bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring the eastern oyster: how much progress has been made in 53 years?
Authors: Bersoza Hernández Ada , Brumbaugh Robert D , Frederick Peter , Grizzle Raymond , Luckenbach Mark W , Peterson Charles H , Angelini Christine
Published: August 2018

Coastal ecosystem restoration is accelerating globally as a means of enhancing shoreline protection, carbon storage, water quality, fisheries, and biodiversity. Among the most substantial of these efforts have been those focused on re‐establishing oyster reefs across the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Despite considerable investment, it is unclear how the scale of and approaches toward oyster restoration have evolved. A synthesis of 1768 projects undertaken since 1964 reveals that oyster substrate restoration efforts have primarily been concentrated in the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf Coast, have been heavily reliant on oyster shell, and have re‐established 4.5% of the reef area that has been lost across all regions. By comparing costs to ecosystem service benefits, we discovered that the return‐on‐investment of oyster restoration varies widely, but generally increases with project size. To facilitate the recovery of coastal ecosystems and their services, scientists and resource managers must adopt a new restoration paradigm prioritizing investment in sites that maximize economic and ecological benefits and minimize construction costs.
Leveraging vessel traffic data and a temporary fishing closure to inform marine management
Authors: Elahi Robin , Ferretti Francesco , Bastari Azzurra , Cerrano Carlo , Colloca Francesco , Kowalik Jonathan , Ruckelshaus Mary , Struck Andreas , Micheli Fiorenza
Published: August 2018

The benefits of protected areas depend on compliance, and achieving protection remains a challenge in intensely used areas where conservation and socioeconomic goals are in real or apparent conflict. One recent innovation – satellite tracking of commercial fishing vessels – has been introduced to help with ocean protection initiatives and build trust between fishers and managers. We paired vessel traffic data before and during a temporary closure in the Adriatic Sea with data on fish nursery habitat to examine changes in fishing effort and their potential consequences. Trawlers generally complied with the closure but maintained overall effort by trawling more intensely outside of the no‐trawl zone, especially near its borders and closer to shore. We detected stronger than expected fishing effort in a sub‐region within the protected area, suggesting that this location should be closely monitored for compliance. Notably, fishing effort was relocated to nursery grounds for some exploited species, illustrating the importance of understanding species’ life histories and habitat distribution in the design of protected areas.
How to Bait the Hook: Identifying What Motivates Anglers to Participate in a Volunteer Angler Data Program
Authors: Crandall Chelsey A , Monroe Martha , Dutka-Gianelli Jynessa , Fitzgerald Brett , Lorenzen Kai
Published: August 2018

Volunteer angler data programs can help to address challenges in collecting recreational fisheries data. However, recruiting and retaining participants can be difficult. This study surveyed participants in the Angler Action Program to identify motivations and barriers to participation. Results showed that participants were most motivated by the desire to improve fisheries data, contribute to original research, and benefit scientists as well as to improve fisheries for the enjoyment of all. Individual benefits (except those related to learning) or subjective norms (“peer pressure”) were not important motivations. Participating anglers shared motivations in common with citizen scientists in other fields. Satisfaction with fisheries management and science was similar between participants and nonparticipants, indicating that dissatisfaction with either was not a major motivation. The biggest barrier to participation for nonparticipants (i.e., those who enrolled in the program but never entered data) was lack of knowledge about the program, and a decrease in fishing; the time it takes to enter data, software difficulties, and forgetting were also cited. Outreach and feedback addressing participants’ main motivations—for example, by providing data syntheses and illustrating the value of the data to science and management—may offer the most effective avenues for recruiting and retaining participants.
Skill development in reverse mentoring: Motivational processes of mentors and learners
Authors: Kaše Robert , Saksida Tina , Mihelič Katarina K.
Published: August 2018

Building on Murphy's (2012) model of reverse mentoring, we examine the psychological processes that contribute to skill development in initiatives where knowledge is transferred from younger to older individuals. We employ a sample of younger mentors (n = 457) and older learners (n = 293) participating in a digital skills initiative to test parallel moderated mediation models. Our findings show extrinsic motivation plays a dominant role in the development of younger groups' mentoring skills, while older learners' digital skills development is primarily driven by intrinsic motivation. We also find positive affect and self‐efficacy can serve as personal resources in this context, but only for mentors. Taken together, our results suggest motivational processes in reverse mentoring unfold differently for the two groups involved in the exchange. Recommendations for human resource practice, including specific guidelines for developing intergenerational learning initiatives, are discussed.
Conjugate natural convection in a fluid‐saturated porous enclosure with two solid vertical partitions
Authors: Chordiya Jayesh Subhash , Sharma Ram Vinoy
Published: August 2018

Conjugate natural convection in a fluid‐saturated square porous enclosure with two solid vertical partitions of finite and equal thickness equispaced from center of enclosure is investigated in this paper. The primary objective is to attenuate the Nusselt number (Nu) and hence the heat transfer rate across a differentially heated enclosure. Darcy's model is considered. Numerical computation is performed using successive accelerated replacement and explicit scheme. Partition ratio, partition length, thermal conductivity ratio, and modified Rayleigh number are the parameters under study. Fluid flow is analyzed by observing transient changes of streamlines and isotherms for partition length 0.3‐1, thermal conductivity ratio 0.5‐2, partition ratio 0.1‐0.3 and modified Rayleigh number 100 and 1000 where partition ratio is the ratio of distance between center of enclosure and either of the partition center to the total length of the enclosure; while Nusselt number is calculated to estimate the heat transfer rate for each configuration. It is found that, employing a solid partition within the enclosure most definitely reduces the Nusselt number. The drop in Nusselt number is more for partition length 0‐0.6 after which it does show a drop in Nu but only very subtle. Further, Nu is the least for partition ratio 0.2. Also, Nusselt number is proportional to thermal conductivity ratio which is the ratio of thermal conductivity of solid to porous medium.
An integrative model to assess water quality in China's Lake Taihu: Comparing single-factor and multifactor assessments
Authors: Zhu Huaqing , Lu Xiwu
Published: August 2018

To determine the differences between single-factor assessment (SFA) and multifactor assessment (MFA) of the water quality in Lake Taihu Basin in China, a software program was developed to perform absolute distance (AD) computations between SFAs and MFAs that refer to the Nemerow comprehensive index (NCI) and fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA). Symbolic models were established to describe the computation types and sequences that are involved in the models above. Water data that were obtained weekly from 7 monitoring sites (MSs) in the basin over 10 years were tested to generate water quality grades and ADs. Our results corroborated that the MFAs would approximate the SFA when each water quality indicator (WQI) is in its worst or best state. In addition to supporting that SFA ≥ NCI ≥ FCA, the ADs illustrated that FCA was inappropriate for process integration unless all WQIs had the same grading standards. The annual water quality grades of most MSs of Lake Taihu Basin and time could be fitted to quintic polynomials with relative average deviations (RADs) of below 5%. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:135–141. © 2018 SETAC
Characterization of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Reustle Anna , Fisel Pascale , Renner Olga , Büttner Florian , Winter Stefan , Rausch Steffen , Kruck Stephan , Nies Anne T. , Hennenlotter Jörg , Scharpf Marcus , Fend Falko , Stenzl Arnulf , Bedke Jens , Schwab Matthias , Schaeffeler Elke
Published: August 2018

The efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein BCRP/ABCG2 is well‐known for its contribution to multi‐drug resistance in cancer. Its relevance in cancer biology independent from drug efflux remains largely elusive. Our study aimed at elucidating the biological relevance and regulatory mechanisms of BCRP/ABCG2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and disease progression. Two independent ccRCC‐cohorts [Cohort 1 (KIRC/TCGA): n = 453, Cohort 2: n = 64] were investigated to elucidate BCRP/ABCG2 mRNA and protein expression and their association with survival. The impact of BCRP/ABCG2 on response to sunitinib treatment was investigated in two independent sunitinib‐treated ccRCC‐cohorts based on mRNA levels. Moreover, underlying regulatory mechanisms for interindividual variability of BCRP/ABCG2 expression were systematically assessed. Owing to redundant functional properties, mRNA and protein expression of the multidrug resistance protein MDR1/ABCB1 were additionally evaluated in these cohorts. In independent ccRCC‐cohorts, low BCRP/ABCG2 and MDR1/ABCB1 mRNA and protein expression were associated with severity (e.g., tumor stage) of ccRCC and poor cancer‐specific survival. BCRP/ABCG2 and MDR1/ABCB1 mRNA expression were linked to decreased progression‐free survival after sunitinib treatment. Germline and somatic variants influenced interindividual variability of BCRP/ABCG2 expression only moderately. miR‐212‐3p and miR‐132‐3p were identified to regulate BCRP/ABCG2 posttranscriptionally by interaction with the ABCG2 3′UTR as confirmed through reporter gene assays in RCC cell lines. In summary, BCRP/ABCG2 expression in ccRCC underlies considerable interindividual variability with impact on patient survival and response to sunitinib treatment. While germline or somatic genetic variants and DNA methylation cannot explain aberrant BCRP/ABCG2 expression, miR‐212‐3p and miR‐132‐3p were identified to contribute to posttranscriptional regulation of BCRP/ABCG2.
Retrospective study of patients with cesarean scar pregnancies treated by uterine artery chemoembolization and curettage
Authors: Li Yang , Lu Lingjia , Wang Wenxian , Sun Jin , Zhang Xinmei , Huang Xiufeng
Published: August 2018

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and long‐term prognosis of uterine artery chemoembolization (UACE) combined with curettage for treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP).

Methods

Data were retrospectively reviewed from women with CSPs treated by UACE with curettage at Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, a tertiary obstetrics and gynecologic center in China, between December 2006 and December 2016. Information on clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes was obtained from medical records and follow‐up interviews.

Results

There were 383 patients included; 379 (99.0%) women were successfully treated. Risk factors associated with intraoperative bleeding were size of gestational mass (P=0.001), presence of fetal heart beat (P=0.002), and type of CSP (P=0.002). Among 301 women with complete medical records over a mean ± SD follow‐up of 49.8 ± 30.2 months, 164 (54.5%) women resumed normal menstruation and only 22 (7.3%) experienced a reduction in menstrual volume of more than one‐half. Among 89 women attempting to conceive, the conception rate was 69% (61/89), the positive pregnancy rate was 80% (49/61), and 35 live neonates were delivered.

Conclusion

UACE combined with curettage was found to be an effective fertility‐sparing treatment for CSP. Further, the approach did not seem to harm future reproductive ability.
To be an honest person or not to be a cheater: Replicating the effect of messages relating to the self on unethical behaviour
Authors: Savir Tomer , Gamliel Eyal
Published: August 2018

Previous research has found that negative‐valence appeals relating to the self (Don't be a cheater) are more effective at reducing unethical behaviour than appeals relating to behaviour (Don't cheat). We aimed to replicate these findings and examine whether positive‐valence appeals relating to the self (Be an honest person) and to behaviour (Answer honestly) could have a similar effect. We ran five experiments with Israeli and U.S. samples, using social interaction and anonymous settings, and different methodologies: Die roll, coin‐flip and number choice. A meta‐analysis of the five experiments revealed a small effect of the self‐appeals relative to the behaviour‐appeals. These findings provide additional support for the theoretical explanation offered in terms of the role of the self in regulating unethical behaviour. However, the effect sizes found in our experiments were smaller than the ones previously reported. We discuss the merit in using self‐appeals to reduce unethical behaviour, the possible advantage of positive‐valence self‐appeals, and the possible moderating role of the setting in which the behaviour takes place: Social interaction versus anonymous settings.
IMPACT OF PARENTAL BINGE EATING DISORDER: EXPLORING CHILDREN'S EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AND THE QUALITY OF PARENT–CHILD FEEDING INTERACTIONS
Authors: Cimino Silvia , Cerniglia Luca , Porreca Alessio , Ballarotto Giulia , Marzilli Eleonora , Simonelli Alessandra
Published: August 2018

This study examines psychopathological problems in children of parents with binge eating disorder (BED), particularly the effect of parental diagnosis on their offspring's psychopathology and the mediating power of the quality of parent–infant feeding interactions. Two hundred parents and their offspring were administered a questionnaire for the assessment of their children's psychopathology at 18 (T1) and 36 (T2) months of age. An observational measure to evaluate feeding interactions was administered at T1. Children with both parents with BED showed the highest affective, anxiety, oppositional/defiant, and autism spectrum problems, but no influence of paternal diagnosis was found on the offspring's psychopathology. Maternal BED had an influence on children's affective and autism spectrum problems, and diagnosis of BED in both parents had an effect on infants’ affective problems. Paternal BED had an effect on oppositional/defiant problems through the quality of father–infant interactions, and maternal BED had an effect on the offspring's affective and anxiety problems through the mediation of mother–infant interactions. These results suggest the importance of intervention programs focusing both on parental psychopathology and on mother–child and father–child feeding interactions in families with parents with BED.
CULTURAL MODELS OF INFANT EMOTIONS AND NEEDS AMONG THE GAMO PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Bader Lauren R. , Fouts Hillary N.
Published: August 2018

How mothers perceive their infants’ emotions and their subsequent responses are influenced by cultural values and beliefs. Mothers who live in particularly harsh environments may have perceptions about their infants’ emotions that reflect not only cultural values but also constraints of the environment. In this qualitative study, 29 Gamo mothers living in rural Ethiopia were interviewed about perceptions of their infants’ emotions, how they felt about these emotions, and what they believed their infants needed in response. Through constant comparative analysis and thematic coding, several patterns emerged in mothers’ perceptions about their infants’ emotions and what constituted appropriate responses. Mothers said that their infants’ negative emotions were possibly related to illness and that appropriate responses were focused mostly on breastfeeding, complementary food, and needing to be held. Mothers also discussed their work demands and how they conflicted with their desire to respond to their infants; however, many mothers said that they relied on their older children to help. Mothers’ responses were centered on a parenting strategy aimed at promoting infant health and survival, which is consistent with research on parents living in rural environments who subsist by farming and have relatively high risk for infant mortality.
Integrative microendoscopic system combined with conventional microscope for live animal tissue imaging
Authors: Köhler Martin , Paulson Bjorn , Kim Youngkyu , Lee Sanghwa , Dicker Andrea , van Krieken Pim , Kim Jae Young , Pack Chan‐Gi , Joo Jinmyoung , Berggren Per‐Olof , Kim Jun Ki
Published: August 2018

Intravital optical imaging technology is essential for minimally invasive optical diagnosis and treatment in small animal disease models. High‐resolution imaging requires high‐resolution optical probes, and high‐resolution optical imaging systems based on highly precise and advanced technologies and therefore, associated with high‐system costs. Besides, in order to acquire small animal live images, special types of animal imaging setups are indispensable. In this paper, a microendoscopic system is designed as an add‐on to existing conventional imaging microscopes, reducing the price of complete confocal endomicroscopic systems. The proposed attachable system can be configured for confocal microscopes from common manufacturers and this enables users to acquire live animal cellular images from a conventional system. It features a 4f optical plane relay system, a rotary stage for side‐view endoscopic probes, and an endoscopic probe mount which swings between the horizontal and the vertical. The system could be widely useful for biological studies of animal physiology and disease models.
Insights into the antibiotic resistance and inhibition mechanism of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase from Bacillus cereus: In silico and in vitro perspective
Authors: Parulekar Rishikesh Satish , Sonawane Kailas Dashrath
Published: August 2018

Because of the lack of structural studies on aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH) from prevalent volatile human pathogen Bacillus cereus, aminoglycoside resistance therapeutics research remains elusive. Hence, in this computational study, we have performed homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD), and principal component analysis studies on APH from B. cereus. The structure of APH was predicted by homology modeling using MODELLER 9v12 and validated for its stereochemical qualities. Sequence analysis study of the template (Protein Data Bank ID: 3TDW) and APH from B. cereus sensu lato group showed exact matching of active‐site residues. The mechanism of substrate and inhibitor binding to APH was studied using molecular docking, which identified GTP as the more preferred substrate, whereas ZINC71575479 as the most effective inhibitor. The active‐site residues, ARG41, TYR90, ASP195, and ASP215 at nucleotide triphosphate–binding cavity of APH were found to be involved in binding with substrate and inhibitor. Molecular dynamics simulation study of APH in apo form and bound form confirmed the stability and effective binding of GTP and ZINC71575479 in a dynamic state. Molecular mechanics Poisson‐Boltzmann surface area calculations revealed energetic contributions of active‐site residues of APH in binding with GTP and ZINC71575479. The principal component analysis revealed the internal global motion of APH in apo and complex form. Furthermore, experimental studies on APH from B. cereus ATCC 10876 validated the in silico findings for its inhibition. Thus, this study provides more information on structure‐function relationships of APH from B. cereus and open avenues for designing effective strategies to overcome antibiotic resistance.
Proteomic analysis and microtubule dynamicity of human sperm in electromagnetic cryopreservation
Authors: Gholami Dariush , Ghaffari Seyed Mahmood , Shahverdi Abdolhossein , Sharafi Mohsen , Riazi Gholamhossein , Fathi Rouhollah , Esmaeili Vahid , Hezavehei Maryam
Published: August 2018

The proteomic changes, microtubule dynamicity, and quality parameters of human sperm were investigated during cryopreservation in an extremely low electromagnetic field (ELEF) condition. Semen samples were obtained from 210 healthy individuals with normospermia and then were divided into three experimental groups: fresh control, frozen control, and frozen ELEF group. Shotgun proteomics was performed to assess the identification of microtubule proteins of the sperm in experimental groups. Microtubule dynamicity, secondary, and tertiary structure modifications of tubulins, characteristics of transmission electron microscopy of sperm as well as sperm quality parameters were evaluated. The expression ratios of α‐ and β‐tubulins were significantly increased after cryopreservation compared with fresh control while this ratio was not significantly different in frozen ELEF group. The expression ratio of tubulin polymerization‐promoting protein was significantly decreased after cryopreservation compared with fresh control. The length, width, and the activity of microtubule, secondary, and tertiary structures of tubulins, motility, and the viability of the sperm were decreased in frozen control as compared with fresh control. The microtubule activity, secondary, and tertiary structures of sperm tubulin in frozen ELEF group were higher than frozen control. Transmission electron microscopy of microtubules showed that the size of the width and length of the microtubules in frozen ELEF group were greater than frozen control. Motility, viability, and reactive oxygen species levels were improved in frozen ELEF group when compared with frozen control. While the microtubule dynamicity of the sperm was affected by the cryopreservation, this trait was improved during the electromagnetic cryopreservation resulted in better motility and viability.
Closed‐looped stimulation cardiac pacing for recurrent vasovagal syncope: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rattanawong Pattara , Riangwiwat Tanawan , Chongsathidkiet Pakawat , Vutthikraivit Wasawat , Limpruttidham Nath , Prasitlumkum Narut , Kanjanahattakij Napatt , Kanitsoraphan Chanavuth
Published: August 2018

Background

Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is defined by transient loss of consciousness with spontaneous rapid recovery. Recently, a closed‐loop stimulation pacing system (CLS) has shown superior effectiveness to conventional pacing in refractory VVS. However, systematic review and meta‐analysis has not been performed. We assessed the impact of CLS implantation and reduction in recurrent VVS events by a systematic review and a meta‐analysis.

Methods

We comprehensively searched the databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to September 2017. Included studies were published prospective or retrospective cohort, randomized controlled trial, and case–control studies that compared VVS events between recurrent, severe, or refractory cardioinhibitory VVS patient implanted with CLS and conventional pacing. Data from each study were combined using the random‐effects, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Six studies from November 2004 to October 2017 were included in this meta‐analysis involving 224 recurrent, severe, or refractory cardioinhibitory VVS patients implanted with CLS and 163 recurrent, severe, or refractory VVS patients implanted with conventional pacing. CLS significantly reduced recurrent VVS events compared to conventional pacing (pooled odds ratio = 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.13‐0.39, P = 0.000, I2 = 36.5%) as well as subgroup of four randomized controlled trial studies (pooled odds ratio = 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.17‐0.44, P = 0.000, I2 = 39.2%).

Conclusion

Closed‐loop stimulation significantly reduced recurrent VVS events up to 80% when compared to conventional pacing. Our study suggests that CLS is an effective tool for preventing syncope recurrences in patients with recurrent, severe, or refractory cardioinhibitory VVS.
Association of Anthropometric and Nutrition Status Indicators with Hand Grip Strength and Gait Speed in Older Adults
Authors: Mendes Joana , Afonso Cláudia , Moreira Pedro , Padrão Patrícia , Santos Alejandro , Borges Nuno , Negrão Rita , Amaral Teresa F.
Published: August 2018

Background

How nutrition status indicators relate to function in older adults is an issue that needs to be explored. This study aimed to quantify the associations of anthropometric parameters and nutrition status indicators with hand grip strength (HGS) and gait speed (GS) in older adults.

Methods

A cross‐sectional observational study was conducted in a population‐based sample of 1500 older adults ≥65 years old. Logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between anthropometric, nutrition, and functional measures.

Results

Lower values of height, mid‐arm muscle circumference, and calf circumference, as well as higher values of waist circumference, were associated with both low GS and HGS. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for low GS was around 2‐fold higher in participants presenting risk for undernutrition or undernutrition. The adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) for low HGS was 1.54 (1.01–2.36) in women and 1.57 (0.91–2.72) in men at risk for undernutrition/undernutrition.

Conclusions

In older adults, lower values of height and calf circumference, as well as higher waist circumference, were associated with both low GS and HGS. Lower values of mid‐arm muscle circumference were also associated with low values of both functional parameters only in men. The risk for undernutrition/undernutrition was more strongly associated with low GS than with low HGS in both women and men.
Effect of sucrose on biofilm formed in situ on titanium material
Authors: Souza João G. S. , Cury Jaime A. , Ricomini Filho Antônio P. , Feres Magda , Faveri Marcelo de , Barão Valentim A. R.
Published: August 2018

Background

Because sucrose may change the composition of biofilms formed on dental surfaces, the aim of this study was to evaluate in situ the effect of this dietary sugar on biofilm formation on titanium surface.

Methods

In this blind, crossover, in situ study, 10 volunteers wore, in 3 phases of 7 days each, a palatal appliance containing titanium specimens. In each phase, the specimens were treated extraorally with 20% sucrose solution at a frequency of 4 or 8 times per day. As control, no treatment was rendered (0×). At the end of each phase, the biofilms were collected for biochemical analysis of biofilm wet weight (biomass), protein concentration, soluble (S‐EPS), and insoluble (I‐EPS) extracellular polysaccharides and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS), and for microbiologic analysis by checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization (for levels and proportions of 40 bacterial species). Biochemical data were analyzed by linear regression and microbiological findings by Friedman and Dunn tests (α = .05).

Results

A positive significant linear relationship was found among sucrose exposure (0×, 4×, and 8×) and biomass, S‐EPS, I‐EPS and IPS (p < 0.05). The biofilms treated with sucrose (4× and/or 8×) presented higher mean total levels of the 40 bacterial species evaluated, higher proportions of red complex species and lower proportions of the host‐compatible green complex species, in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The findings of the present study suggest that daily sucrose exposure has a harmful effect on the composition of biofilms formed on titanium surfaces.
An Alternative Approach for Determining Critical Micelle Concentration: Dispersion of Ink in Foam
Authors: Pradhan Ambika , Bhattacharyya Amitabha
Published: August 2018

The present work investigates the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of nonionic surfactant solutions using a new approach by monitoring the dirt dispersion (DD) defined as the amount of dirt absorbed by foam using India ink as a model dirt. DD has so far been studied qualitatively by eye estimation. Our quantification studies show that DD increases with increasing surfactant concentration and reaches a maximum. After this, it decreases and becomes very small. The concentration for which DD is maximum corresponds to the CMC, as determined from surface tension measurements. The CMC of natural surfactants obtained from plants Sapindus mukorossi, Albizia procera, Juglans regia, Zephyranthes carinata, and Acacia concinna was determined. The CMC obtained by DD are in reasonably good agreement with those obtained using the surface tension method. The DD method is easy, rapid, and inexpensive and can become an effective tool for estimating the CMC.
Study of Antioxidative Properties of Some Mono Amino‐Acid‐Type and Dipeptide‐Type Surfactants
Authors: Hossain Faisal , Ohta Akio , Yamane Yumi , Shizuka An‐na , Asakawa Hitoshi , Asakawa Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2018

Surfactants of tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine were successfully synthesized. They were then modified to obtain dipeptide‐type surfactants with better solubility in both polar and nonpolar solvents, giving more emphasis to the development of water‐soluble amino‐acid‐type surfactants. All developed materials were designed to have functionality as antioxidants (AOX). The investigation of free radical scavenging capacity at pre‐micellar concentrations revealed greater Trolox equivalent (TE, relative scavenging capacity to Trolox) results for Trp‐type surfactants followed by Tyr‐type and His‐type. As expected, the synthesized surfactants exhibited comparable AOX properties to their parent amino acids. The AOX behavior of these surfactants was also checked in micellar concentrations, and the trend was found to be analogous: Trp‐type > Tyr‐type > His‐type surfactants. However, all of them were acting as better AOX in the micellar state than in the monomeric state. Investigating the synergistic effect found no interaction between the “amino acid–surfactant” pairs or the “surfactant–surfactant” pairs with varying ratios. They showed total AOX activity with respect to that of each material. This work opens up the door to the application of some new oil and water‐soluble amino‐acid‐type surfactants having auspicious AOX activity.
Properties of Emulsions Formed In Situ In a Heavy‐Oil Reservoir during Water Flooding: Effects of Salinity and pH
Authors: Pu Wanfen , Shen Chao , Pang Shishi , Tang Xingjian , Tian Qingtao , Song Yufei
Published: August 2018

Differing from conventional emulsions, water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions are produced with no additional surfactants in this study. The testing results show that both interfacial tension (IFT) and dilational modulus at all salinities and pH are much higher than those of normal emulsions. A high IFT is not good for making emulsions, but a higher dilational modulus will contribute to more stable emulsions. Emulsion stability declines slightly as salinity increases and the most unstable W/O emulsion appears at pH = 7. To deeply understand the effects of salinity and pH on emulsion stability, petroleum acid is extracted and characterized using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
Determinations of dinotefuran and metabolite levels before and after household coffee processing in coffee beans using solid‐phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Zhaojie , Song Shiming , Mao Lianying , Wei Jie , Li Yuanfu , Tan Huihua , Li Xuesheng
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world. However, as daily consumables, coffee beans may contain pesticide residues that are capable of causing adverse health effects. Thus, we investigated residue dynamics in coffee beans using supervised field trials under Good Agricultural Practice conditions and determined the effects of household coffee processing on the coffee‐bean pesticide residues dinotefuran and its metabolites 1‐methyl‐3‐(tetrahydro‐3‐furylmethyl) urea (UF) and 1‐methyl‐3‐(tetrahydro‐3‐furylmethyl) guanidine (DN).

RESULTS

The recovery rate of dinotefuran and its metabolites UF and DN was in the range 73.5%–106.3%, with a relative SD < 10%. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for dinotefuran, UF and DN were all 0.003 and 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively. Dissipation experiments were conducted over 2015 and 2016 and showed a mean half‐life of 40.8 days. Coffee processing procedures were performed as described for traditional household coffee processing in Ethiopia. Dinotefuran contents were reduced by 44.4%–86.7% with washing of coffee beans and the roasting process reduced these contents by 62.2%–100%. DN residues were not detected in roasted coffee beans before day 21 or in brewed coffee before day 35 and UF residues were not detected in brewed coffee before day 35. Kruskal–Wallis analyses indicated large variations in the stability of pesticide residues between processing methods (P ≤ 0.05). Reductions of pesticide concentrations with washing were also significantly lower than those following roasting (P = 0.0001) and brewing processes (P = 0.002). Moreover, processing factors were less than one for all processing stages, indicating reductions of pesticides contents for all processing stages.

CONCLUSION

The cumulative effects of the three processing methods are of paramount importance with respect to an evaluation of the risks associated with the ingestion of pesticide residues, particularly those in coffee beans. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Human‐induced land degradation and biodiversity of Classical Karst landscape: On the example of enclosed karst depressions (dolines)
Authors: Breg Valjavec Mateja , Zorn Matija , Čarni Andraž
Published: August 2018

In the karst landscape of the Kras Plateau (south‐west Slovenia), we studied the impact of historical human‐induced land degradation on biodiversity by studying the characteristics and changes in vegetation of degraded and nondegraded karst depressions (dolines). Intensive human‐induced land degradation began as a consequence of the abandonment of traditional land use; thus, many dolines have disappeared by being completely filled with waste material and overgrowth. The study is based on a chronosequence approach and assesses whether vegetation (e.g., community succession stages) can be used as a (bio)indicator of land degradation to estimate approximately the duration of degradation on the basis of the stage of succession. The locations and duration of degradation of dolines were identified in advance by analysing a time series of historical aerial photographs, topographical maps, and digital elevation models. Ecological evaluation was based on sampling the floristic composition and the topsoil. In this study, three vegetation measures were established as indicative of degradation: (a) the appearance of ruderal species, (b) hemeroby, and (c) alien and invasive species. A succession model of degraded karst landscape was produced on the basis of identified chronosequences to assess the long‐term spatial impact of doline degradation on karst biodiversity. The model is showing the tendency towards the vegetation homogenization of karst landscape.
In situ ingestion of Microcystis is negatively related to copepod abundance in the upper San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Ger Kemal Ali , Otten Timothy G. , DuMais Rita , Ignoffo Toni , Kimmerer Wim
Published: August 2018

Although zooplankton grazing on cyanobacteria is a key process regulating the structure and function of bloom‐dominated waters, few studies have measured in situ ingestion and none have linked it to zooplankton abundance. This study measured in situ zooplankton grazing rate on Microcystis via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) amplification of prey DNA from the guts of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus forbesi, an abundant and important prey species for endangered fish in the upper San Francisco Estuary (SFE). We calibrated the qPCR assay in laboratory grazing experiments with Eurytemora affinis, a similar sized copepod abundant in the SFE during winter, due to higher ingestion of Microcystis by this copepod compared to Pseudodiaptomus forbesi. In the field, Pseudodiaptomus forbesi ingested Microcystis during blooms, including strains capable of producing microcystin toxins. Although the Microcystis content in Pseudodiaptomus forbesi guts increased with bloom intensity, estimated ingestion rates were low and suggested copepods avoided this cyanobacterium. Moreover, Pseudodiaptomus forbesi abundance was inversely related to its gut Microcystis content, but not related to other factors including temperature, salinity, turbidity, and gut fluorescence of chlorophyll a. Results demonstrate that the gut Microcystis content of zooplankton may be a key factor explaining their abundance in nature. Our results also highlight the utility of molecular methods for understanding in situ trophic interactions in bloom‐dominated waters. Increased blooms under future climate scenarios (e.g., extreme drought and higher temperatures) may decrease the abundance of key zooplankton like Pseudodiaptomus forbesi through increased ingestion of Microcystis, with potentially negative effects on endangered fishes in the SFE.
Geographic and temporal variations in turbulent heat loss from lakes: A global analysis across 45 lakes
Authors: Woolway R. Iestyn , Verburg Piet , Lenters John D. , Merchant Christopher J. , Hamilton David P. , Brookes Justin , de Eyto Elvira , Kelly Sean , Healey Nathan C. , Hook Simon , Laas Alo , Pierson Don , Rusak James A. , Kuha Jonna , Karjalainen Juha , Kallio Kari , Lepistö Ahti , Jones Ian D.
Published: August 2018

Heat fluxes at the lake surface play an integral part in determining the energy budget and thermal structure in lakes, including regulating how lakes respond to climate change. We explore patterns in turbulent heat fluxes, which vary across temporal and spatial scales, using in situ high‐frequency monitoring data from 45 globally distributed lakes. Our analysis demonstrates that some of the lakes studied follow a marked seasonal cycle in their turbulent surface fluxes and that turbulent heat loss is highest in larger lakes and those situated at low latitude. The Bowen ratio, which is the ratio of mean sensible to mean latent heat fluxes, is smaller at low latitudes and, in turn, the relative contribution of evaporative to total turbulent heat loss increases toward the tropics. Latent heat transfer ranged from ~ 60% to > 90% of total turbulent heat loss in the examined lakes. The Bowen ratio ranged from 0.04 to 0.69 and correlated significantly with latitude. The relative contributions to total turbulent heat loss therefore differ among lakes, and these contributions are influenced greatly by lake location. Our findings have implications for understanding the role of lakes in the climate system, effects on the lake water balance, and temperature‐dependent processes in lakes.
Desiderata for sharable computable biomedical knowledge for learning health systems
Authors: Lehmann Harold P. , Downs Stephen M.
Published: August 2018

In this commentary, we work out the specific desired functions required for sharing knowledge objects (based on statistical models) presumably to be used for clinical decision support derived from a learning health system, and, in so doing, discuss the implications for novel knowledge architectures. We will demonstrate how decision models, implemented as influence diagrams, satisfy the desiderata. The desiderata include locally validate discrimination, locally validate calibration, locally recalculate thresholds by incorporating local preferences, provide explanation, enable monitoring, enable debiasing, account for generalizability, account for semantic uncertainty, shall be findable, and others as necessary and proper. We demonstrate how formal decision models, especially when implemented as influence diagrams based on Bayesian networks, support both the knowledge artifact itself (the “primary decision”) and the “meta‐decision” of whether to deploy the knowledge artifact. We close with a research and development agenda to put this framework into place.
A contribution to the thermal effects of DLC coatings on fluid friction in EHL contacts
Authors: Bobzin K. , Brögelmann T. , Kalscheuer C. , Thiex M. , Ebner M. , Lohner T. , Stahl K.
Published: August 2018

Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings are commonly used to reduce boundary and mixed friction in tribological contacts. Recent works at the FZG efficiency gear test rig show that the application of the DLC coating ZrCg (a‐C:H:Zr) on gear flanks reduces the mean coefficient of friction in fluid film lubrication regime by up to 39% compared with uncoated gear flanks. A common explanation is the lower heat dissipation of DLC coatings resulting in higher EHL contact temperatures, hence in lower effective lubricant viscosity in the EHL contact. To gain a deeper understanding, discrete ZrxC1−x coatings were deposited on AISI 5115 using physical vapour deposition technology and thermophysical properties were directly measured. The tribological behavior of the coatings was investigated at the FZG twin‐disc test rig by using mineral gear oil. The results clearly prove the strong influence of the thermophysical properties of the DLC coatings on fluid friction in highly loaded EHL contacts.
Analysis of couple‐stress effects in gas foil bearings using the V. K. Stokes micro‐continuum theory
Authors: Laouadi Bouzid , Lahmar Mustapha , Bou‐Saïd Benyebka , Mouassa Ahcene , Boucherit Hamid
Published: August 2018

This paper presents an original theoretical investigation of the steady‐state and dynamic characteristics of foil journal bearings lubricated with contaminated air taking into account couple stresses because of the presence of pollutant substances. The substance can be solid particles (eg dust, ash, pollen, and smoke). In aerodynamic lubrication theory, a fluid with couple stresses so‐called couple stress or polar fluid may be considered as one characterised by the 2 physical constants μ and η, which are the absolute viscosity assumed to be independent of the particle volume fraction and the new material constant responsible for couple stress or polar property. The effects of couple stresses on the oil‐lubricated sliding bearings are usually studied by defining the parameter
or its normalised form
. The couple‐stress parameter l, which has the dimension of length, can be thought of as a fluid property depending on the size of the particle contained in the base fluid (solvent).

To determine the aerodynamic pressure and the power loss, the governing modified Reynolds' equation and the viscous dissipation term appearing on the right‐hand side of the modified energy equation are derived by using the Vijay Kumar Stokes micro‐continuum theory.

The system of partial differential equations resulting from analytical perturbation of the transient modified Reynolds' equation is solved for the steady‐state and dynamic pressures by means of the finite difference method considering both the static and dynamic deformations of the bump foil. Using the complex variable technique, the analytical perturbation process leads to 2 first‐order uncoupled partial differential equations instead of 4 coupled equations as it is usually found in the technical literature.

On the other hand, the 2 Cartesian coordinates of the equilibrium position for a given applied static load are iteratively determined by solving the nonlinear equilibrium equations of the journal bearing system with the improved Newton‐Raphson method.

According to the obtained results, the effects of couple stresses on the steady‐state and dynamic behaviour of foil self‐acting gas bearings are significant and cannot be overlooked. The results also show that the dynamic deformation of the bump foil should be included in calculating the dynamic performance characteristics of foil journal bearings.
Polymeric Encapsulation of Turmeric Extract for Bioimaging and Antimicrobial Applications
Authors: Liu Minghuan , Teng Choon Peng , Win Khin Yin , Chen Yisong , Zhang Xiaoyan , Yang Da‐Peng , Li Zibiao , Ye Enyi
Published: August 2018

As a herb of the ginger family, the turmeric plant has been used as spice and colorant in the Oriental countries. The rhizome part of the plant is rich in curcumin, which has been proven to be the main ingredient responsible for turmeric's biological effects. Most research endeavors have been upon the investigation of pharmaceutical activities of curcumin, yet the fluorescence of curcumin is a bit far from well‐studied. The major drawbacks associated with curcumin are its poor aqueous solubility and low stability. In this communication, the encapsulation of fluorescent turmeric extract into polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for bioimaging and antibacterial applications is reported. Through poly(d,l‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) encapsulation, solubility of curcumin is greatly increased, and the biodegradable nature of PLGA further enhances the biocompatibility of curcumin. These Cur‐PLGA NPs are successfully demonstrated to be efficient fluorescence probes for bioimaging, and promising for antibacterial application.
Exploring Causal Factors of Spawning Stock Mortality in a Riverine Striped Bass Population
Authors: Rachels Kyle T. , Ricks Benjamin R.
Published: August 2018

The recovery of the Atlantic Striped Bass Morone saxatilis stock in the 1990s is an important example of effective natural resources management. Implementation of Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) harvest regulations reduced mortality, protected older and more fecund females, and contributed to the formation of dominant year-classes in the 1980s and 1990s. However, Striped Bass stocks south of Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, are not subject to ASMFC management plans, and many populations have failed to attain recovery goals. Catch-curve analyses indicate that the Neuse River Striped Bass population continues to experience spawning stock exploitation rates similar to those implicated in the decline of the Atlantic Migratory and Albemarle Sound/Roanoke River stocks in the 1970s. From 1994 to 2015, Striped Bass instantaneous fishing mortality (F) in the Neuse River ranged from 0.12 to 0.84 and exceeded the overfishing threshold (FThreshold = 0.41) in 12 of 22 years. A global linear model using environmental and exploitation factors accounted for 55% of the variability in spawning stock discrete annual mortality. An information-theoretic approach was used to elucidate the best linear model for predicting discrete annual mortality. The best model included previous-year gill-net effort and same-year commercial harvest (Akaike weight = 0.64, R2 = 0.50). Model-averaged coefficients for gill-net effort and commercial harvest suggested total exploitation impacts that were congruent with other studies of Neuse River Striped Bass. Results indicate that reducing exploitation to target levels will require substantial reductions in gill-net effort in areas of the Neuse River where Striped Bass occur. Reducing exploitation may increase spawning stock biomass and advance the age structure of spawning females, conferring an increased likelihood of successful recruitment and production of dominant year-classes during periods of favorable environmental conditions.
Myoclonus‐Dominant Corticobasal Degeneration
Authors: Caballol Nuria , Navarro‐Otano Judith , Ávila Asunción , Balagué‐Marmaña Marta , Martínez‐Fernández Raul , de Fàbregas Oriol , Gelpí Ellen , Valls‐Solé Josep , Tolosa Eduardo
Published: August 2018

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