bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coreceptor tropism determined by genotypic assay in HIV‐1 circulating in Thailand, where CRF01_AE predominates
Authors: Phuphuakrat A , Phawattanakul S , Pasomsub E , Kiertiburanakul S , Chantratita W , Sungkanuparph S
Published: November 2013

Objectives

Chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) inhibitors are a novel class of antiretroviral agents that are promising for treatment of patients who harbour the HIV‐1 R5 strain. Data on coreceptor tropism in non‐B HIV‐1 subtypes are limited. We studied coreceptor tropism in HIV‐1 circulating in Thailand, where CRF01_AE predominates, using a genotypic assay.

Methods

We compiled V3 sequences of HIV‐1 strains circulating in Thailand during 2010–2012. Coreceptor tropism was predicted based on V3 sequences using geno2pheno version 2.5 (http://coreceptor.bioinf.mpi‐inf.mpg.de).

Results

One hundred and fifty‐five HIV‐1‐infected patients were enrolled in this study. Ninety‐nine patients (63.9%) were antiretroviral‐naïve, and the remainder had virological failure. The median (interquartile range) CD4 cell count and HIV‐1 RNA were 220 (74–379) cells/μL and 75 374 (14 127–226 686) HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL, respectively. Of the sequences obtained from these patients, 119 (76.8%) were CRF01_AE and 22 (14.2%) were subtype B. At a false positive rate of < 5%, 61 (39.4%) HIV‐1‐infected individuals were predicted to harbour the X4 phenotype. X4 viruses were detected more frequently in the treatment‐failure group compared with the treatment‐naïve group (30.3 vs. 55.4%, respectively; P = 0.002). Those with CRF01_AE had a higher proportion of X4 viruses compared with non‐AE subtypes (47.9 vs. 11.1%, respectively; P < 0.001). By multivariate logistic regression, CRF01_AE and treatment failure were independently associated with predicted X4 phenotype [odds ratio (OR) 7.93; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57–24.50; P < 0.001, and OR 3.10; 95% CI 1.50–6.42; P = 0.002, respectively].

Conclusions

CRF01_AE and treatment failure are associated with the predicted X4 phenotype. In regions where CRF01_AE predominates, use of CCR5 inhibitors must be considered with caution. The phenotypic assay and its correlation with genotypes should be further investigated in CRF01_AE.
Repeat antenatal HIV testing in the third trimester: a study of feasibility and maternal uptake rates
Authors: Williams B , Costello M , McHugh E , Le Prevost M , Phil‐Ebosie A , Tilsed C , McSorley J , Murphy S , Brook G , Williams A
Published: November 2013

Objectives

The study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of third‐trimester antenatal HIV testing within our service after two cases of HIV seroconversion in pregnancy were noted in 2008. North American Guidelines recommend universal third‐trimester HIV testing in areas with an HIV prevalence of more than 1 per 1000. The HIV prevalence rate in our area is 3.01 per 1000.

Methods

Pregnant women prior to 28 weeks of gestation were recruited at booking between 1 September 2008 and 31 August 2009 and offered an additional third‐trimester HIV test. Consent was obtained and testing was performed by hospital and community midwives. Information was entered into a modified existing electronic maternity database. A qualitative e‐mail survey of midwives investigated barriers to participation in the study.

Results

A total of 4134 women delivered; three (< 0.1%) declined first‐trimester testing. Twenty‐two women (0.5%) tested HIV positive, of whom six were newly diagnosed. Overall, 2934 of 4134 women (71%) were offered and accepted a third‐trimester HIV test and had results available. Data were unavailable for 195 women (4.7%). A total of 663 of 4131 women (16%) were not offered a third‐trimester test. Of 3273 women documented as having been offered a test, 3177 (97.1%) accepted. There were no positive third‐trimester tests. Forty of 50 (80%) midwives surveyed responded with questionnaire feedback and cited lack of national policy and extra workload as barriers to performing third‐trimester testing.

Conclusions

Third‐trimester testing was feasible and consent rates were high in those offered repeat testing. Third‐trimester testing has the potential to prevent paediatric HIV infection and universal testing should be considered in high‐prevalence areas.
Clinical malaria diagnosis in pregnancy in relation to early perinatal mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ezeamama AE , Duggan C , Manji KP , Spiegelman D , Hertzmark E , Bosch RJ , Kupka R , Okuma JO , Kisenge R , Aboud S , Fawzi WW
Published: November 2013

Objectives

We prospectively investigated fever symptoms and maternal diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy (MIP) in relation to child HIV infection among 2368 pregnant HIV‐positive women and their infants, followed up from pregnancy until 6 weeks post‐delivery in Tanzania.

Methods

Doctors clinically diagnosed and treated MIP and fever symptoms during prenatal health care. Child HIV status was determined via DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for HIV mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) by the 6th week of life.

Results

Mean gestational age at enrolment was 22.2 weeks. During follow‐up, 16.6% of mothers had at least one MIP diagnosis, 15.9% reported fever symptoms and 8.7% had both fever and MIP diagnosis. Eleven per cent of HIV‐exposed infants were HIV‐positive by 6 weeks. The RR of HIV MTCT was statistically similar for infants whose mothers were ever vs. never clinically diagnosed with MIP (RR 1.24; 95% CI 0.94–1.64), were diagnosed with one vs. no clinical MIP episodes (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.77–1.48) and had ever vs. never reported fever symptoms (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.78–1.38) in pregnancy. However, the HIV MTCT risk increased by 29% (95% CI 4–58%) per MIP episode. Infants of women with at least two vs. no MIP diagnoses were 2.1 times more likely to be HIV infected by 6 weeks old (95% CI 1.31–3.45).

Conclusions

Clinical MIP diagnosis, but not fevers, in HIV‐positive pregnant women was associated with an elevated risk of early HIV MTCT, suggesting that malaria prevention and treatment in pregnant HIV‐positive women may enhance the effectiveness of HIV prevention in MTCT programmes in this setting. Future studies using a laboratory‐confirmed diagnosis of malaria are needed to confirm this association.
Subsidence of the Miyako‐Sone submarine carbonate platform, east of Miyako‐jima Island, northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Arai Kohsaku , Machiyama Hideaki , Chiyonobu Shun , Matsuda Hiroki , Sasaki Keiichi , Humblet Marc , Iryu Yasufumi
Published: November 2013

Bathymetric mapping and observations of the seafloor using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV, Hyper‐Dolphin 3K) were carried out on the slopes of the Miyako‐Sone submarine platform, east of Miyako‐jima in the Ryukyu Islands, northwestern Pacific Ocean. The bathymetric map indicates that terraces are present at water depths of approximately 140 m, 330 m, 400 m, and 680 m on the northwestern slope of the platform. A number of NW–SE trending lineaments, probably faults, extend perpendicular to the axis of the Ryukyu Island Arc. Two ROV surveys were conducted at water depths ranging from 519 m (on the slope) to 121 m (shallowest part of the platform). The surveys revealed that well‐indurated carbonate rocks are exposed at terrace margins and on upper slopes, and that the lower slopes are covered with modern sediments consisting of unconsolidated, coarse‐sand‐sized bioclastic carbonates. Calcareous nannofossils from the well‐indurated carbonate rocks indicate a Middle–Late Pleistocene age, which suggests that the rocks correlate with the Quaternary reef and fore‐reef deposits of the Ryukyu Group (Ryukyu Limestone) on the Ryukyu Islands. No siliciclastic deposits corresponding to the upper Miocene–lower Pleistocene Shimajiri Group (as exposed on Okinawa‐jima and Miyako‐jima islands) were recovered during the surveys. Coeval well‐indurated carbonate rocks, all of which formed in a similar sedimentary environment, have been downthrown towards the west due to displacements on the western sides of normal faults. Subsidence of the Miyako‐Sone submarine platform was the result of large vertical displacements on such normal faults. The timing of initial subsidence cannot be tightly constrained, but the presence of the youngest limestone at progressively lower levels towards the west suggests the subsidence continued until after 0.265 Ma.
Effect of hyaluronan tetrasaccharides on epidermal differentiation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Kage M. , Tokudome Y. , Matsunaga Y. , Hariya T. , Hashimoto F.
Published: November 2013

Synopsis

Objective

Hyaluronan (HA) plays a role in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. In addition, HA has been shown to have different biological activities depending on its molecular weight. It has been reported that HA‐mediated CD44 activation regulates keratinocyte differentiation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of HA tetrasaccharides (HA4) on the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation, CD44 gene expression and CD44‐phosphorylated protein in human keratinocytes, and compare HA4 with high molecular weight HA.

Methods

Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were treated at doses of 1 μg mL−1 HA or HA oligosaccharides (HA4). After treatment, cell viability was checked using an MTT (3‐(4,5‐di‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Each differentiation marker and CD44 mRNA expression was detected by real‐time PCR. Each differentiation marker and CD44‐phosphorylated protein was assessed by Western blotting.

Results

Hyaluronan and HA4 showed no cytotoxicity up to a dose of 1 μg mL−1. On day 3 after HA4 treatment, each differentiation marker mRNA and K10 protein level was higher than that of the control. On day 9, late differentiation marker mRNA and protein levels were increased with HA and HA4 treatment. In addition, HA4 treatment increased the expression of CD44 mRNA, CD44‐phosphorylated protein and intracellular calcium concentrations. HA4 enhanced keratinocyte differentiation and increased CD44‐phosphorylated protein levels.

Conclusion

HA4 may induce epidermal differentiation through phosphorylation of CD44.
Influenza prevention and treatment in transplant recipients and immunocompromised hosts
Authors: Ison Michael G.
Published: November 2013

The host immune response is critical for the control and clearance of influenza virus after initial infection. Unfortunately, key components of the innate and adaptive responses to influenza are compromised in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. As a result, influenza in these key patient populations is associated with prolonged viral shedding, more frequent complications, including bacterial and fungal superinfections and rejection, and increased mortality. While vaccine is the critical prophylaxis strategy in other populations, response rates are diminished, particularly early post‐transplant, among immunocompromised patients. Prospective data suggest that antiviral prophylaxis represents an effective and safe alternative to vaccine in patients who would be predicted to have poor responses to influenza vaccine. While there have not been randomized, controlled studies of antiviral therapy completed in solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell patient populations, observational data suggest that early therapy is associated with reduced rates of progression to lower airway involvement, morbidity, and mortality. Further studies are needed to define the optimal regimen, dose, duration, and endpoint to define successful treatment.
Viral–bacterial interactions–therapeutic implications
Authors: Deng Jane C.
Published: November 2013

Viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the development of vaccines and potent antibiotics. Frequently, viruses and bacteria can co‐infect the same host, resulting in heightened pathology and severity of illness compared to single infections. Bacterial superinfections have been a significant cause of death during every influenza pandemic, including the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. This review will analyze the epidemiology and global impact of viral and bacterial co‐infections of the respiratory tract, with an emphasis on bacterial infections following influenza. We will next examine the mechanisms by which viral infections enhance the acquisition and severity of bacterial infections. Finally, we will discuss current management strategies for diagnosing and treating patients with suspected or confirmed viral‐bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. Further investigation into the interactions between viral and bacterial infections is necessary for developing new therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating the severity of co‐infections.
Life‐time prevalence and psychosocial correlates of adolescent direct self‐injurious behavior: A comparative study of findings in 11 European countries
Authors: Brunner Romuald , Kaess Michael , Parzer Peter , Fischer Gloria , Carli Vladimir , Hoven Christina W. , Wasserman Camilla , Sarchiapone Marco , Resch Franz , Apter Alan , Balazs Judith , Barzilay Shira , Bobes Julio , Corcoran Paul , Cosmanm Doina , Haring Christian , Iosuec Miriam , Kahn Jean‐Pierre , Keeley Helen , Meszaros Gergely , Nemes Bogdan , Podlogar Tina , Postuvan Vita , Saiz Pilar A. , Sisask Merike , Tubiana Alexandra , Varnik Airi , Wasserman Danuta
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence and associated psychosocial factors of occasional and repetitive direct self‐injurious behavior (D‐SIB), such as self‐cutting, ‐burning, ‐biting, ‐hitting, and skin damage by other methods, in representative adolescent samples from 11 European countries.

Methods

Cross‐sectional assessment of adolescents was performed within the European Union funded project, Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE), which was conducted in 11 European countries. The representative sample comprised 12,068 adolescents (F/M: 6,717/5,351; mean age: 14.9 ± 0.89) recruited from randomly selected schools. Frequency of D‐SIB was assessed by a modified 6‐item questionnaire based on previously used versions of the Deliberate Self‐Harm Inventory (DSHI). In addition, a broad range of demographic, social, and psychological factors was assessed.

Results

Overall lifetime prevalence of D‐SIB was 27.6%; 19.7% reported occasional D‐SIB and 7.8% repetitive D‐SIB. Lifetime prevalence ranged from 17.1% to 38.6% across countries. Estonia, France, Germany, and Israel had the highest lifetime rates of D‐SIB, while students from Hungary, Ireland, and Italy reported low rates. Suicidality as well as anxiety and depressive symptoms had the highest odds ratios for both occasional and repetitive D‐SIB. There was a strong association of D‐SIB with both psychopathology and risk‐behaviors, including family related neglect and peer‐related rejection/victimization. Associations between psychosocial variables and D‐SIB were strongly influenced by both gender and country. Only a minor proportion of the adolescents who reported D‐SIB ever received medical treatment.

Conclusion

These results suggest high lifetime prevalence of D‐SIB in European adolescents. Prevalence as well as psychosocial correlates seems to be significantly influenced by both gender and country. These results support the need for a multidimensional approach to better understand the development of SIB and facilitate culturally adapted prevention/intervention.
Maternal sexual interactions affect offspring survival and ageing
Authors: Dowling D. K. , Williams B. R. , Garcia‐Gonzalez F.
Published: November 2013

In many species, females exposed to increased sexual activity experience reductions in longevity. Here, in Drosophila melanogaster, we report an additional effect on females brought about by sexual interactions, an effect that spans generations. We subjected females to a sexual treatment consisting of different levels of sexual activity and then investigated patterns of mortality in their offspring. We found reduced probabilities of survival, increases in the rate of senescence and a pattern of reduced mean longevities, for offspring produced by mothers that experienced higher levels of sexual interaction. We contend that these effects constitute trans‐generational costs of sexual conflict – the existence or implications of which have rarely been considered previously. Our results indicate that ongoing exposure by mothers to male precopulatory interactions is itself sufficient to drive trans‐generational effects on offspring mortality. Thus, we show that increases in maternal sexual activity can produce trans‐generational effects that permeate through to latter life stages in the offspring. This helps to elucidate the complex interplay between sex and ageing and provides new insights into the dynamics of adaptation under sexual selection.
Influence of Ethanethiol in Antioxidant Activity and in Total Phenolics Concentration of Wines. Comparative Study against Control Samples
Authors: Dias Daiane , Guarda Ananda , Wiethan Bruna A. , Claussen Luis E. , Bohrer Denise , De Carvalho Leandro M. , Do Nascimento Paulo C.
Published: November 2013

The redox behavior of ethanethiol in wines was studied considering its action in presence of resveratrol and gallic acid, as well as its influence on both antioxidant activity and the values of phenol total in wines (red, white and rose). Ethanethiol acted as antioxidant in presence of resveratrol and gallic acid. Conversely, ethanethiol acted as oxidant in wine samples. This antagonism was explained by the ability of ethanethiol being stable in reduced and oxidized forms and also due the presence of several redox couples in wines. The action of ethanethiol was evaluated by following during 60 days the variations on the antioxidant activity (diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl method) as well as the total phenol (spectrophotometric method) in fortified wine samples. Control samples were also included in the study. Significant influence of ethanethiol on the total phenol was observed in all samples, while the antioxidant activity was affected only in white and rose wines.

Practical Applications

Wine consumption has been growing in recent years and nowadays this drink is appreciated almost all over the word. The main reason for that are the beneficial effects for human health. A large set of species take part in wine composition including also sulfur compounds. Among these compounds ethanethiol play an important role, since it can generate unpleasant smell with changes in the organoleptic proprieties affecting the final quality of wines. In the present work, we investigate the influence of ethanethiol on both the antioxidant activity and the phenol total concentration of wines.
Managing flood water of hill torrents as potential source for irrigation
Authors: Saher F.N. , Nasly M.A. , Kadir T.A.A. , Yahaya N.K.E.M. , Wan Ishak W.M.F.
Published: November 2013

This paper presents an integrated methodology for sustainable development planning to conserve the excess water resources. This developed methodology takes advantage of geographic information systems software to integrate its strength to manage the flood impacts. This approach is of dual purpose: first, to reduce the flash flood hazard of hill torrents; and second, to make use of flood water as a source of irrigation by conserving flood water in an earthen reservoir. The developed integrated methodology works as a decision‐making system for selection of best site selection for earthen reservoir. The results for three potential sites for earthen reservoir supports in a decision‐making process for best site for reservoir by analysing calculations for storage capacity, earthen works, and lengths of canals from reservoirs to agricultural land. This study investigated that the tools of geoinformatics have the potential to resolve the engineering challenges linked with mitigation of flood hazards. It is evident from the study that practical considerations for future turn the study into an informational tool to mitigate flood.
Risk allocation in a public–private catastrophe insurance system: an actuarial analysis of deductibles, stop‐loss, and premiums
Authors: Paudel Y. , Botzen W.J.W. , Aerts J.C.J.H. , Dijkstra T.K.
Published: November 2013

A public–private (PP) partnership could be a viable arrangement for providing insurance coverage for catastrophe events, such as floods and earthquakes. The objective of this paper is to obtain insights into efficient and practical allocations of risk in a PP insurance system. In particular, this study examines how the deductible and stop‐loss levels (retentions) for, respectively, the insured and the insurer, relate to the corresponding maximum required coverage and premium amounts under the 99.9% tail value at risk (TVaR) damage constraint. A practical example of flood insurance in the Netherlands is studied in which the (re)insurance could be provided either by a risk‐averse (private) or a risk‐neutral (public) agency, which could result in large differences in premiums.
Accounting for uncertainty and flexibility in flood risk management: comparing Real‐In‐Options optimisation and Adaptation Tipping Points
Authors: Gersonius B. , Ashley R. , Jeuken A. , Pathinara A. , Zevenbergen C.
Published: November 2013

This paper provides practical experience with two climate impact and adaptation assessment methods: Real‐In‐Options (RIO) optimisation and Adaptation Tipping Points (ATP). These methods were selected because they both provide insight into and promote the ability of the system to deal with future change and thus can be used within a resilience approach. The resilience approach takes a dynamic perspective on adaptive processes and the effects of these processes at/across different spatio‐temporal scales. Although the two methods share a similar aim, they have considerable differences in orientation and application. RIO optimisation aims to minimise the expected costs of acquiring climate change resilience. To achieve this aim, it uses probabilistic climate data to identify the optimal set of adaptive strategies in response to advances in knowledge about future climate change. The ATP method is virtually independent of climate change scenarios, and in particular of probabilities of climate change. Rather, it requires input from decision makers and other stakeholders to select the preferred adaptive strategy. This paper discusses the concept, procedures, case examples and benefits/limitations of each method, examining its usefulness for informing adaptation‐related decision making. Based on this, it gives specific recommendations on which method to use under what circumstances.
Innovative Care Delivery Model to Address Obesity in Older African‐American Women: Senior Wellness Initiative and Take Off Pounds Sensibly Collaboration for Health (SWITCH)
Authors: Mitchell Nia S. , Polsky Sarit
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To determine the feasibility and acceptability of integrating Take Off Pounds Sensibly (TOPS), a national nonprofit weight‐loss program through which people have lost a clinically significant amount of weight, into a community program that serves African Americans (AAs) and to determine weight change.

Design

Single‐group pilot design.

Setting

Denver, Colorado.

Participants

Community‐dwelling participants aged 51 to 85.

Intervention

Participants were recruited through a program that serves AAs, and new TOPS chapters were started at a church, senior center, and senior residence for independent living.

Measurements

Feasibility was measured by determining the ease of recruitment and acceptability was measured according to retention. The secondary outcome was weight change.

Results

Sixty‐four percent of people who were referred to the program or attended an information session participated in the study. The retention rate at 52 weeks was 79%. At 52 weeks, 16 of 48 participants had lost 5% or more of their initial weight, and 23 had lost 0% to 4.9% of their initial weight.

Conclusions

Recruiting AA women through the Center for African American Health was feasible, and the program was acceptable. One‐third of participants lost a clinically significant amount of weight. TOPS may be one way to combat the health disparity of obesity in AA women.
Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: 2002–2012 Literature Review
Authors: Moreno Gerardo , Mangione Carol M.
Published: November 2013

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic conditions in older adults and is often accompanied by comorbidities and geriatric syndromes. The management of cardiovascular disease risk factors in older adults with DM is important to clinicians. The literature was reviewed from 2002 to 2012 to provide an American Geriatrics Society expert panel with an evidence base for updating and making new recommendations for improving the care of older adults with type 2 DM. This review includes only the domains of the management of blood pressure, lipid control, glycemic control, and use of aspirin. Over the last 10 years, new randomized controlled trials (RCT) designed to study different blood pressure treatment targets did not find evidence that intensive systolic blood pressure control (<130 mmHg) resulted in lower rates of myocardial infarction and mortality than less‐intensive control. There are risks of side effects with achieving systolic blood pressure of less than 120 mmHg. Lipid‐lowering statins are effective in reducing cardiovascular events in middle‐aged and older adults, but data on niacin and fibrates is limited. Trials of statins and other lipid‐lowering agents do not evaluate the cardiovascular effects on outcomes from treating lipids to different low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol targets. No RCTs of lipid‐lowering drugs enrolled significant numbers of adults aged 80 and older with or without DM. Three major RCTs that investigated intensive glycemic control did not find reductions in primary cardiovascular endpoints, and one study reported greater mortality with glycosylated hemoglobin of less than 6%. Two recently published RCTs were designed to study the cardiovascular benefits of aspirin use by individuals with DM. Neither trial found significantly fewer primary cardiovascular endpoints with aspirin than in control groups. Overall, RCTs enrolled few adults aged 80 and older or with significant comorbidities. More research is needed for clinicians to effectively customize care to older adults with DM because of heterogeneity in health status, comorbidities, duration of disease, frailty and functional status, and differences in life expectancy.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Related to Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Authors: Kerr Jacqueline , Marshall Simon J. , Patterson Ruth E. , Marinac Catherine R. , Natarajan Loki , Rosenberg Dori , Wasilenko Kari , Crist Katie
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To explore the relationship between cognitive functioning and time spent at different intensities of physical activity (PA) in free‐living older adults.

Design

Cross sectional analyses.

Setting

Continuing care retirement communities.

Participants

Older adults residing in seven continuing care retirement communities in San Diego County with an average age of 83; 70% were female, and 35% had a graduate‐level education (N = 217).

Measurements

PA was measured objectively using hip worn accelerometers with data aggregated to the minute level. Three cut points were used to assess low light‐intensity PA (LLPA), high light‐intensity PA (HLPA), and moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity PA (MVPA). The Trail Making Test (TMT) Parts A and B were completed, and time for each test (seconds) and time for Part B minus time for Part A (seconds) were used as measures of cognitive function. Variables were log‐transformed and entered into linear regression models adjusting for demographic factors (age, education, sex) and other PA intensity variables.

Results

LLPA was not related to any TMT test score. HLPA was significantly related to TMT A, B, and B minus A but only in unadjusted models. MVPA was related to TMT B and B minus A after adjusting for demographic variables.

Conclusion

There may be a dose response between PA intensity and cognitive functioning in older adults. The stronger findings supporting a relationship between MVPA and cognitive functioning are consistent with previous observational and intervention studies.
The Contraction of Meaning: The Combined Effect of Communication, Emotions, and Materiality on Sensemaking in the Stockwell Shooting
Authors: Cornelissen Joep P. , Mantere Saku , Vaara Eero
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we seek to understand how individuals, as part of a collective, commit themselves to a single, and possibly erroneous, frame, as a basis for sensemaking and coordinated actions. Using real‐time data from an anti‐terrorist police operation that led to the accidental shooting of an innocent civilian, we analyse how individual actors framed their circumstances in communication with one another and how this affected their subsequent interpretations and actions as events unfolded. Our analysis reveals, first, how the collective commitment to a framing of a civilian as a terrorist suicide bomber was built up and reinforced across episodes of collective sensemaking. Second, we elaborate on how the interaction between verbal communication, expressed and felt emotions, and material cues led to a contraction of meaning. This contraction stabilized and reinforced the overall framing at the exclusion of alternative interpretations. With our study we extend prior sensemaking research on environmental enactment and the escalation of commitment and elaborate on the role of emotions and materiality as part of sensemaking.
Secondary jaw aneurysmal bone cyst (JABC) – a possible misnomer? A review of literature on secondary JABCs, their pathogenesis and oncogenesis
Authors: Arora Srimathy S. , Paul Samrity , Arora Sunil , Kapoor Varun
Published: November 2013

Context

Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare pseudocysts, commonly seen in long bones and vertebral column. Although a well described and reported lesion, many misconceptions still prevail regarding their etiopathogenesis. Many of the reported cases of jaw aneurysmal bone cysts (JABC) present with another bone pathology.

Aims

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the incidence of neoplastic lesions occurring simultaneously with a JABC (in contrast to primary JABCs). Any pathogenetic and oncogenetic association between primary and secondary jaw ABCs has been reviewed and discussed.

Settings and Design

A methodical narrative review of literature was performed, given the incidence of mostly case reports on this topic.

Methods and Material

A methodical electronic search of Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Medline and Cochrane databases was performed for reported cases of JABC. These articles were analysed and segregated into primary and secondary ABC and, if secondary, the lesion it concurrently occurred with. Another search was conducted to yield articles discussing the cytopathogenetic and oncogenetic origins of ABCs.

Results and Conclusions

About 15% of the ABCs reported were of secondary nature. Amongst the associated lesions, cement‐ossifying fibroma and ossifying fibroma were the most common, followed by fibrous dysplasia and central giant cell granuloma. No ABCs were associated with metastatic changes. The search for histopathogenesis pointed to a specific cytogenetic abnormality as the origin of primary ABCs, with USP6 as its main oncogene and spindle cell as the neoplastic cell, unlike with secondary ABCs, suggesting that they are distinct pathological processes.
Delayed progression of condylar cartilage degeneration, by reduction of the discoidin domain receptor 2, in the temporomandibular joints of osteoarthritic mouse models
Authors: Salazar Armando , Polur Ilona , Servais Jacqueline M. , Li Yefu , Xu Lin
Published: November 2013

Objective

To determine whether reduction of the discoidin domain receptor 2 (Ddr2) delays the progression of condylar cartilage degeneration in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of mouse models with osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Double‐heterozygous (Col11a1‐ and Ddr2‐haploinsufficiency, Col11a1+/−;Ddr2+/−) mice were generated. TMJs of Ddr2+/− mice were subjected to partial discectomy. Condylar cartilage from the TMJ of Col11a1+/−;Ddr2+/− mice, surgically treated (discectomy) Ddr2+/− mice, and their corresponding controls was characterized by means of histology and evaluated using a scoring system specific to mouse joints.

Results

The progression of condylar cartilage degeneration was significantly delayed in the TMJ of Col11a1+/−;Ddr2+/− mice compared with those of the Col11a1+/− mice. The progression of condylar cartilage degeneration in the TMJ of Ddr2+/− mice following discectomy was also significantly delayed when compared with their wild‐type littermates.

Conclusion

Reduced expression of Ddr2 delays the progression of condylar cartilage degeneration, induced either by type XI collagen haploinsufficiency or by a partial discectomy, in TMJ.
Rejection Sensitivity and Vulnerability to Self‐Directed Hostile Cognitions Following Rejection
Authors: Breines Juliana G. , Ayduk Ozlem
Published: November 2013

We examined the hypothesis that rejection increases self‐directed hostile cognitions in individuals who are high in rejection sensitivity (RS). In four studies employing primarily undergraduate samples (Ns = 83–121), rejection was primed subliminally or through a recall task, and self‐directed hostile cognitions were assessed using explicit or implicit measures. Negative or neutral control conditions were used in three of the studies. Measures of RS were obtained in pretesting. High RS participants were more likely than low RS participants to report or show greater self‐directed hostile cognitions in rejection conditions, compared to control conditions. Results held when controlling for depressive symptoms, history of self‐directed hostile cognitions, and general hostility. RS may represent a unique vulnerability for self‐directed hostile cognitions, a predictor of self‐harmful behavior.
Piecemeal Reform of Domestic Indirect Taxes toward Uniformity in the Presence of Pollution: with and without a Revenue Constraint
Authors: MICHAEL MICHAEL S. , LAHIRI SAJAL , HATZIPANAYOTOU PANOS
Published: November 2013

The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution‐ridden economies is quite limited. This paper, using a general equilibrium model of a perfectly competitive small open economy with both production‐ and consumption‐generated pollution, considers the welfare implications of tax reforms that take the structure of consumption and production taxes toward uniformity. Specifically, both in the presence and absence of a binding government revenue constraint, we derive sufficient conditions for welfare improvement in the case where we implement (i) reforms in either production or consumption taxes, and (ii) reforms in both consumption and production taxes.
Environmental Standards in a Large Open Economy
Authors: PETCHEY JEFFREY
Published: November 2013

The small‐country price‐taking assumption of Oates and Schwab is relaxed to consider a large open economy that can influence its net capital return. This creates an incentive for the country to distort its policies. The key question asked is whether this induces inefficient outcomes. The result is that if the country has a dedicated tax on capital and uses this tax optimally, the Oates and Schwab first‐best result still holds. However, efficiency in a large open economy requires that the tax on capital be nonzero, unlike Oates and Schwab where the capital tax must be zero for first‐best efficiency.
Current Distribution of Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease) in India as Diagnosed by Real‐Time PCR
Authors: Das Ashis K. , Nerkar Sagar , Bawage Swapnil , Kumar Ashok
Published: November 2013

The widespread occurrence of Huanglongbing (HLB) was recorded in sixteen citrus growing states of India using the real‐time quantitative PCR and the derived threshold cycle (Ct) value. All the commercially important citrus varieties of mandarin, sweet orange, lime and lemon, pummelo and Satkara were infected with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, the bacterium associated with HLB. Ct values positive for HLB were found in all the states except Arunachal Pradesh. The primer–probe combination HLBas‐HLBr‐HLBp was found specific to Ca. L. asiaticus and do not exhibit any cross‐reactivity with other pathogenic residents of citrus.
Role of nitric oxide synthase genes in hepatitis E virus infection
Authors: Hazam R. K. , Deka M. , Kar P.
Published: November 2013

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of endemic and epidemic acute hepatitis. A correlation between iNOS, eNOS polymorphisms, levels and severity of disease has been reported, and here, we examined the role of iNOS and eNOS gene polymorphisms and their levels in HEV‐related acute viral hepatitis and acute liver failure. Hepatitis E virus‐related cases of acute hepatitis (294 patients) and liver failure (82 patients) and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (331 subjects) were included in the study. PCR‐RFLP was performed to identify the polymorphisms in the iNOS and eNOS genes. iNOS and eNOS levels were studied using ELISA assays and HEV viral load, genotype and combined effects of iNOS genotype, levels and parameters for disease severity were examined. The frequency of iNOS (CT + TT) and eNOS (GT + TT) genotypes was higher in subjects with liver failure compared with controls. iNOS and eNOS levels in patients with acute liver failure (55.51 ± 6.33 IU/mL, 60.2 ± 3.69) cases were significantly increased as compared to patients with acute viral hepatitis (17.8 ± 6.08 IU/mL, 23.7 ± 6.57) and controls (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between the iNOS and eNOS levels in our study population when compared with the severity of disease parameters. Hence, the iNOS C150T polymorphism and the eNOS G894T polymorphism and high levels of iNOS and eNOS are associated with an increased risk of HEV‐related acute hepatitis and liver failure. This study supports the possible role of nitric oxide synthase genes (iNOS and eNOS) in determining the severity of HEV infection.
DIABETES AMONG OAXACA'S TRANSNATIONAL POPULATION: AN EMERGING SYNDEMIC
Authors: Everett Margaret , Wieland Josef N.
Published: November 2013

Though indigenous communities have undergone rapid economic integration in the last few decades as a result of neoliberal reforms and increased migration, these communities experience a complex epidemiological profile that includes fetal and childhood undernutrition and adult obesity and diabetes. We argue here that the interaction of these burdens and the social conditions that have dismantled local food systems and propelled out‐migration best explain the growing rate of diabetes in this region. We contrast this syndemic approach with the Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis, which attributes the high rate of diabetes among Native American populations to presumed genetic predisposition, triggered by lifestyle changes. We find the Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis useful for explaining links between fetal and postnatal nutrition interruptions and chronic diseases in later life in certain populations and that a syndemics framework is useful for modeling the complex social causes of this pattern. While the syndemics model has largely been used to understand infectious diseases and addiction, social scientists have yet to use the framework to investigate the complex interactions between chronic malnutrition, metabolic syndrome, and political economy in rural Oaxacan communities. The most effective efforts to reduce diabetes will be those that address the social determinants of diabetes in this and other similar populations, rather than programs that address individual behaviors and lifestyle.
EVIDENCE FOR A SYNDEMIC IN AGING HIV‐POSITIVE GAY, BISEXUAL, AND OTHER MSM: IMPLICATIONS FOR A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO PREVENTION AND HEALTH CARE
Authors: Halkitis Perry N. , Kupprat Sandra A. , Hampton Melvin B. , Perez‐Figueroa Rafael , Kingdon Molly , Eddy Jessica A. , Ompad Danielle C.
Published: November 2013

The theory of syndemics has been widely applied in HIV‐prevention studies of gay, bisexual, and other MSM (men who have sex with men) over the last decade. Our investigation is the first to consider the applicability of the theory in a sample of aging (ages 50 and over) HIV‐positive MSM, which is a growing population in the United States. A sample of 199 men were actively recruited and assessed in terms of mental health and drug‐use burden, as well as sexual risk behaviors. Bivariate and multivariable analyses indicate a high level of association between psychosocial burdens (i.e., drug use and mental health) and same‐sex unprotected sexual behaviors, providing initial support for the applicability of the theory of syndemics to this population. Further support can be seen in participants’ narratives. Findings suggest the mutually reinforcing nature of drug use, psychiatric disorders, and unprotected sexual behavior in older, HIV‐positive, gay, bisexual, and other MSM, highlighting the need for holistic strategies to prevention and care among this population of older and sexually active individuals. In short, the generation of gay men who came of age in the late 1970s and 1980s, “the AIDS Generation,” are continuing to mature such that further efforts must be enacted to meet the multidimensional nature of these men's physical, mental, and sexual health needs.
Disagreement and Evidential Attenuation
Authors: Lasonen‐Aarnio Maria
Published: November 2013

What sort of doxastic response is rational to learning that one disagrees with an epistemic peer who has evaluated the same evidence? I argue that even weak general recommendations run the risk of being incompatible with a pair of real epistemic phenomena, what I callevidential attenuationandevidential amplification. I focus on a popular and intuitive view of disagreement, the equal weight view. I take it to state that in cases of peer disagreement, a subject ought to end up equally confident that her own opinion is correct as that the opinion of her peer is. I say why we should regard the equal weight view as a synchronic constraint on (prior) credence functions. I then spell out a trilemma for the view: it violates what are intuitively correct updates (also leading to violations of conditionalisation), it poses implausible restrictions on prior credence functions, or it is non‐substantive. The sorts of reasons why the equal weight view fails apply to other views as well: there is no blanket answer to the question of how a subject should adjust her opinions in cases of peer disagreement.
Unpicking the Chronology of Carrowmore
Authors: Bergh Stefan , Hensey Robert
Published: November 2013

This paper reports 25 dates on pin fragments from two monuments within the Carrowmore passage tomb complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. This is the first occasion that a core artefact from the Irish passage tomb assemblage has been systematically dated. Methodological issues with previous dating programmes at Carrowmore, including the general problem of using charcoal to date megalithic monuments, are considered. The implications of the results are discussed, with a focus on their impact on former interpretations of the chronology of Carrowmore and the beginnings of the passage tomb tradition in north‐west Ireland.
Yeast hydrolysate supplement increases starvation vulnerability of Queensland fruit fly
Authors: TAYLOR PHILLIP W. , KHAN MAHFUZA , COLLINS SAMUEL R. , REYNOLDS OLIVIA L.
Published: November 2013

Post‐teneral diets containing yeast hydrolysate are reported to increase longevity, reproductive development and sexual performance of Queensland fruit fly (‘Q‐fly’) Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt (Diptera: Tephritidae). Consequently, diets including yeast hydrolysate are recommended for sterile Q‐flies before release in sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes. However, in some tephritids, diets including yeast hydrolysate are associated with an increased vulnerability to starvation. In the present study, the effects of yeast hydrolysate supplementation before release are considered with respect to the longevity of released Q‐fly when food becomes scarce. Experiments are carried out in three settings of varying resemblance to field conditions: 5‐L laboratory cages, 107‐L outdoor cages and 14 140‐L field cages containing potted citrus trees. In all experimental settings, compared with flies that received only sucrose, male and female Q‐flies that are provided with yeast hydrolysate during the first 2 days of adult life have a significantly shorter survival when subsequently deprived of food. Yeast supplementation appears to commit Q‐flies to a developmental trajectory that renders them more vulnerable to starvation. The practical significance of these findings for SIT depends on how often the releases are carried out under conditions in which Q‐flies experience extreme food shortages in the field.
Rules as Icons: Wittgenstein's Paradox and the Law
Authors: Van Roermund Bert
Published: November 2013

In this paper Section 1 distinguishes between two modes of interpreting legal rules: rehearsal and discourse, arguing that the former takes priority over the latter in law, as in many other contexts. Section 2 offers two arguments that following a legal rule in the rehearsing mode presents a riddle. The first argument develops from law, and submits that legal rules do not tell us anything, because they are tautological. The second one develops from philosophy (Wittgenstein's later works), confronting us with the paradox that incompatible courses of action may be derived from any rule. My solution presents a theory of rules as icons (Section 3). I use “icon” rather than “picture,” partly to avoid confusion with what is known among philosophers as “the picture theory of meaning.” Interpretation in the rehearsing mode hinges on imagination: imagining oneself in the space of reasons for action rather than reasoning oneself. In this act of imagination, we project ourselves into the rule in ways that are similar to the way we grasp the sense of paintings, music, stories, or poems. Finally (Section 4) I will defend the position that my view solves the puzzles in the second section, by arguing (a) that it is a better account of what Wittgenstein wrote than two competing theories (intuitionism and conventionalism), and (b) that it provides a more satisfactory account of how lawyers deal with legal rules in actual practice.
Agency, Authority, and the Logic of Mutual Recognition
Authors: Toddington Stuart
Published: November 2013

The “Cartesian” model of the rational subject is central to the political philosophy of Hobbes and Locke and is “transcendentally” affirmed in Kant's account of ethics and legality. An influential body of Hegelian inspired critique has suggested, however, that the dialectical deficiencies of the dominant models of Liberalism in late modernity inhere in this “atomistic” or “self‐supporting” characterisation of the individual. The “atomistic” perspective appears as an obstacle not only to the coherent articulation of the compatibility of liberty and equality, but also to the attempt to express the mutuality of recognition between agents that might offer a genuinely communal conception of constitution and subject. Employing as a frame of reference Alan Brudner's analysis of these issues in his comprehensive Constitutional Goods (Brudner 2004) it is argued that legal and political theory might usefully adopt an understanding of Hegel's notion of “recognition” (Anerkennung) in this regard without drastic phenomenological reconstruction of the Cartesian or Kantian subject.