bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherent dynamics in a five-level atomic system
Authors: Schütz Jan , Martin Alexander , Laschinger Sanah , Birkl Gerhard
Published: October 2022

The coherent control of multi-partite quantum systems presents one of the central prerequisites in state-of-the-art quantum information processing. With the added benefit of inherent high-fidelity detection capability, atomic quantum systems in high-energy internal states, such as metastable noble gas atoms, promote themselves as ideal candidates for advancing quantum science in fundamental aspects and technological applications. Using laser-cooled neon atoms in the metastable 3P2 state of state 1s
22s
22p
53s (LS-coupling notation) (Racah notation: 2
P
3/23s[3/2]2) with five m

J
-sublevels, experimental methods for the preparation of all Zeeman sublevels |m

J
⟩ = |+2⟩, |+1⟩, |0⟩, |−1⟩, |−2⟩ as well as the coherent control of superposition states in the five-level system |+2⟩, …, |−2⟩, in the three-level system |+2⟩, |+1⟩, |0⟩, and in the two-level system |+2⟩, |+1⟩ are presented. The methods are based on optimized radio frequency and laser pulse sequences. The state evolution is described with a simple, semiclassical model. The coherence properties of the prepared states are studied using Ramsey and spin echo measurements.
The self-powered photodetector of n-Si/n-ZnO heterojunction with enhanced temperature adaptability via transient current response
Authors: Zhang Yongle , Yang Feng , Guo Qianwen , Feng Xue , Duan Yingfeng , Guo Junmeng , Cheng Gang , Du Zuliang
Published: October 2022

Self-powered photodetectors (PDs) have great application potential in distributed sensor networks, imaging systems and Internet of Things (IoT) due to their simple structure and long-term mobile detection without external power supply. However, the steady-state current response of PD decreases sharply with the increase of temperature, which restricts its application in high temperature environment. Here, a self-powered PD of n-Si/n-ZnO heterojunction with transient current response has been prepared, and the current generation mechanism and response characteristics under various temperature have been studied as being excited by periodic light pulses. The results show that the transient current response can not only improve the photocurrent responsivity and specific detectivity of PD, but also improve the performance of PD at high temperature. When the temperature rises to 340 K, the transient current holding factor η
t (η
t′) of device excited by 127 μW cm−2, 365 nm light are increased by 115% (315%) compared with steady state current holding factor η
s. The corresponding transient current enhancement factor α
tt′ (α
t′) of PD increase monotonically with the temperature, and the maximum values α
tt′ (α
t′) of PD excited by 365 nm light are 12.5 (5.0). As the temperature increases, the t
r and t
f of PD excited by 365 nm (287 μW cm−2) light decrease from 0.16 and 0.15 ms to 0.11 and 0.11 ms, respectively. The transient current response is caused by the transport of excess photo-generated carriers in the PD at the moment of light on and off. The transient current increases significantly with decrease resistance and is less affected by decreasing built-in electric field that make PD has high holding factor under high temperature conditions. This work provides a new avenue for designing high-performance self-powered PDs capable of operating in higher temperature environments, and promotes the wide application of transient-response self-powered PDs in the fields of IoT, fast detecting, and imaging.
Penta-graphene and phagraphene: thermal expansion, linear compressibility, and Poisson’s ratio
Authors: Wang Lei , Chen Ying , Miura Hideo , Suzuki Ken , Wang Cong
Published: October 2022

Nonplanar penta-graphene and planar phagraphene, which are connected by carbon pentagons and penta–hexa–hepta carbon rings, respectively, are two allotropes of graphene. Graphene as a star material in two-dimensional materials has been widely studied. However, the studies around penta-graphene and phagraphene are still insufficient. We are interested in both materials’ response to temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and stress. In this work, the thermal expansion, linear compressibility, and Poisson’s ratio of penta-graphene and phagraphene have been investigated systematically. It is found that both materials can exhibit abnormal negative thermal expansion behavior, while their linear compressibility behavior is normal. The negative Poisson’s ratio behavior only occurs in penta-graphene, which is consistent with other work. Through an analysis of the lattice vibrations and associated mode Grüneisen parameters, it is found that there are anomalies in the phonon spectra of both penta-graphene and phagraphene. It is noted that acoustic phonons contribute most to their respective anomalies, especially the transverse acoustic mode. The librational motion of the lowest-frequency optical phonon of both materials is identified and also associated with their novel properties. In general, the unique topological arrangement of carbon atoms can play a decisive role in determining the performances of penta-graphene and phagraphene.
Tunneling resistance model for piezoresistive carbon nanotube polymer composites
Authors: Klimm Wolfgang , Kwok Kawai
Published: October 2022

Carbon nanotube (CNT) polymer composites exhibit outstanding electrical conductivity that enables a myriad of sensing and actuation applications. Highly sensitive strain sensors can be realized through piezoresistivity in which a resistance change is induced by mechanical strains. Tunneling conduction between CNTs in close proximity is a major mechanism contributing to the overall piezoresistivity of the CNT network, and is sensitive to the separation distance, lattice registry and the orbital overlap of the interacting CNTs. In this paper, we propose a tunneling resistance model that relate these effects to the CNT chirality, geometry, and orientation. We construct the model based on the distance-dependent Landauer equation, and introduce two additional geometric variables, namely the lattice alignment angle and the axis alignment angle. The tunneling resistance model is incorporated into a CNT network representative volume element to determine the piezoresistivity of the CNT polymer composite. The model reproduces the periodic variation of tunneling resistance consistent with experimental observations and quantum simulations in the literature, and provides improved predictive accuracy of piezoresistivity in CNT polymer composites.
Anatomy of geometrical destabilization of inflation
Authors: Krajewski Tomasz , Turzyński Krzysztof
Published: October 2022

We study geometrical destabilization of inflation with the aim of determining the fate of
excited unstable modes. We use numerical lattice simulations to track the dynamics of both the
inflaton and the spectator field. We find that geometrical destabilization is a short-lived
phenomenon and that a negative feedback loop prevents field fluctuations from growing
indefinitely. As a result, fields undergoing geometrical destabilization are merely shifted to a
new classical configuration corresponding to a uniform value of the spectator field within a
Hubble patch.
Modification of laser-induced state in atomic attosecond transient absorption by the XUV pulse pair
Authors: Li Xuhong , Yuan Guanglu , Tang Xiangyu , Fu Yong , Wang Kan , Wang Bincheng , Jin Cheng
Published: October 2022

Attosecond transient absorption (ATA) has been developed as an all-optical technique for probing electron dynamics in matter. Here we present a scheme that can modify the laser-induced state and the corresponding ATA spectrum via excitation by a pair of XUV attosecond pulses and by a time-delayed mid-infrared (MIR) laser probe. Different from the scheme of the electronic excitation by a single XUV attosecond pulse, the application of a pair of XUV pulses provides extra degrees of freedom, such as the time delay and the intensity ratio between two XUV pulses, which make it possible to adjust the pump process, resulting in the modification of the ATA spectrum. We show that by varying the time delay between the two XUV pulses, the population of the dark state and the ATA spectrum of the laser-induced state have periodic modulations. We also demonstrate that the peak of the ATA spectrum of the laser-induced state appears at a fixed time delay between the XUV pair and the MIR laser when the intensity ratio is large, and it changes with the time delay when the intensity ratio is small, which can be related to either one of two peaks in the population of the dark state.
Bayesian inference of axisymmetric plasma equilibrium
Authors: Kwak Sehyun , Svensson J. , Ford O. , Appel L. , Ghim Y.-c. , Contributors JET
Published: October 2022

We present a Bayesian method for inferring axisymmetric plasma equilibria from the magnetic field and plasma pressure measurements. The method calculates all possible solutions for plasma current and pressure distributions consistent with the measurements and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) force balance. Toroidal plasma current and magnetic field coils are modelled as a set of axisymmetric current-carrying solid beams. The other parameters such as plasma pressure and poloidal current flux are given as a function of poloidal magnetic flux, which is determined given a 2D current distribution. Plasma pressure and poloidal current flux profiles are modelled as Gaussian processes whose smoothness is optimally chosen based on the principle of Occam’s razor. To find equilibrium solutions, we introduce an MHD force balance constraint at every plasma current beam as a part of the prior knowledge. Given all these physical quantities, predictions calculated by the predictive (forward) models for diagnostics are compared to the observations. The high dimensional complex posterior probability distribution is explored by a new algorithm based on the Gibbs sampling scheme.
Picosecond Avalanche Detector — working principle and gain measurement with a proof-of-concept prototype
Authors: Paolozzi L. , Munker M. , Cardella R. , Milanesio M. , Gurimskaya Y. , Martinelli F. , Picardi A. , Rücker H. , Trusch A. , Valerio P. , Cadoux F. , Cardarelli R. , Débieux S. , Favre Y. , Fenoglio C.A. , Ferrere D. , Gonzalez-Sevilla S. , Kotitsa R. , Magliocca C. , Moretti T. , Nessi M. , Pizarro Medina A. , Sabater Iglesias J. , Saidi J. , Vicente Barreto Pinto M. , Zambito S. , Iacobucci G.
Published: October 2022

The Picosecond Avalanche Detector is a multi-junction
silicon pixel detector based on a (NP)drift(NP)gain
structure, devised to enable charged-particle tracking with high
spatial resolution and picosecond time-stamp capability. It uses a
continuous junction deep inside the sensor volume to amplify the
primary charge produced by ionizing radiation in a thin absorption
layer. The signal is then induced by the secondary charges moving
inside a thicker drift region. A proof-of-concept monolithic
prototype, consisting of a matrix of hexagonal pixels with
100 μm pitch, has been produced using the 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS
process by IHP microelectronics. Measurements on probe station and
with a 55Fe X-ray source show that the prototype is functional
and displays avalanche gain up to a maximum electron gain of 23. A
study of the avalanche characteristics, corroborated by TCAD
simulations, indicates that space-charge effects due to the large
primary charge produced by the conversion of X-rays from the
^55Fe source limits the effective gain.
KCC2 overexpressed exosomes meditated spinal cord injury recovery in mice
Authors: Yin Zhaoyang , Yin Jian , Huo Yongfeng , Gu Guangxue , Yu Jian , Li Aimin , Tang Jinhai
Published: October 2022

Exosomes show great potential in treating diseases of the central nervous system including spinal cord injury (SCI), still better engineered exosomes have more advantages. In this study, we purified exosomes from K+–Cl− co-transporter (KCC2) overexpressed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (ExoKCC2), to investigate the effect of ExoKCC2 on neural differentiation in vitro and the repairing function of ExoKCC2 in SCI mice in vivo. Compared to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC)-derived exosomes (Exo), ExoKCC2 could better promote neural stem cell differentiated into neurons, ameliorate the function recovery of SCI mice, and accelerate the neural regeneration at the lesion site. Altogether, engineered ExoKCC2 may prove to be an advantageous strategy for SCI treatment.
Advancing AI-based pan-European groundwater monitoring
Authors: Ma Yueling , Montzka Carsten , Naz Bibi S , Kollet Stefan
Published: October 2022

The main challenge of pan-European groundwater (GW) monitoring is the sparsity of collated water table depth (wtd) observations. The wtd anomaly (wtda
) is a measure of the increased wtd due to droughts. Combining long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and transfer learning (TL), we propose an AI-based methodology LSTM-TL to produce reliable wtda
estimates at the European scale in the absence of consistent wtd observational data sets. The core idea of LSTM-TL is to transfer the modeled relationship between wtda
and input hydrometeorological forcings to the observation-based estimation, in order to provide reliable wtda
estimates for regions with no or sparse wtd observations. With substantially reduced computational cost compared to physically-based numerical models, LSTM-TL obtained wtda
estimates in good agreement with in-situ wtda
measurements from 2569 European GW monitoring wells, showing r ⩾ 0.5, root-mean-square error ⩽1.0 and Kling-Gupta efficiency ⩾0.3 at about or more than half of the pixels. Based on the reconstructed long-term European monthly wtda
data from the early 1980s to the near present, we provide the first estimate of seasonal wtda
trends in different European regions, that is, significant drying trends in central and eastern Europe, which facilitates the understanding of historical GW dynamics in Europe. The success of LSTM-TL in estimating wtda
also highlights the advantage of combining AI techniques with knowledge contained in physically-based numerical models in hydrological studies.
Identification of degradation of groundwater recharge area infiltration quality on the slopes of Willis mountain
Authors: Setyawan1 Dendy
Published: October 2022

Water needs are increasing as the population grows, directly affecting the exploitation of groundwater as the choice of the main water source. Damage to the ecosystem of water catchment areas reduces the infiltration rate of groundwater formation. The use of a geographic information system (SIG) in processing and displaying spatial data provides information in the form of a map of the condition of the groundwater area. The area of groundwater slope of Mount Wilis which is determined by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in accordance with Law No. 7 of 2004 on water resources, has experienced a decrease in quality characterized by landslides, flash floods and decreased discharge of springs in the water release area, caused by land transfer.
Environmental Adaptation of Indigenous People: Baduy Tribe’s Local Wisdom in Environmental Management
Authors: Kenedy Biffanca Allya , Deffinika Ifan
Published: October 2022

SDGs implementation requires a precise understanding of the target population. However, the disaggregated data needed to address all vulnerable groups – including indigenous peoples. One of the most popular indigenous people in Indonesia is the Urang Kanekes or Famously called Baduy. Baduy is an indegenous society located in Banten Province, which has been interned from the impact of globalization. The Baduy tribe belongs to an indigenous group that lives side by side with nature. The purpose of this study was to explore local wisdom from the way the Baduy manage their environment. This study is done by using a descriptive qualitative approach. Main data sources were collected using secondary data from literature review. In addition, primary data was collected by interviewing some informants as supporting data. Data processing with triangulation data and analyzed by using SWOT to explain Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in the environmental management of the Baduy community. The result of this study shows that the Baduy people have their characteristics in their local wisdom, especially in environmental management, which can protect and preserve the environment.
Potential Development of Cibugary Farm as Agro-Ecotourism Object in DKI Jakarta
Authors: Putri Inanditya Widiana , Wirahayu Yuswanti Ariani
Published: October 2022

Cibugary Farm (Cibubur Garden Dairy) is the only cow dairy agro-tourism in East Jakarta. This is a good opportunity for this agro-tourism. Along with the program that will be run by the East Jakarta Government by 2021, namely “Cipayung Ecotourism”, the development of Cibugary Farm into an agro-ecotourism site can support this program. Until now, the label owned by Cibugary Farm is only in the form of agro-tourism. For this reason, this study identified the potential of Cibugary to become an agro-ecotourism object (maintaining the educational element while preserving culture and the environment). The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative analysis, with data sources in the form of secondary data obtained from previous research and related agencies. The results of the study show that the Cibugary tourism object has the potential to be used as an agro-ecotourism object. This can be done by adding elements of Betawi culture in tourism activities and facilities and involving the community in their management.
Analysis of Tourism Carrying Capacity of Purwodadi Botanical Garden for Supporting A Sustainable Environment
Authors: Rizky Maulidatur R , Binti Muti’atul A , Tillah Mardha , Mayang W.K , Radite Wanudya A , Wagistina Satti , Komang Astina I
Published: October 2022

Botanical gardens are one of the areas to maintain the country’s biodiversity. However, another function of the botanical garden, namely tourism, can sometimes be a threat to the preservation of this biodiversity. Changes in tourism management from LIPI to the private sector have also contributed to the increasing number of tourists. Therefore, complex tourism activities need to consider carrying capacity so that tourist attractions do not exceed their limits. The purpose of this paper is to determine the carrying capacity of tourism and the application of environmental sustainability in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens, Pasuruan Regency. This study was designed using a mixed-method approach, which is a combination of quantitative approaches that include Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) and a qualitative approach, namely environmental sustainability. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling so that interviews were conducted with the managers of the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. The results show that the PCC value of the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens is 17,274 tourists/day and the ECC value is 11,516 tourists/day. PCC and ECC values in Purwodadi Botanical Gardens still exceed their actual values. So it can be concluded that the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens is still able to accommodate tourists without threatening the preservation of existing biodiversity. As for the aspect of environmental sustainability in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens, it is classified as having followed efforts to support a sustainable environment.
Effect of Pozzolanic Material on Drying Shrinkage Characteristics of Blended Cementitious Mortar
Authors: Thikare Nitesh , Yadav Shalini , Patil Ranjit
Published: October 2022

To maintain sustainability, the production of Portland cement is a major contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Various methodologies are used for the purpose of reduction of Portland cement consumption in mortar are desirable to minimize the greenhouse gases. Based on past studies, the authors have studied fly ash behavior with the cement and its effect on mortar and concrete i.e. usage of fly ash (FA) contents in mortar as one of the sources of cement replacement, which makes mortar less permeable due to its fineness and pozzolanic response. This paper briefly discusses the cement replacement with a different fineness of FA from various hoppers at different percentages and does experimental examinations related to the compressive strength (CS) and drying shrinkage (DS) mortar. The FA was used for the research work from the Khaperkheda power plant, Nagpur. FA is used as a replacement with cement in a 12.5 % proportion up to 37.5% with a mix proportion for the mortar is 1:3. Casting of mortar for compressive strength and drying shrinkage is done as per the Indian Standard (IS) code. The result elucidated that, up to optimum level, the CS of mortar was increased and further observed increase in FA content decreased the CS. For drying shrinkage, the value of shrinkage is found lesser than the controlled cement mortar due to its fineness.
Experimental investigation of direct injection diesel engine using waste plastic oil as fuel
Authors: Jatadhara G S , Chandrashekhar T K , Banapurmath N R , Nagesh S B , Keerthi kumar N
Published: October 2022

Recycling of waste plastics for power generation, automotive traction can provide perfect source of energy due to their energy content. Plastics utilization is growing daily although it is not environment friendly material but can be utilized for different applications. The disposal of after use plastic is a major task and quality of oil obtained from the same has properties similar to fuel. The main advantage of conversion of used plastic to gasoline provides additional fuel generation to be derived besides addressing the disposal issues. The plastic oil obtained from pyrolysis can be added with conventional fuel efficiently and acceptable engine overall performance. Therefore, blends of plastic oil with diesel are considered for the diesel engine applications. In the present study pyrolysis of plastic is done in presence of catalyst at temperature of 380°C to obtain oil with properties similar to petroleum fuels. The plastic oil is mixed with diesel in different volume proportions ranging from 10 to 40% and used as fuel in diesel engine to study its characteristics. Properties of plastic oil blends with diesel obtained were analysed. The lower plastic oil blends P10increased the brake thermal efficiency by 5%and lowered the rate of fuel consumption by 10%. As the blending ratio increased in-cylinder pressures and heat release rates were higher and the longer ignition delay were obtained. The emissions of HC, NOx decreased with lower plastic oil blending as compared to higher blending ratio. The result suggests that the plastic oil P10 can be used effectively as alternative fuel to diesel for engine with optimized operating situations. Utilization of PO with diesel blends of 10 to 30% in conventional engines provide acceptable engine performance and reduction in emission and hence can effectively reduce the dependence on fossil diesel fuel and reduce the foreign exchange.
Driving through sustainable systems: a Study of Air Quality Index of Delhi during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Garg S. , Sahdev S.L. , Mahajan N. , Goel N.
Published: October 2022

The impact of lockdown during covid-19 pandemic on air quality in terms of pollution was investigated in the Delhi/NCR region in this study. The National Air Quality Index (NAQI) uses air quality data for six pollutant measures (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO, NO2 and O3) from monitoring stations across the megacity to demonstrate the spatial pattern of air quality before and during the lockdown period due to pandemic. The objective of this study is to investigate the interrelationship among the various parameters the Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted. The results found were able to demonstrate that during lockdown air quality was significantly improved. It was also found that among other pollutants, level of NO2 and CO have also declined during- lockdown phase. It was observed that during this period of lockdown, the air quality index on maximum number of days was found to be good and satisfactory in Delhi that was the clear indication of an improvement in air quality due to a reduction in pollution and emissions of vehicles and industries. It can be implemented to further work on parameters to improve the air quality in future.
Sustainable Rural Development through Renewable Energy Technologies: Identification of Potential Methods to Increase Rural Incomes
Authors: Patnaik Amitabh , Kudal Pallavi , Dawar Sunny , Dawar Prince
Published: October 2022

Renewable energy is being promoted in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)1 as a potential new source of jobs and rural development. Governments in most nations have poured vast sums of public funds into renewable energy development. But how do these policies and investments affect the economy? Is it true that renewable energy may aid in the development of rural economies? This study examines the answers to these questions. We aim at determining the impact that economically cleaner energy options can play in reducing post-harvest losses in India’s rural communities. The food supply chain, energy supplies, and the environment are all being strained by the ever-expanding population. Post-harvest losses, on the other hand, pose a threat to the crop and its products. We have identified how post harvesting losses can be reduced by clean energy options and hence can lead to sustainable and self-sufficient village economies in India.
An Experimental Behavior on Green Concrete utilizing Granite Slurry Waste (GSW) as Partial Substitute of Cement
Authors: Sharma Sachin , Pandey Priyanka , Gupta Pooja , Shende Abhay M. , Bhandari Rakesh
Published: October 2022

Granite Granite materials are widely used by the construction industries. Granite slurry waste is a fine powder similar to cement that is causing climate and environmental problems around the world today. Individuals’ respiratory and sensitivity issues are exacerbated by the disposal of this granite waste. Concrete seems to be the most versatile building material. The usage of GSW in concrete could help alleviate a variety of issues, including CO2 emissions in the environment. Various molds were formed in this study to investigate the durability properties of concrete (water permeability, abrasion resistance, UPV test, and modulus of elasticity (static) for green concrete to be w/c 0.4 and 0.5. More workable green concrete is obtained at the varied replacement of granite slurry waste. The result has been shown to increase the depth of water penetration and modulus of elasticity with the addition of GSW for two w/c 0.5 and 0.4. The maximum water penetration depth was reported to be 85 mm at a 30% substitution level of GSW. The abrasion loss was step by step increased with an increasing of different substitution ranges (5% to 30%) of GSW as a partial substitute of cement (OPC and PPC). The highest abrasion loss was likewise observed to be less than 1 mm. The modulus of elasticity (Static) of concrete was increase at the substitute range of 5%. The UPV test results showed that the quality of GSW concrete is good. These studies show that the inclusion of granite slurry waste in green concrete will show that it will be cheap, protect the resources, and be more sustainable.
Durability Characteristics of Recycled Aggregates for Physical and Chemical Properties of Concrete
Authors: Choudhary Rohit , Jangid Satish , Meena Ramdayal , choudhary Shailesh
Published: October 2022

In structural concrete, it becomes essential to perform the comprehensive research work for recycled aggregates (RA) in order to check their material properties as well as assess the influence the second-generation concrete quality. This work has the objective to assess and suggest the technical standards to check the performance and behaviour of concrete as compressive strength developed from recycled aggregates. The demolished crushed waste concrete can provide the RAs. Such aggregates are heterogeneous in composition from a quality point of view as being resultant from diverse adhered mortar and materials. Such properties of RAs must be assessed, as these are utilized in concrete; consequently make an effort to further investigate the RAs characteristics that are needed to be implemented in concrete mixes. This paper presents the characteristics of RAs as physical and chemical properties with further examination on the concrete properties prepared with RAs. It also presents the comprehensive strength to show the durability properties in order to set the standard guidelines. The developed nations such as Japan have even laid down standards for RA usage in concrete. Thus, it becomes essential to make guidelines for the material utilization in construction, especially to match with the local Indian conditions.
Four-year Spatiotemporal Distribution & Analysis of PM2.5 and its Precursor Air Pollutant SO2, NO2 & NH3 and their Impact on LST in Bengaluru City, India
Authors: Suthar G , Singhal R P , Khandelwal S , Kaul N , Parmar V , Singh A P
Published: October 2022

Bengaluru is one of the most populated cities in India. The rise in urbanization has caused an increase in air pollutant concentrations and land surface temperature. The present study explored the four-year (2019-2022) seasonal relationship between PM2.5 and its precursor’s air pollutants SO2, NO2, NH3, and meteorological parameters (WS, WD, RH, SR). Another relationship was explored to find the combined impact of air pollutants (PM2.5 SO2, NO2, NH3) and meteorological parameters on LST. Results from correlation analysis show that PM2.5 is strongly and very strongly correlated with NH3 during 2022 and moderately correlated with SO2 in 2021 and NO2 in 2022, respectively, during both seasons. LST is positively associated with air pollutants except for PM2.5 in 2020 and NO2 in 2022. The multiple linear regression analysis shows that PM2.5 strongly correlates with its precursors and meteorological parameter in both summers (0.66 to 0.74) and winters (0.59 to 0.93). Similarly, LST is strongly associated with all four air pollutants and meteorological parameters in summer (0.66 to 0.81) and winter from 0.60 to 0.79 from 2019 to 2021. The result shows that multiple parameters are responsible for the formation of secondary PM2.5 and change in LST.
Organic Farming in the Tropical, Disaster-Prone Coasts: Interventions, Major Challenges and a Success Story from Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India
Authors: Chowdhury A , Iyer A S , Bhattacharyya S , Khan S U , Naz A
Published: October 2022

Organic agricultural practices are sustainable alternatives to chemical methods. This article highlights the major challenges faced by environmentalists, social workers in popularizing organic agriculture as well as its positive field application. The primary soil parameters (pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, soil, organic carbon, soil texture, and available N, P and K) are compared between global coastal agricultural soils. Organic farming practices adopted in different regions were also focused in this article. Sundarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem, largest delta, abode of mangrove dwelling tigers and Indian part is the home of 4.6 million natural disaster vulnerable populations. This work showcases success story of organic farming by 84 families of Indian Sundarbans since 2012, with use of vermicompost, biopesticides (neem oil) and natural microbe augmentations (Trichoderma sp), as a part of a socio-environmental intervention project. This intervention resulted in increased yield in both kharif season (10-12%) and rabi season (5-10%) by 2017.
Perpetual Flexible Pavement vs. Rigid Pavement: An Economic and Environmental Cost Comparison
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Sharma Sunil
Published: October 2022

India needs roads that can handle a large volume of traffic and have a long service life due to the scarcity of natural resources and their rising cost. Over the last decade, type. As a result, the notion of a perpetual flexible pavement with a life of more than 50 years and great structural capacity has emerged. Perpetual flexible pavement has a direct competition with cement concrete-based rigid pavement. The comparison of life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle environmental cost (LCEC) is an analytical method for determining the long-term viability of any pavement. This paper examined the overall sustainability of each pavement by comparing (1) the life cycle cost with the help of net present value (NPV) method and (2) life cycle environmental cost considering greenhouse gas emissions from various activities in construction and maintenance of pavements over a 50-year analysis period. The cross-sections of the Delhi-Mumbai expressway with perpetual flexible pavement and the Mumbai-Pune expressway with conventional rigid pavement, both of which have been designed for a long service life and a good structural capability were chosen for the investigation as a case study. The findings of the present study reveal that the per kilometre life cycle cost of perpetual flexible pavement is 2.12 lakh rupee less than the rigid pavement. Also, perpetual pavement emits 4.5 times less greenhouse gases than rigid pavement over their design life. In comparison to a rigid pavement during a 50-year design life, the study concludes that perpetual flexible pavement is not only economically effective but also environmentally sustainable
Performance Rating of National Highways Based on Road User Perspective – A Case Study of Kalka–Shimla Highway
Authors: Solanki Pratik , Sharma Sunil
Published: October 2022

The road network plays the most important role in the development of India’s infrastructure. Through the initiative of rating national highways, we will be able to set standards for quality highway services, and as a result, road users will receive excellent value for their money. Moreover, better quality Indian Highways will lead to safer travel experiences and consequently result in fewer road accidents and fatalities. The effort for evaluating the roads was done by US Department of Transportation in 1950s as has been highlighted in the Highway Sufficiency Rating Manual of 1952. However, these ratings were based only on efficiency and safety parameters, completely neglecting the user perspective and services. As the road users gain access to information about products and services in real time over the internet, they are more empowered than ever before. Thus, the performance evaluation of a highway stretch must include additional aspects associated with the user experience. This paper examines the real-time problems they face along the journey. National Highway authority of India (NHAI) and Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) of India have framed Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for assessment and rating of 4-6 lanes divided carriageway NHs based on road user perspective. Road user perspective carries a 20 per cent weightage in overall highway efficiency. A questionnaire survey was taken as part of the road user perspective study on the Kalka-Shimla NH No. 5 in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. The highway scored 17.1 marks out of 20 based on users’ response, representing an 85.5% score, and indicating minor deficiencies regarding the selected highway facilities.
Spring Water Management to Ensure Long Term Sustainability in North-Eastern Regions of India
Authors: Ranjan Prem , Pandey Pankaj Kumar , Pandey Vanita , Lepcha Pema Tshering
Published: October 2022

Spring water is the lifeline of the Himalayan communities. They depend on it for drinking and household use and farming. In recent decades, the region has been facing acute water shortage in the lean period due to climatic variabilities, especially rainfall. The rainfall pattern has changed from low-intensity, longer duration to high-density, shorter duration, which causes the “too little and too much water” syndrome. Rainwater does not have sufficient time to infiltrate due to high reliefs and undulating terrains. As a result, quick runoff dominates the region, reducing groundwater recharge and health. Springs also contribute to the base flow of many rivers in the region. The changing land use and land cover is another issue in water management, and the different studies indicate that deforestation, forest fire, mounting tourist spots, rapidly growing towns, and development activities reduce the infiltration capacity. In this region, most rural populations are completely dependent on perennial springs and streams for water needs such as drinking, agriculture, livestock feeding, and other household consumption. It is noticed that sudden water scarcity and demand increased during the non-monsoon period, which is uncertain for the long-term sustainability of the human population in the region. Hence, different water-saving techniques must be adopted to sustain this water scarcity condition at the household level and in irrigation practices. This can be achieved by bringing awareness of different water minimizing and saving techniques at the community level. Also, implementing a highly efficient irrigation system during the lean period instead of a flood irrigation system such as gravity-fed drip irrigation, bamboo drip irrigation, and pitcher irrigation is recommended.
Transport Infrastructure Investment: A Comparative Analysis between China, Russia and India
Authors: Bangaraju T , Aneja P , Mishra B
Published: October 2022

China, Russia and India, three major members of BRICS, share a strong trade relationship in over a duration of time. These countries have shown remarkable growth in various sectors overtaking EU and North American countries. Infrastructure investment is a crucial factor to give a momentum to progress of any country. This study attempts to understand the long run and short run effect of total inland infrastructure investment on freight growth in the said countries. In this study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag [ARDL] bounds testing approach was used to examine the impact of total inland transport infrastructure investment on total inland freight transport in the emerging economies, viz. China, Russia and India. Results indicate that China has higher positive affect of inland infrastructure investment on freight growth rate in the short run while India has higher positive affect in long run. Russia, owing to lower population, trade and industrialization growth showed to have lower freight growth in both short run and long run.
High capacity terahertz communication systems based on multiple orbital-angular-momentum beams
Authors: Willner Alan E , Su Xinzhou , Zhou Huibin , Minoofar Amir , Zhao Zhe , Zhang Runzhou , Tur Moshe , Molisch Andreas F , Lee Doohwan , Almaiman Ahmed
Published: October 2022

Structured electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have been explored in various frequency regimes to enhance the data capacity of communication systems by multiplexing multiple co-propagating orthogonal OAM beams (i.e. mode-division multiplexing (MDM)). Terahertz (THz) communications in free space have gained interest as THz waves tend to have: (a) larger bandwidth and lower beam divergence than millimeter-waves, and (b) lower interaction with matter conditions than optical waves. In this paper, we review recent experimental demonstrations of OAM-based THz MDM communication systems, including (a) THz MDM system with two multiplexed OAM beams; (b) THz OAM multiplexing together with frequency-division-multiplexing and polarization-division-multiplexing; (c) multiplexing a full set of two-dimensional Laguerre–Gaussian (

L

G

ℓ
,

p

) beams; and (d) THz integrated OAM emitter for OAM mode generation and multiplexing. System performance of THz OAM links with the effect of turbulence, divergence, and multipath is also simulated and analyzed.
Single shot and speckle free reconstruction of orthogonal polarization modes with a tuneable beam displacer
Authors: Manisha  , Rathor Mohit , Singh Rakesh Kumar
Published: October 2022

Imaging through a random scatterer is a challenging problem due to the spatial scrambling of the light wavefront and formation of the speckle pattern. Here, we present a new experimental configuration in holography with a two-point intensity correlation to reconstruct the orthogonal polarization modes from a single shot measurement of the speckle pattern. Speckle free orthogonal polarization modes are reconstructed by applying the ensemble averaging in the correlation analysis. Both orthogonal polarization components of the object are simultaneously reconstructed using an edge point referencing for holography with the coherence waves and with a specially designed tuneable beam displacer. This tuneable beam displacer supports independent recording of the orthogonally polarized speckles at different spatial locations, and hence supports simultaneous reconstruction of the orthogonal polarization components of object from the random light.
Kill or be killed
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter demonstrates how viruses parasitize all living things, often to the detriment of their hosts, but they do not have it all their own way. All plants and animals, however small or primitive, have evolved ways of recognizing and fighting these microscopic invaders. It describes an infection as a race against time, noting how the viruses must reproduce before either the host dies or its immune system recognizes and eliminates them. The chapter considers viruses as adaptable as they can evolve rapidly to meet changing circumstances. Viruses have a fast reproduction rate and a large number of offspring.
Definitions
Authors: Leeming David A.
Published: October 2022

This introductory chapter defines terms used in the book. It sets up the format in which five primary mythic themes are treated in the chapters that follow. The subject of Chapter 1 is the concept of deity. Chapter 2 will treat the creation myth, Chapter 3 flood myths, Chapter 4 trickster myths, and Chapter 5 hero myths.
An evil person
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: October 2022

This chapter aims to identify the nature of an evil person. Not every evildoer counts as an evil person. One way to conceive of an evil person is as someone who has done a lot of evil things. A more plausible alternative conception is that an evil person is someone who is characteristically disposed to perform evil actions. This is someone who will seek the opportunity to perform evil actions, and who cannot be reformed and made into a good person. A character-based account of evil personhood allows us to explain why some people perform evil actions, and why some people are beyond redemption. However, it would be both misguided and dangerous to judge that any given person is evil unless you possess clear evidence about the character traits of that person. Many people who perform horrendously wrong actions do feel remorse and undergo moral reform. We should not rush to judge someone as being evil.
Nano-visualization of thein vitroantiviral activity of black tea based on production area using a liposome-based virus membrane model
Authors: Iijima Masumi , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Ogura Yukino , Yoshimoto Ryotaro , Kaneda Moemi , Kera Kota , Kuroda Shun'ichi , Nakayama Tsutomu
Published: October 2022

Black tea extracts (BTEs) from four different production areas showed a higher aggregation strength for phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes containing cholesterol used as a viral membrane model. Furthermore, the anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity of each BTE in vitro demonstrated that although Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Assam had higher anti-IAV activities, Darjeeling had a lower anti-IAV activity, showing a correlation between each BTE and the liposome aggregation strength. Moreover, the antiviral activity strength of BTEs was consistent with the antioxidant activity strength of BTEs, suggesting that the component(s) in black tea that exhibits antioxidant activity would also be the component(s) that accounts for its antiviral activity. Thus, our results propose that BTEs exert their antiviral effects by binding not only hemagglutinin and neuraminidase but also viral membranes directly, especially “cholesterol-rich lipid rafts” and affect the membrane structure, causing the virus to aggregate, thereby inhibiting infection of the host cells.
The use of long head biceps tendon autograft for massive rotator cuff tears: a PRISMA compliant systematic review
Authors: Aicale Rocco , Poeta Nicola , Savarese Eugenio , Bernardini Giulio , Oliva Francesco , Maffulli Nicola
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Rotator cuff tears (RCT) are a common cause of shoulder pain and disability, with massive RCT accounting for 10–40% of all rotator cuff tears.

Sources of data

A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus electronic databases was performed up to August 2022, and a total of 17 scientific articles were included in the present PRISMA compliant systematic review.

Areas of agreement

Understanding the geometric patterns in RCT is essential to achieve appropriate repositioning of the injured tendons in their anatomic location. The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is usually exposed when defects of the anterolateral corner are present and can be easily used to augment rotator cuff repairs.

Areas of controversy

There are no definite guideline regarding the management of massive rotator cuff tears.

Growing points

The use of LHBT graft is safe and effective, but technically demanding. All studies were level IV articles of medium to high quality.

Areas timely for developing research

Prospective long term follow-up studies and randomized controlled trials are needed, adding imaging evaluation and appropriate clinical outcome measures at follow-up.
A prospective study on serum citrate levels and clinical correlations in patients receiving regional citrate anticoagulation
Authors: To Harmony H M , Kwan Arthur M C , Leung Natalie Y Y , Chan W M , Ngai C W , Wong Alfred S K , Tsai Polly N W , Ma Tammy S K , Yam Irene , Ng Pauline Yeung , Yap Desmond Y H
Published: October 2022

Background

Current ways to diagnose citrate accumulation (CA) in patients receiving regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are confounded by various clinical factors. Serum citrate measurement emerges as a more direct way to diagnose CA, but its clinical utility and optimal cut-off values remain undefined. This study examined serum citrate kinetics and its diagnostic performance for CA in patients receiving RCA CRRT.

Methods

A multicentre prospective study was carried out in two tertiary referral centre intensive care units in Hong Kong with serum citrate levels measured at baseline and 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after initiation of RCA CRRT and their relationships with the development of CA.

Results

Among the 133 patients analysed, 18 patients (13.5%) developed CA. The serum citrate levels at baseline and 2, 6 and 12 h after initiation of RCA CRRT in patients who had CA were significantly higher than the non-CA group (P < .001 for all). The CA group also had higher serum citrate levels than the non-CA group {median 0.93 mmol/L [interquartile range (IQR) 0.81–1.16) versus 0.37 mmol/L (IQR 0.26–0.57), P < .001}. Using a cut-off of 0.85 mmol/L, the serum citrate level had a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity 0.96 for the diagnosis of CA [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) 0.90, P < .001]. The 2-h and 6-h serum citrate levels had good discriminatory abilities for predicting subsequent development of CA (AUROC 0.86 and 0.83 for 2-h and 6-h citrate levels using cut-off values of 0.34 and 0.63 mmol/L, respectively; P < .001).

Conclusion

Serum citrate levels were significantly higher in patients with CA compared with patients without CA. Serum citrate levels showed good performance in diagnosing and predicting the development of CA.