bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Core nursing competency assessment tool for graduates of outcome‐based nursing education in South Korea: A validation study
Authors: Ko YuKyung , Yu Soyoung
Published: August 2018

Aim

To develop a competency assessment instrument for nurses who have completed an outcome‐based educational program based on national standards and to assess the content‐, construct‐, and criterion‐related validity of that instrument.

Methods

In the development stage, the competencies of nurses with 1–3 years' clinical experience after the completion of nursing education and training programs, based on national standards, were identified. A systematic literature review was conducted to derive the competencies in addition to the 12 national standard competencies. In the evaluation stage, the content‐, construct‐, and criterion‐related validity of the developed tool were verified. For verification of the content validity at each stage, the participants were 10 nurse managers of general hospitals and 10 nurse professors. A factor analysis was conducted to assess the construct validity and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients and item‐total correlation were used to assess the reliability of the developed scale. For the factor analysis, the participants were 141 nurses with 1–3 years' clinical experience who were recruited from four general hospitals. In order to evaluate the construct‐ and criterion‐related validity, the correlations between a nursing performance measurement scale, a self‐leadership tool, and the developed scale were examined.

Results

A competency assessment instrument, consisting of 19 items on a 4‐point scale, was developed and validated for assessing the competencies among nurses with 1–3 years' experience.

Conclusions

Nursing research, policy awareness, and leadership competencies were required by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education for nursing college graduates, but were removed due to poor content validity, indicating a need for nursing professionals to bridge the gap between educational standards in nursing colleges and clinical settings.
Fingolimod (FTY720) is not protective in the subacute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease and does not lead to a sustainable increase of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor
Authors: Komnig Daniel , Dagli Toruntay Cem , Habib Pardes , Zeyen Thomas , Schulz Jörg B. , Falkenburger Björn H.
Published: August 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and aggregates of α‐synuclein termed Lewy bodies. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an agonist of sphingosine‐1 phosphate receptors and an approved oral treatment for multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod elevates brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an important neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons. BDNF and fingolimod are beneficial in several animal models of PD. In order to validate the therapeutic potential of fingolimod for the treatment of PD, we tested its effect in the subacute MPTP mouse model of PD. MPTP or vehicle was applied i.p. in doses of 30 mg/kg MPTP on five consecutive days. In order to recapitulate the combination of dopamine loss and α‐synuclein aggregates found in PD, MPTP was first administered in Thy1‐A30P‐α‐synuclein transgenic mice. Fingolimod was administered i.p. at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg every second day. Nigrostriatal degeneration was assayed by stereologically counting the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, by analysing the concentration of catecholamines and the density of dopaminergic fibres in the striatum. MPTP administration produced a robust nigrostriatal degeneration, comparable to previous studies. Unexpectedly, we found no difference between mice with and without fingolimod treatment, neither at baseline, nor at 14 or 90 days after MPTP. Also, we found no effect of fingolimod in the subacute MPTP mouse model when we used wildtype mice instead of α‐synuclein transgenic mice, and no effect with an increased dose of 1 mg/kg fingolimod administered every day. In order to explain these findings, we analysed BDNF regulation by fingolimod. We did find an increase of BDNF protein after a single injection of fingolimod 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg, but not after multiple injections, indicating that the BDNF response to fingolimod is unsustainable over time. Taken together we did not observe a neuroprotective effect of fingolimod in the subacute MPTP mouse model of PD. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy with previous findings and conclude fingolimod might be beneficial for the nonmotor symptoms of PD.

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Longitudinal study of rat volar fat pad fixation and ethanol storage: implications for the use of fluid‐preserved specimens in morphological studies
Authors: Kingston Amanda K.
Published: August 2018

Museum fluid collections preserve important biological specimens for study. Tissues are often fixed in 10% buffered formalin to halt metabolic activities and transferred to a solution of ethanol for long‐term storage. This process, however, forces water from the tissues and has been shown to alter the morphology of preserved specimens in ways that may influence the biological interpretation of results. The degree to which fluid preservation alters morphology is linked to multiple biological factors, such as tissue size and composition, and should therefore be examined prior to functional analysis. This study is undertaken as part of a more inclusive examination of mammalian volar morphology. A sample of five adult male and five adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus) was utilized to evaluate longitudinal changes in the dimensions of the volar pads across fixation in 10% buffered formalin and preservation in 70% ethanol for 1 year. No significant changes to the measured dimensions of the rat volar pads were present across stages of fixation and preservation, and no significant interactions of specimen size or sex were noted. These findings indicate that small mammalian volar pads that have been fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol are appropriate for morphological study using the measurements described here without corrective algorithms. This finding is rare among preservation studies but highlights the variability of tissue behavior during chemical preservation and the necessity of preliminary investigations of preservation artifacts. Concurrence here between the preserved and unpreserved samples is likely related to the anhydrous nature of the volar pads and the supporting skeletal structure, and their confined position between major joints of the hands and feet.
Foreign body granuloma treatment with 22‐MHz ultrasound‐guided corticoid infiltration
Authors: Pompeu Marcelo , Lima Vanessa , Magalhaes Hugo Leornardo , Regattieri Neysa , Costa Izelda Maria Carvalho
Published: August 2018

Intralesional corticoid infiltration guided by 22‐MHz ultrasound is a new, noninvasive, and safe dermatological method for the treatment of foreign body granuloma. The great advantage of the procedure is that the medication is delivered straight to the desired target, preventing adverse treatment effects in noninjured areas.
Two‐phase delivery using a horse oil and adenosine‐loaded dissolving microneedle patch for skin barrier restoration, moisturization, and wrinkle improvement
Authors: Yang Huisuk , Kim Suyong , Jang Mingyu , Kim Hyeonjun , Lee Seunghee , Kim Youseong , Eom Younghyon Andrew , Kang Geonwoo , Chiang Liching , Baek Ji Hwoon , Ryu Ja Hyun , Lee Ye Eun , Koh Jaesuk , Jung Hyungil
Published: August 2018

Background

Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) have been used for skin restoration and wrinkle improvement. Although lipophilic compounds, for example, natural oils or ceramides, enrich the skin barrier, their delivery via DMNs is challenging because of DMN fabrication difficulties.

Objectives

In the present study, we combined a topical formulation and a DMN patch to perform two‐phase delivery comprising a lipophilic formulation and hydrophilic compound‐loaded DMNs to improve skin barrier status and the efficacy of drug delivery.

Methods

Horse oil‐spread and adenosine‐loaded DMN arrays were developed in a single patch (HOS‐Ad‐DMN patch). In vitro analysis was conducted to confirm the successful delivery of the compositions. Clinical assessments were conducted on the lateral canthus of 20 women to compare the efficacy of HOS‐Ad‐DMN patches with that of adenosine‐loaded DMN patches (Ad‐DMN patches).

Results

Adenosine was delivered via the DMNs after skin penetration and horse oil was delivered successfully into the skin through the microchannels created by the Ad‐DMNs. Compared with Ad‐DMN patches, HOS‐Ad‐DMN patches significantly improved skin elasticity, hydration, dermal density, and wrinkles. No adverse events were observed.

Conclusion

HOS‐Ad‐DMN patches are a safe and efficient system for skin restoration and wrinkle improvement.
Impact of clinical decision support on empirical antibiotic prescribing for children with community‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: Mostaghim Mona , Snelling Tom , McMullan Brendan , Ewe Yean H , Bajorek Beata
Published: August 2018

Aim

To assess the impact of a computerised clinical decision support system (CDSS) on antibiotic use in hospitalised children with a presumptive diagnosis of uncomplicated community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Methods

Codes associated with lower respiratory tract infection were used to identify cases of presumed uncomplicated CAP requiring admission to a tertiary paediatric hospital. Random sampling of the periods between 1 October 2010 and 30 September 2012 (pre‐CDSS) and 1 October 2012 and 30 September 2014 (post‐CDSS) determined the sequence of case assessment by two independent investigators. Initial antibiotic therapy, associated CDSS approvals and documented signs of clinical deterioration prior to antibiotic decision‐making were recorded.

Results

Statistically significant differences between cases pre‐ and post‐CDSS implementation were minimal. High fever was observed in 57.5% (77/134) cases pre‐CDSS and 45.8% (49/107) cases post‐CDSS (P = 0.07). Supplemental oxygen was used in 30.6% pre‐CDSS and 54.2% post‐CDSS cases (P < 0.001). Narrow‐spectrum penicillins were prescribed most often, with no statistically significant change post‐CDSS implementation (81.3% pre‐CDSS, 77.6% post‐CDSS, P = 0.47). Macrolides were used consistently throughout the study period (53.7% pre‐CDSS, 61.7% post‐CDSS; P = 0.21).

Conclusion

CDSS implementation did not reduce already low rates of broad‐spectrum antibiotic use for uncomplicated CAP.
Assessment of the cytotoxic potential of an aqueous-ethanolic extract from Thalassia testudinum angiosperm marine grown in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: Rodeiro Idania , Hernández Ivones , Herrera José A , Riera Mario , Donato Maria T , Tolosa Laia , González Kethia , Ansoar Yadira , Gómez-Lechón Maria J , Vanden Berghe Wim , Lopes Miriam
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties for one aqueous-ethanolic extract from Thalassia testudinum which grows in the Caribbean Sea compelled us to explore about extract cytotoxic effects.

Methods

Cell viability was assayed on tumour (HepG2, PC12, Caco-2 and 4T1) and non-tumour (VERO, 3T3, CHO, MCDK and BHK2) cell lines. The extract effects upon primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes and human lymphocytes were assayed.

Key findings

The extract exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cells compared to normal cells, and the IC50 values were 102 μg/ml for HepG2, 135 μg/ml for PC12, 165 μg/ml for Caco-2 and 129 μg/ml for 4T1 cells after 48 h, whereas IC50 could not be calculated for normal cells. Additional data from a high-content screening multiparametric assay indicated that after 24-h exposure, the extract (up to 100 μg/ml) induced death in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress-associated mechanism, DNA damage and hypercalcaemia. Comet assay corroborated extract-induced DNA damage.

Conclusions

Thalassia testudinum extract is more cytotoxic and produced more DNA damage on human hepatoma cells than to other non-tumour cells. A possible mechanism is suggested for extract-induced cytotoxicity based on oxidative stress, nuclear damage and hypercalcaemia in HepG2 cells. T. testudinum may be a source for antitumour agents.
Securigera securidaca seed medicinal herb supplementation of diets improves pulmonary hypertensive response in broiler chickens reared at high altitude
Authors: Ahmadipour Behnam
Published: August 2018

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Securigera securidaca seed powder on growth performance, haematological parameters, cardiac indices, electrocardiographic parameters and expression of catalase (CAT), endothelin 1 (ET‐1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes in the lung in the broilers reared at high altitude (2,100 m above sea level). A total number of 200‐day‐old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to five treatments including different levels of S. securidaca 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/kg in a 42‐day trial. The results of this experiment showed that the dietary inclusion of S. securidaca powder improvement in feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The dietary utilization of 2–4 g/kg S. securidaca significantly increased concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), although significantly lower serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly decrease T, R, S electrocardiogram waves compared with control group. Also, the dietary inclusion of 2–4 g/kg S. securidaca prevented right ventricular hypertrophy and increased the expression of iNOS and CAT genes in lung tissue of broilers. On the other hand, S. securidaca significantly suppressed the expression of ET‐1 in lung tissue. Generally, the results of this study showed that the use of 3 g/kg of medicinal plant S. securidaca can be beneficial in prevention of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broiler chickens reared at high altitudes.
Effects of theaflavins on tissue inflammation and bone resorption on experimental periodontitis in rats
Authors: Wu Ya‐Hsin , Kuraji Ryutaro , Taya Yuji , Ito Hiroshi , Numabe Yukihiro
Published: August 2018

Background and Objective

Theaflavins (TFs), the major polyphenol in black tea, have the ability to reduce inflammation and bone resorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of TFs on experimental periodontitis in rats.

Material and Methods

Thirty rats were divided into five groups: Control (glycerol application without ligation), Ligature (glycerol application with ligation), TF1 (1 mg/mL TF application with ligation), TF10 (10 mg/mL TF application with ligation), and TF100 (100 mg/mL TF application with ligation). To induce experimental periodontitis, ligatures were placed around maxillary first molars bilaterally. After ligature placement, 100 μL glycerol or TFs were topically applied to the rats daily, and rats were euthanized 7 days after ligature placement. Micro‐computed tomography was used to measure bone resorption in the left side of the maxilla, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, growth‐regulated gene product/cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant (Gro/Cinc‐1, rat equivalent of IL‐8), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (Mmp‐9), receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa Β ligand (Rankl), osteoprotegerin (Opg), and the Rankl/Opg ratio in gingival tissue. With tissue from the right side of the maxilla, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histological analysis, immunohistochemical staining for leukocyte common antigen (CD45) was used to assess inflammation, and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to observe the number of osteoclasts.

Results

The TF10 and TF100 groups, but not the TF1 group, had significant inhibition of alveolar bone loss, reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontium, and significantly reduced numbers of CD45‐positive cells and TRAP‐positive osteoclasts compared with the Ligature group. Correspondingly, the TF10 and TF100 groups had significantly downregulated gene expression of IL‐6, Gro/Cinc‐1(IL‐8), Mmp‐9, and Rankl, but not of Opg. Consequently, Rankl/Opg expression was significantly increased in the Ligation group but was attenuated in the TF10 and TF100 groups.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that topical application of TFs may reduce inflammation and bone resorption in experimental periodontitis. Therefore, TFs have therapeutic potential in the treatment of periodontal disease.
Investigating reservoir sedimentation and its implications to watershed sediment yield: The case of two small dams in data‐scarce upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Moges Michael M. , Abay Dawit , Engidayehu Hailu
Published: August 2018

Bathymetric and sedimentation surveys were conducted with a sonar‐based depth gauge system in two small reservoirs (Selamko and Shina) in the data‐scarce upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Bathymetric survey data were merged within geographic information system (GIS) software to provide detailed visualization and analyses of current depths. Preimpoundment topographic information was obtained from dam owners and designers. Bathymetric differencing was used to investigate and quantify the distribution and estimate volumes of deposited sediment, long‐term average annual sediment fluxes and remaining water storage capacity. Calculated long‐term average sediment accumulation rates were used to estimate remaining lifetimes of each reservoir. Results from the depth sonar surveys and GIS analyses suggest a projected lifetime of ~7 years for Shina Reservoir, compared to a projected lifetime of ~22 years for Selamko Reservoir. It also indicated the annual average sedimentation rate for both reservoirs was greater than the global average of one per cent (1.67% for Shina Reservoir; 2.295% for Selamko Reservoir). The specific sediment yield (SSY) is relatively larger for both watersheds (2,499 and 4,333.6 t km−2 year−1 for Shina and Selamko, respectively) indicating the watersheds are degraded by any global standard. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model‐generated erosion magnitude was only slightly larger from the watersheds of both reservoirs, compared to the bathymetric estimates. These data and analyses also provide a baseline relevant to understanding sedimentation processes and are necessary for developing long‐term management plans for these reservoirs and their watersheds.
The Blind Monks and the Elephant: Contrasting Narratives of Financial Crisis
Authors: Miller Marcus , Rastapana Songklod , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2018

We explore three persuasive narratives of the US subprime crisis. First the role played by pecuniary externalities in amplifying shocks to the quality of risk‐assets held by Investment Banks; second is adverse selection in marketing these assets; and third is financial panic. Their relevance is attested by the emergency support provided by the US Federal Reserve Bank and Treasury; and by subsequent findings in courts of law. While these contrasting narratives illuminate different aspects of the crisis, we conclude it was because they all had a part to play that the US financial system was so exposed to radical failure.
Industry‐level capital‐labour isoquants
Authors: Steedman Ian
Published: August 2018

In both theoretical and applied economics, the long‐run conditions of production for a firm or an industry are often presented in the form of a capital‐labour isoquant. Even with constant returns to scale, this representation cannot be derived from the full, detailed representation of conditions of production. Capital theory results for the aggregate economy are thus extended to the individual firm level.
Supercoiling of an excised genomic island represses effector gene expression to prevent activation of host resistance
Authors: Neale Helen C. , Jackson Robert W. , Preston Gail M. , Arnold Dawn L.
Published: August 2018

The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, which causes halo blight disease of beans, contains a 106 kb genomic island PPHGI‐1. PPHGI‐1 carries a gene, avrPphB, which encodes an effector protein that triggers a resistance response in certain bean cultivars. Previous studies have shown that when PPHGI‐1 is excised from the bacterial chromosome, avrPphB is downregulated and therefore the pathogen avoids triggering the host’s defence mechanism. Here, we investigate whether the downregulation of avrPphB is caused by the supercoiling of PPHGI‐1. We also investigate the effect of a PPHGI‐1‐encoded type 1A topoisomerase, TopB3, on island stability and bacterial pathogenicity in the plant. Supercoiling inhibitors significantly increased the expression of avrPphB but did not affect the excision of PPHGI‐1. An insertional mutant of topB3 displayed an increase in avrPphB expression and an increase in PPHGI‐1 excision as well as reduced population growth in resistant and susceptible cultivars of bean. These results suggest an important role for topoisomerases in the maintenance and stability of a bacterial‐encoded genomic island and demonstrate that supercoiling is involved in the downregulation of an effector gene once the island has been excised, allowing the pathogen to prevent further activation of the host defence response.
Identification of the minimal bacterial 2′‐deoxy‐7‐amido‐7‐deazaguanine synthesis machinery
Authors: Yuan Yifeng , Hutinet Geoffrey , Valera Jacqueline Gamboa , Hu Jennifer , Hillebrand Roman , Gustafson Andrew , Iwata‐Reuyl Dirk , Dedon Peter C. , de Crécy‐Lagard Valérie
Published: August 2018

The 7‐deazapurine derivatives, 2′‐deoxy‐7‐cyano‐7‐deazaguanosine (dPreQ0) and 2′‐deoxy‐7‐amido‐7‐deazaguanosine (dADG) are recently discovered DNA modifications encoded by the dpd cluster found in a diverse set of bacteria. Here we identify the genes required for the formation of dPreQ0 and dADG in DNA and propose a biosynthetic pathway. The preQ0 base is a precursor that in Salmonella Montevideo, is synthesized as an intermediate in the pathway of the tRNA modification queuosine. Of the 11 genes (dpdA – dpdK) found in the S. Montevideo dpd cluster, dpdA and dpdB are necessary and sufficient to synthesize dPreQ0, while dpdC is additionally required for dADG synthesis. Among the rest of the dpd genes, dpdE, dpdG, dpdI, dpdK, dpdD and possibly dpdJ appear to be involved in a restriction‐like phenotype. Indirect competition for preQ0 base led to a model for dADG synthesis in which DpdA inserts preQ0 into DNA with the help of DpdB, and then DpdC hydrolyzes dPreQ0 to dADG. The role of DpdB is not entirely clear as it is dispensable in other dpd clusters. Our discovery of a minimal gene set for introducing 7‐deazapurine derivatives in DNA provides new tools for biotechnology applications and demonstrates the interplay between the DNA and RNA modification machineries.
Mediator of tolerance to abiotic stress ERF6 regulates susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Warmerdam Sonja , Sterken Mark G. , Van Schaik Casper , Oortwijn Marian E. P. , Lozano‐Torres Jose L. , Bakker Jaap , Goverse Aska , Smant Geert
Published: August 2018

Root‐knot nematodes transform vascular host cells into permanent feeding structures to selectively withdraw their nutrients from host plants during the course of several weeks. The susceptibility of host plants to root‐knot nematode infections is thought to be a complex trait involving many genetic loci. However, genome‐wide association (GWA) analysis has so far revealed only four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to the reproductive success of the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana, which suggests that the genetic architecture underlying host susceptibility could be much simpler than previously thought. Here, we report that, by using a relaxed stringency approach in a GWA analysis, we could identify 15 additional loci linked to quantitative variation in the reproductive success of M. incognita in Arabidopsis. To test the robustness of our analysis, we functionally characterized six genes located in a QTL with the lowest acceptable statistical support and smallest effect size. This led us to identify ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ERF6) as a novel susceptibility gene for M. incognita in Arabidopsis. ERF6 functions as a transcriptional activator and suppressor of genes in response to various abiotic stresses independent of ethylene signalling. However, whole‐transcriptome analysis of nematode‐infected roots of the Arabidopsis erf6‐1 knockout mutant line showed that allelic variation at this locus may regulate the conversion of aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) into ethylene by altering the expression of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase 3 (ACO3). Our data further suggest that tolerance to abiotic stress mediated by ERF6 forms a novel layer of control in the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to M. incognita.
Detection of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale in onychomycosis using monoclonal antibodies against Sub6 (Tri r 2)
Authors: Méhul Bruno , de Coi Niccolo , Grundt Philippe , Genette Alexandre , Voegel Johannes J. , Monod Michel
Published: August 2018

Background

Onychomycosis is the most prevalent nail disease and is mainly caused by two dermatophyte species Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale with a frequency in the range of 80% and 20%, respectively. The secreted protease Sub6 of the subtilisin family, which was never detected in vitro growth conditions, was found to be a robust marker of onychomycosis.

Objective

The aim of this work was to detect tinea unguium using anti‐Sub6 monoclonal antibodies in proteins extracted from clinical nail samples.

Methods

We produced monoclonal antibodies in mice using recombinant Sub6 as an antigen. Selected monoclonal antibodies were tested by Western blot analysis and ELISA on protein extracts from onychomycosis samples.

Results

Several monoclonal antibodies used to quantify Sub6 in proteins extracted from clinical nail samples were produced and characterised. We showed that these antibodies were very specific and allowed the detection of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale in onychomycosis. Sub6 was detected in clinical samples infected by T. rubrum and not detected in nails with trauma and other diseases.

Conclusion

Anti‐Sub6 monoclonal antibodies could be useful for a rapid diagnosis of tinea unguium and/or therapeutic survey of dermatophyte in onychomycosis by ELISA or an immunochromatography device such as a strip test.
The future has roots in the past: the ideas and scientists that shaped mycorrhizal research
Authors: Bonfante Paola
Published: August 2018

Contents

Summary
982

I.
Introduction
982

II.
The portraits of our ancestors: a gallery of ideas from more than 100 years of mycorrhizal research
983

III.
Mycorrhizal fungi in the ‘omics’ era: first puzzle, how to name mycorrhizal fungi
985

IV.
Signalling: a central question of our time?
987

V.
The colonization process: how cellular studies predicted future ‘omics’ data
989

VI.
The genetics underlying colonization events
991

VII.
Concluding thoughts: chance and needs in mycorrhizal symbioses
992

Acknowledgements
992

References
992

Our knowledge of mycorrhizas dates back to at least 150 years ago, when the plant pathologists A. B. Frank and G. Gibelli described the surprisingly morphology of forest tree roots surrounded by a fungal mantle. Compared with this history, our molecular study of mycorrhizas remains a young science. To trace the history of mycorrhizal research, from its roots in the distant past, to the present and the future, this review outlines a few topics that were already central in the 19th century and were seminal in revealing the biological meaning of mycorrhizal associations. These include investigations of nutrient exchange between partners, plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi, and the identity and evolution of mycorrhizal symbionts as just a few examples of how the most recent molecular studies of mycorrhizal biology sprouted from the roots of past research. In addition to clarifying the ecological role of mycorrhizas, some of the recent results have changed the perception of the relevance of mycorrhizas in the scientific community, and in the whole of society. Looking to past knowledge while foreseeing strategies for the next steps can help us catch a glimpse of the future of mycorrhizal research.
Plating up appropriate portion sizes for children: a systematic review of parental food and beverage portioning practices
Authors: Kairey L. , Matvienko‐Sikar K. , Kelly C. , McKinley M. C. , O'Connor E. M. , Kearney P. M. , Woodside J. V. , Harrington J. M.
Published: August 2018

Consumption of larger portion sizes is associated with higher energy intake and weight status in children. As parents play a pivotal role in child feeding, we synthesized literature on ‘parental portioning practices’ using a mixed methods systematic design to inform future strategies addressing portion sizes served to children. Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PsycINFO and CINAHL Plus were searched. Two reviewers independently screened 385 abstracts and assessed 71 full‐text articles against eligibility criteria: studies assessing portioning of foods or beverages by parent(s) with ≥1 child aged 2–12 years. Narrative synthesis of 14 quantitative studies found that portion sizes parents serve vary substantially and are influenced by amounts parents serve themselves, perceived child hunger and parent and child body size. Thematic synthesis of 14 qualitative studies found that parents serve the portion sizes they learn to be appropriate for their child to be fed. Portioning is influenced by parents' desires for a healthy child with a balanced diet. Future guidance on appropriate portion sizes for children would ideally present recommended portion sizes for first serving, incremental with age. Future research is however needed to assess the adoption and efficacy of providing such guidance to families.
Effectiveness of exercise training after bariatric surgery—a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bellicha A. , Ciangura C. , Poitou C. , Portero P. , Oppert J.‐ M.
Published: August 2018

We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled trials assessing exercise training programs in patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. We systematically searched exercise training studies performed after bariatric surgery published up to June 2017. Studies reporting changes in body composition, physical fitness, functional capacity, objectively measured physical activity, quality of life or relevant health outcomes were included. The review protocol is available from PROSPERO (CRD42017069380). Meta‐analyses were conducted using random‐effects models when data were available from at least five articles. Twenty articles were included, describing 16 exercise training programs, of which 15 were included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, exercise training was associated with higher weight loss (mean difference: −2.4 kg, 95% CI: −4.2; −0.6, I2 = 49%, n = 12), higher fat mass loss (−2.7 kg, 95% CI: −4.5; −1.0, I2 = 50%, n = 8) and improved VO2max and functional walking (standardized mean difference: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.29; 1.44, I2 = 57%, n = 6; 1.45, 95% CI: 0.32; 2.58, I2 = 89%, n = 6, respectively). Exercise training was not associated with lean body mass changes. In conclusion, exercise training programs performed after bariatric surgery were found effective to optimize weight loss and fat mass loss and to improve physical fitness, although no additional effect on lean body mass loss was found.
Topical sirolimus for treatment of a venolymphatic malformation in an adolescent girl
Authors: Cardis Michael A. , DeKlotz Cynthia M. C.
Published: August 2018

Sirolimus has emerged as a promising treatment for complex congenital vascular malformations but is limited because of systemic side effects. Topically compounded formulations, which have been found to be successful in the treatment of several other conditions, are a preferred drug delivery system to provide local therapy. We report a case of a venolymphatic malformation in an adolescent girl treated with topical 1% sirolimus cream leading to improvement in appearance and associated symptoms.
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia managed as orthostatic dysregulation and epilepsy in 11‐ and 15‐year‐old sisters
Authors: Fujita Shuhei , Nishida Keigo , Irabu Hitoshi , Nakagawa Ryo , Futatani Takeshi , Igarashi Noboru , Usuda Kazuo , Nagata Yoshiki , Ohno Seiko , Horie Minoru , Hatasaki Kiyoshi
Published: August 2018

Background

In pediatric patients, syncope commonly occurs as vasovagal syncope, or in epilepsy or orthostatic dysregulation. Cardiogenic syncope is rare but it is lethal, and needs to be promptly diagnosed and treated.

Methods and Results

We describe the cases of 11‐ and 15‐year‐old sisters with frequent syncope during exercise and emotional stress since the age of 10 and 12, respectively. There were no abnormalities on 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) at rest. They were first diagnosed with orthostatic dysregulation and epilepsy. Because of recurrent exercise‐induced syncope, cardiac examinations were performed. On treadmill exercise stress test, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia was induced in the 11‐year‐old girl, which degenerated into ventricular fibrillation; frequent polymorphic premature ventricular contractions were induced in her elder sister. They were diagnosed with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and started on oral beta‐blockers and exercise restriction.

Conclusions

It is important to suspect CPVT in pediatric exercise‐induced syncope, and to recognize that CPVT does not show ECG abnormalities at rest.
Conventional and novel approaches for managing “flavescence dorée” in grapevine: knowledge gaps and future prospects
Authors: Oliveira M. J. R. A. , Roriz M. , Vasconcelos M. W. , Bertaccini A. , Carvalho S. M. P.
Published: August 2018

“Flavescence dorée” (FD) is a grapevine quarantine disease associated with phytoplasmas and transmitted to healthy plants by insect vectors, mainly Scaphoideus titanus. Development of efficient methods for its control has been hampered by the lack of knowledge about phytoplasma biological properties, linked also to difficulties in its in vitro cultivation. Conventional management strategies rely mainly on the application of insecticide treatments, roguing of infected plants and production of phytoplasma‐free propagation material. However, these strategies are costly and could have undesirable environmental impacts. Novel approaches are being investigated using transcriptomic and proteomic tools that can assist in identifying key regulators expressed by diseased, recovered and healthy plants. These studies allowed the identification of molecular profiles linked to the grapevine cultivar‐diverse susceptibility that are of great interest for the development of FD less susceptible plants by breeding programmes. Other promising FD management strategies include the use of grapevine endophytic microorganisms with known biocontrol properties and endophytes living inside specialized insect cells, which can be potential candidates for FD vector control. Finally, the application of plant defence elicitors might be an interesting tool for FD containment, but more research is needed before it can be implemented. In this review, the methodologies used for detecting and confining FD diffusion are discussed, focusing mainly on conventional tools, current research perspectives and knowledge gaps.
A polymorphism in the transcriptional regulatory region strongly influences ovine FSHR mRNA decay
Authors: Wang Dedi , Du Xing , Li Yinxia , Li Qifa
Published: August 2018

Contents

Follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is an important G protein‐coupled receptor, which is required for steroidogenesis, follicular development and female infertility. Here, we report a novel polymorphism in the 3′‐UTR that strongly influences ovine FSHR mRNA decay. The partial 3′‐UTR sequence of Hu sheep FSHR gene was isolated and characterized, and a polymorphism (c.2327A>G) was identified. Luciferase assay and qRT‐PCR showed that c.2327A>G polymorphism in the 3′‐UTR exerts a strong regulatory role in FSHR transcription. This regulatory role is achieved by affecting FSHR mRNA decay. Furthermore, the c.2327A>G mutation in the 3′‐UTR influences ARE (AU‐rich element, a cis‐acting element promoting mRNA decay)‐mediated mRNA decay of Hu sheep FSHR gene. Together, our study identified a novel polymorphism and elucidated a new mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation of FSHR in mammals.
Political role models and child marriage in India
Authors: Castilla Carolina
Published: August 2018

Drawing data from the most recent wave of the India Human Development Survey and the year of the first election with reserved seats for women, I estimate the effect of the Panchayati Raj institutions on child marriage. In India, marriage traditions dictate that two ceremonies take place: the wedding and the gauna ceremony. These differ in timing and purpose. After the wedding, the bride and groom do not necessarily live together. The gauna ceremony indicates the start of marital life and the consummation of the marriage. Results indicate that women in local government decrease the likelihood of child marriage, and delay the age at first marriage and the gauna ceremony. Delaying marriage has important policy implications for both the bride and her future children as it improves education, autonomy over fertility, and health. The results indicate that after 18 years of implementation, exposure to women in government can reduce the prevalence of child marriage.
Organizational Design, Competition, and Financial Exchanges
Authors: Juranek Steffen , Walz Uwe
Published: August 2018

We investigate the incentives for vertical and horizontal integration in the financial securities service industry. In a model with two exchanges and two central securities depositories (CSDs), we find that decentralized decisions might lead to privately and socially inferior industry equilibria with vertical integration of both CSDs with their respective exchanges. Allowing for horizontal integration of CSDs avoids privately inferior industry equilibria. However, we observe too little horizontal integration from the social perspective. We link our results to recent regulatory and institutional developments such as the emergence of multilateral trading facilities, over‐the‐counter regulation, and financial harmonization.
Using Sociology to Build and Organize Movement Networks
Authors: Catone Andrea M.
Published: August 2018

In this essay, I describe how I utilize my sociological imagination and training while building and organizing movement networks. First, I highlight the importance of fostering flexible, cross‐level intergroup ties when building movement networks. Second, I illustrate the role of emotions in the emergence and sustainability of movement networks. Third, I detail a theoretical framework for how stories of past resilience can be used in movement organizing to mobilize for the future.
Sociology's Response to the Trump Presidency: Views from the 108th ASA President
Authors: Lamont Michèle
Published: August 2018

In this essay, I discuss the ways in which a national organization like the American Sociological Association can fight against government policies that threaten conditions essential for knowledge production.
Maternal socialization of children’s positive affect regulation: Associations with children’s savoring, dampening, and depressive symptoms
Authors: Moran Karena M. , Root Amy E. , Vizy Boglarka K. , Wilson Tyia K. , Gentzler Amy L.
Published: August 2018

Maternal socialization of positive affect (PA) is linked to children's regulation of positive and negative emotions and the development of psychopathology. However, few studies have examined multiple types of emotion socialization as related to children's PA regulation and depressive symptoms. The current study examined how mothers’ socialization of children's PA regulation was related to children's PA regulation, and if children's PA regulation mediated the association between maternal socialization and children's depressive symptoms. Ninety‐six mother–child dyads (children aged 7–12) completed questionnaires and a five‐minute discussion about a positive event the child previously experienced; 76 dyads completed surveys again five months later. Partial correlations, controlling for child age and gender, indicated associations between maternal PA socialization and child PA regulation. Moderated mediation models suggested that maternal modeling of savoring predicted Time 2 child depressive symptoms via children's own savoring, which was moderated by Time 1 depressive symptoms. The moderated path indicated that only for children who reported higher depressive symptoms at Time 1, higher levels of savoring predicted lower depressive symptoms at Time 2. These results underscore the importance of examining multiple types of PA socialization and child PA regulation to predict children's depressive symptoms longitudinally.
Exploring the effectiveness of location‐based social media in modeling user activity space: A case study of Weibo
Authors: Yuan Yihong , Wang Xujiao
Published: August 2018

Location‐based social media (LBSM) has been widely utilized to supplement traditional survey methods in modeling human activity patterns. However, there has not been sufficient study to assess the reliability of these data in deriving human movement. This research aims to evaluate how data collection duration and sample sizes affect the reliability of LBSM data in activity modeling based on two indicators: radius of gyration (ROG) and entropy. We use a linear regression model with logarithmic transformation to approximate how the magnitude of each indicator changes with different data collection durations—from 1 to 12 months. The results indicate that both ROG and entropy increase when the amount of data increases. However, the rate of increase slows down and approaches zero eventually. We also approximated the limit values and verified that with 12‐month data, we are at approximately >95% magnitude of the limit values for both indicators in all three cities. The clustering analysis also demonstrated that there are outlier users who exhibit distinct patterns. This case study focuses on three Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) and provides a useful reference to explore the balance point between data effectiveness and an appropriate sample size from LBSM data.
Clinical outcomes among low‐titer group O whole blood recipients compared to recipients of conventional components in civilian trauma resuscitation
Authors: Seheult Jansen N. , Anto Vincent , Alarcon Louis H. , Sperry Jason L. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Yazer Mark H.
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

The serological safety of transfusing ≤4 units of low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) in civilian trauma patients has been demonstrated. This study investigated clinical outcomes of LTOWB recipients compared to patients who received only conventional blood components during their resuscitation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of trauma patients' medical records who received LTOWB during the first 24 hours of their admission was performed. Using a 12‐parameter propensity matching strategy, LTOWB recipients were matched to other patients who received at least one red blood cell (RBC) unit during their first 24 hours of admission but not LTOWB. The primary outcomes were mortality and blood use.

RESULTS

A total of 135 patients who received LTOWB (median 2 units) were matched to 135 patients who received conventional components. There were no significant differences in the matching parameters between the groups. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the conventional component and LTOWB groups: median (interquartile range) in‐hospital mortality, 24.4% vs. 18.5% (respectively, p = 0.24); 24‐hour mortality, 12.6% vs. 8.9% (respectively, p = 0.33). The hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay were not significantly different between groups. The median number of RBC units transfused, including the contribution from the LTOWB, was not significantly different between the groups. The time to normalization of elevated plasma lactate levels tended to be shorter among the LTOWB recipients compared to the conventional component recipients (median 8.1 [3.7‐15.4] hr vs. 13.2 [4.4‐26.8] hr, respectively, p = 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The LTOWB recipients had similar clinical outcomes compared to recipients of conventional component therapy.
A review of the biology and classification of human chimeras
Authors: Wenk Robert E.
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Chimeras are organisms composed of cells derived from two or more zygotes. Clinicians, blood group serologists, and cytogeneticists have recognized natural human chimeras for more than 60 years and molecular biologists are now able to recognize them using more sensitive and definitive tests.

STUDY DESIGN

Human chimeras are divided into two major classes, man‐made and natural. Man‐made chimeras include transplanted patients and several kinds of iatrogenic chimeras including those that develop after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Natural chimeras have historically included twin chimeras and fusion chimeras. Recently described microchimeras are primarily natural ones as well. Updated terminology and classification are suggested to account for information gleaned from natural and experimental animal chimeras.

CONCLUSIONS

Many human chimeras remain undetected. The states of health and disease of human chimeras remain largely unknown. Of four ways to detect human chimeras, molecular typing is the most sensitive and specific. Before systematic and temporal studies can be undertaken, improved cell sampling and better analytical detection methods are necessary. Chimeras may be sought among dizygotic twins and children born after IVF procedures.
Absorption and translocation of glyphosate in Spermacoce verticillata and alternative herbicide control
Authors: Fadin D A , Tornisielo V L , Barroso A A M , Ramos S , Dos Reis F C , Monquero P A
Published: August 2018

Glyphosate has been associated with control failures for Spermacoce verticillata in some Brazilian States. The objective of this work was to evaluate and determine the possible causes of this and propose alternative herbicides to use. Glyphosate was applied at three plant stages of development (2–4 leaves, 4–6 leaves and full bloom) where foliar absorption and translocation of glyphosate to various plants parts and time were analysed using the 14C technique. Data were submitted to nonlinear regressions and analysis of variance, where means were compared by a Tukey test at 5% probability. Plant control by the application of different herbicides (19) in the same three stages of development of weed was evaluated. Twenty‐one days after herbicide application, control was visually evaluated and data analysed and means were compared. Due to absorption and/or translocation problems, S. verticillata plants were not controlled by glyphosate. Plants with 4–6 leaves showed lower absorption and translocation of the herbicide to the leaf/root regions compared with plants at the beginning of their development. Plants at full bloom showed lower translocation of the herbicide to the root. In addition to the application of glyphosate at early stages of development, the application of paraquat, flumioxazin and mixtures of glyphosate with flumioxazin or cloransulam is recommended. Late applications could result in poor control, principally if glyphosate is used. Therefore, early applications are strongly recommended for control of this species.