bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of crustal deformation and strain characteristics in the Tianshan Mountains with least-squares collocation
Authors: Li S. P. , Chen G. , Li J. W.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. By fitting the observed velocity field of the Tianshan Mountains from 1992 to 2006 with least-squares collocation, we established a velocity field model in this region. The velocity field model reflects the crustal deformation characteristics of the Tianshan reasonably well. From the Tarim Basin to the Junggar Basin and Kazakh platform, the crustal deformation decreases gradually. Divided at 82° E, the convergence rates in the west are obviously higher than those in the east. We also calculated the parameter values for crustal strain in the Tianshan Mountains. The results for maximum shear strain exhibited a concentration of significantly high values at Wuqia and its western regions, and the values reached a maxima of 4.4×10−8 a−1. According to isogram distributions for the surface expansion rate, we found evidence that the Tianshan Mountains have been suffering from strong lateral extrusion by the basin on both sides. Combining this analysis with existing results for focal mechanism solutions from 1976 to 2014, we conclude that it should be easy for a concentration of earthquake events to occur in regions where maximum shear strains accumulate or mutate. For the Tianshan Mountains, the possibility of strong earthquakes in Wuqia–Jiashi and Lake Issyk-Kul will persist over the long term.
Exploring ethnographic techniques for ICT non-use research: An Amish case study
Authors: Ems Lindsay
Published: November 2015

This paper explores the ethnographic methods used to study information communication technology (ICT) non-use among a group of ardent non-users, the Old Order Amish. During a multi-year investigation in two Amish settlements, three specific strategies proved essential to gaining access to members of the target population and acquiring relevant and meaningful data for analysis: 1) engaging a principal informant, 2) privileging the body as a communication medium, and 3) developing new personal connections through existing personal connections. By employing these techniques, barriers to access were productively mitigated. The data collected using these techniques yielded rich insights about Amish ICT use, and non-use and what those variable modalities meant for the perceived empowerment of Amish communities in an increasingly high-tech and globally networked world. This study documents a set of techniques, which have been successful in collecting rich ethnographic data to describe Amish ICT use as inherently situated in a complex ecology of socio-technical life. Additionally, it presents a toolkit for studying ICT use and non-use among the Amish, as such toolkits have not been described in previous research. The application of these techniques for researching ICT non-use in other contexts is also discussed.
La transferencia de conocimiento científico y tecnológico: un reto que deben afrontar las universidades
Authors: Molina Óscar D
Published: November 2015

Revista Portal de Ciencias, No. 8, junio 2015; 9-15
La construcción del paisaje en la literatura de viajes en Honduras durante los siglos XIX y XX
Authors: Cálix Wendy , Lara Norma
Published: November 2015

El estudio de la literatura de viajes como un género literario posibilita acercarse a la temporalidad de los hechos descritos o narrados por diversos viajeros, que en este caso visitaron Centroamérica; al respecto, principalmente interesan los textos en los que se relata su visita a Honduras, los cuales al recrearse permiten aproximarse al paisaje del país. Aldous Huxley, Harry A. Franck y Frank Vincent han dejado en sus libros publicados a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, un recuento de su viaje a tierras centroamericanas, es así que este estudio sobre la construcción del paisaje pretende indagar en los principales rasgos físicos distintivos que caracterizan a Honduras e identificar los elementos principales que se destacan en su paisaje natural, por medio de la descripción de los ambientes rurales y urbanos en los que se reconoce la configuración de los espacios naturales, las ciudades y el país.En cuanto a la metodología de trabajo se empleó el enfoque cualitativo a partir del método de literatura comparada en los libros en estudio, junto a la investigación documental. Entre los resultados más destacados están las diversas descripciones encontradas sobre el paisaje natural, sobresale en los ambientes urbanos la herencia arquitectónica española desde los tiempos de la Colonia, relatos sobre las principales ciudades del país para esa época histórica, inferencias sobre los habitantes y la imagen de la ciudad; respecto a los ambientes rurales, se señala las referencias sobre la belleza natural del país y los abundantes bosques y ríos que rodean el territorio, es la representación de este paisaje la que nos invita a regresar a la Honduras de tiempos pasados.Revista Portal de Ciencias, No. 8, junio 2015: 123-136
Las ciencias sociales hoy
Authors: Flores Mima , Urriola Gregorio , Sierra Rolando
Published: November 2015

Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, diciembre 2014: 9-16
Estilos de vida saludable en estudiantes de sexto año de Medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, 2011
Authors: Bermúdez Lacayo Johana Guicel , Cáceres Montecinos María Elena
Published: November 2015

Los problemas de salud pública actualmente son las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles como diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial y la obesidad, entre otras; las cuales son enfermedades derivadas del estilo de vida de las personas. Por ello es importante promocionar la salud en las diferentes etapas de la vida como un patrimonio vital, dado que la salud es el resultado de los cuidados y de asegurarse de que la sociedad en que uno vive ofrezca a todos sus miembros la posibilidad de gozar de un buen estado de salud.Los profesionales de la salud con comportamientos saludables son más proclives a tener mejores prácticas e impacto en la consejería preventiva de los hábitos de los pacientes; en tal sentido, el objetivo de este estudio es describir el comportamiento de los estudiantes de sexto año de Medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), con relación a su estilo de vida saludable durante el segundo semestre del año 2011.La metodología que se usó para fines del estudio fue el cuestionario de prácticas y creencias sobre estilos de vida de Arrivillaga, Salazar y Gómez (2002), el cual fue modificado a conveniencia conforme los objetivos del estudio, una muestra de 231. La población estudiada se encontraba entre 21 y 45 años, con una edad promedio de 25 años y según el género, el 58 % eran del género femenino y 42 % género masculino, a razón de F: M; 1.4:1.La percepción del bienestar físico y mental de los estudiantes del sexto año de Medicina es en general positiva, aunque tienen una actitud desfavorable en la dimensión de la actividad física. Los estudiantes mostraron una actitud muy favorable con relación a la dimensión del tiempo de ocio. En la dimensión hábitos de alimentación saludable, la actitud de los estudiantes de Medicina es neutral, con una ligera tendencia a muy favorable.En conclusión, la información recabada indica que para adoptar comportamientos saludables no es suficiente recibir formación profesional en áreas de la salud para producir cambios en los hábitos de vida, ya que estos están determinados por factores distintos, entre ellos las creencias, las motivaciones, la percepción de riesgo, la sensación de autocontrol y probablemente otros factores aún inexplorados.Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, diciembre 2014: 19-42
Costumbres, creencias y tradiciones como expresiones de identidad cultural en la región occidental de Honduras
Authors: Orellana Peña Jorge Humberto , Aravey Orellana Leivi
Published: November 2015

En el marco de las líneas prioritarias de investigación definidas por la UNAH y patrocinado por la Dirección de Investigación Científica, se realizó un estudio que describe e interpreta el estado de las creencias, costumbres y tradiciones vigentes en el imaginario colectivo de la región occidental de Honduras. Este trabajo contempló una serie de entrevistas a diferentes actores fundamentales para la investigación; posteriormente se diseñó un instrumento para confirmar y validar la información, el cual fue aplicado en al menos seiscientas personas de las cabeceras departamentales, aldeas y caseríos de la región.Los resultados demuestran un mimetismo cultural fuertemente arraigado principalmente en la gente mayor, muchas expresiones de identidad cultural son desconocidas o desvalorizadas por las generaciones jóvenes. Las creencias o tradiciones propias de los pueblos maya chortí y lenca tratan de sobrevivir resistiéndose a caer en el vacío del olvido. El sincretismo religioso ha producido una hibridación, conservando rasgos prehispánicos y aquellos impuestos a partir de la Colonia.Existe un cúmulo importante de saberes locales, que son formas de existencia que a la población les ha servido en su diario vivir. Es un conocimiento lleno de valores y sentimientos, una sabiduría mítica, subjetiva, espiritual y supersticiosa desaparecida del paisaje científico. Todas esas expresiones culturales es la vida de los pueblos de esta noble región; les ha funcionado y les sigue funcionando; sus ideas, sueños, esperanzas y posibilidades están ahí, quieren mostrarnos que existen, son ángeles con una sola ala y culturalmente necesitan del otro para volar.Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, diciembre 2014: 94-110
Análisis econométrico sobre la generación y estructura del empleo a través de la demanda agregada y la inversión en Honduras, 2001-2011
Authors: Perdomo Gabriel
Published: November 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el fenómeno de la generación de empleo a través de las variables macroeconómicas (consumo privado, gasto público, inversión y exportaciones) en el sector laboral de la economía de Honduras, durante el periodo 2001-2011. Una vez caracterizado el sector laboral, el análisis se centrará en poder escenificar el efecto que tendrían en los niveles de empleo las principales medidas económicas de política pública, utilizando teorías de la economía moderna, específicamente modelos keynesianos y clásicos que se usan por su relación y acercamiento al comportamiento empírico de la economía de Honduras.METODOLOGÍA El análisis de esta información se efectuó a través de la relación de las variables macroeconómicas de demanda agregada e inversión que generan empleo en el sector formal de la economía hondureña, en donde se pretende relacionar el mercado laboral utilizando el número y las distintas desagregaciones del total de personas ocupadas, relacionándolo con el consumo público y privado con los problemas económicos laborales del subempleo visible e invisible, el desempleo abierto. El proceso de correlación de las variables está centrado en poder comparar los efectos de las principales medidas de las políticas públicas en el marco de los planteamientos políticos de los principales candidatos a cargos públicos en las campañas electorales. El énfasis de este análisis estará centrado en poder proyectar posibles escenarios y efectos en los niveles de empleo.Los resultados obtenidos de la presente investigación arrojan importantes fenómenos, en especial la propensión marginal a consumir de los hondureños, presentando un nivel alto de recurso destinado al consumo y el bajo nivel de ahorro, denotando que el consumo es el motor de mayor potencia en el crecimiento del PIB y la utilización de fuerza laboral que provienen de los sectores productores de bienes y servicios de consumo final, siendo estos el sector agropecuario y el comercio. Las recomendaciones están orientadas a estos hallazgos y muestran los retos de las políticas públicas en el marco político actual del año 2012 y 2013. La función de esta investigación es poder proveer el comienzo de una aproximación para un debate técnico y amplio sobre la efectividad de las políticas públicas en materia de empleo, como una herramienta para la toma de decisiones que orienten tanto al sector privado como ente primario en la creación de puestos de trabajo, como para el sector público como ente creador de oportunidades y climas propicios para un empleo competitivo y digno para la población económicamente activa.Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, diciembre 2014: 111-128
Análisis estadístico de la base de datos climatológica del parámetro humedad relativa de Honduras
Authors: Martínez Romero César Joel
Published: November 2015

Honduras es un país con un territorio predominantemente montañoso, de clima cálido y húmedo, cuya economía se basa en gran parte en la producción agrícola, rubro cuyo rendimiento puede verse influenciado por diferentes factores climáticos, tales como la humedad relativa.La humedad relativa es un parámetro meteorológico que en Honduras es monitoreado por aproximadamente un 17 % del total de estaciones meteorológicas con que se cuenta el país. Desafortunadamente, esta cobertura no es tan extensa como se esperaría; además, gran parte de la información que se brinda presenta vacíos importantes. En consecuencia, si se quiere trabajar de manera más eficiente no solo en el campo de la agricultura, sino también en las áreas de ingeniería, generación de energía, etc., es necesario crear una plataforma de datos históricos de humedad relativa que sea confiable.La presente investigación tiene como objetivo la recopilación ordenada y sistemática de la mayor cantidad de información histórica posible sobre el parámetro de humedad relativa, de modo que esta pueda ser analizada y completada de manera confiable. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se ha recolectado información de alrededor de 50 estaciones, a cuyos datos se les realizó una serie de análisis estadísticos y de continuidad. Estas estaciones se rellenaron mediante la utilización de un programa creado por la Cooperación Española, en 2002, en conjunto con la SERNA. El producto final de este estudio es una base de datos de humedad relativa continua, homogénea y aleatoria de este parámetro en Honduras.Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, diciembre 2014: 129-146
Prevalencia de la resistencia genotípica a los fármacos antirretrovirales en pacientes VIH positivos de Tegucigalpa
Authors: Carbajal Candy , Pérez Erika , Parham Leda , De Rivera Ivette Lorenzana , Murillo Wendy , Solórzano Norma , Palou Elsa
Published: November 2015

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de resistencia del VIH a las drogas antirretrovirales en pacientes tratados y no tratados. Para tal efecto, se analizaron 100 muestras de pacientes VIH positivos, 50 previos a iniciar tratamiento y 50 bajo tratamiento con evidencia de falla terapéutica, de Tegucigalpa.Secuencias del gen pol del VIH-1 fueron generadas para determinar la presencia de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia, utilizando la herramienta calibrada para la vigilancia de la resistencia propuesta por la OMS para pacientes pretratados y la lista de mutaciones de la base de datos de Stanford para pacientes bajo tratamiento.Los resultados muestran que la prevalencia de farmacorresistencia en pacientes previos a iniciar tratamiento fue del 19 % [IC 95 %: 9-33 %], el 8.3 % presentaron mutaciones contra los NRTI, el 12.5 % contra los NNRTI y el 6.25 % contra los PI. Las mutaciones con mayor frecuencia fueron: M184V, K103N, M46I. La prevalencia de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia en los pacientes en falla terapéutica fue del 82 % [IC 95 %:60-90 %], el 58 % contra los NRTI, 74 % contra los NNRTI y el 22 % contra los PI.En conclusión, se observó un marcado aumento en la prevalencia de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia en pacientes no tratados, comparada con estudios anteriores, lo cual es de mucha preocupación, ya que limita la eficacia del tratamiento de primera línea. Aunque la prevalencia de resistencia adquirida en pacientes con falla terapéutica se mantiene ligeramente constante, sigue siendo alta, requiriendo de cambios de tratamiento a segunda o tercera línea en estos pacientes, ocasionando un impacto económico en la salud pública.Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, diciembre 2014: 147-160
Analysis of Diagnoses Associated with Multiple Sclerosis–Related In-Hospital Mortality Using the Premier Hospital Database
Authors: Ernst Frank R. , Pocoski Jennifer , Cutter Gary , Kaufman David W. , Pleimes Dirk
Published: November 2015

Background: We sought to compare mortality rates and related diagnoses in hospitalized patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), those with diabetes mellitus (DM), and the general hospitalized population (GHP).

Methods: Patients who died between 2007 and 2011 were identified in the US hospital–based Premier Healthcare Database. Demographic information was collected, mortality rates calculated, and principal diagnoses categorized.

Results: Of 55,152 unique patients with MS identified, 1518 died. Mean age at death was 10 years younger for the MS group (63.4 years) than for the DM (73.3 years) and GHP (73.1 years) groups. Age-adjusted mortality rates, based on the 2000 US Standard Million Population, were 1077, 1248, and 1133 per 100,000, respectively. Infection was the most common principal diagnosis at the hospital stay during which the patient died in the MS cohort (43.1% vs. 26.3% and 24.0% in the DM and GHP groups, respectively). Other common principal diagnoses in the MS group included pulmonary (17.5%) and cardiovascular (12.1%) disease. Septicemia/sepsis/septic shock was a secondary diagnosis for 50.7% of patients with MS versus 36.0% and 31.0% of patients in the DM and GHP cohorts, respectively.

Conclusions: Patients with MS had a shorter life span than patients with DM or the GHP and were more likely to have a principal diagnosis of infection at their final hospital stay. However, the database was limited to codes recorded in the hospital; diagnoses received outside the hospital were not captured.
Impact of inherent meteorology uncertainty on air quality model predictions
Authors: Gilliam Robert C. , Hogrefe Christian , Godowitch James M. , Napelenok Sergey , Mathur Rohit , Rao S. Trivikrama
Published: November 2015

It is well established that there are a number of different classifications and sources of uncertainties in environmental modeling systems. Air quality models rely on two key inputs, namely, meteorology and emissions. When using air quality models for decision making, it is important to understand how uncertainties in these inputs affect the simulated concentrations. Ensembles are one method to explore how uncertainty in meteorology affects air pollution concentrations. Most studies explore this uncertainty by running different meteorological models or the same model with different physics options and in some cases combinations of different meteorological and air quality models. While these have been shown to be useful techniques in some cases, we present a technique that leverages the initial condition perturbations of a weather forecast ensemble, namely, the Short‐Range Ensemble Forecast system to drive the four‐dimensional data assimilation in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)‐Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with a key focus being the response of ozone chemistry and transport. Results confirm that a sizable spread in WRF solutions, including common weather variables of temperature, wind, boundary layer depth, clouds, and radiation, can cause a relatively large range of ozone‐mixing ratios. Pollutant transport can be altered by hundreds of kilometers over several days. Ozone‐mixing ratios of the ensemble can vary as much as 10–20 ppb or 20–30% in areas that typically have higher pollution levels.
Suppression of agrin‐22 production and synaptic dysfunction in Cln1−/− mice
Authors: Peng Shiyong , Xu Jianhua , Pelkey Kenneth A. , Chandra Goutam , Zhang Zhongjian , Bagh Maria B. , Yuan Xiaoqing , Wu Ling‐Gang , McBain Chris J. , Mukherjee Anil B.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Oxidative stress in the brain is highly prevalent in many neurodegenerative disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, in which neurodegeneration is a devastating manifestation. Despite intense studies, a precise mechanism linking oxidative stress to neuropathology in specific neurodegenerative diseases remains largely unclear.

Methods

Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a devastating neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal‐1 (CLN1) gene encoding palmitoyl‐protein thioesterase‐1. Previously, we reported that in the brain of Cln1−/− mice, which mimic INCL, and in postmortem brain tissues from INCL patients, increased oxidative stress is readily detectable. We used molecular, biochemical, immunohistological, and electrophysiological analyses of brain tissues of Cln1−/− mice to study the role(s) of oxidative stress in mediating neuropathology.

Results

Our results show that in Cln1−/− mice oxidative stress in the brain via upregulation of the transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein‐δ, stimulated expression of serpina1, which is an inhibitor of a serine protease, neurotrypsin. Moreover, in the Cln1−/− mice, suppression of neurotrypsin activity by serpina1 inhibited the cleavage of agrin (a large proteoglycan), which substantially reduced the production of agrin‐22, essential for synaptic homeostasis. Direct whole‐cell recordings at the nerve terminals of Cln1−/− mice showed inhibition of Ca2+ currents attesting to synaptic dysfunction. Treatment of these mice with a thioesterase‐mimetic small molecule, N‐tert (Butyl) hydroxylamine (NtBuHA), increased agrin‐22 levels.

Interpretation

Our findings provide insight into a novel pathway linking oxidative stress with synaptic pathology in Cln1−/− mice and suggest that NtBuHA, which increased agrin‐22 levels, may ameliorate synaptic dysfunction in this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
When Patients Write the Guidelines: Patient Panel Recommendations for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fraenkel Liana , Miller Amy S. , Clayton Kelly , Crow‐Hercher Rachelle , Hazel Shantana , Johnson Britt , Rott Leslie , White Whitney , Wiedmeyer Carole , Montori Victor M. , Singh Jasvinder A. , Nowell W. Benjamin
Published: November 2015

Objective

How best to involve patients in the development of clinical practice guideline (CPG) recommendations is not known. We sought to determine the feasibility and value of developing CPG recommendations based on a voting panel composed entirely of patients, with the ultimate goal of comparing the patients’ recommendations to ones developed by a physician‐dominated voting panel on the same clinical questions.

Methods

Ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed 8 hours of training on evidence‐based medicine and guideline development. They constituted a voting panel and, with 2 American College of Rheumatology staff with expertise in CPG development and a physician facilitator, subsequently met at a face‐to‐face meeting to develop recommendations. They applied the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to formulate recommendations on 18 questions for which there was evidence warranting moderate or high confidence.

Results

The patient panel developed recommendations for 16 of the 18 questions; for the other 2, the panel thought there were insufficient data to support a recommendation. For 13 of the 16 questions, the patient panel recommended the same course of action as did the physician‐dominated panel. Differences were due to how the 2 panels valued the balance between benefits and harms.

Conclusion

Patient and physician‐dominated panels developed the same recommendations for most questions for which there was evidence warranting moderate to high confidence. Additional experiences are necessary to advance the evidence necessary to determine what panel composition is optimal to produce the best guidelines.
All‐Carbon Nanoarchitectures as High‐Performance Separation Membranes with Superior Stability
Authors: Goh Kunli , Jiang Wenchao , Karahan Huseyin Enis , Zhai Shengli , Wei Li , Yu Dingshan , Fane Anthony G. , Wang Rong , Chen Yuan
Published: November 2015

The application of graphene‐based membranes is hindered by their poor stability under practical hydrodynamic conditions. Here, nanocarbon architectures are designed by intercalating surface‐functionalized, small‐diameter, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets to create highly stable membranes with improved water permeability and enhanced membrane selectivity. With the intercalation of 10 nm diameter MWCNTs, the water permeability reaches 52.7 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which is 4.8 times that of pristine rGO membrane and five to ten times higher than most commercial nanofiltration membranes. The membrane also attains almost 100% rejection for three organic dyes of different charges. More importantly, the membrane can endure a turbulent hydrodynamic flow with cross‐flow rates up to 2000 mL min−1 and a Reynolds number of 4667. Physicochemical characterization reveals that the inner graphitic walls of the MWCNTs can serve as spacers, while nanoscale rGO foliates on the outer walls interconnect with the assimilated rGO sheets to instill superior membrane stability. In contrast, intercalating with single‐walled nanotubes fails to reproduce such stability. Overall, this nanoarchitectured design is highly versatile in creating both graphene‐rich and CNT‐rich all‐carbon membranes with engineered nanochannels, and is regarded as a general approach in obtaining stable membranes for realizing practical applications of graphene‐based membranes.
Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy by 808 nm Laser‐Induced Synergistic Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Based on a Indocyanine‐Green‐Attached W18O49 Nanostructure
Authors: Deng Kerong , Hou Zhiyao , Deng Xiaoran , Yang Piaoping , Li Chunxia , Lin Jun
Published: November 2015

A novel nanoplatform based on tungsten oxide (W18O49, WO) and indocyanine green (ICG) for dual‐modal photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been successfully constructed. In this design, the hierarchical unique nanorod‐bundled W18O49 nanostructures play roles in being not only as an efficient photothermal agent for PTT but also as a potential nanovehicle for ICG molecules via electrostatic adsorption after modified with trimethylammonium groups on their surface. It is found that the ability of ICG to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species for PDT is well maintained after being attached on the WO, thus the as‐obtained WO@ICG can achieve a synergistic effect of combined PTT and PDT under single 808 nm near‐infrared (NIR) laser excitation. Notably, compared with PTT or PDT alone, the enhanced HeLa cells lethality of the 808 nm laser triggered dual‐modal therapy is observed. The in vivo animal experiments have shown that WO@ICG has effective solid tumor ablation effect with 808 nm NIR light irradiation, revealing the potential of these nanocomposites as a NIR‐mediated dual‐modal therapeutic platform for cancer treatment.
Self‐Supported Cobalt Phosphide Mesoporous Nanorod Arrays: A Flexible and Bifunctional Electrode for Highly Active Electrocatalytic Water Reduction and Oxidation
Authors: Zhu Yun‐Pei , Liu Yu‐Ping , Ren Tie‐Zhen , Yuan Zhong‐Yong
Published: November 2015

Water splitting for the production of hydrogen and oxygen is an appealing solution to advance many sustainable and renewable energy conversion and storage systems, while the key fact depends on the innovative exploration regarding the design of efficient electrocatalysts. Reported herein is the growth of CoP mesoporous nanorod arrays on conductive Ni foam through an electrodeposition strategy. The resulting material of well‐defined mesoporosity and a high specific surface area (148 m2 g−1) can be directly employed as a bifunctional and flexible working electrode for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, showing superior activities as compared with noble metal benchmarks and state‐of‐the‐art transition‐metal‐based catalysts. This is intimately related to the unique nanorod array electrode configuration, leading to excellent electric interconnection and improved mass transport. A further step is taken toward an alkaline electrolyzer that can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a voltage around 1.62 V over a long‐term operation, better than the combination of Pt and IrO2. This development is suggested to be readily extended to obtain other electrocatalysis systems for scale‐up water‐splitting technology.
Microdeletion del(22)(q12.1) excluding the MN1 gene in a patient with craniofacial anomalies
Authors: Bosson Caroline , Devillard Françoise , Satre Véronique , Dieterich Klaus , Ray Pierre F. , Morand Béatrice , Dubois‐Teklali Fanny , Vieville Gaëlle , Andrieux Joris , Brouillet Sophie , Amblard Florence , Jouk Pierre‐Simon , Coutton Charles
Published: November 2015

Several studies have recently reported that 22q12.1 deletions encompassing the MN1 gene are associated with craniofacial anomalies. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that MN1 haploinsufficiency may be solely responsible for craniofacial anomalies and/or cleft palate. We report here the case of a 4‐year‐old boy presenting with global developmental delay and craniofacial anomalies including severe maxillary protrusion and retromicrognathia. Array‐CGH detected a 2.4 Mb de novo deletion of chromosome 22q12.1 which did not encompass the MN1 gene thought to be the main pathological candidate in 22q12.1 deletions. This observation, combined with data from other patients from the Database of Chromosomal Imbalance and Phenotype in Humans Using Ensemble Resources (DECIPHER), suggests that other gene(s) in the 22q12.1 region are likely involved in craniofacial anomalies and/or may contribute to the phenotypic variability observed in patients with MN1 deletion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exonic deletions of AUTS2 in Chinese patients with developmental delay and intellectual disability
Authors: Fan Yanjie , Qiu Wenjuan , Wang Lili , Gu Xuefan , Yu Yongguo
Published: November 2015

Genomic rearrangements involving dosage change of genes have been implicated in a range of developmental disorders. Increasing evidences suggest copy number variations (CNVs) of autism susceptibility candidate gene 2 (AUTS2) are associated with a syndromic form of developmental delay and intellectual disability. However, the genetic and clinical profiles involving AUTS2 variations have not been fully characterized in Asian patients yet, and the outcome of treatments has not been reported. Here we report de novo exonic deletions of AUTS2 detected by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in three Chinese children referred to the clinic for developmental delay, including two deletions involving only exon 6 (98.4 and 262 kb, respectively) and one deletion involving the C‐terminal of AUTS2 (2147 kb). The phenotypic presentations of these three patients were described and compared with previous cases in literature. In addition, we presented the outcome of hormonal treatment for short stature in one patient. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors influencing uptake of familial long QT syndrome genetic testing
Authors: Burns Charlotte , McGaughran Julie , Davis Andrew , Semsarian Christopher , Ingles Jodie
Published: November 2015

Ongoing challenges of clinical assessment of long QT syndrome (LQTS) highlight the importance of genetic testing in the diagnosis of asymptomatic at‐risk family members. Effective access, uptake, and communication of genetic testing are critical for comprehensive cascade family screening and prevention of disease complications such as sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study was to describe factors influencing uptake of LQTS genetic testing, including those relating to access and family communication. We show those who access genetic testing are overrepresented by the socioeconomically advantaged, and that although overall family communication is good, there are some important barriers to be addressed. There were 75 participants (aged 18 years or more, with a clinical and/or genetic diagnosis of LQTS; response rate 71%) who completed a survey including a number of validated scales; demographics; and questions about access, uptake, and communication. Mean age of participants was 46 ± 16 years, 20 (27%) were males and 60 (80%) had genetic testing with a causative gene mutation in 42 (70%). Overall uptake of cascade testing within families was 60% after 4 years from proband genetic diagnosis. All participants reported at least one first‐degree relative had been informed of their risk, whereas six (10%) reported at least one first‐degree relative had not been informed. Those who were anxious or depressed were more likely to perceive barriers to communicating. Genetic testing is a key aspect of care in LQTS families and intervention strategies that aim to improve equity in access and facilitate effective family communication are needed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potassium 4,5‐Bis(dinitromethyl)furoxanate: A Green Primary Explosive with a Positive Oxygen Balance
Authors: He Chunlin , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: November 2015

Potassium 4,5‐bis(dinitromethyl)furoxanate was synthesized readily from cyanoacetic acid. It was characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the structure was confirmed by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. Its positive oxygen balance, high density (2.130 g cm−3), sensitivity (IS=2 J, FS=5 N), and calculated heat of formation (−421.0 kJ mol−1), combined with its calculated superior detonation performance (D=7759.0 m s−1, P=27.3 GPa), make it a competitive replacement as a green primary explosive.
A Type of Auxiliary for Native Chemical Peptide Ligation beyond Cysteine and Glycine Junctions
Authors: Loibl Simon F. , Harpaz Ziv , Seitz Oliver
Published: November 2015

Native chemical ligation enables the chemical synthesis of proteins. Previously, thiol‐containing auxiliary groups have been used to extend the reaction scope beyond N‐terminal cysteine residues. However, the N‐benzyl‐type auxiliaries used so far result in rather low reaction rates. Herein, a new Nα‐auxiliary is presented. Consideration of a radical fragmentation for cleavage led to the design of a new auxiliary group which is selectively removed under mildly basic conditions (pH 8.5) in the presence of TCEP and morpholine. Most importantly and in contrast to previously described auxiliaries, the 2‐mercapto‐2‐phenethyl auxiliary is not limited to Gly‐containing sites and ligations succeed at sterically demanding junctions. The auxiliary is introduced in high yield by on‐resin reductive amination with commercially available amino acid building blocks. The synthetic utility of the method is demonstrated by the synthesis of two antimicrobial proteins, DCD‐1L and opistoporin‐2.
Asymmetric Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Triarylmethanes—Construction of Communesin and Spiroindoline Scaffolds
Authors: Liao Hsuan‐Hung , Chatupheeraphat Adisak , Hsiao Chien‐Chi , Atodiresei Iuliana , Rueping Magnus
Published: November 2015

Aza‐ortho‐quinone methides allow the straightforward asymmetric synthesis of natural‐product‐inspired indole scaffolds possessing a quaternary stereocenter. Our approach provides access to diverse communesin and spiroindoline derivatives with high enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. Predictable substitution patterns are found to be the key to our regiodivergent protocols.
Designed Synthesis of van der Waals Heterostructures: The Power of Kinetic Control
Authors: Alemayehu Matti B. , Falmbigl Matthias , Ta Kim , Ditto Jeffrey , Medlin Douglas L. , Johnson David C.
Published: November 2015

Selecting specific 2D building blocks and specific layering sequences of van der Waals heterostructures should allow the formation of new materials with designed properties for specific applications. Unfortunately, the synthetic ability to prepare such structures at will, especially in a manner that can be manufactured, does not exist. Herein, we report the targeted synthesis of new metal–semiconductor heterostructures using the modulated elemental‐reactant technique to nucleate specific 2D building blocks, control their thickness, and avoid epitaxial structures with long‐range order. The building blocks, VSe2 and GeSe2, have different crystal structures, which inhibits cation intermixing. The precise control of this approach enabled us to synthesize heterostructures containing GeSe2 monolayers alternating with VSe2 structural units with specific sequences. The transport properties systematically change with nanoarchitecture and a charge‐density wave‐like transition is observed.
A Convenient Approach to Stereoisomeric Iminocyclitols: Generation of Potent Brain‐Permeable OGA Inhibitors
Authors: Bergeron‐Brlek Milan , Goodwin‐Tindall Jake , Cekic Nevena , Roth Christian , Zandberg Wesley F. , Shan Xiaoyang , Varghese Vimal , Chan Sherry , Davies Gideon J. , Vocadlo David J. , Britton Robert
Published: November 2015

Pyrrolidine‐based iminocyclitols are a promising class of glycosidase inhibitors. Reported herein is a convenient epimerization strategy that provides direct access to a range of stereoisomeric iminocyclitol inhibitors of O‐GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing removal of O‐GlcNAc from nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Structural details regarding the binding of these inhibitors to a bacterial homologue of OGA reveal the basis for potency. These compounds are orally available and permeate into rodent brain to increase O‐GlcNAc, and should prove useful tools for studying the role of OGA in health and disease.
Energy‐Level Alignment for Single‐Molecule Conductance of Extended Metal‐Atom Chains
Authors: Ting Ta‐Cheng , Hsu Liang‐Yan , Huang Min‐Jie , Horng Er‐Chien , Lu Hao‐Cheng , Hsu Chan‐Hsiang , Jiang Ching‐Hong , Jin Bih‐Yaw , Peng Shie‐Ming , Chen Chun‐hsien
Published: November 2015

The use of single‐molecule junctions for various functions constitutes a central goal of molecular electronics. The functional features and the efficiency of electron transport are dictated by the degree of energy‐level alignment (ELA), that is, the offset potential between the electrode Fermi level and the frontier molecular orbitals. Examples manifesting ELA are rare owing to experimental challenges and the large energy barriers of typical model compounds. In this work, single‐molecule junctions of organometallic compounds with five metal centers joined in a collinear fashion were analyzed. The single‐molecule i–V scans could be conducted in a reliable manner, and the EFMO levels were electrochemically accessible. When the electrode Fermi level (EF) is close to the frontier orbitals (EFMO) of the bridging molecule, larger conductance was observed. The smaller |EF−EFMO| gap was also derived quantitatively, unambiguously confirming the ELA. The mechanism is described in terms of a two‐level model involving co‐tunneling and sequential tunneling processes.
Colloidal CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: Luminescence beyond Traditional Quantum Dots
Authors: Swarnkar Abhishek , Chulliyil Ramya , Ravi Vikash Kumar , Irfanullah Mir , Chowdhury Arindam , Nag Angshuman
Published: November 2015

Traditional CdSe‐based colloidal quantum dots (cQDs) have interesting photoluminescence (PL) properties. Herein we highlight the advantages in both ensemble and single‐nanocrystal PL of colloidal CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) over the traditional cQDs. An ensemble of colloidal CsPbBr3 NCs (11 nm) exhibits ca. 90 % PL quantum yield with narrow (FWHM=86 meV) spectral width. Interestingly, the spectral width of a single‐NC and an ensemble are almost identical, ruling out the problem of size‐distribution in PL broadening. Eliminating this problem leads to a negligible influence of self‐absorption and Förster resonance energy transfer, along with batch‐to‐batch reproducibility of NCs exhibiting PL peaks within ±1 nm. Also, PL peak positions do not alter with measurement temperature in the range of 25 to 100 °C. Importantly, CsPbBr3 NCs exhibit suppressed PL blinking with ca. 90 % of the individual NCs remain mostly emissive (on‐time >85 %), without much influence of excitation power.
In‐Membrane Chemical Modification (IMCM) for Site‐Specific Chromophore Labeling of GPCRs
Authors: Sušac Lukas , O'Connor Casey , Stevens Raymond C. , Wüthrich Kurt
Published: November 2015

We present in‐membrane chemical modification (IMCM) for obtaining selective chromophore labeling of intracellular surface cysteines in G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) with minimal mutagenesis. This method takes advantage of the natural protection of most cysteines by the membrane environment. Practical use of IMCM is illustrated with the site‐specific introduction of chromophores for NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy in the human κ‐opioid receptor (KOR) and the human A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR). IMCM is applicable to a wide range of in vitro studies of GPCRs, including single‐molecule spectroscopy, and is a promising platform for in‐cell spectroscopy experiments.
Exploiting Electrostatics To Generate Unsaturation: Oxidative GeE Bond Formation Using a Non π‐Donor Stabilized [R(L)Ge:]+ Cation
Authors: Rit Arnab , Tirfoin Rémi , Aldridge Simon
Published: November 2015

The two‐coordinate germanium cation [(IDipp){(Me3Si)2CH}Ge:]+ has been synthesized, which lacks π‐donor stabilization of the metal center and consequently has a very small HOMO–LUMO gap (187 kJ mol−1). It undergoes a variety of facile oxidative bond‐forming reactions, most notably allowing access to the first examples of Group 14 metal cations containing ME multiple bonds (E=C, N). The use of an electrostatic (rather than purely steric) strategy to discourage aggregation means that less bulky systems (for example, containing a primary alkylidene fragment, CHR) are accessible.
Collective Total Syntheses of Atisane‐Type Diterpenes and Atisine‐Type Diterpenoid Alkaloids: (±)‐Spiramilactone B, (±)‐Spiraminol, (±)‐Dihydroajaconine, and (±)‐Spiramines C and D
Authors: Cheng Hang , Zeng Fan‐Hao , Yang Xue , Meng Yin‐Juan , Xu Liang , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: November 2015

The first total syntheses of the architecturally complex atisane‐type diterpenes and biogenetically related atisine‐type diterpenoid alkaloids (±)‐spiramilactone B, (±)‐spiraminol, (±)‐dihydroajaconine, and (±)‐spiramines C and D are reported. Highlights of the synthesis include a late‐stage biomimetic transformation of spiramilactone B, a facile formal lactone migration from the pentacyclic skeleton of spiramilactone E, a highly efficient and diastereoselective 1,7‐enyne cycloisomerization to construct the functionalized tetracyclic atisane skeleton, and a tandem retro‐Diels–Alder/intramolecular Diels–Alder sequence to achieve the tricyclo[6.2.2.0] ring system.
Dual‐Mode Controlled Self‐Assembly of TiO2 Nanoparticles Through a Cucurbit[8]uril‐Enhanced Radical Cation Dimerization Interaction
Authors: Zhang Qi , Qu Da‐Hui , Wang Qiao‐Chun , Tian He
Published: November 2015

The realization of controllable multicomponent self‐assembly through reversible supramolecular interactions is a challenging goal, and is an important strategy for the fabrication of switchable nanomaterials. Herein we show that the self‐assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles (NP) functionalized with methyl viologen can be controlled both by light irradiation and chemical reduction through cucurbit[8]uril‐enhanced radical cation dimerization interactions. Moreover, the controlled assembly and disassembly of this system are accompanied by switchable photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 NPs, which shows potential application as a novel smart and recyclable photocatalyst.
An Unusual Chimeric Diterpene Synthase from Emericella variecolor and Its Functional Conversion into a Sesterterpene Synthase by Domain Swapping
Authors: Qin Bin , Matsuda Yudai , Mori Takahiro , Okada Masahiro , Quan Zhiyang , Mitsuhashi Takaaki , Wakimoto Toshiyuki , Abe Ikuro
Published: November 2015

Di‐ and sesterterpene synthases produce C20 and C25 isoprenoid scaffolds from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate (GFPP), respectively. By genome mining of the fungus Emericella variecolor, we identified a multitasking chimeric terpene synthase, EvVS, which has terpene cyclase (TC) and prenyltransferase (PT) domains. Heterologous gene expression in Aspergillus oryzae led to the isolation of variediene (1), a novel tricyclic diterpene hydrocarbon. Intriguingly, in vitro reaction with the enzyme afforded the new macrocyclic sesterterpene 2 as a minor product from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). The TC domain thus produces the diterpene 1 and the sesterterpene 2 from GGPP and GFPP, respectively. Notably, a domain swap of the PT domain of EvVS with that of another chimeric sesterterpene synthase, EvSS, successfully resulted in the production of 2 in vivo as well. Cyclization mechanisms for the production of these two compounds are proposed.
Nonparametric association analysis of bivariate left‐truncated competing risks data
Authors: Cheng Yu , Shen Pao‐sheng , Zhang Zhumin , Lai HuiChuan J.
Published: November 2015

We develop time‐varying association analyses for onset ages of two lung infections to address the statistical challenges in utilizing registry data where onset ages are left‐truncated by ages of entry and competing‐risk censored by deaths. Two types of association estimators are proposed based on conditional cause‐specific hazard function and cumulative incidence function that are adapted from unconditional quantities to handle left truncation. Asymptotic properties of the estimators are established by using the empirical process techniques. Our simulation study shows that the estimators perform well with moderate sample sizes. We apply our methods to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Registry data to study the relationship between onset ages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Preparation for Magnetic Nanoparticles Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 and Heterogeneous Fenton Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Xie Huanling , He Wei , Chen Ge
Published: November 2015

Dyestuff textile wastewater treatment has become a research hotspot due to its high chroma, poor biodegradability, and low toxicity characteristics. In this paper, we have synthesized magnetic Fe3O4 and core‐shell Fe3O4@SiO2 materials by hydrothermal methods. These materials were characterized by XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption‐desorption and so on. These materials’ heterogeneous Fenton has been applied to dye wastewater treatment. Methylene blue was used as a typical target of dye wastewater. Decolorization ratios of methylene blue were determined by different nanostructure composites catalysts. A serious of results of study showed that decolorization ratios of magnetic nanoparticles and core‐shell composites arrived at above 90 % under the weakly acidic or neutral conditions and room temperature. When these catalysts were reused, the results show that Fe3O4@SiO2 materials were possessed with good cycle performance.
Electrical and Thermoelectrical Behavior of Binary Composites of Phosphate Glass Loaded with Zinc Fillers: Promising Materials for Photovoltaic’s
Authors: Hammi M. , Aziate G. , Pinto G. , Maaroufi A.
Published: November 2015

Homogeneous xPbO−(1−x) P2O5 glasses where 0 % :σ x<100 % have been successfully synthesized using a melt‐quenching method. The short range structures of the prepared samples were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The most stable vitreous phase is of composition 45 mol%PbO‐55 mol%P2O5; it was loaded with zinc volume fraction. We carried out experimental and simulative investigations of the electrical characteristics of pn junction; the obtained results indicated that conductivity of the composites increases by increasing dopent concentration. It was also observed that the current voltage characteristics of the composite were found to be ohmic in nature, wherein drastic drop of the electrical conduction was observed at an accurate temperature of 405 K. Electrical behavior of the composites as function of filler concentration and versus temperature were explained respectively by percolation theory and positive temperature coefficient effect.