bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discriminações condicionais após treino de pareamento consistente de estímulos complexos com atraso
Authors: Assis Grauben José Alves de , Baptista Marcelo Quintino Galvão , Menezes Aline Beckmann de Castro
Published: March 2007

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a formação de discriminações condicionais por meio de um procedimento de treino por pareamento consistente de estímulos complexos com atraso. Na Fase I, com cinco universitários, foi realizado o Pré-treino TX e Treinos de Aquisição AE, BF e DC envolvendo estímulos modelos e de comparação simples. Na Fase II, houve o Pré-treino MN-O/P, os Treinos AB-E/F e AD-C/F, num formato de pareamento consistente. Esses treinos foram intercalados aos Testes de Transitividade e de Equivalência EF/FE, CF/FC, BD/DB, com estímulos modelos complexos e de comparação simples. Na Fase III, os Treinos AB-E/F e AD-C/F foram desmembrados em AB-E, AB-F e AD-C e reaplicados os mesmos testes. Todos os participantes formaram as relações condicionais entre estímulos modelos simples e complexos, embora com variabilidade quanto à exposição aos blocos de tentativas. Houve variabilidade em termos de formação das relações emergentes testadas. Os resultados sugerem que o procedimento utilizado produziu discriminações condicionais e levou à formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes, não obstante a variabilidade referida. A busca de fontes de controle mais eficazes se faz necessária em pesquisas futuras.
Behavior of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire, 1822 to Meloidogyne incognita and M. paranaensis and their influence on development of plantlets
Authors: Santiago Débora Cristina , Krzyzanowski Alaíde Aparecida , Homechin Martin
Published: March 2007

The influence of Meloidogyne incognita and M. paranaensis on the development of mate (Ilex paraguariensis ST. Hill) plantlets was assessed in greenhouse and laboratory. The experimental design was randomized. Every plot of each one of the 10 repetitions contained one mate plantlet , inoculated with 5,000 eggs of M. incognita (races 1, 2, 3 and 4) and M. paranaensis. After 120 days it was observed that mate was a reliable hostess to such nematodes and that they could finish their life cycle. Plant development was significantly modified by M. incognita, races 1 and 2. Dry and green matter weight of shoots changed according to treatment. No changes were observed in fresh root weight. The number of eggs per root was similar for M. incognita, races 1 and 2, and higher for the other treatments. The reproduction factor was above 1 for all treatments, indicating mate plants susceptibility to them.
Effects of the application of sewage sludge and petrochemical residue in maize culture as source of micro-nutrients on soils of Paraná state
Authors: Pigozzo Ana T. Jordão , Gobbi Marlene A. , Lenzi Ervim , Luchese Eduardo B.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of the potential of two organic residues as source of micro-nutrients in three soils of Paraná state was studied. Treatments consisted of one dose (38 t.ha-1) of sewage sludge and residue of purified used motor oil both neutralized with CaO+MgO mixture in 3:1 rate. Maize (Zea mays L.) was used as reference plant. After 30 days of seeding, the aerial parts of the plants were cut. They were dried at 70ºC till constant weight and ground. Analysis was undertaken after nitric-perchloric digestion. Micro-nutrients levels in the soils and in the aerial parts of the plants were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed a production of the aerial parts of the plants treated with sewage sludge higher than those in other treatments. The micro-nutrients in Terra Roxa - TR were higher than those of Latossolo Vervelho Escuro - LE (Deep Red Latisol) and Podzólico Vermelho - PV (Red Podzolic) soils, respectively. In the aerial part of the maize plants in treated soils concentrations of micro-nutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were higher than those without treatment.
Preliminary analysis of the genetic variability of two natural beds of the Scallop Euvola ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) in Brazil
Authors: Wangüemert Mercedes Gonzalez , Pezzuto Paulo Ricardo , Borzone Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2007

Euvola ziczac (formerly Pecten ziczac), a simultaneous hermaphroditic scallop was heavily fished in Brazil between 1972 and 1980. The production peaked in 1980 with 8,800 tons and was followed by the total collapse of the resource. In order to investigate the possible loss of genetic variability of the stock associated to overfishing and self-fertilization, the polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) was analyzed by electrophoresis of the adductor muscle of scallops from São Francisco (26° 20.583’S; 48° 16.507’W) and Bom Abrigo (25° 28.735’S; 47° 37.621’W) beds; the southern and northern extremes of the scallop fishing ground, respectively. Animals from São Francisco showed a strong deficiency of heterozygosity for GPI and PGM. In addition, PGM showed *exclusive alleles for each bed. Such results coupled with other information about the species suggested the following hypothesis: a) the stock was a metapopulation with at least two populations; b) some reproductive isolation might be occurring which might be influenced by conditions of larval transport and by the extremely low densities of scallops; c) presently, the stock seemed to be mostly maintained through self-fertilization; d) São Francisco could constitute a source-area, contributing with larvae and recruits to Bom Abrigo and other areas; e) both beds were suffering a genetic homogenization more evident in São Francisco. Such hypothesis needed to be investigated in order to furnish guidelines for future programs of recovery and management of the resource.
Soybean parent selection based on genetic diversity
Authors: Carpentieri-Pípolo Valéria , Pípolo Antônio Eduardo , Silva Flávio André Martins da , Petek Marcos Rafael
Published: March 2007

Thirty-four soybean lines were assessed for twelve traits. The genetic distances were estimates using multivariate techniques, to identify parents to be included in breeding programs for hybridization. Grouping by the Tocher method, from generalized Mahalanobis distances, divided the 34 lines into four groups. The most important agronomic traits, weight of seeds per plot, plant height, height of first pod and days to maturity were considered when recommending for crossing. The following crosses were recommended based on the genetic divergence and the key agronomic traits: lines 23, 10, 2, 27 and 25 (group I) with genotype 6 (group II) and genotype 16 (group III). Thus only ten crosses would be made, representing only 2% of the total crosses which could be made in the partial diallel among the 34 lines assessed, which would allow up to 561 combinations.
Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of different types of resin-based composites
Authors: Rodrigues Junior Sinval Adalberto , Zanchi Cesar Henrique , Carvalho Rodrigo Varella de , Demarco Flávio Fernando
Published: March 2007

The aim of the study was to test whether the filler composition of resin composites influences their flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were obtained through a three-point bending test. Twelve bar shaped specimens of 5 commercially available composites - Supreme (3M/ESPE), a universal nanofilled composite; Esthet-X (Dentsply), Z-250 (3M/ESPE), Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer), universal hybrid composites; and Helio Fill (Vigodent), a microfine composite - were confectioned according to the ISO 4049/2000 specifications. The test was performed after a 7-days storage time using a universal test machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The filler weight content was determined by the ashing technique. The data obtained on the mechanical properties were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the filler content and the mechanical properties. A weak but significant correlation between the mechanical properties evaluated and the filler weight content was observed (p < 0.000). The microfine composite presented the lowest filler weight and the lowest mechanical properties. Statistically different flexural strength and modulus of elasticity results were observed among the universal hybrid composites. The nanofilled composite presented intermediary results. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it could be concluded that the filler content significantly interfered in the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of the composites tested.
Symptom‐Driven Lorazepam Protocol for Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: DeCarolis Douglas D. , Rice Kathryn L. , Ho Libin , Willenbring Mark L. , Cassaro Susan
Published: March 2007

Study Objective. To compare outcomes of treating alcohol withdrawal delirium (AWD) with a symptom‐driven benzodiazepine protocol versus nonprotocol benzodiazepine infusions in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Design. Retrospective observational study of a quality improvement project.

Setting. Medical intensive care unit at a Veterans Affairs medical center.

Patients. Thirty‐six patients who had 40 ICU admissions for AWD between January 1, 1994, and May 31, 2003. Sixteen episodes (15 patients [historical controls]) occurred before implementation of the symptom‐driven protocol in 1998, and 24 episodes (21 patients) occurred after implementation.

Measurements and Main Results. Outcomes evaluated were time to reach symptom control, total dose of benzodiazepine, amount of time receiving continuous benzodiazepine infusion, length of ICU and hospital stay, polypharmacy (use of multiple benzodiazepines), and complications of treatment. The historical control group was treated according to physician preference, which consisted of continuous‐infusion midazolam without a protocol. The symptom‐driven protocol used lorazepam administered initially as intermittent intravenous doses, progressing to a continuous intravenous infusion according to a locally developed symptom scale. The mean ± SD values for the outcomes in the historical control group versus the protocol group were as follows: time to control symptoms 19.4 ± 9.7 versus 7.7 ± 4.9 hours (p=0.002), cumulative benzodiazepine dose in lorazepam equivalents 1677 ± 937 versus 1044 ± 534 mg (p=0.014), time receiving benzodiazepine continuous infusion 122.1 ± 64.4 versus 52.0 ± 35.1 hours (p=0.001), length of stay in the ICU 7.7 ± 6.3 versus 5.6 ± 1.7 days (p=0.21), and length of hospital stay 15.3 ± 8.9 versus 11.2 ± 3.4 days (p=0.43).

Conclusions. Use of a symptom‐driven protocol was associated with significantly decreased time to symptom control, amount of sedative required, and time spent receiving benzodiazepine infusion compared with historical controls. The use of the protocol is effective but requires close monitoring to ensure protocol compliance and to avoid potential propylene glycol toxicity.
Underutilization of Evidence‐Based Therapies in Heart Failure: The Pharmacist's Role
Authors: Rodgers Jo Ellen , Stough Wendy Gattis
Published: March 2007

Utilization of evidence‐based therapy in the heart failure population includes implementation of heart failure treatment guidelines, interventions to improve prescribing, and inclusion of pharmacists on the multidisciplinary team. Use of treatment guidelines eases the challenge of selecting the appropriate drug and dosage; quality interventions by pharmacists can ensure optimal prescribing of therapy; and provision of care by a multidisciplinary team can improve outcomes in patients with heart failure. Evidence‐based therapy, however, remains underutilized in the heart failure population. Barriers to utilization include misperceptions that various heart failure subpopulations do not need certain medical therapies, a fear of polypharmacy, inappropriate assumptions about adverse effects and contraindications, and cost. In fact, optimal prescribing of evidence‐based therapy can actually reduce costs. Clearly documented processes and systems are needed to ensure that evidence‐based therapy and education are available to every patient.
Consumption Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Two Panel Data Sets
Authors: Fisher Jonathan D , Johnson David S
Published: March 2007

This paper examines inequality and mobility using measures of income and consumption. Consumption is claimed to be a better measure of permanent income and thus well-being, but most studies of inequality and mobility using U.S. data use income.This paper uses cohort data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys on total consumption to impute consumption in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Then, we use this imputed consumption and actual income from the PSID to examine changes in inequality and mobility. Similar to earlier findings, we show that there has been a large increase in income inequality but no concurrent increase in consumption inequality in the 1990s. Conversely, income mobility and consumption mobility are similar during this time period.Finally, we link the concepts of inequality and mobility using a social welfare function. The results suggest that income mobility and consumption mobility more than offset the increases in inequality.
Rural Sociology: Some Inter-American Aspects
Authors: Nelson Lowry
Published: March 2007

Rural sociology had its origin and growth as an academic discipline in the United States. The other social sciences—including general sociology, economics, political science, anthropology and historiography—were mainly imported from Europe and the British Isles. Rural sociology, however, was a United States “export” both to Europe and to Latin America.

This inverse process of diffusion deserves a brief explanation. Why did Rural sociology not originate in Europe? And, conversely, why did it take root in the United States? To answer the first question we may cite the following factors:

1.

During the latter part of the nineteenth century when the social conditions of rural people in the United States were critical, Europe was relatively stable. The peasant revolts of the earlier centuries had faded into history, feudalism, in its worst features at least, was no more. There were still agrarian problems, of course, including land fragmentation, but they were not serious enough to cause widespread unrest. Moreover, the restless ones were free to migrate to the New World. Europe, in short, was in the happy condition of being able to export its “problem” mainly to the United States.
Literatura Brasileña: El Cuento y la Narracion
Authors: Sánchez-Sáez Braulio
Published: March 2007

Es indudable que toda literatura, como esta del género narrativo o de ficción, del cuento o del relato, cuando de estudiarla se trata, lo primero que impone es la fijación de su aparecimiento y el curso de su desarrollo.

Así como la vieja “patraña” se basaba en los equívocos, o las “farsas” en la acentuación de lo grotesco, y tenían sus formas y cualidades peculiares de ser tratadas, así también el cuento, relato, narración o novela breve, tienen fijados sus moldes más o menos generales, desde las viejas leyendas persas, hasta las ya más sólidas creaciones de Mateo Bandello o de la propia “novella” toscana, que tanta influencia tuvo desde la novelística renacentista hasta nuestros días.
Josephus Daniels—Simpatico
Authors: Morrison Joseph L.
Published: March 2007

When Franklin D. Roosevelt, as apostle of the Good Neighbor policy, appointed Josephus Daniels Ambassador to Mexico in 1933, the President was highly vulnerable to the charge of not practicing what he preached. At the very least, many Mexicans wondered at the obtuseness of the Yanqui in appointing as ambassador a man who had ordered the invasion of Veracruz in 1914. In that year, Secretary of the Navy Daniels had indeed been the “aggressor,” and his Assistant Secretary at the time had been none other than Franklin D. Roosevelt. How could the norteamericanos be so incredibly callous? As it happens, by 1933, Roosevelt and Daniels had to have the Veracruz incident recalled to them, incredible, in turn, as that may seem. If they had “forgotten” Veracruz, assuredly the Mexican people had not.
Civil-Military Relations in Latin America
Authors: McAlister L. N.
Published: March 2007

It is hardly necessary to assert that the armed forces have been important factors in the historical development of the nations of Latin America. By bringing into association men from all parts of the national territory, by posing as the incarnation of the national spirit, and by teaching patriotism and exalting national virtues, they have been a significant influence in overcoming regionalism and localism. By providing an avenue for advancement for members of lower social strata, they have encouraged social mobility. In many countries they have contributed to the transition from traditional to modern societies through their work in constructing communications systems, their emphasis on general and technical education within their ranks, and by their demands for industrialization.
Style in 18th Century Mexico
Authors: Baird Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Of the 18th Century, a 19th century critic remarked that it mated decadence with splendor — a poetically conceived evaluation, but one which introduces more than aesthetic judgment. From the time of Sylvester Baxter's pioneer appreciation of art and architecture in colonial Mexico, there have been a great variety of travellers and scholars who have attempted to clarify the stylistic problems of the period. It would be impossible to give any just measure of credit to all those who have contributed; much of the most meaningful interpretation of this period, however, must be based on the brilliant work of the late Manuel Tous-saint and the investigadores of the Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas at the University of Mexico.
The Open Chapel in Mexico
Authors: Peacock Vera L.
Published: March 2007

” en esta tierra los patios son muy grandes y muy gentiles, porque la gente no cabe en las iglesias, y en los patios tiene su capilla para que todos oyan misa los domingos y fiestas, y las iglesias sirven para entre semana.“

Motolinía: Memoriales, I, 92-93

One curious and distinctive development of early ecclesiastic architecture in Mexico is the open chapel. The three great monastic orders which early in the sixteenth century divided up Mexico for its spiritual welfare were amazingly successful. The construction of churches, rapid though it was, failed to keep pace with the thousands of converts who thronged to the services and filled the existing buildings to overflowing. Realizing that their Indian followers must have frequent opportunities for attending mass, the monks conceived the idea of erecting small chapels, large enough to shelter the altar and so constructed as to render it visible to great numbers of Indians outside. As the years passed, great cathedrals and many parish churches arose until there were more than enough to serve the people. The open chapels were gradually abandoned or enclosed and dedicated to special uses. Many have disappeared but those which remain provide an interesting commentary upon early colonial religious life in Mexico.
Puerto Rico Through New England Eyes, 1831-1834
Authors: Gatell Frank Otto
Published: March 2007

The Puerto Rico of the 1830's was one of the two remaining jewels in the Spanish Imperial Crown in America. The tenor of its insular way had not been unaffected by the revolutions that in a half century had brought about the political separation of the Old World and the New. The Reformismo Ilustrado of the Bourbons which was begun in the previous century had left its mark on the island; and if insularity had more than literal connotations when applied to Puerto Rico, it was nevertheless true that increased trade with the United States was creating an economic bond foreshadowing the political absorption of 1898.
Social Mobility and Economic Development: The Vital Parameters of the Bolivian Revolution
Authors: Bergsten C. Fred
Published: March 2007

In 1952, Bolivia experienced the most thorough-going social revolution in Latin America since the Mexican upheaval early in this century. In the twelve years which have followed, the Andean republic has made remarkable progress in breaking down centuries-old societal gaps and forging an integrated nation. The Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR), which inspired the revolution and which has retained firm political leadership of the nation, has played a vital role in politically activating the traditional Indian segment of the population. Prior to 1952, there had been very little communication between this indigenous majority and the Westarnized minority; this “vertical” cleavage was ona major barrier to the political socialization of Bolivia. On a “horizontal” plane, the process was further complicated by cleavages among the various Indian groups and, predominantly along regional lines, among the relatively homogeneous whites.
President Arturo Illia and the Argentine Military
Authors: Millington Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Since 1930 the military has overthrown the Government of Argentina four times: in 1930, when General Uriburu overthrew the constitutional government of Hipólito Irigoyen; in 1943, when General Ramírez overthrew Ramón Castillo and initiated a confused series of events which led ultimately to the accession to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946; in September, 1955, when officers of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force combined their forces to oust Perón himself; and in March, 1962, when a small group of officers staged a coup which deposed Arturo Frondizi, the first elected president to follow Perón.
O Desenvolvimento: Seus Processos e Seus Obstaculos
Authors: Costa Pinto L. A.
Published: March 2007

Partimos da noção de estrutura social, cuja conceituação já propuzemos, noutra oportunidade, nos seguintes têrmos: quando falamos em es- ‘ trutura social referímo-nos a urna sociedade encarada do ãngulo das relagóes dos homens entre sí e dos homens com as coisas materiais que o cercam; relações interdependentes e geradas históricamente na atividade social de produzir e reproduzir as condições essenciais de sobrevivencia do grupo. Dêsse modo, tôda estrutura social contém, no mínimo, essas tres partes, que lhe são inseparáveis: por base, urna forma histórica de produção; por corpo, um sistema de estratificação social; por cúpula, um conjunto de instituigóes e de valôres sociais — cujo escôpo é sancionar e manter, como um todo, o sistema estreitamente interdependente formado por essas partes.
Latin-American Economic Development, Land Reform, and U.S. Aid with Special Reference to Guatemala
Authors: Hildebrand John R.
Published: March 2007

President Kennedy, in his inaugural address, spoke of an “Alliance for Progress” with Latin America and more recently of an expanded Latin-American aid program. His phrase “Alliance for Progress” underscores the fact that the U. S. chooses not to be identified with blind defenders of the status quo but to support evolutionary change calling for political, social, and economic reform.

What motivates U. S. citizens to tax themselves to help the underdeveloped countries help themselves? One observes an interesting mixture of goals with respect to U. S. aid programs. There is no single enforced purpose handed down from higher authority. Each citizen indicates and advances his own preferences with some sort of compromise or majority view prevailing when necessary. One peculiarity of a democratic society is the pluralism of motivations and purposes.
International Aviation Rivalry in Latin America, 1919-1927
Authors: Newton Wesley Phillips
Published: March 2007

In Latin America, international rivalry over aviation followed World War I. In its early form, it consisted of a commercial scramble among several Western European nations and the United States to sell airplanes and aviation products and to establish airlines in Latin America. Somewhat later, expanding European aviation activities posed an implicit threat to the Panama Canal.

Before World War I, certain aerophiles had sought to advance the airplane as the panacea for the transportation problem in Latin America. The aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont of Brazil and the Aero Club of America, an influential private United States association, were in the van. In 1916, efforts by these enthusiasts led to the formation of the Pan American Aviation Federation, which they envisioned as the means of promoting and publicizing aviation throughout the Western Hemisphere.
Higher Education in Contemporary Central America
Authors: Waggoner Barbara , Waggoner George R. , Wolfe Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

“The National University? Of course, I use it for political purposes—pay a student to stay in school to fight the communists. Yes, he's 35 years old, been there quite a while. The name of the Rector? I don't know.”

“No, I've never given any money to the university—I've never been asked. Library? I don't know whether they have one or not. Don't the students listen to the lectures?”

These comments illustrate the widespread feelings of public indifference and hostility toward higher education in Central America today. They also underscore the need for better information about higher education and the need to reduce the gap between the universities and the societies in which they operate.

The universities of Central America have long been tottery towers built on inadequate structures of national public education. Their marginal utility as centers of learning and intellectual leadership is evidenced in many ways: in low levels of financial support; rundown physical facilities; weak administrations and consequent weaknesses in the standards of teaching, research and student academic performance.
Psychological Correlates of Housing in Central America
Authors: Williamson Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Traditional or developing areas of the world are moving toward urban and industrial societies characterized by rationalistic behavior. To an appreciable extent this transition is identified as the rise of urban middle sectors or classes, at least in the case of Latin America. One phase of the transition from a stage of economic underdevelopment to an industrial system has been the advent of public housing. Latin America in the last twenty years has witnessed extensive migration of families from the rural hinterland—in addition to the ever expanding families of the city itself— to the squatter shacks and slums, with eventual transfer of limited numbers to public housing. This article proposes to report on some differences in behavior and values of residents of private dwellings as opposed to those residents of public housing in two Central American capitals.
Florencio Sánchez and His Social Consciousness of the River Plate Region
Authors: Ramírez Manuel D.
Published: March 2007

Strange as it may seem, the theater is probably the least known of the cultural manifestations of Latin America, despite the fact that its history can be traced back to the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Maya, Aztecs, and Incas. The first references to an indigenous theater are found in the second and third Cartas de relación of Hernán Cortés and in the Royal Commentaries of the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Only fragmentary evidence is preserved, unfortunately, of the considerable dramatic activity that took place during the colonial period. A few of the plays are known by tide, and still fewer have survived in manuscript form, until we come to those of Fernán González de Eslava, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, and the Mexican playwright, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón (1580-1639), whose comedias were produced in Spain during the height of that country's Golden Age.
Une Histoire Serielle de L' Amerique Espagnole
Authors: Mauro Frédéric
Published: March 2007

Voici dix ans que travaillent Pierre et Huguette Chaunu. Huit volumes de leur ceuvre gigantesque ont paru. Les deux derniers sont sous presse. lis en forment comme la conclusion. Avant qu'elle ne soit livrée au public, acceptons d'en faire une, provisoire, quitte á la corriger bientót.

Une remarque sur les auteurs, que nous connaissons bien, ce jeune “matrimonio francés” comme Ton disait á Seville; qui les a vus á l'ceuvre sait la puissance de travail, le sens de l'organisation qui les animent, Tun et l'autre. Tous deux de formation historique, ils se sont abreuvés, comme nous, au lendemain de la guerre, aux sources fécondes des Aúnales. Ils ont été les elements jeunes dans cette revolution de la conception et des méthodes historiques qui a caractérisé l'Ecole frangaise depuis trente ans. Disons-le, au risque de paraítre partial dans notre compte-rendu, nous avons nous aussi applaudi a ce mouvement, nous l'avons suivi, nous y avons participé.
Land Reform: The Answer to Latin American Agricultural Development?
Authors: Branco Raul
Published: March 2007

The great concern with the economic and social development in Latin America has made the issue of land reform a very fashionable subject of discussion. The importance of land reform has been officially acknowledged in South America as well as in North America by the signing of the Charter of Punta del Este, which established as one of the objectives of the Alliance for Progress the ; change in land tenure patterns wherever necessary in Latin America. The widespread acknowledgment of the importance of land reform has not led, though, to general agreement on the consequences of land reform for the process of economic development in Latin America. It would thus seem appropriate to re-examine the effects of large landholdings on economic development.
Leadership and Conflict Within the Febrerista Party of Paraguay
Authors: Lewis Paul H.
Published: March 2007

Roberto Michels, writing in 1915, said about political parties:

Every party organization represents an oligarchical power grounded upon a democratic basis. We find everywhere electors and elected. Also we find everywhere that the power of the elected leaders over the electing masses is almost unlimited.

This, in a nutshell, expresses his now famous “iron law of oligarchy”— the assertion that every party organization must sooner or later become dominated by a small elite of leaders who will use their power to perpetuate themselves, and will succeed in doing so even in the face of widespread opposition from the rank and file.

Michels is supported in this view by a more contemporary student of political parties, Maurice Duverger, who says that: “The leadership of parties tends naturally to assume an oligarchic form. A veritable 'ruling class’ comes into being that is more or less closed; it is an ‘inner circle’ into which it is difficult to penetrate.”
The Wilson Administration and Panama, 1913-1921
Authors: Baker George W.
Published: March 2007

“One of the chief objects of my administration,” Woodrow Wilson stated on March 11, 1913, after learning of political unrest in the Caribbean, “will be to cultivate the friendship and deserve the confidence of our sister republics of Central and South America, and to promote in every proper and honorable way the interests which are common to the peoples of the two continents.” Believing, however, that “cooperation is possible only when supported at every turn by the orderly processes of just government based upon law, not upon arbitrary or irregular force,” he wanted the Latin American nations to build their governments upon the same foundation of law and order as that of the United States. On the part of his own nation, he renounced, in his Mobile Address of October 27, 1913, the “Dollar Diplomacy” of his predecessors Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, and proposed instead a Pan American Pact to provide mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity.
A Backward Glance at Portuguese and Brazilian Studies in the United States
Authors: Johnson Harvey L.
Published: March 2007

Portuguese, a relative newcomer to most college and university curricula, may possibly have been taught in the United States as early as the close of the seventeenth century in a school belonging to the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of New York City. It seems likely that the early records kept in Portuguese over several decades were written by those who received their training in the language in New York City. Instruction in Portuguese in college was first offered by a Frenchman, Father Peter Babad of the Society of St. Sulpice. Just when the priest began teaching Portuguese at St. Mary's College in Baltimore, Maryland, is not precisely known, but in 1816 he had a class in it under the auspices of the Department of Classical Languages.
La Municipalidad de San German en Puerto Rico (1798-1808)
Authors: Szászdi Ádám
Published: March 2007

El año 1808 significa en la historia del mundo español el fin de una época y el comienzo de otra. El brusco cambio lleva consigo distintas implicaciones en las distintas subdivisiones de la Monarquía hispana: y aunque en Puerto Rico no significa la independencia política—contrario a lo que ocurría en los dominios continentales de Su Magestad Católica en América — no por eso cesa de ser también en la Isla límite entre épocas el año de la invasión napoleónica; épocas que podríamos denominar “indiana” y “ultramarina”. Ofrece, pues, cierto interés el cuadro que presenta la segunda población de Puerto Rico, precisamente en la última década del “antiguo régimen”.
A Sociologia e a Realidade Latino-Americana em Mudanca
Authors: Costa José Geraldo da
Published: March 2007

A dissertação que aqui se tenta é, em muito, um processo de raciocinio “em voz alta”. Não tem pretensSes académicas. Nem se pretende um ensaio. Dentro de urna perspectiva dinámica — no modo de ser um processo e Não um molde ou esquema rígido, sendo mais um planejamento do que um plano acabado — é assim que gostaria de ser lido. E, se for o caso, criticado. Alias, urna assim dinámica perspetiva e um tal raciocinio sempre em processo áberto, solícito e experimental seriam ao meu ver o colorido e o modus mais adequado ao trabalho e ao pensar do cientista social. Áquele que se dispSe a trabalhar na invevstigacáo impulsionado por urna fértil “imaginação sociológica”.
Evolucion de la Propiedad Territorial en el Peru
Authors: Martínez Héctor
Published: March 2007

El análisis del origen y evolución de la propiedad territorial en el Perú, necesariamente, está ligado a cada una de las etapas de su acontecer histórico: pre-inca, incaica, conquista y coloniaje, emancipación y república.

En el estado pre-incaico, encontramos la marca, territorio, región o provincia, donde estaba enmarcado el ayllu, sociedad gentilicia, vinculada, sobre todo, por lazos consanguíneos y/o religiosos. El binomio marca-ayllu es la célula territorial, social y económica que permite el desarrollo de este período y del posterior, el incaico.

El ayllu representa, en último análisis, la suma total de los habitantes que pueblan una marca determinada, con sus tierras, pastos, bosques y aguas, de propiedad colectiva, indivisa.
Observations on the Contemporary Peruvian Short Story
Authors: Aldrich Earl M.
Published: March 2007

During the course of the twentieth century, the short story has become the most cultivated and significant form of narrative fiction in Peru. Many of Peru's most distinguished men of letters, Enrique López Albújar, Ventura García Calderón and José María Arguedas, to name just a few, have come into prominence through their production in the genre. In testimony to its continued growing importance, one need only look to the period between 1950 and the present in which practically all the emerging young writers have used the short narrative as a vehicle for their literary efforts.
Literatura Sobre Machu Picchu
Authors: Núñez Estuardo
Published: March 2007

La celebración del cincuentenario del descubrimiento de las ruinas maravillosas de Machu Picchu — en julio de 1961 — ha tenido una resonancia literaria de importancia singular, pues aparte de los estudios de orden histórico y antropológico, y de la nutrida colaboración periodística que ha llenado muchas páginas de periódicos de toda América, ha brindado los frutos de inesperados volúmenes poéticos o de prosa literaria sin ribetes de erudición o información, en el plano de la creación pura, estimulada por el hechizo de la naturaleza que bordea las ruinas conmemoradas o el mensaje cósmico de la piedra milenaria.
El Ensayo en Chile
Authors: Castro Raúl Silva
Published: March 2007

Una rama de la literatura de la cual por muchos años nada se dijo, ha venido a hacerse presente en nuestra época, el ensayo, hasta el punto de que la literatura hispanoamericana parece ser, por el momento, entre las que forman el ámbito cultural de Occidente, una de las más fecundas en este tipo de producciones. No nos detendremos a precisar qué debe entenderse por ensayo, ya que ello ocuparía la mayor parte del espacio concedido a nuestra colaboración; pero en forma negativa podría decirse que es todo aquel escrito en prosa al cual no pudiéramos cómodamente llamar novela, ni cuento ni artículo de costumbres ni drama, y en forma positiva podríamos añadir que en el ensayo han de barajarse ideas. Es deseable que el ensayo, además, esté bien escrito, más o menos conforme al patrón que dejó para todos los ensayistas hispanoamericanos José Enrique Rodó, el famoso pensador uruguayo. Esta exigencia formal no es, sin embargo, un requisito indispensable, y es notorio que el ensayo hispanoamericano de nuestros días es harto menos elaborado que en los días de Rodó.
Public Finance and Development in Colombia
Authors: Taylor Milton C. , Richman Raymond L.
Published: March 2007

Colombia is a country of paradoxes. Because of the high culture of its ruling classes, Bogotá is called the “Athens of Latin America,” yet over one-third of the population is illiterate. The country is unusually well-endowed with natural resources, has a relatively large land area and a population of 15.6 million, but the per capita income is only the eighth highest in Latin America. Colombia is relatively underpopulated, with the same population as the Netherlands and 35 times its area, but there are millions of landless campesinos. Living in Bogotá, and walking the paths of the wealthy, it is difficult for a foreigner (and also for many Bogotanians) to believe that most Colombians are desperately poor. This is because Bogotá and the other main cities are like islands in a sea of poverty.
Agrarian Reform in Colombia Problems of Social Reform
Authors: Duff Ernest A.
Published: March 2007

Colombia's current attempt at agrarian reform began in December 1961 with the passage of Law 135, “On Social Agrarian Reform.” The Law has as its central objective a change in land tenure relationships in the densely populated western (or Andean) section of Colombia, where latifundia and minifundia often exist side by side. The Law established the Colombian Agrarian Reform Institute (Instituto Colombiano de la Reforma Agraria or INCORA) as a semiautonomous governmental agency to direct the process of reform. In recent months, however, the pace of the reform, which began ten projects during the first six months of 1962, has been slowed considerably due to a multitude of problems, among which the most serious are unswerving opposition to the program by both the large landowners and their allies on the right, the Movimiento Revolutcionario Liberal (MRL and its allies on the left, and inadequate financing.
The Origin and Development of Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha
Authors: Moyne Ernest J.
Published: March 2007

In his scholarly paper about the origins and writing of Longfellow's Hiawatha, Professor Moyne includes a whole canto which the poet decided at the last moment to omit from his completed work. Because its theme — the American Indian — is an all- American theme and because Longfellow himself enjoyed such rich relationships, both personal and literary, with peoples of Hispanic cultures, it seems particularly appropriate that the Journal of Inter-American Studies should be the first to present this hitherto unpublished canto to its readers.
El Desarrollo de la Agricultura Mexicana
Authors: Durán Marco Antonio
Published: March 2007

En este escrito se pretende examinar, en la medida que el espacio disponible lo permita, la situación de la agricultura mexicana y las perspectivas de su desarrollo, que afortunadamente ya se ha iniciado con resultados alentadores, no obstante la presencia y la subsistencia obstinada de importantes problemas, cuya solución llevará tiempo, tal y como se ha necesitado un lapso, que parece demasiado largo, para obtener los primeros resultados de la reestructuración agraria, iniciada en 1917, al reconstituirse la convivencia mexicana, con una nueva filosofía en la cual se aunan la decisión para romper las trabas que estorbaban al progreso agrícola, con el firme propósito de conferir una función social indudable a la nueva productividad, basada forzosamente en renovadas formas de tenencia de la tierra.
A Demographic Profile of the Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1910-1950
Authors: Álvarez José Hernández
Published: March 2007

During the first half of the present century, about one million Mexicans were involved in a singular instance of large scale entry into the United States. Arriving just before the influx of foreigners abated sharply, they provide an example of recent immigration. In contrast to the experience of other groups entering one or more generations before, Mexican settlement occurred during the drastic changes caused by rapid economic growth and depression, by two world wars and the nation's reorganization for modern living. Nor did the newcomers from the South follow the traditional pattern of residence and occupation. Instead of locating in the densely urban and industrial Northeast of the United States, they flowed into rural areas in the Southwest, working in agriculture, railroad construction and related activities. Except for Canadian immigrants, the Mexicans were the only major immigrant group having relatively easy access to the home country by an overland route. Lastly, their distinctively Latin American culture has added novelty to history of immigration to the United States.
Jose Cecilio del Valle's Dream of a Latin-American Federation
Authors: Bumgartner Louis E.
Published: March 2007

In 1824, José Cecilio del Valle presented to the Constituent Assembly of Central America a portrait of “Jorge Washington.” One of a number of such gestures, the presentation has no special significance. History would be no poorer if the record of the act had been lost forever. But if Valle could have chosen from his distinguished career a single moment to convey the image he wished to cast in the pages of history, he well might have selected the instant when the likeness of Washington passed from his hands to the waiting ones of the president of the Assembly. The scene would have been impressive on canvas. Stripped of flesh, his features showing signs of scholarship's discipline, Valle bends slightly from the waist, arms outstretched, offering the gift — his promise to dedicate himself to the success of the nation that Central Americans were trying to build.

But Valle had his own notions as to how Central America could succeed. Steeped in the history of the New World as well as of the Old, he thought the success of the Federation of Central America depended a great deal on the success of all new American nations. This is not to say, however, that he doubted that Central Americans could build a nation from their own resources.
The Brazilian Congressional Elections
Authors: Young Jordan M.
Published: March 2007

Emerging from the voting pattern of the Brazilian congressional elections of October 7, 1962, is a reassuring pattern of political growth and responsible participation by the Brazilian electorate.

Congressional elections demand a regional approach. North Americans perhaps understand this better than most people. A great deal of caution is used before establishing a national trend of events in the United States by using, for example, the Arkansas returns. Similarly, to claim that New York speaks for the nation is dangerous.

The same caution should also be used in Brazil. The tight race for the governorship of Pernambuco tells the story of almost equally-balanced forces in that state. The Sao Paulo returns may provide some positive indicators of the 1965 presidential race. Rio Grande do Sul demonstrated the basically-conservative nature of the electorate in that area. In contrast, the state returns in Guanabara seem to present an example of complete political irresponsibility and immaturity.
La Estructura Ocupacional y El Desarrollo Economico de Chile
Authors: Guadagni Alieto Aldo
Published: March 2007

Una de las características de los países de reducido ingreso real percapita es la alta proporción de la fuerza de trabajo ocupada en las actividades de tipo primario, la muy reducida proporción de ocupación en el sector industrial y la baja participación del empleo correspondiente a los servicios. En relación con esta mencionada característica varios economistas han puesto de manifiesto la marcada correlación estadística existente entre la distribución ocupacional y el desarrollo económico. Entre ellos se destacan Colin Clark, A. G. B. Fisher y Jean Fourastie, quienes han sostenido la tesis de que cuando la economía de un país pasa de la primitiva etapa agraria a un estadio urbano-industrial, la estructura del empleo sufre un cambio característico: la fuerza laboral pasa primero de las actividades primarias a las secundarias, y en una etapa posterior a las actividades de tipo terciario.
The Indian-Oriented Novel in Latin America: New Spirit, New Forms, New Scope
Authors: Sommers Joseph
Published: March 2007

Fixed attitudes toward literature in Latin America display a consistent tendency to become unfixed in relatively short order. This is particularly true in the case of fiction dealing with Indian themes.

During the 1930s and the following decade, a number of diverse factors coincided to encourage cultivation of this facet of the Latin-American novel, in a manner quite different from nineteenth-century romantics who had glorified and idealized a remote, unreal indigenous past. Mounting socio-economic pressures, newly-awakened political movements, a widespread national consciousness, strengthened among novelists by the successes of the criollista writers of the 1920's (Gallegos, Güiraldes, Rivera) — all combined to encourage concentration on the Indian as a social problem.
Proyecciones sociales del folklore argentino
Authors: Astigueta Fernando Diego
Published: March 2007

La sociedad es la estructura formulada que emana de un modo particular del vivir en conjunto. De ahí que convivencia signifique connivir, vivir-con, es decir, vivir en compañéa de otros. Y como convivir implica tanto un lapso de tiempo como un ámbito donde pasar ese tiempo resulta que la sociedad habrá de requerir una locación permanente donde la misma se produzca. Por otra parte, para que la sociedad sea esa sociedad y no otra deberá poseer ciertos rasgos específicos que la distingan haciéndola única, es decir, volviéndola país. Y estos rasgos o actitudes o prácticas institucionalizadas en la medida que hagan sentido a todos sus miembros por igual configurarán el chasis donde la estructura social de la nación proseguirá una marcha articulada y sin tropiezos.
Policy Change in an Authoritarian Regime: Mexico Under Echeverría
Authors: Grindle Merilee S.
Published: March 2007

The six-year presidency orsexenioof Luís Echeverría Alvarez was initiated in December of 1970. Six years later, significant changes had taken place in the public policies espoused by the Mexican regime. Most importantly, perhaps, the federal government shifted its public investment priorities away from an overriding preoccupation with industrial development toward greater concern for agricultural development. From 1971 to 1976, Echeverria's administration allocated more money to the agricultural sector than any sexenio since that of Miguel Alemán (1946 to 1952). The change occurred gradually, federal public investment in agriculture growing from 14.5% of the total in 1971 to 20% budgeted for 1975 and 1976. Increased attention to agriculture was achieved primarily through proportional reductions in investments for industrial and infrastructure development. Along with a revision in sectoral allocations went a change in policy concerning both the anticipated outcome and the target population for agricultural investment.