bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of L11 Co-Pt-Cu perpendicular anisotropic films with enhanced coercivity on glass substrate
Authors: Yuan Fu-Te , Li Long-Jie , Hsu Jen-Hwa , Hsiao S. N. , Lee H. Y. , Lu Hsi-Chuan , Wang Sea-Fue , Shen C. Y. , Sun An-Cheng
Published: February 2012

Structure and magnetic properties of L11 CoPtCu thin films sputter-deposited on glass substrates were studied. Perpendicular coercivity (Hc⊥) was largely enhanced by the replacement of Co with Cu with x = 23 and 26, the magnetic properties obtained was better than the film grown on MgO(111) substrates. The enhancement of Hc⊥ existed in a wide range of film thickness from 2 to 40 nm. A maximum value of Hc⊥ of 2.7 kOe appeared in the films with thickness of 4 nm. The results of surface morphology indicated that the random distribution of the in-plane orientation of L11 grains induced by Pt(111) underlayer may create magnetic inhomogeneities acting as pinning site to domain walls, providing additional impedance for domain wall motion.
Transient analysis and control of bias magnetic state in the transformer of on-line pulse-width-modulation switching full bridge direct current-direct current converter
Authors: Chen Jiaxin , Guo Youguang , Zhu Jianguo , Wei Lin Zhi
Published: February 2012

This paper presents a finite element analysis (FEA) based method for analyzing and controlling the bias magnetic state of the transformer of a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) switching full bridge dc-dc converter. A field-circuit indirect coupling method for predicting the transient bias magnetic state is introduced first. To increase flexibility of the proposed method, a novel transformer model which can address not only its basic input-output characteristic, but also the nonlinear magnetizing inductance, is proposed. Both the asymmetric characteristic and the variable laws of the current flowing through the two secondary windings during the period of PWM switching-off state are highlighted. Finally, the peak magnetizing current controlled method based on the on-line magnetizing current computation is introduced. Analysis results show that this method can address the magnetic saturation at winding ends, and hence many previous difficulties, such as the start-up process and asymmetry of power electronics, can be easily controlled.
The on-line charge breeding program at TRIUMF's Ion Trap For Atomic and Nuclear Science for precision mass measurements
Authors: Simon M. C. , Bale J. C. , Chowdhury U. , Eberhardt B. , Ettenauer S. , Gallant A. T. , Jang F. , Lennarz A. , Luichtl M. , Ma T. , Robertson D. , Simon V. V. , Andreoiu C. , Brodeur M. , Brunner T. , Chaudhuri A. , Crespo López-Urrutia J. R. , Delheij P. , Frekers D. , Grossheim A. , Gwinner G. , Kwiatkowski A. A. , Lapierre A. , Mané E. , Pearson M. R. , Ringle R. , Schultz B. E. , Dilling J.
Published: February 2012

TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science (TITAN) constitutes the only high precision mass measurement setup coupled to a rare isotope facility capable of increasing the charge state of short-lived nuclides prior to the actual mass determination in a Penning trap. Recent developments around TITAN's charge breeder, the electron beam ion trap, form the basis for several successful experiments on radioactive isotopes with half-lives as low as 65 ms and in charge states as high as 22+.
Proton emission from thin hydrogenated targets irradiated by laser pulses at 1016 W/cm2
Authors: Torrisi L. , Giuffrida L. , Cutroneo M. , Cirrone P. , Picciotto A. , Krasa J. , Margarone D. , Velyhan A. , Laska L. , Ullschmied J. , Wolowski J. , Badziak J. , Rosinski M.
Published: February 2012

The iodine laser at PALS Laboratory in Prague, operating at 1315 nm fundamental harmonics and at 300 ps FWHM pulse length, is employed to irradiate thin hydrogenated targets placed in vacuum at intensities on the order of 1016 W/cm2. The laser-generated plasma is investigated in terms of proton and ion emission in the forward and backward directions. The time-of-flight technique, using ion collectors and semiconductor detectors, is used to measure the ion currents and the corresponding velocities and energies. Thomson parabola spectrometer is employed to separate the contribution of the ion emission from single laser shots. A particular attention is given to the proton production in terms of the maximum energy, emission yield, and angular distribution as a function of the laser energy, focal position, target thickness, and composition. Metallic and polymeric targets allow to generate protons with large energy range and different yield, depending on the laser, target composition, and target geometry properties.
Nonstationary process of ion bunch acceleration in flat diode
Authors: Barminova H. Ye. , Chikhachev A. S.
Published: February 2012

Nonstationary process of ion bunch acceleration in flat diode was investigated. Accurate self-consistent solution for Vlasov equation was obtained. Current dependence from longitudinal emittance, ion sound velocity and rate of anode potential value growth was found, and current density value is shown to exceed Child-Langmuir limit current.
Modification of anisotropic plasma diffusion via auxiliary electrons emitted by a carbon nanotubes-based electron gun in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source
Authors: Malferrari L. , Odorici F. , Veronese G. P. , Rizzoli R. , Mascali D. , Celona L. , Gammino S. , Castro G. , Miracoli R. , Serafino T.
Published: February 2012

The diffusion mechanism in magnetized plasmas is a largely debated issue. A short circuit model was proposed by Simon, assuming fluxes of lost particles along the axial (electrons) and radial (ions) directions which can be compensated, to preserve the quasi-neutrality, by currents flowing throughout the conducting plasma chamber walls. We hereby propose a new method to modify Simon's currents via electrons injected by a carbon nanotubes-based electron gun. We found this improves the source performances, increasing the output current for several charge states. The method is especially sensitive to the pumping frequency. Output currents for given charge states, at different auxiliary electron currents, will be reported in the paper and the influence of the frequency tuning on the compensation mechanism will be discussed.
Low energy Fe+ beam irradiation to C60 thin film
Authors: Minezaki H. , Oshima K. , Uchida T. , Muramatsu M. , Asaji T. , Kitagawa A. , Kato Y. , Biri S. , Yoshida Y.
Published: February 2012

We have developed an electron cyclotron resonance ion source apparatus, which is designed for the production of endohedral fullerene. In this study, we irradiated the Fe+ beam to the C60 thin film. We changed the experimental condition of the dose and the ion energy. We could observe the Fe + C60 peak by analysis of the time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The highest intensity of the Fe + C60 peak was observed at the ion energy of 200 eV. The Fe + C60 peak intensity tended to become high in the case of long irradiation time and large dose.
Parallel multilayer magnetoelectric composite based on (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)−xPbTiO3 and Terfenol-D coupled with charge mode amplifier
Authors: Jiao Jie , Li Lingying , Ren Bo , Guo Hao , Deng Hao , Di Wenning , Zhao Xiangyong , Jing Weiping , Luo Haosu
Published: February 2012

In this paper, the sources and categories of noise regarding a charge mode magnetoelectric (ME) sensor are analyzed and simulated. A series of parallel multilayer magnetoelectric composites of Terfenol-D and (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)−xPbTiO3 with different numbers of layers have been developed. The high magnetoelectric charge coefficients of these composites have been measured. By coupling different parallel multilayer magnetoelectric composites with a low noise-level charge amplifier, we found that the noise equivalent magnetic induction (NEB) of the ME sensor based on the charge mode is in accordance with the theoretical prediction, and multilayers can reduce the NEB at low frequency and hardly at high frequency. At last we have established a new method of using high g31 piezoelectric material that can effectively reduce the influence of the operational amplifier voltage noise component and enhance resolution.
Stable vortex magnetite nanorings colloid: Micromagnetic simulation and experimental demonstration
Authors: Yang Yong , Liu Xiao-Li , Yi Jia-bao , Yang Yang , Fan Hai-Ming , Ding Jun
Published: February 2012

Magnetite nanoring with vortex domain structure may form stable magnetic colloid for biomedical applications due to its weak magnetic interaction without superparamagnetic (SPM) limitation. In the present study, we perform three-dimensional (3 D) Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert (LLG) micromagnetics simulation for magnetite nanorings. The ground state phase diagram and stable vortex area (SVA) as a function of outer diameter (Dout), thickness (T), and inner to outer diameter ratios (β) within 100 nm are obtained. The influence of notch, eccentricity, and crystallographic orientation are taken carefully into consideration. In the SVA, the vortex state is not only the ground state but also the remanence state after in-plane is fully magnetized. In particular, the results suggest that a 20 nm inter-rings distance for a typical magnetite nanoring (Dout = 70 nm, T = 50 nm, and β = 0.6) can achieve the stable colloid based on vortex domain structure. Furthermore, these simulation results have been confirmed experimentally and demonstrated by using phosphorylated-mPEG modified magnetite nanorings. The optimization of magnetite nanorings from both simulation and experiments in this work pave the way to achieve such novel and stable vortex domain based magnetic suspension for various biomedical applications.
Dynamics of superparamagnetic microbead transport along magnetic nanotracks by magnetic domain walls
Authors: Rapoport Elizabeth , Beach Geoffrey S. D.
Published: February 2012

The dynamics of fluid-borne superparamagnetic bead transport by field-driven domain walls in submicrometer ferromagnetic tracks is studied experimentally together with numerical and analytical modeling. Experiments show that nanotrack-guided domain walls can propel individual trapped beads through an aqueous medium at speeds approaching 1000 μm/s, 10 to 100 times faster than through any previously demonstrated mechanism.
A technique for measuring the propagation of a supersonic radiation front in foam via spatially resolved spectral imaging of a tracer layer
Authors: Taccetti J. M. , Keiter P. A. , Lanier N. , Mussack K. , Belle K. , Magelssen G. R.
Published: February 2012

We present a technique for measuring the propagation of a supersonic radiation front in low-density foam, where the lack of motion of the objects in its wake makes it difficult to determine its location. We illuminate a thin tracer foil embedded in the foam with a broadband x-ray source, and measure its changing absorption of these x rays as it ionizes. We record both spatial and spectral information of the heated tracer, and thus obtain its ionization state as a function of distance along the front propagation direction. We extrapolate this information to determine the state of the foam and the location of the radiation front. We present the experimental configuration used to test this technique at the Omega laser facility along with experimental results.
Magneto-optical spectrum of ZnO nanorods
Authors: Xiong Wen
Published: February 2012

Based on the framework of the effective-mass theory, the Hamiltonians of the electron and hole states of the wurtzite structure in the magnetic field are derived. The obtained Hamiltonians can then be solved by the Bessel function expanding method in which the electron and the hole are assumed to be confined in the infinitely high potential barrier. The conduction and valence subbands are denoted after solving the Schrödinger equation. Several possible low interband transitions are calculated, and the magnetic field is found to split the eight transitions to 18 individual transitions. The optical circularly polarized properties of each transition are also labeled when the magnetic field is applied along the z axis.
Achieving all-dielectric left-handed metamaterials via single-sized dielectric resonators
Authors: Wang Jun , Xu Zhuo , Du Bai , Xia Song , Wang Jiafu , Ma Hua , Qu Shaobo
Published: February 2012

We demonstrate that using single-sized dielectric resonators, all-dielectric left-handed metamaterial (LHM) can be achieved in the C-band microwave regime. The single-sized rectangular resonator, operating under higher-order resonant modes, possesses electric and magnetic responses simultaneously, leading to the double-negative resonance behavior. We find that the electric/magnetic resonance can be enhanced by elongating the size of the rectangular resonators along the electric field direction. It is shown that polarization currents in dielectric resonators are the same as conduction currents in cut-wire pairs. Experiments were carried out to verify the designed all-dielectric LHM. The proposed method provides a convenient route to all-dielectric LHMs.
Magnetic and electronic properties of the interface between half metallic Fe3O4 and semiconducting ZnO
Authors: Brück S. , Paul M. , Tian H. , Müller A. , Kufer D. , Praetorius C. , Fauth K. , Audehm P. , Goering E. , Verbeeck J. , Van Tendeloo G. , Sing M. , Claessen R.
Published: February 2012

We have investigated the magnetic depth profile of an epitaxial Fe3O4 thin film grown directly on a semiconducting ZnO substrate by soft x-ray resonant magnetic reflectometry (XRMR) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Consistent chemical profiles at the interface between ZnO and Fe3O4 are found from both methods. Valence selective EELS and XRMR reveal independently that the first monolayer of Fe at the interface between ZnO and Fe3O4 contains only Fe3+ ions. Besides this narrow 2.5 Å interface layer, Fe3O4 shows magnetic bulk properties throughout the whole film making highly efficient spin injection in this system feasible.
Highly modified spontaneous emissions in YVO4:Eu3+ inverse opal and refractive index sensing application
Authors: Zhu Yongsheng , Xu Wen , Zhang Hanzhuang , Wang Wei , Tong Liu , Xu Sai , Sun Zhipeng , Song Hongwei
Published: February 2012

Here, we present strong modification of photonic crystals on the spontaneous emissions of Eu3+ ions in YVO4:Eu3+ inverse opal. It is interesting that due to the effect of local field, the 5D0-7FJ radiative lifetimes of Eu3+ ions in the PCs are all prolonged ∼2.5 times in contrast to the grinded reference (REF) in air, consistent with the empty cavity model. The photonic stop band and the radiative lifetime are both highly sensitive to the refractive index of the infiltrated solutions, in accordance with the real cavity model.
Tolerance to apoptotic cells is regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
Authors: Ravishankar Buvana , Liu Haiyun , Shinde Rahul , Chandler Phillip , Baban Babak , Tanaka Masato , Munn David H. , Mellor Andrew L. , Karlsson Mikael C. I. , McGaha Tracy L.
Published: February 2012

Tolerance to self-antigens present in apoptotic cells is critical to maintain immune-homeostasis and prevent systemic autoimmunity. However, mechanisms that sustain self-tolerance are poorly understood. Here we show that systemic administration of apoptotic cells to mice induced splenic expression of the tryptophan catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). IDO expression was confined to the splenic marginal zone and was abrogated by depletion of CD169
+
cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of IDO skewed the immune response to apoptotic cells, resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokine production and increased effector T-cell responses toward apoptotic cell-associated antigens. Presymptomatic lupus-prone MRL

lpr/lpr

mice exhibited abnormal elevated IDO expression in the marginal zone and red pulp and inhibition of IDO markedly accelerated disease progression. Moreover, chronic exposure of IDO-deficient mice to apoptotic cells induced a lupus-like disease with serum autoreactivity to double-stranded DNA associated with renal pathology and increased mortality. Thus, IDO limits innate and adaptive immunity to apoptotic self-antigens and IDO-mediated regulation inhibits inflammatory pathology caused by systemic autoimmune disease.
Regeneration of whole fertile plants from 30,000-y-old fruit tissue buried in Siberian permafrost
Authors: Yashina Svetlana , Gubin Stanislav , Maksimovich Stanislav , Yashina Alexandra , Gakhova Edith , Gilichinsky David
Published: February 2012

Whole, fertile plants of
Silene stenophylla
Ledeb. (Caryophyllaceae) have been uniquely regenerated from maternal, immature fruit tissue of Late Pleistocene age using in vitro tissue culture and clonal micropropagation. The fruits were excavated in northeastern Siberia from fossil squirrel burrows buried at a depth of 38 m in undisturbed and never thawed Late Pleistocene permafrost sediments with a temperature of −7 °C. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating showed fruits to be 31,800 ± 300 y old. The total γ-radiation dose accumulated by the fruits during this time was calculated as 0.07 kGy; this is the maximal reported dose after which tissues remain viable and seeds still germinate. Regenerated plants were brought to flowering and fruiting and they set viable seeds. At present, plants of
S. stenophylla
are the most ancient, viable, multicellular, living organisms. Morphophysiological studies comparing regenerated and extant plants obtained from modern seeds of the same species in the same region revealed that they were distinct phenotypes of
S. stenophylla
. The first generation cultivated from seeds obtained from regenerated plants progressed through all developmental stages and had the same morphological features as parent plants. The investigation showed high cryoresistance of plant placental tissue in permafrost. This natural cryopreservation of plant tissue over many thousands of years demonstrates a role for permafrost as a depository for an ancient gene pool, i.e., preexisting life, which hypothetically has long since vanished from the earth's surface, a potential source of ancient germplasm, and a laboratory for the study of rates of microevolution.
Evidence for an intermediate conformational state of LacY
Authors: Jiang Xiaoxu , Guan Lan , Zhou Yonggang , Hong Wen-Xu , Zhang Qinghai , Kaback H. Ronald
Published: February 2012

LacY mutant Cys154 → Gly exhibits a periplasmic-closed crystal structure identical to the WT, but is periplasmic-open in the membrane. The mutant hardly catalyzes transport, but binds galactosides from either side of the membrane with the same affinity and is resistant to site-directed proteolysis relative to the pseudo-WT. Site-directed alkylation was also applied to 11 single-Cys mutants in Cys154 → Gly LacY in right-side-out membrane vesicles or after solubilization and purification in dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DDM). Unlike the pseudo-WT, Cys replacements on the periplasmic side of the Cys154 → Gly mutant label rapidly in the membrane without sugar, but labeling decreases markedly after the mutant proteins are purified. Thus, Cys154 → Gly LacY likely favors a higher-energy intermediate periplasmic-open conformation in situ, but collapses to a lower-energy periplasmic-closed conformation in DDM after purification. Notably, branched-chain or neopentyl glycol maltoside detergents stabilize Cys154 → Gly LacY in the membrane-embedded form.
Cryptic sociality in rattlesnakes (
Crotalus horridus
) detected by kinship analysis
Authors: Clark Rulon W. , Brown William S. , Stechert Randy , Greene Harry W.
Published: February 2012

Research on social behaviour has largely concentrated on birds and mammals in visually active, cooperatively breeding groups (although such systems are relatively rare) and focused much less on species that rarely interact other than for mating and parental care. We used microsatellite markers to characterize relatedness among aggregations of timber rattlesnakes (
Crotalus horridus
), a putatively solitary reptile that relies heavily on chemical cues, and found that juveniles and pregnant females preferentially aggregate with kin under certain conditions. The ability to recognize kin and enhance indirect fitness thus might be far more widespread than implied by studies of animals whose behaviour is primarily visually and/or acoustically mediated, and we predict that molecular markers will reveal many additional examples of ‘cryptic’ sociality.
King penguin population on Macquarie Island recovers ancient DNA diversity after heavy exploitation in historic times
Authors: Heupink Tim H. , van den Hoff John , Lambert David M.
Published: February 2012

Historically, king penguin populations on Macquarie Island have suffered greatly from human exploitation. Two large colonies on the island were drastically reduced to a single small colony as a result of harvesting for the blubber oil industry. However, recent conservation efforts have resulted in the king penguin population expanding in numbers and range to recolonize previous as well as new sites. Ancient DNA methods were used to estimate past genetic diversity and combined with studies of modern populations, we are now able to compare past levels of variation with extant populations on northern Macquarie Island. The ancient and modern populations are closely related and show a similar level of genetic diversity. These results suggest that the king penguin population has recovered past genetic diversity in just 80 years owing to conservation efforts, despite having seen the brink of extinction.
Formation of impeller-like helical DNA–silica complexes by polyamines induced chiral packing
Authors: Liu Ben , Han Lu , Che Shunai
Published: February 2012

The helicity of DNA and its long-range chiral packing are widespread phenomena; however, the packing mechanism remains poorly understood both
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Here, we report the extraordinary DNA chiral self-assembly by silica mineralization, together with circular dichroism measurements and electron microscopy studies on the structure and morphology of the products. Mg
2+
ion and diethylenetriamine were found to induce right- and left-handed chiral DNA packing with two-dimensional-square
p
4
mm
mesostructures, respectively, to give corresponding enantiomeric impeller-like helical DNA–silica complexes. Moreover, formation of macroscopic impeller-like helical architectures depends on the types of polyamines and co-structure-directing agents and pH values of reaction solution. It has been suggested that interaction strength between negatively charged DNA phosphate strands and positively charged counterions may be the key factor for the induction of DNA packing handedness.
Expression of an Entire Bacterial Operon in Plants
Authors: Mozes-Koch Rita , Gover Ofer , Tanne Edna , Peretz Yuval , Maori Eyal , Chernin Leonid , Sela Ilan
Published: February 2012

Multigene expression is required for metabolic engineering, i.e. coregulated expression of all genes in a metabolic pathway for the production of a desired secondary metabolite. To that end, several transgenic approaches have been attempted with limited success. Better success has been achieved by transforming plastids with operons. IL-60 is a platform of constructs driven from the geminivirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. We demonstrate that IL-60 enables nontransgenic expression of an entire bacterial operon in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants without the need for plastid (or any other) transformation. Delivery to the plant is simple, and the rate of expressing plants is close to 100%, eliminating the need for selectable markers. Using this platform, we show the expression of an entire metabolic pathway in plants and delivery of the end product secondary metabolite (pyrrolnitrin). Expression of this unique secondary metabolite resulted in the appearance of a unique plant phenotype disease resistance. Pyrrolnitrin production was already evident 2 d after application of the operon to plants and persisted throughout the plant's life span. Expression of entire metabolic pathways in plants is potentially beneficial for plant improvement, disease resistance, and biotechnological advances, such as commercial production of desired metabolites.
Cellular Force Microscopy for in Vivo Measurements of Plant Tissue Mechanics
Authors: Routier-Kierzkowska Anne-Lise , Weber Alain , Kochova Petra , Felekis Dimitris , Nelson Bradley J. , Kuhlemeier Cris , Smith Richard S.
Published: February 2012

Although growth and morphogenesis are controlled by genetics, physical shape change in plant tissue results from a balance between cell wall loosening and intracellular pressure. Despite recent work demonstrating a role for mechanical signals in morphogenesis, precise measurement of mechanical properties at the individual cell level remains a technical challenge. To address this challenge, we have developed cellular force microscopy (CFM), which combines the versatility of classical microindentation techniques with the high automation and resolution approaching that of atomic force microscopy. CFM’s large range of forces provides the possibility to map the apparent stiffness of both plasmolyzed and turgid tissue as well as to perform micropuncture of cells using very high stresses. CFM experiments reveal that, within a tissue, local stiffness measurements can vary with the level of turgor pressure in an unexpected way. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of detailed physically based simulations for the interpretation of microindentation results. CFM’s ability to be used both to assess and manipulate tissue mechanics makes it a method of choice to unravel the feedbacks between mechanics, genetics, and morphogenesis.
The Amino-Terminal Domain of Chloroplast Hsp93 Is Important for Its Membrane Association and Functions in Vivo
Authors: Chu Chiung-Chih , Li Hsou-min
Published: February 2012

Chloroplast 93-kD heat shock protein (Hsp93/ClpC), an Hsp100 family member, is suggested to have various functions in chloroplasts, including serving as the regulatory chaperone for the ClpP protease in the stroma and acting as a motor component of the protein translocon at the envelope. Indeed, although Hsp93 is a soluble stromal protein, a portion of it is associated with the inner envelope membrane. The mechanism and functional significance of this Hsp93 membrane association have not been determined. Here, we mapped the region important for Hsp93 membrane association by creating various deletion constructs and found that only the construct with the amino-terminal domain deleted, Hsp93-ƊN, had reduced membrane association. When transformed into Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), most atHsp93V-ƊN proteins did not associate with membranes and atHsp93V-ƊΝN failed to complement the pale-green and protein import-defective phenotypes of an hsp93V knockout mutant. The residual atHsp93V-ƊN at the membranes had further reduced association with the central protein translocon component Tic110. However, the degradation of chloroplast glutamine synthetase, a potential substrate for the ClpP protease, was not affected in the hsp93V mutant or in the atHSP93V-ƊN transgenic plants. Hsp93-ƊN also had the same ATPase activity as that of full-length Hsp93. These data suggest that the association of Hsp93 with the inner envelope membrane through its amino-terminal domain is important for the functions of Hsp93 in vivo.
Ammonium and caesium carbonate peroxosolvates: supramolecular networks formed by hydrogen bonds
Authors: Medvedev Alexander G. , Mikhaylov Alexey A. , Churakov Andrei V. , Prikhodchenko Petr V. , Lev Ovadia
Published: February 2012

Diammonium carbonate hydrogen peroxide monosolvate, 2NH4+·CO32−·H2O2, (I), and dicaesium carbonate hydrogen peroxide trisolvate, 2Cs+·CO32−·3H2O2, (II), were crystallized from 98% hydrogen peroxide. In (I), the carbonate anions and peroxide solvent molecules are arranged on twofold axes. The peroxide molecules act as donors in only two hydrogen bonds with carbonate groups, forming chains along theaandcaxes. In the structure of (II), there are three independent Cs+ions, two of them residing on twofold axes, as are two of the four peroxide molecules, one of which is disordered. Both structures comprise complicated three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded networks.
Use of antidepressant serotoninergic medications and cardiac valvulopathy: a nested case–control study in the health improvement network (THIN) database
Authors: Lapi Francesco , Nicotra Federica , Scotti Lorenza , Vannacci Alfredo , Thompson Mary , Pieri Francesco , Mugelli Niccolò , Zambon Antonella , Corrao Giovanni , Mugelli Alessandro , Rubino Annalisa
Published: February 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Some medications can induce cardiac valvulopathy by acting on 5‐HT2B receptors.

• Antidepressant serotoninergic medications may activate 5‐HT2B receptors via a direct or an indirect mechanism.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• These data do not appear to support an association between exposure to antidepressant serotoninergic medications and an increased risk of cardiac valvulopathy.

AIMS To quantify the risk of cardiac valvulopathy (CV) associated with the use of antidepressant serotoninergic medications (SMs).

METHODS We conducted a case–control study nested in a cohort of users of antidepressant SMs selected from The Health Improvement Network database. Patients who experienced a CV event during follow‐up were cases. Cases were ascertained in a random sample of them. Up to 10 controls were matched to each case by sex, age, month and year of the study entry. Use of antidepressant SMs during follow‐up was defined as current (the last prescription for antidepressant SMs occurred in the 2 months before the CV event), recent (in the 2–12 months before the CV event) and past (>12 months before the CV event). We fitted a conditional regression model to estimate the association between use of antidepressant SMs and the risk of CV by means of odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of our results.

RESULTS The study cohort included 752 945 subjects aged 18–89 years. Throughout follow‐up, 1663 cases (incidence rate: 3.4 per 10 000 person‐years) of CV were detected and were matched to 16 566 controls. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for current and recent users compared with past users of antidepressant SMs were 1.16 (0.96–1.40) and 1.06 (0.93–1.22), respectively. Consistent effect estimates were obtained when considering cumulative exposure to antidepressant SMs during follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS These results would suggest that exposure to antidepressant SMs is not associated with an increased risk of CV.
Genetic and phenotypic variation in juvenile development in relation to temperature and developmental pathway in a geometrid moth
Authors: KIVELÄ S. M. , VÄLIMÄKI P. , MÄENPÄÄ M. I.
Published: February 2012

Life histories show genetic population‐level variation due to spatial variation in selection pressures. Phenotypic plasticity in life histories is also common, facilitating fine‐tuning of the phenotype in relation to the prevailing selection regime. In multivoltine (≥ 2 generations per year) insects, individuals following alternative developmental pathways (diapause/direct development) experience different selection regimes. We studied the genetic and phenotypic components of juvenile development in Cabera exanthemata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in a factorial split‐brood experiment. F2 offspring of individuals originating from populations in northern and central Finland were divided among manipulations defined by temperature (14 °C/20 °C) and day length (24 h/15 h). Short day length invariably induced diapause, whereas continuous light almost invariably induced direct development in both regions, although northern populations are strictly univoltine in the wild. Individuals from northern Finland had higher growth rates, shorter development times and higher pupal masses than individuals from central Finland across the conditions, indicating genetic differences between regions. Individuals that developed directly into adults tended to have higher growth rates, shorter development times and higher pupal masses than those entering diapause, indicating phenotypic plasticity. Temperature‐induced plasticity was substantial; growth rate was much higher, development time much shorter and pupal mass higher at 20 °C than at 14 °C. The degree of plasticity in relation to developmental pathway was pronounced at 20 °C in growth rate and development time and at 14 °C in pupal mass, emphasizing multidimensionality of reaction norms. The observed genetic variation and developmental plasticity seem adaptive in relation to time‐stress due to seasonality.
Mortality impact of MON863 transgenic maize roots on western corn rootworm larvae in the field
Authors: Clark T. L. , Frank D. L. , French B. W. , Meinke L. J. , Moellenbeck D. , Vaughn T. T. , Hibbard B. E.
Published: February 2012

Mortality of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) due to feeding on MON863 transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein was evaluated at three Missouri sites in both 2003 and 2004 and at one site each in South Dakota, Nebraska and Iowa in 2004. To do this, survivorship relative to survivorship on isoline maize (i.e. the same genetic background, but without Cry3Bb1) was evaluated. Comparisons were made using low (1650–2500 eggs/m) and high (3300–3500 eggs/m) western corn rootworm egg densities. Significantly fewer beetles were recovered from MON863 than from isoline maize. Emergence from MON863 as a percentage of viable eggs ranged from 0.02% to 0.10%, whereas percentage emergence from isoline maize ranged from 1.09% to 7.14%. Survivorship on MON863 relative to survivorship on isoline averaged 1.51% when averaged across all environments and both years, so mortality because of the Cry3Bb1 protein averaged 98.49%. The average time delay to 50% cumulative beetle emergence from MON863 was 18.3 days later than from isoline maize. Females comprised 56% and 71% of total beetles recovered from MON863 in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Results are discussed in relation to insect resistance management (IRM) of western corn rootworm.
Psychology of earthquake‐induced stress cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and non‐cardiac chest pain
Authors: Zarifeh J. A. , Mulder R. T. , Kerr A. J. , Chan C. W. , Bridgman P. G.
Published: February 2012

Aims:  To compare psychological factors in patients presenting to hospital with earthquake‐induced stress cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction (MI) and non‐cardiac chest pain. We hypothesised that patients with stress cardiomyopathy and non‐cardiac chest pain would be more psychologically vulnerable than those with MI.

Methods:  Cardiology admitting staff in the week following the September 2010 Christchurch earthquake prospectively identified patients with earthquake‐precipitated chest pain. Males were excluded. All consenting women met diagnostic criteria for one of the three conditions. Patients underwent a semistructured interview with a senior clinical psychologist who was blind to the cardiac diagnosis. Premorbid psychological factors, experience of the earthquake and psychological response were assessed using a range of validated tools.

Results:  Seventeen women were included in the study, six with stress cardiomyopathy, five with MI and six with non‐cardiac chest pain. Earthquake experiences were notably similar across the groups. Patients with non‐cardiac chest pain scored high on the hospital anxiety and depression scale, the health anxiety questionnaire, the Eysenck neuroticism scale and the Impact of Event scale. Women with stress cardiomyopathy scored as the most psychologically robust. Depression and extroversion scores were the same across groups.

Conclusion:  Our hypothesis was incorrect. Women with non‐cardiac chest pain following an earthquake have higher anxiety and neuroticism scores than women with either MI or stress cardiomyopathy. Stress cardiomyopathy following an earthquake is not specific to psychologically vulnerable women. The psychology of natural disaster‐induced stress cardiomyopathy may differ from that of sporadic cases.
Fulminant Type 1 diabetes in a pregnant woman as an initial manifestation of the insulin autoimmune syndrome
Authors: Kim H. S. , Lee T.‐Y. , Kim E. Y. , Choi J. H. , Kim S. Y. , Hwang Y.‐C. , Kang J.‐H. , Ahn K. J. , Chung H. Y. , Jeong I.‐K.
Published: February 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1335–1338 (2012)

Fulminant Type 1 diabetes is a subtype of Type 1 diabetes characterized by (1) abrupt onset of diabetes, (2) very short duration of hyperglycaemia with mildly elevated HbA1c (< 69 mmol/mol, 8.5%), (3) rapid progression to diabetic ketoacidosis, (4) very low C‐peptide level, and (5) often associated with elevated serum pancreatic enzymes, and absence of diabetes‐related autoantibodies. We encountered a case of fulminant Type 1 diabetes that developed with an initial manifestation of the insulin autoimmune syndrome and rapidly progressed to diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy. A 31‐year‐old Korean woman presented with recurrent sudden onset of sweating and change of consciousness during sleep at 19 weeks gestation. During a 72‐h fasting test, hypoglycaemia (1.72 mmol/l) occurred at 4 h after the start of the test. At that time, there was a high insulin level (370.2 μU/ml), a paradoxically low C‐peptide level (0.01 nmol/l) and a positive insulin autoantibody test. An oral glucose tolerance test revealed postprandial hyperglycaemia. She was initially diagnosed as the insulin autoimmune syndrome. On the day 5 of admission, she developed diabetic ketoacidosis. Her HbA1c was 62 mmol/mol (7.8%). The rapid progression of diabetic ketoacidosis altered the diagnosis to fulminant Type 1 diabetes. This case differed from typical fulminant Type 1 diabetes because it presented with hypoglycaemia, and positive insulin and anti‐phospholipid antibody tests. Her HLA typing was HLA‐DQA1*0302, 0501, HLA‐DRB1*0301 (DR3), 0901(DR9). Her glucose level was subsequently very well controlled with multiple insulin injections and she successfully delivered a healthy baby.
Construction of Meaning in Socio‐Technical Networks: Artefacts as Mediators between Routine and Crisis Conditions
Authors: Holzer Jacqueline
Published: February 2012

This article focuses on the construction of meanings taking place in organizational routinized innovation processes. The results of the single case study investigating the company Carmlod, which institutionalized a routine process for their innovations, show how boundary objects like standardized methods and designed objects facilitate the communication process within interdisciplinary teams. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that team members continue using the distinct meanings of the mutually shared object. They follow their strategies and goals according to their professional disciplinary knowledge. Only when a fundamental crisis takes place, in which nobody knows the right strategy to achieve a possible solution any more, do artefacts within the contingent space of manoeuvre become important. In the process, team members are forced to enter into a coercion‐free discourse within a socio‐technical network that allows them to come up with true innovation and genuine collectively shared meanings.
Two Arguments for Child Enfranchisement
Authors: Lau Joanne C.
Published: February 2012

The right to vote is fundamental to democratic citizenship; it is one of the most important badges of political and legal equality. However, we deny it to children, generally without discussion. After exploring conceptions of ‘political capacity’, I launch two arguments. The first is the Symmetry Argument: whatever level of capacity we use for the disenfranchisement of children should be used in symmetrical fashion to disenfranchise the elderly. The second is the Argument from Domains: if we attribute responsibility to children in the legal domain, we should also attribute it to them in the political domain. If we do not actually disenfranchise the elderly, we must find a good reason why we displace that symmetry. I discuss such objections and show why they can be refuted or disregarded.
Implementing radical innovation in the business: the role of transition modes in large firms
Authors: Gassmann Oliver , Widenmayer Bastian , Zeschky Marco
Published: February 2012

Extensive research has emphasized the relevance and importance of separating explorative from exploitative activities within firms. Recently, several scholars have argued that, in order to be successful, the outcomes of such structurally separated explorative activities need to be integrated in the operational business units of the firm. Nevertheless, detailed research on how such integration can be realized is lacking. Based on in‐depth case studies of seven large multinational, technology intensive companies, we find five transition modes on how interfaces between radical innovation units and operational business are managed effectively as a means to implement radical innovation on a company level: (1) external validating; (2) liaison channeling; (3) showcasing innovation; (4) network building; and (5) integrative innovation planning.
Singapore English: An indexical approach
Authors: LEIMGRUBER JAKOB
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT: Existing models of variation for Singapore English, with the possible exception of Alsagoff's cultural orientation model, are largely unsatisfactory in accounting for the high degree of Singlish–Standard alternation found in everyday speech. The occurrence, for instance, of Singlish elements in otherwise Standard speech is a challenge. An approach based on indexicality enables a less code‐based, more inclusive analysis, allowing for a multitude of codes from various languages to be taken into account. Thus, the clear separation of ‘varieties’ such as Singlish, Standard English, Mandarin, Hokkien, etc., is deconstructed, and their interplay highlighted. The data presented herein shows the strength of such a model, and raises questions as to the appropriateness of independent, distinct ‘varieties’ in the speech community at hand.
Implementing treatment goals for successful long‐term management of psoriasis
Authors: Mrowietz U.
Published: February 2012

Treatment goals are commonly used throughout medicine to ensure efficacious therapy of diseases and to prevent complications related to uncontrolled disease activity, such as the management of hypertension and diabetes. Psoriasis is a systemic immune‐mediated inflammatory disease comprising characteristic skin manifestations. A range of co‐morbidities has been associated with it, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. There is good evidence that the severity of skin symptoms is related to mortality associated with MI. Therefore, long‐term efficacious control of skin inflammation is the treatment paradigm of choice, particularly in patients with severe skin involvement. Surveys in a number of countries have revealed a substantial under‐treatment of patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis, leaving a considerable proportion without adequate disease control. In addition, a high number of patients were not satisfied with their treatment, including the time they needed to allocate for skin therapy and the number of visits to physicians. Therefore, the use of effective therapies is necessary to achieve appropriate control of inflammation and to improve patient satisfaction. The definition of treatment goals is an appropriate instrument for raising the quality of care and sets therapeutic standards in addition to evidence‐based guidelines. Consensus treatment goals for moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis were recently defined, and a treatment goal algorithm was developed through a Delphi process by a group of experts from 19 European countries. These have since been adopted into the update of the German S3 guidelines for treatment of psoriasis. Furthermore, a novel analysis was carried out on published Phase 3 clinical trial data from three studies of adalimumab therapy in psoriasis, which used the consented definition of moderate‐to‐severe disease and the proposed treatment goal algorithm. The data showed that the ‘treatment goal’ was achieved in 68.2–79.3% of the patients treated with adalimumab by week 16, with >93% achieving ‘treatment success’ (a ≥75 reduction in psoriasis area and severity index compared with baseline). These results were similar to those achieved using the protocol‐specified definitions of disease severity. Regular assessment of treatment goals during maintenance phase at intervals recommended by the published guidelines, such as 16 weeks for adalimumab, will ensure efficacious therapy over time. This may, consequently, represent progress towards establishing a standard of care for psoriasis.
Enamel hypoplasia in molars of sheep and goats, and its relationship to the pattern of tooth crown growth
Authors: Kierdorf H. , Witzel C. , Upex B. , Dobney K. , Kierdorf U.
Published: February 2012

Enamel is the most highly mineralized and durable tissue of the mammalian body. As enamel does not undergo remodeling or repair, disturbances of enamel formation leave a permanent record in the tissue that can be used for life history reconstruction. This study reports light and scanning electron microscope findings on hypoplastic enamel defects, and on the chronology of crown growth in the molars of sheep and goats. A marked reduction of enamel extension rates in cervical compared with more cuspal crown portions of sheep and goat molars was recorded, with formation of the cervical 25% of the crown taking about the same time as that of the upper 75% of the crown. This explains the more frequent occurrence of enamel hypoplasia in cervical compared with upper and middle crown portions. Regarding the identification of hypoplastic enamel defects by external inspection, our results suggest a dependence on the type of defect and the associated presence of smaller or larger amounts of coronal cementum. Defects considered to reflect a slight to moderate impairment of secretory ameloblast function can normally be correctly diagnosed as they are not occluded by thick layers of cementum. In contrast, defects denoting a severe impairment of enamel matrix secretion can typically not be correctly identified because they are occluded by large amounts of cementum, so that neither depth nor extension of the defects can be assessed on external inspection. In these cases, microscopic analysis of tooth sections is required for a correct diagnosis of the hypoplastic enamel defects.