bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and anti‐BVDV Activity of Novel δ‐Sultones in vitro: Implications for HCV Therapies.
Authors: Liu Hong‐Min , et al. et al.
Published: August 2014

A series of bicycle δ‐sultones containing γ‐lactones (II) is synthesized and screened for the activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Selective Construction of Pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: He Ping , Wu Jing , Hu Yang‐Gen , Li Zai‐Fang , Hou Qiu‐Fei , Wang Yan‐Ling , Zhao Kun , Zhang Erli
Published: August 2014

Previously unknown title compounds of type (VI) or (VIII) are prepared in three or two steps with a variety of aromatic isocyanates (IV) and amines (V) or aromatic alcohols (VII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzazepine Ring Formation via an Intramolecular Heck Reaction: Synthetic Application to Chilenine.
Authors: Son Kyung‐Heon , Min Ji‐Young , Kim Guncheol
Published: August 2014

A palladium‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of aryl halides containing an allylic moiety leads to azepine skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Amino‐5,6‐diaryl‐3‐cyano‐1H‐pyridin‐2‐ones and 6,7‐Diaryl‐4‐cyano‐3‐hydroxy‐1H‐[1,2]diazepines from Isoflavones.
Authors: Zhu Mu‐Lin , Zhang Zun‐Ting , Xue Dong , Hua Hui‐Liang , Liang Yong , Wnuk Stanislaw F.
Published: August 2014

The title compounds (III) and (IV) are obtained by KOH‐mediated one‐step cyclocondensation of substituted flavones (I) with cyanoacetohydrazide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach Toward the Syntheses of Triazolo Benzoxazines, Triazolo Quinoxalines, Triazolo Benzodiazepines, Triazolo Benzoxazepines, and Triazolo Benzothiazines via a Simple and Convenient Protocol Using Basic Alumina as Solid Support.
Authors: Chatterjee Nivedita , Sarkar Swarbhanu , Pal Rammyani , Sen Asish Kumar
Published: August 2014

The solid support plays a dual role as it eliminates the use of an organic solvent as well as a Pd‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis, Antimycobacterial and Anticancer Activities of Novel Benzoxepinoisoxazolones and Pyrazolones.
Authors: Saidachary G. , Veera Prasad K. , Divya D. , Singh Ashita , Ramesh U. , Sridhar B. , China Raju B.
Published: August 2014

New benzoxepinoisoxazolones (II) and ‐pyrazolones (IV) are synthesized by cyclocondensation of 3‐oxo‐oxepine‐4‐carboxylates (I) with hydroxylamine or arylhydrazines, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Catalysts for Multistep Reactions: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines with Solid Acid and Base Catalysts.
Authors: Climent Maria J. , Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara , Marti Laura
Published: August 2014

Thioaniline and 1,3‐diphenylpropenone react to benzothiazepine in the presence of alumosilicates.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Borylation of Primary C—H Bonds in Functionalized Molecules by Palladium Catalysis.
Authors: Zhang Li‐Sheng , Chen Guihua , Wang Xin , Guo Qing‐Yun , Zhang Xi‐Sha , Pan Fei , Chen Kang , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: August 2014

This method for the borylation of unactivated C(sp3)—H bonds uses mild reaction conditions including oxygen as the terminal oxidant and tolerates various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ylphosphonates and Their Anticancer Properties.
Authors: Kalla Reddi Mohan Naidu , Choi Jin‐Seok , Yoo Jin‐Wook , Byeon Seong Jin , Heo Min Seon , Kim Il
Published: August 2014

A highly efficient and environmentally friendly procedure for the synthesis of title compounds (IV) (12 examples) via a multi‐component reaction using dibutylamine as non‐toxic organocatalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Free Synthesis of Diaryl Vinyl Selenides: A Simple Synthetic Approach with High Selectivity.
Authors: Mohan Balaji , Hwang Sori , Woo Hyunje , Park Kang Hyun
Published: August 2014

A facile protocol is developed for the cross‐coupling reaction of β‐bromostyrenes and diaryldiselenides to give diaryl vinyl selenides in high yields and with excellent E‐selectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Tigliane‐Type Diterpenoid from Daphne genkwa.
Authors: Li Da Yu , Lee Chul , Jin Qinghao , Lee Jin Woo , Lee Mi Kyeong , Hwang Bang Yeon
Published: August 2014

The new diterpenoid daphwanin (I) is isolated from Daphne genkwa along with six known compounds which are considered as valuable candidates for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases caused by excessive production of NO.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Walsucochin B.
Authors: Xu Shiyan , Gu Jixiang , Li Huilin , Ma Donghui , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong
Published: August 2014

The first enantioselective total synthesis of (‐)‐walsucochin B is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Deprotection/Reprotection of the Amino Group in α‐Amino Acids and Peptides. A One‐Pot Procedure in [Bmim][BF4] Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Di Gioia M. L. , Barattucci A. , Bonaccorsi P. , Leggio A. , Minuti L. , Romio E. , Temperini A. , Siciliano C.
Published: August 2014

The use of the ionic liquid allows for the rapid and clean removal of the nosyl protecting group and for subsequent reprotection of the free α‐amino function with the acetyl‐ or Boc‐group.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Coupling of Sugar Oximes and α‐Ketoacids to Glycosyl Amides and N‐Glycopeptides.
Authors: Poehner Claudia , Ullmann Vera , Hilpert Ramona , Samain Eric , Unverzagt Carlo
Published: August 2014

The method can be used for the N‐acylated sugars and oligosaccharides bearing small labels, spacers or peptides in the acyl part.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Hedyotol A.
Authors: Kawabe Yusuke , Ishikawa Ryo , Akao Yusuke , Yoshida Atsushi , Inai Makoto , Asakawa Tomohiro , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Kan Toshiyuki
Published: August 2014

The asymmetric total synthesis of hedyotol A is accomplished via proline‐catalyzed aldol reaction and the use of a quinomethide intermediate for the furofuran skeleton construction.
ChemInform Abstract: Boseongazepines A—C, Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Derivatives from a Streptomyces sp. 11A057.
Authors: Ahn Jong Seog , et al. et al.
Published: August 2014

Title compounds boseongazepines A (I), B (II), and C (III), are isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Composite Cermet for Low‐Metal‐Content Oxygen Separation Membranes.
Authors: Ruiz‐Trejo Enrique , et al. et al.
Published: August 2014

A 1 mm thick separation membrane based on Ag—Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.90 composite (manufactured from ceramic nanoparticles coated by electroless deposition of Ag) is used to separate oxygen from air.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Silica‐Based Nanodevices for Biological Applications
Authors: Tao Zhimin
Published: August 2014

Review: 212 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Redox Behavior of Ceria Nanoparticles
Authors: Qing Rui , Sigmund Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4‐Cyclohexadienes — Easy Access to a Versatile Building Block via Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Hilt Gerhard
Published: August 2014

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyranosides with 2,3‐trans Carbamate Groups: Exocyclic or Endocyclic Cleavage Reaction?
Authors: Manabe Shino , Ito Yukishige
Published: August 2014

Review: [42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Extraordinary Transformations to Achieve the Synthesis of Remarkable Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Bodwell Graham J.
Published: August 2014

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiopeptide Engineering: A Multidisciplinary Effort Towards Future Drugs
Authors: Just‐Baringo Xavier , Albericio Fernando , Alvarez Mercedes
Published: August 2014

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Metal‐Catalyzed Regioselective Functionalization of Enamides
Authors: Gigant Nicolas , Chausset‐Boissarie Laetitia , Gillaizeau Isabelle
Published: August 2014

Review: [recent progress in the development of C—H functionalization of enamides involving efficient and atom‐economical routes; 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Electronic Nature and Reactivity of the Larger Acenes
Authors: Thorley Karl J. , Anthony John E.
Published: August 2014

Review: [50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances and Challenges in the Synthesis of Poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)‐Based Polymers
Authors: Blayney Alan J. , Perepichka Igor F. , Wudl Fred , Perepichka Dmitrii F.
Published: August 2014

Review: [137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Reactivity of Pd‐Catalysts: Mechanistic Features of the Mono‐N‐protected Amino Acid Ligand and Cesium‐Halide Base in Pd‐Catalyzed C—H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Musaev Djamaladdin G. , Figg Travis M. , Kaledin Alexey L.
Published: August 2014

Review: 253 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diphosphoinositol Polyphosphates: Polar Stars in Cell Signaling
Authors: Jessen Henning Jacob , Capolicchio Samanta , Pavlovic Igor , Thakor Divyeshsinh Takhtasinh
Published: August 2014

Review: [23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Renaissance of Electrosynthetic Methods for the Construction of Complex Molecules
Authors: Waldvogel Siegfried R. , Janza Birgit
Published: August 2014

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress of 3‐Aminopyridinium‐Based Synthetic Receptors in Anion Recognition
Authors: Ghosh Kumaresh , Sarkar Avik Ranjan , Sarkar Tanmay , Panja Santanu , Kar Debasis
Published: August 2014

Review: [78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiroacetals: The Conquest of a Long‐Sought Goal in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Cala Lara , Fananas Francisco J. , Rodriguez Felix
Published: August 2014

Review: [23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Applications of Isatins
Authors: Liu Yu‐Chao , Zhang Rui , Wu Qiong‐You , Chen Qiong , Yang Guang‐Fu
Published: August 2014

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Metal Relay Catalysis: From Cyclopropene to Polysubstituted Furan
Authors: Song Chuanling , Wang Jianwu , Xu Zhenghu
Published: August 2014

Review: [13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Powerful Combination: Recent Achievements on Using TBAI and TBHP as Oxidation System
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng , Gong Jin‐Long , Qi Xinxin
Published: August 2014

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleosides via Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Mulamoottil Varughese A. , Nayak Akshata , Jeong Lak Shin
Published: August 2014

Review: [52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Polymers Constructed from Macrocycle‐Based Host‐Guest Molecular Recognition Motifs
Authors: Dong Shengyi , Zheng Bo , Wang Feng , Huang Feihe
Published: August 2014

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Amide and Hydrazide Foldamer‐Based Responsive Host‐Guest Systems
Authors: Zhang Dan‐Wei , Zhao Xin , Li Zhan‐Ting
Published: August 2014

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Consequences of Methyl Substitutions in Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Ajami Dariush , Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: August 2014

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum Control over Single Spins in Diamond
Authors: Dobrovitski V. V. , Fuchs G. D. , Falk A. L. , Santori C. , Awschalom D. D.
Published: August 2014

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Nanotubes
Authors: Hamley Ian W.
Published: August 2014

Review: [self assembly as well as applications in bionanotechnology and synthetic materials science; 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multivalent Glycosylated Nanoparticles for Studying Carbohydrate—Protein Interactions
Authors: Adak Avijit K. , Lin Hong‐Jyune , Lin Chun‐Cheng
Published: August 2014

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Developments in Solid‐State Fermentation
Authors: Thomas Leya , Larroche Christian , Pandey Ashok
Published: August 2014

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mathematical Models for Microbial Kinetics in Solid‐State Fermentation: A Review
Authors: Mazaheri Davood , Shojaosadati Seyed Abbas
Published: August 2014

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review on Materials for Light Scattering in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Deepak T. G. , Anjusree G. S. , Thomas Sara , Arun T. A. , Nair Shantikumar V. , Sreekumaran Nair A.
Published: August 2014

Review: emphasis on TiO2‐based materials; 161 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Flexible Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges in Materials and Process Technologies
Authors: Hu Yuhai , Sun Xueliang
Published: August 2014

Review: 162 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Donor—Acceptor Hybrids for Organic Electronics
Authors: Espildora Eva , Delgado Juan Luis , Martin Nazario
Published: August 2014

Review: [53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenium‐Containing π‐Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Patra Asit , Kumar Rachana , Chand Suresh
Published: August 2014

Review: [synthesis and applications of Se‐containing conjugated polymers for organic solar cells; 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Functionalization of Photocatalytic Systems within Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Qian Xufang , Fuku Kojirou , Kuwahara Yasutaka , Kamegawa Takashi , Mori Kohsuke , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: August 2014

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recycling of Polymers: A Review
Authors: Ignatyev Igor A. , Thielemans Wim , Vander Beke Bob
Published: August 2014

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review on Advances in Photocatalysts Towards CO2 Conversion
Authors: Das Sreejon , Wan Daud W. M. A.
Published: August 2014

Review: 224 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromaticity in Transition Structures
Authors: von Rague Schleyer Paul , Wu Judy I. , Cossio Fernando P. , Fernandez Israel
Published: August 2014

Review: [computational tools to describe and quantify the different manifestations of aromaticity in transition structures; 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conceptual DFT: Chemistry from the Linear Response Function
Authors: Geerlings Paul , Fias Stijn , Boisdenghien Zino , De Proft Frank
Published: August 2014

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: How Cyclobutanes Are Assembled in Nature — Insights from Quantum Chemistry
Authors: Hong Young J. , Tantillo Dean J.
Published: August 2014

Review: [48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Theoretical View of Protein Dynamics
Authors: Orozco Modesto
Published: August 2014

Review: 205 refs.
Selective X‐ray contrast enhancement of the spleen of living mice mediated by gold nanorods
Authors: Wathen Connor A. , Caldwell Chuck , Chanda Nripen , Upendran Anandhi , Zambre Ajit , Afrasiabi Zahra , Chapaman Sarah E. , Foje Nathan , Leevy W. Matthew , Kannan Raghuraman
Published: August 2014

Gold nanomaterials (AuNPs) represent a promising new class of contrast agents for X‐ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging in both research and clinical settings. These materials exhibit superior X‐ray absorption properties compared with other iodinated agents, and thus require lower injection doses. Gold is nonimmunogenic and therefore contributes to safety profile in living specimens. Unfortunately, most reports on the use of AuNPs as X‐ray CT enhancers only demonstrate marginal enhancement of the intended anatomical structure. In this study, we demonstrate the dramatic properties of gold nanorods (GNR) to serve as robust X‐ray CT contrast‐enhancing agent for selective imaging of the spleen. These organ‐specific uptake properties were delineated by performing longitudinal CT imaging of living mice that were dosed with GNR at 2 day intervals. Rapid uptake in spleen was noted within 12 h of first systemic administration with a change in contrast enhancement of 90 Hounsfield units (ΔHU = 90) and with two subsequent injections a total contrast enhancement of over 200 HU was observed. The resulting images provide excellent contrast that will enable the detailed anatomical visualization and study of a range of pre‐clinical models of spleen disease including infection and cancer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new hybrid solver with two‐level parallel computing for large‐scale structural analysis
Authors: Miao Xinqiang , Jin Xianlong , Ding Junhong
Published: August 2014

With the advancement of new processor and memory architectures, supercomputers of multicore and multinode architectures have become general tools for large‐scale engineering and scientific simulations. However, the nonuniform latencies between intranode and internode communications on these machines introduce new challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, a novel hybrid solver that is especially designed for supercomputers of multicore and multinode architectures is proposed. The new hybrid solver is characterized by its two‐level parallel computing approach on the basis of the strategies of two‐level partitioning and two‐level condensation. It distinguishes intranode and internode communications to minimize the communication overheads. Moreover, it further reduces the size of interface equation system to improve its convergence rate. Three numerical experiments of structural linear static analysis were conducted on DAWNING‐5000A supercomputer to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method. Test results show that the proposed approach was superior in performance compared with the conventional Schur complement method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vagal tone as a biomarker of long‐term memory for a stressful social event at 4 months
Authors: Montirosso Rosario , Provenzi Livio , Tronick Ed , Morandi Francesco , Reni Gianluigi , Borgatti Renato
Published: August 2014

This study investigates infants' memory for social stress after a 15‐day retention interval using behavior and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Experimental group infants were exposed to face‐to‐face still‐face paradigm (FFSF) two times; the first time at 4 months and after a 2‐week interval. Control group infants were exposed to FFSF only once at 4 months plus 2 weeks. Infants were categorized as suppressors or non‐suppressors based on the direction of RSA change at first FFSF exposure. No behavioral differences were found among groups and exposure conditions. In the experimental group suppressors changed and showed no suppression when re‐exposed 2 weeks later to FFSF. Non‐suppressors showed no change in RSA from the first to the second exposure to FFSF. Control infants showed similar RSA changes to experimental infants at their first exposure. Findings indicate that 4‐month‐old infants have memory for social stress related to individual differences in autonomic reactivity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1564–1574, 2014.
Performance characteristics of an ELISA screening assay for urinary synthetic cannabinoids
Authors: Spinelli Eliani , Barnes Allan J. , Young Sheena , Castaneto Marisol S. , Martin Thomas M. , Klette Kevin L. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: August 2014

Synthetic cannabinoids are marketed as legal alternatives to cannabis, as routine urine cannabinoid immunoassays do not detect synthetic cannabinoids. Laboratories are challenged to identify these new designer drugs that are widely available and represent a major public health and safety problem. Immunoassay testing offers rapid separation of presumptive positive and negative specimens, prior to more costly and time‐consuming chromatographic confirmation. The Neogen SPICE ELISA kit targets JWH‐018 N‐pentanoic acid as a marker for urinary synthetic cannabinoids. Assay performance was evaluated by analyzing 2469 authentic urine samples with the Neogen immunoassay and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Two immunoassay cut‐off concentrations, 5 and 10 µg/L, classified samples as presumptive positive or negative, followed by qualitative LC‐MS/MS confirmation for 29 synthetic cannabinoids markers with limits of detection of 0.5–10 µg/L to determine the assay's sensitivity, specificity and efficacy. Challenges at ±25% of each cut‐off also were investigated to determine performance around the cut‐off and intra‐ and inter‐plate imprecision. The immunoassay was linear from 1 to 250 µg/L (r2 = 0.992) with intra‐ and inter‐plate imprecision of ≤5.3% and <9%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency results with the 5 µg/L cut‐off were 79.9%, 99.7%, and 97.4% and with the 10 µg/L cut‐off 69.3%, 99.8%, and 96.3%, respectively. Cross‐reactivity was shown for 18 of 73 synthetic cannabinoids markers evaluated. Good sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency, lack of sample preparation requirements, and rapid semi‐automation documented that the Neogen SPICE ELISA kit is a viable method for screening synthetic cannabinoids in urine targeting JWH‐018 N‐pentanoic acid. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing occupancy surveys by maximizing detection probability: application to amphibian monitoring in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Petitot Maud , Manceau Nicolas , Geniez Philippe , Besnard Aurélien
Published: August 2014

Setting up effective conservation strategies requires the precise determination of the targeted species’ distribution area and, if possible, its local abundance. However, detection issues make these objectives complex for most vertebrates. The detection probability is usually <1 and is highly dependent on species phenology and other environmental variables. The aim of this study was to define an optimized survey protocol for the Mediterranean amphibian community, that is, to determine the most favorable periods and the most effective sampling techniques for detecting all species present on a site in a minimum number of field sessions and a minimum amount of prospecting effort. We visited 49 ponds located in the Languedoc region of southern France on four occasions between February and June 2011. Amphibians were detected using three methods: nighttime call count, nighttime visual encounter, and daytime netting. The detection nondetection data obtained was then modeled using site‐occupancy models. The detection probability of amphibians sharply differed between species, the survey method used and the date of the survey. These three covariates also interacted. Thus, a minimum of three visits spread over the breeding season, using a combination of all three survey methods, is needed to reach a 95% detection level for all species in the Mediterranean region. Synthesis and applications: detection nondetection surveys combined to site occupancy modeling approach are powerful methods that can be used to estimate the detection probability and to determine the prospecting effort necessary to assert that a species is absent from a site.
A Study on Compensating Voltage Drop in Distribution Systems due to Nighttime Simultaneous Charging of Electric Vehicles Utilizing Charging Power Adjustment and Reactive Power Injection
Authors: Mitsukuri Yuki , Hara Ryoichi , Kita Hiroyuki , Kamiya Eiji , Taki Shoji , Hiraiwa Naoya , Kogure Eiji
Published: August 2014

To reduce the environment load, electric vehicles (EV) have been attracting attention and expectations. since they can run with at good fuel efficiency and without exhaust gases. It is expected that EV will become more and more popular. Generally, EVs would be used for driving during daytime and be charged during the nighttime, considering lifestyle and time‐of‐use patterns. If most EV owners adopt this use pattern, feeder voltage profiles could be greatly affected, causing severe voltage drops. The battery charger for EVs described in this papers consists of a self‐commutated inverter, which in principle can control not only active power but also reactive power. We propose a basic feeder voltage regulation algorithm, “PQ control”, using EVs which involves adjustment of the EV charging schedule and reactive power injection. In addition, we propose “prediction control”, which is based on “PQ control” and is takes account of prediction of the receiving voltage. Advanced “communication control” regulation algorithms, utilizing communication among EVs and the distribution system operator, are also proposed. The purpose of this paper is to confirm the effectiveness of the three proposed algorithms by simulations.
Design of Nonlinear Servo Systems by the Fuzzy Method
Authors: Nor Mohd Khairi Bin Mohamed , Okubo Shigenori
Published: August 2014

This paper presents the design of nonlinear servo systems using the fuzzy method. The idea behind this control method is to divide the operating region of a nonlinear system into a collection of local linear servo control systems and apply the fuzzy method for calculation of the control input. The control input of each local linear servo system is calculated using the Davison–Smith method and the Hikita pole assignment method. We can prove that all states of the fuzzy servo system are bounded and that the output errors converge to zero by the Lyapunov method. Simulations on a nonlinear mass‐spring‐damper system illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Phase‐Locked Loop Using Complex‐Coefficient Filters for Grid‐Connected Inverter
Authors: Ohori Akihiro , Hattori Nobuyuki , Funaki Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2014

Recently, photovoltaic (PV) power systems have attracted considerable attention in attempts to mitigate global warming. In a PV power system, it is necessary to synchronize the grid voltage when a PV inverter is interconnected with a grid. This paper proposes a high‐speed and high‐precision phase‐locked loop (PLL) using complex‐coefficient filters for a single‐phase grid‐connected inverter. The proposed PLL can detect the phase of grid voltage that has superimposed harmonic components for grid fault. Moreover, numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Two‐Dimensional {Co3+–Co2+} and {Fe3+–Co2+} Networks and Their Heterogeneous Catalytic Activities
Authors: Srivastava Sumit , Dagur Manvender Singh , Gupta Rajeev
Published: August 2014

We report the synthesis and characterization of two‐dimensional homodimetallic {Co3+–Co2+} and heterodimetallic {Fe3+–Co2+} coordination networks with Co3+‐ and Fe3+‐based metalloligands. The crystal structures reveal 2D networks in which the metalloligands are connected through secondary Co2+ ions. The kinetic lability of the secondary Co2+ ions, their Lewis acidity, and the presence of dissociable coordinated water molecules have been utilized in Knoevenagel condensation and cyanation reactions of assorted aldehydes. These reusable networks catalyze these reactions heterogeneously and efficiently.
New Lithium‐Containing Pnictides with 1‐D Infinite Chains of Supertetrahedral Clusters: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of Ba4Li2Cd3Pn6 (Pn = P, As and Sb)
Authors: Makongo Julien P. A. , You Tae‐Soo , He Hua , Suen Nian‐Tzu , Bobev Svilen
Published: August 2014

The novel complex pnictides Ba4Li2Cd3Pn6 (Pn = P, As and Sb) have been synthesized by direct combination of the respective elements at high temperature, and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The three isostructural compounds crystallize with their own structure type in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Cmcm (Pearson code oC60). The crystal structure is based on one‐dimensional infinite chains of supertetrahedral clusters, [Cd4Pn10], running parallel the a‐axis. These chains are connected through Pn2‐type dumbbells. Tight‐binding electronic structure calculations show that the electronic stability of these compounds requires strong covalent Pn–Pn and Cd–Pn bonds. The interactions within the polyanionic sub‐structure are complimented by weaker Ba–Pn and Li–Pn bonds, which also show a substantial degree of covalency, and the strength of all interactions correlates very well with the corresponding interatomic distances. The precise satisfaction of the valence rules and the Zintl–Klemm concept is not essential though as structural vacancies on Cd and Li sites bring about an interplay between ionicity and covalency among the electronegative components. Electronic structure calculations show that Ba4Li2Cd3P6 is expected to be a semiconductor with a band gap of ca. 0.5 eV, while the gap decreases and vanishes altogether for the As‐ and Sb‐analogs, respectively. Solid solutions between arsenides and antimonides appear possible, which could be an effective way to fine‐tune transport properties. Since the latter two compounds can be considered as moderately‐to‐heavily doped intrinsic semiconductors, these materials might be suitable candidates for thermoelectric applications.
Main‐Chain Oligomers from NiII‐ and CuII‐Centered Unsymmetrical N2O2 Schiff‐Base Complexes: Synthesis and Spectral, Structural, and Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Celedón Salvador , Dorcet Vincent , Roisnel Thierry , Singh Anu , Ledoux‐Rak Isabelle , Hamon Jean‐René , Carrillo David , Manzur Carolina
Published: August 2014

Oligomeric main‐chain Schiff‐base compounds 4 and 5 have been synthesized by the trans‐esterification of their respective doubly functionalized monomeric precursors [M{(η5‐C5H5)Fe(η5‐C5H4)C(=O)CH=C(4‐C6H4OH)NCH2CH2N=CH‐(2‐O,4‐CO2H–C6H3)}] [M = Ni (2), Cu (3)] in dmf. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry. Compounds 2, 3, and 6, the corresponding amide of 2, were characterized by X‐ray structural investigation. Gel permeation chromatography established that oligomers 4 and 5 are formed of approximately six monomeric units, and differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that they are thermally stable with decomposition temperatures exceeding 230 °C. Harmonic light scattering measurements showed that compounds 2–5 exhibit rather high second‐order nonlinear responses, between 224 × 10–30 and 399 × 10–30 esu, with hyperpolarizability β1.91 values that increase significantly on passing from the monomeric to the oligomeric species.
Mechanistic Insights into the PdII‐Catalyzed Chemoselective N‐Demethylation vs. Cyclometalation Reactivity Pathways in 1‐Aryl‐N,N‐dimethylethanamines
Authors: Yap Jeanette See Leng , Ding Yi , Yang Xiang‐Yuan , Wong Jonathan , Li Yongxin , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Leung Pak‐Hing
Published: August 2014

Two structurally isomeric substituted N,N‐dimethylethanamines have been prepared. Treatment of the 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl isomer with PdII ions generated the ortho‐metalated complexes. On the other hand, treatment of the 2,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl‐substituted amine resulted in the unexpected chemoselective cleavage of one of the three N–C bonds, thus generating the corresponding secondary amine. The N‐demethylation process could be catalyzed at room temperature by palladium(II) catalysts such as PdCl2 or Pd(OAc)2. Furthermore, treatment with a stoichiometric amount of PdII ions gave a metal complex in which both secondary amines were bound to Pd in an N‐monodentate fashion. When triethylamine was introduced, one of the N‐ethyl groups in NEt3 was cleaved, and an unexpected heteroamine complex was produced. The products generated were isolated and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Mechanistic insights into the cyclometalation and C–N cleavage observed are discussed.
Very long chain omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids and human health
Authors: Calder Philip C.
Published: August 2014

Omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that contribute to human health and well‐being. Functionally the most important n‐3 fatty acids appear to be eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoioc acid (DHA), but roles for n‐3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are now emerging. Intakes of EPA and DHA are usually low, typically below recommended intakes. Increased intakes are reflected in greater incorporation into blood lipid, cell and tissue pools. Increased content of EPA and DHA modifies the structure of cell membranes and the function of membrane proteins involved as receptors, signaling proteins, transporters, and enzymes. EPA and DHA modify the production of lipid mediators and through effects on cell signaling can alter patterns of gene expression. Through these actions EPA and DHA alter cell and tissue responsiveness in a manner that seems to result in more optimal conditions for growth, development, and maintenance of health. The effects of n‐3 fatty acids are evident right through the life course, meaning that there is a need for all sectors of the population to have a sufficient intake of these important nutrients. EPA and DHA have a wide range of physiological roles which are linked to certain health or clinical benefits.

Practical application: Very long chain omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids are found in seafood, especially fatty fish, and in supplements. They exert a range of health benefits as a result of their molecular, cellular and physiological actions. Consequently, very long chain n‐3 fatty acids play important roles in growth, development, optimal function, and maintenance of health and well‐being right across the life course. Therefore, all sectors of the population need to ensure sufficient intake of these important nutrients. This can be achieved through eating fatty fish or, failing that, use of good quality supplements.

General overview of the mechanisms by which very long chain n‐3 fatty acids can influence the function of cells.
Mild, Stereoselective, and Highly Efficient Synthesis of N‐Acylhydrazones Mediated by CeCl3·7H2O in a Broad Range of Solvents
Authors: dos Santos Filho José Maurício
Published: August 2014

In a mild and practical approach, hydrazides and aldehydes underwent condensation reactions that were mediated by cerium(III) chloride to be rapidly converted into N‐acylhydrazones. This method uses a minimal catalytic amount of cerium(III), is stereoselective, and offers several unique features, such as compatibility with aryl, heterocyclic, alkenyl, and sensitive functional groups as well as the ability to prepare N‐acylhydrazones from highly hindered substrates. More strikingly, cerium(III) efficiently mediated the reaction with less reactive substrates such as diaryl and alkyl aryl ketones, when classical protocols without the catalyst were not effective. This method enables the synthesis of a structurally diverse library of N‐acylhydrazones that have applications in synthetic and medicinal chemistry.
Two‐Step Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐(Sulfonylamino)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines from 2‐Aminopyrimidines and N‐(2,2‐Dichloro‐2‐phenylethylidene)arensulfonamides
Authors: Rozentsveig Igor B. , Serykh Valery Yu. , Chernysheva Gulnur N. , Kondrashov Evgeniy V. , Fedotova Alena I. , Ushakov Igor A. , Tretyakov Evgeny V. , Romanenko Galina V.
Published: August 2014

The reaction of 2‐aminopyrimidines with N‐(2,2‐dichloro‐2‐phenylethylidene)arenesulfonamides affords the corresponding products of nucleophilic addition to the azomethine group, N‐[2,2‐dichloro‐2‐phenyl‐1‐(heterylamino)ethyl]sulfonamides, in good yields. The latter are easily cyclized to give imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐3‐ylsulfonamides in the presence of NaOH, whereas the expected isomeric imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐2‐ylsulfonamides are not formed. A tentative mechanism for the formation of annulated heterocyclic derivatives through Dimroth rearrangement has been proposed.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Tricyclic Diproline Analogues that Mimic a PPII Helix: Structural Consequences of Ring‐Size Variation
Authors: Soicke Arne , Reuter Cédric , Winter Matthias , Neudörfl Jörg‐Martin , Schlörer Nils , Kühne Ronald , Schmalz Hans‐Günther
Published: August 2014

Polycyclic proline‐derived scaffolds (ProMs) have recently demonstrated their value as conformationally defined dipeptide analogs for the modular construction of secondary structure mimetics, specifically interfering with PPII helix‐mediated protein–protein interactions. We disclose the stereoselective synthesis of two new tricyclic amino acid scaffolds (ProM‐4 and ProM‐8) that differ from the first generation scaffold ProM‐1 by the size of ring A. Conformational preferences and subtle structural differences of the three homologous scaffolds were analyzed by X‐ray crystallography, computational calculations, and NMR spectroscopy. N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl(Boc)‐3‐(1‐propenyl)azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid was prepared from L‐aspartic acid through β‐lactam intermediates. The corresponding piperidine‐based building block rac‐N‐Boc‐3‐vinylpipecolic acid was synthesized by Cu‐catalyzed 1,4‐addition of vinyl‐MgBr to methyl N‐Boc‐2,3‐dehydropipecolate. Target molecules were prepared through peptide coupling of the respective ring A building blocks with cis‐5‐vinylproline tert‐butyl ester and subsequent ring‐closing metathesis. Selective deprotection of a tert‐butyl carbamate (N‐Boc protecting group) in the presence of a tert‐butyl ester was achieved with trifluoroacetic acid at 0 °C.
Mild closed head injury promotes a selective trigeminal hypernociception: Implications for the acute emergence of post‐traumatic headache
Authors: Benromano T. , Defrin R. , Ahn A.H. , Zhao J. , Pick C.G. , Levy D.
Published: August 2014

Background

Headache is one of the most common symptoms following traumatic head injury. The mechanisms underlying the emergence of such post‐traumatic headache (PTH) remain unknown but may be related to injury of deep cranial tissues or damage to central pain processing pathways, as a result of brain injury.

Methods

A mild closed head injury in mice combined with the administration of cranial or hindpaw formalin tests was used to examine post‐traumatic changes in the nociceptive processing from deep cranial tissues or the hindpaw. Histological analysis was used to examine post‐traumatic pro‐inflammatory changes in the calvarial periosteum, a deep cranial tissue.

Results

At 48 h after head injury, mice demonstrated enhanced nociceptive responses following injection of formalin into the calvarial periosteum, a deep cranial tissue, but no facilitation of the nociceptive responses following injection of formalin into an extracranial tissue, the hindpaw. Mice also showed an increase in the number of activated periosteal mast cells 48 h following mild head trauma, suggesting an inflammatory response.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that mild closed head injury is associated with enhanced processing of nociceptive information emanating from trigeminal‐innervated deep cranial tissues, but not from non‐cranial tissues. Based on these finding as well as the demonstration of head injury‐evoked degranulation of calvarial periosteal mast cells, we propose that inflammatory‐evoked enhancement of peripheral cranial nociception, rather than changes in supraspinal pain mechanisms play a role in the initial emergence of PTH. Peripheral targeting of nociceptors that innervate the calvaria may be used to ameliorate PTH pain.
The association between inhibition and pain tolerance in the elderly: Evidence from event‐related potentials
Authors: Zhou S. , Kemp J. , Després O. , Pebayle T. , Dufour A.
Published: August 2014

Background

Age‐related alterations in both pain perception and inhibitory functions have been observed, but the relationship between the two in older adults remains unclear. Previous studies were mainly based on behavioural measures which do not allow assessment of underlying neural mechanisms.

Methods

The present study evaluated the association between inhibition and pain perception in 26 healthy elderly volunteers. Cognitive inhibition was assessed by Stroop interference tests and response inhibition by a Go/No‐go task. Event‐related potentials during the Go/No‐go task were recorded to provide brain activity data. Pain perception was assessed with the cold pressor test, in which subjects were asked to resist pain as long as possible. The exposure time (ET), intensity of tolerated pain and unpleasantness were interpreted as psychophysiological outcomes of pain.

Results

We observed that better performance on cognitive inhibition, assessed by Stroop interference tasks, was correlated with higher intensity of tolerated pain. Greater brain activity during response inhibition, evaluated as larger amplitude (P3), and shorter latency (N2) to a No‐go stimuli were correlated with longer ET‐pain tolerance.

Conclusions

In the healthy elderly, the neuronal circuits of cognitive inhibition and conscious pain control may overlap, and brain regions engaged in response inhibition may be more involved in behavioural response of pain.
F‐108 polymer and capillary electrophoresis easily resolves complex environmental DNA mixtures and SNPs
Authors: Damaso Natalie , Martin Lauren , Kushwaha Priyanka , Mills DeEtta
Published: August 2014

Ecological studies of microbial communities often use profiling methods but the true community diversity can be underestimated in methods that separate amplicons based on sequence length using performance optimized polymer 4. Taxonomically, unrelated organisms can produce the same length amplicon even though the amplicons have different sequences. F‐108 polymer has previously been shown to resolve same length amplicons by sequence polymorphisms. In this study, we showed F‐108 polymer, using the ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer and CE, resolved four bacteria that produced the same length amplicon for the 16S rRNA domain V3 but have variable nucleotide content. Second, a microbial mat community profile was resolved and supported by NextGen sequencing where the number of peaks in the F‐108 profile was in concordance with the confirmed species numbers in the mat. Third, equine DNA was analyzed for SNPs. The F‐108 polymer was able to distinguish heterozygous and homozygous individuals for the melanocortin 1 receptor coat color gene. The method proved to be rapid, inexpensive, reproducible, and uses common CE instruments. The potential for F‐108 to resolve DNA mixtures or SNPs can be applied to various sample types—from SNPs to forensic mixtures to ecological communities.
Trading Activity in Options and Stock Around Price‐Sensitive News Announcements
Authors: Mazouz Khelifa , Wu Yuliang , Yin Shuxing
Published: August 2014

This study investigates the trading activity in options and stock markets around informed events with extreme daily stock price movements. We find that informed agents are more likely to trade options prior to negative news and stocks ahead of positive news. We also show that optioned stocks overreact to the arrival of negative news, but react efficiently to positive news. However, the overreaction patterns are unique to the subsample of stocks with the lowest pre‐event abnormal option/stock volume ratio (O/S). This finding suggests that the incremental benefit of option listing is related to the level of option trading activity, over and beyond the presence of an options market on the firm's stock. Finally, we find that the pre‐event abnormal O/S is a better predictor of stock price patterns following a negative shock than is the pre‐event O/S, implying that the former may contain more information about the future value of stocks than the latter. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:1173–1194, 2015
Supporting the Spread of Systems Engineering in Healthcare: A Partnership for Teaching Patient Safety Residents
Authors: Rust Tom , Archambeault Cliona , Triplett Stephanie , Kim Bo , Kartha Anand
Published: August 2014

Recent reports indicate that physician graduates do not possess an understanding of systems engineering tools. This is relevant because systems failures in healthcare delivery generate medical errors and avoidable adverse events, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths and wasting billions of dollars annually. The Institute of Medicine calls for collaboration across disciplines to spread systems engineering within healthcare; however, few physician educators possess the necessary expertise to teach these methods. In this article, we describe a novel systems engineering and quality improvement training partnership between engineers and practicing clinicians. This curriculum effectively increased knowledge in systems thinking, provided direct experience utilizing improvement tools, and enhanced care delivery. Through coupling the interests and resources of engineering faculty and the residency training program, we were able to build an effective training program that empowers front‐line staff to identify and act on systems‐based patient safety problems.
Educational Apps: Using Mobile Applications to Enhance Student Learning of Statistical Concepts
Authors: Ling Chen , Harnish Drew , Shehab Randa
Published: August 2014

This research sought to understand whether the use of mobile applications (e.g., iPhone apps) had an impact on students’ learning of new statistical concepts. A control group (n = 12) was compared against a group that used a statistical mobile app (n = 13) during a simulated statistics lecture on the topic of normal distribution. Students received a classroom lecture followed by a period of either pencil‐and‐paper only or technology‐assisted examples. They then took a quiz on the material. The overall quiz results showed that the app group outperformed the control group. When learning through examples with the mobile app, students performed better on problems that required them to apply their knowledge, which corresponds to the third level of learning in Bloom's taxonomy. A postexperimental survey showed that students in the app group felt strongly that mobile apps helped them understand the new concepts more clearly and were more confident in their ability to learn the new material more quickly than the control group. Overall, this research demonstrates that incorporating mobile apps into lectures has the potential to positively affect student learning.
TRANSFORMING A FAMILY OF CURVES INTO A FAMILY OF CURVES WITH A SINGLE SHAPE
Authors: Levine Michael V.
Published: August 2014

The relatively hard problem of transforming a given set of curves to curves with the same shape can sometimes be reduced to the easier problem of rendering curves parallel. In this paper a group is associated with the given curves, and it is shown that the reduction from the hard problem to the easy problem is valid whenever the group is nonabelian. A comprehensive review of earlier work is included so that this paper can be read alone. Applications to psychological measurement are cited briefly.
ESTIMATING PARAMETERS IN THE RASCH MODEL: REMOVING THE EFFECTS OF RANDOM GUESSING
Authors: Waller Michael I.
Published: August 2014

A method of estimating the parameters of the Rasch Model removing the effect of random guessing is presented. The procedure is an application of the ARRG model recently developed for two parameter latent trait models. Under the Rasch model ARRG provides for estimation of abilities, removing the effects of random guessing, without requiring the use of a computer. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to examine the accuracy of the resulting ability estimates.
FIELD DEPENDENCE AND INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: Witkin Herman A. , Goodenough Donald R.
Published: August 2014

People with a field‐dependent or field‐independent cognitive style are different in their interpersonal behavior in ways predicted from the theory of psychological differentiation. Field‐dependent people make greater use of external social referents, but only when the situation is ambiguous and these referents provide information that helps remove the ambiguity; field‐independent people function with greater autonomy from others under such conditions. Field‐dependent people are more attentive to social cues than field‐independent people. Field‐dependent people have an interpersonal orientation: they show strong interest in others, prefer to be physically close to people, are emotionally open and gravitate toward social situations. Field‐independent people have an impersonal orientation: they are not very interested in others, show both physical and psychological distancing from people and prefer nonsocial situations. Finally, field‐dependent and field‐independent people are different in an array of characteristics which make it likely that field‐dependent people will get along better with others. Altogether, field‐dependent people have a set of social skills that are less evident in field‐independent people. On the other hand, field‐independent people have greater skill in cognitive analysis and structuring. This pattern suggests that, with regard to value judgments, the field‐dependence‐independence dimension is bipolar; each of the contrasting cognitive styles has components adaptive to particular situations.