bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Catalysis with Copper and Rhenium for Trifluoromethylation of Propargylic Alcohols: Efficient Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylated Enones
Authors: Egami Hiromichi , Ide Takafumi , Fujita Masashi , Tojo Toshifumi , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: July 2014

Trifluoromethylation of propargylic alcohols to provide (Z)‐α‐trifluoromethylated enones and β‐unsubstituted α‐trifluoromethylated enones proceeded with high yield and selectivity in the presence of CuI/Re2O7. The Z isomer was formed under kinetic control, though it is less stable than the E isomer in terms of steric repulsion.
Volatile Times for the Very First Ionic Liquid: Understanding the Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Ethylammonium Nitrate
Authors: Emel'yanenko Vladimir N. , Boeck Gisela , Verevkin Sergey P. , Ludwig Ralf
Published: July 2014

A hundred years ago, Paul Walden studied ethyl ammonium nitrate (EAN), which became the first widely known ionic liquid. Although EAN has been investigated extensively, some important issues still have not been addressed; they are now tackled in this communication. By combining experimental thermogravimetric analysis with time of flight mass spectrometry (TGA‐ToF‐MS) and transpiration method with theoretical methods, we clarify the volatilisation of EAN from ambient to elevated temperatures. It was observed that up to 419 K, EAN evaporates as contact‐ion pairs leading to very low vapour pressures of a few Pascal. Starting from 419 K, the decomposition to nitric acid and ethylamine becomes more thermodynamically favourable than proton transfer. This finding was supported by DFT calculations, which provide the free energies of all possible gas‐phase species, and show that neutral molecules dominate over ion pairs above 500 K, an observation that is in nearly prefect agreement with the experimental boiling point of 513 K. This result is crucial for the ongoing practical applications of protic ionic liquids such as electrolytes for batteries and fuel cells because, in contrast to high‐boiling conventional solvents, EAN exhibits no significant vapour pressure below 419 K and this property fulfils the requirements for the thermal behaviour of safe electrolytes. Overall, EAN shows the same barely measurable vapour pressures as typical aprotic ionic liquids at temperatures only 70 K lower.
Low Altitude Atmospheric Circulation Characteristics of Arctic Oscillation and Its Relation to Solar Activity
Authors: Wei‐Zheng QU , Yan‐Fang LI , Chun LI , Ling DU , Fei HUANG
Published: July 2014

A comparative analysis is made to the monthly average geopotential height, geopotential height anomaly, and temperature anomaly of the Northern Hemisphere at the place with an air pressure of 1000 hPa during the positive and negative phases of arctic oscillation (AO). The result shows that the abnormal warming period in the Arctic region corresponds to the negative phase of AO, while the anomalous cold period corresponds to its positive phase. It means that the abnormal change in the Arctic region is an important factor deciding the anomalies of AO. The AO phenomena occurring in January have a clear quasi‐110‐year centurial cycle and quasi‐22‐year decadal cycle, which are closely related to solar activities. The specific expressions are as follows: (1) The AO phenomena occurring in January have a clear quasi‐110‐year centurial cycle closely related to solar activities. The variance contribution rate of this cycle for AO indexes reaches 44.4%, which is the most significant centurial change characteristic of the AO phenomena in January. (2) The spectral analysis results show that the AO indexes in January after filtering out the 110‐year centurial variation have a significant 22‐year cycle, and their variance contribution rates reach 18.5%, which is the second important characteristics of the interdecadal changes of AO indexes after the quasi‐110‐year centurial cycle. The comparative analysis results show that there is a close inverse relationship between the solar activities (especially the solar magnetic field index changes) and the changes in the 22‐year cycle of the AO in January, and that the two trends are basically opposite to each other. That is to say, in most cases after the solar magnetic index MI rises from the lowest value, the solar magnetic field turns from north to south, and the high‐energy particle flow entering the Earth's magnetosphere increases to heat the polar atmosphere, thus causing the AO to drop from the highest value. After the solar magnetic index MI drops from the highest value, the solar magnetic field turns from south to north, and the solar high‐energy particle flow passes through the top of the Earth's magnetosphere rather than entering it to heat the polar atmosphere. And thus the polar temperature drops, causing the AO to rise from the lowest value. In summary, the variance contribution rate of the changes in the Quasi‐110‐year centurial cycle and Quasi‐22‐year decadal cycle to the AO is up to 62.9%, indicating that solar activity is an important driving factor of the AO.
An Instantaneous Re‐Initialization Method of Real Time Kinematic PPP by Adding Ionospheric Delay Constraints
Authors: Wen‐Wu DING , Ji‐Kun OU , Zi‐Shen LI , Yun‐Bin YUAN
Published: July 2014

In the traditional mode, re‐initialization in real time kinematic PPP caused by problems such as signal interruption can seriously affect PPP's performance. An improved method is proposed in this paper to solve this problem. Firstly, an ionospheric predicting model and its relevant weighting method are designed. Then floating results of cycle slips are estimated by combining the predicted values and epoch/satellite differenced observations. After that, cycle slip fixing is attempted to achieve instantaneous re‐initialization of PPP. Through adaptively adjusting the weighting of the ionospheric prediction results, the accuracy of the estimated parameters is improved, together with the success rate and reliability of cycle slip fixing. Analysis results from different distributions and different epochs reveal that the performance of cycle slip fixing is strongly correlated with station position, solar activity and time latency. Using the proposed method, a success rate of higher than 90% can be obtained when the time latency is relatively small (<90 s), which proves the effectiveness of the method. However, the performance differs greatly in different regions and solar activities when the time latency increases. The success rate lowers down with decreasing latitudes and stronger solar activity.
Features of Regional Variations of the Spontaneous Field
Authors: Da‐Cheng TAN , Jia‐Liu ZHAO , Xiao‐Feng LIU , Ying‐Ying FAN , Jun LIU , Jun‐Ying CHEN
Published: July 2014

According to the classification principle of field sources, the geoelectric field E is composed of the spontaneous field ESP and telluric field ET. The ESP originates from the physical and chemical actions of underground media. Its change and stability have usually obvious characteristics of local sites. The ET originates from the space current system and tidal forces, and shows the nature of broad areas in diurnal variation waveforms and spectral characteristics. In respect of the microscopic mechanism of their formations, the ESP and ET can have partly same processes of mechanisms. In 2008–2013, in the vicinity of the north‐south seismic zone in China mainland, the data of representative 13 geoelectric field observatories suggest that the ESP of most sites do not exhibit clear annual variation waveforms, and their stabilities depend on regions, sites, orientation, tectonic activities and other factors. In these areas, the variation of ESP showed some common phenomena like relatively steady rises and falls, rapid jumps, sudden jumps and so forth. In the vicinity of major fault and local areas, the trend turning points of big variations often show the features of temporal synchronization and quasi‐synchronization. The data stability may be similar at the same period of time, while its variation forms are usually irrelevant for site factors. During the more steady phase of the ESP, the preferred orientation α of crack water seepage calculated by the application of spectral features of tidal geoelectric field tends to be in a relatively stable state; during extreme fluctuations of the ESP, the α often experiences significant changes. The α calculated on a daily basis according to the spectral characteristics of the tidal geoelectric field may reveal the daily variation information of fissures, crack water seepage, principal compressive stress of the site, which thus can help analyze the process of microscopic mechanism of macro changes of the ESP and ET.
Application of Grid‐Nesting Technique on Sandwaves Migration Simulation II— Sandwaves Migration in Northern South China Sea
Authors: Wen‐Bin JIANG , Mian LIN , Yong LI , Feng‐Xin FAN , Jun YAN
Published: July 2014

This paper developed a numerical model applicable to the simulation of small‐scale sandwaves migration in northern South China Sea. The model is composed of ultra‐high resolution 3D ocean environment module and sediment transport module, considering the impact of terrain, tides, temperature, salinity and wind stresses on the bottom flow field and the sandwaves migration. The study found that sandwaves migrations with opposite direction on the two sides of the sand ridge resulted from the joint effects of terrain, tide, temperature and salinity. Among them, the density current induced by temperature and salinity distribution is one of the factors that cannot be ignored in the sandwave migration. Comparing with measurement results, the simulation results are better than the previous 2DV model and the Q3D model; the model can simulate the phenomenon of sandwaves migration direction flip on the two sides of the sand ridge.
Magnetic Fabrics in Jingzhuba‐Shiwo Section of Foreland Fold Belt of the South Dabashan: Constraints on Its Tectonic Evolution
Authors: Jin‐Qiang XIE , Guo‐Wei ZHANG , Xiu‐Feng GUO , Ru‐Kui LU , Wen‐Tian LIANG , Ying‐Tao CHEN , Yi‐Bo SHEN
Published: July 2014

A detailed investigation of the structural geometry and magnetic fabrics together with rock magnetism has been carried out along Jingzhuba‐Shiwo section located in the foreland fold belt of the South Dabashan, which aims to shed light on the superimposed deformation and tectonic evolution. As a whole, the intensity of deformation decreases from the northeast to the southwest, and the axial planes dip northeastward and the hinges of large‐scale folds plunge northwestward at small angle. Moreover, the maximum principal stress indicates that the compression of the South Dabashan is dominant as per palaeostress analysis. The sampling horizons before the Late Jurassic are mainly characterized by magnetic fabrics in deformed rocks, whereas the sampling horizons ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous are characterized by incipient magnetic fabrics in weakly deformed rocks. The magnetic lineations are dominantly oriented NW‐SE and remain almost parallel to the main tectonic structures of the section, suggesting that AMS can be ascribed to tectonic processes. Also there are two types of unusual magnetic fabrics revealed. The first one merely occurring in the northeast section is characterized by an oblique magnetic foliation with respect to bedding, which is related with parallel‐bedding simple shear during fold growth. The other one caused by tectonic superimposition is characterized by an oblique magnetic lineation with respect to bedding strike. The plunges of Kmin increase with decreasing deformation intensity from northeast to southwest along the section, which can be taken as a gauge to distinguish the deformation intensity of weakly‐deformed sedimentary rocks according to the relativity. Consequently it can be concluded that the superimposed structure of the section was formed by the combined compression which arose from the South Dabashan primarily and the Micangshan and the eastern Sichuan fold belt secondly during the Late Jurassic. Afterwards the compression from the South Dabashan was still dominant, the compression from the other two directions, however, became much weaker in the Early Cretaceous than in the Late Jurassic. Furthermore, the effects resulting from Qinling intracontinental orogeny during J3‐K1 and Xuefeng intracontinental deformation could be reflected by the results mentioned above, which can also provide evidences for exploration of continental dynamics.
Electroacupuncture for fatigue, sleep, and psychological distress in breast cancer patients with aromatase inhibitor‐related arthralgia: A randomized trial
Authors: Mao Jun J. , Farrar John T. , Bruner Deborah , Zee Jarcy , Bowman Marjorie , Seluzicki Christina , DeMichele Angela , Xie Sharon X.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Although fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety are associated with pain in breast cancer patients, it is unknown whether acupuncture can decrease these comorbid symptoms in cancer patients with pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on fatigue, sleep, and psychological distress in breast cancer survivors who experience joint pain related to aromatase inhibitors (AIs).

METHODS

The authors performed a randomized controlled trial of an 8‐week course of EA compared with a waitlist control (WLC) group and a sham acupuncture (SA) group in postmenopausal women with breast cancer who self‐reported joint pain attributable to AIs. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression were measured using the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The effects of EA and SA versus WLC on these outcomes were evaluated using mixed‐effects models.

RESULTS

Of the 67 randomly assigned patients, baseline pain interference was associated with fatigue (Pearson correlation coefficient [r]=0.75; P < .001), sleep disturbance (r=0.38; P=.0026), and depression (r=0.58; P < .001). Compared with the WLC condition, EA produced significant improvements in fatigue (P=.0095), anxiety (P=.044), and depression (P=.015) and a nonsignificant improvement in sleep disturbance (P=.058) during the 12‐week intervention and follow‐up period. In contrast, SA did not produce significant reductions in fatigue or anxiety symptoms but did produce a significant improvement in depression compared with the WLC condition (P=.0088).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with usual care, EA produced significant improvements in fatigue, anxiety, and depression; whereas SA improved only depression in women experiencing AI‐related arthralgia. Cancer 2014;120:3744–3751. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
The usefulness of the cell transfer technique for immunocytochemistry of fine‐needle aspirates
Authors: Marshall Ann E. , Cramer Harvey M. , Wu Howard H.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

The use of immunocytochemistry as an important ancillary technique for the workup of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens is an important component in the daily practice of cytopathology. Although cell block preparations are commonly used, immunocytochemistry cannot be completed if the cell blocks are hypocellular. As an alternative approach when conventional cell blocks fail, immunocytochemistry can be performed on cell‐transferred direct smears. Multiple immunostains can be applied to a single direct smear using the cell transfer technique (CTT).

METHODS

A retrospective review of all FNA cases performed at the study institution over a 3‐year period was conducted. All cases in which CTT was used for immunocytochemistry were identified. The contribution of CTT to the final diagnosis in these cases was assessed.

RESULTS

CTT was used in 152 of the 11,259 FNAs performed. A total of 431 immunocytochemistry stains, including 46 different antibodies, were performed using CTT. In 118 of 150 cases, the immunocytochemistry results contributed significantly to the final diagnosis. It provided no added value in the remaining 32 cases and failed in 2 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

CTT is a very useful tool for the workup and diagnosis of FNA specimens when conventional cell blocks lack adequate cellularity. Although CTT was used in only 1.4% of FNA cases in the current study, it contributed to the final diagnosis in 79% of the cases in which it was used. For these patients, CTT reduced the need for repeat FNAs, thereby reducing potential patient morbidity and health care costs. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:898–902. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Intelligent self‐adaptive resources selection for grid applications
Authors: Botón‐Fernández María , Vega‐Rodríguez Miguel A. , Prieto Castrillo Francisco
Published: July 2014

Grid computing is considered a promising trend, which enables the sharing of a wide variety of computational and storage resources geographically distributed. Despite the advantages of such paradigm, several problems have emerged during the last decade; most of them caused by an inefficient utilization of grid resources. The present contribution proposes an approach to improve the grid resources selection process. An optimization model for choosing grid resources in an intelligent way has been designed. A mathematical formulation to monitor the resources efficiency has also been established. Furthermore, the model provides a self‐adaptive capability to grid applications, enhancing them for dealing with the changing environmental conditions. The model applies an artificial intelligence algorithm for ensuring an efficient selection. In particular, three different versions have been implemented. Each of them uses a different algorithm. Finally, during the evaluation phase of the model, the experimental tests were performed in a real grid infrastructure. The results show that the model improves the infrastructure throughput, by increasing the finished tasks rate and by reducing the applications execution time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructure Synthesis at the Solid–Water Interface: Spontaneous Assembly and Chemical Transformations of Tellurium Nanorods
Authors: Vinod T. P. , Froumin Natalya , Mogiliansky Dimitry , Zeiri Leila , Ezersky Vladimir , Jelinek Raz
Published: July 2014

Bottom‐up synthesis offers novel routes to obtain nanostructures for nanotechnology applications. Most self‐assembly processes are carried out in three dimensions (i.e. solutions); however, the large majority of nanostructure‐based devices function in two dimensions (i.e. on surfaces). Accordingly, an essential and often cumbersome step in bottom‐up applications involves harvesting and transferring the synthesized nanostructures from the solution onto target surfaces. We demonstrate a simple strategy for the synthesis and chemical transformation of tellurium nanorods, which is carried out directly at the solid–solution interface. The technique involves binding the nanorod precursors onto amine‐functionalized surfaces, followed by in situ crystallization/oxidation. We show that the surface‐anchored tellurium nanorods can be further transformed in situ into Ag2Te, Cu2Te, and SERS‐active Au–Te nanorods. This new approach offers a way to construct functional nanostructures directly on surfaces.
Towards the Realization of Ab Initio Dynamics at the Speed of Molecular Mechanics: Simulations with Interpolated Diabatic Hamiltonian
Authors: Park Jae Woo , Rhee Young Min
Published: July 2014

Understanding photochemical processes often requires accurate descriptions of the nonadiabatic events involved. The cost of accurate quantum chemical simulations of the nonadiabatic dynamics of complex systems is typically high. Here, we discuss the use of interpolated quasi‐diabatic potential‐energy matrices, which aims to reduce the computational cost with minimal sacrifices in accuracy. It is shown that interpolation reproduces the reference ab initio information satisfactorily for a sizeable chromophore in terms of its adiabatic energies and derivative coupling vectors. Actual nonadiabatic simulation results of the chromophore in the gas phase and in aqueous solution are presented, and it is demonstrated that the interpolated quasi‐diabatic Hamiltonian can be applied to studying nonadiabatic events of a complex system in an ensemble manner at a much‐reduced cost. Limitations, and how they can be overcome in future studies, are also discussed.
Mechanical Model of Globular Transition in Polymers
Authors: Tricard Simon , Shepherd Robert F. , Stan Claudiu A. , Snyder Phillip W. , Cademartiri Rebecca , Zhu Danny , Aranson Igor S. , Shakhnovich Eugene I. , Whitesides George M.
Published: July 2014

In complex, multicomponent systems, polymers often undergo phase transitions between distinct conformations. This paper reports a millimeter‐scale granular model of coil‐to‐globule transitions: one “polymer” chain—a cylinders‐on‐a‐string “pearl necklace”—and many spheres, all shaken on a horizontal surface. It is possible to describe the behavior of this granular system by using formalisms generally used in statistical physics of polymers. Two sets of experiments allowed the observation of first‐ and second‐order coil‐to‐globule transitions. The model shows that the competition between long‐ and short‐range interactions leads to a first‐order transition. Well‐designed granular system represents another kind of approach to the study of polymer phase transitions and might inspire future designs of polymer‐like mesoscale systems.
A new method for probabilistic assessments in power systems, combining monte carlo and stochastic‐algebraic methods
Authors: Noruzi Alireza , Banki Tohid , Abedinia Oveis , Ghadimi Noradin
Published: July 2014

This article discusses a new methodology, which combines two efficient methods known as Monte Carlo (MC) and Stochastic‐algebraic (SA) methods for stochastic analyses and probabilistic assessments in electric power systems. The main idea is to use the advantages of each former method to cover the blind spots of the other. This new method is more efficient and more accurate than SA method and also faster than MC method while is less dependent of the sampling process. In this article, the proposed method and two other ones are used to obtain the probability density function of different variables in a power system. Different examples are studied to show the effectiveness of the hybrid method. The results of the proposed method are compared to the ones obtained using the MC and SA methods. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 100–110, 2015
Space‐based visual attention: A marker of immature selective attention in toddlers?
Authors: Rivière James , Brisson Julie
Published: July 2014

Various studies suggested that attentional difficulties cause toddlers' failure in some spatial search tasks. However, attention is not a unitary construct and this study investigated two attentional mechanisms: location selection (space‐based attention) and object selection (object‐based attention). We investigated how toddlers' attention is distributed in the visual field during a manual search task for objects moving out of sight, namely the moving boxes task. Results show that 2.5‐year‐olds who failed this task allocated more attention to the location of the relevant object than to the object itself. These findings suggest that in some manual search tasks the primacy of space‐based attention over object‐based attention could be a marker of immature selective attention in toddlers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1589–1594, 2014.
Control region sequences indicate that multiple externae represent multiple infections by Sacculina carcini (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala)
Authors: Rees David , Glenner Henrik
Published: July 2014

The rhizocephalan barnacle, Sacculina carcini, is a common parasite of the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas, in which it causes significant detrimental physical and behavioral modifications. In the vast majority of cases, the external portion of the parasite is present in the form of a single sac‐like externa; in rare cases, double or even triple externae may occur on the same individual host. Here, we use a highly variable DNA marker, the mitochondrial control region (CR), to investigate whether multiple externae in S. carcini represent infection by multiple parasites or asexual cloning developed by a single parasite individual. Sequences for multiple externae from C. maenas hosts from the Danish inlet, Limfjorden, and from the mud flates at Roscoff, France, were compared. In almost all cases, double or triple externae from an individual host yielded different haplotypes. In the few cases where identical haplotypes were identified from externae on a multiple‐infected host, this always represented the most commonly found haplotype in the population. This indicates that in Sacculina carcini, the presence of multiple externae on a single host reflects infection by different individual parasites. A haplotype network of CR sequences also suggests a degree of geographical partitioning, with no shared haplotypes between the Limfjorden and Roscoff. Our data represent the first complete CR sequences for a rhizocephalan, and a unique gene order was also revealed. Although the utility of CR sequences for population‐level work must be investigated further, the CR has proved a simple to use and highly variable marker for studies of S. carcini and can easily be applied to a variety of studies in this important parasite.
Trimethylaluminium‐Mediated Reaction of Primary Carboxamides with Amines and Indoles: A Convenient Synthesis of Amidines and Indole‐3‐acylimines
Authors: Velavan A. , Sumathi S. , Balasubramanian K. K.
Published: July 2014

A simple, convenient and general method, exhibiting good functional group tolerance, is described for the synthesis of N‐ and N,N‐disubstituted amidines by the reaction of primary carboxamides with amines mediated by trimethylaluminium (AlMe3). Subsequent reaction of the indole systems with primary carboxamides in the presence of AlMe3 gives exclusively the C‐3 substituted imine product.
Synthesis of trans‐A2B2‐ and trans‐A2BC‐Porphyrins with Polar 4′‐(Dimethylamino)tolan‐4‐yl Substituents, and a Screening Protocol for Vapor‐Phase Deposition on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Alberti Mariza N. , Nowakowska Sylwia , Tzirakis Manolis D. , Nowakowski Jan , Fesser Petra , Schweizer W. Bernd , Shchyrba Aneliia , Thilgen Carlo , Jung Thomas A. , Diederich François
Published: July 2014

The role of polar 4‐[p‐(dimethylamino)phenylethynyl]phenyl substituents, with a calculated dipole moment of 3.35 Debye, in the self‐assembly of trans‐A2B2‐ and A2BC‐substituted porphyrins was explored in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography, and on an Au(111) surface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Our results demonstrate that the dipolar character of these substituents blocks the 2D self‐assembly of porphyrins into larger ordered domains on Au(111) at low coverage, whereas antiparallel dipole–dipole interactions govern the molecular ordering in the crystal. The STM analysis revealed an adaptation of the conformation of the prochiral building blocks and a site‐selectivity of the adsorption. We present a general protocol for testing the suitability of higher‐molecular‐weight compounds, such as porphyrins, to be deposited on surface by sublimation in ultra‐high vacuum (UHV). This protocol combines classical methods of chemical analysis with typical surface science techniques.
Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Spectroscopic Analysis of Noncovalent Interactions in Organocatalysis
Authors: Holland Mareike C. , Berden Giel , Oomens Jos , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Schäfer Mathias , Gilmour Ryan
Published: July 2014

Herein we report the first application of infrared multiple‐photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy to study noncovalent interactions in organocatalysis. Phenylalanine‐derived iminium ions, central to numerous organocatalytic processes, display dynamic conformational behavior as a consequence of stabilizing noncovalent interactions (e.g., CH–π, π–π). Electronic modulation of the aryl ring causes notable variation in the conformation; this can be detected spectroscopically and correlated with enantioselectivity. Given that these interactions, which orchestrate stereoinduction, encode for specific conformers (I, II, or III), a diagnostic IRMPD spectrum is generated: the C=O stretching frequency of the imidazole carbonyl group serves as a diagnostic marker. The calculated conformers and their respective spectra can be compared with experimental data. Consequently, valuable insight into the ubiquitous noncovalent interactions associated with MacMillan‐catalyst‐derived α,β‐unsaturated iminium ions can be obtained in the absence of solvent or counterion effects. A preliminary structure–catalysis correlation is disclosed, thus demonstrating the potential of this approach for studying reactive intermediates and facilitating catalyst design.
Electrochemical Degradation of the Pesticide Dimethenamid‐P at Gold, DSA Platinum and Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes in Different Electrolytes
Authors: Glavaški O. S. , Petrović S. D. , Mijin D. Ž. , Jovanović M. B. , Dugandžić A. M. , Zeremski T. M. , Ivić M. L. Avramov
Published: July 2014

For the first time the electrochemical degradation of the pesticide dimethenamid‐P was studied. Its direct electrochemical degradation, using potential cycling at a gold electrode, was performed by cyclic voltammetry and HPLC analysis of electrolyte after 72 h showed 56.8 % of degradation. HPLC‐MS indicates the formation of degradation products through the elimination of chlorine atom and CN bond cleavage. By indirect electrolysis using DSA Ti/PtOx and DSA Ti/RuO2 electrodes during 30 minutes 87.2 % and 88.3 % of dimethenamid‐P was degradated, respectively. The high percentage of degradation of dimethenamid‐P was achieved with non time consuming, simple and cheap electrochemical processes.
Automatic Generation Control of an Organic Rankine Cycle Solar–Thermal/Wind–Diesel Hybrid Energy System
Authors: Das Dulal C. , Sinha N. , Roy A. K.
Published: July 2014

The organic Rankine cycle solar–thermal power system is a promising concept for the distributed energy market. The present work investigates the automatic generation control of an autonomous hybrid energy system based on organic Rankine cycle solar–thermal technology. Any mismatch between the active power generation and consumption in the hybrid energy system manifests itself as a frequency deviation from the nominal system frequency. To confront the frequency excursion problem, the present work considers automatic generation control, in which the controllers’ parameters are optimized by using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The performance of each controller is compared with its genetic algorithm (GA)‐optimized counterpart with respect to its ability to capture the frequency variation in the proposed hybrid energy system. The simulation results reveal that the performance of the PSO‐optimized controller is better than its GA‐optimized counterpart in terms of settling time and overshoot in deviation of frequency.
Polymer Solar Cells with Micrometer‐Scale Engraved Active Nanolayers Fabricated by Pressing with Metal Molds
Authors: Lee Sooyong , Nam Sungho , Seo Jooyeok , Jeong Jaehoon , Kim Hwajeong , Woo Sungho , Kim Youngkyoo
Published: July 2014

A micro‐engraved bulk heterojunction (BHJ) nanolayer, which is formed by pressing with a micrometer‐scale embossed metal mold, was introduced to fabricate polymer:fullerene solar cells. The embossed metal molds with three different pattern sizes were fabricated by employing a typical lithography/etching process. After the embossed metal molds were pressed onto the BHJ layers, which are made with blends of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), the size of the resulting engraved patterns in the BHJ layers became smaller than that of the embossed patterns in the metal molds. All devices with the engraved patterns showed remarkably enhanced short‐circuit current densities and power conversion efficiencies, which were pronounced even at a low mold temperature of 60 °C. The enhanced performance has been attributed mainly to the formation of highly‐ordered crystalline nanostructures that are localized within the pressed regions in the BHJ layers. This engraving technology can contribute to the speedy roll‐to‐roll processing of solar cells by shortening thermal treatment steps.
The role of soil in vegetated gravelly river braid plains: more than just a passive response?
Authors: Bätz Nico , Verrecchia Eric P. , Lane Stuart N.
Published: July 2014

This paper reviews the role of alluvial soils in vegetated gravelly river braid plains. When considering decadal timescales of river evolution, we argue that it becomes vital to consider soil development as an emergent property of the developing ecosystem. Soil processes have been relatively overlooked in accounts of the interactions between braided river processes and vegetation, although soils have been observed on vegetated fluvial landforms. We hypothesize that soil development plays a major role in the transition (speed and pathway) from a fresh sediment deposit to a vegetated soil‐covered landform. Disturbance (erosion and/or deposition), vertical sediment structure (process history), vegetation succession, biological activity and water table fluctuation are seen as the main controls on early alluvial soil evolution. Erosion and deposition processes may not only act as soil disturbing agents, but also as suppliers of ecosystem resources, because of their role in delivering and changing access (e.g. through avulsion) to fluxes of water, fine sediments and organic matter. In turn, the associated initial ecosystem may influence further fluvial landform development, such as through the trapping of fine‐grained sediments (e.g. sand) by the engineering action of vegetation and the deposit stabilization by the developing aboveground and belowground biomass. This may create a strong feedback between geomorphological processes, vegetation succession and soil evolution which we summarize in a conceptual model. We illustrate this model by an example from the Allondon River (Switzerland) and identify the research questions that follow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐depth approach to fire investigations: microstructural analysis of metallic materials
Authors: Boniardi Marco , Casaroli Andrea
Published: July 2014

Failure analysis normally requires many forms of investigation, but visual examination is the most used amongst all possible techniques. However, as the legal climate for fire investigation is becoming more rigorous, fire researchers need to work differently. In other words, to be technically defensible, expert testimony must be built on scientific data. To this aim, in‐depth microstructural analyses of materials are particularly suitable to define the fire scene. This paper discusses some of the basic metallurgical theories used in failure analysis of copper, steel and aluminium alloy components involved in fire situations. Some components that can be easily found in fire and arson scene were submitted to simulated fire for indicated time and temperature. The collected samples were than examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Oxidation, recrystallization, second‐phase precipitation and melting were some of the features observed on samples that can be strictly related to the thermal effect of fire. On the basis of these metallurgical results and starting from the evidence that different exposure temperatures can induce different metallurgical modifications, it is possible to define the temperature range experienced by various components, thus suggesting the fire dynamic during the incident. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myelination, oligodendrocytes, and serious mental illness
Authors: Haroutunian V. , Katsel P. , Roussos P. , Davis K. L. , Altshuler L. L. , Bartzokis G.
Published: July 2014

Historically, the human brain has been conceptually segregated from the periphery and further dichotomized into gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) based on the whitish appearance of the exceptionally high lipid content of the myelin sheaths encasing neuronal axons. These simplistic dichotomies were unfortunately extended to conceptually segregate neurons from glia, cognition from behavior, and have been codified in the separation of clinical and scientific fields into medicine, psychiatry, neurology, pathology, etc. The discrete classifications have helped obscure the importance of continual dynamic communication between all brain cell types (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and precursor (NG2) cells) as well as between brain and periphery through multiple signaling systems. The signaling systems range from neurotransmitters to insulin, angiotensin, and multiple kinases such a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) that together help integrate metabolism, inflammation, and myelination processes and orchestrate the development, plasticity, maintenance, and repair that continually optimize function of neural networks. A more comprehensive, evolution‐based, systems biology approach that integrates brain, body, and environmental interactions may ultimately prove more fruitful in elucidating the complexities of human brain function. The historic focus on neurons/GM is rebalanced herein by highlighting the importance of a systems‐level understanding of the interdependent age‐related shifts in both central and peripheral homeostatic mechanisms that can lead to remarkably prevalent and devastating neuropsychiatric diseases. Herein we highlight the role of glia, especially the most recently evolved oligodendrocytes and the myelin they produce, in achieving and maintaining optimal brain function. The human brain undergoes exceptionally protracted and pervasive myelination (even throughout its GM) and can thus achieve and maintain the rapid conduction and synchronous timing of neural networks on which optimal function depends. The continuum of increasing myelin vulnerability resulting from the human brain's protracted myelination underlies underappreciated communalities between different disease phenotypes ranging from developmental ones such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) to degenerative ones such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). These shared vulnerabilities also expose significant yet underexplored opportunities for novel treatment and prevention approaches that have the potential to considerably reduce the tremendous burden of neuropsychiatric disease. GLIA 2014;62:1856–1877
Prestimulus theta in the human hippocampus predicts subsequent recognition but not recall
Authors: Merkow Maxwell B. , Burke John F. , Stein Joel M. , Kahana Michael J.
Published: July 2014

Human theta (4−8 Hz) activity in the medial temporal lobe correlates with memory formation; however, the precise role that theta plays in the memory system remains elusive (Hanslmayr and Staudigl, ). Recently, prestimulus theta activity has been associated with successful memory formation, although its specific cognitive role remains unknown (e.g., Fell et al., 2011). In this report, we demonstrate that prestimulus theta in the hippocampus indexes encoding that supports old‐new recognition memory but not recall. These findings suggest that human hippocampal prestimulus theta may preferentially participate in the encoding of item information, as opposed to associative information. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C/EBPα and the Vitamin D Receptor Cooperate in the Regulation of Cathelicidin in Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Dhawan Puneet , Wei Ran , Sun Cheng , Gombart Adrian F. , Koeffler H. Phillip , Diamond Gill , Christakos Sylvia
Published: July 2014

1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been reported to have an important role in the regulation of innate immunity. We earlier reported that the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin is induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in normal human bronchial epithelial cells with a resultant increase in antimicrobial activity against airway pathogens. In this study, we demonstrate that C/EBP alpha (C/EBPα) is a potent enhancer of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene transcription in human lung epithelial cells. In addition we found that C/EBPα functionally cooperates with VDR in the regulation of CAMP transcription. A C/EBP binding site was identified at −627/−619 within the CAMP promoter, adjacent to the vitamin D response element (VDRE; −615/−600). Mutation of this site markedly attenuated the transcriptional response to C/EBPα as well as to 1,25(OH)2D3, further indicating cooperation between these two factors in the regulation of CAMP. ChIP analysis using 1,25(OH)2D3 treated human lung epithelial cells showed C/EBPα and VDR binding to the CAMP promoter. C/EBPα has previously been reported to cooperate with Brahma (Brm), an ATPase that is component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. We found that dominant negative Brm significantly inhibited C/EBPα as well as 1,25(OH)2D3 mediated induction of CAMP transcription, suggesting the functional involvement of Brm. These findings define novel mechanisms involving C/EBPα, SWI/SNF, and 1,25(OH)2D3 in the regulation of CAMP in lung epithelial cells. These mechanisms of enhanced activation of the CAMP gene in lung epithelial cells suggest potential candidates for the development of modulators of innate immune responses for adjunct therapy in the treatment of airway infections. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 464–472, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and Rhinovirus respiratory tract infections in young children admitted to hospital
Authors: Adams O. , Weis J. , Jasinska K. , Vogel M. , Tenenbaum T.
Published: July 2014

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and Rhinoviruses (RV) are frequent causes of respiratory tract infections in young children. We compared laboratory and clinical findings in children with comparable age distribution and hospitalized due to RSV, HMPV or RV infections. Viral pathogens were detected by a quantitative real time PCR from nasopharyngeal aspirates. No significant differences in the admission diagnosis, laboratory parameters, patient demographics and treatment measures between the three viral causes of respiratory illness were found. No correlation between viral load and disease severity was observed however, there was a significantly lower concentration of the nasopharyngeal interleukin 8 (IL‐8) in children with RV compared to HMPV and RSV, indicating a milder proinflammatory reaction. Moreover, RV‐infected children had significantly lower body temperature, higher leucocyte counts in peripheral blood, and a tendency to have a shorter stay in hospital than children with either HMPV or RSV infection. Taken together, clinical presentation of the infections with RSV, HMPV, and RV is similar among children of the same age group and not clearly distinguishable by standard clinical or laboratory findings. Therefore, virus specific testing should be included regularly for routine diagnosis of children with respiratory tract infections. J. Med. Virol. 87:275–280, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversity and recombination of human parechovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Chen Hui‐fang , Zheng Xue‐yan , Chen Xia‐ming , Shi Ting‐li , Yao Yue‐xian , Yuan Qing , Chen Qing , Yu Shou‐yi
Published: July 2014

Human parechovirus (HPeV), a member of Picornaviridae family, is a widespread pathogen causing a wide spectrum of diseases. Like other picornaviruses, HPeV genome recombination has been detected. A total of 322 fecal samples were collected from children outpatients in Guangzhou, China, including 42 (13.0%, 42/322) HPeV‐positive samples detected in most of the infected children less than two years old. Seven HPeV genotypes (HPeV1, HPeV3, HPeV4, HPeV5, HPeV6, HPeV8 and HPeV14) were detected, among which, HPeV14, a rare genotype, was reported for the first time in children with acute gastroenteritis in China. This study revealed recombination events in eight samples. Clinical profiles did not yield statistical significance between children with HPeV infection alone and cases without pathogens detected. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that HPeV circulated in Guangzhou, China is diverse genetically, which provided evidence of recombination in HPeV in China. J. Med. Virol. 87:296–302, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An evaluation of prophylactic treatments to prevent post traumatic joint stiffness
Authors: Efird Will , Kellam Patrick , Yeazell Shawn , Weinhold Paul , Dahners Laurence E.
Published: July 2014

Arthrofibrosis is a major obstacle to restoring joint function after trauma. The objective of this study was to evaluate montelukast, forskolin, and triamcinolone as possible means of prophylaxis against the formation of arthrofibrosis. Forty‐eight rats underwent surgical knee trauma with post‐operative immobilization in full flexion. The treatment groups were: control (CTL), oral montelukast (3.75 mg/kg/day) (MLK), intra‐articular forskolin injections (0.6 mg/kg) (FSK), and intra‐articular triamcinolone injections (0.68 mg/kg) (STR). Rats were sacrificed after 14 days and femorotibial contracture angles were measured with the posterior capsule intact and with the posterior capsule cut. A 0.015Nm extension moment was applied to the knee. All treatment groups had significant reductions in contracture angle compared to the control. Mean contractures with the posterior capsule intact were 32°(CTL), 20° (MLK), 22° (FSK), and 7° (STR). Contractures with the posterior capsule cut were 28° (CTL), 19° (MLK), 20° (FSK), and 5° (STR). The STR group was significantly better than FSK and MLK. Triamcinolone injections provided dramatic reductions in stiffness. Both forskolin and montelukast provided significant, though lesser, reductions in stiffness. While the triamcinolone contracture angles were significantly better, the novel treatments of forskolin and montelukast provided encouraging results and should be studied further. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1520–1524, 2014.
The effect of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films on the growth of Penicillium expansum in apples
Authors: Simonaitiene Dovile , Brink Ieva , Sipailiene Ausra , Leskauskaite Daiva
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Penicillium expansum causes a major post‐harvest disease of apples. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition effect of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films containing different amounts of quince and cranberry juice against P. expansum on the simulation medium and on apples. The mechanical properties of films were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The presence of cranberry and quince juice in the composition of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in elasticity and decrease in tensile strength of films. Chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films with quince and cranberry juice demonstrated a significant (P ≤ 0.05) inhibition effect against P. expansum growth on the simulated medium and apples. The presence of cranberry juice in the composition of chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films resulted in a longer lag phase and a lower P. expansum growth rate on the simulation medium in comparison with films made with the addition of quince juice. These differences were not evident when experiment was conducted with apples.

CONCLUSION

Addition of quince and cranberry juice to the chitosan and whey proteins–chitosan films as natural antifungal agents has some potential for prolonging the shelf life of apples. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
User interface and interactivity display for converging PC, IPTV, and mobile device in a video sharing service
Authors: Lee Meng‐Huang , Chen Jung‐Jie , Chen Sih‐Yu
Published: July 2014

This paper proposes a user interface and interactivity adaptor for PCs, Internet protocol televisions (IPTVs), and mobile devices. The adaptor accounts for the screen limitations for display of mobile devices and the remote control limitations for the interactivity of IPTVs. A framework for convergence of these client‐side devices is also proposed as a basis for a video sharing service. In‐depth verification and evaluation demonstrate the robustness of the proposed adaptor.