bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vesicle Trafficking, Autophagy and Nanoparticles: A Brief Review
Authors: Li Tianzhong , Yang Mengsu
Published: September 2019

Background:

Nanomedicine shows a huge promise for incurable diseases. So far, more than 50 nanoparticles have been approved by FDA and around 80 nanoformulations are currently in clinical trials. Nanoparticles possess several advantages over traditional drugs, including higher biocompatibility and bioavailability. One of the challenges for their wide application is insufficient understanding of the molecular network related to internalization of particles and intracellular release of cargos.

Objective:

This article aims to review the interactions between nanoparticles, vesicle transportation and autophagy pathways. The underlying molecular machinery is also discussed.

Methods:

For each step of the vesicle trafficking and autophagy, details of signaling pathways are described for a better understanding of the interactions between delivery vehicles and biomolecules within the cell.

Conclusion:

The selection of cellular uptake route mainly depends on physical characteristics of nanoparticles. For nanoparticles modified with ligands, they undergo receptormediated endocytic pathway. Once residing within the cells, cargos are released after disruption of endosomes, a mechanism called ‘proton sponge effect’. Besides, internalized nanoparticles either can be exocytosized, or they initiate the autophagy response, affecting the intracellular distribution of drugs.
Intercultural communication based on ideology, theology and sociology
Authors: Dasih I Gusti Ayu Ratna Pramesti , Triguna Ida Bagus Gde Yudha , Winaja I Wayan
Published: September 2019

The research was intended at exploring the intercultural communication based on ideology, theology, and sociology on Pura Dalem Solo. It was pura kahyangan jagat. Those have occurred many activities reflected intercultural communication. Intercultural communication raised some interesting things to study in order to formulate findings that can be used as a cultural reflection facing the global era. The existence of the temple was also related to history, tradition, and culture. They have accumulated from past thought. Therefore, it manifests in the form of multicultural culture and becomes a scientific study. The temple might be stated as an iconic culture. It was built from intercultural communication involving several things unlike, processes, patterns, and implications arise in intercultural communication. A cultural icon becomes the basis of the study. It can then be seen on the temple not only as a sacred place but also as a communication medium. In this case, cultural symbols were messages, and the pengempon-penyiwi resident were communicants or recipients as well as subjects who treat the message.
Web-Based Module for the Collection of Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes in People Living With HIV in Nouvelle Aquitaine, France: Usability Evaluation
Authors: Barger Diana , Leleux Olivier , Conte Valérie , Sapparrart Vincent , Gapillout Marie , Crespel Isabelle , Erramouspe Marie , Delveaux Sandrine , Wittkop Linda , Dabis François , Bonnet Fabrice
Published: September 2019

Background

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) can be of great value for both research and chronic disease management. We developed a new module of the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine cohort study’s Web-based data capture and visualization solution (APPEGE 2.0) for the collection of electronic PROs among people living with HIV cared for in Nouvelle Aquitaine, France.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the usability of 2 successively developed prototypes of ARPEGE 2.0’s electronic PROs module before launching a pilot study, owing to the novelty of the proposed data collection method for our setting and specific characteristics of the target population.

Methods

A total of 2 sequential rounds of empirical, task-based usability evaluations were conducted, involving 8 research staff and then 7 people living with HIV. Evaluators provided written feedback during round 1 and oral feedback during round 2. Evaluators who completed the full set of tasks responded to the System Usability Scale (SUS). We assessed changes in SUS scores between rounds and concluded usability testing when SUS scores reached a ceiling effect, defining good usability a priori as a usability score of 70.

Results

Insights were generated regarding the visibility of system status and the match between the system and the real world that improved the module’s usability. Research staff evaluators reported mean SUS scores of 65 (SD 18.87) and patient evaluators reported mean SUS scores of 85 (SD 5.4; P=.032).

Conclusions

Software modifications, informed by successive rounds of usability testing, resulted in sufficient gains in usability to undertake piloting. Insights generated during evaluations prompted us to find the appropriate balance between optimal security and ease of use.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03296202; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03296202

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

RR2-10.2196/10.2196/resprot.9439
Remote Patient Monitoring in Adults Receiving Transfusion or Infusion for Hematological Disorders Using the VitalPatch and accelerateIQ Monitoring System: Quantitative Feasibility Study
Authors: Tonino Rik Paulus Bernardus , Larimer Karen , Eissen Okke , Schipperus Martin Roelof
Published: September 2019

Background

Frequent vital sign monitoring during and after transfusion of blood products and certain chemotherapies or immunotherapies is critical for detecting infusion reactions and treatment management in patients. Currently, patients return home with instructions to contact the clinic if they feel unwell. Continuous monitoring of vital signs for hematological patients treated with immunotherapy or chemotherapy or receiving blood transfusions using wearable electronic biosensors during and post treatment may improve the safety of these treatments and make remote data collection in an outpatient care setting possible.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate patient experiences with the VitalPatch wearable sensor (VitalConnect) and to evaluate the usability of data generated by the physIQ accelerateIQ monitoring system for the investigator and nurse.

Methods

A total of 12 patients with hematological disorders receiving red blood cell transfusions, an intravenous (IV) proteasome inhibitor, or an IV immunotherapy agent were included in the study and wore the VitalPatch for 12 days. Patients completed questionnaires focusing on wearability and nurses completed questionnaires focusing on the usability of the VitalPatch.

Results

A total of 12 patients were enrolled over 9 months, with 4 receiving red blood cell transfusions, 4 receiving IV proteasome inhibitors, and 4 receiving IV immunotherapy. These patients were treated for diseases such as multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Of these patients, 83% (10/12) were aged 60 years and older. A total of 4 patients (4/12, 33%) withdrew from the study (3 because of skin irritation and 1 because of patch connection issues). Patients wore biosensor patches at baseline and for 1-week post administration. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were collected at baseline, day 1, day 5, and day 8. No difference in the PRO was observed when nurses or patients applied the patch. PRO data indicated minimal impact on the patient’s life. Ease of use, influence on sleep, impact on follow-up of health, or discomfort with continuous monitoring did not change between baseline and day 8. Changes in PRO were observed on day 5, where a 20% (2/10) increase in skin irritation was reported. Withdrawals because of skin irritation were reported in all cases when wearing the second patch. Nurses reported the placement of the VitalPatch to be easy and felt measurements to be reliable.

Conclusions

Generally, the VitalPatch was well tolerated and shown to be an attractive device because of its wearability and low impact on daily activities in patients, therefore making it suitable for implementation in future studies.
Efficiency of Arabica Coffee Processing Unit in Ngada Regency
Authors: Djawa Kornelia Ngina , Irham Irham , Waluyati Lestari Rahayu
Published: September 2019

Village-based processing unit is a small-scale agricultural processing industry based in rural areas. It is a breakthrough program in accelerating the growth of farmers' income and increased employment. The product processing unit has a goal of obtaining maximum benefit.  In order to achieve maximum profit and continuous processing of coffee, the processing unit should pay attention to the efficiency aspect. The purpose of this research is to know the efficiency of the coffee processing unit in Ngada regency and the improvement strategy for processing unit of an inefficient result to be efficient. The analysis method used is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) model and Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) model with output orientation. The research sample is the management of the coffee processing unit, with the total of 40 respondents. The result of this research shows that the efficiency measurement using DEA method of the CCR model produces coffee processing unit in Ngada regency which efficiently reaches 9 units or 22.5% while 31 or 77.5% other processing units are inefficient. On the BCC model unit, the efficient coffee processing is 20 units or 50%, while the other 20 units or 50% are in the inefficient state. The inefficient processing unit is because the available input is not used optimally. Inefficient processing units can be achieved efficiently by referring to efficient processing units within their peer groups by adjusting the excessive amount of input usage
Analysis of Object and Attractiveness of Community-Based Ecotourism in Coastal Area of Mempawah Regency
Authors: Dolorosa Eva , Kurniati Dewi
Published: September 2019

Mangrove ecotourism in the Mempawah coastal area began to be developed and initiated by local communities who are concerned in the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem. This is also supported by the increasing number of tourists to visit ecotourism, so that the development of ecotourism needs to be supported by tourist attractiveness as well as learning to tourists to care about their environment in accordance with the principles of ecotourism namely responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment and improving the well-being of local people. This paper focuses on analyzing the potential value of community-based ecotourism objects and its attractiveness. The assessment indicator based on the guidelines for assessment of natural tourism attractiveness was used to assess the objects and attractiveness in three specific ecotourism locations which are managed by local communities in Mempawah, namely Pasir, Bakau, and Mendalok Village. This study involves the participation of tourists who have visited the  ecotourism site. The study found that the potential value of the object and attractiveness mangrove ecotourism in Mempawah Area was 3,105 with an average score of 388 meaning that it ispotentially developed, and also increasing recommendations related to community-based ecotourism development.
The Evaluation of Several Alternative Policies’ Impact on The Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata) Industry in Indonesia: A System Dynamics Analysis
Authors: Mufidah Lyli , Arshad Fatimah Mohamed , Sidique Shaufique , Sugiyatno Agus , Ibragimov Abdulla
Published: September 2019

The increase in imports and the decline in Indonesia's production triggered the government’s intervention in the form of non-tariff barriers. This will surely make a change in Indonesia's mandarin landscape industry. Therefore, this paper aims to construct structured factors building the mandarin industry and attempts to evaluate the impact of several alternative policies, including the non-tariff barriers imposed, in the purpose to find the policies that sustain the industry in the future. Systems dynamics are employed due to their ability to accommodate time delay and reciprocal relationships between sub-systems found in the industry. The time series data of mandarin from BPS were used in this research from 1999 to 2012, which includes production, productive area, productivity, price, local consumption and import.The first step is to construct the existing pattern of the mandarin industry in Indonesia. Afterward, six different scenarios were simulated, including the non-tariff barriers; and they were compared for their ability to sustain the Indonesian mandarin industry. The ability was assessed from the relative value, production, expected profits and import value. The analysis results recommend the government to pay more attention to the disease management and to improve the ratio of agricultural extension agents to areas, which can lead to a more significant impact on the mandarin industry in Indonesia, even with the gradual elimination of non-tariff barriers.
The Export Determinants of Indonesian Cut Flower in The International Market
Authors: Arumta Niza , Mulyo Jangkung Handoyo , Irham Irham
Published: September 2019

Trade statistics of Indonesian cut flower indicates the potential of Indonesia as an exporting country. The international market becomes more attractive as the increasing trend of demand and the rising cost for producing cut flowers shows the various challenges for emerging countries. This study investigates whether the analytical gravity model fixed effect, common effect or random effect model is proper and what determinants have significant effects to the exports of Indonesian cut flower to partner countries. The data encompasses the period of 2008 to 2017 as the series data and the seven destination export countries from Indonesia as the cross-sectional data, using the panel regression with the basic gravity model. The estimation results show the fixed effects model is the proper model to explain the determinants of bilateral export on cut flower. The estimates imply the corroborate signs with GDP per capita of Indonesia, GDP per capita of partner countries and exchange rate while those variables with the opposite sign are distance and trade openness. Thus, the export promotion, quality improvement and technology development are required in the development of export of cut flower industries.
Performance of The Bandungan District Chrysanthemum Supply Chain Management
Authors: Putra Adityo Azana , Masyhuri Masyhuri , Jamhari Jamhari
Published: September 2019

Chrysanthemums are included in a group of flowers with relatively high economic value. The demand for chrysanthemums increases from year to year so that special concern for chrysanthemums is required in order that their quality and availability are maintained. Bandungan as one of the centers of chrysanthemum production in Indonesia has some problems in functioning as part of the chrysanthemum supply chain, such as, 1) difference in selling price based on time of day, 2) difference in selling price based on days of importance, and 3) there still being a long supply chain to go through. The research concerned here aimed at measuring the performance of chrysanthemum supply chain management in Bandungan by using the SCOR analysis with five performance attributes, namely, 1) supply chain reliability, 2) supply chain responsiveness, 3) supply chain agility, 4) supply chain cost, and 5) supply chain asset management. The research was conducted in February 2019. The research was descriptive type with quantitative approach. The sample consisted of farmer, retailer, florist and consumer which numbered 30 respondents. The result shows that the perfomance in relation with supply chain reliability, supply chain responsiveness, and supply chain agility is satisfactory in category (with scores within the 31-40 range) while the performance in relation with supply chain cost and supply chain asset management is moderate in category (with scores within the 21-30 range). The performance of chrysanthemum supply chain management in Bandungan would become increasingly better if all the actors in the supply chain take special notice of any performance that is done. The result of the research could hopefully be a reference in the making of strategies for development and improvement in the chrysanthemum business in Bandungan.
The Competitiveness of Stevia rebaudiana as a Sweetener Alternative in Tawangmangu Subdistrict of Karanganyar Regency
Authors: Putri Trisna Wahyu , Suryantini Any , Utami Arini Wahyu
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this research is to analyze the competitiveness of Stevia agriculture in Tawangmangu Subdistrict, Karanganyar Regency based on its competitive and comparative advantage, as well as to know the effect of government policies on this agricultural product. The basic method used is a descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. The study involved 14 stevia cultivators as respondents. Sampling was carried out by way of census. The data of the study were collected during one stevia planting season in the course of 2015-2018, with an average planting period of 4 years. The data were collected using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) method. The results reveal that stevia farming in Tawangmangu Subdistrict is proven to have a competitive advantage as seen from the value of PP and PCR. It also has a comparative advantage as indicated by its SP and DRCR values. The impact of government policy is apparent from (a) the value of EPC and NPCO pinpointing that there is protection from government policy for domestic farmers who cultivate stevia intensively, especially for output (stevia dried leaves) prices. It is also indicated by (b) the value of NPCI highlighting that the tradable input costs paid by farmers are lower than the cost of tradable inputs that should be paid. This is in accordance with the rule of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No.47/Permentan/SR.310/11/2018. It is pivotal that the government provide the stevia farmers with stevia superior seeds to boost the production of high-quality stevia product.
Paradoks Demokratisasi dan Liberalisasi Pasar terhadap Gerakan Anti-Korupsi di Negara Berkembang
Authors: Umam Ahmad Khoirul
Published: September 2019

The package of neoliberal reforms involving three main components namely democratization, market liberalization, and the creation of good governance, has often adopted by a number of developing countries in order to overcome their prolonged political and economic crises. The policies which are often promoted by international donor agencies have been expected to streamline the transformation processes in the developing countries to establish a more powerful, well established and stable countries in economics and politics. However, experiences in developing countries actually showed the opposite trends, where the concept of market structure strengthening and the reduction of state authority in the public sector have often resulted in the widening loopholes and opportunities for more systematic and structured corruption practices.In addition, the democratization agenda has also often facilitated the old groups of interests to get back to control of the reformed political system leading to the symptoms of neo-patrimonialism in the process of democratic transition. The impact of these symptoms is the anti-corruption agenda inclines to become more vulnerable to manipulation, intervention, and political pressures. To eliminate such trends, it needs the presence of strong leadership factor backed up by an established surveillance system in order to encourage the 'rule of law' as the supreme commander in the transformation and democratic transitional processes which are usually haunted by various turbulences. This article completely uses a literature approach by analysing secondary data from books and journals in order to look at the dynamics and theoretical debates on pros and cons of the implementation of neo-liberal policies for developing countries’ anti-corruption agenda.
ASEAN Centrality in Asian Regional Architecture
Authors: Kamasa Frassminggi
Published: September 2019

This study examines the regional architecture process in Asia. Specifically, I empirically focus on what ASEAN’s role in contemporary Asian regional architecture is and what challenge and opportunities lie ahead. In contrast to other studies, I consider whether the ASEAN as a driving force of the regional architecture in Asia should only be considered in an over-arching macro-analytical sense in order to contain China. Such an approach to the concept may not work in explaining what change in Asia and its relations with the ASEAN centrality. Additionally, I consider why there is a need for regional architecture in Asia. Using a single-case analysis of ASEAN role in regional architecture from 2009-2012, I found evidence of an association between bargaining and mutual satisfaction while embracing different motives and power for doing regional architecture. Moreover, I demonstrate that it makes sense to talk about regional identity whenever ASEAN is struggling to project a common voice.
The Path of Military Power Interference in the Politics of Thailand
Authors: Galan Prakoso Septyanto
Published: September 2019

Military element is undoubtedly important in order to protect a country's sovereignty. However, sometimes the functional aspect of military power can be biased, as military personnel also included in the political affairs. In some country this phenomenon happened, when military element through its personnel can become a part of government/bureaucratic mechanism. Tension is possible to rise between civil and military itself. In Thailand, military power can meddle in the country's politics through coup, even though it only runs the role to observe at first. The coup has happened for years in Thailand's modern history, noticeably started since 1932 after the revolution. Since then, military power always able to interfere Thailand’s political affairs and cause the fall and change of the government. Recently, the same things happened in May 7th, 2014 when Thai military launched a coup towards Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra's government, and ended her spell as prime minister since August 5th, 2011. Therefore, in order to deeply explore Thailand's military's activity in meddling inside the politics, this journal will try to trackback through Thailand's history and discover the reasons and factors which influenced military power's interference in Thailand politics.
Etika Global dalam Dunia yang Sedang Berubah: Mengelola Kebangkitan Asia dan Kemunduran Barat
Authors: Rosyidin Mohamad
Published: September 2019

Kebangkitan Cina, yang menurut David Shambaugh, adalah sebab utama kebangkitan Asia (Asia Rising), kerap dipersepsi secara negatif oleh sebagian pakar geopolitik Barat. John Mearsheimer berpendapat bahwa “Jika Cina terus mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang luar biasa selama beberapa dekade mendatang, maka Amerika Serikat dan Cina akan saling bersaing dalam hal keamanan yang dapat memicu perang”. Senada dengan itu, David Shambaugh juga berpendapat bahwa “Beijing cenderung menunjukkan perilaku yang keras dan kasar kepada banyak negara tetangganya di Asia, selain kepada Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa. Pesimisme semacam itu sangat mendominasi cara pandang Barat terhadap Cina. Akibatnya, sikap Barat kepada Cina cenderung dilandasi oleh logika ancaman ketimbang peluang kerjasama.
China’s International Strategy and How to Pursue It
Authors: Aftah Chairul
Published: September 2019

China is a major actor in the Asia Pacific region and global because of its economy, politic, military, social and cultural capabilities. In world history, this position has been built through several stages. In the Post-World War II, China was considered dangerous despite its inability to show diplomatic influence in international relations, especially with the United States and its allies.  It was only after 1980, after Deng Xiaoping came to power, China began to increase their influence through a variety of domestic and international policies. As a result, China’s existence has been increasingly recognized in various fields. Domestically, China considers that the increase of its multisectoral capability as an effort to put China on an equal footing with other actors that have better capabilities. In contrast, for the other states, the increase of China’s ability has been perceived as a threat because it raised China’s bargaining power. Thus, it is crucial for China to convince others that its progress is not a threat. In improving its capabilities, China formulated an international strategy in both regional and international level. Therefore, China sought to implement these strategies by improving its relationship with other actors.
Keterwakilan Perempuan di Parlemen: Komparasi Indonesia dan Korea Selatan
Authors: Syafputri Ella
Published: September 2019

The article examines the similarities and differences in terms of women representation in the parliaments of Indonesia and South Korea. With the methods of literature study, the author constructs the factors inhibiting women's involvement in politics in Indonesia and Korea as a member of the legislature. From 1996 to 2014, Indonesia has more women MPs ratio than Korea. Exceptions only occur in 2004, in which the ratio between women and men in Korea's national parliament surpassed Indonesia. In this article the author argues representation of women in parliament both in Indonesia and South Korea are very influenced by political culture and recruitment system by political party. Both countries apply a minimum quota of women as legislators, as one initiative helps bridging the gender ratio in parliament. However the two Asian countries have not yet succeeded in achieving these targets.
The National Interest in International Relations Theory
Authors: Rizky Mardhatillah Umar Ahmad
Published: September 2019

Berbagai diskusi politik dewasa ini telah membangkitkan kembali sebuah konsep “klasik” dalam teori Hubungan Internasional (HI), yaitu “kepentingan nasional”. Konsep ini menjadi kata kunci paling penting bagi penganut pendekatan realisme yang memang sangat percaya pada “kedaulatan negara” sebagai satu-satunya aktor/entitas dalam HI. Secara lebih luas, istilah “kepentingan nasional” juga terutama muncul dalam dokumen-dokumen kebijakan di berbagai kementrian, terutama Kementrian Luar Negeri dan Kementrian Pertahanan, serta menjadi salah satu doktrin yang memandu pelaksanaan politik luar negeri di banyak negara.Namun, secara konseptual istilah ini juga menyisakan pertanyaan penting: apa yang dimaksud dengan “kepentingan nasional” ini? Kendati sering sekali didiskusikan dalam teori HI kontemporer, pada dasarnya istilah ini masih dengan serius diperdebatkan.
The Contribution of Post-Conflict Education to Social Transformation and Sustainable Development
Authors: Ariyanto Azis Aswin
Published: September 2019

The role of education in post conflict reconstruction has become increasingly important and gained much greater acknowledgment in development studies in recent years. Education is increasingly accepted as an integral part of humanitarian response in emergencies. It can help conflict-affected community and individual to return to normalcy, safeguard the most vulnerable, provide psychosocial care, promote tolerance, unify divided communities, and begin the process of reconstruction and peace building. However, research also suggests that education can encourage intolerance, create or generate inequality, and intensify social tensions that can lead to civil conflict and violence. Education is a key determinant of income, influence, and power. Inequalities in educational access can lead to other inequalities–in income, employment, nutrition and health as well as political position, which can be an important source of conflict. Hence, education has potential to either aggravate the conditions that lead to conflict or to heal them. Nonetheless, the unavoidable conclusions must be that ignoring education, or postponing it, is not an option. This essay attempts to answer question on how post-conflict education be able to contribute to social transformation and sustainable development. It argues that education in general has a key role in both preventing conflict and rebuilding fractured post-conflict societies. Hence it puts forward education as a human development activity and must be undertaken with a development perspective if it is to contribute reversing the damage and to building resilience to prevent further violence conflict.
The Cosmopolitanism of Y.B. Mangunwijaya
Authors: Alif Alvian Rizky
Published: September 2019

This paper aims to explain and analyze the idea of post-nationalism/post-Indonesia (pasca-nasionalisme/pasca-Indonesia) provided by Indonesian architect, clergy, social activist, and writer, Y.B. Mangunwijaya. Through his idea of post-nationalism, Mangunwijaya criticizes the Indonesian nationalism which tends to ask for an unconditional loyalty of the people to the state. This “shallow nationalism”, according to Mangunwijaya, is well expressed in the slogan of “right or wrong my country” (Mangunwijaya, 1999). Mangunwijaya further argues that the state should only be defended as long as the state defends “truth” since the purpose of human life is not to protect the state; but to defend truth and humanity. However, it is a mistake to understand Mangunwijaya simply as an anti-nationalist thinker. Instead, his idea of post-nationalism is rooted in his experience of third world nationalism, especially Indonesian nationalism. According to him, Indonesian nationalism did not emerge to resist the Dutch. It emerged to resist colonialism and its inhuman nature; and then attempted to restore human dignity. In other words, humanization is the essence of Indonesian nationalism (Mangunwijaya, 1995; 1999). This paper argues that Mangunwijaya reinterpretation of nationalism lays the foundation of his post-nationalism: post-nationalism is an effort to expand the essence of Indonesian nationalism to the world. Mangunwijaya directs Indonesian nationalism not only to humanize his polis, i.e. Indonesia, but also to humanize the cosmos, the world. This cosmopolitan aspect of Mangunwijaya post-nationalism is unique compared to that of Kantian or Levinasian-Derridean cosmopolitanism. Instead of placing nationalism as an obstacle to build a cosmopolitan world, Mangunwijaya places nationalism in the heart of his cosmopolitanism.
Mapping North-South Relations: The Case of Australia’s Regional Refugee Arrangements
Authors: Fauzi Dimas , Kurniasih Yusnia
Published: September 2019

In recent years, Australia has created some regional refugee arrangements with their neighbouring countries. Under the agreements with countries such as Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia and the most recent, Cambodia, Australia is committed to providing financial aid to run the supporting facilities and protect the asylum seekers who are relocated from their territory. These agreements then become questionable as the partner countries are developing countries which are relatively unstable in domestic politics and are not prosperous enough to bear the non-financial costs of refugee protection, such as integration and accountability issues. In this case, relations between Australia and their partner countries could be considered as an example of relations between the developed (north) and the developing countries (south). Thus, a question appears to be prominent: what do Australia refugee settlement agreements tell us about the relations between the (developed) north and the (developing) south? By employing structuralism model in international politics, we propose an argument that Australia’s refugee resettlement agreement can be understood as a form of responsibility sharing on refugee issue between the concerning countries in the region. The arrangements have not only produced positive results but also negative ones, such as conflicts. Additionally, this research will also take into account the existence of international law(s) governing refugee issues as the basis to analyse the refugee protection, mainly in Australia’s resettlement partner countries.
The Transnational Role of Foreign Companies in the Upstream Sector of Oil and Gas in Indonesia: pre-Gross Split Mechanism
Authors: Santoso Yulida Nuraini
Published: September 2019

This article aims to explain how and why foreign oil and gas companies carry influence over the government in the upstream oil and gas sector. It looks at the troubling issue of domination in Indonesia particularly before the Gross Split mechanism was introduced. From a transnational point of view, states and non-states continuously attempt to overpower the other to gain the most from this industry. Although the roles and obligations of foreign oil and gas companies are strictly regulated, domination is still visible in areas of cost recovery to add to the weak domestic market resulting in an asymmetric competition. Market failures have become increasingly alarming as liftings continue to fail to reach the national quota. Using the introduction of the Gross Split mechanism as a turning point, this article looks back at how transnationalism has translated into this sector. This article is of the view that the lack of effort to enrich knowledge bases, enforce the adoption of appropriate technology and prepare its domestic market for healthy competition, has brought it further away from addressing its underlying issues.
Authors Biography
Authors: Winanti Poppy S.
Published: September 2019

Authors Biography
Isolation, identification, and detection of ACC deaminase gene-encoding rhizobacteria from rhizosphere of stressed pineapple
Authors: Jaya Dori Kusuma , Giyanto Giyanto , Nurhidayat Novik , Antonius Sarjiya
Published: September 2019

ACC deaminase is a microbial cytoplasmic enzyme that cleaves ACC, a precursor of ethylene, in the stressed plant. The aims of this study were to isolate, identify, and detect the presence of ACC deaminase gene-encoding rhizobacteria from the rhizospheric soil of pineapple plants that have been exposed to abiotic and biotic stress, specifically herbicide, flooding, and Phytophthora spp. stress. A total of 49 rhizobacterial isolates were obtained, seven of which were observed for their growth on DF medium containing 3 mM L-1 ACC. The four best-growing isolates were selected for genomic DNA extraction. They were molecularly identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3), Burkholderia territorii (2A), Pseudomonas oryzihabitans (5B), and Bacillus tropicus (1E). A set of primers, 105F-acdS 5’-TGCCAAGCGTGAAGACTGC-3’ and 244R-acdS 5’-GGGTCTGGTTCGACTGGAT-3’, were constructed to amplify the ACC deaminase gene (acdS). Based on melt peak curve analysis, four products appeared to show a specific single peak at 86, 89, 87, and 89.5°C, indicating a single product was produced. In addition, a Blast search showed that these four products met the ACC deaminase feature and their acdS sequences were clustered into an ancestral group compared with the bacterial strains deposited in GenBank. These results suggest that ACC deaminase gene-encoding rhizobacteria from a pineapple plantation of tropical origin may affect the acdS sequences and may contribute to the host plant’s stress tolerance.
Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in GDF9 gene associated with litter size in Garut sheep
Authors: Rahmawati Resti Yuliana , Sumadi Sumadi , Hartatik Tety
Published: September 2019

The growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene has been regarded as having major impacts on ovulation rate and litter size in sheep. The aim of this study was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GDF9 gene and their association with litter size in Garut sheep. For this purpose, a total of 60 ewes of Garut sheep were included in this study. Based on the sheep GDF9 reference sequences (Genbank Acc. No. AF078545.2), one pair of primers (5’-CTGCTGTTTAACCTGGATCGTG-3 5’-GGAGAGCCATACCGATGTCC-3 as forward and reverse, respectively) was used for PCR amplification. The results revealed that four SNPs (g.54C>T, g.60G>A, g.304G>A, and g.333G>A) were found in Garut sheep by direct sequencing. For SNP g.54C>T, the sheep exhibited the highest frequency of allele C and genotype CC. On the other hand, SNPs g.60G>A, g.304G>A, and g.333G>A showed a higher frequency of allele G than allele A, and the GG genotype was predominant in the population. SNP g.333G>A had a significant effect on litter size (p < 0.05), and ewes with the GG genotype had a higher litter size than those with the GA genotype. Genotype distributions for all identified SNPs were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We highlight that SNP g.333G>A may be useful as a genetic marker for litter size in Garut sheep.
Inverse correlation of kidney interstitial cells expansion with hemoglobin level and erythropoietin expression in single and repeated kidney ischemic/reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Wibisono Dian Prasetyo , Arfian Nur , Romi Muhammad Mansyur , Setyaningsih Wiwit Ananda Wahyu , Sari Dwi Cahyani Ratna
Published: September 2019

Ischemic/reperfusion injury (IRI) causes acute kidney injury that may lead to chronic kidney disease. We investigated the correlation between kidney interstitial cells expansion, hemoglobin level, and erythropoietin expression as the chronic effects of single and repeated kidney IRI in mice. We created an IRI model using male Swiss mice by clamping the bilateral renal pedicles. Subjects were divided into four groups that contained six mice each: control/sham operation, single acute IRI, single chronic IRI, and repeated IRI. Our results showed that the single chronic and repeated IRI groups significantly increased the tubular injury score, decreased the hemoglobin level, and increased erythropoietin expression compared with the control. Lower hemoglobin levels in all of the groups compared with the control was associated with erythropoietin resistance. In single chronic and repeated kidney IRI, there were decreased creatinine levels compared with the control. The decreased creatinine levels from the single acute IRI group to the single chronic IRI group, suggesting a repair phase of IRI starting on day 7 occurred in the single chronic IRI group. A macrophage marker, CD68, and an inflammatory mediator marker, MCP-1, significantly increased in all IR groups, indicating inflammation occurred due to IRI. In conclusion, chronic and repeated kidney IRI induced interstitial cells expansion and inflammation associated with anemia.
HINTERLAND MEDAN CITY BETWEEN BINJAI CITY: A GRAVITATION APPROACH
Authors: Nasir Muhammad
Published: September 2019

Regional economy explains that there is an urban hierarchical relationship, cities that have higher hierarchy will serve cities that are below it as well as cities that are in hierarchy under supplying cities that are in the hierarchy above them, so there is a gravitational relationship between the two. This study aims to determine the gravitational relationship of Medan city to the hinterland of the city of Binjai. Furthermore, this study also wants to explain its influence on economic growth in both cities. This study uses time series data from 1990-2016, taken from North Sumatera BPS test equipment and analysis tools used are descriptive statistics, gravity models, unit root test, co-integration test, optimal lag, VECM, granger causality test, impulse response function and variance decomposition. The results showed that the city of Medan has a gravity style greater than the gravitational style of the city of Binjai. This is because the city of Medan has a larger area, population, income per capita compared to the city of Binjai. The VECM estimation results show that the gravitational variable in the city of Binjai in lag -1 and lag-2 has a positive and significant effect on the economy of Medan city with a confidence level of 95%. Then the economic variable of the city of Binjai itself in lag-1, the population of the city of Medan in lag-2 and the gravity of the city of Medan in lag-2 had a positive and significant effect on the economy of Binjai city with a confidence level of 95%. While the variable population of Binjai city in lag -1 and residents of the city of Medan in lag -1 negatively affected the economy of Binjai city with a confidence level of 95%.
Opportunities and advantages of the interconnected use of informatization means in the training of foreign students in the Russian language in the medical university
Authors: Itinson Kristina S. , Grinshkun Vadim V.
Published: September 2019

Problem and goal. The article devoted to the problem that there are no approaches to the system of interconnected use of means of informatization in the process of teaching Russian for foreign students in medical university within preparation for clinical practice and practice itself in medical institutions. The objective of this research is experimental confirmation of efficiency of the developed model of approaches to informatization of a system of teaching Russian for foreign students in medical university. Methodology. The research on the basis of formation control (118 persons) and experimental (136 persons) groups is conducted where teaching of foreign students in the experimental group was carried out according to requirements of the developed model of approaches to informatization of teaching Russian for foreign students. The analysis of communicative competence’s levels of foreign students in Russian language was carried out by five criterions. Results. During the research it is established that training of foreign students according to the developed model of approaches to informatization of a system of teaching Russian at all stages of training of foreign students in medical university undoubtedly increases level of students’ proficiency in medical Russian and level of their preparation to clinical practice in medical institutions of Russia (interrogation of patients, communication with medical colleges, work with documentation and literature in Russian). Conclusion. The efficiency of the developed model of approaches to informatization of a system of teaching Russian for foreign students is experimentally proved. As a result, students showed high level of proficiency in medical Russian and also successful passings of clinical practice in Russian hospitals.
Prospects for promoting the online model of Russian education exports in Africa
Authors: Krasnova Gulnara A.
Published: September 2019

Problem and goal. The task of increasing the number of foreign students twice by 2024, set before the Russian universities by the country’s leadership in the framework of the national project “Education”, will require a revision of the traditional approach to the recruitment of foreign students. It is obvious that in conditions of limited organizational, human and financial resources of the country’s universities will require fundamentally new forms and technologies of recruiting, and in the future and new forms of training of students. The article deals with the actual problem of implementation and realization of the online model of export of Russian education in the conditions of expansion of export activity of Russian universities for the recruitment of foreign students in Africa. The purpose of the described study was to determine the basic conditions for the implementation of the online model of export of Russian education in Africa, identifying the target countries of Africa, promising for recruiting students. Methodology. The definition of the features and conditions of the online model of education export was carried out on the basis of the analysis of the best practices of foreign universities (TOP-500) and Russian universities (participants of Project 5-100). The main conditions for the implementation of this online model of education exports, the availability of appropriate infrastructure, the potential effectiveness of the export model in Africa (target countries) are analyzed. Results. The study revealed that the use of the online model of export of education by Russian universities in Africa, based on the use of telecommunication technologies, can affect the increase in the number of Foreign students and have a positive impact on the effectiveness of recruiting activities of the Russian University in modern conditions through the introduction of online recruiting methods of recruitment of foreign students, attracting a new audience of foreign students, the implementation of online training in Africa, which, ultimately, greetings to the increase in university income from educational activities received from foreign sources. Conclusion. It is shown that the use of the online model of education exports can have a significant impact on the competitiveness of Russian universities in Africa and the increase in the number of foreign students enrolled in online programs of Russian universities in their target countries.
Design of automation system for building personal education trajectories of students
Authors: Zaslavsky Alexey A.
Published: September 2019

Problem and goal. Programs “Digital economy of the Russian Federation” and “Digitalization of education” prescribe the development of tools for the formation of an individual approach to each student. Currently, the tools of the organization of individual approach in the form of building an individual learning path are not perfect. Consider the modern aspects of the construction of personal trajectories of development of students, the selection of personal forms of control and reflection, personal goals and content of training. As the main tool for the organization of this approach, we propose to use a specially created system of automation of building personal trajectories of development of students. Methodology. To achieve the objectives the article describes the algorithm design of the system automating the selection of individual learning paths in basic stages. Methodical bases of differentiation and individualization of training, lists of documents obligatory for system start, and also basic principles of design of system are presented. Special attention is paid to the means of ensuring external and internal information security. Results. When following the stages of design, presented in the article, the system of automation of personal trajectories will have a basic set of necessary functions that will respond to the challenges formulated in the “Digitalization of education”. This system will simplify the work of teachers in terms of reducing the cost of building an individual trajectory. Conclusion. The application of the designed system will allow teachers to quickly and efficiently build individual educational trajectories for all their students, based on their individual capabilities and personal characteristics; for students and parents to access the constructed trajectory at a convenient time, perform tasks and monitor the learning process; for administration to see the learning process of each individual student and build analytical reports on the learning process.