bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urinary tract infection: The role of canine transmissible venereal tumour
Authors: Batatnuzi E. K. , Kristensen F.
Published: April 2008

The role of transmissible venereal tumours in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection in dogs was investigated in 86 dogs. Fifty‐five had transmissible venereal tumours, and the remaining 31 animals were used as controls. A thorough clinical examination of the external genitalia was carried out in each case. In the dogs with transmissible venereal tumours, the sites of attachment were recorded. Urine samples were taken by cystocentesis and the external genitalia swabbed; the samples were cultured for bacteria using standard methods. Tumours were found on the prepuce and other parts of the penis in male dogs; in bitches they were found in the vagina, vestibule or the vestibulovaginal junction. Dogs with transmissible venereal tumours were found to be at a high risk of having bacteriuria (odds ratio [OR] = 7.04). Obliteration of the urethral orifice by the tumour, possibly leading to urine retention, was thought to be the main reason for the high incidence of urinary tract infection among dogs with transmissible venereal tumours. Long‐standing cases of transmissible venereal neoplasia had a higher chance of becoming bac‐teriuric compared with recent cases (OR=29–60). This study indicates that transmissible venereal tumour may be a predisposing factor for the development of urinary tract infection.
Pneumocystis carinii in the miniature dachshund: Case report and literature review
Authors: Lobetti R. G. , Leisewitz A. L. , Spencer J. A.
Published: April 2008

This article reviews Pneumocystis carinii and presents four cases in the miniature dachshund. The cases presented with hyperpnoea, tachy‐pnoea and exercise intolerance. There were also clinical signs suggestive of immune incompetence in all the dogs. P carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in all four cases on transtracheal aspirate cytology. Immunological studies showed low globulin levels on serum electrophoresis, decreased lymphoblast transformation response (in the two cases that were tested) and a deficiency of immunoglobulins A, G and M. Light and electron microscopy as well as anti‐canine immunoglobulin G immunoperoxidase staining studies were performed on one case which had died because of the disease. From these four cases, it appears that P carinii pneumonia in the miniature dachshund may be the result of an immunodeficiency. It does not, however, appear to be a classic primary severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome as the dogs appeared to respond to treatment, did not show growth failure and did not manifest overwhelming commensurate bacterial infections.
Rhabdomyolysis as a complication of canine babesiosis
Authors: Jacobson L. S. , Lobetti R. G.
Published: April 2008

Rhabdomyolysis was diagnosed in two dogs with babesiosis. The first animal presented with muscle pain and caramel‐coloured urine, and had markedly elevated serum myoglobin and muscle enzymes. Acute renal failure complicated the clinical picture. The second dog exhibited muscle pain and tremors, together with neurological signs and pulmonary oedema, and died soon after admission. Muscle necrosis and haemorrhage were found at necropsy. In human malaria, a disease clinically similar to canine babesiosis, rhabdomyolysis is unusual, but clinically silent muscle damage appears to be common. Likewise, biochemical evidence of muscle damage is readily found in experimental bovine babesiosis. Muscle enzymes were mildly elevated in three dogs with severe babesiosis and pigmenturia but there was no obvious muscle damage, indicating that this might also apply to canine babesiosis. The pathogenesis of infection‐associated rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure remains unclear, but inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide could play an important role.
Epidemiology of periodontal disease in poodles
Authors: Hoffmann Th. , Gaengler P.
Published: April 2008

The periodontal condition of 123 poodles was assessed using the parameters of depth of gum pocket, attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque and calculus accumulation. No dogs were free of periodontal disease. The number of deep pockets and dramatic loss of attachment ranged from 0.1 teeth in young dogs to 4.2 teeth in old animals. A sixfold increase in deep pocketing took place in dogs between the ages of six and seven, followed by a twofold increase in the number of teeth missing in dogs within the 10 to 11 year age group. First premolars, incisors and second molars were at highest risk. No correlation between dietary conditions and disease incidence could be detected. It is concluded that, by concentrating their diagnostic efforts on those age groups and types of teeth at highest risk, clinicians could improve the effectiveness of their treatment interventions.
Haematological, ocular and skeletal abnormalities in a samoyed family
Authors: Aroch I. , Ofri R. , Aizenberg I.
Published: April 2008

Haematological, ocular and skeletal abnormalities were documented in a samoyed male and its five offspring. Haematological abnormalities, found in repeated tests in all the dogs, included marked eosinophilia, eosinophilic bands and absence of Barr bodies. Two of the dogs had bilateral buphthalmia, retinal detachments and other ocular abnormalities. Three of the dogs had skeletal abnormalities including chondrodysplasia (dwarfism) and brachygnathia (undershot jaw). A similar combination of inherited skeletal and ocular disorders, without the haematological abnormalities, has been described in samoyeds. Acquired causes for the haematological findings, which are similar to the inherited Pelger‐Huët anomaly described in several species, have been eliminated. Eosinophilic bands and scarcity of Barr bodies could be a marker, or a previously unreported manifestation, of an inherited disorder in samoyeds.
Investigation of the reproductive and growth hormone status of dogs affected by idiopathic recurrent flank alopecia
Authors: Curtis C. F. , Evans H. , Lloyd D. H.
Published: April 2008

The reproductive and growth hormone status of a group of 12 neutered dogs affected by idiopathic recurrent flank alopecia was investigated at both maximum and minimum photoperiod using the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test, the xylazine stimulation test and the insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) assay. When compared with a group of nine neutered control dogs, the plasma reproductive hormone concentrations were not significantly different with one exception; a significantly greater post‐ACTH plasma progesterone concentration was detected in the affected group at minimum photoperiod (P<0–05). The significance of this finding in isolation is unclear. Growth hormone response to intravenous xylazine was assessed in the affected group at maximum photoperiod only and was found to be within normal limits in eight of the dogs. Serum IGF‐I concentrations were significantly greater in the affected group at maximum photoperiod but the groups were not significantly different at minimum photoperiod. These results suggest that dogs with idiopathic recurrent flank alopecia are of normal reproductive and growth hormone status.
Mucolipidosis type II in a domestic shorthair cat
Authors: Hubler M. , Haskins M. E. , Arnold S. , Kaser‐Hotz B. , Bosshard N. U. , Briner J. , Spycher M. A. , Gitzelmannt R. , Sommerlade H.‐J. , von Figura K.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐month‐old, female domestic shorthair cat was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Zurich, with abnormal facial features, retarded growth and progressive hindlimb paresis. On physical examination the cat had a flat, broad face with hypertelorism, frontal bossing, small ears and thickened upper and lower eyelids. The corneas of both eyes were clear and the pupils were dilated. The skin was generally thickened, most prominently on the dorsal aspect of the neck. Radiography of the entire skeleton revealed a severely deformed spinal column, bilateral hip luxation with hip dysplasia, an abnormally shaped skull and generalised decreased bone opacity. The clinical features and radiographic changes were suggestive of mucopolysaccharidosis. The toluidine blue spot test on a urine sample, however, was negative for glycosaminoglycans. Further biochemical investigations revealed a deficiency of the enzyme N‐acetylglucosamine‐1‐phosphotransfer‐ase (GlcNAc‐phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.8.17) in peripheral leukocytes and an elevation of many lysosomal enzymes in the serum of the cat which is diagnostic for mucolipidosis type II. Histology and electron microscopy of different tissues are briefly summarised. The findings of this cat, the first reported case of mucolipidosis type II are compared with other similar storage diseases described in the cat.
Avulsion of the popliteus muscle in a malinois dog
Authors: Tanno F. , Weber U. , Lang J. , Simpson D.
Published: April 2008

A four‐month‐old malinois was presented for lameness which was attributed to an avulsion of the origin of the popliteus muscle. Surgical repair by internal fixation with a lag screw and washer resulted in resolution of the lameness.
Investigation of hearing impairment in Cavalier King Charles spaniels using auditory brainstem response audiometry
Authors: Munro K. J. , Cox C. L.
Published: April 2008

Auditory brainstem response audiometry was used to investigate nine Cavalier King Charles spaniels with a history of hearing impairment. Successful recordings were made in all cases. In eight of the dogs, the hearing impairment was between 40 and 85 decibels re normal hearing level. In addition to confirming the degree of impairment in each ear, information was obtained concerning the site of the lesion. The auditory brainstem technique may have an important role to play in assessing treatment outcome. Other applications include screening animals used in breeding programmes as well as working dogs requiring good binaural hearing.
Seroprevalence of antibodies toNeospora caninumin Belgian dogs
Authors: Barber J. S. , van Ham L. , Polis I. , Trees A. J.
Published: April 2008

Sera from 300 dogs from Ghent and Antwerp were tested for antibodies toNeospora caninurnusing an Indirect fluorescent antibody test. Overall, 11 per cent (995 to 13 per cent; confidence interval of 95 per cent) of dogs were seropositive, at titres of 1:50 to 1:800. No sex or breed differences were detected, but there was an Increase In seropositivity with age.
Primary lymphoedema in a kitten
Authors: Jacobsen J. O. G. , Eggers C.
Published: April 2008

Primary lymphoedema refers to a swelling of a part or parts of the body due to a congenital defect in the lymphatic system. Recently, the patent blue violet dye test has been described as a means of confirming the diagnosis in dogs. This case report demonstrates that the dye test is a simple and useful diagnostic test for the diagnosis of primary lymphoedema In the cat also.
Osteomyelitis and arthrosynovitis associated with Leishmania donovani infection in a dog
Authors: Buracco P. , Abate O. , Guglielmino R. , Morello E.
Published: April 2008

A 10‐monthold male maremma shepherd dog was presented with chronic diarrhoea, moderate polyuria/polydlpsia, lethargy, dysorexia and stiffness. Pain was elicited in the distal parts of all four limbs. Radiographs of the limbs showed increased endomedullary radiopacity and iysis, with thick periosteal proliferations at the metadlaphyseal areas of each radius‐ulna and tibia and of the distal metacarpus on one side. Polyclonai hypergammaglobulinaemia was documented and a similar electrophoretic protein pattern was also found in the synovial fluid. Leishmania amastigotes were found In the macrophages In a bone marrow aspirate performed at the level of a distal radius and in a synoviai fluid sample obtained from a carpal joint. An indirect immunofluorescence test confirmed the infection. Treatment with N‐methyl‐glucamine antimoniate was successful and the osteoarticular changes progressively disappeared.
Management of a femoral fracture complicated by clostridial myositis
Authors: Thomson M. J. , Eger C. E.
Published: April 2008

A clinlcal case of clostrldlai myosltls secondary to a comrnlnuted femoral fracture Is descrlbed. This case is unusual because, despite the severe degree of obvlous muscle necrosls and gas productlon, the dog had mlnlmal slgns of systemic toxiclty. Unlon of the fracture was achleved but six months postoperatively muscular contracture had resulted In permanent stlfle extension.
Nasal polyps in a cat
Authors: Galloway P. E. , Kyles A. , Henderson J. P.
Published: April 2008

Ethmoturblnate polyps are described In a onsyear‐old cat wlth a four month hlstory of stertorous resplratlon and frequent sneezlng. Remlsslon of cllnlcal slgns occurred after rhlnotomy and polypectomy. This appears to be the flrst known case of nasal polyps reported from outslde Italy and the USA.
Use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse
Authors: Rudorf H. , Herrtage M. E. , White R. A. S.
Published: April 2008

Ultrasonographic Imaging of the cervical trachea was performed with the neck in both a neutral and a hyperextended position in 10 dogs with tracheal collapse. Tracheoscopy was used to confirm a diagnosis of tracheal collapse. The ultrasound investigation was repeated in 10 dogs of similar size but without tracheal abnormality. The ultrasonographic findings of the affected dogs were compared with those of the normal group and showed an alteration in the shape of the tracheal lumen in the ventrodorsal projection. This study highlights the possibility of identifying changes in the shape of the tracheal lumen during ultrasound investigations as an aid to the diagnosis of tracheal collapse.
Effect of romifidine and romifidine‐butorphanol for sedation in dogs
Authors: England G. C. W. , Watts N.
Published: April 2008

The sedative and physiological effects of intravenous romifidine at 120 μg/kg were compared with intravenous romifidine (120 μg/kg) followed immediately by intravenous butorphanol (01 mg/kg) in 18 clinically normal adult beagles in a blinded randomised change‐over study. Following the injection of romifidine alone the dogs became recumbent and there was an increase in a subjective score awarded to the degree of sedation. Heart rate and respiratory rate decreased and minor bradyarrhythmias were noted. The romifidine‐butorphanol combination produced a significant decrease in the time to the onset of sedation and increase in the sedative effect and duration of action compared with romifidine alone. With the exception of a further decrease in heart rate and respiratory rate, there were no additional side effects following the use of the romifidine‐butorphanol combination. The marked sedative effect associated with this combination would appear to be useful in the clinical situation where an increased degree of sedation is required.
Hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea associated with primary hypothyroidism in a bitch
Authors: Cortese L. , Ouva G. , Verstegen J. , Ciaramella P. , Persechino A.
Published: April 2008

An endocrinopathy characterised by hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea was found to be associated with primary hypothyroidism in an entire bitch. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by lowered baseline T4 blood levels, reduced response to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test, elevated prolactin and TSH values, and echographic and scintigraphic examinations. Levothyroxine treatment resulted in a clinical improvement (especially of the galactorrhoea), and levels of prolactin, thyroxine, TSH, triglycerides and total cholesterol plasma returned to normal.
Retrospective study of congenital heart defects in 151 dogs
Authors: Tidholm A.
Published: April 2008

The case records of 151 dogs diagnosed with congenital heart disease were revlewed retrospectlvely. The most common defect Was aortic stenosls, accounting for 35 per cent of all cases, followed by pulmonic stenosls (20 per cent), ventricular septal defect (12 per cent), patent ductus arterlosus (11 per cent), mltral valve dysplasla (8 per cent), tricuspld valve dysplasla (7 per cent), endocardlal fibroelastosls (1.9 per cent) and tetralogy of Fallot (04 per cent). Fifty‐one breeds were represented, with golden retrievers, German shepherd dogs and boxers predominating. No overall sex predilection was obvious. Seventy‐five per cent of the dogs were asymptomatic presentation. The defects most often associated with presenting symptoms, such as dyspnoea, syncope, ascltes, fallure to grow and depression, were mltral valve dysplasla, atrial septal defect, tricuspld valve dysplasla and endocardial flbroelastosls. The latter presented with the most severe signs of heart fallure. In some cases of aortic stenosls and pulmonlc stenosls, where the defect could not be accurately visuallsed with two‐dimensional echocardlography, Doppler echocardlographic examination was needed for definltive dlagnosls.
Evaluation of the urinary Cortisol: creatinine ratio in the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Jensen A. L. , Iversen L. , Koch* J. , Høier† R. , Petersen T. K.
Published: April 2008

The diagnostic accuracy of the urinary cortisol:creatinine ratio (CCR), with the cortisol being measured by ELISA, was evaluated by subjecting data from 18 dogs with and 20 dogs without hyperadrenocorticism to recelver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the ROC curve (W 0–93, SEw0–044) was much higher than 045, indicating that the CCR did distinguish between dogs with and without hyperadrenocorticism.A cutoff value of about 60 × 10‐6was assoclated with the highest sensitivity (1.0)and speciflcity (0–85). At the disease prevalence rate of the present study (0 47), the positive and negative predictive values were 0–87 and 1.0, respectively. These numbers indicate that canine hyperadrenocorticism may be safely excluded when the CCR Is below 60 × 10‐6but that a test of higher specificlty (eg, the ACTH stimulation test) should be used to confirm the diagnosis of canine hyperadrenocorticism when the CCR Is above 60 × 10‐6.
Rickets in a litter of racing greyhounds
Authors: Malik R. , Laing* C. , Davis P.E. , Allan G.S. , Wigney D.I.
Published: April 2008

Rickets was diagnosed in six 14‐week‐old racing greyhound littermates presented with musculoskeletal disease. Physical findings included listlessness, profound muscle weakness, lameness, lateral bowing of the antebrachll and focal hard swellings proximal to the tarsi and carpl. Radiological findings included generallsed osteopenia, axial and radial thickening of growth plates, and ‘cupping’ of the adjacent metaphyses; the distal ulnar growth plates were most severely and consistently affected. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating subnormal concentrations of 2bhydroxycholecalciferol in serum samples collected at admission. The pups' diet consisted of an inexpensive generic kibble formulated for adult dogs, porridge, milk, pasta, minced beef, vegetables and a small quantity of calcium carbonate powder. The pups were successfully treated by feeding a nutritionally complete, vitamin D‐containing ration formulated for growing pups. Bilateral growth retardation of distal ulnar physes occurred as a sequel In one pup.
Functional intestinal hypomotility in association with neuronal damage in a dog
Authors: Aroch I. , Nyska* A. , Gal† R. , Bark H.
Published: April 2008

A young, crossbred dog with a 13‐month history of progressively worsening, recurrent episodes of vomiting, anorexia, depression and dehydration was diagnosed as having a functional hypomotility disorder of the small Intestines. During hospitalisation, the dog's condition Improved only when total parenteral nutrition was administered. When fed orally, the dog developed severe gastric dilatation. Intestinal motility was minimal, but was Induced by neostigmine. Post mortem findings Included dilatation of the duodenum and progressive narrowing of the small bowel up to the lleum. Histopathology revealed various grades of neuronal degeneration and necrosis of the myenteric plexuses throughout the small Intestine. Microscopic changes resembled those reported In dysautonomia, but were limited to small intestinal myenteric plexuses. A locallsed congenital neuronal defect causing a lack of parasympathetic tone Is suspected.
Surgical management of subvalvular aortic stenosis and mitral dysplasia in a golden retriever
Authors: White R. N. , Boswood A. , Garden O. A. , Hammond R. A.
Published: April 2008

A 12monthoid neutered male golden retriever was presented with a history of lethargy and exercise intolerance. Clinical examination, electrocardiography, radiography and echocardiography supported a diagnosis of fixed subvalvular aortic stenosis with a Doppler pressure gradient of 77.5 mmHg. Surgical inspection also revealed gross structural abnormalities of the mitral valve consistent with mitral dyspiasia. intervention consisted of resection of the dysplastic mitral valve and the subvalvular aortic stenosis. The mitral valve was replaced with a bioprosthetic valve. Total cardiopulmonary bypass time was 65 minutes and aortic crossclamp time was 55 minutes. A full recovery was made and 11 months postoperatively the aortic transvalvular gradient was 30 mmHg. At the time of writing, 12 months after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and requires no medication.
Effect and mechanisms of the anti‐prolactin drug cabergoline on pseudopregnancy in the bitch
Authors: HARVEY M. J. A. , CAUVIN A. , DALE M. , Lindley S. , Ballabio R.
Published: April 2008

A potent anti‐prolactin drug, cabergoline, administered orally for five days, was clinically successful in treating three different clinical manifestations of pseudopregnancy in referred bitches. The clinical conditions treated were categorised as standard pseudopregnant bitches (n=8), those previously unsuccessfully treated with hormones (n=10) and those which had behavioural pseudo pregnancy following ovariohysterectomy (n=8). The number of bitches whose owners reported a ‘good‘response was seven out of eight, six out of 10 and six out of eight, respectively. There were very few side effects in that only one bitch vomited following treatment. The clinical response did not necessarily appear to be related to an alteration in circulating prolactin concentrations, suggesting that the drug may have a direct effect on the tissues as well as in most cases reducing the plasma prolactin concentrations.
Effects of otitis on hearing in dogs characterised by brainstem auditory evoked response testing
Authors: Eger C. E. , Lindsay P.
Published: April 2008

Hearing function was measured in normal dogs and in dogs with otitis using brainstem auditory evoked response testing. Data were obtained from 86 normal ears and from 105 ears with otitis, cntegorised into four degrees of severity. The data were analysed to illustrate the differences between the hearing function in the normal and abnormal ears and to estimate the degree of impairment associated with differing degrees of pathology. While severe hearing loss seemed to be present in the dogs with more severe otitis, only two individuals were identified as being totally deaf in the affected ears and no dogs were identified in which the cleaning and examination processes had caused damage to hearing function. Cleaning the ear canal produced measurable improvements in hearing in several dogs, indicating the profound effect of physical obstruction of the external ear canal by debris. It is concluded that most dogs with chronic otitis externa are not totally deaf and that the hearing impairment that does occur has the characteristics of conductive hearing loss.
Medical management of congenital portosystemic shunts in 27 dogs—a retrospective study
Authors: Watson P. J. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: April 2008

Case records of 27 dogs with medically managed congenital portosystemic shunts were reviewed. Fourteen were followed up by telephone questionnaires to the owners. Age, breed, sex, clinical signs and blood results were similar to previous studies. Weight and quality of life were stable or improved on treatment in all cases. Total serum protein concentration and alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities fell significantly during treatment. Fourteen dogs were euthanased, four were lost to follow‐up and nine remained alive. Mean survival time for the dogs euthanased was 9.9 months. Mean follow‐up period for the dogs still alive was 56.9 months and all had survived more than 36 months from diagnosis. Surviving dogs with intrahepatic shunts had a significantly shorter follow‐up period than dogs with extrahepatic shunts. Two prognostic indicators were identified, age at initial signs and blood urea concentration on presentation, both correlating with survival time. It was demonstrated that a significant proportion of dogs with portosystemic shunts managed medically have a good prognosis.
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dog: importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration
Authors: Power S. C. , Eggleton K. E. , Aaron A. J. , Holt P. E. , Cripps P. J.
Published: April 2008

The radiographs of 37 incontinent adult male dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence were compared with those of 28 control dogs to determine if, as in the bitch, differences in bladder neck position and urethral length were implicated in the pathophysiology of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Bladder neck position was significantly different; compared with continent dogs, incontinent animals were significantly more likely (P<0.005) to have intrapelvic than intra‐abdominal bladder necks. However, after allowing for the influence of body size, and unlike the situation in the bitch, there was no significant difference in proximal urethral length between the two groups. Bladder neck position was significantly related to prostate size (P<0.001) and it is suggested that this is one reason why castrated male dogs are more prone to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence than entire animals. A logistic regression analysis revealed that both bladder neck position and castration status were significant risk factors for incontinence and that they appeared to be acting independently of each other.
Technique of lateral canthoplasty for the correction of macropalpebral fissure in the dog
Authors: Bedford P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

The various clinical anomalies associated with macropalpebral fissure in the dog can be relatively successfully addressed by a reduction in functional eyelid length and stabilisation of the lateral canthus. In this new technique the basic principles of the Kuhnt‐Szymanowski lateral canthoplasty have been extended to include an additional shortening of the upper eyelid obtained by a triangular split thickness resection. Results in a series of 22 patients have demonstrated significant clinical improvement throughout, with optimum positioning of the modified palpebral fissures being achieved in five of these patients by the additional and subsequent resection of redundant forehead skin.
Familial cutaneous vasculopathy and demodicosis in a German shepherd dog
Authors: Fondati A. , Fondevila M. D. , Minghelli A. , Omano E. R. , Varazzani B.
Published: April 2008

A two‐month‐old female German shepherd dog was presented with a history of ulcerated central pads of all four feet. On physical examination, the footpads were swollen, soft and ulcerated. On the nasal planum there was a partially depigmented nodule. Multiple biopsies were taken from the cutaneous lesions and histological examination revealed focal collagen degeneration and vasculitis. A diagnosis of familial cutaneous vasculopathy was made. Seven months later the nasal nodule had disappeared and the footpads were still swollen but non‐ulcerated. At this time, the dog manifested a generalised pustular demodicosis.
Hyperadrenocorticism in six cats
Authors: Watson P. J. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: April 2008

The case records of six cats with hyperadrenocorticism presented to the Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, over an 11‐year period were reviewed. Signalment and clinical signs were similar to previous reports but, in contrast to other reports, only three cats had diabetes mellitus on presentation. Abdominal radiographs revealed an adrenal mass in one case, obesity in all cases but no hepatomegaly. The adrenal glands were identified ultrasonographically in three out of six cases. Clinicopathological findings were non‐specific. The diabetic cats had a significantly lower serum potassium concentration than the non‐diabetic cats (P<0·05). Results of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests were supportive of a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in the five cats in which they were performed. Five cats had pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and one had an adrenal tumour. Differentiation between the two forms of hyperadrenocorticism was possible preoperatively in five out of six cats. Adrenal histopathology confirmed hyperplasia in four cats and adenocarcinoma in one cat. Three cats with PDH underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and two of these cats had low, flat ACTH stimulation tests postoperatively and survived for significant periods. The cat with an adrenal tumour underwent partial unilateral adrenalectomy, maintained a positive ACTH stimulation test postoperatively and was euthanased one week after surgery.
Haemophagocytic syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog
Authors: Stockhaus C. , Slappendel R. J.
Published: April 2008

Clinical signs and haematological abnormalities of haemophagocytic syndrome of unknown origin are described for a male, nine‐year‐old rottweiler referred because of weakness, depression, mild weight loss and relapsing fever. Mucous membranes were pale and the spleen was enlarged. Ultrasonography revealed diffuse irregular structures in the enlarged spleen, and cytologlcal examination of multiple fine needle aspirates of the spleen demonstrated extramedullar haematopoiesis. Haematological examination revealed pancytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. A bone marrow smear contained numerous marrow macrophages with a cytologically benign appearance, containing phagocytosed haematopoietic cells. The dog died one week after referral. The differential diagnosis is discussed.
Lacrimal pseudotumour in a young bull terrier
Authors: Williams D. L. , Long R. D. , Barnett K. C.
Published: April 2008

An inflammatory mass arising from the lower lacrimal canaliculus of unknown cause is reported in a dog. A 10‐month‐old Staffordshire bull terrier was presented with a history of epiphora and a red mass protruding from the left lower lacrimal punctum. The tissue was removed and histopathological examination of the lesion revealed a mass of highly vascularised granulation tissue with areas of epithelial ulceration and multiple stromal haemorrhages. Fibrosis and collagen deposition were evident as was a cellular infiltrate composed primarily of neutrophils and plasma cells. Regrowth necessitated further attempts at complete excision before a permanent cure was achieved.
Clinical diagnosis of aneurysm of the right coronary artery in a white cockatoo (Cacatua alba)
Authors: Vink‐Nooteboom M. , Schoemaker N. J. , Kik M. J. L. , Lumeu J. T. , Wolvekamp W. Th. C.
Published: April 2008

A 16‐year‐old male white cockatoo was presented with lethargy and a decreased appetite. Auscultation between the second and third sternal rib revealed a heart murmur, which was confirmed by electrocardiographic and phonocardiographic examination to be systolic, with a shift of the heart axis to ‐152°. Radiographs showed lack of detail in the cranial part of the abdominal coelom, indicative of ascites and an enlarged cardiac shadow, while ultrasonographic examination revealed pericardial effusion and fluid accumulation in the cavitas peritonealis hepatica. An extra fluid‐filled cavity was found at the atrioventricular junction in the right cardiac wall and colour Doppler examination demonstrated a turbulent jetstream of blood into the cavity, originating directly above the aortic valve. Non‐selective angiocardiography confirmed the ultrasonographic observations. Findings were indicative of an aneurysm of the a. coronaria dextra (right coronary artery). This was confirmed by necropsy which revealed atherosclerosis to be the underlying cause.
Acquired urinary incontinence in bitches: its incidence and relationship to neutering practices
Authors: Thrusfield M. V. , Holt P. E. , Muirhead R. H.
Published: April 2008

A five‐year cohort study was conducted on bitches chosen by a sample of 233 randomly selected practising veterinary surgeons in the UK, to estimate the incidence of acquired urinary incontinence (AUI) in neutered and entire animals, and to investigate possible risk factors associated with neutering practices. Information was collected using questionnaires, and data on 809 bitches, of which 22 developed AUI, were obtained. The estimated incidence rates in neutered and entire animals were 0·0174 and 0·0022 per animal‐year, respectively (95 per cent confidence intervals: 0·0110, 0·0275 and 0·0009, 0·0058, respectively). The relative risk, neutered vs entire, was 7·8 (95 per cent confidence interval: 2·6, 31·5). The attributable proportionexposed and population attributable proportion were 87·1 per cent and 63·1 per cent (95 per cent confidence intervals: 61·9 per cent, 95·6 per cent, and 28·3 per cent, 88·5 per cent, respectively). An increased risk, significant at the conventional 5 per cent level, was not demonstrated in animals neutered before, vs after, first heat (relative risk: 3·9, 95 per cent confidence interval: 0·8, 10·4), although the result was significant at the 10 per cent level. Removal of the cervix was not shown to be a risk factor in neutered dogs.
Clinical natural history of the postsurgical cruciate deficient canine stifle joint: year 1
Authors: Innes J. F. , Barr A. R. S.
Published: April 2008

The aims of this prospective study were to investigate the associations and correlations between individual clinical features of osteoarthritis of the cruciate deficient stifle joint and to document the temporal changes in these features over a 13‐month period following surgical treatment. Fifty‐eight dogs with osteoarthritis of the stifle joint, secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, were examined before surgical treatment for cruciate deficiency and at one and a half, seven and 13 months after surgery. At each visit, clinical features were graded using four‐point, discontinuous, ordinal grading (Likert) scales and intra‐articular pathology was also scored in a similar fashion at arthrotomy. No attempt was made to construct an aggregate score because the relative importance of different disease features and the relationships between them were not understood at the time of writing. At entry, the relationships between background and disease variables and clinical parameters were investigated as well as the relationships between clinical parameters and intra‐articular pathology scores. Longitudinal analysis was performed to test for those features which showed significant change over the 13‐month follow‐up period. At entry, periarticular thickening and degree of crepitus were significantly correlated with disease duration. Several features showed significant change over the study period. Notably, the degree of quadriceps atrophy showed significant decrease from baseline scores at seven and 13 months while remaining different from normal, suggesting that a measure of quadriceps atrophy may be a useful measure of long‐term outcome in this disease.
Multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle joint: a study of 12 cases
Authors: Bruce W. J.
Published: April 2008

Multiple ligamentous injuries of the canine stifle are uncommon. In this study, they affected mainly adult, male, working or sporting dogs and occurred secondary to severe trauma, or where chronic joint infection had weakened the supporting structures. Rupture of the cranial cruciate, caudal cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments was the most common injury observed and this occurred after catching the limb in a fence or gate. Reconstruction of the collateral and cranial cruciate ligaments, and careful repair of damaged menisci and joint capsule, was an effective method of treatment for medium‐ and large‐size dogs. Reconstruction of the caudal cruciate ligament and postoperative limb support was not found to be essential. All dogs with subluxated stifles had good to excellent limb function with minimal loss of mid‐thigh circumference or stifle joint range of motion at follow‐up. Less favourable results were achieved where there was stifle joint luxation with extensive disruption to secondary joint restraints.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of adhesions induced by incisional gastropexy in 16 dogs
Authors: Wacker Ch. A. , Weber U. Th. , Tanno F. , Lang J.
Published: April 2008

A study was undertaken to evaluate the use of ultrasonography to assess the gastropexy site for permanent adhesion in clinical cases. Two groups, each comprising eight dogs, were studied, all 16 cases undergoing decompression, anatomical repositioning of the stomach and an incisional gastropexy after gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV). Group 1 was set up as a prospective group in which ultrasonographic examinations were performed three times (mean three, 12 and 67 days) after surgery to evaluate the gastropexy region. The gastropexy site was assessed ultrasonographically at only one stage (mean 449 days after surgery) in the group 2 dogs. Criteria used to assess the usefulness of the ultrasonographic evaluation included the ability to identify the gastropexy site, to obtain measurements of the length and thickness of the site and to assess the ultrasonographic appearance of the different gastric wall layers. The average number of peristaltic contractions and degree of gastric filling were also evaluated. The fixation between the stomach and the abdominal wall was easily detected in all 16 cases. Ultrasonography proved to be a simple and non‐invasive technique to assess the permanency of the gastropexy. The Incisional gastropexy was relatively easy to perform and induced permanent adhesions in all 16 dogs, without recurrence of GDV.
Use of computed tomography to investigate cheek tooth abnormalities in chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)
Authors: Crossley D. A. , Jackson A. , Yates J. , Boydell I. P.
Published: April 2008

Computerised tomographic scanning was used to investigate tooth structure in chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger), both cheek tooth crown and root abnormalities being common in this species. This paper describes a common form of dental disease affecting species with continuously growing teeth, with particular reference to the chinchilla, and confirms the potential role of computed tomography (CT) in its early diagnosis. CT imaging is compared with previously available methods of investigation which frequently fail to detect early pathological changes.
A case of feline paraneoplastic alopecia with secondary Malossezia‐associated dermatitis
Authors: Godfrey D. R.
Published: April 2008

A 13‐year‐old neutered female domestic shorthaired cat had progressive ventral abdominal alopecia attributed initially to hyperthyroidism. Corrective treatment by unilateral thyroidectomy did not, however, resolve the dermatosis and the alopecia progressed to involve the whole ventral trunk, the lower limbs and the head. Pruritus of the lower limbs was a prominent feature and was associated with the finding of Malassezia on cytology; Malassezia‐associated dermatitis was diagnosed. Resolution of pruritus was seen after treatment with oral ketoconazole and a cleansing shampoo to eliminate the yeast, but severe polyphagia, small intestinal diarrhoea and polydipsia developed subsequently and the cat was euthanased. Necropsy revealed an exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma with hepatic metastases. The pancreatic, hepatic and dermatologlcal lesions were found to be typical of feline paraneoplastic alopecia (FPA). Malassezia‐associated dermatitis can be associated with pruritus in cats with FPA.
Generalised amyloidosis in two Siamese cats: spontaneous liver haemorrhage and chronic renal failure
Authors: Godfrey D. R. , Day M. J.
Published: April 2008

Two cases are reported, illustrating the antemortem diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis in Siamese cats. A cat presenting with inappetence and depression was diagnosed as having systemic amyloidosis with spontaneous haemorrhage from the liver. In another cat from the same breeding cattery, chronic renal failure due to systemic amyloidosis was an incidental finding. Little treatment was possible in either case and both were later euthanased. The two cats had similar renal and hepatic pathology but different signs of disease.
Adult‐onset demodicosis in two dogs due toDemodex canisand a short‐tailed demodectic mite
Authors: Saridomichelakis M. , Koutinas A. , Papadogiannakis E. , Papazachariadou M. , Liapi M. , Trakas D.
Published: April 2008

Infestation with a short‐tailed demodectic mite andDemodex caniswas diagnosed in both a six‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old and a four‐year‐old dog. The clinical picture was compatible with generalised demodicosis complicated by staphylococcal pyoderma (case 1), or localised demodicosis (case 2). In both cases, the short‐tailed demodectic mite outnumberedD canisin superficial skin scrapings. The laboratory findings (lymphopenia, eosinopenia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities, diluted urine and proteinuria) and the results of a low dose dexamethasone suppression test were suggestive of underlying hyperadrenocorticism in the first case. Hypothyroidism was considered a possibility in the second case, owing to the sustained bradycardia and the extremely low basal total thyroxine value. Systemic treatment with ivermectin and cephalexin (case 1), or topical application of an amitraz solution in mineral oil, along with sodium levothyroxine replacement therapy (case 2), resulted in a complete resolution of the skin lesions and the disappearance of both types of demodectic mite after two and one and a half months, respectively.
Short form of Demodex species mite in the dog: occurrence and measurements
Authors: Chesney C. J.
Published: April 2008

A form of Demodex species mite shorter in length than Demodex canis was found in six consecutive cases of canine demodicosis. The mean length of the parasite was 122·6 pm (SD12·0 μm, 39 mites counted), significantly shorter than either male or female forms of D canis (P<0·0001). The proportion of short to long mites in each case varied from 0·5 to 22 per 100. In young dogs, skin signs associated with the presence of mites were first noted after about seven months, while in the oldest subject the disease became apparent at 10 years of age. This form of mite has now been found in four countries over three continents, the findings suggesting that it is not uncommon and is acquired in puppyhood, although it may be carried unnoticed for many years.
Effect of dietary phosphate restriction on renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in the cat
Authors: Barber P. J. , Rawlings J. M. , Markweu P. J. , Elliott J.
Published: April 2008

Twenty‐three cats with stable chronic renal failure (CRF) were examined in a prospective study of the effects of feeding a veterinary diet restricted in phosphorus and protein with or without an intestinal phosphate binding agent (aluminium hydroxide) on plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. Fifteen cats accepted the veterinary diet; compliance was not achieved in the remaining eight (due to limited intake by the cats or owner resistance to diet change). Feeding the veterinary diet was associated with a significant fall in plasma phosphate and PTH concentrations by five months, with only two cats requiring aluminium hydroxide therapy. The maximum decrease in plasma PTH concentration was not associated with a significant change in plasma 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol concentration. Euparathyroidism was achieved in eight cats. Conversely, in cats with CRF fed proprietary diets over the same time period, mean plasma PTH concentrations did not change significantly; indeed, in seven of the eight cats, PTH concentrations increased. Dietary therapy alone or in combination with intestinal phosphate binders does reduce PTH concentrations in cats with CRF and, when effective control of phosphate intake is achieved, plasma PTH can be normalised.
Management of a proximal pelvic limb skin laceration in a dog using a skin flap and an external fixator
Authors: White R. N.
Published: April 2008

A nine‐year‐old, spayed female crossbred dog sustained a traumatic skin lesion to the right proximal pelvic limb, extending to the extensor surface of the stifle. Surgical management of the wound included primary closure using a body skin flap fashioned from the right caudolateral abdominal wall. To achieve closure and prevent tension on the wound, the coxofemoral and stifle joints on the affected side needed to be immobilised in flexion. Flexion immobilisation of the stifle was achieved using the anatomical principle of muscle reciprocation. The ipsilateral tarsal joint was immobilised in flexion using a uniplanar‐bilateral (type II) transarticular external skeletal fixator and this resulted in the automatic flexion of the stifle. The fixator was removed six weeks postoperatively when the wound had healed. There were no apparent complications associated with the fixator either during its use or in the longer term following its removal.
Hypofractionated radiation therapy for invasive thyroid carcinoma in dogs: a retrospective analysis of survival
Authors: Brearley M. J. , Hayes A. M. , Murphy S.
Published: April 2008

Thirteen dogs with invasive thyroid carcinoma (WHO classification T2b or T3b) seen between January 1991 and October 1997 were treated by external beam irradiation. Four once‐weekly fractions of 9 gray of 4 MeV X‐rays were administered. Four of the dogs died of progression of the primary disease and four from metastatic spread. Of the remaining dogs, three died of unrelated problems, although two were still alive at the time of the censor. Kaplan‐Meier analysis of the survival time from first dose to death from either primary or metastatic disease gave a median survival time of 96 weeks (mean 85 weeks, range six to 247 weeks). Radiographic evidence of pulmonary metastatic disease at presentation had no prognostic value whereas crude growth rate was a highly significant factor. The present series indicates that radiation therapy should be considered an important modality for the control of invasive thyroid carcinoma in the dog.
Ultrasonographic appearance of primary gastric neoplasia in 21 dogs
Authors: Lamb C. R. , Grierson J.
Published: April 2008

The ultrasonographic findings in 21 dogs with histologically confirmed primary gastric neoplasia were reviewed. Location, shape of the gastric lesion, evidence of gastric wall thickening, wail layers affected, presence of ulceration, evidence of extension through the gastric wall and lymphadenopathy were recorded. Twelve dogs with carcinoma shared many ultrasonographic features with six dogs that had lymphoma, the majority having sessile masses that appeared to involve all layers of the gastric wall; many also had evidence of ulceration and lymphadenopathy. Signs of extension of the lesion through the serosal surface of the stomach were identified ultrasonographically only in dogs with carcinoma. In contrast, three dogs with leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma each had a focal mass affecting the gastric antrum, and lymphadenopathy was not identified ultrasonographically in these dogs. Even without any specific patient preparation, ultrasonography enables a morphological assessment of gastric neoplasms that may prompt a tentative diagnosis of gastric neoplasia and stimulate further investigation.