bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental Composite for the Fixation of Mandibular Fractures and Luxations in 11 Cats and 6 Dogs
Authors: BENNETT JULIA WALLACE , KAPATKIN AMY S. , MARRETTA SANDRA MANFRA
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐one mandibular fractures in 11 cats and 6 dogs were repaired during a 20‐month period. A new technique using dental composite was used to stabilize the mandible. The canine teeth were pumiced, acid etched, and aligned with dental composite, leaving the mouth opened approximately 1 cm. Six weeks after surgery the composite was removed so that radiographs of the mandible could be made with the animal under general anesthesia. In 1 dog in which the fracture had not healed, the composite was replaced. The composite broke before 6 weeks in 8 animals; 2 required replacement of the dental composite. There were no other complications. The median time for fracture healing was 6 weeks. All fractures healed with anatomic dental occlusion. The advantages of this technique are that no further damage is caused to the teeth or to the blood supply of the bone, the occlusion is anatomic, dermatitis (which is seen with tape muzzles) is not a complication, and the technique is easy to use in brachycephalic breeds, cats, and animals with poor bone quality. The limiting factor of this technique is that it does require four salvageable canine teeth. This repair technique is still a viable option even if one or more of the canine teeth are fractured. Dental composite stabilization is fast, easy, inexpensive, and, in our series, it was 100% effective for the repair of mandibular fractures.
Surgical Treatment of Pheochromocytoma: Technique, Complications, and Results in Six Dogs
Authors: GILSON STEPHEN D. , WITHROW STEPHEN J. , ORTON E. CHRISTOPHER
Published: February 2008

Six dogs were diagnosed with phcochromocyloma and staged according to the World Health Organization's system for tumor classification. Two dogs had benign tumors (Tl, NO, M0) and four dogs had malignant tumors (T2, NO. M 1 or T3, N0, M0). All dogs had adrenalectomy, two dogs had concurrent nephrectomy, and three dogs had concurrent resection of a tumor thrombus from the vena cava. Anesthetic complications occurred in five dogs, including wide variations in heart rate (four dogs), blood pressure (five dogs), and cardiac arrythmias (one dog). One dog died 12 hours after surgery from partial dehiscence of the suture line and hemorrhage from the vena cava, and one dog died 6 days after surgery during general anesthesia for treatment of laryngeal paralysis. Four dogs survived from 3 to 23 months (median, 15 months). One dog remained hypertensive after surgery. Benign and malignant pheochromocytomas seem to be amenable to surgical resection. ©Copyright 1994 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Attempts to Modify Reperfusion Injury of Equine Jejunal Mucosa Using Dimethylsulfoxide, Allopurinol, and Intraluminal Oxygen
Authors: HORNE MARGARET M. , PASCOE PETER J. , DUCHARME NORMAND G. , BARKER IAN K. , GROVUM W. LARRY
Published: February 2008

This study compared the severity of ischemic injury to the equine jejunal mucosa caused by arteriovenous obstruction (AVO) or venous obstruction (VO) with that caused by reperfusion after ischemia. The degree of mucosal damage and regeneration was scored according to a modified version of an established light microscopic classification for ischemic injury. Biopsy specimens taken after 3 and 4 hours of obstruction, and after 3 hours of obstruction and 1 hour of reperfusion, were compared. There were no changes in the severity of mucosal injury (characterized by epithelial sloughing, loss of villus architecture, and necrosis of crypt cells) at 4 hours of ischemia when compared with 3 hours of ischemia. The mucosal injury score increased by one grade in three of six and five of eight segments during reperfusion for the VO and AVO models, respectively; however, only the scores for the AVO model were significantly different from the injury caused by ischemia alone. Modification of reperfusion injury was attempted by the administration of intravenous (IV) allopurinol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or intraluminal oxygen insufflation at the time of release of the AVO and VO. Treatments did not significantly alter either the severity of injury noted after 1 hour of reperfusion or the degree of mucosal regeneration after 48 hours of reperfusion. In this group of ponies, the severity of mucosal damage was greater after 1 hour of reperfusion for both AVO and VO.
Effect of 5 cm of Water Positive End‐Expiratory Pressure on Arterial Oxygen Tension in Dogs During and After Thoracotomy
Authors: RUSTOMJEE TINA , WAGNER ANN , ORTON E. CHRISTOPHER
Published: February 2008

Thoracotomy in dogs often is associated with lower than expected arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2). Pulmonary collapse from opening the thoracic cavity is likely to be responsible for decreased PaO2 during thoracotomy. To examine whether positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) is beneficial to dogs undergoing thoracotomy, PaO2 and hemoglobin saturation (SaO2) were measured in dogs randomly assigned to receive 5 cm of H2O PEEP (n = 7) or no PEEP (n = 9). During surgery in both groups of dogs, PaO2 progressively decreased (P < .001), but the decrease in PaO2 was significantly less in the PEEP group (P= .027). In both groups, PaO2 did not decrease enough to have a substantial effect on SaO2. Furthermore, application of PEEP during thoracotomy did not prevent moderate hypoxemia after surgery and discontinuation of PEEP. Application of 5 cm of H2O PEEP seems to attenuate the decrease in PaO2 observed in dogs undergoing thoracotomy, but routine application of PEEP does not seem justified. ©
Biomechanical Study of Canine Spinal Fracture Fixation Using Pins or Bone Screws With Polymethylmethacrylate
Authors: GARCIA JOSEPH NATHANIEL P. , MILTHORPE BRUCE K. , RUSSELL DAVID , JOHNSON KENNETH A.
Published: February 2008

Five configurations of pins or screws interconnected with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were applied to isolated canine lumbar spines (L2 to L5) in which a complete fracture‐luxation had been produced at L3 to L4. Twenty‐five repaired spines and five intact control spines were subjected to four‐point bending and tested once to failure in ventral flexion. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pin number, pin angle, and use of 3.5‐mm cortical bone screws instead of smooth 3.2‐mm diameter pins on rigidity and ultimate strength of spinal fractures repaired by the implant‐PMMA fixation technique. Bending moment versus the angular deformation curves were recorded. Rigidity, bending moment at 10° angular deformation, moment at failure, and deformation at failure of each type of fixation were compared using analysis of variance. Spinal segments stabilized with eight pin‐PMMA fixation had significantly greater rigidity and strength at failure than four pin‐PMMA fixations (P < .05). Furthermore, spinal segments stabilized with eight pins angled away from the fracture failed at significantly greater bending moment than those with eight pins angled toward the fracture (P < .05). However, for four‐pin fixation, greater strength was achieved by angling pins in the bone toward the fracture site (P < .05). Screw‐PMMA fixations failed by screw bending and were less rigid and weaker at failure than the corresponding configuration of pin‐PMMA fixation (P < .05).
Nonlymphomatous Hepatobiliary Masses in Cats: 41 Cases (1972 to 1991)
Authors: LAWRENCE HOWARD J. , ERB HOLLIS N. , HARVEY H. JAY
Published: February 2008

The medical and necropsy records of 41 cats diagnosed with nonlymphomatous hepatobiliary (NLHB) masses, including neoplasia and cysts, were reviewed. Overall, benign masses (n = 27) were more common than malignant ones (n = 14). The single most common malignancy was cholangiocellular carcinoma. The median age at diagnosis was significantly lower (P< .01) for cats with malignant rather than benign disease. Clinical signs associated with hepatobiliary neoplasia were usually vague and included lethargy, vomiting, and anorexia, often present for at least 2 weeks before presentation. Benign masses were an incidental finding in significantly more (P< .01) of the cases than were malignant masses. Median values for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin were significantly higher (P< .05) in cats with malignant versus benign masses. The prognosis for malignant disease was poor, with 86% of the cats dying or being euthanatized during hospitalization. Cats with benign disease that underwent exploratory celiotomy were more likely to recover and warranted a more favorable prognosis than cats with malignant tumors. Factors associated with malignancy included age at presentation, presence of clinical signs at presentation, and specific serum chemistry changes.
Effect of Betamethasone and Exercise on Equine Carpal Joints With Osteochondral Fragments
Authors: FOLAND J.W. , MCILWRAITH C.W. , TROTTER G.W. , POWERS B.E. , LAMAR C.H.
Published: February 2008

Osteochondral fragments were created arthroscopically on the distal aspect of both radial carpal bones in 12 horses. On day 14 after surgery, one middle carpal joint of each horse was injected with 2.5 mL Betavet Soluspan (3.9 mg betamethasone sodium phosphate and 12 mg betamethasone acetate per milliliter) and the contralateral joint was injected with 2.5 mL saline as a control. Intra‐articular treatments were repeated on day 35. On day 17, six horses began exercising 5 days per week on a high‐speed treadmill. The other six horses were kept in box stalls throughout the study as nonexercised controls. On day 56, all horses were examined clinically and radiographically and then were euthanatized. Samples were obtained for histological, his‐tochemical, and biochemical evaluation. Mild lameness was observed in five of the six exercised horses at day 56; four horses were lame in the control limb and one horse was lame in the treated limb. Of the five nonexercised horses evaluated for lameness, two were lame in the control limb, two were lame in the treated limb, and one was lame in both the control and the treated limb. No differences were noted on radiographs or palpation of steroid treated limbs versus control limbs. Firm reattachment of the osteochondral fragment to the radial carpal bone occurred in all but three joints. Gross cartilage damage was not different between steroid‐treated joints and joints injected with saline. Histologically, there were no significant detrimental effects of betamethasone with or without exercise, but there was a tendency for more pathological change in treated joints. There was a trend toward decreased glycosaminoglycan staining in steroid treated joints of rested horses, whereas exercised horses had similar glycosaminoglycan staining in treated and control joints. No significant difference in the water content or uronic acid concentration was detected between treated and control joints. Intra‐articular betamethasone administration in this carpal chip model was not associated with any significant detrimental effects in either rested or exercised horses.
Evaluation of the Lateral Collateral Ligament After Fibular Head Transposition in Dogs
Authors: DUPUIS JACQUES , HARARI JOSEPH , BLACKKETTER DONALD M. , GALLINA ANTHONY M.
Published: February 2008

Cranial transposition of the fibular head stabilizes the stifle joint by displacing the distal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). The forces applied to the LCL after displacement may cause ligamentous elongation. This investigation evaluated the morphological, histological, and biomechanical changes of the LCL after fibular head transposition (FHT) in dogs. Unilateral cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) excision and FHT were performed on 25 dogs. Cross‐sectional area, length, histological, and structural properties of the LCL were evaluated 3 weeks, 4 months, and 10 months after surgery. Ligament length means were significantly increased at week 3, month 4, and month 10 compared with intraoperative length means. No significant changes in elongation were observed after week 3. Fibrovascular proliferation within the LCL increased the cross‐sectional area and associated structural properties.
Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle in Spaniels
Authors: MARCELLIN‐LITTLE DENIS J. , DEYOUNG DAVID J. , FERRIS KELLI K. , BERRY CLIFFORD M.
Published: February 2008

An evaluation of 157 dogs with humeral fractures was performed. Cocker spaniels were more likely to have humeral condylar fractures (HCFs) than other breeds (P < .0001). Male cocker spaniels were at increased risk (P < .001). Cocker spaniels had more bilateral HCFs than other breeds of dogs (P < .001). Eighteen dogs (17 purebred spaniels and 1 crossbred spaniel) with HCFs of unknown cause or occurring with normal activity were further studied, using radiography of their humeral condyle bilaterally (n = 18), computed tomography (n = 3), biopsy (n = 2), bone scintigraphy (n = 2), and genetic evaluation (n = 8). Fourteen of these 18 dogs had a nonfractured contralateral condyle. Twelve (86%) of the 14 nonfractured humeral condyles had a radiolucent line within the center of the condyle, 13 (93%) had radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease and an abnormal medial coronoid process, and six (43%) had periosteal proliferation involving the lateral epicondyle. Examination of biopsy samples from the fracture sites of two cocker spaniels showed fibrous tissue present at the fracture surfaces. The results of this study suggest an association between incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle in cocker spaniels and Brittany spaniels and a high prevalence of HCFs. Eight affected cocker spaniels with available pedigree information were found to be genetically related, suggesting that incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle may be a genetic disease with a recessive mode of inheritance.
The Effect of Occlusive and Semi‐Occlusive Dressings on the Healing of Acute Full‐Thickness Skin Wounds on the Forelimbs of Dogs
Authors: MORGAN PAUL W. , BINNINGTON ALLEN G. , MILLER CRAIG W. , SMITH DALE A. , VALLIANT ANNE , PRESCOTT JOHN F.
Published: February 2008

This project compared the effects of hydrocolloid (HC) and hydrogel (HG) occlusive dressings and a polyethylene (PE) semi‐occlusive dressing on the healing of acute full‐thickness skin wounds on the forelimbs of 10 dogs. All treatments resulted in a similar degree of healing at postoperative days 4 and 7. No significant differences existed in the number of wounds that were more than 90% healed at postoperative day 28 between the group treated with the HG dressing and the group treated with the PE dressing. There were significantly fewer wounds more than 90% healed at postoperative day 28 in the group treated with the HC dressing. Wounds under the HG dressing had the largest mean percentage of contraction at postoperative days 21 and 28. Wounds under the HG dressing also had the largest contraction/re‐epithelialization ratio (postoperative days 21 and 28) compared with wounds under the PE and HC dressings. Wounds under the PE dressing had a significantly higher mean percentage of re‐epithelialization than wounds under both occlusive dressings on postoperative days 14, 21, and 28. Wounds under the two occlusive dressings had exuberant granulation tissue present more often than wounds under the PE dressing. The two occlusive dressings had significantly higher bacterial counts on wounds compared with wounds under the PE dressing; analysis of variance (ANOVA), P= .0008. Wounds under the HC dressing showed the poorest healing in all parameters.
Evaluation of an Autotutorial‐Simulator Program for Instruction of Hollow Organ Closure
Authors: SMEAK DANIEL D. , HILL LAWRENCE N. , BECK MARIAN L. , SHAFFER C. ALLEN , BIRCHARD STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2008

Forty students were randomly assigned into two study groups (traditional, T; and simulator, S) of 20 students each for a core operative practice laboratory. Students were randomly paired and their group assignment and identity remained anonymous to the evaluators throughout the study. Questionnaires were distributed to students to evaluate prior surgical experience and obtain learning resource use information. Before the evaluation sessions, both groups were given identical learning resource opportunities except students in Group S received hollow organ simulators and practice materials for gastrotomy closure. All students were forewarned that surgical instruction would not be available during the evaluation sessions. In the first live animal evaluation session, all student pairs were videotaped after which stomachs were harvested for gross evaluation of the surgical site. Group T performed an additional gastrotomy for video and gross evaluation 2 weeks later. Questionnaire, and gross and video evaluation results were compared statistically between groups and sessions. The hollow organ model did not suitably simulate live stomach tissue; the material was more fragile and stiff and suture cut‐out was a problem even with appropriate suture tension and technique. The model was effective for teaching needle placement, instrument usage, creating proper tissue inversion, and methods to minimize instrument handling of tissue during gastrotomy closure. Prior practice with models did not boost student confidence during their live gastrotomy session. The autotutorials (ATs) were well received by students but did not sufficiently address how to manage mucosal eversion, suture tension, and bleeding encountered during live gastrotomy. AT viewing lime positively correlated with mean total video score for Group T during both sessions. None of the students had prior experience performing hollow organ closure and no significant difference in experience level was evident between groups. Mean closure time was not significantly different between groups for session one (Group T, mean, 31.5 minutes, range, 18.4 to 53.4; Group S, mean, 28.2 minutes, range, 16.8 to 36), but was significantly reduced for session two (Group T, mean, 21.3 minutes, range, 13.9 to 31). This AT/simulator program does not significantly influence students' overall gastrotomy closure technique; gross and video evaluation scores were not significantly different between groups. Without instructor supervision, an additional gastrotomy experience did not improve surgical technique appreciably for Group T; however, these students performed the second procedure with more confidence and speed. Instruction during simulator or live animal practice appears to be necessary to assure adequate skill mastery and to reduce perpetuation of mistakes.
Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry and Force‐Plate Analysis of Gait in Dogs With Healed Femora After Leg‐Lengthening Plate Fixation
Authors: MUIR PETER , MARKEL MARK D. , BOGDANSKE JOHN J. , JOHNSON KENNETH A.
Published: February 2008

Dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density of four regions in healed femora of nine dogs after fracture fixation with a leg‐lengthening plate. Six to 85 months (mean, 46 months) after surgery, the bone mineral density of healed femora was not significantly different from the contralateral uninjured femora (P>.05; power = 0.8 at Δ= 15%). Radio‐lucencies around the proximal screws, apparently associated with screw loosening, were seen on radiographic views of the healed femora of three dogs. In one of these dogs, one screw in the proximal metaphysis had broken. Force‐plate analysis of gait was also performed on dogs at the time of bone mineral density measurement. Peak vertical force was decreased in the pelvic limb with the healed fracture compared with the contralateral unoperated limb (P< 0.05). Clinically apparent lameness in three dogs did not appear to be associated with altered bone mineral density and may have been caused by hip osteoarthritis, a nondisplaced hairline diaphyseal fracture, and screw loosening in conjunction with extensive post‐traumatic soft tissue injury.
The Effect of Reversible Left Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy on the Metabolic Cost of Locomotion and Peak Aerobic Power in Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: EHRLICH PAULA J. , SEEHERMAN HOWARD J. , MORRIS ELISABETH , KOLIAS CYNTHIA
Published: February 2008

W. ROBERT COOK, BVSc, FRCVS

The effect of left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (LRLN) on the metabolic cost of locomotion (MCL) and peak aerobic power (V̇O2peak) was evaluated in four trained Thoroughbred racehorses. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2), venous lactate concentrations (LAC), and heart rate (HR) were measured during a treadmill exercise test (TET). Each horse performed the exercise test four times, alternating between normal upper airway function and reversibly induced LRLN. Subcutaneous infusion of 2% mepivicaine, a local anesthetic, into the region where the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes caudal to the cricoid cartilage was used to induce LRLN. The induction of LRLN did not alter the relationship between V̇O2and treadmill speed at exercise intensities where V̇O2was less than V̇O2peak (<9 m/sec). However, a 15.3% reduction in V̇O2peak (Normal = 165.3 ± 3.4, LRLN = 140.0 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min ± SE,P<.001) occurred at higher treadmill speeds in horses with induced LRLN. A significant group (Normal v LRLN) by treadmill speed effect was found for LAC and R only at treadmill speeds where V̇O2=V̇O2peak. Peak lactate (LACpeak) did not change after the induction of LRLN. The relationship between HR and treadmill speed increased in horses with induced LRLN at exercise intensities where V̇O2< V̇O2peak. Peak heart rate (HRpeak) remained unchanged. Performance as indicated by the maximum number of speed intervals completed (STEPmax) decreased 7% in horses with induced LRLN (Normal = 9.1 ± 0.04, LRLN = 8.5 ± 0.2 minutes ± SE,P<.04). A comparison of paired exercise test measurements showed no evidence of a training effect, or decreased performance caused by a learned response, over the course of the experiment. The results of this study indicate that alterations in ventilation caused by LRLN cause a significant reduction in V̇O2peak, but do not cause an increase in the metabolic cost of locomotion at exercise intensities where V̇O2is less than V̇O2peak.
Stress Protection Afforded by a Cast on Plate Fixation of the Distal Forelimb in the Horse In Vitro
Authors: PARENTE ERIC J. , NUNAMAKER DAVID M.
Published: February 2008

Six forelimb specimens from three adult horses had the fetlock joint fused by application of a dorsal plate and by a screw placed in lag fashion through the metacarpus to each proximal sesamoid bone. Five specimens were instrumented on the central dorsal surface of the plate with a single rosette strain gage, and the plate of the sixth specimen was instrumented with four longitudinally oriented single‐axis strain gages. The specimens were loaded axially in compression to 4,000 N in a cast (test 1), in a cast with a heel block (test 2), and uncast (test 3). The principal angle of strain in all specimens, in all tests, closely approximated the vertical axis at loads < 1,000 N. The principal angle in uncast specimens was significantly different at loads > 1,000 N than the cast specimens (P<.05). At loads > 3,000 N, the principal angle in test 3 closely approximated the horizontal axis, indicating a change from tension to compression on the dorsal surface of the plate, whereas the principal angle of the cast specimens was unchanged. Specimens in a cast (tests 1 and 2) suffered less surface deformation than did uncast specimens (test 3). Therefore, the cast changed the direction and extent of bending at the point of fixation, and thereby decreased the deformation of the plate. This effect would lead to greater fatigue life of the implant in the cast specimens compared with the uncast specimens.
Postoperative Myositis in a Neonatal Foal: A Case Report
Authors: MANNING MELANIE , DUBIELZIG RICHARD , McGUIRK SHEILA
Published: February 2008

A foal with azotemia, acidemia, and electrolyte abnormalities was diagnosed with uroperitoneum. The foal was anesthetized with isoflurane, and throughout the 4 hours of anesthesia and abdominal surgery, its mean arterial pressure ranged between 45 and 65 mm Hg. The foal developed a myopathy postoperatively and died 24 hours after surgery.
Treatment of Perianal Fistulas With ND: YAG Laser—Results in Twenty Cases
Authors: ELLISON GARY W. , BELLAH JAMIE R. , STUBBS W. PRESTON , GILDER JAMES VAN
Published: February 2008

Excision of perianal fistulas using a 1.064 micron wavelength neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (ND:YAG) contact tipped laser with primary wound closure was used to treat 20 dogs with perianal fistulas. Overall, 19 of 20 (95%) dogs had resolution of fistulas after one or more ND:YAG treatments. The period of resolution ranged from 10 to 42 months with a mean of 22.9 months. Sixteen of 20 (80%) dogs had resolved fistulas after one laser excision. Three of the four recurrences underwent additional laser treatments with successful results. The total number of laser procedures ranged from one to three with a mean of 1.2 procedures. Postoperatively, anal tone as judged by digital rectal examination was reduced in about 60% of the cases, but clinical evidence of fecal incontinence only occurred in four of 20 cases. This was managed effectively with diet modification. The tendency toward loss of anal tone or fecal incontinence depended on the severity of preexisting anal stenosis. On a client survey, 19 of 20 owners believed that their animals experienced less pain during defecation after surgery and rated the results as excellent or good. The overall success rate using ND:YAG laser excision compared very favorably with previously reported studies of other methods of treatment for perianal fistulas in dogs.
Skin Fold Advancement Flaps for Closing Large Sternal and Inguinal Wounds in Cats and Dogs
Authors: HUNT GERALDINE B.
Published: February 2008

Skin fold advancement flaps can be created from the elbow and flank folds to close large wounds in the pectoral and inguinal regions of cats and dogs, respectively. The attachments of the laterally facing (outer) and medially facing (inner) layers of the skin fold to the adjacent limb are divided to produce a U‐shaped pedicle graft attached to the trunk. This mobilizes skin that can be advanced over large wounds involving the ventral chest or abdomen, or both. The use of skin fold advancement flaps enables direct closure of large skin defects without undue tension and without compromising the mobility of the adjacent limb.
Clinical Determination of Preoperative and Postoperative Intra‐abdominal Pressures in Dogs
Authors: CONZEMIUS M.G. , SAMMARCO J.L. , HOLT D.E. , SMITH G.K.
Published: February 2008

Intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) was indirectly measured, using a transurethral catheterization technique, in 20 client‐owned dogs before and after elective ovariohysterectomy. Mean preoperative IAP was 4.50 ± 0.44 cm H2O. Elective abdominal surgery caused significant elevations in mean postoperative IAP (mean 7.50 ± 0.45 cm H2O, range 0 to 15 cm H2O) that persisted for at least 24 hours. However, the increase in IAP caused no clinically evident complications; thus, after elective abdominal surgery an elevation in IAP up to 15 cm H2O is to be expected. Intra‐abdominal pressure was also measured in 20 consecutive clinical cases with gross abdominal distension, before or after laparotomy, or both. Included in this group were dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus, closed pyometra, hemoperitoneum, acute ascites, and diaphragmatic hernias. All dogs with gross abdominal distension had an elevated IAP (> 16 cm H2O) either before or after surgery. Severe elevations of IAP were associated with anuria in two dogs, necessitating surgical decompression; one with hemoperitoneum (47 cm H2O) and one after repair of a chronic diaphragmatic hernia (30 cm H2O).
The Effects of Consecutive Day Propofol Anesthesia on Feline Red Blood Cells
Authors: ANDRESS JACQUELINE L. , DAY THOMAS K. , DAY DEBORAH G.
Published: February 2008

This study investigated the potential for multiple exposures of propofol to induce oxidative injury, in the form of Heinz body production, to feline red blood cells. Anesthesia was induced in six healthy cats with propofol (6 mg/kg, intravenous [IV]) and maintained for 30 minutes with a propofol infusion (0.20 to 0.30 mg/kg/min, IV). The initial protocol was designed for each cat to receive 10 consecutive days of propofol anesthesia. All cats spontaneously breathed room air. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect blood pressure were measured and recorded before and during anesthesia. Time to complete recovery after each infusion was measured and recorded. Heinz body analysis was performed before and after each day of propofol anesthesia. Based on predetermined criteria for discontinuing daily infusions, the mean number of consecutive days of propofol anesthesia was six and propofol administration did not continue beyond 7 days in any cat. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect blood pressure did not change significantly during propofol anesthesia compared with awake values. Following the third consecutive day of propofol anesthesia, there was a significant increase from baseline in the mean percentage of Heinz bodies. Hemolysis was not detected in any cat. Recovery time significantly increased after the second consecutive day of propofol anesthesia compared with the first day. Five of six cats developed generalized malaise, anorexia, and diarrhea on day 5, 6, or 7, and two cats developed facial edema. All clinical signs resolved without treatment 24 to 48 hours after discontinuing propofol anesthesia. This study suggests that consecutive day propofol anesthesia in normal cats can induce oxidative injury to feline red blood cells in the form of excessive Heinz body formation, result in increased recovery times, and result in clinical signs of illness.
A Comparison of Simple Continuous Versus Simple Interrupted Suture Patterns for Tracheal Anastomosis After Large‐Segment Tracheal Resection in Dogs
Authors: FINGLAND ROGER B. , LAYTON CANDACE I. , KENNEDY GEORGE A. , GALLAND JOHN C.
Published: February 2008

Two suture techniques for tracheal anastomosis after large‐segment tracheal resection were compared. Eight cartilages were resected from the trachea of each of 12 dogs; anastomoses with 4‐0 polydioxanone suture were created using a simple continuous suture technique in six dogs and a simple interrupted suture technique in six dogs. Surgical time was shorter but apposition of tracheal segments at the time of surgery was less precise with the simple continuous suture technique. The dogs were evaluated for 150 days after surgery. Clinical abnormalities after tracheal resection and anastomosis were not observed. Percent dorsoventral luminal stenosis was calculated by measuring the tracheal lumen diameter on lateral cervical radiographs. Percent luminal stenosis was calculated planimetrically using a computerized digitizing tablet. Anastomotic stenosis was mild in all dogs; however, the mean percent luminal stenosis determined planimetrically was significantly greater for dogs that had the simple continuous suture technique. Planimetric measurements of cross‐sectional area made before and after formalin fixation were not significantly different. Radiographic determination of percent dorsoventral luminal stenosis was a poor predictor of diminution of cross‐sectional area determined planimetrically.
The Effects of Implant Orientation, Canal Fill, and Implant Fit on Femoral Strain Patterns and Implant Stability During Catastrophic Testing of a Canine Cementless Femoral Prosthesis
Authors: PERNELL ROBERT T. , MILTON JAMES L. , GROSS ROBERT S. , MONTGOMERY RONALD D. , WENZEL JAMES G.W. , SAVORY CARL G. , ABERMAN HAROLD M.
Published: February 2008

Cementless femoral stems were placed into 12 normal greyhound femora. The implanted femora were divided into three groups by stem orientation and implant size and loaded in axial compression at a rate of 25 newtons (N) per second until failure. Rosette strain gauges were used to measure femoral principal strains at 500 N, 1,000 N, 1,500 N, and at maximum load. During maximum load, varus orientation of the femoral stem had significantly higher tensile hoop strains in the proximomedial cortex, whereas neutral orientation had higher tensile hoop strains along the cranial cortex. Femoral fractures occurred in these areas of peak tensile strain. There was no difference in maximum load between groups, therefore varus orientation did not predispose to fracture. Maximizing canal fill and implant fit increased implant stability.
Gastric Myoelectric and Motor Activity in Dogs After Isoflurane Anesthesia
Authors: HALL JEAN A. , DUNLOP COLIN I. , SOLIE THOMAS N. , HODGSON DAVID S. , TWEDT DAVID C.
Published: February 2008

To characterize the effects of isoflurane on gastric motility, gastric electrical and contractile activities were assessed in six healthy adult dogs before and after recovery from anesthesia. Baseline recordings (fasting and fed state) were obtained in unanesthetized dogs 8 days after implantation of serosal electrodes and strain‐gauge force transducers. After an overnight fast, dogs were anesthetized with 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane for 4.5 hours (approximately 6 MAC hours). No other anesthetic or sedative drugs were administered. During anesthesia, ventilation was mechanically controlled to maintain arterial carbon dioxide tension at 36 ± 4 mm Hg. Gastric electrical and contractile activities (fasting and fed state) were recorded again 18 hours after recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Recordings were analyzed to determine gastric slow‐wave frequency, presence of slow‐wave dysrhythmias, slow‐wave propagation velocity, coupling of contractions to slow waves, a motility index based on relative contractile amplitudes, and onset and duration of contractions after a standardized meal. The only variable that was significantly decreased 18 hours after 6 MAC hours of isoflurane anesthesia was the gastric motility index during fasting‐state phase III. This decrease was not apparent in the fed‐state test periods. Our results suggest that, with the exception of gastric motility index during fasting‐state phase III, variables for gastric electrical and contractile activities in dogs are unaffected by isoflurane 18 hours after anesthesia.
Complications of Celiotomy Incisions in Horses
Authors: WILSON DAVID A. , BAKER GORDON J. , BOERO MICHAEL J.
Published: February 2008

Complications of celiotomy incisions were evaluated retrospectively in 274 horses that survived at least 1 month after surgery, or died or were euthanatized within 1 month of surgery, as a direct result of these complications. Horses were divided into four groups; group A, a ventral median celiotomy for intestinal disease; group B, ventral median celiotomy for nonintestinal disease; group C, repair of an umbilical hernia; and group D, celiotomy in a region other than the midline. Specific incisional complications were peri‐incisional edema, drainage, incisional abscess, suture sinus, and dehiscence. Incision‐related complications occurred in 30% of the horses (group A, 40%; group B 18%; group C, 7%; and group D, 88%). Complications occurred more frequently in group D than group A (P=.009), which were higher than in groups B and C (P <.00001). Incisional hernia occurred in 28 of 256 (11%) horses that survived at least 4 months and were available for follow‐up. Hernia formation was more common (P <.00001) in horses that had other incisional complications (23 horses) than those without (5 horses). Serous or purulent incisional drainage, were more likely to be associated with hernia formation than was serosanguineous drainage or other incisional complications.
Jejunal Intussusception: A Complication of Functional End‐to‐End Stapled Anastomoses in Two Ponies
Authors: FRANKENY REBECCA L. , WILSON DAVID A. , MESSER IV NAT T. , CAMPBELL‐BEGGS CYNTHIA
Published: February 2008

Jejunojejunal intussusception occurred after jejunal resection and stapled functional end‐to‐end anastomosis in two pony mares. In both mares, the lead point of the intussusception was the stapled functional end‐to‐end (FEE) anastomosis. The stapled free ends of jejunum were oversewn with an inverting suture pattern. A possible explanation for development of the intussusception was the acute angle created in the intestine by the FEE anastomsis. This angulation may have impaired flow of ingesta causing motility changes that predisposed the site to intussusception. Because the oversewn blind intestinal ends acted as the lead point for formation of the intussusception, it may be inadvisable to oversew the stapled anastomotic ends.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Study of a Multiplanar Circular External Fixator Applied to Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: CERVANTES CARLOS , MADISON JOHN B. , MILLER GARY J. , CASAR ROBERT S.
Published: February 2008

The biomechanical characteristics of a 4‐ring circular multiplanar fixator applied to equine third metacarpal bones with a 5 mm mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy gap were studied. Smooth Steinmann pins, either 1/8 inch, 3/16 inch, or 1/4 inch, were driven through pilot holes in the bone in a crossed configuration and full pin fashion and fastened to the fixator rings using cannulated fixation bolts. The third metacarpal bone fixator constructs were tested in three different modes (cranial‐caudal four‐point bending, axial compression, and torsion). Loads of 2,000 N were applied in bending and axial compression tests and a load of 50 N ± m was applied during testing in torsion. Fixator stiffness was determined by the slope of the load displacement curves. Three constructs for each pin size were tested in each mode. Comparisons between axial stiffness, bending stiffness, and torsional stiffness for each of the three different pin sizes were made using one‐way analysis of variance. There was no visually apparent deformation or permanent damage to the fixator frame, and no third metacarpal bone failure in any of the tests. Plastic deformation occurred in the 1/8 inch pins during bending, compression, and torsion testing. The 3/16 inch and 1/4 inch pins elastically deformed in all testing modes. Mean (±SE) axial compressive stiffness for the 1/8 inch, 3/16 inch, and 1/4 inch pin fixator constructs was: 182 ± 16 N/mm, 397 ± 21 N/mm, and 566 ± 8.7 N/mm; bending stiffness was 106 ± 3.3 N/mm, 410 ± 21 N/mm, and 548 ± 12 N/mm; and torsional stiffness was 6.15 ± 0.82 N.m/degree, 7.14 ± 0.0 N±m/degree, and 11.9 ± 1.0 N.m/degree respectively. For statically applied loads our results would indicate that a 4‐ring fixator using two 1/4 inch pins per ring may not be stiff enough for repair of an unstable third metacarpal bone fracture in a 450 kg horse.
Spinal Cord Swelling as a Myelographic Indicator of Prognosis: A Retrospective Study in Dogs With Intervertebral Disc Disease and Loss of Deep Pain Perception
Authors: DUVAL JULIE , DEWEY CURTIS , ROBERTS ROYCE , ARON DENNIS
Published: February 2008

The association of myelographic spinal cord swelling with neurological outcome was examined in 46 dogs with intervertebral disc disease and absence of deep pain perception (DPP). Spinal cord swelling was measured by calculating a ratio of the length of the loss of the myelographic dye column to the length of the second lumbar vertebra (L2). A positive neurological outcome was defined as return of voluntary motor function. A cut‐off value for swelling:L2 of 5.0 was established by the creation of a receiver operator characteristic curve. Using a swelling:L2 ratio of 5.0 as a cutoff for indication of neurological recovery yielded a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 61%. Overall neurological recovery rate was 43%. Dogs with spinal cord swelling: L2 ratios less than 5.0 had a recovery rate of 61%, whereas dogs with a ratio greater than or equal to 5.0 had a recovery rate of 26%. Evaluation of these data by chi square analysis confirmed that a ratio less than 5.0 was associated with a positive outcome, and a ratio greater than or equal to 5.0 was associated with a negative outcome, (P<.05). Although other factors, such as duration of neurological signs, affect neurological outcome in dogs with no DPP, evaluation of myelographic spinal cord swelling can assist in establishing a prognosis.
Evaluation of a Hemostasis Model for Teaching Basic Surgical Skills
Authors: OLSEN DENNIS , BAUER MICHAEL S. , SEIM HOWARD B. , SALMAN MOWAFAK D.
Published: February 2008

The need for alternative methods of teaching veterinary medicine and surgery has increased in recent years because of increasing costs and changing public opinion. For these reasons a hemostasis model was developed that mimics the arteries and veins of the peripheral vascular system, and can be used to teach the basic skills involved in blood vessel ligation and division. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the fluid hemostasis model compared with using live animals for teaching these skills. Forty sophomore veterinary students participated in the study. Two groups of 20 students each received identical instruction in the basic techniques required for vessel ligation and division. The students then completed various exercises using inanimate models to objectively evaluate their psychomotor skills. Both groups then practiced the techniques for equal time periods; one group used the hemostasis model and the other performed a splenectomy on live dogs. After the practice session, the students were videotaped (for later evaluation), as they performed vessel ligations and divisions. The students then repeated the exercises using the inanimate models for evaluation of skills improvement. Questionnaire responses before and after the project were obtained to determine the students' views on the need for inanimate models for teaching purposes. Results of this study indicate that the hemostasis model was as effective as live animals for teaching the basic skills involved in blood vessel ligation. The students' opinions regarding the use of properly designed inanimate models for teaching these skills were dramatically changed.
Osteosarcoma Eight Years After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: ROE SIMON C. , YOUNG DAVID De , WEINSTOCK DANIEL , KYLES ANDREW
Published: February 2008

This report presents a case of osteosarcoma of the femoral diaphysis associated with chronic stimulation of the area by an unstable femoral prosthesis after total hip arthroplasty performed 8 years previously. The pathogenesis of this transformation may be similar to that proposed for fracture‐associated sarcoma. Neoplasia should be considered as a possible late complication of total hip arthroplasty.
A Comparison of Epidural Saline, Morphine, and Bupivacaine for Pain Relief After Abdominal Surgery in Goats
Authors: HENDRICKSON DEAN A. , KRUSE‐ELLIOTT KRIS T. , BROADSTONE RICHARD V.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy of bupivacaine, morphine, or saline (control) when injected epidurally into the lumbosacral epidural space in goats after abdominal surgery. Goats received either bupivacaine (0.5%; 1.5 mg/kg in 0.9% sodium chloride solution), 0.9% sodium chloride solution (0.2 mL/kg), or preservative‐free morphine (0.1 mg/kg). Total volume injected into the epidural space was 0.2 mL/kg for all groups. The variables evaluated were times to extubation, sternal recumbency, standing, and eating; heart and respiratory rates; and pain score. Only two of the goats in the bupivacaine group were able to stand on their hindlimbs before 6 hours. Time to eating was shorter for the saline group when compared with the bupivacaine group. Heart rate over all time in the saline group (137 ± 4 beats/min, mean ± SEM) was higher than the morphine (125 ± 3 beats/min) and bupivacaine groups (121 ± 3 beats/min). Respiratory rate over all time was increased in the saline group (26 ± 1 breaths/min) compared with the bupivacaine (24 ± 1 breaths/min) or morphine (24 ± 1 breaths/min) groups. At 50 minutes, the pain score for the saline group was higher than the morphine group. Pain score over all time in the saline group (1.5 ± 0.10) was higher than the morphine (1.2 ± 0.07) and bupivacaine (1.2 ± 0.04) groups. One goat in the saline group required two intravenous injections of flunixin meglumine for pain.
Biomechanical and Histological Evaluation of a Laparoscopic Stapled Gastropexy Technique in Dogs
Authors: HARDIE ROBERT J. , FLANDERS JAMES A. , SCHMIDT PETER , CREDILLE KELLY M. , PEDRICK TOI P. , SHORT CHARLES E.
Published: February 2008

The biomechanical holding strength and histological characteristics of a laparoscopic stapled gastropexy (LG) adhesion were compared with that of an incisional gastropexy (IG) adhesion. An LG was performed in 14 dogs and an IG was performed in six dogs. During the LG procedure, the abdomen was insufflated with carbon dioxide and three cannulae were placed in the caudal aspect of the right side of the abdomen. A 35 mm laparoscopic stapler was used to staple the gastric antrum to the adjacent right lateral abdominal wall. The IG procedure was performed through a ventral midline celiotomy. A 35 mm IG was made by apposing the gastric antrum to the adjacent right lateral abdominal wall with two continuous rows of suture. Half of each group of dogs was euthanatized at 7 and 30 days after surgery. The mean tensile load to failure at 7 days was 44.86 ± 18.54 N for the LG group and 85.33 ± 23.59 N for the IG group (P<.05). At 30 days the values were 72.93 ± 18.01 N for the LG group and 71.17 ± 12.11 N for the IG group (P=.41). The gastropexy adhesions in the 7‐day postoperative group contained variable amounts of fibrin, hemorrhage, mononuclear cell inflammation, loose fibrovascular tissue, and mature collagenous connective tissue. Adhesions in the 7‐day postoperative group were divided subjectively into three histological subgroups based on the relative amounts of mature connective tissue within the adhesion. The LG and IG adhesions were randomly distributed among these subgroups (P= 1.0). Adhesions in the 30‐day postoperative group contained well‐organized fibrous connective tissue. No difference in the amount of connective tissue could be detected histologically in the LG or IG adhesions. Complications with the LG procedure included stomach perforation (2 cases), splenic puncture (2 cases), and subcutaneous emphysema (4 cases).