bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small Disasters Seen in Sunlight
Authors: Chaudron Gerald
Published: August 2018

Libraries face many kinds of emergency, but planning for every contingency is a huge challenge. Overwhelmed with books and articles that focus mainly on the catastrophic events, librarians tend to place more emphasis on managing the risk of hurricanes and floods leaving them underprepared for the more mundane and common emergencies, like burst pipes and leaky roofs. This article uses two case studies of small water emergencies to examine how each library managed those emergencies and what lessons were learned. They show that while both incidents were water-related, they were very different in terms of source, size, impact, recovery time, and frequency. Libraries should be planning for small disasters first, and then scaling up preparation to account for the larger events, rather than the reverse, since the smaller events are much more common and often as challenging to the maintenance of services.
Digital Donation Platform for Nonprofit and Charity Organizations
Authors: Almeida Fernando , Cunha Alexandre
Published: August 2018

Social economy has assumed a role of growing importance in these last decades, being seen by several entities and political agents as one of the pillars in a new sustainable economic model. Volunteer programs are multiplying, and greater coordination between the various involved actors is essential to guarantee that society's help reaches the people who need them. In this sense, a digital donation platform based exclusively on open source technologies has been proposed and developed, which simplifies the process of donation of goods to a set of causes created by social solidarity institutions. The application permits anonymous donations and allows the monitoring of the status of each donation by the donors. Additionally, usability was considered as a key element in the design of the application
A Survey of the Use of Additive Fabrication in Component Replacement and Customised Automotive Modifications
Authors: Page Tom
Published: August 2018

Given the relatively recent rise in domestic 3D printing technology and its affordability, many new and novel uses for these printers are emerging. Currently, desktop 3D printer sales are dominated by technology enthusiasts and ‘makers', applying this technology to educational electronic and mechanical projects. This research artucke assesses the current state of additive manufacturing (AM) and investigates the potential for use in DIY automotive modification. 3D printing technology has the potential to aid enthusiasts in the work they perform and break the limits of traditional, labour-intensive manufacturing and fabrication practices. Research was conducted to first establish the common projects undertaken by automotive ‘DIY'ers' and then further questions were posed with the aim of determining whether there are viable applications in the field of automotive modification at home.
Solving the Maximum Clique Problem using a Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Tayachi Dalila , Khemiri Marwa
Published: August 2018

This article tackles the maximum clique problem MCP known as an NP-hard graph problem. The maximum clique problem consists in finding in an undirected graph a complete sub-graph (clique) of maximum cardinality. As the MCP is a classical graph problem extensively studied, the main contribution of this paper is to use for the first time particle swarm to solve it. A hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm HPSOD is proposed. First a PSO algorithm is designed, based on a sub-graph extraction approach named circular-arc graph CAG, then a local search heuristic is integrated to enhance its performance. Experimental tests carried out on DIMACS benchmarks show a globally good performance of the proposed algorithm and that it outperforms many existent approaches.
A Hybrid Approach Based on LP Metric Method and Genetic Algorithm for the Vehicle-Routing Problem with Time Windows, Driver-Specific Times, and Vehicles-Specific Capacities
Authors: Asadi-Gangraj Ebrahim , Nayeri Sina
Published: August 2018

Due to increasing population, increasing number of vehicles as well as environmental pollution, planning vehicles efficiently one of important problems nowadays. This article proposes a Multi-Objective Mixed Integer Programming (MOMIP) model for the vehicle-routing problem with time windows, driver-specific times and vehicles-specific capacities (VRPTDV), a variant of the classical VRPT that uses driver-specific travel and service times and vehicles-specific capacity to model the familiarity of the different drivers with the customers to visit. The first objective function aims to minimize traveled distance and the second objective function minimizing working duration. Since the problem is NP-hard, optimal solution for the instances of realistic size cannot be obtained within a reasonable amount of computational time using exact solution approaches. Hence, the hybrid approach based on LP metric method and genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the given problem.
Parameter Selection for Swarm Intelligence Algorithms
Authors: Menezes Breno A. M. , Wrede Fabian , Kuchen Herbert , Neto Fernando B. Lima
Published: August 2018

Swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms are handy tools for solving complex optimization problems. When problems grow in size and complexity, an increase in population or number of iterations might be required in order to achieve a good solution. These adjustments also impact the execution time. This article investigates the trade-off involving population size, number of iterations and problem complexity, aiming to improve the efficiency of SI algorithms. Results based on a parallel implementation of Fish School Search show that increasing the population size is beneficial for finding good solutions. However, we observed an asymptotic behavior, i.e. increasing the population over a certain threshold only leads to slight improvements. Furthermore, the execution time was analyzed.
The Impact of Weblog on Omani Learners' Writing Skills in the English Language
Authors: Alkhoudary Yahya Ashour Mohammed
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of utilizing weblog on facilitating teaching writing at Buraimi University College (BUC) and to explore the extent to which a blog as a computer-mediated tool enhances learners' writing skills in English as a foreign language e(EFL), English as a second language (ESL). Vygotsky's model will be adopted in this study. Furthermore, a process approach is employed to involve students in writing. A mixed-method of qualitative and quantitative was embraced. Three instruments were used to answer the research questions of the study. The participants consisting of 60 students, were placed into two groups: 30 students for experimental group (Ex.G.) and 30 for the controlled group (Cont. G.). Also, 30 EFL teachers (15 males and 15 females) were selected randomly. Pre-and post-tests were assigned to both groups before and after incorporating weblog as a teaching tool. Questionnaires were distributed to (Ex. G) to check the effect of using a weblog on students' writing quality. Interviews were also conducted with both teachers and students. The findings reveal that the students of weblog group significantly outperform their counterparts. This study concludes that integrating weblogs in teaching is of paramount importance to language learners and a promising tool in higher education.
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Sustainable Electronic Supply Chains in Healthcare Centers
Authors: Tooranloo Hossein Sayyadi , Karimi Salim , Vaziri Khatereh
Published: August 2018

To improve their long-term performance, organizations must maintain their business operations and practices over time. They can do so by engaging in sustainable practices aimed at meeting the interests of the enterprise, and of its suppliers, employees, and customers in the long run. Not surprisingly, the implementation of sustainability practices has expanded in the healthcare industry. Information technology (IT) is a way to promote quality, security, and efficiency in healthcare. IT brings vital information, and so important support to the care point for decision-making. It also allows the assessment of everyday quality turn into as a measured reality. In the present study, the factors affecting the sustainability of electronic supply chains in healthcare centers were identified using library methods and a keyword review of the literature. Then, the relationships between these factors were analyzed using an interpretive- structural modeling approach. The results reveal that infrastructure management and technology management should be considered the most important factors affecting the sustainability of electronic supply chains in healthcare centers.
O Eleuthéros da Grécia: o despertar da liberdade
Authors: Spinelli Miguel
Published: August 2018

Este artigo se ocupa do conceito de liberdade (eleuthería) dentro do contexto da literatura filosófica grega desenvolvida por Platão e Aristóteles. A liberdade aqui referida não é a que deriva apenas do direito ou da lei, mas também do econômico. Era, sobretudo, o status econômico que garantia tempo livre para o cidadão dedicar-se consigo mesmo, com a própria educação e com os interesses cívicos da pólis.
Entre acaso e destino. Vico e o conceito de Providência Divina
Authors: Silva Neto Sertório De Amorim e
Published: August 2018

Um dos enredos controversos dos estudos sobre Vico é a interpretação do conceito de providência divina. De um lado está a tentação em interpretá-la em seu contexto mais adequado, o da filosofia cristã da história (de Agostinho e de Bossuet) e mediante a suposição da governança divina e transcendental dos acontecimentos humanos temporais e ‘contingentes’. Porém, o reconhecimento dessa hereditariedade em nada facilita a interpretação; pelo contrário, ergue obstáculos, já que Vico, no lugar das preocupações teológico-políticas de um Agostinho ou de um Bossuet, elabora a ideia de providência motivado pela instauração de uma ‘ciência nova sobre a natureza comum das nações’, que pretendia ser mais certa que a física porque assentada sobre a convertibilidade do verum e do factum. Como compatibilizar a proposição científica moderna de Vico, sua Scienza nuova, com a concepção, artigo de fé, de que a história é regida pela Providência? De que modo compatibilizar uma concepção que projeta a ordenação transcendental da história e, portanto, uma determinação divina do agir humano, com a ideia moderna de que o homem, em sua imanência e como o Deus do seu mundo, faz, cria a história? Nosso objetivo nessas páginas é expor e discutir a economia destes dois aspectos aparentemente incompatíveis do conceito vichiano de providência.
Development of Predictive Model for Quality Output of Welding Process of Steel NST 37-2 Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Mudashiru Lateef O. , Sangotayo Emmanuel O. , Alamu Samuel O.
Published: August 2018

The present study investigated the effect of operating parameters in modeling the output quality of welding process of steel sample. A three factor, three levels Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of RSM was applied to determine the effects of three independent variables (welding speed (A), welding current (B) and electrode potential (C)) on the tensile strength and to also develop a model for predicting the output quality. Data analysis shows that A, C, AB, BC, A2, B2and C2are the terms which significantly affected the ultimate tensile strength of the sample at 95% confidence level. The experimental values were very close to the predicted values and were not statistically different at p<0.05. The maximum tensile strength of 228 MPa was obtained at 250 A current, electrode diameter of 3.25 mm and 50 cm/min welding speed, respectively. The regression model obtained has provided a basis for selecting optimum process parameters for the improving output quality (tensile strength) of the welded steel sample.
The Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of the Self-Conditioning of Hydrophilic Fixed-Abrasive Pad
Authors: Ju Zhi Lan , Zhu Yong Wei , Zhang Fu Bao
Published: August 2018

The self-conditioning of hydrophilic fixed abrasive lapping based on the principle of two-body (pad-wafer) abrasion has great importance on the MRR (material removal rate) of wafer. The physical and mechanical properties of pad were taken as set of available alternatives. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation principle was applied to establish a model for the self-conditioning of FAP. The swelling ratio, the slurry abrasive ratio and pendulum hardness were selected to be the set of alternatives for self-conditioning evaluations in this paper .The five types of matrix formations of fixed-abrasive pad were prepared, and the matrix were ranked in order of comprehensive evaluation index. The results show that the fuzzy evaluation is rational. The tests of MRR verified the self-conditioning of FAP. The machining of pad can be evaluated in advance of lapping processes. Moreover, the self-conditioning evaluation will be important reference for determination of FAP during choosing the matrix formations.
Light in Nightscape and Perception of Security among Pedestrians, Case Study: Tehran
Authors: Rezakhani Mojgan , Mahdavinejad Mohammadjavad , Pilechiha Peiman
Published: August 2018

One of the most important urban areas is street s and intersections that play an important role in shaping the overall identity of a city. The city is defined by the presence of the humans at night and nightlife plus visual sense plays the most important role in the perception of urban space. In addition, most of the things that are received by the sense of sight are with the help of light. Therefore, light and lighting in urban spaces as a non-physical element will have a huge impact on the quality of urban space. The main question in this study is the effects of lighting on the pedestrians’ understanding of the sense of security in Valiasr Street .In this regard, two variables of light color and light intensity are evaluated and considered based on eight hypotheses. To test these hypotheses, the main variables were first investigated and scrutinized. Then, according to the survey conducted, indicators related to the variables were determined and the items were designed. The main data collection tool is the questionnaire and among the pedestrians of Valiasr Street in Tehran that were selected as statistical population, 228 persons were randomly questioned. Due to the discrete nature of variables, a nonparametric function was used for their analysis. Calculation method using Kendall’s correlation analysis was analyzed using SPSS software. The findings show that that the satisfaction rate of light intensity is low, but their satisfaction with the lighting, light color, sense of security, and the ability to recognize faces is assessed averagely. Regarding the light color, people preferred white color to yellow one. The findings in this study suggest that using the white light instead of yellow and increase of light intensity increase the sense of security in pedestrians.
Turn-on Fluorescence Hg2+ Chemosensing Based in a Rhodamine 6G Derivative and Different Sensing Immobilization Approaches
Authors: Muñoz de la Peña Arsenio
Published: August 2018

In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of different immobilization approaches, proposed for a luminescent Hg2+chemosensor based in a spirocyclic phenyl-thiosemicarbazide Rhodamine 6G derivative (FC1), are analysed, and a comparative study of the different immobilization protocols is performed. The results demonstrated that the chemosensor is able to detect Hg2+ at ng mL-1 trace levels, with a remarkable selectivity, allowing its determination in biological, toxicological and environmental samples. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) polymeric film, electrospinning generated polymeric microfibres, nylon membranes and Au nanoparticles were tested as immobilization materials. The utilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is the method with the lowest limit of detection (LOD = 0.15 ng mL-1), but the response time is too high for practical use (7 hours). Nylon membranes give a very low detection limit (0.4 ng mL-1) and a practical response time (4 min), being the method of choice for practical applications to determine Hg2+ in aquatic, biological and toxicological samples, at a sampling rate of about 15 samples per hour.
A Novel Contrast Enhancement Technique Based on Combination of Local and Global Statistical Data on Malaria Images
Authors: Kanafiah Siti Nurul Aqmariah Mohd , Mashor Mohd Yusoff , Mustafa Wan Azani , Mohamed Zeehaida , Shukor Shazmin Aniza Abdul , Yazid Haniza , Yahya Z.R.
Published: August 2018

Malaria appears to be one of the main reasons for detrimental health issue at the global scale that is responsible for approximately half a million deaths every year. As the cases of malaria seem to escalate at an annual rate, it is vital to provide a rapid and accurate diagnosis through manual microscopic assessment in the attempt to control the spread of malaria. Nevertheless, varied staining steps and noise disruptions can cause inaccurate diagnosis due to wrong interpretation. Hence, to address such issues, this study investigated the performance upon removing background noise and the method of correcting illumination that has an impact upon segmentation for a computer-assisted diagnostic system. The findings display that the technique of based on Otsu threshold and statistic data used to enhance the contrast image as to determine cells infected by the malaria parasite, in comparison to other methods. In fact, this method was tested on 450 malaria images, which consisted of P. Vivax, P. Falciparum, and P. Knowlesi species at the stages of trophozoite, schizont, and gametocyte. As a result, the HSE approach yielded 1.31 for Global Contrast Factor (GCF), while 10.56 for Signal Noise Ratio (SNR).
A verbal descriptor incremental pain scale developed by South African Tswana-speaking patients with low back pain
Authors: Yazbek Michelle , Stewart Aimee V. , Bentley Alison
Published: August 2018

Background: Measuring pain in patients whose home language is not English can be difficult as there may not be a scale available in their home language. Scales devised in other countries may also not be accurate after translation.Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and test a new verbal pain descriptor scale in a Tswana-speaking population in South Africa with low back pain.Method: Two separate Tswana-speaking groups (20 males and 20 females) of patients with low back pain were asked to describe each of four categories of pain: mild, moderate, severe and worst. They then voted and descriptions obtaining more than 70% of the vote were taken to the next round of voting with both groups together. A final scale of one description for each category of pain (Tswana Verbal Pain Descriptor Scale – TVPDS) for both males and females was tested on a sample of 250 patients with low back pain and against three other non-verbal pain scales.Results: All items on the final scale were approved by at least 70% of both male and female participants. The scores for the TVPDS correlated well with present pain perception (r = 0.729, p < 0.0001) measured on the numerical visual analogue scale. The TVPDS correlated well with the Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (r = 0.695, p < 0.0001) and the Pakistani Coin Pain Scale (r = 0.717, p < 0.0001).Conclusion: The TVPDS has the potential to be a useful clinical scale but more testing in other languages is still required.Clinical implications: This pain scale has the potential to be a useful scale to use for Tswana-speaking persons with low back pain and could also be useful for persons of other languages, if translated.
Clinical and demographic profile of catatonic patients who received electroconvulsive therapy in a South African setting
Authors: Odayar Kavendren , Eloff Ingrid , Esterhuysen Willem
Published: August 2018

Background: Catatonia is a psychomotor dysregulation syndrome seen in several illnesses. Uncertainties exist regarding its prevalence and causes. While some research shows a strong association with mood disorders, other data show catatonia to be strongly associated with schizophrenia. Data from low- and middle-income countries are required.Aim: To determine the clinical and demographic profile of patients with catatonia that received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) between 01 January 2012 and 31 December 2014.Setting: The study was conducted at Elizabeth Donkin Psychiatric Hospital in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape. The hospital has mostly patients admitted under the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 as Involuntary Mental Health Care Users.Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted. Using the hospital ECT database, all files of patients who received ECT for catatonia were identified. Demographics, psychiatric and medical diagnoses, signs of catatonia and other data were abstracted from these files.Results: Forty-two patients received ECT for catatonia, of whom 34 (80.95%) were diagnosed with a psychotic illness. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis (n = 19; 45.24%), followed by psychotic disorder owing to a general medical condition (n = 8; 19.05). Human immunodeficiency deficiency virus was the cause in 75.00% of the patients whose medical conditions caused catatonia. Seven (16.67%) patients had mood disorders, with bipolar I disorder accounting for 6 (14.29%) of these.Conclusion: Psychotic disorders were more frequent than mood disorders in the sample. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis, followed by psychotic disorder owing to a general medical condition.
Post-traumatic stress disorder among the staff of a mental health hospital: Prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Olashore Anthony A. , Akanni Oluyemi O. , Molebatsi Keneilwe , Ogunjumo John A.
Published: August 2018

Background: Mental health service providers are frequently exposed to stress and violence in the line of duty. There is a dearth of data concerning the psychological sequelae of the frequent exposure to stress and violence, especially among those who work in resource-limited countries such as Botswana.Aim: To determine the prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among mental health workers in a tertiary mental health institute in Botswana.Setting: The study was conducted in Sbrana Psychiatric Hospital, which is the only referral psychiatric hospital in Botswana.Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 201 mental health workers completed a researcher-designed psycho-socio-demographic questionnaire, which included one neuroticism item of the Big Five Inventory, and a PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), which was used to assess symptoms of PTSD.Results: Majority of the study participants were general nurses (n = 121, 60.5%) and females (n = 122, 60.7%). Thirty-seven (18.4%) of the participants met the criteria for PTSD. Exposure to violence in the past 12 months (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.49–7.16) and high neuroticism score (AOR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.19–6.24) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of PTSD among the participants.Conclusion: Post-traumatic stress disorder could result from stressful events encountered in the course of managing patients in mental health institutes and departments. Pre-placement personality evaluation of health workers to be assigned to work in psychiatric units and post-incident trauma counselling of those exposed to violence may be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of PTSD in mental hospital health care workers.
Метод обратной задачи рассеяния для нелокального нелинейного уравнения Шредингера с обращением пространства-времени
Authors: Ablowitz M J , Feng Bao-Feng , Luo Xudan , Musslimani Ziad
Published: August 2018

Недавно были введены нелокальные уравнения типа нелинейного уравнения Шредингера с обращением пространства-времени, а также было показано, что они являются интегрируемыми бесконечномерными динамическими системами, и построен метод обратной задачи рассеяния для быстроубывающих начальных условий. Здесь представлен метод обратной задачи рассеяния для нелинейного уравнения Шредингера с обращением времени с ненулевыми граничными условиями на бесконечности. Такая задача труднее из-за сложной структуры ветвления связанных с ней линейных собственных функций. Проанализированы два случая, соответствующие двум различным значениям фазы на бесконечности. Обсуждаются специальные солитонные решения и в явном виде построены одно- и двухсолитонные решения. Также рассмотрены пространственно-зависимые граничные условия.
Обобщенное преобразование Дарбу для дискретного уравнения Кадомцева-Петвиашвили с самосогласованными источниками
Authors: Lin Run Liang , Du Yukun
Published: August 2018

Построены некоторые типы преобразования Дарбу для дискретного уравнения Кадомцева-Петвиашвили с самосогласованными источниками, включая элементарное преобразование Дарбу, сопряженное преобразование Дарбу, а также двойное преобразование Дарбу. Данные преобразования Дарбу могут быть использованы для решения дискретного уравнения Кадомцева-Петвиашвили. Некоторые из решений приведены в явном виде.
Неизвестные аспекты преобразований Беклунда и ассоциированное уравнение Дегаспериса-Прочези
Authors: Rasin Alexander , Schiff Jeremy
Published: August 2018

Получено обобщение некоторых недавних результатов о преобразованиях Беклунда, в частности, внимание уделено взаимосвязи преобразований Беклунда и инфинитезимальных симметрий. Для ассоциированного уравнения Дегаспериса-Прочези представлено преобразование Беклунда и принцип суперпозиции преобразований. Исследованы решения, полученные путем применения этого преобразования Беклунда. В рамках общего подхода принцип суперпозиции применен для генерации инфинитезимальных симметрий ассоциированного уравнения Дегаспериса-Прочези.
Алгебры Хаантьеса волчка Лагранжа
Authors: Tondo G
Published: August 2018

Исследованы симплектическое многообразие Хаантьеса и многообразие Пуассона-Хаантьеса для волчка Лагранжа и рассчитан набор координат Дарбу-Хаантьеса. Эти координаты представляют собой разделяющиеся переменные для соответствующего уравнения Гамильтона-Якоби.
Уравнения Ермакова-Пинни и Эмдена-Фаулера: новые решения на основе преобразований Беклунда нового типа
Authors: Carillo Sandra , Zullo Federico
Published: August 2018

Изучается класс нелинейных обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений вида $y"y=F(z,y^2)$, где $F$ - гладкая функция. К этому классу нелинейных обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений относятся различные обыкновенные дифференциальные уравнения, прикладное значение которых хорошо известно. Действительно, среди них можно упомянуть уравнения Эмдена-Фаулера, Ермакова-Пинни и обобщенное уравнение Ермакова. Построены преобразования и автопреобразования Беклунда: начиная с тривиального решения, эти преобразования позволяют построить семейство новых решений данного дифференциального уравнения. Заметим, что наличие сильной нелинейности в структуре дифференциальных уравнений из этого класса обуславливает наличие сложностей в применении численных методов.
Конформно-инвариантное эллиптическое уравнение Лиувилля и его дискретизация, сохраняющая симметрию
Authors: Levi Decio , Martina Luigi , Winternitz Pavel
Published: August 2018

Алгебра симметрий вещественного эллиптического уравнения Лиувилля является бесконечномерной алгеброй с простой алгеброй Ли $o(3,1)$ в качестве максимальной подалгебры. Полная алгебра порождает конформную группу евклидовой плоскости $E_2$. Наличие такой бесконечномерной алгебры отличает эллиптическое уравнение Лиувилля от гиперболического, алгебра симметрий которого представляет собой прямую сумму двух алгебр Вирасоро. С использованием ранее предложенной процедуры дискретизации представлена разностная схема, инвариантная относительно группы $O(3,1)$ и в непрерывном пределе переходящая в эллиптическое уравнение Лиувилля. Дискретная решетка является решением $O(3,1)$-инвариантного уравнения и сама инвариантна относительно некоторой подгруппы группы $O(3,1)$, а именно группы $O(2)$ поворотов евклидовой плоскости.
Rail Vehicle Modelling and Simulation using Lagrangian Method
Authors: Sharma Rakesh Chandmal , Sharma Sunil Kumar , Palli Srihari
Published: August 2018

Formulation of vehicle dynamics problem is dealt either with Newtonâ€™s method or Lagrangeâ€™s method. This paper provides a broad understanding of Lagrangeâ€™s method applied to railway vehicle system. The Lagrangeâ€™s method of analytical dynamics provides a complete set of equations through differentiations of a function called Lagrangian function which includes kinetic and potential energy with respect to independent generalised coordinates assigned to the system. This paper also discusses rigid body rotational dynamics along with the concept of generalised coordinates (constrained and un-constrained) and generalised forces in detail.
Mass Media, Consumerism and National Identity in Postwar Japan
Authors: Smith Martyn David
Published: August 2018

Mass Media, Consumerism and National Identity in Postwar Japan addresses Japan’s evolving nationalism and national identity in relation to its newly rising consumerism during the two decades from 1952 to 1972, through a study of the transformation of the print media and the market for weekly and monthly magazines.

Martyn Smith argues that the transformation of the print media in the 1950s and 1960s expanded the possibilities for social, individual and national identities in Japan. From the late 1950s, the growth in the market for weekly magazines was fuelled by the huge potential for advertising revenue, the rapid development of the Japanese economy, and the necessity for the growth of a consumer society. This resulted in the merging of national identity with individual subjectivity – which this book describes as –national subjectivity’ – as the Japanese media promoted individual consumption to aid the recovery of the Japanese nation as a whole.

Examining housewife magazines such as Fujin Koron, Fujin no Tomo and Fujin Gaho, as well as news magazines such as Mainichi Graph and Asahi Graph, and publications aimed at young people – Shukan Heibon and Heibon Punch – Smith shows how the relationship of nationalism to everyday life is best understood by taking into account the changing nature of consumption in the period. By presenting an alternative to the traditional –top-down’ narrative of state-driven economic nationalism, this book therefore makes a unique contribution to the study of postwar Japanese history and Japanese nationalism.
How reliable are CMIP5 models in simulating dust optical depth?
Authors: Pu Bing , Ginoux Paul
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Dust aerosol plays an important role in the climate system by
affecting the radiative and energy balances. Biases in dust modeling may
result in biases in simulating global energy budget and regional climate. It
is thus very important to understand how well dust is simulated in the
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. Here seven
CMIP5 models using interactive dust emission schemes are examined against
satellite-derived dust optical depth (DOD) during 2004–2016. It is found that multi-model mean can largely capture the global spatial
pattern and zonal mean of DOD over land in present-day climatology in MAM and
JJA. Global mean land DOD is underestimated by −25.2 % in MAM to
−6.4 % in DJF. While seasonal cycle, magnitude, and spatial pattern are
generally captured by the multi-model mean over major dust source regions such as
North Africa and the Middle East, these variables are not so well represented
by most of the models in South Africa and Australia. Interannual variations
in DOD are not captured by most of the models or by the multi-model mean.
Models also do not capture the observed connections between DOD and local
controlling factors such as surface wind speed, bareness, and precipitation.
The constraints from surface bareness are largely underestimated while the
influences of surface wind and precipitation are overestimated. Projections of DOD change in the late half of the 21st century under the
Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 scenario in which the multi-model
mean is compared with that projected by a regression model. Despite the
uncertainties associated with both projections, results show some
similarities between the two, e.g., DOD pattern over North Africa in DJF and
JJA, an increase in DOD in the central Arabian Peninsula in all seasons, and
a decrease over northern China from MAM to SON.
Space–time variability in UTLS chemical distribution in the Asian summer monsoon viewed by limb and nadir satellite sensors
Authors: Luo Jiali , Pan Laura L. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Bergman John W. , Randel William J. , Francis Gene , Clerbaux Cathy , George Maya , Liu Xiong , Tian Wenshou
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) creates a hemispheric-scale signature in trace-gas distributions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS).
Data from satellite retrievals are the best source of information for
characterizing these large-scale signatures. Measurements from the Microwave
Limb Sounder (MLS), a limb-viewing satellite sensor, have been the most
widely used retrieval products for these types of studies. This work explores
the information for the ASM influence on UTLS chemical distribution from two
nadir-viewing sensors, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer
(IASI) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), together with the MLS.
Day-to-day changes in carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) tracer
distributions in response to dynamical variability are examined to assess
how well the data from different sensors provide useful information for
studying the impact of sub-seasonal-scale dynamics on chemical fields. Our
results, using June–August 2008 data, show that although the MLS
provides relatively sparse horizontal sampling on daily timescales,
interpolated daily CO distributions show a high degree of dynamical
consistency with the synoptic-scale structure of and variability in the
anticyclone. Our analysis also shows that the IASI CO retrieval has
sufficient sensitivity to produce upper tropospheric (UT) CO with
variabilities independent from the lower to middle tropospheric CO. The
consistency of IASI CO field with the synoptic-scale anticyclone dynamical
variability demonstrates that the IASI UT CO product is a physically
meaningful dataset. Furthermore, IASI CO vertical cross sections combined
with the daily maps provide the first observational evidence for a model
analyses-based hypothesis on the preferred ASM vertical transport location
and the subsequent horizontal redistribution via east–west eddy shedding.
Similarly, the OMI O3 profile product is shown to be capable of
distinguishing the tropospheric-dominated air mass in the anticyclone from
the stratospheric-dominated background on a daily timescale, providing
consistent and complementary information to the MLS. These results not only
highlight the complementary information between nadir and limb sensors but
also demonstrate the value of “process-based” retrieval evaluation for
characterizing satellite data information content.
Physical Properties of Secondary Photochemical Aerosol from OH
Oxidation of a Cyclic Siloxane
Authors: Janechek Nathan J. , Marek Rachel F. , Bryngelson Nathan , Singh Ashish , Bullard Robert L. , Brune William H. , Stanier Charles O.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are high production chemicals present in many personal care products. They are volatile, hydrophobic, and relatively long-lived due to slow oxidation kinetics. Evidence from chamber and ambient studies indicates that oxidation products may be found in the condensed aerosol phase. In this work, we use an oxidation flow reactor to produce ~ 100 µg m−3 of organosilicon aerosol from OH oxidation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) with aerosol mass fractions (i.e. yields) of 0.2–0.5. The aerosols were assessed for concentration, size distribution, morphology, sensitivity to seed aerosol, hygroscopicity, volatility and chemical composition through a combination of aerosol size distribution measurement, tandem differential mobility analysis, and electron microscopy. Similar aerosols were produced when vapor from solid antiperspirant or from hair conditioner was used as the reaction precursor. Aerosol yield was sensitive to chamber OH, indicating an interplay between oxidation conditions and the concentration of lower volatility species. The D5 oxidation aerosol products were relatively non-hygroscopic, with average hygroscopicity kappa of ~ 0.01, and nearly non-volatile up to 190 °C temperature. Recommended parameters for treatment as a semi-volatile organic aerosol in atmospheric models are provided.
Comparison of Surface Ozone Simulation among Selected Regional Models in MICS-Asia III – Effect of Chemistry and Vertical Transport for the Causes of Difference –
Authors: Akimoto Hajime , Nagashima Tatsuya , Li Jie , Fu Joshua , Ji Dongsheng , Wang Zifa
Published: August 2018

Abstract. In order to clarify the cause of variability among the model outputs for surface ozone in the Model Intercomparison Study Asia Phase III (MICS-Asia III), three regional models, CMAQ v.5.0.2, CMAQ v.4.7.1 and NAQPMS (abbreviated as NAQM in this paper) have been selected. The detailed analyses have been made for monthly averaged diurnal variation for select grids covering metropolitan area of Beijing and Tokyo, and at a remote oceanic site, Oki. The chemical reaction mechanism, SAPRC99 used in the CMAQ models tends to give higher net chemical ozone production than CBM-Z used in NAQM agreeing with previous studies. Inclusion of heterogeneous “renoxification” reaction of HNO3 (on soot) → NO + NO2 only in NAQM is supposed to give higher NO concentration to give better agreement with observational data for NO and nighttime O3 mixing ratios. In addition to chemistry, the difference in vertical transport of O3 was found to affect the simulated results significantly. Particularly, the increase in downward flux of O3 from upper layer to the surface after the dawn is found to be substantially different among the models. Larger early morning vertical transport of O3 by CMAQ 5.0.2 would be the reason for higher daytime O3 by this model in July. All the three models overestimate the daytime ozone by ca. 20 ppbv at the remote site Oki in July, where in situ photochemical activity is minimal.
The influence of gas and humidity on the mineralogy of various salt compositions – implications for natural and technical caverns
Authors: Strauch Bettina , Zimmer Martin , Zirkler Axel , Höntzsch Stefan , Schleicher Anja M.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Storage caverns are increasingly located in heterogeneous salt deposits and
filled with various fluids. The knowledge of phase behaviour in heterogeneous
systems of salt, liquid and gas and the requirements for reliable analytical
techniques is, therefore, of growing interest. A method that allows for the
continuous monitoring of mineral compositions at distinct humidity and gas
content using XRD measurements is presented here. Various saliniferous
mineral compositions have been investigated in pure CO2,
N2 or CH4 atmospheres with varying humidity in a closed
chamber. All mineral compositions experience dissolution and/or mineral
conversion reaction accompanied by volume loss. Dissolution-recrystallization
reactions of complex mineral assemblages involving halite, sylvite,
kieserite, carnallite and kainite were observed using this method. For
carnallite-rich mineral assemblages, the mineral conversion from carnallite
to sylvite was observed when humidity exceeded 50 % RH. In the presence
of CO2, acidification of the aqueous phase occurs which enhances
the dissolution rate and reaction kinetics.
Improvements to Predictions of the Ionospheric Annual Anomaly by the International Reference Ionosphere Model
Authors: Brown Steven , Bilitza Dieter , Yiğit Erdal
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The annual anomaly is the ionospheric phenomena in which the globally-averaged electron density is greater in January than it is in July. This anomaly causes the ionospheric solsticial variation – a variation with a periodicity of one year that is in-phase with the January solstice – to be more pronounced over the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere. Predictions of the magnitude of annual anomaly using the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model have been shown to be unreliable so far. The objective of our study is to investigate model prediction of the magnitude of the annual ionospheric anomaly using new ionospheric indices as inputs in the IRI model. These new indices improve predictions ionospheric variations that differ over the two hemispheres. We present a retrospective analysis of the IRI predictions of the ionospheric daytime annual anomaly and solsticial variation using a model-data comparison with observations from over 40 ionosondes for high, moderate, and low solar cycle conditions. Our results show that there is an overall 33 % underestimation of the magnitude of the annual anomaly when the by the IRI. When the new ionospheric indices as used in the IRI, model predictions underestimate the magnitude of the annual anomaly by 6 %. This indicates an improvement of the model predictions when using the new indices. We show that the underestimation of the annual anomaly by IRI is related to a similar underestimation of the magnitude of the ionospheric solsticial variation over the Northern Hemisphere. Based on our results, we infer that the underlying processes of the annual anomaly must vary across each hemisphere.
Sporadic auroras near the geomagnetic equator: in the Philippines, on 27 October 1856
Authors: Hayakawa Hisashi , Vaquero José M. , Ebihara Yusuke
Published: August 2018

Abstract. While low-latitude auroral displays are normally considered to be a
manifestation of magnetic storms of considerable size, Silverman (2003, JGR,
108, A4) reported numerous “sporadic auroras” which appear locally at
relatively low magnetic latitude during times of just moderate magnetic
activity. Here, a case study is presented of an aurora near the geomagnetic
equator based on a report from the Philippine islands on 27 October 1856. An
analysis of this report shows it to be consistent with the known cases of
sporadic auroras, except for its appearance at considerably low magnetic latitude. The
record also suggests that an extremely low-latitude aurora is not always
accompanied by large magnetic storms. The description of its brief appearance
leads to a possible physical explanation based on an ephemeral magnetospheric
disturbance provoking this sporadic aurora.
Niche differentiation of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers along a salinity gradient from the Pearl River estuary to the South China Sea
Authors: Hou Lei , Xie Xiabing , Wan Xianhui , Kao Shuh-Ji , Jiao Nianzhi , Zhang Yao
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The niche differentiation of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers is controversial because they display disparate patterns in estuarine, coastal, and oceanic regimes. We analyzed diversity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and β-proteobacteria (AOB), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and nitrification rates to identify their niche differentiation along a salinity gradient from the Pearl River estuary to the South China Sea. AOA were generally more abundant than β-AOB; however, AOB more clearly attached to particles compared with AOA in the upper reaches of the Pearl River estuary. The NOB Nitrospira had higher abundances in the upper and middle reaches of the Pearl River estuary, while Nitrospina was dominant in the lower estuary. In addition, AOB and Nitrospira could be more active than AOA and Nitrospina since significantly positive correlations were observed between their gene abundance and the nitrification rate in the Pearl River estuary. There is a significant positive correlation between ammonia and nitrite oxidizer abundances in the hypoxic waters of the estuary, suggesting a possible coupling through metabolic interactions between them. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that the AOA and NOB Nitrospina subgroups can be separated into different niches based on their adaptations to substrate levels. Water mass mixing is apparently crucial in regulating the distribution of nitrifiers from the estuary to open ocean. However, when eliminating water mass effect, the substrate availability and the nitrifiers' adaptations to substrate availability via their ecological strategies essentially determine their niche differentiation.
Pyrite oxidization accelerates bacterial carbon sequestration in copper mine tailings Type of contribution
Authors: Li Yang , Wu Zhaojun , Dong Xingchen , Xu Zifu , Jia Zhongjun , Sun Qingye
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Polymetallic mine tailings have great potential as carbon sequestration tools to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, previous studies focused on carbonate mineral precipitation, while the role of autotrophs in carbon sequestration by mine tailings has been neglected. In this study, carbon sequestration in two mine tailings treated with FeS2 and 13C-labeled CO2 was analyzed using 13C isotope labeling, pyrosequencing and DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) to identify carbon fixers. Mine tailings treated with FeS2 exhibited a higher percentage of 13C atoms (1.76 ± 0.06 in Yangshanchong and 1.36 ± 0.01 in Shuimuchong) than the control groups over a 14-day incubation, as well an increase in the total organic carbon (TOC) content (0.20 ± 0.11 mg/g in Yangshanchong and 0.28 ± 0.14 mg/g in Shuimuchong). These data demonstrated the role of autotrophs in carbon sequestration with pyrite addition. Pyrite treatment led to changes in the composition of bacterial communities, and the genera Sulfobacillus (8.04 %) and Novosphingobium (8.60 %) were found to be dominant in these communities. In addition, the DNA-SIP results indicated that the cbbL gene copy number was 8.20–16.50 times greater than the cbbL gene copy number in 13C-labeled heavy fractions. Furthermore, a Sulfobacillus-like cbbL gene sequence (cbbL-OTU1) accounted for 30.11–34.74 % of all cbbL gene sequences in the 13C-labeled heavy fractions of mine tailings treated with FeS2. These findings highlight the importance of the RubisCO form I-encoding gene, cbbL, in bacterial carbon sequestration and demonstrate the ability of chemoautotrophs to sequester carbon during sulfide mineral oxidation in mine tailings. This study is the first to investigate carbon sequestration by autotrophic groups in mine tailings through the use of isotope tracers and DNA-SIP.