bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application and Testing of a Laboratory Biotower Septic Tank System for Effluent Treatment - A Laboratory Study
Authors: Dölle Klaus , Lex Simon
Published: August 2022

A laboratory biotower septic tank system was designed, installed, started up with unfiltered wastewater during a 9-day start-up phase, and operated at a hydraulic retention time of 5-, 15-, and 20 days with filtered waste water and 5-, 10-, and 15 days for liquid cow manure.

The system was operated at a laboratory room temperature of 23.0±0.5°C (73.4 ± 0.9°F). The system had an influent pH of 7.5 ±0.1 and a slightly higher pH of 8.0±0.1 for the effluent for filtered wastewater, and an influent pH of 7.3 ±0.1 and a slightly increased effluent pH of 7.5  ± 0.1 for the operation with liquid cow manure.

This research showed that the system is able to achieve an effluent chemical oxygen demand level between 17 ±1 mg/l, and 19 ±1 mg/l for a hydraulic retention time between 5-, and 20 days for filtered waste water, and between 23 ±1 mg/l and 32 ±3 mg/l for a hydraulic retention time between 5-, and 15 days for liquid cow manure at highly varying influent chemical oxygen demand levels between 25 ±1 mg/l and 74 ±15 mg/l and 293 ±46 mg/l to 335 ±14 mg/ for filtered wastewater and liquid cow manure respectively.

The Total solids content in the effluent of the system showed an increase for the filtered wastewater and liquid cow manure influent with increasing hydraulic retention rate from of 55 mg/l to 71 mg/l and from 25 mg/l to 53 mg/l respectively.

Total suspended solids for both, the filtered wastewater and the liquid cow manure was below the 4mg/l mark, except for the liquid cow manure 5-day hydraulic retention rate which had a value of 20 mg/l.
Mangrove Habitat Assessment in Lavezares Northern Samar
Authors: Ogoc Myrna Nicol
Published: August 2022

Mangrove resources of the Municipality of Lavezares, Northern Samar were estimated with a total aggregate area of 1,038.4274 hectares, the 53.12% of which are distributed along the coastal margins in mainland and 46.88% along islands of the municipality.  The mangal forests comprised of 13 true mangrove species belonging to seven families, which was predominantly of Rhizophoraceae combined with significant populations of Sonneratia and Avicennia species.  The mangrove density varies at different sampled sites  ranging from the least density of 2,100 to the densest of 24,900 stems per hectare. Six of the 12 mangrove sites have predominantly matured trees, an indicator of primary growth and six were of secondary growth with an average regenerative capacity of 72.60% of its populations.

Bakauan bankau (Rhizophora stylosa) has the highest density of 840 trees per hectare with a relative density of 35 percent followed by Api-api (Avicennia officinales) with density of 507 trees per hectare with relative density of 21 percent. Other densities include Pagatpat (Sonneratia alba) with 453 trees per hectare and 19 percent relative density. Bakauan lalake (Rhizophora apiculata has the least density of 267 with relative density of 12 percent.      

For purposes of determining the number of saplings/wildlings in the study area, the mangrove assessment team established 3 regenerative plots (1m x 1m) per quadrat.

The use of acquiring data on the number of saplings in mangrove assessment is to provide information whether the area could regenerate naturally or it needs to have interventions like assisted natural regeneration or reforestation.

Based on the findings, there were only 41 saplings/seedlings encountered in all quadrats during the assessment. It implies that the area is not capable of regenerating itself naturally. Intervention like assisted natural regeneration through enrichment planting is necessary.

Assisted natural regeneration is the human protection and preservation of natural tree seedlings in forested areas like mangroves and improvement of the percentage of desirable species or genotypes and increasing biodiversity in a forest by interplanting.
Personal Factors and Mental Health of Public School Teachers in Lavezares I District, Division of Northern Samar
Authors: Alcera Rona L. , Donoga Danhill C. , Turla Margaret A. , Balag Cecil C.
Published: August 2022

The study focused on the personal factors that influence the mental health of public-school teachers. This was conducted among elementary and secondary teachers in Lavezares I District, Division of Northern Samar. This study employed descriptive-correlational research design involving 30 participants chosen through purposive sampling. Data from survey questionnaire were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. This was conducted within the third quarter of the school year 2021-2022. Findings showed that more of them are between 31–38 years old. Majority of them are female, married, with net take home pay of 5,000 – 11,499, recipients of completed academic requirement (CAR) for their MA, hold teacher III position, have been in the service for 7 years and below, with not more than 2 trainings and seminars related to distance learning attended.

In terms of the mental health, results showed that teachers who are at the forefront of distance learning implementation manifest severe stress, moderate anxiety, and mild depression. The demographic profile in terms of age, gender, civil status, net take home pay, highest educational attainment, teaching position, length of service, and the number of attended trainings and seminars related to distance education found not significantly correlated teachers’ mental health. The findings of this study will provide input how school can address personal factors and mental health issues of teachers to become resilient in the face of adversities.
Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Concerns of the General Population in Age Group 18-45 years towards COVID-19 Vaccination – A Community-Based Survey in Chandigarh, India
Authors: Vashisht Ruchi , Mohindra Ritin , Suri Vikas , Arora Navneet , Wadhera Sarthak , Dharmani Umesh K. , Soni Roop Kishor , Rana Kirtan
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to investigate community knowledge, attitudes, practice, and concerns of adults 18-45yrs towards COVID 19 vaccinations in Chandigarh, India. A rapid online survey was done, and forms from 731 people were collected from 24.08.21 to 5.10.21. The primary outcome variable was the general public's willingness, knowledge, and attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination. The associated factors were identified using regression analysis. A sample of 73% of people participated and completed the study questionnaires. Only 70.3% of the people received the vaccination, and 70.9% of participants gave no history of previous COVID-19 infection. Just above half of the participants, 50.2%, believed to know the vaccine's effectiveness, whereas 88.1 % (644) participants understood the importance of vaccination against this disease. Despite limitations, surveys are a suitable method to evaluate and assess attitudes and concerns of the general population about COVID-19 vaccination.
Potassium Fractions and Release from Mineral Sources of Potassium as Influenced by Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (Bacillus sporothermodurans)
Authors: Anila A. S. , Joseph Biju , Rani B. , Gladis R. , Gopinath Pratheesh P.
Published: August 2022

Potassium (K) in soil exists in four different forms such as water soluble, available, exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium. Variation in K fractions in soils through addition of different mineral sources of K is essential to determine suitable mineral source for crops. A laboratory incubation study was conducted using seven mineral sources of K such as sulphate of potash, langbeinite, sylvinite, kainite, patentkali, glauconite and rockdust for a period of 180 days to evaluate the release pattern of different K fractions with and without adding potassium solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus sporothermodurans). The results revealed that potassium fractions varied significantly with the mineral sources. The water soluble (86.00 kg ha-1 to 268.90 kg ha-1) and available K (144.60 kg ha-1 to 326.75 kg ha-1) were increased gradually while non-exchangeable potassium (59.95 kg ha-1 to 221.10 kg ha-1) showed a gradual decrease in content when potassium solubilizing bacteria added. But there was a corresponding decrease and increase in these fractions from 120 days of incubation when mineral sources alone were added. The highest water soluble and available potassium recorded in treatment received sulphate of potash and langbeinite with and without potassium solubilizing bacteria. The exchangeable K (45.20 kg ha-1 to 137.40 kg ha-1) recorded the highest content in treatment received sylvinite. HNO3 extractable K (353.80 kg ha-1 to 389.55 kg ha-1) was highest in treatment received sulphate of potash and only a slight variation was observed during incubation period. When analysing the release of K from mineral sources it can be concluded that sulphate of potash and langbeinite having more available form of K whereas sylvinite contain more K as exchangeable form. In rock dust and glauconite non-exchangeable form of K was dominating. Potassium solubilizing bacteria converted the non-exchangeable form to available form in all mineral sources of K.
Effect of Different Moisture Conservation Methods and Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Economics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Prathibha V. , Rani C. Sudha , Sudhakar C. , Ramprakash T.
Published: August 2022

Aim: To determine the effect of moisture conservation methods and nutrient management practices on growth, yield and economics of safflower.

Study Design: Split plot.

Place and Duration of Study: Agricultural Research Station, Tandur, between November 2021 and March 2022.

Methodology: A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Tandur, Vikarabad (District) during rabi 2021-22 to assess the effect of different moisture conservation methods and nutrient management practices on growth, yield and economics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) under rainfed condition. The experiment was assigned in twenty treatments, laid out in split plot design with three replications. Treatments included were 4 treatments of moisture conservation methods (i) M1 = Fallow in kharif fb safflower in rabi (ii) M2 = Greengram in kharif fb safflower in rabi (iii)  M3 = Compartmental bunding in kharif fb safflower in rabi (iv) M4 = Barnyard millet in kharif fb safflower in rabi and 5 fertility levels (i) N1 = Control (No fertilizer) (ii) N2 = 50% RDF (iii) N3 = 75% RDF (iv) N4 = 100% RDF (v) N5 = 125% RDF randomly placed in sub plots of the main plot.

Results: Significantly higher grain yield (1402 kg ha-1), stover yield (3130 kg ha-1) was recorded under compartmental bunding in kharif fb safflower in rabi (M3). Similarly maximum grain yield (1565 kg ha-1), stover yield (3659 kg ha-1) was observed in 125% RDF (N5). The lower yield was recorded in M4 in moisture conservation practices whereas it was N1 (control) as in case of fertility levels. Exceptionally higher net returns was observed in M3 (Rs.53401) and N5 (Rs.61506).

Conclusion: Adoption of moisture conservation methods during kharif in semi arid regions impounds the rainwater effectively thereby providing more residual moisture for the upcoming rabi crop and enhances the crop yield.
Removal of Nitrate Loads Pollution from Drinking Water by Using Different Aromatic Grasses: Green Technology
Authors: Kesherwani Bhagyashree , Ravichandran S. , Mazeed Abdul
Published: August 2022

The rapid increase in population needs a vast amount of food and energy to survive. This review paper reveals the potential of aromatic grasses to remove nitrate loads from different sources of contaminated water. A sustainable development approach for growing food needed pure water for irrigation and drinking purposes. These days, farmers are using chemical fertilisers to increase the quantity of food energy without knowing its harmful effect: our challenge is to be aware of them with green technology and teach them how to use it sustainably. Currently, many countries are experimenting with the green approach with the help of plants; they are trying to eliminate harmful elements from contaminated water. This method of removing pollutants by plants use is known as phytoremediation. So, many countries are using it to accumulate and extract toxic substances like heavy metals and higher nutrients load from water with the help of this approach. These aromatic grasses have been identified most photo-stabiliser, hyper-accumulator, and hyper-extractor of the toxic substance and nutrient loads at contaminated sites without harming or negatively impacting these toxics to other parts of the plant.  Aromatic grasses cost-effectively have higher economic value. Many studies observe that toxicity enhances the essential oil quality of these grasses and increases the value and quantity of oil. Thus, grasses are very suitable for removing nitrate from different contaminated water sites and may be they are option for ideal sustainable development approaches.
Multiplication of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza on Chickpea and their Co-inoculative Impact with Trichoderma sp. on Chilli Wilt
Authors: Sarita . , Chugh Rakesh Kumar , Kumar Satish , Yadav Narender Singh
Published: August 2022

Fusarium wilt has emerged as a serious problem in all chilli growing areas of India. Due to difficulties in disease management and lack of stable genetic resistance in chilli cultivars, integration of arbuscular mycorrhiza and Trichoderma were used to manage the disease. Different mycorrhizal fungi were raised and maintained on chickpea in earthen pots. A further experiment was conducted and Plant height, Root length, Dry weight of root and shoot, Mycorrhizal colonization (Phillips and Hayman method), Sporocarp number (Gerdemann and Nicolson method), SPAD chlorophyll content (SPAD meter) and NPK content were investigated. The present investigation deals with the beneficial effect of Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma harzianum on chilli wilt under greenhouse. In soil (Chickpea) sporocarp population of Glomus intraradices (5283) in 100 g soil and mycorrhizal colonization of Glomus intraradices (87 per cent) was observed. Chilli plant showed a significant increase in the Plant height, Root length, Dry weight of root and shoot, SPAD chlorophyll content and NPK content as compared to control. The results revealed that mixed Fusarium oxysporum + Glomus intraradices + Trichoderma harzianum inoculation contribute best growth and development of chilli plant under greenhouse experiment at 90 days after transplanting.
The Role of Nanozeolite and Biocapsule in Improving Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Low Chilling Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cv. HRMN-99 in Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Condition
Authors: Vats Saurav , Mishra Saket , Bahadur Vijay , Singh Ravi Kumar
Published: August 2022

The present investigation was conducted at the Research farm of Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj, on 30-month-old plant during January 2021 to July 2021 with the objective to find out suitable treatment of Biocapsule and Nanozeolite with combination of NPK in relation to plant growth, yield and quality of apple. The statistical design adopted for the experiment was randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and nine treatment combinations. viz, T1 (NPK (RDF)), T2 (Biocapsule 500 ppm), T3 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm), T4 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 500 ppm), T5 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 250 ppm), T6 (NPK (RDF) + Biocapsule 500 ppm), T7 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm), T8 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 500 ppm), T9 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 250 ppm). The treatments were applied by soil drenching at initiation of experiment, pre-flowering stage and the last one at the fruit setting stage to assess the effect on growth, yield and quality of apple. The results of present investigation revealed that, the treatment T8 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 500 ppm) outstand in all the aspects like Maximum plant height (2.8 m), Maximum number of Primary and Secondary branches (3), (28) respectively, maximum number of flower (319), maximum no. of fruit (63.6), maximum yield Plant-1(7.2 kg) and quality parameters like Maximum TSS (11.56 ºBrix) and Maximum acidity (0.71 %) followed by T9 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 250 ppm). The lowest observation was recorded in T3 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm). Biocapsules and nano zeolite with combination of NPK played an important role in fixing the nutrients in soil and protecting the apple plant against pathogen effect. That’s why a positive response has to be seen in particular treatment during the research trail.
Triangulating Indigenous Place Names and Meteorological Data for a Better Understanding of Climate Change in Same District, Tanzania
Authors: Lusiru Sifuni Nikombolwe , Malekela Asnath Alberto
Published: August 2022

Aims: The study sought to triangulate climate-related place names and quantitative evidence of climate change from meteorological data from 1960 to 2021 so as to establish the extent of climate change in Same District. Triangulating the two was important in ascertaining the strategies developed to adapt to climate change.

Study Design: The study deployed a mixed research design which allows for the triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a better understanding of the studied topic. This was important, as the study needed both qualitative and quantitative data.

Methodology: Four villages with climate-related names were purposefully selected. In-depth interviews, structured interviews and direct observations were used in collecting primary data from 152 respondents. Meteorological data were collected from the Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA).

Results: Seven place names associated with wet conditions were found in the villages. The climatic conditions that led to the invention of the names have changed such that if the villages were to be named today, their names would reflect the dry condition found in the villages. These findings were supported by meteorological data, which indicated a significant decrease in rainfall (b = -1.1 and R = 0.1) and increase in maximum and minimum temperature (b = 0.02) and R = 0.4 and 0.5, respectively). Besides, the intensity and frequency of drought has been increasing over time such that currently (1991 to 2021) the area experiences intensive drought every three years, but did so every ten years, from 1960 to 1990. Farmers’ adaptation strategies included growing early maturing crops (EMCs), changing planting dates, growing drought-tolerant crops (DTCs), reducing the number of meals, and migration. However, most of the strategies are ineffective due to rapid climate change.

Conclusion: Farmers’ adoption of strategies which can be effective in adapting to the current rapid climate change is important in having sustainable livelihoods. The strategies may include beekeeping and the cultivation of drought-tolerant crops.
Effect of Organic Manures and Organic Foliar Sprays on Yield Attributes and Yield of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea L.)
Authors: Kumar E. Hari , Yassin M. Mohamed , Somasundaram E. , Latha M. R. , Anantham R.
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic manures and organic foliar sprays on yield attributes and yield of barnyard millet during summer season (February-May) 2022 at Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications comprising two factors. Factor I – organic manure with three levels viz., Enriched farmyard manure (M1), enriched vermicompost (M2) and control (M3). Factor II – organic foliar spray consisting of four levels viz., 3% Panchagavya (F1), 2 % pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) (F2), 3% vermiwash (F3) and water spray (F4). From the experimental results, it was found that significant higher grain yield (2279 kg/ha) and straw yield (7204 kg/ha) were recorded by the application of enriched vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 followed by application of enriched farmyard manure @ 1 t ha-1. Significantly lower grain yield was produced in control (1717 kg/ha). Regarding organic foliar sprays, application of 3% panchagavya recorded maximum grain yield (2279 kg/ha). Among the nutrient sources used, enriched vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 and foliar application of 3% panchagavya gave significantly superior yield.
Prevalence, Patterns and Predictors of Status Disclosure amongst HIV Clients Accessing Care in a Tertiary Health Facility in Nigeria
Authors: Almond Elessa Ebot Mary , Chikee Aniwada Elias
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Mankind has been battling the AIDS pandemic since its advent in the eighties. So far, diverse measures have been taken and strategies formulated to combat the disease one of which is geared towards establishing barriers to its spread. HIV status disclosure as a preventive tool amidst other strategies is key to achieving the end AIDS goal by 2030. The study aims to determine the prevalence, patterns and factors associated with HIV disclosure among HIV clients accessing care in the ART clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu.

Methods: A cross sectional analytical survey was conducted among 260 HIV seropositive clients using interviewer administered questionnaires. Simple random sampling was carried out.  Ethical issues were considered. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS and summarized using proportion, percentages and mean. Pearson Chi-square test was used for associations at significant level of p ≤ 0.05.

Results: All participants chosen for the study responded (100%). The survey revealed that; 96.5% of the respondents had disclosed their status to someone, 82.7% to their relative/friend. For clients who had spouse/partner, 91.4% have informed them. Majority had disclosed to more than one person (74.6%). There was a relationship between gender (p = 0.031), length of on treatment (p = 0.009), parity status (p = 0.049), think it is important to disclose (p = 0.000) and years of diagnosis (p = 0.003) with disclosure status.

Conclusion: Prevalence of disclosure was high.  Characteristics of participants were associated with status disclosure. HIV disclosure though good but need to be sustained or improved as it is key to HIV control.
Alterations in Blood Thyroid Hormone Levels on Palpation of Thyroid Gland
Authors: Atin Mukherjee Ankita , Pal Indranil , Kumar Saumitra , Halder Mrityunjoy , Singh Ritesh
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Manipulation of the thyroid gland leads to alteration of thyroid hormones levels. As palpation is the commonest form of manipulation during clinical examination of thyroid gland, its effect has been studied here.

Objective: As various factors influence the serum thyroid hormone levels, our aim was to find out whether palpation of thyroid gland during clinical examination altered its levels or not.

Methods: The blood samples of 89 (85 females ;4 males) patients were collected twice after a gap of 120 minutes following palpation of the gland in the test group and without palpation in the comparison group by the same examiner and at fixed hours to estimate Free Thyroxine (FT4), Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels.

Results: Serum FT4 level decreased significantly (p<0.05) 2 hours after palpation only in euthyroid patients but hypothyroid or hyperthyroid patients had no significant (p>0.05) change in the serum thyroid hormone levels.

Conclusion: There is statistically significant fall in serum FT4 levels 2 hours after palpation of thyroid gland among euthyroid subjects which is very small to alter the clinical picture.
Prevalence and Determinants of Punctal Occlusion at Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic at Tanta University Hospital
Authors: Mohamed Eman Mostafa Ahmed , Awara Amr Mahmoud , Eldsouky Mohamed Ashraf , Shalaby Osama Elsaid
Published: August 2022

Background: Along with canalicular or nasolacrimal duct blockage, punctum stenosis is one of the most common causes of epiphora. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of punctal occlusion outlining their presentation varieties and etiological factors.

Methods: This cross-section observational study conducted on 50 patient suffering from epiphora. Patients were divided into two groups: single cause(N=19) and combination of causes (N=31). Every patient underwent: taking of the history, examination (examination of the eyelids, lid closure and lagophthalmos), evaluation of the punctum (by usage slit light for visibility, appearance and the occurrence of inflammation or oedema). Schirmer, I test used for ocular surface examination.

Results: Occlusion was significantly higher in single cause than combination of causes while stenosis was significantly lower in single cause than combination of causes groups. Grades of stenosis were significantly different between the two groups. Schirmer test, lower tear meniscus height, and side of lesion were insignificantly different between study groups.

Conclusions: Punctal stenosis was an extremely frequent finding in individuals suffering from epiphora. Age tended to augment the prevalence of punctal stenosis, and many patients accompanied by post-cataract surgery combined with blepharitis then topical anti-glaucoma eye drops with recurrent conjunctivitis were most common association with punctal stenosis patients who had combination of causes.
Impact of Inventory Management on Operating Profits: Evidence from India
Authors: Ali Khurshid , Showkat Numaira , Chisti Khalid Ashraf
Published: August 2022

The study has been undertaken to ascertain whether Inventory management influences the Operating Profits of the sample companies or not. In order to achieve this objective, the researchers have taken under study pharmaceutical industry which is represented by four major companies. A reference period of eight years from 2009-2010 to 2016-2017 has been taken into consideration. The researchers employed Regression Analysis and Analysis of Varience to arrive at some dependable conclusion. The results put forth by the study strongly affirm that independent variable (Inventory Turnover Ratio) does not impact the dependable Variable (Operating Profits) statistically in a significant way, thereby, accepting the null hypothesis that there exists statistically no significant impact of inventory turnover ratio on the operating profits. The study corroborates the findings of Roumiantsev and Netessine [1], Suleman Bawa et.al. [2], and Umar [3]. These studies also established that inventory management does not influence the profitability of the firm in any significant way.
Rigorous Analysis of a 26-GHz hybrid SIW coupler with Mode Matching Technique
Authors: Matar Mohammed A. I. , Cinar Gokhan , Cinar Ozge Yanaz
Published: August 2022

In this paper, rigorous Mode-Matching Technique (MMT) with Generalized Scattering Matrix Method (GSMM) is used to analyze novel hybrid SIW coupler operating at 26 GHz for 5G applications. The introduced coupler has an equal-amplitude of about -3 dB besides 90-degree at its forward and coupled output ports with more than 4 GHz bandwidth. In addition to rigorous analysis, full-wave CST simulator is used to optimize coupler structure and the results from MMT and CST are compared and discussed. The coupler structure divided into two symmetrical cascaded parts with each part having multi-port bifurcated sections. Due to symmetrical structure, analyzing one half of the coupler with MMT has been sufficient for full analysis.
Assessment of in vitro Quality Tests of Paracetamol Brands 500mg in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Akhtar Hira , Ali Muhammad , Ahmad Salman Ashfaq , Humayoon Rabia , Ahmed Khwaja Zafar , Hassan Hafiz Sohaib
Published: August 2022

Objective: The main purpose of this study is to perform the quality assessment of three different brands of Paracetamol tablets (500 mg) available in local market of Karachi, Pakistan.

Methodology: Several pharmacopeial and non-pharmacopeial tests were applied on selected brands coded as P1, P2 and P3, respectively. A sample of (n = 20) tablets from each coded brand were subjected to pharmacopeial tests such as weight variation, friability, disintegration, assay and dissolution and non- pharmacopeial tests such as hardness, diameter and thickness. Dissolution data were subjected to model dependent and model independent kinetic approaches using Dissolution Data solver.

Results: The Average weight in mg, hardness in kg , thickness and diameter in mm of (n=20) tablets of brands P1, P2, and P3 were noted and their standard deviation were calculated which were found to be 520.625mg (± 0.49 mg), 519.53 mg (± 0.472 mg) and 521.20 mg (±0.494mg),7.25(±0.45kg), 7.48(±0.29kg) and 6.64(±0.11kg), 4.3(±0.15mm), 3.2(±0.15mm), 3.2(±0.11mm) and 12.2(±0.13mm), 12.4(±0.14mm) and 12.6(±0.15mm). Friability of selected brands were found to be 0.37%, 0.41% and 0.26%. Disintegration time were found to be 2minutes26seconds, 2minutes56seconds and 1minute 54 seconds. Percentage Assay of (n=20) tablets of selected brands were found to be as P1= 98.97(± 0.02%), P2= 99.96(± 0.03%) and P3= 99.91(±0.02%). Dissolution were performed at multiple point intervals such as 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min and 45 min. At 45 minutes the percentage of drug release for P1, P2 and P3 were found to be 98.7%, 99.8% and 98.9%. For the determination of model independent approaches brand P2 were selected as reference formulation. Similarity factor (f2), dissimilarity factor (f1) for brand P1, and P3 were found to be 73.5, 5 and 79.5, 3. All selected brands were subjected to model dependent approaches. In this study all tablets of selected brands P1, P2 and P3 followed First order and weibull model as the r2 values for first order were (0.9897), (0.9893) and (0.9837) and for weibull model r2 values were found to be (0.9937), (0.9953) and (0.9915).

Conclusion: In this study successful application of Pharmacopeial and non Pharmacopeial tests on three different selected brands in Karachi, Pakistan were carried out however further work is recommended on large sample. Results were found to be in limit in accordance to the United States Pharmacopeia. Invitro multiple points interval dissolution studies were conducted at phosphate buffer pH 5.8 the data were subjected to several kinetic models by the application of Dissolution Data (DD solver) an add in program in Excel to determine release kinetics. Study demonstrated that all selected brands of Paracetamol 500 mg tablets followed first order kinetics and weibull model.
Analysis of 74 Open Globe Injuries Requiring Vitreo-Retinal Intervention and Its Correlation with Ocular Trauma Score
Authors: A. Gadre Girish , Bulchandani Prashant
Published: August 2022

Aim: Retrospective study of 74 eyes with open globe injuries requiring V-R Intervention & its correlation with ocular trauma score.

Results: Commonest cause of injury: Hammer-chisel/stone in 32.43% (24) & Thorn/wooden stick 27% (20). Average age-30.5yrs. Average interval between trauma & intervention was -10.04days (4hrs – 52days).

Discussion: Delay of presentation to ophthalmologist has lot of significance,high incidence of endophthalmitis & retinal detachment compared to other studies. Surgical outcome shows lower incidence of NO Light Perception & Significant reduction in number of cases with </=HM. Patients had better prognosis & visual outcome, higher incidence of 1/200- 20/50; 35.14% cases with >20/200. 60% of our cases had traumatic cataract, visual acuity may be underestimated in traumatic cataract. Faulty Projection of rays probably would be better criteria than RAPD. Extension of wound beyond pars plana, and aniridia (6.7%) are important risk factor.

Conclusion: Modification of raw points is recommended in OTS criteria in Indian scenario.
Remote Detection and Monitoring of Plant Traits: Theory and Practice
Authors: Angel Yoseline , Shiklomanov Alexey N.
Published: August 2022

A means for tracking global plant biodiversity and understanding ecological processes is to identify general functioning principles and quantify underpinning common traits across species. Cumulative knowledge from applied spectroscopy in plant functioning has demonstrated the use of hyperspectral remote sensing in quantifying leaf and canopy biochemical and physiological traits. This article aims to provide an overview of the existing theory, research, and applications of remote sensing of plant functioning traits and wraps up future directions and challenges for ecologists and remote sensing users in assessing global biodiversity and ecological functions. It covers the physics, chemistry, and physiological ecology underlying the relationships between leaf and canopy optical properties with functional traits. Within the scope of the article, descriptions and commonly used physical and empirical trait retrieval approaches are included for both leaf and canopy scales. The last section considers the advancing of retrieving frameworks through emerging hyperspectral remote sensing technology and data‐driven analytics. The article concludes by calling for a greater infusion of biological and ecological principles into remote trait retrieval techniques to ultimately improve understanding of ecosystem function and dynamics across different spatial and temporal scenarios.
Small Post‐Translationally Modified Peptides – The Making Off
Authors: Stührwohldt Nils
Published: August 2022

Peptide hormones are an emerging new class of signalling molecules in plants, the importance of which has long been underestimated. One important class of peptides is the ‘small post‐translationally modified peptides’ (SPMPs), which require proteolytic processing as an essential step for maturation. SPMPs are derived from pre‐pro‐proteins that consist of 70 to 110 amino acids and harbour the mature peptides at, or close to their C‐termini. All SPMPs are subject to further post‐translational modifications during passage through the secretory pathway, including tyrosine sulphation and/or proline hydroxylation, which may be followed by O‐glycosylation. Despite the prevalence of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in SPMPs, the corresponding enzymes responsible for this post‐translational proline hydroxylation have not been identified, and it is unclear how the specificity of the proline targeted for hydroxylation is achieved. In this article, the current knowledge about the processing, biogenesis, compartmentalization, and post‐translational modifications of SPMPs will be discussed and analysed, and the open questions about the biogenesis of SPMPs will be pointed out.
“Forbidden” Polarisation and Extraordinary Piezoelectric Effect in Organometallic Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Vasiljevic Milica , Kollár Márton , Spirito David , Riemer Lukas , Forró László , Horváth Endre , Gorfman Semën , Damjanovic Dragan
Published: August 2022

Organometallic lead halide perovskites are highly efficient materials for solar cells and other optoelectronic applications due to their high quantum efficiency and exceptional semiconducting properties. A peculiarity of these perovskites is the substantial ionic motion under external forces. Here, it is revealed that electric field‐and light‐induced ionic motion in MAPbX3 crystals (X = Cl, Br, I and MA = CH3NH3) leads to an unexpectedly high piezoelectric‐like response that is at low frequencies an order of magnitude larger than in ferroelectric perovskite oxides. The nominal macroscopic symmetry of the crystals is broken by redistribution of ionic species, which can be controlled deterministically by light and electric field. The revealed piezoelectric response is possibly present in other materials with significant ionic activity, but the unique feature of organometallic perovskites is the strong effect on the piezoelectric‐like response of interplay of ionic motion (MA+1 and X–1) and photoelectrons generated with illumination.
Bioinspired Lubricated Slippery Magnetic Responsive Microplate Array for High Performance Multi‐Substance Transport
Authors: Shao Kexiang , Jiang Shaojun , Hu Yanlei , Zhang Yiyuan , Li Chuanzong , Zhang Yuxuan , Li Jiawen , Wu Dong , Chu Jiaru
Published: August 2022

In nature, many organisms have the ability to transport substances, such as bubbles, droplets, or solids, on demand to meet their survival needs. Inspired by these distinct behaviors, a variety of substance transport strategies have been developed for promising applications in microfluidics, microelectronics, and biomedicine. However, it is still challenging to achieve versatile multi‐substance (gas, liquid, and solid) transport. In this work, a triple‐biologically inspired lubricated slippery magnetic‐responsive microplate array (LS‐MMA) by integrating the characteristics of fish scales, Nepenthes peristome, and respiratory cilia is proposed for multi‐substance transport. Under the actuation of the moving magnetic field, the microplates bend and overlap sequentially to form a continuous slippery surface with large curvature. With the continuous motion of the slippery surface, active multi‐substance transport can be realized. The transport speed of the bubbles, droplets, and solid glass balls can reach ≈5, ≈14, and ≈80 mm s−1, respectively. By virtue of the lubricant's capillary sticking property to the substance, the LS‐MMA also realizes 3D on‐demand transport of bubbles and droplets. The LS‐MMA‐based multi‐substance transport strategy improves the applicability and flexibility of target manipulation and has a broad potential application in the fields of microchemical reactions and biomedical engineering.
Transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2) genetic deletion makes transfusion‐independent a murine model of transfusion‐dependent β‐thalassemia
Authors: Di Modica Simona Maria , Tanzi Emanuele , Olivari Violante , Lidonnici Maria Rosa , Pettinato Mariateresa , Pagani Alessia , Tiboni Francesca , Furiosi Valeria , Silvestri Laura , Ferrari Giuliana , Rivella Stefano , Nai Antonella
Published: August 2022

β‐thalassemia is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the β‐globin gene, and characterized by anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis and iron overload. Patients affected by the most severe transfusion‐dependent form of the disease (TDT) require lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy, a symptomatic treatment associated with several complications. Other therapeutic opportunities are available, but none is fully effective and/or applicable to all patients, calling for the identification of novel strategies. Transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) balances red blood cells production according to iron availability, being an activator of the iron‐regulatory hormone hepcidin in the liver and a modulator of erythropoietin signaling in erythroid cells. Selective Tfr2 deletion in the BM improves anemia and iron‐overload in non‐TDT mice, both as a monotherapy and, even more strikingly, in combination with iron‐restricting approaches. However, whether Tfr2 targeting might represent a therapeutic option for TDT has never been investigated so far. Here, we prove that BM Tfr2 deletion improves anemia, erythrocytes morphology and ineffective erythropoiesis in the Hbbth1/th2 murine model of TDT. This effect is associated with a decrease in the expression of α‐globin, which partially corrects the unbalance with β‐globin chains and limits the precipitation of misfolded hemoglobin, and with a decrease in the activation of unfolded protein response. Remarkably, BM Tfr2 deletion is also sufficient to avoid long‐term blood transfusions required for survival of Hbbth1/th2 animals, preventing mortality due to chronic anemia and reducing transfusion‐associated complications, such as progressive iron‐loading. Altogether, TFR2 targeting might represent a promising therapeutic option also for TDT.
Recent Advances in Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2‐b]indole and Indolo[3,2‐b]indole Derivatives
Authors: Hauguel Camille , Pozzo Jean‐Luc , Hamze Abdallah , Provot Olivier
Published: August 2022

During the last 15 years, many teams have developed new accesses to pyrrolo[3,2‐b]indoles, indolo[3,2‐b]indoles, and polycyclic counterparts for finding either new synthetic pathways or their electronic and photochromic properties. In this review, we have listed the new methodologies accessing this type of nuclei published between 2007 and the end of 2021 through novel strategies using metal or non‐metal salts. Significant examples of functionalized compounds illustrate the syntheses. We also present the properties of a selection of these heterocycles and evoke some reaction mechanisms.
Efficient Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibers in High Yield Using Low Concentration of Organic Acid
Authors: Wang Yubao , Si Xiaoqin , Chen Jiali , Ren Zhiwen , Zhu Xuhai , Lu Fang
Published: August 2022

Cellulose nanofibers as one of the promising cellulose‐based nanomaterials have received increasing attention on account of its excellent properties and wide application prospect. Owing to the robust structure of cellulose with strong hydrogen bonds, achieving the uniform cellulose nanofibers from cellulose sources under mild conditions remains challenging. Here we developed an efficient strategy to acquire cellulose nanofibers with high yield using low concentration of organic acid. Electron microscopic characterization showed that the uniform cellulose nanofibers with an average diameter of 27±8 nm was prepared through only 5 wt% triflic anhydride hydrolysis followed by high‐pressure homogenization. And the yield of cellulose nanofibers reached up to 81%. Moreover, the triflic anhydride acted in synergy to break the glycosidic bonds in amorphous region and change the hydrogen bonding network of cellulose. Cellulose nanofibers displayed the high crystallinity index of 84% and good thermal stability with the Tmaxof 331 °C. Our strategy offers an eco‐friendly and sustainable approach for the high‐yield preparation of cellulose nanofibers.
Microglial Activation and Connectivity in Alzheimer Disease and Aging
Authors: Rauchmann Boris‐Stephan , Brendel Matthias , Franzmeier Nicolai , Trappmann Lena , Zaganjori Mirlind , Ersoezlue Ersin , Morenas‐Rodriguez Estrella , Guersel Selim , Burow Lena , Kurz Carolin , Haeckert Jan , Tatò Maia , Utecht Julia , Papazov Boris , Pogarell Oliver , Janowitz Daniel , Buerger Katharina , Ewers Michael , Palleis Carla , Weidinger Endy , Biechele Gloria , Schuster Sebastian , Finze Anika , Eckenweber Florian , Rupprecht Rainer , Rominger Axel , Goldhardt Oliver , Grimmer Timo , Keeser Daniel , Stoecklein Sophia , Dietrich Olaf , Bartenstein Peter , Levin Johannes , Höglinger Günter , Perneczky Robert
Published: August 2022

Objective

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, but increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation also plays a key role, driven by the activation of microglia. Aβ and tau pathology appear to spread along pathways of highly connected brain regions, but it remains elusive whether microglial activation follows a similar distribution pattern. Here, we assess whether connectivity is associated with microglia activation patterns.

Methods

We included 32 Aβ‐positive early AD subjects (18 women, 14 men) and 18 Aβ‐negative age‐matched healthy controls (10 women, 8 men) from the prospective ActiGliA (Activity of Cerebral Networks, Amyloid and Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease) study. All participants underwent microglial activation positron emission tomography (PET) with the third‐generation mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [18F]GE‐180 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure resting‐state functional and structural connectivity.

Results

We found that inter‐regional covariance in TSPO‐PET and standardized uptake value ratio was preferentially distributed along functionally highly connected brain regions, with MRI structural connectivity showing a weaker association with microglial activation. AD patients showed increased TSPO‐PET tracer uptake bilaterally in the anterior medial temporal lobe compared to controls, and higher TSPO‐PET uptake was associated with cognitive impairment and dementia severity in a disease stage‐dependent manner.

Interpretation

Microglial activation distributes preferentially along highly connected brain regions, similar to tau pathology. These findings support the important role of microglia in neurodegeneration, and we speculate that pathology spreads throughout the brain along vulnerable connectivity pathways. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:768–781
Deconstructing the Genogram: A Tentative Proposal
Authors: Rhodes‐Phillips Sam
Published: August 2022

Genograms are a key technology for family therapists, but in many respects they remain distinctly underexplored. This is especially the case when it comes to the basic structure of the genogram. Other authors have added other lenses on top (e.g., the cultural genogram, the spirituality genogram, and many others), but very few have explored in depth the core assumptions of the circles and squares which make up a genogram. In this article, I engage with the genogram literature to suggest that these shapes lead the genogram session to proceed in a way which privileges gender identity ahead of all other social graces, through the process of deconstruction. I then consider if a model of genogram creation which uses a universal symbol and then refers to gender later through symbology might allow for greater flexibility and curiosity in genogram sessions. This idea is offered with the intention that practitioners will engage with this deconstruction of the genogram in a variety of different ways.
Solvent‐free enzymatic esterification of free fatty acids with glycerol for biodiesel application: Optimized using the Taguchi experimental method
Authors: Singh Ramkrishna , Dien Bruce S. , Singh Vijay
Published: August 2022

Presence of free fatty acids along with glycerides poses a technical difficulty for biodiesel production. This work used a Taguchi L9 design to optimize the solvent‐free enzymatic process to result in the esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. Under optimal conditions the esterification reaction temperature of 60°C, enzyme dose of 5 wt%, glycerol: oleic acid molar ratio of 5:1, and reaction time of 3 h, a 75.235 ± 2.19% conversion of oleic acid to esters was achieved. With the addition of molecular sieves, the conversion increased to 86.73% ± 1.09%. However, using the parameters predicted by Taguchi design (60°C, 5 wt%, 5:1, and 4.5 h), 88.5% ± 1.11% of oleic acid could be converted to esters derivative. Diglycerides were the major product, and the reaction equilibrium was attained after 4 h. The immobilized enzyme could be used up to seven times with only a 10% reduction in the conversion. Thus, the process can efficiently reduce the free fatty acid content of oil to make it suitable for biodiesel production.