bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Instant Linear Gel for Coal Bed Methane Gas Operations
Authors: RVV Ramana Murthy
Published: January 2022

Previously we prepared fracturing linear gel with fossil diesel, bio-diesel and also used suspending, anti-settling agents and emulsifiers. But through this research, a novel and efficient method for the preparation of linear gel directly mixed with water, guar gum and sodium acetate together instantly. In this instead of diesel, we used water and no need to mix anti-settling agents, suspending agents, emulsifiers that resulted in 30 viscosity linear gel. Ammonium persulphate or Ammonium peroxidisulphate and enzyme-G are used for oxidation purposes to break the gel gradually at a particular static temperature. The degradation pattern observed from the breaker test showed that a reduction in gel viscosity depends on time, temperature & breaker concentration. Observations from experiments revealed that a small concentration of breakers provides rapid break compared to oxidative breakers. This article, designing of fracturing fluids describes how to use the fluid's viscosity generated by the gelling agents like guar gum for CBM operations.
APLICAÇÃO DE MODELOS MATEMÁTICOS NA CINÉTICA DE SECAGEM DA BARDANA (Arctium lappa)
Authors: Santos L. G. , Silva G. P. , Reginato N. , Galante R. M. , Werle L. O.
Published: January 2022

A bardana (Arctium lappa) é uma planta medicinal não convencional, fonte de inulina e compostos bioativos. O alto conteúdo de água das raízes de bardana pode promover a oxidação e degradação dos compostos bioativos presentes, sendo necessário a aplicação de processos de preservação de produtos agroindustriais para prolongar o shelf life deste produto alimentício. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a cinética de secagem convectiva da raiz de bardana nas temperaturas de 60 e 70ºC, aplicador modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais e determinar o coeficiente de difusividade do material. Avaliando os efeitos da temperatura de 60 e 70 ºC na cinética de secagem da raiz de bardana foi possível observar que o aumento da temperatura aumenta a difusividade efetiva do processo, reduzindo o tempo de desidratação do produto de 210 para 180 minutos. Dentre os modelos avaliados, Cavalcanti-Mata apresentou os melhores ajustes aos dados experimentais deste estudo, obtendo coeficiente de determinação igual a 0,999 e raiz quadrada do erro médio inferior a 0,0080, sendo capaz de representar de forma fidedigna o processo de desidratação da raiz de bardana nas temperaturas avaliadas.
ECONOMIA CIRCULAR E SEUS DERIVADOS CONTEXTOS ORGANIZACIONAIS FOCADO NA TEMÁTICA EMBALAGENS: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
Authors: Gouveia M. L. L. , Bernardo D. B. F. , Gomes G. M. S.
Published: January 2022

Com a instituição da Comissão Mundial Sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento em 1987, cujo objetivo era abordar os fundamentos do desenvolvimento sustentável, promover o avanço da economia sem oferecer riscos às espécies naturais e garantir a capacidade de recuperação da natureza surgiu o conceito de economia circular, o qual confronta a economia linear estruturada pelo sistema capitalista durante a Revolução Industrial. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar os conceitos sobre economia linear, sustentabilidade e economia circular relacionados ao tema embalagens através de uma revisão sistêmica e a partir de então, elaborar uma resenha crítica da obra “Embalagem e sustentabilidade: desafios e orientações no contexto da economia circular”. Para a revisão, foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados para pesquisa, Google Acadêmico e SciELO. Como critérios de inclusão foi estabelecido que as publicações deveriam ser dos últimos cinco anos e apresentasse algumas das palavras-chave a seguir, “embalagem”, “economia circular” e “sustentabilidade”. A partir do estudo, foi visto que o descarte inadequado das embalagens é um fator causador de problemas ambientais. Por isso, foram criadas diretrizes e políticas públicas para auxiliar o retorno das embalagens de forma sustentável ao sistema produtivo. Partindo desse preceito, os autores da obra analisada descreveram orientações para transição da economia linear para circular, relatando os desafios e abordagens envolvidas dentro do contexto da sustentabilidade. Assim, é necessário distinguir os contextos envoltos da sustentabilidade e da economia, de modo que a implementação do modelo circular beneficia simultaneamente a produção industrial, a sociedade e o meio ambiente.
PANORAMA BRASILEIRO DE PRODUÇÃO E EXPORTAÇÃO DE FRUTAS E A CERTIFICAÇÃO GLOBALGAP NO SETOR FRUTICULTOR
Authors: Benoso P. , Silva D. L. , Lima C. M. G. , Santana R. F. , Rocha R. A.
Published: January 2022

O Brasil encontra-se entre os maiores produtores e exportadores de alimentos e, nesse contexto, o setor da fruticultura está em plena evolução. Dentre as frutas que mais geram receitas, pode-se citar mangas, melões, uvas, limões e limas, mamões, melancias e maçãs, representando US$ 227,6, US$ 160,4, US$ 96,1, US$ 93,7, US$ 46,3, US$ 43,9 e US$ 42,6 milhões, respectivamente, no entanto o Brasil ainda exporta quantidades pequenas de frutas em relação à sua produção e potencial. Em 2019, o Brasil teve o seu segundo melhor desempenho da história das exportações de frutas, contudo devido à pandemia do Covid-19, as projeções para o ano de 2020 foram um pouco prejudicadas. Mesmo assim, fatores como a valorização do dólar frente à moeda nacional, tornou os produtos brasileiros muito atrativos para o mercado externo e contornou as adversidades enfrentadas por todo o mundo. Com o mercado em expansão, os produtores precisam se adequar às novas exigências que surgem, garantindo que as frutas sejam de altíssima qualidade, livre de pragas, doenças e resíduos. Neste cenário, são introduzidos os conceitos de segurança e qualidade dos alimentos. Visando garantir a integridade, transparência e harmonização dos padrões agrícolas globais, em 1997 foi criado a EurepGAP, que, posteriormente mudou seu nome para GlobalGAP, que consiste em uma certificação baseada nos princípios de Boas Práticas Agrícolas, Rastreabilidade, Segurança Ambiental e do Trabalhador e Segurança Alimentar. Esta certificação além de agregar valor aos produtos, garante uma boa reputação aos produtores em relação à segurança e amplia o seu mercado consumidor.
Comprehensive review on Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiology and its Treatment
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Sadhu Prativa , Sen Srijani ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Vanlalhriatpuii Catherine ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University
Published: January 2022

Neurodegenerative disorders are marked by the loss of brain neuron activity, resulting in gradual cognitive impairment. The effects of neurodegenerative diseases are severe in terms of pathology and the cost of patient care. The aged, in general, are the most vulnerable. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain ailment that causes cell degradation and is the leading cause of dementia, identified by a loss of thinking ability and independence in daily tasks. The amyloid cascade hypothesis, which attributes clinical signs/symptoms to an abundance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, enhanced deposition into amyloid plaques, and eventually neuronal destruction, is one theory for pathogenesis AD. The use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in AD treatment is based on their favorable effects on the disease's functional, cognitive and behavioral symptoms. However, their involvement in AD pathogenesis is uncertain. This comprehensive review will provide an overview of AD, including the pathophysiology, causes, treatments, and future treatment.
Crocifisso “per scelta”. Dall’obbligatorietà alla facoltatività dell’esposizione del crocifisso nelle aule scolastiche (in margine a Cass. civ., sez. un., ord. 9 settembre 2021, n. 24414)
Authors: Licastro Angelo
Published: January 2022

SOMMARIO: 1. La giusta presa di distanza da paradigmi di approccio dello Stato verso l’esperienza religiosa estranei al nostro modello costituzionale di diritto ecclesiastico - 2. L’esclusione del carattere discriminatorio del provvedimento adottato dal dirigente scolastico - 3. Il principio di laicità e l’interpretazione conforme a Costituzione dell’art. 118 del r.d. 30 aprile 1924, n. 965 - 4. L’ipotesi di una “incompletezza” della norma regolamentare in rapporto alle diverse esperienze e convinzioni di fede ridefinite in una dimensione prettamente storico-culturale - 5. I residui profili di peculiare rilevanza del crocifisso rispetto agli altri simboli religiosi - 6. Le competenze degli organi di autonomia scolastica in tema di esposizione dei simboli religiosi e la composizione dei conflitti affidata agli “accomodamenti ragionevoli” - 7. Brevi notazioni conclusive.

Crucifix “by Choice”. From Compulsory to Optional Display of Crucifixes in Italian Classrooms (Some Remarks on the Decision September 9th, 2021, no. 24414 of the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation)

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the decision September 9th, 2021, no. 24414, of the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation, concerning the display of the crucifix in the classrooms. The Court has ruled that the presence of the crucifix on the wall does not discriminate against anyone. However, not the government authorities, but the students during an Assembly and the Class council must decide if display the crucifix and if eventually place other religious symbols next to it, seeking “reasonable accommodation” between the different positions of people in the school community.
La laicità come apertura al dialogo critico nel rispetto delle identità culturali (riflessioni a partire da Corte di Cassazione, Sezioni Unite civili, n. 24414 del 2021)
Authors: Prisco Salvatore
Published: January 2022

SOMMARIO: 1. Una vexata quaestio e l’andamento carsico del suo periodico riproporsi - 2. Premessa di metodo: guardare un paesaggio consueto con nuovi occhi per scoprire orizzonti prima inesplorati - 3. I meri fatti e il caso sub judice come modo di “leggerli” - 4. Le questioni di merito: a) del buon uso dei simboli pubblici, veicoli di messaggi “istituzionali” o espressione di sentimenti popolari condivisi - 5. b) L’antica saggezza del “ragionevole accomodamento” come bussola tratta dalle esperienze multiculturali per navigare oggi il mare tempestoso del mondo variegato - 6. Dal diario di bordo di un vecchio professore.

Secularism as a critical dialogue respecting cultural differences

ABSTRACT: The ruling decision pronounced by the United Sections of the Supreme Court of Cassation in Italy, which calls for a “reasonable accomodation” about the posting of the crucifix in the class-rooms, as a precious opportunity to promote at the public school - primary place of socialization beyond family - dialogical practices of intercultural and inter-religious encounter.
La lunga pax di Augusto
Authors: Menichetti Mauro
Published: January 2022

La Pax Augusta è un motivo che sembra accompagnare tutto lo sviluppo del nuovo potere augusteo. Il presente lavoro mira a mettere in evidenza alcune tappe essenziali relativamente all’uso e alla gestione di questo concetto strettamente connesso al risultato delle azioni politiche e militari nel corso dell’età augustea. La lunga storia della Pax Augusta sembra trasmettere in trasparenza anche il confronto con quanti non erano stati in grado di portare a termine il vero interesse dello Stato, la pax, e in questa prospettiva anche i Parthica signa recepta potevano richiamare con precisione, e con altrettanta discrezione, il fallimento del suo principale avversario politico.
Review of Moser, Keith, and Ananta Ch. Sukla (eds). Imagination and Art: Explora-tions in Contemporary Theory. Brill, 2020.
Authors: Caccia Carlo Alessandro
Published: January 2022

Review of Moser, Keith, and Ananta Ch. Sukla (eds). Imagination and Art: Explorations in Contemporary Theory. Brill, 2020.
Towards Goosepunk: A Contemporary Poetic Treatment of Francis Godwin's 'The Man in the Moone'
Authors: Francis Matthew
Published: January 2022

This article proposes a retro-futurist mode of science fiction based on seventeenth-century technology and culture. After a brief account of retro-futurist subgenres, named for the technology they are based on with the suffix -punk, I introduce my own poetic reworking of Francis Godwin's 1638 novel The Man in the Moone, one of a group of texts inspired by early modern New Astronomy. The novel's hero flies to the moon in a craft of his own invention drawn by a flock of migrating birds (swans in the original). Godwin's narrative is enjoyable for modern readers for its combination of vivid imagination, accurate speculation and, with hindsight, intriguing counter-factuality. My treatment aims to emphasise these aspects, eliminating other parts of the text such as the picaresque adventures that open the novel. Treated in this way, the story offers similar pleasures to more established modes such as steampunk. Godwin and his contemporaries were heavily dependent on animals for their power: to reflect this, the article proposes the term 'goosepunk' for its early modern retro-futurist subgenre.
Larger than Life? A Stylometric Analysis of the Multi-Authored 'Vita' of Hildegard of Bingen
Authors: De Gussem Jeroen
Published: January 2022

This article explores by aid of stylometric methods the collaborative authorship of the Vita Hildegardis, Hildegard of Bingen's (auto-?)biography. Both Hildegard and her biographers gradually contributed to the text in the course of the last years of Hildegard's life, and it was posthumously completed in the mid-1180s by end redactor Theoderic of Echternach. In between these termini a quo and ante quem the work was allegedly taken up but left unfinished by secretaries Godfrey of Disibodenberg and Guibert of Gembloux. In light of the fact that the Vita is an indispensable source in gaining historical knowledge on Hildegard's life, the question has often been raised whether the Life of Hildegard is – by dint of contributions by multiple stakeholders – a larger-than-life depiction of the visionary's life course. Specifically the 'autobiographical' passages included in the Vita, in which Hildegard is allegedly cited directly and is taken to recount biographical information in the first-person singular, have been approached with suspicion. By applying state-of-the-art computional methods for the automatic detection of writing style (stylometry), the delicate questions of authenticity and collaborative authorship of this (auto?)hagiographical text are addressed.
Advances in Distant Diplomatics: A Stylometric Approach to Medieval Charters
Authors: Leclercq Eveline , Kestemont Mike
Published: January 2022

The quantitative analysis of writing style (stylometry) is becoming an increasingly common research instrument in philology. When it comes to medieval texts, such a methodology might be able to help us disentangle the multiple authorial strata that can often be discerned in them (issuer, dictator, scribe, etc.). To deliver a proof of concept in 'distant diplomatics,' we have turned to a corpus of twelfth-century Latin charters from the Cambrai episcopal chancery. We subjected this collection to an (unsupervised) stylometric modelling procedure, based on lexical frequency extraction and dimension reduction. In the absence of a sizable 'ground truth' for this material, we zoomed in on a specific case study, namely the oeuvre of the previously identified dictator-scribe known as 'RogF/JeanE.' Our results offer additional support for the attribution of a diplomatic oeuvre to this individual and even allow us to enlarge it with additional documents. Our analysis moreover yielded the serendipitous discovery of another, previously unnoticed, oeuvre, which we tentatively attribute to a scribe-dictator 'JeanB.' We conclude that the large-scale stylometric analysis is a promising methodology for digital diplomatics. More efforts, however, will have to be invested in establishing gold standards for this method to realize its full potential.
Soil Fertility Status under Important Agroforestry Tree Species in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Panwar Vijender , Gupta M.K.
Published: January 2022

A study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility status under six different agroforestry species in Himachal Pradesh. Soil reaction was found to be nearly neutral under all the vegetations with lesser variability which showed pH stability. Bulk density was observed lower in the soils under different vegetations as compared to control in all the depths. Organic carbon and organic matter was higher in the soils under different vegetation as compared to control. Organic carbon was decreasing down the profile under all the vegetation and maximum in upper layers. Among the vegetations, maximum (1.38 %) organic carbon was observed in the soils under Bauhinia variegata followed by Morus alba (1.33 %), Grewia optiva (1.30 %), Toona ciliata (1.28 %), Albizia chinensis (1.22 %) and the least was under Celtris australis (1.20 %). The availability of nitrogen was higher in the surface soils under different vegetations in comparison to soils without any vegetation. The pattern of availability of phosphorous and its distribution in soil profile was therefore similar to that of organic carbon and nitrogen. Ex. potassium content varied from (97.17 kg/ha to 195.29 kg/ha) in all the depths under different vegetation, as compared to control (83.27 kg/ha to 139.87 kg/ha). pH and bulk density under barren land was statistically different at 0.05 level with the pH and bulk density under different plantations. Organic carbon in the soils under barren land showed statistically significant differences with the soils under different plantations.
Akrylonitryl. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy Anna Jeżewska, Agnieszka Woźnica
Authors: Jeżewska Anna
Published: January 2022

Acrylonitrile (AN) is highly flammable, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Acrylonitrile is used in industry to produce polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and its copolymers. Acrylonitrile can cause cancer. The aim of this study was to develop a method for determining acrylonitrile in workplace air which will allow determination of its concentrations at the level of 0.1 mg/m3 . The method was based on adsorption of acrylonitrile vapors on activated carbon, desorption with acetone solution in carbon disulfide and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. The study was performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with a DB-VRX capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm, 1.4 µm). The method was validated in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. EN 482. The method allows the determination of acrylonitrile in workplace air at the concentration range from 0.1 to 2 mg/m3. The method for determining acrylonitrile has been recorded in the form of an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.
Image projections along an axis
Authors: Lehmann Gaetan
Published: January 2022

Image projection is a very common task in image analysis to reduce the dimension of an image. A base filter is provided, with some specialized filters which implement different projection methods.
Laplace Beltrami Filter on QuadEdge Meshes
Authors: Bowers Michael , Younes Laurent
Published: January 2022

A contribution to the Insight Toolkit intended to support the process of statistical analysis in Computational Anatomy. The methods included here operate on open or closed triagulated surfaces (represented by a QuadEdgeMesh). The filter assigns basis function values as Point Data on each vertex of the Mesh. This paper is accompanied with the source code, input data, parameters and output data that we used for validating the algorithm described in this paper. This adheres to the fundamental principle that scientific publications must facilitate reproducibility of the reported results.
An Optimized N-Dimensional Hough Filter for Detecting Spherical Image Objects
Authors: Mosaliganti Kishore , Gelas Arnaud , Cowgill Paul , Megason Sean
Published: January 2022

An Insight Toolkit (ITK) algorithm for detection of spherical objects using Hough methods with voting is presented in this paper. Currently, the usage of Hough methods for detecting linear and circular elements exists for 2D images in ITK. The current work extends those filters in several ways. Firstly, the new filters operate on N-dimensional images. Secondly, they work in physical coordinates which is quite essential in medical imaging modalities. Thirdly, they are optimized (multi-threaded execution, stratified sampling etc.) for usage on large datasets and show a significant speedup even in 2D and on small images. Our implementation follows the same underlying mathematics of Hough transforms (as implemented by the 2D filters) but with some minor variations. The main variation lies in the pattern of voting that involves selecting voting regions easily and efficiently accessible to region iterators rather than cones that are difficult to generalize in higher dimensions. We include 2D example code, parameter settings and show the results generated on embryonic images of the zebrafish from optical microscopy.
Introducing Dice, Jaccard, and Other Label Overlap Measures To ITK
Authors: Tustison Nicholas J. , Gee James
Published: January 2022

Although the KappaStatisticImageToImageMetric can be used to obtain the Dice metric (or mean overlap), there are other related measurements that are useful for evaluating results derived from various image analysis tasks. These measures include the target overlap, union overlap (or Jaccard coefficient), and false positive/negative errors. There are also related measures for multilabeled images. The class included with this submission, the itkLabelOverlapMeasuresImageFilter, is meant to provide an easy mechanism for calculating such measures.
A Voodoo Reader and Viewer for VTK
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

Voodoo is a popular, free structure from motion software package. It takes several, ordered images as input and computes the camera parameters of each image as well as a point cloud of an estimate of the 3D structure of the scene. This document presents a set of classes (vtkCalibratedImageCollection, vtkCalibratedImageCollectionReader, vtkVoodooReader) to enable a set of images and their associated 3D scene to be viewed in the same space. These classes are implemented using tools from VTK. The current code can be found at https://github.com/daviddoria/vtkVoodooReader .
GeoInterp: Contour Interpolation with Geodesic Snakes
Geodesic Snakes
Authors: Saboo Rohit , Julian Rosenman , Stephen Pizer
Published: January 2022

The process of outlining organs on three dimensional medical images is extremely time-consuming. In this document, we describe a new tool that can interpolate contours and also make them smooth. The tool uses geodesic snakes to perform these functions. The implementation uses The Insight Toolkit and the implementation of geodesic snakes that comes with SNAP.
Providing values of adjacent voxel with vtkDiscreteMarchingCubes
Authors: Grothausmann Roman
Published: January 2022

The contribution to VTK presented in this article is an extension to vtk::vtkDiscreteMarchingCubes to also create vtk::vtkPointData scalars containing the value of the adjacent voxel. These can be used to remove regions of the marching-cubes 1 mesh depending on the local neighborhood. The extension is based on the code of vtkDiscreteMarchingCubes of VTK-6.3.0 and is available on GitLab https://gitlab.kitware.com/vtk/vtk/merge_requests/889 (and GitHub https://github.com/Kitware/VTK/pull/18).
The SIGN: A dynamic and extensible software framework for Image-Guided Therapy
Authors: Samset Eigil , Hans Arne , von Spiczak Jochen , Dimaio Simon , Ellis Randy , Hata Nobuhiko , Jolesz Ferenc
Published: January 2022

The software requirements for computer-aided navigation tools in image-guided therapy are becoming increasingly complex as a result of new possibilities in imaging and tracking hardware, novel application areas and regulatory restrictions. A new software framework has been developed to meet the needs of emerging image-guided procedures and therapies that require multi-modal imaging and tracking. This framework accommodates dynamic data-structures, dynamic input and output interfaces for interventional devices, and dynamic visualization of data. Arbitrary, yet meaningful, connections can be established between these entities in order to implement customized applications that target specific clinical procedures. A series of demonstration applications have been developed in order to emphasize different aspects of the framework, and are presented here.
The NLM-Mayo Image Collection: Common Access to Uncommon Data
Authors: Holmes David , Workman Ellis L , Robb Richard A
Published: January 2022

For over two decades, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) has provided support for the collection of biomedical image data for use throughout the biomedical image, visualization and analysis community. Data collected during the Visible Human Project has been utilized to advance development of medical image research, education, and other ventures. One goal of our research has been to further diversify such image data and make it openly available to the biomedical imaging community. The approach is to provide open access to a diverse collection of biomedical image data that can be used for the development and validation of new image processing and analysis techniques. With support from NLM, over 100 datasets were incorporated into the NLM-Mayo data collection. There is variation in species, anatomy, pathology, scale, and modality. In addition to providing linical qualitymedical image data, the collection also includes newly acquired datasets of several animals, including a whole mouse with both T and R data volumes. This unique collection of data was categorized and organized into an intuitive web-based browser which allows a user to rapidly access descriptive information as well as the actual data volumes. The data collection will be made available by the NLM for distribution, vis-a-vis its Visible Human Project (VHP). Because the landscape of biomedical imaging continues to change with new, advanced image acquisition systems and techniques, continuously updating the VHP data collection seems prudent. Additional new and varied image data will be incorporated into our collection and disseminated to researchers in the medical image analysis community.
Simple directional gradients
Authors: Beare Richard
Published: January 2022

It is often useful to be able to compute the component of image gradient in a direction defined by a shape of some form, rather than relative to the image axis. This article introduces a simple method for doing this based on distance transforms that is potentially useful in a number of applications.
Some extra image logical operations
Authors: Beare Richard
Published: January 2022

Logic operations such as
I > J
I>J, where I and J are images are useful when generating masks. This submission includes
==
==,
>
>,
>=
>=,
<
< and
<=
<= filters based on the existing logic filters. This is a very minor submission - there may already be easy ways of performing the logic operations defined by these filters, but I couldn’t find them.
How to use ITK and MFC
Authors: Su Yong
Published: January 2022

The object of this application is to illustrate the use of ITK with MFC
ItkQuadEdgeMesh: A Discrete Orientable 2-Manifold Data Structure for Image Processing
Authors: Gouaillard Alexandre , Florez-Valencia Leonardo , Boix Eric
Published: January 2022

There is nowadays an increasing need in interaction between discrete surfaces (2-manifolds) and images. More specifically, segmentation and registration of n-dimensional images are taking advantage of a priori geometrical information, most often provided as discrete 2-manifolds. Most of the publicly available libraries are oriented either toward mesh processing or image processing. Through a careful study we will show that none of those libraries are complete enough to fullfill image, surface and joint image-surface interaction. We propose to implement in ITK library a powerful 2-manifold data structure. The choice of ITK was driven by the fact that it provides the best base framework along with a strong n-dimensional image kernel. Based on a Quad-Edge data structure, it has been specifically tailored not only to represent orientable 2-manifolds (surfaces of real objects) but also ease further processing. We illustrate the integration of the design into ITK as a native object, enhancing existing algorithms. We also illustrate the power of the new design for further surface processing.
Geodesic Computations on Surfaces
Authors: Krishnan Karthik
Published: January 2022

The computation of geodesic distances on a triangle mesh has many applications in geometry processing. The fast marching method provides an approximation of the true geodesic distance field. We provide VTK classes to compute geodesics on triangulated surface meshes. This includes classes for computing the geodesic distance field from a set of seeds and to compute the geodesic curve between source and destination point(s) by back-tracking along the gradient of the distance field. The fast marching toolkit (Peyre et. al.) is internally used. A variety of options are exposed to guide front propagation including the ability to specify propagation weights, constrain to a region, specify exclusion regions, and distance based termination criteria. Interpolators that plug into a contour widget, are provided to enable interactive tracing of paths on meshes.
Clustering Segmentation for VTK
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

This document presents a VTK implementation of the algorithm described in “A clustering method for efficient segmentation of 3D laser data” by Klasing, Klaas Wollherr, Dirk, and Buss, Martin. The algorithm .

The code is available here: https://github.com/daviddoria/ClusteringSegmentation
Tagged Volume Rendering of the Heart: A Case Study
Authors: Mueller Dan
Published: January 2022

This is a companion paper describing the process and parameters for tagged volume rendering of the heart. We firstly review the relevant concepts and consider the problem of visualising the coronary arteries from computed tomography angiography (CTA) images. We then discuss the implementation using the SharpImage prototyping environment. Finally, we list the set of commands capable of reproducing our results using the accompanying dataset.
Binary morphological closing and opening image filters
Authors: Lehmann Gaetan
Published: January 2022

Binary morphological closing and opening image filters remove structures smaller than the structuring element in a binary image.
A Skull-Stripping Filter for ITK
Authors: Bauer Stefan , Fejes Thomas , Reyes Mauricio
Published: January 2022

Skull-stripping (or brain extraction) is an important pre-processing step in neuroimage analysis. This document describes a skull-stripping filter implemented using the Insight Toolkit ITK, which we named itk::StripTsImageFilter. It is a composite filter based on existing ITK classes. The filter has been implemented with usability, robustness, speed and versatility in mind, rather than accuracy. This makes it useful for many pre-processing tasks in neuroimage analysis. This paper is accompanied by the source code, input data and a testing environment.
Image Kernel Convolution
Authors: Tustison Nicholas J. , Gee James
Published: January 2022

Convolution is a basic operation in image analysis and the Insight Toolkit provides a well-framed mechanism for such operations (see Chapter 11 of the ITK Software Guide. The classes associated with this contribution are meant to simplify convolution operations for the user who wishes to convolve a given image with an arbitrary image kernel. This entails the use of the neighborhood iterator coupled with a image kernel neighborhood operator which we provide. A couple of examples are provided to illustrate its use.
Anisotropic Diffusion in ITK
Authors: Mirebeau Jean-marie , Fehrenbach Jérôme , Risser Laurent , Tobji Shaza
Published: January 2022

Anisotropic Non-Linear Diffusion is a powerful image processing technique, which allows to simultaneously remove the noise and enhance sharp features in two or three dimensional images. Anisotropic Diffusion is understood here in the sense of Weickert, meaning that diffusion tensors are anisotropic and reflect the local orientation of image features. This is in contrast with the non-linear diffusion filter of Perona and Malik, which only involves scalar diffusion coefficients, in other words isotropic diffusion tensors. In this paper, we present an anisotropic non-linear diffusion technique we implemented in ITK. This technique is based on a recent adaptive scheme making the diffusion stable and requiring limited numerical resources.
Run-Length Matrices For Texture Analysis
Authors: Tustison Nicholas J. , Gee James
Published: January 2022

Texture analysis provides quantitative information describing properties in images such as coarseness and smoothness. Two common quantification schemes are based on co-occurence matrices and run-length matrices. Although the co-occurence measures are readily available in the Insight Toolkit, no such set of classes exists for run-length measures. This submission is meant to remedy this deficiency by providing a set of classes which are modeled after the ITK co-occurence measures classes.
A Synthetic LiDAR Scanner for VTK
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

In recent years, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanners have become more prevalent in the scientific community. They capture a “2.5-D” image of a scene by sending out thousands of laser pulses and using time-of-flight calculations to determine the distance to the first reflecting surface in the scene. Rather than setting up a collection of objects in real life and actually sending lasers into the scene, one can simply create a scene out of 3d models and “scan” it by casting rays at the models. This is a great resource for any researchers who work with 3D model/surface/point data and LiDAR data. The synthetic scanner can be used to produce data sets for which a ground truth is known in order to ensure algorithms are behaving properly before moving to “real” LiDAR scans. Also, noise can be added to the points to attempt to simulate a real LiDAR scan for researchers who do not have access to the very expensive equipment required to obtain real scans.
Open Topology: A Toolkit for Brain Isosurface Correction
Authors: Jaume Sylvain , Rondao Patrice , Macq Benoit
Published: January 2022

Isosurface extraction from brain images often creates handles between brain folds that are anatomically separated. Although manual editing could optimally correct these anatomical errors, it is not realistic due the size of the 3D data and the convoluted geometry of the brain. We propose an algorithm to automatically repair the isosurface and we make our code available at http://www.OpenTopology.org
OpenTissue - An Open Source Toolkit for Physics-Based Animation
Authors: Erleben Kenny , Sporring Jon , Dohlmann Henrik
Published: January 2022

OpenTissue is a multidisciplinary, open source programming toolkit for physics-based simulation, collision detection, scientific visualization, and medical imaging. The toolkit was initiated in 2001, is driven by academia, and is used by several universities. It implements several cutting edge simulators using cutting edge programming techniques. OpenTissue is available under Windows and Linux, and it implements almost all algorithms presented in the accompanying book, Erleben et al. Physics-Based Animation, Charles River Media, 2005. This presentation will give an overview of OpenTissue: what it can do, how it is done, and where the toolkit is going
Small Hole Filling in ITK
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

This code provides an implementation of a simple technique to fill small holes in an image. We use a multi-pass method that fills pixels on the border of a hole with the average of its non-hole 8-connected neighbors. This process is repeated until all holes are filled.

The code is available here: https://github.com/daviddoria/SmallHoleFiller
Improvements to the itk::KernelTransform and Subclasses
Authors: Brooks Rupert , Arbel Tal
Published: January 2022

Kernel-based transforms such as the thin plate spline are frequently used to model deformations in medical imaging. The existing implementation in ITK is capable of being used to warp images, but does not work in the registration framework. The existing implementation is inefficient, requiring recomputation of all cached values at every parameter change, and the Jacobian calculation is not implemented. By reversing the roles of the fixed and moving parameters, the transform can be adapted for registration use. We present modified classes which are more efficient, and calculate the Jacobian correctly.
Helper class for initializing the grid parameters of a BSpline deformable transform by using an image as reference
Authors: Ibanez Luis , Turek Matt , Aylward Stephen , Audette Michel
Published: January 2022

This document describes a simple helper class intended for making easy to initialize the grid parameters of a BSplineDeformableTranform. This paper is accompanied with the source code, input data, parameters and output data that we used for validating the algorithm described in this paper. This adheres to the fundamental principle that scientific publications must facilitate reproducibility of the reported results.
BRAINSFit: Mutual Information Registrations of Whole-Brain 3D Images, Using the Insight Toolkit
Authors: Johnson Hans , Harris Greg , Williams Kent
Published: January 2022

The University of Iowa’s Psychiatric Iowa Neuroimaging Consortium (PINC) has developed a program for mutual information registration of 3D brain imaging data using ITK classes, called BRAINSFit. We have written a helper class, itk::MultiModal3DMutualRegistrationHelper to simplify implementation and testing of different transform representations and optimizers. We have added a transform meeting the ITK standard, itk::ScaleVersor3DTransform. BRAINSFit is based on the registration examples from ITK, but adds new features, including the ability to employ different transform representations and optimization functions. Our goal was to determine best practices for registering 3D rigid multimodal MRI of the human brain. A version of the current program is employed here at PINC daily for automated processing of acquired brain images.

This project is managed on the NITRC site. http://www.nitrc.org/projects/multimodereg/

On the NITRC website, you can acquire the latest source code via SVN, or by downloading a compressed file which is generated every night. Binary versions are also available.
Grayscale morphological attribute operations
Authors: Beare Richard
Published: January 2022

Morphological area attribute openings and closings are connected set operations that are able to remove parts of an image that meet certain criteria without changing the rest of the image. This article describes a number of classes that implement morphological area attribute operations using the methods described by Meijster and Wilkinson .
Image mask adaptor for pixel order independent filters
Authors: Beare Richard
Published: January 2022

It is sometimes useful to apply a filter to a region defined by a mask. This article introduces a simple ``mask adaptor’’ filter that allows this type of operation to be tested easily. It is applicable to filters that do not need any pixel location information, such as histogram operations, which can’t necessarily be achieved by simple masking approaches.
Support for "cub" image format
Authors: Burstein Pablo , Yushkevich Paul , Gee James
Published: January 2022

VoxBo (www.voxbo.org) is a distributed processing framework, developed at the Center of Functional Neuroimaging at the University of Penssylvania, with the purpose of processing and analyzing brain functional MRI data. VoxBo is written in C++, and it is escentially a fair translation of some SPM functionality, originally written in Matlab. Along with the software, VoxBo defines two new image formats: 1) .cub, a 3D image format, used for anatomical data and single EPI frames. It is important to notice that this format defines a proper origin field, lacking, for instance, in Analyze. 2) .tes, a 4D image format, designed to contain the temporal EPI information. It is worth noticing that this format organizes the voxels in such a way to optimize longitudinal (temporal) voxel access. Furthermore, the tes format is compressed through encoding of the functional voxels alone, i.e., background voxels are not stored for each frame, but only for the first one.

In this work we present the necessary IO classes that allow ImageFileReader and ImageFileWriter to properly identify, read and write .cub files only. We will provide .tes support in a subsequent work. This effort is carried out with the purpose of letting VoxBo implementors to take advantage of ITK’s power and overcome the limitations currently afflicting VoxBo.
MORPHIAS: Molecular Phenotyping Image Analysis System
Authors: Henderson Thomas , Marc Robert , Wang Hao
Published: January 2022

Visualizing metabolic phenotypes, tracking phenotype dynamics, and screening molecular interventions all require comprehensive, quantitative measures of micromolecular patterns across cell classes. In this project we develop an easy-to-use interface that permits the same sequence of operations as described in Marc and Jones [1] and is based on Cell Kit developed by Marc’s lab. Work products for this project include: user application software (Matlab), user manual and if possible, a web portal interface to allow internet access and application of the system. The MORPHIAS system will be implemented by means of a Matlab function which creates a GUI which allows the user to import molecular signature images (in TIFF format), and then to perform classification using a clustering algorithm, and to then perform data analysis on the result.
Local Shape Analysis using MANCOVA
Authors: Paniagua Beatriz , Styner Martin , Macenko Marc , Pantazis Dimitrios , Niethammer Marc
Published: January 2022

Gross shape measures such as volume have been widely used in statistical analysis of anatomical structures. Statistical shape analysis methods have emerged within the last decade to allow for a localized analysis of shape. Most shape analysis frameworks are though lacking a good statistical underpinning, as they commonly do not allow for the inclusion of independent variables such as age, gender or clinical scores. This work presents a unified method for local shape analysis that can accomodate different number of variates and contrasts. It also allows to include any number of associated variables in the statistical analysis of the data. Several cases of study are given to clarify the explanation of the different types of data that can be analyzed and the parameters that can be used to tune the program shapeAnalysisMANCOVA. This tool has been designed to interact seamlessly with the existing UNC SPHARM-PDM based shape analysis toolbox.
An implementation of the minimization of region-scalable fitting energy levelsets
Authors: Tang Hui , Hameeteman Reinhard , Gelas Arnaud , van Walsum Theo
Published: January 2022

Intensity inhomogeneities often occur in medical images, especially when using magnetic resonance imaging. In these images, the standard Chan-and-Vese levelset segmentation method may not work properly, as it assumes constant intensity distributions for foreground and background. Recently, a novel method was published that models the intensities as piece-wise smooth, and thus is more suitable to segment images with intensity homogeneities. However, this method was not yet implemented in ITK. This submission introduces our implementation of the region-scalable-fitting levelset segmentation method within the ITKv4 levelset framework.
Guided Diffusion Tensor Tractography with GTRACT: A Validation Study
Authors: Magnotta Vincent
Published: January 2022

A novel fiber tracking algorithm (GTRACT) was developed to enhance tracking through ambiguous regions where cross fibers, fiber merging or fanning may be occurring. The software was developed using several cross platform open-source toolkits (ITK, VTK, and FLTK). The algorithm was evaluated using a freely available digital phantom dataset provided by King’s College London. The results show that the GTRACT algorithm performed significantly better than standard streamline approaches and is less affected by noise.
VTK Remote Rendering of 3D Laser Scanner Ply files for Android Mobile Devices
Authors: De pascalis Fabio
Published: January 2022

Three-dimensional laser scanner is a modern technology used to detect and capture the shape of complex objects. There are a lot of possible application fields for this technology: applications in the industrial sector (reverse engineering), in the medical field or in the cultural heritage field for virtual reconstruction of works of art. The main goal of this work is to make accessible the three-dimensional models obtained from laser scans on mobile devices (smartphones, tablets), exploiting a remote rendering application on high-performance workstations. This paper also shows how this can be done fairly easily using one of the most popular instruments in the field of scientific visualization, VTK.
Seamless VTK-ITK pipeline connection for image data handling
Authors: Enquobahrie Andinet , Ibanez Luis
Published: January 2022

Often times developers face the need to connect ITK and VTK pipelines to handle image data. For this purpose, image data importer and exporter classes have been implemented both in ITK and VTK. However, as evident from frequent questions in the ITK and VTK users and developers mailing list, usage of these classes is not straight forward. Furthermore, the difficulty gets more challenging with the need to handle different pixel types. For these reasons, an effort was made to write Image IO classes that encapsulate all the intricacies and provide users with easy to use API. This article describes these Image IO classes and present an example to demonstrate how to use these classes.
Image Segmentation Project - Open source software practices class
Authors: Mukherjee Amit
Published: January 2022

This document describes implementation of two Level-set segmentation algorithms using Insight Toolkit ITK . The algorithms chosen for implementation are are 1) Geodesic Active contour Levelset segmentation and 2) Shape Detection Levelset segmentation. The project is oriented to expose the concepts of Open Data, Open Source and Open Access which form the pillars of open-source software ideology.