bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the fracture behaviors of multilayered propylene–ethylene copolymer/polypropylene homopolymer composites with the essential work of fracture
Authors: He Guansong , Zhang Fengshun , Huang Liang , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun
Published: March 2014

As one of the most appropriate techniques for evaluating the fracture behavior, the essential work of fracture (EWF) was introduced to investigate the fracture toughness of multilayered composites. Propylene–ethylene copolymer (CPP)/polypropylene homopolymer (HPP) alternating multilayered composites with 2–128 layers were prepared though multilayered coextrusion. Polarized optical microscopy photographs revealed that the CPP and HPP layers aligned alternately vertical to the interfaces and continuously parallel to the extrusion direction. The dichroic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that the coextrusion sheet had a preferential orientation parallel to the melt flow direction (MD); this caused crack propagation along the blunted MD and the necking ligament section. After heat treatment, the orientation parallel to the MD could been largely eliminated, and the crack propagated in a stable manner. The specific essential work of fracture (we) of the multilayered composite was higher than that of the blend; this indicated a higher resistance of crack propagation. The number of layers had little effect on the toughness of the multilayered composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40574.
Polyurethane foams made from liquefied bark‐based polyols
Authors: D'Souza Jason , Camargo Rafael , Yan Ning
Published: March 2014

Liquefaction is known to be an effective method for converting biomass into a polyol. However, the relationships between bark liquefaction conditions and properties of the resulting foams are unclear. In this study, polyurethane foams (PUF) were made using bark‐based polyols obtained through liquefaction reactions of bark at two different temperatures (90 and 130°C). Through systematic characterization of the PUFs the influence of the liquefied bark and liquefaction conditions on foam properties could be observed. The bark‐based foams had similar foaming kinetics, thermal stability, and glass transition temperatures compared with the PEG‐based control foam. The bark‐based PUF from the polyol obtained at the higher liquefaction temperature showed comparable specific compressive strength to the PEG‐based control foam. Lastly, both bark foams exhibited a high amount of open‐cell content, with the foam made from the lower temperature liquefied polyol having poor cell morphology. This deviation from the controls in the open‐cell content may explain the lower modulus values observed in the bark PUFs due to the lack of cell membrane elastic stretching as a strengthening mechanism. These results demonstrated the influence of the bark liquefaction conditions on foam properties, thereby providing a better fundamental understanding for the practical application of bark‐based PUFs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40599.
Sophorolipid‐induced dimpling and increased porosity in solvent‐cast short‐chain polyhydroxyalkanoate films: Impact on thermomechanical properties
Authors: Ashby Richard D. , Solaiman Daniel K.Y.
Published: March 2014

Sophorolipids (SL; microbial glycolipids) were used as additives in solvent‐cast short‐chain polyhydroxyalkanoate (sc‐PHA) films to enhance surface roughness and porosity. Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly‐(6%)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐(94%)‐3‐hydroxyvalerate (PHB/V), and poly‐(90%)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐(10%)‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate (PHB/HHx) films were evaluated with up to 43 wt % of SL. Sophorolipid addition caused surface dimples with maximum diameters of 131.8 µm (PHB), 25.2 µm (PHB/V), and 102.8 µm (PHB/HHx). A rise in the size and number of pores in the polymer matrix also occurred in PHB and PHB/V films. Surface roughness and film porosity were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and quantitated using confocal microscopy by correlating the surface area (A′) to the scanned area (A) of the films. The phenotypic alterations of the films caused a gradual decline in tensile strength and modulus and increased the elongation to break. Reductions in the enthalpies of fusion (ΔHf) in both the PHB (41% reduction) and PHB/HHx (36% reduction) films implied diminished crystallinity as SL concentrations increased. Over the same SL concentrations the Tan δ maxima shifted from 4 to 30°C and from 2 to 20°C in these respective films. These results provide a novel means by which sc‐PHA properties can be controlled for new/improved applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40609.
Emotion Regulation Patterns in Adolescents With High‐Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comparison to Typically Developing Adolescents and Association With Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Mazefsky Carla A. , Borue Xenia , Day Taylor N. , Minshew Nancy J.
Published: March 2014

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with poor emotional control and psychopathology, such as anxiety and depression; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Emotion regulation (ER) is a potential contributing factor, but there has been limited research on ER and its role in comorbid psychopathology in ASD. In this study, we compared self‐reported ER with self‐ and parent reports of psychopathology in 25 high‐functioning adolescents with ASD and 23 age‐ and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)‐matched typically developing controls. Contrary to expectations, both groups reported similar levels of adaptive, voluntary forms of ER (problem solving, acceptance, etc.). However, the ASD group reported significantly greater use of involuntary forms of ER that are typically maladaptive, including remaining focused on the stressor (e.g. rumination and emotional arousal) and shutting down (e.g. emotional numbing and being unable to think or act). Associations between ER and psychopathology were generally more robust using self‐report rather than parent report. For both groups, greater endorsement of involuntary ER strategies was associated with higher ratings of psychopathology, whereas voluntary ER strategies focused on changing or adapting to the situation were significantly associated with lower levels of psychopathology. The magnitude and direction of association between ER types and psychopathology were similar for measures of depression and anxiety. These findings can help guide the development of psychosocial treatments targeting dysfunctional ER in adolescents with ASD. Interventions focused on ER as a transdiagnostic process may be a more robust method to improve emotional control and decrease emotional distress in ASD than disorder‐specific interventions. Autism Res 2014, 7: 344–354. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Industrial yeasts strains for biorefinery solutions: Constructing and selecting efficient barcoded xylose fermenting strains for ethanol
Authors: Tomás‐Pejó Elia , Bonander Nicklas , Olsson Lisbeth
Published: March 2014

There have been intense efforts in the scientific community and industry to engineer S. cerevisiae strains to co‐consume xylose and glucose. In this context, this paper describes a process for introducing a barcode into an industrial xylose fermenting yeast strains to ensure quick and reliable identification of patented industrial strains. Furthermore, this work presents a novel procedure for screening and selecting the clones that reflects the characteristics of the industrial process. The key points of efficient selection of high‐performing clones are elaborated and discussed. In spite of the unforeseen effects on yeast physiology after the introduction of a new sequence into the genome, we obtained barcoded clones with the same xylose consumption rates and ethanol yields as the cells without the barcode. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
‘In your face’ democracy: education for belonging and its challenges in Israel
Authors: Agbaria Ayman K. , Mustafa Muhanad , Jabareen Yousef T.
Published: March 2014

This article will juxtapose the goals and implications of two pedagogical programmes that promote education for belonging in Israel. Representing the official knowledge of the Ministry of Education, the first is the ‘100 Concepts in Heritage, Zionism and Democracy’ curriculum. The second, which embodies the counter knowledge produced and disseminated by Arab civil society organizations, is entitled ‘Identity and Belonging: The Basic Concepts Project for Arab Pupils’. The article grapples with the attempts of Israel to impose a state‐standardized version of education for belonging, as well as the active resistance to this by Arab civil society in Israel which provides an alternative one. The article argues that the concepts included in the curriculum posed by Arab civil society, albeit controversial and challenging to the very definition of Israel as both a Jewish nation state and a democracy, should be considered an act of citizenship, rather than a sign of radicalization and separatism. Indeed, the alternative curriculum constitutes a political and ethical act of ‘in your face’ democracy, which is deeply confrontational and interruptive. The paper is organized into three sections. The first explicates the politics of recognition as a theoretical framework for this study. The second unit presents both curricula and compares and contrasts the two. The third and final section offers concluding thoughts regarding the interplay of the rival Palestinian and Israeli historiographies in the struggle over canonizing and standardizing a collective narrative through the Israeli education system.
Accessibility to Information and Communications Technology for the Social Participation of Youths with Disabilities: A Two‐way Street
Authors: Schreuer Naomi , Keter Ayala , Sachs Dalia
Published: March 2014

The current study examined by mixed method the effectiveness of an accessibility to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) program that provided computers, assistive technology, tutors, and internet connection to 65 youths with severe disabilities (aged 13.22 ± 3.4 years) in their homes. The quantitative evaluation included assessment of computer task performance, computer skills, and participation in social ICT leisure activities before and after the program. Findings revealed low baseline and significant progress on most outcome measures 6 months after the program, mostly among those youths who had tutors. Additional in‐depth interviews were conducted 1 year later with 10 participants to explore their ICT use and its impact on their social participation. The analysis revealed a significant contribution of the ICT use, while critical thinking about its risks and some disappointment with the social needs that ICT does not address. Our findings raise awareness of ‘two‐way streets’ policies and programs to ensure e‐inclusion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term exposure of 3T3 fibroblast cells to endocrine disruptors alters sensitivity to oxidative injury
Authors: Nishimura Yuka , Nakai Yasuyoshi , Tanaka Aiko , Nagao Tetsuji , Fukushima Nobuyuki
Published: March 2014

When Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) or nonylphenol (NP) within a range of 0.1–100 nM for 30–45 days, increased resistance to oxidative injury was found. Western blot analysis indicated concomitant increased expression of bcl‐2 protein and reduced histone methylation levels in cells after BPA or NP exposure. Using a heterologous expression system, both chemicals could stimulate G protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), a transmembrane estrogen receptor predominantly expressed in 3T3 cells, at lower concentrations, which gave increased survival. Taken together, these results suggest that BPA or NP exposure might cause alterations in cellular activity against oxidative stress, possibly through GPR30.
p53 Mediates impaired insulin signaling in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes during hyperinsulinemia
Authors: Posa Jyothi Kumari , Selvaraj Sudhagar , Sangeetha K. N. , Baskaran Sarath Kumar , Lakshmi B.S.
Published: March 2014

Hyperinsulinemia is being implicated in the development of insulin resistance but remains poorly understood. The present study focuses on p53‐mediated impaired insulin signaling by hyperinsulinemia in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Hyperinsulinemia impairs insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and its cellular signaling in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. An increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stress response signals were observed, and quenching of the ROS by an antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) did not revert impaired insulin sensitivity. The tumor suppressor p53 has emerged as a crucial factor in the metabolic adaptation of cancer cells under nutritional starvation and is being studied in the development of insulin resistance in adipocytes at physiological level. Interestingly, we observed hyperinsulinemia‐enhanced p53 level in a time‐dependent manner without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Transient knockdown of p53 partially improved insulin sensitivity revealing a novel link between p53 and insulin signaling in adipocytes. The findings suggest that hyperinsulinemia‐induced p53 impairs insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.
Storage of Electrical Energy in a Gas Distribution System – Methanation of CO2‐Containing Gases
Authors: Schaaf Tanja , Grünig Jochen , Schuster Markus , Orth Andreas
Published: March 2014

Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderten Verbundprojektes soll ein Konzept zur chemischen Speicherung von erneuerbarer elektrischer Energie durch Fixierung von CO2 entwickelt werden. Die Beteiligung von Outotec umfasst eine Konzeptstudie zur Methanisierung. Diese beinhaltet sowohl die Prozess‐ und Anlagenentwicklung als auch eine Kostenanalyse. Dabei werden für verschiedene Anlagengrößen und Einsatzgasgemische Anlagenkonzepte entwickelt, die auf einer Verschaltung von Hordenreaktoren beruhen.
Multiuser MIMO receivers for space frequency block coded SC‐FDMA systems
Authors: Chang Jui‐Chi , Ueng Fang‐Biau , Wang Hsuan‐Fu , Hsu Ming‐Hsiao
Published: March 2014

Single carrier‐frequency division multiple access (SC‐FDMA) has been adopted as the uplink transmission standard in fourth generation cellular network to enable the power efficiency transmission in mobile station. Because multiuser MIMO (MU‐MIMO) is a promising technology to fully exploit the channel capacity in mobile radio network, this paper investigates the uplink transmission of SC‐FDMA systems with orthogonal space frequency block codes (SFBC). Two linear MU‐MIMO receivers, orthogonal SFBC (OSFBC) and minimum mean square error (MMSE), are derived for the scenarios with limited number of users or adequate receive antennas at base station. In order to effectively eliminate the multiple access interference (MAI) and fully exploit the capacity of MU‐MIMO channel, we propose a turbo MU‐MIMO receiver, which iteratively utilizes the soft information from maximum a posteriori decoder to cancel the MAI. By the simulation results in several typical MIMO channels, we find that the proposed MMSE MU‐MIMO receiver outperforms the OSFBC receiver over 1 dB at the cost of higher complexity. However, the proposed turbo MU‐MIMO receivers can effectively cancel the MAI under overloaded channel conditions and really achieve the capacity of MU‐MIMO channel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular mechanisms of 3,3′‐dichlorobenzidine‐mediated toxicity in HepG2 cells
Authors: Chen Lei‐Chin , Wu Jong‐C. , Tuan Yen‐Fan , Tseng Yi‐Kuan , Hseu You‐Cheng , Chen Ssu‐Ching
Published: March 2014

3,3′‐Dichlorobenzidine (DCB) (CAS 91–94‐1), a synthetic, chlorinated, primary aromatic amine, is typically used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of pigments for printing inks, textiles, paints, and plastics. In this study, we found that DCB could significantly inhibit the cell viability of HepG2 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed that DCB induced G2/M‐phase arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. DCB treatment dramatically induced the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and enhanced the enzymatic activities of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 whilst hardly affecting caspase‐8 activity. Furthermore, Western blotting indicated that DCB‐induced apoptosis was accompanied by the down‐regulation of Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. These results suggested that DCB led to cytotoxicity involving activation of mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis through Bax/Bcl‐2 pathways in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, HepG2 cells treated with DCB showed significant DNA damage as supported by the concentration‐dependent increase in olive tail moments as determined by the comet assay and by concentration‐ and time‐dependent increase in histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ‐H2AX). Two‐dimensional‐difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE), combined with mass spectrometry (MS), was used to unveil the differences in protein expression between cells exposed to 25 µM or 100 µM of DCB for 24 hr and the control cells. Twenty‐seven differentially expressed proteins involved in DNA repair, unfolded protein response, metabolism, cell signaling, and apoptosis were identified. Among these, 14‐3‐3 theta, CGI‐46, and heat‐shock 70 protein 4 were confirmed using Western blot assay. Taken together, these data suggest that DCB is capable of inducing DNA damage and some cellular stress responses in HepG2 cells, thus eventually leading to cell death by apoptosis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:407–420, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C5a/C5aR Pathway Is Essential for the Pathogenesis of Murine Viral Fulminant Hepatitis by Way of Potentiating Fgl2/Fibroleukin Expression
Authors: Xu Gui-lian , Chen Jian , Yang Fei , Li Gui-qing , Zheng Li-xin , Wu Yu-zhang
Published: March 2014

Viral fulminant hepatitis (FH) remains a serious clinical problem with very high mortality. Lacking understanding of FH pathogenesis has in essence hindered efficient clinical treatment. Inferring from a correlation observed between the genetic differences in the complement component 5 (C5) and the susceptibility of mouse strains to murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3) infections, we propose that excessive complement activation plays a critical role in the development of FH. We show that MHV-3 infection causes massive complement activation, along with a rapid increase in serum C5a levels and quick development of FH in susceptible strains. Mice deficient in the C5a receptor (C5aR) or the susceptible strains treated with C5aR antagonists (C5aRa) exhibit significant attenuation of the disease, accompanied by a remarkable reduction of hepatic fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2), a hallmark protein that causes necrosis of infected livers. In accordance, biopsy of FH patients shows a dramatic increase of Fgl2 expression, which correlates with C5aR up-regulation in the liver.

In vitro

C5a administration accelerates MHV-3-induced Fgl2 secretion by macrophages. Furthermore, inhibiting ERK1/2 and p38 efficiently blocks C5a-mediated Fgl2 production during viral infections.

Conclusion :

These data provide evidence that mouse susceptibility to MHV-3-induced FH may rely on C5a/C5aR interactions, for which ERK1/2 and p38 pathways participate in up-regulating Fgl2 expression. Inhibition of C5a/C5aR interactions is expected to be beneficial in the clinical treatment of FH patients. (Hepatology 2014;60:114–124)
Expanding the Younger Worker Employment Relationship: Insights From Values‐Based Organizations
Authors: Winter Richard P. , Jackson Brent A.
Published: March 2014

This article aims to expand understanding of managing younger workers by making work values central to their employment relationship. Attention is focused on values‐based organizations where intrinsic values of societal contribution, work‐life balance, and inclusive management practices may take on added significance for younger workers. Asking younger workers to explain what “success” or “efficiency” means to them in their work provides a window into the values‐based reasoning underpinning younger workers' work‐related attitudes and behavior. Person‐organization values fit findings suggest areas where the younger worker employment relationship has possibly expanded (prosocial work, direct communication, managers as mentors, work‐life balance). Implications for managing younger workers in values‐based contexts are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of assessment methods for identifying social reinforcers
Authors: Kelly Maureen A. , Roscoe Eileen M. , Hanley Gregory P. , Schlichenmeyer Kevin
Published: March 2014

Although researchers have evaluated assessment methods for identifying preferred tangible and edible items for children with developmental disabilities, few have evaluated assessment methods for identifying preferred topographies of attention. In the current study, indirect and direct assessments were conducted to identify 7 topographies of attention to include in subsequent preference and reinforcer assessments. Two different assessment formats were evaluated until reliable results were achieved with 1 of them. In both formats, a therapist presented photos that depicted the topographies of attention included in the stimulus array, and a control card (resulting in no consequence) was included. After evaluation of the 2 formats, a reinforcer assessment was conducted with a socially relevant target behavior (i.e., mands) to determine the predictive validity of the preference assessments.
Measuring similarity and improving stability in biomarker identification methods applied to Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
Authors: Trevisan Júlio , Park Juhyun , Angelov Plamen P. , Ahmadzai Abdullah A. , Gajjar Ketan , Scott Andrew D. , Carmichael Paul L. , Martin Francis L.
Published: March 2014

FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool that can also derive biochemical signatures of a wide range of cellular materials, such as cytology, histology, live cells, and biofluids. However, while classification is a well‐established subject, biomarker identification lacks standards and validation of its methods. Validation of biomarker identification methods is difficult because, unlike classification, there is usually no reference biomarker against which to test the biomarkers extracted by a method. In this paper, we propose a framework to assess and improve the stability of biomarkers derived by a method, and to compare biomarkers derived by different method set‐ups and between different methods by means of a proposed “biomarkers similarity index”. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Perchlorate removal by autotrophic bacteria associated with zero‐valent iron: effect of calcium ions
Authors: Liang Shuang , Shi Qiong , Gao Xinyu , Yang Huichun , Wang Shuguang
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

This study attempts to elucidate the complex effect of Ca2+, an important divalent cation widely present in aqueous media, on perchlorate removal by autotrophic perchlorate reducing bacteria (PRB) associated with a zero‐valent iron (ZVI) system.

RESULTS

Batch flask test results showed that, in the presence of larger amounts of Ca2+, perchlorate removal initiated earlier and completed faster. According to the increase of differential chloride concentration, the respective contribution of biodegradation to perchlorate removal was evaluated and found to be improved with increasing amount of Ca2+. It appears that Ca2+ can delay pH increase by combining with OH− and can consequently extend biodegradation time. Despite the major contribution of biodegradation, when ZVI and Ca2+ co‐existed, physiochemical perchlorate removal occurred earlier by both adsorption via surface charge neutralization and co‐precipitation via formation of larger particles. The positive effect of Ca2+ was further evidenced in subsequent continuous column tests. As empty bed residence time (EBRT) was decreased, more reliable and effective perchlorate removal performance was observed with additional Ca2+ concentration of 240 mg L−1.

CONCLUSION

Perchlorate removal by a PRB‐ZVI system can be significantly improved with increasing amounts of Ca2+, which can be reasonably understood by the enhanced biodegradation and physiochemical removal process. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of glass particle size of resin cements on bonding to glass ceramic: SEM and bond strength evaluation
Authors: Valentini Fernanda , Moraes Rafael R. , Pereira‐Cenci Tatiana , Boscato Noéli
Published: March 2014

This study investigated the effect of the filler particle size (micron or submicron) of experimental resin cements on the microtensile bond strength to a glass‐ceramic pretreated with hydrofluoric acid (HFA) etching or alumina airborne‐particle abrasion (AA). Cements were obtained from a Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA mixture filled with 60 mass% micron‐sized (1 ± 0.2 µm) or submicron‐sized (180 ± 30 µm) Ba‐Si‐Al glass particles. Ceramic blocks (PM9; VITA) were treated with 10% HFA for 60 s or AA for 15 s. Silane and adhesive were applied. Ceramic blocks were bonded to resin composite blocks (Z250; 3M ESPE) using one of the cements. Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams (n = 20/group) and subjected to microtensile bond strength tests. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student‐Newman‐Keuls' tests (5%). Failure modes were classified under magnification. Morphologies of the treated ceramic surfaces and bonded interfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The HFA‐submicron group had lower bond strengths than the other groups. All AA‐submicron specimens debonded prematurely. Mixed failures were predominant for HFA groups, whereas interfacial failures predominated for AA groups. SEM revealed a honeycomb‐like aspect in the HFA‐treated ceramic, whereas the AA‐treated groups showed an irregular retentive pattern. Continuity of cement infiltration along the bonded interface was more uniform for HFA‐treated compared to AA‐treated specimens. Cracks toward the bulk of the ceramic were observed in AA‐treated specimens. Particle size significantly influenced the ceramic bond strength, whereas surface treatment had a minor effect. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:363–367, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Troubleshooting in geoelectrical prospecting using real‐coded genetic algorithm with chromosomal extrapolation
Authors: Calixto Wesley Pacheco , Paulo Coimbra A. , Mota Jesus Carlos da , Wu Marcel , da Silva Wander G. , Alvarenga Bernardo , Brito Leonardo da Cunha , Alves Aylton Jose , Domingues Elder Geraldo , Neto Daywes Pinheiro
Published: March 2014

This work presents a genetic operator developed from mathematical methods of curve extrapolation applied in solving problems in geoelectrical prospection. This operator will assist the production of fitter individuals in the population of a genetic algorithm in which inherent patterns of the best individuals of each generation are recognized. The proposed operator in conjunction with a real‐coded genetic algorithm is compared to five alternative optimization techniques known and used in the application to problems in geoelectrical prospection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between hypotension, cerebral flow, and the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Ha Thanh Ngoc , van Renen Robert Graham , Ludbrook Guy L. , Valentine Rowan , Ou Judy , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: March 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Hypotensive anesthesia is often used in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) to improve surgical visibility; however, its safety and efficacy in this role are yet to be justified. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypotensive anesthesia on both real‐time middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vmca) and the severity of surgical bleeding in patients undergoing ESS.

Study Design

Prospective, observational cohort study.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients undergoing hypotensive anesthesia for ESS at a single tertiary institution during February 2011 to July 2012 were recruited for the study. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography measured periodic Vmca, which were time‐matched for hemodynamic and respiratory factors. One‐minute video segments corresponding with each Vmca reading were randomized and distributed to two blinded observers for bleeding assessment.

Results

Three hundred and fifty‐six data time points were recorded for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), pulse rate, respiratory rate, end‐tidal carbon dioxide concentration, Vmca, and bleeding assessment score (BAS). A direct relationship exists between MAP and Vmca (r = 0.77, P < .0001) as well as MAP and BAS (r = 0.36, P < .0001). MAP levels above 60 mm Hg maintained at least 50% of baseline Vmca flow in almost 90% of all time points.

Conclusions

Hypotensive anesthesia is an effective method of controlling intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery; however the effect is clinically small in low MAP ranges. In otherwise healthy patients undergoing ESS with general anesthesia, reducing MAP to below 60 mm Hg may increase the risk of cerebral ischemia.

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope 124:2224–2230, 2014
Formation of a Copillar[5]arene‐Based Supramolecular Polymer in Solution and in the Solid State
Authors: Gao Lingyan , Zhang Zibin , Dong Shengyi , Xue Min
Published: March 2014

A linear supramolecular polymer based on the self‐assembly of an easily available copillar[5]arene monomer is efficiently prepared, which is evidenced by the NMR spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, and DOSY experiment. The single‐crystal X‐ray analysis reveals that the polymerization of the AB‐type monomer is driven by the quadruple CH•••π interactions and one CH•••O interaction.

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Anatomical and ultrasound correlation of the superficial branch of the radial nerve
Authors: Meng Stefan , Tinhofer Ines , Weninger Wolfgang J. , Grisold Wolfgang
Published: March 2014

Introduction: This anatomical study evaluates the role and correlation of ultrasound (US) with anatomy in depicting the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) and to evaluate the feasibility of US guided perineural infiltration as a potential therapeutic option in Wartenberg syndrome. Methods: Twenty‐one arms from 11 non‐embalmed cadavers were examined with US. Under US guidance perineural injection with ink was performed proximal to the site where the SBRN perforates the forearm fascia. The distribution of ink around the nerve was evaluated with dissection. Results: US allowed the distinction of the SBRN segments and their relation to the fascia. In all cases, the subfascial segment was stained. In only 57% the subfascially applied ink also reached the subcutaneous compartment. Conclusions: With US it is possible to examine and differentiate all segments of the SBRN. US guidance can be used for perineural injection of all relevant segments. Muscle Nerve 50: 939–942, 2014
The modal reduction method for multi‐body dynamics with non‐smooth contact
Authors: Lozovskiy Alexander
Published: March 2014

The elastic multi‐body system dynamics is studied from the prospect of modal reduction. The bodies are seen as stiff, close to rigid, subjected to non‐smooth contact interactions, such as collisions and dry friction. The finite element degrees of freedom of the bodies are represented either through the method of a floating frame of reference or the classical small deformation method in the global frame. The numerical modal reduction strategy based on Craig–Bampton representation of the current degrees of freedom is suggested. The method is general and may be applied to both quasi‐static and dynamic simulations. The key modeling assumption for the method is that the neglected modes have constant response in time. Numerical experiments, where the method is examined and compared with modally full floating frame approach, show satisfying accuracy while achieving significant computational savings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal evaluation of the conus medullaris position in normal fetuses and fetuses with spina bifida occulta using three‐dimensional ultrasonography
Authors: Lei Ting , Xie Hong‐Ning , Zheng Ju , Feng Jie‐Ling , Du Liu , Wang Nan
Published: March 2014

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the fetal conus medullaris (CM) position with three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography and its use in detecting and diagnosing spina bifida occulta (SBO).

Methods

We examined 150 normal fetuses (gestational age, 20–38 weeks) and 14 fetuses with SBO. All fetuses underwent prenatal 3D ultrasonography, and the CM position in relation to the vertebral body was evaluated using volume contrast imaging. Intra‐ and inter‐observer agreements were assessed using weighted kappa. The correlation between gestational age and CM level was determined by linear regression analysis.

Results

Operators successfully located the CM position in 145 cases. The CM was at L3 or higher in all normal group cases. A linear relationship was noted between gestational age (X) and CM position (Y) (Y = 0.118X + 6.011, R2 = 0.679, P < 0.001). The weighted kappa values for intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement were 1.0 and 0.788, respectively. The CM was located at L3 in one case and lower than L3 in 13 cases in the SBO group. All values were below the fifth percentile for the normal group.

Conclusions

Three‐dimensional ultrasonography may accurately determine the CM vertebral level. Prenatal evaluation of the CM position may improve the detection and diagnosis of SBO. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic light‐emitting materials based on iridium(III) complexes bearing phenanthroimidazole ligands
Authors: Jayabharathi Jayaraman , Sathishkumar Ramalingam , Thanikachalam Venugopal
Published: March 2014

We present the elegant synthesis and the photophysical and electroluminescent properties of a series of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes [Ir(PPI)2(pic), PPI: 1,2‐diphenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole; pic: picolinic acid]. The Ir(PPI)2(pic) complexes showed characteristic phosphorescence with an emission range of 556–579 nm and a high quantum efficiency with microsecond lifetimes. The strongly allowed phosphorescence in these complexes is the result of significant spin–orbit coupling of the Ir center. All bis(PPI) derivatives exhibit intense triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) photoluminescence in the fluid solutions at room temperature. The impact of different solvents, substituents on the phenanthroimidazole ligands and complex concentrations upon their emissive behavior have been examined and demonstrate that their emission energies can be systematically modified. Weak bands located at longer wavelength have been assigned to the 1MLCT ← S0 and 3MLCT ← S0 transitions of iridium complexes. Application of the 3MLCT excited state of the [Ir(PPI)2(pic)] materials in organic light‐emitting devices are described. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput quantification of stabilizers in polymeric materials by flow injection tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Beißmann Susanne , Reisinger Michael , Reimann Andreas , Klampfl Christian W. , Buchberger Wolfgang
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

High‐throughput methods for identification and quantification of stabilizers in plastic materials are of significant importance in order to evaluate the suitability of materials of unknown origin for specific application areas, to clarify reasons for failure of materials, or for comparison of materials from different sources.

METHODS

In the present study, a highly sensitive and rapid flow injection method coupled to selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MS) for comprehensive analysis of 21 polymer stabilizers in polyolefins is demonstrated. A critical factor for this approach is the choice of ionization mode, as no separation was performed prior to MS detection. Differences between several ionization techniques regarding matrix effects are reported.

RESULTS

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was found to be the most suitable ionization technique, with no significant matrix effects observed. The developed method has a linear dynamic range over two to three orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients better than 0.99 for all studied analytes. Following a multistep sample preparation protocol, the method allowed quantification down to minimum values of between 0.0001 and 0.04 wt% depending on the type of stabilizer. Results were compared to an established chromatographic approach and showed very good correlation (bias below 7.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

The applicability of the optimized method could be demonstrated for both the qualitative and quantitative determination of polymer stabilizers in polyolefins. Furthermore, the described approach yields a complete analysis in a much shorter time than can be achieved with commonly applied chromatographic methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Field Emission of WS2 Nanotubes
Authors: Viskadouros G. , Zak A. , Stylianakis M. , Kymakis E. , Tenne R. , Stratakis E.
Published: March 2014

Results on electron field emission from free standing tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanotubes (NTs) are presented. Experiments show that the NTs protruding on top of microstructures are efficient cold emitters with turn‐on fields as low as 1 V/μm and field enhancement of few thousands. Furthermore, the emission current shows remarkable stability over more than eighteen hours of continuous operation. Such performance and long‐term stability of the WS2 cathodes is comparable to that reported for optimized carbon nanotube (CNTs) based emitters. Besides this, it is found that the WS2 cathodes prepared are less sensitive than CNTs in chemical reactive ambients. The high field enhancement and superior reliability achieved indicates a potential for vacuum nanoelectronics and flat panel display applications.
Fundraising and Philanthropy in College Unions
Authors: De Sawal Danielle M. , Maxwell Daniel
Published: March 2014

This chapter addresses ways college union professionals can establish partnerships and strategies for establishing fundraising and philanthropy initiatives within their organizations.
Effect of Electrolytes on the Krafft Temperature of Cetylpyridinium Chloride in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Nazrul Islam Md. , Sarker Khokan Chandra , Aktaruzzaman Gazi
Published: March 2014

This paper presents the effect of some electrolytes on the Krafft temperature (TK) of cetylpyridinium chloride in aqueous solution. The results show that more chaotropic anions raise while less chaotropic anions lower the TK of the surfactant. More chaotropic Br−, SCN− and I− form contact ion pairs with the cetylpyridinium ion and reduce the electrostatic repulsion between the surfactant molecules. As a result, these ions exhibit salting‐out behavior, showing an increase in the TK of the surfactant. On the other hand, less chaotropic NO3− increase the solubility of the surfactant, with a consequent decrease in the TK. Surface tension data of the salt solutions reveal that more chaotropic ions show a relatively less molar increase in surface tension compared to less chaotropic ions. This indicates that less chaotropic ions have a preferential tendency to be negatively adsorbed at the air–water interface as well as hydrocarbon–water interface and thereby disturb the hydration of the surfactant. SO42− being a strong kosmotrope cannot form contact ion pairs with the cationic part of the surfactant. Rather this ion preferentially remains in the bulk because of its strong tendency for hydration and thereby stays apart. As a result, SO42− also causes a significant lowering of the TK of the surfactant. Thus it appears that contrary to the usual trend SO42− behave like a chaotrope showing salting‐in effect of the surfactant.
A model of organizational learning in practice
Authors: Castañeda Zapata Delio Ignacio , Duarte Aponte Sandra Patricia
Published: March 2014

The paper analyzes the organizational learning process experienced in the design of a new packing servicefor the pharmaceutical sector, using the 4I model designed by Crossan, Lane and White (1999) and itsfurther developments. It was carried out an exploratory study using qualitative research methods. It wasfound evidence supporting the learning processes stated by the original model and its furtherdevelopments. The interviews and focus group results suggested that organizational learning is not alwaysa lineal process as stated by the model. Individual and group learning are parallel interacting and unfinishedprocesses. This study contributed to adding empirical evidence to the 4I model of organizational learningand its further developments, in a manufacturing firm.
Elección de ocupaciones que generen empleo usando modelos de elección discreta: Medellín Área Metropolitana 2009
Authors: Aparicio Sebastian , Ramírez Hassan Andrés , Gómez Sánchez Diego Fernando
Published: March 2014

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar determinantes que llevan a los individuos a la toma de la decisiónde ser empresarios en Medellín Área Metropolitana en 2009. Mediante modelos logit y probit multinomial,y logit binario secuencial, se estima la probabilidad de que una persona tome la decisión ocupacional de serempresario, independiente formal, empleado o independiente informal, siendo el primer estado aquel quegenera mayor efecto en el desarrollo de la región. Los resultados permiten observar que la educación, el usode tecnologías de información y telecomunicaciones, y el capital financiero son las variables que más contribuyenen la probabilidad de ser empresario. Estos resultados sugieren nuevos elementos a la discusiónde política pública relacionada con el emprendimiento y fortalecimiento empresarial.
La empresarialidad informal como un reto de política económica: el caso de La Paz y El Alto, Bolivia
Authors: Parra Bernal León Darío
Published: March 2014

En el presente caso de estudio se analiza la empresarialidad informal como un reto de política pública yeconómica. Para ello, se efectuaron 20 entrevistas en profundidad a microempresarios y comerciantes delsector informal en las ciudades de La Paz y El Alto, en Bolivia en 2010, y a 3 funcionarios públicos de institucionesde apoyo al fomento empresarial en el mismo país. La principal reflexión giró en torno al establecimientode que los empresarios informales poseen un elevado nivel de influencia en la efectividad de laspolíticas públicas implementadas para su sector, así como en los mecanismos que se han utilizado en Boliviapara incluirlos en el proceso.
Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community in China: A cross‐sectional analysis of the Shanghai Aging Study
Authors: Ding Ding , Zhao Qianhua , Guo Qihao , Meng Haijiao , Wang Bei , Luo Jianfeng , Mortimer James A. , Borenstein Amy R. , Hong Zhen
Published: March 2014

Background

Substantial variations in the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been reported, although mostly in Western countries. Less is known about MCI in the Chinese population.

Methods

We clinically and neuropsychologically evaluated 3141 community residents ≥60 years of age. Diagnoses of MCI and its subtypes were made using standard criteria via consensus diagnosis.

Results

Among 2985 nondemented individuals, 601 were diagnosed with MCI, resulting in a prevalence of 20.1% for total MCI, 13.2% for amnestic MCI (aMCI), and 7.0% for non‐amnestic MCI (naMCI). The proportions of MCI subtypes were: aMCI single domain (SD), 38.9%; aMCI multiple domains (MD), 26.5%; naMCI‐SD, 25.0%; and naMCI‐MD, 9.6%. The prevalence of aMCI‐MD increased rapidly with age in women APOE ε4 carriers (from 60 to 69 years to ≥80 years, 3.1%–33.3%, P < .001).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that 20% of Chinese elderly are affected by MCI. Prospective studies in China are needed to examine progression to dementia and related risk factors.
Extension and refinement of the predictive value of different classes of markers in ADNI: Four‐year follow‐up data
Authors: Gomar Jesus J. , Conejero‐Goldberg Concepcion , Davies Peter , Goldberg Terry E. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2014

Background

This study examined the predictive value of different classes of markers in the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) over an extended 4‐year follow‐up in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database.

Methods

MCI patients were assessed for clinical, cognitive, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography–fluorodeoxyglucose (PET‐FDG), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers at baseline and were followed on a yearly basis for 4 years to ascertain progression to AD. Logistic regression models were fitted in clusters, including demographics, APOE genotype, cognitive markers, and biomarkers (morphometric, PET‐FDG, CSF, amyloid‐β, and tau).

Results

The predictive model at 4 years revealed that two cognitive measures, an episodic memory measure and a Clock Drawing screening test, were the best predictors of conversion (area under the curve = 0.78).

Conclusions

This model of prediction is consistent with the previous model at 2 years, thus highlighting the importance of cognitive measures in progression from MCI to AD. Cognitive markers were more robust predictors than biomarkers.
Cardiac fibrosis as a determinant of ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Authors: Morita Norishige , Mandel William J. , Kobayashi Yoshinori , Karagueuzian Hrayr S.
Published: March 2014

Animal and emerging clinical studies have demonstrated that increased ventricular fibrosis in a setting of reduced repolarization reserve promotes early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and triggered activity that can initiate ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF). Increased ventricular fibrosis plays a key facilitatory role in allowing oxidative and metabolic stress‐induced EADs to manifest as triggered activity causing VT/VF. The lack of such an arrhythmogenic effect by the same stressors in normal non‐fibrotic hearts highlights the importance of fibrosis in the initiation of VT/VF. These findings suggest that antifibrotic therapy combined with therapy designed to increase ventricular repolarization reserve may act synergistically to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death.
CONTRACT DOCTRINE, PREDICTABILITY AND THE NEBULOUS EXCEPTION
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: March 2014

There is a tendency in contemporary contract law for judges to “never say never” and permit an open-ended exception from the rule. This nebulous exception is designed to cater for the rare instance where application of the rule would be undesirable in the interests of justice. However, this kind of imprecise exception is deleterious in terms of the unpredictability it generates, as well as the attendant increases in time and costs that result. The “never say never” approach is to be discouraged in contract law where commercial predictability, while certainly not inviolable, nonetheless remains a weighty goal deserving of continued deference.
EMMANUEL COLLEGE V EVANS (1626) AND THE HISTORY OF MORTGAGES
Authors: Waddilove D. P.
Published: March 2014

For more than two and half centuries, the case of Emmanuel College v Evans (1626) has been understood as a leading case for the origin of the principal doctrine of mortgage law: the equity of redemption. A closer inspection shows that it has nothing to do with the equity of redemption. This article examines Emmanuel College to see what it was actually about and where this leaves the history of mortgages in equity. In so doing, the article demonstrates the status of Emmanuel College as a leading case to be invalid, and exposes a serious flaw in the methodology of much historiography on mortgages and of early-modern equity more generally. The article also shows how a leading case can obtain its position when it does not stand for its purported proposition. And it provides a nearly unique window into the nature of the Chancery court record and development of equity thanks to a serendipitous documentary survival.