bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Static and Dynamic Studies on LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2‐Based Suspensions for Semi‐Solid Flow Batteries
Authors: Biendicho Jordi Jacas , Flox Cristina , Sanz Laura , Morante Joan Ramon
Published: June 2016

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2(LNCM)‐based suspensions for semi‐solid flow batteries (SSFB) have been investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The resistance and electrochemical performance of half cells (vs. Li/Li+) as well as the rheological properties are affected by the content of a commercially available electroconductive carbon black [KetjenBlack (KB), AkzoNobel] in the suspensions. In static conditions, a cell with 11.87 and 13.97 % by volume of KB and LNCM delivers high capacity 130 mA h g−1at 5 mA cm−2, respectively, and a coulombic efficiency of 90 % over 10 injections. The impedance of half cells is dominated by a contact resistance fitted with a resistor and a constant phase element (CPE) in parallel. In flow conditions, cell potential depends on applied current density and measured over potentials are ∼0.3 and 0.7 V for 0.33 and 1 mA cm−2, respectively, for a cell containing a suspension with 9.53 % in volume of KB and 13.90 % in volume of LNCM. The effect of the cell contact resistance on the electrochemical performance is discussed.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Oxygenates using Earth‐Abundant Transition‐Metal Nanoparticles under Mild Conditions
Authors: Carroll Kyler J. , Burger Thomas , Langenegger Lukas , Chavez Steven , Hunt Sean T. , Román‐Leshkov Yuriy , Brushett Fikile R.
Published: June 2016

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) is a sustainable pathway for the synthesis of value‐added organic compounds, provided affordable catalysts with high activity, selectivity and durability are developed. Here, we synthesize Cu/C, Ni/C, and CuNi/C nanoparticles and compare their performance to Pt/C, Ru/C, PtRu/C for the ECH of hydroxyacetone, a bio‐derived feedstock surrogate containing a carbonyl and a hydroxyl functional group. The non‐precious metal electrocatalysts show promising conversion‐time behavior, product selectivities, and Faradaic efficiencies. Ni/C forms propylene glycol with a selectivity of 89 % (at 80 % conversion), while Cu/C catalyzes ECH (52 % selectivity) and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO, 48 % selectivity, accounting for evaporation). CuNi/C shows increased turnover frequencies but reduced ECH selectivity (80 % at 80 % conversion) as compared to the Ni/C catalyst. Importantly, stability studies show that the non‐precious metal catalysts do not leach at operating conditions.
Blends of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity and Partially Sulfonated Polyphenylenesulfone for Gas Separation
Authors: Yong Wai Fen , Lee Zhi Kang , Chung Tai‐Shung , Weber Martin , Staudt Claudia , Maletzko Christian
Published: June 2016

Polyphenylenesulfone (PPSU) and sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone (sPPSU) are widely used for liquid separations in the medical and food industries. However, their potential applications for gas separation have not been studied extensively owing to their low intrinsic gas permeability. We report here for the first time that blending with sPPSU can significantly improve the gas separation performance of highly permeable polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), specifically PIM‐1, because of the strong molecular interactions of the sulfonic acid groups of sPPSU with CO2 and O2. In addition, a novel co‐solvent system has been discovered to overcome the immiscibility of these polymers. The presence of a higher degree of sulfonation in sPPSU results in better gas separation performance of the blend membranes close to or above the Robeson upper bound lines for O2/N2, CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separations. Interestingly, the blend membranes have comparable gas selectivity to sPPSU even though their sPPSU content is only 5–20 wt %. Moreover, they also display improved anti‐plasticization properties up to 30 atm (3 MPa) using a binary CO2/CH4 feed gas. The newly developed PIM‐1/sPPSU membranes are potential candidates for air separation, natural gas separation, and CO2 capture.
By‐Product Carrying Humidified Hydrogen: An Underestimated Issue in the Hydrolysis of Sodium Borohydride
Authors: Petit Eddy , Miele Philippe , Demirci Umit B.
Published: June 2016

Catalyzed hydrolysis of sodium borohydride generates up to four molecules of hydrogen, but contrary to what has been reported so far, the humidified evolved gas is not pure hydrogen. Elemental and spectroscopic analyses show, for the first time, that borate by‐products pollute the stream as well as the vessel.
Batch and Flow Synthesis of Disulfides by Visible‐Light‐Induced TiO2 Photocatalysis
Authors: Bottecchia Cecilia , Erdmann Nico , Tijssen Patricia M. A. , Milroy Lech‐Gustav , Brunsveld Luc , Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy
Published: June 2016

A mild and practical method for the preparation of disulfides through visible‐light‐induced photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of thiols has been developed. The method involves the use of TiO2 as a heterogeneous photocatalyst. The catalyst's high stability and recyclability makes this method highly practical. The reaction can be substantially accelerated in a continuous‐flow packed‐bed reactor, which enables a safe and reliable scale‐up of the reaction conditions. The batch and flow protocol described herein can be applied to a diverse set of thiol substrates for the preparation of homo‐ and hetero‐dimerized disulfides. Furthermore, biocompatible reaction conditions (i.e., room temperature, visible light, neutral buffer solution, and no additional base) have been developed, which permits the rapid and chemoselective modification of densely functionalized peptide substrates without recourse to complex purification steps.
The persistence of illicit drug smoke residues and their recovery from common household surfaces
Authors: Bitter Julie L.
Published: June 2016

Third‐hand smoke is the residue remaining on surfaces during smoking events. It is composed of particles and vapours that form upon heating. The phrase ‘third‐hand smoke’ is primarily used to describe nicotine and other chemicals from cigarettes, but any residues formed from the smoking of various substances could be classified similarly. There has been an increasing body of research on third‐hand smoke from cigarettes in the last decade, but little has been done in regards to understanding the persistence of particles and vapours from illicit drugs. In this work, small samples of cocaine and methamphetamine were volatilized to produce an illicit drug smoke that was collected onto various surface materials and left exposed to ambient conditions over 672 h (four weeks). Chemical analyses by electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry of residues on silicon, plastic, laminate, and artificial leather surfaces indicated a rapid decrease in recovery of the parent molecule, with varied formation of decomposition products over the first 168 h of exposure. Measurable amounts of the parent molecule were still present after 672 h, exhibiting a strong persistence of these drugs on various household materials. This is important in a forensic science context, as third‐hand smoke residues could provide a viable source of trace evidence previously not utilized. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Metabolic patterns of JWH‐210, RCS‐4, and THC in pig urine elucidated using LC‐HR‐MS/MS: Do they reflect patterns in humans?
Authors: Schaefer Nadine , Helfer Andreas G. , Kettner Mattias , Laschke Matthias W. , Schlote Julia , Ewald Andreas H. , Meyer Markus R. , Menger Michael D. , Maurer Hans H. , Schmidt Peter H.
Published: June 2016

The knowledge of pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) is important for interpretation of analytical results found for example in intoxicated individuals. In the absence of human data from controlled studies, animal models elucidating SC PK have to be established. Pigs providing large biofluid sample volumes were tested for prediction of human PK data. In this context, the metabolic fate of two model SCs, namely 4‐ethylnaphthalen‐1‐yl‐(1‐pentylindol‐3‐yl)methanone (JWH‐210) and 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐(1‐pentyl‐indol‐3‐yl)methanone (RCS‐4), was elucidated in addition to Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). After intravenous administration of the compounds, hourly collected pig urine was analyzed by liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry. The following pathways were observed: for JWH‐210, hydroxylation at the ethyl side chain or pentyl chain and combinations of them followed by glucuronidation; for RCS‐4, hydroxylation at the methoxyphenyl moiety or pentyl chain followed by glucuronidation as well as O‐demethylation followed by glucuronidation or sulfation; for THC, THC glucuronidation, 11‐hydroxylation, followed by carboxylation and glucuronidation. For both SCs, parent compounds could not be detected in urine in contrast to THC. These results were consistent with those obtained from human hepatocyte and/or human case studies. Urinary markers for the consumption of JWH‐210 were the glucuronide of the N‐hydroxypentyl metabolite (detectable for 3–4 h) and of RCS‐4 the glucuronides of the N‐hydroxypentyl, hydroxy‐methoxyphenyl (detectable for at least 6 h), and the O‐demethyl‐hydroxy metabolites (detectable for 4 h). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coexistence of eating disorders and autoimmune diseases: Record linkage cohort study, UK
Authors: Wotton Clare J. , James Anthony , Goldacre Michael J.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Recent research indicates that eating disorders (ED) are associated with type 1 diabetes and Crohn's disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether, in a hospitalized population, a range of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) occurred more often than expected in people with anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN), and whether AIDs elevated the risk of ED.

Method

Retrospective, record‐linkage cohort study using national administrative statistical data on hospital care and mortality in England, 1999–2011. In people admitted when aged 10–44, cohorts of 8,700 females and 651 males with AN, and 4,783 females and 330 males with BN were constructed, along with a control cohort with the same age range. Results were expressed as risk ratios comparing each ED cohort with the control cohort.

Results

The overall rate ratio for an AID after admission for AN was 2.04 (95% confidence interval 1.81–2.28) in females, and 1.14 (0.37–2.67) in males; and, for BN, 1.83 (1.56–2.14) in females, and 4.41 (2.11–8.10) in males. Rate ratios for AN after admission for an AID were 3.34 (2.94–3.79) in females, 3.76 (2.06–6.53) in males; and those for BN were 2.57 (2.22–2.97) in females, and 3.10 (1.50–5.90) in males. There were significant associations between ED and several specific individual AIDs.

Discussion

Strong associations between ED and specific AIDs exist, although it is not possible from this study to determine if these are causal. Clinicians should be aware of the co‐occurrence of these conditions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:663–672)
Subgroup analyses of randomized clinical trials in heart failure: facts and numbers
Authors: Vidic Andrija , Chibnall John T. , Goparaju Niharika , Hauptman Paul J.
Published: June 2016

Subgroup analyses of major randomized clinical trials in heart failure are published frequently, but their impact on medical knowledge and practice guidelines has not been previously reported. In a novel analysis, we determined number of citations, impact factors, number of authors, and citations in guidelines of both parent trials and sub‐studies; we also qualitatively assessed whether the analyses were described as post‐hoc and non‐pre‐specified. A total of 229 sub‐studies evaluating outcomes in patient subgroups were published (median 6, range 0–36 per trial). The number of subjects in the parent trials positively correlated with number of sub‐studies (rho = 0.51, P = 0.009). The subgroups are frequently not pre‐specified. The impact factors of sub‐studies were lower in comparison to the parent trials as were the number of citations two years after the publication date; in addition, parent trials were cited more frequently in European and American professional guidelines compared with the sub‐studies. We maintain that the sub‐studies derived from major heart failure trials are frequently published, but their contribution to clinical guidelines and medical knowledge are highly debatable.
Mixed‐Valence o‐Iminobenzoquinone and o‐Iminobenzosemiquinonate Anion Radical Complexes of Cobalt: Valence Tautomerism
Authors: Maity Suvendu , Kundu Suman , Bera Sachinath , Weyhermüller Thomas , Ghosh Prasanta
Published: June 2016

2,4‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐N‐[2‐(phenylthio)]phenyl‐o‐iminobenzosemiquinonate anion radical (LSPhISQ·–) and o‐iminobenzoquinone (LSPhIQ) based mixed‐valence complexes of the types trans‐[CoII(LSPhISQ·–)(LSPhIQ)X] defined by Robin–Day Class III states, trans‐[CoII(LSPhISQ0.5·–)2X] {X = Cl–, 1; SCN– (thiocyanato‐kS), 2; N3–, 3; NO2–, 4 and I3–, 5} are reported. The X‐ray bond parameters of 1–5, BS DFT calculations and variable‐temperature X‐band EPR spectra established the electronic states of 1–5. It was confirmed that 1–5 and mixed‐valence ions [1–5]+ and [1–5]– exhibit valence tautomeric equilibria of types: 1–5: trans‐[CoII(LSPhISQ0.5·–)2X] ⇌ trans‐[CoIII(LSPhISQ·–)2X]; [1–5]+: trans‐[CoIII(LSPhISQ0.5·–)2X]+ ⇌ trans‐[CoII(LSPhIQ)2X]+, and [1–5]–: trans‐[CoIII(LSPhISQ0.5·–1.0–)2X]– ⇌ trans‐[CoII(LSPhISQ·–)2X]– (LSPhIQ = o‐iminobenzoquinone state of LSPhISQ·–). In solids and frozen glasses, the contributions of “[MII(LSPhIQ)]” states are larger, whereas in fluid solutions the contributions of the “[MIII(LSPhISQ·–)]” states dominate. In CH2Cl2, 1–5 absorb strongly at ≥ 800 nm due to spin‐allowed LSPhISQ·– → LSPhISQ·– (charge resonance transfer) transitions, whereas in solids, they exhibit MII → LSPhIQ (MLCT) transitions at ≥ 1000 nm.
o‐Iminobenzoquinone and o‐Iminobenzosemiquinonate Anion Radical Complexes of Rhodium and Ruthenium
Authors: Maity Suvendu , Kundu Suman , Bera Sachinath , Weyhermüller Thomas , Ghosh Prasanta
Published: June 2016

2,4‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐N‐[2‐(phenylthio)]phenyl‐o‐iminobenzosemiquinonate anion radical (LSPhISQ·–) and o‐iminobenzoquinone (LSPhIQ) complexes of types cis‐[RhIII(LSPhISQ·–)(PPh3)Cl2] (1) and cis‐[RuII(LSPhIQ)(PPh3)Cl2] (2) are reported. The X‐ray bond parameters of 2, BS DFT calculations and variable‐temperature X‐band EPR spectra established the electronic states of 1–2. It was verified that 1 exhibits valence tautomeric equilibria of type [RhIII(LSPhISQ·–)(PPh3)Cl2] ⇌ [RhII(LSPhIQ)(PPh3)Cl2] (LSPhIQ = o‐iminobenzoquinone state of LSPhISQ·–) in solution. Complex 1 is unstable in moist solvent and undergoes hydrolytic C–N bond cleavage to afford [RhIII(LSPhNH2)(PPh3)Cl3] (3). In solids and frozen glasses of 1 and 2, the contributions of the “[MII(LSPhIQ)]” states are larger, whereas in fluid solutions the contributions of the “[MIII(LSPhISQ·–)]” states dominate. The contribution of the di‐radical state, cis‐[RuIII(LSPhISQ·–)(PPh3)Cl2], to 2 is relatively small.
Cleavage of Benzyl Phosphonium Salts as Efficient Bypass for the Synthesis of Disulfonated Alkyldiphenylphosphanes Bearing an Oleum‐Sensitive Alkyl Group
Authors: Denis Julien , Ferreira Michel , Bricout Hervé , Machut Cécile , Tilloy Sébastien , Monflier Eric
Published: June 2016

A new pathway providing an easy access to disulfonated alkyldiphenylphosphanes bearing an oleum‐sensitive alkyl group is described. Disulfonated n‐octyl, n‐dodecyl, and n‐hexadecyl diphenylphosphanes are prepared from trisulfonated benzyldiphenylphosphane and the corresponding alkyl bromide by taking advantage of the easy removal of the benzyl group from the benzylphosphonium salt by LiAlH4.
Efficacy and tolerability of muscle relaxants for low back pain: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Abdel Shaheed C. , Maher C.G. , Williams K.A. , McLachlan A.J.
Published: June 2016

Muscle relaxants are commonly prescribed for low back pain (LBP); however, there is limited evidence of their clinical efficacy and tolerability. This review evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of muscle relaxants in people with LBP. We searched online databases including Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL and PsycINFO (inception to end October 2015) and performed citation tracking for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias of randomized controlled trials of muscle relaxants. Pain outcomes were converted to a common 0–100 scale. Data were pooled using a random effects model with strength of evidence assessed using GRADE. Fifteen trials (3362 participants) were evaluated in this review. A total of five trials (496 participants) provide high quality evidence that muscle relaxants provide clinically significant pain relief in the short term for acute LBP; MD −21.3, [−29.0, −13.5]. There was no information on long‐term outcomes. The median adverse event rate in clinical trials for muscle relaxants was similar to placebo 14.1% IQR (7.0–28.7%) and 16.0% (4.1–31.2%); p = 0.5, respectively. There is no evidence for the efficacy of benzodiazepines in LBP. For people with acute LBP, muscle relaxants provide clinically significant short‐term pain relief. For chronic LBP, the efficacy of muscle relaxants is largely unknown. There was no eligible RCT evidence to support the efficacy of benzodiazepines in LBP. Prolonged use of these medicines in LBP cannot be guided by trial evidence.

What does this review add?

Muscle relaxants provide clinically significant pain relief for acute low back pain. Caution must be taken with the interpretation of the findings as the evidence comes from specific muscle relaxant medicines.
The effects of organic modifier on physicochemical and chromatographic characteristics of self‐assembled micelle from poly (stearyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) in electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Zhang Min , Ni Xinjiong , Cao Yuhua , Xin Xiaoping , Cao Guangqun
Published: June 2016

In our previous work, organic solvents, especially 1‐butanol, play a key role to separate highly hydrophobic analytes in EKC using the polymeric micelle self‐assembled from amphiphilic random copolymer poly (stearyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl acrylic acid) (P(SMA‐co‐MAA)) as a novel pseudostationary phase. Herein, the influences of organic solvents on polymeric micelle physicochemical properties including environmental micropolarity and dimension, as well as chromatographic characteristics containing elution window, hydrophobic selectivity and polar group selectivity were investigated in detail. P(SMA‐co‐MAA) has extremely low CMC of 1.26 × 10−6 g/mL, and the self‐assembled micelles with selective solvent method had regular spherical structure with diameter about 50 nm. The experimental results showed that methanol, isopropanol or acetonitrile molecules could not penetrate into the interior of the polymeric micelles, and mainly affected the properties of surrounding running buffer. Too much these organic solvents led to elution window narrowed down, methylene selectivity and group selectivity weaken, even the micelles collasped. Whereas, addition of 2% 1‐butanol did not influence the elution window, instead, improved the hydrophobic selectivity. Furthermore, both better group selectivity and faster migration for relatively hydrophobic analytes could be achieved simultaneously. It indicated that 1‐butanol could insert into the polymeric micelle and 2% 1‐butanol was enough to modify the structure of the micelles.
A capillary electrophoresis method to explore the self‐assembly of a novel polypeptide ligand with quantum dots
Authors: Wang Jianhao , Zhang Chencheng , Liu Li , Kalesh Karunakaran A. , Qiu Lin , Ding Shumin , Fu Minli , Gao Li‐qian , Jiang Pengju
Published: June 2016

Polyhistidine peptides are effective ligands to coat quantum dots (QDs). It is known that both the number of histidine (His) residues repeats and their structural arrangements in a peptide ligand play important roles in the assembly of the peptide onto CdSe/ZnS QDs. However, due to steric hindrance, a peptide sequence with more than six His residue tandem repeats would hardly coordinate well with Zn2+ in the QD shell to further enhance the binding affinity. To solve this problem, a His‐containing peptide ligand, ATTO 590‐E2G (NH)6 (ATTO‐NH), was specifically designed and synthesized for assembly with QDs. With sequential injection of QDs and ATTO‐NH into the capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection, strong Förster resonance energy transfer phenomenon between the QDs and the ATTO 590 dye was observed, indicating efficient self‐assembly of the novel peptide onto the QDs to form ATTO‐NH capped QDs inside the capillary. The binding stability of the ligand onto the QD was then systematically investigated by titrating with imidazole, His, and a his‐tag containing competitive peptide. It is believed that this new in‐capillary assay significantly reduced the sample consumption and the analysis time. By functionalizing QDs with certain metal cation‐specific group fused peptide ligand, the QD‐based probes could be even extended to the online detection of metal cations for monitoring environment in the future.
Use of a Chemical‐Looping Reaction to Determine the Residence Time Distribution of Solids in a Circulating Fluidized Bed
Authors: Donat Felix , Hu Wenting , Scott Stuart A. , Dennis John S.
Published: June 2016

The residence time distribution (RTD) of solids in various sections of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is of great importance for design and operation but is often difficult to determine experimentally. A noninvasive method is described, for which the RTD was derived from temporal measurements of the temperature following the initiation of a chemical‐looping reaction. To demonstrate the method, a CuO‐based oxygen carrier was used in a small‐scale CFB, and measurements were made in the fuel reactor, operated as a bubbling fluidized bed. The measurements were fitted to the tanks‐in‐series model, modified to account for heat losses from the reactor. There was excellent agreement between the model and the experiment. Limitations and further improvements of the method are discussed, also with respect to larger reactors.
Classification of the epilepsies: New concepts for discussion and debate—Special report of the ILAE Classification Task Force of the Commission for Classification and Terminology
Authors: Scheffer Ingrid E. , French Jacqueline , Hirsch Edouard , Jain Satish , Mathern Gary W. , Moshé Solomon L , Perucca Emilio , Tomson Torbjorn , Wiebe Samuel , Zhang Yue‐Hua , Zuberi Sameer M.
Published: June 2016

The ILAE Task Force on Classification presents a road map for the development of an updated, relevant classification of the epilepsies. Our objective is to explain the process to date and the plan moving forward as well as to invite further discussion about the newly proposed terms and concepts. Here, we present our response to feedback about the 2010 Organization of the Epilepsies and clarify the reintroduction of the word “classification” to map out a framework for epilepsy diagnosis. We introduce some new concepts and suggest four diagnostic levels: seizure type, epilepsy category, epilepsy syndrome, and epilepsy with (specific) etiology to denote specific levels of diagnosis. We expand the etiological categories to six, focusing on those with treatment implications. Finally, we discuss the changes in terminology originally suggested and modifications in response to comments from the epilepsy community. We welcome feedback and discussion from the global epilepsy community, particularly for the new suggested terms, so that we can cement a classification that both reflects current thinking and scientific understanding and provides a dynamic, evolving framework.
Modelling the dispersal and depositional processes of the suspended sediment in the central South Yellow Sea during the winter
Authors: Gao Fei , Qiao Lulu , Li Guangxue
Published: June 2016

The muddy area in the centre of the South Yellow Sea (SYS) is formed and characterized by fine‐grained particles since the Yellow Sea circulation system became stable before 8000 years. The distribution and thickness of the central South Yellow Sea muddy area are both updated based on the interpretation of eight high‐resolution sub‐bottom profiles in central SYS, 2012. The area mainly locates within 34.5°–36.5°N, 122°–124.5°E, showing thick in the north and west and thin in the south and east with a ‘┌’ shape. The maximum thickness is up to 11 m. Meanwhile, there appears a weak deposition belt in the transition zone between the central South Yellow Sea muddy area and the slope deposit body surrounding Shandong Peninsula. In this paper, a numerical simulation under wind‐driven circulation in winter is established to study the dispersal and depositional processes of the suspended sediment. Studies show that the presence of a weak‐current‐low‐energy area by the tide is the primary factor to control the muddy area in central South Yellow Sea with similar results to previous research, but we find that the sediment is transported by the Yellow Sea Warm Current in winter. In winter, the Yellow Sea Warm Current can carry the southern sediment into here and we believe that it is the main driving force to transport sediment into the muddy area. The weak deposit band of the simulation result and measurement matched well; it is controlled by the shear front of the Yellow Sea Warm Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current. The shear front plays the role of a ‘water barrier’ to prevent the sediment carried by the Yellow Sea Coastal Current spreading directly to the muddy area and the sediment carried by the Yellow Sea Warm Current spreading to the coastal zone, so the weak deposit band arose. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ANXIETY AND ATTACHMENT TO THE MOTHER IN PRESCHOOLERS RECEIVING PSYCHIATRIC CARE: THE FATHER–CHILD ACTIVATION RELATIONSHIP AS A PROTECTIVE FACTOR
Authors: Gaumon Sébastien , Paquette Daniel , Cyr Chantal , Émond‐Nakamura Mutsuko , St‐André Martin
Published: June 2016

This 49‐family study is the first to explore the father–child relationship in a clinical population of preschoolers (at a tertiary care child psychiatry clinic) and to examine its relation to child anxiety and attachment to the mother. A moderation model of the father–child activation relationship on the relation between attachment to the mother and child anxiety was tested and discussed. Analyses confirmed the expected independence between mother–child attachment and father–child activation as well as the association between mother–child attachment and anxiety. The highest levels of anxiety were found in insecure children, and more specifically, in insecure‐ambivalent children and insecure disorganized‐controlling children of the caregiving subtype. Hypotheses regarding the relation between anxiety and activation were only partially confirmed. Finally, the activation relationship with the father was shown to have a moderating effect on the relation between attachment to the mother and child anxiety; activation by the father may be considered either a protective or a risk factor. Results for this clinical population of young children are discussed in the light of attachment theory and activation relationship theory. The study's findings have the potential to contribute to the development of preventative, diagnostic, and intervention programs that take both parental figures into account.
An Innovative Assay for the Analysis of In Vitro Endothelial Remodeling: Experimental and Computational Evidence
Authors: Scianna Marco , Bassino Eleonora , Munaron Luca
Published: June 2016

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying vascular remodeling are currently investigated by experimental strategies which aim to mimic the complex environmental conditions found in vivo. Some of them focus on the tubulogenic activity of dispersed endothelial cell populations, while others evaluate vascular sprouting. Here we propose a new method to assess matrigel invasion starting from confluent or subconfluent monolayers of human microvascular ECs (HMVEC) seeded on different substrates. The experimental setting is also validated by an improved hybrid multiscale mathematical approach, which integrates a mesoscopic grid‐based cellular Potts model, that describes HMVEC phenomenology, with a continuous one, accounting for the kinetics of diffusing growth factors. Both experimental and theoretical approaches show that the endothelial potential to invade, migrate, and organize in tubule structures is a function of selected environmental parameters. The present methodology is intended to be simple to use, standardized for rapid screening and suitable for mechanistic studies. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 243–248, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of [14C]omarigliptin
Authors: Ren Sumei , Gauthier Donald , Marques Rosemary , Helmy Roy , Hesk David
Published: June 2016

An efficient synthesis for [14C]Omarigliptin (MK‐3102) is described. The initial synthesis of a key 14C‐pyrazole moiety did not work due to the lack of stability of 14C‐DMF‐DMA reagent. Thus, a new radiolabeled synthon, 14C‐biphenylmethylformate, was synthesized from 14C‐sodium formate in one step in 92% yield and successfully used in construction of the key 14C‐pyrazole moiety. Regioselective N‐sulfonation of the pyrazole moiety was achieved through a dehydration‐sulfonation‐isomerization sequence. [14C]MK 3102 was synthesized in five steps from 14C‐biphenylmethylformate with 25% overall yield.
Assessment and prediction of the first‐flowering dates for the major fruit trees in Korea using a multi‐RCM ensemble
Authors: Hur Jina , Ahn Joong‐Bae
Published: June 2016

An impact of global warming on the first‐flowering date (FFD) of cherry, peach and pear in north‐eastern Asia are investigated using the Korean national scenario. For the study, we used the dynamically downscaled daily temperature with 12.5 km horizontal resolution derived from five regional climate models (RCMs) under the same lateral forcing from HadGEM2‐AO on the basis of Historical (1981–2010) and four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) (2021–2100) scenarios. According to our analysis of the Historical simulations, the five RCMs and phenological model have good capability in simulating temperature and FFD with uncertainties of about 2.4–3.4 °C and 8.4–13.9 days, respectively, while well reflecting the topographical effect. On the basis of the highest emission scenario (RCP8.5), the temperature increments of 4.8 °C induce an acceleration in blooming rate, thereby advancing the FFDs of cherry, peach and pear by the end of the 21st century by about 14.5, 15.8 and 14.5 days, respectively, compared with the current reference simulation (Historical). We found high availability of the Korean national scenarios with moderate reliability. We believe that the next generation of the Korean national downscaling project considering diverse lateral forcing will offer better performance and more useful projections to end users.
Climate indicators for lightning over sea, sea–land mixed and land‐only surfaces in India
Authors: Chate D. M. , Tinmaker M. I. R. , Aslam M. Y. , Ghude Sachin D.
Published: June 2016

In this article, we investigate indicators for lightning activity by analysing the data of surface heat flux, Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible to latent heats) and cloud base height for a period of 16 years (1998–2013) over Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) (25°–27°N, 80°–88°E), Indian land excluding IGP (8°–36°N, 68°–98°E) and 10 years (2000–2009) over Indian seas [Arabian Sea (5°–20°N, 65°–80°E) + Bay of Bengal (5°–20°N, 80°–98°E)]. Lightning activity varies with the surface heat flux, Bowen ratio and cloud base height over India. Over Indian land, annual lightning flash counts are found to be more by 32 and 24% than those over IGP and Indian seas, respectively. Total heat flux (sensible + latent) and lightning flash counts show a strong correlation coefficient of 0.75 for Indian land and 0.73 for IGP relative to that of Bowen ratio with lightning flash count (0.63 for Indian land and 0.19 for IGP). Hence, the total heat flux represents the best parameter for describing lightning activity over IGP and Indian land. Bowen ratio ≥1 in pre‐monsoon increases lightning flash counts over IGP and Indian land. Cloud base height (a measure of moisture) and lightning flash counts show values in the order as Indian land > Indian seas > IGP. Geographic asymmetry of Indian land, IGP and Indian seas drive the continental and sea surface–atmosphere interactive processes that corroborate: (1) asymmetric synoptic scale delivery of moisture to Indian land and IGP from Indian seas revises the Bowen ratio, cloud base height and lightning activity, (2) increase in lightning activity with the total heat flux over Indian land and (3) enhance the lightning activity with the cloud base height/liquid condensation level.
Clinical effect of add‐on Primovist‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging on preoperative tumor staging in hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Jin Young‐Joo , Lee Jin‐Woo , Kwon Oh Sang , Jung Young Kul , Kwon Jung Hyun , Jang Jeong Won , Kim Young Seok , Kim Tae Hun , Jeon Yong Sun
Published: June 2016

Background/Aims

We analyzed the incidence of change of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage after add‐on Primovist‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0 or A as determined by liver dynamic computed tomography (LDCT).

Methods

A total of 166 patients enrolled prospectively between August 2012 and December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The rates of stage change after Primovist‐enhanced MRI and the treatment finally adopted in patients with stage change were evaluated.

Results

Of the 166 patients, 24 (18.6%) had truly new HCCs. Forty‐six (27.7%) and 120 (72.3%) patients had BCLC stages 0 and A, respectively, before Primovist‐enhanced MRI, but after Primovist‐enhanced MRI, 28 (16.9%), 134 (80.7%), and 4 (2.4%) patients had BCLC stages 0, A, and B, respectively. Tumor stage changed in 22 (13.3%) patients, from 0 to A (18, 39.1%) or A to B (4, 3.3%).

Conclusions

Add‐on Primovist‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can change BCLC stage with 13.3% in patients with BCLC 0 or A staged HCC, as determined by LDCT. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:106–111. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Orthogonal separation protocol for the simultaneous preparation of four medically active compounds from Anemarrhenae Rhizoma by sequential polyamide and macroporous resin adsorbent chromatography
Authors: Nian Sihui , Liu Ehu , Fan Yong , Alolga Raphael N. , Li Huijun , Li Ping
Published: June 2016

The green and efficient preparation of natural products from biomass is considered an important area of interest in pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we aimed to provide a practical example with a popular traditional Chinese medicine, Anemarrhenae Rhizome, and showcase the orthogonal use of column chromatography with polyamide and macroporous adsorption resins to selectively concentrate and efficiently purify four bioactive compounds: neomangiferin (NMF), mangiferin (MF), timosaponin B‐II (TS B‐II), and timosaponin A‐III (TS A‐III). First, polyamide T60–100 was employed to fractionalize the crude extracts of Anemarrhenae Rhizome. Macroporous resin HPD400 was subsequently used to purify the xanthones and steroidal saponins. Under the optimized conditions, 2.31 g of NMF, 4.10 g of MF, 12.87 g of TS B‐II, and 2.78 g of TS A‐III were prepared from 1 kg of crude materials, and their purities were 90.0, 92.15, 90.8, and 92.61%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the combined column chromatography with polyamide and macroporous adsorption resins can be referenced as a green and efficient alternative for large‐scale purification of bioactive ingredients from herbal raw materials.
Surgeon volume in thyroid surgery: Surgical efficiency, outcomes, and utilization
Authors: Meltzer Charles , Klau Marc , Gurushanthaiah Deepak , Tsai Joanne , Meng Di , Radler Linda , Sundang Alvina
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To test our hypothesis that high‐surgeon volume is associated with improved surgical efficiency and 30‐day outcomes, and lower hospital utilization.

Study Design

Retrospective observational cohort, 2008–2013.

Methods

A total of 3,135 patients with hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy performed by a high‐volume surgeon, propensity score‐matched to 3,135 patients with the same procedure performed by a low‐volume surgeon. All‐cause 30‐day complication, mortality, readmission, and emergency department visit rates, proportion of outpatient procedures, cut‐to‐close time, and length of stay were assessed.

Results

Hemithyroidectomies: Compared to low‐volume surgeons, high‐volume surgeons had fewer readmitted patients (2.7% vs. 7.0%, P < .05), more outpatient procedures (46% vs. 29%, P < .05), and shorter lengths of stay (mean [standard deviation] 16.6 [22.1] vs. 21.7 [27.5] hours, P < .05) and surgical (cut‐to‐close) times (1.7 [0.7] vs. 2.0 [1.1] hours, P < .05). Total thyroidectomies: High‐volume surgeons had lower rates of all surgery‐related complications (5.7% vs. 7.5%, P < .05), hypocalcemia (4.9% vs. 7.0%, P < .05), surgical site infections (0.3% vs. 1.0%, P < .05), more outpatient procedures (13% vs. 3%, P < .05), shorter lengths of stay (29.9 [32.8] vs. 39.8 [36.2] hours, P < .05), and cut‐to‐close times (2.4 [1.1] vs. 3.0 [1.7] hours, P < .05).

Conclusion

High‐volume surgeons improve patient safety and have the potential to contribute to organizational efficiency that may be underutilized in some settings.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:2630–2639, 2016
The microbiome of otitis media with effusion
Authors: Chan Chun Ling , Wabnitz David , Bardy Jake Jervis , Bassiouni Ahmed , Wormald Peter‐John , Vreugde Sarah , Psaltis Alkis James
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

The adenoid pad has been considered a reservoir for bacteria in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. This study aimed to characterize the middle ear microbiota in children with otitis media with effusion and establish whether a correlation exists between the middle ear and adenoid microbiota.

Study Design

Prospective, controlled study.

Methods

Middle ear aspirates adenoid pad swabs were collected from 23 children undergoing ventilation tube insertion. Adenoid swabs from patients without ear disease were controls. Samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform.

Results

Thirty‐five middle ear samples were collected. The middle ear effusion microbiota was dominated by Alloiococcus otitidis (23% mean relative abundance), Haemophilus (22%), Moraxella (5%), and Streptococcus (5%). Alloiococcus shared an inverse correlation with Haemophilus (P = .049) and was found in greater relative abundance in unilateral effusion (P = .004). The microbiota of bilateral effusions from the same patient were similar (P < .001). However, the otitis media with effusion microbiota were found to be dissimilar to that of the adenoid (P = .01), whereas the adenoid microbiota of otitis media with effusion and control patients were similar (P > .05) (permutational multivariate analysis of the variance).

Conclusions

Dissimilarities between the local microbiota of the adenoid and the middle ear question the theory that the adenoid pad is a significant reservoir to the middle ear in children with otitis media with effusion. A otitidis had the greatest cumulative relative abundance, particularly in unilateral effusions, and shares an inverse correlation with the relative abundance of Haemophilus.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:2844–2851, 2016
Frequency comb generation in the green using silicon nitride microresonators
Authors: Wang Leiran , Chang Lin , Volet Nicolas , Pfeiffer Martin H. P. , Zervas Michael , Guo Hairun , Kippenberg Tobias J. , Bowers John E.
Published: June 2016

Optical frequency combs enable precision measurements in fundamental physics and have been applied to a growing number of applications, such as molecular spectroscopy, LIDAR and atmospheric trace‐gas sensing. In recent years, the generation of frequency combs has been demonstrated in integrated microresonators. Extending their spectral range to the visible is generally hindered by strong normal material dispersion and scattering losses. In this paper, we report the first realization of a green‐light frequency comb in integrated high‐Q silicon nitride (SiN) ring microresonators. Third‐order optical non‐linearities are utilized to convert a near‐infrared Kerr frequency comb to a broadband green light comb. The 1‐THz frequency spacing infrared comb covers up to 2/3 of an octave, from 144 to 226 THz (or 1327‐2082 nm), and the simultaneously generated green‐light comb is centered around 570‐580 THz (or 517‐526 nm), with comb lines emitted down to 517 THz (or 580 nm) and up to 597 THz (or 502 nm). The green comb power is estimated to be as high as −9.1 dBm in the bus waveguide, with an on‐chip conversion efficiency of −34 dB. The proposed approach substantiates the feasibility of on‐chip optical frequency comb generation expanding to the green spectral region or even shorter wavelengths.

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Visible Light Induced RAFT Polymerization of 2‐Vinylpyridine without Exogenous Initiators or Photocatalysts
Authors: Luo Juxiang , Li Mingchun , Xin Meihua , Sun Weifu , Xiao Wangchuan
Published: June 2016

The controlled radical polymerization of 2‐vinylpyridine is reported using commercial blue light‐emitting diodes as visible light source in the presence of S‐1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐aceticacid) trithiocarbonate without exogenous initiators or photocatalysts. With this system, poly(2‐vinylpyridine) with well‐regulated molecular weight and narrow dispersity (Đ) (Đ = 1.13) and a conversion efficiency of 84.9% is obtained after 9 h irradiation. The polymerization can be instantly switch “on” or “off” in response to visible light while maintaining a linear increase in molecular weight with conversion and first order kinetics. These results demonstrate the simplicity and efficiency of the photocatalysts‐free, visible light mediated reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization as a platform to achieve well‐defined poly(2‐vinylpyridine) under mild conditions.

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Incorporation of Hydrophobic Dyes within Cellulose Acetate and Acetate Phthalate Based Nanoparticles
Authors: Schulze Peter , Gericke Martin , Scholz Friedrich , Wondraczek Holger , Miethe Peter , Heinze Thomas
Published: June 2016

Polysaccharide based nanoparticles (NP) have demonstrated a unique potential for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Various functionalities can be covalently linked to these NP, however, physical entrapment of functional compounds is still a highly desired approach, e.g., for drug delivery. Using different dyes, it is demonstrated how hydrophobic compounds can be incorporated into composite particles derived from cellulosic esters and how the particle properties are affected by the composition. The dye loaded NP are studied by UV–vis spectroscopy to gain insight in the interaction of the hydrophobic compounds with the cellulosic matrix. By using functional cellulose derivatives, in particular carboxylate group bearing acetate phthalates, it is possible to introduce reactive moieties on the NP surface that can be exploited for coupling additional functionalities such as antibodies. By this approach, NP can be obtained that are well suited as dye labels in immunoassay applications.

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An accelerated derivation of the acoustic low‐frequency expansion: the penetrable sphere
Authors: Kariotou Foteini , Sinikis Dimitrios E.
Published: June 2016

The well‐known low‐frequency expansion of the total acoustic field in the exterior of a penetrable spherical scatterer is revisited in view of the Atkinson Wilcox theorem. The corresponding low‐frequency approximations of any order are calculated following a purely algebraic algorithmic procedure, based on the spectral decomposition of the problem's far field pattern. As an indication of its accuracy and effectiveness, the proposed algebraic procedure is shown to recover already known low‐frequency coefficients and also to deduce higher order of approximations. The proposed track of calculations leads to a closed‐form expression of any such coefficient and has been recently applied on impenetrable spherical scatterers as well, offering equally accurate results. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure indicates an underlying general efficient method applicable to a wider class of starshaped scatterers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderately close Neumann inclusions for the Poisson equation
Authors: Riva Matteo Dalla , Musolino Paolo
Published: June 2016

We investigate the behavior of the solution of a mixed problem for the Poisson equation in a domain with two moderately close holes. If ϱ1 and ϱ2 are two positive parameters, we define a perforated domain Ω(ϱ1,ϱ2) by making two small perforations in an open set: the size of the perforations is ϱ1ϱ2, while the distance of the cavities is proportional to ϱ1. Then, if r∗ is small enough, we analyze the behavior of the solution for (ϱ1,ϱ2) close to the degenerate pair (0,r∗). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Validation of an Automated Sepsis Risk Assessment System
Authors: Back Ji‐Sun , Jin Yinji , Jin Taixian , Lee Sun‐Mi
Published: June 2016

Aggressive resuscitation can decrease sepsis mortality, but its success depends on early detection of sepsis. The purpose of this study was to develop and verify an Automated Sepsis Risk Assessment System (Auto‐SepRAS), which would automatically assess the sepsis risk of inpatients by applying data mining techniques to electronic health records (EHR) data and provide daily updates. The seven predictors included in the Auto‐SepRAS after initial analysis were admission via the emergency department, which had the highest odds ratio; diastolic blood pressure; length of stay; respiratory rate; heart rate; and age. Auto‐SepRAS classifies inpatients into three risk levels (high, moderate, and low) based on the predictive values from the sepsis risk‐scoring algorithm. The sepsis risk for each patient is presented on the nursing screen of the EHR. The AutoSepRAS was implemented retrospectively in several stages using EHR data and its cut‐off scores adjusted. Overall discrimination power was moderate (AUC>.80). The Auto‐SepRAS should be verified or updated continuously or intermittently to maintain high predictive performance, but it does not require invasive tests or data input by nurses that would require additional time. Nurses are able to provide patients with nursing care appropriate to their risk levels by using the sepsis risk information provided by the Auto‐SepRAS. In particular, with early detection of changes related to sepsis, nurses should be able to help in providing rapid initial resuscitation of high‐risk patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal oxidation aging of polydicyclopentadiene and composites
Authors: Hu Yinghui , Zhang Yunpeng , Nutt Steven
Published: June 2016

The thermal aging and oxidation behavior of polydicyclopentadiene and composites was investigated, and the effects on thermal and mechanical properties were determined. Thermal and mechanical properties were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis, static tensile test, and short‐beam shear tests. Diffusion limited oxidation was observed and oxidation was limited within the surface region (∼100 µm) of the sample. Single‐fiber push‐out test methodology was developed to directly measure the bond strength of fiber‐matrix interface, and results showed that aging of composites at 150°C caused significant degradation of the fiber‐matrix interface, while aging at 100°C for up to half a year had little effect on interface properties. The fiber‐matrix interface strength near exposed surfaces decreased more quickly during aging compared to nonoxidized regions far beneath surfaces. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1742–1751, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers