bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of fabrication of line-and-space patterns with 7 nm quarter-pitch using electron beam lithography with chemically amplified resist process: V. Optimum beam size
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro
Published: September 2016

The high-volume production of semiconductor devices with sub-10 nm critical dimensions is challenging. We have investigated the feasibility of the fabrication of line-and-space patterns with a 7 nm quarter-pitch (7 nm space width and 21 nm line width) by electron beam (EB) lithography. In this study, the optimum beam size for the fabrication of line-and-space patterns with a 7 nm quarter-pitch was investigated from the viewpoint of the trade-off relationship between line edge roughness (LER) and sensitivity. When the peak charge was constant, the optimum beam size depended on the required sensitivity. When the total charge was constant, the beam size was required to be less than 1.6 nm for minimizing LER.
Anopheles (Díptera: Culicidae) vectors of malaria in Puerto Carreño municipality, Vichada, Colombia
Authors: Jiménez Pilar , Conn Jan E. , Wirtz Robert , Brochero Helena
Published: September 2016

Introducción. El estudio de los aspectos de la biología de los mosquitos Anopheles spp. fortalece la vigilancia entomológica.Objetivo. Determinar los aspectos de la biología y el comportamiento de las especies adultas del género Anopheles presentes en el área urbana de Puerto Carreño.Materiales y métodos. Se capturaron Anopheles spp. silvestres que se habían posado en personas, en el intradomicilio y peridomicilio de viviendas ubicadas en el área urbana del municipio de Puerto Carreño (Vichada), entre las 18:00 y las 06:00 horas, durante dos noches consecutivas por mes y durante ocho meses. Se determinó la actividad de picadura para cada especie, la infección natural por Plasmodium falciparum y P. vivax VK247 y VK210 mediante la técnica ELISA, y se determinó la tasa de inoculación entomológica. Los individuos pertenecientes al complejo Albitarsis se determinaron mediante amplificación en cadena de la polimerasa del fragmento del gen white.Resultados. En orden de abundancia, se encontraron: An. darlingi (n=1.166), An. marajoara sensu stricto (n=152), An. braziliensis (n=59), An. albitarsis F (n=25), An. albitarsis sensu lato (n=16), An. argyritarsis (n=3) y An. oswaldoi sensu lato (n=2). Anopheles darlingi registró dos picos de actividad de picadura entre las 21:00-22:00 y las 5:00-06:00 horas en el peridomicilio y, entre las 21:00-22:00 y las 04:00-05:00 horas, en el intradomicilio. Esta especie se encontró naturalmente infectada por P. vivax VK210 y registró una tasa de inoculación entomológica de dos para el año. Anopheles marajoara s.s. se encontró naturalmente infectado por P. falciparum y registró una tasa de inoculación entomológica de 5 para el año, con un máximo de actividad de picadura entre las 18:00 y las 19:00 horas, tanto en el intradomicilio como en el peridomicilio.Conclusión. Es posible que exista transmisión de malaria en el área urbana de Puerto Carreño (Vichada) y An. darlingi y An. marajoara s.s. serían las especies incriminadas.
Susceptibility to insecticides of Anopheles darlingi Root 1840, in two locations of the departments of Santander and Caquetá, Colombia
Authors: Santacoloma Liliana , Tibaduiza Tania , Gutiérrrez Marcela , Brochero Helena
Published: September 2016

Introducción. La sensibilidad fisiológica a los insecticidas usados en salud pública es el principal factor que se debe tener en cuenta en la selección de las estrategias de control en los vectores de malaria.Objetivo. Determinar el estado de sensibilidad fisiológica de Anopheles darlingi a insecticidas, en dos localidades de los departamentos de Santander y Caquetá.Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron hembras silvestres de An. darlingi y se hicieron bioensayos según la metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 1981) y de los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 1998), usando moléculas insecticidas grado técnico.Resultados. Las poblaciones naturales de An. darlingi de las veredas Gerumano en Solano (Caquetá) y la vereda Las Margaritas en San Vicente de Chucurí (Santander) mostraron sensibilidad a los insecticidas piretroides lambdacialotrina y deltametrina, al organoclorado DDT y al organosofosforado fenitrotión, con mortalidades del 100 % en todas la pruebas del CDC y entre 95 y 100 % para las de la OMS. Para el carbamato propoxur, la mortalidad de 88 % en la población de Gerumano, evaluada por las pruebas de la OMS, coincide con valores de vigilancia para esta molécula.Conclusión. Los productos químicos que tienen como ingrediente activo las moléculas evaluadas, son eficaces para el control de An. darlingi en los sitios de estudio.
Factors that delay malaria diagnosis and treatment in the municipality of Riberalta in Bolivia
Authors: Añez Arletta , Suárez Marco Fidel , Cuba Jorge
Published: September 2016

Introducción. Se publican pocos estudios sobre las causas del retardo del diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la malaria en Bolivia.Objetivo. Conocer los factores que retardan el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la malaria en el servicio público del municipio de Riberalta, Bolivia.Materiales y métodos. Se calcularon los tiempos transcurridos entre el inicio de los síntomas y el tratamiento, entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico, y entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento; se compararon las medias de los tiempos calculados con el lugar de infección, la especie parasitaria, el nivel de atención, el lugar y el método de diagnóstico, y la edad se correlacionó con los tiempos calculados.Resultados. De 2.482 casos positivos válidos evaluados entre enero y diciembre de 2010, se encontró una media de 4,16 días entre el inicio de los síntomas y el inicio del tratamiento, de 4,07 días entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico, y de 0,10 días entre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. El retardo del diagnóstico y los factores, lugar de diagnóstico, lugar de infección, nivel de atención, especie parasitaria y método de diagnóstico, mostraron una diferencia estadística significativa (p<0,05). En el análisis de la covarianza se observó una asociación estadística con el nivel de atención y la especie parasitaria (p<0,05)Conclusión. Existe un retardo en el diagnóstico de la malaria, lo cual es influenciado por factores como el lugar de infección, lugar del diagnóstico, nivel de atención, especie parasitaria y método de diagnóstico.
Characterization of the National Malaria Diagnostic Network, Colombia, 2006-2010
Authors: Ospina Olga Lucía , Cortés Liliana Jazmín , Cucunubá Zulma Milena , Mendoza Nohora Marcela , Chaparro Pablo
Published: September 2016

Introducción. La implementación y desarrollo de actividades del sistema de gestión de la calidad del diagnóstico de malaria, permiten el adecuado funcionamiento de la red nacional de diagnóstico, necesario para fortalecer acciones de prevención y control de este evento, importante en salud pública.Objetivo. Caracterizar la Red de Diagnóstico de Malaria en Colombia, entre 2006 y 2010. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio retrospectivo mediante la revisión de los informes anuales de actividades de la Red de Diagnóstico de Malaria, enviados por los laboratorios de salud pública entre 2006 y 2010. Se analizó la cobertura de diagnóstico en la población en riesgo, las actividades de evaluación del desempeño y las capacitaciones al personal que hace el diagnóstico.Resultados. La cobertura del diagnóstico de malaria se ha incrementado en el país, pasando de 53 % de los municipios, en 2006, a 80 %, en 2010. El número de sitios que hacen el diagnóstico aumentó en 31 %, con un incremento en el número de microscopistas (56 %) y de laboratorios (30 %), para un total de 1.195 y 1.780, respectivamente, registrados en 2010. En el periodo de estudio, se mantuvo el porcentaje de laboratorios de salud pública (67 %) que llevan a cabo, al menos, tres de las actividades del sistema de gestión de la calidad a la Red de Diagnóstico de Malaria a nivel local.Conclusiones. Es necesario continuar con el fortalecimiento de la Red de Diagnóstico de Malaria, para brindar diagnóstico oportuno y con calidad con el fin de reducir la morbimortalidad por esta causa.
A case report of transfusion-transmitted Plasmodium vivax malaria from an asymptomatic donor to a premature newborn
Authors: Echeverri Daniel , Barreto Dhayra Karem , Osorio Lyda , Cortés Armando , Martínez Ernesto
Published: September 2016

Gran parte del territorio colombiano es endémico para malaria; sin embargo, los casos autóctonos con parasitemia baja se presentan principalmente en el área del Litoral Pacífico y zonas extensas de Antioquia y Córdoba.Según la legislación colombiana, no se requiere ninguna prueba obligatoria para el diagnóstico de malaria en los donantes de sangre de las áreas no endémicas. No obstante, si los donantes potenciales han viajado a las regiones endémicas, son diferidos por seis meses antes de que puedan donar. Este reporte describe un caso de malaria transmitida por transfusión en Cali (Valle del  Cauca, Colombia), en el que un recién nacido prematuro recibió hemoderivados infectados de un donante que vivía en la misma ciudad que viajó a la zona rural de Dagua (Valle del Cauca) nueve meses antes de la donación. La prueba de la gota gruesa confirmó la enfermedad por Plasmodium vivax en el recién nacido y la muestra del donante se sometió a reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), que fue positiva para la misma especie.Este caso sugiere la necesidad de revisar los criterios de selección de donantes y las estrategias de aplazamiento, para evitar posibles casos de malaria transmitida por transfusión.
Challenges for the elimination of malaria in Colombia: A problem of knowledge or of power
Authors: Blair Silvia
Published: September 2016

Introducción. Las prácticas para eliminar la malaria en el mundo han pasado de los programas de control sanitario, conocidos en Colombia como la “lucha higiénica” en los primeros años del siglo XX, a la erradicación en los años 50 y de vuelta al control en 1978. Hoy, después de 43 años de haber fracasado el Programa Mundial de Erradicación, la Organización Mundial de la Salud propone a los países miembro adoptar como meta un programa de eliminación con miras a la erradicación. ¿Será esto posible en Colombia?Objetivo. Revisar las posibilidades de eliminación de la malaria en Colombia desde un análisis histórico del saber y de las prácticas que se desarrollaron para lograrlo.Resultados. Se presentan los obstáculos y las posibilidades para el desarrollo de un programa de eliminación de la malaria en Colombia, donde el modelo etiopatogénico de sufrir una enfermedad infecciosa, basado en la teoría microbiana, sigue vigente y respalda prácticas como la erradicación.Conclusiones. La eliminación de la malaria es no sólo un problema de saber científico, de vacíos en el conocimientos sobre el objeto mismo, sino una forma de sustentar ese conocimiento en una única teoría, la microbiana o la etiopatogénica, para explicar enfermedades como la malaria, y también, un problema de poder; aun cuando el poder político puede ser una forma de saber, se entiende con esto la mezcla de estrategias y de intereses de las instituciones que dictan las políticas públicas, las agenciasinternacionales, los que venden insecticidas y medicamentos, y los que fabrican reactivos y nuevos dispositivos para diagnósticos.
Aggressive nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants: impact on parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis and growth
Authors: Repa Andreas , Lochmann Ruth , Unterasinger Lukas , Weber Michael , Berger Angelika , Haiden Nadja
Published: September 2016

Background

Parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) is a frequently observed pathology in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Its pathogenesis is determined by the composition and duration of parenteral nutrition (PN) as well as the tolerance of enteral feeds (EF). “Aggressive” nutrition is increasingly used in ELBW infants to improve postnatal growth. Little is known about the effect of “aggressive” nutrition on the incidence of PNAC. We analyzed the influence of implementing an “aggressive” nutritional regimen on the incidence of PNAC and growth in a cohort of ELBW infants.

Methods

ELBW infants were nourished using a “conservative” (2005–6;n= 77) or “aggressive” (2007–9;n= 85) nutritional regimen that differed in the composition of PN after birth as well as the composition and timing of advancement of EFs. We analyzed the incidence of PNAC (conjugated bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dl (25 µmol/l)) corrected for confounders of cholestasis (i.e., NEC and/or gastrointestinal surgery, sepsis, birth weight, Z-score of birth weight, time on PN and male sex), growth until discharge (as the most important secondary outcome) and neonatal morbidities.

Results

The incidence of PNAC was significantly lower during the period of “aggressive” vs. “conservative “nutrition (27% vs. 46%,P< 0.05; adjusted OR 0.275 [0.116–0.651],P< 0.01). Body weight (+411g), head circumference (+1 cm) and length (+1 cm) at discharge were significantly higher. Extra-uterine growth failure (defined as a Z-score difference from birth to discharge lower than −1) was significantly reduced for body weight (85% vs. 35%), head circumference (77% vs. 45%) and length (85% vs. 65%) (P< 0.05). The body mass index (BMI) at discharge was significantly higher (11.1 vs. 12.4) using “aggressive” nutrition and growth became more proportionate with significantly less infants being discharged below the 10th BMI percentile (44% vs. 9%), while the percentage of infants discharged over the 90th BMI percentile (3% vs. 5%) did not significantly increase.

Discussion

“Aggressive” nutrition of ELBW infants was associated with a significant decrease of PNAC and marked improvement of postnatal growth.
Modification of land‐atmosphere interactions by CO2 effects: Implications for summer dryness and heat wave amplitude
Authors: Lemordant Léo , Gentine Pierre , Stéfanon Marc , Drobinski Philippe , Fatichi Simone
Published: September 2016

Plant stomata couple the energy, water, and carbon cycles. We use the framework of Regional Climate Modeling to simulate the 2003 European heat wave and assess how higher levels of surface CO2 may affect such an extreme event through land‐atmosphere interactions. Increased CO2 modifies the seasonality of the water cycle through stomatal regulation and increased leaf area. As a result, the water saved during the growing season through higher water use efficiency mitigates summer dryness and the heat wave impact. Land‐atmosphere interactions and CO2 fertilization together synergistically contribute to increased summer transpiration. This, in turn, alters the surface energy budget and decreases sensible heat flux, mitigating air temperature rise. Accurate representation of the response to higher CO2 levels and of the coupling between the carbon and water cycles is therefore critical to forecasting seasonal climate, water cycle dynamics, and to enhance the accuracy of extreme event prediction under future climate.
An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions
Authors: McCabe Ryan M. , Hickey Barbara M. , Kudela Raphael M. , Lefebvre Kathi A. , Adams Nicolaus G. , Bill Brian D. , Gulland Frances M. D. , Thomson Richard E. , Cochlan William P. , Trainer Vera L.
Published: September 2016

A coastwide bloom of the toxigenic diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia in spring 2015 resulted in the largest recorded outbreak of the neurotoxin, domoic acid, along the North American west coast. Elevated toxins were measured in numerous stranded marine mammals and resulted in geographically extensive and prolonged closures of razor clam, rock crab, and Dungeness crab fisheries. We demonstrate that this outbreak was initiated by anomalously warm ocean conditions. Pseudo‐nitzschia australis thrived north of its typical range in the warm, nutrient‐poor water that spanned the northeast Pacific in early 2015. The seasonal transition to upwelling provided the nutrients necessary for a large‐scale bloom; a series of spring storms delivered the bloom to the coast. Laboratory and field experiments confirming maximum growth rates with elevated temperatures and enhanced toxin production with nutrient enrichment, together with a retrospective analysis of toxic events, demonstrate the potential for similarly devastating ecological and economic disruptions in the future.
Inferences of mantle viscosity based on ice age data sets: Radial structure
Authors: Lau Harriet C. P. , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Austermann Jacqueline , Crawford Ophelia , Al‐Attar David , Latychev Konstantin
Published: September 2016

We perform joint nonlinear inversions of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) data, including the following: postglacial decay times in Canada and Scandinavia, the Fennoscandian relaxation spectrum (FRS), late‐Holocene differential sea level (DSL) highstands (based on recent compilations of Australian sea level histories), and the rate of change of the degree 2 zonal harmonic of the geopotential, J2. Resolving power analyses demonstrate the following: (1) the FRS constrains mean upper mantle viscosity to be ∼3 × 1020 Pa s, (2) postglacial decay time data require the average viscosity in the top ∼1500 km of the mantle to be 1021 Pa s, and (3) the J2 datum constrains mean lower mantle viscosity to be ∼5 × 1021 Pa s. To reconcile (2) and (3), viscosity must increase to 1022–1023 Pa s in the deep mantle. Our analysis highlights the importance of accurately correcting the J2 observation for modern glacier melting in order to robustly infer deep mantle viscosity. We also perform a large series of forward calculations to investigate the compatibility of the GIA data sets with a viscosity jump within the lower mantle, as suggested by geodynamic and seismic studies, and conclude that the GIA data may accommodate a sharp jump of 1–2 orders of magnitude in viscosity across a boundary placed in a depth range of 1000–1700 km but does not require such a feature. Finally, we find that no 1‐D viscosity profile appears capable of simultaneously reconciling the DSL highstand data and suggest that this discord is likely due to laterally heterogeneous mantle viscosity, an issue we explore in a companion study.
Mesospheric ozone destruction by high‐energy electron precipitation associated with pulsating aurora
Authors: Turunen Esa , Kero Antti , Verronen Pekka T. , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Oyama Shin‐Ichiro , Saito Shinji
Published: September 2016

Energetic particle precipitation into the upper atmosphere creates excess amounts of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen. These destroy mesospheric and upper stratospheric ozone in catalytic reaction chains, either in situ at the altitude of the energy deposition or indirectly due to transport to other altitudes and latitudes. Recent statistical analysis of satellite data on mesospheric ozone reveals that the variations during energetic electron precipitation from Earth's radiation belts can be tens of percent. Here we report model calculations of ozone destruction due to a single event of pulsating aurora early in the morning on 17 November 2012. The presence of high‐energy component in the precipitating electron flux (>200 keV) was detected as ionization down to 68 km altitude, by the VHF incoherent scatter radar of European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Scientific Association (EISCAT VHF) in Tromsø, Norway. Observations by the Van Allen Probes satellite B showed the occurrence of rising tone lower band chorus waves, which cause the precipitation. We model the effect of high‐energy electron precipitation on ozone concentration using a detailed coupled ion and neutral chemistry model. Due to a 30 min, recorded electron precipitation event we find 14% odd oxygen depletion at 75 km altitude. The uncertainty of the higher‐energy electron fluxes leads to different possible energy deposition estimates during the pulsating aurora event. We find depletion of odd oxygen by several tens of percent, depending on the precipitation characteristics used in modeling. The effect is notably maximized at the sunset time following the occurrence of the precipitation.
Carboalumination Reactions
Authors: Huo Shouquan
Published: September 2016

This chapter deals with the carboalumination of alkenes and alkynes including dienes, diynes, and enynes. The zirconium‐catalyzed methylalumination of alkynes (Negishi ZMA reaction), the zirconium‐catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (Negishi ZACA reaction), and the cyclic carboalumination reactions of alkynes and alkenes (Dzhemilev cyclocarboalumination reaction) are discussed in great detail. The ZMA and ZACA reactions are covered in the following aspects: discovery of the reactions, synthetic methodological developments, mechanistic investigations of the reactions, and their applications in the natural product syntheses. Method developments include improvements on prototypical reactions, further transformations of the carboalumination products, and synergetic coupling of ZMA and ZACA reactions with other synthetic methods, such as palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. Discussion of the cyclic carboalumination is focused on the preparation of aluminacyclopentenes, aluminacyclopentadienes, and aluminacyclopentanes and their further transformations including the preparation of heterocyclic compounds containing N, O, S, Se, P, and B and interesting carbocycles. Recent studies on mechanisms of zirconium‐catalyzed carboalumination with triethylaluminum are described, which reveal multi‐pathway mechanisms leading to either a direct addition of ethyl carbon–metal bond to carbon–carbon multiple bonds or a cyclic carboalumination of alkenes and alkynes. Other metal‐catalyzed or uncatalyzed carboalumination reactions are also covered as appropriate.
Advances in the use of Lanthanide Enolates as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Shift Reagents
Authors: Wenzel Thomas J. , Patton William R.
Published: September 2016

The use of lanthanide enolates as NMR shift reagents is described. Strategies to reduce broadening in the NMR spectrum with paramagnetic lanthanide ions are discussed. Recent studies of achiral donors are presented. Recent studies in which lanthanide enolates are used for structural and conformation analysis are described. The use of paramagnetic and diamagnetic chiral lanthanide complexes for analysis of enantiopurity by NMR spectroscopy is discussed. Recent studies in which NMR spectroscopy is used to characterize lanthanide β‐diketonate complexes are described.
Coulomb Enhanced Charge Transport in Semicrystalline Polymer Semiconductors
Authors: Di Pietro Riccardo , Nasrallah Iyad , Carpenter Joshua , Gann Eliot , Kölln Lisa Sophie , Thomsen Lars , Venkateshvaran Deepak , O'Hara Kathryn , Sadhanala Aditya , Chabinyc Michael , McNeill Christopher R. , Facchetti Antonio , Ade Harald , Sirringhaus Henning , Neher Dieter
Published: September 2016

Polymer semiconductors provide unique possibilities and flexibility in tailoring their optoelectronic properties to match specific application demands. The recent development of semicrystalline polymers with strongly improved charge transport properties forces a review of the current understanding of the charge transport mechanisms and how they relate to the polymer's chemical and structural properties. Here, the charge density dependence of field effect mobility in semicrystalline polymer semiconductors is studied. A simultaneous increase in mobility and its charge density dependence, directly correlated to the increase in average crystallite size of the polymer film, is observed. Further evidence from charge accumulation spectroscopy shows that charges accumulate in the crystalline regions of the polymer film and that the increase in crystallite size affects the average electronic orbitals delocalization. These results clearly point to an effect that is not caused by energetic disorder. It is instead shown that the inclusion of short range coulomb repulsion between charge carriers on nanoscale crystalline domains allows describing the observed mobility dependence in agreement with the structural and optical characterization. The conclusions that are extracted extend beyond pure transistor characterization and can provide new insights into charge carrier transport for regimes and timescales that are relevant to other optoelectronic devices.
Acoustic Nanofluidics via Room‐Temperature Lithium Niobate Bonding: A Platform for Actuation and Manipulation of Nanoconfined Fluids and Particles
Authors: Miansari Morteza , Friend James R.
Published: September 2016

Controlled nanoscale manipulation of fluids and colloids is made exceptionally difficult by the dominance of surface and viscous forces. Acoustic waves have recently been found to overcome similar problems in microfluidics, but their ability to do so at the nanoscale remains curiously unexplored. Here, it is shown that 20 MHz surface acoustic waves (SAW) can manipulate fluids, fluid droplets, and particles, and drive irregular and chaotic fluid flow within fully transparent, high‐aspect ratio 50–250 nm tall nanoslits fabricated via a new direct, room temperature bonding method for lithium niobate (LN). Applied in the same direction, SAW increases the capillary filling rate of the hydrophilic LN nanoslit by 2–5 times. Applied in opposition, the SAW switches the flow direction and drains the channel against 1 MPa capillary pressure, and can be used to controllably manipulate ≈10 fL droplets. Finally, entire 10 μL droplets can be sieved via SAW through the nanoslit to pass only particles smaller than its height, providing pumpless size exclusion separation.
Properties of Native High‐Density Lipoproteins Inspire Synthesis of Actively Targeted In Vivo siRNA Delivery Vehicles
Authors: McMahon Kaylin M. , Plebanek Michael P. , Thaxton Colby Shad
Published: September 2016

Efficient systemic administration of therapeutic short interfering RNA (siRNA) is challenging. High‐density lipoproteins (HDLs) are natural in vivo RNA delivery vehicles. Specifically, native HDLs: 1) load single‐stranded RNA; 2) are anionic, which requires charge reconciliation between the RNA and HDL, and 3) actively target scavenger receptor type B‐1 (SR‐B1) to deliver RNA. Emphasizing these particular parameters, templated lipoprotein particles (TLP), mimics of spherical HDLs, are employed and are self‐assembled with single‐stranded complements of, presumably, any highly unmodified siRNA duplex pair after formulation with a cationic lipid. Resulting siRNA templated lipoprotein particles (siRNA‐TLP) are anionic and tunable with regard to RNA assembly and function. Data demonstrate that the siRNA‐TLPs actively target SR‐B1 to potently reduce androgen receptor and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 proteins in multiple cancer cell lines. Systemic administration of siRNA‐TLPs demonstrated no off‐target toxicity and significantly reduced the growth of prostate cancer xenografts. Thus, native HDLs inspired the synthesis of a hybrid siRNA delivery vehicle that can modularly load single‐stranded RNA complements after charge reconciliation with a cationic lipid, and that function due to active targeting of SR‐B1.
Systematic Study of Widely Applicable N‐Doping Strategy for High‐Performance Solution‐Processed Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Kim Jihong , Khim Dongyoon , Baeg Kang‐Jun , Park Won‐Tae , Lee Seung‐Hoon , Kang Minji , Noh Yong‐Young , Kim Dong‐Yu
Published: September 2016

A specific design for solution‐processed doping of active semiconducting materials would be a powerful strategy in order to improve device performance in flexible and/or printed electronics. Tetrabutylammonium fluoride and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide contain Lewis base anions, F− and OH−, respectively, which are considered as organic dopants for efficient and cost‐effective n‐doping processes both in n‐type organic and nanocarbon‐based semiconductors, such as poly[[N,N′‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)] (P(NDI2OD‐T2)) and selectively dispersed semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes by π‐conjugated polymers. The dramatic enhancement of electron transport properties in field‐effect transistors is confirmed by the effective electron transfer from the dopants to the semiconductors as well as controllable onset and threshold voltages, convertible charge‐transport polarity, and simultaneously showing excellent device stabilities under ambient air and bias stress conditions. This simple solution‐processed chemical doping approach could facilitate the understanding of both intrinsic and extrinsic charge transport characteristics in organic semiconductors and nanocarbon‐based materials, and is thus widely applicable for developing high‐performance organic and printed electronics and optoelectronics devices.
An O2 Self‐Sufficient Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Highly Specific and Efficient Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Cheng Hong , Zhu Jing‐Yi , Li Shi‐Ying , Zeng Jin‐Yue , Lei Qi , Chen Ke‐Wei , Zhang Chi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: September 2016

Conventional oxygen‐dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT) has faced severe challenges because of the non‐specificity of most available photosensitizers (PSs) and the hypoxic nature of tumor tissues. Here, an O2 self‐sufficient cell‐like biomimetic nanoplatform (CAT‐PS‐ZIF@Mem) consisting of the cancer cell membrane (Mem) and a cytoskeleton‐like porous zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) with the embedded catalase (CAT) protein molecules and Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid (AlPcS4, defined as PS) is developed. Because of the immunological response and homologous targeting abilities of the cancer cell membrane, CAT‐PS‐ZIF@Mem is selectively accumulated at the tumor site and taken up effectively by tumor cells after intravenous injection. After the intracellular H2O2 penetration into the framework, it is catalyzed by CAT to produce O2 at the hypoxic tumor site, facilitating the generation of toxic 1O2 for highly effective PDT in vivo under near‐infrared irradiation. By integrating the immune escape, cell homologous recognition, and O2 self‐sufficiency, this cell‐like biomimetic nanoplatform demonstrates highly specific and efficient PDT against hypoxic tumor cells with much reduced side‐effect on normal tissues.
A Top‐Down Strategy toward 3D Carbon Nanosheet Frameworks Decorated with Hollow Nanostructures for Superior Lithium Storage
Authors: Dong Yanfeng , Yu Mingliang , Wang Zhiyu , Liu Yang , Wang Xuzhen , Zhao Zongbin , Qiu Jieshan
Published: September 2016

Graphene has shown great potential in vast fields due to the unique structure and properties, but its practical application is still hindered by high cost and scarcity in supply. The development of low‐cost substitute of graphene is thus highly desired to meet the practical demand of upcoming applications where extremely physical properties are not absolutely critical. In this work, a top‐down strategy for general synthesis of 3D carbon nanosheet frameworks decorated with metal nanoparticles by a metal nitrate‐assisted polymer‐blowing process is reported. Such architecture provides a promising structural platform for the fabrication of carbon nanosheet frameworks functionalized with metal oxide or carbon hollow nanostructures through subsequent chemical conversion. The unique structures impart intimate structural interconnectivities, highly opened freeway for ionic diffusion, large accessible surface area, as well as high structural stability, opening up a wide horizon for electrochemical applications, for example, high‐energy, long‐life lithium‐ion batteries and lithium–sulfur batteries highlighted in this work.
Band Alignment of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterojunctions
Authors: Chiu Ming‐Hui , Tseng Wei‐Hsuan , Tang Hao‐Ling , Chang Yung‐Huang , Chen Chang‐Hsiao , Hsu Wei‐Ting , Chang Wen‐Hao , Wu Chih‐I , Li Lain‐Jong
Published: September 2016

It is critically important to characterize the band alignment in semiconductor heterojunctions (HJs) because it controls the electronic and optical properties. However, the well‐known Anderson's model usually fails to predict the band alignment in bulk HJ systems due to the presence of charge transfer at the interfacial bonding. Atomically thin 2D transition metal dichalcogenide materials have attracted much attention recently since the ultrathin HJs and devices can be easily built and they are promising for future electronics. The vertical HJs based on 2D materials can be constructed via van der Waals stacking regardless of the lattice mismatch between two materials. Despite the defect‐free characteristics of the junction interface, experimental evidence is still lacking on whether the simple Anderson rule can predict the band alignment of HJs. Here, the validity of Anderson's model is verified for the 2D heterojunction systems and the success of Anderson's model is attributed to the absence of dangling bonds (i.e., interface dipoles) at the van der Waal interface. The results from the work set a foundation allowing the use of powerful Anderson's rule to determine the band alignments of 2D HJs, which is beneficial to future electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices.
Surfactant‐Assisted Emulsion Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticles into Hollow Vesicle‐Like Structures and 2D Plates
Authors: Park Ji‐eun , Hickey Danielle Reifsnyder , Jun Sangmi , Kang Seulki , Hu Xiaole , Chen Xi‐Jun , Park So‐Jung
Published: September 2016

The emulsion‐based self‐assembly of nanoparticles into low‐dimensional superparticles of hollow vesicle‐like assemblies is reported. Evaporation of the oil phase at relatively low temperatures from nanoparticle‐containing oil‐in‐water emulsion droplets leads to the formation of stable and uniform sub‐micrometer vesicle‐like assembly structures in water. This result is in contrast with those from many previously reported emulsion‐based self‐assembly methods, which produce solid spherical assemblies. It is found that extra surfactants in both the oil and water phases play a key role in stabilizing nanoscale emulsion droplets and capturing hollow assembly structures. Systematic investigation into what controls the morphology in emulsion self‐assembly is carried out, and the approach is extended to fabricate more complex rattle‐like structures and 2D plates. These results demonstrate that the emulsion‐based assembly is not limited to typical thermodynamic spherical assembly structures and can be used to fabricate various types of interesting low‐dimensional assembly structures.
A New Look at the Electronic Structure of Transparent Conductive Oxides—A Case Study of the Interface between Zinc Magnesium Oxide and Cadmium Telluride
Authors: Duncan Douglas A. , Mendelsberg Rueben , Mezher Michelle , Horsley Kimberly , Rosenberg Samantha G. , Blum Monika , Xiong Gang , Weinhardt Lothar , Gloeckler Markus , Heske Clemens
Published: September 2016

By combining X‐ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy, and inverse photoemission spectroscopy, a detailed characterization of the chemical and electronic structure at the CdTe/(Zn,Mg)O interface is presented. In doing so, a novel approach to characterize the electronic structure of transparent conductive oxides, namely, to distinguish between optically and transport‐relevant states is presented. Consequently, “optical” and “electronic” band offsets at the CdTe/(Zn,Mg)O interface are derived and it is demonstrated that the “electronic” band offset is suitable for electron transport across the interface (a flat conduction band alignment of 0.02 ± 0.20 eV), while the “optical band offset” is not (a significant 0.48 ± 0.20 eV spike). The new approach can easily be applied to many other transparent conductive oxides and is thus of relevance for a large variety of optoelectronic applications involving transparent electrical contacts.
Tunable and Practical Synthesis of Thiosulfonates and Disulfides from Sulfonyl Chlorides in the Presence of Tetrabutylammonium Iodide
Authors: Zheng Yong , Qing Feng‐Ling , Huang Yangen , Xu Xiu‐Hua
Published: September 2016

A tunable and practical synthesis of electrophilic sulfenylating reagents, thiosulfonates and disulfides, from inexpensive and easily available sulfonyl chlorides, has been developed. By appropriate choice of solvents, the reaction of sulfonyl chlorides and tetrabutylammonium iodide gave the target products in good to excellent yields, respectively. These transformations probably proceed through a reducing–coupling pathway.

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Transition Metal‐Free Carbazole Synthesis from Arylureas and Cyclohexanones
Authors: Wu Jun , Xie Yanjun , Chen Xiangui , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: September 2016

An efficient strategy for carbazole synthesis from arylureas and cyclohexanones under transition metal‐free conditions has been developed. The combined use of potassium iodide and iodine could significantly improve the reaction efficiency to provide 2,6‐disubstituted 9‐arylcarbazoles in moderate to good yields. In this kind of transformation, the whole carbazole moiety (except the nitrogen atom) comes from two equivalents of cyclohexanones.

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Bilayered Nanostructured V2O5·nH2O for Metal Batteries
Authors: Moretti Arianna , Passerini Stefano
Published: September 2016

Bilayered V2O5·nH2O prepared by sol–gel synthesis is generally assumed amorphous due to lack of long‐range structural order. However, at the nanoscale, a well‐organized repetition of bilayers is found and thus V2O5·nH2O can be considered a nanostructured material. Synthesis route affects the morphological and structural characteristics of V2O5·nH2O and, depending on the drying method used, xerogel and aerogel are obtained. The reduced structural order, the large interlayer space and the short diffusion length that this class of material offer are the key factors that allow V2O5·nH2O to reversibly host cations that are different in charge and dimensions. These properties make bilayered V2O5·nH2O materials almost unique for the wide range of applicability in metal batteries. Herein, a panoramic of the most common V2O5·nH2O synthesis methods and the peculiar characteristics of this material is given. A survey of the most important findings on the use of bilayered V2O5·nH2O for metal batteries is reported focusing on Li‐, Na‐ and Mg‐batteries. The increased number of publications recently divulgated confirms the renewed interest on V2O5·nH2O for energy storage and thus an updated rationalization of the findings can be helpful to guide further technological development and research activity in the field.
Optimization of large‐scale water transfer networks: Conic integer programming model and distributed parallel algorithms
Authors: Li Li‐Juan , Zhou Rui‐Jie
Published: September 2016

The optimization of a multi‐echelon water transfer network (WTN) and the associate transportation and inventory systems with demand uncertainty is addressed in article. Optimal network structure, facility locations, operation capacities, as well as the inventory and transportation decisions can be simultaneously determined by the mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model which includes bilinear, square root and nonlinear fractional terms. By exploiting the properties of this model, we reformulate the MINLP problem as a conic integer optimization model. To overcome the memory and computing bandwidth limitations caused by the huge number of active nodes in the branch‐and‐bound search tree, novel distributed parallel optimization algorithms based on Lagrangean relaxation and message passing interface as well as their serial versions are proposed to solve the resulting conic integer programming model. A regional WTN in China is studied to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and the performance of the algorithms. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1566–1581, 2017
A retrospective comparative outcome analysis following systemic therapy in Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome
Authors: Hanel Walter , Briski Robert , Ross Charles W. , Anderson Thomas F. , Kaminski Mark S. , Hristov Alexandra C. , Wilcox Ryan A
Published: September 2016

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL), with few exceptions, remain incurable and treatment is largely palliative. We performed a retrospective analysis of systemic treatment outcomes of patients diagnosed with MF/SS. We identified 223 patients with MF/SS evaluated at a single institution from 1997 to 2013. Disease stage at diagnosis, time of treatment, and treatments received were retrospectively analyzed using our CTCL database. The primary endpoint was time to next treatment (TTNT). Treatment outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier method and comparisons among groups were made using log‐rank analysis. A superior TTNT was associated with retinoid or interferon therapies when compared with HDAC inhibitors or systemic chemotherapy. Retinoids and interferon were associated with superior TTNT in both limited‐stage and advanced stage disease. Extracorporeal photophoresis (ECP) had a superior TTNT in Sezary Syndrome. HDAC inhibitors and chemotherapy were associated with inferior TTNT in both limited stage disease and advanced stage disease. With the exception of interferon, retinoids, or ECP, durable responses are rarely achieved with systemic therapies in MF/SS patients, particularly those with advanced‐stage disease. Therefore, clinical trial participation with novel agents should be encouraged. Am. J. Hematol. 91:E491–E495, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Health‐related quality of life in children with Robin sequence
Authors: Basart Hanneke , van Oers Hedy A. , Paes Emma C. , Breugem Corstiaan C. , Don Griot J. Peter W. , van der Horst Chantal M. A. M. , Haverman Lotte , Hennekam Raoul C.
Published: September 2016

This patient‐reported outcome (PRO) study reports on 102 children with Robin sequence (RS) and their parents. There has been differentiated between those with isolated RS and those with RS as part of a syndrome, and take various treatments into account. All RS families from an earlier described cohort were invited to participate. Parents and RS children completed online questionnaires regarding health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), satisfaction with appearance, parental distress, and RS specific topics. Results were compared with the Dutch norm population if available. There was no major difference in HRQoL in RS children and the Dutch norm population, nor between children with isolated RS and those with RS as part of a syndrome. The latter is likely due to the large percentage of children with Stickler syndrome, and small number of RS children with intellectual disability. Parental distress was higher in RS children with syndromes compared to parents of isolated RS children. When comparing various treatments, the subgroup treated by mandibular distraction showed a tendency of lower HRQoL scores, less satisfaction with appearance, and more parental distress. Also in the NPA group parents showed a tendency of more parental distress. Subgroups for each treatment were very small, however, and firm conclusions cannot be drawn. In this study, HRQoL in RS children is demonstrated comparable to the norm population, despite variations in treatment, possibly with less favorable outcome for children who received mandibular distraction. Markedly larger studies are needed to allow more reliable comparison of PROs in various treatments, and to incorporate PROs in management guidelines to obtain optimal patient care. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BOIMPYs – ein schneller Zugang zu einer Familie rot emittierender Fluorophore und NIR‐Farbstoffe
Authors: Patalag Lukas J. , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B.
Published: September 2016

Als strukturelle Ableitung des BODIPY‐Kerns wurde ein grundlegendes, einfach zugängliches und hochfluoreszierendes Strukturmotiv erschlossen. Benzimidazol als Brückenligand an der meso‐Position ermöglicht die Bindung zweier BF2‐Einheiten zur Gerüstversteifung und elektronischen Stabilisierung des neuinvolvierten π‐Systems. Absorptions‐ und Emissionsvorgänge erfolgen im Roten (λ≈600 nm); Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten erreichen ihr Maximum (0.96) und zeigen geringe Abhängigkeiten vom Solvens. Die Syntheseroute wurde ausgehend von kommerziell erhältlichen Vorstufen auf nur zwei Stufen verkürzt; der Zugang ist dabei modular mit weitreichender Toleranz für die zu verknüpfenden Pyrrol‐ und Benzimidazol‐Bausteine. BF2‐Einheiten lassen sich mit ausgewählten Alkinyl‐Einheiten unkompliziert derivatisieren. Die Bereitschaft für diverse Halogenierungen sowie effiziente Knoevenagel‐Kondensationen erweitert die Vielseitigkeit dieses neuen, photostabilen Luminophors, der BOIMPY genannt wird.
Reversible Carbon–Carbon Bond Breaking and Spin Equilibria in Bis(pyrimidinenorcorrole)
Authors: Liu Bin , Yoshida Takuya , Li Xiaofang , Stępień Marcin , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Chmielewski Piotr J.
Published: September 2016

Reversible homolytic dissociation of the bis(pyrimidinenorcorrole) σ‐dimer was elucidated by means of variable temperature ESR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and optical spectrocopy. Dehydrogenation of the σ‐dimer yielded another dimer displaying a singlet–triplet equilibrium in solution, strong NIR absorption (1570 nm), and a narrow electrochemical HOMO–LUMO gap (0.74 V).
Tunable Morphology of Spiropyran Assemblies: From Nanospheres to Nanorods
Authors: Wu Zhen , Pan Kai , Lü Baozhong , Ma Le , Yang Wantai , Yin Meizhen
Published: September 2016

Spiropyran (SP), which can respond to acid, ultraviolet irradiation, and mechanical force, has received great attention as a classic molecule for the construction of stimuli‐responsive materials. However, the self‐assembly behavior of SP with a tunable morphology has rarely been investigated. In the present work, a SP derivative bearing two carboxyl groups and one hydroxyl group was prepared and used as a model to investigate the optical properties, molecular self‐assembly, and morphology of SP. This pH‐responsive derivative could undergo a large morphology variation from a sphere‐ to a rodlike structure by adjusting the acidity. The indoline and pyridopyran fragments contributed to π–π stacking, whereas the carboxyl groups contributed to hydrogen bonding. Both π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding contributed to the pH‐responsive self‐assembly. The morphologies of spiropyran aggregates formed under different conditions were characterized by SEM, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. Control of the morphology of the spiropyran nanostructure was achieved.
Risk‐adjusted monitoring of time to event in the presence of long‐term survivors
Authors: Oliveira Jocelânio W. , Valença Dione M. , Medeiros Pledson G. , Marçula Magaly
Published: September 2016

The use of control charts for monitoring schemes in medical context should consider adjustments to incorporate the specific risk for each individual. Some authors propose the use of a risk‐adjusted survival time cumulative sum (RAST CUSUM) control chart to monitor a time‐to‐event outcome, possibly right censored, using conventional survival models, which do not contemplate the possibility of cure of a patient. We propose to extend this approach considering a risk‐adjusted CUSUM chart, based on a cure rate model. We consider a regression model in which the covariates affect the cure fraction. The CUSUM scores are obtained for Weibull and log‐logistic promotion time model to monitor a scale parameter for nonimmune individuals. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed chart (RACUF CUSUM) with RAST CUSUM, based on optimal control limits and average run length in different situations. As a result, we note that the RAST CUSUM chart is inappropriate when applied to data with a cure rate, while the proposed RACUF CUSUM chart seems to have similar performance if applied to data without a cure rate. The proposed chart is illustrated with simulated data and with a real data set of patients with heart failure treated at the Heart Institute (InCor), at the University of São Paulo, Brazil.