bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistence of naturally occurring and genetically modifiedChoristoneura fumiferananucleopolyhedroviruses in outdoor aquatic microcosms
Authors: Holmes Stephen B , Fick William E , Kreutzweiser David P , Ebling Peter M , England Laura S , Trevors Jack T
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND:To assess the persistence of genetically modified and naturally occurring baculoviruses in an aquatic environment, replicate (three) outdoor, aquatic microcosms were spiked with spruce budworm viruses [Ireland strain ofChoristoneura fumiferanamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) and the recombinant CfMNPVegt−/lacZ+] at a rate of 1.86 × 1010occlusion bodies (OBs) m−2of surface area. The presence of virus in water samples collected at various times after inoculation was determined by PCR amplification of baculoviral DNA extracted from OBs.

RESULTS:Although UV radiation rapidly degrades baculoviruses under natural conditions, both viruses persisted above the level of detection (>100 OBs 450 µL−1of natural pond water) for at least 1 year post‐inoculation, with little difference between the viruses in their patterns of persistence.

CONCLUSION:The present microcosm study suggests that occlusion bodies of baculoviruses can persist in the flocculent layer of natural ponds. On disturbance, OBs could re‐enter the main water column and thus be available for transport to new locations. Implications for environmental risk assessment are discussed. © 2008 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Canadian Forestry Service. Published by John Wiley & Ltd.
Ballooning of the levator hiatus
Authors: Dietz H. P. , Shek C. , De Leon J. , Steensma A. B.
Published: May 2008

Objective

The levator hiatus defines the ‘hernial portal’ through which female pelvic organ prolapse develops. Hiatal area may therefore be an independent etiological factor for this condition. In this retrospective study we defined ‘normality’ for hiatal area by assessing its relationship with symptoms and clinical signs of prolapse.

Methods

Datasets of 544 women seen in a tertiary urogynecological unit were assessed. Patients had undergone an interview, clinical examination and three‐/four‐dimensional (3D/4D) pelvic floor ultrasound imaging. All analysis was performed off‐line, blinded against clinical data.

Results

Information on prolapse symptoms was available for 538 women and 171 (32%) of these complained of such symptoms. There was a strong statistical relationship between hiatal dimensions, both at rest and on Valsalva maneuver, and prolapse symptoms (all P < 0.001). Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.60–0.70) for hiatal area at rest and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.66–0.76) for hiatal area on Valsalva. Cut‐offs of 25 and 30 cm2 on Valsalva gave sensitivities of 0.55 and 0.34 and specificities of 0.77 and 0.86, respectively, for detecting symptomatic prolapse. Similar values were obtained when significant prolapse (Grade 2 or higher) was used as the state variable.

Conclusions

Levator hiatal area as measured by 3D translabial pelvic floor ultrasound examination is strongly associated with symptoms and clinical signs of prolapse. Based on the ROC curves that we obtained, we suggest that a hiatal area of > 25 cm2 on Valsalva be defined as abnormal distensibility or ‘ballooning’ of the levator hiatus. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relation of Criminal Activity to Black Youth Employment
Authors: Freeman Richard B.
Published: May 2008

This article reports on a study which attempts to estimate the extent to which current and previous criminal activity reduces the employment of inner city black male youths from high poverty neighborhoods. The study finds a significant trade-off between employment and crime, with crime associated with a 10 to 12 percent reduction in employment of these youths. The policy implication is that increased criminal deterrence, as well as other programs, has a role to play in efforts to resolve the employment crisis for disadvantaged youths.
Vitamin E as a food additive
Authors: Wittings Lloyd A.
Published: May 2008

Vitamin E is a cheap, nontoxic food additive or dietary supplement. The vitamin is such a poor antioxidant that very little, if any, increase in stability is attained by its addition to any food product containing linoleic acid or other more highly unsaturated fatty acid. Increased ingestion of vitamin E results in decreased absorption. Since α‐tocopherol is present in tissues largely in subcellular membranes, it is not surprising that incorporation and storage in such sites is severely restricted. On the basis of the kinetics of autoxidation in vitro, it does not seem reasonable to expect massive ingestion of vitamin E to significantly ameliorate slow deteriorative processes, such as those associated with the generalized phenomenon of aging.
Strongly torsion generated groups fromK-theory of realC*-algebras
Authors: Berrick A. J. , Matthey M.
Published: May 2008

We pursue the program initiated in [7], which consists of an attempt by means ofK-theory to construct a strongly torsion generated group with prescribed center and integral homology in dimensions two and higher. Using algebraic and topologicalK-theory for realC*-algebras, we realize such a construction up to homological dimension five. We also explore the limits of theK-theoretic approach.
Tangent bundle of hypersurfaces in G/P
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Schumacher Georg
Published: May 2008

Let G be a simple linear algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p ≥ 0, and let P be a maximal proper parabolic subgroup of G. If p > 0, then we will assume that dimG/P ≤ p. Let ι : H ↪ G/P be a reduced smooth hypersurface in G/P of degree d. We will assume that the pullback homomorphism is an isomorphism (this assumption is automatically satisfied when dimH ≥ 3). We prove that the tangent bundle of H is stable if the two conditions τ(G/P) ≠ d and hold; here n = dimH, and τ(G/P) ∈ is the index of G/P which is defined by the identity = where L is the ample generator of Pic(G/P) and is the anti–canonical line bundle of G/P. If d = τ(G/P), then the tangent bundle TH is proved to be semistable. If p > 0, and then TH is strongly stable. If p > 0, and d = τ(G/P), then TH is strongly semistable.
Schleiermacher's Treatise on Grace
Authors: Lamm Julia A.
Published: May 2008

The title of this essay is meant to be perplexing. Schleiermacher is not known for his treatment of grace, much less for a treatise on grace. Few scholars of Schleiermacher's theology have devoted attention to his doctrine of grace, with two notable exceptions. Karl Barth, in his lectures on Schleiermacher, did not hesitate to thrash his nemesis on this point, although to him it was so obvious that Schleiermacher's understanding of grace was not a Christian doctrine of grace, at least not in the Reformation sense, that he barely felt the need to argue the case. “What kind of God is this,” he asked, “What kind of grace?” Richard R. Niebuhr, in his apologia for Schleiermacher, which inspired a new age of scholarship on Schleiermacher in America, included a section entitled “Grace and Nature,” but its focus was on the Christmas Eve Dialogue, not Schleiermacher's dogmatic theology. Neither Barth nor Niebuhr took note of Schleiermacher's more formal, dogmatic treatment of grace—what I am calling Schleiermacher's “treatise on grace”; in the several decades since their influential works, very few have attempted to correct this oversight. Such neglect by specialists has no doubt contributed to a wider sense that, despite the importance of his The Christian Faith (Glaubenslehre), Schleiermacher does not merit a place alongside other theologians when it comes to the history of the Christian doctrine of grace. None of the major scholarly books on the history and development of the doctrine of grace include a chapter or section (or even reference) to Schleiermacher's treatment of grace. Schleiermacher himself almost seems to have anticipated this oversight—worse, really, than any criticism—when he asked, “Does my Glaubenslehre in any way fail to give due honor to divine grace?”
Neo-Confucian Hermeneutics at Work:Cheng Yi's Philosophical Interpretation of Analects 8.9 and 17.3
Authors: Huang Yong
Published: May 2008

In this article, I discuss the Song 宋 Neo-Confucian Cheng Yi's 程頤 (1033–1107) interpretation of two related controversial passages in the Analects, the recorded sayings of Confucius. The term “neo-Confucianism” was coined by Western scholars to refer to the Confucianism of the period from the Song dynasty to the Ming 明 dynasty (and sometimes through the Qing 清 dynasty). Among Chinese scholars, neo-Confucianism is most commonly referred to as the Learning of Principle (li xue 理學). Although before Cheng Yi and his brother Cheng Hao 程顥 (1032–1085) there were three other philosophers who are normally also regarded as neo-Confucians— Shao Yong 邵雍 (1011–1077), Zhou Dunyi 周敦頤 (1017–1073), and Zhang Zai 張載 (1020–1077)—we can justifiably regard the Cheng brothers as the real founders of neo-Confucianism in the sense that principle becomes the essential philosophical concept for the first time in their works. There is no consensus among scholars as to the relationship between the philosophies of these two brothers. The traditional view regards them as substantially different due to the two different schools of neo-Confucianism that developed from their teachings, the realistic school synthesized by Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130–1200) from the teachings of Cheng Yi and the idealist school culminating in Wang Yangming 王陽明 (1472–1529) from the teachings of ChengHao. I, however, tend to think that the philosophical positions of the two brothers are largely similar. Unfortunately, since Cheng Hao did not live as long as Cheng Yi, there is insufficient material to create a systematic picture of his view of the Analects passages with which this article will deal.
Food for Thought: Systems of Categorization in Leviticus 11
Authors: Meshel Naphtali S.
Published: May 2008

In two interconnected theoretical works published in 1962, Lévi-Strauss argued that the tendency among primitive societies to formulate animal classification systems and to express these systems ritually cannot be explained as a side-effect of social classification, as Durkheim and Mauss had argued, nor can it be explained on the narrow materialistic grounds posited by Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski. The negative evidence adduced by Lévi-Strauss is empirical: animal classification systems are neither limited to societies in which there exists a fixed correlation between social groups and animal species, nor do they pertain to species that are of significant material or symbolic value to the classifying culture. According to Lévi-Strauss, the ritual expression of the mental act of classification functions like a language, containing “stressed” and “unstressed” elements and aiming to convey theoretical messages.
Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Operational Research (OR) in Agriculture and Forest Management (EWG-ORAFM)
Authors: PLÀ L. M , SANDARS D. L
Published: May 2008

The working group, which is concerned with operational research methods and applications to agricultural science in its broad meaning (i.e. including Forest Management and Fisheries), was formed in 2003 within the European Association of Operational Research Societies (EURO). The first meeting of the group was held at the former Silsoe Research Institute in 2004. The group intends to have regular meetings in Europe at approximately yearly intervals, usually within the EURO Conferences. However, the next meeting will be held in 2008 within the British Operational Research Society's OR50 Conference in York, followed by the EURO XXIII Conference in Bonn in 2009 and the EURO XXIV Conference in Lisbon in 2010. The third meeting of the working group, chaired by Dr L. M. Plà of the University of Lleida, with the assistance of D. L. Sandars of Cranfield University and organized as a stream within the XXII EURO Conference, was held at the University of Economics in Prague from 8 to 11 July 2007 where the following papers were read in a set of 10 sessions.
Estimation of Serpa cheese ripening time using multiple linear regression (MLR) considering rheological, physical and chemical data
Authors: Alvarenga Nuno , Silva Paula , Garcia José Rodriguez , Sousa Isabel
Published: May 2008

Raw ewes' milk semi-soft cheeses (RESS-cheeses) are important products in Portugal and in several European regions. Creamy texture is an essential attribute of these cheeses, which results from structural properties that are not always well characterized. Here, the structural changes occurring during the ripening period of a traditional RESS-cheese, known as Serpa cheese, were analysed through small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS). Rheological data was complemented with other physical and chemical parameters, that were monitored during ripening, in order to estimate Serpa cheese ripening time using multiple linear regression (MLR). Mechanical spectra indicated a relatively strong structure, comparable to a gel, with a low dependence on frequency at the beginning of ripening and a weak structure, comparable to a concentrated suspension, with a crossing point (G″=G′) at the left of the graphic and with both moduli highly dependent on frequency, at the end of ripening. Good correlations (P<0·05) were obtained between structural (hardness and storage modulus) and proteolysis indicators. Using a combination of chemical, colour and rheological parameters we were able to obtain a multiple linear regression (MLR) which allows the estimation of Serpa cheese ripening time with an estimation error of 1·7 d (adjusted R2=0·98, P<0·0001).
Tolerability of N-chlorotaurine in the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Huber Johann , Winter Petra , Gottardi Waldemar , Scholl-Bürgi Sabine , Prokop Wolfgang , Nagl Markus
Published: May 2008

N-Chlorotaurine (NCT) is a promising endogenous agent for topical treatment of infections. We tested the tolerability and pharmakokinetics of NCT in the bovine mammary glands in a phase 1 study. Three concentrations of NCT in water (0·1%, 1·0%, 2·0%) were administered intramammarily in each of two cows. Into two quarters of the udder 100 ml NCT was injected into each twice daily for 5 d, while 0·9% NaCl was injected into the other two quarters in a randomized and blinded manner. Samples of milk were taken to determine the number of leucocytes and the activity of NCT, and samples of urine and blood to determine the taurine and chloride concentration. Chloride concentrations in serum samples were determined by an ISE-Unit of a Modular-System of the Roche Diagnostics company. The udder was monitored clinically for signs of inflammation. Oxidative activity could be detected in the milk after single irrigations for 15 min (0·1% NCT) and for maximally 5 h (1% and 2% NCT), respectively. On day 2, leucocytes increased to 4×106/ml in the NCT group, while they remained ⩽1×106/ml in the saline group. However, on days 3–5 they increased to (5–7)×106in both the NCT and control group without any statistical difference. One day after the end of dosing the number decreased significantly and reached the baseline (<1×106/ml) on day 10. The decrease was similar in both groups. Except for sporadic slight induration of single quarters in both groups and slight reduction of milk performance no disorders occurred. Taurine levels in blood and urine did not change. Irrigation of the bovine mammary gland with both NCT and saline caused a transient increase of leucocytes in the milk, but no severe side effects. The absence of residues and decay products may be a great advantage of NCT over other antimicrobial agents.
Effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism and seasonality on bovine milk composition
Authors: Botaro Bruno G , Lima Ygor V R , Aquino Adriana A , Fernandes Raquel H R , Garcia José F , Santos Marcos V
Published: May 2008

The objective was to evaluate the effect of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) polymorphism and seasonality on milk composition (fat, lactose, total solids, milk urea nitrogen, total protein, true protein, casein and somatic cell counts) of Holstein and Girolando cows. Milk and blood samples from 278 Holsteins cows and 156 Girolando cows were taken during two dry seasons and two rainy seasons, for milk composition analysis and to determine β-lg genotypes, respectively. BB genotype was the most frequent for both breeds, followed by AA genotype for Holstein (BB>AA>AB) and by AB for Girolando cows (BB>AB>AA). No differences were found in milk compositional characteristics among genetic variants of β-lg (AA, AB and BB) either between Holstein or Girolando cows. No association between milk composition and β-lg genetic polymorphism was observed. During the dry season, independently of the breed considered, higher contents of lactose, true protein, casein and casein:true protein ratio were found.
Manipulation of host food availability and use of multiple exposures to assess the crowding effect onHymenolepis diminutainTribolium confusum
Authors: SHOSTAK A. W. , WALSH J. G. , WONG Y. C.
Published: May 2008

We studied the ‘crowding effect’ inTribolium confusuminfected withHymenolepis diminuta. Manipulations included age and number of parasites, and diet, sex, age and number of exposures of hosts. Volume per parasite was unaffected until an intensity of at least 5–10 parasites per host, then declined approximately inversely as intensities increased. Parasite size was affected by host sex but not age or reproductive status. Host diet affected parasite size and the impact of crowding. Daily gain in parasite volume peaked partway through the developmental period and preceded the first evidence of a crowding effect. Parasites that established during a second exposure had a transient developmental delay but eventually grew as large or larger than parasites from a single exposure with the same total intensity. Parasites responded to crowding by differential allocation of resources. Cercomer volume decreased even with slight crowding, the capsule surrounding the scolex was not reduced until crowding became more severe, and scolex width was reduced only in the most extreme conditions. The data support the hypothesis that the crowding effect in this system is driven primarily by nutrient, rather than space limitations.
A(p)parent play: Blending frames and reframing in family talk
Authors: GORDON CYNTHIA
Published: May 2008

This study extends Goffman's idea that frames are laminated in various ways in interaction by demonstrating how work and play frames are interrelated in two distinct ways in naturally occurring family conversations. An analysis of excerpts from everyday interactions between parents and young children in three families illustrates how frames of play and parenting are laminated (i) by using language to sequentially transform interaction from a literal frame to a play frame (reframing), and (ii) by creating two definitions of the social situation simultaneously through language and sometimes through physical actions as well (blending frames). It identifies linguistic and paralinguistic features by which these laminations are accomplished and shows how the parents in each family use the two different types. Finally, the analysis demonstrates in what ways play constitutes “work” for parents, contributing to our understanding of play as both ambiguous and “paradoxical.”
A Creole origin for Barlovento Spanish? A linguistic and sociohistorical inquiry
Authors: DÍAZ-CAMPOS MANUEL , CLEMENTS J. CLANCY
Published: May 2008

McWhorter challenges the validity of the limited access model for creole formation, noting that “the mainland Spanish colonies put in question a model which is crucial to current creole genesis.” His thesis is that in the Spanish mainland colonies the disproportion between the Black and White populations was enough for the emergence of a creole language. This article focuses on one colony, Venezuela, and argues that Africans there had as much access to Spanish as they did in islands such as Cuba. Based on this fact, the relevant linguistic evidence is analyzed. The most important contribution of this study is the discussion of the Spanish crown's monopolization of the slave trade, which kept the Black/White ratio relatively low in certain Spanish colonies until the end of the 18th century. Until now, this part of the puzzle has been absent in the discussion of the missing Spanish creoles.
When names fail: Referential practice in face-to-face service encounters
Authors: MOORE ROBERT J.
Published: May 2008

Referential practice – the variety of ways in and through which speakers refer to things in social interaction – involves a range of very different methods. When referring to physical objects or processes in face-to-face interaction, people may choose from a variety of resources, including verbal categories, names, pointing, verbal descriptors, depictive gestures, and prop demonstrations. This raises the question: Under what circumstances do speakers choose particular resources over others? To address this question, this study examines referential practice in a particular kind of face-to-face workplace setting, the service counter of a quick print shop. At the service counter, not only do customers use alternative resources in referring to the document services they want, but these resources appear to be ordered relative to one another in terms of a preference for minimization. In referring to document services, customers first try the most minimal form, the official name, but if that fails or is unknown, customers fall back on more expanded forms of reference, such as pointing or depicting.
Multilithic English(es) and language ideologies
Authors: Pennycook Alastair
Published: May 2008

Braj Kachru, Asian Englishes: Beyond the canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005. Pp xxiv, 333. Pb. $27.95.>

Yamuna Kachru & Cecil Nelson, World Englishes in Asian contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2006. Pp. xxiv, 412. Pb. $32.50.

Rana Rubdy & Mario Saraceni (eds.) English in the world: Global rules, global roles. London: Continuum, 2006. 218 pp. Pb. £30.00.

With the growth of Asia's manufacturing and service industries, the prediction that China and India, respectively, will have the first and third largest global economies within 30 years, a population that comprises over 50% of the world's people, and massive English language programs throughout the region, it is no surprise that the role of English in Asia has become a major concern. At a recent (2006) Asia TEFL conference in Japan, the notions of Asian English(es), along with Asian methodologies and Asian knowledge, were topics of considerable discussion. The size and diversity of Asia, however, makes it a very difficult entity to define: The Asia TEFL conference included delegates from Israel and Iran, and two of the books under review here, Braj Kachru's Asian Englishes: Beyond the canon (AEBC) and Yamuna Kachru & Cecil Nelson's World Englishes in Asian contexts (WEAC), include (with identical maps) Australia and New Zealand. In some ways, the idea of Asia is defined by what it is not: Europe and North America. It is also not, of course, South America or Africa, though with WEAC containing a chapter on African Englishes (as well as African American Vernacular English, or AAVE), it seems as if they might be allowed in. It is clear nevertheless that various notions of Asia – as an economic zone, as a cultural entity, and as a user of a type or types of English – are widely used. We need to take the notion of Asia and Asian English(es) seriously, if only to try to understand what is meant by Braj Kachru's explanation that AEBC is “essentially about the Asianness in Asian Englishes and their gradual, yet marked, distinctiveness” (p. xv).
Effectiveness of an acellular pertussis vaccine in Japanese children during a non-epidemic period: a matched case-control study
Authors: OKADA K. , OHASHI Y. , MATSUO F. , UNO S. , SOH M. , NISHIMA S.
Published: May 2008

The number of pertussis cases in Japan has decreased dramatically following the nationwide use of an acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids (DTaP vaccines) which began in 1981. However, the effectiveness of the DTaP vaccine has not been systematically evaluated using appropriate epidemiological methods during a non-epidemic period in Japan. We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the Kaketsuken DTaP vaccine which contains two-component pertussis antigens in Japanese children from 1999 to 2001 using a matched case-control design and data from the Basic Resident Registration and Maternal and Child Health Handbooks. The DTaP vaccination history of 15 children with pertussis and 59 controls was obtained. The VE of 3 or 4 pertussis vaccinations compared with non-vaccination (baseline) was 96·9% for coughing attacks that lasted ⩾7 days, 96·4% for those lasting ⩾14 days, and 95·9% for those lasting ⩾21 days. These findings suggest that DTaP vaccination effectively prevented pertussis during a non-epidemic period in Japan.
Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in seven Asian countries
Authors: CHUANG C.-H. , SU L.-H. , PERERA J. , CARLOS C. , TAN B. H. , KUMARASINGHE G. , SO T. , VAN P. H. , CHONGTHALEONG A. , HSUEH P.-R. , LIU J.-W. , SONG J.-H. , CHIU C.-H.
Published: May 2008

Two hundred and four Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates were collected from seven Asian countries during 2002–2004. Multidrug-resistant S. Typhi (resistant to ⩾3 antibiotics) was detected in 84 (41·2%) isolates and 142 (69·6%) showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (minimum inhibitory concentration=0·125–1·0 mg/l). This study highlights the worsening situation of antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhi in Asia.
CLASSIC MAYA TEXTILE PRODUCTION: INSIGHTS FROM MOTUL DE SAN JOSÉ, PETEN, GUATEMALA
Authors: Halperin Christina T.
Published: May 2008

Textiles in ancient Mesoamerica served as a critical economic resource and symbolic display of status, wealth, and social affiliation. The economic significance of textiles can be explored, in part, by the archaeological identification and distribution of production tools: spinning and weaving implements. In the Maya area, however, few studies have examined the organization of textile production, and systematic documentation of tool distributions is lacking. This paper reviews previous archaeological research on Maya textile production and introduces new data from the Classic-period site of Motul de San José, Guatemala. These data complement current understandings of Classic Maya household economies by stressing the relative economic autonomy of households from the state in textile production and the heterogeneity of productive strategies within and between different households. Such heterogeneity is expressed, at least in the case of Motul de San José, by more intensive or larger-scale production conducted by large, elite households than by small, commoner households. This finding implies that textile production for tribute was not a central concern among lower-status groups in this area as it was among many Postclassic- and Contact-period commoners in Mesoamerica. Rather, Classic-period Maya royal and elite individuals were able to bolster further their economic and social standings through textile production because they had easier access to resources or surplus labor found in or associated with their own households.
ECLIPSE RECORDS IN A CORPUS OF COLONIAL ZAPOTEC 260-DAY CALENDARS
Authors: Tavárez David , Justeson John
Published: May 2008

This paper translates and analyzes references to eclipses in two seventeenth-century Zapotec calendrical booklets.1These booklets are part of a corpus of 106 separate calendrical texts and four collections of ritual songs that were turned over to ecclesiastical authorities in 1704 and 1705 as part of an ambitious campaign against traditional indigenous ritual practices conducted in the province of Villa Alta in northern Oaxaca. Both of these booklets contain a complete day-by-day representation of the Zapotec 260-day divinatory calendar, with annotations in Zapotec alongside many of these entries. Two such annotations in Booklet 81 explicitly record the occurrences of solar and lunar eclipses visible in the Sierra Zapoteca in 1691 and 1693. Annotations in Booklet 63 do not mention eclipses but allude to them by recording the names and Gregorian dates of Christian feasts celebrated on the dates of eclipses in 1686 and 1690; such allusions are otherwise found mainly with the Zapotec dates of the beginnings or ends of significant Zapotec calendrical cycles—the 260-day calendar itself or its 65-day subdivisions, and the start of the Zapotec 365-day year—and so reflect a systematic pattern of engagement by at least one Zapotec calendar specialist with indigenous ritual knowledge and practices. Our analysis suggests that colonial Zapotec calendar specialists monitored and perhaps also anticipated the occurrence of eclipses in terms of the patterns of eclipse recurrence in particular parts of the divinatory calendar.
Molecular mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralisation of flavivirus infection
Authors: Pierson Theodore C. , Diamond Michael S.
Published: May 2008

Flaviviruses are a group of positive-stranded RNA viruses that cause a spectrum of severe illnesses globally in more than 50 million individuals each year. While effective vaccines exist for three members of this group (yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses), safe and effective vaccines for several other flaviviruses of clinical importance, including West Nile and dengue viruses, remain in development. An effective humoral immune response is critical for protection against flaviviruses and an essential goal of vaccine development. The effectiveness of virus-specific antibodies in vivo reflects their capacity to inhibit virus entry and spread through several mechanisms, including the direct neutralisation of virus infection. Recent advances in our understanding of the structural biology of flaviviruses, coupled with the use of small-animal models of flavivirus infection, have promoted significant advances in our appreciation of the factors that govern antibody recognition and inhibition of flaviviruses in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss the properties that define the potency of neutralising antibodies and the molecular mechanisms by which they inhibit virus infection. How recent advances in this area have the potential to improve the development of safe and effective vaccines and immunotherapeutics is also addressed.
ARTEMiS (Automated Robotic Terrestrial Exoplanet Microlensing Search) – Hunting for planets of Earth mass and below
Authors: Dominik Martin , Horne Keith , Allan Alasdair , Rattenbury Nicholas J. , Tsapras Yiannis , Snodgrass Colin , Bode Michael F. , Burgdorf Martin J. , Fraser Stephen N. , Kerins Eamonn , Mottram Christopher J. , Steele Iain A. , Street Rachel A. , Wheatley Peter J. , Wyrzykowski Łukasz
Published: May 2008

Gravitational microlensing observations will lead to a census of planets that orbit stars of different populations. From 2008, ARTEMiS will provide an expert system that allows to adopt a three-step strategy of survey, follow-up and anomaly monitoring of gravitational microlensing events that is capable of detecting planets of Earth mass and below. The SIGNALMEN anomaly detector, an integral part, has already demonstrated its performance during a pilot season. Embedded into eSTAR, ARTEMiS serves as an open platform that links with existing microlensing campaigns. Real-time visualization of ongoing events along with an interpretation moreover allows to communicate “Science live to your home” to the general public.
Finding new sub-stellar co-moving companion candidates - the case of CT Cha
Authors: Schmidt Tobias , Neuhäuser Ralph
Published: May 2008

We have searched for close and faint companions around T Tauri stars in the Chamaeleon star forming region. Two epochs of direct imaging data were taken with the VLT Adaptive Optics instrument NaCo in February 2006 and March 2007 in Ks band for the classical T Tauri star CT Cha together with a Hipparcos binary for astrometric calibration. Moreover a J band image was taken in March 2007 to get color information. We found CT Cha to have a very faint companion (Ks0=14.6 mag) of ∼2.67” separation corresponding to ∼440AU. We show that CT Cha A and the faint object form a common proper motion pair and that the companion is not a non-moving background object (with 4σ significance).
First observation of planet-induced X-ray emission: The system HD 179949
Authors: Saar S. H. , Cuntz M. , Kashyap V. L. , Hall J. C.
Published: May 2008

We present the first observation of planet-induced stellar X-ray activity, identified for the HD 179949 system, using Chandra / ACIS-S. The HD 179949 system consists of a close-in giant planet orbiting an F9 V star. Previous ground-based observations already showed enhancements in Ca II K in phase with the planetary orbit. We find an ∼30% increase in the X-ray flux over quiescent levels coincident with the phase of the Ca II enhancements. There is also a trend for the emission to be hotter at increased fluxes, confirmed by modeling, showing the enhancement at ∼1 keV compared to ∼0.4 keV for the background star.
Internal waves driven by stellar irradiation in a non-synchronized hot Jupiter
Authors: Gu Pin-Gao , Ogilvie Gordon I.
Published: May 2008

We investigate the dynamical response of a non-synchronized hot Jupiter to stellar irradiation. In our current model, the stellar radiation acts like a diurnal thermal forcing from the top of a radiative layer of a hot Jupiter. If the thermal forcing period is longer than the sound speed crossing time of the planet's surface, the forcing can excite internal waves propagating into the planet's interior. When the planet spins faster than its orbital motion, these waves carry negative angular momentum and are damped by radiative loss as they propagate downwards from the upper layer of the radiative zone. As a result, the upper layer gains the angular momentum from the lower layer of the radiative zone. Simple estimates of angular momentum flux are made for all transiting planets.
Comparison of cloud models for Brown Dwarfs
Authors: Helling Ch. , Ackerman A. , Allard F. , Dehn M. , Hauschildt P. , Homeier D. , Lodders K. , Marley M. , Rietmeijer F. , Tsuji T. , Woitke P.
Published: May 2008

A test case comparison is presented for different dust cloud model approaches applied in brown dwarfs and giant gas planets. We aim to achieve more transparency in evaluating the uncertainty inherent to theoretical modelling. We show in how far model results for characteristic dust quantities vary due to different assumptions. We also demonstrate differences in the spectral energy distributions resulting from our individual cloud modelling in 1D substellar atmosphere simulations.
Modeling of evolution of the rotational axis of “hot Jupiter” planets under tidal perturbations
Authors: Kitiashvili Irina
Published: May 2008

In this report, we present results of analytical and numerical calculations of evolution the axis of rotation of planets moving at very close orbits. We consider the evolution of the axis of rotation caused by tidal perturbations of a parent star and obtain estimates of the principal moment of inertia and the dynamical flattening for nine exoplanets. From analysis of evolutionary equations, we obtain the critical values of the kinetic momentum vector, $\vec L$, for different values of orbital eccentricity. We find a general tendency of vector $\vec L$ to evolve to the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane.
The formation of close-in planets by the slingshot model
Authors: Nagasawa Makiko , Ida Shigeru , Bessho Taisuke
Published: May 2008

We investigated the efficiency of planet scatterings in producing close-in planets by a direct inclusion of the dynamical tide effect into the simulations. We considered a system consists of three Jovian planets. Through a planet-planet scattering, one of the planets is sent into shorter orbit. If the eccentricity of the scattered planet is enough high, the tidal dissipation from the star makes the planetary orbit circular. We found that the short-period planets are formed at about 30% cases in our simulation and that Kozai mechanism plays an important role. In the Kozai mechanism, the high inclination obtained by planet-planet scattering is transformed to the eccentricity. It leads the pericenter of the innermost planet to approach the star close enough for tidal circularization. The formed close-in planets by this process have a widely spread inclination distribution. The degree of contribution of the process for the formation of close-in planets will be revealed by more observations of Rossiter-McLaughlin effects for transiting planets.
Formation of terrestrial planets from planetesimals around M dwarfs
Authors: Ogihara Masahiro , Ida Shigeru
Published: May 2008

We have investigated accretion of terrestrial planets from planetesimals around M dwarfs through N-body simulations including the effect of tidal interaction with disk gas. Because of low luminosity of M dwarfs, habitable zones around them are located near the disk inner edge. Planetary embryos undergo type-I migration and pile up near the disk inner edge. We found that after repeated close scatterings and occasional collisions, three or four planets eventually remain in stable orbits in their mean motion resonances. Furthermore, large amount of water-rich planetesimals rapidly migrate to the terrestrial planet regions from outside of the snow line, so that formed planets in these regions have much more water contents than those around solar-type stars.
Habitable planet formation in extreme planetary systems: systems with multiple stars and/or multiple planets
Authors: Haghighipour Nader
Published: May 2008

Understanding the formation and dynamical evolution of habitable planets in extrasolar planetary systems is a challenging task. In this respect, systems with multiple giant planets and/or multiple stars present special complications. The formation of habitable planets in these environments is strongly affected by the dynamics of their giant planets and/or their stellar companions. These objects have profound effects on the structure of the disk of planetesimals and protoplanetary objects in which terrestrial-class planets are formed. To what extent the current theories of planet formation can be applied to such “extreme” planetary systems depends on the dynamical characteristics of their planets and/or their binary stars. In this paper, I present the results of a study of the possibility of the existence of Earth-like objects in systems with multiple giant planets (namely υ Andromedae, 47 UMa, GJ 876, and 55 Cnc) and discuss the dynamics of the newly discovered Neptune-sized object in 55 Cnc system. I will also review habitable planet formation in binary systems and present the results of a systematic search of the parameter-space for which Earth-like objects can form and maintain long-term stable orbits in the habitable zones of binary stars.
Planetary migration in gaseous protoplanetary disks
Authors: Masset Frédéric S.
Published: May 2008

Tides come from the fact that different parts of a system do not fall in exactly the same way in a non-uniform gravity field. In the case of a protoplanetary disk perturbed by an orbiting, prograde protoplanet, the protoplanet tides raise a wake in the disk which causes the orbital elements of the planet to change over time. The most spectacular result of this process is a change in the protoplanet's semi-major axis, which can decrease by orders of magnitude on timescales shorter than the disk lifetime. This drift in the semi-major axis is called planetary migration. In a first part, we describe how the planet and disk exchange angular momentum and energy at the Lindblad and corotation resonances. Next we review the various types of planetary migration that have so far been contemplated: type I migration, which corresponds to low-mass planets (less than a few Earth masses) triggering a linear disk response; type II migration, which corresponds to massive planets (typically at least one Jupiter mass) that open up a gap in the disk; “runaway” or type III migration, which corresponds to sub-giant planets that orbit in massive disks; and stochastic or diffusive migration, which is the migration mode of low- or intermediate-mass planets embedded in turbulent disks. Lastly, we present some recent results in the field of planetary migration.
On the solar system—debris disk connection
Authors: Moro-Martín Amaya
Published: May 2008

This paper emphasizes the connection between solar and extra-solar debris disks: how models and observations of the Solar System are helping us understand the debris disk phenomenon, and vice versa, how debris disks are helping us place our Solar System into context.
Dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
Authors: Gonzalez Jean-François , Fouchet Laure , Maddison Sarah T. , Laibe Guillaume
Published: May 2008

We investigate the behaviour of dust in protoplanetary disks under the action of gas drag using our 3D, two-fluid (gas+dust) SPH code. We present the evolution of the dust spatial distribution in global simulations of planetless disks as well as of disks containing an already formed planet. The resulting dust structures vary strongly with particle size and planetary gaps are much sharper than in the gas phase, making them easier to detect with ALMA than anticipated. We also find that there is a range of masses where a planet can open a gap in the dust layer whereas it doesn't in the gas disk. Our dust distributions are fed to the radiative transfer code MCFOST to compute synthetic images, in order to derive constraints on the settling and growth of dust grains in observed disks.
Type I planetary migration in a self-gravitating disk
Authors: Baruteau Clément , Masset Frédéric
Published: May 2008

We investigate the impact of the disk self-gravity on type I migration. We first show that considering a planet migrating in a disk without self-gravity can lead to a significant overestimate of the migration rate. Unbiased drift rates can be obtained only if the planet and the disk feel the same gravitational potential. We then confirm that the disk gravity slightly accelerates type I migration.
On type I planetary migration in adiabatic disks
Authors: Baruteau Clément , Masset Frédéric
Published: May 2008

We investigate type I migration in a two-dimensional adiabatic disk. We find entropy perturbations that are advected in the planet's coorbital region. These entropy perturbations yield an excess of corotation torque that scales with the unperturbed entropy gradient at corotation. This torque excess can be large enough to slow down migration significantly, or even stop it.
On the dynamics of Trojan planets in extrasolar planetary systems
Authors: Dvorak R. , Schwarz R. , Lhotka Ch.
Published: May 2008

In this article we examine the motion of fictitious Trojan planets close to the equilateral Lagrangean equilibrium points in extrasolar planetary systems. Whether there exist stable motion in this area or not depends on the massratio of the primariy bodies in the restricted three body problem, namely the host star and the gasgiant. Taking into account also the eccentricity of the primaries we show via results of extensive numerical integrations that Trojan planets may survive only for e < 0.25. We also show first results of a mapping in the 1:1 resonance with a gas giant on an eccentric orbit which is applied to the extrasolar planetary systems HD 17051. We furthermore study the influence of an additional outer planet which perturbs the motion of the gasgiant as well as the Trojan cloud around its L4 Lagrangean point.
Habitable zones for Earth-mass planets in multiple planetary systems
Authors: JI Jianghui , LIU Lin , KINOSHITA Hiroshi , LI Guangyu
Published: May 2008

We perform numerical simulations to study the Habitable zones (HZs) and dynamical structure for Earth-mass planets in multiple planetary systems. For example, in the HD 69830 system, we extensively explore the planetary configuration of three Neptune-mass companions with one massive terrestrial planet residing in 0.07 AU ≤ a ≤ 1.20 AU, to examine the asteroid structure in this system. We underline that there are stable zones of at least 105 yr for low-mass terrestrial planets locating between 0.3 and 0.5 AU, and 0.8 and 1.2 AU with final eccentricities of e < 0.20. Moreover, we also find that the accumulation or depletion of the asteroid belt are also shaped by orbital resonances of the outer planets, for example, the asteroidal gaps at 2:1 and 3:2 mean motion resonances (MMRs) with Planet C, and 5:2 and 1:2 MMRs with Planet D. In a dynamical sense, the proper candidate regions for the existence of the potential terrestrial planets or HZs are 0.35 AU < a < 0.50 AU, and 0.80 AU < a < 1.00 AU for relatively low eccentricities, which makes sense to have the possible asteroidal structure in this system.
Coordinated EISCAT Svalbard radar and Reimei satellite observations of ion upflows and suprathermal ions
Authors: Ogawa Y. , Seki K. , Hirahara M. , Asamura K. , Sakanoi T. , Buchert S. C. , Ebihara Y. , Obuchi Y. , Yamazaki A. , Sandahl I. , Nozawa S. , Fujii R.
Published: May 2008

The relationship between bulk ion upflows and suprathermal ions was investigated using data simultaneously obtained from the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard radar (ESR) and the Reimei satellite. Simultaneous observations were conducted in November 2005 and August 2006, and 14 conjunction data sets have been obtained at approximately 630 km in the dayside ionosphere. Suprathermal ions with energies of a few eV were present in the dayside cusp region, and the ion velocity distribution changed from an isotropic Maxwellian near the cusp region to tail heating at energies above a few eV in the cusp region. The velocity distribution of the suprathermal ions has a peak perpendicular or oblique to the geomagnetic field, and the temperature of the suprathermal ions was 0.9–1.4 eV. An increase in the phase space density (PSD) of the suprathermal ions, measured with the Reimei, was correlated with bulk ion upflow observed at the same altitude using EISCAT, and with the energy flux of precipitating electrons with energies of 50–500 eV. The PSD also has a good correlation with the electron temperature, which was increased by precipitation, but not with the ion temperature (0.1–0.3 eV) at the same altitude measured with EISCAT. These results suggest that plasma waves such as broadband extremely low frequency (BBELF) wavefields associated with precipitation are connected to the bulk ion upflows in the cusp and effectively cause the heating of suprathermal ions. The heating of suprathermal ions disagrees with anisotropic heating due to O+−O resonant charge exchange.