bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychopathy-Related Traits Predict Self-Reported Sexual Aggression Among College Men
Authors: KOSSON DAVID S. , KELLY JENNIFER C. , WHITE JACQUELYN W.
Published: March 2007

To examine whether personality traits related to psychopathy predict specific forms of sexual aggression in college men, a sample of 378 men completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES), the Socialization Scale, and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Psychopathy Checklist ratings were also available for 63 of these men based on a brief interview. The SES is a self-report measure designed to assess a spectrum of sexually aggressive behavior, ranging from use of argument or a position of power to impel participation in sexual activity, through manipulative intoxication and exploitation of intoxicated persons, to threatening and/or using force. Regression analyses indicated that measures of both dimensions of psychopathy identified in previous research accounted for variance in self-reports of sexual aggression. Moreover, although moderately correlated, the two dimensions predicted different forms of sexual aggression. Implications for studying psychopathic traits in college samples are discussed.
The Prevalence of Sex Offenders With Deviant Fantasies
Authors: LANGEVIN RON , LANG REUBEN A. , CURNOE SUZANNE
Published: March 2007

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and contemporary psychological theory have assigned a central role to deviant sexual fantasy in the genesis, maintenance, and treatment of sex offenders, but empirical studies to support that role are few in number. In this article, 201 male admitting sex offenders and controls were compared on the Clarke Sex History Questionnaire Fantasy Scales. Almost all respondents reported having fantasies of adult females, but only one third of the sex offenders reported having deviant fantasies. The frequencies of deviant fantasies for all groups tended to be low, and controls had more fantasies in general than sex offenders. Results were not influenced by response set, naive lying, age, education, or intelligence. The results suggest that the number of sex offenders reporting deviant fantasies is too low for fantasy to have etiological significance, and it only has limited utility in diagnosis and treatment in general.
Empathy
Authors: PITHERS WILLIAM D.
Published: March 2007

Enhancement of empathy for victims of sexual abuse may foster a more meaningful therapeutic involvement in sex offenders and may deter relapses. The author presents three studies. In experiment one, a contextual empathy deficit was manifested by sexual abusers while they were experiencing the mood state that preceded their past offenses. In experiment two, a process evaluation of a structured empathy enhancing treatment group was performed. In experiment three, abusers who had completed the empathy enhancing treatment group were again required to complete the empathy measure while experiencing the mood precursive to past offenses. Collectively, these experiments demonstrated that: (a) a contextual empathy deficit existed when sexual abusers were experiencing affective precursors to abuse, (b) specialized treatment enhanced abusers' empathy for victims, and (c) treatment effectively eliminated the contextual empathy deficit that was otherwise evident during precursive moods. Empathy enhancement for sexual abuse survivors must be regarded as a key component of sexual abuser treatment programs.
The Future of Salary Surveys when Jobs Disappear
Authors: Davis John H.
Published: March 2007

The nature of jobs is changing, from clearly defined responsibilities to a broader, more flexible use of skills and competencies. As the changes continue, and in the event the traditional concept of jobs disappears, employers won't be able to benchmark job salary levels because the marketplace won't provide close enough job matches. This article discusses the evolving concept of jobs, the common uses for traditional surveys, the future of surveys, and the methods that will be used for salary comparisons when jobs no longer have marketplace matches.
Managing from Afar: Performance and Rewards in a Telecommuting Environment
Authors: Fitzer Mary Molina
Published: March 2007

Off-site work arrangements are becoming the norm. Through technological advances, companies are able to create networks of managers, customers, suppliers, and production and service workers that literally span the globe and the clock. Under the old model, employees reported to a central location where their bosses could observe their work; they were all subject to the same rules; and their pay was primarily contingent on the amount of time they spent working. Under the new model, work arrangements are flexible and unique to the organization and, correspondingly, pay must be contingent on employees' contributions, not time spent at the office, and managers must change their outlooks on organizing and valuing work.
Employee Strategies For Stock Based Compensation
Authors: Strege David G.
Published: March 2007

With the use of stock based compensation increasing, the compensation professionals, financial planners and employees involved in these plans need to understand the strategies that can be employed to maximize the benefits employees receive under these plans. The appropriate strategy for maximizing benefits depends on the plan design. There are numerous risks with stock based compensation plans. If employees are not aware of the risks, these types of incentive plans cause more harm than good. Some of the risks reviewed in this article are lack of investment diversification, income and estate tax payments and the decrease in net benefits that occurs when certain rules are not followed. This article summarizes many of the stock based compensation plans used by companies and includes information on when to exercise options and sell stock. It also reviews tax and investment strategies that can provide greater benefits for employees. The uses of charitable planning tools and their appropriateness for certain employees are also discussed.
Change in New York's Juvenile Corrections System
Authors: McGarrell Edmund F.
Published: March 2007

From the late 1960s to 1984, the New York State juvenile corrections system has undergone significant change. Following a period of reductions in institutional populations and increases in community-based programs, the state experienced significant growth in the number of secure facilities, the number of youths housed in secure settings, and the total residential population. The purpose of this paper is to describe and document the changing nature of the juvenile system and to focus on the dynamic forces behind the change process. This paper, based on the observations of policymakers active in the juvenile corrections area, points to the importance of several key policy decisions which have fundamentally altered the shape of the residential services component of the juvenile corrections system. Also emphasized is the importance of a wide range of less obvious factors that policymakers have found influential both through their impact on policy decisions and through their direct effect on the system. Consideration of these findings points to the need for a broad conceptualization of a human services system such as a juvenile corrections system. Only with such a conceptualization can one begin to understand and influence the process of change in an area such as juvenile corrections.
Training Of Prison Personnel In Japan: Century-old And Persistent
Authors: Johnson Elmer H.
Published: March 2007

Japan celebrated in 1990 the centennial of systematic training of prison personnel. That exceptional accomplishment is linked with the history of modernization beginning only some 125 years ago with the Meiji Restoration. While adapting Western social institutions to Japanese traditions, the reformers introduced new laws and correctional practices. In addition to this unique initiation, inservice training enjoys advantages derived from special characteristics of corrections in Japan. From that basis, the paper traces the affects of factors external to the field of corrections on the evolution of inservice training. The nature of contemporary programs is described.
Waiver and Juvenile Justice Reform: Widening the Punitive Net
Authors: Merlo Alida V. , Benekos Peter J. , Cook William J.
Published: March 2007

The incidence of violent juvenile offending and the publicity sur rounding it have prompted some legislatures to review and revise their statutory provisions for waiver. This paper examines the recent statutes that have been enacted, the procedures stipulated, and their implications. Particular attention is focused on the politicalization of juvenile crime, the politics of fear, and the evolution of juvenile justice philosophy from a rehabilitative to a punishment perspective. The restructuring of the waiver process in the juvenile justice system is one of a series of "quick-fixes" that provides the illusion of effectively addressing juvenile crime and prevent ing its occurrence.
The Land Ethic and Environmental Crime
Authors: Barnett Harold
Published: March 2007

The paper conceptualizes and defines environmental crime from the perspective of Aldo Leopold's land ethic: a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. Highlighted are basic conflicts between this ethic and the dominant themes that shape United States environmen tal law: human dominion over nature, nature as a source of economic opportunity, technology as a means to overcome nature and solve envi ronmental problems, and markets as a means to value nature. These con flicts produce a divergence between environmental harm in fact and envi ronmental harm as conceived in law. Drawing on Edwin Sutherland, con sideration is given to the process through which ethical learning is dif fused through society and impacts on law and compliance. A transformed system is outlined that could close the gap between our current legal approach and that informed by a land ethic.
Morality, Wisdom and Revision: the Czech Opposition of the 1970s and the Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans
Authors: Abrams Bradley F.
Published: March 2007

The difference between a humane, civilized nation and a barbaric nation is not the difference between innocence and guilt, but how that nation deals with the shadowy and problematic sides of its history.

Erazim Kohák, “Letter to an Anonymous Friend”
Correlates of Successful Breastfeeding: A Study of Social and Personal Factors
Authors: Isabella Patrice H. , Isabella Russell A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the degree to which first-time mothers' perceptions of their marital relationships, various support systems, and adjustment to pregnancy and motherhood were associated with success at initiating and maintaining lactation during the first year postpartum. Additionally, the incidence and duration ofbreastfeeding, feeding problems encountered, as well as the sources and quality of feeding-related help received by these mothers were examined. Mothers in this study showed a pattern of breastfeeding incidence and duration similar to that established statewide and nationwide. The most prevalent problem encountered by these mothers during the first postpartum month was a concern of inadequate milk supply. The type of feeding-related support received varied by source: husbands and (grand)mothers provided the greatest degree of emotional and instrumental support, while doctors and nurses provided more information, which was also associated with success at establishing lactation. Mothers who were themselves breastfed as infants nursed their infants more at one month than those who were bottle-fed. Long-term breastfeeding mothers were those who had adjusted most optimally to pregnancy and motherhood, were most likely to characterize their marriages as satisfying and loving during the prenatal period and throughout the first postpartum year, and were most satisfied with the nature and extent of support received from husbands.
A Mini-Lesson in Statistics: What Causes Treatment Groups to be Deemed 'Not Statistically Different'?
Authors: Martens Patricia J.
Published: March 2007

The theory behind a "not-statistically significant difference" (NS) in group comparison research is crucial for proper study design. Proprietary company-sponsored research whose purpose is to demonstrate null intervention effects is widespread. Therefore, a discussion of null effects in research results was undertaken.

Type I and Type II errors are explained, and reasons for "NS" results detailed. Clinical differences, power, statistical tests chosen, and values of a and D are included in the discussion. Examples from studies of the effects of artificial baby milk gift packs are offered. If the aim of research is to demonstrate NS between treatments, or if the conclusion of published research is NS, then the research must demonstrate a design which ensures ethical and appropriate levels of both Type I and Type II errors.
The "Lactation Game:" An Innovative Teaching Method for Health Care Professionals
Authors: Elder Sonyia B. , Gregory Catherine
Published: March 2007

The "Lactation Game" is a teaching tool designed to provide breastfeeding education to physician residents in an obstetrics and gynecology program. The game format encourages a participatory learning experience while providing information in a non-threatening environment.
Using Food as a Metaphor for Care
Authors: KAPLAN ELAINE BELL
Published: March 2007

This study is based on in-depth and focus group interviews with thirty middle schoolers from diverse racial/ethnic and class backgrounds. Drawing on the literature on care and the meaning of food, this study expands the dialogue about adolescents' worldviews by examining middle schoolers' assessments of cooking, sharing, and receiving food from others and how these food activities shape perceptions of family and school. The findings suggest that middle schoolers distinguish between food served in the private realm of the family where it is used to express solidarity and conflict and the public realm of the school where it is used as a signifier for school care. Overall, this study reveals a class ideology of care and how food as a metaphor plays a part in it. This article also addresses broader implications about adolescents' perceptions of their future selves and of work, family, and school issues and problems.
To dwell Among Friends: Personnal Networks in Town and City, Claude S. Fischer, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. 451 pp. with methodological appendix. $22.50 (hardback).
Authors: Perlstadt Harry
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and reviews solicited by the New Ethnographies Editor Readers are invited to participate in the New Ethnographies section by discovering ethnographies, writing annotations of them ,and sending in these annotations. Published works are to be preferred to the unpublished (M.A. and Ph.D. theses). But exceptions may be made in particular cases. Please direct all correspondence to Marc Miller, Institute for Marine Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
Children of the Night :A Study of Adolescent Protitution, D. Kelly Weisberg, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1984. 320 pp. $27.00 (cloth).
Authors: Calhoun Thomas , Peyrot Mark
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies Editor. The preferred form is the short, critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevantto ethnographic inquiry. In preparation of this section, and in addition to the standard academic audience, the New Ethnographies Editor invites the participation of practitioners and graduate students committed to the application of field research. Please direct volunteered reviews to Marc L. Miller, New Ethnographies Editor, University of Washington, HF-05, Seattle, WA 98195.
IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD II
Authors: DARROUGH WILLIAM D.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes interactional strategies used by a probation officer to secure the acquiescence of a delinquent youth in a quasi-voluntary placement. These strategies offered the juvenile a relatively positive self-concept by providing more benign, positive definitions of placement than those typically provided early in the career of probationers when institutions and placement are depicted in extremely negative terms to induce cooperation with the probationary program. Yet in the actual use of these strategies, the probation officer had to balance two conflicting pressures. On the one hand, he had to undermine the youth's attempts to defend the credibility of an in-home alternative to placement; on the other hand, he had to both avoid direct assault on the youth's moral character and generate at least a minimal degree of cooperation in the project.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Davis Phil
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN 46383.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Horowitz Ruth
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Health Resources Management (M/C 923), School of Public Health East, University of Illinois—Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Katz Jack
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Health Resources Management (M/C 923), School of Public Health East, University of Illinois—Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680.
“NERVES”
Authors: MIGLIORE SAM
Published: March 2007

The communication of pain and suffering can vary considerably from society to society. This article examines the Sicilian-Canadian “language of distress,” in particular the idiom of “nerves.” The discussion focuses specifically on how Sicilian-Canadians make use of cultural metaphors to both communicate distress and present a discourse that attempts to structure and frame how significant others interpret and respond to the messages they receive. The researcher argues that metaphor plays an important role in shaping the understanding of experience.
HOLDING THE CHECK HOSTAGE
Authors: GALLMEIER CHARLES P. , LEVY JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how the institutional, the informal, and the underground economy converge within the representative payee system, a federal program designed to provide needed income to poor, inner-city residents. Data from participant observation and unstructured interviews reveal how supplemental security income (SSI) entitlements help fuel the inner-city economy in two major ways: (1) through intended payments to individuals defined by the system as disabled and (2) through unintended payments to individuals using the role of payee to generate profit within the hidden economy. The analysis describes the representative payee system and how it operates. Subsections examine the processes of becoming a payee or client and the relationships between the two. Finally, the article analyzes how the payee system is integrated within the underground economy.
Planning, Spatial, and Technological Considerations of Restructuring in the U.S. Woodworking Industry
Authors: Leigh Nancey Green
Published: March 2007

This article examines recent changes in the U.S. woodworking industry (the furniture and wood products sectors) using government, industry, and trade association data as well as primary data collected through surveys. The woodworking industry is geographically concentrated; its location is influenced by the source of its primary inputs as well as by the location of growing economies with high construction activity. The industry tends to follow the business cycle, but its domestic growth opportunities are increasingly infringed upon by rising wood products and furniture imports. How successfully the U.S. woodworking industry holds its market share will increasingly depend on the implementation of advanced woodworking machine tools within its production approach. This article concludes by discussing how successful “growing” of the woodworking industry may be for the regional economies that are seeking to do so.
Resident Hiring Preference Ordinances: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Beauregard Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Not all economic development tactics work in every city. The success of resident hiring preference ordinances, for example, depends upon a variety of factors. These conclusions emerge from a comparative, policy analysis of three cities in the United States—Boston; Camden, New Jersey; and Chicago—that have developed resident hiring preference ordinances, and another large city—Philadelphia—that has it under consideration. The ordinance attempts to increase local employment, reduce unemployment, and overcome job discrimination through hiring goals for residents, minorities, and, in some cases, women on governmentally aided construction projects. The theoretical rationale for such ordinances, the political background to their consideration and adoption, the ordinance's design, and the consequences that ensue in both the local labor market and the courts are analyzed.
Higher Education Policies and Economic Growth in the American States
Authors: Jones Bryan D. , Vedlitz Arnold
Published: March 2007

The emerging theory of investment expenditures indicates that the public sector can promote economic vitality by investment in the physical and human infrastructure. However, most existing studies of the relationship of government to growth have concentrated on tax burdens or specific locational incentives and have come to a negative view of the role of public spending on economic change. Examining several indicators of economic growth, we find that the quality of a state's university system, measured by federal grants received, is positively and strongly related to growth in aggregate income, income per capita, and net business establishments created. State spending on universities is related strongly to business establishments created and, more weakly, to university quality. We conclude higher education plays a unique dual role in the modern economy, contributing to the size and the quality of the job structure. Thus spending on higher education can be considered an investment in a state's future economic growth.
Neighborhood and Region: An Experiential Basis for Understanding
Authors: Mier Robert
Published: March 2007

An argument is made that in any evaluation of local public investment decisions affecting development, the policy framework shaping the decisions, and its ultimate impact, forces the evaluator to confront the linkage between the neighborhood and regional economies. It does this, the author asserts, because the local public interest, with a frequent emphasis on "fairness, "often seems to rub against a regional one that often emphasizes efficiency. Because of this, a process-oriented evaluation is suggested as a more fruitful approach to understanding how successful development planners approach, or frame, problems; how interest groups understand, or again frame, the outcomes; and how competing interests are reconciled. These points are illustrated with a case of conflict in land development in the near northwest side of Chicago, with the spark being commercial intrusion into an industrial area. The development case is briefly introduced, the policy framework guiding the local approach is sketched, and the local actors and processes affected by and affecting the opportunity are introduced. Finally, a series of questions are posed that might motivate a process-oriented evaluation of neighborhood and regional linkages, moving the evaluation effort, it is hoped, beyond the questions of who wins and who loses to questions of how.
Employee Ownership: Promises, Performance, and Prospects
Authors: Rosen Corey
Published: March 2007

Employee ownership has grown rapidly in the last 10 years. There are over 9,500 ESOP's covering about 10 million employees. Some of America's major companies now are partly or wholly employee owned. But has employee ownership really lived up to reasonable expectations for its performance? On the whole, the answer seems yes. Employees do like being owners, and often reap substantial financial benefits. Employee ownership when combined with substantial employee participation does improve corporate performance. While there have been significant abuses of these plans, they have offered a way to create an economy both more equitable and efficient.
Economic Impacts of Recreational Spending on Rural Areas: A Case Study
Authors: Bergstrom John C. , Cordell H. Ken , Ashley Gregory A. , Watson Alan E.
Published: March 2007

Researchers, planners, and policymakers are becoming increasingly interested in the rural economic development potentials of outdoor recreation. Empirical evidence evaluating this economic development potential, however, is almost nonexistent. In this article, results of a study that examined local economic effects of spending associated with outdoor recreation in selected rural areas are reported. Recreational expenditures were collected as part of the Public Area Recreation Visitors Study (PARVS). Economic impacts of these expenditures were estimated using regional input-output models developed from the USDA Forest Service input-output model and data base system (IMPLAN). Results indicated that recreational spending contributed substantially to gross output, income, employment, and value added in the studied rural areas. These results suggest that outdoor recreation may be a viable rural economic development strategy.
Adding a Stick to the Carrot: Location Incentives with Clawbacks, Recisions, and Recalibrations
Authors: Ledebur Larry C. , Woodward Douglas
Published: March 2007

The escalation of incentive awards to attract and retain new business has emerged as a major concern in state and local development policy. This article addresses claw-back provisions, a largely neglected part of the bargaining process between governments and businesses in the location of new plants and offices. Just as private business transactions work within a framework of legally binding contracts, clawbacks provide some recourse to reclaim all or some of a financing package when a firm fails to meet performance requirements. Besides analyzing clawbacks, the authors identify three related areas for policy intervention: penalties, recisions, and recalibrations. The aim of this article is to show that U.S. policymakers can avoid expensive mistakes if they tie incentives to written guarantees of job creation and other benefits. European regional policymakers have used a carrot-and-stick approach to industrial recruitment. Increasingly, state and city governments in the United States also recognize that public-private bargaining requires some form of reasonable, guaranteed quid pro quo.
Some States Take the Lead: Explaining the Formation of State Technology Policies
Authors: Atkinson Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The focus on economic development has largely been a substantive one. Researchers have sought to determine what policies states are employing, which are most effective, and which policies work best in which types of regional economies. However, procedural questions regarding how state political and institutional arrangements affect the funding and design of these policies have been virtually ignored. This article presents results of a research project that examined the policy-making processes engaged by six states to determine the factors that contributed to the development of more or less effective state technology policy efforts. A number of policy-making factors were found to have a significant influence on the effectiveness of state technology efforts. States which relied on an "active stewardship" mode of policy making were able to develop more effective policy efforts than states which relied on the "business as usual" mode.
International Competition, Automotive Decline, and Regional Economies
Authors: Flynn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews some recent books on automotive competition that broadly focus on the rise of the Japanese industry and the competitive decline of the traditional North American industry. Each book suggests, if not always explicitly, a likely structure for and distribution of future automotive manufacturing. The implications of these analyses for national and regional automotive production vary substantially. Some scenarios call for further erosion of domestic production in the face of international competition and pressures to move remaining activity to offshore locations. Other scenarios suggest a revitalization of domestic automotive production, although not necessarily within the traditional companies.
People versus Places: The Dream will Never Die
Authors: Wood Robert C.
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s scholarly and popular commentary alike dismissed national urban policy, concluding it was both infeasible and undesirable. But concern over the quality of life in places did not disappear and the present degree of distress in major American cities dictates public intervention once again. This time land use and land management will be the prime focus, and the states will be the key actors — but federal support and federal leverage remain essential to build metropolitan communities acceptable to Americans.
Metro/Nonmetro Performance under the Job Training Partnership Act
Authors: Redman John M.
Published: March 2007

The Job Training Partnership Act Title 11—A program is the main federal effort to enhance the employability of economically disadvantaged youths and adults. This article describes the structure of the Title II—A program, compares metro and nonmetro program performance during the 1987 to 1988 program year and explores the regional and metro/nonmetro dimensions of the funding allocation mechanism. Relative program performance appears better in nonmetro or predominantly nonmetro areas, although absolute performance levels should be a continuing source of concern. The program 'funding allocation criteria, relying heavily on unemployment rates, favored predominantly nonmetro areas during the program year studied. During the 1990s, however, rural areas may be better served by a formula emphasizing poverty rates rather than unemployment rates.
The Effects of State and Local Taxes on Economic Development: A Review of Recent Research
Authors: Bartik Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

This review summarizes recent research on the effects of state and local taxes on state and local business activity. Contrary to previous research, this recent research indicates that state and local taxes have statistically significant negative effects on the economic growth of a state or metropolitan area. However, the range of plausible tax effects is large, implying that the annual costs of creating one job could vary from $2, 000 to $11, 000. For small suburban jurisdictions, taxes have more powerful effects on business growth than is true for metropolitan areas or states. These effects are so powerful that a cut in business property tax rates could plausibly raise revenue for a suburb.
Community, Labor, and Environmental Participation in Industrial Recruitment: East Asian Automobile Investment in Canada in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Yanarella Ernest J. , Green William C.
Published: March 2007

The construction of nine Japanese and one South Korean automobile assembly plants in the North American industrial heartland was a major feature in the transformation of global automobile production in the 1980s. In this article, the authors compare the community, labor, and environmental involvements in and impacts on the Canadian industrial recruitment of four East Asian assembly plants. The authors found that Canadian transplant recruitment has not lived up to its promise to ameliorate local unemployment and generate commercial and residential growth, nor have these transplant sitings in rural communities generated major environmental controversies. Instead they have produced single-issue citizen campaigning, administrative resolution, and elite accommodation. Organized labor represents workers at CAMI, the General Motors-Suzuki joint venture, but its efforts at the three other flexible production facilities will be difficult given Canada's economic woes, the overcapacity problem, and the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Ties that Bind: Central Cities, Suburbs, and the New Metropolitan Region
Authors: Savitch H. V. , Collins David , Sanders Daniel , Markham John P
Published: March 2007

This article argues that central cities and their surrounding regions are highly interdependent, and that neither suburbs nor central cities are self-sufficient. For example, suburban per capita income is linked to central city per capital income, and the price of peripheral "edge city" office space is linked to the price of office space in the central business district. Not only do many suburbanites earn their incomes in central cities, but the authors also find that the amounts of income generated in core cities continue to grow. Overall, strong statistical evidence shows that suburbs benefit when their core cities are viable (densely populated and prosperous) and that when cities include a greater proportion of their metropolitan populations, they tend to be more prosperous.
Restructuring the Rural Farm Economy: Midwestern Women's and Men's Work Roles during the Farm Crisis Period
Authors: Lobao Linda , Meyer Katherine
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, the rural economy experienced extensive restructuring, evidenced in the farm crisis and changes in other traditional rural industries. This study focuses on a segment of the rural population particularly affected by these changes: farm women and men in the Midwest. We examine how experiences of farm and broader rural restructuring differ for women and men, resulting in a gendered response to farm and off-farm work participation. The study enables us to address empirical questions raised about women's work patterns during the 1980s. In spite of the farm crisis, the traditional gender division of labor in family-based production changed little. Observed increases in farm women's paid employment were more likely due to longer-term economic changes, coupled with lesser, shorter-term impacts of the crisis. The study underscores the limitations of traditional policy interventions for the farm and rural population and outlines new directions.
Reshaping the Local Economy through a Revolving Loan Fund Program in an Entrepreneurial City
Authors: Dunlap T. Phillip , Burkhalter Bettye B. , Watson Douglas J. , Fitzpatrick Jacki A.
Published: March 2007

U.S. cities have become more self-reliant in developing and maintaining economic development activities in their communities. Several authors have labeled cities that are aggressively creating economic development opportunities as "entrepreneurial. " One tool used by many entrepreneurial cities is the revolving loan fund (RLF) program. An RLF, properly implemented, requires strategic planning among community leaders, including elected and appointed officials, business leaders, and academics. This article examines the RLF program of Auburn, Alabama, in an effort to isolate those elements essential to its success.
State Economic Development in the 1990s: Politics and Policy Learning
Authors: Elisinger Peter
Published: March 2007

State economic development is in a state of ferment at mid-decade, but analysts are not certain about the direction of changes going on. This article uses a national survey of state development agencies to explore three possible scenarios: that states are losing interest in economic development, that they are regressing from the entrepreneurial strategies of the 1980s to their old industrial recruitment habits, and that they are embracing "Third Wave" principles. Evidence indicates that all three of these shifts are occurring simultaneously, although not with equal force. Although one argument is that these changes are the product of a policy-learning process informed by implementation and evaluation experiences, a stronger case can be made that the states are focusing and winnowing their programs in response to political cues in the environment. Program survival rather than effectiveness appears to be an overriding goal.
Economic Inequality, Latino Poverty, and the Civil Unrest in Los Angeles
Authors: Pastor Manuel
Published: March 2007

This article challenges commonplace racial images of the 1992 civil unrest in Los Angeles by documenting the widespread participation of Latinos in that social upheaval. Regression analysis of the property damage suggests further that, although a majority presence of African Americans in certain neighborhoods played an important role in determining the location of the unrest, economic factors were also important, especially for Latino participants. As a result, post-unrest policy attention has appropriately turned to poverty alleviation in the so-called affected areas. However, the poverty of Latinos—the single largest ethnic group in the damaged neighborhoods and the one for which economic factors were most significant-does not fit an urban underclass paradigm; it is better described as that of the working poor a pattern that suggests a rather different approach to urban and antipoverty policy efforts.
Response: Developing the Field of Economic Development: A Response to Visser and Wright
Authors: Montjoy Robert S.
Published: March 2007

The Visser and Wright article presents a still-life picture of a dynamic situation Yet, the field of economic development is not static. It should be capable of developing itself. The role of professional organizations will be critical. Moreover, universities can be proactive partners in this effort, rather than reacting passively to current market demands. To do so, they must engage in a continuing dialogue with practicing professionals, make careful use of existing resources, keep marginal costs low, and work to overcome disciplinary boundaries. Auburn University's Economic Development Institute is working with faculty from four departments to create a graduate minor in economic development.
Assessing the Value of Sports Facilities: The Importance of Noneconomic Factors
Authors: Johnson Arthur T. , Sack Allen
Published: March 2007

Capital projects have economic as well as social (i.e., noneconomic) outcomes. Therefore, one cannot evaluate such projects by focusing on economic data only. This article describes the first five years of a tennis facility, built with public funds in 1990-91 in New Haven, Connecticut, to host the Volvo International Tennis Tournament (VITT). In doing so, it explores the economic impact of the facility, discusses the shortcomings of economic impact studies, and defines appropriate criteria for evaluating the community value of sports facilities by calling attention to noneconomic factors such as political capital expended, potential for political conflict, and community pride and solidarity. The importance of a development logic to guide policy makers and to provide a framework for evaluation also is noted.
"Sustainable Development" and Economic Development Policy: Lessons from Canada
Authors: Colgan Charles S.
Published: March 2007

"Sustainable development" is an emerging approach to development combining aspects of traditional economic development with elements of environmental and social policy. This article examines the experience of Canadianfederal and provincial governments in formulating sustainable development policies over the past decade through "Round Tables" of government officials and private sector representatives. The influence of these efforts on economic development policies is specifically examined. The Canadian experience suggests that sustainable development can influence development goals for the natural resource industries and provide improved understanding of the economic and environmental implications of regional growth in a way that enhances long-term prospects for economic growth. However, success at formulation of sustainable development policies does not equate with success at adoption or implementation. Varying approaches to political leadership, government organization, timing, and management create varying results.
Seeking New Paradigms for Economic Development: A Review Essay of Barnet and Cavanagh's Global Dreams, Brecher and Costello's Global Village or Global Pillage, Mishel and Bernstein's the State of Working America, 1994-95, and Rifkin's the End of Work
Authors: Ranney David C.
Published: March 2007

The unraveling of traditional economic relationships-growth and income, productivity and wages, exports and employment-suggests to the author the need for a new economic development paradigm. The books reviewed in this essay contribute to this need by helping us understand the workings of the economy on a global basis and by tracing the effects of globalization on working people. By developing points of divergence and convergence among the authors, the author explores a number of themes including the nature of and role played by technology, the nature and effect of competition in a global economy, the effects of capital mobility and new global institutions, and the viability of citizen economic and environmental justice movements.
The Declining Status of Minorities in the New York City Construction Industry
Authors: Bates Timothy , Howell David
Published: March 2007

Does the employment status of minorities suffer when government downplays affirmative action efforts? This study analyzes the relative status of minority businesses and construction employees in New York City's construction industry. Ed Koch, New York City mayor from 1978 to 1990, chose to downplay the active affirmative action efforts of his predecessors. We find that Black employees lost ground relative to Whites, particularly in the construction-skilled trades. Furthermore, minority-owned small businesses in construction are shown to be smaller, more failure-prone, and less viable overall, relative to White firms generally and woman-owned businesses specifically. Absent affirmative pressure from government, minorities are unlikely to make progress or even hold their own in the New York City area construction industry.
Toward an Empowerment Zone Evaluation
Authors: Jenkins Noah Temaner , Bennett Michael I. J.
Published: March 2007

Traditional social and economic development program evaluations are based on measurable program goals, with discrete program components, a control group, and the potential to generalize from findings. Although this works for programs with well-defined outcomes, limited participation, and a narrow focus, it does not work for programs that depend on community action or seek to promote community development. Strategies for social change involve comprehensive, flexible programs that do not lend themselves to conventional evaluation methods. In this article, the authors describe how they attempt to overcome the difficulties of more traditional evaluations through action research. The authors present what they believe to be the most important elements of action research and describe how they incorporate those elements in their approach to evaluating the Empowerment Zone program.
DISTURBANCES IN THE SOCIAL BODY
Authors: LOVEJOY MEG
Published: March 2007

An emerging body of research comparing body image disturbance and eating problems among African American and white women suggests that there are major ethnic differences in these areas. African American women appear to be more satisfied with their weight and appearance than are white women, and they are less likely to engage in unhealthy weight control practices, yet they are more likely to have high rates of obesity. Drawing on both Black and white feminist literature on eating problems, this article advances three arguments that may account for these differences: (1) Black women may develop a strong positive self-valuation and an alternative beauty aesthetic to resist societal stigmatization, (2) Black women may be less likely to acquire eating disorders due to differences in the cultural construction of femininity in Black communities, and (3) positive body image among Black women may sometimes reflect a defensive need to deny health problems such as compulsive overeating and obesity.
“I'M PROPER NUMBER ONE FIGHTER, ME”:
Authors: COLLMANN JEFF
Published: March 2007

Aboriginal fringe-dwellers in Central Australia emphasize their independence of the white-dominated world around them. Because of differences in their means of support, men and women have developed variations on this perspective of independence and personal power. Men present themselves in terms of their white employers and base their personal collateral on those links. Women stress their ability to care for their families without help from others and present themselves as able to play all social roles in the Central Australian world. This image of woman as universal actor places moral premiums on the protection of domestic interests at the expense of wider gender, ethnic, or class interests. These ideas are explored through analysis of the life story of one woman, Katy Mayhew. Although obtained in an interview setting, the occasion of Katy's story became a life event through which she, her daughter, and her “sisters” reflected upon their lives as Aboriginal women in Central Australia. It is argued that life events are particularly appropriate ways for people to reflect on the meaning of their mundane, everyday lives in contexts such as Aboriginal Australia, which are dominated by bureaucratic frames, processes, and power.