bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast and sensitive bolometric terahertz detection at room temperature through thermomechanical transduction
Authors: Zhang Ya , Hosono Suguru , Nagai Naomi , Song Sang-Hun , Hirakawa Kazuhiko
Published: March 2019

Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic spectrum draws wide attention for nondestructive and/or biocompatible sensing. In order to be widely applicable to the THz sensing, it is of prime importance to develop THz sensors that can be operated at room temperature and have high sensitivity and fast operation speed. However, conventional room-temperature THz thermal sensors fall short of expectations in these characteristics required in various applications of THz sensing, including THz cameras. Utilizing a thermomechanical transduction scheme, we have developed an uncooled, sensitive, and fast THz bolometer by using a doubly clamped GaAs microelectromechanical system (MEMS) beam resonator as a sensitive thermistor. Owing to its ultrahigh temperature sensitivity (the noise equivalent temperature difference of ∼1 μK/√Hz), the present bolometer achieves not only high sensitivity but also an operation bandwidth of several kHz, which is more than 100 times faster than other uncooled THz thermal sensors. The obtained electrical noise equivalent power is as low as ∼90 pW/√Hz, which is close to the limit set by the thermal fluctuation noise. The MEMS bolometers are fabricated by the standard semiconductor fabrication processes and are well suited for making detector arrays for realizing THz cameras.
From single particle motion to collective dynamics in Janus motor systems
Authors: Huang Mu-Jie , Schofield Jeremy , Gaspard Pierre , Kapral Raymond
Published: March 2019

The single-particle and collective dynamics of systems comprising Janus motors, solvent, and reactive solute species maintained in nonequilibrium states are investigated. Reversible catalytic reactions with the solute species take place on the catalytic faces of the motors, and the nonequilibrium states are established either by imposing constant-concentration reservoirs that feed and remove reactive species or through out-of-equilibrium fluid phase reactions. We consider general intermolecular interactions between the Janus motor hemispheres and the reactive species. For single motors, we show that the reaction rate depends nonlinearly on an applied external force when the system is displaced far from equilibrium. We also show that a finite-time fluctuation formula derived for fixed catalytic particles describes the nonequilibrium reactive fluctuations of moving Janus motors. Simulation of the collective dynamics of small ensembles of Janus motors with reversible kinetics under nonequilibrium conditions is carried out, and the spatial and orientational correlations of dynamic cluster states are discussed. The conditions leading to the instability of the homogeneous motor distribution and the onset of nonequilibrium dynamical clustering are described.
Absolute diffusion measurements of active enzyme solutions by NMR
Authors: Günther Jan-Philipp , Majer Günter , Fischer Peer
Published: March 2019

The diffusion of enzymes is of fundamental importance for many biochemical processes. Enhanced or directed enzyme diffusion can alter the accessibility of substrates and the organization of enzymes within cells. Several studies based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy report enhanced diffusion of enzymes upon interaction with their substrate or inhibitor. In this context, major importance is given to the enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, for which enhanced diffusion has been reported even though the catalysed reaction is endothermic. Additionally, enhanced diffusion of tracer particles surrounding the active aldolase enzymes has been reported. These studies suggest that active enzymes can act as chemical motors that self-propel and give rise to enhanced diffusion. However, fluorescence studies of enzymes can, despite several advantages, suffer from artefacts. Here, we show that the absolute diffusion coefficients of active enzyme solutions can be determined with Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG-NMR). The advantage of PFG-NMR is that the motion of the molecule of interest is directly observed in its native state without the need for any labelling. Furthermore, PFG-NMR is model-free and thus yields absolute diffusion constants. Our PFG-NMR experiments of solutions containing active fructose-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle do not show any diffusion enhancement for the active enzymes, nor the surrounding molecules. Additionally, we do not observe any diffusion enhancement of aldolase in the presence of its inhibitor pyrophosphate.
Contributions to composite conductivity and Seebeck coefficient in commercial Bi2Te3—Conjugated polymer composites
Authors: Huang Jiyuan , Li Hui , Kirksey Evan , Hoffman Christina , Jang Hyun-June , Wagner Justine , Madan Deepa , Katz Howard E.
Published: March 2019

We demonstrated the use of as-received conjugated polymer P3HT [poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5 diyl)] doped with F4TCNQ (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) as a matrix for forming a composite with as-received, commercially available p-type Bi2Te3 powder. The optimized formulation exhibits a power factor of up to 5.3μWK−2m−1, about nine times higher than the highest power factor that we achieved from mixtures of only P3HT and F4TCNQ. Bi2Te3 was responsible for increases in both the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity. P3HT, with a higher hole mobility, was superior to PQT-12 [poly(bisdodecylquaterthiophene)], and F4TCNQ was at least as good as FeCl3, for matrix and dopant, respectively, for this purpose. The power factor obtained is about 40% of that reportedly obtained from synthesized Bi2Te3 nanowires in FeCl3-doped P3HT. We calculated the expected contributions of the bulk Bi2Te3 to the composite conductivity and then examined the resistance caused by interfaces on four different size distributions of Bi2Te3 particles, as well as a solid macroscopic ingot. A nonlinear I–V relationship was found for the doped P3HT-ingot bilayer. While our doped conjugated polymer system made only from commercial-grade components was shown to support the extraction of thermoelectric performance by a commonly used inorganic semiconductor, our results also suggest that an advantage of the smallest Bi2Te3 domains, including nanowires, may arise from their having less interfacial resistance than larger Bi2Te3 particles and pieces.
Rare earth ytterbium enhanced thermoelectric properties of p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3
Authors: Qin Haixu , Xie Liangjun , Zhang Zongwei , Qin Dandan , Guo Fengkai , Cai Wei , Zhang Qian , Sui Jiehe
Published: March 2019

Bi2Te3-based compounds are the benchmark thermoelectric materials working near room temperature. In this study, we synthesize ytterbium (Yb) doped Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 bulk materials by high energy ball milling and direct current hot pressing. The Yb-doping increases the carrier concentration and suppresses the intrinsic excitation, thus optimizing the electrical transport properties. In addition, the point defects introduced by adding Yb to the lattice behave as extra phonon scattering centres, yielding a reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, for the Yb0.0075Bi0.5Sb1.4925Te3 sample, a high zT of ∼1.3 at 330 K is achieved, and the average zT reaches 0.96 between 303 K and 523 K.
Spatial and seasonal variability of emergent aquatic insects and nearshore spiders in a subtropical estuary
Authors: Zapata Martha J. , Sullivan S. Mažeika P.
Published: March 2019

Variability in the density and distribution of adult aquatic insects is an important factor mediating aquatic-to-terrestrial nutritional subsidies in freshwater ecosystems, yet less is understood about insect-facilitated subsidy dynamics in estuaries. We surveyed emergent (i.e. adult) aquatic insects and nearshore orb-weaving spiders of the families Tetragnathidae and Araneidae in a subtropical estuary of Florida (USA). Emergent insect community composition varied seasonally and spatially; densities were lower at high- than low-salinity sites. At high-salinity sites, emergent insects exhibited lower dispersal ability and a higher prevalence of univoltinism than low- and mid-salinity assemblages. Orb-weaving spider density most strongly tracked emergent insect density rates at low- and mid-salinity sites. Tetragnatha body condition was 96% higher at high-salinity sites than at low-salinity sites. Our findings contribute to our understanding of aquatic insect communities in estuarine ecosystems and indicate that aquatic insects may provide important nutritional subsidies to riparian consumers despite their depressed abundance and diversity compared with freshwater ecosystems.
Stratification of soil organic C, N and the C:N ratio as affected by different plastic film mulching modes in a semiarid region of China
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wei Ting , Jia Zhikuan , Ren Xiaolong
Published: March 2019

The soil degradation caused by plastic film mulching tillage in rain-fed areas of north-west China is known to affect sustainable and stable crop yields because of major losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients. To evaluate the effects of different plastic film mulching modes on SOC and total nitrogen (STN) sequestration capacity in loessic soil, we investigated the effects of different plastic film mulching on SOC, STN, and the soil C:N ratio in semiarid areas of southern Ningxia for a 4-year period (2013–2016). Five treatments were tested: (i) the control, conventional flat planting without mulching (CK); (ii) alternating mulching and bare rows without ridges and planting in mulched rows (P); (iii) furrow planting of maize, separated by consecutive plastic film-mulched ridges (S); (iv) furrow planting of maize, separated by alternating large and small plastic film-mulched ridges (D); and (v) furrow-flat planting of maize with a large plastic film-mulched ridge alternating with a flat plastic film-mulched space (R). In the final experimental year (2016), the results showed that the mean soil bulk density at 0–60 cm depth had decreased with film mulching treatments by 2.82%, 5.90% (P < 0.05), 7.29% (P < 0.05), and 9.46% (P < 0.05) respectively, compared with CK. Film mulching increased the concentration of SOC and STN, which were ranked in order S > R/D > P > CK; however, there was no significant increase with the storage of SOC and STN. The mean soil C:N ratio was higher with mulching treatment, i.e. 2.91% (P > 0.05) higher than CK in 0–60 cm depth. Mulching treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the stratification ratio (SR) of SOC and soil C: N ratio from the surface (0–20 cm) to all depths compared with CK, i.e. the SR of SOC at the 0–20:20–40 cm depth significantly (P < 0.05) increased with D, R, S, and P by 14.81%, 9.47%, 14.18%, and 9.51% respectively, compared with CK.
The Aire family expands
Authors: Liston Adrian , Dooley James
Published: March 2019

T cell tolerance depends upon Aire-expressing cells to purge the T cell repertoire of autoreactive clones. Once thought to be the exclusive domain of thymic epithelial cells, a new study by Yamano et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181430) in this issue of JEM identifies ILC3-like cells in the lymph nodes with similar properties.
Kinetic Inductance Detectors and readout electronics for the OLIMPO experiment
Authors: Paiella A , Battistelli E S , Castellano M G , Colantoni I , Columbro F , Coppolecchia A , D’Alessandro G , de Bernardis P , Gordon S , Lamagna L , Mani H , Masi S , Mauskopf P , Pettinari G , Piacentini F , Presta G
Published: March 2019

Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) are superconductive low–temperature detectors useful for astrophysics and particle physics. We have developed arrays of lumped elements KIDs (LEKIDs) sensitive to microwave photons, optimized for the four horn–coupled focal planes of the OLIMPO balloon–borne telescope, working in the spectral bands centered at 150 GHz, 250 GHz, 350 GHz, and 460 GHz. This is aimed at measuring the spectrum of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect for a number of galaxy clusters, and will validate LEKIDs technology in a space–like environment. Our detectors are optimized for an intermediate background level, due to the presence of residual atmosphere and room–temperature optical system and they operate at a temperature of 0.3 K. The LEKID planar superconducting circuits are designed to resonate between 100 and 600 MHz, and to match the impedance of the feeding waveguides; the measured quality factors of the resonators are in the 104 – 105 range, and they have been tuned to obtain the needed dynamic range. The readout electronics is composed of a cold part, which includes a low noise amplifier, a dc–block, coaxial cables, and power attenuators; and a room–temperature part, FPGA–based, including up and down-conversion microwave components (IQ modulator, IQ demodulator, amplifiers, bias tees, attenuators). In this contribution, we describe the optimization, fabrication, characterization and validation of the OLIMPO detector system.
1. From war to armistice to peace conference
Authors: Neiberg Michael S.
Published: March 2019

“From war to armistice to peace conference” outlines the events that took place from the summer of 1918, when it became clear that the Germans could not win the war, to the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, and the Paris peace conference in early 1919. It describes the attempts of Allied supreme commander Ferdinand Foch to draw up an armistice to end the military phase of the war and the tension between the generals and the politicians. Both international and domestic politics played an important role in shaping the Paris conference, with the growing threat of Bolshevism and elections in the United States and the United Kingdom threatening to complicate matters.
1. What is a concentration camp?
Authors: Stone Dan
Published: March 2019

In order to consider why concentration camps are so important to modern consciousness and identity, we need to understand what they are and how they have developed. ‘What is a concentration camp?’ provides a working definition: it is an isolated, circumscribed site with fixed structures designed to incarcerate civilians. The Holocaust has confused our understanding of concentration camps in that a concentration camp is not normally a death camp. They are the consequences of large numbers of opponents, far too many for the discipline, order, and expense of prisons. When the concentration camp becomes a permanency, it is the sign of a regime that knows it cannot command national support or even tolerance.
4. Energy, mass, and light
Authors: Cottrell Geoff
Published: March 2019

By the beginning of the twentieth century, our understanding of matter was completely transformed by the great discoveries of electromagnetism and relativity. ‘Energy, mass, and light’ outlines Einstein’s special theory of relativity of 1905, which describes what happens when objects move at speeds close to the speed of light. The theory transformed our understanding of the nature of space and time, and matter through the equivalence of mass and energy. In 1916, Einstein extended the theory to include gravity in the general theory of relativity, which revealed that matter affects space by curving space around it.
1. Looking for Homer
Authors: Graziosi Barbara
Published: March 2019

The first extant sources that mention Homer by name date to the sixth century BCE: from them, we can establish that the Greeks considered him an outstanding poet of great antiquity, but that they knew nothing certain about him. ‘Looking for Homer’ explains that there was no agreement about Homer’s birthplace or life and there were doubts about which poems, exactly, he had composed. As views about poetry changed, so did definitions of ‘Homer’. To this day, some classicists see the Iliad and the Odyssey as the work of one exceptional poet, or perhaps two, while others postulate a drawn-out process of re-composition in performance over generations.
8. The man of many turns
Authors: Graziosi Barbara
Published: March 2019

Andra, the first word of the Odyssey, announces a poem about ‘man’. The protagonist’s quest for knowledge, his travels, his suffering, and his determination to return to his wife and child are all themes of universal significance: the Odyssey seeks to define what it means to be human. ‘The man of many turns’ explains that andra also refers to one, unnamed, and puzzling individual. It is difficult to know what to make of him, or even pinpoint his identity. That we are dealing with an Odyssey, a ‘poem about Odysseus’, is something we have to work out for ourselves, as we listen to the poet.
Anomalous origin of the coronary artery coursing between the great vessels presenting with a cardiovascular event (J-CONOMALY Registry)
Authors: Nagashima Koichi , Hiro Takafumi , Fukamachi Daisuke , Okumura Yasuo , Watanabe Ichiro , Hirayama Atsushi , Tanaka Masashi , Tanaka Tomofumi , Takamisawa Itaru , Taguchi Isao , Sato Akira , Aonuma Kazutaka , Fukamizu Seiji , Nakada Akihiro , Watanabe Atsuyuki , Amioka Naofumi , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Matsumoto Naoya , Koizumi Junichi , Kumagai Kazuya , Naya Masanao , Higuchi Yoshiharu , Naito Yoshiro , Masuyama Tohru , Kawamura Mitsuharu , Tsunoda Ryusuke , Suzuki Susumu , Ishii Hideki , Murohara Toyoaki , Shimizu Takeshi , Takeishi Yasuchika , Shiina Kazuki , Yamashita Jun , Imamura Tomohiko , Sumitomo Naokata , Noguchi Teruo , Aso Toshihide , Furukawa Kojiro , Yamauchi Yasuteru , Okishige Kaoru , Sakata Kenji , Yamagishi Masakazu , Shimizu Shigeo , Ohno Masakazu , Sugano Teruyasu , Matsumura Koichiro , Matsumoto Kensuke , Ozaki Kazuyuki , Hayashidani Shunji , Meno Hiroshi , Iwata Atsushi , Higuma Takumi , Tomita Hirofumi , Yoshino Hideaki , Taniai Seiichi , Shishido Koki , Murakami Masato , Negishi Koji , Nii Masaki , Wakatsuki Daisuke , Suzuki Hiroshi , Motoike Yuji , Ozaki Yukio , Nakazato Jun , Hayashi Hidemori , Higuchi Satoshi , Shoda Morio
Published: March 2019

Aims

Anomalous origin of the coronary artery (AOCA) with an inter-arterial course (IAC) between the great vessels poses a risk for a life-threatening cardiovascular event. We assessed, in a registry-based study, the clinical features, treatment strategies, and prognoses of life-threatening cardiovascular events ensuant to AOCA.

Methods and results

Included were 65 AOCA patients (48 men/17 women, aged 41 ± 23 years) from 40 clinical centres who had experienced sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) (n = 30), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (n = 5), angina (n = 23), or syncope (n = 7). The anomalous vessel was the right coronary artery in 72% of patients and left coronary artery in 28%; the ostium was slit-like in 42%. Coronary luminal narrowing ≥75% was absent in patients with SCA or syncope (86% and 57%, respectively), but occlusion or narrowing was seen in those with AMI (100%) or angina (52%). Age ≤40 years, male sex, sporting activity, absence of prodromal symptoms, acutely angled (≤30°) take-off from the aorta, and absence of luminal narrowing of the IAC segment were associated with SCA in this patient group. Coronary vasospasm was inducible in 12 of 17 patients without coronary narrowing. Management included surgical revascularization (n = 26) percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 9), and medical treatment (n = 26). Four SCA patients died while hospitalized; no others died during the median 5.0 (range, 1.8–7.0)-year follow-up period.

Conclusions

In patients with AOCA, age ≤40 years, male sex, sporting activity, and an acute take-off angle appear to be risk factors for SCA. Appropriate management can be beneficial. Confirmation in a large-scale study is warranted.
Short-term Migration, Rural Public Works, and Urban Labor Markets: Evidence from India
Authors: Imbert Clément , Papp John
Published: March 2019

This paper studies the effect of India's rural public works program on rural-to-urban migration and urban labor markets. We find that seasonal migration from rural districts that implemented the program decreased relative to those that were selected to, but did not implement it. We use a gravity model and find that real wages rose faster in cities with higher predicted migration from program districts. Since most seasonal migrants work outside of their district, urban wage increases were not limited to program districts, and may have attracted migrants from nonprogram districts. Difference-in-differences may hence be biased. Structural estimates indeed suggest that migration decreased by 22% in program districts, but also increased by 5% in nonprogram districts. As a result, urban wages increased by only 0.5%, against 4.1% if the program had been implemented in all selected districts.
Multicenter Validation of the Survival After Acute Civilian Penetrating Brain Injuries (SPIN) Score
Authors: Mikati Abdul Ghani , Flahive Julie , Khan Muhammad W , Vedantam Aditya , Gopinath Shankar , Nordness Mina F , Robertson Claudia , Patel Mayur B , Sheth Kevin N , Muehlschlegel Susanne
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Civilian penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) is a serious public health problem in the United States, but predictors of outcome remain largely understudied. We previously developed the Survival After Acute Civilian Penetrating Brain Injuries (SPIN) score, a logistic, regression-based risk stratification scale for estimating in-hospital and 6-mo survival after civilian pTBI with excellent discrimination (area under the receiver operating curve [AUC-ROC = 0.96]) and calibration, but it has not been validated.

OBJECTIVE

To validate the SPIN score in a multicenter cohort.

METHODS

We identified pTBI patients from 3 United States level-1 trauma centers. The SPIN score variables (motor Glasgow Coma Scale [mGCS], sex, admission pupillary reactivity, self-inflicted pTBI, transfer status, injury severity score, and admission international normalized ratio [INR]) were retrospectively collected from local trauma registries and chart review. Using the original SPIN score multivariable logistic regression model, AUC-ROC analysis and Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit testing were performed to determine discrimination and calibration.

RESULTS

Of 362 pTBI patients available for analysis, 105 patients were lacking INR, leaving 257 patients for the full SPIN model validation. Discrimination (AUC-ROC = 0.88) and calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit, P value = .58) were excellent. In a post hoc sensitivity analysis, we removed INR from the SPIN model to include all 362 patients (SPINNo-INR), still resulting in very good discrimination (AUC-ROC = 0.82), but reduced calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit, P value = .04).

CONCLUSION

This multicenter pTBI study confirmed that the full SPIN score predicts survival after civilian pTBI with excellent discrimination and calibration. Admission INR significantly adds to the prediction model discrimination and should be routinely measured in pTBI patients.
Semi-Presidential Systems
Authors: Sedelius Thomas , Åberg Jenny
Published: March 2019

Semi-presidentialism has become a widespread form of government in recent decades. If we use Robert Elgie’s frequently cited definition, semi-presidentialism is where the constitution includes both a popularly elected president and a prime minister and cabinet accountable to the parliament. With this inclusive definition, there are currently more than fifty countries in the world with a semi-presidential constitution. In eastern Europe and in the former Soviet republics, semi-presidentialism has emerged as the most common regime type with presently some twenty countries having semi-presidential constitutions. Although semi-presidentialism as a term has been around since the 1970s, the debate about its definition and what countries to be classified as semi-presidential is still ongoing. Consequently, lists of semi-presidential countries have varied quite considerably between studies. A core idea of semi-presidentialism is that the respective roles of the dual executive, the president and the prime minister, should be complementary: the president upholds popular legitimacy and represents the continuity of state and nation, while the prime minister exercises policy leadership and takes responsibility for the day-to-day functions of government. Yet, two separately chosen chief executives also implies a risk of conflict over powers and executive control. This risk is aggravated in a transitional context where the distribution of authority is ambiguous and fluid. In many instances, this has paved the way for autocratic tendencies where presidents have overstepped their constitutional boundaries. Hence, comparative research on semi-presidentialism has largely revolved around democratization, presidential powers, and the institutional relations between the president, prime minister, and parliament. This guiding overview presents key literature on these core topics of semi-presidentialism including definitions and classifications, regions and countries, democratization and democratic survival, presidential powers, inter-institutional relations, parties, elections, and presidentialization. Several relevant method and data issues are covered by the studies under each heading.
Technology-based Assessment
Authors: Vergés Bausili Anna
Published: March 2019

Scholarship around the potential contribution and impact of technology and the digital environment on assessment is substantial and in constant evolution. Such contribution has been argued along three main themes: the technology-based affordances and efficiency benefits emerging from the use of the electronic medium, the value-added/quality enhancing opportunities of electronic assessment, and the deeper and more far-reaching transformative potential offered by technology to change the nature of assessment. This article focuses on the first of these grounds: technology-based assessment. And it provides a historical overview of academic scholarship and institutional practice from the early days of computer-based assessment to more recent developments covering computer-based assessment, computer-adaptive testing, computer-assisted assessment, plagiarism detection technologies, esubmission, emarking technologies, and electronic management of assessment.
Peking Opera (Beijing Opera, jingju)
Authors: Li Stella Zhizhi
Published: March 2019

Peking Opera (jingju京剧), a major genre of classical Chinese theater (xiqu戏曲), emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries during the Qing dynasty. As a blend of various Southern Chinese theatrical traditions, Peking Opera inherits and stylizes many representative musical features of Chinese xiqu in its melodies, rhythms, and vocal techniques. During the early 20th century in the Republic of China, Peking Opera thrived as virtuoso artists performed nationwide and toured internationally. After the establishment of the PRC in 1949, the government implemented drama reform that aimed at bringing Peking Opera into better line with Communist ideology. With the start of the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Peking Opera was reinvented as Model Opera (yangbanxi样板戏). At the same time in Taiwan, the genre was renamed by the KMT military government as “National Opera (guoju國劇)” in response to defeat and expulsion by the Communist Party. Contemporary performance and composition of Peking Opera remain innovative while still reviving traditional forms. Scholarship on Peking Opera conducted in Mainland China sometimes diverges in methodology from that conducted abroad due to the different academic and social environments. Local Chinese scholarship tends to focus on archival work and theories related to musical practice, while the Western counterpart is predominantly concerned with critical and structural analysis. This article selects works and resources that would benefit scholars proficient in the Chinese language who are interested in researching, teaching, and/or publishing in English academic settings. Notice that writings after the international standardization of the pinyin system (1979) may adapt the pinyin transliteration, “Beijing Opera.” Meanwhile, the more conventional “Peking Opera” continues to exist in various contexts, as many European languages outside English still refer to the name of city in its traditional transliteration.
Childhood Studies
Authors: Schwartzman Helen B.
Published: March 2019

Anthropologists writing in the late 19th and early 20th century did not consider children to be a central focus of their research, which is not to say that children did not appear in some of the earliest issues of, for example, the American Anthropologist. However, when children did appear in these publications it was because they were easy and available to use as specimens for the purpose of developing tests, measures, and comparisons of presumed racial differences; or because they were associated with “curious customs” and artifacts (such as cradleboards), which could be described, collected, and “salvaged” since it was assumed that most extant “primitive” groups would soon vanish; or, because many life-cycle ceremonies that involved children or adolescents could be used to illustrate the dramatic and “bizarre” practices of these groups. Early on, Margaret Mead challenged researchers to consider the study of child behavior as a legitimate topic of study in and of itself. Her interest in using field sites as “laboratories” for putting Western theories of child training and personality development to the ethnographic test contributed to the focus on adult personality development that characterized the culture and personality school that gained prominence in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s and continued with the Six Cultures Study of Socialization (SCSS) in the 1950s. This approach portrayed children as cultural “trainees” subject to the interests and focus of their adult “trainers” or adult institutions (such as schools). Only later, inspired by the development of ethnography of communication studies in the 1960s and 1970s, did researchers like Elinor Ochs, Bambi Schieffelin, and Jenny Cook-Gumperz present a new approach for the study of children that focused on language socialization and everyday interactional practices. This research marked an important shift from viewing children as passive trainees to active participants and interpreters of their social worlds. However, it was not until the 1990s that a new field of Childhood Studies began to emerge that turned away from psychological and psychoanalytic models and toward theorists like Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault in sociology and anthropology. This article surveys the field of Childhood Studies in anthropology as it has developed in the discipline since the 1990s. The assumptions that characterize this field, as well as the range of studies that have been conducted across all four fields of anthropology (archaeology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology) are discussed, concluding with a specific focus on research studies of children’s movement (in play and in migration). For further information about the field of Childhood Studies in anthropology, see articles in the Oxford Bibliographies in Anthropology “Socialization,” “Language Socialization,” “Culture and Personality,” and the “Anthropology of Childhood.”
Anthropology of Health Policy
Authors: Mulligan Jessica , Brugnoli-Ensin Ingrid
Published: March 2019

Given its holistic orientation, most medical anthropology touches upon politics: how power organizes systems of healing; how social suffering—usually political in origin—manifests in bodily symptoms; how some bodies are valued and optimized while others are controlled; and how dominant systems of meaning make legitimate some illness experiences and render others unknowable and invalid. The major theoretical traditions of the field—structural functionalism; phenomenology; Foucauldian biopolitics; critical medical anthropology; feminist epistemologies; and science and technology studies—have long grappled with power and politics. Fewer medical anthropologists, however, have studied policy directly. Policy is usually taken to mean guidelines for action. Policies can be official as of a government or more informal and practical. The organization of health systems and the provision of care is guided by policy decisions and non-decisions. Some of the works collected here take the more indirect approach to studying policy by exploring how politics impact health systems and the experiences of patients and healers. But the majority of the works study policy directly, either as a process that anthropology can help to better apprehend or as a domain of action that would benefit from anthropological insights. Anthropologists have productively studied all phases of the policy process from agenda setting, to policy formation, implementation, and assessment. Since all policies are health policies in the sense that they have potential health impacts, the possibilities for studying health policies anthropologically are practically endless. However, we have narrowed the field by concentrating on the major themes and trends in the literature: health reform and the marketization of care; immigration policy and health; race, indigeneity, and decolonizing health; pharmaceutical policy; governance and global health; reproduction and women’s health; and public health policy. We have opted for a thematic rather than a theoretical organization, so readers will find a variety of theoretical orientations including applied approaches in each of the sections.
Complementation
Authors: Achard Michel
Published: March 2019

In its more general sense, a complement is an argument of a predicate, and generally opposed to an adjunct, a non-argument position. In this bibliography, however, complementation more narrowly refers to complement clauses, namely clausal arguments of predicates. For example, in I believe that she came back, the complement clause she came back functions as the object of the predicate believe. The study of complementation involves the detailed investigation of the different types of clauses that follow specific semantic classes of predicates. Obviously, complement forms vary greatly across languages; in English, they includes bare infinitives (I saw John eat a cookie, Mary made John eat a cookie), gerunds (I hate waking up early), as well as instances where the complement clause is introduced by the complementizers that, wh, POSS-ING, to, and for to, respectively illustrated in I think that coffee is good for you, I wonder whether coffee is good for you, I am worried about John’s being angry all the time, The president ordered the clerk to resign, and I would like for the board to recognize your promotion. The literature on complementation reflects the theoretical eclecticism of the field. Syntactic research primarily focuses on the mechanisms by which complement clauses acquire their surface forms. More semantically oriented analyses concentrate on the possible pairing of the various complement forms with specific semantic classes of predicates, as well as on the semantic import of the different components of complement constructions (predicates, complementizers, the complement forms themselves). The main focus of usage-based accounts is to provide a realistic representation of the frequency and distribution of the various constructions in written and spoken text. This overview of the complementation literature is organized in a way that captures this eclectic research and separates the different orientations in different sections. In particular, the syntactic and semantic solutions to the issues of raising and control are presented separately.
Queer Television
Authors: Griffin Hollis
Published: March 2019

People use the term “queer television” to refer to a number of different things: representations of sexual minorities on television programs, as well as programming that is associated with, has a strong following among, or is created by sexual minorities. It is also a term that names a way of studying television to better understand how it participates in the social construction of sex, gender, and sexuality. Queer television studies encompasses a variety of different topics, including how sexuality is represented in television programs, how it operates in particular genres, the ways in which it informs viewer interpretations, how it figures into the business and production practices of the television industry, and how activists engage with it in order to advocate for social justice. Scholars of queer television are interested in how sexuality relates to the pleasures of watching television as well as how sexuality relates to the power relations perpetuated by television (e.g., valuing some identity groups over others, etc.). For that reason, research on queer television that emerges from cinema and media studies is qualitative in nature. Because “pleasure” and understandings of power hierarchies can be subjective, scholars of queer television studies often “take a stand.” Doing so makes research in the area a purposefully political endeavor. The scholars who practice it see meaningful information about the medium and the world around it emerging from careful, rigorous research on the relationship between television and sexuality.
Big Data and International Law
Authors: Johns Fleur , Gardner Leah , Gorur Erol
Published: March 2019

It has become a truism that data are now bigger than ever before: that is, information assembled and “used for reference, analysis, and calculation,” especially in digital form, has increased in volume, variety, and velocity to unprecedented levels, “to the extent that [their] manipulation and management present significant . . . challenges” (OED Online, s.v. “data (n.),” and “big (adj., adv.)”). In the international legal field, scholarly interest is growing in the phenomenon of “big data”—used here in the singular, as a mass noun—and what it might mean in and for international legal institutions and international legal work. For the most part, however, that scholarship is being pursued under auspices other than “Big Data and International Law.” Moreover, given the diversity of data types, analytical techniques, and technological settings evoked by the term big data, it is unclear that any subfield so named could acquire or retain coherence. International legal scholarship attentive to the implications of data’s digitization and the impact of digital technologies just as often travels under the rubrics of (international) law and technology, algorithmic governance, or, more recently, artificial intelligence and international law. Nonetheless, this bibliography assembles works representative of this burgeoning scholarship that are likely to be helpful to those interested in big data and international law. It mostly sidesteps areas that are, or are becoming, fields in their own right, to which big data is critical, but which are not especially attentive to its role; for example: the law of privacy; the international law of cyberwarfare and automated weaponry; the international law of distributed ledger technologies (for example, blockchain) and digital currencies; the private international law of smart contracting, digital dispute resolution, and digital risk protection; and international space law. This bibliography includes work by scholars who identify as public international lawyers and writings that cannot be so described, by which international legal scholars interested in big data might nevertheless be usefully informed. Also included are works that take a comparative and/or transnational approach to the analysis of legal issues for big data and big data issues for law. The headings proceed, more or less, from the introductory to the specialized. Earlier references tend to foreground discipline-wide dilemmas and shifts. Later, the bibliography highlights some key subfields in which inquiries surrounding big data and international law are proliferating, including in the conduct of international legal research. This bibliography is indicative, not exhaustive.
Charismatic and Transformational Leadership
Authors: Lowe Kevin B. , Bathula Hanoku
Published: March 2019

Leadership is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon which defies comprehensive definition in a sentence or two. As the legendary Ralph Stogdill, the author of the Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of the Theory and Research (1974), famously commented, there are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are people who have attempted to define the concept. One perspective on leadership is the process of developing a vision and communicating that vision in a way that influences others to embrace and act on the vision. Traditional transactional leadership theories focused on interpersonal transactions, founded on principles of rational economic exchange, between managers and employees by using rewards systems to influence employee behavior. However, newer leadership theories that emerged around the 1980s, often referred to collectively as neo-charismatic theories, explained how leaders could influence their followers to place the needs of the organizational mission above their own self-interest. The two most popular of those theories, namely, charismatic leadership and transformational leadership, are both focused on creating a unique bond between leaders and followers, resulting in superior performance. While the terms charismatic and transformational are often used interchangeably and are in some ways linked to each other conceptually, there is a significant difference in the full range of their respective conceptualizations. This chapter covers major theoretical developments and their practical relevance to practicing managers and provides a list of important resources that can help researchers in this area.
Medieval Art and Liturgy (recent approaches)
Authors: Palazzo Eric
Published: March 2019

In the past decade, research on the relationship between art and liturgy in the Middle Ages has taken a historical approach, after some seminal publications in the past. This approach is basic to any serious study of the subject, but most researchers go beyond that, often with a new awareness of the artistic material itself and a full reintegration of theology, combining it with a social-historical understanding of the liturgy. Research trends in this area have been largely “globalized” as a result of new information technologies given today by many databases on images, texts, and incipits. Despite this, one should not assume that a standardization of thought exists. In some countries, specific historiographical trends are still strong. The definition of medieval liturgy has undergone some changes in recent years as well. It went from a historical-anthropological conception, influenced by a theoretical approach in different fields of humanities, to a conception that has reintegrated theology into the heart of the subject without rejecting its historical and anthropological aspects. This has mainly been possible thanks to a perfected knowledge of the sources of the liturgy and its theology. A renewed approach to certain types of sources of medieval liturgy, such as liturgical commentaries—that is to say, exegesis on the liturgy—has also facilitated the inclusion of subjects previously absent, such as dance performance in church ritual. In the field of Christian theology, recent publications have also helped in understanding the liturgy in a historical perspective and have gradually left behind a doctrinal and dogmatic approach to medieval theology in favor of a return to the realm of historical “reality.” Recent publications dealing with the practice of the liturgy and its theological interpretation focus, above all, on the human experience of the divine, something that allows for a kind of interaction between texts and real life. In this way, medieval liturgy acts as a kind of theological exegesis, encouraging humankind to experience biblical events anew. This leads to an “existential reading” of scripture and an involvement on a personal level that implies a strong sense of spirituality. One of the major effects of this conception of liturgy informed by an experience-based theology has been reconsideration of the material dimension of ritual as activated by the human sensory experience during the execution of the liturgical ceremony. This innovative methodological and epistemological understanding of the sensory experience of liturgy and theology through art has produced the richest research. The sensory experience of the liturgy must be seen in light of a similar understanding of beauty and aesthetics during Antiquity. Likewise, this new approach, which sees art and liturgy as based on the experience of artistic materiality (and even archaeology), is echoed in the research of specialists from periods other than the Middle Ages.
Long-term Antibody Persistence After Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Vaccination in Dongtai, China
Authors: Kmush Brittany L , Yu Huan , Huang Shoujie , Zhang Xuefeng , Wu Ting , Nelson Kenrad E , Labrique Alain B
Published: March 2019

Background

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is of global significance. HEV is a common cause of acute hepatitis in China. One of the major unanswered questions about HEV is the persistence of antibodies after infection and vaccination.

Methods

We examined antibody persistence 6.5 years after HEV exposures through natural infection and vaccination. Ninety-seven vaccine recipients and 70 individuals asymptomatically infected with HEV enrolled in the phase III HEV239 vaccine trial in Dongtai, China, were revisited.

Results

Antibody loss was 23.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.1%–30.5%), with a nonsignificantly higher percentage of loss among those naturally infected (30.0%; 95% CI, 19.6%–42.1%) than those vaccinated (18.6%; 95% CI, 11.4%–27.7%; P = .085). Age and gender were not associated with antibody persistence. Only 2 people (1.2%) self-reported medically diagnosed jaundice or hepatitis-like illness in the last 10 years, both of whom had persistent antibodies. Contact with a jaundice patient and injectable contraceptive use were marginally associated with loss of detectable anti-HEV antibodies (P = .047 and .082, respectively), whereas transfusion was marginally associated with antibody persistence (P = .075).

Conclusions

Antibody loss was more common among those naturally infected compared with those vaccinated. However, none of the characteristics examined were strongly associated with antibody loss, suggesting that factors not yet identified may play a more important role in antibody loss. Long-term postvaccination antibody persistence is currently unknown and will be an important consideration in the development of policies for the use of the highly efficacious HEV vaccine.

ClinicalTrials.gov registration.  NCT01014845.
Spontaneous very preterm birth in relation to social class, and smoking: a temporal-spatial analysis of routinely collected data in Aberdeen, Scotland (1985–2010)
Authors: McCall Stephen J , Green David R , Macfarlane Gary J , Bhattacharya Sohinee
Published: March 2019

Objective

To examine trends of spontaneous very preterm birth (vPTB) and its relationship with maternal socioeconomic status and smoking.

Methods

This was a population-based cohort study in Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, UK. The cohort was restricted to spontaneous singleton deliveries occurring in Aberdeen from 1985 to 2010. The primary outcome was very preterm birth which was defined as <32 weeks gestation and the comparison group was deliveries ≥37 weeks of gestation. The main exposures were parental Social Class based on Occupation, Carstairs’ deprivation index and smoking during pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between vPTB and the exposures.

Results

There was an increased likelihood of vPTB in those with unskilled-occupations compared to professional-occupations [aOR:2.77 (95%CI:1.54–4.99)], in those who lived in the most deprived areas compared to those in the most affluent [aOR: 2.16 (95% CI: 1.27–3.67)] and in women who smoked compared to those who did not [aOR: 1.74 (95% CI: 1.36-2.21)]. The association with Carstairs index was no longer statistically significant when restricted to smokers but remained significant when restricted to non-smokers.

Conclusion

The strongest risk factor for vPTB was maternal smoking while socioeconomic deprivation showed a strong association in non-smokers. Smoking cessation interventions may reduce vPTB. Modifiable risk factors should be explored in deprived areas.