bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Economic Development: Strategies and Practices of the 1980s
Authors: Giloth Robert
Published: March 2007

Community economic development is the self-help development of local jobs, businesses, and human resources by and for communities. This strategy gained prominence in the 1960s with the invention and public and private support of the community development corporation. The initial handful of community development corporations acted as comprehensive planners, developers, and entrepreneurs for their economically depressed communities. Today, community development corporations number more than 1000 and are more specialized and strategic in their initiatives, which now also include advocacy and legislative lobbying. This article examines the community economic development strategies of the 1980s. It reviews articles about community economic development in two newsletters, The Neighborhood Works and City Limits, between 1983 and 1988. Today's more diverse set of community institutions are pursuing four types of community economic development: public/private balance sheet, capital pools, enterprise development, and new market strategies. After 25 years, basic questions about the theory and performance of community economic development still need refinement and updating. Four broad questions require sustained reflection: Why is community economic development necessary? Who does community economic development? What does community economic development do? How has community economic development performed? The economic and social disparities that gave rise to community economic development in the 1960s remain today. While downtowns glitters, many neighborhoods continued to suffer the legacy of disinvestment and powerlessness. Community economic development is part of the answer, but it requires more public and private support if it is to fulfill its promise.
A Conceptual Approach for Examining Service Sector Growth in Urban Economies: Issues and Problems in Analyzing the Service Economy
Authors: Goe W. Richard , Shanahan James L.
Published: March 2007

The continuing concentration of employment within the service sector of the U.S. economy has significant implications for urban regions undergoing deindustrialization and structural economic change. The growth of the service sector has evoked different opinions among social scientists and policymakers regarding the significance of service industries as recent research has pointed out the potential importance of services in export trade and as a source of future economic growth. Precise answers to questions regarding service sector growth are problematic because analyses of the service economy continue to rely upon theoretical concepts and methodological approaches that are fraught with problems. This article outlines the framework of a new conceptual approach to the service economy and discusses important issues that must be addressed in order to assess the implications of service sector growth for urban economies undergoing structural change.
New Directions in the Analysis of Economic Development Policy
Authors: Wolkoff Michael J.
Published: March 2007

This article reexamines economic development research and policy-making by focusing on strategic behavior as an important component of the process. Ironically, despite early recognition that game theory elements were present in the economic development decision context, little formal work has extended these insights. Oddly, this lack of a formal literature has not prevented game theory jargon from permeating the common lexicon of analysts commenting on economic development policies. This article reviews the small but emerging game theoretic literature as it applies to economic development policy. Game theory is shown to be a powerful new tool for analyzing such economic development policies as competitive subsidization and urban renewal. The article suggests a number of policy and research strategies derived from the game theoretic approach.
The State of State Venture Capitalism
Authors: Eisinger Peter
Published: March 2007

State governments have become increasingly visible players in the venture capital arena, allocating an estimated $192 million in tax, bond, and other revenues and perhaps a billion dollars in pension trust funds to a variety of public and quasi-public venture capital arrangements. This article offers a review of the variety of arrangements at the beginning of the 1990s by attempting a census of such programs, an estimate of their financial dimensions, and some preliminary observations regarding their impact. The review concludes by suggesting that state venture capitalism, though a well-established feature of state economic development strategy, represents a very small commitment of capital compared, for example, to private venture investment. Economic development results tend, therefore, to be modest.
Technology Policy Requires Picking Winners
Authors: Rycroft Robert W. , Kash Don E.
Published: March 2007

Before the United States can create the capability to compete in the international market place, it must address the need for organizational systems that are composed of components from both the public and private sectors. This article investigates the constraints on effective policy resulting from: (1) ideology and economic theory, (2) an inaccurate reading of history, and (3) an outdated interpretation of technological innovation. The article concludes that one cannot have a technology policy if one does not create systems that can pick winners.
Driving Competitiveness through Partnerships
Authors: Wince-Smith Deborah L.
Published: March 2007

The manufacturing sector is being reshaped by a new generation of partnerships. U.S. firms have formed consortia for research and development (R&D) and, in the future, may share manufacturing costs in joint production ventures. Teams of noncompetitors are a new model for joint development and commercialization of enabling technologies. Small firms are major producers of technologies, but often lack the manufacturing and marketing resources for full-scale commercialization. Partnerships with larger firms and shared manufacturing centers can integrate small firms into larger networks and structures. Federal policies now encourage U.S. firms to work with federal laboratories to commercialize federal R&D, often through cooperative R&D agreements. Companies are changing the way they work internally by forming close relationships with suppliers, cross-functional teaming, and forging partnerships with the workforce. The Bush administration launched the National Technology Initiative, a coast-to-coast series of conferences to bridge the gaps between America's R&D performers, industry, and the financial community.
The Consequences of Institutionalized Access for Economic Development Policy Making in U.S. Cities
Authors: Cable Gregory , Feiock Richard C. , Kim Jaehoon
Published: March 2007

This article explores the effects of institutionalized access to economic development decision making using data from a 1989 survey conducted by the International City Management Association. The results demonstrate that the importance of institutionalized access is contingent on both the wealth of the community and the types of policies under consideration. Open decision processes generally impede the adoption of development policies. Tax abatement is found to be unique in that some types of access, most notably advisory committees appointed to represent the entire community, reduce the likelihood of adoption whereas public hearings increase the likelihood of adoption.
The Politics of Local Economic Development
Authors: Wolman Harold , Spitzley David
Published: March 2007

This article, written in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of Economic Development Quarterly, reviews the literature on the politics of local economic development. It asks what is known-and not known-about this topic. The article summarizes, assesses, and critiques the literature; indicates its shortcomings; and suggests paths for future research. It examines what the literature says about the forces driving local governments to engage in economic development activity, the factors that account for variation in such activity, the way local officials think about economic development-including its political logic-and the political activity that characterizes local economic development policy. With respect to the local politics of economic development, the article focuses on the interests involved and particularly on the question of how dominant business is in the process, the nature and degree of conflict, and the openness of local economic development decision making to public participation.
Response: Why Business Alone won't Redevelop the Inner City: A Friendly Critique of Michael Porter's Approach to Urban Revitalization
Authors: Harrison Bennett , Glasmeler Amy K.
Published: March 2007

Community development activists recognize that some of the poorest neighborhoods in our biggest cities are among the most well situated in terms of access to the region of which they are a part. Scholars and activists often remark on the paradox of high inner-city poverty rates coexisting with substantial aggregate purchasing power Michael Porter contends that inner-city businesses should exploit their potential linkages to other firms located outside their immediate neighborhoods by becoming suppliers or co-venturers. Training programs, too, should be organized by and around the region's most important or promising clusters. These concepts-linkage, sectors, and industrial or service complexes-actually have a long history in the field of development planning, antedating Porter's writing. His incorporation of these elements is valuable; his inclination to dismiss the positive contributions of local governments and community-based organizations is not.
Response: Making Progress in Relating Values, Goals, and Results in the Evaluation of Local Economic Development Policy
Authors: Smoke Paul
Published: March 2007

Laura Reese and David Fasenfest highlight important conceptual, technical, and procedural issues regarding the relationship between values, goals, and results in the analysis of local economic development. Less insight is provided on how to make progress in resolving the difficult problems they outline. Experiences in developing countries, where analysts have long wrestled with similar concerns, indicate that improvements in designing, implementing, and evaluating local economic development policies can be realized by focusing on certain types of procedural reforms, including the use of multidisciplinary ex-ante policy appraisal; the adoption of a more broadly inclusive process to define, implement, and monitor local economic development policies; and greater emphasis on analysis of the specific institutional context in which local economic development policies must function. Recent work in the United States also suggests that policy makers should direct more attention to the critical problem of enforcing local economic development policy.
Leaving Poverty through Work: A Review of Current Development Strategies
Authors: Mueller Elizabeth J. , Schwartz Alex
Published: March 2007

Jobs are increasingly central to economic development, welfare reform, and urban policy. This emphasis on increasing employment among the poor comes at a time of stagnant wages for people with modest skills and no college education. The current movement to promote work poses a fundamental dilemma: How can the dependent poor obtain jobs that offer sufficient income and benefits to prevent them from becoming the working poor? This article assesses four contrasting policy approaches to move poor inner-city residents out of poverty through work. Although promising examples can be cited across the four strategies-job training, job creation through local economic development, worker mobility/access to jobs, and the federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)-all but the EITC are unable to provide sufficient wages to bring workers above the poverty line.
One-Stop Permitting? A Critical Examination of State Environmental Permit Assistance Programs
Authors: Robinson Kelly
Published: March 2007

Environmental permitting today is a complex process that can impose significant costs on firms. To simplify this process, many state and local governments have created permit assistance programs, often referring to them as “one-stop permitting” programs. In this article, specific ways are described in which permit assistance offices can improve the permitting process and how they complement other permit reforms. By surveying the nation’s most comprehensive state-level programs, it is found that most permit assistance programs serve primarily as clearinghouses for information. Far fewer programs provide permit applicants a single point of contact in the regulatory agency, comprehensive compliance counseling, or ongoing help with monitoring and reporting. It is also found that program coverage is uneven, both between and within states. Finally, no significant differences are found between programs that refer to themselves as “one stop” and those that do not.
New Estimates of the Impact of EDA Public Works Program Investments on County Labor Markets
Authors: Haughwout Andrew F.
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration (EDA) makes public works investments in distressed areas throughout the nation. In this study, these investments are found to have significantly positive effects on county employment levels after controlling for a variety of geographic, economic, and demographic factors. The investments have no significant effect on employee compensation. The estimates indicate that EDA public works investment provides counties with jobs at relatively low cost, suggesting that such investments are an effective means of job creation and retention in targeted counties. The article’s final section qualifies this conclusion somewhat, discussing the possibility that EDA investments act as a proxy for a coordinated local economic development strategy and evaluating the potential benefits of ameliorating regional decline.
ADOPTING CHANGE
Authors: EDWARDS CHRISTINE E. , WILLIAMS CHRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the reasons some pregnant women enter maternity homes with the plan to place their babies for adoption. The authors discuss changes in maternity homes over the twentieth century and report on findings from a survey of currently licensed homes in Texas. Next, the authors discuss the findings from fieldwork and in-depth interviews with residents of two maternity homes. They identify three major reasons why birth mothers enter maternity homes: (1) the desire to escape abusive or stressful family lives, (2) the desire to avoid the stigma of placing a child for adoption, and (3) the desire to provide their children, and in some cases themselves, with a stable and loving family life. The authors contend that entering a maternity home with the intention of placing their babies for adoption represents an effort on the part of birth mothers to reconfigure their own, often impoverished family lives.
WOMEN'S AGENCY AND HOUSEHOLD DIPLOMACY
Authors: GERAMI SHAHIN , LEHNERER MELODYE
Published: March 2007

The overall oppressive effect on women's rights of religious fundamentalism has been well documented in the literature. When looking at women's resistance to fundamentalism, it is important to examine not only organized efforts but individual women's agency in subverting or co-opting these movements toward their own ends. Using a series of narratives, the authors discuss four strategies used by Iranian women to negotiate the patriarchal practices of Islamic fundamentalism. These women crafted agency by responding to the demands of family and state through collaboration, acquiescence, co-optation, and subversion. Their narratives of agency show how some women negotiated the economic hardship and gender oppression brought on by the Iranian revolution and how these negotiations affected women's options when filtered through the rhetoric of Islamic fundamentalism. The purpose of the article is to contribute further to the feminist discourse that has moved beyond victimization narratives.
THE FORMATION OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG LEFT- AND RIGHT-WING ACTIVISTS OF THE 1960S
Authors: KLATCH REBECCA E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the formation of consciousness among women at the beginning stages of the women's movement. The author analyzes the complexity of pathways to feminism across the political spectrum, comparing women who were active on the Left in Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) with women active in the leading conservative organization of the 1960s, Young Americans for Freedom (YAF). She finds an unexpected division among women in both groups between those who identify discrimination by their male peers and those who do not. The author argues there are three stages in the formation of feminist consciousness: identification of inequality or mistreatment, discovering a language or framing by which to interpret these experiences, and the social construction of a collective identity. Factors for each of these three stages that help or hinder the formation of feminist consciousness are discussed.
When Gender is not Enough:
Authors: RIESSMAN CATHERINE KOHLER
Published: March 2007

This article examines two contrasting interviews—with an Anglo and a Puerto Rican woman—and concludes that gender congruence does not help an Anglo interviewer make sense of the working-class, Hispanic woman's account of her marital separation. Both in form and content, her discourse contrasts sharply with an Anglo woman's account. The two women use different narrative genres or forms of telling to communicate their culturally distinctive experiences with marriage. In the case of the Puerto Rican woman, these differences result in major misunderstandings by the interviewer. Applying narrative methods to these interviews shows how closer attention to the voice of the subject can enrich qualitative research.
MEN'S ACCOMMODATIONS TO WOMEN ENTERING A NONTRADITIONAL OCCUPATION:
Authors: SWERDLOW MARIAN
Published: March 2007

This article examines problems that arise when women enter nontraditional blue-collar occupations. Despite job security, women's arrival in one such workplace generated strains by threatening assumptions of male supremacy. Previous research has examined women's modes of accommodation to male-dominated workplaces. In this case, men as well as women developed accommodative patterns that allowed them to accept women as co-workers without giving up their beliefs about male superiority.
INDUSTRIAL SEGREGATION AND THE GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF FRINGE BENEFITS
Authors: PERMAN LAURI , STEVENS BETH
Published: March 2007

Fringe benefits have been neglected as a source of job-induced gender inequality. Among full-time, private sector workers in the United States in 1979, women's health insurance coverage rate was 12 percentage points lower than men's. This article considers three models to explain such gender differences in the receipt of fringe benefits: the direct discrimination model, the occupational segregation model, and the industrial segregation model. Using data from the May 1979 Current Population Survey Supplement, we found the magnitude of the gender gap in health insurance coverage in the United States to be related to industrial differences. We argue that industrial segregation of women workers may be more important than occupational segregation in determining gender differences in work rewards.
SOCIAL CLASS AND GENDER:
Authors: ANDES NANCY
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to investigate how sex segregation, social class, and gender are analytically related to occupational stratification. Recent discussions of women and men in the labor force revolve around whether a sex-segregated model in which sex of the worker affects placement, a pure social class model using classical criteria, or a gendered social class model in which social organizational processes of a gendered social class structure affect positioning in the stratification system. This article addresses the influence that social class and gender have on stratification in the labor market. Data from the 1972-82 General Social Survey on 371 occupations, representing 7,541 male and female workers, are used to formulate a social class scheme based on all workers' characteristics. In comparing the models, the analyses show that an integrated gendered social class perspective is consistent with the empirical differentiation found among women and men in the labor force.
MOVING UP WITH KIN AND COMMUNITY:
Authors: HIGGINBOTHAM ELIZABETH , WEBER LYNN
Published: March 2007

The major aim of this research is to reopen the study of the subjective experience of upward mobility and to incorporate race and gender into our vision of the process. It examines evidence from a social science study of upward mobility among 200 Black and white professional-managerial women in the Memphis, Tennessee metropolitan area. The experiences of the women paint a different picture from the image of the mobility process that remains from scholarship conducted 20 to 30 years ago on white males. Relationships with family of origin, partners, children, friends, and the wider community shaped the way these women envision and accomplish mobility and the way they sustain themselves as professionals and managers.
GENTILITY, GENDER, AND POLITICAL PROTEST
Authors: HERTZ ROSANNA , REVERBY SUSAN M.
Published: March 2007

Using 452 letters sent in 1990 to Wellesley College over a student petition objecting to the choice of Barbara Bush as the graduation speaker, this article explores how an attempt to expand the boundaries of elite women's political behavior created a cultural and symbolic battle that centered upon the content of education, women's “manners” and civility, and their implications for elite women's participation in the broader Hobbesian social contract for citizenship. The article demonstrates that social class in its gendered form is essential to understanding the construction of citizenship.
MOTHERING, MEDICALIZATION, AND JEWISH IDENTITY, 1928-1940
Authors: LITT JACQUELYN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between mothers and medical discourse, drawing from oral narratives of 20 Jewish women who gave birth to their first children between 1928 and 1940. The author shows that women encounter medical discourse not only as a system of technical knowledge but also as a package of cultural and social enterprises. Jewish mothers during this period mobilized medicalized mothering practices to signify their advancement from immigrant culture into the American middle class. Mothers portray themselves as benefiting from the new opportunities of American freedoms, as actively seeking self-improvements, and as engaging medicine in the context of their changing group membership. In more general terms, the author shows that medicalization's effect on social difference extends beyond men's control of women's subjectivity or social position; it also involves women in the creation and maintenance of status hierarchies between women.
SOCIOECONOMIC AND COERCIVE POWER WITHIN THE FAMILY
Authors: McCLOSKEY LAURA ANN
Published: March 2007

This study investigates whether couples' income and occupational status covary with wife and child abuse. The author interviewed 365 battered and nonbattered women about different facets of family violence and finances and obtained reports from one of their children about abuse in the home. The author compares the relative influence of overall family resources to resource disparity between women and their partners. Asymmetry in income favoring women, rather than total family income, predicted the men's frequency and severity of abuse toward their wives. Overall combined occupational status of the couple also predicted wife abuse, but disparity in occupations did not. These findings suggest that income disparity rather than overall poverty contributes to wife abuse. Class standing as indexed by membership in lower-status occupations also is a risk factor for wife battering. Fathers or stepfathers who harm women are also more likely to abuse the children, with few effects of income and occupation after partialing out wife abuse. The author suggests that a proportion of these men use the children in a policy of coercion against the mothers. Further gender-based interpretations of economic roles and family dynamics are needed to illuminate the complex reasons for men's abuse of women and children.
COMMERCIALIZATION OF FOOD CROPS IN BUSOGA, UGANDA, AND THE RENEGOTIATION OF GENDER
Authors: SØRENSEN PERNILLE
Published: March 2007

This article describes the transformation of the agricultural economy that took place as a result of the disintegration of the state provision of marketing in Uganda in the 1970s and 1980s. In this context, the article examines how the commercialization of food crops is constructing new relations of gender within agricultural production. In the transformation caused by the commercialization of food crops, men appeared to have gained total control over food production, causing the gender relations to move from a complementary to a patriarchal system. Closer examination, however, reveals an increased significance of marital bargaining and a movement from established gender roles to more negotiable relationships. The evidence underscores the continued significance of differentiated socioeconomic status to women's bargaining potential in gender relations.
IDENTITY, EMOTION, AND FEMINIST COLLECTIVE ACTION
Authors: HERCUS CHERYL
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between identity, emotion, and feminist collective action. Based on interview research, the analysis confirms the central importance of anger in collective action and its particular significance for feminist identity and activism. As an emotion thought deviant for women, the anger inherent in feminist collective action frames created problems for participants in terms of relationships with partners, friends, and work colleagues. Participants performed emotion work to deal with negative responses to their feminist identity, but this depleted emotional energy and created stress. Participation in movement events provided much-needed emotional support and an outlet for deviant emotions.
FEMINISM FOR SALE
Authors: LOE MEIKA
Published: March 2007

This article is a case study of a woman-owned and-operated sexual products business, conceived in the midst of a fragmenting women's movement in 1977. The article tracks the evolution of pro-sex feminist ideology within this business during the past 22 years. Whereas most feminist organizations research focuses on nonprofit organizations and their relationship to the state, this study focuses on a political organization that depends on profits for survival. The voices in this study reveal the complexities of running an “alternative” business during the 1980s and 1990s and of balancing political ideals with profit needs. Ironically, as Toy Box and its consumer base grow (in response to capitalist pressures), more and more men and women are exposed to pro-sex feminism and buying into its philosophy. This contradiction is fundamental to the story of Toy Box's history and evolution.
Fluvoxamine Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders in Later Life: Preliminary Open-Trial Data
Authors: Wylie Mary E. , Miller Mark D. , Shear M. Katherine , Little John T. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Pollock Bruce G. , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: March 2007

The authors present data from an open trial of fluvoxamine (median daily dosage: 200 mg) in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in 19 older outpatients (mean age = 66.8). Of the 12 subjects completing the 21-week trial, 8 achieved a good response (50% reduction in symptom measures) and 7 were rated as much or very much improved. Fluvoxamine pharmacotherapy also had a significant effect in reducing comorbid depressive symptoms and in increasing levels of functioning. These data support the effectiveness of fluvoxamine in older subjects with anxiety disorders (particularly generalized anxiety disorder) and warrant further double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:43—48).
Telepsychiatry Consultations to a Rural Nursing Facility: A 2-Year Experience
Authors: Johnston Deirdre , Jones Beverly N.
Published: March 2007

This report describes the operation of a telepsychiatry consultation service provided from an academic medical center to a skilled nursing facility in a rural setting. Seventy-one consultations via low-cost ISDN videoconferenc ing equipment were provided over the 2-year period to 40 patients. The average duration of the consultation period was about 3 months. A wide variety of diagnostic conditions were encountered, with the majority being either depres sion or dementia-related behavior problems. Advantages of the program included the ability to respond promptly to rural patients' clinical needs, the flexibility to consult more frequently if clinically indicated, and more efficient use of the consultant's time, as travel time was eliminated. The program is an example of how telepsychiatry can successfully expand access to mental health services to residents of long-term care facilities. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:72-75).
Ethical Principles and Pitfalls of Genetic Testing for Dementia
Authors: Hedera Peter
Published: March 2007

Progress in the genetics of dementing disorders and the availability of clinical tests for practicing physicians increase the need for a better understanding of multifaceted issues associated with genetic testing. The genetics of demen tia is complex, and genetic testing is fraught with many ethical concerns. Genetic testing can be considered for patients with a family history suggestive of a single gene disorder as a cause of dementia. Testing of affected patients should be accompanied by competent genetic counseling that focuses on probabilistic implications for at-risk first- degree relatives. Predictive testing of at-risk asymptomatic patients should be modeled after presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease. Testing using susceptibility genes has only a limited diagnostic value at present because potential improvement in diagnostic accuracy does not justify potentially negative consequences for first-degree relatives. Predictive testing of unaffected subjects using susceptibility genes is currently not recommended because individual risk cannot be quantified and there are no therapeutic interventions for dementia in presymptomatic patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:213-221).
No Melancholia in Poststroke Depression? A Phenomenologic Comparison of Primary and Poststroke Depression
Authors: Beblo Thomas , Driessen Martin
Published: March 2007

The present study aimed at the phenomenologic comparison of depressive symptoms in elderly patients with poststroke depression (PSD) or primary depression (depression without a known neuropathology). We investigated 20 patients with PSD and 41 patients with primary depression. A structured clinical interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, self- and observer-based depression rating scales, a clinical neurologic examination, and neuroradiologic analysis based on standardized computed tomographic scan analysis were applied. The Cornell Depression Scale was used to compare mood-related signs, behavioral disturbances, physical signs, disturbances of cyclic signs, and ideational disturbances in both groups of patients. Those with PSD exhibited no melancholia and fewer cyclic and ideational disturbances but more physical signs of depression. These findings are in line with those of endocrinologic studies. Differences between both groups of patients indicate that careful considerations and further research are needed before treatment strategies developed for and evaluated in patients with primary depression are applied to patients with PSD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:44-49).
Emergent Psychopathology in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Over 12 Months Associated with Functional, Not Cognitive, Changes
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Weiner Myron F. , Patterson Marian B. , Gamst Anthony , Thai Leon J.
Published: March 2007

In a large, well-characterized population of community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we inves tigated the emergence of behavioral symptomatology and its association with changes in cognitive, global-clinical, and functional status. Behavioral Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD) item responses from 235 AD patients with varying levels of dementia severity and without significant behavioral disturbance were taken from the baseline and 12-month visits in a study of cognitive and behavioral instruments. Item-level analysis revealed new symp toms at every dementia severity level. The symptoms that emerged in the greatest proportion of patients were change in weight, change in appetite, diurnal confusion, uncooperativeness, restlessness, clingy behavior, loss of initiative, and change in sleeping pattern. Changes in cognitive status over the 12 months were associated with changes in functional status and not with the emergence of behavioral symptomatology; however, change in the latter two domains tended to be associated. The findings support the hypothesis that increasing behavioral dis turbance is not strongly associated with decreasing cognitive status and that, except for psychotic symptoms, a previously observed association between dementia severity and behavioral status may have been mediated partly by changes in functional abilities. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:110-117).
The Solidification of PEEK. Part I: Morphology
Authors: Motz Heike , Schultz J.M.
Published: March 2007

The morphology of PEEK was explored using a combination of several microscopic and specimen preparation techniques: freely crystallized and cryogenic frac ture surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thin films by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The thin film studies show the effect that pro cessing conditions have on the morphology in PEEK. A well connected and homogeneous spherulitic structure grows at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures, when the crystalline growth slows down, more time is left for segregation between highly crystalline and noncrystalline phases. This produces a microstructure of singular spherulites sepa rated by broad regions of noncrystalline material. PEEK bulk material did not show a spherulitic structure, when processed under standard conditions, except for one system: carbon fiber-filled PEEK. Furthermore, a two-stage replicating technique was successfully introduced to the composites, thus making their structure accessible to the high resolving power of the TEM.
The Influence of Microstructure on the Mechanical Property Performance of Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Ward Susan , Crosby Jane
Published: March 2007

Development of pultrusion technologies at ICI has lead to several new rein forced thermoplastic products Continuous tapes, prepregs and long fiber pellets are pres ently being commercialized. These products can be used in thermoforming, compression molding, extrusion and injection molding In soine of these processes, such as thermo forming, the end product contains continuous, unidirectional fibers The only factor that will effect the mechanical properties of the part therefore is the fiber matrix adhesion which can be controlled during pultrusion

In other processes such as injection molding this is not the case Fibers in molded parts are both discontinuous and multidirectional It is therefore vital that the factors which con trol mechanical properties in discontinuous fiber reinforced composites be understood. It is the object of this paper to summarize the influence that orientation, fiber matrix adhe sion, and fiber length have on the mechanical properties of moldings containing 50% glass reinforced nylon 6/6, 40% carbon reinforced nylon 6/6, and 40% aramid reinforced nylon 6/6 composites. The effect that fiber loading has on the mechanical properties will also be discussed. Hopefully through this study the benefits and limitations of long fiber pultru sion compounds as injection molded products can be defined
Reinforcement of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polystyrene (PS) with Cellulosic Fibers Treated with Silane
Authors: Beshay A. , Hoa S.V.
Published: March 2007

A method of significantly improving the tensile strength of PVC and PS re inforced with cellulosic fibers has been developed This method relies on the generation of free radicals to create chemical bonding between the coupling agent and the fibers Also a method of detecting the degree of attachment between silane and cellulosic fibers is pre sented This method utilizes the weight increase of the fiber and the change in color of the fiber after soaking in an appropriate solution.
A Review of Fiber-Reinforced Injection Molding: Flow Kinematics and Particle Orientation
Authors: Altan M. Cengiz
Published: March 2007

The existing flow and particle orientation models applicable to fiber- reinforced injection molding are reviewed. After a brief description of injection molding, previous studies on the flow kinematics and fiber reinforcement are presented. Basics of Hele-Shaw flows are described Including the commonly used viscosity models and foun tain flow effects. Some of the existing models for particle orientation are analyzed with particular emphasis on the amsotropic description of the material system. Concentration regions for short fiber suspensions are defined and relevant constitutive equations are dis cussed. A few example solutions are also given which describe the three-dimensional ori entation field for the filling of a sudden expansion cavity, depicting skin-core orientation structure.
Structure and Properties of a Stampable Thermoplastic Composite
Authors: Davies P. , Månson J.-A. , Roulin M. , Kausch H.H. , Echalier B. , Jacquemet R.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the structure of stamped glass fiber/polypropylene composites with different fiber/matrix interfaces is characterized and related to their short term mechanical behaviour. Optical microscopy and calorimetry are used to determine matrix and interface structure. Static tensile and flexural tests were performed but were less sensi tive to interface structure than impact. Extensive crystal nucleation observed on fibres, believed to be promoted by shear nucleation during stamping, did not correspond to a strong fibre/matrix interface.
Processing-Structure-Property Relations in PEEK/Carbon Composites Made from Comingled Fabric and Prepreg
Authors: Vu-Khanh T. , Denault J.
Published: March 2007

Although the processability of PEEK/carbon prepreg has received much attention, the effects of processing on the microstructure and performance of the co mingled fabric system is not well known. In this paper, the effect of molding temperature, molding time and cooling rate on the mechanical performance of PEEK/carbon compos ites made from both prepreg and comingled forms are discussed. To obtain good mechanical properties of PEEK/carbon fiber composites, processing must be carried out at a temperature sufficiently high to destroy the previous thermal history of the PEEK matrix. While the fiber/matrix interaction in the prepreg system does not seem to be af fected by the thermal processing conditions, this interaction in the comingled system must be created during the molding process. Fiber/matrix adhesion in the comingled system depends on the molding temperature, residence time at melt temperature as well as cooling rate. This is probably a result of several complex mechanisms such as matrix adsorption on the fiber surface, matrix degradation leading to chemical bonding and interfacial crystallization.
Fiber/Matrix Adhesion in Graphite/PEKK Composites
Authors: Bucher R.A. , Hinkley J.A.
Published: March 2007

Experiments with poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK) resin and AS-4, IM-7, and G30-500 fibers showed excellent correlation between resin/fiber contact angle and composite transverse flexural strength as measures of resin/fiber interfacial strength. Both tests indicate the strongest interface for G30-500/PEKK followed by IM-7/PEKK and AS-4/PEKK. Also discussed are fiber effects on interlaminar fracture and on the in-situ crystallization of the matrix during composite fabrication.
Modelling of Behaviour of Laminates Based on a Thermoplastic Matrix
Authors: Cervenka A.
Published: March 2007

Experimental investigations have been carried out on APC-2 (polyether ether ketone/carbon fibre) laminates to address generic problems governing performance. Mechanical response in tension of laminates of different constructions (uniaxial, cross- and angle-plied, and quasi-isotropic) is reviewed in terms of composite stiffness and ulti mate failure characteristics (strength and strain).
The Influence of Moisture on Dielectric Behavior of Poly-Etheretherketone/ Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Fink Bruce K. , McCullough Roy L. , Gillespie John W.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of local and global mechanisms of heat generation and distri bution in carbon-fiber-based composites subjected to an alternating magnetic field has shown that heating is dependent upon the dielectric properties of the polymer matrix. These properties were investigated as functions of temperature, frequency and moisture content. The results indicated little dependence of the dielectric constant on temperature or frequency, while the loss tangent exhibited a substantial dependence on both frequency and temperature. A substantial dependence of loss tangent on moisture content in PEEK was found. Significant increases in loss tangent corresponding to small increases in mois ture content are exemplified by a parametric analysis of our induction heating model.
The Influence of Melt Impregnation Parameters on the Degree of Impregnation of a Polypropylene/Glass Fibre Prepreg
Authors: Peltonen P. , Lahteenkorva K. , Paakkonen E.J. , Jarvela P.K. , Tormala P.
Published: March 2007

The melt impregnation process to produce a high quality thermoplastic prepreg is studied. Raw materials used in the experimental work are polypropylene and glass fibre. A laboratory scale melt impregnation line is developed with a melt impregna tion die of cross head type. A methodology to determine the degree of impregnation is described. The influence of processing parameters on the degree of impregnation is evalu ated, and the process is developed to produce a well impregnated prepreg. Two different forms of thermoplastic prepreg are produced: a tow and a tape. The influence of the fol lowing processing parameters on the degree of impregnation are studied: impregnation time, polymer temperature, temperature of heated rods inside the die, use of pins inside the impregnation die in different positions, vacuum in the roving infeed stage, prepreg ten sion, MFR-value of the polymer matrix, use of coupling agents with the polypropylene matrix, ultrasonic vibration in the molten polymer and use of two different infeed geome tries of the polymer melt.
Damage and Residual Properties of Notched [0/± 45/90]s and [0/90]2s Graphite/PEEK Woven Laminates Under Reversed Fatigue
Authors: Billaut F. , Mcgarry F.J.
Published: March 2007

Two lay-ups [0/±45/90] s and [0/90]2 s made of a T300 five-harness satin, woven-fabric-reinforced PEEK and containing a 12.7 mm diameter hole were charac terized in static tension. The high fracture toughness, GIC, of the thermoplastic matrix per mitted very little damage with no fiber breakage until final failure. In contrast, under reversed fatigue conditions, at a cyclic applied load equal to 55 % of the compressive strength, a large damage zone including fiber breakage developed. This was due to a rapid decrease of the resistance to splitting and to tow debonding in fatigue. The stiffness decreased with increasing size of the damage for both laminates. The [0/±45/90] s lay-up showed little variation of the residual tensile strength with increasing size of the fatigue- induced damage zone, whereas the [0/90]2 s showed a 30% increase. After the damage zone grew to 40 % and 15 % of the net cross section for the [0/90]2 s and the [0/ ± 45/90] s, respectively, the residual strength started to decrease.
Participatory Processes/Paradoxical Practices
Authors: Stohl Cynthia , Cheney George
Published: March 2007

This article brings together previous research efforts by the authors and reviews a wide range of relevant literatures to explain and analyze paradoxes of employee participation and workplace democracy. Although the authors do not take the position that all or even most of these paradoxes are necessarily harmful, they do maintain that there are a variety of practical avenues for dealing with them. The heart of the essay analyzes several main categories of participatory paradoxes: those of structure, agency, identity, and power. Following that, the authors offer practical suggestions for the management of paradoxes (and related tensions and contradictions), linking those recommendations to relevant theoretical and empirical propositions.
Challenging the Status Quo?
Authors: Grimes Diane Susan
Published: March 2007

This study presents three perspectives on whiteness—interrogating, re-centering, and masking whiteness—that have important implications for power in organizations. Through a textual analysis of diversity management articles, the author illustrates how one of these perspectives, interrogating whiteness, works to name, unmask, and de-center whiteness, bringing to light hidden assumptions about difference. The second perspective, re-centering whiteness, appears progressive because difference is recognized, yet ultimately, whiteness remains center stage, resulting in superficial organizational change. The third perspective, masking whiteness, protects whiteness as an invisible norm, actively upholding white privilege. The author discusses the implications of this examination of whiteness for research and practice.
What Do You Mean
Authors: Dance Frank E. X.
Published: March 2007

What is a presentation that is not a public speech and what is a public speech that is not a presentation? This essay considers the historical development of the usage presentational speaking for public speaking in the business setting and with business objectives, the current usage of the term, and empirical evidence concerning actual expectational differences between public speaking and presentational speaking. The author concludes that the only differences are situational or setting differences and the additional fact that management thinks that there is a real difference. How management trainers should respond to these differences is discussed in the essay's conclusion.
A Chinese Managerial View of Business Communication
Authors: Hildebrandt Herbert W.
Published: March 2007

A study of 436 Chinese (People's Republic of China) managers suggests two conclusions concerning managerial communication: (1) formality dominates Chinese managers' daily interchanges through prescribed channels; (2) oral and written communication courses are among the least important, in the opinion of Chinese managers, for their managerial preparation. Reasons for these communication perceptions include a continuing tradition of Chinese and British formality; a preponderance of Communist party and central government planning that diminishes time for managerial level discussion; a cultural heritage of being orally passive within the home, an attitude which is reflected in the classroom; and a reflection of all of these results in a degree of quiet acceptance within the world of work.