bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the teaching-learning process in students of the health area: cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers
Authors: Kawakame Patrícia Moita Garcia , Miyadahira Ana Maria Kazue
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the skills and knowledge of undergraduate students in the health area on cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers with the use of an automatic external defibrillator.METHODThe evaluation was performed in three different stages of the teaching-learning process. A theoretical and practical course was taught and the theoretical classes included demonstration. The evaluation was performed in three different stages of the teaching-learning process. Two instruments were applied to evaluate the skills (30-items checklist) and knowledge (40-questions written test). The sample comprised 84 students.RESULTSAfter the theoretical and practical course, an increase was observed in the number of correct answers in the 30-items checklist and 40-questions written test.CONCLUSIONAfter the theoretical class (including demonstration), only one of the 30-items checklist for skills achieved an index ≥ 90% of correct answers. On the other hand, an index of correct answers greater than 90% was achieved in 26 (86.7%) of the 30 items after a practical training simulation, evidencing the importance of this training in the defibrillation procedure.
Managers' perspective on continuous health education in a region of São Paulo State
Authors: Mishima Silvana Martins , Aiub Allan Correa , Rigato Anna Francine Gonçalo , Fortuna Cinira Magali , Matumoto Silvia , Ogata Marcia Niituma , Silva Monica Vilchez da , Nogueira Ana Carolina
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVEAnalysing the concepts of Continuous Health Education - CHE (EPS - in Portuguese), operated by municipal managers and translated into official documents.METHODQualitative research with the use of official documents and semi-structured interviews with the Municipal Health Secretaries or Coordinators of Primary Health Care in the Northeast Region of São Paulo State, and thematic analysis of empirical material.RESULTSResults indicate difficulties in the municipalities problematizing their management practices, services and health care; EPS tools presented are insufficient and unsatisfactory for amending the array of problems raised and are still far from the routine of Primary Care services.CONCLUSIONDespite efforts to implement EPS actions for the strengthening of primary care, the process appears to be incipient.
Long-Term Management of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Dicamba-Tolerant Cotton
Authors: Inman Matthew D. , Jordan David L. , York Alan C. , Jennings Katie M. , Monks David W. , Everman Wesley J. , Bollman Scott L. , Fowler John T. , Cole Richard M. , Soteres John K.
Published: September 2015

Research was conducted from 2011 to 2014 to determine weed population dynamics and frequency of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth with herbicide programs consisting of glyphosate, dicamba, and residual herbicides in dicamba-tolerant cotton. Five treatments were maintained in the same plots over the duration of the experiment: three sequential POST applications of glyphosate with or without pendimethalin plus diuron PRE; three sequential POST applications of glyphosate plus dicamba with and without the PRE herbicides; and a POST application of glyphosate plus dicamba plus acetochlor followed by one or two POST applications of glyphosate plus dicamba without PRE herbicides. Additional treatments included alternating years with three sequential POST applications of glyphosate only and glyphosate plus dicamba POST with and without PRE herbicides. The greatest population of Palmer amaranth was observed when glyphosate was the only POST herbicide throughout the experiment. Although diuron plus pendimethalin PRE in a program with only glyphosate POST improved control during the first 2 yr, these herbicides were ineffective by the final 2 yr on the basis of weed counts from soil cores. The lowest population of Palmer amaranth was observed when glyphosate plus dicamba were applied regardless of PRE herbicides or inclusion of acetochlor POST. Frequency of GR Palmer amaranth was 8% or less when the experiment was initiated. Frequency of GR Palmer amaranth varied by herbicide program during 2012 but was similar among all herbicide programs in 2013 and 2014. Similar frequency of GR Palmer amaranth across all treatments at the end of the experiment most likely resulted from pollen movement from Palmer amaranth treated with glyphosate only to any surviving female plants regardless of PRE or POST treatment. These data suggest that GR Palmer amaranth can be controlled by dicamba and that dicamba is an effective alternative mode of action to glyphosate in fields where GR Palmer amaranth exists.
SÍNDROME DE FOURNIER: DIAGNÓSTICOS DE ENFERMAGEM SEGUNDO A NANDA
Authors: Cordeiro Técia Maria Santos Carneiro e
Published: September 2015

Qual é o seu diagnóstico?
RUA DE SÃO BENTO (1822 – 1911): ESTUDO SOBRE A PRESERVAÇÃO DO PATRIMÔNIO IMATERIAL PRESENTE NOS HÁBITOS CONTEMPORÂNEOS.
Authors: Júnior Sérgio Antônio dos Santos , Alonso Carlos Egídio
Published: September 2015

(Resumo Expandido)
INDICADORES DOS SERVIÇOS/REDE DE ABASTECIMENTO DE ÁGUA POTÁVEL NOS MUNICÍPIOS DE BELÉM E ANANINDEUA – PA: CONSIDERAÇÕES PARA ELABORAÇÃO DA CARTOGRAFIA
Authors: Trindade Andreza Barbosa , Bordalo Carlos Alexandre Leão
Published: September 2015

(Resumo Expandido)
O CONCEITO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ORIENTADO AO TRANSPORTE (DOT) E SUAS APLICAÇÕES NO BRASIL
Authors: Gonçalves Monica Palloni , Peres Renata Bovo
Published: September 2015

(Resumo Expandido)
Una lectura histórica del mapa de Azcapotzaltongo de 1578
Authors: Rojas-Rabiela Teresa
Published: September 2015

El artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre el Mapa-códice de Azcapotzaltongo, espacio situado en la cuenca del río Cuautitlán, modifi cado desde la época prehispánica para dar paso a un sistema de riego de grandes dimensiones. El objetivo es mostrar las posibilidades que tiene este tipo de documentos para conocer las características del espacio registrado y, a partir de este análisis, estudiar los procesos de cambio y continuidad en el paisaje. Los tres asentamientos indios que se documentan están ubicados al norte de la cuenca de México, cerca de la ciudad de México y se caracterizan por mostrar el avance de la apropiación del suelo por varios españoles, la presencia de la ganadería mayor y menor y del cultivo de trigo de riego, así como de algunas otras plantas introducidas por los españoles. La lectura que propongo se basa en la observación y registro detallado de los espacios, glifos y dibujos, antecedido por la ruta marcada por las diligencias a cargo de las autoridades reales, hecho con el auxilio de una guía numérica. Se trata de construir el mapa, es decir, de descomponerlo en unidades con sentido, que permitan entender mejor sus significados tanto particulares como del conjunto.
La cartografía hidráulica en Mendoza, Argentina (siglos XVIII y XIX) como herramienta para historiar el espacio y espacializar la historia
Authors: Ponte Jorge Ricardo
Published: September 2015

En la historiografía tradicional, la documentación gráfica, como planos históricos y mapas, ha solido usarse con la idea de ilustrar, con la intención de amenizar un texto, como podía hacerse con una fotografía o un grabado antiguo. Se desperdiciaba así la posibilidad de considerar a estos documentos gráficos como una fuente de información histórica en sí misma. Estos planos de proyectos de servicios (cloacales, de aguas corrientes, pavimentos, etc.) suelen contener no sólo delimitado el espacio histórico, sino que lo complementan con la inserción de información literal, representaciones iconográficas o arquitectónicas, antiguos o nuevos cursos de agua, curvas de nivel, localización del equipamiento público, tipos de cultivos, instalaciones proto industriales, referencias literarias del equipamiento social, etc. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las posibilidades que se abren en la investigación histórica mediante la utilización, de manera creativa, de una fuente tradicional como puede ser la cartografía histórica.El método elegido por nosotros para mostrar la utilidad y potencialidad de planos y mapas antiguos es tomar un plano testigo de 1754, inserto en un litigio por el cierre de una calle que pasaba por un molino en la ciudad de Mendoza a mediados del siglo XVIII y comenzar a construir información histórica, social y catastral sobre él. Procesarlo mediante programas gráficos —que no es lo mismo que hacer geo-referenciación— mostrando las diferentes etapas que implica un proceso de digitalización para, finalmente, contextualizar este plano “re trabajado” en el proceso histórico y político en el cual se inserta. El resultado obtenido de este proceso de digitalización y graficación fue la incorporación al corpus cartográfico mendocino de un plano histórico que se desconocía. Paradójicamente, este plano de 1754 resultó ser el primero de la ciudad de Mendoza real luego del plano ideal de la fundación en 1561. Una de las aportaciones más originales de este proceso de digitalización es la obtención de una imagen del parcelamiento catastral de una banda urbana pericentral al casco fundacional, ya que no existe otro catastro anterior y el próximo, y primer catastro urbano, recién aparecerá en 1885. Una primera conclusión que surge es que, lejos de lo que suele pensarse, el “damero español” no tuvo un mecánico traspaso en el territorio de las ciudades americanas fundadas durante el proceso colonizador español.
¿Agua para regar o agua para moler? La explotación del río Azuer durante la encomienda del II marqués de Velada en Manzanares (Ciudad Real) (1596-1616)
Authors: Moreno-Díaz-del-Campo Francisco Javier
Published: September 2015

El artículo analiza la conflictividad generada en torno a los aprovechamientos hídricos del río Azuer entre 1596 y 1616, años en los que don Gómez Dávila y Toledo —caballero de la Orden de Calatrava y II marqués de Velada— gozó de la encomienda de Manzanares (actual provincia de Ciudad Real, España), una de las más pujantes localidades del Campo de Calatrava.Para su confección se han utilizado materiales procedentes, en su inmensa mayoría, del Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid. También se incorpora documentación de los archivos General de Simancas y de la Real Chancillería de Granada, además de las informaciones proporcionadas por las Relaciones Topográficas.Su redacción ha permitido constatar la importancia que las autoridades calatravas concedieron al agua como recurso de primer orden en la economía de la comarca, situada en el área de influencia del alto Guadiana.
De Afscheiding van 1834 herdacht
Authors: Schutte G.J.
Published: September 2015

W. Bakker, De Afscheiding van 1834 en haar geschiedenis
A.P. Crom, Anderhalve eeuw gereformeerden in stad en land
P. van de Breevaart, De vereniging van 1907. De vereniging van de Ledeboeriaanse gemeenten en de gereformeerde gemeenten onder het kruis
D. Deddens, J. Kamphuis, Afscheiding-wederkeer. Opstellen over de Afscheiding van 1834
M. Drayer, W. van't Spijker, In trouw gescheiden
C. de Gast, De Afscheiding van 1835 in Almkerk en Emmichoven. Godsdiensttwisten in het land van Heusden en Altena
A. de Groot, Hermanus Willem Witteveen en zijn zendingsgemeente te Ermelo
A.M. Lindeboom, Om de grondslagen van het christendom. Overpeinzingen bij het honderdvijftigjarig jubileum van de Afscheiding
B. Coster, Om de zuiverheid van het Woord. Historische en genealogische bijdragen betreffende de afscheiding van 1834 in Drenthe
F. Pereboom, 'Van scheurmakers, onruststokers en geheime opruijers...' De Afscheiding in Overijssel
C. van Rijswijk, De kruisdrager van Ulrum. Levensbeschrijving van ds. H. de Cock
T.N. Schelhaas, De afgescheidenen van 1834 en hun nageslacht
C. Smits, De Afscheiding van 1834, V, Documenten uit het archief ds. H. P. Scholte, bewaard te Pella, Iowa, USA (vervolg)
C. Smits, De Afscheiding van 1834, VI, Het Réveil en ds. H. P. Scholte. Correspondentie
W. van 't Spijker, Anthony Brummelkamp. Een terugblik op de Afscheiding
H. Veldman, De Afscheiding van 1834
J. Vree, De Groninger godgeleerden. De oorsprong en de eerste periode van hun optreden (1820-1843)
J. Wesseling, De Afscheiding van 1834 in Friesland, III, De classes Sexbierum (Franeker), Sneek en Tjalleberd (Heerenveen) van de Afgescheiden kerken
J. Wesseling, De Afscheiding van 1834 in Overijssel 1834-'69, I, De classis Zwolle
R.P. Zijp, Anderhalve eeuw gereformeerden 1834-1984
Arbeidsverhoudingen en arbeidersradicalisme. Het Vlissingse geval [Hierbij: Altena, B. Repliek]
Authors: Linden M. van der , Altena B.
Published: September 2015

B. Altena, 'Een broeinest der anarchie'. Arbeiders, arbeidersbeweging en maatschappelijke ontwikkeling. Vlissingen 1875-1929 (1940)
Honderd jaar Vlaamse beweging
Authors: Witte E.
Published: September 2015

L. Wils, Honderd jaar Vlaamse beweging, III, Geschiedenis van het Davidsfonds in en rond wereldoorlog II
Romme. Meer vent, meer vorm
Authors: Henrichs H.
Published: September 2015

J. Bosmans, Romme. Biografie 1896-1946
Tweehonderd jaar grondwet
Authors: Huussen jr. A.H.
Published: September 2015

L. de Gou, De Staatsregeling van 1805 en de Constitutie van 1806. Bronnen voor de totstandkoming
L. de Gou, Grondwetgeving 1795-1806. Voordrachten gehouden bij de presentatie van 'De Staatsregeling van 1805 en de Constitutie van 1806. Bronnen voor de totstandkoming' op 27 maart 1997 te Haarlem
Verzamelrecensie
Authors: Bots A.C.A.M.
Published: September 2015

J.L. van Zanden, The economic development of the Netherlands since 1870
H. van der Wee, J. Blomme, The economic development of Belgium since 1870
Recht en krom. Corruptie, ongelijkheid en rechtsbescherming in de vroegmoderne Nederlanden
Authors: Egmond F.
Published: September 2015

Straight or crooked: Corruption, inequality and civil rights in the early modern NetherlandsWith the help of several case studies from the 16thj 17th and 18th centuries, this paper focuses on two key questions: how did the ordinary citizens of the Dutch Republic protect themselves against corruption and the misuse of power by law enforcement agents, public prosecutors and the courts?; and, whose interests were actually being served by the early modern criminal justice system? Or, put another way: whose order was being maintained, and who was excluded from it? It is argued that the absence of a critical tradition in Dutch historiography concerning these issues fits in with the continental perspective in which the rights of the state are emphasized rather than the rights of the individual, whereas in England the opposite seems to be the case: a critical historiographical tradition juxtaposed to a past in which civil rights were emphasized, together with resistance to the state and other bastions of power, rather than on state privileges.
Review of Welvaart in zwart-wit
Authors: Kennedy J.
Published: September 2015

K. Schuyt, E. Taverne, S. van Voorst, 1950. Welvaart in zwart-wit1950: Welvaart in zwart-wit deserves praise for putting the economic and social history of the postwar period of the Netherlands (1948-1973) into wider international frameworks, such as 'Americanization'. The book also offers analysis of fields seldom explored in the traditional historiography, including the postwar planning of town and country, and the role of the arts and sciences in Dutch society. At the same time, the book suffers from a lack of focus that might have given this 600-page book more energy and direction. And although it addresses some of the factors that set postwar Netherlands off from its neighbors, Welvaart fails to explore systematically the particular contours of Dutch culture, as one of its original research mandates dictated. Though the book suffers from these and other weaknesses, Welvaart is a book of real achievement, wide in scope, well-informed and stylishly presented. This review is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1950.
Nieuwe manieren, sterke frontieren. Het bouwconcept van Menno van Coehoorn en zijn aandeel in de verbetering van het verdedigingsstelsel
Authors: Hoof J.P.C.M. van
Published: September 2015

J. P. C. M. van Hoof, New methods, strong borders. Menno van Coehoorn's building plans and contribution to improving the defence systemDuring the years 1680 to 1685, Menno van Coehoorn (1641-1704) designed a remarkable fortification system. It provided a sound alternative to both the traditional Dutch system of fortification, which reached its peak during the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), and the French method, which had been used in our country since 1680. In his capacity as chief engineer, Coehoorn played a leading role in modernising the fortifications located along the borders during the years 1698-1702. With his design for the protection of Dutch territory by using lines of defence, he also created a new defence structure. His role as consultant to the policy-makers of the time meant that his views had a decisive influence. At the same time, he took a keen, personal interest in implementing and executing his own building plans. This article is part of the special issue 'Legerorganisatie en oorlogvoering in de Lage Landen tijdens de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw'.
Naar een nieuwe schoolstrijd?
Authors: Sunier T.
Published: September 2015

The school funding controversy revisitedSince the mid 1970s, there has been an ongoing debate in the Netherlands about Islam’s place in society. When following this debate, one might easily get the impression that we are dealing with a completely new and unprecedented phenomenon. A more thorough analysis, however, shows that this is only partly the case. When we put the debate about Islam into a historical perspective, focussing on the relationship between state and religion, the way in which Dutch society has dealt with issues of religious diversity, and how religious newcomers have been treated in the past, we are able to see that there are remarkable parallels with previous cases of religious emancipation and integration. In this article, the current debate about education and Islamic schools will be compared with aspects of the so-called school funding controversy that took place around the beginning of the 20th century. This article is part of the special issue 'Godsdienst in Nederland'.
De betwiste modernisering van Nederland. Een introductie op de serie 'Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw'
Authors: Schot J. , Lintsen H. , Rip A. , Albert de la Bruhèze A.
Published: September 2015

The contested modernisation of the Netherlands. An introduction to the series ‘Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw’History is a discipline that is divided up into different specialist areas. The realisation of the seven-volume series entitled ‘Technology in the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century’ could be used to support this claim. However, the greatest achievement of the series is that it has written a new history of the Netherlands from the viewpoint of technology. It is a history of technology in which technology itself is not the key issue. The series explores a number of hypotheses about the modernisation of the Netherlands. For example, the relationship between the development of technology and scaling-up, the emergence of the consumer society, and the role of engineers in the evolving intervention state. The series can be viewed as an invitation for future cooperation among historians. This article is part of the discussion forum 'Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw' (J. Schot, H. Lintsen, A. Rip, A. Albert de la Bruhèze).
De bijdrage van de techniekgeschiedenis aan de geschiedenis van Nederland. Een reactie op Karel Davids, Pim Kooij en Geert Vanpaemel
Authors: Schot J. , Lintsen H. , Rip A. , Albert de la Bruhèze A.
Published: September 2015

The History of Technology’s contribution to the history of the Netherlands. A response to remarks made by Karel Davids, Pim Kooij and Geert VanpaemelThe editors welcome the point emphasised in the reviews that the history of technology adds an extra dimension to the history of the Netherlands. The added value of the series is that it demonstrates how choises were made by different groups on the structure of society through the design of technological developments. Significantly, certain choices in the twentieth century were not discussed. Almost all the stakeholders in society opted for modernisation. The only thing they discussed was the route they should take to get there. The series therefore presents a history that emphasises human agency, albeit within the confines of changing circumstances. The comments highlight areas where further fruitful cooperation among historians is possible. For example, themes such as the implementation of government policies and the power of engineers (democracy versus technocracy), and the relationship between a pillarised middlefield and a non-pillarised one. One important issue linked to new research is wether or not the framework of the nation-state should be so dominant. This response is part of the discussion forum 'Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw' (J. Schot, H. Lintsen, A. Rip, A. Albert de la Bruhèze).
'Als bij toverslag'. De reorganisatie en nieuwe bloei van de Leidse Sterrewacht, 1918-1924
Authors: Baneke D.
Published: September 2015

‘As if by magic’. The reorganisation and renewed prosperity of Leyden Observatory, 1918-1924In 1918, Leyden Observatory was a somewhat backward institute, but by 1928 it had transformed itself into a prominent international scientific centre. This article describes the reorganisation and expansion of the Observatory between 1918 and 1924 under the leadership of W. de Sitter, starting with the appointment of De Sitter and E. Hertzprung and the rejection, for political reasons, of A. Pannekoek. It also presents a reconstruction of the reorganisation. The article also describes the changes in Dutch astronomy in the 1920s: its expansion, the establishment of national organisations, and the extension of international contacts, especially with Anglo Saxon countries. Leyden became a centre in the international astronomer’s network, partly thanks to the influence of the Groningen astronomer J.C. Kapteyn. After the First World War, it played an important role as the link between scientists from the former Allied and Central countries. The thorough theoretical and practical training given at Leyden Observatory produced young astronomers that were highly valued all over the world. Combined with the international contacts and diplomatic skills of De Sitter, this formed the foundation from which the Observatory went on the prosper. One curious aspect is that the Observatory’s scientific findings played a minor role in this success.
Een staatse strategie in een 'uitgestorven' land. Organisatie en ten uitvoerlegging van de brandschat in Vlaanderen, 1585 tot 1604
Authors: Kraker A.M.J. de
Published: September 2015

Adriaan M.J. de Kraker, A national strategy in an ‘extinct’ country. How looting was organized and carried out in Flanders from 1585 to 1604 Between 1585 and 1604 Flanders was systematically looted by the Estates General and Zeeland. To prevent this from happening, local inhabitants regularly paid a standard levy. The paper not only shows how looting was at its most successful (1593-1596) when it was organized along the lines of a military campaign penetrating deep into Flanders, but also how the income obtained from looting was administered and by whom.  It goes onto give an insight into the motives of the stakeholders involved in the looting and the reactions of their victims. It shows clearly how and why the looting of Flanders came to an end. Finally, it calls upon similar research to be carried out in other parts of the Netherlands and argues for a better understanding of the social and economic impact of the looting that went on in Flanders.
Het natiebegrip in het zuidelijke krantendiscours aan de vooravond van de Belgische opstand (augustus 1829-juli 1830)
Authors: Witte Els
Published: September 2015

Els Witte, The nationhood concept in the Southern press on the eve of the Belgian Rebellion (August 1829-July 1830)To ascertain the extent of awareness of Belgian nationhood in the Southern opposition on the eve of the 1830 Rebellion, the author analyses articles that influenced public opinion in the leading opposition newspapers and in one government newspaper during the period in which the opposition was becoming increasingly vociferous. In this way, the chief players in the Revolution who wrote in these papers made their presence felt. The nationhood concept, embedded in its semantic sphere, is examined in no less than 4,200 paragraphs using the well-known position analysis developed by V. Morin. Although the nationhood concept as such comes across as being strongly ideologized and politicised in the analysis, the Belgian nation is scarcely given any consideration. Nor is the idea of separation accorded any real prominence, and there is certainly no question of abolishing the kingdom. Nevertheless, an identity is built up from the concepts of the North, Holland, Hollanders versus the South, and Belgium and the Belgians. By accentuating the Southern grievances, the Belgian identity simply emerges strengthened from the discussion in the press.
Vaderlandse weelde op de kaart gezet. Belgische botanici, wetenschappelijke ijver en nationale motieven
Authors: Stynen A.
Published: September 2015

Andreas Stynen, Native wealth charted. Belgian botanists, scientific zeal and patriotic motivesThis article analyses the importance of patriotic motives in nineteenth-century Belgian botany, without reducing the study of indigenous plants to a vehicle of aggressive, blatantly biased chauvinism. Different forms of more subtle nationalism enabled Belgian field botanists to define their activities as a mature and internationally respected field among the natural sciences. Four different phases can be discerned. During the period of Austrian and French domination, botany was first and foremost a means to economically enrich the state, by reducing its dependence on imports. After Belgian independence (1830), striving for utility was increasingly overshadowed by a longing for completeness: field trips were fuelled by a desire to collect and chart all Belgian species. From 1860 onwards, individual species mattered less than the geobotanical regions: the national territory was discovered to offer a rich variety of landscapes. The popularity of laboratories at the end of the century threatened to dismiss field botany as merely amateurish, but an ecological approach to the national vegetation, combined with explicit pleas for the protection of Belgian’s natural wealth, provided the impetus for a new round of research. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
Paleizen van het volk. Stemmen voor de democratisering van het museumbezoek in België (1860-1914)
Authors: Nys L.
Published: September 2015

Palaces of the people. Lobbying on behalf of the democratisation of museum visits in Belgium (1860-1914)In the second half of the nineteenth century Belgian museums increasingly came under fire. They were heavily criticized for having become lifeless institutions that   failed to fulfil their educational role. The mundane and overcrowded manner in which they presented their collections and their failure to provide any background information for visitors concerning their exhibits resulted in them being viewed as rather boring establishments by most people. A handful of museum reformers who wanted to help museums lose their reputation for stuffiness and elitism came up with all kinds of proposals to make the process of visiting museums more democratic. This article examines those proposals. The case of the Koninklijke Museums voor Sier- en Nijverheidskunst, established in 1889 in Brussels, is used to illustrate how the museums themselves dealt with the criticism and plans for reform. In this way it is hoped that some light may be shed on a relatively unexplored area, namely the history of cultural consumption and museum attendance in Belgium in the nineteenth century.
Een paar bedenkingen. Discussie over Een daad van vrije keuze
Authors: Drooglever P.J.
Published: September 2015

Some considerationsIn ‘Some Considerations’ Pieter Drooglever deals with the motives that led the Institute for Netherlands History and the author himself to respond  positively to a  request made by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2000 for a study into the events that led up to the Act of Free Choice in West New Guinea. It does so against the background of developments in Indonesia at the time and explains why the act of writing such an analytical work fitted into the research programme of the Institute. He mentions the vacillations in relations with the Ministry as a result of shifting policies in Indonesia and the Netherlands, but stresses the fact that these did not interfere in any way with the freedom in which the research was carried out or the published findings, in compliance with an agreement drawn up between both parties. In the second part of the paper, he discusses the peculiarities of working in a politicised context. He emphasizes that this caused him to refrain from jumping to conclusions and to concentrate instead on trying to understand the various aspects of a multi-facetted history on their own merits. Yet, in the end, a stance had to be taken on various issues. Evidence of this can be found within the terms of the commission and in the results of the research. Notwithstanding its limitations, the historical method of analysing a broad spectrum of information from many different sources enables one to reach definitive conclusions that pave the way for further discussion. In the third part of his paper, the author responds to some of the main criticisms levelled by his opponents. This response is part of the discussion forum 'Een daad van vrije keuze' (P.J. Drooglever).
Rembrandt in 2006: splendeur et misère van een herdenkingsjaar
Authors: Haitsma Mulier E. O. G.
Published: September 2015

M. Alexander-Knotter, e.a., De 'joodse' Rembrandt. De mythe ontrafeld; S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, De jonge Rembrandt onder tijdgenoten. Godsdienst en schilderkunst in Leiden en Amsterdam; M. Roscam Abbing, Rembrandt 2006. Essays; Rembrandt 2006. New Rembrandt documents; R. van Straten, Rembrandts Leidse tijd 1606-1632; Chr. Tümpel, Rembrandt en de bijbel. Alle etsen; Ch. Vogelaar, e.a., Rembrandts landschappen; M. de. Winkel, Fashion and fancy. Dress and meaning in Rembrandt's paintings; E. Runia, e.a., Rembrandt in het Mauritshuis; G. Hoekveld-Meijer, De God van Rembrandt. Rembrandt als commentator van de godsdienst van zijn tijd; Ch. Vogelaar, e.a., Rembrandts moeder. Mythe en werkelijkheid; E. van de Wetering, e.a., Rembrandt. Zoektocht van een genie; M. Roscam Abbing, Rembrandt. Leven en werk van de grootste schilder aller tijden; A. K. Wheelock jr., e.a., Rembrandts late religieuze portretten; D. Bull, e.a., Rembrandt. Caravaggio; H. Beliën, e.a., Langs Rembrandts roem. De reputatie van een meester; F. Lammertse, e.a., Uylenburgh en zoon. Kunst en commercie van Rembrandt tot De Lairesse 1625-1675; G. Schwartz, De grote Rembrandt; A. McNeil Kettering, Rembrandts groepsportretten; M. Schapelhouman, Rembrandt en de kunst van het tekenen; B. Broos, Het Rembrandt boekRembrandt in 2006: splendeur et misère of a Year of RemembranceThe 400th anniversary of Rembrandt’s birth was celebrated with exhibitions and other activities. Compared to the previous celebration, the commercial aspects were strikingly evident. Various interpretations of Rembrandt’s work were presented; here they are considered from a historian’s point of view. To what extent did art historians incorporate historical aspects of Rembrandt’s life into their opinions? Many a book published on the occasion of an exhibition contained articles about art history but rarely a catalogue of the works on display. A few authors ventured to present historical interpretations, most of them marred by suggestiveness and/or faulty chronology. In more historically oriented publications efforts were made to present new facts. Did Rembrandt disclose his opinion on the religious quarrels in the United Provinces in his early paintings? Rembrandt’s presupposed intimate knowledge of Jews and Jewish life is now doubted. One thing is certain: the study of the clothes worn by those represented in Rembrandt’s works did lead to new findings about the artist’s intentions.
De wondere wereld van de techniek
Authors: Schot J.
Published: September 2015

Woud, A. van der. Een nieuwe wereld. Het ontstaan van het moderne Nederland (Amsterdam 2006) The Wonderful World of TechnologyTechnology shapes history. The transport and communication infrastructures in particular contributed towards the development of the nation state during the second half of the nineteenth century. Van der Woud has written a rich history on this subject illustrating how the development of an infrastructure forced the newly established Dutch state to redefine the public and the private sector, and in so doing itself, which in turn led to the emergence of an imagined community of the Netherlands. His account is less convincing when it attempts to explain the origins of this infrastructural revolution. He refers to a new vision of civilization but forgets to place it more precisely in its social and political context. This is mainly due to his sources. His primary source, trade journals, allow him to give a fascinating account of the magical power experienced through the new technologies, but fall short of helping him to portray how far, and in which ways, different bodies in the Netherlands have steered the development. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Een nieuwe wereld' (A. van der Woud).
Twee eeuwen politiebestel en veranderend recht
Authors: Jansen C.J.H.
Published: September 2015

Two Centuries of the Police Force and Changes in the LawThe Editorial Board has asked me ‘to reflect upon the institutional history of the police with regard to the altered norms of justice’. I limited myself to the principles and rules of constitutional and criminal law. In my view, Fijnaut pays little attention in his book to the combined action of basic constitutional tenets, requirements and principles on the one hand, and the integration and functioning of the police within the Dutch state system on the other, although he does consider the police to be a government institution pur sang. The development of the principle of legality, in particular (which means that an action cannot be deemed punishable, nor be punished, without first going through the proper legal channels) is underexposed. Put more generally, many chapters only refer in passing to the interaction between developments within criminal law and the duties of the police, including how the police interpret and implement their duties. The latter are indeed an explicit part of the analytical framework of Fijnaut’s book. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie' (Cyrille Fijnaut).
De la noblesse médiévale à la noblesse moderne. La création dans les anciens Pays-Bas d'une noblesse dynastique (XVe-début XVIIe siècle)
Authors: Janssens P.
Published: September 2015

Nobility in the Low Countries from Medieval Times to the Modern Era. The Creation of a Dynastic Nobility (from the 15th to the 17th Century)In order to gain the allegiance of the major families during the creation of their new state in the Netherlands, the Burgundian dukes lavishly awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece. Charles V and Philip II, on the other hand, preferred to bestow an aristocratic title upon distinguished families from the Netherlands. Less eminent families were decorated with a lower noble rank or a knighthood. Up until the end of the 16th century, these lower level decorations tended to be given out sporadically. The princely patents of nobility made their breakthrough after 1595 thanks to the demise of the traditional form of acquiring a noble rank or knighthood by means of performing feudal duties. Henceforth, anyone who was decorated for a service to the sovereign could enter the ranks of the nobility. This is how a new nobility based on patents came into being, in which service to the monarchy was the deciding factor. This article is part of the special issue 'The history of the nobility in the Netherlands and Belgium'.
Verward van geest en ander ongerief
Authors: Regt A. de
Published: September 2015

H. Oosterhuis, M. Gijswijt-Hofstra, Verward van geest en ander ongerief. Psychiatrische en geestelijke gezondheidszorg in Nederland (1870-2005) Mental Disorder and other EncumbrancesThe three volumes of Verward van geest offer an extensive overview of the history of psychiatry and mental health care in the Netherlands from the 1870s to the present day. The authors show that in order to explain the increase and differentiation in both the type of care arrangements as well as the clients, the correlation between supply and demand has to be studied. The study is not only descriptive, but also an attempt to interpret and explain the developments. To do so, the authors use concepts such as professionalisation, protoprofessionalisation, professional competition, psychologisation, problem culture, and so forth. However, these different concepts are not aggregated under one single theory, and the sum total of the developments is not approached from one central viewpoint. Instead, the authors have opted for an eclectic approach and use different theoretical concepts to explain different parts and episodes of the historical development in its totality. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Verward van geest en ander ongerief' (H. Oosterhuis, M. Gijswijt-Hofstra).
Politieke en culturele transfers in een tijd van revolutie: Nederland 1795-1805
Authors: Jourdan A.
Published: September 2015

Political and Cultural Transfers in a Time of Revolution. The Netherlands 1795-1805One of the hallmarks of modern historiography is its strong engagement with the national scene. Yet despite this, European countries have always exchanged ideas and practices and influenced each other. This was the case, for example, between 1795 and 1805, during which period the Dutch had to rethink their society and their government. To do this, they entered into a deep and creative dialogue with France in particular, as well as America. The manner in which this took place and its consequences are explored in this paper. This article is part of the special issue 'The Internationalization of the National History and the Pillarization'.
The Relevance of Dutch History, or: Much in Little? Reflections on the Practive of History in the Netherlands
Authors: Frijhoff Willem
Published: September 2015

This essay presents a series of reflections on the relevance of Dutch history. Taking different angles of approach, it examines in particular the historical image and self-image of the Dutch and the nation’s cultural identity; the role played by the heritage issue in the rise of the new political nationalism; the fascination of foreign historians for Dutch history and their influence on Dutch historiography itself; the role of language in history-writing and the question of whether ‘relevance’ is a meaningful category at all for historians. To conclude, four great themes of Dutch history are identified as of supranational relevance: water management; economy and society, in particular capitalism and colonialism; culture and intellectual life, tolerance and secularity, in particular – but not only – in the early modern era; and the national ambition to show the world an exemplary route to modernity. This article is part of the special issue 'The International Relevance of Dutch History'.
The Medieval Origins of Capitalism in the Netherlands
Authors: Bavel Bas van
Published: September 2015

Large parts of the Netherlands saw an early rise in market traffic during the late Middle Ages already. Exchange via the market became the dominant form not only for goods, but also for land, labour and capital, and this during the course of the sixteenth century already. This contribution investigates why it should be that the market form of exchange arose so early here specifically; how markets were organised as institutions and how they functioned. It will be demonstrated that the markets here had a favourable organisation, with low transaction costs, a high level of integration of the markets and a large degree of certainty for parties entering these markets. Nevertheless, the consequences of the rise of the market were not all positive. The rise of a market economy did not lead to any appreciable economic growth, while the social effects were largely negative. Social polarisation, pollution and the need to work ever harder depressed standards of living for most people in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This article is part of the special issue 'The International Relevance of Dutch History'.
Domesticity, Pillarization and Gender. Historical Explanations for the Divergent Pattern of Dutch Women’s Economic Citizenship
Authors: Bosch Mineke
Published: September 2015

Are there historical explanations for the paradox that, in a country with a reputation for being egalitarian and democratic, reasonable and tolerant, women have less economic independence compared with other countries and are under-represented in decision-making roles in society? This has often, implicitly and explicitly, been the guiding question in historical research into the gender relations in the Netherlands. Mineke Bosch takes up this question again and discusses gender-historical research that focuses on specific developments in the area of ‘work’ and ‘women’s work’, whereby the national character is of less relevance, as well as historical research in which broader lines are drawn in relation to the Dutch gender relations in comparison to other countries. In research in the second category, more so than in the first, standard explanatory concepts are used such as burgerlijkheid [bourgeois mentality] and domesticity, or pillarization. As outmoded connotations (and myths) concerning masculinity and femininity often lurk within these terms, this type of research risks degenerating into histories of nineteenth-century civilization in which gender relations were used as a basis for explanations. This article is part of the special issue 'The International Relevance of Dutch History'.
Reactie op Devos. Managerpolitiek in de jaren tachtig was populair in de openbaarheid
Authors: Kroeze Ronald , Keulen Sjoerd
Published: September 2015

Response to DevosIn response to Devos we argue that by reducing managerial politics to just another form of businesslike politics one diminishes twentieth century political history to an amorphous period of businesslike politics without changes. What distinguishes managerial politics from other forms of politics is not the businesslike behaviour of politicians, but their conscious, open and proud presentation of themselves as managers and their appraisal of management books as (ideological) sources of inspiration for policy making. To understand the rise of management in politics historians should pay more attention to public administration and management science. This makes clear that in the 1970s management itself changed fundamentally, which accounts for the popularisation of management in the 1980s. Finally, like all political style periods, managerial politics came to an end, symbolised in the Netherlands by the elections of 2002. Since then management has been used only in negative terms by politicians. This article is part of the forum 'Manager Politics'.
‘British Capital, Industry and Perseverance’ versus Dutch ‘Old School’?: The Dutch Atlantic and the Takeover of Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo, 1750-1815
Authors: Oostindie Gert
Published: September 2015

Recent historiography has reconsidered the idea that the Dutch role in the early modern Atlantic was of little significance, particularly in comparison to the accomplishments of the Dutch East India Company (voc) in Asia. Revisionist studies have emphasised that in spite of the limited and fragmented nature of the Dutch Atlantic ‘empire’, the Atlantic contribution to the Dutch economy was significant and possibly even greater than the voc’s share. Moreover, this scholarship stresses the vital role of Dutch Atlantic colonies (Curaçao and St Eustatius), (partly Jewish) networks and individuals in connecting the various subempires of the Atlantic. While Oostindie subscribes to many of these conclusions, he argues against excessive revisionism. His analysis of the development of the lesser Dutch Guianas, adjacent to Suriname, is used as a counter-weight to this revisionist impulse. He demonstrates that the spectacular economic and demographic development of these colonies was due mainly to British and (British) American involvement culminating in the eventual British takeover of ‘Guiana’.
On Digital History
Authors: Zaagsma Gerben
Published: September 2015

Digital humanities seem to be omnipresent these days and the discipline of history is no exception. This introduction is concerned with the changing practice of ‘doing’ history in the digital age, seen within a broader historical context of developments in the digital humanities and ‘digital history’. It argues that there is too much emphasis on tools and data while too little attention is being paid to how doing history in the digital age is changing as a result of the digital turn. This tendency towards technological determinism needs to be balanced by more attention to methodological and epistemological considerations. The article offers a short survey of history and computing since the 1960s with particular attention given to the situation in the Netherlands, considers various definitions of ‘digital history’ and argues for an integrative view of historical practice in the digital age that underscores hybridity as its main characteristic. It then discusses some of the major changes in historical practice before outlining the three major themes that are explored by the various articles in this thematic issue – digitisation and the archive, digital historical analysis, and historical knowledge (re)presentation and audiences. This article is part of the special issue 'Digital History'.
Big Data for Global History: The Transformative Promise of Digital Humanities
Authors: Eijnatten Joris van , Pieters Toine , Verheul Jaap
Published: September 2015

This article discusses the promises and challenges of digital humanitiesmethodologies for historical inquiry. In order to address the great outstanding question whether big data will re-invigorate macro-history, a number of research projects are described that use cultural text mining to explore big data repositories of digitised newspapers. The advantages of quantitative analysis, visualisation and named entity recognition in both exploration and analysis are illustrated in the study of public debates on drugs, drug trafficking, and drug users in the early twentieth century (wahsp), the comparative study of discourses about heredity, genetics, and eugenics in Dutch and German newspapers, 1863-1940 (biland) and the study of trans-Atlantic discourses (Translantis). While many technological and practical obstacles remain, advantages over traditional hermeneutic methodology are found in heuristics, analytics, quantitative trans-disciplinarity, and reproducibility, offering a quantitative and trans-national perspective on the history of mentalities. This article is part of the special issue 'Digital History'.
Digital Historical Research: Context, Concepts and the Need for Reflection
Authors: Piersma Hinke , Ribbens Kees
Published: September 2015

In recent years digital research has been promoted as a promising innovation in humanities research. New answers to old questions and new questions, according to enthusiastic supporters. In this article the authors address the question what this desired methodological innovation means for historical science. Without denying the benefits of large digital sources, they feel the need to make some comments on the current practice and expectations regarding digital historical research. This article is part of the special issue 'Digital History'.