bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of multigrid and adaptive grid embedding to the two‐dimensional flux‐split euler equations
Authors: Warren Gary P.
Published: September 2011

A numerical algorithm is presented for solving the two‐dimensional flux‐split Euler equations using a multigrid method with adaptive grid embedding. The method uses an unstructured data set along with a system of pointers for communication on the irregularly shaped grid topologies. An explicit two‐stage time‐advancement scheme is implemented. A multigrid algorithm is used to provide grid level communication and to accelerate the convergence of the solution to steady state. Results are presented for a NACA 0012 aerofoil in a free stream with a Mach number of 0·85 and an angle of attack of 1·0 degree. Excellent resolution of the shock structures is obtained with the adaptive grid embedding method with significantly fewer grid points than the comparable structured grid.
A reference model for deploying applications in virtualized environments
Authors: Afgan Enis , Baker Dannon , Team the Galaxy , Nekrutenko Anton , Taylor James
Published: September 2011

Modern scientific research has been revolutionized by the availability of powerful and flexible computational infrastructure. Virtualization has made it possible to acquire computational resources on demand. Establishing and enabling use of these environments is essential, but their widespread adoption will only succeed if they are transparently usable. Requiring changes to applications being deployed or requiring users to change how they utilize those applications represent barriers to the infrastructure acceptance. The problem lies in the process of deploying applications so that they can take advantage of the elasticity of the environment and deliver it transparently to users. Here, we describe a reference model for deploying applications into virtualized environments. The model is rooted in the low‐level components common to a range of virtualized environments and it describes how to compose those otherwise dispersed components into a coherent unit. Use of the model enables applications to be deployed into the new environment without any modifications, it imposes minimal overhead on management of the infrastructure required to run the application, and yields a set of higher‐level services as a byproduct of the component organization and the underlying infrastructure. We provide a fully functional sample application deployment and implement a framework for managing the overall application deployment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Edge Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode Covalently Modified with 2‐Anthraquinonyl Groups: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Kozub Barbara R. , Henstridge Martin C. , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Compton Richard G.
Published: September 2011

An edge plane pyrolitic graphite (EPPG) electrode was modified by electrochemical reduction of anthraquinone‐2‐diazonium tetrafluoroborate (AQ2‐N2+BF4−), giving an EPPG–AQ2‐modified electrode of a surface coverage below a monolayer. Cyclic voltammograms simulated using Marcus–Hush theory for 2e− process assuming a uniform surface gave unrealistically low values of reorganisation energies, λ, for both electron transfer steps. Subsequently, two models of surface inhomogeneity based on Marcus–Hush theory were investigated: a distribution of formal potentials, E′, and a distribution of electron tunneling distances, r0. The simulation of cyclic voltammograms involving the distribution of formal potentials showed a better fit than the simulation with the distribution of tunneling distances. Importantly the reorganization energies used for the simulation of E′ distribution were similar to the literature values for adsorbed species.
Complexity of networks I: The set‐complexity of binary graphs
Authors: Sakhanenko Nikita A. , Galas David J.
Published: September 2011

The balance between symmetry and randomness as a property of networks can be viewed as a kind of “complexity.” We use here our previously defined “set complexity” measure (Galas et al., IEEE Trans Inf Theory 2010, 56), which was used to approach the problem of defining biological information, in the mathematical analysis of networks. This information theoretic measure is used to explore the complexity of binary, undirected graphs. The complexities, Ψ, of some specific classes of graphs can be calculated in closed form. Some simple graphs have a complexity value of zero, but graphs with significant values of Ψ are rare. We find that the most complex of the simple graphs are the complete bipartite graphs (CBGs). In this simple case, the complexity, Ψ, is a strong function of the size of the two node sets in these graphs. We find the maximum Ψ binary graphs as well. These graphs are distinct from, but similar to CBGs. Finally, we explore directed and stochastic processes for growing graphs (hill‐climbing and random duplication, respectively) and find that node duplication and partial node duplication conserve interesting graph properties. Partial duplication can grow extremely complex graphs, while full node duplication cannot do so. By examining the eigenvalue spectrum of the graph Laplacian we characterize the symmetry of the graphs and demonstrate that, in general, breaking specific symmetries of the binary graphs increases the set‐based complexity, Ψ. The implications of these results for more complex, multiparameter graphs, and for physical and biological networks and the processes of network evolution are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 17,51–64, 2011
Perception of Social Participation in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Renneberg Babette , Herm Kerstin , Hahn Adam , Staebler Katja , Lammers Claas‐Hinrich , Roepke Stefan
Published: September 2011

Interpersonal dysfunction is a key feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Distorted perception of participation in social situations and altered emotional responses could contribute to these typical interpersonal problems in BPD. Thirty patients with BPD were compared with a healthy control group (n = 30) in their perceptions and subjective emotional reactions to situations of social inclusion and exclusion. Participants played Cyberball, a virtual ball‐tossing paradigm, in which social inclusion and exclusion are experimentally induced. Control participants reacted with an increase in sadness, anger and overall negative affect when excluded. In BPD patients, social exclusion also induced anger, while general participating in the game seemed to reduce levels of sadness. Compared with healthy controls, BPD patients felt more readily excluded independent of the condition of inclusion or exclusion. In conclusion, patients with BPD displayed a negative bias toward perceived participation in social situations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Patients with BPD have a biased perception for exclusion.

Virtual ball‐tossing games can be used to induce anger in patients with BPD.

Participating in a virtual ball‐tossing game may reduce levels of sadness in BPD in the short term.
Qualitative Exploration of Empowerment from the Perspective of Young People with Psychosis
Authors: Grealish Annmarie , Tai Sara , Hunter Andrew , Morrison Anthony P.
Published: September 2011

Evidence suggests that empowerment is central to improving the effectiveness and quality of mental health care. Empowerment includes increased involvement, choice and access to health information for service users. Within the process of empowerment, individuals may better understand their health needs and accordingly improve their prognoses. Despite the widespread use of the term ‘empowerment’ within mental health, there have been no studies examining how young people with psychosis understand and conceptualize the term empowerment or which factors are conductive to them developing a sense of empowerment. This study aims to qualitatively conceptualize empowerment from the perspective of young people aged 14–18 years experiencing psychosis.

Individual interviews were conducted with nine young people with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder regarding their understanding and experience of empowerment. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results indicated that young people who have experienced psychosis conceptualized empowerment as being listened to, being understood, taking control and making decisions for themselves. Young people place high importance on experiencing personal empowerment in relation to being users of mental health services and regard being empowered as the most important factor for determining their own recovery. Results also revealed that young people view mental health workers as very variable in their ability and willingness to address and help facilitate empowerment. They also identified daily routine, structure and avoidance of inactivity as additional means of increasing empowerment. The implications for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The way practitioners interact with young people impacts upon their experience of empowerment.

Young people with psychosis equate being listened to with being empowered.

Young people with psychosis, especially when hospitalized, want to develop and use their own coping styles.

Clinicians who give choices and have a sense of humour are valued by young people with psychosis.

Clinicians must consider whose needs are being met when decisions are made for young people with psychosis.
Different copper oxide nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and application for C‐N cross‐coupling catalysis
Authors: Pan Keming , Ming Hai , Yu Hang , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui , Zhang Hong , Lee Shuit‐Tong
Published: September 2011

Cupric oxide and cuprous oxide micro‐/nanomaterials with well‐controlled sizes and morphologies have been synthesized via different crystal growth techniques. Structural and morphological characterizations of these copper oxide micro‐/nanomaterials were performed by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After that, these copper oxide micro‐/nanomaterials were used as catalysts for a typical C‐N cross‐coupling reaction directly. The catalytic results showed that different copper oxide micro‐/nanomaterials had different catalytic activities in C‐N cross‐coupling reaction. The particle size of cupric oxide and the oxidation state of copper played vital roles in the catalytic process. Cupric oxide with small particle size has the best catalytic activity, while cupric oxide with different morphologies has almost the same yields and cuprous oxide has very poor yields. Further, the possible catalytic mechanism for copper oxide nanomaterials catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction was proposed. And the influence of particle size and oxidation state was carefully discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvent‐Free, Microwave‐Assisted N‐Arylation of Indolines by using Low Palladium Catalyst Loadings
Authors: Basolo Luca , Bernasconi Alice , Borsini Elena , Broggini Gianluigi , Beccalli Egle M.
Published: September 2011

Indoline‐based compounds are abundant in nature, and the indoline skeleton is an often‐encountered scaffold in a range of biologically active alkaloids, pharmaceutically active compounds, and functional molecules (e.g., sensitizers for solar cells). The wide range of uses warrants further interest in the structural modification of this class of compounds. A series of substituted N‐aryl indolines is prepared by a solvent‐free, palladium‐catalyzed procedure. The procedure requires only low loadings of catalyst, uses microwave irradiation, and starts from commercially available substrates. The method proceeds in good yields and in short reaction times with aryl bromides, chlorides, and iodides, also on 2‐substituted indolines. The combination of solvent‐free methods with microwave heating will further increase in importance in the search for more environmentally acceptable synthesis methods.
Hydrogen Sorption from the Mg(NH2)2‐KH System and Synthesis of an Amide–Imide Complex of KMg(NH)(NH2)
Authors: Wang Jianhui , Wu Guotao , Chua Yong Shen , Guo Jianping , Xiong Zhitao , Zhang Yao , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge , Chen Ping
Published: September 2011

The interaction between KH and Mg(NH2)2 is investigated. Results from temperature‐programmed desorption measurements on samples of [Mg(NH2)2][KH]x (x=0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) indicated that dehydrogenation from [Mg(NH2)2][KH] occurred through a two‐step reaction with an onset temperature as low as 60 °C. Accompanied by hydrogen release, K2Mg(NH2)4 and MgNH successively developed at lower temperatures, whereas KMg(NH)(NH2) developed at higher temperatures. However, when dehydrogenation was conducted under isothermal and near‐equilibrium conditions, a single‐step reaction that led to the formation of KMg(NH)(NH2) was observed. KMg(NH)(NH2) is a new amide–imide complex. The synthesis of KMg(NH)(NH2) can be achieved either by dehydrogenation of the [Mg(NH2)2][KH] mixture or by thermal decomposition of the [K2Mg(NH2)4][Mg(NH2)2] mixture.
Fluorine‐Free Superhydrophobic Microstructured Films Grown by PECVD
Authors: Rouessac Vincent , Ungureanu Andreea , Bangarda Soumia , Deratani André , Lo Chia‐Hao , Wei Ta‐Chin , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Lai Juin‐Yih
Published: September 2011

Plasma‐enhanced (PE)CVD is used to create, in a single step, a superhydrophobic (SH) (water contact angle over 150°) layer starting from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) vapor (i.e., without fluorine) in a low‐frequency, capacitively coupled plasma reactor under low pressure. Several SH microstructures are obtained, depending on experimental parameters (gas pressures, substrate rotation, pulsed glow discharge, plasma duration) deposited on various substrate types. The presented technique can produce thin SH transparent films (below 1 µm) or thicker ones (above 10 µm) to modify the surface of a macroporous hydrophilic membrane in order to render it SH with a water transmembrane pressure close to 2 bar.
Hippo signaling in Drosophila: Recent advances and insights
Authors: Staley Binnaz Kucuk , Irvine Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

The Hippo signaling pathway emerged from studies of Drosophila tumor suppressor genes, and is now appreciated as a major growth control pathway in vertebrates as well as arthropods. As a recently discovered pathway, key components of the pathway are continually being identified, and new insights into how the pathway is regulated and deployed are arising at a rapid pace. Over the past year and a half, significant advances have been made in our understanding of upstream regulatory inputs into Hippo signaling, key negative regulators of Hippo pathway activity have been identified, and important roles for the pathway in regeneration have been described. This review describes these and other advances, focusing on recent progress in our understanding of Hippo signaling that has come from continued studies in Drosophila. Developmental Dynamics 241:3–15, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1,4‐Phenylenediacetate‐Based Ln MOFs – Synthesis, Structures, Luminescence, and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Ren Yan‐wei , Liang Jia‐xin , Lu Jia‐xian , Cai Bo‐wei , Shi Da‐bin , Qi Chao‐rong , Jiang Huan‐feng , Chen Jun , Zheng De
Published: September 2011

A series of new isostructural lanthanide MOFs, [Ln2(pda)3(H2O)]·2H2O [Ln = La (1), Ce(2), Pr(3), Nd(4), Sm(5), Eu(6), Gd(7), Tb(8), Dy(9), Ho(10), Er(11), Tm(12), and Yb(13); H2dpa = 1,4‐phenylenediacetate], have been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal (or/and powder) X‐ray diffraction analysis. All the MOFs are isostructural and consist of 1D Ln–COO helixes that are cross‐linked by the –CH2C6H4CH2– spacers of the pda2– anions in a 3D compressed honeycomb‐shaped network with 1D open channels, which accommodate guest and coordinated water molecules. Evacuation of [Ln2(pda)3(H2O)]·2H2O at 200 °C under vacuum generates [Ln2(pda)3], which gives X‐ray powder diffraction patterns consistent with those of [Ln2(pda)3(H2O)]·2H2O. MOFs 6 and 8 show characteristic luminescent properties. Activated [Tb2(pda)3] exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the heterogeneous acetalization of benzaldehyde with methanol. The possibility for easy recycling makes this catalyst a highly promising candidate to address environmental concerns.
Quality evaluation of cold pressed sunflower oils by sensory and chemical analysis
Authors: Bendini Alessandra , Barbieri Sara , Valli Enrico , Buchecker Kirsten , Canavari Maurizio , Toschi Tullia Gallina
Published: September 2011

A quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA®) was developed to characterize the sensory quality of a set of 14 cold pressed sunflower oils present on the Italian market. The oils' chemical quality (free acidity, peroxide value, oleic acid, linoleic acid and volatile profile) was also defined. Eighteen sensory descriptors, selected by a trained panel, allowed for thorough profiling of the specimens. Some of the oils were characterized by dominant positive sensory notes typical of cold pressed sunflower oils (sunflower seeds and nutty), some by mild notes of refined sunflower oils, while others by negative sensory attributes (especially rancid/fried oil). The volatile profiles of the samples (by solid phase microextraction – gas chromatographic analysis, SPME‐GC) were well in agreement with the data provided by the sensory judgment: the samples characterized by olfactive and retro‐olfactive notes of sunflower seeds evidenced many terpenic compounds that were practically absent in oils judged as mild ones (similar to neutral refined sunflower oils). Moreover, the samples defined as defective for the presence of rancid/fried oil negative attribute, showed higher amounts of the E‐2‐heptenal, a volatile aldehyde marking lipid oxidation.

Practical applications: The QDA® developed in this work is useful for characterization of the sensory quality of commercial cold pressed sunflower oils. The sensory quality appears to discriminate between genuine cold pressed sunflower oils, characterized by positive peculiar notes, and mild samples more similar to the neutral refined sunflower oils or defective samples. The study of the volatile profiles confirms the suitability of the proposed sensory descriptors, while the analysed chemical parameters give an interesting picture of the quality of the commercial sunflower oils, sold as cold pressed.
Biocompatibility of polyethersulfone membranes for cell culture systems
Authors: Azadbakht Mehri , Madaeni Sayed S. , Sahebjamee Foroud
Published: September 2011

Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with high chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability can be used for low‐cost membrane preparation. In this study, PES membranes and cell culture inserts were prepared and optimized for utilization in cell culture systems. Finding new membranes with high performance is a vital step to promote further tissue culture applications. The performances of non‐transparent, transparent PES, and commercial membranes were compared. The structures of the cells and membranes were observed by inverted optical microscopy. The cytocompatibility of PES membranes was evaluated by culturing HepG2 cells, a human liver (carcinoma) cell line. Cell viability and adhesion were evaluated. The biological activity of the cells was determined by measuring the uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) and by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Although the morphology of the non‐transparent and transparent PES membranes was different from that of the commercial membranes, they demonstrated similar performances. The cells showed a round or oval shape and adhered to form 3D aggregates on the membrane. Cellular uptake of ICG was detected, and glycogen storage was identified by PAS staining. The activity of the cells cultured on the PES membranes confirmed the acceptable properties of the prepared membranes. The homemade cell culture inserts showed satisfactory performance compared with the commercial ones.
Aspergillus niger exo‐inulinase purification by three phase partitioning
Authors: Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan , Premkumar Manickam Periyaraman , Sathyaselvabala Vasanth kumar , Dineshkirupha Selvaraj , Nandagopal Jagadesh , Sivanesan Subramanian
Published: September 2011

Inulinase (2, 1‐β‐D‐fructan fructanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.7) hydrolyses inulin into nearly pure fructose, which is an excellent alternative for the production of fructose syrup. Growing inulinase utilization in different industries encourages the search for high benefit/cost ratio purification techniques for such enzymes. Here, we adapted the three‐phase partitioning (TPP) technique for the downstream process of inulinase obtained from Aspergillus niger. TPP is a simple non‐chromatographic process used for purification and concentration of protein. The various conditions required for attaining efficient purification of inulinase were optimized. The optimum conditions for TPP were found to be 30% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation with 1.0 : 0.5 v/v ratio of t‐butanol to crude extract at pH 4.0 and temperature 25°C. The enzyme was purified by 10.2‐fold using two‐step TPP with an overall recovery of 88%. The enzyme's molecular mass was found to be 63.8 kDa by SDS‐PAGE analysis. Terminal hydrolysis fructose units from the inulin show that enzymes are exo‐inulinase. The recovery of purified exo‐inulinase achieved in this work shows the technical viability of enzyme purification by TPP.
Is climate change responsible for changing landslide activity in high mountains?
Authors: Huggel Christian , Clague John J. , Korup Oliver
Published: September 2011

Climate change, manifested by an increase in mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures and by more intense rainstorms, is becoming more evident in many regions. An important consequence of these changes may be an increase in landslides in high mountains. More research, however, is necessary to detect changes in landslide magnitude and frequency related to contemporary climate, particularly in alpine regions hosting glaciers, permafrost, and snow. These regions not only are sensitive to changes in both temperature and precipitation, but are also areas in which landslides are ubiquitous even under a stable climate. We analyze a series of catastrophic slope failures that occurred in the mountains of Europe, the Americas, and the Caucasus since the end of the 1990s. We distinguish between rock and ice avalanches, debris flows from de‐glaciated areas, and landslides that involve dynamic interactions with glacial and river processes. Analysis of these events indicates several important controls on slope stability in high mountains, including: the non‐linear response of firn and ice to warming; three‐dimensional warming of subsurface bedrock and its relation to site geology; de‐glaciation accompanied by exposure of new sediment; and combined short‐term effects of precipitation and temperature. Based on several case studies, we propose that the following mechanisms can significantly alter landslide magnitude and frequency, and thus hazard, under warming conditions: (1) positive feedbacks acting on mass movement processes that after an initial climatic stimulus may evolve independently of climate change; (2) threshold behavior and tipping points in geomorphic systems; (3) storage of sediment and ice involving important lag‐time effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport and storage of bed material in a gravel‐bed channel during episodes of aggradation and degradation: a field and flume study
Authors: Pryor Bonnie Smith , Lisle Thomas , Montoya Diane Sutherland , Hilton Sue
Published: September 2011

The dynamics of sediment transport capacity in gravel‐bed rivers is critical to understanding the formation and preservation of fluvial landforms and formulating sediment‐routing models in drainage systems. We examine transport‐storage relations during cycles of aggradation and degradation by augmenting observations of three events of channel aggradation and degradation in Cuneo Creek, a steep (3%) gravel‐bed channel in northern California, with measurements from a series of flume runs modeling those events. An armored, single‐thread channel was formed before feed rates were increased in each aggradation run. Output rates increased as the channel became finer and later widened, steepened, and braided. After feed rates were cut, output rates remained high or increased in early stages of degradation as the incising channel remained fine‐grained, and later decreased as armoring intensified. If equilibrium was not reached before sediment feed rate was cut, then a rapid transition from a braided channel to a single‐thread channel caused output rates for a given storage volume to be higher during degradation than during aggradation. Variations in channel morphology, and surface bed texture during runs that modeled the three cycles of aggradation and degradation were similar to those observed in Cuneo Creek and provide confidence in interpretations of the history of change: Cuneo Creek aggraded rapidly as it widened, shallowed, and braided, then degraded rapidly before armoring stabilized the channel. Such morphology‐driven changes in transport capacity may explain the formation of flood terraces in proximal channels. Transport‐storage relations can be expected to vary between aggradation and degradation and be influenced by channel conditions at the onset of changes in sediment supply. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Environmental concentrations of agricultural-use pesticide mixtures evoke primary and secondary stress responses in rainbow trout
Authors: Tierney Keith B , Williams Jessica L , Gledhill Melissa , Sekela Mark A , Kennedy Christopher J
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to determine whether environmentally realistic mixtures of agriculturally important pesticides are stressful to fish. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed for 96 h to concentrations of a pesticide mixture found in a waterway that is the focus of salmon restoration efforts (Nicomekl River, BC, Canada). This mixture contained organochlorine, organophosphorus, phenylurea, and triazine classes of pesticides. Fish given a realistic mixture exposure (total concentration, 1.01 µg/L) had increased plasma cortisol concentration, packed red cell volume, hematocrit (Hct), as well as decreased white cell volume, leukocrit (Lct). Similar changes in Hct and Lct were apparent after exposure to a lower concentration (0.186 µg/L). Interestingly, no changes in plasma cortisol concentration, Hct, or Lct were noted after exposure to a higher concentration (13.9 µg/L). This suggests that the exposure likely impaired the mechanisms enabling the stress response. Across all exposures, plasma glucose concentration was related to plasma cortisol concentration, not to pesticide mixture concentration. This suggests that a secondary stress response may be more related to variability in individual primary stress response than to differences in pesticide exposure concentrations. In summary, the present study indicates that salmon living in agrichemical-contaminated waterways may be experiencing stress, and this may pose a threat to their survival. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2602–2607. © 2011 SETAC
Flesh residue concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in farmed and wild salmon from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Kelly Barry C , Ikonomou Michael G , Higgs David A , Oakes Janice , Dubetz Cory
Published: September 2011

The present study reports measured levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in commercial salmon feed (n = 8) and farmed Atlantic, coho, and chinook salmon (n = 110), as well as wild coho, chinook, chum, sockeye, and pink salmon (n = 91). Flesh residue concentrations (ng/g wet weight) of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordanes, chlorobenzenes (CBz) and cyclodiene pesticides (e.g., dieldrin, mirex) were 2 to 11 times higher (p < 0.05) in farmed salmon compared with wild salmon. Concentrations were positively correlated with flesh lipid levels. Farmed Atlantic salmon (12–15% lipid) typically exhibited the greatest OCP burdens compared with other salmon species. However, when expressed on a lipid weight basis, concentrations of OCPs (ng/g lipid weight) in wild salmon, in many cases, exceeded those levels in farmed salmon. Observed interspecies and site-specific variations of OCP concentrations in farmed and wild salmon may be attributed to divergent life history, prey/feed characteristics and composition, bioenergetics, or ambient environmental concentrations. Calculated biomagnification factors (BMF = CF/CD, lipid wt) of OCPs in farmed salmon typically ranged between two and five. Biomagnification of chemicals such as DDTs, chlordanes, and mirex was anticipated, because those compounds tend to exhibit high dietary uptake and slow depuration rates in fish because of relatively high octanol–water partition coefficients (KOWs > 105). Surprisingly, less hydrophobic pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes and endosulfans (KOWs < 105) consistently exhibited a high degree of biomagnification in farmed salmon species (BMFs > 5). This is contrary to previous laboratory and field observations demonstrating fish BMFs less than 1 for low KOW chemicals, because of efficient respiratory elimination of those compounds via gills. The results suggest that ambient seawater concentrations and bioconcentration-driven accumulation may play a key role in the bioaccumulation of these relatively more water-soluble contaminants in farmed salmon. Finally, OCP exposure through consumption of British Columbian salmon is found to be low relative to United States national average per capita total exposure levels and provisional tolerable daily intakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2456–2464. © 2011 SETAC
Bioaccumulation dynamics and exposure routes of Cd and Cu among species of aquatic mayflies
Authors: Cain Daniel , Croteau Marie-Noële , Luoma Samuel
Published: September 2011

Consumption of periphyton is a potentially important route of metal exposure to benthic invertebrate grazers. The present study examined the bioaccumulation kinetics of dissolved and dietary Cd and Cu in five species of mayflies (class Insecta). Artificial stream water and benthic diatoms were separately labeled with enriched stable metal isotopes to determine physiological rate constants used by a biokinetic bioaccumulation model. The model was employed to simulate the effects of metal partitioning between water and food, expressed as the bioconcentration factor (BCF), as well as ingestion rate (IR) and metal assimilation efficiency of food (AE), on the relative importance of water and food to metal bioaccumulation. For all test species, the contribution of dietary uptake of Cd and Cu increased with BCF. For a given BCF, the contribution of food to the body burden increased with kuf, the metal uptake rate constant from food that combined variation in IR and AE. To explore the relative importance of water and diet exposure routes under field conditions, we used estimated site-specific aqueous free-ion concentrations to model Cd and Cu accumulation from aqueous exposure, exclusively. The predicted concentrations accounted for less than 5% of the observed concentrations, implying that most bioaccumulated metal was acquired from food. At least for the taxa considered in this study, we conclude that consumption of metal-contaminated periphyton can result in elevated metal body burdens and potentially increase the risk of metal toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2532–2541. © 2011 SETAC
Atypical neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis type 1 are premalignant tumors
Authors: Beert Eline , Brems Hilde , Daniëls Bruno , De Wever Ivo , Van Calenbergh Frank , Schoenaers Joseph , Debiec‐Rychter Maria , Gevaert Olivier , De Raedt Thomas , Van Den Bruel Annick , de Ravel Thomy , Cichowski Karen , Kluwe Lan , Mautner Victor , Sciot Raf , Legius Eric
Published: September 2011

Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are a characteristic feature of neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) patients. NF1 individuals have an 8–13% lifetime risk of developing a malignant PNST (MPNST). Atypical neurofibromas are symptomatic, hypercellular PNSTs, composed of cells with hyperchromatic nuclei in the absence of mitoses. Little is known about the origin and nature of atypical neurofibromas in NF1 patients. In this study, we classified the atypical neurofibromas in the spectrum of NF1‐associated PNSTs by analyzing 65 tumor samples from 48 NF1 patients. We compared tumor‐specific chromosomal copy number alterations between benign neurofibromas, atypical neurofibromas, and MPNSTs (low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐grade) by karyotyping and microarray‐based comparative genome hybridization (aCGH). In 15 benign neurofibromas (4 subcutaneous and 11 plexiform), no copy number alterations were found, except a single event in a plexiform neurofibroma. One highly significant recurrent aberration (15/16) was identified in the atypical neurofibromas, namely a deletion with a minimal overlapping region (MOR) in chromosome band 9p21.3, including CDKN2A and CDKN2B. Copy number loss of the CDKN2A/B gene locus was one of the most common events in the group of MPNSTs, with deletions in low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐grade MPNSTs. In one tumor, we observed a clear transition from a benign‐atypical neurofibroma toward an intermediate‐grade MPNST, confirmed by both histopathology and aCGH analysis. These data support the hypothesis that atypical neurofibromas are premalignant tumors, with the CDKN2A/B deletion as the first step in the progression toward MPNST. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cervical cord FMRI abnormalities differ between the progressive forms of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Valsasina Paola , Rocca Maria A. , Absinta Martina , Agosta Federica , Caputo Domenico , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo
Published: September 2011

Objective: Aim of this study was to compare tactile‐associated cervical cord fMRI activity between primary progressive (PP) and secondary progressive (SP) MS patients and to investigate whether cord recruitment was associated with structural brain and cord damage. Experimental Design: Cervical cord fMRI during a tactile stimulation of the right hand was acquired from 17 healthy controls, 18 SPMS patients, and 16 PPMS patients. Average fMRI activity and its topographical distribution in cord sectors (left vs. right, posterior vs. anterior) were assessed. Correlations between cord recruitment and structural cord and brain MRI were estimated. Principal Observations: Progressive MS patients showed an increased cord recruitment compared with controls (P = 0.003). Despite a similar structural cord damage, cord activity was increased in SPMS compared to PPMS patients (P = 0.05). Regional analysis showed a non‐lateralized pattern of cord recruitment in MS patients. Compared to PPMS, SPMS patients had grey matter (GM) atrophy in several cortical and subcortical regions. In SPMS patients, atrophy of the left postcentral gyrus was correlated with cord activity (r = −0.48, P = 0.04). Conclusions: Patients with progressive MS had an over‐recruitment of the cervical cord, which was more pronounced in SPMS than PPMS, despite similar cord structural damage. The alteration of the complex modulation of spinal cord interneurons possibly due to a loss of supratentorial inhibition secondary to brain injury might contribute to explain the observed functional cord abnormalities. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2072–2080, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesolimbic recruitment by nondrug rewards in detoxified alcoholics: Effort anticipation, reward anticipation, and reward delivery
Authors: Bjork James M. , Smith Ashley R. , Chen Gang , Hommer Daniel W.
Published: September 2011

Aberrant sensitivity of incentive neurocircuitry to nondrug rewards has been suggested as either a risk factor for or consequence of drug addiction. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested whether alcohol‐dependent patients (ADP: n = 29) showed altered recruitment of ventral striatal (VS) incentive neurocircuitry compared to controls (n = 23) by: (1) cues to respond for monetary rewards, (2) post‐response anticipation of rewards, or (3) delivery of rewards. Using an instrumental task with two‐stage presentation of reward‐predictive information, subjects saw cues signaling opportunities to win $0, $1, or $10 for responding to a target. Following this response, subjects were notified whether their success would be indicated by a lexical notification (“Hit?”) or by delivery of a monetary reward (“Win?”). After a variable interval, subjects then viewed the trial outcome. We found no significant group differences in voxelwise activation by task contrasts, or in signal change extracted from VS. Both ADP and controls showed significant VS and other limbic recruitment by pre‐response reward anticipation. In addition, controls also showed VS recruitment by post‐response reward‐anticipation, and ADP had appreciable subthreshold VS activation. Both groups also showed similar mesolimbic responses to reward deliveries. Across all subjects, a questionnaire measure of “hot” impulsivity correlated with VS recruitment by post‐response anticipation of low rewards and with VS recruitment by delivery of low rewards. These findings indicate that incentive‐motivational processing of nondrug rewards is substantially maintained in recovering alcoholics, and that reward‐elicited VS recruitment correlates more with individual differences in trait impulsivity irrespective of addiction. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2174–2188, 2012. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New vessel formation in peritumoral area of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Hollemann David , Yanagida Genya , Rüger Beate M. , Neuchrist Csilla , Fischer Michael B.
Published: September 2011

Background

This study was conducted to investigate the dynamic process of new vessel formation, fundamental for tumor growth and metastasis, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

We used immunohistochemistry, confocal laser‐scanning microscopy, and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction to study endothelial cell and concomitant pericyte development with markers CD133, CD34, VEGFR‐2, CD31, vWF, and STRO‐1 in tumor and peritumoral tissues of 18 patients with HNSCC.

Results

Highly compressed and structurally abnormal vessels with barely any activity of new vessel formation were found in tumor tissue, whereas the adjacent peritumoral tissue vessels showed a normal architecture with tight endothelial cell–pericyte interaction and a high activity of angiogenesis. Endothelial precursor cells expressing CD133/VEGFR‐2 could be incorporated into these newly formed vessels, forming cell clusters from which a thin endothelial lining could emanate.

Conclusions

These data show a high activity of new vessel formation in the peritumoral stroma of HNSCC, with endothelial precursor cells being incorporated into these structures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
No significant association between SIRT1 gene and methamphetamine‐induced psychosis in the Japanese population
Authors: Kishi Taro , Fukuo Yasuhisa , Okochi Tomo , Kitajima Tsuyoshi , Ujike Hiroshi , Inada Toshiya , Yamada Mitsuhiko , Uchimura Naohisa , Sora Ichiro , Iyo Masaomi , Ozaki Norio , Correll Christoph U. , Iwata Nakao
Published: September 2011

Objectives

We previously showed that the sirtuin 1 gene (SIRT1 gene), one of the clock genes, was associated with schizophrenia in a Japanese patient population. Because the symptoms of methamphetamine (METH)‐induced psychosis are similar to those of paranoid type schizophrenia and because not every METH user develops psychosis, it is conceivable that METH‐induced psychosis and schizophrenia have common susceptibility genes. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of the association of SIRT1 gene with METH‐induced psychosis, hypothesizing a significant relationship.

Methods

This paper presents a case–control study of the SIRT1 gene in 515 Japanese individuals (197 with METH‐induced psychosis and 318 age‐matched and sex‐matched controls) with four tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs12778366, rs2273773, rs4746720, and rs10997875), selected a priori using the HapMap database.

Results

rs10997875 (located in the 3′ flanking region) was associated with METH‐induced psychosis (unadjusted pgenotype = 0.0203). However, these results became non‐significant after Bonferroni correction (corrected pgenotype = 0.0812). In the all‐marker haplotype analysis, the SIRT1 gene was not associated with METH‐induced psychosis (p = 0.146).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that SIRT1 gene does not contribute to the development of METH‐induced psychosis in the Japanese population. However, a replication study using larger samples should be conducted to obtain conclusive results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the runoff and glacier mass balance in a small watershed on the Central Tibetan Plateau, China, from 1955 to 2008
Authors: Gao Hongkai , He Xiaobo , Ye Baisheng , Pu Jianchen
Published: September 2011

The glaciers on Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the catchment hydrology of this region. However, our knowledge with respect to water circulation in this remote area is scarce. In this study, the HBV light model, which adopts the degree‐day model for glacial melting, was employed to simulate the total runoff, the glacier runoff and glacier mass balance (GMB) of the Dongkemadi River Basin (DRB) at the headwater of the Yangtze River on the Tibetan Plateau, China. Firstly, the daily temperature and precipitation of the DRB from 1955 to 2008 were obtained by statistical methods, based on daily meteorological data observed in the DRB (2005–2008) and recorded by four national meteorological stations near the DRB (1955–2008). Secondly, we used 4‐year daily air temperature, precipitation, runoff depth and monthly evaporation, which were observed in the DRB, as input to obtain a set of proper parameters. Then, the annual runoff, the glacier runoff and GMB (1955–2008) were calculated using the HBV model driven by interpolated meteorological data. The calculated GMB fits well with the observed results. At last, using the temperature and precipitation predicted by climate models, we predicted the changes of runoff depth and GMB of the DRB in the next 40 years. Under all climate‐change scenarios, annual glacier runoff shows a significant increase due to intensified ice melting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historical trends in Florida temperature and precipitation
Authors: Irizarry‐Ortiz Michelle M. , Obeysekera Jayantha , Park Joseph , Trimble Paul , Barnes Jenifer , Park‐Said Winifred , Gadzinski Erik
Published: September 2011

Because of its low topographic relief, unique hydrology, and the large interannual variability of precipitation, Florida is especially vulnerable to climate change. In this paper, we investigate a comprehensive collection of climate metrics to study historical trends in both averages and extremes of precipitation and temperature in the state. The data investigated consist of long‐term records (1892–2008) of precipitation and raw (unadjusted) temperature at 32 stations distributed throughout the state. To evaluate trends in climate metrics, we use an iterative pre‐whitening method, which aims to separate positive autocorrelation from trend present in time series.

Results show a general decrease in wet season precipitation, most evident for the month of May and possibly tied to a delayed onset of the wet season. In contrast, there seems to be an increase in the number of wet days during the dry season, especially during November through January. We found that the number of dog days (above 26.7 °C) during the year and during the wet season has increased at many locations. For the post‐1950 period, a widespread decrease in the daily temperature range (DTR) is observed mainly because of increased daily minimum temperature (Tmin). Although we did not attempt to formally attribute these trends to natural versus anthropogenic causes, we find that the urban heat island effect is at least partially responsible for the increase in Tmin and its corresponding decrease in DTR at urbanized stations compared with nearby rural stations. In the future, a formal trend attribution study should be conducted for the region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Levee effects upon flood levels: an empirical assessment
Authors: Heine Reuben A. , Pinter Nicholas
Published: September 2011

This study used stream gauge records to assess the impact of levees on flood levels, providing an empirical test of theoretical and model predictions of the effects on local flood response. Focusing upon a study area in Illinois and Iowa for which levee records were available, we identified 203 gauges with ≥ 50 years hydrological record, including 15 gauges where a levee was constructed during the period of record. At these sites, step‐change analysis utilizing regression residuals tested levee‐related stage changes and levels of significance and quantified the magnitudes of stage changes. Despite large differences in stream sizes, levee alignments, and degree of floodplain constriction, the post‐levee rating‐curve adjustments showed consistent signatures. For all the study sites, stages for below bankfull (non‐flood) conditions were unaffected by levee construction. For above bankfull (flood) conditions, stages at sites downstream of their associated levees also were statistically indistinguishable before versus after levee construction. However, at all sites upstream of levees or within leveed reaches, stages increased for above bankfull conditions. These increases were abrupt, statistically significant, and generally large in magnitude – ranging up to 2.3 m (Wabash River at Mt. Carmel, IL). Stage increases began when discharge increased above bankfull flow and generally increased in magnitude with discharge until the associated levee(s) were overtopped. Detailed site assessments and supplementary data available from some sites helped document the dominant mechanisms by which levees can increase flood levels. Levee construction reduces the area of the floodplain open to storage of flood waters and reduces the width of the floodplain open to conveyance of flood flow. Floodplain conveyance often is underestimated or ignored, but Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements analysed here confirm previous studies that up to 70% or more of the total discharge during large floods (~3% chance flood) can move over the floodplain. Upstream of levees and levee‐related floodplain constriction, backwater effects reduce flow velocities relative to pre‐levee conditions and, thus, increase stages for a given discharge. The empirical results here confirm a variety of theoretical predictions of levee effects but suggest that many one‐dimensional model‐based predictions of levee‐related stage changes may underestimate actual levee impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.