bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Damage Inspection and Safety Assessment on Steel-Sheet Pile Wharf Structural System
Authors: Lee H.H. , Chang P.Y.
Published: March 2009

This study proposes a procedure of damage inspection for the infrastructure in the
harbor. Because most infrastructures in the harbor are submerged under the water the damage
inspection is very difficult to process. Normally, divers with special scheme of damage inspection
are required and the cost is very expensive. Therefore, a two-stage inspection strategy is proposed.
After the first stage of inspection the more detailed second stage inspection will be requested
dependent on the examination results. In the second stage of inspection particularly, it is focused
on the wharf structures of steel-sheet pile type, where the related items are identified
corresponding to the characteristics of the structural system.
Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of MEMS Gyroscope Sensor Package Subjected to Temperature Change
Authors: Joo Jin Won , Cho Yong Chul , Won Jong Hwa , Choa Sung Hoon
Published: March 2009

In this paper, deformation behavior of the MEMS gyroscope package subjected to temperature change is investigated using a high-sensitivity moiré interferometry. Temperature dependent analyses of warpage and extension/contraction of the package are presented. Detailed global and local deformations of the package by temperature change are investigated and its effect on the frequency shift of the MEMS gyroscope is studied.
Numerical Simulation of Rock Fracture under Dynamic Loading Using Manifold Method
Authors: Chen Peng Wan , Huang Tao , Yang Jun , Zhang Guo Xin
Published: March 2009

Manifold Method provides a unified framework for solving problems with both
continuous and discontinuous media. In this paper, by introducing a criterion of crack initiation and
propagation, the second order manifold method is used to simulate two-hole blasting and
Hopkinson spalling of rock. In the study of two-hole blasting, two different initiation conditions are
considered. One is simultaneous initiation, the other is 0.1 ms delay initiation. The whole blasting
process including crack initiation, crack growth and fragment formation is simulated. In the study of
Hopkinson spalling, the propagation and interaction of stress waves and the spalling process caused
by a reflected tensile stress wave are reproduced. The simulation results including the thickness of
the formed scab and its velocity are in good agreement with theoretical values. Manifold method
proves to be an efficient method in the study of dynamic fracture of rock.
Novel Structural Damage Indices: Vibration Transmissibility and its Curvatures
Authors: Cao Mao Sen , Ren Qing Wen , Qiao Pi Zhong
Published: March 2009

A new definition of vibration transmissibility, “the ratio of FRFs (Frequency Response
Functions)”, is proposed to provide novel structural damage indices, i.e., vibration transmissibility
and its real and complex curvatures. Using the FRF and its real and complex curvatures as references,
the fundamental studies on performance of damage indices to reflect structural low-level damages are
conducted using vibration-based nondestructive evaluation of a frame structure. The experimental
results demonstrate that the sensitivity of the damage indices increases in the order of vibration
transmissibility or FRF, and its real and complex curvatures. While the vibration transmissibility and
its real and complex curvatures possess higher damage sensitivity than the FRF counterparts. The
proposed novel damage indices are promising to develop viable and advanced structural
nondestructive evaluation techniques.
Formulation of Three-Dimensional Green’s Function and its Application to Fatigue Life Evaluation of Pressurizer
Authors: Chang Yoon Suk , Choi Shin Beom , Choi Jae Boong , Kim Young Jin , Jhung Myung Jo , Choi Young Hwan
Published: March 2009

Major nuclear components have been designed by conservative codes to prevent
unanticipated fatigue failure. However, more realistic and effective assessment is necessary in proof
of continued operation beyond the design life. In the present paper, three-dimensional stress and
fatigue evaluation is carried out for pressurizer employing complex full geometry itself instead of
conventional discrete subcomponents. For this purpose, temperature and mechanical stress transfer
Green’s functions are derived from finite element analyses and applied to critical locations of
pressurizer. In accordance with comparison of resulting stresses obtained from the Green’s function
and detailed finite element analysis, suitability of the specific Green’s function is investigated. Finally,
prototype of fatigue life assessment results is provided along with relevant ongoing activities.
A Control Method of Grain-Boundary Brittleness by Step Cooling Technique
Authors: Li Li , Li Qing Fen , Zhou Hui Min
Published: March 2009

For most of the experiments and the practical problems about the non-equilibrium
grain-boundary segregation (NGS), segregation will always occur during continuous cooling. The
effective-time-method assumed that any continuous cooling curve for a sample can be replaced by a
corresponding stepped curve. In this paper, the non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation of
phosphorus in step cooling process in an industrial steel12Cr1MoVis studied based on the
effective-time-method and compared with that in isothermal holding process. Results show that the
calculated result is in good accordance with the experimental observation. It provides a direct
support for the effective-time-method of NGS. The step cooling process can speed-up the
embrittlement of the steel. Based on the step cooling technique, a control method of grain-boundary
brittleness is proposed.
Analysis of Mixed Mode Cracks in Two-Dimensional Magnetoelectroelastic Media
Authors: Wang Han , Ke Xian Hui , Zhao Ming Hao
Published: March 2009

Based on the analytical solution for an elliptical cavity and the self-consistent method,
the exact solutions for a crack in a two-dimensional magnetoelectroelastic medium is derived. The
strain energy density factors are calculated for mixed mode cracks in a composite made of BaTiO3
as the inclusion and CoFe2O4 as the matrix.
A Damage Model Containing Delamination in Composite Laminates
Authors: Ma Yu Pu , Lin Xin Zhi , Li Qing Fen , Li Zhen
Published: March 2009

When stress is high, delaminate damage can be induced by transverse cracks. A complete parabolic shear-lag damage model containing delamination induced by transverse cracks is therefore proposed and applied to predict the stiffness reduction by transverse cracking in cross-ply laminated composite materials. The predictions of the complete parabolic shear-lag analysis model, the incomplete parabolic shear-lag analysis model, and the complete parabolic shear-lag damage model containing delamination proposed in this paper have been compared. Results show that the young’s modulus reduction values obtained by our analysis model are better agreement with the experimental ones than other models.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Gear Based on Simulation Technology
Authors: Cui Qing Bin , Zhang Jing Zhu , Xue Guan Hai , Chen Shi Chun , Lei Lei
Published: March 2009

Dynamic analysis, finite element analysis and fatigue life analysis of transmission gear of
Self-Propelled Gun is achieved in this paper according to the theory of multi-body dynamics, finite
element and cumulative fatigue damage, and the well-known software Pro/E, ADAMS, PATRAN
and FE-Fatigue are integrated in the research. The virtual prototyping model of self-propelled gun’s
transmission box is built by ADAMS software. The dynamic load spectrum of transmission gear is
achieved by virtual driving of Self-Propelled Gun. The finite element model of the gear is built by
using PATRAN software, after defining reasonable boundary conditions, material and element
properties, according to the load and the fatigue failure criterion of the gear, the stress-strain state of
gear on load is studied. The dynamic load spectrum and the stress-strain state of the gear are
considered as basic input data, the fatigue life of the gear is calculated by using FE-fatigue software.
The road haul of gear without fault is predicted when the self-propelled gun drives on the
second-class load surface at low speed. This method offers a new idea to the fatigue life prediction.
It can predict fatigue life without experiments, and save cost and time. It has the great significance
to the optimization design of the self-propelled gun.
Applied Investigation of Fracture for Low Carbon Steel in Extra-Low Cycle Inverse Rotating Bending Fatigue
Authors: Li You Tang , Rui Zhi Yuan
Published: March 2009

The applied investigation of regular fracture for low carbon steel under extra-low cycle inverse rotating bending fatigue was studied in this paper. The principle of inverse rotating bending fatigue was explained at first. The effect of experimental parameters on cycle times of fracture, such as the relations of presetting deflection to quality of blanking and cycle times of fracture were discussed through the experiments. The effects of geometrical parameters of notch, such as tip radius, depth and open angle, on cycle times of fracture were studied. The results show that low carbon steel can be regular fractured through inverse rotating bending fatigue. The quality of blanking is depended on presetting deflection of inverse rotating bending.
Study on Fracture Behavior of Alumina Ceramics Toughened by Combining In Situ Growth Abnormal Grains, 3Y-TZP and Cu
Authors: Rong Shou Fan , Zhang Jing Qiang , Ji Ze Sheng
Published: March 2009

α-Al2O3 powders, a small amount of 3Y-TZP and Cu powders were used as principle materials in which adequate amount of TiO2-MgO-CAS system additives were added by wet grinding .The compacts were prepared by hot-pressed sintering. The results showed that the fracture toughness was significantly enhanced by synergistic toughening of in-situ growth abnormal grain, phase transformation and metal particles. Under the sinter condition of 30MPa and 1550 for 1h, the maximum fracture toughness reached to 7.90MPa·m1/2 and the bending strength is in advance of 600Mpa, which was one time higher than un-toughen alumina ceramics. The effects of multiphase synergistic toughening on the fracture toughness of alumina ceramic were investigated; meanwhile, the fracture behavior and the mechanisms of toughening were analyzed.
Effect of Geometry Factors on Dynamic Fracture Behavior for Mechanical Heterogeneous Welded Joint
Authors: Tian Fu Qiang , Li Xiao Yan , Shi Yao Wu
Published: March 2009

Welded joint is a mechanical heterogeneous body, which is composed of base metal, weld
metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). Many welded structures endure dynamic load in service.
Mechanical heterogeneity has important influence on dynamic fracture behaviour of welded joint.
In the present investigation, dynamic fracture parameter of J-integral of undermatched
three-point-bending (TPB) welded joint specimens containing longitudinal crack with different
geometry were computed. The strain rate near crack tip reaches 103 under the impact velocity of
5m/s, so dynamic properties under corresponding strain rate should be used in dynamic analysis.
The results of instrumented impact experiment were used as the input parameters in the
computation. Dynamic J-integral was evaluated using virtual crack extension (VCE) method of
MARC finite element code in 3-D condition. Dynamic J-integral evaluated by VCE method is path
independent. The value of dynamic J-integral curve increases with loading time smoothly, so inertia
force has little influence on dynamic J-integral. The values of dynamic J-integral decrease with
increase of weld width. When the weld width is bigger than 5mm the influence of base material on
weld metal is not evident. The influence of initial crack length on dynamic J-integral is complicate.
The value of dynamic J-integral of the computation model with initial crack length of a/W=1/4 is
the highest, and that of the computation model with initial crack length of a/W=1/8 is the lowest.
The results are helpful for dynamic fracture evaluation of macro-heterogeneous welded joints.
Damage and Crack Analysis for Reinforced Concrete Energy Dissipation Braced Frame (EDBF) under Low Cyclic Loads
Authors: Xiao Mei Ling , Ye Liao Yuan , Miao Sheng , Liu Ben Yu
Published: March 2009

Application of Miner criterion, cumulate damage variable was estimated based on
pseudo-static experiment study for reinforced concrete energy dissipation braced frame (EDBF)
under low cyclic loads, accordingly, the constitutive relations about damage was established; the
linear hook law turned into non-linear stress-strain relations; the dissipated-energy factor c β was
determined based on following factors: the cumulate damage variable, hysteretic energy determined
by load-displacement curve, maximum deformation and yield force of EDBF; it supplied a
quantitative basis of dissipated-energy for EDBF; There were two reasons in energy dissipation for
EDBF: one was energy dissipation equipment acting, the other was concrete damaged and cracked or
low cycle fatigue failure in this structure, and the latter part of energy was associated with amounts of
cracks and crack size; then the forced mechanism of EDBF was analyzed, and the reason caused
cracks and crack type of EDBF columns, beam and braces were explained based on forced
mechanism: the columns, beam and braces of EDBF were compressed or tensed under low cyclic
loads, so most of cracks of columns, beam and braces belonged to mode I cracksThis study supplied
a method for estimating energy of EDBF under earthquake ground motion, and the results showed:
columns in EDBF are easily damaged under earthquake ground motion, so the structural elements
must be designed strong column, weak beam and weak brace.
Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Initial Failure for Carbon/Fabric Composite Edge Closeout
Authors: Eun Se Won , Lee Jong Woong , Kong Cheol Won , Park Jae Sung , Jang Young Soon , Lee Ho Sung
Published: March 2009

Edge closeout is one of the better methods for fastening composite materials to other
structures. In this paper, fastened region of Carbon/Fabric composite plate edge closeout is
mechanically tested. Finite element analysis and AE(acoustic emission) characteristics are utilized for
comparison of test and analysis. The characteristics of AE signal used in this study are hit
distributions, peak frequency of generated AE waveform and amplitude of signals. The frequency
regions for failure of composite materials are under 100 kHz and 200-300 kHz for failure initiation
and the ultimate failure occurred with frequency region of 300-400 kHz.
Microscopic Study of Structural Failure Mechanism and Reliability Considering Dead and Fatigue Load
Authors: An Wei Guang , Gu Yong Wei , Zhao Wei Tao
Published: March 2009

The microscopic processes of internal force redistribution of structural system due to
dead load failure or fatigue failure of structural element and failure mechanism of cumulative
damage under outside loads is discussed in this paper. Considering the influence of cumulative
damage to the residual strength and the reasonable time of dead load failure selected, the next step
calculation of cumulative damage has a clear quantitative time. Reasonable expression is provided
for the establishment of the equation of safety margin. By an example, the reliability index, which is
gained by rough conservative considering the time of dead load failure selected, is compared with
the reliability index, which is gained by using the method of this paper. The method of this paper
coincides with the engineering fact by analysis. A reasonable method is provided for reliability
analysis which structural system is considered dead load and fatigue failure at the same time.
Fatigue Life Supervision of Aircraft Structures under Corrosive Conditions
Authors: He Yu Ting , Fan Chao Hua , Zhang Heng Xi , Li Feng , Li Hong Peng
Published: March 2009

To consider the corrosive effects on aircraft structural life under natural environments, we
have the calendric life to represent its impact. A new concept of Aircraft Structural Life Envelope
(ASLE) to consider the combined effects of fatigue loads and corrosive conditions is developed and
the sketch of ASLE is presented, then the basic determining methods of ASLE under different
corrosive conditions are obtained too. Finally the linear damage cumulative rules are employed to
analyze the usage of aircraft in different corrosive conditions, and the residual fatigue life and
calendric life of aircraft structures can be predicted and supervised.
Tensile Response and Fracture Process of High-Performance Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites
Authors: Yun Hyun Do , Kim Sun Woo , Cheon Esther
Published: March 2009

Five twisted steel fibers (steel cord, SC) are used to improve the post-cracking behavior
of cement composites. In addition to these steel cord macrofibers, microfibers are used to enhance
the pre- and post-cracking strength and behavior. The three specific hybrid fiber blends pursued in
this investigation are SC and polyethylene (PE), SC and polypropylene (PP) as well as SC and
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. The research results show that SC macrofibers with high ultimate
strain, strength and bond stress can bridge the macrocracks in the matrix. Therefore, cement-based
composites reinforced with SC fibers exhibit a pseudo-strain hardening in tension as a result of the
formation of multiple cracks. The microfibers improved pre-peak mechanical performance, strength,
and fracture process by delaying the formation of a macrocrack. The tensile strength, energy
consumption capacity and ductility of SC macrofibers and high elastic modulus microfiber PE
reinforced cement-based composites are tremendously improved compared to SC macrofibers with
lower elastic modulus microfibers PVA and PP.
The Mechanism Investigation on Propagation and Coalescence Pattern of Three Internal Plane Flaws in Brittle Materials
Authors: Guo Yan Shuang , Zhu Wei Shen , Wong R.H.C. , Li Shu Cai , Lin Chun Jin
Published: March 2009

Under the action of compressive load, the growth and coalescence containing flaws in
brittle materials (rock and rocklike materials e.g.) will result in the local buckling and global
fracture of rockmass. But, the mechanisms on propagation and coalescence of 3-dimensional
internal flaws are not clear till now. We examine brittle fractures of manmade specimens using
frozen casting resin and rocklike material to observe 3D internal flaws growth process at about -30°
C. A team of specimens containing three internal flaws is measured; flaws are made of three
parallel oblong aluminum films. The propagation and coalescence pattern of three internal flaws is
observed under compressive stress. An interesting phenomenon is that the crack initiated from the
second flaw quickly turns to the one induced from the third flaw and forms a bigger fracture plane,
then splits the specimen. It shows that the flaw distribution pattern will greatly affect the flaws
growth and coalescence process. The mechanisms that lead to the wing and anti-wing crack
initiation and coalescence are described.
The Ductile Damage and Fracture Mechanisms Analysis with Random Dispersion Multivoids
Authors: Yu Hai Dong , Lin Zhong Qin , Zhang Ke Shi , Guo Yong Jin
Published: March 2009

The cell model with twenty-five random dispersion voids was employed to analyze the damage and fracture mechanism of the nodular cast iron. The results show that the growth velocity of the voids has obvious difference with each other due to the random dispersion of voids. In the early stage of the deformation, the growth of the voids is mainly determined by the distance of the voids since the triaxiality stress parameter of the matrix around the voids is approximately equal. With the increase of the triaxiality stress parameter of the matrix materials around the void, the evolution velocity of the voids increases quickly. At the same time, this will influence the neighboring voids to grow quickly. The chain reaction of the rapidly increase of voids lead to the final material failure. The results can explain the fracture appearance of the smooth bar specimens under uniaxial tensile load really.
Combination Optimization Design Method of Vibration Isolation and Shock Resistance System
Authors: Zhao Cun Sheng , Zhu Shi Jian
Published: March 2009

The optimization design problem of vibration isolation and shock resistance system is
studied in consideration of acoustical concealment performance and life-force of ships. The
weakness of design method based on continuity is pointed out and combination optimal design
method is brought forward. Then the limiting performance of shock isolation system is analyzed
and two realization methods are discussed. One method is to adopt linear stiffness component with
large damping. The other method is to use multiple linear stiffness components without damping.
Simulation results showed that the optimal loss factor is still 0.4 when the stiffness of shock bumper
is much larger than that of vibration isolator, just the same with that suffering from only shock
loads. Simulation results also showed that limiting performance can be achieved by configuration
optimal design using multiple linear components. The two discussed methods can be used to direct
engineering application.
Interface Shear Strength of Carbon Fiber Mesh (CFM) Attached to RC Surface for External Reinforcing
Authors: Seo Soo Yeon , Yun Hyun Do , Choi Chang Sik , Choi Ki Bong
Published: March 2009

The strengthening of concrete structures in situ with externally bonded carbon fiber is
increasingly being used for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures since carbon fiber has good
mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, good resistances to corrosion, and low self-weight,
which are attractive for retrofitting of RC member. In using Carbon Fiber Mesh (CFM) as a retrofit
material for RC member, most important structural property that should be developed is the bond
strength between RC member and CFM. The additional strength increment by CFM can be developed
if the bond strength is sufficient. If it is not, the strengthening effect can not be expected due to the
bond failure between concrete and CFM.
A direct tensile test was performed in order to find the variation of bond strength and
load-displacement response of CFM attached to the concrete and the result is presented in this paper.
The key parameters of the test are the location of clip for the installation of CFM, number of clips and
thickness of cover mortar. Test results indicate that the bond strength is dependent on the number of
clips and maximized at clip numbers of three per each rod. In specimens without clips, the highest
strength was found in the specimen with cove mortar of 30mm and lowest one in specimen with largest
mortar thickness. This means that in too much thick of cover mortar, it seems that the amount of drying
shrinkage is increased and this reduces rather than improves the bond strength.
Vibration Analysis of Gears with Fatigue Crack in Tooth Root
Authors: Belšak Aleš , Flašker Jože
Published: March 2009

A crack in the tooth root, which often leads to failure in gear unit operation, is the most
undesirable damage caused to gear units. This article deals with fault analyses of gear units with real
damages. Numerical simulations of real operating conditions have been used in relation to the
formation of those damages. A laboratory test plant has been used and a possible damage can be
identified by monitoring vibrations. The influences of defects of a single-stage gear unit upon the
vibrations they produce are presented. Signal analysis has been performed also in concern to a
non-stationary signal, using the Time Frequency Analysis tools. Typical spectrograms, which are the
result of reactions to damages, are a very reliable indication of the presence of damages.
Line Sampling Reliability Analysis for Low Cycle Fatigue Life of Aeronautical Engine Disc Structure
Authors: Song Shu Fang , Lu Zhen Zhou
Published: March 2009

In engineering reliability analysis, the limit state equation is generally implicit and
nonlinear, and large number basic random variables and small failure probability are associated. For
this kind of reliability analysis, a novel numerical simulation is presented based on the combination
of Markov Chain Simulation and line sampling. In the presented method, Markov Chain Simulation
is used to draw samples in the failure domain rapidly, and important direction for the line sampling
is determined by these samples. Then the line sampling technique is employed to take samples
according to the important direction, and failure probability can be evaluated by line sampling with
high efficiency. Comparing to the finite differential method for obtaining the important direction,
higher accuracy and higher robustness of the important direction are obtained by the presented
method. The application in the reliability analysis of low cycle fatigue life of aeronautical engine
turbine disc structure, which is applied by multiple cyclic loads, shows that the presented line
sampling combining with the Markov Chain Simulation is efficient and feasible.
Application of Multifractal to Characterize Microscopic Crack Propagation in Red Sandstone
Authors: Cao Mao Sen , Ren Qing Wen , Qiao Pi Zhong
Published: March 2009

Most of existing studies on rock damage are focused on investigating the macroscopic
stress-strain relationship, and only limited research is available on analyzing the microscopic crack
propagation due to measurement difficulty, cumbersome data reduction procedures, and complexity
of damage in micro-level. In this study, a powerful image-processing program is developed to extract
the microscopic crack distribution from the digital image of microscopic crack status of red sandstone,
and the microscopic crack propagation of red sandstone under single-axial pressure is then evaluated
by the technique of multifractal. It demonstrates that the microscopic crack distribution possesses the
multifractal character, and the capacity dimension of multifractal singular spectrum can be used to
quantitatively characterize the microscopic crack propagation of red sandstone. By comparing the
stress-strain relationship with the one of stress-capacity dimension, the capacity dimension is capable
of acting as a physical quantity to effectively reflect the damage of red sandstone by the means of
characterizing its microscopic crack propagation.
FEM Formulation and Analysis of Elasto-Plastic Stress Singularity
Authors: Attaporn Wisessint , Koguchi Hideo
Published: March 2009

The present study shows a new idea for investigating characteristics of stress singularity
field around a vertex associated with elasto-plastic properties of materials. FEM formulation for
elasto-plastic stress singularity analysis is expressed to investigate an eigenvalue and the intensity of
singularity.The elasto-plastic stress singularity in a flip chip joint was investigated using the FEM
formulation. After that, the possibility of delamination on the flip chip joint was discussed.
Finite Element Analysis of Creep Damage Behavior Near the Cavity on Bimaterial Interface
Authors: Yu Qing Min , Yue Zhu Feng , Liu Yong Shou
Published: March 2009

Fracture along an interface between materials plays a major role in failure of material. In
this investigation, finite element calculations with Kachanov–Rabotnov damage law were carried
out to study the creep damage distribution near the interface cavity in bimaterial specimens. The
specimens with central hole were divided into three types. The material parameters of K-R law used
in this paper were chosen for a brittle material and ductile material. All calculations were performed
under four load cases. Due to the difference between elastic moduli of the bounded materials, the
elastic stress field as a function of the Young’s modulus ratio (R=E1/E2) was determined. At the
same time, the influence of model type on elastic stress distribution near the cavity was considered.
Under the same conditions, the material with larger modulus is subjected to larger stress. The creep
damage calculations show that the location of the maximum damage is different for each model.
The distributions of creep damage for all three models are dependent on the material properties and
load cases.
The Effect of Imperfect Inner Interface on the Stress Fields of Three-Phase Composite Materials
Authors: Zhang Mei , Zhai Peng Cheng , Tong Jin Zhang , Zhang Jiang Tao
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the effect of imperfect inner interface on the stress fields in the coated
inclusion composite is investigated, the spring-layer of vanishing thickness model is introduced to
simulate the imperfect interface, assuming that across the interface between the inclusion and the
coating the interfacial traction is continuous while displacement discontinuities are permitted
through interfacial traction-displacement jump relations. Numerical examples corresponding to the
composites containing single coated spherical and fibrous inclusion, respectively, under shear
loading at infinity, are calculated, which indicate that the imperfect inner interfaces have
significant effect on stress fields of the composites.
Shear Failure Analysis of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Newly Developed GFRP Stirrups
Authors: Park Cheol Woo , Sim Jong Sung
Published: March 2009

Even though the application of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) as a concrete
reinforcement becomes more common with various advantages, one of the inherent shortcomings
may include its brittleness and on-site fabrication and handling. Therefore, the shape of FRP
products has been limited only to a straight bar or sheet type. This study suggests a new technique
to use glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars for the shear reinforcement in concrete beams,
and investigates its applicability. The developed GFRP stirrup was used in the concrete instead of
ordinary steel stirrups. The experimental program herein evaluates the effectiveness of the GFRP
stirrups with respect to different shear reinforcing ratios under three different shear span-to-depth
testing schemes. At the same shear reinforcing ratio, the ultimate loads of the beams were similar
regardless the shear reinforcing materials. Once a major crack occurs in concrete, however, the
failure modes seemed to be relatively brittle with GFRP stirrups. From the measured strains on the
surface of concrete, the shear stresses sustained by the stirrups were calculated and the efficiency of
the GFRP stirrups was shown to be 91% to 106% depending on the shear span-to-depth ratio.
Development of Laser Dresser for Resin Bonded Diamond Wheel
Authors: Matsuura Hiroshi , Hane Kazuhiro , Kunieda Yasuhiro , Yoshihara Nobuhito , Yan Ji Wang , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto
Published: March 2009

The state of the wheel surface after dressing is important for processing of a surface to
the nano-order level. A laser dresser was developed using ultraviolet (UV) laser light, which
imparts no mechanical damage to the resin bond. One feature of this system is that UV laser energy
is transmitted by a special optical fiber for UV light, and is transmitted only to the resin bond. Using
this newly developed laser dresser, it was possible to ablate the resin bond to a depth of over 2
microns using a fiber with a core diameter of 200 microns.
Design of Completely Inserted and Feeding Electrode for Female Screw in Electrochemical Finishing
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

This study discusses electrochemical finishing of female screw using different types of
completely inserted electrodes as well as feeding electrodes for die material. In the experiment, four
types of design electrode are completely inserted and put through both continuous and pulse direct
current and another four types of electrode are used with the application of continuous direct current
and axial electrode feed. The controlled factors include the chemical composition and the
concentration of the electrolyte, the electrolyte temperature, the flow rate of electrolyte, rotational
speed of the electrode, current density, and current rating. The parameters are electrolytic time, die
material, pulse period, feed rate of the electrode, and electrode geometry. For inserted electrodes, an
electrode with thin plate provides more sufficient discharge space, which is advantageous for
polishing. The electrode of single plate performs better than the double plate. Pulse direct current
can promote the effect of electrochemical finishing, but the machining time is longer and the cost is
raised. For feeding electrodes, an electrode of one side borer tip and thinner heavy section performs
the best polishing effect in the current investigation. The electrochemical finishing after screw
cutting just needs quite short time to make the surface of female screw smoothing and bright.
Development of Effective Magnetic Deburring Method for a Drilled Hole on the Inside of Tubing Using a Magnetic Machining Jig
Authors: Zou Yan Hua , Shinmura Takeo
Published: March 2009

A new magnetic deburring method for a drilled hole on the inside of tubing is proposed in
this study. This internal deburring method applies the magnetic field assisted machining process by
using a magnetic machining jig (permanent magnet tool). In this research, we examined
experimentally the deburring of a drilled hole on the inside of SUS304 stainless steel tubing. A
processing unit and magnetic machining jig were made, and the processing unit was set on a lathe
machine. The deburring experiment was performed for a drill hole 3 mm in diameter. The results
showed that the internal burr could be removed using this magnetic deburring process and the height
of the burr could be successfully decreased from 163 μm to 1 μm. Thus, it was proved that this
magnetic deburring method was effective for the internal deburring of long tubing.
Investigation on 4-Body Finishing Technology with Polishing Paste
Authors: Zhou Wen Jun , Tani Yasuhiro
Published: March 2009

A new concept of finishing technology, Multi-Body Finishing (MBF), is proposed to
broaden the concept of Polymer Particles Assisted Polishing (POPAP, named also as 4-body
finishing). In this paper, a new 4-body finishing technology is developed, in which paste dispersion
medium is used and fine polymer particles are introduced as the 4th body to extinguish the microscratches
and improve the dispersion stability of the polishing paste. It is verified that both high
removal rate and high dispersion stability, compared to the conventional paste, can be obtained by
using the new paste in which the low viscosity base agent is used and the media particles
considerably finer than the abrasives are added.
Improvement of Machining Accuracy in Micro Cylindrical Traverse Grinding
Authors: Ohashi Kazuhito , He Gui Fu , Tsukamoto Shinya
Published: March 2009

The elastic deformation of workpiece acted by grinding force is so large as to make the
low machining efficiency and accuracy in the cylindrical grinding of micro parts of which the stiffness
is extremely small because of their small diameter. In this study, the perpendicular axis type
cylindrical traverse grinding is proposed for the manufacture of micro parts, and the undeformed chip
shape in the grinding process is investigated comparing with that in the parallel axis type traverse
grinding using generally for manufacture of over small-sized parts. The surface finish and the form
accuracy of workpiece by the perpendicular axis type grinding are finer than those by the parallel axis
type grinding with the developed micro cylindrical grinding machine.
Theoretical Analysis and Simulation of Airflow of Super High-Speed Grinding Wheel
Authors: Gong Ya Dong , Li H. , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

The airflow field of super-high speed grinding was analyzed in the paper and the method
of computing and analyzing the distribution of the field has been brought forward by applying
boundary layer theory. Adopting the method of finite element, the model of airflow field in the 3-D
grinding zone has been built up by using software; the solving strategy and the boundary conditions
has been defined, where artificial viscosity coefficient in the repetitive and continuous analysis and
the method by applying inertia relaxation have been discussed, which helped to revolve stability.
The results of simulation was given and analyzed, which can be validated with experiment by using
the equipment of PIV (particle image of velocity).
Abrasion Performances of Stainless Steel/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Friction Material
Authors: Fu Hua , Liao Bo , Sun Bao Chen , Liu Ai Ping , Qi Fang Juan , Ding Zhan Lai
Published: March 2009

A semi-metallic stainless steel/carbon fiber reinforced PEEK-based friction material
was developed in this paper. The composite was PEEK 19.63wt%, stainless steel fiber 7.57 wt%,
carbon fiber 10.97 wt%, cashew 6.51 wt% and fillers 55.33%. The molding process was blending
for about 30 seconds at higher speed, pre-heating at the temperature of 80 for 30min, molding at
320 and pressure 35Mpa for 3min/mm, then post-curing at the temperature of 80 for 30min ,
150 for 30min270 for 30min320 for 180min. The results of abrasion test showed that
the developed material N3 had higher and steady friction coefficient and low abrasion value. The
SEM morphology study showed that the wear mechanism was particle abrasion at low temperature
but adherence abrasion as well as particle abrasion occurred at higher temperature. The cohesive
strength of the composite and the heat-resistant property of resin matrix were the key factors
affected wear loss. The abrasion depended on the strength of transformed films and matrix.
Study on the Formation of Grind-Hardening of Steel AISI 1066
Authors: Liu Ju Dong , Wang Gui Cheng , Wang B.L. , Chen K.M.
Published: March 2009

Grind-hardening was done on Steel AISI 1066 with a conventional surface grinder and a corundum grinding wheel, and research was conducted to probe into structures and properties of the hardened layer under varied depth of cut and cooling conditions. Results show that the hardened layer do not change noticeably in their martensitic structures and micro-hardness, which is ranged between 810870HV; But when the depth of cut increased or the dry grinding technique is adopted, the concentration of martensites and carbonides becomes lower, while the amount of residual austenites increases, and the completely hardened zone gets thicker. This conclusion serves as an experimental basis for the active control of properties of the grind-hardened layer of Steel AISI 1066.
A Study on Optimum Condition of Centerless Grinding Machine for Ferrule Using Taguchi Method and Response Surface Method
Authors: Lee Eun Sang , Lee Jung Hyung
Published: March 2009

The surface roughness in centerless grinding is mainly affected by the many process
parameters. For decreasing the surface roughness, the control of grinding parameters is very
important. This paper deal with the analysis of the process parameters such as height of centers,
tilting angle of the regulating wheel, speed of the regulating wheel, developed based on Taguchi
method and response surface method. The effect of grinding parameters on the surface roughness
was evaluated the utilization of the response surface model was evaluated with constraints of the
surface roughness.
Effect Of HA/TCP Biphasic Ceramic on Osteoinduction
Authors: Lu Bing , Lu Xiao Feng , Li Sheng Fu , Liu Zhong Qian
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of HA/TCP biphasic ceramic on osteoinduction. HA/TCP ceramic cylinders with Φ8mm*10mm were prepared. The cylinder materials were stained by the calcein and alizarin red respectively, which were implanted into pigs’ dorsal muscle. The samples were harvested at 1, 2 and 3 month post-implantation. At 3 month post-implantation, the new bone tissues were observed in the inner pores of cylinders, which were stained by calcein or alizarin red at the same time, it was also found that the osteoblast in the margin of new bony tissue were stained by calcein and alizarin red. This result indicated that HA/TCP biphasic ceramic are osteoinductive in muscles of pigs, and participate in the process of new bone formation and calcification.
Apatite-Forming Ability of Polymer Substrates Irradiated by Oxygen Cluster Ion Beams
Authors: Masakazu Kawashita , Itoh Satomi , Miyamoto Kazunori , Araki Rei , Takaoka Gikan H.
Published: March 2009

Polyethylene (PE) substrates were irradiated at a dose of 1×1015 ions·cm−2 by the
simultaneous use of oxygen (O2) cluster and monomer ion beams. The acceleration voltage for the
ion beams was 7 kV. Unirradiated and irradiated PE substrates were soaked in simulated body fluid
with ion concentrations 1.5 times of those of human blood plasma (1.5SBF) for 7 days. The irradiated
PE substrate formed apatite on its surface, whereas unirradiated one did not form it. This is attributed
to the formation of functional groups effective for apatite nucleation, such as COOH groups, on the
substrate surface by the simultaneous use of O2 cluster and monomer ion beams. In addition, the
apatite-forming ability of the irradiated substrate was improved by the subsequent CaCl2 treatment.
This suggests that Ca2+ ions present on the substrate surface accelerated the apatite deposition. We
can conclude that apatite-forming ability can be induced on surface of polyethylene by the
simultaneous use of O2 cluster and monomer ion beams.
Study on the Chondrogenesis In Vivo of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Compounded with Alginate Gel
Authors: Liu Lei , Chen Run Liang , Li Cai , Tian Wei Dong , Li Sheng Wei
Published: March 2009

The cartilage tissue engineering is an inspiring and profitable way for the reconstruction of
cartilage defects, but it has been hampered by two large obstacles: how to get qualified seed cells and
credible scaffold. This study aimed to evaluate the chondrogenic potential of rat bone marrow stromal
cells (BMSCs) by loading them on alginate gel. In this study, the compounds of SD rat BMSCs and
alginate gel were injected on the dorsum of rats subcutaneously. The implantations were harvested
and examined by histological and immunohistochemical examination, in situ hybridization and
transmission electron microscopy at different time points after the operations. The results showed that
the compounds of BMSCs and alginate gel are promising for cartilage tissue engineering
applications.
Characteristic Properties of a New Dispersion Ceramic
Authors: Begand Sabine , Oberbach Thomas , Glien Wilfried
Published: March 2009

The ceramic materials Al2O3 and ZrO2 proved successful in hip joint endoprosthetics for more than 20 years. The advantages of these materials are to be found in particular with the very good properties like biocompatibility and wear resistance; thus, they are clearly ahead of conventional materials like metal or PE. The increasing requirements regarding implants can only be realised by means of improvement of the used materials. That is why we surveyed utilisation of new dispersion ceramics consisting of Al2O3 and ZrO2. The first tests were aimed at characterisation of the material regarding material features and measurement of burst load at the hip joint heads. The results showed that both bending strength and burst load of the components could be significantly improved. Thus, the new ZTA dispersion ceramic is perfectly suitable for use with joint endoprosthetics.
Studies on Cadmium Uptake by Hydroxyapatite
Authors: da Rocha Nilce C.C. , Mavropoulos Elena , Prado da Silva Marcelo Henrique , Campos R. C. de , Rossi Antonella M.
Published: March 2009

Cadmium uptake by hydroxyapatite from aqueous solution was studied in time intervals between 2 minutes and 96 hours, using different Cd2+ concentrations (21 to 768 mg L-1). The solution pH after Cd2+ uptake was assessed. Dissolution experiments at fixed pH were performed in order to evaluate the ion exchange process. Cd2+sorption by hydroxyapatite is fast and it happens simultaneously by different mechanisms. Ion exchange is the main mechanism, where mechanism Cd2+ present in aqueous solution replaces Ca2+ from hydroxyapatite structure.
Guiding Bone Regeneration with a Novel Biodegradable Polymeric Membrane and Bioceramic Bone Grafts around Dental Implants
Authors: Li L. , Bao C.Y. , Ou Guo Min , Chen W.C. , Zhang X.J. , Yang D.Y. , Wang Q. , Sun L.Y. , Xiong C.D.
Published: March 2009

The aim of this study is to evaluate treatment effects of novel GBR membranes (PDLLA membranes) applied to bony defects around dental implants on new bone regeneration alone or in combination with bioceramic bone graft (BIO-OSS®) on the mongrel dog model in comparison with collagen membrane (BIO-GIDE®) and therefore to assess the clinical values of the novel GBR membranes and bioceramic bone graft material in dental implantology. 6 implants were placed in bilateral mandibular of each mongrel dog after preparation of mid- crestal defects. The defects on one side were covered with PDLLA membranes alone or with bone graft, while the contra-lateral sides received collagen membranes alone or with bone graft. These animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8,12 weeks post the GBR-operation. And gross sample examination, standardized radiographs, 99mTc-MDP SPECT and histomorphometric analysis were taken. All examinations showed similar amounts of newly formed bone beneath both types of barriers. The PDLLA or collagen membrane with bone graft groups showed better results than the membrane used alone groups. The results indicated that PDLLA membranes especially with bioceramic bone graft presented an improved response in dealing with bony defects around implants.
Influence of Solvent Polarity on Synthesis of Beta - Tricalcium Phosphate
Authors: Deng Xu Liang , Luo Yong Ming , Xu M. M. , Hu X. Y.
Published: March 2009

Beta tricalcium phosphate (β - TCP) has been synthesized at relatively low temperature. The reaction product has been characterized by XRD, FT-IR and TEM. It is found that the polarity of synthesis media plays an important role in the formation of β - TCP crystal phase. In light of XRD, FT-IR and TEM results, the difference of reaction product between high and low polarity synthesis media might be attributed to carbonate groups, which might suppress the phase transformation process.
The Effect of Different Ratios of Zeolite Content in the Phosphate-Bonded Investment on Surface Roughness and Dimensional Change of the Casting
Authors: Ari N. , Ozyegin L.S. , Kazasoglu E. , Calikkocaoglu S.
Published: March 2009

In this study, 2.5-10 weight % natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was added into phosphate
bonded- investment in consideration of its molecular sieve property. Before casting, thicknesses of
specimens were measured in 50 x magnifying stereo microscope. Average surface roughness (Ra)
was measured. The first group was assigned as control and no zeolite addition was performed. In
the second group, 2.5%, in the third group 5%, in the fourth group 7.5% and in the fifth group 10%
zeolite by weight was added to investment powder. According to our study, volumetric increase was
determined in each group. The highest increase was observed in the second group with 1.87%. The
lowest one was observed in the fifth group with 1.03%. The lowest surface roughness was
determined in the second group with 4.41.m. Although surface roughness and volumetric change
values demonstrated differences, the change between groups could not reach statistical significance.
It can be concluded that zeolite can be added to phosphate-bonded investment in order to decrease
surface roughness and dimensional change of casting.