi-objective optimization model was established, three candidate points A, B and C were obtained based on Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II). The results showed that heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop per unit length increase with the pitch and inlet velocity whilst them decrease with coil radius, among which the influence of inlet velocity is the most obvious and the pitch is the least. It was found that the coil radius of most points in Pareto front was relatively concentrated. The comprehensive performance of candidate points A, B, C had been improved significantly by 16.3%, 28.3% and 19.6% respectively.
The Demographic Transition of Yunnan Province and its Influence on the Ecological Environment since Bronze Age to Modern Times
Authors: Zhang Fan , Ye Changbing , Lin Haitao
Published: April 2021

Driven by the Industrial Revolution, the relationship between population and ecological environment is found an obvious brand new look as science technology takes part in human production and life as well as economic activities in modern times. It depicts a more distinct time characteristic than ever before. Consequently, the influence of Yunnan’s demographic transition on ecological environment is discussed under this period from two angles. One is demographic situation, and the other is human activities. The results showed that such negative impacts were undoubtedly caused by static demographic situation and dynamic human activities. And these impacts have become more profound with the development of science and technology.