bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coaction of Top and Bottom Drags in Gulf Stream Dynamics
Authors: Renault L. , Marchesiello P. , Contreras M.
Published: February 2023

Bottom drag and top drag—associated with the ocean current feedback (CFB) to the atmosphere—are the energy dissipation processes in the oceanic boundary layers. Both are instrumental in regulating western boundary currents, such as the Gulf Stream (GS). However, the sensitivity of model results to bottom drag parameterization has not yet been considered in simulations where top drag is present. So far, in the absence of top drag, the bottom drag coefficient turns out to be a very sensitive parameter of ocean models. Here, we re‐examine this sensitivity when both top and bottom drag are considered in eddy‐rich ocean simulations of the North Atlantic basin. The top drag is addressed with a parameterization that considers the wind adjustment to CFB. In agreement with previous studies, we confirm that top drag has a large control on GS dynamics by reducing mesoscale activity. Next, we show that the energy sink due to bottom drag increases when top drag is neglected, but that this increase only partially compensates for the absence of top drag. As a result, the GS representation is too sensitive to bottom drag. Finally, we propose a simple scale‐aware parameterization of the subgrid‐scale topographic effect on bottom drag. Our results suggest that for a realistic representation of GS dynamics and energy pathways, top and bottom drags must be considered together. Future studies should include processes missing from this study, such as submesoscale dynamics and the surface gravity waves at the ocean‐atmosphere interface.
The Role of Small‐Scale Topography in Modulating Eddy Scale in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Yang Zhibin , Jing Zhao , Zhai Xiaoming
Published: February 2023

A high‐resolution nested model initialized with either smooth or synthetically generated rough topography is used to investigate the role of small‐scale topography in modulating eddy scales in the northern South China Sea. It is found that while adding small‐scale topography leads to negligible changes in the surface eddy scales and their seasonal cycle, it significantly reduces the bottom eddy scales by about 30%–40%. This reduction in bottom eddy scales is mainly contributed by three processes: wave generation due to flow interaction with rough topography and subsequent wave propagation into the ocean interior, forward energy cascade associated with processes such as nonpropagating form drag effect, and the influence of small‐scale topography on the deep boundary current. Our results highlight the importance of small‐scale topography in setting the eddy length scales particularly in the deep ocean.
Application of the Pseudo‐Global Warming Approach in a Kilometer‐Resolution Climate Simulation of the Tropics
Authors: Heim Christoph , Leutwyler David , Schär Christoph
Published: February 2023

Clouds over tropical oceans are an important factor in the Earth's response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations, but their representation in climate models is challenging due to the small‐scale nature of the involved convective processes. We perform two 4‐year‐long simulations at kilometer‐resolution (3.3 km horizontal grid spacing) with the limited‐area model COSMO over the tropical Atlantic on a 9,000 × 7,000 km2 domain: A control simulation under current climate conditions driven by the ERA5 reanalysis, and a climate change scenario simulation using the Pseudo‐Global Warming approach. We compare these results to the changes projected in the CMIP6 scenario ensemble. Validation shows a good representation of the annual cycle of albedo, in particular for trade‐wind clouds, even compared to the ERA5 reanalysis. Also, the vertical structure and annual cycle of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is accurately simulated, and the simulation does not suffer from the double ITCZ problem commonly present in global climate models (GCMs). The response to global warming differs between the COSMO simulation and the analyzed GCMs. While both exhibit an overall weakening of the Hadley circulation, the narrowing of the ITCZ (known as the deep‐tropics squeeze) is not so pronounced in the kilometer‐resolution simulation, likely due to the absence of a double ITCZ bias. Also, there is a more pronounced intensification of the ITCZ at the equator in the kilometer‐resolution COSMO simulation, and a stronger associated increase in the anvil cloud fraction.
Comparison of the efficacy of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine, 0.5% levobupivacaine, and 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in lower limb surgeries
Authors: Piacherski Valery , Muzyka Lidziya
Published: February 2023

Various advantages of isobaric bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and hyperbaric bupivacaine are described. There are no studies reliably determining the benefits of these forms of bupivacaine. The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of spinal anesthesia (SA) performed with 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine, 0.5% levobupivacaine, and 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. The clinical study was approved by the ethics committee. The sample size was calculated for a confidence level of 99%. 111 patients were randomly allocated into 3 equal groups for spinal anesthesia in lower limb surgeries. In group 1 (1B) spinal anesthesia was performed with 3 ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine (n = 37); in group 2 (2L)—3 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine (n = 37), in group 3 (3H)—3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (n = 37). The criterion for assessing the effectiveness of anesthesia was the need to switch to another type of anesthesia (criterion-no anesthesia), or the need for additional use of narcotic analgesics or local anesthesia during surgery (criterion-reporting of painful feelings during the operation). In 1B anesthesia efficiency by the criterion of additional intraoperative analgesia was 100% (37 patients; 95% CI [0.88–1.0]); 2L—86.4%; (31 patients; 95% CI [0.68–0.92]); 3H—72.9% (27 patients; 95% CI [0.56–0.84]). There were significant differences between groups 1B and 2L: p < 0.05 (p = 0.0104). There were no significant differences between groups 2L and 3H (p = 0.2587). All patients in group 1B developed complete sensory block (++) within 4 (3; 5) min. In group 2L complete sensory block developed in 34 patients (89.4%) within 9 (5; 14) min, in group 3H sensory block developed in all patients within 3 (2.5; 4). The duration of analgesia period between 1B and 2L did not statistically differ (p = 0.73). In 3H the duration of analgesia was 170 (150; 200) min. The study found 83.7% efficacy of levobupivacaine and 72.9% efficacy of hyperbaric bupivacaine in comparison with isobaric bupivacaine (100%) when administered intrathecally in equal volumes and amounts (by the criterion of additional intraoperative analgesia).

Trial registration: NCT05184465 (Initial Release: 12/01/2021; date of first publication—11/01/2022).
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted knock-in of large constructs using nocodazole and RNase HII
Authors: Eghbalsaied Shahin , Kues Wilfried A.
Published: February 2023

On-target integration of large cassettes via homology-directed repair (HDR) has several applications. However, the HDR-mediated targeted knock-in suffered from low efficiency. In this study, we made several large plasmids (12.1–13.4 kb) which included the CRISPR/Cas9 system along with a puromycin transgene as part of the large DNA donor (5.3–7.1 kb insertion cassettes) and used them to evaluate their targeted integration efficiency into a transgenic murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line carrying a single copy of a Venus transgene. We established a detection assay by which HDR events could be discriminated from the error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) events. Improving the plasmid quality could considerably leverage the cell toxicity impediment of large plasmids. The use of the TILD (targeted integration with linearized dsDNA) cassettes did not improve the HDR rate compared to the circular plasmids. However, the direct inclusion of nocodazole into the electroporation solution significantly improved the HDR rate. Also, simultaneous delivery of RNase HII and the donor plasmids into the electroporated cells considerably improved the HDR events. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that using cell synchronization reagents in the electroporation medium can efficiently induce HDR rate in the mammalian genome.
Characterization of peptide O⋯HN hydrogen bonds via1H-detected 15N/17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Hung Ivan , Mao Wenping , Keeler Eric G. , Griffin Robert G. , Gor'kov Peter L. , Gan Zhehong
Published: February 2023

Sensitive high-resolution multidimensional solid-state NMR method is reported for facile identification of hydrogen-bonded 15N–17O pairs in peptides.
A 2D Dy-based metal–organic framework derived from benzothiadiazole: structure and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Zhu Jing , Hua Lin , Zhang Yumeng , Wu Hongying , Zheng Fuwei , Shen Hongyan , Gong Haiyan , Yang Liu , Jiang Aiyun
Published: February 2023

A 2D Dy(iii) metal–organic layer (MOL 1) was synthesized under solvothermal conditions.
Robust FeCoP nanoparticles grown on a rGO-coated Ni foam as an efficient oxygen evolution catalyst for excellent alkaline and seawater electrolysis
Authors: Zheng Yingping , Yu Dehua , Xu Wei , Zhang Ke , Ma Kaili , Guo Xinyu , Lou Yongbing , Hu Mulin
Published: February 2023

Derived from FeCo PBA, the robust FeCoP nanoparticles grown on rGO-coated Ni foam exhibited excellent OER performance. In 1 M KOH and naturally alkaline seawater, the overpotential was only 257 mV and 282 mV at 200 mA cm−2, respectively.
Synthesis and characterization of two self-assembled [Cu6Gd3] and [Cu5Dy2] complexes exhibiting the magnetocaloric effect, slow relaxation of magnetization, and anticancer activity
Authors: Bhanja Avik , Roy Chaudhuri Sangeeta , Canaj Angelos B. , Vyas Shachi Pranjal , Ortu Fabrizio , Smythe Lucy , Murrie Mark , Goswami Ritobrata , Ray Debashis
Published: February 2023

Two interesting Cu6Gd3 and Cu5Dy2 cluster has been synthesized. Cu6Gd3 shows magnetocaloric properties and zero field SMM behaviour is prevalent for Cu5Dy2. A comparative study on anticancer activity, DNA and protein binding has also been performed.
An artificial leaf device built with earth-abundant materials for combined H2 production and storage as formate with efficiency > 10%
Authors: Ampelli Claudio , Giusi Daniele , Miceli Matteo , Merdzhanova Tsvetelina , Smirnov Vladimir , Chime Ugochi , Astakhov Oleksandr , Martín Antonio José , Veenstra Florentine Louise Petronella , Pineda Felipe Andrés Garcés , González-Cobos Jesús , García-Tecedor Miguel , Giménez Sixto , Jaegermann Wolfram , Centi Gabriele , Pérez-Ramírez Javier , Galán-Mascarós José Ramón , Perathoner Siglinda
Published: February 2023

A major challenge for achieving the energy transition and transforming the current energy model into distributed production is the development of efficient artificial leaf devices made of earth-abundant materials for sustainable fuel production.
Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of carboranylated diols bearing two adjacent stereocenters located at the α,β-position ofo-carborane cage carbon
Authors: Duan Hui-Xin , Li Hao-Nan , Yang Yong , Wu Xiao-Jun , Wang You-Qing
Published: February 2023

Optically active icosahedral carborane-containing diols have been synthesizedviaSharpless catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation, with the creation of two adjacent stereocenters respectively located at the α,β-position ofo-carborane cage carbon.
Targeted high-precision up-converting thermometer platform over multiple temperature zones with Er3+
Authors: Rao Zhihui , Li Zhilin , Zhao Xiujian , Gong Xiao
Published: February 2023

Novel targeted high-precision luminescence thermometer based on Cs2NaInCl6:Er3+–Yb3+ double perovskite is reported, which can be used for ultrahigh-sensitive temperature sensing over multiple temperature zones by selecting TCLs of the Er3+ ion.
The improved constant false alarm rate detector based on multi‐frame integration for fluctuating target detection in heavy‐tailed clutter
Authors: Cao Chenghu , Zhao Yongbo
Published: February 2023

In this paper, attention is devoted to the analysis of the detection threshold based on the multi‐frame integration in heavy‐tailed clutter for the radar with high resolution and even smaller grazing angle. The closed‐form expressions of both the probability of the detection and the probability of false alarm for the heavy‐tailed clutter background, which can be used for the theoretical analysis of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors, are derived with the multi‐frame integration technique. Accordingly, an improved CFAR detector is designed to work well with the presence of target‐like outliers in the heavy‐tailed clutter. In addition, the proposed CFAR detector is capable to alleviate the masking‐effect resorting to the additive feedback operation when a target is large enough to cross several cells in multi‐target case. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed CFAR detector based on multi‐frame integration can improve the signal‐to‐clutter rate of the targets exhibiting better performance than ones based on single frame in heavy‐tailed clutter background. It is validated from the simulations that the proposed CFAR detector with additive feedback operation can deal with masking‐effect for large target occupying several cells.
Debris disk color with the Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Ren Bin B. , Rebollido Isabel , Choquet Élodie , Zhou Wen-Han , Perrin Marshall D. , Schneider Glenn , Milli Julien , Wolff Schuyler G. , Chen Christine H. , Debes John H. , Hagan J. Brendan , Hines Dean C. , Millar-Blanchaer Maxwell A. , Pueyo Laurent , Roberge Aki , Serabyn Eugene , Soummer Rémi
Published: February 2023

Context. Multiwavelength scattered light imaging of debris disks may inform dust properties including typical size and mineral composition. Existing studies have investigated a small set of individual systems across a variety of imaging instruments and filters, calling for uniform comparison studies to systematically investigate dust properties.

Aims. We obtain the surface brightness of dust particles in debris disks by post-processing coronagraphic imaging observations, and compare the multiwavelength reflectance of dust. For a sample of resolved debris disks, we perform a systematic analysis on the reflectance properties of their birth rings.

Methods. We reduced the visible and near-infrared images of 23 debris disk systems hosted by A through M stars using two coron-agraphs on board the Hubble Space Telescope: the STIS instrument observations centered at 0.58 µm, and the NICMOS instrument at 1.12 µm or 1.60 µm. For proper recovery of debris disks, we used classical reference differential imaging for STIS, and adopted non-negative matrix factorization with forward modeling for NICMOS. By dividing disk signals by stellar signals to take into account intrinsic stellar color effects, we systematically obtained and compared the reflectance of debris birth rings at ≈90º scattering angle.

Results. Debris birth rings typically exhibit a blue color at ≈90º scattering angle. As the stellar luminosity increases, the color tends to be more neutral. A likely L-shaped color–albedo distribution indicates a clustering of scatterer properties.

Conclusions. The observed color trend correlates with the expected blow-out size of dust particles. The color-albedo clustering likely suggests different populations of dust in these systems. More detailed radiative transfer models with realistic dust morphology will contribute to explaining the observed color and color–albedo distribution of debris systems.
Identifying and characterising the population of hot sub-luminous stars with multi-colour MeerLICHT data
Authors: Ranaivomanana P. , Johnston C. , Groot P. J. , Aerts C. , Lees R. , IJspeert L. , Bloemen S. , Klein-Wolt M. , Woudt P. , Körding E. , Le Poole R. , Pieterse D.
Published: February 2023

Context. Colour–magnitude diagrams reveal a population of blue (hot) sub-luminous objects with respect to the main sequence. These hot sub-luminous stars are the result of evolutionary processes that require stars to expel their obscuring, hydrogen-rich envelopes to reveal the hot helium core. As such, these objects offer a direct window into the hearts of stars that are otherwise inaccessible to direct observation.

Aims. MeerLICHT is a wide-field optical telescope that collects multi-band photometric data in six band filters (u, g, r, i, z, and q), whose primary goals are to study transient phenomena, gravitational wave counterparts, and variable stars. We showcase MeerLICHT’s capabilities of detecting faint hot subdwarfs and identifying the dominant frequency in the photometric variability of these compact hot stars, in comparison to their Gaia DR3 data. We hunt for oscillations, which will be an essential ingredient for accurately probing stellar interiors in future asteroseismology.

Methods. Comparative MeerLICHT and Gaia colour–magnitude diagrams are presented as a way to select hot subdwarfs from our sample. A dedicated frequency determination technique is developed and applied to the selected candidates to determine their dominant variability using time-series data from MeerLICHT and Gaia DR3. We explore the power of both datasets in determining the dominant frequency.

Results. Using the g − i colour, MeerLICHT offers a colour–magnitude diagram that is comparable in quality to that of Gaia DR3. The former, however, is more sensitive to fainter objects. The MeerLICHT colour–colour diagrams allow for the study of different stellar populations. The frequency analysis of MeerLICHT and Gaia DR3 data demonstrates the superiority of our MeerLICHT multi-colour photometry in estimating the dominant frequency compared to the sparse Gaia DR3 data.

Conclusions. MeerLICHT’s multi-band photometry leads to the discovery of high-frequency faint subdwarfs. Continued observations tuned to asteroseismology will allow for mode identification using the method of amplitude ratios. Our MeerLICHT results are a proof-of-concept of the capacity of the BlackGEM instrument currently in the commissioning stage at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile.
Decoding NGC 7252 as a blue elliptical galaxy
Authors: George Koshy
Published: February 2023

Elliptical galaxies with blue optical colours and significant star formation are hypothesised to be major merger remnants of gas-rich spiral galaxies or normal elliptical galaxies with a sudden burst of star formation. We present here a scenario in which blue elliptical galaxies identified in shallow imaging surveys may fail to recover faint features that are indicative of past merger activity using a nearby major merger remnant. Based on deep optical imaging data of the post-merger galaxy, NGC 7252, we demonstrate that the galaxy can appear as an elliptical galaxy if it is observed at higher redshifts. The main body and the low surface brightness merger features found at the outskirts of the galaxy are blue in the optical g − r colour map. We argue that the higher-redshift blue elliptical galaxies discovered in surveys as shallow as the SDSS or DECaLS may be advanced mergers whose defining tidal features fall below the detection limits of the surveys. This should be taken into consideration during the morphological classification of these systems in future and ongoing surveys.
A Chitosan Hydrochloride Mediated, Simple and Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of Hydrazones, their in vitro Antimycobacterial Evaluations, and Molecular Modeling Studies (Part III)
Authors: Mali Suraj N. , Pandey Anima , Thorat Bapu
Published: February 2023

A simple, eco-friendly and straightforward synthesis of hydrazones has been devised that is conducted in the presence of chitosan Hydrochloride (chitosan·HCl) as catalyst in aqueous-ethanol medium at room temperature. The current protocol offers metal-free synthesis, adaptability to large-scaleup, good yields, and quicker reaction time. All ten synthesized hydrazones also showed good antimycobacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 3.12 to 6.25 μg/mL. One of the products presented strong binding affinity against M. tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase (pdb id: 3IVX) with a Glide docking score of –8.803 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of its complex with 3IVX retained good stability over the simulation period of 20 ns.
Presurgical Perspective and Postsurgical Evaluation of Instability and Microinstability Secondary to Ankle Ligaments Injury
Authors: Perez Alexeys , Vega Jordi , Llopis Eva , Cerezal Luis
Published: February 2023

Injuries of the ankle ligaments complexes are very common, and ∼ 20 to 40% of patients can develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). Current concepts in CAI allow a better understanding of the ankle biomechanics needed to repair it. The surgical treatment of CAI has evolved in the last decade, and ankle arthroscopy has become an essential tool in the treatment of instability with promising results. We review the different surgical techniques to treat CAI, both those frequently used and the new approaches, as well as the normal postsurgical appearance of ankle ligaments repair and the most common complications.
In eigener Sache: kma im digitalen Wandel mit Fokus auf das Krankenhaus der Zukunft
Authors: Herrschelmann Anna
Published: February 2023

Mit dem neuen Jahr beschreitet kma neue Wege. Das stetig wachsende Interesse unserer Leserschaft an digitalen Informationen und neuen audio-visuellen Formaten fordert ein Umdenken in Bezug auf das Medienangebot von kma, das in Zukunft digitaler wird und mehr Praxisnähe bietet.
Krankenhausversorgung: Wenn der Bürgerwille zu teuer wird
Authors: Rößing Sabine
Published: February 2023

Gleich zwei Mal in kurzer Folge wollen Bürgerinitiativen den Erhalt bestehender Krankenhausstrukturen durchsetzen, obwohl deren Unterhaltung kaum noch zu finanzieren ist. Doch die eigentliche Entscheidung über künftige Versorgungsangebote fällt längst außerhalb kommunaler Befugnisse.
KHZG: Klare Ziele, wenig Zeit
Authors: Hollmig Luisa-Maria
Published: February 2023

Das Krankenhauszukunftsgesetz verspricht ein digitales Upgrade in Milliardenhöhe. 4,3 Milliarden Euro stehen den Krankenhäusern zur Umsetzung ihrer Digitalprojekte zur Verfügung. Dafür haben sie noch zwei Jahre Zeit – ein Zwischenstand aus Niedersachsen.
Implementierung von Digitaltechnik: Pflegefachkräfte richtig motivieren
Authors: Lang Michael
Published: February 2023

Eine Studie hat die Einstellung von Pflegefachkräften gegenüber digitaler Technik untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Online-Befragung liefern Pflegedienstleitungen Hinweise dazu, mit welchen Argumenten sie Pflegekräfte zur Nutzung von digitalen Geräten überzeugen können.
Qualifizierung: Weiter schleppende Akademisierung der Pflege
Authors: von Wendorff Hannah , Fischer Uli
Published: February 2023

Der Einsatz akademischer Pflegefachpersonen wird wegen der damit assoziierten besseren Patientenoutcomes in der direkten klinischen Versorgung seit Jahren gefordert. Während die Akademisierung der Pflege im Ausland weit fortgeschritten ist, liegt Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich zurück, wie einzelne Studien zeigen.
Bilateral leadership in critical moments: France, Germany, and the management of major European integration crises
Authors: Schramm Lucas
Published: February 2023

Not least in view of the past decade, crises in the European Union (EU) have attracted much scholarly attention. At the same time, difficult decision-making situations and turning points have always been parts of the European integration process. Moreover, as founding and the two largest member states, France and Germany have been key drivers in the development of today’s EU polity. Strikingly, a systematic analysis of major crises covering the entire integration process and the comparative role that France–Germany have played, so far is lacking. Scholars tend to focus on instances of ‘successful’ crisis resolution or, more recently, on a presumably hegemonic Germany. This article, by contrast, argues and demonstrates why and how France and Germany, together, have been essential for the management and resolution of European-level political controversies and deadlock. To do so, the article considers nine major integration crises. It highlights different ways and means of bilateral leadership and their resulting impact on European integration. Case selection includes both successful crisis management and instances of failed or absent leadership.
A neglected and emerging antimicrobial resistance gene encodes for a serine-dependent macrolide esterase
Authors: Dhindwal Poonam , Thompson Charis , Kos Daniel , Planedin Koa , Jain Richa , Jelinski Murray , Ruzzini Antonio
Published: February 2023

The discovery of unreported antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) remains essential. Here, we report the identification and preliminary characterization of an α/β-hydrolase that inactivates macrolides. This serine-dependent macrolide esterase co-occurs with emerging ARGs in the environment, animal microbiomes, and pathogens.
Blaze: A High performance Big Data Computing System for High Energy Physics
Authors: Xia Libin , Sun Wei , Liu Xiaoyu , Sun Gongxing , Jiang Xiaowei
Published: February 2023

High energy physics (HEP) is moving towards extremely high statistical experiments and super-large-scale simulation of theory. In order to handle the challenge of rapid growth of data volumes, distributed computing and storage frameworks in Big Data area like Hadoop and Spark make computations easy to scale out. While the programming model based on in-memory RDD assumes that workload performs only local computation and rare message exchange, it’s inefficient at some HEP use cases, because several scientific computations, such as partial wave analysis (PWA) and lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD), are based on numerical linear algebra and iterative algorithms that rely on message passing between tasks. In this paper, we present a computing system (Blaze) that modifies Spark to support OpenMPI, and performs as a unified system that integrates MPI in DAG and provides task scheduling policy. The results indicate that the insufficient expressiveness in Spark model are supplemented by inter-task message passing. Additionally, Blaze also empowers MPI with the ability of data-locality computing and provides a solution of fault tolerance.
Comparing SYCL data transfer strategies for tracking use cases
Authors: Joube S , Grasland H , Chamont D , Brunet E
Published: February 2023

The aim of this work is to compare the performance and ease of programming of the various data transfer strategies provided by SYCL 2020: buffers/accessors on one hand and the different storage types exposed by Unified Shared Memory (USM) on the other hand. We measured the relative performance of USM exclusively located either on the host (USM host) or on the device (USM device), or automatically managed and moved (USM shared). We also tried to quantify the impact of formatting data in a GPU-friendly manner as opposed to using a regular pointer-based structure in which the C++ allocator was replaced by the SYCL allocator sycl::malloc. We first made a PCIe-bound micro-benchmark to test the SYCL memory models with a simple access pattern. We then switched to a real use-case provided by Traccc, a research project associated to the ACTS particle tracking library. The algorithm of interest is SparseCCL, a clustering algorithm used on the first step of track reconstruction. For consistency, all tests were made on a single hardware architecture: a recent server having a discrete GPU with dedicated VRAM, representative of the hardware currently used by the ACTS team.
Data and Analysis Preservation in the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC
Authors: Potekhin M
Published: February 2023

The PHENIX experiment (the Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment) is the largest of the four experiments that have operated at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), taking data in 2000-2016. PHENIX has made fundamental contributions to the discovery and study of the Quark-Gluon Plasma, advancement of spin physics and other areas. Currently, the PHENIX Collaboration is analyzing large data samples previously collected, while facing challenges in the area of Data and Analysis Preservation. We describe the strategy and practices employed by the PHENIX Collaboration to meet these challenges by leveraging state-of-the-art platforms and tools created and maintained by the High Energy and Nuclear Physics communities, including Zenodo, HEPData, OpenData, REANA and others.
Deployment of High Energy Physics software with a standard method
Authors: Hahn Thomas , Verbytskyi Andrii
Published: February 2023

The installation and maintenance of scientific software for research in experimental, phenomenological, and theoretical High Energy Physics (HEP) requires a considerable amount of time and expertise. While many tools are available to make the task of installation and maintenance much easier, many of these tools require maintenance on their own, have little documentation and very few are used outside of HEP community.

For the installation and maintenance of the software, we rely on the well tested, extensively documented, and reliable stack of software management tools with the RPM Package Manager (RPM) at its core. The precompiled HEP software packages can be deployed easily and without detailed Linux system knowledge and are kept up-to-date through the regular system update process. The precompiled packages were tested on multiple installations of openSUSE, RHEL clones, and Fedora. As the RPM infrastructure is adopted by many Linux distributions, the approach can be used on more systems.

In this contribution, we discuss our approach to software deployment in detail, present the software repositories for multiple RPM-based Linux distributions to a wider public and call for a collaboration for all the interested parties.
Evaluation of Portable Programming Models to Accelerate LArTPC Detector Simulations
Authors: Dong Zhihua , Knoepfel Kyle , Lin Meifeng , Viren Brett , Yu Haiwang
Published: February 2023

The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) technology is widely used in high energy physics experiments, including the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Accurately simulating LArTPC detector responses is essential for analysis algorithm development and physics model interpretations. Accurate LArTPC detector response simulations are computationally demanding, and can become a bottleneck in the analysis workflow. Compute devices such as General-Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) have the potential to substantially accelerate simulations compared to traditional CPU-only processing. The software development for these compute accelerators often carries the cost of specialized code refactorization and porting to match the target hardware architecture. With the rapid evolution and increased diversity of the computer architecture landscape, it is highly desirable to have a portable solution that also maintains reasonable performance. We report our ongoing effort in evaluating Kokkos as a basis for this portable programming model using LArTPC simulations in the context of the Wire-Cell Toolkit, a C++ library for LArTPC simulations, data analysis, reconstruction and visualization.
GPU Accelerated Automatic Differentiation With Clad
Authors: Ifrim Ioana , Vassilev Vassil , Lange David J
Published: February 2023

Automatic Differentiation (AD) is instrumental for science and industry. It is a tool to evaluate the derivative of a function specified through a computer program. The range of AD application domain spans from Machine Learning to Robotics to High Energy Physics. Computing gradients with the help of AD is guaranteed to be more precise than the numerical alternative and have a low, constant factor more arithmetical operations compared to the original function. Moreover, AD applications to domain problems typically are computationally bound. They are often limited by the computational requirements of high-dimensional parameters and thus can benefit from parallel implementations on graphics processing units (GPUs).

Clad aims to enable differential analysis for C/C++ and CUDA and is a compiler-assisted AD tool available both as a compiler extension and in ROOT. Moreover, Clad works as a plugin extending the Clang compiler; as a plugin extending the interactive interpreter Cling; and as a Jupyter kernel extension based on xeus-cling.

We demonstrate the advantages of parallel gradient computations on GPUs with Clad. We explain how to bring forth a new layer of optimization and a proportional speed up by extending Clad to support CUDA. The gradients of well-behaved C++ functions can be automatically executed on a GPU. The library can be easily integrated into existing frameworks or used interactively. Furthermore, we demonstrate the achieved application performance improvements, including (≈10x) in ROOT histogram fitting and corresponding performance gains from offloading to GPUs.
The JSUB task submission and management software
Authors: Yang Yifan , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhao Xianghu , Li Weidong
Published: February 2023

In near future, new high energy physics experiments with challenging data volume are coming into operations or are planned in IHEP, China. A DIRAC-based distributed computing system is being enabled to process the huge amount of data to be obtained in these experiments. To encourage better utilization of computing resources, it’s essential to give users handy tools that saves them from troubles of mastering various technical details of distributed computing and let them have comfortable control over their tasks.

In this conference, we present the design and development of a extensible task submission and management system called JSUB, which provides users from different experiments with consistent solutions of managing massive jobs. JSUB covers functionalities including user interface, task creation and submission, run-time workflow control, task monitoring and management. Major features of this software include friendliness with extensions into different user scenarios, flexible task setting, and parametric job submission.

Currently, the JSUB software has been developed and put into use for JUNO and CEPC experiments. The software is also highly extensible to other HEP experiments. The designs and techniques could be interesting to other experiments which also use DIRAC as workload management system. The software has only been previously reported inside JUNO collaboration, and this is the first time to be presented to a wider audience.
Operation of the Neural z-Vertex Track Trigger for Belle II in 2021 - a Hardware Perspective
Authors: Unger Kai Lukas , Bähr Steffen , Becker Jürgen , Knoll Alois C. , Kiesling Christian , Meggendorfer Felix , Skambraks Sebastian
Published: February 2023

To reduce the background the z-Vertex Track Trigger estimates the collision origin in the Belle II experiment using neural networks. The main part is a pre-trained multilayer perceptron. The task of this perceptron is to estimate the z-vertex of the collision to suppress background from outside the interaction point. For this, a low latency real-time FPGA implementation is needed. We present an overview of the architecture and the FPGA implementation of the neuronal network and the preprocessing. We also show the handling of missing input data through preprocessing with specially trained neuronal networks implemented in hardware. For this, we will show the results of the z-vertex estimation and the latency for the implementation in the Belle II trigger system. Major update for the preprocessing stage utilizing a 3D Hough transformation processing step is ongoing.
Performance portability for the CMS Reconstruction with Alpaka
Authors: Bocci Andrea , Czirkos Angela , Pilato Antonio Di , Pantaleo Felice , Hugo Gabrielle , Kortelainen Matti , Redjeb Wahid
Published: February 2023

For CMS, Heterogeneous Computing is a powerful tool to face the computational challenges posed by the upgrades of the LHC, and will be used in production at the High Level Trigger during Run 3. In principle, to offload the computational work on non-CPU resources, while retaining their performance, different implementations of the same code are required. This would introduce code-duplication which is not sustainable in terms of maintainability and testability of the software. Performance portability libraries allow to write code once and run it on different architectures with close-to-native performance. The CMS experiment is evaluating performance portability libraries for the near term future.
Pyrate: a novel system for data transformations, reconstruction and analysis
Authors: Scutti Federico
Published: February 2023

The Pyrate framework provides a dynamic, versatile, and memory-efficient approach to data format transformations, object reconstruction and data analysis in particle physics. The system is implemented with the Python programming language, allowing easy access to the scientific Python ecosystem and commodity big data technologies. Developed within the context of the SABRE South experiment for dark matter direct detection, Pyrate relies on a blackboard design pattern where algorithmic trees are dynamically generated throughout a run where root nodes are managed by a central control unit. The system guarantees an economical usage of memory allocated by algorithms where individual algorithmic instances can be reused for multiple objects. The framework is intended to improve upon the user experience, portability and scalability of offline software systems currently available in the particle physics community with particular attention to medium to small-scale experiments.
Study on Detector Geometry Transformation and Visualization in Unity
Authors: Huang Kaixuan , Zhang Yumei , You Zhengyun
Published: February 2023

In High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments, it is useful for physics analysis and outreach if the event display software can provide sophisticated visualization effects. Unity is professional software that provides 3D modeling and animation production. GDML format files are commonly used for detector descriptions in HEP experiments. In this work, we present a method for automating the import of GDML files to the Unity engine modeling through geometric transformation. With the conversion of the file format, the complicated geometric description of the HEP detector in a GDML file can be imported directly into the Unity engine using an FBX file. This format conversion was applied to BESIII experiments to achieve an automated geometry conversion to build geometry models in the Unity engine.
Analysing arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Kalashev Oleg , Pshirkov Maxim , Zotov Mikhail
Published: February 2023

The problem of identification of ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) sources is greatly complicated by the fact that even the highest energy cosmic rays may be deflected by tens of degrees in the galactic magnetic fields. We show that arrival directions of UHECRs from several nearest active galaxies form specific patterns in the sky, which can be effectively recognized by convolutional neural networks. We use one of the recently developed convnet implementations for images defined on the sphere to train the classifier that is able to detect patterns that can be present in the experimental data. We calculate the minimal detectable from-source event fractions for several realistic source candidates and discuss the method limitations.
The Analysis of High-Frequency Finance Data using ROOT
Authors: Debie P , Verhulst M E , Pennings J M E , Tekinerdogan B , Catal C , Naumann A , Demirel S , Moneta L , Alskaif T , Rembser J , van Leeuwen P
Published: February 2023

High-frequency financial market data is conceptually distinct from high energy physics (HEP) data. Market data is a time series generated by market participants, while HEP data is a set of independent events generated by collisions between particles. However, there are similarities within the data structure and required tools for data analysis, and both fields share a similar set of problems facing the increasing size of data generated. This paper describes some of the core concepts of financial markets, discusses the data similarities and differences with HEP, and provides an implementation to use ROOT, an open-source data analysis framework in HEP, with financial market data. This implementation makes it possible to take advantage of the rich set of features available in ROOT and extends research in finance.
Generative Adversarial Networks for the fast simulation of the Time Projection Chamber responses at the MPD detector
Authors: Maevskiy A , Ratnikov F , Zinchenko A , Riabov V , Sukhorosov A , Evdokimov D
Published: February 2023

Detailed detector simulation models are vital for the successful operation of modern high-energy physics experiments. In most cases, running detailed models requires a significant amount of computing resources. It is desired to have approaches that are less resource-intensive. In this work, we demonstrate the applicability of Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) as a basis for such fast-simulation models for the case of the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) at the MPD detector at the NICA accelerator complex. Our prototype GAN-based model of TPC works faster than the detailed simulation in an order of magnitude without any noticeable drop in the quality of the high-level reconstruction characteristics for the generated data. Approaches with direct and indirect quality metrics optimization are compared.
GNN-based end-to-end reconstruction in the CMS Phase 2 High-Granularity Calorimeter
Authors: Bhattacharya S , Chernyavskaya N , Ghosh S , Gray L , Kieseler J , Klijnsma T , Long K , Nawaz R , Pedro K , Pierini M , Pradhan G , Qasim S R , Viazlo O , Zehetner P
Published: February 2023

We present the current stage of research progress towards a one-pass, completely Machine Learning (ML) based imaging calorimeter reconstruction. The model used is based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and directly analyzes the hits in each HGCAL endcap. The ML algorithm is trained to predict clusters of hits originating from the same incident particle by labeling the hits with the same cluster index. We impose simple criteria to assess whether the hits associated as a cluster by the prediction are matched to those hits resulting from any particular individual incident particles. The algorithm is studied by simulating two tau leptons in each of the two HGCAL endcaps, where each tau may decay according to its measured standard model branching probabilities. The simulation includes the material interaction of the tau decay products which may create additional particles incident upon the calorimeter. Using this varied multiparticle environment we can investigate the application of this reconstruction technique and begin to characterize energy containment and performance.
Machine Learning applications for Data Quality Monitoring and Data Certification within CMS
Authors: Wachirapusitan Vichayanun
Published: February 2023

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is getting ready for datataking in 2022, after a long shutdown period. LHC Run-3 is expected to deliver an ever-increasing amount of data. To ensure that the recorded data has the best quality possible, the CMS Collaboration has dedicated Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) and Data Certification (DC) working groups. These working groups are made of human shifters and experts who carefully watch and investigate histograms generated from different parts of the detector. However, the current workflow is not granular enough and prone to human errors. On the other hand, several techniques in Machine Learning (ML) can be designed to learn from large collections of data and make predictions for the data quality at an unprecedented speed and granularity. Hence, the data certification process can be considered as a perfect problem for ML techniques to tackle. With the help of ML, we can increase the granularity and speed of the DQM workflow and assist the human shifters and experts in detecting anomalies during data-taking. In this presentation, we present preliminary results from incorporating ML to highly granular DQM information for data certification.
Machine Learning for Particle Flow Reconstruction at CMS
Authors: Pata Joosep , Duarte Javier , Mokhtar Farouk , Wulff Eric , Yoo Jieun , Vlimant Jean-Roch , Pierini Maurizio , Girone Maria
Published: February 2023

We provide details on the implementation of a machine-learning based particle flow algorithm for CMS. The standard particle flow algorithm reconstructs stable particles based on calorimeter clusters and tracks to provide a global event reconstruction that exploits the combined information of multiple detector subsystems, leading to strong improvements for quantities such as jets and missing transverse energy. We have studied a possible evolution of particle flow towards heterogeneous computing platforms such as GPUs using a graph neural network. The machine-learned PF model reconstructs particle candidates based on the full list of tracks and calorimeter clusters in the event. For validation, we determine the physics performance directly in the CMS software framework when the proposed algorithm is interfaced with the offline reconstruction of jets and missing transverse energy. We also report the computational performance of the algorithm, which scales approximately linearly in runtime and memory usage with the input size.
Meta-learning for multiple detector geometry modeling
Authors: Salamani Dalila , Zaborowska Anna , Pokorski Witold
Published: February 2023

The simulation of the passage of particles through the detectors of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments is a core component of any physics analysis. A detailed and accurate simulation of the detector response using the Geant4 toolkit is a time and CPU consuming process. With the upcoming high luminosity LHC upgrade, with more complex events and a much increased trigger rate, the amount of required simulated events will increase. Several research directions investigated the use of Machine Learning based models to accelerate particular detector response simulation. This results in a specifically tuned simulation and generally these models require a large amount of data for training. Meta learning has emerged recently as fast learning algorithm using small training datasets. In this paper, we propose a meta-learning model that “learns to learn” to generate electromagnetic showers using a first-order gradient based algorithm. This model is trained on multiple detector geometries and can rapidly adapt to a new geometry using few training samples.
Studying quantum algorithms for particle track reconstruction in the LUXE experiment
Authors: Funcke Lena , Hartung Tobias , Heinemann Beate , Jansen Karl , Kropf Annabel , Kühn Stefan , Meloni Federico , Spataro David , Tüysüz Cenk , Chinn Yap Yee
Published: February 2023

The LUXE experiment (LASER Und XFEL Experiment) is a new experiment in planning at DESY Hamburg, which will study Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) at the strong-field frontier. In this regime, QED is non-perturbative. This manifests itself in the creation of physical electron-positron pairs from the QED vacuum. LUXE intends to measure the positron production rate in this unprecedented regime by using, among others, a silicon tracking detector. The large number of expected positrons traversing the sensitive detector layers results in an extremely challenging combinatorial problem, which can become computationally very hard for classical computers. This paper presents a preliminary study to explore the potential of quantum computers to solve this problem and to reconstruct the positron trajectories from the detector energy deposits. The reconstruction problem is formulated in terms of a quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation. Finally, the results from the quantum simulations are discussed and compared with traditional classical track reconstruction algorithms.