bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weapons of Mass Victimization, Radioactive Waste Shipments, and Environmental Laws
Authors: Ballard James David , Mullendore Kristine
Published: April 2003

Transnational and domestic terrorists may employ unconventional weapons of mass destruction and/or mass contamination in their future operations against governments. These asymmetrical tactics may include nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons designed to produce panic and disruption in daily life. This article addresses several of the myriad legal and practical issues relative to potential radiological weapons. Several suggestions as to local-level policy are offered and discussed. Among these suggestions are the need for local law enforcement and policy decision makers to formally recognize the potential use of radiological weapons of mass contamination and the need to develop both protection strategies for radioactive shipments that may be at risk from this form of crime and proactive public intervention measures for when communities are faced with a terrorist attack on shipments of nuclear waste.
Faculty-Administrator Relationships as Integral to High-Performing Governance Systems
Authors: Favero Marietta Del
Published: April 2003

This article examines the relationship between faculty and administrators in colleges and universities as partners in a shared governance enterprise. It addresses a gap in knowledge around the value of this particular relationship and factors motivating its nurturance in the interest of institutional ends. Three theoretical concepts are offered from the sociology and management literatures capable of deepening our understanding of this relationship—social exchange, social capital, and network forms of organizations. Study of the social interactions between faculty and administrators will provide insights into improving collaborative activity and the decision-making systems of which they are a part.
Urban Strategies for a Global Era
Authors: Savitch H. V. , Kantor Paul
Published: April 2003

This article is based on a study of 10 cities in Western Europe and North America over a 30-year period. Based on detailed case studies, the authors identify four strategies of development: (a) growth strategies, (b) community development initiatives, (c) regionalism, and (d) national urban policy. The first of these strategies focuses on promoting economic growth, albeit sometimes “slow” or “smart” growth. The other three strategies focus on rescaling the city to enhance bargaining leverage in the international marketplace. It is argued that all of these strategies have enhanced local governmental influence over the international capital investment process, thereby also stimulating local democracy over city building. National urban policy appears to play the most critical role, however, because it most powerfully supports local public sector bargaining with private enterprise.
Reconstructing the Local State
Authors: Judd Dennis R. , Simpson Dick
Published: April 2003

The growth of tourism is fragmenting urban politics into a constellation of public/private institutions that operate largely independently from the democratic institutions of local government. In this article, the authors present preliminary evidence to show that the political interests that represent the tourism/entertainment sector are beginning to wield influence in municipal politics through campaign contributions and other political activity. They also show that those political interests have become largely independent of municipal authority through their control of institutions that undertake large-scale infrastructure projects connected to tourism/entertainment. It is suggested that mayors are able to forge alliances with these independent centers of power and, thereby, are able to bypass democratic processes.
Exploringthe Relationship Between Corporate Social Performance and Employer Attractiveness
Authors: Backhaus Kristin B. , Stone Brett A. , Heiner Karl
Published: April 2003

Building on existing studies suggesting that corporate social performance (CSP) is important in the job choice process, the authors investigate job seekers’perceptions of importance of CSP and explore effects of CSP dimensions on organizational attractiveness. Job seekers consider CSP important to assessment of firms and rate five specific CSP dimensions (environment, community relations, employee relations, diversity, and product issues) as more important than six other CSP dimensions. Using signaling theory and social identity theory, the authors hypothesize differences in effects of CSP data on ratings of employer attractiveness and find that environment, community relations, and diversity dimensions have the largest affect on attractiveness ratings.
Private Investment, Entrepreneurial Entry, and Partner Collaboration in Emerging Markets Telecommunications
Authors: Doh Jonathan P.
Published: April 2003

Private participation in infrastructure is a relatively newphenomenon in the developing world (World Bank, 1999). In telecommunications, electric power, water, and other sectors, developing countries are turning to private sector investors to help increase availability, improve access, and move toward market-based pricing of resources and services. The findings of this dissertation demonstrate that the governance, mode of entry, and mix of public and private ownership of infrastructure projects are influenced by country-level economic, institutional, and technological factors, and by investing firms’ ownership structures and strategies.
Auditor Independence, Accounting Firms, and the Securities and Exchange Commission
Authors: Gerde Virginia W. , White Craig G.
Published: April 2003

The authors apply the issue life cycle model to analyze the 1999 through 2001 dispute between the Securities and Exchange Commission and the accounting profession concerning auditor independence. The analysis also brings additional insights that extend understanding of the issue life cycle and issues development. This analysis highlights the roles of a trigger event, the shift of an issue from a technical concern to a public debate, and likely recurrence. The reappearance of the auditor independence issue in 2002 with accounting scandals is consistent with the article’s findings and highlights the use of the issue life cycle model and issue evolution.
Coping With Paradox
Authors: Calton Jerry M. , Payne Steven L.
Published: April 2003

A notable feature of paradox is recognition that seemingly contradictory terms are inextricably intertwined and interrelated—holding out the hope that something new can be learned from the cognitive tension contained within. Aram has characterized the central concern of the business and society field as the paradox of interdependent relations. Our study argues that this and related paradoxes can be addressed by engaging with others and trying to gain shared insight via an interactive, developmental, exploratory sensemaking process that can inform the governance of stakeholder networks. We advocate multistakeholder learning dialogues (MSLDs) as a means for both scholars and practitioners to construct meanings that can guide joint efforts to cope with messy problems that help shape complex, paradoxical relationships within stakeholder networks.
Religion and Public Policy
Authors: MINKENBERG MICHAEL
Published: April 2003

This article addresses the relationship between religion and politics in liberal democracies from a public policy angle. The analysis shows that contrary to the general secularization thesis, there is a visible religious impact on public policy, but it varies according to what measure of secularization is used. Confessional heritage (Catholicism versus Protestantism) and cultural values (levels of religiosity) are better predictors than institutional differentiation or political mobilization. When confessional heritage is held constant, the institutional impact increases. It is not surprising that Catholic countries produce less than fully liberal abortion policies, but the most restrictive abortion policies are found in those Catholic countries where high levels of religiosity persist. Moreover, a strong presence of religious parties is not associated with restrictive abortion policies, but in all countries with moderate to high levels of religiosity and with strong Christian Democratic parties and only there, moderate or “distress” models of abortion exist.
Back Rooms or Ballot Boxes?
Authors: DE LUCA MIGUEL , JONES MARK P. , TULA MARÍA INÉS
Published: April 2003

How political parties select their candidates for public office profoundly affects the types of people who are elected as well as how these people behave in office. This selection process also provides important insights on how parties function internally and on where political power is located within a country. Only a few comparative studies of nomination procedures exist, and none explain why some parties at some points in time select candidates via direct primaries and others do not. The authors analyze an original data set of 610 district-level nomination processes for the biennial Argentine Chamber of Deputies elections held between 1983 and 2001. They conclude that several specific institutional and partisan features have a prominent effect on the probability that a political party will choose its candidates at the ballot box (direct primary) rather than in a smoke-filled back room (elite arrangement).
The Political Foundations of Post-communist Regimes
Authors: KURTZ MARCUS J. , BARNES ANDREW
Published: April 2003

This article explores the causes of differing post-communist regime transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, emphasizing the increasingly prominent thesis that economic liberalization promotes political democratization. We explore this argument in light of findings from other regions that have emphasized modernization, agrarian class structure, and international influences. Our results are based on a multilevel design strategy, first analyzing data on 26 post-communist countries over a 7-to 9-year period using time-series/cross-sectional methods and then turning to a comparative analysis of four purposively selected cases to explore the causal mechanisms implied but not tested in the quantitative analysis. Our results suggest that faith in economic liberalization as a cause of democratization may be misplaced. However, there is support for the notion that large agrarian sectors are unfavorable to democratic development, whereas positive democratic conditionality from outside agents can play an important role in transition dynamics.
Regional Parties and National Politics in Europe
Authors: HELLER WILLIAM B.
Published: April 2003

Parties participate in national politics that do not pretend to national presence. The author asks whether such parties affect policy outcomes and concludes that they do, albeit in unexpected ways. Basically, nonnational parties influence policy making under certain conditions by trading policy for authority. They help national parties get the policies they want in return for transfers of policy-making authority to regional governments. This willingness to support national policies with minimal amendment makes regional parties attractive partners for national parties in government. The author examines this argument in light of detailed evidence from Spain's minority Socialist and Popular Party governments in the 1990s, along with discussions of the role of regionalism in Belgian politics and of the relationship between the Scottish Nationalist Party and the Labour Party in the United Kingdom.
Opposition Party Strategy and Spatial Competition in Dominant Party Regimes
Authors: GREENE KENNETH F.
Published: April 2003

This article provides a non-formal modification of the standard spatial model of party competition to make it more applicable to the study of opposition parties in dominant party systems in transition. Dominant parties' virtual monopoly over resources forces challengers to rely on activist-based strategies. Challengers then face the problem of balancing programmatically radical activists against the moderate preference of the median voter. The article shows that opposition parties' programmatic locations depend on the number of competing parties. Contrary to standard expectations, it finds that two-party competition between the incumbent and one challenger produces a center-fleeing strategy by the challenger, whereas three-party competition between the incumbent and two challengers yields center-seeking strategies by both challengers. The second half of the article applies this modified model to the case of Mexico. Data come from in-depth interviews, electoral returns, public opinion polls, and original sample surveys of national party leaders and activists.
Defining the Eu Political Space
Authors: Gabel Matthew , Hix Simon
Published: April 2003

Descriptive models of the EU political space are fundamental components of both descriptions of EU politics and theories of EU policy making. But there is no consensus on which, if any, model accurately captures the EU political space. In this article, the authors seekto advance their understanding of the EU political space by bringing evidence to bear on the accuracy of four extant models. Following the methodology used to analyze the national political space of Euro-pean democracies, they assemble and code manifestos of party federations written prior to Euro-pean elections. They then use confirmatory factor analysis to analyze the underlying structure of these party federations'policy positions. They also examine temporal differences in party feder-ation positions over several sets of issues. The results of the study indicate that the EU political space is basically one dimensional and similar to the domestic Left-Right dimension in policy content.
Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Marks Gary , Wilson Carole J.
Published: April 2003

How is contestation on European integration structured among national political parties? Are issues arising from European integration assimilated into existing dimensions of domestic contestation? We show that there is a strong relationship between the conventional left/right dimension and party positioning on European integration. However, the most powerful source of variation in party support is the new politics dimension, ranging from Green/alternative/libertarian to Traditional/authoritarian/nationalist.
Interaction Effects in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems
Authors: Cox Karen E. , Schoppa Leonard J.
Published: April 2003

The past decade has witnessed a surprising growth in the popularity of mixed-member electoral systems. Under these systems, voters choose representatives simultaneously under both proportional representation (PR) and single-member district plurality (SMDP) rules. It is widely accepted that SMDP rules tend to winnow competition down toward two large parties, and evidence from mixed systems suggests that this Duvergerian “gravity” reduces the number of parties surviving SMDP competition under mixed systems as well. Nevertheless, we argue, simultaneous balloting under PR rules softens this winnowing effect, operating as a “centrifugal force” that prevents Duvergerian gravity from reducing competition to the degree it does under pure SMDP systems. Thus, these newsystems produce effects unanticipated by their designers. To test for the presence of this centrifugal force, we examine elite-level electoral strategies in Germany, Japan, and Italy and compare district-level SMDP election results from pure systems with those of mixed-member systems.
Integrating Ideas into Policy-Making Analysis
Authors: Bleich Erik
Published: April 2003

This article argues that systematically integrating ideas into policy-making analysis greatly enhances our understanding of policy outcomes. Variables emphasized by other schools of thought—such as power, interests, institutions, and problems—often provide an inadequate explanation of policy choices. To demonstrate the contribution of ideas to policy-making analysis, this article examines the impact of policy frames, showing how they help actors define their interests, generate interpretations of pressing problems, and constrain actions. Retracing the history of race policy development in Britain and France reveals that each country's frames influenced domestic policy outcomes and thus played a vital role in explaining cross-national race policy differences.
Dismemberment and Suffocation
Authors: Englebert Pierre , Tarango Stacy , Carter Matthew
Published: April 2003

Do African countries suffer from their arbitrary boundaries? The authors test several hypotheses from the debate on this question. They differentiate, one by one, the degree of arbitrariness of African boundaries along two axes: the extent to which they partition preexisting political groupings (dismemberment) and the degree to which they bring together distinct precolonial political cultures (suffocation). They find that dismemberment is positively associated with international disputes and that suffocation magnifies the likelihood of civil wars, political instability, and secession attempts. The evidence appears to support claims that Africa has paid a substantial price for refusing to challenge some of the arbitrary boundaries it inherited from colonialism. The authors discuss the policy implications of their findings.
Programmatic Party Cohesion in Emerging Postcommunist Democracies
Authors: Kitschelt Herbert , Smyth Regina
Published: April 2003

Across postcommunist states, studies of electoral competition reveal variation in the capacity of political parties to compete on the basis of clearly articulated issue-based programs. Notably, the development of programmatic party competition in the Russian Federation is lagging behind other postcommunist states. Over time it is likely that democratic institutions shape the learning process that enable politicians to adjust strategies of party competition, but learning is not likely to occur at the same pace across all countries. The authors explain the observed cross-national variation in party system development as a function of the aspiring political elites'capabilities to solve social choice problems through party formation against the backdrop of past experiences with collective mobilization under and before communist rule. The authors test this model using survey data of middle-level party elites in five countries and find that legacies decisively affect elite strategies in the initial rounds of democratic party competition.
The EU: A Global Military Actor?
Authors: LARSEN HENRIK
Published: April 2003

The point of departure in this article is the question of why the EU's policy focus can be said to be regional rather than global in spite of having access to considerable capabilities and instruments in its foreign policy and why the EU has made such little use of the (modest) military means at its disposal so far. The approach used is a constructivist approach drawing on discourse analysis of primarily EU Council documents and the speeches of the High Representative Solana. Successful enlargement and a successful EU role in the former Yugoslavia are presented as the keys to a truly future global role. Moreover, it is shown that the dominant discourse in the EU in the 1990s constructed the EU as a civilian power drawing on political and economic means, which has to a large extent also been the case after the St. Malo Process. In other words, dominant framework of meaning at the EU level provides a possible answer to the EU's regional policy focus and its limited use of military means.
Globalization and European State Formation 1900-2000
Authors: HANSEN BIRTHE
Published: April 2003

The article deals with the impact that the globalization process has had on European state formation in the period 1900-2000. Hypotheses are derived from the emerging schools of globalization: the hyperglobalists, the transformationalists and the sceptics. Is state formation hindered or stimulated by level of economic globalization? Indeed, does economic globalization have any effect at all? It is found that the still growing number of European states were formed in clusters following systemic change, that the probability of state formation increased in the case of candidates situated in zones of defeat, that nationalism did not play a decisive role, and that there was no connection between fluctuations in the globalization process and state formation. The hyperglobalist hypothesis is thus rejected, little support is found for the transformationalist hypothesis, but the sceptic hypothesis matches the findings. In addition, the article offers an explanation for the residual patterns found.
`A Parallel Globalization of Terror': 9-11, Security and Globalization
Authors: RASMUSSEN MIKKEL VEDBY
Published: April 2003

Little research exists on how the conception of world order in terms of globalization defines security policy. The way the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, DC, on 11 September 2001 were understood highlights how globalization defines threats, and the policies adopted to deal with them, in the post-Cold War international order. This article utilizes three elements of the globalization discourse (globality, globalization and globalism) identified by Ulrich Beck in analysing the Western reaction to the events of 11 September 2001. It is argued that the attacks reflected a new `strategic globality' in which the new civilian infrastructure of globalization enabled Third World groups to intervene in the West. In terms of globalization, the events of 11 September were seen as the realization of scenarios for post-Cold War insecurity that dominated the late 1990s. The terrorist attacks actualized the `ontological insecurity' which followed from the notion that globalization enabled threats to proliferate with the same force as trade. Focusing on `globalism', the article analyses the strategies for creating safety in a globalized world that presented themselves immediately after the events. The author presents three globalisms: particularism, imperialism and cosmopolitanism.
Can the Master’s Tools Ever Dismantle the Master’s House? Answering Silences With Alternative Paradigms and Methods
Authors: Morrow Susan L.
Published: April 2003

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) concerns continue to be underrepresented in the counseling literature, although progress was made in the 1990s in the content and quantity of literature dealing with these issues. Despite progress in several areas, the scholarship on specific marginalized groups within the LGB community is particularly sparse:LGB people of color, bisexual women and men, lesbian women, LGB people with disabilities, and transgendered individuals. In this reaction, the author raises some questions about these absences and suggests alternative paradigms and research approaches that may help to address the complexities and fill in the gaps in the coming decade.
Pathways to the Future: Analyzing the Contents of a Content Analysis
Authors: Worthington Roger L. , Navarro Rachel L.
Published: April 2003

In this article, the authors offer their reactions to the content analysis of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) publications in counseling journals between 1990-1999 by Phillips, Ingram, Smith, and Mindes. The invitation to react to this important contribution was accepted as an opportunity to offer analysis of some of the important issues raised. The authors attempt to highlight critical points made by Phillips et al., extend the analysis offered, and address issues that were not reflected in the article.
Self-Reported Copycat Crime Among a Population of Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Surette Ray
Published: April 2003

A unique population of juveniles, serious and violent juvenile offenders (SVJOs), has emergedas a public concern. A corollary concern is the effect of the mass media on juveniles. Addressing both issues, an exploratory study of copycat crime and the media's role in copycat crime's generation among a sample of SVJOs is conducted. The study's goals are to measure the prevalence of self-reportedcopycat crime in SVJOs and examine the correlates of self-reported copycat criminal behaviors. Concerning prevalence, about one fourth of the juveniles reportedthat they have attempteda copycat crime. The correlates of copycat behavior include a set of media and peer-related attitudes. Academic and demographic characteristics are not foundto significantly relate to copycat crime. Additional research on specific media, such as video games, as well as offender/nonoffender comparisons is suggested.
Values and Evaluation: Assessing Processes and Outcomes of Restorative Justice Programs
Authors: Presser Lois , Van Voorhis Patricia
Published: April 2003

Increased interest in the restorative justice programs is accompanied by concern for whether they work andthrough what basic processes. Yet the task of evaluating restorative justice programs is a daunting one because they are so diverse, pursuing unique andmultiple objectives. Restorative justice is guidedby values that emphasize healing andsocial well-being of those affectedby crime. These values must guide program evaluation. The authors explore ways to conceptualize andmeasure program inputs and outputs for the purpose of assessing both processes and outcomes of restorative justice programs.
In the Beginning Was the Student: Teaching Peacemaking and Justice Issues
Authors: Braswell Michael , Whitehead John T.
Published: April 2003

This article is written in the spirit of Richard Quinney's contributions to teaching as an exploration into the contradictions, ironies, and connections (both obvious and hidden) that allow learning to unfold and show itself to teachers and students. A critique of the conflict between developing expertise and experiencing learning is offered. The value of feelings and intuition, thinking and knowledge, and imagination and creativity are examined as a way to bring teacher and student together in the process of learning into wisdom.
If You Build It, They Will Come: Consequences of Improved Citizen Complaint Review Procedures
Authors: Worrall John L.
Published: April 2003

This study tests the hypothesis that when law enforcement agencies make improvements in their citizen complaint review procedures, a likely consequence is more complaints. Findings from a survey of 700 law enforcement agencies suggest that improvements in citizen complaint procedures result in a higher incidence of complaints. Additionally, certain combinations of citizen complaint review procedures are highly associated with the incidence of complaints. Two recommendations are made: (a) researchers and policy makers need to be attuned to the fact that more complaints will be filed when complaint procedures are reformed, and (b) law enforcement agencies need to be “careful what they ask for;” a higher complaint rate, although a desirable consequence of improved complaint review procedures, could result in unanticipated consequences.
Adult Versus Juvenile Sanctions: Voices of Incarcerated Youths
Authors: Lane Jodi , Lanza-Kaduce Lonn , Frazier Charles E. , Bishop Donna M.
Published: April 2003

This article reports findings from face-to-face interviews with youthful offenders in Florida, about half of whom had been transferred to the adult system and half of whom were retained in the juvenile system. The focus is on the youths’global assessments of the impact of their correctional experiences relevant to subsequent offending. The overall impact of each recalled correctional disposition was rated (ranging from beneficial impact to negative impact). For respondents who had experienced multiple correctional dispositions, comparisons were made about the relative impact of low-end versus deepend juvenile commitments and juvenile versus adult sanctions. Youths believed deep-end juvenile placements were most beneficial. Those programs were viewed as having provided education or life skills. When youths viewed adult sanctions as being beneficial, the benefit was linked to the time and pain of prison confinement. Those youths who attributed positive impact to prison had “skipped” deep-end juvenile placements.
Reversing the Criminalization of Mental Illness
Authors: Perez Alina , Leifman Steven , Estrada Ana
Published: April 2003

In 1972, a federal court reinforced the deinstitutionalization of state psychiatric hospitals when they held that people with mental illness have a constitutional right to treatment (Wyatt v. Stickney, 1972). Although many states released patients and closed hospitals in response to this decision, they neglected to provide adequate community-based treatment resulting in the unintended reinstitutionalization of this population into our state and local jails. Recently, many state and local stakeholders have come together to address this situation. This article will discuss how the criminal justice system has become a primary mental health provider and strategies being utilized to reform the current system.
Debating Outpatient Commitment: Controversy, Trends, and Empirical Data
Authors: Petrila John , Ridgely M. Susan , Borum Randy
Published: April 2003

Involuntary outpatient commitment is one of the most controversial issues in mental disability law. The criminal justice system at all levels has had difficulty in responding to the growing number of defendants with mental illness and substance-abuse disorders. Outpatient commitment has been offered as a tool that might reduce recidivism and violence among at least some individuals—these outcomes are as important to criminal justice professionals as they are to mental health professionals. This article explores the debate regarding outpatient commitment, current state of research on its effect, and emerging policy issues in more recent outpatient commitment statutes.
Does the Presence of Casinos Increase Crime? An Examination of Casino and Control Communities
Authors: Stitt B. Grant , Nichols Mark , Giacopassi David
Published: April 2003

This study is an analysis of crime in six new casino communities and compares the crime rates to those found in six noncasino control communities. The experimental and control communities were matched on 15 socioeconomic variables. The crime rates were calculated using resident population and population at-risk, which includes tourists in the crime rate calculations. Both Part I and Part II crimes were analyzed using data encompassing the pre- and postcasino presence. Crime was expected to rise in the casino communities, consistent with routine activity theory and the belief that casinos serve as hot spots for crime. The analysis yielded few consistent findings across the test and control communities. Crime rates increased significantly in some casino communities, some remained relatively stable, and others decreased. The authors conclude that crime does not inevitably increase with the introduction of a casino into a community, but that the effects of casinos on crime appear to be related to a variety of variables which are only poorly understood.
Decentring Social Sciences in Practice Through Individual Acts and Choices
Authors: Sinha Vineeta
Published: April 2003

This article reflects on the significance and relevance of continuing discussions and debates on the `opening up' of the social sciences. It argues that a balanced and comprehensive restructuring of the social sciences today entails a simultaneous attention to the philosophical, intellectual apparatus as well as the administrative and organizational frameworks of social science domains. The actual mechanisms and practices for reform can only be identified through attention to the structures of knowledge production in the non-West. The article connects contemporary calls for `opening up' with earlier calls to decolonize and decentre the social sciences, by focusing on the theme of critique and its role in the restructuring exercise. The article also itemizes a variety of everyday strategies and procedures through which social scientists can begin to affect the practice of the social sciences. Thus the article stresses that, apart from the conceptual and political critique of the social sciences, absolutely crucial to the `opening up' project are the everyday, ordinary, mundane acts that practitioners of this field can engage in in their day-to-day task of being a sociologist or anthropologist.
Classifying Natural and Social Scientific Theories
Authors: Szostak Rick
Published: April 2003

A simple typology of scientific theories is developed which asks of any theory the Who, What, Why, Where and When (5W) questions. These guide the identification respectively of the type of agency, `action' (including attitudes), and decision-making process involved, the degree of generalizability of the theory, and the type of time path involved. This typology generally captures what commentators on particular theories think most important. It thus becomes a handy device for identifying the essence of different theories. Where most natural science theories, as well as evolutionary theories in both natural and social science, would fit in the typology is briefly examined. Then several key types of social theory - action theory, systems theory/ functionalism, psychoanalytic theory, symbolic interactionism, rational choice theory, and phenomenology - are placed within the typology. The typology aids in understanding both disagreements within theoretical `camps' and similarities and differences across theories and theorists. Defining natural and social scientific theories in terms of efforts to engage the 5W questions overcomes many problems associated with existing definitions. Theorists are guided to provide clear answers to each of the five questions. In this way, the typology encourages theoretical development. In particular, it identifies the full range of theoretical possibilities, and encourages a search for the breadth of applicability of different theories. It guides us to see theories as potentially complementary rather than necessarily competing.
A (Strong?) Voice from the South: Latin American Sociology Today
Authors: de Paiva Abreu Alice Rangel
Published: April 2003

This article discusses, first, the strong institutionalization process in sociology as a discipline in Latin America in recent decades, with an increasing number of undergraduate courses, as well as a large and successful development of high-level training within MSc and PhD graduate programmes. This community has a large and diversified production, published mainly in regional journals. Second, the author uses the example of sociology of work, her own field of research, to show how Latin American sociological production can and should make an important contribution to the mainstream debate in the area. Of this large body of work produced by sociologists of work in the region, the article discusses two examples: research on gender and work in Latin America, and more recent research on flexible production, showing how the findings and analysis of Latin American sociology of work are important in making concepts richer and more complex and in understanding many recent phenomena in developed countries. Finally, the author outlines some of the challenges that remain to bring this large body of work to the attention of the international sociological community. How to integrate and to tap this large body of knowledge of great quality and interest is one of the challenges faced by the International Sociological Association.
Implementing a Prevention Curriculum
Authors: Harthun Mary L. , Drapeau Amy E. , Dustman Patricia A. , Marsiglia Flavio F.
Published: April 2003

Researchers from social work, education, and communications worked with practicing teachers to create and implement a curriculum around four culturally grounded prevention strategies in urban southwestern schools. The project proposed to test the effectiveness of various degrees of ethnic sensitivity in school-based drug prevention curricula developed around three different models, including a Latino, a non-Latino (Euro-American), and a multicultural (Latino, Euro-American, and African American) model, based on the cultural norms of these dominant populations. Collaboration with schools to implement the curriculum and to administer pretest and posttest surveys to students was accomplished by developing a strong partnership with teachers. Significant trends in urban drug prevention education and at least four essential conclusions about conducting effective school-based research surfaced from the implementation of this study.
Perceptions And Construction Of Meaning Of Urban High School Experiences Among African American University Students
Authors: Wasonga Teresa , Christman Dana E.
Published: April 2003

The perceptions of African American university students and how they construct meaning from high school experiences were examined. Five African American students from two large cities, attending a moderately selective university in the Midwest, served as a focus group for the study. An open-ended, semistructured questionnaire was used to guide the discussion for this qualitative study. Findings suggest that these students have transcended, to some extent, the attitudinal disconnect from serious schoolwork and separatism that often plagues African American students. The ability to develop interpersonal relationships with mentors and peers outside their own racial group (weak ties) provided more access to information and resources. The findings further suggest the desirability of a deconstruction of attitudinal disconnect from schoolwork among African American high school students.
Politics, Community, and Leadership in a School-University Partnership
Authors: Firestone William A. , Fisler Jennifer L.
Published: April 2003

A review of 8 years of the history of one school-university partnership and detailed field work for 3 years offers some new insights into this undertheorized organizational arrangement. Although much attention has been given to the advantages and disadvantages of working across the cultural boundaries between schools and universities, this work points to divergent interests and resources within each participating organization and several points of intersection between the two. Therefore, the authors suggest that a micropolitical perspective be used to analyze such partnerships. They speculate that partnerships sharing elements of the professional community may promote more improvement but that only subunits within partnerships are likely to become professional communities. Finally, they suggest that although people in a number of positions may be able to offer leadership for such partnerships, those in boundary-spanning roles are especially well placed to do so.
School-Based Accountability in North Carolina: The Responses of School Principals
Authors: Ladd Helen F. , Zelli Arnaldo
Published: April 2003

Surprisingly little is known about the impact of school-based accountability systems, which are one component of the larger standards-based reform effort in education. Using two waves of survey data from a random sample of school principals in North Carolina, the authors investigate the reported behavioral responses of principals to that state’s highly touted accountability system. Their analysis indicates that the state’s ABCs program is a powerful tool for changing the behavior of school principals in both intended and unintended ways. Because of its power, the authors conclude that policy makers should use such a tool cautiously.
Asian, Hispanic, and Native American Job Candidates: Prescreened or Screened within the Selection Process
Authors: Young I. Phillip , Fox Julie A.
Published: April 2003

Hypothetical job candidates varying in chronological age and national origin were created through the use of paper credentials designed to depict them as candidates for either a teaching position or an assistant principal position. These credentials were mailed to a national random sample of high school principals, and these principals were requested to screen the credentials of candidates as if these persons were seeking a position within their school building. Ratings of principals were cast into a 3× 3× 2 factorial design and submitted to a multivariate analysis of variance. Results indicate that screening decisions made by high school principals are influenced by the chronological age and national origin of candidates and type of focal position sought. These results are examined through the lens of social distance theory, and this theory is used to interpolate effects likely for future job candidates at the screening stage of the selection process.
The Validity of the Teacher Perceiver Interview for Predicting Performance of Classroom Teachers
Authors: Young I. Phillip , Delli Dane A.
Published: April 2003

Research addressing the selection of teachers has focused largely on preemployment decisions of individuals as applicants and on preemployment decisions of school personnel as employers. Omitted from this research is any attention to postemployment outcomes associated with these preemployment decisions. To fill this void in current teacher selection research, we conducted a series of field studies assessing the relationship between preemployment responses of teacher candidates and postemployment outcomes using a predictive validity paradigm. Preemployment responses on a commercial interview protocol purported to predict future teacher performance are assessed relative to postemployment ratings of principals and to behavioral actions of newly hired teachers. Results indicate that a percentage of the systematic variance associated with postemployment performance is accounted for by preemployment responses to a standardized commercial interview protocol. These findings are cast within the larger body of teacher selection research through a model for teacher selection, and recommendations are provided for use of the commercial interview protocol in the field setting.
The Dark Side of Leadership: Teacher Perspectives of Principal Mistreatment
Authors: Blase Joseph , Blase Jo
Published: April 2003

This article, the first empirical study of its kind, presents findings from a larger qualitative study of teacher perspectives of principal mistreatment. A grounded theory method was used to study a sample of 50 U.S. teachers who believed they were subjected to long- term mistreatment from school principals. The authors briefly discuss descriptive, conceptual, and theoretical findings about principals' actions that teachers define as mistreatment. The harmful effects of such mistreatment on teachers psychologically/ emotionally and physically/physiologically as well as on classroom instruction and relationships with colleagues are more fully discussed. Implications of study findings are discussed for administrator and teacher preparation, professional educators, and further research.
Understanding Original Intent and Stare Decisis: Two Methods of Interpreting the Establishment Clause
Authors: Seigler Timothy John
Published: April 2003

Religion in U.S. public venues has been strategically constrained by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Specifically, the Establishment Clause bedevils school leaders in negotiating the boundaries of government and religion as operated in or around schools. To traverse the blurry lines between church and state, school leaders may find help in two major interpretive methods, namely original intent and stare decisis. Understanding the elements that give these methods their character and the methodologies that make them operative in resolving legal disputes could serve as a navigational tool for school leaders.
Using Commonly Available Software For Bootstrapping In Both Substantive And Measurement Analyses
Authors: Fan Xitao
Published: April 2003

Bootstrap analysis, both for nonparametric statistical inference and for describing sample results stability and replicability, has been gaining prominence among quantitative researchers in educational and psychological research. Procedurally, however, it is often quite a challenge to implement bootstrap analysis because it is typically not an automated program option in statistical software programs. This article uses a few heuristic analytical examples to show how bootstrap analysis can be accomplished through the use of some commonly available statistical software programs (AMOS, EQS, SAS). Until bootstrap analysis becomes an automated program option in standard statistical software programs (e.g., SPSS, SAS), quantitative researchers may have to make do with these or other creative approaches to accomplish bootstrap analysis in their research.
Using Mixed-Effects Models In Reliability Generalization Studies
Authors: Beretvas S. Natasha , Pastor Dena A.
Published: April 2003

Traditionally, reliability generalization (RG) studies have used some form of the regression model to summarize score reliability of a measure across samples and examine conditions under which the reliability varies. Oftentimes, the assumptions underlying the use of multiple regression are not satisfied in RG studies. This article describes how the assumptions have been violated and introduces a more sophisticated technique, mixed-effects modeling, that can overcome many of the shortcomings of traditional approaches. A nontechnical introduction of mixed-effects models in the context of RG studies is provided along with an example using internal consistency reliability coefficients from the Beck Depression Inventory that compares results under the mixed-versus the fixed-effects models.
Mean And Covariance Structures Analyses: An Examination Of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Among Adolescents And Adults
Authors: Whiteside-Mansell Leanne , Corwyn Robert Flynn
Published: April 2003

Evidence of equivalence of measures is necessary before comparisons can be made across groups. Comparability of a measure is a matter of degrees from weak to strong. Many examinations of factorial invariance examine the factor pattern coefficients but not the stronger requirement of equivalence of intercept terms. This study examined the cross-age comparability of the widely used Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in a sample of adolescents and adults in families receiving Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC). Multiple-group mean and covariance structures (MACS) analysis was used to demonstrate strong invariance of the measures and make comparisons across age groups. Similarities of means in the RSES were found across groups.
Psychometric Properties Of The French Canadian Version Of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory For Children
Authors: Turgeon Lyse , Chartrand Élise
Published: April 2003

The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a French version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). The STAIC was administered to 288 French Canadian children in Grades 4, 5, and 6. The three-factor model found in the original version was confirmed. The internal consistency coefficients of the State Anxiety and Trait Anxiety scales were excellent. Test-retest reliabilities after a 6-month period were also similar to those of the original version. Finally, concurrent validity, assessed by the correlation with the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, was also found to be good. In summary, results of the present study show that the French version of the STAIC is psychometrically sound.
Multiple Correlation Versus Multiple Regression
Authors: Huberty Carl J
Published: April 2003

It is well known that multiple correlation analysis (MCA) calculations and multiple regression analysis (MRA) calculations overlap a bit. What has not been routinely recognized is that the two analysis procedures involve different research questions and study designs, different inferential approaches, different analysis strategies, and different reported information. These differences are described.