bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of nutritional profiles: a novel system based on a comprehensive approach
Authors: Visioli Francesco , Poli Andrea , Peracino Andrea , Luzi Livio , Cannella Carlo , Paoletti Rodolfo
Published: November 2007

The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (for example, cardiovascular disorders, type 2 diabetes and cancer) is rampant in Western societies, accounting for approximately 60 % of all causes of death. A large proportion of non-communicable diseases can be prevented through appropriate diets and lifestyles. Accordingly, several health authorities and regulatory bodies are assessing the nutritional profiles of food items and whole diets, to implement guidelines aimed at improving the diet of the general population. While a global approach is desirable, the need of individuals to maintain their distinct dietary habits must also be taken into account. The portion sizes of food as well as pattern of food consumption, for example during or between the main meals, are very important in determining the nutritional profile of a diet. A novel method to assess the nutritional profile of foods is being proposed and made available on-line. Its main innovative aspects are (1) the comprehensive manner with which the system analyses and computes a great range of features of individual food items and (2) the distinction among eating occasions, namely during or in-between the main meals. Moreover, this approach allows for rapid modification and great flexibility to suit individual needs and gastronomic habits.
Kinetic treatment of gravitational-Coulomb coupling in the Jeans model
Authors: ERSHKOVICH A. I. , ISRAELEVICH P. L.
Published: November 2007

The conventional Jeans model is modified by the addition of electric charging. The standard procedure of kinetic treatment results in a dispersion relation which describes both the Jeans instability and Langmuir oscillations, with the analog of Landau damping. Coulomb interactions tend to stabilize the Jeans instability diminishing the growth rate whereas the gravitational field tends to destabilize Langmuir oscillations. Collisions between particles are taken into account.
Dating late Cenozoic erosional surfaces in Victoria Land, Antarctica, with cosmogenic neon in pyroxenes
Authors: Oberholzer P. , Baroni C. , Salvatore M.C. , Baur H. , Wieler R.
Published: November 2007

We present21Ne exposure ages of erosional glaciogenic rock surfaces on nunataks in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: i) in the Prince Albert Mountains and ii) near Mesa Range. These nunataks are located directly at the margin of the polar plateau and therefore provide an immediate record of ice volume changes of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, not biased by ice shelf grounding or narrow valley sections downstream the outlet glaciers. The sampling locations overlook the present ice surface by less than 200 m, but were last covered by ice 3.5 Mabp(minimum age, not corrected for erosion). This strongly indicates that the ice sheet has not been substantially thicker than today since at least the early Pliocene, which supports the hypothesis of a stable East Antarctic Ice Sheet. First absolute ages are reported for the alpine topography above the erosive trimline that typically marks the upper limit of glacial activity in northern Victoria Land. Unexpectedly low nuclide concentrations suggest that erosion rates on the alpine topography are considerably higher due to the steep slopes than those affecting flat erosional surfaces carrying Antarctic tors.
Net radiation and turbulent energy exchanges over a non-glaciated coastal area on King George Island during four summer seasons
Authors: Choi Taejin , Lee Bang Yong , Kim Seong-Joong , Yoon Young Jun , Lee Hee-Choon
Published: November 2007

Recently, the Antarctic Peninsula has received more attention due to the pronounced warming in that region. Non-glaciated coastal areas on the Peninsula can be significant energy sources for the atmosphere when they are exposed during summer despite the high degree of cloud associated with the frequent passage of low pressure systems. An eddy covariance system was established in December 2002 to evaluate the turbulent energy exchanges between the atmosphere and a non-glaciated coastal area on King George Island. Monthly average downward shortwave radiation was less than 210 Wm-2in summer. Due to the low albedo of 0.12, monthly average net radiation reached > 130 Wm-2, a magnitude that was significantly larger than the reported magnitudes of < ~70 Wm-2at glaciated areas with a high albedo on the Peninsula. The sum of monthly average sensible heat (< 64 Wm-2) and latent heat (< 20 Wm-2) fluxes amounted up to ~80 Wm-2, which was an order of magnitude larger than those at glaciated areas on the Antarctic Peninsula. Given that non-glaciated areas should be enlarged if the warming continues, more attention may need to be paid to the role of non-glaciated areas in the local climate to predict climate change on the Antarctic Peninsula.
Isorefractive wedge
Authors: Daniele Vito G. , Uslenghi Piergiorgio L. E.
Published: November 2007

The problem of diffraction by an isorefractive wedge of arbitrary angle is solved with the method of separation of variables in the frequency domain, when the incident field is either a plane wave propagating in a direction perpendicular to the edge of the wedge or a line source parallel to the edge. The dispersion relation is derived, and is solved explicitly for certain wedge angles that are commensurable to π radians. The modal expansion coefficients in the eigenfunction series solutions for the electromagnetic field components are determined as residues of suitable meromorphic functions.
ANTIBODY‐PRODUCING CELLS IN ANTIGENICALLY STIMULATED MAMMARY GLANDS AND IN THE GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TRACT OF SHEEP
Authors: Lee CS , Lasgelles AK
Published: November 2007

The histological changes in normal mammary glands of ewes during the period one month before and after lambing have been compared with the changes occurring in glands infused with antigen one month before lambing. Attention was focused on the changes in concentration and on the location of cells of the lymphocyte‐plasma cell and macrophage‐monocyte series.

The most significant feature following antigen infusion was the striking appearance of pyroninophilic cells usually situated in areas adjacent to the glandular epithelium. Lymphocytes were also more numerous in infused than non‐infused glands until early lactation.

Attempts were made to detect specific immunoglobulin‐producing cells in mainmary glands, certain other glandular tissues and in lymph nodes. When sections of infused mammary glands were stained with specific antisera conjugated with fluoresce in isothiocyanate numerous fluorescing cells were observed and their location correlated closely with that of the pyroninophilic cells seen in paraffin sections. The majority of the fluorescing cells were of IgA‐specificity with IgG1‐ and IgM‐specific cells present in lower concentrations. In the gastro‐intestinal tract fluorescing cells located in the lamina propria were abundant and the majority were IgA‐specific. Numerous IgG1‐ and IgG2‐specific cells were present in the lymph nodes. Very few pyroninophilic or flourescing cells were seen in sections of the parotid salivary gland, uterus and vagina.

The observations indicate that the majority of pyroninophilic cells in antigen stimulated mammary glands and in the gastro‐intestinal tract are IgA‐specific cells which are responsible for the local production of antibody.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF NORADRENALINE IN THE SHEEP OVIDUCT
Authors: Holst PJ , Cox RI , Braden AWH
Published: November 2007

The noradrenaline content of portions of the sheep oviduct was determined by chemical analysis. The content was significantly higher in the isthmus than the ampulla (e.g. 1·05 v 0·20 μg./g. wet tissue). It is thought the isthmus may act as a sphincter and be important in the hesitant movement of the ovum through the oviduct.
HOMOGRAFT REJECTION AND HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS IN LAMBS THYMECTOMIZED IN UTERO
Authors: Cole GJ , Morris Bede
Published: November 2007

Lambs thymectomized in utero prior to the 80th day of gestation have ben shown to be capable of rejecting grafts of allogeneic skin as vigorously us normal lambs, even when grafted as long as 21 months after thymectomy. Histologically, the cellular reactions involved were the same in thymectomized lambs as in control lambs. Since these lambs were thymectoimized at an age at which it has been shown by other workers that lambs are unable to reject allogeneic skin grafts, it was concluded that the thymus plays no essential part in the final development or maintenance of this particular immune reaction in sheep.

Thymectomized lambs were also found to be fully capable of mounting an immediate type hypersensitivity response to ferritin, although the delayed type hypersensitivity response to tuberculin was severely reduced. Since it has been shown that foetal lambs are incapable of responding to BCG at any time before birth, it is possible that the thymus is a source, although not the sole source, of cells which take part in delayed type hypersensitivity responses.
PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BOVINE POLYMERIC Hb BINDING PROTEIN AND COMPARISON OF SOME PROPERTIES WITH HUMAN HAPTOGLOBINS
Authors: Goodger BV
Published: November 2007

A polymeric haptoglobin (Hp)‐like protein in bovine serum has been further characterized and compared with human polymeric haptoglobins, in particular Hp2–2. The protein differs markedly from its human counterparts in its ultracentrifugal pattern and electrophoretic separation. Treating the bovine Hp.Hb complex with sodium dodecyl sulphate appears to dissociate most of the Hb from the complex without altering the antigenicity of the parent protein.
STUDIES ON LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Hoffmann Choo C , Carroll KF , Goldrick RB
Published: November 2007

Male Wistar rats were maintained from the age of 4 weeks on one of four feeding programmes—ad libitum feeding with chow with or without the addition of glucose to the drinking water, or meal feeding with restricted or unrestricted quantities of chow—to evaluate the effects of diet on body composition and metabolism. In rats fed ad libitum on chow, the percentage of water in the carcass decreased, the percentages of ash and protein rose, but there was no change in the percentage of lipid during growth. The addition of glucose to the drinking water caused a moderate elevation of the percentage of lipid and a corresponding decrease in the percentage of water in the carcass during the first 2 weeks. Unrestricted meal feeding for only 2 hours per day caused the percentage of lipid in the carcass to increase during growth. This effect of meal feeding was abolished by caloric restriction. Both the body weight and the weight of the epididymal fat pad proved to be unreliable indices of the percentage of lipid in the carcass.

The weight of the pancreas was directly proportional to body weight. The concentration of preformed insulin in the pancreas was elevated by unrestricted meal feeding and by supplementing the diet with glucose. The rate of insulin secretion in vitro by the pancreas m the presence of physiological (1 mg/ml) or high (5 mg/ml) concentrations of glucose was directly proportional to the concentration of preformed insulin in the tissue. The rate of insulin secretion in vitro of tissues from rats in the post‐absorptive phase was also directly proportional to the total weight of the rat. In meal‐fed rats, which were in the late post‐absorptive phase when sacrificed, the concentration of plasma insulin was directly proportional to body weight, the total insulin content of the pancreas and the rate of insulin secretion in vitro. These findings suggest that both dietary factors and total body mass determine the supply of insulin and the basal plasma insulin concentration.

The insulin responses in vivo to intravenous glucose and the hypoglycaemic effect of intravenous insulin were found to be affected by the age of the rats and the method of feeding, but in a highly variable manner.
THE THYMUS GLANDS OF A MARSUPIAL, SETONIX BRACHYURUS (QUOKKA), AND THEIR ROLE IN IMMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: Yadav M , Stanley NF , Waring H
Published: November 2007

The quokka (Setonix brachyurus) has two pairs of thymus glands showing different rates of postnatal growth. The superficial thymus grows rapidly in the quokka pouch young and attains a maximal size of about 1% of body weight at 160 days; the thoracic thymus gland represents less than 0·1% of the body weight of the quokka at 160 days. The superficial thymus is approximately 1,000% heavier than the thoracic thymus when both glands reach their peak weight at 200 days of age. Apart from these differences, the superficial and thoracic thymus glands of quokka pouch young of various ages are similar in histology and their rate of organogensis, and in both glands small lymphocytes make their first appearance 3–4 days after birth. Initially, in both pairs of thymuses more lymphocytes are present in the centre of the lobule than the periphery, but in young older than 10 days the cortex is densely packed with small lymphocytes, whereas the medulla has few lymphocytes. The thymus glands take on typical thymus features with the appearance of Hassall's corpuscles after the 20th day. In adults the thymus glands are atrophic.
THE THYMUS GLANDS OF A MARSUPIAL, SETONIX BRACHYURUS (QUOKKA), AND THEIR ROLE IN IMMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: Yadav M , Stanley NF , Waring H
Published: November 2007

The effects of neonatal thymectomy of the pouch young of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) on somatic growth and peripheral lymphocyte numbers are described.

Removal of the superficial thymus alone before day 10, or both the superficial and thoracic thymus glands before day 20 (a) was without effect on subsequent body weights, spleen weights, or numbers of blood erythrocytes, and (b) depressed the number of circulating small lymphocytes to about the same extent with both operations. The slow spontaneous recovery to normal values was very much slower after complete thymectomy.

Early removal of the superficial thymus alone had no effect on the pcriarteriolar lymphocyte population in the spleen and the paracortical lymphocytes in the mesenteric lymph node; both were reduced after early total thymectomy.
REDISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING LIQUID BREATHING IN THE NEWBORN RABBIT
Authors: Walker A , Petrovic M , Ponitch J , Ritchie BC
Published: November 2007

The distribution of cardiac output was studied in unanaesthetized newborn rabbits during spontaneous liquid breathing. By comparison with unimmersed animals and immersed animals breathing air through a tracheal cannula, a redistribution of cardiac output at the expense of the kidneys and gut was identified in liquid breathing animals.

As the liquid breathing animals directed a smaller proportion of the cardiac output to the gut than airbreathing animals, but not immersed airbreathing animals, some factor associated with immersion probably led to this diversion. The diversion of flow from the kidneys probably arose from the hypoxaemia or hypercapnia, or both, which developed during liquid breathing, as the kidney blood flow fraction of the cardiac output was strongly correlated with arterial Po2 and Pco2.

We conclude that oxygenated fluorocarbon liquid can support short periods of spontaneous respiration in the newborn rabbit at the expense of impaired arterial oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. Circulatory adjustments involving redistribution of the cardiac output probably aid the survival of the animal.
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN INTESTINAL TISSUES TO PARTICULATE ANTIGENS
Authors: Robertson PW , Cooper GN
Published: November 2007

The kinetics of appearance of plaque‐forming and rosette‐forming cells in the spleen, blood and intestinal lymphoid tissues following single intravenous or intrajejunal injections of rats with sheep red cells have been compared. When antigen enters the body via the intestinal epithelium, local and general immune responses occur and both may contribute to antibody which appears in serum. The greatest response occurs in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and in these tissues it follows the pattern normally observed in lymphoid tissues following parenteral inoculation of antigen. Large numbers of rosette‐ forming cells appear rapidly amongst the cells of the intestinal lamina propria and submucosa; the plaque‐forming cell response is delayed by at least four days and is relatively small. It is suggested that the bulk of the latter cells are formed in other tissues and migrate to the lamina propria via the blood. The poor antibody‐forming capacity of the Peyer's patches has been demonstrated in these experiments, suggesting that these tissues may lie concerned with other immunological functions of the rat.
THE EFFECT OF MICELLAR SOLUBILIZATION ON MUCOSAL METABOLISM OF ABSORBED GLYCERYL‐1‐MONOETHER
Authors: Hoffman NE , Simmonds WJ , Morgan RGH
Published: November 2007

A lipid mixture containing labelled oleic acid and labelled glycerol‐1‐monoether was infused intraduodenally at a steady rate for 6 hours in unanaesthetized rats with biliary and thoracic duct lymph fistulae. There were three groups, each of which received the same lipid mixture and dose but in dillerent physical states: micellar in bile salts 10 mM, micellar in non‐ionic detergent (Pluronic F68) and as a fine emulsion in bile salts 1 mM with no micellar phase. When a steady state of absorption had been reached the absorption rate relative to area of small intestine utilized was greatest for micellar bile salt infusate and least for non‐micellar emulsion, with intermediate values for non‐ionic micellar solution. There were differences in distribution of absorbed monoether label in the mucosa which suggested that metabolism of this model compound was affected by the rate of absorption. The percentage of monoether label which was saponifiable, i.e. which had been hydrolyzed and oxidized to fatty acid, was greater the more slowly the lipid was absorbed. On the other hand, the proportion of unsplit monoether label which was esterified was smaller the more slowly the lipid was absorbed. Since the results for non‐ionic micellar infusate, containing no bile salts, fell between those for high and low concentrations of bile salts, it seemed that metabolism of monoetber was affected more by the absorptive flux rate than by a metabolic effect of bile salts, per se.
COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT EFFECT ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HEPATOCYTES
Authors: Gallagher CH , Reeve Vivienne E , Wright R
Published: November 2007

Copper deficiency produces a profound transformation of the ultrastructure of hepatocytes. The mitochondria become progressively enlarged and grossly misshapen with advancing copper deficiency. In severe deficiency the hepatocyte cytoplasmic space is crowded with giant, bizarre‐shaped mitochondria, many of which encircle other mitochondria. The possible mechanisms underlying mitochondrial enlargement and distortion are discussed. It is suggested that the changes in the components and properties of mitochondrial membranes in copper deficient livers cause the transformations of mitochondrial morphology.
ANTIGEN BINDING SPECIFICITY OF CELL SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOLATED FROM T (HELPER) CELLS
Authors: Cone Robert E , Marchalonis John J
Published: November 2007

Lactoperoxidase‐catalyzed radioiodination of cell surface proteins was employed in the isolation of cell surface immunoglobulin from T cells activated by sheep red blood cells. Immunoglobulin was identified by specific coprecipitation with rabbit anti‐mouse immunoglobulin antiserum and mouse Immunoglobulin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced and alkylated precipitates showed that the immunoglobulin molecules possessed light chains And μ‐type heavy chains. Cell surface immunoglobulin isolated from activated T cells possessed binding specificity for the activating antigens which paralleled the functional activity of the cells The results indicate that the cell surface Immunoglobulin of activated T cells can function as the cell receptor for antigen.
PATHOGENESIS OF THE GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTION IN CHICKEN EMBRYOS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC LESIONS
Authors: Walker Karen Z , Schoefl Gutta I , Lafferty KJ , Adams EP
Published: November 2007

Adult, allogeneic lymphoid tissue was introduced into chicken embryos on day 4 or clay 6 by inoculation on the chorio‐allantoic membrane, intravenous injection or intracoelomic grafting. Severe haemorrhagic lesions appeared on the body surface and in the chorio‐allantoic membrane within 6 days after the inoculation of donor cells. However, there was no spleen enlargement in these embryos. The development of haemorrhages appeared to be the result of a graft‐versus‐host reaction since they were not observed in embryos inoculated with lymphoid tissue from a syngeneic adult donor. The vascular damage has been examined by light and electron microscopy. Vascular damage was associated with an elevation of lysosomal enzyme activity in the plasma ard the resulting haemorrhages could also be related to a low level of thrombocytes in the circulating blood.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PRECISION OF MICRO‐HAEMATOCRIT DETERMINATIONS OF SHEEP BLOOD
Authors: Dooley PC , Morris RJH , Williams VJ , Bofinger VJ
Published: November 2007

Decreases in micro‐haematocrit for blood from intact sheep with increases in centrifugation time at constant rev/min were observed. These decreases were analysed into two‐exponential components. Parameters for the exponential function were not related to the red cell concentration of the sample.

Micro‐haematocrit of blood from splenectomized sheep decreased with increased centrifugation time in the manner of a single exponential, that was of similar magnitude to the slower exponential function found for blood from intact sheep.

Delay in measuring micro‐haematocrit after the collection of a blood sample resulted in a variable, though small, decrease in micro‐haematocrit.

Variations in heparin concentration between 10 and 40 i.u./ml blood, and in the mains voltage supplying the haematocrit centrifuge in the range 220 to 260 V, caused no significant effects on the value of micro‐haematocrit.

The accuracy in measurement of micro‐haematocrit was similar over a wide range of red cell concentrations.

These studies showed that 8 min centrifugation at 10,000 g of blood collected into dried heparin (20 i.u./ml blood) was optimal for measuring the micro‐haematocrit of sheep blood. Lengths of blood column varying between 2 and 5 cm had no significant effect with this centrifugation time.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON CEREBRAL AND PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS AFTER THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF ARTIFICIAL LIPID EMULSIONS CONTAINING BARBITURIC ACIDS
Authors: Jeppsson Roland , Schoefl Gutta I
Published: November 2007

Barbiturates dissolved in lipid emulsions are more effective than aqueous preparations of the drugs for intravenous use. To test whether this effect might be related to adhesion of lipid particles to cerebral endothelium, various emulsions containing secobarbital or thiopental were injected intravenously into mice. Blood vessels of the brain and of the lung of animals killed at 5 minutes, 20 minutes and 24 hours were examined by electron microscopy. Though lipid particles were sometimes in contact with the vessel wall, preferential localization or sticking to the endothelium was not observed. Side effects which related to emulsifying agents were platelet aggregation and fat emboli in the lungs.
THE RESPONSES OF THE HUMAN TEMPORAL AND RABRIT EAR ARTERY TO 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND SOME OF ITS ANTAGONISTS
Authors: Carroll PR , Ebeling PW , Glover WE
Published: November 2007

Methysergide, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine and 1‐methylergotamine potentiated the response of both the human temporal and rabbit ear artery to noradrenaline. In higher doses, these drugs caused constriction of the rabbit arteries, but had little constrictor effect on the human vessels. Cyproheptadine and pizotifen did not cause either potentiation or direct vasoconstriction on either artery type. Pizotifen abolished the direct constrictor action of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5HT) while leaving its potentiating properties unaffected; it also abolished the constrictor effects of methysergide but was without effect on the constrictor actions of the ergot derivatives. It is concluded that of the drugs tested only methysergide constricts the arteries by a direct action on 5HT receptors, and that 5HT, methysergide and the ergot derivatives have comparable activities at a separate receptor which is responsible for potentiation. It is suggested that, in the treatment of migraine, the therapeutic value of methysergide and the ergot derivatives, hut not cyproheptadine or pizotifen, may lie in their ability to replace 5HT as a sensitizing agent.
PROTECTION AGAINST CHOLERA
Authors: Knop Jürgen , Rowley Derrick
Published: November 2007

In this paper a bactericidal mechanism operating on the mucosal surface of mouse small intestine is described. This mechanism, which is active against V. cholerae, operates also in germ‐free animals and seems therefore to be independent of the normal gut flora. Antibody has no promoting effect on this killing mechanism. The joint action of antibody, which diminishes absorption of the organisms to the intestinal wall, and this killing mechanism acting on those organisms which nevertheless attach to the mucosal surface, will efficiently remove pathogens from the small intestine.
GALACTOSE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO CATARACT FORMATION IN MARSUPIALS
Authors: Stephens Tanya , Crollini C , Mutton Patricia , Gupta JD , Harley JD
Published: November 2007

Erythrocytic galactokinase and/or galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase activity were low in many species of marsupials. However, cataract formation was observed only in pouch‐young members of these species when reared on cow's milk. The galactose tolerance of young kangaroos was found to be greatly impaired, but improved rapidly and markedly at the stage at which the definitive structure of the ruminant type of stomach as in adults is formed. The combination of high absorption of galactose and low levels of galactokinase and/or transferase thus appears to determine the predisposition of pouch‐young marsupials to galactose cataractogenesis.
AN ISOTOPIC STUDY OF OXALATE EXCRETION IN SHEEP
Authors: McIntosh GH , Belling GB
Published: November 2007

Intravenously injected 14C labelled oxalate was rapidly removed from the blood stream via the kidney in 2 sheep, 75% being cleared within 8 h. Mean daily urinary oxalate excretions over 5 days were 21·2 and 27·5 mg and the derived plasma oxalate concentrations were 52·6 and 74·4 μg/100 ml, respectively. Oxalate was both filtered and secreted by the renal tubule with oxalate/inulin ratios varying from 1·11 to 1·57 in 6 normal sheep. A large increase in calcium excretion induced by calcium borogluconate infusion over 5 days was accompanied by a small but consistent increase in urinary oxalate excretion relative to calcium.

Oxalate in blood was to be found mainly in the plasma, there being a small (8%) proportion within erythrocytes. This is lower than that reported for man, and yet in its excretion of oxalate via the kidney the sheep appears to closely resemble man and dog.
EFFECT OF DENERVATION OF PYLORIC ANTRUM ON THE GASTRIC SECRETORY RESPONSE TO FOOD
Authors: Hunt DR , Forrest APM
Published: November 2007

The effect of selective denervation of the pyloric antrum on secretory response to three types of food was determined in 3 dogs with innervated and 4 with denervated stomach pouches. With the antrum in situ this procedure has surprisingly little effect on the total meal responses in innervated pouches, on the variation in response induced by altered buffering capacity of the meals, or on the effect of subsequent vagotomy. However, the antrum appears less sensitive to local stimuli after denervation, as evidenced by the reduced meal response from the denervated indicator pouch after denervation of the antrum.
THE CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ECTROMELIA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV
Published: November 2007

An in vitro culture method was used to study secondary cellmediated responses to ectromelia virus infection in mice. Infected, syngeneic spleen cells or peritoneal cells were efficient “stimulator” cells when cultured with “responder” cells obtained from mice infected with ectromelia 4–6 weeks previously. The kinetics of generation of cytotoxic cells in cultures were determined; a peak occurred on days 4–5. A separation procedure performed on the cytotoxic cells showed that activity was associated mainly with the Ig‐negative subpopulation (T cell‐rich) and that H‐2 compatibility between cytotoxic cells and target cells was required. The secondary response was virus‐specific, at the level of both induction and target cell lysis, at least so far as ectromelia and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses are concerned. Separation of responder cells prior to culture showed that a potent secondary response was generated with the Ig‐negative (T cell‐rich) subpopulation and only a weak response was observed when the responder cells were Ig‐positive (rich in B cells). Infected stimulator cells did not appear to secrete significant amounts of soluble antigen into the medium over 4 days of culture. Thus, antigenic patterns effective in memory T cell stimulation may be largely associated with the surfaces of infected cells. Pretreatment of ectromelia virus with UV‐ or γ‐irradiation did not impair its ability to induce antigenic changes in stimulator cells. Stimulator cells treated with UV‐ or γ‐irradiated virus for 1 h and then immediately treated with pactamycin to inhibit further viral protein synthesis and replication were efficient stimulators, thus indicating that antigenic changes are induced very rapidly on the surface of stimulator cells after uptake of virus. These treatments are being used to further characterize the cellular requirements in the stimulator population.
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF INTER‐EPIDEMIC INFECTION OF FERAL PIGS IN NEW SOUTH WALES WITH MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
Authors: Gard GP , Giles JR , Dwyer‐Gray RJ , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M
Published: November 2007

The sera of 617 feral pigs, collected from three widely separated areas of northern and central New South Wales, were examined for antibody to Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and to Ross River virus. Haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) antibody was detected to MVE in 58% of sera and to Ross River virus in 15% of sera.

Neutralization tests suggested that the MVE HI antibody resulted from infection with MVE virus in the summers of 1971–1972 and 1972–1973 when the virus was not known to he active in New South Wales. These same tests suggested that more than one flavivirus infected the feral pigs in the summer of 1973–1974 and that Kunjin virus was active in the summer of 1975–1976.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF THE PARTURIENT EWE
Authors: Cripps AW , Fulkerson WJ , Griffiths DA , McDowell GH , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

The experiment comprised two sections. First, radiotracer techniques were used to study the metabolism of IgG1 and IgG2 in 5 non‐pregnant and 4 pregnant ewes. In the pregnant ewes, the rates of synthesis for IgG1 and IgG2 were similar to the rates observed in non‐pregnant animals. However, the irreversible loss of IgG1 was significantly greater than IgG2 in pregnant ewes and IgG1 in non‐pregnant ewes. Additionally, it was found that most of the IgG1 and virtually all of the IgG2 in mammary secretion was serum derived.

Secondly, the levels of sodium, potassium and lactose and the selective index for IgG1 in mammary secretions of 5 pregnant ewes were monitored over the parturient period. The values of all the measures remained relatively constant until one day before parturition. From one clay pre‐partum, the levels of potassium and lactose in mammary secretion began to increase and had risen 2‐3 fold by 5 days post‐partum. Over the same period, the selective index for IgG1 decreased 20 fold, whereas the level of sodium fell from approximately 32 mmol/l to 18 mmol/l. The concentration of IgG1 in plasma slowly declined from approximately 23 g/l to 15 g/l over the last 10 days of pregnancy.

During the parturient period, the decline in plasma IgG1 levels, in comparison with IgG2, without alteration in the rates of synthesis of either immunoglobulin, supports the hypothesis that selective transport of IgG1 into mammary secretion occurs without degradation. The results also indicate that the transport of sodium and potassium into mammary secretions are altered over the parturient period.
ORD RIVER ARBOVIRUSES — SEROLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Liehne CG , Stanley NF , Alpers MP , Paul S , Liehne PFS , Chan KH
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the results of haemagglutination‐inhibition tests carried out on sera from 441 persons, 1,080 cattle and 335 birds in the Kimberley area. Two Alphaviruses (group A) (Ross River and Sindbis) and one Flavivirus (Murray Valley Encephalitis) were used for the preparation of haemagglutinins in the haemagglutination‐inhibition tests. The tests showed a high percentage of antibody to Murray Valley Encephalitis in humans, birds and cattle, with an obvious focus of infection in the study site when cattle sera from different geographic areas were compared. These results are discussed in relation to the evolution and ecology of arboviruses in the Ord River area.
STUDIES ON IMMUNE RESPONSES TO LARVAL CESTODES IN MICE. IMMUNOGLOBULINS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LARVAE OF MESOCESTOIDES CORTI
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Marchalonis John J , Smith Patricia M , Nicholas Warwick L , Warner Noel L
Published: November 2007

Hypothymic BALB/c.nu/nu (“hude”) mice were markedly more susceptible than their intact BALB/c.nu/+ littermates to infection with the murine larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, and antigens of this parasite induced T cell‐dependent immune responses in intact mice. Defective anti‐dinitrophenol (DNP) antibody responses were induced by DNP‐M. corti larvae and DNP‐human gamma globulin (HGG) in infected (parasitized) intact mice. However, on transfer to uninfected irradiated recipients, lymphoid cells from infected intact mice responded well to DNP‐M. corti larvae.

By using washed peritoneal larvae from long term infected intact mice to absorb antisera directed against various Ig classes and IgG subclasses, and by analysis of acid eluates of such living larvae, large amounts of IgG1, lower amounts of IgM, trace amounts of IgG2 and IgG3 and no IgA immunoglobulins were found to be associated with the larvae. In the case of nu/nu derived larvae, IgM immunoglobulins predominated. Chronically infected intact mice contained large amounts of IgG1, immunoglobulins in their serum. The technique of lactoperoxidase‐catalysed radioiodination revealed that very few proteins were available for labelling on peritoneal larvae under conditions used for labelling of lymphoid cell surface molecules. In fact, proteins with Ig chain mobilities accounted for much of the labelled and extracted proteins detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Patterns of labelled and extracted proteins from nu/nu derived larvae were even simpler and no clear protein peaks were detected consistently in material from labelled, acid treated, nu/nu derived larvae. Evidence is presented that at least the IgG1 molecules associated with M. corti larvae from long term infected mice include antiparasite antibodies. Immunoglobulins associated with M. corti larvae in long term infected mice are most unlikely to be useful to the mouse in terms of preventing parasite establishment (in secondary murine hosts) or reducing the proliferative rate of larvae. However, no clear cut evidence is as yet available to answer the question of whether the M. corti associated Ig (and, in particular, IgG1 which is reported to be relatively inert with respect to direct pathogenic effects) serves the function of masking parasite antigens and protecting the established parasites from more aggressive T cell‐dependent immunological effector mechanisms.
CHANGES IN ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY AND CYCLIC ADENOSINE‐3′‐5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS DURING THE CELL CYCLE OF SYNCHRONIZED BHK CELLS
Authors: Hibasami Hiroshige , Tanaka Minoru , Nagai Jun , Ikeda Tadao
Published: November 2007

BHK cells were synchronized by excess thymidine treatment which rested in approximately 90% synchrony. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate‐limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, elevated in early S phase, decreased in G2 + M and G1 phase and then increased during late G1∼ second round of early S phase. The concentration of cyclic adenosine‐3′‐5’monophosphate (cAMP) gradually decreased during SG2 + M phase and then increased during late G1 second round of early S phase. preceding that of ODC activity. The data Suggest that ODC activity might be regulated by cellular cAMP level.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE MODE OF DONOR CELL DEATH IN UNMODIFIED REJECTION OF PIG LIVER ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Searle J , Kerr JFR , Battersby C , Egerton WS , Balderson G , Burnett W
Published: November 2007

The only type of cell death found in pig liver allografts 1 week after technically successful operation was apoptosis. Its extent paralleled the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the liver parenchyma, and mononuclear cells were found applied to the surfaces of hepatocytes showing early stages of the process. The results suggest that cellular immune attack induces apoptosis or donor cells, and that the action is a direct one. However, implication of other factors such as vascular damage in the induction of apoptosis in the grafts could not be excluded.
THE ORIGIN OF THE MUSCLE FASCICULATION CAUSED BY FUNNEL‐WEB SPIDER VENOM
Authors: Gage Peter W , Spence Ian
Published: November 2007

The origin of the fasciculation of skeletal muscle produced by funnel‐web spider venom (FSV) has been examined in mouse phrenic nerve hemi‐diaphragm preparations. FSV from male spiders at concentrations greater than 10−6 g/ml invariably produced muscle fasciculation which could be prevented by d‐tubocurarine (14μM), tetrodotoxin (0·3 μM) or by increasing the external magnesium concentration or calcium concentration. Diphenylhydantoin (3·6 × 10−5 M) was able to reduce these fasciculations in some experiments. In curarized preparations, multiple end plate potentials (EPPs) in response to single stimuli and bursts of spontaneous EPPs were seen in the presence of FSV (10−5 g/ml). Extracellular recordings from phrenic nerves in the presence of FSV (10−1 g/ml) revealed additional components in compound action potentials elicited by single stimuli, and “spontaneous” electrical activity was observed in unstimulated nerves. This spontaneous activity was abolished by raising the divalent cation concentration in the bathing solution. These results suggest that a primary site of action of FSV is the surface membrane of nerve fibres and that muscle faseiculation arises as a consequence of spontaneous action potentials produced by the venom in motor nerves.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ANOMALOUS THERMOREGULATION IN THE PRE‐DIABETIC SPINY MOUSE (ACOMYS CAHIRINUS): OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Authors: Wise PH
Published: November 2007

In keeping with studies of other desert rodents, the potentially diabetic spiny mouse has been demonstrated to have a very low basal metabolic rate, disproportionate to its body weight. The maintenance of a lower body temperature in response to high environmental temperatures and a lack of increase in metabolic rate in response to cooling have also been demonstrated. Assessments of “mechanical efficiency” have shown that spiny mice carry a potential selective advantage under fasting conditions. The findings, some of which are similar to those noted in other desert rodents, and in other species showing either spontaneous or induced hyperglycemia, suggest that the low metabolic rate is at least partly based on ineffective glucose utilization. This phenomenon may be the common denominator of the survival advantage which has allowed both the successful evolution of species inhabiting warm, arid climes, and the persistence of the diabetic genotype in animal and human populations.
THE ISOLATION OF SAUMAREZ REEF VIRUS, A NEW FLAVIVIRUS, FROM BIRD TICKS ORNITHODOROS CAPENSIS AND IXODES EUDYPTIDIS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: St. George TD , Standfast HA , Doherty RL , Carley JG , Fillipich Cheryl , Brandsma Janet
Published: November 2007

Strains of a new flavivirus, for which the name Saumarez Reef Virus is proposed, were isolated from seabird ticks collected from four localities. Two strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ornithodoros capensis Neumann 1901 collected from the nests of Sooty Terns, Sterna fuscata Linnaeus 1766 on coral cays off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. The other three strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ixodes eudyptidis Masked 1885 taken from two dead Silver Gulls Larus novachollandiae Stephens 1826 in northern Tasmania. The new virus was compared serologically with 50 other flaviviruses at the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and was found to be most closely related to Tyuleniy virus.
FUSION AND HYBRIDIZATION OF MARSUPIAL AND EUTHERIAN CELLS. HETEROKARYON FORMATION
Authors: Graves JA Marshall , Hope RM , Maccregor A
Published: November 2007

Marsupial × eutherian cell hybrids would he very useful for studies of mammalian genetics and cell biology. A critical step in the formation of such hybrids is the fusion of cells to form heterokaryons. We have examined many different combinations of marsupial and eutherian cells for their ability to fuse, and we have found that nil combinations yielded heterokaryons, but with different frequencies, depending on the cell types used. Ranked in order of decreasing ability to fuse with eutherian cells, the marsupial cell types were; established lines, primary diploid fibroblasts and lymphocytes. In all fusion experiments there was a marked preference for the formation of homokaryons compared with heterokaryons. It was possible to control the numbers and types of heterokaryons formed by varying the input ratio of parental cells.
EVIDENCE IMPLICATING THE MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM OF THE RAT IN IMMUNITY TO INFECTIONS WITH TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI
Authors: Ferrante A , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

The present study emphasises the importance of the mononuclear phagocytic system of the rat in immunity to infections with Trypanosoma lewisi. Despite the great increase in the weight of the spleen, the liver played a major role in removing the parasites from the circulation. No evidence could be obtained that removal of the parasites was related to the lytic activity of specific antibody and complement.
INDUCTION OF ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE IN SYNCHRONIZED BHK CELLS BY CALF SERUM AFTER A SHORT PERIOD OF SERUM‐STARVATION
Authors: Hibasami H , Tanaka M , Nagai J , Ikeda T
Published: November 2007

Addition of calf serum to serum‐starved cultures of synchronized BHK cells induced temporary production of ornithine decarboxylase, irrespective of the phase of the cell cycle of the BHK cells. The induction depended on the duration of serum starvation and on the amount of serum added. In addition, incorporation of 3H‐thymidine into the acid‐insoluble fraction of BHK cells in the S phase was stimulated by this treatment.
EFFECTS OF A HYPERCALORIC HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIET ON ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM IN MAN
Authors: Chinayon S , Goldrick RB
Published: November 2007

The effects of a hypercaloric high carbohydrate diet on lipolysis and esterification were studied in biopsy samples of adipose tissue obtained from 5 healthy subjects. Overfeeding with carbohydrate enhanced the rate of esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) without any alteration in the rate of lipolysis. The release of FFA from adipose tissue was inhibited. These observations indicate that the utilization of glucose and FFA by adipose tissue for the synthesis of triglycerides was facilitated during weight gain on a high carbohydrate diet.
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN Mg++ ION CONCENTRATION UPON BACTERIAL INHIBITION BY β‐2‐THIENYLALANINE IN DEFINED MEDIA
Authors: Brown Kurt J , Lines David R
Published: November 2007

Variation in the inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli and Shigella sp. in various media containing β‐2‐thienylalanine was attributed to differences in concentrations of Mg++ ions.

Random blood samples from 112 infants were tested for elevated phenylalanine in the phenylketonuria (PKU) screening assay. Magnesium ion levels also affected the results of this assay. At 0·05 g/l MgS04, the concentration present in commercial PKU test agar, four false positives were detected, while no readings could be made due to overgrowth of the Bacillus subtilis test strain when the concentration was increased to 0·1 g/l.
SEPARATION OF MOUSE BONE MARROW CELLS USING WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININ AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Nicola NA , Burgess AW , Metcalf D , Battye FL
Published: November 2007

Mouse bone marrow cells were fractionated on columns of wheat germ agglutinin‐Sepharose 6MB (WGA‐Sepharose) and conditions established for specific binding and cell enrichment in the eluted fractions. A small proportion (7%) of the cells applied did not bind to the column and 60% of these were lymphocyte‐like cells. Twice as many cells were eluted from the WGA‐Sepharose column using N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (GlcNAc), and 80% of these cells were polymorphonuclear granulocytes and metamyelocytes. These cells were only released from the matrix in the presence of GlcNAc at high buffer flow rates (> 4 ml/min).

Approximately 3 × 108 bone marrow cells bound to 1 ml of WGA‐Sepharose. At least 5 min were required for 90% binding of the cells and elution of the cells with GlcNAc required nearly 20 min at 24°. At 37° the elution of cells with CIcNAc was much faster (< 5 min) and a much larger percentage of cells (40‐50%) was specifically eluted. Sodium azide (0·02%. w/v) did not prevent cells binding to WGA‐Sepharose or alter the distribution of cells eiuted by GlcNAc, but did slightly increase cell yields. Elution of cells with different concentrations of GlcNAc gave fractions enriched in different cell types.

Analysis of cell fractions with a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter showed that the lymphocyte subpopulation which failed to bind to WGA‐Sepharose had been depleted of cells with a high density of immunoglobulin on their surface. The lymphocytes with a high density of surface immunoglobulin were recovered in the cells released from WGA‐Sepharose using mechanical agitation.
TOTAL PROTEIN PATTERNS IN HUMAN AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Roychoudhury Arati , Sharma Archana , Talukder Ceeta
Published: November 2007

Total protein patterns of amniotic fluid samples of different age groups, following polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, showed a wide range of variation in early pregnancy, but no two cases had identical banding, indicating their genetic variability.

An assessment has been made here of the total protein, albumin and transferrin patterns from normal amniotic fluids of different age groups by gel electrophoresis, in order to observe the genetic variations and relationship with foetal age, if any.