bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrogen Modulates Ethanol‐Induced Memory Deficit in Postpubertal Adolescent Rats
Authors: Sircar Ratna
Published: November 2018

Background

Our laboratory and others have reported that ethanol (EtOH) impairs hippocampus‐associated memory formation in prepubertal adolescent rats. Acute alcohol exposure in humans produces a syndrome of memory loss (“blackouts”) that is similar to impairments caused by hippocampal damage. The ability to form new long‐term explicit memories is affected, but not short‐term memory storage or recall of information from long‐term storage. Alcohol‐induced memory impairment, similar to teenage alcohol blackouts, has been shown in prepubertal adolescent rodents. In the present study, EtOH's effect on contextual fear memory was examined in postpubertal rats.

Methods

In Experiment 1, intact male and female postpubertal rats were treated with an acute intraperitoneal injection of EtOH or vehicle. Thirty minutes later, rats were trained in the fear conditioning paradigm, and 24 hours after training, all rats were tested for contextual fear conditioning. In Experiment 2, groups of intact postpubertal female rats were treated with a single injection of EtOH, or vehicle, during different phases of the estrus cycle and tested for fear conditioning. In Experiment 3, groups of postpubertal female rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and were given hormonal supplementation (estrogen with or without progesterone) and tested for EtOH‐induced memory formation. Additional controls included sham‐operated, oil‐treated postpubertal female rats. In Experiment 4, intact postpubertal male rats were administered exogenous estrogen alone or together with progesterone and tested for EtOH‐induced contextual memory formation.

Results

Following an acute EtOH exposure, intact postpubertal female rats exhibited significant impairments in contextual fear conditioning. But acute EtOH had little effect on contextual fear conditioning in intact postpubertal males. EtOH impaired memory formation during all phases of the estrus cycle except during estrus phase when blood levels of estrogen are low. Ovariectomized rats did not show any EtOH‐induced impairment in contextual freezing compared to vehicle‐treated ovariectomized rats. In female rats, bilateral ovariectomy eliminated EtOH‐induced memory deficit and estrogen replacement reintroduced EtOH‐induced memory impairment. Although postpubertal male rats were insensitive to EtOH's effect on contextual fear conditioning, but when treated with exogenous estrogen, they performed poorly in the contextual memory task.

Conclusions

Together, these data suggest that the female gonadal hormone estrogen is an important modulator of EtOH‐induced cognitive behavior in postpubertal female and male rats, and that it may play an important role in teenage alcohol blackout.
Corporate Restructuring and Leveraged Buyouts in the Asia Pacific 1980–2010
Authors: Fleming Grant
Published: November 2018

Leveraged buyout markets in the Asia Pacific have grown substantially since the 1980s and now play an important role in the market for corporate control. This paper undertakes an international comparative analysis of the emergence and growth of leveraged buyout firms in the Asia Pacific and their role in corporate restructuring, with a focus on Australia, Japan and South Korea. Three distinct periods in the development of these markets are identified. The paper highlights the importance of state involvement and changes in domestic economic policy around financial crises, where governments created new rules to facilitate buyouts as an organisational restructuring solution to distressed companies.
Joining Global Production Networks: Experience and Prospects of India
Authors: Athukorala Prema‐chandra
Published: November 2018

Cross‐border dispersion of different stages/slices of the production processes within vertically integrated global industries (“global production sharing”) has been a key structural change in the global economy in recent decades. This paper examines India's experience with exploiting opportunities created by this phenomenon for export expansion from a comparative East Asian perspective. The analysis reveals that India has so far failed fitting into global production networks in electronics and electrical goods, which have been the prime movers of export dynamism in China and the other high‐performing East Asian countries. The findings of this study provide further support to the case for completing the unfinished reform agenda, encompassing both trade and investment policy reforms, and “behind‐the‐border” reforms. There is also a strong case, based on the experiences in East Asia and elsewhere, for combining further reforms with a proactive investment promotion campaign to attract multinational enterprises engaged in global production networks.
Expression patterns common and unique to ulcerative colitis and celiac disease
Authors: Medrano Luz María , Pascual Virginia , Bodas Andrés , López‐Palacios Natalia , Salazar Isabel , Espino‐Paisán Laura , González‐Pérez Beatriz , Urcelay Elena , Mendoza Juan Luis , Núñez Concepción
Published: November 2018

Autoimmune diseases like celiac disease (CeD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) show a common genetic background defined by the existence of shared susceptibility loci. We aimed to go deeper into this common genetic background through performing a cross‐disease study based on gene expression. We measured the expression of 21 genes located in 13 CeD‐UC susceptibility regions, and 10 genes in five CeD risk regions. Determinations were carried out in colon/rectum samples from 13 UC patients (inflamed and uninflamed tissue) and four colon samples from controls. Duodenal samples from 19 CeD patients and 12 controls were used for comparisons. Differences were analyzed using the Bayesian method. The shared chromosomal regions containing TNFAIP3, PTPN2, ICOSLG, C1orf106, and IL21 showed similar results in both diseases. FASLG, PLEK, CCR4, and TAGAP, all located in CeD risk loci, were up‐regulated in both CeD and UC patients. Finally, ZFP36L1, ZMIZ1, PUS10, UBE2L3, and BACH2 showed opposite results in CeD and UC. A high complexity underlies autoimmune common susceptibility loci, as the expression pattern of the studied genes does not always correlate with the one expected attending to the apparent genetic background. Differentially expressed genes such as ZFP36L1, ZMIZ1, PUS10, and BACH2 deserve further research in autoimmune diseases.
Stressful life events and psychiatric comorbidity in acne–a case control study
Authors: Bondade Swapna , Hosthota Abhineetha , Basavaraju Vinay
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Possibility of a causal influence of emotional stress, on the course of various skin diseases, has been postulated. However, it is still inconclusive about the role of stressful life events in acne. In this background, the present study was carried out to know its role in acne.

Methods

Consecutive one hundred patients who were diagnosed with acne vulgaris in the age group of 12 to 45 years were included. Age and sex matched controls were taken. A semistructured proforma was used to collect sociodemographic details. Stressful life events were assessed using presumptive stressful life event scale. Anxiety was evaluated using Hamilton Anxiety Rating scale and Depression by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Results

There was no difference in total stressful life events in past one year between patients and controls. The undesirable life event was present in 65 patients and 50 controls, this difference was statistically significant. Getting married or appearing for exams were the most common stressful life event in patients. Forty patients had comorbid psychiatric illness whereas in controls comorbidity was in 24 and this difference was statistically significant.

Discussion

The undesirable stressful life events and psychiatric comorbidity were more in acne patients than in controls.
Perceiving time through group‐based glasses: Collective temporal orientation
Authors: Peetz Johanna , Wohl Michael J. A.
Published: November 2018

People differ in the extent to which they focus on their personal future, past, or present. Across four studies (using both correlation and experimental designs), we explore whether people also have a temporal orientation when thinking about the social groups to which they belong (i.e., their in‐group). In Studies 1–3, participants’ personal temporal orientation was moderately linked with, but distinguishable from, their collective temporal orientation for their national self (i.e., ‘American’). In Study 2, evidence is provided for the predictive validity of this novel concept. Specifically, greater collective past orientation was positively associated with reported collective guilt (a group‐based emotion that reflects the acceptance of culpability for historical harms perpetrated by the in‐group), and greater collective future orientation focus on the in‐group's future was positively associated with collective angst (a group‐based emotion that reflects concern about existential threats the in‐group may face). In Study 3, collective temporal orientation was shown to differ across several groups’ participants listed as self‐relevant. In Study 4, participants randomly assigned to think about a past‐oriented social group to which they belong reported more frequent focus on the in‐group's past than participants randomly assigned to think about a future‐oriented in‐group (and vice versa for collective future focus). This research advances the literature on time perspective by showing that temporal cognition extends to the social self.
MORC2 promotes development of an aggressive colorectal cancer phenotype through inhibition of NDRG1
Authors: Liu Jiao , Shao Yangguang , He Yuxin , Ning Ke , Cui Xi , Liu Furong , Wang Zhenning , Li Feng
Published: November 2018

MORC2 (microrchidia family CW‐type zinc finger 2) is a newly identified chromatin remodeling protein that functions in diverse biological processes including gene transcription. NDRG1 is a metastasis suppressor and a prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the relationship between MORC2 and NDRG1 transcriptional regulation and the roles of MORC2 in CRC remain elusive. Here, we showed that MORC2 downregulated NDRG1 mRNA, protein levels, and promoter activity in CRC cells. We also found that MORC2 bound to the −446 to −213 bp region of the NDRG1 promoter. Mechanistically, histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was involved in NDRG1 transcriptional regulation. MORC2 was able to interact with SIRT1 and inhibit NDRG1 promoter activity cumulatively with SIRT1. MORC2 overexpression led to a decrease of H3Ac and H4Ac of the NDRG1 promoter. Importantly, we showed that NDRG1 was essential in MORC2‐mediated promotion of CRC cell migration and invasion in vitro, as well as lung metastasis of CRC cells in vivo. Moreover, MORC2 expression correlated negatively with NDRG1 expression in CRC patients. High expression of MORC2 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.019) and poor pTNM stage (P = 0.02) and the expression of MORC2 correlated with poor prognosis in colon cancer patients. Our findings thus contribute to the knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of MORC2 in downregulating NDRG1, and suggest MORC2 as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
The behavior of polyetheretherketone healing abutments when measuring implant stability with electronic percussive testing
Authors: Dayan Çağatay , Bural Canan , Geçkili Onur
Published: November 2018

Background

It is unknown whether it is possible to measure implant stability with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) healing abutments using electronic percussive testing (EPT).

Purpose

To investigate the reliability of the percussive test values (PTVs) measured with PEEK healing abutments and to compare them with the PTVs measured with titanium healing abutments.

Material and Methods

Thirty dental implants were inserted into the fresh pelvis belonging to a cow. Titanium healing abutments (2 and 5 mm), PEEK healing abutments (5 mm), and prepable standard titanium abutments (5 mm) were screwed to the implants, respectively, and PTVs were measured by two examiners using a wireless EPT device. Differences in PTVs between different dental implant components were evaluated using Friedman's test with post hoc Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and Bonferroni correction. Inter and intra‐observer reliabilities were detected using interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs)

Results

The mean PTVs obtained using the PEEK healing abutments were significantly higher than the mean PTVs obtained using the other abutments for both examiners (P < .01). The ICCs for intra‐observer reliability were detected as poor for PEEK healing abutments; and excellent for the other abutment types for both examiners. The ICCs for the inter‐observer reliability between the two examiners were poor (0.25) for PEEK healing abutments, and excellent for the 2 and 5 mm titanium healing abutments and for standard abutments (0.82, 0.84 and 0.93, respectively).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it may be concluded that EPT measurements should be avoided using PEEK healing abutments because of the poor reliability.
The colour properties of polyester/cotton knitted fabrics coated with poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)
Authors: Vieira Giovana A. , Pereira André Cadore , Immich Ana Paula Serafini , de Souza Antônio Augusto Ulson , Barcellos Ivonete Oliveira
Published: November 2018

The objective of this research was to investigate the use of crosslinked poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) to coat polyester/cotton knitted fabric, without adversely affecting its dyeing properties. Before dyeing, the knitted fabrics were tested for bursting strength to assess the influence of the coating on their resistance. The dyeing parameters were evaluated as the exhaustion (%), K/S value, colour difference (ΔE), relative strength (RS %) and colour fastness to washing. Bursting strengths were 9.4 for coated and 9.7 kgf cm−2 for uncoated knitted fabric samples, confirming an insignificant loss in resistance. In the evaluation of K/S, ΔE and RS%, the values for the samples with the highest concentration of PVP were the most different to those for the standard sample. The colour fastness showed satisfactory results indicating that neutralisation and washing after dyeing were effective. These results could lead to increased quality in the textile industry, adding value to products.
Role of induction therapy in low immunological risk–kidney transplant recipients: A mate‐kidney analysis
Authors: Sureshkumar Kalathil K. , Katragadda Vinaikumar , Chopra Bhavna , Sampaio Marcelo
Published: November 2018

We aimed to evaluate the impact of induction on outcomes in low‐immunological risk kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) using a mate‐kidney model. Using OPTN/UNOS database, we identified three groups of low‐immunological risk KTRs (first transplant, panel reactive antibody <20%, human leukocyte antigen mismatches ≤3) with each group containing recipients of mate‐kidneys from same donor and differed by induction received: group 1: no induction vs interleukin‐2 receptor antibody (IL2RA) induction; group 2: no induction vs depleting antibody induction; group 3: IL2RA vs depleting antibody induction. Outcomes were compared between mate‐kidney recipients in each group in an adjusted model. Total of 1034 mate‐kidney recipients were identified: group 1, n = 192; group 2, n = 362 and group 3, n = 480. Adjusted risk for DGF was higher (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.09‐3.25,.P = 0.02) and one‐year acute rejection trended lower (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.25‐1.11, P = 0.09) among depleting antibody induced patients in group 2. Adjusted five‐year graft survivals were similar between mate‐kidney recipients in all three groups. Adjusted patient death risk was significantly lower in depleting antibody induced patients in group 2 (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26‐0.88, P = 0.02) and trended lower in IL2RA induced patient in group 1 (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10‐1.01, P = 0.05). Perioperative antibody induction was associated with lower patient death risk in low‐immunologic risk KTRs.
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors regulate ketone body metabolism via inter‐organ crosstalk
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Lee Minyoung , Kim Soo Hyun , Kim So Ra , Lee Byung‐Wan , Kang Eun Seok , Cha Bong‐Soo , Cho Jin Won , Lee Yong‐ho
Published: November 2018

Aim

To investigate sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)‐induced changes in ketogenic enzymes and transporters in normal and diabetic mice models.

Materials and methods

Normal mice were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle or SGLT2i (25 mg/kg/d by oral gavage) for 7 days. Diabetic mice were treated with vehicle, insulin (4.5 units/kg/d by subcutaneous injection) or SGLT2i (25 mg/kg/d by intra‐peritoneal injection) for 5 weeks. Serum and tissues of ketogenic organs were analysed.

Results

In both normal and diabetic mice, SGLT2i increased beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) content in liver, kidney and colon tissue, as well as in serum and urine. In these organs, SGLT2i upregulated mRNA expression of ketogenic enzymes, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A synthase 2 and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A lyase. Similar patterns were observed in the kidney, ileum and colon for mRNA and protein expression of sodium‐dependent monocarboxylate transporters (SMCTs), which mediate the cellular uptake of BHB and butyrate, an important substrate for intestinal ketogenesis. In diabetic mice under euglycaemic conditions, SGLT2i increased major ketogenic enzymes and SMCTs, while insulin suppressed ketogenesis.

Conclusions

SGLT2i increased systemic and tissue BHB levels by upregulating ketogenic enzymes and transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine, suggesting the integrated physiological consequences for ketone body metabolism of SGLT2i administration.
Physiological left ventricular segmental myocardial mechanics: Multiparametric polar mapping to determine intraventricular gradients of myocardial dynamics
Authors: Bogunovic Nikola , van Buuren Frank , Esdorn Hermann , Horstkotte Dieter , Bogunovic Lukas , Faber Lothar
Published: November 2018

Objective

We investigated physiological systolic left ventricular (LV) myocardial mechanics and gradients to provide a database for later studies of diseased hearts.

Methods

The analyses were performed in 131 heart‐healthy individuals and included seven parameters of myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE).

Results

Basal to apical and circumferentially significant physiological intraventricular parameter gradients of myocardial activity were determined. Global mean values and segmental ranges were peak systolic longitudinal strain −21.2 ± 3.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −21.8% to −20.6%), gradient (basal to apical) −16.0% to −26.7%; peak systolic longitudinal strain rate −1.24 ± 0.31%/s, 95% CI −1.29% to −1.19%/s, gradient (basal to apical) −0.91% to −1.61%/s; post‐systolic index 2.6 ± 3.2%, 95% CI 3.15%–2.05%, gradient (basal/medial/apical) 7.0/1.2/2.4%; pre‐systolic stretch index 1.3 ± 2.7%, 95% CI 1.77%–0.83%, gradient (basal/medial/apical) 6.5/0.2/1.3%; peak longitudinal displacement 12.2 ± 2.6 mm, 95% CI 12.6–11.8 mm, gradient (basal to apical) 21.0–3.4 mm; time‐to‐peak longitudinal strain 370 ± 43 ms, 95% CI 377–363 ms, gradient (basal to apical) 396–361 ms; and time‐to‐peak longitudinal strain rate 180 ± 47 ms, 95% CI 188–172 ms, gradient (basal to apical) 150–200 ms.

Conclusion

This study generated a database of seven STE‐derived parameters of physiological segmental and global myocardial LV mechanics. The resulting sets of three‐dimensional intraventricular mappings of the entire LV provide physiological parameter gradients in baso‐apical and circumferential direction by applying the 17‐segment polar model. This will facilitate comparison of systolic myocardial activity of the healthy LV with diseased or otherwise altered (eg, sports) hearts.
Fern, Dicranopteris linearis, derived phytoliths in soil: Morphotypes, solubility and content in relation to soil properties
Authors: Nguyen Minh N. , Meharg Andy A. , Carey Manus , Dultz Stefan , Marone Federica , Cichy Sarah B. , Tran Chinh T. , Le Giang H. , Mai Nga T. , Nguyen Thinh T.H.
Published: November 2018

Ferns are among the most popular groups of plants in the tropics and subtropics, and their role as carbon sequestrators has been widely recognized. However, there is little understanding of the silicaceous structures (phytoliths) of ferns, rate of phytolith turnover, the consequences for organic matter sequestered in phytoliths and consequences for other soil properties. In the study reported here, high‐resolution X‐ray tomographic microscopy and chemical characterization were applied to examine the traits of phytoliths of the fern Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. (D. linearis), with a focus on their dissolution properties and accumulation in northern Vietnamese soils in relation to soil properties. Tomographic images revealed an inter‐embedding structure of silica and organic matter, especially in leaf‐derived material. We propose that organic matter and silica can preserve each other against decomposition. In batch experiments, there was a relatively small rate of dissolution of phytoliths with dry ashing and subsequent H2O2 treatment. Silicon (Si) dissolution for D. linearis phytolith samples was much less than that for rice phytoliths. Despite the fact that the aluminum (Al) content was large in D. linearis leaves, batch dissolution data did not confirm a relation between Al and the slow rate of phytolith dissolution. The soil phytolith content varied from 0.9 to 7.5 g kg−1 in the topsoil across the mountainous areas in northern Vietnam, whereas it tended to be smaller in the subsoil. The data indicate a relation between phytolith and soil organic matter, clay content, oxalate‐soluble Al and electrical conductivity, suggesting that these soil properties are among the important factors affecting the size of the soil phytolith Si pool.

Highlights

Si tends to accumulate in leaves rather than stems of the fern D. linearis.

D. linearis phytoliths showed little dissolution, suggesting their strong stability.

OC, EC, clay content and Alox appear as factors ‘feeding’ D. linearis phytoliths.

In contrast, Feox and pH did not correlate with D. linearis phytolith content.
Soil properties and distribution in the riparian zone: the effects of fluctuations in water and anthropogenic disturbances
Authors: Ye Fei , Ma Mao H. , Wu Sheng J. , Jiang Yi , Zhu Gui B. , Zhang Hong , Wang Yu
Published: November 2018

China's Three Gorges Dam has generated a large riparian zone around the reservoir that has changed the natural fluctuation in water level (FWL) and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance (AD, i.e. human activities triggering pollutant input). Knowledge about how riparian soil properties respond to such changes remains limited. The aims of this study were to identify the distribution of soil properties in the riparian zone and to determine which types of factors, local‐scale FWL or regional‐scale AD, have a larger effect on the soil properties. A total of 144 composite soil samples, collected from two riparian areas in four sampling surveys, were investigated. Multivariate regression tree analysis indicated that the variation in soil properties was mainly controlled by FWL (40.1%) compared with the minor role of AD (2.1%). Soil total carbon, total nitrogen and organic matter were mainly affected by AD, whereas FWL had a major influence on soil pH, ammonium and nitrate. Along the elevation gradient (150–175 m), the soil properties were determined mainly by the sampling elevation, accounting for 67.6% of the variation, followed by short‐term (5.6%) and long‐term flooding (3.3%). The 167.5‐m elevation was proposed to be the threshold that divides the riparian zone into two different response zones. Soil below 167.5 m was mainly affected by local‐scale FWL, whereas that above 167.5 m was largely affected by regional‐scale AD. This proposed threshold suggests that riparian soil management around the Three Gorges Reservoir should consider both local‐ and regional‐scale factors and that different approaches and strategies for ecological restoration need to be applied along an elevation gradient.

Highlights

We studied how soil properties respond to fluctuation in water level (FWL) and anthropogenic disturbance (AD).

The relative importance of local‐scale FWL and regional‐scale AD was evaluated quantitatively.

The 167.5‐m elevation divides the riparian zone into two areas that respond differently to local and regional factors.

The variation in riparian soil properties was mainly controlled by local FWL (40.1%) rather than regional AD (2.1%).
Migraine Treatment in Pregnant Women Presenting to Acute Care: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Hamilton Katherine T. , Robbins Matthew S.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To assess the acute treatment of pregnant women presenting to a hospital with migraine.

Background

Migraine is a common problem in pregnancy; however, migraine treatment is challenging in pregnant women for fears of medication teratogenicity and lack of data in this population. To date, no study has directly explored physician practices for treatment of acute migraine in pregnant women.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of medication administration for pregnant women who presented to an acute care setting with a migraine attack and received neurology consultation between 2009 and 2014.

Results

We identified 72 pregnant women with migraine who were treated with pain medications. Fifty‐one percent (37/72) were in the third trimester of pregnancy, 39% (28/72) in the second trimester, and 10% (7/72) in the first trimester. Thirty‐two percent (23/72) had not tried any acute medications at home before coming to the hospital, and 47% (34/72) presented in status migrainosus. Patients received treatment in the hospital for a median of 23 hours (interquartile range = 5–45 hours). The most common medications prescribed were metoclopramide in 74% (53/72) of patients (95% confidence interval [CI] 62–82%) and acetaminophen in 69% (50/72) of patients (95% CI 58–79%). Metoclopramide was administered along with diphenhydramine in 81% (44/53) of patients (95% CI 71–91%). Acetaminophen was the most frequent medicine administered first (53%, 38/72). Patients were often treated with butalbital (35%, 25/72) or opioids (30%, 22/72), which were used as second‐ or third‐line treatments in 29% of patients (20/72). Thirty‐eight percent (27/72) received an intravenous (IV) fluid bolus, 24% received IV magnesium (17/72), and 6% (4/72) had peripheral nerve blocks performed.

Conclusions

While the majority of pregnant women with acute migraine received medications considered relatively safe in pregnancy, there was variation in treatment choice and sequence. Some acute medications considered potentially hazardous for fetal health and less effective for migraine (opioids and butalbital) were used frequently, whereas other treatments that may have low teratogenic risk (nerve blocks, IV fluid boluses, and triptans) were used less or not at all. These results indicate a need for developing guidelines and protocols to standardize acute treatment of migraine in pregnancy.
Nishinoshima volcano in the Ogasawara Arc: New continent from the ocean?
Authors: Tamura Yoshihiko , Ishizuka Osamu , Sato Tomoki , Nichols Alexander R. L.
Published: November 2018

Nishinoshima, a submarine volcano in the Ogasawara Arc, approximately 1 000 km south of Tokyo, Japan, suddenly erupted in November 2013, after 40 years of dormancy. Olivine‐bearing phenocryst‐poor andesites found in older submarine lavas from the flanks of the volcano have been used to develop a model for the genesis of andesitic lavas from Nishinoshima. In this model, primary andesite magmas originate directly from the mantle as a result of shallow and hydrous melting of plagioclase peridotites. Thus, it only operates beneath Nishinoshima and submarine volcanoes in the Ogasawara Arc and other oceanic arcs, where the crust is thin. The primary magma compositions have changed from basalt, produced at considerable depth, to andesite, produced beneath the existing thinner crust at this location in the arc. This reflects the thermal and mechanical evolution of the mantle wedge and the overlying lithosphere. It is suggested that continental crust‐like andesitic magma builds up beneath submarine volcanoes on thin arc lithosphere today, and has built up beneath such volcanoes in the past. Andesites produced by this shallow and hydrous melting of the mantle could accumulate through collisions of plates to generate continental crust.
Law and ANT (and its Kin): Possibilities, Challenges, and Ways Forward
Authors: Cloatre Emilie
Published: November 2018

This article interrogates the contributions that Actor‐Network Theory (ANT) has made, and can continue to make, to the critical study of law. Both within its original field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) and beyond, ANT has enabled a reimagining of the ‘social’ as relational, heterogeneous, and fluid. In turn, it has argued for a renewed attention to materiality in social analysis. For law, such approach is potentially fruitful, significant, and disruptive of a number of assumptions of previous (socio‐)legal scholarship. In this article, I sketch out key elements (and critiques) of ANT, previous efforts to bring ANT into law, and discuss its potential for enhancing understandings of law. At the same time, I argue that ANT in law is best approached with a commitment to care, and to kinship, and in conversation with feminist thinkers, legal ethnographies, and the discrete voices of law.
Eltonian niche width determines range expansion success in ectomycorrhizal conifers
Authors: Zobel Martin
Published: November 2018

This article is a Commentary on Pither et al., 220: 1148–1160.
Pre‐Pottery Clay Innovation in the Zagros Foothills
Authors: Richardson Amy
Published: November 2018

Neolithic material engagements transformed the ways in which communities interacted with the physical world and one another. Based on evidence from the flanks of the Zagros Mountains, in western Iran and north‐eastern Iraq, Robert Braidwood initially proposed his ‘Hilly Flanks’ hypothesis for the origins of agriculture and sedentism. The evidence for multi‐centred developments in domestication has demonstrated that elements of these practices spanned south‐west Asia in the Early Neolithic. The Zagros Mountains (and the eastern branch of the Fertile Crescent as a whole) constituted an area of vibrant engagement with new ideas, materials, experimentation and innovation, participating in the networks of interaction and exchange that facilitated the spread of alternative lifeways. This research examines how engagements with clay influenced the development and spread of new ways of thinking about the physical world, highlighting the role of clay as a transformational material through sites in the Central Zagros.
Biofilm‐induced profiles of immune response gene expression by oral epithelial cells
Authors: Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Peyyala Rebecca , Gonzalez Octavio A.
Published: November 2018

This study examined the oral epithelial immunotranscriptome response patterns modulated by oral bacterial planktonic or biofilm challenge. We assessed gene expression patterns when epithelial cells were challenged with a multispecies biofilm composed of Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis representing a type of periodontopathic biofilm compared to challenge with the same species of planktonic bacteria. Of the 579 human immunology genes, a substantial signal of the epithelial cells was observed to 181 genes. Biofilm challenged stimulated significant elevations compared to planktonic bacteria for IL32, IL8, CD44, B2M, TGFBI, NFKBIA, IL1B, CD59, IL1A, CCL20 representing the top 10 signals comprising 55% of the overall signal for the epithelial cell responses. Levels of PLAU, CD9, IFITM1, PLAUR, CD24, TNFSF10, and IL1RN were all elevated by each of the planktonic bacterial challenge vs the biofilm responses. While the biofilms up‐regulated 123/579 genes (>2‐fold), fewer genes were increased by the planktonic species (36 [S gordonii], 30 [F nucleatum], 44 [P gingivalis]). A wide array of immune genes were regulated by oral bacterial challenge of epithelial cells that would be linked to the local activity of innate and adaptive immune response components in the gingival tissues. Incorporating bacterial species into a structured biofilm dramatically altered the number and level of genes expressed. Additionally, a specific set of genes were significantly decreased with the multispecies biofilms suggesting that some epithelial cell biologic pathways are down‐regulated when in contact with this type of pathogenic biofilm.
A histological assessment of the infection strategy of Exserohilum turcicum in maize
Authors: Kotze R. G. , van der Merwe C. F. , Crampton B. G. , Kritzinger Q.
Published: November 2018

Northern leaf blight is a lethal foliar disease of maize caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum. The aim of this study was to elucidate the infection strategy of the fungus in maize leaves using modern microscopy techniques and to understand better the hemibiotrophic lifestyle of E. turcicum. Leaf samples were collected from inoculated B73 maize plants at 1, 4, 9, 11, 14 and 18 days post‐inoculation (dpi). Samples were prepared according to standard microscopy procedures and analysed using light microscopy as well as scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microscopic observations were preceded by macroscopic observations for each time point. The fungus penetrated the leaf epidermal cells at 1 dpi and the disease was characterized by chlorotic leaf flecks. At 4 dpi the chlorotic flecks enlarged to form spots, and at 9 dpi hyphae were seen in the epidermal cells surrounding the infection site. At 11 dpi lesions started to form on the leaves and SEM revealed the presence of hyphae in the vascular bundles. At 14 dpi the xylem was almost completely blocked by hyphal growth. Hyphae spread into the adjacent bundle sheath cells causing cellular damage, characterized by plasmolysis, at 18 dpi and conidiophores formed through the stomata. Morphologically, lesions started to enlarge and coalesce leading to wilting of leaves. This study provides an updated, detailed view of the infection strategy of E. turcicum in maize and supports previous findings that E. turcicum follows a hemibiotrophic lifestyle.
Only When We Agree!How Value Congruence Moderates the Impact of Goal‐Oriented Leadership on Public Service Motivation
Authors: Jensen Ulrich Thy , Andersen Lotte Bøgh , Jacobsen Christian Bøtcher
Published: November 2018

Questions of how and when managers can motivate the workforce of public organizations are fundamental for scholars and practitioners alike. A dominant assertion is that goal‐oriented leadership strategies, such as transformational leadership, foster public service motivation (PSM). However, existing studies rely on designs that are vulnerable to endogeneity and rarely investigate the scope conditions of the leadership‐PSM relationship. Combining a field experiment with 364 managers and surveys of their 3,470 employees, the authors show that transformational leadership and transactional leadership, when induced experimentally, do not have the claimed positive effect on PSM. In fact, the results indicate that goal‐oriented leadership can have demotivating effects when employee and organizational values are incongruent. Public managers should therefore carefully assess existing levels of value (in)congruence before implementing goal‐oriented leadership strategies, and—in case of value conflicts—seek to align perceptions of the desirable among members of the organization.
In search of a good fit: CPAP therapy mask selection for obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Cistulli Peter A. , Sullivan Colin E.
Published: November 2018

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Non‐invasive ventilation or high‐flow oxygen therapy: When to choose one over the other?
Authors: Frat Jean‐Pierre , Coudroy Rémi , Thille Arnaud W.
Published: November 2018

It has been found that high‐flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) can reduce mortality of patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) for de novo acute respiratory failure (ARF) as compared to non‐invasive ventilation (NIV). HFOT might therefore be considered as a first‐line strategy of oxygenation in these patients. The beneficial effects of HFOT may be explained by its good tolerance and by physiological characteristics including delivery of high FiO2, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) effect and continuous dead space washout contributing to decreased work of breathing. In contrast, NIV should be used cautiously in patients with de novo ARF due to high tidal volumes promoted by pressure support and that may potentially worsen pre‐existing lung injury. Although recent studies have reported no benefit and even deleterious effects of NIV in immunocompromised patients with ARF, the experts have recommended its use as a first‐line strategy.

In patients with acute‐on‐chronic respiratory failure and respiratory acidosis, it has been clearly shown that NIV is the best strategy of oxygenation. However, HFOT seems able to reverse respiratory acidosis and further studies are needed to evaluate whether HFOT could represent an alternative to standard oxygen.

Although NIV is recommended to treat ARF in post‐operative patients or to prevent post‐extubation respiratory failure in ICU, recent large‐scale randomized studies suggest that HFOT could be equivalent to NIV. While recent recommendations have been established from studies comparing NIV with standard oxygen, new studies are needed to compare NIV versus HFOT in order to better define the appropriate indications for both treatments.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: In Asia, as elsewhere, still a lethal disease despite modern treatment
Authors: Reynolds Paul N.
Published: November 2018

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Evidence for plunging river plume deposits in the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation, Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Stack Kathryn M. , Grotzinger John P. , Lamb Michael P. , Gupta Sanjeev , Rubin David M. , Kah Linda C. , Edgar Lauren A. , Fey Deirdra M. , Hurowitz Joel A. , McBride Marie , Rivera‐Hernández Frances , Sumner Dawn Y. , Van Beek Jason K. , Williams Rebecca M. E. , Aileen Yingst Robin
Published: November 2018

Recent robotic missions to Mars have offered new insights into the extent, diversity and habitability of the Martian sedimentary rock record. Since the Curiosity rover landed in Gale crater in August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory Science Team has explored the origins and habitability of ancient fluvial, deltaic, lacustrine and aeolian deposits preserved within the crater. This study describes the sedimentology of a ca 13 m thick succession named the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation, the first thick fine‐grained deposit discovered in situ on Mars. This work evaluates the depositional processes responsible for its formation and reconstructs its palaeoenvironmental setting. The Pahrump Hills succession can be sub‐divided into four distinct sedimentary facies: (i) thinly laminated mudstone; (ii) low‐angle cross‐stratified mudstone; (iii) cross‐stratified sandstone; and (iv) thickly laminated mudstone–sandstone. The very fine grain size of the mudstone facies and abundant millimetre‐scale and sub‐millimetre‐scale laminations exhibiting quasi‐uniform thickness throughout the Pahrump Hills succession are most consistent with lacustrine deposition. Low‐angle geometric discordances in the mudstone facies are interpreted as ‘scour and drape’ structures and suggest the action of currents, such as those associated with hyperpycnal river‐generated plumes plunging into a lake. Observation of an overall upward coarsening in grain size and thickening of laminae throughout the Pahrump Hills succession is consistent with deposition from basinward progradation of a fluvial‐deltaic system derived from the northern crater rim into the Gale crater lake. Palaeohydraulic modelling constrains the salinity of the ancient lake in Gale crater: assuming river sediment concentrations typical of floods on Earth, plunging river plumes and sedimentary structures like those observed at Pahrump Hills would have required lake densities near freshwater to form. The depositional model for the Pahrump Hills member presented here implies the presence of an ancient sustained, habitable freshwater lake in Gale crater for at least ca 103 to 107 Earth years.
Using the standard Wald confidence interval for a population proportion hypothesis test is a common mistake
Authors: Yang Shitao , Black Ken
Published: November 2018

Employing a Wald confidence interval to test hypotheses about population proportions could lead to an increase in Type I or Type II errors unless the hypothesized value, p0, is used in computing its standard error rather than the sample proportion.
The Arabidopsis RRM domain protein EDM3 mediates race‐specific disease resistance by controlling H3K9me2‐dependent alternative polyadenylation of RPP7 immune receptor transcripts
Authors: Lai Yan , Cuzick Alayne , Lu Xueqing M. , Wang Jianqiang , Katiyar Neerja , Tsuchiya Tokuji , Le Roch Karine , McDowell John M. , Holub Eric , Eulgem Thomas
Published: November 2018

The NLR‐receptor RPP7 mediates race‐specific immunity in Arabidopsis. Previous screens for enhanced downy mildew (edm) mutants identified the co‐chaperone SGT1b (EDM1) and the PHD‐finger protein EDM2 as critical regulators of RPP7. Here, we describe a third edm mutant compromised in RPP7 immunity, edm3. EDM3 encodes a nuclear‐localized protein featuring an RNA‐recognition motif. Like EDM2, EDM3 promotes histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) at RPP7. Global profiling of H3K9me2 showed EDM3 to affect this silencing mark at a large set of loci. Importantly, both EDM3 and EDM2 co‐associate in vivo with H3K9me2‐marked chromatin and transcripts at a critical proximal polyadenylation site of RPP7, where they suppress proximal transcript polyadeylation/termination. Our results highlight the complexity of plant NLR gene regulation, and establish a functional and physical link between a histone mark and NLR‐transcript processing.
CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in Volvox carteri
Authors: Ortega‐Escalante José A. , Jasper Robyn , Miller Stephen M.
Published: November 2018

Volvox carteri and other volvocine green algae comprise an excellent model for investigating developmental complexity and its origins. Here we describe a method for targeted mutagenesis in V. carteri using CRISPR/Cas9 components expressed from transgenes. We used V. carteri nitrate reductase gene (nitA) regulatory sequences to conditionally express Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9, and V. carteri U6 RNA gene regulatory sequences to constitutively express single‐guide RNA (sgRNA) transcripts. Volvox carteri was bombarded with both Cas9 vector and one of several sgRNA vectors programmed to target different test genes (glsA, regA and invA), and transformants were selected for expression of a hygromycin‐resistance marker present on the sgRNA vector. Hygromycin‐resistant transformants grown with nitrate as sole nitrogen source (inducing for nitA) were tested for Cas9 and sgRNA expression, and for the ability to generate progeny with expected mutant phenotypes. Some transformants of a somatic regenerator (Reg) mutant strain receiving sgRNA plasmid with glsA protospacer sequence yielded progeny (at a rate of ~0.01%) with a gonidialess (Gls) phenotype similar to that observed for previously described glsA mutants, and sequencing of the glsA gene in independent mutants revealed short deletions within the targeted region of glsA, indicative of Cas9‐directed non‐homologous end joining. Similarly, bombardment of a morphologically wild‐type strain with the Cas9 plasmid and sgRNA plasmids targeting regA or invA yielded regA and invA mutant transformants/progeny, respectively (at rates of 0.1–100%). The capacity to make precisely directed frameshift mutations should greatly accelerate the molecular genetic analysis of development in V. carteri, and of developmental novelty in the volvocine algae.
Applying the latest advances in genomics and phenomics for trait discovery in polyploid wheat
Authors: Borrill Philippa , Harrington Sophie A. , Uauy Cristobal
Published: November 2018

Improving traits in wheat has historically been challenging due to its large and polyploid genome, limited genetic diversity and in‐field phenotyping constraints. However, within recent years many of these barriers have been lowered. The availability of a chromosome‐level assembly of the wheat genome now facilitates a step‐change in wheat genetics and provides a common platform for resources, including variation data, gene expression data and genetic markers. The development of sequenced mutant populations and gene‐editing techniques now enables the rapid assessment of gene function in wheat directly. The ability to alter gene function in a targeted manner will unmask the effects of homoeolog redundancy and allow the hidden potential of this polyploid genome to be discovered. New techniques to identify and exploit the genetic diversity within wheat wild relatives now enable wheat breeders to take advantage of these additional sources of variation to address challenges facing food production. Finally, advances in phenomics have unlocked rapid screening of populations for many traits of interest both in greenhouses and in the field. Looking forwards, integrating diverse data types, including genomic, epigenetic and phenomics data, will take advantage of big data approaches including machine learning to understand trait biology in wheat in unprecedented detail.
Sirah Nabawiyah On Lombok Manuscript A Comparative Study Between Al-Lu’lu’ Al-Mantsur Fi Mawlid Al-Musyaffa’ Al-Manshur Manuscript By Tgh. Umar Kelayu And Al-Barzanji Manuscript By Syekh Ja’far Al-Barzanji
Authors: Fadli Adi , Masnun Masnun
Published: November 2018

One of the essential manuscripts being an enormous pride of Sasak community is the masterpiece of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu, the Islamic book of al-Lu’lu al-Mantsur fi Mawlid al-Musyaffa’ al-Manshur. Reviving the manuscript and its contents plays a pivotal in preserving it from being damaged and vanished, and in maintaining its content authenticity. This research reveals that the manuscript of Al-Lu’lu’ belongs to an extinct and single entity. This manuscript whose main reference derives from the book of Al-Barzanji remains complete and readable; while the latter, the book of Al-Barzanji, comprises of various resources. The contents of the two books have a lot in common but different in terms of displays. The book of Al-Lu’lu’ has yet been interpreted and only remains popular among the local students of TGH. M. Shaleh Hambali Bengkel and TGH. M. Zainudin Abdul Madjid Pancor, especially in the mid 20th century; while the book of al-Barzanji has been widely interpreted and has gained global heed and prominence. The two books are written in Arabic.