bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of the Electoral College
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2020

This chapter traces the origins of the electoral college. The Constitution's framers chose a unique and complex method of selecting the president—one that clearly violates fundamental tenets of political equality and majority rule. As such, this chapter considers the historical motivations behind the founding of electoral colleges, such as slavery, legislative intrigue, population differences, and voter parochialism. Afterward, it argues that most of the motivations behind the creation of the electoral college are irrelevant today and can be easily dismissed. In addition, the broad thrust of constitutional revision over the past two centuries has been in the direction of democratization and majority rule.
A Finite Element Formulation for Kirchhoff Plates in Strain-gradient Elasticity
Authors: Beheshti Alireza
Published: January 2020

The current contribution is centered on bending of rectangular plates using the finite element method in the strain-gradient elasticity. To this aim, following introducing stresses and strains for a plate based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis, the principle of the virtual work is adopted to derive the weak form. Building upon Hermite polynomials and by deeming convergence requirements, four rectangular elements for the static analysis of strain-gradient plates are presented. To explore the performance of the proposed elements, particularly in small scales, some problems are solved and the results are compared with analytical solutions.
Multi-Device Complementary View Adaptation with Liquid Media Queries
Authors: Gallidabino Andrea , Pautasso Cesare
Published: January 2020

The design of responsive Web applications is traditionally based on the assumption that they run on a single client at a time. Thanks to CSS3 media queries, developers can declaratively specify how the Web application UI adapts to the capabilities of specific devices. As users own more and more devices and they attempt to use them to run Web applications in parallel, we propose to extend CSS media queries so that they can be used to adapt the UI of liquid Web applications while they are dynamically deployed across multiple devices.In this paper we present our extension of CSS media queries with liquid-related types and features, allowing to detect the number of devices connected, the number of users running the application, or the role played by each device. The liquid media query types and features defined in this paper are designed and suitable for liquid component-based Web architectures, and they enable developers to control the deployment of individual Web components across multiple browsers. Furthermore we show the design of liquid media queries in the Liquid.js for Polymer framework and propose our adaptation algorithms. We describe multiple adaptation policies and discuss the implications of the multi-device adaptation from the perspective of the developers and users of a Web application. Finally we showcase the expressiveness of the liquid media queries to support real-world examples and evaluate the algorithmic complexity of our approach.
Leadership, professionalisation and impact: lessons from a national survey of non-profit leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Khan Sabith
Published: January 2020

This article reports on a unique, first-of-its-kind national survey, which is investigating people’s motivations for participating in the non-profit sector, challenges to professionalisation and perceptions of impact. Using the participants in an annual non-profit conference in Dhahran in the Kingdom of Saudia Arabia (KSA) as a sample, this survey seeks to understand the key fundamentals of how they learn about leadership, how their practice is impacted and what they see as their impact. The aim of the article is to understand the most important factors that determine and shape leadership development among Saudi non-profit professionals. The study of leadership in this context is seen in the broader context of the ‘professionalisation’ of the Saudi non-profit sector. The lessons from this survey can impact how future professional development programmes are designed, delivered and followed up. The survey can also be a good baseline for future studies of the non-profit sector in KSA.
Demonstration of a low-power, local-oscillator-less, and DSP-free coherent receiver for data center interconnects
Authors: Kamran Rashmi , Nambath Nandakumar , Manikandan Sarath , Ashok Rakesh , Jain Rachit , Thaker Nandish Bharat , Gupta Shalabh
Published: January 2020

Performance limitations of currently employed four-level pulse amplitude modulation links and high power consumption of digital signal processing (DSP)-based coherent links for further increase in capacity create an urgent demand for low-power coherent solutions for short-reach data center interconnects. We propose a low-power coherent receiver with analog domain processing for a self-homodyne link. To validate the proposed scheme, a 10 GBd polarization multiplexed carrier-based self-homodyne quadrature phase-shift keying system with a constant modulus algorithm-based equalizer chip is experimentally demonstrated. Also, energy consumption per bit estimates show that the proposed approach results in significant power reduction in comparison with conventional DSP-based solutions.
Complex refractive indices measurements of polymers in visible and near-infrared bands
Authors: Zhang Xiaoning , Qiu Jun , Li Xingcan , Zhao Junming , Liu Linhua
Published: January 2020

The complex refractive indices of polymers have important applications in the analysis of their components and the study of radiation endothermic mechanisms. Since these materials have high transmittance in the visible to near-infrared ranges, it is difficult to accurately measure their complex refractive indices. At present, the data for complex refractive indices of polymers are seriously lacking, which greatly limits the applications of these materials in the field of thermal radiation. In this work, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) combined with the ray tracing method (RTM) is used to measure the complex refractive indices of five polymers, polydimethylsiloxane, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate, in the spectral range of 0.4–2 µm. The double optical pathlength transmission method (DOPTM) is used to measure the complex refractive indices of three polymers, PMMA, polyvinyl chloride, and polyetherimide, in the 0.4–2 µm range. The complex refractive index of PMMA measured by the DOPTM almost coincides with the data measured by SE combined with the RTM. The results show that the trends of the complex refractive indices spectra for the seven polymers in the 0.4–2 µm range are similar. This work makes up for the lack of complex refractive indices in the 0.4–2 µm range for these seven materials and points out the direction for accurate measurements of the complex refractive indices of polymers with weak absorption.
Nonlinear pulse compression to 22 fs at 15.6 µJ by an all-solid-state multipass approach
Authors: Vicentini Edoardo , Wang Yuchen , Gatti Davide , Gambetta Alessio , Laporta Paolo , Galzerano Gianluca , Curtis Kelly , McEwan Kenneth , Howle Christopher R. , Coluccelli Nicola
Published: January 2020

We demonstrate nonlinear compression of pulses at 1.03 µm and repetition rate of 200 kHz generated by a ytterbium fiber laser using two cascaded all-solid-state multipass cells. The pulse duration has been compressed from 460 to 22 fs, corresponding to a compression factor of ∼21. The compressed pulse energy is 15.6 µJ, corresponding to an average power of 3.1 W, and the overall transmission of the two compression stages is 76%. The output beam quality factor is M2 ∼1.2 and the excess intensity noise introduced by nonlinear broadening is below 0.05%. These results show that nonlinear pulse compression down to ultrashort durations can be achieved with an all-solid-state approach, at pulse energies much higher than previously reported, while preserving the spatial characteristics of the laser.
Single-shot ultrafast visualization and measurement of laser–matter interactions in flexible glass using frequency domain holography
Authors: Dempsey Dennis , Nagar Garima C. , Renskers Christopher K. , Grynko Rostislav I. , Sutherland James S. , Shim Bonggu
Published: January 2020

We perform single-shot frequency domain holography to measure the ultrafast spatio-temporal phase change induced by the optical Kerr effect and plasma in flexible Corning Willow Glass during femtosecond laser–matter interactions. We measure the nonlinear index of refraction (

n
2

) to be

(
3.6
±
0.1
)
×

10

−
16

c
m

2

/

W

and visualize the plasma formation and recombination on femtosecond time scales in a single shot. To compare with the experiment, we carry out numerical simulations by solving the nonlinear envelope equation.
Compact high-extinction tunable CROW filters for integrated quantum photonic circuits
Authors: Kumar Rakesh Ranjan , Wu Xinru , Tsang Hon Ki
Published: January 2020

We describe the use of cascaded second-order coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) tunable filters to achieve one of the highest reported measured extinction ratios of

>

110

d
B

. The CROW filters were used to remove the pump photons in spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in a silicon waveguide. The SFWM generated quantum-correlated photons that could be measured after the cascaded CROW filters. The CROW filters offer a compact footprint for use in monolithic quantum photonic circuits.
Mass-producible micro-optical elements by injection compression molding and focused ion beam structured titanium molding tools
Authors: Ristok Simon , Roeder Marcel , Thiele Simon , Hentschel Mario , Guenther Thomas , Zimmermann André , Herkommer Alois M. , Giessen Harald
Published: January 2020

We demonstrate mass production compatible fabrication of polymer-based micro Fresnel lenses by injection compression molding. The extremely robust titanium-molding tool is structured with high precision by focused ion beam milling. In order to achieve optimal shape accuracy in the titanium we use an iterative design optimization. The inverse Fresnel lens structured into the titanium is transferred to polymers by injection compression molding, enabling rapid mass replication. We show that the optical performance of the molded diffractive Fresnel lenses is in good agreement with simulations, rendering our approach suitable for applications that require compact and high-quality optical elements in large numbers.
Femtosecond laser direct written waveguides and laser induced-effects in erbium-doped GYSGG crystals
Authors: Liu Qiang , Geng Minming , Yu Yongze , Chen Qiuqun , Qiu Jianrong , Zhang Zhenrong
Published: January 2020

We report an investigation of waveguide inscription by femtosecond laser direct writing in two newly developed mid-infrared laser garnets. Usable guiding structures are obtained in one of these garnets but not in the other. This difference is mainly attributed to stimulated radiation, which is more intense in the latter garnet so that less absorbed energy of writing laser is involved in the process of waveguide creation. The mechanism for laser modification is ascribed to garnet intrinsic defects creation and crystalline lattices distortions. Their associated refractive index changes and stress field are essential conditions for waveguide formation.
Exact paraxial diffraction theory for polygonal apertures under Gaussian illumination
Authors: Borghi Riccardo
Published: January 2020

Paraxial diffraction of monochromatic Gaussian beams by arbitrarily shaped polygonal apertures is analytically explored within the recently proposed paraxial boundary diffraction wave theory framework [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36, 1048 (2019)10.1364/JOSAA.36.001048)]. Surprisingly enough, exact closed-form expressions of the diffracted wavefield can be obtained by using only elementary calculus and Euclidean geometry. An interesting connection between paraxial optics and probability theory is also outlined.
Turismo - Produção e consumo sustentáveis
Authors: Pereira Vitor Manuel
Published: January 2020

Tornar o turismo sustentável implica a consciencialização e mobilização de decisores do setor público, as organizações e empresas e o público em geral, para que trabalhem juntos, alinhando-se com políticas ambientais, sociais e económicas com racionalidade e ética, induzindo a melhores comportamentos e práticas dos consumidores turísticos, numa exigência de responsabilização social e política dos nossos dias. Tendo como objetivo uma abordagem reflexiva sobre a atividade do turismo, procura-se promover correlações de pensamento que possam contribuir para a discussão da sustentabilidade na produção e no consumo nos destinos de turismo. As trajetórias de crescimento económico e de consumo estão intimamente ligadas e seguem padrões similares e a previsão de crescimento do consumo turístico aumenta mais ainda o grande desafio que se coloca à sustentabilidade. Sinalizando-se a existência de indicadores de sustentabilidade, como fortes indutores para a reputação e a atratividade dos destinos turísticos, tanto para os destinos já desenvolvidos ou consolidados, como para aqueles em fase de exploração ou de envolvimento, no seu ciclo de vida turístico.
Peculiaridades psicológicas sobre la elección ocupacional de los estudiantes de secundaria
Authors: Nagymzhanova Karakat , Bapaeva Mariyam , Koksheeva Zaini , Kystaubayeva Zaure , Shakhmetova Dinara
Published: January 2020

La formación de jóvenes bien formados, capaces de convertirse en especialistas altamente cualificados en el futuro, referentes en sus profesiones, requiere de una orientación profesional, así como de un desarrollo del interés hacia ese sector ocupacional, desde la edad escolar. La correcta elección de una profesión según sus capacidades será importante tanto para el estudiante como para la sociedad. De acuerdo con esto, el objetivo de este proyecto científico es el estudio de las peculiaridades psicológicas en la elección profesional de los estudiantes de secundaria. Los autores describen las características de los métodos de investigación sobre los intereses profesionales de los estudiantes de secundaria relacionados con su orientación ocupacional y se exponen los resultados de los experimentos. Para la realización de la parte empírica se seleccionaron estudiantes de los grados 10 y 11 de las clases de la escuela nº 21 de Aktau y los estudiantes de primer año de la Caspian State University of Technology and Engineering, que lleva el nombre de Sh. Esenov. La importancia teórica y práctica de las investigaciones realizadas radica en la identificación de los aspectos psicológicos de las opciones profesionales y de los fundamentos teóricos de la orientación ocupacional de los estudiantes de secundaria. Los resultados de la investigación pueden utilizarse por profesores de escuela y profesores universitarios y familias.
Innovación en el diseño instruccional de cursos masivos abiertos (MOOC’s) para desarrollar competencias de emprendimiento en sustentabilidad energética
Authors: Beltrán Hernández De Galindo Martha de Jesús , Ramírez-Montoya María Soledad
Published: January 2020

Las tendencias actuales en educación virtual han dado un giro interesante en cuanto a las modalidades en que se presenta la oferta educativa y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de ofrecer modelos pedagógicos virtuales que conjuguen distintos componentes del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La presente investigación analiza cómo se desarrollan los atributos de innovación en el diseño instruccional –la idea de lo nuevo, el fenómeno de cambio, la acción final y el proceso– en relación con las competencias de emprendimiento, en dos cursos masivos enfocados a formar en sustentabilidad energética. La metodología de investigación fue de carácter mixto con diseño secuencial explicativo y la triangulación de datos. La población la constituyeron 6.517 participantes, así como expertos en contenido y en diseño instruccional. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron cinco: encuestas iniciales y finales, entrevistas semiestructuradas, bitácora de contenido y rúbrica de análisis de foros de discusión con el modelo de análisis de interacción/comunicación mediada por computadora (IAM/CMC, Interaction Analysis Model/Computer-Mediated-Communication, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados indican que los atributos de innovación en el diseño instruccional pueden contribuir a desarrollar competencias de emprendimiento, a través de MOOCs para generar nuevas oportunidades de negocio en el ámbito energético (concretamente se detectaron oportunidades de negocios en materia de energías renovables, el potencial de los plásticos, la participación en mercados de hidrocarburos y mercados energéticos), y para seguir innovando en el diseño instruccional abierto. Se concluye con la relevancia integrar innovación abierta en el diseño de los MOOC, para promover competencias de creación en los participantes y estudiar las interacciones que se dan en los espacios de construcción conjunta.
On the Road
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, the filmmakers start shooting in Los Angeles, then take to the road, stopping in Needles, California; Flagstaff, Arizona; and Santa Fe, New Mexico, often travelling on smaller highways because street racers tend to avoid freeways populated by cops. A divide separates the hip actors and filmmakers from the more traditional, highly trained crew. The “above the line” filmmakers think the crew are right-wing yahoos, the crew thinks the filmmakers are inexperienced, pothead hippies. Indeed the untrained actors – Dennis Wilson, Laurie Bird and James Taylor -- flub lines, whistle and otherwise ruin scenes, necessitating repeated takes. Hellman withholds the script from his untrained actors, giving them only their lines for the day, generating their resentment. Hellman’s wife, Jaclyn, takes the amateur actors through sense memory exercises, dragging up painful recollections from their past and further irking them. Warren Oates joins the cast.
The Fast Lane: Sex, Drugs, and Rock ’n’ Roll Stars
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, the film company arrives in Tucumcari, New Mexico to shoot the gas station scene where the race is set up – a tour de force of cinematography. Jaclyn Hellman blows up at her husband, Monte, over his affair with the leading lady, 17-year-old Laurie Bird. Some of the cast and filmmakers indulge in drugs, but they don’t hinder the filmmaking much except for Dennis Wilson, who is stoned nearly all the time and can’t remember his lines. But he and the amateur, off-balance Laurie Bird cause Hellman to call for 10, 15 and even 25 takes when they blow their lines. Joni Mitchell visits her boyfriend, James Taylor, and the actor Harry Dean Stanton arrives for his scene, in which he plays a gay cowboy hitchhiker.
Postscript
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

“I worked on it for quite a while, and had a complete script ready. I had cast Sanders in the lead as Count Cagliostro, and Akim Tamiroff as his sidekick. Cagliostro was one of those vacillating characters.”

—DOUGLAS SIRK, 197138

Shot at Scalera Studios in Rome in late 1947, ...
Doom and Deliverance: Faulkner’s Dialectical Indians
Authors: Taylor Melanie Benson
Published: January 2020

Most critics and historians agree that Faulkner’s Indian characters are outrageous mystifications drawn from popular misperceptions and unspoken ideologies. While he famously admitted that he “made up” his Indians, numerous scholars have wondered whether such a shrewd student of Mississippi history could have ignored the facts entirely. This chapter suggests that the reality lies somewhere in between—purposefully and revealingly so. Faulkner’s Indians occupy the dialectical space between the wreckage of the South’s colonial histories and the rapacities of the capitalist future; they are despicably “other” even as they are uncannily, frighteningly kindred. Departing from the standard focus on Faulkner’s so-called “Indian stories,” this chapter instead uncovers the obscure, uncanny Indians that lurk unseen in his major texts and within his most prominent families and novels. Collectively, these Indians comprise a surprisingly active and pertinent contingent in Faulkner’s modern South: specimens of America’s most luminous possibilities and haunting failures.
Native Southern Transformations, or, Light in August and Werewolves
Authors: Anderson Eric Gary
Published: January 2020

In the world of Light in August, a cotton warehouse tank can look like the torso of a beheaded mastodon and an elderly couple "might have been two muskoxen strayed from the north pole, or two homeless and belated beasts from beyond the glacial period." Here and elsewhere in the novel, Faulkner's reach transforms characters and environs. While none of the major characters is native to Jefferson, let alone Indigenous, some are astonishingly non-native and most if not all become more non-native and more homeless as the novel unfolds. With these and other unsettlements in mind, the chapter places Light in August alongside Mongrels, a native southern werewolf novel by Blackfeet writer Stephen Graham Jones. Tracking the monsters and the mongrel transformations in both novels, the chapter presents and argument for the transformative methodological value of native southern studies.
Women and Children First
Authors: Honeyman Susan
Published: January 2020

At its most basic and cliché level, protectionism require slip service to "putting children first, "while obscuring just exactly what that means or how it can be done. This chapter expose sharsh hierarchies of survival usually hidden by sent imental romance and heroic narrative, enabled by eighteenth- and nineteenth-centuryprinciples of property and ownership, in which children were far from first and often dead last. Though the chivalrousecho "women and children first" would become adominant sentiment in fictionalized modern survival narratives, early maritime historiestella different story about protective measures for children at sea, which the author highlights through historic accounts of rescue practice during famous ship wrecks, the legal predicament of Amistad "orphans," and even customs of survival can nibalism. Protection, where present, ishighly selective, and even where seemingly fairly applied can impedeparticipation.
The Price of Protectionist Pretense
Authors: Honeyman Susan
Published: January 2020

This chapter evaluates children's books about illness as potential rights-bearing, or rights-suppressive, discourses, through the lens of anthropological findings about actual children facing potentially life-threatening disease or in oculation to protect against it. Adults often actively with hold the truth from dying child patients, denying their ethical rights to medical honesty, awareness, and agency. Children's books about canceren act the same denial and dishonesty about terminal illness by establishing a common pretense for politely avoiding the touchy subject, demonstrating the pervasiveness of a protectionism that in fact impinges upon children's participatory rights to full knowledge and self-determination about their bodies. Ultimately "cancer books" tend to "protect" parents during their emotional struggle to support children rather than respecting young patients and readers by acknowledging their right to be in formed and participate as knowing medical subjects.
Who-All’s Coming Down to the Island: Belonging at the Lewis Fishery
Authors: Groth Charlie
Published: January 2020

While some roles may naturally make a person belong on Lewis Island (e.g. Lewis family membership), “belonging” is a trajectory of more or less connection, determined ultimately by people’s commitment to the Big Stories, particularly those of tradition and the communal values of civility, kindness, and connection. This chapter begins with an explanation of how one becomes a crew member and what that means, then moves to how anyone comes to “belong” on the island. The discussion then moves to the wider issue of ethnic, gender, age, ability, and religious diversity. While the Lewis Fishery and Lambertville have long been sites of noteworthy acceptance, this chapter traces how individual biographies and wider social trends have interacted with inclusive strategies on the island as part of larger cultural changes.
“A Whole ’Nother Place”: Narrative Stewardship and Sense of Place
Authors: Groth Charlie
Published: January 2020

Chapter 8 builds on Chapter 6’s connection of narrative to sense of place and Chapter 7’s connection of narrative to belonging, to create a richer understanding of people’s interactions with places, in general and on Lewis Island. Savage, Bagnall, and Longhurst’s concept of “elective belonging” makes a natural segue, because it switches focus from belonging to a group of people who accept one, to belonging to a place because one finds it meaningful and one commits to it. The discussion broadens with Casey’s philosophical view that people and places mutually create and affect one another. Discussion in this chapter revisits the idea of sharing the island, a stewarding of place, at a deeper level, drawing on the stories of previous chapters and interview material in which participants interpret their relationships with Lewis Island. Subtopics include nature and culture, spirituality, public and private property, changing landscape, change over time, and symbolism.
Introduction
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces Krokodil to the general reader and places it in the context of the histories of the USSR, the Thaw, and graphic satire. It lays out the aims of the book, namely: to extend and nuance our understanding of Soviet graphic satire and challenge the "propaganda paradigm" by re-evaluating Krokodil's place in Soviet visual culture, investigating the graphic construction of ideology in the USSR, and to propose a new interpretation of the journal. The Introduction also draws out the significance of graphic satire by reference to postmodernism and continuing interest in the art of Soviet cartoonists and to the ways cartoon art influences contemporary politics. This chapter also provides clarification on key terms and referencing conventions.
Explaining Krokodil Magazine and the Soviet Media System
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers an analysis of the Soviet media environment in which Krokodil functioned, as well as the dominant "propaganda paradigm" and totalitarian interpretations of it. It outlines two tendencies-selectivity with material from the journal and structuralist approaches-that developed in scholarly criticism of Krokodil magazine between the 1930s and the present, and especially since 1945. These trends, as well as humor theories, have influenced interpretations and limited our understanding of Krokodil.
A “School for Laughter”: Carnivalesque Humor and Menippean Satire in Krokodil
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers how the magazine's satire resisted, disrupted or traversed boundaries and, rather than interpreting the magazine as the uncomplicated propaganda tool of the Soviet state, suggests how Krokodil may better be understood as a Menippean satire, according to Bakhtin's definition, and a "politcarnival" development in a long Russo-European satirical tradition. This new explanation of Krokodil's satire highlights the journal's heterogeneity and heteroglossia (multivoicedness), and explains Krokodil as a site of ongoing, intertextual, subtle, serio-comic critical counter-commentaries on Soviet orthodoxies and political policy.

Interpreting Krokodil as a Menippean satire provides a theoretical basis for the observation that the magazine comprised diverse intertextual satirical critiques, and it thus clarifies the dialogic relationships between different schemata, and shows that (for example through the magazine's red crocodile avatar, who may be interpreted as a trickster) the magazine's satire of domestic subjects may be subtler and more implicit than its criticisms of non-socialist ideologies.
Becoming Soviet in Krokodil
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the cartoons of Krokodil's third schema, which reconciled questions about everyday life in the USSR, presenting ideology as a set of behaviors, more or less consciously adopted, and therefore theatrically performed. Krokodil cartoons about citizens "becoming" Soviet were self-reflexively graphic texts that depicted incorrect responses to circumstances and failed performances of ideological acts by "non-masters", and thus heightened readers' self-consciousness about the act of seeing. They did so, as this chapter shows, using three metaphors: i) theatrical performances, ii) aids and hindrances to clear vision of all types, and iii) surveillance (of stiliagi, for example) to refract discourses about the Soviet government's highest policy priorities.Krokodilsatirically explored Soviet lived experience, performing acts of revelation for its readers' benefit. Many "becoming" cartoons manifest internal and intertextual tensions which function as ocular exercises to revolutionize readers' understandings of what they saw, thereby encouraging the self-construction of Soviet subjectivity.
Conclusions
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

Simply, the answer to the question of how a visually literate empirical analysis of Krokodil allows us to extend and nuance our understanding of Soviet graphic satire beyond the concept of state-sponsored propaganda is that Soviet graphic satire was more complex, more diverse and more critical than interpretations based on the propaganda paradigm have acknowledged. Following the analyses of previous chapters, the Conclusion shows how moving beyond the binary oppositions of previous studies enables us to modify the "propaganda paradigm". It also indicates future avenues for research, and highlights the relevance of this study to a number of related fields, including Putin-era internet-age satire.
From Julie Doucet to Gabrielle Bell
Authors: Galvan Margaret
Published: January 2020

This chapter examine show the histories of women's comics have failed to capture and contextualize the full range of women's work. Assessing the recuperative scholarship of Hillary Chute and Trina Robbins sets the stage for understanding the various reasons why women's work is overlooked. This frame then turns to cartoonists Julie Doucet and Gabrielle Bell and situates them in abroad er genealogy of histories of women's comics. This chapter engages both artists' work in anthologies comics and trace show second-wave, under ground feminist cartoonists have influenced and connect these artists together.
My Most Secret Boredom
Authors: Stark Jessica
Published: January 2020

Comparing a Tintin episode, "The Broken Ear, "with Julie Doucet’s "A Day in Julie Doucet’s Life, "this essay analyze show Doucet's story telling provides a countering perspective to the hyper-masculine, action-motivated crime narratives from the Tint in comics series. In contrast to Hergé’s attention to public space and deliberate objects, Doucet’s visual work explores the home, privacy, disorder, and female boredom. Her text highlights the unintelligible and its gendered significations, offering an example of what a "boring" story can expose. Considering the varying serialities of Hergé's and Doucet’s works, this chapter considers the potential for gendered domains of waiting, in coherence, and the everyday ordinary.
Ghost Cats and the Specter of Self
Authors: Hildebrand Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses trauma as a point of access into Gabrielle Bell’s three most recent works—The Voyeurs (2012), Truth is Fragmentary (2014), and Everything is Flammable (2017). Highlighting how Bell develops a traumatic narrative by fragmenting it across these three texts, it analyzes the role speed plays in the ways we tell and receive traumatic accounts. By slowing down her own telling to the point of decentralizing trauma, Bell posits suffering not as spectacle, but as part of everyday living. While trauma consistently resurfaces throughout her oeuvre, its fractured and non linear format makes it easy to overlook. Building on Lee Gilmore's recent theorizing of female testimony and witness, this chapter traces the network of trauma that threads these books to suggest that ethically bearing witness often means slowing down.
A Very Dirty Word
Authors: Richardson Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines a range of short narrative comics by Julie Doucet, and investigates Doucet’s use of cuteness as an affective and aesthetic strategy. It employs Sianne Ngai’s theory of cuteness as per formative powerlessness to argue that Doucet's comics subvert the historically gendered assumptions of cuteness as weakness. Doucet's work uses a visual a estheticdensely populated byrounded figures and small, anthropomorphic domestic objects, and her protagonist’s submissive, feminized poses, juxtaposed with violence and abjection, resist and critique gender norms. Her work parodies psycho analytic tropes, foreground sheravatar’s pleasure and control, and rejects the abnegation of abject desires. Doucet’s comics challenge patriarchal ideology, instead embracing a joyful refusal to conform.
Drawn to Life
Authors: Cardell Kylie
Published: January 2020

As forms of auto biography, diaries are of ten framed as secret, private, and confessional genres–they are presumed to be (desired as) an unfiltered and uncensored mode. In popular culture, diaries are frequently used to connote the image or experience of a teenage girl and are connected to expectations for emotionally heightened and subjective or unfiltered narration. This chapter explore show the contemporary comics artists Gabrielle Bell and Julie Doucet use diary as a both a methodology (a structural device) and a symbolic mode: in a body of diary comics, these artists respectively narrate autobiographical stories that center on the mundane, banal, and ephemeral, in away that both heightens and contests the voyeuristic frame of diary point of view.
“Everyone Looks through Peepholes”
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: January 2020

Gabrielle Bell's The Voyeurs stages voyeurism in multiple ways. Bell's avatar of ten acts as a voyeur, peering at neighbors or passers by. Some times she is the object, not subject, of a gaze: both other characters, as well as the reader, often observe her as she goes about her daily routines. But sometimes readers are presented with a third aspect of voyeurism, which is what she sees. Instead of just watching her watch, sometimes the reader sees what she sees. Thus Bell presents us with her vision, as well as offering herself to our gaze. While we generally associate voyeurism with radical subjectivity, loneliness, and alienation, Bell offers her vision as an invitation to join in a community of watchers, as we become more a ware of what and how we see.
“It’s a Bird! It’s a Plane! It’s an Elementary-Aged Girl!”
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2020

The Introduction provides necessary historical background information. It gives an overview of the book's overall aims and argument, and it also summarizes the project's methodology and organizational plan.When critics, scholars, and fans think about major developments in American comics from the first half of the twentieth century, they commonly think of events like the advent of the Sunday newspaper supplement, the rise of the comic book, and the backlash against the industry by individuals like Fredric Wertham. The Introduction to this project makes a case for adding another phenomenon to this history: the popularity of young female protagonists.As it explains, examining figures like Little Lulu, Nancy, and Little Orphan Annie-both individually and as part of a larger tradition-yields compelling new insights about the industry during the first half of the twentieth century. Remembering and recouping the cadre of Funny Girls who played such a significant role in the popular appeal and commercial success of American comics during the first half of the twentieth century challenges longstanding perceptions about the gender dynamics operating during this era.
“Then I Could Have a Real Papa and Mama like Other Kids”
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2020

Chapter One spotlights a fundamental, but under-examined, aspect of Harold Gray's popular newspaper strip: Little Orphan Annie as an orphan girl story.When Gray's eleven-year-old moppet made her debut in 1924, many of the most popular novels, poems, and films in the United States featured orphan girls as their protagonists.Given this situation, the comic's original audience would have immediately recognized Annie as participating in this phenomenon.Accordingly, this chapter demonstrates that, far from an incidental detail about the original historical context for Little Orphan Annie, the formula for orphan girl stories serves as both a creative starting point for the comic and its critical end point.Placing Little Orphan Annie back in the context of the orphan girl story-and tracing the way in which this phenomenon operates in Gray's strip-yields new insights about the strip's connection with popular culture, the factors fueling its success, and its primary artistic kinships.
From Battling Adult Authority to Battling the Opposite Sex
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2020

Chapter Three examines Marjorie Henderson's Buell's Little Lulu.When the now iconic figure moved from The Saturday Evening Post where she had resided since the 1930s to comic books during the 1950s, her character underwent numerous transformations.One compelling but formerly overlooked change is the nature of Lulu's rebellion.In the single-panel gag comics, the young girl was overwhelmingly targeting adults with her antics.Meanwhile, in the comic books, her sworn enemy is the gang of neighborhood boys. This modification from Little Lulu engaging in intergenerational conflicts during the pre-war era to intragenerational ones during the postwar period forms a compelling and previously unexplored facet to the literary, artistic, and cultural alterations that took place to this character across different print formats.The shift from plots that pitted children against adults in the 1930s to ones that pitted girls against boys in the 1950s reflects larger shifts in American culture regarding the gendering of children and the sexual segregation of childhood.
“From the Top, Stupid!”
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2020

Chapter Five explores the rich and interesting but critically neglected Li'l Tomboy comic book series.Released by Charlton Comics from 1956 through 1960, the series did far more than simply challenge traditional female gender roles in the 1950s; it also challenged the newly established Comics Code.In numerous issues, the title character engages in behaviors that could easily be regarded as delinquent:she commits petty theft, intentionally destroys private property, and sasses adult authority figures, including police officers.Moreover, Li'l Tomboy engages in these activities not simply under the watchful eye of the Comics Code Authority, but, astoundingly, with their official seal of approval.During a time when the censors employed by the Authority office were at their most powerful and restrictive, Li'l Tomboy engaged in antics that far exceeded those that had been forbidden in other publications.Accordingly, this chapter tells the story of how, with the creation of Li'l Tomboy, Charlton Publications demonstrated that postwar gender conformity could be resisted and, even more significantly, so too could the Comics Code.
Perspective, Empathy, and Activism
Authors: Prescott Tara
Published: January 2020

The chapter poses a unique question: How does Gaiman's writing construct images in moments where no visuals are presented?An analysis of Gaiman's most recent nonfiction collection, The View From the Cheap Seats, it takes as its starting point the notion of situatednessvis-à-vis points of view, contending that it is precisely Gaiman's disarming "view from the nosebleed section" that allows him to make his incisive, meaningful interventions into the world outside his writing through his writing: activism by any other measure. The visual inflections in Prescott's reading of View are metaphorical as it examines the concepts of sight and blindness, position and disposition, visibility and invisibility. However, as Prescott reminds us, Gaiman's work, fictional and nonfictional, is intently focused on the project of "seeing further by building doors instead of walls."
Comics Grammar in Neil Gaiman and Dave Mckean’s Picture Book Collaborations
Authors: Howard Krystal
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, Howard reflects upon how Gaiman's picture books borrow the grammar of comics in ways that demonstrate his high esteem for the young reader. Howard collapses the critical distinctions between comics and pictures showing how, through their frequent collaboration, Gaiman and McKean use the discourse conventions of comics, where they began, within their children's picture books to straddle a line between lightness and play and darker overtures in a traditionally lighter field of children's picture books. Her conclusions poke holes in the staid critical distinctions in both fields.
Dreaming the Universe
Authors: Larsen Kristine
Published: January 2020

This chapter notes how Gaiman's work flits between the mythic, the real, and the mythopoeic, drawing upon physics and mathematics to analyze the spooky action (at a distance) paradox that Gaiman constructs in Overture. Looking at its placement with the larger Sandman universe as the prequel to the original text, this chapter will examine, in particular, Death's role in Dream's larger journey as "the ultimate observer" with the Sandman universe. Using her as the central perspective, the reader will discover how Death functions as that which brings order to the otherwise chaos of The Sandman.
At the Edge of the Barely Perceptible
Authors: Kilgore Christopher D.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, Christopher Kilgore analyzes venomous and abusive masculinities as drawn-out temporal trauma in some of Gaiman and McKean's darker works, Violent Cases and The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch. The chapter goes on to argue that the strange temporalities in these two books portray and critique a hereditary culture of domestic and public masculine violence, putting Gaiman and McKean in line with other critical work of the 1980s and '90s graphic narrative renaissance and at odds with the traditional masculinities prevalent in mainstream comics.
“Evil Witch! I’m Not Scared!”
Authors: Wigard Justin
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, Justin Wigard bridges a gap in research on Coraline by focusing on the visual semiotics of the narrative across its adaptations, specifically by examining the intertextual connections between McKean's surreal and monochromatic illustrations in Gaiman's novel, David Russell's comic book adaptation grounded both in realism and a muted pastel color palette, and Henry Selick's garishly, brightly colored film adaptation. The dominant discourse surrounding the canonical children's text has keyed in to the novella's psychoanalytic underpinnings, Gothic conventions, and postfeminist ideology while largely leaving out discussion of the visual aspectsofGaiman's novella, namely McKean's illustrations. When examined intertextually, the illustrative styles used to depict the Other Mother give insight into what monstrous traits are emphasized through medium-specific visualization techniques, ultimately revealing the fears that the Other Mother embodies through visual semiotics.
The Shadow or the Self
Authors: Cadle Lanette
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Gaiman's intensive use of social media to create a shadow self that gives fans the access they crave to his inner processes and daily life. This means making selections, much like a curator faced with a massive archive must select pieces that form a cohesive exhibit, a process that is much more nuanced than the commercial call to create a "brand," an idea that is commonly touted within the world of business. Instead, it is a conscious construction of a shadow self, an embodiment that both is and is not the real Neil Gaiman.
Queering Space in Neil Gaiman’s Illustrated Works
Authors: Dalmaso Renata Lucena , Madella Thayse
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the queering of space in Neil Gaiman's illustrated works, and the recurrent centrality of the liminal nature of places in these works. Liminal spaces are symbolic of two or more conflicting categories at the same time, and they may offer possibilities for subversion of imposed binarisms. In Gaiman's work these spaces are most often contiguous, sharing a permeable border. These spaces offer opportunities to examine asymmetrical relationships and structures of power.In order to explore such liminal spaces in Gaiman's works and how those spaces may, or may not, queer binary categories, we shall borrow from Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia. As the analyses throughout this chapter will try to demonstrate, heterotopic spaces in Gaiman's works are represented as sites that are rife with the potential for queering binarisms.
The Art of Adaptation
Authors: Eveleth Kyle , Somers Joseph Michael
Published: January 2020

Collaboration is a key component to Neil Gaiman’s visual media. Having learned the trade of visual scripting from Alan Moore, Gaiman has crafted a variety of techniques for working with his pool of handpicked artists across comics, pictures books, and other adaptations of his otherwise written word. However, this discussion has largely gone overlooked in ...
Introduction Black Folk Work
Authors: Taylor Christin Marie
Published: January 2020

In the 1930s there was a sharp uptick in the reference to and articulation of an American working class. This surge was in no small part because the New Deal–era Popular Front relied on the idea and the romance of the worker. This working class became the centerpiece of a range of artistic expressions. New Deal–era images are perhaps the clearest examples of a national focus on everyday people at work. Representations of laborers appeared in a variety of mediums, at times to signal a united nation on the brink of a brighter tomorrow, and at other times to challenge the nation....
Steel Feeling
Authors: Taylor Christin Marie
Published: January 2020

William Attaway understood the ways workers were being absorbed into a military-industrial complex by way of two world wars and the Wagner Act. With the controversies over a worker’s right to strike in the backdrop, Attaway troubles the American masculine ideals of war and work through “steel feeling.” Attaway’s great skill is in using steel feeling to allow the reader to sense masculine pressure everywhere as the Moss brothers move from the red hills of Kentucky to work in the Allegheny mills. Steel feeling emerges when the inevitable accidents of work in a pressure furnace happen alongside the freak actions of men under all sorts of other pressures: the pressures to be black, to be American, to be free, to be male.
Feeling Rejected
Authors: Taylor Christin Marie
Published: January 2020

Sarah Elizabeth Wright was a radical writer committed to leftist, anti-racist and feminist politics. Her novel draws on these commitments to imagine the layers of rejection experienced by southern black women workers in Maryland. Climates of rejection problematize the exclusionary legacies of the New Deal’s Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program. The narrative affects challenge social discourses that pathologized poor black women’s reproduction in order to deny them a place in the national body politic and the national family. When the novel places the laboring mother and her family in the laps of readers, Wright therefore poses crucial questions for her time: how responsible are we for inherited conditions and will we continue to reject our kin?