bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly non-resonant lasing without inversion gain in a ladder scheme
Authors: Braunstein D , Koganov G A , Smolik E , Biton Y , Shuker R
Published: September 2020

We show that it is possible to get gain without inversion at high frequency in a three-level ladder type scheme driven by a single driving laser. The transition from the ground state to first excited state is driven by a low-frequency resonant laser field. The next excited state lies far above the first one; therefore its resonant frequency can be much higher than that of the lower transition, and hence one should go beyond the most commonly used rotating wave approximation consisting of retaining only resonant terms (slowly oscillating) in the Hamiltonian. We solve the master equation, both analytically (under proper approximations) and numerically, with the full Hamiltonian keeping counter-rotating highly non-resonant terms. We show a dressed state picture explaining spectral features of gain-absorption profiles. Also we present a kind of phase diagram in the plane γ–Λ, where γ and Λ are spontaneous emission rate and incoherent pumping rate, respectively. The whole γ–Λ plane is divided into four areas: gain-inversion, absorption-no inversion, gain without inversion and absorption with inversion. The first two are usual regimes of incoherently pumped lasers, while the last two stem from the quantum interference phenomena. We analyse the parameter areas where such quantum regimes are possible. The exact numerical solution of the time-dependent master equation shows that keeping counter-rotating terms (no rotating wave approximation) gives rise to new spectral features in the form of additional peaks at combination frequencies. Actually the considered system works as a coherent frequency up-converter.
Trends in elastic properties of Ti–Ta alloys from first-principles calculations
Authors: Chakraborty Tanmoy , Rogal Jutta
Published: September 2020

The martensitic start temperature (M
s) is a technologically fundamental characteristic of high-temperature shape memory alloys. We have recently shown [Chakraborty et al 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 224104] that the two key features in describing the composition dependence of M
s are the T = 0 K phase stability and the difference in vibrational entropy which, within the Debye model, is directly linked to the elastic properties. Here, we use density functional theory together with special quasi-random structures to study the elastic properties of disordered martensite and austenite Ti–Ta alloys as a function of composition. We observe a softening in the tetragonal shear elastic constant of the austenite phase at low Ta content and a non-linear behavior in the shear elastic constant of the martensite. A minimum of 12.5% Ta is required to stabilize the austenite phase at T = 0 K. Further, the shear elastic constants and Young’s modulus of martensite exhibit a maximum for Ta concentrations close to 30%. Phenomenological, elastic-constant-based criteria suggest that the addition of Ta enhances the strength, but reduces the ductile character of the alloys. In addition, the directional elastic stiffness, calculated for both martensite and austenite, becomes more isotropic with increasing Ta content. The reported trends in elastic properties as a function of composition may serve as a guide in the design of alloys with optimized properties in this interesting class of materials.
Graphene-assisted preparation of large-scale single-crystal Ag(111) nanoparticle arrays for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Dong Yibo , Xie Yiyang , Hu Liangchen , Xu Chen , Guo Weiling , Pan Guanzhong , Wang Qiuhua , Qian Fengsong , Sun Jie
Published: September 2020

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of metal nanostructures has broad application prospects in the fields of sensing, energy, catalysis and optics. This paper reports a graphene-assisted method for preparing large-scale single-crystal Ag(111) nanoparticle (NP) arrays based on the ion implantation technique. By surface periodic patterning treatment and annealing of the implanted sample, regularly arranged Ag NPs can be prepared on the sample surface. A new application for graphene is proposed, that is, as a perfect barrier layer to prevent metal atoms from evaporating or diffusing. All the Ag NPs show (111) crystal orientation. Besides, the Ag atoms are covered by graphene immediately when they precipitate from the substrate, which can prevent them from being oxidized. On the basis of this structure, as one of the applications of the metal SPR, we have measured the surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect and found that the G peak of the Raman spectrum of the graphene achieved about 20 times enhancement.
Cosmic transit models in an extended gravity theory
Authors: Tripathy Sunil K , Pradhan Sasmita Kumari , Parida Priyabrata , Behera Dipanjali , Khuntia Rakesh K , Mishra B
Published: September 2020

We have investigated some cosmic transit models in the framework of an extended gravity theory where the usual Ricci scalar in the gravitational action is replaced by a sum of the Ricci scalar and a term proportional to the trace of the energy momentum tensor. A hybrid scale factor is assumed to simulate the cosmic transit behaviour. The hybrid scale factor has two parameters that describe the behaviour of the model at an initial epoch and at a late epoch. The parameters of the hybrid scale factor have been constrained from the cosmic transit behaviour. Four different cosmic transit models have been constructed and are confronted with the observational Hubble parameter data. A cosmographic test for the cosmic transit models is conducted to assess their dynamical evolution. The effect of the model parameters on the cosmic dynamics has been investigated.
Position and attitude determination by integrated GPS/SINS/TS for feed support system of FAST
Authors: Li Ming-Hui , Jiang Peng , Yu Dong-Jun , Sun Jing-Hai
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a new measurement system based on integration method that can provide all-weather dependability and higher precision for the measurement of FAST’s feed support system. The measurement system consists of three types of measuring equipments, and a processing software with the core data fusion algorithm. The Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) can autonomously measure the position, speed and attitude of the carrier. Its own shortcoming is that the measurement data diverge rapidly over time. SINS must combine the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Total Station (TS) to obtain high-precision measurement data. The Kalman filtering algorithm is adopted for the integration measurement system, which is an optimal algorithm to estimate the measurement errors. A series of tests are carried out to evaluate the performance. For the feed cabin, the maximum RMS of the position is 14.56mm, the maximum RMS of the attitude is 0.095°, these values are less than 15mm and 0.1° as the precision for measuring the feed cabin. For the Stewart manipulator, the maximum RMS of the position is 2.99mm, the maximum RMS of the attitude is 0.093°, these values are less than 3mm and 0.1° as the precision for measuring the Stewart manipulator. As a result, the new measurement meets the requirement of measurement precision for FAST’s feed support system.
Water shortage risks for China’s coal power plants under climate change
Authors: Liao X W , Hall J W , Hanasaki N , Lim W H , Paltan H
Published: September 2020

China is the largest electricity producer in the world and more than 70% of its electricity is from coal-fired power plants where water is an indispensable input, primarily for cooling purposes. Water shortages could hamper coal-fired power plants productions and result in economic losses. In this study, we simulate monthly river flows in China on a 0.5° × 0.5° spatial resolution using a calibrated physically based hydrological model, H08, that incorporates human interventions during the current (1981–2014) and future period 2050s (2035–2065) under two carbon emission scenarios Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 and 8.5. Water demands by individual power plants are calculated based on plant-level data. We define power plants as facing low-flow water risks when the monthly 10 year return low flow is projected to be below the plant’s water withdrawal requirement. We find that around 10% of China’s coal-fired power capacities face low-flow water risks from July to October (the monsoon peak in the eastern Asia), and 20% the rest of the year. Particularly in the North Grid, around 35% to 60% of its regional coal-fired power capacity is at such risks from December to June. Under climate change, low-flow amounts are expected to increase in the current dry northern China except decreasing in the northwest, which is expected to alleviate the low flow water risks facing coal power plants in China except in the Northwest Inland River Basin. In the East and South Grids, if their growing electricity demands continue depending on coal, increasing utilization rate of coal power facilities can lead to heightened demand-driven water risks.
Measurement and analysis of atmospheric optical turbulence in a near-maritime environment
Authors: Jellen Christopher , Nelson Charles , Brownell Cody , Burkhardt John , Oakley Miles
Published: September 2020

The index of refraction structure constant,

C

n

2

,

characterizing the intensity of optical turbulence, describes the disruption of a propagating electromagnetic beam passing through an inhomogeneously heated turbulent environment. In order to improve predictive models, it is critical to develop a deeper understanding of the relationships between environmental parameters and optical turbulence. To that end, an overwater, 890 m scintillometer link was established along the Chesapeake Bay adjacent to the Severn River in Annapolis, Maryland. Specifically,

C

n

2

data from the scintillometer, as well, as numerous meteorological parameters were collected over the period of approximately 15 months to characterize a scintillometer link in the near-maritime environment. The characteristics of this near-maritime link were distinct from those observed in prior over-land and open ocean links. Further, existing macro-meteorological models for predicting

C

n

2

from environmental parameters developed for open-ocean links were shown to perform poorly in the near-maritime environment. While the offshore adapted macro-meteorological model demonstrated lower prediction error, this study suggests that new models could be developed to reduce

C

n

2

prediction error in the near-maritime environment. The complete data set, including

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measurements, and to our knowledge, one of the first to extend beyond one year, is available.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Transmission Dynamics Should Inform Policy
Authors: Cevik Muge , Marcus Julia L , Buckee Caroline , Smith Tara C
Published: September 2020

It is generally agreed that striking a balance between resuming economic and social activities and keeping the effective reproductive number (R0) below 1 using nonpharmaceutical interventions is an important goal until and even after effective vaccines become available. Therefore, the need remains to understand how the virus is transmitted in order to identify high-risk environments and activities that disproportionately contribute to its spread so that effective preventative measures could be put in place. Contact tracing and household studies, in particular, provide robust evidence about the parameters of transmission. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the available evidence from large-scale, well-conducted contact-tracing studies from across the world and argue that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission dynamics should inform policy decisions about mitigation strategies for targeted interventions according to the needs of the society by directing attention to the settings, activities, and socioeconomic factors associated with the highest risks of transmission.
Mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to candidacy in adults with transposition of the great arteries and a systemic right ventricle
Authors: Gyoten Takayuki , Rojas Sebastian V , Fox Henrik , Schramm René , Hakim-Meibodi Kavous , Ruiz-Cano Maria , Gummert Jan F , Morshuis Michiel , Sandica Eugen
Published: September 2020

OBJECTIVES

Clinical experience with continuous flow ventricular assist devices (VADs) in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) including dextro-TGA and congenitally corrected TGA is rare, and indications as well as potential benefits or specific hurdles remain unclear. Therefore, our goal was to report on our experience regarding VAD therapy in adult patients with TGA as a bridge to candidacy.

METHODS

We performed a single-centre retrospective study of all adult patients with TGA with systemic right ventricular failure who had continuous flow VAD implants between 2010 and 2018. Study end points were all causes of death, major cardiac and cerebrovascular adverse events or pump thrombosis. Follow-up continued until the time of the heart transplant.

RESULTS

A total of 6 patients (4 men) had a continuous flow VAD implanted in the context of a failing systemic right ventricle (dextro-TGA after the Mustard procedure: n = 3; congenitally corrected TGA: n = 3). Demographics: mean age 32 ± 5.7 years; median Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support: level II (range 1–4), mean pulmonary artery 48 ± 13 mmHg, mean pulmonary vascular resistance 5.6 ± 3.5 Wood units. Postoperative data: intensive care unit stay: 16 ± 9.7 days; in-hospital survival: 100%; no early VAD-related complications occurred. Mean follow-up: 33 ± 18 months; persistent left-side paresis: n = 1; minor (non-disabling) stroke: n = 2. Post-VAD pulmonary artery: 19 ± 3.4 mmHg; P < 0.005; post-VAD pulmonary resistance: 2.2 ± 0.55 Wood units; P = 0.066. Four patients had heart transplants after a mean waiting time of 30 months after the VAD was implanted; 2 patients are still on the waiting list (waiting time: 52 and 24 months).

CONCLUSIONS

Continuous flow VAD therapy is a feasible therapeutic option in adult patients with TGA and a failing systemic right ventricle as a bridge to candidacy and a bridge to a heart transplant.
Utilization and perception of same-day discharge in electrophysiological procedures and device implantations: an EHRA survey
Authors: König Sebastian , Svetlosak Martin , Grabowski Marcin , Duncker David , Nagy Vivien K , Bogdan Stefan , Vanduynhoven Philippe , Sohaib Syed Mohammad Afzal , Malaczynska-Raipold Katarzyna , Lane Deirdre A , Lenarczyk Radoslaw , Bollmann Andreas , Hindricks Gerhard , Potpara Tatjana S , Kosiuk Jedrzej
Published: September 2020

The aim of this European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) survey was to assess the utilization of same-day discharge (SDD) in electrophysiology (EP). An online-based questionnaire was shared with the EHRA community between 12 and 30 June 2020 and recorded institutional information, complication assessment, recent experiences, and opinions regarding possible advantages or concerns with SDD. In total, 218 responses from 49 countries provided information on current SDD management. Overall, SDD was implemented in 77.5%, whereas this proportion was significantly higher in tertiary and high-volume centres (83.8% and 85.3%, both P < 0.01). The concept of SDD was most commonly used following implantations of cardiac event recorders (97%), diagnostic EP procedures (72.2%), and implantations of pacemakers with one or two intracardiac leads (50%), while the lowest SDD utilization was observed after catheter ablations of left atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. Within SDD-experienced centres, ∼90% respondents stated that this discharge concept is recommendable or highly recommendable and reported that rates of increased rehospitalization and complication rates were low. Most respondents assumed a better utilization of hospital resources (78.2%), better cost effectiveness (77.3%), and an improved patients’ comfort but were concerned about possible impairment of detection (72.5%) and management (78.7%) of late complications. In conclusion, >75% of respondents already implement SDD following EP interventions with a large heterogeneity with regard to specific procedures. Further research is needed to confirm or disprove existing and expected benefits and obstacles.
Impact of contact force sensing technology on outcome of catheter ablation of idiopathic pre-mature ventricular contractions originating from the outflow tracts
Authors: Reichlin Tobias , Baldinger Samuel H , Pruvot Etienne , Bisch Laurence , Ammann Peter , Altmann David , Berte Benjamin , Kobza Richard , Haegeli Laurent , Schlatzer Christian , Mueller Andreas , Namdar Mehdi , Shah Dipen , Burri Haran , Conte Giulio , Auricchio Angelo , Knecht Sven , Osswald Stefan , Asatryan Babken , Seiler Jens , Roten Laurent , Kühne Michael , Sticherling Christian
Published: September 2020

Aims

Catheter ablation of frequent idiopathic pre-mature ventricular contractions (PVC) is increasingly performed. While potential benefits of contact force (CF)-sensing technology for atrial fibrillation ablation have been assessed in several studies, the impact of CF-sensing on ventricular arrhythmia ablation remains unknown. This study aimed to compare outcomes of idiopathic outflow tract PVC ablation when using standard ablation catheters as opposed to CF-sensing catheters.

Methods and results

In a retrospective multi-centre study, unselected patients undergoing catheter ablation of idiopathic outflow tract PVCs between 2013 and 2016 were enrolled. All procedures were performed using irrigated-tip ablation catheters and a 3D electro-anatomical mapping system. Sustained ablation success was defined as a  ≥80% reduction of pre-procedural PVC burden determined by 24 h Holter ECG during follow-up. Overall, 218 patients were enrolled (median age 52 years, 51% males). Baseline and procedural data were similar in the standard ablation (24%) and the CF-sensing group (76%). Overall, the median PVC burden decreased from 21% (IQR 10–30%) before ablation to 0.2% (IQR 0–3.0%) after a median follow-up of 2.3 months (IQR 1.4–3.9 months). The rates of both acute (91% vs. 91%, P = 0.94) and sustained success (79% vs. 74%, P = 0.44) were similar in the standard ablation and the CF-sensing groups. No differences were observed in subgroups according to arrhythmia origin from the RVOT (65%) or LVOT (35%). Complications were rare (1.8%) and evenly distributed between the two groups.

Conclusion

The use of CF-sensing technology is not associated with increased success rate nor decreased complication rate in idiopathic outflow tract PVC ablation.
Fault’s hydraulic diffusivity enhancement during injection induced fault reactivation: application of pore pressure diffusion inversions to laboratory injection experiments
Authors: Almakari M , Chauris H , Passelègue F , Dublanchet P , Gesret A
Published: September 2020

In situ observations of fluid induced fault slip reactivation, as well as the analysis of induced seismicity have demonstrated the complexity of fluid–fault interactions under geological conditions. If fluid flow commonly reactivates faults in the form of aseismic slip or earthquakes, the resulting shear deformation causes strong modifications of the hydraulic properties. In this context, the relationship between slip front and fluid front on deep faults remains not fully understood. In this study, we investigate shear induced fluid flow and hydraulic diffusivity enhancement during fracture shearing in the laboratory. We use a series of injection reactivation tests, conducted under triaxial conditions, at different confining pressures (30, 60 and 95 MPa). The evolution of the fluid pressure along the saw-cut Andesite rock sample was monitored by two pressure sensors, at two opposite locations of the experimental fault. We estimate the history of the effective hydraulic diffusivity (and its associated uncertainties) governing the experimental fault, using the pressure history at two points on the fault. For this, we develop a deterministic and a probabilistic inversion procedure, which is able to reproduce the experimental data for a wide time range of the different experiments. In this study, the hydraulic diffusivity increases by one order of magnitude through the injection experiment. Hydraulic diffusivity changes are mainly governed by the reduction of the effective normal stress acting on the fault plane, with a second-order effect of the shear slip.
Local and regional P-wave spectral attenuation model for Iran
Authors: Moradian Bajestani Ehsan , Ansari Anooshiravan , Karkooti Ehsan
Published: September 2020

A robust frequency-dependent local and regional P-wave attenuation model is estimated for continental paths in the Iranian Plateau. In order to calculate the average attenuation parameters, 46 337 vertical-component waveforms related to 9267 earthquakes, which are recorded at the Iranian Seismological Center (IRSC) stations, have been selected in the distance range 10–1000 km. The majority of the event's magnitudes are less than 4.5. This collection of records provides high spatial ray path coverage. Results indicate that the shape of attenuation P-wave curve versus distance is not uniform and has three distinct sections with hinges at 90 and 175 km. A trilinear model for attenuation of P-wave amplitude in the frequency range 1–10 Hz is proposed in this study. Fourier spectral amplitudes are found to decay as R−1.2 (where R is hypocentral distance), corresponding to geometric spreading within 90 km from the source. There is a section from 90 to 175 km, where the attenuation is described as R0.8, and the attenuation is described well beyond 175 km by R−1.3. Moreover, the average quality factor for Pg and Pn waves (QPg and QPn), related to anelastic attenuation is obtained as Qpg= (54.2 ± 2.6)f(1.0096±0.07) and Qpn= (306.8 ± 7.4)f (0.51±0.05). There is a good agreement between the results of the model and observations. Also, the attenuation model shows compatibility with the recent regional studies. From the results it turns out that the amplitude of P waves attenuates more rapidly in comparison with the global models in local distances.
Subcell-resolution finite-difference modelling of seismic waves in Biot and JKD poroelastic media
Authors: Gregor David , Moczo Peter , Kristek Jozef , Mesgouez Arnaud , Lefeuve-Mesgouez Gaëlle , Kristekova Miriam
Published: September 2020

We present a discrete representation of strongly heterogeneous poroelastic medium with the JKD-model of the frequency-dependent permeability and resistive friction, and the corresponding finite-difference (FD) scheme for numerical modelling of seismic wave propagation and earthquake ground motion in structurally complex media. The scheme is capable of subcell resolution, that is, allows for an arbitrary shape and position of an interface in the spatial grid. The medium can have either a zero resistive friction or non-zero constant resistive friction or JKD frequency-dependent resistive friction. The scheme has the same computational efficiency as the scheme for a smoothly and weakly heterogeneous medium (medium without material interfaces) because the number of operations for updating wavefield is the same. Several comparisons with a semi-analytical approach proves the efficiency and reliability of the subcell-resolution FD scheme. An illustrative example demonstrates differences between earthquake ground motion in the Biot's and JKD variants of the model of the surface sedimentary basin. The example indicates that it is desirable to perform an extensive parametric study in order to find out when it is necessary to apply relatively complicated and computationally more demanding JKD model and when much simpler Biot's model is sufficient.
Jazz Fiction and the Holocaust: Reading History for Clues in the Novels of John A. Williams and Esi Edugyan
Authors: Casteel Sarah Phillips
Published: September 2020

This article draws attention to a body of fiction that expands our understanding of the Holocaust by imaginatively reconstructing the neglected experiences of Black victims of Nazi persecution. Two key examples are John A. Williams’ Clifford’s Blues (1999) and Esi Edugyan’s Half-Blood Blues (2011), both of which recall the Black jazz musicians in wartime Europe caught up in the Nazis’ genocidal campaign. Seeking to integrate their stories into the collective memory of World War II, Williams and Edugyan combine Holocaust fiction’s documentary effect with characteristic thematic and formal strategies of jazz fiction. Williams adopts the solitary voice of the troubled bluesman, while Edugyan embraces jazz’s polyvocality. Notwithstanding the risks of Holocaust analogies that Clifford’s Blues in particular exposes, both novels illustrate the capacity of jazz fiction to produce revisionary historical narratives and intervene in memory culture.
Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in Fish Oil and Fish Oil Capsules by LC-ICP-MS
Authors: Matsumoto Eri , Sugimoto Toshiaki , Kawaguchi Toshiyuki , Sakakibara Naoki , Yamashita Michiaki
Published: September 2020

Background

As inorganic arsenic is a highly toxic compound, its concentration in foods should be determined.

Objective

Develop an analytical method for determining inorganic arsenic in fish oil and fish oil capsules.

Method

Inorganic arsenic was extracted from fish oil by heating at 80°C in 1.6% tetramethylammonium hydroxide-ethanol. The concentration of inorganic arsenic in fish oil was determined by liquid chromatography (LC) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS using an octadecylsilane (ODS) column with a mobile phase containing an ion-pair reagent.

Results

The LOD (0.005, 0.004 mg/kg), LOQ (0.016, 0.011 mg/kg), repeatability (4.2, 3.5%), intermediate precision (5.4, 3.5%), and trueness (recoveries 94–109% based on spiked samples) of the proposed method were satisfactory for inorganic arsenic in fish oil and fish oil capsules. A low level of inorganic arsenic was detected only in anchovy oil among all fish oil samples that were used in this study. Inorganic arsenic levels were below the quantitation limit in all fish oil capsules.

Conclusions

Inorganic arsenic was determined after extraction from fish oil by heating at 80°C in 1.6% tetramethylammonium hydroxide–ethanol. The level of inorganic arsenic in all fish oil samples examined in this study was lower than 0.1 mg/kg of the maximum level defined in the Codex.

Highlights

Arsenic speciation in fish oil and fish oil capsules was analyzed by LC-ICP-MS using an ODS column with a mobile phase containing an ion-pair reagent. A low level of inorganic arsenic was detected only in anchovy oil. No inorganic arsenic was detected in fish oil capsules.
Dietary osteopontin-enriched algal protein as nutritional support in weaned pigs infected with F18-fimbriated enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli
Authors: Smith Brooke N , Hannas Melissa , Orso Catiane , Martins Simone M M K , Wang Mei , Donovan Sharon M , Dilger Ryan N
Published: September 2020

This study investigated the effects of dietary osteopontin (OPN)-enriched algal protein on growth, immune status, and fecal fermentation profiles of weaned pigs challenged with a live infection of F18-fimbriated enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). At 21 d of age, 54 pigs (5.95 ± 0.28 kg BW; blocked by BW) were allotted to 1 of 3 experimental groups combining dietary and health statuses. A control diet, containing 1% wild-type algal protein, was fed to both sham-inoculated (NC) and ETEC-inoculated (PC) pigs, while the test diet contained 1% OPN-enriched algal protein as fed only to ETEC-inoculated pigs (OA). All pigs received their assigned dietary treatment starting at study initiation to permit a 10-d acclimation period prior to inoculation. Growth performance, fecal dry matter, as well as hematological, histopathological, immune, and microbiota outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA, where treatment and time were considered as fixed effects and pig as a random effect; significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Overall, ETEC-inoculated pigs (PC and OA) exhibited decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F, as well as increased (P < 0.05) peripheral blood helper T-cells and total leukocyte counts, compared with NC pigs during the postinoculation period. The OA treatment also elicited the highest (P < 0.05) concentrations of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α and volatile fatty acid concentrations in luminal contents at various postinoculation time-points, compared with other treatments. A principal coordinate analysis based on Unifrac weighted distances indicated that NC and OA groups had similar overall bacterial community structures, while PC pigs exhibited greater diversity, but infection status had no impact on α-diversity. Osteopontin-specific effects on microbial community structure included enrichment within Streptococcus and Blautia genera and decreased abundance of 12 other genera as compared with PC pigs. Overall, ETEC-infected pigs receiving 1% OPN-enriched algal protein exhibited changes immunity, inflammatory status, and colonic microbial community structure that may benefit weanling pigs experiencing F18 ETEC infection.
Use of encapsulated L-lysine-HCl and DL-methionine improves postprandial amino acid balance in laying hens
Authors: Sun Mingfa , Zhao Jingpeng , Wang Xiaojuan , Jiao Hongchao , Lin Hai
Published: September 2020

The supplementation of dietary limiting amino acids (AA) with crystalline AA makes the use of low-protein diets an option in poultry production. The differing absorption rates of crystalline and protein-bound AA may lead to temporally imbalanced AA in the postabsorptive period. In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of encapsulated L-lysine-HCl (L-Lys-HCl) and DL-methionine (DL-Met) on the laying performance of hens. In exp. 1, a total of 135 forty-seven-wk-old Hy-Line Brown hens were subjected to three dietary treatments for 8 wk: basal diet supplemented with 0.14% L-Lys-HCl and 0.17% DL-Met to satisfy the NRC (1994) total Lys and Met recommendation (control) and basal diet supplemented with encapsulated L-Lys-HCl and DL-Met at the levels of 60% (60CLM, 0.084% L-Lys-HCl and 0.102% DL-Met) or 80% of control (80CLM, 0.112% L-Lys-HCl and 0.136% DL-Met), respectively. In exp. 2, 24 fifty-five-wk-old Hy-Line Brown hens were individually reared in cages and subjected to the same treatments as in exp. 1. The plasma concentrations of free AA and nitrogen metabolites were measured 2, 4, and 6 h after fed. The results showed that dietary AA treatment had no significant influence on body weight (BW), feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, egg mass, or feed efficiency. The expression levels of AA transporters CAT-1, y+LAT1, b0,+AT, B0AT, rBAT, EAAT3, and PepT1 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. There was an interaction of dietary AA treatment and time (P < 0.05) and the 80CLM hens exhibited higher concentrations of Lys (P < 0.05) than the controls at 2-h time point. In contrast, plasma Met concentration was not influenced (P > 0.05), while Cys was reduced in the 60CLM hens at every time point. The 80CLM hens had higher taurine concentrations than those receiving the control diet at every postprandial time point. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that by using encapsulated form, the supplemental levels of synthetic L-Lys-HCl and DL-Met can be effectively reduced by approximately 20% with no negative effect on laying performance. The result suggests that encapsulated Lys and Met may ameliorate the postabsorptive AA balance and contribute to the reduced dietary AA supplemental levels.
Spontaneous migration of a bullet in the cerebrum
Authors: Sezer Can , Gokten Murat , Gezgin İnan , Sezer Aykut , Binboga Ali Burak , Onay Mehmet
Published: September 2020

Herein, we report the case of a 32-year-old man who experienced spontaneous migration of a bullet within the brain following a gunshot injury. Emergent computed tomography revealed the bullet located in the posterosuperior side of mesencephalon. During follow-up after 10 days, the neurological status of the patient had worsened. Computed tomography revealed that the bullet had migrated posteriorly and lodged in the occipital lobe. Although a few studies have reported on the spontaneous migration of a bullet within the brain, the present case is unique as the patient examination changed with migration. We recommend serial imaging and surgery in cases of bullet migration in the brain.
Digitalization of security in the energy sector: evolution of EU law and policy
Authors: Rajavuori Mikko , Huhta Kaisa
Published: September 2020

This article analyses the dynamics and implications of the digitalization of security in the energy sector. Based on an evolutionary review of legal and policy instruments, we map the pace and internal dynamics of the digitalization of security in the European Union over the past 15 years. Our analysis reveals substantial changes in the conceptions and dynamics of security in the energy sector. First, we find that digitalization has only recently penetrated into the core of the energy sector’s security paradigm. Secondly, we uncover a significant disconnect in the conceptualization of the risk as against the opportunities associated with digitalization. Thirdly, we identify the growing influence of cross-sectoral instruments in the energy sector. Fourthly, we find that energy security does not feature in the overarching security discourse relating to the use of data-driven technologies in the energy sector. The findings illustrate the difficulties that managers, policymakers and researchers face when trying to keep up with the rapid technological change in the energy transition and the ensuing evolution of the energy sector’s security paradigm.
Judaism and Temporary Community: Moses Mendelssohn on imperfection and truth
Authors: Atlas Dustin N.
Published: September 2020

Moses Mendelssohn’s work on imperfection might cause us to rethink the concepts of truth which follow from the Kantian tradition; he offers an alternative, if repressed, way of thinking about truth—one oriented by imperfection, rather than the structure of appearance. Understanding Mendelssohn as a philosopher of imperfection should affect how we read the word ‘truth’ in Modern Jewish philosophy: if imperfection is a fundamental ingredient of human life, then it is not something we must do away with, or annihilate, in order to find truth; it is not an obstacle. Rather—if we, like Mendelssohn, assume that we are incomplete and compromised—any relationship to truth must not seek to overcome imperfection and compromise, but proceed through them.
A flexible analytic model of cosmic variance in the first billion years
Authors: Trapp A C , Furlanetto Steven R
Published: September 2020

Cosmic variance is the intrinsic scatter in the number density of galaxies due to fluctuations in the large-scale dark matter density field. In this work, we present a simple analytic model of cosmic variance in the high-redshift Universe (z ∼ 5–15). We assume that galaxies grow according to the evolution of the halo mass function, which we allow to vary with large-scale environment. Our model produces a reasonable match to the observed ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions in this era by regulating star formation through stellar feedback and assuming that the UV luminosity function is dominated by recent star formation. We find that cosmic variance in the UV luminosity function is dominated by the variance in the underlying dark matter halo population, and not by differences in halo accretion or the specifics of our stellar feedback model. We also find that cosmic variance dominates over Poisson noise for future high-z surveys except for the brightest sources or at very high redshifts (z ≳ 12). We provide a linear approximation of cosmic variance for a variety of redshifts, magnitudes, and survey areas through the public python package galcv. Finally, we introduce a new method for incorporating priors on cosmic variance into estimates of the galaxy luminosity function and demonstrate that it significantly improves constraints on that important observable.
WASP-186 and WASP-187: two hot Jupiters discovered by SuperWASP and SOPHIE with additional observations by TESS
Authors: Schanche N , Hébrard G , Collier Cameron A , Dalal S , Smalley B , Wilson T G , Boisse I , Bouchy F , Brown D J A , Demangeon O , Haswell C A , Hellier C , Kolb U C , Lopez T , Maxted P F L , Pollacco D L , West R G , Wheatley P J
Published: September 2020

We present the discovery of two new hot Jupiters identified from the Wide-Angle Search for Planets (WASP) survey, WASP-186b and WASP-187b (TOI-1494.01 and TOI-1493.01). Their planetary nature was established from SOPHIE spectroscopic observations, and additional photometry was obtained from Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. Stellar parameters for the host stars are derived from spectral line, infrared flux method, and isochrone placement analyses. These parameters are combined with the photometric and radial velocity data in a Markov chain Monte Carlo method to determine the planetary properties. WASP-186b is a massive Jupiter (4.22 ± 0.18 MJ, 1.11 ± 0.03 RJ) orbiting a mid-F star on a 5.03-d eccentric (e = 0.327 ± 0.008) orbit. WASP-187b is a low-density (0.80 ± 0.09 MJ, 1.64 ± 0.05 RJ) planet in a 5.15-d circular orbit around a slightly evolved early F-type star.
The efficiency of nuclear burning during thermonuclear (Type I) bursts as a function of accretion rate
Authors: Cavecchi Y , Galloway D K , Goodwin A J , Johnston Z , Heger A
Published: September 2020

We measured the thermonuclear burning efficiency as a function of accretion rate for the Type I X-ray bursts of five low-mass X-ray binary systems. We chose sources with measured neutron star spins and a substantial population of bursts from a large observational sample. The general trend for the burst rate is qualitatively the same for all sources; the burst rate first increases with the accretion rate up to a maximum, above which the burst rate declines, despite the increasing accretion rate. At higher accretion rates, when the burst rate decreases, the α-value (the ratio of accretion energy and burst energy) increases by up to a factor of 10 above that in the rising burst rate regime. These observations are contrary to the predictions of 1D numerical models, but can be explained as the consequence of a zone of stable burning on the neutron star surface, which expands with increasing accretion rate. The stable burning also ‘pollutes’ the unstable burning layer with ashes, contributing to the change in burst properties measured in the falling burst rate regime. We find that the mass accretion rate at which the burst rate begins to decrease is anticorrelated with the spin of the neutron star. We conclude that the neutron star spin is a key factor, moderating the nuclear burning stability, via the local accretion rate and fuel composition over the star.
The first shear measurements from precision weak lensing
Authors: Gurri Pol , Taylor Edward N , Fluke Christopher J
Published: September 2020

We present an end-to-end methodology to measure the effects of weak lensing on individual galaxy–galaxy systems exploiting their kinematic information. Using this methodology, we have measured a shear signal from the velocity fields of 18 weakly lensed galaxies. We selected a sample of systems based only on the properties of the sources, requiring them to be bright (apparent i-band magnitude <17.4) and in the nearby Universe ($z$ < 0.15). We have observed the velocity fields of the sources with WiFeS, an optical IFU on a 2.3 m telescope, and fitted them using a simple circular motion model with an external shear. We have measured an average shear of 〈γ〉 = 0.020 ± 0.008 compared to a predicted 〈γpred〉 = 0.005 obtained using median stellar-to-halo relationships from the literature. While still a statistical approach, our results suggest that this new weak lensing methodology can overcome some of the limitations of traditional stacking-based techniques. We describe in detail all the steps of the methodology and make publicly available all the velocity maps for the weakly lensed sources used in this study.
Power-law energy distributions of small-scale impulsive events on the active Sun: results from IRIS
Authors: Vilangot Nhalil Nived , Nelson Chris J , Mathioudakis Mihalis , Doyle J Gerry , Ramsay Gavin
Published: September 2020

Numerous studies have analysed inferred power-law distributions between frequency and energy of impulsive events in the outer solar atmosphere in an attempt to understand the predominant energy supply mechanism in the corona. Here, we apply a burst detection algorithm to high-resolution imaging data obtained by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph to further investigate the derived power-law index, γ, of bright impulsive events in the transition region. Applying the algorithm with a constant minimum event lifetime (of either 60 s or 110 s) indicated that the target under investigation, such as Plage and Sunspot, has an influence on the observed power-law index. For regions dominated by sunspots, we always find γ < 2; however, for data sets where the target is a plage region, we often find that γ > 2 in the energy range (∼1023, ∼1026) erg. Applying the algorithm with a minimum event lifetime of three time-steps indicated that cadence was another important factor, with the highest cadence data sets returning γ > 2 values. The estimated total radiative power obtained for the observed energy distributions is typically 10–25 per cent of what would be required to sustain the corona indicating that impulsive events in this energy range are not sufficient to solve coronal heating. If we were to extend the power-law distribution down to an energy of 1021 erg, and assume parity between radiative energy release and the deposition of thermal energy, then such bursts could provide 25–50 per cent of the required energy to account for the coronal heating problem.
Fast estimation of aperture mass statistics – I. Aperture mass variance and an application to the CFHTLenS data
Authors: Porth Lucas , Smith Robert E , Simon Patrick , Marian Laura , Hilbert Stefan
Published: September 2020

We explore an alternative method to the usual shear correlation function approach for the estimation of aperture mass statistics in weak lensing survey data. Our approach builds on the direct estimator method. In this paper, to test and validate the methodology, we focus on the aperture mass dispersion. After computing the signal and noise for a weighted set of measured ellipticites we show how the direct estimator can be made into a linear order algorithm that enables a fast and efficient computation. We then investigate the applicability of the direct estimator approach in the presence of a real survey mask with holes and chip gaps. For this we use a large ensemble of full ray-tracing mock simulations. By using various weighting schemes for combining information from different apertures we find that inverse variance weighting the individual aperture estimates with an aperture completeness greater than 70 per cent yields an answer that is in close agreement with the correlation function approach. We then apply this approach to the CFHTLenS as a pilot scheme and find that our method recovers to high accuracy the official result for the variance of both the E- and B-mode signal. We then explore the cosmological information content of the direct estimator using the Fisher information approach. We show that there is a only modest loss in cosmological information from the rejection of apertures that are of low completeness. This method unlocks the door to efficient methods for recovering higher order aperture mass statistics in linear order operations.
Shock–multicloud interactions in galactic outflows – I. Cloud layers with lognormal density distributions
Authors: Banda-Barragán W E , Brüggen M , Federrath C , Wagner A Y , Scannapieco E , Cottle J
Published: September 2020

We report three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of shocks (${\cal M_{\rm shock}}\ge 4$) interacting with fractal multicloud layers. The evolution of shock–multicloud systems consists of four stages: a shock-splitting phase in which reflected and refracted shocks are generated, a compression phase in which the forward shock compresses cloud material, an expansion phase triggered by internal heating and shock re-acceleration, and a mixing phase in which shear instabilities generate turbulence. We compare multicloud layers with narrow ($\sigma _{\rho }=1.9\bar{\rho }$) and wide ($\sigma _{\rho }=5.9\bar{\rho }$) lognormal density distributions characteristic of Mach ≈ 5 supersonic turbulence driven by solenoidal and compressive modes. Our simulations show that outflowing cloud material contains imprints of the density structure of their native environments. The dynamics and disruption of multicloud systems depend on the porosity and the number of cloudlets in the layers. ‘Solenoidal’ layers mix less, generate less turbulence, accelerate faster, and form a more coherent mixed-gas shell than the more porous ‘compressive’ layers. Similarly, multicloud systems with more cloudlets quench mixing via a shielding effect and enhance momentum transfer. Mass loading of diffuse mixed gas is efficient in all models, but direct dense gas entrainment is highly inefficient. Dense gas only survives in compressive clouds, but has low speeds. If normalized with respect to the shock-passage time, the evolution shows invariance for shock Mach numbers ≥10 and different cloud-generating seeds, and slightly weaker scaling for lower Mach numbers and thinner cloud layers. Multicloud systems also have better convergence properties than single-cloud systems, with a resolution of eight cells per cloud radius being sufficient to capture their overall dynamics.
η Carinae: high angular resolution continuum, H30α and He30α ALMA images
Authors: Abraham Zulema , Beaklini Pedro P B , Cox Pierre , Falceta-Gonçalves Diego , Nyman Lars-Åke
Published: September 2020

We present images of η Carinae in the recombination lines H30α and He30α and the underlying continuum with 50 mas resolution (110 au), obtained with ALMA. For the first time, the 230 GHz continuum image is resolved into a compact core, coincident with the binary system position, and a weaker extended structure to the NW of the compact source. Iso-velocity images of the H30α recombination line show at least 16 unresolved sources with velocities between −30 and −65 km s−1 distributed within the continuum source. A NLTE model, with density and temperature of the order of 107 cm−3 and 104 K, reproduce both the observed H30α line profiles and their underlying continuum flux densities. Three of these sources are identified with Weigelt blobs D, C, and B; estimating their proper motions, we derive ejection times (in years) of 1952.6, 1957.1, and 1967.6, respectively, all of which are close to periastron passage. Weaker H30α line emission is detected at higher positive and negative velocities, extending in the direction of the Homunculus axis. The He30α recombination line is also detected with the same velocity of the narrow H30α line. Finally, the close resemblance of the H30α image with that of an emission line that was reported in the literature as HCO+(4–3) led us to identify this line as H40δ instead, an identification that is further supported by modelling results. Future observations will enable to determine the proper motions of all the compact sources discovered in the new high angular resolution data of η Carinae.