bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Within the boundaries of the Dnipro ice lobe: Biotic dynamics in the Middle Dnipro area (Ukraine) during deglaciation and postglacial stages
Authors: Popova Lilia , Veklych Yuriy , Kovalchuk Oleksandr , Mishta Alina , Stachowicz‐Rybka Renata , Gorobets Leonid , Yanenko Vadym , Nezdolii Yevheniia , Stupak Alina , Stakhiv Mykola , Yevstropov Andrii , Lyshenko Mykhailo , Rekovets Leonid , Barkaszi Zoltán
Published: October 2024

Several new vertebrate and plant taphocoenoses of fluvial origin have been found in central Ukraine, within the area previously covered with till of the late Chibanian Dnipro glacier. These finds represent a timespan from the late Dnipro glacial to the Pryluky interglacial of the regional stratigraphic scheme of Ukraine and fill an important palaeofaunistic gap: arcto‐boreal species have been revealed for the first time in deposits of the Dnipro/Kaidaky, Tiasmyn and an intra‐Pryluky cold interval. Their appearance in the fossil record marks the most extreme periods of cooling, but even during these extremes arcto‐boreal forms did not dominate. Similarly, a few warm‐loving species appear only during interglacials. The tundra–steppe semblance of vertebrate fauna remains generally stable during this time. The new findings were also used to test existing correlation models between the stratigraphic scheme of Ukraine and Marine Isotope Stages (MIS). For this, we used the Arvicola interval‐zones: the zone of the extinct water vole Arvicola chosaricus, which, in the studied area, covers the Dnipro, Kaidaky and Tiasmyn stages, and of the extant A. amphibius of the Pryluky interglacial and subsequent time periods. In different parts of Europe, replacement between these two species took place from MIS 6–MIS 5 to MIS 5. This indicates that the Tiasmyn with the latest A. chosaricus might represent both MIS 6 and a cold interval within MIS 5. For further refinement of the correlation, we use the newly discovered taphocoenoses with a clear stratigraphic sequence, together with the previously studied Maksymivka locality. They have a clear stratigraphic relation to the Dnipro till, and together with the above‐mentioned climatic signal, these proxies support the correlation of the Dnipro glacial with MIS 6, the Kaidaky interglacial with MIS 5e, the Tiasmyn cold interval with MIS 5d, and the Pryluky interglacial with MIS 5c and younger.
No significant difference in skin contamination during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with and without preoperative skin cleaning
Authors: Bartek Benjamin , Völkner Alexandra , Oehme Stephan , Fahy Stephen , Winkler Tobias , Jung Tobias
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This prospective study aimed to assess whether preoperative antiseptic skin cleansing reduces bacterial contamination and surgical site infections (SSI) following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). We hypothesized that antiseptic cleaning would lower bacterial load, reducing contamination and early infections.

Methods

One hundred and nineteen patients scheduled for ACLR were included in this prospective, nonrandomized study. Individuals were divided into two groups. Patients in the intervention group applied octenisan® wash lotion daily for three days before surgery and used the wash solution instead of their usual shower gel. Additionally, they swiped their leg with octenisan® soaked gloves on the morning of the operation. The control group followed their usual wash routine with no specific instructions. Fluid samples were taken before surgery from the irrigation bag and at 15‐min intervals from the reservoir of the sterile surgical drape during the procedure. Suture material used for the ACL graft and meniscus repair were also collected for testing. The samples were subjected to a 14‐day incubation period. Follow‐up included outpatient visits at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months with a final evaluation at 12 months.

Results

Contamination rates showed no significant difference between the control and intervention groups. The mean contamination rate in the control group was 6.4% (n = 22) and 6.6% (n = 24) in the intervention group (p = 0.28). At 12‐month follow‐up, 110 out of 119 participants were included (52 control, 58 intervention). T tests for age (p = 0.19), BMI (p = 0.66), and surgery duration (p = 0.38) showed no significant differences. No early SSI were observed in either group postoperatively.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the use of antiseptic wash lotion and gloves does not influence the risk of bacterial contamination during surgery.

Level of evidence

Level III.
The Disturbance of Biocrusts Subsoil Stoichiometry by Grazing Could Not Compensate for Its Damage Effect
Authors: Zhang Jing , Duan Qianwen , Ma Jie , Hou Fujiang
Published: October 2024

Biocrusts play an essential role in maintaining ecosystem stability, which is common in arid and semi‐arid areas. Although there have been some previous studies on the stoichiometry of biocrust subsoil in grazing systems, further research is needed to assess the effects of varying grazing intensities. Four grazing gradients were established to investigate the change mechanism of biocrust subsoil stoichiometry under grazing conditions, considering its seasonal response. These findings revealed that biocrusts' coverage and their chlorophyll content showed a parabolic trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase in grazing intensity. At the same time, their standard response thresholds to grazing intensity ranged from 2.67 to 5.33 sheep/ha. Moreover, the premise that the biocrust is damaged by grazing trampling has become a consensus; our study found that the biocrust still played an important role, although its structure was destroyed because of its greenness (BG) increased. The influence of grazing intensity on the biocrust subsoil stoichiometry is unquestionable; in addition, they are influenced by a combination of vegetation (10% and 19%) and environmental influences (6% and 18%). Furthermore, it was observed that these changes did not compensate for the reproduction and development of biocrusts in grazing‐induced trampling damage. In this study, the integrated consideration of biocrusts into the grazing system fully affirmed its essential role. Additionally, it clarified the pathways and effect of grazing on biocrusts subsoil stoichiometry, providing a new perspective and reference for developing grazing strategy on the Loess Plateau.
The Water, Food, and Energy Nexus: The Inclusive Roles of Governance and Finance in South Asia
Authors: Furman Ali , Khan Anwar , Shah Syed Sumair
Published: October 2024

This research aims to identify the intricate connections arising from finance and governance to water, food, and energy, utilizing data from 2000 to 2021 for eight South Asian countries. To address cross‐sectional dependence and panel heterogeneity, this study applied an augmented mean group (AMG) approach to discover long‐term connections across the chosen indicators. The estimators' outcome shows interconnectedness across water, food, and energy (WFE) resources, showing that water promotes food and energy, and food promotes water and energy. In contrast, energy fosters food production and reduces water availability. Further, governance positively influences food production (0.434%), water (0.044%), and energy consumption (0.142%). Likewise, finance positively and significantly responds to WFE consumption. Our results highlighted that governance unilaterally influences energy dynamics while bidirectional causal links emerge between finance, food, and energy. The obtained outcomes are re‐validated with feasible generalized least square (FGLS) and Driscoll and Kraay (DK) estimators. Ultimately, our study offers valuable insights for shaping economic, environmental, and food and water security policies in the region and beyond.
Performance fatigability in adults with spinal muscular atrophy treated long‐term with nusinersen
Authors: Stolte Benjamin , Neuhoff Svenja , Lipka Jaqueline , Schlag Melina , von Velsen Otgonzul , Kruse Teresa , Deuschl Cornelius , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Hagenacker Tim
Published: October 2024

Introduction/Aims

Persons with spinal muscular atrophy (pwSMA) report progressive muscle weakness but also reduced endurance when performing repetitive tasks in daily life, referred to as “performance fatigability” (PF). Data regarding the effects of the new disease‐modifying drugs on PF are scarce. Thus, our main objective was to examine PF in adult ambulatory pwSMA treated long‐term with nusinersen.

Methods

Six‐minute walk test (6MWT) data from 14 adult pwSMA treated with nusinersen for up to 70 months were retrospectively analyzed to determine PF. Performance fatigability was defined as the percentage change in the distance covered between the last and first minute of the 6MWT. In addition, relationships between PF and other clinical features were assessed.

Results

Performance fatigability was found in 12/14 pwSMA (85.7%) prior to treatment. The mean distance walked in the sixth minute (71.1 m) was shorter than the distance covered in the first minute (81.8 m), corresponding to a mean PF of 13.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.5–19.6, p = .0007). During treatment with nusinersen, there was a mean reduction in PF of 5.6% (95% CI: −10.0 to −1.3, p = .0148). We found no relationship between PF and fatigue as measured by the Fatigue Severity Scale.

Discussion

This study demonstrates the presence of PF as an independent component of motor impairment and as a potential therapeutic target in our cohort of adult ambulatory pwSMA. Furthermore, the observations in our cohort suggest that nusinersen may have a beneficial effect on PF.
Social interaction between the coast and the highlands of Chile's arid north (20°S) during the mid‐Holocene: The case of Vicugna vicugna (Molina, 1782) and Hippocamelus antisensis (d'Orbigny, 1834)
Authors: López Patricio , González Lucio , Power Ximena , Ibacache Sebastián
Published: October 2024

This article discusses the archaeological implications of the discovery of the highland species Hippocamelus antisensis (Cervidae) and Vicugna vicugna (Camelidae) in two coastal contexts in the Atacama Desert (20°S, Chile). H. antisensis is currently distributed throughout the Peruvian Andes, northern Chile, western Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, between 1800 and 5500 m above sea level. V. vicugna is distributed throughout northern Peru and northwestern Argentina, in environments that exceed 3200 m above sea level. The archaeological record of deer antlers on the Atacama coast has previously been documented at the Caleta Huelén‐42 site (21°S). In the case of V. vicugna, fibers have been recovered only at the coastal site of Camarones‐14 (19°S). A dating of 4180 ± 20 year BP obtained from V. vicugna bone and indirect dating of the antlers suggest an early social exchange between groups from coastal regions and those from the Atacama Desert Mountain range, as well as encourage to the potential record of remains/products of these animals in areas far from their natural habitats.
Implementing a Streamlined Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Pathway: Cost, Time to Surgery, and Outcomes
Authors: Lenze Nicholas R. , Garcia Jayden , Vijayakumar Punithavathy , Schütz Sonja G. , Brenner Michael J. , Stanley Jeffrey J. , Hoff Paul T.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To evaluate the costs, time to surgery, and clinical outcomes associated with implementing a streamlined hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) implantation pathway.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Single tertiary care center in the United States from 2016 to 2023.

Methods

Patients with a lack of complete concentric collapse of the velum during volitional snore on in‐office laryngoscopy qualified for the streamlined HGNS pathway. This pathway consisted of confirmatory drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) followed immediately by HGNS implantation during the same surgical encounter. Outcomes were compared to patients in the traditional pathway (standalone DISE followed by HGNS implantation on a later date).

Results

A total of 68 patients (13 streamlined, 55 traditional) with obstructive sleep apnea who underwent HGNS implantation were included. Patients were predominately male (70.6%) and White (95.6%) and had a mean (SD) age of 63.5 (10.0) years. The streamlined pathway was associated with a significant reduction in both hospital costs (mean difference $9258, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3690‐14,825; P = .002) and time to surgery (mean decrease of 3.82 months, 95% CI: 0.83‐6.80 months; P = .013) compared to the traditional pathway. Patients in both groups had reduction in apnea‐hypopnea index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, with no significant differences in comparisons between groups.

Conclusion

In select patients, the streamlined HGNS pathway may expedite time to surgery and reduce hospital costs with comparable clinical outcomes to a traditional 2‐stage pathway. Further research is warranted to validate patient selection and better understand longitudinal outcomes.
Preparation of polymer bitumen binder in the presence of a stabilizer
Authors: Jexembayeva Assel , Konkanov Marat , Aruova Lyazat , Zhaksylykova Leila , Baidaulet Zhuldyzay
Published: October 2024

This research investigates the improvement of asphalt binder performance by adding polymers, with a specific emphasis on the viscoelastic qualities that impact fatigue resistance. The main objective is to examine the impact of polymer alteration on asphalt binders under different temperatures, degrees of strain, and frequencies by using the linear amplitude sweep test. An elaborate technique was used to assess the complex modulus (G*), phase angle (δ), and crossover frequency of binders that were changed using poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene‐co‐styrene) (SBS), poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate), and crumb rubber. The experiments were carried out within a temperature range of 20–40°C, strain levels varying from 1% to 10%, and frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 10 Hz. The findings indicate that the complex modulus (G*) of SBS‐modified binders reduced from 9000 to 2800 Pa when the strain rose from 2% to 8% at a temperature of 30°C. The rheological index of the SBS‐modified binder was measured to be 0.6, suggesting a higher level of fatigue resistance. The results highlight the practical benefits of using polymer‐modified binders to increase the durability of asphalt pavements, especially in areas with heavy traffic and severe weather conditions.

Highlights

This research aims to investigate the protective characteristics of polymers.

Styrene‐co‐butadiene‐co‐styrene has a capacity to decrease the production of carbonyls.

The crumb rubber‐modified asphalt was followed by the ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate modified asphalt.
Low‐Heat‐Driven Intrinsic and Fast Self‐Healing Photoelectronic Films Based on All‐Organic PEDOT:PSS Composite Adjustment
Authors: An Siying , Zhu Ling , Chen Shuai , Xie Xiaowen , Yang Mingna , Zhou Meng , Qiao Yongluo
Published: October 2024

Film electronic materials capable of bionic self‐healing have urgent research value in view of the widespread need of extending device life, maintaining operation safety, and reducing renewal costs. Thermal‐driven self‐healing is a dominant strategy to fit the practical film applications of one of the most famous solution‐processible conducting polymers (CPs), poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Here, disulfide bonding embedded thermoplastic polyurethane (PU‐SS) was developed to endow their composites with PEDOT:PSS with great aqueous system compatibility, stability, film formation capability as well as recyclable capability, with help of triethylamine (TEA)‐assisted pH control (6.5 ± 1.0 at 25°C, weakening the adverse effects of strong acidity of PEDOT:PSS aqueous system itself). The scratched PEDOT:PSS(TEA)/PU‐SS films (10.121 ~ 7.629 μm cracks) under optimized the ingredient proportion exhibited excellent synergistic self‐healing capability of morphology and electrical properties (approximately 1.35 × 10−4 S/cm) even under spin‐coated thickness (20 ± 10 μm) and 25°C within 10 min. Drop‐coated flexible film (120 ± 20 μm thickness) showed high tensile strength with above 400% stretched length compared to that of PEDOT:PSS film (< 10%). Excellent water‐resistance (immersing > 7 days), strengthened substrate adhesion and electrochromic behavior (from light blue [−1.3 V] to white [1.2 V]) were realized. These comprehensive features can be reproduced for recyclable films on the basis of isopropanol (IPA) redispersion. Flexible electrochromic devices employing such film as the active layer exhibited high optical contrast (ΔT) values up to 52.07%, fast response time (2.10/3.70 s), as well as excellent coloring efficiency (198.02 cm2 C−1) and cycling stability. This research is expected to promote the promising applications of PEDOT:PSS based electronic materials from traditional fields to flexible or stretchable devices and even hydrogel bioelectronics.
Challenges in the care of cystic fibrosis in low‐to‐middle income countries
Authors: Kabra Sushil Kr
Published: October 2024

Till few years ago cystic fibrosis (CF) was considered to be exclusively disease affecting Caucasian population. More recently CF has been reported from all over the world from different ethnic background. CF is an emerging illness in other parts of world (India with 1:2200 to 1:40,000 live birth). In low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) diagnosis of CF is missed due to ignorance and nonavailability of diagnostic tests. Diagnosis can be made using clinical features and basic lab tests. As of now there is no cure, but supportive care improved survival. However, medicines used in higher income countries are very expensive and not accessible to children with CF in LMICs. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulators modulators have emerged as significant advances in management. These are very expensive and beyond the reach of patients in LMICs. CF Fraternity in developed countries should work towards training of personnel and possibly making medications available in LMICs.
An analytical model for daily‐periodic slope winds. Part 1: Surface radiation budget
Authors: Marchio Mattia , Farina Sofia , Zardi Dino
Published: October 2024

This article presents an analytical model for calculating representative daily‐periodic cycles of net surface radiation on a slope with any angle () and orientation, at any latitude and elevation (up to 2500 m), and for all seasons. Starting from the basic equations for estimating the daytime direct and diffuse components of the incoming solar radiation at the Earth's surface under clear‐sky conditions, a Fourier series expansion is derived to get an overall daily‐periodic expression, that is, covering both daytime and nighttime, which does not require data from observations, differently from most models available in the literature. Among various possible applications, this formulation is preliminary to evaluating the radiation and energy budgets driving daily‐periodic wind systems on a simple slope, as reproduced by the model presented in Part 2.
Comprehensive Insights on MXene‐Based TENGs: from Structures, Functions to Applications
Authors: Deng Shengwu , Akram Wasim , Ye Xiaorui , Zhang Lizi , Yang Yang , Cheng Si , Fang Jian
Published: October 2024

The rapid advancement of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has introduced a transformative approach to energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing in recent years. Nonetheless, the untapped potential of TENGs in practical scenarios necessitates multiple strategies like material selections and structure designs to enhance their output performance. Given the various superior properties, MXenes, a kind of novel 2D materials, have demonstrated great promise in enhancing TENG functionality. Here, this review comprehensively delineates the advantages of incorporating MXenes into TENGs, majoring in six pivotal aspects. First, an overview of TENGs is provided, stating their theoretical foundations, working modes, material considerations, and prevailing challenges. Additionally, the structural characteristics, fabrication methodologies, and family of MXenes, charting their developmental trajectory are highlighted. The selection of MXenes as various functional layers (negative and positive triboelectric layer, electrode layer) while designing TENGs is briefed. Furthermore, the distinctive advantages of MXene‐based TENGs and their applications are emphasized. Last, the existing challenges are highlighted, and the future developing directions of MXene‐based TENGs are forecasted.
A Janus Platinum/Tin Oxide Heterostructure for Durable Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhang Boyan , Ma Peiyu , Wang Ruyang , Cao Heng , Bao Jun
Published: October 2024

Designing efficient and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Platinum‐based catalysts are considered efficient ORR catalysts due to their high activity. However, the degradation of Pt species leads to poor durability of catalysts, limiting their applications in PEMFCs. Herein, a Janus heterostructure is designed for high durability ORR in acidic media. The Janus heterostructure composes of crystalline platinum and cassiterite tin oxide nanoparticles with carbon support (J‐Pt@SnO2/C). Based on the synchrotron fine structure analysis and electrochemical investigation, the crystalline reconstruction and charge redistribution at the interface of Janus structure are revealed. The tightly coupled interface could optimize the valance states of Pt and the adsorption/desorption of oxygenated intermediates. As a result, the J‐Pt@SnO2/C catalyst possesses distinguishing long‐term stability during the accelerated durability test without obvious degradation after 40 000 cycles and keeps the majority of activity after 70 000 cycles. Meanwhile, the catalyst exhibits outstanding activity with half‐wave potential at 0.905 V and a mass activity of 0.355 A mgPt−1 (2.7 times higher than Pt/C). The approach of the Janus catalyst paves an avenue for designing highly efficient and stable Pt‐based ORR catalyst in the future implementation.
A Thin Polymer Layer Enables Peptide‐Polycation Complexes with Ultrahigh Efficient Encapsulation
Authors: Wei Guangfei , Zong Bin , He Quan , Su Shiying , Li Yu , Zheng Jiawen , Qian Yuanxia , Cao Peng , Li Zhongxing
Published: October 2024

A monolayer encapsulation is a new opportunity for engineering a system with high drug loading, but immobilizing polymer molecules on the surface of individual peptide nanoparticles is still an ongoing challenge. Herein, an individual peptide nanoparticle encapsulation strategy is proposed via surface adsorption, in which peptide molecules undergo granulation and subsequently aggregate with polymer molecules, forming a network via electrostatic interactions. Under the water phase, surplus polymer molecules dissolve, leading to a single nanoparticle encapsulation with a core‐shell structure. As expected, the dense interfacial layer on the peptide nanoparticle surface achieves a superior loading degree of up to 95.4%. What's more, once the core‐shell structure is established, the peptide mass fraction in individual encapsulation always exceeds 90% even under fierce external force. Following the individual nanoparticle encapsulation, the insulin‐polycation complex (InsNp@PEI) reduces the inflammation from polymer and displays an effective glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. Overall, the newly developed single surface decoration encapsulates peptides with ultrahigh efficiency and opens up the possibility for further encapsulation.
Electrokinetic Analysis‐Driven Promotion of Electrocatalytic CO Reduction to n‐Propanol
Authors: Yan Yaqin , Liu Kunhao , Yang Chao , Chen Yangshen , Lv Ximeng , Hu Cejun , Zhang Lijuan , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: October 2024

The electrocatalytic carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide reduction reaction (CO2RR or CORR) features a sustainable method for reducing carbon emissions and producing value‐added chemicals. However, the generation of C3 products with higher energy density and market values, such as n‐propanol, remains highly challenging, which is attributed to the unclear formation mechanism of C3+ versus C2 products. In this work, by the Tafel slope analysis, electrolyte pH correlation exploration, and the kinetic analysis of CO partial pressure fitting, it is identified that both n‐propanol and C2 products share the same rate‐determining step, which is the coupling of two C1 intermediates via the derivation of the Butler–Volmer equation. In addition, inspired by the mechanistic study, it is proposed that a high OH─ concentration and a water‐limited environment are beneficial for promoting the subsequent *C2–*C1 coupling to n‐propanol. At 5.0 m [OH−], the partial current density of producing n‐propanol (jn‐propanol) reached 45 mA cm−2, which is 35 and 1.3 times higher than that at 0.01 m [OH−] and 1.0 m [OH−], respectively. This study provides a comprehensive kinetic analysis of n‐propanol production and suggests opportunities for designing new catalytic systems for promoting the C3 production.
Precise Size Determination of Supported Catalyst Nanoparticles via Generative AI and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Eliasson Henrik , Lothian Angus , Surin Ivan , Mitchell Sharon , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Erni Rolf
Published: October 2024

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) plays a crucial role in heterogeneous catalysis for assessing the size distribution of supported metal nanoparticles. Typically, nanoparticle size is quantified by measuring the diameter under the assumption of spherical geometry, a simplification that limits the precision needed for advancing synthesis‐structure‐performance relationships. Currently, there is a lack of techniques that can reliably extract more meaningful information from atomically resolved TEM images, like nuclearity or geometry. Here, cycle‐consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGANs) are explored to bridge experimental and simulated images, directly linking experimental observations with information from their underlying atomic structure. Using the versatile Pt/CeO2 (Pt particles centered ≈2 nm) catalyst synthesized by impregnation, large datasets of experimental scanning transmission electron micrographs and physical image simulations are created to train a CycleGAN. A subsequent size‐estimation network is developed to determine the nuclearity of imaged nanoparticles, providing plausible estimates for ≈70% of experimentally observed particles. This automatic approach enables precise size determination of supported nanoparticle‐based catalysts overcoming crystal orientation limitations of conventional techniques, promising high accuracy with sufficient training data. Tools like this are envisioned to be of great use in designing and characterizing catalytic materials with improved atomic precision.
Global, regional, and national burden of pancreatitis in children and adolescents
Authors: Liu Pingping , Wang Ying , Tian Zongbiao , Dong Xiaohuan , Li Zhijuan , Chen Yanfeng
Published: October 2024

Background

Pancreatitis poses a growing public health concern among children and adolescents, yet comprehensive data on its prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) remain scarce. This study aims to analyze global, regional, and national trends in pancreatitis burden over the past 3 decades.

Methods

Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database spanning 1990–2019, we assessed pancreatitis prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALYs, reporting on numbers, rates, age‐standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age‐standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age‐standardized DALYs rate (ASDR), and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Trends were analyzed by age, sex, region, and socio‐demographic index (SDI) using jointpoint analysis and predictive modeling.

Results

Globally, pancreatitis prevalence and incidence rates have increased (AAPC prevalence = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.11–0.16; AAPC incidence = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.28–0.32), while mortality and DALYs rates have decreased (AAPC mortality = −1.30, 95% CI: −1.53, −1.07; AAPC DALYs = −1.21, 95% CI: −1.41, −1.01). Both genders showed similar trends. Children under 5 and adolescents 15–19 had higher mortality and DALYs rates. Low SDI regions experienced the greatest increase in ASIR. Eastern Europe exhibited high and rising ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR. Projections indicate continued rise in prevalence with declining mortality and DALYs.

Conclusion

Pancreatitis burden in children and adolescents has surged globally, especially in lower SDI regions. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions and healthcare resources in affected areas.
Darvadstrocel for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Taxonera Carlos , García‐Brenes Miguel A. , Olivares David , López‐García Olga N. , Zapater Raúl , Alba Cristina
Published: October 2024

Background

Local injection of darvadstrocel, a suspension of expanded adipose‐derived allogenic mesenchymal stem cells, has been used for treatment‐refractory perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease (CD).

Objective

This study aimed to investigate efficacy and safety of darvadstrocel for complex perianal fistulas in CD.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted through April 2024 in relevant databases for observational studies evaluating darvadstrocel. A random‐effects meta‐analysis model was used to calculate the pooled effect sizes (proportions or incidence rates [IRs]) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of effectiveness and safety outcomes. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool. The I2 value assessed heterogeneity. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted.

Results

Twelve studies were included with 595 patients. The pooled rate of patients achieving clinical remission, defined as fistula healing, was 68.1% at month 6 (95% CI 63.4–72.7) and 77.2% (95% CI 70.1–83.8) at month 12. Combined remission, defined as clinical remission and absence of collections >2 cm confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, was reported in 60.6% and in 69.7% of patients at months 6 and 12, respectively. The rate of patients with treatment failure, defined as no clinical remission at the last follow‐up (mean 18.7 months; SD 9.9), was 34.5%. Failure rate was independent of follow‐up time (p = 0.85). For effectiveness outcomes, between‐study heterogeneity was negligible. Subgroup analysis indicated that none of the covariates modified the treatment effect. Pooled IRs per 100 patient‐years of adverse events (AE), serious AEs, perianal abscesses, and reoperations were 19.6, 3.2, 16.9 and 7.1, respectively.

Conclusion

Evidence from observational studies supports the efficacy and safety of darvadstrocel for complex perianal fistulas in CD. Studies have reported high fistula healing rates that can be sustained long‐term in most patients, with negligible between‐study heterogeneity, as well as a favorable safety profile.
Climate change mitigation policies in agriculture: An overview of sociopolitical barriers
Authors: Kabir Kayenat , de Vries Robbe Sophie , Godinho Catrina
Published: October 2024

The realization of the economic and technical potential of climate mitigation policies in agriculture is influenced by how sociopolitical issues are considered in policy development and implementation. Based on a narrative review of the literature, this article provides an overview of common sociopolitical barriers facing supply‐side and demand‐side mitigation measures in agriculture. Understanding these sociopolitical issues can provide opportunities for the full realization of mitigation policy potentials. They are presented under four themes: local context, adoption capacity, and distributional impacts; food security, costs, and choices in food consumption; political considerations related to electoral weight and lobbying; and international aspects regarding emissions metrics, trade, and big agriculture. Designing complementary policies and second‐best options, incorporating local knowledge in policy design, recognizing women's voice and role in sustainable agriculture, planning for job transitions, engaging stakeholders through multiscalar platforms, and appropriately framing and communicating policies in a digestible manner are some considerations to address these sociopolitical barriers.

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics and Climate Change

Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development

Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation
Entropy analysis of MHD flow in hybrid nanofluid over a rotating disk with variable viscosity and nonlinear thermal radiation
Authors: Mandal Susanta , Mukherjee Satwik , Shit Gopal Chandra , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle
Published: October 2024

In this study, we aim to investigate the entropy production in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of hybrid nanofluids over permeable rotating disks. We will analyze the entropy production within a three‐dimensional MHD flow of Ag‐MgO nanofluid over a rotating porous disk with variable fluid properties. Our analysis will incorporate time‐dependent radial stretching and slip effects on velocities and temperature. Moreover, the study will take into account exponentially temperature‐dependent viscosity and nonlinear thermal radiation. The study uses self‐similar transformations to convert the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Numerically solving these equations involves using a shooting technique and relies on the 4th‐order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method. The rotation of the disk introduces a parameter that accelerates fluid motion. The study explores heat transfer rate, skin friction, and entropy production quantified by the Bejan number. Various factors, including magnetic field intensity, disk rotation, thermal radiation, and variable viscosity, influence this quantification. The outcomes of the study can enhance system efficiency through suitable parameter choices, deepening our understanding of entropy generation and system performance under varying factors. This research is important for improving heat transfer processes, reducing energy waste, and improving the design and operation of advanced fluid systems in engineering applications. The results could lead to innovations in thermal management, energy conservation, and sustainable engineering practices.
Study on the Effects of Long-Term Vibration and Visual Tasks on Visual Acuity in the Car
Authors: Amano Masateru , Kubota Aya , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Muragishi Yuji , Hattori Yoshikazu
Published: October 2024

In this research, to maintain a passenger’s good visual acuity during long riding, we investigated the effects of long-term vibration and visual task on the visual acuity. The results showed that after performing the prolonged visual tasks in the vibration-exposed state, the visual acuity in the stationary state remained unchanged, but the visual acuity in the vibration-exposed state decreased. From these results, it is assumed that among the functions of the eye, the function of stabilizing the eye against vibrations is most likely to deteriorate due to fatigue caused by visual loads. Consequently, to maintain visibility in the car during long car trips, it is important to suppress head movement. This helps prevent fatigue in the eye stabilization function.
Study on Linear Actuators for Intake and Exhaust Systems of Internal Combustion Engines (Analytical Consideration of Thrust Characteristics by Permanent Magnet Array)
Authors: Kuroda Jumpei , Kimura Kaito , Ono Ryutaro , Kobayashi Ikkei , Uchino Daigo , Ogawa Kazuki , Ikeda Keigo , Endo Ayato , Kato Hideaki , Narita Takayoshi
Published: October 2024

To enhance internal combustion engine performance, this study focuses on developing an electric valve drive system utilizing linear actuators for intake and exhaust valve control. The linear actuator, comprising a movable coil and a fixed permanent magnet, operates based on the principle of the Lorentz force. Unlike traditional magnetic circuits, this actuator employs five permanent magnets with different magnetization directions to concentrate the flux on the coil. In this study, multiple models with varying ratios of these permanent magnets were created and analyzed using finite element analysis conducted with the JMAG software to investigate the thrust characteristics during the reciprocating motion of the actuator. The vector plot of the magnetic flux density shows that the magnetic circuit is predominantly composed of permanent magnets. The average thrust at a 10 mm displacement was approximately 107 N in the largest model. Future studies will aim to design actuators with increased thrust capabilities.
Longitudinal Control Concept for Automated Vehicles in Stop-and-Go Situations
Authors: Pethe C. , Heinze M. , Flormann M. , Henze R.
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a longitudinal control concept for automated vehicles in stop-and-go situations that enables the optimization of driving behavior in terms of occupant comfort and traffic efficiency. In a simulative validation based on real driving data, different variants are evaluated on the basis of objective criteria and an optimal functional behavior is derived.
A Comprehensive Method for Computing Suspension Elasto-kinematics With Non-linear Compliance
Authors: Magri Paolo , Gadola Marco , Chindamo Daniel , Sandrini Giulia , Candela Andrea
Published: October 2024

Since flexible bushings are used as the interface between the suspension arms and the chassis, the extra degrees of freedom make the design process a complex task. While the use of a multi-body model is common practice in the industry, a dedicated computational tool can be more practical and straightforward, especially when undertaking the design of a new suspension concept from the ground up. This paper presents a quasi-static method for calculating suspension compliance under the action of forces and moments, enabling real-time simulations. The algorithm proposed in this paper was devised with a threefold purpose: integrating elasto-kinematics into the kinematic design tool previously created by the authors, integrating real-time vehicle dynamics simulation, and overcoming the limitations of the traditional approach based on the superposition principle. Finally, a comparison of the proposed model with one based on the lookup-table and superposition principle is presented.
A Study on the Control of Handling and Stability of a Four Wheel Independent Steering Electric Vehicle
Authors: Wu Zhihao , Zhang Ning , Li Pu , Li Zihong , Zhang Jianrun
Published: October 2024

The path-tracking control of electric vehicles with four wheel independent steering (FWIS) is crucial for enhancing vehicle stability. This paper aims to address the issue of multi-actuator redundancy by coordinating the control allocation of multiple actuators, thereby improving the handling stability and path tracking performance of FWIS vehicles. First, a model of FWIS electric vehicle is developed, taking into account both the nonlinear tyre and motor actuator characteristics. Subsequently, a path tracking model is established and a hierarchical control architecture is designed. The upper-level controller computes the generalized tracking force and the lower-level control force is distributed based on the principle of optimal tyre utilization rate. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in terms of tracking accuracy and handling and stability.
Cooperative LiDAR-Aided Self-localization of CAVs in Real Urban Scenario
Authors: Adas Akif , Barbieri Luca , Morri Pietro , Mentasti Simone , Awasthi Satyesh , Arrigoni Stefano , Sabbioni Edoardo , Nicoli Monica
Published: October 2024

In the rapidly advancing realm of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), achieving reliable and precise positioning is of paramount importance. This paper presents a comprehensive approach integrating vehicular sensing, communication, and advanced filtering techniques to enhance vehicle positioning in urban areas. By leveraging LiDAR point clouds along with a light and accurate object detector, we create cohesive environmental sensing that improves situational awareness in autonomous systems. Central to our methodology is the integration of the Labeled Multi-Bernoulli Mixture (LMBM) filter, which offers a probabilistic framework for dynamic state estimation in environments characterized by high uncertainty and clutter. In turn, enhanced object locations are exploited as anchors for vehicular self-localization via an Extended Kalman filter (EKF). Our experimental results show that the proposed solution significantly enhances vehicular positioning accuracy.
Towards Friction Potential Estimation for Motorcycles
Authors: Klinger Florian , Ott Christoph , Poks Agnes , Edelmann Johannes , Plöchl Manfred
Published: October 2024

Estimation of the actual friction potential from measured vehicle states has been extensively explored for passenger cars, but lacks attention for motorcycles. Several aspects towards friction potential estimation for motorcycles are discussed in this study: (i) analysis of the characteristics of motorcycle tyres on different surfaces and conditions by using an instrumented motorcycle, (ii) analysis of the theoretical performance of an EKF-based friction potential estimation approach by means of simulation studies, and (iii) analysis of the feasibility of using a wetness sensor on the motorcycle to gain information on actual road conditions.
Variable-Step-Length Hybrid A* Based on Dichotomy Optimization for Path Planning of Autonomous Mining Trucks*
Authors: Zhang Yichen , Wang Yafei , Wu Mingyu , Li Ruoyao
Published: October 2024

Global path planning for autonomous mining trucks in shovel-loading areas requires path optimality and high computational efficiency. However, generating qualified paths for the loading process is more difficult for conventional methods under accurate final pose constraints. Furthermore, due to large-scale maps with variable obstacle distribution, considerable computation time needs to be allocated for path planning when using conventional methods. To address this problem, a novel Variable-Step-Length Hybrid A* based on Dichotomy Optimization (DO-VSLHA*) algorithm is proposed to generate obstacle-free paths considering mountain morphology and vehicle constraints while reducing computation time. To avoid U-shape obstacles and unnecessary node search, the clustering method is applied to the grid map to generate convex polygon obstacles. Subsequently, with joint sampling of step length and steering angle, we put forward dichotomy optimization based on the cost function in order to generate near-optimal nodes in each loop of the node expansion process, thus reducing the overall computing time of path planning. Field experiments are carried out on autonomous mining trucks at an open-pit mine, validating the improvement in effectiveness and computational efficiency of our method compared to conventional methods.
Inhibition of neuroinflammation and neuronal damage by the selective non-steroidal ERβ agonist AC-186
Authors: Katola Folashade O. , Adana Misturah Y. , Olajide Olumayokun A.
Published: October 2024

Background:

AC-186 (4-[4-4-Difluoro-1-(2-fluorophenyl) cyclohexyl] phenol) is a neuroprotective non-steroidal selective oestrogen receptor modulator. This study investigated whether inhibition of neuroinflammation contributed to neuroprotective activity of this compound.

Methods:

BV-2 microglia were treated with AC-186 (0.65–5 μM) prior to stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL). Levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and proteins were then evaluated.

Results:

Treatment of LPS-activated BV-2 microglia with AC-186 resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reduction in TNFα, IL-6, NO, PGE2, iNOS and COX-2. Further investigations showed that AC-186 decreased LPS-induced elevated levels of phospho-p65, phospho-IκBα and acetyl-p65 proteins, while blocking DNA binding and luciferase activity of NF-κB. AC-186 induced significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein expression of ERβ, while enhancing ERE luciferase activity in BV-2 cells. Effects of the compound on oestrogen signalling in the microglia was confirmed in knockdown experiments which revealed a loss of anti-inflammatory activity following transfection with ERβ siRNA. In vitro neuroprotective activity of AC-186 was demonstrated by inhibition of activated microglia-mediated damage to HT-22 neurons.

Conclusions:

This study established that AC-186 produces NF-κB-mediated anti-inflammatory activity, which is proposed as a contributory mechanism involved in its neuroprotective actions. It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of this compound is linked to its agonist effect on ERβ.
Twins of conic hexagons
Authors: Halbeisen Lorenz , Hungerbühler Norbert
Published: October 2024

Six points on a conic section define 60 different hexagons and therefore 60 Pascal lines. Each Pascal line passes through three of the 45 intersections of connecting lines of the six given points. Instead of searching for collinear triples (Pascal lines) among these 45 points, we identify and classify all six-tuples among the 45 points that lie on a conic section. These six-tuples will be called Pascal twins of the given six points. It turns out that there are also six-tuples that lie on a conic section that have two points in common with the given six points. These six-tuples are called Siamese Pascal twins for evident reasons.
Applications of Pythium- and Phytophthora-produced volatiles in plant disease control
Authors: Sheikh Taha Majid Mahmood , Chen Jinhao , Wang Lunji , Zhou Dongmei , Deng Sheng , Velasco de Castro Oliveira Juliana , Raza Waseem , Wei Lihui , Daly Paul
Published: October 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate biological interactions and are produced by Pythium and Phytophthora species. These VOCs are biotechnologically relevant because the genera include important plant pathogens, whereby VOCs can aid in disease detection, and biological control agents, whereby VOCs contribute to disease control. Studies on VOC production, identification, and characterization of individual VOCs produced by Pythium and Phytophthora species are reviewed. VOCs detected in plants infected with Phytophthora species are also reviewed as potentially oomycete-derived VOCs. The Pythium- and Phytophthora-produced VOCs are compared with other microorganisms, and the main effects of these VOCs on microbial inhibition and plant-mediated effects are reviewed. These effects are summarized from direct demonstration studies and inferences based on the known functions of the identified Pythium- and Phytophthora-produced VOCs. There are two main applications of VOCs to plant disease control: the use of VOCs to detect pathogenic Pythium and Phytophthora species, e.g., e-nose detecting systems, and the use of VOC-producing biological control agents, e.g., Pythium oligandrum. Future research could understand how the VOCs are produced to engineer VOC levels in strains, analyze more oomycete species and strains, accurately quantify the VOCs produced, and exploit recent developments in analytical chemistry technology.

Key points

• Compiled inventory of volatiles produced by Phytophthora and Pythium species

• Volatilomes contain microbe-inhibiting and plant growth-promoting compounds

• Volatile potential in disease detection and control supports analyzing more species