bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The acquisition of verbal morphology by Chinese learners
of Hungarian
Authors: Langman Juliet , Bayley Robert
Published: December 2002

This article is the first variationist analysis of speakers
of an analytic language acquiring an agglutinative language:
we investigate the acquisition of the rich Hungarian verbal
morphological system by adult Chinese immigrants to Budapest.
Multivariate analyses of data extracted from sociolinguistic
interviews with nine untutored Chinese learners of Hungarian
suggest that the acquisition of verbal morphology is systematic.
Factors that have been identified as significant in studies
of the acquisition of other languages, such as frequency,
perceptual salience, morphophonological regularity, and semantic
complexity, all play a significant role in the acquisition of
Hungarian as a second language. The marking of definiteness
or indefiniteness of the object on the verb, a rare aspect of
verbal morphology, also has a significant effect. Chinese learners
are more likely to mark definite than indefinite forms of the
verb, despite the fact that these forms express largely redundant
functions and that indefinites are more frequent. Hence, our
data allow for an analysis of relative weights of factors affecting
acquisition and address the issue of the relative weight of
frequency over other factors.
Hedges in Japanese conversation: The influence of age, sex,
and formality
Authors: Lauwereyns Shizuka
Published: December 2002

Hedges in Japanese conversation are discussed in relation to
three social variables: age, sex, and formality. In the present
study, hedges are defined as expressions of uncertainty,
possibility, or tentativeness, all of which convey a sense of
vagueness. I quantified the use of 26 Japanese hedges (e.g.,
toka ‘or something’, kana ‘I
wonder’, nanka ‘like’, and
tabun ‘probably’). Three hypotheses were
posited to investigate the effect of the social variables: hedges
are used (1) more often by younger speakers than by older speakers;
(2) more often by women than by men; (3) more often in casual
speech than in formal speech. Data of 20 single-sex dyads were
collected from two age groups and from both sexes. The data
supported hypotheses (1) and (2), but not (3). Most notably,
younger female speakers use hedges often. Social factors of
the speaker as well as context play an important role in the
use of hedges in Japanese conversation.
Emotion processes in normal and abnormal development and preventive intervention
Authors: IZARD CARROLL E. , FINE SARAH , MOSTOW ALLISON , TRENTACOSTA CHRISTOPHER , CAMPBELL JAN
Published: December 2002

We present an analysis of the role of emotions in normal and abnormal development and preventive intervention. The conceptual framework stems from three tenets of differential emotions theory (DET). These principles concern the constructs of emotion utilization; intersystem connections among modular emotion systems, cognition, and action; and the organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. Particular emotions and patterns of emotions function differentially in different periods of development and in influencing the cognition and behavior associated with different forms of psychopathology. Established prevention programs have not emphasized the concept of emotion as motivation. It is even more critical that they have generally neglected the idea of modulating emotions, not simply to achieve self-regulation, but also to utilize their inherently adaptive functions as a means of facilitating the development of social competence and preventing psychopathology. The paper includes a brief description of a theory-based prevention program and suggestions for complementary targeted interventions to address specific externalizing and internalizing problems. In the final section, we describe ways in which emotion-centered preventions can provide excellent opportunities for research on the development of normal and abnormal behavior.
Contextual social–cognitive mediators and child outcome: A test of the theoretical model in the Coping Power program
Authors: LOCHMAN JOHN E. , WELLS KAREN C.
Published: December 2002

This study tests the contextual social–cognitive model, which has served as the basis for the Coping Power program, an indicated preventive intervention with at-risk preadolescent boys at the time of transition from elementary to middle school. The contextual social–cognitive model assumes that aggressive children have distortions in their social–cognitive appraisals and deficiencies in their social problem solving skills and that their parents have deficiencies in their parenting behaviors. To test this model, boys were identified as being at risk on the basis of fourth grade and fifth grade teachers' ratings of children's aggressive and disruptive behaviors, and interventions were delivered at the end of elementary school and the beginning of middle school. The intervention effect on delinquency, substance use, and school behavior outcomes was at least partially mediated through intervention-produced changes in child and parent variables that were targets for the intervention. These analyses provided unique support for the assumptions in the contextual social–cognitive model that changes in these mediating processes, even among high-risk boys, can have a meaningful impact on later negative outcomes.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Fowler William R.
Published: December 2002

In this issue's Special Section we present the first of
a two-part series on studies of ancient climate change in the
Maya area. Since the time of Ellsworth Huntington (1917, 1924)
and Karl Sapper (1931), Mesoamericanists and Mayanists in
particular have been aware of the possibility that climate change
played a role in the fortunes of ancient Maya civilization.
EDWIN M. SHOOK
Authors: Love Michael
Published: December 2002

A legendary figure in Maya archaeology, Edwin M. Shook, passed
away at his home in Antigua, Guatemala, on March 9, 2000. Ed
was one of the most prodigiously active figures in Mesoamerican
archaeology during the twentieth century and may well have worked
at more archaeological sites than any other Mesoamerican scholar.
His career spanned more than 60 years and included associations
with luminaries such as Alfred V. Kidder, Sylvanus Morley, Tatiana
Proskouriakoff, Ledyard Smith, and Gustavo Stromsvik, to name
just a few. In addition to his many outstanding contributions
as a scholar, Ed will be remembered for his generosity and
friendship. He was a friend and mentor to many generations of
Mesoamerican field workers in archaeology, ethnography, and
the natural sciences. No one fortunate enough to have spent
an evening in his company will forget his enthralling stories
of adventure, exploration, and discovery.
CLIMATE-CHANGE STUDIES IN THE MAYA AREA
Authors: Gunn Joel D. , Matheny Ray T. , Folan William J.
Published: December 2002

The series of papers on climate change published in this issue
are the result of the symposium “Environmental Change
in Mesoamerica: Physical Forces and Cultural Paradigms in the
Preclassic to Postclassic,” held at the 63rd Annual Meeting
of the Society for American Archaeology in March 2000 in
Philadelphia. The authors bring their expertise in
paleoclimatological studies to bear on the Maya Lowlands and
Highlands from the beginning of the Holocene to the Postclassic
and modern times. The studies reveal that climate has changed
during the past 4,000 years to a considerable degree that
correlates in a reasonable way with archaeological periodizations.
Several climate-change models are presented as an effort to
understand better past cultural and natural events.
SCIENCE AND RELIGION IN THE FEMINIST FIN-DE-SIÈCLE AND A NEW READING OF OLIVE SCHREINER’S FROM MAN TO MAN
Authors: Lovell-Smith Rose
Published: December 2002

BY THE LAST DECADES OF THE nineteenth century, the various aspects of the “Woman Question” had drawn many women into public controversy. Their published writings commonly advance both moral and practical arguments, and often cite supporting statistical evidence and scholarly opinions as well. But not all their writing is of this kind. Feminist1 argument around the turn of the century also generated some fine rhetorical flights which stand out from their more prosaic surroundings. Passages of elevated and figurative persuasive writing are found in essays, monographs, and occasionally novels. Today these writings may be found in the many anthologies of “first-wave” feminist writing, which draw on the London journals, especially the Contemporary Review. Female activists in America often use a similar style. Consistent features in this rhetoric suggest that something like a distinctive feminist authorial position had developed.
THE SMELL OF CLASS: BRITISH NOVELS OF THE 1860s
Authors: Carlisle Janice
Published: December 2002

EVENBEFORE ESTHER LYON enters the narrative of Felix Holt, she is introduced to the eponymous hero, whom she will eventually marry, through two smells — one present, the other absent; one highly conventional, the other distinctly unusual. As the narrator explains, Mr. Lyon’s sitting room contains “certain things” that are “incongruous” with its “general air” of “privation,” among them the “delicate scent of dried rose-leaves” and a wax candle. Lyon, embarrassed by what he takes to be Felix Holt’s unspoken criticism of such indulgence, explains to his visitor, “You are doubtless amazed to see me with a wax-light . . . but this undue luxury is paid for with the earnings of my daughter, who is so delicately framed that the smell of tallow is loathsome to her” (Eliot 53–54; ch. 5).1 Esther’s association with the scent of roses is quite unremarkable: it simply and quickly registers her as a wholly acceptable marriage partner. Lyon’s reference to the smell of tallow candles is, however, according to the practices of Victorian fiction, quite unconventional, first because it explicitly evokes a smell that is not there, the strong odor of candles made from animal fat; secondly, because it identifies a good smell or the relative lack of one, that of wax candles, with a negative moral judgment: Esther’s practice of spending her earnings on such candles is, to Lyon at least,
DOWN AMONG THE DEAD: EDWIN CHADWICK’S BURIAL REFORM DISCOURSE IN MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: Hotz Mary Elizabeth
Published: December 2002

IN 1839, G. A. WALKER, a London surgeon, published Gatherings from Graveyards, Particularly Those in London. Three years later Parliament appointed a House of Commons select committee to investigate “the evils arising from the interment of bodies” in large towns and to consider legislation to resolve the problem.1 Walker’s study opens with a comprehensive history of the modes of interment among all nations, showing the wisdom of ancient practices that removed the dead from the confines of the living. The second portion of the book describes the pathological state of forty-three metropolitan graveyards in an effort to convince the public of the need for legislative interference by the government to prohibit burials in the vicinity of the living.2 Walker’s important work attracted the attention of Parliament and social reformers because of his comprehensive representation of the problem of graveyards, especially among the poor districts of London; his rudimentary statistics that, in effect, isolated them from the rest of the society; and his unbending insistence that national legislators solve the problem. These three impulses influenced the way Edwin Chadwick, secretary to the New Poor Law Commission from 1834 to 1842 and commissioner for the Board of Health from 1848 to 1852, identified and represented the problem of corpses and graveyards in his A Supplementary Report on the Results of a Special Inquiry into the Practice of Interment in Towns (1843).
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING AN EARNEST IMPROVER: CLASS, CASTE, AND SELF-HELP IN MID-VICTORIAN ENGLAND
Authors: Rodrick Anne Baltz
Published: December 2002

“THE NATION is only the aggregate of individual conditions, and civilization itself is but a question of personal improvement,” argued Samuel Smiles in his 1859 Self-Help, the work that codified the supremacy of aspiration over occupation as a marker of identity for thousands of readers on the ill-defined boundary of the lower-middle and upper-working classes (16; ch. 1).1 Smiles’s importance, then and now, lies not in his invention of “self-improvement” as a defining feature of this group, but rather in his skill at publicly expressing the complex set of ideals and values that had already been worked out in, and expressed by, small groups of improvers for at least two generations.
PERFORMING THE VOYAGE OUT: VICTORIAN FEMALE EMIGRATION AND THE CLASS DYNAMICS OF DISPLACEMENT
Authors: Myers Janet C.
Published: December 2002

DEBATES ABOUT FEMALE EMIGRATION to the British colonies throughout the Victorian era routinely capitalize on the crucial role women could play in consolidating the empire through the civilizing mission. Advocates of female emigration frequently publicized the benefits of “matrimonial colonization,” a rendering of what is now called republican motherhood that defines women’s place in the nation in terms of their domestic and reproductive roles.1 The founding in 1862 of the Female Middle Class Emigration Society (FMCES) by two educated middle-class women, Maria Rye and Jane Lewin, marked a departure from this conventional approach to female emigration. The work of the FMCES was carried out in the spirit of energy and determination that characterized the period of growing feminist activity in the 1860s, when the British rhetoric about “superfluous” women was reaching the tenor of a national crisis.2 While campaigns for improving female education and employment opportunities were long-term solutions to the problem, emigration offered a more immediate palliative. Concerned primarily with the plight of single, middle-class women, Rye and Lewin saw in emigration an alternative plot to the tragic denouement in poverty and spinsterhood that awaited a large proportion of Britain’s population of single, unemployed women. Ignoring the civilizing mission and the inducements for genteel women to marry or to become domestic servants in the colonies,3 Rye and Lewin instead focused on creating a class-differentiated access into colonialism by enabling single middle-class women, most of whom were governesses,
THE MAN WHO WAS WALTER
Authors: Pattinson John Patrick
Published: December 2002

His tall upright figure and quick penetrating glance indicate the man of energy and decision, and those who are most intimately acquainted with him know best that these qualities are combined with a large measure of kindliness and breadth of view, and a readiness to be of use to such as are brought into contact with him in official capacity and in private life. (Biograph 158)

IT IS MY PURPOSE to demonstrate that the above paragraph, published in 1880, is a description of the man who wrote My Secret Life, the man who called himself Walter. I shall be very little concerned with literary or psychological analysis. I intend simply to present the process of research which led me to conclude, beyond reasonable doubt, that I have discovered the identity of the author, then to summarize such biographical information as I have been able to obtain from contemporary sources or archival records, and to comment, where necessary, on the correspondences or differences between Walter’s narrative and the real man’s outer life.
HORSES AND CORSETS: BLACK BEAUTY, DRESS REFORM,AND THE FASHIONING OF THE VICTORIAN WOMAN
Authors: Dorré Gina Marlene
Published: December 2002

WHEN ENGLISHWOMAN ANNA SEWELL died in 1878 of an indeterminate chronic illness, she left a modest note among her papers which read: “I have for six years been confined to the house and to my sofa, and have from time to time, as I was able, been writing what I think will turn out a little book, its special aim being to induce kindness, sympathy and an understanding treatment of horses” (qtd. in Chitty 178). Published in 1877 just months before her death, the “little book” that Sewell wrote proved to be the sixth most popular work printed in the English language1; she entitled it Black Beauty: The Autobiography of a Horse. Sewell’s sentimental tale charts the rise and fall of a beautiful thoroughbred gelding, Black Beauty, from the wholesome pastoral bliss of his early life on a landed estate to his ultimate degradation as a cab horse working the dirty, crowded streets of London. From among the many instances of physical abuse depicted in Black Beauty, Sewell isolates those incurred in the name of “Fashion” as the most pernicious, and her narrative passionately participates in what was at the time a heated public controversy: the application of the curb-bit and the bearing rein, two popular harnessing devices which held the horse’s head tightly erect, compelling the animal into contrived and painful postures for the purpose of appearances alone.
BLACK BRITISH STUDIES IN THE VICTORIAN PERIOD
Authors: Fisch Audrey
Published: December 2002

WHEN I WAS ASKED by the editors of Victorian Literature and Culture to write a review essay assessing current trends in what they called the field of Anglo-African literature, I was delighted but I was also a little skeptical. First, I wondered how they or I would define such a field. Second, I wondered whether the field was in fact so well-established as to embody its own set of trends as opposed to merely consisting of a bunch of people plugging away at their different pieces of work.
THE CASTRATO AND THE CRY IN VERNON LEE’S WICKED VOICES
Authors: Pulham Patricia
Published: December 2002

FOR MANY YEARS “VERNON LEE” (Violet Paget 1856–1935) has received scant critical attention. More recently, however, her eclectic oeuvre, and her literary stature amongst contemporaries such as Walter Pater, Henry James, and Edith Wharton have attracted increasing interest. Despite this, Lee’s collections of supernatural short stories remain relatively unexplored. With the notable exceptions of Carlo Caballero, Jane Hotchkiss, and Catherine Maxwell, who have used the richness of Lee’s language to examine the fascinating tensions that underlie these tales, little has been done to investigate the central importance of the aesthetic object in Lee’s fantasies and its wider implications in the context of the supernatural space. This essay intends to highlight the role played by the art object (in this case the operatic voice), and the significance of the supernatural in the development of Lee’s professional and private subjectivity.
“GOING TO WAKE UP EGYPT”: EXHIBITING EMPIRE IN EDWIN DROOD
Authors: Park Hyungji
Published: December 2002

IN 1821 IN PICCADILLY, Giovanni Battista Belzoni staged a spectacular full-scale reproduction of royal tombs he had uncovered in the Valley of the Kings. Crowds of paying visitors milled through rooms at the Egyptian Hall, marveling at enormous stone artifacts and at colorful wall paintings replicating ancient Egyptian tomb interiors. About half a century later and around the globe, tens of thousands of guests, including many European luminaries, witnessed the grand 1869 opening of the Suez Canal and fêted the achievement of its chief engineer, Ferdinand de Lesseps, with fireworks and extravagant feasts. The driving forces behind these exhibitions were very different — one was an entrepreneur’s packaging of ancient Egypt into a leisure excursion for Londoners, the other evidence of Egyptian acquiescence to European pressure for enhanced trading routes; one was available for a middle-class, fee-paying popular British audience; the other to specially invited international guests traveling thousands of miles — but both were public displays that rendered Egypt, past and present, into a cultural and visual commodity for the West. Dickens’s final, unfinished novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870), written during the excitement and controversy over the Suez Canal and drawing on both de Lesseps and Belzoni as partial models for the title character, is deeply aware of such Egypt-gazing, but Egypt’s presence within the novel is in fact highly unspectacular, almost invisible.
A global marine‐fixed nitrogen isotopic budget: Implications for Holocene nitrogen cycling
Authors: Brandes Jay A. , Devol Allan H.
Published: December 2002

A nitrogen stable isotopic model was constructed in order to constrain the Holocene marine‐fixed nitrogen budget. The primary sources and sinks considered were riverine and atmospheric sources, nitrogen fixation, sedimentary and water column denitrification, and sediment burial. The source budget was found to be insensitive to changes in nitrogen fixation rates, and thus could not be used to constrain this term. However, the isotopic value of fixed nitrogen losses was very sensitive to the amount of sedimentary denitrification. If the isotopic value of marine‐fixed nitrogen has not changed during the Holocene, as supported by sedimentary records, then in order to balance the isotopic value of sinks and sources, approximately 280 Tg N yr−1 of sedimentary denitrification is required. If such a high rate of denitrification has been sustained throughout the Holocene, it implies that present‐day estimates of marine nitrogen fixation are grossly underestimated. It also implies that the marine nitrogen budget has a residence time of less than 2000 years.
The cusp in rapid transition
Authors: Sandholt P. E. , Farrugia C. J. , Moen J. , Denig W. F.
Published: December 2002

We report on a transitional state of the Northern Hemisphere winter cusp following a strong bipolar rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from south to north (−20 to 20 nT in 8 min). We combine ground optical data (meridian scanning photometer and an all‐sky camera at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (76°MLAT)) with magnetometer and particle precipitation data (ions and electrons) and ion drift observations obtained during an overpass of spacecraft DMSP F13. The isolated IMF signature (southward turning followed by northward turning) excited a specific two‐phase response in the cusp ionosphere, consisting of an initial 5 min long activation of the type 1 (southward IMF) cusp aurora which was followed by a type 2 (northward IMF) aurora of similar duration, located at slighty higher latitude. The type 1 aurora persisted during this phase but at diminished intensity. The type 2 aurora was accompanied by the excitation of a double arc with very strong green line emission at the poleward boundary of the cusp. These signatures are ascribed to a rapid transition in the IMF‐magnetosphere interconnection geometry, with an initial pulse of enhanced reconnection rate at subcusp latitudes being followed by an event at high latitudes. The most important findings are (1) the rapid (2 min long) transition between the two distinct cusp states, (2) the attendant excitation of discrete auroral arcs in the region of strong flow shear at the poleward boundary of the northward IMF (Bz ≫ 0; By ≫ 0) cusp, and (3) the existence of a bifurcated cusp geometry during the latter IMF condition.
Paleomagnetism of a lateritic paleoweathering horizon and overlying Paleoproterozoic red beds from South Africa: Implications for the Kaapvaal apparent polar wander path and a confirmation of atmospheric oxygen enrichment
Authors: Evans D. A. D. , Beukes N. J. , Kirschvink J. L.
Published: December 2002

The Olifantshoek Group in southern Africa contains Paleoproterozoic red beds that are exceptionally well preserved, lying unconformably atop a regionally extensive lateritic paleoweathering profile. We studied the basal unit of this succession, known as the Gamagara or Mapedi Formation, and the lateritized substrate (so‐called “Drakenstein” or “Wolhaarkop” paleosol) on which it developed. Two ancient magnetic components are observed. One (INT), usually with a distributed unblocking spectrum between 300° and 600°C but occasionally persisting to >675°C, is directed shallowly southward or northward. A mesoscale fold test at South Sishen Mine indicates that this component was acquired during deformation; similarity of the direction to previous results suggests that it was acquired at ∼1240 Ma, during early Namaqua orogenesis. Combining our INT results with existing data from the Namaqua eastern zone (NEZ), we calculate the NEZ pole at (44.9°N, 021.5°E, K = 23.2, A95 = 12.8°, Q = 5). The most stable component from our data set (HIG), always persisting as a nonzero endpoint to demagnetization at >665°–680°C, is observed in 32 samples from South Sishen and Beeshoek Mines. Directed moderately east‐downward (Sishen) or west‐upward (Beeshoek), this component predates the mesoscale fold at Sishen. More importantly, a conglomerate test at Beeshoek indicates that HIG was acquired prior to Paleoproterozoic deposition of the Gamagara/Mapedi Formation. The concordance between directions from the paleoweathering zone and immediately overlying red beds indicates that HIG is a primary magnetic remanence for the basal Gamagara/Mapedi (BGM) Formation. The dual‐polarity BGM paleomagnetic pole (02.2°N, 081.9°E, dp = 7.2°, dm = 11.5°, Q = 6) lies neatly between previous Kaapvaal poles with ages of ∼2220 (Ongeluk lavas) and 2060 Ma (Bushveld complex). Our data thus support recent correlations of the Gamagara/Mapedi Formation with pre‐Bushveld sediments of the Pretoria Group. A pre‐Bushveld age for BGM is also consistent with its substantial distance from a new, albeit less reliable, paleomagnetic pole from the ∼1930‐Ma Hartley lavas, higher within the Olifantshoek succession (12.5°N, 332.8°E, K = 18.6, A95 = 16.0°, Q = 3). Our conglomerate test at Beeshoek confirms previous allegations that the intense hematitization observed in the Drakenstein‐Wolhaarkop paleosol occurred during Paleoproterozoic weathering under a highly oxygenated atmosphere.
A study of a self‐generated stratospheric sudden warming and its mesospheric–lower thermospheric impacts using the coupled TIME‐GCM/CCM3
Authors: Liu H.‐L. , Roble R. G.
Published: December 2002

A stratospheric sudden warming episode was self‐consistently generated in the coupled National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, and Electrodynamics General Circulation Model/Climate Community Model version 3 (TIME‐GCM/CCM3). Taking advantage of the unique vertical range of the coupled model (ground to 500 km), we were able to study the coupling of the lower and upper atmosphere in this warming episode. Planetary wave 1 is the dominant wave component in this warming event. Analysis of the wave phase structure and the wave amplitude indicates that the wave may experience resonant amplification prior to the peak warming. The mean wind in the high‐latitude winter stratopause and mesosphere decelerates and reverses to westward due to planetary wave forcing and forms a critical layer near the zero wind lines. The wind deceleration and reversal also change the filtering of gravity waves by allowing more eastward gravity waves to propagate into the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), which causes eastward forcing and reverses the westward jet in the MLT. This also changes the meridional circulation in the upper mesosphere from poleward/downward to equatorward/upward, causing a depletion of the peak atomic oxygen layer at 97 km and significant reduction of green line airglow emission at high latitudes and midlatitudes. Planetary waves forced in situ by filtered gravity waves in the MLT grow in the warming episode. Their growth and interaction with tides create diurnal and semidiurnal variabilities in the zonal mean zonal wind.
Multifrequency subsurface sensing in the presence of a moderately rough air–soil interface via quasi‐ray Gaussian beams
Authors: Galdi Vincenzo , Feng Haihua , Castañon David A. , Karl W. Clem , Felsen Leopold B.
Published: December 2002

An adaptive framework is presented for frequency‐stepped ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) imaging of low‐contrast buried objects in the presence of a moderately rough air–soil interface, with potential applications intended in the area of humanitarian demining. The proposed approach, so far restricted to two‐dimeansional (2‐D) geometries, works with sparse data and relies on recently developed problem‐matched narrow‐waisted Gaussian beam (GB) algorithms as fast forward scattering predictive models to estimate and compensate for the effects of the coarse‐scale roughness profile. Possible targets are subsequently imaged by inverting the Born‐linearized subsurface scattering model via object‐based curve evolution (CE) techniques. This frequency domain (FD) strategy implements a further step in our planned sequential approach toward a physics based, robust, and numerically efficient framework for rough surface underground imaging in both FD and time domain (TD). Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed framework is attractive from both computational and robustness viewpoints. The results in this paper could also be used for synthesis of TD illumination (in a previous study [Galdi et al., 2001b], we have dealt with wideband illumination directly in the TD).
Hydraulic properties of two‐dimensional random fracture networks following power law distributions of length and aperture
Authors: de Dreuzy J.‐R. , Davy P. , Bour O.
Published: December 2002

Field observations have revealed that the diffusion properties of fractured materials are strongly influenced by the presence of fractures. Using power law fracture length and fracture permeability distributions currently observed on natural fractured networks, we model the equivalent permeability of two‐dimensional (2D) discrete fracture networks by using numerical simulations and theoretical arguments. We first give the dependence of the network equivalent permeability, obtained at the scale of the network, on the characteristic power law exponents of the fracture length and fracture permeability distributions. We especially show that the equivalent permeability depends simply on the geometrical mean of the local fracture permeability distribution. Such networks are characterized by an increase of permeability with scale without limitations, provided that the fracture length and fracture permeability distributions are broad enough. Although a correlation length cannot be systematically defined, the flow structure is still characterized by simple properties. The flow is either extremely channeled in one dominant path or distributed in several separated structures. We show finally that the observed scale effects and flow structure are very different from the one obtained in the lognormal fracture permeability distribution case.
Efficiency comparison of graphical approaches for designing contaminant detection networks in groundwater
Authors: Hudak Paul F.
Published: December 2002

Graphical approaches for locating monitoring wells near landfills in aquifers dominated by intergranular porosity were evaluated. Both perpendicular groundwater monitoring networks (wells constrained to a monitoring locus perpendicular to flow) and equidistant networks (wells located the same distance along flow paths) were considered, along with several setbacks between wells and a landfill and different flow fields. For an orthogonal landfill oblique to groundwater flow, equidistant networks generally outperformed their perpendicular counterparts. Equidistant monitoring networks with well locations compressed 10–20% closer to the downgradient corner of a landfill outperformed other networks over a wide range of setbacks. However, compression reduced the detection efficiency of an equidistant network at a field setting with divergent flow, a nonlinear buffer zone boundary, and discharge zones near the sides of a landfill. Graphical approaches described in this paper identify effective monitoring networks that can be refined to site‐specific conditions.
A geostatistically based inverse model for electrical resistivity surveys and its applications to vadose zone hydrology
Authors: Yeh T.‐C. Jim , Liu S. , Glass R. J. , Baker K. , Brainard J. R. , Alumbaugh D. , LaBrecque D.
Published: December 2002

A sequential, geostatistical inverse approach was developed for electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Unlike most ERT inverse approaches, this new approach allows inclusion of our prior knowledge of general geological structures of an area and point electrical resistivity measurements to constrain the estimate of the electrical resistivity field. This approach also permits sequential inclusion of different data sets, mimicking the ERT data collection scheme commonly employed in the field survey. Furthermore, using the conditional variance concept, the inverse model quantifies uncertainty of the estimate caused by spatial variability and measurement errors. Using this approach, numerical experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effects of bedding orientation on ERT surveys and to show both the usefulness and uncertainty associated with the inverse approach for delineating the electrical resistivity distribution using down‐hole ERT arrays. A statistical analysis was subsequently undertaken to explore the effects of spatial variability of the electrical resistivity‐moisture relation on the interpretation of the change in water content in the vadose zone, using the change in electrical resistivity. Core samples were collected from a field site to investigate the spatial variability of the electrical resistivity‐moisture relation. Numerical experiments were subsequently conducted to illustrate how the spatially varying relations affect the level of uncertainty in the interpretation of change of moisture content based on the estimated change in electrical resistivity. Other possible complications are also discussed.
Simulation of the last glacial inception and rapid ice sheet growth in the McGill Paleoclimate Model
Authors: Wang Zhaomin , Mysak Lawrence A.
Published: December 2002

A two‐dimensional (2‐D) dynamic ice sheet model coupled to the McGill Paleoclimate Model (MPM) under Milankovitch forcing and Vostok‐derived atmospheric CO2 levels is used to investigate the last glacial inception and subsequent rapid ice sheet growth in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The impacts on ice sheet growth of the elevation effect of orography and the freezing of rain/refreezing of meltwater are evaluated. The results show that while Milankovitch forcing only is sufficient to initiate the formation of permanent North American and Eurasian ice at around 120 kyr BP, rapid ice sheet growth during the next 10 kyr only occurs when the above two processes and an active ocean component are included. The modelled ice volume‐equivalent drop in sea level during this growth period is estimated to be about two‐thirds of that found from sea level reconstructions. Finally, the ice sheet‐thermohaline circulation interactions and ice sheet thickness distribution are also investigated.
Mars Pathfinder convective vortices: Frequency of occurrence
Authors: Murphy James R. , Nelli Steven
Published: December 2002

The frequency of occurrence of small‐scale convective vortices at the Mars Pathfinder lander location exhibits a diurnal variation similar to terrestrial dust devil observations. The 79 vortices detected via their pressure signatures during the 83 sol mission, when combined with an assessment of the incompleteness of data temporal coverage, implies that at least two vortices passed by the lander site each sol. If the vortices are dust laden, as inferred from lander imaging, then the observed vortex frequency is capable of maintaining the observed atmospheric dust load against sedimentation loss. The time‐of‐sol variation in vortex occurrence provided by Pathfinder, when combined with orbiter imaging of dust devils at a very limited time of sol, offers a potential means of quantifying the effect of these small‐scale vortices upon the atmospheric dust cycle.
Recovery curves of the surface electric field after lightning discharges occurring between the positive charge pocket and negative charge centre in a thundercloud
Authors: Pawar S. D. , Kamra A. K.
Published: December 2002

Surface observations of the electric field recovery curves of the lightning discharges occurring between the positive charge pocket and negative main charge centre in an overhead thundercloud are reported. Such recovery curves are observed to have an additional step of very slow field‐change observed at an after‐discharge value of electric field equal to 5–6 kV m−1. The behavior of recovery curves is explained in terms of the coronae charge and the relative efficiencies of the charge generating processes responsible for growth of positive charge pocket and main negative charge centre in the thundercloud. The charging currents responsible for the growth of charge in positive charge pockets is computed to be 2–4 times larger than that for the growth of the main negative charge. However, the charge destroyed in such a discharge is found to be comparable to that in a discharge between the main charge centres of the thundercloud.
Relative role of dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the development of the Indian Ocean dipole: An OGCM diagnosis
Authors: Li Tim , Zhang Yongsheng , Lu Er , Wang Dailin
Published: December 2002

The relative role of oceanic dynamics and surface heat fluxes in the initiation and development of the Indian Ocean dipole was investigated by analyzing results from an oceanic general circulation model. The model was forced by observed surface wind stress and heat flux fields for 1958–1997. The results show that it was capable of reproducing observed dipole events over the tropical Indian Ocean. The diagnosis of the mixed‐layer heat budget indicates that the SST anomaly (SSTA) in the east pole is primarily induced by anomalous surface latent heat flux and vertical temperature advection, whereas in the west pole it is mainly caused by meridional and vertical temperature advection anomalies. In both regions shortwave radiation anomalies tend to damp the SSTA. The ocean Rossby waves are essential in linking the anomalous wind and SST off Sumatra and subsurface temperature variations in southwest Indian Ocean.
Assessment of SAGE version 6.1 ozone data quality
Authors: Wang Hsiang J. , Cunnold Derek M. , Thomason Larry W. , Zawodny Joseph M. , Bodeker Greg E.
Published: December 2002

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II V6.1 ozone retrievals are shown to be of better precision at all levels and to be much more accurate than previous retrievals in the lower stratosphere below 20 km altitude. A filtering procedure for removing anomalous ozone profiles associated with volcanic aerosol/cloud effects and other identified artifacts in V6.1 ozone is described. The agreement between SAGE and ozonesondes in the mean is shown to be approximately 10% down to the tropopause. Relative to the sondes, SAGE tends to slightly overestimate ozone (less than 5%) between 15 and 20 km altitude and systematically underestimates ozone in the troposphere by approximately 30% in the regions between 8 km altitude and 2 km below the tropopause. The precisions (random errors) of SAGE ozone retrievals above 25 km altitude are estimated to be 4% or better; they are a factor of 10 worse below 16 km altitude. Linear trends in the differences between coincident SAGE and ozonesondes measurement are generally less than 0.3%/yr and not significantly different from zero in 95% confidence intervals. Compared to V5.96 retrievals, ozone trend differences between 20 and 50 km altitude are approximately 0.1%/yr; below 20 km altitude the SAGE II trends are more positive by approximately 0.2%/yr. For the 1984–1999 period, the SAGE II shows a localized ozone loss of −0.4 ± 0.25%/yr (2σ) in the tropics at 20 km altitude. In the lower stratosphere, between 16 and 22 km altitudes, the SAGE shows significant ozone losses in the midlatitudes in both hemispheres during the 1979–1999 periods. The ozone trends range from −0.24 ± 0.18%/yr to −0.77 ± 0.46%/yr (2σ). However, in the 1984–1999 period, the downward trends are smaller (−0.07%/yr to −0.25%/yr) in this altitude range, and the trends in the integrated column from 12 to 17 km altitude in midlatitudes (35°–60°) are not significantly different from zero (0.1 ± 0.6%/yr (2σ)). Averaged over the tropics (20°S–20°N), the ozone column above 15 km altitude exhibit a trend of −0.12 ± 0.08%/yr (2σ).
L‐Arginine and Antineutrophil Serum Enable Venular Control of Capillary Perfusion in Hypercholesterolemic Rats
Authors: NELLORE KAVITHA , HARRIS NORMAN R.
Published: December 2002

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate and counteract dysfunctional control of capillary flow in hypercholesterolemia. Capillary flow is controlled by arteriolar tone, which in turn is influenced by mediators released from closely paired venules in a mechanism that involves nitric oxide (NO). However, venular control of capillary flow is altered with hypercholesterolemia.

Methods: Rats were given a normal or high‐cholesterol diet before measurements of mesenteric capillary red blood cell velocity. The arteriolar pathway leading to the capillary was videotaped to measure the percent of the surrounding area (within 15 µm) that was occupied by a venule (% pairing).

Results: Venule‐paired arterioles were significantly smaller in hypercholesterolemia compared with normocholesterolemia, corresponding to slower capillary flow. A positive correlation between capillary velocity and % pairing observed in normocholesterolemia was not observed during NO synthase inhibition or in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, positive correlations between the two parameters were found in hypercholesterolemia when the rats were given drinking water supplementation of L‐arginine or an injection of antineutrophil serum, both of which tended to improve velocity in capillaries branching from venulepaired arteriolar pathways.

Conclusions: Dysfunctional venular control of capillary perfusion in hypercholesterolemia may be a consequence of a neutrophil‐mediated deficiency of NO.
Dominances in Finger Arteries
Authors: HAERLE M. , HÄFNER H.-M. , SCHALLER H.-E. , BRUNELLI F.
Published: December 2002

We studied the patterns of dominance in the palmar digital arteries of the fingers in 39 fresh cadaver arms which had been injected with coloured latex solution. We also performed photoplethysmographic studies in 20 hands. The ulnar digital artery in the index finger and the radial digital artery of the little finger were usually dominant, and their counterparts were slim and often hypoplastic. The findings are relevant to digit revascularization and might influence the planning of digital island-flaps or toe transfers.
Mutations in the Cytoplasmic Domain of a Paramyxovirus Fusion Glycoprotein Rescue Syncytium Formation and Eliminate the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein Requirement for Membrane Fusion
Authors: Seth Shaguna , Vincent Annelet , Compans R. W.
Published: December 2002

SER virus is closely related to the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) but is defective in syncytium formation. The SER virus F protein has a long cytoplasmic tail (CT) domain that has been shown to inhibit membrane fusion, and this inhibitory effect could be eliminated by truncation of the C-terminal sequence (S. Tong, M. Li, A. Vincent, R. W. Compans, E. Fritsch, R. Beier, C. Klenk, M. Ohuchi, and H.-D. Klenk, Virology 301:322-333, 2002). To study the sequence requirements for regulation of fusion, codons for SER virus F protein residues spanning amino acids 535 to 542 and 548 were mutated singly to alanines, and the two leucine residues at positions 539 and 548 were mutated doubly to alanines. We found that leu-539 and leu-548 in the CT domain played a critical role in the inhibition of fusion, as mutation of the two leucines singly to alanines partially rescued fusion, and the double mutation L539, 548A completely rescued syncytium formation. Mutation of charged residues to alanines had little effect on the suppression of fusion activity, whereas the mutation of serine residues to alanines enhanced fusion activity significantly. The L539, 548A mutant also showed extensive syncytium formation when expressed without the SER virus HN protein. By constructing a chimeric SV5-SER virus F CT protein, we also found that the inhibitory effect of the long CT of the SER virus F protein could be partially transferred to the SV5 F protein. These results demonstrate that an elongated CT of a paramyxovirus F protein interferes with membrane fusion in a sequence-dependent manner.
ZEB Negatively Regulates the Lytic-Switch BZLF1 Gene Promoter of Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Kraus Richard J. , Perrigoue Jacqueline G. , Mertz Janet E.
Published: December 2002

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus capable of establishing a latent state in B lymphocytes. The product of the immediate-early BZLF1 gene, Zta, is a transcriptional transactivator essential for viral DNA amplification and virion production. Previously, we identified a negativecis-acting element within the BZLF1 promoter termed ZV. ZV contains the sequence 5′-CAGGTA-3′ located at nucleotides −17 to −12 relative to the transcription initiation site. It sequence specifically binds a cellular factor, ZVR. Based on sequence binding specificity, we postulated that ZVR may be zinc finger E-box binding factor (ZEB) or a related zinc finger/homeodomain family member. We show here by immunoshift assays that ZVR and human ZEB specifically cross-react with an antibody to δEF1, the chicken homolog of ZEB. Competition electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that ZEB binds to the ZV element with the same binding specificity as ZVR. Overexpression of ZEB in either B-lymphocytic DG75 cells or mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells repressed Zta-induced activation of the BZLF1 promoter four- to fivefold via the ZV site. Thus, we conclude that the previously identified cellular repressor ZVR is, in fact, ZEB. We also present evidence that other cellular factors likely affect the transcriptional activity of ZEB. Lastly, we identify a ZEB-binding site within the promoter of the lytic BRLF1 gene of EBV. We postulate that ZEB likely plays an important role in regulating the life cycle of EBV.
Second-Generation Rabies Virus-Based Vaccine Vectors Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Have Greatly Reduced Pathogenicity but Are Highly Immunogenic
Authors: McGettigan James P. , Pomerantz Roger J. , Siler Catherine A. , McKenna Philip M. , Foley Heather D. , Dietzschold B. , Schnell Matthias J.
Published: December 2002

Rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors show great promise as vaccines against other viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and hepatitis C, but a low residual pathogenicity remains a concern for their use. Here we describe several highly attenuated second-generation RV-based vaccine vehicles expressing HIV-1 Gag. For this approach, we modified the previously described RV vaccine vector SPBN by replacing the arginine at position 333 (R333) within the RV glycoprotein (G) with glutamic acid (E333), deleting 43 amino acids of the RV G cytoplasmic domain (CD), or combining the R333 exchange and the CD deletion. In addition, we constructed a new RV vector that expresses HIV-1 Gag from an RV transcription unit upstream of the RV phosphoprotein gene (BNSP-Gag) instead of upstream of the G gene. As expected and as demonstrated for SPBN-Gag, all vaccine vehicles were apathogenic after peripheral administration. However, the new, second-generation vaccine vectors containing modifications in the RV G were also apathogenic after intracranial infection with 10
5
infectious particles, and BNSP-Gag produced a 50%-reduced mortality in mice. Of note, the observed attenuation of pathogenicity did not result in either the attenuation of the humoral response against the RV G or the previously observed robust cellular response against HIV-1 Gag. These findings demonstrate that very safe and highly effective RV-based vaccines can be constructed and further emphasize their potential utility as efficacious antiviral vaccines.