bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Small-Scale Dairy Farming in Enhancing Sustainable Food Security for Farmers and their Households in Murang’a East Sub-County, Murang’a County.
Authors: Dr Charles N. Mogote John Miano Mwangi;
Published: May 2021

The study sought to investigate the effect of small-scale dairy farming in enhancing sustainable food security for farmers and their households in Murang’a East Sub-County, Murang’a County. The paper applied descriptive research design and quantitative research technique for the methodology. Besides, the investigation used a sample size computed from a populace size of small-scale dairy farmers in Gaturi, Township and Mbiri Wards (lower Kiharu Constituency), Murang’a East Sub-County, approximated to be 45,000 Km2. The sample size comprised of 385 respondents selected through stratified sampling aiming at the equal representation of the three wards. Out of the selected 385 individuals, only 297 respondents were effective participants in the study. The rest did not give feedback or were nonresponsive. The data analysis used descriptive statistics through the Microsoft Excel data analysis tools to develop distribution tables, frequencies, percentages, charts, and measures of central tendency. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, interviews and observation. The study also conducted a pre-test and analysis to ensure validity, accuracy, and reliability of instruments applied. Data collection process involved getting permits and necessary approvals. The study concluded that the study concludes that small-scale dairy farming has an effect in multiple ways on food security within the county. The effect is the provision of milk to the farmers for consumption as food. The study recommends that county government should invest in research activities that would enhance dairy farming practices. Such research activities may include those on the market, diseases, animal feeds, and value addition to dairy produce.
Effect of Customer Security on Performance of Online Banking on Microfinance Institutions in Nakuru Town, Kenya
Authors: George Gachuru
Published: May 2021

The study aimed at determining the effect of customer security on the performance of online banking on microfinance institutions in Nakuru CBD. The study is significant to the Microfinance Institutions in that; it will benefit management and staff of MFI and the government understudy by gaining insights into how their institution can effectively deal with the challenges that they face in managing their clients and ensuring they grow their business. The increasing number of consumers of online banking shows that the level of adoption of online banking has improved. Several variables can influence the amount of adoption of online banking. The researcher used survey design where the target population comprised of 35 respondents. These were Branch managers, Chief Credit officer/s and the IT support of the MFI in Nakuru CBD. The study used census method, and a questionnaire containing closed-ended questions was used as the data collection instrument for the research. Descriptive statistics were used in data analysis and presentation of the results was in the form of tables, charts and graphs. The findings revealed that security affects the implementation of online banking to a large extent. Based on this finding, the researcher recommended that Microfinance Institutions should improve on issues concerning customer security in that, there should be no delay. The researcher suggested further study should be done on factors affecting adoption of M-Pesa money transfer bill payment.
Influence of Guerrilla Skills on Micro and Small Enterprise Survival in Wakiso District, Uganda
Authors: Peter Kibas; Geoffrey Kamau Martin Lubowa;
Published: May 2021

This study examined the influence of Guerrilla skills on Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) survival in Wakiso district, Uganda. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of guerrilla skills on profitability, stability and continuous resource availability of the Micro and Small Enterprises in Wakiso District, Uganda. Multiple sampling methods were used to derive a sample of 306 MSEs and a cross-sectional survey research design was used and adopted a positivist approach. The study used quantitative approaches which involved descriptive analysis (frequencies, percentages tables) and inferential statistics (linear regression). Raw data was captured into SPSS (version 16). Results revealed that Guerrilla skills had a positive and statistically significant influence on profitability, stability and continuous resource availability leading to increased enterprise survival. It also revealed that guerrilla skills have a positive and statistically significant influence on the survival of MSEs in Wakiso district, Uganda and accounted for 29.6 per cent of the variation in Micro and Small enterprise survival. MSE owner/managers need to develop, improve and utilize guerrilla skills in running their businesses. They should utilize resources within their surrounding maximally and be ahead of the competitors by utilizing unconventional low-cost tactics not known to their competitors and are difficult to copy. Similarly, programs to improve MSE owners/managers' guerrilla skills be implemented to enhance MSE survival. Curriculum developers need to design programs that will involve learners to apply guerrilla skills.
Effects of Cancer on the Socio-Economic Dimensions of Patients: Evidence from Nakuru Level 5 Oncology Clinic
Authors: Daniel Muasya Wanda Dulcie; Peter Koome;
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to show how cancer has affected the economic and psychosocial aspects of patients’ livelihoods in Nakuru County. The study adopted descriptive survey design and draw on a quantitative inquiry. The sample size, determined by Fishers method, were 245 patients and 10 medical officers (medical superintendent, oncologists and nurses) drawn from the Nakuru County Teaching and referral Hospital. The research instruments employed were the questionnaire and interview schedules. Before the actual data collection, piloting of questionnaires and the interview schedule was done in Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Uasin Gishu County. Data analysis followed both parametric and non-parametric approaches. Data was presented using graphs, tables and scatter diagrams. The findings of the study suggest a strong association of cancer with loss of income (????16, 0.01 = 40.101) and a significant increase in medical expenditure (????12, 0.01 = 66.789). Similarly, it was shown that cancer patients were impacted both socially and economically by cancer type (????12, 0.033 = 22.46) and duration of treatment. The results from the study will contribute immensely to the development of new strategies to improve patients’ economic status in the management of cancer within Nakuru county and Kenya in general.
Comparing Pro-Environmental Attitudes between Males and Females in Embu North Sub-County, Kenya
Authors: Njeru Francis Rutere
Published: May 2021

This study examined pro-environmental attitudes between males and females in Nginda Ward, Embu Sub County, Kenya. The research relied on two theories, theory of planned action and theory of pro-social behaviour. The research followed a descriptive design. Questionnaires with both closed and open-ended questions were used to collect data. The researcher administered questionnaires in person and filled the entire questionnaire according to the participant's responses. 245 participants, comprising 124 adults (comprising men and women) were engaged. Descriptive statistics were adopted for summarising data and comparing responses between groups. Differences in environmental attitudes between females and male participants were examined to determine if the differences were statistically significant. A total of fourteen environmental problems were mentioned by participants to be prevalent in Nginda ward. The top three environmental problems mostly mentioned by participants included deforestation, water pollution and air pollution. Results showed that differences in environmental attitudes between females and males were not statistically significant. However, more females than males perceived various environmental problems to be more serious. Differences between female and male perceptions in relation to the seriousness of various environmental problems were statistically significant, F (1,239) = 8.07, p< 0.001. The findings of this research can guide interventions by government and donor agencies seeking to mobilise and engage participation by both males and females to combat environmental problems in Nginda ward. Future studies are needed to find out whether the scale will produce a similar result in other groups in this community which include the business community, factory workers and eatery owners.
Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Risky Sexual Behaviours among Undergraduate Students from selected Universities in Nakuru County, Kenya
Authors: Prof. Gladys Jerobon Kiptiony Julius Kiprono Langat; Dr James Kay;
Published: May 2021

This study's purpose was to establish the influence of socioeconomic status on risky sexual behaviours on risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students of main campuses in Nakuru County. Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura and Person-Centred Theory by Carl Rogers guided the study. The study was carried out among 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th-year undergraduate students from main campuses in Nakuru County. The study adopted a correlational research design. The target population was 18570 undergraduate students. The accessible population was 8456 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th-year undergraduate students whose sample was 367. Respondents were selected by applying the simple random sampling technique. The study included a sample of 10 peer counsellors and 2 student counsellors from the Egerton University and Kabarak University main campuses who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were obtained using a questionnaire for undergraduate students, focus group discussions guide for peer counsellors and interview schedule for student counsellors. Validation of research instruments was done through peer and expert review and also through pilot testing, which was done in Mount Kenya University (MKU) - Nakuru Campus. Quantitative data was analysed by both inferential and descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 25, whereas the qualitative data was analysed thematically. The analysed data was presented in tables, graphs, and narratives. The findings indicated that the majority of the respondents were of the view that socioeconomic status influences risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students.
Effect of Education and Training Role of Catholic Women Association on Women Empowerment in Nyandarua County, Kenya
Authors: Rev. Fr. Dr. J.B. Karega; Dr. Peter Waweru Peterson Thumi Kabugi;
Published: May 2021

This study's objective was to investigate the effect of education and training role of Catholic Women Association on women empowerment in Nyandarua County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. A sample size of 224 subjects was used in the study. Simple random sampling and stratified random sampling and procedures were used to obtain study participants. Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, the researcher coded, entered and analysed quantitative data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were computed. The study found out that all (100%) of the participants agreed that education and training programs by CWA had provided women with skills on small business management and sustainability. A vast majority (97.5%) of the participants affirmed that new businesses had been started by women as a result of entrepreneurship training received from CWA in Nyandarua County. There was a statistically significant association between education and training offered by CWA to women and women empowerment in Nyandarua County, F (5, 193) = 15.188, p = .000. The study concluded that women training on small business management and entrepreneurship have resulted in start-ups of many income-generating activities by rural women that promote household income and reduce poverty levels. The study's recommendation is that both governmental and non-governmental institutions should support informal education and training programs for rural and informal settlement women to help them learn basic small business management skills, basic rights and litigations, peace building and conflict resolution strategies among other courses.
Assessment of Climate Change Related Disasters in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. A Case of Baringo County, Kenya
Authors: Ednah Chemutai Koskei
Published: May 2021

The main objective of this study was to identify Climate Change Related Disasters (CCRDs) in Arid and Semi-arid Lands such as Baringo County. The study used a descriptive survey design. Purposeful sampling and stratified proportionate random sampling procedures were used to obtain the Sample. A sample of 376 households were selected for the study in Baringo County. Questionnaire, key informant interview schedule and observations were the main instruments of data collection. Analysis of data was done using the SPSS. Percentages were used to analyse CCRDs. Drought, storms and floods are climate change related disasters affecting Baringo County. About 80 percent of the households strongly agreed that drought is the most common disasters affecting the County. Vegetation clearance is the main cause of CCRDs in Baringo County hence there is need to increase awareness on climate change and encourage people to use alternative sources of energy and plant trees.
The Relationship between Socio-Cultural Factors and Gender Disparity in Enrolment of Students in Public Mixed Day Secondary Schools in Kericho County, Kenya.
Authors: Prof. Frederick B. J.A. Ngala; Dr. Betty J. Tikoko Johannes Koech;
Published: May 2021

This study attempted to establish the relationship between socio-cultural factors and gender disparity in enrolment of students in mixed public day secondary schools in Kericho County, Kenya. The study was guided by Social Demand Theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted 124 mixed day secondary schools. The target population consisted of 124 principals and 9,418 students. Sampling techniques applied included purposive and systematic random sampling techniques. A sample size of the principals was determined using Kerlinger’s 30 per cent rule, whereas for the students Cochran formula was used. The sample size consisted of 38 principals and 384 students.  Data for the study was collected by the use of questionnaires. There exists a statistically significant relationship between Socio-Cultural factors and Gender Disparity (r=0.536; p<0.05). The study found out that, early pregnancies among girls had the highest mean score of 3.28, and this was followed by students' negative attitude towards education with a mean of 3.02.  This was followed by peer influence with a standard of 2.98. Parent's preference to educate a boy at the expense of a girl with a mean of 2.92. The study recommended that stakeholders and especially the county education ministry should develop and fund peer education programs through which they can outreach students from all over the county and encourage them to complete their secondary education cycle. Education providers and stakeholders should address early marriages, early pregnancies and domestic chores among girls to address gender disparity in enrolment.
Relationship between Principals’ Transactional Leadership Style and Students’ Conformity to Rules in Public Secondary Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya.
Authors: Prof. John, N. Ochola; Prof. Frederick B. J. A Ngala Dorcas K. Okindo;
Published: May 2021

This study sought to determine the relationship between principals’ transactional leadership style and students' conformity to rules in Public Secondary Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was underpinned on the Social Control Theory by Hirschi (1969). The study adopted a correlational research design. The target population of this study was 338 principals, 338 deputy principals, 3426 teachers and 116,374 students in 338 public secondary schools in Nakuru County. Stratified random sampling was used to select 100 schools. Purposive sampling was used to select 100 principals while Proportionate, and simple random sampling was used to select 346 teachers and 383 students. Ten per cent of the deputy principals were selected. Questionnaires were used to collect data from principals, teachers and students, while interviews were used to collect data from Deputy Principals. Test-retest reliability had a coefficient of 0.70, indicating that the instruments were reliable. The finding revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between transactional leadership style and students’ conformity to school rules r (=0.410; p=0.000). It was concluded that principals' transactional leadership style significantly relates to students' conformity to school rules. Provision of rewards and recognition constantly to students who conform to school rules and reprimand to those students who do not conform to school rules by the principal is necessary. The study recommends that the principal should be willing to use suspension and even repeated suspension where necessary as a tool for dealing with students demonstrating chronic behaviour problems that disrupt the school climate.
Tathmini Ya Kipengele Cha Taashira Za Wahusika Katika Tamthilia Ya Kimani Njogu: Mfano Wa Zilizala
Authors: Prof. James Ogola Onyango; Prof. Wendo Nabea Antony Kago Waithiru;
Published: May 2021

Kazi hii inatathmini kipengele cha taashira za wahusika katika tamthilia ya Kimani Njogu. Katika baadhi ya kazi za kifasihi, aghalabu taashira hutumika kama mbinu ya kusana mambo yanayoathiri kitovu cha jamii au yanayoashiria viongozi wa kiimla, wafisadi, wakabila na wenye ubinafsi, na hata uongozi kwa jumla. Kazi hii ni zao la utafiti ulionuia kuchunguza vipengele vya taashira katika tamthilia ya Zilizala. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia mbili; nadharia ya baada ya ukoloni na nadharia ya umitindo. Katika tamthilia ya Zilizala ya Kimani Njogu, inadhihirika kuwa mwandishi ametumia wahusika kitaashira ili kuwasilisha fasili tofauti tofauti za dhana moja. Waandishi wa tamthilia za baada ya 2000 wametumia mbinu ya taashira kama njia ya kuwasilisha ujumbe unaohusu uongozi, maadili, siasa na uchumi bila kutaja majina ya wahusika halisi au hata mataifa halisi. Mbinu hii imetumiwa kuwadhihirishia wanajamii mbinu zinazotumiwa na watawala halisi kutawala watawaliwa kupitia vikaragosi vyao, ambavyo ndivyo huchaguliwa na watawaliwa. Aidha, mbinu hii imetumiwa kuashiria jinsi viongozi wengi wanavyothibitiwa na wakoloni kutawala mataifa fukara ya Kiafrika. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalitarajiwa kuwa na natija kwa wasomi, wahakiki na watafiti wa masuala ya lugha na fasihi kwa kuwa sehemu ya kurejelewa.
Dhima Katika Mawasiliano ya Ushairi wa Jando Katika Jamii ya Watachoni, Kaunti ya Bungoma
Authors: Prof. Nabea Wendo; Dkt. Gwachi J. Mayaka Richard Makhakha Iyaya;
Published: May 2021

Makala haya yalilenga kuchunguza dhima ya mawasiliano ya ushairi wa jando kwenye jamii ya Watachoni wa kaunti ya Bungoma. Utafiti uliendelezwa kwa muundo wa kimaelezo ya kiethnografia ulioangazia kanuni za mila, utamaduni na mahusiano ya kimawasiliano na athari zake kwa mitindo na lugha ya uwasilishaji ili kubainisha dhima yake.  Nadharia ya Baada ya Umuundo ya Derrida (1966) ilitumika kuchanganua miundo na kuonyesha kuwa matini hubainisha ukinzani wa ujumbe anaouhusisha mwasilishaji katika kazi yake. Nadharia ya ubabe-dume ya Maclennes (1998) pia ilitumika kuchunguza namna mitindo ya uwasilishaji na lugha katika mawasiliano ya ushairi wa jando unavyoathiri asasi za kijamii. Utafiti huu ulihusisha ukusanyaji wa deta moja kwa moja kutoka jamii ya Watachoni wakati wa shughuli za jando kwenye Kaunti ya Bungoma. Kundi lengwa lilikuwa watahiriwa, wazazi, wanaume na wanawake Watachoni na viongozi wa shughuli za jando. Tulitumia sampuli kusudio na sampuli nasibu tabakishi kubainisha ushairi na wasailiwa waliorejelewa kuyaainisha mawasiliano haya ya ushairi wa jando. Ushairi 16 na watafitiwa 45 walirejelewa kuyachanganua mawasiliano haya katika awamu zote za shughuli za jando. Deta iliyokusanywa ilirekodiwa, ikaandikwa na kutafsiriwa kutoka lugha ya Kitachoni hadi ya Kiswahili kisha ikachanganuliwa. Utafiti huu ulitumia mbinu za uchunguzaji nyanjani, mahojiano, mashauriano na wasimamizi na kuainisha habari zilizotokana na vyombo vya habari. Vifaa kama vile kamera za picha tuli na za kunasa sauti na video vilitumika kukusanyia deta na hatimaye kuziwasilisha kwa njia za maelezo na majedwali. Deta iliwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo na kufafanuliwa kwa kuzingatia malengo, nadharia na mipaka ya utafiti.
Mbinu za Lugha Zinazotumiwa katika Matangazo ya Biashara ya Kampuni ya Safaricom.
Authors: Prof. Nabea Wendo; Prof. James Ogola Onyango Jane Kanini Maithya;
Published: May 2021

Matangazo ya biashara hunuiwa kuwajuvya wateja kuhusu kuwepo kwa bidhaa za kampuni mbalimbali na kuwahimiza wanunue bidhaa hizo. Vahid na Esmae’li (2012) wanasema kuwa licha ya kutimiza lengo hilo, matangazo hayo vilevile hunuiwa kuchekesha, kupotosha au kuwadanganya wateja ili wavutiwe na bidhaa inayotangazwa. Hayo hutekelezwa kupitia kwa lugha inayotumiwa. Waundaji huteua mbinu za lugha zilizo na uwezo wa kuwafanya wateja watamani kununua bidhaa hata ikiwa hawazihitaji. Utafiti huu unachunguza mbinu za lugha zinazotumiwa katika matangazo ya biashara ya Kampuni ya Safaricom. Ni kampuni maarufu ya mawasiliano nchini Kenya inayotoa huduma mbalimbali za mawasiliano kama vile uuzaji wa aina mbalimbali za rununu, huduma za intaneti, M-pesa, M-shwari na kadhalika. Kampuni hiyo hutumia mbinu mbalimbali za lugha zinazoundwa kwa ubunifu mwingi kwa nia ya kuvuta nadhari ya wateja wake. Ingawa kuna tafiti mbalimbali zimefanywa kuhusu Kampuni ya Safaricom, hakuna utafiti umechunguza na kuzieleza mbinu hizo kwa kina, pengo ambalo limezibwa na utafiti huu. Data katika makala haya ilipatikana kutoka kwa mtandao wa intaneti ambapo mtafiti alipakua matangazo ya Safaricom aina ya picha na video. Alizitumia kutoa mifano ya mbinu mbalimbali zinazotumiwa kwenye kwenye matangazo hayo. Utafiti ulibainisha kuwa waundaji wa matangazo ya Safaricom hutumia mbinu mbalimbali za lugha zinazoundwa kwa ubunifu wa hali ya juu kwa nia ya kuwajuvya wateja kuhusu kuwepo kwa bidhaa na huduma zao na vilevile kuwavutia wazinunue.
Falsafa ya Jazanda ya Uongozi na Mauko katika Methali za Jamii ya Wanyore: Mtazamo wa Kisemantiki
Authors: Susan C. Choge; Fred S. Wanjala Henry F. Andele;
Published: May 2021

Makala hii inatokana na utafiti ambao uliazimia kutathmini falsafa ya jazanda katika methali za Wanyore kwa mtazamo wa kisemantiki. Madhumuni ya makala yenyewe yanahusu falsafa ya uongozi na mauko katika methali za Wanyore. Nadharia ya Uhusiano ya Sperber na Wilson (1986) na iliyoendelezwa nao (2004) ndiyo iliyoongoza makala hii. Nadharia hii ilitumiwa kufafanulia maana za methali katika jamii ya Wanyore. Data ilikusanywa kutoka kwa Wanyore wanaoishi katika kaunti ndogo ya Emuhaya na Luanda katika kaunti ya Vihiga. Makala haya yalitumia njia za uchanganuzi matini na mahojiano kukusanya data. Vifaa vilivyotumiwa vilikuwa ratiba ya usaili na tepurekoda. Data ilichanganuliwa kimaelezo kwa kunukuu methali za Kinyore, kisha zikatafsiriwa na kufasiriwa katika Kiswahili hatimaye falsafa ya jazanda ya uongozi na mauko ikaainishwa na kuelezwa. Matokeo ya kazi hii yatachangia kueleweka kwa falsafa ya jazanda ya uongozi na mauko miongoni mwa wanajamii.  Pia, yatakuwa nyongeza ya marejeleo kwa watafiti katika uwanja wa methali.
Mikondo Mipya katika Utunzi wa Mashairi: Mifano Kutoka ‘Sokomoko’ na ‘Ushairi Wenu’ Katika Gazeti la Taifa Leo.
Authors: Sheila Wandera-Simwa; Wendo Nabea. Nyongesa Salyne;
Published: May 2021

Utafiti huu unachunguza mikondo mipya katika mashairi yanayochapishwa katika gazeti la Taifa Leo, kumbi ya Ushairi Wenu na Sokomoko, katika kipindi cha Januari 1, 2018 hadi Agosti 31, 2019. Utafiti uliongozwa na nadharia ya kimtindo ya Leech na Short (2007) ili kuafikia lengo letu. Mihimili mitatu ya nadharia hii ilitumiwa ili kufanikisha lengo la mtafiti, nayo ni: Fasihi ni muundo wa lugha na kwa hivyo lazima matumizi ya lugha yazingatiwe, uhakiki wa kifasihi haupaswi kupuuza matumizi ya vipengele vya isimu lugha ikiwemo. Data iliyotumiwa katika utafiti ilikusanywa maktabani na mitandaoni kupitia usomaji wa tasnifu, vitabu, majarida na magazeti. Uteuzi sampuli wa kimakusudi ulitumiwa kuteua mashairi yaliyosheheni upya katika mikondo. Uchanganuzi na uwasilishaji wa data ulifanywa kupitia kwa maelezo.Matokeo ya utafiti yalionyesha kwamba, mashairi ya ushairi wenu na sokomoko yanasheheni mikondo mipya ya utunzi ikiwemo: Matumizi ya Sheng’, usimulizi na kuwepo kwa mianzo ya kifomula. Mashairi yaliyotumika yalitolewa katika kumbi za Sokomoko na Ushairi Wenu ambazo ni kumbi zinazochapisha mashairi ya watunzi mbalimbali katika gazeti la Taifa Leo. Matokeo ya utafiti yalionesha namna mikondo mipya ya utunzi inaendelea kuibuliwa na watunzi wa mashair kila uchao. Mashairi yaliyotumika hapa hata hivyo, ni yale ya kiarudhi pekee kwani ndiyo yachapishwayo katika gazeti la Taifa Leo. Makala haya yatakuwa ya manufaa kwa walimu wa Kiswahili, wanafunzi na watafiti wengine wanaotafitia suala la upya katika utunzi wa mashairi.
A Linguistic Analysis of Translation Errors on Selected Public Notices in Kenya
Authors: Maina Macharia Daniel
Published: May 2021

This paper purposes to analyse translation errors in selected Kenyan public notices. Specifically, it examines how translation faults possess unique linguistic resources. There is an extensive existence of this genre countrywide albeit without proper academic scrutiny to further interrogate fundamental linguistic concepts therein. It involves the application of the Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) which is unique to the analysis of this genre. Specifically, this research involves collecting data from the social media of the relevant public notices in Kenya.  Generally, twelve signage were analysed. The sampling procedure was done purposively to include the diversity of Kenya. To qualify, the data collected had to reflect translation blunders. Then, the data was analysed for linguistic resources. The data was presented using a table showing the relationship between the components sought. Consequently, the study enriched translational linguistics, evaluated textual analysis and critiqued the linguistic concepts of performance and competence. Additionally, it provided useful insights into the cognitive mechanisms used during humour production and understanding.
Establishing the Pupils’ Level of English Vocabulary Proficiency in Public and Private Rural Primary Schools in Kyuso Division of Kitui County
Authors: Kalima Deborah Mutua
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to answer the question of what is the pupils' level of English vocabulary proficiency in public and private rural primary schools in Kyuso Division in Kitui County. The study was an attempt to provide relevant data on English vocabulary proficiency in Kyuso area. This study focused on the English vocabulary proficiency in Kyuso area among children in classes’ two to four. Learners from one class to the next depicted some changes hence a level of vocabulary proficiency manifestation. The study was limited to respondents within the sample in rural areas where the language of communication after school was purely Kikamba. The two categories of primary schools in the area were day schools, unlike secondary schools whereby 90% of them are boarding. The assumption was that the pupils had the same school hours, share the same locality and the same parents. The question was why there was a big difference in children from the two categories of schools. The study was based on primary schools, the level where the grammatical rules are initiated, and as the children grow up, they continue to utilize what they continue acquiring. It was observed that competent speakers show up right from primary schools. It is also at the primary level where a child can be ‘modelled' to improve or change to a better person due to their language acquisition device (LAD). In both public and private primary schools there seem to be differences in pupils level of vocabulary proficiency.
An Interrogation of the types of Grammatical Cohesive Devices that are Prominent in the Writing of Hearing-Impaired Learners
Authors: James Onyango Ogola; Phylis Bartoo Antony Somba Mang’oka;
Published: May 2021

This paper set out to interrogate the types of grammatical cohesive devices that learners with hearing-impaired use in their writing. Studies conducted on the subject reveal that hearing-impaired learners face several challenges in their written English. To try to aid in providing solutions for amicable communication in the written works of these learners with hearing problems, this article investigated the nature of cohesion in the hearing-impaired learners’ English written texts. It investigated ways by which hearing-impaired learners have been able to achieve cohesion in their written texts. To be able to interrogate the cohesion devices, the article located itself within the lens of Halliday and Hasan’s theory of Cohesion to identify, describe and categorise cohesive devices in the texts. In the final analysis, the paper found out that all the cohesive devices posited by Halliday and Hasan were present, but at varying frequency. Reference had the highest frequency of occurrence and ellipsis the least. The findings of this study provide a theory-governed description of cohesive ties used by the hearing-impaired learners in Kenya. The findings also contribute to the increasing body of knowledge in studies related to the writing and communication of deaf learners.
The Effect of Teachers’ Use of Reinforcement on Learners’ Performance in English Language
Authors: Dr Josephine Khaemba Ndegwa Grace Konyu; Dr. Lucy Wathika;
Published: May 2021

The intention of the study was to establish the effect of teachers’ use of reinforcement on learners’ performance in English language. It was done in selected secondary schools in Nakuru town and used descriptive research design. The study was guided by Gardner and Lambert’s Socio-Educational model of second language acquisition. Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting four schools while simple random sampling was used to choose one stream in form two, three and four in each school for observation. It resulted in eight observational schedules. The study sample of 60 students in form 2-4 and 8 teachers of English was purposively selected for interviews. A total number of 353 learners were observed. The study used interviews, audio recording and Structured Observational Schedules for data collection. The data was presented in form of tables, figures and verbatim transcript excerpts used for exemplification and illustration in a qualitative explication. The findings of the study revealed that second language learners’ performance in English is greatly influenced by teachers’ use of reinforcement. Moreover, it proved that teachers of English give unguarded praises, negative statements and criticisms to English second language learners. This study is a vital contribution to the field of Second Language Acquisition theory and practice with regard to offering information and insight into reinforcement, motivation and attitude in practical language acquisition and learning in the classroom situation. These findings are useful in the improvement of second language learners’ performance in English. Teachers of English will also acquaint themselves with effective use of positive verbal reinforcement which works as a motivational force on learners’ acquisition and use of the English language.
(Re)examination of the Aspects of African Cultural Production through Different Epochs
Authors: Odhiambo Oduor Vincent
Published: May 2021

This paper sought to examine how African Culture has undergone the processes of production, development and change through four different epochs, namely: pre-colonial period, colonial period, independent period and post-independent period. The study applies the post-colonial theory, which broadly deals with the study of the effects of colonialism on cultures and societies, to interrogate the (un)changing perceptions of Africans across different epochs. Post-colonial theory is often said to commence with the work of Edward Said, Stuart Hall and Homi K. Bhabha. The approach looks at literature and society from two broad angles: how the writer, artist, cultural worker, and his or her context imitates a colonial past, and how they survive and carve out a new way of creating and understanding the world. It is anxious with both how European nations conquered and controlled “Third world” cultures and how these groups have since responded to and resisted those encroachments. The study is qualitative, employing discourse data obtained from a close reading of the text.  The paper contributes knowledge on how various factors such as slavery, colonialism; migration, technology and globalization have contributed to cultural production, development and change.
Context and Accidental Humour: The Import of the Sociolinguistic Situation in Linguistic Errors on Public Signage in Kenya
Authors: Macharia D. Maina
Published: May 2021

This paper analyses the distinctive context surrounding the erroneous signage in certain public notices in Kenya. More specifically, it seeks to determine how contextual cues go a long way in assisting the reader to comprehend the distinctive genre of humour under consideration in this paper. Ostensibly, the linguistic landscape of Kenya is ridden in plenteous of signage containing numerous translational errors, which eventually yield accidental humour. In order to achieve the above requires the application of the General Verbal Theory of Humour by Attardo and Raskin (1991) to context where language use is put into consideration. The data was collected from the field by photographing erroneous signage where ten public notices were aptly analysed for their specious nature, which eventually resulted into accidental humour. Specifically, their unique context was further scrutinised to identify the precise components within which the author operated and an attempt to recover the lost interpretation in order to understand the resultant humour. Data presentation involved use of tables to summarise and indicate relationship of crucial contextual components. The paper sheds light on the importance of context to understand humour, enriches translational linguistics and boosts pedagogy in relation to language performance. The study concluded that specific category of humour in the selected signage in this paper requires a complete understanding of the author’s situational background. The study recommended that the types of linguistic incongruities as well as how they are resolved to produce accidental humour would go a long way in understanding this category of humour.
Evaluating Respondents’ Reactions to the Daily Nation’s Peace Messages in the Run-up to the 2013 Elections in Kenya
Authors: Otieno Ochieng Evans Erick
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate respondents' reactions to the messages that called for peace from the Daily Nation newspaper in the run-up to the 2013 elections in Kenya. The study relied on descriptive research design, which is a design in qualitative research and premised on Agenda Setting theory by McCombs and Donald Shaw. The study population consisted of respondents from four marked newspaper-vending points within Nakuru town and the selected contents from the Nation newspapers. These newspapers carried messages advocating for peace between the periods of February and April 2013. Purposive sampling was used to choose newspaper contents with peace messages and to select newspaper readers in Nakuru town. Focused Group Discussions and Interviews were used as research instruments. Content and textual analysis was the primary form of data analysis in the study. Research findings showed that Nation newspapers carried peace messages in news and feature stories, editorials, opinion and advertisements. The conclusions of the study show that although media experts and scholars accused the media of ‘indulging’ in peace advocacy and forgetting their watchdog role, the respondents praised the role media played in ensuring after the poll calm, peaceful coexistence and tolerance.
Examining the Perceptions of Readers on the Contribution of the Daily Nation’s Peace Messages to the 2013 Elections in Kenya
Authors: Otieno Ochieng Evans Erick
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of readers on the contribution of the Daily Nation’s peace messages to the 2013 elections in Kenya. The study relied on descriptive research design, which is a design in qualitative research and premised on Agenda Setting theory by Mc Combs and Donald Shaw. The study population consisted of respondents from four marked newspaper-vending points within Nakuru town and the selected contents from the Nation newspapers. These newspapers carried messages advocating for peace between the periods of February and April 2013. Purposive sampling was used to choose newspaper contents with peace messages and to select newspaper readers in Nakuru town. Focused Group Discussions and Interviews were used as research instruments. Content and textual analysis was the primary form of data analysis in the study. Research findings showed that Nation newspapers carried peace messages in news and feature stories, editorials, opinion and advertisements. The conclusions of the study show that although media experts and scholars accused the media of ‘indulging' in peace advocacy and forgetting their watchdog role, the respondents praised the role media played in ensuring after-poll calm, peaceful coexistence and tolerance.
Emergence of Ethnopolitical Journalism in Kenya: Lessons from the 2017 Televised Political Analyses Shows
Authors: Ndonye Michael M
Published: May 2021

This paper critiques ethnopolitical journalism in televised political analyses of the 2017 electoral process in Kenya. Ethnopolitical journalism is a reporting model characterised by a focus on ethnicity when analysing and describing political situations; leading to ethnic identity formation in the society that places mass media at economic vantage point. Motivated by mediatized ethnicity, Kenyans find themselves perpetually under normalised ethnopolitics and ethnopolitical journalism is a major strategy in the mainstream media. Fourteen televised political analysis shows; from major television channels were examined. The analysis targeted prioritised and dominant topics of discussion, the composition of the panels; the most discussed presidential candidates and the moderator’s leads toward a particular direction during the analyses. The findings show that in all the televised political analysis shows, all members of the panel are drawn from the five ethnic groups. Moreover, all priority topics target the two supposedly major political sides (NASA and Jubilee); whose principals and deputies come from the five ethnic groups. It was also noted that every discussion from different Television channels are narrowed deliberately by the moderator to discuss about Raila Odinga and Uhuru Kenyatta, thus, ignoring all other presidential candidates, their political parties and areas considered their strongholds. These findings reveal the media’s deliberate choices of house styles and reporting models during the electoral periods in Kenya. The study concludes that media has been the high priest of ethnicity normalization culture that has shaped the political mindset of Africa to the extent of undermining its transformative leadership. The findings add to the research critical of media practice and political economy of mass media reporting during electioneering periods.
The Power of Language Use in the Mass Media: A Case of Opinion Court on Citizen Television, Kenya.
Authors: Jane M. Ombati
Published: May 2021

The study sought to investigate how power relations are constructed and negotiated in the talk show. A programme aired on Citizen Television. The following objectives guided the study: to describe the structure of the talk show in the opinion court programme; examine patterns that emerge in the programme and account for the patterns observed in the opinion court.  Literature was reviewed on; talk show: opinion court, conversational Analysis and Language and power. The study was guided by the Sociology of Conversation Theory by Goffman (1967) and Conversational Analysis Theory. Purposive sampling method was used to select the television as opposed to radio, Citizen Television in particular and opinion court talk show programme, this was necessary because power and language interplay can best be examined when there are two opposing sides, and thus opinion court provided this forum. Data was collected through both direct viewings of the programme and audio-video recording of the conversation. The data were then transcribed, analyzed and described qualitatively aiming at establishing the structure and the patterns of the discourses. The findings of the study revealed that opinion court talk show had some structure and followed some patterns which could be accounted for. The study, therefore, concluded that the opinion court did not count because other smaller opinions emerged. This implies that power is won, held and lost in social struggles.
War or peace journalism? Kenyan newspaper framing of 2007 post-election violence
Authors: Njoroge Kinuthia
Published: May 2021

This study sought to examine the dominant frame in terms of ‘war’ and ‘peace’ in the coverage of the 2007/2008 post-election violence. At the time, Kenya had eight daily and over 10 weekly newspapers (Mbeke, 2008). The Daily Nation and The Standard were selected for the purpose of this study. The study applied systematic sampling method to select stories from The Standard and simple random sampling to select the stories from Daily Nation. A sample of 35 news articles (an average of 5 every day) for each of the newspapers and a maximum of 10 for each of the other categories were selected from 294 and 180 articles from The Standard and Daily Nation respectively. Details of each story were recorded in the coding sheet. This information was afterwards transferred to SPSS, a statistical data analysis programme. The study employs 11 of Johan Galtung’s 13 indicators of war/peace journalism to analyse the framing of the conflict. Galtung has proposed a new approach to reporting war and conflict that he terms 'peace journalism'. The two newspapers had an equal number of war journalism-framed stories (6 or 2%). Peace journalism framing was dominant in both newspapers. The findings contrast Galtung’s argument that in reporting war and conflict the media always give emphasis to war journalism frames.
Sexuality Communication between the Clergy and Adolescents in Nakuru County, Kenya.
Authors: Eliud Kirigia; Pauline Ndoro; Vicky Khasandi Francis Ndegwa;
Published: May 2021

The study examines the sexuality communication between the clergy and adolescents in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study uses Systems theory anchored by Ludwing Von Bertalanffy (1969). Eighty students were sampled from ten secondary schools in Nakuru East and Njoro sub-counties representing both urban and rural teacher population. The schools included six same-sex secondary (three only boys and three only girls) schools and four mixed-sex secondary schools. The categories of the schools included two national schools, three extra-county schools, three county schools and two sub-county schools. The study used a self-administered questionnaire as a method of data collection, which was appropriate for collecting sensitive information such as sexual communication yet provide quantifiable data that can be used for statistical analysis. The schools were categorized from letter A to J. The results of this study showed that although the clergy engage the adolescents in some sexuality communication, the sexuality information communicated by the clergy was insufficient to help them manage the sexuality challenges they encounter. This is partly because adolescents did not consider their interests as fully taken into account since the clergy used strategies that were convenient for them, but failed to address the adolescents’ needs. The study suggested that clergy should be more accommodative of the views of the adolescents by considering the feedback regarding their interests and concerns. A good system will seek balance through interchanging with its environment and this comes through those feedback loops that enlighten the system on how or what to modify in order to maintain the system balance.
La diversidad de los paisajes agrícolas en el Geoparque Mundial UNESCO Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, México
Authors: Orozco Ramírez Quetzalcóatl , Bocco Gerardo
Published: May 2021

La Mixteca Alta es una región natural y cultural de importancia mundial. La agricultura en la región reconoce serias limitantes ambientales, como lluvias escasas e irregulares, estación de crecimiento corta, y poca extensión de suelos con buena calidad en términos de profundidad, fertilidad y pendiente, estos factores han influido para que las comunidades mixtecas hayan creado diversos paisajes agrícolas, entre los que destacan las terrazas y los lamabordos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y proponer una clasificación de los paisajes agrícolas en una zona de la Mixteca Alta, a través la interpretación de imágenes de satélite, entrevistas con agricultores, y recorridos de campo. Localmente los sistemas agrícolas se diferencian por la forma del terreno, la modificación del relieve y la disponibilidad de agua. Se identificaron seis paisajes: el valle de temporal, el valle de riego, los valles secundarios, las laderas de temporal, las laderas de riego y las terrazas agrícolas o lamabordos. Cada uno se distingue por un grupo de cultivos de los cuales el maíz aparece como cultivo dominante, excepto en las laderas de riego, que reconoce un sistema de cultivo diferenciado para cada paisaje. Estos paisajes son producto de la interacción entre las comunidades y la geodiversidad, son parte de la identidad de las comunidades mixtecas. Su diversidad tiene un gran valor cultural e histórico, basado en los conocimientos tradicionales involucrados en sus transformaciones.
Peningkatan Kompetensi Siswa Melalui Pelatihan Akuntansi Sektor Publik Bagi Siswa SMK Triguna 1956 Jakarta
Authors: Primasari Nora Hilmia , Anggraeni Desy
Published: May 2021

Akuntansi untuk sektor publik merupakan salah satu bidang akuntansi yang ruang lingkup penggunaannya untuk lembaga sektor publik. Perkembangan ilmu teknologi dan adanya peraturan baru mengenai akuntansi pemerintahan harus di antisipasi oleh berbagai pihak termasuk instansi pendidikan. Semua instansi baik instansi pemerintah maupun swasta menuntut tersedianya sumber daya manusia yang kompeten untuk berpartisipasi secara langsung dan aktif dalam mengelola keuangan sehingga tercapai tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik. Dalam rangka pengembangan pengetahuan mengenai akuntansi pemerintahan serta menciptakan lulusan yang memahami dan kompeten dalam bidang Akuntansi Pemerintahan. Maka, Tim Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat memberikan pelatihan mengenai pemahaman Akuntansi Sektor Publik. Pelatihan ini ditujukan pada siswa/i Kejuruan SMK Triguna 1956 Jakarta. Dengan adanya pelatihan maka diharapkan dapat membawa manfaat yakni dapat menambah ilmu serta menciptakan lulusan yang kompeten dibidang Akuntansi baik Akuntansi Komersial ataupun Akuntansi Pemerintahan. Kegiatan pelatihan ini dilaksanakan secara daring menggunakan aplikasi Zoom Meeting, meskipun palekasanaan secara daring antusiasme para guru dan siswa sangat baik, terbukti dengan banyaknya peserta yang hadir dan keterlibatan peserta dalam berdiskusi. Kegiatan ini berhasil membantu guru dan siswa di SMK Triguna 1956 memahami akuntansi sektor publik dengan lebih baik.