bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Prenylterphenyllin (Ia) and Its Dehydroxyl Analogues, New Cytotoxic Substances from a Marine‐Derived Fungus Aspergillus candidus IF10
Authors: Wei Hong , Inada Hirohiko , Hayashi Asami , Higashimoto Kenichi , Pruksakorn Patamaporn , Kamada Sayo , Arai Masayoshi , Ishida Shunsuke , Kobayashi Motomasa
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Flavonoid from Lespedeza virgata (Thunb.) DC.: Structural Elucidation and Antioxidative Activity.
Authors: Tan Li , Zhang Xiu‐Feng , Yan Bao‐Zhen , Shi Hai‐Ming , Du Li‐Bo , Zhang Ya‐Zhou , Wang Lan‐Fen , Tang Ya‐Lin , Liu Yang
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Enantioselective Synthesis of Phomopsin B (I).
Authors: Grimley Joshua S. , Sawayama Andrew M. , Tanaka Hiroko , Stohlmeyer Michelle M. , Woiwode Thomas F. , Wandless Thomas J.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran Lignans via BF3×OEt2‐Promoted Reductive Deoxygenation/Epimerization of Cyclic Hemiketal: Synthesis of (‐)‐Odoratisol C, (‐)‐Futokadsurin A, (‐)‐Veraguensin, (+)‐Fragransin A2, (+)‐Galbelgin, and (+)‐Talaumidin.
Authors: Kim Hyoungsu , Wooten Ceshea M. , Park Yongho , Hong Jiyong
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Temperature Synthesis of β‐FeSi2 Powder Using a Sodium Melt.
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Yamane Hisanori
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metallocanes of Group 14 Elements. Part 2. Derivatives of Tin
Authors: Selina A. A. , Karlov S. S. , Lermontova E. Kh. , Zaitseva G. S.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry, Syntheses and Biological Activity of Lupine Alkaloids — From Studies on the Leguminous Plants Growing Mainly in Japan
Authors: Ohmiya Shigeru
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Functional Studies on Proteins as Potential Drug Discovery Targets
Authors: Tanaka Nobutada
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Silicon‐Containing Organosilicon Derivatives of Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Voronkov M. G. , Trofimova O. M. , Bolgova Yu. I. , Chernov N. F.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Discotic Liquid Crystals: A New Generation of Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Sergeyev Sergey , Pisula Wojciech , Geerts Yves Henri
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chain‐Link Hydrogen‐Bonded Capsules
Authors: Bosch Eric
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Biomimetic Epoxidations
Authors: Breslow Ronald
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: From Divergent to Focused Approaches to Amino Alcohols and Amino Diols: Applications to the Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Products
Authors: Restorp P. , Torsell S. , Somfai P.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Chemistry: From Split‐Mix to Discrete
Authors: Furka Arpad
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organotin Chemistry
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Julius Adolph Stöckhardt – seine Spuren in Chemnitz
Authors: Marx Günter , Molch Dieter , Kerber Klaus‐Peter , Lang Heinrich
Published: January 2008

Julius Adolph Stöckhardt ‐ ein bemerkenswert befähigter Lehrer für die Studenten, ein technischer Chemiker für die aufwachsende Industrie, ein Umwelt‐ und Landwirtschaftschemiker, ein forschender Partner im Sinne Justus von Liebig.

Die Stöckhardt‐Aufgaben können bei Bedarf bei den Autoren angefordert werden.
So funktioniert Forschung
Authors: Näther Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: January 2008

Seit Jahren ist die Chemie in einem fortwährenden Wandel begriffen. Gehörten vor einigen Jahren noch Dünger, Pigmente oder einfache Grundchemikalien zu den wichtigsten anorganischen Produkten der chemischen Industrie, so dominieren seit einiger Zeit High‐Tech‐Werkstoffe, die vor allem in der Zukunft von enormer Bedeutung sein werden [1]. Von der Entwicklung neuer Materialien und Werkstoffe mit spezifischen physikalischen Eigenschaften für technologisch relevante Anwendungen wird daher die Zukunft, insbesondere unserer westlichen Welt mit abhängen. Nun erfordert die Darstellung und Charakterisierung derartiger Materialien ganz spezielle synthetische und analytische Methoden. Gehörten früher Reagenzglas und Erlenmeyerkolben zum Rüstzeug des Chemikers, so hat sich das in den letzten Jahren insbesondere im Bereich der Anorganischen Chemie grundlegend geändert. Moderne Chemie, unabhängig davon, ob sie an einer Universität oder in der Industrie durchgeführt wird, kommt ohne leistungsfähige synthetische und instrumentelle Methoden nicht aus.
Thermochromie – ein altes und neues faszinierendes Phänomen
Authors: Leppin Ines , Voß Carsten , Freienberg Julia , Evers Rainer , Flint Alfred
Published: January 2008

Der Begriff „Thermochromie”︁T leitet sich aus den griechischen Bezeichnungen für Wärme („thermos”︁) und Farbe („chroma”︁) ab. Bezeichnet wird damit das Auftreten reversibler Farbänderungen von Stoffen in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur. Entsprechende Erscheinungen sind im Bereich der Anorganischen Chemie schon seit langem bekannt. Ein klassisches Beispiel ist der rote Rubin, der sich beim Erhitzen grün färbt und beim Abkühlen wieder rot wird. Aber auch wenn man gerade keinen Rubin zur Hand hat, lassen sich thermochrome Effekte z.B. beim Zinkoxid (in der Kälte weiß, in der Hitze gelb) oder, wie vor einiger Zeit beschrieben, beim Kupfer(I)oxid (in der Kälte rot, in der Hitze schwarz) beobachten [1].

Aber auch im Bereich der Organischen Chemie hat es bereits gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts erste Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen zu thermochromen Erscheinungen im Zusammenhang mit der Entdeckung von Flüssigkristallen durch Reinitzer und Lehmann sowie deren maßgebliche Klassifikation und Beschreibung durch Friedel gegeben (nach [2]). Interessanterweise waren alle drei keine Chemiker, sondern Lehmann und Friedel Physiker und Reinitzer Botaniker. Abgesehen von dem akademischen Interesse an diesen Stoffen dauerte es allerdings bis in die 50er und 60er Jahre des vergangenen Jahrhunderts, bis eine intensive Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Flüssigkristalle im Hinblick auf eine Anwendung deren thermochromer, vor allem aber ihrer elektrooptischen Eigenschaften einsetzte. Aus unserer heutigen Gesellschaft sind z.B. LCD‐Displays oder seit neuestem LCD‐Fernseher kaum noch wegzudenken.
Cyberinfrastructure für die Organische Chemie
Authors: Fels Gregor
Published: January 2008

Qualität der Lehre und Internationalisierung gehören zum Stammvokabular der Akkreditierungskommissionen für die neuen Bachelor‐ und Masterstudiengänge. Mit den neuen internetbasierten online‐Lehrbüchern der Chemie, in Kombination mit einem „Webcompanion”︁, in dem zusätzlich zum Lehrbuch multimediale Lernhilfen und Trainingsmöglichkeiten gegeben sind, lassen sich Lehrveranstaltungen effektiver gestalten und didaktisch verbessern und ggf. die englische Fachterminologie bereits in einem frühen Stadium des Studiums einbringen.
Molecular characterization and expression of a novel kinesin which localizes with the kinetoplast in the human pathogen, Leishmania donovani
Authors: Gerald Noel J. , Coppens Isabelle , Dwyer Dennis M.
Published: January 2008

Using a variety of molecular and cell biological approaches, we identified, characterized and expressed a novel kinesin, LdK39B in the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani. Results of RT‐PCR revealed two distinct LdK39B products with different splice leader mini‐exon sites, indicative of two potentially mature mRNA transcripts. Analyses indicated that LdK39B had a calculated molecular mass of >261, 327 Da and contained multiple amino acid repeat units. Several GFP‐LdK39B fusion constructs were generated and used for episomal‐expression in these parasites. Results of confocal and immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the GFP‐LdK39B‐fusion proteins localized to a region adjacent to the flagellar pocket and the kinetoplast i.e. the mitochondrial‐DNA containing organelle that is physically tethered to the flagellar basal bodies. Sub‐cellular fractionation results showed that GFP‐LdK39B proteins were insoluble in nature and remained tightly associated with purified flagella/kinetoplasts following their extraction with detergent and high salts. Our cumulative results suggest that the LdK39B may play a scaffold‐like role in facilitating and maintaining the unique spatial/structural association between the flagellum‐basal body‐kinetoplast complex in these parasites. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
G‐Quadruplexes: Targets in Anticancer Drug Design
Authors: Ou Tian‐miao , Lu Yu‐jing , Tan Jia‐heng , Huang Zhi‐shu , Wong Kwok‐Yin , Gu Lian‐quan
Published: January 2008

G‐quadruplexes are special secondary structures adopted in some guanine‐rich DNA sequences. As guanine‐rich sequences are present in important regions of the eukaryotic genome, such as telomeres and the regulatory regions of many genes, such structures may play important roles in the regulation of biological events in the body. G‐quadruplexes have become valid targets for new anticancer drugs in the past few decades. Many leading compounds that target these structures have been reported, and a few of them have entered preclinical or clinical trials. Nonetheless, the selectivity of this kind of antitumor compound has yet to be improved in order to suppress the side effects caused by nonselective binding. As drug design targets, the topology and structural characteristics of quadruplexes, their possible biological roles, and the modes and sites of small‐ligand binding to these structures should be understood clearly. Herein we provide a summary of published research that has set out to address the above problem to provide useful information on the design of small ligands that target G‐quadruplexes. This review also covers research methodologies that have been developed to study the binding of ligands to G‐quadruplexes.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of a Novel Inhibitor of Dihydroceramide Desaturase
Authors: Munoz‐Olaya Jose M. , Matabosch Xavier , Bedia Carmen , Egido‐Gabás Meritxell , Casas Josefina , Llebaria Amadeu , Delgado Antonio , Fabriàs Gemma
Published: January 2008

A novel mechanism‐based dihydroceramide desaturase inhibitor (XM462) in which the substrate C5 methylene group is replaced by a sulfur atom is reported. Dihydroceramide desaturase inhibition occurred both in vitro and in cultured cells with IC50 values of 8.2 and 0.78 μM, respectively, at a substrate concentration of 10 μM. In vitro experiments showed that XM462 produced a mixed‐type inhibition (Ki=2 μM, α=0.83). LC‐MS analyses showed that accumulation of endogenous dihydroceramides occurred in cells upon treatment with XM462 in serum‐free medium, whereas ceramides built up in controls. In addition, XM462 was found to be metabolised to its 1‐glucosyl and 1‐phosphocholine derivatives, and to the products of N‐deacylation and reacylation with palmitoyl and stearoyl groups. In Jurkat A3 cells cultured in serum‐free medium, viability, as the percentage of trypan blue unstained cells in total cells, was reduced upon XM462 treatment (5 μM, 24 h), but not in controls. The interest of this compound is discussed.
(1+1) Resonance‐Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization and Photodissociation Study of CS2 via the 1B2 State
Authors: Hu Zhengfa , Lee Wei‐Bin , Zhang Xiao‐Peng , Wei Pei‐Ying , Lin King‐Chuen
Published: January 2008

(1+1) resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra of CS2 and molecular dissociation dynamics are investigated using a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer equipped with velocity imaging detection. The REMPI spectra via a linear‐bent ${{}^1\Sigma _g^ + }$→1B2(${{}^1\Sigma _u^ + }$) transition are acquired in the wavelength range of 208–217 nm. Each ro‐vibrational band profile of the 1B2(${{}^1\Sigma _u^ + }$) state is deconvoluted to yield the corresponding predissociative lifetime from 0.3 to 3 ps. Upon excitation at 210.25 and 212.54 nm, the resulting images of S+ and CS+ fragments are analyzed to give individual translational energy distributions, which are resolved into two components corresponding to the CS+S(3P) and CS+S(1D) channels. The product branching ratios of S(3P)/S(1D) are evaluated to be 5.7±1.0 and 9.6±2.5 at 210.25 and 212.54 nm, respectively. Despite the difficulty avoiding the effect of multiphoton absorption, the molecular dissociation channel is verified to prevail over the dissociative ionization channel of CS2. The anisotropy parameters for the triplet and singlet channels are determined to be ∼0.8 and 1.1–1.3, respectively, suggesting that the predissociative state should have a bent configuration with a short lifetime.
A structural index to affect the operation life of steam turbine generators
Authors: Lin Chi‐Hshiung
Published: January 2008

Since there is a largest occurrence probability among power line faults, the single‐phase‐to‐ground fault (1P‐G fault) plays a non‐negligible role on fatigue life of a turbine generator unit. It is found in this paper that the system frequency disturbance is the principal one to arouse torsional vibrations on turbine mechanism under a 1P‐G fault, which is different from the unidirectional one for a three‐phase‐to‐ground fault (3P‐G fault). By analyzing the turbine‐generator‐exciter‐blade model using the electromechanical analogy, it is further found that the structural index ofKGEN‐TURB/HGENratio governs the response sensitivity to such a disturbance. That means the larger the ratio is, the severer the torsional vibrations induced will be. According to this result, it can be deduced that the coming generation of turbine generator units would get more sensitive to the 3P‐G fault because the tendency is toward reducing the inertia of generators. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Structures in Tin(II) Oxalates
Authors: Ramaswamy Padmini , Datta Ayan , Natarajan Srinivasan
Published: January 2008

Six new SnII oxalates exhibiting a hierarchy of structures have been prepared employing hydrothermal methods. The compounds I [C10N2H10][Sn(C2O4)2], II [C10N2H10][Sn2(C2O4)3], and III [C8N4H26][Sn(C2O4)2]2·2H2O possess zero‐dimensional molecular structures; IV [C10N2H8]2[Sn(C2O4)]2 and V [C12N2H8][SnC2O4] have one‐dimensional chain structures; and compound VI [C5N2H14]2[Sn4(C2O4)6]·7H2O has a two‐dimensional layer structure. The SnII ions have 4‐ and 6‐coordination with square‐pyramidal or pentagonal‐bipyramidal geometry, in which the lone pair of electrons also occupies one of the vertices. Weak intermolecular forces such as hydrogen‐bond interactions, π···π interactions, and lone‐pair–π interactions have been observed and appear to lendstructural stability. Theoretical studies indicate that the π···π interaction energy between the bound 1,10‐phenanthroline molecules is of the order of 5–6 kcal mol–1 in V. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis on two model compounds, II and IV, indicates reasonable lone‐pair–π interactions. The close structural relationship between all the compounds indicates that a building‐up process from the zero‐dimensional monomer can be considered. The present structures provide opportunities for evaluating the structure‐directing role of the lone pair of electrons of SnII.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Tunable Synthesis of Various Hierarchical Structures of In(OH)3 and In2O3 Assembled by Nanocubes
Authors: Chen Li‐Yong , Zhang Yan‐Ge , Wang Wei‐Zhi , Zhang Zu‐De
Published: January 2008

We show a simple way to synthesize morphology‐controllable In(OH)3 nanostructures by utilizing an amine‐assisted hydrolysis of In3+ cations under various reaction temperatures. By annealing as‐prepared In(OH)3 precursors at 400 °C in air, we obtained In2O3 nanocrystals that inherited the morphologies of their precursors while still slightly distorted due to the dehydration process of In(OH)3. This dehydration process that transforms In(OH)3 into In2O3 was studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. X‐ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence spectra were used to characterize the as‐obtained products. Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra were recorded to investigate the effect of ethylenediamine in In(OH)3. It was found that the amines play ternary roles, which include being the alkaline media, the coordinating agent, and the surface‐anchored organic molecules.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Fluorous Substituent‐Based Enantiomer and Diastereomer Separation: Orthogonal Use of HPLC Columns for the Synthesis of Nonproteinogenic Polyfluoro Amino Acids and Peptides
Authors: Tonoi Takayuki , Nishikawa Aya , Yajima Tomoko , Nagano Hajime , Mikami Koichi
Published: January 2008

A variety of fluorine‐containing amino acid and dipeptide precursors bearing different lengths of perfluoroalkyl chains were separated into their enantiomers and diastereomers, respectively, by the orthogonal use of fluorous and chiral HPLC columns. These results show the applicability of fluorous racemic mixture synthesis for various “fluorinated” chiral products without introducing conventional cleavable fluorous tags. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Use of mechanistic data in IARC evaluations
Authors: Cogliano Vincent James , Baan Robert A. , Straif Kurt , Grosse Yann , Secretan Béatrice , El Ghissassi Fatiha
Published: January 2008

Consideration of mechanistic data has the potential to improve the analysis of both epidemiologic studies and cancer bioassays. IARC has a classification system in which mechanistic data can play a pivotal role. Since 1991, IARC has allowed an agent to be classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) when there is less than sufficient evidence in humans but there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals and “strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.” Mechanistic evidence can also substitute for conventional cancer bioassays when there is less than sufficient evidence in experimental animals, just as mechanistic evidence can substitute for conventional epidemiologic studies when there is less than sufficient evidence in humans. The IARC Monographs have used mechanistic data to raise or lower a classification that would be otherwise based on epidemiologic studies and cancer bioassays only. Recently, the IARC Monographs have evaluated several agents where mechanistic data were pivotal to the overall evaluation: benzo[a]pyrene, carbon black and other poorly soluble particles, ingested nitrates and nitrites, and microcystin‐LR. In evaluating mechanistic data, it is important to consider alternative mechanistic hypotheses, because an agent may induce tumors through multiple mechanisms. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA damage induced by industrial solid waste leachates in Drosophila melanogaster: A mechanistic approach
Authors: Siddique Hifzur R. , Sharma Anurag , Gupta Subash C. , Murthy Ramesh C. , Dhawan Alok , Saxena Daya K. , Chowdhuri Debapratim K.
Published: January 2008

Genomic stability requires that error‐free genetic information be transmitted from generation to generation, a process that is dependent upon efficient DNA repair. Industrial leachates which contain mixtures of diverse chemicals are a major environmental concern. The interaction between these chemicals may have synergistic, antagonistic, or simply additive effects on biological systems. In the present study, the Comet assay was used to measure the DNA damage produced by leachates of solid wastes from flashlight battery, pigment, and tanning factories in the midgut cells and brain ganglia of Drosophila melanogaster mutants deficient in DNA repair proteins. Larvae were allowed to feed for 48 or 72 hr on diets containing 0.1, 0.5, and 2.0% (v/v) of the leachates. Physicochemical analysis run on the solid wastes, leachates, and treated larvae detected elevated levels of heavy metals. Leachates produced significantly greater levels of DNA damage in mutant strains mei41 (deficient in cell cycle check point protein), mus201 (deficient in excision repair protein), mus308 (deficient in postreplication repair protein), and rad54 (deficient in double strand break repair protein) than in the OregonR+ wild‐type strain. Larvae of the ligaseIV mutant (deficient in double strand break repair protein) were hypersensitive only to the pigment plant waste leachate. Conversely, the dnase2 mutant (deficient in protein responsible for degrading fragmented DNA) was more sensitive to DNA damage induction from the flashlight battery and tannery waste leachates. Our data demonstrate that repair of DNA damage in organisms exposed to leachates is dependent upon several DNA repair proteins, indicative of the involvement of multiple overlapping repair pathways. The study further suggests the usefulness of the Comet assay for studying the mechanisms of DNA repair in Drosophila. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of micronucleus frequencies in blood lymphocytes from smelting plant workers exposed to arsenic
Authors: Paiva Leiliane , Martínez Valeria , Creus Amadeu , Quinteros Domingo , Marcos Ricardo
Published: January 2008

Arsenic is a world health problem due to the seriousness of its effects, mainly related with the increase of cancer. In Chile, the geological characteristics of the northern region, associated with the development of the copper mining and smelting activities, have contributed to increase the environmental levels of arsenic. This study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between arsenic occupational exposure and genotoxic effects in smelting plant workers. To determine the genotoxic risk related to the increase of cancer among the chronically exposed population, the frequency of micronuclei in blood (BNMN) has been evaluated. The study was carried out in a total of 207 men, divided into three groups: an exposed group of 105 individuals working in a smelting plant, an internal reference group with 52 employees at the same mine but in the administrative area, and an external reference group of 50 workers from another copper mine where no significant levels of arsenic were detected. As expected, differences between arsenic levels in urine have been detected between groups, with the exposed group being the one with a higher level of total arsenic in urine, followed by the internal reference group. Despite that, no significant differences in micronuclei frequencies in lymphocytes were detected among these groups. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expressed emotion among white and ethnic minority families of adolescents with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Hoste Renee Rienecke , le Grange Daniel
Published: January 2008

Expressed emotion (EE), a measure of a relative's attitudes and behaviours towards an ill family member, has been found to be related to treatment outcome for both anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Although cultural and ethnic background can influence the way in which family members interact, very little is known about cultural differences in EE among families of an eating disordered adolescent. As part of a treatment study for adolescent BN, 55 patients and 84 parents participated in a structured interview, from which EE ratings were made. White and ethnic minority families were compared on five subscales of EE as well as overall level of EE (high vs. low). No significant differences were found between white and minority families. These findings are consistent with previous studies suggesting that white and minority families of eating disorder patients may share several similarities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Primary prevention of eating disorders: characteristics of effective programmes and how to bring them to broader dissemination
Authors: Berger Uwe , Sowa Melanie , Bormann Bianca , Brix Christina , Strauss Bernhard
Published: January 2008

Objective

Based upon the observation of advances in the primary prevention of eating disorders (ED), it is summarized that school‐based programmes, focusing on risk factors for females with interactive elements, dissonance induction and booster sessions yield significant effects even under strong methodological conditions. However, beyond the presented research findings it remains often unclear, if and how programmes can be brought to a broader dissemination within a community, region or country.

Method

Introducing the programme PriMa (German school‐based programme for the primary prevention of anorexia nervosa (AN) for girls up to the age of 12), we describe the process of programme evaluation (including 1.006 girls from 42 schools in Thuringia, Germany, who participated in a controlled study using a pre‐post‐design and a 3 months follow‐up), programme implementation and development of follow‐up programmes, including an intervention for boys and flanking secondary preventive actions (such as a telephone hotline).

Results

Using standardized measures, the girls in the intervention group of PriMa reported significant improvements in body self esteem, figure dissatisfaction, knowledge and eating attitudes. The teachers, who conducted the programme, felt well qualified and were evaluated significantly positive by their students. Based upon the PriMa evaluation, we established a comprehensive health promotion programme at 60 Thuringian schools within the last 3 years, which could function as a model of a fruitful cooperation between a governmental institution (Thuringian Ministry of Culture) and a research institution (University Hospital Jena).

Conclusions

Existing programmes have the potential for effective prevention of ED. To confirm these effects under ‘real world conditions’ within a given community will still be a great challenge that often requires methodological and organizational concessions and compromises. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
GFAP promoter elements required for region‐specific and astrocyte‐specific expression
Authors: Lee Youngjin , Messing Albee , Su Mu , Brenner Michael
Published: January 2008

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major intermediate filament protein in astrocytes, one of the most abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Transcriptional regulation of GFAP is of interest because of its astrocyte‐specificity and its upregulation during development and CNS injury. A 2.2 kb human GFAP promoter, gfa2, has been found to express in astrocytes throughout the CNS. In contrast, we recently found that the 448 bp gfa28 promoter expresses in only restricted CNS regions, and is active in neurons as well as astrocytes. In the present study we have used transgenic mice to investigate which DNA regions deleted from gfa2 in the formation of gfa28 are responsible for these differences. We have found that a 55 bp segment spanning bp −1488 to −1434 with respect to the RNA start site contains region‐specific elements and that a 45 bp sequence spanning bp −1443 to −1399 is required for silencing expression in neurons. These data also further confirm the heterogeneity of astrocytes and neurons in the activation and repression of the GFAP gene, respectively. These studies also generated a novel 681 bp GFAP promoter, gfaABC1D, that has essentially the same expression pattern as the 2210 bp gfa2 promoter, and about twofold greater activity, recommending it for gene targeting applications in which size matters. In addition, a 681 bp gfaABC1(mC1.1)D variant was generated that could limit expression of transgenes to astrocytes in the dorsal and caudal cortex, hippocampus and caudal vermis of the cerebellum. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin 15 expression in the CNS: Blockade of its activity prevents glial activation after an inflammatory injury
Authors: Gómez‐Nicola Diego , Valle‐Argos Beatriz , Pita‐Thomas D. Wolfgang , Nieto‐Sampedro Manuel
Published: January 2008

Although reactive glia formation after neuronal degeneration or traumatic damage is one of the hallmarks of central nervous system (CNS) injury, we have little information on the signals that direct activation of resting glia. IL‐15, a pro‐inflammatory cytokine involved in regulating the response of T and B cells, may be also key for the regulation of early inflammatory events in the nervous system. IL‐15 was expressed in the CNS, most abundantly in cerebellum and hippocampus, mainly in astrocytes and in some projection neurons. Using a rodent model of acute inflammatory injury [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection], we found enhanced expression of IL‐15 in both reactive astroglia and microglia, soon after CNS injury. Blockade of IL‐15 activity with an antibody to the cytokine, reversed activation of both glial types, suggesting that IL‐15 has a major role in the generation of gliotic tissue and in the regulation of neuroimmune responses. Because IL‐15 appears to modulate the inflammatory environment acutely generated after CNS injury, regulating IL‐15 expression seems a clear antiinflammatory therapy to improve the outcome of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS trauma. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rehabilitative therapies differentially alter proliferation and survival of glial cell populations in the perilesional zone of cortical infarcts
Authors: Keiner Silke , Wurm Fanny , Kunze Albrecht , Witte Otto W. , Redecker Christoph
Published: January 2008

Rehabilitative therapies after stroke are designed to improve remodeling of neuronal circuits and to promote functional recovery. Only very little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms. In particular, the effects of rehabilitative training on glial cells, which play an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, are only poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of rehabilitative therapies on proliferation and survival of distinct glial populations in the perilesional area of photochemically induced focal ischemic infarcts in the forelimb sensorimotor cortex in rats. Immediately after the infarct, one group of animals housed in standard cages received daily sessions of skilled reaching training of the impaired forelimb; a second group was transferred to an enriched environment, whereas a third control group remained in standard cages without further treatment. Functional recovery was assessed in a sensorimotor walking task. To label proliferating cells, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered from day 2 until day 6 postinfarct. Proliferation and survival of astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and immature and mature oligodendrocytes in the perilesional zone were immunocytochemically quantified at day 10 and 42. Using this approach, we demonstrate that enriched environment and reaching training both significantly improve functional recovery of the impaired forelimb. Furthermore, these therapies strongly reduce the proliferation of microglia/macrophages in the perilesional zone, and daily training of the impaired forelimb significantly increased the survival of newly generated astrocytes. Our data, therefore, demonstrate that rehabilitative therapies after cortical infarcts not only improve the functional recovery but also significantly influence the glial response in the perilesional zone. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult olfactory bulbs from primates provide reliable ensheathing glia for cell therapy
Authors: Rubio Mari‐paz , Muñoz‐quiles Cintia , Ramón‐cueto Almudena
Published: January 2008

Olfactory bulb ensheathing glia (OB‐OEG) from adult rodents promote functional and morphological repair after grafting into injured spinal cords. To provide insight into the feasibility of using OB‐OEG in human therapy, we studied OB‐OEG in primates to determine their suitability for spinal cord transplantation. Here, we show that OEG can be obtained from olfactory bulbs of adult macaca mulatta and nemestrina monkeys and compare their characteristics to those obtained from rats. In contrast to rodent OB‐OEG, primate OB‐OEG are nonsenescent, exhibit a longer lifespan, are less sensitive to high oxygen culture environment, and maintain a phenotype suitable for grafting for up to 2.5 months in vitro. Three‐week cultures (short term) derived from a single macaca olfactory bulb provide enough OEG for autologous transplantation at the acute stage of injury, and after long‐term cultures (2.5 months) may yield an additional 20 billion. OEG can be frozen for later use. Therefore, primate adult olfactory bulbs constitute a reliable source of OEG for cell therapy, and successful culture of these cells make autologous transplantation feasible. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erratum: Informant based measures may overestimate cognitive impairment in elderly patients
Authors: Diesfeldt H. F. A.
Published: January 2008

International Journal of Geriatic Psychiatry 2007; 22: 1169–1170. DOI: 10.1002/gps.1900

If has come to our attention that this Letter to the Editor was published without an accompanying Table. We now publish below, the entire Letter as first intended.

We apologise for this anomaly.
Reliving lifelong episodic autobiographical memories via the hippocampus: A correlative resting PET study in healthy middle‐aged subjects
Authors: Piolino Pascale , Desgranges Béatrice , Hubert Valérie , Bernard Frédéric A. , Matuszewski Vanessa , Chételat Gaël , Baron Jean‐Claude , Eustache Francis
Published: January 2008

We aimed at identifying the cerebral structures whose synaptic function subserves the recollection of lifetime's episodic autobiographical memory (AM) via autonoetic consciousness. Twelve healthy middle‐aged subjects (mean age: 59 years ± 2.5) underwent a specially designed cognitive test to assess the ability to relive richly detailed episodic autobiographical memories from five time periods using the Remember/Know procedure. We computed an index of episodicity (number of Remember responses justified by the recall of specific events and details) and an index of retrieval spontaneity, and additionally an index of semanticized memories (number of Know responses). The regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in the resting state, with H2O15 as part of an activation PET study. The indexes were correlated with blood flow using volumes of interest in frontotemporal regions, including hippocampus and voxel‐wise analyses in SPM. With both analyses, significant correlations were mainly found between the index of episodicity and rCBF in the medial temporal lobe, including hippocampus, across the five time periods (unlike the index of semanticized memories) and between the spontaneity index and rCBF in the prefrontal areas. These results highlight, in healthy subjects, the distinct role of these two structures in AM retrieval and support the view that the hippocampus is needed for reexperiencing detailed episodic memories no matter how old they are. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term depression in vivo: Effects of sex, stress, diet, and prenatal ethanol exposure
Authors: Titterness Andrea K. , Christie Brian R.
Published: January 2008

Long‐term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy has proven a difficult phenomenon to examine in vivo, despite the ease with which it is induced in a variety of in vitro preparations. Prior exposure to an acute stressful episode does however seem to enhance the capacity of the hippocampus to exhibit LTD in vivo in male animals. In the present experiments, we examined the capacity for low‐frequency stimuli (low‐frequency stimulation (LFS)) to induce LTD in juvenile male and female animals following an acute stress episode. Interestingly, prior exposure to stress was only required for the induction of LTD in male animals, while both control and stressed female animals exhibited equivalent LTD. In animals that were exposed to ethanol in utero, a similar requirement for prior exposure to stress to elicit LTD was found for male, but not female animals. This prenatal ethanol exposure did not in itself alter the capacity for LTD induction in either sex; however, in utero food restriction did enhance LTD induction in both male and female animals, irrespective of whether they were exposed to stress just prior to being administered LFS. These results indicate that in utero dietary restriction more drastically affects CA1 LTD than in utero ethanol exposure. In addition, female animals seem to exhibit LTD in vivo in the absence of stress much more easily than their male counterparts. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different effects of mild and severe seizures on hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats
Authors: Yang Fang , Wang Jin‐Cun , Han Jun‐Liang , Zhao Gang , Jiang Wen
Published: January 2008

Recent evidence shows that functional neurogenesis exists in the adult hippocampus and that epileptic seizures can increase neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). However, it is unknown whether different seizure severity has different effects on neurogenesis in the DG of adult rats. In this study, we examined hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat mild and severe seizure preparations characterized with frequent wet dog shakes and severe status epilepticus, respectively. Both mild and severe seizures promoted the mitotic activity in the DG, but severe seizures caused a stronger cell proliferative response than mild seizures. Less than 20% of newborn cells in the DG differentiated into neurons in rats suffering severe seizures, whereas more than 60% of newborn dentate cells differentiated into neurons in control and mild seizure groups. Most newborn neurons migrated into the granular cell layer in control and mild seizure groups, but severe seizures were associated with an aberrant migration of newborn neurons into the dentate hilus. Severe seizures induced astrocyte activation and the expression of nestin and the migration directional molecules netrin 1 and Sema‐3A in the hilus, which were not present in the hilus of control and mild seizure‐attacked rats, suggesting that these molecules are involved in the aberrant migration of newborn neurons. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the water temperature regime of the Danube and its tributaries in Croatia
Authors: Bonacci Ognjen , Trninić Dušan , Roje‐Bonacci Tanja
Published: January 2008

Changes in water temperature along stretches of the Kupa, Sava, Drava and Danube Rivers measured in Croatia during the last 20–60 years were investigated. Characteristic (minimum, mean and maximum) annual water temperatures measured at 15 discharge and water temperature stations are analysed. Massive construction on the Danube River basin and on the rivers themselves during the last centuries, as well as recent climate change and/or variability has caused many different and possibly dangerous changes to its water temperature regime. Water temperature, as one of the most important physical characteristics of river water, strongly affects all other physical, chemical and biological processes in the river system. The investigation focuses on changes that have occurred during the last 20‐odd years, probably caused by climate change and/or variability. Methods of rescaled adjusted partial sums (RAPS) as well as regression and correlation analyses are used in order to explain changes in water temperature regimes. The water‐air temperature relationship is also discussed in the article. In all analysed cases, water temperature is strongly and directly affected by air temperature. There is evidence in the time series of rises in the minimum and mean annual water temperatures of the River Danube and its main tributaries in Croatia (the Kupa, Sava and Drava Rivers). The rising of mean annual air as well as water temperatures is shown to have started in 1988. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐depth monitoring of electrical conductivity and temperature of groundwater at a multilayered coastal aquifer: Jeju Island, Korea
Authors: Kim Kue‐Young , Chon Chul‐Min , Park Ki‐Hwa , Park Yun‐Seok , Woo Nam‐Chil
Published: January 2008

To supplement conventional geophysical log data, this study presents temporal variations in electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature with depth in a multilayered coastal aquifer, on the eastern part of Jeju Island, Korea. One‐month time‐series data obtained at eight points from a multi‐depth monitoring system showed that semidiurnal and semimonthly tidal variations induced dynamic fluctuations in EC and temperature. At some depths, EC ranged from 1483 to 26 822 µS cm−1, while some points showed no significant variations. The results of EC log and time‐series data revealed that a sharp fresh‐saltwater interface occurred at low tide, but the diffusion zone broadened to 20 m at high tide. EC, temperature, and tide level data were used for the cross‐correlation analysis. The response time of EC and temperature to tide appears to range from less than 30 min to 11 h. Using end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA), the fraction of variations of chloride concentration in the multilayered aquifer was explained, and a conceptual model was developed which subdivided the coastal aquifer into four vertical zones. The percentage of water derived from seawater varied from 2 to 48 at specific depth, owing to tidal fluctuations. Continuous observations of EC and temperature at multiple depths are powerful tools for quantifying the transport of saline water by tidal variations in multilayered coastal aquifers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylation pattern of the O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase gene in colon during progressive colorectal tumorigenesis
Authors: Nagasaka Takeshi , Goel Ajay , Notohara Kenji , Takahata Takaomi , Sasamoto Hiromi , Uchida Takuyuki , Nishida Naoshi , Tanaka Noriaki , Boland Clement Richard , Matsubara Nagahide
Published: January 2008

O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair gene which is frequently methylated in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, it remains controversial whether methylation of specific CpG sequences within MGMT promoter leads to loss of its protein expression, and if MGMT methylation correlates with G to A transition mutations in KRAS. Two methylation sensitive regions (Mp and Eh region) of MGMT promoter were investigated in 593 specimens of colorectal tissue: 233 CRCs, 104 adenomatous polyps (AP), 220 normal colonic mucosa from CRC patients (N‐C) and 36 normal colonic mucosa specimens obtained from subjects without colorectal neoplasia (N‐N) by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). The region‐specific methylation data were compared to the MGMT protein expression, spectrum of KRAS mutations and other clinical features. Extensive (including both Mp and Eh) and partial (either Mp or Eh) MGMT methylation were found in 24.5% and 11.6% of CRCs, 3.8% and 27.9% of APs, 0.5% and 7.7% of C‐Ns and 2.8% and 2.8% of N‐Ns, respectively. Extensive methylation of MGMT promoter was primarily present in CRCs while partial methylation was common in APs. Extensive methylation of MGMT promoter was associated with loss/reduced protein expression (p < 0.0001), as well as with G to A mutations in KRAS (p = 0.0017). We herein provide first evidence that extensive methylation of MGMT promoter region is essential for methylation‐induced silencing of this gene. Our data suggest that MGMT methylation may evolve and spread throughout the promoter in a stepwise manner as the colonic epithelial cells progress through the classical‐adenoma‐cancer multistep cascade. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.