bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MANAJEMEN KEBIDANAN KOMPREHENSIF PRIMIGRAVIDA DENGAN ZTATUS GIZI KURANG DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Yuliana Fransiska Dapa Yuliana Fransiska Dapa
Published: July 2021

According to the IDHS, the MMR in 2018 has decreased but is still quite high. The high MMR indicates that the health status in Indonesia is still not good. One of the factors causing AKI and IMR is pregnancy in mothers with poor nutritional status. Poor nutritional status will cause babies to be born with LBW so that the potential for death is higher. Efforts and steps for handling this strategy are to carry out comprehensive midwifery care for mothers starting from pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, newborns and family planning (KB). Appropriate care related to the fulfillment of nutrition for pregnant women will have a positive impact on the delivery process, postpartum and BBL. The aim is to provide comprehensive care and to observe the results of the process of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, low birth weight and family planning to mothers with poor nutritional status. The case study uses a descriptive observational method. The study was carried out at PMB Ngadillah Asrikaton Pakis with the subject of the case study being Mrs. A, carried out from March to July 2021. The results showed that pregnancy had problems with poor nutritional status (BMI <18), but pregnancy progressed normally, increasing maternal weight during pregnancy. pregnant is 15 kg. The delivery took place normally vaginally with the duration of the 1st stage being 6 hours, the baby was born 12 minutes after complete dilatation, the placenta was born complete with approximately 6 minutes and 2nd degree laceration. The involution was normal, the baby was healthy and given exclusive breastfeeding. Infants are not given formula milk or other complementary foods. Injectable contraception is the choice of contraception, there are side effects of weight loss due to disruption of rest patterns. It can be concluded that comprehensive midwifery care has a positive impact on pregnancy with poor nutritional status by optimizing appropriate intake and nutrition.
KETEPATAN PEMILIHAN JENIS OBAT DALAM MENURUNKAN TEKANAN DARAH PASIEN HIPERTENSI DENGAN PENYAKIT PENYERTA
Authors: Majiyatulhana Majiyatulhana
Published: July 2021

Hipertensi atau tekanan darah tinggi adalah suatu peningkatan abnormal tekanan darah dalam pembuluh darah arteri secara terus-menerus lebih dari suatu periode. Penderita hipertensi memerlukan ketepatan dalam pengobatan sehingga dapat menurunkan tekanan darahnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui ketepatan pemilihan jenis obat antihipertensi dalam menurunkan tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi dengan penyakit penyerta diabetes mellitus. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Survei Analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional pada 68 pasien hipertensi. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik pendekatan Purposive Sampling Penelitian dilakukan pada tanggal 07-21  Juni 2021. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar cheklist dan sphygmomanometer. Uji hipotesis yang digunakan adalah Chi-square. Hasil dari peneitian ini tekanan darah mayoritas masuk dalam kategori turun 41 responden (60,3%) dengan ketepatan pemilihan obat antihipertensi kategori tepat sebanyak 42 responden (61,8%). Hasil uji Chi square didapatkan p=0,001 sehingga dapat disimpulkan terdapat hubungan ketepatan pemilihan jenis obat antihipertensi dalam menurunkan tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi dengan penyakit penyerta diabetes mellitus
MANAJEMEN KEBIDANAN KOMPHREHENSIF PADA MULTIPARA DENGAN RIWAYAT PERDARAHAN DI ERA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Arianti Febriana
Published: July 2021

Program pembangunan kesehatan di Indonesia masih diprioritaskan pada upaya peningkatan derajat kesehatan ibu dan anak. AKI dan AKB menjadi indikator pertama dalam menentukan derajat kesehatan ibu dan bayi, karena merupakan cerminan dari status kesehatan ibu dan bayi saat ini. Perdarahan menjadi salah satu faktor resiko pemicu AKI dan AKB yang perlu penanganan segera agar tidak terjadi komplikasi pada proses selanjutnya. Pemberian asuhan secara komprehensif kepada ibu hamil sampai dengan proses selanjutnya merupakan salah satu solusi untuk mencegah komplikasi akibat perdarahan terutama pada era pandemi covid ini. Tujuan studi kasus ini ialah memberikan asuhan secara continuity of care dan mendeskripsikannya sejak kehamilan hingga pelayanan keluarga berencana agar tidak terjadi komplikasi akibat faktor resiko perdarahan. Studi kasus ini menggunakan metode deskriptif observasional dengan subjek Ny’A” usia 24 tahun sejak Februari sampai Juli 2021. Hasil studi kasus bahwa kehamilan berlangsung fisiologis dan berakhir UK 39 minggu 5 hari. Persalinan normal pervaginam, kala I berlangsung ±4 jam, kala II ± 15 menit, kala III ± 30 menit dan kala IV ± 2 jam, tidak ada laserasi jalan lahir. Bayi lahir langsung menangis, jenis kelamin perempuan, berat badan 2700 gram, panjang badan 48 cm, bayi dalam keadaan normal terlihat dari tanda-tanda vital dan tidak ditemukan tanda-tanda infeksi. Masa nifas berlangsung baik, involusi uteri dan laktasi berjalan lancar. Kontrasepsi yang digunakan adalah kondom sebagai kontrasepsi sementara sebelum nanti menggunakan KB suntik 3 bulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa meskipun terdapat faktor resiko perdarahan, akan tetapi proses kehamilan, persalinan, nifas sampai dengan KB berjalan fisiologis, hal ini karena asuhan komprehensif yang dilakukan tepat sehingga tidak terjadi komplikasi.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN LEARNING STARTS WITH A QUESTION UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA TEMA EKOSISTEM SISWA KELAS V UPT. SD NEGERI 22 BARINGIN
Authors: Rosda Eni
Published: July 2021

The right learning model is needed to achieve an active learning process, generally teachers at UPT. SD Negeri 22 Baringin is not right to use a learning model that should be in accordance with the teaching material. So that students in the class often feel bored and less enthusiastic about learning, which makes the classroom atmosphere passive and few students want to ask the teacher even though the material being taught has not been understood so that it affects learning outcomes. Given the problems that lead to unsatisfactory student learning outcomes, researchers are very careful in applying the learning model. Researchers try to use the learning model learning starts with a question. This study aims to determine teacher activities, student activities and student learning outcomes through the application of the learning model learning starts with a question. This research is a Classroom Action Research with the research subjects of class V UPT students. SD Negeri 22 Baringin. This research was conducted in two cycles, each of which included planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. Data obtained through research instruments, observation sheets, tests, and processed using a percentage formula. Based on the research results, it is known that: (1) Teacher activity with the application of the learning model starts with a question increased from cycle I only at 66.67% increased in cycle II to 83.33%, (2) Student activity in cycle I was only 69.74% increase in cycle II to 82.95%, (3) Classical student learning outcomes in cycle I only 65% increase in cycle II to 85% this means that most students complete their learning by applying the learning model learning starts with a question on the material on the relationship between living things in the ecosystem in class V UPT. SD Negeri 22 Baringin.
PENGARUH PRODUK DAN HARGA AKOMODASI TERHADAP MINAT WISATAWAN MENGINAP DI KOTA BUKITTINGGI
Authors: Asty Wina , Kumala Vina , Angraini Dewi
Published: July 2021

In the last three years, it has been seen that the level of tourist visits in the City of Bukittinggi has increased significantly. Business actors and the government are also racing to improve tourism infrastructure, including lodging facilities. Based on observations, data was obtained that in 2018 the number of accommodations in the City of Bukittinggi was 107 inns. The number of guests staying in 2016-2017 increased by 1.51%, then in 2017-2018, it increased by 5.66%. This study aims to examine the effect of products and accommodation prices on the purchase interest of tourists in the city of Buktinggi using quantitative descriptive methods. The population used is tourists who have stayed at the accommodation in the city of Bukittinggi, with a sample size of 100 respondents. Primary data was obtained through distributing questionnaires, and secondary data was obtained from the Department of Tourism, Youth, and Sports, by testing the hypothesis of multiple linear regression techniques. The results showed that the products offered affected the purchase interest of tourists, while the price of accommodation did not affect the interest of tourists to stay in the city of Bukittinggi.
PERAN DPD RI TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH PERBATASAN DAN TERTINGGAL DALAM ERA OTONOMI DAERAH
Authors: Gusman Erry
Published: July 2021

The construction of border regions and disadvantaged areas is one of President Jokowi's and Vice President Jusuf Kalla's Nawacita program. Each region does not have to be exactly the same in carrying out development, differences in development need to be done in order to accommodate the characteristics and capabilities of each region. The term is asymmetric decentralization. This research itself is to support the Draft Law on the Acceleration of the Development of Disadvantaged Regions which is being drafted by the DPD RI. Although the government has issued various policies to catch up, but to realize the acceleration of underdeveloped regional development a strategic legal umbrella is needed. The formulation of the problems raised in this study are: 1) how to realize the acceleration of border area development and lag behind through meeting basic needs such as education, health, food, infrastructure? 2) how to synergize the implementation of these programs to reduce inequality between regions? This research will use normative juridical research and supported by empirical juridical research so that it will be able to see the realization of the acceleration of border area development and lagging through meeting basic needs such as education, health, food, and infrastructure are important in building regional development equality in Indonesia. To realize this, food needs to synergize the implementation of these programs to reduce inequality between regions in Indonesia.
ON *-BOUNDEDNESS AND *-LOCAL BOUNDEDNESS OF NON-NEWTONIAN SUPERPOSITION OPERATORS IN c_(0,α) AND c_α TO l_(1,β)
Authors: ERDOGAN Fatmanur , SAĞIR DUYAR Birsen
Published: July 2021

Many investigations have been made about of Non-Newtonian calculus and superposition operators until today. Non-Newtonian superposition operator was defined by Sağır and Erdoğan in [9]. In this study, we have defined *- boundedness and *-locally boundedness of operator. We have proved that the non-Newtonian superposition operator $_{N}P_{f}:c_{_{0,\alpha }}\rightarrow \ell _{1,\beta }$ is *-locally bounded if and only if f satisfies the condition (NA₂′). Then we have shown that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the *-boundedness of $% _{N}P_{f}:c_{_{0,\alpha }}\rightarrow \ell _{1,\beta }$ . Finally, the similar results have been also obtained for $_{N}P_{f}:c_{\alpha }\rightarrow \ell _{1,\beta }$ .
GLOBAL NONEXISTENCE OF THE HIGHER ORDER KIRCHHOFF TYPE SYSTEM WITH LOGARITHMIC NONLINEARITIES
Authors: IRKIL Nazlı , PİŞKİN Erhan
Published: July 2021

This paper deals with the the system a class of nonlinear higher-order Kirchhoff-type equations with logarithmic nonlinearities. Under the appropriate assumptions, the theorem of global nonexistence is established at positive initial energy levels.
Diplomasi Digital Sebagai Dampak Pandemi Global Covid-19: Studi Kasus Diplomasi Indonesia Di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (Pbb)
Authors: Anshori Muhammad Fikry
Published: July 2021

The background of this article is the existence of a global pandemic COVID-19 which has an impact in various fields. This article seeks to explore the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on information and communications technology (ICT) in the form of digital diplomacy. Exploration is carried out by investigating the case of Indonesian diplomacy at the United Nations (UN) in March, April, and May 2020. The main concept in this article is digital diplomacy. This concept illustrates the use of ICT as a means of diplomacy for state actors and changes at the policy and institutional levels. This article found various digital diplomacy activities from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations in New York, United States during the global pandemic COVID-19. These activities include: 1) coordination with Indonesia's Embassy and Consulate General in the United States to protect Indonesian citizens; 2) participation in UN Security Council virtual meeting to discuss international peace and security issues; and 3) participation in other UN bodies virtual meetings to discuss international development issues. This article argues that the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic in the field of ICT is reflected in Indonesia's digital diplomacy at the United Nations. The global pandemic COVID-19 changed the means and tools used by Indonesian diplomats to gather information, negotiations, and responses on international issues. Even so, Indonesian diplomacy at the UN continues to run optimally.
Empirical Political Theory (Ept): Characteristics, Strength-Weakness, And Challenges
Authors: Effendi Tonny Dian
Published: July 2021

This article discusses EPT in political science research in three explanations, namely characteristics, strength-weakness, and challenges. EPT has four critical characteristics, i.e., deductive, empirical, theoretic-methodologist, and replication.EPT, as part of the empiricism approach, covers scientific elements (Hypotetico-Deductive) and theoretical-methodological elements. It also allowsreplication., where it can be applied to case-comparison at one theoretical building. However, Formal Model (FM) scholars criticize EPT since it too adopts natural science models. It also depends on the data to provethe relationship or influence between variables in the hypothesis. Nevertheless, the relations do not reflect the causal inference. Nonetheless, EPT contributes significantly to the development of political science research, and replication can be used to build new theories, at least the case comparisons.
The Role of the Indonesian Government in Implementing REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) Program Under Former President Yudhoyono
Authors: Korwa Johni R.V
Published: July 2021

This paper examines the extent to which the Indonesian government has reduced its greenhouse gases emissions coming from deforestation and forest degradation by using REDD program. Such program is highly regarded as a sophisticated instrument to foster collaboration between developing and developed countries in slashing the rate of deforestation. Indonesia itself has enacted the program as a national policy since 2009 under former President Yudhoyono. In this article, the secondary research method is utilized to gather data as well as adopting a qualitative approach to analyse the topic. This paper has found that Indonesia’s policy to curb the emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by conducting REDD program has not yet been successful, because of weaknesses in the implementation. They include the limitation of President’s power in driving policy; the ineffective of information exchange; the inability to do Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) activities; and contradiction in the decentralization process with regards to REDD implementation. However, some achievements are identified: a slow decline in the rate of deforestation and forest degradation; the continuity partnership between Indonesia and Norway; and the more participation of local stakeholder in supporting REDD program.
India-ASEAN Relation In The Framework Of Indo-Pacific
Authors: Yadav Abhiram Singh
Published: July 2021

Despite decades of successful implementation of multiple regional cooperation policies in East and Southeast Asia, the Indo-Pacific concept is yet to be institutionalized. This paper attempts to examine the challenges that face the institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific concept by focusing on previous foreign policies and their significance in the region. Based on the findings, recommendations are generated to reflect the way Indo-Pacific can successfully be institutionalized.
Analisis Hukum Humaniter Internasional Terhadap Pola Rekrutmen Tentara Anak Dalam Konflik Sipil Bersenjata
Authors: Prayuda Rendi , Venita Sari Dian , AdmaJayadi Riezki
Published: July 2021

The changes of issues in international security from the war to domestic conflict resulting in the emergence of armed groups that aim to change the political system and government of a country. Guerrilla armed groups recruit children as child soldiers to fight the government regime. This paper uses the concept of humanitarian law with a descriptive qualitative research approach (literature study) which describes the research problem empirically. The results of the study explained that the recruitment of child soldiers in armed conflicts violated humanitarian law which emphasized that in an armed conflict women and children must be protected. The recruitment model for child soldiers is carried out using drugs (narcotics), doctrine of revenge against family deaths, recruiting girls as sexual slaves and training children to be ready to fight. This child soldier was used as an active militant army, bait, spy and weapons courier and bombs in armed conflict.
Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Vanuatu Dalam Mendukung ULMWP Untuk Memisahkan Diri Dari Indonesia
Authors: Zahidi M. Syaprin
Published: July 2021

Vanuatu as one of the countries in the South Pacific Region has become a country that seems very diligent in criticizing Indonesia in international forums relating to the issue of violations of human rights in Papua. This was seen from 1982 when Vanuatu did not yet have diplomatic relations with Indonesia and then continued in 2014 when Vanuatu Prime Minister Moana Carcasses Katokai Kalosil at the 25th UN Human Rights Summit, delivered a speech urging the international community to support the independence of the Papuan people. This article argues that what was done by Vanuatu was inseparable from Vanuatu's domestical politic which the majority supported Papuan independence so that to frame the argument this article would use Graham T Allison's Organizational Process approach and adaptive model of foreign policy from Rosenau
Implementasi Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Penerapan Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean Terhadap Sektor Usaha Kecil Dan Menengah Di Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Nashir Asep Kamaluddin , Situmeang Nurmasari , Astuti Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi
Published: July 2021

Integrating the ASEAN single market through the ASEAN Economic Community requires the government to harmonize industrial policies that are able to support sustainable economic growth. The progressive development of SMEs is one of the government's efforts to increase the competitiveness of commodities in the global market. The efforts of Bogor Regency government have not shown maximum results. Export value’s growth of the footwear industry is still dominated by large enterprises despite various training and education for SMEs. Therefore, public policy is needed to accommodate inter-company cooperation to increase export and production activities. In addition, local governments as policy makers and implementers must also design their policies within the framework of supporting the interests of small and medium industries.
China's Military Increase: A Security Dilemma In Asia Pacific
Authors: Fariani Mufidah , Sholeh Badrus
Published: July 2021

This research seeks to show how theories and concepts can explain the rise in China's military and its impact on the Asia Pacific. Through the lens of theory and concept, this paper will also show what causes China to increase its military and why this is a security dilemma for the Asia Pacific. This paper uses the theory of Offense and Defense and also the concept of Security Dilemma. Offense and Defense Theory is intended to explain how the balance between offense and defense in the Asia Pacific region occurs so that it does not cause significant conflict in the Asia Pacific Region. The Security Dilemma concept is used to analyze the impact of China's rising military making the Asia Pacific countries a security dilemma. By using these theories and concepts, it is produced that if Defense is more dominant than Offense, then war will be avoided here, which plays the role of Offense, namely China and Asia Pacific countries play Defense. But China's behavior also cannot be separated from its country's history and position. So, China and the Asia Pacific region have contributed to the offense-defense balance and security dynamics in the Asia Pacific region.
Examining The International Relations Theory Of The Asia Pacific
Authors: Anam Syaiful
Published: July 2021

The question whether the IR theories used to analyse and study the Asian region particularly Asia Pacific is relevant or not remains heatedly debated within the field itself. Prominent scholars such as David C. Kang, Barry Buzan, and Peter Katszeinstein, and Amitav Acharya have argued through their works that the study of Asian region is often analysed by IR theories that is dominated by the Western knowledge and experiences. This essay hence would like to examine which theories are the most relevant and useful to depict and explain the dynamic of international relations in Asia, particularly the Asia Pacific. It argues that IR theories that cover the dynamics of international, historical and social relations of the Asian countries would likely the most useful and relevant to analysing the IR of the Asia-Pacific.
The Challenges Of Indonesia As A "Quintessential Transit Country" For Refugees: Cases Of Refugees In City Of Pekanbaru
Authors: Suyastri Cifebrima , Isnarti Rika , Prayuda Rendi
Published: July 2021

Indonesia is one of the Refugee Transit Countries and one of the largest in Asia. This situation also implies that Indonesia has other responsibilities to protect both its citizens and refugees. However, due to its position as a transit country, Indonesia, unlike final destination countries, does not have an obligation to protect refugees entirely. The purpose of this research is to analyze Indonesia's acceptance of refugees and the challenges it faces. The acceptance of refugees as a transit country and not a final destination for refugees will threaten Indonesia's economic, social, security and other sectors. The number of refugees in Indonesia and their continued detention is still increasing. This study utilizes the norm life cycle theory to determine the Indonesian reasons for accepting refugees. It collects information from focus group discussions or an in-depth interview with some of the NGOs in Pekanbaru, and library research, using qualitative method. Indonesia was found to be in the norm emergence stage and going to the norm cascade, although not entirely in the norm cascade phase. Within this theory, altruism and empathy are the dominant motives for the Indonesian reason to accept the refugees. In the case of the city of Pekanbaru, the challenges faced by Indonesia in dealing with refugees are a lack of service to refugees, particularly in terms of empowerment for the refugees, a high number of refugees imbalanced with detention facilities, and a lack of refugee handling due to the limitation of government policy.
Signifikansi Keamanan Maritim Di ASEAN
Authors: Ridho Muhammad , Sudirman Arfin
Published: July 2021

In order to securitizing maritime issues in the Southeast Asian region, ASEAN plays a significant role as a regional organization through three aspects as an instrument, arena and independent actors. Each aspect shows the seriousness of ASEAN in facing traditional and non-traditional maritime security threats. ASEAN created several mechanisms to maintain maritime security in the Southeast Asian region. However, the implementation of regional maritime law enforcement policies is an obstacle for ASEAN, including the differing views of some ASEAN member countries in addressing traditional and non-traditional maritime security threats. Moreover, with the principle of non-intervention of ASEAN on member countries, conditions have increasingly complex in ASEAN's efforts to strategically empowering maritime security of the Southeast Asian region.
Respon ASEAN Terhadap Mundurnya India Dari Kerja Sama Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
Authors: Yudono Raden Maisa , Astuti Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi , Setiawan M. Chairil Akbar
Published: July 2021

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a cooperation framework formulated by ASEAN and 6 strategic partner countries and is the first proposal in ASEAN history to discuss comprehensive economic cooperation. RCEP is ASEAN's effort to strengthen its position as regional aktor in the Southeast Asian. RCEP negotiations underwent changes during India's decision to withdraw from the RCEP negotiations, which prompted ASEAN to respond to these developments. This study fokuses on response taken by ASEAN to India's decision to withdraw from the RCEP negotiations. The concept used is soft regionalism which emphasizes geographic proximity, historical relations and the comparative advantage of the region. Soft regionalism is driven by not only by economic and business interests, but also market interests that become the energy of soft regionalism in Asia. This concept is functioning well because it conforms to the pragmatic Asian political conditions. The findings of this study is that ASEAN cannot be separated from the concept of soft regionalism in which it has been running, and still sees all changes through static point of view. ASEAN needs to make new breakthroughs in realizing comprehensive cooperation in the region.
Kerjasama Luar Negeri Indonesia dan China: Studi Kasus Ekspor Batubara
Authors: Nathanael Garcia Krisnando
Published: July 2021

The relationship between Indonesia and China has been established for a long time. This has made Indonesia and China use it to increase cooperation as a way to strengthen kinship between the two countries in the Southeast Asian region. Indonesia, which is rich in natural resources, uses this gift to become a source of state income. One of the commodities that Indonesia can rely on is coal which is exported to several countries including China. The existence of policies implemented by China such as the zero percent import tariff policy and the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan affect Indonesia's coal exports. The results of this study show that the two decisions taken are capable of influence the progress of Indonesia's coal export and economy and the dynamics that occur in coal commodities in the future. Based on this, I suggest that Indonesia needs to improve coal quality standards and establish steps that must be taken in dealing with policies implemented by China that are able to make changes to coal in the future.
Interaksi Antar Negara Asean Plus Three Terhadap Proses Institusionalisme Second Track Diplomacy: Neat 2009- 2019
Authors: Panjaitan Arthanami Ekakrisima
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to answer the question on “ How is the interaction among the ASEAN Plus Three countries in the process of institutionalization of Network of East Asian Think-tanks (NEAT) in The ASEAN Plus Three Regionalism?”. The objective of this research is to get an explanation on the interaction between every country in the ASEAN Plus Three Regionalism on the NEAT institutionalization. This research uses the document research as the study method. As an international institution NEAT is an epistemic community As an epistemic community NEAT holds a variety of research which called as working groups. The result of the working group will be recommended as a policy recommendation. This recommendation will be delivered to the APT leaders to be amendment as a policy. Haas says, as a think tank NEAT directly identifies the state interests and illuminates the decision makers about the salient dimensions of the issue. After that the decision makers in one state may, in turn, influence the interests and behavior of other states. Different with another approachment the actor of an epistemic community is an individual states but still sometimes there tends to be a hegemony of idea in the process of policy decision. In balance with Ikenberry theory that if there is any leading state joins an international institution then that sleading state will ripe another weaker state in order to pursues their interests. This paper suggests that NEAT should enhance the institutionalization as the first official think tank in APT regionalism.
The Role and Impact of Australian Refugee Policy in Asia-Pacific Region: From Australia-Cambodia Agreement to Rohingya Crisis
Authors: Putra Afira Muhammad Ridho Inzaghi
Published: July 2021

The issues of refugees has been a regional challenges that block the potential of Australia''s role in the Asia-Pacific. This article aims to discuss how Australian refugee policy influences its role in the Asia-Pacific Region. Therefore, this article will examine the background of Australia''s foreign policy towards the Asia-Pacific region from a historical perspective, how Australia made its policy regarding refugees, and discuss some of the latest issues to illustrate how this policy affects Australia''s role in the Asia-Pacific, namely: the agreement with Cambodia (2014), the Manus Island crisis (2017) and Australia''s response to the Rohingya crisis (2017). The author argues that the dynamics of domestic politics in Australia affect Australia's policy towards refugees. In the final analysis, Australia has been trying to limit refugees due to the domestic fear in Australia towards refugees, which has an impact on Australian policy and its role in the Asia-Pacific region.
Menyoal Konflik Armenia-Azerbaijan
Authors: Rosdiana Hesti
Published: July 2021

Armenia dan Azerbaijan merupakan kedua negara pecahan Soviet yang berada di regionak Kaukasus Selatan. Secara geografis, letak keduanya berdekatan namun hubungan keduanya tidak sedekat seperti letak geografisnya. Sejak awal keduanya memerdekan diri, hubungan keduanya diwarnai dengan lebih banyak konflik ketimbang kerja sama. Nagorno-Karabakh menjadi sebab utama bagi hubungan Armenia-Azerbaijan yang selalu berada dalam konflik. Konflik keduanya atas Nagorno-Karabakh kembali memanas dan menjadi lebih intens pada 27 September 2020 ini. Dengan konsep konflik dan eskalasi konflik, tulisan ini berupaya untuk menelaah sebab meletusnya perang antara Armenia-Azerbaijan di Nagorno-Karabakh pada September lalu. Berdasarkan konsep tersebut, pertempuran keduanya yang terjadi pada September lalu adalah puncak eskalasi konflik yang berada pada tahapan perang.
From Southeast Asia to Indo-Pacific: How Far Indonesian Geostrategic Doctrine Shapes Its Position
Authors: Endiartia Jacob Junian
Published: July 2021

Geographically, Indonesia is one of country that has so many potentials. With its location between two continents and oceans, Indonesia could make strategic role in region and the world. Geostrategy of one country play an important role to its foreign policy and diplomacy. Indonesia has ‘national resilience’ as the national geostrategic doctrine. It will be interesting to study how far that geostrategic doctrine influences international relations of Indonesia. This study will discuss in several parts, from the role of Indonesia as a part of middle-power countries in different government administration to the position of Indonesia in the region because of its geostrategic doctrine.
Kepentingan Negara-Negara Arab (Uni Emirat Arab, Bahrain, Sudan dan Maroko) Melakukan Normalisasi Hubungan dengan Israel
Authors: Rimapradesi Yulia , Sahide Ahmad
Published: July 2021

Arab states and Israel has for decades had dividing wall for diplomatic relations. The existence of ideological differences between Islam and Judaism as well as a long history of colonialism and conflict makes it difficult to unravel the conflict between of them. However, this seems to change, towards the end of 2020 with the encouragement of Donald Trump as president of the United States. Arab countries seem to forgot the events of the past and break up the wall that previously served as a barrier between them and Israel. The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco has reasons what they thinks are rationality that their initial stance in favor of Palestinian independence seems to be waning. This paper discuss about the interests of the Arab states in the the normalization of their relationship with Israel. The research method in this paper is qualitative method with inductive analysis with the latest data from various document sources as material for analysis. This paper concludes the interests of the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco are dominated by security and the economy for their countries.
The Moment of a Rising Power: Indonesia’s Foreign Policy Activism, 2004-2014
Authors: Rosyidin Mohammad
Published: July 2021

During the reign of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia’s foreign policy showed a high level of global participation. It had been recognized as a pivotal state by the international community. It played an important role in many international issues ranging from international security, economy, democracy and human rights, to climate change. In addition, the robust economic growth and the defence budget policy had contributed to the road toward a rising power status. This paper is a critical review of the literatures on the moment Indonesia’s rise in international politics during the Yudhoyono presidency. The focus of this paper is to identify the driving factors behind the rise of Indonesia towards a global power. This paper concludes that ideational factors primarily the idea of the elite play a crucial role beyond the economic and military structures.
KIT Is Required for Fetal Liver Hematopoiesis
Authors: Fantin Alessandro , Tacconi Carlotta , Villa Emanuela , Ceccacci Elena , Denti Laura , Ruhrberg Christiana
Published: July 2021

In the mouse embryo, endothelial cell (EC) progenitors almost concomitantly give rise to the first blood vessels in the yolk sac and the large vessels of the embryo proper. Although the first blood cells form in the yolk sac before blood vessels have assembled, consecutive waves of hematopoietic progenitors subsequently bud from hemogenic endothelium located within the wall of yolk sac and large intraembryonic vessels in a process termed endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (endoHT). The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT is required for late embryonic erythropoiesis, but KIT is also expressed in hematopoietic progenitors that arise via endoHT from yolk sac hemogenic endothelium to generate early, transient hematopoietic waves. However, it remains unclear whether KIT has essential roles in early hematopoiesis. Here, we have combined single-cell expression studies with the analysis of knockout mice to show that KIT is dispensable for yolk sac endoHT but required for transient definitive hematopoiesis in the fetal liver.
Actaticas A−G, Cycloartane Triterpenes From Actaea asiatica With Their Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Hu Meigeng , Zhao Dan , Xu Xudong , Ma Guoxu , Wu Haifeng , Chen Xi
Published: July 2021

Phytochemical studies on the rhizomes of Actaea asiatica led to the isolation of seven new cycloartane triterpenes, actaticas A−G (1−7). Their structures were determined by NMR, HRESIMS, and chemical analysis. All the isolates were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against HT-29 and McF-7 cell lines. The results showed that all the compounds displayed cytotoxicity. All compounds showed significant inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 9.2–26.4 μM.
The Impact of Gut Microbiota on Radiation-Induced Enteritis
Authors: Jian Yongping , Zhang Dan , Liu Mingdi , Wang Yishu , Xu Zhi-Xiang
Published: July 2021

Radiotherapy is an important treatment for abdominal tumors. A critical side effect for this therapy is enteritis. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings in radiation enteritis, in particular the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the development and therapy of the disease. Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in the occurrence of various diseases, such as radiation enteritis. Abdominal radiation results in changes in the composition of microbiota and reduces its diversity, which is mainly reflected in the decrease of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. and increase of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Gut microbiota dysbiosis aggravates radiation enteritis, weakens intestinal epithelial barrier function, and promotes inflammatory factor expression. Pathogenic Escherichia coli induce the rearrangement and redistribution of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 in tight junctions, a critical component in intestinal epithelial barrier. In view of the role that microbiome plays in radiation enteritis, we believe that intestinal flora could be a potential biomarker for the disease. Correction of microbiome by application of probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and antibiotics could be an effective method for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced enteritis.
Clinical Application of TERT Promoter Mutations in Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Fujita Kazutoshi , Netto George J. , Nonomura Norio
Published: July 2021

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common urological malignancy with a high rate of disease recurrence. Telomerase activity, a hallmark of cancer characterized by overcoming the replicative senescence, is upregulated in over 90% of patients with UC. Somatic mutations in the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are frequently detected in UC, and drive telomerase activity. Recent studies have demonstrated a strong association between TERT promoter mutation and tumorigenesis of UC. Also, TERT promoter mutation has great potential for diagnosis, as well as prognosis in UC treatment, and this is also applicable for the liquid biopsy techniques. In this review, we discuss the progress in these areas and highlight the challenges, clinical potential, and future direction for developing UC treatment methods.
Pre-emptive Breeding Against Karnal Bunt Infection in Common Wheat: Combining Genomic and Agronomic Information to Identify Suitable Parents
Authors: Emebiri Livinus , Hildebrand Shane , Tan Mui-Keng , Juliana Philomin , Singh Pawan K. , Fuentes-Davila Guillermo , Singh Ravi P.
Published: July 2021

Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the most widely grown cereal crop in the world and is staple food to half the world’s population. The current world population is expected to reach 9.8 billion people by 2050, but food production is not expected to keep pace with demand in developing countries. Significant opportunities exist for traditional grain exporters to produce and export greater amounts of wheat to fill the gap. Karnal bunt, however, is a major threat, due to its use as a non-tariff trade barrier by several wheat-importing countries. The cultivation of resistant varieties remains the most cost-effective approach to manage the disease, but in countries that are free of the disease, genetic improvement is difficult due to quarantine restrictions. Here we report a study on pre-emptive breeding designed to identify linked molecular markers, evaluate the prospects of genomic selection as a tool, and prioritise wheat genotypes suitable for use as parents. In a genome-wide association (GWAS) study, we identified six DArTseq markers significantly linked to Karnal bunt resistance, which explained between 7.6 and 29.5% of the observed phenotypic variation. The accuracy of genomic prediction was estimated to vary between 0.53 and 0.56, depending on whether it is based solely on the identified Quantitative trait loci (QTL) markers or the use of genome-wide markers. As genotypes used as parents would be required to possess good yield and phenology, further research was conducted to assess the agronomic value of Karnal bunt resistant germplasm from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). We identified an ideal genotype, ZVS13_385, which possessed similar agronomic attributes to the highly successful Australian wheat variety, Mace. It is phenotypically resistant to Karnal bunt infection (<1% infection) and carried all the favourable alleles detected for resistance in this study. The identification of a genotype combining Karnal bunt resistance with adaptive agronomic traits overcomes the concerns of breeders regarding yield penalty in the absence of the disease.
Using Combined Methods of Genetic Mapping and Nanopore-Based Sequencing Technology to Analyze the Insertion Positions of G10evo-EPSPS and Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj Transgenes in Maize
Authors: Peng Cheng , Mei Yingting , Ding Lin , Wang Xiaofu , Chen Xiaoyun , Wang Junmin , Xu Junfeng
Published: July 2021

The insertion position of the exogenous fragment sequence in a genetically modified organism (GMO) is important for the safety assessment and labeling of GMOs. SK12-5 is a newly developed transgenic maize line transformed with two trait genes [i.e., G10evo-5-enolpyrul-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj] that was recently approved for commercial use in China. In this study, we tried to determine the insertion position of the exogenous fragment for SK12-5. The transgene–host left border and right border integration junctions were obtained from SK12-5 genomic DNA by using the thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR) and next-generation Illumina sequencing technology. However, a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis revealed that the flanking sequences in the maize genome are unspecific and that the insertion position is located in a repetitive sequence area in the maize genome. To locate the fine-scale insertion position in SK12-5, we combined the methods of genetic mapping and nanopore-based sequencing technology. From a classical bulked-segregant analysis (BSA), the insertion position in SK12-5 was mapped onto Bin9.03 of chromosome 9 between the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers umc2337 and umc1743 (26,822,048–100,724,531 bp). The nanopore sequencing results uncovered 10 reads for which one end was mapped onto the vector and the other end was mapped onto the maize genome. These observations indicated that the exogenous T-DNA fragments were putatively integrated at the position from 82,329,568 to 82,379,296 bp of chromosome 9 in the transgenic maize SK12-5. This study is helpful for the safety assessment of the novel transgenic maize SK12-5 and shows that the combined method of genetic mapping and the nanopore-based sequencing technology will be a useful approach for identifying the insertion positions of transgenic sequences in other GM plants with relatively large and complex genomes.
Oxylipins From Different Pathways Trigger Mitochondrial Stress Signaling Through Respiratory Complex III
Authors: Izquierdo Yovanny , Muñiz Luis , Vicente Jorge , Kulasekaran Satish , Aguilera Verónica , López Sánchez Ana , Martínez-Ayala Ada , López Bran , Cascón Tomás , Castresana Carmen
Published: July 2021

Plant oxylipins are signaling molecules produced from fatty acids by oxidative pathways, mainly initiated by 9- and 13-lipoxygenases (9-LOX and 13-LOX), alpha-dioxygenases or non-enzymatic oxidation. Oxylipins from the 9-LOX pathway induce oxidative stress and control root development and plant defense. These activities have been associated with mitochondrial processes, but precise cellular targets and pathways remain unknown. In order to study oxylipin signaling, we previously generated a collection ofArabidopsis thalianamutants that were insensitive to the 9-LOX products 9(S)-hydroxy-10,12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid (9-HOT) and its ketone derivative 9-KOT (noxymutants). Here, we describenoxy1, noxy3, noxy5, noxy23, andnoxy54mutants, all affected in nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins, and use them to study the role of mitochondria in oxylipin signaling. Functional and phenotypic analyses showed thatnoxyplants displayed mitochondrial aggregation, reduced respiration rates and resistance to the complex III inhibitor Antimycin A (AA), thus indicating a close similarity of the oxylipin signaling and mitochondrial stress. Application of 9-HOT and 9-KOT protected plants against subsequent mitochondrial stress, whereas they boosted root growth reduction when applied in combination with complex III inhibitors but did not with inhibitors of other respiratory complexes. A similar effect was caused by linear-chain oxylipins from 13-LOX or non-enzymatic pathways having α,β-unsaturated hydroxyl or keto groups in their structure. Studies to investigate 9-HOT and 9-KOT activity indicated that they do not reduce respiration rates, but their action is primarily associated with enhanced ROS responses. This was supported by the results showing that 9-HOT or 9-KOT combined with AA amplified the expression of oxylipin- and ROS-responding genes but not of the AA markerAOX1a, thus implying the activation of a specific mitochondria retrograde signaling pathway. Our results implicate mitochondrial complex III as a hub in the signaling activity of multiple oxylipin pathways and point at downstream ROS responses as components of oxylipin function.
Agronomic Evaluation of the Results of Selection within Early Maturing Dactylis glomerata Germplasm
Authors: Robins Joseph G. , Bushman B. Shaun , Jensen Kevin B.
Published: July 2021

Selection from novel orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) germplasm sources resulted in the development of an early maturing orchardgrass population. Fifty-eight families comprise this population and were evaluated under frequent and infrequent harvest intervals at Lewiston and Millville, UT, field locations during 2013 and 2014. The objective of this study was to characterize the performance of the individual families when compared with the check cultivars ‘Icon’, ‘Paiute’, and ‘Potomac’. Across the locations and harvest intervals, individual families produced greater herbage dry mass and nutritive value than the check cultivars. Only for maturity (cv. Paiute) did one of the included commercial checks possess a trait value among the statistically greatest for all families. Twenty-two half-sib families were among the families with the statistically earliest maturity, and between three and eight families were among the families with the statistically greatest trait values for herbage dry mass, crude protein, in vitro true digestibility, neutral detergent fiber, and water soluble carbohydrate concentration. Overall, based on the performance of its component families, this early maturing orchardgrass population exhibited potential for developing improved cultivars for both frequent and infrequent harvest management.