bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Swearwords and Slang
Authors: Moore Robert L.
Published: June 2012

Slang lexemes and swearwords are commonly discussed in conjunction with each other as though they were slightly different versions of the same phenomenon. However, these lexical categories have distinctly different core functions and correspondingly different defining qualities. Confusion about their differences comes from the fact that each is associated with the obligatory expression of affect that is incompatible with the formality and deference characteristic of honorifics or, indeed, of much standard discourse. Slang lexemes and swearwords also overlap in that basic slang lexemes, such as cool and swell, share with swearwords connections to underlying cultural value systems that render them (like swearwords) both widely recognizable and enduring.
Backward Coalescence Times for Perfect Simulation of Chains with Infinite Memory
Authors: De Santis Emilio , Piccioni Mauro
Published: June 2012

This paper is devoted to the perfect simulation of a stationary process with an at most countable state space. The process is specified through a kernel, prescribing the probability of the next state conditional to the whole past history. We follow the seminal work of Comets, Fernández and Ferrari (2002), who gave sufficient conditions for the construction of a perfect simulation algorithm. We definebackward coalescence timesfor these kind of processes, which allow us to construct perfect simulation algorithms under weaker conditions than in Comets, Fernández and Ferrari (2002). We discuss how to construct backward coalescence times (i) by means ofinformation depths, taking into account some a priori knowledge about the histories that occur; and (ii) by identifying suitablecoalescing events.
A Symmetry Property for a Class of Random Walks in Stationary Random Environments on Z
Authors: Derrien Jean-Marc , Plantevin Frédérique
Published: June 2012

A correspondence formula between the laws of dual Markov chains on Z with two transition jumps is established. This formula contributes to the study of random walks in stationary random environments. Counterexamples with more than two jumps are exhibited.
On Rice's Formula for Stationary Multivariate Piecewise Smooth Processes
Authors: Borovkov K. , Last G.
Published: June 2012

Let X = {Xt: t ≥ 0} be a stationary piecewise continuous Rd-valued process that moves between jumps along the integral curves of a given continuous vector field, and let S ⊂ Rd be a smooth surface. The aim of this paper is to derive a multivariate version of Rice's formula, relating the intensity of the point process of (localized) continuous crossings of S by X to the distribution of X0. Our result is illustrated by examples relating to queueing networks and stress release network models.
Lie Algebra Solution of Population Models Based on Time-Inhomogeneous Markov Chains
Authors: House Thomas
Published: June 2012

Many natural populations are well modelled through time-inhomogeneous stochastic processes. Such processes have been analysed in the physical sciences using a method based on Lie algebras, but this methodology is not widely used for models with ecological, medical, and social applications. In this paper we present the Lie algebraic method, and apply it to three biologically well-motivated examples. The result of this is a solution form that is often highly computationally advantageous.
Occupation Times for Markov-Modulated Brownian Motion
Authors: Breuer Lothar
Published: June 2012

In this paper we determine the distributions of occupation times of a Markov-modulated Brownian motion (MMBM) in separate intervals before a first passage time or an exit from an interval. We derive the distributions in terms of their Laplace transforms, and we also distinguish between occupation times in different phases. For MMBMs with strictly positive variation parameters, we further propose scale functions.
On Tail Bounds for Random Recursive Trees
Authors: Munsonius Götz Olaf
Published: June 2012

We consider a multivariate distributional recursion of sum type, as arises in the probabilistic analysis of algorithms and random trees. We prove an upper tail bound for the solution using Chernoff's bounding technique by estimating the Laplace transform. The problem is traced back to the corresponding problem for binary search trees by stochastic domination. The result obtained is applied to the internal path length and Wiener index of random b-ary recursive trees with weighted edges and random linear recursive trees. Finally, lower tail bounds for the Wiener index of these trees are given.
Means and Variances in Stochastic Multistage Cancer Models
Authors: Sudbury Aidan
Published: June 2012

A widely used model of carcinogenesis assumes that cells must go through a process of acquiring several mutations before they become cancerous. This implies that at any time there will be several populations of cells at different stages of mutation. In this paper we give exact expressions for the expectations and variances of the number of cells in each stage of such a stochastic multistage cancer model.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 mutation that is associated with disease onset in infancy disrupts axonal pathfinding during neuronal development
Authors: Issa Fadi A. , Mock Allan F. , Sagasti Alvaro , Papazian Diane M.
Published: June 2012

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 (SCA13) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the Kv3.3 voltage-gated potassium (K+) channel. SCA13 exists in two forms: infant onset is characterized by severe cerebellar atrophy, persistent motor deficits and intellectual disability, whereas adult onset is characterized by progressive ataxia and progressive cerebellar degeneration. To test the hypothesis that infant- and adult-onset mutations have differential effects on neuronal development that contribute to the age at which SCA13 emerges, we expressed wild-type Kv3.3 or infant- or adult-onset mutant proteins in motor neurons in the zebrafish spinal cord. We characterized the development of CaP (caudal primary) motor neurons at ~36 and ~48 hours post-fertilization using confocal microscopy and 3D digital reconstruction. Exogenous expression of wild-type Kv3.3 had no significant effect on CaP development. In contrast, CaP neurons expressing the infant-onset mutation made frequent pathfinding errors, sending long, abnormal axon collaterals into muscle territories that are normally innervated exclusively by RoP (rostral primary) or MiP (middle primary) motor neurons. This phenotype might be directly relevant to infant-onset SCA13 because interaction with inappropriate synaptic partners might trigger cell death during brain development. Importantly, pathfinding errors were not detected in CaP neurons expressing the adult-onset mutation. However, the adult-onset mutation tended to increase the complexity of the distal axonal arbor. From these results, we speculate that infant-onset SCA13 is associated with marked changes in the development of Kv3.3-expressing cerebellar neurons, reducing their health and viability early in life and resulting in the withered cerebellum seen in affected children.
Strand-asymmetric endogenous Tetrahymena small RNA production requires a previously uncharacterized uridylyltransferase protein partner
Authors: Talsky Kristin Benjamin , Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2012

Many eukaryotes initiate pathways of Argonaute-bound small RNA (sRNA) production with a step that specifically targets sets of aberrant and/or otherwise deleterious transcripts for recognition by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (RDRC). The biogenesis of 23- to 24-nt sRNAs in growing Tetrahymena occurs by physical and functional coupling of the growth-expressed Dicer, Dcr2, with one of three RDRCs each containing the single genome-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Rdr1. Tetrahymena RDRCs contain an active uridylyltransferase, either Rdn1 or Rdn2, and Rdn1 RDRCs also contain the Rdf1 and Rdf2 proteins. Although Rdn2 is nonessential and RDRC-specific, Rdn1 is genetically essential and interacts with a non-RDRC protein of 124 kDa. Here we characterize this 124-kDa protein, designated RNA silencing protein 1 (Rsp1), using endogenous locus tagging, affinity purification, and functional assays, as well as gene-knockout studies. We find that Rsp1 associates with Rdn1-Rdf1 or Rdn1-Rdf2 subcomplexes as an alternative to Rdr1, creating Rsp1 complexes (RSPCs) that are physically separate from RDRCs. The uridylyltransferase activity of Rdn1 is greatly reduced in RSPCs compared with RDRCs, suggesting enzyme regulation by the alternative partners. Surprisingly, despite the loss of all known RDRC-generated classes of endogenous sRNAs, RSP1 gene knockout was tolerated in growing cells. A minority class of Dcr2-dependent sRNAs persists in cells lacking Rsp1 with increased size heterogeneity. These findings bring new insights about the essential and nonessential functions of RNA silencing in Tetrahymena, about mechanisms of endogenous small interfering RNA production, and about the roles of cellular uridylyltransferases.
Evaluation of internet derived patient information
Authors: Ward JBM , Leach P
Published: June 2012

INTRODUCTION

The internet is a widely used, powerful resource for patients to research medical conditions. There is an extensive amount of information available on the internet. It is important for patient information to be accurate and in an easily accessible format. This article aims to assess the quality of patient information on hydrocephalus and compares the findings with recent evaluations in other surgical specialties.

METHODS

The term ‘hydrocephalus’ was searched for on the search engines http://www.google.com/ , http://www.bing.com/ and http://www.yahoo.com/ . The top 20 results of these searches were assessed using the University of Michigan consumer health website evaluation checklist.

RESULTS

The quality of patient information websites on hydrocephalus is highly variable. Websites rarely provide sufficient authorship information, do not review their information regularly enough and only reference material occasionally. The background of the provider was found to influence the quality of the website, with academic and care providers creating the best websites.

CONCLUSIONS

On comparing our findings with those of recent studies from other surgical specialties, it was found that there was often a conflict of interest between the background of the provider and the information supplied. It is recommended that clinicians personally research material for their patients to be able to guide them to suitable, accurate websites.
Peri-operative care series
Authors: Game F
Published: June 2012

Diabetes is a common disease worldwide with a multitude of complications and high mortality. Moreover, its prevalence is increasing and many of our patients will have diabetes. We have known for almost 50 years that patients with diabetes undergo surgical procedures at a higher rate than patients who do not have the condition 1 and that they spend 45% longer in a hospital bed than patients with diabetes admitted to a medical ward. 2
Who Should Look After Head Injuries? Training Issues in District General Hospitals
Authors: Singh H , Peek A , Bloch B , Barrington R
Published: June 2012

Head injury is one of the most common reasons for presentation to accident and emergency (A&E) departments in the UK, with one million patients presenting annually. The death rate from head injury is 9 in 100,000 per year, which accounts for 1% of all deaths and 15–20% of deaths of those aged between 5 and 35 years. Head injuries may have significant behavioural, cognitive and emotional effects, with even minor head injuries potentially resulting in significant morbidity. Three months after a minor head injury, 79% of those injured suffer persistent headaches, 59% complain of memory problems and 34% of previously employed patients will remain unemployed.
Training in Current Medical Education: Surgeons are Different from Their Medical Colleagues
Authors: Osborne AJ , Hawkins SC , James A , Pournaras D , Pullyblank A
Published: June 2012

Education and training in surgery have focused on an apprenticeship style of learning, particularly in the operating theatre, with little emphasis on understanding how trainees learn. This focus on one style of training may not achieve the best possible outcomes. The need to deliver training over a shorter period since the introduction of the European WorkingTime regulations makes each learning opportunity vital. Learning styles have already been suggested as an important issue in obstetrics and gynaecology.
Use of Patient Pagers in a Diagnostic Breast Clinic: An Example of Service Improvement and Patient-Centred Care
Authors: Kruger SJ , Devalia H
Published: June 2012

'One-stop' diagnostic breast clinics allow timely triple assessment but can be time consuming and anxiety provoking for patients. The process of clinical assessment, mammography, ultrasonography, biopsy and delivering results is lengthy, particularly if many patients seen in that clinic require ultrasonographyguided biopsy or cytology results. This is, of course, not predictable.
Vital bleaching for the management of hypomineralised enamel defects
Authors: Bannister Rose , Harley Kathryn
Published: June 2012

This paper reviews the literature on hypomineralised enamel defects and summarises the techniques available for their management. The authors demonstrate the use of the vital bleaching technique to improve the appearance of enamel defects in children aged between 11 and 16 years. A significant improvement in appearance was seen in all cases thus preventing the need for invasive and potentially destructive treatment, which might result in the unnecessary loss of enamel. However, new EU legislation may prohibit this valuable technique from being used for patients under 18 years of age.
Histologic Follow-up in Patients With Papanicolaou Test Findings of Endometrial Cells
Authors: Li Zaibo , Gilbert Christopher , Yang Huaitao , Zhao Chengquan
Published: June 2012

We studied 1,183 Papanicolaou (Pap) cytology cases (739 with normal endometrial cells [nEMCs], 423 with atypical EMCs [aEMCs], and 21 with endometrial cancer cells [EMCCs] in women 40 years or older) with histologic follow-up. Significant endometrial lesions were found in 2.7%, 18.4%, and 100% of cases with nEMCs, aEMCs, and EMCCs, respectively. Significant lesions were present in women 50 years or older with nEMCs found after day 12 of the menstrual cycle or who were postmenopausal (5.2%), but not in women with nEMCs before day 12 (0.5%) or women younger than 50 years with nEMCs after day 12 (1.6%). Our data indicate that endometrial sampling provides no clinical benefit in women (regardless of age) with nEMCs before day 12 of the menstrual cycle or women younger than 50 years with nEMCs after day 12. Endometrial sampling should be routinely performed in women with aEMCs and in women 50 years or older with nEMCs after day 12 of the menstrual cycle or who are postmenopausal.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of GATA3 Expression in Tumors and Normal Tissues
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Shi Jianhui , Wilkerson Myra L. , Lin Fan
Published: June 2012

GATA3 expression has been reported in urothelial and breast carcinomas; however, the published data on GATA3 expression in tumors from other organs are limited. Immunohistochemical evaluation of GATA3 expression in 1,110 carcinomas and 310 cases of normal tissue using tissue microarray sections, 48 breast and bladder biopsy specimens, and 53 breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens was performed. Sixty-two of 72 urothelial carcinomas (86%) and 138 of 147 breast carcinomas (94%) tested positive for GATA3. All other cases, except for 2 of 96 endometrial carcinomas, tested negative for GATA3. On fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples, 88% of primary breast carcinomas and 82% of metastatic breast carcinomas tested positive for GATA3. Our study revealed that GATA3 is a sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of breast and urothelial carcinomas. When working on a tumor of unknown origin, GATA3 should be routinely included in the initial screening panel if either a breast or urothelial primary tumor is suspected.
Thymic Carcinoma, Part 1
Authors: Weissferdt Annikka , Moran Cesar A.
Published: June 2012

The clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 65 primary thymic carcinomas are reported (43 men and 22 women; 19–81 years old). Thymectomy was performed in all cases. Masaoka staging for 53 patients showed 3 patients in stage I, 14 in stage II, 17 in stage III, and 19 in stage IV. Histologic studies revealed 9 carcinoma subtypes. Immunohistochemically, the tumors showed high rates of expression for cytokeratin, Pax8, and FoxN1. Follow-up for 62 patients revealed that 36 patients were alive (mean follow-up, 51.1 months) and 26 had died (mean survival, 47.5 months). The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 76.6% and 65.7%, respectively. Our findings suggest that thymic carcinomas may behave less aggressively than commonly believed. Lymph node status and tumor size seem to be important prognostic factors. The Masaoka staging system does not seem to reliably predict outcome.
Pathologic Findings of Follow-up Surgical Excision for Lobular Neoplasia on Breast Core Biopsy Performed for Calcification
Authors: Zhao Chengquan , Desouki Mohamed Mokhtar , Florea Anca , Mohammed Khaled , Li Xin , Dabbs David
Published: June 2012

This study aimed to ascertain pathologic findings of surgical follow-up excision (FUE) on patients who had radiologic finding of calcifications and lobular neoplasia (LN) on core biopsy. Breast core biopsy specimens from 2006–2011 with a diagnosis of pure classic-type LN (lobular carcinoma in situ [LCIS] and atypical lobular hyperplasia [ALH]) with no history of invasive carcinoma (IC) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were studied. Two hundred thirty-seven patients with the diagnosis of calcium on radiologic studies had FUE and were included in the study. Cases were divided into group 1 (pure ALH, n = 163) and group 2 (pure LCIS, n = 74). The interval between the core biopsy and FUE ranged from 0.2 to 7 months (mean, 1.5 ± 1.1 months). The risk of upstaging on FUE (DCIS or IC) is as follows: LCIS, 8.1% (6/74) and ALH, 3.1% (5/163). The data indicate that there is a low risk of upstaging to DCIS/IC from a core biopsy diagnosis of lobular neoplasia.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome/Acute Myeloid Leukemia With t(3;21)(q26.2;q22) Is Commonly a Therapy-Related Disease Associated With Poor Outcome
Authors: Li Shaoying , Yin C. Cameron , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Bueso-Ramos Carlos , Lu Gary , Lin Pei
Published: June 2012

The t(3;21)(q26.2;q22) translocation is rare in cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We studied 17 patients with MDS/AML associated with t(3;21) and compared them with 17 patients with MDS associated with inv(3) (q21q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2), because these entities share 3q26 locus abnormalities. The t(3;21) group included 9 men and 8 women, with a median age of 62 years (range, 13–81 years). One case was de novo AML and 16 cases were therapy-related, including 12 MDS (blasts, <15%) and 4 AML (blasts, 33%–50%). All patients had multilineage dysplasia, whereas none had thrombocytosis. Additional cytogenetic aberrations were identified in 12 cases, including −7/7q (n = 9) and a complex karyotype (n = 7). All patients died, with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 35% and 6%, respectively. Although multilineage dysplasia and frequent association with −7/7q were similar in both groups, MDS/AML cases associated with t(3;21) have a higher frequency of therapy-related disease and shorter survival times, suggesting that they are distinct from MDS/AML cases associated with inv(3)/t(3;3).
An Odyssey for Korean Rock: From Subversive to Patriotic
Authors: Son Min-Jung
Published: June 2012

This paper examines dramatic transformations of Korean Rock and its social implications, focusing on three crucial events: Taemach’o P’amun (the Marihuana Scandal) in the mid-1970s, Kukp’ung 81 (National Wind 81), and the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/ Japan. Associated with subversive hippie culture, rock in the 1970s experienced heavy censorship; newly promoted College Rock by the mass media became politicized during the dictatorship; rock, notwithstanding, played a key role in uniting fragmented Korean youth spirits and hearts during the World Cup. With its innate energy and determination to bind a community, Korean Rock has accomplished its diverse functions.

본 논문은 한국 록음악의 사회적 의미가 어떻게 변화되어왔는지 역사적인 세가지 사건과 연관 지어 살펴보고자 한다. 세 가지 사건은 1970 년대 중반 대마초 파문, 1981 년 국풍 81, 그리고 2002 월드컵이다. 한국 록음악은 히피 문화의 상징으로서 정부로부터 심한 견제를 받게 되는데 대마초 사건이 대표적이라 하겠으며, 이후 대중매체를 통하여 양성된 대학가의 그룹사운드는 1980 년대 민주화 운동이라는 시대적 과제를 겪고 있는 대학문화에서 정치적 수난을 겪기도 한다. 그러나 한국 록음악은 2002 년 월드컵의 응원가 ‘오! 필승 코리아’를 필두로명실상부 국민적 소통의 공간으로 태어난다. 한국 록음악은 내재된 에너지와 결속력으로 다양한 상황 속에서 그 기능을 발현하고 있다고 해석할 수 있겠다.
Child Sacrifice in Egyptian Monastic Culture: From Familial Renunciation to Jephthah's Lost Daughter
Authors: Schroeder Caroline T.
Published: June 2012

The Apophthegmata Patrum tells the story of a man who, wishing to join a monastery, reenacts Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac by proceeding to throw his son in the Nile River on the command of the monastic father. Like Isaac, the boy is spared. This account of extreme familial renunciation in the service of the ascetic life is not the only account of a child killing or attempted killing in monastic literature. Nor does the biblical prefigurement of ascetic renunciation exhaust these narratives' significance. This essay examines accounts of child killings in Egyptian monastic culture through the lens of various textual and visual sources: the Greek Apophthegmata Patrum , paintings of the sacrifice of Jephthah's daughter and the averted sacrifice of Isaac at the monasteries of Saint Antony on the Red Sea and Saint Catherine at Sinai, and exegesis of the same biblical narratives in the writings of the Egyptian monk Shenoute and other ascetic authors. What we will see is that powerful moments or rituals of transition and transformation accompany these stories. Thus the textual and visual representations of these killings or attempted killings are theologically, politically, and even socially generative. They reaffirm priestly authority and theological orthodoxy in the monasteries at the same time as they invite male monks to identify with both male and female exemplars. As these paintings and texts reveal, child sacrifice in monastic culture represented not merely an ascetic injunction to abandon family, but, perhaps more radically, an ascetic reproduction of monastic community and genealogy.
Why Novels are Redundant: Sensation Fiction and the Overpopulation of Literature
Authors: Steinlight Emily
Published: June 2012

Reinterpreting the controversy surrounding such bestsellers as Lady Audley's Secret , this essay shows how the unexpected problem of "redundant women" reshaped the Victorian novel. It argues that this peculiar hypothesis of female surplus population takes form in sensation narratives and permanently destabilizes domestic fiction. By overpopulating households and eroding qualitative distinctions among characters, these narratives created a new paradigm. The redundancy paradigm infiltrates realist classics (notably, George Eliot's novels) against which Mary Braddon's notorious novels were regularly contrasted. It further transforms critical discourse, which echoes sensation plots in representing popular fiction itself as a surplus that literary culture cannot contain.
Frado Taught a Naughty Ram: Animal and Human Natures in Our Nig
Authors: Kilcup Karen L.
Published: June 2012

Recent ecocriticism has begun to address African Americans' literary production, but nineteenth-century texts, including Harriet Wilson's Our Nig , continue to be neglected, even though Wilson scholarship gestures toward an obvious conclusion: Frado grows up in a toxic environment. Our Nig represents Frado's multiply outsidered position: a black, female, indentured, rural, and sometimes physically disabled child, she embodies a crushing matrix of disadvantage; thus the novel represents a tour-de-force analysis of synergistic prejudice. I argue that we can understand the novel as an environmental justice analysis and that Wilson's work suggests we need to think about environmental justice more expansively. This essay offers a preliminary ecocritical examination of Our Nig from several different positions that constellate around the heroine's embodiment. I examine Wilson's representation of Frado's physical labor in a farm environment and her relationship with animals, and I map the author's masterful analysis of multiple identity classifications that are sometimes self-reinforcing and at other times mutually deconstructing. My project also aims indirectly to ameliorate the urbanist bias that frames much contemporary literary criticism; thus, while the essay considers "representations," it frames them in the concrete, "natural," rural experience within which Frado, and Wilson herself, sought environmental justice.
Effects of Glucose Releasing Rate on Cell Growth and Performance of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) in Sweet Potato Medium for Fuel Ethanol Production Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Shen Yu , Guo Jin-song , Chen You-Peng , Zhang Hai-Dong , Zheng Xu-Xu , Jiang Yan , Zhang Xian-Ming , Li Xiao-Hong
Published: June 2012

Sweet potato medium containing 230.0 g•kg-1 liquefied starch was used for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for fuel ethanol production. Glucose releasing rate was controlled by the initial addition of incremental glucoamylase. The increasing rates of glucose concentration display a positive relationship when glucoamylase is added in early stage (0 to 8 hours (h)). Serious cells growth inhibition occurred in the early stage when 1.0 g•kg-1 glucoamylase is added, whereas glucose providing limitation occurred in the batch with 0.2 g•kg-1 glucoamylase added in later stage (64 to 80 h). The optimum dosage of glucoamylase was 0.8 g•kg-1, where a final ethanol concentration of 118.2 g•kg-1 was attained within 72 h. The results of our study suggest cell growth inhibition and substrate providing limitation can be avoided simultaneously by adding a proper dosage of glucoamylase. It is indicated further that cells growth inhibition in early stage in the batch with 1.0 g•kg-1 glucoamylase added was due to the high increasing rate of initial glucose concentration, but not the high overall glucose concentration.
In Situ Eddy-Current Testing on Low-Pressure Turbine Blades of Aircraft Engine
Authors: Qi Gong-Jin , Lei Hong , Fu Gang-Qiang , Jing Peng , Lin Jun-Ming
Published: June 2012

To realize in situ testing on low-pressure turbine blades of aircraft engines, eddy-current testing was studied through probe design, artificial defect sample testing, and practical field applications. The eddy-current probe was composed of a differential coil with dual magnetic cores, flexible spring steel strip, and elongating composite shank, which, respectively, provided high detection sensitivity on the turbine blade defect, appropriate contact between the probe and the curving blade surface, and adequate extent for the long distance of in situ inspection. Practical applications in engine turbine blades testing proved that the eddy-current probe successfully solved the in situ testing difficulties, including poor accessibility, limited detection space, and strong interference signals.
'H θάλασσα ϰoινή: Fishermen, the Sea, and the Limits of Ancient Greek Regulatory Reach
Authors: Lytle E.
Published: June 2012

Although it is frequently asserted that Greek poleis routinely laid legal claim to marine fisheries or even territorial waters, making them subject to special taxes and regulation, these assertions have little or no foundation in the evidence. For Greek fishermen the sea was freely and openly accessible, a fact that reflects the limited regulatory reach of ancient poleis. This evidence for the legal status of the sea and its fisheries is mirrored by our evidence for the status of marine fishermen, conceived of as comprising distinct communities existing largely outside the legal and social structures of the polis.
The Italiote League: South Italian Alliances of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC
Authors: Wonder John W.
Published: June 2012

Polybius and Diodorus each cite a league of Italiote city-states while chronicling events of the fifth and fourth centuries bc respectively. Scholarly opinion holds that the authors describe the same alliance. This article argues that each ancient historian refers to a different alliance with dissimilar goals. Evidence is marshaled to show that Polybius's fifth-century league was not formed to combat an Italic threat, as is commonly stated by modern authors. Three Achaean states established this alliance to counter their aggressive Italiote neighbors, Thurii and Locri, both of whom were supported by major powers. By the first part of the fourth century, however, the situation in southern Italy had changed dramatically, and the growing power of Dionysius I as well as Italic people threatened the Italiotes. Diodorus describes another alliance formed by a larger group of Italiote states to counter a different set of enemies.
Zeus, Ancient Near Eastern Notions of Divine Incomparability, and Similes in the Homeric Epics
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: June 2012

This article explores the significance of the following fact: in neither the Iliad nor the Odyssey does one find a simile about Zeus. I argue that just as ancient Near Eastern texts characterize a god by declaring it impossible to fashion a comparison about him or her, so the Homeric epics characterize Zeus by avoiding statements in the shape “Zeus (is) like X.”
Mousikoi Agones and the Conceptualization of Genre in Ancient Greece
Authors: Rotstein Andrea
Published: June 2012

This article inquires into the shaping force that competition at musical contests exercised on ancient perceptions of literary genres, particularly for the non-choral and non-dramatic kinds of the Classical Period. Three musical contests of the fourth century BCE, the Panathenaia, the Amphiaraia, and the Artemisia, are taken as case studies. After a reconstruction of their programs, principles of categorization that spectators might have inferred from the contests are deduced, and modes in which categories of competition and literary genres interacted are put forward. The article concludes by suggesting that, by enacting taxonomies, either strengthening or weakening the specificity of traditional types, institutionalized poetic and musical competitions contributed to the ancient conceptualization of literary genres.
The Difficulty of Historical Work in the Nineteenth-Century Museum and the Thackeray Novel
Authors: Gilmore Dehn
Published: June 2012

This essay suggests that conservation debates occasioned by the democratization of the nineteenth-century museum had an important impact on William Makepeace Thackeray’s reimagination of the historical novel. Both the museum and the historical novel had traditionally made it their mission to present the past to an ever-widening public, and thus necessarily to preserve it. But in the middle of the nineteenth century, the museum and the novel also shared the experience of seeming to endanger precisely what they sought to protect, and as they tried to choose how aggressive to be in their conserving measures, they had to deliberate about the costs and benefits of going after the full reconstruction (the novel) or restoration (the museum) of what once had been. The first part of this essay shows how people fretted about the relation of conservation, destruction, and national identity at the museum, in The Times and in special Parliamentary sessions alike; the second part of the essay traces how Thackeray drew on the resulting debates in novels including The Newcomes (1853–55) and The History of Henry Esmond (1852), as he looked for a way to revivify the historical novel after it had gone out of fashion. He invoked broken statues and badly restored pictures as he navigated his own worries that he might be doing history all wrong, and damaging its shape in the process.
Whose Weapons? Representations of Rape in the Print Media of Modern Vietnam
Authors: Hương Nguyễn Thu
Published: June 2012

The intersection of assumptions, stereotypes and social notions embedded within cultural understandings of gender, class, age, and other signifiers of inequality both shapes and delimits how a particular incident of rape is portrayed in the Vietnamese print media. One-sided and insensitive ways of reporting unwittingly exacerbate the suffering of victims, turning them into objects of criticism in local opinion. The activism shown by some quarters of the media has had a positive effect in encouraging rape victims and their families to come forward and use newspapers to air their grievances and seek justice by working within and sometimes around institutional structures.
Between Mountains and the Sea
Authors: Tana Li
Published: June 2012

This article attempts to piece together the available data on Sino-Vietnamese trade of northern Vietnam in the early nineteenth century with a focus on its upland region. This essay shares the views expressed in the works by Oscar Salemink, Philip Talor, Sarah Turner and other scholars on northern uplands, and in particular their rejection of the “urban-rural,” “advanced-backward,” “civilized-barbarian,” lowland-highland dichotomies. But building upon these works, this essay also tries to determine what proportion of overland and maritime trade made up the Nguyễn revenue, and to understand the interactions among various peoples living between the mountains and the sea. The data seems to suggest that, contrary to the view that this upland region was remote and consequently isolated, the upland region (outer provinces) near the Sino-Vietnamese border represented an important and even crucial portion of the overall revenue of Nguyễn Vietnam in the early nineteenth century.
Notes on an Unpublished Letter by Hồ Chí Minh to a French Pastor (September 8, 1921) or the Art of Dissenting Evangelization
Authors: Bourdeaux Pascal
Published: June 2012

Having lived in Paris starting in the summer of 1919 at the latest, Nguyễn Ái Quốc committed himself to the struggle against colonization and joined forces with all those with allied objectives who could support his cause before drawing nearer to the French Communist Party in 1920. During the course of 1921, he learned of a group of French Protestants who hoped to undertake an exploratory mission in Indochina. In the letter that he addresses to the pastor pioneering the project, Nguyễn Ái Quốc clearly exposes the contradictions of a process that is doubtlessly laudable yet still quite contrary in nature, since evangelization was an accomplice to colonization. These research notes present an unpublished document that throws light on the intellectual development of the future Hồ Chí Minh on the numerous origins of Vietnamese Protestantism, and on the debates about colonization and evangelization occurring within French Protestantism.
The Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan as a Medieval Vietnamese Invented Tradition
Authors: Kelley Liam C.
Published: June 2012

This paper critically examines an account called the “Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan” in a fifteenth-century text, the Arrayed Tales of Selected Oddities from South of the Passes [Lĩnh Nam chích quái liệt truyện]. This account is the source for the “historical” information about the Hùng kings. Scholars have long argued that this information was transmitted orally from the first millennium BCE until it was finally written down at some point after Vietnam became autonomous in the tenth century. In contrast, this paper argues that this information about the Hùng kings was created after Vietnam became autonomous and constitutes an “invented tradition.”
Evolution of Tricuspid Regurgitation after Mitral Valve Surgery for Patients with Moderate-or-Less Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation
Authors: Shi Kai-hu , Xuan Hai-yang , Zhang Fei , Xu Sheng-song , Wu Jun-xu , Cao Wei , Gong Wen-hui , Zhao Xu-dong
Published: June 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of moderate-or-less functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) treatment on the clinical outcome of patients with mitral valve (MV) surgery.

Methods: From October 2001 to January 2005, 167 patients in our hospital with MV surgery and without organic tricuspid valve (TV) disease or pulmonary hypertension (PH) showed moderate-or-less functional TR preoperatively, and 41.9% of these patients were treated with TR (group T), compared with 58.1% untreated with TR (group no-T). According to tricuspid annulus dimension (TAD)/body surface area (BSA), these 167 patients were further divided into another 2 groups (A and B): group A (70 patients) represented TAD/BSA ? 21 mm/m2 with 32 patients from group T and 38 from group no-T, and group B (97 patients) represented TAD/BSA > 21 mm/m2 with 38 patients from group T and 59 patients from group no-T. There was no statistical difference in preoperative and operative variables between the 2 groups. Meanwhile, among the 167 patients with MV surgery, 157 patients were replaced with MV and 10 patients were repaired with MV, and De Vega technique was constantly used for TR treatment. All the results were estimated by multivariate analysis.

Results: The median follow-up time was 63 months (25th and 75th percentiles are 53 and 94 months, respectively); 30-day mortality was 3% (1.4% in group T versus 4.1% in group no-T; P = .31). Adjusted 5-year survival was 70.7% (66.6%-80.4%) with 85.3% (83.0%-93.4%) in group T and 64.7% (33.7%-58.3%) in group no-T, P = .001. Among the 70 patients with TAD/BSA ? 21 mm/m2, patients who received treatment of moderate-or-less TR and those who did not showed similar secondary TR grade at postoperative period (0.5 � 0.6 in group T versus 0.9 � 0.9 in group no-T; P = .2) and follow-up (1.3 � 1.1 in group T versus 1.8 � 1.1 in group no-T; P = .06). In subgroup B (TAD/BSA > 21 mm/m2), patients who received tricuspid valvoplasty manifested more significantly improved outcome than patients without functional TR at postoperative period (0.8 � 0.8 in group T versus 1.6 � 1.3 in group no-T; P = .03) and follow-up (2.0 � 1.2 in group T versus 3.0 � 1.1 in group no-T; P = .005). The multivariate analysis identified TAD/BSA > 21 mm/m2 and preoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) as the risk factors for lower survival at follow-up period.

Conclusions: Patients with MV surgery have better midterm outcome when they receive either more aggressive and effective surgical treatment for functional TR or moderate-or-less TR preoperatively. Indexed TAD (TAD/BSA > 21 mm/m2) is a more reliable surgical guideline for the treatment of TR. Preoperative tricuspid annulus dilation and AF might be predictors of late lower survival.
Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty under Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support as a Bridge to Aortic Valve Replacement in a Patient with Hemodynamic Failure Secondary to Critical Aortic Valve Stenosis
Authors: Deo Salil , Greason Kevin L. , Gulati Rajiv , Jaffe Allan S. , Holmes David R.
Published: June 2012

Aortic valve replacement in the setting of critical aortic valve stenosis with cardiogenic shock is associated with high mortality, yet surgery is the only definitive treatment. We present the case of a patient with critical aortic valve stenosis and cardiogenic shock who received a short period of percutaneous mechanical support and balloon aortic valvuloplasty that resulted in rapid clinical improvement. The patient then underwent uneventful aortic valve replacement. We believe that temporary mechanical circulatory support coupled with balloon aortic valvuloplasty helped to restore hemodynamic stability before surgery, leading to a better outcome.
Ten-Year Outcome Analysis of Off-Pump Sequential Grafting: Single Surgeon, Single Center Experience
Authors: Raja Shahzad G. , Salhiyyah Kareem , Navaratnarajah Manoraj , Rafiq Muhammad Umar , Felderhof Jeremy , Walker Christopher P. , Ilsley Charles D. , Amrani Mohamed
Published: June 2012

Objectives: Despite increasing recognition that off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and sequential grafting strategy individually are associated with improved outcomes, concerns persist regarding the safety and efficacy of combining these 2 techniques. We compared in-hospital and midterm outcomes for off-pump multivessel sequential and conventional coronary artery bypass grafting.

Methods: From September 1998 to September 2008, 689 consecutive patients received off-pump multivessel sequential coronary artery bypass grafting performed by a single surgeon. These patients were propensity matched to 689 patients who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting without sequential anastomoses. A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected perioperative data was performed. In addition, medical notes and charts of all the study patients were reviewed. The mean duration of follow-up was 5.1 � 2.0 years.

Results: The major in-hospital clinical outcomes in the sequential and control groups were found to be similar. After adjusting for clinical covariates, sequential grafting was not an independent predictor of in-hospital adverse events (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.50; P = .31), medium-term mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.32; P = .92), and readmission to hospital (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.96-1.20; P = .80). Sequential grafting was an independent predictor of receiving more than 3 distal anastomoses (OR, 7.46; 95% CI, 4.27-11.45; P < .0001). Risk-adjusted survival was 89% for sequential grafting patients and 88% for conventional grafting patients (P = .96) during the medium-term follow-up.

Conclusion: Our analysis confirms the short- and midterm safety and efficacy of off-pump sequential coronary artery bypass grafting.
Intramural Aortic Abscess Mimicking Chronic Aortic Dissection
Authors: Sahin Ayhan , Emmert Maximilian Y. , Alkadhi Hatem , Baum�ller Stephan , Ruef Christian , Vogt Peter , Plass Andr� , Falk Volkmar
Published: June 2012

A 77-year-old patient was referred for progressive fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. Preoperative imaging evaluations including transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography were suggestive of a chronic ascending aortic dissection with an intramural hematoma. Intraoperatively, the intramural structure was identified as an abscess cavity.
Quadruple Valve Replacement with Mechanical Valves: An 11-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Cao Yukun , Gu Chunhu , Sun Guocheng , Yu Shiqiang , Wang Hongbing , Yi Dinghua
Published: June 2012

Background: We performed the first quadruple valve replacement with mechanical valves, combined with the correction of complex congenital heart disease on November 17, 1999. We report here the 11-year follow-up study.

Methods: A 47-year-old man with subacute rheumatic endocarditis, a ventricular septal defect, and an obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract required replacement of the aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves; repair of the ventricular septal defect; and relief of the obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. The surgery was done on November 17, 1999, after careful systemic preparation of the patient. Warfarin therapy with a target international normalized ratio (INR) range of 1.5 to 2.0 was used. Follow-up included monitoring the INR, recording the incidences of thromboembolic and bleeding events, electrocardiography, radiography, and echocardiography evaluations.

Results: The patient's INR was maintained between 1.5 and 2.0. All 4 mechanical prosthetic heart valves worked well. He is in generally good health without any thromboembolic or bleeding complications.

Conclusions: Long-term management is challenging for patients who have experienced quadruple valve replacement with mechanical valves; however, promising results could mean that replacement of all 4 heart valves in 1 operation is feasible in patients with quadruple valve disease, and an INR of 1.5 to 2.0 could be appropriate for Chinese patients with undergoing valve replacement with mechanical valves.
Preliminary Results of Supra-Hepatic Intraaortic Perfusion with Nitroglycerin for Patients with Significant Hepatic Dysfunction
Authors: Rao Prasanna Simha Mohan , Simha Parimala Prasanna
Published: June 2012

Background: Preoperative hepatic dysfunction is a risk factor for postoperative fulminant hepatic failure and death. We noted persistent hepatic artery vasospasm in patients dying of postoperative hepatic failure. We hypothesized that an intra-aortic vasodilator such as nitroglycerin could attenuate vasospasm and prevent hepatic failure.

Methods: Nineteen consecutive patients with significant preoperative hepatic dysfunction underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass with continuous infusion of intra-aortic nitroglycerin via a catheter placed above the celiac axis. Serial hepatic artery Doppler studies were done perioperatively with and without the nitroglycerin infusion on. Hepatic artery Doppler, hepatic artery size, alterations in liver function and serum creatinine, and outcomes were noted. Survival was compared to the Euroscore and a hepatic risk score that was based on a historical cohort and reported literature.

Results: One patient could not be weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass. In the remaining 18 patients, reversible hepatic arterial vasospasm was noted, and this persisted at 24 hours in 12 patients and 48 hours in 7 patients. All patients had resolution of vasospasm at 72 hours. Serial paired hepatic artery diameter measurements showed a significant difference (P < .001). There was a significant reduction in mortality (5.2 %) compared to historical control and predicted mortality (logistic Euroscore 37.4%, P = .023). None of the survivors had a significant alteration in hepato-renal function.

Conclusion: Intra-aortic nitroglycerin can attenuate hepatic arterial vasospasm induced by cardiopulmonary bypass and preserve hepatic function. This may reduce the risk associated with cardiopulmonary bypass and surgery in patients with liver dysfunction.
Successful Surgical Treatment of Intramural Aortoatrial Fistula, Severe Aortic Regurgitation, Mitral Prolapse, and Tricuspid Insufficiency in a Patient with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV
Authors: Jiang Shengli , Gao Changqing , Ren Chonglei , Zhang Tao
Published: June 2012

Patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV, an inherited connective tissue disorder, are predisposed to vascular and digestive ruptures, and arterial ruptures account for the majority of deaths. A 31-year-old man with EDS presented with an intramural aortoatrial fistula, severe aortic regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, and severe tricuspid valve insufficiency combined with a severely dilated left ventricle. Determining the best surgical option for the patient was not easy, especially regarding the course of action for the aortic root with a tear in the sinus of Valsalva. The fistula tract was closed at the aorta with suture and with a patch in the right atrium, the mitral valve was repaired with edge-to-edge suture and then annuloplasty with a Cosgrove ring, the aortic valve was replaced with a mechanical prosthesis, and a modified De Vega technique was used for the tricuspid valvuloplasty. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and the patient was discharged 2 weeks later. The considerations made to arrive at the chosen surgical course of action in this complex case are reviewed.
Extrinsic Compression of the Left Main Coronary Artery: A Case of Atrial Septal Defect with Enlarged Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Ergenoglu Mehmet U. , Yerebakan Halit , Demirsoy Ergun
Published: June 2012

We report the case of an adult referred to our center with an initial diagnosis of stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). A preoperative investigation disclosed an atrial septal defect (ASD) with pulmonary artery hypertension. The angiographic studies confirmed the diagnosis and showed external compression of the LMCA by an enlarged pulmonary artery. Surgical closure of the ASD and tricuspid valve ring annuloplasty with coronary artery bypass surgery (left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending artery) were undertaken. Six months after the surgery, the patient is doing well.