bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Culture Make a Better Citizen? Exploring the Relationship Between Cultural and Civic Participation in Italy
Authors: Campagna Desirée , Caperna Giulio , Montalto Valentina
Published: January 2020

In the last decades, policy discussions have increasingly considered participation in arts and cultural activities as a vehicle to reach broader social policy goals, such as social inclusion or active citizenship. However, convincing empirical evidence on the social impacts of arts and culture is still scarce. In particular, little attention has been given to the impact that cultural participation may have on individuals’ engagement in civil society, especially in Europe. In order to address this lack of evidence, this paper explores the connection between cultural participation and civic participation in Italy using Likert-scale data collected in the ISTAT “Aspetti della Vita Quotidiana” Survey (2014). To do so, two composite indicators—the participation in cultural life indicator and the participation in civic life indicator—have been built using an approach based on partial order theory and the concept of Average Rank. The effect of cultural participation on civic engagement has been estimated using a quantile regression model which controls for potentially cofounding factors such as education, income, age and gender. Results do confirm that participation in arts and cultural activities is highly correlated with participation in civic life. It is particularly worth noticing that at higher levels of civic participation, cultural participation has a positive and strong effect on civic engagement of people having a low educational level.
Intervention zur Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz älterer Menschen – Ergebnisse des Projekts „GeWinn“
Authors: Zastrow Felix , Killenberg Alvia , Klünder Cornelia , Ladebeck Nadine , Langner Sandra , Neher Katrin , Schimmelpfennig Maria , Zeiler Tina , Baumgarten Kerstin , Hassel Holger
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund

Studien belegen, dass die Bevölkerungsgruppe der Personen ab 65 Jahren über eine unzureichende Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) verfügt. Es gibt nur wenige kommunale Angebote zur Stärkung der GK für diese Adressaten.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel war die Entwicklung und Erprobung einer GK-Intervention in den Bereichen Gesundheitsförderung und Selbstmanagement chronischer Erkrankungen älterer Menschen im kommunalen Setting.

Material und Methoden

Es wurde ein 53-wöchiges Programm mit selbstständig arbeitenden Senior*innengruppen und Peer-Moderation in 14 Gemeinden Bayerns und Sachsen-Anhalts partizipativ entwickelt und umgesetzt. Die Wirkung der Intervention auf die Gesundheitskompetenz wurde anhand eines quasiexperimentellen Evaluationsdesigns zu 3 Messzeitpunkten mittels des HLS-EU-Q16 untersucht.

Ergebnisse

Von den 183 eingeschlossenen Personen (Durchschnittsalter: 69,1 ± 6,7 Jahre; 20,8 % männlich) verfügten 44,1 % der Teilnehmenden (TN) und 34,5 % der Gruppenleitung (GL) zu Beginn der Intervention über eine unzureichende oder problematische GK (am Ende: 36,4 % der TN, 27,6 % der GL). Eine ANOVA mit Messwiederholung (F [1,91, 346,85] = 16,95, p < 0,001, partielles η2 = 0,085) ergab einen statistisch signifikanten Effekt der Intervention auf die GK-Werte der Senior*innen. Ähnliche Effekte zeigten sich auch in den einzelnen Subdimensionen der GK.

Diskussion

Die Struktur der GeWinn-Intervention mit dem Prinzip selbstständig arbeitender Gruppen in Kommunen eignet sich zur Steigerung der Gesundheitskompetenz älterer Menschen. Im Zuge der nachhaltigen Verankerung sollten in Zukunft verstärkt vulnerable Zielgruppen (bspw. Senior*innen mit niedrigem Sozialstatus, Migranten) angesprochen und einbezogen werden.
Konzeption und Durchführung von Workshops zur Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz von SchülerInnen der Sekundarstufe I
Authors: Maitz Katharina , Gasteiger-Klicpera Barbara
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund

Die Förderung von Gesundheitskompetenz stellt eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen dar. Gesundheitskompetenz wird definiert als die Fähigkeit, Gesundheitsinformationen zu finden, zu verstehen, zu bewerten und anzuwenden und hängt eng mit kritischer Informationskompetenz sowie mit Lesekompetenz zusammen. Da Jugendliche Gesundheitsinformationen verstärkt aus dem Internet beziehen, sind auch digitale Kompetenzen von hoher Relevanz.

Ziel und Fragestellung

Das Ziel des Projekts bestand in der Förderung von kritischer Gesundheitskompetenz bei Jugendlichen im Rahmen von partizipativen Workshops unter Einbindung pädagogisch-psychologischer, medizinischer und technologischer Expertise.

Materialien und Methoden

Im Mittelpunkt des didaktischen Konzepts stand die partizipative Erarbeitung der Inhalte gemeinsam mit den SchülerInnen. Auf der Basis von Fallvignetten und Dilemmadiskussionen wurden unterschiedliche gesundheitsrelevante Themen mit den Jugendlichen erarbeitet. Zudem wurde kritische Recherchekompetenz thematisiert sowie Strategien zur Förderung des Leseverständnisses genutzt.

Ergebnisse

Die qualitative Evaluation zeigt, dass Jugendliche Gesundheitskompetenz als relevantes und wichtiges Thema betrachten, das für sie jedoch mit vielen Fragen verbunden ist. Sie benötigen die Expertise von fachlich kompetenten Ansprechpersonen, mit denen sie diese Fragen in partnerschaftlicher Weise diskutieren und sensible Punkte ansprechen können.

Diskussion

Damit die Workshops erfolgreich sein können, bedarf es eines schlüssigen didaktischen Konzepts, das mit den Lehrpersonen gut akkordiert ist und bei dessen Umsetzung auf umfassende Expertise im medizinischen, pädagogisch-didaktischen und digitalen Bereich zurückgegriffen werden kann.
Ein Ansatz zur Vorhersage der Erststimmenanteile bei Bundestagswahlen
Authors: Neunhoeffer Marcel , Gschwend Thomas , Munzert Simon , Stoetzer Lukas F.
Published: January 2020

Nahezu die Hälfte der Bundestagsmandate wird über die Direktwahl in den Wahlkreisen vergeben. Das bleibt in einem Großteil der Wahlprognosemodelle jedoch unberücksichtigt. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir einen Ansatz zur Vorhersage der Erststimmenanteile in Wahlkreisen für Bundestagswahlen vor. Dazu kombinieren wir das Zweitstimmenvorhersagemodell von zweitstimme.org mit zwei Erststimmenmodellen, einer linearen Regression und einem künstlichen neuronalen Netzwerk, welche Kandidierenden- und Wahlkreischarakteristika zur Vorhersage nutzen. Für unseren Ansatz sind alle verwendeten Daten vor der jeweiligen Wahl öffentlich verfügbar und somit für eine echte Vorhersage nutzbar. Das Modell kann so bei künftigen Wahlen wertvolle Informationen für Kandidierende und die interessierte Öffentlichkeit bereitstellen. Die Vorhersagen sind darüber hinaus auch für erklärende Forschung relevant: Mithilfe der resultierenden Gewinnwahrscheinlichkeiten lassen sich bessere Messinstrumente zur Charakterisierung der Kompetitivität eines Wahlkreises und der zu erwartenden Knappheit des Wahlkreisrennens erstellen, welche politisches Verhalten beeinflussen können. Zudem erlaubt die Vorhersage, empirische Aussagen zur zu erwartenden Größe des Bundestags sowie seiner personellen Zusammensetzung zu treffen.
Delta Invariants of Singular del Pezzo Surfaces
Authors: Cheltsov Ivan , Park Jihun , Shramov Constantin
Published: January 2020

We use the methods introduced by Cheltsov–Rubinstein–Zhang (Sel Math (N.S.) 25(2):25–34, 2019) to estimate $$\delta $$
δ
-invariants of the seven singular del Pezzo surfaces with quotient singularities studied by Cheltsov–Park–Shramov (J Geom Anal 20(4):787–816, 2010) that have $$\alpha $$
α
-invariants less than $$\frac{2}{3}$$

2
3

. As a result, we verify that each of these surfaces admits an orbifold Kähler–Einstein metric.
Incidental thyroid papillary microcarcinoma on 1777 surgically treated patients for benign thyroid disease
Authors: Peluso Gaia , Masone Stefania , Campanile Silvia , Criscitiello Carmen , Dodaro Concetta , Calogero Armando , Incollingo Paola , Minieri Gianluca , Menkulazi Marsela , Scotti Alessandro , Tammaro Vincenzo , Jamshidi Ali Akbar , Pelosio Luigi , Caggiano Marcello , Carlomagno Nicola , Santangelo Michele L.
Published: January 2020

Background

We evaluated the frequency of incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (mPTC) in thyroidectomies performed for benign diseases, to better characterize this nosologic entity and to assess the best treatment.

Methods

Between 2009 and 2017, a total of 1777 patients underwent surgery for benign thyroid disease. Patients with preoperative undetermined or positive for malignancy cytology were excluded, as well as incidental thyroid cancer larger than 1 cm.

Results

Total thyroidectomy was performed in 1649 patients (92.7%) and hemithyroidectomy in 128 (7.2%). Papillary thyroid cancer, sized between 2–10 mm, was found in 89 patients (5%), which were all by definition microcarcinomas (mPTC). In 11 patients mPTCs were multifocal and in 7 bilateral. Just 6 patients received hemithyroidectomy and later underwent radical surgery without complications. No tumor-related morbidity or mortality was observed. The χ2 test showed a statistically significant association between mPTC and non-toxic multinodular goiter.

Discussion

In the literature, the rates of incidental mPTC vary, due to various factors such as histopathological examination and sampling numbers. Regarding surgical treatment, some authors support a “conservative” approach for the positive prognosis, but considering that it can be associated with mortality, lymph node recurrence and metastasis, its treatment is still controversial.

Conclusions

Our experience confirms that total thyroidectomy in multinodular goiter is a safe procedure, which ensures endocrine control and oncologic complete tumor resection, in case of mPTC. In uninodular goiter, we recommend hemithyroidectomy; if mPTC is discovered, we suggest radical surgery especially in patients older than 50 years and with familial disposition for thyroid cancer and peripheral tumors larger than 5 mm and aggressive variants.
Myoglobin for Detection of High-Risk Patients with Acute Myocarditis
Authors: Kottwitz Jan , Bruno Katelyn A. , Berg Jan , Salomon Gary R. , Fairweather DeLisa , Elhassan Mawahib , Baltensperger Nora , Kissel Christine K. , Lovrinovic Marina , Baltensweiler Andrea , Schmied Christian , Templin Christian , Lima Joao A.C. , Landmesser Ulf , Lüscher Thomas F. , Manka Robert , Heidecker Bettina
Published: January 2020

There is an unmet need for accurate and practical screening to detect myocarditis. We sought to test the hypothesis that the extent of acute myocarditis, measured by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), can be estimated based on routine blood markers. A total of 44 patients were diagnosed with acute myocarditis and included in this study. There was strong correlation between myoglobin and LGE (rs = 0.73 [95% CI 0.51; 0.87], p < 0.001), while correlation was weak between LGE and TnT-hs (rs = 0.37 [95% CI 0.09; 0.61], p = 0.01). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis determined myoglobin ≥ 87 μg/L as cutoff to identify myocarditis (92% sensitivity, 80% specificity). The data were reproduced in an established model of coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in mice (n = 26). These data suggest that myoglobin is an accurate marker of acute myocarditis.
Attracting and Natural Invariant Varieties for Polynomial Vector Fields and Control Systems
Authors: Kruff Niclas , Schilli Christian , Walcher Sebastian , Zerz Eva
Published: January 2020

We discuss real and complex polynomial vector fields and polynomially nonlinear, input-affine control systems, with a focus on invariant algebraic varieties. For a given real variety we consider the construction of polynomial ordinary differential equations $$\dot{x}=f(x)$$x˙=f(x) such that the variety is invariant and locally attracting, and show that such a construction is possible for any compact connected component of a smooth variety satisfying a weak additional condition. Moreover we introduce and study natural controlled invariant varieties (NCIV) with respect to a given input matrix g, i.e. varieties which are controlled invariant sets of $${\dot{x}}=f(x)+g(x)u$$x˙=f(x)+g(x)u for any choice of the drift vector f. We use basic tools from commutative algebra and algebraic geometry in order to characterize NCIV’s, and we present a constructive method to decide whether a variety is a NCIV with respect to an input matrix. The results and the algorithmic approach are illustrated by examples.
Potentials of activated carbon produced from biomass materials for sequestration of dyes, heavy metals, and crude oil components from aqueous environment
Authors: Ani J. U. , Akpomie K. G. , Okoro U. C. , Aneke L. E. , Onukwuli O. D. , Ujam O. T.
Published: January 2020

Carbon adsorbents derived from biomass (agricultural and household residues) have been widely used in the sequestration of hazardous substances from the environment due to their distinctive qualities of large internal surface area, mechanical integrity, and regeneration. The need for carbon adsorbents for sequestration of dyes, heavy metals, and crude oil components has increased because of environmental concerns. This has led to studies of carbon adsorbents derived from agricultural and household biomass residues. These adsorbents have been used to remove pollutants. Although numerous reviews have been published before, analogy of results obtained using different adsorbents is hard due to dissimilarities in research data. Against this backdrop, the purpose of the research survey was to review the contemporary publications regarding the production of activated carbon from biomass sources highlighting specifically its utilization in removing toxic wastes from water solution such as oil spill, dyes, and sundry hazardous substances. Also the work focuses on the methods for the restoration of the spent adsorbents and their end use.
Far field wake vortex evolution of two aircraft formation flight and implications on young contrails
Authors: Unterstrasser S. , Stephan A.
Published: January 2020

Large-eddy simulations (LES) have been employed to investigate the far-field four-vortex wake vortex evolution over 10min behind an aircraft formation. In formation flight scenarios, the wake vortex behaviour was found to be much more complex, chaotic and also diverse than in the classical single aircraft case, depending very sensitively on the formation geometry, i.e. the lateral and vertical offset of the two involved aircraft. Even though the case-by-case variability of the wake vortex behaviour across the various formation flight scenarios is large, the final plume dimensions after vortex dissolution are in general substantially different from those of single aircraft scenarios. The plumes are around 170 to 250m deep and 400m to 680m broad, whereas a single A350/B777 aircraft would produce a 480m deep and 330m broad plume. Formation flight plumes are thus not as deep, yet they are broader, as the vortices do not only propagate vertically but also in span-wise direction. Two different LES models have been employed independently and show consistent results suggesting the robustness of the findings. Notably,$CO_{2}$emissions are only one contribution to the aviation climate impact among several others like contrails and emission of water vapour and nitrogen oxides, which would be all affected by the implementation of formation flight. Thus, we also highlight the differences in ice microphysical and geometrical properties of young formation flight contrails relative to the classical single aircraft case.
A Spatial and Temporal Investigation of Medical Surge in Dallas–Fort Worth During Hurricane Harvey, Texas 2017
Authors: Stephens William , Wilt Grete E. , Lehnert Erica Adams , Molinari NoelleAngelique M. , LeBlanc Tanya Telfair
Published: January 2020

Objective:

When 2017 Hurricane Harvey struck the coastline of Texas on August 25, 2017, it resulted in 88 fatalities and more than US $125 billion in damage to infrastructure. The floods associated with the storm created a toxic mix of chemicals, sewage and other biohazards, and over 6 million cubic meters of garbage in Houston alone. The level of biohazard exposure and injuries from trauma among persons residing in affected areas was widespread and likely contributed to increases in emergency department (ED) visits in Houston and cities receiving hurricane evacuees. We investigated medical surge resulting from these evacuations in Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW) metroplex EDs.

Methods:

We used data sourced from the North Texas Syndromic Surveillance Region 2/3 in ESSENCE to investigate ED visit surge following the storm in DFW hospitals because this area received evacuees from the 60 counties with disaster declarations due to the storm. We used the interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to estimate the magnitude and duration of the ED surge. ITS was applied to all ED visits in DFW and visits made by patients residing in any of the 60 counties with disaster declarations due to the storm. The DFW metropolitan statistical area included 55 hospitals. Time series analyses examined data from March 1, 2017–January 6, 2018 with focus on the storm impact period, August 14–September 15, 2017. Data from before, during, and after the storm were visualized spatially and temporally to characterize magnitude, duration, and spatial variation of medical surge attributable to Hurricane Harvey.

Results:

During the study period overall, ED visits in the DFW area rose immediately by about 11% (95% CI: 9%, 13%), amounting to ~16 500 excess total visits before returning to the baseline on September 21, 2017. Visits by patients identified as residing in disaster declaration counties to DFW hospitals rose immediately by 127% (95% CI: 125%, 129%), amounting to 654 excess visits by September 29, 2017, when visits returned to the baseline. A spatial analysis revealed that evacuated patients were strongly clustered (Moran’s I = 0.35, P < 0.0001) among 5 of the counties with disaster declarations in the 11-day window during the storm surge.

Conclusions:

The observed increase in ED visits in DFW due to Hurricane Harvey and ensuing evacuation was significant. Anticipating medical surge following large-scale hurricanes is critical for community preparedness planning. Coordinated planning across stakeholders is necessary to safeguard the population and for a skillful response to medical surge needs. Plans that address hurricane response, in particular, should have contingencies for support beyond the expected disaster areas.
Chronological and geomorphological approach to the Holocene tephras from Tafí and Santa María valleys, NW Argentina
Authors: Sampietro-Vattuone María M. , Báez Walter A. , Peña-Monné José L. , Sola Alfonso
Published: January 2020

A comprehensive morphostratigraphic and chronological study of the complete set of Holocene tephras from Tafí and Santa María valleys (northwestern Argentina), including analyses of compositional characteristics, is presented. Five ash tephras are recognized: V0 (El Rincón), V1a (Carreras 1a ash), V1b (Carreras 1b ash), V2a (Carreras 2 ash), and V2b (El Paso 3 ash). Two of them (V1b and V2b) are described for the first time in the study area. The new14C and accelerator mass spectrometry ages presented, along with the previously published information, allows for the establishment of a chronological framework. The V0 tephra was deposited in the Early Holocene (about 10,000 yr BP), V1a and V1b were deposited in the Middle Holocene (about 4200 and 3500 yr BP, respectively), and V2a and V2b were deposited in the Late Holocene (after about 800 yr BP). The mineralogical, textural, and geochemical characterizations of the five tephras suggest that their tephra provenance was mainly from the back-arc region. However, the determination of the exact source of each tephra requires more accurate high-resolution tephrochronological studies. At least five major eruptions affected the Tafí and Santa María valleys in the last 10,000 yr.
Disability, Disadvantage, and Luck Egalitarianism
Authors: PALYNCHUK MATTHEW
Published: January 2020

In his A Conceptual Investigation of Justice, Kyle Johannsen suggests a theory of disability that holds that to have a disability just is to be worse off, sometimes referred to as the ‘medical’ or ‘individual’ model of disability. I argue that Johannsen’s understanding of disability might force some of his key claims into an uncomfortable position. In particular, for his theory to avoid the thrust of Elizabeth Anderson’s criticisms of luck egalitarianism, the assumption of the medical model of disability must be dropped, but this comes at the cost of his criticism of John Rawls’ difference principle.
DefendingA Conceptual Investigation of Justice
Authors: JOHANNSEN KYLE
Published: January 2020

In this paper, I explain the arguments my critics target and I respond to their criticisms. Some of my replies further expand upon the ideas covered in my book—A Conceptual Investigation of Justice—and some cover matters that weren’t discussed there. This paper thus substantially contributes to the arguments made in my book.
Doute et scepticisme. Examen d’une distinction hégélienne à Iéna
Authors: PÉTUAUD-LÉTANG LUCAS
Published: January 2020

Dans cet article, nous nous demandons quelles sont les raisons de la distinction et de l’opposition établies par Hegel entre le doute et le scepticisme antique dans son essai de 1802 et dans quelle mesure ce point de vue est original. L’article montre que cette séparation se fonde sur l’attribution au sceptique d’une certitude de sa négation et que cette attribution se révèle à travers l’interprétation hégélienne du rapport entre Pyrrhonisme et Nouvelle Académie, d’une part, et d’autre part du Parménide de Platon.
Household- and community-level determinants of low-risk Caesarean deliveries among women in India
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Dhillon Preeti
Published: January 2020

Caesarean section delivery rates in India have doubled from 9% in 2005–06 to 17% in 2015–16, increasing the clinical and economic burden on the health care system. This study applied multilevel models to assess the role of household- and community-level factors in Caesarean section (CS) deliveries among low-risk women in India using data from Round 4 of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16. The sample size was 59,318 low-risk women who had their last birth in an institution during the 5 years preceding the survey. These women were nested in 57,279 households, which were nested in 22,183 communities, which were further nested in 640 districts in India. Around 21% of the low-risk women and 24% of all women who had delivered in an institution had undergone CS. The CS rates among low-risk women were extremely high in private institutions (40%) and in southern India (43%). The explanatory variables age, education of women, household wealth and number of antenatal visits were significantly positively associated, while women’s parity was negatively associated, with CS delivery among low-risk women. The multilevel analysis suggested that the likelihood of a low-risk woman opting for CS was influenced by a similar decision of another woman from the same household (37%) and/or community (18%). Furthermore, women with low-risk pregnancies from higher educated communities were less likely (OR 0.92) to undergo CS. There is therefore a need for a community-level awareness programme on the risks and benefits of low-risk CS and vaginal delivery, particularly in the southern region of India.
Foreign Correspondents in the East Asian Cold War: The Sino-Japanese journalist exchange of 1964
Authors: WITS CASPER
Published: January 2020

This article examines the importance of the exchange of foreign correspondents between Japan and China from 1964, during a period of the Cold War when the two countries did not have official ties. Favourable political circumstances in the first half of the 1960s led to a brief window of opportunity for an improved relationship between China and Japan, during which this unique exchange took place. The article attempts to shed light on the significance of the exchange within the broader context of Chinese foreign policy and Sino-Japanese relations during the Cold War. Thereby it will clarify the importance of the 1960–1964 period for the longer rapprochement process that would come to fruition in 1972 with the establishment of diplomatic relations. The exchanges of 1964 were seen by participants as an important first step on the way towards official ties. For the Chinese the importance of a relationship with Japan in this period, and, by extension, the importance of the journalist exchange, is shown by the involvement of an unusually high number of journalists from both countries. This article argues that the Chinese leadership's desire for the journalist exchange was rooted in a craving for accurate knowledge about Japan, especially concerning specific political trends and economic developments. This enthusiasm was matched by pro-China politicians in Japan, who also felt that the journalists’ presence would enable the Chinese to base their Japan policy on a broader variety of sources, extending beyond information merely gathered through contacts in the Japanese left.
Religion, politics and an apocryphal admonition: the German East African “Mecca letter” of 1908 in historical-critical analysis
Authors: Haustein Jörg
Published: January 2020

This article analyses a Muslim missive, which was circulated in German East Africa in 1908. Erroneously dubbed the “Mecca letter”, it called believers to repentance and sparked a religious revival, which alarmed the German administration. Their primarily political interpretation of the letter was retained in subsequent scholarship, which has overlooked two important textual resources for a better understanding of the missive: the presence of similar letters elsewhere and the fourteen copies still available in the Tanzanian National Archive. Presenting the first text-critical edition of the letter, together with a historical introduction of the extant specimens and a textual comparison to similar missives elsewhere, the article argues that the East African “Mecca letter” of 1908 was nothing more than a local circulation of a global chain letter. As such, its rapid transmission was not connected to a single political agency, but was likely prompted by a large variety of motivations.
Developing a new hybrid soft computing technique in predicting ultimate pile bearing capacity using cone penetration test data
Authors: Harandizadeh Hooman
Published: January 2020

This research intends to investigate a new hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) technique compared to some common CPT methods in estimating axial ultimate pile bearing capacity (UPBC) using cone penetration test (CPT) data in geotechnical engineering applications. A data series of 108 samples was collected in order to develop a new hybrid structure of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) network, and the group method of the data handling (GMDH) type neural network was optimized by applying the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm over the hybrid ANFIS-GMDH topology, which leads to a new hybrid AI model called as ANFIS-GMDH-PSO. The derived database provides information related to pile load tests,in situfield CPT data, and soil–pile information for introducing the proposed hybrid neural system. The cross-section of the pile toe, average cone tip resistance along embedded pile length, and sleeve frictional resistance along the shaft had been considered as input parameters for the proposed network. The results of this research indicated that the proposed ANFIS-GMDH-PSO model predicted the UPBC with an acceptable precision compared to various CPT methods, including Schmertmann, De Kuiter & Bringen, and LPC/LPCT methods. Moreover, ANFIS-GMDH-PSO network model performance was compared to CPT-based models in terms of statistical criteria in order to achieve a best fitted model. From the statistical results, it was found that the developed ANFIS-GMDH-PSO model has achieved a higher accuracy level in terms of statistical indices compared to CPT-based empirical methods, such as Schmertmann model, De Kuiter & Beringen model, and Bustamante & Gianeselli for predicting driven pile ultimate bearing capacity.
Guns for the Government: Ordnance, the Military “Peacetime Establishment,” and Executive Governance in the Early Republic
Authors: Regele Lindsay Schakenbach
Published: January 2020

During the 1810s and 1820, officials in the War Department engaged in military state building, which transcended partisanship and contributed to the development of executive autonomy. The process revealed the ability of the executive to shape national security, while also foreshadowing Progressive Era trends toward expertise-based bureaucratic autonomy. The activities of the Ordnance Department suggest that the connection between war and early American state building was forged in the efforts to bolster the armaments industry. Ordnance officers established autonomy partly through arms expertise, and they were not necessarily coalition builders like the late nineteenth-century Post Office and Department of Agriculture bureaucrats, especially because they generated more hostility. Thus, there were different routes by which autonomy was and is established, but in the first decades of the nineteenth century, this autonomy depended on national security and war preparations. This article uses War Department papers, armory records, and congressional debates to show how certain bureaucrats developed the ability to work against congressional limits to their functionality. Ordnance ultimately succeeded because its leaders executed a nonpartisan military agenda and demonstrated an ability to effectively manage the nation's security apparatus, especially in times of peace.
Are All Things Created Equal? The Incidental in Archaeology
Authors: Pollock Susan , Bernbeck Reinhard , Appel Lena , Loy Anna K. , Schreiber Stefan
Published: January 2020

Archaeologists evince a strong tendency to impute significance to the material traces they study, a propensity that has been especially marked since the post-processual emphasis on meaning and that has taken on renewed vigour with the turn to materiality. But are there not situations in which things are rather incidental or insignificant? This set of essays emerged from a workshop held in Berlin in April 2018, in which a group of scholars was invited to discuss the place of the incidental in social life in general and in archaeology in particular. Rather than lengthy formal papers, we offer an introduction that presents a general set of reflections on the issue of the incidentalness of things, followed by essays that pursue particular directions raised by that introduction as well as our discussions in Berlin. It is our hope that these brief forays into a complex topic will stimulate further work on this subject.
In Passing:Beiläufigkeitat the Verge of Anthropocene
Authors: Pétursdóttir Þóra
Published: January 2020

To begin with, I would like to express my gratitude to Susan, Reinhard, Lena, Anna and Stefan for inviting me to participate in their workshop around the puzzling theme ofBeiläufigkeitin archaeology. Having worked lately with assemblages of objects that, though very much in the spotlight of media, have hitherto fallen into the blind spot of archaeology, I immediately found it inviting to think in terms ofBeiläufigkeit, the incidental and the by-passed. And, to no surprise—also given the concept's reluctance to give in fully to either translation or definition—the seminar and discussions in Berlin in April 2018 turned out extremely stimulating, leaving many glitches for further speculation.
Obligations to Consult EU Institutions on National Draft Laws: A Dogmatic Analysis
Authors: Skowron-Kadayer Magdalena
Published: January 2020

Since the establishment of the European Union, Member States do not have true free reign over their legislative activity. The influence from ‘Brussels’ on new national laws has become stronger with the passage of time. Over the years, the Contracting States and the Union legislature have established more and more obligations referring to national legislatures. The most common are the well-known duties to transpose directives into national law. These EU legal acts contain substantive law, rights and/or obligations for individuals, and thus encompass material provisions that can be subject to a transposition process. However, this is not the only way to influence national legal orders. There are also procedural obligations in EU law that do not contain any substantive requirements that national laws ought to foresee. This article deals with the kind of formal obligations that compel Member States to consult EU institutions on draft laws during their national legislative procedures (hereinafter: obligations to consult). These obligations are of a procedural nature, with the outcome of the consultation procedure resulting in substantive law. EU law has always contained provisions like the obligations of Member States to consult EU institutions on their own national legislative procedures. In this regard, EU law shapes national legislative procedures, and the EU institutions influence substantive national law. EU institutions have expertise concerning the impact of new national laws on the internal market, which they can estimate on a Europe-wide scale. A single Member State or its institutions cannot examine the effects of national law on other Member States’ legal orders or on Europe as a whole. That is why it is dependent on the know-how of EU institutions. Their expertise and ability to assess the Europe-wide effect of national law makes up the background of the great impact of those institutions on national draft laws. This article analyses the impact and possible consequences of a Member State’s violations of obligations to consult. It introduces new terms, such as obligations to consult EU institutions on national draft laws and the consultation act, that are necessary in order to reflect the great importance of this category. General comments on obligations to consult refer also to the new mechanism introduced by the Two-Pack Regulation.
Dietary flavonoids and respiratory diseases: a population-based multi-case–control study in Italian adults
Authors: Mattioli Veronica , Zanolin Maria Elisabetta , Cazzoletti Lucia , Bono Roberto , Cerveri Isa , Ferrari Marcello , Pirina Pietro , Garcia-Larsen Vanessa
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To analyse the associations between chronic respiratory diseases and intakes of total flavonoids and their major subclasses (flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, polymers and proanthocyanidins).

Design:

Multi-case–control study.

Setting:

The analysis was conducted in the frame of the Genes Environment Interaction in Respiratory Diseases (GEIRD) study. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition FFQ was used to ascertain dietary intake. Multinomial regression models adjusting for age, sex, centre, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol intake, education, total energy intake, vitamin C intake and total fruit intake were used to examine the associations between dietary exposures and the relative risk ratio (RRR) of being a case.

Participants:

Individuals (n 990) hierarchically defined as follows: cases with asthma (current, n 159; past, n 78), chronic bronchitis (n 47), rhinitis (allergic rhinitis, n 167; non-allergic rhinitis, n 142) and controls (n 97).

Results:

An increase of 1 sd in flavanones was associated with a reduced risk of non-allergic rhinitis (adjusted RRR = 0·68, 95 % CI 0·47, 0·97); a similar result was found comparing the highest v. lowest quartile of flavanones intake (adjusted RRR = 0·24, 95 % CI 0·10, 0·59).

Conclusions:

Flavonoids contained in fruits and vegetables, especially flavanones, might reduce the risk of non-allergic rhinitis. No associations were found between other flavonoids and the considered outcomes.
Submeter Resolution Surface Rupture Topography From Legacy Aerial Photographs—A Test Case From the 1992 Landers Earthquake
Authors: Lajoie Lia J. , Nissen Edwin , Johnson Kendra L. , Lajoie Kenneth R.
Published: January 2020

The 1992
7.3 Landers earthquake in the Mojave Desert (California) provided exceptional observations of surface faulting in a large, continental earthquake. The U. S. Geological Survey obtained nadir angle, overlapping aerial photographs at 1:6,000 scale for the entire
85 km rupture length. Recent advances in Structure from Motion photogrammetry allow for archival photographic data sets such as these to be reprocessed, generating digital topography that can be reanalyzed quantitatively in a way that was not previously possible. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we generated a georectified,
10 points/m
topographic point cloud over nearly the entire Landers rupture length and a higher‐resolution
40 points/m
point cloud over a smaller (
5 km) rupture segment along the Emerson fault. We estimated the accuracy and explore the utility of our point cloud in two tests. First, we observe close geometric agreement (average closest point distance 2.1 cm and standard deviation 14.0 cm) between our point cloud and a 2008 terrestrial lidar survey of the Galway Lake Road site on the Emerson fault. Second, we made 173 vertical offset measurements within a small, structurally complex pull‐apart basin, also on the Emerson fault, and find visual and statistical similarity with 21 local field measurements. These two tests demonstrate that point clouds generated from legacy aerial surveys and georeferenced using free Google Earth and National Elevation Dataset imagery are geometrically accurate and can be used to densify geomorphic offset measurements even along well‐studied surface ruptures. Applied to other historical events, such measurements could provide new insights into earthquake rupture processes.
Complexity of Fault Rupture and Fluid Leakage in Shale: Insights From a Controlled Fault Activation Experiment
Authors: Guglielmi Yves , Nussbaum Christophe , Jeanne Pierre , Rutqvist Jonny , Cappa Frédéric , Birkholzer Jens
Published: January 2020

We observed rupture growth caused by controlled fluid injections at 340‐m depth within a fault zone in the low‐permeability Opalinus Clay in the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory (Switzerland). The rupture mechanisms were evaluated using measurements of the three‐component borehole wall displacements and fluid pressure in two sections of the fault zone and located horizontally 3 m apart from each other. One section was set across a secondary segment of the fault and used for stepwise fluid injection intended to trigger rupture growth. The other section was set across the principal shear zone of the fault for monitoring. After stepwise pressure increase up to 5.95 MPa at injection, rupture initiated as slip activation, followed by an overall opening of the fault planes connected to the injection. After 19 s of continued injection, displacements arrived at the monitoring point on the principal shear zone. These displacements are about 2.4 times larger than in the secondary fault segment. Overall, the displacements corresponded to a normal fault activation. About 9 s after the displacement front arrived, a strong pressure increase of 4.17 MPa was measured at the monitoring point, indicating a hydraulic connection had formed along the initially very low permeability fault planes between the injection and the monitoring points. Our analyses highlight that the fault activation is consistent with the state of stress but that injection pressure must be close to the normal stress acting on the fault for permeability to be generated and for fluid leakage to occur.
Atmospheric Forcing Drives the Winter Sea Ice Thickness Asymmetry of Hudson Bay
Authors: Kirillov S. , Babb D. , Dmitrenko I. , Landy J. , Lukovich J. , Ehn J. , Sydor K. , Barber D. , Stroeve J.
Published: January 2020

Recently, we highlighted the presence of a strong west‐east asymmetry in sea ice thickness across Hudson Bay that is driven by cyclonic circulation. Building on this work, we use satellite altimetry and a unique set of in situ observations of ice thickness from three moored upward looking sonars to examine the role of atmospherically driven ice dynamics in producing contrasting regional ice thickness patterns. Ultimately, north‐northwesterly winds coupled with numerous reversals during winter 2016/2017 led to thicker ice in southern Hudson Bay, while enhanced west‐northwesterly winds during winter 2017/2018 led to thicker ice in eastern Hudson Bay that delayed breakup and onset of the summer shipping season to coastal communities. Extending the analysis over the 40‐year satellite observation period, we find that these two different patterns of atmospheric forcing alter the timing of breakup by 30 days in eastern Hudson Bay and offer some skill in seasonal predictions of breakup.
Anomalous δ13C in Particulate Organic Carbon at the Chemoautotrophy Maximum in the Cariaco Basin
Authors: Scranton Mary I. , Taylor Gordon T. , Thunell Robert C. , Muller‐Karger Frank E. , Astor Yrene , Swart Peter , Edgcomb Virginia P. , Pachiadaki Maria G.
Published: January 2020

A chemoautotrophy maximum is present in many anoxic basins at the sulfidic layer's upper boundary, but the factors controlling this feature are poorly understood. In 13 of 31 cruises to the Cariaco Basin, particulate organic carbon (POC) was enriched in 13C (δ13CPOC as high as −16‰) within the oxic/sulfidic transition compared to photic zone values (−23 to −26‰). During “heavy” cruises, fluxes of O2 and [NO3− + NO2−] to the oxic/sulfidic interface were significantly lower than during “light” cruises. Cruises with isotopically heavy POC were more common between 2013 and 2015 when suspended particles below the photic zone tended to be nitrogen rich compared to later cruises. Within the chemoautotrophic layer, nitrogen‐rich particles (molar ratio C/N< 10) were more likely to be 13C‐enriched than nitrogen‐poor particles, implying that these inventories were dominated by living cells and fresh detritus rather than laterally transported or extensively decomposed detritus. During heavy cruises, 13C enrichments persisted to 1,300 m, providing the first evidence of downward transport of chemoautotrophically produced POC. Dissolved inorganic carbon assimilation during heavy cruises (n = 3) was faster and occurred deeper than during light cruises (n = 2). Metagenomics data from the chemoautotrophic layer during two cruises support prevalence of microorganisms carrying RuBisCO form II genes, which encode a carbon fixation enzyme that discriminates less against heavy isotopes than most other carbon fixation enzymes, and metatranscriptomics data indicate that higher expression of form II RuBisCO genes during the heavy cruises at depths where essential reactants coexist are responsible for the isotopically heavier POC.
A Multiyear Gridded Data Ensemble of Surface Biogenic Carbon Fluxes for North America: Evaluation and Analysis of Results
Authors: Zhou Yu , Williams Christopher A. , Lauvaux Thomas , Davis Kenneth J. , Feng Sha , Baker Ian , Denning Scott , Wei Yaxing
Published: January 2020

Accurate and fine‐scale estimates of biogenic carbon fluxes are critical for measuring and monitoring the biosphere's responses and feedback to the climate system. Currently available data products from flux towers and model‐intercomparison projects struggle to adequately represent spatiotemporal dynamics of surface biogenic carbon fluxes, and to quantify their uncertainties, which also are crucial to atmospheric inversion systems. To address these gaps, we introduce a new perturbed‐parameter model ensemble with the CASA model to estimate surface biogenic carbon fluxes at monthly and 3‐hourly scales for North America at ~500‐m and 5‐km resolutions. We first use the Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Testing to choose the three most sensitive parameters to be perturbed, maximum light use efficiency (Emax), optimal temperature of photosynthesis (Topt), and temperature response of respiration (Q10). The initial range for each parameter is broadly sampled for the L1 ensemble, but then we pruned Emax with site‐level primary productivity to derive an L2 ensemble with narrower uncertainty ranges. Ensembles are strongly correlated with site‐level results at both monthly and 3‐hourly scales, and the spread across L1/L2 ensemble members encompasses the range of AmeriFlux observations. Monthly variability in the L2 ensemble mean is 85% of the observed variability. The L2 ensemble outperforms diverse data products with the highest Taylor skill scores at diurnal to annual scales. The ensemble's seasonality agrees well with other models for most biome types and in high and middle latitudes, but inconsistencies are found in subtropical and tropical ecoregions and for annual totals over North America.
An ~130 kyr Record of Surface Water Temperature and δ18O From the Northern Bay of Bengal: Investigating the Linkage Between Heinrich Events and Weak Monsoon Intervals in Asia
Authors: Lauterbach Stefan , Andersen Nils , Wang Yiming V. , Blanz Thomas , Larsen Thomas , Schneider Ralph R.
Published: January 2020

Millennial‐scale reductions in monsoon precipitation, so‐called Weak Monsoon Intervals (WMIs), have been identified in numerous paleoclimate records across the Afro‐Asian monsoon domain throughout the last glacial‐interglacial cycle. These are considered the regional response to cooling during Heinrich events in the North Atlantic realm and several mechanisms have been suggested to explain this hemisphere‐scale climatic teleconnection. In particular, reductions in Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) have been proposed as the linking element between Heinrich events and WMIs. However, the validity of this relationship has only been demonstrated for the last ~20 kyr, leaving unresolved whether it also holds on longer time scales. Here we present a new paired record of planktonic foraminifera‐based δ18Osw‐ivc and UK'37‐based SST from the northern Bay of Bengal, covering the last ~130 kyr. The δ18Osw‐ivc record clearly reflects orbitally paced changes of Indian Summer Monsoon intensity superimposed by centennial‐ to millennial‐scale WMIs that occurred synchronously to North Atlantic Heinrich events. Comparison with the UK'37‐based SST reconstruction reveals, however, that WMIs in most cases were not paralleled by ocean surface cooling, questioning whether Indian Ocean SST lowering was the linking element between Heinrich events and reductions in monsoon precipitation in Asia also during the last glacial period.
Using Hydrological‐Biogeochemical Linkages to Elucidate Carbon Dynamics in Coastal Marshes Subject to Relative Sea Level Rise
Authors: Guimond Julia A. , Yu Xuan , Seyfferth Angelia L. , Michael Holly A.
Published: January 2020

Coastal marshes are an important component of the global carbon cycle, yet our understanding of how these ecosystems will respond to sea level rise (SLR) is limited. Coastal marsh hydrology varies based on elevation, distance from channel, and hydraulic properties, resulting in zones of unique water level oscillation patterns. These zones impact ecology and geochemistry and correspond to differences in carbon accumulation rates. These physical‐biogeochemical linkages enable use of a hydrological model to predict changes in marsh zonation, and in turn carbon accumulation, as well as groundwater‐surface water exchange under SLR. Here, we developed a calibrated hydrological model of a Delaware coastal marsh using HydroGeoSphere. We simulated three scenarios each of SLR, sediment accretion, and upland hydrologic response, and we quantified changes in the spatial coverage of different hydrologic zonations and groundwater‐surface water exchange. Results show that relative SLR reduces marsh area, carbon burial, and lateral water fluxes. However, the magnitudes of change are linked to the terrestrial groundwater table response as well as relative SLR. In scenarios where the upland water table does not change with SLR, the magnitude of decline in marsh area and carbon accumulation is reduced compared to scenarios where the upland water table keeps pace with SLR. In contrast, the reduction in lateral water flux is minimized in scenarios with an upland water table rise equal to SLR compared to scenarios where the upland water table is held at present‐day levels. This study highlights the importance of regional hydrologic setting in the fate of coastal marsh dynamics.