bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Brazilian Test for Mechanical Characterization of Ceramic Ballistic Protection
Authors: Scapin Martina , Peroni Lorenzo , Avalle Massimiliano
Published: January 2017

The aim of this work is to identify the tensile strength of alumina (Corbit98), by performing Brazilian tests at different loading rate. In this kind of test, generally used for brittle material in static loading conditions, a cylindrical specimen is diametrically compressed and failure is generated in the middle of the component as a consequence of a positive tensile stress. In this work, this experimental technique was applied also in dynamic loading conditions by using a setup based on the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Due to the properties of the investigated material, among which are high hardness, high compressive strength, and brittle behaviour, some precautions were needed to assure the validity of the tests. Digital Image Correlation techniques were applied for the analysis of high framerate videos.
Organ Donation and Elective Ventilation: A Necessary Strategy
Authors: Escudero Dolores , Otero Jesus , Menéndez de León Begoña , Perez-Basterrechea Marcos
Published: January 2017

Organ transplantation is the sole treatment to improve or save the life of patients with final-stage organ failure. The shortage of available organs for transplantation constitutes a universal problem, estimating that 10% of patients on waiting lists die. Brain death is an undesirable result; nevertheless, it has beneficial side-effects since it is the most frequent source of organs for transplantation. However, this phenomenon is relatively uncommon and has a limited potential. One of the options that focuses on increasing organ donation is to admit patients with catastrophic brain injuries (with a high probability of brain death and nontreatable) to the Intensive Care Unit, with the only purpose of donation. To perform elective nontherapeutic ventilation (ENTV), a patient’s anticipated willingness to donate organs and/or explicit acceptance by his/her relatives is required. This process should focus exclusively on those patients with catastrophic brain injuries and imminent risk of death which, due to its acute damage, are not considered treatable. This article defends ENTV as an effective strategy to improve donation rate, analyzing its ethical and legal basis.
Assessment of the Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR Tests in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Process of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Gowin Ewelina , Bartkowska-Śniatkowska Alicja , Jończyk-Potoczna Katarzyna , Wysocka-Leszczyńska Joanna , Bobkowski Waldemar , Fichna Piotr , Sobkowiak Paulina , Mazur-Melewska Katarzyna , Bręborowicz Anna , Wysocki Jacek , Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska Danuta
Published: January 2017

The aim of the study was assessment of the usefulness of multiplex real-time PCR tests in the diagnostic and therapeutic process in children hospitalized due to pneumonia and burdened with comorbidities.Methods. The study group included 97 children hospitalized due to pneumonia at the Karol Jonscher Teaching Hospital in Poznań, in whom multiplex real-time PCR tests (FTD respiratory pathogens 33; fast-track diagnostics) were used.Results. Positive test results of the test were achieved in 74 patients (76.3%). The average age in the group was 56 months. Viruses were detected in 61 samples (82% of all positive results); bacterial factors were found in 29 samples (39% of all positive results). The presence of comorbidities was established in 90 children (92.78%). On the basis of the obtained results, 5 groups of patients were established: viral etiology of infection, 34 patients; bacterial etiology, 7 patients; mixed etiology, 23 patients; pneumocystis, 9 patients; and no etiology diagnosed, 24 patients.Conclusions. Our analysis demonstrated that the participation of viruses in causing severe lung infections is significant in children with comorbidities. Multiplex real-time PCR tests proved to be more useful in establishing the etiology of pneumonia in hospitalized children than the traditional microbiological examinations.
Phytoconstituents and Nutritional Properties of the Fruits of Eleutherococcus divaricatus and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus: A Study of Non‐European Species Cultivated in Poland
Authors: Załuski Daniel , Olech Marta , Verpoorte Robert , Khan Inamullah , Kuźniewski Rafał , Nowak Renata
Published: January 2017

Eleutherococcus fruits have been consumed in Russia and Asia throughout the centuries. Currently, there is an increasing interest in these products by the community of Western Europe. Many people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, known as malnutrition, which consequently influences body condition. The aim of this study was to investigate pharmaconutrition, proximate, mineral, and fatty acid composition, total phenolics content, and total flavonoids content of Eleutherococcus divaricatus and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus fruits cultivated in Poland. Eleutherococcus divaricatus and E. sessiliflorus contain a high amount of protein and fibres (16.70% and 12.28%; 61.41% and 45.63%, resp.). The fruits were generally high in K (21 g/kg) and low in sodium (0.001 g/kg). In terms of fatty acid composition, both species had a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (54.84–57.95%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (36.22–37.0%). Using LC‐ESI‐MS/MS, protocatechuic acid has been identified as the most abundant compound, ranging from 260 to 810 μg/100 g DE. Among flavonoids, hyperoside was found to be in the highest amount (120–780 μg/100 g DE). Considering a rich chemical composition of the fruits, a better understanding of their health benefits is important in order to increase their utility and to enrich dietary sources of health promoting compounds. Because of a high amount of protein and a low calorific value, the fruits should be considered food for vegans or vegetarians.
The Adhesion Mechanism of Marine Mussel Foot Protein: Adsorption of L-Dopa onα- and β-Cristobalite Silica Using Density Functional Theory
Authors: Mian Shabeer Ahmad , Khan Younas
Published: January 2017

Marine mussels strongly adhere to various surfaces and endure their attachment under a variety of conditions. In order to understand the basic mechanism involved, we study the adsorption of L-dopa molecule on hydrophilic geminal and terminal isolated silanols of silica (001) surface. High content of modified amino acid L-dopa is found in the glue-like material secreted by the mussels through which it sticks to various surfaces under water. To understand the adsorption behavior, we have made use of periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT) study. The L-dopa molecule adheres to silica surfaces terminated with geminal and terminal silanols via its catechol part. In both cases, the adhesion is achieved through the formation of 4 H-bonds. A binding energy of 29.48 and 31.67 kcal/mol has been estimated, after the inclusion of dispersion energy, for geminal and terminal silanols of silica, respectively. These results suggest a relatively stronger adhesion of dopa molecule for surface with terminal isolated silanols.
A MRAC Principle for a Single-Link Electrically Driven Robot with Parameter Uncertainties
Authors: Aguilar-Avelar Carlos , Moreno-Valenzuela Javier
Published: January 2017

In this paper, a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) principle for a one-degree-of-freedom rigid-link electrically driven robot is presented. The proposed control methodology addresses the problem of trajectory tracking with parameter uncertainties in the dynamic model of the system and proposes adaptation laws for the electrical and mechanical parameters. Closed-loop stability is rigorously discussed, proving that the tracking error trajectories converge to the origin exponentially. With the aim of performing experimental comparisons, two control schemes are also revisited theoretically and experimentally: one is an algorithm previously reported in the literature and the other is an adaptive controller derived under the assumption that the electrical dynamics of the actuator are negligible. All the discussed controllers have been implemented in an experimental setup consisting in a rigid-link robot actuated with brushed DC motor. The comparison indicates that better results are obtained with the new MRAC scheme.
Effect of Caffeine on Some Selected Biochemical Parameters Using Rat Model
Authors: Emmanuel Agomuo , Majesty Duru , Benjamin Amadi , Peter Amadi , Princess Ugwokaegbe
Published: January 2017

Effect of caffeine on some selected biochemical parameters using rat model was investigated. Standard methods of analysis were used for the study. A total of sixty (60) rats divided equally into five groups of which one group served as the control, and the rest as test groups were used. The test rats were placed on different concentrations of caffeine for twenty-eight (28) days. Results obtained for the selected biochemical parameters revealed that AST and ALT levels of the liver increased significantly (p<0.05) in test rats against the control. Creatinine and electrolyte ions of the kidney increased significantly (p<0.05) in test groups when compared to the control. Haematological indices such as WBC, monocytes, lymphocytes, MCV, MCHC, and MCV levels were significantly altered (p<0.05) in test rats against those of the control. It therefore becomes imperative for those that consume caffeine with believe that it does more good work than harm to take note of these findings. This study has revealed the effect of caffeine on some selected biochemical parameters using rat model.
Functional Surface Coating on Cellulosic Flexible Substrates with Improved Water-Resistant and Antimicrobial Properties by Use of ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Tian Xiaofei , Li Yaping , Wan Sikang , Wu Zhenqiang , Wang Zhiwei
Published: January 2017

It is of significant interest to create functional flexible surfaces that simultaneously exhibit high water-resistance and antimicrobial performances for medical or packaging applications. This study reported a synthesis of functional surface coating on flexible cellulose materials (filter papers) with ZnO nanoparticles and binds of renewable soybean oil-based polymers. Self-aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles could form ZnO particles with two regular morphological patterns. Rather than a rod-like morphology, a flower-like ZnO benefited a promotion of surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, surface with the flower-like ZnO showed a 51.6% promotion on antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) than the rod-like ZnO. A low binder/ZnO ratio of 0.2 led to a remarkable improvement on water repelling performances without negative effects on a coating adhesion of ZnO. Under this condition, a hydrophobic surface was achieved with a large static contact angle of 138° when applying ZnO nanoparticles at a dosage of 3 g m−2.
Human Milk Lipids
Authors: Koletzko Berthold
Published: January 2017

Human milk lipids provide the infant with energy and essential vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive components. Adding complex lipids and milk fat globule membranes to vegetable oil-based infant formula has the potential to enhance infant development and reduce infections. Cholesterol provision with breastfeeding modulates infant sterol metabolism and may induce long-term benefits. Some 98-99% of milk lipids are comprised by triacylglycerols, whose properties depend on incorporated fatty acids. Attention has been devoted to the roles of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids. Recent studies on gene-diet interaction (Mendelian randomization) show that breastfeeding providing DHA and ARA improves cognitive development and reduces asthma risk at school age particularly in those children with a genetically determined lower activity of DHA and ARA synthesis. It appears prudent to follow the biological model of human milk in the design of infant formula as far as feasible, unless conclusive evidence for the suitability and safety of other choices is available. The recent European Union legislative stipulation of a high formula DHA content without required ARA deviates from this concept, and such a novel formula composition has not been adequately evaluated. Great future opportunities arise with significant methodological progress for example in lipidomic analyses and their bioinformatic evaluation, which should enhance understanding of the biology of human milk lipids. Such knowledge might lead to improved dietary advice to lactating mothers as well as to further opportunities to enhance infant formula composition.
Nutritive and Bioactive Proteins in Breastmilk
Authors: Haschke Ferdinand , Haiden Nadja , Thakkar Sagar K.
Published: January 2017

Protein ingested with breast milk provides indispensable amino acids which are necessary for new protein synthesis for growth and replacement of losses via urine, feces, and the skin. Protein gain in the body of an infant is highest during the first months when protein concentrations in breast milk are higher than during later stages of lactation. Low-birth-weight infants have higher protein needs than term infants and need protein supplements during feeding with breastmilk. Based on our better understanding of protein evolution in breastmilk during the stages of lactation, new infant formulas with lower protein concentration but better protein quality have been created, successfully tested, and are now available in many countries. Besides providing indispensable amino acids, bioactive protein in breast milk can be broadly classified into 4 major functions, that is, providing protection from microbial insults and immune protection, aiding in digestive functions, gut development, and being carriers for other nutrients. Individual proteins and their proposed bioactivities are summarized in this paper in brief. Indeed, some proteins like lactoferrin and sIgA have been extensively studied for their biological functions, whereas others may require more data in support to further validate their proposed functions.
A Novel Mutation in PITX2 in a Patient with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome
Authors: Hassed Susan J. , Li Shibo , Xu Weihong , Taylor Ashley C.
Published: January 2017

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition. Anomalies include anterior segment dysgenesis of the eye, dental anomalies, maxillary hypoplasia, periumbilical anomalies, and congenital heart defects. We report a patient with Peters anomaly, dysmorphic features, congenital heart defect, umbilical hernia, short stature, and developmental delay. Diagnostic sequencing of 23 genes known to be causally related to the condition was performed on the patient, parents, and maternal grandparents. A variant of uncertain significance in PITX2 was identified. The mother had the same mutation and the father did not. The mother had decreased vision, congenitally missing teeth, and required jaw surgery as a child. Her asymptomatic parents elected to be tested and were negative for the mutation. The mutation, NM_153427.2:c.272G>A (p.Arg91Gln), is predicted to be damaging by PolyPhen-2 (score of 0.997), identified as a missense mutation with an allele frequency of 1.648e-05 by the Exome Aggregation Consortium, and has been reported in ClinVar once, by the laboratory that analyzed our patient's sample. Due to the in silico predictions and the results of family studies, it is suggested that this variant can be classified as pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics 2015 rule Pathogenic(iii)(b), specifically rules PS2, PM2, PM5, PP1, and PP3.
Virtual Stability Estimator Model for Three Phase Power System Network
Authors: Nithiyananthan K. , Samson Raja Simson , Sundar R , Amudha A
Published: January 2017

The main objective of this research work is to develop a simple power systems steady state stability estimator in LabView for three phase power system network. LabVIEW based power systems stability estimator has been chosen as the main platform because it is a user friendly and easy to apply in power systems. This research work is intended to simultaneously acclimate the power system engineers with the utilization of LabVIEW with electrical power systems. This proposed work will discuss about the configuration and the improvement of the intelligent instructional VI (virtual instrument) modules in power systems for power systems stability solutions. In the proposed model power systems stability has been carried out and model has been developed such that it can accommodate the latest versions of power systems stability algorithms.
Distributed Searchable Asymmetric Encryption
Authors: Yin Shoulin , Teng Lin , Liu Jie
Published: January 2017

Searchable asymmetric encryption (SAE) can also be called Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search (PEKS), which allows us to search the keyword on the data of having been encrypted. The essence of Asymmetric searchable encryption is that users exchange the data of encryption, one party sends a ciphertext with key encryption, the other party with another key receives the ciphertext. Encryption key is not the same as the decryption key, and cannot deduce another key from any one of the key, thus it greatly enhances the information protection, and can prevent leakage the user's search criteria—Search Pattern. Secure schemes of SAE are practical, sometimes, however the speed of encryption/decryption in Public-key encryption is slower than private key. In order to get higher efficiency and security in information retrieval, in this paper we introduce the concept of distributed SAE, which is useful for security and can enable search operations on encrypted data. Moreover, we give the proof of security.
An Icon Design Approach Based on Symbolic and Users' Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Qiang Sun , Fei Hu
Published: January 2017

In order to explore the usability and ease of use of icon design, the icon design method based on the combination of semiotics and user cognitive psychology is raised. Based on the principle of matching the icon design knowledge and user knowledge, the icon design process is analyzed from four dimensions, namely the semantic expression of elements, the structure of elements, the interface and cultural context, and the user cognitive characteristics. An icon assistant design system CDIPV1.0 is structured, it can realize knowledge sharing, rapid icon designing, and professional evaluation based on the combination of semiotics and users’ cognitive psychology. The theory is verified through it.
Decline in Cardiovascular Mortality
Authors: Mensah George A. , Wei Gina S. , Sorlie Paul D. , Fine Lawrence J. , Rosenberg Yves , Kaufmann Peter G. , Mussolino Michael E. , Hsu Lucy L. , Addou Ebyan , Engelgau Michael M. , Gordon David
Published: January 2017

If the control of infectious diseases was the public health success story of the first half of the 20th century, then the decline in mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke has been the success story of the century’s past 4 decades. The early phase of this decline in coronary heart disease and stroke was unexpected and controversial when first reported in the mid-1970s, having followed 60 years of gradual increase as the US population aged. However, in 1978, the participants in a conference convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute concluded that a significant recent downtick in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality rates had definitely occurred, at least in the US Since 1978, a sharp decline in mortality rates from coronary heart disease and stroke has become unmistakable throughout the industrialized world, with age-adjusted mortality rates having declined to about one third of their 1960s baseline by 2000. Models have shown that this remarkable decline has been fueled by rapid progress in both prevention and treatment, including precipitous declines in cigarette smoking, improvements in hypertension treatment and control, widespread use of statins to lower circulating cholesterol levels, and the development and timely use of thrombolysis and stents in acute coronary syndrome to limit or prevent infarction. However, despite the huge growth in knowledge and advances in prevention and treatment, there remain many questions about this decline. In fact, there is evidence that the rate of decline may have abated and may even be showing early signs of reversal in some population groups. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, through a request for information, is soliciting input that could inform a follow-up conference on or near the 40th anniversary of the original landmark conference to further explore these trends in cardiovascular mortality in the context of what has come before and what may lie ahead.
On the Formation of Coherent Vortices beneath Nonbreaking Free-Propagating Surface Waves
Authors: Tsai Wu-ting , Lu Guan-hung , Chen Jheng-rong , Dai Albert , Phillips William R. C.
Published: January 2017

Numerical simulations of monochromatic surface waves freely propagating over an initially quiescent flow field are conducted and found to reveal an array of quasi-streamwise vortices of alternating orientation in a manner akin to that of Langmuir circulation beneath wind-driven surface waves. A linear instability analysis of the wave-averaged Craik–Leibovich (CL) equation is then conducted to determine whether the structures in the simulations can be explained by the Craik–Leibovich type 2 (CL2) instability, which requires the presence of spanwise-independent drift and mean shear of the same sign. There is no imposed shear in the simulations, but they confirm the theoretical analysis of Longuet-Higgins that an Eulerian-mean shear with a magnitude comparable to that of Lagrangian Stokes drift occurs at the edge of the surface boundary layer in the otherwise irrotational oscillatory flow. The spanwise wavelength of the least stable disturbance is found to be close to the spacing between predominant vortex pairs, which likely are excited by the CL2 instability.
Association Between the Visceral Adiposity Index and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Participants With Normal Waist Circumference
Authors: Ji Baolan , Qu Hua , Wang Hang , Wei Huili , Deng Huacong
Published: January 2017

We assessed the correlation between the visceral adiposity index (VAI; a useful indicator of adipose distribution and function) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in participants with normal waist circumference. A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 1834 Chinese adults. The blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, fasting and postprandial blood glucose, fasting insulin, and lipid profiles were measured. The VAI and HOMA-IR were calculated. Participants were divided into 4 groups according to the HOMA-IR level, and the correlation between the VAI and HOMA-IR was analyzed. The VAI gradually increased across the HOMA-IR quartiles ( P < .05), and a Pearson correlation analysis showed that VAI was positively related to the HOMA-IR ( P < .001) in males and females. After adjusting for the other covariates, VAI was independently correlated with the HOMA-IR. A logistic regression analysis indicated that VAI elevation was the main risk factor for the increased HOMA-IR in both genders. Overall, the VAI was closely correlated with the HOMA-IR in a population without central obesity.
Temporal Clustering of Child Homicide: Contagion or Illusion?
Authors: Carcach Carlos , Goldney Robert , Grabosky Peter , Strang Heather
Published: January 2017

Data available on the characteristics of all Australian homicides over ten years since mid 1989 provide an opportunity to investigate whether child homicide is subject to temporal clustering. If this were found to be the case, then contagion resulting from media publicity might be a possible explanation. This follows from studies indicating some influence from media publicity given to suicides. No temporal clustering could be detected and results indicate that any given child homicide in Australia has no effect on the subsequent rate of child homicides. The study suggests that caution is needed before assuming that proximate events are necessarily related. It remains a possibility that child homicide may be the product of contagion over a longer time frame, as a consequence of intense media publicity given to high profile events. The media should respect community sensibilities in reporting such events and avoid sensational coverage in an ethical and balanced way.
The Impact of Organisational, Social Environmental and Job Content Stressors on the Work Related Strains of Probation Officers
Authors: O'donnell Clare , Stephens Christine
Published: January 2017

In recent years workplace stress has been seen as an important occupational health and safety problem and probation officers in New Zealand have been identified as suffering from increasing perceptions of stress. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken with a sample of 50 New Zealand Probation Officers in three offices to examine the relationship of individual, organisational and work stressors with work related strains. It was predicted that work stressors would be positively related to strains and that individual differences (e.g., age or gender) would have a moderating effect on the relationship between stressors and strains. The results showed that stressors caused by organisational problems, such as role boundary and overload, were related to strains, more strongly than job content problems, such as difficult clients. Secondly, age may have a curvilinear relationship to strains. Thirdly, the office, or place of work, moderates the stressor strain relationship.
Trauma characteristics, post-traumatic symptoms, psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviours: Results from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Afzali Mohammad H , Sunderland Matthew , Batterham Philip J , Carragher Natacha , Slade Tim
Published: January 2017

Objective:

The current study examined whether trauma characteristics such as the type and number of traumatic events were associated with three suicidal behaviours (i.e. ideation, plan and attempt) after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, post-traumatic symptoms and history of psychiatric disorders.

Method:

Data came from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing ( N = 8841). Respondents were asked about exposure to 28 traumatic events that occurred during their lifetime. Suicidal behaviours were measured using three statements about whether the person ever seriously thought about or planned or attempted suicide.

Results:

Sexual violence and exposure to multiple traumatic events were particularly associated with suicidal behaviours. The presence of the emotional numbing symptom cluster and co-occurrence of three psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder and substance use disorder) also increased the odds of suicidal behaviours. Analysis of age of onset revealed that the mean age of traumatic exposure was earlier than the age at which suicidal behaviours emerged.

Conclusions:

The current study is the first to demonstrate that sexual violence and exposure to multiple traumatic events are associated with suicidal behaviours in a representative sample of Australian adults. The results underline the potential benefits of thorough assessment of trauma history, post-traumatic symptoms and history of psychiatric disorders and their additive contribution in suicide risk among trauma victims. These findings can be used by clinicians and researchers for early intervention programmes.
Tantra and Śāktism in the spirituality of Aurobindo Ghose
Authors: Stoeber Michael
Published: January 2017

How did Sri Aurobindo Ghose understand Tantra? Is the category of Tantra helpful in understanding Aurobindo's spirituality? How Tantric is his spirituality? In responding to these questions, this paper explores various threads in Aurobindo's spirituality: his conceptions of the Goddess and the Śakti-Īśvara Godhead; his integration of features of Śāktism and Śākta Tantra with his early revolutionary politics; his understanding of the cakra system and the embodied nature of his spiritual ideal; his stress on devotional surrender to the divine Mother; and his views of sexuality. Although Aurobindo's mature spirituality is clearly toned down and marked off from more antinomian forms of Tantra, the paper argues that it was shaped in significant ways by his understanding of Tantra.
Douglas Hall's critique of Jürgen Moltmann's eschatology of the cross
Authors: Schweitzer Don
Published: January 2017

This article analyzes Douglas Hall's criticism that the eschatological outlook of Jürgen Moltmann's theology is inappropriate in the North American context. It argues that Hall's position is one-sided in its evaluation of North American culture and that it has some internal contradictions. The eschatological outlook of Moltmann's theology enables a more nuanced assessment of North American culture and presents a more coherent vision for a socially transformative praxis.
La dissimulation (taqiyya) de la foi dans le shī'isme ismaélien
Authors: Steigerwald Diane
Published: January 2017

Au début du christianisme, la discipline de l'arcane, consistant à dissimuler certaines vérités dans les périodes d'adversité, était une pratique courante. Cette discipline est appelée dans l'islām la dissimulation (taqiyya) de la foi et elle est pratiquée le plus souvent dans le shī'isme. Pour les shī'ites, la dissimulation de la foi signifie la «sauvegarde des secrets de l'enseignement des Imāms». Il est important de ne pas divulguer les secrets à ceux qui n'ont pas la réceptivité et l'ouverture du coeur à la foi, afin d'éviter de semer la corruption. Car l'incompréhension du sens caché des symboles conduit les gens à se détracter de la loi religieuse et à l'infidélité. Les shī'ites conçoivent l'humanité comme étant hiérarchisée. Il convient donc de parler à chacune des classes selon sa capacité et son niveau de compréhension. Il existe une hiérarchie de secrets dont l'ultime secret est le Mystère ( Ghayb) divin. Ceux qui sont initiés à l'ésotérique doivent pratiquer la taqiyya à l'égard des non-initiés qui ne connaissent pas certains secrets. Cet article examine cette pratique dans l'islàm ésotérique plus particulièrement chez les shī'ites ismaéliens.
Tensions in Distributed Leadership
Authors: Ho Jeanne , Ng David
Published: January 2017

Purpose: This article proposes the utility of using activity theory as an analytical lens to examine the theoretical construct of distributed leadership, specifically to illuminate tensions encountered by leaders and how they resolved these tensions. Research Method: The study adopted the naturalistic inquiry approach of a case study of an elementary school in Singapore in the process of implementing a project using information and communications technology for instruction. The leaders identified included the principal, vice principals, and middle managers, including a senior teacher. Activity theory was used as the lens for data analysis. Findings: The article makes three contributions to distributed leadership. First, boundary-spanning aspects of work give rise to tensions in the distribution of leadership. Second, tensions provide a context for the exercise of influence by leaders—demonstrated through innovative solutions to counter the tensions. Third, the distribution of leadership is dynamic with the centrality of leadership shifting between multiple levels of leaders as they interact in intersecting activity systems. The case study also confirms the importance of studying the relation between structure and human agency in examining the distribution of leadership.
Promoting Causal Agency: The Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction
Authors: Wehmeyer Michael L. , Palmer Susan B. , Agran Martin , Mithaug Dennis E. , Martin James E.
Published: January 2017

Teachers seeking to promote the self-determination of their students must enable them to become self-regulated problem-solvers. This article introduces a model of teaching, The Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction, incorporating principles of self-determination, which enables teachers to teach students to become causal agents in their own lives. This model was field-tested with students with disabilities. Students receiving instruction from teachers using the model attained educationally relevant goals, showed enhanced self-determination, and communicated their satisfaction with the process. Teachers implementing the model likewise indicated their satisfaction with the process and suggested that they would continue to use the model after the completion of the field test.
Teachers' Problem-Solving about Children with Moderate and Severe Disabilities in Elementary Classrooms
Authors: Snell Martha E. , Janney Rachel E.
Published: January 2017

This ethnographic study investigated the ways general and special education teachers and school staff worked to identify and solve their concerns about children with disabilities in their classrooms. Educators collaborated to resolve concerns by following problem-solving steps somewhat similar to traditional approaches. Teachers used this process (a) primarily during the school day whenever they had a free moment; (b) in pairs, small groups, or alone; and (c) repeated it until feasible solutions were determined. The demands of these teachers' jobs seemed to require that solutions be refined through repeated applications rather than developed optimally as a whole team before acting. These teachers' propensity for collaboration seemed motivated by their realization that cooperation was necessary to meet the educational needs of these children.
Caseload in Special Education: An Integration of Research Findings
Authors: Russ Suzanne , Chiang Berttram , Rylance Billie Jo , Bongers Joyce
Published: January 2017

Despite escalating special education costs and increasing student needs, policies governing special education caseload remain inconsistent, and implementation is even more variable. This article considers links between (a) instructional group size and student engagement, (b) caseload and academic achievement, and (c) caseload and special education teacher attrition. Findings suggest that (a) larger caseloads and instructional group sizes negatively impact student math and reading achievement; (b) severity of students' needs sway teacher perceptions of efficacy; (c) group or whole class instruction dominates all class sizes, but individualization occurs more frequently in smaller groups; (d) student attending behaviors and academic engagement increase when group sizes decrease; and (e) high teacher attrition and high caseloads appear correlated. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
A Statewide Review of the Use of Accommodations in Large-Scale, High-Stakes Assessments
Authors: Johnson Evelyn , Kimball Kathy , Brown Shawn Olson , Anderson David
Published: January 2017

Including students with disabilities in the new standards and accountability systems has been and continues to be one of the greatest challenges facing state educational agencies and local school districts. Most states have implemented accommodations policies that allow special education students the opportunity to participate in state-level assessments. The psychometric, legal, and practical challenges of such policies are not well researched. As the accountability stakes increase, the effects of accommodations places increased tension on these policies. This study presents a post-hoc evaluation of the use of accommodations in the Washington Assessment of Student Learning. The authors conclude that while the use of accommodations appeared to be consistent with state guidelines, increased training opportunities and revisions in reporting procedures are advised.
Multicultural Aspects of Parent Involvement in Transition Planning
Authors: Geenen Sarah , Powers Laurie E. , Lopez-Vasquez Alfonso
Published: January 2017

This study surveyed 308 African-American, Hispanic-American, Native-American and European-American parents to assess their level of participation in various transition planning activities and how important each activity was to them. In addition, 52 school professionals completed a parallel survey of their perceptions toward parent participation. Analyses indicate that culturally and linguistically diverse parents are active in the transition process and, in some instances, their level of reported participation surpassed that of European-American parents. In contrast, professionals described culturally and linguistically diverse parents as less involved than European-American parents in the majority of transition activities. The results are discussed in terms of how the participation of culturally and linguistically diverse parents can be better supported and the importance of transition planning extending beyond school to include other life domains.
Barriers and Facilitators in Scaling up Research-Based Practices
Authors: Klingner Janette K. , Ahwee Suzette , Pilonieta Paola , Menendez Rita
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this research was to “scale up” the implementation of four research-based practices in inclusive classrooms. Twenty-nine teachers from six elementary schools participated in a 2-week professional development program and received extensive follow-up support from researchers throughout the schoolyear. Our objective was to better understand the barriers and facilitators experienced by teachers determined to be high implementers (9), moderate implementers (9), and low implementers (11). Data sources included interviews, teacher logs, and classroom observations. Teachers across implementation levels lamented a lack of instructional time. Yet how teachers dealt with barriers differed. High-implementing (HI) teachers reported administrative support as their top facilitator, while five moderate-implementing (MI) teachers described a lack of administrative support. School effects were noted.
The Impact of Inclusion on Language Development and Social Competerne among Preschoolers with Disabilities
Authors: Rafferty Yvonne , Piscitelli Vincenza , Boettcher Caroline
Published: January 2017

This article describes progress in language development and social competence among 96 preschoolers with disabilities in inclusive and segregated classes. Pretest ability was the strongest predictor of progress. Other child, parent, and family characteristics were not associated with pretest developmental abilities or with progress. Degree of disability did not moderate the impact of placement type on developmental outcomes, controlling for pretest ability. Effect sizes, however, indicated thatposttest scores were comparable in both settings for children with “not severe” disabilities, but not for children with “severe” disabilities. Children with severe disabilities in inclusive classes had higher posttest scores in language development and social skills than their peers in segregated classes, but problem behaviors were lower for children in segregated classes.
Strategy Acquisition and Maintenance of Gifted and Nongifted Young Children
Authors: Cho Seokhee , Ahn Doehee
Published: January 2017

Young childrens strategy acquisition and maintenance were examined by comparing the recall, clustering, and study behaviors of children of different ages and intelligences. Three groups were included in the study: 5-year-old gifted children, 5-year-old nongifted children, and 7-year-old nongifted children. All were observed and measured on 5 consecutive days, with training on strategy use provided on the third day. Several differences among groups were found, generally favoring the gifted children in terms of performance and maintenance of strategies. In addition, the 5-year-old gifted children seemed to spontaneously use categorization strategies and clustered items in recall before training, while the 7-year-old children used categorization and clustering in recall after training. Implications for instruction for gifted students are discussed.
Secondary School Curricula Issues: Impact on Postsecondary Students with Disabilities
Authors: Stodden Robert A. , Galloway L. M. , Stodden Norma Jean
Published: January 2017

Supporting and teaching students with disabilities to learn rigorous, standards-based curriculum in secondary school is a complex and difficult issue for educators. This article presents an overview of issues surrounding standards-based curricula and individualized education for youth with disabilities in secondary school settings. Specifically examined are (a) the complex needs of students with disabilities in learning rigorous standards-based curricula, (b) the needs of educators to effectively teach this population standards-based curricula, and (c) the contextual factors that impact teaching and learning standards-based curricula in secondary schools. Also, some exemplary and promising practices that enable students and schools to meet the goals set out by current legislation are described, and recommendations are made for practitioners.
Schoolwide Planning to Improve Paraeducator Supports
Authors: Giangreco Michael F. , Edelman Susan W. , Broer Stephen M.
Published: January 2017

This study chronicled the use of a process of planning for paraeducator supports, by teams in 46 schools, in 13 states during the 2000–2001 and 2001–2002 school years. Data reflect the utilization and outcomes of the process along with the perspectives of 331 individual team members. Findings indicated that the process assisted school teams in self-assessing their paraeducator practices, identifying priorities, and developing action plans and implementing them. Individual team members reported that the process did what it purported to do and rated it highly on consumer-oriented variables. Culminating reports documented impact on school personnel and student outcomes. Implications for schools and future use are discussed for improving paraeducator supports and educational supports for students with disabilities.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Shifting Policy Landscapes in Special and General Education Reform
Authors: Furney Katharine S. , Hasazi Susan Brody , Clark/Keefe Kelly , Hartnett Johnette
Published: January 2017

A longitudinal policy analysis was undertaken in four schools to explore the degree to which positive outcomes associated with a 1990 state policy on education reform had been sustained in the context of subsequent policies emphasizing standards-based reform and school accountability. The shifting policy context supported the sustainability of initial positive outcomes such as increased use of educational support systems and teams, but was associated with increases in referrals to special education and the use of more restrictive special education placements. Findings suggest a need to recognize shared as well as competing goals among educational policies and to explore a variety of approaches to expanding the capacity of general education to support students within the context of standards-based reform.
Evaluating the Evidence Base for Cognitive Strategy Instruction and Mathematical Problem Solving
Authors: Montague Marjorie , Dietz Samantha
Published: January 2017

This review considers both the content and methodologies of 5 single-subject and 2 group experimental design studies investigating the effects of cognitive strategy instruction on the mathematical problem solving of students with disabilities, using quality indicators proposed by Horner et al. (2005) and Gersten et al. (2005). Findings indicated that the research base of both single-subject and group experimental studies did not meet the methodological criteria to support cognitive strategy instruction as an evidence-based practice for improving mathematical problem solving of students with disabilities. The shortcomings identified in the empirical literature supporting cognitive strategy instruction, however, can be addressed in future intervention studies bearing in mind the quality indicators and standards for determining evidence-based practices.
Determining Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education
Authors: Cook Bryan G. , Tankersley Melody , Landrum Timothy J.
Published: January 2017

Determining evidence-based practices is a complicated enterprise that requires analyzing the methodological quality and magnitude of the available research supporting specific practices. This article reviews criteria and procedures for identifying what works in the fields of clinical psychology, school psychology, and general education; and it compares these systems with proposed guidelines for determining evidence-based practices in special education. The authors then summarize and analyze the approaches and findings of the 5 reviews presented in this issue. In these reviews, prominent special education scholars applied the proposed quality indicators for high-quality research and standards for evidence-based practice to bodies of empirical literature. The article concludes by synthesizing these scholars' preliminary recommendations for refining the proposed quality indicators and standards for evidence-based practices in special education, as well as the process for applying them.
Pasteur's Quadrant as the Bridge Linking Rigor with Relevance
Authors: Smith Garnett J. , Schmidt Matthew M. , Edelen-Smith Patricia J. , Cook Bryan G.
Published: January 2017

A tension exists between educational practitioners and researchers, which is often attributed to their dichotomous and oftentimes polarizing professional ideologies or Discourse communities. When determining what works in education, researchers tend to emphasize evidence-based practices (EBPs) supported by research that is rigorous and internally valid, whereas practitioners tend to value practice-based evidence (PBE) that is relevant and externally valid. The authors argue that these separate mindsets stem from the classical view of research as being either rigorous or relevant. In his canonical Pasteur's Quadrant, Stokes (1997) proposed that rigor and relevance are complementary notions that, when merged, further the production, translation, and implementation of instructional practices that are both rigorous (i.e., evidence-based) and relevant (i.e., practice-based). The authors propose educational design research (EDR) and communities of practice (CoPs) as frameworks through which to realize the promise of Pasteur's quadrant.
What Does it Take to Scale up and Sustain Evidence-Based Practices?
Authors: Klingner Janette K. , Boardman Alison G. , McMaster Kristen L.
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the strategic scaling up of evidence-based practices. The authors draw from the scholarly work of fellow special education researchers and from the field of learning sciences. The article defines scaling up as the process by which researchers or educators initially implement interventions on a small scale, validate them, and then implement them more widely in real-world conditions. Examples of scale-up research are included. The authors discuss challenges to scaling up and sustaining evidence-based practices, followed by factors that can potentially support scaling up, including professional development and district leadership. A case example describes how these issues can play out by highlighting experiences with a Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) scale-up research project in a large urban school district. The article concludes by offering recommendations for research, policy, and practice.
The Japanese Abacus as a Computational Aid for Blind Children
Authors: Nolan Carson Y. , Morris June E.
Published: January 2017

Forty-two junior high level students were instructed in use of the soroban, a type of abacus. Prior to instruction, the students were tested with an easy test and a difficult test to determine their skill in computation of whole and decimal numbers. After four months and again after eight months of instruction and practice with the soroban, the students were tested with equivalent tests. The results demonstrated that the soroban is a practical and efficient approach for overcoming computational problems encountered by the blind.