bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applications of rare earth oxides in catalytic ammonia synthesis and decomposition
Authors: Feng Ji , Zhang Xilun , Wang Jiemin , Ju Xiaohua , Liu Lin , Chen Ping
Published: August 2021

Due to their unique structural and electronic properties, rare earth oxides have been widely applied as supports and promoters in catalytic ammonia synthesis and decomposition.
Exceptionally high temperature spin crossover in amide-functionalised 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine iron(ii) complex revealed by variable temperature Raman spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction
Authors: Attwood Max , Akutsu Hiroki , Martin Lee , Blundell Toby J. , Le Maguere Pierre , Turner Scott S.
Published: August 2021

A new amide substituted ligand based on 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine yields two novel Fe(ii) complexes with very high spin crossover transition temperatures.
Easy and fast in situ functionalization of exfoliated 2D black phosphorus with gold nanoparticles
Authors: Moschetto Salvatore , Ienco Andrea , Manca Gabriele , Serrano-Ruiz Manuel , Peruzzini Maurizio , Mezzi Alessio , Brucale Marco , Bolognesi Margherita , Toffanin Stefano
Published: August 2021

Computational analysis and electronic, structural and morphological properties of a heterostructure of 2D bP with Au nanoparticles formed in situ.
Redox induced S–S bond cleavage of 2,2′-dithiobisbenzothiazole – leading to a [2Ru-2S] core analogous to [2Fe-2S] cluster
Authors: Dhara Suman , Panda Sanjib , Lahiri Goutam Kumar
Published: August 2021

Facile reduction of 2,2′-dithiobisbenzothiazole by the mediation of metal-to-ligand charge transfer or by internal reducing equivalent is demonstrated.
A solid-solution modulation strategy in trivalent bismuth-doped gallate phosphors for single substrate tunable emission
Authors: Wang Yao , Guo Ning , Xin Yanmei , Li Jing , Ouyang Ruizhuo , Shao Baiqi , Miao Yuqing
Published: August 2021

By adjusting the solid solution strategy, the luminescence of bismuth can be well promoted and it can be applied to anti-blue lighting and optical thermometry.
Carbocyclic pincer carbene complexes of ruthenium: syntheses and reversible hydrogenation
Authors: Wiedmaier Nicholas R. , Schubert Hartmut , Mayer Hermann A. , Wesemann Lars
Published: August 2021

Double C–H activation leads to the formation of a ruthenium carbocyclic carbene PCP pincer complex. Uptake and release of three equivalents of hydrogen involving the cycloheptatriene moiety acting as a cooperative ligand was realized.
DAF-16 acts as the “hub” of astaxanthin's anti-aging mechanism to improve aging-related physiological functions in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Liu Xiaojuan , Liu Han , Chen Zhiqing , Xiao Jie , Cao Yong
Published: August 2021

This study measured the effects of AX on the longevity and physiological indexes of C. elegans under different conditions, and explored the possible anti-aging mechanism of AX by analyzing aging proteins and signaling pathways through proteomics.
Sargassum fusiforme fucoidan alleviates diet-induced insulin resistance by inhibiting colon-derived ceramide biosynthesis
Authors: Zhang Ya , Liu Jian , Mao Genxiang , Zuo Jihui , Li Shijun , Yang Yue , Thring Ronald W. , Wu Mingjiang , Tong Haibin
Published: August 2021

Sargassum fusiforme fucoidan (SFF) remodels gut microbiota, enhances TUDCA content, inhibits the biosynthesis of colon-derived ceramide by blocking FXR signaling, restoring insulin sensitivity in DIO mice.
Nano-magnetic tunnel junctions controlled by electric field for straintronics
Authors: Li Peisen , Yao Xinping , Hu Yueguo , Pan Mengchun , Ji Minhui , Chen Aitian , Peng Junping , Qiu Weicheng , Hu Jiafei , Zhang Qi , Piao Hong-Guang , Zhang Sen
Published: August 2021

We integrated nanoscale MTJs on PMN-PT(011) ferroelectric substrates and investigated the magnetoresistance upon magnetic field and electric field. The obvious electric field control of resistance and chiral switching of nano-MTJ were demonstrated.
Design and synthesis of a new orthogonally protected glutamic acid analog and its use in the preparation of high affinity polo-like kinase 1 polo-box domain – binding peptide macrocycles
Authors: Hymel David , Tsuji Kohei , Grant Robert A. , Chingle Ramesh M. , Kunciw Dominique L. , Yaffe Michael B. , Burke Terrence R.
Published: August 2021

A novel macrocyclic peptide strategy utilizing a glutamic acid analog that can work as an alkylated histidine replacement.
Naphthobox: a selective molecular box for planar aromatic cations
Authors: Pang Xin-Yu , Zhou Hang , Yao Huan , Jiang Wei
Published: August 2021

A molecular box with an electron-rich cavity, namely naphthobox, was contructed and showed selective binding to planar aromatic cations.
Facile fabrication and low-temperature bonding of Cu@Sn–Bi core–shell particles for conductive pastes
Authors: Yang Zhehan , Pan Yi , Zhao Hengyu , Yang Xiangmin , Liang Ying , Zhang Zhen , Fang Bin
Published: August 2021

Cu@Sn–Bi core–shell particles were synthesized and used as conductive fillers of ink applied to flexible printed circuits. This work provides new insights into the low-temperature bonding and anti-oxidation protection of Cu-based conductive pastes.
On the key role of aluminium and other heteroatoms during interzeolite conversion synthesis
Authors: Devos Julien , Shah Meera A. , Dusselier Michiel
Published: August 2021

The crucial roles of aluminium in driving and controlling interzeolite conversion, a useful catalyst synthesis protocol, are put under scrutiny.
Physico-chemical study of new supramolecular-architectured hybrid organic–inorganic sulfates incorporating diammoniumdiphenylsulfone cations
Authors: Bouguerra Manel , Mahroug Adel , Wróbel Agata , Trzybiński Damian , Woźniak Krzysztof , Belhouchet Mohamed
Published: August 2021

Two new hybrid organic–inorganic compounds, which incorporate 3,3′-diammoniumdiphenylsulfone or 4,4′-diammoniumdiphenylsulfone cations and sulfate anions, were synthesized and analyzed in detail.
Diffusivity and free anion concentration of ionic liquid composite polybenzimidazole membranes
Authors: Barjola Arturo , Escorihuela Jorge , García-Bernabé Abel , Sahuquillo Óscar , Giménez Enrique , Compañ Vicente
Published: August 2021

PBI composite membranes containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIM-NTf2) at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 wt% have been prepared and the conductivity has been analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Benchtop X-ray fluorescence imaging as a tool to study gold nanoparticle penetration in 3D cancer spheroids
Authors: Pedrosa Pedro , Baptista Pedro V. , Fernandes Alexandra R. , Guerra Mauro
Published: August 2021

X-Ray fluorescence imaging and quantification was used to assess diffusion patterns in differently coated Au nanoparticles in 3D cancer spheroids.
The driving force for co-translational protein folding is weaker in the ribosome vestibule due to greater water ordering
Authors: Vu Quyen V. , Jiang Yang , Li Mai Suan , O'Brien Edward P.
Published: August 2021

In the ribosome vestibule, the contact minimum between two methane molecules is half as stable as compared to in bulk solution, demonstrating that the hydrophobic effect is weakened in the vestibule of ribosome exit tunnel.
Discovery and characterisation of an amidine-containing ribosomally-synthesised peptide that is widely distributed in nature
Authors: Russell Alicia H. , Vior Natalia M. , Hems Edward S. , Lacret Rodney , Truman Andrew W.
Published: August 2021

Genome mining for pathways containing YcaO proteins revealed a widespread novel family of RiPP gene clusters. A model gene cluster was characterised through genetic and chemical analyses, which yielded streptamidine, a novel amidine-containing RiPP.
Coumarin luciferins and mutant luciferases for robust multi-component bioluminescence imaging
Authors: Yao Zi , Caldwell Donald R. , Love Anna C. , Kolbaba-Kartchner Bethany , Mills Jeremy H. , Schnermann Martin J. , Prescher Jennifer A.
Published: August 2021

Near-infrared probes were developed from coumarin-modified luciferins and engineered luciferases, enabling facile multiplexed bioluminescence imaging.
Emergence of structure in columns of grains and elastic loops
Authors: Guerra Arman , Holmes Douglas P.
Published: August 2021

We study how the stability of columns of grains and elastic loops depends on the inter-grain friction and loop rigidity.
Interfacial design of thick sulfur cathodes to achieve high energy density and stability
Authors: Luo Yufeng , Gao Yuan , Guo Qianyi , Zheng Zijian
Published: August 2021

Strategies to control the various interfaces of a sulfur cathode toward high stability and high energy density are discussed.
Dual lithium storage of Pt electrode: alloying and reversible surface layer
Authors: Kim Yunok , Choi Woosung , Kim Ok-Hee , Park Hyunyoung , Yun Soyeong , Thangavel Ranjith , Cho Yong-Hun , Yoon Won-Sub
Published: August 2021

As the importance of additional capacity beyond the theoretical limitation of lithium-ion batteries has been recognized, extensive research into effectively utilizing the extra lithium accommodation is being conducted.
Revisiting the role of Zr doping in Ni-rich layered cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Jung Chul-Ho , Li Qingtian , Kim Do-Hoon , Eum Donggun , Ko Donghyun , Choi Jonghyun , Lee Jongwon , Kim Kyeong-Ho , Kang Kisuk , Yang Wanli , Hong Seong-Hyeon
Published: August 2021

The suppression of oxygen oxidation is proposed as the critical origin of Zr doping on LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2layered oxide LIB cathode material.
Ultra-highly stretchable and anisotropic SEBS/F127 fiber films equipped with an adaptive deformable carbon nanotube layer for dual-mode strain sensing
Authors: Dong Jiancheng , Li Le , Zhang Chao , Ma Piming , Dong Weifu , Huang Yunpeng , Liu Tianxi
Published: August 2021

We delicately designed and fabricated an anisotropic fibrous film-based strain sensor with remarkable dual-mode sensing capabilities to respectively achieve an ultra-wide workable range and high sensitivity in two loading directions.
Interfacial architecting with anion treatment for enhanced thermoelectric power of flexible ternary polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Zhou Jiaqian , Peng Peng , Li Zhao , Liang Lirong , Huang Xuan , Lv Haicai , Liu Zhuoxin , Chen Guangming
Published: August 2021

Flexible ternary thermoelectric nanocomposite films with unique interfacial architectures are developed by sequential electrochemical polymerization and subsequent anion treatment. These nanocomposites exhibit high power factors over 500 μW m−1 K−2.
Vascular transplantation with dual-biofunctional ePTFE vascular grafts in a porcine model
Authors: Xing Zheng , Wu Shuting , Zhao Chen , Bai Yating , Jin Dawei , Yin Meng , Liu Haifeng , Fan Yubo
Published: August 2021

The in vivo porcine carotid artery replacement studies showed that bivalirudin (BVLD) and REDV co-modified ePTFE vascular grafts could maintain ideal patency and realize endothelialization on the luminal surface at 12 weeks after implantation.
Operation mechanism of organic electrochemical transistors as redox chemical transducers
Authors: Tan Siew Ting Melissa , Keene Scott , Giovannitti Alexander , Melianas Armantas , Moser Maximilian , McCulloch Iain , Salleo Alberto
Published: August 2021

Designing OECTs to amplify chemical redox reactions reliably requires: (1) separating reaction from the OECT (2) operating the OECT potentiometrically (3) utilizing non-polarizable gate electrode (4) maximizing transconductance of channel material.
Inkjet-printed alloy-like cross-linked hole-transport layer for high-performance solution-processed green phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Pan Yichen , Liu Hongli , Wang Shirong , Han Xinjun , Li Xianggao
Published: August 2021

Green phosphorescent OLEDs based on non-bank inkjet-printed alloy-like HTLs exhibit a superior luminescence performance.
Sex differences in hypertension: lessons from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
Authors: Elmarakby Ahmed A. , Sullivan Jennifer C.
Published: August 2021

Although numerous clinical and experimental studies have clearly identified a sexual dimorphism in blood pressure control, the mechanism(s) underlying gender differences in blood pressure remain unclear. Over the past two decades, numerous laboratories have utilized the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as an experimental model of essential hypertension to increase our understanding of the mechanisms regulating blood pressure in males and females. Previous work by our group and others have implicated that differential regulation of adrenergic receptors, the renin–angiotensin system, oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability and immune cells contribute to sex differences in blood pressure control in SHR. The purpose of this review is to summarize previous findings to date regarding the mechanisms of blood pressure control in male versus female SHR.
Technical report: PID design of second‐order non‐linear uncertain systems with fractional order operations
Authors: Chen Song , Chen Tehuan , Xu Chao , Chu Jian
Published: August 2021

This study considers a control problem related to the regulation of fractional‐order systems controlled by fractional order proportional‐integral‐derivative controllers (PIλDμ). The stability result of PIλDμ‐based control systems is provided, such that the closed‐loop systems can accomplish global stabilisation under some suitable conditions related to the system uncertainties. Finally, a simulation is demonstrated to verify the results.
Lithium abundance in a sample of active stars: High-resolution spectrograph observation with the 1.8 m telescope
Authors: Xing Li-Feng , Li Yuan-Chao , Chang Liang , Wang Chuan-Jun , Bai Jin-Ming
Published: August 2021

Context. Observations of young, low-mass, main-sequence, and zero-age main-sequence stars show evidence of a correlation between lithium abundance and chromospheric activity, albeit with a very large scatter. Fast rotation stars (including T Tauri stars, RS CVn, and BY Dra systems) show the Li I doublet at 6707.8 Å in their spectra. The lithium depletion is probably related to the rotation (turbulent diffusion induced by rotation). Because the flare activity of stars increases with decreasing rotation period, a correlation can be expected between lithium abundance and chromospheric activity for active stars.

Aims. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between lithium abundance and the Ca II H and K emission index (R′HK = LHK/Lbol) for a sample of active stars.

Methods. Based on the high-resolution spectroscopic observations, we calculated lithium abundance for 14 chromospherically active late-type stars using the comparison of the measured Li I λ670.8 nm equivalent width with curve of growth calculations in non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium conditions. We also searched the correlation between lithium abundance and the Ca II H & K emission index (log R′HK) for the 14 chromospherically active late-type stars.

Results. The study of the relationship between lithium abundance and the Ca II H & K emission index (log R′HK) found that the activity of sample stars increases with increasing lithium abundance. Next, the lithium abundance analogs progressively decrease as the rotation periods increase (rotation becomes slow) and the large values of the log R′HK along with small values of Rossby numbers for the sample of chromospherically active stars.

Conclusions. The lithium abundance (log N(Li)) versus the chromospheric activity and log N(Li) against the rotation period both indicate that the lithium abundance analogs progressively increase as the chromospheric activity index increases and/or the rotation velocity increase (rotation period becomes small) for our sample of active stars. On the other hand, the log R′HK against the Rossby number RO shows that there is a clear trend of increasing activity with increasing rotation velocity for these active stars. Considering that the lithium abundance decreases with increasing stellar age in late-type stars, we can deduce that the chromospheric activity and the rotation velocity both decrease with the increase of stellar age for our sample active stars.
Spherically symmetric model atmospheres using approximate lambda operators
Authors: Kubát Jiří , Kubátová Brankica
Published: August 2021

Context. Clumping is a common property of stellar winds and is being incorporated to a solution of the radiative transfer equation coupled with kinetic equilibrium equations. However, in static hot model atmospheres, clumping and its influence on the temperature and density structures have not been considered and analysed at all to date. This is in spite of the fact that clumping can influence the interpretation of resulting spectra, as many inhomogeneities can appear there; for example, as a result of turbulent motions.

Aims. We aim to investigate the effects of clumping on atmospheric structure for the special case of a static, spherically symmetric atmosphere assuming microclumping and a 1D geometry.

Methods. Static, spherically symmetric, non-LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium) model atmospheres were calculated using the recent version of our code, which includes optically thin clumping. The matter is assumed to consist of dense clumps and a void interclump medium. Clumping is considered by means of clumping and volume filling factors, assuming all clumps are optically thin. Enhanced opacity and emissivity in clumps are multiplied by a volume filling factor to obtain their mean values. These mean values are used in the radiative transfer equation. Equations of kinetic equilibrium and the thermal balance equation use clump values of densities. Equations of hydrostatic and radiative equilibrium use mean values of densities.

Results. The atmospheric structure was calculated for selected stellar parameters. Moderate differences were found in temperature structure. However, clumping causes enhanced continuum radiation for the Lyman-line spectral region, while radiation in other parts of the spectrum is lower, depending on the adopted model. The atomic level departure coefficients are influenced by clumping as well.
Information content in mean pairwise velocity and mean relative velocity between pairs in a triplet
Authors: Kuruvilla Joseph , Aghanim Nabila
Published: August 2021

Velocity fields provide a complementary avenue to constrain cosmological information, either through the peculiar velocity surveys or the kinetic Sunyaev Zel’dovich effect. One of the commonly used statistics is the mean radial pairwise velocity. Here, we consider the three-point mean relative velocity (i.e. the mean relative velocities between pairs in a triplet). Using halo catalogs from the Quijote suite ofN-body simulations, we first showcase how the analytical prediction for the mean relative velocities between pairs in a triplet achieve better than 4−5% accuracy using standard perturbation theory at leading order for triangular configurations with a minimum separation ofr ≥ 50 h−1Mpc. Furthermore, we present the mean relative velocity between pairs in a triplet as a novel probe of neutrino mass estimation. We explored the full cosmological information content of the halo mean pairwise velocities and the mean relative velocities between halo pairs in a triplet. We did this through the Fisher-matrix formalism using 22 000 simulations from the Quijote suite and by considering all triangular configurations with a minimum and a maximum separation of 20 h−1Mpc and 120 h−1Mpc, respectively. We find that the mean relative velocities in a triplet allows a 1σneutrino mass (Mν) constraint of 0.065 eV, which is roughly 13 times better than the mean pairwise velocity constraint (0.877 eV). This information gain is not limited to neutrino mass, but it extends to other cosmological parameters: Ωm, Ωb,h,ns, andσ8, achieving an information gain of 8.9, 11.8, 15.5, 20.9, and 10.9 times, respectively. These results illustrate the possibility of exploiting the mean three-point relative velocities to constrain the cosmological parameters accurately from future cosmic microwave background experiments and peculiar velocity surveys.
One-sided arc averaging geometries in time–distance local helioseismology
Authors: Korda David , Švanda Michal , Roudier Thierry
Published: August 2021

Context. The study of solar oscillations (helioseismology) has been a very successful method of researching the Sun. Helioseismology teaches us about the structure and mean properties of the Sun. Together with mid-resolution data, the local properties were uncovered in quiet-Sun regions. However, magnetic fields affect the oscillations and prevent us from studying the properties of magnetically active regions with helioseismology.

Aims. We aim to create a new methodology to suppress the negative effects of magnetic fields on solar oscillations and measure plasma properties close to active regions.

Methods. The methodology consists of new averaging geometries, a non-linear approach to travel-time measurements, and a consistent inversion method that combines plasma flows and sound-speed perturbations.

Results. We constructed the one-sided arc averaging geometries and applied them to the non-linear approach of travel-time measurements. Using the one-sided arc travel times, we reconstructed the annulus travel times in a quiet-Sun region. We tested the methodology against the validated helioseismic inversion pipeline. We applied the new methodology for an inversion for surface horizontal flows in a region with a circular H-type sunspot. The inverted surface horizontal flows are comparable with the output of the coherent structure tracking, which is not strongly affected by the presence of the magnetic field. We show that the new methodology suppresses the negative effects of magnetic fields up to outer penumbra. We measure divergent flows with properties comparable to the moat flow.

Conclusions. The new methodology can teach us about the depth structure of active regions and physical conditions that contribute to the evolution of the active regions.
Effect of optically thin cooling curves on condensation formation: Case study using thermal instability
Authors: Hermans J. , Keppens R.
Published: August 2021

Context. Non-gravitationally induced condensations are observed in many astrophysical environments. In solar physics, common phenomena are coronal rain and prominences. These structures are formed due to energy loss by optically thin radiative emission. Instead of solving the full radiative transfer equations, precomputed cooling curves are typically used in numerical simulations. In the literature, a wide variety of cooling curves exist, and they are quite often used as unquestionable ingredients.

Aims. We here determine the effect of the optically thin cooling curves on the formation and evolution of condensations. We also investigate the effect of numerical settings. This includes the resolution and the low-temperature treatment of the cooling curves, for which the optically thin approximation is not valid.

Methods. We performed a case study using thermal instability as a mechanism to form in situ condensations. We compared 2D numerical simulations with different cooling curves using interacting slow magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves as trigger for the thermal instability. Furthermore, we discuss a bootstrap measure to investigate the far non-linear regime of thermal instability. In the appendix, we include the details of all cooling curves implemented in MPI-AMRVAC and briefly discuss a hydrodynamic variant of the slow MHD waves setup for thermal instability.

Results. For all tested cooling curves, condensations are formed. The differences due to the change in cooling curve are twofold. First, the growth rate of the thermal instability is different, leading to condensations that form at different times. Second, the morphology of the formed condensation varies widely. After the condensation forms, we find fragmentation that is affected by the low-temperature treatment of the cooling curves. Condensations formed using cooling curves that vanish for temperatures lower than 20 000 K appear to be more stable against dynamical instabilities. We also show the need for high-resolution simulations. The bootstrap procedure allows us to continue the simulation into the far non-linear regime, where the condensation fragments dynamically align with the background magnetic field. The non-linear regime and fragmentation in the hydrodynamic case differ greatly from the low-beta MHD case.

Conclusions. We advocate the use of modern cooling curves, based on accurate computations and current atomic parameters and solar abundances. Our bootstrap procedure can be used in future multi-dimensional simulations to study fine-structure dynamics in solar prominences.
Stellar Population Astrophysics (SPA) with TNG
Authors: Zhang R. , Lucatello S. , Bragaglia A. , Carrera R. , Spina L. , Alonso-Santiago J. , Andreuzzi G. , Casali G. , Carretta E. , Frasca A. , Fu X. , Magrini L. , Origlia L. , D’Orazi V. , Vallenari A.
Published: August 2021

Context. Thanks to the modern understanding of stellar evolution, we can accurately measure the ages of open clusters (OCs). Given their position, they are ideal tracers of the Galactic disc. Gaia data release 2, besides providing precise parallaxes, led to the detection of many new clusters, opening a new era for the study of the Galactic disc. However, detailed information on the chemical abundance for OCs is necessary to accurately date them and to efficiently use them to probe the evolution of the disc.

Aims. Mapping and exploring the Milky Way structure is the main aim of the Stellar Population Astrophysics project. Part of this work involves the use of OCs and the derivation of their precise and accurate chemical composition. Here, we aim to analyse a sample of OCs located within about 2 kpc from the Sun, with ages from about 50 Myr to a few gigayears.

Methods. We used HARPS-N at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and collected very high-resolution spectra (R = 115 000) of 40 red giant/red clump stars in 18 OCs (16 never or scarcely studied plus two comparison clusters). We measured their radial velocities and derived the stellar parameters (Teff, log g, vmicro, and [Fe/H]) based on equivalent width measurement combined with a 1D – LTE atmospherical model.

Results. We discuss the relationship between metallicity and Galactocentric distance, adding literature data to our results to enlarge the sample and also taking age into account. We compared the result of observational data with the findings of chemo-dynamical models. These models generally reproduce the metallicity gradient well. However, at young ages we find a large dispersion in metallicity, that is not reproduced by models. Several possible explanations are explored, including uncertainties in the derived metallicity. We confirm the difficulties in determining parameters for young stars (age < 200 Myr), which is attributable to a combination of intrinsic factors (activity, fast rotation, magnetic fields, etc) which atmospheric models cannot easily reproduce and which affect the uncertainty on parameters.
A posteriori error estimates for semilinear optimal control problems
Authors: Allendes Alejandro , Fuica Francisco , Otárola Enrique , Quero Daniel
Published: August 2021

In two and three dimensional Lipschitz, but not necessarily convex, polytopal domains, we devise and analyze a reliable and efficient a posteriori error estimator for a semilinear optimal control problem; control constraints are also considered. We consider a fully discrete scheme that discretizes the state and adjoint equations with piecewise linear functions and the control variable with piecewise constant functions. The devised error estimator can be decomposed as the sum of three contributions which are associated to the discretization of the state and adjoint equations and the control variable. We extend our results to a scheme that approximates the control variable with piecewise linear functions and also to a scheme that approximates the solution to a nondifferentiable optimal control problem. We illustrate the theory with two and three-dimensional numerical examples.
The model reduction of the Vlasov–Poisson–Fokker–Planck system to the Poisson–Nernst–Planck system via the Deep Neural Network Approach
Authors: Lee Jae Yong , Jang Jin Woo , Hwang Hyung Ju
Published: August 2021

The model reduction of a mesoscopic kinetic dynamics to a macroscopic continuum dynamics has been one of the fundamental questions in mathematical physics since Hilbert’s time. In this paper, we consider a diagram of the diffusion limit from the Vlasov–Poisson–Fokker–Planck (VPFP) system on a bounded interval with the specular reflection boundary condition to the Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) system with the no-flux boundary condition. We provide a Deep Learning algorithm to simulate the VPFP system and the PNP system by computing the time-asymptotic behaviors of the solution and the physical quantities. We analyze the convergence of the neural network solution of the VPFP system to that of the PNP system via the Asymptotic-Preserving (AP) scheme. Also, we provide several theoretical evidence that the Deep Neural Network (DNN) solutions to the VPFP and the PNP systems converge to the a priori classical solutions of each system if the total loss function vanishes.
Estimation of surplus energy in off-grid solar home systems
Authors: Bhatti Satyam , Williams Arthur
Published: August 2021

A recent survey shows that a large percentage of people living in underdeveloped countries do not have access to electricity and are isolated from the rest of the world. Solar energy can help meet the energy demand; however, it has an intermittent nature and relatively high installation cost. The improvement in off-grid Solar Home Systems (SHS) helped many people get access to electricity. However, systems are sized to meet demand on cloudy days, which results in significant wastage of available energy on sunny days, reducing the energy return on investment. This research paper discusses the load requirement of the people living in rural locations. It uses data collected over the last year by collaborating organisations, providing detailed load and solar charging data for off-grid households in Odisha, India. This dataset is analysed to understand the working principle of the installed SHS and the typical daily load profile. Next, the solar data is compared with solar data from online accessible software on an hourly basis and on a 5-minute scale to evaluate the surplus energy. The data shows a significant surplus of solar energy for most of the year that could be used for other low-powered devices. Various methods are discussed to detect surplus energy available during the daytime based on the provided solar data.
Case Study Comparison: Limitations in Telehealth Relating to Poverty and Family Support
Authors: Jorgensen Lindsey E. , Barrett Rachel E.
Published: August 2021

Telehealth appointments have grown in popularity due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. Three cases presented in this article show several different perspectives where telehealth was utilized. For the first patient, appointments were successfully completed via telehealth; however, the patient's family opted to continue with an unsecure internet connection at a local laundromat. For the second patient, a stable internet connection could not be obtained in his home, thus making telehealth appointments unavailable. The caregiver of this patient ended up driving to the clinic to have adjustments made in person. For the third patient, telehealth appointments were unavailable due to unstable internet connections as well as difficulty setting up video interpreting services. These cases highlight the idea that telehealth can be incredibly beneficial, when used correctly. For some, the option to attend appointments virtually gives them access to specialists that otherwise may not be available. For other patients, aspects such as access to smart devices and steady internet access must be considered to ensure a successful connection. The hope is that this article sheds light on some of the potential setbacks that can come from the use of telehealth appointments in a practice and provides discussion regarding for whom telehealth may be appropriate, even in pediatric patients. After reading this article, readers should be able to discuss ways in which there could be solutions for these barriers that may prevent some patients from utilizing these types of virtual appointments.
Case report: Perinephric lymphangiomatosis
Authors: Gorantla Rajani , Yalapati Anusheela , Dev Bhawna , Joseph Santhosh
Published: August 2021

Perirenal lymphangiomatosis is a rare benign malformation of the lymphatic system. We report here a case of bilateral perirenal and parapelvic involvement with a normal excretory collecting system.
The emerging field of molecular vibrational polaritons in synthetic chemistry
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: August 2021

Molecular vibrational polaritons and ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy combine to further studies into synthetic chemistry and quantum technology.
Dynamic behaviors of electric steels better understood with static hysteresis model
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: August 2021

A simplified approach to constructing a static hysteresis loop could improve understanding of magnetic materials.
NaCl-based blood phantom analysis for in vitro bioimpedance measurement
Authors: Muramatsu Dairoku
Published: August 2021

Daily monitoring of blood glucose levels is vital for managing diabetes; however, invasive blood sampling is a burden on patients. To improve patients’ quality of life, bioimpedance-based noninvasive blood glucose monitoring (BI-NIBGM) that involves wearable electrodes on the wrist has been proposed. In this study, we investigated the validity of applying a simple NaCl solution to a blood phantom for in vitro evaluation of BI-NIBGM. The electrical properties of cow blood and various blood phantoms with different NaCl concentrations were measured based on the parallel-plate method at frequencies from 200 kHz to 100 MHz. The following observations were made: (1) the conductivity of blood can be mimicked accurately with simple NaCl solutions, and the optimal concentration of the phantom depends on the operating frequency and (2) it is challenging to mimic the relative permittivity of blood with simple NaCl solutions because NaCl lacks a cellular structure. Furthermore, the relationship between the bioimpedance and electrical properties of the phantom was examined using a simplified arm model. The results indicate that the relative permittivity of the blood layer has little effect on the bioimpedance and that only the conductivity determines the bioimpedance. Therefore, the NaCl concentration of the phantom can be adjusted from the viewpoint of conductivity for BI-NIBGM.
A cavity-based optical antenna for color centers in diamond
Authors: Fuchs Philipp , Jung Thomas , Kieschnick Michael , Meijer Jan , Becher Christoph
Published: August 2021

An efficient atom–photon interface is a key requirement for the integration of solid-state emitters, such as color centers in diamond, into quantum technology applications. As other solid-state emitters, however, their emission into free space is severely limited due to the high refractive index of the bulk host crystal. In this work, we present a planar optical antenna based on two silver mirrors coated on a thin single crystal diamond membrane, forming a planar Fabry–Pérot cavity that improves the photon extraction from single tin vacancy (SnV) centers and their coupling to an excitation laser. Upon numerical optimization of the structure, we find theoretical enhancements in the collectible photon rate by a factor of 60 as compared to the bulk case. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we fabricate single crystal diamond membranes with sub-μm thickness and create SnV centers by ion implantation. Employing off-resonant excitation, we show a sixfold enhancement of the collectible photon rate, yielding up to half a million photons per second from a single SnV center. At the same time, we observe a significant reduction of the required excitation power in accordance with theory, demonstrating the functionality of the cavity as an optical antenna. Due to its planar design, the antenna simultaneously provides similar enhancements for a large number of emitters inside the membrane. Furthermore, the monolithic structure provides high mechanical stability and straightforwardly enables operation under cryogenic conditions as required in most spin–photon interface implementations.
Study of structural and electrical properties of ferroelectric HZO films obtained by single-target sputtering
Authors: Hachemi M. B. , Salem B. , Consonni V. , Roussel H. , Garraud A. , Lefevre G. , Labau S. , Basrour S. , Bsiesy A.
Published: August 2021

In this work, we study the structural and electrical properties of Hafnium Zirconium Oxide (HZO) thin films deposited by Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 single-target sputtering to fabricate a TiN/(14-/22 nm-thick) HZO/TiN stack. The structural analysis of the HZO thin films performed by in situ x-ray diffraction upon thermal annealing shows the formation of the HZO orthorhombic phase at annealing temperatures as low as 370 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy interestingly reveals an identical chemical composition of the deposited HZO thin films and the sputtered target, i.e., an Hf:Zr ratio of 1:1. The current–voltage characteristic of the TiN/HZO/TiN stack shows a current density of 10−5 A/cm2 at an applied electric field of 1 MV/cm, which, being rather low, gives a strong indication of the good electrical quality of the HZO layer. Finally, a butterfly-like capacitance–voltage loop is obtained on the TiN/HZO/TiN stack, indicating a ferroelectric behavior of the HZO layer.
Extracting turbulence parameters of smoke via video analysis
Authors: Jia Yang , Chen Weiguang
Published: August 2021

Turbulence can be observed in almost all the smoke videos, so turbulence parameters can be extracted as features of smoke in the video smoke detection system. A video-based turbulence parameter measuring method is proposed in this paper. Turbulence can be regarded as a series of irregular flow states with instantaneous velocity fluctuations. First, the instantaneous turbulent velocity field is obtained from the real-time video using an optical flow method, and based on the velocity field information, the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and dissipation rate are calculated using large eddy simulation and sub-grid scale (SGS) models. Three different methods, Smagorinsky model, gradient model, and dimensional analysis, are used to obtain the dissipation rate. The results obtained using different methods are compared. The dissipation rate estimated using the SGS models shows high consistency and that estimated by the dimensional analysis has a similar distribution, which shows that the choice of the SGS model is not important for the dissipation rate estimation. Then the TKE is calculated, and the processed images show that each plume structure has its own life cycle and the rising velocity of each plume structure is steady. This method is efficient for the plume turbulence measurement, and it provides benefits to the experimental study of fire plumes. Furthermore, the measured parameters can be analyzed for video-based fire detection. It is a useful method in both scientific research and industrial development.
Analysis of low-frequency dielectric loss of XLPE cable insulation based on extended Debye model
Authors: Cheng Xiang , Ye Gang , Sun Haofei , Li Tao , Sun Changwei
Published: August 2021

Dielectric response technology is an effective method on state detection of dielectric materials. However, when the technology is employed to evaluate the aging extent of the cable, the interpretation of the microscopic mechanism, which leads to changes in the dielectric loss factor spectrum, is lacking in the research. It also does not refine the frequency range with strong polarization loss caused by defects, such as water trees and impurities. In this paper, the loss characteristics of XLPE cable insulation at low frequencies were studied. First, the frequency domain parameters were obtained by the time–frequency domain dielectric conversion principle through the polarization current measurement. Second, the polarization loss and conductivity loss based on the extended Debye model were effectively distinguished. Finally, the frequency domain dielectric spectrum of polarization loss caused by water treeing defects was extracted and discussed. The research results show that in the low frequency range, the conductivity loss and polarization loss of the XLPE cable increase as the aging degree of the cable deepens. Among them, the contribution of polarization loss to the overall loss is gradually increasing. At the same time, the polarization loss (tan δp3) caused by defects, such as water trees and impurities, inside the cable insulation has an obvious effect in the ultra-low frequency band. As the degree of aging increases, the extreme value of tan δp3 increases, and it moves to higher frequencies.
Addressing the oral health workforce needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians
Authors: Bourke Christopher J. , McAuliffe Andrew , Jamieson Lisa M.
Published: August 2021

Tooth decay and gum disease, the main dental diseases affecting Australians, can cause pain and deformity as well as affecting eating and speech. Dental practitioners are efficient and effective in relieving dental pain, and they can effectively restore oral function. There is good evidence that better health care outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients are associated with care from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health professionals. Unfortunately, the representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people within the dental practitioner workforce is very low. We argue that a strategic approach, along with additional investment, is needed to increase the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people qualified as dental practitioners.
A method for implementing methane breeding values in Australian dairy cattle
Authors: Richardson C. M. , Sunduimijid B. , Amer P. , van den Berg I. , Pryce J. E.
Published: August 2021

Context There has been a lot of interest in recent years in developing estimated breeding values (EBVs) to reduce methane emissions from the livestock sector. However, while a major limitation is the availability of high-quality methane phenotypes measured on individual animals required to develop these EBVs, it has been recognised that selecting for improved efficiency of milk production, longevity, feed efficiency and fertility may be an effective strategy to genetically reduce methane emissions in dairy cows. Aim Applying carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq) weights to these EBVs, we hypothesise that it is possible to develop a genetic tool to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions (GHG). Methods We calculated the effect of an EBV unit change in each trait in the Balanced Performance Index on CO2-eq emissions per cow per year. The estimated environmental weights were used to calculate a prototype index of CO2-eq emissions. The final set of EBVs selected for inclusion in the GHG subindex were milk volume, fat yield and protein yield, survival and feed saved, as these traits had an independent effect on emissions. Feed saved is the Australian feed efficiency trait. A further modification was to include a direct methane trait in the GHG subindex, which is a more direct genomic evaluation of methane estimated from measured methane data, calculated as the difference between actual and predicted emissions, for example, a residual methane EBV. Key results The accuracy of the GHG subindex (excluding residual methane EBV) is ~0.50, calculated as the correlation between the index and gross methane (using 3-day mean gross methane phenotypes corrected for fixed effects, such as batch and parity and adjusting for the heritability). The addition of the residual methane EBV had a minimal effect with a correlation of 0.99 between the indexes. This was likely to be due to limited availability of methane phenotypes, resulting in residual methane EBVs with low reliabilities. Conclusions We expect that as more methane data becomes available and the accuracy of the residual methane trait increases, the two GHG subindexes will become differentiated. When the GHG subindex estimates are applied to bull EBVs, it can be seen that selecting for bulls that are low emitters of GHG can be achieved with a small compromise in the BPI of ~20 BPI units (standard deviation of BPI = 100). Implications Therefore, selection for more sustainable dairy cattle, both economic and environmental, may be promptly implemented until sufficient data are collected on methane.
Occurrence and emission of non-methane hydrocarbons in the East China Sea: roles of phytoplankton assemblages
Authors: Li Jian-Long , Zhai Xing , Chen Rong , Wu Ying-Cui , Zhang Hong-Hai
Published: August 2021

Environmental context Marine-derived non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are thought to affect atmospheric oxidation balance and aerosol formation, hence playing an important role in regulating climate. In this study, we report the distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of 10 NMHCs in the East China Sea (ECS), and assess the roles of phytoplankton assemblages in the occurrence and emission of NMHCs in the ECS. The results will improve our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of NMHCs in marine systems. Abstract Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are important reactive trace-gases that are emitted from oceanic sources. However, it remains unclear how phytoplankton, either total biomass or specific species, affect the generation and emission of NMHCs. This study conducted field observations of NMHCs in the East China Sea (ECS) in autumn, 2014. The mean concentrations of ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, pentane, ethene, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene and isoprene were 20.1 ± 3.6, 20.3 ± 20.2, 4.5 ± 0.9, 10.5 ± 2.3, 14.8 ± 3.4, 63.7 ± 20.8, 23.6 ± 6.6, 7.4 ± 2.9, 15.9 ± 4.3 and 69.4 ± 24.9 pmol L−1 respectively. Horizontal and vertical profiles of NMHCs showed that different water masses had distinct influences and the coastal areas had generally higher concentrations of NMHCs. There were significant positive correlations between alkanes or alkenes, which suggested that their production and fates in the surface seawater were similar. A significant positive correlation was observed between the isoprene and Chl-a concentrations, while no significant correlation was found between Chl-a and any other NMHCs. These results highlighted that, although NMHCs can be produced by phytoplankton, using Chl-a data or phytoplankton assemblages to estimate the production of other NMHCs in seawater is unreliable. Therefore, future research must determine the factors that control the production of these NMHCs. In addition, the results of estimated sea-to-air fluxes of NMHCs underscored the importance of the ECS as a source of NMHCs and the related atmospheric volatile organic compounds.
The evolution of parasitism from mutualism in wasps pollinating the fig,
Ficus microcarpa
, in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Zhang Ting , Jandér K. Charlotte , Huang Jian-Feng , Wang Bo , Zhao Jiang-Bo , Miao Bai-Ge , Peng Yan-Qiong , Herre Edward Allen
Published: August 2021

Significance

Both the role of host sanctions (differential resource allocation to more beneficial symbionts) in stabilizing mutualisms, and the existence of “cheaters” (species gaining fitness by not benefiting their hosts) and their role in destabilizing them are controversial. A detailed study of an evolutionary transition from mutualism to parasitism focusing on two functionally distinct
Eupristina
wasp species associated with the fig,
Ficus microcarpa
in Yunnan Province, China, documents both. Within the comparative context of many existing studies of costs and benefits of active fig pollination, the results suggest that the low to nonexistent host sanctions on wasps that do not pollinate in this region promote the loss of specialized morphologies and behaviors crucial for pollination and, thereby, the evolution of cheating.