bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility to Methylpentynol: Eyelid Conditioning and P.G.R. Response
Authors: Bartholomew Allen A. , Franks Cyril M. , Marley Edward
Published: August 2008

Eysenck (1957a) has recently cogitated the relation between personality and drug response. He quotes McDougall (1929) as stating “I have observed in a number of cases that the marked extraverted personality is very susceptible to the influence of alcohol. The introvert, on the other hand, is much more resistant to alcohol“. This is a remark capable of confirmation, for Eysenck (1953) has described at least two personality dimensions, each a continuum and each orthogonal to the other. These two dimensions were termed “Neuroticism-Normality” and “Extraversion-Introversion”. A number of tests have been elaborated by Eysenck (1955, 1956, 1957b) for measuring such personality quantities.
Distance Constancy in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Weckowicz T. E. , Sommer R. , Hall R.
Published: August 2008

Recent research has shown that constancy of perception breaks down in schizophrenics. Size constancy in these patients has been investigated by Raush (13, 14), Weckowicz (16), and Crookes (2). Raush found that paranoid schizophrenics had increased size constancy compared with normals and other schizophrenics. He predicted that in other types of schizophrenia size constancy might be poorer than in normals. However the difference he found was not statistically significant. Weckowicz found that chronic hospitalized schizophrenics had poorer size constancy than other hospitalized patients and normals. These two investigators determined size constancy by instructing the subjects to adjust the size of an object (a rod or a square) to the size of a standard object at a distance. Crookes used a direct method. His subjects were instructed to reproduce the size of the image of the standard object seen at a distance and not the size of the object itself. He came to the same conclusion as Weckowicz that size constancy in schizophrenic patients was impaired.
The use of Prochlorperazine (Stemetil) in Chronic Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Denham John
Published: August 2008

Prochlorperazine, 1-[3-(3-chloro-10-phenothiazinyl)propyl]-4-methyl-piperazine dimaleate, a phenothiazine derivative related to chlorpromazine, was discovered in the Rhône Poulenc laboratories, and studied pharmacologically in 1956, by Ducrot and Koetschet, for its anti-emetic properties. Clinical trials, following this experimental evidence, suggested that, as well as possessing powerful anti-emetic properties, the drug was of considerable therapeutic value in migraine, Ménière's syndrome, and vertigo of other origins.
Persistent Psychiatric Disorders After Head Injuries in Children
Authors: Harrington J. A. , Letemendia F. J. J.
Published: August 2008

Head injuries in children have been studied less extensively than those in adults, in particular, their psychiatric aspects. Ssouchareva and Einhorn (1935), Blau (1936), Riggenbach (1946), Fabian and Bender (1947), Lutz (1951) and others have given special attention to such aspects. However, there are still marked discrepancies in the assessment of the various aetiological factors and their prognostic importance in determining prolonged psychiatric sequelae.
Alleviation of the Psychological Effects of LSD in Man by 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Authors: Brengelmann J. C. , Pare C. M. B. , Sandler M.
Published: August 2008

In the investigation described, the hypothesis was tested that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) acts to reduce the psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The method was to inject 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) prior to LSD and to compare the results of psychological tests performed after these injections. Placebo controls were used.
A Follow-Up Study of Criminal Psychopaths
Authors: Gibbens T. C. N. , Pond D. A. , Stafford-Clark D.
Published: August 2008

One of the most important questions in dealing with psychopaths is the prognosis. In 1948 two of us made a study (Stafford-Clark, Pond, Lovett-Doust, 1951) of a number of criminal psychopaths and a control group of ordinary criminals in prison by clinical and EEG methods, with the object of revealing the characteristics which most significantly distinguished psychopaths from others, and which were, therefore, most crucial in diagnosis. The psychopaths were carefully chosen in collaboration with two experienced prison medical officers. The later criminal behaviour of these psychopaths and controls is equally interesting, however, if we are to understand what the diagnosis implies (Gibbens, 1951). The third author (T.C.N.G.) has therefore been conducting a continuous follow-up, with the collaboration of the Prison Commission and Criminal Records Office. The results of the first follow-up, from 1948–1953, have been published (Gibbens, Pond and Stafford-Clark, 1955), and were reproduced in the transactions of the Royal Commission on the Law relating to Mental Illness (1957). The present paper deals with a further period of study, so that the follow-up is now from 1948-June, 1957.
A Note on the Concept of Dementia Paralytica at the Time of Robert Schumann's Death in 1856
Authors: Meyer A.
Published: August 2008

In a recent paper Slater and Meyer (in press) have pointed out that the nature of Robert Schumann's final psychiatric illness has never been satisfactorily explained. Moebius (1906) diagnosed it as dementia praecox, while Gruhle (1906) favoured an organic disease of the brain, probably paretic dementia. Subsequent opinion has been evenly divided between these two diagnoses but recent writers have inclined more to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Slater and Meyer, however, on critically re-examining the available evidence, have definitely come down on the side of Gruhle.
Narcolepsy and Hypoglycaemia
Authors: Smith Colin M. , Schneider R. A.
Published: August 2008

For some years now it has been recognized that the symptoms induced by hypoglycaemia may resemble narcolepsy. Cases of islet-celled pancreatic adenomas simulating narcolepsy have been described by Harris (7), Delay (4) and Wyke (18). The resemblance may be a superficial one, however, and Wyke observed in his case during a “sleepy attack” that “the EEG pattern bore no resemblance to that of natural or artificial sleep”. In a more recent paper Ziegler and Presthus (19) described thirteen patients who showed normal EEGs at blood glucose levels (induced by fasting and intravenous insulin) of from under 15 mg. per cent. to 54 mg. per cent. In eight of these patients there were no clinical symptoms; in the remaining five patients the symptoms were described as follows: “feel like a ton of lead”, “warm and sleepy”, “tired”, “drowsy and sweaty” and “dizzy and tired”. It seems, in fact, that the clinical description of drowsiness in hypoglycaemia may correspond either to no EEG changes or to various degrees of slowing rather than to the typical recurrent light sleep patterns characteristic of narcolepsy. It will be recalled that hypnosis too is ushered in by a sense of drowsiness but that the EEG changes are not those of sleep (1, 2, 5). Many hysterical trance states—often loosely, and unfortunately, described as narcolepsy—come into this category. In short, it is apparent that all that sleeps is not narcolepsy (6, 12, 13, 14).
Sensory Deprivation and Schizophrenia
Authors: Harris A.
Published: August 2008

Much interest has been displayed in the past few years in the effect on human subjects of reduction, or as far as possible, abolition of sensory stimulation, so that virtual isolation from the environment is produced. Recent comprehensive reviews have appeared, dealing with experimental work (Solomon et al. 1957) and conditions arising incidentally in the course of various therapeutic procedures (Grünthal 1957), and it is therefore unnecessary to deal with the topic at length here.
The Temporal Reliability of the Maudsley Personality Inventory
Authors: Bartholomew Allen A. , Marley Edward
Published: August 2008

The Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) that purports to assess the two personality dimensions, extraversion-introversion (E-I) and neuroticism-normality (N-N), has been used extensively in recent research work and a number of published papers in somewhat different spheres bear witness to the use made of the questionnaire (Eysenck, 1956a; Coppen, 1958; Franks, 1957; Bartholomew, Franks and Marley, 1958). A clear description of its construction and use has been presented by Eysenck (1956b) and a comparison between it and other personality scales, as well as some criticisms of its construction, has been set out by Jensen (1958). The particular interest this questionnaire has evoked is due in part to the fact that it is one of the few personality inventories constructed and standardized this side of the Atlantic. The importance of a reliable questionnaire of this type is noted by Eysenck (1958) in his attempt to produce a shortened version of the MPI that will be of value in such work as market research.
Reserpine and Chronic Psychosis: Two-Year Outcome in a Treatment Group
Authors: Ferguson R. S.
Published: August 2008

In the last few years a number of new pharmacological agents have been introduced into psychiatry and reserpine has been one of the most controversial of these. Reports have varied from the over-enthusiastic (Noce, Williams and Rapaport, 1954), to the cautiously optimistic (Moore, 1956) and even the frankly sceptical (Cutler, Monroe and Anderson, 1957). It would be true to say, however, that all mental hospitals use reserpine now to some extent and nearly all psychiatrists are agreed that some remarkable recoveries have occurred. However, many questions remain to be answered—What kind of case improves?—What is the nature of the improvement qualitatively?—How lasting is the effect? Time alone gives the answer to some of these questions which are constantly recurring phenomena in therapeutics.
Clinical Trial of Promazine Hydrochloride and Acetylpromazine in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Urquhart R. , Forrest A. D.
Published: August 2008

The last few years have produced an extensive literature on the chemotherapy of schizophrenia (Foote, 1955; Shepherd and Watt, 1956; Wing, 1956; Kinross-Wright, 1957). Enthusiastic reports continue to appear in the American journals (Feldman, 1957; Winkelman, 1957) whereas a more cautious note is usually struck in psychiatric papers published in this country. The value of reserpine is now generally accepted (Moore and Mankin, 1957; Elkes, 1957) but it is not without dangerous side-effects (Wardell, 1957). Chlorpromazine is now used extensively and is probably a safer drug; the danger of jaundice has not proved to be a real contra-indication to the use of the drug. However, reports of deaths during treatment with chlorpromazine have been published (Stënback, 1956).
Potentiation by Phenobarbitone of Effects of Ethyl Alcohol on Human Behaviour
Authors: Joyce C. R. B. , Edgecombe P. C. E. , Kennard D. A. , Weatherall M. , Woods D. P.
Published: August 2008

There is very little experimental evidence about the combined effects of alcohol and phenobarbitone, administered at or about the same time. Similarities in their actions suggest that the effects of the drugs are likely at least to summate in some respects (for example, in depressing the respiratory centre); and there are experimental and forensic observations which suggest that death has sometimes occurred after a dose of ethanol and phenobarbitone, neither of which would have been fatal by itself (Jetter and Maclean, 1943; Fisher, Walker and Plummer, 1948). Phenobarbitone and other barbiturates are widely prescribed (Dunlop, Henderson and Inch, 1952), usually without reference to the habitual alcohol consumption of the patient, and potentiation as well as summation has been reported to occur between some barbiturates and alcohol (Rachek, 1944; Sandberg, 1950).
Learning Theory and Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

It would probably be true to say that the present position in the psychiatric treatment of neurotic disorders is characterized by the following features. (1) With the exception of electroshock, the only method of treatment at all widely used is psychotherapy. (2) In practically all its manifestations, psychotherapy is based on Freudian theories. (3) With the exception of intelligence testing, psychological contributions consist almost entirely in the administration and interpretation of projective tests, usually along psycho-analytic lines. I have argued in the past, and quoted numerous experiments in support of these arguments, that (1) there is little evidence for the practical efficacy of psychotherapy, whether strictly Freudian or “eclectic” (8, 17); (2) that Freudian theories are outside the realm of science because of their failure to be consistent, or to generate testable deductions (10); and (3), that projective tests are so unreliable and lacking in validity that their use, except in research, cannot be defended (16). I shall not here argue these points again; the evidence on which these views are based is quite strong, and is growing in strength every year. I shall instead try to make a somewhat more constructive contribution by discussing an alternative theory of neurosis, an alternative method of treatment, and an alternative way of using the knowledge and competence of psychologists in the attempted cure of neurotic disorders. It need hardly be emphasized that the brief time at my disposal will make it inevitable that what I have to say will sound much more dogmatic than I would like it to be; I have to ask your indulgence in this respect, and request you to bear in mind all the obvious qualifying clauses which, if included in this paper, would swell it to three times its present size.
Expressive Movement and Learning: A Study of Score Complexity
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

The present report deals with two effects of movement variability as a function of practice in the drawing from memory of visually presented patterns. The first effect is found in initial practice stages only and appears to be related to the neurotic dichotomy of hysteria/dysthymia. The second effect is specific to late practice stages and related to schizophrenics as against neurotics and controls. Results are mainly discussed to illuminate the problem of score complexity in motor learning. The aim is to show how, in learning involving motor activity, the extent and variability of movement components may affect the validity of learning scores in their relation to personality.
Experimental Studies of Rhythm, Anxiety and Cerebral Vigilance
Authors: Oswald Ian
Published: August 2008

In a recent book, Sargant (1957) has discussed many examples of human beings who, after brief or prolonged mental tension, including terror, underwent a sort of reactive collapse into a state which, in its extreme form, was one of stupor. Sargant interpreted these reactions in terms of a physiology derived from Pavlov, particular emphasis being laid on “transmarginal inhibition“—a variety of the “internal inhibition”, or “hypnosis” which Pavlov identified with sleep, and which was manifested by motor inertia and unresponsiveness to stimuli. Pavlov's dogs exhibited internal inhibition in response to monotonous stimulation of any kind (including repeated electric shocks); repeated non-reinforcement, disappointment, or non-fulfilment of the dog's expectations; delay in reinforcement; and, in experienced dogs, in response to being placed in the experimental situation (or having the stimulating electrode attached to the leg in the case of those given electric shocks).
A Preliminary Experiment on Paranoid Delusions
Authors: Shapiro M. B. , Ravenette A. T.
Published: August 2008

The object of the experiment to be described in this paper, was to find out if it was possible to develop a systematic experimental investigation of paranoid delusions.
The Incidence of Mental Disease Among Refugees in Norway
Authors: Eitinger Leo
Published: August 2008

In Norway, the refugee problem has not been quantitatively significant. On the other hand, we have many examples to show that refugee work and interest for the fate of refugees has had an important position in the awareness and interest of the Norwegian people. The fact that the Nobel peace prize has twice been awarded to the High Commissioner for refugee organizations also speaks for itself. After the Russian revolution and its suppression in 1905 a small wave of emigrants came to Norway, and likewise after the 1917 revolution. Moreover we note a very limited and controlled immigration of victims of Nazi oppression from Germany and the occupied territories until World War II. After the war Norway was faced with a series of problems in connection with the refugees. In the first place it was a question of repatriation of Norwegian prisoners in Germany and refugees in Sweden, there were the forced evacuees from Finmark to be sent home, and then, last but not least, all the foreigners who had involuntarily landed in Norway during the war. Of these 140,000 were “displaced persons“. These had been brought to the country by the Germans either as civil workers or forced labourers in “Organization Todt”, “Organization Speer” or as prisoners of war, mainly Serbs (Jugoslavs), Russians and Poles. According to a list published in the annual report of the Ministry of Labour for 1947 (1948) the following figures are given:
A Children's Apperception Test—An Investigation of its Validity as a Test of Neuroticism
Authors: Walton D.
Published: August 2008

An examination of recent catalogues of tests published by the Australian Council for Educational Research, the Psychological Corporation of America and the National Foundation for Educational Research, has shown that few well-standardized and validated tests of personality are available for use with children.
The Physiognomic, Psychometric, Behavioral and Neurological Aspects of Phenylketonuria
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward
Published: August 2008

Phenylketonuria is an inborn metabolic disorder affecting the body's ability to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Its incidence in the general population has been estimated at 0.004 per cent. and its institutional frequency at approximately 0.2 to 0.9 per cent.
A Clinical Trial with a New Anticonvulsant Drug, α-(P-Aminophenyl)-α-Ethyl Glutarimide Preparation 16038 (Ciba)
Authors: Fabisch Walter
Published: August 2008

Derivatives of glutarimide are known to exert an effect upon the central nervous system. To name only two which are widely used for clinical purposes: Glutethimide (“Doriden”) is a sedative, Bemigride (“Megimide”) a stimulant. Preparation 16038 (Ciba) α-(p-aminophenyl)-α-ethyl glutarimide, in animal experiments had shown properties which suggested its use as an anticonvulsant, and this paper is an account of a clinical trial with the substance on in- and out-patients suffering from epilepsy.
Husbands and Wives Admitted to Mental Hospital
Authors: Gregory Ian
Published: August 2008

There have been a few studies of the nature and frequency of mental disorder in the offspring of marriages in which both parents were known to have been mentally ill (Schulz, 1940; 1941, Elsaesser, 1952; Lewis, 1957). A number of psychoses affecting both husband and wife have also been described as examples of folie à deux. Gralnick (1942) reviewed the literature, and found altogether 118 cases of folie à deux, but Ascher (1949) has concluded that such cases are commoner than would appear. The majority of those reported have involved blood relatives, in whom the implications of a “psychosis of association” are questionable, because of similarities in their genetic endowment (Kallmann and Mickey, 1946). However, Gralnick recorded 26 cases of folie à deux involving husband and wife.
Testing for Intellectual Impairment—Some Comments on the Tests and the Testers
Authors: Piercy Malcolm
Published: August 2008

Psychologists are frequently asked to say whether, in the case of a particular patient, there is evidence of organic dementia. At first sight this would not appear to be an unreasonable request. A considerable amount is known about the performance of normal people on tests of cognitive function and it might be supposed that people who work with tests of human ability should be able to modify their procedures to the purpose of diagnosing intellectual deterioration when this is not obvious on routine neurological or psychiatric examination. Moreover, it might seem that the frequent presence of independent criteria of brain damage provided by neurological and neurosurgical investigations should facilitate the development of competent diagnostic clinical psychology in the neurological field.
The Thirty-Third Maudsley Lecture: Trends in Child-Psychiatry
Authors: Kanner Leo
Published: August 2008

Too deeply moved to search for originality of expression, I hope that you will allow me to fall back on some of the well-worn phrases in acknowledging the honour conferred on me when I was chosen to be this year's Maudsley lecturer. My reaction was summarized in my reply to the notice which reached me in May, 1957. I wrote: “I accept amidst an understandable struggle between pride and humility. The name ‘Maudsley Lecture’ has an almost hallowed connotation among my professional contemporaries, and this invitation comes to me as a sort of crowning acme of my career.” I am delighted to share my laurels with the Johns Hopkins University, which I joined exactly thirty years ago at the call of Adolf Meyer, whose gigantic contributions to psychiatric theory and practice were attested by the Royal Medico-Psychological Association when he was nominated to be the fourteenth Maudsley Lecturer in 1933. In going over the list of my illustrious predecessors in this series of addresses, beginning with Sir James Crichton Browne and Sir Frederick Mott, I find that I am the second United States psychiatrist to receive so great a distinction. I am certain that I voice the sentiments of my University when I say that it considers this event as an added and happily displayed feather in its richly decorated cap. The Johns Hopkins University has recognized the growing importance of child psychiatry by creating a full professorship in this discipline, and I am pleased to be the symbol of this recognition. And now your Association has indicated its desire that I speak as a child psychiatrist “as this specialty has not been covered in a Maudsley Lecture before”. To have been selected as the first spokesman for child psychiatry in this group is a thrilling experience laden with heavy responsibilities.
The Clinical Use of Stilboestrol for Suppression of Sexual Behaviour of Chronically Ill Male Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Adamson John D.
Published: August 2008

In view of the significant role the sexual instinct plays in psychiatric illness, it is surprising that there are in the literature so few reports of attempts to suppress male sexual behaviour by the direct method of modifying the physiological basis of sexual activity by oestrogen therapy. Dunn (2, 3) established that administration of stilboestrol could result in marked reduction of male libido and sexual behaviour. He treated two non-psychotic hypersexual patients and, apart from the clinical effects, observed gynaecomastia, histological evidence of reversible testicular degeneration, and depressed urinary androgen excretion. Hamburger (6) later demonstrated in one case that oestradiol administration produced the same degree of urinary androgen excretion as did actual surgical castration of the same patient. Thus, present evidence indicates that oestrogen therapy produces in the male what is, in effect, a reversible chemical castration.
Hydroxyzine (Atarax) in the Relief of Tension Associated with Anxiety Neurosis and Mild Depressive States
Authors: Middlefell R. , Edwards K. C. S.
Published: August 2008

Turle (1) in a double-blind trial using hydroxyzine found that of 18 patients admitted to a neurosis unit (7 anxiety neurosis, 1 obsessive-compulsive state, 6 depressive states and 1 involutional melancholia) only 3 patients showed signs of improvement on a dosage of 30 mg. by mouth, t.d.s. Only 1 out of 8 selected on account of tension symptoms was relieved. The other 2 improved cases were depressive cases with secondary anxiety features. He concluded that the drug was of no manifest benefit in neurotics. The serene tension-free effect reputedly produced by the drug and described by American workers was not observed.
Deliberate Re-Hypnotization After the Patient's Refusal
Authors: Oswald Ian
Published: August 2008

A case closely comparable with that reported below does not appear to have been described, possibly because of the ethical problems involved. Watkins (1947, 1951), in the description of two cases, has made the most nearly related contribution to the old debate as to whether an unwilling subject can be hypnotized. His cases were both trained subjects who were offered money rewards to attempt to resist the formal induction of hypnosis before an audience. They were both successfully hypnotized. The fear-inspired unwillingness of the patient to be described would appear to have been in a rather different category.
The Predictive Validity of a Psychological Test of Brain-Damage
Authors: Walton D. , Black D. A.
Published: August 2008

A psychological test of brain-damage, shown to be valid in discriminating between unequivocal brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged psychiatric patients, is limited in its diagnostic role until studies can demonstrate its independent diagnostic contribution in the clinically doubtful case of brain-damage.
A Case of Phocomelia Associated with Severe Mental Deficiency
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward
Published: August 2008

Phocomelia is a congenital malformation of the osseous system characterized by the absence or extreme smallness of the arms, forearms, thighs and legs, producing a pronounced shortening of limbs. The hands and feet, which may be fairly normal in appearance and development, seem inserted more or less directly into the shoulders or pelvis of the patient. As the micromelic appendages resemble the physical outlines of a seal's flippers, the condition is known as phocomelia.
Learning Ability During a Course of 20 Electroshock Treatments
Authors: Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

Recent work at this hospital (Thorpe and Baker, 1958) has suggested that schizophrenic patients tested one week after completing a course of twenty E.C.T.s do not show significantly more impairment in some psychological functions than similar patients treated with insulin coma or chlorpromazine therapies. This finding may come as a surprise to many, particularly in view of the fact that disorientation, memory loss, and confusion are frequently seen during the course of electrical treatment.
The Use of Chlorpromazine in a Mental Deficiency Institution
Authors: Robb H. P.
Published: August 2008

Unstable mental defectives in an institution present handling and training difficulties out of all proportion to their number. The following is an account of an attempt to modify or control their behaviour by the use of chlorpromazine.
Pecazine (“Pacatal”) Compared with Amylobarbitone Sodium in Anxiety States
Authors: Robin Ashley A.
Published: August 2008

A review of the literature which is accumulating on the so-called tranquillizing drugs shows:

1. A relatively small number of adequately controlled trials with, in general, more conservative conclusions than those of the much greater number of uncontrolled trials (Foulds, 1958).

2. Diffuseness in patient selection, with subjects often being chosen for behavioural qualities (e.g. overactivity) or general characteristics (e.g. chronicity) rather than for diagnosis.
Perivascular Cavitation of the Basal Ganglia in Gargoylism
Authors: Norman R. M. , Urich H. , France N. E.
Published: August 2008

Perivascular cysts visible to the naked eye have been described in the brain of several cases of gargoylism (Lindsayet al., 1948; Hendersonet al., 1952; Naidoo, 1953). In most instances they were small, not exceeding 1 mm. in diameter and confined to the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. The present case is remarkable for the exceptional size of the perivascular cysts which had led to gross bilateral cavitation of the thalamus and putamen.
Gilles De La Tourette's Disease
Authors: Bockner S.
Published: August 2008

In its classical form this peculiar disease is characterized by an irresistible compulsion to swear, together with motor tics. First recorded by Itard in 1825, it was later fully described (1885) and followed up (1899) by Gilles de la Tourette, whose name has been given to the condition. Associated with the compulsive utterances are multiple motor tics, hence Convulsive Tic is a synonym for the malady. The motor movements are more severe and widespread than those met with in simple tic, and they may involve the whole body in a violent spasm. Facial grimaces, violent jerks of the head, limbs and trunk may occur, often combined with an explosive utterance. This exclamation may consist of an unorganized sound such as a bark or a groan or a grunt. Or it may be a word—frequently of an obscene nature (coprolalia) which greatly embarrasses the patient. Other features of the condition are echolalia—the impulse to repeat sounds or words which the patient hears, and echbpraxia—the compulsion to copy the actions of others.
Trials and Tribulations
Authors: Baker A. A. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

With the advent of effective physical therapies, psychiatrists have become increasingly interested in the problems posed by clinical trials. Professor Bradford Hill, in the Preface to the Sixth Edition of his Principles of Medical Statistics (1) noted that “… passage of time has … brought clinical trials into prominence and fashion …”. More recently Professor Pickering has described the clinical trial as “the most important new method introduced into clinical science in recent years” (2). Some interesting differences between controlled and uncontrolled trials are well brought out in the paper by Foulds (3) in which he found that therapeutic success was claimed in 85 per cent. of studies not using control groups. Among those studies using control groups, however, only 25 per cent. obtained a positive result. He concluded that “claims for the success of a treatment are closely associated with absence of the means whereby these claims can be scientifically substantiated”.
Effects of Certain Vitamins and Histamines on the Lsd Psychosis
Authors: Bertino Joseph R. , Klee Gerald D. , Weintraub Walter
Published: August 2008

Stoll, in 1947, reported on the effects of LSD-25, an ergot alkaloid which can produce striking mental changes in normal persons, when given in microgram quantities. Since this original report, many papers and provocative ideas on the subject have appeared.
O.R.T. Performance in Schizophrenia
Authors: Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

Phillipson's Object Relations Technique (Phillipson, 1955) is roughly described as possessing features to be found in the T.A.T. and Rorschach methods. It consists of 13 cards, including a blank card. The design of the test and the order of card presentation are depicted in Table I.
Clinical Syndromes in Depressive States
Authors: Hamilton Max , White Jack M.
Published: August 2008

The value of a rating scale for assessment in psychiatric disorders is that it facilitates the investigation of patterns of symptoms and their response to treatments. In a previous paper, Hamilton (1959), describing the construction and use of a rating scale designed for assessing the condition of patients suffering from depressive disorders, certain findings were described. In brief, it was found that much of the information given by the 17 variables of the rating scale could be given by four “index numbers” (dimensions, or factors). The nature of these factors was determined in two ways. In the first, the weights given to the symptoms which constituted the factors were examined. It was found (Table I) that the highest weights in the first factor were given to Depressed Mood, Guilt, Retardation, Loss of Insight, Suicide and Loss of Interest, in descending order. On this basis it was decided that the first factor corresponded to the classical clinical description of Retarded Depression. Examination of the weights given to the symptoms in the second, third and fourth factors, showed that these factors had no obvious correspondence with clinical syndromes.
Principles and Methods of Epidemiological Research and Their Application to Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Morrison S. L.
Published: August 2008

May I begin by qualifying the title of this paper? I can only illustrate some broad principles and a few of the methods that are used in epidemiology today—there is no attempt to be comprehensive.
The Possession Syndrome: A Comparison of Hong Kong and French Findings
Authors: Yap P. M.
Published: August 2008

The phenomena of “spirit-communication” in mediumistic trance, of “spirit-possession” and of “demonopathy” are closely related, and known to both East and West. Clinical psychiatrists, however, have taken little interest in them, with the exception of some French and a few Spanish authors. These conditions nevertheless do present themselves to the psychiatrist in many countries and it is misconceived to think that they are to be found only in outlandish cultures, the preserve of the field worker in ethnology. It is true that M. J. Herskovits (1951, 1958) has argued that certain kinds of behaviour categorized in terms of culture-bound concepts cannot be applied to other societies, so that African and Afro-American spirit possession, for example, cannot be compared with apparently similar “psychopathological seizures” in the West. No doubt such behaviour receives different cultural definitions according to their respective backgrounds, but this does not exclude the possibility of a specific psychological mechanism being common to them all.
Drug-Induced Schizophrenia
Authors: Hoffer A. , Callbeck M. J.
Published: August 2008

Medical research is simpler and generally more productive when it becomes possible to use models. This experimental method is available to psychiatrists who find that certain chemicals called hallucinogens (13) produce in subjects experiences which resemble those described by patients who now have schizophrenia or by those who have recovered. Lewin (19), Kluver (18) and Stockings (31) suggested many years ago that these compounds could be used in this way. However, the differences between these model experiences and schizophrenia rather than their similarities impressed many leading psychiatrists. Thus Bleuler (4) as late as 1956 maintained that lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) produced a toxic delirium and therefore this experience had little to offer to the students of schizophrenia. The fallacy of this argument was discussed by Osmond (23) who with Smythies (24) stressed many points of similarity between schizophrenia and the mescaline experience. The consensus today of research psychiatrists such as Rinkel (26, 27, 28, 29), Hoch (10, 11) and others is that the similarities are adequate, provided generalizations remain within the limits imposed by the data.
A Comparative Controlled Trial of Methotrimeprazine (“Veractil”) in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Quinn P. J. G. , Johnston J. , Latner G. , Kiloh L. G.
Published: August 2008

Despite the good results reported in recent years in many cases of chronic schizophrenia following the use of tranquillizing drugs, there remains in mental hospitals a group of chronic and often deteriorated patients who have shown a strong resistance to all forms of treatment. In many such cases disturbances of behaviour are modified and sometimes controlled by such drugs as chlorpromazine and reserpine. Nevertheless, the overall situation is far from satisfactory and the search for more effective drugs continues.
Extreme Response Set, Drive Level and Abnormality in Questionnaire Rigidity
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

In several recent experiments involving motor performance (1), learning (7), immediate recall (2), expressive movement (5) and confidence in performance (3), significant relationships with a questionnaire measure of rigidity have been obtained. In view of the fact that despite a considerable amount of work no general trait of rigidity has hitherto been recognized, it was decided to clarify the reasons for the above results. Two steps are undertaken. The first step, published separately, is concerned with a systematic analysis of the experimental variables which yielded significant correlations with rigidity. In a series of investigations, the attempt is made to discover the experimental conditions necessary for a significant interaction of rigidity with test responses to occur.
Experimental Studies of the Placebo Response
Authors: Knowles J. B. , Lucas C. J.
Published: August 2008

The critical evaluation of new drugs or remedies against inert substances or nonspecific procedures has led to the recognition that responses to a placebo are important in their own right. Such responses may be dramatic and persistent and they can be associated with quite definite physiological changes (Wolf and Pinsky, 1954). The placebo response may well be an important component of many established treatments both physical and psychological, and does in itself constitute a means of therapy (Roberts and Hamilton, 1958; Gliedman et al., 1958).
Specificity of Immediate Memory Function Associated with Cerebral Cortex Damage
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: August 2008

The psychometric assessment of memory presents special problems in that inferences regarding this function seem to be markedly dependent upon the conditions under which it is measured. Thus, following exposure to experience X, it is problematic whether a single statement regarding a person's ability to remember X can be made. His ability would likely be a function of the time between exposure and reinstatement (Ebbinghaus, 1913; Luh, 1922; Postman and Rau, 1957) and whether assessment involved recognition, free recall, or relearning (Luh, 1922; Postman and Rau, 1957). Beyond these, the importance of the sensory channel involved in the initial experience or in reinstatement (Thurstone, 1938, p. 86) and the nature of the content to be retained (Benton, 1945) remains relatively unexplored. All of these considerations dictate against accepting differing psychological test measures of memory as equivalent and, conversely, suggest that any generalized statements regarding memory ability should be based upon several different measures.
The Effect of Chlorpromazine on the Incidence of Epileptic Phenomena During Insulin Coma Therapy
Authors: Benaim S.
Published: August 2008

Epileptic manifestations complicating insulin coma therapy (I.C.T.) were described by Sakel in his original paper (1937). In recent years the administration of chlorpromazine to patients undergoing I.C.T. has been common practice. Lancaster and Jones (1954), however, have commented on the resulting apparent increase in the incidence of epileptic fits.
Psychoses Due to Amphetamine Consumption
Authors: Beamish P. , Kiloh L. G.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the publication of Connell's monograph on amphetamine psychoses in 1958, the frequency of such states does not yet seem to be widely recognized even among psychiatrists. Nor is it fully appreciated in what unexpected settings such psychoses can occur, so that many cases must still be overlooked, masquerading for the most part as examples of paranoid schizophrenia.
A Survey of 200 Women Discharged from a Mental Deficiency Hospital
Authors: Brandon M. W. G.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this survey was to assess the abilities and present status of all the adult women classed as feebleminded who have been discharged from the Fountain Hospital. This paper is not a comprehensive assessment, but a survey of these patients' past history, together with an interim report on their rehabilitation. In the majority of cases, the present whereabouts and occupation are known by the social worker and have been re-checked over the past eighteen months in the course of normal follow-up contacts.
Defects of Learning Ability with Massive Lesions of the Temporal Lobe
Authors: Meyer Victor , Falconer Murray A.
Published: August 2008

In previous studies of patients on whom an anterior temporal lobectomy has been performed for the relief of temporal lobe epilepsy, it has been shown that, following removal of the dominant temporal lobe, certain specific defects of cognitive functions arise which are not present after removal of the non-dominant temporal lobe (Meyer and Yates, 1955; Meyer, 1957; Meyer and Jones, 1957; Meyer, 1959). The present study has been undertaken to find out whether destruction or damage to the same region by massive lesions such as tumours and large scars would produce comparable findings.
An Investigation into the Part Played by Organic Factors in Childhood Schizophrenia
Authors: Vorster D.
Published: August 2008

An investigation into the factors concerned in the etiology and pathogenesis of childhood schizophrenia is fraught with difficulties in numerous areas. Encountered are such problems as the diagnosis itself; doubt that psychoses exist in childhood; the existence of the duality organic or functional schools of thought, and of frequent contradictory findings reported by various groups of investigators in the field.
The Concept of the Psychopath
Authors: Mowbray R. M.
Published: August 2008

In their evidence to the recent Royal Commission on the Law Relating to Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency the R.M.P.A. stated the problem of the psychopath in terms of delinquent or otherwise anti-social behaviour. After eliminating cases where such behaviour resulted from well-recognized forms of mental illness or defect, from psychoneurosis or organic disease or injury, their Memorandum went on to say that there remained a group of patients “whose daily behaviour shows a want of social responsibility and of consideration for others, of prudence and foresight and of ability to act in their own best interests. Their persistent anti-social mode of conduct may include inefficiency and lack of interest in any form of occupation; pathological lying, swindling and slandering; alcoholism and drug addiction, sexual offences, and violent actions with little motivation and an entire absence of self-restraint, which may go as far as homicide. Punishment, or the threat of punishment, influences their behaviour only momentarily and its more lasting effect is to intensify their vindictiveness and anti-social attitude.”
Temporal Lobectomy for Psychomotor Epilepsy
Authors: James I. Pierce
Published: August 2008

Surgical removal of the temporal lobe is becoming an established therapeutic procedure in the treatment of focal epilepsy arising in one or other of the temporal lobes and good results in the control of otherwise intractable seizures have been widely reported (e.g. Falconer et al., 5; Picaza and Guma, 18). Indeed, with increasing experience of anterior temporal lobectomy and delineation of the indications for operation, even greater success may be anticipated (Hill, 9; Rasmussen and Jasper, 19).
Dimensions of Personality, Psychiatric Syndromes, and Mathematical Models
Authors: Eysenck S. B. G. , Eysenck H. J. , Claridge G.
Published: August 2008

It is well known that psychiatric diagnostic groupings have no claim to represent any fundamental scientific causal principle, but reflect rather the needs of administrative convenience and compromise between different theoretical orientations (Eysenck, 1960). Doubt has in fact been expressed regarding the advisability of retaining categorical divisions in a field where quantitative differences along orthogonal dimensions may be more appropriate than qualitative differences between distinct disease groups (Eysenck, 1947). The appropriate statistical method for dimensional analysis is, of course, multiple factor analysis (Eysenck, 1952) and it is possible to show relationships between factors or dimensions and psychiatric categories by giving factor scores to the subjects of the experiment and to average these scores for groups of subjects sharing a common diagnostic label (Eysenck, 1959). In this way it has been demonstrated that along the dimension of extraversion/introversion, subjects diagnosed as psychopaths tend to have particularly high extraversion scores; hysterics tend to be extraverted but not as highly as psychopaths. Patients suffering from one of the dysthymic conditions (anxiety, reactive depression, obsessional disorders), tend to have high scores on introversion. Mixed neurotics tend to be in between the other groups. All these diagnostic groups have high scores on the factor of neuroticism which is orthogonal to extraversion/introversion (Eysenck, 1957).
Psychiatric Illness in Hungarian Refugees
Authors: Mezey A. G.
Published: August 2008

At the beginning of this century the high rate of “insanity” among immigrants was a matter of considerable concern in the U.S.A. and it has been used as one of the main arguments for curtailing immigration. The problem has been reviewed, and examined with modern statistical methods, by Ødegaard (1932) and Malzberg (1940).
The Effects of Electric Convulsive Treatments on Nitrogen, Calcium, and Phosphorus Metabolism in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Flach Frederic F. , Liang Edward , Stokes Peter E.
Published: August 2008

This investigation was designed to determine whether significant alterations in the metabolism of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus occur in psychiatric patients during the therapeutic administration of electric convulsive treatments. Gour and Chaudhry (1) observed transient changes in serum calcium following grand mal convulsions in a series of patients. Jarvie and Mulligan (2), repeating this experiment in patients receiving muscular relaxants during the administration of E.C.T., failed to demonstrate similar calcium changes. More intimate knowledge of electrolyte metabolism can be obtained by means of balance techniques (3), whereby the degree of retention or loss of a particular substance can be ascertained by maintaining each patient on a constant daily intake and regularly determining the urinary and stool excretion of that substance.
The Sentence Completion Test: An Experiment and Evaluation
Authors: Halstead H.
Published: August 2008

The Sentence Completion Test is now a well-established technique. It is more than sixty years since Ebbinghaus (2) published the first completion test, which he used to assess mental abilities of schoolchildren in Breslau. But it was not until 1928 that the completion method was used for “personality” assessment, when a fifty-item test was used by Payne (11) as part of a guidance programme.
The Effect of Electro-Convulsive Therapy on Spinal Fluid Constituents
Authors: Eiduson Samuel , Brill Norman Q. , Crumpton Evelyn
Published: August 2008

During the course of an investigation of the effectiveness of various components of electric convulsive therapy in the treatment of hospitalized psychiatric patients (Brill et al., 1957, 1959) observations were made on the spinal fluid concentrations of cations and total protein before and after treatment. The possibility existed that alterations in brain function and structure (which are believed by many to occur during a course of electro-convulsive treatment, and to be responsible for improvement in patients receiving such treatment) might be associated with, or reflected by measurable changes in the cerebral spinal fluid.
The Müller-Lyer Illusion in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Weckowicz T. E. , Witney Gwyneth
Published: August 2008

The Müller-Lyer illusion is one of the best-known geometrical optical illusions. It was described by Müller-Lyer in 1889 (7) and first studied quantitatively by Heymans in 1896 (5).
Clinical Trial of “Stelazine” on Apathetic Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Weckowicz T. E. , Ward T. F.
Published: August 2008

“Stelazine” is the trademark name for Trifluoperazine. It is a derivative of phenothiazine with the following chemical formula: 10-3-(1-methyl-4-piperazinyl)-propyl-2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine dihydrochloride, or structurally: