bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immobilization of soil exogenous lead using raw and activated phosphate rocks
Authors: Jiang Guanjie , Liu Yonghong , Fu Qingling , Huang Li , Zhang Junqing , Hu Hongqing
Published: February 2013

Phosphate rock (PR) has been widely and successfully used in immobilization of lead in contaminated soils. However, application of oxalic acid‐activated PR (APR) in the immobilization of lead and particularly investigations about the lead form in the contaminated soils are limited. Exogenous lead (Pb) immobilization was studied by Tessier's sequential extraction procedures after applying raw PRs and oxalic acid APRs into the yellow cinnamon soil (S1) and latosol soil (S2) at four levels of 0 (CK), 50, 500, and 2000 mg P kg−1 soil. The PRs selected were Nanzhang PR (NPR) and Kaiyang PR (KPR), and their activation products were ANPR and AKPR. The results indicated that the content of exchangeable Pb in two soils decreased gradually with the rising PRs amount compared with the control, within 0–7.5 mg kg−1 in S1 and 0–64.1 mg kg−1 in S2. The content of carbonate‐bound Pb changed marginally in S1 while increased substantially in S2 with the increase of PR amount; the change of Fe–Mn oxide‐bound Pb content showed similar change as the carbonate‐bound Pb and organic compound‐bound Pb increased generally. The residue fraction of Pb changed a little for all treatments. To sum up, after applying the testing PRs in two soils, the content of exogenous exchangeable Pb decreased in all treatments and residual fraction augmented conversely in most treatments. Therefore, Pb had been immobilized effectively by PR in thetwo soils and a better fixation effect obtained in APR. ©2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 81–86, 2014
The effect of tide on the hydrology and morphology of a freshwater river
Authors: Ensign Scott H. , Doyle Martin W. , Piehler Michael F.
Published: February 2013

How does river hydrology and morphology change due to tidal influence? We contend that this is a question of particular consequence to many earth surface disciplines, but one that has not been adequately addressed. Previous studies have relied on gradients in channel morphology and stratigraphy to infer energy regime of channels. However, in tidal rivers geomorphology influences the energy regime while the energy regime influences morphology; thus, geomorphic and stratigraphic patterns do not fully resolve the mechanisms which lead to change. We addressed this problem by comparing measurements of hydraulic energy and channel morphology along a tidal gradient to predictions of these characteristics in the absence of tides, and attributed the differences to tidal processes. Measurements of discharge, channel area, and energy dissipation (in kJ day–1) were made over a 24·8 hour period at four sites spanning the non‐tidal to tidal freshwater Newport River, NC. We then predicted those characteristics under non‐tidal conditions using hydraulic geometry relationships and literature values from coastal plain rivers. Discharge was enhanced more than 10‐fold by tide, and this tidal effect increased from upstream to downstream along the tidal gradient. Cross‐sectional area increased three‐fold due to tide. Energy dissipation measured in the upper tidal river was four‐fold lower than predicted to occur in the absence of tide because tides decreased average velocity and discharge. Energy dissipation measured downstream was similar to that predicted to occur without tides, although there was large uncertainty in predicted values downstream. While this limited dataset does not permit us to make broad generalizations for definitive models, it does provide a proof‐of‐concept for a new approach to addressing a critical problem at the interface of fluvial and coastal morphology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annual cycle of air‐sea CO2 exchange in an Arctic Polynya Region
Authors: Else B. G. T. , Papakyriakou T. N. , Asplin M. G. , Barber D. G. , Galley R. J. , Miller L. A. , Mucci A.
Published: February 2013

During the Canadian International Polar Year projects in the Cape Bathurst polynya region, we measured a near–complete annual cycle of sea surface CO2 (pCO2sw), atmospheric CO2 (pCO2atm), sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (S), and wind speed (U). In this paper, we combine these data with ancillary measurements of sea ice concentration (Ci) to estimate the mean annual (September 2007–September 2008) air–sea CO2 exchange for the region. For the non–freezing seasons the exchange was calculated using a standard bulk aerodynamic approach, whereas during the freezing seasons we extrapolated eddy covariance measurements of CO2 exchange. Our results show that in 2007–08 the region served as a net sink of atmospheric CO2 at a mean rate of ‐10.1 ± 6.5 mmol m− 2 d− 1. The strongest calculated uptake rate occurred in the fall when wind velocities were highest, pCO2sw was significantly lower than pCO2atm, and ice was beginning to form. Atmospheric CO2 uptake was calculated to occur (at lower rates) throughout the rest of the year, except for a brief period of outgassing during late July. Using archival U, Ci, and pCO2sw data for the region, we found that winds in 2007–08 were 25–35 % stronger than the decadal mean and were predominately easterly, which appears to have induced a relatively late freeze–up (by ∼ 3 weeks relative to mean conditions) and an early polynya opening (by ∼ 4 weeks). In turn, these conditions may have given rise to a higher CO2 uptake than normal. Estimated winter CO2 exchange through leads and small polynya openings made up more than 50% of the total CO2 uptake, consistent with recent observations of enhanced CO2 exchange associated with open water components of the winter icescape. Our calculations for the Cape Bathurst polynya region are consistent with past studies that estimated the total winter CO2 uptake in Arctic coastal polynyas to be on the order of 1012 g C yr− 1.
Phosphorus fertilization by active dust deposition in a super‐humid, temperate environment—Soil phosphorus fractionation and accession processes
Authors: Eger Andre , Almond Peter C. , Condron Leo M.
Published: February 2013

The inventory of soil phosphorus (P) is subject to significant changes over time. The main primary form, bedrock‐derived apatite P, becomes progressively lost through leaching, or transformed into more immobile and less plant‐accessible, secondary organic and mineral forms. Here we studied the rejuvenating effect of dust deposition on soil P along an active dust flux gradient downwind of a braided river. Along the gradient, we measured soil P fractions to 50 cm depth of six Spodosols and one Inceptisol, supplemented by tree foliage P concentrations. While an increasing dust flux correlates with a twofold increase of foliar P and soil organic P along the gradient, apatite P declines from ~50 to 3 g m−2 and total P shows no response. Compared to dust‐unaffected Spodosols, depth distribution of total P becomes increasingly uniform and organic P propagates deeper into the soil under dust flux. Further, the effect of topsoil P eluviation attenuates due to higher organic P content and the zone of high apatite P concentrations associated with un‐weathered subsoil becomes progressively removed from the upper 50 cm. We interpret these patterns as being consistent with upbuilding pedogenesi and conclude that dust‐derived mineral P is assimilated in the organic surface horizon and does not reach the mineral soil. Dust‐derived mineral P is temporarily stored in the living biomass and returns to the soil with plant and microbial detritus as organic P, which is subsequently buried by further dust increments. We further conclude that (1) the efficiency of P fertilization of the ecosystem by dust accession is higher than through P advection in dust‐unaffected Spodosols and (2) organic P may serve as an important source of labile P in a high‐leaching environment.
Biogeochemical carbon coupling influences global precipitation in geoengineering experiments
Authors: Fyfe J.C. , Cole J.N.S. , Arora V.K. , Scinocca J.F.
Published: February 2013

Climate model studies in which CO2‐induced global warming is offset by engineered decreases of incoming solar radiation are generally robust in their prediction of reduced amounts of global precipitation. While this precipitation response has been explained on the basis of changes in net radiation controlling evaporative processes at the surface, there has been relatively little consideration of the relative role of biogeochemical carbon‐cycle interactions. To address this issue, we employ an Earth System Model that includes oceanic and terrestrial carbon components to isolate the impact of biogeochemical carbon coupling on the precipitation response in geoengineering experiments for two types of solar radiation management. We show that carbon coupling is responsible for a large fraction of the global precipitation reduction in such geoengineering experiments and that the primary effect comes from reduced transpiration through the leaves of plants and trees in the terrestrial component of the carbon cycle due to elevated CO2. Our results suggest that biogeochemical interactions are as important as changes in net radiation and that climate models that do not account for such carbon coupling may significantly underestimate precipitation reductions in a geoengineered world.
Simulations of tremor‐related creep reveal a weak crustal root of the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Johnson Kaj M. , Shelly David R. , Bradley Andrew M.
Published: February 2013

Deep aseismic roots of faults play a critical role in transferring tectonic loads to shallower, brittle crustal faults that rupture in large earthquakes. Yet, until the recent discovery of deep tremor and creep, direct inference of the physical properties of lower‐crustal fault roots has remained elusive. Observations of tremor near Parkfield, CA provide the first evidence for present‐day localized slip on the deep extension of the San Andreas Fault and triggered transient creep events. We develop numerical simulations of fault slip to show that the spatiotemporal evolution of triggered tremor near Parkfield is consistent with triggered fault creep governed by laboratory‐derived friction laws between depths of 20–35 km on the fault. Simulated creep and observed tremor northwest of Parkfield nearly ceased for 20–30 days in response to small coseismic stress changes of order 104 Pa from the 2003 M6.5 San Simeon Earthquake. Simulated afterslip and observed tremor following the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake show a coseismically induced pulse of rapid creep and tremor lasting for 1 day followed by a longer 30 day period of sustained accelerated rates due to propagation of shallow afterslip into the lower crust. These creep responses require very low effective normal stress of ~1 MPa on the deep San Andreas Fault and near‐neutral‐stability frictional properties expected for gabbroic lower‐crustal rock.
MALDI mass spectrometric imaging based identification of clinically relevant signals in prostate cancer using large‐scale tissue microarrays
Authors: Steurer Stefan , Borkowski Carina , Odinga Sinje , Buchholz Malte , Koop Christina , Huland Hartwig , Becker Michael , Witt Matthias , Trede Dennis , Omidi Maryam , Kraus Olga , Bahar Ahmad S. , Seddiqi A. Shoaib , Singer Julius M. , Kwiatkowski Marcel , Trusch Maria , Simon Ronald , Wurlitzer Marcus , Minner Sarah , Schlomm Thorsten , Sauter Guido , Schlüter Hartmut
Published: February 2013

To identify molecular features associated with clinico‐pathological parameters and TMPRSS2‐ERG fusion status in prostate cancer, we employed MALDI mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) to a prostate cancer tissue microarray (TMA) containing formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues samples from 1,044 patients for which clinical follow‐up data were available. MSI analysis revealed 15 distinct mass per charge (m/z)‐signals associated to epithelial structures. A comparison of these signals with clinico‐pathological features revealed statistical association with favorable tumor phenotype such as low Gleason grade, early pT stage or low Ki67 labeling Index (LI) for four signals (m/z 700, m/z 1,502, m/z 1,199 and m/z 3,577), a link between high Ki67LI for one signal (m/z 1,013) and a relationship with prolonged time to PSA recurrence for one signal (m/z 1,502; p = 0.0145). Multiple signals were associated with the ERG‐fusion status of our cancers. Two of 15 epithelium‐associated signals including m/z 1,013 and m/z 1,502 were associated with detectable ERG expression and five signals (m/z 644, 678, 1,044, 3,086 and 3,577) were associated with ERG negativity. These observations are in line with substantial molecular differences between fusion‐type and non‐fusion type prostate cancer. The signals observed in this study may characterize molecules that play a role in the development of TMPRSS2‐ERG fusions, or alternatively reflect pathways that are activated as a consequence of ERG‐activation. The combination of MSI and large‐scale TMAs reflects a powerful approach enabling immediate prioritization of MSI signals based on associations with clinico‐pathological and molecular data.
Latitude gradients for lymphoid neoplasm subtypes in Australia support an association with ultraviolet radiation exposure
Authors: van Leeuwen Marina T. , Turner Jennifer J. , Falster Michael O. , Meagher Nicola S. , Joske David J. , Grulich Andrew E. , Giles Graham G. , Vajdic Claire M.
Published: February 2013

Given the uncertainty surrounding solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and risk of lymphoid neoplasms, we performed an ecological analysis of national Australian data for incident cases diagnosed between 2002 and 2006. Subtype‐specific incidence was examined by latitude band (<29°S, 29–36°S, ≥37°S), a proxy for ambient UVR exposure, using multiple Poisson regression, adjusted for sex, age‐group and calendar year. Incidence increased with distance from the equator for several mature B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, including diffuse large B‐cell [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16–1.61 for latitude ≥37°S relative to <29°S], lymphoplasmacytic (IRR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.12–1.61), mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (IRR = 1.32; 95% CI: 0.97–1.80) and mantle cell lymphoma (IRR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.05–1.58), as well as plasmacytoma (IRR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.09–2.11) and plasma cell myeloma (IRR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.03–1.27). A similar pattern was observed for several mature cutaneous T‐cell neoplasms, including primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (IRR = 4.26; 95% CI: 1.85–9.84), mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (IRR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.20–2.46), and peripheral T‐cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (NOS) (IRR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.17–2.00). Incidence of mixed cellularity/lymphocyte‐depleted (IRR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.16–2.20) and nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (IRR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.33–1.85) also increased with distance from the equator. Many of these subtypes have a known association with infection or immune dysregulation. Our findings support a possible protective effect of UVR exposure on the risk of several lymphoid neoplasms, possibly through vitamin D‐related immune modulation critical in lymphomagenesis.
A dose‐finding study of temsirolimus and liposomal doxorubicin for patients with recurrent and refractory bone and soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Thornton K.A. , Chen A.R. , Trucco M.M. , Shah P. , Wilky B.A. , Gul N. , Carrera‐Haro M.A. , Ferreira M. Fogle , Shafique U. , Powell J.D. , Meyer C.F. , Loeb D.M.
Published: February 2013

There are few effective therapies for high‐risk sarcomas. Initial chemosensitivity is often followed by relapse. In vitro, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition potentiates the efficacy of chemotherapy on resistant sarcoma cells. Although sarcoma trials using mTOR inhibitors have been disappointing, these drugs were used as maintenance. We conducted a Phase I/II clinical trial to test the ability of temsirolimus to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of liposomal doxorubicin and present here the dose‐finding portion of this study. Adult and pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory sarcomas were treated with increasing doses of liposomal doxorubicin and temsirolimus using a continual reassessment method for escalation, targeting a dose‐limiting toxicity rate of 20%. Blood samples were drawn before and after the first dose of temsirolimus in Cycles 1 and 2 for pharmacokinetic analysis. The maximally tolerated dose combination was liposomal doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 monthly with temsirolimus 20 mg/m2 weekly. Hematologic toxicity was common but manageable. Dose‐limiting toxicities were primarily renal. Concurrent administration of liposomal doxorubicin resulted in increased exposure to sirolimus, the active metabolite of temsirolimus. Thus, the combination of liposomal doxorubicin and temsirolimus is safe for heavily pretreated sarcoma patients. Co‐administration with liposomal doxorubicin did not alter temsirolimus pharmacokinetics, but increased exposure to its active metabolite.
De novo‐generated small palindromes are characteristic of amplicon boundary junction of double minutes
Authors: Zhu Jing , Yu Yang , Meng Xiangning , Fan Yihui , Zhang Yu , Zhou Chunshui , Yue Zhichao , Jin Yan , Zhang Chunyu , Yu Lisa , Ji Wei , Jia Xueyuan , Guan Rongwei , Wu Jie , Yu Jingcui , Bai Jing , Guan Xin‐Yuan , Wang Mingrong , Lee Ki‐Young , Sun Wenjing , Fu Songbin
Published: February 2013

Double minutes (DMs) are hallmarks of gene amplification. However, their molecular structure and the mechanisms of formation are largely unknown. To elucidate the structure and underlying molecular mechanism of DMs, we obtained and cloned DMs using microdissection; and degenerated oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP‐PCR) from the ovarian cancer cell line UACC‐1598. Two large amplicons, the 284 kb AmpMYCN, originating from locus 2p24.3 and the 391 kb AmpEIF5A2, from locus 3q26.2, were found co‐amplified on the same DMs. The two amplicons are joined through a complex 7 kb junction DNA sequence. Analysis of the junction has revealed three de novo created small palindromes surrounding the six breakpoints. Consistent with these observations, we further found that 70% of the 57 reported DM junction sequences have de novo creation of small palindromic sequences surrounding the breakpoints. Together, our findings indicate that de novo‐generated small palindromic sequences are characteristic of amplicon boundary junctions on DMs. It is possible that the de novo‐generated small palindromic sequences, which may be generated through non‐homologous end joining in concert with a novel DNA repair machinery, play a common role in amplicon rejoining and gene amplification.
Carnitines slow down tumor development of colon cancer in the DMH‐chemical carcinogenesis mouse model
Authors: Roscilli Giuseppe , Marra Emanuele , Mori Federica , Di Napoli Arianna , Mancini Rita , Serlupi‐Crescenzi Ottaviano , Virmani Ashraf , Aurisicchio Luigi , Ciliberto Gennaro
Published: February 2013

Dietary agents are receiving much attention for the chemoprevention of cancer. While curcumin is known to influence several pathways and affect tumor growth in vivo, carnitin and its congeners play a variety of important metabolic functions: are involved in the oxydation of long‐chain fatty acids, regulate acyl‐CoA levels and influence protein activity and stability by modifying the extent of protein acetylation. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of carnitines in the prevention of cancer development using the 1,2,‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced colon carcinogenesis model. We also assessed whether their combination was able to give rise to increased protection from cancer development. Mice treated with DMH were dosed orally with curcumin and/or carnitine and acylcarnitines for 20 weeks. At the end of the treatment colon samples were collected, and scored for multiple ACF and adenomas. We observed that carnitine and acyl‐carnitines had same, if not higher, efficacy than curcumin alone in inhibiting the formation of neoplastic lesions induced by DMH treatment. Interestingly, the combination of curcumin and acetyl‐L‐carnitine was able to fully inhibit the development of advanced adenoma lesions. Our data unveil the antitumor effects of carnitines and warrant additional studies to further support the adoption of carnitines as cancer chemopreventative agents. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1665–1673, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First principles study of gallium‐cleaning for hydrogen‐contaminated α‐Al2O3(0001) surfaces
Authors: Yang Rui , Rendell Alistair P.
Published: February 2013

The use of gallium for cleaning hydrogen‐contaminated Al2O3 surfaces is explored by performing first principles density functional calculations of gallium adsorption on a hydrogen‐contaminated Al‐terminated α‐Al2O3(0001) surface. Both physisorbed and chemisorbed H‐contaminated α‐Al2O3(0001) surfaces with one monolayer (ML) gallium coverage are investigated. The thermodynamics of gallium cleaning are considered for a variety of different asymptotic products, and are found to be favorable in all cases. Physisorbed H atoms have very weak interactions with the Al2O3 surface and can be removed easily by the Ga ML. Chemisorbed H atoms form stronger interactions with the surface Al atoms. Bonding energy analysis and departure simulations indicate, however, that chemisorbed H atoms can be effectively removed by the Ga ML. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multiscale coarse‐grained polarizable solvent model for handling long tail bulk electrostatics
Authors: Masella Michel , Borgis Daniel , Cuniasse Philippe
Published: February 2013

A multiscale coarse‐grained approach able to handle efficiently the solvation of microscopic solutes in extended chemical environment is described. That approach is able to compute readily and efficiently very long‐range solute/solvent electrostatic microscopic interactions, up to the 1‐μm scale, by considering a reduced amount of computational resources. All the required parameters are assigned to reproduce available data concerning the solvation of single ions. Such a strategy makes it possible to reproduce with good accuracy the solvation properties concerning simple ion pairs in solution (in particular, the asymptotic behavior of the ion pair potentials of mean force). This new method represents an extension of the polarizable pseudoparticle solvent model, which has been recently improved to account for the main features of hydrophobic effects in liquid water (Masella et al., J. Comput. Chem.
2011, 32, 2664). This multiscale approach is well suited to be used for computing the impact of charge changes in free energy computations, in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonrandom adsorption of polyelectrolyte chains on finite regularly charged surfaces
Authors: Nunes Sandra C. C. , Pinto P. , Pais A. A. C. C.
Published: February 2013

Adsorption phenomena are relevant in a wide variety of subjects, from biophysics to technological applications. Different aspects, such as molecular recognition, multilayer deposition, and dynamics of polymer adsorption have been addressed. The methodologies used range from analytical and numerical methods to molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations. In this work, a coarse‐grained model is used to explore the adsorption of charged backbones to oppositely charged regions of a surface. These regions encompass those small enough to prevent complete adsorption, but extend to surfaces sufficiently large to promote adsorption with minimal effect on the three‐dimensional conformation in bulk. Apart from the different surface areas explored, variations on the surface charge density, polyelectrolyte chain length, and chain stiffness were also considered. The degree of compaction of the polyelectrolyte, on adsorption, is different from that found in the bulk. Also, results indicate an nonuniform adsorption pattern on regularly charged surfaces. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SERS from light localization positions
Authors: Maksimenko V. V. , Kupriyanov L. Yu. , Zagaynov V. A. , Agranovski I. E.
Published: February 2013

The proposed model allows to analyze reasons for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by molecules adsorbed onto surface of metal particles. It considers multiple inelastic scattering of a photon, which moves along a closed loop inside a system of closely packed small metallic particles. During this motion, the photon undergoes multiple exchanges with the medium by the same amount of energy corresponding to excitation in the system of charge density fluctuations, which are permanently present in the system. The energy of such fluctuations can be an arbitrary value, with magnitude of less than the energy of incident photon. Probability of the excitation is very high and comparable with the probability of resonance excitation of the dipole surface plasmon in a separate particle. Strong local fields related to these fluctuations exist over entire frequency range from infrared up to ultraviolet. The reason for the photon motion along the closed loop is related to constructive interference of amplitudes corresponding to two alternative ways of the loop passing; clockwise and counter clockwise. Probability of such motion is calculated. Peculiarities of behavior of charge density fluctuations allow explaining some specific features of flicker noise. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAPLE Deposition of Macromolecules
Authors: Shepard Kimberly B. , Priestley Rodney D.
Published: February 2013

Macromolecules are poised to feature prominently as components in organic electronics, medical implants, drug delivery systems, and sensors. A common theme for the role polymers will play in all of these is as a thin film. In all applications, it is paramount to have precise control over film thickness, structure, morphology, surfaces roughness, etc. Here, matrix‐assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is reviewed as a route to processing polymer and other soft matter thin films with control over the above‐mentioned parameters. After briefly discussing the experimental setup and current proposed mechanism of film formation via MAPLE, the use of MAPLE to process thin films is highlighted for use in various technologies and applications. Future directions and challenges for MAPLE processing of thin films are also discussed.

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How Group Loyalties Shape Ethical Judgment and Punishment Preferences
Authors: Wright Scott A. , Dinsmore John B. , Kellaris James J.
Published: February 2013

Once a matter of safety and survival, loyalty is a moral principle deeply rooted in human evolution—one that may wield a profound influence on ethical judgment and conceptions of just punishment. Consumers live in a complex Web of loyalty obligations woven through affiliations with marketers, fellow consumers, and other groups. This article examines how such affiliations shape consumers’ judgments of ethically controversial marketing conduct and preferences for punishment. In general, the more unethical an act is judged to be, the more severe the preferred punishment. However, the findings show that although consumers judge a controversial marketing act as more unethical when an in‐group member targets the consumer's in‐group (vs. out‐group), a more lenient punishment is preferred (Study 1). Additionally, the extent to which one embraces loyalty as a moral value appears to mediate the relationship between group affiliations and preferred punishment (Study 2). This is a bias participants deny having, but believe others exhibit. This research finds evidence of loyalty to the principle of loyalty itself. A person will view an out‐group member transgressing a member from that same out‐group with disdain similar to that accorded an in‐group member who transgresses the in‐group, because the innate badness of the act is compounded by the stigma of disloyalty.
The Beautiful, the Cheerful, and the Helpful: The Effects of Service Employee Attributes on Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Keh Hean Tat , Ren Run , Hill Sally Rao , Li Xuan
Published: February 2013

In contrast to prior studies examining only piecemeal aspects of employee attributes (i.e., physical attractiveness, displayed emotion, or helpfulness), the present research adopts an encompassing approach and considers these attributes simultaneously. These three attributes were selected as they represent the physical, emotional, and motivational aspects of the employee, respectively. This holistic approach provides an understanding of how these three dimensions of employee attributes exert differential effects and interact with one another on customer satisfaction. In order to validate the proposed framework and hypotheses, the authors conducted an experiment as well as a survey in an actual retail setting. Results show that even though all three employee attributes lead to customer satisfaction, employee helpfulness has the strongest impact. In addition, employees’ displayed emotion interacts with their physical attractiveness and helpfulness, respectively, to influence customer satisfaction. These findings not only contribute to the literature, but also have managerial implications for high‐contact services.
Cultural Diversity and Marketing Transactions: Are Market Integration, Large Community Size, and World Religions Necessary for Fairness in Ephemeral Exchanges?
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Zhang Mann
Published: February 2013

The study here applies qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) in an examination of data from 15 societies varying in their degree of market integration (MI) and participation in world religions (WRs); the data are available in Henrich et al. (2010b). The findings here provide a more nuanced coverage of the influences of cultural causal recipes on fairness and punishment in exchanges with strangers than “net effect” explanations. The coverage here explains how acts of fairness and punishment are contingent on several alternative paths including both low as well as high levels of MI and WR. Contrary to conclusions by Henrich et al. (2010a), depending on additional ingredients in cultural recipes, a society does not need to achieve MI and adoption of a WR to be fair and punish unfairness.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Thiol‐Ene Hydrogelation Using Eosin‐Y as the Only Photoinitiator
Authors: Shih Han , Lin Chien‐Chi
Published: February 2013

The utility of visible‐light‐mediated polymerization in tissue engineering has been limited due to the necessary use of potentially cytotoxic coinitiator and comonomer. Here, we report a visible‐light‐mediated thiol‐ene hydrogelation scheme using eosin‐Y as the only photoinitiator. Under visible light exposure, rapid and highly tunable step‐growth gelation is achieved using PEG‐norbornene and a model cross‐linker dithiothreitol. In addition to investigating the gelation kinetics and properties of thiol‐ene hydrogels formed by this new gelation scheme, we also report high cytocompatibility of these hydrogels using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and pancreatic MIN6 β‐cells.
Boron Subphthalocyanine Polymers by Facile Coupling to Poly(acrylic acid‐ran‐styrene) Copolymers Synthesized by Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization and the Associated Problems with Autoinitiation
Authors: Lessard Benoît H. , Bender Timothy P.
Published: February 2013

Boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) are macrocyclic aromatic small molecules containing a chelated boron atom. BsubPcs have interesting optoelectronic and physical properties, justifying their use in various organic electronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic light‐emitting diodes. However, our group has only recently reported the first incorporation of a BsubPc moiety into a polymer using a two‐step post‐polymerization procedure. This communication outlines the use of acrylic acid as a method for obtaining carboxylic acid functional copolymers for the facile coupling to BsubPc post polymerization. In addition, the observations and the proposed mechanism of a side product unique to the copolymerization of acrylic acid and styrene due to autoinitiation are presented.

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Curcuminoids distinctly exhibit antioxidant activities and regulate expression of scavenger receptors and heme oxygenase‐1
Authors: Kou Mei‐Chun , Chiou Shu‐Yuan , Weng Ching‐Yi , Wang Lisu , Ho Chi‐Tang , Wu Ming‐Jiuan
Published: February 2013

Scope

Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) have been demonstrated as having antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and hypocholesterolemic activities. We report the diverse antiatherogenic effects and mechanisms of curcuminoids.

Methods and results

We found that CUR was the most potent antioxidant against copper‐mediated LDL oxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances assay, oxidized LDL (oxLDL) ELISA, and electrophoretic mobility. CUR upregulated heme oxygenase‐1, modifier subunit of glutamate‐cysteine ligase (GCLM), and CD36 expression in undifferentiated THP‐1 cells, supporting the possible involvement of Nrf2 pathway in CD36 expression. Monocyte‐to‐macrophage differentiation plays a vital role in early atherogenesis. BDMC reduced oxLDL uptake most effectively, while CUR was the best inhibitor for CD36, scavenger receptor A, and lectin‐like oxidized LDL receptor‐1 expression during phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)‐induced THP‐1 differentiation. In PMA‐differentiated THP‐1 macrophages, CUR and DMC effectively induced heme oxygenase‐1 expression, but attenuated oxLDL‐induced CD36 expression, leading to decreased oxLDL uptake.

Conclusion

This result indicates curcuminoids, despite structural similarities, exert different atheroprotective effects. Curcuminoids, especially CUR and DMC, are hormetic compounds, which induce Phase II enzyme expression and confer resistance to PMA‐ and oxLDL‐induced scavenger receptor expression and activity.
Recommendations for Meeting the Pediatric Patient's Need for a Clinical Pharmacist: A Joint Opinion of the Pediatrics Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy and the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group
Authors: Bhatt‐Mehta Varsha , Buck Marcia L. , Chung Allison M. , Farrington Elizabeth A. , Hagemann Tracy M. , Hoff David S. , LaRochelle Joseph M. , Pettit Rebecca S. , Phan Hanna , Potts Amy L. , Smith Katherine P. , Parrish Richard H.
Published: February 2013

Children warrant access to care from clinical pharmacists trained in pediatrics. The American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pediatrics Practice and Research Network (ACCPPediatricsPRN) released an opinion paper in 2005 with recommendations for improving the quality and quantity of pediatric pharmacy education in colleges of pharmacy, residency programs, and fellowships. Although progress has been made in increasing the availability of pediatric residencies, there is still much to be done to meet the direct care needs of pediatric patients. The purpose of this joint opinion paper is to outline strategies and recommendations for expanding the quality and capacity of pediatric clinical pharmacy practitioners by elevating the minimum expectations for pharmacists entering pediatric practice, standardizing pediatric pharmacy education, expanding the current number of pediatric clinical pharmacists, and creating an infrastructure for development of pediatric clinical pharmacists and clinical scientists. These recommendations may be used to provide both a conceptual framework and action items for schools of pharmacy, health care systems, and policymakers to work together to increase the quality and quantity of pediatric training, practice, and research initiatives.
Knowing when to leap: Transitioning between exploitative and explorative R&D
Authors: Mudambi Ram , Swift Tim
Published: February 2013

A common perspective is that consistent R&D investment facilitates innovation, while volatile spending implies myopic decision making. However, the benefits to exploiting extant competencies eventually erode, so firms must disrupt their R&D function and explore for new competitive advantage. We suggest that high‐performing firms recognize when extant competencies decline and increase exploratory R&D to develop new competencies at the appropriate time. We find that changes in R&D expenditure away from the firm's historic trend, in either direction, are indicative of transitions between exploitative and exploratory R&D and are associated with increased firm performance. Increases in R&D expenditure above the trend are associated with an increased likelihood of highly cited patents, suggesting that firms are making the leap between R&D‐based exploitation and exploration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors Contributing to Adult Knowledge of Science and Technology
Authors: Falk John H. , Needham Mark D.
Published: February 2013

Historically, most efforts to improve public knowledge of science and technology have focused on improvements in K‐12 schooling, although post‐secondary education and informal education have also been mentioned as important factors. Currently, little empirical data exist to determine how or when to best leverage science and technology education energies and resources. This article examines a range of factors potentially contributing to adult knowledge of science and technology. Results from a telephone survey of 1,018 adult residents in greater Los Angeles, California (United States) showed that adult free‐choice learning experiences such as reading books and magazines about science and technology, using the internet, and watching science related documentaries and videos were the strongest predictors of self‐reported knowledge of science and technology. Privilege, especially higher income and being male, was also an important factor, as were workplace experiences and childhood experiences outside of school. Although formal schooling was a significant predictor of this knowledge, it explained less variance in knowledge than most other factors. This research provides initial data on which to base discussions about how best to support public education in science and technology. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 431‐452, 2013
Gadolinium‐based contrast agents for magnetic resonance cancer imaging
Authors: Zhou Zhuxian , Lu Zheng‐Rong
Published: February 2013

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Acoustical comparison between decrescendo calls of female mallards and mimicry by humans using artificial duck calls
Authors: Callicutt James T. , Kaminski Richard M. , Shmulsky Rubin , Schummer Michael L. , Lestrade John P.
Published: February 2013

Female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) emit a diverse repertoire of vocalizations. Duck hunters and callers mimic these vocalizations using artificial calls made from wood or plastic. The extent to which humans can mimic live mallards using artificial calls is unknown. We compared acoustic features of field recordings of the decrescendo calls of wild female mallards with those of duck callers. A panel of 38 duck callers used artificial calls equipped with single and double reeds that were made of 7 species of hardwoods and cast acrylic. We found that cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa), osage orange (Maclura pomifera), pecan (Carya sp.), acrylic, and bocote (Cordia alliodora) calls with double reeds produced notes acoustically most similar to female mallard decrescendos. We recommend that duck hunters and callers use calls made of acrylic or harder wood species, recognizing that double reed calls generally out‐performed single reed calls in this study. We recommend that similar studies be conducted for other types of game calls, and we recommend additional future research to determine whether use of such calls influences mallard harvest and hunter satisfaction. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Farber lipogranulomatosis with predominant joint involvement mimicking juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Kostik Mikhail M. , Chikova Irina A. , Avramenko Vladislav V. , Vasyakina Laly I. , Le Trionnaire Emmanuelle , Chasnyk Vyacheslav G. , Levade Thierry
Published: February 2013

The case of a 10‐year‐old boy with Farber lipogranulomatosis with predominant joint involvement, subacute, laryngeal and tongue granulomas, microcytic anemia, elevated ESR and CRP, is presented. The boy had no signs of CNS and internal organ involvement. The disease manifested at 6 months; at 11 months the boy had widespread granulomatous polyarthritis with contractures, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was suggested. All antirheumatic therapies failed. Immunologic assessment revealed elevated serum interleukin‐1β, increased T‐helper, NK and CD25‐positive cells, and circulating immune complexes. Our case with predominant rheumatologic manifestations illustrates a differential diagnosis of JIA.
Neurofibrillary tangle‐like tau pathology induced by synthetic tau fibrils in primary neurons over‐expressing mutant tau
Authors: Guo Jing L. , Lee Virginia M.Y.
Published: February 2013

Increasing evidence demonstrates the transmissibility of fibrillar species of tau protein, but this has never been directly tested in neurons, the cell type most affected by formation of tau inclusions in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Here we show that synthetic tau fibrils made from recombinant protein not only time‐dependently recruit normal tau into neurofibrillary tangle‐like insoluble aggregates in primary hippocampal neurons over‐expressing human tau, but also induce neuritic tau pathology in non‐transgenic neurons. This study provides highly compelling support for the protein‐only hypothesis of pathological tau transmission in primary neurons and describes a useful neuronal model for studying the pathogenesis of tauopathies.
Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy in Training Upper Limb Hemiparesis after Stroke
Authors: Toh Sharon Fong Mei , Fong Kenneth N.K.
Published: February 2013

Objective/Background

This study aims to review the current evidence on effectiveness of mirror therapy (MT) in improving motor function of the hemiplegic upper limb (UL) among the adult stroke population in the last 12 years.

Methods

A systematic review of studies published in English from 1999 to 2011, retrieved from four electronic databases MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Sage Online, and ScienceDirect, was performed. Only articles focusing on the effects of MT to train UL motor function were included. The methodological quality of the studies was appraised based on the design and Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale.

Results

Of the 1,129 articles, nine (six randomised controlled trials and three case reports) were reviewed. The majority of the studies were heterogeneous in design. The review indicated that the strength of current evidence for the use of MT with the stroke population is moderate and seemed to benefit participants with subacute stroke. Little is known about its long-term sustainability, the right target group of the stroke population, and the optimal time to start intervention.

Conclusion

More research is needed to determine the optimal dose of therapy, optimal time to start this intervention, and the right target group. Accordingly, no firm conclusions can now be drawn on the effectiveness of MT until more evidence is present.
Acceleration response spectra for the earthquakes of the southwestern flank of the Baikal Rift Zone
Authors: Drennov A.F. , Dzhurik V.I. , Serebrennikov S.P. , Bryzhak E.V. , Drennova N.N.
Published: February 2013

The acceleration response spectra of earthquakes with M = 4–6.5 in the southwestern part of the Baikal Rift Zone have been studied. The absorption properties of the medium and the attenuation of seismic signals in the study area were determined. Average acceleration response spectra were obtained for regional earthquakes. A comparative analysis of the acceleration response spectra was made for earthquake focal mechanisms with different senses of motion: reverse fault, reverse slip, strike slip, and oblique slip. The effect of the sense of fault motion in the seismic source on acceleration response spectra was determined.
Schizo-Obsessive Disorder
Authors: Poyurovsky Michael
Published: February 2013

This is the first book to address the clinical and neurobiological interface between schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There is growing evidence that obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia are prevalent, persistent and characterized by a distinct pattern of familial inheritance, neurocognitive deficits and brain activation. This text provides guidelines for differential diagnosis of schizophrenic patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and patients with primary OCD alongside poor insight, psychotic features or schizotypal personality. Written by a leading expert in the coexistence of obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenic phenomena, Schizo-Obsessive Disorder uses numerous case studies to present diagnostic guidelines and to describe a recommended treatment algorithm, demystifying this complex disorder and aiding its effective management. The book is essential reading for psychiatrists, neurologists and the wider range of multidisciplinary mental health practitioners.
The True History of the Conquest of New Spain
Authors: Díaz del Castillo Bernal
Published: February 2013

Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492–1584) was a foot soldier in the army of Mexico's conqueror Hernán Cortés, and participated in the campaigns that led to the fall of the Aztec empire in 1521. This 1928 translation of his journals derives from the 1904 edition by the Mexican historian Genaro García - the first edition based on the original manuscript. Written as a corrective to accounts that overemphasised Cortés' exploits, Díaz's epic focuses on the experiences of the common soldier. The most complete contemporary chronicle of the Mexican conquest, this important historical document is also a captivating adventure narrative that combines factual accuracy with many dramatic anecdotes. Volume 1, in which Díaz recounts his first two expeditions to the Yucatán coast and the beginning of his service in Cortés' army, contains chapters 1–81 and includes part of García's 1904 introduction to his edition.
Conservation
Authors: Hambler Clive , Canney Susan M.
Published: February 2013

The importance of conservation is growing each year, with increasing concerns over the destruction of biodiversity and the rising awareness of ecosystem services generating new debates on the human-nature relationship. This compact overview integrates the process, theory and practice of conservation for a broad readership, from non-specialists to students and practitioners. Taking a global perspective, it uses examples from around the world to illustrate general themes and show how problems arise from the impact of societal trends on ecological communities. A significant practical component will be particularly valuable for environmental professionals, outlining the requirements for rigorous surveys, biodiversity valuation, the assessment of impact and its mitigation. Thoroughly revised and updated, this second edition reflects trends towards embracing multiple disciplines, considering the links between ecology and the social sciences and bringing conservation to the heart of sustainability and environmental policy.
Land and Privilege in Byzantium
Authors: Bartusis Mark C.
Published: February 2013

A pronoia was a type of conditional grant from the emperor, often to soldiers, of various properties and privileges. In large measure the institution of pronoia characterized social and economic relations in later Byzantium, and its study is the study of later Byzantium. Filling the need for a comprehensive study of the institution, this book examines the origin, evolution and characteristics of pronoia, focusing particularly on the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. But the book is much more than a study of a single institution. With a broad chronological scope extending from the mid-tenth to the mid-fifteenth century, it incorporates the latest understanding of Byzantine agrarian relations, taxation, administration and the economy, as it deals with relations between the emperor, monastic and lay landholders, including soldiers and peasants. Particular attention is paid to the relation between the pronoia and Western European, Slavic and Middle Eastern institutions, especially the Ottoman timar.