bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of interobserver reproducibility in grading dysplastic nevi: Results of the application of the 2018 World Health Organization grading criteria
Authors: Aydin Ulgen Ovgu , Yıldız Pelin , Acar Hazal Cansu , Demirkesen Cuyan
Published: November 2021

Background

We aimed to determine whether the histopathological grading of dysplastic nevi is an objective endeavor, considering interobserver variability, according to 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.

Methods

In total, 179 cases of dysplastic nevi, with high and moderate degree of atypia, diagnosed and graded according to the previous criteria were reviewed by three pathologists. Then, the observers graded the dysplastic nevi as low or high according to 2018 WHO criteria.

Results

Grading of dysplastic nevi was in complete agreement in 99 out of 179 cases across three observers with a fair level of overall interobserver agreement (multirater κfree: 0.40). The observers showed moderate to good agreement for most of the architectural features, except for criteria regarding focal continuous basal proliferation of melanocytes, density of non‐nested junctional melanocytes, and presence of dyscohesive nests of intraepidermal melanocytes, whereas fair agreement was achieved for the cytological criteria.

Conclusions

The 2018 WHO criteria for dysplastic nevus will ensure a common approach to the diagnosis and grading of dysplastic nevi. However, histopathological criteria, such as cytological features and focal continuous basal proliferation of melanocytes, should be improved so as to ensure a more accurate surgical approach and risk assessment.
Proboscis curling in a pollinator causes extensive pollen movement and loss
Authors: Smith Gordon P. , Davidowitz Goggy , Raguso Robert A. , Bronstein Judith L.
Published: November 2021

1. Precise pollen placement on floral visitors can improve pollen transfer, but in many plant species, pollen is deposited onto the flexible proboscises of long‐tongued insects. These proboscises are curled and uncurled between floral visits, potentially causing pollen to be lost or displaced. Rates of pollen movement and loss resulting from proboscis curling, and hence the potential quality of long‐tongued insects as pollinators, are unknown.

2. Here, pollen loss and movement on the proboscises of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) hawkmoths was experimentally measured. It was predicted that (i) proboscis curling causes pollen loss; (ii) pollen that is not lost is displaced from its deposition site; and (iii) repeated curls result in more displacement. Pollen from Datura wrightii, an important nectar plant for M. sexta, was placed distal to the knee bend on M. sexta proboscises, and the number and location of grains was recorded after proboscis curls.

3. Consistent with the hypotheses, proboscis curling caused significant pollen loss. (i) A single curl resulted in the loss of almost 75% of the pollen from the placement site; after repeated curling, 98% of grains were lost from this site. (ii) A single curl was also sufficient to displace pollen across all surfaces of the proboscis, but (iii) further curling did not affect its distribution across surfaces.

4. Together, these results suggest that precise pollen placement on the proboscises of hawkmoths would be unlikely to increase pollen transfer success. Strategies by which flowering plants might mitigate the effects of pollen loss from visitors with flexible pollen‐pickup structures are discussed.
Dominant females have brighter ornamentation in a sexually dimorphic lekking species
Authors: Earl Alexis D. , Simpson Richard K. , Yorzinski Jessica L.
Published: November 2021

Males often exhibit elaborate ornamentation that contributes to their fitness. Similarly, females can also exhibit elaborate ornamentation, but we have a relatively limited understanding of its function. Recent studies have demonstrated that female ornamentation can function in both intrasexual competition and male mate choice, but few studies have been conducted on lekking species. We therefore investigated the possibility that female ornamentation provides information about the dominance status of the bearer, which could mediate intrasexual competition. We examined this possibility using Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), a sexually dimorphic lekking species in which females exhibit elaborate ornamentation in the form of iridescent green neck plumage. We tested whether female ornamentation predicts dominance status using an information theoretic model averaging approach. We found that females with brighter ornamentation are more socially dominant than females with darker ornamentation. These results suggest that female ornamentation in this species provides social information about the dominance status of the bearer. This study provides insight into the evolution of conspicuous female traits by suggesting a potential role for female ornamentation in intrasexual competition in a lekking species.
Married CEOs and stock price crash risk
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Bon , Liao Shushu , Liu Yangke
Published: November 2021

This study examines whether marriage, as a social construct and cultural norm, can affect firm‐level stock price crash risk. We find that firms managed by married CEOs are associated with lower future stock price crash risk, after controlling for a set of firm characteristics and CEO traits. We document that CEO marriage reduces crash risk by curbing bad news hoarding and formation activities. Moreover, the attenuating impact of CEO marriage on crash risk is more pronounced among firms with weaker corporate governance and those run by less prominent, higher‐delta and lower‐paid CEOs.
Warming has a minor effect on surface soil organic carbon in alpine meadow ecosystems on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen Ying , Han Mengguang , Yuan Xia , Hou Yanhui , Qin Wenkuan , Zhou Huakun , Zhao Xinquan , Klein Julia A. , Zhu Biao
Published: November 2021

The alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is very sensitive to warming and plays a key role in regulating global carbon (C) cycling. However, how warming affects the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and related C inputs and outputs in alpine meadow ecosystems on the QTP remains unclear. Here, we combined two field experiments and a meta‐analysis on field experiments to synthesize the responses of the SOC pool and related C cycling processes to warming in alpine meadow ecosystems on the QTP. We found that the SOC content of surface soil (0–10 cm) showed a minor response to warming, but plant respiration was accelerated by warming. In addition, the warming effect on SOC was not correlated with experimental and environmental variables, such as the method, magnitude and duration of warming, initial SOC content, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation. We conclude that the surface SOC content is resistant to climate warming in alpine meadow ecosystems on the QTP.
Toward Comm/unity amid Brokenness
Authors: Bargár Pavol
Published: November 2021

This article argues that one of the postulations and, simultaneously, aims of Christian mission as part of missio Dei is to recognize the image of God in the other. To advance its arguments, it employs three central concepts, namely, brokenness, relationality, and mutuality. These concepts are to be perceived in terms of a hermeneutic arch that constitutes theological/missiological understanding of both what it means to be human and what it means to be involved in missio Dei. Taken together, they will serve as stepping stones to a relational anthropology that can give orientation to Christian mission today. In particular, the concept of “comm/unity” will be suggested as a means to address the double aspect of human essential togetherness and the relationality of distinct beings that is characteristic for the conditio humana. The aim of the article is to show that there is a deep and inherent link between mission, unity, and anthropology.
Mission in Unity
Authors: Chung Meehyun
Published: November 2021

This article introduces the multidimensional work of Oliver R. Avison (1860–1959) from various perspectives of the United Nations sustainable development goals. The aim is to elaborate his mission regarding medical ministry, education, and evangelism. This article comprises two major parts. The first is a general introduction to the background of his work in Korea in terms of society and medical mission. The second is an examination of his major contributions in seeking justice, peace, and wellbeing for people and establishing institutions for both medical service and higher education for young Koreans under Japanese colonialism. This article is descriptive and approaches the topic of Avison’s work of his beginning period chronologically. It is also analytical and offers an evaluation of his work in its historical context. Overall, he aimed to accomplish mission in unity. His endeavour could be commemorated as a role model even in the 21st century as a pioneer attempt to pursue sustainability through mutual respect instead of through paternalistic charity work.
A Common Word (Surah 3:64) between Muslims and Christians?
Authors: Wrogemann Henning
Published: November 2021

The article inquires critically into the operative understanding of “unity” when the motto of the WCC assembly speaks of the love of Christ uniting the world. What does this mean for the relationship between Christians and other religions, especially Islam? Muslims repeatedly refer to the “Common Word” mentioned in Surah 3:64 as the basis of Muslim–Christian interactions. The author shows that Muslims and Christians dispute over what “to be lord” means precisely, since Christians recognize and testify to God’s presence in Jesus Christ, their Lord. The Islamic doctrine of the uniqueness of God (tawḥīd in Arabic) fundamentally contradicts this conviction. The author shows that in Muslim practice, very different consequences may derive from tawḥīd, ranging from cooperation to conflict. Along the lines of a polyphonic understanding, the author seeks ways for a peaceful coexistence that does not comprise the Christian faith witness.
Microbiome composition of Anna's hummingbirds differs among regions of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Dutch Rachel , Tell Lisa A. , Bandivadekar Ruta , Vannette Rachel L.
Published: November 2021

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome is an important mediator and indicator of host physiology, health and fitness in many vertebrate systems, but sources of variation in microbiome composition within species are poorly understood, particularly in free‐ranging birds. Hummingbirds have GI anatomy and physiology similar to other avian species, but they have a relatively rapid gastrointestinal transit rate, which could affect microbiome structure. To date, it has not been elucidated if microbiomes isolated from feces and samples from sections of the GI tract differ in an avian organism that has a rapid gastrointestinal time. Here, we test the hypothesis that the microbiome in free‐ranging and wildlife rehabilitation‐sourced Anna's hummingbirds Calypte anna differ between fecal and samples from three sections of the GI tract and between birds that differ in sex, age and poxvirus infection status. We characterized bacterial composition in fecal and GI tract samples from Anna's hummingbirds by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found strong evidence of differentiation in bacterial composition among GI tract regions and compared it to fecal samples. Actinobacteria, primarily genus Corynebacterium, Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were abundant in bird samples from regions of the GI tract. In contrast, fecal bacterial communities were more diverse and variable compared to GI tract samples. Bacterial community composition differed between male and female hummingbirds and with bird age (hatch year vs after‐hatch year). Finally, birds with symptoms of avian poxvirus infection had a higher relative abundance of Staphylococcus spp. than birds with no symptoms of pox. Our results suggest that Anna's hummingbirds host differentiated microbiome among GI tract regions that is consistent among individual birds. The GI bacterial community also contained taxa not represented in fecal samples. This provides evidence for the possibility of a residential gut microbiome in Anna's hummingbirds, although functional significance of the bacterial microbiome remains unknown.
From microanalysis to supercontinents: Insights from the Rio Apa Terrane into the Mesoproterozoic SW Amazonian Craton evolution during Rodinia assembly
Authors: Ribeiro Bruno V. , Finch Melanie A. , Cawood Peter A. , Faleiros Frederico M. , Murphy Timothy D. , Simpson Alexander , Glorie Stijn , Tedeschi Mahyra , Armit Robin , Barrote Vitor R.
Published: November 2021

Deciphering the tectono‐metamorphic evolution of Precambrian terranes can be difficult due to reworking by later superimposed events. Whole‐rock elemental and isotopic geochemistry and zircon U–Pb geochronology are often employed in those studies, but these approaches are often not sensitive to the presence of multiple events and medium‐grade metamorphic episodes. The Rio Apa Terrane (RAT), an allochthonous fragment of the Amazonian Craton, is a crustal block with a well‐characterized crustal evolution but with no detailed thermal constraints for its tectono‐metamorphic evolution. In contrast to previous studies, we show the existence of four tectono‐metamorphic events at c. 1,780, c. 1,625, c. 1,420–1,340, and c. 1,300–1,200 Ma on the basis of apatite, titanite, and rutile U–Pb, in situ white‐mica Rb–Sr, and in situ garnet Lu–Hf geochronology combined with mineral chemistry and phase‐equilibria modelling. The c. 1,780 Ma event is recorded in the basement of the Western domain, representing an extensional event coeval with the development of its Eastern domain in response to the retreat stage of the accretionary system. This is followed by juxtaposition of the Western and Eastern domains along a major crustal boundary at c. 1,625 Ma, which is defined by the magnetic profiles and zircon U–Pb–Hf data across the boundary. The third and fourth events correspond to progressive high‐pressure/medium‐temperature (HP/MT) metamorphism, characterized by an anticlockwise P–T path, suggesting a convergent‐to‐collisional tectonic setting. The RAT was accreted to the adjoining Paraguá Terrane at c. 1,420–1,340 Ma under an isobaric P–T evolution spanning ~530°C to 600°C and ~10.0 kbar. Subsequently, the combined Rio Apa and Paraguá terranes collided with the SW Amazonian Craton at c. 1,300–1,200 Ma, reaching P–T conditions of ~560–580°C and ~10.9–11.7 kbar during crustal thickening. This study reveals for the first time the existence of a HP/MT metamorphic evolution related to the growth of the SW Amazonian Craton as part of an accretionary orogenic system during Rodinia assembly in the Palaeoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic.
Extracellular ATP and cAMP signaling promote Piezo2‐dependent mechanical allodynia after trigeminal nerve compression injury
Authors: Luo Zhaoke , Liao Xinyue , Luo Lili , Fan Qitong , Zhang Xiaofen , Guo Yuefeng , Wang Feng , Ye Zucheng , Luo Daoshu
Published: November 2021

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a type of severe paroxysmal neuropathic pain commonly triggered by mild mechanical stimulation in the orofacial area. Piezo2, a mechanically gated ion channel that mediates tactile allodynia in neuropathic pain, can be potentiated by a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)‐dependent signaling pathway that involves the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1). To study whether Piezo2‐mediated mechanotransduction contributes to peripheral sensitization in a rat model of TN after trigeminal nerve compression injury, the expression of Piezo2 and activation of cAMP signal‐related molecules in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) were detected. Changes in purinergic P2 receptors in the TG were also studied by RNA‐seq. The expression of Piezo2, cAMP, and Epac1 in the TG of the TN animals increased after chronic compression of the trigeminal nerve root (CCT) for 21 days, but Piezo2 knockdown by shRNA in the TG attenuated orofacial mechanical allodynia. Purinergic P2 receptors P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2 were significantly up‐regulated after CCT injury. In vitro, Piezo2 expression in TG neurons was significantly increased by exogenous adenosine 5'‐triphosphate (ATP) and Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. ATP pre‐treated TG neurons displayed elevated [Ca2+]i and faster increase in responding to blockage of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger by KB‐R7943. Furthermore, mechanical stimulation of cultured TG neurons led to sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i in ATP pre‐treated TG neurons, which is much less in naïve TG neurons, or is significantly reduced by Piezo2 inhibitor GsMTx4. These results indicated a pivotal role of Piezo2 in peripheral mechanical allodynia in the rat CCT model. Extracellular ATP, Ca2+ influx, and the cAMP‐to‐Epac1 signaling pathway synergistically contribute to the pathogenesis and the persistence of mechanical allodynia.

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Combined laser treatment for ear keloids: Case series
Authors: Piccolo Domenico , Crisman Giuliana , Bovani Bruno , Gennai Alessandro , Melfa Fabrizio , Clementoni Matteo Tretti , Conforti Claudio
Published: November 2021

Background

Keloids are benign fibrous tumors derived by excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen synthesis after an injury, and they do not regress spontaneously. Earlobes keloids may develop either on the helix or on the anterior or posterior lobe, up to several years after piercing.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of a combined protocol of CO2 laser + dye laser versus CO2 laser + dye laser + Enerjet.

Methods

Eighty patients with a total of 83 ear keloids were divided in two groups: One group has been treated in the same session with a single CO2 laser procedure + a pulsed Dye laser procedure; the second group has been treated as the group one with an adjunctive Enerjet procedure.

Results

Of the 40 patients for a total of 41 treated keloids in the first group, 85.4% of keloids did not recur during a follow‐up period (3 months–7 years), 14.6% of the lesions recurred (6/41) with mild thickening of the scar and underwent to further treatments. The second group (40 patients, 42 keloids) results showed a 90.5% of keloids which did not recur during a follow‐up period (3 months–2 years), while 9.5% of the lesions recurred (4/42) with mild thickening of the scar and underwent to further treatments.

Conclusions

Lasers demonstrated a synergistic effect when combined together and an excellent outcome has been obtained in the 88% of treated lesions, with a slighter higher prevalence of excellent outcome of the group treated with a further procedure with Enerjet.
Patients of 75 years and over with ANCA‐associated vasculitis have a lower relapse risk than younger patients: A multicentre cohort study
Authors: Thietart Sara , Beinse Guillaume , Smets Perrine , Karras Alexandre , Philipponnet Carole , Augusto Jean‐François , El Karoui Khalil , Mesbah Rafik , Titeca‐Beauport Dimitri , Hamidou Mohamed , Carron Pierre‐Louis , Maurier François , Sacre Karim , Cohen Pascal , Liozon Eric , Blanchard‐Delaunay Claire , Kostianovsky Alex , Pagnoux Christian , Mouthon Luc , Guillevin Loïc , Terrier Benjamin , Puéchal Xavier ,   for the French Vasculitis Study Group
Published: November 2021

Background

Little is known about antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV) in older patients. We aim to study relapse risk of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in patients diagnosed after 75 years and compare it with those of patients aged 65–75 years.

Methods

Data from AAV patients aged ≥65 years were extracted from the French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG) database and from a call for observation to FVSG members. Cox and Fine–Gray models were used to assess relapse risk, taking death into account either as a censoring or a competing event, respectively.

Results

The analysis included 219 patients aged ≥75 years (median 79) and 80 patients aged 65–75 years (median 70), of those 155 had GPA (52%), 136 MPA (45%), with 95 (32%) anti‐proteinase 3 positivity and 179 (61%) anti‐myeloperoxidase. Patients aged ≥75 years had a lower relapse risk in multivariate analysis (cause‐specific hazards ratio [CSHR] 0.54, 95% CI [0.33–0.89],p = 0.016, Cox model; subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.46, 95% CI [0.29–0.74],p = 0.001, Fine–Gray model) after taking into account vasculitis type. Patients aged ≥75 years had a lower probability of being treated for remission maintenance with a combination of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants (vs. glucocorticoids alone, HR 0.28, 95% CI [0.11–0.68],p = 0.005) after adjusting to Five Factor Score, although relapse‐free survival was significantly longer when receiving such combination (CSHR 0.40, 95% [CI 0.24–0.67],p < 0.001).

Conclusions

AAV patients ≥75 years have a lower relapse risk than patients aged 65–75 years despite a lower probability of having received maintenance therapy with a combination of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, but they still benefit from such treatment regimen.
Testing the shoulders of giants—Replication research using registered reports
Authors: Gattiker Thomas F. , Hartmann Julia , Wynstra Finn , Pagell Mark , Cantor David , Yan Tingting , Tate Wendy
Published: November 2021

This editorial encourages supply chain management researchers to conduct and submit replication research for publication consideration to the Journal of Supply Chain Management. The Journal is particularly interested in efforts to replicate both recently published papers that have the potential to change the direction of the discipline and highly influential or “seminal” papers in the supply chain management discipline, regardless of where they were initially published. The Journal will be using the registered report process for these submissions to create strong incentives for researchers to conduct replication studies.
The maintenance of standing genetic variation: Gene flow vs. selective neutrality in Atlantic stickleback fish
Authors: Haenel Quiterie , Guerard Laurent , MacColl Andrew D. C. , Berner Daniel
Published: November 2021

Adaptation to derived habitats often occurs from standing genetic variation. The maintenance within ancestral populations of genetic variants favourable in derived habitats is commonly ascribed to long‐term antagonism between purifying selection and gene flow resulting from hybridization across habitats. A largely unexplored alternative idea based on quantitative genetic models of polygenic adaptation is that variants favoured in derived habitats are neutral in ancestral populations when their frequency is relatively low. To explore the latter, we first identify genetic variants important to the adaptation of threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to a rare derived habitat—nutrient‐depleted acidic lakes—based on whole‐genome sequence data. Sequencing marine stickleback from six locations across the Atlantic Ocean then allows us to infer that the frequency of these derived variants in the ancestral habitat is unrelated to the likely opportunity for gene flow of these variants from acidic‐adapted populations. This result is consistent with the selective neutrality of derived variants within the ancestor. Our study thus supports an underappreciated explanation for the maintenance of standing genetic variation, and calls for a better understanding of the fitness consequences of adaptive variation across habitats and genomic backgrounds.
Steroidal alkaloids defence metabolism and plant growth are modulated by the joint action of gibberellin and jasmonate signalling
Authors: Panda Sayantan , Jozwiak Adam , Sonawane Prashant D. , Szymanski Jedrzej , Kazachkova Yana , Vainer Andrii , Vasuki Kilambi Himabindu , Almekias‐Siegl Efrat , Dikaya Varvara , Bocobza Samuel , Shohat Hagai , Meir Sagit , Wizler Guy , Giri Ashok P. , Schuurink Robert , Weiss David , Yasuor Hagai , Kamble Avinash , Aharoni Asaph
Published: November 2021

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are protective metabolites constitutively produced by Solanaceae species. Genes and enzymes generating the vast structural diversity of SGAs have been largely identified. Yet, mechanisms of hormone pathways coordinating defence (jasmonate; JA) and growth (gibberellin; GA) controlling SGAs metabolism remain unclear.

We used tomato to decipher the hormonal regulation of SGAs metabolism during growth vs defence tradeoff. This was performed by genetic and biochemical characterisation of different JA and GA pathways components, coupled with in vitro experiments to elucidate the crosstalk between these hormone pathways mediating SGAs metabolism.

We discovered that reduced active JA results in decreased SGA production, while low levels of GA or its receptor led to elevated SGA accumulation. We showed that MYC1 and MYC2 transcription factors mediate the JA/GA crosstalk by transcriptional activation of SGA biosynthesis and GA catabolism genes. Furthermore, MYC1 and MYC2 transcriptionally regulate the GA signalling suppressor DELLA that by itself interferes in JA‐mediated SGA control by modulating MYC activity through protein–protein interaction. Chemical and fungal pathogen treatments reinforced the concept of JA/GA crosstalk during SGA metabolism.

These findings revealed the mechanism of JA/GA interplay in SGA biosynthesis to balance the cost of chemical defence with growth.
Dental extractions on a patient with severe haemophilia A and inhibitors taking emicizumab prophylaxis. A case report and review
Authors: Hamid Aruche‐A‐Noor , Smithson Nigel
Published: November 2021

Emicizumab is indicated for prophylaxis in people with severe haemophilia A with and without inhibitors. This case report presents a 29‐year‐old patient, who was recently started on emicizumab prophylaxis, was referred from haematology to the oral and maxillofacial department for dental extractions. The patient had both upper right premolars extracted under local anaesthetic with only tranexamic acid and local measures to manage post‐operative bleeding. There was minimal bleeding post‐operatively with the patient maintaining a stable blood clot and requiring no further intervention. This report also reviews the current guidance available for the surgical management of patients on emicizumab prophylaxis.
Slow and fast evolutionary rates in the history of lepidosaurs
Authors: Herrera‐Flores Jorge A. , Elsler Armin , Stubbs Thomas L. , Benton Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Biodiversity today is uneven, with equally ancient sister groups containing few or many species. It has often been assumed that high biodiversity indicates fast evolution, and yet in a classic work in 1944 George Simpson suggested that fast evolution might generate instability and extinction, and that slow evolution led to high biodiversity. Here we show that evolutionary rates can vary substantially through the history of a clade and find evidence for Simpson’s claim. In a comparative phylogenetic study deploying Bayesian methods, we find that Squamata, comprising today over 10 000 species of lizards and snakes, showed slow rates of evolution in the first two‐thirds of their history, whereas their sister clade, Rhynchocephalia, comprising just one living species, showed high rates of evolution in the past. Slow and steady won the race for the Mesozoic squamates, and the high‐rate boom and bust existence of rhynchocephalians at that time leaves them with a single survivor. We need to explore other cases where fast evolution can lead to short‐term high diversification, but in the end long‐term low biodiversity.
Temporal and spatial dispersal of Thekopsora areolata basidiospores, aeciospores, and urediniospores
Authors: Zhang Ke , Kaitera Juha , Samils Berit , Olson Åke
Published: November 2021

Cherry spruce rust causes huge yield losses in Norway spruce seed production in Fennoscandia. The causal agent, Thekopsora areolata, has three types of spores that disperse during spring: basidiospores are produced on basidia that grow out from teliospores in overwintered bird cherry leaf litter to infect new pistillate spruce cones, aeciospores are released from old diseased spruce cones to infect bird cherry leaves, and urediniospores are produced from new bird cherry leaves for reinfection. No study has examined the dispersal of T. areolata spores, including the basidiospores that cause primary infection in spruce cones. In this study, teliospores of T. areolata were germinated in the laboratory and the morphology of basidiospores was described. T. areolata spores were sampled in Ultuna, Sweden and Joutsa, Finland with 21 spore traps at each site. Peaks in aeciospores were observed from 11 to 25 May and from 2 to 8 June at the Finnish site, and from 4 to 18 May at the Swedish site. Urediniospores were first observed 2–3 weeks after the peaks in aeciospores and they were mainly distributed within 10 m from the bird cherry trees. Peaks of 1–2 weeks in basidiospore detection coincided with multiple rain events. The basidiospore peak overlapped with the spruce pollen peak in Finland but not in Sweden. The quantities of basidiospores from different spore traps within 100 m from the spore source had no gradient. Information on spatial and temporal spore release is important for making decisions on disease management strategies.
Clinical and molecular characteristics of Wiskott‐Aldrich Syndrome in five unrelated Chinese families
Authors: Jiang Jiali , Zhou Junli , Wei Manlv , Singh Sanjeev , Nikuze Lauriane , Huang Lifang , Li Yuping , Jiang Jinxia , Wei Hongying
Published: November 2021

Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (WAS) also called the eczema‐thrombocytopenia‐immunodeficiency syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disease with X‐linked recessive inheritance caused by mutations in the WAS protein (WASp) gene and characterized by thrombocytopenia with reduced platelet volume, eczema, immunodeficiency, and increased risk of malignant tumours. The mutations will lead to separate WAS severity which can be typical severe ‘classical’ WAS or less severe ‘non‐classical’ WAS. This article will review and analyse clinical and immune characteristics of five unrelated Chinese families harbouring classical and non‐classical WAS. The expression of WASp was detected in the peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) by flow cytometry, and five mutations were found by WAS gene sequencing, one of which had not been reported in the literature, namely frameshift mutation c.1240_1247delCCACTCCC (p. P414Sfs*41).
Static and Impact Behavior of Self-Pierced Rivet Connections in Aluminum
Authors: Madasamy Chelliah , Faruque Omar , Tyan Tau , Thomas Robert
Published: November 2021

Self-pierced riveted (SPR) connections in aluminum coupons were tested to evaluate their static and impact performance for automotive vehicle applications. The variables studied included: top gage, bottom gage, rivet size, adhesive, pre-strain, rivet location, strain-rate, and temperature. The SPR connections were tested for coach peel, u-tension, and lap shear modes. A variable importance assessment as well as the estimated effect of the variables on peak force and energy absorption was determined. The failure modes observed during testing were consistent. From this study, it was found that the top gage, bottom gage, and temperature were very sensitive for coach peel, u-tension, and lap shear. Additionally, adhesive was found to be important for shear loading, strain-rate increased the peak force when adhesive was present and, rivet size had a significant effect on both u-tension and coach peel modes. The effect of pre-strain and rivet location was minimal, and therefore their effect in the design process can be considered minimal.
Portable Power in the Backcountry: Design and Development of a Modular Water Heater
Authors: Beckius Robert C. , Powell Michael R. , Hong Seung-Ho
Published: November 2021

With a growing number of outdoor enthusiasts becoming increasingly dependent on electronic devices such as GPS units, cellular telephones, and palm-sized computers, the need exists for a lightweight, field-maintainable electronic power source. Since batteries are neither lightweight nor environmentally friendly, the outdoor enthusiast’s proclaimed advocacy of “environmental awareness” furthers this necessity. As a result, there is a strong desire on the part of the outdoor community to have alternative methods for generating portable power. This paper describes the development of a device capable of producing up to 10 watts of electric power by converting thermal energy into electric energy. This is achieved by placing a bismuth-telluride thermoelectric module between a highly efficient heat exchanger and an integrated cold-water reservoir. In addition to thermal efficiency and eliminating the user’s dependency on batteries: size, weight, and system volume were also critical design specifications. Design efforts have resulted in a pocket-sized, multi-use device, which can be used as a power generator, water heater, or distillation unit. The unit has also been designed to work with equipment already possessed by most outdoor enthusiasts. This paper discusses the design challenges and novel solutions encountered during the successful development of the unit.
Battery Dynamic Modeling and Real-Time State-of-Charge Estimation in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Application
Authors: Paganelli Gino , Guezennec Yann G. , Kim Hansung , Brahma Avra
Published: November 2021

On-line Sate-of-Charge (SOC) estimation in pure electric or hybrid-electric (HEV) vehicles is a challenging problem, due to the very dynamic nature of the current/voltage history under actual driving conditions. However, on-line, reliable SOC estimation is critical in these applications, particularly in charge-sustaining HEV, where the battery capacity is relatively small and where the energy management strategy needs an accurate SOC estimation in order to optimize the power split between the ICE and EM. The research described in this paper focuses on two aspects of the same problem. The first aspect is the development, calibration and validation of a dynamic battery model which represents the essential dynamic behavior of the battery pack HEV application. The second part of this paper is the development, implementation and validation of an appropriate in-vehicle SOC estimator for use with our supervisory HEV controller. While the implementation approaches for theses two facets of the same problem are significantly different due to the real-time computational requirements, they represent the same battery dynamics. This algorithm has been applied to a real charge-sustaining HEV vehicle and the experimental results are presented.
Perturbations in Networked Control Systems
Authors: Beldiman Octavian , Bushnell Linda G. , Walsh Gregory C. , Wang Hua O. , Hong Yiguang
Published: November 2021

In this paper we study the effect of external perturbations on a networked control system. We start by assuming that the non-networked system without perturbation is exponentially stable. Then, for fast enough networks we show that if the perturbation is bounded the networked system is ultimately bounded and if the perturbation is vanishing then the networked system is asymptotically stable. We conclude the paper with simulations verifying the results.
Canonical Interdomain Coupling in Distributed Parameter Systems: An Extension of the Symplectic Gyrator
Authors: Maschke B. M. J. , van der Schaft A. J.
Published: November 2021

In this paper we propose a bond graph formulation of interdomain coupling extending the symplectic gyrator proposed in the so-called generalized or thermodynamic bond graph formalism. Therefore we use as power and energy variables exterior differentiable k-forms on the Euclidean space. The bonds and power variables are of two types: the first type represents the energy flows inside a domain Ω of the Euclidean space and the second type represent the energy flows through the boundary ∂Ω of the domain. It will be shown that the interdomain coupling may be represented as a 3-port power continuous element, called Stokes-Dirac Junction Structure, whose constitutive relation is defined using solely the exterior derivative of k-forms. This general result is applied to the examples of a transmission line, the electro-magnetic field and the vibrating string.
Methodology for Continuous Infeed Cylindrical Plunge Grinding
Authors: Xu Heng , Danai Kourosh , Malkin Stephen
Published: November 2021

A method for optimal control of cylindrical plunge grinding cycles is introduced. Unlike conventional cycles which have a few pre-determined sequential steps with discrete infeed rates, the new method will continually vary the infeed velocity. The proposed method utilizes the Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach whereby the control action at each sampling instant is selected in accordance with its effect on the future values of process variables and part quality attributes. This paper describes the problem and presents some preliminary results. It also discusses the difficulties that will need to be overcome before the controller can be implemented on-line.
MLD Systems: Modeling and Control — Experience With a Pilot Process
Authors: Colmenares W. , Cristea S. , de Prada C. , Perez O. , Alonso A. , Villegas T.
Published: November 2021

In this report, we present results of the modeling and control of a hydraulic pilot process, currently under construction at the Laboratory of Automatic of the ISA department of Universidad de Valladolid. The system is described by linear inequalities involving both, real and integer variables and the dynamical and logical decisions are heavily inter dependent. Hence the characterization as a Mixed Logical Dynamical system. Two MLD models are featured and both are suited to apply a Model Based Predictive Control strategy to command the system. Results of a simulation of the closed loop system are feature.
Design of a Decentralized Detection Filter for a Class of Interconnected Systems
Authors: Shankar Shamanth , Swaroop Darbha , Datta Aniruddha
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we consider the problem of designing a decentralized detection filter for a class of homogeneous interconnected systems; in this class of systems, all subsystems have identical structure. A fault in a subsystem propagates via interactions with other subsystems in the collection.

The decentralized detection filter is composed of interacting detection filters, one for each subsystem. We assume communication of state estimates amongst subsystems to be feasible. A concern, dealt with here, is that of propagation of state estimation errors. It is treated as a Ĥ∞ filtering problem with full state information, by requiring the transfer function from the propagated input of the ith subsystem to that of the (i + 1)st subsystem to have a magnitude less than unity at all frequencies.
Proper Filter Design Procedure for Vibration Suppression Using Delay-Error-Order Curves
Authors: Economou D. , Mavroidis C. , Antoniadis I.
Published: November 2021

Vibration suppression can be performed by digital filtering the input to the flexible system. Traditional digital filters have been proved to be efficient for vibration suppression, when they are properly designed. In order to ensure the proper filter design, the Delay-Error-Order (DEO) curves are introduced, to be used as a filter design tool. Based on the DEO curves, the vibration suppression properties and capabilities of the filter can be related with the design parameters involved in the traditional filter design methods. Using the DEO curves, the filters designed by means of conventional design methods posses excellent vibration suppression capabilities. This design procedure is presented in detail in this paper and an example of the application of the method is included.
An Experimental Hand/Arm Model for Human Interaction With a Telemanipulation System
Authors: Speich John E. , Shao Liang , Goldfarb Michael
Published: November 2021

This paper describes the development of a linear single degree-of-freedom lumped-parameter hand/arm model for the operator of a telemanipulaton system. The model form and parameters were determined from experimental data taken from a single degree-of-freedom telemanipulation system. Typically, the human is modeled as a second order mass-spring-damper system [1, 2]. The model developed in this paper, however, includes an additional spring and damper to better approximate the dynamics of the human while interacting with the manipulator. This model can be used in the design and simulation of control architectures for telemanipulation systems and haptic interfaces.
Time-Dependent Simulations of Shear-Thinning Elastic Flows Through Contractions
Authors: Oliveira Paulo J.
Published: November 2021

Past numerical work with constant-viscosity viscoelastic fluids through planar contractions has enabled steady-state solutions to be obtained at relatively high Weissenberg numbers (We up to 10). Those solutions for the upper-convected Maxwell and Oldroyd-B models showed steady flow patterns for increasing We with the appearance of lip-vortices, vortex growth, and comer-lip vortex merging, in agreement with recent simulations and some experimental work. When similar simulations were performed with two shear-thinning viscoelastic models, namely the Phan-Thien – Tanner and the Giesekus models, steady state solutions could not be obtained beyond a certain value of We, but the solution was seen to follow a periodic unsteady flow pattern. The present paper reports preliminary numerical results which highlight the formation of the lip vortices through a sequence of time dependent events.
Models Evaluations of Combustion Process in a Cylindrical Furnace
Authors: Nieckele Angela O. , Naccache Mônica F. , Gomes Marcos S. P. , Carneiro João E. , Serfaty Ricardo
Published: November 2021

In this work an evaluation of different combustion models for predicting oxygen enriched combustion processes was performed. Two types of models were selected. The first one was a generalized finite rate model, in which the conservation equation for the mass concentration was solved, for all species present in the process. In this modeling approach, three different reaction rate expressions were considered. The second case was based on the PDF formulation, which consisted in solving the conservation equations for the mass fraction and its variance. In this second approach the species distributions were determined by assuming two different shapes for the probability density functions. The mass, momentum, energy and species or mass fraction conservation equations were numerically solved by a finite volume formulation. The two-equation κ-ε turbulence model was selected for solving the turbulent problem. Radiation was taken into account by the discrete transfer radiation model. After solution, the temperature and species concentration fields were compared with available experimental data. Although the PDF formulation involved the solution of a smaller number of equations, therefore consuming less computer time, the performance of the generalized finite rate model was superior in the present test cases.
Steady-State Simulation of a Methane-Air Partially Premixed Turbulent Flame
Authors: Goldin Graham , Choudhury Dipankar
Published: November 2021

Two steady-state simulations of a benchmark (Sandia Flame D) methane-air, turbulent, partially premixed flame are compared. The first uses an equilibrium mixture fraction model for the thermo-chemistry, while the second uses a steady, strained laminar-flamelet model. These non-premixed combustion models are coupled with a premixed reaction progress model to simulate a partially premixed jet flame. The laminar-flamelet approach predicts CO and H2 more accurately than the equilibrium model by accounting for the unbumt premixed stream within individual flamelets, and improved radical (such as OH) predictions by incorporating non-equilibrium chemistry effects due aerodynamic strain (fluid shear).
CFD Modeling and Comparison With Data From the NIST Reference Spray Combustor
Authors: Crocker D. Scott , Widmann John F. , Presser Cary
Published: November 2021

Validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions for spray combustion application has been a challenging task due to difficulties in both modeling and experimental measurements. However, validation is considered to be an essential exercise for the success of CFD tools in the development of future combustion systems. This paper describes a benchmark spray combustion database collected at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and validation of a commercial CFD code using these data. Swirl-stabilized combustion of methanol at lean operating conditions in the NIST reference spray combustor facility was selected to be the baseline case for which both measurements and predictions were made. A comparison is presented of CFD predictions with experimental data for droplet size and velocity, and spray volume flux. The agreement between the CFD calculations and the experimental data is generally good once certain adjustments were made to the measured data close to the injector tip. The adjustments were made based on extrapolation from more accurate downstream measurements. Specification of droplet initial conditions for computational modeling that accurately reflect the laboratory conditions remains a significant issue that needs further improvement.
Forest Fire Propagation in Inclined Terrains
Authors: Satoh K. , Yang K. T.
Published: November 2021

Forest fires are of common occurrence all over the world, causing the loss of precious natural resources. The propagation of forest fires depends on many factors, notably local weather conditions. Additionally, the local terrain such as mountainous areas also plays an important role. For instance, forest fires may propagate from mountain ridges to ridges due to locally strong wind by means of firebrands and hot air flows. While much is known cm the methodologies on the forest fire control, they are largely empirical and may not be totally effective. Therefore, scientific studies based on fundamental physical understanding of the underlying phenomena are needed to provide definitive data on cause-effect relationships in various forest fire scenarios, so that the collective database can be used to suggest control strategies and preventive measures for forest fires. The present study is motivated by this approach, and specifically focuses on the phenomena of rapid forest-fire propagation from mountain slqpes to other similar mountain slopes in the direction of the wind. The study deals with both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations by the use of a CFD-based fire field model.
Experimental Validation of Non-Fourier Thermal Response in Porous Media
Authors: Nnanna A. G. Agwu , Harris K. T. , Haji-Sheikh A.
Published: November 2021

An experimental validation of non-Fourier behavior in porous media due to short time thermal perturbation is presented. The governing energy equation is formulated based on the two-equation model and the non-Fourier model. This formulation leads to the emergence of four thermal parameters: lag-time in heat flux τq, lag-time τt in temperature due to interstitial heat transfer coefficient h, and lag-time in the transient response of the temperature gradient τx in the heat flux equation. These parameters account for the microstructural thermal interaction between the fluid and neighboring solid matrix as well as the delay time needed for both phases to approach thermal equilibrium. An experimental verification of the microscale model was performed under standard laboratory conditions. The values of the aforementioned thermal parameters were determined to compute the fluid and solid temperatures. Results predicted from three models (classical Fourier, non-Fourier, and experimental) were compared. It indicates an excellent agreement between the non-Fourier and the experimental model, and a significant deviation of Fourier prediction from the experimental results.