bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arabicization of Business Terms from Terminology Planning Perspective
Authors: Al-Haq Fawwaz Al-Abed , Al-Essa Sarah A.
Published: February 2016

The main purpose of this study was to measure the extent of acceptability of Arabicized business terms. The present study investigated the attitudes of business students toward the Arabicization of business terms. Besides, it drew attention to the criteria of acceptability to be taken into consideration in the Arabicization process to produce acceptable business terms. Finally, it brought into focus the role of gender, university affiliation, and specialization in the Arabicization process of business terms. A total of two hundred questionnaires were distributed to business students at the University of Jordan and Yarmouk University. It has been found that Arabicized business terms were moderately accepted by the users. Overall, users’ attitude toward Arabicized business terms was somewhat positive. Gender and university affiliation variables had influence on these criteria. Like the specialization variable, they caused different attitudes toward these terms. Enthusiasm toward the idea of Arabicization because of pan-Arab identity was strong. This study could be useful for Arabicization decision makers to get acceptable Arabicized business terms. It is the first step towards enhancing understanding of gender role in the Arabicization process. This study also has implications for further research into the importance of Arab nationalism in promoting Arabicized terms.
Universal Properties of Human Language in the Light of Natural Phenomena
Authors: Zeynalov Farman
Published: February 2016

The investigations of linguistic literature show that linguists today are much inspired by the goals of generative grammar, as well as the important human universals which explain child language acquisition, the universals of general cognition and learning. To put it the other way, linguists are interested in studying the human language to discover the nature of Universal Grammar the principles of which characterize all human languages and this major aim becomes the basis of contemporary linguistic theory of today. As D. Crystal writes: “… the main task of the linguistic scholar is basically to study and understand the general principles upon which all languages are built” (Crystal, 1977).

In this respect we are sure that this article may throw some light on the origin of universal properties of human language.

Our aim, accordingly, is to study the origin of general principles of human language and to discover natural factors which cause the human language to have universal properties. In other words, our aim is “to find out the laws of human language” in relation to natural phenomena. In this connection an attempt is made to describe variety of observable similar facts and compare them both pertaining to human language and natural processes.
The Effect of Some Thai Medicinal Herb Extracts on Nitrification Inhibition
Authors: Ruanpan Wachiraporn , Mala Thongchai
Published: February 2016

This study aimed to determine the effect on nitrification inhibition of some Thai medicinal herb extracts. The experimental design was completely randomized design, consisted 33 treatments with 4 replications. The experiments were performed in a laboratory, using surface soil of Yang Talat soil series as media. In each treatment, soil sample (100 g) was mixed thoroughly with 1 ml of herbal extract and 50 mg kg-1 of ammonium sulphate. The mixture was then incubated at ambient temperature. Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), ammonium-N (NH4+-N), nitrate-N (NO3--N), and soil pH were determined at week 1 to 4 after incubation. The results showed that the numbers of AOB in soil sample mixed with galanga stem decreased during the first 2 weeks. It was obvious that after the first week of incubation, the activity of NOB in soil samples mixed with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, heart- leaved moonseed stem, mangosteen fruit, kariyat leaf and galanga rhizome was suppressed. Soil samples containing herbal extracts had higher concentraions of NH4+-N and lower concentraions of NO3--N than those of control. The highest amount of NH4+-N was found in clove flower treated soil during the first 2 weeks of incubation. Kariyat leaf treated and cinnamon bark treated soil samples contained the highest amount of NH4+-N in weeks 3 and 4, respectively. Samples with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, mangosteen fruit, Thai copper pod leaf, Indian mulberry leaf, lemon grass leaf, bitter cucumber fruit, egg woman stem, fingerroot stem, fingerroot rhizome and hog plum leaf contained the lowest amount of NO3--N during the first 3 weeks. The concentraion of NO3--N in heart- leaved moonseed stem treated soil was the lowest in the last 3 weeks. The highest ratio of NH4+-N (100 %) and the lowest ratio of NO3--N (0.0 %) to inorganic N were found in samples with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, mangosteen fruit, Thai copper pod leaf, Indian mulberry leaf, lemon grass leaf, bitter cucumber fruit, egg woman stem, fingerroot stem, fingerroot rhizome, hog plum leaf and heart-leaved moonseed stem for 3 weeks. At early stages of incubation, low pH of herbal soil samples were observed. The pH of those samples, however, increased over time.
Procesrechtelijke bijzonderheden in de ontbindingsprocedure. Deel 1: Het rechtsmiddelenverbod
Authors: Bij de Vaate Vivian
Published: February 2016

Een bekende uitzondering op het uitgangspunt van toezicht in twee feitelijke instanties is het appelverbod bij de ontbinding van de arbeidsovereenkomst. Krachtens art. 7:685 lid 11 BW kan tegen een ontbindingsbeschikking hoger beroep noch cassatie worden ingesteld. Dit roept vragen op met betrekking tot de rechtsbescherming van werknemers en werkgevers, mede gegeven de eisen die daaraan vanuit art. 6 EVRM gesteld kunnen worden. De auteur onderzoekt of het appelverbod in overeenstemming is met de voornoemde hogere norm en of eventuele misslagen in de ontbindingsbeschikking, ondanks het wettelijk appelverbod, hersteld kunnen worden. Aandacht wordt besteed aan de mogelijkheden van doorbreking van het appelverbod, herstel, herroeping en het leerstuk van de onrechtmatige rechtspraak. Onderzocht wordt of, en zo ja, voor welke gebreken in de ontbindingsbeschikking en de ontbindingsprocedure deze acties uitkomst kunnen bieden.
Politieke fragmentatie in Nederlandse gemeenten
Authors: Lunsing Jan , Herweijer Michiel
Published: February 2016

Political fragmentation in Dutch municipalities

A gradual process of fragmentation is going on in the Dutch political landscape. This article first describes the political fragmentation (the number of parties in the parliament, the popularly elected body) of the Dutch municipalities after the local elections of march 2014. Next the authors address the background factors of political fragmentation. These factors are the task heaviness, the municipal size, the turnout at local elections and the administrative instability. Then they take up the consequences of political fragmentation. A high level of political fragmentation is accompanied by a somewhat higher absenteeism (so there is a little less ‘civil service power’), a somewhat higher debt per capita (so there are somewhat less financial reserves) and lower performance in the area of separate waste collection (an indication of a somewhat lower level of ‘civil society power’). The absence of an above average political fragmentation can be seen as an administrative resource. The hypothesis that municipalities with a higher level of political fragmentation are characterized by a higher number of administrative crises (early retiring administrators) could not be statistically accepted, nor (not yet) rejected.
Systeemverantwoordelijkheid en systeemverantwoordelijk toezicht
Authors: de Goede Peter , Knottnerus André
Published: February 2016

System responsibility and system responsible supervision

With the term ‘system responsibility’ the authors (both working for the Dutch Scientific Council for Governmental Policy) mean the responsibility for the functioning of complex ‘administrative systems’. In these complex administrative systems supervision can have different roles: to assess the functioning one-sided from the perspective of the government, but also to put on reflective glasses (‘from afar glasses’) that aim at the bigger picture of divergent rationalities of the actors involved. In the second case, there is ‘system responsible supervision’. This essay explores the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of the desirability of system responsible supervision in a society with complex, compound administrative systems. Such supervision can contribute to a somewhat better understanding of these systems and a somewhat better ability to adjust these complex systems. These supervisors can be seen as a necessary complement of the withdrawal of the government and the rise of ‘horizontal administration’, in which the hierarchical decision-power of the central government has gradually shifted to other actors. As unelected and as relatively independent actors they occupy a new, hybrid place in the ‘trias politica’, because on the one hand they have taken over functions of elected politicians and administrators and on the other hand they function in many respects as a quasi-judicial power.
Insult in Context: Incorporating Speech Act Theory in Doctrinal Legal Analysis of Interpretative Discussions
Authors: Kloosterhuis Harm
Published: February 2016

Insult in Context: Incorporating Speech Act Theory in Doctrinal Legal Analysis of Interpretative Discussions

In this article, I want to show that some doctrinal problems of legal interpretation and argumentation can be analysed in a more precise way than a standard doctrinal analysis, when we use insights from speech act theory and argumentation theory. Taking a discussion about the accusation of the criminal act insulting as a starting point, I will try to show that the doctrinal perspective on meaning of statutory norms and of the qualification of utterances as legal acts lacks the instruments to explain why discussions about these meanings and utterances are so complicated. In short, a doctrinal analysis focuses on word or sentence meaning, distinguishing between the literal or semantic meaning on the one hand and the meaning in context on the other. However, the analysis of this ‘meaning in context’ is often rather vague, especially in cases of indirect and strategic communication. It is the analysis of this meaning in context that can profit from insights from speech act theory. I do not want to ‘solve’ the problems of the interpretation of the norms concerning insulting. I only use this case in point as an exemplary example to discuss important (often implicit doctrinal) starting points about the related concepts meaning and intention (or commitment) in interpretative discussions.
Bestuursbesluit zou vereist moeten zijn bij eigen enquêteverzoek rechtspersoon
Authors: van Bekkum J.
Published: February 2016

Bestuursbesluit zou vereist moeten zijn bij eigen enquêteverzoek rechtspersoon

De auteur bespreekt in deze bijdrage de problematiek die zich voordoet bij het indienen van een enquêteverzoek namens de rechtspersoon. Hij betoogt dat in een dergelijk geval aan het enquêteverzoek in beginsel een bestuursbesluit ten grondslag moet liggen, tenzij een misstand aan besluitvorming in de weg staat.
De SNS-beschikking van 8 juli 2015: een pragmatische keuze
Authors: Tax I.
Published: February 2016

De SNS-beschikking van 8 juli 2015: een pragmatische keuze

De auteur geeft haar commentaar op de SNS-beschikking waarin de Ondernemingskamer heeft geoordeeld dat onteigende aandeelhouders, die vanwege de onteigening niet voldoen aan de kapitaaleis van artikel 2:346 BW, toch ontvankelijk kunnen zijn in hun verzoek tot enquête. De ondernemingskamer aanvaardt hiermee een verdere uitbreiding van de kring van enquêtegerechtigden.
Zaaien en oogsten bij enquêteprocedures
Authors: Overkleeft F.G.K.
Published: February 2016

Zaaien en oogsten bij enquêteprocedures

De auteur gaat in deze bijdrage in op het onderzoeksverslag als sluitstuk van de eerste fase bij de Ondernemingskamer. Wie heeft recht op inzage? En wanneer is het toegestaan mededelingen uit het onderzoeksverslag aan derden te doen? De auteur komt tevens met aanbevelingen om een onredelijke informatieasymmetrie in opvolgende civiele aansprakelijkheidsprocedures te voorkomen.
Presumption of Innocence Versus a Principle of Fairness
Authors: Ulväng Magnus
Published: February 2016

Presumption of Innocence Versus a Principle of Fairness. A Response to Duff

In my response to Duff I focus mainly on the following two issues. Firstly, I examine what kind of a norm the presumption of innocence (PoI) really is and how it ontologically differs from other types of rules, principles, rationales, etc. My tentative conclusion is that a PoI does not suffice the requirement of being a dogmatic rule and, thus, has less weight than what Duff perhaps assumes.

Secondly, I examine what role the concept of innocence plays in the debate on fundamental (moral and legal) principles and the underlying rationales of a criminal law system. Although I am sympathetic to much of what Duff purports in his plea for civic trust and a parsimonious use of criminal law, I am reluctant to believe that it is really a broader version of a PoI that warrants the kind of morally decent criminal law system that he suggests normatively ought to be. In my view, most of what Duff wants to ascribe to the PoI can be derived from a principle of fairness which, in my view, is already embedded in the fundamentals of criminal law doctrine.
On Presuming Innocence
Authors: Knigge Geert
Published: February 2016

On Presuming Innocence: Is Duff’s Civic Trust Principle in Line with Current Law, Particularly the European Convention on Human Rights?

Duff sets out to present, not theoretical concepts, but ‘real’ principles that underlie positive law. This paper examines whether Duff’s analysis really reflects current law. To that end, this paper analyses the case law of the European Court on Human Rights. As far as his preposition that there are many presumptions of innocence is concerned, Duff seems to be right. In the case law of the European Court different presumptions can be discerned, with different rationales. However, these presumptions are a far cry from the trust principle Duff advocates. Indeed, a principle that prescribes trust cannot be found in the Court’s case law. There might be a unifying principle but if so this principle is about respect for human dignity rather than trust. This analysis serves as a basis for criticism. It is argued that the approach Duff proposes is in tension with the Court’s case law in several respects.
De hybride positie van de inrichtingsarts: gevangen tussen patiënt en directie
Authors: Groenouwe Marjan
Published: February 2016

The hybrid position of the prison doctor in the Netherlands

This article discusses the complicated position of Dutch prison doctors. They not only act as a patient’s personal doctor, but they also have to verify that a prisoner is fit to undergo punishment and they can even be asked by the authorities to carry out involuntary body searches. This can raise serious ethical concerns and cause harm to the doctor-patient relationship. I have tried to determine in what situations the duty to care for their patients conflicts with considerations of prison management.
A ROBUST ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR 3D POINT CLOUD REGISTRATION
Authors: Pankaj Dhanya S , Nidamanuri Rama Rao
Published: February 2016

The 3D modeling pipeline involves registration of partially overlapping 3D scans of an object. The automatic pairwise coarse alignment of partially overlapping 3D images is generally performed using 3D feature matching. The transformation estimation from matched features generally requires robust estimation due to the presence of outliers. RANSAC is a method of choice in problems where model estimation is to be done from data samples containing outliers. The number of RANSAC iterations depends on the number of data points and inliers to the model. Convergence of RANSAC can be very slow in the case of large number of outliers. This paper presents a novel algorithm for the 3D registration task which provides more accurate results in lesser computational time compared to RANSAC. The proposed algorithm is also compared against the existing modifications of RANSAC for 3D pairwise registration. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm tends to obtain the best 3D transformation matrix in lesser time compared to the other algorithms.
Aminosilane Functionalization and Cytotoxicity Effects of Upconversion Nanoparticles Y2O3 and Gd2O3 Co-Doped with Yb3+and Er3+
Authors: Chavez Dalia Holanda , Juarez-Moreno Karla , Hirata Gustavo Alonso
Published: February 2016

In this study, luminescent upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) Y2O3 and Gd2O3 co-doped with Yb3+ and Er3+ were prepared by the sol-gel method (SG). These NPs are able to absorb near infrared photons and upconvert them into visible radiation with a direct application in bioimaging, as an important tool to diagnose and visualize cancer cells. The UCNPs were coated with a thin silica shell and functionalized with amino groups for further folic acid conjugation to allow their interaction with folate ligands on the cell surface. Their physical properties were analysed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The PL results revealed excellent luminescence properties on all core-shell UCNPs. Cytotoxicity experiments with concentrations of bare and aminosilane coated/functionalized UCNPs between 0.001 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL were tested on two different cell lines from human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) with a colorimetric assay based on the reduction of MTT reagent (methy-134-thiazolyltetrazolium). The assays show that some concentrations of bare UCNPs were cytotoxic for cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa); however, for human colorectal adenocarcinoma all UCNPs are non-cytotoxic. After UCNPs functionalization with silica-aminosilane (APTES/TEOS), all of the nanoparticles tested were found to be non-cytotoxic for both cell lines. The UCNPs functionalized in this work can be further conjugated with specific ligands and used as biolabels for detection of cancer cells.
Ruopiškių stambios linijinės subglacialinės formos susidarymo ypatybės: glacialinių nuogulų struktūros tyrimas
Authors: Lozovskis Saulius , Katinas Valentas , Baltrūnas Valentinas
Published: February 2016

Tyrimui pasirinktas Ruopiškių drumlinoidas – tipiška stambi linijinė subglacialinė forma, esanti Šiaurės Lietuvoje, Biržų–Vabalninko plote. Literatūroje tokios formos dažnai vadinamos mega-scale subglacial lineations (MSGL). Tiriamajame drumlinoide, be anksčiau darytų stebėjimo taškų, buvo iškasti nauji 6 kasiniai, juose pamatuota stambianuotrupinės medžiagos (žvirgždo ir gargždo) ilgųjų ašių orientacija bei polinkio kampas, paimti mėginiai granuliometrinei ir petrografinei analizei, magnetinio imlumo anizotropijai nustatyti. Darbe aptariami naudoti tyrimo metodai. Žvirgždo ir gargždo ilgųjų ašių orientacijos ir polinkio kampo matavimai buvo vizualizuoti stereogramomis, o smulkianuotrupinės, įskaitant ir molingos, medžiagos magnetinio imlumo anizotropijos nustatymo duomenys apibendrinti naudojantis Anisoft42 programine įranga. Atlikti tyrimai išilgai tyrinėto Ruopiškių drumlinoido parodė, kad bent viršutinė jo dalis nėra vienalytė. Tai leido skirti tris drumlinoido dalis, taip pat išsiskiriančias savo morfometrinėmis ypatybėmis ir paviršiuje. Manytina, kad ši stambi linijinė subglacialinė forma iš esmės susidarė slenkančio ledyno plyšyje, išsispaudus jame pagrindo moreninei medžiagai. Susidariusio poledyninio gūbrio šlaitai ir ketera patyrė slenkančio ledyno šoninį glaciodinaminį poveikį, kurio požymius matome stambiųjų nuotrupų orientacijos ir polinkio bei smulkianuotrupinės medžiagos magnetinio imlumo anizotropijos (AMS) stereogramose.
Jordskælv i Skåne - kraftige rystelser i Danmark
Authors: Larsen Tine B. , Voss Peter H. , Gregersen Søren
Published: February 2016

En helt almindelig søvnig vintermorgen, d.16. december 2008, blev tusindvis af danskere vækket ca. kl. 6.20 af de uvante rystelser fra et jordskælv. Huse knagede, ting og sager raslede, senge svajede og uhyggelige lyde hørtes fra undergrunden. Nogle steder var oplevelsen så intens, at forskrækkede mennesker løb udenfor – ganske som man bør, hvis man pludselig befinder sig midt i et kraftigt jordskælv.
Søpindsvin og danekræ - flotte fund fra hele landet
Authors: Andersen Søren Bo
Published: February 2016

Langt de fleste danskere kender ordet søpindsvin og måske især som “forstenet søpindsvin” – det er jo disse meget specielle flintesten med fine prikker og linier, som man finder ved stranden, eller hvor der ellers er mange sten til stede her i Danmark.
Warbirds - flyveøgler i luftkamp med jagerfly
Authors: Milán Jesper
Published: February 2016

Fortidsmonstre har altid optrådt flittigt i action- og gyserfilm, hvilket der gennem tiden er kommet mange gode og knap så gode resultater ud af. Blandt de mest vellykkede kan nævnes Jurassic Park-trilogien, hvor et højt ambitionsniveau og et astronomisk budget skabte de til dags dato mest livagtige rekonstruktioner af dinosaurer, der endnu er set på film. Imidlertid har b-filmsbranchen også i stor grad kastet sin kærlighed på fortidens dyreliv med mildest talt blandede resultater.
DGF's årsmøde 2009 - med temaet: Jagten på råstoffer
Authors: Hamberg Lars
Published: February 2016

Dansk Geologisk Forening afholdte 14. marts 2009 Årsmøde under overskriften: Jagten på råstoffer i den danske undergrund – nye metoder og geologisk viden.
6 spørgsmål om klima - og 36 spændende svar
Authors: Hjuler Ulla V.
Published: February 2016

“Den danske regering har som overordnet mål, at COP15- konferencen i København skal resultere i en ambitiøs global aftale, der omfatter alle Verdens lande og som sætter ambitiøse mål for reduktion af de globale drivhusgasudledninger”, kan man læse på Klima- og Energiministeriets hjemmeside.
70 cm kitinfætter - i Kultiden hed væksthormonet ilt
Authors: Hjuler Morten L.
Published: February 2016

Hvordan kunne en guldsmed for ca. 300 mio. år siden udvikle et vingespand på uhyrlige 70 cm, når guldsmede i dag kun klarer 10 cm...? Hemmeligheden ligger i datidens atmosfære!
Når klimaet bryder mønstret - naturlige og menneskeskabte ændringer
Authors: Seidenkrantz Marit-Solveig , Kuijpers Antoon , Schmith Torben
Published: February 2016

Ved at sammenligne geologiske undersøgelser med moderne vejrdata mener vi nu at kunne skelne mellem naturlige variationer i klimaet og menneskeskabte klimaændringer. Resultaterne peger på, at de sidste 20-30 års opvarmning ikke kan forklares af naturlige processer.
Danske landbrugslandskaber gennem 200 år - fra digevoldinger til støtteordninger
Authors: Kristiansen Søren M.
Published: February 2016

Det danske landskabs historie og udvikling fra vores tidsregnings begyndelse og frem til i dag, bliver i en ny bog beskrevet af en lang række forskere. Bogens fokus er på ændringer i landskabets udseende og anvendelse, som de i dag kan aflæses i så forskellige kilder som pollen og stednavne.
Vulkansk aktivitet - anden halvdel af 2009
Authors: Plesner Susanne
Published: February 2016

Vores ellers så trofaste europæiske vulkaner Etna og Stromboli har ikke gjort væsen nok af sig til at have fundet vej til den ugentlige opdatering fra USGS i andet halvår af 2009. Derimod har andre gamle kendinge som Mayon, Soufriere Hills og Nyamuragira repræsenterende tre forskellige dele af Verden, været relativt aktive.
Devils Tower - International rumhavn og søjletrakyttens mester
Authors: Hjuler Morten L.
Published: February 2016

Devils Tower! Den knap 400 meter  høje, ensomt beliggende keglestub i Wyomings flade landskab har med sit mystiske udseende fostret mange røverhistorier, men er samtidig et besnærende geologisk fænomen.
La participation locale comme conditionnalité de l’aide ? L’expérience des camps de déplacés en Haïti
Authors: Martel Andréanne
Published: February 2016

La participation locale aux réponses humanitaires ainsi que le rôle des populations affectées font désormais l’objet de nombreuses discussions. Les différentes logiques qui sous-tendent la participation dans les situations de post-urgence peuvent être analysées en fonction de l’application qui en est faite par certaines organisations d’aide, mais aussi de la perception qu’en ont les populations. En outre, le recours au comité de camp comme stratégie de participation a soulevé une série d’enjeux de légitimité et de représentation auxquels les différents acteurs ont tenté de répondre. Dans ce contexte, le modèle de participation érigé en norme par la communauté d’experts humanitaires constitue-t-il une nouvelle forme de conditionnalité de l’aide ? À la lumière d’enquêtes menées en 2012 et 2013 dans les camps de déplacés en Haïti, nous proposons dans cet article d’analyser les logiques participatives en tenant compte des conflits, des contraintes et des résistances qui en résultent au sein des communautés. Pour conduire cette analyse de discours, nous étudions d’une part les normes guidant les pratiques des organisations humanitaires et d’autre part les récits d’entretien avec les bénéficiaires et autres acteurs du camp.
Quels modes de raconter la souffrance ? L’expression du religieux en Haïti après le retrait des ONG
Authors: Delvaux René
Published: February 2016

Depuis le séisme du 12 janvier 2010, le discours humanitaire sur la souffrance cohabite avec les expressions religieuses en Haïti. L’analyse d’entrevues menées dans des camps de déplacés entre septembre 2012 et mai 2013 permet d’exposer les effets du langage humanitaire sur le parler ordinaire des populations haïtiennes touchées par le séisme. Cet article cherche à comprendre la fonction de l’expression religieuse des Haïtiens, notamment dans son interaction avec le langage humanitaire dans l’espace des camps. À partir d’énoncés tirés des récits de résidents de camps de déplacés, il semble possible de percevoir ce qui, dans ces discours religieux, apparaît comme une nouvelle contrainte dans l’expression de la souffrance et ce qui pourrait s’établir, dans le parler ordinaire, comme écart et réappropriation.
Examining geographic and socio‐economic differences in outpatient and inpatient consumer expenditures for treating HIV/AIDS in Nigeria
Authors: Onwujekwe Obinna E , Ibe Ogochukwu , Torpey Kwasi , Dada Stephanie , Uzochukwu Benjamin , Sanwo Olusola
Published: February 2016

Introduction

The expenditures on treatment of HIV/AIDS to households were examined to quantify the magnitude of the economic burden of HIV/AIDS to different population groups in Nigeria. The information will also provide a basis for increased action towards a reduction of the economic burden on many households when accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

A household survey was administered in three states, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom and Anambra, from the South‐East, North‐East and South‐South zones of Nigeria, respectively. A pretested interviewer‐administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a minimum sample of 1200 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). Data were collected on the medical and non‐medical expenditures that patients incurred to treat HIV/AIDS for their last treatment episode within three months of the interview date. The expenditures were for outpatient visits (OPV) and inpatient stays (IPS). The incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on ART treatment services was computed for OPV and IPS. Data were disaggregated by socio‐economic status (SES) and geographic location of the households.

Results

The average OPV expenditures incurred by patients per OPV for HIV/AIDS treatment was US$6.1 with variations across SES and urban‐rural residence. More than 95% of the surveyed households spent money on transportation to a treatment facility and over 70% spent money on food for OPV. For medical expenditures, the urbanites paid more than rural dwellers. Many patients incurred CHE during outpatient and inpatient visits. Compared to urban dwellers, rural dwellers incurred more CHE for outpatient (p=0.02) and inpatient visits (p=0.002).

Conclusions

Treatment expenditures were quite high, inequitable and catastrophic in some instances, hence further jeopardizing the welfare of the households and the PLHIV. Strategically locating fully functional treatment centres to make them more accessible to PLHIV will largely reduce expenditures for travel and the need for food during visits. Additionally, financial risk‐protection mechanisms such as treatment vouchers, reimbursement and health insurance that will significantly reduce the expenditures borne by PLHIV and their households in seeking ART should be implemented.
A new view of transcriptome complexity and regulation through the lens of local splicing variations
Authors: Vaquero-Garcia Jorge , Barrera Alejandro , Gazzara Matthew R , González-Vallinas Juan , Lahens Nicholas F , Hogenesch John B , Lynch Kristen W , Barash Yoseph
Published: February 2016

Alternative splicing (AS) can critically affect gene function and disease, yet mapping splicing variations remains a challenge. Here, we propose a new approach to define and quantify mRNA splicing in units of local splicing variations (LSVs). LSVs capture previously defined types of alternative splicing as well as more complex transcript variations. Building the first genome wide map of LSVs from twelve mouse tissues, we find complex LSVs constitute over 30% of tissue dependent transcript variations and affect specific protein families. We show the prevalence of complex LSVs is conserved in humans and identify hundreds of LSVs that are specific to brain subregions or altered in Alzheimer's patients. Amongst those are novel isoforms in the Camk2 family and a novel poison exon in Ptbp1, a key splice factor in neurogenesis. We anticipate the approach presented here will advance the ability to relate tissue-specific splice variation to genetic variation, phenotype, and disease.
Magnetic anisotropy of the single-crystalline ferromagnetic insulator Cr2Ge2Te6
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Zhao Yuelei , Song Qi , Jia Shuang , Shi Jing , Han Wei
Published: February 2016

Cr2Ge2Te6 (CGT), a layered ferromagnetic insulator, has attracted a great deal of interest recently owing to its potential for integration with Dirac materials to realize the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) and to develop novel spintronics devices. Here, we study the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy of single-crystalline CGT and determine that the magnetic easy axis is directed along the c-axis in its ferromagnetic phase. In addition, CGT is an insulator below the Curie temperature. These properties make CGT a potentially promising candidate substrate for integration with topological insulators for the realization of the high-temperature QAHE.
Large variability of contact resistance in Au/Cr/MoS2 system and its suppression by Cr thinning
Authors: Sano Kosuke , Takahashi Tsunaki , Uchida Ken
Published: February 2016

Owing to the atomically small thickness and moderate bandgap of MoS2, the compound is expected to be a channel material for future short-channel and low-leakage transistors. However, the high contact resistance between a metal and MoS2 is a serious issue. Although many studies have been conducted to reduce contact resistance, the variability of contact resistance has not been investigated. In this study, we fabricated MoS2 transistors and evaluated their electrical properties. A large discrepancy in electrical characteristics, which originates from contact resistance variability was observed. We found that the contact resistance variability is due to the peeling of a metal from MoS2, which originates from the weak cohesion of the metal to MoS2 and the thermal contraction of the metal. To reduce thermal contraction, a thin contact metal is utilized. As a result, better adhesion of the metal and suppression of contact resistance variability are observed, which indicates that the reduction in the thermal contraction of metals is important to reduce contact resistance and its variability.
Phylogenetic and morphologic evidence confirm the presence of a new montane cloud forest associated bird species in Mexico, the Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii; Aves: Passeriformes: Tyrannidae)
Authors: Hanna Zachary R. , Ortiz-Ramírez Marco F. , Ríos-Muñoz César A. , Cayetano-Rosas Héctor , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Navarro-Sigüenza Adolfo G.
Published: February 2016

Here we provide evidence to support an extension of the recognized distributional range of the Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii) to include southern Mexico. We collected two specimens in breeding condition in northwestern Sierra Norte de Chiapas, Mexico. Morphologic and genetic evidence support their identity asElaenia frantzii. We compared environmental parameters of records across the entire geographic range of the species to those at the northern Chiapas survey site and found no climatic differences among localities.
New material and revision ofMelanorosaurus thabanensis, a basal sauropodomorph from the Upper Triassic of Lesotho
Authors: Peyre de Fabrègues Claire , Allain Ronan
Published: February 2016

Melanorosaurusis a genus of basal sauropodomorph that currently includes two species from Southern Africa. In this paper, we redescribe the holotype femur ofMelanorosaurus thabanensisfrom the Elliot Formation of Lesotho, as well as associated remains. The stratigraphic position of this taxon is reviewed, and it is clear that it comes from the Lower Elliot Formation being, therefore, Late Triassic in age, and not Early Jurassic as originally described. The knowledge of the anatomy of the basal sauropodomorph of Thabana Morena is enhanced by the description of six new skeletal elements from the type locality. The femur and the ilium from Thabana Morena are diagnostic and characterized by unusual proportions. The first phylogenetic analysis including both this specimen andMelanorosaurusis conducted. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the femur described in the original publication ofMelanorosaurus thabanensiscan no longer be referred toMelanorosaurus. For these reasons, we hereby createMeroktenosgen. nov. to encompassMeroktenos thabanensiscomb. nov.
Patterns of bird-window collisions inform mitigation on a university campus
Authors: Ocampo-Peñuela Natalia , Winton R. Scott , Wu Charlene J. , Zambello Erika , Wittig Thomas W. , Cagle Nicolette L.
Published: February 2016

Bird-window collisions cause an estimated one billion bird deaths annually in the United States. Building characteristics and surrounding habitat affect collision frequency. Given the importance of collisions as an anthropogenic threat to birds, mitigation is essential. Patterned glass and UV-reflective films have been proven to prevent collisions. At Duke University’s West campus in Durham, North Carolina, we set out to identify the buildings and building characteristics associated with the highest frequencies of collisions in order to propose a mitigation strategy. We surveyed six buildings, stratified by size, and measured architectural characteristics and surrounding area variables. During 21 consecutive days in spring and fall 2014, and spring 2015, we conducted carcass surveys to document collisions. In addition, we also collected ad hoc collision data year-round and recorded the data using the app iNaturalist. Consistent with previous studies, we found a positive relationship between glass area and collisions. Fitzpatrick, the building with the most window area, caused the most collisions. Schwartz and the Perk, the two small buildings with small window areas, had the lowest collision frequencies. Penn, the only building with bird deterrent pattern, caused just two collisions, despite being almost completely made out of glass. Unlike many research projects, our data collection led to mitigation action. A resolution supported by the student government, including news stories in the local media, resulted in the application of a bird deterrent film to the building with the most collisions: Fitzpatrick. We present our collision data and mitigation result to inspire other researchers and organizations to prevent bird-window collisions.
New species and new records of buellioid lichens from islands of the South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Elix John A.
Published: February 2016

Buellia rarotongensis Elix from Rarotonga, Gassicurtia albomarginata Elix from Vanuatu and Monerolechia papuensis Elix from Papua New Guinea and are described as new to science. In addition, Buellia cranwelleae Zahlbr. and B. maunakeansis Zahlbr. are reported as new to Norfolk Island, Buellia bahiana Malme and Gassicurtia subpulcella (Vain). Marbach as new to Rarotonga, Buellia polyxanthonica var. isidiata Elix & Kantvilas, B. spuria var. amblyogona (Müll.Arg.) Elix and Cratiria chloraceus Marbach as new to Papua New Guinea and Orcularia elixii Kalb & Giralt as new to Hawai’i. Buellia maunakeansis is also reported from Australia.
Telemedicine for Initiation of Alcohol Use Disorder Medications
Authors: Huskamp Haiden A. , Uscher-Pines Lori , Raja Pushpa , Normand Sharon-Lise T. , Mehrotra Ateev , Busch Alisa B.
Published: September 2024

This case-control study examines the initiation of treatment with medications for alcohol use disorder (MAUD) among US adults and compares the characteristics of adults who initiate MAUD treatment via telemedicine vs in-person care.
Evaluations of aggressive chasing interactions by 7‐month‐old infants
Authors: Geraci Alessandra , Benavides‐Varela Silvia , Nascimben Chiara , Simion Francesca , Di Giorgio Elisa
Published: September 2024

Recent theories of socio‐moral development assume that humans evolved a capacity to evaluate others' social actions in different kinds of interactions. Prior infant studies found both reaching and visual preferences for the prosocial over the antisocial agents. However, whether the attribution of either positive or negative valence to agents' actions involved in an aggressive chasing interaction can be inferred by both reaching behaviors and visual attention deployment (i.e., disengagement of visual attention) is still an open question. Here we presented 7‐month‐old infants (N = 92) with events displaying an aggressive chasing interaction. By using preferential reaching and an attentional task (i.e., overlap paradigm), we assessed whether and how infants evaluate aggressive chasing interactions. The results demonstrated that young infants prefer to reach the victim over the aggressor, but neither agent affects visual attention. Moreover, such reaching preferences emerged only when dynamic cues and emotional face‐like features were congruent with agents' social roles. Overall, these findings suggested that infants' evaluations of aggressive interactions are based on infants' sensitivity to some kinematic cues that characterized agents' actions and, especially, to the congruency between such motions and the face‐like emotional expressions of the agents.
Relative Permittivity and Optoelectronic Performances of Halide Perovskites: Study of Combined First‐Principles Simulation and Combinatorial Synthesis
Authors: Lee SangMyeong , Kim Hee Jung , Kim Young Ju , Yoon Geon Woo , Gong Oh Yeong , Kim Won Bin , Jung Hyun Suk
Published: September 2024

Owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties, halide perovskites (HPs) have garnered significant attention in the field of optoelectronics. However, conventional HPs‐based optoelectronic devices primarily are fabricated using solution‐based processes, implying that extremely time‐consuming needs to individually synthesize their composition‐dependent optoelectronic properties. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining first‐principles simulations with combinatorial synthesis, comparing the effects of HP properties on optoelectronic devices using this combined approach. The first‐principles simulations confirm that increasing the ratio of small halide ions increased the band gap by k·p perturbation theory and harmonic oscillator models. By fabricating HP thin films with compositional gradients using combinatorial synthesis, it is confirmed that an increase in band gap corresponds to a decrease in static relative permittivity. Furthermore, HP‐based optoelectronic devices are fabricated to measure their photoelectric conversion efficiency and responsivity based on the simulated and measured relative permittivity, including time‐resolved photoluminescence. The findings demonstrate the influence of the relative permittivity on device performance, elucidating the relationship between band structure and relative permittivity. Therefore, in this study, the potential of combining first‐principles simulations with combinatorial synthesis is confirmed by comparing the relative permittivity characteristics of optoelectronics developed using this combined approach.
Maximizing the Electromagnetic Efficiency of Spintronic Terahertz Emitters
Authors: Koleják Pierre , Lezier Geoffrey , Vala Daniel , Mathmann Baptiste , Halagačka Lukáš , Gelnárová Zuzana , Dusch Yannick , Lampin Jean‐François , Tiercelin Nicolas , Postava Kamil , Vanwolleghem Mathias
Published: September 2024

Optically pumped spintronic terahertz emitters (STEs) have, in less than a decade, strongly impacted terahertz (THz) source technology, by the combination of their Fourier‐limited ultrafast response, their phononless emission spectrum and their wavelength‐independent operation. However, the intrinsic strength of the inverse spin Hall effect governing these devices introduces a challenge: the optical‐to‐terahertz conversion efficiency is considerably lower than traditional sources. It is therefore primordial to maximize at least their electromagnetic efficiency independently of the spin dynamics at play. Using a rigorous time‐domain treatment of the electromagnetic generation and extraction processes, an optimized design is presented and experimentally confirmed. With respect to the strongest reported spintronic THz emitters it achieves a 250% enhancement of the emitted THz field and therefore an 8 dB increase of emitted power. This experimental achievement brings STE close to the symbolic barrier of mW levels. The design strategy is generically applicable to any kind of ultrafast spin‐to‐charge conversion (S2C) system. On a broader level, our work highlights how a rigorous handling of the purely electromagnetic aspects of THz spintronic devices can uncover overlooked aspects of their operation and lead to substantial improvements.
High‐Power GaN‐Based Blue Laser Diodes Degradation Investigation and Anti‐aging Solution
Authors: Zhang Enming , Zeng Yue , Kang Wenyu , Zhong Zhibai , Wang Yushou , Yan Tongwei , Huang Shaohua , Zhang Zhongying , Lin Kechuang , Kang Junyong
Published: September 2024

Gallium nitride (GaN)‐based semiconductor laser diodes (LDs) have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications. However, high‐power LDs face serious degradation issues that limit their practical use. This study investigates the degradation factors of 437 nm and 6.3 W LDs by comparing light–current–voltage (L–I–V) characteristics, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cathodoluminescence (CL), and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) before and after 1000‐h aging. The diffusion of mirror coating from the resonant cavity surface is identified as a key factor contributing to high‐power LD degradation, which has not been reported in milliwatt‐level LDs. Meanwhile, the mechanisms behind the LD degradation are profiled and summarized together with the diffusion and other factors. On basis of the mechanism exploration, an anti‐aging technology for high‐power GaN‐based LDs is developed by using aluminum nitride for passivation layer and sapphire materials for mirror film. This anti‐aging technology has been verified, and a nearly ten‐time degradation suppression is achieved from 1000 h. This study elucidates the degradation mechanisms of high‐power GaN LDs and provides an effective technology to extend their lifespan, thereby prompting the practical applications of high‐power LDs.
Self‐Assembly Hypoxic and ROS Dual Response Nano Prodrug as a New Therapeutic Approach for Glaucoma Treatments
Authors: Zhou Xuezhi , Rong Rong , Liang Ganghao , Wu Yukun , Xu Chun , Xiao Haihua , Ji Dan , Xia Xiaobo
Published: September 2024

Glaucoma is an irreversible blinding eye disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death.Previous studies have demonstrated that protecting mitochondria and activating the CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway can effectively protect RGC and axon. However, currently treatments are often unsatisfactory, and the pathogenesis of glaucoma requires further elucidation. In this study, a ROS‐responsive dual drug conjugate (OLN monomer) is first designed that simultaneously bonds nicotinamide and oleic acid. The conjugate self‐assembled into nanoparticles (uhOLN‐NPs) through the aggregation of multiple micelles and possesses ROS scavenging capability. Then, a polymer with a hypoxic response function is designed, which encapsulates uhOLN‐NPs to form nanoparticles with hypoxic and ROS responses (HOLN‐NPs). Under hypoxia in RGCs, the azo bond of HOLN‐NPs breaks and releases uhOLN‐NPs. Meanwhile, under high ROS conditions, the thioketone bond broke, leading to the dissociation of nano‐prodrug. The released nicotinamide and oleic acid co‐scavenge ROS and activate the CaMKII/CREB pathway, protecting mitochondria in RGCs. HOLN‐NPs exhibit a significantly superior protective effect on R28 cells in glutamate models of glaucoma. The accumulation of HOLN‐NPs in retinal RGCs lead to significant inhibition of RGC apoptosis and axonal damage in vivo. Notably, HOLN‐NPs provide a new therapeutic approach for patients with neurodegenerative disease.
PTFE as a Multifunctional Binder for High‐Current‐Density Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Deng Bohan , He Xian , Du Peng , Zhao Wei , Long Yuanzheng , Zhang Zhuting , Liu Hongyi , Huang Kai , Wu Hui
Published: September 2024

Binder plays a crucial role in constructing high‐performance electrodes for water electrolysis. While most research has been focused on advancing electrocatalysts, the application of binders in electrode design has yet to be fully explored. Herein, the in situ incorporation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a multifunctional binder, which increases electrochemical active sites, enhances mass transfer, and strengthens the mechanical and chemical robustness of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes, is reported. The NiFe‐LDH@PTFE/NF electrode prepared by co‐deposition of PTFE with NiFe‐layered double hydroxide onto nickel foam demonstrates exceptional long‐term stability with a minimal potential decay rate of 0.034 mV h−1 at 500 mA cm−2 for 1000 h. The alkaline water electrolyzer utilizing NiFe‐LDH@PTFE/NF requires only 1.584 V at 500 mA cm−2 and sustains high energy efficiency over 1000 h under industrial operating conditions. This work opens a new path for stabilizing active sites to obtain durable electrodes for OER as well as other electrocatalytic systems.
Investigation on Artificial Intelligence Hardware Architecture Design Based on Logic‐in‐Memory Ferroelectric Fin Field‐Effect Transistor at Sub‐3nm Technology Nodes
Authors: Ra Changho , Kim Huijun , Park Juhwan , Youn Gwanoh , Lee Uyong , Heo Junsu , Park Chester Sungchung , Jeon Jongwook
Published: September 2024

With the advancement of artificial intelligence and internet of things, logic‐in‐memory (LiM) technology has garnered attention. This article presents research on LiM utilizing ferroelectric fin field‐effect transistor (FinFET). Herein, the LiM characteristics of FinFET with hafnia‐based switchable ferroelectric gate stack applied to the sub‐3 nm future technology node are analyzed. This analysis is extended to the system level and its characteristics are observed. A compact model of the ferroelectric capacitor using Verilog‐A is developed and the operation of LiM circuits such as 1‐bit full adder, ternary content‐addressable memory, and flip‐flop by combining FinFET characteristics based on atomistic simulation with fabricated silicon‐doped hafnium oxide characteristics is analyzed. Furthermore, by applying these ferroelectric devices, a power consumption reduction of 85.2% in the convolutional neural network accelerator at the system level is observed.