bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Turn in Moral Psychology
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

In this book, Mark Fedyk offers a novel analysis of the relationship between moral psychology and allied fields in the social sciences. Fedyk shows how the social sciences can be integrated with moral philosophy, argues for the benefits of such an integration, and offers a new ethical theory that can be used to bridge research between the two. Fedyk argues that moral psychology should take a social turn, investigating the psychological processes that motivate patterns of social behavior defined as ethical using normative information extracted from the social sciences. He points out methodological problems in conventional moral psychology, particularly the increasing methodological and conceptual inconsilience with both philosophical ethics and evolutionary biology. Fedyk's "causal theory of ethics" is designed to provide moral psychology with an ethical theory that can be used without creating tension between its scientific practice and the conceptual vocabulary of philosophical ethics. His account aims both to redirect moral psychology toward more socially realistic questions about human life and to introduce philosophers to a new form of ethical naturalism—a way of thinking about how to use different fields of scientific research to answer some of the traditional questions that are at the heart of ethics.
The Social and the Psychological Dimensions of Ethics
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

This chapter demonstrates that it is possible to separate the social reality of accepting and acting upon a set of moral norms from the psychological reality of doing the same. This distinction is crucial, because it shows that, just as one cannot derive ultimate and proximate explanations from one another, it is likewise not possible to derive psychological conclusions about how knowledge of moral norms are psychologically represented from social descriptions of behaviour enacting the relevant norms.
Moral Dumbfounding
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the experimental evidence which purports to demonstrate the ubiquity of a phenomena called “moral dumbfounding”. A careful study of the evidence demonstrates that the experiments are unable to support any meaningful conclusions about whether or not moral dumbfounding exists, and if so, how prevalent the phenomena happens to be
The Causal Theory of Ethics
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces a novel ethical theory that is designed to help bridge research in the social sciences with research in moral psychology. According to the causal theory of ethics, what makes certain norms ethical norms is that they are realized in the behaviour of different population, and their realization tends to produce outcomes that are good and valuable for the relevant population.
Descriptive Moral Psychology
Authors: Fedyk Mark
Published: September 2017

This chapter defines descriptive moral psychology as any psychological research that investigates the cognitive and emotional foundations of the patterns of behaviour that are described by an example of hard-question social theory. Descriptive moral psychology therefore studies the psychological dimensions of the patterns of behaviour which have their social dimensions described by research in the social sciences and humanities.
Social Preferences, Public Policy, and Gender
Authors: Zahn Philipp , Winschel Evguenia
Published: September 2017

In most laboratory experiments concerning prosocial behavior subjects are fully informed how their decision influences the payoff of other players. Outside the laboratory, for instance when voting for a policy reform proposal, individuals typically have to decide without such detailed knowledge. To assess the effect of information asymmetries on prosocial behavior, we conduct a laboratory experiment with a simple non-strategic interaction. A dictator has only limited knowledge about the benefits his prosocial action generates for a recipient. We observe subjects with heterogenous social preferences, in particular inequalityaverse and efficiency-concerned individuals. While under symmetric information only individuals with the same type of preferences transfer, under asymmetric information different types transfer at the same time. As a consequence and the main finding of our experiment, uninformed dictators behave more prosocially than informed dictators. In an ex-post analysis of our experiment we also find that the differences in behavior under symmetric information are mostly driven by gender: women tend to be more inequality-averse, men tend to be more efficiency-concerned. Yet, both transfer under asymmetric information.
Who Gains from Competition? The Ultimatum Game in a Labor-Market Setting in Ghana
Authors: Davies Elwyn , Fafchamps Marcel
Published: September 2017

Who benefits from introducing competition in the setting of an ultimatum game? We introduce a multiplayer version of the ultimatum game to subjects in Accra, Ghana, framed in a labour market setting. In this version three Proposers (employers) can make offers to three Responders (workers) at the same time. Subjects also participate in a treatment without competition. In this treatment one Proposer faces one Responder, just as in the classical ultimatum game. Even though in the competition treatment the number of Responders and Proposers is equal, we find some evidence that the amounts proposed increase in the treatment with competition. A potential explanation for this are bidding effects, where Proposers bid offensively for the Responders with lower reservation payoffs, to increase their chances of having this Responder accept their offer. This bidding increases the amounts that Proposers propose to give to the Responders. This is in particular beneficial to the Responders, who now capture a larger share of the surplus.
Cultural Determinants of Gender Roles: “Pragmatism” as an Underpinning Attitude toward Gender Equality among Children of Immigrants
Authors: Ljunge Martin
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents evidence of how attitudes toward gender roles in the home and market are shaped by Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions. Children of immigrants in a broad set of European countries with ancestry from across the world are studied. Individuals are examined within country of residence using variation in cultural dimensions across countries of ancestry. The approach focuses attention on how gender roles are shaped across generations within families. Both influences on the father’s and mother’s side are studied. Ancestry from more masculine cultures shape more traditional gender roles on both parents’ sides. On the father side more pragmatic cultures foster gender equality on the mother’s side power distance promote equality attitudes, although this influence differs markedly between daughters and sons. Pragmatism is in several circumstances the strongest influence on gender norms.
Sustainable Animal Agriculture and Environmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Anthony Raymond
Published: September 2017

Raymond Anthony addresses the role of technology in promoting sustainable agri-food systems and animal well-being. Food production under an industrial model makes it difficult to appreciate the good of animals in their own right, apart from their instrumental use for us. The problem is not merely our attitude toward animals but the very modes of production in which we deal with them. Agricultural technologies reflect our values and norms, for better or worse. Anthony suggests a virtue ethics approach to technology in order to counter the instrumentalist view we typically have about man-made things. If virtues can be embedded within machinery it might be possible to design animal agricultural systems that can recognize the instrinsic good of animals. An environmental virtue ethics of care (EVEC) is the antidote to commodification of humans, animals, and the natural world. EVEC affirms ethical consumerism, which requires that we take others into consideration in our consumer choices. But it also requires that industry technocrats be mindful of how they innovate, what products they market, how they design facilities, and, above all, how they might find better ways to meld business, profit, and technology with care for humans, animals, and the environment.
The Endocannabinoid System
Authors: Parker Linda A.
Published: September 2017

The endocannabinoid system was only discovered about 25 years ago, but it is now known to be a major modulator of synaptic activity throughout the brain. CB1 receptors are located on presynaptic terminals of neurons that release other neurotransmitters and the action of agonists of these receptors is to turn-off neurotransmitter release. These receptors are ubiquitously located, indeed they are the most widely distributed receptor system in the brain. Administration of THC by use of marijuana activates all CB1 receptors, producing global activation. On the other hand, endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-AG) are produced where and when they are needed from depolarized post-synaptic neurons, serving as retrograde messengers to act on nearby presynaptic neurons. The fine-tuned regulation of synaptic activity is the primary function of this neuromodulatory system that plays a major role in protection of neurons. The duration of action of these “on demand” endocannabinoids is brief because they are hydrolysed enzymatically by Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Newly developed FAAH and MAGL inhibitors provide a therapeutic opportunity to boost the action of AEA and 2-AG respectively for up to 24 hr, where and when they are produced naturally. Preclinical evidence indicates that FAAH and MAGL inhibitors have therapeutic potential in relief of pain, anxiety, depression and nausea, in the absence of psychoactive side effects of global activation of CB1 receptors produced by marijuana.
Cannabinoids and Psychosis
Authors: Parker Linda A.
Published: September 2017

Clearly the majority of people who use marijuana do not develop schizophrenia. Yet, the human literature suggests that there is a modest association between cannabis exposure (particularly in adolescence) and later development of schizophrenia--whether or not this association is causal is hotly debated. This chapter reviews some of the evidence for and against such a causal relationship. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that individuals with a family history of schizophrenia, with prodromal symptoms, or who have experienced discreet episodes of psychosis related to cannabis use, may be best served not using THC-predominant marijuana.
Cannabinoids and Nausea
Authors: Parker Linda A.
Published: September 2017

The treatment of nausea has lagged behind the treatment of chemotherapy-induced vomiting, despite its prevalence. The first recognized medicinal benefit of THC after its discovery was for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, our understanding of the mechanisms by which cannabinoids reduce nausea and vomiting has been greatly improved. CB1 agonists reduce nausea in preclinical models. CBD and CBDA also show promise as non-psychoactive treatments. As well treatments that boost the endogenous cannabinoid system by inhibiting the degrading enzymes FAAH (elevating AEA) and MAGL (elevating 2-AG) or both have shown promise to treat nausea in preclinical models. New research identifies the interoceptive insular cortex as a region which may regulate the experience of nausea and its amelioration by 2-AG.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Parker Linda A.
Published: September 2017

In the final chapter, areas of future research in gaining a better understanding the functions of the endocannabinoid system and the effects of cannabis on this system are envisioned. It is critical to investigate the effects produced by various strains of marijuana with different ratios of THC:CBD and other cannabinoids. As well, little is understood about the interaction between marijuana and other drugs, in particular alcohol. Cannabinoid designer drugs, for example Spice, are discussed. Some of the difficulties in conducting valid and reliable human clinical research with marijuana are discussed. A special case is made for palliative care. Finally, risks and benefits of marijuana use for both medicinal and recreational purposes are discussed.
What Algorithms Want
Authors: Finn Ed
Published: September 2017

This book explores the cultural figure of the algorithm as it operates through contemporary digital culture. Drawing on sources that range from Neal Stephenson’s Snow Crash to Diderot’s Encyclopédie, from Adam Smith to the Star Trek computer, it explores the gap between theoretical ideas and pragmatic instructions. Humans have always believed that certain invocations—the marriage vow, the shaman’s curse—do not merely describe the world but make it. This book argues that the algorithm—in practical terms, “a method for solving a problem”—has its roots not only in the mathematical concept of “effective computability” but also in cybernetics, philosophy, and magical thinking. After bringing the full history of the term into view, the book describes how the algorithm attempts to translate between the idealized space of computation and a messy reality, with unpredictable and sometimes fascinating results. Case studies of this implementation gap include the development of intelligent assistants like Siri, Google’s goal of anticipating our questions, the rise of algorithmic aesthetics at Netflix, Ian Bogost’s satiric Facebook game Cow Clicker, Uber’s cartoon maps and black box accounting, and the revolutionary economics of Bitcoin. If we want to understand the gap between abstraction and messy reality, we need to build a model of “algorithmic reading” and scholarship that attends to process as part of a new experimental humanities.
Introduction
Authors: Finn Ed
Published: September 2017

The introduction lays out the central argument of the book: that algorithms are best understood as complex “culture machines” that we engage on the levels of magical thinking, epistemology, social identity, and ideology as well as rationality and computation. Opening with a discussion of Neal Stephenson’s novel Snow Crash and our long-running fascination with the power of language to create the world, the chapter proceeds to describe our current relationship to code in terms of the “cathedral of computation.” This metaphor expresses the intermingling of empiricism and belief that underlies our cultural relationships with algorithms—relationships that are growing more powerful, creative, and intimate every day. In order to understand these systems that tell us where to go, whom to date, and what to think about, we need to develop a method for “algorithmic reading.”
What Is an Algorithm?
Authors: Finn Ed
Published: September 2017

This chapter defines the algorithm as a critical concept across four intellectual strands, beginning with its foundations in computer science and the notion of “effective computability.” The second strand considers cybernetics and ongoing debates about embodiment, abstraction, cognition, and information theory. The third explores magic and its overlap with symbolism, engaging with notions of software, “sourcery,” and the power of metaphors to represent reality. The fourth draws in the long history of technicity and humanity’s coevolution with our cultural tools. Synthesizing these threads, the chapter offers a definition of the algorithm as culture machine in the context of process and implementation, and closes with a summary of the essential facets of algorithmic reading and a brief glimpse of algorithmic imagination.
Building the Star Trek Computer
Authors: Finn Ed
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the ways in which Google, Apple, and other corporations have turned the development of cultural algorithms into epistemological quests for both self-knowledge and universal knowledge. This effort to construct a new framework for reality has its roots in Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie, a keystone of the European Enlightenment. Apple’s intelligent assistant Siri, Spike Jonze’s film Her, and Google’s ambition to realize the Star Trek computer serve as exemplars for the algorithmic pursuit of knowledge. These quests are both romantic and rational, seeking a transcendent state of knowing, a state that can be reached only with mechanisms that ultimately eclipse the human. Through their ambitions to develop algorithms that can “answer, converse, and anticipate” with ever-greater intimacy, the technology titans shaping our algorithmic future are constructing a new epistemological framework of what is knowable and desirable: an intellectual hierarchy of needs that will ultimately map out not only the public sphere of information but the interior space of human identity.
Coding Cow Clicker: The Work of Algorithms
Authors: Finn Ed
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 begins with Ian Bogost’s satirical Facebook game Cow Clicker and its send-up of the “gamification” movement to add quantification and algorithmic thinking to many facets of everyday life. Such games trouble the boundaries between work and play, as do much more serious forms of gamification like Uber and the high-tech warehouse workers whose every second and step are measured for efficiency. Taken together, these new models of work herald a novel form of alienated labor for the algorithmic age. In our science fiction present, humans are processors handling simple tasks assigned by an algorithmic apparatus. Drawing on the historical figure of the automaton, a remarkable collection of Mechanical Turk-powered poetry titled Of the Subcontract, and Adam Smith’s conception of empathy in his Theory of Moral Sentiments, the chapter explores the consequences of computational capitalism on politics, empathy, and social value.
Coda: The Algorithmic Imagination
Authors: Finn Ed
Published: September 2017

The coda retraces the genealogy of the algorithm to consider our future prospects for achieving the twinned desires embedded in the heart of effective computability: the quest for universal knowledge and perfect self-knowledge. Central to this is the question of algorithmic imagination, particularly given the startling advances in the field of machine learning. The metaphors we use to access and influence the complexity and processes of computational systems will ultimately determine our prospects for true collaboration with intelligent machines. These questions are particularly vital for the humanities, and the chapter argues for a new mode of scholarly and public engagement with computation: the experimental humanities. This is how we can begin to understand the figure of the algorithm as a new territory for cultural imagination and become true collaborators with culture machines rather than their worshippers or, worse, their pets.
Environmental Governance as a Point of Departure
Authors: Young Oran R.
Published: September 2017

Governance is a social function centered on steering societies away from collectively undesirable outcomes and toward collectively desirable outcomes. Governance systems (often referred to as regimes) are social institutions that arise to respond to needs for governance. Conventional thinking about governance assumes that governments will take the lead in addressing needs for governance. But the presence of a government is not sufficient to ensure that such needs are fulfilled; governance failure is a common phenomenon in most social settings. Even more important, the presence of a government in the conventional sense is not necessary to meet needs for governance in many settings. This opens up the topic of governance without government as an important subject for research. Many studies have shown that smallscale societies are able to devise regimes to meet needs for governance to avoid problems like the tragedy of the commons. Now, we need to analyze whether governance without government is feasible in largescale settings like international society. Cases such as the successful effort to devise a regime to phase out ozone depleting substances provide a basis for hope in this realm. But problems like avoiding climate change and minimizing the loss of biological diversity pose more serious challenges to the search for governance without government.
Prediction
Authors: Harris Lasana T.
Published: September 2017

The third chapter introduces prediction as a Bayesian process that ensures survival. It then focuses on social prediction—predicting other people’s behavior—exploring consistently low correlations between traits (a form of social cognition) and behavior. It then describes the brain correlates of prediction violation, social reward, and social punishment, before arguing that social cognition may not be necessary to predict other people’s behavior; instead people may rely on other heuristics such as social norms. Therefore, it discounts the importance of social cognition for this aspect of human survival.
Living Well Now and in the Future
Authors: Curren Randall , Metzger Ellen
Published: September 2017

The aim of this book is to provide an introduction to sustainability that does not simply synthesize diverse ideas about sustainability from a variety of fields, but is systematic, probing, and above all normatively clarifying. It aims to clarify the nature, forms, and value of sustainability, to survey the problems, catalogue the obstacles to achieving sustainability, identify the kinds of efforts needed to overcome those obstacles, and articulate an ethic of sustainability with lessons for governments, organizations, and individuals. Focusing on what is essential to living well, it outlines a theory of justice and just institutions that clarifies the normative core of sustainability: the long-term preservation of opportunities to live well. Having discussed the nature of just institutions, and workplaces, schools, and knowledge-producing institutions in particular, the book addresses the growth of complexity in societies and the costs and hazards of competition-driven socio-political complexity. It illustrates many of the key ideas through a trio of case studies pertaining to energy, water, and food, and it concludes with a vision and defence of education in sustainability. The book’s overarching argument is that unsustainability is primarily a problem of social coordination, and that effective and legitimate coordination rests on shared norms of cooperation, common understandings of the nature of the problems, and widely-distributed environmental self-governance as well as government action.
Sustainability Ethics and Justice
Authors: Curren Randall , Metzger Ellen
Published: September 2017

This chapter identifies the basic elements of an ethic of sustainability, showing how principles of sustainability ethics can be derived from core commitments of common morality to respect others as rationally self-determining persons and to take care not to harm others. It goes on to define some cardinal virtues of sustainability ethics, frames a conception of politics as an art of sustainability, and outlines a theory of justice and just institutions that provide and preserve essential bases for living well. Some limitations of John Rawls’s theory of justice are examined as background to this approach, which can better conceptualize and guide the long-term preservation of opportunity to live well. Kant, Locke, Plato, and Aristotle also serve as philosophical points of reference. The approach is a methodological hybrid of moral naturalism and constructivism, and the pivotal claims about what is universally essential to human happiness and flourishing are based on decades of empirical studies in psychology.
Conclusion: The Promise of Opportunity
Authors: Curren Randall , Metzger Ellen
Published: September 2017

Human parents have not only summoned their children into life through conception and birth, they have simultaneously introduced them into a world. In education they assume responsibility for both, for the life and development of the child and for the continuance of the world. … the child requires special protection and care so that nothing destructive may happen to him from the world. But the world, too, needs protection to keep it from being overrun and destroyed....
The Red Queen’s Race
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the idea that technology, invented millennia ago, is developing at an even increasing pace, creating the need for all systems to develop to avoid becoming obsolete. This is called the Red Queen effect. The current generation has seen the appearance and rapid development of many new technologies, from digital computers and cellular phones, to DNA sequencing and genetic engineering. However, the next decades will witness an even faster technological development, leading to the appearance of economic and social realities that we cannot even dream of. Computer technology and biotechnology will come together to create changes in society that will make the last decades look like slow-paced, in what respects technology development.
From Maxwell to the Internet
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

The chapter covers the developments in science that led to the digital computers of today. It all started with the understanding of electromagnetic phenomena, made possible by the discovery of Maxwell’s equations, and all the developments that followed and made possible the controlled used of electricity. Following up on the great developments of the last half of the 19th century, the great discoveries in physics led to the invention of the transistor, one of the most important creations of humanity. Transistors made integrated circuits with millions and billions of transistors possible, thanks to Moore’s law, which predicted an exponential development of digital circuit technology. These complex digital circuits made possible mobile communications, digital computers, the internet and, ultimately, the digital economy that makes modern society possible.
The Universal Machine
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers the development of computing, from its origins, with the analytical engine, to modern computer science. Babbage and Ada Lovelace’s contributions to the science of computing led, in time, to the idea of universal computers, proposed by Alan Turing. These universal computers, proposed by Turing, are conceptual devices that can compute anything that can possibly be computed. The basic concepts created by Turing and Church were further developed to create the edifice of modern computer science and, in particular, the concepts of algorithms, computability, and complexity, covered in this chapter. The chapter ends describing the Church-Turing thesis, which states that anything that can be computed can be computed by a Turing machine.
How the Brain Works
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the way the brain works. It starts by describing the physical mechanisms used by neurons to send and receive electrical signals, and some of the experiments that led to the understanding of these mechanisms. It then describes how neurons are organized in networks and uses some particular structures in the brain, namely the brain visual cortex, to illustrate the signal processing that takes place in the brain. The chapter also covers, very briefly, the few known mechanisms that are used by brains to self-organize and create the structures that are present in fully developed brains. Mechanisms that lead to brain plasticity and the creation of memories are also examined, with a special emphasis of the synapse reinforcement process that is known as Hebb’s rule.
Speculations
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

This chapter, the last chapter in the book, presents some far-fetched ideas about the future of technology and the human species. It starts by discussing the concept of technological singularity, an even that would create a discontinuity in the evolution of technology. The idea that mind uploading may one day become possible leads many people to believe that the singularity will one day happen, making it possible to eradicate death entirely. Approaches such as cryonics, that aim at preserving bodies until the singularity arrives, are considered and discussed. The creation of digital minds also raises complex questions about the possible future existence of intelligences much superior to those of humans, leading to the problem of how to deal with such intelligences. Finally, the chapter analyses the possible relations between digital minds, the long term future of technology and how these questions may be related with Fermi’s paradox: if there are many intelligences in the galaxy, how come we never met any?
Geophysics From Terrestrial Time‐Variable Gravity Measurements
Authors: Van Camp Michel , de Viron Olivier , Watlet Arnaud , Meurers Bruno , Francis Olivier , Caudron Corentin
Published: September 2017

In a context of global change and increasing anthropic pressure on the environment, monitoring the Earth system and its evolution has become one of the key missions of geosciences. Geodesy is the geoscience that measures the geometric shape of the Earth, its orientation in space, and gravity field. Time‐variable gravity, because of its high accuracy, can be used to build an enhanced picture and understanding of the changing Earth. Ground‐based gravimetry can determine the change in gravity related to the Earth rotation fluctuation, to celestial body and Earth attractions, to the mass in the direct vicinity of the instruments, and to vertical displacement of the instrument itself on the ground. In this paper, we review the geophysical questions that can be addressed by ground gravimeters used to monitor time‐variable gravity. This is done in relation to the instrumental characteristics, noise sources, and good practices. We also discuss the next challenges to be met by ground gravimetry, the place that terrestrial gravimetry should hold in the Earth observation system, and perspectives and recommendations about the future of ground gravity instrumentation.
Temperature Distribution and Influence Mechanism on Large Reflector Antennas under Solar Radiation
Authors: Wang C. S. , Yuan S. , Liu X. , Xu Q. , Wang M. , Zhu M. B. , Chen G. D. , Duan Y. H.
Published: September 2017

The solar impact on antenna must be lessened for the large reflector antenna operating at high frequencies to have great electromagnetic performances. Therefore, researching the temperature distribution and its influence on large reflector antenna is necessary. The variation of solar incidence angle is first calculated. Then the model is simulated by the I‐DEAS software, with the temperature, thermal stress, and thermal distortion distribution through the day obtained. In view of the important influence of shadow on antenna structure, a newly proposed method makes a comprehensive description of the temperature distribution on the reflector and its influence through the day by dividing a day into three different periods. The sound discussions and beneficial summary serve as the scientific foundation for the engineers to compensate the thermal distortion and optimize the antenna structure.
Expression of a urokinase‐type plasminogen activator during tumor growth leads to angiogenesis via galanin activation in tumor‐bearing mice
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Okada Rina , Tanaka Rika , Unno Keiko , Iguchi Kazuaki
Published: September 2017

Small‐cell lung carcinoma releases progalanin. The released progalanin is activated via a nonclassical processing pathway, being processed into an active form of galanin (1–20) by plasmin in extracellular components. Plasmin is produced from plasminogen activators. To clarify the regulation of progalanin via plasminogen activation by urokinase and tissue‐plasminogen activator (t‐PA), we investigated the regulation mechanism for urokinase and t‐PA expression and their effect on galanin activation. Additionally, we studied the effect of activated galanin on angiogenesis. To determine the effect of cell density, we measured the expression levels of urokinase and t‐PA using real‐time PCR and plasminogen/gelatin zymography in a cell culture. The urokinase expression increased under both high cell density and presence of cell membrane fractions. However, urokinase increments induced by conditioned medium were low. These results indicate that expression of plasminogen activators is regulated by cell membrane factors. We used tumor‐bearing mice to clarify the expression of plasminogen activators and galanin activation. Real‐time PCR showed that urokinase was substantially higher in the central parts of tumors compared to the periphery, and this was confirmed by plasminogen/gelatin zymography. To evaluate the biological effect of plasminogen activators on tumor growth, we used tranexamic acid as a plasminogen inhibitor. Tranexamic acid decreased galanin (1–20) and the hemoglobin content of tumors and suppressed tumor growth. Additionally, galanin had no effect on the hemoglobin content of tumors derived from cells lacking GALR2. These results demonstrate the regulation of urokinase expression in tumors through progalanin activation in extracellular compartments, and confirm that galanin plays a role in angiogenesis.
Copper‐Catalyzed Radical Silylarylation of Ynones with Silanes: En Route to Silyl‐Functionalized Indenones
Authors: Yan Zhongfei , Xie Jin , Zhu Chengjian
Published: September 2017

A copper‐catalyzed radical silylarylation of ynones with commercially available silanes using DCP (dicumyl peroxide) as an efficient oxidant has been developed. This approach represents an efficient route to silyl‐functionalized indenone derivatives in moderate to good yield. The resulting silyl‐functionalized structures hold potential for further post‐modification to construct complex target molecules. This protocol is distinguished by its excellent selectivity, gram scale‐up ability and broad scope as well as readily available starting materials.

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Maintenance of Distal Intestinal Structure in the Face of Prolonged Fasting: A Comparative Examination of Species From Five Vertebrate Classes
Authors: McCue Marshall D. , Passement Celeste A. , Meyerholz David K.
Published: September 2017

It was recently shown that fasting alters the composition of microbial communities residing in the distal intestinal tract of animals representing five classes of vertebrates [i.e., fishes (tilapia), amphibians (toads), reptiles (leopard geckos), birds (quail), and mammals (mice)]. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the extent of tissue reorganization in the fasted distal intestine was correlated with the observed changes in enteric microbial diversity. Segments of intestine adjacent to those used for the microbiota study were examined histologically to quantify cross‐sectional and mucosal surface areas and thicknesses of mucosa, submucosa, and tunica muscularis. We found no fasting‐induced differences in the morphology of distal intestines of the mice (3 days), quail (7 days), or geckos (28 days). The toads, which exhibited a general increase in phylogenetic diversity of their enteric microbiota with fasting, also exhibited reduced mucosal circumference at 14 and 21 days of fasting. Tilapia showed increased phylogenetic diversity of their enteric microbiota, and showed a thickened tunica muscularis at 21 days of fasting; but this morphological change was not related to microbial diversity or absorptive surface area, and thus, is unlikely to functionally match the changes in their microbiome. Given that fasting caused significant increases and reductions in the enteric microbial diversity of mice and quail, respectively, but no detectable changes in distal intestine morphology, we conclude that reorganization is not the primary factor shaping changes in microbial diversity within the fasted colon, and the observed modest structural changes are more related to the fasted state. Anat Rec, 300:2208–2219, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Smart girls” versus “sleeping beauties” in the sciences: The identification of instant and delayed recognition by using the citation angle
Authors: Ye Fred Y. , Bornmann Lutz
Published: September 2017

In recent years, a number of studies have introduced methods for identifying papers with delayed recognition (so called “sleeping beauties,” SBs) or have presented single publications as cases of SBs. Most recently, Ke, Ferrara, Radicchi, and Flammini (, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 112(24), 7426–7431) proposed the so called “beauty coefficient” (denoted as B) to quantify how much a given paper can be considered as a paper with delayed recognition. In this study, the new term smart girl (SG) is suggested to differentiate instant credit or “flashes in the pan” from SBs. Although SG and SB are qualitatively defined, the dynamic citation angle β is introduced in this study as a simple way for identifying SGs and SBs quantitatively — complementing the beauty coefficient B. The citation angles for all articles from 1980 (n = 166,870) in natural sciences are calculated for identifying SGs and SBs and their extent. We reveal that about 3% of the articles are typical SGs and about 0.1% typical SBs. The potential advantages of the citation angle approach are explained.
Predicting data science sociotechnical execution challenges by categorizing data science projects
Authors: Saltz Jeffrey , Shamshurin Ivan , Connors Colin
Published: September 2017

The challenge in executing a data science project is more than just identifying the best algorithm and tool set to use. Additional sociotechnical challenges include items such as how to define the project goals and how to ensure the project is effectively managed. This paper reports on a set of case studies where researchers were embedded within data science teams and where the researcher observations and analysis was focused on the attributes that can help describe data science projects and the challenges faced by the teams executing these projects, as opposed to the algorithms and technologies that were used to perform the analytics. Based on our case studies, we identified 14 characteristics that can help describe a data science project. We then used these characteristics to create a model that defines two key dimensions of the project. Finally, by clustering the projects within these two dimensions, we identified four types of data science projects, and based on the type of project, we identified some of the sociotechnical challenges that project teams should expect to encounter when executing data science projects.
Metric assessments of books as families of works
Authors: Zuccala Alesia , Breum Mads , Bruun Kasper , Wunsch Bernd T.
Published: September 2017

We describe the intellectual and physical properties of books as manifestations, expressions, and works and assess the current indexing and metadata structure of monographs in the Book Citation Index (BKCI). Our focus is on the interrelationship of these properties in light of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). Data pertaining to monographs were collected from the Danish PURE repository system as well as the BKCI (2005–2015) via their International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs). Each ISBN was then matched to the same ISBN and family‐related ISBNs cataloged in two additional databases: OCLC‐WorldCat and Goodreads. With the retrieval of all family‐related ISBNs, we were able to determine the number of monograph expressions present in the BKCI and their collective relationship to one work. Our results show that the majority of missing expressions from the BKCI are emblematic (i.e., first editions of monographs) and that both the indexing and metadata structure of this commercial database could significantly improve with the introduction of distinct expression IDs (i.e., for every distinct edition) and unifying work‐related IDs. This improved metadata structure would support the collection of more accurate publication and citation counts for monographs and has implications for developing new indicators based on bibliographic levels.
Patient‐centered and experience‐aware mining for effective adverse drug reaction discovery in online health forums
Authors: Liu Yunzhong , Shi Jinhe , Chen Yi
Published: September 2017

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) have become a serious health problem and even a leading cause of death in the United States. Pre‐marketing clinical trials and traditional post‐marketing surveillance using voluntary and spontaneous report systems are insufficient for ADR detection. On the other hand, online health forums provide valuable evidences in a large scale and in a timely fashion through the active participation of patients, caregivers, and doctors. In this article, we present patient‐centered and experience‐aware mining framework for effective ADR discovery using online health forum data. Our experimental evaluation with both an official ADR knowledge base and human‐annotated ground truth verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for ADR discovery.
Records management in the cloud: From system design to resource ownership
Authors: Richards Lorraine L.
Published: September 2017

New technology implementations impact organizational behavior and outcomes, sometimes in unintended ways. A combination of design decisions, altered affordances, and political struggles within a state cloud computing implementation reduced levels of service among records management professionals, in spite of their strongly expressed desire to manage records with excellence. Struggles to maintain ownership and control over organizational processes and resources illustrate the power dynamics that are affected by the design of a new system implementation. By designing the system with a single goal in mind (centralization to reduce costs), strategic management failed to consider otherwise predictable outcomes of reducing the resources controlled by a group with lesser power and increasing the resources controlled by an already dominant power within the institution. These findings provide valuable insights into the considerations which cloud computing designs should take into account. They also offer an understanding of changing educational requirements for records management workers to engage more effectively across occupations in technologically changing environments and the potential risks that cloud computing provide to productivity. The research was comprised of an extensive literature review, a grounded theory methodological approach, and rigorous data collection and synthesis via an empirical case study.
Characterizing, predicting, and handling web search queries that match very few or no results
Authors: Sarigil Erdem , Altingovde Ismail Sengor , Blanco Roi , Cambazoglu B. Barla , Ozcan Rifat , Ulusoy Özgür
Published: September 2017

A non‐negligible fraction of user queries end up with very few or even no matching results in leading commercial web search engines. In this work, we provide a detailed characterization of such queries and show that search engines try to improve such queries by showing the results of related queries. Through a user study, we show that these query suggestions are usually perceived as relevant. Also, through a query log analysis, we show that the users are dissatisfied after submitting a query that match no results at least 88.5% of the time. As a first step towards solving these no‐answer queries, we devised a large number of features that can be used to identify such queries and built machine‐learning models. These models can be useful for scenarios such as the mobile‐ or meta‐search, where identifying a query that will retrieve no results at the client device (i.e., even before submitting it to the search engine) may yield gains in terms of the bandwidth usage, power consumption, and/or monetary costs. Experiments over query logs indicate that, despite the heavy skew in class sizes, our models achieve good prediction quality, with accuracy (in terms of area under the curve) up to 0.95.
Magnetic Quantum Dots Steer and Detach Microtubules From Kinesin‐Coated Surfaces
Authors: Mahajan Kalpesh D. , Cui Yixiao , Dorcéna C. Jenny , Bouxsien Nathan F. , Bachand George D. , Chalmers Jeffrey J. , Winter Jessica O.
Published: September 2017

The microtubule (MT)‐kinesin system has been extensively studied because of its role in cellular processes, as well as its potential use for controllably transporting objects at the nanoscale. Thus, there is substantial interest in methods to evaluate MT properties, including bending radius and the binding energy of kinesin motor proteins to MT tracks. Current methods to identify these properties include optical tweezers, microfluidic devices, and magnetic fields. Here, the use of magnetic quantum dots (i.e., MagDots) is evaluated as a method to study MT‐kinesin interactions via applied magnetic forces. Magnetic fields are generated using a magnetic needle whose field gradient is quantified by finite element modeling (FEM). Magnetic force is applied to MagDot‐labeled MTs and demonstrated sufficient to steer and detach MTs from kinesin‐coated surfaces. Taking advantage of the dual‐functionality of MagDots, the magnetic force experienced by a single MagDot and the number of MagDots on MTs are determined. The total force exerted on MTs by MagDots is estimated to be ≈0.94–2.47 pN. This approach could potentially be used to interrogate MT properties and MT‐kinesin interactions, enhancing our biological understanding of this system and enabling further development of MT shuttles for nanotransport.
A rapid and simple HPTLC assay for therapeutic drug monitoring of capecitabine in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Thorat Sonali G. , Chikhale Rupesh V. , Tajne Madhukar R.
Published: September 2017

Capecitabine is a prodrug of 5‐flurouracil, employed as a broad spectrum chemotherapeutic agent. It is also used as monotherapy or a combination chemotherapy agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Capecitabine is administered in combination with oxaliplatin and hence it is essential to determine that co‐administration does not affect its metabolism. To determine the plasma concentration of capecitabine a simple HPTLC method was developed and validated. Blood samples from 12 patients with colorectal cancer were collected and analyzed by the HPTLC method with a reference internal standard. Out of these 12 patients, six were treated with capecitabine monotherapy and another six were treated with capecitabine + oxaliplatin combination therapy. The results of analysis indicated that there was no significant drug–drug interaction and the co‐administration of oxaliplatin did not affect the metabolism of capecitabine. This method is sensitive, robust and specific and allows analysis of multiple samples simultaneously, making it suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of capecitabine.