bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review article: Jesus’ resurrection in Joseph’s garden
Authors: Dannhauser Estelle
Published: July 2010

The article is a lengthy review of the book Jesus’ resurrection in Joseph’s garden by P.J.W. (Flip) Schutte. The book represents a quest to trace the relationship between Jesus’ resurrection, myth and canon. Schutte finds the origin of events underlying the biblical canon in proclamation. His focus in the book is the proclamation of the death and resurrection of Christ, which, in its developmental stages, hinged on the life and death of the historical Jesus. Proclamation developed into a mythical narrative that became the foundational myth for the Christ cult, validating its existence and rituals. With the growth and institutionalisation of the faith community (church), came an increased production of literature, causing the power-wielding orthodoxy to identify a body of literature containing the ‘truth’ and ‘correct teaching’, thus establishing the authoritative canon. In, through, behind and beyond Jesus of Nazareth, Schutte has perceived a canon behind the canon: a God of love. In Jesus, the man of myth with historical roots who has become to us the observable face of God, Schutte confesses the kerygma to open up before him. The proclamation therefore extends an invitation to join in a mythological experience and an encounter with God whose love is preached in the metaphor called Easter.
Concurrent and prospective associations between facial affect recognition accuracy and childhood antisocial behavior
Authors: Bowen Erica , Dixon Louise
Published: July 2010

This study examined the concurrent and prospective associations between children's ability to accurately recognize facial affect at age 8.5 and antisocial behavior at age 8.5 and 10.5 years in a sub sample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort (5,396 children; 2,644, 49% males). All observed effects were small. It was found that at age 8.5 years, in contrast to nonantisocial children; antisocial children were less accurate at decoding happy and sad expressions when presented at low intensity. In addition, concurrent antisocial behavior was associated with misidentifying expressions of fear as expressions of sadness. In longitudinal analyses, children who misidentified fear as anger exhibited a decreased risk of antisocial behavior 2 years later. The study suggests that concurrent rather than future antisocial behavior is associated with facial affect recognition accuracy. Aggr. Behav. 36:305–314, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thickness‐Dependent Properties of Relaxor‐PbTiO3 Ferroelectrics for Ultrasonic Transducers
Authors: Lee Hyeong Jae , Zhang Shujun , Luo Jun , Li Fei , Shrout Thomas R.
Published: July 2010

The electrical properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT)‐based polycrystalline ceramics and single crystals were investigated as a function of scale ranging from 500 μm to 30 μm. Fine‐grained PMN‐PT ceramics exhibited comparable dielectric and piezoelectric properties to their coarse‐grained counterpart in the low frequency range (<10 MHz), but offered greater mechanical strength and improved property stability with decreasing thickness, corresponding to higher operating frequencies (>40 MHz). For PMN‐PT single crystals, however, the dielectric and electromechanical properties degraded with decreasing thickness, while ternary Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3‐Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (PIN‐PMN‐PT) exhibited minimal size‐dependent behavior. The origin of property degradation of PMN‐PT crystals was further studied by investigating the dielectric permittivity at high temperatures, and domain observations using optical polarized light microscopy. The results demonstrated that the thickness‐dependent properties of relaxor‐PT ferroelectrics are closely related to the domain size with respect to the associated macroscopic scale of the samples.
High Electromechanical Response of Ionic Polymer Actuators with Controlled‐Morphology Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Nafion Nanocomposite Electrodes
Authors: Liu Sheng , Liu Yang , Cebeci Hülya , de Villoria Roberto Guzmán , Lin Jun‐Hong , Wardle Brian L. , Zhang Q. M.
Published: July 2010

Recent advances in fabricating controlled‐morphology vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA‐CNTs) with ultrahigh volume fraction create unique opportunities for markedly improving the electromechanical performance of ionic polymer conductor network composite (IPCNC) actuators. Continuous paths through inter‐VA‐CNT channels allow fast ion transport, and high electrical conduction of the aligned CNTs in the composite electrodes lead to fast device actuation speed (>10% strain/second). One critical issue in developing advanced actuator materials is how to suppress the strain that does not contribute to the actuation (unwanted strain) thereby reducing actuation efficiency. Here, experiments demonstrate that the VA‐CNTs give an anisotropic elastic response in the composite electrodes, which suppresses the unwanted strain and markedly enhances the actuation strain (>8% strain under 4 V). The results reported here suggest pathways for optimizing the electrode morphology in IPCNCs using ultrahigh volume fraction VA‐CNTs to further enhanced performance.
The release of catanionic mixtures embedded in gels: An approximate analytical analysis
Authors: Frenning Göran , Gråsjö Johan , Hansson Per
Published: July 2010

We present an approximate analytical analysis of the release of catanionic mixtures from gels. The starting points are the monomer–mixed micelle equilibrium, described by using regular solution theory, and the one‐dimensional diffusion equation. Focusing on a half‐infinite planar system, we first point out an exact reduction of the problem to a system of ordinary differential equations. By using the pseudo‐steady‐state approximation and the integral‐balance method, we then derive a single nonlinear equation for the mole fraction of drug in micelles at the extraction front. This equation may be readily solved numerically (or graphically), and once the solution is found, all quantities of interest may be determined in closed form. Comparisons with numerical solutions of the fully nonlinear problem indicate that the errors resulting from the approximations typically do not exceed 10 %. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Mass/heat transfer from a neutrally buoyant sphere in simple shear flow at finite Reynolds and Peclet numbers
Authors: Yang Chao , Zhang Jingsheng , Koch Donald L. , Yin Xiaolong
Published: July 2010

Theoretical analyses of mass/heat transfer from a neutrally buoyant particle in simple shear flow indicate that mass/heat must diffuse across a region of closed streamlines of finite thickness at zero Reynolds number, whereas spiraling streamlines allow the formation of a thin mass transfer boundary layer at small but non‐zero Reynolds numbers (Subramanian and Koch, Phys Rev Lett. 2006;96:134503; Subramanian and Koch, Phys Fluids. 2006;18: 073302). This article presents the first numerical results for mass/heat transfer at finite Reynolds and Peclet numbers. The simulations indicate that fluid particles in the flow‐gradient plane spiral away from the particle for Reynolds numbers smaller than about 2.5 while they spiral toward the particle for higher Reynolds numbers. Solutions of the Navier‐Stokes equations coupled with a boundary layer analysis of mass transfer yield predictions for the rate of mass transfer at asymptotically large Peclet numbers and Reynolds numbers up to 10. Simulations of mass transfer for zero Reynolds number and finite Peclet numbers confirm Acrivos' (Acrivos, J Fluid Mech. 1971;46:233–240) prediction that the Nusselt number approaches a finite value with increasing Peclet number. Simulations at finite Reynolds numbers and Peclet numbers up to 10,000 confirm the theoretical predictions for the concentration gradient at the particle surface at angular positions away from the flow‐gradient plane. However, the wake near the flow‐gradient plane remains too large at this Peclet number to yield a quantitative agreement of the overall rate of mass transfer with the theory for asymptotically large Peclet number. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Acid‐sensitive magnetic nanoparticles as potential drug depots
Authors: Wuang Shy Chyi , Neoh Koon Gee , Kang En‐Tang , Leckband Deborah E. , Pack Daniel W.
Published: July 2010

Superparamagnetic magnetic nanoparticles were successfully functionalized with poly(methacrylic acid) via atom transfer radical polymerization, followed by conjugation to doxorubicin (Dox). Because of pH‐sensitive hydrazone linkages, the rate and extent of Dox release from the particles was higher at a lower pH and/or a higher temperature than at physiological conditions. Appropriate changes to the pH and temperature can increase the drug release from the particles. Because of the released drug, the particles were found to be cytotoxic to human breast cancer cells in vitro. Such magnetic nanoparticles, with the potential to retain drug under physiological conditions and release the drug in conditions where the pH is lower or temperature is higher, may be useful in magnetic drug targeting by reducing the side effects of the drug caused to healthy tissues. In addition, they may serve as hyperthermia agents where the high temperatures used in hyperthermia can trigger further drug release. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Poly(ethylene glycol) in Drug Delivery: Pros and Cons as Well as Potential Alternatives
Authors: Knop Katrin , Hoogenboom Richard , Fischer Dagmar , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: July 2010

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most used polymer and also the gold standard for stealth polymers in the emerging field of polymer‐based drug delivery. The properties that account for the overwhelming use of PEG in biomedical applications are outlined in this Review. The first approved PEGylated products have already been on the market for 20 years. A vast amount of clinical experience has since been gained with this polymer—not only benefits, but possible side effects and complications have also been found. The areas that might need consideration and more intensive and careful examination can be divided into the following categories: hypersensitivity, unexpected changes in pharmacokinetic behavior, toxic side products, and an antagonism arising from the easy degradation of the polymer under mechanical stress as a result of its ether structure and its non‐biodegradability, as well as the resulting possible accumulation in the body. These possible side effects will be discussed in this Review and alternative polymers will be evaluated.
Dynamics of air drawing in the melt blowing of nonwovens from isotactic polypropylene by computer modeling
Authors: Jarecki Leszek , Ziabicki Andrzej , Lewandowski Zbigniew , Blim Anna
Published: July 2010

The dynamics of stationary air drawing in the melt blowing of nonwovens were determined on the basis of a single‐filament model in a thin‐filament approximation that accounts for polymer viscoelasticity, heat of viscous friction in the polymer bulk, and surface energy. Predetermined distributions of the air velocity and temperature along the melt blowing axis were assumed. Axial profiles of the polymer velocity, temperature, elongation rate, filament diameter, tensile stress, and extrapressure were computed for the melt blowing of isotactic polypropylene. The effects of the air‐jet velocity, die‐to‐collector distance, and polymer molecular weight are discussed. We predicted that the filament attenuation and velocity at the collector located in the air‐drawing zone would increase with increasing die‐to‐collector distance. The air‐drawing zone was shorter for higher air velocities and lower molecular weights. No online crystallization was predicted before the achievement of the collector, and melt bonding of the filament in the web should have occurred during cooling on the collector, accompanied by spherulitic crystallization. Significant online extrapressure in the filament was predicted in the case of supersonic air jets as resulting from polymer viscoelasticity, which could have led to longitudinal splitting of the polymer into subfilaments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Surface photografting: New application for flame retardant finishing of polyamide6.6 (PA6.6) fabric
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Sheng , Yu Lihua , Chen Xiaosui , Li Lingyao , Feng Qingli , Zhu Xinjun
Published: July 2010

Surface photografting modification with maleic anhydride (MAn) under UV irradiation in association with a post reaction with triethanolamine has been used to improve the flame retardancy of polyamide6.6 (PA6.6) fabric in this study. The effects of irradiation time and monomer concentration on the fabric surface grafting were investigated. The flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of the samples were characterized by limiting oxygen index test (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and the results indicate that flame retardancy of the treated PA6.6 fabric samples has been significantly improved. The chemical structures of the treated samples' surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), and the possible photochemical mechanisms were discussed. It is suggested that this could be the first time to use photografting technology to enhance the flame retardancy of PA6.6 fabric. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Study on effect of filler loading on the flow and swelling behaviors of polypropylene‐kaolin composites using single‐screw extruder
Authors: Rahim N. A. Abdul , Ariff Z. M. , Ariffin A. , Jikan S.S.
Published: July 2010

Melt flow and extrudate swelling behavior of polypropylene‐kaolin (PP‐Kaolin) composites were investigated using a single‐screw extruder. Kaolin was mixed with polypropylene (PP) using a heated two‐roll mill at 185°C and the filler loading were varied from 5 to 30 wt %. Subsequently, flow behavior of the compounded formulations were evaluated through Melt Flow Index (MFI) measurement at various temperatures ranging from 190 to 230°C. The extrudate swelling ratio was also measured by using an image analysis instrument and software. It was proven that the MFI decreased with increasing loading of kaolin for test temperatures of 190 and 200°C. However, for temperatures exceeding 200°C, the MFI value rose slightly at 5 wt % of kaolin content then seemed to reduce as more kaolin was added. This is also detected in rheological measurement where the apparent visosity, ηapp, appear to be lowered at 5 wt % loading of kaolin. Further increase in kaolin loading resulted in increasing value of the composites ηapp. The swelling ratio decrease with increasing filler loading for composites below 20 wt %. However, at 30 wt % of kaolin content, the extrudate swelling ratio increased and noticeable blistered surface texture was observed on the extrudate surface. Furthermore, at this level of filler loading, shrinkage occurence due to the existence thermal gradient between the surface and the inner core of the extrudate caused void formation in the middle section of the extrudate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Optical and thermal properties of diethyl‐(2R, 3R) (+)‐tartrate based chiral polyurethanes with main chain amido chromophores
Authors: Varkey Elizabeth Chirackal , Sreekumar Krishnapillai
Published: July 2010

The toluene diisocyanate based optically active chiral polyurethanes were synthesized according to the symmetry conditions. The noncentrosymmetric (both charge asymmetry and spatial asymmetry) environment were attained by the incorporation of the chiral units (diethyl‐(2R,3R)(+)‐tartrate) and donor‐acceptor building blocks in the main chain which induce a helical conformation in the macromolecular chain. A series of optically active polyurethanes containing chiral linkages in the polymer back bone have been synthesized by using DBTDL catalyst by incorporating the amido diols which were obtained by the aminolysis of ε‐caprolactone by using the diamines, diaminoethane, diaminobutane, and diaminohexane respectively. The effect of incorporation of the chiral molecule diethyl‐(2R,3R)(+)‐tartrate on the properties of polyurethanes was studied by changing the chromophores and also by varying the chiral‐chromophore composition. Various properties of polyurethanes were investigated by UV, Fluorescence, TG/DTA, XRD, polarimetric techniques, Kurtz‐Perry powder techniques, etc. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chronic Alcohol Consumption Affects Gastrointestinal Motility and Reduces the Proportion of Neuronal NOS‐Immunoreactive Myenteric Neurons in the Murine Jejunum
Authors: Bagyánszki Mária , Krecsmarik Mónika , De Winter Benedicte Y. , De Man Joris G. , Fekete Éva , Pelckmans Paul A. , Adriaensen Dirk , Kroese Alfons B.A. , Nassauw Luc Van , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2010

Alcohol consumption interferes with gastrointestinal transit causing symptoms in alcoholic patients. Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays an important role in the control of gastrointestinal motility. Our aim was to investigate whether chronic alcohol intake in a murine model induces gastrointestinal motility disturbances and affects the nitrergic myenteric neurons in the stomach and jejunum. Gastric emptying, small intestinal transit and geometric centre were measured in vivo after intragastric gavage of Evans blue. Nitrergic relaxations to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and exogenous NO were recorded in jejunal muscle strips in vitro. The proportion of nNOS‐immunopositive myenteric neurons was assessed using PGP9.5 and nNOS immunostaining. After chronic alcohol consumption, gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were delayed compared with control mice, and the nitrergic nerve‐mediated relaxations to EFS in the jejunum were decreased, whereas relaxations to exogenous NO did not differ. The proportion of nNOS‐immunoreactive neurons did not change in the stomach, whereas in the jejunum the percentage decreased from 33% to 27% (P < 0.001) after chronic alcohol intake. The total number of myenteric neurons remained unchanged. These results suggest that chronic alcohol consumption disturbs gastric and small intestinal motility in vivo and in vitro and is associated with a decrease in the proportion of nNOS‐immunoreactive myenteric neurons in the murine jejunum. Anat Rec 293:1536–1542, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphatic/Blood Endothelial Cell Connections at the Capillary Level in Adult Rat Mesentery
Authors: Robichaux Jennifer L. , Tanno Eleanor , Rappleye Jeff W. , Ceballos Mariana , Stallcup William B. , Schmid‐Schönbein Geert W. , Murfee Walter L.
Published: July 2010

Analyses of microvascular networks with traditional tracer filling techniques suggest that the blood and lymphatic systems are distinct without direct communications, yet involvement of common growth factors during angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis suggest that interactions at the capillary level are possible. To investigate the structural basis for lymphatic/blood endothelial cell connections during normal physiological growth, the objective of this study was to characterize the spatial relations between lymphatic and blood capillaries in adult rat mesenteric tissue. Using immunohistochemical methods, adult male Wistar rat mesenteric tissues were labeled with antibodies against PECAM (an endothelial marker) and LYVE‐1, Prox‐1, or Podoplanin (lymphatic endothelial markers) or NG2 (a pericyte marker). Positive PECAM labeling identified apparent lymphatic/blood endothelial cell connections at the capillary level characterized by direct contact or direct alignment with one another. In PECAM labeled networks, a subset of the lymphatic and blood capillary blind ends were connected with each other. Intravital imaging of FITC‐Albumin injected through the femoral vein did not identify lymphatic vessels. At contact sites, lymphatic endothelial markers did not extend along blood capillary segments. However, PECAM positive lymphatic sprouts, structurally similar to blood capillary sprouts, lacked observable lymphatic marker labeling. These observations suggest that nonlumenal lymphatic/blood endothelial cell interactions exist in unstimulated adult microvascular networks and highlight the potential for lymphatic/blood endothelial cell plasticity. Anat Rec 293:1629–1638, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteomic analysis of the venom from the endoparasitoid waspPteromalus puparum(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Zhu Jia‐Ying , Fang Qi , Wang Lei , Hu Cui , Ye Gong‐Yin
Published: July 2010

Parasitoid venom is a complex mixture of active substances with diversified biological functions. Because of its range of activities, venom is an important resource with respect to potential application in agriculture and medicine. Only a limited number of peptides, proteins, and enzymes have been identified and characterized from parasitoid venom. Here we describe a proteomic analysis of the venom from the endoparasitoid waspPteromalus puparum(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Venom resolved by two‐dimensional electrophoresis yielded 56 protein spots with major proteins in thepI range 4–7 and molecular mass range of 25–66.2 kDa. The amino acid sequences of the proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Several venom proteins such as calreticulin, venom acid phosphatase, serine protease, arginine kinase, serine protease homolog, aminotransferase‐like venom protein, and heat shock protein 70, were identified in silico based on their amino acid sequences. The full‐length cDNAs of calreticulin and arginine kinase were cloned. Calreticulin showed 62% identity with calreticulin in the venom ofCotesia rubecula. Arginine kinase showed a high level of sequence identity (92%) with its counterpart in the venom ofCyphononyx dorsalis. RT‐PCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels ofcalreticulinandarginine kinasewere developmentally changed, suggesting a possible correlation with the oviposition process. This study contributes to our appreciation of a parasitoid wasp venom composition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cellular shellization: Surface engineering gives cells an exterior
Authors: Wang Ben , Liu Peng , Tang Ruikang
Published: July 2010

Unlike eggs and diatoms, most single cells in nature do not have structured shells to provide extensive protection. It is a challenge to artificially confer shell structures on living cells to improve their inherent properties and functions. We discuss four different types of cellular shellizations: man‐made hydrogels, sol‐gels, polyelectrolytes, and mineral shells. We also explore potential applications, such as cell storage, protection, delivery, and therapy. We suggest that shellization could provide another means to regulate and functionalize cells. Specifically, the integration of living cells and non‐living functional shells may be developed as a novel strategy to create “super” or intelligent cells. Unlike biological approaches, this material‐based bio‐interface regulation is inexpensive, effective, and convenient, opening up a novel avenue for cell‐based technologies and practices.
Form and function of dosage‐compensated chromosomes – a chicken‐and‐egg relationship
Authors: Grimaud Charlotte , Becker Peter B.
Published: July 2010

Does the three‐dimensional (3D) conformation of interphase chromosomes merely reflect their function or does it actively contribute to gene regulation? The analysis of sex chromosomes that are subject to chromosome‐wide dosage compensation processes promises new insight into this question. Chromosome conformations are dynamic and largely determined by association of distant chromosomal loci in the nuclear space or by their anchoring to the nuclear envelope, effectively generating chromatin loops. The type and extent of such interactions depend on chromatin‐bound transcription regulators and therefore reflects function. Dosage compensation adjusts the overall transcription activity of X chromosomes to assure balanced expression in the two sexes. Initial analyses of mammalian and Drosophila X chromosomes have led to the hypothesis that their conformations may not only reflect their functional state but may in turn contribute to the coordination of chromosome‐wide tuning of transcription.
Consumer driven corporate environmentalism: Fact or fiction?
Authors: Sandhu Sukhbir , Ozanne Lucie K. , Smallman Clive , Cullen Ross
Published: July 2010

The role of consumers in driving organizations to be environmentally responsive is currently contentious. It is, however, important to understand the role that consumers play, because they can be a crucial pull factor for organizations. In this paper, we re‐examine the role of consumers in driving business organizations to be environmentally responsive. Our analysis suggests that, despite the growth and interest in green consumerism, it has not yet matured to the stage where it is viewed by managers as driving corporate environmentalism. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Managing strategic alliances through a community‐enabled balanced scorecard: The case of Merck Ltd, Thailand
Authors: Hansen Erik G. , Sextl Martin , Reichwald Ralf
Published: July 2010

Corporations often engage in corporate community involvement (CCI) in order to improve the social and environmental conditions in their local communities. Firms also become involved in strategic alliances with non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) to guarantee that the initiatives are meaningful. At the same time, such alliances strengthen business impacts resulting from employee and customer proximity to CCI, which is defined as the awareness of, perceived credibility of, and active involvement in CCI activities. Though these effects are strategically relevant, strategic alliances for CCI mostly remain separate from corporate strategy. We propose the community‐enabled balanced scorecard (CBSC) as a conceptual framework for integrating both community and business goals in the strategic management of the firm. We use a case study research approach covering qualitative interviews and action research at Merck Ltd, Thailand, a subsidiary of a large German chemical and pharmaceutical corporation, to demonstrate the practicability of the framework. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Hydrogen‐Bond Dynamics of CH⋅⋅⋅O Interactions: The Chloroform⋅⋅⋅Acetone Case
Authors: Vaz Pedro D. , Nolasco Mariela M. , Gil Francisco P. S. C. , Ribeiro‐Claro Paulo J. A. , Tomkinson John
Published: July 2010

Spectroscopic evidence for CH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonding in chloroform⋅⋅⋅acetone [Cl3CH⋅⋅⋅OC(CH3)2] mixtures was obtained from vibrational inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra. Comparison between the INS spectra of pure samples and their binary mixtures reveals the presence of new bands at about 82, 130 and 170 cm−1. Assignment of the 82 cm−1 band to the νO⋅⋅⋅H anti‐translational mode is considered and discussed. In addition, the βCH mode of CHCl3 at 1242 cm−1 is split in the spectra of the mixtures, and the high‐wavenumber component is assigned to the hydrogen‐bonded complex. The plot of the integrated intensity of this component shows a maximum for x=0.5, in agreement with the 1:1 stoichiometry of the chloroform⋅⋅⋅acetone complex, with a calculated complexation constant of 0.15 dm3 mol−1. Results also show that the complex behaves as an independent entity, that is, despite being weak, such interactions play a key role in supramolecular chemistry.
Chemistry and Biology of the Caged Garcinia Xanthones
Authors: Chantarasriwong Oraphin , Batova Ayse , Chavasiri Warinthorn , Theodorakis Emmanuel A.
Published: July 2010

Natural products have been a great source of many small molecule drugs for various diseases. In spite of recent advances in biochemical engineering and fermentation technologies that allow us to explore microorganisms and the marine environment as alternative sources of drugs, more than 70 % of the current small molecule therapeutics derive their structures from plants used in traditional medicine. Natural‐product‐based drug discovery relies heavily on advances made in the sciences of biology and chemistry. Whereas biology aims to investigate the mode of action of a natural product, chemistry aims to overcome challenges related to its supply, bioactivity, and target selectivity. This review summarizes the explorations of the caged Garcinia xanthones, a family of plant metabolites that possess a unique chemical structure, potent bioactivities, and a promising pharmacology for drug design and development.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Lipidated Ras Peptides Employing the Ellman Sulfonamide Linker
Authors: Triola Gemma , Gerauer Marc , Görmer Kristina , Brunsveld Lucas , Waldmann Herbert
Published: July 2010

A detailed study on the solid‐phase synthesis of lipidated peptides of the Ras family employing the Ellman sulfonamide linker is reported. Using the C‐terminal N‐Ras sequence, critical issues such as lipidated amino acid resin loading, peptide elongation in the presence of labile groups and optimized conditions for release of the peptides were investigated. A versatile methodology for the synthesis of peptides with diverse lipid motifs and C‐terminal methyl esters has accordingly been established.
Crisis management in information system projects: lessons of a case study
Authors: Chartier Anne , Banville Claude , Landry Maurice
Published: July 2010

This case study is reflective of the action‐research perspective documents applied in an intervention to manage a crisis during an information technology development project. The aim was to better understand how tools used to solve unstructured problems might help resolve such crises. The development and implementation of an intervention utilizing multiple tools is described. As a result of the intervention, a shared meaning of the crisis emerged among the major stakeholders along with a consensus as to appropriate solutions and action steps. Work on the project resumed to the satisfaction of management. Recommendations for future research are offered. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Three‐Phase Interfaces
Authors: Subbaraman Ram , Strmcnik Dusan , Paulikas Arvydas P. , Stamenkovic Vojislav R. , Markovic Nenad M.
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is studied at metal–supporting electrolyte–Nafion three‐phase interfaces. We first demonstrate that the sulfonate anions of Nafion are specifically adsorbed on a wide range of surfaces ranging from Pt(hkl) single‐crystal surfaces, Pt‐poly, Pt‐skin [produced on a Pt3Ni(111) surface by annealing in ultrahigh vacuum, UHV] to high‐surface‐area nanostructured thin‐film (NSTF) catalysts. The surface coverage by sulfonate and the strength of the Pt–sulfonate interaction are strongly dependent on the geometry and the nature of the Pt surface atoms. Also, they are found to behave analogous to (bi)sulfate anion‐specific adsorption on these surfaces, where for the Pt(hkl) surfaces, the trend is Pt(111)>Pt(110)>Pt(100) and for the Pt‐skin surface on Pt3Ni(111), the interaction strength is found to be Pt‐skin<Pt(111). We also found that irrespective of the surface orientation and/or the electronic properties of the surface atoms, the ORR is always inhibited by the presence of ionomers at the electrode surface, confirming that Nafion is not a non‐adsorbing electrolyte. Finally, the knowledge gained from studying well‐defined Pt(hkl) surfaces is applied to propose that deactivation of the ORR on Nafion‐covered high‐surface‐area catalysts is also controlled by specific adsorption of sulfonate anions.
Mining and stakeholder engagement discourse in a Papua New Guinea mine
Authors: Kepore Kevin P. , Imbun Benedict Y.
Published: July 2010

In recent history, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become synonymous with large business organizations' philanthropic contributions to society. Obviously in the mining industry, because of the nature of its activities in affecting both environment and people, the demand for this voluntary activity from multinational mining companies (MNMCs) by society has become inevitable. This function of CSR had been achieved through the utilization of community engagement discourse with external communities. The main purpose, amongst others, of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of Papua New Guinea (PNG) Ok Tedi mine's community engagement discourse in responding to local community development demands in compensation for adverse environmental impact in its riverine area. It will highlight the critical significance of community engagement discourse as a prime mover in facilitating the achievement of corporate social responsible development projects or lack of it pertaining to a group of mine‐affected riverine local community in PNG. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Genetic network programming with intron‐like nodes
Authors: Mabu Shingo , Chen Yan , Eto Shinji , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro
Published: July 2010

Recently, genetic network programming (GNP), an extension of the genetic algorithm (GA) and genetic programming (GP), has been proposed. GNP can make compact programs and can memorize the past history implicitly, because it expresses the solution by directed graphs and therefore can reuse the nodes. In this research, intron‐like nodes are introduced for improving the performance of GNP. The aim of introducing intron‐like nodes is to use every node as much as possible. It is found from simulations that intron‐like nodes are useful for improving the training speed and generalization ability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(8): 23–31, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10259
A new sensorless vector control method using high‐order filters with speed‐varying bandwidth for permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a new rotor phase estimation method for sensorless drive of permanent‐magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which uses the motor‐driving stator voltage and current information for estimation. The proposed estimation method utilizes two high‐order low‐pass filters that can change their bandwidth according to the speed estimate. The high‐order filters are potentially able to attenuate sufficiently the harmonics contaminating the stator voltage and current and to produce an almost pure‐sinusoidal rotor flux estimate consisting of only the fundamental component. Such a sinusoidal rotor flux estimate allows highly accurate estimation of the rotor phase even at very low speed. In order to separate the fundamental component of the rotor flux estimate from its harmonics with no phase lag/lead in variable‐speed environments, the proposed low‐pass filters have the capability to change the bandwidth adaptively to the rotor speed. The sensorless drive system using the proposed phase estimation method has several strong capabilities: (1) it can start up PMSMs from standstill at the rated load; (2) it can drive PMSMs stably even at very low speed, such as 1/60 of the rated speed under the rated motoring/regenerating load; (3) it can drive PMSMs accompanied with an inertial load factor of over 50. The proposed estimation method is simple and easily installed into sensorless drive systems. This paper presents the new estimation method in detail and shows how it is installed into the drive systems by using a concrete example. The usefulness of the method and the performance of the drive system are examined and confirmed through extensive experiments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(8): 1–14, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10286
Acquisition of regulatory function by human CD8+ T cells treated with anti‐CD3 antibody requires TNF
Authors: Ablamunits Vitaly , Bisikirska Brygida , Herold Kevan C.
Published: July 2010

Anti‐CD3 mAb can modulate graft rejection and attenuate autoimmune diseases but their mechanism(s) of action remain unclear. CD8+ T cells with regulatory function are induced in vitro by Teplizumab, a humanized anti‐CD3 antibody and inhibit responses of autologous and allogeneic T cells. They inhibit CD4+ T‐cell proliferation by mechanisms involving TNF and CCL4, and by blocking target cell entry into G2/M phase of cell cycle but neither kill them, nor compete for IL‐2. CD8+ Treg can be isolated from peripheral blood following treatment of patients with Type 1 diabetes with Teplizumab, but not from untreated patients. The induction of CD8+ Treg by anti‐CD3 mAb requires TNF and signaling through the NF‐κB cascade. The CD8+ Treg express CD25, glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor family, CTLA‐4, Foxp3, and TNFR2, and the combined expression of TNFR2 and CD25 identifies a potent subpopulation of CD8+ Treg. These studies have identified a novel mechanism of immune regulation by anti‐CD3 mAb and markers that may be used to track inducible CD8+ Treg in settings such as chronic inflammation or immune therapy.
Polyfunctional T cells in human tuberculosis
Authors: Wilkinson Katalin A. , Wilkinson Robert J.
Published: July 2010

Studies of chronic viral infections have highlighted the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of antigen‐specific T cells and suggested that polyfunctional T cells that secrete multiple cytokines and are able to proliferate on encounter with antigen are more likely than single cytokine secretors to represent correlates of protective immunity. These findings have prompted the evaluation of such T–cell responses in chronic bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis (TB). A number of studies in humans suggested that polyfunctional T cells may indeed be involved in mediating protection in TB; however, studies that question these findings are also emerging, including a study published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology. These differing findings highlight the difficulties of studying human immunity to TB and the need for polyfunctional T cells to be evaluated in longitudinal studies as opposed to case‐control analyses.
Characterizing follicular dendritic cells: A progress report
Authors: Aguzzi Adriano , Krautler Nike J.
Published: July 2010

In 1965, Mitchell and Abbot (Mitchell, J. and Abbot A, Nature 1965. 30: 500–502) discovered peculiar cells with filiform processes, which were capable of capturing and retaining antigens within secondary lymphoid organs. Yet half a century since the first description of follicular dendritic cells (FDC), their function and their histogenesis remain largely mysterious. FDC are thought to help with organization of the lymphoid follicles, to facilitate the germinal center reaction by presenting antigen to B cells, and to legislate the engulfment of apoptotic bodies, but it has proved difficult to stringently verify any of these functions. One reason for such slow progress is a dearth of markers specific to FDC and their precursors, which limits our ability to isolate, target, and follow FDC. Here we review the current state of FDC science with specific reference to a study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology and its efforts in discovering new FDC markers.
Oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids: Formation and function in blood and vascular cells
Authors: Lagarde Michel
Published: July 2010

Unsaturated fatty acids esterified in glycerophospholipids are abundant components of cell membranes. They can be released by phospholipases, and subsequently converted into oxygenated derivatives by diverse cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and/or cytochrome P450 enzymes. The best known products, i.e. prostanoids, hydroxylated dienes, trienes, and tetraenes, as well as epoxides, are frequently released and act on blood and vascular cells. The present paper briefly reviews these different aspects, pointing out recent developments in the field of docosanoids produced from docosahexaenoic acid.

Practical applications: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are highly oxidizable with multiple possibilities of autoxidation and enzyme‐dependent oxygenation. The present review aims at providing a short and comprehensive overview of the biosynthesis of the main oxygenated products derived from 18, 20, and 22 carbon PUFA with their relevant function in the vascular system. The so‐called octadecanoids, eicosanoids, and docosanoids, respectively, are selected among the numerous isomers because of their recognized biological activities.
Controlled field evaluation of water flow rate effects on sampling polar organic compounds using polar organic chemical integrative samplers
Authors: Li Hongxia , Vermeirssen Etiënne L.M. , Helm Paul A. , Metcalfe Chris D.
Published: July 2010

The uptake of polar organic contaminants into polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) varies with environmental factors, such as water flow rate. To evaluate the influence of water flow rate on the uptake of contaminants into POCIS, flow-controlled field experiments were conducted with POCIS deployed in channel systems through which treated sewage effluent flowed at rates between 2.6 and 37 cm/s. Both pharmaceutical POCIS and pesticide POCIS were exposed to effluent for 21 d and evaluated for uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting substances (EDS). The pesticide POCIS had higher uptake rates for PPCPs and EDS than the pharmaceutical POCIS, but there are some practical advantages to using pharmaceutical POCIS. The uptake of contaminants into POCIS increased with flow rate, but these effects were relatively small (i.e., less than twofold) for most of the test compounds. There was no relationship observed between the hydrophobicity (log octanol/water partition coefficient, log KOW) of model compounds and the effects of flow rate on the uptake kinetics by POCIS. These data indicate that water flow rate has a relatively minor influence on the accumulation of PPCPs and EDS into POCIS. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2461–2469. © 2010 SETAC
Forecasting volatility: Roles of sampling frequency and forecasting horizon
Authors: Chan Wing Hong , Cheng Xin , Fung Joseph K.W.
Published: July 2010

This study empirically tests how and to what extent the choice of the sampling frequency, the realized volatility (RV) measure, the forecasting horizon and the time‐series model affect the quality of volatility forecasting. Using highly synchronous executable quotes retrieved from an electronic trading platform, the study avoids the influence of various market microstructure factors in measuring RV with high‐frequency intraday data and in inferring implied volatility (IV) from option prices. The study shows that excluding non‐trading‐time volatility produces significant downward bias of RV by as much as 36%. Quality of prediction is significantly affected by the forecasting horizon and RV model, but is largely immune from the choice of sampling frequency. Consistent with prior research, IV outperforms time‐series forecasts; however, the information content of historical volatility critically depends on the choice of RV measure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: July 2010

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of geriatric psychiatry. Each bibliography is divided into 9 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Assessment; 4 Epidemiology; 5 Therapy; 6 Care; 7 Dementia; 8 Depression; 9 Psychology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted
Erratum: Synthesis of functional phosphines with ortho‐substituted aryl groups: 2‐RC6H4PH2 and 2‐RC6H4P(SiMe3)2 (R = i‐Pr‐ or t‐Bu)
Authors: Dugal‐Tessier Julien , Kuhn Paul‐Steffan , Dake Gregory R. , Gates Derek P.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and characterization of 2‐i‐PrC6H4PCl2 (3), 2‐t‐BuC6H4PCl2 (4), 2‐i‐PrC6H4PH2 (5), 2‐t‐BuC6H4PH2 (6), 2‐i‐PrC6H4P(SiMe3)2 (7), and 2‐t‐BuC6H4P(SiMe3)2 (8) are described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:355–360, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20619*

This is a revised version of the article originally published in Volume 21, Number 4 (Heteroatom Chem 21:265‐270, 2010; DOI 10.1002/hc.20606). Due to an unfortunate publisher's error, the earlier version was posted online and approved for press before the journal's production team had received the authors' proof corrections. The publisher regrets the oversight.
Application of analytical solution for stream depletion due to groundwater pumping in Gapcheon watershed, South Korea
Authors: Kim Gyoo‐Bum
Published: July 2010

A number of groundwater wells for agricultural activity, including rice farming and greenhouses, have been developed near streams over the past 20 years in South Korea. The result of a stream depletion calculation using an analytical solution of complimentary error function shows that groundwater pumping at 1949 wells drilled in the Gapcheon watershed can produce stream depletion. This amount is estimated at about 7% of annual baseflow and reaches as high as 18% of monthly baseflow during the maximum agricultural water consumption period in May. Agricultural wells have a larger effect on stream depletion than domestic wells because of their higher pumping rate. Stream depletion from agricultural wells located within 200 m from a stream represents 65% of the total depletion rate. Agricultural water policy for water use at nearby streams should be changed to reduce stream depletion and thereby maintain sustainable water development in South Korea. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cilengitide inhibits progression of experimental breast cancer bone metastases as imaged noninvasively using VCT, MRI and DCE‐MRI in a longitudinal in vivo study
Authors: Bäuerle Tobias , Komljenovic Dorde , Merz Maximilian , Berger Martin R. , Goodman Simon L. , Semmler Wolfhard
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inhibiting αvβ3/αvβ5 integrins by cilengitide in experimentally induced breast cancer bone metastases using noninvasive imaging techniques. For this purpose, nude rats bearing established breast cancer bone metastases were treated with cilengitide, a small molecule inhibitor of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins (75 mg/kg, five days per week; n = 12 rats) and compared to vehicle‐treated control rats (n = 12). In a longitudinal study, conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and flat panel volumetric computed tomography were used to assess the volume of the soft tissue tumor and osteolysis, respectively, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE‐) MRI was performed to determine functional parameters of the tumor vasculature reflecting blood volume and blood vessel permeability. In rats treated with cilengitide, VCT and MRI showed that osteolytic lesions and the respective bone metastatic soft tissue tumors progressed more slowly than in vehicle‐treated controls. DCE‐MRI indicated a decrease in blood volume and an increase in vessel permeability and immunohistology revealed increased numbers of immature vessels in cilengitide‐treated rats compared to vehicle controls. In conclusion, treatment of experimental breast cancer bone metastases with cilengitide resulted in pronounced antiresorptive and antitumor effects, suggesting that αvβ3/αvβ5 inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach for bone metastases.