bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“They Will Keep Seeing Young Women Murdered by Men. Enough Is Enough-We Have Seen too Many Women Lose Their Lives”. Lessons for Professionals Working with Victims of ‘Honour’ Abuse and Violence
Authors: Begum Reema , Khan Roxanne , Brewer Gayle , Hall Beth
Published: July 2020

The brutal ‘honour’ killing of Banaz Mahmod, aged 20, is still one of the most prominent murder cases of this kind in Britain. This was due partly to its complexity as well as the poor police response to Banaz’s pleas for help before her death—most notably, she reported her abuse on multiple occasions, forewarned them of her murder, and named her killers. This tragic case was a painful example of how professional agencies in the UK fail victims of so called ‘honour’ abuse and violence. Fifteen years on, support services are still naive about the people and communities most vulnerable to ‘honour’ abuse in Britain. More recently, campaigns to include Black, Asian, and other ethnic minority victims in the mainstream domestic abuse agenda have encouraged agencies to be culturally-competent in their support of ‘honour’ abuse victims, to redress previous failings. To facilitate this, this study conducted a focus group discussion with fourteen women (12 victim survivors and 2 support workers) recruited from a support organisation for ethnic minority women dealing with ‘honour’ abuse, to gain insight into their lived experiences. Interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three superordinate themes emerged, each with two sub-themes; vulnerability (sub-themes, fear of external organisations and racism); organisational and agency support (sub-themes, education and support from law enforcement), and rules and restrictions (sub-themes, immigration status and agency funding). These themes should be explored by professionals to better understand how to support female victims of ‘honour’ abuse and violence, without disparaging their culture.
Utilizing Webs to Share Ancestral and Intergenerational Teachings: The Process of Co-Building an Online Digital Repository in Partnership with Indigenous Communities
Authors: Jennings Derek , Johnson-Jennings Michelle , Little Meg
Published: July 2020

Indigenous knowledge and wisdom continue to guide food and land practices, which may be key to lowering high rates of diabetes and obesity among Indigenous communities. The purpose of this paper is to describe how Indigenous, ancestral, and wise practices around food and land can best be reclaimed, revitalized, and reinvented through the use of an online digital platform. Key informant interviews and focus groups were conducted in order to identify digital data needs for food and land practices. Participants included Indigenous key informants, ranging from elders to farmers. Key questions included: (1) How could an online platform be deemed suitable for Indigenous communities to catalogue food wisdom? (2) What types of information would be useful to classify? (3) What other related needs exist? Researchers analyzed field notes, identified themes, and used a consensual qualitative research approach. Three themes were found, including a need for the appropriate use of Indigenous knowledges and sharing such online, a need for community control of Indigenous knowledges, and a need and desire to share wise practices with others online. An online Food Wisdom Repository that contributes to the health and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples through cultural continuity appears appropriate if it follows the outlined needs.
Community Engagement around the Maya Archaeological Site of Ceibal, Guatemala
Authors: MacLellan Jessica , Burham Melissa , Méndez Bauer María Belén
Published: July 2020

The Ceibal-Petexbatún Archaeological Project has built long-standing relationships in the area around Ceibal, Guatemala, particularly in the Q’eqchi’ Maya village of Las Pozas. Both Q’eqchi’ and ladino (non-indigenous) people in the region face serious, systemic problems, including a loss of access to land and an absence of economic opportunities. The ancient Maya sites in the area have been damaged by deforestation and looting. Project archaeologists seek to improve economic conditions in local communities while encouraging the preservation of cultural heritage. Here, we describe past microfinance and classroom outreach projects conducted in Las Pozas and discuss future initiatives that could make archaeological heritage more beneficial to multiple communities.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Investigate How PZM21 Affects the Conformational State of the μ-Opioid Receptor Upon Activation
Authors: Zhao Zhennan , Huang Tingting , Li Jiazhong
Published: July 2020

Opioid analgesics such as morphine have indispensable roles in analgesia. However, morphine use can elicit side effects such as respiratory depression and constipation. It has been reported that G protein-biased agonists as substitutes for classic opioid agonists can alleviate (or even eliminate) these side effects. The compounds PZM21 and TRV130 could be such alternatives. Nevertheless, there are controversies regarding the efficacy and G protein-biased ability of PZM21. To demonstrate a rationale for the reduced biasing agonism of PZM21 compared with that of TRV130 at the molecular level, we undertook a long-term molecular dynamics simulation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) upon the binding of three ligands: morphine, TRV130, and PZM21. We found that the delayed movement of the W2936.48 (Ballesteros–Weinstein numbering) side chain was a factor determining the dose-dependent agonism of PZM21. Differences in conformational changes of W3187.35, Y3267.43, and Y3367.53 in PZM21 and TRV130 explained the observed differences in bias between these ligands. The extent of water movements across the receptor channel was correlated with analgesic effects. Taken together, these data suggest that the observed differences in conformational changes of the studied MOR–ligand complexes point to the low-potency and lower bias effects of PZM21 compared with the other two ligands, and they lay the foundation for the development of G protein-biased agonists.
Systemic Investigation of Promoter-wide Methylome and Genome Variations in Gout
Authors: Tseng Chia-Chun , Wong Man Chun , Liao Wei-Ting , Chen Chung-Jen , Lee Su-Chen , Yen Jeng-Hsien , Chang Shun-Jen
Published: July 2020

Current knowledge of gout centers on hyperuricemia. Relatively little is known regarding the pathogenesis of gouty inflammation. To investigate the epigenetic background of gouty inflammation independent of hyperuricemia and its relationship to genetics, 69 gout patients and 1455 non-gout controls were included. Promoter-wide methylation was profiled with EPIC array. Whole-genome sequencing data were included for genetic and methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) analyses and causal inference tests. Identified loci were subjected to co-methylation analysis and functional localization with DNase hypersensitivity and histone marks analysis. An expression database was queried to clarify biologic functions of identified loci. A transcription factor dataset was integrated to identify transcription factors coordinating respective expression. In total, seven CpG loci involved in interleukin-1β production survived genetic/meQTL analyses, or causal inference tests. None had a significant relationship with various metabolic traits. Additional analysis suggested gouty inflammation, instead of hyperuricemia, provides the link between these CpG sites and gout. Six (PGGT1B, INSIG1, ANGPTL2, JNK1, UBAP1, and RAPTOR) were novel genes in the field of gout. One (CNTN5) was previously associated with gouty inflammation. Transcription factor mapping identified several potential transcription factors implicated in the link between differential methylation, interleukin-1β production, and gouty inflammation. In conclusion, this study revealed several novel genes specific to gouty inflammation and provided enhanced insight into the biological basis of gouty inflammation.
Ship Towed by Kite: Investigation of the Dynamic Coupling
Authors: Bigi Nedeleg , Roncin Kostia , Leroux Jean-Baptiste , Parlier Yves
Published: July 2020

This paper presents a series of dynamic simulations for a ship towed by kite. To ensure time efficient computations, seakeeping analysis with forward speed correction factors is carried out in the frequency domain and then transformed in the time domain by convolution. The seakeeping modeling is coupled with a zero-mass kite modeling assuming linear dependence of aerodynamic characteristics with respect to turning rate. Decoupled (segregated) and coupled (monolithic) approaches are assessed and compared in different environmental conditions. Results show that in regular beam waves, strong interactions between the kite and the ship motions are captured by the monolithic approach. Around the wave frequency, especially for the lower one tested (0.4 rad/s), a kite lock-in phenomenon is revealed. It is concluded that the mean kite towing force can be increased whereas the ship roll amplitude can even be decreased compared to a non-kite assisted ship propulsion configuration.
Clustering of Extremes in Financial Returns: A Study of Developed and Emerging Markets
Authors: Alokley Sara Ali , Albarrak Mansour Saleh
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates the clustering or dependency of extremes in financial returns by estimating the extremal index value, in which smaller values of the extremal index correspond to more clustering. We apply the interval estimator method to determine the extremal index for a range of threshold values in the developed and emerging markets from 2007–2017. The indices we used to represent developed markets are from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, USA, UK, Spain, and Sweden. For the emerging markets, we use indices from China, Brazil, India, Malaysia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Portugal. The results show that clustering occurs in the emerging and developed markets under several threshold values. This study will shed light on the dependency structure of financial returns data and the proprieties of the extremes returns. Moreover, understanding clustering of extremes in these markets can help investors reduce the exposure to extreme financial events, such as the financial crisis.
The Contemporary Economic Costs of Spatial Chaos: Evidence from Poland
Authors: Śleszyński Przemysław , Kowalewski Adam , Markowski Tadeusz , Legutko-Kobus Paulina , Nowak Maciej
Published: July 2020

This paper is based on the results of an extensive (840-page) report of the Committee on National Spatial Development of the Polish Academy of Sciences, entitled Studies on Spatial Chaos (edited by A. Kowalewski, T, Markowski and P. Śleszyński—Studia KPZK PAN, vol. 182, Warsaw 2018—in Polish). Its aim was to conduct a comprehensive and detailed study on the problem of spatial chaos (spatial disorder), including an estimate of economic costs in Poland. For this purpose, literature was queried (articles and reports, etc.) and special analyses were prepared for this purpose. The total annual costs of spatial chaos were estimated at not less than 20 billion euros per year. The conclusions also proposed solutions and suggestions (for the government and local governments), which may reduce the acute costs of spatial chaos in society and economy.
Muscular Strength Imbalances Are not Associated with Skin Temperature Asymmetries in Soccer Players
Authors: Mendonça Teixeira Rodrigo , Dellagrana Rodolfo A. , Priego-Quesada Jose I. , Machado João Claudio B.P. , Fernandes da Silva Juliano , Pacheco dos Reis Tallyne Mayara , Rossato Mateus
Published: July 2020

Although strength imbalances using isokinetic dynamometer have been examined for injury risk screening in soccer players, it is very expensive and time-consuming, making the evaluation of new methods appealing. The aim of the study was to analyze the agreement between muscular strength imbalances and skin temperature bilateral asymmetries as well as skin temperature differences in the hamstrings and quadriceps. The skin temperature of the anterior and posterior thigh of 59 healthy male soccer athletes was assessed at baseline using infrared thermography for the identification of hamstrings-quadriceps skin temperature differences and thermal asymmetries (>0.5 °C). Subsequently, concentric and eccentric peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings were considered in the determination of the ratios, as well as muscular asymmetries (>15%). When considering the torque parameters, 37.3% (n = 22) of the players would be classified as high risk for injuries. The percentage of those presenting skin temperature imbalances superior to 0.5 °C was 52.5% (n = 31). The skin temperature assessment showed sensitivity (22%) and specificity (32.2%) to identify torque asymmetries, demonstrating the inability to identify false negatives (15.3%) and false positives (30.5%) from all soccer athletes. In conclusion, skin temperature differences between hamstrings and quadriceps could be more related to thermoregulatory factors than strength imbalances.
Sources of Excitation and Models for Cylindrical Gear Dynamics: A Review
Authors: Bruzzone Fabio , Rosso Carlo
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a review of the evolution of the study of cylindrical gear dynamics is presented. After a brief historical introduction to the field, the first attempts to describe the complex interactions in those systems are analyzed introducing the dynamic factor and the first methodologies used to compute it. Next, the sources of excitation in geared systems are analyzed in detail and the models of the various contributions are discussed. Then, the paper focuses on the use of those sources in several dynamic models which are wildly different in terms of scope, applicability, complexity and methodology employed, ranging from simple analytical models, to lumped masses models up to multibody and finite element models. Finally, an outlook to the future evolution of the field is given and conclusions are drawn.
Estimation of Beta-Pareto Distribution Based on Several Optimization Methods
Authors: Boumaraf Badreddine , Seddik-Ameur Nacira , Barbu Vlad Stefan
Published: July 2020

This paper is concerned with the maximum likelihood estimators of the Beta-Pareto distribution introduced in Akinsete et al. (2008), which comes from the mixing of two probability distributions, Beta and Pareto. Since these estimators cannot be obtained explicitly, we use nonlinear optimization methods that numerically provide these estimators. The methods we investigate are the method of Newton-Raphson, the gradient method and the conjugate gradient method. Note that for the conjugate gradient method we use the model of Fletcher-Reeves. The corresponding algorithms are developed and the performances of the methods used are confirmed by an important simulation study. In order to compare between several concurrent models, namely generalized Beta-Pareto, Beta, Pareto, Gamma and Beta-Pareto, model criteria selection are used. We firstly consider completely observed data and, secondly, the observations are assumed to be right censored and we derive the same type of results.
Characteristic Polynomials and Eigenvalues for Certain Classes of Pentadiagonal Matrices
Authors: Alvarez María Alejandra , Brondani André Ebling , França Francisca Andrea Macedo , C. Luis A. Medina
Published: July 2020

There exist pentadiagonal matrices which are diagonally similar to symmetric matrices. In this work we describe explicitly the diagonal matrix that gives this transformation for certain pentadiagonal matrices. We also consider particular classes of pentadiagonal matrices and obtain recursive formulas for the characteristic polynomial and explicit formulas for their eigenvalues.
On the Best Proximity Points for p–Cyclic Summing Contractions
Authors: Hristov Miroslav , Ilchev Atanas , Zlatanov Boyan
Published: July 2020

We present a condition that guarantees the existence and uniqueness of fixed (or best proximity) points in complete metric space (or uniformly convex Banach spaces) for a wide class of cyclic maps, called p–cyclic summing maps. These results generalize some known results from fixed point theory. We find a priori and a posteriori error estimates of the fixed (or best proximity) point for the Picard iteration associated with the investigated class of maps, provided that the modulus of convexity of the underlying space is of power type. We illustrate the results with some applications and examples.
Characterizations of a Banach Space through the Strong Lacunary and the Lacunary Statistical Summabilities
Authors: Moreno-Pulido Soledad , Barbieri Giuseppina , León-Saavedra Fernando , Pérez-Fernández Francisco Javier , Sala-Pérez Antonio
Published: July 2020

In this manuscript we characterize the completeness of a normed space through the strong lacunary ( N θ ) and lacunary statistical convergence ( S θ ) of series. A new characterization of weakly unconditionally Cauchy series through N θ and S θ is obtained. We also relate the summability spaces associated with these summabilities with the strong p-Cesàro convergence summability space.
Influence of Body Composition on Physical Fitness in Adolescents
Authors: Mendoza-Muñoz María , Adsuar José Carmelo , Pérez-Gómez Jorge , Muñoz-Bermejo Laura , Garcia-Gordillo Miguel Ángel , Carlos-Vivas Jorge
Published: July 2020

Background and objectives: Childhood obesity is one of the main public health issues facing advanced societies. The Spanish population presents 28.6% overweight or obese adolescents, and Extremadura, 22.3%. Physical fitness is considered one of the most important health markers and a common predictor of morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases. Thus, fitness tests are needed for health monitoring, especially in overweight and obese adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between body composition and physical fitness in adolescents and to analyse if there are differences in physical condition and body composition between the sexes, as well as to compare the different body mass index (BMI) categories to each other. This project also tried to find regression equations to predict the physical fitness test results. Materials and Methods: A total of 225 adolescents were recruited. Weight status was classified according to WHO 2007 standards. Body composition variables (i.e., BMI, fat mass (FM), FM percentage (FM%), and fat-free mass (FFM)) and physical fitness (standing long jump (SLJ), speed–agility (SA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), and handgrip strength (HS)) were assessed. Results: Significant differences were found between the sexes in body composition (FM%, FM, and FFM) and physical fitness (SLJ, SA, CF, and HS) (p < 0.001) in favour of males. Significant differences were also found in speed (p = 0.002), CF (p < 0.001), and SLJ (p = 0.004) in favour of normal-weight adolescents compared to overweight and obese adolescents. Contrarily, the outcomes revealed a significantly greater HS (p = 0.014) in favour of overweight and obese participants compared to normal-weight adolescents. Moreover, the results showed that CF and SLJ correlated inversely with BMI, FM%, and total FM. There was also a direct relationship between SA and FM percentage, as well as between HS and FFM. Finally, four fitness test predictive models are proposed based on body composition, age, sex, and BMI. Conclusions: Overweight and obese adolescents have lower levels of physical fitness than their normal-weight peers, regardless of their sex. Normal-ranged body composition values are related to a greater physical fitness in adolescents. Furthermore, this study presents several equations that can help to predict the performance of different fitness tests in adolescents.
Effect of Aluminum, Iron and Chromium Alloying on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of (Ti-Ni)-(Cu-Zr) Crystalline/Amorphous Composite Materials
Authors: Tsarkov Andrey A. , Zadorozhnyy Vladislav Yu. , Solonin Alexey N. , Louzguine-Luzgin Dmitri V.
Published: July 2020

High-strength crystalline/amorphous composites materials based on (Ti-Ni)-(Cu-Zr) system were developed. The optimal concentrations of additional alloying elements Al, Fe, and Cr were obtained. Structural investigations were carried out using X-ray diffraction equipment (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy-dispersive X-ray module (EDX). It was found that additives of aluminum and chromium up to 5 at% dissolve well into the solid matrix solution of the NiTi phase. At a concentration of 5 at%, the precipitation of the unfavorable NiTi2 phase occurs, which, as a result, leads to a dramatic decrease in ductility. Iron dissolves very well in the solid solution of the matrix phase due to chemical affinity with nickel. The addition of iron does not cause the precipitation of the NiTi2 phase in the concentration range of 0–8 at%, but with an increase in concentration, this leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the alloy. The mechanical behavior of alloys was studied in compression test conditions on a universal testing machine. The developed alloys have a good combination of strength and ductility due to their dual-phase structure. It was shown that additional alloying elements lead to a complete suppression of the martensitic transformation in the alloys.
Effect of Geometric Curvature on Collective Cell Migration in Tortuous Microchannel Devices
Authors: Mazalan Mazlee Bin , Ramlan Mohamad Anis Bin , Shin Jennifer Hyunjong , Ohashi Toshiro
Published: July 2020

Collective cell migration is an essential phenomenon in many naturally occurring pathophysiological processes, as well as in tissue engineering applications. Cells in tissues and organs are known to sense chemical and mechanical signals from the microenvironment and collectively respond to these signals. For the last few decades, the effects of chemical signals such as growth factors and therapeutic agents on collective cell behaviors in the context of tissue engineering have been extensively studied, whereas those of the mechanical cues have only recently been investigated. The mechanical signals can be presented to the constituent cells in different forms, including topography, substrate stiffness, and geometrical constraint. With the recent advancement in microfabrication technology, researchers have gained the ability to manipulate the geometrical constraints by creating 3D structures to mimic the tissue microenvironment. In this study, we simulate the pore curvature as presented to the cells within 3D-engineered tissue-scaffolds by developing a device that features tortuous microchannels with geometric variations. We show that both cells at the front and rear respond to the varying radii of curvature and channel amplitude by altering the collective migratory behavior, including cell velocity, morphology, and turning angle. These findings provide insights into adaptive migration modes of collective cells to better understand the underlying mechanism of cell migration for optimization of the engineered tissue-scaffold design.
Biocatalyzed Redox Processes Employing Green Reaction Media
Authors: Aranda Carmen , de Gonzalo Gonzalo
Published: July 2020

The application of biocatalysts to perform reductive/oxidative chemical processes has attracted great interest in recent years, due to their environmentally friendly conditions combined with high selectivities. In some circumstances, the aqueous buffer medium normally employed in biocatalytic procedures is not the best option to develop these processes, due to solubility and/or inhibition issues, requiring biocatalyzed redox procedures to circumvent these drawbacks, by developing novel green non-conventional media, including the use of biobased solvents, reactions conducted in neat conditions and the application of neoteric solvents such as deep eutectic solvents.
Anti-Hepatocellular-Cancer Activity Exerted by β-Sitosterol and β-Sitosterol-Glucoside from Indigofera zollingeriana Miq
Authors: Vo Tuong Kha , Ta Qui Thanh Hoai , Chu Quang Truyen , Nguyen Thuy Trang , Vo Van Giau
Published: July 2020

Indigofera zollingeriana Miq (I. zollingeriana) is a widely grown tree in Vietnam. It is used to cure various illnesses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents of an I. zollingeriana extract and test its anticancer activity on hepatocellular cells (Huh7 and HepG2). The experimental results of the analysis of the bioactive compounds revealed that β-sitosterol (β-S) and β-sitosterol-glucoside (β-SG) were the main ingredients of the I. zollingeriana extract. Regarding anticancer activity, the β-S and β-SG of I. zollingeriana were found to exhibit cytotoxic effects against HepG2 and Huh7 cells, but not against normal human primary fibroblasts. The β-S was able to inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 and Huh7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.85 ± 0.61 µg/mL and 8.71 ± 0.21 µg/mL, respectively (p < 0.01), whereas the β-SG IC50 values were 4.64 ± 0.48 µg/mL for HepG2 and 5.25 ± 0.14 µg/mL for Huh7 cells (p < 0.01). Remarkably, our study also indicated that β-S and β-SG exhibited cytotoxic activities via inducing apoptosis and activating caspase-3 and -9 in these cells. These findings demonstrated that β-S and β-SG from I. zollingeriana could potentially be developed into promising therapeutic agents to treat liver cancer.
Bacterial Biotransformation of Oleic Acid: New Findings on the Formation of γ-Dodecalactone and 10-Ketostearic Acid in the Culture of Micrococcus luteus
Authors: Boratyński Filip , Szczepańska Ewa , De Simeis Davide , Serra Stefano , Brenna Elisabetta
Published: July 2020

Microbial conversion of oleic acid (1) to form value-added industrial products has gained increasing scientific and economic interest. So far, the production of natural lactones with flavor and fragrance properties from fatty acids by non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMO) involves whole cells of bacteria catalyzing the hydration of unsaturated fatty acids as well as yeast strains responsible for further β-oxidation processes. Development of a non-GMO process, involving a sole strain possessing both enzymatic activities, significantly lowers the costs of the process and constitutes a better method from the customers’ point of view regarding biosafety issues. Twenty bacteria from the genus of Bacillus, Comamonas, Dietzia, Gordonia, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces were screened for oxidative functionalization of oleic acid (1). Micrococcus luteus PCM525 was selected as the sole strain catalyzing the one-pot transformation of oleic acid (1) into natural valuable peach and strawberry-flavored γ-dodecalactone (6) used in the food, beverage, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Based on the identified products formed during the process of biotransformation, we clearly established a pathway showing that oleic acid (1) is hydrated to 10-hydroxystearic acid (2), then oxidized to 10-ketostearic acid (3), giving 4-ketolauric acid (4) after three cycles of β-oxidation, which is subsequently reduced and cyclized to γ-dodecalactone (6) (Scheme 1). Moreover, three other strains (Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM44534, Rhodococcus ruber PCM2166, Dietzia sp. DSM44016), with high concomitant activities of oleate hydratase and alcohol dehydrogenase, were identified as efficient producers of 10-ketostearic acid (3), which can be used in lubricant and detergent formulations. Considering the prevalence of γ-dodecalactone (6) and 10-ketostearic acid (3) applications and the economic benefits of sustainable management, microbial bioconversion of oleic acid (1) is an undeniably attractive approach.
Field Emission Properties of Polymer Graphite Tips Prepared by Membrane Electrochemical Etching
Authors: Knápek Alexandr , Dallaev Rashid , Burda Daniel , Sobola Dinara , Allaham Mohammad M. , Horáček Miroslav , Kaspar Pavel , Matějka Milan , Mousa Marwan S.
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates field emission behavior from the surface of a tip that was prepared from polymer graphite nanocomposites subjected to electrochemical etching. The essence of the tip preparation is to create a membrane of etchant over an electrode metal ring. The graphite rod acts here as an anode and immerses into the membrane filled with alkali etchant. After the etching process, the tip is cleaned and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, investigating the chemical composition of the tip. The topography information is obtained using the Scanning Electron Microscopy and by Field Emission Microscopy. The evaluation and characterization of field emission behavior is performed at ultra-high vacuum conditions using the Field Emission Microscopy where both the field electron emission pattern projected on the screen and current–voltage characteristics are recorded. The latter is an essential tool that is used both for the imaging of the tip surfaces by electrons that are emitted toward the screen, as well as a tool for measuring current–voltage characteristics that are the input to test field emission orthodoxy.
LncRNA NEAT1 in Paraspeckles: A Structural Scaffold for Cellular DNA Damage Response Systems?
Authors: Taiana Elisa , Ronchetti Domenica , Todoerti Katia , Nobili Lucia , Tassone Pierfrancesco , Amodio Nicola , Neri Antonino
Published: July 2020

Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) reported to be frequently deregulated in various types of cancers and neurodegenerative processes. NEAT1 is an indispensable structural component of paraspeckles (PSs), which are dynamic and membraneless nuclear bodies that affect different cellular functions, including stress response. Furthermore, increasing evidence supports the crucial role of NEAT1 and essential structural proteins of PSs (PSPs) in the regulation of the DNA damage repair (DDR) system. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of NEAT1 and PSPs in DDR, which might strengthen the rationale underlying future NEAT1-based therapeutic options in tumor and neurodegenerative diseases.
Neutron Stars in f(R)-Gravity and Its Extension with a Scalar Axion Field
Authors: Astashenok Artyom , Odintsov Sergey
Published: July 2020

We present a brief review of general results about non-rotating neutron stars in simple R 2 gravity and its extension with a scalar axion field. Modified Einstein equations are presented for metrics in isotropical coordinates. The mass–radius relation, mass profile and dependence of mass from central density on various equations of state are given in comparison to general relativity.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Air Side Heat Transfer of a Finned Tubes Heat Exchanger
Authors: Petrik Máté , Szepesi Gábor
Published: July 2020

The heat transfer was experimentally and numerically studied in this article. Characteristics of circular fins over a bent tube at different tube orientations and air velocities were investigated, and then compared with analytical results from the literature. For the experimental investigation, a simple setup was compiled inside of a wind tunnel, where the velocity and the inlet temperature of the air; the volume flow rate; and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the water were measured. Three different orientations were investigated with the set-up: the bent tube in line with the air flow with the same and opposite water inlet positions, and the bent tube perpendicular to the air flow. According to the results, the position has a significant effect on the heat transfer coefficient. A numerical study was also performed in accordance with the measurements in ANSYS-CFX computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The results of the CFD showed an acceptable correlation with the results of measurement; however, the results of analytical calculation from the literature show a significant discrepancy; the calculated heat performance is only about one-third of the measured values. This article presents the steps of measurement, simulation and analytical calculations, and shows solution possibilities in the calculation of the air-side heat transfer functions.
Modeling the Effect of Channel Tapering on the Pressure Drop and Flow Distribution Characteristics of Interdigitated Flow Fields in Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: García-Salaberri Pablo A. , Gokoglan Tugba Ceren , Ibáñez Santiago E. , Agar Ertan , Vera Marcos
Published: July 2020

Optimization of flow fields in redox flow batteries can increase performance and efficiency, while reducing cost. Therefore, there is a need to establish a fundamental understanding on the connection between flow fields, electrolyte flow management and electrode properties. In this work, the flow distribution and pressure drop characteristics of interdigitated flow fields with constant and tapered cross-sections are examined numerically and experimentally. Two simplified 2D along-the-channel models are used: (1) a CFD model, which includes the channels and the porous electrode, with Darcy’s viscous resistance as a momentum sink term in the latter; and (2) a semi-analytical model, which uses Darcy’s law to describe the 2D flow in the electrode and lubrication theory to describe the 1D Poiseuille flow in the channels, with the 2D and 1D sub-models coupled at the channel/electrode interfaces. The predictions of the models are compared between them and with experimental data. The results show that the most influential parameter is γ , defined as the ratio between the pressure drop along the channel due to viscous stresses and the pressure drop across the electrode due to Darcy’s viscous resistance. The effect of R e in the channel depends on the order of magnitude of γ , being negligible in conventional cells with slender channels that use electrodes with permeabilities in the order of 10 − 12 m 2 and that are operated with moderate flow rates. Under these conditions, tapered channels can enhance mass transport and facilitate the removal of bubbles (from secondary reactions) because of the higher velocities achieved in the channel, while being pumping losses similar to those of constant cross-section flow fields. This agrees with experimental data measured in a single cell operated with aqueous vanadium-based electrolytes.
Waste Management under Emergency Conditions: Life-Cycle Multicriteria Analysis as Decision Support System
Authors: Moreschi Luca , Del Borghi Adriana , Taramasso Angela Celeste , Gallo Michela
Published: July 2020

Waste management under emergency conditions requires proper handling. The sudden closure of a strategic final disposal site can result in serious environmental and health hazards which need to be addressed. Furthermore, this situation requires the identification of new sites to be used for waste disposal. This study analysed the case-study of Genoa, Northern Italy, following the closure of the Scarpino landfill previously dedicated to the disposal of waste generated in this municipality. A multi-objective tool was developed and applied from long-term planning to day-to-day scheduling. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the basis of collected waste volumes, in order to study the utilization and actual rate of fulfilling of the plants according to the leading objective function. Considering all of the objective functions, the emissions optimization shows better behaviour in terms of simultaneous global accomplishment of each function. In this context, the introduction of a decision support system for waste management shows its usefulness in setting and effectively pursuing long-term targets in term of total costs, emissions generated by waste transport, and exploitation of single plants from a sustainability perspective.
The Dynamics of the S&P 500 under a Crisis Context: Insights from a Three-Regime Switching Model
Authors: Cerboni Baiardi Lorenzo , Costabile Massimo , De Giovanni Domenico , Lamantia Fabio , Leccadito Arturo , Massabó Ivar , Menzietti Massimiliano , Pirra Marco , Russo Emilio , Staino Alessandro
Published: July 2020

This paper provides an econometric analysis aiming at evidencing the dynamics showed by the S&P 500 market index during the period of 4 January 2001–28 April 2020, in which the subprime crisis has taken place and the COVID-19 crisis has begun. In particular, we fit a three-regime switching model that allows market parameters to behave differently during economic downturns, with the regimes representative of the tranquil, volatile, and turbulent states. We document that the tranquil regime is the most frequent for the whole period, while the dominant regime is the volatile one for the crisis of 2008 and the turbulent one for the first four months of 2020. We fit the same model to the returns of the Dow Jones Industrial Average index and find that during the same period of investigation, the most frequent regime has been the tranquil one, while the volatile and turbulent regimes share the same frequencies. Additionally, we use a multinomial logit model to describe the probabilities of volatile or turbulent regimes. We show that, in the case of the S&P 500 index, the returns from the Volatility Index (VIX) index are significant for both the volatile and the turbulent regimes, while the gold, WTI oil, and the dollar indices have some explanatory power only for the turbulent regime.
Numerical Algorithms for Reflected Anticipated Backward Stochastic Differential Equations with Two Obstacles and Default Risk
Authors: Wang Jingnan , Korn Ralf
Published: July 2020

We study numerical algorithms for reflected anticipated backward stochastic differential equations (RABSDEs) driven by a Brownian motion and a mutually independent martingale in a defaultable setting. The generator of a RABSDE includes the present and future values of the solution. We introduce two main algorithms, a discrete penalization scheme and a discrete reflected scheme basing on a random walk approximation of the Brownian motion as well as a discrete approximation of the default martingale, and we study these two methods in both the implicit and explicit versions respectively. We give the convergence results of the algorithms, provide a numerical example and an application in American game options in order to illustrate the performance of the algorithms.
Least Squares Optimization: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Grisetti Giorgio , Guadagnino Tiziano , Aloise Irvin , Colosi Mirco , Della Corte Bartolomeo , Schlegel Dominik
Published: July 2020

Nowadays, Nonlinear Least-Squares embodies the foundation of many Robotics and Computer Vision systems. The research community deeply investigated this topic in the last few years, and this resulted in the development of several open-source solvers to approach constantly increasing classes of problems. In this work, we propose a unified methodology to design and develop efficient Least-Squares Optimization algorithms, focusing on the structures and patterns of each specific domain. Furthermore, we present a novel open-source optimization system that addresses problems transparently with a different structure and designed to be easy to extend. The system is written in modern C++ and runs efficiently on embedded systemsWe validated our approach by conducting comparative experiments on several problems using standard datasets. The results show that our system achieves state-of-the-art performances in all tested scenarios.
Worldwide Coverage Mobile Systems for Supra-Smart Cities Communications: Featured Antennas and Design
Authors: Benavente-Peces César , Herrero-Sebastián Iván
Published: July 2020

Current terrestrial mobile communications networks can’t provide worldwide coverage. Satellite communications are expensive, and terminals are large and heavy. Worldwide mobile coverage requires the use of satellites providing an appropriate QoS, including polar regions. The analysis of the potential satellite constellations demonstrates that LEO one is the best solution. A new generation of low cost, small size, lightweight and global mobile coverage LEO satellites is emerging. The main limitation of the terminals is the antenna size factor, and innovative antennas must be developed to meet this goal. This paper investigates the technologies and techniques for designing and developing antennas aimed at LEO satellite communications in Smart Cities and beyond, which are especially beneficial for mobile communications in areas without 4G/5G coverage. The paper focuses on the terrestrial segment and future mobile devices, remarking the design constraints. In this scenario, the paper reviews the most relevant technologies and techniques used to design suitable antennas. The investigation analyses the state-of-the-art and most recent advances in the design of antennas operating in the Ku-band. The main contribution of the authors is a novel antenna design approach based on SIW technology. The antenna features are compared with other approaches, highlighting the benefits, advantages and drawbacks. As a conclusion, the proposed antenna demonstrates to be a good solution to meet the design constraints for such an application: light, low cost, small size factor.
Mercury Exposure and Associations with Hyperlipidemia and Elevated Liver Enzymes: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Lee Seungho , Cho Sung-Ran , Jeong Inchul , Park Jae Bum , Shin Mi-Yeon , Kim Sungkyoon , Kim Jin Hee
Published: July 2020

Mercury (Hg) has obesogenic properties. However, the associated health outcomes of population-level mercury exposure were unclear. This study investigated the relationships between blood mercury levels and obesity-related outcomes such as hyperlipidemia and elevated liver enzymes. Using the second cycle of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (n = 6454), we performed logistic regression to examine the effects of Hg on hyperlipidemia and elevated liver enzymes. The blood mercury levels were significantly higher in the hyperlipidemia group (n = 3699, male: 4.03 μg/L, female: 2.83 μg/L) compared to the non-hyperlipidemia group (n = 2755, male: 3.48 μg/L, female: 2.69 μg/L), and high blood mercury levels were associated with an 11% higher risk of hyperlipidemia. The elevated liver enzymes group had higher mean blood mercury levels (n = 1189, male: 4.38 μg/L, female: 3.25 μg/L) than the normal group (n = 5265, male: 3.64 μg/L, female: 2.70 μg/L), and elevated blood mercury was associated with a 35% higher risk of elevated liver enzymes. Moreover, the effect was constant after adjusting for personal medications. These results indicate that mercury exposure is significantly associated with hyperlipidemia and elevated liver enzymes.
A Rapid Assessment of Health Literacy and Health Status of Rohingya Refugees Living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Following the August 2017 Exodus from Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rahman Md Ridwanur , Faiz Mohammad Abul , Nu Ma Yin , Hassan Md Rafiqul , Chakrabarty Ashish Kumar , Kabir Iqbal , Islam Khaleda , Jafarullah Abul Kashem Mohammad , Alakabawy Mariam , Khatami Ameneh , Rashid Harunor
Published: July 2020

Background: A survey was conducted among Rohingya refugees to assess their overall health literacy and health status. Methods: A questionnaire was developed to conduct face to face interviews among Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh in November–December 2017. Families were selected using convenience sampling from four large refugee camps. Results: Primary respondents aged 10–90 (median 32) years, 56% male, representing 1634 families were interviewed and provided data of themselves and 6268 additional family members, 4163 (66.4%) of whom were children aged <18 years. Of all, only 736 (45%) primary respondents knew how to appropriately treat diarrhoea, 882 (54%) relied on unqualified village “doctors” for treatment, 547 (33.5%) reported a family member suffering injuries in the previous six months, with 8% (42/547) of injuries fatal. One hundred and ninety two (11.8%) primary respondents also reported deaths within their family in the preceding 12 months, with the majority (70% [134/192]) occurring in males, and 44% (85/192) of all deaths were claimed to be homicidal. Conclusion: This survey highlights overall poor health literacy, limited access to qualified health care, and a high rate of injuries and assaults among Rohingyas. However, these data come from an anecdotal survey that excluded some sensitive but important questions.
Asymmetries of Forelimb Digits of Young Cattle
Authors: Parés-Casanova Pere M. , Castel-Mas Laura , Jones-Capdevila Kirian N.
Published: July 2020

Based on the anatomical premise that, in bovines, the medial (inner) hoof is larger than the lateral (outer) one in the forelimb, we hypothesized that this implies a phalangeal form difference. To test this hypothesis, asymmetries of the forelimb acropodia (phalangeal series) were studied on calves belonging to the Brown Pyrenean breed, a meat breed managed under extensive conditions in NE Spain. Dorso-palmar radiographs were obtained for each acropodium in a sample of 17 paired left and right forelimbs. Size and shape were analysed by means of geometric morphometrics on medial and lateral acropodial series (III and IV series respectively) for each left and right limb. Shape coordinates were computed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Medial and lateral acropodial series appeared similar in size, but their shape expressed an especially high directional asymmetry, with distal phalanges (pedal bones) being abaxially (outwards) oriented. Such morphological observations may be an important reconsideration of “normal” radiographic acropodial symmetry evaluation. This can be explained not only by an unevenly distributed ground reaction force between acropodial series, but also between right and left limbs, making medial and lateral hoof surfaces differently prone to overloading and, accordingly, to injuries to the limb.
Concomitant orbital and intracranial abscess
Authors: Nae Andreea , Farrell Stephen , Sweeney Kieron , Hoare Siobhan , Colreavy Michael
Published: July 2020

Background:  Intracranial and orbital abscesses in combination together are rare complications of sinusitis. They can be life-threatening and can result in multiple sequelae.

Case presentation: A 9-year-old female presented with left periorbital swelling, gaze restriction and headache. Following scans, she underwent emergency endoscopic sinus surgery, evacuation of the intraorbital empyema and stereotactic mini-craniectomy with the evacuation of the extradural empyema as a joint case. The patient recovered well and was discharged to complete intravenous antibiotics for 6 weeks.

Conclusion: In the pediatric population intracranial complications of acute sinusitis can have more devastating consequences. Therefore prompt recognition and management are essential within a multidisciplinary team setting.

We also highlight the rarity of concomitant multi-site abscess formation and the need to be vigilant for same.
Long term study on the effects of microsurgical DREZotomy for chronic pain control
Authors: Aichaoui Fayçal , Adel Khelifa , Al-Zekri Muneer , Bennabi Walid , Myara Sid Abderahman , Morsli Abdelhalim
Published: July 2020

The DREZotomy (Dorsal Root Entry Zone tomy) is an analgesic procedure. The analgesic effect is evaluated on 30 patients with chronic pain resulting from respectively: brachial plexus avulsion (66.6%), postherpetic pain (10%), hyperspastic states (6.6%), phantom pain (6.6%), the pain in the stump (6.6%), and spinal cord injuries (3.3%). Pain intensity was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS). At last evaluation, between 12 and 60 months, after DREZotomy, 93% had a good or excellent global pain relief after surgery. According to the component types of pain, 9.6% of patients had good or excellent control of the paroxysmal pain, and 84% of the continuous pain. Kaplan–Meier prediction of lasting global pain control at 60 months of follow-up was calculated at 75.5%. Comparison of the 2 corresponding Kaplan–Meier curves at long term, namely, pain control in 82.8% for the paroxysmal component and in 51.7% for the continuous component, showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001). Functional effects are improved by more than 70% according to patients.