bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (x = 0–0.3) Ceramic Powders via Sol‐Gel Method: Structural, Microstructure, Thermal Conductivity, and Compressive Strength Properties
Authors: Tihtih Mohammed , Ibrahim Jamal Eldin F. M. , Kurovics Emese , Gömze László A.
Published: October 2021

Strontium‐modified barium titanate ceramics with the compositional formula Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (barium strontium titanate, BSrxT) with (x = 0, 0.05, 0.125, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.3) have been synthesized through sol‐gel method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as‐prepared ceramics, calcined at a relatively low temperature (950 °C/3 h), reveal that BSrxT ceramics possess tetragonal structure in the range of x = 0–20% and shift into a cubic structure at high Sr composition (x = 30%). Based on XRD and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the occupation of the Ba and/or Ti sites by strontium in the BaTiO3 system and the behaviors of the crystalline parameters as functions of the Sr content have been discussed. The scanning electron microscopy shows that the grain size and densification sensitively depend on the Sr content. The study of the thermal conductivity measurements performed on the as‐prepared ceramics reveals the influence of Sr content on the thermal conductivity value. However, the microstructure of BSrxT impacts the compressive strength, therefore, the value of the latter is found to be decreased when the grain size increased.
Crystal Growth, Optical Properties, and Photocatalytic Performances of ZnO‐CuAl2O4 Hybrid Compounds: Theoretical and Experimental Studies
Authors: Naghibi Sanaz , Basravi Ali , Tang Youhong
Published: October 2021

In this study, a two‐step synthesis of the ZnO‐CuAl2O4 nanocomposite with houseleek‐like grains structures is developed for the first time. The proposed preparation procedure is led to an increase in bandgap energy (Eg) of the synthesized nanocomposite in comparison with the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. Theoretically, based on a relation between Eg and the number of surface atoms, the increase in Eg value has been ascribed to the morphology of the synthesized samples. Experimentally, the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized composites, and pristine ZnO and CuAl2O4 are evaluated by comparing the degradation of methyl orange (MO) solution as a model of azo dye pollutants under UV irradiation. ZnO content and solution pH are selected as variables. Experimental results are showed that acidic pH (≈4) leads to the highest photodegradation performance due to the anionic nature of the MO solution. On the other hand, CuAl2O4‐25%ZnO attained the highest degradation efficiency and high adsorption behavior of the composite is the main reason for this achievement.
Partitioning macroscale and microscale ecological processes using covariate‐driven non‐stationary spatial models
Authors: Narr Charlotte F. , Chernyavskiy Pavel , Collins Sarah M.
Published: October 2021

Ecological inference requires integrating information across scales. This integration creates a complex spatial dependence structure that is most accurately represented by fully non‐stationary models. However, ecologists rarely use these models because they are difficult to estimate and interpret. Here, we facilitate the use of fully non‐stationary models in ecology by improving the interpretability of a recently developed non‐stationary model and applying it to improve our understanding of the spatial processes driving lake eutrophication. We reformulated a model that incorporates non‐stationary correlation by adding environmental predictors to the covariance function, thereby building on the intuition of mean regression. We created ellipses to visualize how data at a given site correlate with their surroundings (i.e., the range and directionality of underlying spatial processes). We applied this model to describe the spatial dependence structure of variables related to lake eutrophication across two different regions: a Midwestern United States region with highly agricultural landscapes, and a Northeastern United States region with heterogeneous land use. For the Midwest, increases in forest cover increased the homogeneity of the residual spatial structure of total phosphorus, indicating that macroscale processes dominated this nutrient’s spatial structure. Conversely, high forest cover and baseflow reduced the spatial homogeneity of chlorophyllaresiduals, indicating that microscale processes dominated for chlorophyllain the Midwest. In the Northeast, increases in urban land use and baseflow decreased the homogeneity of phosphorus concentrations indicating the dominance of microscale processes, but none of our covariates were strongly associated with the residual spatial structure of chlorophylla. Our model showed that the spatial dependence structure of environmental response variables shifts across space. It also helped to explain this structure using ecologically relevant covariates from different scales whose effects can be interpreted intuitively. This provided novel insight into the processes that lead to eutrophication, a complex and pervasive environmental issue.
Epikarst shallow fissure soil systems are key to eliminating karst drought limitations in the karst rocky desertification area of SW China
Authors: Yan Youjin , Dai Quanhou , Yang Yuqiong , Yan Lingbing , Yi Xingsong
Published: October 2021

Surface soil water shortages are among the primary factors limiting revegetation in most degraded regions with shallow soil, especially in karst areas. Finding water sources for plants is an urgent task to ensure maximum vegetation restoration in these areas. We combined soil water content monitoring and isotope tracing to reveal the principal water source supply systems for plants in karst areas. The results showed that the content and storage of water in the shallow fissure soil system (SFSS) of the epikarst zone were consistently higher and more temporally stable than that of the surface soil. Thus, epikarsts with dissolution voids and fissures are important, stable aquifers that provide water to plants. Moreover, the IsoSource results showed that the SFSS was the primary water source for three monitored tree species (Cupressus torulosa D. Don, Pyracantha fortuneana [Maxim.] Li and Rosa cymosa Tratt.), especially C. torulosa and P. fortuneana. The water‐uptake patterns of C. torulosa and P. fortuneana changed from dominant SFSS and surface soil water sources during the rainy period to the dominant SFSS and transfer zone (TZ) of vadose zone water sources during the dry period. In contrast, Rhynchospora cymosa uses water from SFSS and TZ water sources only during drought. These results suggest that the SFSS is key to eliminating vegetation restoration limitations due to surface drought in karst areas. It is proposed that deeply rooted plants with dimorphic root systems are optimal for sustainable vegetation restoration in karst areas.
Altered increase in STAT1 expression and phosphorylation in severe COVID‐19
Authors: Rincon‐Arevalo Hector , Aue Arman , Ritter Jacob , Szelinski Franziska , Khadzhynov Dmytro , Zickler Daniel , Stefanski Luisa , Lino Andreia C. , Körper Sixten , Eckardt Kai‐Uwe , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Dörner Thomas , Schrezenmeier Eva V.
Published: October 2021

The interferon pathway, a key antiviral defense mechanism, is being considered as a therapeutic target in COVID‐19. Both, substitution of interferon and JAK/STAT inhibition to limit cytokine storms have been proposed. However, little is known about possible abnormalities in STAT signaling in immune cells during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We investigated downstream targets of interferon signaling, including STAT1, STAT2, pSTAT1 and 2, and IRF1, 7 and 9 by flow cytometry in 30 patients with COVID‐19, 17 with mild, and 13 with severe infection. We report upregulation of STAT1 and IRF9 in mild and severe COVID‐19 cases, which correlated with the IFN‐signature assessed by Siglec‐1 (CD169) expression on peripheral monocytes. Interestingly, Siglec‐1 and STAT1 in CD14+ monocytes and plasmablasts showed lower expression among severe cases compared to mild cases. Contrary to the baseline STAT1 expression, the phosphorylation of STAT1 was enhanced in severe COVID‐19 cases, indicating a dysbalanced JAK/STAT signaling that fails to induce transcription of interferon stimulated response elements (ISRE). This abnormality persisted after IFN‐α and IFN‐γ stimulation of PBMCs from patients with severe COVID‐19. Data suggest impaired STAT1 transcriptional upregulation among severely infected patients may represent a potential predictive biomarker and would allow stratification of patients for certain interferon‐pathway targeted treatments.
Characterization of AMA1‐RON2L complex with native gel electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing
Authors: Zhu Daming , Dai Weili , Srinivasan Prakash , McClellan Holly , Braden Dennis , Allee‐Munoz Alec , Hurtado Patricia A. Gonzales , Miller Louis H. , Duffy Patrick E.
Published: October 2021

Rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2) binds to the hydrophobic groove of apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), an interaction essential for invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites. Vaccination with AMA1 alone has been shown to be immunogenic, but unprotective even against homologous challenge in human trials. However, the AMA1‐RON2L (L is referred to as the loop region of RON2 peptide) complex is a promising candidate, as preclinical studies with Freund's adjuvant have indicated complete protection against lethal challenge in mice and superior protection against virulent infection in Aotus monkeys. To prepare for clinical trials of the AMA1‐RON2L complex, identity and integrity of the candidate vaccine must be assessed, and characterization methods must be carefully designed to not dissociate the delicate complex during evaluation. In this study, we developed a native Tris‐glycine gel method to separate and identify the AMA1‐RON2L complex, which was further identified and confirmed by Western blotting using anti‐AMA1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs 4G2 and 2C2) and anti‐RON2L polyclonal Ab coupled with mass spectrometry. The formation of complex was also confirmed by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (cIEF). A short‐term (48 h and 72 h at 4°C) stability study of AMA1‐RON2L complex was also performed. The results indicate that the complex was stable for 72 h at 4°C. Our research demonstrates that the native Tris‐glycine gel separation/Western blotting coupled with mass spectrometry and cIEF can fully characterize the identity and integrity of the AMA1–RON2L complex and provide useful quality control data for the subsequent clinical trials.
Investigating peak dispersion in free‐flow counterflow gradient focusing
Authors: Courtney Matthew , Glawdel Tomasz , Ren Carolyn L.
Published: October 2021

Free‐flow electrophoresis (FFE) enables the continuous separation and collection of charged solutes, and as a result, it has drawn interest as both a preparative and an analytical tool for biological applications. Recently, a free‐flow counterflow gradient focusing (FF‐CGF) mechanism has been proposed with the goal of improving the resolution and versatility of FFE. To realize this potential, the factors that influence solute dispersion deserve further attention, including the gradient strength and the parabolic profile of the counterflow. Therefore, the goal of this work is to develop a theoretical model to study the interplay between these factors and molecular diffusion. Overall, an asymmetric solute distribution emerges for a wide range of parameters, and this behavior can be characterized with an exponentially modified Gaussian function. Results show that FF‐CGF can achieve high‐resolution separations, with the potential for high‐throughput protein purification. Moreover, this work provides a practical guide for optimizing experimental conditions, as well as a strong framework for understanding and developing FF‐CGF further.
Double generalized spatial modulation
Authors: Zhao Wen , Huang Zhipeng , Huang Fuchun , Zhan Yiju
Published: October 2021

In this article, motivated by the enhanced spatial modulation and quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) systems, we proposed a new design of double generalized spatial modulation (DGSM), which further exploits the spatial domain not only for the transmission of more extra information bits by increasing the number of antenna index (AI) vectors in an AI vector set, but also for the achievable transmit diversity gain. In DGSM system, we first design the in‐phase and quadrature AI vector sets, whose each AI vector having one or more than one nonzero element equaling to “1” is used for the activation of one or more than one transmit antenna. Then, a spatial antenna index vector (SIV) is generated by adding an AI vector from the in‐phase AI set and another AI vector from the quadrature AI set. Furthermore, a data symbol (eg, QAM/PSK) is modulated on the SIV for forming multiple versions of the data symbol and then transmitted, the maximum likelihood (ML) and sphere decoder (SD) algorithm are applied for the DGSM system. Finally, the performance analysis, including in the spectral efficiency, the computational complexity comparison between the DGSM system with SD algorithm and the diversity‐achieving QSM (DA‐QSM) with ML detector, are provided. Also, the average bit error probability is analyzed. Simulation results using Monte Carlo are presented to show the improvement of bit error ratio performance in comparison with DA‐QSM and other spatial modulation schemes.
The bright side and dark side of daydreaming predict creativity together through brain functional connectivity
Authors: Sun Jiangzhou , He Li , Chen Qunlin , Yang Wenjing , Wei Dongtao , Qiu Jiang
Published: October 2021

Daydreaming and creativity have similar cognitive processes and neural basis. However, few empirical studies have examined the relationship between daydreaming and creativity using cognitive neuroscience methods. The present study explored the relationship between different types of daydreaming and creativity and their common neural basis. The behavioral results revealed that positive constructive daydreaming is positively related to creativity, while poor attentional control is negatively related to it. Machine learning framework was adopted to examine the predictive effect of daydreaming‐related brain functional connectivity (FC) on creativity. The results demonstrated that task FCs related to positive constructive daydreaming and task FCs related to poor attentional control both predicted an individual's creativity score successfully. In addition, task FCs combining the positive constructive daydreaming and poor attentional control also had significant predictive effect on creativity score. Furthermore, predictive analysis based on resting‐state FCs showed similar patterns. Both of the subscale‐related FCs and combined FCs had significant predictive effect on creativity score. Further analysis showed the task and the resting‐state FCs both mainly located in the default mode network, central executive network, salience network, and attention network. These results showed that daydreaming was closely related to creativity, as they shared common FC basis.
Pictorial guide to canine and feline blood smears. Part 3: abnormal findings – leukocytes and platelets
Authors: Papasouliotis Kostas , Murphy Kate
Published: October 2021

Background: A variety of diseases can cause morphological abnormalities of leukocytes and platelets. Most of these abnormalities cannot be detected without a blood smear examination. Accurate detection can aid in the diagnosis and the implementation of appropriate treatment.

Aim of the article: This is the last in a series of three articles on practical haematology in dogs and cats. The aim of this article is to help veterinarians gain confidence in recognising common changes in the morphology of leukocytes and platelets that can be seen during a blood smear microscopic examination in clinical practice.
Update on the management of anoestrus and transitional phase in horses
Authors: Crabtree James
Published: October 2021

Background: Practitioners are regularly presented with mares in anoestrus or the transitional phase of the reproductive cycle. The first aim for the practitioner is to determine what stage of the cycle the mare is likely in and then determine the likely timescale to spontaneous cyclic activity. If it is desirable for the mare to be bred sooner than this, management and/or pharmacological strategies can be implemented in an attempt to advance cyclic activity.

Aim of the article: This article aims to update the practitioner with regard to the current and future methods of management and pharmacological therapies available to stimulate cyclic activity in the mare in anoestrus or transitional phase of the reproductive cycle.
Online freelancing and impact sourcing: Examining the inclusive development potential of online service work in the Philippines
Authors: Beerepoot Niels , Oprins Jorien
Published: October 2021

Online freelancing and impact sourcing have in recent years emerged as new models for offshore service delivery. Both have the potential of spreading the gains of online service work. Based on empirical research in the Philippines, this article examines how both models integrate outlying areas and more marginalized workers in international networks of online service delivery. The different models of information and communication technologies (ICT)‐enabled service delivery were observed to rely on the same pool of labor, thereby limiting the broader distribution of its gains. The article concludes that ICT4D research can benefit from an inclusive development lens when examining the beneficiaries and users of new (information) technologies and their longer‐term prospects for income generation.
Graphene‐induced planarization of cyclooctatetraene derivatives
Authors: Kroeger Asja A. , Karton Amir
Published: October 2021

Stable equilibrium compounds containing a planar antiaromatic cyclooctatetraene (COT) ring are promising candidates for organic electronic devices such as organic semiconductor transistors. The planarization of COT by incorporation into rigid planar π‐systems, as well as by oxidation or reduction has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Using dispersion‐corrected density functional theory calculations, we explore an alternative approach of planarizing COT derivatives by adsorption onto graphene. We show that strong π–π stacking interactions between graphene and COT derivatives induce a planar structure with an antiaromatic central COT ring. In addition to being reversible, this strategy provides a novel approach for planarizing COT without the need for incorporation into a rigid structure, atomic substitution, oxidation, or reduction.
Regulation of cancer progression by circRNA and functional proteins
Authors: Chen Junhong , Gu Jie , Tang Mengtian , Liao Zhiqiang , Tang Rui , Zhou Lianqing , Su Min , Jiang Jiarui , Hu Yingbin , Chen Yongyi , Zhou Yujuan , Liao Qianjin , Xiong Wei , Zhou Jumei , Tang Yanyan , Nie Shaolin
Published: October 2021

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closed back‐splicing products of precursor mRNA in eukaryotes. Compared with linear mRNAs, circRNAs have a special structure and stable expression. A large number of studies have provided different regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in tumors. Challenges exist in understanding the control of circRNAs because of their sequence overlap with linear mRNA. Here, we survey the most recent progress regarding the regulation of circRNA biogenesis by RNA‐binding proteins, one of the vital functional proteins. Furthermore, substantial circRNAs exert compelling biological roles by acting as protein sponges, by being translated themselves or regulating posttranslational modifications of proteins. This review will help further explore more types of functional proteins that interact with circRNA in cancer and reveal other unknown mechanisms of circRNA regulation.
Mechanotransduction in meniscus fibrochondrocytes: What about caveolae?
Authors: Vyhlidal Margaret J. , Adesida Adetola B.
Published: October 2021

Meniscus fibrochondrocytes (MFCs) are an important cell population responsible for regulating the biomechanical properties of the knee meniscus. Despite their significance, not much is known about them, including how they sense and respond to mechanical stimuli. Due to the mechanical nature of the knee joint, it is therefore paramount to our understanding of the meniscus that its mechanotransductive mechanism be elucidated. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on mechanotransduction in MFCs and highlight the relevance of caveolae in lieu of a recent discovery. Additionally, we will discuss the importance of future studies in this area to help advance the field of meniscus research.
Development and validation of an online calculator to predict early recurrence and long‐term survival in patients with distal cholangiocarcinoma after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Xu Shuai , Zhang Xiu‐Ping , Zhao Guo‐Dong , Zhao Zhi‐Ming , Gao Yuan‐Xing , Hu Ming‐Gen , Tan Xiang‐Long , Liu Rong
Published: October 2021

Background

Distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC) is a malignancy associated with a short survival time. In this study, we aimed to create an online nomogram calculator to predict early recurrence and long‐term survival in patients with DCC after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods

A total of 486 patients with DCC were included. An online nomogram calculator was developed and validated in training, internal validation and external validation cohorts, respectively.

Results

Of the 486 patients who met the inclusion criteria, we allocated 240, 120, and 126 patients to the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that preoperative CA19‐9, maximum tumor diameter, perineural invasion, and tumor differentiation were significant risk factors for early recurrence in patients with DCC. Incorporating these four factors, the nomogram achieved good AUC values of 0.788, 0.771, and 0.723 for predicting early recurrence in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively. Notably, this nomogram also had good power to predict overall survival. The discrimination ability of the nomogram was evaluated by dividing the predicted probabilities of early recurrence and survival into two risk groups in the training cohort (low risk ≤ 132; high risk > 132; P < .001). Time‐dependent ROC and decision curve analysis further revealed that the nomogram provided higher diagnostic capacity and superior net benefit compared to other staging systems.

Conclusion

This study developed and validated a web‐based nomogram calculator that was capable of predicting early recurrence and long‐term prognosis in patients with DCC after pancreaticoduodenectomy with high degrees of stability and accuracy.
3‐Pyrazolyl‐oxindoles as efficient nucleophiles for construction of 3,3′‐diheterocycle substituted oxindoles using chitosan as reusable catalyst in water
Authors: Liu Li , Wang Qing‐He , Li Yue , Wu Ming‐Shu
Published: October 2021

A facile, one‐pot, environmentally benign and chitosan‐catalyzed protocol for the construction of a novel 3,3′‐diheterocycle substituted oxindole framework by three‐component reaction between 3‐pyrazolyl‐oxindoles, salicylaldehydes, and malononitrile in water is reported. This protocol provides several advantages including readily available starting materials, a simple operation, without the need of purification by column chromatography, reusable catalyst.
Warming amplification with both altitude and latitude in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Qixiang , Fan Xiaohui , Wang Mengben
Published: October 2021

Many studies have examined elevation‐dependent warming in mountain regions of the world, yet little attempt has been undertaken to examine the relationship of the observed warming with both altitude and latitude on a regional scale. Here, based on the mean temperature series (1961–2015) of 105 stations in the Tibetan Plateau, the signals of warming amplification with these two factors are quantified using four groups of methods. The results, highly consistent for the different methods, confirm that the warming for the Tibetan Plateau is not only elevation‐dependent, but also latitude‐dependent, and the magnitude of altitudinal amplification trend is two orders of magnitude larger than that of latitudinal amplification trend on the annual and seasonal scales over the period 1961–2015. The annual warming is amplified by 0.066°C 10 year−1·km−1 of altitude and 0.016 × 10−2°C 10 year−1·km−1 of latitude (or 0.018°C 10 year−1·degree−1 of latitude), with the highest altitudinal (latitudinal) amplification in winter (autumn), followed by autumn (winter) and the lowest in spring and summer. Meanwhile, the estimates of altitude and latitude components of the regional warming shows that the contribution of latitude to the regional warming is larger than that of altitude on the annual scale and for all seasons excepting summer, due primarily to the much larger range of latitude than the range of altitude covered by all the stations used. Moreover, analysis of the number of snow cover days demonstrates that the snow albedo feedback has played a significant role in enhancing the warming in the Tibetan Plateau during the recent sub‐period 1996–2015, due to the decrease of snow cover days in the spring, autumn and winter seasons. These results highlight an integrated picture of Tibetan Plateau warming amplification, and a clear snow albedo feedback effect on the regional amplification, allowing better investigation of impacts and mechanisms.
High fat diet causes inferior vertebral structure and function without disc degeneration in RAGE‐KO mice
Authors: D'Erminio Danielle N. , Krishnamoorthy Divya , Lai Alon , Hoy Robert C. , Natelson Devorah M. , Poeran Jashvant , Torres Andrew , Laudier Damien M. , Nasser Philip , Vashishth Deepak , Illien‐Jünger Svenja , Iatridis James C.
Published: October 2021

Back pain and spinal pathologies are associated with obesity in juveniles and adults, yet studies identifying causal relationships are lacking and none investigate sex differences. This study determined if high fat (HF) diet causes structural and functional changes to vertebrae and intervertebral discs (IVDs); if these changes are modulated in mice with systematic ablation for the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE‐KO); and if these changes are sex‐dependent. Wild‐type (WT) and RAGE‐KO mice were fed a low fat (LF) or HF diet for 12 weeks starting at 6 weeks, representing the juvenile population. HF diet led to weight/fat gain, glucose intolerance, and increased cytokine levels (IL‐5, MIG, and RANTES); with less fat gain in RAGE‐KO females. Most importantly, HF diet reduced vertebral trabecular bone volume fraction and compressive and shear moduli, without a modifying effect of RAGE‐KO, but with a more pronounced effect in females. HF diet caused reduced cortical area fraction only in WT males. Neither HF diet nor RAGE‐KO affected IVD degeneration grade. Biomechanical properties of coccygeal motion segments were affected by RAGE‐KO but not diet, with some interactions identified. In conclusion, HF diet resulted in inferior vertebral structure and function with some sex differences, no IVD degeneration, and few modifying effects of RAGE‐KO. These structural and functional deficiencies with HF diet provide further evidence that diet can affect spinal structures and may increase the risk for spinal injury and degeneration with aging and additional stressors. Back pain and spinal pathologies are associated with obesity in juveniles and adults, yet studies identifying causal relationships are lacking and none investigate sex differences.
Lignin and organic free radicals in maize (Zea mays L.) seeds in response to aflatoxin B1 contamination: an optical and EPR spectroscopic study
Authors: Bartolić Dragana , Mojović Miloš , Prokopijević Miloš , Djikanović Daniela , Kalauzi Aleksandar , Mutavdžić Dragosav , Baošić Rada , Radotić Ksenija
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most dangerous of the mycotoxins that contaminate cereal seeds naturally. A stress lignin formation is linked with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species causing a change in the redox status and formation of stable organic radicals, constituting the first layer of defense. The relationship between AFB1 and changes in lignin organic free radicals in seeds is not known, nor is the part of the seed that is more targeted. Using optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated AFB1‐induced changes in lignin and organic free radicals in seeds, and whether the inner and outer seed fractions differ in response to increasing AFB1.

RESULTS

Different changes in the content of lignin and free radicals with increasing AFB1 concentrations were observed in the two seed fractions. There was a significant positive linear correlation (R = 0.9923, P = 0.00005) between lignin content and AFB1 concentration in the outer fraction, and no correlation between the lignin content and the AFB1 concentration in the inner fraction. We found a positive correlation between the area of the green spectral emission component (C4) and the AFB1 concentration in the outer fraction.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, the results showed, for the first time, that maize seed fractions respond differently to aflatoxin with regard to their lignin and organic free radical content. Lignin content and (C4) area may be reliable indicators for the screening of lignin changes against AFB1 content in the seeds, and thus for seed protection capacity. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
A visual discomfort recognition model based on the fusion of multisource information
Authors: Shi Yunyang , Tu Yan , Wang Lili , Zhang Yin , Gao Xin
Published: October 2021

An experiment was performed to explore the influence of image attributes (white level, black level, color saturation, and sharpness) on visual discomfort, with measurements of the subjective questionnaire, eye movement, and electrocardiogram. The objective and subjective results showed that these image attributes influenced visual discomfort significantly. A visual discomfort recognition model based on Dempster–Shafer evidence theory was proposed according to the experiment results. With multiple features and weighting coefficients, the model could recognize visual discomfort states well.
The University of Alabama at Birmingham COVID‐19 Collaborative Outcomes Research Enterprise: Developing an institutional learning health system in response to the global pandemic
Authors: Anderson Jami L. , Reamey Rebecca A. , Levitan Emily B. , M. Asif Irfan , S. Aswani Monica , Fletcher Faith E. , G. Hall Allyson , Kennedy Kierstin C. , Long Dustin , Redden David , Tunagur Alia , Wasko Molly , Willig James , Wyatt Matthew , Mugavero Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

As a local response to the COVID‐19 global pandemic, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) established the UAB COVID‐19 Collaborative Outcomes Research Enterprise (CORE), an institutional learning health system (LHS) to achieve an integrated health services outcomes and research response.

Methods

We developed a network of expertise and capabilities to rapidly develop and deploy an institutional‐level interdisciplinary LHS. Based upon a scoping review of the literature and the Knowledge to Action Framework, we adopted a LHS framework identifying contributors and components necessary to developing a system within and between the university academic and medical centers. We used social network analysis to examine the emergence of informal work patterns and diversified network capabilities based on the LHS framework.

Results

This experience report details three principal characteristics of the UAB COVID‐19 CORE LHS development: (a) identifying network contributors and components; (b) building the institutional network; and (c) diversifying network capabilities. Contributors and committees were identified from seven components of LHS: (a) collaborative and executive leadership committee, (b) research coordinating committee, (c) oversight and ethics committee, (d) thematic scientific working groups, (e) programmatic working groups, (f) informatics capabilities, and (g) patient advisory groups. Evolving from the topical interests of the initial CORE participants, scientific working groups emerged to support the learning system network. Programmatic working groups were charged with developing a comprehensive and mutually accessible COVID‐19 database.

Discussion

Our LHS framework allowed for effective integration of multiple academic and medical centers into a cohesive institutional‐level learning system. Network analysis indicated diversity of institutional disciplines, professional rank, and topical focus pertaining to COVID‐19, with each center leveraging existing institutional responsibilities to minimize gaps in network capabilities.

Conclusion

Incorporating an adapted LHS framework designed for academic medical centers served as a foundational resource supporting further institutional‐level efforts to develop agile and responsive learning networks.
Towards a Functional Atraumatic Self‐Shaping Cochlear Implant
Authors: Bautista‐Salinas Daniel , Abdelaziz Mohamed E. M. K. , Temelkuran Burak , Yeatman Eric M. , Huins Charlie T. , Rodriguez y Baena Ferdinando
Published: October 2021

Cochlear implants (CIs) have been shown to improve hearing in patients suffering from sensorineural hearing loss. CIs deliver electrical pulses to the hearing nerve via an electrode array that is carefully inserted in the scala tympani in a complex surgical procedure. However, current CIs can cause trauma during insertion, threatening hearing preservation. Existing pre‐curved CIs use external mechanisms to be inserted. In this work, a pre‐curved CI is proposed that curls into the cochlea under the influence of body temperature. By comparison to existing CIs, the proposed device can be smaller and easily inserted. The implant material is implemented in COMSOL to simulate its behavior, and an analytical study is conducted to verify the material model. Two additional studies are carried out to assess the implant recovery forces and their ability to recover shape even with embedded metal. Numerical modeling and experimental tests suggest that the CI recovery forces are below the rupture threshold. The recovery study in a functional self‐shaping CI shows that the device will still be able to curl in the cochlea. This implant concept has thus shown potential to be eventually used in clinical practice and improve hearing outcomes seen at present.
Gamma Radiation Induced Contraction of Alkyne Modified Polymer Hydrogels
Authors: Brevé Tobias G. , Liu Huanhuan , Denkova Antonia G. , Eelkema Rienk
Published: October 2021

Gamma radiation triggered secondary crosslinking of dextran hydrogels leads to macroscopic hydrogel contraction. The authors use stable polymer hydrogels, prepared through azide‐alkyne crosslinking, containing surplus alkyne groups. γ‐irradiation of these gels leads to more alkyne crosslinking, enabling controlled increase of crosslink density, which in turn leads to an increase of hydrogel stiffness and macroscopic hydrogel contraction. Gel contraction scales linearly with the applied radiation dose. The same mechanism is applied to achieve γ‐radiation triggered release of the small molecule cargo, akin to wringing out a sponge. γ‐irradiation of touching hydrogel objects leads to gel fusion and the formation of a self‐supporting gel connection, demonstrating the reactivity of the excess alkyne groups. They envision applications in gel gluing and the construction of complex gel architectures, as well as in responsive materials for controlled release.
The relationship between political relations with audit quality and auditor industry expertise
Authors: Khaksar Jalil , Salehi Mahdi , Dashtbayaz Mahmoud Lari
Published: October 2021

The present study assesses the relationship between political relations, audit quality, and auditor industry expertise. In other words, this paper attempts to answer the question of “whether the political relations can enhance the audit quality and auditor industry expertise or not.” For this study, the multivariate regression model is used for hypothesis testing. Using the multivariate regression model, research hypotheses were also tested using a sample of 768 year‐firm listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2013–2018. The results show a significant and negative relationship between political relations with audit quality and expertise, which means firms with high political relations increase competition in the audit market and lower the audit quality.
A comparison study of water diffusion in unidirectional and 2D woven carbon/epoxy composites
Authors: Almudaihesh Faisel , Holford Karen , Pullin Rhys , Eaton Mark
Published: October 2021

The use of CFRP composites is significantly increasing in the aerospace, automotive, and marine industries, particularly in safety critical primary structures. This work presents a newly developed experimental approach to investigate the directional diffusion of water in CFRP composites with the use of Fick's law. The approach is used to study the effect of fiber architecture on directional diffusion rates, with a particular focus on the role of fiber waviness in the diffusion process. A comparison of water diffusion is made in three different fiber architectures: Unidirectional (UD), plain weave, and twill weave. The specimens were fully immersed in 90°C purified water until their maximum moisture saturation was achieved, with some specimens being selectively exposed from the edges only to obtain the directional diffusion coefficients. The water penetration process into the CFRP structure initiate from the micro‐cracks and defects. The experimental work of this study shows sharp mass increases within the first stage followed by an equilibrium stage where saturation is present. The interfacial region is found to be a critical parameter where detachment of the interfacial fiber/matrix bonding is observed further demonstrating the potential effect of different fiber architecture in this region. UD fiber architecture showed ~20% higher diffusion coefficient in the Dx,y direction compared with plain and twill woven architectures. The weave patterns in 2D woven fiber architectures are therefore believed to play a key role on the moisture ingress mechanism and subsequently contributed in slowing down the capillary process in the interfacial region. This has implications for materials development and selection for CFRP composites used in moist environments.
Open surgery for in utero repair of spina bifida: Microneurosurgery versus standard technique – A systematic review
Authors: Molina‐Giraldo Saulo , Zapata Salcedo Roberto , Rojas Arias José Luis , Acuña Osorio Edgar , Pinto Quiñones Martha Lucia , Restrepo Hector Fabio , Cruz‐Martinez Rogelio
Published: October 2021

Background/objectives

Prenatal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair has been shown to improve neurological outcomes. It has been suggested that decreases in the hysterotomy diameter during surgery can improve perinatal outcomes without altering neurologic outcomes. The objective of this study is to describe and compare the main maternal and fetal outcomes of fetuses undergoing open surgery for MMC repair, through the different modifications (standard‐classical, mini‐hysterotomy, and microneurosurgery).

Data source

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid, SciELO, LILACS, PROSPERO.

Results

From a total of 112 studies, seven case series were selected including 399 fetuses with open fetal surgery, five studies using the classical technique (n = 181), one with mini‐hysterotomy (n = 176), and one with the microneurosurgery technique (n = 42). The mini‐hysterotomy and microneurosurgery techniques presented a lower risk of preterm delivery (21.4% and 30%, respectively) compared to the classic technique (47.3%), premature rupture of membranes (78%, 62%, and 72.5 %, respectively), oligohydramnios (0% and 72.5%, respectively), dehiscence of hysterotomy, maintaining the same frequency of Chiari reversion (78%, 62%, and 72.5%, respectively), postnatal correction requirement (0%, 4.8%, and 5.8%, respectively), and lower frequency of requirement for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement (13.0%, 7.5%, and 29.1%, respectively).

Conclusion

The least invasive techniques (minihysterotomy‐microneurosurgery) are possible and reproduceable, as they are associated with better maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Transparent backsheets for bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules: Material characterization and accelerated laboratory testing
Authors: Smith Soshana , Perry LaKesha , Watson Stephanie , Moffitt Stephanie L. , Shen Shih‐Jia , Mitterhofer Stefan , Sung Li‐Piin , Jacobs Deborah , Gu Xiaohong
Published: October 2021

Interest in bifacial modules has rapidly increased over the past decade due to their ability to generate more power than conventional monofacial photovoltaic (PV) technology as they can absorb sunlight from both sides of the module. Compared to the traditional glass/glass bifacial modules, glass/backsheet modules show many advantages including lighter weight, high light transmittance, and high corrosion resistance. However, research on the weatherability and long‐term reliability of transparent backsheet materials and their usage in bifacial modules under service environments is lacking. In this study, accelerated weather testing using the NIST SPHERE (Simulated Photodegradation via High Energy Radiant Exposure) was conducted to investigate the durability of three fluoropolymer‐based transparent backsheets and their laminated coupon counterparts. The transparent backsheets were exposed at 75°C/50% relative humidity (RH), while the coupons were exposed at 65°C/50% RH, both subjected to UV irradiance of approximately 140 W/m2 for up to 2000 h. Results indicate that a fluoroethylene vinyl ether (FEVE)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA)‐based transparent backsheet (CB3) exhibited substantial chemical, optical, thermal, and mechanical changes and ultimate cracking after 1200 h (≈600 MJ/m2). The other two backsheets, polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)/PET/FEVE‐based (CB1) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/PET/FEVE‐based (CB2) backsheets, showed no obvious signs of cracking up to 2000 h of UV exposure (≈1000 MJ/m2). For all three backsheets, the PET core layer demonstrated the greatest material property changes after UV exposure indicating that this layer is the most susceptible to UV degradation. Results indicate that the application of transparent backsheets for bifacial modules is promising. However, proper design of the layers of the backsheets for increasing the stability of PET core layer under UV exposure is critical. This study will provide a scientific basis for material choice and product development for a more reliable bifacial PV technology.
Proteomics of ZIKV infected amniotic fluids of microcephalic fetuses reveals extracellular matrix and immune system dysregulation
Authors: Sosa‐Acosta Patricia , Melani Rafael D. , Quiñones‐Vega Mauricio , Melo Adriana , Garcez Patrícia P. , Nogueira Fábio C.S. , Domont Gilberto B.
Published: October 2021

During pregnancy, the vertical transmission of the Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause some disorders in the fetus, called Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Several efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanism of the CZS. However, the study of CZS pathogenesis through infected human samples is scarce. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to identify and understand the biological processes affected by CZS development. We analyzed by a shotgun proteomic approach the amniotic fluid of pregnant women infected with Zika carrying microcephalic (MC+) or non‐microcephalic (Z+) fetuses compared to Zika negative controls (CTR). Several groups of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were dysregulated in the Z+and MC+patients, triggering an opposite dysregulation. The down‐regulation of the ECM proteins in the MC+groups can be another factor that contributes to CZS. On the contrary, the Z+group could be developing a neuroprotective response through ECM proteins up‐regulation. The neutrophil degranulation process was disrupted in the Z+and MC+groups, where the MC+groups showed a complex dysregulation. These results suggest that the microcephalic phenotypes are modulated by a down‐regulation of the ECM and the impairment of the innate immune system processes.
RCSB Protein Data Bank: Celebrating 50 years of the PDB with new tools for understanding and visualizing biological macromolecules in 3D
Authors: Burley Stephen K. , Bhikadiya Charmi , Bi Chunxiao , Bittrich Sebastian , Chen Li , Crichlow Gregg V. , Duarte Jose M. , Dutta Shuchismita , Fayazi Maryam , Feng Zukang , Flatt Justin W. , Ganesan Sai J. , Goodsell David S. , Ghosh Sutapa , Kramer Green Rachel , Guranovic Vladimir , Henry Jeremy , Hudson Brian P. , Lawson Catherine L. , Liang Yuhe , Lowe Robert , Peisach Ezra , Persikova Irina , Piehl Dennis W. , Rose Yana , Sali Andrej , Segura Joan , Sekharan Monica , Shao Chenghua , Vallat Brinda , Voigt Maria , Westbrook John D. , Whetstone Shamara , Young Jasmine Y. , Zardecki Christine
Published: October 2021

The Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB), funded by the US National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and Department of Energy, has served structural biologists and Protein Data Bank (PDB) data consumers worldwide since 1999. RCSB PDB, a founding member of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) partnership, is the US data center for the global PDB archive housing biomolecular structure data. RCSB PDB is also responsible for the security of PDB data, as the wwPDB‐designated Archive Keeper. Annually, RCSB PDB serves tens of thousands of three‐dimensional (3D) macromolecular structure data depositors (using macromolecular crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and micro‐electron diffraction) from all inhabited continents. RCSB PDB makes PDB data available from its research‐focused RCSB.org web portal at no charge and without usage restrictions to millions of PDB data consumers working in every nation and territory worldwide. In addition, RCSB PDB operates an outreach and education PDB101.RCSB.org web portal that was used by more than 800,000 educators, students, and members of the public during calendar year 2020. This invited Tools Issue contribution describes (i) how the archive is growing and evolving as new experimental methods generate ever larger and more complex biomolecular structures; (ii) the importance of data standards and data remediation in effective management of the archive and facile integration with more than 50 external data resources; and (iii) new tools and features for 3D structure analysis and visualization made available during the past year via the RCSB.org web portal.
Crystal structure of the anti‐CRISPR, AcrIIC4
Authors: Kim Gi Eob , Lee So Yeon , Park Hyun Ho
Published: October 2021

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)‐CRISPR‐associated protein systems are bacterial and archaeal defense mechanisms against invading elements such as phages and viruses. To overcome these defense systems, phages and viruses have developed inhibitors called anti‐CRISPRs (Acrs) that are capable of inhibiting the host CRISPR‐Cas system via different mechanisms. Although the inhibitory mechanisms of AcrIIC1, AcrIIC2, and AcrIIC3 have been revealed, the inhibitory mechanisms of AcrIIC4 and AcrIIC5 have not been fully understood and structural data are unavailable. In this study, we elucidated the crystal structure of Type IIC anti‐CRISPR protein, AcrIIC4. Our structural analysis revealed that AcrIIC4 exhibited a helical bundle fold comprising four helixes. Further biochemical and biophysical analyses showed that AcrIIC4 formed a monomer in solution, and monomeric AcrIIC4 directly interacted with Cas9 and Cas9/sgRNA complex. Discovery of the structure of AcrIIC4 and their interaction mode on Cas9 will help us elucidate the diversity in the inhibitory mechanisms of the Acr protein family.