bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration of a new generation implantable loop recorder: a case report
Authors: Rahkovich Michael , Laish-Farkash Avishag
Published: February 2021

Background

Implantable loop recorders (ILR) are widely used in patients with syncope, palpitations, or cryptogenic stroke. Implantable loop recorder implantation is considered a minimally invasive, low-risk procedure, however, rare complications can occur, including device migration.

Case summary

A 65-year-old woman underwent implantation of the new generation Biotronik ILR—BioMonitor 3—at a typical, standard location as part of recurrent syncope workup. The procedure was unremarkable, without acute complications. The remote communication with the device was lost 1 week later. Chest X-ray and chest computed tomography confirmed device migration into the left postero-inferior part of the pleural cavity. We were able to establish direct device communication from the patients' dorsum (back). The device was retrieved with forceps during thoracoscopy without further complications.

Discussion

There are few published cases of ILR migration into the pleural cavity. To our knowledge, this is the first published case of subpleural penetration of the new generation of Biotronik ILR (BioMonitor 3) which is small in size and has a sharp antenna. We assume that the ILR migrated about a week post-implantation. We suggest that the subcutaneous implantation be done with a minimal penetration angle and parallel to the sternum with close follow-up after the procedure.
Cardiac and cardiometabolic phenotyping of trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity: a secondary analysis of the MANTICORE trial
Authors: Kirkham Amy A , Pituskin Edith , Thompson Richard B , Mackey John R , Koshman Sheri L , Jassal Davinder , Pitz Marshall , Haykowsky Mark J , Pagano Joseph J , Chow Kelvin , Tsui Albert K , Ezekowitz Justin A , Oudit Gavin Y , Paterson D Ian
Published: February 2021

Aims

An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity is required to improve outcomes of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. We aimed to characterize the cardiac and cardiometabolic phenotype of trastuzumab-mediated toxicity and potential interactions with cardiac pharmacotherapy.

Methods and results

This study was an analysis of serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and circulating biomarker data acquired from patients with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer participating in a randomized-controlled clinical trial for the pharmaco-prevention of trastuzumab-associated cardiotoxicity. Circulating biomarkers (B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I, MMP-2 and -9, GDF-15, neuregulin-1, and IGF-1) and MRI of cardiac structure and function and abdominal fat distribution were acquired prior to trastuzumab, post-cycle 4 and post-cycle 17. Ninety-four participants (51 ± 8 years) completed the study with 30 on placebo, 33 on perindopril, and 31 on bisoprolol. Post-cycle 4, global longitudinal strain deteriorated from baseline in both placebo (+2.0 ± 2.7%, P = 0.002) and perindopril (+0.9 ± 2.5%, P = 0.04), but not with bisoprolol (−0.2 ± 2.1%, P = 0.55). In all groups combined, extracellular volume fraction and GDF-15 increased post-cycle 4 (+1.3 ± 4.4%, P = 0.004; +130 ± 150%, P ≤ 0.001, respectively). However, no significant change in troponin I was detected throughout trastuzumab. In all groups combined, visceral and intermuscular fat volume increased post-cycle 4 (+7 ± 17%, P = 0.02, +8 ± 23%, P = 0.02, respectively), while muscle volume and IGF-1 decreased from post-cycle 4 to 17 (−2 ± 10%, P = 0.008, -18 ± 28%, P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Trastuzumab results in impaired cardiac function and early myocardial inflammation. Trastuzumab is also associated with deleterious changes to the cardiometabolic phenotype which may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk in this population.
Differences in characteristics, treatments and outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: novel insights from four national European continuous real-world registries
Authors: Edfors Robert , Jernberg Tomas , Lewinter Christian , Blöndal Mai , Eha Jaan , Lõiveke Piret , Marandi Toomas , Ainla Tiia , Saar Aet , Veldre Gudrun , Ferenci Tamas , Andréka Péter , Jánosi András , Jortveit Jarle , Halvorsen Sigrun
Published: February 2021

Aims

To study baseline characteristics, in-hospital managements and mortality of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients in different European countries.

Methods and results

NSTEMI patients enrolled in the national myocardial infarction (MI) registries [EMIR; n = 5817 (Estonia), HUMIR; n = 30 787 (Hungary), NORMI; n = 33 054 (Norway), and SWEDEHEART; n = 49 533 (Sweden)] from 2014 to 2017 were included and presented as aggregated data. The median age at admission ranged from 70 to 75 years. Current smoking status was numerically higher in Norway (24%), Estonia (22%), and Hungary (19%), as compared to Sweden (17%). Patients in Hungary had a high rate of diabetes mellitus (37%) and hypertension (84%). The proportion of performed coronary angiographies (58% vs. 75%) and percutaneous coronary interventions (38% vs. 56%), differed most between Norway and Hungary. Prescription of dual antiplatelet therapy at hospital discharge ranged from 60% (Estonia) to 81% (Hungary). In-hospital death ranged from 3.5% (Sweden) to 9% (Estonia). The crude mortality rate at 1 month was 12% in Norway and 5% in Sweden (5%), whereas the 1-year mortality rates were similar (20–23%) in Hungary, Estonia, and Norway and 15% in Sweden.

Conclusion

Cross-comparisons of four national European MI registries provide important data on differences in risk factors and treatment regiments that may explain some of the observed differences in death rates. A unified European continuous MI registry could be an option to better understand how implementation of guideline-recommended therapy can be used to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.
Crop type exerts greater influence upon rhizosphere phosphohydrolase gene abundance and phylogenetic diversity than phosphorus fertilization
Authors: L. Neal Andrew , McLaren Timothy , Lourenço Campolino Mariana , Hughes David , Marcos Coelho Antônio , Gomes de Paula Lana Ubiraci , Aparecida Gomes Eliane , Morais de Sousa Sylvia
Published: February 2021

Rock phosphate is an alternative form of phosphorus (P) fertilizer; however, there is no information regarding the influence of P fertilizer sources in Brazilian Cerrado soils upon microbial genes coding for phosphohydrolase enzymes in crop rhizospheres. Here, we analyze a field experiment comparing maize and sorghum grown under different P fertilization (rock phosphate and triple superphosphate) upon crop performance, phosphatase activity and rhizosphere microbiomes at three levels of diversity: small subunit rRNA marker genes of bacteria, archaea and fungi; a suite of alkaline and acid phosphatase and phytase genes; and ecotypes of individual genes. We found no significant difference in crop performance between the fertilizer sources, but the accumulation of fertilizer P into pools of organic soil P differed. Phosphatase activity was the only biological parameter influenced by P fertilization. Differences in rhizosphere microbiomes were observed at all levels of biodiversity due to crop type, but not fertilization. Inspection of phosphohydrolase gene ecotypes responsible for differences between the crops suggests a role for lateral genetic transfer in establishing ecotype distributions. Moreover, they were not reflected in microbial community composition, suggesting that they confer competitive advantage to individual cells rather than species in the sorghum rhizosphere.
Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools
Authors: Danecek Petr , Bonfield James K , Liddle Jennifer , Marshall John , Ohan Valeriu , Pollard Martin O , Whitwham Andrew , Keane Thomas , McCarthy Shane A , Davies Robert M , Li Heng
Published: February 2021

Background

SAMtools and BCFtools are widely used programs for processing and analysing high-throughput sequencing data. They include tools for file format conversion and manipulation, sorting, querying, statistics, variant calling, and effect analysis amongst other methods.

Findings

The first version appeared online 12 years ago and has been maintained and further developed ever since, with many new features and improvements added over the years. The SAMtools and BCFtools packages represent a unique collection of tools that have been used in numerous other software projects and countless genomic pipelines.

Conclusion

Both SAMtools and BCFtools are freely available on GitHub under the permissive MIT licence, free for both non-commercial and commercial use. Both packages have been installed >1 million times via Bioconda. The source code and documentation are available from https://www.htslib.org.
‘Necessity’ due to COVID-19 as a Defence to International Investment Claims
Authors: Katsikis Dimitrios
Published: February 2021

Sovereign States have had to take drastic measures to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including measures severely restricting the operation of businesses in their territory. In addition, and because of, the public health crisis, States will be forced to take a series of measures to stimulate their economies. These measures are likely to affect investments that benefit from international investment protection, leading these investors to contemplate initiating arbitration proceedings against the host State.

This article examines whether, when faced with such claims, host States will be able to resort to the doctrine of necessity under customary international law to defend the measures that they have taken. In doing so, it draws on the application of the doctrine of necessity in international investment arbitration so far, including its application to disputes arising out of the Argentine financial crisis. The article proposes a more analytical approach to the doctrine of necessity in customary international law, which will be vital if the doctrine is to remain relevant as a measure of last resort to which States can turn when faced with a crisis.
Beyond the Lexical Sense of Online Reviews: The Role of Emoticons and Consumer Experience
Authors: Manganari Emmanouela E , Mourelatos Evangelos , Dimara Efthalia
Published: February 2021

The present study focuses on the effect of emoticon use in online consumer reviews (OCRs) on consumers’ booking intention and the moderating effect of consumer personal characteristics. Consumers’ prior experience and their reliance on OCRs are embedded in the research model. A 2 × 2 (review valence * emoticon use) experimental study is designed, and an econometric model is used. Results show that the interaction between review valence and emoticons affect booking intention. Consumers with no prior experience are mainly affected by the cognitive aspects of their experience (i.e. review credibility and attitude toward the review) while experienced consumers are affected by the experiential aspects of booking process (i.e. entertainment, satisfaction and social influence). Consumers that rely on OCRs are affected by emoticons while consumers without review reliance are affected by emoticons only in the case of positive reviews. The personalization of websites and the provision of a focused list of emoticons can be adopted by managers to enhance OCRs effectiveness and the online shopping experience as a whole.
Spectrum of Germline Mutations Within Fanconi Anemia–Associated Genes Across Populations of Varying Ancestry
Authors: Chan Sock Hoai , Ni Ying , Li Shao-Tzu , Teo Jing Xian , Ishak Nur Diana Binte , Lim Weng Khong , Ngeow Joanne
Published: February 2021

Background

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder associated with hematological disorders and solid tumor predisposition. Owing to phenotypic heterogeneity, some patients remain undetected until adulthood, usually following cancer diagnoses. The uneven prevalence of FA cases with different underlying FA gene mutations worldwide suggests variable genetic distribution across populations. Here, we aim to assess the genetic spectrum of FA-associated genes across populations of varying ancestries and explore potential genotype–phenotype associations in cancer.

Methods

Carrier frequency and variant spectrum of potentially pathogenic germline variants in 17 FA genes (excluding BRCA1/FANCS, BRCA2/FANCD1, BRIP1/FANCJ, PALB2/FANCN, RAD51C/FANCO) were evaluated in 3523 Singaporeans and 7 populations encompassing Asian, European, African, and admixed ancestries from the Genome Aggregation Database. Germline and somatic variants of 17 FA genes in 7 cancer cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas were assessed to explore genotype–phenotype associations.

Results

Germline variants in FANCA were consistently more frequent in all populations. Similar trends in carrier frequency and variant spectrum were detected in Singaporeans and East Asians, both distinct from other ancestry groups, particularly in the lack of recurrent variants. Our exploration of The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset suggested higher germline and somatic mutation burden between FANCA and FANCC with head and neck and lung squamous cell carcinomas as well as FANCI and SLX4/FANCP with uterine cancer, but the analysis was insufficiently powered to detect any statistical significance.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the diverse genetic spectrum of FA-associated genes across populations of varying ancestries, emphasizing the need to include all known FA-related genes for accurate molecular diagnosis of FA.
Yawn: Boredom and Powerlessness in the Late Ottoman Empire
Authors: Wishnitzer Avner
Published: February 2021

Over the last decade or so, boredom has attracted tremendous media and scholarly attention. Historians, however, remained largely uninterested, which is all the more surprising considering the wide consensus among scholars about the historicity of modern boredom, and its distinctiveness from earlier forms of tedium. This article joins a handful of works that discussed boredom in concrete historical contexts, focusing on the late Ottoman Empire. The article places boredom in two different discourses, developed by different generations of writers. The first was promoted by the Hamidian regime (1876–1908) and some of the most prominent writers of the time. In this discourse, the boredom of subalterns, including soldiers, women, and youngsters was considered a social problem. Hegemonic writers blamed boredom on the bored, warned that it could breed “harmful” ideas and behaviors, and spurred their addressees to become productive subjects promoting their own personal, and imperial, progress. But for young and educated urbanites, probably the foremost target group of this discourse, the motivational talk was itself dull. Pinned down by their elders, by their social superiors, by an oppressive political system that offered little true prospect of “advancement,” all these youngsters could do was to disengage and wait. Their own discourse therefore associated boredom not with indolence but with estrangement, melancholy, and frustration. So while hegemonic writers interpreted these emotions in terms of lethargy and decadence, they in fact held potential political energy, which later fed the uprising against the Hamidian order in the summer 1908.
‘We always open our doors for visitors’—Hospitality as homemaking strategy for refugee women in Istanbul
Authors: Rottmann Susan Beth , Nimer Maissam
Published: February 2021

This article examines social relations for Syrian women in Istanbul by focusing on micro-level lived relationships of hospitality. Through an ethnographic, qualitative approach to key sites of encounter, the article explores how migrants navigate a public milieu in which hospitality has partially been taken away from the local community’s moral oversight in a context of a national political discourse on hospitality. We also analyze ‘hosting’ and ‘guesting’ as mutually negotiated and contested practices. This study highlights the agency and resistance strategies of Syrian women to their ‘differential inclusion’ into Turkish society. It examines how they navigate (in)hospitality and also unpacks the use of virtuous dimensions of hospitality (1) to reverse discriminatory ethnic and class discourses and renegotiate subjectivities that are imposed upon them as ‘guests’; (2) to bring forward perceived cultural similarities between Syria and Turkey; and (3) to revalorize their roles and status in their families. The contribution of this study is to focus on hospitality as a means of theorizing how women navigate complex and conflicting, familiar and yet also new, social ecologies as they make themselves at home.
Rotation of the convective core in γ Dor stars measured by dips in period spacings of g modes coupled with inertial modes
Authors: Saio Hideyuki , Takata Masao , Lee Umin , Li Gang , Van Reeth Timothy
Published: February 2021

The relation of period spacing (ΔP) versus period (P) of dipole prograde g modes is known to be useful to measure rotation rates in the g-mode cavity of rapidly rotating γ Dor and slowly pulsating B (SPB) stars. In a rapidly rotating star, an inertial mode in the convective core can resonantly couple with g-mode propagative in the surrounding radiative region. The resonant coupling causes a dip in the P – ΔP relation, distinct from the modulations due to the chemical composition gradient. Such a resonance dip in ΔP of prograde dipole g modes appears around a frequency corresponding to a spin parameter 2frot(cc)/νco-rot ∼8–11 with frot(cc) being the rotation frequency of the convective core and νco-rot the pulsation frequency in the co-rotating frame. The spin parameter at the resonance depends somewhat on the extent of core overshooting, central hydrogen abundance, and other stellar parameters. We can fit the period at the observed dip with the prediction from prograde dipole g modes of a main-sequence model, allowing the convective core to rotate differentially from the surrounding g-mode cavity. We have performed such fittings for 16 selected γ Dor stars having well-defined dips, and found that the majority of γ Dor stars we studied rotate nearly uniformly, while convective cores tend to rotate slightly faster than the g-mode cavity in less evolved stars.
Outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery for large vestibular schwannomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tosi Umberto , Lavieri Miguel E Tusa , An Anjile , Maayan Omri , Guadix Sergio W , DeRosa Antonio P , Christos Paul J , Pannullo Susan , Stieg Philip E , Brandmaier Andrew , Knisely Jonathan P S , Ramakrishna Rohan
Published: February 2021

Background

Large vestibular schwannomas (VS) pose a treatment challenge for both microsurgery (MS) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Technical developments have allowed for safer irradiation of large tumors. It remains unclear if SRS can achieve appropriate tumor control and acceptable cranial nerve toxicities. In this study, we assess outcomes of irradiation for large VS.

Methods

PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched for all the studies assessing SRS outcome in large VS. Primary endpoints included clinical and radiographic tumor control, need for salvage surgery, serviceable hearing, cranial nerve V and VII impairment, presence of hydrocephalus requiring shunting, and presence of vertigo/dizziness.

Results

Twenty-two studies were identified that met selection criteria for analysis from an initial pool of 1272 reports. They were evaluated according to treatment protocol: 1) single-dose SRS (13 studies, 483 patients), 2) combination of MS and SRS (7 studies, 182 patients), and 3) fractionated SRS (3 studies, 82 patients). Tumor control was achieved in 89%, 94%, and 91% of patients, respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) of post- over pretreatment serviceable hearing were 0.42 (P < .01), 0.47 (P = .05), and 0.60 (P = .22); for facial nerve impairment, these ORs were 1.08 (P = .69), 3.45 (P = .28), and 0.87 (P = .71), respectively.

Conclusions

The management of large VS remains challenging. All treatment modalities resulted in high tumor control rates and worsening of pretreatment hearing. None, however, caused significant facial nerve impairment, suggesting that management strategies incorporating focal irradiation can be successful.
Low Use of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy for Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis in an Urban Hospital System
Authors: Ceniceros Ashley G , Shridhar Nupur , Fazzari Melissa , Felsen Uriel , Fox Aaron D
Published: February 2021

Background

The opioid crisis in the United States has led to increasing hospitalizations for drug use-associated infective endocarditis (DUA-IE). Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT), the preferred modality for intravenous antibiotics for infective endocarditis, has demonstrated similar outcomes among patients with DUA-IE versus non-DUA-IE, but current studies suffer selection bias. The utilization of OPAT for DUA-IE more generally is not well studied.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study compared OPAT use for DUA-IE versus non-DUA-IE in adults hospitalized between January 1, 2015 and September 1, 2019 at 3 urban hospitals. We used multivariable regression analysis to assess the association between DUA-IE and discharge with OPAT, adjusting for clinically significant covariables.

Results

The cohort included 518 patients (126 DUA-IE, 392 non-DUA-IE). Compared to those with non-DUA-IE, DUA-IE patients were younger (53.0 vs 68.2 years, P < .001) and more commonly undomiciled (9.5% vs 0.3%, P < .01). Patients with DUA-IE had a significantly lower odds of discharge with OPAT than non-DUA-IE patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10–0.39). Odds of discharge with OPAT remained lower for patients with DUA-IE after excluding undomiciled patients (aOR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.11–0.43) and those with patient-directed discharges (aOR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14–0.52).

Conclusions

Significantly fewer patients with DUA-IE were discharged with OPAT compared to those with non-DUA-IE, and undomiciled patients or patient-directed discharges did not fully account for this difference. Efforts to increase OPAT utilization among patients with DUA-IE could have important benefits for patients and the healthcare system.
AngioVac thrombectomy in patient with right atrial thrombus and gastrointestinal bleed: case and literature review
Authors: Vera-Sarmiento Hernán L , Hurtado-de-Mendoza David , Colombo Rosario
Published: February 2021

Catheter-directed thrombectomy is a novel promising therapy with little published experience. Previous reports have described it as a useful tool in high risk patients in need of intravascular material resection. Here we present a unique and never reported case of AngioVac device thrombectomy use in a patient with right atrial catheter-associated thrombus and gastrointestinal bleed that contraindicated other thrombectomy therapies due to severe anemia and high bleeding risk. A brief literature review about this therapy and its main outcomes is presented to contextualize the reader and contribute to academic knowledge.
A case of computed tomography diagnosis of truncus arteriosus type IV
Authors: Sadiq Abid M , Sadiq Adnan M
Published: February 2021

Persistent truncus arteriosus is a rare congenital heart disease with four variants, and the last being the rarest. The prognosis without surgical intervention is poor. In such cases, an echocardiography is not sufficient hence computed tomography (CT) imaging is required. We report a 26-year-old female with difficulty in breathing since childhood with cyanosis. Her echocardiography showed a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and the CT showed a single arterial trunk overriding the interventricular septum with a VSD, and the descending aorta giving rise to the pulmonary arteries suggestive of pseudo truncus, known as truncus arteriosus type IV.
Presigmoid Transpetrosal Approach for Superficial Temporal Artery to Distal Posterior Cerebral Artery Bypass and Trapping of Aneurysm
Authors: Lekovic Gregory P , Ooi Yinn Cher , Jahan Reza
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) are uncommon, estimated at less than 1% of all cerebral aneurysms, and less than half occur distal to the P1/2 junction. Unfortunately, the conventional bypass approach for PCA aneurysms—primarily occipital artery to distal PCA cortical branches—has a history of unsatisfying results.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 42-yr-old female presented with Fisher 3 Hunt-Hess 2 subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured distal PCA aneurysm. She was initially evaluated by the endovascular service, but due to recent subarachnoid hemorrhage, endovascular treatment with flow diversion and/or vessel sacrifice was felt to be relatively contraindicated and the patient was referred for surgical evaluation for possible bypass. The patient subsequently underwent surgery for trapping of aneurysm and concomitant superficial artery to distal PCA bypass.

CONCLUSION

A novel approach for the treatment of a ruptured distal PCA aneurysm is described, consisting of posterior transpetrosal exposure and division of the tentorium with superficial temporal artery to P3 bypass.
A Theory of Communication That Posits Effects
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: February 2021

Chapter 2 of Cyberwar explores the insights offered by seventy-five-plus years of political communications research about the effects of media and interpersonal communication on voters and voting. After first noting factors that increased voter susceptibility to communication effects in the 2016 election, Jamieson outlines the role of processes such as priming, agenda setting, framing, and contagion in political persuasion, how interpersonal and mass communication can affect voters and their voting intentions, and some factors that can blunt or bolster the power of communication. The chapter concludes by explaining how this underlying theory of communication suggests that Russian interventions could have affected voters.
Economies
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: February 2021

The most obvious markers of economic transition have been the increasing rate of growth, fundamental structural transformation, and the creation of economies characterized by material abundance, high mobility, and instant communication. Growth rates of traditional economies were a mere fraction of a percent, while modernizing economies grew commonly by 3–5%, some even on the order of 10%. As labor productivities rose, labor force moved from the countryside to cities, and manufacturing became temporarily the most important economic sector before the next major shift transferred most labor to services. High-energy consumer societies created by these transitions enjoy unprecedented levels of material abundance, leisure, and mobility, but these gains have been accompanying by significant economic inequality and have yet to reach most of the world’s population.
Word Made Image
Authors: Price David H.
Published: February 2021

During the formative decades of the Reformation, Lucas Cranach filled sacred places with evangelical art distinctively grounded in biblicism. He and his workshop (including Lucas Cranach the Younger) were innovators in all the key areas of art production: the publication of the new Bibles, the invention of biblical imagery for the new theology (motifs including Law and Gospel, Christ blessing the children, Christ and the adulteress, and Crucifixion with the centurion), the reformation of the retable altar (including the first and most influential Protestant altarpieces), and the portrayal of the electors of Saxony as guardians of the new church and the promotion of Luther and Melanchthon as biblical authorities. From the perspective of traditional Christian art, their images often owed as much to a spirit of renovation as to the zeal of revolution. In opposition to iconoclastic Protestants, Cranach consistently demonstrates the vitality of visual biblical art as an evangelizing medium and as a theological discourse.
Text, Author, and Authority
Authors: Irani Ayesha A.
Published: February 2021

This chapter studies the NV as a pāñcāli on the Prophet in its Bengali oral-literate and performance contexts, and in relation to the wider world of Islamic literature. It examines the manner in which the author harnesses orality and literacy in the service of his text, discusses the structure of the NV, and analyzes the relationship of the critical edition to the manuscript tradition. This chapter also studies the role of the author in forging Islamic identity and community.
Translation and the Historiographic Process
Authors: Irani Ayesha A.
Published: February 2021

A theoretical framework for interpreting the Nabīvaṃśa is laid out in this chapter. Crucially, this chapter examines how the author’s salvation history becomes a new “prior text” for Islamic Bengal. A hermeneutic model of Muslim missionary translation is delineated to explain the literary strategies via which translation entextualizes conversion. Founded on a semiotic theory of religion, this model sheds light on the specific intertextual and lexical interventions made by preacher-translators in producing missionary texts, and the crucial role played by astutely translated religious literature in conversion. The Nabīvaṃśa played a pioneering role in marshaling, and in turn setting into motion, various lexical, literary, performative, theological, and ultimately ideological processes that led to the establishment of Islam in East Bengal in a distinctively Bengali form.
National State Capacity and Maritime Piracy
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon
Published: February 2021

This chapter models and empirically tests the cross-national correlates of contemporary commerce raiding. The chapter theoretically examines how state capacity at the center influences the rate of pirate attacks in the territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zones of states. But it also recognizes that several other conditions help drive ship attacks, including privation, target opportunity, armed conflict, and the labor supply. The empirical models control for these factors when assessing cross-national and over-time variation in maritime piracy. Using multiple measures of state capacity, the chapter shows that pirates gravitate toward states that are weak at the center. It also finds that countries with larger populations, longer coastlines, proximity to maritime choke points, and poor economic conditions witness more pirate attacks. The last section discusses how to move from national capacity in the analyses presented in this chapter to subnational capacity in the next two chapters.
Petroleum Crude Oil
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

Petroleum crude oil is the main energy source for making transportation fuel, providing about 90% of the US gasoline and most of the diesel and jet fuel. It comes in many different varieties, with different densities and sulfur contents. Worldwide there are about 100 million barrels consumed each day, with the United States accounting for 20% of this consumption. Crude oil is supported by an immense infrastructure, which will make it difficult for another energy type to displace it as a transportation fuel. Using the United States as an example, there are about 135 refineries with an operating capacity of nearly 19 million barrels per day. To deliver oil to these refineries there are about 55,000 miles of pipelines, and to deliver products from the refinery to the approximately 150,000 filling stations there are another 95,000 miles of pipelines. Because of this infrastructure, gasoline and diesel are widely available for use in vehicles of all sizes.
Nuclear
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

With the exception of nuclear submarines and some military applications, nuclear energy is only used to generate electricity. In the United States, uranium and plutonium are the fuels of choice, while some other countries, notably India, are developing thorium as the nuclear fuel. There are two main types of nuclear reactors—the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR). The PWR is the more common design, where the water used to generate steam and drive the turbine is isolated from the reactor core. In contrast, the water that moderates reactor heat in the BWR is also used to generate the steam, so this water must be contained to prevent radioactive contamination. In the United States, nuclear energy accounts for about 20% of electricity generation. Worldwide uranium reserves are about 6 million tonnes based on a price of $130/kg, but if this price constraint is relaxed, the supply of uranium is virtually unlimited since it is present in seawater at parts per billion levels.
Hydrogen
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

In an effort to reduce the amount of crude oil used in the United States, a government program was started in 2002 to examine the use of hydrogen as a transportation fuel. In this application, hydrogen is used in a fuel cell vehicle to produce electricity. This allows a vehicle to enjoy the higher energy efficiency of a battery versus a gasoline-powered vehicle, while avoiding the frequent and long charging times needed for an electric vehicle. There are currently other applications for hydrogen in the United States and the world, primarily in refineries and the manufacture of ammonia. Unlike fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and crude oil, there are no natural sources of hydrogen gas. There are several options for producing hydrogen, such as reforming natural gas or gasifying coal or biomass. Alternatively, a renewable energy source, such as wind or solar, could be used to produce hydrogen via water electrolysis.
From Riots to Recession
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the book’s goals, methods, and contributions. It sets forth the book’s central aim—to deepen scholarship on lawyers and social movements by closely attending to the richness and complexity of contemporary practice at the local level—and then describes the L.A. low-wage worker organizing campaigns through which this aim is pursued. The campaigns are situated within theoretical perspectives on movement lawyering, labor studies, and local government law, and then placed in historical context. Tracing the history of Los Angeles’s economic and political transformation—from the postwar era to the 1992 civil unrest sparked by the Rodney King verdict through the 2008 recession—the chapter shows how the campaigns grew out of trends producing greater inequality while also creating the organizational foundation of community–labor activism to challenge it. The concluding section provides a demographic overview of the industries targeted by the L.A. campaigns—garment, day labor, retail, hospitality, grocery, and trucking—and a road map of the chapters that follow.
Garment Workers
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: February 2021

Launched in 1995 with the discovery of more than seventy enslaved Thai workers in a suburban apartment complex surrounded by barbed wire fence, the movement to end garment sweatshops—led by the Asian Pacific American Legal Center—pioneered the integration of strategic litigation and worker organizing to challenge inequality in Los Angeles. The sweatshop regime was built upon a legal foundation of subcontracting, which insulated retailers and manufacturers from the contractors actually producing clothing. At its most ambitious, the campaign sought to make legal responsibility follow economic power, rupturing the fiction that protected retailers and manufacturers from labor abuses such as those uncovered in the Thai worker case. Chapter 2 shows how lawyers built a powerful alliance with labor and grassroots organizers, won important legal victories in court, and achieved passage of a landmark state law creating manufacturer liability for contract labor violations. It then traces the campaign through the fierce battle against retailer Forever 21, which showed the power of industry countermobilization and ultimately marked the end of the litigation campaign. This outcome underscored a central lesson of legal mobilization in the new economy: Individual enforcement and litigation strategies, even when paired with innovative organizing and media campaigns, faced long odds challenging abuse enabled by extensive contracting and—crucially—the threat of global outsourcing. However, in fusing law and organizing, the anti-sweatshop campaign marked a new beginning in the movement against low-wage work—one that would deploy the tools honed in the garment manufacturing context to target Los Angeles’s immobile service industries.
Introduction
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: February 2021

In 1955 the Soviet Union became the first country in the world to legalize abortion on the principle of women’s rights. This was the result of the postwar politics of reproduction. The socialist ideology of women and population, as well as prewar Soviet policy on family and marriage, provided important background. In the prewar period Soviet marriage had already become unstable, but it disintegrated further during World War II. Mobilization, evacuation, and warfare and genocide all played their role. This was the context in which policymakers introduced the extreme pronatalist policy that encouraged out-of-wedlock births while expecting women to work full time. The postwar history of Soviet reproductive politics and practice went beyond Russian and Soviet borders, spreading distinct socialist reproductive practices.
Abortion Surveillance and Women’s Medicine
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: February 2021

During World War II, Soviet doctors had become used to expressing their own views and acting on them. After the war, doctors understood that policymakers were interested in reinstituting the prewar abortion surveillance system, but they considered that women, who had suffered much in the war, needed safe abortion, not prosecution. Instead, a postwar purge in the medical field, decimated hopes for postwar alternatives. Contacts with the West ended and many Jews lost their jobs, common results of workplace purges in late Stalinism. The purge of the Moscow Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology was no exception. Under threat, medicine gave up on the idea of helping women individually through expert judgment and private consultation. As the top health official in charge of women and children, Deputy People’s Commissar Mariia D. Kovrigina learned much about what was medically desirable and politically possible.
Postwar Marriage and Divorce
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: February 2021

Given the skewed sex ratio, the 1944 Family Law created a gendered situation where marriage had practical disadvantages for men and advantages for women. Men might try to divorce prewar “wives” in order to formalize new “marriages” made during the war, but many would try to avoid marriage because of the increased cost of divorce. Women, in contrast, wanted legal marriage for a variety of reasons. Because of the strict divorce law and men’s unwillingness to legalize marriage, women’s wishes often went unrealized. Not only did the “new class” of unmarried mothers with fatherless children voice their sense of injustice, but wives in legal marriage also complained bitterly about husbands’ affairs with younger women and unpaid child support. Legal specialists and women party activists asked for amendments to the 1944 Family Law, emphasizing the harmful effects of the law on the physical and psychological health of out-of-wedlock children, but discovered that the party leadership preferred to pursue its pronatalist experiment.
Women’s Reproductive Right and the 1955 Re-legalization of Abortion
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: February 2021

In the early 1950s, the USSR Ministry of Health, Ministry of Justice, All Union Central Council of Trade Unions, and State Prosecutor collectively developed ideas to improve women’s reproductive environment. While the Doctors’ Plot derailed the process, after Stalin’s death in March 1953, reform movements resumed. In 1954, journalist Elena Serebrovskaia began a public movement demanding reform of the 1944 Family Law, and many citizens, including prominent members of the intelligentsia, joined this call. Medical and legal experts believed that the time was ripe for family law reform, but nothing came out of the public movement. Instead, medical experts advanced abortion law reforms in the early 1950s, culminating in the 1955 re-legalization. Despite these developments, the key elements of the 1944 Family Law remained untouched.
Epilogue
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: February 2021

After the Soviet Union collapsed, the first post-socialist government under Boris Yeltsin supported programs to promote contraception and sexual education. As Russia transitioned to a market economy, foreign contraceptive devices as well as high-quality household appliances became available to those who could afford them. Post-socialist liberal politicians and family planning advocates attempted to reform the USSR’s long-time reliance on abortion for fertility control. They pushed for disseminating sex education and distributing modern contraception. However, this changed when Vladimir Putin became president. Putin identified shrinking population as a national crisis, and worked with the Orthodox Church, to introduce measures to promote motherhood and restrict abortion. Although Putin’s pronatalist policy sometimes stresses the importance of responsible fatherhood, many parallels can be drawn to Soviet pronatalism.
Embodying Sonic Resonance as/after Trauma
Authors: Rogers Jillian C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter shows that interwar French musicians understood music making as a therapeutic, vibrational, bodily practice. Soldiers’ accounts of music making in correspondence and diaries reveal that enlisted musicians were frequently concerned with how music’s organized vibrations offered antidotes to the unpredictable and harmful vibrations of warfare. In memoirs and method books, professional French musicians like Marguerite Long, Émile Vuillermoz, and Marcelle Gerar described singing and piano playing as mentally and physically beneficial sensorial practices. Investigation of scientific, medical, psychology, and musical discourse from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reveals a genealogy of the perception of music as a healing vibrational medium that was prevalent during and after World War I. In situating these accounts of music making’s benefits within broader international understanding of music’s sonic qualities, this chapter illuminates the role that vibration played in the development of music therapy in France during World War I.
In Search of a Consolatory Past
Authors: Rogers Jillian C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter investigates how interwar French musicians understood music making as an embodied memorial practice. Using archival sources such as soliders’ and musicians’ diaries and correspondence, concert programs, and journals like the Gazette des Classes du Conservatoire, this chapter demonstrates that Maurice Ravel, Marguerite Long, Nadia Boulanger, and Darius Milhaud were among the many French musicians who understood musical practices such as composing, listening, and performing as crucial sites for maintaining connections with lost loved ones. By situating these sources within the context of popular fin-de-siècle theories of corporeal memory posited by Henri Bergson and Marcel Proust, as well as spiritist and French Catholic memorial practices, this chapter shows how making music facilitated mourning by permitting musicians to recall corporeally the feeling of being in the presence of those they mourned.
National and Intergenerational Similarities and Differences in Stated Preferences
Authors: Camasso Michael J. , Jagannathan Radha
Published: February 2021

In this chapter, the authors provide results from their examination of family member preferences—the linchpin between individual beliefs and attitudes and individual behaviors. They describe their stated preference experiment including the defining of choice attributes, the assignment of attribute levels, the creation of choice scenarios and choice sets, and the estimation of individuals’ utility differences on these sets using conditional logistic regression. Focusing on preference for job type, they find significant differences across countries and between generations on job choice. While in Sweden, high value is placed in jobs that require soft skills like teamwork and cooperation, in Italy and India, extrinsic values like salary and security are critical. Generational effects are also evident with millennials expressing significant disutility for jobs requiring math skills or using a second language.
Medical Men, Moralists, and the Roots of Sex Education
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 1 examines the liberal Protestant roots of the American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA), a clearinghouse for the early sex education movement. ASHA emerged from the combination of two distinct movements: social purity and social hygiene. Liberal Protestantism came to influence sex education through the merging of these strands and the collective realization that scientific information was not enough to influence sexual behavior. This chapter locates the roots of ASHA in social purity groups of the 1870s, many of which were led by Unitarians and Quakers and focused on ridding society of prostitution. The chapter explores their evolving relationship with the physician-dominated social hygiene movement that began in the early twentieth century, demonstrating that liberal religious concerns about sexual morality impacted sex education through the dynamic interactions between purity reformers and social hygienists. ASHA became the organization within which both groups developed a joint strategy for teaching the moral side of sex.
The New Morality of Comprehensive Sexuality Education
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

Out of family life education grew comprehensive sexuality education, which taught sexuality as a public health topic and included information on contraceptives and, eventually, sexual diversity. Interactions between the National Council of Churches and Mary Steichen Calderone, a Quaker and public health professional, led to the founding of SIECUS in 1964 as the leader of comprehensive sexuality education. Chapter 4 argues that the “new morality,” a liberal theological trend also known as situation ethics, shaped comprehensive sexuality education and incited the intense conservative Christian opposition known as the “sex education controversies.” The new morality, with its rejection of absolutist interpretations of right and wrong behavior, tipped sex education further toward progressive sexual values. Responding to the new morality of comprehensive sexuality education, conservative Christians protested that children would learn an “anything goes” curriculum that violated their beliefs in modesty and the exclusive place of sexuality within a monogamous, heterosexual marriage.
Epilogue
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

The epilogue discusses the enormous power of recent presidential administrations to mold sex education through federal funding initiatives. Since 1996, the country has seen the pendulum in full swing, from the increase in abstinence-only support under President George Bush, to advancement of comprehensive sexuality education under President Barack Obama, to serious efforts to shift funds toward abstinence-only programs under current President Donald Trump. The legacies of religious sex educators established select terms of these discussions, especially in portrayals of what is at stake. Throughout this history, religious people have proven that the concept of morality could be used to expand discourses of sexuality beyond physical considerations, to limit these discussions to the restriction of sexual activity, or, in most cases, both. Contrary to narratives that pit secular sex education against religious actors, religious influence has been and continues to be both multidimensional and pervasive in the development of sex education.