bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Бојан Стојнић, Хигијенски завод у Бањалуци 1929–1945, ЈЗУ Институт за јавно здравство Републике Српске и] Архив Републике Српске, Бањалука 2017, стр. 134
Authors: ТОДОРОВИЋ БИЛИЋ МАРИЈАНА
Published: May 2019

Сарадња ЈЗУ Институт за јавно здравство Републике Српске и Архивa Републике Српске изњедрила је монографију ''Хигијенски завод у Бањалуци 1929–1945'' аутора мр Бојана Стојнића, објављену у новембру 2017. године.Аутор се на зналачки начин бави кохезијом историје и здравства, трага-јући за поводима, циљевима и историјским условима оснивања Хигијенског завода у Бањалуци. Промјенама у државној организацији и новим законским прописима крајем двадесетих година 19. вијека, Дом народног здравља у Бања-луци је претворен у ''хигијенски завод за територију Врбаске бановине''. Хиги-јенски завод у Бањалуци је основан у октобру 1929. године, спајањем Дома народног здравља и Самосталне бактериолошке станице. Модерне просторије је добио 2. фебруара 1933. године, када је свечано отворена нова зграда Хиги-јенског завода у Бањалуци. Први директор Хигијенског завода био је др Гавро Вујичић. Хигијенски завод је имао надлежност над свим општинама у Врбаској бановини. Ван Бањалуке је дјеловао преко домова народног здравља у Бихаћу, Босанској Градишци, Добоју и Јајцу и шест здравствених станица, те великог броја амбуланти и диспанзера.
Metabarcoding reveals a high diversity of woody host-associatedPhytophthoraspp. in soils at public gardens and amenity woodlands in Britain
Authors: Riddell Carolyn E. , Frederickson-Matika Debbie , Armstrong April C. , Elliot Matt , Forster Jack , Hedley Pete E. , Morris Jenny , Thorpe Peter , Cooke David EL , Pritchard Leighton , Sharp Paul M. , Green Sarah
Published: May 2019

Forests and woodlands worldwide are being severely impacted by invasivePhytophthoraspecies, with initial outbreaks in some cases occurring on host trees located in public parks and gardens. These highly disturbed sites with diverse planting practices may indeed act as harbours for invasivePhytophthorapathogens which are particularly well adapted to surviving in soil. High throughput Illumina sequencing was used to analysePhytophthoraspecies diversity in soil samples collected from 14 public garden/amenity woodland sites in northern Britain. Bioinformatic analyses revealed some limitations to using internal transcribed spacer as the barcode region; namely reporting of false positives and ambiguous species matches. Taking this into account, 35 distinct sequences were amplified across the sites, corresponding to 23 knownPhytophthoraspecies as well as twelve oomycete sequences with no match to any knownPhytophthoraspecies.Phytophthora pseudosyringaeandP. austrocedri, both of which cause serious damage to trees and are regarded as fairly recent introductions to Britain, were the two most abundantPhytophthoraspecies detected. There was no evidence that any of the detectedPhytophthoraspecies were more associated with any one type of host, healthy or otherwise. This study has demonstrated the ubiquity and diversity ofPhytophthoraspecies endemic in highly managed, extensively planted soil environments in Britain. Suggested improvements to the methodology and the practical implications of the findings in terms of mitigatingPhytophthoraspread and impact are discussed.
Vehicle emission and atmospheric pollution in China: problems, progress, and prospects
Authors: Wang Jin , Wu Qiuxia , Liu Juan , Yang Hong , Yin Meiling , Chen Shili , Guo Peiyu , Ren Jiamin , Luo Xuwen , Linghu Wensheng , Huang Qiong
Published: May 2019

China has been the largest vehicle market in the world since 2009. The stalemate between the rapid development of the vehicle industry and delayed vehicle emission control has become increasingly prominent. Vehicle emission has become a significant source of air pollution in China’s cities. Understanding the current barriers in the vehicle industry is necessary for the development of effective and sustainable measures and policy to manage vehicle-induced air pollution. This review provides insight into the circumstances and causes of vehicle-induced air pollution and outlines recent progress in policy-makers’ long-term strategies and regulations. The development of an integrated mechanism of social participation, technical revolution, and regulatory innovation in vehicles, fuel, and roads is suggested to break the stalemate between air pollution and the automobile boom in China; the implications of this review extend to other countries facing the similar atmospheric pollution problems.
Effects of Dehulling on the Vitamins, Minerals and Sensory Properties of Toasted African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) Seeds
Authors: Okwunodulu Innocent N. , Mmeregini Peace I. , Okwunodulu Felicia U.
Published: May 2019

Toasted dehulled African breadfruit seeds are popular snack in the south eastern part of Nigeria. Consumption of toasted dehulled seeds may result in hidden hunger due to some nutrient losses during toasting. Raw breadfruit seeds bought from the markets were sorted and divided into two batches. One batch was parboiled at 100°C for 15 minutes, manually dehulled, winnowed to remove the hulls and toasted in a frying pan at 45°C for 30 m with constant stirring to obtain crispy light brown seeds. The other batch was toasted without dehulling at same temperature-time regime and allowed to cool to room temperature before manual dehulling. Nutrient content of dehulled and undehulled toasted seeds were evaluated with standard analytical methods for nutrient losses and sensory properties to know the effects on acceptability. This study was carried out in Umuahia, Abia State capital of Abia State Nigeria between March and June, 2018. Results showed that un-dehulled toasted breadfruit (UTB) sample had significant (P=.05) higher vitamin A (1.62 mg/100 g), B1 (0.03 mg/100 g), B2 (0.02 mg/100 g), B3 (0.85 mg/100 g), vitamins C (2.61 mg/100/g), E (0.43 mg/100 g) than dehulled toasted breadfruit (DTB) sample with 1.47 mg/100 g, 0.02 mg/100 g, 0.01 mg/100/g, 0.76 mg/100 g, 2.44 mg/100 g and 0.37 mg/100 g respectively for vitamins A, B1, B2, B3 C and E. The UTB had significantly (P=.05) higher calcium (48.23), phosphorous (55.35), sodium (22.72), zinc (0.93) than DTB with respective values of 43.66, 52.67, 20.09 and 0.04 all in mg/100 g The DTB sample had significant (P=.05) higher potassium (336.29) magnesium (35.97) and iron (1.68) than UTB with respective values of 295.86, 32.85 and 1.53 all in mg/100 g. The UTB had significant (p< 0.05) higher general acceptability (7.51) than DTB (7.36). The DTB had higher loss in all the vitamins and in some mineral than DTB with better acceptability.
Potential of Artificial Bird Perches for Recovery Different Areas in Brazilian Semiarid
Authors: Moreira Gonçalves Maria da Penha , Lícia Patriota Feliciano Ana , Marangon Luiz Carlos , De Paula Silva Alessandro , Benedito da Silva Lucas , Marques de Lima Neto Everaldo , Grugiki Marilia Alves
Published: May 2019

Aims: To evaluate the potential of artificial bird perch for recovering areas on the Brazilian semiarid through seed dispersion and the establishment of regeneration.

Study Design: We tested the treatments: PC= perches in area with preserved surroundings; CC = absence o perches in area with preserved surroundings (Control 1); PP= disturbed area with perches and CP= disturbed area without perches (Control 2). The experiment has a complete randomized design with four replications.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed in the municipalities of Ibaretama and Quixaba, State of Ceará, Brazil. We used one perturbed (Area 1) and one conserved area (Area 2) in each municipality. The experiment was conducted from April 2014 to May 2016, a total of 24 months.

Methodology: 24 perches were used in each area. Seed rain and natural regeneration were evaluated. Collectors were installed at the perch bases and the seeds sampled monthly, quantified and identified. Every twelve months, the natural regeneration was verified under the perches, quantifying and identifying the regenerates.

Results: We found 1031 seeds of shrub-tree species dispersed. The treatment with perches in environment with conserved surroundings had the higher number of seeds. The main dispersed species were Commiphora leptophloeos (28.3 sem.m-2), Lantana camara (7.3 sem.m-2) and Cynophalla flexuosa (2.6 sem.m-2). We observed the higher value of regeneration in the treatments with artificial perches with conserved surroundings, 2.7 individuals.m-2. The dispersal syndrome of natural regeneration consisted of 50% of zoochoric species.

Conclusion: Artificial perches exert a recuperative function on Brazilian semiarid areas, increasing the rain of zoochoric seeds and the recruitment of the species. We recommend artifitial perches for the attraction of dispersers in different disturbed areas.
Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Zamfara North Senatorial District, Nigeria
Authors: Fardami A. Y. , Mamuda B. , Kangiwa I. A.
Published: May 2019

Provision of portable drinking water is of public health concern especially in developing countries where this is unavailable. Microbes are ubiquitous and are known to contaminate materials including food and water. Microbial contamination cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. A basic laboratory test is the best way to tell if coliform organisms are present as they can be there with no appearance or taste difference. The microbiological quality of drinking water (DW) in Zamfara North Senatorial Zone was examined. A total of 16, two each from each of eight brands of sachet water were bought from water vendors, and were examined for total bacteria load, total coliform and presence of bacteria species using standard microbiological techniques. The result showed that the total viable count of bacteria in all the samples ranged from 6.0×102 CFU/ml to 4.0×108 CFU/ml. Total coliform was 1.8×107 MPN/100 ml for all the four tested samples (D, G, I, J). The organisms isolated were Pseudomonas maltophila, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas pseudomollia, Salmonella typhi, Shigella species, and Pseudomonas dimineta. Prevalence of different isolates revealed that Pseudomonas, C. freundii, S. typhi and E. coli were predominant in comparison to Shigella species. The present study revealed that the microbial quality often exceed World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) allowable limit of 1.0x102 CFU/ml for potable water and Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) maximum permissible level of 10 CFU/ml (total coliform) and 0 CFU/100ml. The high microbial isolates and load may have contaminated the water from the environment. These microbes found in the drinking water sources are known to cause several diseases. Present study indicate that water testing would ensure the supply and availability of contamination-free drinking water; and awareness amongst people towards sanitation and hygienic conditions for storage of drinking water is needed to keep away the use of contaminated water. The present study suggests that drinking water sources should be properly treated prior to consumption using appropriate methods; so as to reduce the occurrence of waterborne diseases.
Plant Responses to
UV
‐
B
Radiation
Authors: Jansen Marcel AK , Urban Otmar
Published: May 2019

Research on plant UV‐B responses commenced in earnest following discovery of stratospheric ozone layer depletion in the 1970s. Initial research focussed mostly on UV stress, including damage to genetic material (DNA, RNA) and negative impacts on photosynthesis and growth. A second phase of research centred on UV‐B acclimation including photorepair, UV‐screening and upregulation of antioxidant defences, and led to the conclusion that plants are well protected from potentially harmful effects of UV‐B radiation. The identification of a dedicated UV‐B photoreceptor (UVR8), and components of its signalling pathway, revealed that UV‐B sensing has an important regulatory role in UV‐protection. An emerging third phase of plant UV‐B biology centres on a much broader role of UV‐B radiation as an environmental regulator. UV‐B modulates, amongst others, thermomorphogenesis, shade‐avoidance, the circadian clock and resistance to drought. Thus, it appears that UV‐B plays a comprehensive role in controlling growth and development of plants.

Key Concepts

Realistic UV‐B exposure conditions are essential for assessing environmentally relevant UV‐B impacts.

UV‐B is a potential stressor, however, negative impacts of UV‐B on the growth of plants are small under realistic UV‐B exposure conditions.

The UV‐B photoreceptor UVR8 is used by plants to sense exposure to UV‐B radiation.

Interactions between UVR8 and other photoreceptor signalling pathways result in fine‐regulation of plant responses.

UVR8 plays a role in modulation of clock entrainment, chloroplast development, thermomorphogenesis, accumulation of specific metabolites, and drought‐protection.

UV‐B modulates plant responses to climate change parameters such as heat, drought and CO
2
.
Adaptive Evolution of Microcephaly Genes
Authors: Montgomery Stephen H
Published: May 2019

The human brain is dramatically enlarged compared to our closest relatives. Brain expansion is closely linked to the evolution of complex behaviour and cognition in hominins. Identifying the genetic basis of brain expansion provides one route to understanding what is, and what is not, unique about our species. As part of this approach, researchers have turned to neurodevelopmental disorders for candidate mechanisms. Microcephaly, a disorder characterised by a major and specific underdevelopment of brain size, is a well‐studied example. Genes associated with microcephaly evolved adaptively across both primates and nonprimate mammals, and selection on at least two genes,
ASPM
and
CDK5RAP2
, is associated with variation in brain size in anthropoid primates, and potentially other mammalian clades. While these results support predictions of a model of brain expansion that focuses on cell fate switches during neurogenesis, the causative mechanisms linking selection on microcephaly genes to the evolution brain size remain unclear.

Key Concepts

Microcephaly (MCPH) is a developmental disorder that results in a severely reduced brain size, defined clinically as a head circumference more than 3 standard deviations below the age/sex mean.

MCPH genes are thought to regulate brain growth by affecting key cell fate decisions during neurogenesis.

Multiple MCPH genes show signatures of positive selection across primates and across nonprimate mammals.

In anthropoid primates (monkeys and apes), the rate of evolution of two MCPH genes,
ASPM
and
CDK5RAP2
, are associated with variation in brain size.

Phylogenetic associations are strongest with absolute neonatal brain size, consistent with an evolutionary model where these loci are involved in extending neural proliferation during gestation.

Functional test of this evolutionary role remain challenging but several techniques are being developed, including transgenic mice and cerebral organoids.
In Vivo Assembly and Disassembly of Probes to Improve Near‐Infrared Optical Bioimaging
Authors: Zhao Mengyao , Li Benhao , Fan Yong , Zhang Fan
Published: May 2019

The near‐infrared range (NIR, 700−1700 nm) has been used as a superior optical window for non‐invasive bioimaging. Increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is the most fundamental method to improve NIR bioimaging. However, the low delivery efficiency of fluorescent contrast agents leads to weak signal at lesions. Moreover, non‐specific accumulation and “always on” signals will cause “false positive” signals and high background noise, all of which result in low SNR and potential long‐term biotoxicity. Thus, to reach precise detection of lesions, strong bioimaging signals and low background interference are the two important pre‐requisites. This review provides an overview of in vivo assembly and disassembly strategies to improve tumor‐specific accumulation, “turn‐on” the silent signals, and reduce the background noise in NIR bioimaging windows. In vivo assembly and disassembly occurring spontaneously, responding to disease micro‐environment or external stimuli, including pH, enzymes, reactive oxygen species, redox, light, and specific recognition is summarized, which may provide ideas and approaches to further enhance bioimaging and reduce long‐term biotoxicity concerns.
A Mesoporous Nanoenzyme Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks with Endogenous Oxygen Generation to Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia for Significantly Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Wu Huihui , Lim Wei Qi , Phua Soo Zeng Fiona , Xu Pengping , Chen Qianwang , Guo Zhen , Zhao Yanli
Published: May 2019

Tumor hypoxia compromises the therapeutic efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as the local oxygen concentration plays an important role in the generation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2). Herein, a versatile mesoporous nanoenzyme (NE) derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is presented for in situ generation of endogenous O2 to enhance the PDT efficacy under bioimaging guidance. The mesoporous NE is constructed by first coating a manganese‐based MOFs with mesoporous silica, followed by a facile annealing process under the ambient atmosphere. After removing the mesoporous silica shell and post‐modifying with polydopamine and poly(ethylene glycol) for improving the biocompatibility, the obtained mesoporous NE is loaded with chlorin e6 (Ce6), a commonly used photosensitizer in PDT, with a high loading capacity. Upon the O2 generation through the catalytic reaction between the catalytic amount NE and the endogenous H2O2, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment is relieved. Thus, Ce6‐loaded NE serves as a H2O2‐activated oxygen supplier to increase the local O2 concentration for significantly enhanced antitumor PDT efficacy in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the NE also shows T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging ability for its in vivo tracking. This work presents an interesting biomedical use of MOF‐derived mesoporous NE as a multifunctional theranostic agent in cancer therapy.
Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Wang Li‐Ke , Zhou Jing‐Jing , Lan Yu‐Bao , Ding San‐Yuan , Yu Wei , Wang Wei
Published: May 2019

Featuring the simultaneous generation of a library of compounds from a certain intermediate, divergent synthesis has found increasing applications in the construction of natural products and potential medicines. Inspired by this approach, presented herein is a general strategy to introduce functionality, in a divergent manner, into covalent organic frameworks (COFs). This modular protocol includes two stages of covalent assembly, through which functional COFs can be constructed by a three‐step transformation of a key platform molecule, such as 4,7‐dibromo‐2‐chloro‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole (DBCBI). Constructed herein are four types of chiral COFs (CCOFs) from DBCBI by nucleophilic substitution, Suzuki coupling, and imine formation. The unique array of eight isoframework CCOFs allowed investigation of their catalytic performance and structure–activity relationship in an asymmetric amination reaction.
Generating Defect‐Rich Bismuth for Enhancing the Rate of Nitrogen Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Wang Yue , Shi Miao‐miao , Bao Di , Meng Fan‐lu , Zhang Qi , Zhou Yi‐tong , Liu Kai‐hua , Zhang Yan , Wang Jia‐zhi , Chen Zhi‐wen , Liu Da‐peng , Jiang Zheng , Luo Mi , Gu Lin , Zhang Qing‐hua , Cao Xing‐zhong , Yao Yao , Shao Min‐hua , Zhang Yu , Zhang Xin‐Bo , Chen Jingguang G. , Yan Jun‐min , Jiang Qing
Published: May 2019

The electrochemical N2 fixation, which is far from practical application in aqueous solution under ambient conditions, is extremely challenging and requires a rational design of electrocatalytic centers. We observed that bismuth (Bi) might be a promising candidate for this task because of its weak binding with H adatoms, which increases the selectivity and production rate. Furthermore, we successfully synthesized defect‐rich Bi nanoplates as an efficient noble‐metal‐free N2 reduction electrocatalyst via a low‐temperature plasma bombardment approach. When exclusively using 1H NMR measurements with N2 gas as a quantitative testing method, the defect‐rich Bi(110) nanoplates achieved a 15NH3 production rate of 5.453 μg mgBi−1 h−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 11.68 % at −0.6 V vs. RHE in aqueous solution at ambient conditions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomativesyn‐1,4‐Carboamination with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Tang Conghui , Okumura Mikiko , Zhu Yunbo , Hooper Annie R. , Zhou Yu , Lee Yu‐Hsuan , Sarlah David
Published: May 2019

A protocol for palladium‐catalyzed dearomative functionalization of simple, nonactivated arenes with Grignard reagents has been established. This one‐pot method features a visible‐light‐mediated [4+2] cycloaddition between an arene and an arenophile, and subsequent palladium‐catalyzed allylic substitution of the resulting cycloadduct with a Grignard reagent. A variety of arenes and Grignard reagents can participate in this process, forming carboaminated products with exclusivesyn‐1,4‐selectivity. Moreover, the dearomatized products are amenable to further elaborations, providing functionalized alicyclic motifs and pharmacophores. For example, naphthalene was converted into sertraline, one of the most prescribed antidepressants, in only four operations. Finally, this process could also be conducted in an enantioselective fashion, as demonstrated with the desymmetrization of naphthalene.
A New Class of Blue‐LED‐Excitable NIR‐II Luminescent Nanoprobes Based on Lanthanide‐Doped CaS Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Meiran , Zheng Wei , Liu Yan , Huang Ping , Gong Zhongliang , Wei Jiaojiao , Gao Yu , Zhou Shanyong , Li Xingjun , Chen Xueyuan
Published: May 2019

Lanthanide (Ln3+)‐doped luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) with emission in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) biological window have shown great promise but their applications are currently limited by the low absorption efficiency of Ln3+ owing to the parity‐forbidden 4f→4f electronic transition. Herein, we developed a strategy for the controlled synthesis of a new class of NIR‐II luminescent nanoprobes based on Ce3+/Er3+ and Ce3+/Nd3+ co‐doped CaS NPs, which can be effectively excited by using a low‐cost blue light‐emitting diode chip. Through sensitization by the allowed 4f→5d transition of Ce3+, intense NIR‐II luminescence from Er3+ and Nd3+ with quantum yields of 9.3 % and 7.7 % was achieved, respectively. By coating them with a layer of amphiphilic phospholipids, these NPs exhibit excellent stability in water and can be exploited as sensitive NIR‐II luminescent nanoprobes for the accurate detection of an important disease biomarker, xanthine, with a detection limit of 32.0 nm.
Chlorination‐Promoted Cage Transformation of IPR C92 Discovered via Trifluoromethylation under Formation of Non‐classical C92(NC)(CF3)22
Authors: Tamm Nadezhda B. , Guan Runnan , Yang Shangfeng , Kemnitz Erhard , Troyanov Sergey I.
Published: May 2019

High‐temperature trifluoromethylation of isolated‐pentagon‐rule (IPR) fullerene C92 chlorination products followed by HPLC separation of C92(CF3)n derivatives resulted in the isolation and X‐ray structural characterization of IPR C92(38)(CF3)18 and non‐classical C92(NC)(CF3)22. The formation of C92(38)(CF3)18 as the highest CF3 derivative of the known isomer C92(38) can be expected. The formation of C92(NC)(CF3)22 was interpreted as chlorination‐promoted cage transformation of C92(38) followed by trifluoromethylation of non‐classical C92(NC) chloride. Noticeably, C92(NC)(CF3)22 shows the highest degree of trifluoromethylation among all known CF3 derivatives of fullerenes. The addition patterns of C92(38)(CF3)18 and C92(NC)(CF3)22 are discussed and compared to the chlorination patterns of C92(38)Cln compounds.
Acetylene and trans‐Ethylene Bridged BIII‐Subporphyrin Dimers
Authors: Bekki Yosuke , Kang Seongsoo , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: May 2019

Acetylene and trans‐ethylene bridged BIII‐subporphyrin dimers were synthesized by cross‐coupling reactions of meso‐bromo BIII subporphyrin. These dimers display perturbed and red‐shifted absorption spectra reaching around 750 nm and fluorescence reaching at around 850 nm with high quantum yields of 0.39 and 0.47, respectively. DFT calculations have revealed that the HOMOs and the LUMOs of both dimers are spread over the two subporphyrin units as an indication of effective conjugation between the two subporphyrin units. The large Stokes shifts and characteristic pico‐second time‐resolved transient absorption spectra indicated that the S1‐states of the dimers relax with structural changes, which are larger for the trans‐ethylene bridged dimer.
Biomedical Image Processing with Containers and Deep Learning: An Automated Analysis Pipeline
Authors: González Germán , Evans Conor L.
Published: May 2019

Here, a streamlined, scalable, laboratory approach is discussed that enables medium‐to‐large dataset analysis. The presented approach combines data management, artificial intelligence, containerization, cluster orchestration, and quality control in a unified analytic pipeline. The unique combination of these individual building blocks creates a new and powerful analysis approach that can readily be applied to medium‐to‐large datasets by researchers to accelerate the pace of research. The proposed framework is applied to a project that counts the number of plasmonic nanoparticles bound to peripheral blood mononuclear cells in dark‐field microscopy images. By using the techniques presented in this article, the images are automatically processed overnight, without user interaction, streamlining the path from experiment to conclusions.
Effect of publishing surgeon-specific outcomes on surgical training
Authors: Harries R L , Glasbey J , Gokani V J , Griffiths G , Allum W
Published: May 2019

Background

Over the past 10 years, the National Health Service in England has started to publish surgeon-specific outcomes publicly. The aim of this study was to investigate how this has affected training case exposure for surgeons in training.

Methods

Anonymized data were collected from the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme database for operations in each specialty with published surgeon outcomes, involving surgical trainees on an approved training programme between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016. Trainee and supervisor involvement in operations before and after the start of publication of surgeon-specific outcomes were compared using mixed-effects models.

Results

A total of 163 076 recorded operative procedures were included. A statistically significant improvement in exposure to training procedures was observed for anterior resection of rectum, carotid endarterectomy, gastrectomy, meningioma excision, prostatectomy and thyroidectomy following the introduction of publication of surgeon outcomes. In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and total hip replacement (THR), however, there was a reduction in involvement in training procedures. This was apparent for both trainee and supervisor involvement in CABG, and for trainee involvement in THR.

Conclusion

Exposure to training procedures has improved rather than declined in the UK in the majority of surgical specialties, since the publication of surgeon-specific outcomes.
Development and validation of a gene expression test to identify hard-to-heal chronic venous leg ulcers
Authors: Bosanquet D C , Sanders A J , Ruge F , Lane J , Morris C A , Jiang W G , Harding K G
Published: May 2019

Background

Chronic venous leg ulcers pose a significant burden to healthcare systems, and predicting wound healing is challenging. The aim of this study was to develop a genetic test to evaluate the propensity of a chronic ulcer to heal.

Methods

Sequential refinement and testing of a gene expression signature was conducted using three distinct cohorts of human wound tissue. The expression of candidate genes was screened using a cohort of acute and chronic wound tissue and normal skin with quantitative transcript analysis. Genes showing significant expression differences were combined and examined, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, in a controlled prospective study of patients with venous leg ulcers. A refined gene signature was evaluated using a prospective, blinded study of consecutive patients with venous ulcers.

Results

The initial gene signature, comprising 25 genes, could identify the outcome (healing versus non-healing) of chronic venous leg ulcers (area under the curve (AUC) 0·84, 95 per cent c.i. 0·73 to 0·94). Subsequent refinement resulted in a final 14-gene signature (WD14), which performed equally well (AUC 0·88, 0·80 to 0·97). When examined in a prospective blinded study, the WD14 signature could also identify wounds likely to demonstrate signs of healing (AUC 0·73, 0·62 to 0·84).

Conclusion

A gene signature can identify people with chronic venous leg ulcers that are unlikely to heal.
Caffeoylquinic Acids: Separation Method, Antiradical Properties and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Indy Tamayose Cinthia , dos Santos Evelyne A. , Roque Nádia , Costa‐Lotufo Letícia V. , Pena Ferreira Marcelo J.
Published: May 2019

Twelve chlorogenic acid derivatives and two flavones were isolated from Moquiniastrum floribundum (Asteraceae, other name: Gochnatia floribunda). Compounds were evaluated in relation to their cytotoxicity and antiradical properties. Cytotoxicity was not observed for compounds, however, chlorogenic acid derivatives showed antiradical activity and were more active than the Trolox standard. Quinic acid esterified with caffeoyl group at C‐4 position showed higher antiradical activity compared to acylation at C‐3 or C‐5 positions. Additional caffeoyl groups esterified in quinic acid increase the antiradical activity observed for 4‐caffeoylquinic acid. Excepted to 3,4‐dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, methyl ester derivatives show higher capacity of trapping radicals than their respective acids. Consequently, the presence of caffeoyl group at C‐4 position of quinic acid is suggested as fundamental to obtain the highest antiradical activity.
A FTIR Study of the Acidity of in situ Generated Brønsted Sites on NaY via Displacement Reactions
Authors: Wu Jingcheng , Murphy Brian M. , Gould Nicholas S. , Wang Chenguang , Ma Longlong , Xu Bingjun
Published: May 2019

Extrinsic Brønsted acid sites (BAS) on zeolites are generated on NaY upon exposure to organic acids through an ion exchange process. However, the acid‐base chemistry of species adsorbed on the zeolites is largely unexplored. In this work, organic acids with varying acidity are employed to investigate the proton‐transfer displacement within the micropores of NaY. The direction and degree of the displacement reactions are monitored by in situ transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Two organic acids are sequentially introduced to NaY, and the direction and extent of the displacement reaction are followed by the diagnostic vibrational band of the adsorbed carboxylate species, i. e., ν([O−C−O]−). Stronger acids are able to displace dissociatively adsorbed weaker acids on NaY, which is analogous to the solution‐phase acid‐base chemistry favoring the formation of weaker acids by stronger acids. The gas phase deprotonation energy correlates more closely with displacement reaction than pKa, which is explicitly defined in the aqueous solution of acids. A thermochemical cycle is constructed to rationalize the observation that acid‐base reactions in the zeolite pores could be predicted with the gas phase acidity of compounds involved in the displacement reactions.
Cascade‐Amplified Time‐Resolved Fluorescent Assay Driven by an Enzyme‐Integrated Catalytic Compartment as an Artificial Multi‐Enzyme Complex
Authors: Gao Jie , Wang Caihong , Wang Jinhong , Tan Hongliang
Published: May 2019

We here report a simple and efficient strategy of fabricating artificial multi‐enzyme complex (MEC) based on the integration of natural enzyme with catalytic compartment. As a proof of concept, this strategy was demonstrated by selecting cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and CeIII‐based nanoscale coordination polymer (Ce‐NCP) with peroxidase‐like activity as the models, which forms ChOx@Ce‐NCP. Benefitting from the confinement and sheltering effects of Ce‐NCP, superior cascade activity and stability in harsh environments were achieved in ChOx@Ce‐NCP. Meanwhile, the distinct advantage of ChOx@Ce‐NCP has also been highlighted by its negligible substrate inhibition effect and adjustable mass ratio of building blocks. Upon the doping of TbIII in ChOx@Ce‐NCP, a luminescent artificial MEC (ChOx@Ce‐NCP:Tb) was further fabricated to drive a cascade amplified time‐resolved fluorescent assay within a confined space, showing high sensitivity and specificity toward cholesterol.
A Rhenium Isonitrile Complex Induces Unfolded Protein Response‐Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
Authors: King A. Paden , Marker Sierra C. , Swanda Robert V. , Woods Joshua J. , Qian Shu‐Bing , Wilson Justin J.
Published: May 2019

Complexes of the element Re have recently been shown to possess promising anticancer activity through mechanisms of action that are distinct from the conventional metal‐based drug cisplatin. In this study, we report our investigations on the anticancer activity of the complex [Re(CO)3(dmphen)(p‐tol‐ICN)]+ (TRIP) in which dmphen=2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline and p‐tol‐ICN=para‐tolyl isonitrile. TRIP was synthesized by literature methods and exhaustively characterized. This compound exhibited potent in vitro anticancer activity in a wide variety of cell lines. Flow cytometry and immunostaining experiments indicated that TRIP induces intrinsic apoptosis. Comprehensive biological mechanistic studies demonstrated that this compound triggers the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the unfolded protein response, and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, TRIP induced hyperphosphorylation of eIF2α, translation inhibition, mitochondrial fission, and expression of proapoptotic ATF4 and CHOP. These results establish TRIP as a promising anticancer agent based on its potent cytotoxic activity and ability to induce ER stress.
Direct enantioselective vinylogous Mannich‐type reactions of acyclic enals: New experimental insights into the E/Z‐dilemma
Authors: Vargiu Michela , Favero Lucilla , Menichetti Andrea , Di Bussolo Valeria , Marchetti Fabio , Pescitelli Gennaro , Di Pietro Sebastiano , Pineschi Mauro
Published: May 2019

The direct heterofunctionalization of acyclic α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with N‐acylquinolinium ions contemplating the formation of two stereocentres is studied using dienamine catalysis. This work gives some new experimental insights on the remote stereocontrol in dienamine catalysis using unbiased aliphatic systems and large electrophiles, pointing to a (Z)‐preference of the reactive configuration of the second double bond.
On the Relation between Enhanced Dissipation Timescales and Mixing Rates
Authors: Zelati Michele Coti , Delgadino Matias G. , Elgindi Tarek M.
Published: May 2019

We study diffusion and mixing in different linear fluid dynamics models, mainly related to incompressible flows. In this setting, mixing is a purely advective effect that causes a transfer of energy to high frequencies. When diffusion is present, mixing enhances the dissipative forces. This phenomenon is referred to as enhanced dissipation, namely the identification of a timescale faster than the purely diffusive one. We establish a precise connection between quantitative mixing rates in terms of decay of negative Sobolev norms and enhanced dissipation timescales. The proofs are based on a contradiction argument that takes advantage of the cascading mechanism due to mixing, an estimate of the distance between the inviscid and viscous dynamics, and an optimization step in the frequency cutoff.

Thanks to the generality and robustness of our approach, we are able to apply our abstract results to a number of problems. For instance, we prove that contact Anosov flows obey logarithmically fast dissipation timescales. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a flow that induces an enhanced dissipation timescale faster than polynomial. Other applications include passive scalar evolution in both planar and radial settings and fractional diffusion. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Luciferin Regeneration in Firefly Bioluminescence via Proton‐Transfer‐Facilitated Hydrolysis, Condensation and Chiral Inversion
Authors: Cheng Yuan‐Yuan , Liu Ya‐Jun
Published: May 2019

Firefly bioluminescence is produced via luciferin enzymatic reactions in luciferase. Luciferin has to be unceasingly replenished to maintain bioluminescence. How is the luciferin reproduced after it has been exhausted? In the early 1970s, Okada proposed the hypothesis that the oxyluciferin produced by the previous bioluminescent reaction could be converted into new luciferin for the next bioluminescent reaction. To some extent, this hypothesis was evidenced by several detected intermediates. However, the detailed process and mechanism of luciferin regeneration remained largely unknown. For the first time, we investigated the entire process of luciferin regeneration in firefly bioluminescence by density functional theory calculations. This theoretical study suggests that luciferin regeneration consists of three sequential steps: the oxyluciferin produced from the last bioluminescent reaction generates 2‐cyano‐6‐hydroxybenzothiazole (CHBT) in the luciferin regenerating enzyme (LRE) via a hydrolysis reaction; CHBT combines with L‐cysteine in vivo to form L‐luciferin via a condensation reaction; and L‐luciferin inverts into D‐luciferin in luciferase and thioesterase. The presently proposed mechanism not only supports the sporadic evidence from previous experiments but also clearly describes the complete process of luciferin regeneration. This work is of great significance for understanding the long‐term flashing of fireflies without an in vitro energy supply.
Nitration of Azasydnones and Azasydnonimines: A Method for the Functionalization of Aryl Derivatives
Authors: Dalinger Igor L. , Serushkina Olga V. , Lipilin Dmitry L. , Anisimov Aleksei A. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Sheremetev Aleksei B.
Published: May 2019

The first example of functionalization of mesoionic 3‐R‐1,2,3,4‐oxatriazol‐5‐ones and 3‐substituted‐1,2,3,4‐oxatriazol‐5‐imines (azasydnones and azasydnonimines, respectively) by the electrophilic reaction without destruction of the oxatriazole ring is reported. Nitration of a range of aryl derivatives bearing various electron donating and withdrawing substituents at the ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐positions using HNO3/H2SO4 mixtures has been assessed in order to develop an approach for the synthesis of corresponding nitroaryl derivatives. Whereas nitration occurs meta to the azasydnone ring, the regioselectivity of the electrophilic substitution can be affected by the nature of the substituent attached to the aryl ring, and a variety of polyfunctionalized derivatives can be readily accessed by using this methodology, which may have applications in the target‐oriented synthesis. The reactivity, synthesis, and structure of the mesoionic 3‐substituted‐1,2,3,4‐oxatriazole derivatives described here provide interesting new information on this known but poorly understood heterocycle.
Parallel declines in abundance of insects and insectivorous birds in Denmark over 22 years
Authors: Møller Anders Pape
Published: May 2019

Farmers in most western countries have increased use of fertilizer and pesticides with impact on wild animals and plants, including the abundance of insects and their predators.

I used 1,375 surveys of insects killed on car windscreens as a measure of insect abundance during 1997–2017 at two transects in Denmark. I cross‐validated this method against three other methods for sampling insect abundance, and I investigated the effects of this measure of insect abundance on the abundance of breeding insectivorous birds.

The abundance of flying insects was quantified using a windscreen resulting in reductions of 80% and 97% at two transects of 1.2 km and 25 km, respectively, according to general additive mixed model. Insect abundance increased with time of day, temperature, and June date, but decreased with wind resulting in a reduction by 54%. The abundance of insects killed on a car windscreen was strongly positively correlated with the abundance of insects caught in sweep nets and on sticky plates in the same study areas and at the same time as when insects were sampled using windscreens. The decline in abundance of insects on windscreens predicted the rate at which barn swallowsHirundo rusticafed their nestlings, even when controlling statistically for time of day, weather, and age and number of nestlings. The abundance of breeding pairs of three species of aerially insectivorous birds was positively correlated with the abundance of insects killed on windscreens at the same time in the same study area. This suggests a link between two trophic levels as affected by the temporal reduction in the abundance of flying insects.

These findings are consistent with recent dramatic declines in insect abundance in Europe and North America with consequences for the rate of food provisioning of barn swallow offspring, the abundance of aerially insectivorous birds and bottom‐up trophic cascades.
Tin Content Is a Possible Marker to Discriminate Argan Oil Against Olive, Sesame, Mustard, Corn, Peanut, and Sunflower Oils
Authors: Mohammed Faez , Guillaume Dominique , Abdulwali Nada , Zabara Bilkis , Bchitou Rahma
Published: May 2019

Argan oil occupies an important position in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food domains. Because of its elevated price, argan oil is subjected to adulteration practices by industrial or commercial actors eager to increase profit margins. Therefore, methods to ascertain argan oil authenticity are actively looked for. The use of argan oil elements as authenticity markers has been evaluated. To identify distinctive markers of argan oil allowing the detection of adulteration, the element content of seven pairs of vegetable edible oils is analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES). For each pair, a plant is grown in Morocco and the other in a different country. Content of 12 metals in the resulting vegetable oil is determined and results are interpreted taking into account the soil element content. This study shows that soil element content frequently influences the oil element content but argan oil, which is necessarily prepared from roasted argan kernels, represents a special case since its tin content is much higher than in any other oils. Tin content is a useful marker to characterize argan oil and can be used to certify its authenticity.

Practical Application: Tin content determination can be recommended as a possible specific marker to certify argan oil authenticity. This study demonstrates that such analysis is efficient to differentiate argan oil from six other common edible oils.

Element content determination is performed over three consecutive years using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) on seven different pairs of edible oils: argan, olive, sesame, mustard, corn, peanut, and sunflower oils. One member of the pair has been prepared from fruit or seeds grown in Morocco while the other one originated from a far removed location. Depending on the type of oil, differences in element content are observed but, remarkably, argan oil is the only oil presenting an elevated tin content that is confirmed by a bibliography search. Therefore tin content determination can be recommended as an additional method to certify argan oil authenticity.
Cobalt‐based Catalysts Modified Cathode for Enhancing Bioelectricity Generation and Wastewater Treatment in Air‐breathing Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Meng , Zhong Kengqiang , Zhang Liqiu , Wang Shengdan , Zhang Hongguo , Huang Yu , Chen Shi , Mai Hanjian , Zhang Nan
Published: May 2019

To seek an efficient way to enhance the power output and wastewater treatment of microbial fuel cell (MFC), several cobalt‐based composites are successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method under different pyrolysis temperature, and these composites are used as electrocatalyst in air‐breathing cathode of MFC. Different species of nitrogen atom are successfully grafted on the cobalt‐based composites and confirmed by physical and electrochemical analyses. In MFC tests, the maximum power density increases from 577.8 mW m−2 to 931.1 mW m−2 with pyrolysis temperature (except for 1000 °C). These electrochemical tests and high COD removal show that Co/N/C‐900 can rapidly transfer electron via a 2×2 e− transfer pathway, mainly due to the exposure of large electrochemical active area and introduction of the defects of pyridinic−N and abundant oxygen vacancies. Although the power density of MFC with Co/N/C‐900 is 81.1 % of that of commercial Pt/C, the MFC with Co/N/C‐900 is more stable than that of Pt/C, and the power density for Co/N/C‐900 has only a 2.8 % decrease during 25‐cycles operation. The great electrocatalytic activity of the novel Co/N/C‐900 composite exhibits a superior outlook for scale‐up application of MFC in the future.
Electrochemical Detection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
Authors: Bozal‐Palabiyik Burcin , Lettieri Mariagrazia , Uslu Bengi , Marrazza Giovanna
Published: May 2019

In this study, we report the development of a sensitive label‐free impedimetric sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as biomimetic receptor coupled with screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs) for the detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Firstly, electropolymerization of o‐phenylenediamine (o‐PD) in the presence of VEGF molecule by cyclic voltammetry was performed onto graphite screen‐printed electrodes. The solvent extraction of the target was then carried out. The MIP based sensor was characterized by electrochemical techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using optimized experimental conditions, the single‐use MIP‐based sensor showed a good analytical performance for VEGF detection from 20 to 200 pg mL−1 with limit of detection of 0.08 pg mL−1. Finally, the developed MIP‐based sensor in human serum samples was also tested.
Energy performance and summer thermal comfort of traditional courtyard buildings in a desert climate
Authors: Zamani Zahra , Heidari Shahin , Azmoodeh Maryam , Taleghani Mohammad
Published: May 2019

Courtyards have been traditionally used as a passive design strategy in desert climates. However, few studies have quantified the thermal performance of this building archetype. This paper explored the indoor and outdoor thermal conditions of a typical courtyard house in Iran. The study was performed in two phases. The first phase showed the effect of the position of the zones located in four sides of the courtyard on their indoor energy use and indoor thermal comfort. The results showed that the east and west sides of the courtyard require the highest cooling demand due to the solar radiation in summer time. Furthermore, maximum discomfort hours occurred in the east zone. In the second phase, hourly air temperature inside and outside of the courtyard were compared during the longest day of the year (21stof June). The results showed that inside of the courtyard was 1.2 °C cooler than the outside on average. Moreover, it was observed that the temperature fluctuations outside of the courtyard were higher than the inside. To sum up, the results showed that courtyards can provide a cooler microclimate in summer time.