bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrialization and Kinship: A Comparative Study of Some Nigerian Ethnic Group
Authors: Ekong Sheilah Clarke
Published: April 2019

This paper is an analysis of three Nigerian ethnic groups, their kinship structures, and their efforts at industrialization. We argue that in Nigeria, kinship and historical development have necessitated alternative approaches to industrialization, which do not comply with the Western model of urbanization and the transition to - nuclear families.

The Yoruba, Igbo, and Ibibio ethnic groups are each reviewed in turn with regards to their kinship patterns, the resources available to them, and their traditional occupations, which are considered the determining factors in their orientation to industry.

The Yoruba, who have a tradition of non-industrial urban residence, are the most industrialized, as industries are predominantly urban based. The Igbo, are taken to be less industrial than the Yoruba, as they have refined their indigenous craft skills into smallscale service industrie’s. Finally, the lbibio, are considered the least industrial as they have continued their primary occupation of farming in government run plantations.

In assessing Nigeria’s industrialization process, we introduce the concept of “ethnic industrialization” which suggests that the various ethnic groups of Nigeria direct their industrializing activities to certain types of industry in accord with their own social, cultural, and historical development.
Strangers in a Strange Land: Coping with Marginality in International Marriage
Authors: Imamura Anne E.
Published: April 2019

As international contacts increase, more and more people find themselves living temporarily or even permanently outside their own societies. Taking two samples of foreign women married to Nigerian and Japanese men who have returned to live in their husband’s countries, this paper explores Hughes’ propositions on marginality and its reduction. The experiences of these foreign wives suggest that the same individuals use different mechanisms in different situations, and that different forms of marginality call for different reduction mechanisms.
Contrasts in Ethnic Family Patterns: The Irish and the Italians
Authors: Vosburgh Miriam G. , Julian Richard N.
Published: April 2019

Ethnic intermarriage has been seen both as an indicator of the assimilation of different groups with each other as well as a stimulus to their further assimilation. While previous research findings support the first point, little evidence exists to confirm the second proposition and even less analysis to explain what does happen in such marriages. In order to understand the processes that follow interethnic marriages it is first necessary to know what cultural differences tend to be brought to such marriages. The first stage of this research, therefore, is an attempt to measure group differences. Focusing on one common case of intermarriage in American society, the present study delineates past differences in the familyrelated values and behavior patterns of Irish and Italian American Catholics and measures the extent to which similarities or cultural compatibility already exist. This paper describes the findings within three broad categories a) characteristics related to socio-economic background and residence b) factors related to family formation, growth and dissolution and c) values related to family roles and relationships. While the findings in the first category bear on the likelihood of intermarriage, those in the second and third categories give a greater understanding of some basic issues that must be resolved if further ethnic assimilation is to occur within these marriages.
Dual-Career Couples and the American Dream: Self-Sufficiency and Achievement
Authors: Hertz Rosanna
Published: April 2019

The Soviet social system and its transformation during the post-Stalin period have exerted a tremendous impact on the Soviet family and related institutions. Trends in the Soviet Union across the last three decades have affected the Soviet family in different ways--some of these trends, like the decay of socialism and the rise in privatization, havelcd to the strengthening of the family, while other trends, such as the demoralization of Soviet society and rampant individualism unrestrained by social values, have encouraged lifestyles which are incompatible with even the mildest family bonds.

Glasnost and the liberalization of Soviet society, plus the transition from a harsh, despotic, Orwellian state militantly hostile to private life to a society where the individual’s rights are at least partially recognized by the state, had led to a radical weakening of all social ties, including those of the family.
Fictive Kinship Relations in black extended families
Authors: Chatters Linda M. , Taylor Robert Joseph , Jayakody Rukmalie
Published: April 2019

Demographic correlates of whether an extended family has incorporated a fictive kin relative was examined among a national sample of black adults. Fictive kin are defined as persons who are treated like a relative but who are not related by blood or marriage. Two out of three respondents indicated there was someone in their family who was regarded as a fictive kin. Multivariate analysis revealed that gender, age, education and region were all significantly associated with the probability that a family would incorporate fictive kin members. These findings are discussed in relation to previous work on fictive kinship relationships.
Relationships between Marital Satisfaction and Privacy Preferences
Authors: Craddock Alan E.
Published: April 2019

The Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale and a shortened version of Marshall’s Privacy Preferences Scale were administered to 114 married couples living in the city of Sydney, Australia. Marital satisfaction (male, female and couple satisfaction) was regressed upon individual and couple difference scores in four areas of privacy preferences (solitude, reserve, not neighboring and intimacy). The results indicated that male satisfaction was associated with spouses’ low preference for Reserve and couple differences in respect to Solitude and Reserve. Female satisfaction was negatively associated with couple differences in Not Neighboring. Couple satisfaction was positively associated with wives’ low preference for Reserve and couple differences in preferences for Solitude.
Marriage, Divorce, and Sexual Relations in Contemporary China
Authors: Bullough Vern L. , Ruan Fang Fu
Published: April 2019

Customs and attitude about marriage, divorce, and sexual practices are undergoing change in China. Some of the changes have been encouraged by the government while others have occurred almost in spite of government efforts to redirect policy. Getting information on changes is not an easy task, even in this period of Chinese willingness to be more open. The resulting overview is based on available sources as well as the personal experiences of the authors, one of whom is a Chinese national and well known researcher into sex, marriage, and family in China. The others is an American who has visited Chi na and written on various aspects of sexual behavior in China.
The Family and Demography in Contemporary Taiwan
Authors: Lee Mei-Lin , Sun Te-Hsiung
Published: April 2019

This paper analyzes changes in the family of Taiwan in the context of demographic change and ideological characteristics. The analysis is mainly based on a series of KAP surveys from 1965 to 1985, which interviewed representative samples of the households with married women of ages 20-39 in Taiwan. The results indicate that although the traditional Chinese family system persists, it is being eroded by the rapid social and demographic changes. Following the resolution of extended families, the proportions of nuclear family increased significantly, and the size of family reduced. Although most women eventually get married, the age at marriage increased and the divorce rate also increased. The family structure varies significantly by region and traditional beliefs.
The Malay Family: Beliefs and Realities
Authors: Kling Zainal
Published: April 2019

The study of Malay family and its ideology has to start with an understanding of the interlinkages of three basic foundations: the traditional socio-cultural configuration which is internally understood as adad, the impact and accommodation of Islamic religious principles and the influence of British colonial legislative laws. Compounding all these three major influences is the current direct exposure of family members, especially the younger generation, to foreign familial interaction pattern as portrayed, rightly or otherwise, by the mass media. The electronic media, especially, brought in an alternative structure of interaction in a pattern of family socialisation for the younger generation and create a sort of structural gap in the situation of family life.
Orientations to Marriage among Young Canadians
Authors: Hobart Charles W.
Published: April 2019

This paper presents the results of a questionnaire study of 700 English speaking and 404 French speaking Canadian university and trade school students, dealing with attitudes toward a number of marital role issues. Factor analysis and step regression analysis procedures were used. Although the English speaking sample was generally more egalitarian in marital role expectations than the French speaking sample, this pattern was reversed on issues relating to the employment of the wife. Women were more egalitarian than men in both samples and English speaking men were more egalitarian than French speaking men, with the result that sex differences were more pronounced for the French language sample. The regression analysis showed that egalitarianism indices were better predicted for the French than for the English language data. These data suggest that there are more powerfully entrenched definitions of marital roles in the French-Canadian culture than in the Anglo- Canadian culture.
Recent Changes in Korean Family Life Patterns
Authors: Roh Chang Shub , Ireland Ralph R.
Published: April 2019

Increasing industrialization, urbanization, and spatial mobility, along with such other socio-economic factors as more education for more people, have contribured to many changes currently taking place in Korean family life patterns. This paper examines the changing patterns in household size and family composition, household types, mate selection, and age at first marriage, including the changes in the criteria used for selecting prospective mates. Closely related to these changes are the concomitant changes in decreasing kinship ties, in the increasing rate of divorce, and the problems of the aged.
Attitudes Towards Marriage and the Family Amongst Young People in Hong Kong, and Comparisons with the United States and Taiwan
Authors: Podmore David , Chaney David
Published: April 2019

Data obtained from a survey of 1123 young people in Hong Kong is compared with the results of surveys of students in the U S A and Taiwan in order to test the proposition that there is a relationship between the the extent of industrialisation in a society and the attitudes of the members of the society. The hypothesis that American respondents will show more modern attitudes towards marriage and the family than Hong Kong respondents is wholly supported. When Hong Kong and Taiwanese respondents are compared, the findings are not conclusive. For three attitude items there is no significant difference, for two items Hong Kong respondents show significantly more modern attitudes than Taiwanese and for one item Taiwanese are significantly more modern than Hong Kong respondents. Special aspects of social life in Hong Kong and Taiwan, it is suggested, account in part for the differences observed.
Differential Perception of the Parental Relationship: A Chilean Sample
Authors: Williamson Robert C.
Published: April 2019

The paper reports the findings in socialization practices of deviant and “normal” samples in Santiago, Chile. Responses to the interviews with 60 schizophrenics, 52 juvenile delinquents, and 175 “normals” or “controls” revealed marked differences in their child rearing experiences Parental rejection, especially by, the father, seemed particularly critical in the schizophrenic sample, whereas the delinquent sample had experienced both rejection and ovetly harsh discipline. The mothers were often perceived as manipulative, and with a high rate of absenteeism among the fathers, the mother often had to fulfill, however inadequately, both the instrumental and expressive roles. Despite the differences in age, sex, and social class between the three samples, the study points to varying types of emotional climate within the home as significant in personal and social adjustment.
Single Women in Nepal: Familial Support, Familial Neglect
Authors: Weiss Linda
Published: April 2019

This paper focuses on familial assistance to those high caste Nepalese women who are either widowed or estranged from their husbands. Some twenty percent of high caste women may be single at any given point in time; because of discrimination in rules of inheritance, educational access and access to marketable skills, the likelihood of their full self-sufficiency, through property or work, is relatively small. Assistance from family is, therefore, essential to single women of these castes, but the structure of the kinship system and the norms governing behavior make accessing support sometimes difficult. Afflnes are responsible for the care of these women, but may have little motivation to provide it—particularly in cases of separation, divorce, or where the women is young or without offspring (therefore needing careful supervision and many years of support). Natal kin may have a greater desire to help, yet they face a number of constraints on their behavior towards once married women; thus they cart often provide some assistance, butonly rarely substantial support. Still, natal kin were found to very important at the end of a woman’s marriage, a surprising finding considering the strongly patrilineal kinship system and patriarchal ideology.
Ethiopean and Israeli Students’ Adjustment to College: The effect of the Family, Social Support and Individual Coping Styles
Authors: Ben-David Amith , Leichtentritt Ronit
Published: April 2019

The present study examines the individual, family, and social resources that influence the academic adjustment of Ethiopian students as compared to Israeli students. More specifically, the study examines the influence of sense of coherence, coping styles, family cohesion and adaptability, and social support on the academic adjustment of these two populations. Academic adjustment was measured using three dimensions: (a) the student’s assessment of his competence and ability in learning; (b) the student’s satisfaction in his. studies; and (c) the student’s grade point average (GPA) during his first year in college (this component was used only for the Ethiopian students). Forty-six Ethiopian and 46 matched Israeli students participated in the study. Results indicate that there are significant differences between the two populations that influence their academic adjustment. Findings are discussed in light of previous knowledge of the Ethiopian community in Israel, as well as the process of adjustment of foreign and racially different students to college.
Structural Assimilation and Ethnic Fertility in Ghana
Authors: Addai Isaac , Troyato Frank
Published: April 2019

This study explores the relative importance of socioeconomic and cthnic/cultural factors on possible convergence in reproduction among four and residual Ghanaian ethnic groups. Two views on differences in ethnic fertility have emerged in the literature. The first is the characteristics assimilation thesis which is based on the premise that when socioeconomic and demographic differences between social groups are statistically controlled, their fertility levels should converge. The other view, the cultural/ ethnic effect thesis, attributes group fertility differences to the influence of subgroup culture and experiences.

No study in this area of research has explored the relative efficacy of these explanations within the context of Ghana. We study the Twi, the Fante/Other Akan, the Ewe and the Ga-Adangbe ethnic groups and the Northern Groups using data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey of 1993. The results derived from the analysis are more congruent with characteristics assimilation thesis because once sociodemographic differences between these groups and a standard population are equalized through statistical controls, the fertility differences virtually disappear. The cultural/ethnic hypothesis, which stresses the influence of group norms, beliefs, values and experiences in group behaviour, including reproduction, is of no importance among the groups under study.
Troubles in Interracial Talk About Discipline: An Examination of African American Child Rearing Narratives
Authors: Mosby Lyneitta , Rawls Anne Warfield , Meehan Albert J. , Mays Edward , Pettinari Catherine Johnson
Published: April 2019

The preference of African American parents for physical discipline is noted frequently in the literature, and it is suggested that this preference is responsible for the over representation of black children in foster care. Our research has found that African American parents in a social service intervention program clearly express this preference to their social workers, thereby further jeopardizing their chances of being judged fit parents. Studies of African American parenting styles show that there is a preference for physical discipline in combination with loving verbal reinforcement. This preference seems to represent a deep-seated set of cultural beliefs that cross many generations in the African American community. In spite of the importance of these claims, however, and the apparent cultural character of the preferences, there are relatively few studies of the African American use of physical discipline and none that report on the preference in any detail. This paper examines extended narrative accounts of why physical punishment is a preferred form of discipline in the African American community and how it is ideally to be used. Because the preference for physical discipline is thought to be a deep seated cultural form, and culture is often conveyed through narrative, we have paid careful attention to narrative in examining this preference.
Predicting Marital Quality in Ghana
Authors: Miller Nancy B. , Kannae Lawrence A.
Published: April 2019

Using reports from a sample of 370 urban husbands in the Upper East region of Ghana, we used partial least squares (PLS) modeling procedures to examine predictors of marital quality. The proposed model is based on studies of marriages in North America and available literature on the traditional African family. Our results indicate that communication style and decision-making attitudes have a direct effect on marital quality: Open communication between spouses increases marital quality while male-dominated decision making has a negative impact. Traditional gender-role attitudes and wife’s employment status affected marital quality indirectly by influencing communication style and decision-making. Thus, Ghanaian husbands with less patriarchal attitudes and behavior reported higher marital quality.
Independence and Obedience: An Analysis of Child Socialization Values in the United States and China
Authors: Xiao Hong
Published: April 2019

The United States and China are two societies with distinctive cultures. Common to many of the discussions of American culture is the perception that Americans value individual independence. Chinese culture, on the other hand, is said to emphasize individual conformity. Using data from the World Values Survey 19901993, the author examines patterns of child socialization values in the United States and China. Empirical evidence provides little support for the conventional assumptions. In fact, Americans in the 1990s are much more likely than Chinese to value children’s obedience. Chinese, on the other hand, are more likely than Americans to endorse children’s independence. The study also finds that, despite of cross-national differences in dominant religion, cultural tradition, and political system, Americans and Chinese are quite similar in their thinking of the kinds of things to teach children at home. Among the top six values endorsed within each country, five are identical. Sources and implications of the findings are discussed.
The impact of postmarital residence of fertility, early childhood mortality, and child health in Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Kiros Gebre-Egziabher , Kertzer David I.
Published: April 2019

The link between family systems and demographic behavior has recently been the subject of important new theoretical and empirical work by anthropologists and others. Among the key foci for this work has been the link between coresidential arrangements following marriage and young wives’ status and power, and the impact this and gender preferences typical of certain family systems have on fertility and on infant and child mortality. To date, this new work has focused largely on East and South Asia. We here take advantage of the 1997 Community and Family Survey data from the Southern Region of Ethiopia to see whether any evidence of these coresidential effects on demographic outcomes can be found in an African context.
Dual-Resident Marriages in Thailand: A Comparison of Two Cultural Groups of Women
Authors: Schvaneveldt Paul L. , Young Margareth. , Schvaneveldt Jay D.
Published: April 2019

The purposes of this study are to understand the perceived attitudes, consequences, and motivations fordual-resident marital arrangements of women in Thailand. Two cultural groups of women were compared: a Village group comprised of agrarian village women and a University group, consisting of professional women; both groups of women lived in dual-resident marital arrangements. It was hypothesized that broader cultural and economic factors influenced perceived motivations and consequences for individuals and families in dual-residencies. Results illustrated how such economic and cultural factors differed between the two groups of women in Thailand. Comparisons were made to U.S. commuter marital arrangements.
Who Interracially Dates: An Examination of the Characteristics of those who have Interracially Dated
Authors: Yancey George
Published: April 2019

Interracial romantic relationships are a useful barometer of macrolevel race relations. Much of the research of who enters into interracial relationships concentrates upon marital relationships. While this research is useful, there is little research regarding who interracially dates. Logistical regression analysis was conducted on data from a telephone survey. European-Americans, African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans and Asian-Americans were analyzed separately. Similar demographic and social factors predicted outdating across racial groups. Within three of the four racial groups studied, younger men and those who attended interracial schools were significantly more likely to interracially date. Surprisingly, neither religious preference nor geographic region provided significant explanatory value in interpreting interracial dating. Furthermore, this data did not support notions that majority-group members use interracial dating relationships to “trade up” by dating racial minorities with higher economic and educational attainment.
Biased Childhood Sex Ratios and the Economic Status of the Family in Rural China
Authors: Secondi Giorgio S.
Published: April 2019

While in most Western countries male births are slightly more frequent than female births (105 to 106 boys are born for every 100 girls), recent data for rural China show that sex ratios for Chinese children are much higher than 105 or 106. This phenomenon is often attributed to preference for sons and parental behavior aimed at producing more male children than biologically normal. Such behavior may include abortion of female fetuses as well as female infanticide. Parents may prefer boys because they perceive them to be investments with higher returns. It may also be that traditions emphasizing the dominant role and higher social status of men affect parental preferences. In this paper I try to shed light on the determinants of biased childhood sex ratios in rural China, with a focus on investigating whether the economic status of the parents affects the ratio of sons to daughters in the household. The data used in the paper come from the 1988 Chinese Household Income Project, a household survey with information on more than 10,000 families residing in China’s rural areas. I find that first-born surviving children of lower-income parents are significantly more likely to be boys. This result suggests that girls may be “luxuries” that higher-income parents are better able to afford. When looking at the effects of China’s well-known “one-child policy” I find no evidence that the policy has worsened the bias in sex ratios. In fact, the evidence points to more balanced sex ratios being achieved at the time when the one-child policy was enforced most strictly.
Paternal Engagement in Immigrant and Refugee Families
Authors: Shimon R. , Este David , Clark Dawne E.
Published: April 2019

Paternal disengagement has been identified as a key risk factor for Canadian children. Prior to this study, the specific barriers to paternal engagement facing immigrant and refugee fathers had not been studied or identified, nor had strategies been developed to ensure that the needs of this population are met in new and existing services. The design of specialized services for immigrant and refugee fathers, as well as the successful integration of immigrant and refugee fathers into existing services, requires that practitioners gain an understanding of fatherhood from a cross cultural perspective. The intent of this study was to explore the values, strengths and difficulties faced by new Canadian fathers as they negotiate a variety of Canadian experiences while coping with the struggles associated with migration. Implications of these findings for the development and implementation of programs intended to support families will be discussed.
Ideology and Changing Family Arrangements in Singapore
Authors: Yun Hing Ai
Published: April 2019

This study examines how individuals go about interweaving ideology with daily living to arrive at their own ideas about family practice. In Singapore, families constitute a rich ground for study due to the country’s multicultural composition (77% ethnic Chinese, 14% Malay Muslim and 8% Hindu Indian). Four decades of rapid industrial development have wrought a parallel transformation in the way family life is conducted. The qualitative approach was chosen to better capture how families grapple with changes brought by capitalist industrialization to create their family of choice.

The first section introduces the way families are conceived and talked about amongst various sections of the population. Broad transformations in family behavior are then traced through investigation of three-generation families to see how grandmothers, daughters and grand-daughters deal with both traditionally defined modes of conduct and newly emerging norms pioneering family behavior. The way men and women negotiate how they handle work and family demands in contemporary Singapore is then revealed through examination of families established by working couples. By focusing on members struggling with both work and domestic obligations, this section spotlights individuals in the process of creating and re-creating their own unique roles in the family. The family scenarios delineated by respondents challenge the idea that the family is eternal and unchanging. Instead, we are exposed to the family in a state of continual flux and uneven transformation.
A Quantitative and Qualitative Approach to Social Relationships and Well-Being in the United States and Japan
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Antonucci Toni C. , Akiyama Hiroko , Takahashi Keiko
Published: April 2019

This study examined associations between social relationships and psychological well-being through (a) quantitative analyses of surveys of representative samples ranging in age from 13 to 93 in the United States (N = 1498) and Japan (N = 1641) and (b) qualitative content analyses of 12 focus group discussions conducted separately with American and Japanese participants. Survey results revealed that having a spouse or a best friend was related more strongly to some aspects of psychological well-being in Japan than in the United States. Findings regarding the quality of social relationships were more mixed; some aspects of quality were related more strongly to well-being in Japan but others were related more strongly in the United States. Focus group participants described social relationships as influencing well-being by offering a sense of belonging, providing someone in whom to confide, making too many demands and not allowing enough independence, and affecting perceptions of success in relationships.
The Dynamics of Timing and Spacing of Births in Ghana
Authors: Gyimah Stephen Obeng
Published: April 2019

Studying the dynamics of timing and spacing of births is important for several reasons including an understanding of differentials in completed family size and childhood mortality. In this paper, we test whether there are intrinsic socio-cultural factors that affect the transition between successive births in Ghana. Using data from the 1998 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, it was found that although the socio-cultural factors were mediated by socio-economic and demographic factors, there was the persistence of ethnic differences. For instance, at all durations, Ewe and Mole-Dagbani wornen were found to have longer birth intervals than Akan women. These differences have been explained through ethnic differences in norms and practices such as lineage patterns, duration of post-partum abstinence and amenorrhoea. Besides the socioeconomic and socio-cultural factors, other consistently significant covariates were the length of the preceding birth interval, age at first birth, birth cohorts and the survival status of the index child.
Generational and Cultural Changes in Family Life in the United Arab Emirates: A Comparison of Mothers and Daughters
Authors: Schvaneveldt Paul L. , Kerpelman Jennifer L. , Schvaneveldt Jayd.
Published: April 2019

An exploratory study of daughters and their mothers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), guided by modernity theory is reported. The UAE has come from a desert nomadic culture to a high tech oil rich nation in just the past 40 years and is a key place to assess the impact of rapid development and fast paced transformations on family life. Differences and trends in gender and family role attitudes, child care practices, cultural values, perceptions about religion, and beliefs toward fertility practices were compared between matched pairs of daughters and mothers. Many traditional beliefs and customs still exist in the UAE, but major shifts in attitudes toward marriage and family life were observed. Some of the major changes include: daughters plan to choose their husbands and to marry much later in life than their mothers did, daughters will have a formal higher education, whereas most mothers did not have access to higher education, daughters were born in modern medical facilities while mothers were born in a home or a desert tent, and most of the daughters plan to have a professional career while nearly all mothers were full time home makers. There is agreement, however, between mothers and daughters regarding the belief that faith in Islam will protect their children from future problems.
Family Size, Family Type and Student Achievement: Cross-National Differences and the Role of Socioeconomic and School factors
Authors: Marks Gary N.
Published: April 2019

This paper examines the effects of family size and family type on student achievement in reading and mathematics using data from 30 countries. In most countries, socioeconomic background accounts for a sizable part of the effects of family size on student achievement. There was little evidence for the resource dilution explanation to account for the effects of family size. Socioeconomic background and, in many countries, material resources account for much of the effect of a single-parent family. In contrast, these economic factors account for less of the effect of a reconstituted family. Students from larger, single-parent and reconstituted families tend to be located in the academically weaker parts of the school system. The countries that show stronger effects for family size are not the same countries that show stronger effects for family type. The negative effects on student performance of a single-parent and reconstituted family tend to be stronger in more economically developed countries.
Living Together or Communicating at a Distance: Structural and Associational Solidarity Between Mid-life Parent and Adult Child in New Zealand
Authors: Hillcoat-Nallétamby Sarah , Dharmalingam A. , Baxendine S.
Published: April 2019

This article draws on the theoretical construct of micro-level intergenerational solidarity developed by Bengtson and others to establish the factors influencing the associative and structural dimensions of solidarity for the dyad of mid-life parent and young adult child. This dyadic relationship may be subject to the constraining effects of responsibilities associated with mid-life, and the increasingly complex process associated with youth transition to adulthood, suggesting the potential for weakened intergenerational bonds of co-residence and communication. Empirical analysis, using multivariate logistic regression techniques draws on data from a 1997 New Zealand sample survey examining intergenerational relations between individuals aged 40-54 and their children and ageing parents. Results indicate that marital status, gender, religion and ethnicity exert a particular influence on both dimensions of solidarity, and that the potentially constraining factors of household income, employment, family size and the presence of ageing parents do not appear to weaken them unduly. Results do suggest that both dimensions of solidarity are weakened by parental divorce and separation, but remain the strongest when children share a biological link with parents.
Correlates of Spousal Communication on Fertility and Family Planning among The Yoruba of Nigeria
Authors: Oyediran Kola’ , Isiugo-Abanihe Uche C. , Bankole Akinrinola
Published: April 2019

The paper examines the correlates of husband-wife communication on fertility and family planning among the Yoruba-speaking people of south-western Nigeria. The study was undertaken in Ogbomoso and Iseyin towns in Oyo State, and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The results reveal that husband-wife discussion about reproductive issues is fairly high in the study areas, with 59.2 percent and 66.4 percent of couples reporting spousal communication on family size and family planning respectively. The logistic regression models indicate that differences in spousal communication on desired family size and contraceptive use are associated with personal attributes such as demographic and social backgrounds of individuals and couples, including spousal age gap, joint educational attainment, religious affiliation of partners, type of marriage, frequency of couples’ exposure to radio and television as well as association membership. The major obstacles to spousal communication on fertility-related issues are cultural opposition and ignorance about modern norms and values.
Evolution and Contemporary Social Transformations in Families
Authors: Soto Sergio Reuben
Published: April 2019

Firstly, this paper intends to analyze the kind of relationships existing inside a family. In order to do that, the author makes an effort to reconsider its historical forming process applying classical anthropological texts. At this stage, the analysis proposes two different types of relationships between human beings: the primal, which arose from the most elementary feelings of love, protection, accompaniment and a strictly social relation rose from needs of cooperation and collective work. Family is an expression of both kinds of relationships. Secondly, this work analyzes nuclear family as a result of a historical process associated with the development of capital and social conditions, which make its consolidation possible. Thirdly, the author proposes a discussion about crisis of nuclear family under the contemporary global transformation perspective of capital accumulation. As a conclusion, it describes some reflections on perspectives that those transformations brought to the role of the family.$$Family evolution, Contemporary social transformation, Costa Rica.
Changes and Inequality in Latin American Families
Authors: Arriagada Irma
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the changes that have affected a key institution in people’s lives -family-and to set those changes in a wider context. It aims to describe processes of modernization and modernity and their effects on families, by providing a diagnostic study highlighting the diversity of families in Latin America and changes that have affected them in different socio-economic strata. While drawing attention to heterogeneous structures and increasing economic inequality among families, this study also highlights various types of a cultural change family has been confronted with, including demographic shifts, growing number of households headed by women, and women’s increasing participation both in labour market as well as in social and political domains.$$Inequality, Changes, Family in Latin America.
Brazilian and Immigrant Families in São Paulo City: Education and Work
Authors: Campos Maria Christina Siqueira de Souza
Published: April 2019

Two studies, worked out in different moments in the same period (1900-1950), have pointed to some significant differences in the way families living in Sao Paulo (city ?) brought up their children and consequently in the way men and women have acted towards work and family life. The first study was focused on families originated from Brazilian middle and lower social and economic classes living in the capital city of Sao Paulo - nevertheless coming from inland -. The second one was focused on families from Portuguese origin resident in the interior of Sao Paulo state. In both researches, a French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theory was applied, as their conceptual basis - especially habitus concept strategies and economic, social and cultural capital, oral reports from two generations’ members were used as data source. Independent from their social and economic classes, we have noticed that there was a distinction between the upbringing transmitted by Brazilian parents to their sons and to their daughters: whenever possible, teenage girls are not allowed to work outside the home; it was just when necessary that they should be admitted to work outside the family sphere. Among cultivated values by Brazilian families, school education must be a relevant point, as it was considered a way of social ascension. Portuguese origin families, on the other hand, evaluated work so much that teenage girls were expected to participate in family work as hard as young men and only when taking care of a baby, a woman could be moved away from work activity.$$Portuguese and Brazilian families, education, work, habitus.
The Elderly and Family Change in Asia with a Focus in Iran: A Sociological Assessment
Authors: Sheykhi Mohammad Taghi
Published: April 2019

Elderly people and families are attracting the attention of many social scientists nowadays. The paper tries to explore how much social change in Asia is affecting family structure, and how deep elderly people are influenced by this transition. The trend of these studies has been following various ageing referring to socioeconomic implications for those societies. A concept of ageing being followed in industrial societies is not well defined or touched in many of Asian societies yet. Rising challenges out of the phenomenon need due to find solutions to avoid further complications and controversies as far as a changing in family is concerned. Consequences brought from ageing such as: loneliness, loss of status, being apart from productive system and similarly reduction in quality of life could be sociologically tackled to harmonize the ageing phenomenon with family's responsibility. Hence, lowering family poverty would help much. Shortage of appropriate social security system in many of Asian societies, changing attitudes from youth towards elderly, change of family values system and their likes. All of those facts have led the elderly to poverty and inappropriate services at the ending stage of their life. The gap between the perceived need for assistance of the elderly and thir received assistance could be filled up by family and that should be what they traditionally expect. Iran is also facing this challenge due to rapid changes in family, mainly caused by the change in family relations whose values have ended. Hence, adequate policies need to be adopted to end up with the emerging challenge in Asia.$$aged society, family solidarity, gerontology, far/lat/modernization.
Families in Iran: Changes, Challenges and Future
Authors: Azadarmaki Taghi , Bahar Mehri
Published: April 2019

The expression of Iranian family is viewed more from its descriptive aspect than from an analytical one. Iranian families have historically been more religious and have been organized with regards to religious interpretations coming from Zoroastrianism and Islam practitionres. In such families, marriage and reproduction are of a significant value. Parents along with their children are established in a network of kinship relations and most issues are organized through this network. Throughout the past decades and even before that, families had undergone major changes. Rising of divorce rate; reduction in marriage rate; freedoms given to women and their increased participation in social and political fields; changes in attitudes on gender issues, focusing on love and emotions as being a primary criterion in selecting a spouse along with support from the family and changes that have occurred among the new generation are some of the main examples. On the other hand a simultaneous presence of these generations, in a single family, has prepared the grounds for integration within a family and its simpler relationships with the social environment. However, Iranian families encounter major challenges related to women, children from the new generation and modernization, whose changes had been introduced through public media and education.$$changes in Iranian family, family types, Generations
Intergenerational Transmission of Motherhood Patterns: Three Generations of Immigrant Mothers of Moroccan Descent in Israel
Authors: Glassman Irit , Eisikovits Rivka A.
Published: April 2019

Patterns of gender role division and child rearing are determined by the belief system, values and conditions that characterize a given culture (Harkness, Super & van Tijen, 2000). In traditional societies it is one of the main intergenerationally transmitted patterns of culture (Harkness & Super, 2000). As parenting is one of the major sources of personal identity, there is greater opposition to changes in it (Harris, 1968; Pitman, Eisikovits & Dobbert, 1989) than other areas of life perceived as less essential to the identity of the individual and his/her future. The family is a “culture bearing unit” (Eisikovits, 1997a) and, as such, patterns of preservation and change in gender roles and parental behavior can throw light on broader transformations occurring during cultural transition.
Informal Unions in Mexico and the United States
Authors: Heaton Tim B. , Forste Renata
Published: April 2019

The dramatic rise in cohabitation in the United States and other Western industrial societies signals a major shift in the way couples form sexual partnerships. In many Latin American countries, however, there is a long tradition of couples living in relationships without formal legal sanction. To address these differences, this study compares recent trends and patterns of sexual union formation in Mexico and the U.S. In contrast to marriage, cohabitation patterns in the U.S. and Mexico originate from different starting points. Informal or cohabiting unions in Mexico began with a history of informal, common law marriages. In contrast, in the U.S. cohabitation began in the late 60s and early 70s outside the mainstream of social behavior. Currently, cohabitation is more common in the U.S. than in Mexico, but age patterns of union formation are parallel. Also informal sexual unions are less stable relative to marriage in each country.
Pregnancy Intention and Father Involvement in Guatemala
Authors: Rogers Jennifer E. , Speizer Ilene S.
Published: April 2019

This paper explores the association between pregnancy intention and father involvement in Guatemala. Father involvement is measured by whether the child lives with his/her father, whether a non-residential father provides financial support, and whether the child is registered with the non-residential father’s last name. Data are from separate surveys of women and men. Overall, a greater percentage of men reported that they live with their children and that their children were intended than the percentage of women who reported residential fathers and intended pregnancies. Multivariate logistic regression analyses, controlling for other variables, find that pregnancy intention is associated with father involvement. Both men and women reported that their child was more likely to be registered with the father’s name if that child was intended. Men also reported that they were significantly more likely to be involved in their children’s lives financially if those non- residential children were intended. Programs and policies that try to prevent unintended pregnancies or that try to involve the father in the pregnancy before the birth may result in an increase in father involvement and thus may have a significant impact on child well-being in Guatemala.
How Many Melting Pots? Intermarriage, Pan ethnicity, and the Black/Non-Black Divide In the United States
Authors: Fu Vincent Kang
Published: April 2019

This study uses the 1 in 6 Long Form Sample of the 1990 Decennial United States Census to describe intermarriage patterns for a detailed set of racial and ethnic groups and determine whether the notions of assimilation, panethnicity, and a Black/non-Black divide describe racial and ethnic differentiation in the United States. Asian groups exhibit panethnicity in their intermarriage choices, tending to intermarry with members of other Asian groups. Latino groups fit both assimilation and panethnicity, with some Latino groups tending to intermarry with Whites and others showing an affinity for intermarriage with other Latinos. Intermarriage patterns also reveal a deep divide between Blacks and non-Blacks.
Love Styles: A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students
Authors: Neto Félix
Published: April 2019

This study was undertaken to examine young women's and men's styles of love in three cultures: England, India, and Portugal. 562 students completed the Love Attitudes Scale (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1986), as measures of Lee's love styles. Cultural background and gender were investigated as correlates of love styles among British, Indian, and Portuguese university students. Men viewed love as more permissive, more friendship oriented, more pragmatic, more agapic, but less manic than did women. Culture differences or Gender x Culture interactions were also found. We discuss the importance of studying love with data collected from more than one culture.$$culture, gender, love styles.