bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Humic Substances
Authors: Senesi Nicola , Loffredo Elisabetta
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Genesis

The Lignin‐Protein Theory

The Sugar‐Amine Theory

The Polyphenol Theory

Extraction, Fractionation and Purification

Extraction Methods

Fractionation Procedures

Purification Procedures

Sequential Extraction/Fractionation Procedures

Comprehensive Isolation Procedure Proposed by the IHSS

Chemical Composition, Properties and Structure

Elemental Composition

Functional Groups

Charge Characteristics and Cation Exchange Capacity

Molecular Weight, Size and Shape

Structural Components

Molecular Models

Fractal Nature

Soil Fertility Functions

Physical Functions

Chemical Functions

Nutritional Aspects

Biological Actions

Environmental Functions

Interactions with Organic Pollutants

Interactions with Trace Metals

Summary and Concluding Remarks
Fermentative Production of MCL Poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate)
Authors: Weusthuis Ruud A. , Kessler Birgit , Dielissen Marcia P. M. , Witholt Bernard , Eggink Gerrit
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Occurrence

Functions

Biochemistry

β‐Oxidation

Fatty Acid Synthesis

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Physiology and Process Development

Fermentation Process Development

Control of MCL‐Poly(3HA) Monomer Composition

Oxygen Transfer and Heat Production

Byproducts

Molecular Genetics

Recombinant Pseudomonads

RecombinantE. coli

Downstream Processing

Production

MCL‐Poly(3HA) Production versus SCL‐Poly(3HA) Production

Producers

Applications

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Methods for Analysis of Poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) Composition
Authors: de Rijk Theo C. , van de Meer Pieter , Eggink Gerrit , Weusthuis Ruud A.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Analytical Methods

Analysis of SCL‐PHAs

GC and MS

NMR

HPLC

Analysis of other PHA

GC

MS

NMR

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Biodegradation of Aliphatic Polyesters
Authors: Tokiwa Yutaka , Pranamuda Hardaning
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Distribution of Microorganisms Able to Degrade Four Representative Aliphatic Polyesters

Degrading Microorganisms at Ambient Temperature (30 °C)

Degrading Microorganisms at High Temperature (50 °C)

Polyester Degrading Ability of Reference Cultures from Type Culture Collections

Microbial Degradation of Poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA)

PEA degradation byPenicilliumsp. 14‐3

PEA‐degrading Enzyme Produced byPenicilliumsp. 14‐3

Hydrolysis of Aliphatic Polyesters by Commercial Lipases

Aspects Affecting the Degradability of Polyesters byRhizopusLipase

Microbial Degradation of PCL

Microbial Degradation of PHB

Microbial Degradation of PPL

Microbial Degradation of PBS, PES, and PBS/A

Microbial Degradation of PLA

Micobial Degradation of Polycarbonate, Polyester Carbonate, Poly(ether‐ester), and Copolyester

Polycarbonate and Polyester Carbonate

Poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO)

Poly(2‐methylene‐1,3,6‐trioxocane)

Aliphatic–Aromatic Copolyester

Outlook and Perspectives
Aliphatic Polyester Formation, Mechanisms of
Authors: Duda Andrzej , Penczek Stanislaw
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Polyesterification

Thermodynamics of Polyesterification

Kinetics of Polyesterification

Molar Mass Distribution in Polyesterfication

Cyclization in Polyesterification

ROP of Cyclic Esters

Thermodynamics of Cyclic Ester Polymerization

Kinetics and Mechanisms of Cyclic Ester Polymerization

Chain Transfer via Transesterification

Stereochemistry of Lactide Polymerization

Outlook and Perspectives
Chemical Synthesis and Properties of Well‐defined Oligomeric Esters
Authors: Taniguchi Ikuo , Kimura Yoshiharu
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Synthesis and Properties of Oligomeric Polyesters

Poly(butylene succinate)

Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)

Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)

Poly(glycolic acid)

Poly(lactic acid)

Poly(malic acid)

Polyesters Synthesized by Enzymatic Polymerization

Applications

Industrial Uses

Biomedical Uses

Patents
Polyglycolide and Copolyesters with Lactide
Authors: Vert Michel
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures

Step‐growth Polymerization of Glycolic Acid

Chain‐growth Polymerization of Glycolide, the Cyclic Dimer of Glycolic Acid

Step‐growth Copolymerization of Glycolic Acid withl‐ andd‐Lactic Acid

Chain‐growth Copolymerization of Glycolide withl‐ andd‐Lactides

Transesterification Rearrangements

Occurrence

Monomers

Polymers

Biochemistry

Degradation in Abiotic and Biotic Aqueous Media

Degradation in Abiotic Media

Degradation in Biotic Media

Production

Producers

World Market

Applications

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Polyanhydrides
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Albertsson Ann‐Christine , Edlund Ulrica , Teomim Doron , Aliza Rasiel  , Domb Abraham J.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Synthesis

Polyanhydride Structures

Unsaturated Polymers

Aliphatic‐aromatic Homopolymers

Soluble Aromatic Copolymers

Poly(ester‐anhydrides)

Fatty Acid‐based Polyanhydrides

Amino Acid‐based Polymers

Modified Polyanhydrides and Blends

Characterization

Composition by1H‐NMR

Molecular Weight

Crystallinity

Infra‐red and Raman Analysis

Surface and Bulk Analysis

Stability

Fabrication of Delivery Systems

In vitroDegradation and Drug Release

Biocompatibility and Elimination

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Biodegradable Aliphatic‐Aromatic Polyesters: “Ecoflex
®
”
Authors: Yamamoto Motonori , Witt Uwe , Skupin Gabriel , Beimborn Dieter , Müller Rolf‐Joachim
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Perspectives for Biodegradable Plastics

BASF's Integrated Manufacturing System Offers Advantages

Historical Outline

Structure of Ecoflex
®
: The BASF Concept of Modular Units

Properties, Processing, and Application of Ecoflex
®

Property Profile of Ecoflex
®

Processing of Ecoflex
®

Applications

Starch Ecoflex
®
Blends

Biodegradation and Ecotoxicity of Ecoflex
®

General Biodegradability of Aromatic Polyesters and Aliphatic‐Aromatic Copolyesters

Evaluation of the Biodegradation of Ecoflex
®
with Standard Tests

Detailed Biodegradation Studies of Ecoflex
®
in Defined Laboratory Tests

Ecotoxicology of the Degradation Products of Ecoflex
®
, and Risk Assessment

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Bacterial Glycolipids
Authors: Desai Jitendra D. , Desai Anjana J.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Occurrence

Chemical Structure

Glycosyl Diglycerides

Rhamnolipids

Trehalolipids

Complex Glycolipids

Physiological Functions

Biosynthesis

Biodegradation

Genetics and Regulation

Production

Fermentative Production

Production by Biotransformation and Chemical Synthesis

Recovery and Purification

Applications

Patents

World Market and Cost Economics

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Alginates from Bacteria
Authors: Rehm Bernd H. A.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures

Biosynthetic Pathway of the Alginate Precursor, GDP‐Mannuronic Acid

Genetics of Alginate Biosynthesis

Regulation of Alginate Biosynthesis

Environmentally Induced Activation ofalgGenes

Genotypic Switch

Polymerization and Export of the Alginate Chain

Alginate‐Modifying Enzymes

Mannuronan C‐5‐epimerases

O‐Transacetylases

Alginate Lyases

The Role of Alginate in Biofilm Formation

The Applied Potential of Bacterial Alginates

Acknowledgments
Xanthan
Authors: Born Karin , Langendorff Virginie , Boulenguer Patrick
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Structure

Chemical Structure

Superstructure/Secondary Structure

Occurrence

Physiological Function

Analysis and Detection

Chemical Characterization

Physical Characterization

Biosynthesis

Degradation

Biotechnological Production

General Description of the Process

Process Improvement

Modeling the Fermentation Process

Post‐fermentation Treatment

Properties

Viscosity

Flow Behavior

Weak Network Formation

Gelation

Interaction of Xanthan with Other Macromolecules

Applications

Food Applications

Non‐food Applications

Relevant Patents

Current Problems and Limitations

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Levan
Authors: Rhee Sang‐Ki , Song Ki‐Bang , Kim Chul‐Ho , Park Buem‐Seek , Jang Eun‐Kyung , Jang Ki‐Hyo
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures of Levan

Occurrence

Physiological Functions of Levan

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Spectrophotometry

High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Other Methods

Biosynthesis of Levan

Enzymology of Levan Synthesis

Genetic Basis of Levan Synthesis

Regulation of Levan Synthesis

Biodegradation of Levan

Enzymology of Levan Degradation

Genetic Basis of Levan Degradation

Regulation of Levan Degradation

Biotechnological Production of Levan

Isolation and Screening for Levan‐producing Strains

Fermentative Production of Levan

In vitroBiosynthesis of Levan

Recovery and Purification of Levan

Commercial Production of Levan

Market Analysis and Cost of Levan Production

Levan Competitors

Properties of Levan

Applications of Levan

Medical Applications

Pharmaceutical Applications

Agricultural Applications

Food Applications

Other Applications

Patents

Current Problems and Limits

Outlook and Perspectives
Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids from Gram‐Positive Bacteria
Authors: Lazarevic Vladimir , Pooley Harold M. , Mauël Catherine , Karamata Dimitri
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures

Cell Wall Teichoic Acid

Teichuronic Acids

Biosynthesis and Genetics of Poly(GroP)

Polymerizing Enzyme System for Poly(Glycerol Phosphate) Teichoic Acid

The Genetic Basis of the Biosynthesis of the Soluble Precursors

Transcriptional Regulation of Wall Teichoic Acid Genes inB. subtilis168

Biosynthesis and Genetics of Poly (3‐O‐β‐D‐Glucopyranosyl N‐Acetylgalactosamine 1‐Phosphate)

Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Mutants

Genes Involved in Synthesis of Soluble Precursors

UDPGalNAc

Genetics of Polymerizing Enzyme System

Biosynthesis and Genetics of theB. subtilis168Cell Wall Teichuronic Acids

Biodegradation

Biological Roles Associated with Cell Wall Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids

Horizontal Transfer of Genes for Wall Teichoic Acid Synthesis

Role of the D‐Alanine Substituent of Wall Teichoic Acid and of the Overall Cell Wall Negative Charge

The pH Gradient Across the Cell Wall

Cell Wall Teichoic Acid and Upkeep of the Cell Shape

Applications
Schizophyllan
Authors: Rau Udo
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Acknowledgement

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Chemical Analysis

Occurrence and Physiological Function

Biosynthesis

Molecular Genetics

Biodegradation

Production

Batch Cultivation

Continuous Cultivation

Downstream Processing

Cell Separation

Purification and Concentration of Schizophyllan

World Market

Properties

Applications and Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Alginates from Algae
Authors: Draget Kurt Ingar , Smidsrød Olav , Skjåk‐Bræk Gudmund
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Conformation

Occurrence and Source Dependence

Physiological Function

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Chemical Composition and Sequence

Molecular Mass

Detection and Quantification

Biosynthesis and Biodegradation

Production: Biotechnological and Traditional

Isolation from Natural Sources / Fermentative Production

Molecular Genetics andin vitroModification

Current and Expected World Market and Costs

Alginate Manufacturers

Properties

Physical Properties

Material Properties

“Biological” Properties

Applications

Technical Utilization

Medicine and Pharmacy

Foods

Relevant Patents

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Cellulose
Authors: Klemm Dieter , Schmauder Hans‐Peter , Heinze Thomas
Published: January 2005

Introduction and Historical Outline

Occurrence

Natural Sources

Synthetic Cellulose

Structure and Analysis

Hydrogen Bonding

Crystal Structure

Morphology

Analysis

Physiological Function

Biosynthesis

Synthesis of Substrates for the Polymerizing Enzyme

Polymerizing Enzyme System and Enzymology of Biosynthesis

Genetic Basis of Synthesis

Regulation of Synthesis

Summarizing Open Questions in Research on Plant Cellulose Synthesis

Biodegradation

Intracellular Biodegradation

Extracellular Biodegradation

Biotechnological Production

Properties

Physical and Material Properties

Chemical Properties

Applications of Cellulose and Its Derivatives

Technical Applications

Other Applications

Relevant Patents for Biosynthesis, Biodegradation, and Biological Applications

Current Problems and Limitations

Outlook and Perspectives
Proteins Containing Nonnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Sisido Masahiko
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Extension of Amino Acids

Chemical Aminoacylation

Extension of Codons (Four‐base Codons)

Adaptability of Four‐base Codons in the Ribosome System and Extension to Five‐base Codons

Nonnatural Base Pairs for Codon Extension

In‐vitro Protein Synthesis in the Presence of tRNAs that are Amino‐acylated with Nonnatural Amino Acids

Purification and Identification of Nonnatural Mutants

Multiple Incorporation of Nonnatural amino acids by using Different Orthogonal Four‐base Codons

Mutants that Contain a Single Nonnatural Amino Acid at Random Positions

Combination of In‐vitro Synthesis and Chemical Synthesis for Screening Nonnatural Mutants and for Large‐scale Production

In‐vivo Synthesis of Nonnatural Mutants

Examples of Specialty Functions of Nonnatural Mutants

Fluorescence Labeling

Electron Transfers Inside Protein Frameworks

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Non‐ribosomal Biosynthesis of Linear and Cyclic Oligopeptides
Authors: von Döhren Hans
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Introduction

Proteins and Protein Domains in Non‐ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Systems

Adenylate Domains

Carrier Domains for the Transport of Intermediates

Condensation Domains and Related Epimerization Domains

Thioesterase Domains

N‐methyltransferase Domains

Oxidation and Reduction Domains

The Reaction Cycle

The Multi‐step Assembly Line

Side Reactions

Tailoring Reactions

Isolation and Cloning of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters

Occurrence and Detection of NRPS Clusters

Structure of NRPS Clusters in Prokaryotes

Eukaryotic NRPS Systems

Manipulation of NRPS Systems

Metabolic Engineering and Heterologous Expression

Genetic Alterations of Programming

Outlook and Perspectives
High‐toughness Spider Silk Fibers Spun from Soluble Recombinant Silk Produced in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Karatzas Costas N. , Chretien Nathalie , Duguay François , Bellemare Annie , Zhou Jiang Feng , Rodenhiser Andrew , Islam Shafiul A. , Turcotte Carl , Huang Yue , Lazaris Anthoula
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Production of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins

Over‐expression of Soluble rc‐Spider silk Proteins in Mammalian Cells

Secretion of rc‐Dragline Spider Silk proteins

Large‐scale Production of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins

Purification and Characterization of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins

Production of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic Animals

Generation of Transgenic Mice for the Spider Dragline Silk Genes

Mammary Gland Production of Spider Dragline Silk Proteins

Recombinant Spider Silk‐based Fiber Spinning

Spin Dope Preparation, Fiber Spinning and Characterization

Fiber Post‐Spinning Treatment

Perspective on the Formation of Silk Fibers and the Spinning Process

Applications of rc‐Spider Silk Fibers, and Prospects

Patents

Chronological Summary of Patents

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Collagens and Gelatins
Authors: Brodsky Barbara , Werkmeister Jerome A. , Ramshaw John A. M.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Early Background

The Golden Age of Collagen Discoveries: Composition, Conformation, and Fibril Organization

Amino Acid Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Precursors

Chemical Structure

Unusual Amino Acid Features and Post‐translational Modifications

Cross‐links Between Collagen Chains

Structure of the Collagen Triple Helix

Occurrence and Function of Collagen

Fibril‐forming Collagens

Non‐fibrillar Collagens

Biosynthesis and Biochemistry of Collagen

Physiology

Biodegradation

Polypeptide Models of Collagen

Molecular Genetics and Collagen Diseases

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Production and Applications

Biomedical Applications of Collagen

Gelatin Production and Applications

Recombinant Collagen and Gelatin

Immunological Response to Collagen Products

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Extra‐Organismic Adhesive Proteins
Authors: Lucas Jared M. , Vaccaro Eleonora , Waite J. Herbert
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Occurrence

Barnacles

Algae

Mussels

Molecular Genetics

Functional Biomechanics

Measurement of Adhesion Strength

Applications of Mussel Adhesive Proteins

Mucoadhesion and Surface Chemistry

Corrosion Inhibitors

Synthetic Biomimics

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Adhesives, Coatings, and Bioplastics from Protein Sources
Authors: Vaz Cláudia M. , de Graaf Leontine A. , Mulder Wim J.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Industrial Proteins

Types of Industrial Proteins

Protein Properties

Protein Modifications

Protein Processing Techniques

Applications of Industrial Proteins

Adhesives

Coatings

Surfactants

Bioplastics

Controlled‐release Systems

Outlook and Perspectives
Metabolism of Natural Polymeric Sulfur Compounds
Authors: Dahl Christiane , Prange Alexander , Steudel Ralf
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures

Hydrogen Sulfide and Inorganic Polysulfides

Chemistry, Structures and Characterization

Occurrence

Metabolism under Oxidative Conditions

Metabolism under Reductive Conditions

Elemental and Biologically Produced Sulfur

Chemistry, Structures and Characterization

Occurrence

Metabolism under Oxidative Conditions

Metabolism under Reductive Conditions

Polythionates

Chemistry, Structures and Characterization

Occurrence

Metabolism under Oxidative Conditions

Metabolism under Reductive Conditions

Organic Polysulfanes

Chemistry, Structures and Characterization

Occurrence

Metabolism under Oxidative Conditions

Metabolism under Reductive Conditions

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Modular Polyketide Synthases
Authors: Dieckmann Ralf , Schwecke Torsten
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Erythromycin Biosynthesis

The Erythromycin Gene Cluster

The DEBS‐Proteins

The Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for Rapamycin

Other Modular Polyketide Synthases

NRPS/PKS Hybrids

Generation of Novel Polyketides via Genetic Engineering

Relocation of the Thioesterase Domain

Domain Swapping

Recombination of Modules

Outlook and Perspectives
Biodegradable Plastics from Cellulose and Lignocellulosics
Authors: Yoshioka Mariko
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Plastics from Cellulose Acetate

Plasticization of CA with Dibasic Acid Anhydrides and Monoepoxides during Melt‐processing, and Their Biodegradabilities

Cellulose Acetate Plasticized by Grafting with Cyclic Esters

Plastics from Lignocellulose and Applications to Biodegradable Polymers

Plasticization of Wood by Benzylation and Blending with Polycaprolactone

Bio‐ and Photo‐degradabilities of BzW and BzW/PCL Composites

Production

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Biodegradation of Synthetic Water‐Soluble Polymers
Authors: Swift Graham
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Definitions

Disposal Options for Biodegradable Water‐Soluble Polymers

Test Methods for Biodegradable Water‐Soluble Polymers

Biodegradable Water‐Soluble Polymers

Carbon‐Chain Polymers

Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)

Polycarboxylates

Heteroatom Chain Polymers

Polyesters and Polyamides

Polyethers

Modified Natural Polymers

Graft Polymers

Chemical Modification of Polysaccharides
Biodegradation of Polydioxanone
Authors: Nishida Haruo
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Functions

Hydrolyzability

Depolymerizability

Physiology

Biodegradation

In‐vivo Degradation

Enzymatic Degradation

Microbial Degradation

Production

PDO

PPDO

Producers, Costs, and World Market

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Mater‐Bi: Biodegradable Material for Various Applications
Authors: Bastioli Catia
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Thermoplastic Starch

Mater‐Bi Products on the Market

Conclusions
Titelbild: Single‐Enzyme Kinetics of CALB‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis (Angew. Chem. 4/2005)
Authors: Velonia Kelly , Flomenbom Ophir , Loos Davey , Masuo Sadahiro , Cotlet Mircea , Engelborghs Yves , Hofkens Johan , Rowan Alan E. , Klafter Joseph , Nolte Roeland J. M. , de Schryver Frans C.
Published: January 2005

In Echtzeit kann die Reaktionskinetik einzelner Enzymmoleküle beobachtet werden. Vor dem Hintergrund einer mit CALB‐Enzym beladenen Oberfläche, die nach der Zugabe eines präfluoreszenten Substrats durch konfokale Fluoreszenzmikroskopie abgebildet wurde, zeigt das Titelbild die zeitabhängige Fluoreszenzemission (rot) eines einzelnen Enzymmoleküls. Diese von K. Velonia, J. Hofkens und A. E. Rowan et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 566 ff. vorgestellte Technik enthüllt Aspekte der katalytischen Eigenschaften, die in Ensemblemessungen unerkannt bleiben.
Tribological behavior of micrometer‐ and nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) copolymer composites used as frictional materials
Authors: Shao Xin , Xue Qunji , Liu Weimin , Teng Mouyong , Liu Honghua , Tao Xuquan
Published: January 2005

Micrometer‐ and nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composites with filler volume fractions ranging from 1 to 12.5 vol % were prepared by hot compression molding. We evaluated the tribological behaviors of the PPESK composites with the block‐on‐ring test rig by sliding PPESK‐based composite blocks against a mild carbon steel ring under dry‐friction conditions. The effects of different temperatures on the wear rate of the PPESK composites were also investigated with a ball‐on‐disc test rig. The wear debris and the worn surfaces of the PPESK composites were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, and the structures of the PPESK composites were analyzed with IR spectra. The lowest wear rate, 7.31 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1, was obtained for the composite filled with 1 vol %‐nanometer Al2O3 particles. The composite with nanometer particles exhibited a higher friction coefficient (0.58–0.64) than unfilled PPESK (0.55). The wear rate of 1 vol %‐nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled PPESK was stable and was lower than that of unfilled PPESK from the ambient temperature to 270°C. We anticipate that 1 vol %‐nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled PPESK can be used as a good frictional material. We also found that micrometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled PPESK had a lower friction coefficient at a filler volume fraction below 5%. The filling of micrometer Al2O3 particles greatly increased the wear resistance of PPESK under filler volume fractions from 1 to 12.5%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 993–1001, 2005
Preparation of sodium salts of N‐sulfonic acids by sulfomethylation of nitro oligomers obtained from waste rubbers
Authors: Karaivanova M. , Kodunova A. , Pavlova St.
Published: January 2005

The sulfomethylation of nitro oligomers obtained from waste rubbers (NO‐GWR) with sodium hydroxymethane sulfonate was studied in aqueous–alkali solutions from 50 to 80°C for reaction times of 3.5–5.5 h with weight ratios of 1.0:0.3–0.6. The initial NO‐GWR was produced by the oxidation/destructive nitration of waste rubbers with nitric acid in a heterogeneous medium. The influence of the reaction conditions on the yields and functional compositions of the sodium salts of two types of N‐sulfonic acids was investigated. Some of the nitro groups transformed into sulfaminate groups at 80°C or lower. One type of N‐sulfonic acid was isolated from its sodium salt by ion exchange. The oligosulfo derivatives were characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and the number‐average molecular weight. The sodium salts of the N‐sulfonic acids obtained from NO‐GWR possessed functional compositions similar to those of sodium salts from butadiene–styrene nitro oligomers prepared from butadiene–styrene latexes. Therefore, NO‐GWR obtained from available raw materials can be used as the initial derivative for the preparation of salts of N‐sulfonic acids instead of the nitro oligomers used now from elastomers. The salts can be used in galvanic coating techniques as brighteners. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1002–1013, 2005
Volume phase transition in poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gels in seawater at high pressures
Authors: Kato Eiji
Published: January 2005

The swelling behavior of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) gels in seawater at high pressures up to ∼40 MPa is examined in terms of human activity at deep sea. The neutral gel in seawater undergoes a continuous volume transition at 26°C at atmospheric pressure. Addition of the ionic group (sodium acrylate) does not have much effect on the swelling properties of the gels in seawater except that the transition temperature is somewhat increased. At high constant pressures up to ∼40 MPa, the gels undergo a continuous volume transition at 26–28°C as the temperature varies. Normally, the gel takes a swollen state at deep sea. The ratio of the volume change associated with the transition is more than 10, which is 3 times larger than that obtained by changing the pressure at a constant temperature. The results suggest a possibility that the phase transition of PNIPA gels is utilized for producing mechanochemical energy at deep sea. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1069–1072, 2005
Synthesis and secondary structure of oligo(α‐isobutyl β,L‐aspartate)s
Authors: García‐Martín M. G. , García‐Alvarez M. , Martínez de Ilarduya A. , Campos L. , Galbis J. A. , Muñoz‐Guerra S.
Published: January 2005

The oligo(β‐peptide)s, hexa(α‐isobutyl β,L‐aspartate) (Hex‐AIBLA) and octa(α‐isobutyl β,L‐aspartate) (Oct‐AIBLA), were synthesized in solution by using standard coupling methods. Powder x‐ray diffraction showed that the octamer crystallized in the two helical crystal forms known to exist in the homologous poly(β‐peptide), whereas the hexamer seemed to adopt an extended conformation. Both CD and 1H‐NMR spectra of Oct‐AIBLA in MeOH revealed the presence of a regularly folded conformation in this solvent, presumably the 314 helix. The helix‐to‐coil transition of Oct‐AIBLA was observed to take place upon heating in both MeOH and CHCl3, in the second case associated with a not‐well‐defined aggregation–disaggregation process. The spectroscopic evidence obtained on the presence of folded structures in Hex‐AIBLA were much weaker than for the octamer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2005
Novel application of oxygen‐transferring membranes to improve anaerobic wastewater treatment
Authors: Kappell Anthony S. , Semmens Michael J. , Novak Paige J. , LaPara Timothy M.
Published: January 2005

Anaerobic biological wastewater treatment has numerous advantages over conventional aerobic processes; anaerobic biotechnologies, however, still have a reputation for low‐quality effluents and operational instabilities. In this study, anaerobic bioreactors were augmented with an oxygen‐transferring membrane to improve treatment performance. Two anaerobic bioreactors were fed a synthetic high‐strength wastewater (chemical oxygen demand, or COD, of 11,000 mg l−1) and concurrently operated until biomass concentrations and effluent quality stabilized. Membrane aeration was then initiated in one of these bioreactors, leading to substantially improved COD removal efficiency (>95%) compared to the unaerated control bioreactor (∼65%). The membrane‐augmented anaerobic bioreactor required substantially less base addition to maintain circumneutral pH and exhibited 75% lower volatile fatty acid concentrations compared to the unaerated control bioreactor. The membrane‐aerated bioreactor, however, failed to improve nitrogenous removal efficiency and produced 80% less biogas than the control bioreactor. A third membrane‐augmented anaerobic bioreactor was operated to investigate the impact of start‐up procedure on nitrogenous pollutant removal. In this bioreactor, excellent COD (>90%) and nitrogenous (>95%) pollutant removal efficiencies were observed at an intermediate COD concentration (5,500 mg l−1). Once the organic content of the influent wastewater was increased to full strength (COD = 11,000 mg l−1), however, nitrogenous pollutant removal stopped. This research demonstrates that partial aeration of anaerobic bioreactors using oxygen‐transferring membranes is a novel approach to improve treatment performance. Additional research, however, is needed to optimize membrane surface area versus the organic loading rate to achieve the desired effluent quality. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affinity‐enhanced protein partitioning in decyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside two‐phase aqueous micellar systems
Authors: Lam Henry , Kavoosi Mojgan , Haynes Charles A. , Wang Daniel I.C. , Blankschtein Daniel
Published: January 2005

Liquid–liquid extraction in two‐phase aqueous complex‐fluid systems has been proposed as a scalable, versatile, and cost‐effective purification method for the downstream processing of biotechnological products. In the case of two‐phase aqueous micellar systems, careful choices of the phase‐forming surfactants or surfactant mixtures allow these systems to separate biomolecules based on size, hydrophobicity, charge, or specific affinity. In this article, we investigate the affinity‐enhanced partitioning of a model affinity‐tagged protein—green fluorescent protein fused to a family 9 carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM9‐GFP)—in a two‐phase aqueous micellar system generated from the nonionic surfactant n‐decyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside (C10G1), which acts simultaneously as the phase‐former and the affinity ligand. In this simple system, CBM9‐GFP was extracted preferentially into the micelle‐rich phase, despite the opposing tendency of the steric, excluded‐volume interactions operating between the protein and the micelles. We obtained more than a sixfold increase (from 0.47 to 3.1) in the protein partition coefficient (Kp), as compared to a control case where the affinity interactions were “turned off” by the addition of a competitive inhibitor (glucose). It was demonstrated conclusively that the observed increase in Kp can be attributed to the specific affinity between the CBM9 domain and the affinity surfactant C10G1, suggesting that the method can be generally applied to any CBM9‐tagged protein. To rationalize the observed phenomenon of affinity‐enhanced partitioning in two‐phase aqueous micellar systems, we formulated a theoretical framework to model the protein partition coefficient. The modeling approach accounts for both the excluded‐volume interactions and the affinity interactions between the protein and the surfactants, and considers the contributions from the monomeric and the micellar surfactants separately. The model was shown to be consistent with the experimental data, as well as with our current understanding of the CBM9 domain. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biosynthesis reaction mechanism and kinetics of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, dATP and dGTP
Authors: Bao Jie , Ryu Dewey D.Y.
Published: January 2005

The enzyme reaction mechanism and kinetics for biosyntheses of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) from the corresponding deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP) and deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP) catalyzed by pyruvate kinase were studied. A kinetic model for this synthetic reaction was developed based on a Bi‐Bi random rapid equilibrium mechanism. Kinetic constants involved in this pyruvate kinase catalyzed phosphorylation reactions of deoxynucleoside diphosphates including the maximum reaction velocity, Michaelis‐Menten constants, and inhibition constants for dATP and dGTP biosyntheses were experimentally determined. These kinetic constants for dATP and dGTP biosyntheses are of the same order of magnitude but significantly different between the two reactions. Kinetic constants involved in ATP and GTP biosyntheses as reported in literature are about one order of magnitude different from those involved in dATP and dGTP biosyntheses. This enzyme reaction requires Mg2+ ion and the optimal Mg2+ concentration was also determined. The experimental results showed a very good agreement with the simulation results obtained from the kinetic model developed. This kinetic model can be applied to the practical application of a pyruvate kinase reaction system for production of dATP and dGTP. There is a significant advantage of using enzymatic biosyntheses of dATP and dGTP as compared to the chemical method that has been in commercial use. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Dual‐Electrode Approach for Highly Selective Detection of Glucose Based on Diffusion Layer Theory: Experiments and Simulation
Authors: Wang Kang , Zhang Dai , Zhou Ting , Xia Xing‐Hua
Published: January 2005

A dual‐electrode configuration for the highly selective detection of glucose in the diffusion layer of the substrate electrode is presented. In this approach, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE, substrate) modified with a conductive layer of glucose oxidase/Nafion/graphite (GNG) was used to create an interference‐free region in its diffusion layer by electrochemical depletion of interfering electroactive species. A Pt microelectrode (tip, 5 μm in radius) was located in the diffusion layer of the GNG‐modified GCE (GNG‐G) with the help of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Consequently, the tip of the electrode could sense glucose selectively by detecting the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formed from the oxidization of glucose on the glucose oxidase layer. The influences of parameters, including tip–substrate distance, substrate potential, and electrolyzing time, on the interference‐removing efficiency of this dual‐electrode approach have been investigated systematically. When the electrolyzing time was 30 s, the tip–substrate distance was 1.8 a (9.0 μm) (where a is the radius of the tip electrode), the potentials of the tip and substrate electrodes were 0.7 V and 0.4 V, respectively, and a mixture of ascorbic acid (0.3 mM), uric acid (0.3 mM), and 4‐acetaminophen (0.3 mM) had no influence on the glucose detection. In addition, the current–time responses of the tip electrode at different tip–substrate distances in a solution containing interfering species were numerically simulated. The results from the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. This research provides a concept of detection in the diffusion layer of a substrate electrode, as an interference‐free region, for developing novel microelectrochemical devices.
Ligands Rock & Roll: Stepwise Twisting of Two cis‐Coordinated Lopsided N‐Heterocycles in an Octahedral Bis(2‐phenylazopyridine)–Ruthenium(II) Complex with Seven Atropisomers
Authors: Velders Aldrik H. , Hotze Anna C. G. , Reedijk Jan
Published: January 2005

1H NMR data of α‐[Ru(azpy)2(MeBim)2](PF6)2 (azpy=2‐phenylazopyridine, MeBim=1‐methylbenzimidazole), 2, revealed the presence of a total of seven atropisomers at −95 °C: three head‐to‐tail, HT, isomers (A, C, and D), and four head‐to‐head, HH, isomers which, due to the presence of an intrinsic C2 axis in the α‐[Ru(azpy)2] moiety, are two sets of identical pairs (B/B and E/E). The NMR data of 2 represent a unique example of a coordination compound that shows a variable temperature (VT) behavior with more, well‐defined steps of slow‐to‐fast exchange of its atropisomers. At 65 °C, all atropisomers are in fast exchange; on lowering the temperature the sharp signals first broaden (at room temperature) and consecutively split up into two sets of relatively sharp signals, in slow exchange, at about 0 °C (D, 40 %, and the coalesced signals of ABBCEE, 60 %). Upon further cooling, the set of peaks belonging to D remain sharp until the lowest recording temperatures. The signals of the other set of resonances, on the other hand, first broaden again and then separate into two sets of broad peaks (C/E/E and A) and one set of sharp peaks (B and B in fast exchange); on lowering the temperature even more, these signals broaden once again and finally, at −95 °C, are split up into a total of four sets of signal (A, B/B, C, and E/E). At low temperatures, ROESY experiments revealed that atropisomerization occurs through the synchronous rotation of both MeBim ligands in the interconversion of the two “identical” HH atropisomers B and B, as well as in the interconversion between C and E/E. The HH rotamers B/B furthermore exhibit a slow‐to‐fast exchange atropisomerization behavior that is observed independently from the other dynamic processes in this compound. The versatile cis bifunctional binding of the DNA model bases (MeBim ligands) in 2 parallels the observation of α‐[Ru(azpy)2Cl2] which shows extraordinarly high cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines.
An NMR and Molecular Modeling Study of Carbosilane‐Based Dendrimers Functionalized with Phenolic Groups or Titanium Complexes at the Periphery
Authors: Welch Karen T. , Arévalo Silvia , Turner John F. C. , Gómez Rafael
Published: January 2005

Dendrimers are modified polymers whose architecture is defined by the presence of a central atom or core with multiple branches. These molecules lend themselves to a variety of architectures and uses, including drug delivery and catalysis. The study of the molecular conformations and shapes of dendritic molecules is necessary but not yet routine. Here we present an NMR and molecular modeling study of a series of carbosilane dendrimers, namely 1G‐{(CH2)3[C6H3(OMe)]OH}4 (1), 2G‐{(CH2)3[C6H3(OMe)]OH}8 (2), and 2G‐{(CH2)3[C6H3(OMe)]O[Ti(C5H5)Cl2]}8 (3). Various two‐dimensional NMR techniques were used to completely assign the 1H and 13C resonances of molecules 1–3. This information was used, in conjunction with 1H and 13C spin‐lattice relaxation measurements, to assess the chain motion of the molecules. The NMR data were also compared with 1‐ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of 1 and 2 using the MMFF94 force field. The results indicate that these dendrimers possess a core that is motionally decoupled from the rest of the dendrimer, with flexible arm segments that extend from the core. The addition of eight functionalized titanium groups to the ends of the dendrimer chains of 2 to yield molecule 3 serves to further restrict chain motion.
A Supported Liquid Membrane Encapsulating a Surfactant–Lipase Complex for the Selective Separation of Organic Acids
Authors: Miyako Eijiro , Maruyama Tatsuo , Kamiya Noriho , Goto Masahiro
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel, lipase‐facilitated, supported liquid membrane (SLM) for the selective separation of organic acids by encapsulating a surfactant–lipase complex in the liquid membrane phase. This system exhibited a high transport efficiency for 3‐phenoxypropionic acid and enabled the selective separation of organic acids due to the different solubilities of the acids in the organic phase and the variable substrate specificity of the surfactant–lipase complex in the liquid membrane phase. We found that various parameters, such as the amount of surfactant–lipase complex in the SLM, the lipase concentration in the receiving phase, and the ethanol concentration in the feed phase, affected the transport behavior of organic acids. The optimum conditions were 5 g L−1 of the surfactant–CRL complex in the SLM (CRL=lipase from Candida rugosa), 8 g L−1 of PPL in the receiving phase (PPL=lipase from porcine pancreas), and an ethanol concentration of 50 vol %. Furthermore, we achieved high enantioselective transport of (S)‐ibuprofen attributable to the enantioselectivity of the surfactant–CRL complex.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkylidenecyclobutenes via Head‐to‐Head Dimerization of Propargylic Alcohols and Cyclobutadiene–Ruthenium Intermediates
Authors: Le Paih Jacques , Dérien Sylvie , Demerseman Bernard , Bruneau Christian , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Toupet Loïc , Dazinger Georg , Kirchner Karl
Published: January 2005

The reaction of propargylic alcohols with carboxylic acid, or phenol derivatives, in the presence of the precatalyst [RuCl(cod)(C5Me5)] leads selectively to a variety of alkylidenecyclobutenes through head‐to‐head dimerization of propargylic alcohol. The first step is the formation of a cyclobutadiene–ruthenium intermediate resulting from the head‐to‐head coupling of two molecules of propargylic alcohol. On protonation with strong acids (HPF6, HBF4) dehydration of the cyclobutadiene complex leads to formation of an alkylidenecyclobutenyl–ruthenium complex. The X‐ray structure of one such complex, [RuCl(C5Me5)(η4‐R′CCH‐‐CH‐‐CCR2)] (R′=cyclohexen‐1‐yl, CR2=cyclohexylidene) has been determined. Carboxylate is added at the less substituted carbon of the cyclic allylic ligand. DFT/B3 LYP calculations confirm that the intermediate arising from head‐to‐head coupling of alkyne to the RuClCp* species yields the cyclobutadiene–ruthenium complex more easily with propargylic alcohol than with acetylene.
π‐Accepting‐Pincer Rhodium Complexes: An Unusual Coordination Mode of PCP‐Type Systems
Authors: Kossoy Elizaveta , Iron Mark A. , Rybtchinski Boris , Ben‐David Yehoshoa , Shimon Linda J. W. , Konstantinovski Leonid , Martin Jan M. L. , Milstein David
Published: January 2005

The novel π‐accepting, pincer‐type ligand, dipyrrolylphoshinoxylene (DPyPX), is introduced. This ligand has the strongest π‐accepting phosphines used so far in the PCP family of ligands and this results in some unusual coordination chemistry. The rhodium(I) complex, [(DPyPX)Rh(CO)(PR3)] (4, R=Ph, Et, pyrrolyl) is prepared by treating the relevant [(DPyPX)Rh(PR3)] (3) complex with CO and is remarkably resistant to loss of either ligand. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of complex 4 b (R=Et) reveals an unusual cisoid coordination of the PCP phosphine ligands. These observations are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
The Performance of the Semi‐empirical AM1 Method on Small and Nanometer‐Sized N2O Clusters.
Authors: Haeber Thomas , Kevorkiants Rouslan , Thiel Walter , Suhm Martin A.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
How Many Hydrogen Atoms Can Be Bound to a Metal? Predicted MH12 Species
Authors: Gagliardi Laura , Pyykkoe Pekka
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High Pressure Study of NH4Pb2Br5 Type Compounds. Part 1. Structural Parameters and Their Evolution under High Pressure.
Authors: Becker Daniel , Beck Horst P.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Alkaline Earth Metals and Nitrogen in Sealed Niobium Ampules: The Formation of MgZn2 Type Intermetallic Phases in the Presence of Nitrogen and the New Compound Ba5[NbN4]N.
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Lind Cora , Simon Arndt , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure and Thermal Desorption Properties of HoNiAlD1.2.
Authors: Stange M. , Kolomiets A. V. , Yartys V. A. , Delaplane R. G. , Rundloef H.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of AgPb9(VO4)6I and AgBa9(VO4)6I.
Authors: Uno Masayoshi , Kosuga Atsuko , Masuo Sumiko , Imamura Mitsuhiro , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optical Properties and Two‐Dimensional Electronic Structure in Wide‐Gap Layered Oxychalcogenide: La2CdO2Se2.
Authors: Hiramatsu Hidenori , Ueda Kazushige , Kamiya Toshio , Ohta Hiromichi , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Structure of LnCuxGe2 (Ln: Ho, Er) Compounds.
Authors: Gil A. , Kaczorowski D. , Hernandez‐Velasco J. , Pene B. , Wawrzynska E. , Szytula A.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Ordering of DyCuSi and HoCuSi Studied by Neutron Diffraction.
Authors: Schobinger‐Papamantellos P. , Buschow K. H. J. , Ritter C.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermodynamic Studies on LnCoO3 (Ln: Eu, Gd, Tb) by Solid‐State Electrochemical Cells.
Authors: Patil Abhay , Dash Smruti , Parida S. C. , Venugopal V.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Phase Diagram of the Sr—Sn System.
Authors: Palenzona A. , Pani M.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation and Electrode Properties of New Ternary Alloys: LnMgNi4 (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd).
Authors: Wang Z. M. , Zhou H. Y. , Cheng G. , Gu Z. F. , Yu A. B.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multi‐Iron Silicotungstates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability Studies of Polyoxometalate Dimers.
Authors: Anderson Travis M. , Neiwert Wade A. , Hardcastle Kenneth I. , Hill Craig L.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Giant Cu44II Aggregate which Packs with a Zeotypic Superstructure.
Authors: Murugesu Muralee , Clerac Rodolphe , Anson Christopher E. , Powell Annie K.
Published: January 2005

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Trends in Asymmetric Michael Reactions Catalyzed by Tripeptides in Combination with an Achiral Additive in Different Solvents.
Authors: Tsogoeva Svetlana B. , Jagtap Sunil B. , Ardemasova Zoya A. , Kalikhevich Victor N.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Chiral Ligands Derived from Mandelic Acid: Synthesis and Application in the Asymmetric Phenyl Transfer Reaction to an Aromatic Aldehyde.
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Zani Lorenzo , Rudolph Jens , Schiffers Ingo
Published: January 2005

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Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Vicinal Diamine Derivatives Through Enantioselective N‐Allylation Using Chiral π‐Allyl Pd‐Catalyst.
Authors: Kitagawa Osamu , Yotsumoto Kanako , Kohriyama Mitsuteru , Dobashi Yasuo , Taguchi Takeo
Published: January 2005

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Polysiloxane‐Bound Ligand Accelerated Catalysis: A Modular Approach to Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Macromolecular Asymmetric Dihydroxylation Ligands.
Authors: DeClue Michael S. , Siegel Jay S.
Published: January 2005

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Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkynes with Alkenes: Formation of Cyclohexenedicarboxylates via Isomerization of Alkynes and Successive Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Shiotsuki Masashi , Ura Yasuyuki , Ito Takashi , Wada Kenji , Kondo Teruyuki , Mitsudo Take‐aki
Published: January 2005

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Cp*Ir Complex‐Catalyzed N‐Heterocyclization of Primary Amines with Diols: A New Catalytic System for Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Cyclic Amines.
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Fujii Takeshi , Yamaguchi Ryohei
Published: January 2005

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A Convenient and Chemoselective Method for the Reductive Ring Cleavage of Isoxazoles and Isoxazolines with EtMgBr/Ti(Oi‐Pr)4 Reagent.
Authors: Churykau Dzmitry H. , Zinovich Veranika G. , Kulinkovich Oleg G.
Published: January 2005

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Tandem PtCl2 Catalyzed—Thermal [3,3] Rearrangements of Enyne Acetates.
Authors: Cariou Kevin , Mainetti Emily , Fensterbank Louis , Malacria Max
Published: January 2005

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Generation of Alkoxycarbenium Ion Pools from Thioacetals and Applications to Glycosylation Chemistry.
Authors: Suzuki Shinkiti , Matsumoto Kouichi , Kawamura Kohsuke , Suga Seiji , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: January 2005

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Chemoselective Reduction of Azides with Sodium Sulfide Hydrate under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Kazemi Foad , Kiasat Ali Reza , Sayyahi Sohyl
Published: January 2005

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Selective Mono‐N‐alkylation of 3‐Amino Alcohols via Chelation to 9‐BBN.
Authors: Bar‐Haim Galia , Kol Moshe
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.