bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law and Organizational Society
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Between the Civil War and World War I, three related developments transformed the American economy. First, the scale of economic organizations increased dramatically. Many private corporations grew to sizes that during the antebellum period would have been unimaginable. By 1904, 2000 firms (approximately 1 percent of the total number of businesses in the United States) produced annually 40 percent of the nation’s industrial goods. The national markets for several products (for example, oil, tobacco, and sugar) were almost completely controlled by one or by a few corporations. Agriculture was undergoing a similar transformation. Mechanized “bonanza” farms, encompassing as much as 10,000 acres of land, were multiplying. And growing numbers of farmers were joining huge economic and political associations, like the Northern and Southern alliances, that promised to defend their interests.

To some extent, the growth of these organizations was attributable to the same forces that powered the industrial revolution in the United States. Improved transportation and communications systems (especially the establishment of a national railroad and telegraph system) and the rapid growth of the cities (fueled partly by immigration) increased sharply the number of consumers a firm could reach. Urbanization also produced convenient concentrations of skilled and unskilled labor. Technological innovations (like the Bessemer process and mechanical harvesters) necessitated or placed a premium on large factories and farms. Finally, a vastly expanded pool of capital reated by a high domestic savings rate reinforced by increased foreign investment and managed by a host of new financial intermediaries-made the formation of large enterprises feasible.
Introductory note to *1938a
Authors: Sieg Wilfried , Parson Charles
Published: November 2023

The text that follows consists of notes for a lecture Gödel delivered in Vienna on 29 January 1938 to a seminar organized by Edgar Zilsel. The lecture presents an overview of possibilities for continuing Hilbert’s program in a revised form. It is an altogether remarkable document: biographically, it provides, together with *19330 and *1941, significant information on the development of Godel’s foundational views; substantively, it presents a hierarchy of constructive theories that are suitable for giving (relative) consistency proofs of parts of classical mathematics (see §§2-4 of the present note); and, mathematically, it analyzes Gentzen’s 1936 proof of the consistency of classical arithmetic in a most striking way (see §7).
Controlling the Production of Lawyers
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

The American legal profession did not begin to assume its present shape until the end of the nineteenth century. Some of the thirteen colonies had seen the emergence of nascent legal professions that retained their links to England, preserving the division between barristers and solicitors by sending some students to the Inns of Court in London to prepare for call to the English Bar. But these ties were thoroughly disrupted by the Revolution, which also precipitated the departure of many lawyers with Tory sympathies, including some of the most prominent practitioners.
Differentiation Within the Legal Profession
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

National legal professions differ in both the nature of their internal divisions and the distribution of lawyers among those categories. In most European legal professions, graduating law students make career choices that are fairly irrevocable, whereas American lawyers move between categories throughout their professional lives. Furthermore, European private practitioners are only one category among others-judges and prosecutors, civil servants, and lawyers employed by business-all of which tend to be equal or greater in size and in the material and intangible rewards they enjoy.
“Keep a Due Guard over Your Words”
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Subsequent entries in the Headingley MS A notebook continue in much the same vein. This second grouping, like the first, leans heavily toward internal spiritual debate. Vague but vociferous charges of irregularities (sensuality, 17; immoderate mirth and anger, I 5; evil speaking, 20; inadvertence and temptations, 16) stand in tension with professions of sincerity, praise, thankfulness, and faith in a God who is both powerful and loving (e.g., in 35, 38, 42, and 43).
“I Cannot Altogether Acquiesce”
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

A single meditation near the beginning of this chapter and an unusual series of ten meditations at the end claim special attention. At the outset, entry 79 pro vides one of the rare glimpses into the particulars of personal and family life. In this morning meditation, spanning the best part of two notebook pages, Susanna Wesley details her new resolution to meet each child individually for special conference (“one for every day of the week and two for Sunday”) and recalls two previous vows: her own meditational discipline, of which her diaries are a manifestation, taken on nine years previously, and her seven-year-old determination never to “drink above two glasses of strong liquor at one time.”
“These Blessed Lucid Intervals”
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Unlike the previous seven chapters, which contain entries from a single note book, this one draws on Susanna Wesley’s entire journal output in two small notebooks.1 However, this final batch of journal entries returns to her traditional practice of thrice-daily meditations and continues to deal with the same range of subjects and authors we have come to expect. For instance, there are references to, and wholesale copyings from, such important mentors as John Locke (209-211), George Herbert (205, 216), Pascal (207), Seneca (186), and the relatively unknown theologian Richard Lucas (202-203, 205, 208, 212-214). Even Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury (an early partisan of the prince of Orange and thus politically distant from the semi-Nonjuring Susanna Wesley) figures in two entries (199 and 215).
Some Remarks on a Letter from Whit field
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Near the end of her life Susanna Wesley found herself in a position to defend one of her former pupils, her son John, then in the middle of a public theological controversy with his old friend George Whitefield. Whitefield (1714-1770) came under John Wesley’s influence while a student at Pembroke College, Oxford, becoming not only an ardent member of the undergraduate religious organization nick named the Holy Club but subsequently a major leader of the evangelical revival in both Britain and North America. In fact, it was the more innovative, less churchly Whitefield who introduced Wesley to field preaching in 1Tl9. Though they were able to maintain their personal friendship, a fact that partially accounted for Whitefield’s visit to the widowed Susanna Wesley while she was staying with the Halls in Wooton, a professional rivalry developed. The two men soon broke theological ranks over predestination, the Calvinist doctrine asserting that God “before the foundation of the world” irrevocably chose some for salvation (“election”), others for damnation (“reprobation”). Whitefield, whose predisposition in this di rection was abetted by his evangelistic work in Wales, Scotland, and America, be came its champion, while his former mentor steadfastly held to his birthright Arminian position, which supported divine love (though perhaps at the expense of divine power) and gave humanity a greater role in the process of salvation.
Introduction
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

Competition policy has been one of twentieth-century America’s most durable goods. Whether in business, politics, sports, or speech, a vision of robust rivalry-of free competition-has inspired our social theories, directed our practices, and informed our public discourse. But from what tyranny do we want to free competition? From government power? Or from private economic power? These twin images of oppression reflect the fears animating a Hundred Years’ War over particular public policy undertakings and, more generally, over the proper attitude toward political economy, over the best balance between politics and economics. If we believe that competition free from government regulation does a better job of producing and distributing capital, goods, labor, speech and other basic liberties, then not even sit-down strikes or price-fixing cartels justify government intervention. This notion of free competition has supported a commitment to individual liberty, to freedom from government power. If, however, we want to regulate private economic power because, for instance, we believe that efficiency is better served or that private power corrupts, then political oversight is justified. In this sense, free competition has involved a commitment to rough equality. Because we dread domination-both political and economic-we have called for policy that limits both kinds of power, policy that satisfies commitments to both individual liberty and rough equality.
John’s Systematic Use of Matthew
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

One of the first general indications of John’s knowledge of Matthew is not so much that both of them used Mark (though that in itself is important), but that the way in which Matthew did so-his absorbing and clarifying of Mark, and the fact that he added discourses-would seem to have provided a partial precedent for the work of John. In particular, Matthew ‘s general way of arranging the discourses-each is preceded and introduced by narrative-furnishes an initial model for the procedure found in John. In approaching the question of how John has actually adapted Matthew, it is useful to regard Matthew as consisting of four main elements. The references are simplified: John’s use of the infancy narrative is a puzzle, at least for the present writer. Perhaps its essence or part of its essence has been distilled into John 9. Apart from that, however, John’s overall use of Matthew is reasonably clear. Matthew ‘s narratives are drawn largely from Mark; and in absorbing Mark, John has also absorbed the corresponding Matthean texts, including apparently the Matthean elaborations.
The Ideology of Tricksterism
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: November 2023

Some traditional narratives in the Hebrew Scriptures project a war ideology quite different from that of the bardic literature discussed in chapter 4. These are tales of victory via trickery found in Genesis 34, the confrontation with the Shechemites over the rape of Dinah; in Judges 14–15, Samson’s confrontations with the Philistines; in Judges 3:15–30, Ehud’s guerilla-style assassination of Eglon that initiates a larger battle with the Moabites; and in Judges 4:17–24 and 5:24–31, Jael’s assassination of the Canaanite general Sisera, the conclusion of an Israelite victory in which “no one (of the enemy) was left” (Judges 4:16).
Germanization and Christianization: 678-754
Authors: Russell James C
Published: November 2023

As in the preceding chapter, the purpose here is to examine those developments which seem to most clearly reveal the operation of the processes of Germanization and Christianization. It is during this period of the Anglo Saxon missions, from St. Wilfrid’s visit to Frisia in 678 through St. Boniface’s martyrdom there in 754, that the conversion of the Germanic peoples is often thought to have been completed. However, it will be shown that the form of Christianity which emerges from this period is a substantially Germanized one. Some of the factors which contributed to this result were the development of a missionary policy of accommodation and gradualism, the decline of the catechumenate system of religious formation, the vitality of pre-Christian Germanic religiosity, and the papacy’s growing dependence upon Frankish military power.
Introduction ‘‘The World Is Grown Too Incredulous’’
Authors: Wonham Henry B
Published: November 2023

In 1774, as the American colonists geared up for rebellion, the London Public Advertiser printed a letter by “A Freeholder of Old Sarum.” Geography, according to the author, naturally “encourages a mutinous Disposition” among the Crown’s vassals in North America. Living at such a remote distance from “the supreme Lords of their Persons and Property,” the Americans quite predictably deny the authority of Britain—not out of political conviction but because, like all children, they possess a naughty streak, one that tends to become more pronounced as the colonial population increases. The most significant threat to imperial authority, therefore, according to the author, is the “amazingly prolific” American woman, whose ability to produce abundant offspring may, “in less than a Century,” permit the rebels to “slip their necks out of the Collar.”
The River as Yarn: ‘‘Old Times on the Mississippi’’
Authors: Wonham Henry B
Published: November 2023

Readers of the Atlantic Monthly opened the January 1875 issue to meet Roderick Hudson, a promising young sculptor from Northampton, Massachusetts, who decides to embark for Rome on a voyage of artistic liberation. More than thirty years later, Henry James recalled the exhilaration he felt in 1874 and 1875 as a young writer finally ready, like his eponymous hero, to “put quite out to sea” with the serial publication of his first novel:
Writing and Learning: Exploring the Consequences of Task Interpretation
Authors: Penrose Ann .M
Published: November 2023

Teachers across disciplines and grade levels have discovered that writing can serve many purposes in the classroom. Writing-across-the-curriculum theorists suggest a variety of write-to-learn activities, from free writing in journals to summarizing class lectures to working with papers through multiple drafts. In the composition literature, support for these activities has come largely from intuitive arguments about the value of writing as a way to learn. Emig, for example, in her seminal essay “Writing as a Mode of Learning” (1977), argued that one way writing helps us learn is by forcing us to engage actively with our material. Shaughnessy (1977) suggested that this activity embeds the material more “deeply” in memory. Others have described writing as a “connective” activity, arguing that the process of writing forces us to discover and articulate relationships between what might otherwise be discrete bits of knowledge (e.g., Murray, 1980; Britton, 1981) and encourages us to go beyond the text, to engage in imaginative and speculative thinking (cf. Fulwiler, 1982). From our own experiences as writers, and from observing our students’ ideas develop as they write, we have come to believe that writing encourages us to be precise, to make connections, to speculate, to examine our subject from multiple perspectives. We have only recently begun to accumulate research evidence that can help us verify or refine these intuitions.
Obervation on Female Abilities
Authors: Harris Sharon M
Published: November 2023

Plutarch,1 in one of his invaluable compositions, speaking of men and women, thus expresses himself—”The talents and the virtues are modified by the circumstances and the persons, but the foundation is the same.” This celebrated and truly respectable biographer has yielded everything that we wish; and the testimony of so nice a distinguisher must be considered as a very powerful auxiliary.
Introduction
Authors: Neusner Jacob
Published: November 2023

The history of religion has progressed in our century to the point that, in its stage as natural history, we can interpret statements concerning reli gion or miracle, on the one side, and magic, on the other. But what about the difference between rationality or science or critical learning, on the one side, and magic, on the other? Various cultures recognize such a difference, but how do they know one from the other? And what do we learn about the intellectual world of those who see that distinction? Accordingly, we know a fair amount about the way the distinction works in the study of religious systems. Only in conversation among historians of religion, historians of ancient and medieval European and Middle Eastern societies, sociologists, specialists in ancient Near Eastern studies and in the histories of Judaism and Christianity and mysticism and a variety of other subjects hope to find answers to these questions.
Invisible Divinity and Visible Religion
Authors: Finney Paul Corby
Published: November 2023

This epitaph, dedicated to the memory of a certain Claudius Callistus (nicknamed6 Hilarius and otherwise unknown), is one of a large group of Roman tituli that came to light in the early nineteenth-century excavations beneath Tenuta di Tor Marancia7 (Figure 6.23a), in deposits that belonged to the subterranean complex which today we recognize as the Domitilla catacomb. Callistus’ tablet has an unusual form: a circular marble slab, seventy-three centimeters in diameter with a pierced hole at the center for the pouring8  (profusio: GIL 5.4990; 10.107) of libations.
Introduction
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E
Published: November 2023

Family relations play a central role in biblical literature, with sibling interaction the focus in many of its tales. Almost every major character in the Bible has at least one brother or sister who contributes to the story”s development in a material way. Princes kill their brothers to protect claims to the throne; mothers scheme in order to ensure a preferred son”s succession; sisters become rivals in determining marital relations. If mother-child relationships typify sustenance and those between fathers and sons epitomize the transmission of authority, it is in sibling interaction that biblical authors develop some of their most memorable plots.
An Unnatural Custom
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E
Published: November 2023

The prevalence of senority-based imagery in the Bible and its repeated efforts to justify deviations from that norm make it impossible to accept its reports of the success of younger siblings as simply the natural outcome of Israelite law or custom. At the same time, however, this theme cannot be studied in isolation from actual practice. In fact, several scholars have suggested that it is a literary or theological protest against the preferential treatment accorded firstborns in Israel, whether in the realm of ritual or of law.2
Every Brother a Supplanter
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E
Published: November 2023

The preeminence achieved by younger offspring in the Bible does not always come easily. As Abel found out only too late, there is often a heavy price to be paid for preferential treatment. Parental favoritism can easily spark fraternal jealousy and costly violence.1
Introduction
Authors: Dibattist Maria
Published: November 2023

Hardy is Victorian;’ wrote Eliot in the autumn of 1921, “Shaw is Edwardian. Shaw is therefore more interesting to us, for by reflecting on his mind we may form some plausible conjecture about the mind of the next age-about what, in retro¬spect, the ‘present’ generation will be found to have been;’! That Eliot once proposed to define his own generation in terms of Bernard Shaw’s mind certainly stands as one of the less recollected facts of modernist literary history. And that Hardy, Shaw, and Eliot all enjoyed professional lives simultaneously remains a quirk of chronology not yet fully inscribed in our understanding of the early years of the modern era. In ways obscured by the traditional focus on The Waste Land and Ulysses as modernist touchstones and Bloomsbury as an insular coterie, the paths of the “high moderns” crossed those of older generations and of modern writers not quite so high. Virginia Woolf could go to a concert in 1915 and find herself seated opposite Shaw (“grown a whitehaired benevolent old man;’ the thirty-three-year-old Woolf said of the fifty-nineyear-old Shaw), and Leonard Woolf in 1919 attended meetings with H. G. Wells, whose books his wife reviewed. When Anita Loos, whose witty best-seller Gentlemen Prefer Blondes enraptured Joyce, visited London in 1926, she was regaled by Arnold Bennett, Wells, and Galsworthy, and entertained by Lady Ottoline Morrell, who showed her a note from Lytton Strachey touting her as “the divine A.’
Remaking Marxist Criticism Partisan Review’s Eliotic Leftism, 1934-1936
Authors: Teres Harvey
Published: November 2023

It has now been a quarter century since the publication of Fredric Jameson’s Marxism and Form (1971), arguably the most important volume of Marxist criticism published in the United States in the post war period. Brought out by Princeton University Press at a time when Marxist criticism had little influence among American critics, the book at first did not gain a wide audience. Only gradually, as the 1970s wore on, and it became one of the most important critical texts to a generation of young scholars politicized by the anti war, feminist, and minority movements of the 1960s. Jameson’s book inaugurated a new phase of Marxist criticism in this country, in which the orientation became Continental, the subject literary form rather than content, the mode theoretical, and the manner complex and technical, yet at its best lucid and urbane. The contributions of this criticism have been substantial: it has reconsidered and revised our understanding of nearly every major category of traditional Marxist thought, including class, causation, base and superstructure, production, ideology, and form; and it has expanded other categories such as culture, gender, and race. This has earned for Marxist and materialist criticism unprecedented stature within the academy. Compared with the last great heyday of Marxist criticism in the United States in the 1930s, the current efflorescence is already of greater duration, although threats from inside and especially outside the academy continue to make its existence controversial if not precarious.
Florence Farr A “Transitional” Woman
Authors: Litz A Walton
Published: November 2023

When the letters written to Florence Farr by George Bernard Shaw and William Butler Yeats were first published in 1941, the Times Literary Supplement reviewer assumed that she was unknown to a younger generation who probably needed a footnote to identify Shaw’s “Mrs. P.C;’ as Mrs. Patrick Campbell. I Farr had been at the center of the “New Drama” of the 1890s, playing Rebecca West in the first English production of Rosmersholm, Blanche Sartorius in Shaw’s Widower’s House, and Louka (a part written for her) in Arms and the Man. In 1899 she took the role of Aleel, the poet, in the Dublin performance of Yeats’s play The Countess Cathleen. She also wrote, with Olivia Shakespear, two occult plays, The Beloved of Hathor and The Shrine of the Golden Hawk; published several novels and dramas of her own; and was in the early part of the century an active contributor to avant-garde journals such as The New Age and The Mint. But the TLS reviewer of 1942 was surely right in assuming that only an older generation would remember Florence Farr.
The Lowly Art of Murder Modernism and the Case of the Free Woman
Authors: Dibattista Maria
Published: November 2023

When Graham Greene designated his dark detective thrillers as entertainments, he was, perhaps, being commercially shrewd in soliciting a certain kind of popular readership. He was also being aesthetically quite correct. Nowhere is the boundary line between high and low culture more finely drawn than at the crossover between “lit-erature” and detective fiction. Does anyone speak, except in provocation or misprision, of a detective novel? Crime thriller, detective story, murder mystery, yes, but even in common parlance, detective and novel keep their distance, even if they do not completely part company.
Evangelical Pietism in America
Authors: Rubin Julius H
Published: November 2023

English Puritans suffered religious intolerance in the 1620s at the hands of William Laud and King Charles I. Laud delivered a sermon to Parliament in 1626 impugning Puritanism as an affront to church and state. He redoubled the persecution of nonconformist groups after his appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. Many fled England, and after a brief sojourn in Holland, migrated to America, founding Massachusetts Bay and other New England settlements. As God’s faithful on a divinely appointed mission—an “errand into the wilderness”1—they came to American shores freed from Old World restrictions and contamination. Here, evangelical Pietism could be instituted in full measure. John Winthrop’s sermon, “A Modell of Christian Charity,” preached aboard the flagship Arabella, proclaimed that New England would be like a city on a hill, a model for all the world to see; a new Jerusalem forged in a national covenant with God, a church covenant uniting the regenerate to one another, and a covenant of grace between God and each believer.
Biblical Foundations
Authors: Avery Dulles S J
Published: November 2023

It is characteristic of the biblical religions to give special emphasis to faith as the fundamental attitude that human beings should have in their relationship to God. In other religions, faith, in the sense of conviction based on personal allegiance, is less prominent and does not become a technical term in religious discourse.
Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Avery Dulles S J
Published: November 2023

In the European universities, dominated by post-Kantian philosophy, the Protestant theology faculties continued to pursue the liberal agenda at least until World War I. They combined a positivist approach to history with a voluntarist approach to faith. The church historian Adolfvon Harnack (1851–1930) popularized the system of Ritschl, notably in his lectures Das Wesen des Christentums.  1 Looking back to the historical Jesus as the norm, Harnack extolled the utter simplicity of Jesus’ message of love, while vehemently denying that the gospel is a theoretical system of doctrine. Jesus, he asserted, never spoke of any kind of creed except “to do the will of God, in the certainty that He [God] is the Father and the one who will recompense” (147). After a long period of degeneration, culminating in modern Roman Catholicism, Luther recovered the pure essence of the gospel as comprising two essential elements, the word of God and faith. By the word of God Luther meant, according to Harnack, “the message of the free grace of God in Christ” rather than the Bible or Church doctrine. Harnack understood Luther as teaching that faith is the inward experience that corresponds to God’s word, an experience of the certainty of grace (270).
Mid-Twentieth Century
Authors: Avery Dulles S J
Published: November 2023

During the decades following World War I Protestantism developed a very rich the­ ology of faith springing out of contrasting elements in the Protestant tradition. This new phase is often called “dialectical theology” because of its reliance on antitheses and paradoxes in speaking about the divine. In different ways Karl Barth, Rudolf Bultmann, and Paul Tillich exemplify the dialectical movement.
Properties of Faith
Authors: Avery Dulles S J
Published: November 2023

Theologians, in accordance with their own systematic orientations, list the properties of faith in slightly different ways. In Catholic theology there is a broad consensus that faith, in addition to its reasonableness, has the following four qualities: it is supernatural; it is free; it is certain; and it is obscure.1
Refining Dualism
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G
Published: November 2023

Realizing that language about God can be neither univocal !transferring meaning without qualification from one context to another against the background of shared ontological conditions), nor equivocal !having radically different meanings, completely unable to transfer meaning from one ontological context to another, since this would vitiate the purpose of having God as an ontologically transcendent principle of explanation), Thomists generally resort to a doctrine of analogy to give meaning to language about God. An analogous term is one that is neither univocal nor equivocal. It presumably conveys some nonliteral but nonequivocal meaning from one ontological context to another. “Whatever is said of God and creatures is said according as there is some relation of the creature to God as to its principle and cause, wherein all the perfections of things preexist excellently. Now this mode of community is a mean between pure equivocation and simple univocation. For in analogies the idea is not, as it is in univocals, one and the same; yet it is not totally diverse as in equivocals.”
Polis and Akropolis
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

Greece came out of the Persian wars aware and confident, more so than at any other time in her history. The invasion had been sobering for the boastful Greeks. It taught them, for a while at least, the benefits of unity, creating legends of superhuman valor that would sustain generations of Greeks to come. A quickening of spirit and a consciousness of the human frame, what it is capable of physically and bound by morally, were now evident in everything the major cities produced- in art and building, drama and poetry.
The World at Large: Roman Concurrences
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

It was a time of peace, a happy time. The provinces were contented and, for the most part, quiet. The troublesome spirit of Jewish independence flared briefly, but their revolt was crushed in 135. Jerusalem, renamed Aelia Capitol ina after Hadrian's family name, was disciplined architecturally with a cross-axial scheme, a proper Roman forum, and the usual catalogue of theaters, circuses, and baths.
The Urbanization of Europe, 1100-1300
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

Five archbishops, fourteen bishops, and the king and queen of France attended the consecration ceremonies for the new choir of St-Denis on 11 June 1144, but not the pope. He could not had he wanted to. Several months before, the people of Rome had rebelled against their bishop. They stormed the Capitol, the seat of the Church-appointed prefect and judges, and "wishing to restore the ancient dignity of the city," Bishop Otto of Freising reported, "set up the order of senators, which had lapsed for a long space of time." Church revenues were confiscated, the houses of cardinals looted, and their towers brought down.
Architectural Art and the Landscape of Industry, 1800-1850
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

Classicism was still the leading creed, but it had by now given up all pretense to orthodoxy. A number of readings were current, but none conforming to strict canonical rules. Napoleon's fancy leaned toward the Roman Empire. (Fig. 23.1) A Greek revival, experimentally launched before 1800 in garden "fabricks" and res idential architecture, went public with ceremonial city gates and buildings like Downing College at Cambridge by William Wilkins, begun in 1806. (Fig. 23 .2) The archaeological savor of this Grecian style came from a spate of new publications, among them the later volumes of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens issued in 1787 and 1794, the team's Ionian Antiquities, and Wilkins' studies of Greek temples in Sicily and southern Italy which appeared in Antiquities of Magna Craecia (1807). At the same time the Greeks' war of independence against their Turkish masters, a popular cause in Western Europe since the first rising of 1769, enhanced the romantic appeal of the revival.
The Trials of Modernism
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

The occasion was to be the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of America. A commemorative fair had been in the planning for some time. After much wrangling among would-be host cities, the Congress had voted in favor of Chicago, and locally the undeveloped marshes of Jackson Park on the South Side had been settled on as the fair site. Daniel Burnham was appointed director of the project. This was to be the 15th, and largest, of those popular international exhibitions that started back in 1851 with the Great Exhibition of London. Chicago was determined to rise to the occasion.
Architecture and the State: Interwar Years
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

The Great War left behind a shattered world. The stable international economy built up in the preceding one hundred years, during which Europe had not known a major war, lay in shambles. Currencies fluctuated wildly. There was a return to protective tariffs and other tactics of self-seeking nationalism. And yet paradoxically, one could see in the dominant socialist mood the desire for universal brotherhood as the war-incited advance in communications dimmed borders and collapsed distances.
Offense or Faith: The Kierkegaardian Choice
Authors: mccracken David
Published: November 2023

In The Sickness unto Death, Anti-Climacus asks rhetorically how it can be explained that one never hears or reads a prayer “that in our day especially” would be appropriate. The prayer is this; God in heaven, I thank you for not requiring a person to comprehend Christianity, for if that were required, I would be the most miserable of all. The more I seek to comprehend it, the more incomprehensible it appears to me and the more I discover only the possibility of offense. Therefore I thank you for requiring only faith, and I pray that you will continue to increase it. (129n) His question about why this prayer is never heard cannot be answered except by saying what Anti-Clirnacus is not willing to say directly, namely, that Christendom has rejected Christianity. The implication is that one ought to hear or read such a prayer repeatedly, for it contains central truths and the dilemma that faces each individual: (I) Christianity is incomprehensible, it is not a part of the category of understanding; (2) the more one tries to understand it, the more one encounters the possibility of offense; and (3) the only alternative to offense, and the only requirement for Christianity, is faith.1 That, in a nutshell, is Kierkegaard’s position, and it is the dialectical dilemma that Kierkegaard’s “single individual” faces. But, alas, offense is never mentioned these days (Journals, 3: 3028).
Parabolic Lies, Parabolic Truth
Authors: mccracken David
Published: November 2023

One of the most difficult problems concerning the understanding of parables is raised in the Gospels themselves by Jesus’s comment about parables in response to the disciples’ puzzlement over parables in general and over the parable of the sower in particular. In Mark’s Gospel, Jesus says to the disciples, “To you has been given the secret of the kingdom of God, but for those outside, everything comes in parables; in order that ‘they may indeed look, but not perceive, and may indeed listen, but not understand; so that they may not tum again and be forgiven’” (Mark 4:11-12; cf. Matt. 13:11, 13-15, Luke 8:10). Versions of this saying are repeated in all the synoptic Gospels, though Matthew “softens” (as Fitzmyer says in the Anchor Luke, 708) the “so that” (or “in order that”) by substituting “because” (or “the reason ... is that”).
Plot and Story in John
Authors: mccracken David
Published: November 2023

According to John Drury, the Gospel of John marks an early but radical change in Christianity that is still with us: “With John an era of Christian historiography, of Christianity as popular narrative, ceases. A great age of Christian doctrine begins. Stories will yield to creeds” (Parables, 164). Stories did indeed yield to creeds, and it is even tempting to accuse John of promoting this shift, with his philosophical interest in the Logos and in Jesus as the Word, which may seem inimical to story. But John’s Gospel is the end of an era, not the beginning of the new era. It is story, not creed. True, John’s Gospel strikes the reader instantly as a different sort of story &om Matthew’s, Mark’s, or Luke’s. For one thing, it contains notably few parables, and I have in the second part of this book focused primarily, though not exclusively, on parables as scandalous encounters. But John’s Gospel, like the others, is nonetheless a narrative of offense. For John, like the synoptic writers, Jesus is an offense, and his offensiveness can be seen only in actions. For John, like the others, scandal lives in story-the story of the disciples, of the Jews and Gentiles who encounter Jesus, and of the reader who encounters Jesus’s story and life itself, which is John’s hero: “I am the life.”
Apogee And Dissolution The
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

The end of the war brought with it a release of tensions and lifted the lid from hostilities which had long raged beneath the controls of martial law. The death of the prime minister, Ahmad Mahir, was the initial expression of this fact. The impact of the war itself on Egypt’s economic, political, and social life had manifold consequences for both the momentum and the direction of the national movement. lssawi, in a few paragraphs, has summed up the most important features of post-war life in Egypt.
The Problem
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

The very active and often violent history of the Society should not obscure the fact that its ideas and non-political activity were to most members the most important part of their membership and, to even the most political of them, matters of vivid concern. While it spent much time doing battle with the government, it spent even more in the service of the multiple needs of its members, not the least of which were ‘ideological’. Hence we turn to the complex of notions which in combination produced what the Brothers called the fikra-ideology. We shall attempt to reproduce here a coherent statement of these notions which bore the membership along into an all-embracing and passionate commitment to the Society and its leaders, and which, at the same time, set it at odds with all organized authority in Egypt.
The Solution
Authors: Mitchell Richard P
Published: November 2023

The image of the world in which the Brothers lived was one vividly characterized by decay and humiliation: the corruption of the faith was serious enough, worse still, it resulted not only in the abuse and disregard of its teachings, but in their headlong replacement by foreign values brought by the invader and incompetently resisted by the political, intellectual, and spiritual leaders of the country. Egypt, wrote Banna to Faruq, is ‘at the crossroads’. It is facing in two directions: ‘the way of the West’ and ‘the way of Islam’. Advocates of both summon the nation to follow one or the other. The Muslim Brothers, true to the faith, plead that the nation be restored to Islam. Egypt’s role is unique, for just as Egyptian reform begins with Islam, so the regeneration of Islam must begin in Egypt, for the rebirth of ‘international Islam’, in both its ideal and historical sense, requires first a strong ‘Muslim state’ (dawla muslima).
Episcopal Distinctiveness: Fighting the Protestant Radicals,1832-1838
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt
Published: November 2023

On September 10, 1831, Charles Mcilvaine was elected unanimously to become the second bishop of the diocese of Ohio. Busy with parish duties and teaching a course on “Christian Evidences” at the University of the City of New York, the election genuinely surprised him. When the news arrived, Mcilvaine wrote in his diary: I can very freely commit the matter to the Lord. I would not remain here, if it be His will that I go to Ohio; I would not go to Ohio, ifit be His will that I remain here. My heart does not thirst for a bishopric. Its honour I could willingly forgo, its responsibility I am not sufficient to bear. Its duties are unspeakably holier than any spirit I could bring to them.
Christ as the Mediation of the Other
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: November 2023

Karl Barth once said that we must always think three times before contradicting Hegel’s system, “because we might find that everything we are tempted to say in contradiction to it has already been said within it.”1 Hegel wanted his thought to mirror the full movement of life, and to Barth (avid moviegoer no less than Mozart aficionado) this movement proceeds like the film of the cinematograph, though one so extraordinary that it depicts “the rhythm of life itself,” running exhaustively through the fullness of history, capturing the “exact recollection” of the observed plenitude of being.2 Barth would find incredible Richard Rorty’s comment that the Phenomenology of Spirit is not so much “an argumentative procedure or a way of unifying subject and object, but simply a literary skill—skill at producing surprising gestalt switches by making smooth, rapid transitions from one terminology to another.”3 When Hegel concludes the magisterial section on absolute knowledge with the statement that here “Spirit has wound up the process of its embodiment,”4 he is not, as Rorty cavalierly suggests, recommending a new and improved vocabulary5 but is celebrating the complete infusion of truth into the dialectic of knowing. As Barth says, “Truth is necessary to [Hegel] and necessary to him in its unity, in its actuality, in the divine rigor inherent in it.”6
The Missing Dimension
Authors: Luttwak Edward
Published: November 2023

In Homer as in the Bible, the vicissitudes of war and peace are unfailingly attributed to divine intervention, yet though the entire discourse of the classical world was pervaded by Homer’s metaphors, his teleology was not shared by most Greek and Roman writers on politics and conflict. Both Thucydides and Tacitus, among many lesser lights, freely invoked geographic, economic, psychological, social, and technical primary causes to explain the course of human events, attributing nothing to divine intervention.
James Joyce and the Language of History
Authors: Spoo Robert
Published: November 2023

History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake. Stephen Dedalus’s famous complaint articulates a characteristic modern attitude toward the perceived burden of the past. As Robert Spoo shows in this study, Joyce’s creative achievement, from the time of his sojourn in Rome in 1906-07 to the completion of Ulysses in 1922, cannot be understood apart from the ferment of historical thought that dominated the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Tracing James Joyce’s historiographic art to its formative contexts, Spoo reveals a modernist author passionately engaged with the problem of history, forging a new language that both dramatizes and redefines that problem.
Workplace Injuries
Authors: Dewees Don , Duff David , Trebilcock Michael
Published: November 2023

In 1989, workers in the United States suffered 6.6 million workplace injuries and illnesses, giving rise to 60 million lost workdays..In the same year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 3,600 workplace fatalities, but this may be an underestimate;. other estimates of the number of annual workplace fatalities have varied widely-from 3,000 to 11,000 per year..In response to these diverse estimates, a new, more comprehensive census approach to gathering workplace fatality statistics has been developed. This Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) found 3,465 fatal workplace injuries in 31 participating states in 1991.4 There are considerable variations in the injury and illness rates per worker from one year to the next, but there is no obvious trend during the 1980s, although the overall rate fell during the 1970s. It is too early to evaluate trends for the 1990s, although the drop in workplace injuries from 1990 to 1991-from 8.8 to 8.4 per 100 workers-is the largest decline in more than a decade.. The economic cost of these injuries and illnesses is enormous and is reflected in workers’ compensation premiums that spiralled upward in the 1970s and 1980s as benefits were raised from what many observers regarded as seriously inadequate levels.. This premium spiral, in tum, has generated considerable concern about the cost of workers’ compensation and about possible means of reducing the injury and illness rates that give rise to it.
Scenes of Heroes, War, and Death: Patriotism and Memorials
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: November 2023

If one asks a local worthy who watches from the sidelines with teary eyes what is going on here, just what the Fletcher ceremony is all about, he will answer with a story: "We do this because in 1513 all the young men of Selkirk went out to fight the Battle of Flodden. Only one man returned, carrying a captured English flag. He cast it in the market square and then fell down dead." If one presses for more details, the answers become diffuse; history merges with lore; and the facts are lost in the misty past. Fletcher reportedly was asked by the townsfolk for news of those who had fallen, but being "too grief- stricken to reply,... he swept the flag round in the manner of a scythe, indicating that the rest were slain," goes the story as told by one local historian. Another chronicler validates the facts of the tale and adds that it is this encircling motion that inspired the manner of the casting of the colors in the market square as the climax of the common riding ceremonies.
Introduction
Authors: Porter Dennis
Published: November 2023

This book makes the claim that French literary culture is currently undergoing a major transformation that is the equivalent of a paradigm change; that the transformation is visible in the fate of a certain idea of “the writer” which first emerged almost two hundred and fifty years ago; that the change is bound up with the unprecedented historical events of the past couple of decades; and that although the transformation is particularly marked in France because of the apparent normativity of its cultural and political history since the late eighteenth century, it has important ramifications for other Western and even non-Western countries.
Stendhal: Overpoliticization and the Revenge of Literature
Authors: Porter Dennis
Published: November 2023

In the passage I quote in my introduction from Milan Kundera’s definition of the “Novelist, “ having established the opposition that in his reading distinguishes “the novelist” from “the writer,” Kundera goes on to cite examples of authors belonging to one or other of the two categories. It is surprising that Stendhal is not mentioned in either, although there is no doubt in my mind as to where he fits. The name of the author of The Red and the Black, Lucien Leuwen, The Charterhouse of Parma, and Lamie/ should rightly appear between Fielding and Sterne, on the one hand, and Flaubert and Proust, on the other, in the chronological list of preeminent “novelists” referred to by Kundera.
Marguerite Duras: Autobiographical Acts, Celebrity Status
Authors: Porter Dennis
Published: November 2023

The story of “the writer” in France, which, in my telling, begins in the mid-eighteenth century with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, draws to an end in the closing decades of the twentieth century with Marguerite Duras. It is possible that some other living French writers belong as obviously, in certain aspects of their work, to the “writerly” tradition inaugurated by Rousseau, but none in my view gives us a fuller, richer, and, at the same time, more disturbing sense than Duras of what it might meant to be “a writer” toward the end of our century. For the time being, in any case, precisely because of her remarkable talent and single-mindedness, her work and career illuminate both the possibilities and the limits inherent in a certain cultural understanding of writing and “the writer’s” function.