bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Functionalization and Defect Construction of SnO2 with Amine Group for Enhanced Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Huo Yao , Zhang Pu , Chi Junjie , Fang Fang , Song Yun , Sun Dalin
Published: February 2024

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to hydrocarbon fuels through solar energy provides a feasible channel for reducing CO2 emission and resource depletion. Nevertheless, severe charge recombination and high energy barrier limit the CO2 reduction efficiency. Herein, a surface amine‐functionalized SnO2 with oxygen vacancies (A‐Vo‐SnO2) is fabricated to achieve visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Specifically, amino groups modified onto the surface of the catalyst can provide more active sites to promote the adsorption of CO2. Meanwhile, the synchronously induced oxygen defect level reduces the band‐gap energy and expands the light‐absorption region from UV light to visible light. The oxygen vacancies can modulate the electronic structure and work as the separation centers of spatial charges, thus promoting the interfacial charge transfer efficiency and providing more catalytic sites, as evidenced by experimental observation and theoretical calculation. As expected, this A‐Vo‐SnO2 exhibits a CH4 evolution rate of 17.27 µmol g−1 h−1 without adding sacrificial agent and co‐catalyst, much higher than 5.98 µmol g−1 h−1 of pure SnO2. This work can provide significant inspiration for the design of defect engineering based on visible‐light‐driven photocatalysts towards photocatalytic CO2 conversion.
Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of choanal atresia and stenosis in Texas, 1999–2018
Authors: Benjamin Renata H. , Marengo Lisa K. , Scheuerle Angela E. , Agopian A. J. , Mitchell Laura E.
Published: February 2024

Choanal atresia and stenosis are common causes of congenital nasal obstruction, but their epidemiology is poorly understood. Compared to bilateral choanal atresia/stenosis, unilateral choanal atresia/stenosis is generally diagnosed later and might be under‐ascertained in birth defect registries. Data from the population‐based Texas Birth Defects Registry and Texas vital records, 1999–2018, were used to assess the prevalence of choanal atresia/stenosis. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate associations with infant and maternal characteristics in two analytic groups: isolated choanal atresia/stenosis (n = 286) and isolated, bilateral choanal atresia/stenosis (n = 105). The overall prevalence of choanal atresia/stenosis was 0.92/10,000, and the prevalence of isolated choanal atresia/stenosis was 0.37/10,000 livebirths. Variables associated with choanal atresia/stenosis in one or both analytic groups included infant sex, pregnancy plurality, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age, and maternal residence on the Texas–Mexico border. In general, adjusted prevalence ratios estimated from the two analytic groups were in the same direction but tended to be stronger in the analyses restricted to isolated, bilateral defects. Epidemiologic studies of isolated choanal atresia/stenosis should consider focusing on cases with bilateral defects, and prioritizing analyses of environmental, social, and structural factors that could account for the association with maternal residence on the Texas–Mexico border.
How to Rapidly Evaluate Uranium Adsorption Capacity Using Only a Portable Geiger Counter?
Authors: Bi Jingtao , Xing Siyang , Li Chengqian , Sun Mengmeng , Wu Hongqing , Zhao Yingying
Published: February 2024

The development of the nuclear industry has stimulated research in uranium extraction from seawater (UES) by adsorption. However, in practical applications, it's hard to equip various ion concentration measurement instruments for real‐time characterizing uranium adsorption capacity. Given the radioactive property of uranium, if only a Geiger counter is possessed, how it can be utilized to rapidly evaluate uranium adsorption in the adsorbent? This study proposes the Geiger‐Uranium‐Distance model, which establishes correlations among Geiger counter readings, uranium adsorption capacity, and distance, thereby offering a viable approach. While maintaining a constant radius for the adsorbent stack point, during the laboratory phase, the average molecular mass (MA) and the kGg(z) values of the original adsorbent are determined. In practical applications, the surrounding radiation background GE (µSv h−1) is detected. Subsequently, the Geiger counter is vertically positioned above the stacked point of adsorbent after uranium adsorption. Utilizing the measured radiation intensity value G (µSv h−1), and employing the equation , the uranium adsorption capacity Qe can be obtained.
Defect‐Repaired g‐C3N4 Nanosheets: Elevating the Efficacy of Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy Through Enhanced Charge Carrier Migration
Authors: Yang Zhuang , Yuan Meng , Cheng Ziyong , Liu Bin , Ma Zhizi , Ma Jie , Zhang Jiashi , Ma Xinyu , Ma Ping'an , Lin Jun
Published: February 2024

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has garnered growing interest owing to its high tissue penetration depth and minimal side effects. However, the lack of efficient sonosensitizers remains the primary limiting factor for the clinical application of this treatment method. Here, defect‐repaired graphene phase carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanosheets are prepared and utilized for enhanced SDT in anti‐tumor treatment. After defect engineering optimization, the bulk defects of g‐C3N4 are significantly reduced, resulting in higher crystallinity and exhibiting a polyheptazine imide (PHI) structure. Due to the more extended conjugated structure of PHI, facilitating faster charge transfer on the surface, it exhibits superior SDT performance for inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. This work focuses on introducing a novel carbon nitride nanomaterial as a sonosensitizer and a strategy for optimizing sonosensitizer performance by reducing bulk defects.
Descriptor‐Based Volcano Relations Predict Single Atoms for Hydroxylamine Electrosynthesis
Authors: Yang Rong , Wang Yuting , Li Hongjiao , Zhou Jin , Gao Zeyuan , Liu Cuibo , Zhang Bin
Published: February 2024

Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is an important feedstock in fuels, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Nanostructured electrocatalysts drive green electrosynthesis of hydroxylamine from nitrogen oxide species in water. However, current electrocatalysts still suffer from low selectivity and manpower‐consuming trial‐and‐error modes, leaving unclear selectivity/activity origins and a lack of catalyst design principles. Herein, we theoretically analyze key determinants of selectivity/activity and propose the adsorption energy of NHO (Gad(*NHO)) as a performance descriptor. A weak *NH2OH binding affinity and a favorable reaction pathway (*NHO pathway) jointly enable single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with superior NH2OH selectivity. Then, an activity volcano plot of Gad(*NHO) is established to predict a series of SACs and discover Mn SACs as optimal electrocatalysts that exhibit pH‐dependent activity. These theoretical prediction results are also confirmed by experimental results, rationalizing our Gad(*NHO) descriptor. Furthermore, Mn−Co geminal‐atom catalysts (GACs) are predicted to optimize Gad(*NHO) and are experimentally proved to enhance NH2OH formation.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Macrocyclization towards Crown Ethers Using Hydroamination of Bis(allenes)
Authors: Panahi Farhad , Breit Bernhard
Published: February 2024

Enantiomerically enriched crown ethers (CE) exhibit strong asymmetric induction in phase transfer catalysis, supramolecular catalysis and molecular recognition processes. Traditional methods have often been used to access these valuable compounds, which limit their diversity and consequently their applicability. Herein, a practical catalytic method is described for the gram scale synthesis of a class of chiral CEs (aza‐crown ethers; ACEs) using Rh‐catalyzed hydroamination of bis(allenes) with diamines. Using this approach, a wide range of chiral vinyl functionalized CEs with ring sizes ranging from 12 to 36 have been successfully prepared in high yields of up to 92 %, dr of up to >20 : 1 and er of up to >99 : 1. These vinyl substituted CEs allow for further diversification giving facile access to various CE derivatives as well as to their three‐dimensional analogues using ring‐closing metathesis. Some of these chiral CEs themselves display high potential for use in asymmetric catalysis.
Antenna Effect in Noble Metal‐Free Dye‐Sensitized Photocatalytic Systems Enhances CO2‐to‐CO Conversion
Authors: Nikolaou Vasilis , Govind Chinju , Balanikas Evangelos , Bharti Jaya , Diring Stéphane , Vauthey Eric , Robert Marc , Odobel Fabrice
Published: February 2024

Dye‐sensitized photocatalytic systems (DSPs) have been extensively investigated for solar‐driven hydrogen (H2) evolution. However, their application in carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction remains limited. Furthermore, current solar‐driven CO2‐to‐CO DSPs typically employ rhenium complexes as catalysts. In this study, we have developed DSPs that incorporate noble metal‐free components, specifically a zinc‐porphyrin as photosensitizer (PS) and a cobalt‐quaterpyridine as catalyst (CAT). Taking a significant stride forward, we have achieved an antenna effect for the first time in CO2‐to‐CO DSPs by introducing a Bodipy as an additional chromophore to enhance light harvesting efficiency. The energy transfer from Bodipy to zinc porphyrin resulted in remarkable stability (turn over number (TON)=759 vs. CAT), and high CO evolution activity (42 mmol g−1 h−1 vs. CAT).
Phosphorane‐Promoted C−C Coupling during Aryne Annulations
Authors: Kevorkian Paul V. , Sneddon Dorian S. , Ritts Casey B. , Hoye Thomas R.
Published: February 2024

Arynes are fleeting, high‐energy intermediates that undergo myriad trapping reactions by nucleophiles. Their unusual reactivity compared to other electrophiles can spur unexpected mechanistic pathways enroute to the formation of benzenoid products. Herein we explore a particularly unique case of thermally generated arynes reacting with phosphoranes to form helical dibenzothiophenes and ‐selenophenes. Multiple new helical polycyclic aromatic products are reported. DP4+ and X‐ray crystallographic analysis were used in tandem to confirm the structural topologies of selected products and to demonstrate the utility of DP4+ for distinguishing between isomeric polycyclic aromatic compounds. Lastly, we discuss a plausible mechanism consistent with DFT computations that accounts for the product formation; namely, ligand coupling (i.e., reductive elimination) within a hypervalent, pentacarbon‐ligated σ‐phosphorane furnishes the dibenzothio‐ or dibenzoselenophene.
Kinetic study of the reduction reaction of red mud and CO under fluidization condition
Authors: Kong Hao , Zhou Tuo , Wang Zhe , Li Chaoran , Zhang Man , Yang Hairui
Published: February 2024

Pyrometallurgical method of iron recovery from red mud (RM) has advantages of simple procedures, high recovery efficiency and significant waste minimization. The fluidization reduction process using CO as reductant addresses the issues of high energy consumption and long reaction time of pyrometallurgical method. In order to optimize the operational conditions of the fluidization reduction process, it is necessary to study the reaction characteristics of RM and CO under fluidization condition. In response to the problems of the current kinetic study including the unsatisfied fluidization condition and possible errors introduced by the estimation method, we carried out improvements in both experiment and data processing. In the experiment aspect, thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA) test rig with large sample capacity and gas flow was established, and approximate fluidization condition was achieved by intensifying diffusion by increasing the gas flow rate and decreasing the sample mass. In the data processing aspect, we developed a program with data cleaning and kinetic function fitting capabilities, and the goodness of fit was evaluated by Akaike information criterion (AIC). The results indicated that within the temperature range of 500–600°C and CO concentrations of 5%–15%, the reaction between RM and CO can be divided into two steps based on the criterion of complete formation of Fe3O4. The first step reaction has a relatively fast reaction rate, conforming to the F1 kinetic function with rate equation given as
. The second step reaction displays a more complex pattern and the fitted rate equation is
. The obtained results could provide a reliable reference for the operational design of the fluidization reduction of RM.
Cardiovascular disease burden in patients with urological cancers: The new discipline of uro‐cardio‐oncology
Authors: Zheng Yi , Liu Ying , Chen Ziliang , Zhang Yunpeng , Qi Zuo , Wu Ning , Zhao Zhiqiang , Tse Gary , Wang Yong , Hu Hailong , Niu Yuanjie , Liu Tong
Published: February 2024

Cancer remains a major cause of mortality worldwide, and urological cancers are the most common cancers among men. Several therapeutic agents have been used to treat urological cancer, leading to improved survival for patients. However, this has been accompanied by an increase in the frequency of survivors with cardiovascular complications caused by anticancer medications. Here, we propose the novel discipline of uro‐cardio‐oncology, an evolving subspecialty focused on the complex interactions between cardiovascular disease and urological cancer. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the various cardiovascular toxicities induced by different classes of antineoplastic agents used to treat urological cancers, including androgen deprivation therapy, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chemotherapeutics. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular toxicity associated with anticancer therapy and outline strategies for the surveillance, diagnosis, and effective management of cardiovascular complications. Finally, we provide an analysis of future perspectives in this emerging specialty, identifying areas in need of further research.
A multidisciplinary approach to management of a non‐traumatic subdural hematoma in the third trimester of pregnancy: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Lugata John , Smith Caleigh , Mrosso Onesmo , lyamuya Tecla , Mchome Bariki , Swai Patricia
Published: February 2024

Key Message

Although non‐traumatic SDHs are uncommon during and immediately following pregnancy, management of these cases should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team, including obstetricians, pediatricians, neurosurgeons, and anesthesiologists.

Intracranial hemorrhage represents an uncommon but serious complication of pregnancy. Non‐traumatic subdural hematomas (SDH) are uncommon during the prenatal period with limited literature about etiology and management. In this case report, the authors report on a patient with non‐traumatic SDH in the third trimester of pregnancy. The patient is a 40‐year‐old G6P5L5 female at gestational age of 34 weeks and 5 days presenting with frontal headache, nausea, vomiting, and blurry vision. CT scan revealed an acute on chronic right subdural hematoma with midline shift and multiple herniations. An emergency cesarean section and right burr hole SDH evacuation were performed. Etiology of the SDH remains unknown. Although non‐traumatic SDHs are uncommon during and immediately following pregnancy, health care providers should always consider this possibility if a patient presents with typical symptoms and signs. Management of these cases should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team, including obstetricians, pediatricians, neurosurgeons, and anesthesiologists to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.
Artificial Processive Catalytic Systems
Authors: Nolte Roeland J. M. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W.
Published: February 2024

Processive catalysts remain attached to a substrate and perform multiple rounds of catalysis. They are abundant in nature. This review highlights artificial processive catalytic systems, which can be divided into (A) catalytic rings that move along a polymer chain, (B) catalytic pores that hold polymer chains and decompose them, (C) catalysts that remain attached to and move around a cyclic substrate via supramolecular interactions, and (D) anchored catalysts that remain in contact with a substrate via multiple catalytic interactions (see frontispiece).
Valorization of refinery flue gas through tri‐reforming and direct hydrogenation routes
Authors: Sunkara Sushma , Pankhedkar Nimish , Gudi Ravindra
Published: February 2024

The rising amount of greenhouse gases has been contributing to global warming and, subsequently, climate change. Industries such as refineries and power plants emit a significant amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. It is imperative to curb anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and hence, in this effort, we explore the utilization of a refinery emission stream to produce value‐added chemicals. The chosen emission stream for the said purpose is a typical flue gas stream from refineries. Following the capture step, this CO2 stream has been leveraged for subsequent valorization processes. Two strategies have been proposed in this paper to valorize the captured carbon dioxide. The first strategy employs the tri‐reforming process with a refinery‐specific fuel gas stream as the co‐reactant. The resulting syngas from tri‐reforming has been converted to chemicals such as methanol (MET) and ethanol. Furthermore, to improve the amount of CO2 valorized, another approach with green hydrogen has been considered. The second strategy aims at direct hydrogenation of the captured CO2 stream to produce MET and ethanol. The proposed strategies analyze the feasibility of valorizing captured CO2 from flue gas to MET and ethanol in terms of gross margin per feed and percentage of CO2 valorization. The performance assessment and analysis of the proposed processes have been carried out using simulations in Aspen Plus® that exhibited up to 74% valorization of CO2 into valuable chemicals.
Production of esters with numerous applications: Kinetics of Dowex 50W catalyzed transesterification of methyl acetate with three‐ and four‐carbon structured alcohols
Authors: Albusairi Bader H. , Almusallam Abdulwahab S. , Ali Sami H. , Merchant Sabiha Q. , Bumajdad Ali Y.
Published: February 2024

In this investigation, a strongly acidic exchange resin was used for the transesterification of methyl acetate with n‐propanol, n‐butanol, and iso‐butanol. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments for the three systems were conducted using a temperature‐controlled batch reactor setup. The effects of the following operating parameters on the transesterification were explored: reaction temperature, catalyst loading, and methyl acetate‐to‐alcohol molar ratio. The conversion of the limiting reactant in the reaction mixture increased with increasing reaction temperature, catalyst loading, and varying reactant proportions from 1:1 to other ratios. It was found that excess methyl acetate would result in higher limiting reactant conversion than using excess alcohol with the same initial molar proportionality between the excess and the limiting reactants. It was found that an increase in the chain length of the alcohol and/or branching suppressed the conversion of the reactants owing to steric hindrance. To mathematically correlate the data, several kinetic models were tested, and the Eley–Rideal model was selected. Accordingly, a reaction mechanism was proposed.
Heavier Group 14 Congeners of Metalla‐isobenzenes: Access to Metalla‐isosilabenzene and Metalla‐isogermabenzene by One‐Pot Reactions
Authors: Zhao Jinyu , Cai Yapeng , Yang Xin , Zhang Hong
Published: February 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Metalla‐isosilabenzenes and metalla‐isogermabenzenes have been successfully synthesized by the formal [5+1]‐cycloaddition of diethynylsilane or diethynylgermane with simple metal complexes. This is the first example of a heavier Group 14 metalla‐isobenzene isomer bearing a cumulative double bond motif within a metallacycle. These novel complexes were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The stabilization of the cyclic metal‐vinylidene complexes has been analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. When the metalla‐isosilabenzenes bearing Si—H bond were treated with the trityl salt as a hydride scavenger, the formation of silylium cation was observed spectroscopically. Both of metalla‐isosilabenzenes and metalla‐isogermabenzenes can readily undergo migratory insertion reactions to furnish siloles or germoles.
Comparison of Fe‐based and Al‐based coagulants in the removal of organic and disinfection by‐product precursors
Authors: Hidayah Euis Nurul , Cahyonugroho Okik Hendriyanto , Novembrianto Rizka , Wahyusi Kindriari Nurma , Srihari Endang
Published: February 2024

Surface water is renowned for its natural organic matter, constituting approximately 45% of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which can be removed in water treatment plants. However, residual DOC in water can react with chlorine to form several carcinogenic disinfectant by‐products (DBPs). This study aimed to examine the molecular weight of organic fractions dissolved in three different water sources that act as precursors to the formation of DBPs species. The coagulants used were Al‐ and Fe‐based, frequently used in water treatment plants to remove organic fractions. Characterization of DOC in source water served as the first step in determining the performance of both coagulants in terms of organic properties. The results showed that the selected surface waters had similar DOC characteristics, including biopolymers, humic substances, building blocks, and a low molecular weight. These fractions contributed to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). The Fe‐based coagulant was more effective than the Al‐based coagulant in removing all organic fractions and reducing THMs compared to HAAs. Furthermore, one‐way ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference in the average removal of organic fractions and DBP species between the Fe‐based and Al‐based coagulants. The Fe‐based coagulant showed higher efficiency in removing biopolymers, dibromochloromethane, and chlorodibromoacetic acid than the Al‐based coagulant. In contrast, the Al‐based coagulant had better performance in reducing dibromo HAA and tribromo HAA. Both coagulants had no significant difference in extracting other organic fractions or DBPs species.
Epigenetic processes associated with neonatal spinal transection
Authors: Collins Nicholas J. , Campbell Taylor S. , Bozeman Aimee L. , Martes Alleyna C. , Ross Sydney E. , Doherty Tiffany S. , Brumley Michele R. , Roth Tania L.
Published: February 2024

In early development, the spinal cord in healthy or disease states displays remarkable activity‐dependent changes in plasticity, which may be in part due to the increased activity of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Indeed, BDNF delivery has been efficacious in partially ameliorating many of the neurobiological and behavioral consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI), making elucidating the role of BDNF in the normative developing and injured spinal cord a critical research focus. Recent work in our laboratory provided evidence for aberrant global and locus‐specific epigenetic changes in methylation of the Bdnf gene as a consequence of SCI. In the present study, animals underwent thoracic lesions on P1, with cervical and lumbar tissue being later collected on P7, P14, and P21. Levels of Bdnf expression and methylation (exon IX and exon IV), in addition to global methylation levels were quantified at each timepoint. Results indicated locus‐specific reductions of Bdnf expression that was accompanied by a parallel increase in methylation caudal to the injury site, with animals displaying increased Bdnf expression at the P14 timepoint. Together, these findings suggest that epigenetic activity of the Bdnf gene may act as biomarker in the etiology and intervention effort efficacy following SCI.
Effects of concentric and eccentric cycling training on muscular hemodynamic and erythrocyte rheological responses to exercise in sedentary males
Authors: Huang Yu‐Chieh , Chen Yi‐Ching , Lin Yu‐Ting , Hsu Chih‐Chin , Fu Tieh‐Cheng , Wang Jong‐Shyan
Published: February 2024

Erythrocyte rheological properties contribute to the dynamic regulation of vascular resistance to flow shear force, facilitating blood delivery from the heart to peripheral tissues. Despite improved physical performance, the effects of eccentric cycling training (ECT) on erythrocyte rheological characteristics remain unclear. This study investigates the distinct effects of ECT and concentric cycling training (CCT) on muscular hemodynamic and erythrocyte rheological responses to exercise. Thirty‐nine sedentary healthy males were randomly assigned to either ECT (n = 13) or CCT (n = 13) at 45%–70% of the maximal workload for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks, or to a control group (n = 13) that did not receive any exercise intervention. A graded exercise test (GXT) was performed before and after the intervention. Muscular hemodynamic and erythrocyte rheological responses to the GXT were determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy and ektacytometry, respectively. Both ECT and CCT significantly enhanced perfusion (Δ[THb]VL) and O2 extraction (Δ[HHb]VL) in vastus lateralis during GXT. Before training, an acute GXT significantly reduced erythrocyte deformability and increased aggregability, whereas after 6 weeks of either ECT or CCT, the extent of erythrocyte rheological changes caused by GXT was diminished. Moreover, CCT elicited higher improvements in cardiac output (CO), VO2, and work‐rate at peak performance than ECT. In hierarchical regression, the change of maximal CO was the most influential factor affecting VO2max following CCT. In contrast, enhanced VO2max was significantly associated with Δ[HHb]VL and erythrocyte aggregability/deformability in ECT. Although CCT is superior to ECT for increasing aerobic capacity, either ECT or CCT effectively enhances aerobic efficiency by improving muscular hemodynamic and erythrocyte rheological responses to exercise.
Ghost Fishing Threatens Biodiversity in an African Great Lake
Authors: Satoh Shun , Takahashi Tetsumi , Okuno Seiya , Kawasaka Kento , Lwabanya Mabo
Published: February 2024

We conducted an investigation into ghost fishing, a phenomenon in which abandoned fishing equipment remains operational for extended durations, in the southern region of Lake Tanganyika, Republic of Zambia. The perils associated with ghost fishing have achieved international recognition; however, there exists a conspicuous dearth of scholarly investigations in particular regions, notably inland aquatic environments and developing countries. Employing scuba diving for field observations, we discovered that ghost fishing was solely evident in monofilament nylon nets, despite the presence of four different net types in the littoral area of the lake. Notably, endemic crabs Platythelphusa armata and P. maculata from Lake Tanganyika constituted 65.2% of the organisms captured by abandoned nets, with the remainder comprising various fish species. The number of captured organisms exhibited a dependence on the interplay between the length and mesh size of the abandoned nets, indicating that the risk of ghost fishing is heightened when both net and mesh size are substantial. Furthermore, we encountered predatory Spiny Eels Mastacembelus moorii ensnared in nets around their jaws and teeth. Intriguingly, the digestive tract of one of the Spiny Eels contained a partially digested cichlid species entangled in the same nets, strongly suggesting the occurrence of secondary ghost fishing.
Implementation and optimization of perturbation currents for vehicular proton exchange membrane fuel cells online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Zhang Xiaojie , Zhang Tong , Chen Huicui
Published: February 2024

This paper presents an implementation method of perturbation currents for vehicular proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The topology of the parallel dual‐boost DC/DC converter system for the EIS measurement is presented. The DCdcand DCacmodules in the converter system implement the DC current and the sinusoidal EIS perturbation current independently. Simulation results show that the proposed perturbation current generation method can be implemented efficiently. In the frequency domain, the current of DCdccouples to the perturbation current of DCac, leading to a reduction in the accuracy of the current amplitude after superposition. The mechanism of current amplitude reduction after superposition is discussed. Feed‐forward compensation and fuzzy compensation optimization are proposed for the DCdccurrent control. Both compensation algorithms achieve excellent results. A comprehensive framework for evaluating the compensation effect is presented. The evaluation results show that feed‐forward compensation has a better advantage in solving the above problems due to its simplicity and less impact on hardware control. Experimental results show that with the optimization algorithm, the input perturbation current increases from 6% to 83% of the theoretical value.
Carbon‐cycle perturbations and intensified continental chemical weathering linked to volcanism during the Jenkyns Event in the Ordos Basin
Authors: Yang Bing , Zhang Xinzhi , Yi Jinjun , Shi Weixin , Sun Siyuan , Sun Hao , Su Guifen
Published: February 2024

The Jenkyns Event (~183 Ma) represents an exceptional warming period in the Jurassic, which is characterized by intense environmental and climate perturbation. The eruption of the Karoo‐Ferrar Large Igneous Province (K‐F LIP) triggered pronounced carbon isotope negative excursion (N‐CIE) in exogenic carbon reservoirs, global widespread organic carbon burial and extensive ocean anoxia. However, the synchronic coupling relationship between the carbon release, volcanic activity, and intense weathering induced by the K‐F LIP during this period remains poorly understood. In this study, detailed sedimentologic and geochemical studies were conducted on the terrestrial stratigraphy of the Lower Jurassic Fuxian Formation in the Ordos Basin. Three spore‐pollen assemblages have been identified, with the Cyathidites‐Deltoidospora‐Chasmatosporites assemblage suggesting a Pliensbachian age, the Classopollis‐Cycadopites‐Chasmatosporites assemblage indicating an early to middle Toarcian age, and the Cyathidites‐Cycadopites‐Psophosphaera assemblage indicating a late Toarcian age. The lower part of the Classopollis‐Cycadopites‐Chasmatosporites assemblage shows a negative CIE with a magnitude of 2.7‰, accompanied by organic carbon enrichment. Mercury concentrations and Hg/total organic carbon ratios also show peaks during the initial stage of the carbon isotope negative shift, implying a synchrony between volcanic activities and carbon perturbation. Furthermore, the Chemical Index of Alteration value has reached its maximum and the kaolinite content shows a sharp increase at the same position as the carbon isotope negative shift initiation, indicating a simultaneous enhancement of continental weathering during volcanic activity. The changing patterns of the continental weathering intensity encompassing the Jenkyns Event also indicate that continental weathering may have functioned as a significant approach to counteract the greenhouse effect caused by substantial volcanic CO2 emissions.
Identifying a competency improvement strategy for infection prevention and control professionals: A rapid systematic review and cluster analysis
Authors: Chen Nuo , Li Shunning , Kuang Zhengling , Gong Ting , Zhou Weilong , Wang Ying
Published: February 2024

Remarkable progress has been made in infection prevention and control (IPC) in many countries, but some gaps emerged in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Core capabilities such as standard clinical precautions and tracing the source of infection were the focus of IPC in medical institutions during the pandemic. Therefore, the core competences of IPC professionals during the pandemic, and how these contributed to successful prevention and control of the epidemic, should be studied. To investigate, using a systematic review and cluster analysis, fundamental improvements in the competences of infection control and prevention professionals that may be emphasized in light of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data, and CBM databases for original articles exploring core competencies of IPC professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic (from January 1, 2020 to February 7, 2023). Weiciyun software was used for data extraction and the Donohue formula was followed to distinguish high‐frequency technical terms. Cluster analysis was performed using the within‐group linkage method and squared Euclidean distance as the metric to determine the priority competencies for development. We identified 46 studies with 29 high‐frequency technical terms. The most common term was “infection prevention and control training” (184 times, 17.3%), followed by “hand hygiene” (172 times, 16.2%). “Infection prevention and control in clinical practice” was the most‐reported core competency (367 times, 34.5%), followed by “microbiology and surveillance” (292 times, 27.5%). Cluster analysis showed two key areas of competence: Category 1 (program management and leadership, patient safety and occupational health, education and microbiology and surveillance) and Category 2 (IPC in clinical practice). During the COVID‐19 pandemic, IPC program management and leadership, microbiology and surveillance, education, patient safety, and occupational health were the most important focus of development and should be given due consideration by IPC professionals.
Gender, flexibility and workforce in the NHS: A qualitative study
Authors: Chekar Choon Key , Brewster Liz , Lambert Michael , Patel Tasneem
Published: February 2024

Data from the General Medical Council show that the number of female doctors registered to practise in the UK continues to grow at a faster rate than the number of male doctors. Our research critically discusses the impact of this gender‐based shift, considering how models of medical training are still ill‐suited to supporting equity and inclusivity within the workforce, with particular impacts for women despite this gender shift. Drawing on data from our research project Mapping underdoctored areas: the impact of medical training pathways on NHS workforce distribution and health inequalities, this paper explores the experiences of doctors working in the NHS, considering how policies around workforce and beyond have impacted people's willingness and ability to continue in their chosen career path. There is clear evidence that women are underrepresented in some specialties such as surgery, and at different career stages including in senior leadership roles, and our research focuses on the structural factors that contribute to reinforcing these under‐representations. Medical education and training are known to be formative points in doctors' lives, with long‐lasting impacts for NHS service provision. By understanding in detail how these pathways inadvertently shape where doctors live and work, we will be able to consider how best to change existing systems to provide patients with timely and appropriate access to healthcare. We take a cross‐disciplinary theoretical approach, bringing historical, spatiotemporal and sociological insights to healthcare problems. Here, we draw on our first 50 interviews with practising doctors employed in the NHS in areas that struggle to recruit and retain doctors, and explore the gendered nature of career biographies. We also pay attention to the ways in which doctors carve their own career pathways out of, or despite of, personal and professional disruptions.
Genetic determinants of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the clinical outcome of COVID‐19 in Southern Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Md. Mahbub , Saha Chayan Kumar , Hamidullah Mehedi H. M. , Chakma Kallyan , Salauddin Asma , Hossain Md. Shakhawat , Sharmen Farjana , Rafiqul Islam S. M. , Tanni Afroza Akter , Yasmin Farhana , Akash Al‐Shahriar , Hossain Mohammad Enayet , Miah Mojnu , Biswas Sanjoy Kanti , Sultana Nahid , Mannan Adnan
Published: February 2024

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has had a severe impact on population health. The genetic determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in southern Bangladesh are not well understood.

Methods

This study aimed to determine the genomic variation in SARS‐CoV‐2 genomes that have evolved over 2 years of the pandemic in southern Bangladesh and their association with disease outcomes and virulence of this virus. We investigated demographic variables, disease outcomes of COVID‐19 patients and genomic features of SARS‐CoV‐2.

Results

We observed that the disease severity was significantly higher in adults (85.3%) than in children (14.7%), because the expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE‐2) diminishes with ageing that causes differences in innate and adaptive immunity. The clade GK (n = 66) was remarkable between June 2021 and January 2022. Because of the mutation burden, another clade, GRA started a newly separated clustering in December 2021. The burden was significantly higher in GRA (1.5‐fold) highlighted in mild symptoms of COVID‐19 patients than in other clades (GH, GK, and GR). Mutations were accumulated mainly in S (22.15 mutations per segment) and ORF1ab segments. Missense (67.5%) and synonymous (18.31%) mutations were highly noticed in adult patients with mild cases rather than severe cases, especially in ORF1ab segments. Moreover, we observed many unique mutations in S protein in mild cases compared to severe, and homology modeling revealed that those might cause more folding in the protein's alpha helix and beta sheets.

Conclusion

Our study identifies some risk factors such as age comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease) that are associated with severe COVID‐19, providing valuable insight regarding prioritizing vaccination for high‐risk individuals and allocating health care and resources. The findings of this work outlined the knowledge and mutational basis of SARS‐CoV‐2 for the next treatment steps. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of structural and functional proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2 in detail for monitoring the emergence of new variants in future.
GNAS mutation inhibits growth and induces phosphodiesterase 4D expression in colorectal cancer cell lines
Authors: Nummela Pirjo , Zafar Sadia , Veikkolainen Erika , Ukkola Iiris , Cinella Vincenzo , Ayo Abiodun , Asghar Muhammad Yasir , Välimäki Niko , Törnquist Kid , Karhu Auli , Laakkonen Pirjo , Aaltonen Lauri A. , Ristimäki Ari
Published: February 2024

Approximately 5% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) have a gain‐of‐function mutation in the GNAS gene, which leads to the activation of cAMP‐dependent signaling pathways and associates with poor prognosis. We investigated the effect of an activating GNAS mutation in CRC cell lines on gene expression and cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. GNAS‐mutated (GNASmt) HCT116 cells showed stimulated synthesis of cAMP as compared to parental (Par) cells. The most upregulated gene in the GNASmt cells was cAMP‐hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) as detected by RNA sequencing. To further validate our finding, we analyzed PDE4D expression in a set of human CRC tumors (n = 35) and demonstrated overexpression in GNAS mutant CRC tumors as compared to GNAS wild‐type tumors. The GNASmt HCT116 cells proliferated more slowly than the Par cells. PDE4 inhibitor Ro 20‐1724 and PDE4D subtype selective inhibitor GEBR‐7b further suppressed the proliferation of GNASmt cells without an effect on Par cells. The growth inhibitory effect of these inhibitors was also seen in the intrinsically GNAS‐mutated SK‐CO‐1 CRC cell line having high levels of cAMP synthesis and PDE4D expression. In vivo, GNASmt HCT116 cells formed smaller tumors than the Par cells in nude mice. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that GNAS mutation results in the growth suppression of CRC cells. Moreover, the GNAS mutation‐induced overexpression of PDE4D provides a potential avenue to impede the proliferation of CRC cells through the use of PDE4 inhibitors.
Causal effects of endometriosis on cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Tang Tianyou , Yu Huilin , Xu Sipei , Zhong Yi , Ma Jie , Zhao Tingting
Published: February 2024

Endometriosis has been reported in epidemiological studies to be associated with certain types of cancer. However, the presence of reverse causality and residual confounding due to common risk factors introduces uncertainty regarding the extent to which endometriosis itself contributes to the development of cancer. We performed the Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal associations between endometriosis and 34 different types of cancers. The results of the inverse‐variance‐weighted (IVW) model suggested that genetic predisposition to endometriosis was causally associated with an increased risk for ovarian cancer (OR = 3.2913; p‐value = .0320). The genetic liabilities to endometriosis had causal associations with the decreased risk for skin cancer (OR = 0.9973; p‐value = .0219), hematological cancer (OR = 0.9953; p‐value = .0175) and ER− breast cancer (OR = 0.6960; p‐value = .0381). The causal association of the above combinations were robust by test of heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Together, our study suggests that endometriosis had causal effect on cancer risk.
α‐Amylase in Preterm Human Milk
Authors: Jones Jay B. , Mehta Nitin R. , Hamosh Margit
Published: February 2024

We have measured α‐amylase activity in the milk of 18 women who delivered at 25–40 weeks of pregnancy: 25–30 weeks (n = 7), 31–35 weeks (n = 5), and 36–40 weeks (n = 6). In each subject, α‐amylase activity in milk was measured 3 days postpartum (colostrum) and at 1. 3, and 6 weeks of lactation. In each of these three groups, α‐amylase activity was high in colostrum (mean values of 8,973 ± 697, 4.422 ± 1.000, and 3,550 ± 889 U/L. respectively) and decreased gradually during the following 6 weeks of lactation (mean values of 2.007 ± 413. 1,462 ± 465, and 1,373 ± 400 U/L, respectively. after 6 weeks). The decrease in total α‐amylase activity during this time period was not accounted for by a similar decrease in total milk protein since the specific α‐amylase activity in colostrum (142.3 ± 15.9 U/g protein) was substantially greater than that measured in milk obtained 6 weeks postpartum (103.4 ± 12.6 U/g protein). The α‐amylase in pooled preterm human milk was relatively stable (22°r loss of activity) when preincubated at a pH of 3.0 for 2 h at 37°C. The activity of the enzyme in preterm human milk had a broad pH optimum in the range of 5.0–7.0. Thus, the enzyme can pass through the stomach of the infant after a milk meal without substantial inactivation because of acidity (pH 3.5–6.5). and has maximum catalytic activity at a pH in the range of that found in the duodenum (pH 6.0–7.0).
Cardiac Arrest in Two Children with Nonfamilial Chronic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction on Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Anuras Sinn , Mitros Frank A. , Shirazi Siroos S. , Soper Robert T. , Younoszai Kabir , Green Jennifer B.
Published: February 2024

Two children with nonfamilial chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction are reported. Both had no family history. They had an exploratory laparotomy to rule out mechanical intestinal obstruction, and required long‐term parenteral nutrition to obtain sufficient nutrients. These two children had dilatation of the whole length of the small intestine, which differs from short segmental dilatation (megaduodenum) in patients with familial chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction. There were also differences in the histology of the gastrointestinal tract between these two patients although they had similar clinical manifestations. Both patients died from cardiac arrest, one after 2 years and the other after 4 months on long‐term parenteral hyperalimentation. At autopsy, heart examination was normal in one patient, and a small infarction (0.4 mm diameter) was found in the other. Although mild hypokalemia was found in one case, and mild hyperkalemia in the other, the cause of cardiac arrest in these two children is not known.
Progressive Esophageal Dysfunction in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Markowitz James F. , Aronow Eugene , Rausen Aaron R. , Aiges Harvey , Silverberg Mervin , Daum Fredric
Published: February 2024

Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood (CGD), a hereditary disorder of neutrophil function, affects the gastrointestinal tract in a variety of ways. Esophageal involvement has only rarely been reported. An 11‐year‐old boy with CGD and progressive esophageal dysmotility is described. Repeated radiographic, endoscopic, and motility studies revealed a markedly atonic esophagus with varying function of the lower esophageal sphincter. Pharmacologic therapy and esophageal dilatations were unsuccessful in establishing adequate esophageal function. A feeding gastrostomy was required for nutritional support.
Changes in the Lipids of Human Milk from 2 to 16 Weeks Postpartum
Authors: Clark Richard M. , Ferris Ann M. , Fey Mark , Brown Peter B. , Hundrieser Kenneth E. , Jensen Robert G.
Published: February 2024

Changes in total lipid, fatty acids, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and lipid phosphorus in mature milk with time were investigated. Milk samples were collected from 10 mothers at 2, 6, 12, and 16 weeks postpartum. During 1 day, each mother donated two complete breast expressions. Expressions were taken using an electric breast pump 1 h after the previous a.m. and p.m. nursing. For each mother, the a.m. and p.m. samples were pooled for analysis. It was observed that the amount of total lipid increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 3.9g/100 ml at 2 weeks to 5.2 g/100 ml at 16 weeks postpartum. The total fatty acid composition remained uniform during the investigation. Average total cholesterol and free cholesterol in the milk were 10.3 mg/100 ml and 8.3 mg/100 ml, respectively. These concentrations did not change significantly with time postpartum. Average lipid phosphorus was 3.9 mg/100 ml and also remained constant throughout. We conclude that the fatty acid pattern, lipid phosphorus, total cholesterol, and free cholesterol of mature milk to 16 weeks postpartum remains relatively constant while total lipid concentration increases.