bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Later Life Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Neuropathological Lesions
Authors: Tom Sarah , Mehta Amol , Izard Stepanie , Crane Paul , Bennett David , De Jager Philip , Schneider Julie
Published: December 2020

While higher life course socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with lower Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) risk, relationships with AD-related neuropathological lesions are unclear. We hypothesize that high SES in early, mid and late life will be associated with lower frequency of AD-related pathological lesions. The Rush Memory and Aging Project is a cohort of 2025 people age ≥ 65 years from Northeastern Illinois recruited 1997 – 2018; 972 participants died. We created binary variables for Braak stage (0-II versus III-VI), NIA-Reagan score (low likelihood/no AD pathology versus high/intermediate likelihood), presence of microinfarcts and, separately, macroinfarcts, and life course SES based on median for late life (baseline income), midlife (income at age 40 years), and early life (composite of parental education and number of siblings). Logistic regression models adjusted for ages at baseline and death, sex, presence of APOE-Ɛ4 alleles, and separately, vascular factors and education. Of 761 participants with relevant data, 69% were women, and mean ages at baseline and death were 83 + 6 years and 90 + 6 years, respectively. High early life SES was related to lower frequency of AD pathology (OR= 0.69, 95% CI 0.50, 0.96) and macroinfarcts (OR= 0.69, 95% CI 0.51, 0.94). Results were similar when adjusting for vascular factors; adjustment for education modestly attenuated these associations. Mid-life and late life SES were not associated with AD-related neuropathological lesions. High early life SES was related to lower frequency of AD pathology and macroinfarct presence. Environment during early development may influence later life brain aging.
The Association of Light Physical Activity With Health Indicators Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Moore Kristen , Li Kaigang , Diehl Manfred , Thompson Katherine , Nehrkorn-Bailey Abigail
Published: December 2020

Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines for Americans recommend engagement in moderate or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for middle-aged and older adults. Although these guidelines encourage adults to “move more and sit less,” there are no explicit recommendations for engaging in Light PA (LPA). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between LPA and health Indicators among middle-aged and older adults, in the context of sedentary time (ST) and MVPA. We used baseline data from 171 individuals (Mean age: 59.3±8.51 years), participating in Colorado State University’s AgingPlus program. Selected health Indicators included Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC in cm), mean arterial pressure (MAP in mmHg), grip strength (GS in lbs), and indirect VO2max (ml/kg/min). ST and PA were measured using Actigraph accelerometers worn for 7 days (excluding wear time <500 mins/day). Linear regression analyses, controlling for sex, age group, and race, indicated that more ST was associated with greater BMI (B=3.33), greater WC (B=3.35), and lower VO2max (B=-3.09). More LPA was associated with lower BMI (B=-4.47), lower WC (B=-5.0), lower MAP (B=-2.81), and higher VO2max (B=4.64). MVPA was associated with lower BMI (B=-3.04), lower WC (B=-4.21), higher VO2max (B=4.74), and higher grip strength (B=2.33). In conclusion, more ST was associated with indicators of poorer physical health. LPA, similar to MVPA, was associated with indicators of better physical health and performance. Future longitudinal and experimental studies examining the causal relationship between LPA and physical health and performance are warranted.
Association Between Prescription Opioid Use and Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: D’Aiuto Carina , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria
Published: December 2020

Prescription opioid use is concerning among older adults. Yet, few studies have examined the impact of opioid use on mortality by considering multimorbidity. Our sample includes 1586 older adults aged ≥65 recruited in primary care from 2011-2013 in a large health administrative region in Quebec and participating in the ESA-Services study, a longitudinal study on aging and health service use. An opioid prescription delivered in the 3 years prior to the baseline interview was identified using the provincial pharmaceutical drug registry. Mortality was ascertained from the vital statistics registry until 2015. The presence of chronic diseases was based on self-reported and physician diagnostic codes in health administrative databases. Physical multimorbidity was defined as ≥3 chronic physical conditions from either source. Physical/psychiatric multimorbidity was defined as ≥3 chronic physical conditions and ≥1 common mental disorder from either source. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between opioid use and mortality, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Interactions were tested for opioid use and multimorbidity. Older adults with physical multimorbidity using opioids were 1.76 (95%CI: 1.02-3.03) times more likely to die than those not using opioids. Those with physical/psychiatric multimorbidity using opioids were 2.27 (95%CI: 1.26-4.09) times more likely to die than those not using opioids. Older age, male sex, and single marital status significantly increased the risk of mortality. Overall, opioid use increases the risk of death in older adults with multimorbidity. The presence of mental disorders further increases the risk of death in older adults with physical multimorbidity using opioids.
T3:T4 Ratio Can Distinguish Between Adaptive Changes and True Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Older Adults
Authors: Abbey Enoch , McGready John , Simonsick Eleanor , Mammen Jennifer
Published: December 2020

Because of heterogeneity in hormonal aging,1 we believe isolated elevated TSH is insufficient to drive clinical decision making for thyroid hormone replacement in older adults. We performed a cross-sectional study involving 63 older adult participants of the BLSA in order to assess the diagnostic value of individual hormone levels or free T3: free T4 ratio for differentiating thyroid-aging phenotypes. We defined two phenotypic groups, central adaptation and primary hypothyroidism, both with a rising TSH and with a rising or falling FT4 respectively. Fifty-four percent of study participants were male, the average age was 78.8 years, and 66.7% had the primary hypothyroidism phenotype. The unadjusted odds ratio of having the central adaptation phenotype is 23.40 (95% CI 3.66-149.73) for every unit increase in the FT3:FT4 ratio. The ROC curve had a C-statistic of 0.815. Similarly, FT4 alone distinguished the phenotypes with a C-statistic of 0.864. In contrast, TSH and FT3 were not predictive (C-statistic of 0.617, and 0.479 respectively). When the analysis is limited to the 24 individuals with elevated TSH, the ratio remains predictive (0.839). Both the higher FT4 and the lower ratio found in individuals with adaptive changes are consistent with a physiology similar to the adaptations seen in acute illness. This supports the hypothesis that elevated TSH can represent a response to stressors with aging and doesn’t always warrant treatment with thyroid hormone. Our findings suggest that full thyroid function panel can be used to make better diagnostic decisions in older adults.
EEG Measures of Value-Directed Strategic Processing in Older Adults With and Without Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Nguyen Lydia , Shende Shraddha , Llano Daniel , Mudar Raksha
Published: December 2020

Value-directed strategic processing is important for daily functioning. It allows selective processing of important information and inhibition of irrelevant information. This ability is relatively preserved in normal cognitive aging, but it is unclear if mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affects strategic processing and its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. The current study examined behavioral and EEG spectral power differences between 16 cognitively normal older adults (CNOA; mean age: 74.5 ± 4.0 years) and 16 individuals with MCI (mean age: 77.1 ± 4.3 years) linked to a value-directed strategic processing task. The task used five unique word lists where words were assigned high- or low-value based on letter case and were presented sequentially while EEG was recorded. Participants were instructed to recall as many words as possible after each list to maximize their score. Results revealed no group differences in recall of low-value words, but individuals with MCI recalled significantly fewer high-value words and total number of words relative to CNOA. Group differences were observed in theta and alpha bands for low-value words, with greater synchronized theta power for CNOA than MCI and greater desynchronized alpha power for MCI than CNOA. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that more effortful neural processing of low-value words in the MCI group, relative to the CNOA group, allowed them to match their behavioral performance to the CNOA group. Individuals with MCI appear to utilize more cognitive resources to inhibit low-value information and might show memory-related benefits if taught strategies to focus on high-value information processing.
High Cognitive Load Situations Decrease Both Gait and Cognitive Performance
Authors: Kim Hyeon Jung , Fallahtafti Farahnaz , Yentes Jennifer , Venema Dawn , Boron Julie Blaskewicz
Published: December 2020

A high cognitive load situation (HCLS) is completing two or more tasks simultaneously (i.e. walking while talking). Differential allocation of attentional demands creates HCLS, potentially deteriorating cognitive and/or gait performance, impacting fall risk. This study investigated whether different load types [(Single-task (ST): talking/walking only, and HCLS: walking while talking on a phone)] impacted gait and cognitive performance among young (n=8; age=23.16±1.96yrs), middle-aged (n=14; age=44.79±7.42yrs), and older (n=15; age=74.47±3.91yrs) adults. In 3-minute trials, participants completed single-task walking (ST-W) and phone conversations with easy (e.g., favorite food, ST-E) and difficult (e.g., personal relationships, ST-D) topics, and also combined walking and talking (easy: HCLS-E and difficult: HCLS-D). For gait, speed, step length (SL) and stride width (SW) were analyzed with 3(ST-W, HCLS-E, HCLS-D) x 3(Age) repeated-measures ANOVAs. HCLS resulted in slower speed (p <.001, shorter SL (p <.001), and wider SW (p=.008) across groups. Older adults exhibited shorter SL across walking conditions (p=.002) compared to young and middle-aged. For cognition, Word Count (WC) and Authenticity (i.e. honesty) were analyzed with 2(Evs.D) x 2(STvs.HCLS) x 3(Age) repeated-measures ANOVAs. Main effects emerged for conversation topic in WC (p=.04) and Authenticity (p<.001); difficult topics negatively impacted participants’ cognitive performance, likely resulting from higher attention to maintain conversations without personal interactions (i.e. visual cues). Marginal age-group differences (p=.056) revealed older age resulted in less authentic conversations. The HCLS in this study negatively impacted gait and cognitive performance. Understanding this relationship may ultimately inform development of interventions to improve allocation of attentional demands, potentially mitigating fall risk.
Neighborhood Walkability Among Older Adults With and Without Physical Disabilities
Authors: Suzuki Rie , Blackwood Jennifer , Webster Noah
Published: December 2020

Older adults with physical disabilities (PDs) often experience obstacles to walking locally. Although health promotion programs targeting physical activity are available in lower income, few studies have compared the walking experiences of older adults in these communities who have PDs with those who do not. The purpose of this study was to compare perceptions of neighborhood walkability among adults living in lower income communities with and without PDs. Participants (N=132) were recruited in 2018 at a regional health clinic in Flint, MI. To be eligible, participants had to be over 65 years old and Flint residents. A subsample (N=12) were then followed up with in 2019/2020. We defined PDs as having difficulty performing one or more activities of daily living. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed. Of the 132 participants, the mean age in 2018 was 69.75 (SD=5.00). The majority were female (68%); African American (80%); single, divorced, or widowed (80%); and educated below GED level (84%). Older adults with PDs were less likely than those without to visit stores within walking distance and walk in their neighborhoods, and more likely to complain about a lot of traffic along the street. Analysis of the longitudinal data show that older adults who had PDs at time 1 were more likely at time 2 to 1) state that their neighborhoods were unsafe; and 2) perceive their neighborhoods more negatively. Findings suggest it is essential to develop disability-friendly support systems and accommodations to encourage walking in lower income communities.
Characterizing the elusive Vancouver Island wolverine, Gulo gulo vancouverensis, using historical DNA
Authors: Hessels Evan W , Lofroth Eric C , Weir Richard D , Gorrell Jamieson C
Published: December 2020

The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is a Holarctic species found in North America primarily across the boreal forest, the subarctic, and along the Pacific coast, including Vancouver Island (VI), British Columbia. While wolverines on VI are rare and possibly extirpated, they have been previously described as a unique subspecies, G. g. vancouverensis, distinct from G. g. luscus from the mainland of North America. However, the validity of the VI subspecies is contentious, with conflicting results from studies of skull morphology. Here, we used molecular analyses to characterize the genetic diversity of the VI population and resolve this taxonomic debate to assist with conservation priorities. Historical DNA of VI wolverines was obtained from museum specimens, amplified at 16 nuclear microsatellite loci, and sequenced at the mitochondrial D-loop control region to compare with wolverines from mainland British Columbia. The VI population had lower allelic richness and was fixed for a single common mtDNA haplotype. Bayesian and non-Bayesian assignments using microsatellites generally revealed admixture across populations, implying allele frequencies between the VI and mainland populations were not significantly different. Hence, both types of genetic markers showed little evolutionary divergence between VI and the mainland population. Combined, these results do not provide evidence of significant genetic distinction for VI wolverines, nor support the subspecific classification. Immediate conservation efforts should focus on estimating population size, while future conservation planning can assume VI wolverines likely are not a unique genetic population and there remains the potential for natural recolonization of wolverines to VI.
Determining star formation rates in active galactic nuclei hosts via stellar population synthesis
Authors: Riffel Rogério , Mallmann Nicolas D , Ilha Gabriele S , Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa , Riffel Rogemar A , Rembold Sandro B , Bizyaev Dmitry , do Nascimento Janaina C , Schimoia Jaderson S , da Costa Luiz N , Fraser Boardman Nicholas , Boquien Médéric , Couto Guilherme S
Published: December 2020

The effect of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback on the host galaxy, and its role in quenching or enhancing star formation, is still uncertain due to the fact that usual star formation rate (SFR) indicators – emission-line luminosities based on the assumption of photoionization by young stars – cannot be used for active galaxies as the ionizing source is the AGN. We thus investigate the use of SFR derived from the stellar population and its relation with that derived from the gas for a sample of 170 AGN hosts and a matched control sample of 291 galaxies. We compare the values of SFR densities obtained via the H α emission line ($\rm \Sigma SFR_{Gas}$) for regions ionized by hot stars according to diagnostic diagrams with those obtained from stellar population synthesis ($\rm \Sigma SFR_\star$) over the last 1 to 100 Myr. We find that the $\rm \Sigma SFR_\star$ over the last 20 Myr closely reproduces the $\rm \Sigma SFR_{Gas}$, although a better match is obtained via the transformation: $\mbox{log($ \rm \Sigma SFR_\star $)} = (0.872\pm 0.004)\mbox{log($\rm \Sigma SFR_{Gas}$)} -(0.075\pm 0.006)$ (or $\mbox{log($\rm \Sigma SFR_{Gas}$)} = (1.147\pm 0.005)\mbox{log($ \rm \Sigma SFR_\star $)} +(0.086\pm 0.080)$), which is valid for both AGN hosts and non-active galaxies. We also compare the reddening obtained via the gas H α/H β ratio with that derived via the full spectral fitting in the stellar population synthesis. We find that the ratio between the gas and stellar extinction is in the range 2.64 ≤AVg/AV⋆ ≤ 2.85, in approximate agreement with previous results from the literature, obtained for smaller samples. We interpret the difference as being due to the fact that the reddening of the stars is dominated by that affecting the less obscured underlying older population, while the reddening of the gas is larger as it is associated with a younger stellar population buried deeper in the dust.
Implications of the NANOGrav results for inflation
Authors: Vagnozzi Sunny
Published: December 2020

The NANOGrav pulsar timing array experiment reported evidence for a stochastic common-spectrum process affecting pulsar timing residuals in its 12.5-yr data set, which might be interpreted as the first detection of a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). I examine whether the NANOGrav signal might be explained by an inflationary SGWB, focusing on the implications for the tensor spectral index nT and the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Explaining NANOGrav while complying with upper limits on r from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck requires $r \gtrsim {\cal O}(10^{-6})$ in conjunction with an extremely blue tensor spectrum, 0.7 ≲ nT ≲ 1.3. After discussing models, which can realize such a blue spectrum, I show that this region of parameter space can be brought in agreement with big bang nucleosynthesis constraints for a sufficiently low reheating scale, $T_{\rm rh} \lesssim 100\, {\rm GeV} \!-\! 1\, {\rm TeV}$. With the important caveat of having assumed a power-law parametrization for the primordial tensor spectrum, an inflationary interpretation of the NANOGrav signal is therefore not excluded.
How China Loses
Authors: Patey Luke
Published: December 2020

China wants to replace the United States as the world’s leading superpower. But what does the world want from China? In a new era of strategic competition between China and the United States, Luke Patey explores how the rest of the world is responding to China’s rise. Many fear that China’s economic power, tech innovations, and growing military might will allow it to remake the world in its own authoritarian image. But despite all its strengths, a future with China in charge is far from certain. China will rule the twenty-first century only if the world lets it. How China Loses tells the story of China’s struggles to overcome new risks and endure the global backlash against its assertive reach. Combining on-the-ground reportage with incisive analysis, Patey argues that China’s predatory economic agenda, headstrong diplomacy, and military expansion undermine its global ambitions. In travels to Africa, Latin America, East Asia, and Europe, his encounters with activists, business managers, diplomats, and thinkers show the challenges threatening China’s rising power. China’s relations with the outside world are reaching a critical juncture. Political differences and security tensions have risen, and many countries are now recognizing that economic engagement produces new strategic vulnerabilities to their competitiveness and autonomy. At a time when views from Washington and Beijing dominate the discussion, Patey’s work shows how perspectives from around the world will shape the global economy and world affairs.
Disrupting the Cycle of Incarceration
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the root causes for the high rate of incarceration in the United States and its health-damaging consequences. Reducing incarceration levels, particularly in communities of color and disadvantage, is a vital building block of a Culture of Health. Addressing mass incarceration in the United States, however, requires a range of approaches and tactics that target multiple levels of the complex criminal justice system. The chapter then describes both broad-based solutions and targeted local efforts to break the cycle of incarceration at various points: before arrest, within prison walls, after release, and across generations. Changing the narrative is a feature of many efforts, as activists find new ways to talk about poverty, crime, and prison, and adults with a history of incarceration commit to renewing bonds with their children.
The Green Health Care Revolution
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the green health care revolution, a movement that includes efforts to: reduce greenhouse gas emissions; reduce toxic chemicals and materials in hospital buildings and operating rooms; streamline and improve supply chains; reduce material, water, and energy waste; foster farm-to-table food options; enhance green investment opportunities; and improve waste disposal practices. It traces the evolution of the movement since 1996 and the founding of Health Care Without Harm (HCWH). The challenge, however, remains daunting. An estimated 10 percent of harmful U.S. emissions still originate from health systems, making them significant contributors to the problem of climate change. According to a recent study, the U.S. health care sector would be the world's 13th-largest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were ranked as a nation. Nevertheless, support for greening health care is building.
All Africa and Her Prodigies
Authors: Parfitt Tudor
Published: December 2020

Africa was the acknowledged home of the monstrous and the hybrid. The kingdom of Loango was a particular focus of attention with regard to monstrous hybridity. Various creatures such as the pongo symbolized the sexual fascination with the hybrid. White negroes, thought to be a Loangan marvel, were a magnet for Western attention along with the other hybrid creatures with which Loango abounded, and which were a constant source of fascination for Enlightenment figures such as Voltaire, Diderot, and Krünitz. Toward the end of the eighteenth century another hybrid was discovered in Loango, one which impact race discussions in the future.
Mathematical Determinacy
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses the second major challenge for the extension of conventionalism from logic to mathematics: the richness of mathematical truth. The chapter begins by distinguishing indeterminacy from pluralism and clarifying the crucial notion of open-endedness. It then critically discusses the two major strategies for securing arithmetical categoricity using open-endedness; one based on a collapse theorem, the other on a kind of anti-overspill idea. With this done, a new argument for the categoricity of arithmetic is then presented. In subsequent discussion, the philosophical importance of this categoricity result is called into question to some degree. The categoricity argument is then supplemented by an appeal to the infinitary omega rule, and an argument is given that beings like us can actually follow the omega rule without any violation of Church’s thesis. Finally, the chapter discusses the extension of this type of approach beyond arithmetic, to set theory and the rest of mathematics.
Information Recovery Related to Adaptive Economic Behavior and Choice
Authors: Judge George
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, we emphasize the connection between adaptive economic behavior and causal entropy maximization and suggest methods consistent with information recovery in an open dynamic economic system. This entropy-based causal adaptive behavior framework permits the use of a family of information-theoretic estimation and inference methods as a basis for linking the data and the unknown and unobservable system behavioral parameters. Several econometric models and applications are demonstrated, and economic-econometric implications of the information-theoretic approach are discussed. We end the chapter with a question concerning the use of traditional estimation and inference methods that do not have a connection to economic behavior and choice data.
Entropic Dynamics
Authors: Caticha Ariel
Published: December 2020

Entropic dynamics is a framework in which dynamical laws such as those that arise in physics are derived as an application of entropic methods of inference. No underlying laws of motion such as those of classical mechanics are postulated. Instead, the dynamics is driven by entropy subject to constraints that reflect the information relevant to the problem at hand. In this chapter I review the derivation of three forms of mechanics. The first is a standard diffusion, the second is a form of Hamiltonian mechanics, and the third form is an argument from information geometry used to derive the special case known as quantum mechanics.
Toward Deciphering of Cancer Imbalances: Using Information-Theoretic Surprisal Analysis for Understanding of Cancer Systems
Authors: Kravchenko-Balasha Nataly
Published: December 2020

Changes in free energy define the direction of spontaneous changes in chemistry, physics, and engineering. In this chapter, I show that, similar to systems in chemistry and physics, the interpretation of molecular alterations using a thermodynamic-based information-theoretic approach and quantifications of those alterations in the framework of free–energy changes allows the prediction and rational manipulation of biological phenotypes, such as the spatial distributions of aggressive brain tumor cells, the direction of cell–cell movement or cell response to drug treatments. Any physical system, including nonequilibrium systems, reaches a state of minimal free energy that is subject to constraints. Surprisal analysis, a thermodynamic-based information-theoretic algorithm, was developed with the purpose of quantifying the constraints, and thereby predict the direction of change, in molecular reactions. In biological systems, the numbers of transcript/protein molecules are not free to vary in the cells but rather are limited, or constrained, by regulatory processes. Thus, the physical framework of constraints that deviate the system from a state of minimum free energy (e.g. steady state) provides the predictive understanding of molecular changes in response to perturbations, such as drug treatments. The chapter discusses how surprisal analysis can be used to predict biological behaviors, including the further development and extension of the theory to the field of personalized cancer medicine.
Office Bohemia
Authors: Homestead Melissa J.
Published: December 2020

Edith Lewis moved to Greenwich Village in 1903 to pursue literary work and Bohemian life. Willa Cather visited her there twice before moving to the Village herself in 1906 to become an editor at McClure’s Magazine, the staff of which Lewis also joined. This chapter argues that Lewis’s editorial collaboration with Cather emerged out of their work at McClure’s. It also argues that when they moved in together in 1908, they followed the example of Sarah Orne Jewett and Annie Fields, whom Cather had met while working for McClure’s in Boston. Cather left magazine work to take up full-time authorship, but Lewis continued working at McClure’s and then Every Week. Lewis gave up writing bylined fiction and poetry, but together she and Cather merged pragmatism and idealism, the market and aesthetics.
Performers, Structure, and Ways of Knowing
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This opening chapter presents the book’s overarching project: the illumination of relations between analysis and performance through theorist-performer collaborations on twentieth-century works. The project is set in the context of two distinct though overlapping disciplines: the tradition of relating analysis and performance within the field of music theory, and the field of musical performance studies. Musical structure, on which the book focuses, is broadly defined as relations among parts and whole, emerging through interactions of objective materials and subjective agency. Ways of knowing that arise in the course of relating analysis and performance are encapsulated by wissen (knowing that), können (knowing how), and kennen (knowing, as in knowing a person). The book’s title and form (a theme and variations) are briefly described. Two rehearsal vignettes (from Crumb’s Four Nocturnes for violin and piano and Shende’s Throw Down or Shut Up!), the first accompanied by a performance video, frame the chapter.
Reception and Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the results of an experiment testing audience response to Robert Morris’s Clear Sounds among Hills and Waters (1989, revised 2013), for solo piano, under five different preparatory conditions: simple identification (ID), program note (PN), aesthetic/visual introduction by the composer on video (AES), structural/aural introduction by the composer on video (STR), and the combination of all of the preceding (CMB). Qualitative analysis of responses suggested that preparations ID, STR, PN, AES, and CMB, in that order, were increasingly beneficial for audience appreciation and understanding. The piece’s context and meaning needed to be explained before structural information could be employed effectively. The combination of aesthetic with structural information was more helpful than either alone. Indirect knowledge about the piece must translate into direct knowledge for greater impact. The chapter then explores broader issues implicated in audience reception of new music: characteristics of the listener, social and cultural factors, and features of the musical language, described by analogy to phonetics, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Stimuli for the experiment, including Leong’s performance of Clear Sounds on video, may be found online.
The Golden Age
Authors: Hefling Charles
Published: December 2020

The long eighteenth century has been called the Prayer Book’s golden age. Nothing in the text itself changed. But the text was disseminated in works meant to aid and encourage the personal and domestic devotions of families and individuals. There were thoughtful but not hostile proposals for revising the Prayer Book, two of which are discussed in this chapter as indications of what the text was expected to be and do in an enlightened age. And beyond the limits of the ecclesiastical establishment, the eighteenth century saw the beginning of a development that won its way to acceptance in Scotland and influenced a new version of the Book of Common Prayer in the newly independent United States.
Taking Conservative News Seriously
Authors: Bauer A. J. , Nadler Anthony
Published: December 2020

This introductory chapter advocates for a newly concerted interdisciplinary research agenda focused on right-wing or conservative news. It provides a brief history of right-wing media and conservative news in the United States from the early twentieth century to the present. It suggests that scholars of history, rhetoric, political communication, journalism studies, and media sociology ought to converge around the study of historical and contemporary “conservative news cultures,” defined as the consistent practices or patterns of meaning making that emerge between and among the sites of production, circulation, and consumption of conservative news. It notes that journalism studies scholars have a unique role to play in developing the burgeoning subfield of conservative news studies, and suggests that foregrounding conservative news will contribute to long-standing themes in journalism and political communication research, including shifting conceptions of journalistic professionalism, the cultural authority and legitimacy of the press, and the history of political polarization.
“From a Christian Perspective”
Authors: Ward Mark
Published: December 2020

This chapter identifies a distinct evangelical Christian genre of conservative news and explores its prevalence in contemporary evangelical media and especially news/talk radio programming. Such programming posits a “Christian worldview,” which is aligned with a conservative political identity that is inseparable from religious practice and white evangelical Protestant modes of apprehending the world. Doing so, conservative Christian news producers lay claim to a legitimacy that is undergirded by biblical authority as they set news agendas and frame stories. The chapter also situates the Christian radio genre within a long history of evangelical struggles over access to broadcasting resources and locates the current genre formation of evangelical news/talk within the United States’ deregulated and highly consolidated broadcast markets.
The Power-Holder
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

In this chapter the reader is invited to look in the dark mirror of the power-holder in ourselves as someone who wants to dominate and limit other individuals or groups in the development of their potential. Referring to an obedience experiment, a prison experiment, and autobiographical material, the chapter aims to show that not only in situations in which obedience is required but also in situations in which people have some freedom to act as they want, power over someone else can manifest itself in an unbridled way. After describing the outcomes of these experiments, the chapter continues to explore the mechanisms of authoritarianism as a phenomenon that is spreading in contemporary societies like an oil slick.
Diagnosis
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

This chapter describes the phenomenon of metagnosis, defined here as a revelation of a long-standing undetected condition effecting a change in the terms of knowledge. In the medical sense, it can occur when a condition has remained undetected and/or when the diagnostic criteria have shifted, as with autism spectrum disorders. It also describes nonmedical revelations of knowledge bearing upon selfhood, such as unexpected genetic test results. The phenomenon’s relevance to individuals who experience it and to clinicians is discussed, as it offers a potentially new framing of identity and experience. In addition, its relevance to our understanding of medical knowledge as such is explored, for it alerts us to the presence of unknown unknowns and prompts us to reconcile this awareness with our conception of diagnosis and clinical authority. Finally, the plan for the book is outlined, its thesis and structure summarized.
Exampling
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the theoretico-methodological practice of “exampling.” After all, in concept-driven sociology, examples are the data, assuming the form of specific empirical illustrations of generic patterns. By using concrete “cases” yet disregarding their singularity, concept-driven researchers can empirically instantiate those abstract, initially difficult-to-grasp patterns. As this chapter demonstrates, a generic sociology calls for multicontextual data. In order to identify generic, transcontextual social patterns, one needs to encounter them in multiple social contexts, and the wider the range of contexts in which one collects one’s data, the more generalizable the patterns they reveal. Such contextual diversity is manifested multi-culturally (drawing on examples from diverse cultural contexts), multihistorically (using data from a wide range of historical periods), multisituationally (drawing on examples from diverse social “domains”), as well as at multiple levels of social aggregation (effectively disregarding scale).
The Rights-Based Approach to Health
Authors: Bustreo Flavia , Doebbler Curtis F.J.
Published: December 2020

This chapter describes the rights-based approach to health. This approach is based on the human right to health but looks beyond that right to focus on cross-cutting human rights principles for ensuring that health outcomes are achieved in a manner consistent with the foundational values of human rights. The rights-based approach to health is thus a key strategy in the development and implementation of health policy – based on principles of participation, equality and non-discrimination, transparency, and accountability. Examining these human rights principles, the rights-based approach has developed from rhetoric to practice, guiding health policy so as to provide for the highest attainable level of health for all. Nevertheless, the rights-based approach to health faces challenges as health and human rights address a larger global health landscape of state and non-state actors and find new meaning under the Sustainable Development Goals.
The Making of a Terrorist
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

Alexandre Rousselin biography explores how the French Revolution inspired an educated Parisian to become a terrorist and then spent the next forty-five years dealing with the consequences of his choices. Alexandre Rousselin became the confidential secretary of Camille Desmoulins and Georges-Jacques Danton before undertaking two missions to Champagne as a commissioner for the Committee of Public Safety in the fall of 1793. His enthusiastic implementation of the Terror left him vulnerable to denunciation as a terrorist after the fall of his patrons. Sent before the Revolutionary Tribunal, he was acquitted, as part of political shift that brought down Maximilien Robespierre. Rousselin spent the next few years in and out of jail as he sought rehabilitation despite ongoing denunciations. The coup d’etat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 made him an outsider. Rousselin had to find other means of earning a living and being useful. Acquiring a noble title, he helped to found the liberal standard-bearer Le Constitutionnel, the bestselling newspaper in the world in the 1820s, where he fought against censorship and for limitations on government authority paving the way for the Revolution of 1830. Although the newspaper made him rich and influential, he retired in 1838 to write history in order to avoid the consequences of his past as a terrorist. His biography explores the role of emotions and institutions across the Age of Revolution for the large generation of survivors of this exceptional trauma: Rousselin’s choices show how a revolutionary became a liberal.
Liberalism and the Press, 1816–1838
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

Rousselin was part of a team of liberal Bonapartists who founded a newspaper during the Hundred Days. It struggled with censorship and finding a permanent name, but from 1819 until World War I, the newspaper became Le Constitutionnel. It was a swift success, becoming the bestselling newspaper on the planet by 1825; its profits made Rousselin wealthy. The paper became the liberal standard-bearer in criticizing the growing authority of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bourbon government for its heavy-handed censorship, fighting numerous battles in the courts and in public opinion. The liberal critique helped undermine support for the government among the elite, and facilitated the Revolution of 1830 and the installation of Rousselin’s friend Louis-Philippe d’Orléans as “King of the French.” Renewed attention to Rousselin’s terrorist past led him to sell his stake in Le Constitutionnel in 1838.
Keep Stylistics Great
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

A good deal of the most valuable current work in stylistics concerns political topics. However, politics is not a focus of Style in Narrative. Hogan therefore devotes this brief afterword to suggesting that the book’s approach to stylistic analysis may potentially enrich political analysis. Specifically, recalling Roman Jakobson’s famous analysis of the Dwight Eisenhower campaign slogan, “I Like Ike,” Hogan considers the levels of story, plot, and narration in Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign slogan, “Make America Great Again,” in part by contrast with Hillary Clinton’s “I’m With Her.” Contrary to what one would expect from Trump’s policies, the slogan shows considerable subtlety, which can be identified and explained by careful, stylistic analysis.
The Universality of Emotions?
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

Having adopted Herbert Spencer’s evolutionary mechanism called survival of the fittest in Origin of Species (1859), Darwin turned his attentions to human societies and the remarkable turn entailed “natural selection applying to itself its own selective law.” In this fold in natural selection, human cultures evinced altruistic behaviors as well as egotistical rivalries. With Origin published six years after Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, Darwin would argue in favor of affects like sympathy and compassion. Yet how did such affects come about and how could they be demonstrated empirically? While hesitating over the origin of instincts in selection and habituation, Darwin simultaneously worked on his “demonstration” of the universality of five basic affects (pleasure, fear, suffering or grief, rage, and disgust). Though the mechanism of transmission of moral sentiments might be in doubt, these basic affects could be read on faces, whether sketched, photographed or through epistolary descriptions. One year after the Descent of Man (1871), Darwin published his thirty-year long research as The expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). In that work, he would argue that human expressions provide us a window into the affective mind, essentially of all human cultures. This was the empirical research needed for supporting the claim for the universality of human emotions. The work inaugurated a debate still current today centered on the role of culture in bodily semiosis. Surprisingly, Darwin aligned anxiety with grief rather than fear and suffering.
Out of the Cradle
Authors: Price Max D.
Published: December 2020

Pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle constituted the package of domesticated animals that spread throughout the Near East, and later to Central and South Asia, Europe, and Africa. But domestic pig husbandry spread more slowly, often appearing centuries or even millennia after the domestication of ruminants. Environmental and cultural factors were likely responsible for this slow spread. During the Late Neolithic, people innovated agriculture and livestock-keeping strategies. These included intensive forms of pig husbandry, perhaps in order to supply pork for feasts. In addition, by the Chalcolithic period, people intensified ruminant management in order to maximize the exploitation of secondary products. This led to the “secondary products revolution.” As a result, while the other barnyard animals became increasingly tied to wealth in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age—cattle for their ability to provide traction power, sheep and goats for their wool/hair—pigs were excluded from this development.
The Coming of the Taboo: Pigs in the Iron Age
Authors: Price Max D.
Published: December 2020

Zooarchaeological evidence from the Iron Age southern Levant allows the reconstruction of a taboo among the ancient Israelites, which developed in large part as a reaction against the food habits of the Philistines. This taboo emerged more powerfully during the writing of the Torah in Judah in the late 8th–7th century BC. Biblical writers strove to develop an image of a heroic Israelite past as part of a project to create a sense of ethnic togetherness among Hebrew-speaking peoples. They drew upon two, possibly three, sources of inspiration. The first was a traditional diet focused on ruminant products and lacking in pork; the second, the existing (but at that point waning) pig taboo. The third element, less clear, was the taboo on pigs that applied to priests and temples in other parts of the Near East. The biblical authors found these existing traditions helpful in creating a picture of a glorious pastoral ancestry.
‘Not Death, but Love’
Authors: Blair Kirstie , Stone Marjorie
Published: December 2020

In 2009, a long-unlocated notebook—MSS, by ElizabethBBarrett—re-entered the public domain, including among its contents a sequence titled Sonnets in the night and a previously uncatalogued and unknown draft of ‘Sonnet V’ of Sonnets from the Portuguese, predating all extant manuscripts of this much studied work. The first section of this chapter (Kirstie Blair) analyses the making and unmaking of Sonnets in the night, considering its intricate ordering and EBB’s disassembling of an elegiac sequence which, if published in its notebook form, might have anticipated Tennyson’s In Memoriam in its thematic motifs (voice, song, silence, tears, work, consolation). Section II (Marjorie Stone) further analyses this unmaking in exploring the complicated relations between EBB’s elegiac sequence and Sonnet V of Sonnets from the Portuguese, arguing that composition of the amatory sequence may have begun with the tangled, turbulent draft of this pivotal sonnet, connecting smouldering grief to newly awakened love.
The Referendum in Britain
Authors: Atkinson Lucy , Blick Andrew , Qvortrup Matt
Published: December 2020

The tumultuous Brexit experience demonstrated the potentially immense significance of the referendum to British politics. This episode demonstrated the importance of extensive assessment of this democratic device. One means of gaining greater understanding of the referendum is by considering it in the context of British history, both as an idea and as a practical instrument. This work fills a gap in the existing literature in considering the origins and implementation of referendums in Britain. It considers a number of themes that have arisen in the context of the most recent British referendum (on European Union membership in 2016): the place of referendums within British democracy; their particular application at given times; the reasons they are held; to whom they might and might not appeal and why; their consequences; and their tendency to generate controversy. It addresses the following overarching question: when and why did such votes take place in the UK? It also asks: (from the perspective of Britain) how did the idea of using the referendum develop; what was the significance of the international context for the advocacy and application of this device; how was it perceived; to what extent and how did it come to be incorporated into the political system; and what has been the significance of the referendum; especially from the perspective of the British constitution?
Margaret Mead
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

For 50 years, Margaret Mead told Americans how cultures worked, and Americans listened. While serving as a curator at the American Museum of Natural History and as a professor of anthropology at Columbia University, she published dozens of books and hundreds of articles, scholarly and popular, on topics ranging from adolescence to atomic energy, Polynesian kinship networks to kindergarten, national morale to marijuana. At her death in 1978, she was the most famous anthropologist in the world and one of the best-known women in America. She had amply achieved her goal, as she described it to an interviewer in 1975, “To have lived long enough to be of some use.” As befits her prominence, Mead has had many biographers, but there is a curious hole at the center of these accounts: Mead’s faith. Margaret Mead: A Twentieth-Century Faith introduces a side of its famous subject that few people know. It re-narrates her life and reinterprets her work, highlighting religious concerns. Following Mead’s lead, it ranges across areas that are often kept academically distinct: anthropology, gender studies, intellectual history, church history, and theology. It is a portrait of a mind at work, pursuing a unique vision of the good of the world.