bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MAJESTIC 8: ROLES OF SONG AS LYRICAL AUDIO OF LISTENING MEDIA
Authors: Nurbani Armelia Nungki
Published: February 2021

The aim of this research was to find out the roles of songs in teaching listening at Senior High School. Teachers can use some media that are suitable with the condition of the class and students. For that reason, song is one of media that is familiar for students. Descriptive qualitative was the approach of this research. The data were derived from interview, observation and documentation. The interview were conducted by 7 participants consisting of 6 students and 1 teacher. The subject of this research was the twelve grade students of one of Senior High School in Surabaya. This study found 3 roles and 5 benefits of songs in teaching listening at Senior High School. The result of roles are 1) song is a cozy medium to teach listening. 2) song is used to entertain students in listening class. 3) song is used to motivate students to learn English in the classroom. Besides, the result of benefits are 1) the students can learn vocabulary and meaning. 2) the students can learn pronunciation. 3) the students can train their listening skill. 4) the students can enjoy the listening class. 5) the students became active and confident in the class. In conclusion, songs became one of  good media in teaching listening because the students can feel comfortable, happy, and do not feel bored when they are in listening session. To all intens and purposes, there is a need to be conducted with having many participants for further research both different school or level. This is to get rich of the data in order to have more concrete data.  Keywords: Roles of song,  listening media
AN ANALYSIS OF THE STUDENTS’ ERROR ON CHANGING ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE
Authors: Darohim Mohammad
Published: February 2021

In passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb. It is often used both in spoken and written form. For the learners, to change the active into passive voice of the target language is very confusing. The students usually make errors in building passive sentences as they ignore some aspects required in arranging best form of passive sentence. The students of El-Madani Islamic Boarding School Deket Lamongan were confused to change the verb in different tenses. The type of this research is descriptive quantitative. The research was chosen because this type of research defines what exist and may help to reveal new point and meaning. The survey and experiment, which were used in this research, was the phenomena of English errors passive sentences made by the students.  The population of this research is all the students of El-Madani Modern Islamic Boarding School.The researcher used test and questionnaire to collect the data. The result of this study shows that (1) the kinds of errors commonly made by the students in changing active voice to passive voice are errors of omission, errors of addition, errors of miss-formation, and errors of miss-ordering (2) The students have difficulties in understanding passive voice especially in four tenses, simple present tense, simple past tense, present continuous tense and past continuous tense. (3) Factors which affect students’ ability in passive voice are: classroom atmosphere, lack of experience in using English, teacher’s explanation was not clear enough, the differences between passive voice in Bahasa and English. Keywords: Students’ errors, passive voice
FLASHCARD AS A MEDIA TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL IN DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
Authors: Musyaffa' M. Lathif
Published: February 2021

The main purpose of this research is to know the improvement of students’ writing skill in descriptive paragraph through flashcard media. This research was conducted at SMP “Empat Lima” Karanggeneng. This research is a classroom action research which consisted of two cycles. This study was carried out on February until May 2020. The subjects were the seventh grade students of SMP “Empat Lima” Karanggeneng, Lamongan. The data were collected by holding the test, interviewing, observing and distributing the questionnaire. The instruments that have been used are writing paragraph rubric, interview guideline, observational note and questionnaire sheet. The data that were used in this research are qualitative dan quantitative. This study used democratic validity, outcome validity, catalytical validity, process validity and dialogic validity as the validation. Then, the reliability of this study were time and investigator triangulation. There were several steps in this research implememntation, they are identifying the problems, planning, acting, observing and reflecting. The results showed that the use flashcard media in writing has been able to improve students’ writing skill. According to the qualitative data, the students were enjoy and enthusiastic with the implementation of flahcard media in writing lesson. The They also felt easier to make a descriptive paragraph through this media. According to the quantitative data, the students’ main score was improved in the each cycle. Keywords: : Flashcard, writing skill
Greek, Tamil and Sanskrit: Comparison between the Myths of Herakles (related with Iole and Deianira) and Rama in Hinduism
Authors: Pugazhendhi D
Published: February 2021

The Greek Historian Arrian has said that the Indians worshipped Greek Herakles. So the myths related with Greek Herakles need to be compared with the myths of the Indian Gods. There are many myths related with Herakles. The myth related with Iole and Deianira has resemblance with the myth of Rama in Hinduism and Buddhism. The word Rama which is connected with sea is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. This word came into existence in the ancient Tamil literature called Sanga Ilakkiam through the trade that happened among the people of Greek, Hebrew and Tamil. The myths of Rama that occurred in the Tamil Sangam literature later developed as epics in Sanskrit, Tamil and other languages. Further the myths of Rama also found place in religions such as the Hinduism and the Buddhism. The resemblance between Herakles, in connection with Iole and Deianira, and Rama are synonymous. Hence the Greek Herakles is portrayed as Rama in Hinduism and Buddhism. Keywords: Arrian, Buddhism, Herakles, Rama, Tamil Sangam
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Authors: Cover Cover
Published: February 2021

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EDUCAÇÃO INTEGRAL EM TEMPO INTEGRAL COMO VIABILIZADOR DE UMA EDUCAÇÃO DE QUALIDADE
Authors: Pereira Manuela de Jesus , Pereira da Cruz de Araújo Rosângela
Published: February 2021

Este artigo aborda a educação integral em tempo integral como viabilizador de uma educação de qualidade.Reconhecer a escola como espaço central na promoção da educação e compreende-la enquanto mediadora dos diversos saberes presentes em escolas de ensino integral é um desafio que configura as necessidades, desejos e direitos de um coletivo social. Portanto, é um debate que está começando, mas que vem se afirmando como ação estratégica, para garantia da permanência e do sucesso escolar das crianças, adolescentes e jovens que precisam de mais tempos, espaços e oportunidades educativas. Esta pesquisa é caracterizada metodologicamente pelo estudo bibliográfico. Conclui-se que é importante preocupar-se com as formas de organização curricular, de conteúdos e métodos, capazes de possibilitar a educação integral em tempo integral; a programação pedagógica do ensino integral é eficaz, e tem apresentado bons resultados de ensino; a programação pedagógica aplicada se justifica, visto que de fato uma estruturação que possa favorecer a formação dos educandos.
Euphorbia glyptosperma (Euphorbiaceae), an alien species new for the flora of Russia
Authors: Geltman D. V. , Medvedeva N. A.
Published: February 2021

A common North American species Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. (subgen. Chamaesyce Raf., sect. Anisophyllum Roep.) is reported for Russia for the first time. It was collected in Saratov, Rostov, Volgograd, Astrakhan administrative regions, the Republic of Kalmykia, Stavropol Territory, and the Republic of Dagestan during 1997–2006. It differs from morphologically similar species E. chamaesyce L. and E. humifusa Willd. in having prominent transverse ridges on the facets of seeds and very short styles. Now this species is likely expanding its secondary range in Russia, as well as in Western Europe.
New combination in the genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) of the flora of Balkan Peninsula
Authors: Vasjukov V. M.
Published: February 2021

A new nomenclatural combination for an endemic of the Balkan Peninsula is published: Thymus urumovii (Velen.) Vasjukov.
The synopsis of the genus Melica (Poaceae) in the flora of Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Lazkov G. A. , Usupbaev A. K.
Published: February 2021

On the base of a critical review of the material kept in the Herbarium of the Laboratory of Flora, Institute for Biology and Pedology, National Aсademy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic (FRU), a synopsis of the genus Melica L. (Poaceae) in the flora of the Kyrgyz Republic (further KR) with a key for the species identification and short nomenclatural citations is presented. Nine species belonging to 2 sections are recognized in KR. A new species Melica chatkalica Lazkov et Usupbaev is described, differential characters from related species are given. M. schafkatii Bondarenko is newly reported for KR, and M. nutans L. for the Western Tien Shan. The hybrid origin of M. chatkalica and M. schafkatii is proposed. Maps of distribution of the species growing in KR and list of studied specimens are provided.
New taxa in Festuca aggr. rubra (Poaceae) from the Baikal Siberia and the Russian Far East
Authors: Enushchenko I. V. , Probatova N. S.
Published: February 2021

Three new taxa of red fescues (Festuca aggr. rubra L.) with entirely or partly pseudoviviparous spikelets are described from the Russian Far East (Yevreyskaya Avtonomnaya Oblast’, south of the Amur River) and from the Baikal Siberia (Irkutskaya Oblast’, Baikalo-Lenskii Nature Reserve): F. raddei Enustschenko et Prob., F. breviramea Enustschenko, F. rubrа L. var. caulispicula Enustschenko. In addition, a non-pseudoviviparous new species F. karaginensis Enustschenko et Prob. (also from Festuca aggr. rubra) is described from Karaginskii Island (near the eastern coast of Kamchatka Peninsula).
Alcea × nadezhdae nothosp. nova (Malvaceae), a new nothospecies from Western Altai (Russia)
Authors: Grebenjuk A. V.
Published: February 2021

A new nothospecies Alcea × nadezhdae A. V. Grebenjuk is described. It has originated from putative hybridization between a Western Altai endemic species A. frolowiana (Litv.) Iljin and a cultivated species A. rosea L. The choice of the orthographic variant of the A. frolowiana epithet was restored according to that accepted in the protologue.
Evolution of Homosexuality in the Human Male: Improved Mixed-Team Performance Hypothesis
Authors: van Ginkel Maarten
Published: February 2021

Male homosexual preference (MHP) is present in many human societies. Because homosexual mate preferences are associated with lower fecundity, many evolutionary explanations have been advanced to account for the persistence of this trait, with varying degrees of success. After reviewing a number of these hypotheses and finding them lacking, we propose a new hypothesis that depends on the observed greater empathy and reduced hostility of men who express MHP. This gives them a central role in the performance of groups or teams of males and/or females where cooperation and intra-team coherence are at a premium. Teams that contain men with MHP will, we propose, outcompete teams without such men. The links we propose between personality traits and team performance do not require homosexual activity within the group. Our hypothesis is supported by observations of the personality traits associated with MHP, such as agreeableness, which we link to the literature on sports and other kinds of teams and groups. Our hypothesis could be examined through direct study of team performance, enabling the topic to move beyond evolutionary theorizing. We note too that although we set out to develop an additional account for the evolutionary maintenance of MHP, our hypothesis may also have relevance to better performance among the diverse teams whose efficient performance is so important in modern society.
Linking Rural Livelihood and Conservation in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam
Authors: AISDL
Published: February 2021

Creation of protected areas for biological conservation often conflicts with sustenance of livelihood of local people living inside or nearby regions. Combination between biological conservation and livelihood development has been much remained to be done in protected regions.
A guide to systems-level, participatory, theory-informed implementation research in global health
Authors: Seward Nadine , Hanlon Charlotte , Hinrichs-Krapels Saba , Lund Crick , Murdoch Jamie , salisbury Tatiana , Verhey Ruth , Shidhaye Rahul , Thornicroft Graham , Araya Ricardo , Sevdalis Nick
Published: February 2021

Implementation research is a multidisciplinary field that addresses the complex phenomenon of how context influences our ability to deliver evidence-informed healthcare. There is increasing realisation of the importance of applying robust implementation research to scale-up lifesaving interventions that meet health-related sustainable development goals. However, the lack of high-quality implementation research is impeding our ability to meet these targets. Within implementation research, theory refers to the proposed description of how an intervention is expected to bring about change and how this relates to inputs, outputs, and outcomes. Although there is increasing interest in applying theory to understand how and why implementation programmes work in real-world settings, global health actors still tend to favour impact evaluations conducted in controlled environments. This may, in part, be due to the relative methodological complexity of implementation research and the need to draw on divergent disciplines, including epidemiology, implementation science and social sciences. Because of this, implementation research is faced with a particular set of challenges about how to reconcile different ways of thinking and constructing knowledge about healthcare interventions.To help translate some of the ambiguity surrounding how the divergent theoretical approaches and methods contribute to implementation research, we draw on our multi-disciplinary expertise in the field, particularly in global health. We offer an overview of the different theoretical approaches and describe how they are applied to continuously select monitor and evaluate implementation strategies throughout the different phases of implementation research. In doing so, we offer a relatively brief, user-focused guide to help global health actors implement and report on evaluation of evidence-based and scalable interventions, programmes, and practices.
The Youth Digital Skills Indicator: Report on the conceptualisation and development of the ySKILLS digital skills measure
Authors: AISDL
Published: February 2021

This report presents the youth Digital Skills Indicator (yDSI), a unique, extensively crossnationally validated measurement tool with 31 items, distributed over digital skills and digital knowledge questions, that can be used for large-scale population research. The yDSI is the only measurement tool for youth digital skills that has been tested using the full range of validation practices. Over a period of six months, consultation with experts (face validity), cognitive interviews (content validity), pilot surveys (construct validity) and performance tests (criterion validity) with young people were conducted in a wide range of European countries. A review of the literature led to a framework identifying four dimensions that constitute digital skills: (1) technical and operational skills; (2) information navigation and processing skills; (3) communication and interaction skills; and (4) content creation and production skills.
THE FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE SIREH TRADITIONAL DANCE’S MOTION IN NORTH LOMBOK REGENCY
Authors: Murcahyanto Hary , Feni Normala , Imtihan Yuspianal , Yuliatin Riyana Rizki
Published: February 2021

This research aims to identify and describe motion and its terminology in the Sireh Dance at the Sireh Briuk Sadar Art Studio, Buani, Bentek Village, North Lombok Regency. The qualitative approach was used to collect data through observation, interviews, and documentation. The obtained data were analyzed by reducing, grouping, and summarizing all information. The results showed that the Sireh dance motions consisted of filler, stationary, and moving motion with the upper and lower limbs arranged into four stages called the Tumpang Tampik, Gending Alus, Kjerot, and parade.
Do Psychology Researchers Need Better Tools for Power Analysis of Multilevel Designs?
Authors: Clavel Frederick , Helm Jonathan
Published: February 2021

A recent grant submission proposed to develop, test, and disseminate user-friendly tools to conduct power analysis for a wide array of multilevel designs (including longitudinal, cross-sectional, two-level, and three-level designs). Among other criticisms, the review criticized the proposal’s lack of empirical evidence for researchers’ critical need of such tools. In response, the current study (N = 336 of social, economic, and behavioral scientists) aimed to empirically examine researchers’ need for user-friendly power analysis tools for multilevel designs, which generally showed that researchers (1) are relatively unfamiliar with software for power analysis of multilevel designs, (2) tend to not use software specifically designed for power analysis of multilevel designs, (3) believe that user-friendly tools (including YouTube videos and power tables) will be useful for both their own research and their field more generally; generally indicating a need for user-friendly tools to conduct power analysis for multilevel designs.
The role of meta-analysis and preregistration in assessing the evidence for cleansing effects
Authors: Ross Robert M , van Aert Robbie Cornelis Maria , Van den Akker Olmo , van Elk Michiel
Published: February 2021

Lee and Schwarz interpret meta-analytic research and replication studies as providing evidence for the robustness of cleansing effects. We argue that the currently available evidence is unconvincing because (a) publication bias and the opportunistic use of researcher degrees of freedom appear to have inflated meta-analytic effect size estimates, and (b) preregistered replications failed to find any evidence of cleansing effects.
Phonemic awareness as fundamental listening skill: A cross-sectional, cohort study of elementary foreign language learners
Authors: Nakao Kaori , Oga-Baldwin W. L. Quint , Fryer Luke K.
Published: February 2021

Phonemic awareness is a necessary but not sufficient skill for language development. Phonemic awareness is therefore a critical factor for initial foreign language learning leading to ultimate attainment of literacy in the new language. The current study presents a test of phonemic awareness applied to the Japanese elementary school EFL environment. Two-hundred and sixty-eight students enrolled in grades three through six in a public elementary school completed a fifteen item test of initial word sounds. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results comparing scores across the four cohorts indicated clear differences between the grades. Students' phonemic awareness increased in non-stepwise fashion, with clear increases across two year periods. Results indicate the potential for testing phonemic awareness in EFL settings with non-alphabetic L1 learners.
E–Mentoring female underrepresented public health student researchers: Supporting a more diverse post–pandemic workforce
Authors: Mahayosnand Ponn P , Zanders Lavezza , Sabra ZM , Essa Saman , Ahmed Samiha , Bermejo Diana Mora , Funmilayo Maryam , Sabra DM , Ablay Sheilamae
Published: February 2021

Within higher education, underrepresented students continue to face inequalities and discrimination to this day,1 with unique challenges emphasized during the COVID–19 pandemic. Mentoring, whether through formal or informal counseling or coaching, is one way to offer assistance to such students.2 Mentors can provide critical support as students contemplate and pursue completion of higher degrees and pursue occupations that directly serve their communities. During COVID–19 lockdowns, as classes and work became remote, mentoring also transitioned online to electronic mentoring or e–mentoring. E–mentoring was implemented formally by some universities,3 and informally by independent researchers. One female independent researcher of color had a research team consisting of 7 female colleagues in 6 countries and 7 female student researchers (she mentored 2 in–person, e–mentored 5). Since all the students represented different racial and ethnic backgrounds, they offer this unique collection of e–mentoring case studies during the pandemic. The lead author mentored all 7 student authors of this paper. The senior author, also a female independent researcher of color shared her e–mentoring experiences. All of these e–mentoring relationships were created informally. Sharing these independent field reports should not be assumed to be a representation of any of the students’ 6 universities, rather as a sample of what can be achieved by invested e–mentors. By sharing these anecdotal experiences, the authors, particularly the lead and senior authors, hope to call upon all researchers of underrepresented groups to consider e–mentoring to support underrepresented student researchers for the benefit of diversification in the public health research field.
Thirty Years Lost: Studies of Early American History in Japan
Authors: Tsukada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2021

Studies of early and Native American history in Japan have been stagnant for thirty years. Despite the “aboriginal turn” in the United States, Japanese scholars have not recognized the great progress even in this era of active interactions between and integration of the academic communities in Japan and the U.S., and have continued to treat European colonial history as early American history. This essay does not discuss why this generation-long neglect has occurred but aims to point out the lag and the specific shortcomings it has caused.
Sedum emarginatum and its polysaccharide have a therapeutic effect on alcoholic liver disease in mice
Authors: Yuruo Gong , Dujuan Shi , Zhang Wei Kevin , Yang Xinzhou , Xiaojun Li
Published: February 2021

Objective: To explore the therapeutic effect of Sedum emarginatum (SE) and its polysaccharide on alcoholic liver disease. Methods: First, we ground fresh SE to obtain homogenate, and then test the effect of SE on a mouse model of acute alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD). Kunming female mice were given intragastric administration of alcohol once every 12 hours to induce AFLD, three times in total, and the mice received ethanol and SE at the same time. The mice were sacrificed 4 hours after the last alcohol administration, and serum and liver were collected for testing. We found that SE was effective and then carried out subsequent experiments. The dried SE powder was extracted under heating and reflux by different polar solvents: petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The extracting solution were heat and concentrated to obtain an extract. The water part was purified to obtain polysaccharide. We tested the therapeutic effect of each part of SE in a mouse model of early alcoholic hepatitis (AH). Mice were given 5 g/kg of alcohol every 12 hours, a total of 9 times, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intraperitoneally at the 36 h and 84 h. After 4 hours of the last gavage, the mice were sacrificed. The serum and liver tissue were used to tested relevant biochemical indexes. Results: SE had a certain reversal effect on the increase of serum triglycerides caused by alcohol, and it had a better effect on the accumulation of lipid droplets in liver tissues. Oil red O staining proved this result. In the second acute experiment, the mortality rate of the animal in the model group was 7/12, and the mortality rate in each treatment group was 1/8, 1/7, 4/8, and 1/8. In all parts, the crude polysaccharide did not significantly reverse the increase of serum triglyceride levels in early AH, but it could significantly alleviate the increase of inflammatory foci and steatosis in liver tissue. The transmission electron microscopy result indicates that the crude polysaccharide component has a certain protective effect on mitochondrial damage caused by alcohol. Conclusion: SE can reduce fatty liver and hyperlipidemia caused by alcohol, and its polysaccharide can reduce liver inflammation in the early alcoholic hepatitis by protecting mitochondron.
Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of Annona muricata using the elevated plus maze test
Authors: Ohemeng Kwasi Adomako , Doe Peace , Pappoe Mariam Adoley , Gordor Dzifa Thywill , Adubea Yaa , Amaglo Sylvester Mawunyo , Prempeh James Mercer
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Natural products since time immemorial have been the source of traditional medicine. A number of well-known anxiolytic agents currently used have several side effects that limit their use. Among medicinal plants, leaves of Annona muricata (AM) are being recommended by traditional healers for the management of anxiety. This study is performed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of Annona muricata. Methodology: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of Annona muricata were prepared and assessed for anxiolytic effect using the elevated plus maze (EPM) model. The antianxiety activity of the extracts were compared to the control (distilled water 10ml/kg) and standard drug Diazepam (5mg/kg). Results and discussion: All doses of the aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata exhibited significant increase in mean entries into open arms (P<0.01) and mean time spent in open arms (P<0.05) compared to the control. 100mg/kg and 400mg/kg of the ethanolic bark extract of Annona muricata showed significant increase in open arm entries (P<0.01) with 100mg/kg also showing an increase in time spent in open arms which was significant. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of Annona muricata exert an anxiolytic effect on rats which substantiates its traditional use in the management of anxiety.
Retraction Notice - The Journal of Phytopharmacology
Authors: Mudimba Toonse Nguwesu , Nguta Joseph Mwanzia
Published: February 2021

The following article is being withdrawn. Toonse Nguwesu Mudimba, Joseph Mwanzia Nguta. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Carpobrotus edulis: A global perspective. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2019;8(3):111-116. DOI: 10.31254/phyto.2019.8305 Editor, The Journal of Phytopharmacology
Diversity, Distribution and Occurrence of Fishes in Begnas Lake, Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Kishor K , Chand Sapana
Published: February 2021

Present paper deals with the diversity of fishes in Begnas Lake, Pokhara. Fishes were identified and their occurrence, average size range, weight and market price were determined. Altogether 17 species of fishes belonging to five orders, seven families and 17 genera were recorded, of which 11 species were indigenous, while six species were exotic. Family cyprinidae was dominant in terms of both species composition and occurrence. Knowledge of fish diversity has been expected as a useful tool for both quality and quantity harvesting of fish as well as for future studies.
Diversity, Distribution and Conservation of Fishes in Lakes of Pokhara Valley, Nepal
Authors: Timilsina Ganesh , Bastola Subash C , Gurung Sherman , Pokharel Kishor K
Published: February 2021

Present study deals with fish diversity along with management aspects of lakes in Pokhara Valley. It was conducted during September 2009 to February 2010. Monthly fish sampling was done using gill net with the help of experienced fishermen. Altogether 34 species of fishes were recorded in the present study. The population status of important fish species viz., Tor Tor (Hamilton- Buchanan) was found to be endangered, that of Tor putitora (Hamilton-Buchanan), Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (Mc Clelland), Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton-Buchanan), and Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan) were found to be vulnerable (VU); five species were uncommon (UN) and 24 species were common (C) including common exotic(C*). The lakes were found to be influenced by human activities such as direct disposal of domestic sewage, unscientific agricultural practices, construction of dams without fish ladder or passes, deforestation causing soil erosion etc., which were creating threat to the lentic ecosystem.
Beekeeping: Practices, Opportunities and Challenges in Deupur, Parbat, Nepal
Authors: Gautam Prem R , Chapagain Ram P , Gautam Ramji
Published: February 2021

Beekeeping practice and challenges faced by beekeepers were studied in Deupur, Modi Rural Municipality, Parbat District, Gandaki Province, Nepal. A total of 10 farmers, who had beehives were selected for questionnaire survey during the study period. Of these, five households practiced modern way of beekeeping, two households practiced both modern and traditional way, and three household practiced traditional way of beekeeping. Eighty percent (80%) of respondents supported good forest coverage was the potential opportunities for bee keepers but 20% did not believe; 60% of respondents believed that the existence of a variety of vegetation determined the quality of honey but 40% did not and 20% of respondents were in a reasonable state for availability of resources like hives and storage vessels but 80% did not. The main challenges faced by the beekeepers were expensive modern hives, lack of modern equipments, market instability and pests of bees, such as, ants, moth, mite, wasp, marten and wall lizard. Market stabilization seems to play a provocative role to encourage the people in bee keeping, so, government should pay attention towards it.
Use of Medicinal Plants in Eastern Part of Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Parajuli Bishnu P , Bastola Shubash C
Published: February 2021

From the beginning of civilization, man's relationship with the surrounding plant resources has always been very intimate. This study provides information to the general people to protect such medicinal plants. Kumal ethnic community mainly lives in Thulo-Kumal Gaun and scattered in different parts of Pokhara valley such as Dhungepatan, Bhandardik and Patneri. Altogether 20 medicinal plant species were identified.
Survey on the Avian Diversity along the Annapurna Sanctuary Trekking Route in Western Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Hemanta , Giri Dharma , Rana Anisha , Sadadev Bipana M , Ghimire Prasant , Gyanwali Kritagya , Karki Binita , Ghimire Manshanta
Published: February 2021

A bird survey was carried out on one of Nepal’s most popular trekking destinations, Annapurna Base Camp in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA). ACA trekking route was selected as our transect line. Direct observation method and call count method were used during the survey following the transect line. A total of 166 species were recorded representing nine orders and 39 families. The main objective of the present work was to study the avian diversity. Eight nationally threatened and three globally threatened bird species were recorded during the survey. White-rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis (Gmelin) and Red-headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus (Scopoli) (critically endangered species) were also recorded. The abundancy of Rufous sibia Malacias capistratus (Vigors) was higher, while Nepal house martin Delichon nipalense (Moore) had the highest number. Hunting, excessive harvesting of bamboo shoots, orchids, overgrazing and improper management of solid waste were directly observed threats.
Bronze Age and Early Iron Age house and settlement development at Forsandmoen, south-western Norway - Tables and Figures
Authors: Løken Trond
Published: February 2021

Table 5, Table 23, Table 35, Table 36, Table 37, Table 38, Table 41, Table 42, Table 45 and Fig. 4.
Análisis multiresiduo de 41 pesticidas en miel por LC-MS/MS: evaluación de dos métodos de clean-up
Authors: Niell Silvina , Cesio Verónica , Hepperle Julia , Roux Daniela , Kirsch Larissa , Kolberg Diana , Anastassiades Michelangelo , Heinzen Horacio
Published: February 2021

El monitoreo de residuos de pesticidas en miel es importante debido al riesgo potencial que estos representan para la salud y porque ambientalmente permite obtener información de los pesticidas que han sido usados en los cultivos alrededor de la colmena. Para que los resultados tengan relevancia real es importante elegir cuidadosamente cuáles pesticidas monitorear. La selección de los 41 pesticidas evaluados se realizó en base a la probabilidad de ser encontrados en miel y productos de la colmena, determinada mediante la frecuencia de aparición de muestras positivas en la bibliografía y en la base de datos pesticides-online. Se consideraron además datos recientes de la importación de pesticidas en Uruguay. Se presenta una simple variación del método QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) para la determinación de residuos de pesticidas en miel. Se evaluaron dos métodos de clean-up: freeze-out (extracto a -20 °C durante 15 h) y d-SPE (Extracción en Fase Sólida dispersiva) utilizando como sorbente PSA (Primary and Secondary Amine). Los pesticidas fueron determinados por LC-MS/MS (QTrap) en modo positivo y negativo. Las recuperaciones estuvieron entre 81-111% para el clean-up dispersivo con excepción de cinco pesticidas ácidos que si se recuperaron al realizar freeze-out (recuperaciones entre 80-114% con excepción de tres pesticidas). Los porcentajes de DER (Desviación Estándar Relativos) fueron menores a 16% en un mismo día y menores a 20% entre distintos días para la mayoría de los pesticidas. Todos los pesticidas presentaron buenas linealidades con R2 >0,99 en el rango 0,01-0,4 mg/L. La mayoría de los pesticidas presentan límites de cuantificación de 0,01mg/kg que es el menor límite máximo de residuos establecido por la Unión Europea para miel. Este método se ajusta al doble objetivo de evaluar la calidad de las mieles uruguayas, cumpliendo con conceptos de seguridad alimentaria, facilitar el comercio internacional así como encaminar los intentos de utilizar la colmena como bioindicador de calidad ambiental de una región.
Decontamination Procedure for Sorghum and Coffee Leaves Sprayed With Zinc and a Surfactant
Authors: Caione Gustavo , Guirra Ana Paula Pires Maciel , Prado Renato de Mello , Klar Antonio Evaldo
Published: February 2021

Decontaminating leaf samples from crops sprayed with pesticides and nutrient solutions is important for foliar analysis. This study evaluated the effect of different washing methods in coffee and sorghum foliage that had been sprayed with zinc (with or without surfactant). The plants were sprayed with a 3 g L-1 zinc sulfate solution, with and without surfactant. Seven days later, leaves were collected and washed. The experiment was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 x 3 + 2 factorial, with three replications. The first factor represents foliar zinc applications with or without surfactant, the second represents the number of washes (1 or 2) and the third represents the concentration of the wash solution (detergent + hydrochloric acid) at (0 + 0 mL L-1; 1.0 + 3.5 mL L-1 and 2.0 + 7.0 mL L-1). The last one represents two additional treatments without washing (zinc sprayed with and without surfactant). Surfactant strengthens contact between zinc and foliage and enhances absorption. Washing is an indispensable pretreatment for leaf analysis and our study showed that a single wash with detergent + hydrochloric acid (1.0+ 3.5 mL L-1) was the most effective washing method for coffee and sorghum.
Estatus hídrico y discriminación isotópica de 13C de dos pasturas convencionales de Uruguay
Authors: Berriel Verónica , Mori Cristina , Perdomo Carlos
Published: February 2021

En pasturas mezcla las gramíneas y leguminosas compiten por agua, pero las habilidades competitivas no dependen sólo de sus diferentes capacidades de absorción, sino también de sus capacidades para la regulación de las pérdidas de agua por disminución de la conductancia estomática. Esto se refleja en una menor discriminación isotópica de C (Δ). En este trabajo se estudiaron los cambios en el contenido hídrico (CH) y de Δ de plantas de trébol blanco en una pastura pura y de trébol blanco, lotus y festuca en una pastura mezcla durante un ciclo invierno-primaveral en un experimento localizado en el sur de Uruguay. De invierno a primavera ocurrió un descenso de CH para festuca y trébol blanco en ambas praderas, pero el declive de Δ ocurrió en todas las especies. En primavera existió una relación lineal entre Δ y CH para trébol blanco y festuca, demostrando que Δ fue un buen indicador del estatus hídrico. También se encontraron relaciones entre Δ y varias variables climáticas, dado que las mismas se relacionaron con cambios en la disponibilidad o en la demanda hídrica. Debido a la competencia que ejerció la gramínea por agua, el valor de Δ de trébol blanco fue menor en la pastura mezcla y el rendimiento también disminuyó. Por tanto, el uso de Δ puede resultar útil para evaluar el impacto del déficit hídrico en la productividad y en los cambios de composición florística de praderas mezcla, ya que este indicador es capaz de integrar el estatus hídrico de las especies vegetales.
Diagnóstico del estado nutricional del cultivo de colza (Brassica napus) en base a curvas de dilución de nitrógeno y azufre
Authors: Ferreira Gonzalo , Ernst Oswaldo
Published: February 2021

Para la obtención de elevados rendimientos en el cultivo de colza es necesaria la complementación del nitrógeno (N) con una adecuada nutrición de azufre (S). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar indicadores de diagnóstico del estado nutricional del cultivo en referencia a nitrógeno y azufre en planta para la óptima producción de grano y aceite. Se obtuvieron las ecuaciones de dilución para la concentración crítica de nitrógeno y azufre (Nc = 5,21 MS-0,36 y Sc = 1,22e-0,18MS respectivamente).A partir de las ecuaciones, el índice crítico de nutrición azufrada fue de 0,88 y 0,74 para la máxima producción debiomasa en elongación y grano respectivamente. Para nitrógeno solamente se encontró un valor crítico de 1,04 para la producción de biomasa, mientras que para la producción de grano se observó que bajo condición de azufre suficiente no existió limitante de nitrógeno en todo el rango de estado nutricional estudiado. En cambio, bajo la condición de azufre limitantela respuesta del rendimiento al estado nutricional nitrogenado fue lineal. Los resultados indican la necesidad de una cantidad mínima de S absorbida para alcanzar el rango de rendimiento máximo. La tasa de dilución del azufre crítico fue menor a la del nitrógeno por lo cual la relación Nt:St no resulto útil en predecir el estado nutricional del cultivo para el crecimiento y producción de grano pero sí lo hizo para la concentración de aceite con un valor crítico de 7,7.
Tamaño de gota, volumen de aplicación y uso de adyuvante en la deposición y control de mancha amarilla (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) en trigo
Authors: Stoletniy Ivanna , Olivet Juan , Villalba Juana
Published: February 2021

Se evaluó el efecto del tamaño de gota, volumen de aplicación y uso de adyuvante en la eficiencia de un fungicida mezcla de triazol con estrobilurina, para el control de mancha amarilla en trigo, causada por Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. El experimento se realizó en una chacra comercial en zona de influencia de la Estación Experimental Dr. Mario A. Cassinoni (Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República), en Paysandú, Uruguay. El diseño fue de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial de tratamientos 2x2x2, siendo los factores de variación, tamaño de gota, volumen de aplicación y presencia o ausencia de adyuvante, más un testigo sin fungicida. La cantidad y distribución en diferentes estratos vegetales se evaluó mediante técnicas de fluorometría usando el trazador fluorescente Blankophor BA 267 %®. Las variables evaluadas fueron la deposición sobre hojas de trigo a través de estimación de deposición del trazador, la densidad de impactos, la eficiencia de contro lde la enfermedad y el rendimiento en grano. Los resultados indicaron que el uso de 158 L.ha-1 y presencia de adyuvante determinaron mayor deposición de trazador con gotas extremadamente gruesas, seguido por el uso de gotas medias. A pesar de ello las diferencias logradas no tuvieron efecto sobre las variables que estimaron los efectos sobre el control de la enfermedad y el rendimiento en grano. Solo se determinó una tendencia a un mejor control de la enfermedad con el uso de gotas medias, quizás en respuesta a la mayor cobertura.
La clasificación uruguaya de suelos del 2007 cambia las inferencias de propiedades de Vertisoles y Brunosoles
Authors: Beretta Andrés
Published: February 2021

La clasificación de suelos de Altamirano et al. (1976a) ubica el límite de contenido de arcilla de los Vertisoles en 35 %. Durány García Préchac (2007) proponen disminuir este límite a 30 % en todo el solum, para acercar la clasificación nacional a la tendencia internacional. Con el objetivo de evaluar este cambio sobre las características asociadas a los Vertisoles, utilicé los datos de análisis de los suelos modales de las unidades de la Carta de Reconocimiento de Suelos del Uruguay, de unidades cartográficas que poseían conjuntamente los Grandes Grupos Brunosoles y Vertisoles. Comparé los cambios generados en los porcentajes promedio de: arena, limo y arcilla; Ca, Na, Mg, K, Bases totales; CIC a pH=7; saturación en bases; porcentaje de la CICpH7 representada por el Ca; y estimación del tipo de arcilla. En la clasificación 2007 se pierde especificidad en la naturaleza de los horizontes B, lo que podría repercutir negativamente en el entendimiento de su comportamiento físico. Desde el punto de vista productivo, sin embargo, permite diferenciar un mayor número de variables, sobre todo en el horizonte A. Con estas variables podría inferirse la mayor fertilidad natural de los Vertisoles. La clasificación 2007 presentó una capacidad de inferencia superior para determinar el Gran Grupo de suelo esperable, en base a un conjunto de análisis de variables cuantificables. Este aspecto introduce mayor objetividad, practicidad y confiabilidad a la nueva clasificación de suelos.
Evaluación económica de dos programas de mejoramiento genético en Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Andreoni María Isabel , Bussoni Adriana
Published: February 2021

En 1980 la producción mundial de celulosa totalizaba 128 millones de Mg alcanzando 174 millones de Mg en el año 2012.Como forma de cubrir la demanda creciente una de las estrategias de producción adoptadas fue aumentar la productividad de las plantaciones a través del mejoramiento genético y de la mejora del proceso de fabricación (aumentos en m3/ha, Mg celulosa/ha). El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el incremento generado por el uso de materiales genéticos en Eucalyptus grandis resultantes de dos programas de mejoramiento, realizados en Uruguay. Se relevaron las prácticas utilizadas a nivel de preparación del sitio, plantación, mantenimiento y cosecha a través de entrevistas a informantes calificados en dos zonas de producción. En la Zona Litoral Oeste los materiales estudiados son materiales clonales (MC) y semilla (S3586); en la Zona Centro Este, Semilla INIA primera generación (I1) y Semilla Bañado de Medina (BM). La ganancia genética se midió a través del incremento en tres parámetros: volumen de madera (m3/ha), toneladas de celulosa (Mg/ha)y el aumento en los indicadores financieros Renta Forestal Anual (RFA) y Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). A los 10 años, comparando MC y S3586 el primero presenta un incremento de 46 m3/ha en madera y 10,5 Mg/ha en celulosa. Entre I1 y BM, esos aumentos fueron de 22,8 m3/ha y 4,6 Mg/ha. A los 11 años, la RFA resultó en un incremento del 126 % en el materialI1 respecto a BM. Los materiales más convenientes para productores no integrados son los que producen mayor volumen, cosechando en la edad financiera óptima.
Nutrición, producción y calidad de frutos de tomate para procesamiento en función de la fertilización con fósforo y potasio
Authors: Couthinho Edson L. M. , Valdeci Orioli Júnior , Silva Erberto J da , Coutinho Neto André M. , Cardoso Saulo S
Published: February 2021

El rendimiento industrial de frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicon) depende de factores cualitativos y cuantitativos que pueden ser influenciados por la disponibilidad de fósforo (P) y potasio (K) para las plantas. El experimento fue conducido en la región de Janaúba, Minas Gerais, Brasil, en un Oxisol con textura arcillosa, con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de la fertilización con P y K sobre el estado nutricional de la planta, la producción y algunas variables cualitativas de los frutos de tomate (cv. IPA-5). El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, en un arreglo factorial de cuatro por cuatro (cuatro dosis de fósforo y cuatro dosis de potasio), con cuatro repeticiones. Se utilizaron los siguientes niveles de P: 0, 150, 300 y 600 kg ha-1 de P2 O5 (superfosfato triple); los niveles de potasio (2/3 de la dosis en la siembra y 1/3 de la dosis en cobertura) fueron: 0, 50, 100 y 200 kg ha-1 de K2 O (cloruro de potasio). La fertilización fosfatada aumentó el contenido de P foliar y la producción de frutos. Por otra parte, ni el pH ni el contenido de sólidos solubles de los frutos fueron afectados por la fertilización fosfatada. La máxima producción de frutos comerciales fue obtenida con la aplicación (estimada) de 293 kg ha-1 de P2 O5 . El nivel crítico de P en las hojas fue 3,1 g kg-1. La fertilización potásica no influyó en las características analizadas.
Efectos de Carbaryl y Metaldehído sobre Armadillidium vulgare (Crustacea: Isopoda) y Milax gagates (Mollusca: Pulmonata) en soja bajo siembra directa
Authors: Salvio Carla , Manetti Pablo Luis , Clemente Natalia Liliana , López Alicia Noemí
Published: February 2021

Los objetivos fueron evaluar la eficacia de control y las dosis de los cebos Metaldehído 4% + Carbaryl 8% (2, 4 y 6 kg ha-1), Carbaryl 8 %, y Metaldehído 4 % y 5 % (2 y 4 kg ha-1) sobre Armadillidium vulgare y Milax gagates y determinar el número de plantas y rendimiento en soja. El diseño fue en bloques completos aleatorizados con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el número de A. vulgare y M. gagates vivos a los 3, 7, 10 y 16 días después de la aplicación de los cebos (DDA), número de plantas m-2 y rendimiento (kg ha-1). El número de A. vulgare fue menor con Metaldehído 4 % + Carbaryl 8 % y con los cebos con Carbaryl 8 % respecto al testigo a los 3, 7, 10 y 16 DDA (χ2 ptrat < 0,05). A los 3 DDA, el número de M. gagates disminuyó con Metaldehído 4 % + Carbaryl 8 % y Metaldehído 4 % y 5 % en relación al testigo (χ2 ptrat = 0,0806). El número de plantas m-2 difirió entre los tratamientos (χ2 ptrat = 0,0003), y se obtuvo un número mayor con la aplicación de los cebos que con el testigo. En el rendimiento se detectó efecto de los tratamientos (χ2 ptrat = 0,0188), sin embargo sólo la dosis de 2 kg ha-1 de Carbaryl 8 % fue diferente del testigo. Se concluye que la eficacia de control del cebo Metaldehído + Carbaryl resultó semejante a la obtenida con los crustacicidas formulados con Carbaryl sobre A. vulgare y a los molusquicidas con Metaldehído sobre M. gagates. La aplicación de los cebos aumentó el número de plantas.