bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peranan Guru dalam Menerapkan Keterampilan Bertanya di SD Negeri 56 banda Aceh
Authors: Israwati Israwati , Adnan Adnan , Husin M , Mustafa Farha , Rahayu Rahayu
Published: July 2020

The role of teachers in applying questioning skills is carried out during learning The purpose of this study is to determine the role of teachers in applying questioning skills, obstacles and solutions in applying questioning skills in SD Negeri 56 Banda Aceh. Implementation, obstacles and solutions that are studied in this study are the roles that teachers do in applying questioning skills during learning. This research uses a qualitative research approach with descriptive research type. The subjects in this study were first grade to sixth grade teachers at SD Negeri 56 Banda Aceh. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques used in this study were data analysis, data models (data display) and conclusion drawing / verification. The data validity technique used in this study is source triangulation. The observation of researchers at SD Negeri 56 Banda Aceh can be concluded that the teacher's questioning skills are the most frequent and most important activities carried out in the learning process. The ability to ask is the main ability that must be possessed by the teacher because asking is a tool for teaching. Because almost every stage of learning the teacher is required to ask questions, and the quality of the questions asked by the teacher will determine the quality of student answers. Giving questions will help students learn mentally and be more perfect in receiving information so students participate actively during the learning process.
Analisis Bahan Ajar Membaca yang Tersedia Untuk Siswa Sekolah Dasar di Provinsi Bengkulu
Authors: Gumono Gum
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this research is to analyze the reading teaching materials available to elementary students in Bengkulu province. The research methods applied are quantitative descriptive. Data collection with survey techniques.  Data analysis Results: 1. All available Indonesian reading material textbooks, according to the perception of the user's teacher, the quality is relatively high. 2. The weakness of the textbook are: a. The theme is presented less according to The characteristics of elementary school students in Bengkulu province. b. The presented material does not contain a student environment. c. The presented material is not student-centered. d. The material does not stimulate students to actively study independently. e. The concepts in these textbooks are lack in sequence.
Perspectivas hacia la adquisición y aprendizaje de lengua extranjera y segunda lengua
Authors: Moreano-Pozo Janneth
Published: July 2020

En este ensayo se reflexiona alrededor de las escuelas más significativas que se aproximan al aprendizaje y adquisición de (LE) y (SL) para entender sus procesos y lograr eficacia. En el contexto actual, la tecnología el mundo globalizado demanda el conocimiento del inglés puesto que la ciencia, los avances tecnológicos, la producción de bienes y servicios, los negocios y el turismo se desarrollan mayoritariamente en esta lengua. El campo laboral exige un nivel alto del manejo de las destrezas del inglés comunicativo y científico. A nivel macro el desarrollo de ciencia y tecnología serán los parámetros que definan el avance de un país en términos de conocimiento y exportación de productos innovadores de tecnología de punta.

Se revisa los aportes de autores de la talla de Vigotsky, la Teoría Cognoscitiva de Piaget, Chomsky y Paín; sus principios, y prácticas metodológicas para lograr efectividad en el aprendizaje y o adquisición de Lengua Extranjera (LE) y Segunda Lengua (SL) . El método utilizado en esta reflexión argumentada es la recopilación bibliográfica y teoría fundamentada. Entre las conclusiones más relevantes se este proceso se asienta sobre la base semántica de la lengua materna, siempre mediado con el otro e íntimamente ligado a lo afectivo. Este proceso es eficaz cuando se respetan los conceptos de construcción del conocimiento, la propuesta de aprendizaje es significativa y se observa con cuidado el medio cultural, social, económico, lingüístico como principios del contexto.
Enfoque pedagógico: la gamificación desde una perspectiva comparativa con las teorías del aprendizaje
Authors: Sánchez-Pacheco Carlos , García-Balladares Ernesto , Ajila-Méndez Isabel
Published: July 2020

El presente artículo trata de estudiar la gamificación como una quinta teoría del aprendizaje al hacer una comparación desde los enfoques conductista, cognitivista, constructivista y conectivista a lo largo de cada elemento del proceso de aprendizaje. Como el valor real de las teorías solo puede juzgarse por los siguientes efectos, principalmente basados en la respuesta a los problemas y desafíos contemporáneos de la sociedad, el entorno social, cultural, económico y tecnológico no debe ser subestimado y debe tenerse en cuenta desde el principio. El objetivo es constituir un nuevo hallazgo, como la gamificación como una teoría del aprendizaje que es una interpretación completamente nueva. La primera parte del artículo explica las tendencias sociales y culturales, que podrían abordarse mejor mediante la aplicación de la teoría de la gamificación en la educación que con los conceptos anteriores. El segundo busca aumentar la gamificación entre las teorías de aprendizaje, y el tercero hace sugerencias para lanzar más investigaciones basadas en las nuevas perspectivas y enmarcar algunas formas posibles para la aplicación futura.
Inclusión educativa de estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual: un reto pedagógico para la educación formal
Authors: Albán-Martinez Jenny , Naranjo-Hidalgo Tamara
Published: July 2020

Los niños, niñas y adolescentes con discapacidades intelectuales leves y moderadas tienen el derecho de integrarse en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano, gracias al proyecto de educación inclusiva que inició en el 2010. Existen leyes y reglamentos que garantizan la integración de todos los estudiantes, sin embargo, es un proceso que en la práctica presenta distintos desafíos para la sociedad y en especial para los profesores, como protagonistas del proceso de enseñanza. El objetivo es evaluar el proceso pedagógico en la inclusión educativa de los estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual en el sistema educativo regular del Ecuador mediante una investigación cualitativa descriptiva. Para lo cual se revisaron documentos de hasta siete años atrás en español e inglés indexadas en repositorios digitales de alto impacto como Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc entre otros, además, se revisó los principales marcos legales, lo que permitió defender el objetivo de la investigación en experiencias ejecutadas en diferentes centros educativos para mejorar la enseñanza en estudiantes con dificultad intelectual. En conclusión, la actitud positiva del docente frente a los estudiantes con necesidades especiales es el primer paso para el reconocimiento de su papel en la aplicación de estrategias innovadoras en el aula, las mismas que resultan beneficiosas para los estudiantes en general. Otro aspecto que destacar es que el docente no debe sentirse solo a la hora de enseñar, debe estar respaldado por el apoyo de familiares, demás actores escolares y otros profesionales especializados en el tema como psicopedagogos.
Relevancia de la filosofía infantil para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico: estudio de caso
Authors: Valverde-Silva Nancy , Ramos-Serpa Gerardo
Published: July 2020

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo fundamentar un acercamiento teórico a la filosofía infantil y su importancia para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico a través de la asignatura de Lengua y Literatura en los estudiantes del subnivel elemental de EGB Educación Básica General en la Unidad Educativa La Salle, Riobamba, Ecuador. El mismo se llevó a cabo bajo un enfoque mixto, cualitativo y cuantitativo, en una investigación no experimental, con un alcance del estudio con carácter descriptivo y explicativo, fundamentado en el método analítico-sintético. Se utilizó una muestra de 11 docentes del área de Lengua y Literatura, 38 estudiantes del subnivel elemental de esta Unidad Educativa y 3 expertos en el área de filosofía infantil, a quienes se le aplicó un instrumento diferente a cada uno de estos grupos muestrales, de acuerdo con los objetivos específicos. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron determinar que la filosófica infantil contribuye a desarrollar habilidades cognitivas, emocionales y sociales; capacitando a los estudiantes a que aprendan a pensar de manera crítica, reflexiva y creativa, con desempeño basado en habilidades, actitudes y valores, promoviendo una educación de calidad.
Hegemonía del interés técnico en las percepciones del currículum escolar en contextos vulnerables en Chile
Authors: Barros-Ketterer Javier , Beltrán-Véliz Juan
Published: July 2020

El objetivo de la investigación fue develar descriptivamente la percepción que tienen los directivos respecto de las funciones que cumple el currículum y su implicancia en la gestión pedagógica en establecimientos educativos situados en contextos vulnerables de la Araucanía. Para ello se empleó un enfoque metodológico cualitativo al amparo del paradigma hermenéutico interpretativo con un diseño fundado en el estudio colectivo de casos interpretativo. La recogida de información se realizó por medio de la entrevista en profundidad para posteriormente proceder a una descripción densa. Los participantes del estudio fueron trece directores que conformaban parte de establecimientos educativos municipales y particulares subvencionados. Se evidencia en el estudio, un discurso ambivalente en los directivos sobre la función del currículum, lo que da cuenta de una consciencia saturada, en conflicto y violentada simbólicamente, producto del discurso ideológico históricamente instaurado en una profesión que ha sido pauperizada y burocratizada. Asimismo, se develo la presencia de un currículum hegemónico que se caracteriza por su racionalizad técnica e instrumental.
Inovasi Pemanfaatan Teknologi Sebagai Media Pembelajaran di Era Revolusi 4.0
Authors: Budiyono Budiyono
Published: July 2020

This study aims to examine the use of technology technique as a learning media and teacher innovation to overcome the problem. By library research, the researcher conducted the relevant literature study to answer the research and explained it descriptively. The results of the study indicate that optimization on the use of instructional media was done by understanding the characteristics of media and learning needs. Technology controller was the teacher, not the teacher depending on technology. Teacher needs innovation when facing the limitations or facing other technical obstacles. Teacher can maximize everything that can be used to deliver learning information, including the use of the environment. So, something real can be presented applicatively.
Deep-learning GIS hybrid approach in precipitation modeling based on spatio-temporal variables in the coastal zone of Turkey
Authors: Apaydin H , Sattari MT
Published: July 2020

It is clearly known that precipitation is essential for fauna and flora. Studies have shown that location and temporal factors have an effect on precipitation. Accurate prediction of precipitation is very important for water resource management, and artificial intelligence methods are frequently used to make such predictions. In this study, the deep-learning and geographic information system (GIS) hybrid approach based on spatio-temporal variables was applied in order to model the amount of precipitation on Turkey’s coastline. Information about latitude, longitude, altitude, distance to the sea, and aspect was taken from meteorological stations, and these factors were utilized as spatial variables. The change in monthly precipitation was taken into account as a temporal variable. Artificial intelligence methods such as Gaussian process regression, support vector regression, the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno artificial neural network, M5, random forest, and long short-term memory (LSTM) were used. According to the results of the study, in which different input variable alternatives were also evaluated, LSTM was the most successful method for predicting precipitation with a value of 0.93 R. The study shows that the amount of precipitation can be estimated and a distribution map can be drawn by using spatio-temporal data and the deep-learning and GIS hybrid method at points where the measurement is not performed.
Economics of drought-tolerant pastures for cattle finishing on Hawkes Bay and Wairarapa hill country farms
Authors: Korte C.J. , Rhodes A.P.
Published: July 2020

Planting drought-tolerant pastures (tall fescue, chicory, prairie grass) is one option Hawkes Bay/ Wairarapa farmers can use to reduce the impact of drought. To evaluate this strategy two hill country sheep/beef farm models were established and entered in HerdEcon, a bioeconomics computer model. Using the two farm models, three comparisons were made: (1) base farm (no alternative pasture), (2) alternative pasture planted on 5% or 10% of grazable area, and (3) same as 2, with changes in cattle selling policy. Models were run for a 19-year sequence based on pasture growth for Hawkes Bay, and with a range of beef prices and pasture renewal costs. Drought-tolerant pastures increased the financial returns from both farm models, provided that livestock policies allowed increases in pasture quality and summer pasture growth to be captured by increased beef production. Lower pasture establishment costs and improved persistence would significantly improve profitability from drought-tolerant pastures. Keywords cattle, dryland pastures, economics
Response of southern North Island hill pasture to nitrogen, molybdenum and lime
Authors: Jiayou Zhou , Valentine I. , Hodgson J.
Published: July 2020

of molybdenum (MO), lime and nitrogen on steep (>30°) north-facing hill pasture on the Massey University Hill Farm, "Tuapaka". Treatments included application of molybdenum, lime (L), nitrogen (N) alone and together with MO and lime. MO and lime werre applied in mid May at 0.05 kg/ ha and 2000 kg/ha separately, and N fertiliser was applied as urea in August and October at 60 and 20 kg N/ha respectively. Herbage and soil responses were measured over spring and summer 1992/93. Nitrogen fertiliser increased herbage mass accumulation from 3 to 41 kg DM/kg N applied, and the response was increased by the addition of lime or MO. Ryegrass content increased in the sward and the low-fertility-tolerant grass species content decreased. MO application increased the white clover content in the sward and subsequently resulted in the increase in herbage mass accumulation by 0.4% to 32%. The effect of MO application was larger than that of liming but less than that of N alone application. Liming increased soil pH by 0.24-0.3 pH units per 2000 kg lime applied and soil moisture was increased from 2% to 26% over spring/summer, and the potential mineral nitrogen was increased by 94% in November. These resulted in the increase in herbage mass accumulation from 4.4% to 15%. These results indicate that MO and lime applications would be beneficial on these hill soils. Keywords: herbage mass accumulation, hill country, lime, molybdenum, nitrogen, Trifolium repens
Improving the balance of sheep and beef cattle livestock systems
Authors: Webby R.W.
Published: July 2020

Two data sets were used to analyse the impact of changes in stock policy from a dominant breeding ewe system to a dominant beef cattle finishing system. These included data from a farmlet trial and data from a monitored study farm. The Stockpol model was used to carry out the analyses. Required daily pasture demand and average minimum pasture covers increased as cattle finishing increased. Stock numbers had to be reduced for the policies to become biologically feasible, that is, for the increased pasture demands and pasture covers to be attainable on the farm. Historic stocking rate was not a good guide to the reduced stocking rate required. Tests of biological feasibility should be carried out before a change in policy can be analysed for its financial merits. Keywords: biological feasibility, finishing, pasture cover, pasture demand, stock policy, systems
Comparing the seasonal productivity of cocksfoot and resident pastures on hill country farms using a system model
Authors: Barker D.J. , Baars J.A.
Published: July 2020

Grasslands Wana cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) has potential for use in hill country, especially dry hill country. Although Wana can have slow spring growth it is usually more productive in summer and autumn. Prior to large-scale field evaluation, strategies for incorporating significant areas of new species into farming systems can be evaluated with a farm-system model. The objective of this work was to use the farm-system model, Stockpol, to investigate the influence of 0, 33, 66, or 100% of a farm sown to Wana, on bull beef or breeding ewe enterprise productivity. Three scenarios, in which annual herbage dry matter production from Wana was -14%, +13%, and +41% relative to resident pasture controls, were identified from field trials and tested with the model. A strong relationship between annual production and stocking rate was found, with a lesser influence from seasonal distribution of production. 'The system model was a useful tool to compare these pastures, and highlighted deficiencies in our knowledge of cocksfoot. Keywords: Dactylis glomerata, farm system, Grasslands Wana, hill country, model, seasonal pasture production
The use of indicator paddocks to improve the quality of information for grazing management
Authors: De Freitas M.B. , Hurley E.M. , Parker W.J.
Published: July 2020

Data to estimate changes in average pasture cover (APC) provide valuable information to the farm manager for planning and controlling grazing decisions, but may be time consuming to collect. The more frequently the information is obtained the more often can adjustments be made towards attaining targets. APC estimated by sampling a small percentage of the paddocks (indicator paddocks) was compared with estimates based on measurements of the whole farm, as a means of providing reliable and timely pasture budgeting information for the manager of a bull beef unit. Some combinations of indicator paddocks reliably reflected whole-farm-based estimates (r = 0.75 0.99) but were not always practical, or less time consuming, to collect. Application of the indicator paddock technique was estimated to increase annual data collection costs by $300 on the case study farm. Keywords: bull beef, feed budgeting, indicator paddocks, pasture cover
Nitrogen use and farm performance on Wairarapa sheep and beef farms
Authors: Morton J.D. , Korte C.J. , Smith D.R. , Watt B.D. , Smith R.G.
Published: July 2020

Seventy-eight sheep and beef farms on the east coast of the North and South Islands were surveyed in August/September 1991 on the use and benefits of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. The survey covered the years 1987/88-1990/91 and included 16 sheep and beef farms in Wairarapa. Farms with high N use (>5 kg/ha/year on average over the whole farm area in pasture and crop) received 20 (Wairarapa) or 28 (other east coast regions) kgN/ ha/year on 83 or 53% of the farm area respectively. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) was the major form of N used in Wairarapa. Urea and DAP/ammonium sulphate mixes were the major forms used in other east coast regions. Most of the N was applied from May to August in all regions. High use of DAP in Wairarapa was associated with higher rates of phosphorus but lower rates of sulphur applied compared with other regions. Survey farmers identified feed demand as the major factor influencing amount of N applied and the timing of application. Soil moisture and temperature at application were ranked as the major factors affecting the response to N. Benefits of N were listed as lower susceptibility to drought, higher calf weaning weights, longer winter grazing rotation and greater pasture cover at lambing. Over the whole survey, N use was associated with significantly higher animal and financial performance. N use on easy land on the North Island survey farms was associated with a significantly lower presence of browntop, other perennial grasses (mainly Yorkshire fog and crested dogstail), white clover, annual legumes (mainly suckling and cluster clover) and flatweeds. On steep hills, N use was associated with a significantly lower presence of other perennial grasses and annual legumes. Keywords: animal performance, financial performance, nitrogen fertiliser, pasture species, sheep and beef farms
Enhanced drought tolerance in white clover
Authors: Van den Bosch J. , Black I.K. , Cousins G.R. , Woodfield D.R.
Published: July 2020

Drought-stress limits white clover (Trifolium repens L.) persistence in many New Zealand regions. As a component of breeding for enhanced drought tolerance, 8 selection groups (110 lines in total) of white clover were evaluated in the Wairarapa over a 2-year period. The selection groups included Australian white clover ecotypes, selections from New Zealand dryland populations, root morphology selections, pre-release selections from New Zealand breeding programmes, and existing overseas and New Zealand cultivars. The selection groups derived from New Zealand dryland populations had the highest forage yield and plant survival, 21 of the 24 individual lines with >30% plant survival coming from these groups. Groups containing Australian ecotypes and overseas cultivars had the lowest forage yield and plant survival. Selections for root morphology per se were lower yielding and less persistent than selections made from New Zealand dryland populations evaluated in drought-prone environments. However, some improvements in forage yield and persistence were observed through selecting for root morphology after screening the same New Zealand dryland populations in a drought-prone North Canterbury site. Keywords: drought tolerance, plant breeding, root morphology, Trifolium repens
The place of forestry in agriculture
Authors: Pottinger Andrew
Published: July 2020

Many New Zealand pastoral farmers have experienced severe financial hardship due to lowerthan- adequate product prices and adverse climatic conditions in recent years. It is perhaps now appropriate to look at alternative land use for a proportion of their farm.Wood is a product which the world is desperately short of, and New Zealand can grow wood better than virtually anywhere else in the world. When we look at world demand for wood, both now and in the near future, we see that plantings are not keeping up with expected demands. The world would need an area 6 times that of New Zealand (i.e. 160 million ha) to satisfy the demand. At present, we only harvest 1.6% of the world's total harvest. In New Zealand the trend is in the right direction, with production predicted to reach 25 million cubic metres by 2015 (2.5 times present production). This will require 9.4% of the land area of New Zealand, but will produce $16 billion, more than wool, meat and dairy together. Agroforestry gives farmers the opportunity to spread their risk beyond traditional agricultural products, and also participate in this growing industry of forestry. The question should not be whether trees are planted on some of our own farm land, but who will do it. Farmers have been slow to convert, but economics will prevail. Keywords: agroforesty, economics, hill country, marginal hill country
Production and interaction of pastures and shelterbelts in the central North Island
Authors: Hawke M.F. , Tombleson J.D.
Published: July 2020

Many New Zealand farms contain shelterbelts which have generally been unmanaged, resulting in dubious shelter benefits and poor log values at harvest. The effect of a 6- and 7-row Pinus radiata shelterbelt on adjacent pasture production was monitored at Matea, Taupo during 1992193. Pasture production was measured at a range of distances parallel'to the shelterbelts on both sides and on open pasture. A 15% increase in pasture production was recorded at 0.7 tree height distance on both sides of the shelterbelts. There was also a gradual trend of increasing dry matter production as distance from the shelterbelts increased. However, on average, the sheltered zone produced slightly less dry matter than the open pasture. Increases in soil and herbage nutrient levels close to the shelterbelt suggest nutrient transfer by animals to the sheltered zones may have occurred. Shelterbelt tree growth was assessed and projected forward to maturity. Merchantable log volume at age 28 years was predicted to be 2300 m3/km of shelterbelt. Based on current log prices the 7-row shelterbelt was estimated at age 28 years to have a net value of $130 000/km Keywords: log value, nutrients, pasture production, pasture composition, Pinus radiata, shelter, shelterbelt, wood yields
Pasture renovation after winter pugging damage
Authors: Johnson R.J. , Mccallum D.A. , Thomson N.A.
Published: July 2020

In New Zealand where cows are grazed on pasture throughout winter, severe pugging damage can occur particularly during wet and stormy weather. On a severely pugged area, seasonal and annual dry matter (DM) production of 3 reseeding treatments (broadcast ryegrass seed followed by rolling or harrowing, drilled ryegrass seed followed by harrowing) and three non-seeded treatments (rolling, harrowing and an untreated control) were compared over 2 years. Average annual DM production of the three reseeding treatments was higher (PcO.05) than the unseeded treatments. Rolling and harrowing without reseeding had no effect on DM production or pasture composition. The three reseeding treatments had higher ryegrass percentage (PcO.01) and lower (P
Extensification of upland pasture in Britain
Authors: Fothergill M. , Davies D.A. , Morgan C.T.
Published: July 2020

There is a conflict in British grassland farming between management for agricultural purposes, centring on profit maximisation, and that of nature conservation and the enhancement of biological diversity. Within the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy there is a growing emphasis on reducing output from the community's livestock sector and this is achieved through allocation of quotas (sheep and milk) whilst maintaining alongterm agricultural base. This could result in the widespread adoption of more extensive grazing regimes. An experiment was set up in upland Wales in 1991 to study the effect of reducing inputs and defoliation on species balance and animal production in a Lolium/Agrostis dominant pasture. Spectacular changes in species balance took place in the first grazing season. Elimination of CaPK and N applications encouraged Agrostis capillaris at the expense of Lolium perenne and Poa spp. and led to a 43% reduction in stock carrying capacity by the 3rd year. Where no defoliation took place important pasture species such as Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens were lost from the swards-by-theZ&year:However;-an-annu&midsummer cut maintained these potentially highly productive species within the sward. Keywords: extensive grazing, low inputs, ryegrass, sheep, species balance, Trifolium repens, upland Britain
Influence of the stolonkoil surface interface and plant morphology on the survival of white clover during severe drought
Authors: Brock J.L. , Kim Moon Chul
Published: July 2020

Field observations indicate that conditions at the stolen/soil surface interface are important for the survival of white clover (Trifolium repens) during drought. Mini-swards of clonal material of two contrasting white clover cultivars (Grasslands Tahora, small-leaved, densely branched; Dusi, large-leaved, tap-rooted) were established in boxes (300 x 420 x 290 mm deep) for 6 months, then subjected to a 6-week drought. Stolen/soil surface conditions were modified to have stolons either, 1) fully exposed, 2) shaded, or 3) buried. Numbers and, characteristics of surviving plants were measured. The major effect was on the number of plants surviving. More plants survived under shading (55%) than burial (25%) and full exposure (17%). Numbers of plants surviving drought was related to pre-drought plant density, hence Tahora had higher plant survival than Dusi, particularly when fully exposed. Although initially Dusi plants were 25 times heavier, with 5 times the number of stolons and roots of Tahora, surviving plants of both cultivars were small and similar in dry weight, although Tahora had higher numbers of growing points and roots thanDusi. The tap-rooted character of Dusi did not. confer any advantage during drought. It was concluded that the main factor influencing drought survival of white clover appears to be grazing management. Systems that can produce dense white clover populations and maintain high pasture density (grass) capable of providing shelter from direct solar radiation during drought stress, are superior. Keywords: drought survival, plant density, plant morphology, stolon burial, stolon shading, Trifolium repens
Development of a high country winter-feed option using irrigated nitrogenfertilised tall fescue
Authors: Pollock K.M. , Scott D. , Robertson J.S.
Published: July 2020

A 2 ha 6-year trial on pure stands of irrigated Grasslands Roa tall fescue compared the effect of high (600-300 kg N/ba/yr as urea) and moderate (300-150) nitrogen rates split over either 2- or 4- weekly application, on hay production, some summer grazing and autumn regrowth prior to winter and fed to pregnant ewes on the same plots. Annual yields averaged 13.8 t DM/ba with a 24% advantage to high N. Pregnant ewes break fed a mixed allowance of hay and grass regrowth lost c. 2.4% body weight over a g-week winter period. There was thinning of the stands under high N and long summer regrowth period. It was considered better to forego some of the winter feed potential for some summer grazing, or a further hay cut, to maintain stand density. Keywords: Festuca arundinacea, high country, irrigation, winter feed
Factors affecting accumulation of summer grass for winter standing feed in the high country
Authors: Pollock K.M. , Scott D. , Robertson J.S.
Published: July 2020

A 0.5 ha 6-year trial compared 6 grass species x 4 N fertiliser rates x 2 times of closing for summersaved standing winter feed. The pre-winter yields averaged 3.4 t DM/ha from November, closing with a high browntoplsweet vernal component, as compared with 1.7 t DM/ha from December closings with a low browntop/sweet vernal component. Grasslands Kara cocksfoot was the highest yielding cultivar, followed by Grasslands Apanui cocksfoot, Grasslands Wana cocksfoot, Grasslands Roa tall fescue, Grasslands Nui perennial ryegrass and Grasslands Maru phalaris, with decreasing proportions of sown grass. Nitrogen fertiliser had a limited effect on prewinter yields but did have a carry-over effect into spring yields. Keywords: Dactylis glomerata, fertiliser, Festuca arundinacea, high country, Lolium perenne, nitrogen, Phalaris aquatica, winter feed
Early productivity of binary mixtures and single grass species
Authors: Parry F.J. , Lucas R.J. , Mckenzie B.A.
Published: July 2020

An experiment was conducted on a fertile Walcanui silt loam in 1991/92 to examine the productivity of 4 perennial pasture grass species, Grasslands Roa tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Grasslands Marsden hybrid tyegrass (Lolium perenne x Lolium hybridum), Grasslands Maru phalaris (Phalaris aquatica), Grasslands Wana cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), and 2 binary mixtures, tall fescue plus cocksfoot and phalaris plus cocksfoot. Between July 1991 and September 1992 the highest production came from phalaris plus cocksfoot at 19.05 t DM/ha. Hybrid ryegrass, phalaris, tall fescue plus cocksfoot, cocksfoot, and tall fescue produced 17.44, 17.13, 16.96, 14.17, and 13.13t DM/ha respectively. The botanical composition of both mixtures averaged equal proportions of the sown species. The proportion of cocksfoot increased over the summer period then declined for the following autumn/winter period. The experiment shows that simple pasture grass mixtures may be highly productive. These findings support the increasing farmer practice of sowmg some pasture grasses in simple mixtures. Keywords: binary mixture, botanical composition, Dactylis glomerata, dry matter production, Festuca arundinuceu, Lolium perenne x Lolium hybridum, pasture mixtures, Phalaris aquatica, seasonal production
Control of reproductive growth in Puna chicory by grazing management
Authors: Li Guangdi , Kemp P.D. , Hodgson J.
Published: July 2020

The effect of reproductive stem removal on the growth and development of Grasslands Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was studied on the Deer Research Unit (DRU) and the Pasture and Crop Research Unit (PCRU) at Massey University in 1993-1994. The chicory was in its second and fourth years on the DRU and PCRU respectively. A medium grazing intensity with deer was used on the DRU and four grazing intensities were applied with sheep on the PCRU. Chicory accumulated 10 007 kg DM/ha herbage mass over 6 months from November to May on the DRU and it accumulated 4904 kg DIWha herbage mass on the PCRU over the same period. The growth of primary reproductive stems was suppressed by grazing intensities that left less than 100 mm of stem stubble. None of the grazing intensities prevented the growth of secondary and axillary reproductive stems. Leaf mass accumulation over the season was greatest under very hard grazing (O-50 mm), whereas the total herbage (leaf and stem) mass was greatest under lax grazing (150-200 mm). The primary stems produced in spring were The effect of reproductive stem removal on the growth and development of Grasslands Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was studied on the Deer Research Unit (DRU) and the Pasture and Crop Research Unit (PCRU) at Massey University in 1993-1994. The chicory was in its second and fourth years on the DRU and PCRU respectively. A medium grazing intensity with deer was used on the DRU and four grazing intensities were applied with sheep on the PCRU. Chicory accumulated 10 007 kg DM/ha herbage mass over 6 months from November to May on the DRU and it accumulated 4904 kg DIWha herbage mass on the PCRU over the same period. The growth of primary reproductive stems was suppressed by grazing intensities that left less than 100 mm of stem stubble. None of the grazing intensities prevented the growth of secondary and axillary reproductive stems. Leaf mass accumulation over the season was greatest under very hard grazing (O-50 mm), whereas the total herbage (leaf and stem) mass was greatest under lax grazing (150-200 mm).
Risk management for tactical nitrogen fertiliser applications in pastoral farming
Authors: Parker W.J. , Dake C.K.G. , Wright L. , Tillman R.W.
Published: July 2020

The physical and financial outcome from the tactical application of nitrogen fertiliser in pastoral farming is always uncertain. A management policy is therefore required to minimise uncertainty. Listing the sources of production, price and financial risk for nitrogen fertiliser inputs and identifying management actions that mitigate these creates awareness of risk and indicates where management effort can be focused. Data obtained from traditional pasture response research trials are not well suited to decision-making at the farm level. However, results obtained using an expert knowledge approach demonstrated that response relationships for nitrogen can be generated in a form which is more applicable to decision-making situations faced on farms. These data can be adapted to a decision tree framework which allows the likelihood of uncertain events to be formally incorporated in the estimation of financial returns for alternative application decisions for nitrogen fertiliser. A bull beef example showed that highest returns for different weather scenarios were consistently obtained for the application of 50 kgN/ha (as urea); rather than O or 25 kgN/ha. Keywords: economics, fertiliser, nitrogen, pastures, risk
Integrated pastoral management strategies for Hieracium control
Authors: Espie P.R.
Published: July 2020

There are four main options for controlling Hieracium: agricultural development, herbicides, biological control and grazing management. Grazing management appears one of the most feasible current strategies for limiting Hierucium spread on low-input land. Exclosure studies in Canterbury and.Otago show grazing can reduce Hierucium flower density 40-fold, limiting expansion by seed. Autumn recruitment from seed varied from 46 to 95 seedlings /m* , suggesting this may be an important dispersal mechanism in wet summers. Low-intensity spring-summer grazing significantly reduced plant number and ground cover of upright Hieracium species, but not prostrate species. Conversely, high-intensity grazing may assist establishment. In a 16-year grazing trial in Otago, Hierucium cover, an4 that of similar flatweeds, was greatest at high stocking rates. Farming with Hierczcium in the future will require development of grazing strategies integrating the requirements for the optimal management of different Hieracium species. Keywords: Hieracium, hawkweed, high country, grazing management
Ryegrass endophyte and sheep reproduction
Authors: Eerens J.P.J. , Miller K.B. , White J.G.H. , Easton H.S. , Lucas R.J.
Published: July 2020

The influence of perennial tyegrass endophyte on sheep reproduction and early lamb growth was studied in a 3-year grazing experiment at the AgResearch regional station at Gore (46"07'S, 168"54'E). The trial consisted of 8 paddocks sown in endophyte-infected (+E) or endophyte-free (-E) Grasslands Nui perennial ryegrass, with (+C) or without Grasslands Huia white clover. Endophyteinfected ryegrass delayed the lamb drop and reduced lamb weight gains during the lactation period. Lamb drop was delayed by an average of 3-5 days especially in the presence of clover. This may be due to an extended gestation period or delayed mating. There was no effect of endophyte on lamb birth weight, ewe conception rate and liveweight changes over autumn, winter and spring. Keywords: Acremonium l&i, lambing time, liveweight change, Lolium perenne, sheep reproduction, Southland
Endophytes and heat tolerance in lambs grazing perennial ryegrass
Authors: Fletcher L.R. , Markham L.J. , White S.R.
Published: July 2020

Endophytes in perennial ryegrass protect their hosts against attack by Argentine stem weevil but cause adverse affects, including heat stress, in grazing animals. Ten lambs were grazed on Grasslands Nui ryegrass without endophyte or with its wildtype or a high ergovaline-producing endophyte (196). Five lambs from the 196 treatment were swapped for 5 on the endophyte-free treatment after 20 days. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were measured daily; on one day they were measured every 2-4 hours. There was a significant difference in respiration rate and body temperature between lambs grazing endophyte and endophytefree treatments but not between the two endophyte treatments. There was no interaction with ambient temperature within the range 12-30°C. When lambs where transferred from toxic to non-toxic treatments there was no significant decrease in body temperature or respiration rate witbin 14 days. Ergovaline, even at low concentrations, affects thermo-regulation in lambs and is undesirable in perennial ryegrasslendophyte associationsEndophytes in perennial ryegrass protect their hosts against attack by Argentine stem weevil but cause adverse affects, including heat stress, in grazing animals. Ten lambs were grazed on Grasslands Nui ryegrass without endophyte or with its wildtype or a high ergovaline-producing endophyte (196). Five lambs from the 196 treatment were swapped for 5 on the endophyte-free treatment after 20 days. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were measured daily; on one day they were measured every 2-4 hours. There was a significant difference in respiration rate and body temperature between lambs grazing endophyte and endophytefree treatments but not between the two endophyte treatments. There was no interaction with ambient temperature within the range 12-30°C. When lambs where transferred from toxic to non-toxic treatments there was no significant decrease in body temperature or respiration rate witbin 14 days. Ergovaline, even at low concentrations, affects thermo-regulation in lambs and is undesirable in perennial ryegrass endophyte associations. Keywords: body temperature, endophyte,ergovaline, heat stress, Lolium perenne, respiration rate
Effect of winter pasture residuals' and grazing- off on subsequefit milk production and pasture performance
Authors: Clark D.A. , Carter W. , Walsh B. , Clarkson F.H. , Waugh C.D.
Published: July 2020

Concern at the effect of winter pasture residuals on pasture productivity led to the comparison of different wintering systems at the DRC No. 3 Dairy from May-December 1993. Three farmlets were designed to have 2000 kg DM/ha average farm cover at calving, but with pastures grazed to either 900, 1400 or 1800 kg DM/ha at least once during the winter. A fourth farmlet was spelled from grazing from 25 May-4 July to give an average farm cover at calving of 2900 kg DM/ha. Pasture regrowth, composition and structure, milk yield, liveweight and reproductive performance were measured. A simulation model UDDER was used to generalise from the specific experimental results. Pasture regrowth in July-August was greater on the wintering-off treatment than those grazed during winter, but treatment differences in late spring were inconsistent. Wintering-off decreased ryegrass tiller and white clover growing point densities in August but differences had disappeared by November. Winter grazing treatment had no effect on any component of milk production from calving to late October. From late October until m&December-milk-protein-and.milksolids y i e l d were less on the wintering-off treatment than the mean of the other three treatments (0.62 vs 0.68 kg/cow/day) and (1.49 vs 1.59 kg/cow/day), respectively. Grazing to different winter pasture residuals had no consistent effects on subsequent pasture productivity, composition or milk yield. Simulation showed that wintering-off can lead to increased milksolids production when average farm cover in September is predicted to fall below 1750 kg DM/ha. Timing and amount of conservation become c&i&i1 slfterwintering;off if pasture quality and hence milk production are to be maintained in late spring. Keywords: dairy cow, milksolids, milk yield, pasture regrowth, pasture residual, pasture structure
Monitoring the effects of pastoral use on upland and high country soils in South Island, New Zealand
Authors: Mcintosh P.D. , Allen R.B. , Patterson R. , Aubrey B. , Mcgimpsey P.
Published: July 2020

This paper reports on chemical changes that have occurred since 1978 in topsoils (O-7.5 cm depth) of upland and high country farms at 3 sites: Longslip and Glencaim Stations near Omarama, north Otago, and the east Otago uplands between Middlemarch and Alexandra. Between 1978 and 1992 on Longslip, on fertilised and oversown hilly and steep slopes, mean soil organic C increased by 67%, total N value changed little, and pH declined by 0.41 units. Associated with the soil changes were declines in the amount of bare ground and snow tussock cover, and increases in legume and hieracium cover. The organic C change was equivalent to an increase of about 11 t C/ha between 1978 and 1992. Over the same time period no topsoil changes on lower landscape positions were apparent. On Glencairn, under grazing but no topdressing, mean organic C declined by lo%, total N declined by 25% and pH declined by 0.43 units between 1978 and 1993). The organic C and N changes were equivalent to a decline of about 1.7 t C/ha and 0.4 t N/ha between 1978 and 1993. In contrast, within unfertilised and fertilised plots of exclosures that had not been mown or grazed for 9 years, organic C rose by 40-55%, total N rose by 21-36%, and there was no significant change of pH. Vegetation changes outside the exclosures included an increase of hieracium and briar cover. On the east Otago uplands under light grazing and little or no fertiliser application no significant changes of pH, organic C or total N were~recorded between 1978 and 1994. The results show that soil monitoring can give useful information about the changes associated with pastoral use and the options available to maintain or enhance soil organic matter and pH levels. Keywords: high country, monitoring, organic C, pH, sustainability, total N
Sulphur and phosphorus in balanced pasture nutrition
Authors: Sinclair A.G. , Risk W.H. , Smith L.C. , Morrison J.D. , Dodds K.G.
Published: July 2020

Clover-based pastures frequently require both sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P) fertilisers for nearmaximum growth. Fertilisers with a wide range of S:P ratios are commercially available. Selection of fertilisers to provide well-balanced pasture nutrition requires criteria to judge nutritional balance. In the work described in this paper, the effects of various combinations of S and P fertilisers on clover growth and herbage chemical composition were investigated in a field trial. There were large clover dry matter responses to both nutrients and a large positive interaction between them, emphasising that balanced nutrition is essential for efficient use of both nutrients. The ratio of S:P in clover herbage appeared to be a useful indicator of nutritional balance. For data combined over the experimental period (16 months), treatments more deficient in S than in P had clover S:P ratios less than 0.72 and vice versa. However, because S fertiliser costs much less than P fertiliser, a higher S:P ratio in clover, approximately 0.76, corresponded to an -economically optimal balance of S:P in fertiliser. - Keywords: clover, fertiliser, nutrient ratios, pasture, plant analysis, phosphorus, sulphur
Effects of high rates of nitrogen fertiliser on dairy pastures and production
Authors: Harris S.L. , Penn J.W. , Bryant A.M.
Published: July 2020

High rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (217 and 324 kg N/ha/y) applied during a farrnlet study at No. 2 Dairy, DRC, Hamilton increased annual net herbage accumulation by 23% and 27% respectively. Increases in feed conservation and milk production reflected the extra pasture growth. On low stocked (3.2 cows/ha) farmlets where 219 and 330 kgN/ba/yr were used, clover contents declined to 12.5% and 3.4% respectively compared with 22.8% where no N was used. Decreased clover content was probably a result of competition from increased growth of ryegrass. At the high stocking rate (4.5 cows/ha), N application resulted in clover contents of 19.6% and 7.9% respectively, compared with 23.8% where no nitrogen was used. Pasture utilisation was better on these fannlets than under the lower stocking rate, suggesting the improved utilisation of additional feed, particularly during spring, was responsible for the higher clover content. Nitrogen fixation activity was lower in pastures which received N fertiliser due to both the decreased clover content and a reduction in activity per clover plant. Keywords: conservation, dairying, milk production, nitrogen fertiliser, pasture production, Trifolium repens
Biological control of pastoral pests using Acremonium spp. endophytes
Authors: Prestidge R.A. , Popay A.J. , Ball O.J-P
Published: July 2020

Although the role of the endophytic fungus Acremonium lolii in protecting the host plant from attack by insect pests, particularly Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), is often described in terms of plant resistance, it is a case of classical biological control. Endophytes in commercially available perennial ryegrass cultivars are acting as biological control agents against at least four pest species in New Zealand. Generally, endophyte adversely affects insect stages that feed on the above-ground parts of the plant, particularly those stages that feed near the base of the plant. It is apparent from insect feeding tests that there is no one universal anti-insect metabolite that will adversely affect all pest populations. It is therefore likely that an endophytelgrass combination that produces a cocktail of metabolites at low concentrations may be more useful than a combination that produces a very narrow suite of metabolites. Keywords: Acremonium spp., Listronotus bonariensis, Heteronychus arator, Costelytra zealandica, Wiseana spp., biological control, endophyte