bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold Rolled Superfine Steel
Authors: Freitas Maria Carolina , de Moura e Silva Matheus Dalboni , Germano Julia Sachetto Silva
Published: May 2014

Aiming to meet new market demands for flat steel, steel companies have been developing new products with special features that allow various adjustments to your application. Our paper is a new product, the superfine steels, its applications, development feasibility and economic aspects. The market for steel furniture for domestic purposes has a great demand for cold-rolled steels, distributed in thick bands, currently between 0.40 mm and 0.70 mm. This segment showed continuous growth in recent years, like the white line, with special focus on the increased consumption presented by the classes C and D, driven by the reduction in Excise Tax (IPI), granted by the federal government in 2009. The proposal is to produce cold-rolled steel with thickness reaching up to 0.25 mm, maintaining the function of the final component to quality and stiffness required. Thinning is a thick white line trend of the world, due to the direct impact on reducing the final cost of the piece, reflecting the competitiveness of customers across the market, and there is a clear need to develop new applications for these materials, not only to the white line, as well as for the mobile industry and metal packaging.
Keywords: ColdRolled Superfine Steel, reducingthickwhite line
Influence of Heat Treatment on Values of a Strain of Interstitial Free Steel
Authors: Freitas Maria Carolina , Moreira Adilaine , Mota Rerisson , Spânghero Fernando , Filho Sérgio , Rodrigues Miguel
Published: May 2014

This study aimed to investigate how the heat treatment can influence the strain values ​​of an IF steel observing the different values ​​of the tensile, rupture and drain that were recorded during the tensile test. We analyzed five samples of the specimen (CP) using different combinations of heat treatments to enable evaluation of the behavior of material deformation by tensile test. The evaluation was performed using the deformation calculation of the ratio between the axial and radial deformations (anisotropy parameter). The results indicate how different types of thermal treatments influenced in their initial properties, generating materials with different characteristics.
Self-Consistent Modelling of TWIP Steel during Uniaxial Tensile Loading
Authors: Saleh Ahmed A. , Pereloma Elena V. , Gazder Azdiar
Published: May 2014

The Visco-Plastic (VPSC) and Elasto-Plastic (EPSC) Self-Consistent models were applied to simulate the macroscopic stress-strain response and the evolution of crystallographic texture during the tensile loading of a fully annealed Fe-24Mn-3Al-2Si-1Ni-0.06C TWIP steel. Bulk texture measurements acquired by X-ray diffraction were used to validate the modelling results. Various modelling constructs were employed to assess the contribution of twinning and latent hardening to the texture evolution. The simulations revealed the dominant role of perfect slip and the limited effect of twinning on texture development as well as a possible role for latent hardening. Comparison between the texture predictions of the VPSC and EPSC models underscored the correlation between the latent hardening effects and the employed grain interaction scheme.
Effect of Heating Rate and Silicon Content on Kinetics of Austenite Formation during Continuous Heating
Authors: Hernández-Morales Bernardo , Vázquez-Gómez O. , López-Martínez E. , Vergara-Hernández H.J. , Olmos L.
Published: May 2014

The first step in a heat treating cycle is the austenitizing of the as-received material. Despite its importance, this step has received relatively little attention. In this work, the kinetics of austenite formation during continuous heating tests of steel samples with low and high silicon content was determined as a function of heating rate. The microstructural evolution was characterized through dilatometric analysis of cylindrical samples (7 mm × 20 mm), continuously heated in a protective atmosphere at constant heating rates ranging from 2 to 40 °C/min. The critical temperatures and the transformation kinetics were determined from the derivative of the relative length change as a function of temperature. As the heating rate increases the critical temperatures and the transformation temperature range increase; the addition of silicon produces a more marked effect. The transformation kinetics data were correlated using an Avrami-type equation. The kinetic parameter n is nearly independent of heating rate while the parameter k is a strong function of the heating rate; in both cases, slightly larger values were obtained for the high-silicon steel.
Assessing Dislocation Densities in the Gamma Prime Phase of a Superalloy from High Resolution Diffraction Peak Shape
Authors: Jacques Alain , Dirand Laura , Chateau-Cornu Jean Philippe , Schenk Thomas , Bastie Pierre
Published: May 2014

The shape of the diffraction peaks of a single crystal superalloy measured by Three Crystal Diffractometry changes during a creep test. We show that these variations are directly linked to the strain and dislocation density within the γ’ phase.
Study on the Soaking Condition of High Carbon Chromium Bearing Steels
Authors: Kim Kwan Ho , Bae Chul Min
Published: May 2014

In order to seek the proper soaking condition of a high carbon chromium bearing steel, 100Cr6, a new approach was investigated considering the diffusion of chromium atoms. Although it is true that the large carbides are bigger with the worse degree of center segregation of continuously cast blooms, the size of center segregation band in blooms has a more accurate relationship with the degree of center segregation. Therefore, on behalf of the large carbide size in the conventional method, the size of center segregation band in continuously cast blooms of the steel has been used for the new approach. As a result, the center segregation and large carbides in them were removed completely by the new soaking condition.
Microstructure Evolution in a 304-Type Austenitic Stainless Steel during Multidirectional Forging at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Kipelova Alla , Odnobokova Marina , Belyakov Andrey , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: May 2014

The formation of nanocrystalline structure in a 304-type austenitic stainless steel during multidirectional forging (MDF) at room temperature was investigated. Initial coarse austenite grains with an average size of 50 μm were refined to about 80 nm by martensitic transformation during MDF to a total true strain of 2 and remained unchanged upon further deformation up to a strain of 4. The volume fraction of martensite achieved ~0.9 after forging to a strain of 1.6. The MDF at room temperature was accompanied by a significant hardening of the 304-type steel. The microhardness and the flow stress increased during forging and approached their saturations on the levels of about 5 GPa and 1.7 GPa, respectively, after total true strain of 2. The structural mechanisms responsible for microstructure evolution during severe deformation are discussed.
From Micro to Nano Scale Structure by Plastic Deformations
Authors: Kvačkaj Tibor , Bidulská Jana
Published: May 2014

Nowadays, the strategy for improving of mechanical properties in metals is not oriented to alloying followed by heat treatment. An effective way how to improve the mechanical properties of metals is focused on the research looking for some additional structural abilities of steels. Structural refinement is one of the ways. Refinement of the austenitic grain size (AGS) carried out through plastic deformation in a spontaneous recrystallization region of austenite, formation of AGS by plastic deformations in a non-recrystallized region of austenite will be considered as potential ways for AGS refinement. After classic methods of plastic deformations, next structure refinement can be obtained by an application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel AISI 316L Processed by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Mertens Anne , Reginster Sylvie , Contrepois Quentin , Dormal Thierry , Lemaire Olivier , Lecomte-Beckers Jacqueline
Published: May 2014

In this study, samples of stainless steel AISI 316L have been processed by selective laser melting, a layer-by-layer near-net-shape process allowing for an economic production of complex parts. The resulting microstructures have been characterised in details in order to reach a better understanding of the solidification and consolidation processes. The influence of the processing parameters on the mechanical properties was investigated by means of uniaxial tensile testing performed on samples produced with different main orientations with respect to the building direction. A strong anisotropy of the mechanical behaviour was thus interpreted in relation with the microstructures and the processing conditions.
Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate on Stress-Strain Relationship and Deformation Twinning in Fe-5%Si Alloy
Authors: Mizuguchi Takashi , Ikeda Kento , Karasawa Naoki , Tanaka Yasuhiro
Published: May 2014

The effects of temperature and strain rate on the stress–strain relationship and deformation twinning, during tensile tests, in polycrystalline Fe–5%Si alloy were studied. We performed tensile tests over a wide range of temperatures from 173 to 273 K, and strain rates ranging from 0.0001 to 0.1 /s, to clarify the relationship between total elongation and ratio of deformation twins, and the dependence of deformation twinning on grain orientation. All tensile specimens were fractured in a completely brittle manner. The total elongation decreased as the temperature decreased and the strain rate increased. The presence of deformation twins, in all fractured specimens, was confirmed by scanning electron microscope–electron backscattering diffraction analyses. The area fraction of the deformation twins increased as the total elongation decreased. However, a strong influence from the grain orientation on twinning activity was not observed for all temperatures and strain rates. A previous study on Fe–Si alloy single crystals showed that deformation twins form easily in <001>-oriented single crystals, but not in <111>-oriented single crystals. Our observations, on the dependence of deformation twinning on grain orientation in polycrystalline Fe–5%Si alloy, did not agree with those from single crystals. The present findings suggest that grain orientation does not play an important role in determining the occurrence of deformation twinning; not even in polycrystals. It is believed that the stress concentration, due to piled-up dislocations, during tensile deformation, cannot be relieved by the slip at low temperatures or high strain rates, and thus significantly affects deformation twinning.
The role of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and leadership style as attributes of leadership effectiveness
Authors: Ramchunder Yvette , Martins Nico
Published: May 2014

Orientation: Researching the impact of psychological constructs on police leadership may add value when appointing people in leadership positions or developing people for leadership roles in the police environment.Research purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between three constructs, namely emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and leadership effectiveness in a policing context.Motivation for this study: In the police sector, there are difficulties in linking leadership to organisational outcomes since common police-leadership measures are affected by multiple contributory factors. This study explores the psychological constructs of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on the leadership effectiveness of the police.Research design, approach and method: This research adopted a quantitative approach to assess the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy as attributes of leadership effectiveness. A total of 107 police personnel in commanding positions made up the sample. The measuring instruments used were the Assessing Emotions Scale, the Self-efficacy Scale and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X).Main findings: The results confirmed a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy and leadership effectiveness. The correlations were significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).Practical/managerial implications: Emotional intelligence and self-efficacy should be considered as attributes during the selection of leaders in police organisations or used for developmental purposes to enhance these attributes in police leaders.Contribution/value-add: The insights gained from the findings may be used to guide the selection of future leaders in the policing environment, and they could also be used to establish future developmental programmes and research initiatives.
The effects of NaCl on calcium-deficiency disorder vary with symptom development stage and cultivar in hydroponic Portulaca oleracea L.
Authors: Kong Yun , Rozema Eric , Zheng Youbin
Published: May 2014

Kong, Y., Rozema, E. and Zheng, Y. 2014. The effects of NaCl on calcium-deficiency disorder vary with symptom development stage and cultivar in hydroponic Portulaca oleracea L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1195–1201. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a traditional food crop in some Mediterranean, Central American and Asian countries. Our recent study showed that this crop can be produced hydroponically in NaCl-rich nutrient solutions. Increased NaCl salinity has been found to increase the occurrence of Ca-deficiency related disorders in many horticultural crops. To explore the effects of NaCl on calcium-deficiency disorder and the associated impacts on plant growth in purslane, two commercial cultivars ‘Green’ and ‘Golden’ were hydroponically grown in nutrient solutions without Ca for the first 3 wk (Ca-deficiency period) and then in nutrient solutions with added 2.4 mM Ca(NO3)2 for 2 wk (Ca-supplement period). Two levels of NaCl (0 and 10 mM) were used in the above nutrient solutions as the two NaCl treatments (control and NaCl). Plants began to express visual symptoms first on the apical leaves and then on the apical stems 12 d after the start of Ca deficiency treatment, but recovered from the disorder during the following Ca-supplement period, suggesting that the symptoms were caused by Ca-deficiency. During the Ca-deficiency period (early stage of symptoms development), NaCl alleviated the Ca-deficiency disorder and reduced leaf unfolding rate in the ‘Green’ cultivar, but not in the ‘Golden’ cultivar. However, during the Ca-supplement period (late stage of symptoms development) exposure to NaCl increased the severity of the disorder and inhibited stem extension and leaf unfolding for both purslane cultivars. The results suggest that purslane Ca-deficiency disorder responses to NaCl vary with symptom development and cultivars, and that the responses are associated with changes in plant growth.
Computed Tomographic Features of Pneumothorax Secondary to a Bronchopleural Fistula in Two Dogs
Authors: Suran Jantra N. , Lo Annie J. , Reetz Jennifer A.
Published: May 2014

A bronchopleural fistula (BPF) can lead to continuous pneumothorax and is rarely reported clinically in dogs. This report describes computed tomographic (CT) findings in two dogs with BPFs and subsequent continuous pneumothoraces that necessitated thoracotomy. Both dogs had a peripheral BPF in the right caudal lung lobe. The fistula in one dog was secondary to a previous foreign body migration, and the fistula in the other was thought to be secondary to dirofilariasis. On both CT examinations, a dilated subsegmental bronchus was seen communicating with the pleural space at the center of a focal, concave region of parenchymal consolidation. Multiplanar reformatting aided in identification and characterization of the BPF. The pneumothoraces resolved after right caudal lobectomy in both dogs. CT has the potential to identify BPFs, such as secondary to foreign body migration or dirofilariasis.
Gérer les compétences spécifiques pour préserver le capital immatériel : l’illettrisme en entreprise dans la théorie de la conservation des ressources
Authors: Moulette Pascal , Roques Olivier
Published: May 2014

Les situations d’illettrisme en entreprise questionnent la capacité des managers et des services RH à conduire des dispositifs efficaces de gestion du capital immatériel. La théorie de la préservation des ressources (Gorgievsky et Hobfoll, 2008) est mobilisée pour expliquer les gains et pertes en capital immatériel tels que connaissances, compétences, esprit d’adaptation et propension à accepter le changement. Pour les auteurs, les individus qui manquent de ressources sont peu enclins à les risquer ce qui freine l’acquisition de ressources. Une partie du capital humain de l’entreprise s’appauvrit. Nos résultats expliquent les raisons d’un cercle vicieux, et révèlent les ressources à mobiliser pour rompre cette spirale d’échec.
Evidence for a DNA-relay mechanism in ParABS-mediated chromosome segregation
Authors: Lim Hoong Chuin , Surovtsev Ivan Vladimirovich , Beltran Bruno Gabriel , Huang Fang , Bewersdorf Jörg , Jacobs-Wagner Christine
Published: May 2014

The widely conserved ParABS system plays a major role in bacterial chromosome segregation. How the components of this system work together to generate translocation force and directional motion remains uncertain. Here, we combine biochemical approaches, quantitative imaging and mathematical modeling to examine the mechanism by which ParA drives the translocation of the ParB/parS partition complex in Caulobacter crescentus. Our experiments, together with simulations grounded on experimentally-determined biochemical and cellular parameters, suggest a novel 'DNA-relay' mechanism in which the chromosome plays a mechanical function. In this model, DNA-bound ParA-ATP dimers serve as transient tethers that harness the elastic dynamics of the chromosome to relay the partition complex from one DNA region to another across a ParA-ATP dimer gradient. Since ParA-like proteins are implicated in the partitioning of various cytoplasmic cargos, the conservation of their DNA-binding activity suggests that the DNA-relay mechanism may be a general form of intracellular transport in bacteria.
Dynamic linear models for forecasting of radiation belt electrons and limitations on physical interpretation of predictive models
Authors: Osthus D. , Caragea P. C. , Higdon D. , Morley S. K. , Reeves G. D. , Weaver B. P.
Published: May 2014

Relationships exist between radiation belt electron flux intensities and solar drivers such as solar wind speed, ion density, and magnetic fields. The particulars of these relationships, however, are not well understood. Many forecasting models have been developed in the last 25 years, attempting to make sense of these relationships and produce accurate forecasts for electron flux intensities. We discuss some of the inherent limitations that many forecasting models (e.g., static models) possess when trying to untangle the intricate and dynamic relationships between electron flux levels and solar wind drivers. Dynamics related to the solar cycle limit physical interpretations for static forecasting models to customized and narrow time windows. Furthermore, the interrelatedness of solar drivers severely limit the ability to uniquely partition and describe the relationship between any one solar driver with electron flux levels. We suggest an alternate approach using dynamic linear models (DLMs). DLMs avoid some of the inherent limitations of physical understanding static models possess. We compare the 1 day ahead forecast accuracy of a relatively simple DLM to the current NOAA relativistic electron forecast model (REFM). The REFM does produce a more favorable prediction efficiency averaged across years when compared to the relatively simple DLM (0.749 to 0.721). However, the competitiveness of the DLM suggests that further development may lead to more accurate and interpretable models in the future.
Macroscopic Properties of Restacked, Redox‐Liquid Exfoliated Graphite and Graphite Mimics Produced in Bulk Quantities
Authors: Srivastava Vikram K. , Quinlan Ronald A. , Agapov Alexander L. , Dunlap John R. , Nelson Kimberly M. , Duranty Edward , Sokolov Alexei P. , Bhat Gajanan S. , Mays Jimmy W.
Published: May 2014

The excellent properties exhibited by monolayer graphene have spurred the development of exfoliation techniques using bulk graphite to produce large quantities of pristine monolayer sheets. Development of simple chemistry to exfoliate and intercalate graphite and graphite mimics in large quantities is required for numerous applications. To determine the macroscopic behavior of restacked, exfoliated bulk materials, a systematic approach is presented using a simple, redox‐liquid sonication process along to obtain large quantities of 2D and 3D hexagonally layered graphite, molybdenum disulfide, and boron nitride, which are subsequently characterized to observe chemical and structural changes. For MoS2 sonicated with the antioxidant sodium bisulfite, results from Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and electron microscopy indicate the presence of distorted phases from different polymorphs, and apparent nanotube structures in the bulk, restacked powder. Furthermore, using thermograviemtric analysis, the antioxidant enhances the resistance to oxidative degradation of MoS2, upon thermal treatment up to 900 °C. The addition of the ionic antioxidant decreased dispersion stability in non‐polar solvent, suggesting decreased compatibility with non‐polar systems. Using simple chemical methods, the ability to generate tailored multidimensional layered materials with unique macroscopic properties is critical for numerous applications, including electrical devices, reinforced polymer composites, lithium–ion capacitors, and chemical sensing.
Targeting GluN2B‐Containing N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate Receptors: Design, Synthesis, and Binding Affinity Evaluation of Novel 3‐Substituted Indoles
Authors: Buemi Maria Rosa , Luca Laura De , Ferro Stefania , Gitto Rosaria
Published: May 2014

In an effort to improve our knowledge about structure–affinity relationships (SARs) for a class of 3‐substituted‐indole derivatives as GluN2B‐containing N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐type receptor (NMDAR) ligands, we herein describe the design, synthesis, and preliminary screening of a new series of molecules. The in vitro determination of binding affinities suggested that 5‐hydroxy‐ and 6‐hydroxyindole derivatives 12 and 13 were active ligands. Generally, the novel compounds proved to be less potent than their homologs previously reported as promising neuroprotective agents. In fact, our lead compound 3‐(4‐benzylpiperidin‐1‐yl)‐1‐(5‐hydroxy‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)ethan‐1‐one (2) was about 10‐fold more active than the new propan‐1‐one derivative (12). To rationalize the low potency of the new analog 12, docking studies were also performed and the in silico results were consistent with the in vitro data.
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with automated MetaboLynx analysis approach to screen the bioactive components and their metabolites in Wen‐Xin‐Formula
Authors: Cao Hongxin , Zhang Aihua , Zhang Fang‐mei , Wang Qin‐qin , Zhang He , Song Yan‐hua , Zhou Ying , Sun Hui , Yan Guang‐li , Han Ying , Wang Xijun
Published: May 2014

Wen‐Xin‐Formula (WXF), a famous traditional prescription, has been widely used to treat myocardial ischemia syndrome for thousands of years. However, the constituents absorbed into blood after oral administration of WXF remain unknown. Here, an integrative ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS) combined with the MetaboLynx approach was established to investigate the absorbed constituents in rats after oral administration of WXF. A hyphenated electrospray ionization and quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight analyzer was used for the determination of accurate mass of the molecule and fragment ions. With this rapid and automated analysis method, a total of 32 peaks were tentatively characterized in vivo based on MS and MS/MS data and comparison with available databasess, 26 of which were parent components and six metabolites. These components mainly were ginsenosides, paeoniflorin, galloyl glucose, berberis alkaloids, phenolic, phenolic glycosides and unsaturated fatty acids, glucuronide products of original berberis alkaloids. The present study demonstrates that integrative UPLC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS technique and MetaboLynx data processing method were successfully applied for the rapid discovery of potentially bioactive components and metabolites from WXF, and proved that the established method could help to explore the effective substances for further research into WXF. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time motion data annotation via action string
Authors: Qi Tian , Xiao Jun , Zhuang Yueting , Zhang Hanzhi , Yang Xiaosong , Zhang Jianjun , Feng Yinfu
Published: May 2014

Even though there is an explosive growth of motion capture data, there is still a lack of efficient and reliable methods to automatically annotate all the motions in a database. Moreover, because of the popularity of mocap devices in home entertainment systems, real‐time human motion annotation or recognition becomes more and more imperative. This paper presents a new motion annotation method that achieves both the aforementioned two targets at the same time. It uses a probabilistic pose feature based on the Gaussian Mixture Model to represent each pose. After training a clustered pose feature model, a motion clip could be represented as an action string. Then, a dynamic programming‐based string matching method is introduced to compare the differences between action strings. Finally, in order to achieve the real‐time target, we construct a hierarchical action string structure to quickly label each given action string. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of our method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exciton Coupling of Surface Complexes on a Nanocrystal Surface
Authors: Xu Xiangxing , Ji Jianwei , Wang Guan , You Xiaozeng
Published: May 2014

Exciton coupling may arise when chromophores are brought into close spatial proximity. Herein the intra‐nanocrystal exciton coupling of the surface complexes formed by coordination of 8‐hydroxyquinoline to ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) is reported. It is studied by absorption, photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation (PLE), and PL lifetime measurements. The exciton coupling of the surface complexes tunes the PL color and broadens the absorption and PLE windows of the NCs, and thus is a potential strategy for improving the light‐harvesting efficiency of NC solar cells and photocatalysts.
Policy Deliberation and the Trading Zone Metaphor: Evaluating Expert Participation in the Reform of Finnish Waste Policy
Authors: Levänen Jarkko
Published: May 2014

Policy deliberation is considered an integral part of good policy‐making. In many policy sectors, however, the processes of participation are not developed enough to support the potential for policy deliberation. Expert deliberation carried out as a part of a wider policy process creates a challenging situation because participants are simultaneously expected to solve policy problems collectively while coping with the diverse interests of various stakeholder groups. In this article, I evaluate expert participation in three sequences of a waste policy reformulation process. Two of the sequences represent formal expert participation and the third a more informal one. Of particular interest in the evaluation is the participants’ ability to produce novel solutions for politically sensitive policy problems. The analytical framework for the evaluation is built on the trading zone metaphor inspired by Peter Galison's work. The results of the study indicate that the formal sequences of expert participation were characterized by the strategic behaviour of the participants, which made knowledge networking and the generation of novel ideas difficult, whereas the more informal sequence that was organized around one issue at a time was more capable of producing solutions to long‐standing policy problems. Additionally, the sequences with more formal participation did not contain the elements of interactional expertise associated with successful knowledge networking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Nitrite accumulation and nitrous oxide emission during denitrification processes with quinoline or indole as the sole carbon source
Authors: Wang Lin , Tian Jianqiang , Li Yongmei
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate nitrite accumulation and N2O emission during the denitrification processes when quinoline or indole was used as the sole carbon source. The effects of COD/NO3−‐N ratio and pH were studied.

RESULTS

While both significant transient nitrite accumulation and N2O emission occurred when quinoline was used as the carbon source, little denitrification intermediates were observed when indole was used as the carbon source. The optimal COD/NO3−‐N ratio for both complete denitrification and degradation of quinoline and indole were 6.8 and 5.1. Denitrification was inhibited under acidic conditions no matter with quinoline or indole as the carbon source. The optimal pH was 7.5 for both quinoline (or indole) degradation and denitrification. The nitrite accumulation and different carbon source further influenced N2O emission. When quinoline was used as the carbon source, N2O emission was observed at COD/NO3−‐N ≤ 5 and pH ≤ 7.5; when indole was used as the carbon source, N2O emission was observed at COD/NO3−‐N ≤ 3 and pH ≤ 6.5. Higher concentration of N2O was emitted at lower COD/NO3−‐N ratio and pH.

CONCLUSION

COD/NO3−‐N ratio, pH and the types of carbon source significantly influenced the accumulation of denitrification intermediates. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined occurrence of a novel TOR1A and a THAP1 mutation in primary dystonia
Authors: Cheng Fu‐Bo , Feng Jia‐Chun , Ma Ling‐Yan , Miao Jing , Ott Thomas , Wan Xin‐Hua , Grundmann Kathrin
Published: May 2014

Background

The ΔGAG deletion of the TOR1A gene (DYT1) is responsible for DYT1 dystonia. However, no other TOR1A mutation has been reported in the Chinese population.

Methods

Two hundred one dystonia patients without the ΔGAG deletion were screened for other mutations in TOR1A. Gene function changes were analyzed by subcellular distribution and luciferase reporter assay.

Results

A novel TOR1A mutation (c.581A>T, p.Asp194Val) was found in a patient with early‐onset segmental dystonia harboring a THAP1 mutation (c.539T>C, p.Leu180Ser). Overexpression of mutant TOR1A Asp194Val protein induces inclusion formation in SK‐N‐AS cell lines, and the repressive activity of the mutant THAP1 Leu180Ser protein on TOR1A gene expression is decreased compared with wild‐type THAP1.

Conclusions

This is the first report about a dystonia patient harboring two distinct dystonia gene mutations. Functional analysis indicated a potential additive effect of these two mutations, which might provoke the occurrence of dystonic symptoms in this patient. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Combination of Morphologic Criteria and α‐Fetoprotein in Selection of Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Liver Transplantation Minimizes the Problem of Posttransplant Tumor Recurrence
Authors: Grąt Michał , Kornasiewicz Oskar , Lewandowski Zbigniew , Hołówko Wacław , Grąt Karolina , Kobryń Konrad , Patkowski Waldemar , Zieniewicz Krzysztof , Krawczyk Marek
Published: May 2014

Background

Serum α‐fetoprotein concentration (AFP) might be a useful addition to morphologic criteria for selecting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of AFP in selecting HCC patients at minimal risk of posttransplant tumor recurrence in the setting of existing criteria.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was based on 121 HCC patients after LT performed at a single institution. AFP was evaluated as a predictor of posttransplant tumor recurrence with respect to fulfillment of the Milan, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and Up‐to‐7 criteria.

Results

There was a nearly linear association between AFP and the risk of HCC recurrence (p < 0.001 for linear effect; p = 0.434 for nonlinear effect). AFP predicted HCC recurrence in patients (1) beyond the Milan criteria (p < 0.001; optimal cutoff 200 ng/ml); (2) within the UCSF criteria (p = 0.001; optimal cutoff 100 ng/ml) and beyond them (p = 0.015; optimal cutoff 200 ng/ml); and (3) within the Up‐to‐7 criteria (p = 0.001; optimal cutoff 100 ng/ml) and beyond them (p = 0.023; optimal cutoff 100 ng/ml) but not in patients within the Milan criteria (p = 0.834). Patients within either UCSF and Up‐to‐7 criteria with AFP level <100 ng/ml exhibited superior (100 %) 5‐year recurrence‐free survival—significantly higher than those within UCSF (p = 0.005) or Up‐to‐7 (p = 0.001) criteria with AFP levels higher than the estimated cutoffs or beyond with AFP levels less than the estimated cutoffs.

Conclusions

Combining the UCSF and Up‐to‐7 criteria with an AFP level <100 ng/ml is associated with minimal risk of tumor recurrence. Hence, this combination might be useful for selecting HCC patients for LT.
POST-ADOPTION CONTACT REFORM: COMPOUNDING THE STATE-ORDERED TERMINATION OF PARENTHOOD?
Authors: Sloan Brian
Published: May 2014

The Children and Families Act 2014 pursues the twin policies of increasing the number of children adopted out of compulsory state care and reducing the scope for court-ordered contact between such children and their birth families. Building upon previous work by Dr. Kirsty Hughes and me, this paper critically evaluates these reforms to post-adoption contact in view of the fact that adoption terminates the legal relationship of parent and child. Aspects of the analysis include the impact of the proposals on “open adoption” and child welfare in the light of the available empirical evidence, and their compatibility with both the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Kompetenzorientierte Ausbildung in der Krankenpflegehilfe
Authors: Braselmann Jochen , Hanenberger Magdalena
Published: May 2014

In der Krankenpflege gewinnen Assistenzausbildungen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Der vorliegende Ergebnisbericht beschreibt grundsätzliche Strukturen vergleichbarer Assistenzausbildungen in Deutschland und Tschechien.
Phage and bacteria support mutual diversity in a narrowing staircase of coexistence
Authors: Haerter Jan O , Mitarai Namiko , Sneppen Kim
Published: May 2014

The competitive exclusion principle states that phage diversity M should not exceed bacterial diversity N. By analyzing the steady-state solutions of multistrain equations, we find a new constraint: the diversity N of bacteria living on the same resources is constrained to be M or M+1 in terms of the diversity of their phage predators. We quantify how the parameter space of coexistence exponentially decreases with diversity. For diversity to grow, an open or evolving ecosystem needs to climb a narrowing ‘diversity staircase’ by alternatingly adding new bacteria and phages. The unfolding coevolutionary arms race will typically favor high growth rate, but a phage that infects two bacterial strains differently can occasionally eliminate the fastest growing bacteria. This context-dependent fitness allows abrupt resetting of the ‘Red-Queen’s race’ and constrains the local diversity.
Ultrafast spontaneous emission of copper-doped silicon enhanced by an optical nanocavity
Authors: SUMIKURA HISASHI , KURAMOCHI EIICHI , TANIYAMA HIDEAKI , NOTOMI MASAYA
Published: May 2014

Dopants in silicon (Si) have attracted attention in the fields of photonics and quantum optics. However, the optical characteristics are limited by the small spontaneous emission rate of dopants in Si. This study demonstrates a large increase in the spontaneous emission rate of copper isoelectronic centres (Cu-IECs) doped into Si photonic crystal nanocavities. In a cavity with a quality factor (Q) of ~16,000, the photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of the Cu-IECs is 1.1 ns, which is 30 times shorter than the lifetime of a sample without a cavity. The PL decay rate is increased in proportion to Q/Vc (Vc is the cavity mode volume), which indicates the Purcell effect. This is the first demonstration of a cavity-enhanced ultrafast spontaneous emission from dopants in Si and it may lead to the development of fast and efficient Si light emitters and Si quantum optical devices based on dopants with efficient optical access.
Carbon dioxide adsorption on doped boron nitride nanotubes
Authors: Paura Edson N. C. , da Cunha Wiliam F. , Martins João Batista Lopes , e Silva Geraldo Magela , Roncaratti Luiz F. , Gargano Ricardo
Published: May 2014

Boron nitride nanotubes are promising structures as far as gas adsorption process is concerned.
Matrix effects caused by phospholipids in multi-residue analysis for beta-agonists with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Liqi , Zeng Zhenling , Huang Xianhui , Su Yijuan , He Limin
Published: May 2014

Effect of phospholipids on beta-agonists.
Physique des fluides aux échelles microscopiques pour l’ingénierie des microsystèmes : fabrication et caractérisation
Authors: Dufour Renaud , Laurette Simon , Dargent Thomas , Harnois Maxime , Bourzgui Nour- Eddine , Thomy Vincent
Published: May 2014

Les notions principales rencontrées en microfluidique sont mises en lumières dans ce module.
Après une introduction générale sous forme de cours magistraux, les étudiants sont confrontés à des
problèmes de dimensionnement de microcanaux à l’aide du logiciel COMSOL Multiphysique®. La suite de
l’enseignement est dédiée à la réalisation et à la caractérisation de canaux microfluidiques. La fabrication
est effectuée au sein la salle blanche du CNFM de Lille par technique de réplication de polymères. Les
étudiants sont également sensibilisés aux questions d’interconnexions des canaux avec les systèmes de
contrôle de débit. La dernière partie de ce module consiste enfin à caractériser les systèmes fabriqués et à
confronter les résultats expérimentaux aux résultats de simulation.
Fabrication et caractérisation électrique d'un capteur de gaz
à base de nanofils de silicium suspendus
Authors: Salaün A-C. , Rogel R. , Jacques E. , Pichon L.
Published: May 2014

Cet article présente un TP proposé à des étudiants de masters ou filières d’écoles
d’ingénieurs relevant des nanosciences. Il s’agit de fabriquer en salle blanche un capteur de gaz à
base d’un réseau de nanofils de silicium suspendus et de mesurer sa sensibilité à l’ammoniac. Les
étudiants sont ainsi initiés à la fois à la fabrication technologique en salle blanche d’un composant,
à la caractérisation électrique et structurale ainsi qu’à son application pour la détection de gaz.
Testabilité d'un circuit intégré mixte dédié à la mesure d'un champ
magnétique
Authors: Schwartz François , Hébrard Luc , Bozier Anthony , Pradarelli Béatrice , Latorre Laurent , Nouet Pascal , Lorival Régis
Published: May 2014

La filière master à spécialité micro-nano électronique de l'université de Strasbourg propose un
enseignement pratique de la testabilité de circuits intégrés mixtes analogique-numérique. Une séquence
pédagogique est présentée et guide l'étudiant dans le test d'un circuit capteur intégrant une chaine
instrumentale complète. Cette séquence d'apprentissage utilise le testeur industriel du pôle de Montpellier
avec lequel une connexion à distance permet d'assurer le pilotage de la carte de test. Deux volets sont
abordés. Le premier volet traite du test numérique et concentre son action sur une fonction particulière du
capteur qui implémente à la fois de la logique combinatoire et séquentielle. Les techniques de test
standardisées de l'industrie y sont présentées et expérimentées. Le second volet oriente l'étudiant dans le test
des fonctions analogiques du capteur où des approches de caractérisation permettent d'en évaluer les
performances. Enfin, un regard est porté sur la méthodologie globale de conception d'un circuit intégré et de
son test en particulier.
Multiple ionization and hydrogen loss from neutral and positively-charged coronene
Authors: Paris Chiara , Alcamí Manuel , Martín Fernando , Díaz-Tendero Sergio
Published: May 2014

In this work, we present a density functional theory study of the structure and stability of neutral and positively-charged coronene \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm C}_{24}{\rm H}_{12}^{q+}$\end{document}C24H12q+. In particular, we have investigated (i) adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials up to charge q = 9, (ii) the corresponding infrared spectra, and (iii) dissociation energies and potential energy surfaces for several hydrogen loss channels: sequential H+H, H+H+, H++H, H++H+, and direct H2 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_2^+$\end{document}H2+. We have found that the stability of positively-charged coronene is extremely high as a consequence of the molecule's capability to redistribute the charge all over the structure. The computed dissociation energies and fragmentation barriers show that there is competition between different hydrogen loss channels and that the relative importance of these channels depends on the charge of the molecule. From a careful analysis of the potential energy surface we conclude that the channel with the lowest barrier corresponds to the loss of H2 from neutral, singly-, doubly-, and triply-charged coronene, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_2^+$\end{document}H2+ from quadruply-charged coronene and H++H+ from quintuply-charged coronene.
Rotational spectrum of tryptophan
Authors: Sanz M. Eugenia , Cabezas Carlos , Mata Santiago , Alonso Josè L.
Published: May 2014

The rotational spectrum of the natural amino acid tryptophan has been observed for the first time using a combination of laser ablation, molecular beams, and Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Independent analysis of the rotational spectra of individual conformers has conducted to a definitive identification of two different conformers of tryptophan, with one of the observed conformers never reported before. The analysis of the 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants is of particular significance since it allows discrimination between structures, thus providing structural information on the orientation of the amino group. Both observed conformers are stabilized by an O–H···N hydrogen bond in the side chain and a N–H···π interaction forming a chain that reinforce the strength of hydrogen bonds through cooperative effects.
Interaction of a long alkyl chain protic ionic liquid and water
Authors: Bodo Enrico , Mangialardo Sara , Capitani Francesco , Gontrani Lorenzo , Leonelli Francesca , Postorino Paolo
Published: May 2014

A combined experimental/theoretical approach has been used to investigate the role of water in modifying the microscopic interactions characterizing the optical response of 1-butyl-ammonium nitrate (BAN) water solutions. Raman spectra, dominated by the signal from the protic ionic liquid, were collected as a function of the water content, and the corresponding spatial organization of the ionic couples, as well as their local arrangement with water molecules, was studied exploiting classical molecular dynamics calculations. High quality spectroscopic data, combined with a careful analysis, revealed that water affects the vibrational spectrum BAN in solution: as the water concentration is increased, peaks assigned to stretching modes show a frequency hardening together with a shape narrowing, whereas the opposite behavior is observed for peaks assigned to bending modes. Calculation results clearly show a nanometric spatial organization of the ionic couples that is not destroyed on increasing the water content at least within an intermediate range. Our combined results show indeed that small water concentrations even increase the local order. Water molecules are located among ionic couples and are closer to the anion than the cation, as confirmed by the computation of the number of H-bonds which is greater for water-anion than for water-cation. The whole results set thus clarifies the microscopic scenario of the BAN-water interaction and underlines the main role of the extended hydrogen bond network among water molecules and nitrate anions.
Resource conflict and militant Islamism in the Golis Mountains in northern Somalia (2006–2013)
Authors: Hoehne Markus Virgil
Published: May 2014

The conflict around Galgala, a small town in the Golis Mountains west of Bosaso in northern Somalia, poses the government of Puntland against clan militias and militant Islamists. The conflict was originally over natural resources, but soon turned into a conflict related to the ‘global war on terrorism’. It is additionally complicated due to its location in the contested borderlands between Somaliland and Puntland. The article analyses the effects of these dynamics on the local population and, more generally, on stability and peace in the region. It argues that sustainable solutions to the ongoing conflict can only be found if one takes into account the legitimate claims of the Warsangeli, the clan to which the local mountain dwellers belong, regarding the protection of their land and their resources. The anti-terrorism discourse that is currently foregrounded, mainly by the government of Puntland and its allies including the USA, is likely to inhibit the understanding of issues at stake.
Growth and differentiation of a long bone in limb development, repair and regeneration
Authors: Egawa Shiro , Miura Shinichirou , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Endo Tetsuya , Tamura Koji
Published: May 2014

Repair from traumatic bone fracture is a complex process that includes mechanisms of bone development and bone homeostasis. Thus, elucidation of the cellular/molecular basis of bone formation in skeletal development would provide valuable information on fracture repair and would lead to successful skeletal regeneration after limb amputation, which never occurs in mammals. Elucidation of the basis of epimorphic limb regeneration in amphibians would also provide insights into skeletal regeneration in mammals, since the epimorphic regeneration enables an amputated limb to re‐develop the three‐dimensional structure of bones. In the processes of bone development, repair and regeneration, growth of the bone is achieved through several events including not only cell proliferation but also aggregation of mesenchymal cells, enlargement of cells, deposition and accumulation of extracellular matrix, and bone remodeling.
Accuracy of electronic apex locators in primary teeth: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ahmad I. A. , Pani S. C.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To conduct a meta‐analysis on the accuracy of electronic apex locators (EALs) in determining working length in human primary teeth.

Methodology

An electronic literature search was conducted using a combination of the terms ‘primary teeth’, ‘root canal length’ and ‘electronic apex locators’. Additional eligible articles were identified using a manual search. The full texts of identified articles were screened according to inclusion criteria.

Results

Overall, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to further data extraction. Meta‐analysis of studies that reported mean lengths and difference in mean lengths between EAL and actual root canal length (ARCL) revealed a significant difference (P = 0.015) between the two readings whilst those studies that evaluated intraclass correlation (ICC) suggested a high correlation (P < 0.0001) between the EAL and ARCL readings. A subgroup analysis revealed that the presence of root resorption did not affect the accuracy of EALs (P = 0.567).

Conclusion

Electronic apex locators offer an acceptable level of accuracy in the measurement of root canal length in primary teeth.