bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROWTH IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA OF TWO BARLEY CULTIVARS GROWN FROM MAGNETICALLY TREATED AND UNTREATED SEED
Authors: FREYMAN S.
Published: March 2010

Growth of two barley cultivars (Gait and Betzes) grown from magnetically treated and untreated seed was analyzed quantitatively both to determine their response to the environment of southern Alberta and to identify which phases, if any, are stimulated by magnetic treatment. Plants grown under controlled environment conditions, on irrigated land, and on dryland were sampled at about weekly intervals to determine leaf area and dry weight for growth analyses. Tiller numbers, grain yield, and kernel weights were also measured. The two cultivars differed significantly in the number of tillers and heads per plant, in the net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR) in the later stages of growth, and in grain yield. The only apparent effect of magnetic seed treatment was a small stimulation of NAR, under controlled environment conditions, between 29 and 57 days after planting. No response to magnetic seed treatment could be detected under field conditions.
EVOLUTION ET INCIDENCE DES ECHANGES DE CO2 POUR EVALUER L’ACCUMULATION DE POIDS SEC CHEZ LA LAITUE POMMEE DURANT LE STADE PLANTULE
Authors: BOUCHARD MAGELLA , TRUDEL MARC J.
Published: March 2010

Photosynthetic and respiration rates of whole plants were measured on three cultivars of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata Hort.) 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after unfolding of the first leaf. CO2 exchanges were described in terms of mg and mg CO2∙plant−1∙h−1. Photosynthetic and respiration rates (mg CO2∙dm−2∙h−1) gradually decreased with age reaching a plateau at 25–30 days. Differences for age were the only significant differences. Correlation coefficient between dry matter and photosynthesis and respiration rates (mg CO2∙dm−2∙h−1) was −0.426 for each of these parameters. However, when expressed in terms of mg CO2∙plant−1∙h−1, coefficients were 0.716 and 0.907 respectively. These results suggest that the traditional practice of expressing photosynthesis and respiration activities in mg CO2∙dm−2∙h−1 would not be adequate to identify parents and lines most yield-responsive in a breeding program.
GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT AND CLUBROOT OF RUTABAGA AND TURNIP
Authors: MULLIN W. J. , COLLINS M. J. , PROUDFOOT K. G.
Published: March 2010

The glucosinolate content of 22 cultivars of rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) and 21 cultivars of turnip (B. rapa L.) was determined. Wide variations were found in total and individual glucosinolates. Three major volatile isothiocyanates and their corresponding nitriles were formed from glucosinolate hydrolysis. These compounds contribute to the flavor and aroma. The indolyl glucosinolates were estimated from the ionic thiocyanate formed but there appeared to be no relationship between the thiocyanate content and club root resistance. Goitrin, the hydrolysis product of progoitrin, was determined by UV and Canadian cultivars contained some of the highest concentrations found in the survey.
EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES OF DIFFERENT MODES OF ACTION ON LEAF-CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS
Authors: CROWLEY JACINTA , PRENDEVILLE G. N.
Published: March 2010

Leakage of electrolytes from leaf discs of treated Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants was used to study the effects of several herbicides of different modes of action on leaf-cell membrane permeability. Linuron (N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea), prometryne (4,6-bisisopropylamino-2-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine), bromacil (5,bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methyl-n-propyl) uracil), sodium azide and dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) increased leaf-cell permeability at 24 h after treatment and this occurred without appearance of leaf necrosis. Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) increased leaf-cell permeability at 96 h and this was always associated with visible injury, including wilting. Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridylium) at 10−5M increased leaf-cell permeability 48 h after treatment, without apparent leaf damage, but at higher concentrations, increased permeability was always associated with visible effects. Chlorpropham (isopropyl N-(d)3-chlorophenyl) carbamate), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) did not alter cell permeability even though epinastic symptoms in leaves became evident 24 h after treatment with picloram and 2,4-D.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 38. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. and A. lappa L.
Authors: GROSS RONALD S. , WERNER PATRICIA A. , HAWTHORN WAYNE R.
Published: March 2010

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh., common burdock, and A. lappa L., great burdock, are introduced weeds of abandoned fields, roadsides, pastures and streambanks. The species are naturalized throughout much of southern Canada, especially in the eastern provinces, and the U.S.A. A summary of the biology of these two ruderal species is presented as part of a series of the biology of Canadian weeds.
EFFECT OF VITERRA 2 HYDROGEL ON GERMINATION, SEEDLING GROWTH AND SOD ESTABLISHMENT OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS
Authors: MACPHAIL J.M. , EGGENS J.L. , HARNEY P.M. , TSUJITA M.J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of Viterra 2 Hydrogel (VH) on turfgrass establishment was investigated. The germination rate of Baron Kentucky bluegrass seeds was reduced at all VH concentrations with the greatest reduction occurring at the highest application rate. Growth of Baron Kentucky bluegrass seedlings was unaffected at rates of VH up to 50 kg/100 m2. In the greenhouse, sod establishment and survival under drought conditions was improved by VH. In the field the application of VH to the sod surface after it was laid resulted in more live grass per sod than did the addition of VH to the surface of the soil or incorporation into the soil before the sod was laid. When VH is applied to the sod after laying, uniform distribution of VH is necessary if turf injury is to be avoided.
YIELD AND SEED WEIGHT OF BUCKWHEAT AFTER FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF BORON AND CALCIUM
Authors: GUBBELS G.H.
Published: March 2010

Foliar applications of H3BO3, CaCl2∙2H2O and combinations of these compounds were applied to buckwheat during the flowering and seed development stages in a 3-yr field study. None of the treatments had any beneficial effect on seed yield or weight per seed. The high Ca treatment (100 000 ppm CaCl2∙2H2O) depressed yield.
YIELD AND PHENOTYPIC TRAITS OF SEMIDWARF AND NORMAL-STATURED BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) GENOTYPES GROWN UNDER DIFFERING LEVELS OF MOISTURE STRESS
Authors: IRVINE R. B. , HARVEY B. L. , ROSSNAGEL B. G.
Published: March 2010

Semidwarf and normal-statured barley genotypes were grown in several environments differing mainly in the levels of plant-available soil moisture. Grain yields (12% moisture) differed significantly due to environment and genotype and there was a nonsignificant tendency for semidwarf genotypes to yield less, relative to their tall counterparts, when grown in environments with restricted moisture supply. The stature of the genotype did not appear to influence the expression of yield components, harvest index or flag leaf area.
EFFECT OF TWO RELATIVE HUMIDITIES ON FOLIAR ABSORPTION OF NaCl
Authors: FOSTER A.C. , MAUN M.A.
Published: March 2010

White cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) plants sprayed with deicing salt and kept at 91–100% relative humidity even for 1 day exhibited necrosis of foliage. However, sprayed trees kept at a relative humidity of 50–70% for 20 days showed only slight yellowing of leaf tips. Significantly greater amounts of Na and Cl ions were found in the foliage of plants maintained at high relative humidity.
SEASONAL PATTERNS OF NITROGEN FIXATION AND DRY MATTER PRODUCTION BY CLOVERS GROWN IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION
Authors: RICE W. A.
Published: March 2010

Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and red clover (T. pratense L.) were established in field plots on an Orthic Gray Luvisol (Hazelmere CL) and a Black Solod (Landry CL) in 3 consecutive yr, 1972, 1973 and 1974. Data were collected in the 2 yr following the year of establishment. The factors measured included seed and forage yield, dry matter production rate, potential nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction), soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture and NH+4-N and NO−3-N content of the soil. Based on calculations using the theoretical C2H2:N2 ratio of 3:1, alsike clover annually fixed 20.8–143.0 kg N/ha, and red clover fixed 15.3–77.3 kg N/ha on the Orthic Gray Luvisol. Also, alsike clover fixed more N2 earlier in the growing season than red clover. The estimate of annual N2(C2H2) fixation by both clovers on the Black Solod was less than one half that on the Orthic Gray Luvisol. There was little difference between the N2(C2H2) fixation by clover crops harvested for forage and those used for seed production. However, the amount of N2(C2H2) fixed always equalled or exceeded the amount of nitrogen removed in the seed, but only occasionally exceeded the amount removed in the forage. Yield and N2(C2H2) fixation varied widely among years, suggesting considerable climatic influence. However, the measured climatic and soil factors were not consistently correlated with potential nitrogenase activity. The seasonal pattern of potential nitrogenase activity appeared to be influenced by the phenological development of the plant. Activity commenced early in May, increased to a maximum about mid-June (flower initiation), and then decreased and generally remained low for the remainder of the growing season. Significant deviations from the usual seasonal profile of potential nitrogenase activity occurred in years with periods of moisture stress or with above average precipitation and soil heat units.
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF THE PETIOLES OF SOME GRAPE CULTIVARS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: PARSONS D. C. , EATON G. W.
Published: March 2010

Prebloom and veraison petiole samples of the locally important grape cultivars Bath, Chelois, Dechaunac, Foch and Okanagan Riesling from 21 commercial vineyards in 1974, 1975 and 1976 were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn. Location differences were found for K, Mg and Mn and time of sampling effects for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn. There were cultivar effects upon K, Ca, Mg and Zn and cultivar × time effects upon Mg and Mn. Diagnostic ranges of nutrient elements are suggested.
IRRIGATION, SPACING AND NITROGEN EFFECTS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF PICKLING CUCUMBERS GROWN FOR MECHANICAL HARVESTING
Authors: O’SULLIVAN JOHN
Published: March 2010

The effects of plant spacing and irrigation at two rates of N in 1977 and 1978 and one rate of N in 1979 on yield and quality of pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) harvested once-over was investigated. Plant populations significantly affected yield, with highest yields produced at the highest population of 64 plants/m2 each year. Irrigation and N rate had no significant effect on yield. Lack of soil moisture was not a limiting factor on yield during the critical growth stage of early fruit set in any year. Plant population also significantly affected fruit quality. In general, fruit quality decreased as plant population increased. Irrigation affected fruit quality only in 1977 while N rate affected quality in 1977 and 1978. Fruit color was affected by irrigation and N, but not by plant populations. Planting arrangement had no significant effect on yield or quality. Tissue N decreased with increasing population and irrigation in 1977 and indicated an increased demand for N when cucumbers are produced with irrigation at high plant density.
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF TRIFLURALIN TO WILD OATS
Authors: DARWENT A. L.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in the field and in controlled environment chambers at Beaverlodge, Alberta to determine the influence of soil temperature on the phytotoxicity of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) to wild oats (Avena fatua L.). In the field trifluralin reduced wild oat emergence the most in early May when soil temperatures were lowest. As soil temperatures increased in May, the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat emergence declined. In controlled environment studies, the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat shoot growth was greatest at 4 °C. At 7.5 °C, the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat shoot growth declined. However, at both 10 and 20 °C, small increases in trifluralin phytotoxicity occurred. Exposure of wild oat shoots to trifluralin vapors at 7.5 and 20 °C indicated decreased shoot growth of wild oats at 7.5 °C but increased volatilization of trifluralin at 20 °C. Thus, the lack of any major differences in the effectiveness of trifluralin in reducing wild oat shoot growth at temperatures from 7.5 to 20 °C may be due to the counteraction of these two phenomena.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS HERBICIDES AND TWEEN 20 ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLYPHOSATE
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , O’DONOVAN J. T.
Published: March 2010

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) at 0.21 kg/ha applied at the 4-leaf stage provided excellent control of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and rape (Brassica campestris L.). Tank mixtures of 0.21 kg/ha glyphosate with bromoxynil/MCPA, bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-D, or dicamba resulted in an initial reduction (antagonism) of glyphosate activity on the grass species at 5 days after treatment. At 34 days after treatment, the early differences had disappeared and grass kill was virtually complete with all treatments containing glyphosate. The early reduction in annual grass control with these mixtures was overcome in most cases by addition of Tween 20. Dicamba at 0.11 kg/ha, applied sequentially at various times in relation to glyphosate at 0.21 kg/ha, provided significantly increased early control of annual grasses over that obtained with glyphosate alone. Glyphosate combinations with bromoxynil/MCPA, bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-D, or dicamba were as effective or more effective for rape control than the various broad-leaved herbicides applied alone. Rape showed a high degree of tolerance to dicamba.
SUMMER COLOR AND FALL COLOR RETENTION OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS RECEIVING VARYING AMOUNTS AND TIMING OF INORGANIC OR INORGANIC-ORGANIC COMBINATIONS OF NITROGEN
Authors: NELSON S. H.
Published: March 2010

Varying levels of N as ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate phosphate, ammonium phosphate sulfate, and monoammonium phosphate (0.83–2.51 kg N/100 m2/season) applied in three replications at 6-wk intervals (mid-May to mid-August) did not markedly affect the summer color quality of Kentucky bluegrass turf when the season was warm. When the season had a below-normal number of accumulated degree days, however, there was a positive correlation and linear regression between green color of the turf and the amount of N applied. When organic N (processed sewage) was used in two of the applications and inorganic N in one of the three replications, the green color response of the turf during summer was even more influenced by growing conditions. With a below-normal accumulation of degree growing days in 1975 there was no difference in green color from varying levels of organic N while in 1976 with an above-normal accumulation of degree days there was a better green color development with the higher levels of organic N. In the fall, higher levels of green color were maintained from higher levels of inorganic N. Varying the amount of nitrogen within the three application dates did not affect this correlation. When two applications of organic N were used in combination with one application of inorganic N, however, this correlation between better green color and higher rate of N did not show up until very late when all scores were relatively low. Although the range of scores for inorganic and inorganic-organic combinations had a similar range on any particular date in the fall, the application of inorganic N on the final date gave the best color retention and those receiving organic N on the final date tended to go dormant earlier. Where early spring green color or fall color retention of the turf is desired in northern climates, the inorganic form of N is more suitable than the organic form. The amount of color was positively correlated with the amount of inorganic N applied during the summer fertilizer program.
MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE WATER UPTAKE RATES OF WHEAT SEEDS USING AGAR MEDIA
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

The use of agar media in water uptake studies eliminated the problem of free water on the wheat kernel surface, making it unnecessary to blot seeds before weighing, and allowing more seed lots to be studied at one time. Although wheat seeds did not absorb water as quickly from agar as they did from water-saturated filter paper, relative ranking for rate of water uptake was unchanged.
TOWER POPLAR
Authors: RONALD W. G.
Published: March 2010

Populus × canescens ’Tower’ combines qualities of improved root-ability and foliage found in the female parent, P. alba L., with hardiness and columnar growth form of its male parent, P. tremula L. ’Erecta’. The distinctly columnar growth form makes the tree useful for landscape and shelterbelt applications. It is readily propagated from root and softwood cuttings.
VARIATION IN SPECIFIC LEAF WEIGHT AND RuDPCase ACTIVITY IN MUNGBEAN
Authors: KUO C.G. , HSU F.H. , TSAY J.S. , PARK H.G.
Published: March 2010

Specific leaf weight (SLW) and ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPCase) were determined for 20 mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) varieties. Varietal difference was significant for SLW and RuDPCase at the early reproductive stage. Significant and positive correlations were also found among SLW, RuDPCase, harvest index (HI), and seed yield. Results imply that high seed yield of mungbean could be associated with high photosynthetic rates and efficient partitioning of photosynthate. It was concluded that increasing seed yield in mungbean should be possible by selecting for (1) high SLW, (2) high HI, and (3) an increased RuDPCase activity.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF NO3- AND NH4-N ONGROWTH, YIELD, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT AND CONQUEST BARLEY
Authors: LEYSHON A. J. , CAMPBELL C. A. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of NO3 and NH4 forms of nitrogen on the growth and yield of spring wheat and barley. Two growth-room experiments were carried out using spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Manitou’) in both experiments and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Conquest’) in the second. NO3 or NH4-N plus the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin were applied at rates from 23 to 360 kg N/ha. Temperatures were 27/12 °C (day/night) and soil moisture was maintained at between −0.05 and −1.0 bars by frequent watering. NO3-N-treated plants were taller, and had thicker stems and more spikelets/spike than NH4-N-treated plants. The NH4-N-treated plants produced more spikes and matured faster initially, although by anthesis stage there was little difference in maturity between the NO3- and NH4-N-treated plants. There was no differential effect of nitrogen source on total dry matter at maturity, although dry matter increased in proportion to nitrogen rate. Grain yield of the NH4-N-fed plants was higher than that of the NO3-N-fed plants, especially at the higher nitrogen rates. This was due primarily to the effect on number of spikes produced and secondarily on seed set. It is suspected that denitrification losses of nitrogen from the NO3-N-treated soil contributed to the differential response to the two sources, but there was circumstantial evidence to suggest that some of the difference may have been due to the inherent nature of the two sources which might have affected their ease of metabolism by the plant.
KEEPING QUALITY OF SOYBEANS STORED UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
Authors: GAVRECHENKOV Y. D. , SINHA R. N.
Published: March 2010

The keeping quality of soybean seed (Glycine max), cv. Amsoy 71, was determined by storing seedlots of 13.1 and 17.3% moisture content at 10 and 30 °C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 22 wk. The variables monitored on the seeds were: germinative energy, germination, respiration, microflora, insects, mites, composition of triglycerides and fat acidity values (FAV) in oil. Seeds of both moisture contents, stored at 10 °C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, had negligible quality loss in 22 wk. Maximum quality loss occurred in damp seeds stored at 30 °C in anaerobic conditions: FAV increased sharply, seed viability was drastically reduced and microorganisms developed rapidly. The relative ratio of components of triglycerides did not change during 22 wk. The major post-harvest microflora invading soybeans were: Penicillium, Aspergillus flavus, Ascomycetes and bacteria, particularly Erwinia herbicola. Two mites, Acarus farris (Oud.) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), could not survive on the soybeans; the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), however, multiplied on seeds at 30 °C under aerobic conditions.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAF STAGES OF CEREAL CROPS OR GRASSY WEEDS AND DAYS FROM SEEDING
Authors: DEW D.A.
Published: March 2010

Rate of leaf development was studied on three spring cereals and two grassy weeds for 4 yr. Plots were seeded on two dates in each of 3 yr and on only one in the fourth year. Leaf stage development was determined three times a week from emergence to flag leaf stage. The time to advance from one leaf stage to the next was found to be: 6.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8 and 5.7 days, respectively, for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). Time from seeding to emergence was found to be reasonably consistent within species and an estimate is given for the number of days from seeding when the spring cereals can be expected to reach a given leaf stage.
TOLERANCE AND RESIDUE STUDIES OF TRIALLATE IN LENTILS
Authors: CESSNA A. J. , HOLT N. W. , DREW B. N.
Published: March 2010

The tolerance of lentils (Lens culinaris Medic.) to both preplant and postplant spring incorporation of the wild oat herbicide triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropyl-thiocarbamate] was studied at two locations. Seed yield, maturity and stand density were not affected by application rates considered adequate for effective wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control. An analytical method for determining triallate residues in lentil green tissue and mature grain was developed. Using electron-capture gas chromatographic detection, the limit of detection, based on a 1-g fresh-weight sample, was 20 ppb. Recoveries were in the order of 75% at the 50 ppb fortification level. Triallate residues did not exceed 20 ppb in any of the samples.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HIGHER YIELD IN NEW, EARLY-MATURING SOYBEAN CULTIVARS
Authors: McBLAIN B. A. , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

The physiology of three soybean (Glycine max (L). Merrill) cultivars of Maturity Group 00 was studied to determine why the new cultivars Maple Arrow and McCall outyield the older cultivar Altona. Field trials were conducted at Elora, Ontario, in 1977 and 1978. The seed yields of the new cultivars averaged 12% higher than Altona over both years, although the three cultivars were within 3 days of the same maturity. The higher yields in the new cultivars appeared to be related to consistently longer bean-filling periods than in Altona, although a difference (P < 0.05) was detected only in 1978. Rates of bean filling in the new cultivars were no greater than in Altona, which also indicated that longer bean-filling periods contributed to higher yields in the new cultivars. Flowering dates for cultivars were not different. Similar maturity dates indicated that the new cultivars had shorter periods than Altona from maximum bean dry weight to final maturity. Other attributes differed little among cultivars in either year. Total dry matter accumulations were similar until bean filling began. Leaflet areas and dry weights, leaf area durations and harvest indices also did not differ. The results suggested that a long bean-filling period was a desirable trait in early-maturing soybeans.
MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY OF RESCUE-CADET RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION LINES
Authors: KOSMOLAK F.G. , McKENZIE HUGH , LARSON RUBY I.
Published: March 2010

Reciprocal disomic whole-chromosome substitution lines between the hard red spring wheat cultivars Cadet and Rescue were developed to investigate the effect of specific chromosomes on milling and baking quality. Quality measurements of the parents and reciprocal substitution lines on grain from randomized field trials for each of 3 yr were used to analyze aspects of the impact of specific chromosome substitutions on farinograph absorption, mixograph development time, flour protein content, flour yield, remix loaf volume and grinding time. Substitution of Rescue chromosomes of homoeologous groups 4 and 7 into Cadet had no effect on quality. Substitution of the corresponding Cadet chromosomes into Rescue had a major effect. Reciprocal chromosome effects in the direction of the donor parent were most striking for mixograph development time with chromosome 1A, farinograph absorption with 2A and 6B and grinding time with 1A, 1B and 6D. Transgressive reciprocal interaction in the direction of the recipient parent was observed for flour yield with chromosome 1A. Multiple effects of substituting chromosome 7A and 7D of Cadet into Rescue may be related to percentage of flour protein. These and other effects of chromosome substitution are reported and interpreted.
BARLEY CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF HORDEIN PROTEINS: I. EXTRACTION AND SEPARATION OF HORDEIN PROTEINS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE HORDEIN ELECTROPHOREGRAM
Authors: MARCHYLO B. A. , LaBERGE D. E.
Published: March 2010

Reproducible hordein electrophoregrams were obtained when hordeins, extracted from Canadian-grown barley cultivars, were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at acid pH (acid-gel PAGE). The hordeins were extracted at room temperature into a solution of 55% (vol/vol) isopropanol containing 2% (vol/vol) monothioglycerol. Extraction of hordein at high temperature (60 °C) produced significant reduction in the number of protein bands available for cultivar identification. Alkylation of the reduced hordeins, prior to acid-gel PAGE, did not improve the resolution or appearance of the hordein electrophoregrams. The effect of environment on the hordein electrophoregram was studied. Four barley cultivars were grown at eight locations in Western Canada during 2 successive years. Hordein electrophoregrams were qualitatively independent of growth location, year of growth and protein content. These results suggest that acid-gel PAGE should prove useful as a technique for barley cultivar identification.
TRUNK GROWTH OF APPLE TREE AS AFFECTED BY CROP LOAD
Authors: WEBSTER D. H. , BROWN G. L.
Published: March 2010

Increase in mean trunk circumference (ΔC, cm) of 8- to 17-yr-old McIntosh/M.7 apple trees was a linear function of mean crop load (K, kg/cm2). A linear relationship between ΔC and K implies that, for a given initial tree size, increase in trunk cross-sectional area will be nearly linear with yield.
MORPHOLOGICAL FACTORS RELATED TO SEEDLING WINTER INJURY IN THREE PERENNIAL GRASSES
Authors: WHITE R. S. , CURRIE P. O.
Published: March 2010

Relationships between seedling growth and winter injury were investigated in crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.), intermediate (pubescent) wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium subsp. trichophorum (Link) Reichtb. ex Hegi), and Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.). Field plantings were made on five dates between late August and mid-October. Growth characteristics were measured on individually marked plants in November, and winter tissue damage was estimated the following April. Number of leaves, plant height, seedling weight, and leaf area significantly (P <.01) affected susceptibility to winter injury in all three species. As plant size increased, winter damage decreased. This inverse relationship was readily measured for all morphological variables studied, but it was most easily quantified by counting the number of leaves.
ATRAZINE RESISTANCE IN AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS (REDROOT PIGWEED) AND A. POWELLII (GREEN PIGWEED) FROM SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: WARWICK S. I. , WEAVER S. E.
Published: March 2010

Screening trials with the herbicide atrazine and a morphological examination of atrazine-resistant pigweed populations from southern Ontario and Washington state have established: (1) that the several resistant populations from the West Montrose area, Waterloo Co., Ontario and one from Washington state, previously reported as Amaranthus retroflexus, are, in fact, referable to A. powellii and (2) that the one resistant population near Ayr, Waterloo Co., Ontario, which had not been previously reported, is correctly identified as A. retroflexus. Features distinguishing the three pigweed taxa that are common in southern Ontario (A. powellii, A. retroflexus and A. hybridus) are reviewed.
Integrating knowledge of nutrient forms and dynamics into improved nutrient management practices: Atribute to Régis Simard
Authors: Grant Cynthia , Ziadi Noura , Gagnon Bernard , Flaten Don , Schoenau Jeff
Published: March 2010

Régis Simard and his colleagues developed a research program focussing on the agronomic and environmental impacts of nutrients in agricultural systems. The success of this program resulted from an integrated approach, linking assessment of nutrient availability to an understanding of nutrient dynamics in the soil, and applying this understanding to development of improved management practices for a variety of nutrient sources. Research into nutrient availability conducted by Régis and his co-workers led to improvements in quantification of nutrient supply, using traditional soil analysis with batch chemical extraction as well as ionic exchange membranes (IEMs) and electro-ultrafiltration (EUF). Ion exchange membranes are now used as a tool in routine soil fertility assessments and in agronomic and environmental research to study nutrient ion release rates. Additionally, intensive analytical techniques, such as sequential extraction and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) were developed and used to characterize the forms and relative availability of soil nutrients for plant uptake or environmental effects. Characterization of nutrient pools improved understanding of nutrient dynamics in the soil, allowing a more accurate assessment of the agronomic value and environmental risk of nutrients applied to agricultural systems. Building on this knowledge, Régis and his colleagues developed improved methods of utilizing manures, composts, paper mill sludge (PMS) and liming by-products, effectively diverting nutrients from the waste stream into a resource for crop production. This paper describes the contributions of Régis and his colleagues to the improvement of agronomically and environmentally sustainable nutrient management practices, based on an integrated research approach that provided a clear understanding nutrient availability and soil nutrient dynamics. Key words: Chemical extraction, integrated nutrient management, ion exchange membranes, paper mill sludge, soil phosphorus, soil potassium
Accompanying cations and anions affect the diffusive transport of phosphate in a model calcareous soil system
Authors: Olatuyi S O , Akinremi O O , Flaten D N , Crow G H
Published: March 2010

Mixing non-phosphate salts with phosphate fertilizer modifies the chemical environment of the soil-phosphorus (P) fertilizer reaction zone due to induced changes in soil pH and the interactions of P with soil components and other ions. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of cation and anion interactions on the solubility and diffusive transport of P in columns packed with a mixture of inert quartz sand and Ca2+-saturated cation exchange resin, buffered with CaCO3. The background pH of the resin-sand mixture was 9.4. Three types of cations (K+, NH4+, and Mg2+) were combined with four anions (NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, and CO32-) to produce 12 non-phosphate salts. Each of these salts was mixed with 0.4 g of KH2PO4 to provide 408.9 mg P kg-1 soil. The experiment was carried out in three replicates. Following 2 wk of incubation, columns were sectioned at 3-mm intervals and the pH of each section was measured. The samples were extracted with deionized water and subsequently with 1 mol L-1 HCl. Addition of KH2PO4 alone reduced the pH at the surface (first 3-mm section) of the resin-sand column to 7.1, while pH remained unchanged at 9.1 on addition of K2CO3 and KH2PO4. Addition of MgCl2 and KH2PO4 resulted in the lowest pH in the column and the greatest depth of H+ penetration compared with other treatments. None of the treatments containing NO3- or Cl- salts enhanced the solubility and movement of P. Addition of (NH4)2SO4 or (NH4)2CO3 to KH2PO4 produced the greatest amount of water-extractable P, followed by K2SO4. The lowest solubility of P occurred on addition of K2CO3 (P < 0.05). We attributed the enhanced solubility of P by SO42- and CO32- associated with NH4+ to competition between these anions and HPO42- for precipitation with solution Ca2+. Phosphate ion moved to depths of 5.0, 6.0 and 7.5 cm on addition of K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and MgSO4 to the column, respectively. These results suggested that salts such as K2SO4, (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4 would enhance the lability of fertilizer P in a calcareous soil system. Key words: Solubility, precipitation, diffusive transport, resin, cation exchange, anion competition, dual banding
Nutrient uptake of hybrid poplar in competition with weeds using the soil supply and nutrient demand (SSAND) model
Authors: Kabba Bachitter S , Knight J. Diane , Van Rees Ken C.J.
Published: March 2010

Mechanistic nutrient uptake models can help gain a quantitative understanding of nutrient uptake by plants under weed-competing conditions. The objectives of this study were to check the applicability of the soil supply and nutrient demand (SSAND) model to predict N, P and K uptake by hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus × petrowskyana var. Walker) grown with and without competition with dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and quackgrass (Elymus repens) in a controlled environment, and to determine if incorporating N mineralization into the model would improve N uptake predictions. Simulation results showed that N uptake was underestimated for hybrid poplar by 58 to 73%, depending upon soil type and weed treatment. Incorporation of N mineralization as a model input improved the hybrid poplar N uptake predictions by 24 and 67% in the pasture and alfalfa soil, respectively, when grown without weeds. The SSAND model underestimated P uptake by 84 to 89% and overestimated K uptake by 28 to 59% for hybrid poplar depending upon the soil type and weed treatment. Results from this study illustrate that modeling competition between two species in a controlled environment study is a complex process and that further work is required to understand the underlying processes controlling nutrient supply and uptake in these systems. Key words: Nutrient uptake modeling, SSAND model, hybrid poplar, weeds, sensitivity analysis
Growth of winter wheat irrigated with diluted kraft pulp mill effluent on soils amended with gypsum and wood ash
Authors: Patterson S J , Chanasyk D S , Baron V S
Published: March 2010

Supplementing irrigation water with effluents could reduce the need for potable water for irrigation and promote nutrient recycling, but may require additional amendments to deal with Na. In a growth chamber experiment, winter wheat was seeded into a control soil and to soil amended with either gypsum or wood ash applied at an equivalent rate of 15 dry t ha-1. Wheat was irrigated at a rate of 6 mm d-1 with distilled water (DW), kraft pulp mill effluent (KPME) and waste-activated sludge (WAS), and three KPME/WAS combinations. This included two KPME/WAS combinations diluted with DW to 25 and 50% (KPME/WAS:DW) to evaluate the effect on the nutrient uptake and biomass and the impact on soluble ions in the soil. Effluent applications increased wheat biomass up to 70%, and increases of 97 and 140% were observed in soils amended with gypsum and ash, respectively. Effluent applications increased soluble Na, Ca, and SO4, but only on the gypsum-amended soils, except those irrigated with WAS, had lower sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) than control soils by 0.7 to 3 units. Effluent combinations at the lower dilutions in combination with gypsum could be used to provide supplemental water with moderate increases in electrical conductivity (ECe) and SAR that would still be within tolerable limits of many crops.Key words: Effluent irrigation, electrical conductivity, gypsum, sodium adsorption ratio, wood ash
Soil and groundwater characteristics of saline sites supporting boreal mixedwood forests in northern Alberta
Authors: Lilles E B , Purdy B G , Chang S X , Macdonald S E
Published: March 2010

The influence of salinity on boreal forest plants is of growing concern today because oil sands mining and other energy-related industrial activities in northern Alberta and elsewhere produce large areas of salt-affected soils that require reclamation and revegetation. We characterized soils (salinity, pH, and nutrient and moisture availabilities) and groundwater at six naturally saline sites in northern Alberta which were occupied by boreal mixedwood forests dominated by aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss]. Salinity increased with depth in the soil profile and decreased with distance away from adjacent non-forested saline wetlands. In areas where forest vegetation existed, the electrical conductivity (ECe) of the surface soil (0-20 cm depth) was always below 4 dS m-2; chemical properties of the lower subsurface soil (50-100 cm depth) and groundwater ranged well above what has been conventionally considered to be suitable for tree growth: ECe ranged from 4 to 23 dS m-2, sodium adsorption ratio ranged from 13 to 70, and the pH of some soil horizons was above 9.0. These sites had relatively high soil moisture and nutrient availabilities, and we hypothesize that these facilitate survival of forest vegetation on these sites, despite the high levels of salinity. Key words: Salinity tolerance, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, alkalinity, boreal forest, reclamation
Cadmium accumulation in potato tubers produced in Quebec
Authors: Fan J -L , Ziadi N , Bélanger G , Parent L É , Cambouris A , Hu Z -Y
Published: March 2010

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal present in soils that can accumulate at relatively high levels in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with no negative effect on growth. Our objectives were to investigate Cd concentration in potato tubers produced in Quebec and to relate some soil characteristics, especially pH, P, and Cd, to tuber Cd concentration. Potato tubers (n = 75) and soil samples (n = 64) were collected from 1999 to 2006 at five experimental sites. Tuber Cd concentration ranged from 0.04 to 0.20 mg kg–1 dry matter (DM), with a median value of 0.11 mg kg–1 DM, and never exceeded the proposed tolerance for potato of 0.05 mg kg–1 fresh weight or about 0.25 mg kg–1 DM. Tuber Cd concentration was weakly, although not significantly, related to soil available P content (r2 = 0.53, P = 0.064), indicating a possible influence of soil P on Cd uptake by potato. Tuber Cd concentration was not directly related to soil pH, or to DTPA- or Mehlich 3-extractable Cd in soils. The log-transformed tuber Cd concentration was significantly (r2adj = 0.87, P < 0.01) related to both soil pH and VCd13, a generated variable that accounts for interactions between soil Cd and clay content, soil organic matter, and soil concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Zn, and B. Single factors such as soil Cd, soil P, or pH could not solely explain Cd accumulation in tubers; interactions between selected soil properties and soil Cd should be considered.Key words: Cadmium, phosphorus, Solanum tuberosum L., accumulation
Transformations and losses of swine manure 15N as affected by application timing at two contrasting sites
Authors: Jayasundara S. , Wagner-Riddle C. , Parkin G. , Lauzon J. , Fan M. Z
Published: March 2010

An improved understanding of the fate of manure N is necessary for developing efficient manure management plans that ensure adequate crop nutrition and minimum environmental problems. This study quantified the fate of 15N-labelled liquid swine manure applied at three different times (late-fall, spring pre-plant and side-dress) on two soil types (a well-drained fine sandy loam and an imperfectly drained silt loam). Manure N uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) was significantly lower with fall application than with two spring applications (14-18% vs. 30-38% of applied N) in both soil types. Manure application increased total N leaching (30-43 vs. 27 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the control), especially with fall application. Manure N contributed 18-25% of the total N leached in the fine sandy loam and 8-10% of the total N leached in the silt loam. Application timing did not affect manure N leaching in the silt loam, which ranged between 3 and 5% of applied N. In the fine sandy loam, fall application resulted in significantly higher manure N leaching (15% of applied N) than with two spring applications (8-10% of applied N). Unaccounted losses, assumed to be in gaseous forms, over 6 mo following fall application were higher in the silt loam than in the fine sandy loam (29% vs. 16% of applied N). Estimated NH3 losses were low (<7% of applied N); hence, denitrification is suggested to be the main mechanism for gaseous N losses. The estimated ratio of denitrification to leaching manure N loss for fall application was about 7:1 in the silt loam and 2:1 in the sandy loam. To maximize manure N use by corn and minimize environmental N losses, spring or side-dress application of liquid swine manure is recommended, particularly in well-drained soils.Key words: Swine manure, application timing, soil type, 15N, N losses
Site-specific soil hydraulic quality index to describe the essential conditions for the optimum soil water regime
Authors: Azam M G , Zoebisch M A , Wickramarachchi K S , Ranamukarachchi S L
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted in northeast Thailand (i) to identify soil hydraulic quality (SHQ) factors under four common cropping systems in a specific soil series, (ii) to configure indicators from these factors that can be used to develop SHQ indices for each cropping system, and (iii) to describe the essential conditions for the optimum soil water process in the study area. The cropping systems were (i) maize (Zea mays L.)-maize, (ii) mungbean (Vigna radiate L.)-maize, (iii) maize-fallow and (iv) cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Ten representative farms under each system were used to develop location-specific SHQ indices. Soil hydraulic quality indices were determined for two soil layers, such as the Ap (0-20 cm) and the EB (20-65 cm) horizons at each farm. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis identified eight factors affecting soil hydraulic quality, such as pore size and distribution frequency, water-stable aggregates, aggregate shape and grade, shrinking-swelling, infiltration rate (IR) and percent sand particle for the Ap horizon. Aggregate shape, size and grade, pore distribution frequency, shrinking-swelling, packing density, soil organic matter (SOM), porosity and root density influenced water movement in the sub-soils (EB horizon). A comprehensive SHQ index was developed for both soil layers under each of the cropping systems. The mungbean-maize (Mn-M) system scored the highest total SHQ index (0.726) in topsoil followed by maize-fallow (M-F) (0.708), cassava (C) (0.663) and maize-maize (M-M) (0.623). Finally, SHQ indices were ranked into three distinctive classes under the selected cropping systems, i.e., I - Mn-M; II - M-F and C; and III - M-M. The Mn-M system is better compared with the M-M in sustaining SHQ due to favorable individual soil parameters such as pore distribution frequency, root density, SOM (2.80%) and IR (494.95 mm h-1). For the rooted subsoil, no significant differences could be identified irrespective of cropping systems. All SHQ indices for sub-soils scored higher index values compared with their respective topsoil scores indicating less deteriorating effect of crop husbandry practices in this layer. Our findings could be used to advance the assessment of valid location-specific SHQ indicators to describe the essential conditions for sustainable soil water processes.Key words: Site-specific, soil hydraulic quality index, soil water process, cropping system, essential conditions
Effects of soil limestone and foliar manganese and zinc applications on field cauliflower growth and element contents
Authors: Kowalenko C G , Ihnat M.
Published: March 2010

A trial was conducted in a field where a previous study suggested that a deficiency of manganese (Mn) or zinc (Zn) was created by the application of limestone, with the objective to confirm whether lime-induced deficiency is a potential problem in coastal British Columbia acidic soils. The trial involved the application and incorporation of limestone at two rates (9 and 19 Mg ha-1) in addition to a control with no limestone, and five foliar applications of Mn and Zn. The foliar applications included a control, Mn at two rates (2.3 and 4.5 kg ha-1), Zn at one rate (2.3 kg ha-1) and a combination of Mn and Zn, both at 2.3 kg ha-1. The trial was conducted at the same location over seven growing seasons (1979-1985), with the cauliflower grown in five of those years. The plot was fallowed in 1981 and 1983. The limestone treatments were applied in the spring of 1979, and again in the summer of 1981, while the foliar applications were applied to the plant each cropped season. Limestone increased plant dry matter yield in three years, decreased it in one, and had no effect in the other. The micronutrient applications did not affect dry matter yield in any of the years. Chemical analyses on the plants showed that limestone increased Ca and decreased Mn and Zn concentrations. The foliar applications increased plant Mn and Zn concentrations. Limestone, but not the micronutrient, applications influenced other element concentrations, with decreased concentrations of potassium, magnesium, sodium, strontium and rubidium. Iron and copper concentrations were not influenced by limestone applications. The decreased concentrations of nutrients could not account for the yield reduction by limestone applications in the one year, since concentrations of the nutrients measured in that year were not significantly different to concentrations in years when yields were increased. Further, basal applications of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and boron) had been applied to ensure that non-treatment nutrients were not deficient. Although monthly weather conditions were similar for one year of increased yield and one year of decreased yield, the influence of weather on the variable response by the crop could not be discounted as there could have been adverse weather conditions at critical stages of plant growth. Strontium and rubidium tended to respond to limestone similar to calcium and potassium, showing that their measurements have potential to further evaluate nutrient dynamics since they have characteristics similar to calcium and potassium, respectively. This field trial showed that limestone applications had many and variable effects on the availability of numerous nutrients and associated elements on cauliflower in addition to Mn and Zn. This showed the high degree of complexity of limestone applications on acidic soils.Key words: Liming, soil pH, Ca, nutrient elements, nutrient analogs