bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in humans, Romania, July to October 2010
Authors: Sîrbu A , Ceianu C S , Panculescu-Gatej R I , Vázquez A , Tenorio A , Rebreanu R , Niedrig M , Nicolescu G , Pistol A
Published: March 2021

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Effectiveness of pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009 infection in England and Scotland 2009-2010
Authors: Hardelid P , Fleming D M , McMenamin J , Andrews N , Robertson C , Sebastianpillai P , Ellis J , Carman W , Wreghitt T , Watson J  M , Pebody R  G
Published: March 2021

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Ceftriaxone treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea verified by international recommendations, Sweden, July 2010
Authors: Unemo M , Golparian D , Hestner A
Published: March 2021

This report describes one case of verified treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea using ceftriaxone in Sweden. Previous reports described verified treatment failure of urogenital gonorrhoea using the internationally recommended first-line drug cefixime, but not with ceftriaxone, the last remaining option for empirical treatment of gonorrhoea. Enhanced awareness of clinical failures, pharmacodynamic considerations, follow-up and test of cure, adherence to appropriate case management and treatment guidelines as well as verification/falsification of presumed clinical treatment failures should be emphasised worldwide.
Rabies in an Arctic fox on the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, January 2011
Authors: Ørpetveit I , Ytrehus B , Vikøren T , Handeland K , Mjøs A , Nissen S , Blystad H , Lund A
Published: March 2021

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Ongoing outbreak of mumps infection in Oban, Scotland, November 2010 to January 2011
Authors: Walker J , Huc S , Sinka K , Tissington A , Oates K
Published: March 2021

We report on an ongoing outbreak of 119 cases of mumps virus infection in the Oban area of Scotland, from 29 November 2010 to 31 January 2011. The median age of cases was 20 years, with the highest incidence in the 13-19-year-olds. A total of 53 cases had received two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, in accordance with the United Kingdom vaccination schedule, while 33 had received only one dose and 30 had not been vaccinated.
Evolution of the haemagglutinin gene of the influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus isolated in Hong Kong, 2009–2011
Authors: Mak G C , Leung C K , Cheng K C , Wong K Y , Lim W
Published: March 2021

Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene shows that the influenza A(H1N1)2009 viruses collected in Hong Kong clustered in two main branches characterised by the E391E and E391K amino acids. The main branch E391K evolved in two sub-branches with N142D and S202T mutations that first appeared in March and July 2010, respectively, with the latter becoming the predominant strain. These genetic variants that emerged display similar antigenic characteristics. Concurrent with genetic surveillance, laboratories should continue monitoring the circulating viruses antigenically.
Assessing BCG vaccination coverage and incidence of paediatric tuberculosis following two major changes in BCG vaccination policy in France
Authors: Guthmann J P , Antoine D , Fonteneau L , Che D , Lévy-Bruhl D
Published: March 2021

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Zoonoses in the European Union: origin, distribution and dynamics - the EFSA-ECDC summary report 2009
Authors: Lahuerta A , Westrell T , Takkinen J , Boelaert F , Rizzi V , Helwigh B , Borck B , Korsgaard H , Ammon A , Mäkelä P
Published: March 2021

We present a summary of the main findings of the latest report of the European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control on zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in the European Union (EU), based on data from 2009. Zoonoses are prevalent and widely distributed across several countries in the EU. The most important highlight of this report was the continuous decrease of human salmonellosis since 2005, probably due to effective control programmes in livestock.
First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in Sweden, February to March 2011
Authors: Osterman Lind E , Juremalm M , Christensson D , Widgren S , Hallgren G , Ågren E O , Uhlhorn H , Lindberg A , Cedersmyg M , Wahlström H
Published: March 2021

Surveillance for the fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis, has been carried out in Sweden since 2000, with about 300 red foxes analysed annually. We report the first finding of E. multilocularis in Sweden, in a fox shot in December 2010 in the south-west of the country. A second infected fox shot in the same location was detected in March 2011. This paper describes the national monitoring programme and the ongoing work to estimate the prevalence and spread of the infection.
The proof of the pudding is in the eating: an outbreak of emetic syndrome after a kindergarten excursion, Berlin, Germany, December 2007
Authors: Kamga Wambo G O , Burckhardt F , Frank C , Hiller P , Wichmann-Schauer H , Zuschneid I , Hentschke J , Hitzbleck T , Contzen M , Suckau M , Stark K
Published: March 2021

An outbreak of food poisoning (emetic syndrome) occurred in three kindergartens (A, B and C) in Berlin, Germany, on 3 December 2007 after an excursion during which food was served. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among the kindergarten children and personnel who participated in the trip. The overall attack rate among the 155 participants was 30%. It was 31% among the 137 children (aged two to six years) and 17% among adults (n=18). The consumption of rice pudding was significantly associated with disease. Among those who ate rice pudding, the attack rate was 36%, compared with 0% for non-eaters (relative risk: infinite, p<0.001, aetiological fraction: 100%), but differed significantly between kindergartens A (43%), B (61%) and C (3%), probably because groups were served from different pots. Bacillus cereus sensu stricto was identified from one vomit sample. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics suggest that B. cereus emetic toxin (cereulide) was the causative agent, although it could not be proven in the single vomit isolate. Inadequate food handling most probably led to the outbreak. Single-portion ready-to-eat rice pudding was recommended for subsequent excursions and no further cases of food poisoning occurred.
National outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b in England, September to December 2009: case–control study
Authors: Janmohamed K , Zenner D , Little C , Lane C , Wain J , Charlett A , Adak B , Morgan D
Published: March 2021

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Public health crises: the development of a consensus document on their management in Spain
Authors: Rodrigo T , Caylà J A ,   the Working Group of the Network of Public Health Research Centres (RCESP)
Published: March 2021

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Appearance of a novel measles G3 strain in multiple European countries within a two month period, 2010
Authors: Brown K E , Mulders M N , Freymuth F , Santibanez S , Mosquera M M , Cordey S , Beirnes J , Shulga S , Myers R , Featherstone D
Published: March 2021

During late 2010, a previously unrecognised strain of measles genotype G3 virus was identified in five different European countries by the World Health Organization Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network. Apart from one, none had a travel history to south-east Asia, the usual source of G3 viruses, although epidemiological links could be established between some of the cases. This case series illustrates the value of genotyping and sequencing in tracking measles infections, and identifying otherwise unrecognised chains of transmission.
The impact of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic on attitudes of healthcare workers toward seasonal influenza vaccination 2010/11
Authors: Brandt C , Rabenau H F , Bornmann S , Gottschalk R , Wicker S
Published: March 2021

The emergence of the influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus provided a major challenge to health services around the world. However, vaccination rates for the public and for healthcare workers (HCWs) have remained low. We performed a study to review the reasons put forward by HCWs to refuse immunisation with the pandemic vaccine in 2009/10 and characterise attitudes in the influenza season 2010/11 due to the emergence of influenza A(H1N1)2009. A survey among HCWs and medical students in the clinical phase of their studies was conducted, using an anonymous questionnaire, at a German university hospital during an influenza vaccination campaign. 1,366 of 3,900 HCWs (35.0%) were vaccinated in the 2010/11 influenza season. Of the vaccinated HCWs, 1,323 (96.9%) completed the questionnaire in addition to 322 vaccinated medical students. Of the 1,645 vaccinees who completed the questionnaire, 712 had not been vaccinated against the influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus in the 2009/10 season. The main reason put forward was the objection to the AS03 adjuvants (239/712, 33.6%). Of the HCWs and students surveyed, 270 of 1,645 (16.4%) stated that the pandemic had influenced their attitude towards vaccination in general. Many German HCWs remained unconvinced of the safety of the pandemic (adjuvanted) influenza vaccine. For this reason, effective risk communication should focus on educating the public and HCWs about influenza vaccine safety and the benefits of vaccination.
Tularaemia in Berlin – two independent cases in travellers returning from central Anatolia, Turkey, February 2011
Authors: Schubert A , Splettstoesser W , Bätzing-Feigenbaum J
Published: March 2021

Tularaemia, though rare, has recently been increasingly reported in Germany. Most cases are indigenous infections. This report describes two epidemiologically independent infections with Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica detected in Berlin in February 2011 that were acquired in central Anatolia, Turkey. In Turkey, there have been repeated tularaemia outbreaks since 2000 and the disease should therefore be considered as a differential diagnosis in travellers returning from that country.
Genetic characterisation of the emerging invasive Neisseria meningitidis serogroup Y in Sweden, 2000 to 2010
Authors: Thulin Hedberg S , Törös B , Fredlund H , Olcén P , Mölling P
Published: March 2021

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Unlinked anonymous testing to estimate HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Catalonia, Spain, 1994 to 2009
Authors: Carnicer-Pont D , Almeda J , Luis Marin J , Martinez C , Gonzalez-Soler M V , Montoliu A , Muñoz R , Casabona J , the HIV NADO working group Collective
Published: March 2021

This paper estimates the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in women giving birth and women voluntarily terminating pregnancy over a period of sixteen years in Catalonia. Samples for HIV antibody detection were collected from the Neonatal Early Detection Programme for congenital metabolic diseases that covers 99% of infants born in Catalonia. The sampling method collected information of 50% of births every year and of all women attending three clinics for voluntary interruption of pregnancy. Using two sequential immunoassays we analysed unlinked anonymous blood spot samples from 549,689 newborns between 1994 and 2009 and from 31,904 women who voluntarily interrupted pregnancy between 1999 and 2006. HIV prevalence among women giving birth decreased from 3.2 per 1,000 in 1994 to 1.7 per 1,000 in 2009 (p<0.01) and the mean age of infected mothers increased from 26 years in 1994 to 32 years in 2009 (p=0.001). A decrease in HIV prevalence was also observed in women voluntarily terminating pregnancy, from 2.3 per 1,000 in 1999 to 1.0 per 1,000 in 2006 (p<0.01). In contrast, estimated HIV prevalence in mothers born outside Spain increased from 2.2 per 1,000 in 2002 to 3 per 1,000 in 2009 (p<0.01) and their average age increased from 27 years in 2003 to 31 years in 2009 (p<0.01).
Avian influenza A(H5N1) in humans: new insights from a line list of World Health Organization confirmed cases, September 2006 to August 2010
Authors: Fiebig L , Soyka J , Buda S , Buchholz U , Dehnert M , Haas W
Published: March 2021

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Human cases of West Nile Virus Infection in north-eastern Italy, 15 June to 15 November 2010
Authors: Barzon L , Pacenti M , Cusinato R , Cattai M , Franchin E , Pagni S , Martello T , Bressan S , Squarzon L , Cattelan A M , Pellizzer G , Scotton P , Beltrame A , Gobbi F , Bisoffi Z , Russo F , Palù G
Published: March 2021

In 2010, for the third consecutive year, human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, including three confirmed cases of neuroinvasive disease and three confirmed cases of West Nile fever, were identified in north-eastern Italy. While in 2008 and 2009 all human cases of WNV disease were recorded in the south of the Veneto region, cases of WNV disease in 2010 additionally occurred in two relatively small northern areas of Veneto, located outside those with WNV circulation in the previous years. WNV IgG antibody prevalence in blood donors resident in Veneto was estimated as ranging from 3.2 per 1,000 in areas not affected by cases of WNV disease to 33.3 per 1,000 in a highly affected area of the Rovigo province. No further autochthonous human cases of WNV disease were notified in Italy in 2010. The recurrence of human cases of WNV infection for the third consecutive year strongly suggests WNV has become endemic in north-eastern Italy.
Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infection in humans, Greece, July to August 2011
Authors: Danis K , Papa A , Papanikolaou E , Dougas G , Terzaki I , Baka A , Vrioni G , Kapsimali V , Tsakris A , Kansouzidou A , Tsiodras S , Vakalis N , Bonovas S , Kremastinou J
Published: March 2021

Between 16 July and 21 August 2011, 31 cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease were reported from four regions in Greece. Of these, 17 occurred in districts that had not been affected in 2010. The reoccurrence of human cases in two consecutive years (following the large 2010 outbreak) and the spread of the virus in new areas suggest that West Nile virus is established in Greece, and its transmission may continue to occur in the future.
Ongoing large mumps outbreak in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 2010 to July 2011
Authors: Hukic M , Ravlija J , Dedeic Ljubovic A , Moro A , Arapcic S , Muller C P , Hübschen J M
Published: March 2021

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Mumps epidemic in orthodox religious low-vaccination communities in the Netherlands and Canada, 2007 to 2009
Authors: Wielders C C , van Binnendijk R S , Snijders B E , Tipples G A , Cremer J , Fanoy E , Dolman S , Ruijs W L , Boot H J , de Melker H E , Hahné S J
Published: March 2021

We assessed the epidemiological characteristics of a mumps virus epidemic (genotype D) that occurred in the Netherlands between August 2007 and May 2009 and its association with a subsequent mumps outbreak in Canada. In the Netherlands, five data sources were used: notifications (only mandatory since the end of 2008) (56 cases), laboratory confirmation data (177 cases), a sentinel general practitioner (GP) database (275 cases), hospitalisation data (29 cases) and weekly virological reports (96 cases). The median age of cases in the notification, laboratory and GP databases ranged from 13 to 15 years. The proportion of cases that were unvaccinated ranged from 65% to 85% in the notification, laboratory and GP databases. Having orthodox Protestant beliefs was the main reason for not being vaccinated. In Canada, a mumps virus strain indistinguishable from the Dutch epidemic strain was detected between February and October 2008 in an orthodox Protestant community with historical and family links to the affected community in the Netherlands, suggesting that spread to Canada had occurred. Prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases among population subgroups with low vaccination coverage remains a priority.
West Nile virus: the Italian national transplant network reaction to an alert in the north-eastern region, Italy 2011
Authors: Nanni Costa A , Capobianchi M R , Ippolito G , Palù G , Barzon L , Piccolo G , Andreetta B , Filippetti M , Fehily D , Lombardini L , Grossi P
Published: March 2021

We report four cases of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission following a single multiorgan donation in north-eastern Italy. The transmissions were promptly detected by local transplant centres. The donor had been tested for WNV by nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) prior to transplantation and was negative. There were no detected errors in the nationally implemented WNV safety protocols.
Highly heterogeneous temperature sensitivity of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viral isolates, northern France
Authors: Pelletier I , Rousset D , Enouf V , GROG  , Colbère-Garapin F , van der Werf S , Naffakh N
Published: March 2021

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Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Thuringia, Germany, 1999 to 2006
Authors: Sauerbrei A , Schmitt S , Scheper T , Brandstädt A , Saschenbrecker S , Motz M , Soutschek E , Wutzler P
Published: March 2021

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A case of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a patient transferred to Slovenia from Libya, November 2011
Authors: Pirš M , Andlovic A , Cerar T , Žohar-Čretnik T , Kobola L , Kolman J , Frelih T , Prešern-Štrukelj M , Ružić-Sabljić E , Seme K
Published: March 2021

We report the first documented case of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Slovenia isolated from rectal surveillance cultures from a patient transferred from Libya. The patient was colonised with both ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and ESBL- and OXA-48-producing K. pneumoniae. Three further patients were colonised with ESBL-producing E. coli. This underscores the importance of an early warning system on European level and screening upon admission of patients transferred across borders and between healthcare systems.
Outbreak of salmonellosis after a wedding party, Bavaria, Germany, summer 2010: the importance of implementing food safety concepts
Authors: von Wissmann B , Klinc C , Schulze R , Wolf A , Schreiner H , Rabsch W , Prager R , Hautmann W
Published: March 2021

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Another possible food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A in the Netherlands indicated by two closely related molecular sequences, July to October 2011
Authors: Fournet N , Baas D , van Pelt W , Swaan C , Ober H J , Isken L , Cremer J , Friesema I , Vennema H , Boxman I , Koopmans M , Verhoef L
Published: March 2021

In November 2011, a cluster of initially five cases of hepatitis A infection with closely related strains was identified in the Netherlands. England reported possibly related cases. Strains with identical sequences had been involved in previous outbreaks linked to semi-dried tomatoes. Investigation of the Dutch cluster suggested a link with ready-to-eat salads including those containing semi-dried tomatoes. Despite trace-back, a source was not identified. Vigilance is needed, and rapid sharing of data may help source-tracing.
Increased detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children in England and Wales, October 2011 to January 2012
Authors: Chalker V J , Stocki T , Litt D , Bermingham A , Watson J , Fleming D M , Harrison T  G
Published: March 2021

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Antibiotic prescriptions and laboratory-confirmed cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae during the epidemic in Sweden in 2011
Authors: Linde A , Ternhag A , Törner A , Claesson B E
Published: March 2021

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NDM-1 producing Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from a patient repatriated to the Czech Republic from Egypt, July 2011
Authors: Hrabák J , Štolbová M , Študentová V , Fridrichová M , Chudáčková E , Zemlickova H
Published: March 2021

We describe the isolation of an NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in a Czech patient repatriated in July 2011 from Egypt. The infection spread to another patient on the same ward. Both isolates showed the same resistance pattern and were susceptible only to colistin. They had an identical PFGE pattern and belonged to the same sequence type ST 1. Sequencing of the blaNDM gene identified the NDM-1 variant of the carbapenemase, surrounded by two copies of insertion sequence ISAba125.
Ongoing rubella outbreak among adolescents in Salaj, Romania, September 2011–January 2012
Authors: Janta D , Stanescu A , Lupulescu E , Molnar G , Pistol A
Published: March 2021

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Preliminary report: Outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in a hotel in Calp, Spain, update on 22 February 2012
Authors: Vanaclocha H , Guiral S , Morera V , Calatayud M A , Castellanos M , Moya V , Jerez G , González F
Published: March 2021

Research is ongoing on eighteen cases of Legionellosis, including four deaths, identified among tourists and employees in a hotel in Calp, Spain. Cases occurred during a period of two months, indicating the possibility of a point-source transmission at the hotel. An environmental investigation identified several positive samples in the hotel, which as a precautionary measure, was closed until requested improvements were made. Surveillance measures currently remain active.
First detection of tick-borne “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” in Denmark 2011
Authors: Fertner M E , Mølbak L , Boye Pihl T P , Fomsgaard A , Bødker R
Published: March 2021

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Surveillance of acute infectious gastroenteritis (1992–2009) and food-borne disease outbreaks (1996–2009) in Italy, with a focus on the Piedmont and Lombardy regions
Authors: Mughini-Gras L , Graziani C , Biorci F , Pavan A , Magliola R , Ricci A , Gilli G , Carraro E , Busani L
Published: March 2021

We describe trends in the occurrence of acute infectious gastroenteritis (1992 to 2009) and food-borne disease outbreaks (1996 to 2009) in Italy. In 2002, the Piedmont region implemented a surveillance system for early detection and control of food-borne disease outbreaks; in 2004, the Lombardy region implemented a system for surveillance of all notifiable human infectious diseases. Both systems are internet based. We compared the regional figures with the national mean using official notification data provided by the National Infectious Diseases Notification System (SIMI) and the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), in order to provide additional information about the epidemiology of these diseases in Italy. When compared with the national mean, data from the two regional systems showed a significant increase in notification rates of non-typhoid salmonellosis and infectious diarrhoea other than non-typhoid salmonellosis, but for food-borne disease outbreaks, the increase was not statistically significant. Although the two regional systems have different objectives and structures, they showed improved sensitivity regarding notification of cases of acute infectious gastroenteritis and, to a lesser extent, food-borne disease outbreaks, and thus provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of these diseases in Italy.
Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with a recombinant porA gene in Scotland, United Kingdom, 2010 to 2011
Authors: Eastick K , Winter A , Jamdar S
Published: March 2021

Three isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have been identified in Scotland in 2010 and 2011, which lack sequences in the porA pseudogene commonly used as the target for confirmatory gonorrhoea polymerase chain reaction assays. Two isolates were clustered temporally and geographically and have the same sequence type and porA sequence. A similar strain was reported in Australia during early 2011. The other Scottish isolate was identified separately and is different in sequence type and porA sequence.
Overrepresentation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus among severe influenza cases in the 2011/12 season in four European countries
Authors: Beauté J , Broberg E , Plata F , Bonmarin I , O’Donnell J , Delgado C , Boddington N , Snacken R
Published: March 2021

In France, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom, the influenza season 2011/12 started in the final weeks of 2011 and has been dominated by influenza A(H3) viruses with minimal circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses. A relatively greater proportion, however, of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were reported in hospitalised laboratory-confirmed influenza cases in four countries. Compared to the season 2010/11, the proportion of subtype A(H3) among hospitalised cases has increased, associated with a larger proportion of cases in the youngest and oldest age groups.
Ongoing measles outbreak in Elche, Spain, 29 January to 9 March 2012
Authors: Delgado de los Reyes J A , Arencibia Jiménez M , Navarro Gracia J F , Alonso Echabe E , García Puente P , Banqueri Guerrero E M , Pérez Torregrosa G , Calle Barreto J D , Zurriaga Carda R
Published: March 2021

On 29 January 2012, the first case of measles in Elche, Spain, since 2001 was notified through the epidemiological surveillance system of the Valencian Community. As of 9 March, 109 cases have been notified. The outbreak started in a neighbourhood where the vaccination coverage of the population is inadequate. This report highlights the need to vaccinate the susceptible population and also points to the importance of developing coordinated measures between public health centres and hospital preventive services.
Tick-borne encephalitis transmitted by unpasteurised cow milk in western Hungary, September to October 2011
Authors: Caini S , Szomor K , Ferenczi E , Székelyné Gáspár Á , Csohán Á , Krisztalovics K , Molnár Z , Horváth J K
Published: March 2021

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Fatal case of imported human rabies in Amadora, Portugal, August 2011
Authors: Santos A , Calé E , Dacheux L , Bourhy H , Gouveia J , Vasconcelos P
Published: March 2021

We report on a case of imported human rabies in Portugal, in July 2011 in a woman who presented initially complaining of back pain, without relating exposure to animal bites. She had travelled from Portugal to Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, in April where she had been bitten by a dog on 1 May. She was diagnosed with rabies on 26 July and died two weeks later in spite of being treated following the Milwaukee protocol.
Risk perception and information-seeking behaviour during the 2009/10 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic in Germany
Authors: Walter D , Böhmer M M , Reiter S , Krause G , Wichmann O
Published: March 2021

During the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic in 2009/10, a total of 13 consecutive surveys were carried out of the general population in Germany to monitor knowledge, attitude and behaviour concerning the disease and vaccination against pandemic influenza in real time. In total, 13,010 persons aged 14 years or older were interviewed by computer-assisted telephone techniques between November 2009 and April 2010. During the peak of the pandemic, only 18% of participants stated that they perceived the risk of pandemic influenza as high; this proportion fell to 10% in January 2010. There was a significant difference in information-seeking behaviour among population subgroups concerning the disease and vaccine uptake. However, in all subgroups, conventional media sources such as television, radio and newspapers were more frequently used than the Internet. While the majority of participants (78%) felt sufficiently informed to make a decision for or against vaccination, overall vaccination coverage remained low. Among those who decided against vaccination, fear of adverse events and perception that the available vaccines were not sufficiently evaluated were the most frequently stated reasons. Such mistrust in the vaccines and the perceived low risk of the disease were the main barriers that contributed to the low vaccination coverage in Germany during the pandemic.
Description and analysis of 12 years of surveillance for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in Denmark, 1997 to 2008
Authors: Gubbels S , Bacci S , Laursen H , Høgenhaven H , Cowan S , Mølbak K , Christiansen M
Published: March 2021

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Health professions and risk of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 1965 to 2010
Authors: Alcalde-Cabero E , Almazán-Isla J , Brandel J P , Breithaupt M , Catarino J , Collins S , Haybäck J , Höftberger R , Kahana E , Kovacs G G , Ladogana A , Mitrova E , Molesworth A , Nakamura Y , Pocchiari M , Popovic M , Ruiz-Tovar M , Taratuto A L , van Duijn C , Yamada M , Will R G , Zerr I , de Pedro Cuesta J
Published: March 2021

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Age-dependent prevalence of antibodies cross-reactive to the influenza A(H3N2) variant virus in sera collected in Norway in 2011
Authors: Waalen K , Kilander A , Dudman S G , Ramos-Ocao R , Hungnes O
Published: March 2021

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Epidemiological surveillance of West Nile neuroinvasive diseases in Italy, 2008 to 2011
Authors: Rizzo C , Salcuni P , Nicoletti L , Ciufolini M G , Russo F , Masala R , Frongia O , Finarelli A C , Gramegna M , Gallo L , Pompa M G , Rezza G , Salmaso S , Declich S
Published: March 2021

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Treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea with internationally recommended first-line ceftriaxone verified in Slovenia, September 2011
Authors: Unemo M , Golparian D , Potočnik M , Jeverica S
Published: March 2021

We describe the second case in Europe of verified treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea, caused by an internationally occurring multidrug-resistant gonococcal clone, with recommended first-line ceftriaxone 250 mg in Slovenia. This is of grave concern since ceftriaxone is last remaining option for empirical treatment. Increased awareness of ceftriaxone failures, more frequent test-of-cure, strict adherence to regularly updated treatment guidelines, and thorough verification/falsification of suspected treatment failures are essential globally. New effective treatment options are imperative.
The case-cohort design in outbreak investigations
Authors: Le Polain de Waroux O , Maguire H , Moren A
Published: March 2021

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Rapid increase in gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses in England in 2011
Authors: Savage E  J , Marsh K , Duffell S , Ison C A , Zaman A , Hughes G
Published: March 2021

There has been a rapid rise in the number of gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses in England during 2011, an increase of 25% and 10% respectively. Large increases of both gonorrhoea (61%) and syphilis (28%) were observed among men who have sex with men. Although these rises can partly be attributed to increased testing, ongoing high-levels of unsafe sexual behaviour probably contributed to the rise. The rise in gonorrhoea rates is worrying in an era of decreased susceptibility to treatments.
Long-term control of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium at the scale of a large multihospital institution: a seven-year experience
Authors: Fournier S , Brossier F , Fortineau N , Gillaizeau F , Akpabie A , Aubry A , Barbut F , Chedhomme F X , Kassis-Chikhani N , Lucet J C , Robert J , Seytre D , Simon I , Vanjak D , Zahar J R , Brun-Buisson C , Jarlier V
Published: March 2021

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Estimating influenza-related sick leave in Norway: Was work absenteeism higher during the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic compared to seasonal epidemics?
Authors: de Blasio B F , Xue Y , Iversen B , Michael Gran J
Published: March 2021

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Ongoing spread of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in different wards of an acute general hospital, Italy, June to December 2011
Authors: Mammina C , Bonura C , Di Bernardo F , Aleo A , Fasciana T , Sodano C , Saporito M A , Verde M S , Tetamo R , Palma D M
Published: March 2021

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Azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia in Germany
Authors: Hamprecht A , Buchheidt D , Vehreschild J J , Cornely O A , Spiess B , Plum G , Halbsguth T V , Kutsch N , Stippel D , Kahl P , Persigehl T , Steinbach A , Bos B , Hallek M , Vehreschild M J
Published: March 2021

We report the first culture-proven case of invasive aspergillosis (IA) caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia in Germany. IA presented as breakthrough infection under posaconazole prophylaxis. Analysis of the resistance mechanism revealed the TR/L98H mutation in the cyp51A gene, which indicates an environmental origin of the strain. This case underscores the need for monitoring azole resistance in Aspergillus spp. and for routine susceptibility testing of moulds.
Ongoing African measles virus genotype outbreak in Tel Aviv district since April, Israel, 2012
Authors: Kopel E , Amitai Z , Savion M , Aboudy Y , Mendelson E , Sheffer R
Published: March 2021

A measles outbreak is affecting the Tel Aviv district, Israel, since April 2012. As of 10 September, 99 cases were confirmed, including 63 (64%) migrants of Eritrean and Sudanese origin. All genotyped cases had the African B3 genotype*. The mean age of migrant and non-migrant cases was 6.0±9.6 and 30.2±24.2 years, respectively (p<0.001). The majority of both migrant and non-migrant cases was unvaccinated. This is the second African measles B3 genotype outbreak within the World Health Organization European region in 2012.
Usefulness of the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System in the management of an outbreak of listeriosis, Belgium, 2011
Authors: Yde M , Naranjo M , Mattheus W , Stragier P , Pochet B , Beulens K , De Schrijver K , Van den Branden D , Laisnez V , Flipse W , Leclercq A , Lecuit M , Dierick K , Bertrand S
Published: March 2021

A cluster of time-linked cases and the identification of a clonal strain suggest the occurrence of an outbreak of listeriosis in Belgium in 2011, presumably due to the consumption of hard cheese made with pasteurised milk and produced by a Belgium manufacturer. The outbreak clone was identified as Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a, sensitive to arsenic and cadmium and of multilocus sequence typing MLST-type 37. Food investigation of this outbreak was facilitated by the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System and data exchanged between French and Belgium listeriosis surveillance systems.
Surveillance of travel-associated gastrointestinal infections in Norway, 2009–2010: are they all actually imported?
Authors: Guzman-Herrador B , Vold L , Nygård K
Published: March 2021

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An invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus found in the Czech Republic, 2012
Authors: Šebesta O , Rudolf I , Betášová L , Peško J , Hubálek Z
Published: March 2021

Between July and September 2012, seventeen larvae of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) were discovered using 60 ovitraps at four study sites alongside two main road exits in South Moravia, Czech Republic. This is the first report of imported Ae. albopictus in the Czech Republic. The findings highlight the need for a regular surveillance programme to monitor this invasive species throughout western and central Europe.
Sequence-based typing of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 clinical isolates from Belgium between 2000 and 2010
Authors: Vekens E , Soetens O , De Mendonça R , Echahidi F , Roisin S , Deplano A , Eeckhout L , Achtergael W , Piérard D , Denis O , Wybo I
Published: March 2021

Sequence-based typing (SBT) is a discriminatory method widely used to genotype Legionella pneumophila strains. A total of 86 clinical L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg1) isolates, collected between January 2000 and December 2010 in the two Belgian National Reference Centres for Legionella pneumophila, were genotyped using the internationally standardised SBT protocol of the European Working Group for Legionella Infections (EWGLI). The isolates could be classified into 31 different sequence types (ST, index of diversity: 0.879). The obtained STs were submitted to the EWGLI SBT-database for L. pneumophila. In our study, ST47 (27.9%) and ST1 (19.8%) were the most frequently detected STs. The detected profiles were a combination of both frequently isolated and unique STs, and of both worldwide distributed and more local strains. Two STs, ST880 and ST881, were new to the EWGLI database. In conclusion, we characterised L. pneumophila sg1 isolates with the SBT method, and created a Belgian profile database that will be useful for future epidemiological studies.
Hospitalisation associated with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and seasonal influenza in Hong Kong, 2005 to 2010
Authors: Yang L , Wang X L , Chan K P , Cao P H , Lau H Y , Peiris J S , Wong C M
Published: March 2021

Reliable estimates of the morbidity burden caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza (pH1N1) are important for assessing the severity of the pandemic. Poisson regression models were fitted to weekly numbers of cause-specific hospitalisation in Hong Kong from 2005 to 2010. Excess hospitalisation associated with the 2009 pandemic and seasonal influenza was derived from the model by incorporating the proxy variables of weekly proportions of specimens positive for the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, seasonal influenza A (subtypes H3N2 and H1N1) and B viruses. Compared with seasonal influenza, pH1N1 influenza was associated with higher hospitalisation rates for acute respiratory disease (ARD) among children younger than 18 years and adults aged between 18 and 64 years, but among the elderly aged 65 years and older the hospitalisation rates were lower for pH1N1 than for seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 influenza. Hospitalisation rates for chronic diseases associated with pH1N1 influenza were generally higher than those associated with seasonal influenza. The reported hospitalised cases with laboratory-confirmed pandemic infections accounted for only 16% of pH1N1 influenza-associated hospitalisations for ARD in the age group 75 years and older, and 5?66% of hospitalisations for chronic diseases in those older than 40 years. The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic was associated with a dramatically increased risk of hospitalisation among children and young adults. The morbidity burden of pandemic was underreported in old people and in those with chronic conditions.
Assessment of the bio-preparedness and of the training of the French hospital laboratories in the event of biological threat
Authors: Mérens A , Cavallo J D , Thibault F , Salicis F , Munoz J F , Courcol R , Binder P
Published: March 2021

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Probable autochthonous introduced malaria cases in Italy in 2009–2011 and the risk of local vector-borne transmission
Authors: Romi R , Boccolini D , Menegon M , Rezza G
Published: March 2021

We describe two cases of probable autochthonous introduced Plasmodium vivax malaria that occurred in 2009 and 2011 in two sites of South-Central Italy. Although the sources of the infections were not detected, local transmission could not be disproved and therefore the cases were classified as autochthonous. Sporadic P. vivax cases transmitted by indigenous vectors may be considered possible in some areas of the country where vector abundance and environmental conditions are favourable to malaria transmission.
Sequencing and phylogenetic characterisation of a fatal Crimean – Congo haemorrhagic fever case imported into the United Kingdom, October 2012
Authors: Atkinson B , Latham J , Chamberlain J , Logue C , O'Donoghue L , Osborne J , Carson G , Brooks T , Carroll M , Jacobs M , Hopkins S , Hewson R
Published: March 2021

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HIV and AIDS in the European Union, 2011
Authors: Likatavicius G , Van de Laar M
Published: March 2021

In 2011, a total of 28,038 new HIV diagnoses were reported by European Union and European Economic Area countries. The annual rate of HIV diagnoses does not show clear signs of decrease and HIV continues to be concentrated in selected populations such as men who have sex with men and injecting drug users, and a high proportion reported as late presenters. Despite effective and available antiretroviral treatment, the number of AIDS cases increased in a few countries.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing outbreak in a school in Marseille, France, 2012
Authors: Golesi F , Brignatz J , Bellenfant M , Raoult D , Drancourt M
Published: March 2021

Between January and September 2012, a teacher and four students at a technical college in Marseille, France, developed pulmonary tuberculosis. All Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from these cases were identical and belonged to the Beijing strain family, multispacer sequence type 72, a rare genotype identified only once in our laboratory in the previous two years. This report highlights once more the potential for M. tuberculosis Beijing strains to cause outbreaks, this time in a school setting.
Molecular epidemiological typing within the European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Programme reveals predominance of a multidrug-resistant clone
Authors: Chisholm S A , Unemo M , Quaye N , Johansson E , Cole M J , Ison C A , Van de Laar M JW
Published: March 2021

Treatment of gonorrhoea is threatened by antimicrobial resistance, and decreased susceptibility and resistance to recommended therapies is emerging in Europe. Current associations between resistance and molecular type remain poorly understood. Gonococcal isolates (n=1,066) collected for the 2009 and 2010 European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme were typed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). A total of 406 sequence types (STs) were identified, 125 of which occurred in ≥two isolates. Seven major genogroups of closely related STs (varying by ≤1% at just one of the two target loci) were defined. Genogroup 1407 (G1407), observed in 20/21 countries and predominant in 13/21 countries, accounted for 23% of all isolates and was associated with decreased susceptibility to cefixime and resistance to ciprofloxacin and raised minimum inhibitory concentrations for ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Genogroup 225 (G225), associated with ciprofloxacin resistance, was observed in 10% of isolates from 19/21 countries. None of the other genogroups were associated with antimicrobial resistance. The predominance of a multidrug-resistant clone (G1407) in Europe is worrying given the recent reports of recommended third generation cephalosporins failing to treat infections with this clone. Identifying associations between ST and antimicrobial resistance aids the understanding of the dissemination of resistant clones within a population and could facilitate development of targeted intervention strategies.
A snapshot of genetic lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ireland over a two-year period, 2010 and 2011
Authors: Fitzgibbon M M , Gibbons N , Roycroft E , Jackson S , O’Donnell J , O’Flanagan D , Rogers T R
Published: March 2021

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A Clostridium perfringens outbreak traced to temperature-abused beef stew, Norway, 2012
Authors: Wahl E , Rømma S , Granum P E
Published: March 2021

On 21 January 2012, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority was informed about gastrointestinal illness among 111 swimming club members, who were staying at a hotel in Trondheim. A hotel dinner on 20 January was their only common meal. Kitchen staff were interviewed, and food leftovers and kitchen environment were sampled. A case was defined as a swimming team member staying at the hotel from 20 to 22 January, who fell ill with diarrhoea, abdominal pain or nausea during this period. A total of 43 cases were identified, with median duration of symptoms of 35 hours. cpe-positive Clostridium perfringens (3.8 x 108 CFU), but not Bacillus cereus, was isolated from beef stew eaten by cases. cpe-negative C. perfringens was detected in a sample from the kitchen floor. SDS-PAGE showed indistinguishable protein profiles among C. perfringens cultures isolated from the beef stew, but slightly different profiles from the culture isolated from the kitchen floor. Cohort analysis showed that eating beef stew and rice was significantly associated with illness. No pathogens were detected in the rice. The temperature control of the stew, but not of the rice, was poor. Our results strongly indicate that cases were infected by Clostridium perfringens in beef stew that had inadequate temperature control during preparation.
Fatal case of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype infection in an injecting drug user, Athens, Greece, 2012
Authors: Leuow K , Papaventsis D , Kourkoundi S , Ioannidis P , Karabela S , Tsikrika S , Marinou I , Papavasileiou A , Stone M , Drobniewski F , Paparisos V , Vogiatzakis E
Published: March 2021

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Genetic analysis of novel avian A(H7N9) influenza viruses isolated from patients in China, February to April 2013
Authors: Kageyama T , Fujisaki S , Takashita E , Xu H , Yamada S , Uchida Y , Neumann G , Saito T , Kawaoka Y , Tashiro M
Published: March 2021

Novel influenza viruses of the H7N9 subtype have infected 33 and killed nine people in China as of 10 April 2013. Their haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes probably originated from Eurasian avian influenza viruses; the remaining genes are closely related to avian H9N2 influenza viruses. Several characteristic amino acid changes in HA and the PB2 RNA polymerase subunit probably facilitate binding to human-type receptors and efficient replication in mammals, respectively, highlighting the pandemic potential of the novel viruses.
Increase in hepatitis A in tourists from Denmark, England, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden returning from Egypt, November 2012 to March 2013
Authors: MacDonald E , Steens A , Stene-Johansen K , Gillesberg Lassen S , Midgley S  E , Lawrence J , Crofts J , Ngui S L , Balogun K , Frank C , Faber M , Gertler M , Verhoef L , Koopmans M , Sane J , van Pelt W , Sundqvist L , Vold L
Published: March 2021

Since November 2012, there has been an increase in reported cases of hepatitis A in tourists returning from Egypt in several European countries. As of 24 April, 80 HAV cases in travellers with symptom onset after 1 November 2012 visiting different areas in Egypt have been reported. Four cases from Norway, six cases from the Netherlands and five cases from England share an identical hepatitis A viral RNA sequence. This increase in cases suggests that vaccination recommendations for travellers to hepatitis A endemic countries should be reinforced.
Re-emergence of animal rabies in northern Greece and subsequent human exposure, October 2012 – March 2013
Authors: Tsiodras S , Dougas G , Baka A , Billinis C , Doudounakis S , Balaska A , Georgakopoulou T , Rigakos G , Kontos V , Tasioudi K E , Tzani M , Tsarouxa P , Iliadou P , Mangana-Vougiouka O , Iliopoulos D , Sapounas S , Efstathiou P , Tsakris A , Hadjichristodoulou C , Kremastinou J
Published: March 2021

Greece has been rabies-free since 1987 with no human cases since 1970. During 2012 to 2013, rabies has re-emerged in wild and domestic animals in northern Greece. By end March 2013, rabies was diagnosed in 17 animals including 14 red foxes, two shepherd dogs and one cat; 104 subsequent human exposures required post-exposure prophylaxis according to the World Health Organization criteria. Human exposures occurred within 50 km radius of a confirmed rabies case in a wild or domestic animal, and most frequently stray dogs were involved.
Preliminary inferences on the age-specific seriousness of human disease caused by avian influenza A(H7N9) infections in China, March to April 2013
Authors: Cowling B J , Freeman G , Wong J Y , Wu P , Liao Q , Lau E H , Wu J T , Fielding R , Leung G M
Published: March 2021

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A major outbreak of gastroenteritis in Réunion Island in 2012: first identification of G12 rotavirus on the Island
Authors: Caillère N , Vilain P , Brottet E , Kaplon J , Ambert-Balay K , Polycarpe D , Filleul L
Published: March 2021

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Analysis of national measles surveillance data in Italy from October 2010 to December 2011 and priorities for reaching the 2015 measles elimination goal
Authors: Filia A , Bella A , Rota M C , Tavilla A , Magurano F , Baggieri M , Nicoletti L , Iannazzo S , Pompa M G , Declich S
Published: March 2021

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