bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sub-pico-second chirped optical solitons in birefringent fibers for space--time fractional Kaup-Newell equation
Authors: Al-Ghafri Khalil , Anjan Biswas Dr. , Yıldırım Yakup
Published: January 2025

The present work is devoted to investigate the chirped bright and dark optical solitons of fractional Kaup-Newell equation (KNE) in birefringent fibers. The study is carried out analytically by the traveling wave hypothesis with the conformable derivative which reduces the governing model to an ordinary differential equation (ODE). The obtained equation is handled with the aid of an exotic integration scheme that utilizes the Jacobi elliptic equation in the form of a first-order nonlinear ODE with three-degree terms. Taking the modulus of Jacobi elliptic function to unity, distinct types of bright and dark optical solitons are derived with their corresponding chirping. The fractional order derivative is noted to have a significant influence on the pulse propagation. Additionally, the nonlinearity amount causes also marked variations in the amplitude and width of solitons. The modulation instability of the KNE is reported by implementing the linear stability analysis which confirms that all solutions are stable. The revealed results can be capitalized in improving the relevant physical and engineering applications in the field of birefringent fiber.
Elevating Clinical Informatics: Dynamic Resident Training to Enhance Subspecialty Appeal
Authors: Mrosak Justine , Jelinek Ryan , Pandita Deepti
Published: January 2025

Objective This study aimed to bridge the educational gap in clinical informatics (CI) at the residency level and stimulate interest in CI as a rewarding career path.

Methods We developed an innovative CI and quality improvement (QI) resident rotation. This rotation replaced traditional QI blocks for Internal Medicine and several other residency programs, offering comprehensive exposure to core informatics and QI principles. The curriculum featured prerecorded didactics, hands-on projects, department meetings, and an optional EPIC SmartUser program. Resident participation and feedback were evaluated through postrotation surveys.

Results Since its inception on July 1, 2022, 57 residents have completed the rotation, with a majority rating their experience favorably. Residents also valued the educational course content and expressed an increased likelihood of integrating informatics into their future careers.

Conclusion The rotation has successfully integrated into existing multiple residency programs, demonstrating an effective model for delivering informatics education. Initial outcomes show enhanced resident engagement and competency in CI, promising a progressive impact on the future physician workforce. Continued expansion and evaluation of this rotation are expected to further encourage formal CI training and career interest.
Beschreibung der Charakteristika invasiv beatmeter pflegebedürftiger
Patient*innen in Bayern anhand der Nutzung von Routinedaten des MD
Bayern
Authors: Brandstetter Lilly Sophia , Schutzmeier Martha , Grau Anna , Ahnert Jutta , Klingshirn Hanna , Reuschenbach Bernd , Kippnich Maximilian , Skazel Tobias , Wurmb Thomas , Lehmann Katja , Heuschmann Peter U , Haas Kirsten
Published: January 2025

Die Patient*innenzahl in invasiver häuslicher
Beatmungspflege (IV-HBP) in Deutschland nimmt stark zu. Derzeit gibt es nur
wenige Daten zu den Charakteristika dieser Patient*innen. Ziel der
vorliegenden Studie ist es, IV-HBP-Patient*innen aus Routinedaten des
Medizinischen Dienstes (MD) zu selektieren und deren Versorgungssituation zu
beschreiben.

Die Routinedaten stammen aus Begutachtungen zur
Feststellung der Pflegebedürftigkeit des MD in Bayern (Jahre 2017–2020).
IV-HBP-Patient*innen wurden mittels spezifischer Filtervariablen aus den
Routinedaten selektiert und hinsichtlich soziodemografischer Merkmale,
Diagnose, Mobilität, therapeutischer Maßnahmen und Pflegegrad
analysiert.

Der Datensatz umfasste 536 erwachsene
IV-HBP-Patient*innen (34,5% weiblich, Alter Median 68, IQR 58–75). 13,1%
lebten in Pflegeheimen (PH), 22,2 in häuslicher Pflege (HP) und 64,2% in
Wohngemeinschaften (WGs). Zwischen 2017 bis 2020 stieg der prozentuale
Anteil in WGs lebender Patient*innen kontinuierlich an. Die Wohnformen
unterschieden sich in der Häufigkeit von durchgeführter Physiotherapie (PH
91,4%; HP 76,5%; WGs 90,4%; p<0,001) und Ergotherapie (PH 47,1%, HP
58,8%, WGs 69,8%, p<0,001). 69,4% der IV-HBP-Patient*innen wurden in
Pflegegrad 4–5 eingestuft.

IV-HBP-Patient*innen konnten aus den
MD-Routinedaten selektiert und genutzt werden, um deren Versorgungssituation
zu beschreiben. Um eine regelmäßige Beobachtung der Versorgungssituation zu
ermöglichen, wäre eine genauere Erfassung der IV-HBP in MD-Daten
wünschenswert.
Fragment-Based Drug Discovery of KIF11 Inhibitors for Glioblastoma
Treatment: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Naseer Qais Ahmad , Xuexian Cao , Yimai Deng , Khan Muhammad Ajmal , Chen Shengxia
Published: January 2025

Graphical Abstract

Fragment based novel drug identification and its validation through use of
molecular dynamics and simulations.
Overview of selected completed prospective studies on PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Karimzadeh Amir , Lehnert Wencke , Koehler Daniel , Shenas Farzad , Kisters Anna , Apostolova Ivayla , Klutmann Susanne , Adam Gerhard , Sauer Markus
Published: January 2025

Theranostics in nuclear oncology combines diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using radiotracers to target tumor cells. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a key target in metastatic prostate cancer, and the radioligand [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, which binds to PSMA, has shown promising results in treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), leading to its approval by the European Medicines Agency in 2022.

In this narrative review, the current evidence of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in mCRPC was discussed in the context of selected studies and the joint EANM/SNMMI guidelines for Lutetium-177-labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy.

The use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 for post-chemotherapy mCRPC is supported by substantial evidence from the phase II TheraP and the phase III VISION trials, demonstrating its safety and efficacy. The theranostic approach identifies patients likely to benefit from [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, which is effective only in tumors with sufficient PSMA expression, as detected by PSMA-ligand PET/CT, which is also used for response assessment.

The success of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in post-chemotherapy mCRPC patients has led to further ongoing studies evaluating its use earlier in the treatment sequence, prior to chemotherapy. To ensure beneficial treatment outcome, adequate patient selection and evaluation of imaging-based response through PSMA-ligand PET/CT is necessary.
Thermal-Mediated Synthesis of Hydantoin Derivatives from Amino Acids via Carbodiimide Reagents
Authors: Albayrak Halaç Fatma , Meral Selin , Mart Mehmet , Altundas Ramazan , KARAKAYA İDRİS
Published: January 2025

We introduce an innovative methodology for synthesizing hydantoins from amino acids using readily available carbodiimides, emphasizing the crucial role of temperature in the reaction process. This approach presents significant advantages over conventional methods involving isocyanates, facilitating easier handling and minimizing associated risks. Our strategy not only allows for the efficient production of a diverse array of hydantoin derivatives but also adheres to environmentally sustainable practices. The optimized reaction conditions enhance efficiency, marking a significant advancement in the field of organic synthesis. This method presents significant advantages for industrial applications, as it is a heat-mediated process that does not require the use of any bases or catalysts. By eliminating the need for additional reagents, this approach simplifies the reaction conditions, reduces potential side reactions, and minimizes the overall environmental impact. Additionally, the absence of catalysts streamlines the purification process, making it more cost-effective and efficient for large-scale production.
Clinical Outcomes with High- versus Low-Dose Tranexamic Acid Infusion in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rangwala Hussain Sohail , Rangwala Burhanuddin Sohail , Alotaibi Moath , Siddiq Mohammad Arham , Qamber Amna , Zaidi Syeda Dua E. Zehra , Naveed Tooba , Naveed Hufsa , Azam Syed Talal , Hameed Ishaque
Published: January 2025

Objectives Antifibrinolytics, such as tranexamic acid (TXA), are widely used in cardiac surgery to reduce bleeding risks; however, the optimal dosage for TXA infusion remains a subject of debate. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-dose compared with low-dose TXA infusion in cardiac surgery patients.

Methods PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched until June 10, 2023, for studies assessing efficacy outcomes (e.g., blood loss, transfusions) and safety outcomes (e.g., mortality, complications).

Results Results were analyzed via random-effects model, using Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio (RR) and standard mean difference (SMD). P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. We analyzed 17 studies involving 93,206 participants (mean age 59.3 years, study duration 3 months to 10 years). Our analysis found significant reductions in total blood loss (SMD, −0.17 g; CI, −0.34 to −0.01; p = 0.04), 24-hour blood loss (SMD, −0.23 g; p = 0.005), and the need for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions (RR: 0.94; CI, 0.89 to 1.00; p = 0.05) with high-dose TXA. Chest tube output was also lower (SMD, −0.12 g; p = 0.0006), but postoperative seizures increased (RR: 2.23; CI, 1.70 to 2.93; p < 0.00001) with high-dose TXA. For other outcomes like blood transfusions, hospital/ICU stay, mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, renal dysfunction, and reoperation, no significant differences were found between high-dose and low-dose TXA regimens.

Conclusion Our study showed that high TXA dose effectively reduce postoperative bleeding, chest tube drainage, and the need for FFP transfusion, but it increases the risk of seizures. Increasing TXA dose did not affect thromboembolic events or mortality. This emphasizes the importance of weighing the benefits and risks when selecting the appropriate TXA regimen for each patient.
Variation of the electron density in YBa2Cu3O7 crystals with replacement of the Y3+ ion by Pr4+
Authors: Voloshin V. A. , Mikheenko P. N. , Babenko V. V. , But’ko V. G. , Reznik I. M. , Yuzhelevskiĭ Ya. I.
Published: January 2025

The electron density distributions of the unit cells of Y3+Ba2Cu3O7 and Pr4+Ba2Cu3O7 crystals are calculated and mapped. It is shown that the replacement of the Y3+ ion by Pr4+ strongly distorts the electron distribution in the vicinity of the CuO2 planes. It is hypothesized that the superconducting current flows in two-dimensional layers of minimum electron density.
Analysis of the distribution of charge states of atoms in high-temperature superconductors RBa2Cu3Ox
Authors: Gusakov V. E.
Published: January 2025

The distribution of charge states of all atoms in the unit cell of RBa2Cu3Ox; x = 6,7 (R = Yb, Er, Ho, Y, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd, Pr) is determined on the basis of a comparison of the theoretically calculated electric field gradient tensor and existing experimental data. The variation of the charge states of the atoms as a function of the ionic radius is analyzed.
Special characteristics of the band spectrum of cuprate high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Medvedev M. D.
Published: January 2025

It is demonstrated that a high density of one-electron states can exist at the Fermi level of the quasi-two-dimensional band spectrum of cuprate high-Tc superconductors in the case of weak or nonexistent Coulomb correlations between band electrons.
Formation of two superconducting phases in yttrium–barium cuprates as the deviation from oxygen stoichiometry is varied
Authors: Saĭko A. P. , Gusakov V. E.
Published: January 2025

It is shown that the existence of two superconducting phases in the compound YBa2Cu3O7–δ is attributable to the fact that the dominant contributions to BCS pairing comes from two different branches of the effective vibration frequency of apical O(4) atoms, which form a bistable sublattice, as δ is varied. The concentration intervals in which these phases exist is estimated from percolation theory.
Long-time asymptotic form of the autocorrelation function for the molecular velocity of a liquid with nonanalytic viscosity dispersion
Authors: Zatovskiĭ A. V. , Saĭko A. V.
Published: January 2025

The hydrodynamic asymptotic form of the autocorrelation function for the velocity of a molecule drifting in the field of thermal fluctuations together with its environment is investigated. Calculations are made for liquids solidifying at temperatures lower than the Debye temperature. In this case, the frequency dispersion of viscosity is nonanalytic. It is shown that the main asymptotic contribution to the autocorrelation function of the molecular velocity for such a liquid is proportional to t−5/4.
Optical response to superconducting transition: alternative criteria for infrared and visible frequency ranges
Authors: Fugol’ I. Ya. , Samovarov V. N. , Svishchev V. N. , Libin M. Yu.
Published: January 2025

Comparative optical measurements of the temperature dependence of the transmission of superconducting YBa2Cu3O6+x films are made in visible and infrared light fields. Two different electron-structural ortho-states (high- and low-temperature phases) are distinguished experimentally. These states determine different temperature dependences of the transmission in the visible and infrared regions and its sensitivity to Tc. The experimental data indicate the existence of two different mechanisms of pairing in these phases, which are responsible for the formation of a two-component superconducting condensate in YBa2 Cu3O6+x.
Nonlinear singularities in electron mobility in a 2D Wigner crystal over liquid helium
Authors: Sivokon’ V. E. , Dotsenko V. V. , Kovdrya Yu. Z. , Grigor’ev V. N.
Published: January 2025

The mobility of a 2D electron layer over liquid helium surface is measured in the disordered and crystalline states for electron concentrations 6·108 and 1.3·109 cm−2. Measurements are made in the temperature range 1.5–0.09 K at a frequency 1.3 MHz. Nonlinearities observed in the mobility in the Wigner crystal range in high leading fields are determined by the electron system geometry.
Some special features of magnetic field distribution in superconductors with interlayer pinning
Authors: Shaposhnikova T. S.
Published: January 2025

The commensurate phase of a vortex lattice in layered superconductors is considered. The distribution of the magnetic field created by the vortex lattice in a superconductor is determined by using the London model. The density of the field distribution in a unit cell of the vortex lattice is obtained, and changes in the distribution density in a slowly varying field are analyzed. The possibility of investigating the vortex lattice by the muon scattering (μ+SR) and the magnetic resonance method is considered.
The influence of adsorbed helium on tunneling in mechanically controllable break junctions
Authors: Shklyarevskiĭ O. I. , Keijsers R. J. P. , Voets J. , Van Kempen H.
Published: January 2025

Strong deviation of the dependence of the tunnel current It on the separation s between electrodes in mechanically controllable break junctions from the exponential dependence is observed at low temperatures in gaseous 3He and 4He and in liquid 4He for various materials (Ag, Al, Au, Pb, Pt, and PtIr). The observed behavior of It(s) is associated with a decrease in the local density of electron states (LDES) in a metal due to physical absorption of helium as a result of electron polarization from the Fermi level by the 1s orbital of the He atom. This slows down the increase in the tunnel current as the “bare” tip is brought closer to the “sample.” A further decrease in s is accompanied by expelling of helium from the tunneling space and with a steep increase in It as a result of rapid restoration of the LDES. The lowering of temperature to 1.2 K in 4He gives rise to two-level fluctuations of the tunnel resistance due to spontaneous transition of the helium atom between the electrodes and to a new type of fluctuations associated with surface diffusion of helium atoms. These two effects are not observed in the normal phase of 4He or 3He. Possible reasons behind the drastic increase in the mobility of physadsorbed atoms with decreasing T are considered.
Electron focussing in layered conductors
Authors: Kolesnichenko Yu. A. , Grishaev V. I. , Bedassa Tesgera
Published: January 2025

Electron focussing (EF) effects in a layered metal with a Fermi surface in the form of a weakly corrugated cylinder are analyzed theoretically. Singularities in the magnetic field dependence of the signal on the measuring contact which are not observed for isotropic conductors are predicted. It is shown that the shape of longitudinal and transverse EF lines is extremely sensitive to the relation between the point contact diameter and the small size of the electron trajectory in a direction perpendicular to the layers.
Phase states in mixed K1–x(NH4)xH2PO4 crystals. Analysis of temperature variation of “soft” overdamped mode of B2 symmetry
Authors: Popkov Yu. A. , Van’kevich A. V.
Published: January 2025

Raman scattering spectra of the “soft” overdamped mode of B2 symmetry have been investigated in mixed K1–x(NH4)xH2PO4 crystals. The spectra are processed by using the models of a damping harmonic oscillator (DHO) and a Debye relaxator. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the frequency and half-width of this oscillation leads to the conclusion that the proton subsystem is ordered both when the system goes over to the ordered (ferroelectric and antiferroelectric state) for x ⩽ 0.20 and x ⩾ 0.72, and when it undergoes a transition to the disordered structure-glass state for 0.20 ⩽ x ⩽0.72. The determined values of temperature corresponding to proton subsystem ordering coincide for the glass state with the values of Tg determined in dielectric measurements. An anomalous growth of the decay constant is detected in the DHO model at the temperatures Tm corresponding to the onset of glass formation (which are approximately 50 K higher than Tg). It is proposed that the temperature Tm is associated with the freezing of ammonium ions at the sites where they replace potassium ions.
Low-temperature singularities of elastic moduli of layered TIInS2 crystal
Authors: Gadzhiev B. R. , Seidov Mir-Gasan Yu. , Abdurakhmanov V. R.
Published: January 2025

A model of phase transition is constructed for layered crystals of the TlInS2 type. The temperature dependence of the elastic moduli tensor is obtained for various phases. Theoretical results are compared with experimental data obtained in the vicinity of the sequence of high-symmetry–incommensurable I–incommensurable II–commensurable phase transitions in TlInS2 crystals.
Structural features of liquid DMSO from temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations
Authors: Shen Hongyuan , Chen Ning , You Ao , Yu Yuanqin , Zhou Xiaoguo , Zhang Rui , Liu Shilin
Published: January 2025

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) plays an important role in chemistry, biology and industry. The S=O stretching vibration serves as a sensitive probe of its structure under different chemical environments. However, spectral assignment for the S=O stretching vibration of liquid DMSO remains unclear due to the interference of CH3 antisymmetric rocking and different aggregates, leading to the confusion in explaining the microstructures of liquid DMSO. Here, the S=O stretching spectra in pure DMSO and in extremely diluted CCl4 solution were investigated with temperaturedependent Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that CH3 antisymmetric rocking does not significantly interfere with the S=O band profile due to its low Raman intensity. Three decomposed peaks at 1027, 1042 and 1055 cm−1 in liquid DMSO show obviously different intensity variety upon the temperature increasing. Combined with quantum chemistry calculation on (DMSO)n (n=1–4) clusters, Raman spectra in the S=O stretching region were assigned and the simultaneous presence of the monomer, dimer and trimmer in liquid DMSO were concluded. These results contribute to a more detailed molecular understanding of the structure of DMSO in the liquid state.
On the abstract Cauchy problem for evolution equations in a complete random normed module
Authors: Zhang Xia , Liu Ming
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we first study the abstract Cauchy problem for evolution equations in a complete random normed module, and further some basic results of the abstract Cauchy problem derived from an almost surely locally bounded C0–semigroup and its infinitesimal generator are presented. Meantime, the example also exhibits the necessity of the almost surely local boundedness for such a C0–semigroup. Then, based on the above work, a characterization for an evolution equation in a complete random normed module to be well-posed is established, which improves and generalizes some known results.
Algebraic properties of real Gromov-Witten invariants
Authors: Georgieva Penka , Zinger Aleksey
Published: January 2025

We describe properties of the previously constructed all-genus real Gromov-Witten theory in the style of Kontsevich-Manin’s axioms and other classical equations and reconstruction results of complex Gromov-Witten theory.
Whispering-gallery mode sensor based on coupling of tapered two-mode fiber and glass capillary
Authors: Deng Longfeng , Jiang Chao , Guo Xiaoshan , Sun Simei , Huang Huiling , Cao Tingshui
Published: January 2025

A novel whispering-gallery mode (WGM) sensor is fabricated by coupling a tapered two-mode fiber and a glass capillary. By utilizing the relatively large orifice of glass capillaries, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and magnetic fluid are directly injected into two WGM structured glass capillaries, respectively, allowing these materials to substantially interact with the light field of the WGM, thereby achieving temperature, pressure, and magnetic field measurements. λ1 and λ2 are the two resonant peak wavelengths of the WGM after injecting PDMS into a glass capillary. λ3 is the resonant peak wavelength of the WGM after injecting the magnetic fluid into the glass capillary. The experiments found that λ1 and λ2 exhibit high sensitivity to temperature and air pressure, and λ3 is sensitive to magnetic field. The temperature and air pressure sensitivities of λ1 are −624 pm/°C and −7.04 nm/MPa, respectively. The temperature and air pressure sensitivities of λ2 are −964 pm/°C and −15.08 nm/MPa, respectively. The magnetic field sensitivity of λ3 is 107 pm/mT in the range of 9.45–62.91 mT. The proposed sensors have the advantages of low cost, simple fabrication, and high sensitivity, and they can be applied to temperature, gas pressure, and magnetic field measurements.
A new centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder apparatus
Authors: Jia Muhua , Li Yinqi , Chen Yunmin , Yang Shufeng , Qiu Bingjing
Published: January 2025

Hypergravity high-temperature and high-pressure experiments are a powerful tool for studying geological processes over long periods. A new centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder apparatus has been developed for beam centrifuge. The unique design of this centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder apparatus is that the hydraulic system and the press are relatively independent. A maximum pressure of 31 kbar was reached, based on pressure calibrations using the melting curve of NaCl and the phase transition of quartz to coesite. The temperature distribution within the cell assembly was investigated by two thermocouples over a temperature range of 500–1300 °C. The hypergravity experiments were successfully carried out up to 120 g over the pressure and temperature ranges of 5–30 kbar and 500–1300 °C, respectively. The centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder technique has been successfully applied to measure the viscosity of silicate melt, and it also can be applied to reproduce the geological evolution of the deep Earth.
Adaptive evolutionary trajectories in complexity: Transitions between unicellularity and facultative differentiated multicellularity
Authors: Isaksson Hanna , Lind Peter , Libby Eric
Published: January 2025

Multicellularity spans a wide gamut in terms of complexity, from simple clonal clusters of cells to large-scale organisms composed of differentiated cells and tissues. While recent experiments have demonstrated that simple forms of multicellularity can readily evolve in response to different selective pressures, it is unknown if continued exposure to those same selective pressures will result in the evolution of increased multicellular complexity. We use mathematical models to consider the adaptive trajectories of unicellular organisms exposed to periodic bouts of abiotic stress, such as drought or antibiotics. Populations can improve survival in response to the stress by evolving multicellularity or cell differentiation—or both; however, these responses have associated costs when the stress is absent. We define a parameter space of fitness-relevant traits and identify where multicellularity, differentiation, or their combination is fittest. We then study the effects of adaptation by allowing populations to fix mutations that improve their fitness. We find that while the same mutation can be beneficial to populations of different complexity, e.g., strict unicellularity or life cycles with stages of differentiated multicellularity, the magnitudes of their effects can differ and alter which is fittest. As a result, we observe adaptive trajectories that gain and lose complexity. We also show that the order of mutations, historical contingency, can cause some transitions to be permanent in the absence of neutral evolution. Ultimately, we find that continued exposure to a selective driver for multicellularity can either lead to increasing complexity or a return to unicellularity.
Itaconate mechanism of action and dissimilation in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Priya Manisha , Gupta Sonu Kumar , Koundal Anil , Kapoor Srajan , Tiwari Snigdha , Kidwai Saqib , Sorio de Carvalho Luiz Pedro , Thakur Krishan Gopal , Mahajan Dinesh , Sharma Deepak , Kumar Yashwant , Singh Ramandeep
Published: January 2025

Itaconate, an abundant metabolite produced by macrophages upon interferon-γ stimulation, possesses both antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. Despite its crucial role in immunity and antimicrobial control, its mechanism of action and dissimilation are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that infection of mice with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
increases itaconate levels in lung tissues. We also show that exposure to itaconate inhibits
M. tuberculosis
growth in vitro, in macrophages, and mice. We report that exposure to sodium itaconate (ITA) interferes with the central carbon metabolism of
M. tuberculosis
. In addition to the inhibition of isocitrate lyase (ICL), we demonstrate that itaconate inhibits aldolase and inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase in a concentration-dependent manner. Previous studies have shown that Rv2498c from
M. tuberculosis
is the bona fide (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase, but the remaining components of the pathway remain elusive. Here, we report that Rv2503c and Rv3272 possess itaconate:succinyl-CoA transferase activity, and Rv2499c and Rv3389c possess itaconyl-CoA hydratase activity. Relative to the parental and complemented strains, the ΔRv3389c strain of
M. tuberculosis
was attenuated for growth in itaconate-containing medium, in macrophages, mice, and guinea pigs. The attenuated phenotype of ΔRv3389c strain of
M. tuberculosis
is associated with a defect in the itaconate dissimilation and propionyl-CoA detoxification pathway. This study thus reveals that multiple metabolic enzymes are targeted by itaconate in
M. tuberculosis.
Furthermore, we have assigned the two remaining enzymes responsible for the degradation of itaconic acid into pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. Finally, we also demonstrate the importance of enzymes involved in the itaconate dissimilation pathway for
M. tuberculosis
pathogenesis.
Final report of CCQM-K96.2023: assay of potassium dichromate
Authors: Jo K , Oh M , Aparicio J L O , Sánchez G R , Borges P P , Sobral S P , Wu B , Zhou T , Zhang J , Hibino Y , Máriássy M , Hanková Z
Published: January 2025

Main text

The CCQM key comparison CCQM-K96.2023 is a repetition of the previous CCQM-K96 and CCQM-K96.1 key comparisons. This comparison was jointly organized by the CCQM Working Groups for Inorganic and Electrochemical Analysis (IAWG and EAWG) to evaluate the degree of equivalence of measuring the amount content of oxidants. The Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) served as the coordinating laboratory, with six national metrology institutes participating in the comparison. All participants employed constant-current coulometric titration for their analyses. The results from four of the six institutes were consistent, while those from two deviated from the others. Several potential causes of bias in the measurement results were investigated; however, the reason for the deviation was not clearly identified. Nevertheless, most participants who performed well in the earlier comparisons (CCQM-K96 and CCQM-K96.1) again demonstrated good agreement in this comparison.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Thorium ore dust research applicable to mineral sands industry workers
Authors: Hewson G S , Ralph M I , Cattani M
Published: January 2025

Historically, radiation exposure to mineral sands workers arose primarily from intake of thorium associated with monazite dust generated in mineral separation plants. Research investigations in the 1990s provided greater insight into the characteristics of inhaled thorium ore dust and bioassay studies inferred that some workers had accumulated significant lung burdens of thorium. Recent changes to biokinetic models have increased the radiation dose assessed to arise from thorium intake, raising questions on the appropriateness of current assumptions used in exposure assessment and feasibility of further bioassay research. Past radiation research undertaken in the Western Australian mineral sands industry is summarised and findings from contemporary research relevant to thorium ore dust exposure, thorium health effects and the associated assessment of internal radiation dose are reviewed and analysed. Radiation exposures in the industry have reduced substantially in the last two decades, however current workplace exposure measurement regimes may not reflect the actual intake of monazite-bearing dusts on an individual basis. Past research indicated that thorium associated with monazite dust is relatively insoluble and avidly retained in the lung. There is a paucity of published research on thorium retention and excretion by mine workers over the last 20 years, however significant advances have been made in the detection of thorium in biospecimens. Improvements in measurement technology should make periodic bioassay measurements feasible for selected long-term workers involved in the mining and processing of naturally occurring radioactive materials. Past worker dose estimates require re-evaluation following recent updates to biokinetic models and long-term follow up of the health of workers chronically exposed to thorium ore dusts is recommended.
Syn2Real: synthesis of CT image ring artifacts for deep learning-based correction
Authors: Hein Dennis , Holmin Staffan , Prochazka Vladimir , Yin Zhye , Danielsson Mats , Persson Mats , Wang Ge
Published: January 2025

Objective. We strive to overcome the challenges posed by ring artifacts in x-ray computed tomography (CT) by developing a novel approach for generating training data for deep learning-based methods. Training such networks require large, high quality, datasets that are often generated in the data domain, time-consuming and expensive. Our objective is to develop a technique for synthesizing realistic ring artifacts directly in the image domain, enabling scalable production of training data without relying on specific imaging system physics. Approach. We develop ‘Syn2Real,’ a computationally efficient pipeline that generates realistic ring artifacts directly in the image domain. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we train two versions of UNet, vanilla and a high capacity version with self-attention layers that we call UNetpp, with

ℓ
2

and perceptual losses, as well as a diffusion model, on energy-integrating CT images with and without these synthetic ring artifacts. Main Results. Despite being trained on conventional single-energy CT images, our models effectively correct ring artifacts across various monoenergetic images, at different energy levels and slice thicknesses, from a prototype photon-counting CT system. This generalizability validates the realism and versatility of our ring artifact generation process. Significance. Ring artifacts in x-ray CT pose a unique challenge to image quality and clinical utility. By focusing on data generation, our work provides a foundation for developing more robust and adaptable ring artifact correction methods for pre-clinical, clinical and other CT applications.
IPEM code of practice for proton therapy dosimetry based on the NPL primary standard proton calorimeter calibration service
Authors: Green Stuart , Lourenço Ana , Palmans Hugo , Lee Nigel , Amos Richard A , D'Souza Derek , Fiorini Francesca , Van den Heuvel Frank , Kacperek Andrzej , Mackay Ranald I , Pettingell John , Thomas Russell A S
Published: January 2025

Internationally, reference dosimetry for clinical proton beams largely follows the guidelines published by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA TRS-398 Rev. 1, 2024). This approach yields a relative standard uncertainty of 1.7% (k=1) on the absorbed dose to water determined under reference conditions. The new IPEM code of practice presented here, enables the relative standard uncertainty on the absorbed dose to water measured under reference conditions to be reduced to 1.0% (k=1). This improvement is based on the absorbed dose to water calibration service for proton beams provided by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the UK’s primary standards laboratory. This significantly reduced uncertainty is achieved through the use of a primary standard level graphite calorimeter to derive absorbed dose to water directly in the clinical department’s beam. This eliminates the need for beam quality correction factors (k_(Q,Q_0 )) as required by the IAEA TRS-398 approach. The portable primary standard level graphite calorimeter, developed over a number of years at the NPL, is sufficiently robust to be useable in the proton beams of clinical facilities both in the UK and overseas.The new code of practice involves performing reference dosimetry measurements directly traceable to the primary standard level graphite calorimeter in a clinical proton beam. Calibration of an ionisation chamber is performed in the centre of a standard test volume (STV) of dose, defined here to be a 10 x 10 x 10 cm volume in water, centred at a depth of 15 cm. Further STVs at reduced and increased depths are also utilised. The designated ionisation chambers are Roos-type plane-parallel chambers.This article provides all the necessary background material, formalism, and specifications of reference conditions required to implement reference dosimetry according to this new code of practice. The Annexes provide a detailed review of ion recombination and how this should be assessed (Annex A1) and detailed work instructions for creating and delivering the standard test volumes (Annex A2).
Parametric design studies of GATOR morphing fairings for folding wingtip joints
Authors: Mahid Nuhaadh Mohamed , Schenk Mark , Titurus Branislav , Woods Benjamin King Sutton
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the modelling of a morphing fairing designed to cover the joint on hinged commercial airliner wingtips, such as the semi-aeroelastic Hinge concept. The fairing is made from geometrically anisotropic thermoplastic rubber morphing skin panels, which are 3D-printed multi-material thermoplastic polyurethane sandwich panels combining flexible facesheets with zero Poisson’s ratio cellular cores to provide large extension capability alongside high out-of-plane stiffness. The morphing fairing is designed to cover the gaps in the hinge with a smooth and continuous surface while minimising added torsional stiffness and distortion of the aerofoil cross-section during wingtip rotation. In order to model the mechanical response of this structure at a reasonable computational cost, a homogenisation approach is proposed, wherein the elastic properties of the panel are homogenised to an equivalent shell stiffness matrix through detailed finite element studies on unit cells. These equivalent shell properties are then applied to the three-dimensional geometry of the wing to predict the global response of the fairing during wingtip rotation. This model is then used to parametrically study the effects of varying panel and fairing design parameters on the two design objectives of minimising torsional stiffness and cross-section distortion. The study indicates that cross-section distortion is best minimised by increasing the skin panel’s core thickness, with the other panel design variables having significantly less impact. In contrast, all design variables significantly affect torsional stiffness, with decreasing facesheet thickness and increasing core chevron wall length and chevron angle being particularly effective at reducing torque. The impact of pre-straining the skin panels is also studied, as is the use of additional internal ribs within the fairing, where both approaches reduce distortion at the cost of modestly higher torque. Together, these results clearly indicate the underlying design trends, useful ranges of design variables, and the strong competition between design objectives.
Manipulation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2
Authors: Yin Yanlong , Liu Minghe , Li Wei , Li Wan , Zou Mengting , Wu Si , Xia Weixing , Wang Baomin
Published: January 2025

The magnetic skyrmion in two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic materials offer a feasible and robust platform for future spintronic applications, thanks to their atomic-scale interface and stacking structure. Recently, a room temperature vdW ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2 (FGT) has been discovered, in which skyrmion lattice can be generated. In this work, we studied the evolution of stripe domains in FGT nanoflake at different temperatures and magnetic fields, confirming the Néel-type skyrmion through Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. We systematically explored the dependence of the size, density and stability of skyrmion on the thickness, temperature and magnetic field of the FGT nanoflake. This work provides a variety of experimental evidence to shed light on the potential application of two-dimensional vdW FGT for future spintronic devices.
Evolution dynamics of fundamental mechanisms of wave propagation in gas bubble-liquid interactions and soliton solutions
Authors: Duran Serbay , Yokus Asıf , Kaya Dogan
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the dynamics of solitary wave solutions based on the (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear wave equation with variable coefficients expressed to describe gas-bubble-liquid interactions. The generalised (1/G’)-expansion method, new solitary wave solutions for this equation have been successfully derived to better understand the underlying dynamics of wave phenomena, especially in gas-bubble-liquid systems. Thanks to this method, the results of the variations of physical parameters in the generated solutions are also emphasised. The physical dynamics of each dimension in the generated solutions allow both the dimensions to be compared with each other and the equation to be compared with the existing literature with a holistic understanding. With this application, we have also analyzed the direct effects of the viscosity of the fluid on the dispersion of the bubble. These solitary solutions have helped us to better explain the wave behavior in gas-bubble-liquid systems and provided a new perspective on the solution of nonlinear wave equations. The structure of the study contributes to a deeper understanding of wave phenomena by discussing the (3+1) dimensional variable coefficient nonlinear wave equation within the framework of both mathematical analysis and physical analysis.
Infrared absorption spectra analysis for optical detection of 14CO2
Authors: Zhang Jinghong , Li Lulu , Yang Hao , Xiao Anping , Chen Yue , Ling Qiang , Guan Zuguang , Chen Daru
Published: January 2025

Spectral measurements of radiocarbon dioxide (14CO2) require accurate knowledge of both the line positions and intensities. Our paper analyzes the absorption characteristic of 14CO2 for optical detection in middle infrared range theoretically. By studying the distribution and properties of 14CO2 absorption spectra under the interfering of others gas, it can be found that the isotopes of carbon dioxide (CO2, such as 13CO2, 16O13C18O, 16O13C17O) and atmospheric gases (such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3)) exhibit interference with the absorption spectra of 14CO2. They cannot be chemically removed from CO2 sample gas but can be suppressed by reducing the sample temperature. The (00011–00001) P(20) in the P-branch of the strong spectral absorption V
3 band of 14CO2, is a suitable absorption peak for spectral probing. If the sample gas is cooled to 172.5 K, the absorption interference by other isotopes such as 13C16O2 can be suppressed. At the same time, to avoid the interference of the absorption tail line from other atmospheric gases, the pressure condition of 0.01 atm is necessary. Our results provide critical insights into the optimization of spectral measurement conditions for 14CO2, which is an important reference for improving the accuracy and reliability of optical detection methods in middle infrared range.
Investigation of thermal energy storage capacities of phase change material embedded different bio-based materials converted into biochar
Authors: Coşkun Bedrettin , Temel Ümit Nazlı , Bulut Mehmet
Published: January 2025

In recent years, latent heat thermal energy storage systems have emerged as a significant technique for addressing the variable nature of renewable energy sources, balancing energy demand, and enhancing energy efficiency. Additionally, phase change materials (PCMs) with high latent energy storage capabilities have become increasingly popular as the preferred materials for thermal energy storage applications. This study investigates the effects of using composite materials with phase change materials embedded in biochar pores through microencapsulation on improvements in latent energy storage capacity. To achieve this, various organic materials, including hazelnut shells, peanut shell, pine cone, and poplar sawdust, were converted into composite biochar through pyrolysis, thereby enhancing their porosity. The results obtained are given in comparison with the results of composite materials with phase change materials encapsulated in the pores of the raw material. The latent heats of the composites impregnated with phase change material (PCM) in their pores were compared to identify the most suitable composite biochar material. The best performance improvements in energy storage capacities compared to the raw material results were found to be 134.8% and 147.6% for RT-28/Peanut shell biochar and RT-28/Pine cone biochar composites, respectively. On the other hand, the highest energy storage capacity for both raw material and biochar was measured as 50.18 J g−1 and 75.1 J/g for poplar sawdust, respectively. The results indicated that poplar sawdust was the most appropriate base material.
Advances in flexible weak-light detectors based on perovskites: preparation, optimization, and application
Authors: Yang Yaqian , Li Ying , Chen Di , Shen Guozhen
Published: January 2025

Photodetectors with weak-light detection capabilities play an indispensable role in various crucial fields such as health monitors, imaging, optical communication, and etc. Nevertheless, the detection of weak light signals is often severely interfered by multiple factors such as background light, dark noise and circuit noise, making it difficult to accurately capture signals. While traditional technologies like silicon photomultiplier tubes excel in sensitivity, their high cost and inherent fragility restrict their widespread application. Against this background, perovskite materials have rapidly emerged as a research focus in the field of photodetection due to their simple preparation processes and exceptional optoelectronic properties. Not only are the preparation processes of perovskite materials straightforward and cost-effective, but more importantly, they can be flexibly integrated into flexible and stretchable substrates. This characteristic significantly compensates for the shortcomings of traditional rigid electronic devices in specific application scenarios, opening up entirely new possibilities for photodetection technology. Herein, recent advances in perovskite light detection technology are reviewed. Firstly, the chemical and physical properties of perovskite materials are discussed, highlighting their remarkable advantages in weak-light detection. Subsequently, the review systematically organizes various preparation techniques of perovskite materials and analyses their advantages in different application scenarios. Meanwhile, from the two core dimensions of performance improvement and light absorption enhancement, the key strategies of improving the performance of perovskite weak-light photodetectors are explored. Finally, the review concludes with a brief summary and a discussion on the potential challenges that may arise in the further development of perovskite devices.
Modeling of hydrogen isotope effect on divertor detachment in EAST
Authors: Li Qiushi , Ding Rui , Xu Guoliang , Senichenkov Ilya , Kaveeva Elizaveta , Si Hang , Rozhansky Vladimir , Chen Junling
Published: January 2025

The two-dimensional edge plasma code SOLPS-ITER have been used to study the hydrogen isotope effect on the divertor detachment onset for hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), and tritium (T) based on EAST plasma conditions. Results prove that H with a lighter mass has a stronger ability to penetrate into the core plasma than D and T, resulting in a higher density in the core and a lower density in the SOL. If the line-averaged electron density is selected to characterize the detachment onset, the hydrogen isotope effect is strongly dependent on the measurement chord location which determines the contribution of the core electron density to the line-averaged electron density. The modeling results can explain previous hydrogen isotope experimental results in JET. The drifts effect on hydrogen isotope distributions has also been investigated. As the drifts are taken into account, the relative difference of detachment onset at the outer target becomes larger, while it becomes smaller for the inner target. The

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drifts show a greater impact on the T ion distribution than D and H ions.