bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential changes in cyclic adenosine 3′‐5′ monophosphate (cAMP) effectors and major Ca2+ handling proteins during diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chaoul Victoria , Hanna Rita , Hachem Pia , El Hayek Magali Samia , Nour‐Eldine Wared , Abou‐Khalil Pamela , Abi‐Ramia Elias , Vandecasteele Grégoire , Abi‐Gerges Aniella
Published: March 2023

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with differential and time‐specific regulation of β‐adrenergic receptors and cardiac cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases with consequences for total cyclic adenosine 3′‐5′ monophosphate (cAMP) levels. We aimed to investigate whether these changes are associated with downstream impairments in cAMP and Ca2+ signalling in a type 1 diabetes (T1D)‐induced DCM model. T1D was induced in adult male rats by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) injection. DCM was assessed by cardiac structural and molecular remodelling. We delineated sequential changes affecting the exchange protein (Epac1/2), cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca2+/Calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (CaMKII) at 4, 8 and 12 weeks following diabetes, by real‐time quantitative PCR and western blot. Expression of Ca2+ ATPase pump (SERCA2a), phospholamban (PLB) and Troponin I (TnI) was also examined. Early upregulation of Epac1 transcripts was noted in diabetic hearts at Week 4, followed by increases in Epac2 mRNA, but not protein levels, at Week 12. Expression of PKA subunits (RI, RIIα and Cα) remained unchanged regardless of the disease stage, whereas CaMKII increased at Week 12 in DCM. Moreover, PLB transcripts were upregulated in diabetic hearts, whereas SERCA2a and TnI gene expression was unchanged irrespective of the disease evolution. PLB phosphorylation at threonine‐17 was increased in DCM, whereas phosphorylation of both PLB at serine‐16 and TnI at serine‐23/24 was unchanged. We show for the first time differential and time‐specific regulations in cardiac cAMP effectors and Ca2+ handling proteins, data that may prove useful in proposing new therapeutic approaches in T1D‐induced DCM.
Fundamental Change Beneath the Surface: The Supranationalisation of Rule of Law Protection in the European Union
Authors: Priebus Sonja , Anders Lisa H.
Published: March 2023

Whereas most studies on the European Union's (EU) responses to the rule of law crisis stress the underenforcement of EU law, this article offers a different perspective. Focusing on the long‐term dynamics concerning rule of law protection, we detect a gradual trend towards supranationalism. The Rule of Law Conditionality mechanism adopted in 2020 is the first instance of ‘effective supranationalism’, that is, a rule of law tool that combines supranational decision‐making procedures with binding and enforceable consequences. To explain this development in an area that has been marked by considerable resistance to efforts to strengthen supranational oversight, we draw on the agent‐centric historical institutionalist approach. Our qualitative study shows that supranationalisation has become possible through two interrelated factors: the joint strategies of community bodies, which have promoted competence transfer to the EU level, and the increasing marginalisation of sovereigntist positions within the Council, given the escalating conflicts with Hungary and Poland.
Through the eDNA looking glass: Responses of fjord benthic foraminiferal communities to contrasting environmental conditions
Authors: Brinkmann Inda , Schweizer Magali , Singer David , Quinchard Sophie , Barras Christine , Bernhard Joan M. , Filipsson Helena L.
Published: March 2023

The health of coastal marine environments is severely declining with global changes. Proxies, such as those based on microeukaryote communities, can record biodiversity and ecosystem responses. However, conventional studies rely on microscopic observations of limited taxonomic range and size fraction, missing putatively ecologically informative community components. Here, we tested molecular tools to survey foraminiferal biodiversity in a fjord system (Sweden) on spatial and temporal scales: Alpha and beta diversity responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental trends were assessed and variability of foraminiferal environmental DNA (eDNA) compared to morphology‐based data. The identification of eDNA‐obtained taxonomic units was aided by single‐cell barcoding. Our study revealed wide diversity, including typical morphospecies recognized in the fjords, and so‐far unrecognized taxa. DNA extraction method impacted community composition outputs significantly. DNA extractions of 10 g sediment more reliably represented present diversity than of 0.5‐g samples and, thus, are preferred for environmental assessments in this region. Alpha‐ and beta diversity of 10‐g extracts correlated with bottom‐water salinity similar to morpho‐assemblage diversity changes. Sub‐annual environmental variability resolved only partially, indicating damped sensitivity of foraminiferal communities on short timescales using established metabarcoding techniques. Systematically addressing the current limitations of morphology‐based and metabarcoding studies may strongly improve future biodiversity and environmental assessments.
Inactivation effect and action mode of ohmic heating on Staphylococcus aureus in phosphate‐buffered saline
Authors: Shao Lele , Zou Bo , Zhao Yijie , Sun Yingying , Li Xingmin , Dai Ruitong
Published: March 2023

Ohmic heating (OH) is an alternative thermal processing technique, which shows large potential application in pasteurization. Inactivation effect and sublethal injury of OH on Staphylococcus aureus were investigated in this study. Meanwhile, membrane potential and integrity, bacterial morphology and the leakage of nucleic acid, protein and ions were also measured to elucidate the action mode of OH. When heated to 50°C, OH treatment showed higher injury ratio than water bath (WB) treatment. Meanwhile, greater loss of cellular content, larger reduction of membrane potential, and severer damage to cell morphology and membrane integrity were observed in OH‐treated S. aureus than that of WB. When heated to 61.5°C, there was no significant difference between OH‐ and WB‐treated S. aureus. Results indicated that OH caused more sublethal injury and server damage to S. aureus than that of WB when heated to a lower temperature (50°C).
Hospice agency characteristics associated with benzodiazepine and antipsychotic prescribing
Authors: Gerlach Lauren B. , Zhang Lan , Strominger Julie , Kim Hyungjin Myra , Teno Joan , Bynum Julie P. W. , Maust Donovan T.
Published: March 2023

Background

Benzodiazepine and antipsychotic medications are routinely prescribed for symptom management in hospice patients, but have significant risks for older adults. We explored the extent to which patient and hospice agency characteristics are associated with variations in their prescribing.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis of hospice‐enrolled Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years in 2017 (N = 1,393,622 in 4219 hospice agencies). The main outcome was the hospice agency‐level rate of enrollees with benzodiazepine and antipsychotic prescription fills divided into quintiles. Rate ratios were used to compare the agencies with the highest and lowest prescription across patient and agency characteristics.

Results

In 2017, hospice agency prescribing rates varied widely: for benzodiazepines, from a median of 11.9% (IQR 5.9,22.2) in the lowest‐prescribing quintile to 80.0% (IQR 76.9,84.2) in the highest‐prescribing quintile; for antipsychotics, it ranged from 5.5% (IQR 2.9,7.7) in the lowest to 63.9% (IQR 56.1,72.0) in the highest. Among the highest benzodiazepine‐ and antipsychotic‐ prescribing hospice agencies, there was a smaller proportion of patients from minoritized populations (benzodiazepine: non‐Hispanic Black rate ratio [RR] [Q5/Q1] 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.7, Hispanic RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.5; antipsychotic: non‐Hispanic Black RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.8, Hispanic RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.5). A greater proportion of rural beneficiaries were in the highest benzodiazepine‐prescribing quintile (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.4), whereas this relationship was not present for antipsychotics. Larger hospice agencies were over‐represented in the highest prescribing quintile for both benzodiazepines (RR 2.6, 95% CI 2.5–2.7) and antipsychotics (RR 2.7, 95% CI 2.6–2.8), as were for‐profit agencies (benzodiazepine: RR 2.4, 95% CI 2.3–2.4; antipsychotic: RR 2.3, 95% CI 2.2–2.4). Prescribing rates varied widely across Census regions.

Conclusions

Prescribing in hospice settings varies markedly across factors other than the clinical characteristics of enrolled patients.
The Relationship Between First‐Grade Psychosocial Functioning and Educational Outcomes through Eighth Grade in a Large Sample of Chilean Youth
Authors: Farley Alyssa M. , Canenguez Katia M. , Squicciarini Ana María , Dutta Anamika , Green Jennifer Greif , Benheim Talia S. , Jellinek Michael , Murphy J. Michael
Published: March 2023

Background

The association between early childhood psychosocial problems and poorer educational outcomes is well‐documented, but the extent to which this association persists is less understood. The current study assessed the correlations between first‐grade psychosocial functioning and educational outcomes through eighth grade in a large longitudinal sample of Chilean students.

Methods

The Pediatric Symptom Checklist‐Chilean (PSC‐CL) and Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation Re‐Revised (TOCA‐RR) assessed psychosocial functioning for 9736 students who were screened four times from first through eighth grade through the Skills for Life program. Adjusted linear mixed effects models assessed the association between first grade PSC‐CL and TOCA‐RR risk and third, sixth, and eighth grade GPA and school attendance.

Results

First‐grade PSC‐CL and TOCA‐RR risk both significantly predicted lower third, sixth, and eighth grade GPAs; all p < .001. The relationships between first‐grade psychosocial functioning and later school attendance rates were less consistent but still significant at certain time points.

Conclusions

First‐grade psychosocial risk was persistently associated with lower academic performance in a longitudinal sample of Chilean students followed through elementary and middle school.

Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity

Early school‐based psychosocial screening and follow‐up interventions have the potential to improve students' long‐term educational outcomes.
Experience of coercion among nursing professionals in a medium‐stay mental health unit: A qualitative study in Spain
Authors: Aragonés‐Calleja Miriam , Sánchez‐Martínez Vanessa
Published: March 2023

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Coercive measures represent an ethical conflict because they limit the person's freedom, compromising their personal autonomy, self‐determination and fundamental rights.

The reduction of the use of coercive measures implies not only regulations and mental health systems, but also cultural aspects, such as societal beliefs, attitudes, and values.

There is evidence about the professionals' views on coercion in acute mental health care units and community settings, but they remain unexplored in inpatient rehabilitation units.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

The knowledge about coercion varied from not knowing at all the meaning of the word, to a proper description of the phenomenon.

Coercive measures are considered a necessary evil or normalized in mental health care and considered implicit to daily practice.

What are the implications for practice?

The perceptions and attitudes towards coercion might be influenced by the knowledge about the phenomenon. Training of mental health nursing staff in non‐coercive practice could help professionals to detect, be conscious towards, and question coercive measures, thus orienting them to the effective implementation of interventions or programmes with evidenced effectiveness to reduce them.

Introduction

Creating a therapeutic and safe milieu with the minimum coercive measures requires knowing professionals' perceptions and attitudes towards coercion, but they remain unexplored in medium and long‐stay inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation units.

Aim

To explore the knowledge, perception and experience of coercion among nursing staff at a rehabilitation medium‐stay mental health unit (MSMHU) in Eastern Spain.

Method

Qualitative phenomenological study including 28 face‐to‐face, semi‐structured interviews based on a script. Data were analysed using content analysis.

Results

Two main themes were found: (1) therapeutic relationship and treatment in the MSMHU, which included three subthemes: qualities of the professionals for building the therapeutic relationship; perceptions about the persons admitted to the MSMHU; views of the therapeutic relationship and treatment in the MSMHU; (2) Coercion at the MSMHU, comprising five subthemes: professional knowledge; general aspects; emotional impact of coercion; opinions; alternatives.

Discussion

Coercive measures are often normalized in mental health care and considered implicit to daily practice. A proportion of participants who did not know what coercion is.

Implications for Practice

Knowledge about coercion might influence attitudes towards coercion. Mental health nursing staff could benefit from formal training in non‐coercive practice, facilitating the operative implementation of effective interventions or programmes.
A new estimator for LARCH processes
Authors: Bardet Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2023

The aim of this article is to provide a new estimator of parameters for LARCH processes, and thus also for LARCH or GLARCH processes. This estimator results from minimizing a contrast leading to a least squares estimator for the absolute values of the process. Strong consistency and asymptotic normality are shown, and convergence occurs at the rate as well in short or long memory cases. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results and show that this new estimator significantly outperforms the smoothed quasi‐maximum likelihood estimators or weighted least squares estimators commonly used for such processes.
How many are they? Estimates of demographic patterns of reproductive females of southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) in the southern coast of Brazil
Authors: Renault‐Braga Eduardo P. , Groch Karina R. , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C.
Published: March 2023

Southern right whales use the Brazilian coast as a wintering area. This population was severely depleted by whaling up until 1973. Since the 1980s, studies have shown that this species is now restricted to the southern waters of Brazil. Using photo‐identification data obtained via standardized aerial surveys from Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina (SC) (−27.797°/−48.533°) to Torres, State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) (−29.396°/−49.763°), mark‐recapture methods were used to estimate survival capture and recruitment probability, population size using the POPAN model for reproductive females. Data were collected between 2004 and 2021. The final model was selected based on the lowest Akaike Information Criterion value. Of the 396 female whales identified, 41.41% were recaptured at least once. The final POPAN model showed time dependence in all parameters. The population size was estimated to be 397 reproductive females. This is the first update on the population trends for southern right whales in Brazilian breeding grounds since 2010.
Traditional summer habitat use by Southern Resident killer whales in the Salish Sea is linked to Fraser River Chinook salmon returns
Authors: Stewart Joshua D. , Cogan Jane , Durban John W. , Fearnbach Holly , Ellifrit David K. , Malleson Mark , Pinnow Melisa , Balcomb Kenneth C.
Published: March 2023

Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW, Orcinus orca) are a small, endangered population of fish‐eating killer whales that inhabit coastal and inland waters of the western United States and British Columbia. SRKW have been in decline since 1995, with food availability, vessel disturbance, and pollutants proposed as drivers of their decline. We used 17 years of sightings data from the SRKW core summer habitat in the Salish Sea to examine trends in presence of SRKW, and how these trends may be related to the availability of a key food source, Fraser River‐origin Chinook salmon. We found that SRKW occupancy has declined by more than 75%, in step with reduced average catch per unit effort (CPUE) of Fraser River Chinook salmon. J pod was present in the core summer habitat most often, followed by K and L pods. All three pods demonstrated declines in visitation to the core summer habitat from 2004 to 2020, and presence of SRKW was significantly related to annual average Fraser Chinook CPUE. Our findings suggest that declining Fraser River Chinook returns may be reaching a point where SRKW cannot reliably meet their energetic needs, driving them to forage in areas outside of their traditional core summer habitat.
Tendril morphogenesis is regulated by a CsaTEN–CsaUFO module in cucumber
Authors: Hong Zezhou , Wang Xinrui , Yang Aiyi , Yan Guochao , He Yong , Zhu Zhujun , Xu Yunmin
Published: March 2023

Tendril is a morphological innovation during plant evolution, which provides the plants to obtain climbing ability. However, the tendril morphogenesis is poorly understood.

A novel tendril morphogenesis defective mutant (tmd1) was identified in cucumber. The apical part of tendril was replaced by a leaf blade in tmd1 mutant, and it lost the climbing ability. Map‐based cloning, qPCR detection, bioinformatic analysis, yeast one‐hybrid assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and luciferase assay were used to explore the molecular mechanism of CsaTMD1 in regulating tendril morphogenesis.

CsaUFO was the candidate causal gene, and a fragment deletion within promoter impaired CsaUFO expression in tmd1 mutant. A conserved motif 1, which harbored two putative TCP transcription factor binding sites, was located within this deleted fragment. CsaTEN directly bound the motif 1 and positively regulated CsaUFO, and mutation in motif 1 removed this regulation.

Our work shows a CsaTEN–CsaUFO module in regulating tendril morphogenesis, indicating that evolution of tendril in cucumber due to simply drive of CsaUFO by CsaTEN in tendril. Additionally, the conserved motif 1 provides a strategy for engineering tendril‐less Cucurbitaceae crops.
Tracking phenological distributions and interaction potential across life stages
Authors: Carroll Calvin M. , Saenz Daniel , Rudolf Volker H. W.
Published: March 2023

Climate change is shifting the phenological timing, duration, and temporal overlap of interacting species in natural communities, reshaping temporal interaction networks worldwide. Despite much recent progress in documenting these phenological shifts, little is known about how the phenologies of species interactions are tracked across different life history stages. Here we analyze four key phenological traits and the pairwise interaction potential of nine amphibian species for the adult (calling/breeding) and subsequent larval (tadpole) stage at eight different sites over six years. We found few strong correlations among phenological traits within species, but the strength of these correlations varied across species. As a consequence, phenological trait combinations of both stages varied substantially across species without clear signs of multidimensional clustering, indicating a distinct and diverse range of species‐specific phenological strategies. Despite this considerable variation in the phenologies across species, the temporal overlap between species was largely preserved through the two life history stages. Further, we also detected significant correlations among the duration and temporal overlap of interactions with other species across stages in five species, demonstrating that temporal patterns of species interactions are mirrored across life history stages. For these species, these results indicate a strong tracking of phenologies and species interactions across life history stages even in species with complex life cycles where stages occupy completely different environments. This suggests that phenological shifts in one stage can impact the temporal dynamics and structure of interaction networks across developmental stages.
Enhanced Recovery after Total Joint Arthroplasty (TJA): A Contemporary Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Usage of Key Elements
Authors: Changjun Chen , Jingkun Li , Yun Yang , Yingguang Wu , Yanjun Ren , Debo Zou , Kaining Zhang , Pengde Kang
Published: March 2023

Background

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a pathway designed to improve the care of surgical patients and achieve early recovery. The clinical outcomes and usage of key elements of ERAS pathways in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) need further reanalysis. This article aims to provide an overview of the latest clinical outcomes and current usage of key elements of ERAS pathways in TJA.

Methods

We undertook a systematic review of the PubMed, OVID, and EMBASE databases in February 2022. Studies investigating the clinical outcomes and usage of key elements of ERAS in TJA were included. The components of successful ERAS programs and their usage were further determined and discussed.

Results

Twenty‐four studies involving 216,708 patients assessed ERAS pathways for TJA. A total of 95.8% (23/24) of studies reported a reduced length of stay (LOS), followed by reduce overall opioid consumption or pain (87.5% [7/8]), save costs (85.7% [6/7]), improvements in patient‐reported outcomes or functional recovery (60% [6/10]), and reduced incidence of complications (50% [5/10]). In addition, preoperative patient education (79.2% [19/24]), anesthetic protocol (54.2% [13/24]), use of local anesthetics for infiltration analgesia or nerve blocks (79.2% [19/24]), perioperative oral analgesia (66.7% [16/24]), perioperative surgical factors including reduced use of tourniquets and drains (41.7% [10/24]), use of tranexamic acid (41.7% [10/24]) and early mobilization (100% [24/24]) were contemporary comparatively “active” components of ERAS.

Conclusions

ERAS for TJA has favorable clinical outcomes in terms of reducing LOS and overall pain, saving costs, accelerating functional recovery, and reducing complications, although the evidence is still low in quality. In the current clinical scenario, only some “active” components of the ERAS program are widely used.
Infantile perianal pyramidal protrusion: A retrospective review of 27 patients
Authors: Dhami Ramneek K. , Isaq Nasro A. , Tollefson Megha M.
Published: March 2023

Background

Infantile perianal pyramidal protrusion (IPPP) is a rare benign skin condition that is typically seen in infant girls. This condition is often mistaken for other skin lesions such as acrochordons, condyloma acuminatum, and sequelae of sexual abuse. Many clinicians are unfamiliar with IPPP which can lead to aggressive workup and treatment. The purpose of this study was to elucidate demographic data, clinical features, diagnostic workup, and management of IPPP in a large cohort of patients seen at an academic medical center.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients diagnosed with IPPP at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN was conducted. Demographic data, examination findings, diagnostic workup, and treatments were noted.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients with IPPP, 24 of which were girls and 3 were boys from the ages of 1 day to 4 years (mean 10.8 months, median 8.6 months) were identified. Symptoms were reported in 63% (17/27) of patients. Four patients received treatment with topical corticosteroid or local anesthetic. No patient underwent skin biopsy.

Conclusion

IPPP is commonly observed in healthy prepubertal girls. Constipation is a common symptom. Awareness of this entity may prevent overtreatment and unnecessary evaluation.
Geographic isolation and climatic heterogeneity drive population differentiation of Rosa chinensis var. spontanea complex
Authors: Li S. Q. , Zhang C. , Gao X. F.
Published: March 2023

Global biodiversity is contracting rapidly due to potent anthropogenic activities and severe climate change. Wild populations of Rosa chinensis var. spontanea and Rosa lucidissima are rare species endemic to China, as well as important germplasm resources for rose breeding. However, these populations are at acute risk of extinction and require urgent action to ensure their preservation.

We harnessed 16 microsatellite loci to 44 populations of these species and analysed population structure and differentiation, demographic history, gene flow and barrier effect. In addition, a niche overlap test and potential distribution modelling in different time periods were also carried out.

The data indicate that: (1) R. lucidissima cannot be regarded as a separate species from R. chinensis var. spontanea; (2) the Yangtze River and the Wujiang River function as barriers in population structure and differentiation, and precipitation in the coldest quarter may be the key factor for niche divergence of R. chinensis var. spontanea complex; (3) historical gene flow showed a converse tendency to current gene flow, indicating that alternate migration events of R. chinensis var. spontanea complex between south and north were a response to climate oscillations; and (4) extreme climate change will decrease the distribution range of R. chinensis var. spontanea complex, whereas the opposite will occur under a moderate scenario for the future.

Our results resolve the relationship between R. chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissima, highlight the pivotal roles of geographic isolation and climate heterogeneity in their population differentiation, and provide an important reference for comparable conservation studies on other endangered species.
Geological and hypogene mineralization characteristics of the hematite‐rich Pelusa IOCG prospect, Antofagasta Region, Northern Chile
Authors: Carvajal Nicolás , Kojima Shoji , Vallejo Alejandro , Ildefonso Freddy
Published: March 2023

The Japón, Tailandia and China Sur deposits in the Pelusa mineralized area correspond to a hematite‐dominant IOCG clan within the coastal Cordillera in the Antofagasta Region, Northern Chile, and their mineralization occurs in basaltic to andesitic volcanic rocks of the Jurassic La Negra Formation. In addition to geological and mineralogical descriptions, bulk chemistry of the host rocks, microthermometric and sulfur isotropic analyses were performed to elucidate ore‐forming characteristics of the three orebodies. Chemical data of the host rocks indicate a subalkaline calc‐alkaline affinity with enrichment of the incompatible LILEs, displaying a typical pattern of igneous rocks formed in subduction zones as a general characteristic of the Jurassic‐Lower Cretaceous magmatic arc. Chalcopyrite is the predominant hypogene copper mineral, that variously occurs as veinlets, disseminations and breccia matrix. Fluid inclusions data indicate formation temperatures of the hypogene mineralization ranging mostly from 186 to 377°C, with a high‐salinity range of 30.1 and 45.0 wt% NaCl. The sulfur isotopic ratios (δ34SCDT) of pyrite and chalcopyrite present a narrow range of values from −10.6 to −7.5‰. The negative values in the limited range imply that sulfide minerals of the Pelusa area were formed under a relatively oxidizing and/or neutral pH condition, compared with other Chilean IOCG deposits.
Trends in the use of home care services among Norwegians 70+ and projections towards 2050: The HUNT study 1995–2017
Authors: Chang Milan , Michelet Mona , Skirbekk Vegard , Langballe Ellen M. , Hopstock Laila A. , Sund Erik R. , Krokstad Steinar , Strand Bjørn H.
Published: March 2023

Background

Life expectancy (LE) is increasing worldwide, while there is lack of information on how this affects older individuals' use of formal home care services.

Aim

We aimed to decompose LE into years with and without home care services and estimate projected number of users towards 2050 in Norway for people 70 years or older.

Methods

This study is based on a sample of 25,536 participants aged 70 years and older in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) survey 2 (1995–1997), 3 (2006–2008), or 4 (2017–2019) linked with national data on mortality. Prevalence of home care services was standardised to the Norwegian population by age and sex. The Sullivan method was used to estimate expected years with and without home help services and nursing services for the years 1995, 2006 and 2016. Data from HUNT4 and Statistics Norway were used to estimate projected use of these services between 2020 and 2050.

Results

During 1995–2017, the use of home help services decreased from 22.6% to 6.2% (p < 0.001), and from 6.4% to 5.5% (p = 0.004) for home nursing services. Adjusted for age and sex, the use of home help services decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001), while home nursing services were stable (p = 0.69). LE at age 70 increased from 11.9 to 15.3 years in men (p < 0.05) during 1995–2017, and from 14.7 to 17.1 in women (p < 0.05). In the same period, the expected years receiving home help decreased from 2.6 to 1.1 in men (p < 0.05), and from 4.4 to 2.1 in women (p < 0.05). The expected years receiving home nursing increased from 0.6 to 0.9 in men (p < 0.05), and from 1.3 to 1.7 in women (p < 0.05). Projected numbers of people 70+ in Norway in need of either of these services were estimated to rise from 64,000 in 2020 to 160,000 in 2050.

Conclusion

While overall life expectancy increased, the expected years receiving home help have decreased and home nursing slightly increased among the Norwegian population aged 70 years and older during 1995–2017. However, the substantial increase in the projected number of older adults using home care services in the future is an alert for the current health care planners.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti‐Jra from a Chinese mother with one novel and one classic heterozygous mutation
Authors: Xiao Jie , Yang Qixiu , Gao Shouxi , Song Hui , Zhao Fengyong , Guo Zhonghui , Zhang Yuyu , Zhu Ziyan , Ye Luyi , Xiang Dong
Published: March 2023

Objective

Investigation of a Jr(a‐) family samples, identification of the mutant and assessment of the differences of Jr antigen density of the Jr(a‐) family members, random adult and newborn individuals' RBCs.

Background

The anti‐Jra antibody is generated when a Jr(a‐) individual pregnant or transfused with Jr(a+) blood unit, which can lead to mild‐to‐moderate hemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN) or hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR). Several mutations had been identified. The anti‐Jra caused HDFN is not rare in East Asia, but due to the lack of antibody and molecular background, it is likely to lead missed detection.

Methods and Materials

One G4P1 woman had been detected as IAT positive during prenatal examination. Suspected as anti‐Jra after the laboratory serological testing, the maternal sample was further assessed by molecular analysis. The antigen density was detected by flow cytometry after reacting with anti‐Jra serum in family members and the normal individuals.

Results

One novel frameshift mutation c.717delC and one previously identified mutation c.706C > T in ABCG2 was identified on proband. The infant haemoglobin(Hb) and bilirubin increased significantly after exchange transfusion and the severe HDFN was relieved. Flow cytometry results showed that the Jra antigens on adult RBCs were significantly less than those on the infant.

Conclusion

The c.717delC mutation can lead to the shortening of protein ABCG2 in the site of p.Leu307Stop, result in the loss of Jra antigen. The difference in antigen density between adult and infant RBCs may be a possible reason that leads to severe HDFN but not transfusion reaction. Breastfeeding may lead to slower recovery from HDFN.
Chromosome‐scale de novo genome assembly and annotation of three representative Casuarina species: C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana
Authors: Zhang Yong , Wei Yongcheng , Meng Jingxiang , Wang Yujiao , Nie Sen , Zhang Zeyu , Wang Huiyuan , Yang Yongkang , Gao Yubang , Wu Ji , Li Tuhe , Liu Xuqing , Zhang Hangxiao , Gu Lianfeng
Published: March 2023

Australian pine (Casuarina spp.) is extensively planted in tropical and subtropical regions for wood production, shelterbelts, environmental protection, and ecological restoration due to their superior biological characteristics, such as rapid growth, wind and salt tolerance, and nitrogen fixation. To analyze the genomic diversity of Casuarina, we sequenced the genomes and constructed de novo genome assemblies of the three most widely planted Casuarina species: C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana. We generated chromosome‐scale genome sequences using both Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel sequencing and chromosome conformation capture technology (Hi‐C). The total genome sizes for C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana are 268 942 579 bp, 296 631 783 bp, and 293 483 606 bp, respectively, of which 25.91, 27.15, and 27.74% were annotated as repetitive sequences. We annotated 23 162, 24 673, and 24 674 protein‐coding genes in C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana, respectively. We then collected branchlets from male and female individuals for whole‐genome bisulfite sequencing (BS‐seq) to explore the epigenetic regulation of sex determination in these three species. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA‐seq) revealed differential expression of phytohormone‐related genes between male and female plants. In summary, we generated three chromosome‐level genome assemblies and comprehensive DNA methylation and transcriptome datasets from both male and female material for three Casuarina species, providing a basis for the comprehensive investigation of genomic diversity and functional gene discovery of Casuarina in the future.
Parent perceptions of emergent blood transfusion in children
Authors: Morgan Katrina M. , Lobo Rachel , Annen Kyle , Villarreal Ricardo I. , Chou Stella , Uter Stacey , Leonard Julie C. , Dyer Cameryn , Yazer Mark , Spinella Philip C. , Leeper Christine M.
Published: March 2023

Background

RhD‐negative blood products are in chronic short supply leading to renewed interest in utilizing RhD‐positive blood products for emergency transfusions. This study assessed parental perceptions of emergency RhD‐positive blood use in children.

Methods

A survey of parents/guardians was conducted on their tolerance of transfusing RhD‐positive blood to RhD‐negative female children ≤17 years old at four level 1 pediatric hospitals.

Results

In total, 621 parents/guardians were approached of whom 378/621 (61%) completed the survey in its entirety and were included in the analysis. Respondents were mostly females [295/378 (78%)], White [242/378 (64%)], had some college education [217/378 (57%)] and less than $60,000 annual income [193/378 (51%)]. Respondents had a total of 547 female children. Most children's ABO [320/547 (59%)] and RhD type [348/547 (64%)] were not known by their parents; of children with known RhD type, 58/186 (31%) were RhD‐negative. When the risk of harm to a future fetus was given as 0–6%, more than 80% of respondents indicated that they were likely to accept RhD‐positive blood transfusions on behalf of RhD‐negative female children in a life‐threatening situation. The rate of willingness to accept emergent RhD‐incompatible blood transfusions significantly increased as the potential survival benefit of the transfusion increased.

Conclusion

Most parents were willing to accept RhD‐positive blood products on behalf of RhD‐negative female children in an emergency situation. Further discussions and evidence‐based guidelines on transfusing RhD‐positive blood products to RhD‐unknown females in emergency settings are needed.
The effects of digital trade policies on digital trade
Authors: Suh Jeongmeen , Roh Jaeyoun
Published: March 2023

As digital trade expands worldwide, the importance of policy factors in digital trade is garnering attention. However, the effectiveness of digital trade‐related policies on digital trade flow is empirically underinvestigated because of challenging data requirements. To overcome this, we combine recently developed, but separately used digital trade‐related datasets to empirically test how digital trade policies affect digital trade flows. In particular, we examine the effects of digital trade policies from two dimensions: unilateral domestic regulations and bilateral trade agreements. Our results reveal that a pair of countries experiences an increase in digital trade flow when they have a trade agreement containing digital trade‐related provisions. This tendency is even stronger when digital trade agreements contain more specific rules. On the contrary, domestic regulations recognised as digital trade barriers actually inhibit digital trade flows, and their negative effect is greater when the regulations are implemented by the importing country than the exporting one. Decomposing the barriers into several areas of regulations, we examine which area is more crucial than the others. These results may seem rather obvious, but conversely, they confirm the validity of our approach to measure digital trade flows across countries and the relevance of the digital trade policy variables.
Influence of 4 drain configurations on fluid dispersal and retrieval in an instillation model
Authors: Bates Miriam , Risselada Marije , Moore George E.
Published: March 2023

Objective

To describe and compare the pattern of fluid dispersal and retrieval in a novel instillation therapy system.

Study design

In vitro experimental study.

Methods

A 10 cm2 square model was constructed using plastic sheeting secured to plexiglass, with a wound infusion catheter and Jackson‐Pratt (JP) active suction drain positioned in 4 configurations: parallel, perpendicular, diagonal, and opposite. Fluid was instilled using the wound infusion catheter, allowed to dwell for 10 min, and retrieved using the JP drain. Two surface area calculations were made using imaging software: coloration with diluted methylene blue (MB) on photos, and filling with diluted contrast on fluoroscopic images. Fluid retrieval was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed‐effects linear model (p < .05).

Results

Configuration influenced fluid dispersion within the model (p = .0001); the diagonal configuration had the greatest surface area coverage (mean ± SD; 94.5 ± 2.4%) and the parallel configuration had the lowest surface area coverage (60.2 ± 2.9%). A dwell period increased fluid dispersal by an average of 4.0 ± 0.8% (p < .0001). Fluid retrieval exceeded 16.7 ± 1.5 mL (83.5 ± 7.5% volume instilled) for all configurations and was 0.5 ± 0.1 mL (2.5 ± 0.5% volume instilled) greater for MB than contrast agent (p < .0001).

Conclusion

Perpendicular or diagonal configurations and low‐viscosity fluid maximized fluid dispersion and retrieval.

Clinical significance

Wound instillation therapy involves delivering lavage fluid or medications to a closed wound space. This is feasible using a wound‐infusion catheter and active suction drain. Configuration should be considered to optimize fluid dispersal and retrieval when planning instillation therapy.
Evaluation and Modification of Kinetic Gas Collision Theory as Applied to Encounter Rate Dynamics for Multi-Robot Groups and Robot Swarms
Authors: Schroeder Adam , Lipscomb Glenn
Published: March 2023

Robots encountering other robots in a group can be beneficial, e.g., to exchange information, or detrimental, e.g., obstructing one another from operating. Kinetic gas theory (KGT) provides a statistical mechanical analysis of the collision rate between molecules. KGT has been applied to model robot encounter rates but there has been some inconsistency in how it has been applied to robot groups. There is a nine order of magnitude difference in size between a typical robot and molecule, so it is not a surprise that some adjustments may need to be made when considering robots instead of molecules. This work develops a model in detail by applying KGT, articulates limitations of applying this theory to robots, highlights inconsistencies in how it has been previously applied to robots, and suggests modifications to the model. A simple numerical study is also shown to validate the model and highlight the effect of differences in the implementation. The most important gap that this research has identified is the need to collect data on the magnitude and direction distribution of robots' velocities. Robots move and behave differently than gas molecules, whose velocity magnitude follow a Boltzmann distribution. A second major result is the connection of the KGT-based model developed in this work and previous research on robot encounter rate which independently arrived at the same relationship between robot size, number of robots, and encounter rate.
Hierarchical MPM-ANN Multiscale Terrain Model for High-Fidelity Off-Road Mobility Simulations: A Coupled MBD-FE-MPM-ANN Approach
Authors: Chen Guanchu , Yamashita Hiroki , Ruan Yeefeng , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Gorsich David , Knap Jaroslaw , Leiter Kenneth W. , Yang Xiaobo , Sugiyama Hiroyuki
Published: March 2023

A new hierarchical multiscale terrain model is developed using the material point method (MPM) to enable effective modeling of large terrain deformation for high-fidelity off-road mobility simulations. Unlike the Lagrangian finite element (FE) model, MPM allows for modeling large deformation of a continuum without mesh distortion using material points as moving quadrature points for the background grid. This unique feature is extended to account for complex granular soil material behavior with the hierarchical multiscale modeling approach in the context of off-road mobility simulations. The grain-scale discrete-element (DE) representative volume element (RVE) and its neural network surrogate model (artificial neural network (ANN) RVE) are developed and introduced to the upper-scale MPM model through the scale-bridging algorithm. The DE RVE is used to generate training data for the ANN RVE, allowing for predicting the history-dependent grain-scale soil material behavior efficiently at every material point that moves through the upper-scale MPM background grid. A numerical procedure for modeling the interaction of the nonlinear FE tire model with the MPM-ANN multiscale terrain model is developed considering moving soil patches generalized for the upper-scale MPM terrain model. It is fully integrated into the general off-road mobility simulation framework by leveraging scalable high-performance computing techniques. The predictive ability of the proposed MPM-ANN multiscale off-road mobility model is examined and validated against the full-scale vehicle test data, involving large deformation of soft terrain. The computational benefit from the neural network surrogate model is also demonstrated.
Interface-mediated ferroelectricity in PMN-PT/PZT flexible bilayer via pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Chen Rong , Qi Zilian , Xiong Yingfei , Li Yicheng , Zhang Xiaodong , Cao Kun
Published: March 2023

Ferroelectric thin-film bilayers of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT)/PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) were grown on a flexible substrate of mica using pulsed laser deposition. Growth of the bilayer was induced with a thin film of LaNiO3 (LNO) single crystal, which was deposited on a mica substrate through van der Waals epitaxy. The LNO thin film also serves as the electrode for the bilayer device. The growth of the LNO thin film along the ⟨ 100 ⟩ orientation adopts a “Stranski–Krastanov” mechanism, governed by the relaxation of elastic energy between LNO/mica. Compared with the single layers of PMN-PT or PZT, or the bilayer of PZT/PMN-PT, the PMN-PT/PZT bilayer exhibits enhanced ferroelectric properties, with remnant polarization up to 72 μC/cm2. In addition, polarization in the PMN-PT/PZT bilayer exhibits excellent resistance against mechanical bending fatigue over 108 switching cycles. Such improved performances are ascribed to spontaneous polarizations enhanced by the residual stress at the PMN-PT/PZT heterointerface, increased interfacial potential barrier against leakage, and suppressed diffusion of Nb or Mg across the interface.
Supporting Coach Learning in Paralympic Sport: Rich Environments for Innovation
Authors: Askew Georgia A. , Pinder Ross A. , Renshaw Ian , Gorman Adam D.
Published: March 2023

In this insight article, we aim to challenge current thinking regarding coaching and spark new ideas by demonstrating how high-performance Paralympic sport contexts provide rich environments for innovation. We propose an innovative approach to enhance coach learning and introduce coaches and practitioners to three interconnected areas of opportunity emerging in research: (a) reframing the role and harnessing the work of skill acquisition specialists, (b) the use of a design thinking approach, and (c) the implementation of technology-enhanced learning. Specifically, we demonstrate how using these three strategies can better facilitate cocreated coach learning in situ. Whilst we acknowledge that each of these areas is not necessarily new, we propose that when addressed and applied collectively by practitioners they can provide effective and efficient coach learning opportunities, where the result of the integration of ideas means the impact can be greater than simply the sum of the parts. We highlight how this approach has emerged out of challenging high-performance Paralympic sport contexts, and could have impact on research, practice, and coach development experiences across a wider range of contexts along the performance pathway in both Paralympic and nondisabled sports.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors
Authors: Caru Maxime , Curnier Daniel , Dubois Pierre , Friedrich Matthias G. , Andelfinger Gregor , Krajinovic Maja , Laverdière Caroline , Sinnett Daniel , Périé Delphine
Published: March 2023

Background: Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors’ anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity could be prevented with good cardiorespiratory fitness levels and regular physical activity. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with cardiac magnetic resonance parameters. Methods: A total of 96 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and answered physical activity questionnaires. We calculated the odds ratio of the preventive fraction of regular physical activity (≥150 min/wk) and adequate cardiorespiratory fitness levels (above the median ≥31.4 mL·kg−1·min−1) on cardiac magnetic resonance parameters (left ventricular [LV] and right ventricular [RV] morphological and functional parameters). Results: An adequate cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with a significant preventive fraction for LV (up to 84% for LV end-diastolic volume) and RV volumes (up to 88% for RV end-systolic volume). The adjusted analyses highlighted a preventive fraction of 36% to 91% between an adequate cardiorespiratory fitness and LV and RV parameters, late gadolinium enhancement fibrosis, and cardiac magnetic resonance relaxation times. No associations were reported with regular physical activity. Conclusions: This study provides additional evidence regarding the benefits of an adequate cardiorespiratory fitness level for childhood cancer survivors’ cardiac health.
Genome-Scale Analysis of Cellular Restriction Factors That Inhibit Transgene Expression from Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors
Authors: Ngo Ashley M. , Puschnik Andreas S.
Published: March 2023

Recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors have been successfully developed for the treatment of genetic diseases. The therapeutic strategy often involves the replacement of a defective gene by the expression of a functional copy from the rAAV vector genome.
Bacterial Type II Secretion System and Its Mitochondrial Counterpart
Authors: Shaliutina-Loginova Anna , Francetic Olivera , Doležal Pavel
Published: March 2023

Over the billions of years that bacteria have been around, they have evolved several sophisticated protein secretion nanomachines to deliver toxins, hydrolytic enzymes, and effector proteins into their environments. Of these, the type II secretion system (T2SS) is used by Gram-negative bacteria to export a wide range of folded proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane.