bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nitrous Oxide Exposure during Surgery on the Homocysteine Concentrations of Children
Authors: Pichardo Dubraiicka , Luginbuehl Igor A. , Shakur Yaseer , Wales Paul W. , El-Sohemy Ahmed , O'Connor Deborah L.
Published: May 2012

Background

Nitrous oxide converts vitamin B12 to its nonmetabolically active form, inhibits methionine synthase, and results in an elevation of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy). The authors investigated the effect of nitrous oxide anesthesia on the plasma tHcy concentrations in children the morning after surgery and whether blood concentrations of folate and vitamins B12 and B6 were associated with any potential increase.

Methods

The authors measured plasma tHcy concentrations in 32 children before and 24 h after initial exposure to nitrous oxide (≥ 2 h). Genotype for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and blood concentrations of folate, vitamins B12 and B6, and methylmalonic acid were measured before surgery.

Results

The median age of participants was 11 months (3-126 months). The median (first, third quartile) postoperative plasma tHcy concentration was significantly higher than the preoperative concentration (6.4 [4.7, 8.9] vs. 5.1[4.1, 6.4] μM, P < 0.0001), a 25% (2%, 42%) relative increase. Six of 28 (21%) children with normal, age-appropriate, preexposure plasma tHcy concentrations had postoperative plasma tHcy concentrations greater than the cutoff values. The duration of nitrous oxide exposure was associated positively with the rise in plasma tHcy concentration (R2 = 0.696, P = < 0.001).

Conclusion

Exposure to ≥ 2 h nitrous oxide is associated with a small, albeit statistically significant, increase in postoperative plasma tHcy concentrations the morning after surgery in young children. The clinical significance of this increase is unknown.
The Stat6-regulated KRAB domain zinc finger protein Zfp157 regulates the balance of lineages in mammary glands and compensates for loss of Gata-3
Authors: Oliver Carrie H. , Khaled Walid T. , Frend Hayley , Nichols Jennifer , Watson Christine J.
Published: May 2012

Lineage commitment studies in mammary glands have focused on identifying cell populations that display stem or progenitor properties. However, the mechanisms that control cell fate have been incompletely explored. Herein we show that zinc finger protein 157 (Zfp157) is required to establish the balance between luminal alveolar pStat5- and Gata-3-expressing cells in the murine mammary gland. Using mice in which the zfp157 gene was disrupted, we found that alveologenesis was accelerated concomitantly with a dramatic skewing of the proportion of pStat5-expressing cells relative to Gata-3+ cells. This suppression of the Gata-3+ lineage was associated with increased expression of the inhibitor of helix–loop–helix protein Id2. Surprisingly, Gata-3 becomes dispensable in the absence of Zfp157, as mice deficient for both Zfp157 and Gata-3 lactate normally, although the glands display a mild epithelial dysplasia. These data suggest that the luminal alveolar compartment of the mammary gland is comprised of a number of distinct cell populations that, although interdependant, exhibit considerable cell fate plasticity.
Endoplasmic reticulum protein BI-1 regulates Ca2+-mediated bioenergetics to promote autophagy
Authors: Sano Renata , Hou Ying-Chen Claire , Hedvat Michael , Correa Ricardo G. , Shu Chih-Wen , Krajewska Maryla , Diaz Paul W. , Tamble Craig M. , Quarato Giovanni , Gottlieb Roberta A. , Yamaguchi Masaya , Nizet Victor , Dahl Russell , Thomas David D. , Tait Stephen W. , Green Douglas R. , Fisher Paul B. , Matsuzawa Shu-Ichi , Reed John C.
Published: May 2012

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that converts macromolecules into substrates for energy production during nutrient-scarce conditions such as those encountered in tumor microenvironments. Constitutive mitochondrial uptake of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ mediated by inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) maintains cellular bioenergetics, thus suppressing autophagy. We show that the ER membrane protein Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) promotes autophagy in an IP3R-dependent manner. By reducing steady-state levels of ER Ca2+ via IP3Rs, BI-1 influences mitochondrial bioenergetics, reducing oxygen consumption, impacting cellular ATP levels, and stimulating autophagy. Furthermore, BI-1-deficient mice show reduced basal autophagy, and experimentally reducing BI-1 expression impairs tumor xenograft growth in vivo. BI-1's ability to promote autophagy could be dissociated from its known function as a modulator of IRE1 signaling in the context of ER stress. The results reveal BI-1 as a novel autophagy regulator that bridges Ca2+ signaling between ER and mitochondria, reducing cellular oxygen consumption and contributing to cellular resilience in the face of metabolic stress.
RNase P branches out from RNP to protein: organelle-triggered diversification?: Figure 1.
Authors: Goldfarb Katherine C. , Borah Sumit , Cech Thomas R.
Published: May 2012

RNase P is the enzyme that removes 5′ leader sequences from precursor tRNAs. Remarkably, in most organisms, RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein particle where the RNA component is responsible for catalysis. In this issue of Genes & Development, Gutmann and colleagues (pp. 1022–1027) report the first organism, Arabidopsis thaliana, to employ protein-only RNase P in both its nucleus and organelles. An intriguing possibility is that replacement of RNase P ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) by proteins may have been triggered by the acquisition of organelles.
Applications of leverage analysis in structure refinement
Authors: Parsons Simon , Wagner Trixie , Presly Oliver , Wood Peter A. , Cooper Richard I.
Published: May 2012

Leverages measure the influence that observations (intensity data and restraints) have on the fit obtained in crystal structure refinement. Further analysis enables the influence that observations have on specific parameters to be measured. The results of leverage analyses are discussed in the context of the amino acid alanine and an incomplete high-pressure data set of the complex bis(salicylaldoximato)copper(II). Leverage analysis can reveal situations where weak data are influential and allows an assessment of the influence of restraints. Analysis of the high-pressure refinement of the copper complex shows that the influence of the highest-leverage intensity observations increases when completeness is reduced, but low leverages stay low. The influence of restraints, notably those applying the Hirshfeld rigid-bond criterion, also increases dramatically. In alanine the precision of the Flack parameter is determined by medium-resolution data with moderate intensities. The results of a leverage analysis can be incorporated into a weighting scheme designed to optimize the precision of a selected parameter. This was applied to absolute structure refinement of light-atom crystal structures. The standard uncertainty of the Flack parameter could be reduced to around 0.1 even for a hydrocarbon.
Bis(2-methylpiperidinium) naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate
Authors: Xu Qian
Published: May 2012

In the structure of the title molecular salt, 2C6H14N+·C10H6O6S2
2−, the asymmetric unit consists of one 2-methylpiperidinium cation and one-half of a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate anion; the anion lies across a centre of symmetry. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked through N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network.
(S)-N-Phenyl-tert-butanesulfinamide
Authors: Sun Xiaofei , Zhang Xiaoping , Zhang Binbin , Wang Wenguo , Zeng Qingle
Published: May 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C10H15NOS, contains two independent molecules with similar conformations. In the crystal, molecules are linked in a head-to-tail fashion by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains running along the b axis. The absolute configuration was assigned on the basis of known chirality of the parent compound.
Methyl 2-(thiophene-2-carboxamido)benzoate
Authors: Singh Durga Prasad , Pratap Seema , Butcher Ray J. , Gupta Sushil K.
Published: May 2012

The title compound, C13H11NO3S, was synthesized from methyl anthranilate, triethylamine and 2-thiophenoyl chloride in benzene. The molecular conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. The dihedral angle between the rings is 2.74 (12)°. In the crystal, C—H...O interactions link neighbouring molecules into a three-dimensional network.
(E)-4-Amino-N′-(2-nitrobenzylidene)benzohydrazide
Authors: Shi Zhong-Feng , Li Jia-Ming
Published: May 2012

The title Schiff base compound, C14H12N4O3, displays an E conformation with respect to the C=N double bond [1.268 (3) Å]. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 3.2 (5)°, consistent with an essentially planar molecule. In the crystal, N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds, as well as C—H...O interactions, link the molecules into layers that stack along the c axis.
3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide
Authors: Rao Guo-Wu , Li Xiao-Min , Sun Na-Bo
Published: May 2012

In the title molecule, C16H14ClF6NO, the cyclopropane ring forms a dihedral angle of 70.82 (18)° with the benzene ring. The torsion angles about the ethylene and amide bonds are −2.2 (5) (Cl—C—C—C) and 0.8 (5)° (O—C—N—C). A supramolecular chain propagated by glide symmetry along [001] and mediated by N—H...O hydrogen bonds is observed in the crystal packing.
Bis(2-amino-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-κN
3)dichloridocobalt(II)
Authors: Song Ye , Ji Yu-Fei , Kang Min-Yan , Liu Zhi-Liang
Published: May 2012

In the monomeric title complex, [CoCl2(C3H5N3S)2], the CoII atom is tetracoordinated by two chloride anions and two N atoms from two monodentate 2-amino-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole ligands, giving a slightly distorted tetrahedral stereochemistry [bond angle range about Co = 105.16 (12)–112.50 (10)°]. In the complex, the dihedral angle between the 1,3,4-thiadiazole planes in the two ligands is 72.8 (1)°. There are two intramolecular N—H...Cl interactions in the complex unit, while in the crystal, intermolecular N—H...N and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds link these units into a two-dimensional layered structure parallel to (011).
1-{[3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropan-1-yl]carbonyl}-3-(methylsulfonyl)imidazolidin-2-one
Authors: Sun Na-Bo , Rao Guo-Wu , Chu Jian-Bo
Published: May 2012

In the title molecule, C13H16ClF3N2O4S, the imidazolidine ring is approximately planar, the largest deviation from this plane being 0.025 (3) Å. The cyclopropane ring forms a dihedral angle of 64.1 (2)° with the imidazolidine ring. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed.
3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethyl-6,6′-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methoxy]-1,1′-spirobiindane monohydrate
Authors: Zhang Ya-Jie , Sun Yan , Gao Shu-Mei , Jiang Xiao-Qing , Deng Yu-Heng
Published: May 2012

The asymmetric unit in the title compound, C33H34N2O2·H2O, consists of a V-shaped molecule and a water molecule to which it is hydrogen bonded. The angle between the mean planes of the two spiro-connected indane groups is 77.06 (5)°. The two five-membered rings of the indane groups have envelope conformations with the methylene atoms adjacent to the spiro C atom forming the flaps. They have deviations from the mean plane of the other four atoms in the rings of 0.374 (4) and 0.362 (4) Å. In the crystal, molecules are linked to form inversion dimers via O—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the pyridine N atoms and the solvent water molecule. The dimers are linked into a chain along the b axis by π–π stacking interactions between a pyridine ring and its centrosymmetrically related ring in an adjacent dimer. The centroid–centroid distance between the planes is 3.7756 (17) Å, the perpendicular distance is 3.4478 (11) Å and the offset is 1.539 Å.
Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in the apparently iodine‐sufficient capital city of Turkey
Authors: Oguz Kutlu Alev , Kara Cengiz
Published: May 2012

Objective

Previous studies of the current iodine status in Turkey have yielded contradictory results. Although urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in school age children (SAC) suggests sufficient iodine status, studies on neonatal thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) indicate that iodine deficiency is a continuing problem. We aimed to assess the iodine nutritional status of pregnant women living in Ankara, an area that has appeared to be iodine sufficient in earlier studies.

Design

Hospital‐based, noninterventional, prospective, cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A total of 162 pregnant women in their second trimester were examined regarding iodized salt use, UIC, presence or absence of goitre and thyroid function. Goitre status was determined by palpation. UIC was measured using colorimetric method based on Sandell–Kolthoff reaction. Thyroid hormones and TSH were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassays.

Results

While the proportion of iodized salt use was 80·2%, UIC was below 150 μg/l in 72·8% of the women. The median UIC was 80·5 (8·9–340·3) μg/l, indicating insufficient iodine intake. Total goitre rate was 15·4%. Preferential T3 secretion reflected by elevated molar ratios of FT3/FT4 was present in 89·5% of the women. 12·4% had subclinical hypothyroidism or isolated hypothyroxinaemia based on serum TSH and FT4 levels.

Conclusions

Our study shows that iodine deficiency is a serious problem among pregnant women in Ankara. These data confirm that iodine nutritional status among SAC does not reflect the iodine supply for pregnant women. We propose that nationwide surveillance studies should urgently be performed to directly assess and monitor the iodine status of pregnant women. We also consider that pregnant women in Turkey should be supplemented by iodine‐containing preparations in addition to iodized salt.
Changes in angler participation and demographics: analysis of a 17‐year licence stub return system for Atlantic salmon
Authors: DEMPSON J. B. , ROBERTSON M. J. , COCHRANE N. M. , O’CONNELL M. F. , PORTER G.
Published: May 2012

Abstract  Patterns of change in angler participation and demographics were examined for the recreational Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fishery in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. An analysis of a licence stub return system, 1994–2010, showed a significant decline in resident angler participation, but this was not consistent across all regions of the Province. Mean age of anglers increased significantly, varying from 39.0 years in 1994 to 46.5 years by 2010. In some regions, mean age rose by over 12 years since the mid‐1990s, reflecting a decline in the recruitment of younger anglers. The return rate of angler logs also declined over time and was found to vary by age, sex and area of angler residence. Women and older anglers, and those living in specific rural areas had a greater tendency to return a record of their catch history than men and younger anglers. Identified changes in participation and demographics, which can affect exploitation and ultimately abundance, could be used to develop management measures that would maximise both harvest and socio‐economic benefits to the varied users of the resource.
Predicting users' return to virtual worlds: a social perspective
Authors: Goel Lakshmi , Johnson Norman , Junglas Iris , Ives Blake
Published: May 2012

Virtual worlds or three‐dimensional computer‐based simulated environments have received considerable attention as platforms for entertainment, education and commerce. In contrast to a web site, for example, where a user interacts with a two‐dimensional site, virtual worlds provide a platform in which users can interact with other individuals, sometimes including strangers, within three‐dimensional environments. Virtual worlds afford a form of ‘socialness’ unlike many other technologies, often motivating a user – by virtue of these social experiences – to return. Drawing on the Spatial Model of Interaction and Awareness‐Attention Theory, we demonstrate that besides social aspects, which include social awareness and social perception, flow experience, which is the mental state of being fully absorbed and somewhat lost in time, is an essential ingredient in an individual's decision to return to a virtual world. We also demonstrate how characteristics of the technology are linked to the social aspects experienced in virtual worlds. A laboratory study conducted in a virtual world, Second Life, supports our assertions and identifies state predictors of flow that influence individuals' intentions to return to the virtual world environment.
Synovial fluid dynamics with small disc perforation in temporomandibular joint
Authors: XU Y. , ZHAN J. , ZHENG Y. , HAN Y. , ZHANG Z. , XI Y. , ZHU P.
Published: May 2012

Summary  The articular disc plays an important role as a stress absorber in joint movement, resulting in stress reduction and redistribution in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The flow of synovial fluid in the TMJ may follow a regular pattern during movement of the jaw. We hypothesised that the regular pattern is disrupted when the TMJ disc is perforated. By computed tomography arthrography, we studied the upper TMJ compartment in patients with small disc perforation during jaw opening–closing at positions from 0 to 3 cm. Finite element fluid dynamic modelling was accomplished to analyse the pattern of fluid flow and pressure distribution during the movements. The results showed that the fluid flow in the upper compartment generally formed an anticlockwise circulation but with local vortexes with the jaw opening up to 2 cm. However, when the jaw opening–closing reached 3 cm, an abnormal flow field and the fluid pressure change associated with the perforation may increase the risk of perforation expansion or rupture and is unfavourable for self‐repair of the perforated disc.
NI‐1: a novel canine mastocytoma model for studying drug resistance and IgER‐dependent mast cell activation
Authors: Hadzijusufovic E. , Peter B. , Herrmann H. , Rülicke T. , Cerny‐Reiterer S. , Schuch K. , Kenner L. , Thaiwong T. , Yuzbasiyan‐Gurkan V. , Pickl W. F. , Willmann M. , Valent P.
Published: May 2012

Background

Advanced mast cell (MC) disorders are characterized by uncontrolled growth of neoplastic MC in various organs, mediator‐related symptoms, and a poor prognosis. Kit mutations supposedly contribute to abnormal growth and drug resistance in these patients.

Methods

We established a novel canine mastocytoma cell line, NI‐1, from a patient suffering from MC leukemia.

Results

NI‐1 cells were found to form mastocytoma lesions in NOD/SCID IL‐2Rgammanull mice and to harbor several homozygous Kit mutations, including missense mutations at nucleotides 107(C→T) and 1187(A→G), a 12‐bp duplication (nucleotide 1263), and a 12‐bp deletion (nucleotide 1550). NI‐1 cells expressed several MC differentiation antigens, including tryptase, Kit, and a functional IgE receptor. Compared to the C2 mastocytoma cell line harboring a Kit exon 11 mutation, NI‐1 cells were found to be less responsive against the Kit tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) masitinib and imatinib, but were even more sensitive against proliferation‐inhibitory effects of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) blocker RAD001 and PI3‐kinase/mTOR blocker NVP‐BEZ235. The Kit‐targeting multikinase inhibitors PKC412 and dasatinib were also found to override TKI resistance in NI‐1 cells, and produced growth inhibition with reasonable IC50 values (<0.1 μM).

Conclusion

NI‐1 may serve as a useful tool to investigate IgE‐dependent reactions and mechanisms of abnormal growth and drug resistance in neoplastic MC in advanced mastocytosis.
Topical application of PPARα (but not β/δ or γ) suppresses atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice
Authors: Chiba T. , Takeuchi S. , Esaki H. , Yamamura K. , Kurihara Y. , Moroi Y. , Furue M.
Published: May 2012

Background

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors, which regulate not only adipogenesis and proliferation/differentiation but also the immune response of cells. Because topical application of the activators of some PPAR isoforms improved clinical symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), we investigated the role of PPAR activators using a murine AD model in NC/Nga mice; to the best of our knowledge, this has not been previously reported.

Methods

Activators of three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ, γ) were topically applied on inflamed skin in a murine AD model that was developed by repeated topical application of mite antigen in NC/Nga mice. The efficacy of each topical PPAR activator was evaluated immunologically and serologically.

Results

Topical application of the PPARα activator, but not of the activators of PPARβ/δ or PPARγ, improved clinical dermatitis, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis, and alleviated the elevation of serum IgE levels. In addition, PPARα expression was downregulated in the epidermis in our murine AD model, as is seen in patients with AD.

Conclusions

Topical application of PPARα activator could be a potent therapeutic agent for patients with AD and could take the place of topical steroid treatments.
A multivariate test of evolutionary constraints for thermal tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: WILLIAMS B. R. , VAN HEERWAARDEN B. , DOWLING D. K. , SGRÒ C. M.
Published: May 2012

Exposure to extreme temperatures is increasingly likely to impose strong selection on many organisms in their natural environments. The ability of organisms to adapt to such selective pressures will be determined by patterns of genetic variation and covariation. Despite increasing interest in thermal adaptation, few studies have examined the extent to which the genetic covariance between traits might constrain thermal responses. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether sex‐specific genetic architectures will constrain responses to climatic selection. We used a paternal half‐sibling breeding design to examine whether sex‐specific genetic architectures and genetic covariances between traits might constrain evolutionary responses to warming climates in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results suggest that the sexes share a common genetic underpinning for heat tolerance as indicated by a strong positive inter‐sexual genetic correlation. Further, we found no evidence in either of the sexes that genetic trade‐offs between heat tolerance and fitness will constrain responses to thermal selection. Our results suggest that neither trade‐offs, nor sex‐specific genetics, will significantly constrain an evolutionary response to climatic warming, at least in this population of D. melanogaster.
The critical distance theory for fatigue analysis of notched aluminium specimens subjected to repeated bending
Authors: HOOREWEDER B. VAN , MOENS D. , BOONEN R. , SAS P.
Published: May 2012

This paper provides new insights in the use of the critical distance method for fatigue analysis of notched aluminium components subjected to constant amplitude bending loading. A straightforward test setup was developed to load test samples with different stress concentrations in repeated bending at high test frequency. The mean values of the local endurable stress amplitudes are determined with the staircase method and the Dixon and Mood theory using a minimum amount of test samples. The critical distance is determined using these fatigue limits and the corresponding stress gradients determined by means of finite element analysis. The results indicate a unique critical distance of 0.22 mm for fatigue crack initiation. Consequently, the critical distance theory can be successfully applied for fatigue analysis of notched specimens or engineering components of aluminium EN AW 7075 T7351 with geometrical features of various size and shape subjected to fluctuating loading in bending.
Risk of catheter‐associated infection in young hematology/oncology patients receiving long‐term peripheral nerve blocks
Authors: Anghelescu Doralina L. , Harris Brittney L. , Faughnan Lane G. , Oakes Linda L. , Windsor Kelley B. , Wright Becky B. , McCullers Jonathan A.
Published: May 2012

Background:  Continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNBs) are increasingly used to control postoperative and chronic pain. At our pediatric oncology institution, the duration of CPNBs is often prolonged. The risk of catheter‐associated infection with prolonged CPNBs has not been previously investigated.

Aim:  We analyzed the incidence of CPNB‐related infection and its relation to catheter duration, catheter site, intensive care stay, and antibiotic coverage.

Methods:  All CPNBs placed at our institution between August 1, 2005 and October 31, 2010 were studied. Primary diagnosis and the site, indication, duration, and infectious adverse effects of CPNBs were obtained from our Pain Service QI database. Patients’ age and sex, antibiotic administration, and number of days in intensive care were collected from patients’ medical records.

Results:  The use of 179 catheters in 116 patients was evaluated. Mean age at CPNB placement was 15.1 years (median, 14.7; range, 0.4–26.9). The most frequent indication for CPNB was surgery (89.4%), most commonly orthopedic (78.8%). Mean CPNB duration was 7.2 days (median, 5.0; range, 1–81 days). Two cases (1.12%) of CPNBs developed signs of infection, both associated with femoral catheters. The infections were mild and necessitated catheter removal at days 10 and 13, respectively.

Conclusion:  Nerve block catheter‐associated infections are infrequent at our institution despite prolonged CPNB use. Both patients with infection had femoral catheters and prolonged catheter (≥10 days) use.
Body size and dispersal mode as key traits determining metacommunity structure of aquatic organisms
Authors: De Bie T. , De Meester L. , Brendonck L. , Martens K. , Goddeeris B. , Ercken D. , Hampel H. , Denys L. , Vanhecke L. , Van der Gucht K. , Van Wichelen J. , Vyverman W. , Declerck S. A. J.
Published: May 2012

Relationships between traits of organisms and the structure of their metacommunities have so far mainly been explored with meta‐analyses. We compared metacommunities of a wide variety of aquatic organism groups (12 groups, ranging from bacteria to fish) in the same set of 99 ponds to minimise biases inherent to meta‐analyses. In the category of passive dispersers, large‐bodied groups showed stronger spatial patterning than small‐bodied groups suggesting an increasing impact of dispersal limitation with increasing body size. Metacommunities of organisms with the ability to fly (i.e. insect groups) showed a weaker imprint of dispersal limitation than passive dispersers with similar body size. In contrast, dispersal movements of vertebrate groups (fish and amphibians) seemed to be mainly confined to local connectivity patterns. Our results reveal that body size and dispersal mode are important drivers of metacommunity structure and these traits should therefore be considered when developing a predictive framework for metacommunity dynamics.
Climate envelope modelling reveals intraspecific relationships among flowering phenology, niche breadth and potential range size in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Banta Joshua A. , Ehrenreich Ian M. , Gerard Silvia , Chou Lucy , Wilczek Amity , Schmitt Johanna , Kover Paula X. , Purugganan Michael D.
Published: May 2012

Species often harbour large amounts of phenotypic variation in ecologically important traits, and some of this variation is genetically based. Understanding how this genetic variation is spatially structured can help to understand species’ ecological tolerances and range limits. We modelled the climate envelopes of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes, ranging from early‐ to late‐flowering, as a function of several climatic variables. We found that genotypes with contrasting alleles at individual flowering time loci differed significantly in potential range size and niche breadth. We also found that later flowering genotypes had more restricted range potentials and narrower niche breadths than earlier flowering genotypes, indicating that local selection on flowering can constrain or enhance the ability of populations to colonise other areas. Our study demonstrates how climate envelope models that incorporate ecologically important genetic variation can provide insights into the macroecology of a species, which is important to understand its responses to changing environments.
Severe post‐renal acute kidney injury, post‐obstructive diuresis and renal recovery
Authors: Hamdi Aïcha , Hajage David , Van Glabeke Emmanuel , Belenfant Xavier , Vincent François , Gonzalez Frédéric , Ciroldi Magali , Obadia Edouard , Chelha Riad , Pallot Jean‐Louis , Das Vincent
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The pathophysiology of post‐renal acute kidney injury (PR‐AKI), i.e. caused by urinary tract obstruction, has been extensively studied in animal models but clinical studies on this subject are outdated, and/or have focused on the mechanisms of ‘post‐obstructive diuresis’ (POD), a potentially life‐threatening polyuria that can develop after the release of obstruction.

In severe PR‐AKI, the risk of occurrence of POD is high. POD occurrence predicts renal recovery without the persistence of severe chronic kidney failure. In the present study, the occurrence of POD and the persistence of chronic renal sequelae could be predicted early from clinical variables at admission before the release of obstruction.

OBJECTIVE

To identify predictors of post‐obstructive diuresis (POD) occurrence or severe chronic renal failure (CRF) persistence after the release of urinary tract obstruction in the setting of post‐renal acute kidney injury (PR‐AKI).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Bi‐centre retrospective observational study of all patients with PR‐AKI treated in two intensive care units (ICUs) from 1998 to 2010.

Clinical, biological and imaging characteristics on admission and after the release of obstruction were analysed with univariate and, if possible, multivariate analysis to search for predictors of (i) occurrence of POD (diuresis >4 L/day) after the release of obstruction; (ii) persistence of severe CRF (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, including end‐stage CRF) at 3 months.

RESULTS

On admission, median (range) serum creatinine was 866 (247–3119) µmol/L.

POD occurred in 34 (63%) of the 54 analysable patients. On admission, higher serum creatinine (Odds ratio [OR] 1.002 per 1 µmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.000–1.004, P= 0.004), higher serum bicarbonate (OR 1.36 per 1 mmol/L, 95% CI 1.13–1.65, P < 0.001), and urinary retention (OR 6.96, 95% CI 1.34–36.23, P= 0.01) independently predicted POD occurrence.

Severe CRF persisted in seven (21%) of the 34 analysable patients, including two (6%) cases of end‐stage CRF. Predictors of severe CRF persistence after univariate analysis were: lower blood haemoglobin (P < 0.001) and lower serum bicarbonate (P= 0.03) on admission, longer time from admission to the release of obstruction (P= 0.01) and absence of POD (P= 0.04) after the release of obstruction.

CONCLUSIONS

In severe PR‐AKI treated in ICU, POD occurrence was a frequent event that predicted renal recovery without severe CRF.

POD occurrence or severe CRF persistence could be predicted early from clinical and biological variables at admission before the release of obstruction.
Prostate angiosarcoma: is there any association with previous radiation therapy?
Authors: Khaliq Waseem , Meyer Christian F. , Uzoaru Ikechukwu , Wolf Richard M. , Antonarakis Emmanuel S.
Published: May 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Angiosarcomas are histological subtype of sarcomas and rarely involve the prostate gland. Only ten cases of prostate angiosarcoma have been reported in the literature to date. Occurrence of post‐irradiation prostate angiosarcoma is rare considering the frequency of radiotherapy used for treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma. We provide a brief review of all cases of prostate angiosarcoma and describe the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, prognostic factors and current treatment options for prostate angiosarcoma.

For the current review a literature search was carried out using Pubmed, EmBase, and Cochrane databases. All cases of prostate angioscaroma reported to date and observational studies evaluating the radiation associated cancer occurrence were reviewed. Despite the rarity, prostate angiosarcomas display remarkable clinical and pathological heterogeneity, and a treatment challenge. We found the association of prostate angiosarcoma with radiation therapy to be weak based upon the results from observational studies and case reports. Although radiation exposure has been suggested etiology of prostate angiosarcomas, assumption of such association is not supported by the current literature.
Urinary engrailed‐2 (EN2) levels predict tumour volume in men undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer
Authors: Pandha Hardev , Sorensen Karen D. , Orntoft Thorsten F. , Langley Stephen , Hoyer Soren , Borre Michael , Morgan Richard
Published: May 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

There are a lot of potential prostate cancer biomarkers being evaluated. All aim to improve on the sensitivity and specificity of PSA. EN2 was recently shown by our group to have better sensitivity and specificity than PSA. EN2 is a simple ELISA test and is not dependent on other parameters, even PSA, unlike all the other current biomarkers under evaluation. To date, no marker correlates with the amount of cancer present – the present study shows this positive correlation with EN2 in men undergoing prostatectomy.

The potential utility of this work is that by knowing that the level of EN2 corresponds to the amount of cancer present, irrelevant of tumour grade and number of cancer foci, we can define an EN2 level corresponding to small cancers, which can then undergo surveillance. We are conducting a further study that is aimed at determining whether the levels of EN2 in urine can indicate ‘significant’ vs ‘non‐significant cancer’ using the threshold of 0.5 mL cancer (after Epstein's work).

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the relationship between levels of a recently described prostate cancer biomarker engrailed‐2 (EN2) in urine and cancer volume in men who had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer.

To date, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels have not reliably predicted prostate cancer volume. Reliable volume indicator biomarker(s) may aid management decisions, e.g. active treatment vs active surveillance.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Archived patient samples from the Aarhus Prostate Cancer Project, Denmark, were assessed.

Pre‐treatment mid‐stream urines, without preceding prostatic massage, were collected and stored at –80 °C.

Urinary EN2 levels were measured by a recently published enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

In all, 88 of the whole cohort of 125 men (70%) were positive for EN2 in their urine (>42.5 µg/L); 38/58 (65%) men where cancer volume data was available.

There was no statistical relationship between urinary EN2 levels and serum PSA levels.

PSA levels did not correlate with tumour stage, combined Gleason grade, total prostatic weight or cancer volume.

There was a strong statistical relationship between urinary EN2 and prostate cancer volume by linear regression (P= 0.006).

Higher EN2 levels correlated with tumour stage T1 vs T2 (P= 0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

Pre‐surgical urinary EN2 levels were associated with increasing tumour stage and closely reflected the volume of cancer in RP specimens.

Given the ease of collection (no prostatic massage required) and the simplicity, low cost and robustness of the assay, EN2 may become a useful biomarker in not only identifying which patients have prostate cancer but may also facilitate risk stratification by indicating the burden of tumour volume.
Association of common variations of 8q24 with the risk of prostate cancer in Koreans and a review of the Asian population
Authors: Joung Jae Y. , Park Sohee , Yoon Hyekyoung , Lee Sang J. , Park Weon S. , Seo Ho K. , Chung Jinsoo , Kim Sook‐Young , Hong Seung‐Hyun , Lee Yeon‐Su , Kim Jeongseon , Lee Kang H.
Published: May 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The association between subjects with the genetic variation of 8q24 and the risk of development of prostate cancer in Korean men was found. As a result of haplotype analysis, [AGC] and [CTA] carriers showed a significant association with prostate cancer risk. This is clinically meaningful as an initial study on genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer in Korean men and the first report of 8q24 haplotypes in an Asian population.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the association between genetic variation of 8q24 with prostate cancer risk in Korean men.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

With a hospital‐based case‐control study design, we enrolled 194 patients with prostate cancer and 169 healthy controls from visitors for cancer screening.

DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood for the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three SNPs of 8q24, including rs16901979, rs6983267, and rs1447295, were genotyped on cases and controls.

RESULTS

The subjects with the rs1447295 CA or AA genotype had a higher risk of prostate cancer than the CC genotype.

The A allele at SNP rs1447295 was associated with the incidence of prostate cancer.

The rs16901979 CA genotype carriers had a higher risk of prostate cancer than the CC genotype.

Individuals with the [AGC] and [CTA] haplotypes had a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer compared with the [CTC] haplotype ([AGC] with adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–2.96; P= 0.022; [CTA] with adjusted OR 5.17; 95% CI 2.40–11.15; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The genetic variation of 8q24 is associated with the risk of prostate cancer in Korean men.

Individuals with the [AGC] and [CTA] haplotypes had a significant association with prostate cancer risk.
Fuel shapes the fire–climate relationship: evidence from Mediterranean ecosystems
Authors: Pausas Juli G. , Paula Susana
Published: May 2012

Aim  To understand how vegetation mediates the interplay between fire and climate. Specifically, we predict that neither the switching of climatic conditions to high flammability nor the sensitivity of fire to such conditions are universal, but rather depend on fuel (vegetation) structure, which in turn changes with productivity.

Location  An aridity/productivity gradient on the Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean Basin).

Methods  We defined 13 regions distributed along an aridity gradient, which thus differ in productivity and fuel structure. We then assessed the changes in the temporal fire–climate relationship across regions. Specifically, for each region we estimated three variables: the aridity level for switching to flammable conditions (i.e. climatic conditions conducive to fire), the frequency of these flammable conditions and the area burnt under such conditions. These variables were then related to regional aridity and fuel structure indicators.

Results  In mediterranean ecosystems, the aridity level for switching to flammable conditions increased along the aridity gradient. Differences in fire activity between regions were not explained by the frequency of flammable conditions but by the sensitivity of fire to such conditions, which was higher in wetter and more productive regions.

Main conclusions  Under mediterranean climatic conditions, fuel structure is more relevant in driving fire activity than the frequency of climatic conditions conducive to fire. At a global scale, fuel also drives the fire–climate relationship because it determines the climatic (aridity) threshold for switching to flammable conditions. Our results emphasize the role of landscape structure in shaping current and future fire–climate relationships at a regional scale, and suggest that future changes in the fire regime (i.e. under global warming) might be different from what it is predicted by climate alone.
From the Cradle to the Grave: Age Differences in Attachment From Early Adulthood to Old Age
Authors: Chopik William J. , Edelstein Robin S. , Fraley R. Chris
Published: May 2012

Objective

Although attachment dynamics are thought to be important across the life span, relatively few studies have examined attachment processes beyond young adulthood. Extant research on age differences in attachment orientation has yielded conflicting results and interpretations. The purpose of this study was to provide a more complete picture of age‐related differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance.

Method

We examined attachment anxiety and avoidance in 86,555 Internet respondents (71.8% female) ranging in age from 18 to 70.

Results

We found that attachment anxiety was highest among younger adults and lowest among middle‐aged and older adults. Attachment avoidance showed less dramatic age differences overall but was highest among middle‐aged adults and lowest among younger and older adults. In addition, partnered individuals reported lower levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to single individuals, particularly in younger and older adulthood. Women also reported slightly higher anxiety and avoidance compared to men, especially in young adulthood.

Conclusions

Findings are discussed in the context of life span changes in social roles, normative personality development, and emotion regulation throughout adulthood.
The importance of population genetic information in formulatingex situconservation strategies for the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritiferaL.) inNorthernIreland
Authors: Wilson C. D. , Beatty G. E. , Bradley C. R. , Clarke H. C. , Preston S. J. , Roberts D. , Provan J.
Published: May 2012

Captive breeding is the last resort to protect a species that will become extinct because it is incapable of surviving in the wild without human intervention. The freshwater pearl musselMargaritifera margaritiferais a prime candidate for such action: the species has experienced a recent range‐wide decline, particularly inEurope. InNorthernIreland,M. margaritiferais now only found in six rivers and, because of a lack of natural recruitment in the wild, it has been predicted that these populations will become extinct within 80 years. Consequently, anex situbreeding program was established with the aim of using a semi‐natural method to propagate mussels for restocking. In the present study, we analysed the levels and patterns of genetic diversity in the captive‐bred mussels, as well as their parent broodstock and remnant populations from their natal and other rivers inNorthernIreland whereM. margaritiferais still found, to help develop best practice for the captive breeding program. Levels of genetic diversity were high, although there was a strong correlation between genetic diversity and census population sizes, as well as evidence of inbreeding in all populations. Small but significant levels of genetic differentiation were observed between both the captive‐bred juveniles and their parent broodstock, and the samples from their source river, indicating a possible founder effect. In addition, three groups of genetically distinct clusters were observed among the remaining natural populations that could be used as the basis for defining conservation units. These findings allow us to make recommendations for efficient management of the captive breeding program, including rotation of theex situbroodstock on a regular basis to avoid prolonged inbreeding, and the establishment of captive breeding of other populations to reflect genetic differences between putative conservation units inNorthernIreland and elsewhere.
Integrative study on static skull variation in the Japanese weasel (Carnivora: Mustelidae)
Authors: Suzuki S. , Abe M. , Motokawa M.
Published: May 2012

We assessed static skull variation in the Japanese weasel Mustela itatsi by integrating different variation indices. We used the coefficient of variation (CV), residuals of the standard deviation regressed onto the mean of each measurement (RSD) and allometry coefficients (ACs). CV showed nonlinear correlation with mean trait size as reported in many previous studies. RSD has a similar pattern of variation to CV and it has been used as an index to obliterate the trait size bias seen in CV. Furthermore, similarly sized traits showed a wide range of CV, with many largely scattered around a nonlinear regression curve. Therefore, variation in CV is not entirely generated by the bias and to some extent reflects real biological phenomena. Allometric analyses revealed that larger specimens tended to have a relatively larger viscerocranium, smaller neurocranium, more robust mandible, larger canines, smaller carnassials, and smaller M1 compared with smaller specimens. These patterns are possibly consistent with general ontogenetic skull shape change in the genus Mustela. Tooth measurements, as well as cranial and mandibular measurements, showed significant correlations with skull size. CV variation is determined mainly by AC and is weakly related to the correlation between trait and skull size.
Sexual dimorphism in rodent models of hypertension and atherosclerosis
Authors: Bubb Kristen J , Khambata Rayomand S , Ahluwalia Amrita
Published: May 2012

Approximately one third of all deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it the biggest killer worldwide. Despite a number of therapeutic options available, the burden of CVD morbidity continues to grow indicating the need for continued research to address this unmet need. In this respect, investigation of the mechanisms underlying the protection that premenopausal females enjoy from cardiovascular‐related disease and mortality is of interest. In this review, we discuss the essential role that rodent animal models play in enabling this field of research. In particular, we focus our discussion on models of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Upregulation of SATB1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis in liver cancer
Authors: Tu Wei , Luo Min , Wang Zhijun , Yan Wei , Xia Yujia , Deng Huan , He Jiayi , Han Ping , Tian Dean
Published: May 2012

Background

Special AT‐rich binding protein‐1 (SATB1) reprograms chromatin organization and transcription profiles to promote tumour growth and metastasis.

Aims

This study aimed to confirm the effects of SATB1 on the growth and metastasis of liver cancer and its specific regulation mechanism.

Methods

SATB1 expression was evaluated in human hepatoma tissue, adjacent noncancerous tissue and seven kinds of liver cancer cell lines. Cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis and eptithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated after enhanced or silenced expression of SATB1. The regulatory action of SATB1 on the expression of genes that are known to regulate cell cycle progression, apoptosis and EMT and the specific apoptotic pathway on which it acts were further analysed. Nude mice that received subcutaneous implantation were used to study the effects of SATB1 on tumour growth in vivo.

Results

Our data show that the high expression of SATB1 was observed in the human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue (26/45) and liver cancer cell lines with high metastatic potential. SATB1 upregulated CDK4 and downregulated p16
INK

4A to promote cell cycle progression and cell proliferation and prevented apoptosis by inhibiting the FADD–caspase‐8–caspase‐3 death receptor‐mediated apoptosis pathway. SATB1 also induced EMT concomitant with increased expression of Snail1, Slug, Twist and vimentin and decreased expression of E‐cadherin, tight junction protein ZO‐1 and desmoplakin. SATB1 promoted the growth of tumour in vivo.

Conclusion

These data suggest that the SATB1 gene may play an important role in the development and progression of liver cancer by regulation of genes related to cell cycle progression, apoptosis and EMT.