bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring planets and asteroids with 6DoF sensors: Utopia and realism
Authors: Bernauer Felix , Garcia Raphael F. , Murdoch Naomi , Dehant Veronique , Sollberger David , Schmelzbach Cedric , Stähler Simon , Wassermann Joachim , Igel Heiner , Cadu Alexandre , Mimoun David , Ritter Birgit , Filice Valerio , Karatekin Özgür , Ferraioli Luigi , Robertsson Johan O. A. , Giardini Domenico , Lecamp Guillaume , Guattari Frederic , Bonnefois Jean-Jacques , de Raucourt Sebastien
Published: December 2020

A 6 degrees-of-freedom (6DoF) sensor, measuring three components of translational acceleration and three components of rotation rate, provides the full history of motion it is exposed to. In Earth sciences 6DoF sensors have shown great potential in exploring the interior of our planet and its seismic sources. In space sciences, apart from navigation, 6DoF sensors are, up to now, only rarely used to answer scientific questions. As a first step of establishing 6DoF motion sensing deeper into space sciences, this article describes novel scientific approaches based on 6DoF motion sensing with substantial potential for constraining the interior structure of planetary objects and asteroids. Therefore we estimate 6DoF-signal levels that originate from lander–surface interactions during landing and touchdown, from a body’s rotational dynamics as well as from seismic ground motions. We discuss these signals for an exemplary set of target bodies including Dimorphos, Phobos, Europa, the Earth’s Moon and Mars and compare those to self-noise levels of state-of-the-art sensors.
Transitioning to the “new normal” of learning in unpredictable times: pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped classrooms
Authors: Hew Khe Foon , Jia Chengyuan , Gonda Donn Emmanuel , Bai Shurui
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 outbreak has compelled many universities to immediately switch to the online delivery of lessons. Many instructors, however, have found developing effective online lessons in a very short period of time very stressful and difficult. This study describes how we successfully addressed this crisis by transforming two conventional flipped classes into fully online flipped classes with the help of a cloud-based video conferencing app. As in a conventional flipped course, in a fully online flipped course students are encouraged to complete online pre-class work. But unlike in the conventional flipped approach, students do not subsequently meet face-to-face in physical classrooms, but rather online. This study examines the effect of fully online flipped classrooms on student learning performance in two stages. In Stage One, we explain how we drew on the 5E framework to design two conventional flipped classes. The 5E framework consists of five phases—Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate. In Stage Two, we describe how we transformed the two conventional flipped classes into fully online flipped classes. Quantitative analyses of students’ final course marks reveal that the participants in the fully online flipped classes performed as effectively as participants in the conventional flipped learning classes. Our qualitative analyses of student and staff reflection data identify seven good practices for videoconferencing-assisted online flipped classrooms.
Computational screening for potential drug candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease
Authors: Silva Andrade Bruno , Ghosh Preetam , Barh Debmalya , Tiwari Sandeep , José Santana Silva Raner , Rodrigues de Assis Soares Wagner , Silva Melo Tarcisio , Santos Freitas Andria , González-Grande Patrícia , Sousa Palmeira Lucas , Carlos Junior Alcantara Luiz , Giovanetti Marta , Góes-Neto Aristóteles , Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo Vasco
Published: December 2020

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the causal agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Proteases of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary for viral replication, structural assembly, and pathogenicity. The approximately 33.8 kDa Mpro protease of SARS-CoV-2 is a non-human homologue and is highly conserved among several coronaviruses, indicating that Mpro could be a potential drug target for Coronaviruses.

Methods: Herein, we performed computational ligand screening of four pharmacophores (OEW, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and N3) that are presumed to have positive effects against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease (6LU7), and also screened 50,000 natural compounds from the ZINC Database dataset against this protease target.

Results: We found 40 pharmacophore-like structures of natural compounds from diverse chemical classes that exhibited better affinity of docking as compared to the known ligands. The 11 best selected ligands, namely ZINC1845382, ZINC1875405, ZINC2092396, ZINC2104424, ZINC44018332, ZINC2101723, ZINC2094526, ZINC2094304, ZINC2104482, ZINC3984030, and ZINC1531664, are mainly classified as beta-carboline, alkaloids, and polyflavonoids, and all displayed interactions with dyad CYS145 and HIS41 from the protease pocket in a similar way as other known ligands.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that these 11 molecules could be effective against SARS-CoV-2 protease and may be subsequently tested in vitro and in vivo to develop novel drugs against this virus.
Comparison of two lipid emulsions on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and fatty acid composition in infants post gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized trial
Authors: Hanindita Meta Herdiana , Irawan Roedi , Ugrasena I Dewa Gede , Hariastawa I. G. B. Adria
Published: December 2020

Background: Nutritional support plays an essential role for recovery in infants who undergo gastrointestinal surgery. The current standard type of intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) used as parenteral nutrition is the mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) rich in ω-6. Studies showed that ω-6 is associated with higher level of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to increased mortality rate, morbidity rate, and postoperative recovery time. The latest generation of emulsion is a mixture of MCT, LCT, olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO) which may optimize the ω6/ω3 ratio. This study aimed to compare the effect of MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE to standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and serum fatty acids in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery.

Methods: A single-blind, randomised controlled, pretest-posttest design study was done in twelve subjects that were classified into two groups. Group 1 received standard IVLE, group 2 received MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE. The type of standard and MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE used in this study were Lipofundin 20% and SMOFlipid 20%, respectively, both administered for three consecutive days in 1-4 gram/kilogram/day. IL-1β and IL-8 were examined using ELISA while fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac 23.

Results: No statistical difference was found in age, gender, birth weight and diagnosis between both groups. Leukocyte was significantly lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.025). CRP was lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.01) and in changes within 3 days (p=0.016). There were no differences in IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 but ω-6 was higher in standard IVFE group on third day after surgery (p=0,048)

Conclusion: MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE can significantly lower leukocyte, CRP and ω-6 levels and is comparable with standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 levels in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery.
A multi-spectral myelin annotation tool for machine learning based myelin quantification
Authors: Çapar Abdulkerim , Çimen Sibel , Aladağ Zeynep , Ekinci Dursun Ali , Ayten Umut Engin , Kerman Bilal Ersen , Töreyin Behçet Uğur
Published: December 2020

Myelin is an essential component of the nervous system and myelin damage causes demyelination diseases. Myelin is a sheet of oligodendrocyte membrane wrapped around the neuronal axon. In the fluorescent images, experts manually identify myelin by co-localization of oligodendrocyte and axonal membranes that fit certain shape and size criteria. Because myelin wriggles along x-y-z axes, machine learning is ideal for its segmentation. However, machine-learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), require a high number of annotated images, which necessitates expert labor. To facilitate myelin annotation, we developed a workflow and a software for myelin ground truth extraction from multi-spectral fluorescent images. Additionally, we shared a set of myelin ground truths annotated using this workflow.
Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression among pregnant women in urban- low income in Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study
Authors: Madeghe Beatrice A. , Kogi-Makau Wambui , Ngala Sophia , Kumar Manasi
Published: December 2020

Background: Prepartum depression is common among pregnant women and has not been studied much in low and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that mental illnesses are more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The study objective was to determine the magnitude of prepartum depression, risk factors, and real-life experiences of depression among pregnant women.

Method: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted. It included 262 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two public health facilities in the urban low-income settlement of Nairobi, Kenya. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with cut-off >13 was used to classify clinical depressive illness. Further, a focus group discussion was conducted with 20 women identified with the depression. Bivariate analysis with Odd's Ratio was used to test associations. Variables with a p<0.05 in multivariate were considered significant.

Result: Out of the 262 women, 33.6% were found to have prepartum depression as indicated by an EPDS score of >13. Women's gestational age in the second trimester (87.5%) was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression (p<0.001). Income levels <10,000 KES (58%) were statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression (p<0.001). Further, thematic analysis of qualitative data indicated that poverty, lack of social support, domestic violence, and unfriendly health care were major contributors to prepartum depression.

Conclusion: Significant numbers of pregnant women were found to experience depression. This prevalence rate indicates a high disease burden of women who live with depression, which is not diagnosed because screening of depression is not done in primary health care centers. This study calls for a need and consideration for screening for perinatal depression in primary health care facilities, mainly in resource-poor areas. Interventions targeting means of resolving conflicts in families are highly needed. Such steps would help achieve key sustainable development goals where maternal and child health remains a key priority.
Patient knowledge of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): An observational study in Mexico
Authors: Maldonado-Arriaga Brenda , Sandoval-Jiménez Sergio , Rodríguez-Silverio Juan , Alcaráz- Estrada Sofía Lizeth , Cortés-Espinosa Tomás , Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca Rebeca , Shaw Jonathan , Mondragón-Terán Paul , Hernández-Cortez Cecilia , Suárez-Cuenca Juan Antonio , Castro-Escarpulli Graciela
Published: December 2020

Background: Fecal calprotectin (FC) can be a valuable tool to optimize health care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this observational study was to determine the level of knowledge of the FC test in Mexican patients with IBD.

Methods: A self-report questionnaire was distributed via Facebook to patients with IBD. The survey consisted of 15 questions in two categories: the first category assessed knowledge of IBD diagnosis, and the second category assessed knowledge of the FC test.

Results: In total, 460 patients with IBD participated, of which 83.9% (386) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and 16.0% (74) had Crohn’s disease (CD). Regarding IBD diagnosis, 41.9% of participants stated that they did not know of a non-invasive test for fecal matter to identify inflammation of the colon. Regarding the FC test, 57.5% (UC) and 58.1% (CD) stated that they did not know about the test. Additionally, 65.8% (UC) and 51.3% (CD) of participants stated that they had never received the FC test and 82.6% (UC) and 77.0% (CD) recognized that the FC test was difficult to access in their medical practice. Furthermore, 66% (UC) and 52.7% (CD) of participants noted that their specialist doctor had never suggested the FC test to them, yet 89.1% (UC) and 87.8% (CD) stated that they would prefer FC analysis for their IBD follow-up assessments.

Conclusions: There is little knowledge of the FC biomarker among Mexican patients with IBD. This suggests the need for greater dissemination of its use and scope as a biomarker in IBD.
Case Report: A rare presentation and diagnosis of gingival melanoacanthoma caused by teeth whitening strips: A Case Report
Authors: Albagieh Hamad , Aloyouny Ashwag , Alharthi Shatha
Published: December 2020

Background: Oral melanoacanthoma is not common. It occurs mostly on the buccal mucosa. Since it happens suddenly and progresses rapidly, it clinically resembles melanoma. Melanoacanthoma occurs in regions susceptible to trauma. The clinical presentation of the lesion is not enough to diagnose it; therefore, tissue biopsy is necessary to exclude malignancy.

Case report: We report a case of oral melanoacanthoma in a rare mucosal location in a 21-year old female patient in whom generalized gingival melanoacanthoma was related to the use of the teeth whitening strips. This irritating factor increased melanocyte activity in the gingival tissues and labial mucosa.

Discussion: Oral melanoacanthoma is a rarely encountered pigmented lesion in the oral cavity and is especially uncommon in the gingiva. It is a reactive lesion affecting the mucous membranes with no risk of malignant transformation. This case report shows that teeth whitening strips may trigger oral melanoacanthoma in susceptible individuals. Long-term irritation of the oral tissues may increase the number of dendritic melanocytes throughout the epithelium and accordingly increase the brown pigmentation of the oral cavity.  Eliminating all possible local sources of irritation and ruling out other causative factors are the standard first step in the treatment of oral melanoacanthoma.

Conclusions: This case shows the importance of including oral melanoacanthoma in the differential diagnosis of diffuse gingival pigmented lesions.
HGNChelper: identification and correction of invalid gene symbols for human and mouse
Authors: Oh Sehyun , Abdelnabi Jasmine , Al-Dulaimi Ragheed , Aggarwal Ayush , Ramos Marcel , Davis Sean , Riester Markus , Waldron Levi
Published: December 2020

Gene symbols are recognizable identifiers for gene names but are unstable and error-prone due to aliasing, manual entry, and unintentional conversion by spreadsheets to date format. Official gene symbol resources such as HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for human genes and the Mouse Genome Informatics project (MGI) for mouse genes provide authoritative sources of valid, aliased, and outdated symbols, but lack a programmatic interface and correction of symbols converted by spreadsheets. We present HGNChelper, an R package that identifies known aliases and outdated gene symbols based on the HGNC human and MGI mouse gene symbol databases, in addition to common mislabeling introduced by spreadsheets, and provides corrections where possible. HGNChelper identified invalid gene symbols in the most recent Molecular Signatures Database (mSigDB 7.0) and in platform annotation files of the Gene Expression Omnibus, with prevalence ranging from ~3% in recent platforms to 30-40% in the earliest platforms from 2002-03. HGNChelper is installable from CRAN.
КАЛЬКИРОВАНИЕ АНГЛИЙСКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ НА ТАТАРСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Authors: Garipova Aygul Askhatovna
Published: December 2020

В статье представлен сопоставительный анализ английских фразеологических калек, вошедших в татарский литературный язык посредствам русского языка и их этимонов. Для анализа калькированных английских фразеологизмов в татарском языке привлекаются и определенные экстралингвистические данные. Актуальность данного исследования обуславливается недостаточным количеством работ по данной проблематике в сопоставительном аспекте. Вопрос калькирования является одним из важных разделов теории языковых контактов, отображающим культурно-экономические, социально-политические и языковые контакты между народами.Цель. Целью работы является структурно-семантический анализ фразеологических единиц татарского языка, калькированных с русского языка, образцом которых явились английские единицы.Метод и методология работы. Основу исследования образуют метод научного наблюдения, сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, описательный и поисковый методы.Результаты. В результате проведенного анализа фразеологических калек татарского языка и их английских этимонов было выявлено, что фразеологическое калькирование включает в себя два необходимых этапа: передачу значения иноязычного выражения средствами калькирующего языка и становление фразеологической кальки как самостоятельного устойчивого выражения, т.е. его вхождение в лексико-фразеологическую систему татарского языка, а также его дальнейшее активное употребление в языке средств массовой информации и произведений художественной литературы.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены на лекциях, спецкурсах и семинарских занятиях по лексикологии, фразеологии и стилистике татарского языка, сравнительной типологии английского и татарского языков, а также на соответствующих занятиях по теории и практике перевода; при составлении двуязычных фразеологических словарей.
ЭТИМОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАМЕТРЫ АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЙ ЕДИНИЦЫ ‘MEDICINE’
Authors: Golubykh Anastasiya Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

Цель. В статье представлены этимологические и семантические характеристики англоязычной медицинской лексической единицы ‘Medicine’, являющейся ядерным компонентом концепта ‘MEDICINE’ в англоязычном дискурсе. Непрерывное обновление медицинских знаний, обогащение концепта ‘MEDICINE’ новыми лингвистическими маркерами, а также возрастающая роль медицины в жизни современного человека обосновали необходимость данного исследования. Автор ставит целью изучить этимологические и семантические особенности английской лексической единицы ‘Medicine’ и проследить ее этимологические изменения и семантические связи.Основу исследования образуют методы: дескриптивный, методы наблюдения, интерпретации лексикографических данных, семантического и концептуального анализа.Результаты. Анализ лексической единицы ‘Medicine’ позволил выявить истоки происхождения и развитие значений данного слова, а также установить этимологические изменения и семантические связи. Было обнаружено, что лексическая единица ‘Medicine’ заимствована из латинского языка посредством этимологической метафоры. Развитие значений исследуемого многозначного слова и построение семантических рядов происходило с помощью таких семантических механизмов как специализация, метафора, метонимия. Результаты исследования способствуют достоверному представлению концепта ‘MEDICINE’ в английском дискурсе.Область применения результатов. Полученные результаты могут быть применены в общих образовательных и профильных учебных заведениях, для интерпретации развития современной медицинской науки, а также помогут сориентироваться в современной трактовке медицинских понятий.
РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ «СТРАХ» В ТАТАРСКОЙ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИИ
Authors: Ismagilova Leysan Ildusovna
Published: December 2020

Цель. Цель данной статьи – анализ фразеологических единиц (ФЕ) татарского языка, в которых получило отражение эмоциональное состояние «страх»; изучение семантической и антропоцентрической организации фразеологизмов. Объектом исследования выступают фразеологизмы татарского языка.Актуальность. Исследование фразеологии позволяет выявить национально­специфические особенности в языковой картине мира разных народов, в частности, представления о значимых эмоциях человека, в данном случае, представителей татарской лингвокультуры.Метод исследования. Эмпирический материал был собран методом сплошной выборки из фразеологических словарей татарского языка Ф. С. Сафиуллиной [8] и Н.С. Исанбета [4; 5]. Для анализа исследуемого материала применялись методы семантического и компонентного анализа.Результаты. Проведённый анализ позволил прийти к выводу о том, что эмоциональное состояние «страх» в татарской лингвокультуре является одним из базовых ментальных понятий, участвующих в когнитивно­-эмоциональном освоении окружающей действительности. Для характеристики эмоционального состояния «страх» в татарском языке чаще всего используются фразеологизмы с соматическим кодом культуры. Также очень часто образной основой ФЕ татарского языка являются зоонимы.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в лексикографической практике, в частности, при составлении словаря-тезауруса татарских фразеологизмов. Кроме этого, материалы исследования могут быть использованы в разработке курсов по фразеологии, лексикологии, лингвокультурологии на филологических факультетах университетов.
СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ С АНТОНИМИЧНЫМИ КОМПОНЕНТАМИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ И КАЗАХСКОМ ЯЗЫКА
Authors: Tukeshova Nurgul Maxetovna
Published: December 2020

Актуальность. Фразеологические единицы с антонимичными компонентами двух исследуемых языков ранее не были исследованы. Поскольку английский и казахский языки являются неродственными и разноструктурными языками, определение их схожести и различия, а также специфических характеристик требует тщательного изучения.Цель. Сопоставление фразеологических единиц с антонимичными компонентами двух неродственных языков с точки зрения их лексико-грамматических особенностей и выявление их сходств и различий. Для достижения этой цели нами были поставлены следующие задачи: выявить изученность фразеологических единиц с антонимичными компонентами в сопоставительном аспекте в английском и казахском языках; определить различия и сходства фразеологических единиц с антонимичными компонентами двух разноструктурных языков, выявить специфические черты каждого языка.Методы исследования. Работа опирается на следующие методы: метод фразеологического описания, лексико-грамматический анализ, компонентный анализ. Методом сплошной выборки из лексикографических источников английского, казахского и русского языков были найдены фразеологические единицы с антонимичными компонентами.Результаты. Фразеологические единицы с антонимичными компонентами отражаются во всех лексико-грамматических разрядах языка, также анализ выявил, что фразеологические единицы в двух рассматриваемых языках могут различаться по способу образования связей между компонентами. Антонимичные компоненты в их составе влияют на целостное значение фразеологических единиц.Область применения результатов. Материалы исследования могут быть использованы в разработке курсов по лексикологии и фразеологии.
СРАВНЕНИЕ В РЕЧИ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬНИЦ СРЕДНИХ КЛАССОВ АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРЫ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)
Authors: Vlasova Ekaterina Viktorovna , Tislenkova Irina Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

Цель. В статье рассматривается сравнение в высказываниях женщин среднего класса среднего возраста. Авторы анализируют данный стилистический приём с учетом социолингвистических особенностей речи говорящих.Методы: социолингвистический анализ речи персонажей посредством использования социолингвистических категорий.Результаты. На основании проведенного анализа устанавливается, что женщины среднего возраста среднего класса употребляют пять типов сравнения и выражают их с помощью кинематографических аллюзий, деформированных идиом, устойчивых фразеологизмов с пометами informal и slang. Подражая знати, говорящие используют латинизмы, абстрактные слова, возвышенную лексику и поэтизмы, смешивая стилистически сниженные и возвышенные лексические единицы в одном высказывании.Область применения результатов. Полученные выводы могут быть использованы в курсе межкультурной коммуникации, стилистики, перевода и семиотики.
MORPHOLOGY OF PARDO RIVER WATERSHED AT THE BORDER OF THE STATES OF BAHIA AND MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Lacerda Brito Neto Rodrigo , Tagliaferre Cristiano , Lemos Odair Lacerda , Rocha Felizardo Adenilson , Paula Alessandro de , Gonçalves Lorena Júlio
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The spatial analysis of watersheds, as well as the evaluation off the changes occurring in their catchment area along the time are essential for the qualification of environmental changes. This study aims to characterize morphometrically the Pardo river watershed, as well as to evaluate the changes in soil use and occupation occurring between 2001 and 2016. The morphometric analysis consisted of the determination of the geometric parameters, relief information and drainage network using Geographic Information Systems. The land use and occupation information was collected through data from the online mapping platform of the Brazilian Mapping and Land Use Mapping (MapBiomas). According to the results, morphometry indicated that the watershed has low propensity to flood occurrence and tendency to conservation; great part of its area is between 600 and 1000 m of altitude, with predominance of undulating and soft-undulating slopes. The analysis of land use and occupation showed that the area devoted to agricultural activities increased during the period evaluated and occupies most of the basin, while the area of ??forests was reduced, the second in size, and these two classes occupy more than 96 % of catchment area.
CMY camera using a nanorod filter mosaic integrated on a CMOS image sensor
Authors: He Xin , Liu Yajing , Beckett Paul , Uddin Hemayet , Nirmalathas Ampalavanapillai , Unnithan Ranjith R.
Published: December 2020

The CMY colour camera is different from the RGB counterpart where the subtractive colours cyan, magenta and yellow are used. The CMY camera performs better than an RGB camera in low light conditions. However, conventional CMY colour filter technology made of pigments and dyes are limited in performance for next generation image sensors with submicron pixel sizes. This is because the conventional CMY filters cannot be fabricated in nanoscale as they use their absorption properties to subtract colours. This paper presents a CMOS compatible nanoscale thick CMY colour mosaic made of Al-TiO2-Al nanorods forming a total number of 0.82 million colour filter pixels with each filter pixel size of 4.4 µm arranged in a CMYM pattern. The colour mosaic was then integrated on a MT9P031 image sensor to make a CMY camera and colour imaging is demonstrated using a 12 colour Macbeth chart. The developed technology will have applications in astronomy, low exposure time imaging in biology, and photography.
Dual-comb spectroscopy resolved three-degree-of-freedom sensing
Authors: Zhou Siyu , Le Vunam , Xiong Shilin , Yang Yuetang , Ni Kai , Zhou Qian , Wu Guanhao
Published: December 2020

Precise and fast determination of position and orientation, which is normally achieved by distance and angle measurements, has broad applications in academia and industry. We propose a dynamic three-degree-of-freedom measurement technique based on dual-comb interferometry and a self-designed grating-corner-cube (GCC) combined sensor. Benefiting from its unique combination of diffraction and reflection characteristics, the absolute distance, pitch, and yaw of the GCC sensor can be determined simultaneously by resolving the phase spectra of the corresponding diffracted beams. We experimentally demonstrate that the method exhibits a ranging precision (Allan deviation) of 13.7 nm and an angular precision of 0.088 arcsec, alongside a 1 ms reaction time. The proposed technique is capable of precise and fast measurement of distances and two-dimensional angles over long stand-off distances. A system with such an overall performance may be potentially applied to space missions, including in tight formation-flying satellites, for spacecraft rendezvous and docking, and for antenna measurement as well as the precise manufacture of components including lithography machines and aircraft-manufacturing devices.
Monte Carlo simulation fused with target distribution modeling via deep reinforcement learning for automatic high-efficiency photon distribution estimation
Authors: Ma Jianhui , Piao Zun , Huang Shuang , Duan Xiaoman , Qin Genggeng , Zhou Linghong , Xu Yuan
Published: December 2020

Particle distribution estimation is an important issue in medical diagnosis. In particular, photon scattering in some medical devices extremely degrades image quality and causes measurement inaccuracy. The Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm is regarded as the most accurate particle estimation approach but is still time-consuming, even with graphic processing unit (GPU) acceleration. The goal of this work is to develop an automatic scatter estimation framework for high-efficiency photon distribution estimation. Specifically, a GPU-based MC simulation initially yields a raw scatter signal with a low photon number to hasten scatter generation. In the proposed method, assume that the scatter signal follows Poisson distribution, where an optimization objective function fused with sparse feature penalty is modeled. Then, an over-relaxation algorithm is deduced mathematically to solve this objective function. For optimizing the parameters in the over-relaxation algorithm, the deep

Q

-network in the deep reinforcement learning scheme is built to intelligently interact with the over-relaxation algorithm to accurately and rapidly estimate a scatter signal with the large range of photon numbers. Experimental results demonstrated that our proposed framework can achieve superior performance with structural similarity

>
0.94

, peak signal-to-noise ratio

>
26.55
  
dB

, and relative absolute error

<
5.62
%

, and the lowest computation time for one scatter image generation can be within 2 s.
Monitoring training and recovery responses with heart rate measures during standardized warm-up in elite badminton players
Authors: Schneider Christoph , Wiewelhove Thimo , McLaren Shaun J. , Röleke Lucas , Käsbauer Hannes , Hecksteden Anne , Kellmann Michael , Pfeiffer Mark , Ferrauti Alexander
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To investigate short-term training and recovery-related effects on heart rate during a standardized submaximal running test.

Methods

Ten elite badminton players (7 females and 3 males) were monitored during a 12-week training period in preparation for the World Championships. Exercise heart rate (HRex) and perceived exertion were measured in response to a 5-min submaximal shuttle-run test during the morning session warm-up. This test was repeatedly performed on Mondays after 1–2 days of pronounced recovery (‘recovered’ state; reference condition) and on Fridays following 4 consecutive days of training (‘strained’ state). In addition, the serum concentration of creatine kinase and urea, perceived recovery–stress states, and jump performance were assessed before warm-up.

Results

Creatine kinase increased in the strained compared to the recovered state and the perceived recovery–stress ratings decreased and increased, respectively (range of average effects sizes: |d| = 0.93–2.90). The overall HRex was 173 bpm and the observed within-player variability (i.e., standard deviation as a coefficient of variation [CV]) was 1.3% (90% confidence interval: 1.2% to 1.5%). A linear reduction of -1.4% (-3.0% to 0.3%) was observed in HRex over the 12-week observational period. HRex was -1.5% lower (-2.2% to -0.9%) in the strained compared to the recovered state, and the standard deviation (as a CV) representing interindividual variability in this response was 0.7% (-0.6% to 1.2%).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that HRex measured during a standardized warm-up can be sensitive to short-term accumulation of training load, with HRex decreasing on average in response to consecutive days of training within repeated preparatory weekly microcycles. From a practical perspective, it seems advisable to determine intra-individual recovery–strain responses by repeated testing, as HRex responses may vary substantially between and within players.
Why The Flipped Lecture Is Not A ‘One Size Fits All’ Solution To Undergraduate Medical Education.
Authors: STAPLETON GENEVIEVE , PRICE KATHERINE , SNEDDON SHARON
Published: December 2020

Lectures underpin most medical school curricula; however, due to their frequently didactic nature, their pedagogical efficacy and value are continually questioned. The “flipped” lecture is one approach with the potential to increase student collaboration and interactivity within the lecture theatre environment. Increasingly, medical teachers are introducing flipped lectures, reflecting the increasing use of active learning techniques and digital technologies across the higher education sector more generally. This intervention is seen as a solution to the problems of a traditional lecture, yet whether the use of flipped lectures in medical school programmes enhances learning for all students is not clear. This study investigates whether flipped lectures are perceived as a valuable learning resource by undergraduate medical students. By introducing a flipped lecture at two stages of the curriculum to three student cohorts, and determining students’ observations and perceptions of each experience, we discuss why a flipped lecture does not always meet the needs of the increasingly diverse range of students in medical education and propose exercising caution when considering the introduction of flipped lectures to undergraduate programmes.
MAKNA ORNAMEN RUMAH GADANG MINANGKABAU: KAJIAN SEMANTIK
Authors: Shalika Mayang Putri , Sibarani Robert , Setia Eddy
Published: December 2020

This study aims to inventory of the textual naming process ornaments of rumah gadang. This study used the interactive analysis model of Miles, Hurberman, and Saldana. Data obtained from in-depth interviews, role observation and documentation. The condensed data were analyzed using the Sudrajat concept and seen from its cultural meaning using the Abdullah concept. The ornaments are named as follows: Siriah Gadang ‘sirih besar’ , Lumuik Hanyuik ‘lumut hanyut’, Aka Cino Saganggang ‘akar cina seganggang’ , Pucuak Rabuang ‘ pucuk rebung’, Jalo Taserak ‘jala tersebar’, Saluak Laka ‘ jalinan lidi atau rotan’, Lapiah Batang Jarami ‘ lapis batang jerami’, Labah Mangirok ‘lebah mengirap’, Itiak Pulang Patang ‘itik pulang petang’, Tupai Managun ‘tupai tertegun’, Tatandu Manyasok Bungo ‘ulat menghisap bunga’, Kaluak Paku ‘tumbuhan pakis’, Pisang Sasikek ‘pisang seikat’, Buah Palo Bapatah ‘buah pala patah’ , Aka Barayun ‘akar berayun’, Saik Galamai ‘potongan wajik’, Carano Kanso ‘ tempat untuk meletakkan sirih, pinang dan gambir’, Tangguak Lamah ‘tangguk lemah’ , Si Kambang Manih ‘si bunga manis’ , Sajamba Makan ‘makan berjamba’. The cultural meaning of the twenty names of the Minangkabau rumah gadang ornaments are all about the meaning of human being and its relations to the social life.
Editorial
Authors: Pawlak Mirosław
Published: December 2020

I have to honestly admit that writing this editorial feels very different from writing the one for the December of 2011 when Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching had just completed its first year of existence. At that time, I was feeling a lot of uncertainty and trepidation about the future of the journal, wondering whether it would survive beyond the first year or two as well as whether it would stand a chance of becoming internationally recognizable. Today the situation is very different. Even though this has been an unprecedented year because of the COVID pandemic with all the havoc it has been wreaking all over the world, 2020 has proved to be exceptionally gracious to SSLLT. For one thing, not only has the journal survived and it is now turning 10 years of age, but it has also managed to secure its place among the most influential journals in the field, as can be seen, for example, from its ever-increasing indices in Scopus. Even more importantly, SSLLT has at last been included in some of the databases in Web of Science, most notably Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Journal Citation Reports Social Sciences (JCRSS). Needless to say, we have been waiting for this momentous turn of events for quite a few years and now we cannot wait again to find out the impact factor for the journal, which should be announced some time in 2021. Once again, I cannot stress enough that the huge success of the journal is the outcome of the contribution of numerous individuals, in particular the consecutive associate editors, authors, reviewers, as well as editors of special issues. All of this certainly calls for a celebration and it is our intention to do so by organizing a conference that would bring together all those who have been involved in SSLLT and supported it from its inception, in whatever capacity this might have happened. We are sincerely hoping to be able to hold this event in October 2021 and will be sending out a call for papers some time in December. We do realize that the pandemic can foil any plan now, but we are determined to celebrate the success of the journal. Should autumn 2021 turn out to be unfeasible, we will be aiming for spring 2022 and we are very confident that sooner rather than later we will be able to finally meet face-to-face to discuss key issues involved in the process of second language learning and teaching. While there is surely nothing wrong with online conferences, I am convinced that we would all rather have a chance to talk in person at along last and we will do our best to make this happen. One thing is for sure, whatever the timing, the Faculty of Pedagogy and Fine Arts in Kalisz, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland, will be the venue for this event. After all, this is where the idea for SSLLT was conceived well over 10 years ago and where the journal has been published from the get-go.
EMBERI JOGSÉRTÉSEK ÁRA EURÓPÁBAN
Authors: Melinda Szappanyos
Published: December 2020

E tanulmány gyakorlati szempontból közelít meg egy nemzetközi jogi problémát, az emberi jogok megsértését. Az emberi élet, méltóság és más emberi jogok értéke pénzben nem kifejezhető, azt „beárazni” nem lehet. Mégis, amikor emberi jogi jogsértésekről beszélünk, gyakran felejtjük el, hogy egyes emberi jogok védelmének ára van és ez az ár nemcsak morális. Amikor az államok kötelezettséget vállalnak (vagy kapnak – vállalás nélkül – ius cogens formában) arra, hogy védeni fogják az emberi jogokat, számolniuk kell azzal, hogy ez a védelem belekalkulálandó költségvetésükbe is. A tanulmány azt igyekszik gyakorlati példákon keresztül feltárni, hogy az emberi jogsértésekért milyen konkrét – pénzben kifejezhető – árat fizetett egy európai ország, Görögország.
CLASSIFICATION OF BRAIN MRI IMAGES BY USING THE AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION AND TEXTURE ANALYSIS
Authors: Karliuk Anastasia V. , Nastenko Ievgen A. , Nosovets Olena K. , Babenko Vitalii O.
Published: December 2020

Brain tumor is a relatively severe human disease type. Its timely diagnosis and tumor type definition are an actual task in modern medicine. Lately, the segmentation methods on 3D brain images (like computer and magnetic resonance tomography) are used for definition of a certain tumor type. Nevertheless, the segmentation is usually conducted manually, which requires a lot of time and depends on the experience of a doctor. This paper looks at the possibility of creating a method for the automatic segmentation of images. As a training sample, the medical database of MRI brain tomography with three tumor types (meningioma, glioma, and pituitary tumor) was taken. Taking into account the different slices, the base had: 708 examples of meningioma, 1426 examples of glioma, and 930 examples of pituitary tumor. The database authors marked the regions of interest on each image, which were used as a tutor (supervised learning) for automatic segmentation model. Before model creation, currently existing popular automatic segmentation models were analyzed. U-Net deep convolution neural network architecture was used as the most suitable one. As the result of its use, the model was obtained, which can segment the image correctly in seventy four percent of six hundred images (testing sample). After obtaining the automatic segmentation model, the Random Forest models for three “One versus All”tasks and one multiclass task were created for brain tumor classification. The total sample was divided into training (70 %), testing (20 %), and examining (10 %) ones before creating the models. The accuracy of the models in the examining sample varies from 84to 94 percent. For model classification creation, the texture features were used, obtained by texture analysis method, and created by the co-authors of the Department of Biomedical Cybernetics in the task of liver ultrasound image classification. They were compared with well-known Haralick texture features. The comparison showed that the best way to achieve an accurate classification model is to combine all the features into one stack.
Formation of nesting bird communities in parks on the gradient of anthropic load in Kiev metropolis
Authors:   Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the NAS of Ukraine, Shupova T. V. , Koniakin S. N. ,   Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the NAS of Ukraine
Published: December 2020

In settlements, safe places for birds nesting and feeding need to be created. The purpose of the work is to assess the state and identify vectors of the formation of nesting bird communities in parks under the pressure of anthropic load in the metropolis. In parks of Kyiv 62 species of birds nest. Such faunogenetic complexes like European nemoral (25.0–53.3%), Desert-mountain (12.0–27.8%) and Forest-steppe (6.9–25.0%) prevail. The number of community species in each of parks is 49–12, the average nesting density is 0.08±0.02–0.9±0.19 pairs / ha, and the dispersion is 0.12–1.62. With the combination of anthropic load on biotopes of more than 140 points with a small area of parks (2.0–16.5 ha), the species composition of communities decreases, and the average nesting density and density dispersion increase. Dominated by density: Parus major, Columba livia, Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus merula, Passer domesticus, Passer montanus, Fringilla coelebs, Columba palumbus, Apus apus, Ficedula albicollis, Erithacus rubecula, Turdus pilaris. All birds in communities are obligate synanthropes (12.9%; n=62) or hemisinanthropes. Obligate synanthropes are distributed in communities of 0-7 species. According to the gradient of increasing anthropic load on parks, logarithmic trends show a slight increase in the percentage share of obligate synanthropes in the species composition and in the number of breeding pairs. 47–70% nest on trees, 0–14.3% in shrubs, 0–13.0% on ground and in buildings. In parks, birds (16–38% of the species composition), in addition to using species-specific stations, nest in the cavities of buildings. Such species like Motacilla alba L., Sturnus vulgaris, Ficedula albicollis, Muscicapa striata Pallas, Erithacus rubecula, Parus major, Passer domesticus, Passer montanus nest in this way. Due to this nesting strategy, the need of the birds in hollows and the dependence on the woodpeckers in the community decreases. High parameters of the Shannon index (1.51–3.14) and Pielou index (0.61–0.95) were revealed, with low data of the Berger-Parker index (0.15–0.61). With an anthropic load of more than 160 points, there is a sharp decrease in species diversity, evenness of species, and increased dominance pressure. Cluster analysis showed the division of bird communities into similarity groups according to the area of the parks, the proximity of parks to the outskirts of the city and large forest tracts of the area and specifics of the anthropic load.
Mário Pedrosa e José Carlos Mariátegui
Authors: Oliveira Andrade Everaldo
Published: December 2020

Este artigo pretende investigar e problematizar acerca dos diferentes níveis de proximidade e similaridade dos percursos intelectuais e políticos de dois pensadores latino-americanos: Mário Pedrosa, no Brasil, e José Carlos Mariátegui, no Peru. Eles provavelmente sejam parte de uma mesma geração de militantes e intelectuais latino-americanos que buscava na interpretação crítica da realidade, traduzida em trajetórias comuns das metodologias e práticas de investigação, da reflexão teórica, além de suas atividades políticas, os caminhos para construir perspectivas de superação dos limites estreitos do desenvolvimento econômico e cultural em seus países. E, nesse sentido, busca-se referências para esta investigação não apenas nos debates historiográficos, mas no diálogo entre as correspondências e obras mais significativas de Mariátegui e Pedrosa. Após uma breve exposição biográfica e comparativa dos dois autores e de suas atividades políticas, pretende-se expor os pontos de contatos de suas reflexões e atividades nos campos da economia e do pensamento político e de suas contribuições comuns no terreno da crítica cultural.
A Pan-americanização do trabalho no período de entreguerras
Authors: O. Ferreras Norberto
Published: December 2020

No presente artigo tratamos das conexões e relações estabelecidas pelos países americanos com a Organização Internacional do Trabalho no período de entreguerras. O marco do relacionamento foi estabelecido em duas instancias paralelas nas Conferências Internacionais de países membros da OIT e nas Conferências de Países Americanos ou Conferências Pan-americanas que tiveram lugar paralelamente e com seus próprios tempos. Enquanto na OIT se constituía um reconhecimento de situações e problemas comuns aos países latino-americanos, nas Conferências Pan-americanas se incorporava a questão do Trabalho e dos trabalhadores às temáticas que deveriam ser discutidas. Aqui tratamentos a forma em que se produz o reconhecimento mútuo e a necessidade de estabelecer pautas de comportamento comum para América Latina e no âmbito das organizações internacionais.
La National Paper and Type Co. y el negocio del panamericanismo (1900-1930)
Authors: Serna Ana Maria
Published: December 2020

Este trabajo aborda la historia del panamericanismo a partir del análisis de un caso particular: las actividades mercantiles y el discurso publicitario de la compañía estadounidense llamada National Paper and Type Co. Esta empresa, que estuvo activa en las primeras décadas del siglo veinte, acaparó el nicho de mercado de la exportación de maquinaria y productos para la impresión (papel y tinta) manufacturados en los Estados Unidos para distribuirlos a toda Latinoamérica. Fue la principal proveedora de los insumos con que se hicieron los periódicos más notables de la región. Al dominar este mercado, construyó el andamiaje de la estructura material de la esfera pública. Además de dominar esta importante actividad transnacional, la National fue una activa divulgadora del discurso panamericanista que aprovechó para asegurarse clientes, promover una cultura de negocios en América Latina típica de la sociedad anglosajona y cultivó una mentalidad que propiciaba el consumo. El panamericanismo que manipuló esta compañía distribuidora de manufacturas promovió una muy importante valoración de Latinoamérica y fortaleció los vínculos que proponía aquella utopía de cercanía que imaginaba una Panamérica unida. Esta intermediaria comercial y cultural construyó un puente de comunicación que abonaría al fortalecimiento de una esfera pública transnacional.