bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suicide in Mozambique: evidence from 10 years mortuary data from forensic services at Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo city
Authors: Francisco Virgilio , Silveira Jacinta , Zacarias Antonio
Published: October 2012

Background

Studies carried in Mozambique show that injuries are one of the 10 top leading causes of death in the country. Evidence shown that, suicide is increasing at the Forensic Services in Maputo Central Hospital in Maputo city.

Aim

Provide baseline profile of suicide.

Design/methods

The study was cross-sectional of all non-natural death recorded from 2000–2009 at the Forensic Services in Maputo Central Hospital. This data was abstracted from hand written autopsy report, into 10 items on page, standardised form. The data collection was designed in order to evaluate the following variables: gender, race (assessed as African black, white, mongoloid and other), age (divided into 12 groups: 10–14; 15–19; 20–24;25–29;30–34;35–39;40–44; 45–49; 50–54; 55–59; 60–64; over 65-years-old), marital status (assessed as single; married/cohabitant; divorced/separated and widow), occupational status (assessed as blue-collar worker; low white-collar worker; inter/high white-collar worker and student/other), basic cause of death (assessed as hanging; fall; drowning; self-poisoning; firearm and other), place of the scene (assessed as at home, work place, public place, hospitals and without information). Data was analysed with bivariate analyses and significance level was set at ≤0.05.

Findings

Over this period 12 732 autopsies have been done out of which 9% (n=893) were suicide. The important factors in ‘explaining’ suicide were at home, year 2008, being African black, male, single and blue collar-worker.
‘A long journey starts with a single step’—Waimakariri's journey into suicide prevention
Authors: Lodge Sarah
Published: October 2012

Background

Waimakariri has a higher suicide rate than the social impact of the National average. Furthermore, social impact of the recent earthquakes has created the potential that these statistics could increase without appropriate intervention.

Aim

To develop a Needs Assessment and Action Plan that is relevant, workable, sustainable and, ultimately, effective in reducing the risk and incidences of suicide. The 558 suicides reported in New Zealand last year are ‘the tip of the iceberg’; with many suicides not reported as such. This issue is a reflection of the wellbeing of our communities. Waimakariri suicide statistics relate to a diverse range of demographics. With the greater proportion of suicides in the rural population, in youth and in middle-aged men; our picture is slightly different to that for the rest of New Zealand. It was important that we developed a plan that would address the wellbeing of these groups.

Method

To gather specific details of those who suicide is impossible. This information is closely protected by the Coronial court. This makes it difficult to know exactly where the problem lies. To gain a clearer picture, we took an evidence-based approach and found that victims had presented with two common contributors: a lack of resilience and insufficient protective factors in their lives. Our next step was to consider how these findings could be turned into appropriate interventions. Finally, we undertook to turn our learning into a robust local plan that aligned with the seven goals in the New Zealand Suicide Prevention Strategy.

Results/Outcome

Developing this project has provided an excellent platform for discussing a traditionally taboo subject.
Alcohol expectancies, binge drinking and alcohol-related injuries in University students
Authors: Raquel Ines Peltzer , Mariana Cremonte , Clotilde Ubeda , Jorge Ungaro , Romina Brandariz , Karina Conde
Published: October 2012

Background

One the most studied psychosocial factors in alcohol drinking are the expectancies of alcohol effects (AE). They refer to the belief that a person holds on the cognitive, behavioural and physical effects of alcohol; they play an important role in the decision to drink. Binge drinking (BD) is characterised by the intake of high amounts of alcohol on a single occasion, and associated with injuries due to traffic and violence. BD is highly prevalent among university students; however in our country the relationship between AE, BD and injuries has not yet been studied.

Objective

To study the relationship between AE, binge drinking and injuries in university students.

Method

A locally adapted version of the AEQ was used. The questionnaire assessed positive and negative expectancies. It also included questions on BD and alcohol-related injuries. A convenience sample (N=777) of university students was selected (UNMdP-Argentina). A logistic regression was performed with BD as the outcome variable and the dimensions of expectancies as predictors. Then, the OR for BD and alcohol-related injuries was estimated.

Results

Positive expectancies increased the probability of BD (OR 1.65 IC 1.5–1.9 p<0.001), while no association between BD and the rest of the dimensions for expectancies was found. BD increases by three the risk of an alcohol related-injury (OR 3.22 CI 2.12 to 4.88, x2 35.47 p<0.001).

Conclusion

Students that hold positive expectancies have a higher probability of BD and of alcohol related-injuries. Understanding which beliefs may predict BD in university students provides information for the design of prevention measures.
Comparing fatal alcohol-related road traffic crashes in Botswana pre- and post-passage of a national alcohol levy
Authors: Sebego M , Voetsch K , Naumann R , Dellinger A
Published: October 2012

Background

In Botswana, road traffic crashes (RTCs) are a leading cause of death and disability, second only to HIV/AIDS in young adult males. Alcohol has been recognised as one of the principal risk factors for RTCs, particularly for fatal RTCs, globally.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To examine the characteristics of fatal alcohol-related crashes (FARCs) in Botswana from 2006–2010 and to examine changes in rates pre- and post-levy.

Methods

This study analysed data from Botswana Police Accident Database from 2006 to 2010. Bivariate analyses examined associations between FARCs and other demographic and risk factors (eg, age, sex, injury severity, seat belt use). We calculated rates of FARCs per 10 000 registered vehicles and per 100 000 population and used z-tests to test for statistical significance.

Results/Outcome

A large percentage of FARCs occurred on weekends (49%), among males (78%), and among 25–34 year-olds (35%). Pedestrians were identified as a high risk group (38%). Comparing changes pre- and post-levy, we found that there was a statistically significant change in FARCs per 10 000 registered vehicles (rate pre-levy=10.4; 95% CI 9.1 to 11.8 vs rate post-levy=8.3; 95% CI 7.3 to 9.3; p=0.01). However, rates per 100 000 population remained stable pre- and post-levy (rate pre-levy: 6.9; 95% CI 6.0 to 7.7 vs rate post-levy: 7.5; 95% CI 6.6 to 8.4; p=0.29).

Significance/Contribution to the Field

This study identified important characteristics of fatal alcohol-related crashes, which can be used to tailor prevention programmes in Botswana (eg, sobriety checkpoints), and provided an assessment of the impact of the national alcohol levy.
Relationship between alcohol mangement plans and injury reductions in a remote Australian community
Authors: Teresa Senserrick , Marilyn Lyford , Reece Hinchcliff , Soufiane Boufous , Kathleen Clapham , Sally Torr , Rebecca Ivers
Published: October 2012

Background

Alcohol management plans have been introduced in several remote communities in Australia to address a high rate of alcohol-related harm.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To evaluate the impact on injury of the alcohol management plan in Bourke NSW (population 2175; 33% Aboriginal) following introduction of takeaway alcohol restrictions in February 2009.

Methods

Community and stakeholder interviews were conducted at 12 (n=29) and 24 months (n=19) post-restrictions. Hospital emergency presentations, admissions and police crime databases were analysed to compare injury at 12 months pre- and post-restrictions.

Results/Outcome

Contested views were provided; however, the majority of interviewees reported visible and tangible benefits, such as reduced public drunkeness and violence. Police reported a 22% decrease in assaults. Hospital presentations (N=714) showed no change in the proportion involving injury (6%) but a significant decline in the proportion of injury presentations involving alcohol (negative binomial regression p=0.016). Injury admissions were low (N=229), with few significant findings detected; however, head injuries decreased by 1.5 times.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Despite limitations of small numbers and alcohol status likely under-enumerated in hospital data, the results collectively indicate reductions in alcohol-related injury, supporting the increasing uptake of alcohol management plans.
Challenging the status quo: engaging youth in the development of a curriculum resource about alcohol and young people
Authors: Stuart S , Cvitanovic L
Published: October 2012

Background

Combating alcohol related harm in New Zealand takes a concerted effort by many sectors of the community working together with a shared vision. Needs analysis identified a dearth of youth alcohol harm minimisation resource material to support curriculum delivery in Whanganui secondary schools. The project aimed to co-ordinate development of a youth informed digital video disc (DVD) to address this gap. It sought to engage youth in conversations around harm minimisation and curriculum resource development and to increase community collaboration in support of this. Evaluation focussed on project activities and short term outcomes.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

Evaluation aims included identifying levels of stakeholder engagement, particularly among youth, factors influencing engagement and impact of the resource on youth awareness.

Methods

Mixed methods were used with a focus on a qualitative approach. Information was collected via debrief sessions, document analysis (including photographic records), youth pre and post DVD viewing feedback and participant observation.

Results/Outcomes

Youth were successfully engaged in key project implementation phases. This was influenced by opportunities to have meaningful input. Youth pre and post DVD viewing data indicated significant increases in awareness of the effects of alcohol and of strategies for keeping safer around alcohol.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

A youth informed DVD resource is now available to support alcohol harm minimisation curriculum delivery in Whanganui. The potential for the DVD to be used more widely has been identified with ACC developing complimentary ‘wrap around’ resources to encourage familial relationships and conversations about alcohol and young people. Communities can individualise the resource to suit their needs.
Choices: safer partying using theatre-in-education
Authors: Duncan R , Graves B , Wood S
Published: October 2012

Background

Local reports indicated high levels of risk-taking behaviour by young people while partying, especially when alcohol or other drugs were involved.

Using theatre-in-education to improve young people's skills to keep themselves safer was shown to reduce the likelihood of harmful situations occurring.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

Raise young people's awareness and knowledge of how and why to choose safer partying behaviours. Increase parents' awareness of strategies to use in parenting. Support schools to provide related learning opportunities.

Method

HYPE-GS collaboratively developed and delivered a performance for high-schools and alternative education centres, using a script based on local young people's stories of when partying ‘went wrong’. An interactive ‘Forum Theatre’ component allowed audience members to rework characters' choices. Almost 2000 young people and over 200 parents saw the performances.

We used a Logic Model planning process for programme and evaluation design. Data was collected through observation, questionnaires and interviews, to gauge the programme's effectiveness in raising awareness, increasing knowledge and changing behaviours.

Results/Outcome

Interactive Forum Theatre engaged young people and contributed to awareness raising, attitudinal and potentially behavioural change in young people.

Parents felt better informed of current partying issues and how they could be supported to deal with these.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

CHOICES provided an innovative and engaging way of raising awareness of the potential harms of unsafe partying behaviours and allowed young people to explore alternative decisions that lead to better outcomes. The evaluation demonstrated the effectiveness of the process and made several recommendations for extending the programme reach.
Reaching high-risk young adolescents: a process evaluation of a school based injury prevention programme
Authors: Dingli K , Buckley L , Chapman R , Reveruzzi B , Sheehan M
Published: October 2012

Background

Adolescent injury is a serious public health concern. Adolescents classified as high-risk are a population most vulnerable to harm from injury due to increased engagement in risk-taking behaviour.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

The aim of this research is to evaluate responsiveness of high-risk young Australian adolescents (13–14 years) to a curriculum based injury prevention programme.

Methods

Fifteen schools implemented the Skills for Preventing Injury in Youth (SPIY) programme in April to June 2012. Focus groups were conducted with a random sample of teachers after the conclusion of SPIY in July 2012.Teachers classified the risk-level of students based on perceptions of student engagement in risk-taking behaviour (eg, alcohol, violence, transport risks) and reported on dose, adherence, quality of process and participant responsiveness.

Results/Outcomes

The findings of teacher focus groups are presented regarding perceptions of the implementation of the curriculum based injury prevention programme and perceived responsiveness for high-risk young adolescents. Programme strengths and weaknesses are reported in the context of meeting the needs of high-risk young adolescents and the amount of material high-risk young adolescents received in line with the SPIY curriculum.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Teachers provide insight into responsiveness of high-risk young adolescents for a curriculum based injury prevention programme as well as the way it is implemented for high-risk young adolescents. Findings of this research have the potential to enhance implementation of school based interventions for high-risk young adolescents who are still participating in mainstream schooling and maximise programme effect and sustainability.
Adverse childhood experiences of young adults in Latvia
Authors: Jana Feldmane
Published: October 2012

Violence against children is actually as serious public health, human rights, legal and social issue in Latvia. Currently there is a significant amount of information available about the negative long term influence of adverse childhood experience on human health. Goal of the survey was to identify the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences among young adults of Latvia and analyse data on self evaluation of health conditions of respondents and health complaints in relation to adverse childhood experiences. Method of survey was printed questionnaires to be filled by respondents. Study was conducted in five biggest cities of Latvia. Target group of this study was students of secondary schools and professional schools 18-year-old and older. 1223 successful filled questionnaires were used for data analysis. Results of survey shows that in total only 16.9% of respondents have not got serious adverse experience during their childhood. Respondents who have got serious adverse experiences have worse health behavior (30% of them smoked and 27% started smoke before 14 age; 45.1% of them have problems with alcohol use and 33% used narcotic substances) and have different health complains and worse health self assessment (43% of them have bad health self assessment). 34% of these students seek medical advice more then five times a year. Results of survey will be used for development of new policy on prevention of domestic violence.
Acceptance of screening for intimate partner violence, actual screening and satisfaction with care amongst female clients visiting a health facility in Kano, Nigeria
Authors: John I , Lawoko S , Oluwatosin A
Published: October 2012

Background

Healthcare providers have advocated for the screening and management of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) against women and its consequences. Unfortunately, data from high income countries suggest that women may have varied preferences for being screened for IPV in healthcare. Although women's preference for screening in sub-Saharan countries has not been well researched, IPV remains an accepted societal norm in many of these countries, including Nigeria.

Objective

The objective of the study was to assess women's acceptance of screening for IPV in healthcare, the extent to which inquiry about IPV was carried out in healthcare and whether such inquiry impacted on satisfaction with care.

Method

Data on these variables were gathered through structured interviews from a sample of 507 women at a regional hospital in Kano, Nigeria. The study design was cross-sectional.

Results

The results found acceptance for screening in the sample to be high (76%), but few women (7%) had actually been probed about violence in their contact with care providers. Acceptance for screening was associated with being married and being employed. Actual screening was associated with ethnicity and religion, where ethnic and religious majorities were more likely to be screened. Finally, being screened for IPV seemed to improve satisfaction with care.

Significance

The findings demonstrate the need for adaptation of a screening protocol that is also sensitive to detect IPV amongst all ethnic and religious groups. The findings also have implications for further education of socio-economically disadvantaged women on the benefits of screening.
Is gender of healthcare provider important for screening for intimate partner violence against women? Experiences from a Nigerian sample
Authors: John Ime Akpan
Published: October 2012

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is gendered based violence that has varying degrees of health consequences on women. Advocacy for screening for IPV within healthcare and elsewhere has been championed for several years. Despite these calls, identification of IPV within the healthcare has met with challenges that relates to occupational and demographic characteristics of the Healthcare provider (HCP) especially gender.

Objectives

To study the association between genders of HCP and screening for IPV at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria.

Investigate the association of gender with the readiness to screen for example, perceived self-efficacy, access to social network to refer victims of IPV, professional roles, attitudes towards women and safety of provider /Victims.

Method

A cross-sectional questionnaire study using the Domestic violence healthcare provider survey scale. T-test was utilised to assess the association between inquiry for violence and readiness to screen variables. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using χ2test.

Results

Of the 693 clinical staff at the hospital, 430 had regular contact with patients.90% of nurses were female while 70% of doctors were males. Inquiry for IPV among both genders was 25% and the males HCP inquired more than their female peers. Male HCP were more likely to blame the victims of IPV than the females. However, the females scored higher in the professional role resistance.

Significance

In our study, gender of HCP was important in the diagnosis and management of IPV. Screening was low but increased inquiry was associated with the male gender.
Impact of intimate partner violence on women's health—a population based study in Nepal
Authors: Sunil Kumar Joshi , Aakriti Malla , Umesh Raj Aryal , Dudani Indur
Published: October 2012

Background

WHO defines Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the relationship.

Objectives

Objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of physical, psychological and sexual violence by the intimate partners in women and its‘ impact on their health in Nepal.

Methods

A population based cross-sectional survey was carried out in three districts of Kathmandu valley during May-July 2011. A pretested, and anonymous, structured questionnaire on IPV adopted from WHO/NORAQ was administered to a representative sample of 408 women of reproductive age from both rural and urban area by probability proportion to size technique. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics and χ2test.

Results

Out of 408 women, 35.5% women have experienced psychological violence, 16.7% physical violence, and 3.6% sexual violence by their intimate partners. The prevalence of different form of violence was similar in women from both the urban and rural areas (p>0.05). Around 28.6% of the women complained of different physical health problems followed by reproductive (28.2%) and mental health problems (16.3%).

Significance

This is one of the few scientific studies on IPV in Nepal. The study findings have provided data on IPV faced by Nepalese women of reproductive age.
Community response to Domestic Violence (DV): lessons learnt from interventions in Vietnam and policy suggestions
Authors: Mai Le Thi Phuong
Published: October 2012

Background

Domestic violence (DV) is a problem in Vietnam. During last decades, DV has been given greater attention by community as well as authorities at different levels as its seriousness is recognised by public. In 2007, Vietnam issued DV law. In addition, there have been several interventions addressing DV in several provinces.

Objectives

This paper reviewed the lessons learnt from pilot intervention models in community and health care facilities and provides recommendations for a comprehensive strategy to address DV in Vietnam.

Methods

Review and analysis existing data, reports on intervention on DV in Vietnam.

Results

Community interventions conducted by NGOs and Government during 2000–2010 included campaigns, operation of social support network (legal support, shelter houses, clubs of survivors, etc). The interventions in health facilities include screening, assessing, treatment, counseling, and referring victims to other supporting addresses.

Although interventions have brought positive changes in community in addressing DV, there are several challenges: Traditional norms and values supporting gender inequality still exist, especially in rural area. Health care response to DV has yet to be widely implemented in hospitals. Lack of human resources and collaboration mechanism between sectors affect to sustainability of interventions.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Recommendations for a comprehensives strategy to response to DV include: (i) strengthening evidence based advocacy for policy response to DV and monitoring the policy implementation; (ii) implementing a minimum package on DV including safety planning, emergency shelter, support and/or counseling, and legal and health services; (iii) advocacy for community responsibility to addressing DV.

At the end of this session, participants will be able to learn more best practices and challenges for implementation of interventions addressing the DV in the community, how to best support to victims and encourage health providers actively participate into battle with DV. In addition, recommendations for a comprehensives strategy responding to violence against women in community in Viet Nam will be shared and considered by countries that having a similar culture context situation.
The epidemiology of child homicides in South Africa
Authors: Abrahams N , Mathews S , Jewkes R
Published: October 2012

Background

There is a lack of national data on child homicides in South Africa and child abuse is considered to be a major problem. Yet, there is a limited understanding of the relationship between child deaths and abuse.

Aim

To describe the incidence of both overall child homicide and fatal child abuse by age and gender.

Methods

A national retrospective study at a stratified random sample of 38 mortuaries was conducted to identify all child homicides for the year 2009. Data was gathered from mortuary files, autopsy reports and police interviews.

Results

South Africa has a child homicide rate of 5.5 per 100 000 under 18 years. The age pattern indicates a bimodal age distribution with child homicides more likely to occur in the age group 0–4 years for females, 8.3 per 100 000, while older males were more likely to be victims, 21.7 per 100 000 in the 15–17 age group for males. Nearly half (45%) of all child homicides are due to child abuse, with such murders more likely to occur in the 0–4 age group. Children who were killed due to abuse were more likely to be killed at home with 64% of these children were killed by a mother.

Significance

Rates of child homicide in South Africa are higher than the global average in particular for younger children with such deaths more likely to be child abuse related.
Associations between adverse childhood experiences and attempted suicide in a National sample of students in Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Raleva M , Jordanova-Peshevska D , Sethi D , Filov I
Published: October 2012

Background

Each year, about 4 million adolescents worldwide attempt suicide. The immediacy of the developmental stress and potential abuse and household dysfunction are experiences not easily elaborated by adolescents which at certain points may make appear the suicide to be the only solution.

Objective

To assess the association between adverse childhood experiences and later suicide attempts in a sample of students in R. Macedonia. Material and methods: ACE questionnaire has been used to assess child maltreatment in a sample of 1277 students attending the secondary school or first year of university.

Results

Overall suicide attempts were reported by 2.8% of respondents. Girls have attempted suicide in 4.7%, and by boys in 0.8% (p<0.05). The age when the suicide attempts were first enacted for both sexes was 14. 1.5% of girls and 0.4% of boys attempted suicide more than once. There are significant associations between attempted suicide and household dysfunction, primarily living with a family member who attempted suicide (p=0.000000), living with a family member who was mentally ill (p=0.000001) and having an alcoholic family member (p=0.000032) only for girls. There are statistically significant associations between attempted suicide and all types of abuse for both sexes. For both boys and girls there is a statistically significant association between suicide attempt and being physically abused (p=0.00000), and for girls also being emotionally abused (p=0.000000) and sexually abused (p=0.008356).

Conclusions

The impact of pain and anxiety caused by emotional, sexual and physical abuse or witnessing domestic violence are experiences that can be prevented.
Safer future for victims of intimate partner violence: evidence from an effective training program for teachers in Bulgaria
Authors: Trendafilova P
Published: October 2012

Background

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a problem with serious health, psychological, social and economic consequences not only for victims but for the whole society.

Aims

The aim of this study was to address teachers‘ training needs on IPV issue by providing additional information on prevention, recognition and combating violence, as well as teaching methods and tools specific for IPV.

Methods

Series of trainings have been organised to support teachers on this sensitive issue. The study is based on the data collected from health care teachers at age range 34–59-years-old who attended the training program.

Results

The majority of participants with teaching experience between 1 year and 39 years agreed that during the training program they met new partners to collaborate with (92%). Secondly, they learned new information and research results and got support in teaching the problem of IPV. The study results show that 73% of participants will recommend the training program and 69% of the teachers will try to implement the issue in their curriculum or training courses. According to teachers role plays, case studies and examples are the best methods to teach IPV.

Significance

Acquiring up to date knowledge, new teaching methods and tools will contribute to better understanding of the problem and will result in effective interventions for victims of IPV.
Domestic violence in San Jose De Ocoa, Dominican Republic 2008–2011
Authors: Casado W , Skewes R
Published: October 2012

Background

Domestic violence (VIF) is by its high rates and negative impact on family and society a health problem. On women negative repercussion are bigger than HIV/TB, presenting an average rate of 9 years less than women with normal life. In1997 the Dominican Republic enacted the Law 24–97 on Domestic Violence (PIV), thus constituting a crime, data were not recorded prior to this date. The aim is to describe domestic violence in San Jose de Ocoa during 2008–2011.

Methods

We describe the events of domestic violence in San Jose de Ocoa during 2008/2011.Investigation was made according to Dominican Republic norms, data were obtained from record books of the Provincial Prosecutor and institutions that provide assistance to victims. Data were analysed with Epi-Info 3.5, and Excel-97 and presented in tables, maps and graphs by epidemiological variables.

Results

The annual rate was158 per 100 000 habitants, presenting the highest recorded for 2011.The municipality of San José de Ocoa reported 77% (339/439), providing the sectors increased incidence in ‘Down town/village up/San Antonio neighborhood.’ At home there were 62% of cases, the rest are reported on public roads, work and school. The 79% (345/439) of affected are women between 15–49 years and 82% (360/439) of the attacks came from the male, being familiarly linked as partners. Do Drug and Alcohol appear to influence in domestic violence. Psychological violence was reported in 49% (215/439) and physical 30% (134/439) were the main forms of presentation.
Drink driving prevention in Ha Nam and Ninh Binh provinces of Viet Nam
Authors: Nguyen N , Passmore J , Pham C , La Q , Nguyen V , Tran L , Luong A , Nguyen L
Published: October 2012

Background

Drink driving is a major risk factor for road trauma in Viet Nam. Previous studies have shown up to 60% of road traffic injured patients admitted to hospital, had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) above the level limit.

Activities

This programme implemented an enhanced enforcement model where roadside police operations were supplemented by capacity building training for police, essential equipment (breathalysers), and an intensive mass media social marketing campaign on the dangers and consequences of drink–driving. Impact of the programme was measured through a variety of evaluation tools including enforcement data, hospital BAC results and KAP indicators.

Results

The social marketing campaign was implemented from August 2010 to November 2011, coupled with almost 7000 person days of enforcement operations running from November 2010 to November 2011 during high alcohol times (12:00–14:00 and 18:00–21:00).

Enforcement results from HaNam and NinhBinh showed 23.3% and 21.3% drivers/riders respectively were detected over the legal limit.

There's a reduction in people's self reported drink driving between January and August 2011, HaNam from 34.1% to 20% and NinhBinh from 52.2% to 44.2%. However, the low perception of being caught drink driving (24.3%) could possibly add to the current high violation rate.

The volume of intake among hospitalised victims reduced. Motorcycle victims having BAC level over 80 mg/dl declined from 21.5% to 11.5% in the 3rd quarter of 2011 in HaNam.

Conclusions

Drink driving remains highly prevalent in Viet Nam. However, intensive social marketing coupled with sustained visible enforcement can bring positive changes to people's knowledge and likelihood of drinking and driving.
The growing use of motorcycles for commercial transport and traffic safety in Ghana
Authors: Agyekum-Boamah P
Published: October 2012

Background

The use of motorcycles for commercial transport is an underground economy spreading in Ghana with traffic safety problems.

Aims and Objectives

To verify the extent of traffic safety challenges from the use of motorcycle for commercial transport.

Methods

Field surveys were conducted with the 200 operators and 100 users of the services through random sampling in two urban centres and a rural community in the Greater Accra, Volta and Upper East Regions of Ghana using questionnaires.

Results

The illegal operation of this mode of transport is increasing at a rate of about 100 times that of conventional vehicular commercial transport due to affordability at 80% cheaper and higher returns at 20%. Safety issues relate to violation of insurance coverage, improper clothing and non use of helmets. More than 50% of the operators have been involved in traffic crashes and 80% have had it more than once. Fatality rate is about 10%, injury rate is 77.6% wit maiming of victims. Users still patronise it due to affordability, availability speed and convenience. Effective enforcement will be by education, increased taxes on motorcycles, stiffer penalties for offenders and provision of alternate employment for operators.

Significance

The practice will grow along with related problems if the ban on it is not effectively enforced. However the effectiveness of this will depend on addressing current problems with conventional commercial transport services in the country.
All-terrain vehicles on the road: a serious traffic safety concern
Authors: Jennissen C , Buresh C , Harland K , Ellis D , Denning G
Published: October 2012

Background

On-road all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes are frequent despite most US states having laws restricting road use.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To determine the demographics, and the mechanisms and outcomes of injuries of on-road versus off-road ATV crashes.

Methods

Data from our Iowa ATV injury surveillance database (2002–2009) was derived and statistically analysed.

Results/Outcomes

976 records were studied, with 38% of injured individuals from on-road crashes. Demographics were similar at each location. Females and youths under 16 were over four times more likely to be passengers (p<0.0001 for each). As compared to off-road crash victims, on-road victims were approximately ten times more likely to be involved in a vehicle-vehicle collision (p<0.001), three times more likely to have a severe brain injury with a GCS≤8 (p<0.001), and twice as likely to have suffered a major trauma with an ISS>15 (p<0.001). Adult operators in on-road crashes were also twice as likely to test positive for alcohol as those off-road (p<0.05). Helmet use significantly reduced the odds of sustaining a brain injury, and on-road victims were only half as likely to be protected by helmets (p<0.01).

Significance/Contribution to the Field

On-road crashes were significantly more likely to involve collision with another vehicle, suggesting on-road ATVs represent a traffic safety concern. Even controlling for helmet use, on-road crash victims suffered more severe injuries than those off-road. Our data reinforces the importance of laws restricting ATV road use and their enforcement, and the need to increase ATV user education about the dangers of on-road riding.
All-terrain vehicles: deadly on and off the road
Authors: Jennissen C , Harland K , Ellis D , Denning G
Published: October 2012

Background

The increasing popularity of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) has been accompanied by an alarming rise in ATV-related deaths.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To compare fatal ATV crashes on and off the road in order to more fully understand the contributing factors for deaths at each location.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed using national fatality data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Results/Outcomes

Overall, 62% of US deaths from 1985 to 2009 resulted from on-road ATV crashes. After 1998, on-road deaths increased at a greater rate than off-road deaths (48+2.8 vs 20+1.8 deaths/year), and crashes on the road were three times more likely to result in multiple deaths (p<0.0001). Fatal on-road crashes were also more likely than those off-road to involve vehicles with multiple riders, higher alcohol use, more collision-related events, and more head injuries (p<0.0001 in each case). On-road fatality victims were 46% less likely to be helmeted (p<0.0001). In addition, passengers and operators with passengers were less likely to be helmeted than operators riding alone (p<0.0001), regardless of location. Overall, helmeted victims were half as likely to suffer a head injury (p<0.0001).

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The majority of US ATV-related deaths have resulted from on-road crashes. We hypothesise that risk factors, like passengers and alcohol, exacerbate the challenges of safely operating ATVs on road surfaces, and that higher crash forces from greater speed and lack of protective equipment on the road increase head injuries that result in death. Getting ATVs off the roads may be an effective way to reduce ATV-related deaths.
Clothing-related motorised two-wheeler crashes: results from a traffic injury surveillance study, Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Uzma Rahim , Nukhba Zia , Junaid Bhatti , Shahzad Shamim , Rashid Jooma , Junaid Abdul Razzak
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Recently, cases of clothing-related entanglement in motorcycles have been increasingly reported from India and Pakistan but no epidemiological studies are available for such crashes.

Objective

To assess the injury burden and severity of clothing-related two-wheeler crashes in Pakistan.

Methods

The study setting was Karachi, Pakistan. Cases were defined as riders and pillion riders of motorised two-wheelers involved in a crash as a result of entangling of clothing in parts of the vehicle. Cases were selected from an ongoing traffic injury surveillance study. For each case, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) of involved body parts was recorded and used in computation of New Injury Severity Score (NISS).

Results

A total of 986 injuries were reported from January 2007 to December 2009. Most were females (73.9%) and pillion riders (80.6%). These crashes were mostly single vehicle (98.5%) and involved head (41.5%), face (35.9%), limbs (51.0%), and external body that is, skin (60.3%). As per NISS, one-third of injuries were moderate (26.7%) to severe (10.2%). A total of 10 deaths were reported and head and face injuries were reported in nine of them. Female gender, age≥45 years (21.5%), pillion riders (80.6%) and crashes occurring at intersections (34.3%) were more likely to result in severe NISS than other users (p<0.001).

Significance

Clothing-related motorised two-wheeler injuries are common in Karachi indicating the risks associated with wearing traditional clothing when riding motorcycles. Promotion of appropriate, conspicuous clothing by both riders and pillion riders might prevent such injuries.
European Safer Urban Motorcycling (ESUM) project: benefits from mobility advantages pertaining to reduction of injuries among powered two wheelers in urban areas
Authors: Petridou Ε , Germeni E , Vassileva V , Pierini M
Published: October 2012

Background

Powered Two Wheelers (PTWs) use has increased by an amazing 34% in the last decade in European cities, exceeding that of any other transport mode. PTWs, tailored for urban mobility, are cheaper, cleaner and more flexible transport means. Yet, compared to other modes of transport, PTWs have shown a slower rate of safety improvement.

Aims/Objectives/Purposes

The project represents a collaborative venture involving four principal motorcycling cities (Barcelona, Paris, London and Rome), the PTW industry and academic/research organisations aiming to show that reduction in PTW collisions/casualties is feasible, provided user behaviour, vehicle design and road infrastructure are tackled.

Results/Outcome

The readily applicable tools (www.esum.eu) include (a) MAIDS Urban Accident Report, (b) Good Practice Guide, examples of >200 projects (c) Action Pack—simple methodology for designing PTW casualty reduction programme and (d) a series of videos on how participating cities handled the project.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The comprehensive package of readily available tools offers a unique opportunity for follower cities toit from the mobility advantages offered by PTWs and to reduce safety related risks.
Using attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours to shape a Cambodian motorcycle helmet campaign
Authors: Roehler D , Sann S , Kim P , Florian M , Sidik M , Ballesteros M.
Published: October 2012

Background

As the number of motorcyclists in Cambodia increases, so do motorcycle-related injuries. Injuries decrease as helmet use increases. Campaigns addressing this issue will be more effective if they are based on prior knowledge and barrier of helmet use.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To determine the prevalence of helmet use and reasons for non-use among motorcycle riders in Cambodia.

Methods

We conducted helmet observations and roadside interviews in five Cambodian provinces.

Results/Outcomes

Trained researchers observed helmet use for drivers of 71.4% at 9:00, 68.2% at noon, 62.7% at 17:00, and 47.8% at 19:00. For passengers, researchers observed rates of 6.6% at 9:00, 7.9% at noon, 6.3% at 17:00, and 4.7% at 19:00. Most drivers and passengers older than 16 years who reported that they regularly wear a helmet said they do so because it can save their life (96% and 98%, respectively). The most common reasons for not consistently wearing a helmet were: (1) ‘factors that depend on where I drive,’ (2) ‘I forgot’, (3) ‘inconvenient/uncomfortable’. We found that 91% of riders get their road safety information from the television. Parents reported their children do not regularly wear a helmet because they are ‘too young’ (37%) or they are ‘riding close to home in their neighborhood’ (17%).

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Helmet use varied greatly between drivers and passengers by time of day. As a result of these data, we have launch a television campaign focused on passengers and emphasising the importance of wearing a helmet anytime they are on a motorcycle.
Road safety practices of motorcycle riders in Multan, Pakistan
Authors: Hashmi W , Tahir N , Akbar AH , Naseer R , Rashid A , Zia M
Published: October 2012

Background and Objectives

Pakistani motorcyclists constitute 2% of the global bikers' populace. The burgeoning trend of using motorbikes as a family vehicle in Pakistan and consequent increase in Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs) warrant a study on the training, licensing, and adoption of safety practices in Punjab. RESCUE 1122 Punjab, Pakistan as an emergency management service, attends to such RTCs. With a mandate to identify and address the key contributors to such RTCs, a study was undertaken at RESCUE 1122 Multan to assess motorcyclists' awareness, attitudes and practices towards helmet usage and recommend improvement strategies thereof.

Material and Methods

Rescue 1122 Multan carried out a population-based survey in collaboration with Atlas Honda, Multan, the largest manufacturer and seller of motorbikes in Pakistan. RESCUE 1122 Community Safety Officers administered a questionnaire, while officials of Atlas Honda offered incentive repair workshops for their motorcycles during the interview process.

Results

1748 motorcyclists participated in the survey. Age distribution of participants in years: 803 (46%); 18–27, 100 (5.8%); 12–17, Mean age; 28.75. Conspicuous demographics: Government employees 327 (18.7%), students 293 (16.8%), educational qualification under high school; 452 (26%), without licenses; 772 (44.2%), never attended driving school; 1513 (86.6%). Helmet usage; 292 (16.7%), Never used helmet; 1456 (83.3%), 134 (47%) used helmet but never fastened chin-strip. Justification for not wearing helmet: Vision and hearing impairment; 341 (19.5), medical grounds; 232 (13.3%) and unable to buy; 90 (5.2%).

Conclusions

The surveyed identifies socio-economic aspects of RTCs involving motorcycles. Engaging the stakeholders through ‘citizen motorcyclists’-based watch-counsel and train programmes are expected to permeate desirable effect under cautious national legislation and enforcement.
The validity of self-reported helmet-use among motorcyclists in India
Authors: Wadhwaniya S , Gupta S , Tetali S , Hyder A
Published: October 2012

Background

Motorcyclists constitute the largest proportion of vehicle users on Indian roads. They are also vulnerable to road traffic crashes, injuries and deaths. Helmet-use can reduce the risk of injuries among them. Helmet-use rates can be determined by different methodologies.

Objectives

To compare observed and self-reported helmet-use rates among motorcyclists in Hyderabad city, India.

Methods

To determine helmet-use rates observations were recorded for motorcycle drivers (n=68 229) and pillion riders (n=21 777). By a different methodology, roadside interviews were conducted with motorcycle drivers (n=606) where they were asked if they ‘always wear a helmet’ and observations were also recorded for them.

Results

In observational study, 22.6% of motorcycle drivers and 1.1% pillion riders were found wearing helmets. In roadside interview, 64.6% of the respondents reported to always use helmet, much higher than the observed rate of 29.3% in the same group. ‘It can save my life’ (99.2%) was common reason for always using helmets. Reasons for not always using helmets included not having one (27.4%), depending on where they drive (25.1%) and forgetting it sometimes (23.7%). In purchasing helmet, quality (66.0%), certification (15.2%) and brand/company name (7.7%) were given more importance than price (4.6%), style/look (2.6%) and colour (1.8%). Only 2.3% were stopped by police in the past three months to check helmet-use.

Significance

Discrepancy between observed and self-reported helmet-use rates suggest that observational studies can provide more valid helmet-use rates than those that are self-reported. Increased enforcement might be an effective strategy to increase helmet-use among drivers who are aware of its importance.