bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal dynamics of the ground vegetation in a Danish beech forest
Authors: Carøe Ina , Barfod Anders S. , Lawesson Jonas E.
Published: March 2008

A Danish beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest was studied during a period of five years, to reveal temporal and spatial patterns in the ground vegetation within a year and between years. In 1994, twenty stations were established in commercially managed forests south of Aarhus, and the frequency of the vascular plants was recorded in 40 stratified random Raunkiier circles (0.1m2). The sampling was repeated in 1995, 1997 and 1998. The seasonal variation in species frequencies was furthermore studied in nine of the permanent stations. The findings were summarised in terms of species richness and averaged Ellenberg ecological values, and analysed with clustering analysis and ordination. We applied Steinhaus similarity index and detrended correspondence analysis to detect fluctuation and succession. To test for significant vegetation changes, a non‐parametric Mantel test was used. The species richness and Ellenberg's indicator values were unchanged during the five years. The classification results, however, differed between the years. In particular, changes in the quantitative similarity between years were high (12–23%), and this was supported by ordination. We conclude that the vegetation in the study area, at least in the studied 5‐years period, did not how signs of clear successional trends, but merely changes in species abundance, which we associate with short‐term fluctuation. Further studies, on different time scales, of vegetation dynamics in forests should be initiated, in order to make better descriptions of plant communities, and to detect possible successional trends. We suggest that such studies also include long term monitoring of environmental parameters in a nested, permanent sampling design.
Successionary stages of formerly cultivated grassland in northern Norway, abandoned for 10, 20 and 35 years
Authors: Jensen Christin , Vorren Karl‐Dag , Eilertsen Svein Morten , Samuelsen Ragnar
Published: March 2008

The effect of abandonment on traditionally cultivated grassland formerly sown with Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis was studied in terms of phytosociology, species composition, soil properties and regrowth of shrubs and trees. The investigation site is a typical fisher‐peasant farm in the suboceanic fjord region of northern Norway. All farming activity was terminated in 1983. Percentual species cover, chemical (P‐AL, K‐AL, KHNO3, Mg‐AL, Ca‐AL and pH) and physical (soil type, volume weight a.o.) registrations were carried out in 1993/94 in permanent plots on a chronosequence of 10, 20 and 35 years of abandonment. A TWINSPAN‐classification revealed a successional trend in five distinct stages from an open herb‐rich meadow community through a Deschampsia cespitosa‐dominated community towards heath‐formation. According to the Central‐European phytosociological system, the youngest meadows belong to the Molinio‐Arrhenatheretea class. They have elements suggesting that they may be ranged under the order Alchemillo‐Deschampsietalia and the alliance of Equiseto‐Galion borealis, while parts of the oldest stage seem to be close to the Corno‐Betuletum myrtilletosum subassociation of Vaccinio‐Piceetalia. The ecological variation between the age stages was investigated by unconstrained and constrained ordination (CCA, DCCA, partial DCCA, hybrid CCA) and by multiple significance testing (Student‐Newman‐Keuls test in SAS). There is a significant successional trend towards heath birch woodland and a strong nutrient gradient represented by P‐AL and Ca‐AL acting together and decreasing with age, while K‐AL is increasing.
Additional observations on Dombeya kefaensis (Sterculiaceae) and the diversity of Dombeya in SW. Ethiopia
Authors: Friis I. , Bidgood S.
Published: March 2008

Dombeya kefaensis was first described in 1998 from flowering material collected in a mosaic of humid montane forest, evergreen bushland and deciduous woodland of the Kefa Region, SW. Ethiopia. Fruiting individuals, ripe fruits and seeds have now been observed on an additional gathering made near the type locality in late January. The new observations confirm that D. kefaensis is a distinct taxon closely related to D. buettneri K. Schum., recognised by characters of vegetative parts and inflorescence. This rare species has been observed between 1700 and 2200 m. a.s.l. for a distance of four kilometres in the transition zone between evergreen forest and deciduous woodland. The mountains and river valleys of S. and SW. Ethiopia with their mosaic of moist forests, highly fire‐prone wooded grasslands, evergreen bushlands and montane grasslands seem to have the highest diversity of Dombeya‐species on the African mainland, but the taxa are closely related.
Two new species of Geonoma sect. Taenianthera (Arecaceae) from the western Amazon
Authors: Borchsenius Finn , Balslev Henrik , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: March 2008

Geonoma atrovirens and G. supracostata (sect. Taenianthera) (Arecaceae) from the western Amazon are described and illustrated. Both species are described on material hitherto included in the widespread G. macrostachys s.l., a species complex of understory palms represented in most parts of the Amazon region. Geonoma atrovirens resembles entire‐leafed forms of Geonoma macrostachys var. macrostachys but differs form that taxon in having extremely narrow, bluish green leaves, and a different structure of its staminate flowers. Geonoma supracostata differs from all forms of G. macrostachys in the combination of an usually well developed aerial stem and moderately dissected leaves with the veins sharply raised alternately on the adaxial and the abaxial side of the lamina. A key to the species of Geonoma sect. Taenianthera in the western Amazon is provided.
Astragalus sect. Semnanenses (Fabaceae): a new monotypic section from Iran
Authors: Zarre Shahin , Podlech Dieter
Published: March 2008

The systematic position of Astragalus semnanensis is studied. Morphological and micromorphological features of this species are not in accordance with the old position of this species as a member of A. sect. Leucocercis. Within A. subgen. Astragalus this species is intermediate between A. sect. Acanthophace and A. sect. Megalocystis, but it shows critical differences from them. Therefore, a new section, A. sect. Semnanenses is described.
A new species of Memecylon (Melastomataceae) from India
Authors: Mohanan N. , Ravi N. , Raj M. S. Kiran , Shaju T.
Published: March 2008

Memecylon sivadasanii, a new species of Melastomataceae from India is described and illustrated. The new species is allied to M. angustifolium and M. rivulare.
Viola hirta (Violaceae) and its relatives in Norway
Authors: Marcussen Thomas , Borgen Liv , Nordal Inger
Published: March 2008

Viola hirta is widespread in most of Europe but rare in Norway, occurring in four isolated enclaves around the Oslo Fjord. Allozymic and morphological patterns of variation were studied in 320 individuals of Viola hirta (2n = 20) and its relatives V. collina (2n = 20), V. odorata (2n = 20), and V. suavis (2n = 40) from 22 Norwegian populations. Ongoing introgression from both V. collina and V. odorata, as hypothesised by several authors, was not supported by our data. All hybrids proved to be primary ones and, apparently, introgression is rare. However, allozyme markers suggested that V. hirta may have been affected by ancient introgression from V. collina and possibly also from the East European V. ambigua (2n = 40) during its evolutionary history. Geographical differentiation, presumably relatively recent and post‐glacial, was evident in V. hirta. Variation occurred also between and within V. odorata populations, most likely a consequence of independent introductions by man. No variation was observed in V. collina or in V suavis. A key to the Norwegian species of subsection Viola and their primary hybrids based on morphological characters is provided in Flora Nordica note No. 26.
Immigration of Picea abies into North‐Central Sweden. New evidence of regional expansion and tree‐limit evolution
Authors: Kullman Leif
Published: March 2008

Analyses of subfossil tree remains in peats and raw humus soils account for the immigration and spread of Picea abies (Norway spruce) into Sweden and the evolution of the alpine tree‐limit ecotone. Picea abies is recorded for the first time about 11 000 BP, on an early emerging nunatak in the southern Swedish Scandes. Prior to c. 8 000 BP, Picea was strictly bound to high elevations in the west. Farther to the east in North‐Central Sweden, Picea emerged in the subfossil record mainly after c. 6 000 BP. Later on, growth of local founder populations and landscape‐scale expansion may have been forced chiefly by a successively less seasonal climate (the Milankovitch model of orbital forcing), promoting increased net soil moisture and possibly a deeper and more persistent snow cover. Already at the Weichselian/Holocene transition, an elevational tree‐limit ecotone was established and arborescent Picea grew at least 400 m higher than the modern tree‐limit. Until about 8 000 BP, the species‐limit descended, whereafter it stabilized up to the present day. Lack of significant species‐limit retraction after c. 8 000 BP may seem paradoxical in perspective of independently inferred climate cooling in response to reduced insolation and land uplift. This could be a consequence of substantial phenotypic plasticity and increased snow accumulation, mitigating the long‐term cooling. Thus, the elevational species‐limit (krummholz) of Picea abies is out of equilibrium with the modern thermal climate. The striking incongruence between the results exposed here and earlier palynological interpretations of the same biogeographical process will have implications for the use of pollen data for range‐limit reconstructions within historical biogeography, and urges for re‐evaluation of certain aspects of the Fennoscandian forest history.
Orchidantha foetida (Lowiaceae) a new species from Thailand
Authors: Jenjittikul Thaya , Larsen K.
Published: March 2008

Orchidantha foetidasp. nov. from NE Thailand is described and illustrated and a key to the three species occurring in Thailand is presented.
A new species and new records of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) from the Horn of Africa region
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

Helianthemum speciosum, sp. nov., from gypsum outcrops in north‐eastern Somalia, is described and illustrated. H. stipulatum is recorded for the first time from Somalia and Yemen.
Pollination and reproductive success of two colour variants of a deceptive orchid, Dactylorhiza maculata (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Koivisto Anna‐Maria , Vallius Elisa , Salonen Veikko
Published: March 2008

Polymorphism in petal colour is common in deceptively pollinated plant species. Most of the deceptively pollinated orchids are food frauds, and in most of them, the deception is not mimetic. These plants have conspicuously coloured flowers which they use as the main attractant of naive pollinators. In a field experiment, we studied the response of bumblebees and other types of flower visitors to colour differences between experimentally paired plants of Dactylorhiza maculata, a nectarless food‐deceptive species. In addition, pollen removal, an estimate of male fitness, and fruit production, an estimate of female fitness, were measured in the two colour variants. We found a trend of bumblebee preference for the dark‐coloured flowers, but other flower visitors (as a group) showed no preference for any colour variant. No difference was found in the reproductive success between the two colour variants of D. maculata. The lack of a difference in reproductive success between plants with pale and dark inflorescences, despite the observed trend of bumblebee preference for dark inflorescences, suggests that there is some balancing factor in the pollination of the pale inflorescences. An excess of visits by some nocturnal species (or a group of species) which favours the pale colour of D. maculata inflorescences or an excess of visits during day time by some flower visitors other than bumblebees preferring the pale inflorescences over dark ones may form such a balancing factor.
A taxonomic review of the genus Hypocalymma (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Strid A. , Keighery G. J.
Published: March 2008

The genus Hypocalymma endemic to Western Australia and comprising 22 species species including the widely cultivated Swan River Myrtle and Swamp Myrtle, is revised. Nine new species (H. connatum, H. hirsutum, H, gardneri, H. jessicae, H. melaleucoides, H. serrulatum, H. sylvestris, H. tenuatum and H. uncinatum), two new subspecies (H. cordifolium subsp. minus and H. strictum subsp. elongatum) and one new combination (H. angustifolium subsp. longifolium) are described or made. A key to all species is presented for this horticulturally significant genus.
Sympatric occurrences of various cytotypes of Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus (Ericaceae)
Authors: Suda Jan
Published: March 2008

Flow cytometry was employed to estimate ploidy levels in Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus. Twelve localities in the Czech Republic, Sweden and Denmark were studied in detail in order to investigate the potential sympatric growth of various cytotypes. Diploid V. microcarpum and tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid individuals of V. oxycoccos were found among the 296 accessions analyzed. Both species as well as various (up to all three) ploidy levels of V. oxycoccos co‐occurred at the same locality. Mixed accessions (containing various cytotypes) were even ascertained on a very fine spatial scale (20 × 20 cm). Pentaploid plants of probable hybrid origin have been found in Sweden for the first time. The population growing on peat bog near Lyngby, Copenhagen (Denmark) consisted of both hexaploids and tetraploids. This site refers to the discovery of hexaploid cranberries in the late twentieths of the last century. The results represent further support for merging of all polyploid cytotypes (4x—6x) into a single taxon.
Three new species of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba (Passifloraceae) from Ecuador
Authors: Jørgensen Peter Meller
Published: March 2008

Three new species of Passiflora have been collected in the province of ZamoraChinchipe within the last 12 years. They are here described and illustrated as Passiflora carnasisepala, P condarita, and P.parvipetala. The total number of species of Passiflora in Ecuador is now 94, of which 40 belong to the subgenus Decaloba and 32 are endemic to the country.
Cactus novelties from southern Ecuador
Authors: Madsen Jens E. , Aguirre M.Zhofre
Published: March 2008

The epiphytic Rhipsalis riocampanensis from the upper montane rain forest of the Podocarpus National Park is described as a new species. A large columnar cactus previously known from N Peru, Browningia microsperma. is here recorded from the Loja province in southern Ecuador. It is the first time Browningia has been reported from Ecuador. Espostoa lanata ssp. roseiflora is described as a new subspecies based on a population in the Catamayo valley. It is suggested that Armatocereus rupicola is an older name for Armatocereus brevispinus.
Novelties in Neotropical Lycopodiaceae
Authors: Øllgaard Benjamin
Published: March 2008

Nine neotropical taxa in the Lycopodiaceae are described as new to science, illustrated and discussed. They are Huperzia ciliolata, H. villonacensis. H. cleefiana, H. linifolia var. planifolia. Lycopodiella maniculata. L. caroliniana var. mesetarum.L.krameriana.L.andicola, and Lycopodium lawessonianum.
Floristic composition of two 100 km2 reference sites in West African cultural landscapes
Authors: Madsen J. E. , Lykke A. M. , Boussim J. , Guinko S.
Published: March 2008

All non‐cultivated, vascular plant species were recorded in two reference sites of each 100 km2 situated in traditionally managed agro‐pastoral landscapes of the Sudanean and Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso, West Africa. The reference sites contained 421 and 267 species, respectively, of which 131 were common to the two sites. Although the reference sites are highly disturbed by human activity they harbour a significant proportion of the plant diversity of the regions due to a high heterogeneity within the sites. Thus, more than one fourth of the flora of Burkina Faso is found in the two reference sites that cover only 0.07% of the country area. The reference sites are characterized by a high percentage of species that are weedy (50–76%), widely distributed (African or pantropical distribution) (84–92%), andor restricted to inundated areas (25–33%). The present case study emphasises the need to conserve wild species in cultural landscapes.
Vietation changes over three decades on Santa Fe Island, Galhpagos, Ecuador
Authors: Hamann Ole
Published: March 2008

Changes in mortality and turnover of selected woody plants which dominate and characterise the arid vegetation of the island of Santa Fe, Galapagos, have been studied regularly during the period 1972–2003. After the eradication of feral goats from Santa Fe in 1971, the vegetation started to recover. The previously threatened small tree Scalesia helleri ssp. helleri recovered and some recruitment of the dominant trees Opuntia echios var. barringtonensis and Bursera graveolens took place. The dominant shrub species Cordia lutea, Encelia hispida and Lantana peduncularis increased in number, whereby the shrub layer is becoming denser and the structure of the predominant dry season deciduous steppe forest vegetation is changing. The strong impact of El Niño on the survival and recruitment of Opuntia indicates that recovery of Opuntia‐dominated vegetation should be viewed on a time‐scale of perhaps 150 years or more, in correspondence with the long life‐expectancy of adult Opuntia individual. It is suggested that recruitment and survival of Opuntia may be hindered if future El Niño events are to occur with increased strength, and that this would alter the aspect of the Santa Fe vegetation.
Dasymaschalon tibetense (Annonaceae): a new species from China
Authors: Hou Xueliang , Li Shijin , Keßler Paul J. A.
Published: March 2008

A new species, Dasymaschalon tibetense, has been described from South Tibet, China. The species is related to D. rostratum, but can be easily distinguished by its rounded apex of fruitlets and its 7.7–9.5 cm long petals.
Revision of the Astragalus penduliflorus complex (Leguminosae ‐ Papilionoidae)
Authors: Zhu Xiang‐yun
Published: March 2008

This paper deals with a taxonomic revision of the Astragalus penduliflorus complex including the following previous taxa: Astragalus penduliflorus, A. membranaceus, A. membranaceus f. propinquus (A. propinquus), A. membranaceus var. obtusus, A. shinanensis, A. membranaceus var. albiflorus, A. mongholicus var. dahuricus, A. membranaceus var. mongholicus (A. mongholicus), A. pürdomii, A. membranaces ssp. pallidipurpureus (A. membranaceus f. pallidipurpureus), A. membranaceus var. purpurinus (A. membranaceus f. purpurinus, A. membranaceus f. purpurinus), A. sericeocanus and A. minhensis. Included in the revision are, flower variation pattern, pollen and seed morphology of A. penduliflorus ssp. penduliflorus, A. penduliflorus ssp. mongholicus var. dahuricus and A. penduliflorus ssp. mongholicus var. mongholicus, distribution of the complex, a key to the complex and their morphological descriptions. It is proposed that this complex is treated as one species with two subspecies (including four varieties), viz., Astragalus penduliflorus ssp. penduliflorus and A. penduliflorus ssp. mongholicus var. dahuricus, A. penduliflorus ssp. mongholicus var. mongholicus, A. penduliflorus ssp. mongholicus var. minhensis, A. penduliflorus ssp. mongholicus var. pallidipurpureus, and A. penduliflorus ssp. mongholicus var. sericeocanus.
A new species of Afrothismia (Burmanniaceae) from Cameroon
Authors: Sainge M. N. , Franke T.
Published: March 2008

Afrothismia hydra, a new species of Burmanniaceae (tribe Thismieae) from South west Cameroon is decribed, illustrated and compared with related taxa.
A taxonomic and nomenclatural note on Hieracium caesium (Asteraceae)
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N.
Published: March 2008

The only specimen suitable for typification of Hieracium caesium was discovered in UPS and is here designated as the lectotype. This name appears to have been misapplied and superfluous when originally published at specific rank, but is legitimate according to Art. 52.3. Correct names proposed for three species of the group Caesia (H. caesium = H. basifolium, H. laeticolor and H. plumbeum) are given with infraspecific variants and some more important synonyms. The names H. caesium subsp. laeticolor, H. imitans, H. caesium var. nemorum, H. plumbeum are also lectotypified. Two new combinations H. caesium var. basifolium and H. caesium var. imitans are proposed.
Pollen and seed morphology of Gueldenstaedtia and Tibetia (Leguminosae) ‐ with a special reference to the taxonomic significance
Authors: Zhu Xiang‐yun
Published: March 2008

The pollen morphology of Gueldenstaedtia gansuensis. G. gracilis, G. henryi, G. monophylla. G. mutijlora, G. stenophylla. and G. verna and Tibetia liangshanensis, T. tongolensis, T. yadongensis. T. coelestis, and T yunnanensis are reported for the first time. The seed morphology of G. gracilis, G. maritima. G. monophylla, G. mutiflora, G. taihangensis, and G. verna and L coelestis, T. himalaica, T. yunnanensis, and T. yadongensis are firstly described here. In pollen morphology, the differences of pollen grains of Gueldenstaedtia and Tibetia are as follows: Gueldenstaedtia with pollen grains 3–colporate, psilate, and shapes spheroidal, sometimes subprolate, prolate or oblong; and Tibetia with pollen grains 3– and 4–colporate, perforate, shapes spheroidal, sometimes subprolate or prolate. These results, combined with the data of the basic chromosome number x=7 of Gueldenstaedtia and x=8 of Tibetia, support that the two genera should be recognized as two distinct genera, which are consistent with their morphological characters: Gueldenstaedtia with 2 upper lobes of calyx free, stipules free, adnate to petiole, and Tibetia with 2 upper lobes of calyx connate, stipules connate and opposite to leaves. In Tibetia, two types of pollen grains, 3– and 4–colporate pollen grains, are found. Regarding seed morphology: Gueldenstaedtia has circular depression, irregular circular depression or irregular circular reticulation on the surface; Tibetia has smooth surface. The differences in seed morphology of the two genera also support that they should be kept separate. The pollen morphology supports that G. gansuensis, G. gracilis, G. multiflora, G. stenophylla, and G. verna should be reduced into one species consistent with their morphological characteristics. The pollen grains of G. henryi are different from those of the other species in having wide colpi.
Phyllanthus xylorrhizus (Phyllanthaceae), a new species from Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

The new species Phyllanthus xylorrhizus, from limestone rocks along the coast of north‐eastem Somalia, is described, illustrated, and compared with two other Somali endemics, P.lunifolius and P. spinosus.
On the circumscription of Paeonia kesrouanensis, an east Mediterranean peony
Authors: Hong De‐Yuan , Wang Xiao‐Quan , Zhang Da‐Ming , Koruklu Selcuk Tugrul
Published: March 2008

Two populations of Paeonia turcica, including one in the type locality, and two populations of P. kesrouanensis were sampled and observed, in addition to examination of a large number of herbarium specimens. As a result of extensive comparison, we found that there are no distinct differences between P. turcica and P. kesrouanensis, and thus P. turcica is treated as a synonym of the latter. The relationships of P. kesrouanensis with its allies are discussed.
Etlingera kenyalang (Zhgiberaceae) — a new species from Sarawak, Borneo, with notes on its ecology and Iban ethnobotany
Authors: Poulsen Axel Dalberg , Christensen Hanne
Published: March 2008

Etlingera kenyalang is described from southern Sarawak. Ecological notes are given including a possible pollinator and seed dispersers. The Iban ethnobotany of the species is discussed; the shoots and fruits are edible and the leaves are used ritually during the Gawai Kenyalang (Hornbill Festival).
Epiphytic orchids on arborescent Velloziaceae and Cyperaceae: Extremes of phorophyte specialisation
Authors: Porembski Stefan
Published: March 2008

Vascular epiphytes are widespread throughout the tropics where they are usually not restricted to particular phorophytes. In contrast to this the trunks of arborescent Cyperaceae and Velloziaceae are regularly colonised by vascular epiphytes with certain orchids showing a remarkably high degree of phorophyte specificity. Arborescent, desiccation‐tolerant Cyperaceae (e.g. Afrotrilepis) and Velloziaceae (e.g. Vellozia, Xerophyta) form characteristic elements of rock outcrop vegetation in the Neotropics and Paleotropics where they frequently occur with mat‐forming species. Their woody‐fibrous stems mainly consist of persistent leaf bases and adventitious roots which possess a velamen radicum. In tropical Africa several species of Polystachya occur in mats and on stems of Cyperaceae (e.g. P. microbambusa on Afrotrilepis pilosa) and Velloziaceae (e.g. P. johnstonii on Xerophyta splendens). In Brazil a higher number of orchid species (e.g. Constantia cipoensis, Pseudolaelia vellozicola, Sophronites brevipedunculata) are largely restricted to the stems of Velloziaceae growing on rock outcrops. Moreover, in Brazil a number of non‐phorophyte specific orchids (e.g. Epidendrum saxatile, Prosthechea vespa) grow on the trunks of Velloziaceae. Orchids restricted to the stems of Cyperaceae and Velloziaceae were derived from non‐phorophyte specific, epiphytic/lithophytic ancestors and originated independently in South America and Africa. The exact nature of the relationship between arborescent Cyperaceae and Velloziaceae and epiphytic orchids growing exclusively on their trunks is not yet clear. In a number of areas both the highly host specific orchids and the arborescent Cyperaceae/Velloziaceae are seriously threatened by human lit fires and commercial collection.
A new species of Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) from Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

The new species Scutellaria somalensis, from limestone slopes in north‐eastem Somalia, is described and illustrated.
Notes on Convolvulus, Astripomoea, Ipomoea and Merremia (Convolvulaceae) from the Horn of Africa
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

The six new species Convolvulus scopulatus, a shrub from gypseous semidesert coastal plains in northern Somalia, Astripomoea procera, a woody climber in Acacia‐Commiphora bushland on sand in south‐central Somalia, Ipomoea hiranensis, a prostrate or climbing shrublet in Acacia‐Commiphora bushland in rocky places on sandstone in south‐central Somalia, Ipomoea galhareriana, a woody climber in bushland on sand in central Somalia, Ipomoea pogonantha, a woody climber in bushland usually on red soil over limestone in eastern and southern Ethiopia, southern Somalia and northern Kenya, and Ipomoea corrugata, a herb with trailing stems in bushland on sandy soil in south‐central Somalia, are described, and illustrations are provided for most of them. The new combinations Ipomoea ovatolanceolata (= I. adenoides var. ovatolanceolata) and Merremia obtusa (= M. ampelophylla subsp. obtusa) are made, and a new synonymy is provided for M. ampelophylla. Merremia ellenbeckii is neotypified and M. lobata is placed in synonymy.
A new species of Campylanthus (Scrophulariaceae) from Somalia
Authors: Hjertson Mats , Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

Campylanthus reconditus sp. nov., from limestone hills in north‐eastern Somalia, is described and illustrated.
Phenology of the environmental weed Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) along altitudinal and disturbance gradients in the Snowy Mountains, Australia
Authors: Johnston Frances Mary , Pickering Catherine Marina
Published: March 2008

This study examined the phenology of the weed Achillea millefolium over a growing season in the Snowy Mountains. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plants in 1 m2 quadrats were compared among sites at four different altitudes (medium and high montane, low and high subalpine) and three types of infrastructure (primary road, secondary road and building, total 12 sites). Altitude, infrastructure and time of year did not affect percentage cover of vegetation. Flowering started earlier and lasted longer in the low montane sites compared to high subalpine sites. The type of infrastructure only affected the number of reproductive structures at the peak of flowering, with A. millefolium growing next to buildings having two to three times more inflorescences per m2 than along primary and secondary road verges. At the peak for each reproductive stage, there was an average of 1.47 developing inflorescences, 21 inflorescences in bud, 24 inflorescences in flower, 4 inflorescences setting seed, and 3 releasing seed. Based on the maximum number of inflorescences present at any time at each site, there was an average of 36 inflorescences, giving an estimate potential seed production of 51 400 seed per one m2 for A. millefolium in the Snowy Mountains. If the climate changes in the Snowy Mountains as predicted, then it is likely that yarrow will produce more inflorescences and seed in the higher altitude sites.
Studies in African Cyperaceae 32. Cyperus rheophyticus, sp. nov.
Authors: Lye Kåre Arnstein , Cheek Martin
Published: March 2008

A new species,Cyperus rheophyticus, is described from seasonally submerged habitats in forest streams and rivers in South West Cameroon (500–1350 m).Cyperus rheophyticusis most similar toC. brevifoliusssp.brevifolius(syn.Kyllinga brevifolius), a less slender species with a stronger rhizome, larger spikeiets and glumes with a spinose keel; also the anther and achene are larger in that species.
Temporal development of vegetation and geomorphology in a man‐made beach‐dune system by natural processes
Authors: Vestergaard Peter
Published: March 2008

Twenty‐four yrs of primary succession in a man‐made beach‐dune system at the Baltic coast of Denmark, built of calcareous, marine sand and the dune planted with Ammophila arenaria, was studied by qualitative observations, quantitative records in permanent plots, levelling and soil analysis within a selected area of 0.75 ha. The aim of the study was to discuss whether human initiated and influenced beach and dune dynamics mimick natural beach and dune processes, and to discuss the relationship between succession and zonation. During the study period, which started in 1979, the man‐made dune stabilized rather fast. In the stabilized dune, a sand‐pararendzina with a thin A‐horizon developed. The beach expanded by accretion of less calcareous, marine sand. On the beach new dunes, 3 m high, successively developed. The number of species in the study area increased from 16 to 55, accompanied by species and life form dynamics, characteristic for primary succession on sandy coasts. A gradual change in species composition of the permanent plots, which appeared by a DCA analysis, could by using TWINSPAN be structured into four groups or plant communities, which reflect succession as well as zonation. Two groups represent the vegetation of sandy beaches with annual dicotyledon species, and mobile dunes dominated by rhizomatous geophytes, especially A. arenaria. The two other groups represent stabilized, calcareous dune, dominated by hemicryptophytes, specially Festuca rubra, and less stabilized dune with F. rubra and the invasive alien Rosa rugosa. It was concluded, that the main trends in the geomorphological and vegetational development of the man‐made beach‐dune system is similar to the development in natural dunes. In the future, further accretion and seaward dune formation may be expected, but is it also expected, that larger parts of the area gradually will be covered by low scrubs of R. rugosa.
Relationship between light availability and species richness during fen grassland succession
Authors: Schrautzer Joachim , Jensen Kai
Published: March 2008

The complex relation between standing crop and species richness in herbaceous plant communities is still one of the most intensively discussed topics in vegetation ecology. In this study, we focus on the extent to which light availability is able to explain this relationship in fen grasslands. We analyse changes of light availability (measured as relative irradiance, RI), standing crop and species richness during fen grassland succession. Our study include communities representing differences in drainage intensity and nutrient status (‘land use intensification sere’) and successional stages developing after abandonment (‘abandonment seres’). Both in the land use intensification sere and in the abandonment seres, we recorded an increase in standing crop reaching highest values of approx. 800 g m‐2. RI, species richness and number of small‐growing species declined in the successional seres. RI was highest in stands of low‐productive communities, where light compensation points (5% RI) were already attained at soil surface and light saturation points (30% RI) at soil surface or at 15 cm height. Horizontal heterogeneity of RI at soil surface and at 30 cm height decreased in the abandonment seres, but not at 30 cm height in the land use intensification sere. Furthermore, we detected a signiñcant negative relation between standing crop and RI. Species richness declined with increasing standing crop and thus consequently also with decreasing RI. This result points out that light competition might be of importance for this pattern. The number of small‐growing species decreased exponentially with an increase in standing crop (and decrease in RI). It can be assumed that low light availability negatively affects small‐growing species at standing crop values higher than 400–500 g m2. As the maintenance of small‐growing species and the improvement of habitat conditions for their establishment are important aims of nature conservation in fen grasslands, management strategies should be orientated at maintaining standing crops that are not higher than these values.
A new species of Acrotrema (Dilleniaceae) from India
Authors: Kumar E. S. Santhosh , Dan Mathew , Nair G. M.
Published: March 2008

Acrotrema agastyamalayanum, a new species of Dilleniaceae from India is described and illustrated. The new species is allied to A. arnottianum an endemic species of the southern Western Ghats.
Simplified keys to four sections with 34 species in the genus Dahlia (Asteraceae‐Coreopsideae)
Authors: Hansen Hans V.
Published: March 2008

New keys to four sections with 34 species in Dahlia are presented. Information about the known chromosome numbers and the distribution of the species is summarised.
Marine epibenthic dinoflagellates from Malaysia‐a study of live cultures and preserved samples based on light and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Mohammad‐Noor N. , Daugbjerg N. , Moestrup Ø , Anton A.
Published: March 2008

Marine epibenthic dinoflagellates have been collected from macroalgae, dead corals, seagrasses and sand in Malaysia and identified using light microscopy, including epifluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Examination of 62 samples revealed that Malaysia has rich diversity of benthic dinoflagellates, with 24 species representing 9 genera. Of these species, 8 were shown to be potentially toxic using theAnemiabioassay test i.e.Prorocentrum arenarium, P. lima, P. concavum, P.cf.faustiae, Gambierdiscus pacificus, Ostreopsis labens, O. ovataandCooliasp. The diversity of potentially toxic species in Malaysian waters indicates that Malaysia may encounter problems with ciguatera and/or DSP. The highest species diversity was found at Sipadan Island with a total of 18 species identified. One of these is previously undescribed (Prorocentrum sipadanensissp. nov.). The most common species identified at all sampling sites wereProrocentrum limaandOstreopsis ovata.Generally, the morphology of the species identified from Malaysian waters is similar to that reported in studies elsewhere. However, new features were also observed (e.g. a pyrenoid inProrocentrum emarginatumand two different‐sized pores inOstreopsis labens). The importance of SEM as a tool in taxonomic studies is stressed.
Association between hepatitis B/C viral infection, chronic kidney disease and insulin resistance in individuals undergoing general health screening
Authors: Ishizaka Nobukazu , Ishizaka Yuko , Seki George , Nagai Ryozo , Yamakado Minoru , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: March 2008

Aim:  Previous studies have shown that hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may be associated with glomerulonephritis.

Methods:  In the current study, we investigated the possible association between HBV/HCV infection, estimated GFR (eGFR) and albuminuria by analyzing cross‐sectional data from individuals undergoing general health screening.

Results:  Of 12 535 individuals enrolled, 130 (1.0%) and 72 (0.6%) tested positive for HBV surface antigen and HCV core antigen, respectively. In comparison with hepatitis‐negative individuals, the prevalence of low eGFR and albuminuria was significantly greater in individuals with HCV infection, but not in those with HBV infection. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose showed that HCV infection was positively associated with low eGFR (odds ratio 1.63 [95% CI 0.95–2.80, P = 0.077] ) and with albuminuria (odds ratio 2.00 [95% CI 1.06–3.76, P = 0.003] ). By contrast, prevalence of neither low eGFR nor albuminuria was greater in individuals with HBV infection than in hepatitis‐negative subjects. Further adjustment for either HOMA‐IR or serum alanine aminotransferase levels abolished the statistical significance in the association between HCV infection and albuminuria.

Conclusion:  Our data suggest that although both HCV and HBV infection are associated with increased insulin resistance, the different viruses may have different impacts on chronic kidney disease among Japanese individuals undergoing general health screening.
Modeling of Rough-Wall Boundary Layer Transition and Heat Transfer on Turbine Airfoils
Authors: Stripf M. , Schulz A. , Bauer H.-J.
Published: March 2008

A new model for predicting heat transfer in the transitional boundary layer of rough turbine airfoils is presented. The new model makes use of extensive experimental work recently published by the current authors. For the computation of the turbulent boundary layer, a discrete element roughness model is combined with a two-layer model of turbulence. The transition region is modeled using an intermittency equation that blends between the laminar and turbulent boundary layer. Several intermittency functions are evaluated in respect of their applicability to rough-wall transition. To predict the onset of transition, a new correlation is presented, accounting for the influence of freestream turbulence and surface roughness. Finally, the new model is tested against transitional rough-wall boundary layer flows on high-pressure and low-pressure turbine airfoils.
Aerodynamic and Heat Flux Measurements in a Single-Stage Fully Cooled Turbine—Part I: Experimental Approach
Authors: Haldeman C. W. , Mathison R. M. , Dunn M. G. , Southworth S. A. , Harral J. W. , Heitland G.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the experimental approach utilized to perform experiments using a fully cooled rotating turbine stage to obtain film effectiveness measurements. Significant changes to the previous experimental apparatus were implemented to meet the experimental objectives. The modifications include the development of a synchronized blowdown facility to provide cooling gas to the turbine stage, installation of a heat exchanger capable of generating a uniform or patterned inlet temperature profile, novel utilization of temperature and pressure instrumentation, and development of robust double-sided heat flux gauges. With these modifications, time-averaged and time-accurate measurements of temperature, pressure, surface heat flux, and film effectiveness can be made over a wide range of operational parameters, duplicating the nondimensional parameters necessary to simulate engine conditions. Data from low Reynolds number experiments are presented to demonstrate that all appropriate scaling parameters can be satisfied and that the new components have operated correctly. Along with airfoil surface heat transfer and pressure data, temperature and pressure data from inside the coolant plenums of the vane and rotating blade airfoils are presented. Pressure measurements obtained inside the vane and blade plenum chambers illustrate passing of the wakes and shocks as a result of vane/blade interaction. Part II of this paper (Haldeman, C. W., Mathison, R. M., Dunn, M. G., Southworth, S. A., Harral, J. W., and Heltland, G., 2008, ASME J. Turbomach., 130(2), p. 021016) presents data from the low Reynolds number cooling experiments and compares these measurements to CFD predictions generated using the Numeca FINE/Turbo package at multiple spans on the vanes and blades.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of High Heat Transfer Phenomenon in Minichannel Gaseous Cooling
Authors: Hara Kazuo , Furukawa Masato , Akihiro Naoki
Published: March 2008

The authors have reported that a minichannel flow system had a high heat transfer coefficient. We investigated the heat transfer and flow structure of single and array minichannels combined with an impingement flow system experimentally and numerically. The diameter D of the channel was 1.27mm, and length to diameter ratio L∕D was 5. The minichannel array was so-called shower head, which was constructed by 19 minichannels located at the apex of equilateral triangle, the side length S of which was 4mm a single stage block was used to investigate the heat transfer without impinging flow system. Two stage blocks were combined in series to compose an impingement heat transfer system with an impingement distance of H. H∕D ranged from 1.97 to 7.87. The dimensionless temperature increased as the impingement distance became short. A comparison of heat transfer performance was made between minichannel flow and impingement jet by comparing the single- and two-stage heat transfer experiments. It was found that dimensionless temperature of the minichannel exceeded that of the impingement jet. The mechanism of high heat transfer was studied numerically by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation and k-ω turbulence model. The limiting streamline pattern was correlated well to the surface heat flux distribution. The high heat transfer was achieved by suppressing the development of boundary layer under strong pressure gradient near the channel inlet. This heat transfer mechanisms became dominant when the channel size fell into the region of the minichannel.
Unsteady Transition Phenomena at a Compressor Blade Leading Edge
Authors: Henderson Alan D. , Walker Gregory J. , Hughes Jeremy D.
Published: March 2008

Wake-induced laminar-turbulent transition is studied at the leading edge of a C4-section compressor stator blade in a 1.5-stage axial compressor. Surface hot-film sensor observations are interpreted with the aid of numerical solutions from UNSFLO, a quasi-three-dimensional viscous-inviscid flow solver. The passage of a rotor wake, with its associated negative jet, over the stator leading edge is observed to have a destabilizing effect on the suction surface boundary layer. This leads to transition closer to the stator leading edge than would have occurred under steady flow conditions. The strength of this phenomenon is influenced by the rotor-stator axial gap and the variability of individual rotor wake disturbances. A variety of transition phenomena is observed near the leading edge in the wake path. Wave packets characteristic of Tollmien-Schlichting waves are observed to amplify and break down into turbulent spots. Disturbances characteristic of the streaky structures occurring in bypass transition are also seen. Examination of suction surface disturbance and wake-induced transitional strip trajectories points to the leading edge as the principal receptivity site for suction surface transition phenomena at design loading conditions. This contrasts markedly with the pressure surface behavior, where transition at design conditions occurs remotely from leading-edge flow perturbations associated with wake chopping. Here, the local receptivity of the boundary layer to the wake passing disturbance and turbulent wake fluid discharging onto the blade surface may be of greater importance.
Separated Flow Transition on an LP Turbine Blade With Pulsed Flow Control
Authors: Bons Jeffrey P. , Reimann Daniel , Bloxham Matthew
Published: March 2008

Flow measurements were made on a highly loaded low pressure turbine blade in a low-speed linear cascade facility. The blade has a design Zweifel coefficient of 1.34 with a peak pressure coefficient near 47% axial chord (midloaded). Flow and surface pressure data were taken for Rec=20,000 with 3% inlet freestream turbulence. For these operating conditions, a large separation bubble forms over the downstream portion of the blade suction surface, extending from 59% to 86% axial chord. Single-element hot-film measurements were acquired to clearly identify the role of boundary layer transition in this separated region. Higher-order turbulence statistics were used to identify transition and separation zones. Similar measurements were also made in the presence of unsteady forcing using pulsed vortex generator jets just upstream of the separation bubble (50% cx). Measurements provide a comprehensive picture of the interaction of boundary layer transition and separation in this unsteady environment. Similarities between pulsed flow control and unsteady wake motion are highlighted.
Design and Test of an Aspirated Counter-Rotating Fan
Authors: Kerrebrock Jack L. , Epstein Alan H. , Merchant Ali A. , Guenette Gerald R. , Parker David , Onnee Jean-Francois , Neumayer Fritz , Adamczyk John J. , Shabbir Aamir
Published: March 2008

The design and test of a two-stage, vaneless, aspirated counter-rotating fan is presented in this paper. The fan nominal design objectives were a pressure ratio of 3:1 and adiabatic efficiency of 87%. A pressure ratio of 2.9 at 89% efficiency was measured at the design speed. The configuration consists of a counter-swirl-producing inlet guide vane, followed by a high tip speed (1450ft∕s) nonaspirated rotor and a counter-rotating low speed (1150ft∕s) aspirated rotor. The lower tip speed and lower solidity of the second rotor result in a blade loading above conventional limits, but enable a balance between the shock loss and viscous boundary layer loss; the latter of which can be controlled by aspiration. The aspiration slot on the second rotor suction surface extends from the hub up to 80% span. The bleed flow is discharged inward through the blade hub. This fan was tested in a short duration blowdown facility. Particular attention was given to the design of the instrumentation to measure efficiency to 0.5% accuracy. High response static pressure measurements were taken between the rotors and downstream of the fan to determine the stall behavior. Pressure ratio, mass flow, and efficiency on speed lines from 90% to 102% of the design speed are presented and discussed along with comparison to computational fluid dynamics predictions and design intent. The results presented here complement those presented earlier for two aspirated fan stages with tip shrouds, extending the validated design space for aspirated compressors to include designs with conventional unshrouded rotors and with inward removal of the aspirated flow.
Biochemical Characterization of Metallo-β-Lactamase VIM-11 from a
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Clinical Strain
Authors: Marchiaro Patricia , Tomatis Pablo E. , Mussi María A. , Pasteran Fernando , Viale Alejandro M. , Limansky Adriana S. , Vila Alejandro J.
Published: March 2008

A detailed biochemical characterization of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
VIM-11 metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) is reported. The only substitution differentiating VIM-11 from VIM-2 (N165S) promoted a slightly improved catalytic efficiency of the former on 3 out of 12 substrates, notably the bulky cephalosporins. Thus, MβL-mediated resistance also may be modulated by remote mutations.