bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased attractivity in female garter snakes treated with an aromatase inhibitor
Authors: Rucker Holly R. , Parker M. Rockwell
Published: September 2021

Most experimental studies on sexual signal regulation via hormone manipulation have focused on male signals, yet female signals demonstrate substantial phenotypic variation and hormone‐dependent expression. Female red‐sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) produce a skin‐based sex pheromone used by males in mate selection. The principle female sex steroid, 17 β‐estradiol, controls pheromone production in snakes, but studies manipulating female garter snakes have produced conflicting results, relied on behavioral tests with males in the laboratory, and did not quantify pheromone expression. Because aromatase is the terminal enzyme in estradiol biosynthesis, we hypothesized that female garter snakes rely on aromatase to ultimately control pheromone production during the annual cycle of this species. To test this, we used a known pharmacological inhibitor of aromatase, fadrozole (FAD). Wild‐caught female garter snakes were chronically treated via subcutaneous injections of either FAD (1.0 mg kg−1) or saline (control) for six months in the laboratory during the active period of the annual cycle then hibernated. In two separate field bioassays the next spring at the den site, FAD females received approximately 50% less courtship from wild, sexually active male garter snakes compared to SHAM females. Pheromone analysis revealed that four of the largest, unsaturated methyl ketones were specifically downregulated in FAD females, indicating that aromatase action is a crucial, permissive step in the maintenance of female attractivity.
Flunarizine suppressesMycobacterium tuberculosisgrowth via calmodulin-dependent phagosome maturation
Authors: Mo Siwei , Liu Xiaoqian , Zhang Kehong , Wang Wenfei , Cai Yi , Ouyang Qi , Zhu Chuanzhi , Lin Dachuan , Wan Haoqiang , Li Dechang , Wen Zhihua , Chen Xinchun
Published: September 2021

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major cause of death worldwide. Multidrug-resistant TB remains a public health crisis and thus novel effective treatments, such as host-directed therapies (HDTs), are urgently required to overcome the challenges of TB infection. In this study, we evaluated 4 calcium modulators for their effects on Mtb growth in macrophages. Only flunarizine enhanced the bactericidal ability of macrophages against Mtb, which was induced by an increase in phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (pCaMKII) levels. We further discovered that the expression of CaM was decreased in Mtb-infected macrophages and restored following flunarizine treatment; this was associated with phagolysosome maturation and acidification. Consistent with these findings, the anti-TB ability of macrophages was reduced following the silencing of CaM or inhibition of CAMKII activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that flunarizine enhanced the bactericidal ability of macrophages and clarified its CaM–pCAMKII-dependent mechanism. Therefore, our findings strongly support further studies of this currently approved drug as an HDT candidate for TB therapy.
BCG-trained innate immunity leads to fetal growth restriction by altering immune cell profile in the mouse developing placenta
Authors: Dang Yipu , Souchet Camille , Moresi Fabiana , Jeljeli Mohamed , Raquillet Bruno , Nicco Carole , Chouzenoux Sandrine , Lagoutte Isabelle , Marcellin Louis , Batteux Frederic , Doridot Ludivine
Published: September 2021

Trained immunity is a new concept illustrating that innate immune cells are able to undergo a long-term metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming after infection or vaccination, thus displaying either a pro- or an anti-inflammatory phenotype during a sequential unrelated challenge. Innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages constitute a large part of the decidual leukocyte population at the maternal–fetal interface, playing an important role in placental development and as such in fetal growth and development. In this study, we hypothesized that training the innate immune cells before pregnancy could have an impact on pregnancy. To test this hypothesis, we used CBA/J x DBA/2 mouse model to investigate pregnancy outcomes and leukocyte population at the maternal–fetal interface. Although we were not able to show a beneficial effect of LPS-tolerogenic training on fetal resorption, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) training, known to prime innate immune cells to be proinflammatory, led to fetal growth restriction, without aggravating the fetal resorption rate. We also found that BCG training led to less NK cells and macrophages at the maternal–fetal interface at the early stage of placentation (E9.5), associated with a down-regulation of Ccr3 and Lif mRNA expression. This induced altered leucocyte population profile can be an explanation for the subsequent fetal growth restriction. These data suggest that preconceptional infections-induced trained immunity could influence pregnancy outcomes.
Combined association of cognitive impairment and poor oral health on mortality risk in older adults: Results from the NHANES with 15 years of follow‐up
Authors: Li An , Chen Yuntao , Visser Anita , Marks Luc A.M. , Tjakkes Geerten‐Has E.
Published: September 2021

Background

Cognitive impairment and poor oral health are frequently seen among older adults. Both conditions have been identified as risk factors for mortality. However, the combined associations of cognitive impairment and poor oral health with mortality have not been well studied and are therefore the aim of this cohort study.

Methods

We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2002) linked with mortality data obtained from the 2015 public‐use linked mortality file. Cognitive impairment was defined as a digit symbol substitution test score lower than the lowest quartile. Oral health status was assessed based on presence of untreated caries, moderate to severe periodontitis, and edentulism. The combined effects of caries/periodontitis or edentulism and cognitive impairment on all‐cause and cardiometabolic mortality were examined using the Cox proportional hazard models after adjusting for potential confounders including demographic characteristics, lifestyle, biomarkers, and comorbidities.

Results

In total, 1973 participants were enrolled in the prospective study. At a median follow‐up of 13.4 years, 978 participants had died (264 deaths because of cardiometabolic disease). Cognitive impairment, periodontitis, and edentulism were each found to be significant predictors of all‐cause mortality. Caries, however, was not significantly related to mortality. When analyzing these predictors in combination, a diagnosis of cognitive impairment and periodontitis was associated with an 83.1% increase in all‐cause mortality risk and an 87.7% increase in cardiometabolic mortality risk compared with healthy controls. Similarly, the risk for all‐cause mortality was highest in cases where impaired cognition and edentulism co‐occurred (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.701, 1.338–2.161).

Conclusion

Concomitant presence of cognitive impairment and periodontitis or edentulism can be associated with a higher risk of mortality among older U.S. adults.
HOW PRIVATE, PUBLIC, AND NONPROFIT LEADERS CAN AMPLIFY THEIR IMPACT BY ADOPTING CROSS‐SECTOR TOOLS
Authors: Palandjian Tracy
Published: September 2021

The author writes from her perspective as CEO and co‐founder of Social Finance, an impact investing and advisory nonprofit. In discussing partnerships created there, she writes that “the more we collaborated with investors, service providers, governments, and others, the more I saw that everyone brought something unique and vital to the work—points of view and practices that not only oriented us toward a single goal but also better equipped each of us to achieve it.” She explains what private sector, public sector, and nonprofit leaders can do to help achieve this synergy. Within the private sector, she suggests that leaders “can adopt a few of the qualities that have helped their peers in government and the nonprofit sector achieve success: community, empathy, and service‐mindedness.” In the public sector, she believes that “despite vast funding pools and massive distribution networks, local, state, and federal administrations have long struggled to efficiently and purposefully put taxpayer dollars into programs that generate positive social outcomes.” And “this vision is well within reach for nonprofit leaders who are prepared to leverage some of the tools private sector companies have long used to build robust and enduring business models, and cultivate new revenue sources.”
Common tumor‐suppressive signaling of thyroid hormone receptor beta in breast and thyroid cancer cells
Authors: Bolf Eric L. , Gillis Noelle E. , Davidson Cole D. , Cozzens Lauren M. , Kogut Sophie , Tomczak Jennifer A. , Frietze Seth , Carr Frances E.
Published: September 2021

The thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) is a tumor suppressor in multiple types of solid tumors, most prominently in breast and thyroid cancer. An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which TRβ abrogates tumorigenesis will aid in understanding the core tumor‐suppressive functions of TRβ. Here, we restored TRβ expression in the MDA‐MB‐468 basal‐like breast cancer cell line and perform RNA‐sequencing to determine the TRβ‐mediated changes in gene expression and associated signaling pathways. The TRβ expressing MDA‐MB‐468 cells exhibit a more epithelial character as determined by principle component analysis‐based iterative PAM50 subtyping score and through reduced expression of mesenchymal cytokeratins. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway is also significantly reduced. The MDA‐MB‐468 data set was further compared with RNA sequencing results from TRβ expressing thyroid cancer cell line SW1736 to determine which genes are TRβ correspondingly regulated across both cell types. Several pathways including lipid metabolism and chromatin remodeling processes were observed to be altered in the shared gene set. These data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which TRβ suppresses breast tumorigenesis.
Microvascular Breakdown Due to Retinal Neurodegeneration in Ataxias
Authors: Turski Christopher A. , Turski Gabrielle N. , Faber Jennifer , Teipel Stefan J. , Holz Frank G. , Klockgether Thomas , Finger Robert P.
Published: September 2021

Background

Neurodegenerative ataxias are devastating disorders of the cerebellum and spinal cord, accompanied by death of retinal ganglion cells, leading to relentlessly progressive decline of motor coordination and permanent disability. Retinal microvascular affection has not yet been determined.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to assess whether retinal microvascular alterations occur and, if so, whether they are concurrent with or follow cell death in the retina in neurodegenerative diseases.

Methods

This study involves the cross‐sectional observational study of 43 patients with ataxia and 43 controls enrolled from August 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020. The extent of ataxia was determined by the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia. Changes in retinal vasculature were examined by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT‐A) and retinal cell and fiber density by OCT in ataxias concurrently.

Results

When comparing the ataxia cohort with healthy subjects, ataxia patients exhibited reduced vessel density in the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network (P = 0.005), capillary density inside the optic nerve head (cdONH) (P < 0.001), nasal superficial vascular plexus (P = 0.03) as well as reduced ganglion cell layer (GCL) volume (P = 0.04), and temporal peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P = 0.04). Mixed effect analysis modeling laterality confirmed these findings.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate a distinct pattern of concurrent changes in vessel density of the retinal superficial vascular complex, encompassing the superficial vascular plexus, RPC network and cdONH, and retinal GCL volume, providing new insights into the ongoing degeneration in ataxias. Our findings may have relevance for design of novel therapeutic approaches for ataxias and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.
Copper‐Binding Peptides Attenuate Microglia Inflammation through Suppression of NF‐kB Pathway
Authors: Caetano‐Silva Maria Elisa , Rund Laurie A. , Vailati‐Riboni Mario , Pacheco Maria Teresa Bertoldo , Johnson Rodney W.
Published: September 2021

Scope

Activation of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, has been related to the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases; thus, finding novel approaches to suppress the neuroinflammatory process is of utmost relevance.

Methods and Results

The anti‐inflammatory activity of whey Cu‐, Fe‐, and Zn‐binding peptides and their possible underlying mechanism of action were evaluated in microglia. Whey metal‐binding peptides decreased nitric oxide production and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) at mRNA and protein levels by stimulated BV‐2 microglia in comparison to the control with no peptide treatment. The hydrophobicity, specific sequences, and possible synergistic effects seem to play a role. Cu‐binding peptides (Cu‐bp) presented anti‐inflammatory activity both in BV‐2 and primary microglia cultures. These peptides exert their action by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐kB) pathway since nuclear translocation of NF‐kB p65 is decreased by roughly 30% upon Cu‐bp treatment. Specific sequences identified in Cu‐bp showed high affinity to bind NF‐kB p65 by molecular docking (up to –8.8 kcal mol−1), corroborating the immunofluorescence studies.

Conclusion

Cu‐bp represent food‐derived peptides that may be useful for neuroprotective purposes. Chelation of copper excess in the CNS and the bioavailability of such peptides, as well as their behavior in in vivo models, deserve further research for future applications.
Biology of primordial germ cells in vertebrates with emphasis in urodeles amphibians
Authors: Porras‐Gómez Tania J. , Villagrán‐SantaCruz Maricela , Moreno‐Mendoza Norma
Published: September 2021

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are highly specialized cells that play a relevant role in the maintenance and evolution of the species, since they create new combinations of genetic information between the organisms. Amphibians are a class of amniote vertebrates that are divided into three subclasses, the anurans (frogs and toads), the urodeles (salamanders and newts), and the gymnophiones (caecilians). The study of PGCs in amphibians has been addressed in more detail in anurans while little is known about the biology of this cell lineage in urodeles. Studies in some urodeles species have suggested that PGCs are of mesodermal origin, specifying in the lateral plate mesoderm at the late gastrula stage. With classical experiments it shown that, there is an induction of mesoderm, therefore most likely urodeles PGCs develop from unspecialized mesodermal tissue that responds to extracellular signals. However, some fundamental biological processes of PGCs such as the analysis of their specification, arrival, and colonization to the gonads, and their maintenance and differentiation into mature and fertile gametes remain to be elucidated. Therefore, knowledge about the biology of PGCs is of great importance to ensure the perpetuation of urodeles amphibians, as some species are in danger of becoming extinct.
Hospital nurses' experiences of and perspectives on the impact COVID‐19 had on their professional and everyday life—A qualitative interview study
Authors: Thrysoee Lars , Dyrehave Charlotte , Christensen Helle Marie , Jensen Nanette B. , Nielsen Dorthe S.
Published: September 2021

Aim

To explore how hospital nurses experienced their work situation during the COVID‐19 pandemic and how this affected the conduct of their professional and their everyday life.

Methods

Interviews using critical psychology. A total of 24 nurses participated, representing departments of both medicine and surgical specialties. All nurses worked either in the department where they are usually stationed or were recruited from other departments to the COVID‐19 department.

Results

Five themes were identified: (1) COVID‐19 had importance to nurses' sense of self as a nurse; (2) a new solidarity developed; (3) professional reflections—caring for patients; (4) the importance of recognition and humiliation and (5) COVID‐19 had consequences for the nurses' conduct of everyday life.

Conclusion

The findings showed that some nurses caring for patients with COVID‐19 experienced a new solidarity with their colleagues. Other nurses found it to have a negative impact on their conduct of their professional life.
“We have to be the link between everyone”: A discursive psychology approach to defining registered nurses’ professional identity
Authors: Lindahl Norberg Annika , Strand Jennifer
Published: September 2021

Background

The occupational health and safety of registered nurses is unsatisfactory, often including high work demands in combination with insufficient acknowledgement. Implicit expectations influence their working conditions, many of which are set by the nurses themselves. Therefore, we aimed to explore how professional identity was discursively constructed by Swedish registered nurses in research interviews about night shift work.

Design and Methods

Ten semi‐structured interviews with registered nurses were analysed using a discursive psychology approach. The Standards for reporting qualitative research guided the reporting.

Results

The professional identity of registered nurses included a theoretical professional aspect as well as a unique experience‐based competence. With their overview and breadth of competence, registered nurses constitute the hub of healthcare activities, also mastering tasks in the fields of other health professions. This opacity of professional boundaries is associated with boundless expectations of the registered nurse. Additionally, the professional identity stipulates always putting the patient's best interests first, and one's own needs second.
Prognostic significance of chromosomal abnormalities at relapse in children with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: A retrospective cohort study of the Relapsed AML 2001/01 Study
Authors: Klein Kim , Beverloo H. Berna , Zimmermann Martin , Raimondi Susana C. , von Neuhoff Christine , de Haas Valérie , van Weelderen Romy , Cloos Jacqueline , Abrahamsson Jonas , Bertrand Yves , Dworzak Michael , Fynn Alcira , Gibson Brenda , Ha Shau‐Yin , Harrison Christine J. , Hasle Henrik , Elitzur Sarah , Leverger Guy , Maschan Alexei , Razzouk Bassem , Reinhardt Dirk , Rizzari Carmelo , Smisek Pter , Creutzig Ursula , Kaspers Gertjan J. L.
Published: September 2021

Background

In addition to treatment response, cytogenetic and molecular aberrations are the most important prognostic factors in children with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, little is known about cytogenetics at the time of relapse.

Methods

This international study analyzed the prognostic value of cytogenetic profiles and karyotypic changes in pediatric relapsed AML in relation to the probability of event‐free (pEFS) and overall survival (pOS). For this purpose, cytogenetic reports from all patients registered on the Relapsed AML 2001/01 Study were reviewed and classified.

Results

Cytogenetic information at relapse was available for 403 (71%) of 569 registered patients. Frequently detected aberrations at relapse were t(8;21)(q22;q22) (n = 60) and inv(16)(p13.1q22)/t(16;16)(p13.1;q22) (n = 24), both associated with relatively good outcome (4‐year pOS 59% and 71%, respectively). Monosomy 7/7q−, t(9;11)(p22;q23), t(10;11)(p12;q23), and complex karyotypes were associated with poor outcomes (4‐year pOS 17%, 19%, 22%, and 22%, respectively). Of 261 (65%) patients for whom cytogenetic data were reliable at both diagnosis and relapse, pEFS was inferior for patients with karyotypic instability (n = 128, 49%), but pOS was similar. Unstable karyotypes with both gain and loss of aberrations were associated with inferior outcome. Early treatment response, time to relapse, and cytogenetic profile at time of relapse were the most important prognostic factors, both outweighing karytoypic instability per se.

Conclusion

The cytogenetic subgroup at relapse is an independent risk factor for (event‐free) survival. Cytogenetic assessment at the time of relapse is of high importance and may contribute to improved risk‐adapted treatment for children with relapsed AML.
Coagulation profiles and viscoelastic testing in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Ankola Ashish A. , Bradford Victoria R. , Newburger Jane W. , Emani Sirisha , Dionne Audrey , Friedman Kevin , Son Mary Beth , Henderson Lauren A. , Lee Pui Y. , Hellinger Amy , Hawkins Beth , Ventresco Courtney , Esteso Paul , VanderPluym Christina J.
Published: September 2021

Objective

To characterize viscoelastic testing profiles of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C).

Methods

This single‐center retrospective review included 30 patients diagnosed with MIS‐C from March 1 to September 1, 2020. Thromboelastography (TEG) with platelet mapping was performed in 19 (63%) patients and compared to age‐ and sex‐matched controls prior to cardiac surgery. Relationships between TEG parameters and inflammatory markers were assessed using correlation.

Results

Patients with MIS‐C had abnormal TEG results compared to controls, including decreased kinetic (K) time (1.1 vs. 1.7 minutes, p < .01), increased alpha angle (75.0° vs. 65.7°, p < .01), increased maximum amplitude (70.8 vs. 58.3 mm, p < .01), and decreased lysis in 30 minutes (Ly30) (1.1% vs. 3.7%, p = .03); consistent with increased clot formation rate and strength, and reduced fibrinolysis. TEG maximum amplitude was moderately correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (r = 0.60, p = .02), initial platelet count (r = 0.67, p < .01), and peak platelet count (r = 0.51, p = .03). TEG alpha angle was moderately correlated with peak platelet count (r = 0.54, p = .02). Seventeen (57%) patients received aspirin (ASA) and anticoagulation, five (17%) received only ASA, and three (10%) received only anticoagulation. No patients had a symptomatic thrombotic event. Six (20%) patients had a bleeding event, none of which was major.

Conclusions

Patients with MIS‐C had evidence of hypercoagulability on TEG. Increased ESR and platelets were associated with higher clot strength. Patients were prophylactically treated with ASA or anticoagulation with no symptomatic thrombosis or major bleeding. Further multicenter study is required to characterize the rate of thrombosis and optimal thromboprophylaxis algorithm in this patient population.
Patterned superhydrophobic surface fabrication by coupled atmospheric pressure RF and pulsed volume dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Song Yijia , Huang Qinghua , Ma Chuanlong , Yang Qi , Shu Zhan , Liu Pengfei , Chen Qiang , Nikiforov Anton , Xiong Qing
Published: September 2021

Superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces have great potential in numerous applications. Plasma polymerization is one of the most efficient technologies for engineering SH surfaces due to its unique feature of tailoring surface chemistry and surface topography simultaneously. Herein, a novel sandwich‐like plasma device that consists of contiguous two‐stage dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) driven by the time‐modulated radiofrequency (RF) and pulsed power sources is proposed to polymerize hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSN) at atmospheric pressure for the purpose of SH surface engineering. The coordination of dual power sources shows effective performances in plasma operation and material surface treatment, compared to the case driven by any power source alone. Easy ignition and enhanced stability are achievable for the upper RF DBD with the assistance of the bottom pulsed DBD. Vice versa, a diffuser pulsed discharge is obtainable with the input of abundant active and energetic species and precursor fragments from the upper RF plasma. Diagnostic measurements by optical emission spectroscopy and Mie scattering demonstrate that HMDSN fragmentation and nanoparticle nucleation are initiated predominantly by the RF‐driven plasma. These species and nanoparticles are further fragmented and dispersed in the bottom pulsed discharge. Consequently, the desired SH surface is fabricated with a similar pattern to that of the pulsed DBD geometry. This study provides a new pathway based on the plasma‐assisted method to control surface hydrophobicity and provides insights on a new plasma deposition method suitable for atmospheric pressure material processing.
Protracted respiratory findings in children post‐SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Leftin Dobkin Shoshana C. , Collaco Joseph M. , McGrath‐Morrow Sharon A.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Although prolonged respiratory symptoms following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection have been described in adults, data are emerging that children also experience long‐term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The respiratory sequelae of COVID‐19 in children remain poorly characterized. In this study we describe health data and respiratory findings in pediatric patients presenting with persistent respiratory symptoms following COVID‐19.

Methods

This study included patients referred to Pulmonary Clinic at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between December 2020 and April 2021 (n = 29). Inclusion criteria included a history of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA positivity or confirmed close household contact and suggestive symptoms. A retrospective chart review was performed and demographic, clinical, imaging, and functional test data were collected.

Results

The mean age at presentation to clinic was 13.1 years (range: 4–19 years). Patients had persistent respiratory symptoms ranging from 1.3 to 6.7 months postacute infection. Persistent dyspnea and/or exertional dyspnea were present in nearly all (96.6%) patients at the time of clinic presentation. Other reported chronic symptoms included cough (51.7%) and exercise intolerance (48.3%). Fatigue was reported in 13.8% of subjects. Many subjects were overweight or obese (62.1%) and 11 subjects (37.9%) had a prior history of asthma. Spirometry and plethysmography were normal in most patients. The six‐minute walk test (6MWT) revealed exercise intolerance and significant tachycardia in two‐thirds of the nine children tested.

Conclusion

Exertional dyspnea, cough and exercise intolerance were the most common respiratory symptoms in children with postacute COVID‐19 respiratory symptoms seen in an outpatient pulmonary clinic. Spirometry (and plethysmography when available), however, was mostly normal, and exertional intolerance was frequently demonstrated using the 6MWT.
Wolbachia promotes successful sex with siblings in the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor
Authors: Bagheri Zeynab , Talebi Ali Asghar , Asgari Sassan , Mehrabadi Mohammad
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Wolbachia are intracellular α‐proteobacteria that have a wide distribution among various arthropods and nematodes. They affect the host reproduction favoring their maternal transmission, which sets up a potential conflict in inbreeding situations when the host avoids sexual reproduction preventing inbreeding depression, while Wolbachia pushes it. We used the wasp Habrobracon hebetor to test the hypothesis that Wolbachia modulates inbreeding avoidance behavior and promotes sib mating.

RESULTS

Our results showed no obvious pre‐copulatory inbreeding avoidance in this wasp. However, H. hebetor showed a strong post‐copulatory inbreeding avoidance behavior that resulted in a low fertilization rate of uninfected siblings and therefore high rate of production of male progeny was obtained. We observed higher rates of fertilization success in the Wolbachia‐infected lines that resulted in significantly higher female progeny production compared to the uninfected sib mates. Since diploid females are the result of successful fertilization due to haplodiploidy sex determination system in this insect, our results indicate that Wolbachia promoted fertile sib mating in H. hebetor. Interestingly, the rate of adult emergence in the progeny of Wolbachia‐infected sib mates were almost similar to the non‐sib mate crosses and significantly more than those observed in the uninfected sib mate crosses.

CONCLUSION

Our results support the idea that Wolbachia modulates inbreeding avoidance and promotes sib mating and also mitigates inbreeding depression. By promoting successful sex with siblings and increasing the probability of female progeny, Wolbachia enhances its transmission to the next generation. This is an undescribed effect of Wolbachia on the host reproduction. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Prediction of Intrinsic Valley Polarization in Single‐Layer GdX2 (X = Br, Cl) from a First‐Principles Study
Authors: Ding Feng , Ji Shilei , Li Shasha , Wang Lixia , Wu Hong , Hu Zhengfei , Li Feng , Pu Yong
Published: September 2021

The key to manipulating valley degrees of freedom is to achieve valley polarization. Intrinsic valley polarization materials provide a new platform for the development of valleytronics. Herein, it is found that single‐layer (SL) GdX2 (X = Br, Cl) are ferrovalley materials. Their valley polarization values are 79 and 35 meV by first‐principles calculations. In addition, SL GdBr2 is taken as an example and its valley physical properties are studied. Its valley polarization can be effectively tuned by the external strains. When tensile strain 4% is applied, the valley polarization value of a SL of GdBr2 can reach 107 meV. Moreover, by reversing the spin orientation of SL GdBr2, the valley polarization of the SL GdBr2 can be reversed. This is very necessary for using the electron′s valley degree of freedom to encode and process information. In addition, the doping of electrons and holes has a significant effect on the valley polarization of SL GdBr2. The results provide a new family of ferrovalley materials GdX2 (X = Br, Cl).
A review of the study of active components and their pharmacology value inLepidium meyenii(Maca)
Authors: Chen Rui , Wei Jinchao , Gao Yumei
Published: September 2021

Lepidium meyenii(Maca) contains several active components, including alkaloids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and sterols, which make it have the traditional therapeutic uses. In this paper, we summarized the analytical progress of the active components associated with alkaloids, polysaccharides, glucosinolates, sterols, free fatty acids, flavonoids, and natural phenols in Maca by mass spectrometry (MS). Due to the effect of color and type on active components in Maca, we summarized the study of quality evaluation about Maca according to the type and the content of active components such as glucosinolates, essential oils, macamides, and macaenes by MS. Additionally, the research on the change of active components in Maca at different growth stages by MS will be beneficial to full utilization of active components in Maca and other natural resources. We reviewed the study in the visible distribution of amino acids, amide alkaloids, imidazolium alkaloids, and saccharides in Maca by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). We also reviewed the pharmacology value associated with improvement of reproductive function, anti‐stress response, anti‐osteoporosis, antitumor activity, clinical research and toxicity of Maca, and so forth. Nevertheless, due to individual differences and limitations of the subjects, further high‐quality studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of the plant.
The therapeutic potential of Crocus sativus Linn.: A comprehensive narrative review of clinical trials
Authors: Roshanravan Neda , Ghaffari Samad
Published: September 2021

Crocus sativus Linn. (Saffron) is valued worldwide for its potential use in the management of various degenerative disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, cancer, metabolic syndrome (MetS), neurodegenerative diseases, immune disorders, and sexual dysfunction. Previous reports, based on clinical trials, suggest that crocetin, crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal are the main bioactive components of saffron with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐apoptotic effects. In this comprehensive narrative review, we studied the recent clinical trials, investigating the medicinal applications of saffron and/or its components. The present results can provide important insights into the potential of saffron in preventing and treating different disorders, with a special focus on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. However, further high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of saffron in treating some degenerative diseases.
Effects of trout aquaculture on water chemistry of tropical montane streams in Ecuador
Authors: Preston Daniel L. , Lamb Robert W.
Published: September 2021

Recent growth in inland aquaculture may have unintended consequences for freshwater ecosystems. To examine how trout aquaculture affects montane stream water chemistry, we sampled multiple locations above and below 14 trout farms on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes Mountains near Quito, Ecuador. We quantified changes in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, total dissolved nitrogen, and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP). Trout farms varied in size (1 to 60 raceways), elevation (~1,500 to 2,500 m above sea level), and surrounding forest cover (7 to 56% mean canopy cover). Samples collected immediately above and below trout farms showed small decreases in mean dissolved oxygen (6% decrease) and pH (0.1 unit decrease), a small increase in mean water temperature (0.2°C), but no changes in conductivity. We observed a 30% increase in total dissolved nitrogen from immediately above to below trout farms. Changes in both dissolved oxygen and nitrogen dissipated with distance downstream from the trout farm. TDP increased by 39% immediately below trout farms, was positively associated with the number of raceways per farm, and did not decrease with distance downstream. Future work should address how the observed nutrient increases affect Andean stream communities and ecosystem processes, particularly alongside the direct effects of introduced trout and concurrent land use change, including livestock grazing.
Preparation and Characterization of the Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets Coated with Poly‐(NVCL‐co‐AGE))/MA for the Anticancer Drug Delivery Light
Authors: Kalakoo Mina Mohammadi , Heydarinasab Amir , Moniri Elham , Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Khoshneviszadeh Rabea
Published: September 2021

A novel thermosensitive polymer (poly‐(NVCL‐co‐AGE))/MA was synthesized by N‐vinylcaprolactam (NVCL), 5‐Amino‐2‐hydroxybenzoic acid (Mesalamine, MA) and allyl glycidyl ether (AGE). The obtained polymeric matrix is functionalized on molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MNs (which is used as a drug carrier for efficient drug delivery. The ability of MNs ‐ (poly‐(NVCL‐co‐AGE))/MA was estimated as a nanocarrier for the delivery of imatinib mesylate (IM) as an antitumor drug. The resulting polymer was confirmed by FESEM/EDX, TEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. The impacts of various variables such as pH, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption efficiency were also evaluated. Kinetic and isotherm studies of IM adsorption demonstrated that the adsorption of IM on the surface of MNs ‐ (poly‐(NVCL‐co‐AGE))/MA was well fitted to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. On the other hand, we were interested in estimating drug release kinetics and in vitro release behavior of IM loaded on MNs ‐ (poly‐(NVCL‐co‐AGE))/MA. In vitro controlled drug release and phototherapy under near‐infrared (NIR) light irradiation are also discussed. The existence of absorbed NIR energy causes shrinkage of thermo‐sensitive polymer chains and successfully caused the drug release. In vitro drug release of MNs ‐ (poly‐(NVCL‐co‐AGE))/MA was comparatively carried out at 37 and 50 °C. The release rate of MNs ‐ (poly‐(NVCL‐co‐AGE))/MA at 50 °C was much higher than those at 37 °C. Also, the drug release behavior after the involvement of NIR light irradiation reached up to 98 % over 15 min, which was about 11 times that without NIR light irradiation.
Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid by a RuII Half Sandwich Catalyst
Authors: Vatsa Aditi , Padhi Sumanta Kumar
Published: September 2021

Dehydrogenation of formic acid is an emerging domain in the sustainable energy system. In this study a half‐sandwich [Ru(η6‐benzene)(hdm)]BF4 [Ru‐hdm] complex (hdm=hydroxydi(pyridine‐2‐yl)methanolate) has been synthesized and characterized through various spectroscopic techniques. The [Ru‐hdm] has been used to dehydrogenate formic acid in simple water using sodium formate (HCOONa) as a base has also been depicted in this study. The [Ru‐hdm] complex is a descent catalyst towards dehydrogenation of formic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen in 1 : 1 ratio, which has been detected by gas chromatography.
N, S Dual Doped Mesoporous Carbon Supported Co9S8 Nanoparticles as Efficient Hydrogen Evolving Electrocatalysts in a Wide pH Range
Authors: Miao Sijia , Xu Jing , Tang Duihai , Zhang Wenting , Wang Yichen , Huang Yuan , Wang Jianjun , Zhao Zhen , Xin Shigang
Published: September 2021

A series of Co9S8 nanoparticles (NPs) embedded, N, S co‐doped mesoporous carbons were synthesized by the combination of evaporation induced self‐assembly (EISA) method and simple pyrolysis method. Melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was used as carbon and nitrogen precursor. CoCl2 and thiourea were utilized as cobalt and sulfur precursors, respectively. The as‐obtained samples possessed mesoporous structure. The optimized sample of MF4.0T6.0 exhibited excellent electrochemical performance towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in wide pH range, which achieved a current density of 10 mA cm‐2 at 163 mV (pH 0), 149 mV (pH 14), and 325 mV (pH 7).
Recent Advances and Perspective on Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Qi , Mei Zongwei , Li Shunning , Luo Wenbin , Pan Feng , Liu Huakun , Dou Shixue
Published: September 2021

Ammonia is an essential chemical for agriculture and industry. To date, NH3 is mainly supplied by the traditional Haber–Bosch process, which is operated under high‐temperature and high‐pressure in a centralized way. To achieve ammonia production in an environmentally benign way, electrochemical NH3 synthesis under ambient conditions has become the frontier of energy and chemical conversion schemes, as it can be powered by renewable energy and operates in a decentralized way. The recent progress on developing different strategies for NH3 production, including 1) classic NH3 synthesis pathways over nanomaterials; 2) the Mars‐van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism over metal nitrides (MNx); 3) reducing the nitrate into NH3 over Cu‐based nanomaterial; and 4) metal–N2 battery release of NH3 from LixM. Moreover, the most recent advances in engineering strategies for developing highly active materials and the design of the reaction systems for NH3 synthesis are covered.
Issues and rational design of aqueous electrolyte for Zn‐ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Qi , Yang Zefang , Ji Huimin , Zeng Xiaohui , Tang Yougen , Sun Dan , Wang Haiyan
Published: September 2021

Aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are regarded as a promising alternative to the widely used lithium‐ion batteries in large‐scale energy storage systems. The researches on the development of novel aqueous electrolyte to improve battery performance have also attracted great interest since the electrolyte is a key component for Zn2+ migration between cathode and anode. Herein, we briefly summarized and illuminated the recent development tendency of aqueous electrolyte for AZIBs, then deeply analyzed its existing issues (water decomposition, cathode dissolution, corrosion and passivation, and dendrite growth) and discussed the corresponding optimization strategies (pH regulation, concentrated salt solution, electrolyte composition design, and functional additives). The internal mechanisms of these strategies were further revealed and the relationships between issues and solutions were clarified, which could guide the future development of aqueous electrolytes for AZIBs.
Fostering Multilingual Children’s Language Development through iPad Apps
Authors: Aldossary Norah , Curwood Jen Scott , Niland Amanda
Published: September 2021

This article shares a case study of a classroom of multicultural and multilingual children in an early childhood center to explore how iPad apps can support young children in learning English as an additional language. Situated in Sydney, Australia, this study found that iPad apps have the potential to promote 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children's language learning, including their vocabulary development. During the iPad sessions, the children were excited to engage with the app and share their relevant life experiences with their friends and their teacher. In this classroom, the lead teacher believed in the importance of iPad apps to encourage young children's language learning and multimodal meaning making. However, there was a disconnect between her beliefs and her practices, which suggests that targeted professional development could be instrumental in fostering early childhood educators’ ability to scaffold children's English language development with iPad apps.
A low-energy limit of Yang-Mills theory on de Sitter space
Authors: Cork Josh , Kutluk Emine Şeyma , Lechtenfeld Olaf , Popov Alexander D.
Published: September 2021

Abstract

We consider Yang-Mills theory with a compact structure group G on four-dimensional de Sitter space dS4. Using conformal invariance, we transform the theory from dS4 to the finite cylinder $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
× S3, where $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
= (−π/2, π/2) and S3 is the round three-sphere. By considering only bundles P → $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
× S3 which are framed over the temporal boundary ∂$$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
× S3, we introduce additional degrees of freedom which restrict gauge transformations to be identity on ∂$$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
× S3. We study the consequences of the framing on the variation of the action, and on the Yang-Mills equations. This allows for an infinite-dimensional moduli space of Yang-Mills vacua on dS4. We show that, in the low-energy limit, when momentum along $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
is much smaller than along S3, the Yang-Mills dynamics in dS4 is approximated by geodesic motion in the infinite-dimensional space $$ \mathcal{M} $$
M
vac of gauge-inequivalent Yang-Mills vacua on S3. Since $$ \mathcal{M} $$
M
vac ≅ C∞(S3, G)/G is a group manifold, the dynamics is expected to be integrable.
NNLO QCD corrections to diphoton production with an additional jet at the LHC
Authors: Chawdhry Herschel A. , Czakon Michał , Mitov Alexander , Poncelet Rene
Published: September 2021

Abstract

We calculate the NNLO QCD corrections to diphoton production with an additional jet at the LHC. Our calculation represents the first NNLO-accurate prediction for the transverse momentum distribution of the diphoton system. The improvement in the accuracy of the theoretical prediction is significant, by a factor of up to four relative to NLO QCD as estimated through scale variations. Our calculation is exact except for the finite remainder of the two-loop amplitude which is included at leading color. The numerical impact of this approximated contribution is small. The results of this work are expected to further our understanding of the Higgs boson sector and of the behavior of higher-order corrections to LHC processes.
Anderson Localization for Electric Quantum Walks and Skew-Shift CMV Matrices
Authors: Cedzich C. , Werner A. H.
Published: September 2021

We consider the spectral and dynamical properties of one-dimensional quantum walks placed into homogenous electric fields according to a discrete version of the minimal coupling principle. We show that for all irrational fields the absolutely continuous spectrum of these systems is empty, and prove Anderson localization for almost all (irrational) fields. This result closes a gap which was left open in the original study of electric quantum walks: a spectral and dynamical characterization of these systems for typical fields. Additionally, we derive an analytic and explicit expression for the Lyapunov exponent of this model. Making use of a connection between quantum walks and CMV matrices our result implies Anderson localization for CMV matrices with a particular choice of skew-shift Verblunsky coefficients as well as for quasi-periodic unitary band matrices.
Different Risk Factors for Early and Late Recurrence After Curative Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hong Suk Kyun , Jin Xue‐Li , Suh Sanggyun , Hong Su young , Hong Kwangpyo , Han Eui Soo , Lee Jeong‐Moo , Choi YoungRok , Yi Nam‐Joon , Lee Kwang‐Woong , Suh Kyung‐Suk
Published: September 2021

Background

Factors of early and late recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may be different. The aim of this study was to identify clinical factors, including liver stiffness measurement (LSM), which are associated with HCC recurrence after curative resection.

Methods

Patients who underwent preoperative LSM and primary curative resection for HCC between October 2015 and May 2018 were retrospectively reviewed, with 1 year as the cut‐off between early and late recurrence.

Results

Recurrence was observed in 42/149 (28.2%) patients over a median follow‐up of 38.3 months (early recurrence: 10 [6.7%] patients; late recurrence: 32 [21.5%] patients). Multivariate analysis identified LSM (P = 0.026) and tumor size (P = 0.010) as the only factors that were significantly associated with recurrence‐free survival. Compared with patients without recurrence, those with early recurrence had larger tumor size (P = 0.035) and those with late recurrence had higher LSM (P = 0.024). Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis indicated that the optimal LSM cut‐off value for predicting HCC recurrence was 7.4 kPa.

Conclusion

Tumor size was associated with early HCC recurrence after curative resection and LSM was associated with late recurrence. LSM cut‐off of 7.4 kPa is recommended in predicting recurrence.
Work situation of rheumatologists and residents in times of COVID-19
Authors: Kuhlmann Ellen , Bruns Luzia , Hoeper Kirsten , Richter Marianne , Witte Torsten , Ernst Diana , Jablonka Alexandra
Published: September 2021

Background and objective

The work situation is an important dimension of professional life and wellbeing, and a policy lever to strengthen recruitment and retention. This study aims to explore the work situation of physicians and residents in internal medical rheumatology, considering the impact of the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19.

Methods

A questionnaire-based online survey was conducted in early 2021 at the Hannover Medical School, supported by the German Society of Rheumatology. Target groups were all rheumatology physicians and residents in Germany. The main areas of investigation included work hours, task delegation, and collaboration; workload and mental health issues; discrimination and sexual harassment experiences; and the impact of COVID-19. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for the standardized items and qualitative content analysis for the free-text information.

Results

The respondents (n = 101) expressed positive attitudes towards cooperation and task delegation to medical assistants, especially those specialized in rheumatology, while attitudes towards cooperation with GPs pointed to blockades. There was a strong mismatch between actual and desired work hours both in the group of women and in the group of men. 81% rated their workload as high or very high; every sixth rheumatologist has suffered from stress or burnout syndromes at least once in the past. Experiences of gender discrimination and sexual harassment/violence were frequently reported, mostly by women. COVID-19 was an amplifier of stress, with major stressors being digitalization and increased demand for communication and patient education.

Conclusion

There is an urgent need to improve the work situation of rheumatologists and reduce stress and mental health risks.