bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effects of morphine administered by constant-rate intravenous infusion or intermittent intramuscular injection in dogs
Authors: Lucas Anthony N. , Firth Ava M. , Anderson Garry A. , Vine John H. , Edwards Glenn A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare physiologic and analgesic effects of morphine when given by IV constant-rate infusion or by IM injection to dogs undergoing laparotomy and to determine pharmacokinetics of morphine in dogs following IV constant-rate infusion.

Design—Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Animals—20 dogs.

Procedure—Dogs undergoing laparotomy were treated with morphine beginning at the time of anesthetic induction. Morphine was administered by IV infusion (0.12 mg/kg/h [0.05 mg/lb/h] of body weight) or by IM injection (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]) at induction and extubation and every 4 hours thereafter. Treatments continued for 24 hours after extubation.

Results—Blood gas values did not indicate clinically significant respiratory depression in either group, and degree of analgesia (determined as the University of Melbourne Pain Scale score) and incidence of adverse effects (panting, vomiting, defecation, and dysphoria) were not significantly different between groups. Dogs in both groups had significant decreases in mean heart rate, rectal temperature, and serum sodium and potassium concentrations, compared with preoperative values. Mean ± SEM total body clearance of morphine was 68 ± 6 ml/min/kg (31 ± 3 ml/min/lb). Mean steady-state serum morphine concentration in dogs receiving morphine by constant-rate infusion was 30 ± 2 ng/ml.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that administration of morphine as a constantrate IV infusion at a dose of 0.12 mg/kg/h induced effects similar to those obtained with administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg, IM, every 4 hours in dogs undergoing laparotomy. Panting was attributed to an opioidinduced resetting of the hypothalamic temperature set point, rather than respiratory depression. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:884–891)
Administration of charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate to reduce malodorous flatulence in dogs
Authors: Giffard Catriona J. , Collins Stella B. , Stoodley Neil C. , Butterwick Richard F. , Batt Roger M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether feeding activated
charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and zinc acetate would
ameliorate the frequency and odor characteristics of
flatulence in dogs.

Design—In vitro screening of active agents followed
by a randomized controlled trial.

Animals—8 adult dogs.

Procedure—A fecal fermentation system was used
to assess the effects of activated charcoal, Yucca
schidigera, and zinc acetate alone and in combination
on total gas production and production of hydrogen
sulfide, the primary determinant of flatus malodor in
dogs. All 3 agents were subsequently incorporated
into edible treats that were fed 30 minutes after the
dogs ate their daily rations, and the number, frequency,
and odor characteristics of flatulence were measured
for 5 hours, using a device that sampled rectal
gases and monitored hydrogen sulfide concentrations.

Results—Total gas production and number and frequency of flatulence episodes were unaffected by any
of the agents. Production of hydrogen sulfide in vitro
was significantly reduced by charcoal, Yucca schidigera,
and zinc acetate by 71, 38, and 58%, respectively,
and was reduced by 86% by the combination of
the 3 agents. Consumption of the 3 agents was associated
with a significant decrease (86%) in the percentage
of flatulence episodes with bad or unbearable
odor and a proportional increase in the percentage
of episodes of no or only slightly noticeable odor.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that activated charcoal, Yucca schidigera, and
zinc acetate reduce malodor of flatus in dogs by altering
the production or availability of hydrogen sulfide in
the large intestine. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:
892–896)
Intragastric pH in critically ill neonatal foals and the effect of ranitidine
Authors: Sanchez L. Chris , Lester Guy D. , Merritt A. M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To characterize intragastric pH profiles in critically ill foals and determine whether administration of ranitidine altered pH profiles.

Design—Prospective observational study.

Animals—23 hospitalized neonatal foals ≤ 4 days of age.

Procedure—Intragastric pH was measured continuously for up to 24 hours by use of an indwelling electrode and continuous data recording system. In 21 foals, ranitidine was administered IV.

Results—10 foals had predominantly or exclusively alkaline profiles, 10 had profiles typical of those reported for healthy foals, with periods of acidity (hourly mean pH < 5.0 at least once), and 3 had atypical profiles with periods of acidity. All 10 foals that had intragastric pH profiles typical of healthy foals survived, whereas only 2 foals with alkaline profiles survived, and none of the foals with atypical profiles survived. The effects of ranitidine administration could not be assessed in 13 foals because of a high baseline intragastric pH. In 7 of the remaining 9, ranitidine administration resulted in an alkalinizing response, but this response was often of blunted duration. Ranitidine administration did not appear to alter the intragastric pH profile in the remaining 2 foals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that hospitalized critically ill foals often have intragastric pH profiles different from those reported for healthy foals and may respond differently to ranitidine administration than do healthy foals. Many critically ill foals have continuously alkaline intragastric pH profiles, questioning the need for prophylactic administration of ranitidine in all critically ill foals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:907–911)
Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells and hematologic and plasma biochemical reference ranges in green iguanas
Authors: Harr Kendal E. , Alleman A. Rick , Dennis Patricia M. , Maxwell Lara K. , Lock Brad A. , Bennett R. Avery , Jacobson Elliott R.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine blood cell morphologic characteristics and hematologic and plasma biochemical reference ranges for iguanas housed in a warm indoor and outdoor environment with regular exposure to direct sunlight.

Design—Original study.

Animals—51 clinically normal iguanas (18 males, 25 females, and 8 juveniles) housed in 3 Florida locations.

Procedure—Blood was collected from the coccygeal or ventral abdominal vein. Any samples that had obvious hemolysis or clot formation were not used. Leukocyte counts were determined manually; other hematologic values were obtained by use of a commercially available cell counter. Plasma biochemical values were determined by use of a spectrophotometric chemistry analyzer. Blood smears were stained with Wright-Giemsa and cytochemical stains for morphologic and cytochemical evaluation.

Results—Hematologic ranges were generally higher in this study than previously reported. Thrombocytes were variable in appearance between individuals and sometimes difficult to distinguish from lymphocytes on a Wright-Giemsa preparation. Concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, total protein, globulins, and cholesterol were significantly higher, and the albumin:globulin ratio was significantly lower, in healthy gravid females than in male or nongravid female iguanas. Nongravid females had significantly higher calcium and cholesterol concentrations, compared with males. The calcium:phosphorus ratio was > 1 in all iguanas. Gravid females had a calcium phosphorus product ranging between 210 and 800. Intracytoplasmic inclusions were identified within the erythrocytes of some iguanas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hematologic ranges for iguanas in this study are higher than those reported for iguanas. Sex and age of the iguana should be considered when evaluating biochemical values. Healthy ovulating and gravid females may have significantly increased electrolyte and protein concentrations, but maintain a calcium:phosphorus ratio > 1. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:915–921)
Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis through blood transfusions from infected English Foxhounds to anemic dogs
Authors: Owens Sean D. , Oakley Donna A. , Marryott Kym , Hatchett Wendy , Walton Raquel , Nolan Tom J. , Newton Alisa , Steurer Frank , Schantz Peter , Giger Urs
Published: January 2006

Objective—To conduct serologic surveillance forLeishmaniaspp in English Foxhounds from a kennel, as well as recipients of blood from these dogs, and determine whetherL infantumorganisms could be transmitted via blood transfusion.

Design—Serologic prevalence survey.

Animals—120 English Foxhounds and 51 dogs of various breeds receiving blood from these donors.

Procedure—Foxhound blood donors, foxhound nondonors, and nonfoxhound blood recipient dogs were evaluated serologically forLeishmaniaspp by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Dogs that received packed RBC (PRBC) transfusions from foxhound donors from mid-1996 through mid-2000 were identified. Furthermore, dogs were serologically evaluated if they had received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions in 1999 and 2000 from seropositive foxhound blood donors.

Results—Thirty percent of the English Foxhounds were seropositive forLeishmaniaspp (titer ≥ 1:16), although the degree of seropositivity varied considerably during the period. Furthermore, 57 foxhounds had been used as donors from 1996 to 2000, and 342 units of PRBC had been transfused to at least 227 patients. All 25 dogs screened that received PRBC from seronegative foxhound donors tested negative, whereas 3 of 7 dogs that received PRBC from seropositive donors tested positive. All 9 dogs that received FFP from seropositive foxhound donors remained seronegative.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—To our knowledge, this report documents the first transmission ofLeishmaniaspp by blood transfusion. The use of foxhounds as blood donors may not be advisable in North America. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1081–1088)
Effect of severity of myocardial failure on heart rate variability in Doberman Pinschers with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Wall Michelle
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Design—Case series.

Animals—62 overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers.

Procedure—Heart rate variability was analyzed in time and frequency domains from data obtained during 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic Holter recordings in 41 overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with normal echocardiograms and 21 overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with abnormal echocardiograms.

Results—Heart rate variability usually was greater during night versus day, and 2 dogs with the most severe myocardial failure had reduced HRV.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reduced HRV was detected only in Doberman Pinschers with the most severe myocardial failure. Thus, HRV in less severely affected dogs is not reduced, or the normal sinus arrhythmia of dogs renders HRV relatively insensitive. Analysis of HRV did not provide additional information relative to the severity of left ventricular dysfunction or risk of sudden death from that which could be derived from echocardiography, analysis of Holter recordings, and signal-averaged electrocardiography. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1076–1080)
Effects of platelet clumping on platelet concentrations measured by use of impedance or buffy coat analysis in dogs
Authors: Koplitz Shianne L. , Scott Michael A. , Cohn Leah A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether platelet clumps
are homogeneously distributed in blood samples, and
whether platelet concentrations (PC) obtained by use
of impedance and buffy coat analysis can be considered
minimum values when platelet clumps are present.

Design—Prospective study.

Sample Population—50 blood samples obtained
from 30 dogs.

Procedure—10 blood samples containing platelet
clumps were used and 10 smears were made from
each sample; amount of platelet clumping was graded
for all 100 smears. Blood from each of 20 healthy
dogs was divided between 2 EDTA tubes before and
after platelet clumping was induced by adenosine
diphosphate (ADP). The PC for each ADP-treated and
untreated sample were measured, using impedance
and quantitative buffy coat analyzers.

Results—Platelet clumps were evident in all 100
blood smears, but the amount of clumping varied considerably
within some samples. Using the impedance
analyzer, the PC of ADP-treated samples were significantly
lower and never higher than the PC of untreated
samples. Using the buffy coat analyzer, some ADPtreated
samples had increased PC; however, significant
differences were not detected between treated
and untreated samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Platelet
clumping was not homogeneous within blood samples.
When platelet clumps were identified by direct
examination of blood smears, the PC detected by use
of the impedance analyzer could be considered minimum
values. In contrast, the PC detected by use of
the buffy coat analyzer were sometimes increased.
Useful information can be obtained by measuring PC
in blood with platelet clumps; values obtained by use
of impedance can be considered minimums, and values
obtained by use of buffy coat analysis may be
either minimum values or reasonable estimates of
PC. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1552–1556)
Dermatologic disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 45 cases (1986–2000)
Authors: Peikes Heather , Morris Daniel O. , Hess Rebecka S.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To characterize skin lesions and causative infections in diabetic dogs and evaluate other potential causes of dermatologic disorders, including concurrent endocrinopathies, allergic skin disease, and long-term corticosteroid administration.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—45 dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM) that were examined by dermatologists.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for signalment; allergic conditions prior to development of DM; prior corticosteroid administration; and results of dermatologic examinations, ear and skin cytologic examinations, skin scrapings for parasites, bacteriologic and fungal culturing of ear and skin specimens, histologic examinations, and endocrine testing.

Results—Bacterial skin infection was the most common dermatologic disorder (n = 38 [84%]), followed by otitis (26 [58%]) andMalassezia-induced dermatitis (19 [42%]). Twenty-two (49%) dogs had pruritic skin disease consistent with allergic dermatitis, which preceded diagnosis of DM. Prior corticosteroid administration was reported in 21 (47%) dogs. Concurrent hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 13 (29%) dogs, and concurrent hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 5 (11%) dogs. Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 1 additional dog. Only 10 (22%) dogs did not have a documented concurrent endocrinopathy or allergic disease that could have caused the dermatitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bacterial and yeast-induced dermatitis and otitis develop in dogs with DM. Many diabetic dogs with dermatologic problems have a preexisting allergic condition, history of prior corticosteroid administration, or concurrent endocrinopathy that may be a more likely cause of dermatologic problems than DM alone. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001:219: 203–208)
Causes of death or reasons for euthanasia in military working dogs: 927 cases (1993–1996)
Authors: Moore George E. , Burkman Kay D. , Carter Margaret N. , Peterson Michael R.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine causes of death or reasons for euthanasia in a population of military working dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—927 military working dogs.

Procedure—Records of all military working dogs that died during the period from 1993 to 1996 were evaluated for cause of death or reason for euthanasia by review of necropsy and histopathology reports, death certificates, and daily clinical treatment sheets. A single primary cause of death or euthanasia was determined.

Results—Although sexually intact male dogs were more numerous in the study population, castrated male dogs typically lived longer than spayed females or sexually intact males. Leading causes of death or euthanasia (76.3% of all dogs) were appendicular degenerative joint disease, neoplasia, spinal cord disease, nonspecific geriatric decline, and gastric dilatation-volvulus. Compared with German Shepherd Dogs, Belgian Shepherd Dogs were at increased risk for death attributable to neoplasia, behavior, and respiratory tract disease. German Shepherd Dogs had nearly twice the risk for death associated with spinal cord diseases, compared with Belgian Shepherd Dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For most military working dogs, death or euthanasia results from a few diseases commonly associated with advanced age. Some breed differences in risk for these diseases may exist, which clinicians should consider in the procurement and long-term management of these dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:209–214)
Owner survey of headshaking in horses
Authors: Madigan John E. , Bell Stephanie A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine signalment, history, clinical signs, duration, seasonality, and response to various treatments reported by owners for headshaking in horses.

Design—Owner survey.

Animals—109 horses with headshaking.

Procedure—Owners of affected horses completed a survey questionnaire.

Results—78 affected horses were geldings, 29 were mares, and 2 were stallions. Mean age of onset was 9 years. Headshaking in 64 horses had a seasonal component, and for most horses, headshaking began in spring and ceased in late summer or fall. The most common clinical signs were shaking the head in a vertical plane, acting like an insect was flying up the nostril, snorting excessively, rubbing the muzzle on objects, having an anxious expression while headshaking, worsening of clinical signs with exposure to sunlight, and improvement of clinical signs at night. Treatment with antihistamines, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, antimicrobials, fly control, chiropractic, and acupuncture had limited success. Sixty-one horses had been treated with cyproheptadine; 43 had moderate to substantial improvement.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Headshaking may have many causes. A large subset of horses have similar clinical signs including shaking the head in a vertical plane, acting as if an insect were flying up the nostrils, and rubbing the muzzle on objects. Seasonality and worsening of clinical signs with exposure to light are also common features of this syndrome. Geldings and Thoroughbreds appear to be overrepresented. Cyproheptadine treatment was beneficial in more than two thirds of treated horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:334–337)
Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia, alone or in combination
Authors: Overall Karen L. , Dunham Arthur E. , Frank Diane
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, noise phobia, or any combination of these conditions and determine whether these conditions are associated in dogs.

Design—Case series.

Animals—141 dogs.

Procedure—Diagnoses were established using specific criteria. Owners of dogs completed a questionnaire on how frequently their dogs exhibited destructive behavior, urination, defecation, vocalization, and salivation when the owners were absent and the types and frequency of reactions to thunderstorms, fireworks, and other noises.

Results—Associations of the 3 conditions and of various nonspecific clinical signs within and between diagnoses were nonrandom. The probability that a dog would have separation anxiety given that it had noise phobia was high (0.88) and approximately the same as the probability it would have separation anxiety given that it had thunderstorm phobia (0.86). However, the probability that a dog would have noise phobia given that it had separation anxiety (0.63) was higher than the probability that it would have thunderstorm phobia given that it had separation anxiety (0.52). The probability that a dog would have noise phobia given that it had thunderstorm phobia (0.90) was not equivalent to the converse (0.76).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that dogs with any of these conditions should be screened for the others. Interactions among these conditions are important in the assessment and treatment of dogs with > 1 of these conditions. Responses to noise were different from those to thunderstorms, possibly because of the unpredictability and uncertainty of thunderstorms. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:467–473)
Seroepidemiology of Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii exposure among healthy dogs
Authors: Honadel Thomas E. , Chomel Bruno B. , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Chang Chao-chin , Farver Thomas B.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine seroprevalence of antibodies toBartonella vinsoniisubspberkhoffiiandrisk factors for seropositivity among working dogs owned by the US government.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—1,872 dogs.

Procedure—An ELISA was used to detect antibodies toB vinsoniisubspberkhoffii.

Results—Antibodies toB vinsoniisubspberkhoffiiwere detected in 162 dogs (8.7%; 95% confidence interval, 7.4 to 10.0%). Dogs living in the southeast, plains states, southwest, and south-central were significantly more likely to be seropositive than were dogs living in other regions of the United States. German Shepherd-type dogs were significantly less likely to be seropositive than were dogs of other breeds, and dogs entering training programs or that had been rejected from a training program were significantly more likely to be seropositive than were dogs used for narcotics detection and dogs trained to patrol or detect explosives. Dogs used by the border patrol or Federal Aviation Administration were more likely to be seropositive than were dogs used by the Department of Defense or customs service. Odds that dogs would be seropositive were significantly higher for dogs stationed in the southern United States, the northeastern United States, or a foreign country, compared with dogs stationed in all other regions of the United States.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overall, 8.7% of this diverse group of healthy dogs was found to be seropositive for antibodies toB vinsoniisubspberkhoffii, and seropositivity rates were associated with location, suggesting either that there are multiple vectors for the organism or that the major vector for the organism depends on geographic and environmental factors. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:480–484)
Evaluation of antibiotics for treatment of cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo
Authors: Alt David P. , Zuerner Richard L. , Bolin Carole A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate antibiotics for treatment of cattle with leptospirosis caused byLeptospira borgpeterseniiserovar hardjo.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—42 healthy mixed-breed cattle.

Procedure—Cattle were inoculated via conjunctival instillation withL borgpeterseniiserovar hardjo. After infection and urinary shedding ofL borgpeterseniiwere confirmed, cattle were treated with various antibiotics. To determine effectiveness of antibiotic treatment, urinary shedding ofL borgpeterseniiwas monitored for 4 to 6 weeks after administration of antibiotics, using darkfield microscopic examination, microbial culture, immunofluorescence testing, and a polymerase chain reaction assay.

Results—All inoculated cattle developed leptospirosis and shed leptospires in their urine. The following antibiotic treatments resulted in elimination of urinary shedding of leptospires: a single injection of oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg [9 mg/lb] of body weight, IM), tilmicosin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], SC), or a combination product that contained dihydrostreptomycin-penicillin G (25 mg/kg [11.4 mg/lb], IM) or multiple injections of ceftiofur sodium (2.2 or 5 mg/kg [1 or 2.3 mg/lb], IM, once daily for 5 days, or 20 mg/kg, IM, once daily for 3 days).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Successful resolution of leptospirosis in cattle by administration of dihydrostreptomycin-penicillin G confirms results obtained by other investigators. Three other antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and ceftiofur) also were effective for resolving leptospirosis and may be useful substitutes for dihydrostreptomycin, an antibiotic that is no longer available for use in food-producing animals in the United States. Cost, safety, and withdrawal times of these various treatment options need to be considered. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:636–639)
Estimate of the national incidence of and operation-level risk factors for colic among horses in the United States, spring 1998 to spring 1999
Authors: Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Kopral Christine A. , Seitzinger Ann Hillberg , Garber Lindsey P. , Forde Kim , White Nathaniel A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To estimate the national incidence of, operation-level risk factors for, and annual economic impact of colic among horses in the United States during 1998 and 1999.

Design—Epidemiologic survey.

Animals—21,820 horses on 1,026 horse operations in 28 states.

Procedures—Horses were monitored for colic for 1 year, and results were recorded in a log that was collected quarterly. Operation-level data were collected via 4 on-site personal interviews. Associations between colic and independent variables adjusted for size of operation were determined.

Results—Annual national incidence of colic in the US horse population was estimated to be 4.2 colic events/100 horses per year. Case fatality rate was 11%, and 1.4% of colic events resulted in surgery. Annual cost of colic in the Unites States was estimated to be $115,300,000.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The national impact of equine colic is substantial because of the high case fatality rate. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001; 219:67–71)
Osteitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses: eight cases (1993–1999)
Authors: Dabareiner Robin M. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Carter G. Kent , Honnas Clifford M. , Eastman Tim
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic abnormalities in and outcome of horses with septic or nonseptic osteitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—8 horses.

Procedure—Data collected from medical records included signalment; history; horse use; severity and duration of lameness; results of perineural anesthesia, radiography, ultrasonography, and scintigraphy; and outcome following surgery.

Results—Five horses did not have any evidence of sepsis; the other 3 had sepsis of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint or the digital synovial sheath. All horses had a history of chronic unilateral lameness. Three of 5 horses improved after diagnostic anesthesia of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint; the other 2 improved only after diagnostic anesthesia of the digital synovial sheath. Nuclear scintigraphy was beneficial in localizing the source of the lameness to the proximal sesamoid bones in 4 horses. Arthroscopy of the palmar or plantar pouch of the joint or of the digital synovial sheath revealed intersesamoidean ligament damage and osteomalacia of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in all horses. All 5 horses without sepsis and 1 horse with sepsis returned to their previous uses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that osteitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones is a distinct entity in horses that typically is associated with inflammation of the associated metacarpointersesamoidean or metatarsointersesamoidean ligament and may be a result of sepsis or nonseptic inflammation. Arthroscopic debridement may allow horses without evidence of sepsis to return to their previous level of performance. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:82–86)
Age distributions of horses with strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma or in the epiploic foramen: 46 cases (1994-2000)
Authors: Freeman David E. , Schaeffer David J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To test the hypothesis that strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma or in the epiploic foramen is more common in older horses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—46 horses.

Procedure—Ages of horses with strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma (n = 29) or in the epiploic foramen (17) were compared with ages of 79 horses with miscellaneous small intestinal lesions. Effects of increasing age on risk of the diseases of interest were examined by use of logistic regression and a 1-sided trend test for binomial proportions.

Results—Mean age of the horses with strangulation in the epiploic foramen (9.6 years) was the same as that for the horses with miscellaneous small intestinal lesions (7.7), but mean age of the horses with strangulation by a lipoma (19.2) was significantly greater than that for the other groups. The proportion of horses with lipoma increased significantly with increasing age, but the proportion with strangulation in the epiploic foramen did not.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results refute the current suggestion that increasing age predisposes horses for strangulation of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen but support the suggestion that the risk of strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma increases with age. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:87–89)
Effect of calfhood vaccination on transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus under typical drylot dairy conditions
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Muñoz-Zanzi Claudia A. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To estimate transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and crude morbidity and mortality ratios in BVDV-vaccinated and unvaccinated dairy heifer calves managed under typical dairy drylot conditions.

Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—106 female Holstein calves.

Procedure—Seroconversion rates for BVDV types I and II and proportional morbidity and mortality ratios were compared between calves given a killed BVDV type-I vaccine at 15 days of age and a modified-live BVDV type-I vaccine at 40 to 45 days of age (n = 53) and calves given no BVDV vaccines (53). Sera were collected at 45-day intervals as calves moved from individual hutches to corrals holding increasingly larger numbers of calves. Seroconversion was used as evidence of exposure to BVDV.

Results—Crude proportional morbidity (0.16) and mortality (0.17) ratios for control calves did not differ significantly from those of vaccinated calves (0.28 and 0.12, respectively). The proportion of control calves that seroconverted to BVDV type I through 9 months of age (0.629) was significantly higher than that of vaccinated calves that seroconverted, unrelated to vaccination, during the same period (0.536). Estimated overall protective effect of vaccination against BVDV type I through 4 to 9 months of age was 48%. The proportion of control calves that seroconverted to BVDV type II (0.356) was not different from that of vaccinated calves (0.470).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that calfhood vaccination may be an appropriate strategy to help reduce short-term transmission of some but not necessarily all strains of BVDV. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:968–975)
Bacteremia associated with naturally occurring acute coliform mastitis in dairy cows
Authors: Wenz John R. , Barrington George M. , Garry Franklyn B. , McSweeney Kevin D. , Dinsmore R. Page , Goodell Gregory , Callan Robert J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the incidence of bacteremia
in dairy cows with naturally occurring acute coliform
mastitis (ACM) with a wide range of disease severity.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—144 dairy cows with ACM from 6 herds.

Procedure—Cows were examined at time of identification
of ACM (time 0) and classified as having mild,
moderate, or severe mastitis on the basis of rectal temperature,
hydration status, rumen contraction rate, and
attitude. Cows were reexamined at 24 or 48 hours.
Bacteriologic culturing of milk and blood (30 ml), CBC,
and serum biochemical analysis were performed at
each time point. Appropriate samples were obtained at
a single point from herdmates without mastitis (controls)
that were closely matched for lactation number
and days since parturition. Blood culture results were
compared among severity groups and controls by use
of χ2 tests, as was outcome of an ACM episode for
cows grouped by blood bacterial isolates.

Results—Bacteria were isolated from 52 blood samples
from 46 of 144 (32%) cows with ACM, which was significantly
more than control cows (11/156; 7.1%). Group-1
isolates (Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida,
Mannheimia haemolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Enterobacter agglomerans, and Salmonella enterica
serotype Typhimurium) were identified in 20 of 144 (14%)
cows with ACM and 0 of 156 control cows. Group-1 isolates
were identified in 4.3, 9.1, and 42% of cows classified
as having mild, moderate, and severe ACM, respectively.
Escherichia coli and K pneumoniae milk and blood
isolates obtained from the same cow were of the same
genotype. Bacillus spp were identified in 21 of 144 (15%)
cows with ACM, which was significantly more than control
cows (3/156; 1.9%). Thirty-five percent of cows with a
group-1 isolate died during the mastitis episode.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that bacteremia develops in a substantial proportion
of cows with ACM. Classification of severity
of disease is important for establishment of effective
treatment protocols; parenteral antimicrobial treatment
may be indicated in cows with ACM. (J Am Vet
Med Assoc 2001;219:976–981)
Clinicopathologic evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in horses with acute colitis
Authors: Dolente Brett A. , Wilkins Pamela A. , Boston Ray C.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To detect subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in horses with colitis and to determine any association between the diagnosis of subclinical DIC and outcome or occurrence of complications in horses with colitis.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—37 horses admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital for treatment of acute colitis.

Procedure—Coagulation profiles were obtained on each horse 0, 24, and 48 hours after admission. Six tests were performed: platelet count, plasma fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin activity, and serum fibrin degradation products concentration.

Results—A clinicopathologic diagnosis of subclinical DIC was made if 3 of the 6 tests had abnormal results at any 1 sample period. No horse had clinical signs of DIC at the time of sampling. Twelve of 37 (32%) horses met the criteria for diagnosis of subclinical DIC within a 1-year period. Outcome was defined as survival or nonsurvival. Five of 12 horses with subclinical DIC and 2 of 25 horses without subclinical DIC did not survive. Crude odds ratio analysis revealed a horse with acute colitis was 8 times as likely to die or be euthanatized if a diagnosis of subclinical DIC was made.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinicopathologic evidence of DIC is common and is significantly associated with a poor outcome in horses with acute colitis. Treatment of subclinical DIC may influence outcome in horses with acute colitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1034–1038)
Effects of postoperative rehabilitation on limb function after cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs
Authors: Marsolais Gregory S. , Dvorak Glenda , Conzemius Michael G.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effects of early postoperative rehabilitation on limb function in dogs after surgery for ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL).

Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—51 client-owned dogs.

Procedure—Dogs weighing between 20 and 40 kg (44 to 88 lb) that had RCCL and medial meniscal injury were studied. After removal of the RCCL and complete medial meniscectomy, the stifle joint was stabilized by use of a lateral retinacular stabilization technique. Twenty-five dogs were included in a postoperative rehabilitation group, and 26 dogs were included in an exercise-restricted group. Limb function (peak vertical force [PVF] and vertical impulse [VI]) was determined before surgery and 6 months after surgery, using force platform gait analysis.

Results—Prior to surgery, mean PVF and VI in affected limbs were similar between groups. Six months after surgery, PVF and VI were significantly increased in dogs of both groups. However, PVF and VI in dogs in the rehabilitation group were significantly greater than those of dogs in the exercise-restricted group. At this time, differences in limb function (as measured by PVF and VI) between the repaired and normal limbs were not evident in dogs in the rehabilitation group. Conversely, limb function in the repaired limb of dogs in the exercise-restricted group was still significantly less than that of the normal limb.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Dogs that have surgery for RCCL and a torn medial meniscus benefit from postoperative rehabilitation; rehabilitation should be considered part of the postoperative management of these patients. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1325–1330)
Evaluation of a commercially available luteinizing hormone test for its ability to distinguish between ovariectomized and sexually intact bitches
Authors: Löfstedt Robert M. , VanLeeuwen John A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the value of a commercially available test for measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations for its use in distinguishing between ovariectomized and sexually intact bitches.

Design—Prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Animals—101 sexually intact bitches and 199 ovariectomized bitches

Procedure—A commercial test kit was used to assay serum samples for LH concentration. A κ test was used to assess the consistency of test interpretations. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and consistency of test interpretation in the sample population and in 2 theoretical populations of bitches with differing frequencies of ovarian removal were determined.

Results—The test had excellent sensitivity (98%) but moderate specificity (78%) because of a high frequency of false-positive test results. This means that a single high serum LH concentration was not a reliable indicator of ovarian removal. However, a single low serum LH concentration was an excellent indicator that a bitch was sexually intact. The LH test results were positive within 10 days after ovarian removal and remained high in bitches from which ovaries had been removed > 5 years previously. Analysis of κ values consistently revealed excellent agreement in test interpretation within and among evaluators and over a 6-hour time span.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A single low LH test result confirms the need for ovariectomy in bitches prior to adoption. The test is applicable to bitches that have been ovariectomized prior to puberty and probably applies over the lifespan of the animal. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1331–1335)
Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for the management of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in cats: 23 cases (1996–2001)
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , Mehl Margo , Gregory Clare R.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To document the signalment; history; clinical signs; clinicopathologic, diagnostic imaging, and surgical findings; perioperative complications; and long-term clinical results of ameroid ring constrictor (ARC) placement on single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (PSS) in cats.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—23 cats treated with an ARC on a single extrahepatic PSS.

Procedure—An ARC was placed surgically around the PSS. Portal pressure was measured prior to ARC placement, with complete temporary PSS occlusion, and after ARC placement. Cats were scheduled for recheck transcolonic portal scintigraphy 8 to 10 weeks after surgery. Follow-up information was obtained by telephone interview with the owners.

Results—An ARC was successfully placed in 22 of 23 cats. Intraoperative complications, consisting of PSS hemorrhage, occurred in 2 cats. Mean (± SD) portal pressure (n = 15) was 6.7 ± 2.9 mm Hg before PSS manipulation, 18.6 ± 7.7 mm Hg with complete temporary PSS occlusion, and 6.9 ± 2.7 mm Hg after ARC placement. Postoperative complications developed in 77% (17 of 22) of cats after ARC placement, and included central blindness, hyperthermia, frantic behavior, and generalized motor seizures. Perioperative mortality rate was 4.3% (1 of 23). Persistent shunting was identified in 8 of 14 cats. Overall, 75% (15 of 20) of cats had an excellent longterm outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Placement of an ARC on single extrahepatic PSS in cats resulted in low surgical complication and perioperative mortality rates, but most cats did have substantial postoperative complications. Persistent shunting was common, although many cats with persistent shunting were clinically normal. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220: 1341–1347)
Percutaneous collection of fetal fluids for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle
Authors: Callan Robert J. , Schnackel John A. , Campen Hana Van , Mortimer Robert G. , Cavender Jacqueline A. , Williams Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To develop a method for percutaneous
collection of fetal fluid from cattle in the late stages of
gestation and determine whether bovine viral diarrhea
virus (BVDV) can be isolated from such fluids.

Design—Case series.

Animals—169 pregnant beef cattle.

Procedure—Animals were restrained in a squeeze
chute, and hair was clipped from a region of the right
flank. Pregnancy was confirmed, and fetal fluids were
identified by means of abdominal ultrasonography.
Fetal fluid was collected with a spinal needle. Virus
isolation was performed on fetal fluids, WBC lysates
from 160 live calves, and tissues from 12 calves that
died or were aborted. Blood samples collected from
adult cattle were assayed with an immunoperoxidase
monolayer assay.

Results—Fourteen animals aborted or delivered premature
calves within 3 weeks after fetal fluid collection;
however, it could not be determined whether
this was a complication of the procedure or attributable
to other factors. Results of BVDV isolation from
fetal fluid samples were negative for 168 animals.
However, a noncytopathic BVDV was isolated from
fetal fluid obtained from a 2-year-old heifer; results of
the immunoperoxidase assay of serum from this
heifer were also positive, and a noncytopathic BVDV
was isolated from tissue specimens from a stillborn
calf produced by this heifer.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that fetal fluids can be collected percutaneously
from cattle in the late stages of gestation and that
virus isolation performed on fetal fluids can be used
to identify fetuses infected with BVDV in utero.
However, safety of the procedure could not be evaluated.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1348–1352).
Diagnostic comparison of needle and wedge biopsy specimens of the liver in dogs and cats
Authors: Cole Terri L. , Center Sharon A. , Flood Shannon N. , Rowland Peter H. , Valentine Beth A. , Warner Karen L. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare morphologic diagnoses determined from needle biopsy specimens obtained from the livers of dogs and cats with morphologic diagnoses determined from wedge biopsy specimens.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—124 dogs and cats.

Procedure—2 needle biopsy specimens were obtained from each animal; wedge biopsy specimens were obtained from the same liver lobe during laparotomy or postmortem examination. Histologic features were scored independently by 3 individuals; a morphologic diagnosis was rendered after histologic features were scored. Cases were included only if at least 2 of the 3 examiners agreed on the morphologic diagnosis; the definitive diagnosis was considered to be the morphologic diagnosis rendered for the wedge biopsy specimen. Physical characteristics (length, width, surface area, degree of fragmentation, and number of portal triads for needle biopsy specimens and surface area for wedge biopsy specimens) were determined.

Results—Definitive diagnoses included hepatic necrosis (n = 10), cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis (13), chronic hepatitis-cirrhosis (12), canine vacuolar hepatopathy (11), portosystemic vascular anomaly-microvascular dysplasia (17), neoplasia (10), miscellaneous hepatic disorders (18), and no hepatic disease (33). For individual examiners, the morphologic diagnosis assigned to needle biopsy specimens agreed with the morphologic diagnosis assigned to wedge biopsy specimens for 56 and 67% of the specimens. All 3 examiners agreed on the morphologic diagnosis assigned to needle and wedge biopsy specimens for 44 and 65% of the specimens, respectively. Morphologic diagnoses assigned to needle biopsy specimens concurred with the definitive diagnosis for 59 of 124 (48%) animals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that needle biopsy specimens of the liver from dogs and cats must be interpreted with caution. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1483–1490)
Use of the anesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine for neutering feral cats
Authors: Williams Lindsay S. , Levy Julie K. , Robertson Sheilah A. , Cistola Alexis M. , Centonze Lisa A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the use of the anesthetic combination tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine (TKX) for anesthesia of feral cats at largescale neutering clinics.

Design—Original study.

Animals—7,502 feral cats.

Procedure—Cats were trapped by their caretakers for a feral cat neutering program from July 1996 to August 2000. The anesthetic combination TKX was injected IM into cats while they remained in their traps. Each milliliter of TKX contained 50 mg of tiletamine, 50 mg of zolazepam, 80 mg of ketamine, and 20 mg of xylazine. Females were spayed by veterinarians, whereas males were castrated by veterinarians or veterinary students. Yohimbine (0.5 mg, IV) was administered at the end of the procedure. Logs were kept of the individual drug doses, signalment of the cats, and any complications encountered. These data were analyzed retrospectively (1996 to 1999) and prospectively (2000).

Results—Of the 5,766 cats for which dosing records were complete, 4,584 (79.5%) received a single dose of TKX. The mean initial dose of TKX was 0.24 ± 0.04 ml/cat, and the total mean dose of TKX was 0.27 ± 0.09 ml. Overall mortality rate was 0.35% (26/7,502) cats, and the death rate attributable solely to potential anesthetic deaths was 0.23% (17/7,502) cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The use of TKX for large-scale feral cat neutering clinics has several benefits. The TKX combination is inexpensive, provides predictable results, can be administered quickly and easily in a small volume, and is associated with a low mortality rate in feral cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002; 220:1491–1495)