bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Case of Insanity Associated with Pregnancy and Previous Exophthalmic Goitre
Authors: Peachell G. Ernest
Published: August 2008

The case I am about to describe seems of sufficient importance to bring to your notice, as it presents many points of interest.
The Discovery of General Paralysis
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

On November 21, 1822, a young man named A. L. J. Bayle presented a thesis for the Doctorate of Medicine to the Faculty of Paris. It was entitled “Recherches sur les Maladies Mentales,” and it was sustained. In this thesis Bayle recorded the opinion that general and incomplete paralysis and mental disorder, when they developed side by side, were caused by chronic arachnitis. In other words that these two groups of phenomena—a certain form of paralysis and disorder of the mind—were the associated symptoms of a definite disease, having a distinctive pathological anatomy. This was an opinion never expressed before by anyone, and it has since then been proved to be true in its essential features. The disease he referred to is now known as general paralysis of the insane.
Lunacy Law and Institutional and Home Treatment of the Insane
Authors: Lord J. R.
Published: August 2008

The Lecturer, after having briefly epitomised the provisions of the Lunacy Act of 1890, continued as follows: It will thus be readily seen that the chief aims of this Act are to secure (1) That no person is received as a patient into a mental hospital or other approved place unless of a certainty he is a lunatic within the meaning of the Lunacy Act, i.e., an idiot or a person of unsound mind, etc. (2) That a person so admitted shall be discharged immediately he is no longer certifiable as a person of unsound mind and a proper person to be detained under care and treatment. (3) That he is not ill-treated or neglected while under detention. (4) That in case of his death in the mental hospital the cause and circumstances thereof are the subject of special report and possibly searching inquiry.
Colitis and the Normal Colon Bacilli
Authors: Mooney Harold L.
Published: August 2008

This infection, which is mostly met with in those past middle age, the neurotic, and especially in those with intestinal atony, is particularly prevalent in mental hospitals and causes a high mortality. Although many so-called cases of colitis occurring in these institutions were in reality bacillary dysentery of the Flexner, Shiga and allied types, particularly so in former years, when sanitation was more defective, yet the relation of the normal colon bacilli, as causative organisms, to this disease must not be overlooked, and with a view to studying this relationship a short account of the B. coli will here be given.
The Fourth Maudsley Lecture
Authors: Clarke C. K.
Published: August 2008

The gracious act of the British Medico-Psychological Association in asking me to deliver the Maudsley Lecture for 1923 is thoroughly appreciated, not only by myself, but also by the medical profession of Canada, showing as it does a further development of the relationship steadily increasing between the Mother Country and the Dominions, I shall not say Colonies, as this term has long ago become unpopular with the rising generations beyond the seas. We feel that we occupy a modest place in the list of nations, we yield to none in our devotion to King and Country, and regard a United Empire as absolutely necessary in preserving the ideals essential for the highest development of the human race.
The Relation of Chronic Sepsis to the So-called Functional Mental Disorders
Authors: Cotton Henry A.
Published: August 2008

It is extremely befitting that this Association should be interested in the relation of chronic sepsis to mental disorders, principally for the reason that this idea had its origin in England. As early as 1875, Savage, the English alienist, reported the recovery of cases of mental disorder following the extraction of infected teeth. The full significance of this report, of course, was not realised at the time, for if it had been recognised, an entirely different history of the care and treatment of mental disorders during the last century would have been written.
The Surface Tension of the Serum in Anxiety Psychoses
Authors: Lovell Clement
Published: August 2008

In dealing with the surface tension peculiarities of the anxiety states I will only dwell very shortly on the physical aspects of the problem. If two bodies are brought into proximity, then each body attracts the other with a force which was shown by Mitchell and Cavendish to be identical with the force of gravity.
Official Report of Proceedings at the Annual Meeting Held at the Freemasons' Tavern, Thursday, July 5Th, 1860
Authors: Bucknill J. C.
Published: August 2008

The Chair was taken by Sir Charles Hastings, d.c.l. The following members, among many others, were present:
On Medical Certificates of Insanity
Authors: Bucknill J. C.
Published: August 2008

The liberty of the subject, so dear to all Englishmen, is under certain conditions placed by the law of the land at the discretion of any two qualified medical men. That the confidence thus reposed in the members of our profession has not been abused is proved by the evidence of an unimpeachable witness, namely, that of the Earl of Shaftesbury, who, as Chairman of the Commissioners in Lunacy, asserted before the special Parliamentary Committee, that in his experience of nearly thirty years “there has not been more than one or two cases in which any person has been shut up (that is, in a lunatic asylum) without some plausible ground for his or her temporary confinement; but in every instance, with these exceptions, there have been certain plausible grounds in fact or in logic, sufficient to justify the temporary confinement of the persons, and their being submitted to medical treatment.” It is highly creditable to our profession, that a man of Lord Shaftesbury's position and experience should be able to give this strong and definite testimony, to the manner in which the statutory powers of medical men in giving certificates of insanity have been exercised; but at the present time it is not my desire to dwell upon the sound judgment and honest intention with which this great social responsibility has been discharged, but to direct the attention of the meeting to the abundant and constantly recurring errors of form, which are committed in filling up medical certificates, in the hope of affording such few hints as my experience may suggest, by which they may be avoided. So abundant are these errors, that I hear medical gentlemen connected with private Lunatic Asylums assert that it is the exception, and not the rule, to receive with a patient, admission-papers which require no amendment. Indeed, a physician in charge of a first rate private asylum assures me, that he has never yet received admission-papers which did not need amendment. This is a matter of great importance, for (to say nothing of the delay and expense incurred in procuring these amendments, which are so great that the proprietor of a large private asylum assures me, that he invariably prefers the expense of procuring altogether new certificates) any errors or omissions, not discovered and rectified, would leave the proprietor of an asylum liable to heavy damages, under an action for false imprisonment. The courts of law very properly require that these medical documents, under which men are deprived of their liberty, shall be drawn up in exact accordance with the provisions of the statute. An early illustration of this principle was afforded by the decision of Mr. Justice Coleridge, in the case of Mr. Greenwood, in which he declared that the medical certificates were invalid, and that the patient had been improperly confined, because the name of the street, and the number of the house, in which the medical examination had taken place, were not stated upon the certificate. The formal part of the certificate is indeed a very simple one, and contains no one thing which might be omitted.
Suggestions towards an Uniform System of Asylum Statistics (with Tabular Forms)
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart
Published: August 2008

The Sixteenth rule of our Association as amended at the Annual Meeting in July 1855, is to the following effect:—

“That to insure a correct comparison of the results of treatment in the several institutions, it is strongly recommended to those Members who have the superintendence of public asylums to keep registers of the cases admitted, according to the form agreed on, at a meeting of the Association held at Lancaster in 1842; and to append to their respective annual reports, tabular statements on, as far as possible, a like uniform plan.”
Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858
Authors: Sutherland Alex. John
Published: August 2008

In my last lecture I endeavoured to explain the reasons why no one of the present theories of insanity was able to account for all the varieties of the disease. I founded this opinion partly upon the nature of the disorder itself, and partly upon our ignorance of the manner in which the minute internal structure of the brain and cord is altered by the symptoms, and partly upon the uncertain light which the present state of science throws upon the subject, and I pointed out the manner in which I hoped that future investigations might aid us in solving this difficult problem. In my present lecture I propose to speak of the morbid anatomy.
Vital Statistics and Observations on the Causes of Death amongst the Male Patients in the County of Somerset Pauper Lunatic Asylum, from an Analysis of 295 Post-mortem Examinations
Authors: Boyd Robert
Published: August 2008

Since the opening of this asylum on the 1st March, 1848, to the 1st December, 1860, one thousand male patients have been admitted, in which are included 130 readmissions, the actual net number of individuals admitted being 870.
On the Subcutaneous Injection of Morphia in Insanity
Authors: M‘Intosh W. Carmichael
Published: August 2008

The cases which one generally meets in an asylum often diner in no small degree from those of ordinary practice. To ensure sleep in a patient under delirium tremens, or other such short-lived malady, is to establish cure at once, and the result melts into the satisfactory finish of “cured in a few days thereafter.” Fortunately or unfortunately, such bright prospects are not often held out to asylum practitioners, but yet the efficient means for procuring sleep are frequently not less clamant. In many of our cases there is no hope of recovery, even although sleep of the soundest nature was obtained; nevertheless, it is no mean aim to command such for one who, during a paroxysm, passes night after night ill a morbid condition, whether wildly shouting and beating at the walls and doors he disturb the rest of all, and prostrate himself, or with a quieter demeanour remain in bed with unclosed lids in melancholy whispering. The boon conferred on the household in the former, and on the patients in both cases, is sufficiently obvious; and it is for such chronic, not less than the acute cases, that I would recommend the subcutaneous injection. We cannot, indeed, say in such cases that the patient went out cured shortly after, for that they may never do; but the comfort and advantage resulting from their successful narcotism must be familiar to all in our department. Of acute cases I need say little; in them the state of matters is conspicuous enough.
Observations deduced from the Statistics of the Insane
Authors: Renaudin  , B J. H.
Published: August 2008

That a uniform statistical method should be generally adopted by all those connected with the insane is greatly to be desired, for though statistical researches have met the fate of all other methods (‘Annales Psychologiques,’ July, 1856), have been received with un-reflecting infatuation, or been the subject of unmerited reproach, according as they have given us useful facts or have led us into error, yet everything leads us to expect that the extension of a statistical programme, would furnish us with useful data, for the examination of some of the most important questions relative to mental alienation.
Basal Metabolism in Mental Disorders, especially Dementia Prócox, and the Influence of the Diathermic Current on the Same
Authors: Walker James
Published: August 2008

Metabolism means the chemical changes of materials under the influence of living cells, and basal metabolism as the rate of energy exchange during rest when only the essential vital processes of the body are at work.
The Ranchi European Mental Hospital
Authors: Berkeley-Hill Owen
Published: August 2008

There is a Persian saying that there is no greater anguish known among mankind than to have many thoughts at heart and no power of deed. This particular form of anguish must be well known to most medical superintendents of mental hospitals, for how many of them long to be able to raise the standard of work at the hospital whose welfare they have at heart but, for some reason or another, the power of deed is denied them? Nevertheless, in spite of many a heart made sick by deferred hope, every medical superintendent is probably in a position to raise the efficiency of the hospital in his charge provided he can get plenty of good ideas to work with.
Alfred Miller, M.B., B.Ch.Dubl.
Authors: Rambaut Daniel F.
Published: August 2008

By the death of Dr. Alfred Miller, Medical Superintendent of the Warwickshire County Mental Hospital, the medical profession of Warwickshire, the Warwick County Mental Hospital, and the Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland have sustained a great loss.
Some Aspects of Dementia Præcox
Authors: Duncan Edmund , Hayes Tranchell
Published: August 2008

In the last few years a vast amount of research has been carried out on dementia præcox.
The Thyroid Gland in Bodily and Mental Disease. An Address with Lantern Demonstration
Authors: Mott Frederick
Published: August 2008

The subject which I intend to bring before you to-day mainly relates to the thyroid gland, a part of endocrinology I have been interested in for some time past.
A Note on the use of Luminal in Epilepsy
Authors: Lewis J. B. Strafford
Published: August 2008

Luminal has been used in the treatment of insane epileptics in a number of patients at Claybury Mental Hospital during the last three years. A perusal of the results obtained shows that this drug would appear to have a definite value in diminishing the number of seizures, but that it hardly deserves the encomiums showered upon it in some quarters, e.g., it does not reduce fits to the level of “rare occurrences,” and in some cases the fit-incidence is increased during its administration.
The Methods of Psychotherapy
Authors: Dillon Frederick
Published: August 2008

The antiquity of psychotherapy is in great measure responsible for the difficulties which involve this branch of medicine at the present time. For it comes to us trailing clouds of superstition, pervaded by implications of the most unscientific order.
Some Observations on the Types of Blood-Sugar Curve found in Different Forms of Insanity
Authors: Drury K. K. , Farran-Ridge C.
Published: August 2008

The object of our investigations has been to find out if carbohydrate metabolism is disordered in the different forms of insanity.

To this end we have determined the sugar tolerance of 100 insane patients by observing the variations in the blood-sugar content after the ingestion of a known amount of glucose.
John Fraser, M.B., C.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.Edin.
Authors: McIntosh W. C.
Published: August 2008

In the department of mental diseases some men have won distinction by their writings, such as Pinel, Esquirol, Guislain and Morel on the Continent, or like Laycock, W. A. F. Browne, Winslow, Maudsley, Bucknill, Skae and Clouston in our own country, but the subject of this obituary gained the respect and esteem of his medical brethren and the public by his unfailing courtesy, his resolute devotion to duty, his kindly disposition toward the officials of mental hospitals and his generous personal interest and sympathy with the patients, whose welfare he ever strove to ameliorate. Moreover these were qualities which found ample scope throughout the length and breadth of Scotland in his long official connection with the General Board of Lunacy as Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner.
The Work of the Belfast War Hospital (1917–1919)
Authors: Dawson W. R.
Published: August 2008

So much has been written on the nervous and mental troubles induced by the conditionsof servicein the Great War that the subject seems almost threadbare at this time of day. But as no special account has appeared, so far as I am aware, of the measures taken in Ireland for the treatment of those whose reason had become impaired in the course of war service, I venture to think that a short contribution to the subject, dealing more particularly with what was done locally, will not be inappropriate either to the place or the occasion.
Methods of Photographing the Spirochæta pallida in General Paralysis
Authors: Clark R. M.
Published: August 2008

The great improvement in the staining of spirochætes devised by Jahnel and others so simplified their photography that ordinary flat-print microphotographs of these organisms became familiar to most of us years ago.
Further Experience of Luminal in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Fleming Gerald W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

For many years the treatment of epilepsy has been a grave problem, and it may truthfully be said that, until the pathology of the so-called idiopathic cases has been worked out, we area long way from treating this condition in anything like a satisfactory manner.
The Phosphorus and Calcium Content of the Blood-plasma and Cerebro-spinal Fluid in the Psychoses
Authors: Scholberg H. A. , Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

This work was carried out mainly with financial assistance from the Medical Research Council, to whom the results have been com municated, and to whom our thanks are due.

Having regard to the paucity of information on the subject of the phosphorus and calcium-content of blood and cerebro-spinal fluid in the psychoses, and to the consideration that at this mental hospital a research laboratory in chemistry is available, it seemed desirable to investigate these matters.
The Cholesterol Content of the Cerebro-spinal Fluid in Certain Mental Diseases
Authors: Poynder E. G. T. , Russell J.
Published: August 2008

The presence of cholesterol in the cerebro-spinal fluid has been the subject of investigation by various observers. The following communication is based on a series of observations conducted at the Pathological Laboratory of the Maudsley Hospital, on specimens of cerebro-spinal fluid obtained from patients in the mental hospitals of the London County Council.
The Affective States in Lilliputian Hallucinations
Authors: Leroy Raoul
Published: August 2008

Of all the physical phenomena which interest philosophers and psychiatrists there are none more interesting than hallucinations. Psycho-sensory disorder is a complex aggregate in which the psyche in its entirety is mingled with organic disorders, an association which is still a mystery to us. The study of the affective states in the hallucinated is, therefore, of the highest importance, since it allows us to bring psychic and physiological disorders together in their reciprocal relations. “The hallucination,” says Hesnard, “which has always for the patient a personal affective significance more or less distinct, is only the symbolical translation, in comparison with a normal perception, of an interior positive psychic fact, of an affective productivity.”
Mendelism in Bacteriology
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: August 2008

The studies which I wish to bring to your notice were begun with the object of finding some bacterial cause for manic-depressive insanity. This problem has, of course, engaged other laboratories. I would refer particularly to the work done in the Cardiff Laboratory, which has been described by Goodall in the Journal of this Association.
Child Murder and Insanity
Authors: Hopwood J. Stanley
Published: August 2008

Childbirth and lactation entail a severe stress on the female sex, and, under certain circumstances, are liable to cause insanity, during the course of which attempts at infanticide and suicide are common. For this reason the insanities connected with child-bearing and lactation have a definite medico-legal aspect. In the past very little has been written on this subject, though infanticide is by no means uncommon, and cases of child murder account for a large percentage of the population of the female division of the State Criminal Lunatic Asylum at Broadmoor. Possibly a study of some of these cases may not be lacking in interest.
The Care and Management of Induced Malaria
Authors: Nicol W. D.
Published: August 2008

For the treatment of general paralysis of the insane by induced malaria, the Board of Control, in consultation with the Ministry of Health, decided, at the end of 1924, to make an official arrange ment by which a pure strain of the benign tertian malaria parasite would be cultivated in mosquitoes, and would be made available for inoculation by mosquito-bites instead of by the direct inocula tion of blood from other patients. In consultation with the Mental Hospitals Department of the London County Council, the Horton Mental Hospital was selected for the work of pre paring and maintaining the strain of malaria in mosquitpes, and Col. J. R. Lord, C.B.E., Medical Superintendent of the Hospital, undertook the necessary arrangements in collaboration with Col. S. P. James, of the Medical Staff of the Ministry of Health. An isolated villa in the hospital grounds was selected as a treatment-block and laboratory; the Horton Mental Hospital authorities caused it to be mosquito-proofed and furnished, and the Ministry of Health supplied the scientific equipment of the laboratory. The Ministry also arranged that the routine laboratory work should be done by one of their laboratory assistants, Mr. P. G. Shute, under Col. James's supervision. I undertook the selection of cases suitable for treatment and their clinical care and management. The arrange ments were completed in April, 1925, and since that month 33 batches of infected mosquitoes have been prepared and utilized for the inoculation of more than 300 patients in 69 hospitals in England, Wales and Scotland.
A Biochemical Study of the Blood and Urine in Mental Disorders
Authors: Reid B.
Published: August 2008

This work has been undertaken with the object of disclosing metabolic deviations which might aid in the ætiologyor diagnosis of the psychoses, especially in cases of dementia præcox, epilepsy, melancholia and secondary dementia.
An Account of an Unusual Mental Hospital Epidemic
Authors: Molony Charles B.
Published: August 2008

A Study of the hospital registers of the Limerick Mental Hospital over a period of five years prior to September 12, 1926, reveals the fact that, among an average population of 624, only i case of acute nephritis was recorded. In the three months following that date no fewer than 17 cases of acute inflammation of the kidneys were observed, presenting very interesting problems in ætiology and epidemiology. A consideration of the infective and clinical data of such an unusual outbreak, presenting, as it did, some remark able characteristics, cannot fail to be of interest.
Psychiatry and the Report of the Royal Commission
Authors: Langdon-Down R.
Published: August 2008

The Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental Disorder was set up in July, 1924, to inquire into a matter of urgent public importance, that is to say:

(1)

The existing law and administrative machinery in England and Wales in connection with the certification, detention and care of persons who are, or who are alleged to be, of unsound mind.

(2)

The extent to which provision is or should be made in England and Wales for the treatment without certification of persons suffering from mental disorder and to make recom mendations.
The Toxicity of Medinal and other Hypnotic Drags: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Hardcastle D. N.
Published: August 2008

This paper is a preliminary account of some investigations being carried out at this hospital in regard to the possible toxicity of medinal and other hypnotic drugs, and its relationship with aceto nuria and alteration of the ammonia coefficient of the urine.
The Formulation of Psychiatric Cases
Authors: MacNiven Angus
Published: August 2008

In order to obtain a complete account of these facts and factors from every available source, and to get the co-operation on behalf of the patient, it is necessary that the relatives, the physician and the nurse of the patient be presented with the data in a comprehensive form.
The Ninth Maudsley Lecture: The New Psychiatry and the Influences Which are Forming it
Authors: Macpherson John
Published: August 2008

Psychiatry in its literal sense is the medical treatment of mental disorders, which necessarily implies the scientific investigation of the nature and causes of these disorders. Psychiatry is therefore indissolubly linked with the medical and biological sciences, and participates not only in their solidarity, but also in their unrest, for every advance in these sciences intimately affects its outlook. In addition it has undergone—and is still undergoing—vicissitudes peculiar to itself which are unknown in other departments of medicine.
The Relation of Unresolved Infective Processes Following Acute Infective Diseases to the Causation of Mental Disorder
Authors: Graves T. C.
Published: August 2008

When I first began the study of mental disorders, I realized that patients were, apart from their mental disorder, physically ill, and I was attracted to a study of the circulatory disturbances in these cases. This led me to consider whether these general circulatory disturbances were responsible for the mental state, in the same way that intracranial circulatory disturbances were in surgical brain cases showing mental symptoms. Examination almost invariably revealed weakness of the heart's action, irregularity of the pulse, low or high blood-pressure, and disturbances of the peripheral circulation. It was thus conceivable that disturbance of blood composition and supply might cause disturbance of oxidation in the brain and that many of these abnormal circulatory manifestations might be responsible for the production of mental disturbances. A study of various physiological and biochemical observations suggested that possibly there was in these cases some deficiency of essential salts, such as calcium. This led me to the treatment of mental disorders by the administration of salts of calcium—choosing calcium lactate. Fortunately I found at that time (1919) a very remarkable case showing severe mental symptoms and unusual circulatory disturbances.
The Bacterial Digestion of Tyrosine, Tryptophane and Histidine in Mental Disease
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: August 2008

It has often been suggested that functional diseases of the nervous system are caused by intestinal toxæmia, and this suggestion has been revived by certain recent work.

Buscaino (1923–26)has described lesions of the small intestine in mental patients which result in undue permeability of its walls. He also describes a toxic substance in the urine in acute confusional and alcoholic insanity and in dementia præcox. This substance is brought down as a black precipitate by silver nitrate in the cold. The liver is deranged in these cases, and decarboxylates amino-acids presented to it instead of deaminizing them.
The Sedimentation Velocity of Erythrocytes in the Psychoses: a Study of Seventy-Three Cases
Authors: Anderson E. W.
Published: August 2008

At the outset it may be desirable to give a brief outline of the phenomena upon which this work is based.

A complete historical survey takes us back to very early times, to the days of Hippocrates and in more recent times to the humoral pathologists, when the formation of the “crust phiogistica” or “buffy coat” was practically the only blood symptom known. Until the old humoral theories were discarded, that is until the rise of the doctrines of cellular pathology, the problem loomed large, but after this period interest in it declined, until the whole matter was revived about ten years ago by R. Fahraeus, of Stockholm, who published a series of researches into what he termed the “suspension stability” of the blood. By this term is meant the
power which the plasma has of holding the erythrocytes in suspension. When the stability is lowered, the corpuscles sink with increased rapidity. This author found that a lowered suspension stability occurred in a large number of morbid conditions, and also in one physiological condition, namely pregnancy. Since the publication of this work the phenomenon in question has been made the basis of a test which has found considerable application in certain departments of medicine, notably in gynæcology and tuberculosis.
The Hæmatopoietic Functions in General Paresis
Authors: Eddison H. Wilfred
Published: August 2008

In a disease with so widespread a seat as general paresis, in which the cerebral syphilitic changes are local manifestations of a generalized infection, it is only reasonable that an attempt should be made to correlate the cerebral changes with those found in other organs in the same body.
Treatment of Idiopathic Epilepsy by Induced Malaria
Authors: Ramsay J. C.
Published: August 2008

The use of malaria as a therapeutic agent in epilepsy was suggested by the known beneficial effects of other specific infections in this disorder. The earliest observation was probably that of Plato, who found that lepers were free from convulsions. A “tendency to respite which is sometimes temporarily induced in the course of the confirmed disease” (by febrile infections) is noted by Aldren Turner (1). Hamilton (2) found that of 11 cases who contracted typhoid 9 showed distinct temporary improvement, and 1 of these was free from seizures for four years. Maisonneuve and Gerard (3) reported cases of epilepsy whose seizures ceased altogether during 2 attacks of intermittent fever.
The Mongol: A New Explanation
Authors: Clark R. M.
Published: August 2008

My view that mongolism is caused by fœtal hyperthyroidism ceasing at birth, is based on the theory that if the known actions of hyperthyroidism on the embryos of animals, as proved by feeding experiments and otherwise, were at work on the human fœtus, the characteristic features of the mongol would be produced. Fœtal hyperthyroidism could not fail to cause abnormal endocrine inter-reaction, and it has been said that in every mongol some endocrine disturbance can be demonstrated. The action hyperthyroidism has on frog embryos, including the cutting out of the later stages of normal development and growth, and the action thyroxin has in retarding cell division and embryonic development, would explain the general arrest of growth and development of the mongol, including that of the skull and the brain. The same actions would also account for the coincident congenital anomalies, e.g., congenital heart lesions, cleft palate, hypospadias, undescended and undeveloped testicles, primitive hands and feet, syndactyly of fingers and toes, atresia of anus, spina bifida, etc.; these are also manifestations of arrested development, and in favour of a common cause for the local and the general defects, are the facts that both are symmetrical, and that there is a parallelism between the amount of general physical defect, the number of anomalies, and the degree of amentia.
The Tenth Maudsley Lecture: The Psychiatric Use of the Methods and Results of Experimental Psychology
Authors: Spearman Charles E.
Published: August 2008

The Main Problem.

The subject to be treated by me on this occasion may perhaps seem to some people almost presumptuous. For psychology is not without severe critics. I can hear one of these saying that, before it takes upon itself to teach others, it would do well to put its own house in order. Is it not, by general admission, passing through a “crisis”? Have not half-a-dozen theories arisen, each of which claims to be the “new” psychology, whereby all the older views are now to be finally superseded?
The Relation of Focal Infection to Mental Diseases
Authors: Hunter William
Published: August 2008

I have read with interest and appreciation the brief paper on “Focal Infection in Relation to Mental Disease “(vide Journ. Ment. Sci., April, 1929, p. 267) contributed by Drs. Kopeloff and Kirby, whose work, along with that of their colleague, Dr. Cheney, is familiar to English and American psychiatrists.
Charcot's Disease in Tabo-Paresis: Illustrative Cases
Authors: Peters Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Jean Martin Charcot, Physician to the Salpêtrière, and described by his biographer as the Prince of Neurologists, was an Honorary Member of this Association and lived from 1825 to 1893. Though the centenary of his birth, I believe, passed unnoticed in this country, he was in his day a master in clinical medicine and pathology, and his loss was keenly felt both at home and abroad.
Further Contributions to the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Steel John P.
Published: August 2008

In an earlier article (vide p. 107) a preliminary report was made on the treatment of epilepsy by peptone, B. coli and papaverine sulphate; in the intervening months extended opportunity has arisen for comparing the various methods of treatment and endeavouring to form some opinion of their efficacy.
Psychology of Dementia
Authors: Wiersma E. D.
Published: August 2008

[It was a great honour for me to receive an invitation from the Senate of the University of London to speak on a psychological subject. I had, however, some diffidence about accepting it, since I have to speak in a foreign language. I feel greatly relieved by the assurance that there is to be no discussion after the lecture. Furthermore, I have brought some lantern-slides with me, to render my lecture more intelligible.]
On Pain
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

Application of the previously given formula for mental excitation processes (z), viz., H + L = T, to the problem of pain indicates that L, the thing felt, is judged through H, and the two together produce the response T.

I assume that cutaneous pain is a special sensation with naked nerve-endings as its “receptors.”
On Seeing
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

In the present communication it is intended to consider the fundamental formula of mental excitation processes, H + L = T, in terms of seeing. The equation implies that the characters of a light stimulus L are judged through a second factor H. T is the response of the responding organ.
A Special Method of Investigating the Streptococcal and Acidophilus Intestinal Flora: with Results in Fifty-Three Mental Patients
Authors: Shera Geoffrey
Published: August 2008

The ordinary method of making an emulsion of fæces in saline or broth and plating therefrom is of value in gross pathological infections of the bacillary and coccal variety. As a method of isolating the sum total of aerobic fæcal streptococci, it is, however, peculiarly incomplete. Anyone who cares to incubate a specimen of fæces in 1% neutral glucose broth and plate therefrom on successive days on to blood media will notice some very interesting facts. Whereas, in the majority of cases, coliform bacilli will grow therefrom in the first two or three daily platings, after a few days they cease to be recoverable and are replaced by streptococci of various types, sometimes later by staphylococci or moulds in pathological instances, and finally all that can be grown are Gram-positive bacilli or filaments. These bacilli are the lactic acid or acidophilus bacilli, and they have, by their production of acid and possibly by other lethal products, destroyed all aerobic bacilli except themselves. In time they, too, succumb, not apparently from hyperacidity, but from lack of pabulum. They can easily be kept alive by transplantation, to either human citrated blood-agar or glucose broth. Elsewhere∗ I am publishing a detailed account of this “acidophilus phenomenon,” but a consideration of the annexed Table I will make tolerably clear the mechanism of this curious process. It is, in the main, a question of acidity, inasmuch as any germ which produces a lower hydrogen-ion concentration (that is, a more acid medium) will inevitably destroy any accompanying germ which produces a less acid medium. For instance (see Table I), a mixture of B. coli communis and Staphylococcus aureus will eventually yield from glucose broth a pure culture of the latter organism, since B. coli produces a pH of not less than 4.0 in neutral glucose broth, whereas the staphylococcus can produce a pH of 3.8. Likewise a streptococcus producing a pH of 3.8 will oust a B. colt producing a pH of 4.2–4.0. We should thus expect an alkaline stool to yield a majority of coliform organisms, and a more acid stool to yield a majority of streptococci or staphylococci; this is precisely what happens.
The Sedimentation Test and Icterus Index: A Few Observations on Their Uses in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Murray Helen S. E.
Published: August 2008

By the erythrocyte sedimentation phenomenon is meant the rate at which the red blood-corpuscles settle in an anti-coagulative column of blood. Numerous modifications of the method are in use, differing only in the way results are recorded and in minor details of technique.
The Excretion of Phenols in Mental Patients
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: August 2008

Since the publication of the last number in the author's present series of papers (Stewart, 1929), four articles have appeared which bear upon the subject. They are by the following writers: Mutch, Schemer, Mann and Shipp, Shera.
Some Laboratory Findings In The Routine Investigation Of Acute Admissions
Authors: Gamble Florence Margaret
Published: August 2008

The following is an outline of laboratory investigations which have been performed at the Warwick County Mental Hospital during the past two years, together with a summary of results and brief deductions as to the value of each investigation considered from the points of view of diagnosis, prognosis and lines of treatment.
The Clinical Diagnosis of Congenital Syphilis
Authors: Stewart R. M.
Published: August 2008

Late congenital syphilis, with which this précis is concerned, is not always easy to recognize, as unquestionably the disease has altered in severity during the last few decades, and it is now rather exceptional to find cases which exhibit all the cardinal signs. In the following account, which is based on the examination of nearly 200 cases in the Leavesden Mental Hospital, the clinical manifestations have as far as possible been grouped under the various systems of the body and it has been thought advisable to include, not only the classical and unequivocal stigmata, but also those which, though not exactly specific, are yet of sufficient importance to evoke a suspicion of syphilis. Their relative frequency is shown in the accompanying table.
A Study of Inco-Ordinate Movement in Epilepsy
Authors: Robb John R. Beith
Published: August 2008

Sensori-motor disturbances resulting from gross lesions of the nervous system are, as a rule, easily demonstrated. Slight degrees of inco-ordination, however, associated with disturbances of consciousness and attention, are, by the ordinary clinical methods of examination, sometimes most difficult to discover. In psychic conditions, such as emotional and subnormal states, manic-depressive insanity and schizophrenia, sensori-motor disturbances may manifest themselves in the form of tremors, inhibitions, inco-ordination and accelerated or sluggish action.
The Ætiology of General Paralysis of the Insane
Authors: Power T. D.
Published: August 2008

In studying the ætiology of any ailment it is profitable to assume that no disease has a single cause. All the manifestations which constitute disease are the result of a disturbance of equilibrium between the human organism and its environment. In the production of this disharmony many factors play a part, each varying in importance from case to case. Nevertheless, since the discoveries of Pasteur we have become accustomed to view diseases mainly from the standpoint of their causative organisms, thereby neglecting many equally important factors in their ætiology. Yet we know of many instances where these selfsame pathogenic agents reside in the human body without producing any symptoms of disease. The meningococcus and diphtheria bacillus are found in the air-passages of many healthy people, while after the disease has run its course, the causative organism in typhoid may continue to occupy the body indefinitely. Moreover it frequently happens that living parasites of malaria, purposely introduced into the human subject, fail to produce any symptoms after many weeks of incubation. In cases of this nature it may transpire that the addition of further noxious influence, such as an injection of milk or even a cold bath, may precipitate the symptoms of malaria, which thereafter runs its normal course. Conversely, there are many individuals, or groups of individuals, who are particularly prone to fall victim to maladies from which others appear to be protected. The mentally disordered are very liable to infection by the Flexner group of organisms, while those who nurse them are seldom attacked. Such illustrations, which might be multiplied indefinitely, serve as a useful reminder of the complex factors at work in the production of diseases of microbic origin. The soil is just as important as the seed, and no study of ætiology would be complete were the question of individual susceptibility to be omitted.
The Psychobiological Constitution of the Weak-Minded
Authors: Strauss E. B.
Published: August 2008

In recent years the approach to psychiatry has become more and more biological. The point of interest is shifting from the kind of mental illness which a person has, to the kind of person who has the illness. The greatest stimulus in this direction to psychiatry in the last few years was undoubtedly the publication, in the year 1921, of Kretschmer's Körperbau und Charakter. Indeed, the stimulus was so violent that nowadays hardly any psychiatric field (not to mention other branches of the biological sciences) has escaped exploration along Kretschmer's lines; and the vast bibliography which has piled up is enough to appal the student of constitutional biology and kindred subjects. For some reason, surprisingly little work has been done on the constitution and temperament of the weak-minded. The object of this present research is to fill the lacuna in some small measure. The neglect of this field of study is surprising, for the reason that weak-mindedness is classified by Kraepelin, the father of modern psychiatry (Psychiatrische Klinik, Barth, Leipzig, 1921, Bd. i, S. 23), in the group of the congenital mental disorders; and a congenital anomaly should surely be expected to provide interesting material for biological research. The present writer, then, approached his subject without prejudice and without a thesis. It was his business to study a group of congenitally weak-minded people, and observe and record their physical and temperamental anomalies.
Emotional Cycles in Man
Authors: Hersey Rex B.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists and psycho-pathologists, on the whole, have never been subject to the error of thinking that a man is a unit whose reaction to a given stimulus does not vary. Their work in the clinic and hospital would quickly force them to give up any such supposition. They naturally look for the conditions under which fluctuations occur and would probably be interested to hear that there are rhythmic changes in man's emotion apparently characteristic of the individual himself. Whether such cycles can be traced to specific factors and principles may be a difficult task to determine. The mere fact of its existence may be of value in making the economist and manager of work mindful of individual factors, as well as of the many impersonal factors in the important question of emotional attitude toward work.
Psychiatry in Its Social Aspects
Authors: McTavish Georgina R. F.
Published: August 2008

The social aspects of psychiatric work are assuming more importance, and it is being recognized that the work of an out-patient department for psychiatric cases is greatly facilitated and enhanced by the co-operation of social service workers, who have made a study of the economic and environmental conditions of the family.
Mental Out-Patient Clinics
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

I have been asked by the President to open a discussion on out-patient clinics for mental disorders. Although these have existed for many years in some places, it is believed that they ought to be more general, and that one or more should be connected with every mental hospital. Their establishment has now become an urgent duty in view of the passing of the Mental Treatment Act.
The Glucose Tolerance Curve in Epilepsy
Authors: Mackay G. W. J. , Barbash H.
Published: August 2008

Certain findings in the course of routine biochemical investigations at this Hospital suggested to us that the glucose tolerance test in epilepsy might show interesting results, and accordingly a series of 66 cases was submitted to this examination.
The Effect of Thyroid Administration On the Blood Cholesterol
Authors: Duncan A. Glen
Published: August 2008

In a previous investigation (1) it was ascertained that the amount of cholesterol present in the serum of psychotic patients shows certain variations from the normal, and that it is influenced by the acuteness of the mental condition. Hypercholesterinæmia is usual in all forms of mental disorder except imbecility, and a fall in blood cholesterol content occurs during attacks of excitement, agitation or confusion. These results suggested an association between the blood cholesterol and the nervous system, probably by way of the sympathetic and endocrine gland systems.
Crime and Insanity in India
Authors: Parasuram G. R.
Published: August 2008

Medical men are often called upon to give evidence as to the mental condition of an individual, charged with crime, at the time of committing the crime. They are also expected to give an opinion as to whether by reason of insanity the accused was incapable of knowing the nature and consequences of his act, or did not know that what he was doing was either wrong or contrary to law. The question is frequently one of life and death for the accused, and therefore it is very necessary that medical men should understand the inner working of a criminal's mind before they venture an opinion regarding his mental condition. In India we have hitherto depended for our guidance on books written by learned authors who base their conclusions on conditions prevailing in their own countries, and cannot be expected to know the conditions of Indian life. I feel the time has come when we should begin to collect first-hand information regarding our criminals from our own observations. I am afraid very little work has been done in this field in India, and it is time that we compare our results with those obtained in the West. It is with this object that I venture to submit this paper, so that it may stimulate others in India also to work on these lines.
Insanity and its Relation to the Parturient State
Authors: Solomons Bethel
Published: August 2008

In acquiescing to Dr. Leeper's request that I should produce something for this Meeting, I thought that the best subject would be the relation of insanity to the parturient state. It is interesting to find that the description of the symptomatology of this disease only dates from 1875, when Fürstner (1) first described it.