bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test–retest reliability of skeletal muscle oxygenation measurements during submaximal cycling exercise in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Niemeijer Victor M. , Spee Ruud F. , Jansen Jasper P. , Buskermolen Antonetta B. C. , van Dijk Thomas , Wijn Pieter F. F. , Kemps Hareld M. C.
Published: July 2015

The potential purpose of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a clinical application in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is the identification of limitations in O2 delivery or utilization during exercise. The objective of this study was to evaluate absolute and relative test–retest reliability of skeletal muscle oxygenation measurements in patients with CHF. Thirty patients with systolic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction 31 ± 8%) performed 6‐min constant‐load cycling tests at 80% of the anaerobic threshold (AT) with tissue saturation index (TSI) measurement at the vastus lateralis. Tests were repeated after 10 ± 5 days to evaluate reliability. Absolute reliability was assessed with limits of agreement (LoA, expressed as bias ± random error) and coefficients of variation (CV) for absolute values (LoA range: 0·4 ± 6·2% to 0·6 ± 7·9%; CV range: 4·7–7·1%), amplitudes (LoA range −0·5 ± 5·8% to −0·7 ± 6·8%; CV range: 26·2–42·1%), onset and recovery kinetics (mean response times; LoA 0·4 ± 9·5 s, CV 23·5% and LoA −5·8 ± 50·8 s, CV 67·4% respectively) and overshoot characteristics (CV range 45·7–208·6%). Relative reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients for absolute values (range 0·74–0·90), amplitudes (range 0·85–0·92), onset and recovery kinetics (0·53 and 0·51, respectively) and overshoot characteristics (range 0·17–0·74). In conclusion, absolute reliability of absolute values and onset kinetics seems acceptable for serial within‐subject comparison, and as such, for evaluation of treatment effects. Absolute reliability of amplitudes and recovery kinetics is considered unsatisfactory. Relative reliability of absolute values and amplitudes is sufficient for purposes of physiological distinction between patients with CHF. Despite lower relative reliability, kinetics may still be useful for clinical application.
Treating fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C with sofosbuvir and ribavirin: a matched analysis
Authors: Saab Sammy , Jimenez Melissa , Bau Sherona , Goo Tyralee , Zhao Difan , Durazo Francisco , Han Steven , El Kabany Mohammed , Kaldas Fady , Tong Myron J. , Busuttil Ronald W.
Published: July 2015

Background

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication of recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) in liver transplant recipients.

Methods

We matched the treatment outcomes of 10 liver transplant recipients who developed FCH with those of 10 recipients with recurrent HCV without FCH treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin.

Results

Baseline mean alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin were 186 U/L, 197 U/L, 243 U/L, and 6.7 mg/dL, respectively, in the FCH recipients and 82 U/L, 60 U/L, 110 U/L, and 0.99 mg/dL, respectively, in non‐FCH recipients. The sustained viral response in FCH and non‐FCH recipients was 40% and 80%, respectively. One‐yr patient and graft survival rates were 90% and 80%, respectively, in FCH recipients, and 100% in non‐FCH recipients. Seven FCH and six non‐FCH recipients were treated for anemia with blood transfusion and/or erythropoietin growth factors.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the use of sofosbuvir and ribavirin is effective and tolerable in liver transplant recipients treated for recurrent FCH. There is a trend of lower sustained viral response, patient survival, and graft survival in the FCH recipients.
Advantages of dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion over simple cold storage in the preservation of liver from porcine donors after cardiac death
Authors: Li Peng , Liu Yong‐Feng , Yang Lei
Published: July 2015

Aims

We have compared hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) with simple cold storage (SCS) in liver preservation with a porcine model of donor after cardiac death (DCD).

Methods

A DCD model was developed in 10 hybrid pigs by apnea. Livers were harvested after 30 min of warm ischemia (WI) and randomly preserved using HOPE (HOPE group, five pigs, dual perfusion via portal vein and hepatic artery) or SCS (SCS group, five pigs) methods. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid were measured by microdialysis analyzer.

Results

Histological morphology of liver tissue was significantly affected by 30 min of WI. HOPE significantly delayed histological morphology change and cell apoptosis. Release of ALT and AST was significantly higher in SCS group compared to HOPE group (p < 0.05) during 12–18 h of preservation. Levels of glucose, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid in HOPE group were significantly closer to baseline than that in SCS group after 18 h of preservation (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

HOPE is supported for the preservation of liver from DCD due to significant improvement in the prevention of hepatocellular damage and protection of liver function and metabolic activity compared with SCS.
Biotic responses of canids to the terminal Pleistocene megafauna extinction
Authors: Pardi Melissa I. , Smith Felisa A.
Published: July 2015

Trophic downgrading is a major concern for conservation scientists. The largest consumers in many ecosystems have become either rare or extirpated, leading to worry over the loss of their ecosystem function. However, trophic downgrading is not a uniquely modern phenomenon. The extinction of 34 genera of megafauna from North America ∼13 000 yr ago must have led to widespread changes in terrestrial ecosystem function. Studies that have examined the event address impacts on vegetative structure, small mammal communities, nutrient cycling, and fire regimes. Relatively little attention has been paid to community changes at the top of the food chain. Here, we examine the response of carnivores in North America to the Pleistocene extinction. We employ fossil data to model the climatic niche of endemic canids, including the extinct dire wolf Canis dirus, over the last 20 000 yr. Quantifying the abiotic niche allows us to account for expected changes due to climate fluctuations over the Late Quaternary; deviations from expected responses likely reveal influences of competition and/or resource availability. We quantify the degree of niche conservatism and interspecific overlap to assess species and community responses among canids. We also include in our analyses a novel introduced predator, the domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris, which accompanied humans into the New World. We find that endemic canid species display low fidelity to their climatic niche through time, We find that survivors increasingly partition their climatic niche throughout the Holocene and, surprisingly, do not expand into niche space presumably vacated by the extinction of very large carnivores. These results suggest that loss of megaherbivores and competition with humans likely outweighed advantages conferred from the loss of very large predators. We also find that wolves and dogs decrease their niche overlap throughout the Holocene, suggesting a distinctive relationship between dogs and man.
Implementation process of all periodontal competences and assessments as proposed in the 2010 European consensus meeting into the existing local undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Schoonheim‐Klein M. , Ong T. S. , Loos B. G.
Published: July 2015

Aim

To report on our implementation process within the existing local curriculum of all periodontal competences and assessments as proposed in the 2010 European consensus meeting.

Material and method

In 2011, a workshop for all teaching staff at the Department of Periodontology, ACTA, an education and assessment blueprint, was developed to test for missing education and assessment of European competences, divided into seven domains. This was repeated in 2013. An oral evaluation of the staff followed both meetings.

Results

It appeared that eight of 58 (14%) European competences were not taught, and 21 (35%) competences were not assessed. After evaluation of the results on the actual curriculum and the assessment programme, shared decisions were made about how to teach and assess the missing competences within the local periodontal educational programme. The second workshop in 2013 revealed still 8 (14%) competences were not taught and 8 (14%) competences were not assessed. Staff appreciated the used method of validation; it gave insight and an overview of the curriculum. The existence of the European consensus report for undergraduate periodontal education, based on seven domains, has been instrumental and essential.

Conclusion

The development of a blueprint from the education programme and concomitant assessment methods in periodontology by participating teaching staff gives a validation and appreciation of the curriculum and will improve the quality of education and assessment. It is advised that for quality control of the curriculum, dental schools could do this exercise for all their specialties if European consensus reports exist.
A new genus of Cyrtoscydmini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) from Japan
Authors: Jałoszyński Paweł
Published: July 2015

Rutaraphes shikokuensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from Shikoku, Japan. The new taxon belongs to a group of genera characterized by the lateral sutures demarcating the submentum and is most similar to Neuraphes and Scydmoraphes. Morphological structures of Rutaraphes are illustrated and possible affinities with other genera of Cyrtoscydmini are discussed. Keys to identification of Palearctic and Japanese genera of Cyrtoscydmini are given. Including Rutaraphes, 14 genera of Scydmaeninae are currently known to occur in Japan.
De novo KCNT1 mutations in early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Ohba Chihiro , Kato Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Nobuya , Osaka Hitoshi , Shiihara Takashi , Tohyama Jun , Nabatame Shin , Azuma Junji , Fujii Yuji , Hara Munetsugu , Tsurusawa Reimi , Inoue Takahito , Ogata Reina , Watanabe Yoriko , Togashi Noriko , Kodera Hirofumi , Nakashima Mitsuko , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Miyake Noriko , Tanaka Fumiaki , Saitsu Hirotomo , Matsumoto Naomichi
Published: July 2015

KCNT1 mutations have been found in epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS; also known as migrating partial seizures in infancy), autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and other types of early onset epileptic encephalopathies (EOEEs). We performed KCNT1‐targeted next‐generation sequencing (207 samples) and/or whole‐exome sequencing (229 samples) in a total of 362 patients with Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, EIMFS, or unclassified EOEEs. We identified nine heterozygous KCNT1 mutations in 11 patients: nine of 18 EIMFS cases (50%) in whom migrating foci were observed, one of 180 West syndrome cases (0.56%), and one of 66 unclassified EOEE cases (1.52%). KCNT1 mutations occurred de novo in 10 patients, and one was transmitted from the patient's mother who carried a somatic mosaic mutation. The mutations accumulated in transmembrane segment 5 (2/9, 22.2%) and regulators of K+ conductance domains (7/9, 77.8%). Five of nine mutations were recurrent. Onset ages ranged from the neonatal period (<1 month) in five patients (5/11, 45.5%) to 1–4 months in six patients (6/11, 54.5%). A generalized attenuation of background activity on electroencephalography was seen in six patients (6/11, 54.5%). Our study demonstrates that the phenotypic spectrum of de novo KCNT1 mutations is largely restricted to EIMFS.
Do ‘Good Governance’ Codes Enhance Financial Accountability? Evidence from Managerial Pay in Dutch Charities
Authors: Perego Paolo , Verbeeten Frank
Published: July 2015

This paper examines the initial impact of a ‘good governance’ code for charitable organisations that was promulgated in the Netherlands in 2005. Data are gathered from publicly available annual reports of 138 charities in the post‐implementation phase of the code (2005–2008). We first examine whether the code altered charities’ governance structures. Next, we investigate managerial pay as a key aspect of discharging financial accountability because prior literature focused on ‘excessive’ compensation. The findings indicate that a strengthened governance structure positively affects the likelihood of disclosing information concerning managerial pay, as well as mitigating managerial pay level.
Accountability and Transparency in English Local Government: Moving from ‘Matching Parts’ to ‘Awkward Couple’?
Authors: Ferry Laurence , Eckersley Peter , Zakaria Zamzulaila
Published: July 2015

Although excessive transparency and accountability demands can have a counterproductive effect on organisational performance (Bovens, 2005), longstanding hierarchical accountability structures to ensure financial conformance in English local government continue to endure. Interestingly however, the previously top‐down regime for performance accountability in English local government has been replaced by bottom‐up mechanisms such as greater transparency and a more open market for public services. Using the framework developed by Hood (2010), this paper will show how such reforms mean that transparency and accountability are moving from being ‘matching parts’ to an ‘awkward couple’, and how this has significant implications for public services.
Preventive effects of astaxanthin on diethylnitrosamine‐induced liver tumorigenesis in C57/BL/KsJ‐db/db obese mice
Authors: Ohno Tomohiko , Shimizu Masahito , Shirakami Yohei , Miyazaki Tsuneyuki , Ideta Takayasu , Kochi Takahiro , Kubota Masaya , Sakai Hiroyasu , Tanaka Takuji , Moriwaki Hisataka
Published: July 2015

Aim

Obesity and its related metabolic abnormalities, including oxidative stress and adipokine imbalance, are involved in liver carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of astaxanthin, a powerful biological antioxidant, on the development of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced liver tumorigenesis in C57BL/KsJ‐db/db (db/db) obese mice.

Methods

Male db/db mice were given a single i.p. injection of DEN (25 mg/kg bodyweight) at 2 weeks of age, and, subsequently, from 4 weeks of age, they were fed a diet containing 200 p.p.m. astaxanthin throughout the experiment.

Results

Twenty weeks of astaxanthin administration significantly inhibited the development of hepatocellular neoplasms (liver cell adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma) and the hepatic expression of cyclin D1 mRNA compared with the basal diet group in DEN‐treated db/db mice. Astaxanthin administration in DEN‐treated experimental mice markedly reduced the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites/biological antioxidant potential ratio, which is a serum marker of oxidative stress, while increasing the mRNA expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 and glutathione peroxidase 1 in the liver and white adipose tissue. The serum levels of adiponectin increased after astaxanthin administration in these mice.

Conclusion

Dietary astaxanthin prevented the development of liver tumorigenesis in obese mice by improving oxidative stress and ameliorating serum adiponectin level. Therefore, astaxanthin may be useful in the chemoprevention of liver tumorigenesis in obese individuals.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 preserves non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease through inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum stress‐associated pathway
Authors: Ao Na , Yang Jing , Wang Xiaochen , Du Jian
Published: July 2015

Aim

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) has been increasingly recognized for treating diabetes mellitus, and for its potential to effectively treat non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms of GLP‐1 induction in NAFLD are not completely known. We investigated whether GLP‐1 can protect against NAFLD by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Methods

Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high‐fat diet and treated with a long‐acting GLP‐1 receptor agonist, liraglutide. Biochemical, morphological, genetic and protein expression of ER stress were investigated. In vitro, HepG2 cells were exposed to 0.4 mM palmitate fatty acid and treated with different concentrations of GLP‐1, and ER protein 46 (ERp46) and ER stress pathways were analyzed. Cellular response to ER stress and apoptosis were determined upon transfection with either ERp46 siRNA or a negative control siRNA.

Results

In vivo, the treatment of GLP‐1 attenuated the hepatic accumulation of lipids, reduced inflammation and improved metabolic parameters. GLP‐1 treatment significantly upregulated the expression of ERp46 and downregulated the ER stress marker. Activation of ER pathways was restrained by GLP‐1. Similar observations were made in vitro. Furthermore, inhibition of ERp46 expression by siRNA‐mediated silencing increased the ER stress response and enhanced cell apoptosis rates. In addition, GLP‐1 could not reduce the levels of ER stress and apoptosis in cells transfected with ERp46 siRNA compared with in negative control transfected cells after palmitate treatment.

Conclusion

GLP‐1 protected against NAFLD by inactivating the ER stress‐associated apoptosis pathway. In addition, the effect was possibly related to the signaling pathway of ERp46.
Evaluation of serum zinc level in patients with newly diagnosed and resistant alopecia areata
Authors: Abdel Fattah Nermeen S. A. , Atef Mona M. , Al‐Qaradaghi Suzan M. Q.
Published: July 2015

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a non‐scarring, autoimmune, inflammatory hair loss disease. Zinc is a trace element involved in important functional activities of hair follicles.

Purpose

To evaluate serum zinc levels in patients with newly diagnosed and resistant lesions of AA in comparison to age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls.

Methods

The present study included 100 subjects: 50 patients with AA divided into two equally distributed subgroups (25 patients with recent onset AA [subgroup 1] and 25 patients with resistant AA [subgroup 2]) and 50 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Serum zinc levels were assessed in all subjects. Comparison of mean serum zinc levels was done between all patients and controls, between patients' subgroups as well as between patient's subgroup and controls. Correlations between serum zinc level and extent of AA and its duration were also done in all patients and each patient's subgroup.

Results

A significantly lower serum zinc level was found in patients with AA compared with controls and was significantly lower in patients with resistant AA compared to patients with newly diagnosed AA. Significant inverse correlations existed between serum zinc level, severity of AA, and disease duration in all patients as well as in patients with resistant AA.

Conclusion

Lower serum zinc level existed in patients with AA and correlated inversely with disease duration, severity of AA, and its resistance to therapies. Therefore, assessment of serum zinc level in patients with AA appears useful as a marker of severity, disease duration, and resistance to therapies. Accordingly, zinc supplements may provide a therapeutic benefit.
Biologics in dermatology: adverse effects
Authors: Sehgal Virendra N. , Pandhi Deepika , Khurana Ananta
Published: July 2015

Biologics are a group of drugs that precisely affect certain specific steps in the immune response and are an extremely useful group when used in an appropriate setting. However, their use can often be a double‐edged sword. Careful patient selection and thorough knowledge of adverse effects is a key to their successful use in various disorders. The initial enthusiasm has gradually given way to a more cautious approach wherein a balance is sought between clinical usefulness and expected side effects. The adverse effects of the biologics most commonly used in dermatology have been carefully listed for ready reference. The plausible causes of the adverse reactions are succinctly outlined along with their incriminating factor(s). Besides, in brief, the attention has been focused on their management. The content should provide an essential didactic content for educating the practitioner.
Skin disorders in elderly subjects
Authors: Reszke Radomir , Pełka Dorota , Walasek Angela , Machaj Zbigniew , Reich Adam
Published: July 2015

Background

Skin problems in the elderly population have rarely been the subject of scientific research.

Objectives

The present study aimed to determine the prevalences of the most common dermatological conditions in elderly subjects and to investigate their associations with systemic diseases.

Methods

The study involved a group of 198 consecutive patients aged ≥65 years who were admitted to the Departments of Dermatology and Geriatrics at the study institution. All participants were thoroughly evaluated in a clinical interview and physical examination in which special emphasis was placed on dermatological issues.

Results

All subjects presented at least one dermatological condition. A significant correlation was found between the number of systemic diseases and the number of different skin lesions observed. The most common skin disorders included solar lentigines, senile angiomas, xerosis, seborrheic warts, varicose veins, edema of the lower legs, and pruritus. Patients aged ≥75 years demonstrated solar lentigines, edema of the lower legs, clavi, solar keratoses, and onychomycosis significantly more often, whereas patients aged <75 years suffered more frequently from psoriasis. Diabetes was associated with the development of onychomycosis; hypercholesterolemia promoted the incidence of xanthomas and drug‐induced skin reactions; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with senile purpura; and hypothyroidism favored the occurrence of varicose veins in the lower legs and telogen effluvium.

Conclusions

Skin disorders are common in elderly people. Systemic diseases promote the development of dermatological conditions. A comprehensive approach to health problems in elderly subjects requires knowledge of dermatology.
Clinical and serological efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in oral lichen planus: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Vohra Suruchi , Singal Archana , Sharma Suman Bala
Published: July 2015

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T‐cell‐mediated disease characterized by immune‐mediated basal cell degeneration releasing interleukins (ILs) such as IL‐6 and IL‐8 into the circulation. Their serum levels reportedly reflect disease activity. Although many therapeutic options are available, none are curative. We compared the efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and pimecrolimus 1% cream in OLP and correlated with serum IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels before and after treatment. Forty patients with symptomatic OLP were randomized into two groups, to receive either topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment or pimecrolimus 1% cream (twice daily for 8 weeks). Patients were assessed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. At each visit, objective improvement in the net clinical score (NCS), drug tolerability, and side effects were evaluated. Serum IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels were measured at baseline and at eight weeks. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. The mean NCS declined from 10.9 ± 4.5 and 9.9 ± 4.6 at baseline to 5.4 ± 3.5 and 5.3 ± 4.2 at 12 weeks for tacrolimus and pimecrolimus group, respectively. At each visit, in both groups, the decline in mean NCS from baseline was statistically significant (P < 0.05) and so was the decline in mean serum IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels pre‐ and post‐treatment. Pimecrolimus 1% cream seems to be as effective as tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. Serum IL‐6 and IL‐8 may act as markers of disease activity. However, future efforts are needed to objectify the use of serum interleukin levels in the disease severity index.
The diagnostic value of ultrasonography with 5–15‐MHz probes in benign subcutaneous lesions
Authors: Hwang Eun Jung , Yoon Hyun‐Sun , Cho Soyun , Park Hyun Sun
Published: July 2015

Background

Ultrasonography (US) has recently proved to be useful in diagnostic dermatology. It is convenient to use, completely safe, and provides valuable information.

Objective

This study was performed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of US with that of clinical diagnosis in patients with benign subcutaneous lesions.

Methods

We retrospectively examined data for 100 patients with benign subcutaneous lesions who were diagnosed with US and either biopsy or surgery at Seoul National University Boramae Hospital between January 2010 and May 2013.

Results

Ultrasonography significantly increased the diagnostic yield of benign subcuta‐neous lesions (after physical examination [PE], 52.0%; after US, 82.0%; P < 0.005). Rates of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of lipoma were 61.5 and 92.0%, respectively, after PE, and 100 and 100%, respectively, after US. Rates of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of epidermal cysts were 69.4 and 78.4%, respectively, after PE, and 91.8 and 92.2%, respectively, after US. Additionally, rates of sensitivity and specificity for pilomatrixoma were 12.5 and 98.9%, respectively, after PE, and 75.0 and 100%, respectively, after US. Although the accuracy of diagnosis of vascular anomalies and nerve sheath tumors was increased after US, the difference was not significant (vascular anomalies: 40.0% after PE and 80.0% after US; nerve sheath tumors: 28.6% after PE and 42.9% after US).

Conclusions

This study suggests that US is a simple and reliable tool that can aid the diagnosis of benign subcutaneous lesions.
An open‐label, single‐arm trial of the safety and efficacy of a novel preparation of glutathione as a skin‐lightening agent in Filipino women
Authors: Handog Evangeline B. , Datuin Maria Suzanne L. , Singzon Ivan A.
Published: July 2015

Background

Glutathione (GSH) is a naturally occurring thiol that has been reported to cause skin lightening in a manner for which several mechanisms have been proposed. Highest plasma concentrations are achieved with IV administration but are accompanied by greater levels of risk. Oral administration has been less successful in elevating plasma GSH levels.

Objectives

The use of a lozenge containing GSH was investigated in order to evaluate the buccal mucosa as a route for GSH administration. Substances that are absorbed through the buccal route go directly into the systemic circulation, effectively bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

Methods

Thirty Filipino females with Fitzpatrick skin types IV or V received a glutathione‐containing lozenge daily for eight weeks.

Results

Findings showed a significant decrease in melanin indices from baseline to endpoint that became evident in as little as two weeks. There were no serious adverse events, and laboratory examination findings remained normal.

Conclusions

The authors conclude that the lozenge containing glutathione was safe and effective in lightening the skin of Filipino women.
Social support at the workplace, motivation to transfer and training transfer: a multilevel indirect effects model
Authors: Massenberg Ann‐Christine , Spurk Daniel , Kauffeld Simone
Published: July 2015

Supervisor support, peer support and transfer motivation have been identified as important predictors of training transfer. Transfer motivation is thought to mediate the support–training transfer relationship. Especially after team training interventions that include all team members (i.e. whole‐team training), individual perception of these factors might be shared among team members. However, an integration of the team level in the training transfer process is rare, yet still needed. Analyzing 194 employees from 34 teams in the context of whole‐team training interventions, we found similar relationships and processes at both levels of analysis: social support enhances transfer motivation at the individual and team levels. Furthermore, motivation to transfer increases training transfer and serves as a connecting mechanism in the social support–training transfer link. The results underline the importance of: (1) considering multiple levels in theories and research about the training transfer process; and (2) ensuring the practice of individual‐directed support and a shared, supportive climate within teams.
Delivering training strategies: the balanced scorecard at work
Authors: Baraldi Stefano , Cifalinò Antonella
Published: July 2015

Aligning the value of training to organizational goals is an emerging need in human resource management. This study, aiming at expanding the research on training evaluation from a strategic management perspective, examines whether the use of the Balanced Scorecard approach can enable an effective delivery of training strategies, thus strengthening the link between training and organizational goals. The research was based on action research methodology. Researchers worked for about 12 months with three healthcare organizations. The research findings indicate that the balanced scorecard: (1) allows visualization of a clearly focused and internally consistent map of cause‐and‐effect relationships, turning the functional training efforts into strategic results; (2) effectively supports the training function both in managing training processes and in delivering targeted organizational outcomes; (3) offers a specific set of critical measures for evaluating the training function's performance; and (4) permits the fostering of a sound alignment between training programme objectives and functional goals. Various theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Human resource development to facilitate experiential learning: the case of Yahoo Japan
Authors: Matsuo Makoto
Published: July 2015

Although work experiences are recognized as important mechanisms for developing leaders in organizations, existing research has focused primarily on work assignments rather than on human resource development (HRD) systems that promote experiential learning of managers. The primary goal of this study was to develop an HRD model for facilitating experiential learning by examining the case of Yahoo Japan, which has transformed its HRD system based on experiential learning theory. The results indicate that Yahoo Japan has promoted experiential learning at the individual level by introducing new HRD systems consisting of four elements: reflection support (one‐on‐one meeting and coaching training), assignment support (HRD meeting and job rotation), assessment support (360‐degree appraisal and one‐on‐one meeting assessment) and visionary support (a vision and values). Although these elements are closely associated with each other, reflection support plays a key role in the HRD system. The proposed model is discussed from theoretical and practical viewpoints.
International business mentoring for development: the importance of local context and culture
Authors: Purcell Gisela , Scheyvens Regina
Published: July 2015

This research investigates the value of donor‐funded, cross‐cultural business mentoring in a development context. Following a review of the existing literature on cross‐cultural mentoring, it examines the effectiveness of the Pacific Business Mentoring Programme in Samoa through interviews with 23 entrepreneurs and a survey of the New Zealand mentors. Research findings show that mentoring can provide both business and socio‐cultural development outcomes. However, the majority of entrepreneurs believe that their mentor did not have a good understanding of the local cultural context. Some cultural practices appear to be detrimental to running a business, but they add to the resilience of local people and should therefore not be undermined. This research indicates that donor‐funded business mentoring can be an effective tool for development assistance if mentors are sensitive to the local cultural context.
Dorsal versus ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty for long‐segment bulbar urethral stricture: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Vasudeva Pawan , Nanda Biswajit , Kumar Anup , Kumar Niraj , Singh Harbinder , Kumar Rohit
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To compare safety and efficacy of ventral versus dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty in patients with long‐segment incomplete bulbar urethral stricture.

Methods

This was a single center, prospective, randomized trial. Patients with long‐segment (>2 cm) incomplete bulbar urethral stricture and meeting eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study. They were randomized into two study groups: group A undergoing dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty and group B undergoing ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty. The two groups were compared statistically with regard to International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum flow rate, intraoperative parameters and complications.

Results

A total of 80 eligible patients were randomized into two equal groups of 40 patients each. The preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum flow rate and intraoperative parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. At 12‐month follow up, the mean International Prostate Symptom Score showed 324.95% and 353.59% improvement, whereas the mean maximum flow rate showed 208.43% and 201.93% improvement in group A and B, respectively. There was no significant difference between International Prostate Symptom Score and maximum flow rate data between the two groups at 3‐ and 12‐month follow up. The success rate of surgery was similar between group A and B (92.5% vs 90%) with no significant difference noted between them.

Conclusion

Dorsal and ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty have comparable efficacy and complication rates for treatment of long‐segment incomplete bulbar urethral strictures.
Challenges, benefits, and factors to enhance recruitment and inclusion of children in pediatric dental research
Authors: Weintraub Jane A. , Breland Carol E.
Published: July 2015

Background

Historically, children have been excluded from clinical research. Many drugs and procedures have not been tested on children. The International Conference on Harmonization and the Food and Drug Administration guidance now stress that children should be included in research unless there is a reason for exclusion. Compared to adults, recruitment of children at different life stages requires different considerations.

Objective

To review published studies and gray literature to identify pediatric recruitment strategies and develop recommendations.

Results

There is limited clinical research literature available to recommend recruitment strategies and methods for pediatric trials. Formal guidelines for reporting recruitment activities in publications are scant. Recommendations are made based on current practices regarding protocol design, obtaining consent and engaging child, parent and caregiver in research.

Conclusions

A scientific approach is needed to determine the best design for recruitment of pediatric clinical studies. Investigators should report and publish recruitment and retention strategies that facilitate this important aspect of the research process to increase transparency, efficiency, and identification of the most effective methods for dental researchers.
An investigation of accessory canals in primary molars – an analytical study
Authors: Sharma Urvashi , Gulati Anubha , Gill Namrata
Published: July 2015

Aim

To evaluate the number, anatomical morphology and patency of accessory canals in the furcation of carious primary molar teeth and to ascertain whether these anatomic variations contribute to endodontic infection.

Design

The accessory canals were observed under radiovisiography or RVG (Phase 1), scanning electron microscopy or SEM (Phase 2) and light microscopy (Phase 3).

Results

The prevalence of accessory canals was 34.3% with a mean ± SD of 0.73 ± 0.980 in Phase 1, 73.3% with a mean ± SD of 3.07 ± 3.151 in Phase 2 and 64.3% with a mean ± SD of 1.68 ± 2.405 in Phase 3. The results observed were Phase 1 vs Phase 2<0.001 (highly significant), Phase 1 vs Phase 3 0.110 (ns) and Phase 2 vs Phase 3<0.001 (highly significant) employing Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. The canals were predominantly oval in shape and ranged from 1 μ to 225 μ in diameter. Only 7% canals were observed to be patent.

Conclusions

Accessory canals may not be the primary cause of transmission of infection in the inter‐radicular area of primary molars. Other factors enhancing permeability of the pulpal floor may be of more significance and need evaluation on a larger scale.
Children and parents' experiences of cognitive behavioral therapy for dental anxiety – a qualitative study
Authors: Shahnavaz Shervin , Rutley Sara , Larsson Karin , Dahllöf Göran
Published: July 2015

Background

There is a high prevalence of dental anxiety in children and adolescents. Cognitive behavioral therapy is emerging as a treatment option.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to explore how children with dental anxiety and their parents experience cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in dentistry.

Design

We interviewed 12 children and one of their parents and conducted a thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews.

Results

Perspective shift emerged as overarching theme in our thematic analysis. This theme consisted of three main themes, which were mastery, safety, and reduced fear. Six subthemes were also identified according to our analyses. Mastery includes two subthemes, gradual exposure and autonomy and control. Subthemes and sources for safety feeling were therapeutic alliance and changed appraisal. The theme reduced fear also consisted of two subthemes; reduced anticipatory anxiety and coping.

Conclusions

The results show that parents and children had positive experiences of CBT and its outcome and were able to benefit from this psychological treatment when dealing with dental anxiety.
Impact of oral health problems on the quality of life of preschool children: a case–control study
Authors: Firmino Ramon Targino , Gomes Monalisa Cesarino , Clementino Marayza Alves , Martins Carolina Castro , Paiva Saul Martins , Granville‐Garcia Ana Flávia
Published: July 2015

Background

There is a need for investigations into the impact of oral problems on OHRQoL with study designs that offer greater strength of evidence.

Aim

To evaluate the impact of dental caries and traumatic dental injury (TDI) on the OHRQoL of Brazilian preschool children.

Design

A population‐based, matched, case–control study was conducted involving 415 children aged 3–5 years enrolled at public and private preschools. The case group (impact on OHRQoL) and control group (no impact on OHRQoL) were matched for age, sex, and monthly household income at a 1 : 4 ratio (83 cases and 332 controls). Impact on OHRQoL was assessed using the B‐ECOHIS. Dental caries and TDI were determined through clinical oral examinations. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and conditional logistic regression analysis (P ≤ 0.05; 95% CI).

Results

The most frequent responses on the B‐ECOHIS were ‘felt pain’ (79.7%) and ‘difficulty in eating’ (35.0%). The following variables were significantly associated with impact on OHRQoL: caries severity (OR = 12.58; 95% CI: 5.31–29.79) and TDI (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.23–3.62).

Conclusions

Caries severity and TDI impacted the OHRQoL of preschool children.
Analysis of traction‐free assumption in high‐resolution EBSD measurements
Authors: HARDIN T.J. , RUGGLES T.J. , KOCH D.P. , NIEZGODA S.R. , FULLWOOD D.T. , HOMER E.R.
Published: July 2015

The effects of using a traction‐free (plane‐stress) assumption to obtain the full distortion tensor from high‐resolution EBSD measurements are analyzed. Equations are derived which bound the traction‐free error arising from angular misorientation of the sample surface; the error in recovered distortion is shown to be quadratic with respect to that misorientation, and the maximum ‘safe’ angular misorientation is shown to be 2.7 degrees. The effects of localized stress fields on the traction‐free assumption are then examined by a numerical case study, which uses the Boussinesq formalism to model stress fields near a free surface. Except in cases where localized stress field sources occur very close to sample points, the traction‐free assumption appears to be admirably robust.
Riluzole rescues glutamate alterations, cognitive deficits, and tau pathology associated with P301L tau expression
Authors: Hunsberger Holly C. , Weitzner Daniel S. , Rudy Carolyn C. , Hickman James E. , Libell Eric M. , Speer Rebecca R. , Gerhardt Greg A. , Reed Miranda N.
Published: July 2015

Hyperexcitability of the hippocampus is a commonly observed phenomenon in the years preceding a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous work suggests a dysregulation in glutamate neurotransmission may mediate this hyperexcitability, and glutamate dysregulation correlates with cognitive deficits in the rTg(TauP301L)4510 mouse model of AD. To determine whether improving glutamate regulation would attenuate cognitive deficits and AD‐related pathology, TauP301L mice were treated with riluzole (~ 12.5 mg/kg/day p.o.), an FDA‐approved drug for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that lowers extracellular glutamate levels. Riluzole‐treated TauP301L mice exhibited improved performance in the water radial arm maze and the Morris water maze, associated with a decrease in glutamate release and an increase in glutamate uptake in the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 3 (CA3), and cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) regions of the hippocampus. Riluzole also attenuated the TauP301L‐mediated increase in hippocampal vesicular glutamate transporter 1, which packages glutamate into vesicles and influences glutamate release; and the TauP301L‐mediated decrease in hippocampal glutamate transporter 1, the major transporter responsible for removing glutamate from the extracellular space. The TauP301L‐mediated reduction in PSD‐95 expression, a marker of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus, was also rescued by riluzole. Riluzole treatment reduced total levels of tau, as well as the pathological phosphorylation and conformational changes in tau associated with the P301L mutation. These findings open new opportunities for the development of clinically applicable therapeutic approaches to regulate glutamate in vulnerable circuits for those at risk for the development of AD.

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TauP301L mice exhibit increased glutamate release and decreased glutamate clearance, leading to increased extracellular glutamate and excitotoxicity. Riluzole treatment reduced glutamate release and increased glutamate clearance. Improved glutamate regulation was associated with improvements in learning and memory, an increase in PSD95 expression, and a decrease in tau pathology in riluzole‐treated TauP301L mice.
Resveratrol prevents cadmium activation of Erk1/2 and JNK pathways from neuronal cell death via protein phosphatases 2A and 5
Authors: Liu Chunxiao , Zhang Ruijie , Sun Chenxia , Zhang Hai , Xu Chong , Liu Wen , Gao Wei , Huang Shile , Chen Long
Published: July 2015

Cadmium (Cd), a toxic environmental contaminant, induces neurodegenerative disorders. Resveratrol, a natural product, has been found to exert neuroprotective effects. However, little is known regarding the effect of resveratrol on Cd‐evoked neurotoxicity. Here, we show that resveratrol effectively reversed Cd‐elicited cell viability reduction, morphological change, nuclear fragmentation and condensation, as well as activation of caspase‐3 in neuronal cells, implying neuroprotection against Cd‐poisoning by resveratrol. Further research revealed that both c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (Erk1/2) were involved in the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on Cd‐induced cell death, as selective inhibitors of Erk1/2 (U0126) and JNK (SP600125), or over‐expression of dominant negative mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MKK1) or dominant negative c‐Jun potentiated resveratrol's prevention of Cd‐induced phosphorylation of JNK and Erk1/2, as well as cell death in neuronal cells. Interestingly, resveratrol potently rescued the cells from Cd‐induced suppression of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) and 5 (PP5) activity. Over‐expression of PP2A or PP5 strengthened the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on Cd‐induced activation of Erk1/2 and/or JNK, as well as cell death. The results indicate that resveratrol prevents Cd‐induced activation of Erk1/2 and JNK pathways and neuronal cell death in part via activating PP2A and PP5. Our findings strongly support the notion that resveratrol may serve as a potential therapeutic agent in the prevention of Cd‐induced neurodegenerative diseases.

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Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol compound, has been found to exert neuroprotective effects. This study uncovers that resveratrol prevents cadmium (Cd)‐induced activation of Erk1/2 and JNK pathways and neuronal cell death via activating PP2A and PP5. The findings propose that resveratrol may serve as a potential therapeutic agent in the prevention of Cd‐induced neurodegenerative diseases.
Deficits in behavioral sensitization and dopaminergic responses to methamphetamine in adenylyl cyclase 1/8‐deficient mice
Authors: Bosse Kelly E. , Charlton Jennifer L. , Susick Laura L. , Newman Brooke , Eagle Andrew L. , Mathews Tiffany A. , Perrine Shane A. , Conti Alana C.
Published: July 2015

The cAMP/protein kinase A pathway regulates methamphetamine (METH)‐induced neuroplasticity underlying behavioral sensitization. We hypothesize that adenylyl cyclases (AC) 1/8 mediate these neuroplastic events and associated striatal dopamine regulation. Locomotor responses to METH (1 and 5 mg/kg) and striatal dopamine function were evaluated in mice lacking AC 1/8 (DKO) and wild‐type (WT) mice. Only 5 mg/kg METH induced an acute locomotor response in DKO mice, which was significantly attenuated versus WT controls. DKO mice showed a marked attenuation in the development and expression of METH‐induced behavioral sensitization across doses relative to WT controls. While basal and acute METH (5 mg/kg)‐evoked accumbal dialysate dopamine levels were similar between genotypes, saline‐treated DKO mice showed elevated tissue content of dopamine and homovanillic acid in the dorsal striatum (DS), reflecting dysregulated dopamine homeostasis and/or metabolism. Significant reductions in DS dopamine levels were observed in METH‐sensitized DKO mice compared to saline‐treated controls, an effect not observed in WT mice. Notably, saline‐treated DKO mice had significantly increased phosphorylated Dopamine‐ and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein levels, which were not further augmented following METH sensitization, as observed in WT mice. These data indicate that AC 1/8 are critical to mechanisms subserving drug‐induced behavioral sensitization and mediate nigrostriatal pathway METH sensitivity.

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Calcium/calmodulin‐stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms 1 and 8 were studied for their involvement in the adaptive neurobehavioral responses to methamphetamine. AC 1/8 double knockout (DKO) mice showed heightened basal locomotor activity and dorsal striatal dopamine responsivity. Conversely, methamphetamine‐induced locomotor activity was attenuated in DKO mice, accompanied by reductions in dopamine and HVA content and impaired DARPP‐32 activation. These findings indicate AC 1/8 signaling regulates the sensitivity of the nigrostriatal pathway subserving stimulant and neuroadaptive sensitizing effects of methamphetamine. 3‐MT, 3‐methoxytyramine; Ca2+, calcium; CaM, calmodulin; cdk5; cyclin‐dependent kinase 5; DA, dopamine; DARPP‐32, dopamine‐ and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein; D1R, dopamine D1 receptor; HVA, homovanillic acid; PKA, protein kinase A.