bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new species of Marphysa (Eunicidae) from the western Cape of South Africa
Authors: Lewis Ceri , Karageorgopoulos Perikles
Published: March 2008

The eunicid polychaete Marphysa sanguinea was until recently believed to be a cosmopolitan species, with a distribution ranging from the south-west coast of England to the Pacific coast of America, and New Zealand and Australia in the western Pacific. However, there are many morphological and ecological inter-population differences that render the definitive identification of these numerous populations difficult. The recent designation of a neotype, together with a more detailed morphological description of specimens from the type locality in south-west England, has allowed the concept that M. sanguinea represents a series of cryptic species, to be investigated by examining populations of species previously referred to as Marphysa sanguinea. A new species Marphysa mullawa was described from Moreton Bay Queensland, Australia. In this paper we describe a new species from the western Cape of South Africa which has previously been referred to as ‘Marphysa sanguinea’, using an integrative approach combining morphological data, RAPD-PCR analysis and a study of the sperm ultra-structure. The South African species is a popular bait animal for local sea anglers and is heavily exploited throughout the western Cape. The RAPD-PCR analysis also demonstrates that populations referred to as ‘Marphysa sanguinea’ from other geographical locations studied have distinct genetic pools, providing further evidence that Marphysa sanguinea is not a cosmopolitan species and consists of a suite of cryptic species.
Macro and mesoscale physical patterns in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Gil Julio
Published: March 2008

The study area for this work includes all the southern edge of the Bay of Biscay, from the north-west Iberian Peninsula to the southern half of the French shelf. The principal aim of this article is to provide a complete overview of the physical oceanography of the area, mainly in its mesoscale aspects, of which there are few published studies, and the implications for early fish life history stages. The results showed the existence of two space and temporal scales for most of the physical processes that occur in the Bay of Biscay, a macroscale for seasonal time periods and a meso and submesoscale for the periods between seasons. The importance of local phenomena, such as upwelling or the variability of the Poleward Current, was observed. The interaction of both scales on these physical processes is discussed and the need for sampling at the submesoscale level to determine the distribution of ichthyoplankton is considered. Moreover, the mesoscale physical oceanography study is essential to improve the knowledge of interactions between strategies and environmental conditions that result in a significant mortality reduction in fish early stages.
Estimated life span of the Japanese pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus from statolith growth increments
Authors: Sato Noriyosi , Kasugai Takashi , Munehara Hiroyuki
Published: March 2008

Growth increments in statoliths of Idiosepius paradoxus were observed for aging analysis. The rate of increment formation was examined by staining the statoliths with tetracycline at 5–14 d intervals. In 6 of 16 specimens, increments formed daily, but in the other specimens, increments formed less than one per day. The maximum number of increments observed in males and females were more than 150 and 140, respectively, suggesting a life span of ≥150 and ≥140 d. During the cool season (from November to April), the dorsal mantle length (DML) and the number of increments gradually increased. Specimens collected in June showed bi-modal patterns in DML and the number of increments. Only small specimens were collected from August to October. These results suggest that two generations alternately occurred in the cool season and in the warm season.
Reproductive biology of the blackmouth catshark, Galeus melastomus (Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinidae) off the Languedocian coast (southern France, northern Mediterranean)
Authors: Capapé C. , Guélorget O. , Vergne Y. , Reynaud C.
Published: March 2008

The blackmouth catshark, Galeus melastomus presents a wide Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution, and is commonly captured off the Languedocian coast (southern France, northern Mediterranean). The males and females sexually matured between 510–550 mm and 520–610 mm total length (TL), respectively. The largest male and the largest female were 620 mm and 640 mm TL, respectively. There was a significant relationship of total liver mass vs TL between males and females. The diameter of the largest yolky oocytes ranged from 15 to 18 mm (16.5 ± 2.7). Production of egg cases was observed throughout the year, except in September. Egg cases had between 36 and 50 mm (mean: 45.3 mm ± 3.9) in length without horns, and between 14 and 21 mm (18.2 mm ± 1.4) in width. Fecundity remained difficult to assess; an estimation based on production of egg cases enabled us to consider 93 egg cases per year as a maximum.
Morphology of larvae of the family Mytilidae (Bivalvia) from the north-western part of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Semenikhina Olga Ya. , Kolotukhina Natalya K. , Evseev George A.
Published: March 2008

The larval shell morphology of 10 bivalve species of the family Mytilidae (Adula falcatoides,Crenella decussata,Crenomytilus grayanus,Modiolus kurilensis,Musculista senhousia,Mytilus coruscus,Mytilus galloprovincialis,Mytilus trossulusandSeptifer keenae, and an unidentified species Mytilidae indeterminate) from the Sea of Japan is described. The following morphological features were comparatively examined: larval shell outlines including shape and size of umbones, and anterior, posterior and ventral margins, hinge morphology, ligament location, sculpture, colour, and eye-spot outlines. Some dimensional parameters of larval shells are given. The time interval of occurrence of larvae in the plankton, water temperature in this period, and shell length of competent larvae are presented. It is demonstrated that, in spite of sometimes similar external morphological characters, identification of mytilid larvae creates no difficulties if all distinguishing characters are used.
Patterns of distribution of the polychaete fauna in subtidal soft sediments of the Ría de Aldán (north-western Spain)
Authors: Lourido Antía , Cacabelos Eva , Troncoso Jesús S.
Published: March 2008

The composition and spatial distribution of the polychaete fauna on the subtidal soft sediments of the Ría de Aldán (Galicia, north-western Spain) were studied by means of quantitative sampling and multivariate analysis. The faunal distribution was mainly conditioned by a sediment gradient defined by decreasing grain size, from the mouth towards the inner margins of the ría. The coarse and medium sand fauna was mainly dominated by pisionids, spionids and syllids. Finer sediments (fine sand to mud) showed a greater abundance of paraonids, spionids and cirratulids and deposit feeding species. The greatest number of species and diversity were found in coarse sediments.
Experimental confirmation of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in a Caridean shrimp outside of the genus Lysmata
Authors: Laubenheimer Helio , Rhyne Andrew L.
Published: March 2008

Caridean shrimps display a variety of sexual systems including gonochorism and various forms of protandry but rarely simultaneous hermaphroditism. Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH) has thus far only been demonstrated in the genus Lysmata. The first report of simultaneous hermaphroditism in a caridean shrimp was with Exhippolysmata ensirostris. However, this was not confirmed, since this species was also considered to be strictly protandric. Therefore, inconclusive results about this species' true sexual system led us to examine Exhippolysmata oplophoroides. Mating between female phase individuals resulted in successful spawning, embryonic development and hatching of viable larvae. Furthermore, we have confirmed that this species is not capable of self-fertilization. Juveniles reared in the laboratory matured in a similar manner to that of Lysmata. Data were limited due to the loss of all individuals to a Vibrio infection. However, the results obtained in this study conclusively affirm functionally that PSH occurs outside the genus Lysmata, in E. oplophoroides. Theories examining the evolution of PSH within decapods must be re-examined in light of the present data.
Barnacle recruitment on ice-scoured shores in eastern Canada
Authors: MacPherson Elizabeth A. , Scrosati Ricardo , Chareka Patrick
Published: March 2008

Previous observations in the St Lawrence Estuary (eastern Canada) suggested that larvae of intertidal barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides) would settle almost exclusively inside crevices on shores that are scoured by sea ice every winter. It was suggested that the strong ice scour in winter on that coast (which removes organisms outside of crevices) would select for such a larval behaviour. We tested the generality of this pattern by sampling other ice-scoured shores within the Gulf of St Lawrence system. In particular, we surveyed a shore in Nova Scotia where exposed habitats (subjected to strong ice scour in winter) are interspersed with sheltered habitats (which suffer milder ice scour). Such a topographical complexity might allow for the coastal larval pool to contain a proportion of larvae that have no particular settlement preference for crevices, as selective pressures for such a behaviour would be minimal in ice-sheltered habitats. Consistently with this notion, barnacle recruits (which appear after the winter ice melts) occurred abundantly both inside and outside of crevices across the shore in the spring seasons of 2005 and 2006. Average recruit density on rocky surfaces ranged between 337 and 588 recruits dm−2, depending on the habitat. It is therefore possible that barnacle recruitment patterns on ice-scoured shores may be affected indirectly by the structural complexity of the coast.
Benthic diversity of the soft bottoms in a semi-enclosed basin of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Mastrototaro F. , Giove A. , D'Onghia G. , Tursi A. , Matarrese A. , Gadaleta M.V.
Published: March 2008

The benthic diversity of the soft bottoms in the Taranto Seas (Mar Grande and Mar Piccolo) (eastern-central Mediterranean Sea) was studied during July 2002. Quantitative samples were taken using a Van Veen grab and granulometric analysis of the sediment was carried out. A total of 131 species were identified. Molluscs and annelids made up 77% of the species and 87% of the individual number. Data from these two groups were used for hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling. The diversity was calculated using the rarefaction method. Two main benthic species assemblages were identified. The first corresponded to the stations characterized by pelitic sediment and located in the Mar Piccolo, the second was made up by the stations with pelite with increasing percentages of sand and distributed in the Mar Grande. The first assemblage consisted of species that usually live on muddy bottoms rich in organic matter; the second consisted of a greater number of species, usually occurring on different types of bottoms. Diversity was found to be higher in the Mar Grande than in the Mar Piccolo, indicating that physico-chemical alterations of the environment probably play a leading role in controlling community structure.
Diving activity of a solitary wild free ranging bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Díaz López Bruno , Shirai Julia Andrea Bernal , Prieto Alberto Bilbao , Fernández Paula Méndez
Published: March 2008

Solitary wild bottlenose dolphins and man frequenting the same small areas makes boat interaction more or less inevitable. Here we provide the first quantified data about solitary bottlenose dolphin diving behaviour in the presence and absence of boats. Over 110 hours were spent observing a solitary bottlenose dolphin within a 6 km2 bay on the north-western coast of Spain from April to August 2005. A generalized linear mixed model explaining 77.3% of the variability of duration of dives indicated that the animal did not vary its diving activity in function of the presence of boats. However, the length of dives was related with the behavioural events prior to dive. Dolphin activity was characterized by mean dive intervals (mean = 62.6 seconds) related to a predominance of foraging behaviour. Because of the frequent presence of boats and the manner in which they moved, the dolphin may have become accustomed to their presence. The data reported here could be used to implement precautionary management proposals that take into account the potential effects of boat presence on bottlenose dolphins.
A Feasibility Study on a Regional Navigation Transceiver System
Authors: Park Byungwoon , Kim Doyoon , Lee Taikjin , Kee Changdon , Paik Boksoo , Lee Kihoon
Published: March 2008

This paper proposes an airborne transceiver system as an alternative navigation system and a triangulation method using bidirectional range measurements as a method of transceiver position determination. We suggest several system arrays that can estimate each mobile transceiver position in real time. We found that our suggested alternative navigation system working in a 700 km×900 km region is feasible using only 10 transceivers at an altitude of 42 km, furthermore its performance can compete with that of Galileo's Open Service. This paper will contribute to the establishment of an alternative or backup navigation system with modest expenditure and a short development period, and which is independent of GPS.
A Standard Testing and Calibration Procedure for Low Cost MEMS Inertial Sensors and Units
Authors: Aggarwal P. , Syed Z. , Niu X. , El-Sheimy N.
Published: March 2008

Navigation involves the integration of methodologies and systems for estimating the time varying position and attitude of moving objects. Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) are among the most widely used navigation systems. The use of cost effective MEMS based inertial sensors has made GPS/INS integrated navigation systems more affordable. However MEMS sensors suffer from various errors that have to be calibrated and compensated to get acceptable navigation results. Moreover the performance characteristics of these sensors are highly dependent on the environmental conditions such as temperature variations. Hence there is a need for the development of accurate, reliable and efficient thermal models to reduce the effect of these errors that can potentially degrade the system performance. In this paper, the Allan variance method is used to characterize the noise in the MEMS sensors. A six-position calibration method is applied to estimate the deterministic sensor errors such as bias, scale factor, and non-orthogonality. An efficient thermal variation model is proposed and the effectiveness of the proposed calibration methods is investigated through a kinematic van test using integrated GPS and MEMS-based inertial measurement unit (IMU).
An Integrated Pulsed Interference Mitigation for GNSS Receivers
Authors: Anyaegbu Esther , Brodin Gary , Cooper John , Aguado Enrique , Boussakta Said
Published: March 2008

The E5/L5 frequency band for the new Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals is crowded with aeronautical pulsed emitters. This results in severe degradation of the performance of GNSS receivers. This paper describes a novel technique for estimating and suppressing time-varying pulsed interference signals such as the Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)/Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) signals generated by these pulsed emitters. The proposed technique involves the integration of the time-based pulse blanker and the wavelet-based interference mitigation technique. Aviation is the key application considered although many other applications such as transport management and navigation, environmental monitoring, and telecommunications would benefit. A performance assessment of the new technique is carried out by determining the degradation of the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) at the output of the correlator. The performance of the new technique is compared with the traditional time domain pulse blanking approach. The results show that the proposed technique performs better than both the time domain pulse blanker and the wavelet-based interference mitigation algorithm. Hence, the integrated pulse mitigation approach can be employed to provide an enhanced degree of interference detection and suppression.
The COLREGS and the Princess Alice
Authors: Kemp John
Published: March 2008

There is currently considerable interest in the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea (the COLREGS). Suggestions for changes are made, but their validity is difficult to assess because there is little possibility of testing new proposals before they are introduced. There is, however, the possibility of considering the history of the COLREGS, and their effectiveness, as they have evolved over the years. In this paper, the author's aim is to look at the lessons that may be learned from one, particularly tragic, collision between the Princess Alice and the Bywell Castle in 1878. Opinions differ as to whether a study of history is likely to be a useful exercise.

History is more or less bunk – Henry Ford (American Industrialist)

The only way forwards is backwards – Boris Johnson (British Politician)
A Heave Compensation Algorithm Based on Low Cost GPS Receivers
Authors: Blake Stephen , Hill Chris , Moore Terry , Hide Chris , Park David
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a new method of vessel heave compensation based on a new breed of commercially available low cost GPS receivers that can measure and record the carrier phase observable. The technique is based on the extraction of a highly accurate velocity estimate from standalone receivers using time differenced carrier phase observable. Two trials have been undertaken, one using a Spirent GPS signal simulator and another conducted at sea. The simulator trial thoroughly tested the use of commercially available low cost receivers for this method of velocity estimation through their comparison with higher grade receivers and quantified the errors under varying dynamics. The sea trial tested the heave algorithm against other heave sensors and an accurate reference provided by an Applanix POSRS and showed it to be capable of producing a heave output to rival inertial based heave sensors using commercially available low cost GPS receivers.
New SW Pacific tectonic model: Cyclical intraoceanic magmatic arc construction and near‐coeval emplacement along the Australia‐Pacific margin in the Cenozoic
Authors: Whattam Scott A. , Malpas John , Ali Jason R. , Smith Ian E. M.
Published: March 2008

Various reconstructions of the SW Pacific for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic suggest that northeast dipping subduction began in the South Loyalty Basin (SLB) at 55–50 Ma and that subsequent closure of the SLB resulted in the diachronous emplacement of Cretaceous‐Paleocene ophiolitic nappes onto the Norfolk Ridge in New Caledonia at 40–34 Ma and in Northland, New Zealand, around 24–21 Ma. A fundamental problem with these models is that they do not account for the fact that NE dipping subduction had already been established offshore Papua New Guinea by at least 65–60 Ma which resulted in the emplacement of the Papuan Ultramafic Belt (PUB) ophiolite at 59–58 Ma. A second issue is that the reconstructions are based largely upon unfounded assumptions as to the age and nature of the basement beneath the Loyalty arc and Three Kings Ridge. Finally, reconstructions of the Northland region are based upon the erroneous assumption that the age of the majority of the igneous component comprising the Northland allochthon is Late Cretaceous‐Paleocene, when in fact it is Oligocene. A new model is presented whereby the PUB, New Caledonia, and Northland ophiolites formed and were emplaced in a cyclical fashion above an extensive NE dipping Cenozoic intraoceanic arc system which diachronously propagated (N‐S) along the entire eastern margin of the Australian Plate. These “infant arc” ophiolites represent fragments of suprasubduction zone lithosphere (SSZL) generated in the earliest stages of magmatic arc formation that were emplaced shortly after (<20 m.y.) as a result of forearc‐Australian Plate collision. Subduction inception was the result of subsidence of older MORB‐like lithosphere generated within an extensive “back arc basin” to the east of the Norfolk Ridge during the earliest stages of SLB formation above a southwest dipping Pacific Plate. During emplacement of each ophiolite, a crustal fragment of the older lithosphere was scraped off the NE dipping slab and subsequently back‐thrust beneath each ophiolite during its emplacement.
Deepwater circulation on Blake Outer Ridge (western North Atlantic) during the Holocene, Younger Dryas, and Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Evans Helena K. , Hall Ian R.
Published: March 2008

Three depth transects containing a total of 33 sediment cores were investigated along the Blake Outer Ridge in the western subtropical North Atlantic. Sortable silt mean () grain size and stable isotope records were used to assess the position and relative intensity of the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC) during the Holocene, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and the Younger Dryas (YD) intervals. The Holocene reconstruction is consistent with modern physical and chemical hydrographic measurements in the area, suggesting a deep position for the fast flowing core of the WBUC (3000–4000 m, deepening to ∼4500 m water depth on the ridge flanks) and a water column dominated by North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The LGM and YD reconstructions show that a comparable hydrographic regime was present during both these intervals, suggesting a similar mode of circulation that was appreciably different from the Holocene reconstruction. The WBUC's zone of maximum flow speed during these intervals is suggested to have shifted above 2500 m water depth, consistent with nutrient depleted Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water formation with an increasing influence of Southern Source Water (SSW) beneath. Below 4000 m water depth, results hint at increased SSW flow vigor during both the LGM and YD with higher flow speeds than during the Holocene. This study provides a framework for aiding the interpretation of time series records of paleocurrent flow speed changes in the region of the WBUC.
Effects of surface ocean conditions on deep‐sea calcite dissolution proxies in the tropical Pacific
Authors: Mekik Figen , Raterink Lisa
Published: March 2008

Finding the ideal deep‐sea CaCO3 dissolution proxy is essential for quantifying the role of the marine carbonate system in regulating atmospheric pCO2 over millennia. We explore the potential of using the Globorotalia menardii fragmentation index (MFI) and size‐normalized foraminifer shell weight (SNSW) as complementary indicators of deep‐sea CaCO3 dissolution. MFI has strong correlations with bottom water [CO32−], modeled estimates of percent CaCO3 dissolved, and Mg/Ca in Pulleniatina obliquiloculata in core top samples along a depth transect on the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) where surface ocean temperature variation is minimal. SNSW of P. obliquiloculata and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei have weak correlations with MFI‐based percent dissolved, Mg/Ca in P. obliquiloculata shells and bottom water [CO32−] on the OJP. In core top samples from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP), SNSW of P. obliquiloculata has moderate to strong correlations with both MFI‐based percent CaCO3 dissolved estimates and surface ocean environmental parameters. SNSW of N. dutertrei shells shows a latitudinal distribution in the EEP and a moderately strong correlation with MFI‐based percent dissolved estimates when samples from the equatorial part of the region are excluded. Our results suggest that there may potentially be multiple genotypes of N. dutertrei in the EEP which may be reflected in their shell weight. MFI‐based percent CaCO3 dissolved estimates have no quantifiable relationship with any surface ocean environmental parameter in the EEP. Thus MFI acts as a reliable quantitative CaCO3 dissolution proxy insensitive to environmental biases within calcification waters of foraminifers.
Solar corona effects on angle of arrival fluctuations for microwave telecommunication links during superior solar conjunction
Authors: Ho C. M. , Morabito D. D. , Woo R.
Published: March 2008

During the superior solar conjunction of spacecraft, the transmitted signals from a spacecraft to the Earth ground station graze the region near the Sun's photospheric surface, passing through dense and turbulent regions of solar‐charged particles. Phase changes due to solar coronal irregularities cause raypath wandering, wavefront tilting, and fluctuations in the apparent angle of arrival when observed from the Earth. This study presents a first theoretical investigation of solar wind and solar coronal effects on the angle of arrival fluctuations for RF signals. On the basis of the Chandrasekhar relationship between phase and angular fluctuations, an analytical integrating solution for angle of arrival fluctuations is derived by applying solar corona and plasma irregularity spectrum models. It is found that angular fluctuations rapidly decrease with increasing heliocentric distance at a rate of ∼r−5.5 and also decrease with increasing frequency at a rate of ∼1/f2. It is found that when using Ka band at α = 0.4° (r = 1.6 solar radii), there is a 19 millidegrees (mdeg) angular scattering, corresponding to a 9 dB gain degradation. In comparison, lower‐frequency X and S band signals undergo much worse degradation effects. Beyond α = 2° (r > 8 solar radii), angular fluctuations at microwave frequency bands can almost be neglected (θRMS < 1 mdeg). A solution to minimize this degradation is to use Ka‐ or higher‐frequency bands for the telecommunication link during periods of solar conjunction. This study not only quantifies the angular fluctuations caused by solar corona irregularities but also provides an effective method for diagnosing the plasma density fluctuations in a region very close to the solar photospheric surface.
The ASHA Board of Ethics: An Update on Roles, Responsibilities, and Educational Resources
Authors: Diefendorf Allan O.
Published: March 2008

This article reviews the purpose of the ASHA Board of Ethics as a supportive body whose primary charge is to assist in the professional development of ethical practice within and among the membership of ASHA. Although this body enforces the rules of conduct established by the code, one of its primary purposes is to review, revise, and disseminate changes or opinions of ASHA in response to issues as they arise in professional practice and research. As such, this article provides a list of current ASHA Issues in Ethics Statements, articles, and tabled summaries of the principles and rules of the current ASHA code used for filing complaints. This article suggests that ASHA members should view the ASHA Code of Ethics as a mindset instead of a rule book and the ASHA Board of Ethics as a resource for advisement and interpretation rather than the enforcer of the rules.
Training Methods With Clinicians and Students—A Personal Story and Change: Narrative Therapy for Stuttering
Authors: Leahy Margaret
Published: March 2008

Educating students and informing clinicians regarding developments in therapy approaches and in evidence-based practice are important elements of the responsibility of specialist academic posts in universities. In this article, the development of narrative therapy and its theoretical background are outlined (preceded by a general outline of how the topic of fluency disorders is introduced to students at an Irish university). An example of implementing narrative therapy with a 12-year-old boy is presented. The brief case description demonstrates how narrative therapy facilitated this 12-year-old make sense of his dysfluency and his phonological disorder, leading to his improved understanding and management of the problems, fostering a sense of control that led ultimately to their resolution.
Letter to ASHA Concerning Division Membership
Authors: Montgomery Catherine Otto
Published: March 2008

The following letter was forwarded from ASHA to Special Interest Division 4.
Dysphagia: Legal and Ethical Issues in Caring for Persons at the End of Life
Authors: Wagner Lynne C. Brady
Published: March 2008

Speech-language pathologists (SLP) who treat patients with dysphagia may at some point work with persons who are dying. The purpose of this article is to provide a legal and ethical framework for the participation of the SLP in the care of persons at the end of life. The skills of the SLP can be critical to enhancing the dying experience of patients by preparing them to deal with symptoms of dysphagia and by maintaining or facilitating their communication abilities to meet functional needs in the final stages of life.
An Overview of the Division 3 Reimbursement Committee and the 2006 Reimbursement Survey
Authors: Sandage Mary J. , Schwartz Sandy , Hapner Edie R.
Published: March 2008

It became apparent in 2006 from communication with affiliates and from posts to the Division 3 listserv that clinicians treating disorders of voice/upper airway and resonance were in need of correct coding information and a resource to ask billing and coding questions. The Division 3 Steering Committee sought affiliates with knowledge of correct coding and reimbursement specific to the treatment of voice disorders. A Reimbursement Committee was selected and charged with the task of determining affiliate knowledge. Methods: A 39-item multiple choice survey was distributed online via SurveyMonkey. Participants were recruited from the Division 3 e-mail list. Results: A total of 324 affiliates responded, providing a 24 % response rate. Survey information regarding the demographics, practice settings, practice parameters, and coding knowledge is presented. Discussion: Affiliates are treating voice disorders through the lifespan therefore information on billing for voice and other upper aero digestive problems from pediatrics through geriatrics is an important goal for the newly created reimbursement committee. There is a need to assist affiliates with correct coding information, documentation to meet guidelines and maximize reimbursement, and support for affiliate questions that guarantees dissemination of correct, up-to-date information from reimbursement expects.
Activation of Na+/H+ exchanger is associated with hyperinsulinemia in borderline hypertensive rats
Authors: Masai M. , Fujioka Y. , Fujiwara M. , Morimoto S. , Miyoshi A. , Suzuki H. , Iwasaki T.
Published: March 2008

Activation of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) is known to be related to elevated blood pressure in hyperinsulinemia. To test whether there is the change in NHE activity in insulin resistance, we measured NHE activity of platelets in fructose‐induced hyperinsulinemia in Wistar‐Kyoto rats (WKY), in borderline hypertensive rats (BHR), and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

All rats were fed a 60% fructose diet for 4 weeks to induce hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured with a pH‐sensitive fluorescent dye 2′7′‐bis (2‐carboxyethyl)‐5‐carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester. NHE activity was evaluated by the recovery of pHi following addition of sodium propionate (Vmax). Measurement of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) was performed using fura2/acetoxymethylester.

Systolic blood pressure in fructose diet BHR elevated significantly greater than that in control diet BHR with the increase of both [Ca2+]i and Vmax. In WKY, there was no significant increase in systolic blood pressure and [Ca2+]i except Vmax in a fructose diet. Vmax in control diet SHR was greater than in control diet WKY and BHR, and we found no additional increase in Vmax with a fructose diet in SHR. In BHR, a high salt diet increased systolic blood pressure and Vmax to a similar degree as a fructose diet or a high salt combined with a fructose diet. Plasma insulin concentration correlated positively with Vmax in WKY and BHR, but not SHR.

A fructose diet induces hyperinsulinemia and elevates blood pressure in BHR. Hyperinsulinemia appears to activate NHE in a different manner in SHR, and might be associated with an elevation in blood pressure in BHR.
Comparison of a near-field ferromagnetic resonance probe with pump-probe characterization of CoCrPt media
Authors: Clinton T. W. , Benatmane Nadjib , Hohlfeld J. , Girt Erol
Published: March 2008

A near-field microwave technique is used to locally probe ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in a series of CoCrPt alloys with varying perpendicular anisotropy (5kOe<Hk<15kOe). We observe broad FMR linewidths Δf on the order of a gigahertz and higher, indicating significant damping and sample inhomogeneities. These results are compared to time-domain measurements of the same samples using a pump-probe technique, where we observe relaxation times τ, considerably shorter than 500ps, using a damped sinusoid to model the magnetization dynamics. We find the local FMR measurements to yield time scales consistent with the pump-probe data, using the Fourier relationship, Δf=1∕πτ. Thus, this near-field technique is capable of quantitative characterization of high-anisotropy and highly damped magnetic systems, something that has not been demonstrated before with a local FMR technique.
Correlation between texture, anisotropy, and vector magnetization processes investigated by two-dimensional vector vibrating sample magnetometry in BaO(Fe2O3)6 thin film
Authors: Ohodnicki P. R. , Goh K. Y. , McHenry M. E. , Ziemer K. , Chen Z. , Vittoria C. , Harris V. G.
Published: March 2008

High ferromagnetic resonance frequencies and low linewidths in BaO(Fe2O3)6 thin films are achieved by obtaining a low-dispersion of crystallite easy c axes normal to the film. X-ray diffraction and magnetic force microscopy are used to characterize texture and magnetic domain structure for a BaO(Fe2O3)6 film deposited on (0001) SiC with a MgO (111) template layer. Strong c-axis texture normal to the film is observed resulting in strong uniaxial anisotropy. The consequent vector magnetization processes due to a combination of domain wall motion and magnetization rotation are characterized by two dimensional vector coil vibrating sample magnetometry (VVSM).
The harmonic oscillator on Riemannian and Lorentzian configuration spaces of constant curvature
Authors: Cariñena José F. , Rañada Manuel F. , Santander Mariano
Published: March 2008

The harmonic oscillator as a distinguished dynamical system can be defined not only on the Euclidean plane but also on the sphere and on the hyperbolic plane, and more generally on any configuration space with constant curvature and metric of any signature, either Riemannian (definite positive) or Lorentzian (indefinite). In this paper we study the main properties of these “curved” harmonic oscillators simultaneously on any such configuration space, using a Cayley–Klein (CK)-type approach, with two free parameters κ1,κ2 which altogether correspond to the possible values for curvature and signature type: the generic Riemannian and Lorentzian spaces of constant curvature (sphere S2, hyperbolic plane H2, AntiDeSitter sphere AdS1+1, and DeSitter sphere dS1+1) appear in this family, with Euclidean and Minkowski spaces as flat particular cases. We solve the equations of motion for the curved harmonic oscillator and obtain explicit expressions for the orbits by using three different methods: by direct integration, by obtaining the general CK version of Binet’s equation, and finally as a consequence of its superintegrable character. The orbits are conics with center at the potential origin on any CK space, thereby extending this well known Euclidean property to any constant curvature configuration space. The final part of the article, that has a more geometric character, presents pertinent results of the theory of conics on spaces of constant curvature.
Field controlled nematic-to-isotropic phase transition in liquid crystal–carbon nanotube composites
Authors: Shah Hemang J. , Fontecchio Adam K. , Mattia Davide , Gogotsi Yury
Published: March 2008

A nematic-to-isotropic transition has been observed in suspensions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystal (LC) confined within an indium tin oxide glass sandwich cell. Upon the application of electric field, CNTs rotate out of plane short-circuiting the electrodes and producing a current flow through the CNTs. The resulting Joule heating leads to a local increase in temperature of the LC-CNT medium. Hence, starting from a metastable nematic phase, a complete transition to the isotropic phase is observed. On removal of the electric field, the transition is reversed with the LC-CNT medium returning to the nematic phase.
Argon nucleation: Bringing together theory, simulations, and experiment
Authors: Kalikmanov V. I. , Wölk J. , Kraska T.
Published: March 2008

We present an overview of the current status of experimental, theoretical, molecular dynamics (MD), and density functional theory (DFT) studies of argon vapor-to-liquid nucleation. Since the experimental temperature-supersaturation domain does not overlap with the corresponding MD and DFT domains, separate comparisons have been made: theory versus experiment and theory versus MD and DFT. Three general theoretical models are discussed: Classical nucleation theory (CNT), mean-field kinetic nucleation theory (MKNT), and extended modified liquid drop model-dynamical nucleation theory (EMLD-DNT). The comparisons are carried out for the area below the MKNT pseudospinodal line. The agreement for the nucleation rate between the nonclassical models and the MD simulations is very good—within 1–2 orders of magnitude—while the CNT deviates from simulations by about 3–5 orders of magnitude. Perfect agreement is demonstrated between DFT results and predictions of MKNT (within one order of magnitude), whereas CNT and EMLD-DNT show approximately the same deviation of about 3–5 orders of magnitude. At the same time the agreement between all theoretical models and experiment remains poor—4–8 orders of magnitude for MKNT, 12–14 orders for EMLD-DNT, and up to 26 orders for CNT. We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy and the ways to carry out experiment and simulations within the common temperature-supersaturation domain in order to produce a unified picture of argon nucleation.
Extension of the high-ion-temperature regime in the Large Helical Device
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Nagaoka K. , Yoshinuma M. , Takeiri Y. , Ida K. , Morita S. , Kaneko O. , Seki T. , Kasahara H. , Mutoh T. , Oka Y. , Tsumori K. , Osakabe M. , Ikeda K. , Tanaka K. , Funaba H. , Matsuoka S. , Masuzaki S. , Miyazawa J. , Sakamoto R. , Yamada H. , Kawahata K. , Ohyabu N. , Imagawa S. , Komori A. , Sudo S. , Motojima O. ,   the LHD Experimental Group
Published: March 2008

High-ion-temperature (exceeding 5keV) hydrogen plasmas have been successfully produced in the Large Helical Device [Iiyoshi et al., Nucl. Fusion 39, 1245 (1999); Motojima et al., Nucl. Fusion 47, S668 (2007)] with the ion heat confinement improvement in the core region. The experimental ion heat diffusivity at the core region is found to be almost independent of the ion temperature, Ti (even decreasing as Ti increases). The neoclassical (NC) ripple transport is suppressed by the ambipolar radial electric field, Er (<0) predicted by NC transport fluxes. The temperature ratio, Ti∕Te, is one of the key parameters to reduce the NC ambipolar particle and heat fluxes. Thus, it is suggested that the selective ion heating (making Ti∕Te larger) is a plausible approach to further increase Ti. Spontaneous rotation is evaluated in these high-Ti plasmas, in which a co-directed component is recognized at the radial location with a large Ti gradient, in addition to the tokamak-like counter-directed component expected for Er<0.
Demonstration of enhanced population feeding of the 1.53μm emitting level of Er3+ in TeO2–WO3–Li2O–P2O5 glasses using upconversion luminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Luo Yongshi , Zhang Jiahua , Zhang Xia , Wang Xiao-jun
Published: March 2008

P 2 O 5 is introduced into the Er3+-doped tungsten tellurite glasses to speed up the I11∕24-I13∕24 relaxation. The properties of infrared to visible upconverted luminescence as a function of P2O5 contents are studied to demonstrate the enhanced feeding rate of the 1.53μm emitting level of Er3+, which is in good agreement with that obtained using infrared emission spectra. The contributions of excited state absorption and cooperation energy transfer to the red and green upconverted luminescences are quantitatively evaluated. The Er3+-doped telluride glasses containing P2O5 could be a promising candidate as a host for broadband erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.
An optical high-pressure cell for transient grating measurements of biological substance with a high reproducibility
Authors: Hoshihara Yuji , Kimura Yoshifumi , Matsumoto Masamitsu , Nagasawa Makoto , Terazima Masahide
Published: March 2008

We describe a high-pressure optical cell that can be used for time-resolved transient grating measurements to determine the thermodynamic properties of transient species under high pressure. This high-pressure cell enables us to compare the grating signal intensities of different samples quantitatively. Using this high-pressure cell with an inner sample cell, one can measure various thermodynamic properties of a biological substance in time domain. The stability and reproducibility of this apparatus are described.
Effective heat conduction in a configuration with nonoverlapped magnetic islands
Authors: Gupta A. , Tokar M. Z.
Published: March 2008

The effective radial heat conduction κeff in a plasma configuration with nonoverlapped magnetic island chains is assessed by applying an “optimal path” method. This approach implies that heat is transported predominantly along paths rendering the minimum temperature variation and is related to the principle of minimum entropy production. Paths combined of up to three radial sections and two segments aligned along magnetic field lines are considered. It is demonstrated that the enhancement of κeff over the level of perpendicular heat conduction κ⊥ arising due to flows along magnetic field lines is controlled only by the Chirikov parameter and by the value 4br2κ∥∕κ⊥, where br is the relative amplitude of the radial field resonant harmonic and κ∥ is the parallel heat conduction.
Optimizing the ionization and energy absorption of laser-irradiated clusters
Authors: Kundu M. , Bauer D.
Published: March 2008

It is known that rare-gas or metal clusters absorb incident laser energy very efficiently. However, due to the intricate dependencies on all the laser and cluster parameters, it is difficult to predict under which circumstances ionization and energy absorption are optimal. With the help of three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of xenon clusters (up to 17256 atoms), it is shown that for a given laser pulse energy and cluster, an optimum wavelength exists that corresponds to the approximate wavelength of the transient, linear Mie-resonance of the ionizing cluster at an early stage of negligible expansion. In a single ultrashort laser pulse, the linear resonance at this optimum wavelength yields much higher absorption efficiency than in the conventional, dual-pulse pump-probe setup of linear resonance during cluster expansion.
Invited Article: Development of high-field superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps
Authors: Yang L. , Brome C. R. , Butterworth J. S. , Dzhosyuk S. N. , Mattoni C. E. H. , McKinsey D. N. , Michniak R. A. , Doyle J. M. , Golub R. , Korobkina E. , O’Shaughnessy C. M. , Palmquist G. R. , Seo P.-N. , Huffman P. R. , Coakley K. J. , Mumm H. P. , Thompson A. K. , Yang G. L. , Lamoreaux S. K.
Published: March 2008

We describe the design, construction, and performance of three generations of superconducting Ioffe magnetic traps. The first two are low current traps, built from four racetrack shaped quadrupole coils and two solenoid assemblies. Coils are wet wound with multifilament NbTi superconducting wires embedded in epoxy matrices. The magnet bore diameters are 51 and 105mm with identical trap depths of 1.0T at their operating currents and at 4.2K. A third trap uses a high current accelerator-type quadrupole magnet and two low current solenoids. This trap has a bore diameter of 140mm and tested trap depth of 2.8T. Both low current traps show signs of excessive training. The high current hybrid trap, on the other hand, exhibits good training behavior and is amenable to quench protection.
Mapping of dissipative particle dynamics in fluctuating hydrodynamics simulations
Authors: Qiao R. , He P.
Published: March 2008

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is a novel particle method for mesoscale modeling of complex fluids. DPD particles are often thought to represent packets of real atoms, and the physical scale probed in DPD models are determined by the mapping of DPD variables to the corresponding physical quantities. However, the nonuniqueness of such mapping has led to difficulties in setting up simulations to mimic real systems and in interpreting results. For modeling transport phenomena, where thermal fluctuations are important (e.g., fluctuating hydrodynamics), an area particularly suited for DPD method, we propose that DPD fluid particles should be viewed as only (1) to provide a medium in which the momentum and energy are transferred according to the hydrodynamic laws and (2) to provide objects immersed in the DPD fluids the proper random “kicks” such that these objects exhibit correct fluctuation behaviors at the macroscopic scale. We show that, in such a case, the choice of system temperature and mapping of DPD scales to physical scales are uniquely determined by the level of coarse graining and properties of DPD fluids. We also verified that DPD simulation can reproduce the macroscopic effects of thermal fluctuation in particulate suspension by showing that the Brownian diffusion of solid particles can be computed in DPD simulations with good accuracy.
The Darrieus–Landau instability in fast deflagration and laser ablation
Authors: Bychkov Vitaly , Modestov Mikhail , Marklund Mattias
Published: March 2008

The problem of the Darrieus–Landau instability at a discontinuous deflagration front in a compressible flow is solved. Numerous previous attempts to solve this problem suffered from the deficit of boundary conditions. Here, the required additional boundary condition is derived rigorously taking into account the internal structure of the front. The derived condition implies a constant mass flux at the front; it reduces to the classical Darrieus–Landau condition in the limit of an incompressible flow. It is demonstrated that in general the solution to the problem depends on the type of energy source in the flow. In the common case of a strongly localized source, compression effects make the Darrieus–Landau instability considerably weaker. Particularly, the instability growth rate is reduced for laser ablation in comparison to the classical incompressible case. The instability disappears completely in the Chapman–Jouguet regime of ultimately fast deflagration.
Dual-mode operation of dual-frequency liquid crystal cell by horizontal switching
Authors: Chen Chao Ping , Preman Smarty P. , Yoon Tae-Hoon , Kim Jae Chang
Published: March 2008

A dual-mode operation featuring a dual-frequency liquid crystal (LC) cell has been proposed in this paper. This dual-mode operation conducted by the horizontal switching allows the device to work as either dynamic or memory mode, named in terms of the monostability and bistability, respectively, of which, the dynamic mode is responsible for the gray-scale generation by modulating the birefringence of LC, while the memory mode is responsible for the power saving by the long retention time of two stable states. We have revealed the switching mechanism for both operation modes, besides, the electro-optical effects will be demonstrated by the experimental results.