bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probability and Frequency Derivation Using Dynamic Fault Trees
Authors: Hamaidia Mohyiddine , Kara Mohammed , Innal Fares
Published: April 2018

Dynamic Fault Tree (DFT) is suitable to capture functional and dynamic dependencies among events leading to system failure. There exist several approaches for analyzing DFTs, each of them suffers from drawbacks that limit its practical use. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology based on the structure function determination. It consists in performing both qualitative and quantitative analysis to establish failure sequences and to calculate the likelihood (probability and frequency) of dynamic systems failure. Failure sequences are extracted from the minimal canonical form of the top event and allow getting disjunctive failure sequences. From the quantitative point of view, the probability and frequency of any DFT top event are developed to make the proposed model able to quantify the failure probability and frequency of dynamic systems and the frequency of accident scenarios. The proposed procedure is applied on two benchmark examples: the first one is a safety‐related system while the second one is an accident scenario with dependent protection layers. In order to check the validity of the proposed method, the derived numerical results are compared with those obtained from Markov Chains models. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 37: 535–552, 2018
Land‐use planning risk estimates for a chemical industrial park in China – A longitudinal study
Authors: Hu Xinsheng , Wu Zongzhi , Hedlund Frank Huess , Pedersen Jan Boier , Wang Rujun , Duo Yingquan , Sin Gürkan
Published: April 2018

A chemical industrial park (CIP) can centralize the management of companies and facilitate mutual communication between different businesses. Due to these advantages, an increasing number of chemical companies are forced into CIP, especially in developing countries such as China. Thus, the land‐use planning of CIP associated with safety becomes an important issue. To illustrate the importance of the continuous risk supervision and give more experiences to other similar changing CIP, we apply a simplified quantitative risk assessment procedure to estimate the risk to a Chinese chemical industrial park (19 × 10 km2) near a rather densely populated off‐site region for the years 2014 and 2017. Estimated levels of individual risk and societal risk are compared with Chinese risk acceptance criteria for land‐use planning. Off‐site risk levels have increased significantly from 2014 to 2017. While off‐site risk levels are still low and within the acceptable region, the study concludes that the authorities should review carefully and monitor the risk level in case of future development activities around and within the chemical industrial park, e.g. preserving a buffer zone should be considered. For future chemical park design, it is highly recommended to proactively include QRA analysis especially to deal with risk in an efficient way. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 37: 124–133, 2018
Systems Toxicology Approach to Identifying Paracetamol Overdose
Authors: Mason Chantelle L. , Leedale Joseph , Tasoulis Sotiris , Jarman Ian , Antoine Daniel J. , Webb Steven D.
Published: April 2018

Paracetamol (acetaminophen (APAP)) is one of the most commonly used analgesics in the United Kingdom and the United States. However, exceeding the maximum recommended dose can cause serious liver injury and even death. Promising APAP toxicity biomarkers are thought to add value to those used currently and clarification of the functional relationships between these biomarkers and liver injury would aid clinical implementation of an improved APAP toxicity identification framework. The framework currently used to define an APAP overdose is highly dependent upon time since ingestion and initial dose; information that is often highly unpredictable. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) APAP model has been built in order to understand the relationships between a panel of biomarkers and APAP dose. Visualization and statistical tools have been used to predict initial APAP dose and time since administration. Additionally, logistic regression analysis has been applied to histology data to provide a prediction of the probability of liver injury.
How to use prior knowledge and still give new data a chance?
Authors: Weber Kristina , Hemmings Rob , Koch Armin
Published: April 2018

A common challenge for the development of drugs in rare diseases and special populations, eg, paediatrics, is the small numbers of patients that can be recruited into clinical trials. Extrapolation can be used to support development and licensing in paediatrics through the structured integration of available data in adults and prospectively generated data in paediatrics to derive conclusions that support licensing decisions in the target paediatric population. In this context, Bayesian analyses have been proposed to obtain formal proof of efficacy of a new drug or therapeutic principle by using additional information (data, opinion, or expectation), expressed through a prior distribution. However, little is said about the impact of the prior assumptions on the evaluation of outcome and prespecified strategies for decision‐making as required in the regulatory context.

On the basis of examples, we explore the use of data‐based Bayesian meta‐analytic–predictive methods and compare these approaches with common frequentist and Bayesian meta‐analysis models. Noninformative efficacy prior distributions usually do not change the conclusions irrespective of the chosen analysis method. However, if heterogeneity is considered, conclusions are highly dependent on the heterogeneity prior. When using informative efficacy priors based on previous study data in combination with heterogeneity priors, these may completely determine conclusions irrespective of the data generated in the target population. Thus, it is important to understand the impact of the prior assumptions and ensure that prospective trial data in the target population have an appropriate chance, to change prior belief to avoid trivial and potentially erroneous conclusions.
An evidence‐based approach to object pose estimation from LiDAR measurements in challenging environments
Authors: Phillips T. G. , McAree P. R.
Published: April 2018

This paper addresses the problem of estimating object pose from high‐density LiDAR measurements in unpredictable field robotic environments. Point‐cloud measurements collected in such environments do not lend themselves to providing an initial estimate or systematic segmentation of the point‐cloud. A novel approach is presented that evaluates measurements individually for the evidence they provide to a collection of pose hypotheses. A maximum evidence strategy is constructed that is based in the idea that the most likely pose must be that which is most consistent with the observed LiDAR range measurements. This evidence‐based approach is shown to handle the diversity of range measurements without an initial estimate or segmentation. The method is robust to dust. The approach is demonstrated by two pose estimation problems associated with the automation of a large mining excavator.
Accommodate disabilities when applying the conduct code
Authors: Bohler Stephanie Russo
Published: April 2018

When students with disabilities violate the student conduct code, although the conduct board should still hold them to the same standards and sanctions, the process may vary if accommodations are needed.
Synthesis of Zn Modified Carbon Nitrides Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides
Authors: Wang Xin , Liu Mengshuai S. , Yang Li , Lan Jianwen W. , Chen Yanglin L , Sun Jianmin M.
Published: April 2018

Various Zn modified carbon nitride (Zn‐C3N4) were facilely prepared by one‐step thermal polymerization method, and were successfully used for the chemical fixation of CO2 to epoxides producing cyclic carbonates in the presence of KI co‐catalyst. The combination of binary heterogeneous Zn‐C3N4 and KI exhibited efficient catalysis for the coupling of CO2 and epoxides. The effects of different reaction parameters, including reaction temperature, CO2 pressure, reaction time, and catalyst loading on activities were discussed. The yield of propylene carbonate (PC) could reach 99% under the optimized reaction conditions (130 oC, 2 MPa, 5 h) without additional solvent used, and the selectivity was above 99%. The catalysts showed good recycle performance and versatility for the cycloaddition of CO2 to various epoxides. The possible reaction mechanism over Zn‐C3N4/KI catalytic system was proposed. The developed Zn‐C3N4/KI catalysts exhibited attractive application as simple, effective and ecofriendly alternative catalysts for CO2 effective utilization.
Synthesis of a Series of 2‐Aminodiarylsulfones by Brønsted Acid Mediated Regioselective Fries Type Rearrangement of N‐Alkyl‐N ‐arylbenzenesulfonamides
Authors: Debnath Sudarshan , Mondal Shovan
Published: April 2018

A new series of 2‐aminodiarylsulfones have been prepared from N‐alkyl‐N‐arylbenzenesulfonamides by Fries‐type rearrangement. Some aspects like regioselectivity, high yields and short reaction times make this rearrangement much more attractive. The structures of the 2‐aminodiarylsulfones are confirmed from single crystal XRD analysis.
Visible Light‐Driven Biginelli Reaction over Mesoporous g‐C3N4 Lewis‐Base Catalyst
Authors: Devthade Vidyasagar , Kamble Gopichand , Ghugal Sachin G , Chikhalia Kishor H. , Umare Suresh S
Published: April 2018

In current work, we explore a new catalytic approach to multicomponent Biginelli condensation using mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg‐C3N4) as heterogeneous Lewis‐base catalyst. Present protocol provides solvent free, mild reaction condition, optimal yield and easy separation of catalyst. This method also offers ample yield of pure products within very short reaction time. Heterogeneously dispersed mpg‐C3N4 catalyst is stable and recyclable with consistent catalytic activity under visible light irradiation.
Scope and Limitations of Leuckart‐Wallach‐Type Reductive Amination: Chemoselective Synthesis of Tertiary Amines from Aldehydes under Neat Conditions
Authors: De Aramita , Ghosal Nirnita Chakraborty , Mahato Sachinta , Santra Sougata , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Majee Adinath
Published: April 2018

We have developed a convenient method to synthesize tertiary amines selectively with a variety of aldehydes and primary amines using commercially available formic acid as reducing agent. In our methodology we have shown that we can prepare a variety of tertiary amines by changing both the amines as well as aldehydes. Clean reaction, operational simplicity, easily accessible reactants, metal and solvent‐free and environmentally friendly reaction conditions are the notable advantages of this procedure.
Tunable Magnetism in Nanoporous CuNi Alloys by Reversible Voltage‐Driven Element‐Selective Redox Processes
Authors: Quintana Alberto , Menéndez Enric , Isarain‐Chávez Eloy , Fornell Jordina , Solsona Pau , Fauth François , Baró Maria Dolors , Nogués Josep , Pellicer Eva , Sort Jordi
Published: April 2018

Voltage‐driven manipulation of magnetism in electrodeposited 200 nm thick nanoporous single‐phase solid solution Cu20Ni80 (at%) alloy films (with sub 10 nm pore size) is accomplished by controlled reduction‐oxidation (i.e., redox) processes in a protic solvent, namely 1 m NaOH aqueous solution. Owing to the selectivity of the electrochemical processes, the oxidation of the CuNi film mainly occurs on the Cu counterpart of the solid solution, resulting in a Ni‐enriched alloy. As a consequence, the magnetic moment at saturation significantly increases (up to 33% enhancement with respect to the as‐prepared sample), while only slight changes in coercivity are observed. Conversely, the reduction process brings Cu back to its metallic state and, remarkably, it becomes alloyed to Ni again. The reported phenomenon is fully reversible, thus allowing for the precise adjustment of the magnetic properties of this system through the sign and amplitude of the applied voltage.
Revealing the Double‐Edged Sword Role of Graphene on Boosted Charge Transfer versus Active Site Control in TiO2 Nanotube Arrays@RGO/MoS2 Heterostructure
Authors: Quan Quan , Xie Shunji , Weng Bo , Wang Ye , Xu Yi‐Jun
Published: April 2018

Charge separation/transfer is generally believed to be the most key factor affecting the efficiency of photocatalysis, which however will be counteracted if not taking the active site engineering into account for a specific photoredox reaction. Here, a 3D heterostructure composite is designed consisting of MoS2 nanoplatelets decorated on reduced graphene oxide‐wrapped TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs@RGO/MoS2). Such a cascade configuration renders a directional migration of charge carriers and controlled immobilization of active sites, thereby showing much higher photoactivity for water splitting to H2 than binary TNTAs@RGO and TNTAs/MoS2. The photoactivity comparison and mechanistic analysis reveal the double‐edged sword role of RGO on boosted charge separation/transfer versus active site control in this composite system. The as‐observed inconsistency between boosted charge transfer and lowered photoactivity over TNTAs@RGO is attributed to the decrease of active sites for H2 evolution, which is significantly different from the previous reports in literature. The findings of the intrinsic relationship of balanced benefits from charge separation/transfer and active site control could promote the rational optimization of photocatalyst design by cooperatively manipulating charge flow and active site control, thereby improving the efficiency of photocatalysis for target photoredox processes.
Defective N/S‐Codoped 3D Cheese‐Like Porous Carbon Nanomaterial toward Efficient Oxygen Reduction and Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Li Wenqiang , Li Shuaihu , Zhang Jian , Zhou Huang , Zhang Chengtian , Zhang Jianan , Mu Shichun
Published: April 2018

Developing a facile and cost‐efficient method to synthesize carbon‐based nanomaterials possessing excellent structural and functional properties has become one of the most attractive topics in energy conversion and storage fields. In this study, density functional theory calculation results reveal the origin of high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity predominantly derived from the synergistic effect of intrinsic defects and heteroatom dopants (e.g., N, S) that modulate the bandgap and charge density distribution of carbon matrix. Under the guidance of the first‐principle prediction, by using ultralight biomass waste as precursor of C, N, and S elements, a defect‐rich and N/S dual‐doped cheese‐like porous carbon nanomaterial is successfully designed and constructed. Herein, the intrinsic defects are artfully generated in terms of alkaline and ammonia activation. The electrochemical measurements display that such a material owns a comparable ORR activity (E1/2 = 0.835 V) to the commercial Pt/C catalyst, along with splendid durability and methanol tolerance in alkali media. Furthermore, as cathode catalyst, it displays a high Zn–air battery performance. The excellent ORR activity of the catalyst can be attributed to its unique 3D porous architecture, abundant intrinsic defects, and high‐content active heteroatom dopants in the carbon matrix.
Nanostructured Li3V2(PO4)3 Cathodes
Authors: Tan Huiteng , Xu Lianhua , Geng Hongbo , Rui Xianhong , Li Chengchao , Huang Shaoming
Published: April 2018

To further increase the energy and power densities of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 attracts much attention. However, the intrinsic low electrical conductivity (2.4 × 10−7 S cm−1) and sluggish kinetics become major drawbacks that keep Li3V2(PO4)3 away from meeting its full potential in high rate performance. Recently, significant breakthroughs in electrochemical performance (e.g., rate capability and cycling stability) have been achieved by utilizing advanced nanotechnologies. The nanostructured Li3V2(PO4)3 hybrid cathodes not only improve the electrical conductivity, but also provide high electrode/electrolyte contact interfaces, favorable electron and Li+ transport properties, and good accommodation of strain upon Li+ insertion/extraction. In this Review, light is shed on recent developments in the application of 0D (nanoparticles), 1D (nanowires and nanobelts), 2D (nanoplates and nanosheets), and 3D (nanospheres) Li3V2(PO4)3 for high‐performance LIBs, especially highlighting their synthetic strategies and promising electrochemical properties. Finally, the future prospects of nanostructured Li3V2(PO4)3 cathodes are discussed.
A Host‐Configured Lithium–Sulfur Cell Built on 3D Nickel Photonic Crystal with Superior Electrochemical Performances
Authors: Lin Shengxuan , Yan Yang , Cai Zihe , Liu Lin , Hu Xiaobin
Published: April 2018

The insulator of the sulfur cathode and the easy dendrites growth of the lithium anode are the main barriers for lithium–sulfur cells in commercial application. Here, a 3D NPC@S/3D NPC@Li full cell is reported based on 3D hierarchical and continuously porous nickel photonic crystal (NPC) to solve the problems of sulfur cathode and lithium anode at the same time. In this case, the 3D NPC@S cathode can not only offer a fast transfer of electron and lithium ion, but also effectively prevent the dissolution of polysulfides and the tremendous volume change during cycling, and the 3D NPC@Li anode can efficiently inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites and volume expansion, too. As a result, the cell exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1383 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C (the current density of 837 mA g−1), superior rate ability (the reversible capacity of 735 mAh g−1 at the extremely high current density of 16 750 mA g−1) with excellent coulombic efficiency of about 100% and an excellent cycle life over 500 cycles with only about 0.026% capacity loss per cycle.
Synchrotron‐Based X‐ray Absorption Fine Structures, X‐ray Diffraction, and X‐ray Microscopy Techniques Applied in the Study of Lithium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Li Weihan , Li Minsi , Hu Yongfeng , Lu Jun , Lushington Andrew , Li Ruying , Wu Tianpin , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Sun Xueliang
Published: April 2018

Owing to the recent advance of third‐generation synchrotron radiation (SR) sources, SR‐based X‐ray techniques have been widely applied to study lithium‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries to solve material challenges. SR‐based techniques provide high chemical and physical sensitivity and a comprehensive picture of material structure and reaction mechanisms. An in‐depth understanding of batteries is imperative for the development of future energy storage devices with enhanced electrochemical performance to meet societies' growing need for devices with high energy density. Here, recent progress in the application of SR techniques for lithium secondary batteries with a focus on several techniques, including X‐ray absorption fine structure, synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, and synchrotron X‐ray microscopy techniques is reviewed. The working principle for all characterization techniques is introduced to provide context for how the technique is used in the field of energy storage. Through discussing the utilization of SR techniques in different directions of batteries, including electrodes, electrolytes, and interfaces, the practical application strategies of techniques in batteries are clarified. By summarizing and discussing the application of SR techniques in batteries, the aim is to highlight the crucial role of SR characterization in the development of advanced energy materials.
α‐Electrophilic Reactivity of Nitronates
Authors: Tabolin A. A. , Sukhorukov A. Yu. , Ioffe S. L.
Published: April 2018

Chemistry of covalent nitronates regarding nucleophilic addition to C=N bond is described. Various types of electrophilic activation of nitronates and stability of formed products are discussed with main attention paid to authors’ work in the area.
An intelligent method for wind power forecasting based on integrated power slope events prediction and wind speed forecasting
Authors: Li Fudong , Liao Huan‐yu
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we study an intelligent wind power prediction method by taking the prediction time horizons and prediction accuracy into account. The wind power slope events are defined, and multiple support vector machines are applied to the classification of slope down/up events for multistep‐ahead scenarios. The wind speed series are decomposed by using the maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT), and each decomposed signal is forecast using an adaptive wavelet neural network (AWNN) individually. The network is trained for wind speed prediction up to 24 h ahead. Based on slope events forecasting and wind speed forecasting, an improved radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is proposed to predict wind power up to 24 h ahead. The proposed model is tested by using wind power data collected from a real wind farm. The analysis results validate that both the prediction time horizons and the prediction accuracy are guaranteed, and the proposed method can be applied to the optimal scheduling of wind farms 1 day in advance. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal Behavior of a Novel Insensitive Energetic Cocrystal Composed of 3,3′‐Bis(1,2,4‐oxadiazole)‐5,5′‐dione and 4‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Fei Teng , Du Yao , Pang Siping
Published: April 2018

A novel insensitive energetic cocrystal consisting of 3,3′‐bis(1,2,4‐oxadiazole)‐5,5′‐dione and 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole in a 1:2 molar ratio was prepared and characterized. The structure of this cocrystal was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure of the cocrystal is a monoclinic system with P1 space group. Properties of the cocrystal studied included thermal decomposition and detonation performance. This cocrystal has a crystal density of 1.689 g·cm–3 at 173 K and good detonation performance (D = 6940 m·s–1, P = 20.9 GPa). Moreover, measured impact and friction sensitivities (IS > 40 J, FS > 360 N) show that it can be classified as an insensitive energetic material. Its thermodynamic properties indicate that it has moderate thermal stability with a sharp exothermic peak (244 °C, 5 K·min–1) and a high critical temperature of thermal explosion (523 K). In view of the observations above, it may serve as a promising alternative to known explosives such as TNT.
Double Salts and Mixed Crystals of Tellurium Clusters Te42+/Te82+ and TeCl3+ Ions with Anions based on Molybdenum and Zirconium (Oxy)chlorides
Authors: Forge Frank , Beck Johannes
Published: April 2018

The reaction of elemental tellurium, tellurium tetrachloride, zirconium tetrachloride, and molybdenum oxytetrachloride yields black plate‐like crystals of Te4[MoZr2O2Cl11] (1) and yellow crystals of (TeCl3)2[Mo2O2Cl8]x[Zr2Cl10]1–x (2). Using molybdenum oxytrichloride instead of the oxytetrachloride, black crystals of (Te4)2[Mo2O2Cl8][ZrCl6] (3), Te8[ZrCl6] (4), and bronze‐colored crystals of Te4[ZrCl6] (5) are obtained. All obtained crystals are air‐sensitive and were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. 1 contains a layered polymeric anion of unprecedented structural features with zirconium atoms coordinated in a pentagonal bipyramidal ZrO3Cl4 and ZrOCl6 environment. Magnetic susceptibility data of 1 and 2 show nearly ideal paramagnetic behavior according to the Curie law with magnetic moments of 1.55(7) μB for 1 and 1.66(6) μB for 2 indicating the presence of magnetically isolated d1 configured MoV. The double salt 3 adopts the structure type of the selenium containing congener (Se4)2[Mo2O2Cl8][ZrCl6], 4 and 5 are isotypic to the respective hafnium containing representatives Te4[HfCl6] and Te8[HfCl6].
GDPR puts vendor contracts in the security spotlight
Authors: Brook David
Published: April 2018

However, this needn't be an onerous task. In fact, as David Brook of Turnstone Services points out, successful contract reviews can bring broader benefits. Each contract term relating to data security can be clarified and strengthened as part of a tighter, more comprehensive IT security policy.

The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is about to come into force, requires the contracts between an IT department and its suppliers to be reviewed and updated. 1 However, successful contract reviews can bring broader benefits – and to IT security in particular.
ASYMMETRIC EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH IN U.S. IMPORTS OF COCOA
Authors: LUCKSTEAD JEFF
Published: April 2018

Both the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and the nonlinear ARDL frameworks are applied to model U.S. imports of cocoa beans from Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and the Dominican Republic (more than 90% of U.S. cocoa imports originate from these three countries). The results provide evidence of nonlinear and asymmetric pass-through of exchange rates, regional quality difference, and imperfect competition in U.S. cocoa imports. Furthermore, a rise or fall in U.S. income leads to an increase or decrease in U.S. cocoa imports.
Effects of body fat mass and therapeutic weight loss on vitamin D status in privately owned adult dogs
Authors: Hookey Tabitha J. , Backus Robert C. , Wara Allison M.
Published: April 2018

More than one-third of humans and companion dogs in Western societies are overweight or obese. In people, vitamin D deficiency is widespread and associated with obesity, a now recognised inflammatory state. Low vitamin D status occurs in dogs with inflammatory conditions, but its relationship with obesity has not been investigated. In otherwise healthy privately owned adult dogs of ideal body condition (control,n7) and dogs with overweight to obese body condition (treatment,n8), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and body composition as inferred from2H-labelled water dilution space were evaluated. Subsequently, the dogs were transitioned to a commercial canine therapeutic weight-loss diet; control dogs were fed to maintain body weight and treatment dogs were energy-restricted to achieve a safe weight-loss rate. Thereafter, serum 25(OH)D concentration was re-evaluated 8 weeks after diet transition, and at the study end, which was 6 months or when ideal body condition was achieved. At study end, body composition analysis was repeated. Initial body condition scores and percentage body fat were positively correlated (ρ = 0·891;P< 0·001). However, percentage body fat and serum 25(OH)D concentration were not significantly correlated. Final serum 25(OH)D concentrations were greater (P< 0·05) than initial concentrations for control and treatment groups, indicating a diet but not weight-loss effect on vitamin D status. These findings suggest that vitamin D status of dogs is not affected by obesity or loss of body fat with therapeutic weight reduction.
(Re)-Defining ‘Teacher’: Preservice Teachers with Disabilities in Canadian Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Wilson Alina , Sokal Laura , Woloshyn Deb
Published: April 2018

Directors of Student Teaching from the Western Canadian provinces participated in focus groups about the realities and decision-making processes around practicum for preservice teachers with disabilities. Results showed current standards, when applied rigidly, served to reify a static, homogenous, and unrealistic definition of ‘teacher’ that marginalises preservice teachers with disabilities. However, the effort of directors to challenge this notion of ‘teacher’, framed within the constructionist model of disability, gives hope for a more inclusive future teaching force.
Recent changes in reproductive phenology of a K-selected aquatic insect predator, Belostoma flumineum Say (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae)
Authors: Kight S.L. , Coffey G.L. , Tanner A.W. , Dmytriw M.P. , Tedesco S.L. , Hoang J. , Aboagye A.K.
Published: April 2018

The timing of critical events like mating, migration, and development has noticeably and recently shifted in many populations of diverse organisms. Here, we report a change in the breeding phenology of giant waterbugs, Belostoma flumineum Say (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae), in the northeastern United States. Waterbugs collected in 2005 and 2006 exhibited previously typical patterns of mating and reproduction: two annual reproductive peaks in which overwintered adults mated in the spring and young adults from a new generation mated in the fall. In 2012 and 2015, despite similar sampling effort, we detected no fall breeding activity in the study area. Reproductive behaviour under controlled laboratory conditions was also different between the earlier (2005 and 2006) and recent (2012 and 2015) years: waterbugs collected in recent years exhibited significant delays in reproduction (>30 days) under similar photoperiod and thermal conditions. We discuss potential causes of this dramatic change in reproductive behaviour, such as climate change, as well as possible negative impacts of the absence of fall reproduction on populations of B. flumineum in the study region.
Improving the rhinomanometry technique using benzoin tincture
Authors: Arslan F , Yıldızoğlu Ü , Durmaz A , Çetinkaya S
Published: April 2018

Objective:

In order to achieve a faster and more reliable anterior rhinomanometric evaluation, nasal skin was prepared using benzoin tincture solution, which provides simpler and better adhesion of the foam tape to the nasal skin.

Method:

Two consecutive anterior rhinomanometry measurements were made, one with and one without benzoin tincture application.

Results:

The average time taken to perform classic foam tape anterior rhinomanometry without benzoin tincture application was 281.32 seconds, and the average coefficients of variation for the right and left passages were 7.48 and 7.59 per cent, respectively. When benzoin tincture was used, the average time taken for completion of the tests was 121.24 seconds, and the average coefficients of variation for the right and left passages were 2.17 and 2.32 per cent.

Conclusion:

The use of benzoin tincture to clean the nasal skin before placing foam tape shortens the procedure duration and significantly increases test reliability.
Post-operative course prediction during endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Tsuzuki K , Hashimoto K , Okazaki K , Sakagami M
Published: April 2018

Objective:

This study aimed to analyse findings of functional endoscopic sinus surgery to estimate the post-operative course of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Methods:

From 2007 to 2015, 291 adult patients with bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis, divided into eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (n= 210) and non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (n= 81) groups, who underwent primary functional endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery findings, scored as operating score, were analysed in relation to pre-operative olfactory recognition threshold and sinonasal computed tomography imaging score, as well as post-operative endoscopic appearance.

Results:

Operating scores in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis were significantly worse than those in non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. The anterior ethmoid sinus and superior meatus were predominantly inflamed. Operating score significantly correlated with pre-operative olfaction recognition threshold, computed tomography score and pre-operative endoscopic appearance score. In eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis, higher operating scores were related to post-operative deterioration of endoscopic appearance score.

Conclusion:

The operating score reflects the course following functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Patients with more severe operative findings require longer post-operative treatment.
Power that Hurts: Harriet Gore Browne and the Perplexities of Living Inside Empire
Authors: Macdonald Charlotte
Published: April 2018

Facing the crisis of a colony at war, Harriet Gore Browne experienced a crisis of mind as the wife of a governor heavily criticized for acting unjustly and illegally in provoking a racial conflict. Analysing the intimacies of power, the article depicts the doubts, pain and haunting pressure of violence on those proximate to as well as subject to imperial authority. Harriet Gore Browne’s intense scrutiny of her own and her husband’s actions expose an interior questioning of the legitimate use of force against indigenous resistance. The pain running through Harriet Gore Browne’s journals, tormenting her days and nights, speaks to the centrality of race, emotion and the intimate in colonial rule.
The Terrorist and his Jailor: The Conundrum of Friendship and Intimacy
Authors: Ghosh Durba
Published: April 2018

Through the framework of “friendship” defined by Judith Butler, Leela Gandhi, and Vanessa Smith, this essay tracks the relationship between Trailokya Nath Chakrabarty, a Bengali revolutionary terrorist who spent three decades in British jails in colonial India and Francis Lowman, a police officer who was responsible for his imprisonment. Informed by Chakrabarty’s autobiography, the essay shows that terrorism and intimacy were closely linked. Even though the revolutionary terrorist and jailor opposed one another in violent ways, these relationships were grounded in mutual recognition and built on what (following Butler) is called the “fundamental sociality of colonialism.”
Getting Inside the Skin of the Consumer: Race, Market Research and the Consumerist Project in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Posel Deborah
Published: April 2018

This article engages questions of colonial intimacy in the context of the market – specifically, by white commercial sector in apartheid South Africa to lure black South Africans into burgeoning consumer markets. I focus on the 1960s, when the exercise in racial domination grew more ambitious and coercive, at the same time as buoyant economic growth efforts spurred consumerist desire. African consumers were largely invisible and incomprehensible to white businesspeople, who turned to advertisers and market researchers to bring ‘the African consumer’ to light. This was largely an epistemological challenge – the pursuit of new modes of knowledge about African people, and especially the material intimacies of their daily lives. This article examines this knowledge-making project, along with the anxieties, lapses and contradictions that inhered in it.
Deforming an є-close-to-hyperbolic metric to a hyperbolic metric
Authors: Ontaneda Pedro
Published: April 2018

We show how to deform a metric of the form g = gr + dr2 to a metric = Hr + dr2, which is a hyperbolic metric for r less than some fixed λ, and coincides with g for r large. Here by hyperbolic metric we mean a metric of constant sectional curvature equal to -1. We study the extent to which is close to hyperbolic everywhere, if we assume g is close to hyperbolic. A precise definition of the close to hyperbolic concept is given. We also deal with a one-parameter version of this problem. The results in this paper are used in the problem of smoothing Charney–Davis strict hyperbolizations.
Factors influencing horizontal gene transfer in the intestine
Authors: Zeng Ximin , Lin Jun
Published: April 2018

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is ancient. Use of antibiotics is a selective driving force that enriches AR genes and promotes the emergence of resistant pathogens. It also has been widely accepted that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) occurs everywhere and plays a critical role in the transmission of AR genes among bacteria. However, our understanding of HGT processes primarily build on extensivein vitrostudies; to date, there is still a significant knowledge gap regardingin situHGT events as well as the factors that influence HGT in different ecological niches. This review is focused on the HGT process in the intestinal tract, a ‘melting pot’ for gene exchange. Several factors that potentially influencein vivoHGT efficiency in the intestine are identified and summarized, which include SOS-inducing agents, stress hormones, microbiota and microbiota-derived factors. We highlight recent discoveries demonstrating that certain antibiotics, which are widely used in animal industry, can enhance HGT in the intestine by serving as DNA-damaging, SOS-inducing agents. Despite recent progress, research onin vivoHGT events is still in its infancy. A better understanding of the factors influencing HGT in the intestine is highly warranted for developing effective strategies to mitigate AR in animal production as well as in future agricultural ecosystems.
Open Syllable Lengthening in Middle Dutch: Evidence from Verse
Authors: Sytsema Johanneke , Lahiri Aditi
Published: April 2018

This paper attempts to determine a more precise timeline for the onset of Open Syllable Lengthening in Dutch. We examined two late 14th-century Brabantic texts in theManuscript Marshall 29(1375 AD),MellibeusandSaladijn, and compared these with an older Brabantic textLutgartto ascertain when exactly Open Syllable Lengthening originated in (Brabantic) Middle Dutch. A combination of diachronic correspondences and a careful examination of the texts written in verse during the course of approximately 75 years has helped us to establish the synchronic systems of 13th- and 14th-century Middle Dutch, and, furthermore, has allowed us to determine the onset of prosodic changes such as Open Syllable Lengthening. Orthographic, rhythmic, and metrical evidence from the three texts suggests that the process was incomplete in the earliest period and was finalized in the late 14th century in Brabant, thereby refuting the standard assumption that the lengthening was completed before the onset of Middle Dutch in general.*
Do Neoproterozoic (Moine) calc-silicate rocks represent metamorphosed tuffs? A geochemical re-appraisal
Authors: Batchelor Richard A.
Published: April 2018

Following the identification of grey quartz–albite–chlorite–calcite–muscovite rocks in Meso- to Neo-proterozoic sequences in Scotland as metamorphosed tuffs of intermediate composition, it has been shown that this lithology will generate calc-silicate rocks at higher metamorphic grades. Both rock types occur as thin beds with sharp contacts with their host, occur as multiple beds in isolated suites, and share chemical compositions suggestive of volcanic sources with tholeiitic andesite affinities. The failure to recognise calc-silicate rocks as tuffs might explain the apparent scarcity of volcanogenic material through c.220 million years of early Earth history in Scotland.
Quantifying Carbon and Nutrient Input From Litterfall in European Forests Using Field Observations and Modeling
Authors: Neumann Mathias , Ukonmaanaho Liisa , Johnson James , Benham Sue , Vesterdal Lars , Novotný Radek , Verstraeten Arne , Lundin Lars , Thimonier Anne , Michopoulos Panagiotis , Hasenauer Hubert
Published: April 2018

Litterfall is a major, yet poorly studied, process within forest ecosystems globally. It is important for carbon dynamics, edaphic communities, and maintaining site fertility. Reliable information on the carbon and nutrient input from litterfall, provided by litter traps, is relevant to a wide audience including policy makers and soil scientists. We used litterfall observations of 320 plots from the pan‐European forest monitoring network of the “International Co‐operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests” to quantify litterfall fluxes. Eight litterfall models were evaluated (four using climate information and four using biomass abundance). We scaled up our results to the total European forest area and quantified the contribution of litterfall to the forest carbon cycle using net primary production aggregated by bioregions (north, central, and south) and by forest types (conifers and broadleaves). The 1,604 analyzed annual litterfall observations indicated an average carbon input of 224 g C · m−2 · year−1(annual nutrient inputs 4.49 g N, 0.32 g P, and 1.05 g K · m−2), representing a substantial percentage of net primary production from 36% in north Europe to 32% in central Europe. The annual turnover of carbon and nutrient in broadleaf canopies was larger than for conifers. The evaluated models provide large‐scale litterfall predictions with a bias less than 10%. Each year litterfall in European forests transfers 351 Tg C, 8.2 Tg N, 0.6 Tg P, and 1.9 Tg K to the forest floor. The performance of litterfall models may be improved by including foliage biomass and proxies for forest management.
Effects of Electric Field and Neutral Wind on the Asymmetry of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly
Authors: Khadka Sovit M. , Valladares Cesar E. , Sheehan Robert , Gerrard Andrew J.
Published: April 2018

The zonal electric field and the meridional neutral wind are the principal drivers that define the geometry and characteristics of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Here we present the response of the EIA to the variability of the zonal electric field based on measurements of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) currents and trans‐equatorial neutral winds for the generation and control of the asymmetries of the EIA crests of total electron content (TEC) in the western side of the South American continent. The EEJ strengths are determined using a pair of magnetometers. The 24‐hr trans‐equatorial neutral wind profile is measured using the Second‐Generation, Optimized, Fabry‐Perot Doppler Imager (SOFDI) located near the geomagnetic equator. The EIA is evaluated using TEC data measured by Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers from the Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network and several other networks in South America. A physics‐based numerical model, Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Sector, and SOFDI data are used to study the effects of daytime meridional neutral winds on the consequent evolution of an asymmetry in equatorial TEC anomalies during the afternoon and onward for the first time. We find that the configuration parameters such as strength, shape, amplitude, and latitudinal width of the EIAs are affected by the eastward electric field associated with the EEJ under undisturbed conditions. The asymmetries of EIA crests are observed more frequently during solstices and the September equinox than in the March equinox season. Importantly, this study indicates that the meridional neutral wind plays a very significant role in the development of the EIA asymmetry by transporting the plasma up the field lines. This result suggests that a precise observation of the latitudinal TEC profile at low latitudes can be used to derive the meridional wind.
Fluid Injection Wells Can Have a Wide Seismic Reach
Authors: Peterie Shelby , Miller Richard , Buchanan Rex , DeArmond Brandy
Published: April 2018

High-volume fluid injection can cumulatively increase underground pore pressure and induce earthquakes in regions unexpectedly far from injection wells, recent Kansas studies show.
Thank You to 2017 Reviewers of Radio Science
Authors: Wilkinson Phil , Salous Sana
Published: April 2018

Peer review is widely accepted as an indispensable part of science. The hours spent reading and commenting on manuscripts not only improves the manuscripts themselves but also ensures the scientific rigor of future research in our field. These contributions are vital.

On behalf of Radio Science, AGU, and the scientific community, the Editors and Associate Editors would like to thank everybody who reviewed manuscripts for Radio Science in 2017. Many of those listed below went further and reviewed three or more manuscripts for Radio Science, and they are indicated in italics. Overall, 1,167 reviewers were suggested for the 304 contributed papers in 2017 and the 455 who were eventually used contributed 747 reviews of the manuscripts.

Thank you once again to all our reviewers for contributing your valuable time to this essential task. We look forward to a 2018 of exciting advances in our field and communicating those advances to our community and to the broader public.
Global Similarity Method Based on a Two-tier Random Walk for the Prediction of microRNA–Disease Association
Authors: Chen Min , Liao Bo , Li Zejun
Published: April 2018

microRNAs (miRNAs) mutation and maladjustment are related to the occurrence and development of human diseases. Studies on disease-associated miRNA have contributed to disease diagnosis and treatment. To address the problems, such as low prediction accuracy and failure to predict the relationship between new miRNAs and diseases and so on, we design a Laplacian score of graphs to calculate the global similarity of networks and propose a Global Similarity method based on a Two-tier Random Walk for the prediction of miRNA–disease association (GSTRW) to reveal the correlation between miRNAs and diseases. This method is a global approach that can simultaneously predict the correlation between all diseases and miRNAs in the absence of negative samples. Experimental results reveal that this method is better than existing approaches in terms of overall prediction accuracy and ability to predict orphan diseases and novel miRNAs. A case study on GSTRW for breast cancer and conlon cancer is also conducted, and the majority of miRNA–disease association can be verified by our experiment. This study indicates that this method is feasible and effective.
Propagation of Disturbances in AC Electricity Grids
Authors: Tamrakar Samyak , Conrath Michael , Kettemann Stefan
Published: April 2018

The energy transition towards high shares of renewable energy will affect the stability of electricity grids in many ways. Here, we aim to study its impact on propagation of disturbances by solving nonlinear swing equations describing coupled rotating masses of synchronous generators and motors on different grid topologies. We consider a tree, a square grid and as a real grid topology, the german transmission grid. We identify ranges of parameters with different transient dynamics: the disturbance decays exponentially in time, superimposed by oscillations with the fast decay rate of a single node, or with a smaller decay rate without oscillations. Most remarkably, as the grid inertia is lowered, nodes may become correlated, slowing down the propagation from ballistic to diffusive motion, decaying with a power law in time. Applying linear response theory we show that tree grids have a spectral gap leading to exponential relaxation as protected by topology and independent on grid size. Meshed grids are found to have a spectral gap which decreases with increasing grid size, leading to slow power law relaxation and collective diffusive propagation of disturbances. We conclude by discussing consequences if no measures are undertaken to preserve the grid inertia in the energy transition.
Maternal imprinting on cognition markers of wild type and transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model mice
Authors: Zamarbide Marta , Gil-Bea Francisco J. , Bannenberg Paul , Martínez-Pinilla Eva , Sandoval Juan , Franco Rafael , Pérez-Mediavilla Alberto
Published: April 2018

The risk of suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is higher in individuals from AD-affected mothers. The purpose of this investigation was to study whether maternal transmission might produce AD-related alterations in progenies of mice that do not have any genotypic alteration. We used cognitively-intact mothers harbouring in heterozygosity the transgene for overexpressing the Swedish double mutant version of the human amyloid precursor protein (hAβPPswe). The phenotype of the offspring with or without the transgene resulting from crossing young Tg2576 females with wild-type males were compared with those of the offspring resulting from crossing wild-type females with Tg2576 males. The hAβPPswe-bearing offspring from Tg2576 mothers showed an aggravated AD-like phenotype. Remarkably, cognitive, immunohistochemical and some biochemical features displayed by Tg2576 heterozygous mice were also found in wild-type animals generated from Tg2576 females. This suggests the existence of a maternal imprinting in the wild-type offspring that confers a greater facility to launch an AD-like neurodegenerative cascade. Such progeny, lacking any mutant amyloid precursor protein, constitutes a novel model to study maternal transmission of AD and, even more important, to discover early risk markers that predispose to the development of AD.