bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los episodios doceañistas y la incorporación de andalucismos al drae (1817)
Authors: Carriscondo-Esquivel Francisco M.
Published: October 2019

In every aspect of life, 19th century Spain was not peaceful. Despite tumultuous times, members of the Real
Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy) managed to publish a new edition of the Diccionario de la lengua
castellana (
drae 1817). A notable achievement, they published one
of the best editions of the academic dictionary ever. In this paper, I analyze the introduction of words and their meaning from
the region of Andalusia. The diatopic labels corresponding to this Spanish region are used widely. I explain the existence of this
dialectal lexicon in
drae (1817) by connecting it to historical events around
1812. This was the same year when liberal politicians and intellectuals established the Spanish Constitution of 1812
(Constitución política de la monarquía española) in the Andalusian city of Cádiz.
Telephone interpreting and roadside assistance
Authors: Lázaro Gutiérrez Raquel
Published: October 2019

The study of dialogue interpreting, particularly over the phone, has been traditionally undertaken under the scope
of public service interpreting. However, telephone interpreting nowadays is becoming popular in other settings, such as in the
domain of roadside assistance. The aim of this contribution is to present the initial steps of a research project about telephone
interpreting and roadside assistance. The methodology, based on corpus and discourse analysis, is described and preliminary
findings are offered, which confirm the existence of a common structure for interpreter-mediated conversations between insurance
agents and clients.
The “Metal Army” of Alexander in the War against the Indian King Porus in Three Persian Alexander Books (Tenth‒Fourteenth Centuries)
Authors: Norozi Nahid
Published: October 2019

The article focuses on a very particular episode of the eastern Alexander legend, i.e. the building of an extraordinary “metal army” employed by Alexander in his war against the Indian King Porus, which is present in at least three Persian accounts written between the tenth and fourteenth centuries CE: the “Book of Kings” (Shāh-nāmeh) by Ferdowsi, the “Book of Dārāb” (Dārāb-nāmeh), attributed to Tarsusi, and an “Alexander-book” (Eskandar-nāmeh) in prose copied by ʿAbd al-Kāfi ibn Abu al-Barakāt. Compared to the most remote source, the text of Pseudo-Callisthenes, and to the closest ones (the Armenian version of the fifth century, the Syriac text of the sixth‒seventh centuries, and the Hebrew version of the tenth‒eleventh centuries), it is argued that the Persian authors have not passively received the inherited materials; on the contrary, they have been able to liven up the scene of Alexander’s battle against the Indian King Porus by bringing onto the battlefield a fiery and phantasmagorical army of metal, giving us one of the more amazing episodes in the eastern legend of the great Macedonian.
The Signing of the Sino-Iranian Treaty of 1920
Authors: Chen Li-Chiao
Published: October 2019

This article looks at the efforts China and Iran made towards strengthening themselves and their search for independence and integrity after the First World War. Since the nineteenth century, the two countries had been in a similar situation, under pressure from treaties and rivalries with European powers. The change of the world order brought about by the 1914–18 war created an opportunity for China and Iran to claim back their rights, such as ending extra-territoriality. After the war, the Fourteen Points drawn up by the American president, Woodrow Wilson, gave hope for China and Iran to maintain their independence and integrity. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, China and Iran made both gains and losses. China was unable to solve the Shandong Problem but became one of the founding members of the League of Nations, while Iran did not get access to the Peace Conference but obtained Britain’s assurance of independence and integrity by signing the Anglo-Iranian Treaty of 1919, and then joined the League of Nations. China and Iran attempted to bring about cooperation between Asian countries, and therefore signed a treaty in 1920. The significance of the treaty was that the two countries agreed not to grant extra-territoriality to each other, which was what both countries were seeking to achieve at that time.
Halogenated monolayer SnS: a first-principles studies
Authors: Yeoh K H , Yoon T L , Rusi  , Ong D S , Lim T L
Published: October 2019

The electronic and structural properties of a halogenated monolayer SnS is investigated by using first-principles calculations. The preferred adsorption sites for F, Cl and Br are found to be on top of the Sn atom while I atom prefers to adsorb on top of the SnS ring. All the halogenated monolayers SnS exhibit metallic behavior with charge transfer from the monolayer SnS to the halogen adatom. In the relaxed system, a larger halogen atom is located further away from the monolayer SnS which results in smaller charger transfer and thus weaker binding energy. Compared to the pristine monolayer SnS, the work function of the F, Cl or Br functionalized monolayer SnS is increased by 22 %, while for the case of I adsorption, the work function is further increased by 30%.
Deterministic direct growth of WS2 on CVD graphene arrays
Authors: Piccinini G , Forti S , Martini L , Pezzini S , Miseikis V , Starke U , Fabbri F , Coletti C
Published: October 2019

The combination of the exciting properties of graphene with those of monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) makes this heterostack of great interest for electronic, optoelectronic and spintronic applications. The scalable synthesis of graphene/WS2 heterostructures on technologically attractive substrates like SiO2 would greatly facilitate the implementation of novel two-dimensional (2D) devices. In this work, we report the direct growth of monolayer WS2 via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on single-crystal graphene arrays on SiO2. Remarkably, spectroscopic and microscopic characterization reveals that WS2 grows only on top of the graphene crystals so that the vertical heterostack is selectively obtained in a bottom-up fashion. Spectroscopic characterization indicates that, after WS2 synthesis, graphene undergoes compressive strain and hole doping. Tailored experiments show that such hole doping is caused by the modification of the SiO2 stoichiometry at the graphene/SiO2 interface during the WS2 growth. Electrical transport measurements reveal that the heterostructure behaves like an electron-blocking layer at large positive gate voltage, which makes it a suitable candidate for the development of unipolar optoelectronic components.
Asian American and Pacific Islander Sport
Authors: Hayashi Robert T.
Published: October 2019

As a group, Asian Americans in particular have been portrayed by American society as incapable or uninterested in American sporting practices and traditions. When individuals have realized public acclaim for athletic prowess, their achievements have been characterized in media and elsewhere as an exception to the Asian American experience, even when their success also represents its common collective narratives. NBA (National Basketball Association) basketball player Jeremy Lin’s meteoric rise in 2012 was often defined through the trope of the model minority. Conversely, Pacific Islanders, in particular males, have been represented as possessing innate athletic prowess but with limited intellect. These tropes of Asian American and Pacific Islander identity in American society have long obscured their relation to sports and recreation, and there has been little scholarship in either sports studies or Asian American studies on the unique sporting cultures of these groups and their relations to American sporting practices and institutions. Asian American and Pacific Islander relations to American sport are best understood as a unique history defined by their relation to American colonialism, racism, global capitalism, and the transnational nature of modern sport.
Agriculture and Asian American Literature
Authors: Wald Sarah D.
Published: October 2019

Agriculture is a significant yet understudied theme in Asian American literature. Representations of farming in Asian American literature often respond to and engage with agriculture’s important role in Asian American history. As farmers and as farm laborers, Asian Americans have been pivotal to US agriculture, and this agricultural experience was foundational to the formation of Asian American communities in the period prior to World War II. Additionally, literary representations of agriculture in Asian American literature navigate racialized traditions of American pastoral and Jeffersonian agrarianism. They have often done so in ways that highlight the systems of racial and economic exploitation at work in US society and position US agribusiness in relationship to US colonialism and neo-colonialism. Consequently, Asian American literature’s representations of farming can expose the assumptions around race, property, and citizenship at work in the agrarianism of the 21st-century US alternative food movement. The writings of Carlos Bulosan, Hisaye Yamamoto, and David Mas Masumoto provide case studies of these trends.
The Ordinary Legislative Procedure
Authors: Dionigi Maja Kluger , Rasmussen Anne
Published: October 2019

The ordinary legislative procedure (OLP), previously known as co-decision, has marked a significant milestone in the development of the European Union (EU) and transformed the way its institutions interact. What was initially seen as a cumbersome decision-making procedure subject to considerable criticism ended up being quite successful. The workings of the OLP have gradually developed, including both informal and formal rule changes to ensure a smoother functioning of the procedure. While the EU Council is still seen as the strongest body in the interinstitutional balance, the European Parliament (EP) is a co-legislator in most policy areas. After introducing the option to conclude legislation at first reading, so-called early agreements have become the norm in the OLP. The increase in early agreements by means of trilogues has speeded up decision-making but has not come without costs. Concerns have been raised about the transparency of trilogues and the accountability of the actors involved. Not surprisingly, these concerns have led to a shift in the research of the OLP from an emphasis on the powers of the different EU institutions to early agreements and their consequences for democratic legitimacy. Our careful review of the EU institutions’ own rules and practices governing trilogue negotiations shows that the rules and procedures for the conduct of negotiations have been adapted significantly over time. While there is a continued need for the EU to keep enforcing openness in its procedures, OLP interinstitutional bargaining does not operate in a rule-free environment. Yet most democratic scrutiny has been directed at the internal decision-making processes in the EP rather than at maximizing openness on the Council side or with respect to input from interest groups in the negotiation processes.
The Constitutional Treaty and European Union Politics
Authors: Beach Derek
Published: October 2019

The Constitutional Treaty, which attempted to establish a constitution for Europe, never went into force because of “no” votes in referendums in France and the Netherlands. It did not involve far-reaching changes in what the European Union does, nor did it revolutionize how the institutions work. The pillar structure of the existing treaties was replaced with a single Union, but without fundamentally changing how foreign, security and defense policies were decided. A “foreign minister” was created that merged the roles of High Representative in the Council and Commissioner for External Affairs, and the European Council was established as a separate, treaty-based institution. A simple double majority qualified majority voting (QMV) procedure was introduced in the Council, and the use of QMV was extended to many more policy areas.

Given these modest reforms, what was particularly remarkable about the Constitutional Treaty was how it was negotiated. In contrast to previous major treaty reforms, the Constitutional Treaty was prepared by a more inclusive, parliament-like convention that was composed of representatives from national parliaments, the European Parliament, the European Commission, and member state governments. Although the European Convention was followed by a more traditional intergovernmental conference (IGC), the draft produced by the Convention surprisingly formed the status quo during the IGC. Therefore, the use of the Convention method to prepare treaty reforms sparked considerable interest among scholars who have explored how the change impacted who won and lost in the negotiations, and what types of bargaining strategies were most effective.
How Effective are Political Appointees?
Authors: Hollibaugh Gary E.
Published: October 2019

Research in public administration and political science in the late 20th century and early 21st century has identified several factors influencing the effectiveness of political appointees, with a particular emphasis on the United States (given the outsized role of political appointees in the American system relative to those of other industrialized democracies). Within the American system, the advice and consent process means that acting and interim officials often run agencies and departments while nominees await Senate confirmation; however, that these individuals lack the perceived legitimacy that accompanies Senate confirmation means they are (often) less effective at ensuring bureaucratic acquiescence to the preferences of the president. Additionally, confirmed nominees can also run into trouble, as many are often appointed by presidents to “rein in” the departments or agencies they are chosen to oversee; this can result in deterioration in the relationship between themselves and careerists, which ultimately reduces the effectiveness of appointees. Individual variations in the leadership style of appointees in the United States can also affect their effectiveness and abilities to work with careerists. And scholars should spend time and effort considering the theoretical foundations of what it means to be “effective” and perhaps consider the development of new empirical operationalizations thereof. Accordingly, there is merit in assessing pertinent experience in other jurisdictions, including in Britain and South Korea to which brief reference is made in the discussion.
Bureaucracy in Latin America
Authors: Polga-Hecimovich John
Published: October 2019

The bureaucracy is a central body in the effective functioning of democracy and oversight of the rule of law, and knowledge of how public agencies interact with politics and effect policy implementation is crucial in understanding the “black box” of the state. However, this body of non-elected officials can only fulfill its mandate and achieve good governance if it meets certain conditions, such as technical expertise, a clear organizational hierarchy, meritocratic recruitment for personnel staffing, as well as political support, resources, and the autonomy to devise solutions based on expertise. Unfortunately for Latin America, its bureaucratic agencies have seldom enjoyed these conditions. Instead, public administration in the region has been characterized by patronage appointments, patrimonialism, and a weak capacity to execute public policies.

Yet this blanket depiction of the Latin American bureaucracy obscures a great deal more diversity—as well as the fact that Latin American bureaucrats and public agencies are more dynamic and responsive than they are often portrayed. To begin, the size and role of the public administration have evolved constantly throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, growing under statist development policies of the mid-20th century before shrinking under neoliberalism in the 1990s and again growing during the 2000s in some countries. Moreover, the quality of the bureaucracy to efficiently provide services and implement policy varies by country, over time, and even within countries among agencies. This means that there is also variation in the scope and quality of the bureaucracy’s chief functions of policymaking, regulation, and implementation. In fact, politicians and bureaucrats in the region have found a number of creative solutions to agency weakness. Moving forward, politicians can guarantee even better bureaucratic performance by addressing some enduring challenges, such as public sector corruption and an institutional setup that favors short-term policymaking.
Uruguay’s Stability and Change in an Institutionalized Party System
Authors: Piñeiro Rodríguez Rafael , Scrollini Mendez Fabrizio
Published: October 2019

Uruguay is considered one of the most democratic, transparent, and stable countries in the world, an outlier in the Latin American context. The institutionalized nature of Uruguay’s party system contributed significantly to democracy, but was not sufficient to prevent a military dictatorship period in the context of the Cold War (1973–1984). Eventually, the political party system adapted to accommodate the emergence of the Broad Front (left), which gained the most votes of any political party in 1999 and won the election in 2005. The recent wave of progressive reforms in Uruguay, such as the introduction of universal healthcare, abortion laws, same-sex marriage laws, and cannabis legalization can be explained by the strong links political parties (particularly on the left) maintain with social movements. Further, this link also helps to explain the legitimacy that political parties still retain in Uruguay. Nevertheless, Uruguayan democracy faces challenges in terms of transparency, equality, and the risk of democratic “deconsolidation.”
Characterization, Strategies, and Objectives of the Latin American Right
Authors: Cannon Barry
Published: October 2019

Work on the Latin American right mainly assumes it is a political phenomenon, despite recognition that it emerges from, and can be supplanted by, groups of actors from within and across business, in the media, in the intellectual sphere, and indeed in the military. A broader approach is provided here to help integrate these (f)actors, using Michael Mann’s work on social power and Nancy Fraser’s concepts of progressive and reactionary neoliberalism. It is argued that elites from these sectors, espousing neoliberalism, and supported by powerful transnational elites with similar views, dominate the areas of ideology, economics, military, and politics in order to install, maintain, extend, and naturalize neoliberalism in the region. This dominance has been challenged from the left and indeed from the right, resulting in at minimum progressive and reactionary forms of neoliberalism centered on inequalities of recognition. Nevertheless, the range and depth of possible change, particularly in stalling and reversing distributive inequality, may be limited, due to the embeddedness of neoliberalism in national, regional, and transnational governance systems.
The Politics and Effects of Religious Grievance
Authors: Muchlinski David
Published: October 2019

Despite international guarantees to respect religious freedom, governments around the world often impose substantial restrictions on the abilities of some religious groups to openly practice their faith. These regulations on religious freedom are often justified to promote social stability. However, research has demonstrated a positive correlation between restrictions on religious freedom and religious violence. This violence is often thought to be a result of grievances arising from the denial of a religious group’s right to openly practice its faith. These grievances encourage violence by (a) encouraging a sense of common group identity, (b) encouraging feelings of hostility toward groups imposing those regulations, and (c) facilitating the mobilization of religious resources for political violence.
The Great Lakes in Africa: Regional Politics and Dynamics
Authors: Nyenyezi Bisoka Aymar
Published: October 2019

The study of politics in the African Great Lakes region is not exempt from the epistemological hardships that often accompany the study of Africa more broadly: dehistoricization and simplification, analogies with the West, a decontextualized miserabilism, and poverty porn. Internal political processes, often visible from a bottom-up perspective, allow us to understand sociopolitical transformation and the meanings that local citizens give to them. In the case of the Great Lakes region, it is a question of understanding the complexity of politics through an articulation of the historical heritage in the longue durée, the strategies adopted by the elites in power, and the national, regional, and international strategies that influence them. It is necessary to abandon an analogic, exotic, culturalist, or romantic point of view that represents a way of understanding African dynamics that still bears the legacy of colonialism. Such an improved framework calls for a rigorous analysis comparing different ideological visions and theories of realities with the reality on the ground in the Great Lakes region.
Non-State Policing in Africa
Authors: Cooper-Knock S.J.
Published: October 2019

Studies of policing go to the heart of debates over public authority, violence, and order. Across the globe, the state cannot be assumed to be at the center of policing practices or their authorization. Across Africa, a diverse mix of individuals, groups, and corporations are involved in policing people’s everyday lives and the spaces in which they live them. Categorizing the different groups and individuals in this varied landscape is no simple task. Even drawing lines between “state” and “non-state” policing is not as easy as it may first appear. In reality, any constructed boundary is likely to be more porous and fluid than imagined. In some cases, this is because the service providers become entangled with the state. State officials, for example, may moonlight for other policing organizations. Conversely, state institutions might collaborate with, or outsource work to, civilian and corporate actors. In other cases, groups who identify as non-state actors may still mimic the symbols, materials and practices of the state in an attempt to bolster their own claims to public authority.

Faced with the difficulty of sustaining any simple divide between categories such as “state” or “non-state” policing scholars have taken a variety of analytical routes: refining their definitions; developing “ideal types” against which messy empirical realities can be juxtaposed, or moving away from bounded typologies in an attempt to understand group and individuals on their own terms. Taking the latter course, this article highlights the variety of putatively non-state policing organizations and formations across the continent. In doing so, it highlights that the presence of private security corporations, rebel groups, neighbourhood watches, or so-called mobs are no simple indicator of the absence or weakness of state institutions and imaginaries. Understanding everyday negotiations over statehood and sovereignty requires a more nuanced approach. When this path is taken, and policing landscapes are studied in all their complexity, we gain crucial insights into the ways in which being and belonging, law and order, power and legitimacy, privilege and oppression function in any given context.
Strategic Voting Versus Sincere Voting
Authors: Bol Damien , Verthé Tom
Published: October 2019

People do not always vote for the party that they like the most. Sometimes, they choose to vote for another one because they want to maximize their influence on the outcome of the election. This behavior driven by strategic considerations is often labeled as “strategic voting.” It is opposed to “sincere voting,” which refers to the act of voting for one’s favorite party.

Strategic voting can take different forms. It can consist in deserting a small party for a bigger one that has more chances of forming the government, or to the contrary, deserting a big party for a smaller one in order to send a signal to the political class. More importantly the strategies employed by voters differ across electoral systems. The presence of frequent government coalitions in proportional representation systems gives different opportunities, or ways, for people to influence the electoral outcome with their vote. In total, the literature identifies four main forms of strategic voting. Some of them are specific to some electoral systems; others apply to all.
Artistic Vanguards in Brazil, 1917–1967
Authors: Andrade Gênese
Published: October 2019

The 1922 Modern Art Week is considered the initial landmark of artistic vanguards in Brazil. However, before it was held, Anita Malfatti’s 1917 exhibition, which presented expressionism to Brazilians, and the articles of Oswald de Andrade announcing in the local press the poetry of Mário de Andrade and futurism caused significant polemics and opened the way for renovation. In the middle of the 1920s, the contacts of various artists with European vanguards—especially cubism—and the reinterpretation of the national element and popular culture with the incorporation of this repertoire, with an emphasis on cosmopolitism, established and solidified modernism in various artistic areas. In the 1930s, social commitment, the revalorization of the regional, and adhesion to leftwing ideologies changed the focus of artistic production, leading to the reorganization of groups and the emergence of new protagonists: Patrícia Galvão and Flávio de Carvalho, among others.

The return to classic forms and new experimentalisms marked the 1940s and 1950s, characterized by the reappearance of the sonnet, with Vinicius de Moraes, Cecília Meirelles, Murilo Mendes, and Jorge de Lima; renovations in language that reached a peak with Guimarães Rosa; photomontages by Jorge de Lima. Concrete art and poetry, notably the National Concrete Art Exhibition (1956) and neo-concretism, returning to the strategy of the manifestos and journals of the 1920s, revived the same polemical reception and bitter rivalries.

In the following decade, the revisiting of Oswald de Andrade’s work, especially the idea of anthropophagy, gave a strong impulse to tropicalism, Cinema Novo, and a greater renewal in Brazilian theater, with the staging of O Rei da Vela by the Teatro Oficina group (1967), the culminating point of a fifty-year cycle of artistic vanguards in Brazil.
Barcelona Business Interests and the Atlantic World
Authors: Blasco-Martel Yolanda , Sanjuan Marroquin Jose Miguel
Published: October 2019

Barcelona is an ancient Mediterranean Catalan city. It was inhabited by the Iberians, the Romans, and the Muslims, who turned it into an important port city. In the 10th century it became the capital of an independent county. It merged with the Crown of Aragon two centuries later and thus began a process of intensive commercial expansion that has characterized the city’s history of over the intervening centuries.

The merchants from Barcelona were actively involved in trade with America in the 18th century, as were those from some other cities from the Kingdom of Spain. The last decades of that century saw the beginning of a process of population and commercial exchange that continued to develop through the 19th century. This process helped Barcelona become the first city on the Iberian Peninsula to industrialize. It is during this period that we observe the emergence of the indianos—individuals born on the peninsula who went to do business in America. Many indianos returned to the peninsula after the loss of the Spanish Continental Empire, others moved to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the last Spanish colonies in the Antilles. Around these individuals, commerce and business of all kinds were developed, giving Barcelona the appearance of an open and cosmopolitan city that it has maintained ever since.
Relevance Theory
Authors: Wilson Deirdre
Published: October 2019

Relevance theory is a cognitive approach to pragmatics which starts from two broadly Gricean assumptions: (a) that much human communication, both verbal and non-verbal, involves the overt expression and inferential recognition of intentions, and (b) that in inferring these intentions, the addressee presumes that the communicator’s behavior will meet certain standards, which for Grice are based on a Cooperative Principle and maxims, and for relevance theory are derived from the assumption that, as a result of constant selection pressures in the course of human evolution, both cognition and communication are relevance-oriented. Relevance is defined in terms of cognitive (or contextual) effects and processing effort: other things being equal, the greater the cognitive effects and the smaller the processing effort, the greater the relevance.

A long-standing aim of relevance theory has been to show that building an adequate theory of communication involves going beyond Grice’s notion of speaker’s meaning. Another is to provide a conceptually unified account of how a much broader variety of communicative acts than Grice was concerned with—including cases of both showing that and telling that—are understood. The resulting pragmatic theory differs from Grice’s in several respects. It sees explicit communication as much richer and more inferential than Grice thought, with encoded sentence meanings providing no more than clues to the speaker’s intentions. It rejects the close link that Grice saw between implicit communication and (real or apparent) maxim violation, showing in particular how figurative utterances might arise naturally and spontaneously in the course of communication. It offers an account of vagueness or indeterminacy in communication, which is often abstracted away from in more formally oriented frameworks. It investigates the role of context in comprehension, and shows how tentative hypotheses about the intended combination of explicit content, contextual assumptions, and implicatures might be refined and mutually adjusted in the course of the comprehension process in order to satisfy expectations of relevance.

Relevance theory treats the borderline between semantics and pragmatics as co-extensive with the borderline between (linguistic) decoding and (pragmatic) inference. It sees encoded sentence meanings as typically fragmentary and incomplete, and as having to undergo inferential enrichment or elaboration in order to yield fully propositional forms. It reanalyzes Grice’s conventional implicatures—which he saw as semantic but non-truth-conditional aspects of the meaning of words like but and so—as encoding procedural information with dedicated pragmatic or more broadly cognitive functions, and extends the notion of procedural meaning to a range of further items such as pronouns, discourse particles, mood indicators, and affective intonation.
Switch Reference in Morphology
Authors: van Gijn Rik
Published: October 2019

Switch reference is a grammaticalized system for marking continuity or discontinuity of reference between two clauses. It is therefore not surprising that switch reference has received a lot of attention from syntacticians. From the syntactic discussions of switch reference, it has become clear that switch reference is far from a unified phenomenon, as it seems to range between a strictly syntactic system in some languages and a pragmatically driven marker of discourse cohesion in others.

Switch reference involves the marking of (dis)continuity, and switch reference markers are more often than not morphological units. This means that, apart from the syntactic side, switch reference has a morphological side as well. The morphology of switch reference has received far less attention than its syntax and semantics.

Although there are clear tendencies with respect to the morphological characteristics of switch reference markers (they tend to be inflectional suffixes that take a verb as their host), their characteristics are by no means uniform across languages. Switch reference is not always clearly an inflectional category, nor is it always expressed strictly morphologically, but rather by clitics or phonologically free words. Languages may furthermore have dedicated switch reference marking, but in many cases, switch reference is expressed in combination with other categories sharing the exponent. Paradigms of switch reference markers may show several types of asymmetries, whether to do with markedness, (co-)exponence, or different morphosyntactic behavior.

A possible reason for the diversity found in switch reference markers, sometimes within the same language, may be the diverse origins of the markers: they may for instance stem from gapping structures, nonfinite verb morphology, pronouns, deictic elements, conjunction markers, or case markers.
Multi-Word Expressions and Morphology
Authors: Masini Francesca
Published: October 2019

Multi-word expressions are linguistic objects formed by two or more words that behave like a ‘unit’ by displaying formal and/or functional idiosyncratic properties with respect to free word combinations. They include an extremely varied set of items (from idioms to collocations, from formulae to sayings) which have been the privileged subject matter of fields such as phraseology, lexicology, lexicography, and computational linguistics. Far from being a marginal phenomenon, multi-word expressions are ubiquitous and pervasive: some estimate that they are as numerous as words in some languages, which makes them as central an issue as words for the understanding of human language. However, their relation with words, and morphology, is by far less explored, not to say neglected, especially in terms of demarcation, competition, and cross-linguistic variation.
10 Playing Our Part - Are The Occupational Therapists Completing A Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment?
Authors: Lavery Paula , O'Connor Sinéad
Published: October 2019

Background

10% of people over 65 years have frailty, rising to between a quarter and a half of those over 85. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is the gold standard for the management of frailty in older people; it’s a process that involves a holistic, interdisciplinary assessment of the older person. Evidence shows that CGA is effective in improving outcomes for older people. The National Clinical Programme for the Older Person outlines the role of the occupational therapist in CGA. A clinical audit was completed to investigate whether the occupational therapists in the Medicine for the Older Person service are adhering to guidelines for CGA.

Methods

Following a literature review, a retrospective audit of occupational therapy (OT) initial assessments was completed using paper count method. Data pertinent to CGA OT assessment was collected. Audit results were presented to the OT team alongside a CGA education session. A re-audit was completed, using above methods.

Results

10 inpatient initial assessment forms reviewed pre and post audit.

Activities of Daily Living Assessment:

Pre result: 60%  Post Result: 90%

Home Environment:

Pre: 80% Post: 100%

Performance Components Assessment:

Vision: Pre:  90%  Post: 100%

Hearing: Pre: 80% Post: 100%

Upper Limb: Pre: 70% Post: 100%

Mood: Pre: 60% Post: 80%

Cognition: Pre: 90% Post: 100%

Sleep: Pre: 70% Post: 80%

Social Assessment: Pre: 60% Post:90%

Falls Assessment: Pre: 60% Post: 90%

Drving: Pre: 60% Post: 90%

Conclusion

This audit identified that the occupational therapists in the medicine for the older person service were not CGA compliant. CGA training now forms an important part of our OT induction programme. We are now “playing our part” in CGA with improvements in all domains. CGA is now commonplace practice within our team, in line with international and national best practice guidance for management of frailty.
Invasive grasses of sub-Antarctic Marion Island respond to increasing temperatures at the expense of chilling tolerance
Authors: Ripley Brad S , Edwardes Amy , Rossouw Marius W , Smith Valdon R , Midgley Guy F
Published: October 2019

Background and Aims

Global warming has large effects on the performance and spatial distribution of plants, and increasingly facilitates the spread of invasive species. Particularly vulnerable is the vegetation of cold environments where indigenous plants selected for cold tolerance can have reduced phenotypic plasticity and associated lower capacity to respond to warming temperatures. In contrast, invasive species can be phenotypically plastic and respond positively to climate change, but at the expense of stress tolerance.

Methods

We investigate this trade-off in traits, measuring the photosynthetic response to warming, chilling tolerance and specific leaf area (SLA) of Pooid grasses. We compare this between invasive and non-invasive grasses and correlate this to their range expansions on a cold sub-Antarctic island that has warmed significantly in the past five decades. We determined whether these responses remained consistent after temperature acclimation.

Key Results

Invasive species responded strongly to warming, increasing photosynthetic rates by up to 2-fold, while non-invasive species did not respond. The response was associated with increased stomatal conductance, but not with modified photosynthetic metabolism. Electrolyte leakage and SLA were higher in invasive than in non-invasive species. Acclimation altered the photosynthetic response and invasive species responded to warm temperatures irrespective of acclimation, while non-invasive species responded only after acclimation to warm temperature.

Conclusions

Traits scaled linearly with rates of range expansion and demonstrate that under sub-Antarctic conditions, anthropogenic warming over the last 50 years may have favoured species with greater capacity to respond photosynthetically to warming to the detriment of species that cannot, and negated the advantage that chilling tolerance would have conferred on endemic species in the past. This suggests that species of cold ecosystems could be particularly vulnerable to warming as selection for stress tolerance has limited their responsiveness to environmental change, while introduced invasive species may have no such limitations. We show mechanistic evidence of the physiology that underpins an apparent trade-off between warming and chilling tolerance traits.
Intraseasonal Reproductive Costs for the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Authors: McGillivray W. Bruce
Published: October 2019

House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) near Calgary, Alberta begin breeding in early spring and continue through to late summer. High productivity from previous broods is negatively correlated with fledgling production from second and third broods. Although fat reserves may limit the ability of females to raise young, there is no concomitant drop in clutch size or in the probability of renesting. Pairs that fledge many young in a year space fledgling production evenly over the breeding season but are most productive in mid-season. The interval between fledging and the initiation of the next clutch increases with the number fledged. This delay, an indication of the physiological strain involved in rearing young, is greater for later broods and for females nesting in trees. Measures of reproductive effort (clutch size, number fledged, length of the nestling period) vary seasonally but give no indication of peaking for last broods. Thus, reproductive effort is not adjusted to parallel changes in the probability of surviving to the next breeding attempt.
Dialect Discrimination by White-Crowned Sparrows: Reactions to Near and Distant Dialects
Authors: Tomback Diana F. , Thompson Daniel B. , Baker Myron Charles
Published: October 2019

In Marin County, California, the dialect populations of Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli are contiguous, and there is little dialect mixing. The possible importance of male-male interactions in preventing dialect mixing was tested with song-playback experiments. Males of the Limantour dialect were presented the Limantour dialect, Drake or Buzzy dialects (neighboring), or Clear dialect (distant). From previous work, we predicted that Limantour males would respond with equal or more aggression to songs of immediately neighboring dialects in comparison with their own dialect but would respond at lower levels to a distant dialect. Instead, we found that Limantour males sang significantly more songs in response to the Limantour dialect than to either neighboring or distant dialects, although the response decreased with distance, as expected. These results led us to hypothesize that responses to an alien dialect may be influenced by (1) opportunity to habituate to the alien dialect, (2) recency of divergence of the two dialects, (3) recency of contact of the two dialects, and (4) sounds common in aggressive vocalizations in other contexts being also present in some song dialects but not others.
An Hypothesis concerning the Relationship of Syringeal Structure to Vocal Abilities
Authors: Gaunt Abbot S.
Published: October 2019

Neither the possession of large vocabularies or repertoires nor the ability to learn phonations can be precisely correlated with the structural complexity of a syrinx. Hence, some recent investigators have suggested that avian vocal plasticity arises solely from a neurological shift. A simple syrinx, i.e. one with only extrinsic musculature, is subject to certain constraints, however. Its configuration changes as a unit, and the factors responsible for modulating sounds cannot be independently varied. Thus, the temporal characteristics of sound patterns can be varied easily, but rapid juxtaposition of different modulatory patterns is difficult. Intrinsic musculature permits isolation and independent control of syringeal components and thereby simplifies control of modulations. Syringeal complexity may not be an adaptation (i.e. did not evolve under selection) for plastic vocal behavior, but it is permissive of and probably prerequisite for such behavior.
The Progress of Oriole Hybridization in Kansas
Authors: Rising J. D.
Published: October 2019

Specimens of Northern ("Baltimore" and "Bullock's") orioles collected at six sites in western Kansas in 1976 and 1978 are compared with specimens collected at the same sites in the mid-1960's. No changes in the location or size of the step-cline ("hybrid zone") between the two taxa are indicated by comparisons of the plumage features of the male specimens; the distribution of phenotypes of birds from sites where both Baltimore and Bullock's orioles occur is not bimodal, and, therefore, there is no indication of selection against intermediate birds. Female Bullock's-like orioles, however, are found farther east along the Cimarron River in southwestern Kansas than they were in the 1960's. The correlations between the amount of precipitation at a locality in western Kansas and the phenotype of oriole that occurs there are high (about 0.90). This suggests that precipitation per se is a factor that determines the distributional limits of these birds relative to each other. There are no recent changes, however, in the average climatic conditions in western Kansas. Perhaps the orioles present at a site in any given season are a reflection of the conditions there the previous season or two.

The analyses of size variation among samples collected in the 1970's show an east-west cline that is more-or-less congruent with that found for plumage features; at any given site, the variability in size is positively correlated with the variability in plumage. Where a diversity of oriole phenotypes occurs, there is no tendency for females to associate with males of the "same type" (i.e. Bullock's with Bullock's or vice versa); this suggests that assortative mating does not occur.
Seasonal Influence on the Strategies of Growth and Development of Canvasback and Lesser Scaup Ducklings
Authors: Lightbody Jill P. , Ankney C. Davison
Published: October 2019

Eggs of a seasonally early-nesting species of diving duck (Aythyini), the Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), and a late-nesting diving species, the Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis), were collected from south-central Manitoba. Ducklings were raised in captivity so that the pattern of growth and development of both species could be examined. Rates of growth of external components were determined in order to test the hypothesis that late-nesting species (scaup) should develop the ability to fly at a younger age and gain weight more slowly than early-hatched species (Canvasback). If Lesser Scaup acquire flight earlier, we predicted that their digestive organs would grow and develop relatively more quickly than those of Canvasbacks, enabling them to process a large amount of food at a younger age. As growth rate is related to adult body size, rates of growth of the smaller Lesser Scaup were scaled to Canvasback size at the asymptote of the juvenile growth curve. Lesser Scaup fledged when they were 6 days younger than Canvasbacks, yet there was no apparent tradeoff in total body growth, as both species fledged at approximately 92% of juvenile asymptotic weight. Flight and leg muscle growth, however, did not differ statistically between species, nor did the change in water content, an indicator of tissue maturity. This is consistent with the idea that tissue maturity, and not the ability to fly, limits growth rate. As we predicted, growth of digestive organs was significantly more rapid in Lesser Scaup than in Canvasbacks. Culmen and tarsus of Lesser Scaup also grew faster than those of Canvasbacks, and we suggest this enables scaup to become efficient foragers more rapidly. The variation in growth rates between species was partially due to the difference in body size. After accounting for this, however, we found that several organs grew faster in Lesser Scaup than in Canvasbacks. Thus, the pattern of development may be influenced by the timing of nesting.
Feeding Correlates of Breeding and Social Organization in Two Galápagos Finches
Authors: Schluter Dolph
Published: October 2019

Several aspects of breeding and social behavior in two Galápagos finches are related to food supply. Geospiza fuliginosa is largely granivorous, and G. difficilis is largely insectivorous. Measurements show that breeding of both species occurred when arthropod abundance was high. Breeding stopped when arthropod abundance was declining but before it was low. Breeding-territory size in G. difficilis varied inversely with food supply. Territory size in G. fuliginosa was similar across sites and was not correlated with food supply. This difference between species may be attributed to differences in the effects of invertebrate and seed resources on the functional response of consumers: feeding rate of G. difficilis on invertebrates increased linearly with their supply, whereas feeding rate of G. fuliginosa on seeds was essentially independent of seed abundance. In the nonbreeding season, the granivore G. fuliginosa moved in flocks, whereas G. difficilis was more stationary and solitary. Data indicate that seed supply was temporally more variable than invertebrate abundance, and this helps account for dry-season behavioral differences between the species. Functional response and/or renewability of seeds and invertebrates may also have influenced behavior at that time.
Effect of Diet on Visceral Morphology of Breeding Wood Ducks
Authors: Drobney Ronald D.
Published: October 2019

Changes in Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) digestive organs reflect adaptations to accommodate changes in diet quality, metabolism, and food intake. The size of the gizzard, intestine, ceca, and liver of males decreased between fall and spring and correlated with a reduction in the fiber content of the diet. The mean size of the intestine, liver, and ceca of hens increased in response to high dietary fiber in fall and hyperphagia during laying. Decreases in the size of digestive organs in hens were associated with reduced feeding during incubation and decreased dietary fiber between fall courtship and prebreeding.