bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wasteless processing of ladle furnace and electric arc furnace slag
Authors: Sheshukov O. Yu. , Egiazar’yan D. K. , Lobanov D. A.
Published: April 2021

The actual problem of mineral resources depletion in ferrous metallurgy can be effectively solved by complex reuse of technogenic waste. That waste is mostly presented by EAF (electric arc furnace) slag and LF (ladle furnace) slag. These two kinds of slag have no complex full utilization. The residues of slag are going to the dump and then the slag dump locations pollute the environment. However, the residues of EAF and LF slag can be transformed into the valuable industrial product by interaction of the slag components. This work presents the research for joint wasteless processing of EAF and LF slag with production of Portland clinker and cast iron. The article describes disadvantages of known methods of each slag processing; the paper also shows the significance of LF slag utilization. Design and calculations of the research are presented as well as its experiment methodology. The final results show five chemical compositions for the mixtures, which allow the complex processing of this slag without any waste left. Such processing provides the production of cast iron and Portland clinker both meeting requirements of normative documents. The paper also describes the results of viscosity measurements of slag compositions, the obtained slag phases, and presents the final temperature conditions. The work also considers the results of industrial tests for the developed processing technology and a complete technological chain involving the use of tilt rotary furnaces.
Thermodynamics of nitrogen solutions in liquid nickel
Authors: Bolʼshov L. A. , Korneichuk S. K. , Bolʼshova E. L.
Published: April 2021

The simplest model of the structure and interatomic interaction is applied to nitrogen solutions in liquid alloys of Fe – Ni system, which earlier (2019) was used by the authors for nitrogen solutions in alloys of Fe – Cr system. The principles of statistical mechanics are used in this model. Thus, three formulas were obtained. The first formula expresses the Sieverts law constant for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid nickel through a similar constant for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron and the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in low-concentration liquid iron-base alloys. The second formula expresses the partial enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid nickel during the formation of an infinitely dilute solution through a similar value for dissolution of nitrogen in liquid iron and the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in iron-base liquid alloys. The third formula expresses the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with iron in low-concentration liquid nickel-base alloys through the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in liquid iron-base alloys. The constant of the Sieverts law for the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron at T = 1873 K is assumed to be 0.044 mass. %. The partial enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid iron assumed to be 5.0 kJ/mol. For Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with nickel in iron-base liquid alloys at 1873 K three variants of values were studied: 2.4, 2.6, and 2.85. For the first option, theoretical value of the Sieverts law constant for solubility of nitrogen in liquid nickel at T = 1873 K, equal to 0.00195 mass. % was obtained. Theoretical value of the enthalpy of dissolution of nitrogen in liquid nickel is 52.7 kJ/mol. Theoretical value of the Wagner interaction coefficient of nitrogen with iron in nickel-base liquid alloys is –4.0. The agreement of theory with experiment seems to be satisfactory.
Carbon footprint of Russia: realities and prospects of economic development
Authors: Kharitonova N. A. , Kharitonova E. N. , Pulyaeva V. N.
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the key aspects of the problem of determining the “carbon footprint” of industrial production. Rapidly increasing greenhouse gas emission within the past two centuries can cause irreversible changes in the Earth’s climate. Various manufacturing industries including “production and consumption of energy” create more than half of the “Earth’s carbon footprint”. The authors present a brief analytical overview of the “carbon footprint” problem in the context of solving a significant issue of global warming. They suggest references to current research and publications of Italian, Chinese and Spanish scientists. For example, Italian researchers proved that social innovations as well as transition to low-carbon technologies can be of good effect in reducing the “carbon footprint”. Chinese researchers (by analyzing 45-year-long data on the quantity of developed natural resources, energy consumption and population growth, “carbon footprint” and carbon dioxide emissions in the USA) proved that in the long-term perspective consumption of natural resources and renewable energy sources can improve the quality of the environment while population growth and consumption of non-renewable energy sources can contribute to its deterioration. Spanish researchers explored the connection between the “carbon footprint” and national peculiarities of people’s life. They listed the basic features of current energy transformation of the global economy (towards increasing the volume of renewable energy sources). The authors considered basic methods of regulating the “carbon footprint” of industrial production: by means of legal prohibition or improvement of pricing mechanism. They introduce the “Strategy of long-term development of Russia with low level of greenhouse gases till 2050”. The article contains information on reporting of greenhouse gas emissions in Russia.
Lysurus cruciatus (Phallaceae, Fungi), a phalloid species new to the Hungarian Basidiomycota
Authors: Locsmándi Csaba , Kovács Gábor
Published: April 2021

Lysurus cruciatus is recorded as new to Hungary. Basidiomata of Lysurus cruciatus were detected in two localities of steppe grassland of Hortobágy, in years 2014, 2015 and 2017. Field observation, macro- and micromorphological description and taxonomic discussion of Lysurus cruciatus and a key of the stinkhorn species (Phallales) detected in Hungary are provided.
Influence of internal stresses in steel as a factor of corrosion cracking and destruction of drill pipes during their operation
Authors: Sazonov Yu. B. , Komissarov A. A. , Ozherelkov D. Yu. , Ten D. V.
Published: April 2021

Drill pipes in the oil-gas industry play a major role in the extraction of petroleum products. These pipes are the main link in the drilling rig, these pipes create the necessary rotation and transfer the load to the cutting element (chisels), and they also serve to lift working tools from the bottom of the well to the surface. The main goal of the drill pipe is to supply the drilling fluid, which performs the function of cooling the bit. The destruction of such pipes leads to large economic losses, therefore, these pipes must have high quality primarily in terms of mechanical properties. Based on the foregoing, this work is aimed at studying the causes of accidental destruction of steel drill pipes during their operation in the presence of an increased level of internal stresses in them. As the main method for assessing the level of residual internal stresses, a method is proposed for measuring the groove width during the longitudinal opening of ring samples cut from the body wall of drill pipes. This method is distinguished by its clarity and high speed of obtaining the result. The increased level of internal residual stresses, combined with external working loads during operation, leads to a significant reduction in the service life of drill pipes under the influence of corrosion cracking mechanism.
Calculation of the carbon index of steel rolled products
Authors: Butorina I. V. , Butorina M. V.
Published: April 2021

A method for calculating the carbon index, i.e. CO2 emissions in the production of a ton of rolled steel and intermediate products is proposed. The data on the use of various types of energy carriers in the production of sinter, coke, cast iron, steel and rolled products are presented. Carbon indexes for the production of these products are calculated and ways to reduce them are analyzed. It is shown that the carbon index of the production of a ton of rolled steel obtained for converter steel is slightly lower than the same index for the EU steelmaking enterprises, but the total carbon index of Russian rolled steel is 6.6 to 46 % higher than the European one due to the low share of electrometallurgy use in our country. Increasing the proportion of steel smelted in electric furnaces is the only viable way to reduce the carbon footprint to European levels and lower the carbon tax stipulated in the Paris Climate Agreement.
RELEVANCE OF FURTHER CLINICAL TRIALS OF THE USE OF MELATONIN IN ADJUVANT CANCER THERAPY
Authors: Smorodin Е. Р.
Published: April 2021

The review was compiled from a PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google search, which showed a lack  of information on clinical studies of melatonin (M) in oncology, despite numerous and promising experimental results. In preliminary clinical studies carried out by P. Lissony and his co‑authors, the therapeutic potential  of M as an adjuvant in chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy at different tumor localizations  is noted. M alleviates the toxic effect of standard therapy and, according to the authors’ observations, increases its effectiveness. Exogenous M can be in demand as a circadian rhythm synchronizer for rehabilitation and im‑ provement of the quality of life of patients, because reduces distress and improves sleep, and in supportive and palliative therapy. Oncostatic activity of M is associated with the effect on: a) homeostasis and circadian rhythms, b) inflammation, cooperation of immunocytes and cytokine production in the tumor microenvironment, c) gene expression and signalling pathways associated with angiogenesis, proliferation and metastasis, d) metabolism, hypoxia and oxidative stress, e) apoptosis and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The review contains the following sections:  physiological and pharmacological studies, epidemiological studies, clinical studies, the immunoregulatory role of melatonin, experimental studies. Currently, randomized  and long‑term clinical studies of homogeneous groups of patients with tumor stages II−III are in demand  for statistical processing of information of the M influence on the side effects of standard therapy, on the dy‑ namics of the disease, clinical parameters, as well as on the quality and duration of life after the main treatment.
LIPOSOMES AS A TARGETED DELIVERY SYSTEM OF DRUGS (REVIEW)
Authors: Gorbik V. S. , Shprakh Z. S. , Kozlova Z. M. , Salova V. G.
Published: April 2021

Liposomal targeted drug delivery makes it possible to achieve effective concentration in the target cell under various pathological conditions. The main advantage of liposomal particles is their biodegradability and immunological neutrality, which improves the safety profile of drugs. The review provides information on the composition of liposomes: the main component of the liposomal membrane is phospholipids, which provide its strength and protect from mechanical impacts. Liposomal particles are distinguished by the size and number of bilayer membranes, also secreted liposomes with a non‑lamellar organization. The composition and size of liposomes are selected depending on the purpose, including excipients in the membrane that affect the properties and functions of liposomes, including the rate of release of the components, the affinity of liposomes for the target tissue, etc. The review considers the main methods for obtaining liposomes and the features of their use, advantages and disadvantages. The creation of liposomes that are sensitive to various external or internal physicochemical factors makes it possible to realize drugs effects, localize the site of its action and reduce the number and severity of side effects. Currently, liposome‑based drugs are successfully used in various fields of medicine – dermatology, cardiology, oncology, neurology, etc. The most active condact preclinical and clinical studies of liposomal drugs for the treatment of malignant neoplasms. Particular attention is paid to the work of Russian researchers in the field of targeted drug delivery. It is shown that today liposomes are an open for study and improvement system for targeted drug delivery.
3‑HYDROXYQUINAZOLINE DERIVATIVE, AN ANALOGUE OF ERASTIN, INDUCES FERROPTOSIS IN METASTATIC MELANOMA CELLS
Authors: Borisova L. M. , Osipov V. N. , Gusev D. V. , Golubeva I. S. , Kiseleva M. Р. , Vartanian А. A.
Published: April 2021

Introduction. The main cause of clinical progression of tumor under the conditions of treatment is the resistance. Reactivate apoptosis in resistant to chemotherapy cells is impossible, the tumor grows into an irreversible growth phase. Recently published data on the ability of ferroptosis inducers to induce the death of resistant cells opens up new possibilities for improving the effectiveness of antitumor therapy.

The purpose of the study – assessment of the mechanism of ferroptosis induction of the synthesized analogue of erastin OVN‑002 on Mel Z melanoma cells and investigation of its antitumor activity on transplanatated B‑16 melanoma of mice.

Materials and methods. In this study 2D cultivation of metastatic Mel Z melanoma cells, phase‑contrast and fluorescence microscopy, and a model of experimental growth of B‑16 melanoma in female hybrids of immu‑ nocompetent mice F1 (C57Bl/6 × DBA / 2) were used. The antitumor effect was evaluated by measurement of tumor growth inhibition (TGI,  %) and increase of life span of the treated animals as compared to the control ones.

Results. The cytotoxic activity of OVN‑002 was equal to the activity of erastin on metastatic melanoma cells Mel Z: 744 ± 20 and 719 ± 20 a. u., respectively. OVN‑002 at a dose 50 mg / kg reduced the growth of experimental melanoma B‑16 about 81 % (TGI 81–57 %, p <0.05). The effect was stable up to 7th day, while erastin showed only a direct antitumor effect (TGI 65 %, p <0.05).

Conclusion. The data obtained suggest that OVN‑002 might be considered as a novel antitumor agent.
SELECTION OF A CRYOPROTECTOR FOR PRODUCTION A LYOPHILIZED LIPOSOMAL DOSAGE FORM OF THE INDOLOCARBAZOLE DERIVATIVE LHS‑1269
Authors: Dmitrieva M. V. , Lugen Bu , Polozkova A. Р. , Orlova О. L. , Krasnyuk I. I. , Krasnyuk(jr.) I. I.
Published: April 2021

Introduction. One of the key tasks in freeze‑drying of drug is to choose the optimal cryoprotector that provides a high‑quality lyophilized product.

The aim of research. Selection of cryoprotectant and its concentration for the preparation of lyophilizate of the liposomal dosage form of the indolocarbazole derivative LHS‑1269.

Materials and methods. Substance LHS‑1269 ≥99 % (N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Onco logy), egg phosphatidylcholine Е РС S (Lipoid, Germany), cholesterol ≥99 % (Sigma‑Aldrich, Japan), polyethylene glycol‑2000‑distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (Lipoid, Germany), mannose‑d (+) 99 % (Kaden, Germany), sucrose (Himmed, Russia), trehalose dihydrate (Himmed, Russia). To obtain LHS‑1269 liposomes, the Bangham method was used in modification for hydrophobic substances with subsequent extrusion of the dispersion of multilayer phos‑ pholipid vesicles. The prepared liposomal dispersion was dosed into vials of 6 ml and lyophilized in the freeze‑dryng chamber using the «step‑by‑step» freezing mode. LHS‑1269 liposomes were analyzed before and after freeze‑drying using laser scattering spectroscopy and determination of the electrophoretic mobility of particles.

Results. To prevent the destruction of LHS‑1269 liposomes during lyophilization, substances from the carbohy‑ drates class – mannose, sucrose and trehalose – were studied in two concentrations. In the course of compara‑ tive evaluation of the obtained lyophilizates in terms of quality, appearance, rehydration, size and zeta potential of liposomes before and after sublimation, it was found that sucrose introduced into the liposomal dosage form LHS‑1269 in the molar ratio sucrose / egg phosphatidylcholine 5:1 has optimal cryoprotective properties.

Conclusion. As a result of the study, the optimal cryoprotector and its concentration were selected, which ensure the production of high‑quality lyophilizate of the liposomal composition of the indolocarbazole derivative LHS‑1269.
Macromycetes Determined in Tonya (Trabzon) District
Authors: UZUN Yasin , KAYA Abdullah
Published: April 2021

This study is based on the macrofungi specimens collected from Tonya district of Trabzon province. As a result, 216 macromycete species belonging to 150 genera, 73 families, 23 orders, and 8 classes, within Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were determined. The list of the determined taxa was provided together with their habitats, collection dates, and collector numbers.

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Örtüaltı Hıyar Yetiştiriciliğinde Sorun Olan Kök-ur Nematodlari (Meloidogyne spp.)’na Karşı Kimyasal Mücadeleye Altaernatif Mücadele Olanaklarinin Araştırılması
Authors: AYHAN Mehmet , KEPENEKÇİ İlker
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışma, örtüaltı hıyar yetiştiriciliğinde sorun olan kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na karşı kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif mücadele olanaklarını araştırmak amacıyla 2017-2018 yıllarında Kocaeli ilinde yürütülmüştür. Denemeler, saksı denemesi şeklinde tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 8 karakter ve 10 tekerrürlü olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneme yerleri Başiskele ilçesi Kullar mahallesinde yer alan üreticiye ve Arslanbey Meslek Yüksek Okulu’na ait ısıtmasız seralardır. Domates saf kültürden elde edilen ikinci dönem kök-ur nematodu (Meloidogyne incognita) larvaları, Ceylan F1 hıyar çeşidi bitkileri, Hint hardalı (Barassicae Juncae), Kadife çiçeği (Tagetes erecta) bitki aksamları, Susam yağı (Nemax®), Trichoderma herzianum Rifai KRL-AG2 4x106 spor/g (T-22 Planter Box®), Arbüskülar Mikorizal Fungus (Endo root®, %23,5 canlı Glomus spp.) ve karşılaştırma ilacı Fenamiphos etken maddeli (Nemasat®) denemenin materyallerini oluşturmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda, uygulama yapılan tüm karakterlerin pozitif kontrolle göre daha düşük ur skala değerlerine sahip oldukları ve istatistiki olarak (P ≤ 0,05) farklı gruplarda yer aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; kök-ur nematodlarının hıyar bitkisinde oluşturduğu urların engellenmesi, topraktaki nematod sayısının azaltılması, daha az yumurta kümesi oluşumu, bitki boyunu artırıcı etkisi, bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlığına, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığına etkileri bakımından her bir saksıya 50 g Hint hardalı yeşil aksam uygulamalarının etkisi diğer karakterlerdeki uygulamalara göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Hint hardalından sonra Trichoderma harzianum ve Susam yağı karakterleri etkili bulunmuştur. Pozitif kontrole göre, tüm uygulama karakterlerinde yumurta kümesi miktarı ve urlanmanın azaldığı, bitki gelişim parametrelerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında tüm uygulamaların hıyar yetiştiriciliğinde kök-ur nematodlarının alternatif mücadelesinde kullanılabileceği kanısına varılmıştır.
DA CONSTRUÇÃO DO CURRÍCULO À APRENDIZAGEM SIGNIFICATIVA: A PRÁTICA DOCENTE DE GEOGRAFIA NA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS
Authors: Souza Camila Vianna de , Silva Tiago Dionísio da
Published: April 2021

O trabalho visa apresentar a realidade do contexto educacional contemporâneo da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) para compreender os estudantes como sujeitos e objetos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, ou seja, a realidade, os lugares de vivências, suas rotinas e referências culturais são centralidades deste artigo. Desse modo, os professores podem organizar e planejar o currículo para que a construção do conhecimento tenha sentido e significado na vida dos discentes. A pesquisa também apresenta uma análise da estrutura curricular da disciplina de Geografia na modalidade Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) no município de Duque de Caxias, RJ. As discussões presentes neste artigo apontam para a necessidade da reconfiguração do currículo escolar do referido município, e para a relevância de se trabalhar com os conteúdos a partir das práticas socioespaciais dos discentes, pois assim os estudantes podem se (re) conhecer dentro de sua realidade, possibilitando a aprendizagem significativa e tornando o discente um sujeito do processo didático-pedagógico em Geografia.
¿Qué formas organizacionales y prácticas productivas favorecen la autonomía de los pequeños y medianos productores? Análisis comparativo de casos de cooperativas de pequeños y medianos productores de Brasil, Francia y Argentina
Authors: Carricart Pedro
Published: April 2021

El artículo tiene como propósito realizar una reflexión crítica sobre las formas organizacionales colectivas y sus impactos sobre la mayor o menor autonomía de los pequeños y medianos productores.Para ello, este trabajo pone en discusión la acción colectiva institucionalizada (Bustos Cara, 2002) como forma concreta de acceso a reducir costos, a la colocación de sus productos o la obtención de insumos y servicios de distinta índole, como algunas de sus formas de prestación de servicios.El estudio realiza un análisis de los pequeños y medianos productores ligados a esas organizaciones colectivas y los procesos actuales de transición a sistemas de producción más autónomos asociados a tener una libertad de decisión, libertad financiera, libertad del proceso productivo y libertad en la organización del trabajo (Gasselin, 2016).El trabajo se basa en el estudio ede tres casos. Uno vinculado a las trayectorias organizacionales y de diversidad territorial, de cooperativas brasileñas en los estados de Minas Gerais y Pará. Otro caso son las cooperativas de la maquinaria agrícola (CUMA) en Francia, en especial las localizadas en el sur de dicho país. Por último, las cooperativas agrícola-ganaderas de la región pampeana de Argentina.En los resultados se pone en discusión si los productores integrados en formas colectivas adquieren una mayor o menor autonomía o su participación en estas organizaciones les significa un empoderamiento y acceso que individualmente no podrían lograr.Si la autonomía puede ser entendida como la reducción de la dependencia externa de los productores, el trabajo plantea también la necesidad de indagarse sobre los procesos de agro ecologización de los sistemas agrícolas, que tendrían entre sus objetivos lograr una mayor autonomía del productor.
Produção, custo e bem estar de galinha caipira da linhagem Embrapa 051 na agricultura familiar
Authors: Albuquerque Marina Farias , Garcia Amélia Maria Lima , Silva Igor Honorato Leduino
Published: April 2021

A criação de galinhas caipiras é uma prática comum a agricultura familiar, que propicia as famílias produtoras: renda extra, diversificação de produção e proteínas de qualidade. Consumidores preocupam-se cada vez mais com o bem-estar animal. Sistemas semi-intensivos podem proporcionar melhores níveis de bem-estar e manter bons níveis de produtividade. Assim, o objetivo foi analisar economicamente uma criação de poedeiras da linhagem Embrapa 051, verificar a viabilidade do modelo na agricultura familiar, e conferir os níveis de bem-estar animal das aves. Foram usadas 104 pintainhas de 1 dia. O início da postura ocorreu na 22ª semana, com pico de produção na 39ª semana, apresentando 77% de postura. Calculou-se: COT R$ 6.114,57, COE R$ 4.284,07 (70,06% do COT), RB R$ 6.947,00 e IL em torno de 12%. Os resultados foram positivos, porém com uma baixa lucratividade mensal. Devido a elevada taxa de mortalidade os critérios de bem-estar não foram atendidos.
EVOLUÇÃO, TIPOLOGIA DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO E ESTRATÉGIAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO AGRÍCOLA
Authors: Carbonera Roberto , Jesus Duglas De , Basso Nilvo , Uhde Leonir Terezinha , Sebastiany Carlos Adalberto , Bottega Augustinho Alcione
Published: April 2021

O desenvolvimento da agricultura faz emergir a diversidade de sistemas de produção. Diante disso, realizou-se o diagnóstico da agricultura do município de São Miguel das Missões, RS, que abriga o sítio arqueológico São Miguel Arcanjo, patrimônio cultural da humanidade. Estudou-se a evolução da agricultura, o zoneamento agroecológico, a caracterização dos sistemas de produção e a definição de estratégicas de desenvolvimento. Realizaram-se quarenta e cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas junto a unidades de produção no primeiro e segundo semestres de 2017. Foram utilizados, também, mapas temáticos e dados secundários. As unidades de produção familiar, com menos de 50 hectares, representam 76,4% dos estabelecimentos e ocupam 13,13% da área, enquanto as unidades de produção com mais de 200 hectares representam 9%, mas detém 68,5% da área agrícola. A agricultura evoluiu em cinco períodos de acordo com fatos ecológicos, técnicos e socioeconômicos, porém possui uma experiência de mais de duzentos anos de criação de bovinos de corte. Foram identificados catorze tipos de sistemas de produção, que representam a diversidade técnica e socioeconômica da agricultura. Entre os tipos, três são caracterizados como patronais de grande porte, seis patronais e familiares de médio porte e cinco tipos de agricultores familiares de pequeno porte. Dois tipos de agricultores familiares de pequeno porte não atingem o nível de reprodução social e um tipo pecuarista familiar encontra dificuldade de se viabilizar. Estes tipos deveriam ser prioridades de políticas públicas para auxiliar na superação de seus entraves de desenvolvimento.
Structural Changes in the Market of Bank Deposits of Households in Ukraine
Authors: Kichurchak Marianna
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the article is to identify the main factors that cause the structural changes in the market of bank deposits of households by regions of Ukraine. This is based on evaluating the spatial asymmetries in this market development in 2009–2018 by regions of Ukraine and identifying the factors that influences its structure by gross regional product (GRP) by means of the methodology of multivariate econometric modelling.

Methodology. The following scientific methods are used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative analysis and econometric modelling. The scope and coefficients of variation for such indicators as the share of household bank deposits by GRP, the volume of household bank deposits per capita, the structure of household bank deposits by terms in general, in national and foreign currencies are calculated. Determining the main factors for multiple regression equations influencing structural changes in the market of household bank deposits by GRP is based on the methodology of stepwise regression.

Results of the research. The spatial peculiarities of household bank deposits development in Ukraine was analysed and the reduction of its capacity was revealed due to the unfavourable socio-economic situation, the reform of the banking system and the influence of geopolitical factors. Based on the assessment of variation indicators dynamics, it was found that this market is characterised by regional asymmetries in terms of types of currencies and placement of household deposits. Regression-correlation equations were built, in which the shares of household deposits by regions of Ukraine (Y1, % GRP), in national currency (Y2, % GRP) and foreign currency (Y3, % GRP) are selected as dependent variables. The following measures are proposed to achieve positive changes in the market of household bank deposits in Ukraine: reducing unemployment; creation of favourable conditions for increasing the average monthly salary in the regions and modifying household spending to make savings; formation of an appropriate interest rate policy aimed at actively attracting temporarily available funds of the population to commercial banks.
ROLE OF TRACE ELEMENTS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors:   Volgograd State Medical University, Muzyko E.A. , Laschenova L.I. ,   Volgograd State Medical University, Tkacheva G.A. ,   Volgograd State Socio-Pedagogical University, Perfilova V.N. ,   Volgograd State Medical University
Published: April 2021

Trace elements take part in the implementation of the most important metabolic processes of the body. Violation of trace element homeostasis during pregnancy leads to the formation of various pathologies. Deficiency of zinc, manganese, selenium and cobalt, high or low copper content in the blood of a pregnant woman increases the risk of developing preeclampsia, anemia and miscarriages. А low boron content is observed with gestational diabetes mellitus and chronic arterial hypertension in pregnant women. Cobalt deficiency is associated with an increased risk of premature birth, the development of iron deficiency anemia, and arterial hypertension during gestation. A sufficient amount of molybdenum is necessary for the onset of pregnancy, its lack leads to a change in carbohydrate metabolism, the formation of xanthine stones, the occurrence of nausea, anemia and caries in pregnant women. Nickel deficiency leads to the development of iron deficiency anemia and impairment of reproductive function, and its excess can contribute to the formation of gestational diabetes mellitus. The addition of trivalent chromium to the diet of women with polycystic ovary syndrome increases the likelihood of pregnancy, and an excess of its hexavalent form positively correlates with the risk of developing preeclampsia and premature rupture of membranes. The increased consumption of Ni, Cr6+ and F has an adverse effect on the health of the pregnant woman. To fully understand the role of trace elements in ensuring maternal health and the proper development of the fetus, further studies of their concentrations and control values in amniotic fluid, maternal serum and umbilical cord blood during pregnancy are needed to determine the optimal level of supplementation and to quickly diagnose maternal and embryonic mineral metabolic disorders.
ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS OF LABORATORY ANIMALS AFTER EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM IN A SUB-EXPERIMENT
Authors:   Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Smolyankin D.A. , Timasheva G.V. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Khusnutdinova N.Yu. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Baygildin S.S. ,   Bashkir State University, Repina E.F. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Fazlyeva A.S. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ziatdinova M.M. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Valova Ya.V. ,   Bashkir State University
Published: April 2021

The paper presents the results of studies of metabolic changes in the blood serum of rats on the background of oral administration of cadmium chloride for 2 months. Elevated serum hepatic enzymes are the main indicator of damage to hepatocytes caused by cadmium poisoning. It was shown that in three experimental groups of rats, which were intragastrically injected with CdCl2, the level of activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase was significantly increased compared to the control; on average, the increase in biochemical parameters was 31.8%, 12.9% and 21.9%, respectively. A decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood serum of experimental animals, depending on the increase in the dose of the pollutant, is a consequence of the degree of heavy metal damage to the epithelium of the bile ducts. High levels of biochemical parameters of the renal profile, uric acid (UA) and urea, due to impaired glomerular filtration are shown. The noted decrease in the concentration of UA (by 22,3 %) in the 1st experimental group of rats to the level of 87,4±11,6 μmol/L, relative to the negative control (112,5±4,0 μmol/L), indicates a general pathology of the urinary systems induced by heavy metal. The revealed deviations in the indicators of the main biochemical markers of liver and kidney damage serve as a reliable argument characterizing cadmium as a pronounced hepato- and nephrotoxicant.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MADU SUMBAWA DAN MADU OLAHAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA EPIDIDIMIS DOMBA SETELAH PENYIMPANAN DALAM REFRIGERATOR
Authors: Ludfiyaningrum Siti Diyani , Gustari Sri
Published: April 2021

Artificial Insemination is used to conserve genetic resources. It is necessary to preserve spermatozoa in a certain diluent at certain temperature before artificial insemination. Information regarding the use of honey in the spermatozoa diluent is still less in number. This research aims to determine the effect of Sumbawa honey and processed honey in various concentrations on the quality of spermatozoa after storage in refrigerator. The main materials used were five ram testicles. Spermatozoa was collected from cauda epididymis by mincing and adding 5 ml PBS. The sample were divided into 7 groups of treatment: 1% Sumbawa honey, 2% Sumbawa honey, 3% Sumbawa honey, 1% processed honey, 2% processed honey, 3% processed honey, and control using 0.5 gram glucose in 100 ml Tris diluent. The assessment was carried out microscopically including motility and viability. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance (Anova) on the SPSS statistics 16.0 program. The results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the motility and viability of spermatozoa in all treatment of Sumbawa honey (1%, 2%, 3%), processed honey (1%, 2%, 3%), and control. The conclusion of this study is that honey in spermatozoa diluent has no effect on the quality of spermatozoa.
THE EFFECT OF WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus) RIND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON THE NUMBER OF LEYDIG, SERTOLI, AND SPERMATOGENIC CELLS OF RAT (Rattus novergicus) EXPOSED TO HEAT
Authors: Pratama Abrian Panggalih Indra , Susilowati Suherni , Maslachah Lilik , Ratnani Hermin , Suprayogi Tri Wahyu
Published: April 2021

High temperatures lead to oxidative stress, which can disturb spermatogenesis process. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) peel contain antioxidant expected to compensate oxidative stress due to heat stress exposure. This study aimed to determine the effect of watermelon rind ethanolic extract on the number of Leydig, Sertoli, and spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to heat (40°C). Twenty rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided randomly into five groups. In the control group (T0) rats were not exposed to heat nor given the watermelon rind extract. T1, T2, T3, and T4 groups were exposed to heat for an hour daily and orally given placebo (1% Na CMC), 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW of watermelon rind extract (in 1% Na CMC). Rats were treated for 52 days, and sacrificed for the testicle collection. Hematoxylin-eosin stained histological slides were prepared for the examination of Leydig, Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. The results showed no significant difference (p >0.05) in the average number of Leydig cells in rats among groups. The number of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to heat (T1) was lower than those of the normal rats (T0 group). The dose of watermelon rind ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg BW (T3 group) and 400 mg/kg BW (T4) increased (p <0.05) the number of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. It could be concluded that a dose of 400mg/kg BW of watermelon rind ethanolic extract maintained the number of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to heat.
Artificial Neural Network as a Universal Model of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
Authors:   Laboratory of topological methods in dynamics,
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Kuptsov P. V. ,   Institute of electronics and mechanical engineering,
Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Kuptsova A. V. ,   Laboratory of topological methods in dynamics,
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Stankevich N. V.
Published: April 2021

We suggest a universal map capable of recovering the behavior of a wide range of dynamical systems given by ODEs. The map is built as an artificial neural network whose weights encode a modeled system. We assume that ODEs are known and prepare training datasets using the equations directly without computing numerical time series. Parameter variations are taken into account in the course of training so that the network model captures bifurcation scenarios of the modeled system. The theoretical benefit from this approach is that the universal model admits applying common mathematical methods without needing to develop a unique theory for each particular dynamical equations. From the practical point of view the developed method can be considered as an alternative numerical method for solving dynamical ODEs suitable for running on contemporary neural network specific hardware. We consider the Lorenz system, the Rössler system and also the Hindmarch – Rose model. For these three examples the network model is created and its dynamics is compared with ordinary numerical solutions. A high similarity is observed for visual images of attractors, power spectra, bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents.
Stable Arcs Connecting Polar Cascades on a Torus
Authors:   Higher School of Economics — Nizhny Novgorod, Pochinka O. V. ,   Higher School of Economics — Nizhny Novgorod, Nozdrinova E. V.
Published: April 2021

In the article, the components of the stable isotopic connection of polar gradient-like diffeomorphisms on a two-dimensional torus are found under the assumption that all non-wandering points are fixed and have a positive orientation type.
Dynamics of a Controlled Articulated $n$-trailer Wheeled Vehicle
Authors:   Chuvash State University, Mikishanina E. A.
Published: April 2021

This article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of movement of an articulated $n$-trailer wheeled vehicle with a controlled leading car. Each link of the vehicle can rotate relative to its point of fixation. It is shown that, in the case of a controlled leading car, only nonholonomic constraint equations are sufficient to describe the dynamics of the system, which in turn form a closed system of differential equations. For a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the system, the cases of movement of a wheeled vehicle consisting of three symmetric links are considered, and the leading link (leading car) moves both uniformly along a circle and with a modulo variable velocity along a certain curved trajectory. The angular velocity remains constant in both cases. In the first case, the system is integrable and analytical solutions are obtained. In the second case, when the linear velocity is a periodic function, the solutions of the problem are also periodic. In numerical experiments with a large number of trailers, similar dynamics are observed.
Nonlinear Processes in Safety Systems for Substances with Parameters Close to a Critical State
Authors:   Udmurt Federal Research Center UB RAS, Koroleva M. R. ,   Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Mishchenkova O. V. ,   Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Tenenev V. A. ,   Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Raeder T.
Published: April 2021

The paper presents a modification of the digital method by S. K. Godunov for calculating real gas flows under conditions close to a critical state. The method is generalized to the case of the Van der Waals equation of state using the local approximation algorithm. Test calculations of flows in a shock tube have shown the validity of this approach for the mathematical description of gas-dynamic processes in real gases with shock waves and contact discontinuity both in areas with classical and nonclassical behavior patterns. The modified digital scheme by Godunov with local approximation of the Van der Waals equation by a two-term equation of state was used for simulating a spatial flow of real gas based on Navier – Stokes equations in the area of a complex shape, which is characteristic of the internal space of a safety valve. We have demonstrated that, under near-critical conditions, areas of nonclassical gas behavior may appear, which affects the nature of flows. We have studied nonlinear processes in a safety valve arising from the movement of the shut-off element, which are also determined by the device design features and the gas flow conditions.
The Influence of Personal Factor on US Foreign Policy (Secretary of State John Kerry)
Authors: Borisova A.
Published: April 2021

The last five years defined an alternative course in the US foreign policy. Obama's reelection caused staff transfers which notably influenced the course. This comprehensive process is based on tremendous work conducted by the Administration of Barak Obama, in particular by John Kerry, who was appointed as a Secretary of State in 2013. His personality plays a significant role in American domestic and foreign policy interrelation. Adoption or rejection of the bills, which are well-known today, depended in large on a range of circumstances, such as personality, life journey and political leader career of the today's Secretary of State. John Kerry’s professional life is mainly associated with domestic policy; nevertheless, he has always been interested in foreign relations and national security issues. Those concerns generally included: non-proliferation, US security, ecological problems, fight against terrorism. The article is intended to highlight Kerry’s efforts in each of these fields, showing not only his actions, but also difficult process of adoption or banning bills in the USA. The author tried to display the whole complicated decision-making process among different parties, businessmen and politicians, law and money clashes. The results of many former endeavors can be seen today, in the modern US policy. Based on assumptions about Secretary of State’s beliefs, certain road map can be predicted. In conclusion, the article offers several courses, where the United States are likely to be most active during the next few years. It can be judged exactly which way some current political issues will develop, how the US foreign policy will be shaped by today's decision-makers in the White House.
Sino-Japanese Relations on the Brink of Another “Cold War”?
Authors: Voda K.
Published: April 2021

Up to beginning of the XXI century political contradictions in Sino-Japanese relations had little influence on strong economic ties. However, since early 2010s several unstable elements that existed between the countries have been tending to discharge from political sphere into economics complicating bilateral cooperation. One of the sources of contradictions in Sino-Japanese relations is referred to differences in perception of each others’ strategies and intentions. China and Japan view each other as potentially offensive while depicting themselves as defensive. The growth of defense capabilities on one side is perceived as a potential threat on the other side. Another reason for deterioration of political situation is Japan’s efforts to give a proper reaction to the rapid rise of China’s economical and political might. On the other hand, it is China’s willingness to defend its growing interests. The escalation of nationalism in both countries adds to instability in Sino-Japanese relations. Sino-Japanese contradictions in economical, political, ideological and military spheres became intertwined in the territorial dispute of the East China Sea. Different expectations towards the US involvement in the potential conflict around the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands makes the situation even more difficult as it leads to the growth of military spending in both countries. Low levels of trust, the absence of clear dispute settlement and preventive diplomacy mechanisms, narrow opportunities for negotiations increase the probability that the cooling of Sino-Japanese relations will continue in future.
Spatial Aspects of Failure and Collapse of a Sovereign State
Authors: Popov F.
Published: April 2021

This paper analyses the connection between two intrastate processes: state failure, leading in extreme case to state collapse, and de facto fragmentation of state’s political space. These processes represent two sides of the same phenomenon. The concepts of weak, failed and collapsed state standing for different stages of state weakening with different extent of quasistateness are also analyzed.
US Security Policy: Shift towards China
Authors: Savel'ev A.
Published: April 2021

The article focuses on the main aspects of the US rebalancing towards Asia Pacific which was declared by President Obama in November 2011. The examination of numerous US official and non-official documents shows that practically all US activities in this direction are connected with rapid economic and military growth of China. The United States are mostly concerned about Chinese attempts to transfer its economic strength into political influence and military strength which expand fare beyond the present frontiers. A number of examples of Chinese “unacceptable behavior” are given, such as: aggressive way of resolving its maritime disputes with neighbors; rejection of multilateral approach to such problems; China’s “cyber-activities” in the field of large scale cyber-espionage; military modernization aimed to limit the US free access to the region; the development of advanced short- and medium-range conventional ballistic missiles, land-attack and anti-ship cruise missiles, counter-space weapons and military cyberspace capabilities. The article also analyses the main implementation stages of this new American policy, and the role of the US Congress in formulating it. The positions of different US Agencies are also under consideration, including the position of the US Treasury, State Department and Defense Department. The author comes to a conclusion that a number of serious limitations and difficulties exist on the way of the US security interests promotion into the region. As for the position of Russian Federation, it is suggested that Russia can become one of important participants in resolution of security problems in the region. At the same time possible benefits may be gained if Russia managed to preserve the “equal distance” from the main players in the region – China and the US. But if the situation demands to make a clear choice, Russia will most probably take the Chinese side, regarding the present state of the US-Russian relations.