bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
تطبيقات الجيوماتكس في رصد التلوث الضوئي "محافظة بغداد أنموذجاً"
Authors: يحيى احمد عبير
Published: June 2021

تهدف الدراسة (تطبيقات الجيوماتكس في رصد التلوث الضوئي في محافظة بغداد والعاصمة إلى رصد هذا التلوث من بعض المرئيات المستنبطة من المنصات العالمية (Map box) و

( Light trends) و ( Horizon) و (الاطلس) و (snap) و (NOAA) ، والتي تعد صنفاً جديداً من اصناف قياس هذا التلوث المفرط وتوزيعها الجغرافي في بغداد العاصمة ، ورسم خرائطها بحسب الاصناف ومستويات درجة خطورتها ، واخراجها باستخدام البرنامج (Arc GIS) .

        واستنتجت الدراسة بأن نسبة التلوث الضوئي وخطورته يتركز في مركز العاصمة بغداد ، وذلك بسبب زيادة اعداد السكان وتنوع استعمالات الأرض مما يؤدي إلى الزيادة المفرطة للإنارة الليلية ، والتي تؤثر على نشاط الانسان والكائنات الحية الأخرى والأخلال في التوازن البيئي .
تحليل جغرافي لظاهرة التسرب الدراسي في قضاء الكوت (دراسة في جغرافية السكان)
Authors: منصور سريح محسن
Published: June 2021

تهدف الدراسة تناول المتسربين من المدرسة في قضاء الكوت والوقوف على خصائصهم فضلا عن خصائص أسرهم , واهم الأسباب المؤثرة في التسرب الدراسي فضلا عن آثاره السلبية كشفت الدراسة أن معدل التسرب الدراسي في قضاء الكوت بلغت نسبته (2,2%) من مجموع الدارسين للمراحل (الابتدائية والمتوسطة والإعدادية) للعام الدراسي (2018 ـــ 2019)(مديرية تربية واسط,2020) , وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى ارتفاع التسرب لدى الإناث مقارنة بالذكور وبشكل واضح في الريف بسبب الأعراف الاجتماعية التي أثرت سلبا على استمرارهن بالتعليم مقارنة بالذكور , كما أن التسرب ارتفع في المرحلة الابتدائية عن المرحلتين اللاحقتين المتوسطة والإعدادية , وأوضحت الدراسة ارتباط التسرب الدراسي بعوامل اجتماعية واقتصادية للأسرة كالفقر والسكن والتحصيل الدراسي لولي الأمر ومهنته , كما كشفت الدراسة عن الخطر الذي يهدد فئة الشباب ممثلا بالآثار السلبية المترتبة على التسرب الدراسي وفي مقدمتها الجريمة وإدمان المخدرات والتشجيع نحو السرقات فضلا عن التدخين  .
القدرة القيادية وعلاقتها بالتوجيه المدرسي لدى مديري المدارس الثانوية في محافظة بغداد
Authors: عبدالحسين أحمد قاسم
Published: June 2021

أكد المؤتمر التربوي الذي انعقد في مجلس محافظة بغداد (10/3/2018) أكد في توصياته ضرورة ايجاد الحلول الازمة للمشكلات التربوية التي تخص الإدارات المدرسية وايجاد علاقات انسانية ايجابية بين إدارات المدارس وأعضاء الهيئة التدريسية لتحقيق النجاح الإداري في العمل المدرسي. ويهدف البحث الحالي التعرف على مستوى القدرة القيادية ومستوى التوجيه المدرسي لدى مديري المدارس الثانوية من وجهة نظر أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية .

      وتم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي (الدراسات الارتباطية) وتكون مجتمع البحث الحالي أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في المدارس الثانوية في المديرية العامة لتربية الرصافة الاولى, وتوصل البحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات منها ان مستوى القدرة القيادية لمديري المدارس الثانوية مقنع لحدً ما ومستوى التوجيه المدرسي غير مقنع لحدٍ ما لأنه لم يكن بمستوى عالٍ قياساً بأهمية عملية التوجيه المدرسي في تحقيق الاهداف المدرسية, كما خرج البحث بمجموعة من التوصيات منها إجراء دورات تدريبية بشكل دوري لمديري المدارس الثانوية جميعهم خاصة في القيادة الإدارية اللازمة رفع قدراتهم القيادية في إدارة المدراس.
اثر استراتيجية الصور الملونة المتناقضة في تحصيل تلاميذ الصف الخامس الابتدائي في مادة العلوم
Authors: ايوب صالح سجاد
Published: June 2021

يهدف البحث الى التعرف على اثر استراتيجية الصور الملونة  المتناقضة في تحصيل تلاميذ الصف الخامس الابتدائي في مادة العلوم ولتحقيق هدف البحث وضع الباحث الفرضية الصفرية لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (05,0) بين متوسط درجات الاختبار التحصيلي لتلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية الذين سيدرسوا مادة العلوم بإستراتيجية الصور الملونة المتناقضة  ومتوسط درجات الاختبار التحصيلي لتلاميذ المجموعة الضابطة الذين سيدرسوا المادة ذاتها بالطريقة التقليدية . وقد حدد الباحث المادة العلمية ووضع الاستراتيجية التي يدرس فيها التلاميذ للمجموعة التجريبية كما أعد اختباراً تحصيلياً موضوعياً وفي نهاية التجربة طبق الباحث الاختبار التحصيلي على مجموعتي البحث وباستعمال الوسائل الاحصائية المناسبة اظهرت النتائج تفوق تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باستعمال استراتيجية الصور المتناقضة على تلاميذ المجموعة الضابطة التي درست باستعمال الطريقة التقليدية لتدريس مادة العلوم للصف الخامس الابتدائي .
أثر الارشاد النفسي الواقعي في خفض الشعور بالتوتر لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية
Authors: عبد المهدي جاسم سجاد , سلمان منصور علي
Published: June 2021

يهدف البحث الحالي الى التعرف على أثر الإرشاد النفسي الواقعي في خفض الشعور بالتوتر لدى طلبة المرحلة الاعدادية. ولتحقيق هدف البحث قام الباحث ببناء مقياس للتعرف على الشعور بالتوتر يتكون من (40) فقرة، وبعد التأكد من توافر الخصائص السايكومترية في المقياس كالصدق والثبات تم تطبيقهما على عينة مكونة من (80) طالباً وطالبة من المدارس الاعدادية، تم اختيارهم بالطريقة الطبقية العشوائية، وبعد جمع الاستمارات ومعالجة بياناتها إحصائياً توصل الباحث إلى النتائج الآتية :

توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية لصالح المجموعة التجريبية.
لاتوجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسط رتب درجات (الذكور والإناث) على المقياس.
التأثير السياسي لليهود في روسيا حتى عام 1917
Authors: محســـن كــاظـــــم قـابــل
Published: June 2021

لليهود دور رئيس في الصراع السياسي والاقتصادي في روسيا , لاسيما الصراع الايدلوجي بين الرأسمالية والاشتراكية , كما كان لبعض الشخصيات اليهودية الثرية دور كبير للتأثير في اقتصاد البلد, مما انعكس على الجانب السياسي , وبعد ان شعرت الحكومة بخطرهم أخذت تتحين الفرص للحد من تأثيرهم وتحجيمهم , وقد استغلت ثورة 1905, فبدأت بتسقيطهم وتوجيه التهم اليهم , لكنهم سرعان ماعادوا نشاطهم , وصار لهم ثقل سياسي بعد نجاح الثورة البرجوازية 1917, ومساندتهم للحكومة المؤقتة , واشترك بعضهم في الواجهة السياسية لها , مما جعل لهم تأثير في توجيه سياسة الحكومة , وبعد نجاح ثورة اكتوبر الاشتراكية 1917 ,اضطرب وضعهم الاقتصادي واخذوا يتقربون الى الحكومة الجديدة .
التغيرات المناخية واثرها على انقراض الكائنات الحية في بيئة أهوار الجبايش
Authors: فاضل عبد آل وشاح قصي
Published: June 2021

تهدف الدراسة الى الكشف عن مدى تأثير التغيرات المناخية على التنوع الحيوي في بيئة أهوار الجبايش ومعرفة مدى خطورة ذلك على الكائنات الحية النباتية والحيوانية لذا جاءت الدراسة بمبحثين الاول ناقش تغيرات المناخ في منطقة الاهوار مركزا بذلك على درجات الحرارة وكمية الامطار الساقطة ولفترتين الاولى كانت في عقد السبعينيات (1970 ــــ 1979) من القرن الماضي اذا كانت الأهوار على طبيعتها وبكامل مساحتها ومياهها العذبة نسبيا وتم المقارنة مع العقد الاول من القرن الحالي

(2001- 2010) الذي اتضحت فيه التغيرات المناخية مما اثرت على النظام البيئي في الاهوار لاسيما الجفاف الذي اصاب المنطقة وارتفاع  تركيز الاملاح في ما تبقى من المسطحات المائية في الأهوار وبالتالي انعكاس ذلك على تهديد حياة الاحياء والتنوع الاحيائي في المنطقة كما جاء في المبحث الثاني من الدراسة .
استعمال الانموذج اللوجستي ثنائي المعلم في بناء وتدريج مقياس الشخصية الافتراضية المتعدد الأبعاد لطلبة الجامعة وفقاً لنظرية الاستجابة للفقرة
Authors: حمود كاظم الحجامي بلقيس
Published: June 2021

تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى استعمال الانموذج اللوجستي ثنائي المعلم في تدريج مقياس الشخصية الافتراضية المتعدد الأبعاد لطلبة الجامعة وفقاً لنظرية الاستجابة للفقرة ، والخروج بتعميم لنتائج البحث والوقوف على الاجراءات العلمية المناسبة وتوفير تطبيق عملي علمي صحيح لاعتمادها من قبل الباحثين. وقد اتبعث الباحثة الاسلوب العلمي من خطوات واجراءات في عملية بناء المقياس حيث حدت ابعاد الشخصية الافتراضية المتمثلة بسبع ابعاد هي (النفسية- الاجتماعية - الثقافية - السياسية- الدينية- العاطفية - الترويحية) ، وقد عرض المقياس بابعاده السبعة وفقراته الى المحكمين المتخصصين في العلوم التربوية والنفسية،وتم الاتفاق بين الخبراء حول صلاحية الفقرات الظاهرية واعتماد المساواة في عدد الفقرات لكل بعد من الابعاد بين اتفاق المحكمين. واصبح المقياس بعد اتفاق الخبراء بمعدل(13) فقرة لكل بعد من الابعاد السبعة وباسلوب العبارات التقريرية مع خمس بدائل للاجابة ، ليصبح المقياس متكون من(91) فقرة اختبارية، وبعد اجراءت التطبيق الاولي اصبح المقياس صالح للتطبيق، وتم تطبيق المقياس على عينة بلغت(915) طالباً وطالبة من جامعات العراق ، وتم التحليل الاحصائي لفقرات المقياس باستعمال البرامج الاحصائية ال ( STATA ) لكل بعد من الأبعاد السبعة وبعد استخراج معاملات الصعوبة للعتبات الخمسة لكل فقرة من فقرات المقياس حيث تم استبعاد(16) فقرة من جميع الابعاد كانت القيمة الزائية المحسوبة لها اقل من القيمة الجدولية ثم اعيد التحليل الاحصائي لابعاد الشخصية الافتراضية بفقراته ال (75) حيث تراوحت معامل الصعوبة لكل بعد وعلى التوالي بين (-2.590الى2.116) ، (-2.256الى1.677) ،

(-.089،1الى1.251) ، (0.762الى 2.05)، (-2.105الى0.719) ، (-2.163الى0.821) ، (-0.811الى1.016). في حين تراوحت معاملات التمييز وعلى التوالي (0.362الى 0.739) ، (0.289 الى 0.841) ، (0.494 الى 0.968) ، (0.381الى 0.976) ، (0.185 الى 0.628) ، (0.264 الى 0.901) ، (0.399 الى 0.720)  في حين تراوح الخطأ المعياري للابعاد السبعة وعلى التوالي (50.23 الى51.59) ، ( 50.18 الى51.96) ، ( 50.17 الى 50.96) ، (50.22 الى51.21) ، (50.11الى 51.19) ، (50.46 الى 51.45) ، (50.26 الى 51.14 )

     كما تم استخراج تقدير القدرة المقابلة للدرجة الخام والخطأ المعياري لها  ودالة معلوماتها والاحتمالية  حيث كان الخطأ المعياري عند درجة خام (98) عالي وعند الدرجة الخام (371) عالي ايضا وهذا يعود الى  الى القدرة المتطرفة عند هذا  المستوى ضعيف جدا ويرتفع عند الوسط  . كما يلاحظ ان دالة المعلومات كانت منخفضة عند الاطراف  وتحسنت عند الوسط وبلغت  اقصى قيمة لدالة المعلومات (32.79909) عند الدرجة الخام (287)  كما تعكس دالة المعلومات ثبات الفقرة مما يشير الى مناسبة الاختبار للطلاب وقادر على التمييز فيما بينهم.  كما تبين ان العتبات متدرجة في الصعوبة، وتكاد تكون متساوية في التمييز ، والتخمين هنا ليس له أي تأثير واضح.  وبذلك قد تحققت الباحثة من جميع افتراضات نظرية استجابة الفقرة . كما تم التحقق من دلالات الصدق والثبات لمقياس الشخصية الافتراضية
easurement of the apparent temperature index to determine human comfort - Al-Janaina Primary School as a model
Authors: Fadel Ibrahim Hind , S.Rahem Firas , A. Alwaeli Ali , . K.Alsharifi Osameh
Published: June 2021

The study of different criteria for climatic comfort and its application to school have (21 rooms and two rooms as management rooms, one room to the rest to the teachers, so we find   a library and kitchen and large area and Garden with accept Bulled )  as a virtual temperature provides a scientific material useful in understanding the reality and different levels of comfort, it helps in determining the monthly patterns of the physiological climate, and in the appointment of the best times and places and most suitable for the comfort of the human body ( spicily the student ) for the exploitation and development for tourism purposes.
Penambahan Level Bumbu Rendang yang Berbeda pada Pembuatan Telur Asin Terhadap Uji Organoleptik
Authors: Rahmah Ayun Andi , Warnoto Warnoto , Sulistyowati Endang
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penambahan level bumbu rendang yang berbeda pada pembuatan telur asin terhadap uji organoleptik. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai April 2017 bertempat di Laboratorium Jurusan Peternakan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Bengkulu. Penelitian ini menggunakan 80 butir telur itik yang disusun berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dan dibahas secara deskriptif. Terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan setiap ulangan menggunakan 5 butir telur itik, perlakuan tersebut adalah : P0 : Adonan + 0 % bumbu rendang (kontrol), P1 : Adonan + 25 % bumbu rendang, P2 : Adonan + 50 % bumbu rendang dan P3 : Adonan + 75 % bumbu rendang. Variabel yang diamati pada penelitian ini adalah uji organoleptik warna putih telur, warna kuning telur, aroma, rasa, tekstur dan kesukaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor warna putih telur perlakuan P0, P1, P2 dan P3 adalah sama dengan skor 1. Skor warna kuning telur P0 (2,39) lebih tinggi dibanding P1 (1,39), P2 (1,55) dan P3 (1,11). Skor aroma P0 (2,30) adalah paling rendah dibanding P1 (2,38), P2 (2,53) dan P3 (2,41). Skor rasa P0 (2,33) adalah paling rendah dibanding P1 (2,52), P2 (2,55) dan P3 (2,72). Skor tekstur P0 (2,58) lebih rendah dibanding P1 (2,61) dan P2 (2,61), tetapi lebih tinggi dibanding P3 (2,53). Skor kesukaan P0 (3,53) adalah paling rendah dibanding P1 (4,03), P2 (3,85) dan P3 (4,07).
Sifat Fisik Wafer Berbahan Silase Limbah Sayur Kol dengan Jenis Kemasan dan Komposisi Konsentrat yang Berbeda
Authors: Harahap Anwar Efendi , Adelina Triani , Ali Arsyadi , Mucra Dewi Ananda , Ramadani Dini
Published: June 2021

This research aims to know the physical quality of color, aroma, texture, density, and absorption of water and know the best type of packaging in wafers resulting from vegetable waste silage cabbage. This study used a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) factorial pattern (4×2) with 2 replication. Factor A consists of concentrate composition, A0=silage of cabbage waste 100% : A1= silage of cabbage waste 75% + 25% rice bran: A2 = silage of cabbage waste 50% + 50% rice bran : A3 = silage of cabbage waste 25% + 75% rice bran and factor B consists of B0 = Bag packaging type and B1=Plastic sack packaging type. Observed parameters include color, aroma, texture, density and water absorption. The results showed that there was interaction (P>0.01) between different types of packaging and substrate composition. No interaction (P>0.05) color, density, water absorption and texture. The composition factor of the substrate has a effect (P<0.01) on color, aroma and texture, but has no effect (P>0.05) on water density and absorption. Packaging type factors have a noticeable effect (P<0.01) on color and aroma, but have no  effect (P>0.05) on density, water absorption and texture. It can be concluded that the treatment that gives the best results is the substrate composition of 25% cabbage vegetable waste + 75% rice bran and the type of jute bag packaging for 14 days of storage can maintain the physical quality of the wafer resulting from the silage of cabbage vegetable waste
Over-expression of CUB domain containing protein 1 in human endometrial cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: June 2021

Gynecologic cancers including cancers of the endometrium are a clinical problem (1-4). We mined published microarray data (5, 6) to discover genes associated with endometrial cancers by comparing transcriptomes of the normal endometrium and endometrial tumors from humans. We identified CUB domain containing protein 1, encoded by CDCP1, as among the most differentially expressed genes, transcriptome-wide, in cancers of the endometrium. CDCP1 was expressed at significantly higher levels in endometrial tumor tissues as compared to the endometrium. Importantly, in human endometrial cancer, primary tumor expression of CDCP1 was correlated with overall survival in endometrial cancer patients with Grade 2 tumors. CDCP1 may be a molecule of interest in understanding the etiology or progression of human endometrial cancer.
Mind Map Value Proposition Design
Authors: Bunarto Anvi Nathaniela
Published: June 2021

Mind Map Value Proposition Design
Context-dependent outcome encoding in human reinforcement learning
Authors: Palminteri Stefano , Lebreton Maël
Published: June 2021

A wealth of evidence in perceptual and economic decision-making research suggests that the subjective value of one option is determined by other available options (i.e. the context). A series of studies provides evidence that the same coding principles apply to situations where decisions are shaped by past outcomes, i.e. in reinforcement-learning situations. In bandit tasks, human behavior is explained by models assuming that individuals do not learn the objective value of an outcome, but rather its subjective, context-dependent representation. We argue that, while such outcome context-dependence may be informationally or ecologically optimal, it concomitantly undermines the capacity to generalize value-based knowledge to new contexts – sometimes creating apparent decision paradoxes.
Parental transmission and the importance of the (non-causal) effects of education on political engagement: Missing the forest for the trees
Authors: Rasmussen Stig Hebbelstrup Rye , Weinschenk Aaron , Dawes Chris , Hjelmborg Jacob v.B. , Klemmensen Robert
Published: June 2021

By most accounts, an important prerequisite for a well-functioning democracy is engaged citizens. A very prominentexplanation of variation in political engagement suggests that parental transmission through socialization accountsfor individual-level differences in political engagement. In this paper, we show that classic formulations of parentaltransmission theory can be supplemented by findings from the bio-politics literature, allowing us to disentangle whenheritable factors are important and when socialization factors are important predictors of political engagement. The paperdemonstrates that the effect of education on various measures of political engagement is confounded by both genes andparental socialization; no previous study has documented the importance of both of these confounders. We then go onto show that as the level of family politicization and consistency increases, the influence of genes decreases. We takethis to imply that family socialization can compensate for (genetic) individual differences and foster increased politicalengagement. By only focusing on the “causal” effect of education, we are missing the forest for the trees.
A Randomness Perspective on Intelligence Processes
Authors: Kang Inhan , De Boeck Paul , Partchev Ivailo
Published: June 2021

We study intelligence processes using a diffusion IRT model with random variability in cognitive model parameters: variability in drift rate (the trend of information accumulation toward a correct or incorrect response) and variability in starting point (from where the information accumulation starts). The random variation concerns randomness across person-item pairs and cannot be accounted for by individual and inter-item differences. Interestingly, the models explain the conditional dependencies between response accuracy and response time that are found in previous studies on cognitive ability tests, leading us to the formulation of a randomness perspective on intelligence processes. For an empirical test, we have analyzed verbal analogies data and matrix reasoning data using diffusion IRT models with different variability assumptions. The results indicate that 1) models with random variability fit better than models without, with implications for the conditional dependencies in both types of tasks; 2) for verbal analogies, random variation in drift rate seems to exist, which can be explained by person-by-item word knowledge differences; and 3) for both types of tasks, the starting point variation was also established, in line with the inductive nature of the tasks, requiring a sequential hypothesis testing process. Finally, the correlation of individual differences in drift rate and SAT suggests a meta-strategic choice of respondents to focus on accuracy rather than speed when they have a higher cognitive capacity and when the task is one for which investing in time pays off. This seems primarily the case for matrix reasoning and less so for verbal analogies.
Association of ABO Blood Groups with Craniofacial Morphology among Orthodontic Patients in Selected Private Clinics of Kathmandu
Authors: Gupta Sanjay P
Published: June 2021

Introduction The craniofacial morphology and blood groups both are related to genetic components, hence it can be hypothesized that blood groups have an association with craniofacial morphology. Some studies showed the relationship whereas others could not find any relationship in different population. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between ABO blood groups and craniofacial morphology among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu district.

MethodsIn this cross sectional analytical study, 385 participants (age range from 13-45 years) were selected among the orthodontic patients who came for orthodontic treatment in private orthodontic clinics. After obtaining written consent, all the patient’s demographic information were recorded and lateral cephalograms were obtained from the patient’s record. Blood group of all the participants was recorded.

ResultsAmong 385 participants, 162 (42.07%) were male while 223 (57.93%) were female and the mean age was 16.31±4.38 years. Twenty cephalometric parameters depicting craniofacial morphology were digitally analyzed using lateral cephalograms. The prevalence of blood group O patients was highest (32.20%) followed by blood group B (30.64%), blood group A (29.88%) and blood group AB (7.28%). Statistical analysis with ANOVA revealed nine out of twenty cephalometric parameters were statistically significant among different blood groups (p<0.05). Tukey post hoc test was done to find out the difference among the groups.

ConclusionThe evaluation of relationship between blood group and craniofacial morphology revealed that blood groups have association with some craniofacial parameters. This suggests, there may be some genetic influence of ABO blood group on craniofacial morphology.
Drug Induced Sleep Endoscopy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: An Initial Experience in a Tertiary Level Centre
Authors: Parajuli Bashu D , Mandal Lokendra , Koirala Megha , Bhattarai Amit S , Neupane Yogesh , Shrestha Anil
Published: June 2021

Drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is a technique of performing endoscopy of the upper airway after inducing sleep by the use of anaesthetic agents in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The main purpose of DISE is to detect the obstruction or collapse at one or more location in the upper airway, both for the successful diagnosis and management of OSAS. Here we discuss a case of OSAS who underwent DISE under novel anaesthetic agents midazolam and dexmedetomidine.
Outcomes of Children Presenting with Button Battery in Esophagus: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Gyawali Bigyan R , Sharma Guragain Rajendra P , Neupane Yogesh , Dutta Heempali , Shrestha Lava , Pradhananga Rabindra B
Published: June 2021

Introduction Foreign body in esophagus is a common ENT emergency. Button batteries tend to have more grievous outcomes due to caustic mucosal injury to the esophagus. The objective of our study was to review the clinical profile and outcomes of the paediatric population in our center who presented with button battery in esophagus following accidental ingestion.

MethodsThis was a retrospective study conducted in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Hospital records of all the patients who presented with button battery esophagus and underwent rigid oesophagoscopic removal from January 2013 to January 2019 were reviewed and analyzed for patient demographics, time interval between ingestion and presentation, site of impaction, status of oesophageal mucosa at the time of rigid oesophagoscopic removal of the battery, early post-operative complications, outcomes at the time of discharge and on follow-up.

ResultsOur final sample size was 11 and all cases were <15 years. The average duration from time of ingestion to presentation to our hospital ranged from 1 day to 2 months. Variable oesophageal mucosal findings such as superficial mucosal erosion, superficial ulcer with slough and granulations with deep discrete ulcer were seen at the site of impaction of the button battery. One case was diagnosed with bilateral abductor palsy on 10th post-operative day following rigid oesophagoscopic removal of the battery. All other cases didn’t develop any significant complications.

ConclusionButton battery in esophagus results in oesophageal ulceration and thus warrants an early endoscopic removal. Delayed removal can also cause bilateral abductor palsy from the caustic damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Comparison of Nepalese and Swedish Patients with Colorectal Cancer Regarding Tumor Suppressor Methylation in Tumor and Mucosa Samples
Authors: Ghimire Bikal , Kurlberg Goran , Singh Yogendra P , Wettergren Yvonne
Published: June 2021

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common with wide variation in incidence. However, the incidence in younger adults is showing an increasing trend with rectal preponderance. Such cases appear to present in advanced stage with poorly differentiated histopathology and the trend is stronger in developing countries. The aim of the study was to compare the MLH1 and in matched mucosa and tumor samples obtained from the large gut of Nepalese and Swedish patients with CRC.

MethodsPatients diagnosed and operated for CRC at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal (n=39) matched for age with those operated at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden (n=39) were included in the study. Demographics and clinicopathological data were compared. The tissue methylation status was compared in the Nepalese and Swedish populations and correlated to clinicopathological data.

ResultsThere were 56% men and 44% women in the study. Their mean age was 53 years with a range of 20 to 78 years. Colon cancer amounted to 70% and 60% in the Nepalese and Swedish patients respectively and the majority of lesions were on the right colon. The colorectal cancer was commonly of stage III (52% and 38%) in the Nepalese and Swedish group respectively. Most of the tumors were well differentiated (41%) in the Nepalese population where as in Swedish patients it the differentiation was medium to low (52% and 11%). Methylation of MLH gene, in different CpG sites, when analyzed independently, showed that in about 18-20% of the cases, the degree of methylation is significantly higher in tumor tissue as compared to sites at least 10 cm away from the lesion.

ConclusionColon cancer is more common in men in Nepal with predominantly more on the right colon. Most of them present in advanced stage with higher MLH1 methylation.
Knowledge and Self-Care Practice on Hypertension among Hypertensive Patients in a Tertiary Level Hospital of Kathmandu
Authors: Satyal Geeta K , Rai Lalita , Gautam Roshani , Dangol Bhuvan K , Shakya Rajina
Published: June 2021

Introduction Hypertension is a public health challenge and major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the developing as well as developed countries. The successful management of hypertension depends upon patient’s knowledge on hypertension and self-care practices.

MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the knowledge and self-care practice on hypertension among 212 hypertensive patients attending in outpatient department of Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center (MCVTC). Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Data was collected through face-to-face interview by using structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0.

ResultsThis study showed that 57.5% of the respondents had adequate level of knowledge on hypertension and 57.1% of the respondents had good overall self-care practice. Regarding self-care practice, we found 100% medicine adherence, 85.8% respondents avoided alcohol and 84.9% avoided smoking, 50.9% followed weight management practice, 48.6% followed dietary management and 44.8% performed physical activity. Level of knowledge was significantly associated with age, gender, educational status and occupation. Self-care practice was only significantly associated with educational status. Level of knowledge and self-care practice were significantly positively correlated.

ConclusionMore than half of the respondents had adequate level of knowledge. Regarding self-care practice, nearly sixty percent of the respondents had good self-care practice. To bring those rates to higher level, awareness programs should be launched about diseases and self-care practice on hypertension.
Outcome of Acute Burn Injuries in a Tertiary Care Centre of Kathmandu Nepal
Authors: Devkota Manish , Sharma Samit , Rayamajhi Sangam , Shrestha Jayan M , Lohani Ishwar
Published: June 2021

Introduction Burn injuries are associated with higher morbidity and mortality especially in middle and low-income countries. The objective of the study is to assess the outcome of acute burn injuries in a tertiary care center of Kathmandu, Nepal.

MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study of the clinical data of acute burn patients admitted from January 2016-December 2018.

ResultsOut of 124 patients with burn injuries, there were more females (n=65, 52.4 %) than males (n=59, 47.6%). Flame burn was the most common mode of injury (n=71,57.3 %) followed by scald (n=22,17.7 %). Thirty-eight (30.6%) patients arrived to hospital on the same day of injury. The average time required to reach our hospital was 24 hours. The most frequently involved site was lower extremities (n=40, 32.26%) followed by upper extremities (n=33, 26.62%). Total body surface area (TBSA) involved in the burn injury ranges from 10% to 50% with a median of 15%. Hospital stay was 14 to 58 days with a median of 17 days. Partial thickness burn was seen in 114 (91.94%) patients whereas 10 (8.06%) patients had full thickness burn. Surgical intervention was needed in 71 (57.26%) patients. Among 71 patients, 12 patients underwent surgery twice. Fifty-two (41.94%) patients were managed conservatively. The mortality rate was 4.03%.

ConclusionAdult female population is at high risk for burn injuries mostly due to flame burn. Delay in reaching care has also contributed for poor outcome of burn injuries. Majority of burn injury patients needed surgical intervention and hence improvement in surgical aspects can lead to better outcome of burn injuries.Keywords:
Pediatric Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in a Peripheral Tertiary Care Center in Nepal
Authors: Gupta Dipesh K , Jaiswal Deepak
Published: June 2021

Introduction Pediatric nephrolithiasis though uncommon, poses clinical management dilemma due to anatomical and physiological factors. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is well established in adults and miniaturization of the instruments has helped to expand its indication for uses in pediatric population with equivalent results. The aim of our study is to evaluate the application of the procedure in our settings.

MethodsThis was a retrospective study done at Nepalgunj Medical College teaching hospital from June 2017 to April 2020. Total of 75 patients with 76 renal units under 18 year of age were evaluated. PCNL was done in prone position in all patients using fluoroscopy for initial puncture and subsequently for clearance. The size of the tract varying from 15 Fr to 24 Fr was decided based on the degree of hydronephrosis.

ResultsMean stone volume was 372 mm2. With mean operative time of 58 min, 96% of stone clearance rate was achieved. Mini PCNL was done in most of the cases. Single tract was used in 84% cases mostly with subcostal puncture. Major complications were pelvic perforation in 4% cases and two patients required restaging.

ConclusionPCNL in pediatric population is safe with good stone free rate with minimal complications. Application of miniaturized instruments has further improved the outcome with comparable morbidity.
Giant Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Wrapping Almost the Whole Cornea: A Case Report
Authors: Shrestha Poonam , Pandey Mukesh
Published: June 2021

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) includes the dysplastic lesions involving the epithelium of conjunctiva and cornea with various clinical pictures. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue is the benchmark for diagnosis. Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy are the various treatment modalities which in combination shows promising result. We present here a case of 83 years old female patient with history of fleshy mass covering the cornea and the patient was diagnosed clinically as ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Patient underwent surgical excision of the mass followed by cryotherapy. Histopathological examination revealed conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3. Six months after treatment the patient is completely tumor free with no recurrence.
Initial Experience with Simple Oncoplastic Breast Conserving Surgery in Nepal: A Case Report
Authors: Singh Yogendra P , Khanal Suman
Published: June 2021

Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery is increasingly used in the management of early breast cancer. Though its use in Nepal is increasing, it is still under-utilized. We present a case of upper outer quadrant early breast cancer located away from nipple-areola complex managed with radial ellipse segmentectomy 10 years back and under regular follow up. We recommend its usage in upper outer quadrant lesions because of its simplicity, access for sentinel lymph node biopsy and good cosmetic outcome.
Short Term Outcome of Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Tertiary Care Cardiac Center
Authors: Shrestha Hemant , Gajurel Ratna M , Poudel Chandra M , Thapa Sanjeev , Sayami Arun
Published: June 2021

Introduction Acute ST Elevation Myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a cardiovascular emergency and is associated with significant adverse short and long-term outcome. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term outcome in terms of heart failure, myocardial reinfarction, stroke, hospital readmission and mortality in patients admitted with STEMI

MethodsIt was a prospective observational study conducted at Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center, Kathmandu from May 2014 to April 2015. All patients admitted with diagnosis of STEMI during study period were enrolled. Patients were treated on the basis of existing guidelines. Mode of management, adverse outcomes and mortality of patients during the study period were evaluated. The discharged patients were followed up for 30 days. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 20. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of Institute of Medicine.

ResultsThe median duration of presentation was 20 hours, and only 40% of the patients presented within 12 hours of symptom onset. Primary PCI was performed in 50 (33%), thrombolysis was performed in 29(19%) and conservative medical management was done in 72 (48%) patients. Overall outcome occurred in 52 (37.7%) patients. In hospital and 30 day mortality was 14 (9.2%) and 17 (11%) respectively. Heart failure was present in 28(18.5%), myocardial reinfarction 8 (5%), stroke 4 (2.6%), and hospital readmission was 18 (12%). Conservatively treated patients had significantly more adverse outcomes (p=0.02). More patients in conservatively managed group had hospital readmission. (p=0.04)

ConclusionThere were more overall adverse outcomes in conservatitley managed group which is mainly due to more hospital readmission.
Right Sided Aortic Arch with Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery from Kommerell’s Diverticulum, a Cause of Persistent Dysphagia in an Adult: A Case Report
Authors: Regmi Pradeep R , Amatya Isha , Kafle Bipula , Kayastha Prakash , Paudel Sharma
Published: June 2021

Congenital variations and anomalies of the aortic arch are important entity in vascular imaging. Most of them are asymptomatic. About 30-40% presents with tracheo-oesophageal symptoms like dyspnea and dysphagia. A 27 year-old female presented with persistent dysphagia for 6 months duration and cause of persistent dysphagia was the right sided aortic arch with aberrant left subcalvian artery from Kommerell’s diverticulum. The diagnosis was made through combination of chest X-Ray, echocardiography, non-ionic contrast swallow and Computed Tomography angiography. Non-invasive modalities (CT and MR Angiography) play an important role in diagnosis and pre-operative surgical planning providing relationship with the surrounding structures especially trachea and esophagus.
USE OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AS BIO-ADSORBENT FOR TREAMENT OF RESIDUAL WATERS: A REVIEW
Authors: Ferreira Lucélio Mendes , Melo Rafael Rodolfo de
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT: Adsorption is gaining attention by becoming one of the most used technologies for the removal of contaminants from water. Adsorption with activated charcoal (AC) is an efficient method for treatment of effluents; the main advantage of AC production is the use of residues that would be inappropriate discarded. The objective of this work was to gather and organize the information available about the potential of using activated charcoal as a bio-adsorbent. Researches were conducted on scientific articles about the production of activated charcoal with adsorption characteristics for the removal of contaminants from residual waters. The efficiency of this technique is dependent on different parameters that affect the adsorption process, such as: pH of the solution, dye initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent amount, and temperature. The articles studied showed that the bio-adsorbent characteristics of charcoals are promising for the removal of pollutants from residual waters. The isotherm adsorption models developed by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) are often used to evaluate the adsorption capacity of activated charcoals.
Keywords: industrial effluents; contaminants; environmental management.
 
Emprego do carvão ativado como bioadsorvente para o tratamento de águas residuais: uma revisão
 
RESUMO: A adsorção vem ganhando destaque com uma das tecnologias mais empregadas na remoção de contaminantes em águas. No tratamento de efluentes, a adsorção com carvão ativado (CA) apresenta-se como um método eficiente. A principal vantagem da produção de CA é o aproveitamento de resíduos que seriam descartados de forma inadequada. O objetivo desta pesquisa é organizar algumas informações disponíveis com relação ao potencial do carvão ativado como bioadsorvente. Foram realizadas pesquisas em periódicos sobre produção de carvão ativado com características adsortivas na remoção de contaminantes em águas residuais. A eficácia dessa técnica sob diferentes parâmetros influencia no processo de adsorção, tais como: pH da solução, concentração inicial do corante, tempo de contato, quantidade do adsorvente e temperatura. Em todos os artigos estudados, as características dos carvões como bioadsorventes se mostraram promissores no processo para remoção de poluentes em águas residuais. Conclui-se que os modelos de isotermas de adsorção desenvolvidos por Langmuir, Freundlich e BET são frequentemente utilizados para avaliar a capacidade de adsorção dos carvões ativados.
Palavras-chave: efluentes industriais; contaminantes; gestão ambiental.
Letter. New Google Scholar section with information on funded publications
Authors: Elango Bakthavachalam , Bornmann Lutz
Published: June 2021

Recently, Google Scholar added a new section to the Google Scholar Author Profiles called “Public Access”, with information on funded (and unfunded) publications. This Letter to the editor discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the new section.
Long SARS-CoV-2 with Hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy, Cardiocirculatory Arrest and Severe Interstitial Pneumonia: The Role of Timely Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Early Diagnosis and Regression of this Dramatic Complication
Authors: Weimer Liliana Elena , Weimer Liliana Elena , G Cattari , Belasio E Fanales , A Binelli , AF Poddighe , F Sensi
Published: June 2021

In December 2019, a devastated novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the causative agent of the acute atypical cluster of pneumonia cases in the city of Wuhan, China [1]. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease COVID-19. Currently, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is of a scale not seen since the 1918 influenza pandemic and has already infected more than 156 million people worldwide and resulted in 3.2 million deaths, and cancer is a major risk factor for death associated with COVID-19. Although the predominant clinical presentation is with respiratory disease, Human coronaviruses exhibit neuroinvasive potential, and the systemic disorders that are the hallmark of COVID-19, such as hypoxia, inflammation, and acquired thrombophilia, may impose a high risk of CNS complications [2]. However, it is not clear which of these complications are consequences of direct neurological injury of SARS-CoV-2 or events secondary to the systemic dysfunctional state. New information about the neurological entities arising in patients with COVID-19 is needed to delineate better the clinical implications of this disease. We report a case of a patient with Hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy after Cardiocirculatory Arrest in patient SARS-CoV-2 and Severe Interstitial Pneumonia.
Vedolizumab in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease-A Systematic Review
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India, Kumar P Vinod
Published: June 2021

Background: Vedolizumab is a fully humanized monoclonal IgG-1 antibody that selectively inhibits the interaction between α4β7 integrin and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). It prevents lymphocyte translocation from the blood into the inflamed gut tissue, resulting in a reduction in local inflammation. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are inflammatory conditions of the bowel affecting approximately 1.4 million people in the US. The efficacy of the drug was studied. Methods: The outcome measures for Phase 3 and randomized clinical trials in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, was as per GEMINI 1, 2, and 3 for its efficacy. Results: A total of 309 out of 499 reported vedolizumab AEs. In comparison with all other drugs, 3PRR signals were detected including joint-related symptoms like arthralgia, upper respiratory tract infections like nasopharyngitis and sinusitis, and upper respiratory tract symptoms like oropharyngeal pain. Among the vedolizumab-associated reports with serious outcomes, the drug was used for CD in 52.5% and UC in 27.4% compared with 86.1% and 13.9% for the anti-TNFs-associated reports. Although safety data from both these studies suggest VDZ is safe, larger studies with longer follow-up will be necessary to determine the potential risk for the development of PML. Conclusion: There is limited information on other potential confounders, such as co-morbidities, duration, and severity of disease, disease phenotype, surgical history, smoking, and concurrent IBD treatment. The benefit and risk profile of combining Vedolizumab with anti-TNF-α agents in the treatment of IBD will need to be examined. Vedolizumab is revolutionary in the community of inflammatory bowel disease, especially with the potential advantage for VDZ’s selectivity to the gastrointestinal immune system. Vedolizumab provides an alternate class to biologic therapy with an encouraging response and safety profile.
Tracheostomy in Infants after Cardiac Surgery: Indications, Timing and Outcomes
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal
Published: June 2021

Objective: There is little consensus on the indications and optimal timing of tracheostomy in the pediatric population. Our primary aim was to determine if early tracheostomy improves patient outcomes (between 10th and 15th postoperative day). Methods: A retrospective review of 84 neonates and infants requiring tracheostomy after cardiac surgery between January 1997 and December 2019 was performed. Indications and timings for tracheostomy, and risk factors for mortality were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, Youden’s index, sensitivity and specificity plot were performed to determine the optimal cut-off point of the timing of tracheostomy. Results: Twenty-five (29.76%) neonates and 59 (70.23%) infants with a median weight 7.6 kg (IQR: 3.1-9.25 kg) were studied. Extubation failure and unsuccessful weaning from ventilator occurred in 45 (53.6%) and 39 (46.4%) patients respectively. The timing of tracheostomy of 15 days as the optimal cut-off point was associated with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 84% and a Youden’s index of 0.60. Early tracheostomy was associated with decreased mortality (p<0.001), morbidity (p<0.001), decreased duration of ventilation (p<0.001), ICU length of stay (p<0.001) and decreased time of decannulation (p<0.001). The hazard of death was 5.26 times (95% CI: 1.47-20.36) higher in patients undergoing late tracheostomy. At a median follow-up of 166 (IQR: 82.5-216) months, the actuarial survival was 86.61%±0.04%. Conclusions: Early tracheostomy within 15th postoperative day was associated with lower perioperative and late mortality, morbidity and ICU stay compared with tracheostomy between 15-30 days, and confers significant long-term advantages.
Complete Heart Block after open Heart Surgery in Children with Congenital Cardiac Diseases Feasibility of more waiting time before PPM administration
Authors: Khosroshahi Ahmad
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Congenital cardiac disorders are the most prevalent congenital disorders which require interventional or surgical treatments. The most common causes of complete heart block (CHB) are degeneration of cardiac conduction system, acute myocardial infarction and congenital cardiac disorders. CHB after congenital heart surgery is of paramount importance which causes post-operation death and heart failure. Application of a pacemaker is a standard treatment for CHB. The purpose of this paper is to study the frequency of early postoperative CHB in patients with congenital cardiac diseases and also the need for temporary (TPM) and permanent (PPM) pacemakers. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on children with congenital heart defects who had undergone open-heart surgery in Tabriz’s Shahid Madani Hospital from 2011 to 2016. Patients with early postoperative CHB were included in the study. Those who had improved on their own and those who needed TPM and PPM were identified and at the end, the frequency of CHB and the need for TPM and PPM were assessed. Results: Of the 2100 operated patients, 109 patients developed early postoperative heart block. The frequency of early CHB after open heart surgery was 5.19%. Of the 109 patients, 69 patients (63.3%) with early postoperative CHB needed TPM, 9 patients needed PPM and 22 patients improved without pacemaker. Conclusion: The prevalence of early CHB in patients operated for congenital cardiac diseases was 5.19%. The need for TPM was high and most of the patients had improved cardiac rhythm with no need for PPM or TPM.
Newly Diagnosed Heart Failure with Renal Insufficiency – Cardiac MRI-Guided Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Fujikura Kana
Published: June 2021

A 63 year-old female with multiple atherosclerotic risk factors presented with newly diagnosed heart failure. Clinical presentation and initial work-up studies (e.g. laboratory findings, ECG, and echocardiography) were indeterminate for ischemic or non-ischemic etiology. As she developed contrast-induced nephropathy, coronary angiography was initially deferred and cardiac MRI was performed instead. Cardiac MRI elegantly demonstrated non-ischemic cardiomyopathy that was subsequently confirmed by invasive coronary angiography. This case emphasizes the important role of cardiac MRI in establishing the etiology of cardiomyopathy, ultimately altering the clinical management of the patient with newly diagnosed heart failure.
Characterization of Jelly Candy from Seaweed (Gelidium sp.) and Gelatin
Authors: Manurung Estherella , Putri Raja Marwita Sari , Suhandana Made
Published: June 2021

Jelly candy was formulated with additional Gelidium and gelatin. Gelidium and gelatin contain components that can improve the texture. The objective of this study was to know the chemical quality from Gelidium sp. jelly formulation. Three treatments GA (content of Gelidium was 63,2%), GB (content of Gelidium was 61,80%) and GC (content of Gelidium was 60,4%) were analyzed to see their chemical quality. The highest moisture content was obtained at GA treatment (19,13%). The highest ash content was obtained at GC treatment (0,45%). The highest sugar content obtained at GB treatment (55,22%). The highest Protein content obtained at GC treatment (21,89%). The lead (Pb) unidentified in a product after formulation.
Multifactorial Evaluation of Relaxing Properties of Juniperus virginiana L. Essential Oil and Comparison with Salvia sclarea L. Essential Oil
Authors: Pegard A.
Published: June 2021

Virginian cedarwood (Juniperus virginiana L.) essential oil is an important component of a very large number of fragrances, used in cosmetics or household products. Clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) essential oil is well known in aromatherapy for its sedative property. The essential oils of Virginian cedarwood’s crushed barks and clary sage’s leaves were analyzed by GC/MS. Respectively, seven and seventeen compounds; representing 78% and 94.13% of the essential oils, were identified. The main components of the cedar oil are cedrene alpha (25%) and cedrol (20%). The main components of the clary sage oil are linalyl acetate (69.4%) and linalool (11.9%). Cedarwood oil exhibits significant relaxing activity, influencing physiological and biochemical parameters in human. This shows repercussions on situational stress. Virginian Cedarwood essential oil activity is compared with clary sage essential oil, which proved to be less efficient on stress relief.