bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optic-Flow Based Slope Estimation for Autonomous Landing
Authors: de Croon G.C.H.E. , Ho H.W. , De Wagter C. , van Kampen E. , Remes B. , Chu Q.P.
Published: January 2014

Micro Air Vehicles need to have a robust landing capability, especially when they operate outside line-of-sight. Autonomous landing requires the identification of a relatively flat landing surface that does not have too large an inclination. In this article, a vision algorithm is introduced that fits a second-order approximation to the optic flow field underlying the optic flow vectors in images from a bottom camera. The flow field provides information on the ventral flow ( Vx/h), the time-to-contact ( h/ – Vz), the flatness of the landing surface, and the surface slope. The algorithm is computationally efficient and since it regards the flow field as a whole, it is suitable for use during relatively fast maneuvers. The algorithm is subsequently tested on artificial image sequences, hand-held videos, and on the images made by a Parrot AR drone. In a preliminary robotic experiment, the AR drone uses the vision algorithm to determine when to land in a scenario where it flies off a stairs onto the flat floor.
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF CONTAINER TERMINAL OPERATIONS: A DEA APPROACH
Authors: Mokhtar Kasypi
Published: January 2014

Nowadays, transporting cargoes via container are key indicator for every shipment. The movement of container involves multi modes to reach destination. The efficient transport networking systems are determinant attribute towards container terminal in providing excellent services to their client. The paper focuses on the metamorphosis of the terminal efficiency and container movements at 6 major container terminals in Peninsular Malaysia. The aim is to measure efficiency of container terminals that contributes significant economic development for a nation. Non parametric approach under frontier method is used to analyse panel data from 2003 to 2010 in relation with container terminal equipments and throughput. The result shows no significant relationship between container terminal size and efficiency. Thus, efficiency is determined from allocation of resources efficiently by terminal operators and not by size of terminals.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv6n2p1-19URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv6n2p1-19
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 65
Authors: Applequist Wendy L.
Published: January 2014

The family name Viburnaceae is recommended for conservation. The following two generic names are recommended for conservation: Dunbaria with conserved type and Meconopsis with conserved type. Cacalia sect. Cissampelopsis, the basionym of Cissampelopsis, is recommended for conservation with conserved type. The following three generic names are not recommended for conservation: Brachypterum against Solori, Inula with conserved type, and Pabstiella against Phloeophila. Conservation of the generic name Mezoneuron with that spelling is considered to be unnecessary. The generic name Hexasepalum is not recommended for rejection. The following 18 species names are recommended for conservation: Ageratum conyzoides with conserved type, Bambusa baccifera with conserved type, Calamus latifolius with conserved type, Carex norvegica against C. halleri and with conserved type, Eucalyptus populnea with conserved type, Ficus insipida with conserved type, Geranium pyrenaicum with conserved type, Glycine floribunda with conserved type, Glycyrrhiza inflata against G. paucifoliolata, Hedysarum incanum Sw. against H. incanum Thunb., Hoya mitrata against H. wallichiana, Ipomoea semisagitta with conserved type, Macrolobium grandiflorum against M. straussianum, Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek against M. ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Myosotis sicula against M. gussonei, Ornithogalum narbonense with conserved type, Polygala longicaulis against P. brachistachyos, and Spermacoce hyssopifolia Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. The following four species names are not recommended for conservation: Carex foliosa D. Don against C. foliosa All., Cytisus podolicus against C. bucovinensis, Cytisus blockianus against C. kerneri and C. marilauni, and Xiphion vulgare against Iris xiphium. In lieu of conservation of Curcuma euchroma against Erndlia subpersonata and Odontarrhena obovata against Alyssum fischerianum, rejection of Erndlia subpersonata and Alyssum fischerianum is recommended. Conservation of two species names, Prunus virginiana with conserved type and Solanum torvum with conserved type, is considered to be unnecessary. The following 12 species names are recommended for rejection: Cactus coquimbanus, Eriogonum cordatum, Gomphrena polygonoides, Laurus nitida, Oisodix fulva, Pinus adunca, Pinus californiana, Potamogeton dimorphus, Potamogeton petiolaris, Sisymbrium lineare, Spermacoce hyssopifolia Sm., and Spermacoce strigosa. The following three species names are not recommended for rejection: Blainvillea rhomboidea, Hexasepalum angustifolium, and Verbesina dichotoma. It is recommended that Ferdinanda Lag. and Ferdinandea Pohl, and Lerouxia Mérat and Lerrouxia Caball., be treated as homonyms. It is recommended that Laurus porrecta Roxb. be treated as not validly published. After two ballots, no vote of at least 11 either for or against a proposal to superconserve Adoxaceae against Viburnaceae has been obtained.
Examining the Relationship Between Heart Rate and Problem Behavior: A Case Study of Severe Skin Picking in Prader-Willi Syndrome
Authors: Hall Scott S. , Hammond Jennifer L. , Hustyi Kristin M.
Published: January 2014

Few studies have examined the relationship between heart rate and self-injurious behavior (SIB) shown by individuals with IDD (intellectual and developmental disabilities). In this single-case study, we simultaneously monitored heart rate and activity levels during a functional analysis of severe skin picking behavior exhibited by a young man with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Results of the functional analysis indicated that the participant's skin picking was maintained by automatic reinforcement. A within-session analysis of the data indicated that skin picking bouts resulted in an increase in heart rate, suggesting a positive- automatic reinforcement function. These data indicate that inclusion of heart rate and activity-level monitoring during a functional analysis may provide important additional information concerning the determinants of SIB.
Physiological Arousal in Autism and Fragile X Syndrome: Group Comparisons and Links With Pragmatic Language
Authors: Klusek Jessica , Martin Gary E. , Losh Molly
Published: January 2014

This study tested the hypothesis that pragmatic (i.e., social) language impairment is linked to arousal dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). Forty boys with ASD, 39 with FXS, and 27 with typical development (TD), aged 4–15 years, participated. Boys with FXS were hyperaroused compared to boys with TD but did not differ from boys with ASD. Dampened vagal tone predicted pragmatic impairment in ASD, and associations emerged between cardiac activity and receptive/expressive vocabulary across groups. Findings support autonomic dysfunction as a mechanism underlying pragmatic impairment in ASD and suggest that biophysiological profiles are shared in ASD and FXS, which has implications for understanding the role of fragile X mental retardation-1 (FMR1, the FXS gene) in the pathophysiology of ASD.
Magnetically Promoted Rapid Immunoreactions Using Functionalized Fluorescent Magnetic Beads: A Proof of Principle
Authors: Sakamoto Satoshi , Omagari Kenshi , Kita Yoshinori , Mochizuki Yusuke , Naito Yasuyuki , Kawata Shintaro , Matsuda Sachiko , Itano Osamu , Jinno Hiromitsu , Takeuchi Hiroya , Yamaguchi Yuki , Kitagawa Yuko , Handa Hiroshi
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Accurate detection and monitoring of disease-related biomarkers is important in understanding pathophysiology. We devised a rapid immunoreaction system that uses submicrometer polymer-coated fluorescent ferrite (FF) beads containing both ferrites (magnetic iron oxide) and fluorescent europium complexes.

METHODS

FF beads were prepared by encapsulation of hydrophobic europium complexes into the polymer layers of affinity magnetic beads using organic solvent. A sandwich immunoassay using magnetic collection of antibody-coated FF beads to a specific place was performed. Brain natriuretic peptide and prostate-specific antigen were selected as target detection antigens to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. An immunohistochemical staining using magnetic collection of antibody-coated FF beads onto carcinoma cell samples was also performed.

RESULTS

The sandwich immunoassays, taking advantage of the magnetic collection of antibody-coated FF beads, detected target antigens within 5 min of sample addition. Without magnetic collection, the sandwich immunoassay using antibody-coated FF beads required long times, similar to conventional immunoassays. Using the magnetic collection of antibody-coated FF beads, immunohistochemical staining enabled discrimination of carcinoma cells within 20 min.

CONCLUSIONS

This proof of principle system demonstrates that immunoreactions involving the magnetic collection of antibody-coated FF beads allow acceleration of the antigen–antibody reaction. The simple magnetic collection of antibody-coated FF beads to a specific space enables rapid detection of disease-related biomarkers and identification of carcinoma cells.
BDNF Mediates Neuroprotection against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation by the Cardiac Glycoside Oleandrin
Authors: Van Kanegan Michael J. , He Dong Ning , Dunn Denise E. , Yang Peiying , Newman Robert A. , West Anne E. , Lo Donald C.
Published: January 2014

We have previously shown that the botanical drug candidate PBI-05204, a supercritical CO2extract ofNerium oleander, provides neuroprotection in bothin vitroandin vivobrain slice-based models for focal ischemia (Dunn et al., 2011). Intriguingly, plasma levels of the neurotrophin BDNF were increased in patients treated with PBI-05204 in a phase I clinical trial (Bidyasar et al., 2009). We thus tested the hypothesis that neuroprotection provided by PBI-05204 to rat brain slices damaged by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) is mediated by BDNF. We found, in fact, that exogenous BDNF protein itself is sufficient to protect brain slices against OGD, whereas downstream activation of TrkB receptors for BDNF is necessary for neuroprotection provided by PBI-05204, using three independent methods. Finally, we provide evidence that oleandrin, the principal cardiac glycoside component of PBI-05204, can quantitatively account for regulation of BDNF at both the protein and transcriptional levels. Together, these findings support further investigation of cardiac glycosides in providing neuroprotection in the context of ischemic stroke.
The Environmental Neurotoxicant PCB 95 Promotes Synaptogenesis via Ryanodine Receptor-Dependent miR132 Upregulation
Authors: Lesiak Adam , Zhu Mingyan , Chen Hao , Appleyard Suzanne M. , Impey Soren , Lein Pamela J. , Wayman Gary A.
Published: January 2014

Non–dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants linked to neuropsychological dysfunction in children. NDL PCBs increase spontaneous Ca2+oscillations in neurons by stabilizing ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium release channels in the open configuration, which results in CREB-dependent dendritic outgrowth. In this study, we address the question of whether activation of CREB by NDL PCBs also triggers dendritic spine formation. Nanomolar concentrations of PCB 95, a NDL congener with potent RyR activity, significantly increased spine density and the frequency of miniature EPSCs in primary dissociated rat hippocampal cultures coincident with upregulation of miR132. Inhibition of RyR, CREB, or miR132 as well as expression of a mutant p250GAP cDNA construct that is not suppressed by miR132 blocked PCB 95 effects on spines and miniature EPSCs. PCB 95 also induced spine formation via RyR- and miR132-dependent mechanisms in hippocampal slice cultures. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism of PCB developmental neurotoxicity whereby RyR sensitization modulates spine formation and synaptogenesis via CREB-mediated miR132 upregulation, which in turn suppresses the translation of p250GAP, a negative regulator of synaptogenesis. In light of recent evidence implicating miR132 dysregulation in Rett syndrome and schizophrenia, these findings identify NDL PCBs as potential environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Modes and Regulation of Endocytic Membrane Retrieval in Mouse Auditory Hair Cells
Authors: Neef Jakob , Jung SangYong , Wong Aaron B. , Reuter Kirsten , Pangršič Tina , Chakrabarti Rituparna , Kügler Sebastian , Lenz Christine , Nouvian Régis , Boumil Rebecca M. , Frankel Wayne N. , Wichmann Carolin , Moser Tobias
Published: January 2014

Synaptic vesicle recycling sustains high rates of neurotransmission at the ribbon-type active zones (AZs) of mouse auditory inner hair cells (IHCs), but its modes and molecular regulation are poorly understood. Electron microscopy indicated the presence of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and bulk endocytosis. The endocytic proteins dynamin, clathrin, and amphiphysin are expressed and broadly distributed in IHCs. We used confocal vglut1–pHluorin imaging and membrane capacitance (Cm) measurements to study the spatial organization and dynamics of IHC exocytosis and endocytosis. Viral gene transfer expressed vglut1–pHluorin in IHCs and targeted it to synaptic vesicles. The intravesicular pH was ∼6.5, supporting only a modest increase of vglut1–pHluorin fluorescence during exocytosis and pH neutralization. Ca2+influx triggered an exocytic increase of vglut1–pHluorin fluorescence at the AZs, around which it remained for several seconds. The endocyticCmdecline proceeded with constant rate (linear component) after exocytosis of the readily releasable pool (RRP). When exocytosis exceeded three to four RRP equivalents, IHCs additionally recruited a fasterCmdecline (exponential component) that increased with the amount of preceding exocytosis and likely reflects bulk endocytosis. The dynamin inhibitor Dyngo-4a and the clathrin blocker pitstop 2 selectively impaired the linear component of endocyticCmdecline. A missense mutation of dynamin 1 (fitful) inhibited endocytosis to a similar extent as Dyngo-4a. We propose that IHCs use dynamin-dependent endocytosis via CME to support vesicle cycling during mild stimulation but recruit bulk endocytosis to balance massive exocytosis.
Precuneus Is a Functional Core of the Default-Mode Network
Authors: Utevsky Amanda V. , Smith David V. , Huettel Scott A.
Published: January 2014

Efforts to understand the functional architecture of the brain have consistently identified multiple overlapping large-scale neural networks that are observable across multiple states. Despite the ubiquity of these networks, it remains unclear how regions within these large-scale neural networks interact to orchestrate behavior. Here, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 188 human subjects who engaged in three cognitive tasks and a resting-state scan. Using multiple tasks and a large sample allowed us to use split-sample validations to test for replication of results. We parceled the task-rest pairs into functional networks using a probabilistic spatial independent components analysis. We examined changes in connectivity between task and rest states using dual-regression analysis, which quantifies voxelwise connectivity estimates for each network of interest while controlling for the influence of signals arising from other networks and artifacts. Our analyses revealed systematic state-dependent functional connectivity in one brain region: the precuneus. Specifically, task performance led to increased connectivity (compared to rest) between the precuneus and the left frontoparietal network (lFPN), whereas rest increased connectivity between the precuneus and the default-mode network (DMN). The absolute magnitude of this effect was greater for DMN, suggesting a heightened specialization for resting-state cognition. All results replicated within the two independent samples. Our results indicate that the precuneus plays a core role not only in DMN, but also more broadly through its engagement under a variety of processing states.
A Transition in Brain State during Propofol-Induced Unconsciousness
Authors: Mukamel Eran A. , Pirondini Elvira , Babadi Behtash , Wong Kin Foon Kevin , Pierce Eric T. , Harrell P. Grace , Walsh John L. , Salazar-Gomez Andres F. , Cash Sydney S. , Eskandar Emad N. , Weiner Veronica S. , Brown Emery N. , Purdon Patrick L.
Published: January 2014

Rhythmic oscillations shape cortical dynamics during active behavior, sleep, and general anesthesia. Cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling is a prominent feature of cortical oscillations, but its role in organizing conscious and unconscious brain states is poorly understood. Using high-density EEG and intracranial electrocorticography during gradual induction of propofol general anesthesia in humans, we discovered a rapid drug-induced transition between distinct states with opposite phase-amplitude coupling and different cortical source distributions. One state occurs during unconsciousness and may be similar to sleep slow oscillations. A second state occurs at the loss or recovery of consciousness and resembles an enhanced slow cortical potential. These results provide objective electrophysiological landmarks of distinct unconscious brain states, and could be used to help improve EEG-based monitoring for general anesthesia.
40 Jahre Stabilitäts- und Wachstumsgesetz. Theoretische Analyse und statistische Evaluation einer verfassungsökonomischen Innovation
Authors: Grossekettler Heinz
Published: January 2014

This paper considers the impact over time of the German “Economic Growth and Stability Law”, which had its 40th anniversary on the 6th June, 2007. After looking at the history and development of the law and the associated expectations, the intended functions are analysed critically. Inappropriate use of the law is analysed from the perspective of public choice, as well as the insufficient consideration of reaction delays and, above all, the underestimation of the role of expectations. Furthermore, attention is paid to the fact that planning and coordination problems have not been satisfactorily resolved. A comparison with a control group from major European countries is then used to determine whether one can talk meaningfully in the German context of particular success stories in countering fluctuations in business cycles, the development of governmental debt and of legal objectives with respect to “price level stability”, “high levels of employment”, “current account equilibrium” and “satisfactory economic growth”. It becomes evident that government debt and unemployment have risen more in Germany and that growth rates have declined more sharply than in the countries on which the comparison is based. After discussing the hypotheses for explaining the weak German growth, growth accounting demonstrates that changes in the demographic structure, the substantial shortening of working hours and early retirement, blunders in the reunification process and an aggressive wage policy on the part of trade unions, particularly in the seventies, are the main reasons for low growth. This wage policy was triggered by the expectation of the trade unions that, with the aid of the Stability and Growth Law, the state would ensure full employment. In reality, however, the wage policy led to a reduced rate of investment and growth. This process could only be terminated by the restrained wage policy of the past few years.
Alter und Arbeit in der Geschichte
Authors: Ehmer Josef
Published: January 2014

This article is an introduction of this special volume on work over the life course. The first part presents some reflections on the meaning of work for the social construction of the life course in European history, and discusses results as well as desiderata of historical research. The second part provides a brief introduction of each individual chapter and puts them into context.
Die Schmalenbachkontroverse während der Weltwirtschaftskrise. Ein Fallbeispiel für die ökonomische Wissensrezeption
Authors: Köster Roman
Published: January 2014

In 1928, the economist Eugen Schmalenbach gave a speech in which he argued that the problem of rising fixed costs would (in the long run) transform the economy into a state-controlled cartel. This lecture brought about a broad discussion in science and public. Especially liberal economists challenged Schmalenbach’s hypothesis, whilst others agreed with him that Germany was on the way to some kind of a bounded economy. The article traces this discussion and wants to show, how pure economical and philosophical arguments were mixed up with each other. In the end, Schmalenbach’s rationale ended up as a small part of an overall debate on the future of German capitalism. The latter was mainly initiated by Werner Sombart and should shape the economical discussions during the slump.
Geschichte der Wirtschaftstheorie und Wirtschaftsgeschichte: Einleitung
Authors: Schefold Bertram
Published: January 2014

This introduction to the collection of essays in this issue of the Jahrbuch distinguishes a ‘positivist’, a ‘relativist’ and a ‘political’ approach to the history of economic thought. The 'positivist’ history of economic theory as a series of reconstructions of past theoretical attempts is a history of progressive discoveries of the modern mainstream, whereas there are different forms of ‘historical relativism’: past theories as determined by past material circumstances which differ as ‘modes of production’, past economic ideas as conditioned by ethical norms pertaining to different ideal types and finally different economic styles describing a co-evolution of the social and economic and of the mental sphere. The ‘political orientation’ of past economic doctrines appears as determined by the embedding of the economy in society in pre-modern times, while modern political economy reflects the divergent interests in a disembedded capitalist society.
German Agricultural Employment, Production and Labour Productivity: A New Benchmark for 1936 and a Note on Hoffmann’s Tales
Authors: Fremdling Rainer
Published: January 2014

This paper focuses on agricultural performance in 1936 as part of a comprehensive project to (re)construct a new and reliable benchmark for revising German historical national accounts. The new estimates presented here confirm the poor agricultural performance of Germany compared with other developed economies. The new figures are even significantly lower than Hoffmann’s estimates: In particular, this is shown for key variables like gross and net value added and labour productivity. The benchmark year of 1936 is considered to be representative of the inter-war years. Consequently, once again my statement is confirmed that one should keep away from Hoffmann′s figures when discussing any aspect of economic failure of the Weimar Republic or economic recovery after Hitler came to power.
140 Years of Financial Crises: Old Dog, New Tricks
Authors: Schularick Moritz
Published: January 2014

Looking at 140 years of modern financial history, this paper analyses what is new and what is old about the 2008/09 financial crisis. I identify a number of traits common to most financial crises in 19th and 20th century economic history. First, systemic banking crises are typically credit booms gone bust, i.e. they are preceded by periods of marked expansions of the balance sheets of financial intermediaries. Second, despite much more active central bank policies, financial crises have remained costly for the real economy. Third, increases of public debt in the aftermath of banking crisis are nothing new, but there are some indications that the costs have increased over time. However, this time was also different in three respects: first, the dependence of the financial system on wholesale funding markets is a historically new phenomenon with major implications for financial stability and monetary policy. Second, the crisis was closely linked to the emergence of global imbalances and unprecedented reserve accumulation. Third, the global credit boom since the late 1970s did not feed into higher investment rates, which raises questions about the economic benefits of the strong increase in financial intensity in recent years.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Clinicopathological classification and molecular markers of pituitary tumours for personalized therapeutic strategies
Authors: Raverot Gerald , Jouanneau Emmanuel , Trouillas Jacqueline
Published: January 2014

Pituitary tumours, the most frequent intracranial tumour, are historically considered benign. However, various pieces of clinical evidence and recent advances in pathological and molecular analyses suggest the need to consider these tumours as more than an endocrinological disease, despite the low incidence of metastasis. Recently, we proposed a new prognostic clinicopathological classification of these pituitary tumours, according to the tumour size (micro, macro and giant), type (prolactin, GH, FSH/LH, ACTH and TSH) and grade (grade 1a, non-invasive; 1b, non-invasive and proliferative; 2a, invasive; 2b, invasive and proliferative and 3, metastatic). In addition to this classification, numerous molecular prognostic markers have been identified, allowing a better characterisation of tumour behaviour and prognosis. Moreover, clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that pituitary tumours could be treated by some chemotherapeutic drugs or new targeted therapies. Our improved classification of these tumours should now allow the identification of prognosis markers and help the clinician to propose personalised therapies to selected patients presenting tumours with a high risk of recurrence.
Human sperm anatomy and endocrinology in varicocele: role of androgen receptor
Authors: Guido Carmela , Santoro Marta , De Amicis Francesca , Perrotta Ida , Panza Salvatore , Rago Vittoria , Cesario Maria Grazia , Lanzino Marilena , Aquila Saveria
Published: January 2014

The study of androgens involved in male reproduction has been object of intense efforts, while their reported action on human male gametes is limited. We previously described the presence of androgen receptor (AR) in sperm with a role related to the modulation of the PI3K pathway. In the present study, we investigated the expression of AR and its ultrastructural location in normal sperm as well as in spermatozoa obtained from varicocele patients. We observed a reduced AR content in varicocele sperm with respect to healthy sperm by western blot analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultrastructural location of AR was detected mainly on the head membrane as well as in the nucleus, neck, and mitochondria. Influence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment on cholesterol efflux was increased in normal sperm, while it was reduced or absent in varicocele sperm. To better understand DHT/AR significance in human male gametes, we evaluated triglyceride content and lipase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities upon DHT treatment. The metabolic outcome glimpsed in normal sperm was an increased metabolic rate, while ‘varicocele’ sperm economized energy. Taken together, our results reveal DHT and AR as new players in sperm endocrinology, indicating that varicocele sperm may have difficulty in switching to the capacitated status. A decreased AR expression and a consequent reduced responsiveness to DHT in sperm may represent molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of varicocele leading to male infertility. This study revealed new detrimental effects of varicocele on sperm at the molecular level.
Domain Specificity of MAP3K Family Members, MLK and Tak1, for JNK Signaling inDrosophila
Authors: Stronach Beth , Lennox Ashley L , Garlena Rebecca A
Published: January 2014

A highly diverse set of protein kinases functions as early responders in the mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MAPK/SAPK) signaling pathways. For instance, humans possess 14 MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks) that activate Jun kinase (JNK) signaling downstream. A major challenge is to decipher the selective and redundant functions of these upstream MAP3Ks. Taking advantage of the relative simplicity of Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we assessed MAP3K signaling specificity in several JNK-dependent processes during development and stress response. Our approach was to generate molecular chimeras between two MAP3K family members, the mixed lineage kinase, Slpr, and the TGF-β activated kinase, Tak1, which share 32% amino acid identity across the kinase domain but otherwise differ in sequence and domain structure, and then test the contributions of various domains for protein localization, complementation of mutants, and activation of signaling. We found that overexpression of the wild-type kinases stimulated JNK signaling in alternate contexts, so cells were capable of responding to both MAP3Ks, but with distinct outcomes. Relative to wild-type, the catalytic domain swaps compensated weakly or not at all, despite having a shared substrate, the JNK kinase Hep. Tak1 C-terminal domain-containing constructs were inhibitory in Tak1 signaling contexts, including tumor necrosis factor-dependent cell death and innate immune signaling; however, depressing antimicrobial gene expression did not necessarily cause phenotypic susceptibility to infection. These same constructs were neutral in the context of Slpr-dependent developmental signaling, reflecting differential subcellular protein localization and by inference, point of activation. Altogether, our findings suggest that the selective deployment of a particular MAP3K can be attributed in part to its inherent sequence differences, cellular localization, and binding partner availability.
Analysis of Crystalline in GaN Epitaxial Layer after the Wafer Dicing Process
Authors: Taguchi Hideyuki , Kitahara Amane , Miyake Shugo , Nakaue Akimitu , Fujiwara Yasufumi
Published: January 2014

The crystallinity of a GaN epitaxial layer on a sapphire substrate after the mechanical ding process was estimated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopic analysis. TEM observation results showed that, the screw dislocations as a threading dislocation were induced by the mechanical dicing process in the limited area up to approximately 1.2 μm from the dicing-line. On the other hand, the crystal strains were up to approximately 7 μm from the dicing-line edge measured by the Raman spectroscopic analysis. The distance difference between the area of the screw dislocations and of the residual strain is caused by the stress relaxation.
Submicron displacement measurements of MEMS using optical microphotographs in aqueous media: Enhancement using color image processing
Authors: Warnat Stephan , King Hunter , Schwartz Rachael , Kujath Marek , Hubbard Ted
Published: January 2014

The measurement of precise submicron displacements is essential in several MEMS applications. For instance, the measurement of the mechanical parameters of biological cells requires repeatable measurement of displacements in the nanometer regime. This paper presents a method to make displacement measurements in an aqueous MEMS environment with a ± 10 nm accuracy by using the blue channel of RGB pictures in combination with a FFT phase shift analysis.
Vagus nerve stimulator in patients with epilepsy: indications and recommendations for use
Authors: Terra Vera C , Amorim Ricardo , Silvado Carlos , Oliveira Andrea Juliao de , Jorge Carmen Lisa , Faveret Eduardo , Ragazzo Paulo , Paola Luciano De
Published: January 2014

Epilepsy comprises a set of neurologic and systemic disorders characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures, and is the most frequent chronic neurologic disorder. In patients with medically refractory epilepsy, therapeutic options are limited to ablative brain surgery, trials of experimental antiepileptic drugs, or palliative surgery. Vagal nerve stimulation is an available palliative procedure of which the mechanism of action is not understood, but with established efficacy for medically refractory epilepsy and low incidence of side-effects. In this paper we discuss the recommendations for VNS use as suggested by the Brazilian League of Epilepsy and the Scientific Department of Epilepsy of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology Committee of Neuromodulation.
Vascular parkinsonism: a case series of 17 patients
Authors: Vale Thiago Cardoso , Caramelli Paulo , Cardoso Francisco
Published: January 2014

Objective To report the clinical and neuroimaging findings in a case series of vascular parkinsonism (VP). Methods Seventeen patients with VP were evaluated with motor, cognitive, and neuroimaging standardized tests and scales. Results All patients had arterial hypertension. Ten patients were male and the mean age of the whole sample was 75.8±10.1 years. The mean age of parkinsonism onset was 72.2±10.0 years. Common clinical features were urinary incontinence (88.2%), lower limb parkinsonism with freezing of gait and falls (82.3%), and pyramidal signs (76.4%). The mean Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn-Yahr scores were 72.5±21.6 points and 3.3±0.9 points, respectively. Sixteen (94.1%) patients had freezing of gait and executive dysfunction. Twelve (70.5%) patients had probable vascular dementia. The mean dose of levodopa was 530.9 mg/day. Unresponsiveness to the drug was confirmed by a 6.9 mean point reduction in the UPDRS score after the “practically defined off” test. Conclusion This series provides a profile of VP with predominant lower-limb involvement, freezing of gait and falls, pyramidal signs, executive dysfunction, concomitant vascular dementia, and poor levodopa response.
Nearly one-half of Brazilian patients with multiple sclerosis using natalizumab are DNA-JC virus positive
Authors: Fragoso Yara Dadalti , Mendes Maria Fernanda , Arruda Walter Oleschko , Becker Jefferson , Brooks Joseph Bruno Bidin , Carvalho Margarete de Jesus , Comini-Frota Elizabeth Regina , Domingues Renan Barros , Ferreira Maria Lucia Brito , Finkelsztejn Alessandro , Gama Paulo Diniz da , Gomes Sidney , Goncalves Marcus Vinicius Magno , Kaimen-Maciel Damacio Ramon , Morales Rogerio de Rizo , Muniz Andre , Ruocco Heloisa Helena , Salgado Pedro Rippel , Albuquerque Livia Brito Bezerra de , Gama Rodrigo Assad Diniz da , Georgeto Sergio , Lopes Josiane , Oliveira Celso Luis Silva , Oliveira Francisco Tomaz Meneses , Safanelli Juliana , Saldanha Patricia Correia de Oliveira , Satomi Massaco
Published: January 2014

Objective Natalizumab is a new and efficient treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). The risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) during the use of this drug has created the need for better comprehension of JC virus (JCV) infection. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of JCV-DNA in Brazilian patients using natalizumab. Method Qualitative detection of the JCV in the serum was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results In a group of 168 patients with MS who were undergoing treatment with natalizumab, JCV-DNA was detectable in 86 (51.2%) patients. Discussion Data on JCV-DNA in Brazil add to the worldwide assessment of the prevalence of the JCV in MS patients requiring treatment with natalizumab.
Experimental model of intracranial hypertension with continuous multiparametric monitoring in swine
Authors: Andrade Almir Ferreira de , Soares Matheus Schmidt , Patriota Gustavo Cartaxo , Belon Alessandro Rodrigo , Paiva Wellingson Silva , Bor-Seng-Shu Edson , Oliveira Marcelo de Lima , Nascimento Clarissa Nobrega , Noleto Gustavo Sousa , Alves Junior Aderaldo Costa , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha , Otoch Jose Pinhata , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: January 2014

Objective Intracranial hypertension (IH) develops in approximately 50% of all patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, it is very important to identify a suitable animal model to study and understand the pathophysiology of refractory IH to develop effective treatments. Methods We describe a new experimental porcine model designed to simulate expansive brain hematoma causing IH. Under anesthesia, IH was simulated with a balloon insufflation. The IH variables were measured with intracranial pressure (ICP) parenchymal monitoring, epidural, cerebral oximetry, and transcranial Doppler (TCD). Results None of the animals died during the experiment. The ICP epidural showed a slower rise compared with parenchymal ICP. We found a correlation between ICP and cerebral oximetry. Conclusion The model described here seems useful to understand some of the pathophysiological characteristics of acute IH.
Interleukin-10 may protect against progressing injury during the acute phase of ischemic stroke
Authors: Protti Gustavo G. , Gagliardi Rubens J. , Forte Wilma C. N. , Sprovieri Sandra Regina S.
Published: January 2014

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and ischemic stroke is one of its most common and devastating manifestations. Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in the progression of the irreversible ischemic lesions. The presence of anti-inflammatory mediators may prevent secondary ischemic injury. Objectives 1) To assess the relationship between stroke severity and the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-10; and 2) To analyze the neurological outcome after 72 h of ischemic stroke onset and expression of interleukins. Method We measured the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-10 in 26 patients with acute stroke. Neurological impairment was scored using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale within the first 72 h after stroke onset. Thirty healthy subjects were analyzed as controls. Results Patients with IL-10 <925.0 pg/mL presented with neurological deterioration within the first 72 h. Conclusion IL-10 may protect against ischemic injury during the acute phase of stroke.
Syncope in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy without apparent cardiovascular disease
Authors: Alves-Leon Soniza Vieira , Pinto Moises Pereira , Andraus Maria Emilia Cosenza , Pereira Valeria Coelho Santa Rita , Meira Isabella D'Andrea , Oliveira Raquel de Carvalho , Villas Boas Shaylla , Rego Claudia Cecilia da Silva , Souza Jorge Paes Barreto Marcondes de , Pedrosa Roberto Coury
Published: January 2014

Epilepsy and syncope are clinical conditions with high prevalence rates in the general population, and the differential diagnosis between them is difficult. Objective To assess the frequency of syncope in patients diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) without apparent heart disease, to investigate the relationship between clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes, and to verify the role of the inclination test (IT). Method An open, prospective study from 2004 to 2006, including 35 consecutive patients from the Epilepsy Program of Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho who were diagnosed with DRE without apparent heart disease. Results The frequency of syncope was 25.7% (n=9), with a significant prevalence in women. Vasovagal syncope (VVS) was the most frequent diagnosis. Conclusion We found a significant association between syncope and the presence of autonomic symptoms (p=0.005). The IT plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of patients with DRE presenting with autonomic symptoms, regardless of EEG results and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities.
Brazilian cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the "Questionnaire of Life Quality Specific for Myasthenia Gravis - 15 items"
Authors: Mourao Aline Mansueto , Araujo Caroline Martins , Barbosa Luiz Sergio Mageste , Gomez Rodrigo Santiago , Burns Ted M. , Lemos Stela Maris Aguiar , Teixeira Antonio Lucio
Published: January 2014

Objective To translate and to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the “Questionnaire of Life Quality Specific for Myasthenia Gravis - 15 items” (MG-QOL15). Method The original English version of the questionnaire was translated into Portuguese. This version was revised and translated back into English. Later, both English versions were compared and the divergences were corrected in the Portuguese text. At a second stage, ten patients with MG followed at the Neuromuscular Diseases Clinic from the University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais answered the questionnaire. The authors analyzed the difficulties and misunderstandings in the application of the questionnaire. Results The questions 8, 13 and 15 were considered difficult to understand and were modified in the final Portuguese version. Most patients (70%) had a total score above 25, and the statements 3, 8 and 9 showed the highest scores. Conclusion The Brazilian version of the questionnaire MG-QOL15 seems to be a promising tool for the assessment of Brazilian patients with MG.
Brown-Séquard, a restless mind
Authors: Engelhardt Eliasz , Gomes Marleide da Mota
Published: January 2014

Brown-Séquard, a remarkable medical personality of the 19 th century, was born in a small island of the Indian Ocean. He travelled over the world exerting his skills: a successful physician, and an innovative researcher, with a very ample range of interests. His favored subject was the nervous system. The spinal cord was studied extensively, with novel and important discoveries on the sensory pathways. He identified cases with spinal cord hemisection, and described the clinical presentation corresponding to a syndrome which bears his name (Brown-Séquard syndrome), for which he is best known among neurologists. Regarding the brain, he proposed nine mental and physical functions (organs) related to dynamically interconnected cell clusters, in harmony with the “ réseau de cellules anastomosées ”, “ activités dynamogeniques et inhibitrices ”, and “ action à distance ” concepts. Finally, he is considered by some as the “father” of endocrinology, due to his studies on glands and their secretions.
Referral to rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease: who, when and to what end?
Authors: Domingos Josefa , Coelho Miguel , Ferreira Joaquim J
Published: January 2014

The current state of evidence in non-pharmacological treatments amounts to an impending paradigm shift in neurology where physicians should be alerted that some rehabilitation interventions are already supported in current therapeutic guidelines. This manuscript aims to overview the best scientific data supporting referral to rehabilitation services in order to help physicians make the best use of the existing evidence for non-pharmacological treatments in the different stages of Parkinson´s disease.
Brazilian version of the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress - Revised (SIDES-R): adaptation and validation process
Authors: Camargo Jessica , Kluwe-Schiavon Bruno , Sanvicente-Vieira Breno , Levandowski Mateus Luz , Grassi-Oliveira Rodrigo
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) contemplates the impact of acute traumatic events, but the literature indicates that this is not true for chronic exposure to stress. In this sense, the category disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS) has been proposed to characterize the behavior and cognitive alterations derived from exposure to continuous early life stress. The Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress - Revised (SIDES-R) was developed to investigate and measure DESNOS. Considering the lack of instruments designed to assess DESNOS, especially in Brazil, the aim of this study was to translate, adapt, and validate the contents of SIDES-R to Brazilian Portuguese (SIDES-R-BR). METHOD: The original interview was subjected to translation, back-translation, semantic equivalence and conceptual correspondence analyses by naive and specialized judges, respectively, an acceptability trial, and inter-rater validity analysis. RESULTS: The interview underwent semantic and structural adaptations considering the Brazilian culture. The final version, SIDES-R-BR, showed a mean understanding score of 4.98 on a 5-point verbal rating scale, in addition to a kappa coefficient of 0.853. CONCLUSION: SIDES-R-BR may be a useful tool in the investigation of DESNOS and contributes a valuable input to clinical research in Brazil. The availability of the instrument allows to test symptoms with adequate reliability, as verified by the kappa coefficient and translation steps.
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Driving Behavior Survey (DBS)
Authors: Cantini Jessye Almeida , Clapp Joshua D. , Ribeiro Leticia , Andrade Simone Maria Hazin Paes de , Pereira Valeska Martinho , Nardi Antonio Egidio , Silva Adriana Cardoso
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND: Fear of driving has been recognized as a complex diagnostic entity. For this reason, the use of psychometric instruments is fundamental to advancing research in this area. Psychometric instruments are also necessary for clinical care, as they can help conceptualize the disorder and plan adequate treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe the cross-cultural adaptation of a Brazilian version of the Driving Behavior Survey (DBS). Methods: The process consisted of: 1) two translations and back-translations carried out by independent evaluators; 2) development of a brief version by four bilingual experts in mental health; 3) experimental application; and 4) investigation of operational equivalence. RESULTS: The adaptation process is described and a final Brazilian version of the DBS is presented. CONCLUSION: A new instrument is now available to assess the driving behaviors of the Brazilian population, facilitating research in this field.
Efeito do silício nas concentrações de lignina e de açúcares em bainhas de folhas de arroz infectadas por Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Schurt Daniel Augusto , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila , Colodette Jorge Luiz , Carré-Missio Vivian
Published: January 2014

A queima das bainhas, causada pelo fungo Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, é uma das mais importantes doenças que afetam a produção de arroz no mundo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do silício (Si) nas concentrações de lignina solúvel e insolúvel e de açúcares totais em bainhas de folhas de arroz infectadas por R. solani. Plantas de arroz dos cultivares BR-Irga-409 e Labelle foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva sem (0 mM) ou com (2 mM) Si. A concentração de Si nas bainhas das folhas das plantas dos cultivares BR-Irga-409 e Labelle supridas com Si aumentou em 77% e 84%, respectivamente, em relação às plantas não supridas com Si. O comprimento relativo da lesão de queima das bainhas foi significativamente menor nas bainhas das plantas supridas com Si em relação às bainhas das plantas não supridas com esse elemento. Não houve efeito do Si e nem da inoculação com R. solani nas concentrações de mananas, galactanas, arabinanas, xilanas, glucanas e de açúcares totais nas bainhas das plantas dos dois cultivares. Para as plantas dos dois cultivares supridas com Si, a concentração de açúcares totais foi menor quando comparada com a dos dois cultivares na ausência de Si. Não houve variação na concentração de lignina insolúvel, solúvel e total entre os cultivares. As concentrações de lignina insolúvel e total foram maiores nas plantas supridas com Si, independentemente da inoculação com R. solani. Em conclusão, plantas de arroz supridas com Si foram mais resistentes à queima das bainhas devido a uma maior lignificação dos tecidos das bainhas e menor concentração de açúcares totais.