bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knockdown of circ‐RAD23B inhibits non‐small cell lung cancer progression via the miR‐142‐3p/MAP4K3 axis
Authors: Zhuang Qingyang , Huang Zhangzhou , Zhuang Wu , Hong Yaping , Huang Yunjian
Published: February 2022

Background

The development of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with the deregulation of circRNAs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of circ‐RAD23B in NSCLC.

Methods

Circ‐RAD23B expression, miR‐142‐3p and MAP4K3 was detected by qPCR. Cell proliferation was investigated by CCK‐8 assay and colony formation assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by transwell assay. Angiogenesis ability was assessed by tube formation assay. Cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were monitored by flow cytometry. The predicted binding relationship between miR‐142‐3p and circ‐RAD23B or MAP4K3 was verified by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. The protein level of MAP4K3 was detected by western blot. Animal models were established to determine the role of circ‐RAD23B in vivo.

Results

Circ‐RAD23B was shown to be upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cells. Knockdown of circ‐RAD23B inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NSCLC cells, and circ‐RAD23B knockdown also impeded tumor growth in vivo. Circ‐RAD23B acted as miR‐142‐3p sponge to inhibit miR‐142‐3p expression and thus enrich the expression of MAP4K3, a target of miR‐142‐3p. Rescue experiments presented that miR‐142‐3p inhibition reversed the effects of circ‐RAD23B knockdown, and MAP4K3 overexpression abolished the effects of miR‐142‐3p restoration. In addition, we found that circ‐RAD23B knockdown led to decreased phosphorylation expression of ERK1/2, JNK and p38, three key groups of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Circ‐RAD23B knockdown inhibited NSCLC development by regulating the miR‐142‐3p/MAP4K3 axis, which might be associated with the inactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
How and when phatic communion enhances advice taking
Authors: Chen Jiaxin , Guo Yudong , Duan Jinyun
Published: February 2022

Phatic communion is a type of speech that is used to facilitate social relationships without informational value, and its influence on advice taking is underexplored. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study and two main studies to explore the influence of phatic communion on advice taking. In the pilot study, we asked participants to evaluate experimental material stating phatic communion, which confirmed that the manipulation for phatic communion was effective. Study 1 explored the main effect of phatic communion on advice taking using a quantitative estimation task. Study 2 explored whether interpersonal familiarity had a moderating effect on the indirect relationship between phatic communion and advice taking via positive face threats. Overall, our results showed that advice given with phatic communion decreased (positive) face threats, and in turn, increased advice taking, but only when the relationship between the advisee and the advisor was unfamiliar.
The revolutionary developmental biology ofWilhelmHis,Sr.
Authors: Richardson Michael K. , Keuck Gerhard
Published: February 2022

Swiss‐born embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831–1904) was the first scientist to study embryos using paraffin histology, serial sectioning and three‐dimensional modelling. With these techniques, His made many important discoveries in vertebrate embryology and developmental neurobiology, earning him two Nobel Prize nominations. He also developed several theories of mechanical and evolutionary developmental biology. His argued that adult form is determined by the differential growth of developmental primordia. Furthermore, he suggested that changes in the growth parameters of those primordia are responsible for generating new phenotypes during evolution. His developed these theories in his book ‘Our Bodily Form’ (Unsere Körperform). Here, we review His's work with special emphasis on its potential importance to the disciplines of evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) and mechanobiology.
Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated scarring in twins, associated with oesophageal atresia
Authors: Nemazee Leila , Cuddy Laura , Clayton Timothy H.
Published: February 2022

This is a case of twins who had a rarely seen diagnosis of congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis. This report includes a description of the case and discussion around the topic.

Click https://www.wileyhealthlearning.com/#/online-courses/2fd90f74-cd50-4ae4-aeef-61d902f63ec0 for the corresponding questions to this CME article.
State fish and wildlife agency culture: Access points to leverage major change
Authors: Jacobson Cynthia A. , Sullivan Leeann , Gasta Mark , Manfredo Michael J. , Camuso Judy , Novotny Peter , Jacobson Rick , Witthaus Kendra
Published: February 2022

Amid a time of unprecedented social‐ecological change, professionals within and outside of the US wildlife conservation community have called for transformation of existing processes and structures to ensure that the benefits of wildlife conservation can be realized well into the future. Current momentum behind an initiative to help increase conservation relevancy among population segments that have historically been underserved by the conservation community is underway. Sustainable institutional change will not be realized, however, without attending to internal cultural change within the conservation community itself. Although elements of an ideal institution have been suggested, specific interventions related to institutional culture need deeper exploration. State fish and wildlife agencies—a primary organizational actor within the conservation community—play a central role in institutional transformation. Using a systems framework, this essay describes key leverage points for cultural change for which interventions could result in sustainable culture shifts. Five possible interventions are introduced to stimulate conversation among conservation practitioners seeking to initiate transformational change within their specific cultural contexts.
Mapping the research addressing prescription drug monitoring programs: A scoping review
Authors: Hoppe Dimi , Karimi Leila , Khalil Hanan
Published: February 2022

Issues

Prescription drug monitoring programs are a harm minimisation intervention and clinical decision support tool that address the public health concern surrounding prescription drug misuse. Given the large number of studies published to date and the ongoing implementation of these programs, it is important to map the literature and identify areas for further research to improve practice.

Approach

A scoping review was undertaken to identify the research on prescription drug monitoring programs published between January 2015 and April 2021.

Key Findings

A total of 153 citations were included in this scoping review. The majority of the studies originated from the USA and were quantitative. Results on program effectiveness are mixed and mainly examine their association with opioid‐related outcomes. Unintended consequences are revealed in the literature and this review also highlights barriers to program use.

Implications

Overall, findings are mixed despite the large number of studies published to date. Mapping the literature identifies priority areas for further research that can advise policymakers and clinicians on practice improvement.

Conclusion

Results on prescription drug monitoring program effectiveness are mixed and mainly examine their association with opioid‐related outcomes. This review highlights barriers to prescription drug monitoring program effectiveness related to program use and system integration. Further research is needed in these areas to improve prescription drug monitoring program use and patient outcomes.
Ordering behavior in a supply chain with customers that respond to changes in service level
Authors: Paul Somak , Craig Nathan , Bendoly Elliot
Published: February 2022

The presence of service‐level‐dependent demand has been empirically observed in industry and is well‐documented in the literature. How does the implicit contractual existence of such service dependency impact the ordering decisions of upstream suppliers? We conduct three controlled laboratory experiments to study the impact a service‐reward mechanism may have on the upstream ordering decisions of those charged with inventory ordering decisions. The multistudy approach provides representations of decision dynamics across a variety of scenarios, from one‐shot buys to long‐term supply‐chain relationships. Our combined empirical results consistently suggest that the service‐reward mechanism significantly and systematically elevates order levels and order variability in a manner that increases departure from optimal ordering. This effect is observed even when decision‐makers have incentives to maintain a steady ordering pattern with their suppliers. Our findings shed much‐needed light on individual ordering responses to, and the associated risks of, service‐reward mechanisms.
Outcomes in influenza and RANBP2 mutation‐associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood
Authors: Chatur Nurin , Yea Carmen , Ertl‐Wagner Birgit , Yeh E. Ann
Published: February 2022

Aim

To evaluate clinical and imaging features in patients with acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (ANEC) to identify predictors of RANBP2 mutations, influenza association, and long‐term outcomes.

Method

A retrospective chart review in patients with ANEC (2012–2020) seen at a tertiary pediatric center was performed. Children were included if they had acute inflammatory lesions in the basal ganglia and pons. Variables included presenting features, imaging characteristics, RANBP2 gene testing, nasopharyngeal swab findings, therapies, and long‐term outcomes.

Results

Twenty patients were included (average age at presentation 3y 6mo, interquartile range  3y 7mo, SD  2y 8mo; 14 females, six males). Three of the 20 experienced recurrences; one of the 20 died. Ten patients were influenza positive. Seven patients were RANBP2 mutation positive. A higher likelihood of hemorrhage was observed in patients who were influenza positive compared to influenza negative (p=0.048). Patients with influenza had a higher degree of thalamic hemorrhage (2, p=0.035) and greater extent of diffusion restriction (3, p=0.035) in semiquantitive analysis.

Interpretation

Children with ANEC who are positive for influenza are more likely to have hemorrhage and greater thalamic swelling. RANBP2 status was predictive of relapse but not predictive of overall outcome.
Effects of land use on the β‐diversity of fish assemblages in subtropical headwater streams, China
Authors: Qiao Jialing , Li Peiwen , Li Qiang , Chu Ling , Wang Ke , Yan Yunzhi
Published: February 2022

Land use related to human activities poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity, especially in headwater streams. However, uncertainty about how land use affects stream fish diversity may be detrimental to practising effective conservation. This study investigated two neighbouring headwater streams of similar size with different surrounding land use intensities (the less‐disturbed Shuxi Stream and the heavily disturbed Maxi Stream) of the Qingyi River in China. We assessed the effects of land use on the β‐diversity of stream fishes by comparing the fish assemblages in the two streams. The results showed that the Maxi Stream displayed higher habitat and assemblage structure heterogeneities than the Shuxi Stream. Taxonomic and functional β‐diversities were significantly higher in the Maxi Stream than in the Shuxi Stream, possibly due to the greater spatial autocorrelation and agricultural land use intensity in the Maxi Stream. Neither urban nor garden land use nor habitat conditions were associated with β‐diversity owing to the low corresponding land use intensities and the lack of hydrochemical measurements. Our results suggest that land use types adjacent to streams directly affect habitat conditions and fish diversity. Protection and recovery of riparian zones may mitigate the effects of agriculture on fish assemblage structures in subtropical headwater streams.
Professional knowledge acquisition of dental students employed part‐time as dental assistants
Authors: Leadbeatter Delyse , Tjaya Karen Cynthia , Li Perline , Ma Henry Stephen , Phan Aaron Jay , Peck Christopher
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Whilst admission to dental school in many jurisdictions requires applicants to shadow dentists or undertake work experience at a dental practice, little is known about the impacts on professional learning when dental students work part‐time as dental assistants whilst concurrently studying dentistry. This paper explores what, how and from whom dental students who work as dental assistants acquire professional knowledges during employment.

Methods

This study draws on a qualitative analysis of interviews with sixteen senior dental students who have extra‐curricular part‐time employment as dental assistants in private dental practices.

Results

Analysis produced four themes that relate to students learning in the professional environment: students learn about the responsibilities, rhythms and routines of practice, as well as patient communication and interactions. Students embedded in the dental team noticed and related to the dispositions and the work of dentistry. Students learned from all members of the dental team including clinical and non‐clinical staff (reception, administration, laboratory and sterilisation).

Discussion

Students used their experiences in a practice setting to further their professional education. The ability to “read” a situation and formulate an appropriate response requires the integration of complex and actionable professional knowledges.

Conclusion

This research study presents insight into the ways dental students employed as dental assistants are embedded in and learn from the dental team in a critically evaluative manner. Students professionally notice and make sense of complex practice environments whilst undertaking university studies to learn about practice routines, rhythms and responsibilities as well as advancing confidence in relating with patients. This study provides a stimulus for further research about the contribution of workplace experiences to dental education.
Jack‐of‐all‐trades paradigm meets long‐term data: Generalist herbivores are more widespread and locally less abundant
Authors: Sudta Chanchanok , Salcido Danielle M. , Forister Matthew L. , Walla Thomas R. , Villamarín‐Cortez Santiago , Dyer Lee A.
Published: February 2022

Insect herbivores are relatively specialized. Why this is so is not clear. We examine assumptions about associations between local abundance and dietary specialization using an 18‐year data set of caterpillar–plant interactions in Ecuador. Our data consist of caterpillar–plant associations and include standardized plot‐based samples and general collections of caterpillars, allowing for diet breadth and abundance estimates across spatial scales for 1917 morphospecies. We find that more specialized caterpillars are locally more abundant than generalists, consistent with a key component of the ‘jack of all trades, master of none’ hypothesis. As the diet breadth of species increased, generalists were not as abundant in any one location, but they had broader occupancy across the landscape, which is a pattern that could reflect high plant beta diversity and is consistent with an alternative neutral hypothesis. Our finding that more specialized species can be both rare and common highlights the ecological complexity of specialization.
The role of cellular senescence and SASP in tumour microenvironment
Authors: Takasugi Masaki , Yoshida Yuya , Hara Eiji , Ohtani Naoko
Published: February 2022

Cellular senescence refers to a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that can be induced by various cellular stresses and is known to play a pivotal role in tumour suppression. While senescence‐associated growth arrest can inhibit the proliferation of cancer‐prone cells, the altered secretory profile of senescent cells, termed the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype, can contribute to the microenvironment that promotes tumour development. Although the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype and its effects on tumorigenesis are both highly context dependent, mechanisms underlying such diversity are becoming better understood, thereby allowing the creation of new strategies to effectively target the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype and senescent cells for cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on cellular senescence and the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype to develop a structural understanding of their roles in the tumour microenvironment and provide perspectives for future research, including the possibility of senotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
The politics of government reorganization inWestern Europe
Authors: Fleischer Julia , Bezes Philippe , James Oliver , Yesilkagit Kutsal
Published: February 2022

The reorganization of governments is crucial for parties to express their policy preferences once they reach office. Yet these activities are not confined to the direct aftermath of general elections or to wide‐ranging structural reforms. Instead, governments reorganize and adjust their machinery of government all the time. This paper aims to assess these structural choices with a particular focus at the core of the state, comparing four Western European democracies (Germany, France, the Netherlands, and United Kingdom) from 1980 to 2013. Our empirical analysis shows that stronger shifts in cabinets' ideological profiles in the short‐ and long‐term as well as the units' proximity to political executives yield significant effects. In contrast, Conservative governments, commonly regarded as key promoters of reorganizing governments, are not significant for the likelihood of structural change. We discuss the effects of this politics of government reorganization for different research debates assessing the inner workings of governments.
The effects of a lifestyle intervention (the HealthyMoms app) during pregnancy on infant body composition: Secondary outcome analysis from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sandborg Johanna , Henriksson Pontus , Söderström Emmie , Migueles Jairo H. , Bendtsen Marcus , Blomberg Marie , Löf Marie
Published: February 2022

Background

Pregnancy has been identified as a window for childhood obesity prevention. Although lifestyle interventions in pregnancy can prevent excessive gestational weight gain (GWG), little is known whether such interventions also affect infant growth and body composition.

Objectives

To investigate (i) the effects of a 6‐month lifestyle intervention (the HealthyMoms app) on infant body composition 1–2 weeks postpartum, and (ii) whether a potential intervention effect on infant body composition is mediated through maternal GWG.

Methods

This is a secondary outcome analysis of the HealthyMoms randomized controlled trial. Air‐displacement plethysmography was used to measure body composition in 305 healthy full‐term infants.

Results

We observed no statistically significant effect on infant weight (β = −0.004, p = 0.94), length (β = −0.19, p = 0.46), body fat percentage (β = 0.17, p = 0.72), or any of the other body composition variables in the multiple regression models (all p ≥ 0.27). Moreover, we observed no mediation effect through GWG on infant body composition.

Conclusions

Our findings support that HealthyMoms may be implemented in healthcare to promote a healthy lifestyle in pregnant women without compromising offspring growth. Further research is required to elucidate whether lifestyle interventions in pregnancy also may result in beneficial effects on infant body composition and impact future obesity risk.
Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of vacuum synthesis of AlN by the alumina carbothermal reduction nitridation method
Authors: Liu Li , He Bingyang , Chen Xiumin , Zhao Zhongqian , Yin Qi , Xu Peilin , Yang Bin , Xu Baoqiang , Liu Dachun
Published: February 2022

Ultrafine single‐phase aluminium nitride (AlN) particles were successfully synthesized by the vacuum carbothermal reduction nitridation (VCRN) method at shorter times and lower temperatures. The mechanism of the process was investigated. By analyzing the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and thermodynamic calculations, the main reaction path was determined to be Al2O3→Al2CO→Al4C3→Al5C3N→AlN. By investigating the kinetics mechanism, the process was a gas–solid reaction model, which was controlled by the crystalline chemical reaction from 0.5  to 1.5 h, combination control from 1.5 to 2 h, and gas diffusion control from 2 to 2.5 h. Moreover, the apparent activation energy (Ea) was calculated from the nitridation ratio, the value obtained, 237.71 kJ mol–1, is 31% of the energy reported for the conventional synthesis method. These results show that ultrafine AlN could be effectively synthesized at 1823–1873 K and 300 Pa N2 pressure for 2.5 h.
Polycystin‐1 and hydrostatic pressure are implicated in glioblastoma pathogenesis in vitro
Authors: Zoi Ilianna , Gargalionis Antonios N. , Papavassiliou Kostas A. , Nasiri‐Ansari Narjes , Piperi Christina , Basdra Efthimia K. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: February 2022

The mechanobiological aspects of glioblastoma (GBM) pathogenesis are largely unknown. Polycystin‐1 (PC1) is a key mechanosensitive protein which perceives extracellular mechanical cues and transforms them into intracellular biochemical signals that elicit a change in cell behaviour. The aim of the present study was to investigate if and how PC1 participates in GBM pathogenesis under a mechanically induced microenvironment. Therefore, we subjected T98G GBM cells to continuous hydrostatic pressure (HP) and/or PC1 blockade and evaluated their effect on cell behaviour, the activity of signalling pathways and the expression of mechano‐induced transcriptional regulators and markers associated with properties of cancer cells. According to our data, PC1 and HP affect GBM cell proliferation, clonogenicity and migration; the diameter of GBM spheroids; the phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK); the protein expression of transcription cofactors YES‐associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ); and the mRNA expression of markers related to anti‐apoptosis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proliferation. Together, our in vitro results suggest that PC1 plays an important role in GBM mechanobiology.
PLXNB1 mutations in the etiology of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Authors: Welch Bradley A. , Cho Hyun‐ju , Ucakturk Seyit Ahmet , Farmer Stephen Matthew , Cetinkaya Semra , Abaci Ayhan , Akkus Gamze , Simsek Enver , Kotan Leman Damla , Turan Ihsan , Gurbuz Fatih , Yuksel Bilgin , Wray Susan , Topaloglu A. Kemal
Published: February 2022

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) comprises a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by pubertal failure caused by gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Genetic factors involved in semaphorin/plexin signaling have been identified in patients with IHH. PlexinB1, a member of the plexin family receptors, serves as the receptor for semaphorin 4D (Sema4D). In mice, perturbations in Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling leads to improper GnRH development, highlighting the importance of investigating PlexinB1 mutations in IHH families. In total, 336 IHH patients (normosmic IHH, n = 293 and Kallmann syndrome, n = 43) from 290 independent families were included in the present study. Six PLXNB1 rare sequence variants (p.N361S, p.V608A, p.R636C, p.V672A, p.R1031H, and p.C1318R) are described in eight normosmic IHH patients from seven independent families. These variants were examined using bioinformatic modeling and compared to mutants reported in PLXNA1. Based on these analyses, the variant p.R1031H was assayed for alterations in cell morphology, PlexinB1 expression, and migration using a GnRH cell line and Boyden chambers. Experiments showed reduced membrane expression and impaired migration in cells expressing this variant compared to the wild‐type. Our results provide clinical, genetic, molecular/cellular, and modeling evidence to implicate variants in PLXNB1 in the etiology of IHH.
Optimal public debt composition during debt crises: A review of theoretical literature
Authors: Elberry Nada Azmy , Naert Frank , Goeminne Stijn
Published: February 2022

This study surveys the theoretical literature on the optimal public debt composition during sovereign debt crises. This survey is particularly relevant because sovereign debt crises have been recurrent manifestations over the past few decades, and there is growing evidence on the critical role of the composition of public debt portfolios during such events. Public debt composition refers to the characteristics of public debt portfolios, such as debt maturity, currency composition, and types of creditors. This survey adopts a broad definition of sovereign debt crisis, encompassing a post‐default phase when the crisis‐ridden country enters debt renegotiations and restructuring, and a pre‐default phase in which debtor countries either take a large non‐concessional loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to avoid debt default and restructuring or experience critically high bond spreads and default risk. This survey collects the dispersed literature on the theoretically optimal public debt composition choices from a sovereign borrower's perspective during both phases of the sovereign debt crisis. The surveyed theoretical literature reveals several trade‐offs underlying the sovereign's public debt composition choices during debt crises.
A Price Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration Under Productivity Heterogeneity*
Authors: Dam Kaniṣka , Serfes Konstantinos
Published: February 2022

We analyze the interplay between product market prices and firm boundary decisions. Enterprises are heterogeneous with respect to productivity and they choose between two ownership structures—while centralized ownership (integration) performs well in coordinating managerial actions, dispersed ownership (non‐integration) is conducive to poor coordination. Ownership structure is monotone, i.e., high‐productivity enterprises integrate while the low‐productivity ones stay separate. Price can be positively or negatively associated with integration, depending on how price changes affect the distribution of surplus within an enterprise. A negative association may result in a backward‐bending industry supply. Our model delivers novel empirical and policy implications.
Tongue and mouth imagery questionnaire (TMIQ) for assessing motor imagery vividness of the temporomandibular region: A reliability and validity case‐control study
Authors: Alvarado Caroline , Arminjon Audrey , Damieux‐Verdeaux Clovis , Lhotte Claire , Condemine Chloé , Mateo Sébastien
Published: February 2022

Background

To date, no validated assessment of motor imagery (MI) ability with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) exists preventing identification of good imagers and appropriate MI use during TMD rehabilitation.

Objective

To assess the reliability and construct validity of the previously developed Tongue and Mouth Imagery Questionnaire (TMIQ) compared with the gold‐standard Kinaesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ‐10).

Methods

Both KVIQ‐10 and TMIQ assess MI ability using vividness (i.e. clarity/brightness for visual MI, VMI; or intensity for kinesthetic MI, KMI) of MI using a 5‐point Likert scale (1: no image/sensation, 5: clear/intense image/sensation). The KVIQ‐10 was administered once (test) and the TMIQ twice (test–retest) to heathy participants and patients with TMD. Questionnaire validity was investigated using concurrent validity (Pearson correlation and paired t test); TMIQ‐test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients, ICCs); internal consistency (Cronbach ⍺) and the factorial structure (principal factor extraction).

Results

A total of 94 participants were included (n = 47 per group). The mean vividness scores of the KVIQ‐10 and the TMIQ were significantly correlated, and not significantly different for both groups indicating concurrent validity. ICCs in the control group (range: 0.82‐0.90), and in the TMD group (range: 0.75‐0.82) indicated good reproducibility. The Cronbach ⍺ values were all above 0.94, indicating excellent reliability. Two factors were extracted corresponding to VMI and KMI, and explained 66% of total variance.

Conclusion

The TMIQ is a valid and reproducible MI questionnaire showing excellent internal consistency and, therefore, can be used to assess imagined movements of the TM region in healthy individuals and patients with TMD.
Beyond Values to Critical Praxis: The Future of Jewish Ethics
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y.
Published: February 2022

The major issue for religious ethics in the 21st century is a methodological one: To move beyond the paradigm that attempts to unite religious communities around indeterminate values and to establish a framework in which determinate norms and practices can be generated out of religious traditions. This essay aims to reclaim reflection on Jewish norms and practices as a site for resisting forms of domination. It proceeds by analyzing the work of two twentieth‐century Jewish thinkers, Joseph Soloveitchik and Yeshayahu Leibowitz. Both thinkers recruit specific Jewish norms and practices, which they interpret as disciplines for the cultivation of dispositions that can aid in counteracting economic and political domination.
The Relationships between Childhood Bullying, School Connectedness, and Adolescent Adiposity, the Fragile Families Child and Wellbeing Study
Authors: Quader Zerleen S. , Gazmararian Julie A. , Suglia Shakira F.
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

School environments are important to consider for children's health. This study aims to determine if childhood peer bullying and school connectedness are associated with adolescent adiposity.

METHODS

A total of 3377 children from the age 9 child interview of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study had self‐reported bullying and school connectedness data at age 9, height and weight measured at ages 9 and 15, and waist circumference was measured during an age 15 home visit. Linear regression models estimated the association between bullying and school connectedness and (1) change in BMI between age 9 and 15, and (2) waist circumference at age 15. Models were stratified by sex.

RESULTS

Girls had larger increases in body mass index (BMI) when experiencing low school connectedness, and students that experienced both bullying and low school connectedness had larger increases in BMI. Girls had larger waist circumferences for increased levels of bullying, low connectedness, and experiencing both.

CONCLUSIONS

School environments may play a role in the development of increased adiposity and there may be gender differences in the types of factors that are important to consider, particularly for central adiposity. Positive and engaging school environments can help support students' development and healthy behaviors.
Prevalence of positive urine culture in the presence of inactive urine sediment in 1049 urine samples from dogs
Authors: Strachan Nicole A. , Hales Erin N. , Fischer Julie R.
Published: February 2022

Background

Urinalysis (UA) is often used to screen for bacterial cystitis, regardless of sediment results, and followed up by quantitative urine culture (UC) for definitive diagnosis.

Objectives

Determine prevalence of positive UCs in dogs with inactive urine sediments on routine UA.

Animals

A total of 1049 urine samples with inactive urine sediments and UCs collected from dogs presented to a veterinary specialty hospital between January 2018 and February 2020.

Methods

Retrospective study of dogs with an inactive urine sediment on routine UA and follow‐up UCs. Signalment, UA findings, proteinuria, and UC results were recorded. Associations among these findings were assessed using multivariate logistic regression carried out using a backward stepwise method.

Results

Overall prevalence of positive UC was 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4‐4.8). Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated bacteria. Only naturally voided samples were associated with increased prevalence of positive culture when compared to collection by cystocentesis or a non‐specified method. No statistically significant association with culture positivity was found for urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio, urine specific gravity, urine pH, breed, age, or sex.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Based on the low prevalence (3.4%) of positive culture in urine samples from dogs with inactive sediment on routine UA and the relatively high cost of UC and sensitivity, cost‐benefit analysis including clinical suspicion of lower urinary tract disease should inform testing decisions, rather than routinely performing cultures on urine samples without active sediments.
Altered DNA methylation pattern characterizes the peripheral immune cells of patients with autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Zachou Kalliopi , Arvaniti Pinelopi , Lyberopoulou Aggeliki , Sevdali Eirini , Speletas Matthaios , Ioannou Maria , Koukoulis George K. , Renaudineau Yves , Dalekos George N.
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

Little is known about the impact of DNA methylation modifications on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) pathogenesis and therapeutic response. We investigated the potential alterations of DNA methylation in AIH peripheral lymphocytes at diagnosis and remission.

Methods

Ten AIH patients at diagnosis (time‐point 1; AIH‐tp1), 8/10 following biochemical response (time‐point 2; AIH‐tp2), 9 primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and 10 healthy controls (HC) were investigated. Peripheral CD19(+) and CD4(+) cells were isolated. Global DNA methylation (5mC)/hydroxymethylation (5hmC) was studied by ELISAs. mRNA of DNA methylation (DNMT1/3A/3B) and their counteracting hydroxymethylation enzymes (TET1/2/3) was determined by quantitative RT‐PCR. Epigenome wide association study (EWAS) was performed in CD4(+) cells (Illumina HumanMethylation 850 K array) in AIH and HC. Total 5mC/5hmC was also assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin‐embedded liver sections.

Results

Reduced TET1 and increased DNMT3A mRNA levels characterized CD19(+) and CD4(+)‐lymphocytes from AIH‐tp1 compared to HC and PBC, respectively, without affecting global DNA 5mC/5hmC. In AIH‐tp1, CD4(+) DNMT3A expression was negatively correlated with serum IgG (P = .03). In remission, DNMT3A decreased in both CD19(+) and CD4(+) cells compared to AIH‐tp1 (P = .02, P = .03 respectively). EWAS in CD4(+) cells from AIH patients confirmed important modifications in genes implicated in immune responses (HLA‐DP, TNF, lnRNAs and CD86). IHC showed increased 5hmC staining of periportal infiltrating lymphocytes in AIH‐tp1 compared to HC and PBC.

Conclusion

Altered TET1 and DNMT3A expressions, characterize peripheral lymphocytes in AIH. DNMT3A was associated with disease activity and decreased following remission. Gene DNA methylation modifications affect immunological pathways that may play an important role in AIH pathogenesis.
Wild sunflower goes viral: Citizen science and comparative genomics allow tracking the origin and establishment of invasive sunflower in the Levant
Authors: Hübner Sariel , Sisou Dana , Mandel Tali , Todesco Marco , Matzrafi Maor , Eizenberg Hanan
Published: February 2022

Globalization and intensified volume of trade and transport around the world are accelerating the rate of biological invasions. It is therefore increasingly important to understand the processes through which invasive species colonize new habitats, often to the detriment of native flora. The initial steps of an invasion are particularly critical, as the introduced species relies on limited genetic diversity to adapt to a new environment. However, our understanding of this critical stage of the invasion is currently limited. We used a citizen science approach and social media to survey the distribution of invasive sunflower in Israel. We then sampled and sequenced a representative collection and compared it with available genomic data sets of North American wild sunflower, landraces and cultivars. We show that invasive wild sunflower is rapidly establishing throughout Israel, probably from a single, recent introduction from Texas, while maintaining high genetic diversity through ongoing gene flow. Since its introduction, invasive sunflower has spread quickly to most regions, and differentiation was detected despite extensive gene flow between clusters. Our findings suggest that rapid spread followed by continuous gene flow between diverging populations can serve as an efficient mechanism for maintaining sufficient genetic diversity at the early stages of invasion, promoting rapid adaptation and establishment in the new territory.
Perceptions and emotions about learning and assessment: Why should we care?
Authors: Monrad Seetha U.
Published: February 2022

This commentary explores the role and rationale for collecting data on the emotional impact of education, particularly assessment, as part of program evaluation
Ideals versus realities of world poverty and human rights
Authors: Glenn Liyana Eliza
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this paper is to reflect back on, and respond again to, the 2005 Ethics and International Affairs symposium entitled “World Poverty and Human Rights.” The paper identifies and further explores the ideals of combatting poverty versus the realities of poverty as we move into the final ten years of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper focusses on a moral and philosophical approach to poverty and the ideals versus the realities. It explores the three challenges posed by nation‐states and borders, international interactions, and global institutions, which continue to challenge any semblance of justice in the current economic distribution of wealth. This realisation leads to a profound recognition of a prolonged need for justice when we reflect back on the papers presented at the 2005 symposium.
A Case Study of UV Exposure Risk in Sydney during the 2019/2020 New South Wales Bushfires
Authors: Igoe Damien P. , Parisi Alfio V. , Downs Nathan J. , Butler Harry
Published: February 2022

During summer of 2019/2020, Sydney, Australia, experienced several days of extreme air pollution and low visibility due to bushfires. This research presents a case study that investigates the erythemal UV irradiance and resulting 1 h erythemal and 8 h actinic exposures during the worst of these days. Air quality, meteorological and UV data used in the analysis were readily available online or by request from governmental agencies. Analysis showed that even for the lowest visibility day (which had a minimum visibility of less than a kilometer) on 10 December 2019, there was a cumulative 1 h erythemal UV exposure of over 4 SED (standard erythema dose) and a cumulative 8 h exposure of 17 SED by the late afternoon. The 1 h exposure exceeded that of a minimum erythemal dose. Even on this extremely hazy day, these cumulative exposures are enough to exceed the recommended daily exposure limit for actinic exposures weighted with the health sensitivity spectrum for the skin and eyes set by the International Commission of Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection.
Disease characteristics, determinants, and perception of use of sunscreen and sun‐protective behaviors among patients of color with melasma: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Seetan Khaled , Shatanawi Murad , Ali Amin , Khamees Almu'atasim , Alsheikh Ahmad , Alawneh Anas , Al‐shami Manar , Al‐Shar'e Hossam
Published: February 2022

Background

Melasma is an acquired state of hyperpigmentation that most commonly affects the face. The use of sunscreen is essential in melasma treatment. We sought to investigate patients’ perspectives and behaviors toward sunscreen usage.

Methods

A cross‐sectional hospital‐based study targeted 418 melasma patients from May 2019 to May 2021. Data regarding socio‐demographic characteristics and the knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward sunscreen and sun exposure were collected and analyzed. Furthermore, a complete clinical assessment was done.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 35.4 ± 8.6 years. Melasma distribution was mostly centro‐facial (49.8%). The mean duration of the disease was 22.3 ± 11.6 months, with a mean Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score of 18.6 ± 8.9. Only 170 patients believed that sun exposure played a role in their disease. Skin darkening was the most recognized effect of sun exposure by 92.9% of participants. 58.6% reported using sunscreen with a higher female predominance (p < .001), while males reported more broad‐spectrum sunscreen usage (p < .001). The reason that was reported the most behind not using sunscreen was the high cost (94%).

Conclusions

Our study showed a sound level of knowledge regarding the effects of sun exposure, and sunscreen advantages and disadvantages, with relatively inadequate translation into their attitudes and practices regarding sun‐protective behaviors. The use of sunscreen among the patients was average in numbers with a higher female predominance.
Risks of central nervous system infections and related mortality in patients undergoing dialysis
Authors: Hsu Chueh‐Hsuan , Hsu Chueh‐Lin , Shiu Yu‐Neng , Lin Po‐Chang , Huang Hung‐Yu , Lin Shih‐Yi , Lin Cheng‐Li , Yu Tung‐Min , Yen Tzung‐Hai , Li Chi‐Yuan , Wang I‐Kuan
Published: February 2022

Introduction

This study aimed to investigate the risks of central nervous system (CNS) infections and related mortality in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis.

Methods

Incident dialysis patients were identified from 2000 to 2013. The risks of CNS infection and related mortality were analyzed.

Results

The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of CNS infection in the ESRD group compared with the control group was 3.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.75–4.35). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 90‐day mortality following CNS infections in the ESRD group in comparison with the control group was 5.99 (95% CI 2.78–12.9). The adjusted HR of overall CNS infection for the peritoneal dialysis (PD) group in comparison with the hemodialysis (HD) group was 1.07 (95% CI 0.63–1.82). Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower risks of CNS infection in dialysis patients (adjusted HR: 0.38, 95% CI 0.30–0.48). The adjusted OR of 90‐day mortality following CNS infection for the PD group in comparison with the HD group was 1.01 (95% CI 0.55–1.87).

Conclusions

The risks of CNS infections and related mortality were remarkably high in dialysis patients with no significant difference between patients with ESRD under HD and PD treatment.
Hip and groin pain prevalence and prediction in Elite Gaelic Games: 2703 male athletes across two seasons
Authors: Carolan David , Richter Chris , Thorborg Kristian , Franklyn‐Miller Andrew , O’ Donovan James , McDonald Ciaran , King Enda
Published: February 2022

Objective

Hip and groin pain is highly prevalent in sub‐elite Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) athletes, but its prevalence at the elite level is unknown. The aims of this study were to report hip and groin pain prevalence in elite male athletes, to report changes in Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) across two seasons and to assess if previous hip and groin pain or pre‐season HAGOS could predict future hip and groin pain.

Methods

During the 2017 and 2018 pre‐season male Gaelic Players Association (GPA) playing members were invited to complete two questionnaires. The first questionnaire collected demographic information including age, GAA code played (Gaelic football or Hurling) and prevalence of hip and groin pain in the previous season. The second questionnaire was the HAGOS. Step‐wise logistic regression models were fitted to HAGOS subscales, to examine if pre‐season HAGOS subscale scores could predict future hip and groin pain.

Results

The prevalence of hip and groin pain across the elite GAA cohort was 38%. Hip and groin pain in the previous season was the strongest predictor of future hip and groin pain (r2=0.19, AUC=0.73, 95% CI 1.76–2.27) whereas pre‐season HAGOS subscale scores had limited and no additional predictive ability (AUC 0.05–0.18).

Conclusions

Hip and groin pain prevalence is high in elite male GAA, with one in three athletes reporting pain. Previous season hip and groin pain is the strongest predictor of future hip and groin pain, while pre‐season HAGOS scores have limited ability to predict future hip and groin pain.
COVID-19 más allá de los casos y atenciones. Una aproximación a la desigualdad en el acceso al diagnóstico en Bogotá, 2020
Authors: Malagón-Rojas Jeadran Nevardo , Ibáñez Pinilla Edgar Antonio , Toloza Pérez Yesith Guillermo , Téllez Eliana , Almentero Julia , Parra Eliana , Lagos Luisa , Walteros Diana , Mercado Marcela
Published: February 2022

Introducción. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha ejercido una presión sin precedentes sobre los sistemas de salud, evidenciando las desigualdades a nivel mundial. Una de las preocupaciones durante esta situación ha sido la posible desigualdad para acceder a las pruebas diagnósticas relacionada con los recursos económicos de la población. En este estudio se analizaron los resultados de las pruebas para detección de COVID-19 en Bogotá y su asociación con el nivel de ingresos. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con los reportes del SIVIGILA, entre el 6 de marzo y el 1 de julio de 2020, para los registros con pruebas positivas y negativas para COVID-19. Con las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas se realizó estadística descriptiva, adicionalmente se realizó un análisis bivariado y se calculó el coeficiente de Gini a partir de la curva de Lorenz. Resultados. El análisis incluyó 44.300 registros. Las pruebas se realizaron principalmente a hombres (51,4%) y de los estratos más altos 4, 5 y 6 (53,5%). Igualmente, el coeficiente de Gini evidenció la desigualdad en el acceso comparando por estratos socioeconómicos. Conclusión. El análisis evidenció desigualdad en el acceso a las pruebas diagnósticas para SARS-CoV-2, donde los estratos más altos tuvieron más acceso asociado con el mayor poder adquisitivo.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Film Cooling Performance and External Flowfield Effects Due to Impingement Coolant Feed in the Leading Edge of a Turbine Blade
Authors: Moore Jacob D. , Easterby Christopher C. , Bogard David G.
Published: February 2022

The effects that leading-edge impingement coolant feeds have on the external flowfield and on film cooling performance in the showerhead have not been studied thoroughly in the literature. To isolate the influence of the impingement feed, experimental adiabatic effectiveness and off-the-wall thermal field measurements were made using a shaped hole geometry fed by an ideal plenum coolant feed and by an engine-realistic impingement coolant feed. The impingement configuration exhibited around 10% higher adiabatic effectiveness levels than the plenum configuration did—a finding in agreement with the few studies isolating this effect. computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of the impingement and the pseudo-plenum configurations from a companion study were consulted to investigate the root cause of this difference in performance because the experimental data alone did not sufficiently explain it. In the impingement feed simulation, flow remained better attached throughout the hole (both at the inlet and at the diffuser) due to a rotation caused by the impingement flow, leading to better attachment on the exterior surface. This was most significant for the suction-side holes at higher blowing ratios, wherein the pseudo-plenum caused much more severe separation in the holes than the impingement configuration did.