bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ice-sheet configuration in the CMIP5/PMIP3 Last Glacial Maximum experiments
Authors: Abe-Ouchi A. , Saito F. , Kageyama M. , Braconnot P. , Harrison S. P. , Lambeck K. , Otto-Bliesner B. L. , Peltier W. R. , Tarasov L. , Peterschmitt J.-Y. , Takahashi K.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We describe the creation of a data set describing changes related to the presence of ice sheets, including ice-sheet extent and height, ice-shelf extent, and the distribution and elevation of ice-free land at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which were used in LGM experiments conducted as part of the fifth phase of the Coupled Modelling Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and the third phase of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3). The CMIP5/PMIP3 data sets were created from reconstructions made by three different groups, which were all obtained using a model-inversion approach but differ in the assumptions used in the modelling and in the type of data used as constraints. The ice-sheet extent in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) does not vary substantially between the three individual data sources. The difference in the topography of the NH ice sheets is also moderate, and smaller than the differences between these reconstructions (and the resultant composite reconstruction) and ice-sheet reconstructions used in previous generations of PMIP. Only two of the individual reconstructions provide information for Antarctica. The discrepancy between these two reconstructions is larger than the difference for the NH ice sheets, although still less than the difference between the composite reconstruction and previous PMIP ice-sheet reconstructions. Although largely confined to the ice-covered regions, differences between the climate response to the individual LGM reconstructions extend over the North Atlantic Ocean and Northern Hemisphere continents, partly through atmospheric stationary waves. Differences between the climate response to the CMIP5/PMIP3 composite and any individual ice-sheet reconstruction are smaller than those between the CMIP5/PMIP3 composite and the ice sheet used in the last phase of PMIP (PMIP2).
S4CAST v2.0: sea surface temperature based statistical seasonal forecast model
Authors: Suárez-Moreno R. , Rodríguez-Fonseca B.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Sea surface temperature is the key variable when tackling seasonal to decadal climate forecasts. Dynamical models are unable to properly reproduce tropical climate variability, introducing biases that prevent a skillful predictability. Statistical methodologies emerge as an alternative to improve the predictability and reduce these biases. In addition, recent studies have put forward the non-stationary behavior of the teleconnections between tropical oceans, showing how the same tropical mode has different impacts depending on the considered sequence of decades. To improve the predictability and investigate possible teleconnections, the sea surface temperature based statistical seasonal foreCAST model (S4CAST) introduces the novelty of considering the non-stationary links between the predictor and predictand fields. This paper describes the development of the S4CAST model whose operation is focused on studying the impacts of sea surface temperature on any climate-related variable. Two applications focused on analyzing the predictability of different climatic events have been implemented as benchmark examples.
Evaluating the utility of satellite soil moisture retrievals over irrigated areas and the ability of land data assimilation methods to correct for unmodeled processes
Authors: Kumar S. V. , Peters-Lidard C. D. , Santanello J. A. , Reichle R. H. , Draper C. S. , Koster R. D. , Nearing G. , Jasinski M. F.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Earth's land surface is characterized by tremendous natural heterogeneity and human-engineered modifications, both of which are challenging to represent in land surface models. Satellite remote sensing is often the most practical and effective method to observe the land surface over large geographical areas. Agricultural irrigation is an important human-induced modification to natural land surface processes, as it is pervasive across the world and because of its significant influence on the regional and global water budgets. In this article, irrigation is used as an example of a human-engineered, often unmodeled land surface process, and the utility of satellite soil moisture retrievals over irrigated areas in the continental US is examined. Such retrievals are based on passive or active microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, WindSat and the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). The analysis suggests that the skill of these retrievals for representing irrigation effects is mixed, with ASCAT-based products somewhat more skillful than SMOS and AMSR2 products. The article then examines the suitability of typical bias correction strategies in current land data assimilation systems when unmodeled processes dominate the bias between the model and the observations. Using a suite of synthetic experiments that includes bias correction strategies such as quantile mapping and trained forward modeling, it is demonstrated that the bias correction practices lead to the exclusion of the signals from unmodeled processes, if these processes are the major source of the biases. It is further shown that new methods are needed to preserve the observational information about unmodeled processes during data assimilation.
Detailed and large-scale cost/benefit analyses of landslide prevention vs. post-event actions
Authors: Salbego G. , Floris M. , Busnardo E. , Toaldo M. , Genevois R.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The main aim of this paper is to test economic benefits of landslide prevention measures vs. post-event emergency actions. To this end, detailed- and large-scale analyses were performed in a training area located in the northeastern Italian pre-Alps that was hit by an exceptional rainfall event occurred in November 2010. On the detailed scale, a landslide reactivated after 2010 event was investigated. Numerical modeling demonstrated that remedial works carried out after the landslide – water-removal intervention such as a drainage trench – could have improved slope stability if applied before its occurrence. Then, a cost/benefit analysis was employed. It defined that prevention would have been economically convenient compared to a non-preventive and passive attitude, allowing a 30 % saving relative to total costs. On the large scale, one of the most affected areas after 2010 event was considered. A susceptibility analysis was performed using a simple probabilistic model, which allowed to highlight the main landslide conditioning factors and the most hazardous and vulnerable sectors. In particular, such low-cost analysis demonstrated that almost 50 % of landslides occurred after 2010 event could be foreseen and allowed to roughly quantify benefits from regional landslide prevention. However, a large-scale approach is insufficient to carry out a quantitative cost/benefit analysis, for which a detailed case-by-case risk assessment is needed. The here proposed approaches could be used as a means of preventive soil protection in not only the investigated case study but also all those hazardous areas where preventive measures are needed.
The relationship between Arabian Sea upwelling and Indian monsoon revisited
Authors: Yi X. , Hünicke B. , Tim N. , Zorita E.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Studies based on upwelling indices (sediment records, sea-surface temperature and wind) suggest that upwelling along the western coast of Arabian Sea is strongly affected by the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). In order to examine this relationship directly, we employ the vertical water mass transport produced by the eddy-resolving global ocean simulation STORM driven by meteorological reanalysis over the last 61 years. With its very high spatial resolution (10 km), STORM allows us to identify characteristics of the upwelling system. We analyze the co-variability between upwelling and meteorological and oceanic variables from 1950 to 2010. The analyses reveal high interannual correlations between coastal upwelling and along-shore wind-stress (r=0.73) as well as with sea-surface temperature (r0.83). However, the correlation between the upwelling and the ISM is small and other factors might contribute to the upwelling variability. In addition, no long-term trend is detected in our modeled upwelling time series.
Trail impact monitoring in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA
Authors: Svajda J. , Korony S. , Brighton I. , Esser S. , Ciapala S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and soil along several trails in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to understand how abiotic factors and level of use can influence trail conditions. RMNP is one of the most visited national parks in the USA with 3.3 million visitors in 2012 across 1075 km2 and 571 km of hiking trails. 95 % of the park is designated wilderness making the balance between preservation and visitor use challenging. This research involves the application of trail condition assessments to 56 km of trails to determine prevailing factors and what, if any, connection between them exist. The study looked at a variety of inventory and impact indicators and standards to determine their importance and to develop a baseline condition of trails. The data can be used for future comparison and evaluation of development trends. We found that trail widening (mean trail width 88.9 cm) and soil loss (cross sectional area 172.7 cm2) are the most visible effects of trail degradation. Further statistical analyses of data identified the role and influence of various factors (e.g. use level and topography). Insights into the influence of these factors can lead to the selection of appropriate management measures to avoid or minimize negative consequences from increased visitation.
Comparison of Astigmatism Correction using Either Peripheral Corneal Relaxing Incisions or Toric Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Muftuoglu Ilkay Kilic , Aydin Akova Yonca , Aksoy Sibel , Unsal Erkan
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To compare the efficacy and short-term stability of toric intraocular lenses (tIOL) and peripheral cornea relaxing incisions (PCRI) during phacoemulsification.

Methods

Patients with preexisting corneal astigmatism had cataract surgery either with tIOL (AcrySof Toric) (39 eyes of 35 patients) or standard intraocular lens (AcrySof) + PCRIs (38 eyes of 33 patients). Patients were retrospectively evaluated for manifest refraction, corneal topography, and uncorrected and corrected visual acuities preoperatively and at postoperative 1 and 6 months. The Alpins vectorial method was used to analyze the target induced astigmatism (TIA) and surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), magnitude of error (the difference between the magnitude of SIA and TIA) (ME), and correction index.

Results

Mean preoperative corneal astigmatism was 2.21 ± 1.32 D in the tIOL group and 2.24 ± 0.96 D in the PCRI group; the difference was not significant. The decrease in astigmatism was significant in both groups at last follow-up (64% tIOL group, 32% PCRI group, p<0.01, Wilcoxon signed rank test). The mean remaining refractive astigmatism was significantly higher in the PCRI group than in the tIOL group at 1-month (1.42 ± 1.22, 0.89 ± 0.68, respectively) and 6-month follow-ups (1.75 ± 1.37 D, 0.92 ± 0.72, respectively) (p<0.01). The mean ME was significantly lower (−0.35 versus −0.88) with a higher correction index (0.96 versus 0.56) in the tIOL group at 6 months postoperatively.

Conclusions

Both tIOL implantation and using PCRI were effective methods to reduce preoperative astigmatism at the time of the cataract surgery. However, tIOLs provided better remaining astigmatism with a more stable refraction than PCRI.
The Status of Glaucoma Diagnostics and Care in Europe in 2015: A European Survey
Authors: Holló Gábor , Hommer Anton ,   Delivery of Glaucoma Care Committee of the European Glaucoma Society
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the current status of glaucoma diagnostics and care in Europe.

Methods

A questionnaire addressing glaucoma patient organizations, resident education, access to an ophthalmologist, use and reimbursement of techniques/instruments for glaucoma diagnostics and follow-up, prescription rules, and glaucoma drug reimbursement was sent to all national representatives of the European Glaucoma Society (EGS) in 2015. The country-specific responses were analyzed and summarized.

Results

Completed questionnaires were returned for 24 countries. In 2015, a glaucoma patient organization is functioning in 57% of the respondent countries. Waiting time for an ophthalmology resident position varies between ≤6 months and >2 years. The duration of ophthalmology resident training varies between 3 and 7 years. Nonemergency access to an ophthalmologist is available directly in 45.8% and via the general practitioner in 25% of the countries. Disc photography/imaging is always done during glaucoma diagnostics in 9.5% and for follow-up in 55.5% of the respondent countries. Initial therapy of glaucoma is medical in 100% (monotherapy in 91.3%) of the respondent countries. Clinical and visual field examination but not disc photography/imaging is reimbursed in 47.5% of the countries, while in another 47.5% all examinations are reimbursed. Dispensing of the prescribed original eyedrops by the pharmacists is mandatory in 43.5% of the countries, while the aut idem rule applies in 52.2%, and the aut simile rule in 4.3%.

Conclusions

Diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up of glaucoma remains diverse in Europe. The differences are due to financial/reimbursement differences. When reimbursement allows, the EGS Guidelines are followed.
Estimation of Depression Prevalence in Patients with Stargardt Disease using PHQ-9 and Zung Scores
Authors: Moschos Marilita M. , Nitoda Eirini , Lavaris Anastasios
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the psychological impact and depression prevalence in patients with Stargardt disease.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study including 39 patients with Stargardt disease and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Zung Depression Inventory questionnaire. Results were analyzed using IBM SPSS 22.0 software.

Results

The patient group consisted of 19 men and 20 women with mean age of 36.9 ± 5.4 years and control group of 19 men and 13 women with mean age of 42.5 ± 10.1 years. The mean values of PHQ-9 and Zung scores for patients and healthy individuals were 10.9 ± 4.9, 46.7 ± 11.1, 6.7 ± 5.4, and 41.1 ± 8.5, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in PHQ-9 scores (independent samples t test: p = 0.001), but not in Zung scores (Mann-Whitney test: p = 0.053). The PHQ-9 and Zung scores appeared to be moderately but significantly correlated (Pearson coefficient 0.44, p<0.0001). In addition, PHQ-9 score seems to be raised along with age, whereas both scores are low when best-corrected visual acuity is high.

Conclusions

Patients with Stargardt disease exhibited more depressive symptoms compared to healthy individuals according mainly to PHQ-9 scores. Moderate depression was significantly correlated visual function decline.
The Synergistic Effects of Shear Stress and Cyclic Hydrostatic Pressure Modulate Chondrogenic Induction of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Hosseini Motahare-Sadat , Tafazzoli-Shadpour Mohammad , Haghighipour Nooshin , Aghdami Naser , Goodarzi Alireza
Published: November 2015

Purpose

In this study, we examined chondrogenic regulation of 2 types of mesenchymal stem cells seeded on the bioengineered substrate in monolayer cultures under mechanically defined conditions to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of chondrocytes within articular cartilage tissues.

Results

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BSCs) were exposed to 0.2 Pa shear stress, 3 MPa cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and combined loading with different sequences on chemically designed medical-grade silicone rubber, while no soluble growth factors were added to the culture medium. The expression levels of chondrogenic-specific genes of SOX9, aggrecan, and type II collagen (Col II) were measured. Results were compared to those of cells treated by biological growth factor.

Methods

Gene expression patterns were dependent on the loading regime. Moreover, the source of mesenchymal stem cells (adipose or bone marrow) was influential in gene expression. Overall, enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers was found through application of mechanical stimuli. The response was generally found to be significantly promoted when the 2 loading regimes were superimposed.

Conclusions

Differentiation of ASCs was shown by a modest increase in gene expression profiles. In general, BSCs expressed higher levels of chondrogenic gene expression than ASCs after 3 weeks. A greater effect on Col II and SOX9 mRNA expression was observed when combined loadings were applied. Results may be applied in determining the proper loading sequence for obtaining functional target cells in cartilage engineering applications.
Low Incidence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Pump Thrombosis in Patients Receiving the INCOR LVAD System in the Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Iacovoni Attilio , Centofanti Paolo , Attisani Matteo , Verde Alessandro , Terzi Amedeo , Senni Michele , Maiani Massimo , Baronetto Andrea , Livi Ugo , Frigerio Maria , Rinaldi Mauro
Published: November 2015

Background

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation improves survival and quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Despite these advantages, LVADs are not free from risks. Among all adverse events (AE), pump thrombosis and bleeding, especially of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, have been reported to occur with increasing frequency in some CF-LVADs. The INCOR LVAD system is a third-generation, continuous flow, axial pump with active magnetic levitation, avoiding the potential downsides of mechanical bearings.

Methods

The aim of this retrospective study was to review the Italian clinical experience with the INCOR LVAD and to determine the prevalence of GI bleeding and pump thrombosis. All patients implanted between January 2006 and May 2012 were considered eligible.

Results

The total population consisted of 42 patients. LVAD indication was BTT in 36 (86%) and DT in 6 (14%) patients; 31 patients (74%) were INTERMACS class 1 or 2. Mean support time was 525 ± 570 days. The 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 74% and 60%, respectively. The most frequent AE was driveline infection (0.33 events PPY) followed by stroke with consequence (0.17 events PPY), sepsis (0.07 events PPY), and right HF (0.05 events PPY). No episodes of pump thrombosis or GI bleeding were observed.

Conclusions

In this cohort of high-risk, advanced HF patients, the INCOR LVAD provided effective support with improved survival. Moreover, the absence of GI bleeding and pump thrombosis demonstrates a favorable characteristic of this device. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these data.
P16 Cutoff in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation between Tumor and Patient Characteristics and Outcome
Authors: Merlano Marco Carlo , Denaro Nerina , Vivenza Daniela , Monteverde Martino , Russi Elvio , Lerda Walter , Comino Alberto , Lo Nigro Cristiana
Published: November 2015

Background

p16 has been indicated as a suitable surrogate biomarker of HPV infection. The prognosis of p16-positive oropharynx tumors (OTs) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histology is better than that of p16-negative tumors.

Methods

We analyzed 209 samples of head and neck SCC to establish a predictive cutoff for p16 and determine the role of p16 positivity in OTs versus non-OTs. We compared the outcomes of tumors harboring any percentage of p16-positive cells (≥1%) with those of p16-negative OTs. We then considered 3 cutoffs (10%, 50% and 70% positive cells) to evaluate the outcome of OTs/non-OTs with similar p16 expression and p16-positive versus p16-negative tumors stratified by patient age.

Results

p16-negative tumors among OTs and non-OTs were 29% and 49%, respectively (p = 0.0054). The cumulative distribution showed that the positive values were located around 2 focus points: 2% and 96%. Subgroup analysis showed that only OTs occurred in young patients (aged <65 years) and that there was a ≥70% gain in survival in cases with p16-positive cells.

Conclusions

p16 positivity influences outcome only in young patients and OTs (p = 0.048).
Clinical Evaluation and Therapeutic Monitoring Value of Serum Tumor Markers in Lung Cancer
Authors: Wang Lishui , Wang Ding , Zheng Guixi , Yang Yongmei , Du Lutao , Dong Zhaogang , Zhang Xin , Wang Chuanxin
Published: November 2015

Background

Tumor markers CYFRA21-1, CEA, NSE, CA125, pro-GRP and SCC are routinely used for lung cancer. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of these markers in the same cohort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring value of these markers.

Methods

The levels of 6 serum tumor markers were measured in 392 patients, including 308 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 84 with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and 116 patients with benign lung diseases and 144 healthy controls. 34 patients were followed up after operation and chemotherapy. Multiple logistic models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate their diagnostic value.

Results

CEA, NSE, CA125 and pro-GRP in SCLC, and CYFRA21-1 as well as CEA in NSCLC, were higher than those in control groups. The level of CEA and CA125 were related to the clinical stages of NSCLC. Pro-GRP was significantly increased in extensive disease (ED) compared with limited disease (LD) in SCLC. CYFRA21-1 was reduced after the third and fifth treatment cycle respectively in patients who undergoing operation and without operation. NSE and pro-GRP were reduced significantly after the second and third treatment cycles, respectively.

Conclusions

CEA, NSE, CA125 and pro-GRP could serve as biomarkers for SCLC, and CEA and CYFRA21-1 could serve as biomarkers for NSCLC. Pro-GRP, CA125 and CEA were related to the clinical stages of lung cancer. CYFRA21-1, NSE and pro-GRP could be used for monitoring the effect of chemotherapy.
Comparing the Length of Penile Mucosa in Men with and without Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Gooran Shahram , Narouie Behzad , Faraji Shovey Mehdi , Fazeli Faramarz , Dialameh Hossein , Sharifi Amirsina , Hashemiaghdam Arsalan , Yaghoubnia Fariba , Valipour Reza
Published: November 2015

Background

Premature ejaculation is one of the prevalent disorders in men; almost one out of three men between 18 and 59 years old have this disorder with its leading sequel such as lack of self-confidence, anxiety, depression and unsatisfactory intercourse in men and their partners. This study aimed to compare the length of penile mucosa in men with and without premature ejaculation.

Method

Three hundred and eighty patients referring to our hospital from March 2009 to March 2010 were enrolled in the study. First group comprised 190 men with premature ejaculation and second group included 190 men without premature ejaculation as control group that were chosen randomly. A questionnaire was designed to collect data and was completed for both groups. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), length of penile mucosa, length of penis and intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) were measured.

Results

The mean IELT in premature ejaculation group and control group were 47.58 ± 29.55 and 410.38 ± 190.2 s, respectively (p = 0.001). The mean penis length in premature ejaculation group and control group were 127.25 ± 16.23 and 127.03 ± 17.42 mm, respectively (p = 0.901, with nonsignificant difference); the mean penile mucosa in premature ejaculation group was 33.83 ± 11.54 mm and in control group was 31.40 ± 11.97 mm (p = 0.014, with significant difference).

Conclusion

Longer penile mucosa can be one of the factors in causing premature ejaculation.
De rollen van de praktijkonderzoeker: getuige-deskundige, sociaal ingenieur en verhalenverteller
Authors: Engbersen Godfried
Published: November 2015

Roles of social scientists in social policy: Expert witnesses, social engineers and storytellers

This article shows the relevance of Burawoy’s analytical categories on the division of scientific labour to analyse the interactions between science and practice. It argues that social scientists need to combine the roles of expert witness, social engineer and storyteller in order to develop a productive relationship with policy makers. It also emphasises the relevance of a permanent dialogue between social scientists and policy makers. However, the analysis disagrees with Burawoy’s view that knowledge is based on a consensus between scientists and their publics (consensual knowledge). Burawoy underestimates the risk of a politicisation of science inherent to a close relationship with various ‘publics’. The arguments presented in this article are based on the reception of a research project on labour migration from Central and Eastern Europe. This was a hybrid research project in which different actors participated: the Erasmus University, nine Dutch municipalities, the national government and a Dutch knowledge center on urban issues.
Van vrolijke botsing naar fundamenteel inzicht; dubbelinterview Kees van Paridon en Jeroen Slot
Authors: Hafkamp Wim , Grin John , Duiveman Robert
Published: November 2015

From lively collision to essential insights

In this interview Jeroen Slot (head of Research & Statistics, Municipality of Amsterdam) and Kees van Paridon (former chief science officer, municipality of Rotterdam) share their ideas and reflect on their extensive experience with linking scientific knowledge and local policy making. They discuss the divergence between established institutions and emergent knowledge needs and the problematic entwinement of scientific knowledge and policy development. Conditions are proposed for the design of intermediaries between the academic and governmental sectors.
Over de werking en waardering van kennispraktijken
Authors: Duiveman Robert , Grin John , Hafkamp John , Metze Tamara
Published: November 2015

On the development and evaluation of knowledge practices.

When scientific values like objectivity, validity and reliability are inadequate for designing research that enables society’s capacity for dealing with unstructured problems, which values or criteria should we use for designing adequate knowledge practices? Based on the articles in this special issue we answer this question by analysing the methods researchers have used for selecting stakeholders, knowledges, synthesis, context and outcome in new knowledge practices. Although a common language for comparison and documentation is lacking, the analysis provides recommendations for better designing interaction between scientific and other practices. The most important message however is that we need a designated platform for exchanging and evaluating experiences and discussing methods and the outcomes they yield.
Bereikt coproductie kwetsbare burgers?
Authors: Fledderus Joost
Published: November 2015

Does co-production reach vulnerable citizens? An analysis of critical aspects for vulnerable citizens in three phases

Co-production is regarded as a way to actively involve vulnerable citizens with public service delivery. However, there are several critical aspects that may lead to the unexpected exclusion of this group by public organizations, which have been insufficiently addressed hitherto. On the basis of a dissertation research, these critical aspects are analyzed for three phases of co-production. In the first phase, self-selection and organizational selection may lead to the exclusion of vulnerable citizens. In the second phase, a lack of commitment of the user and organizational support increase the chance of early discontinuation of co-production by vulnerable citizens. Finally, in the evaluation phase, it is likely that disadvantaged citizens attribute potential success of co-production to themselves and do not reward the public service provider for this. This has the possible consequence that there is no recognition for the added value of co-production, which may lead to less co-production that involves vulnerable citizens in the future.
Quo vadis, Nederlandse Bestuurskunde?
Authors: Braun Caelesta , Fenger Menno , ’t Hart Paul , van der Veer Judith , Verheij Tanja
Published: November 2015

Public aministration in the Netherlands: quo vadis?

Forty years ago, Dutch Public Administration started as an independent academic discipline. The founding fathers considered empirical application and multidisciplinarity the most important characteristics of public administration. This article assesses the current state of the discipline in the Netherlands. The assessment is the result of a series of five debates throughout the country, focussing on different elements of the Public Administration discipline: education, academic research, consultancy and policy advice. In brief, the article argues that the discipline has reached maturity in these forty years. It has become an accepted academic discipline, on the verge of a mono-discipline. The Netherlands is considered as one of the leading countries in public administration research. However, these successes also create a gap between public administration as a successful academic discipline and its roots as a multi-disciplinary, applied science. Renewing the balance between these two will be the main challenge for the decades to come.
Protein aggregates are associated with replicative aging without compromising protein quality control
Authors: Saarikangas Juha , Barral Yves
Published: November 2015

Differentiation of cellular lineages is facilitated by asymmetric segregation of fate determinants between dividing cells. In budding yeast, various aging factors segregate to the aging (mother)-lineage, with poorly understood consequences. In this study, we show that yeast mother cells form a protein aggregate during early replicative aging that is maintained as a single, asymmetrically inherited deposit over the remaining lifespan. Surprisingly, deposit formation was not associated with stress or general decline in proteostasis. Rather, the deposit-containing cells displayed enhanced degradation of cytosolic proteasome substrates and unimpaired clearance of stress-induced protein aggregates. Deposit formation was dependent on Hsp42, which collected non-random client proteins of the Hsp104/Hsp70-refolding machinery, including the prion Sup35. Importantly, loss of Hsp42 resulted in symmetric inheritance of its constituents and prolonged the lifespan of the mother cell. Together, these data suggest that protein aggregation is an early aging-associated differentiation event in yeast, having a two-faceted role in organismal fitness.
The Provisioning of the Military Construction Workers of Sveaborg 1747–1752: The Magazine Supply System in Peacetime
Authors: Hatakka Sampsa
Published: November 2015

Studies of the military logistics in the early modern period have mainly focused on wartime up to this date. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that supply systems were important during both war and peace. Stores of grain and bread were needed to supply garrisons and prepare for sudden war. Food was also needed if an army was mobilized and used as a workforce in large-scale construction works. This can be clearly seen in the construction work of Sveaborg’s sea fortress in the middle of the eighteenth century. Thousands of soldiers were commanded to take part in it, which required careful planning to keep them supplied annually through the intensive construction periods from spring to autumn. As the soldiers could not buy enough food by themselves, the Crown had to give them bread for sustenance. This in turn required purchasing large quantities of grain, grinding the grain into flour and baking the flour into bread. To manage all this, the whole supply system had to evolve. New magazines, bakeries and mills were established and new personnel hired. Although the construction of Sveaborg was an extraordinary phenomenon, many of these changes had a long lasting legacy.
Johan Ernst Gunnerus and the Quest for the Soul in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Stengel Friedemann
Published: November 2015

The Norwegian bishop, theologian, philosopher, political scientist, and naturalist, Johan Ernst Gunnerus, can be regarded as one of the most significant proponents of continental European culture in eighteenth-century Norway. The eighteenth-century debate on the meaning and locus of the soul, considered the most central scholarly debate of the ‘Century of Enlightenment’, clearly exemplifies Gunnerus’ own entanglement in contemporaneous philosophical and theological debates. While delineating his position within it, the present article seeks to shed light on its crucial dimensions and arguments, while also illuminating its impact on the transmission of traditional Christian ideas. Theological-philosophical concepts underwent dramatic transformations – in particular, on the question of the immortality of the soul – that also extended to anthropology, eschatology and the divine doctrine. Positioning Gunnerus within this debate demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of scholarly interactions on topics that today might be deemed purely theological. Their vigorous resistance to dogma and barriers to autonomous thinking form a salient feature of the Enlightenment era. In contextualizing Gunnerus’ doctrine on the soul, it becomes clear that classifying theologies and philosophies according to clear-cut categories like ‘Enlightenment’, ‘Pietism’, or ‘Esotericism’, prunes the complexity of the debates and implicates far-reaching perspectives of the Enlightenment discourse in notions generated in the centuries thereafter.
Ideology
Authors: Van Dijk Teun A.
Published: November 2015

Ideology is a complex phenomenon that requires a multidisciplinary approach. As systems of belief, ideologies are a form of social cognition and hence need to be studied in (social) psychological terms. As developed and used by social groups, they need to be accounted for in a sociological and politicological framework. And acquired, (re)produced, and communicated by situated text and talk they need a discourse‐analytical and communicational approach. Such a multidisciplinary theory goes beyond traditional philosophical views of ideology as a form of false consciousness. This entry summarizes such a multidisciplinary theory of ideology, with special attention to the relations between ideology and communication.
Media Logic
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: November 2015

The focus is on the nature and significance of media logic and an ecology of communication for a theory of mediation and for understanding and investigating political communication. Media logic is defined as a form of communication, and the process through which media transmit and communicate information. The logic and guidelines become taken for granted, often institutionalized, and inform social interaction. A basic principle is that media, information technologies, and communication formats can affect events and social activities. An overview of media logic, including correcting some unfortunate misinterpretations, is followed by discussion of attempts at clarification and revision (e.g., mediatization, mediality, mediatric, etc.), along with uses, relevance, and applications for political communication with various media (e.g., television, Internet, social media).
Formal Synthesis of Fesoterodine by Acid‐Facilitated Aromatic Alkylation
Authors: Lee Youngeun , Shabbir Saira , Jeong Yuri , Ban Jaeyoung , Rhee Hakjune
Published: November 2015

The competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist fesoterodine is a congener of tolterodine and has better efficiency compared to tolterodine. In this study, we present an efficient synthesis of the fesoterodine intermediate 3‐(3‐diisopropylamino‐1‐phenylpropyl)‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde from ethyl benzoylacetate by Friedel–Crafts alkylation in the presence of an acid as a key reaction step. The synthesis is carried out by the reduction of the ketoester to a 1,3‐diol, diisopropylamine substitution, and Friedel–Crafts alkylation, followed by reduction and chiral resolution.
Modular Assembly of Allosteric MEK Inhibitor Structural Elements Unravels Potency and Feedback‐Modulation Handles
Authors: Hartung Ingo V. , Pühler Florian , Neuhaus Roland , Scholz Arne , Siemeister Gerhard , Geisler Jens , Hillig Roman C. , von Ahsen Oliver , Hitchcock Marion
Published: November 2015

Having recently identified a so‐far unexplored area adjacent to the known binding site of allosteric mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors, we now report an extension of these studies by combining our new side chains with different MEK inhibitor cores in a modular manner. Replacement of the amide headgroup with inverse sulfonamides resulted in the identification of new MEK inhibitors with at least 10‐fold higher cellular potency against K‐Ras‐mutated tumor cells. A selected inhibitor from this new series retained the favorable pharmacokinetic profile of its predecessor in rodent and non‐rodent species and displayed significant in vivo efficacy at once‐daily oral doses of 0.25–1 mg kg−1 in a K‐Ras‐mutated xenograft model. The brain penetration potential of this analogue was significantly attenuated relative to PD325901. In a second series, the central fluorophenyl core was replaced by a pyridine moiety which gave rise to a similar boost in cellular potency. Most notably, analogues from this second series do not show MEK feedback phosphorylation in K‐Ras‐mutated A549 cells. Our results complement recent reports on the structural intricacies of MEK–Raf feedback interactions.
Synthesis of Zn–In–S Quantum Dots with Tunable Composition and Optical Properties
Authors: Wang Xianliang , Damasco Jossana , Shao Wei , Ke Yujie , Swihart Mark T.
Published: November 2015

II–III–VI semiconductors are of interest due to their chemical stability and composition‐tunable optical properties. Here, we report a methodology for the synthesis of monodisperse zinc–indium–sulfide (ZIS) alloy quantum dots (QDs, mean diameter from ∼2 to 3.5 nm) with an In content substantially below that of the stoichiometric ZnIn2S4 compound. The effects of indium incorporation on the size, lattice constant, and optical properties of ZIS QDs are elucidated. In contrast to previous reports, we employ sulfur dissolved in oleic acid as the sulfur donor rather than thioacetamide (TAA). The size of the ZIS QDs and their crystal lattice constant increased with increasing In incorporation, but they maintained the cubic sphalerite phase of ZnS, rather than the hexagonal phase typical of ZnIn2S4. The QDs’ absorbance onset at UV wavelengths red‐shifts with increasing In content and the accompanying increase in NC size. The ZIS NCs and related materials, whose synthesis is enabled by the approach presented here, provide new opportunities to apply II–III–VI semiconductors in solution‐processed UV optoelectronics.
Hit‐and‐run trophallaxis of small hive beetles
Authors: Neumann Peter , Naef Jan , Crailsheim Karl , Crewe Robin M. , Pirk Christian W. W.
Published: November 2015

Some parasites of social insects are able to exploit the exchange of food between nestmates via trophallaxis, because they are chemically disguised as nestmates. However, a few parasites succeed in trophallactic solicitation although they are attacked by workers. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The small hive beetle (=SHB), Aethina tumida, is such a parasite of honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies and is able to induce trophallaxis. Here, we investigate whether SHB trophallactic solicitation is innate and affected by sex and experience. We quantified characteristics of the trophallactic solicitation in SHBs from laboratory‐reared individuals that were either bee‐naïve or had 5 days experience. The data clearly show that SHB trophallactic solicitation is innate and further suggest that it can be influenced by both experience and sex. Inexperienced SHB males begged more often than any of the other groups had longer breaks than their experienced counterparts and a longer soliciting duration than both experienced SHB males and females, suggesting that they start rather slowly and gain more from experience. Successful experienced females and males were not significantly different from each other in relation to successful trophallactic interactions, but had a significantly shorter soliciting duration compared to all other groups, except successful inexperienced females. Trophallactic solicitation success, feeding duration and begging duration were not significantly affected by either SHB sex or experience, supporting the notion that these behaviors are important for survival in host colonies. Overall, success seems to be governed by quality rather than quantity of interactions, thereby probably limiting both SHB energy investment and chance of injury (<1%). Trophallactic solicitation by SHBs is a singular example for an alternative strategy to exploit insect societies without requiring chemical disguise. Hit‐and‐run trophallaxis is an attractive test system to get an insight into trophallaxis in the social insects.
Separation of toxic coralene red dye using ionic liquid with triton X‐114
Authors: Bhatt Darshak R. , Maheria Kalpana C. , Parikh Jigisha
Published: November 2015

Cloud point extraction was carried out to remove Coralene red (CR) dye from aqueous solution using tetra ethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate [TEA(BF4)] ionic liquid as an additive with non‐ionic surfactant Triton X‐114. The effects of different operating parameters such as concentration of surfactant; IL and dye, time, temperature on extraction of dye has been studied in detail. The extraction of dye was found to be increased with temperature, time, surfactant concentration, and IL concentration. A developed Langmuir isotherm was used to calculate the required feed surfactant concentration along with 0.1 wt % TEA(BF4) IL for the removal capacity of CR dye up to 90%. The effects of temperature and concentration of surfactant on various thermodynamic parameters were observed. The solvent extraction method using hexane as an extracting medium for the recovery of surfactant from the coacervate phase was also examined. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 692–699, 2016
Novel mode of liquid‐phase microextraction: A magnetic stirrer as the extractant phase holder
Authors: Luo Zhi‐Yuan , Liu Hai‐Yan , Shi Zhi‐Guo
Published: November 2015

In the present study, a novel configuration of liquid‐phase microextraction was proposed, in which a magnetic stirrer with a groove was used as the extractant phase holder. It was termed as magnetic stirrer liquid‐phase microextraction. In this way, the stability of the organic solvent was much improved under high stirring speed; the extraction efficiency was enhanced due to the enormously enlarged contact area between the organic solvent and aqueous phase. The extraction performance of the magnetic stirrer liquid‐phase microextraction was studied using chlorobenzenes as the probe analytes. A wide linearity range (20 pg/mL to 200 ng/mL) with a satisfactory linearity coefficient (r2 > 0.998) was obtained. Limits of detection ranged from 9.0 to 12.0 pg/mL. Good reproducibility was achieved with intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations <4.8%. The proposed magnetic stirrer liquid‐phase microextraction was simple, environmentally friendly and efficient; compared to single‐drop microextraction, it had obvious advantages in terms of reproducibility and extraction efficiency. It is a promising miniaturized liquid‐phase technology for real applications.
Long‐term outcomes of nasopharyngectomy using partial maxillectomy approach
Authors: Ng Li Shia , Lim Chwee Ming , Loh Kwok Seng
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the long‐term outcomes of a prospective cohort of 20 patients who had nasopharyngectomy using an open partial‐maxillectomy approach.

Method

A prospective cohort study of the surgical outcomes of patients with recurrent T1 (rT1) and rT2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma recurrence.

Results

There were 14 male and six female patients. The mean age was 49 years. The mean duration of follow‐up was 60.4 months. All of the surgical margins were free of malignancy. Ten patients (50%) developed recurrences. The 5‐year local control rate, disease‐free, disease‐specific, and overall survivals were 70%, 48.9%, 70.2%, and 66.7%, respectively. There were no major intraoperative complications. The most common morbidity was pain. The median length of hospitalization was 4 days.

Conclusion

Early local recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma can be treated surgically using a partial maxillectomy approach. The long‐term outcomes are similar to nasopharyngectomy performed using the more common approaches.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1103–1107, 2016
Design optimization of precision casting for residual stress reduction
Authors: Keste Appasaheb Adappa , Gawande Shravan Haribhau , Sarkar Chandrani
Published: November 2015

Normally all manufacturing and fabrication processes introduce residual stresses in a component. These stresses exist even after all service or external loads have been removed. Residual stresses have been studied elaborately in the past and even in depth research have been done to determine their magnitude and distribution during different manufacturing processes. But very few works have dealt with the study of residual stresses formation during the casting process. Even though these stresses are less in magnitude, they still result in crack formation and subsequent failure in later phases of the component usage. In this work, the residual stresses developed in a shifter during casting process are first determined by finite element analysis using ANSYS® Mechanical APDL, Release 12.0 software. Initially the analysis was done on a simple block to determine the optimum element size and boundary conditions. With these values, the actual shifter component was analyzed. All these simulations are done in an uncoupled thermal and structural environment. The results showed the areas of maximum residual stress. This was followed by the geometrical optimization of the cast part for minimum residual stresses. The resulting shape gave lesser and more evenly distributed residual stresses. Crack compliance method was used to experimentally determine the residual stresses in the modified cast part. The results obtained from the measurements are verified by finite element analysis findings.

Highlights This paper focus on analytical, numerical and experimental design optimization of shifter. Performed design optimization by finite element analysis and experimental of live industrial problem. The results can applicable as a basis of design and optimization of new type of the automotive parts. The results of the current work present the actual behavior of induced stresses.