bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decrease of Carbonation, Sulfate and Chloride Ingress due to the Substitution of Cement by 10% of Non Calcined Bentonite
Authors: Andrade Carmen , Martínez-Serrano Ana , Sanjuán Miguel Ángel , Tenorio Ríos José Antonio
Published: February 2021

Clinker production is being reduced worldwide in response to the need to drastically lower greenhouse gas emissions. The trend began in the nineteen seventies with the advent of mineral additions to replace clinker. Blast furnace slag and fly ash, industrial by-products that were being stockpiled in waste heaps at the time, have not commonly been included in cements. Supply of these additions is no longer guaranteed, however, due to restrained activity in the source industries for the same reasons as in clinker production. The search is consequently on for other additions that may lower pollutant gas emissions without altering cement performance. In this research bentonite, a very common clay, was used as such an addition directly, with no need for pre-calcination, an still novel approach that has gone little explored to date for reinforced concrete with structural applications. The results of the mechanical strength and chemical resistance (to sulfates, carbonation and chlorides) tests conducted are promising. The carbonation findings proved to be of particular interest, for that is the area where cement with mineral additions tend to be least effective. In the bentonite-bearing material analysed here, however, carbonation resistance was found to be low as or lower than observed in plain Portland cement.
Innovación docente en estudios de patrimonio: clase invertida y creación de contenidos multimedia en el Grado de Historia del Arte de la Universidad de Oviedo
Authors: Fernández García Noelia , García Cuetos María Pilar
Published: February 2021

Este trabajo recoge los objetivos, desarrollo, resultados y conclusiones del proyecto de innovación docente “La clase inversa y el podcast como herramientas de aprendizaje colaborativo en las asignaturas de Historia de la Conservación y Restauración del Patrimonio Histórico-Artístico y Gestión y legislación del Patrimonio Histórico-Artístico (Grado de Historia del Arte)” desarrollado en el Departamento de Historia del Arte y Musicología de la Universidad de Oviedo durante el primer semestre del curso 2019-2020.

A partir del método de la clase inversa y el manejo de las TICs se ha conseguido no sólo una mejora en los resultados de evaluación en ambas asignaturas y un aumento en las competencias relativas a las herramientas audiovisuales, muy ventajosas en la futura profesionalización del alumnado, sino también una mayor participación del mismo en su proceso de aprendizaje y en el trabajo colectivo. No obstante, la valoración final de los resultados del proyecto, por parte de alumnado y docentes, indica la necesidad de ajustar estas iniciativas a la realidad académica y la carga de trabajo que suponen.
Computational Investigation on Interactions Between Some Munitions Compounds and Humic Substances
Authors: Schutt Timothy C. , Shukla Manoj K.
Published: February 2021

Humic acid substances (HAs) in natural soil and sediment environments effect the retention and degradation of insensitive munitions compounds and legacy high explosives (MCs): DNAN, DNi- NH4+, nMNA, NQ, NTO (neutral and anionic forms), TNT, and RDX.A humic acid model compound has been considered using molecular dynamics, thermodynamic integration, and density functional theory to characterize the munition binding ability, ionization potential, and electron affinity compared to that in the water solution. Humic acids bind most compounds and act as both a sink and source for electrons. Ionization potentials suggest HAs are more susceptible to oxidation than the MCs studied. The electron affinity of HAs are very conformation-dependent and spans the same range as the munition compounds. When HAs and MCs are complexed the HAs tend to radicalize first thus buffering MCs against reductive as well as oxidative attacks.
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Cell-derived Cytokines Are Early Markers of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Severe Obesity
Authors: D'Esposito Vittoria , Ambrosio Maria Rosaria , Liguoro Domenico , Perruolo Giuseppe , Lecce Manuela , Cabaro Serena , Aprile Marianna , Marino Ada , Pilone Vincenzo , Forestieri Pietro , Miele Claudia , Bruzzese Dario , Terracciano Daniela , Beguinot Francesco , Formisano Pietro
Published: February 2021

Background
Excessive adiposity provides an inflammatory environment. However, in people with severe obesity, how systemic and local adipose tissue (AT)-derived cytokines contribute to worsening glucose tolerance is not clear.
Methods
92 severely obese (SO) individuals undergoing bariatric surgery were enrolled and subjected to detailed clinical phenotyping. Following an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, participants were included in three groups, based on the presence of normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Serum and subcutaneous AT (SAT) biopsies were obtained and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) were isolated, characterized and differentiated in adipocytes in vitro. TNFA and PPARG mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR. Circulating, adipocyte- and MSC-released cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were assessed by multiplex ELISA.
Results
Serum levels of IL-9, IL-13 and MIP-1β were increased in SO individuals with T2D, as compared with those with either IGT or NGT. At variance, SAT samples obtained from SO individuals with IGT displayed levels of TNFA which were 3-fold higher compared to those with NGT, but not different from those with T2D. Elevated levels of TNFα were also found in differentiated adipocytes, isolated from the SAT specimens of individuals with IGT and T2D, compared to those with NGT. Consistent with the pro-inflammatory milieu, IL-1β and IP-10 secretion was significantly higher in adipocytes from individuals with IGT and T2D. Moreover, increased levels of TNFα, both mRNA and secreted protein, were detected in MSCs obtained from IGT and T2D, compared to NGT SO individuals. Exposure of T2D and IGT–derived MSCs to quercetin reduced TNFα levels and was paralleled by a significant decrease of the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
Conclusion
In severe obesity, enhanced SAT-derived inflammatory phenotype is an early step in the progression toward T2D and may be, at least in part, attenuated by quercetin.
Title: The Effectiveness of Participant Blinding of Non-Penetrating Sham/Placebo Acupuncture in Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gan Yee Hung , Saint Nway Aye , Sin Yen Suan
Published: February 2021

Background: Acupuncture clinical trial is important to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture. However, it is challenging to achieve effective blinding due to the nature of acupuncture. A standardised placebo control method of acupuncture has yet to be established. The study focuses on the non-penetrating sham acupuncture because it eliminates the placebo effect and generates lesser physiological responses. The study aims to evaluate and compare the participant blinding effectiveness of non-penetrating sham acupuncture devices, and analyse the factors which may influence the participant blinding.Methods: The study followed the PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Ovid and CNKI up until 1st of October 2020 to include English and Chinese randomised controlled trials which evaluated the awareness on the type of acupuncture (real or sham) in any population who received acupuncture. Data screening, data extraction and quality assessment were done independently by two researchers and discrepancies were sorted out via discussion with a co-researcher. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1.Results: 34 full-text articles had been included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The quality of the studies ranged from moderate to good. Generally, non-penetrating sham acupuncture devices were effective in blinding participants in clinical trials. The foam device demonstrated a better blinding effect, followed by Streitberger, Park and Takakura devices. Sham needles with no skin contact could not blind the participants successfully. Naive, experienced, healthy and diseased participants all could be blinded using non-penetrating sham acupuncture devices but naive and healthy participants could be blinded comparatively easily. Acupoints from different regions could achieve blinding, however, the acupoints on the back could blind the participants more easily compared to the other areas.Conclusion: Non-penetrating sham acupuncture devices are valid placebo control for acupuncture clinical trials. The foam device has a better blinding effect, followed by Streitberger, Park and Takakura devices. Recruiting naive healthy participants and choosing acupoints from the back can achieve better blinding effects in the participants.
Perinatal outcomes following immediate delivery or expectant management of preterm premature rupture of membranes during the late preterm period
Authors: Kwon Hayan , Kang Suk Ho , Ko Hyun Sun , Kwon Ja Young , Kwon Han-sung , Oh Kyung Joon , Oh Minkyung , Oh Soo-young , Lee Mi-Young , Choi Soo Ran , Han You Jung , Sul Ah-Ram , Jung Youjin , Kim Jimin , Park Ji Jeong , Lee Jayoun , Kim Young Nam , Yang Jeong In
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study is to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes following immediate delivery or expectant management of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) during the late preterm period at 34+ 0–36+ 6 weeks of pregnancy. We conducted a retrospective study on singleton pregnancies with PPROM during the late preterm period using medical records at twelve tertiary medical centres in Korea from January 2007 to December 2016. Data on demographic characteristics and outcome measures were collected. The primary outcomes were maternal sepsis for maternal outcome and neonatal sepsis and neonatal death for neonatal outcomes. Of the 1,072 women, 782 cases (72.9%) were assigned to the immediate delivery group, and 290 cases (27.1%) were categorized into the expectant management group. There was a significant difference in the rate of clinical neonatal sepsis (immediate delivery, 3.8% vs expectant management, 15.8%; p < 0.0001), however, no differences in maternal sepsis (p = 0.5424), culture-proven neonatal sepsis (p = 0.2108), or neonatal death (p = 0.3899) were observed. In conclusion, expectant management in women with PPROM during the late preterm period does not increase the risk of severe maternal and neonatal morbidities and mortality; however, careful monitoring for chorioamnionitis or fetal compromise should be considered during expectant management.
Assessment of Liver Fibrosis by Transient Elastography in Children with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Xu Zhiqiang , Zhao Jinfang , Liu Jiaye , Dong Yi , Wang Fuchuan , Yan Jianguo , Cao Lili , Wang Pu , Li Aiqin , Li Jing , Zhu Shishu , Zhong Yanwei , Zhang Min , Wang Fu-sheng
Published: February 2021

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of transient elastography (TE) by comparing liver biopsies to assess liver fibrosis in children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Methods: A total of 157 CHB children aged 0 - 6 years in China were enrolled in this single-center prospective study. All patients underwent liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by TE and liver biopsy at an interval of less than a week. Results: LSM, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-platelet ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4) positively correlated with activity grade and fibrosis stage in children with CHB. The area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of LSM for identifying significant (F ≥ 2) and advanced fibrosis (F ≥ 3) were 0.732 and 0.94, the cut-off values were 5.6 kPa and 6.9 kPa, specificity of 75.7% and 91.5%, and sensitivity of 67.4% and 81.3%, respectively. Compared to LSM, the overall diagnostic performance of APRI and FIB-4 for significant and advanced fibrosis was suboptimal with low AUCs and sensitivity. Since LSM, platelet, and Log10HBsAg were independent factors with the fibrosis stages (F < 2 and F ≥ 2) on the liver biopsy, the LPS index was formulated to predict F ≥ 2 by combining LSM, platelet, and Log10HBsAg. The AUC of LPS for F ≥ 2 was increased to 0.792, which was higher than that of LSM (0.732, p < 0.05), with an improved sensitivity (76.6% vs 67.4%).Conclusions: TE represents a promising technology for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in CHB children aged 0 - 6 years.
Prevalence of hypogammaglobulinemia and its management with subcutaneous immunoglobulin supplementation in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation- a single-center analysis
Authors: Karakulska-Prystupiuk Ewa Marta , Dwilewicz-Trojaczek Jadwiga , Drozd-Sokołowska Joanna , Kmin Ewelina , Chlebus Marcin , Szczypińska Karolina , Boguradzki Piotr , Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Mądry Krzysztof , Bilinski Jarosław , Basak Grzegorz Władysław , Jędrzejczak Wiesław Wiktor
Published: February 2021

PURPOSE Secondary immunodeficiencies are frequently observed after allo-HSCT. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and management of hypogammaglobulinemia requiring immunoglobulin.METHODS A retrospective single-institution study involved 126 adult patients transplanted in 2012–2019 for hematological malignancies. Patients were tested every 2–3 weeks for plasma IgG concentration during the 1st year after transplantation and supplemented with facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin when they met pre-defined criteria.RESULTS The IgG concentration < 500mg/dL was diagnosed in 41 patients, while 500700mg/dL in 25 and altogether 53 patients required IgG supplementation. The median number of IgG administrations was 2. The median time to the first IgG administration after allo-HSCT was 4.1 months, while to the next administration (if more than one was required)- 53 days (prophylactic group) and 32 days(group with infections). We did not observe any significant toxicity. The 1-y overall survival in the supplemented group with infections and IgG 500-700mg/dL was significantly lower than compared to no-need immunoglobulin group (p = 0.009). The diagnosis with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and the use of systemic corticosteroids were associated with the average probability of hypogammaglobulinemia requiring IgG supplementation in 83.8% (versus 39.3%, p = 0.000 for other diagnosis) and 64.2% (versus 31.5%, p = 0.005 for patients without systemic corticosteroids) respectively.CONCLUSION Over 40% of the adult recipients may require at least incidental immunoglobulin supplementation during the first year after allo-HSCT. Low IgG concentrations are associated with inferior outcomes. The subcutaneous route of IgG administration appeared to be safe and may allow for long persistence.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy as a Salvage Treatment for Single Viable Hepatocellular Carcinoma at the Site of Incomplete Transarterial Chemoembolization
Authors: Lee Sumin , Jung Jinhong , Park Jin-hong , Kim So Yeon , Choi Jonggi , Lee Danbi , Shim Ju Hyun , Kim Kang Mo , Lim Young-Suk , Lee Han Chu , Park Hee Hyun , Kim Jong Hoon , Yoon Sang Min
Published: February 2021

Background: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients who received stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for single viable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the site of incomplete transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).Methods: Incomplete TACE was defined as (1) evidence of viable HCC at the site of TACE on follow-up images following one or more consecutive TACEs, (2) no definite tumor staining on celiac angiogram, or (3) no definite iodized oil uptake on post-embolization angiogram or computed tomography. A total of 302 patients were treated between 2012 and 2017 at Asan Medical Center (Seoul, South Korea). Doses of 10–15 Gy per fraction were given over 3–4 consecutive days. Treatment-related adverse events were evaluated according to the common terminology criteria for adverse events, version 4.03.Results: The median follow-up duration was 32.9 months (interquartile range [IQR], 23.6–41.7) and the median tumor size was 2.0 cm (range, 0.7–6.9). The local control (LC) and overall survival rates at 3 years were 91.2% and 72.7%, respectively. 95.4% of the tumors reached complete response (CR) during the entire follow-up period (anyCR). The median interval from SBRT to anyCR was 3.4 months (IQR, 1.9–4.7), and 39.9% and 83.3% of the lesions reached CR at 3- and 6-months after SBRT, respectively. Radiation-induced liver disease was observed in 8 (2.6%) patients. No patients experienced gastroduodenal bleeding within the radiation field.Conclusion: SBRT should be considered a feasible salvage treatment option for HCC after incomplete TACE.
Laser-assisted Preparation of C3N4/Fe2O3/Au Nanocomposite: A Magnetic Reusable Catalyst for Pollutant Degradation
Authors: Nasri Atefeh , Nezafat Zahra , Jaleh Babak , Orooji Yasin , Varma Rajender S.
Published: February 2021

Assorted common contaminants namely organic dyes and nitro compounds are generated by various industries and have caused alarming problems for the environment and humans. The development of effective and newer methods to eliminate these contaminants is imperative. One effective way to eliminate these pollutants is to deploy sustainable heterogeneous catalyst systems. Accordingly, a novel and efficient magnetic nanocomposite catalyst comprising graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), gold (Au), and hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (C3N4/Fe2O3/Au) is prepared through a cost-effective and green method. The individual components, g-C3N4 and Au nanoparticles (NPs), are prepared via thermal decomposition of urea and laser ablation in liquid (LAL), respectively. The behavior of C3N4/Fe2O3/Au nanocomposite as a catalyst for the borohydride reduction of methyl orange (MO) dye and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in aqueous solution is illustrated.
Real-World Clinical Performance of the Abbott Panbio with Nasopharyngeal, Throat and Saliva Swabs Among Symptomatic Individuals with COVID-19
Authors: Stokes William , Berenger Byron M. , Portnoy Danielle , Scott Brittney , Szelewicki Jonas , Singh Takshveer , Venner Allison A. , Turnbull LeeAnn , Pabbaraju Kanti , Shokoples Sandy , Wong Anita A. , Gill Kara , Guttridge Tracy , Proctor Dustin , Hu Jia , Tipples Graham
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND
Point of Care SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests, such as the Abbott Panbio, have great potential to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. The Panbio is Health Canada approved for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic individuals within the first 7 days of COVID-19 symptom onset(s).
METHODS
Symptomatic adults recently diagnosed with COVID-19 in the community were recruited into the study. Paired nasopharyngeal (NP), throat, and saliva swabs were collected, with one paired swab tested immediately with the Panbio, and the other transported in universal transport media and tested using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We also prospectively evaluated results from assessment centres. For those individuals, an NP swab was collected for Panbio testing and paired with RT-PCR results from parallel NP or throat swabs.
RESULTS
145 individuals were included in the study. Collection of throat and saliva was stopped early due to poorer performance (throat sensitivity 57.7%, n = 61, and saliva sensitivity 2.6%, n = 41). NP swab sensitivity was 87.7% [n = 145, 95% confidence interval (CI) 81.0% − 92.7%]. There were 1,641 symptomatic individuals tested by Panbio in assessment centres, with 268/1641 (16.3%) positive for SARS-CoV-2. There were 37 false negatives and 2 false positives, corresponding to a sensitivity and specificity of 86.1% [95% CI 81.3% − 90.0%] and 99.9% [95% CI 99.5% − 100.0%], respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The Panbio test reliably detects most cases of SARS-CoV-2 from adults in the community setting presenting within 7 days of symptom onset using nasopharyngeal swabs. Throat and saliva swabs are not reliable specimens for the Panbio.
Fto in the hippocampus mediates depression-like behaviors
Authors: Liu Shu , Xiu Jianbo , Zhu Caiyun , Li Chen , Meng Kexin , Du Tingfu , Han Rongrong , Li Lanlan , Xu Lingdan , Shen Yan , Xu Qi
Published: February 2021

Dynamic and reversible RNA methylation has emerged as a new layer of epigenetic regulation of behaviors such as learning and memory; however, whether RNA methylation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of depression is unclear. Here, we report that expression of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO), a primary RNA demethylase, is downregulated in the hippocampi of both major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and mouse models of depression. Suppressing Fto expression in the hippocampus induces depression-like behaviors in mice, while elevating its expression leads to antidepressant effects. Epitranscriptomic profiling of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation in the hippocampi of Fto knockdown (KD), Fto knockout (cKO), and Fto-overexpressing (OE) mice identified adrenoceptor beta 2 (Adrb2) mRNA as a target of Fto. Adrb2 stimulation reverses the depression-like behaviors and spine loss induced by hippocampal Fto deficiency, possibly via the modulation of hippocampal Sirt1 expression by c-Myc. These findings reveal that Fto in the hippocampus mediates depression-like behaviors and highlight the importance of reversible RNA methylation in driving depression.
Study on The Effect of Different Type of Sugar on Lipid Deposition in Goose Fatty Liver
Authors: Wei Rongxue , Deng Donghang , Teng Yongqiang , Lu Cangcang , Luo Zhaoyun , Abdulai Mariama , Liu Hehe , Xu Hongyong , Li Liang , Hu Shengqiang , Hu Jiwei , Wei Shouhai , Han Chunchun
Published: February 2021

Backgroud: Early research in our lab is indicated that the effect of glucose, fructose and sucrose on the levels of triacylglycerol and inflammatory factor was significantly different, and it is speculated that the regulatory mechanism of lipid deposition by different type of sugar in the liver is different. Methods: In order to explore lipid deposition difference mediated by different type of sugar (glucos, fructose and sucrose) in goose fatty liver formation, this experiment was performed from cell culture, overfeeding experiment and transcriptome analysis three level. Results: Cell culture experiment results indicated that the levels of intracellular triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO) and lipid content of fructose treatment and sucrose treatment were significantly higher than those of glucose treatment (P < 0.05). In slaughter performance, the liver weight, the ratio of liver weight to body weight, feed conversion ratio (liver weight / feed consumption ) were better in sucrose overfeeding group (P < 0.05). In addition, the liver of the sucrose overfeeding group contained a lot of unsaturated fatty acids, especially (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA ) (P < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis shown that the PPAR signaling pathway is highly enriched in the fructose and sucrose overfeeding groups; cell cycle and DNA replication pathways were highly enriched in the glucose overfeeding group. Conclusions: Due to lipids outward transportation decrease and anti-imflammation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), thereby, fructose and sucrose hve better ability to induce steatosis in foie gras formation.
Lower serum bilirubin is associated with poor renal outcome in IgA nephropathy patients: A retrospective study
Authors: Jiang Zheng , Tan Jiaxing , Wang Siqing , Dong Lingqiu , Han Xin , Tang Yi , Qin Wei
Published: February 2021

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. It is meaningful to identify risk factors related to the development of IgAN. We conducted this study to explore the relationship between serum bilirubin and renal outcome of patients with IgAN.Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 1492 biopsy proven IgAN patients were recruited and divided into two groups according to their median baseline serum bilirubin concentration: the low bilirubin group (serum bilirubin≤9.7umol/L, n=753) and high bilirubin group (serum bilirubin>9.7umol/L, n=739). Basic clinical characteristics were assessed at the time of renal biopsy and the relationships between serum bilirubin and the combined endpoints were analyzed. In addition, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to improve balance and simulate randomization between patients in different groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was applied to explore the role of serum bilirubin in the progression of IgAN. Three models (including demographic, clinical, pathological features and serum bilirubin) of multivariate Cox regression analysis were established to evaluate the association of serum bilirubin and renal prognosis of IgAN.Results: During median 5-year follow-up period, significant differences were shown in Kaplan-Meier analysis. In the unmatched group, 189 (12.7%) patients progressed to the renal combined endpoints. Among this, 122 in 753 patients (16.2%) were in low bilirubin group and 67 in 739 patients (9.1%) were in high bilirubin group (p<0.001). After PSM, there were 134 (11.8%) patients reached the combined endpoints, which included 77 in 566 patients (14.6%) in low bilirubin group and 57 in 566 patients (10.1%) in high bilirubin group (p=0.039). The results of three models (including demographics, pathological, clinical indicators and serum bilirubin) demonstrated that a lower basic serum bilirubin level was significantly associated with a higher risk of reaching combined endpoints in IgAN patients both in unmatched and matched cohort. Conclusion: Serum bilirubin level may be negatively associated with the progression of IgAN.
Carriage of Cdt-B Encoding Campylobacter spp., Salmonellaenterica, and Yersinia entercolitica in Patients with Gastroenteritis, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Controls
Authors: Ganji Leila , Shirazi Mohmmad Hassan , Alebouyeh Masoud , Eslami Parisa , Daryani Naser Ebrahim , Rahbar Mohammad , Zali Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2021

Background: Cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is one of the bacterial toxins that present in a variety of Gram-negative human pathogens, such as E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. CDT composed of three subunits encoded by three adjacent genes, including cdtA, cdtB and cdtC. It is approved that cdtB had toxic activity and caused DNA damage of the host cell. Despite its presence in different bacterial species, role of Cdt in acute and chronic infections, such as gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is unclear. To analyze this correlation, we studied the prevalence of cdtB among different enteropathogenic bacteria in patients with gastroenteritis and IBS compared with healthy people. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 230 stool samples were collected from patients with gastroenteritis, IBS, and healthy people. The presence of Cdt-B encoding bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Yersinia entercolitica, Providencia alkalifacience, and Salmonella enterica was examined by polymerase chain reaction. Demographic data and type of disease was collected through interview and a questionnaire.Results: Out of 230 stool samples, Cdt-B encoding Campylobacter spp. were found in 34.6% (52/150), 6.25% (5/80), and 4% (2/50) of the patients with gastroenteritis, IBS, and the control group, respectively. Carriage of Cdt-B encoding Salmonella enterica was characterized among 5.3% (8/150) of the patients with gastroenteritis and 17.5% (14/80) of the IBS patients. Although none of the patients carried cdtB of E. coli and Providencia spp., cdtB of Y. enterocolitica was detected in 1 of the patients with gastroenteritis (0.6%). Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between infection with CdtB-encoding Campylobacter spp. and IBS-D subtype. No significant correlation was found between infection with Cdt-B encoding bacteria, and other clinical and demographic data.Conclusions: Our results confirmed relatively higher frequency of Cdt-B encoding bacteria in the intestine of IBS patients and those with gastroenteritis compared with healthy individuals. Regarding the frequency of Cdt-B encoding Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria, it was proposed that infection with these enteropathogens could be considered as a risk factor for the development or progression of IBS among the Iranian patients. Further studies are needed to establish this involvement.
Does Conservative Kidney Management Offer a Quantity or Quality of Life Benefit Compared to Dialysis? A Systematic Review
Authors: Engelbrecht Buur Louise , Kristian Madsen Jens , Inge Eidemak , Elizabeth Krarup , Guldager Lauridsen Thomas , Helbo Taasti Lena , Jeanette Finderup
Published: February 2021

Background Patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD5) collaborate with their clinicians when choosing their future treatment modality. Most elderly patients with CKD5 may only have two treatment options: dialysis or conservative kidney management (CKM). The objective of this systematic review was to investigate whether CKM offers a quantity or quality of life benefit compared to dialysis for some patients with CKD5.MethodsThe databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were systematically searched for studies comparing patients with CKD5 treated with CKM or dialysis. The primary outcomes were mortality and quality of life (QoL). Hospitalization, symptom burden, and place of death were secondary outcomes. For studies reporting hazard ratios, pooled values were calculated, and forest plots conducted.ResultsTwenty-four primary studies, all observational, were identified. All studies except one reported an increased mortality in patients treated with CKM (pooled hazard ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.41-0.69). For patients aged ≥ 80 years and for elderly individuals with comorbidities, results were ambiguous. In most studies, CKM seemed advantageous for QoL and secondary outcomes. Findings were limited by the heterogeneity of studies and biased outcomes favouring dialysis.ConclusionsIn general, patients with CKD5 live for a shorter time on CKM than on dialysis. In patients aged ≥ 80 years old, and in elderly individuals with comorbidities, the survival benefits of dialysis seem to be lost. Regarding QoL, symptom burden, hospitalization, and place of death, CKM may have advantages. Higher quality studies are needed to guide patients and clinicians in the decision-making process.
Prognostic Stratification for IDH-wild-type Lower-grade Astrocytoma by Sanger Sequencing and Copy-number Variation Analysis with MLPA.
Authors: Makino Yasuhide , Arakawa Yoshiki , Yoshioka Ema , Shofuda Tomoko , Kawauchi Takeshi , Terada Yukinori , Tanji Masahiro , Kanematsu Daisuke , Mineharu Yohei , Miyamoto Susumu , Kanemura Yonehiro
Published: February 2021

The characteristics of IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytoma remain unclear. According to cIMPACT-NOW update 3, IDH-wild-type astrocytomas with any of the following factors show poor prognosis: combination of chromosome 7 gain and 10 loss (+ 7/-10), and/or EGFR amplification, and/or TERT promoter (TERTp) mutation. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) can detect copy number variations with a reasonable cost. The purpose of this study was to find precise and cost-effective method for stratifying the prognosis of IDH-wild-type astrocytomas. Sanger sequencing, MLPA, and quantitative methylation-specific PCR were performed for 42 IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytomas surgically treated at Kyoto University Hospital, and overall survival was analyzed for 40 patients who underwent first surgery. Of the 42 IDH-wild-type astrocytomas, 21 were classified as grade 4 in cIMPACT-NOW update 3 criteria and all of them had either TERTp mutation or EGFR amplification. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed the prognostic significance of cIMPACT-NOW criteria, and WHO grade was also prognostic. Cox regression hazard model identified PTEN loss and PDGFRA amplification as independent significant prognostic indicators (Risk ratio of 9.75, p < 0.001 and 13.9, p = 0.002). The classification recommended by cIMPACT-NOW update 3 could be completed using Sanger sequencing and MLPA. Survival analysis revealed PTEN and PDGFRA were significant prognostic factors for IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytoma.
Optimization Algorithm of Infrared-Polarization Image Fusion Based on Fireworks Algorithm
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Lu Gaoxiang , Cai Wei , Qiao Danqiu , Song Junchen
Published: February 2021

Because of the shortcomings of traditional infrared-polarization image fusion algorithm, such as low intelligence and single optimization index, this paper proposes an intelligent infrared-polarization image fusion optimization algorithm based on fireworks algorithm. Firstly, an improved differential image correction method based on single pixel nonuniformity is proposed to remove the cold reflection. The two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) is used to reduce the image sensitivity and improve the robustness, and the Stokes vector formula is used to obtain the polarization characteristic image. Secondly, based on the strong complementarity between infrared-intensity image and degree of linear-polarization (DOLP) image and the explosive optimization of fireworks algorithm, the problem model of weighted fusion algorithm is established, and the fitness function based on root mean square error (RMSE) is constructed to calculate the optimal weight of source image. In the fusion experiment of long-wave infrared-intensity image and DOLP image, this method is compared with the common fusion algorithms. The results show that this method can effectively fuse the infrared-intensity and degree of polarization information, and the evaluation indexes of standard deviation, spatial frequency, mutual information, structural similarity, peak signal-to-noise ratio and information entropy of the fusion image are better than the comparison algorithm. In the future, cooperated with the long-wave infrared-polarization imaging system, this method can be applied to improve the infrared detection ability in complex environment.
Unilateral versus bilateral pedicle screw fixation with oblique lateral interbody fusion in the treatment of multi-level degenerative lumbar disease: a prospective study
Authors: Cai Zecheng , Zhang Jianqun , Yang Shulong , Liu Xiaoyin , Chen Zhen , Ma Rong , Liang Simin , Ding Xiaoli , Ma Zongjun , Wu Peng , Ge Zhaohui
Published: February 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) combined with unilateral (UPSF) and bilateral pedicle screw fixation (BPSF) in the treatment of multi-level degenerative lumbar disease (LDD).Methods: We conducted a prospective study from May 2016 to June 2018. A total of 81 LDD patients were randomized into groups. The first group involving 39 patients received OLIF combined with USPF (UPS group), and the second group of 41 patients received OLIF combined with BPSF (BPS group). The perioperative conditions included intraoperative bleeding, operating time, average hospital stay, and hospitalization expenses. The clinical outcomes included Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and complications. Moreover, the radiological outcomes included disc height, fusion rate, and cage subsidence rate. These perioperative conditions, clinical outcomes, and radiological conditions of the two study groups were evaluated and compared. All the patients were followed up for 24 to 28 months, with an average follow-up time of 26 months.Results: The intraoperative bleeding, operating time, and hospitalization expenses of the UPS group were significantly less compared with those of the BPS group. Compared with preoperatively, the VAS and ODI scores of the two groups were improved significantly after the operation. At 6 months after operation, the VAS score for back pain and ODI of the UPS group were better than in the BPS group (P < 0.05). Both groups were able to maintain the intervertebral space height of the fusion segment, and there was no significant difference in the fusion rate at the 24 months. There were no significant differences in complications. At the 24 months, there was no significant difference in the cage subsidence of the fusion segment between the two groups. Finally, there was no loose screw and screw fracture in both groups.Conclusions: OLIF combined with UPSF is an effective and reliable surgical method for the treatment of multilevel LDD.
Maps and Metrics of Insecticide-Treated Net Coverage in Africa: Access, Use, and Nets-Per-Capita, 2000-2020
Authors: Bertozzi-Villa Amelia , Bever Caitlin , Koenker Hannah , Weiss Daniel , Vargas-Ruiz Camilo , Nandi Anita , Gibson Harry , Harris Joseph , Battle Katherine , Rumisha Susan , Keddie Suzanne , Amratia Punam , Arambepola Rohan , Cameron Ewan , Chestnutt Elisabeth , Collins Emma , Millar Justin , Mishra Swapnil , Rozier Jennifer , Symons Tasmin , Twohig Katherine , Hollingsworth Deirdre , Gething Peter , Bhatt Samir
Published: February 2021

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are one of the most widespread and impactful malaria interventions in Africa, yet a spatially-resolved time series of ITN coverage has never been published. Using data from multiple sources, we generate high-resolution maps of ITN access, use, and nets-per-capita annually from 2000 to 2020 across the 40 highest-burden African countries. Our findings support several existing hypotheses: that use is high among those with access, that nets are discarded more quickly than official policy presumes, and that effectively distributing nets grows more difficult as coverage increases. These results can inform both policy decisions and downstream malaria analyses.
Influence of frying conditions and edible coatings with basil, wild sage and xanthan gums on the oil uptake and appearance characteristics of fried eggplant slices
Authors: Asadnahal Mohammadamin , Salehi Fakhreddin , Rasouli Majid
Published: February 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Compared to Odorant-binding Proteins in the Reproductive System and Antennae of Athetis Dissimilis using Transcriptome Analysis
Authors: Song Yue-Qin , Song Zhi-Yu , Dong Jun-Feng , Lv Qi-Hui , Chen Qing-Xiao , Sun Hui Zhong
Published: February 2021

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are prevalent in the antennal transcriptomes of different orders of insects. Studies on OBPs have focused on their role in the insect chemosensory system, but knowledge of their functions in the insect testis is limited. We sequenced the transcriptomes of the Athetis dissimilis reproductive organs and analyzed the expressive of OBPs in different tissues. We identified 23 OBPs in the testis and ovaries and 31 OBPs in antennal transcriptomes. The results of real-time quantitative PCR revealed that 23 of the 54 OBP genes were highly expressed in both female and male antennae, including three that exhibited male-biased expression and 15 that exhibited female-biased expression. A total of 24 OBPs were highly expressed in the testis of A. dissimilis, while expression of OBPs in the ovaries was very low. These findings highlight the functional diversity of OBPs in insects and can facilitate further studies on the OBPs in A. dissimilis and lepidopteran species.
Differential Response to Scrambler Therapy by Neuropathic Pain Phenotypes
Authors: Min Young Gi , Baek Hyun Seok , Lee Kyoung-Min , Hong Yoon-Ho
Published: February 2021

Scrambler therapy is a novel noninvasive electroanalgesia technique designed to remodulate the pain system. Despite growing evidence of its efficacy in patients with neuropathic pain, little is known about the clinical factors associated with treatment outcome. We conducted a prospective, open-label, single-arm trial to assess the efficacy and safety of scrambler therapy in patients with chronic neuropathic pain of various etiologies. A post-hoc analysis was performed to investigate whether cluster analysis of the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory profiles could identify a subgroup of patients regarding neuropathic pain phenotype and treatment outcome. Scrambler therapy resulted in a significant decrease in the pain numerical rating scale (NRS) score over 2 weeks of treatment (least squares mean of percentage change from baseline, −15%; 95% CI, −28% to −2.4%; p < 0.001). The mean score of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) interference subdimension was also significantly improved (p = 0.022), while the BPI pain composite score was not. Hierarchical clustering partitioned the patients into 3 clusters with distinct neuropathic pain phenotypes. Linear mixed-effects model analyses revealed differential response to scrambler therapy across clusters (p = 0.003, pain NRS; p = 0.072, BPI interference subdimension). Treatment response to scrambler therapy appears different depending on the pain-related sensory profile, with more favorable outcomes in patients with preferentially paroxysmal pain rather than persistent pain. Further studies are warranted to confirm that capturing neuropathic pain phenotypes can optimize the use of scrambler therapy.
Spin Seebeck Effect of Correlated Magnetic Molecules
Authors: Manaparambil Anand , Weymann Ireneusz
Published: February 2021

In this paper we investigate the spin-resolved thermoelectric properties of strongly correlated molecular junctions in the linear response regime. The magnetic molecule is modeled by a single orbital level to which the molecular core spin is attached by an exchange interaction. Using the numerical renormalization group method we analyze the behavior of the (spin) Seebeck effect, heat conductance and figure of merit for different model parameters of the molecule. We show that the thermopower strongly depends on the strength and type of the exchange interaction as well as the molecule's magnetic anisotropy. When the molecule is coupled to ferromagnetic leads, the thermoelectric properties reveal an interplay between the spin-resolved tunneling processes and intrinsic magnetic properties of the molecule. Moreover, in the case of finite spin accumulation in the leads, the system exhibits the spin Seebeck effect. We demonstrate that a considerable spin Seebeck effect can develop when the molecule exhibits an easy-plane magnetic anisotropy, while the sign of the spin thermopower depends on the type and magnitude of the molecule's exchange interaction.
Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Community Patients in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Onduru Onduru G. , Mkakosya Rajhab S. , Aboud Said , Rumisha Susan F.
Published: February 2021

Background

Antimicrobial resistance due to production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) by Enterobacteriaceae is a global health problem contributing to increased morbidity and mortality particularly in resource-constrained countries. We examined in the current study the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) in community patients in Blantyre, Malawi.
Methods

This was a cross sectional study conducted between March and September 2020 at selected outpatient health facilities in Blantyre, Malawi. Clinical samples were first screened for ESBL-E using CHROMagar™ ESBL medium and later confirmed by a combination disk test method (CDT). The isolates were identified to species level using a commercially acquired biochemical substrate strips (Microbact™ GNB, Oxoid). Descriptive summary statistics were generated as frequencies and proportions. Chi square or Fishers Exact tests and student’s t-test were used where appropriate. Association between variables was determined by logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results

A total of 199 rectal swabs and 101 urine samples from 300 outpatient adults were screened for ESBL-E. Of these, seventy three (24.33%; 95%, CI = 19.45–29.22%) gave positive culture. Prevalence of community acquired ESBL-E was 16.67% (50/300, 95% CI = 12.43–20.91%). The most common ESBL-E species isolated were Escherichia coli (66%). Community prevalence of ESBL-E was higher in male 56% (28/50) compared to female 44% (22/50) patients. Prevalence of ESBL-E was higher in community patients who lacked history of surgery 88% (44/50) and prior history of antibiotic use in the last three months 80% (40/50) compared to those with same characteristics. All community patients with isolated ESBL-E had no history of admission in the last three months and neither demographic characteristics nor clinical characteristics of participants showed any degree of association with the carriage of ESBL-E.
Conclusion

Our findings revealed moderate presence of ESBL-E phenotypes in a community patients who lacked history of hospital admissions in the past three months an indication of community acquisition of ESBL-E in Blantyre, Malawi. Low prevalence of ESBL-E in the community settings in Blantyre can be maintained if strong infection and antimicrobial use control strategies are to be implemented.
Time to Sputum Smear Conversion and Its Predictors Among Smear-Positive Pulmonary TB Patients in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A Longitudinal Study.
Authors: Asemahagn Mulusew Andualem
Published: February 2021

Background: Sputum smear conversion is a key indicator of treatment response and reduced infectivity among smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (SPPTB). This study aimed at estimating sputum smear conversion time and identifying factors hindering sputum smear conversion among SPPTB patients in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 282 SPPTB patients were followed for 22 weeks through weekly sputum smear evaluation. Due to the absence of sputum culture and rapid diagnostic services, sputum smear conversion evaluation was conducted microscopically using acid-fast-bacilli staining technique of sediments from a 5% sodium hypochlorite concentration technique. Data on socio-demographic, clinical profile, and personal behavior variables were collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Various descriptive statistics including mean, median with interquartile range (IQR), proportions, and cross-tabulations were computed. Factors affecting sputum smear conversion were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The statistical significance of variables was determined at a p-value < 0.05. Results: Over half, 166(59%) of SPPTB cases were males and 147(52%) were rural dwellers. The mean age of respondents was 35±5SD years. About 88(31.2%) of SPPTB patients had comorbidities, 102(36.2%) faced stigma, and 54(19%) smoked a cigarette. The median sputum smear conversion time at the end of the intensive phase was 35 days (IQR: 21 -56 days). The majority, 85% (95%CI: 76% -93%) and 95% (95% CI: 85% -99%) of SPPTB patients underwent sputum smear conversion at the end of 2nd and 5th months of treatment, respectively. Poor knowledge on TB, being HIV positive, higher smear grading, having diabetes mellitus, undernutrition, cigarette smoking, facing societal stigma, and TB service delay were positively associated with the length of sputum smear conversion. Conclusion: Although the treatment success rate was 95%, the median sputum smear conversion time was higher compared to the TB program expectations and some former studies. Factors of sputum smear conversion were related to nutritional status, smear grading, comorbidity status, knowledge on TB, personal behavior, stigma, and TB service delay. Improving the health literacy of the community by revising the existing community awareness strategies is essential to enhance treatment adherence and lower infectiousness after treatment initiation.