bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ILGBMSH: an interpretable classification model for the shRNA target prediction with ensemble learning algorithm
Authors: Zhao Chengkui , Xu Nan , Tan Jingwen , Cheng Qi , Xie Weixin , Xu Jiayu , Wei Zhenyu , Ye Jing , Yu Lei , Feng Weixing
Published: October 2022

Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated gene silencing is an important technology to achieve RNA interference, in which the design of potent and reliable shRNA molecules plays a crucial role. However, efficient shRNA target selection through biological technology is expensive and time consuming. Hence, it is crucial to develop a more precise and efficient computational method to design potent and reliable shRNA molecules. In this work, we present an interpretable classification model for the shRNA target prediction using the Light Gradient Boosting Machine algorithm called ILGBMSH. Rather than utilizing only the shRNA sequence feature, we extracted 554 biological and deep learning features, which were not considered in previous shRNA prediction research. We evaluated the performance of our model compared with the state-of-the-art shRNA target prediction models. Besides, we investigated the feature explanation from the model’s parameters and interpretable method called Shapley Additive Explanations, which provided us with biological insights from the model. We used independent shRNA experiment data from other resources to prove the predictive ability and robustness of our model. Finally, we used our model to design the miR30-shRNA sequences and conducted a gene knockdown experiment. The experimental result was perfectly in correspondence with our expectation with a Pearson’s coefficient correlation of 0.985. In summary, the ILGBMSH model can achieve state-of-the-art shRNA prediction performance and give biological insights from the machine learning model parameters.
Integrated single-cell analysis-based classification of vascular mononuclear phagocytes in mouse and human atherosclerosis
Authors: Zernecke Alma , Erhard Florian , Weinberger Tobias , Schulz Christian , Ley Klaus , Saliba Antoine-Emmanuel , Cochain Clément
Published: October 2022

Aims

Accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes [monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs)] in the vessel wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Using integrated single-cell analysis of mouse and human atherosclerosis, we here aimed to refine the nomenclature of mononuclear phagocytes in atherosclerotic vessels and to compare their transcriptomic profiles in mouse and human disease.

Methods and results

We integrated 12 single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets of immune cells isolated from healthy or atherosclerotic mouse aortas, and data from 11 patients (n = 4 coronary vessels, n = 7 carotid endarterectomy specimens) from two studies. Integration of mouse data identified subpopulations with discrete transcriptomic signatures within previously described populations of aortic resident (Lyve1), inflammatory (Il1b), as well as foamy (Trem2hi) macrophages. We identified unique transcriptomic features distinguishing aortic intimal resident macrophages from atherosclerosis-associated Trem2hi macrophages. Also, populations of Xcr1+ Type 1 classical DCs (cDC1), Cd209a+ cDC2, and mature DCs (Ccr7, Fscn1) with a ‘mreg-DC’ signature were detected. In humans, we uncovered macrophage and DC populations with gene expression patterns similar to those observed in mice. In particular, core transcripts of the foamy/Trem2hi signature (TREM2, SPP1, GPNMB, CD9) mapped to a specific population of macrophages in human lesions. Comparison of mouse and human data and direct cross-species data integration suggested transcriptionally similar macrophage and DC populations in mice and humans.

Conclusions

We refined the nomenclature of mononuclear phagocytes in mouse atherosclerotic vessels, and show conserved transcriptomic features of macrophages and DCs in atherosclerosis in mice and humans, emphasizing the relevance of mouse models to study mononuclear phagocytes in atherosclerosis.
Developmental toxicant exposures and sex-specific effects on epigenetic programming and cardiovascular health across generations
Authors: Svoboda Laurie K , Ishikawa Tomoko , Dolinoy Dana C
Published: October 2022

Despite substantial strides in diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to represent the leading cause of death in the USA and around the world, resulting in significant morbidity and loss of productive years of life. It is increasingly evident that environmental exposures during early development can influence CVD risk across the life course. CVDs exhibit marked sexual dimorphism, but how sex interacts with environmental exposures to affect cardiovascular health is a critical and understudied area of environmental health. Emerging evidence suggests that developmental exposures may have multi- and transgenerational effects on cardiovascular health, with potential sex differences; however, further research in this important area is urgently needed. Lead (Pb), phthalate plasticizers, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with numerous adverse human health effects. Notably, recent evidence suggests that developmental exposure to each of these toxicants has sex-specific effects on cardiovascular outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms, and their effects on future generations, require further investigation. This review article will highlight the role for the developmental environment in influencing cardiovascular health across generations, with a particular emphasis on sex differences and epigenetic mechanisms. In particular, we will focus on the current evidence for adverse multi and transgenerational effects of developmental exposures to Pb, phthalates, and PFAS and highlight areas where further research is needed.
Case report of a left superior vena cava to left atrial connection treated with percutaneous covered stent placement
Authors: Duong Phuoc , Papaioannou Vasileios , Moharam-Elgamal Sarah , Kang Sok-Leng
Published: October 2022

Background

Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) with connection to the left atrium (LA) is a rare anomaly with serious clinical implications. Depending on the direction of flow through the intracardiac shunt, clinical presentation varies from cyanosis or paradoxical embolism to overt right heart failure.

Case summary

A 26-year-old man with repaired ventricular septal defect (VSD) during infancy presented with symptoms of progressive exercise intolerance. Cardiac imaging revealed a large defect at the posterior wall of the LSVC above its entry to the coronary sinus (CS), connecting the LSVC with the LA and resulting in diversion of pulmonary venous return to the CS. All pulmonary veins connect normally to the LA. The large left-to-right intracardiac shunt led to significant right ventricular dilation and tricuspid regurgitation. He underwent successful anatomical repair with transcatheter implantation of covered stent from LSVC to the CS, redirecting pulmonary venous return to the LA. At 1 year follow up, his exercise capacity had improved, and cardiac imaging showed complete seal of the LSVC defect without obstruction to pulmonary venous return.

Discussion

Our case is the first to our knowledge to report this unusual anatomic variant of LSVC to LA connection, and complete repair by transcatheter treatment. Previous case reports of other forms of LSVC to LA connection were treated with surgery or device occlusion without reconnection of LSVC. This case highlights the efficacy and safety of innovative percutaneous techniques in the management of complex congenital heart lesions. Meticulous procedural planning through 3D modelling and simulation is vital to mitigate the risks of these innovative procedures.
Cardiac implantable device interrogation in left ventricular systolic dysfunction reveals physiologic abnormalities prior to symptom onset in COVID-19: a case series
Authors: Delfiner Matthew S , Bocchese Matthew , Dalsania Raj , Alhassani Zaineb , Keihl Joshua , Vaidya Anjali , Brisco-Bacik Meredith A , Whitman Isaac R
Published: October 2022

Background

COVID-19 has affected individuals across the globe, and those with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) likely represent a high-risk group. These devices can be interrogated to reveal information about the patient activity, heart rate parameters, and respiratory rate.

Case summary

Four patients with CIEDs and left ventricular dysfunction were admitted to a single institution for COVID-19 infection. Each patient survived hospitalization, and none required intensive care. Retrospectively, CIED interrogation revealed each patient had decreased activity level prior to their reporting COVID-19 symptoms. Similarly, respiratory rate increased before symptom onset for three of the patients, while one did not have these data available. Of the three patients with heart rate variability (HRV) available, two had decreased HRV before they developed symptoms. After hospital discharge, these parameters returned to their baseline.

Discussion

This case series suggests physiologic changes identifiable through interrogation of CIEDs may occur prior to the reported onset of COVID-19 symptoms. These data may provide objective evidence on which to base more sensitive assessments of infectious risk when performing contact tracing in communities.
Phylogenetic and functional diverse ANME-1 thrive in Arctic hydrothermal vents
Authors: Vulcano F , Hahn C J , Roerdink D , Dahle H , Reeves E P , Wegener G , Steen I H , Stokke R
Published: October 2022

The methane-rich areas, the Loki's Castle vent field and the Jan Mayen vent field at the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge (AMOR), host abundant niches for anaerobic methane-oxidizers, which are predominantly filled by members of the ANME-1. In this study, we used a metagenomic-based approach that revealed the presence of phylogenetic and functional different ANME-1 subgroups at AMOR, with heterogeneous distribution. Based on a common analysis of ANME-1 genomes from AMOR and other geographic locations, we observed that AMOR subgroups clustered with a vent-specific ANME-1 group that occurs solely at vents, and with a generalist ANME-1 group, with a mixed environmental origin. Generalist ANME-1 are enriched in genes coding for stress response and defense strategies, suggesting functional diversity among AMOR subgroups. ANME-1 encode a conserved energy metabolism, indicating strong adaptation to sulfate-methane-rich sediments in marine systems, which does not however prevent global dispersion. A deep branching family named Ca. Veteromethanophagaceae was identified. The basal position of vent-related ANME-1 in phylogenomic trees suggests that ANME-1 originated at hydrothermal vents. The heterogeneous and variable physicochemical conditions present in diffuse venting areas of hydrothermal fields could have favored the diversification of ANME-1 into lineages that can tolerate geochemical and environmental variations.
Deformation of an infinite elastic cone due to a point pressure source buried on the axis: implications to volcanic deformation
Authors: Nishiyama Ryuichi
Published: October 2022

This paper presents a semi-analytical solution describing the deformation of an infinite elastic cone due to a point pressure source buried on the axis. The solution is based on the displacement potentials developed by Love in the spherical coordinate system and is solved as a boundary value problem given on the cone surface using the techniques of Mellin transform. Numerical integration of the inverse Mellin transform yields solutions for various cone angles. The displacements calculated for the cone angle α = 90° are confirmed to agree with the well-known Mogi’s solution for the infinite half-space. The present work will be useful for interpretation of the deformation of volcanoes with steep topography and for verification of other numerical methods.
Maternal antibody repertoire restriction modulates the development of lupus-like disease in BXSB offspring
Authors: Zhu Jing , Naughton Samantha , Bowman Nina , LeRoith Tanya , Luo Xin , Leeth Caroline
Published: October 2022

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that has a strong preference for women of child-bearing age. Maternal factors play an essential role in shaping the immune system of the newborn, yet it is unknown whether maternal factors could modulate the development of SLE in the offspring. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an enzyme required for somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Given that IgG and IgA isotypes account for the vast majority of passive immunity in rodents, our previously established AID-deficient BXSB mice provide a model in which maternal antibodies that can be transferred to the offspring are greatly diminished and have restricted repertoire. In this study, we compared genotypically identical mice born to either AID-sufficient dams or AID-deficient dams and evaluated the effects of maternal antibodies in disease progression. Offspring from knockout dams developed disease at a faster rate, as shown by more severe nephritis and elevated pathogenic autoantibodies compared to their counterparts born to wild-type dams. When immune competent pups were cross fostered onto AID-deficient dams, these mice exhibited more severe disease characteristics, including exacerbated lupus nephritis, increased levels of circulating antinuclear antibodies, and more activated T cells. These results suggest that a protective antibody effect contributes to the modulation of SLE progression in postnatal period. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of maternal antibodies in programming the immune system and altering SLE development in offspring.
Acetylation of Nup62 by TIP60 ensures accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis
Authors: Akbar Hameed , Cao Jun , Wang Dongmei , Yuan Xiao , Zhang Manjuan , Muthusamy Saravanakumar , Song Xiaoyu , Liu Xu , Aikhionbare Felix , Yao Xuebiao , Gao Xinjiao , Liu Xing
Published: October 2022

Stable transmission of genetic information during cell division requires faithful mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. In eukaryotic cells, nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) is required for proper chromosome segregation. Although a list of mitotic kinases has been implicated in NEBD, how they coordinate their activity to dissolve the nuclear envelope and protein machinery such as nuclear pore complexes was unclear. Here, we identified a regulatory mechanism in which Nup62 is acetylated by TIP60 in human cell division. Nup62 is a novel substrate of TIP60, and the acetylation of Lys432 by TIP60 dissolves nucleoporin Nup62–Nup58–Nup54 complex during entry into mitosis. Importantly, this acetylation-elicited remodeling of nucleoporin complex promotes the distribution of Nup62 to the mitotic spindle, which is indispensable for orchestrating correct spindle orientation. Moreover, suppression of Nup62 perturbs accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. These results establish a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism in which TIP60-elicited nucleoporin dynamics promotes chromosome segregation in mitosis.
A phase II study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (the JROSG 10–2 trial)
Authors: Murofushi Keiko Nemoto , Itasaka Satoshi , Shimokawa Mototsugu , Murakami Yuji , Yamamoto Takaya , Nishimura Yasumasa , Kudo Shigehiro , Sakamoto Takashi , Ariga Takuro , Ogo Etsuyo , Taguchi Kentaro , Jingu Keiichi , Ogawa Kazuhiko
Published: October 2022

This study assessed the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCAC). Patients with T1–4N0-3M0 SCCAC received chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 800 mg/m2/day, 96-h infusion) and mitomycin-C (MMC, 10 mg/m2 bolus). Patients treated with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were administered 36.0 Gy in 20 fractions or 49.5 Gy in 33 fractions for elective nodal irradiation and 59.4 Gy in 33 fractions for primary tumor and metastatic nodal irradiation. The sample size was considered sufficient to estimate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the true 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) within a width of +15% when the expected true 2-year DFS was 70%. The primary endpoint was 2-year DFS. The secondary endpoints were 2-year overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LC), colostomy-free survival (CFS) and adverse events. Thirty-one patients were enrolled between January 2014 and July 2019. The median follow-up was 33.3 months (range, 16.2–65.8 months). Among the 31 patients, 13%, 32%, 16% and 39% had stage I, II, IIIA and IIIB disease, respectively. Thirty patients were treated with IMRT. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 27 patients. The 2-year DFS, OS, LC and CFS rates were 77.4% (95% CI, 58.4–88.5%), 93.5% (95% CI, 76.6–98.3%), 83.9% (95% CI, 65.5–92.9%) and 80.6% (95% CI, 61.9–90.8%), respectively. One patient experienced grade 3 late adverse events; however, no grade ≥ 4 late adverse events occurred. Good DFS with a low rate of late adverse events was observed. Chemoradiotherapy with 5-FU and MMC was effective for SCCAC.
Plaintiff aims in medical negligence disputes: limitations of an adversarial system
Authors: Tumelty Mary-Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

The adversarial nature of medical negligence litigation is subject to frequent criticism by the media, patient advocates, and scholars. In Ireland, reform of the medical negligence dynamic is often mooted, particularly in response to the high financial costs of this type of litigation; however, change in this area has been slow. Recently, the Irish courts have dealt with a number of high-profile, medical negligence disputes, including claims for those affected by the CervicalCheck controversy, which involved the failure to disclose the results of a retrospective audit to women who had developed cervical cancer. These cases have again highlighted the shortcomings of an adversarial system. This article explores the limitations of the tort system in the context of plaintiff aims in medical negligence disputes, drawing on empirical findings (qualitative interviews with patient support groups and barristers), and the literature. In doing so, the article argues that while financial compensation is necessary and appropriate in cases of medical negligence, the current system fails to recognise the often emotional nature of these claims, and the wider needs and aims of litigants involved in these disputes.
Discrimination toward migrants during crises
Authors: Rodríguez Chatruc Marisol , Rozo Sandra Viviana
Published: October 2022

How do crises shape native attitudes towards migrants? A common threat could produce an empathy channel among natives, but the perception of competition for scarce economic resources could just as easily spark prejudice through a resentment channel. Totally, 3,400 Colombian citizens were surveyed and randomly primed to consider the economic consequences of COVID-19 before eliciting their attitudes towards Venezuelan migrants. The findings suggest that native attitudes towards migrants are substantially more suggestive of the resentment channel in the treatment group. However, respondents in the so-called impressionable years—ages 18–25—showed more altruism towards migrants after priming. Interestingly, both effects disappear in response to positive news.
Probing protein ubiquitination in live cells
Authors: Qin Weihua , Steinek Clemens , Kolobynina Ksenia , Forné Ignasi , Imhof Axel , Cardoso M Cristina , Leonhardt Heinrich
Published: October 2022

The reversible attachment of ubiquitin governs the interaction, activity and degradation of proteins whereby the type and target of this conjugation determine the biological response. The investigation of this complex and multi-faceted protein ubiquitination mostly relies on painstaking biochemical analyses. Here, we employ recombinant binding domains to probe the ubiquitination of proteins in living cells. We immobilize GFP-fused proteins of interest at a distinct cellular structure and detect their ubiquitination state with red fluorescent ubiquitin binders. With this ubiquitin fluorescent three-hybrid (ubiF3H) assay we identified HP1β as a novel ubiquitination target of UHRF1. The use of linkage specific ubiquitin binding domains enabled the discrimination of K48 and K63 linked protein ubiquitination. To enhance signal-to-noise ratio, we implemented fluorescence complementation (ubiF3Hc) with split YFP. Using in addition a cell cycle marker we could show that HP1β is mostly ubiquitinated by UHRF1 during S phase and deubiquitinated by the protease USP7. With this complementation assay we could also directly detect the ubiquitination of the tumor suppressor p53 and monitor its inhibition by the anti-cancer drug Nutlin-3. Altogether, we demonstrate the utility of the ubiF3H assay to probe the ubiquitination of specific proteins and to screen for ligases, proteases and small molecules controlling this posttranslational modification.
Phenomenological Displacements
Authors: Fisher Daniel
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the mediatization of grief and mourning in northern Australia. Its ethnographic focus is the death of a renowned singer and the initial silencing and subsequent re-sounding of recordings of his voice. In order to grasp what was at stake in these events, the analysis privileges recent work on atmospheres and ethics, attending in particular to the sense of disturbance that his death evoked, and the atmospheric density and authority its demand for attention entailed. In a fundamental sense the chapter asks how sovereignty feels and sounds, a problem I broach ethnographically by attending to those atmospheric disturbances that accompany death and displacement in northern Australia. Through ethnographic and phenomenological attention to musical media, I examine the ways that Indigenous authority (rom) is reaffirmed and remade in the era of its mediatization in modes of atmospheric attunement and co-composition.
Sport, Cities, and Communities
Authors: Mason Daniel S.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the complex relationships between sport, cities, and communities by examining the public funding of sports infrastructure in cities of all sizes, how researchers have attempted to measure the impacts of sport and sports facilities in cities, and the arguments for and against the use of sport in cities to meet broader development aims. Attention is given to the hosting of sporting events and professional teams in the North American context, the arguments made for the provision of infrastructure such as arenas and stadiums, how independent research has assessed their value, and their impacts on the broader communities surrounding the development. The chapter also examines the role of sport and sport infrastructure in broader debates on the governance and status of cities and competition (perceived or otherwise) between cities to become more attractive for businesses, investors, tourists, and residents alike.
Sport, the Environment, and Geopolitics
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: October 2022

Sports imperil the environment in two ways. First, they generate a significant carbon footprint via the construction of buildings, air and automobile travel, energy use, and media coverage. Second, they accept sponsorship from the extractive industries, imbuing ecologically destructive corporations with positive images fostered by an association with putatively natural, pleasurable pastimes. International organizations and sovereign states are responsible as well as sporting entities through related policies and programs, along with the international bourgeois media and conventional scholars, who have largely neglected these questions. That needs to change.
Sport, Tourism, and Social Impacts
Authors: Gibson Heather J. , Fairley Sheranne
Published: October 2022

Scholarship in sport tourism began to gather speed in the late 1990s. Initially attention was on defining sport tourism and the economic impact of sport events. Calls to move scholarship from largely descriptive case studies to a theoretically informed body of work manifested in various ways. This chapter chronicles some of the developments in sport tourism scholarship over the past 20 years, with a focus on legacy and leveraging, social impacts, and small-scale events. In so doing, topics such as event portfolios, social capital, youth sport, and the impact of COVID-19 are discussed. The growth of event management as a discipline is examined in terms of its impact on sport tourism going forward. The authors note the touristic dimension in sport event research has often been missing or downplayed in recent studies, which raises questions about the long-term viability of sport tourism as an area of study.
Sport, Marketing, and Consumer Culture
Authors: Cornwell T. Bettina
Published: October 2022

In sport, marketing takes two major forms: the marketing of sports and marketing via sports. The former is typically referred to as “sports marketing,” and the latter, “sponsorship-linked marketing.” Importantly, both forms of marketing in sport influence consumer culture. Sport marketing is a business activity that fuels sport consumption, but it may be sponsorship-linked marketing that plays a more dominant role in shaping consumer culture within and beyond sport. Sport marketing struggles with issues inherent in sport, such as the promotion of women, the cost of attending sporting events, and challenges of participating in competition. At the same time, sport marketing has a unique relationship with the increasingly diverse technologies used to interface with fans and social media about sport, especially as it connects fans with athletes. Sponsorship-linked marketing connects sport with a vast array of industries that hold powerful financial sway over the conduct of sport and over the presentation of sport celebrities in media. Over recent decades, commercialization and its concomitant processes of globalization have become an overarching concern regarding the sponsorship of sport. On the other hand, brands that take stands on issues such as racism, inclusive participation, and fairness, can use their financial influence and social capital for the betterment of sport and, more broadly at times, society. Fans, as consumers of sport, can and should play a role in the trajectory and influence of the consumer cultures that emerge from sporting contexts.
Sport, Science, and Technology
Authors: McDonald Mary G. , Sterling Jennifer J.
Published: October 2022

Science and technology continue to be intertwined with sport and physical activity. Sports studies scholars have long used a variety of theoretical and conceptual tools to detail this relationship. Increasingly scholars within the interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies have also turned their attention to evaluating the ever-expanding technoscientific sporting landscape. This chapter provides an overview which maps out key ideas related to the critical study of science and technology in regard to two broad sensibilities: (1) human-centered analyses that investigate such issues as scientific racism, the use of performance-enhancing drugs and devices, and gender verification practices within sports and (2) more-than-human analyses that explore new materialisms’ and actor network theory’s emphasis on the agency of nonhuman actors, including critical investigations of technoscience as a key actor within sports. This chapter also discusses the competing ontologies which ground these different sensibilities. Additionally, the chapter examines the quantified self, or self-tracking technologies, as a way to further reveal the possibilities and limitations of both human and more-than-human approaches in regard to the study of sport, society, and technoscience.
Sport, Drugs, and Doping
Authors: Dimeo Paul , Henning April
Published: October 2022

Two key issues continue to haunt sport: first, that athletes have cheated, and will continue to cheat, using strong performance-enhancing drugs that involve health risks; second, that draconian antidoping measures have led to excessive surveillance, disproportionate punishments, and severe consequences (financial, mental health, long-term career) for some athletes. Academic approaches are broadly divided into those practically supportive of antidoping through prevention research, those which accept the current nature of antidoping policy and aim to provide improved knowledge and understanding, and those with a more critical perspective, including trying to find manageable and acceptable new solutions, such as harm reduction. The chapter reviews these approaches and summarizes key issues and debates before exploring the contribution to be made by social science research.
Sport, Alcohol, and Ritual
Authors: Palmer Catherine
Published: October 2022

This chapter traces the key issues and debates that emerge from the relationship between sport, alcohol, and ritual. In many contexts, alcohol is used as a form of sociality, bonding, and a rite of passage across team celebrations, initiations, and similar events. While aspects of this are pleasurable, they are also problematic, indicative of and leading to a range of social concerns of relevance to the sociology of sport. The chapter outlines the tensions implicit in both the pleasures and problems that emerge from sport, alcohol, and ritual. In particular, analysis extends the typical focus on men, sport, and alcohol and examines the rituals of alcohol among women, older athletes, and athletes with disability. The chapter continues an ongoing research agenda that asks sociologists to extend our conceptual, theoretical, and empirical frameworks for thinking about sports-associated drinking.
Sport, Children, and Socialization
Authors: Green Ken , Wheeler Sharon , Johansen Patrick Foss
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores what is meant by “socialization” as well as some of the key aspects of sports socialization (such as the long-standing problematic of the process of socialization into sport, the impact of socioeconomic divisions on socialization, and the relationship between socialization and lifelong participation). It also examines the main approaches to understanding socialization into sport and some of the main debates (such as the growing involvement of parents in the sporting socialization of children). All in all, there is now a substantial body of evidence that the foundations for lifelong participation in sport are usually laid in childhood and youth in family contexts. Participation is unlikely to endure into and through adulthood unless foundations have been laid in childhood in the family.
Sport, Youth, and Elite Development
Authors: Smith Andy
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines changes in sport participation during the youth life stage (roughly ages 13 to 25). It considers the changing nature of youth sport careers, how this is related to the extension, destandardization, and individualization of the youth life stage, and the significance of youth leisure as the context for youth sport careers. The chapter also considers the sporting experiences of those young people who embark upon elite sport careers from the early teenage years. Attention is drawn to the significance of family support, coaching practices, and elite sports cultures and structures for young people who pursue elite sport careers, and some of the “costs” incurred by the young people who progressively engage in elite-level sport pathways. These issues are considered from largely sociological vantage points on the study of youth and the youth life stage.
Sport, Race, and Ethnicity
Authors: Adair Daryl
Published: October 2022

The social identity markers of “race” and ethnicity are critical elements of societies past and present; thus, they have shaped the way that sport accommodates (or otherwise) people of diverse backgrounds in respect of skin color and ancestry. The journey to greater ethnoracial inclusivity in sport has been fraught with enormous challenges, and although contemporary physical culture is hardly removed from bigotry and racial vilification, there have been significant and welcome changes. This chapter begins by providing insights into the concepts of “race” and ethnicity in society, which then allows for the exploration of sport as a vehicle for negotiating norms of participation, feelings of belonging, and initiatives to deter xenophobia. The prime focus is research developments pertaining to sport in the West and societies riven by settler colonialism.
Sport, Femininities, and Heteronormativity
Authors: Cooky Cheryl
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the intersections of sport, femininities, and heteronormativity, with a primary focus on contemporary U.S. sporting cultures, practices, and meanings. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the gendered context of sport in the United States. The role of sport in reaffirming and challenging gendered ideologies is discussed. The second section highlights several foundational approaches used by feminist sports studies scholars to understand and explain the experiences and meanings of sportswomen and women’s sports. Included in this section is an overview of Connell’s structural theories of gender, intersectional theories of domination and oppression, and postfeminisms. The third section of the chapter provides insight into three ways that heteronormative femininity shapes women’s sports and focuses on three key areas: sex testing policies, promotional cultures, and media representations.
Sport, Transgender Athletes, and Nonbinary Experience
Authors: Travers
Published: October 2022

Transgender and nonbinary athletes experience significant obstacles to sport participation that are primarily related to prevalent sex-segregated and/or sex-differentiated institutions, spaces, and activities. Sport reflects and reinforces a Eurocentric, hetero-patriarchal binary sex system, and this requires the containment of women and nonbinary athletes who threaten to throw this social, economic, and political configuration into disarray, whether as individuals they are interested in doing so or not. This chapter provides an overview of literature relating to the experience of transgender and nonbinary people in sport, situates transgender participation in the broader context of modern sport as an historically specific formation, and provides an overview of scholarly debates about female eligibility policies that target transgender women and women with naturally higher testosterone levels than the so-called female norm.
Sport, Heroes, and Celebrities
Authors: Smart Barry
Published: October 2022

Throughout history outstanding participants in competitive sport have acquired special status and been revered in their communities. The focus in this chapter will fall on modern sport, the respects in which commercialization and developments in communications media have transformed professional sport and the identity, status, and lives of athletes. Today, fame and star status are rapidly acquired, and athletes often are seen as heroes and treated as celebrities. Particular consideration will be given in this chapter to the meaning of heroism in sport and the rise of the sporting celebrity. Given the highly commercialized, media-saturated sports industry in which achievements are amplified and athletes receive very significant financial rewards, the chapter also considers in what respects, if at all, it is appropriate to regard high-profile, successful sporting figures as heroes.
Sport, Values, and Character
Authors: Loland Sigmund
Published: October 2022

This chapter defines and discusses values in and of sports and the potential in and of sport in developing moral character. It distinguishes between internal values in terms of experiential qualities in sporting practice and external values toward which sport is used as a means. Another distinction runs between moral and nonmoral values, and the chapter concentrates on the former. With examples from the social sciences, it discusses the diversity of values in and of sport and how this diversity can be understood with reference to the social and cultural contexts in which sports take place. From the perspective of philosophy and ethics, the possibility of common value patterns in all sports and of weighing between values in rational ways is evaluated. In the last part, an overview is given of two current normative debates in sports: the use of performance-enhancing drugs and the requirements on sports for sustainable development. The chapter concludes by pointing to sport’s normative ambiguity.
Sport, Diplomacy, and Rapprochement
Authors: Murray Stuart
Published: October 2022

As an effective tool for lasting, treaty-bound rapprochement in the relationships between warring parties, states, or adversaries, sport has had a mixed track record. Just as sport can bring estranged people and nations closer together, it can also drive them further apart. In some cases, sporting contests or events act as preludes to conflict, covers for hard-power actions, and platforms for the dissemination of antidiplomatic slogans, actions, and behaviors. In order to promote the positive relationships between sport and rapprochement, a “new” area of grand, abstract theory and practice is described in this chapter: sports diplomacy. This new term describes an old practice: the strategic use of sport to bring strangers closer together, overcome xenophobia, and, ergo, mitigate and ideally eliminate the conditions that often lead to conflict.
The BILAG2004-Pregnancy Index is a valid disease activity outcome measure for pregnant SLE patients
Authors: Yee Chee-Seng , Khamashta Munther , Akil Mohammed , Kilding Rachael , Giles Ian , Williams David , Bruce Ian N , Gordon Caroline
Published: October 2022

Objectives

This study was to determine whether the BILAG2004-Pregnancy Index (BILAG2004-P) has construct/criterion validity and is sensitive to change.

Methods

This was an observational multicentre study that recruited pregnant SLE patients. Data were collected on disease activity [using the BILAG2004-P and Physician Global Assessment (PGA)], investigations and therapy at each assessment. The overall BILAG2004-P score as determined by the highest score achieved by any system was used in the analysis. Cross-sectional analysis was used for construct and criterion validity. The comparison was with C3, C4 and anti-dsDNA for construct validity, while it was with change in therapy and PGA in criterion validity. Sensitivity to change was assessed by determining the relationship between the change in BILAG2004-P and the change in therapy between two consecutive visits.

Results

A total of 97 patients with 112 pregnancies were recruited. There were 610 assessments available for construct/criterion validity analysis (98.2% of pregnancies had more than one assessment) and 497 observations for sensitivity to change analysis. Increasing BILAG2004-P scores were associated with low C3. The active BILAG2004-P score (grade A or B) was associated with an increase in therapy and the PGA of active disease. There was an increasing likelihood of higher overall scores with an increase in therapy and the PGA of active disease. In the sensitivity to change analysis, an increase in the BILAG2004-P score was associated with an increase in therapy and inversely associated with a decrease in therapy. A decrease in the BILAG2004-P score was associated with a decrease in therapy and inversely associated with an increase in therapy.

Conclusion

The BILAG2004-P has criterion validity and is sensitive to change.
Quality of reporting and adherence to the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 for preclinical degradable metal research in animal models of bone defect and fracture: a systematic review
Authors: Ding Fengxing , Hu Kaiyan , Liu Xia , Liu Chen , Yang Jinwei , Shi Xinli , Liu Bin , Wu Mei , Wang Zhe , Feng Liyuan , Zhang Jiazhen , Ma Bin
Published: October 2022

In vivo testing is crucial for the evaluation of orthopedic implant efficacy and safety. However, the translation and reproducibility of preclinical animal experiments are not always satisfactory, and reporting quality is among the essential factors that ensure appropriate delivery of information. In this study, we assessed the reporting quality of in vivo investigations that examined the use of degradable metal materials in fracture or bone defect repair. We employed scientific databases, such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and Sinomed to screen for in vivo investigations on fracture or bone defect repair using degradable metal materials, and extracted both epidemiological and main characteristics of eligible studies, and assessed their reporting quality using the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. Overall, 263 publications were selected, including 275 animal experiments. The overall coincidence rate of Essential 10 (22 sub-items) and Recommended Set (16 sub-items) were 42.0% and 41.5%, respectively. Based on our analysis, the reporting quality of the published in vivo investigations examining fracture/bone defect repair with degradable metal materials was low, and there was a lack of transparent, accurate and comprehensive reporting on key elements of the experimental design and other elements that are meant to avoid bias.
When publication metrics become the fetish: The research evaluation systems’ relationship with academic work engagement and burnout
Authors: Kulikowski Konrad , Przytuła Sylwia , Sułkowski Łukasz
Published: October 2022

In this article, we focused on the nature of the relationship between research evaluation systems that are based on metrics and those that are based on a critical comprehensive judgment of scientific content with researchers’ burnout and work engagement. The research was conducted on a sample of 1,191 Polish researchers in the context of a highly metricized research evaluation system. Our contribution to the field of research evaluation is fourfold. First, we provide empirical support for the recent call for more nuanced views on publication metrics in research evaluation, showing that evaluations lacking in the judgment of scientific content are associated with higher demands and lower job resources. Second, our study focuses the attention of various policymakers on the fact that performance measurement should not be confused with performance management and that thoughtless use of performance publication metrics might lead to research performance deterioration instead of improvement. Third, our findings illustrate the tensions between different views on publication metrics as means of research evaluation; this tension might be observed among researchers and their supervisors but also within the research community as a whole. Fourth, our article may inspire further research of evaluation systems, as we design measures of demands and resources generated by the evaluation system based on Job Demands-Resources theory. Moreover, based on the Leiden Manifesto and Royal Society Resume for researchers, we have validated an evaluation based on a judgment scale that might be used in further research and practical settings to audit research evaluation systems.
Field and Greenhouse Assessment of Seed Treatment Fungicides for Management of Sudden Death Syndrome and Yield Response of Soybean
Authors: Kandel Yuba R. , Lawson Maia N. , Brown Mariama T. , Chilvers Martin I. , Kleczewski Nathan M. , Telenko Darcy E. P. , Tenuta Albert U. , Smith Damon L. , Mueller Daren S.
Published: October 2022

Seed treatments for the management of sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium virguliforme are available in the United States and Canada; however, side-by-side comparisons of these seed treatments are lacking. Sixteen field experiments were established in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin, United States, and Ontario, Canada, in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate seed treatment combinations. Treatments included a nontreated check (NTC), fungicide and insecticide base seed treatments (base), fluopyram, base + fluopyram, base + saponin extracts from Chenopodium quinoa, base + fluopyram + heat-killed Burkholderia rinojenses, base + pydiflumetofen, base + thiabendazole + heat-killed B. rinojenses, and base + thiabendazole + C. quinoa extracts + heat-killed B. rinojenses. Treatments were tested on SDS moderately resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars at each location. Overall, NTC and base had the most root rot, most foliar disease index (FDX), and lowest yield. Base + fluopyram and base + pydiflumetofen were most effective for managing SDS. Moderately resistant cultivars reduced FDX in both years but visual root rot was greater on the moderately resistant than the susceptible cultivars in 2020. Yield response to cultivar was also inconsistent between the 2 years. In 2020, the susceptible cultivar provided significantly more yield than the moderately resistant cultivar. Treatment effect for root rot and FDX was similar in field and greenhouse evaluations. These results reinforce the need to include root rot evaluations in addition to foliar disease evaluations in the breeding process for resistance to F. virguliforme and highlights the importance of an integrated SDS management plan because not a single management tactic alone provides adequate control of the disease.
Tertiary lymphoid structures: Associated multiple immune cells and analysis their formation in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nie Ye , Fan Hanlu , Li Jianhui , Lei Xinjun , Zhang Tianchen , Wang Yanfang , Mao Zhenzhen , Tao Kaishan , Song Wenjie
Published: October 2022

The prognostic value of immune cells in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) remains unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, 59 of 145 patients had TLSs in training set, 48 of 120 patients had TLSs in testing set. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to label CD3+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD208+ dendritic cells, and CD21+ follicular dendritic cells in TLSs. High CD20+, CD208+, and CD8+ cell densities were favorable prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). High CD3+, CD20+, CD208+, and CD8+ cell densities were significantly associated with reduced early recurrence. TLSs were divided into three grades (A, B, and C) based on immune cell density. Patients with grade C or B had significantly improved OS. Patients with grade C had the lowest recurrence rate, followed by those with grade B, while patients with grade A had the highest recurrence rate. The stromal, immune, and ESTIMATE scores derived from the ESTIMATE package were significantly higher and tumor purity was significantly lower in patients with TLSs. Patients with TLSs had significantly higher relative numbers of memory B cells, plasma cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells and lower relative numbers of Treg cells, macrophages, and M2 macrophages according to the CIBERSORT assessment. Bioinformatics analysis and experiments confirmed that KLRK1 and GZMA expression are associated TLSs formation and can predict TLSs existence. Grade B and grade C were favorable prognostic factors for OS and recurrence and could represent immune‐active tumors.