bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern family as everyday negotiation: continuities and discontinuities in parent-child relationships
Authors: du Bois-Reymond M. , Büchner P. , Krüger H.-H.
Published: March 2007

Case studies of parent-child relationships in three different European regions (West ern Germany, East Germany and The Netherlands) offer material for the compara tive analysis of the ongoing intra-familial process of modernisation (Beck) and civil isation (Elias) in postwar Western European societies. The data are drawn from ex tended narrative interviews with 12-year-olds and from parallel, but separate, semi- structured "mirrored" interviews with the same children and their parents. The re sults of this analysis show, that intra-family relations in general and parent-child re lations in particular are increasingly characterized by a familial "culture of negotia tion". This suggests that the balance of intergenerational power relations and of as sociated forms of social control within families have indeed changed, or are currently in the process of change. Contemporary intra-family relationships are characterized to a greater or lesser extent (depending on other aspects of specific social context) by situationally grounded processes of negotiation between parents and children. These processes replace both formerly "automatically given" power positioning of parents vis-à-vis their children and the traditionally legitimated childrearing perspectives as sociated with such a pattern of power relations.
Family disintegration: the family as fading focal point
Authors: Milne Brian
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the possibility that children are victims of the quality of life with in the family. The traditional Western family, or nuclear family, has been imposed on other societies through colonisation, religious conversion and, more recently, their aspirations to emulate Western life styles. Is this a social time bomb? In the Western world kinship is no longer the powerful social institution that governs status within the family. Now that many adult caretakers are working long hours away from their homes, children have less contact and less interest in family affairs. Individuation has superseded familial solidarity. Children are neglected, as too neglecting their fa milies themselves. Overshadowing this is the recent awareness of child abuse that adds to our reasons to call for revision of our traditional view that the family is focal to our childhood, development and social orientation. Are we becoming bored with each other? The Convention on the Rights of the Child begins to give children much needed protection and a voice of their own. Is that sufficient? It does not protect the family, nor is there any equivalent legislation for the family. This paper is based on some findings of research into the lives of children and youth who have run away from home in the Netherlands. Those young people, thrust into a world of self-depen dence are just one symptom of the malaise within nuclear family structures in the modern world. However, evidence begins to reveal another aspect of these changes: they are often not wilful, indeed child abuse is sometimes the only expression of af fection possible. The paper, therefore, concludes that improvements for children and their families must come with legal and constitutional changes that give children voices that express their needs and points of view.
Does the welfare state eliminate the intergenerational effects of unemployment? A close look at the effects of parental unemployment on the school and occupational opportunities of children
Authors: te Grotenhuis Hannie
Published: March 2007

In this paper a Dutch study on the effects of parental unemployment on the school and occupational opportunities of children is discussed. The conclusions are that, in general, parental unemployment has no severe effects on the child's school career. Moreover, when only one parent is unemployed, unemployment does not affect the child's school achievement at all. However, going from the general to the specific, the results are somewhat different. The general pattern does not hold true for children of parents with very little education who are both unemployed. In an environment which is vulnerable as it is, unemployment increases deprivation. In such a situation, features of what O. Lewis called 'a culture of poverty' occur. Considering these re search findings, the author states that it may be wise not to exaggerate or dramatise the situation of children of parents who become unemployed these days. It may be much wiser to concentrate on the prevention of long-term unemployment and on maintaining a high level of welfare arrangements and arrangements that take care of children at risk (e.g. providing free access to day-care centers).
Childhood's changing terrain: incorporating childhood past and present into community evaluation
Authors: Chawla Louise
Published: March 2007

Two Kentucky communities are compared to evaluate the changing quality of children's community experience since 1900: Portland, an old working-class area of Louisville, and New Castle, a rural county seat. Through a combination of oral histories, archival re search, and contemporary children's evaluations, pre- and post-World War II com munity resources for children are identified, along with the social contexts of their use. Parallel social and land-use changes in the two communities, subject to parallel econ omic policies and social trends, challenge the urban-rural dichotomy that has character ized histories ot children's lives.
The Village Self-Government Movement: Elections, Democracy, the Party, and Anticorruption—Developments in Guangdong
Authors: Levy Richard
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes recent developments in the village self-government movement (democratic elections, democratic decision making, democratic management, and democratic supervision) in Guangdong in 2002 as a lens through which to view the village self-government movement throughout China. In reviewing changes in both election practices and the anticorruption components of such elections, the article concludes that the new discourse and mechanisms of village self-government, including nomination, voting, and recall procedures, include significant, although gradual and sometimes contradictory, progress towards participatory elections and, to a lesser extent, popular democracy while tending to empower new groups in local politics with the potential to challenge elements of the existing power structure. In addition, the anticorruption elements of this movement, particularly new transparency and accounting practices, incorporate numerous elements of both the Chinese leadership and internal anticorruption experts' prescriptions for combating corruption, although other factors in these processes may limit their effectiveness. However, any meaningful evaluation of the success of this movement can only occur in the context of recognition of the significant changes in both China's domestic social formation and increasing globalization, neoliberalism, and corporatization worldwide, both of which have significant effects on the village self-government movement.
A Meditation on the Christian Revelations
Authors: Rao Narahari
Published: March 2007

An observed pattern of behaviour of a community can be either looked at as a phenomenon to be explained or as an embodiment of knowledge disposition to be learned. This paper first suggests that Balagangadhara's project can be best understood as one concerned with the knowledge dispositions bequeathed by the pasts of different groups of people rather than culture as phenomenon. Second, one can divide knowledge into two varieties: information and skills. To these must be added the attitudes or stances expressed in the way one leads one's life as an important knowledge disposition, especially when the focus is on the inheritance of a culture. It is argued that the concern of 'The Heathen in His Blindness...' is one of conceptualizing the attitudes or stances inherited by the pasts of different people and make them available for learning. This paper also attempts to answer the question: why the task of conceptualizing the Asian attitude or stance must take the indirect route of building a theory of the specific nature of the Christian discourse.
Series on Mises, Market Process and Socio-Cultural Changes. (Part 1
Authors: Block Walter
Published: March 2007

This is the second in a multi-volume series devoted to the work of Ludwig von Mises. (The first was Block, 1992.)

In the 'Scope' statement which sets out the philosophical vision of Cultural Dynamics, this journal announces its interest in 'theoretical ... studies that focus on dynamic aspects of socio-cultural phenomena, and (in) dynamic models and theories'. Elaborating upon this theme, the editors of Cultural Dynamics express interest in 'processes, changes, evolutions and histories of knowledge, social and cultural phenomena'. Among other traditions, they declare their intention 'to provide a forum for discussions about particular paradigms and theories whose focus it is to describe and model such phenomena' e.g. on 'praxeological ... theories'.

It is my contention that Austrian economics in general,1 and the writings of Ludwig von Mises in particular, are paradigmatically suitable avenues of discourse for Cultural Dynamics. Austrianism is not for nothing known as the 'praxeological school', since it sees the study of economics as a chain of apodictic or necessary reasoning, starting from a few broad basic empirical generalizations.2 The Austrians are noteworthy for relegating static analysis to a minor footnote, and elevating process, or dynamics, to central stage, which is very much in keeping with the concerns of Cultural Dynamics.3

The present collection of papers is inclusive of the Austrian emphasis on praxeology and dynamics, but is by no means limited to these central concerns. Rather, these contributions range widely, and are representative of the broad range of Austrian economic interests. They are organized under three headings: methodology, macroeconomics and microeconomics.
A Mathematical Model of Primary State Formation
Authors: Spencer Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Primary state formation is when a first-generation state evolves in a context of pre-existing non-state societies. A dynamic model of this process is developed, drawing upon concepts from evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, as well as from evolutionary ecology, systems theory, and complexity theory. Differential equations are used to model: (1) the dynamics of political growth in chiefdoms (societies with centralized but not internally specialized authority); and (2) the formation of states (societies with centralized and also internally specialized authority). A major conclusion of the exercise is that the emergence of a primary state is likely to be accompanied by a considerable expansion in the political-economic (sustaining) territory of the polity.
The Future of the Present
Authors: Balagangadhara S.N.
Published: March 2007

This article tries to probe the phenomenon of post-Orientalism in order to answer the question: what next after Orientalism by Edward Said? Building further upon the insight that Orientalist discourse is the result of a particular form of constrained thinking, it argues that social sciences and Orientalism constrain each other. If that is the case, the consequences are immense for any further theorizing by the 'post-colonial' intellectuals.
Life with - and without - Harry
Authors: Berry Don
Published: March 2007

In 1986, when Andrew Neil called Sunday Times journalists to a meeting around the corner from the paper's Grays Inn Road offices and commanded them to go to Fortress Wapping or else — the silence was broken by a mild-mannered, bespectacled senior editor. With 17 years' service behind him, Don Berry accused Neil of treating the journalists with contempt: they had been lied to, their house agreement had been flagrantly violated, and their herding to Wapping was a Murdoch ruse to evade redundancy payments. Though Berry was cheered to the rafters, it was the end of his career with the Sunday Times. But his talents and high prinicples were quickly seized by Max Hastings, newly appointed editor of The Daily Telegraph, whose reliance on Berry then was proven later when Hastings took him to the Evening Standard. Below me publish Berry's retirement speech describing his first days on five different papers.
Retreat of the investigators
Authors: Doig Alan
Published: March 2007

If government have the responsibility of ensuring freedom for the media, it is the duty of the press and the media themselves to use that freedom responsibly. That means respect for the rights and privacy of the individual. It means respect for fairness and balance. And it means respect for accuracy, for the facts. Lack of respect for any or all of these represents an abuse of the freedom of the media.
Onward - or back?- to basics
Authors: Hoggart Richard
Published: March 2007

Keith Waterhouse's autobiographical book, City Lights ( Hodder and Stoughton; £14.99) has had warm reviews everywhere since it was published in March this year. What follows here is not so much a review as a set of reflections by a fellow native of Leeds, himself an outstanding writer of, and on, our age.
Man of the times
Authors: Aitken Ian
Published: March 2007

This is the tribute paid to Louis Heren, former deputy editor of The Times by Ian Aitken, former political editor and columnist of The Guardian. It was delivered at a memorial service for Louis Heren at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, on March 28.
"A truly superb reporter..."
Authors: Aitken Ian
Published: March 2007

In the British Journalism Review Volume 6 No. 2 in the middle of last year we published Ian Aitken's memorial service tribute to Louis Heren, the former deputy editor of The Times. It is not ourpolicy to make a habit of publishing such tributes; the tolling of the bell, sadly, is all too frequent, and journalism is losing some of its finest people too early. However we are publishing this tribute, again from Ian Aitken, to Gordon Greig the former political editor of the Daily Mail. It was delivered at a memorial service on November 1 st 1995 at St. Margaret's, Westminster.
Now it's orgasms on the front cover
Authors: Whitehorn Katherine
Published: March 2007

A distinguished woman journalist reflects on 40 years of change in what was once called Fleet Street
The history of modern psychiatry in India, 1858-1947
Authors: Mills James
Published: March 2007

This article presents an introduction to the history of Indian psychiatry. It suggests that this history can be divided into four main periods, 1795 to 1857, 1858 to 1914, 1914 to 1947 and 1947 to the present day. The focus of the piece is on the periods 1858-1914 and 1914-1947, as it traces the main trends and developments of the colonial era and argues that the foundations of modern psychiatry in India were laid down in the period of British rule. A brief consideration of the post-Independence period suggests that the patterns established in the years of British rule have continued to influence the psychiatric system of modern India. Research for these conclusions is based on extensive archival work in Indian mental health institutions and in Indian records offices, as well as work conducted at the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh and at the India Office Library, the Wellcome Institute Library and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
The British reaction to dementia praecox 1893-1913. Part 1
Authors: Ion R.M. , Beer M.D.
Published: March 2007

Emil Kraepelin introduced the concept of dementia praecox in 1893. The eventual acceptance of the concept brought a degree of clarity and order previously unknown to psychiatric nosology. The pre-Kraepelin era had been dominated by concepts such as mania, melancholia and adolescent insanity. After Kraepelin these ideas were abandoned in favour of the two great concepts of dementia praecox and manic depressive insanity, both of which remain active within modern psychiatry in the fonn of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

This two-part study focuses on the early British reaction to Kraepelin's concept, from 1893, when he first introduced it, to 1913 when it gained general recognition. It examines the struggle experienced by the proponents of dementia praecox before the concept's acceptance by most British psychiatrists in 1913. It argues that both clinical/professional and linguistic factors influenced the British response to dementia praecox.

Part 1 of this study describes the backdrop to the development of Kraepelin's ideas and examines the response to the concept in the British psychiatric textbooks and journals of the period. Part 2 will explore reaction to the concept in the professional meetings of the period, and will also examine and evaluate the key issues arising from the debate.

1. In this paper, unless otherwise stated, all references to Kraepelin's work are to the English translations of his books.
De Clérambault's concept of erotomania and its place in his thought
Authors: Signer Stephen F.
Published: March 2007

While de Clérambault's name has been linked to erotic delusions, he attempted to describe 'pure erotomania' as a paradigm of a broader group of delusions. The concept of 'les psychoses passionnelles' in the context of his thought and French psychiatry is reviewed.
Proving the somaticist position: J. B. Friedreich on the nature and seat of mental disease
Authors: Kirkby Kenneth Clifford
Published: March 2007

The emerging specialty of psychiatry in Germany in the first half of the nineteenth century showed a preoccupation with theoretical issues regarding whether mental disease was correctly attributed to somatic or psychic causes. J. B. Friedreich was a champion of the somaticist view, and the methods and evidence which he used to defend this position and which he presented as a series of proofs, are scrutinized in detail in this paper. This illustrates how the dichotomous debate between the somaticist and mentalist viewpoints was sustained by a speculative philosophical method based on a dualistic conception of body and soul and supported by subjective clinical observations ranging from succinct to banal or even absurd.
The Transformation of the Swedish Health Care System, or the Hasty Rejection of the Rational Planning Model
Authors: Garpenby Peter
Published: March 2007

Many countries in Europe facing escalating health care expenditures are introducing competition between providers, a solution presently tried in the British and the Dutch health care systems. In the post-war period Sweden has developed one of the most advanced health care systems in Europe, built on the notion of rational planning, and with a strong element of political control. This article discusses the present reconsideration of health policy issues that is taking place in Sweden.
Unemployment Insurance in Two Countries: a Comparative Analysis of Great Britain and West Germany in the 1980s
Authors: Clasen Jochen
Published: March 2007

Persistently high jobless figures and a rising proportion and absolute number of long-term unemployed workers in Great Britain and West Germany throughout the 1980s have contributed to an erosion of unemployment insurance as a form of income maintenance. As a consequence, means-tested social assistance benefits have garned in importance as a last resort of income support for jobless people. This paper examines political reactions to this trend. It shows that in both countries the shift to assistance benefits was politically reinforced in the first half of the decade. Thereafter, attempts were made in West Germany to stop the decline of insurance coverage while policy changes in Great Britain fostered the continuous trend towards assistance benefits. These outcomes, the article argues, can partly be explained with reference to political and ideological factors. However, policies were also strongly influenced by different welfare state traditions, principles and institutional arrangements ('welfare state legacies'; Skocpol 1985).
Poverty Lines and Poverty in Seven European Countries, Australia, Canada and the Usa
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Lindblom Mats
Published: March 2007

Poverty is recognized as a social problem in most European countries. However, figures showing the size of poverty are far from unquestioned. One reason for controversy is how the poverty line should be determined. The approach taken here is to start from the fundamental property of the welfare state, that it provides income for various categories of people who are not working. We concentrate on those of an age where one is supposed to work but does not work because of reasons such as disablement or unemployment. 'Poverty' defined in this manner can be said to indicate the inefficiency of the welfare state. 'The poor' are people with a disposable income lower than those for whom the welfare state takes responsibility. Using regression analyses and data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), we extract poverty lines for seven European countries, Australia, Canada and the USA. The height of the poverty line in relation to mean disposable income is found to be different in the various countries. The highest poverty lines are found for Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK. Australia, Canada, France and Switzerland are found to have middle-high poverty lines while the USA has a low poverty line.
The South European Welfare Model: the Greek Welfare State, in Search of an Identity
Authors: Katrougalos George S.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is not to describe in detail the social protection system in Greece or in the other southern European countries. Its mam ambition is to offer a general overview of its formation and an explanation for its parti cularities. The basic thesis is that essentially the Greek Welfare State belongs to the conti nental model. Its consolidation is very recent, because the post-civil war 'dual society' (1946-74) did not allow the formation of a viable social consensus, a necessary prerequi site for the welfare state. There are, conse quently, important distortions in the develop ment of the social security system. Although many of these institutional particularities are common in the Mediterranean South, they are not qualitatively sufficient so as to create a new institutional paradigm or a 'South-European' Welfare model. In the first section an attempt is made to clarify the problem of the existence of a 'Latin-rim' welfare model and the classifi cation of the Greek social protection system within it, in order subsequently to examine its specific characteristics in relation to the turbu lent history of this country. The conclusion of the author is that although there is a clear trend in the direction of convergence of the Greek welfare system with the median Euro pean standards, Greece still has a considerable lag to overcome.
The Influence of European Law On National Health Policy
Authors: McKee Martin , Mossialos Elias , Belcher Paul
Published: March 2007

Formally, the European Union has relatively little role in health and health care. This paper offers a guide to those responsible for devel oping and implementing health policy within the member states of the European Union. It first describes the legislative framework of the Union, the formal position of health and health care in European Union law, and the concept of subsidiarity. It continues by exam ining a series of areas in which provisions re lated to the 'four freedoms' of movement of goods, services, persons and capital have im plications for health and health care, such as free movement of professionals, of patients, of health care providers, and of pharmaceuticals. It concludes by considering when a member state can block free movement and how health can get on to the policy agenda.
Supporting the Employment of Mothers: Policy Variation Across Fourteen Welfare States
Authors: Gornick Janet C. , Meyers Marcia K. , Ross Katherin E.
Published: March 2007

This article compares 14 OECD countries, as of the middle-to-late 1980s, with respect to their provision of policies that support moth ers' employment: parental leave, child care, and the scheduling of public education. Newly gathered data on 18 policy indicators are pre sented. The indicators are then standardized, weighted, and summed into indices. By differ entiating policies that affect maternal employ ment from family policies more generally, these indices reveal dramatic cross-national differences in policy provisions.

The empirical results reveal loose clusters of countries that correspond only partially to prevailing welfare-state typologies. For mothers with preschool-aged children, only five of the 14 countries provided reasonably complete and continuous benefits that sup ported their options for combining paid work with family responsibilities. The pattern of cross-national policy variation changed no tably when policies affecting mothers with older children were examined.

The indices provide an improved measure of public support for maternal employment. They are also useful for contrasting family benefits that are provided through direct cash transfers with those that take the form of sup port for mothers' employment. Finally, these policy findings contribute to the body of schol arship that seeks to integrate gender issues more explicitly into research on welfare-state regimes.
The Fringes of Europe and EU Integration
Authors: Hadjimichalis Costis
Published: March 2007

Regions and cities in southern Europe are facing major problems in the present phase of European inte gration. Current changes in their spatial division of labour seem not to have been adequately understood by national and EU policy-makers as both are preoc cupied with the 'gap approach' and a linear view of the development process. Furthermore, the Maas tricht Treaty itself pays little attention to non- economic, non-competition issues in general and to urban and regional issues in particular. Southern fringes struggled a century ago for their integration into their national states and economies. For various historical reasons this project remained unfinished until the 1960s and 1970s. Now they have to start their struggle again under conditions of a zero-sum game in a culturally unknown environment.
The Role of Producer Services in Industrial and Regional Development
Authors: Sjøholt Peter
Published: March 2007

The principal focus of this article is producer-related services, their growing need in enterprises and the ways in which this need is being satisfied through different transactional forms (by being internalized or externalized). This leads to a discussion of whether the substantial services growth during the early and mid-1980s was genuine or merely reflected changes of transactional forms. Growth and its regional reper cussions are analysed by uncovering how the changes were a consequence of cyclical changes, new general conditions or frames of reference (deregulation), re structuring of enterprises and the role of financial operations and transactions. Changing trends and pat terns at the start of the 1990s are then examined in the light not only of recession but also of new possible structural readjustments in production systems, and the changing role of financial institutions. Regional impacts are examined by analyses of recent data, mainly from Norway but also from other Nordic countries.
The Regional Dilemma in a Neo-Liberal Europe
Authors: Amin Ash , Tomaney John
Published: March 2007

It has recently been argued that the consolidation of a globally integrated economy restricts the ability of governments to intervene effectively in the develop ment of their national economies. As a result, nation states are said to be transferring their power both upwards to supra-national institutions (such as the European Union) and downwards by conceding power to regional governments. Within the EU, the concept of a 'Europe of Regions', representing an emerging division of responsibilities between Union- level authorities and regional institutions, is thus seen by some as a corollary of moves towards economic and monetary union, as the role of the nation state wanes. In this paper we question whether such a 'Europe of Regions' is in fact emerging, and whether it is likely to be to the advantage of the less favoured regions. We point to the enduring importance of the nation state as an arena for economic policy formu lation, and explore what might be the content of a new national approach to regional economic policy.
Identity and Social Change: Case Studies of Indian Psychology Students
Authors: Sapru Saloni
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the identity development of seven Indian students of psychology using the case study method. An attempt is made to understand the process of social change as manifested in individual development and involvement in social institutions. The analysis is based on Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and existing Indian literature on child socialisation. It emerges that the discipline of psychology provides these studen ts with the vocabulary to articulate their problems and the analytical con structs to deal with them. The paper shows that even as psychology influences the inter action of these individuals with a society in transition, the evolution of the discipline in India is itself likely to be influenced by the concerns that these students bring to it.
Working for women's Empowerment: Issues before the Agency that Catalyses Change
Authors: Dutt Shushmita C.
Published: March 2007

NGOs have played key roles in catalysing change within development activities in India. It is widely perceived that NGOs have a greater capacity to reach the grassroots, even in case of women's organisation. However, such groups working with women need to ensure that class, caste and ethnic differences are included in their analyses of women and development. Postmodern thinking has fostered a growing awareness of an absence of race and class analysis in mainstream feminist discourse on development.

Mahila Smakhya (MS), an organisation working in several states of India, empha sises development with gender equity. There is no single, unique set of policy or action recommendations that can achieve this. One effective way to do this may be to create space for the voices of 'ordinary' men and women to be heard within the policy domain so that commonalties and conflicts between different groups of women and men are made clear and taken into account in the policy development process. This paper looks at MS's success in Madhya Pradesh.
Values in International Business: Faces of a Faceless Labour Force
Authors: Peña Leticia
Published: March 2007

The American State of California passed Proposition 187 in November 1994, thus confirming the discontent of the 'contented electoral majority' with spending taxpayer dollars on education and health care for undocumented immigrants. The paper traces the unfortunate set of events to their source, the initiation of the US-Mexico Bracero Programme in 1940. This retrospective enables us to observe how US policy switched from requesting assistance from Mexico during labour shortage to repudiating the sons of those who had come to its aid.
Kimura K.K.: Can This Customer Be Saved?
Authors: Turpin Dominique
Published: March 2007

Pramtex, an Australian company, is one of the emerging star players in optical disk production equipment. Known for its high quality products, the company has had a solid presence in all key Asian markets. So far, Pramtex has stayed ahead of its competi tors by concentrating on production line technology for emerging disc formats. How ever, the company is becoming increasingly vulnerable to competition as the industry matures. John Reef, Product Manager at Pramtex, has reason to be concerned when he learns that one of the company's major Japanese customers, Kimura K.K., has decided against purchasing three machines for a new factory in Taiwan from Pramtex. This is the second Japanese customer Pramtex lost in a single week.
Superstitions of Canadian Intercollegiate Athletes: an Inter-Sport Comparison
Authors: Gregory C. Jane , Petrie Brian M.
Published: March 2007

Belief structures categorized as superstitions were investigated among members of six selected Intercollegiate athletic teams enrolled at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada during the 1971-72 aca demic year. A mailed questionnaire was employed as the survey instru ment and distributed to 174 athletes chosen by systematic random sampling from lists supplied by the Department of Athletics. The over all return rate was 73.3 percent (team sport athletes 78.3%: individual sports athletes 68.4%). Using the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient to determine differences between rankings of superstitions in sub-groups, it was found that: (a) the rankings for sport superstitions were similar between team and individual sport athletes, (b) there was a greater similarity in the rankings of sport superstitions among males. Team sport athletes provided greater support for superstitions related to equip ment and its use; order of entering the arena or their playing position; dressing room activities; repetitive rituals; and sports personalities. In dividual sport athletes gave higher support for superstitions related to wearing charms; lucky lane numbers; team cheers; and crossing one self before participation. Sport superstitions were identified with par ticular activities, for example, (a) Hockey - equipment, order and player position; (b) Basketball — sinking the last warm-up shot; (c) Volleyball — superstitions pertaining to food; (d) Swimming — colour of suit; (e) Track — clothing, lane numbers and superstitions related to shoes; and (f) Tennis — weather and lucky balls (by brand). The recourse to su perstitious beliefs and practices as determinants of success or effective participation was found to be particularly prevalent among the athletes of the sample. The fact that 137 respondents endorsed 904 superstitions (with repetition) which could be grouped into 40 categories clearly in dicated the strength of superstition in sport.
Some Methodological Problems in Sport Sociology Literature
Authors: Phillips John C.
Published: March 2007

No methodological critique should be seen as an attack on an existing study. Rather such critiques should be seen as a call to a community of scholars to re- examine or reassess work that may have seemed "finished." In view of the rela tively low esteem accorded to sport sociology (at least in the United States) it may be proper to emphasize that the problems discussed above are by no means limited to the area of sport sociology. Indeed, they are to be found in the most respectable literature of fields more in the "mainstream" of sociology (see Deutscher, 1973; Hirschi and Selvin, 1967). Hopefully, a continuing concern for better methodology among sport sociologists will help us to draw on the methodological wisdom of "general sociology" and other related fields without repeating the errors that have been made by scholars in those fields.

A number of recent papers and exchanges in this journal and elsewhere have marked an apparent growth of interest in methodological issues among sport socio logists (e.g., Loy and Seagrave, 1974; Albonico and Pfister-Binz, 1971; McPherson, 1975: Wohl, 1975). This trend, especially the emergence of exchanges and discus sions regarding the relative merit of different methodological approaches (cf. Wohl, 1975 and McPherson, 1975; Lenk and Lüschen, 1975), may be seen as a sign of maturation of sport sociology as a field of inquiry. Given the nature of sport sociology such exchanges also provide an opportunity for cross-national and cross- disciplinary communication that is, perhaps, unparallelled in any other social science field.

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the more significant works in the field in terms of certain methodological problems they present. It should be noted at this time that this review could not be comprehensive given the extensive literature that exists. The material selected is characterized by two general criteria: 1) it is important in terms of its substantive or theoretical content; 2) it represents an interesting methodological problem. Hopefully this paper will contribute to the apparent growth in consciousness of methodological issues among sport sociolo gists — and, perhaps further exchanges as well.
An Extension of the Black, Latin, White Report
Authors: Leonard Wilbert Marcellus
Published: March 2007

This paper is an analytical extension of the data compiled by Neft. Johnson. Cohen and Deutsch (1974) and published under the title "The Black, Latin. White Report''. The "Report" contains a mass of statistical data for the performance of black, Latin, and white American professional baseball players, but does not provide the reader with valid comparisons of performance differentials. Therefore, the present analyses permit meaningful comparisons by selecting and computing appropriate criterion and norming variables for the following areas of performance: batting averages, doubles, triples, home runs, slugging averages (for batting), and wins, losses, saves. hits. walks, strike-outs, and e.r.a.'s for pitching. This statistical refinement warranted applying numerous tests of statistical significance for four different time periods: 1) 1947—1960, 2) 1961—1968, 3) 1969—1973, and 4) a composite comparison for the entire 1947—1973 time frame. The results are highly indicative of superior hitting and pitching perform ances on the part of black and Latin athletes in comparison to white players. The reason why this is the case is theoretically addressed.
Reflections on Social Models of Sport Careers of Top-Class Fencers of the National Team
Authors: Sztyma-Pawlak Grazyna
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the results of studies conducted among fencers, members of the national team in the yars 1962—1972. Using the method of interviews infor mation was obtained about the course of the careers of 120 respondents and the social factors determining these careers. It was found that the sports careers of the studied population was of a dynamic nature. An analysis of the careers indicated new tend encies. One of the features of the changes is the increasingly younger age at which they start their activity as competitors. This fact brings in its wake a number of new social problems; there can be noticed a decrease in the number of social roles played by the competitors, a new model of a career has made its appearance, to which more spheres of the competitor's activity are being subordinated. Early specialization favours greater identification with the sport environment and is one of the factors determining the professional preferences of the respondents.
Sport and Ideology in Contemporary Society
Authors: Thompson Rex W.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the significance of sport as a social phenomenon in con temporary society, and examines the relationship between the value structure of sport and dominant ideological values. The role which sport plays in enculturating dominant values is examined, and cross-cultural analyses concerning the societal functions of sport are presented. Empirical research into the cultural values of sport and an analysis of sports literature suggests that there is an interdependent relation ship between the social institution of sport and the dominant ideology in contempo rary society.
Socio-Linguistic Research in Sociology of Sport
Authors: Artiomov R.N.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the necessity to include socio-inguistic research in the entire complex of problems related to sport. Socio-linguistic research makes it possible to watch the developmental process of sport, approaching it from a variety of points of view.

The social structure exerts a direct influence on the language structure, the lan guage in turn exerts its influence on the general level of development of the team and individual. The article presents the ways in which the sports language is taking shape. Subject of the discussion, using as an example an etymological analysis of borrowing terminology from foreign languages, is the process of the taking shape of sports ter minology.
A Comparative Analysis of Navaho Indian and Anglo Basketball Sport Systems
Authors: Allison Maria T. , Lueschen Günther
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the paper is to identify the ways in which two distinct cultural groups adopt and incorporate a single sport, namely basketball, and transform it into distinct cultural entities. Specifically, comparative data from the basketball sport systems of the Navaho Indians and the Anglo cultures of the southwestern United States is presented. Relying on the Simmelian distinction between form and content, the authors identify and discuss several elements of the form of bas ketball including materials, shared goals, behavioral tactics, and codes of agree ment. In addition, specific examples of the cultural elaboration of these element is presented. Finally, several hypothetical formulations are presented with a dis cussion of the implications of these findings for the future study of sport systems embedded within specific cultural milieus.
Spectator Activity of Workers in Sports
Authors: Matveyev L.P. , Milstein O.A. , Moltchanov S.W.
Published: March 2007

Sports sociology has been paying increasingly more attention over the past two decades to fans and in a wider sociological aspect — to the role played by sportsmen in shaping the public opinion, social moods and social consciousness. In this article, the authors point to some general regularities and the specific qualities of the fan's entertainment activeness, peculiarity of his commitment to the world of sports.

All of these processes are reviewed by means of a group of workers, as this category of people represents the most typical group of sports fans. Moreover the principle of the mutual interrelation between the job and recreation, of the impact of the worker's position upon the form and character of spending leisure time have helped define the starting theoretical and methodological assumptions of the study.

In all, the authors elucidate the subjective and objective aspects of the enter tainment activeness of workers in sports and their interdependence on the social conditions of work and recreation. They cite four basic characteristics on which the social behaviour of the fan hinges: ways of obtaining the sports information, sex, evaluation of a sports spectacle, self-evaluation of the individual's engagement in sports.
Comparison of Relationships Among Team Cohesion Scores and Measures of Team Success in Male Varsity Basketball Teams
Authors: Gruber Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

This study explores several methodological areas that may account for in consistency in basketball study findings concerning the cohesion-performance relationship. An average team score for each item and factor appearing on a cohesion questionnaire was calculated for 18 youth teams (ages 10-16) and 17 teams composed of college men (ages 19—22). Both univariate and multivariate relationships between 2 measures of team success and team scores for cohesion items were identified and compared in each age level of competition. The study findings indicate (a) measures of team success, affiliation cohesion, and satisfac tion with team achievements are interrelated in both levels of competition; (b) the magnitude of relationships increased significantly in both the youth and mens teams when moving from simple to multiple correlational techniques; (c) the magnitude of multiple relationships did not differ among each measure of team succcess separately; (d) the magnitude of multiple correlations did not increase when computing canonical correlations in either level of competition; and (e) the magnitude of relationships were not a function of the number of teams in each level of competition.
Theories of Change in Sport: Comments on Some Recent Contributions
Authors: Goodger J.M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, attention is focussed upon the relationships between indivi dual sports and the wider social structure. In particular, attention is drawn to the significant dimensions of social composition in sports, processes through which social composition may change, and relationships between changes in social com position and changes in the symbolic systems, beliefs and practices of individual sport. These issues are approached through a critical examination of recent con tributions to the Sociology of Sport.
The Sociological Explanatory Value of the Term Sport for Adults
Authors: Schulke Hans-Jürgen
Published: March 2007

With the obvious increase of sports activities, especially in industrialized countries, a differentiation of contents takes place. This is expressed by various denominations for sports realities: top-class sport, competitive sport, performance sport, mass sport, leisure time sport, sport in schools, preschool sport, sport at universities, qualification in sports, club sport, military sport, sport at factories, sport for children, sport for youth, sport for adults, sport for older people etc. The basis for these various denominations are different aspects of order and, therefore, they often do not exactly separate these various spheres and they are not precise according to the contents. In this connection we must also see the relatively new denomination "sport for adults". This term means that sport more and more looses its primarily "juvenalatic" character and — as a consequence of increasing importance for the physical-psychological reproduction of working. power also after school time. Moreover, the term "sports for adults" seems to facilitate a direct access to sports practice, because in sports organizations ge nerally a clear cut is made between youth age and adult age.

Under sociological aspect the term "sports for adults" as a separate sphere still remains unsatisfactory for the explanation of sports reality. In the so far attempts for ranking, age is used as a calendaric or biological difference, but not as a sociolcgical category.

Under this aspect, the paper deals with two main problems:

1. Theoretical-methodological aspects.

In this section the thesis is described and explained that the position of adult people in the social process of production and reproduction is an essential feature for the status "adult". Therefore, sports motivations and activities, but also sports passivity, so widely spread among adults (learning inhibition), may be interpreted by general socio-economic laws. On the other hand, the term 'adult" is so general that concrete processes in sports practice of adults hardly can be explained satisfactorily (i.e. arising of sports activity or overcoming of passivity). Therefore, we hold the opinion to further classify sports for adults according to professional activity and position in order — following the dialectics of the general and specific — to better use the laws of sports for adults.

2. Exemplary description of a special sphere of sports for adults: sports for students.

The relevance of sports for students for the topic "sports for adults" consists in the fact that sports for students lies i nthe intersection of youth age and adult status. After a sociological determination of the status "student" sports habits and their changes with students are compared to those of adults, sports organization processes are described, and the contents of their sports activity are interpreted. The thesis is underlined that sports for students may be a "station for early recognition" of future developments in sports for adults.