bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Analgesia in Children with Acute Abdominal Pain
Authors: Kim Michael K. , Strait Richard T. , Sato Thomas T. , Hennes Halim M.
Published: July 2002

Abstract. Objective: To evaluate the effects of intravenous morphine on pain reduction, physical examination, and diagnostic accuracy in children with acute abdominal pain.

Methods:A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was conducted at an emergency department of a tertiary care children's hospital. Children aged 5‐18 years with abdominal pain of ≤5 days duration, pain score ≥5 on a 0‐10 visual analog scale, and need for surgical evaluation were eligible. Following the initial assessment, patients were randomized to receive either 0.1 mg/kg morphine or an equal volume of saline. The pediatric emergency medicine physician and surgical consultant independently recorded the areas of tenderness to palpation and percussion, and their diagnoses before the study medication and 15 to 30 minutes later.

Results: Sixty patients were enrolled, and 29 received morphine and 31 received saline. The demographic characteristics between the two groups were similar. The median reduction of pain score between the two study groups was 2 (95% CI = 1 to 4; p = 0.002). There was no significant change in the areas of tenderness in both study groups. Children with surgical conditions had persistent tenderness to palpation and/or percussion. There was no significant change in the diagnostic accuracy between the study groups and between the physician groups. All patients requiring laparotomy were identified and no significant complication was noted in the morphine group.

Conclusions: Intravenous morphine provides significant pain reduction to children with acute abdominal pain without adversely affecting the examination, and morphine does not affect the ability to identify children with surgical conditions.
Pediatric Emergency Department Utilization within a Statewide Medicaid Managed Care System
Authors: Brousseau David C. , Dansereau Lynne M. , Linakis James G. , Leddy Tricia , Vivier Patrick M.
Published: July 2002

Abstract. Objectives: To describe pediatric emergency department (ED) utilization within a Medicaid managed care system and to investigate the association between pediatric ED utilization and the type of medical home.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, set at Rhode Island's statewide Medicaid managed care program (RIte Care). The study population was a random sample of 2,000 children aged 19 to 35 months at the conclusion of a period of continuous RIte Care enrollment from July 1, 1996, until June 30, 1997. For description of ED utilization, rates of utilization and percentages were calculated. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the effect of type of medical home and individual/family characteristics on ED utilization. Logistic regression models were used to determine odds ratios for types of medical home while controlling for sociodemographic factors and practice level variation.

Results: Of the 1,988 children who were eligible for analysis, 791 children utilized the ED during the study year at a rate of 68 ED visits/100 person‐years. Thirty‐one percent of those visits were for injuries/poisonings. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated decreased ED utilization for patients enrolled in a staff‐model health maintenance organization (HMO) (OR 0.34; 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.42) or a health center (OR 0.71; 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.95) compared with hospital‐based clinics. There was no significant association between the receipt of preventive services and ED utilization.

Conclusions: Despite the presence of a defined medical home, ED use was common among preschool children enrolled in the statewide Medicaid managed care program. The type of medical home was an important determinant of ED use in this population.
Phase II Study of Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin in First- and Second-Line Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Borner Markus M. , Dietrich Daniel , Stupp Roger , Morant Rudolf , Honegger Hanspeter , Wernli Martin , Herrmann Richard , Pestalozzi Bernhard C. , Saletti Piercarlo , Hanselmann Silvia , Müller Samuel , Brauchli Peter , Castiglione-Gertsch Monica , Goldhirsch Aron , Roth Arnaud D.
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy and tolerability of combining oxaliplatin with capecitabine in the treatment of advanced nonpretreated and pretreated colorectal cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three nonpretreated patients and 26 patients who had experienced one fluoropyrimidine-containing regimen for advanced colorectal cancer were treated with oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on day 1 and capecitabine 1,250 mg/m2 bid on days 1 to 14 every 3 weeks. Patients with good performance status (World Health Organization grade 0 to 1) were accrued onto two nonrandomized parallel arms of a phase II study.

RESULTS: The objective response rate was 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33% to 65%) for nonpretreated and 15% (95% CI, 4% to 35%) for pretreated patients. The main toxicity of this combination was diarrhea, which occurred at grade 3 or 4 in 35% of the nonpretreated and 50% of the pretreated patients. Grade 3 or 4 sensory neuropathy, including laryngopharyngeal dysesthesia, occurred in 16% of patients on both cohorts. Capecitabine dose reductions were necessary in 26% of the nonpretreated and 45% of the pretreated patients in the second treatment cycle. The median overall survival was 17.1 months and 11.5 months, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Combining capecitabine and oxaliplatin yields promising activity in advanced colorectal cancer. The main toxicity is diarrhea, which is manageable with appropriate dose reductions. On the basis of our toxicity experience, we recommend use of capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 at an initial dose of 1,250 mg/m2 bid in nonpretreated patients and at a dose of 1,000 mg/m2 bid in pretreated patients.
Pharmaceutical Expenditure and Consumption of Recommended Drugs to Avoid in Italy
Authors: Fortinguerra Filomena , Bellini Benedetta , Colatrella Antonietta , Trotta Francesco
Published: November 2024

This quality improvement study examines public pharmaceutical expenditure and consumption of drugs from the 2023 annual list of recommended drugs to avoid released by Prescrire.
American College of Surgeons Operative Standards and Breast Cancer Outcomes
Authors: Taylor Crystal D. , Wang Ton , Baskin Alison S. , Sinco Brandy , Hughes Tasha M. , Boffa Daniel J. , Boughey Judy C. , Dossett Lesly A.
Published: November 2024

Importance

The American College of Surgeons (ACS) operative standards were established to detail critical elements of cancer surgery, reduce technical variation, and improve outcomes. Two of the 6 operative standards target adequate axillary surgery for breast cancer. The potential association of the operative standards with short-term oncologic outcomes, such as nodal yield and nodal positivity rates, is currently unknown.

Objective

To evaluate the potential association of the ACS operative standards with short-term oncologic outcomes in breast cancer.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A cohort study was performed using data on 1 201 317 women 18 years or older who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for invasive breast cancer from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2020. Patients were identified using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), a clinical oncology database encompassing approximately 70% of new cancer diagnoses, sourced from hospital registry data from 1317 facilities. Statistical analysis was performed from October 2023 to June 2024.

Exposure

Sentinel lymph node biopsy or ALND.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Reliability-adjusted facility-level lymph node yield and nodal positivity rate for each procedure were calculated using generalized linear mixed models, Poisson regression, and logistic regression with facility-level random intercepts.

Results

The cohort included 1 201 317 women with a median age of 62 years (IQR, 53-70 years). Facility-level nodal yield ranged from 1 to 6 for SLNB and from 6 to 22 for ALND. Median facility-level nodal yield for SLNB was 2.6 (IQR, 2.3-3.0) and the nodal positivity rate for SLNB was 12.2% (IQR, 11.0%-13.7%), with rates ranging from 6% to 21%. A weak correlation between facility-level lymph node yield and nodal positivity was observed (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.17). Median nodal upstaging rate (≥4 positive nodes) for ALND was 30.5% (IQR, 26.5%-35.0%), with rates ranging from 11% to 54%; median nodal yield was 12.2 (IQR, 10.9-13.6). A strong correlation between nodal yield and nodal upstaging rates was observed (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.53).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of women undergoing axillary surgery for invasive breast cancer, facility-level variation in lymph node yield was present for both SLNB and ALND, which could potentially be improved through the ACS operative standards. However, this variation had mixed associations with nodal positivity and upstaging rates, suggesting the association of the ACS operative standards with oncologic outcomes may be mixed.
Cancer Mortality in Louisiana’s Correctional System, 2015-2021
Authors: Dhimal Totadri , Cupertino Paula , Cheng Zijing , Ramsdale Erika E. , Hilty Chu Bailey K. , Kaplan Brian J. , Armstrong Andrea , Cai Xueya , Li Yue , Fleming Fergal J. , Loria Anthony
Published: November 2024

This cohort study evaluates cancer-specific mortality data about incarcerated individuals in Louisiana to examine why gaps in cause-specific data exist for this group.
Trends in Postpartum Depression by Race, Ethnicity, and Prepregnancy Body Mass Index
Authors: Khadka Nehaa , Fassett Michael J. , Oyelese Yinka , Mensah Nana A. , Chiu Vicki Y. , Yeh Meiyu , Peltier Morgan R. , Getahun Darios
Published: November 2024

Importance

Postpartum depression (PPD) poses significant risks to maternal and child health. Understanding temporal trends is crucial for evaluating prevalence and identifying populations at risk.

Objective

To evaluate recent trends in PPD and assess how these trends are associated with race, ethnicity, and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI).

Design, Setting, and Participants

A serial, cross-sectional analysis using data from the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) electronic health records (EHRs), with live and stillbirths at 20 or more weeks of gestation who were KPSC members at the time of delivery between 2010 and 2021. Data were analyzed from July 2022 to August 2023.

Exposures

Self-reported race, ethnicity, and recorded prepregnancy BMI.

Main outcome measures

PPD cases were identified using validated diagnostic codes and prescription records within 12 months postpartum in the KPSC EHRs. Patients with an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of 10 or more within 6 months postpartum were further evaluated by a mental health specialist for formal PPD diagnosis.

Results

In this study of 442 308 pregnancies, the median (IQR) maternal age at delivery was 31 (27-34) years. The cohort was racially and ethnically diverse, with 62 860 individuals (14.2%) identifying as Asian/Pacific Islander, 231 837 (52.4%) as Hispanic, 33 207 (7.5%) as non-Hispanic Black, 108 201 (24.5%) as non-Hispanic White, 5903 (1.3%) as multiple or other, and 300 (0.1%) unknown. PPD prevalence doubled over the study period, increasing from 9.4% in 2010 to 19.0% in 2021. The largest increases were observed among Asian and Pacific Islander participants (280% increase) and non-Hispanic Black participants (140% increase). PPD rates increased across all BMI categories, particularly among individuals with obesity (class I) and morbid obesity (class II/III).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, PPD diagnosis increased significantly across all racial and ethnic groups and BMI categories over the past decade. While rising PPD may reflect improved screening and diagnosis practices, the persistently high rates highlight the need to develop and implement interventions to prevent the condition while expanding efforts to mitigate the impact of PPD on maternal and child health.
Measurement Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire–15 and Somatic Symptom Scale–8
Authors: Hybelius Jonna , Kosic Amanda , Salomonsson Sigrid , Wachtler Caroline , Wallert John , Nordin Steven , Axelsson Erland
Published: November 2024

Importance

The subjective experience of somatic symptoms is a key concern throughout the health care system. Valid and clinically useful instruments are needed.

Objective

To evaluate the measurement properties of 2 widespread patient-reported outcomes: the Patient Health Questionnaire–15 (PHQ-15) and Somatic Symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8).

Data Sources

Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were last searched February 1, 2024.

Study Selection

English-language studies reporting estimates pertaining to factor analysis, taxometric analysis, internal consistency, construct validity, mean scores in relevant groups, cutoffs, areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs), minimal clinically important difference, test-retest reliability, or sensitivity to change.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Search hits were reviewed by independent raters. Cronbach α, Pearson r, means, and between-group effect sizes indicative of sensitivity to change were pooled in random-effects meta-analysis. Study quality was assessed using 3 instruments. Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 reporting guideline.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Comprehensive overview of evidence pertaining to the measurement properties of the PHQ-15 and SSS-8.

Results

A total of 305 studies with 361 243 participants were included. Most concerned routine care (178 studies) and the general population (27 studies). In factor analyses, both scales reflected a combination of domain-specific factors (cardiopulmonary, fatigue, gastrointestinal, pain) and a general symptom burden factor. The pooled PHQ-15 α was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.80-0.82), but with low item-total correlations for items concerning menstrual problems, fainting spells, and sexual problems (item-total correlations <0.40), and the SSS-8 α was 0.80 (0.77-0.83). Pooled correlations with other measures of somatic symptom burden were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.64-0.78) for the PHQ-15 and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.72-0.92) for the SSS-8. Reported AUROCs for identification of somatoform disorders ranged from 0.63 (95% CI, 0.50-0.76) to 0.79 (95% CI, 0.73-0.85) for the PHQ-15 and from 0.71 (95% CI, 0.66-0.77) to 0.73 (95% CI, 0.69-0.76) for the SSS-8. The minimal clinically important difference on both scales was 3 points. Test-retest reliability could not be pooled and was inconsistent for the PHQ-15 (PHQ-15: r = 0.65-0.93; ICC, 0.87; SSS-8: r = 0.996, ICC = 0.89). The PHQ-15 showed tentative sensitivity to change (g = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.08-0.56), but data for the SSS-8 were lacking.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, findings supported use of the PHQ-15 and SSS-8 for the assessment of symptom burden, but users should be aware of the complex, multifactorial structures of these scales. More evidence is needed concerning longitudinal measurement properties.
Construction of Core‐Shell Structure in PA6/ABS/SEBS Blends for Achieving Stiffness‐Toughness Balance
Authors: Cheng Sibo , Li Tiantian , Jiang Mingzhe , Duan Jintang , Feng Lianfang , Gu Xueping , Zhang Cailiang
Published: November 2024

A mixed system of styrene‐ethylene‐butene‐styrene copolymer (SEBS) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS) is used to modify polyamide 6 (PA6). The incorporation of maleic anhydride‐grafted SEBS (SEBS‐g‐MAH) facilitates a reaction between the anhydride functional groups and the terminal amine group of PA6, resulting in SEBS predominantly localizing at the interface between PA6 and ABS. This leads to the formation of core‐shell structure particles within the PA6 matrix, where ABS forms the hard core and SEBS constitutes the soft shell. As the content of SEBS‐g‐MAH increases, the thickness of SEBS shell grows, enhancing the impact strength of PA6/ABS (70/15) by 3.5 times at 30 parts of SEBS‐g‐MAH. The introduction of MAH‐grafted ABS as a compatibilizer in the PA6/ABS/SEBS‐g‐MAH (60/30/10) system significantly reduces the size of core‐shell particles, yielding a 3.4‐fold increase in impact strength and a simultaneous twofold increase in tensile strength at 10 parts of ABS‐g‐MAH. This dual enhancement provides an optimal balance between rigidity and toughness.
Superior EMI Shielding and Thermal Management of Flexible, Fire‐Resistant SiBCNZr Nanofiber Fabrics Enhanced by Defect Engineering and Graphitization
Authors: Ding Qi , Yang Jiahao , Yang Hongyi , Gu Shijia , Cheng Zhi , Wang Lianjun , Fan Yuchi , Jiang Wan
Published: November 2024

Given the critical threats to aviation safety induced by electromagnetic interference (EMI), fire hazards, and icing, high‐performance multifunctional materials integrating mechanical flexibility, EMI shielding, fire resistance, and thermal management capabilities are highly desired yet challenging. Herein, a synergistic strategy is developed involving defect engineering and graphitization to enhance EMI shielding and thermal management properties of SiBCNZr nanofiber fabrics. Initially, the SiBCNZr nanofiber fabrics demonstrate excellent mechanical flexibility and intrinsic ceramic fire resistance. Furthermore, after annealing at 1400 °C, t‐ZrO2 nanograins with various types of defects are precipitated from the amorphous matrix, accompanied by the formation of turbostratic graphite C. The synergistic effects of defect engineering of t‐ZrO2 nanograins and graphitization of turbostratic C enhance conductivity and polarization loss, leading to a specific shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) of 2718 dB cm2 g−1. Additionally, the fabrics also demonstrate remarkable electrothermal conversion capability with a rapid electrothermal response. This work provides valuable insights into designing multifunctional EMI shielding ceramic nanofiber fabrics for aviation safety.
Harnessing In Situ Iodine Ionic Liquids for High Areal Capacity and Long Cycle Life Zn//I2 Solid Microbatteries
Authors: Zhu Junbing , Ni Jiangfeng , Li Liang
Published: November 2024

Zn‐ion microbatteries (MBs), distinguished by their simple fabrication process, low material costs, and high safety, are ideal candidates for powering microelectronic devices. Nevertheless, most Zn‐ion MBs face momentous performance challenges of limited areal capacity and insufficient cycling as a result of poor contact between the electrode and electrolyte. In this work, a liquid–solid electrode–electrolyte contact is designed by harnessing in situ generated iodine ionic liquids to produce Zn//I2 solid MBs with unprecedented energy storage capabilities, even at temperatures as low as −20 °C. As a result, Zn//I2 MBs demonstrate an ultrahigh capacity of 7.2 mAh cm−2, energy density of 8.3 mWh cm−2, and stable cycling for over 900 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% at room temperature. Even at −20 °C, the MBs still afford a capacity of 3.9 mAh cm−2 and an energy of 4.1 mWh cm−2. Operando spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations are employed to track the evolution of ionic liquid electrodes upon electrochemical cycling. Moreover, such MBs are integrated into flexible Bluetooth sensor modules, thereby ushering in a bright future for powering microscale electronics.
Pyrite‐Based Solid‐State Batteries: Progresses, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Bai Xiaojie , Jiang Di , Yin Song , Hao Yao , Zheng Jiahan , Hao Huiying , Xing Jie , Dong Jingjing , Liu Hao , Liao Libing
Published: November 2024

Pyrite (FeS2), as a transition metal sulfide, has a promise application in the field of secondary batteries due to its abundant reserves, high theoretical capacity, safety, and non‐toxicity. However, serious volume expansion and shuttle effect of FeS2 in liquid secondary batteries limit its further development. Solid‐state batteries offer effective solutions to these challenges. In this review, the synthesis methods of FeS2 and recent progress in FeS2‐based solid‐state lithium/sodium batteries are presented, and the effects of FeS2 size and morphology, solid electrolyte type, and battery structure design on the electrochemical performance of solid‐state batteries are discussed. By analyzing and summarizing the problems in applying FeS2 in solid‐state batteries, the remaining challenges in this field are discussed and future directions are proposed. This review aims to guide research on high‐performance solid‐state batteries based on FeS2 and promote further development of FeS2 in electrochemical energy storage.
Portable Absorbable Electrical Stimulation System for Enhanced Peripheral Nerve Repair
Authors: Wang Xi , Xu Qin , Xu Yang , Yuan Linhao , Guan Xiudong , Ma Shunchang , Zhang Dainan , Liu Xiangxiang , Li Jiang , Zhang Tieqiang , Yang Xingyu , Zhou Wenjianlong , Jia Wang
Published: November 2024

Peripheral nerve injury significantly impairs sensory and motor functions, leading to diminished quality of life. Traditional treatments like nerve suturing and grafting often have limited efficacy and require long recovery. Recent advances in electrical stimulation technology show promise in speeding nerve repair, but current devices usually require lengthy surgeries, risking secondary nerve injury from prolonged nerve exposure during electrode installation and removal. This study introduces a portable, absorbable electrical stimulation system (PAESS) that integrates a battery‐free, wirelessly powered flexible printed circuit board chip with a biodegradable organic electrode. PAESS enables multiple self‐administered nerve stimulation without the need for electrode installation or removal. Using animal models, its electrical performance, biocompatibility, and efficacy in nerve repair are evaluated. The findings indicate a considerable enhancement in the recovery of nerve function, as demonstrated by improved electrophysiological measurements, decreased muscle atrophy, and positive histological results. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that the PAESS initiates the nerve regeneration process. This research presents an innovative platform for electrical stimulation, laying the groundwork for exploring electrical parameters and their mechanisms. This may deepen understanding of nerve regeneration and foster innovation in therapies.
Regulation of the Charge Carrier Dynamics in Antimony Selenide Thin‐Film Solar Cells Based on the Effective Diffusion of Ions at the Heterojunction Interface
Authors: Zhang Tingyu , Yang Yusheng , Dong Junjie , Shen Bangzhi , Zhang Jinling , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Han , Lu Meiling , Jiang Sai , Qiu Jianhua , Li Lvzhou , Zhuang Huliang , Guo Huafei , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning
Published: November 2024

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is regarded as a next‐generation material for high‐efficiency photovoltaic applications due to its favorable bandgap, high absorption coefficient, carrier mobility, and stability. Nonetheless, cadmiun sulfide (CdS) has low short‐wavelength transmittance, which limits photon utilization, and the suboptimal band alignment in the CdS/Sb2Se3 heterojunction causes significant interface recombination. In this study, a simple lithium‐ion doping method is presented and report the dual enhancement effects of lithium ions on CdS and Sb2Se3 layers for the first time. Lithium ions improve the CdS layer by allowing for larger grain sizes, reduces roughness, and increase transmittance in the electron transport layer. At the same time, lightweight Li ions diffuse more easily through the interface into the Sb2Se3 layer, resulting in improved orientation, lower defect density, and a longer carrier lifetime. Furthermore, doping with Li ions changes the band alignment of the CdS/Sb2Se3 junction from a “cliff‐like” to a “spike‐like” configuration, improving carrier transport and reducing carrier recombination near the interface. Ultimately, due to the benefits of Li‐ion doping, the champion device obtained have a VOC of 0.462 V, a JSC of 30.86 mA cm−2, an FF of 65.46%, and an efficiency of 9.33%, representing a 15.8% increase over the undoped device.
Skin‐Like Soft Thermoelectric Composites with a “J‐Shaped” Stress–Strain Behavior for Self‐Powered Strain Sensing
Authors: Zhang Yichuan , Zhang Yajie , Deng Wenjiang , Li Qinglin , Guo Mingming , Chen Guangming
Published: November 2024

Polymer thermoelectric (TE) materials present a promising alternative to actuating low‐power wearable electronics without an additional power source, among which poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) is a promising candidate. However, it is too hard and brittle to integrate into wearables seamlessly and comfortably. Herein, PEDOT:PSS‐based TE composites with simultaneous softness and stretchability are fabricated by a water‐borne polyurethane (WPU) and PEDOT:PSS mixture containing the judiciously chosen ionic liquid (IL) and subsequent drop casting. The obtained composites show a stable TE voltage, high stretchability (>500%), ultra‐flexibility, and excellent sensitivity (gauge factor = 1251). More importantly, it exhibited “J‐shaped” stress–strain curves resembling human skins after a loading/releasing treatment. The skin‐like nonlinear elastic behavior combines enough softness in the “toe” region, high stretchability, and a strong strain hardening at the late deformation stage, enabling its seamless and comfortable integration with the human body. Given the desired mechanical performance and strain‐sensing capability, the composite is designed to serve as a self‐powered sensor with high sensitivity and accuracy, suggesting a high potential in human motion detection. This work demonstrates the versatility of the developed skin‐like PEDOT:PSS‐based composites in wearable electronics.
Optical Evidence of Charge Trapping at Lanthanide Codopants in SrAl2O4:Eu,Ln (Ln = Nd, Sm, Dy) Persistent Phosphors
Authors: Van der Heggen David , Joos Jonas J. , Smet Philippe F.
Published: November 2024

In this work, the absorption spectra of metastable Dy2+, Nd2+, and Sm2+  are identified in SrAl2O4:Eu,Ln persistent phosphors after excitation with blue light, thereby confirming that the persistent luminescence is indeed due to a charge transfer between the two lanthanide dopants. In contrast to previous studies relying on X‐ray absorption spectroscopy to observe charge transfers between dopants, here low‐energy light is exclusively employed to probe for changes in the absorption spectrum of the phosphor, thereby only minimally affecting the state of the phosphor. Optical bleaching in combination with thermoluminescence measurements allowed to assign which optically active trapping centers contribute to the afterglow of the persistent phosphors.
Efficient Desulfurizer Recycling during Spent Lead–Acid Batteries Paste Disposal by Zero‐Carbon Precursor Hypothermic Smelting
Authors: Li Fei , Zhu Neng‐Wu , Xi Yun‐Hao , Xiong Wu‐Wan , Ruan Ju‐Jun , Wei Xiao‐Rong , Guo An‐Qi , Chen Yi‐Jun , Wu Ping‐Xiao , Dang Zhi
Published: November 2024

Recycling of spent lead‐acid batteries (LABs) is extremely urgent in view of environmental protection and resources reuse. The current challenge is to reduce high consumption of chemical reagents. Herein, a closed‐loop spent LABs paste (SLBP) recovery strategy is demonstrated through Na2MoO4 consumption‐regeneration‐reuse. Experimental and DFT calculations verify that MoO42− competes Pb/Ca ions and weakens the metal‐oxygen bond of PbSO4/CaSO4.2H2O in SLBP, facilitating PbMoO4/CaMoO4 formation and 99.13 wt% of SO42− elimination. Pb of 99.97 wt% is obtained as zero‐carbon precursors (PbO2 and PbMoO4) by green leaching coupled with re‐crystallization. The regeneration of Na2MoO4 is realized at 600 ℃ using LABs polypropylene shells and NaOH as reagents. Compared with the traditional smelting technologies, the temperature is reduced from ＞1000 to 600 °C. The extraction of Na2MoO4 require only water, and satisfactory re‐used desulfurization efficiency (98.67 wt%) is achieved. For the residual Na2MoO4 after first SLBP desulfurization, the desulfurization efficiency remains above 97.36 wt% after adding fresh reagents for two running cycles. The new principle enables the reuse of 99.83 wt% of Na2MoO4 and the recycling of 95.27 wt% of Pb without generating wastewater and slags. The techno‐economic analysis indicates this strategy is efficient, economical, and environmentally‐friendly.
Unlocking the Full Redox Capability of Organic Charge‐Transfer Complex in High‐Loading Electrodes for Organic Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Lee Sechan , Kim Jihyeon , Hong Jihyun , Kang Kisuk
Published: November 2024

Organic charge‐transfer complex (OCTC) comprising redox‐active donor and acceptor molecules is a promising electrode material group, potentially resolving issues of low power and inferior cycle stability of organic electrodes in rechargeable batteries. Strong intermolecular interactions in OCTC such as π–π interaction and hydrogen bonding enable high electronic conductivity and suppress solubility to solvents. However, full redox activities of OCTC have not been achieved yet despite the inherent redox capabilities of respective donor and acceptor molecules. Here, it is revealed that the limited redox activities of OCTC stem from electrolyte‐incorporated complex formation, which weakens the characteristic intermolecular interactions, thereby hindering the redox reaction, particularly in Li‐based electrolytes. It is further shown that tailoring electrolyte types, specifically using Zn‐aqueous electrolytes, can substantially mitigate the complex formation and unlock the four‐electron redox activity of OCTC (phenazine (PNZ)‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), that is, PNZ–TCNQ), with superior cycle stability retaining 88% of maximum capacity over 100 cycles. Surprisingly, the full redox reaction achieves an unprecedentedly high electrode‐level energy density, delivering ≈10 mAh cm−2 of areal capacity (580 µm‐thick electrodes) in Zn‐aqueous batteries. The findings elucidate the complex interplay between organic electrodes and electrolytes in the charge storage mechanism, highlighting the importance of electrolyte design in developing organic electrode materials.
Ring Defects Associated with Boron–Oxygen‐Related Degradation in p‐Type Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Vicari Stefani Bruno , Kim Moonyong , Wright Matthew , Soeriyadi Anastasia , Nyapshaev Ilya , Emtsev Konstantin , Hallam Brett
Published: November 2024

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) cell architectures, which have dominated silicon single‐junction efficiency records for the past 10 years, are processed at relatively low temperatures, on the order of ≈250 °C. Recombination‐active oxygen complexes in crystalline silicon, formed from interstitial oxygen (Oi), typically require temperatures higher than this to form. Therefore, it is typically assumed that SHJ cells are immune to such defects. This contrasts with the high‐temperature passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) and tunneling oxide passivating contact (TOPCon) architectures, which can suffer from oxygen precipitates that are recombination active and difficult to predict. Herein, ring‐like defects are observed in boron‐doped p‐type SHJ solar cells, which leads to a degradation of open‐circuit voltage. It is shown that the spatial variation of this recombination activity is related to the boron–oxygen defect, the variation of which is likely due to the radial Oi distribution. Although boron‐doped p‐type wafers are no longer the industry standard, the defect engineering of wafers for SHJ production, using high‐temperature processing, is gaining significant interest. Such wafers can have an increased susceptibility to ring‐like defects. Therefore, spatially inhomogeneous defects causing recombination may become increasingly relevant for SHJ cells.
Effects of opening a vertical care area on emergency medicine resident clinical experience
Authors: Tsyrulnik Alina , Rothenberg Craig , Sun Wendy W. , Venkatesh Arjun , Coughlin Ryan F. , Goldflam Katja , Sangal Rohit B.
Published: November 2024

Background

Challenging clinical environments faced by emergency departments (EDs) have led to operational changes including implementation of vertical care units and fast‐track units. Little is known regarding the impact of such units on resident physician clinical education.

Methods

A retrospective, observational study was performed at an urban quaternary care ED evaluating the effect of opening a vertical care unit with a triage physician directing lower acuity patients to be seen by physician associates (PAs)/advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) on the following parameters: (1) percentage of patients seen by residents, (2) Emergency Severity Index (ESI) of patients seen by residents, (3) number of procedures performed by residents, (4) number of patients per shift seen by residents, (5) percentage of critical care patients seen by residents, and (6) percentage of behavioral health patients seen by residents.

Results

Comparing the implementation of the vertical care unit to the prior 3 months, postgraduate year (PGY)‐1 residents had greater exposure to ESI Levels 1 and 2 (odds ratio [OR] 2.15) and more critical care (OR 2.58). PGY‐2 and PGY‐3 residents had a lower exposure to ESI 1 and 2 patients (PGY‐2 OR 0.63, PGY‐3 OR 0.61) and less critical care exposure (OR 0.64 for PGY‐2 and OR 0.62 for PGY‐3) after implementation. PGY‐1 residents saw fewer behavioral health patients (OR 0.65) while the other two classes saw more (PGY‐2 OR 1.64, PGY‐3 OR 2.74). ESI 4 and 5 exposure decreased for all classes (PGY‐1 OR 0.15, PGY‐2 OR 0.86, PGY‐3 OR 0.72). No significant difference was found in the proportion of patients treated by residents (p = 0.85) or the number of procedures performed by residents (p = 0.25) comparing the implementation of a vertical care unit to the prior 3 months.

Conclusions

This study suggests no detrimental effects of vertical care unit implementation on multiple resident education outcomes including the number and acuity level of patients seen as well as procedure numbers of resident trainees. While the outcomes measured did not show significant negative effect for the resident compliment as a whole, we noted changes to the distribution of patient acuity based on PGY level. Similar assessments are recommended to determine the educational impact of comparable operational changes in other EDs.
Quantitative Analysis of the Carpal Tunnel and Its Inner Structures in Primates
Authors: Rodríguez Patrícia , Casado Aroa , Ciurana Neus , García Marcel , Pastor Francisco , Potau Josep Maria
Published: November 2024

To explore the anatomical factors potentially involved in the high incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in humans, we have quantified the anatomical variations of the carpal tunnel and its inner structures in humans, non‐hominoid primates (monkeys), and hominoid primates (apes). In specimens of six humans, eight monkeys, and three apes, we assessed the size of the carpal tunnel, the tendons of the digit flexor muscles, and the median nerve. We compared the size of the carpal tunnel normalized by the wrist size, and the size of the median nerve and the tendons of the digit flexors normalized by the size of the carpal tunnel. Differences between humans and monkeys were calculated using the T test or Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate. Data on the apes were not included in the statistical analyses due to the small sample size. The normalized size of the carpal tunnel was similar in all specimens. The normalized size of the tendons of the digit flexors was smaller in humans, while that of the median nerve was significantly larger. The median nerve was also larger in apes than in monkeys. The relatively larger median nerve observed in humans could suggest a greater vulnerability of the nerve to compression, which could predispose humans to carpal tunnel syndrome. However, the tendons of the digit flexor muscles were smaller in humans, and moreover, the proportional size of the median nerve was similar in apes, leading us to suggest that the factors predisposing humans to carpal tunnel syndrome must be sought beyond anatomical features and may be more closely related to functional or personal parameters.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by Copper‐Catalyzed C(sp2)–H Functionalization of Arenes with Vinyl Cations
Authors: Weng Chen‐Yong , Liu Li‐Gao , Sun Miao , Lu Xin , Hong Xin , Ye Long‐Wu , Zhou Bo
Published: November 2024

Axially chiral tetrasubstituted alkenes are of increasing value and interest in chemistry‐related areas. However, their catalytic asymmetric synthesis remains elusive, owing to the high steric repulsion and relatively low conformational stability. Herein, we disclose the straightforward construction of atropisomeric tetrasubstituted alkenes by effective enantiocontrol in a reaction with vinyl cation intermediates. This copper‐catalyzed enantioselective C(sp2)‐H functionalization of sterically hindered (hetero)arenes with vinyl cations enables the efficient and atom‐economical preparation of axially chiral acyclic tetrasubstituted styrenes and pyrrolyl ethylenes with high atroposelectivities. Importantly, this reaction represents the first example of the assembly of axially chiral alkenes via vinyl cations. Computational mechanistic studies reveal the reaction mechanism, origin of regioselectivity, Z/E selectivity and enantioselectivity. The synthetic utility has been demonstrated by diverse product derivatizations, chiral organocatalyst synthesis, as well as further applications in asymmetric catalysis.
Predictive control of interconnected fractional‐order systems with communication delays: An application for load frequency control of power system
Authors: Mohammadikia Reza , Tavakoli‐Kakhki Mahsan
Published: November 2024

This research focuses on constrained model predictive control (CMPC) problem for interconnected fractional‐order systems (IFOS). Communication delays and imposed disturbances are considered in the design procedure of the control system. The dynamic equations of the IFOS are reformulated to handle the interaction delays and to obtain a model for the overall system. Then, a constrained model predictive controller is designed for the input and output (I/O) oriented model of the IFOS. To solve this control problem, a quadratic programming algorithm is utilized to obtain the optimal solution. Since most of the power systems exhibit an interconnected structure and consist of several subsystems, this study considers the load frequency control (LFC) problem for an interconnected fractional‐order power system in the presence of communication delays to evaluate the proposed technique. Numerical simulations are provided for two different cases, and the results are reported.
A Validated Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Methylophiopogonanone A in Rat Plasma and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study
Authors: Xie Tiantian , Hao Yanling , Xie Yanzheng
Published: November 2024

Methylophiopogonanone A (MOA) is one of the homoisoflavonoids isolated from Ophiopogon japonicus, which has been demonstrated to have extensive pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of MOA in rat plasma. Methylophiopogonanone B (MOB) was used as internal standard. After precipitation with acetonitrile, the samples were separated using a Waters ACQUITY HSS T3 column with 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Mass detection was monitored using multiple reactions monitoring mode with precursor‐to‐product ion transition of m/z 343.2 > 135.1 for MOA and m/z 329.2 > 121.1 for internal standard. The assay showed good linearity over the concentration range of 1–1000 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient > 0.997. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1 ng/mL. Acetonitrile‐mediated precipitation showed high extraction efficiency (> 80%). The accuracy and precision were within the acceptable limits. MOA was demonstrated to be stable in rat plasma under the tested storage conditions. After validation, the proposed method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of MOA in rat plasma, and the data revealed that MOA showed rapid absorption and elimination from rat plasma. The oral bioavailability of MOA in rat was 24.5%.
The Political Glass Cliff: When Ethnic, Racial and Immigration Minority Participants Choose Minority Candidates for Hard‐To‐Win Seats
Authors: Aelenei Cristina , Assilaméhou‐Kunz Yvette , Iacoviello Vincenzo , Kulich Clara
Published: November 2024

Atypical political candidates, such as those from ethnic, racial and immigration (ERI) minorities (vs. majority), are more likely to be chosen for hard‐to‐win seats than easy‐to‐win seats, a phenomenon known as the political glass cliff. This research aimed to uncover how the ERI status of decision makers played a role in this process. We hypothesised the emergence of a glass cliff pattern, that is, the preference for an ERI minority candidate over an ERI majority candidate for a hard‐to‐win seat, particularly among ERI minority participants, which are likely to perceive greater electoral potential in the ERI minority candidate compared to majority participants. Across two scenario‐based experiments (Study 1: N = 264; Study 2: N = 375), ERI minority and majority participants played the role of political party leaders and made decisions regarding candidate nominations either in easy‐to‐win or in hard‐to‐win electoral districts. In Study 1, ERI minority participants, but not ERI majority participants, were more likely to choose an ERI minority (vs. majority) candidate for hard‐to‐win seats. Moreover, ERI minority participants made stronger attributions of change potential, competence and communion to ERI minority (vs. majority) candidates, suggesting that intra‐minority solidarity could play a role in their choice. Although this result did not replicate in Study 2, exploratory analyses revealed a consistent glass cliff pattern among ERI minority men in both studies. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content, and Volatile Component Profiles of Propolis From Eight Turkish Regions
Authors: Baştürk Ayhan , Yavaş Berfin
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the volatile component profiles and antioxidant activities of propolis samples collected from eight regions of Türkiye. The total phenolic content of propolis samples was found to vary between 5333 and 36967 mg GAE/100 g. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of the samples varied from 10.9% to 92.2%, while 2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging activity varied from 193.8 to 1026.0 µmol Trolox/g. Six of the eight samples exhibited higher antioxidant activities than butylated hydroxytoluene. The predominant volatile components identified in the majority of the propolis samples were α‐pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate, caryophyllene, α‐humulene, δ‐cadinene, isopentyl acetate, acetic acid, nonanal, m‐cymene, and pinocarvone. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analyses were applied to the GC–MS data to investigate the trends and clustering in the propolis samples. The propolis samples were divided into four groups using cluster analysis. In the PCA, the first two factors represented 56.39% of the variance. These findings revealed that Turkish propolis has significant antioxidant properties and also contains important volatile compounds. Consequently, Turkish propolis could be considered a potential candidate for incorporation into pharmaceutical and food products.
Terphenyl‐Ge as μ2‐Ge‐bis(hexahapto‐Trip) Bridging Ligand to Form a New Transition Metal‐Only Chelating Lewis Base
Authors: Manegold Johanna , Ebisch Adrian , Eichele Klaus , Schubert Hartmut , Wesemann Lars
Published: November 2024

Terphenylgermanium Ar*Ge [Ar*=C6H3(2,6‐Trip)2, Trip=2,4,6‐C6H2iPr3] was found to act as a novel μ2‐Ge‐bis(hexahapto‐Trip) bridging ligand. Deprotonated terphenyl germanium trihydride [Li(thf)3][Ar*GeH2] (1) undergoes reductive elimination and transfer of hydrogen in reaction with dimeric [(COD)RhCl]2 to yield the dinuclear complex [Ar*GeRh(COE)RhCl(COD)] (2). Subsequent chloride abstraction from compound 2 using Na[BArF4] or Li[Al(OtBuF)4] results in the cationic complexes [Ar*GeRh(COE)Rh(COD)][WCA] (3) {WCA: [BArF4]− (ArF=C6H3–3,5‐(CF3)2), [Al(OtBuF)4]−}. Ligand exchange of olefin for CO yields the carbonyl complex [Ar*Ge(Rh(CO))2][BArF4] (4). In an alternative approach to the synthesis of carbonyl complex 4, [Li(thf)3][Ar*GeH2] (1) was treated with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 leading to the isolation of a hexanuclear rhodium cluster [(μ3‐Ar*Ge)2{Rh(CO)2}6(μ3‐H)2] (5) in reasonable yield. In reactions with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 or [Ph3PAuCl] complex 4 abstracts the chloride ligand and forms tetranuclear complexes featuring a GeRh3‐ or GeRh2Au‐rectangle, [Ar*GeCl(Rh3(CO)4)][BArF4] (6), or [Ar*GeCl{Rh2(CO)2}(AuPPh3)][BArF4] (7).
Efficient removal of tebuconazole from wastewater by zinc‐modified passion fruit peels: Adsorption behaviour and mechanism
Authors: Song Rui , Fei Yijue , Meng Zilin , Liu Binbin , Wang Baolong , Li Cong , Gao Haixiang , Lu Runhua , Zhou Wenfeng
Published: November 2024

In this research, an effective adsorbent, ZnCl2‐modified biochar (Zn‐PFPB), was prepared from unprocessed passion fruit peel (PFP) for the removal of tebuconazole (TE) from wastewater. The synthesized Zn‐PFPB was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption curves, and point of zero charge, which suggested that Zn‐PFPB had an amorphous structure and high porosity. Optimal TE removal occurred at pH 2 with an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g L−1. The kinetics of the adsorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order model while the isotherm model used was the Langmuir model, suggesting monolayer chemisorption. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 201.32 mg g−1 for TE. The adsorption mechanisms were pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π‐π interactions, and surface complexation. Importantly, Zn‐PFPB maintained removal efficiency of more than 65% over a broad pH range (2–10), which can be considered as a promising candidate for practical applications. The regeneration rate of Zn‐PFPB was determined to be 70% after the third cycle when using 1 mol L−1 NaOH. The cost analysis showed a fabrication cost of $5.093/kg for Zn‐PFPB. Batch mode scale‐up design showed that 18 g of Zn‐PFPB can remove 95% TE from 50 L of wastewater containing 50 mg L−1 TE. This work proposes a new, economical, and eco‐friendly way of managing agricultural waste in wastewater treatment and soil management.
On the stability of Runge–Kutta methods for arbitrarily large systems of ODEs
Authors: Tadmor Eitan
Published: November 2024

We prove that Runge–Kutta (RK) methods for numerical integration of arbitrarily large systems of Ordinary Differential Equations are linearly stable. Standard stability arguments—based on spectral analysis, resolvent condition or strong stability, fail to secure the stability of RK methods for arbitrarily large systems. We explain the failure of different approaches, offer a new stability theory based on the numerical range of the underlying large matrices involved in such systems, and demonstrate its application with concrete examples of RK stability for hyperbolic methods of lines.