bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryolipolysis™ for subcutaneous fat layer reduction
Authors: Avram Mathew M. , Harry Rosemary S.
Published: December 2009

Background and Objective

Cryolipolysis is a unique non‐invasive method for the selective reduction of fat cells with controlled, localized cooling. It is important, therefore, to understand the potential efficacy and safety of this new procedure for fat layer reduction.

Materials and Methods

A review of the literature associated with cryolipolysis was performed to evaluate the findings from pre‐clinical and clinical studies with respect to the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety.

Results

Cryolipolysis has demonstrated efficacy in both human and animal studies. Histology findings also confirm the selective reduction of fat in both humans and animals, with evidence of a gradual thinning of the fat layer over a period of two to four months. Importantly, cryolipolysis has not produced any significant adverse side effects in studies to date and any noted effects have been minor and temporary.

Conclusion

Although the mechanism of action for cryolipolysis is not yet completely understood, the efficacy and safety of this non‐invasive procedure for fat layer reduction has been demonstrated in the studies available to data. Further studies willl assist in identifying the mechanism and elucidate the full potential of this technology to perform safe, non‐invasive fat reduction for areas of local fat accumulation. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:703–708, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol, unemployment rates and advertising bans: international panel evidence, 1975–2000
Authors: Nelson Jon P.
Published: December 2009

This paper presents empirical evidence on the relationship between alcohol consumption and unemployment for an international panel of countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). I find a significant negative or pro‐cyclical relationship between unemployment and alcohol consumption, which agrees closely with prior estimates for the United States. This finding indicates that economic factors tend to dominate possible stress‐induced changes in alcohol use. Model specifications control for non‐stationary panel data and for a variety of other economic and cultural factors, including prices, income, wine sentiment, tourism, population ageing and restrictive policies pertaining to alcohol use and marketing. The effects of advertising bans are statistically insignificant or have contrary coefficient signs, while a composite index for other alcohol control policies is negative.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pimelic acid treatment on the crystallization, morphology, and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene/mica composites
Authors: Dou Qiang , Meng Ming‐Rui , Li Lin
Published: December 2009

Pimelic acid (PA) is used as a new surface modifier for mica (MC). The effects of PA treatment on the crystallization, morphology, and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/MC composites have been investigated. FTIR analysis reveals that PA reacted with phlogopite MC, and pimelates are formed during the treatment. The results of wide angle X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized light microscopy prove that PA‐treated MC induces a large amount of β‐iPP and decreases the spherulite size of iPP. The results of SEM show that PA treatment improves the orientation and dispersion of MC plates in the matrix. The notched impact strength of the composites is improved dramatically by PA‐treated MC. The superior toughness is ascribed to the more ductile β spherulites, preferential orientation of MC plates, small spherulite size, and improved dispersion of MC plates in the matrix. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1572–1584, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Muscle toxicity with statins
Authors: Hedenmalm Karin , Alvan Gunnar , Öhagen Patrik , Dahl Marja‐Liisa
Published: December 2009

Purpose

Statins rarely cause serious muscle toxicity and rhabdomyolysis. The aim of our investigation was to identify and quantify potential risk factors for statin‐induced rhabdomyolysis.

Methods

All cases of suspected adverse reactions to statins reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee until 15 September 2006 containing the codes myalgia, myopathy, increased serum creatine kinase (CK), myoglobinuria or rhabdomyolysis were included in the study. Cases were classified into different CK categories, where cases with CK levels >10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) laboratory range were compared with cases with normal CK levels (in some analyses cases with CK not measured were also included as controls). Fisher's test and multiple logistic regression were used to test the degree of association.

Results

A total of 338 cases with muscle toxicity were identified. CK had not been measured in 148 cases. Of the remaining 190 cases, 59 were classified as rhabdomyolysis, 62 had CK increases below the level of rhabdomyolysis, 69 had normal CK and 2 contained insufficient information to classify the degree of CK increase. A high statin dose and concomitant interacting drug treatment were over‐represented among cases with rhabdomyolysis compared with cases with normal CK. Renal disease and unusual strenuous muscular activity were also associated with an increased risk of rhabdomyolysis when the control group included cases with CK not measured.

Conclusion

Results from our study support previous studies indicating that the risk of rhabdomyolysis with statin treatment increases with increase in systemic exposure to the statin. Renal disease and unusual strenuous muscular activity may also contribute to an increased risk of rhabdomyolysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of the literature on the effects of caring for a patient with cancer
Authors: Stenberg Una , Ruland Cornelia M. , Miaskowski Christine
Published: December 2009

Objective: To adequately help family caregivers (FCs) of cancer patients, clinicians need to understand the complexity of the problems and responsibilities associated with cancer patients illness that FCs experience.

Methods: This systematic review identified the types of problems and burdens that FCs of cancer patients experience during the patient's illness. We also analyzed the language caregivers use to communicate their problems and responsibilities related to caregiving for the cancer patient.

Results: Of 2845 titles identified, 192 articles met the inclusion criteria and are included in this review. Of these, 164 were research‐based. In addition to FC responsibilities and the impact of being a caregiver on daily life, a number of other physical, social, and emotional problems related to caregiving for these FCs were identified.

Conclusion: A substantial evidence base supports the conclusion that FCs experience many difficult problems and increased responsibilities during and after the patient is undergoing treatment and rehabilitation for cancer. The insights gained from this review will help researchers and clinicians to understand the complexity of problems and responsibilities FCs experience. This understanding may encourage them to include support for FCs as part of total or holistic patient care. However, more research is needed to better understand the variations in caregiving experiences over time; how the caregiving perspective is influenced by different cultural, ethnic, or socioeconomic backgrounds as well as gender and age; and how problems and responsibilities related to caregiving interfere with daily life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectively surface‐passivated aluminium‐doped p+ emitters for n‐type silicon solar cells
Authors: Rauer Michael , Schmiga Christian , Hermle Martin , Glunz Stefan W.
Published: December 2009

We present a detailed study on surface‐passivated screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed emitters for back junction n‐type silicon solar cells. We investigated (i) two different commercially available aluminium pastes and (ii) two passivation layers both well suited for highly doped p+ silicon: plasma‐enhanced‐chemical‐vapour‐deposited amorphous silicon (a‐Si) and atomic‐layer‐deposited aluminium oxide (Al2O3). We show that for the formation of a homogeneous, non‐shunted emitter, a careful choice of the alloying conditions is essential. Moreover, for a most effective surface passivation, low emitter thicknesses have to be used. Combining these two aspects, we have achieved extraordinary high implied open‐circuit voltages of 673 mV for a‐Si‐ and 685 mV for Al2O3‐passivated Al‐alloyed emitters, corresponding to emitter saturation current densities of 128 and 55 fA/cm2, respectively.
Hydroxamic Acids Analogous Against Breast Cancer Cells: 2D‐QSAR and 3D‐QSAR Studies
Authors: Rajwade Ram Prakash , Pande Rama , Mishra K. P. , Kumar Amit , Pandey B. N.
Published: December 2009

The cytotoxicity of 19N‐aryl‐substituted hydroxamic acids has been tested in vitro towards human breast cancer MCF–7 cell lines by MTT assay. TheIC50values were found to be in the range from 61.94 to 337.54 μM. A total of 18 out of 19 molecules had higher inhibitory activities than hydroxyurea against MCF–7 cell. Five compounds withIC50values in micromolar range were 3‐ to 5‐folds more potent than hydroxyurea (IC50=307.15 μM). By partial least squares (PLS) regression, 2D‐QSAR model reported herein provide interesting insight in understanding hydrophobic, electronic, and structural requirements of antitumor activity among these set of the compounds. The cross‐validatedQ2cumvalues for optimal PLS model of hydroxamic acids is above 0.638 (remarkably higher 0.50), indicating good predictive abilities for log 1/IC50values of hydroxamic acids (HAs). Thek‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis (kNN‐MFA) approach was used to generate three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) models for these sets of molecules. Statistically stepwise variable selection k‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis (SW‐kNN‐MFA) model is comparatively better as compared to the other two (i.e. simulated annealing k‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis, SA‐kNN‐MFA, and genetic algorithmk‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis, GA‐kNN‐MFA) with respect to both the internal (q2=0.7461) as well as external (pred_r2=0.6107) model validation and correctly predicts activity of ca. 74.61% and ca. 61.07% for the training and test set, respectively. It uses one steric and one electrostatic fields along with its 3knearest neighbor (k=3) to evaluate the activity of new molecules. The developed SW‐kNN‐MFA model field plot indicated that the positive steric and electric potential are favorable for the increase in the activity and hence more bulky substituent at 5‐position of phenyl ring connected at amide group and less electronegative substituent at 3‐position of phenyl ring connected to carboxyl group are favourable for the increase in the potency of the molecules.
Predictive 3D‐Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship for A1 and A2A Adenosine Receptor Ligands
Authors: Yuzlenko Olga , Drabczyńska Anna , Kieć‐Kononowicz Katarzyna
Published: December 2009

The use of QSAR applications to develop adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists is not so common. A library of all xanthine derivatives, obtained at the Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, was created. Sixty‐three active adenosine A1 receptor ligands and one hundred thirty nine active adenosine A2A receptor ligands were used for 3D‐QSAR investigation. The 3D‐QSAR equations with a high predictive power in estimating the binding affinity values of potential A1 and A2A ARs ligands were derived. For the first time, hybrid shape‐property descriptors were used in 3D‐QSAR for xanthine ARs ligands. The obtained models were characterized by a high regression and cross‐validation coefficients. Two types of the model validation were tested – dividing the library into the training set for model development and external set for model validation and increasing the number of library components and checking the model by cross‐validated regression coefficient. The analysis of the results depicts that for the A1 AR binding activity it is important for ligands to possess R1‐propyl substituents along with the phenyl or benzyl substituents bearing halogen atom and phenethyl moiety. For A2A AR affinity it could be favorable to introduce phenethyl or phenyl substituent connected with the tricyclic ring by the alkoxy chain. The nature of R1 group may not significantly affect the A2A AR affinity. High predictive power of the equations suggests their use for further development of adenosine receptor antagonists within xanthine derivatives.
Use of Kernel Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure in Modeling of Retention Indices of Pesticides
Authors: Jalali‐Heravi Mehdi , Ebrahimi‐Najafabadi Heshmatollah , Khodabandehloo Akram
Published: December 2009

The gas chromatography retention indices of 168 pesticides were used to construct a robust quantitative structure–retention relationship (QSRR) model. After outlier detection by Cook's influence measurement, the remaining compounds were subjected to two different modeling strategies. The first one was stepwise multiple linear regression (stepwise‐MLR). Results of this method revealed that 81.7 percent of variances of the response could be explained by the model. The other strategy was kernel orthogonal projection to latent structure (KOPLS). R2 and RMSE values for the prediction set established by Monte Carlo cross validation of the KOPLS were 0.906 and 0.093, respectively. Y‐randomization technique was used to assess the chance correlation in the developed models. This technique indicated that there was no chance correlation in the KOPLS constructed model. From the results of this work one may conclude that KOPLS is superior over the stepwise‐MLR in term of predictability and can be used as an alternative method in quantitative structure–activity/–retention relationship (QSAR/QSRR) studies.
Bayesian Inference Network Significantly Improves the Effectiveness of Similarity Searching Using Multiple 2D Fingerprints and Multiple Reference Structures
Authors: Abdo Ammar , Salim Naomie
Published: December 2009

Recent work in similarity searching have suggested that significant improvements in retrieval effectiveness can be achieved by combining results from multiple reference structures or multiple molecular descriptors. Recently, the Bayesian inference network model (BIN) has been introduced for performing molecular similarity searching using a single and multiple reference structures. One of the important characteristics of the inference network model is that it permits the combination of multiple reference structures and multiple molecular descriptors. This paper introduces an inference network model developed for molecular similarity searching that integrates into a single framework, multiple reference structures and multiple molecular descriptors. The inference network model of similarity, which was designed from this point of view, treats similarity searching as an evidential reasoning process where multiple sources of evidence about reference and compound content are combined to estimate similarity scores. Our results show that, the BIN with multiple descriptors is notably more effective than BIN with a single descriptor in searches for structurally diverse sets of actives molecules.
A community mental health survey and relief program in Taiwan after the great earthquake—implementation, clinical observation and evaluation
Authors: Lee I Hui , Chen Chwen Cheng , Yeh Tzung Lieh , Chen Kao Ching , Lee Chih Kuei , Chen Po See , Yang Yen Kuang , Lu Ru Band
Published: December 2009

No evidence‐based consensus has been reached regarding effective interventions in the immediate and midterm post mass trauma phases. Through a community survey, the mental health of 14,013 evacuees was assessed to assist in the delivery of mental health programmes 2 months after a major earthquake. Three months later, 241 high‐risk patients recruited in the second survey were actively served at mobile clinics, having been either identified through the first community survey or referred by mental health aides. The estimated psychiatric morbidity rate at the second month was 13.8 per cent. The sensitivity of the screening survey and the aide‐referral method were 76.6 and 61.0 per cent, respectively. Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode and dysthymia were the three most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses at the fifth month. Among those with diagnosis of PTSD, 57 per cent had psychiatric comorbidity, and approximately 50 per cent had other anxiety or depressive disorders before the earthquake. The psychiatrically morbid subjects rarely use health services. The rate of help seeking improved because of this programme. A high risk of mental disorder was found among middle‐aged and nervous trait. According to our experience, in addition to development of a sensitive community screening tool, the implementation of programmes to mobilize local resources is critical. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will it work both here and there? The AISP model in various institutional contexts
Authors: McClellan George S. , Eklund‐Leen Susan J. , Gatti Robert M. , Kindle Joan L.
Published: December 2009

A number of assumptions inform the AISP model. This chapter identifies several of those and explores their implications for the application of the model in contemporary student affairs practice in a variety of institutional contexts.
Oct4 and Klf4 Reprogram Dermal Papilla Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Tsai Su-Yi , Clavel Carlos , Kim Soo , Ang Yen-Sin , Grisanti Laura , Lee Dung-Fang , Kelley Kevin , Rendl Michael
Published: December 2009

Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by only four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) has great potential for tissue-specific regenerative therapies, eliminating the ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells and the rejection problems of using non-autologous cells. The reprogramming efficiency generally is very low, however, and the problems surrounding the introduction of viral genetic material are only partially investigated. Recent efforts to reduce the number of virally expressed transcription factors succeeded at reprogramming neural stem cells into iPS cells by overexpressing Oct4 alone. However, the relative inaccessibility and difficulty of obtaining neural cells in humans remains to be resolved. Here we report that dermal papilla (DP) cells, which are specialized skin fibroblasts thought to instruct hair follicle stem cells, endogenously express high levels of Sox2 and c-Myc, and that these cells can be reprogrammed into iPS cells with only Oct4 and Klf4. Moreover, we show that DP cells are reprogrammed more efficiently than skin and embryonic fibroblasts. iPS cells derived from DP cells expressed pluripotency genes and differentiated into cells from all germ layers in vitro and widely contributed to chimeric mice in vivo, including the germline. Our work establishes DP cells as an easily accessible source to generate iPS cells with efficiency and with less genetic material. This opens up the possibility of streamlined generation of skin-derived, patient-specific pluripotent stem cells and of ultimately replacing the remaining two factors with small molecules for safe generation of transplantable cells.
Multifunctional imaging nanoprobes
Authors: Jarzyna Peter A. , Gianella Anita , Skajaa Torjus , Knudsen Gitte , Deddens Lisette H. , Cormode David P. , Fayad Zahi A. , Mulder Willem J. M.
Published: December 2009

Multifunctional imaging nanoprobes have proven to be of great value in the research of pathological processes, as well as the assessment of the delivery, fate, and therapeutic potential of encapsulated drugs. Moreover, such probes may potentially support therapy schemes by the exploitation of their own physical properties, e.g., through thermal ablation. This review will present four classes of nanoparticulate imaging probes used in this area: multifunctional probes (1) that can be tracked with at least three different and complementary imaging techniques, (2) that carry a drug and have bimodal imaging properties, (3) that are employed for nucleic acid delivery and imaging, and (4) imaging probes with capabilities that can be used for thermal ablation. We will highlight several examples where the suitable combination of different (bio)materials like polymers, inorganic nanocrystals, fluorophores, proteins/peptides, and lipids can be tailored to manufacture multifunctional probes to accomplish nanomaterials of each of the aforementioned classes. Moreover, it will be demonstrated how multimodality imaging approaches improve our understanding of in vivo nanoparticle behavior and efficacy at different levels, ranging from the subcellular level to the whole body. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 138–150

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Changes in management of acute pancreatitis before and after the publication of evidence‐based practice guidelines in 2003
Authors: Sekimoto Miho , Shikata Satoru , Takada Tadahiro , Hirata Koichi , Yoshida Masahiro , Hirota Masahiko , Kitamura Nobuya , Shirai Kunihiro , Kimura Yasutoshi , Wada Keita , Amano Hodaka , Kiriyama Seiki , Arata Shinju , Gabata Toshifumi , Hirota Morihisa , Takeda Kazunori , Yokoe Masamichi , Mayumi Toshihiko
Published: December 2009

Background

The Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pancreatitis was published in 2003. However, the impact of the guidelines on physicians’ practice patterns has not been well known.

Methods

To examine the current clinical practices in the management of acute pancreatitis, we conducted a questionnaire survey with members of three societies involved in the treatment of pancreatic diseases and abdominal emergency medical care. Questions included diagnostic and treatment processes considered important in the management of acute pancreatitis in addition to demographic data, experience in medical care, and areas of specialty of respondents. We also examined changes in the treatment of acute pancreatitis before and after publication of the Guidelines.

Results

Of 1,000 society members to whom questionnaires were mailed, 590 responded. Respondents who had read the Guidelines also handled significantly more cases in the most recent 3 years. A variety of changes were observed in the performance of clinical practices before and after publication of the Guidelines. The use of amylase in the assessment of severity decreased significantly, while its use for determination of severity scores increased significantly after publication of the Guidelines. In treatment, use of a nasogastric tube in mild and moderate cases deceased after the Guidelines. The frequency of prophylactic use of antibiotics decreased with mild pancreatitis after publication of the Guidelines.

Conclusions

Although it is difficult to attribute these changes to the direct influence of the Guidelines, several changes were observed in performance of clinical practices in accordance with recommendations of the Guidelines.
Improving Plasticity of Milk Fat for Use in Baking by Fractionation
Authors: Yella Reddy S.
Published: December 2009

Milk fat is soft with a low solids content at all temperatures up to 37 °C, which makes its usage limited. To extend its usage, the fat was fractionated to obtain stearin (St) with a 50–55% yield by dry fractionation. The stearin was found to contain an increased solids content at all temperatures and to have improved plasticity compared to its native fat. The physical properties of St were found to be similar to those of commercial bakery shortenings or vanaspati. The melting profiles and the solidification properties of milk fat St are similar to those of commercial bakery shortening. Also, St does not require extended stabilization or tempering, as it transferred to the most stable form quickly like commercial bakery fat. Milk fat St showed higher proportions of saturated fatty acids including those with short chains, compared to commercial vanaspati, the later having a high trans fatty acid content (15%). The olein obtained could also be used as a cooking medium or as a salad oil since it contains a lower solids content at ambient temperatures compared to its parent milk fat.
Antioxidant Activity of Tannin Fractions Isolated from Buckwheat Seeds and Groats
Authors: Karamać Magdalena
Published: December 2009

Phenolic compounds were extracted with 80% (v/v) aqueous acetone from buckwheat seeds and groats. Tannin fractions were obtained from the crude extracts by Sephadex LH‐20 column chromatography. Total phenolic contents of isolated fractions from buckwheat seeds and groats were 477 and 371 mg catechin equiv/g, respectively. The analyzed samples were characterized by electrophoretic separations using capillary zone electrophoresis. Both fractions exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The tannin fraction of buckwheat seeds reduced 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH·) and [2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)] diammonium salt radical cations (ABTS·+) stronger than the fraction of buckwheat groats. The EC50 values amounted to 0.019 and 0.020 mg while Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values were 4.06 and 3.55 mmol Trolox equiv/g for tannin fractions of buckwheat seeds and groats, respectively. Similarly, antioxidant activity of the tannin fraction of buckwheat seeds measured by photochemiluminescence assay, was higher than antioxidant activity noted for the fraction obtained from groats. However, both fractions inhibited oxidation to the same extent in applied lipid models: β‐carotene‐linoleic acid emulsion and l‐α‐lecithin liposomes. In β‐carotene‐linoleic acid emulsion system, 1 mg of tannin fractions exhibited similar antioxidant activity to 0.5 mg butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).
Glycan gene expression signatures in normal and malignant breast tissue; possible role in diagnosis and progression
Authors: Potapenko Ivan O. , Haakensen Vilde D. , Lüders Torben , Helland Åslaug , Bukholm Ida , Sørlie Therese , Kristensen Vessela N. , Lingjærde Ole C. , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise
Published: December 2009

Glycosylation is the stepwise procedure of covalent attachment of oligosaccharide chains to proteins or lipids, and alterations in this process have been associated with malignant transformation. Simultaneous analysis of the expression of all glycan‐related genes clearly gives the advantage of enabling a comprehensive view of the genetic background of the glycobiological changes in cancer cells. Studies focusing on the expression of the whole glycome have now become possible, which prompted us to review the present knowledge on glycosylation in relation to breast cancer diagnosis and progression, in the light of available expression data from tumors and breast tissue of healthy individuals. We used various data resources to select a set of 419 functionally relevant genes involved in synthesis, degradation and binding of N‐linked and O‐linked glycans, Lewis antigens, glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin, heparin and keratan sulfate in addition to hyaluronan) and glycosphingolipids. Such glycans are involved in a number of processes relevant to carcinogenesis, including regulation of growth factors/growth factor receptors, cell–cell adhesion and motility as well as immune system modulation. Expression analysis of these glycan‐related genes revealed that mRNA levels for many of them differ significantly between normal and malignant breast tissue. An associative analysis of these genes in the context of current knowledge of their function in protein glycosylation and connection(s) to cancer indicated that synthesis, degradation and adhesion mediated by glycans may be altered drastically in mammary carcinomas. Although further analysis is needed to assess how changes in mRNA levels of glycan genes influence a cell's glycome and the precise role that such altered glycan structures play in the pathogenesis of the disease, lessons drawn from this study may help in determining directions for future research in the rapidly‐developing field of glycobiology.
The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques
Authors: Kerrigan D. Casey , Franz Jason R. , Keenan Geoffrey S. , Dicharry Jay , Della Croce Ugo , Wilder Robert P.
Published: December 2009

Objective

To determine the effect of modern‐day running shoes on lower extremity joint torques during running.

Design

Two‐condition experimental comparison.

Setting

A 3‐dimensional motion analysis laboratory.

Participants

A total of 68 healthy young adult runners (37 women) who typically run in running shoes.

Methods

All subjects ran barefoot and in the same type of stability running footwear at a controlled running speed. Three‐dimensional motion capture data were collected in synchrony with ground reaction force data from an instrumented treadmill for each of the 2 conditions.

Main Outcome Measurements

Peak 3‐dimensional external joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle as calculated through a full inverse dynamic model.

Results

Increased joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle were observed with running shoes compared with running barefoot. Disproportionately large increases were observed in the hip internal rotation torque and in the knee flexion and knee varus torques. An average 54% increase in the hip internal rotation torque, a 36% increase in knee flexion torque, and a 38% increase in knee varus torque were measured when running in running shoes compared with barefoot.

Conclusions

The findings at the knee suggest relatively greater pressures at anatomical sites that are typically more prone to knee osteoarthritis, the medial and patellofemoral compartments. It is important to note the limitations of these findings and of current 3‐dimensional gait analysis in general, that only resultant joint torques were assessed. It is unknown to what extent actual joint contact forces could be affected by compliance that a shoe might provide, a potentially valuable design characteristic that may offset the observed increases in joint torques.
Adhesive Capsulitis: A New Management Protocol to Improve Passive Range of Motion
Authors: Mitra Raj , Harris Alex , Umphrey Chainey , Smuck Matthew , Fredericson Michael
Published: December 2009

Objective

To examine the short‐term efficacy of a nonoperative shoulder protocol for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis.

Design

A retrospective chart review was used to collect data for a 3‐year period.

Setting

Academic tertiary medical center.

Patients

28 consecutive patients diagnosed as having adhesive capsulitis were identified and managed with a new protocol.

Methods

The protocol consisted of the administration of a suprascapular nerve block, the subsequent injection of an intra‐articular steroid, and then the injection of an anesthetic agent with brisement normal saline volume dilation. The final step was manipulation of the shoulder.

Results

A paired t test was used to examine the difference in the preprocedure and postprocedure passive range of motion (flexion and abduction). The average shoulder abduction before the procedure was 89.5°; this improved by an average of 51.7° (P < .0001). The average shoulder flexion improved from 117.3° by an average of 37.7° (P < .0001). There was no significant difference in either abduction or flexion based on age, gender, or chronicity of symptoms. White patients experienced significantly more improvement in abduction than did nonwhite patients.

Conclusions

This study suggests that this adhesive capsulitis management protocol is effective and produces a significant improvement in the passive range of motion immediately after the procedure.
Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field, Southeast Alaska, USA
Authors: Addison Jason A. , Beget James E. , Ager Thomas A. , Finney Bruce P.
Published: December 2009

The Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field (MEVF), located on Kruzof Island near Sitka Sound in southeast Alaska, experienced a large multiple-stage eruption during the last glacial maximum (LGM)-Holocene transition that generated a regionally extensive series of compositionally similar rhyolite tephra horizons and a single well-dated dacite (MEd) tephra. Marine sediment cores collected from adjacent basins to the MEVF contain both tephra-fall and pyroclastic flow deposits that consist primarily of rhyolitic tephra and a minor dacitic tephra unit. The recovered dacite tephra correlates with the MEd tephra, whereas many of the rhyolitic tephras correlate with published MEVF rhyolites. Correlations were based on age constraints and major oxide compositions of glass shards. In addition to LGM-Holocene macroscopic tephra units, four marine cryptotephras were also identified. Three of these units appear to be derived from mid-Holocene MEVF activity, while the youngest cryptotephra corresponds well with the White River Ash eruption at ∼ 1147 cal yr BP. Furthermore, the sedimentology of the Sitka Sound marine core EW0408-40JC and high-resolution SWATH bathymetry both suggest that extensive pyroclastic flow deposits associated with the activity that generated the MEd tephra underlie Sitka Sound, and that any future MEVF activity may pose significant risk to local population centers.
Palaeoenvironmental response to the ∼74 ka Toba ash-fall in the Jurreru and Middle Son valleys in southern and north-central India
Authors: Jones Sacha Claire
Published: December 2009

Distal deposits of rhyolitic volcanic ash from the ∼74 ka "supervolcanic" eruption of Toba, in northern Sumatra, are preserved in numerous river valleys across peninsular India. The Toba eruption is hypothesized to have resulted in climate change and the devastation of ecosystems and hominin populations. This study reports the results of the analysis of sediments and stratigraphical sequences from sites in the Jurreru and Middle Son valleys in southern and north-central India. The aim of the study is to determine the extent of palaeoenvironmental change in both valleys as a result of the ash-fall. Inferences based on evidence from the Jurreru valley are more detailed, where pre- and post-Toba palaeoenvironmental changes are divided into seven phases. The results indicate that ash-fall deposits in both valleys underwent several phases of reworking that possibly lasted for several years, indicating that ash was mobile in the landscape for a considerable period of time prior to burial. This could have enhanced and lengthened the detrimental effects of the ash on vegetation and water sources, as well as animal and hominin populations.
La gouvernance territoriale au Québec entre régionalisation et participation des peuples autochtones
Authors: Grammond Sébastien
Published: December 2009

Résumé.Les théories de la gouvernance à paliers multiples ont tendance à minimiser le rôle du droit dans la structuration des systèmes de gouvernance. Or, la juxtaposition de deux évolutions récentes en matière de gouvernance territoriale au Québec, la gouvernance partagée avec les Autochtones et le projet de régionalisation du gouvernement du Québec, remet ce postulat en question. En effet, la protection constitutionnelle dont bénéficient les clauses de gestion territoriale de traités comme la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois et, plus récemment, l'obligation de consulter découlant de l'arrêtNation haïda, assurent aux Autochtones un pouvoir plus important que celui qui est offert aux acteurs régionaux par le gouvernement du Québec.

Abstract.Multi-level governance theories have a tendency to minimize the role of law in shaping governance systems. The study of two instances of territorial governance in Quebec, shared governance with the aboriginal peoples and the Quebec government's regionalization initiative, puts this premise in question. The constitutional protection afforded to the land management provisions of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and, more recently, to the duty to consult flowing from theHaida Nationcase give the aboriginal peoples more power than that recognized to regional actors under the Quebec government's initiative.
Freedom and Perfection: German Debates on the State in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Moggach Douglas
Published: December 2009

Abstract.This paper explores eighteenth-century German debates on the relation of freedom and perfection in the course of which Kant works out his juridical theory. It contrasts the perfectionist ideas of political activity in Christian Wolff and Karl von Dalberg (a historically important but neglected figure), with Fichte's program inThe Closed Commercial State(1800), distinguishing logics of political intervention. Examining insufficiently recognized aspects of the intellectual context for Kant's distinction between happiness, right and virtue, the paper demonstrates Fichte's (problematic) application of Kantian ideas of freedom to political economy and contests current interpretations of the politically disengaged character or attenuated modernism of German political philosophy in the Enlightenment.

Résumé.Ce texte étudie le rapport entre liberté et perfection dans la pensée allemande du dix-huitième siècle. C'est dans le contexte de ces débats que Kant élabore sa propre théorie juridique. En examinant les fondements théoriques de l'intervention politique, le texte fait une distinction entre le perfectionnisme éthique de Christian Wolff et de Karl von Dalberg (personnage historiquement important mais peu étudié), et le programme d'inspiration kantienne proposé par Fichte dans sonÉtat commercial fermé(1800).

L'objectif du texte est de reconstruire le contexte intellectuel de la distinction kantienne entre bonheur, droit et vertu, et de démontrer l'usage problématique qu'en fait Fichte dans le domaine de l'économie politique. Le texte remet en question des interprétations récentes qui dévalorisent l'engagement politique et le modernisme des Lumières allemandes.
Willingness to live in eldercare institutions among older adults in urban and rural China: a nationwide study
Authors: CHOU RITA JING-ANN
Published: December 2009

Recent economic development and socio-cultural changes have made it increasingly difficult for Chinese families to provide eldercare. Consequently, institutional care has been strongly promoted to meet older adults' long-term care needs. Although it has been estimated that China needs more beds to meet such needs, unfilled beds have been reported nationwide. One reason for the low occupancy may be a lack of willingness among older adults to live in long-term care institutions. Based on a national survey of 20,255 older adults, this study examined the extent of willingness among older Chinese to live in eldercare institutions, and it was found that in urban and rural areas, only 20 and 17 per cent of older adults, respectively, were willing to do so. Using an integrated theoretical model and logistic regression analyses, this study shows that gender, perceived family harmony, perceived filial piety, socio-cultural beliefs and practices about raising children and eldercare, knowledge and opinion about eldercare institutions, and self-assessed economic status were associated with willingness to live in eldercare institutions for both urban and rural older adults, while other predictors of willingness had different effects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the substantive, theoretical and policy implications for long-term care in China.
My Conception of Philosophy
Authors: Magee Bryan
Published: December 2009

There is general agreement, which I share, that among the earliest of Western philosophers were three of the very greatest: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Each of these is on record as saying something – and it is almost the same thing – about the nature of philosophy itself that goes to the heart of the matter. Aristotle said: ‘It is owing to their wonder that men now begin, and first began, to philosophise’ (Metaphysics, i.982). And Plato wrote, putting his words into the mouth of Socrates: ‘This sense of wonder is the mark of the philosopher. Philosophy indeed has no other origin’ (Theaetetus, section 155).
Philosophy: A Contribution, not to Human Knowledge, but to Human Understanding
Authors: Hacker P. M. S.
Published: December 2009

Throughout its history philosophy has been thought to be a member of a community of intellectual disciplines united by their common pursuit of knowledge. It has sometimes been thought to be the queen of the sciences, at other times merely their under-labourer. But irrespective of its social status, it was held to be a participant in the quest for knowledge – a cognitive discipline.
The Doctor of Philosophy Will See You Now
Authors: Coope Christopher
Published: December 2009

Papers about philosophy, as distinct from papers within it, are like homeopathic medicines – thin in content. We can only hope to provide some substance if we confine ourselves to some particular aspect. The aspect I have chosen to discuss is this. What hope should we have of finding from within this rather curious and academic subject of ours a help in the affairs of life? Could we expect a doctor of philosophy to give practical advice, rather like a medical doctor?
Why is There Something Called Philosophy Rather than Nothing?
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: December 2009

My title is intended to invoke at least two primary reference points or associations. The first, and most obvious, is a question that is very often assumed to be exemplary of the kind of bewildering puzzles that philosophers are distinctively preoccupied with – the question ‘why is there something rather than nothing?’ The second is perhaps less easy to identify. A set of lectures delivered by Heidegger in the short period between his restoration to the academic life after the Second World War and his final retirement from it was published under the title ‘Wass Heisst Denken?’ Its English translation was given the title ‘What is Called Thinking?’; and if that title does not explicitly carry the same layers of significance evident in the German original, the concept of a ‘call’ at least keeps open the possibility of recovering many of them. For when Heidegger asks ‘what is called thinking?’, he means to imply, first, that not everything which gets called thinking really merits that honorific label; second, that it is therefore worth thinking about what form of human activity or passivity would really call for the use of that term; third, that this in turn will involve thinking about what, in our present and conceivable forms of inhabiting the world, really calls out for or provokes such a thoughtful response; and fourth (since he deliberately raises this question immediately upon his temporary re-inhabitation of a university post) that we will thereby find ourselves thinking about whether, and if so how and why, genuine thoughtfulness can find a home in the university, and thereby a place in the broader economy of a culture – whether anything recoverable from the venerable traditions of philosophy in the name of thinking might still be something for which any university, and any human cultural form, can see any call for.
Philosophy and the Sciences After Kant
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: December 2009

On 11thOctober 2007, at the first international conference on Integrated History and Philosophy of Science (&HPS1) hosted by the Center for Philosophy of Science in Pittsburgh, Ernan McMullin (University of Notre Dame) portrayed a rather gloomy scenario concerning the current relationship between history and philosophy of science (HPS), on the one hand, and mainstream philosophy, on the other hand, as testified by a significant drop in the presence of HPS papers at various meetings of the American Philosophical Association (APA).
Molecular pathophysiology of psoriasis and molecular targets of antipsoriatic therapy
Authors: Rácz Emőke , Prens Errol P.
Published: December 2009

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by elevated red scaly plaques on specific body sites. Histologically, the plaques are defined by epidermal hyperplasia, epidermal and dermal infiltration by leukocytes, and changes in the dermal microvasculature. Differentiation and activation are disturbed in lesional psoriatic keratinocytes, and the pool of proliferating keratinocytes is increased, which is accompanied by enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and antimicrobial peptides. These changes in psoriatic keratinocytes are caused by altered expression of genes associated with epidermal differentiation, and by activation of signalling pathways involving signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), type I interferon (IFN) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The number of T cells, and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) is markedly increased in psoriatic lesions. Myeloid DCs produce interleukin (IL)-23, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which are crucial cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. IL-23 stimulates the secretion of IL-22 by T helper 17 cells, and IL-22 induces epidermal hyperplasia. The crosstalk between keratinocytes and leukocytes via their proinflammatory cytokines creates the vicious circle of chronic skin inflammation seen in psoriasis. This suggests that optimal treatment of psoriasis needs to target pathogenic pathways in both leukocytes and keratinocytes.
Boundary-enhanced region-of-interest image reconstruction in propagation-based x-ray phase-contrast tomography
Authors: Anastasio Mark A. , Shi Daxin , Pan Xiaochuan
Published: December 2009

Propagation-based phase-contrast tomography is an imaging method that can reconstruct the distribution of the three-dimensional complex-valued refractive index distribution of an object. In many applications, a boundary-enhanced image is sought that reveals the locations of boundaries in the refractive index distribution. In this letter, we demonstrate that within certain regions-of-interest, the three-dimensional Laplacian of the real-valued component of the refractive index distribution can be reconstructed from knowledge of truncated phase-contrast projection data. The proposed reconstruction algorithm is demonstrated by use of experimental measurement data.
Cone magnetization state and exchange bias in IrMn∕Cu∕[Co∕Pt]3 multilayers
Authors: Castro G. M. B. , Geshev J. , Schmidt J. E. , Saitovich E. B. , Nagamine L. C. C. M.
Published: December 2009

The effects of a Cu interlayer on the perpendicular exchange bias in IrMn∕Cu∕[Co∕Pt]3 multilayers were investigated by focusing on the correlation between the exchange bias and the magnetic anisotropy. The in-plane magnetization hysteresis loops were interpreted in the framework of a phenomenological model based on the coherent magnetization rotation, indicating that the easy magnetization axis makes an angle of approximately 15° with the normal of the IrMn∕[Co∕Pt]3 film. This angle decreases with the introduction of the Cu spacer thickness in the IrMn∕Cu∕[Co∕Pt]3 system, indicating that the Cu interlayer leads to a predominant perpendicular anisotropy. Although a maximum of the out-of-plane anisotropy is found for Cu layer thickness between 4 and 5Å, the maximum of the perpendicular exchange bias was found at 3Å of Cu, which could be attributed to the interplay between two effects, mainly the increase in the effective perpendicular anisotropy with the Cu spacer thickness due to the reorientation of the Co moment toward the normal to the film’s plane direction, and the exponential decrease in the ferromagnet/antiferromagnet exchange coupling (and, consequently, of the exchange bias shift field) with the Cu interlayer thickness.
A new particle size analyzer
Authors: Abedini Ebrahim , Tabrizchi Mahmoud
Published: December 2009

A new particle sizer which integrates the dispersion and detection parts is presented. Particles are dispersed based on charging between two parallel plates connected to a high voltage power source. The charged particles bounce between the two plates and escape into a measuring area where the size is determined by light scattering. The instrument is calibrated using standard powders. The data obtained from the new instrument are in good agreement with those obtained from a commercial particle size analyzer. The sizer works both for insulator and conductive powders.