bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the use of blue phosphors in white LEDs: the case of Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+
Authors: Joos Jonas J , Botterman Jonas , Smet Philippe F
Published: May 2014

The luminescence properties of the blue emitting phosphor Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+ are extensively investigated. This oxonitridosilicate phosphor features strong 4f65d1 - 4f7 luminescence originating from the Eu2+ ion, with a narrow emission band peaking at 467 nm and a full width at half maximum of only 41 nm. Thermal quenching of the blue luminescence only sets in above 450 K, making this material an interesting candidate as LED conversion phosphor. The fast decay of the luminescence prevents the phosphor to be susceptible to saturation effects at high excitation fluxes. Furthermore it is proven to be chemically stable against moisture. The only drawback is the relatively low quantum efficiency of the synthesized powder, provisionally preventing this material to be used in applications. In addition, the phosphor features a weak yellow emission band, originating from small domains featuring a different crystal structure. It is shown that the majority of the powder grains only exhibit blue emission. Finally, the spectrum of a white LED, based on a UV pumping LED and three (oxy)nitride phosphors is simulated in order to assess the usefulness of blue phosphors in LEDs for lighting. Only a marginal improvement in terms of color quality can be achieved with a narrow banded phosphor, at the expense of a decrease in luminous efficacy and overall electrical to optical power efficiency.

PACS 70 – Condensed Matter: Electronic structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties

PACS 42.70.-a Optical materials
Low plasma selenium concentrations in critically ill children: the interaction effect between inflammation and selenium deficiency
Authors: de Oliveira Iglesias Simone Brasil , Leite Heitor Pons , Paes Ângela Tavares , de Oliveira Susyane Vieira , Sarni Roseli Oselka Saccardo
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Low plasma selenium concentrations are frequent in critically ill patients. However, whether this is due to systemic inflammation, a deficient nutritional state or both is still not clear. We aimed to determine the factors associated with low plasma selenium in critically ill children while considering the inflammatory response and nutritional status.

Method

A prospective study was conducted in 173 children (median age 34 months) with systemic inflammatory response who had plasma selenium concentrations assessed 48 hours after admission and on the 5th day of ICU stay. The normal reference range was 0.58 μmol/L to 1.6 μmol/L. The outcome variable was ‘low plasma selenium’, which was defined as plasma selenium values below the distribution median during this period. The main explanatory variables were age, malnutrition, sepsis, C-reactive protein (CRP), and clinical severity scores. The data were analyzed using a Binomial Generalized Estimating Equations model, which includes the correlation between admission and 5th day responses.

Results

Malnutrition and CRP were associated with low plasma selenium. The interaction effect between these two variables was significant. When CRP values were less than or equal to 40 mg/L, malnutrition was associated with low plasma selenium levels (odds ratio (OR) = 3.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39 to 7.63, P = 0.007; OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.26 to 7.06, P = 0.013; OR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.01 to 6.17, P = 0.049, for CRP = 10, 20 and 40 mg/L, respectively). This effect decreased as CRP concentrations increased and there was loose significance when CRP values were >40 mg/L. Similarly, the effect of CRP on low plasma selenium was significant for well-nourished patients (OR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.22, P <0.001) but not for the malnourished (OR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.08, P = 0.16).

Conclusions

There is a significant interaction between the magnitude of the inflammatory response and malnutrition on low plasma selenium. This interaction should be considered when interpreting plasma concentrations as an index of selenium status in patients with systemic inflammation as well as in the decision on selenium supplementation.
Rhodium-catalyzed Enantioselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Tosylamide-linked 5-Allenal and 5-Allenone with Internal Alkynes
Authors: Sakashita Kazuki , Masutomi Koji , Noguchi Keiichi , Tanaka Ken
Published: May 2014

It has been established that a cationic rhodium(I)–BINAP complex catalyzes the enantioselective [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of a tosylamide-linked 5-allenal and 5-allenone with internal alkynes, leading to bicyclic oxygen heterocycles.
Purchasing Scarce Products Under Dynamic Pricing: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Mak Vincent , Rapoport Amnon , Gisches Eyran J. , Han Jiaojie
Published: May 2014

Whereas theoretical studies on dynamic pricing typically assume that consumers are either fully strategic or fully myopic, systematic empirical investigations into how consumers behave under dynamic pricing contexts are relatively rare. Focusing on scarce products, we constructed and experimentally tested a two-stage model in which a firm sells a seasonal good under exogenous inventory constraints to a market of strategic buyers. In our experiment, subjects assigned the role of buyers made purchase decisions in response to prices set by an automated seller. We find that equilibrium predictions assuming fully strategic buyers largely accounted for aggregate behavior in the experiment, and the ex post optimal decisions for subjects were overwhelmingly consistent with equilibrium prescriptions. Moreover, subjects tended to become individually more strategic as the session progressed. However, there were also nuanced systematic patterns of deviations from equilibrium that had profit and pricing implications for the seller. First, a nonnegligible minority of subjects exhibited completely myopic buying behavior even with practice. Second, when the product was relatively more scarce, myopic buying had a stronger impact on demand at higher prices; the upshot is that the seller's season-profit-maximizing price could be considerably higher than what would be optimal with fully strategic buyers.
Subadditive and Homogeneous of Degree One Games Are Totally Balanced
Authors: Anily Shoshana , Haviv Moshe
Published: May 2014

A cooperative game with transferable utility is said to be homogeneous of degree one if for any integer m, the value of cloning m times all players at any given coalition, leads to m times the value of the original coalition. We show that this property coupled with subadditivity, guarantees the nonemptyness of the core of the game and of all its subgames, namely, the game is totally balanced. Examples for games stemming from the areas of retailing and of facility location are given.
Incorporating Mental Representations in Discrete Choice Models of Travel Behavior: Modeling Approach and Empirical Application
Authors: Arentze Theo A. , Dellaert Benedict G. C. , Chorus Caspar G.
Published: May 2014

We introduce an extension of the discrete choice model to take into account individuals' mental representation of a choice problem. We argue that, especially in daily activity and travel choices, the needs of an individual have an influence on the benefits he or she pursues in the choice of an alternative. Activated benefits and mental costs determine which attributes are considered in evaluating alternatives. The extended model considers the formation of a mental representation of a choice problem as an integral part of the choice process. We show how formation of a mental representation and making a choice can be modeled jointly in an integrated random utility maximization framework. We further show how the integrated model can be estimated based on combined observations of mental representations and choice outcomes using maximum likelihood estimation. A comparative analysis shows that observations of the mental representations may significantly improve predictions and enhance insights into situation-dependent motivations underlying preferences. We illustrate the approach using a data set that involves measurements of mental representations and choice behavior in the area of transport mode choice.
Interpretation of Alterations in the Horse Erythrogram
Authors: Satué K. , Muñoz A. , Gardón J.C.
Published: May 2014

The interpretation of erythrogram is pivotal to assist clinicians in diagnosis, prognosis, patient management and control of equine diseases. Relative erythrocytosis associated to dehydration and blood splenic mobilization are common in horses. Absolute erythrocytosis appears less often in the horse and it can be related to increased erythropoietin concentrations, as happen in chronic hypoxic situations, neoplasias and paraneoplasic syndromes. Even less common, primary absolute erythrocytosis or polycythemia vera has been also described in horses. Anemia is a very common equine hematological disorder. The classification between regenerative and non-regenerative is difficult in this species, because peripheral signs of regeneration are not common in horses, despite having an intense regenerative anemia. This classification would need in many cases a bone marrow biopsy. The most common causes of anemia in horses are acute and chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Assessment of peripheral blood smears is also an important tool for diagnose a hematological disorder in a horse. It should be taken into consideration that rouleaux formation and echinocytes (spiculated regular erythrocytes) are physiological characteristics of equine blood, in opposite to what happen in other animal species. Abnormal erythrocyte shapes described in horses are spherocytes, target cells, leptocytes, acanthocytes, schistocytes and leptocytes. The most common erythrocyte inclusions are, Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants, sometimes associated to rapid bone marrow maturation), Heinz bodies (indicative of oxidative damage) and hemoprotozoan parasites, such as Babesia caballi and Theileria equi.
Might Selective B-Cell Depletion have a Place in Targeted Allergy Therapy?
Authors: Firer M.A.
Published: May 2014

Allergic disease continues to extract a heavy burden of both patients and health care systems. Current treatment strategies cover a wide range of alternatives from allergen avoidance, to pharmacological and immunological intervention that attempt to produce short-term relief from symptoms. Immunization with allergens, available for some forms of allergy, aims to create long term tolerance but lack of standardization and problems with protocol compliance limit their success. Another approach is the use of pan anti-IgE antibodies such as Omalizumab which has shown success in moderate-to-severe allergy. This paper outlines a new strategy involving the specific ablation of allergen-specific B cells. One important advantage of this approach is that is does not interfere with the possible protective role of IgE antibodies or other components of the humoral immune response and should not suffer from non-specific toxicity.
Interpretation of the Equine Leukogram
Authors: Satué K. , Muñoz A. , Gardón J.C.
Published: May 2014

The systematic study of total number of leukocytes or white blood cells and their morphological characteristics offers valuable information for the diagnosis, prognosis, response to treatment and control of a wide variety of infectious or inflammatory disorders. This study provides a brief description of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the various types of leukocytes, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils and their quantitative and qualitative changes in response to diseases in the horse.
Reassessment of Acute and Chronic Toxicity Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Morinda Lucida in Rattus Norvegicus
Authors: Saganuwan S. A. , Aondoaver A. D. , Roman I. T.
Published: May 2014

In view of preponderance of medicinal uses of Morinda lucida there is need to reassess its toxicity potential. Phytochemical analysis of Morinda Lucida leaf powder was carried out to determine the therapeutic and toxic principles of the plant. Acute and chronic effects of aqueous extract of Morinda lucida leaf were studied in Rattus norvegicus. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones, tannins, and reducing sugar, whereas steroids were absent. Proximate analysis yielded moisture (8.88%), dry matter (91.12%), ash (18.71%), fat and oil (25.16%), nitrogen free extract (34.30%), crude fibre (12.45%) and crude protein (10.50%). Median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated to be >16,265mg/kg body weight. Haematological analysis revealed significantly (P<0.05) increased packed cell volume, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. However white blood cells decreased significantly (P<0.05) at dose level of 1,626.5mg/kg. But, alanine aminotrasferase, glucose, creatinine, total protein, bilirubin, sodium ion, bicarbonate ion and chloride ion decreased significantly (P<0.05). Urea increased significantly (P<0.05). Therefore, aqueous extract of Morinda lucida is safe at the test doses of 16.26 and 162.65mg/kg body weight when administered for 28 days with kidney degeneration and mild to moderate deleterious effects on lung, liver, heart and spleen at dose level of 1,626.5mg/kg bodyweight of the extract.
Orchidaceae na Reserva do Poço Escuro, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Marinho Lucas Cardoso , De Azevedo Cecília Oliveira
Published: May 2014

The present study deals with a floristic survey of the Orchidaceae occurring in the Poço Escuro reserve, municipality of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil, which was conducted through a literature review, monthly field trips to the area studied and analysis of the materials of the main herbaria in Bahia. This work presents an identification key, descriptions, illustrations, comments on the morphology, habit, phenology and geographical distribution of the 12 species of Orchidaceae occurring in the Reserve, thus contributing to the knowledge of the family in the state of Bahia.
O gênero Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) no litoral do estado da Bahia, Brasil
Authors: De Jesus Priscila Barreto , Schnadelbach Alessandra Selbach , Nunes José Marcos De Castro
Published: May 2014

A detailed morpho-anatomical study of the genus Hypnea from the state of Bahia is presented. Eight species have been recognized: H. cenomyce, H. cervicornis, H. cornuta, H. musciformis, H. nigrescens, H. platyclada, H. spinella and H. valentiae. An identification key, as well as descriptions, illustrations, comparisons with related taxa and maps of distribution in Bahia for each species, are presented.
Serpentes de um fragmento urbano de Mata Atlântica: sobrevivendo ao concreto
Authors: Hamdan Breno , Pinto-Coelho Daniela , Dantas Pedro Tourinho , Lira-da-Silva Rejâne Maria
Published: May 2014

Although researches on richness, composition and conservation of Atlantic rainforest’s herpetofauna have focused on large and protected areas, small fragments subject to human interference are important to maintain α-diversity, as they often constitute the only relictual areas with favorable habitats for those species within the cities. In this paper, we report the richness and composition of snakes from a small urbanized area in the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, focusing on its conservation. We also propose hypotheses to explain the mechanisms that would facilitate the coexistence of these species, even in the face of an intense fragmentation process. The list of species here presented was based on the registers from the Museu de Zoologia of UFBA and the register book of the “Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia e Animais Peçonhentos da Bahia” (1987–2012). Based on the literature, each taxon was characterized with respect to habitat use, substrate, activity patterns and food habits. Nine species, belonging to the families Boidae (Boa constrictor) and Colubridae (Helicops leopardinus, Liophis almadensis, L. miliaris, L. taeniogaster, Oxyrhopus trigeminus, Philodryas olfersii, Sibynomorphus neuwiedi and Tantilla melanocephala), were registered. A comparative analysis of data from habitat and activity patterns of the species studied suggests that the coexistence of nine taxa in such fragment may be related to different combinations of substrate use and diet. Liophis almadensis (jararaquinha-false) and B. constrictor (python) showed higher relative abundance and were the only species recorded from 2010–2012, suggesting that part of the herpetofauna reported over the last 14 years may be locally extinct. This observation is even more critical because this period coincides with the suppression of almost all remaining fragments of Atlantic forest in the study area for university modernization and expansion.Additional key words: Bahia, conservation, local extinction, snakes, UFBA.
Flora da Bahia: Marcgraviaceae
Authors: Teixeira Michella Del Rei , Fiaschi Pedro , Amorim André Márcio
Published: May 2014

The floristic account of the Marcgraviaceae from Bahia State is presented. Four genera and eight species were registered: Marcgravia coriacea, M. polyantha, Norantea guianensis, Schwartzia adamantium, S. brasiliensis, S. geniculatiflora, S. jucuensis, and Souroubea guianensis. Identification keys and descriptions are presented for genera and species, as well as geographic distribution maps in the state, illustrations, and general comments on the species. The genus Norantea is recorded in Bahia for the first time.
Densidade de fêmeas de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) por pupa de Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Vargas Elizangela Leite , Pereira Fabricio Fagundes , Calado Vanessa Rodrigues Ferreira , Glaeser Daniele Fabiana , Rodrigues Bruna Aparecida Cáceres , Silva Nicholas Vinícius
Published: May 2014

Density of parasitoid females affects their capacity to develop within the host. The number of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females per pupa of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was adjusted to study the effect of parasitoid production in the laboratory. Host pupae were parasitised by females of T. diatraeae at densities of 1:1, 7:1, 14:1, 21:1, 28:1 and 35:1 (parasitoid:host). The females of the parasitoid remained in contact with pupae for 24 h in glass tubes (8.5 × 2.5 cm), packed in a climatic chamber regulated at 25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and light regime of 14 h. The percentage of parasitism and emergence of T. diatraeae on pupae of D. saccharalis was 100% in all parasitoid densities. The length of thr cycle (egg-adult) of Trichospilus diatraeae was 19.25 ± 0.22 days at a density of 1:1 and 17.00 ± 0.00 days at 35:1. The offspring number of T. diatraeae was 106.00 ± 12.38 and 514.67 ± 54.55 individuals per pupa at densities of 1:1 and 35:1, respectively. The sex ratio decreased with increasing density, ranging between 0.97 ± 0.01 and 0.89 ± 0.01 at densities of 1:1 and 35:1, respectively. The percentages of parasitism and emergence of T. diatraeae on pupae of D. saccharalis were not affected by the densities of female parasitoids. The densities of 14 to 21 females of T. diatraeae per pupa of D. saccharalis are suitable for rearing this parasitoid under laboratory conditions.
Flora da Bahia: Basellaceae
Authors: De Almeida Davi Augusto Carneiro , Giulietti Ana Maria , De Oliveira Reyjane Patrícia
Published: May 2014

A floristic survey of the Basellaceae from Bahia State, Brazil, is presented. We found only the species Anredera cordifolia. Descriptions and comments on the family, genus and species, as well as illustrations and a distribution map of the species in Bahia are presented.
Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae): frugivoria por aves em remanescente de cerrado do Centro-Oeste brasileiro
Authors: De Oliveira Arly Porto , Machado Caio Graco , Sigrist Maria Rosângela
Published: May 2014

Fruits are important food resources for frugivorous birds and also for insectivores and omnivores. In this paper, we describe the fruit phenology, seed frugivory and potential dispersers of Matayba guianensis by birds in an urban savanna area in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, from October 2007 to September 2008 and January 2009. Focal observations were conducted between 6h00–10h00 AM and 4h00–6h00 PM, totalling 54 h. Twelve species of Passeriformes of the families Tyrannidae (6 species), Thraupidae (3), Turdidae (2) and Passeridae (1) visited and/or consumed fruits of M. guianensis, with 184 records. Most birds are omnivores (8 species) and insectivores (3), and one nectarivore (Cyanerpes cyaneus). Tyrannidae predominated with the highest frequency of visits (87%), consumption rates (96.2%) and method of seed capture, with seeds predominantly gathered in flight. Pitangus sulphuratus was the most frequent visitor (37.5%), consuming the greatest number of seeds (48.3%), followed by Tyrannus melancholicus and Empidonomus varius. These Tyrannidae are the main potential seed dispersers of M. guianensis and as most Tyrannidae they are synanthropic species, common in urban habitats, having also great ability to identify and exploit new food resources. The other bird species consumed only the aril, discarding the seeds on or near the parent plant, thus limiting seed dispersal.
Flora da Bahia: Styracaceae
Authors: Asprino Renata , Amorim André Márcio
Published: May 2014

A floristic survey of the Styracaceae from Bahia state, Brazil, is presented. Eight species of Styrax were recognized, among which S. acuminatus represents a new record for the Northeastern region of Brazil. Styrax ferrugineus and S. pedicellatus are registered from few specimens, which suggest restricted distributions in cerrado and campo rupestre areas, respectively. The treatment includes a key to identification, descriptions and comments on taxa, as well as illustrations and geographic distribution maps of species in Bahia.
Dos nuevas tipologías por la inmersión de lo digital y la pérdida de lo analógico: arquitectura diagrama y arquitectura fenómeno
Authors: Ortín Jiménez Laura
Published: May 2014

En un tiempo de mezclas y deslizamientos, la producción arquitectónica actual se genera en base a unos lenguajes multidisciplinares alejados de los habituales. La arquitectura moderna fue consecuencia natural de las investigaciones de las vanguardias pictóricas motivadas por unas condiciones emocionales concretas a raíz de eventos trascendentales. La arquitectura contemporánea responde a paradigmas de su tiempo también, siendo el más importante y contenedor de todos: la inmersión masiva de lo digital. Los mecanismos con que afronta sus procesos beben del aprendizaje de otras disciplinas. Periferias arquitectónicas como el pensamiento, el arte visual o la ciencia ofrecen a la arquitectura nuevas metodologías y lenguajes. La información está sumamente digitalizada y tras la pérdida progresiva de lo analógico en nuestro mundo, la arquitectura activará dos mecanismos proyectuales que determinan el carácter arquitectónico desde el uso de lo digital: por un lado la arquitectura diagrama como compresión de información, formada desde parámetros sintetizados en los que ya no podemos relacionar contenido y continente; por otro lado, la arquitectura fenómeno como interfaz de información, respuesta tangible a las condiciones de merma sensorial y las nuevas naturalezas que habitamos.
Reason, Risk, and Reward: Models for Libraries and Other Stakeholders in an Evolving Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem
Authors: Mangiafico Paolo , Smith Kevin L.
Published: May 2014

Scholarly publishing, and scholarly communication more generally, are based on patterns established over many decades and even centuries. Some of these patterns are clearly valuable and intimately related to core values of the academy, but others were based on the exigencies of the past, and new opportunities have brought into question whether it makes sense to persist in supporting old models. New technologies and new publishing models raise the question of how we should fund and operate scholarly publishing and scholarly communication in the future, moving away from a scarcity model based on the exchange of physical goods that restricts access to scholarly literature unless a market-based exchange takes place. This essay describes emerging models that attempt to shift scholarly communication to a more open-access and mission-based approach and that try to retain control of scholarship by academics and the institutions and scholarly societies that support them. It explores changing practices for funding scholarly journals and changing services provided by academic libraries, changes instituted with the end goal of providing more access to more readers, stimulating new scholarship, and removing inefficiencies from a system ready for change.
Cultural Anthropology and the Infrastructure of Publishing
Authors: Elfenbein Timothy W.
Published: May 2014

The transition of Cultural Anthropology to an open-access publication required that the Society for Cultural Anthropology take on the publishing responsibilities formerly fulfilled by Wiley-Blackwell. This entailed the expanded use of already established infrastructures, the development of relationships with outside production vendors, registries, and archiving agencies, and designing for the long-term preservation of the journal’s documents. By taking on these responsibilities, the Society of Cultural Anthropology has itself become a publisher.
Radmilla’s Voice: Music Genre, Blood Quantum, and Belonging on the Navajo Nation
Authors: Jacobsen-Bia Kristina
Published: May 2014

In this article, I examine race, sound, and belonging through an analysis of the first Navajo/African American Miss Navajo Nation, Radmilla Cody. Cody, a professional singer and a Navajo citizen, has been a polarizing public figure in Navajo communities since her crowning in 1997. Utilizing a mixed methodology of participant observation, sound recordings, and press releases, I probe how sound and voice inform a politics of indigeneity in today’s Navajo Nation (Diné Bikéyah). Focusing on black/Native parentage and how sound serves as an additional form of marking, I foreground how voice, musical genre, and blood quantum inform public opinion about social authenticity and about who belongs as a Diné citizen. My larger contention becomes that both poetics and politics matter, albeit in differing ways and on divergent scales.
Narrative and Notice in Livy's Fourth Decade
Authors: Lushkov A. Haimson
Published: May 2014

This paper argues for the importance of Livy's annalistic notices in structuring the author's aims and the reader's reception of the history, as against the standard conception of the notices as archaic memoranda. Taking the later career of Scipio Africanus the Elder as a test case, the paper demonstrates the tension between the formal features of the narrative and the actual content of the notices. As summarized in the eulogy for Africanus (38.53.9â€“11), Livy constructs a narrative of Scipio's decline emphasizing his peripeteia after the Hannibalic war. This narrative finds corroboration in the confinement of Africanus' subsequent actions chiefly to the annalistic notices. The notices themselves, however, provide a counter-narrative to the main text, albeit in fragmentary and marginal form. Through the interaction of narrative center and periphery the notices thus offer a space for Livy, and the reader, to explore alternative visions of Roman history.
Talking to Slaves in the Plautine Audience
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: May 2014

Based on a full reading of the Plautine corpus in light of theories of class resistance (Michel de Certeau, James C. Scott), this essay argues that the palliata grew up in the 200s bce under conditions of endemic warfare and mass enslavement, and responded to those conditions. Itinerant troupes of slaves and lower-class men performed for mostly humble audiences, themselves familiar with war and hunger; the best of these troupes were then hired to perform at ludi in the cities of central Italy. The first sections of the essay look at types of speech and action in the plays in which slave or poor characters make use of these shared experiences: jokes about flogging and hunger, fantasies of revenge and escape, double speech. The latter sections examine the evidence for lower-class constituencies in the 200s bce and for actors, writers, and venues to match, arguing that none of these categories can be treated monolithically.
Science and the Ability and Capability of the Human Being: the Vanished Flight 370 Tells Us the Truth
Authors: Wang Frederick F
Published: May 2014

The new century is dubbed as an informationized era with “knowledge big bang” suggesting that the ability and capability of our human being is unprecedented. However, the fact is not that optimistic. The vanished Flight 370 en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing tells us that we are still helpless under some devastating conditions that beyond our abilities to be dealt with. Even science is marching forward, whereas the real ratio between the science advancement to trouble-solving ability is reduced dramatically compared to our ancestors. One bad manner that we human being cannot discard is finding excuses when facing unsolvable troubles. In fact, do we really need excuses for everything? One thing needing note is that science is science, and ability is ability. The more you know, the more you will find hard to deal with.
The Bulgarian National Corpus: Theory and Practice in Corpus Design
Authors: Koeva Svetla , Stoyanova Ivelina , Leseva Svetlozara , Dekova Rositsa , Dimitrova Tsvetana , Tarpomanova Ekaterina
Published: May 2014

The paper discusses several key concepts related to the development of corpora and reconsiders them in light of recent developments in NLP. On the basis of an overview of present-day corpora, we conclude that the dominant practices of corpus design do not utilise adequately the technologies and, as a result, fail to meet the demands of corpus linguistics, computational lexicology and computational linguistics alike.We proceed to lay out a data-driven approach to corpus design, which integrates the best practices of traditional corpus linguistics with the potential of the latest technologies allowing fast collection, automatic metadata description and annotation of large amounts of data. Thus, the gist of the approach we propose is that corpus design should be centred on amassing large amounts of mono- and multilingual texts and on providing them with a detailed metadata description and high-quality multi-level annotation.We go on to illustrate this concept with a description of the compilation, structuring, documentation, and annotation of the Bulgarian National Corpus (BulNC). At present it consists of a Bulgarian part of 979.6 million words, constituting the corpus kernel, and 33 Bulgarian-X language corpora, totalling 972.3 million words, 1.95 billion words altogether. The BulNC is supplied with a comprehensive metadata description, which allows us to organise the texts according to different principles. The Bulgarian part of the BulNC is automatically processed (tokenised and sentence split) and  annotated at several levels: morphosyntactic tagging, lemmatisation, word-sense annotation, annotation of noun phrases and named entities. Some levels of annotation are also applied to the Bulgarian-English parallel corpus with the prospect of expanding multilingual annotation both in terms of linguistic levels and the number of languages for which it is available. We conclude with a brief evaluation of the quality of the corpus and an outline of its applications in NLP and linguistic research.
Derivational and Semantic Relations of Croatian Verbs
Authors: Šojat Krešimir , Srebačić Matea , Tadić Marko
Published: May 2014

This paper deals with certain morphosemantic relations between Croatian verbs and discusses their inclusion in Croatian WordNet. The morphosemantic relations in question are the semantic relations between unprefixed infinitives and their prefixed derivatives. We introduce the criteria for the division of aspectual pairs and further discuss verb prefixation which results in combinations of prefixes and base forms that can vary in terms of meaning from compositional to completely idiosyncratic. The focus is on the regularities in semantic modifications of base forms modified by one prefix. The aim of this procedure is to establish a set of morphosemantic relations based on regular or reoccuring meaning alternations.
A Personal Note on Open Access in Linguistics
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: May 2014

This paper contains only known facts about open access, but they are put into a rather personal perspective that may help others to understand the importance of Open Access in science in general and in linguistics in particular.This paper tries to motivate Open Access publishing, with a particular focus on publishing books. In Section 1, I describe the problems in accessing relevant information in economically weak countries, the problem of underpayment in the humanities, and usage restrictions of traditionally published books. Section 2 explains the factors that contribute to book prices. Section 3 briefly describes Open Access publishing and print on demand services. In Section 4, I address some challenges for Open Access publishing and suggest ways to ensure quality control, proper typesetting, and efficient marketing. Section 5 discusses Open Access approaches of profitorientated publishers. Section 6 deals with Open Access and getting tenure and promotion, and Section 7 is about radical opinions about copyrights outside of academia. Version of 7th January 2012 (minor editorial changes).
An informal discovery procedure for two-level rules
Authors: Koskenniemi Kimmo
Published: May 2014

The paper shows how a certain kind of underlying representations (or deep forms) of words can be constructed in a straightforward manner through aligning the surface forms of the morphs of the word forms. The inventory of morphophonemes follows directly from this alignment. Furthermore, the two-level rules which govern the different realisations of such morphophonemes follow fairly directly from the previous steps. The alignment and rules are based upon an approximate general metric among phonemes, e.g., articulatory features, that determines which alternations are likely or possible. This enables us to summarise contexts for the different realisations.
Populating a multilingual ontology of proper names from open sources
Authors: Savary Agata , Manicki Leszek , Baron Małgorzata
Published: May 2014

Even if proper names play a central role in natural language processing (NLP) applications they are still under-represented in lexicons, annotated corpora, and other resources dedicated to text processing.  One of the main challenges is both the prevalence and the dynamicity of proper names. At the same time, large and regularly-updated knowledge sources containing partially-structured data, such as Wikipedia or GeoNames, are publicly available and contain large numbers of proper names. We present a method for a semi-automatic enrichment of Prolexbase, an existing multilingual ontology of proper names dedicated to natural language processing, with data extracted from these open sources in three languages: Polish, English and French. Fine-grained data extraction and integration procedures allow the user to enrich previous contents of Prolexbase with new incoming data. All data are manually validated and available under an open licence.
Біотехнологічна характеристика калусогенезу в культурі незрілих зародків кукурудзи під впливом абсцизової кислоти та 6-бензиламінопурину
Authors: Abraimova O. E. , Piralov G. R. , Satarova T. M.
Published: May 2014

The effect of abscisic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on the induction of callus tissue in maize immature embryo culture was studied. For the majority of investigated genotypes abscisic acid stimulated, but 6-benzylaminopurine inhibited the formation of morphogenic calli in induction medium. It was noted that genotype appeared to be an important factor that determined the character of the influence of phytohormonal composition of the medium on the induction of the specific types of calli. Using of 0.04-0.10 mg/l abscisic acid is recommended for biotechnological production of morphogenic callus tissue in dependence of donor plant genotype.
Neurovascular compression of the medulla oblongata, case report. The rare cause of secondary hypertension
Authors: Nádas Judit , Czirják Sándor , Igaz Péter , Vörös Erika , Jermendy György , Rácz Károly , Tóth Miklós
Published: May 2014

Compression of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata is one of the rarely identified causes of refractory hypertension. In patients with severe, intractable hypertension caused by neurovascular compression, neurosurgical decompression should be considered. The authors present the history of a 20-year-old man with severe hypertension. After excluding other possible causes of secondary hypertension, the underlying cause of his high blood pressure was identified by the demonstration of neurovascular compression shown by magnetic resonance angiography and an increased sympathetic activity (sinus tachycardia) during the high blood pressure episodes. Due to frequent episodes of hypertensive crises, surgical decompression was recommended, which was performed with the placement of an isograft between the brainstem and the left vertebral artery. In the first six months after the operation, the patient’s blood pressure could be kept in the normal range with significantly reduced doses of antihypertensive medication. Repeat magnetic resonance angiography confirmed the cessation of brainstem compression. After six months periodically increased blood pressure returned, but in smaller extent and less frequent. Based on the result of magnetic resonance angiography performed 22 months after surgery, re-operation was considerd. According to previous literature data long-term success can only be achieved in one third of patients after surgical decompression. In the majority of patients surgery results in a significant decrease of blood pressure, an increased efficiency of antihypertensive therapy as well as a decrease in the frequency of highly increased blood pressure episodes. Thus, a significant improvement of the patient’s quality of life can be achieved. The case of this patient is an example of the latter scenario. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 838–842.
E-health developments in the system of health services in Hungary and the European Union
Authors: Váradi Ágnes
Published: May 2014

The question of electronic solutions in public health care has become a contemporary issue at the European Union level since the action plan of the Commission on the e-health developments of the period between 2012 and 2020 has been published. In Hungary this issue has been placed into the centre of attention after a draft on modifications of regulations in health-care has been released for public discourse, which – if accepted – would lay down the basics of an electronic heath-service system. The aim of this paper is to review the basic features of e-health solutions in Hungary and the European Union with the help of the most important pieces of legislation, documents of the European Union institutions and sources from secondary literature. When examining the definition of the basic goals and instruments of the development, differences between the European Union and national approaches can be detected. Examination of recent developmental programs and existing models seem to reveal difficulties in creating interoperability and financing such projects. Finally, the review is completed by the aspects of jurisdiction and fundamental rights. It is concluded that these issues are mandatory to delineate the legislative, economic and technological framework for the development of the e-health systems. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 822–827.
Strain Rate Effects on Hydrogen Embrittlement Characteristics of Notched 4340 Steel
Authors: Sk Mobbassar Hassan , Overfelt Ruel A
Published: May 2014

The effect of strain rate on hydrogen embrittlement of low alloy 4340 steel was studied using double-notched tensile samples electrochemically charged in-situ with hydrogen in 1N H2SO4 + 5 mg/l As2O3 solution. The mechanical response of samples with prior austenitic grain sizes of 10 and 40 μm and martensitic hardness of 43-52 HRC were examined after hydrogen charging times of 0-20 min. Increasing the strain rate for hydrogen charged samples resulted in decreased failure strains and increased evidence of brittle fracture. Brittle fracture surfaces for the harder samples showed primarily intergranular fracture while softer samples exhibited predominantly quasi-cleavage.
High Temperature Reproducible Preparation of Mg2Si Films on (001)Al2O3 substrates Using RF Magnetron Sputtering Method
Authors: Katagiri Atsuo , Ogawa Shota , Shimizu Takao , Matsushima Masaaki , Akiyama Kensuke , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: May 2014

A RF magnetron sputtering method was used to prepare Mg2Si films at 300-400oC on (001) Al2O3 substrates from a Mg disc target with Si chips. Mg deposition was not detected at 400°C from a pure Mg disc target without Si chips due to the high vapor pressure of Mg. However, the amount of Mg deposition increased with the increase in Si/(Mg+Si) area ratio of the target surface together with the increase of the Si deposition. The obtained films had a stoichiometric composition of Si/(Mg+Si)=0.33 that consisted of the well crystalline Mg2Si single phase regardless of Si/(Mg+Si) area ratio of the target surface. This showed the existence of a “process window” against supply ratio of Si/(Mg+Si) for Mg2Si single phase films with a stoichiometric composition. This is considered to be due to the vaporization of the excess Mg prepared under the Mg excess condition as reported by Mahan et al. for Mg2Si films prepared at 200°C by ultra-high vacuum evaporation.
A critical approach to the teaching of English: pedagogical and identity engagement
Authors: Pessoa Rosane Rocha
Published: May 2014

This paper is an attempt to show how our research group has been putting into practice a critical approach to the teaching of English. We started this work in 2005 and since then we have been reflecting collaboratively on it in order to better comprehend what we do and who we are as individuals and language teachers in this world of possibilities. Two aspects that stand out in the studies we have done are the teachers’ pedagogical and identity engagement. These two types of engagement will be shown here by means of a discussion on Andrade’s (2011) Letras (Licenciatura em Inglês) final paper, which focused on the theme race/racism.
Pathway‐level risk analysis: the net present value of an invasive species policy in the US
Authors: Leung Brian , Springborn Michael R , Turner James A , Brockerhoff Eckehard G
Published: May 2014

Invasive species policies are often directed at pathways of introduction, yet few analyses have examined risk at the pathway level. We synthesize the best available economic and ecological information surrounding International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No 15 (ISPM15), a pathway‐level international phytosanitary policy for treatment of wood packaging material. We highlight temporal factors for calculation of net benefits, emphasizing that while we cannot stop invasions, even delaying new arrivals results in substantial economic benefits. We show that policy implementation, although costly and yielding only moderate protection, can generate >US$11 billion in cumulative net benefits by 2050, averting the introduction of more pests than currently exist in the US. We also discuss the relative importance of different sources of scientific uncertainty and identify the most crucial data needs. This is the first pathway‐level economic risk analysis assessing the current scientific evidence for the net benefits of a phytosanitary policy.
Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) in Egyptian Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Shiba Hala Fathy , El-Ghamrawy Mona Kamal , Shaheen Iman Abd El-Mohsen , Ali Rasha Abd El-Ghani , Mousa Somaia Mohammed
Published: May 2014

Sickle cell disease (SCD) complications are associated with oxidative stress. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a group of enzymes that protect against oxidative stress. The aims of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms among homozygous sickle cell anemia patients and to investigate the possible association between the presence of these polymorphisms and SCD severity and complications. Genotyping the polymorphisms in GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes was performed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The GSTP1 ILe105Val polymorphism was determined using PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism. GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of severe vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) (odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval = 0.42–5.56, P = 0.005). We found no significant association between GST genotypes and frequency of sickle cell–related pain, transfusion frequency, disease severity, or hydroxyurea treatment. GSTM1 gene polymorphism may be associated with risk of severe VOC among Egyptian SCD patients.
Preparation of iron, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc humates for environmental applications
Authors: Kříženecká Sylvie , Hejda Stanislav , Machovič Vladimír , Trögl Josef
Published: May 2014

A few non-conventional humate sorbents, i.e. iron humate (FeH), aluminium humate (AlH), calcium humate (CaH), magnesium humate (MgH), and zinc humate (ZnH), were prepared from a commercial product Fortehum L/K (Humatex, Bílina, Czech Republic). The metal content in humates was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis, the organic elements (C, H, N, and S) were analysed by an Elementar Vario III and the functional groups were determined by classical methods using KBr pellets and diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). FeH, AlH, and ZnH were tested as sorbents for the removal of inorganic or organic pollutants (metals, inorganic ions, dyes, and chlorophenols) from waste water. Sorption properties decreased in order: ZnH, AlH, FeH. CaH and MgH are partly soluble and therefore they are not usable as sorbents. However, their ion-exchange abilities for heavy metals are excellent which makes them usable for phytoremediation and bioremediation.
Residue analysis of fosthiazate in cucumber and soil by QuEChERS and GC-MS
Authors: Wu Min , Hu Jiye
Published: May 2014

A convenient method was developed for the determination and validation of fosthiazate in cucumber and soil. The procedure is based on liquid partitioning with acetonitrile followed by dispersive solid phase extraction as the clean-up step, after which samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average recoveries ranged from 91.2 % to 99.0 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 6.05 %, at three fortification levels (0.02 mg kg−1, 0.1 mg kg−1, 0.5 mg kg−1) in cucumber and soil, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) for fosthiazate were all established at 0.02 mg kg−1. The proposed method was applied successfully to analyses of the dissipation and residue of fosthiazate in field trials. The dissipation rate of fosthiazate was described using pseudo-first-order kinetics with a half-life of 4.33 days and 4.08 days in soil in Beijing and Shandong, respectively. In the terminal residue experiment, fosthiazate residues in cucumber and soil were clearly below the maximum residue level (MRL, 0.2 mg kg−1) set in China.