bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exploratory survey of green supply chain management in Chinese manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises
Authors: Huang Xiangmeng , Tan Boon Leing , Ding Xiaoming
Published: January 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the pressures and drivers that have been experienced by Chinese manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in terms of green supply chain management (GSCM).

Design/methodology/approach

– The research framework and hypotheses are examined by a questionnaire survey through e-mails conducted in China in 2011. The empirical analysis is based on the data from 202 SME manufacturers in China. Validity and reliability of the items employed in the research is assessed through Cronbach’s α test. Hypotheses for the identification of GSCM pressures and drivers to SMEs as well as the differences that exist among different industrial sectors are tested by adopting descriptive statistics analysis and analysis of variance test.

Findings

– This study finds that Chinese manufacturing SMEs have been under pressures from a variety of sources, including regulations, customers, suppliers and public awareness in terms of GSCM. Besides, internal drivers are also an important encouragement for SMEs to consider GSCM. Moreover, Chinese manufacturing SMEs from different industrial sectors show some differences in experiencing pressures or being motivated by drivers.

Research limitations/implications

– The main limitations to this paper are the relatively small sample of SMEs and the potentially overlooked variables.

Practical implications

– Chinese manufacturing SMEs and their larger customers, as well as governments, are likely to obtain some implications from this study if they are willing to consider any GSCM initiatives throughout the supply chain.

Originality/value

– The paper clearly explores the GSCM pressures and drivers faced by the Chinese manufacturing SMEs where the results may differ from the findings through the studies on large enterprises or SMEs in other national context.
Thermoregulatory behaviour limits local adaptation of thermal niches and confers sensitivity to climate change
Authors: Buckley Lauren B. , Ehrenberger Joseph C. , Angilletta Michael J.
Published: January 2015

Thermoregulation buffers environmental variation, which enables a species to persist during climate change but ultimately hinders adaptation of thermal tolerance by weakening selective pressure.

We used a model of optimal thermal physiology to demonstrate how thermoregulatory behaviour limits local adaptation of thermal physiology in a widespread group of lizards, the Sceloporus undulatus complex.

Empirical data for seven populations demonstrates conservatism of thermal tolerance, consistent with the model's prediction in the case of effective thermoregulation. In an eighth population, from a region where thermoregulation should be less effective, we observed greater heat tolerance and poorer cold tolerance, as predicted by our model.

Biophysical modelling indicates that lizards can avoid heat stress through thermoregulation in the coming decades but will ultimately experience an abrupt decline in the effectiveness of thermoregulation. In this scenario, thermoregulators will suffer a greater loss of performance in future climates than thermoconformers will, unless heat tolerance can evolve in a few generations.

Our analyses raises a concern that behavioural plasticity, while beneficial in the short term, will ultimately limit the physiological adaptation required to endure a warming climate.
Preliminary evidence of the effects of high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on swallowing functions in post‐stroke individuals with chronic dysphagia
Authors: Cheng Ivy K. Y. , Chan Karen M. K. , Wong C. S. , Cheung Raymond T. F.
Published: January 2015

Background

There is growing evidence of potential benefits of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the rehabilitation of dysphagia. However, the site and frequency of stimulation for optimal effects are not clear.

Aims

The aim of this pilot study is to investigate the short‐term effects of high‐frequency 5 Hz rTMS applied to the tongue region of the motor cortex on swallowing functions and the quality of life of post‐stroke individuals with dysphagia.

Methods & Procedures

Two male and two female participants were assigned randomly to active and sham groups. The participants in the active group received 10 sessions of active rTMS for 2 weeks, whereas the sham participants received 10 sessions of sham rTMS for 2 weeks. Each participant received a total of 3000 pulses of 5 Hz active or sham rTMS per day for 10 days. Outcome measures were taken at baseline, 1 week and 1 month post‐rTMS.

Outcomes & Results

Participants who received active rTMS had improved swallowing functions and swallowing‐related quality of life at 1 week and 1 month post‐stimulation.

Conclusions & Implications

The study showed that excitatory rTMS applied over the tongue motor cortex is a feasible approach in individuals with chronic post‐stroke dysphagia. Further investigation with larger sample population is warranted to support the benefit of this stimulation protocol.
Evidence for shared deficits in identifying emotions from faces and from voices in autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment
Authors: Taylor Lauren J. , Maybery Murray T. , Grayndler Luke , Whitehouse Andrew J. O.
Published: January 2015

Background

While autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and specific language impairment (SLI) have traditionally been conceptualized as distinct disorders, recent findings indicate that the boundaries between these two conditions are not clear‐cut. While considerable research has investigated overlap in the linguistic characteristics of ASD and SLI, relatively less research has explored possible overlap in the socio‐cognitive domain, particularly in terms of the emotion recognition abilities of these two groups of children.

Aims

To investigate facial and vocal emotion recognition in children with ASD, children with SLI and typically developing (TD) children. To do so, the ASD group was subdivided into those with ‘normal’ (ALN) and those with ‘impaired’ (ALI) language to explore the extent to which language ability influenced performance on the emotion recognition task.

Methods & Procedures

Twenty‐nine children with ASD (17 ALN and 12 ALI), 18 children with SLI and 66 TD children completed visual and auditory versions of an emotion recognition task. For the visual version of the task, the participants saw photographs of people expressing one of six emotions (happy, sad, scared, angry, surprised, disgusted) on the whole face. For the auditory modality, the participants heard a neutral sentence that conveyed one of the six emotional expressions in the tone of the voice. In both conditions, the children were required to indicate how the person they could see/hear was feeling by selecting a cartoon face that was presented on the computer screen.

Outcomes & Results

The results showed that all clinical groups were less accurate than the TD children when identifying emotions on the face and in the voice. While the ALN children were less accurate than the TD children only when identifying expressions that require inferring another's mental state (surprise, disgust) emotional expressions, the ALI and the SLI children were less accurate than the TD children when identifying the basic (happy, sad, scared, angry) as well as the inferred emotions.

Conclusions & Implications

The results indicate that children with ALI and children with SLI share emotion recognition deficits, which are likely to be driven by the poor language abilities of these two groups.
Comparison of trajectories of self‐monitored glucose levels by hypoglycemia status over 52 weeks of treatment with insulin glargine or exenatide once weekly
Authors: Paul Sanjoy K. , Agbeve Julius , Maggs David , Best Jennie H.
Published: January 2015

Background

Self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is used as a means to detect and prevent hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes. However, information on the longitudinal measures (trajectory) of SMBG‐based pre‐ and postprandial glucose fluctuations over time in relation to hypoglycemia is limited. Among patients treated with exenatide once weekly (EQW) or insulin glargine (IG), this study compared SMBG profiles over 52 weeks between patients who did and did not experience hypoglycemia.

Methods

Pooled patient‐level 52‐week longitudinal data of treatment with EQW (n = 531) or IG (n = 219) from three controlled trials were analyzed.

Results

The proportion of patients with at least one episode of hypoglycemia in the EQW and IG groups was 23% and 54%, respectively. The preprandial glucose measures from SMBG were significantly lower among patients who experienced hypoglycemia in both treatment groups compared with those who did not. In patients who experienced hypoglycemia, the average preprandial glucose levels over 52 weeks were lower by 0.64 and 0.66 mmol/L in the EQW and IG groups, respectively (P < 0.01 in both cases) compared with those without hypoglycemia. The average postprandial levels were not significantly different between patients who did and did not experience hypoglycemia in both treatment groups. Among patients with hypoglycemia, the average prebreakfast glucose trajectory was higher by 0.48 mmol/L in the EQW compared with the IG group.

Conclusions

This study has revealed differential trajectories of pre‐ and postprandial glucose profiles between patients with and without hypoglycemia. However, the SMBG trajectories were similar between patients treated with EQW and IG.
Novel link between prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cholinergic signaling in lung cancer: The role of c‐Jun in PGE2‐induced α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression and tumor cell proliferation
Authors: Zhong XiaoRong , Fan Yu , Ritzenthaler Jeffrey D. , Zhang WenJing , Wang Ke , Zhou QingHua , Roman Jesse
Published: January 2015

Background

Cyclooxygenase‐2‐derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates tumor cell growth and progression. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a major mediator of cholinergic signaling in tumor cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which PGE2 increases non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proliferation via α7 nAChR induction.

Methods

The effects of PGE2 on α7 nAChR expression, promoter activity, and cell signaling pathways were detected by Western blot analysis, real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and transient transfection assay. The effect of PGE2 on cell growth was determined by cell viability assay.

Results

We found that PGE2 induced α7 nAChR expression and its promoter activity in NSCLC cells. The stimulatory role of PGE2 on cell proliferation was attenuated by α7 nAChR small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA) or acetylcholinesterase. PGE2‐induced α7 nAChR expression was blocked by an antagonist of the PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and by EP4 siRNA. Furthermore, PGE2 enhanced α7 nAChR expression via activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K), and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways followed by increased c‐Jun expression, a critical transcription factor. Blockade of c‐Jun diminished the effects of PGE2 on α7 nAChR promoter activity and protein expression, and cell growth.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that PGE2 promotes NSCLC cell growth through increased α7 nAChR expression. This effect is dependent on EP4‐mediated activation of JNK, PI3K, and PKA signals that induce c‐Jun protein expression and α7 nAChR gene promoter activity. Our findings unveil a novel link between prostanoids and cholinergic signaling.
Anatomical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Meerkat (Suricata suricatta, Schreber, 1776)
Authors: Erdoğan S. , Lima M. , Pérez W.
Published: January 2015

This research presents the first anatomical description of the tongue and lingual papillae of the meerkat and compares the different information on the morphology of the other carnivore species. For this purpose, three tongues were used as material. The tongue was elongated with an oval or rounded apex. On the dorsal and ventrolateral surfaces of the tongue, filiform papillae had extent variations in morphology. Papillary body of each filiform papilla on the ventrolateral surface of the lingual body was ramified into 2–5 glovelike projections, and all pointed tips of these projections were directed caudally. On the dorsal lingual surface, each filiform papilla leaned on another without any space and both lateral borders of each filiform papilla included 4–6 small secondary projections or spines. A few rounded fungiform papillae were randomly distributed and embedded among the filiform papillae. On the caudal one‐third of the body, there were two elongated circumvallate papillae. Some superficial fissures and taste pores were detected on the flat surfaces of each circumvallate papilla which was surrounded by a prominent and continuous gustatory groove. On the radix of the tongue, numerous dome‐shaped protuberances of lingual salivary glands beneath the epithelium and one centrally located orificium was very invincible on the convex surface of each protuberance. Anatomical distribution of lingual papillae differed from those of other carnivores and represented morphological adaptation to the food type and feeding habits.
Distribution of astigmatism as a function of age in an Australian population
Authors: Sanfilippo Paul G. , Yazar Seyhan , Kearns Lisa , Sherwin Justin C. , Hewitt Alex W. , Mackey David A.
Published: January 2015

Purpose

Astigmatism is a common cause of refractive error and is known to vary in prevalence with age. Although the search for genes associated with spherical refractive errors (especially myopia) has met with limited success, current efforts to identify genetic variants implicated in astigmatism development have been less rewarding. We aimed to assess the association between astigmatism and age to identify appropriate age cut‐offs for maximizing power in genetic studies of astigmatism.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional analysis of right eye astigmatism data from four Australian‐based eye studies comprising 3841 participants aged 5–90 years. Measurements were performed under cycloplegia using an autorefractor, and individuals with a history of cataract, refractive surgery or corneal pathology were excluded from the analysis. In addition to the magnitude and type (against‐the‐rule, with‐the‐rule, and oblique) of astigmatism, we calculated the vector components (J0, J45) and evaluated the association of these outcome measures with age.

Results

The magnitude of refractive astigmatism (RA) remained relatively stable [mean ± SD (−0.44 D ± 0.50)] until individuals reached the age of 50, thereafter increasing in average magnitude by approximately 1.00 D for those subjects aged 90. In contrast, corneal astigmatism (CA) remained relatively stable from childhood until the age of 80 (−0.76 D ± 0.61). The prevalence of clinically significant RA (≥1.00 D) increased with age and was highest in those aged >70 years [55.1% (47.2–62.7%)]. Age was significantly associated with RA in adults [odds ratio (OR) = 1.04 per 1 year, p < 0.001]. A weaker relationship was observed between CA and age (OR = 1.007 per 1 year, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

We have confirmed the previously documented association between RA and age. Our results indicate that most of the observed change occurs after the age of 50, providing a recommended cut‐off for participants in genetic studies of this refractive condition.
Glucose modulation induces reactive oxygen species and increases P‐glycoprotein‐mediated multidrug resistance to chemotherapeutics
Authors: Seebacher N A , Richardson D R , Jansson P J
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose

Cancer cells develop resistance to stress induced by chemotherapy. In tumours, a considerable glucose gradient exists, resulting in stress. Notably, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) is a redox‐sensitive transcription factor that regulates P‐glycoprotein (Pgp), a crucial drug‐efflux transporter involved in multidrug resistance (MDR). Here, we investigated how glucose levels regulate Pgp‐mediated drug transport and resistance.

Experimental Approach

Human tumour cells (KB31, KBV1, A549 and DMS‐53) were incubated under glucose starvation to hyperglycaemic conditions. Flow cytometry assessed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Pgp activity. HIF‐1α, NF‐κB and Pgp expression were assessed by reverse transcriptase‐PCR and Western blotting. Fluorescence microscopy examined p65 distribution and a luciferase‐reporter assay assessed HIF‐1 promoter‐binding activity. The effect of glucose‐induced stress on Pgp‐mediated drug resistance was examined after incubating cells with the chemotherapeutic and Pgp substrate, doxorubicin (DOX), and performing MTT assays validated by viable cell counts.

Key Results

Changes in glucose levels markedly enhanced cellular ROS and conferred Pgp‐mediated drug resistance. Low and high glucose levels increased (i) ROS generation via NADPH oxidase 4 and mitochondrial membrane destabilization; (ii) HIF‐1 activity; (iii) nuclear translocation of the NF‐κB p65 subunit; and (iv) HIF‐1α mRNA and protein levels. Increased HIF‐1α could also be due to decreased prolyl hydroxylase protein under these conditions. The HIF‐1α target, Pgp, was up‐regulated at low and high glucose levels, which led to lower cellular accumulation of Pgp substrate, rhodamine123, and greater resistance to DOX.

Conclusions and Implications

As tumour cells become glucose‐deprived or exposed to high glucose levels, this increases stress, leading to a more aggressive MDR phenotype via up‐regulation of Pgp.
Estimation of the Binding Free Energy of AC1NX476 to HIV‐1 Protease Wild Type and Mutations Using Free Energy Perturbation Method
Authors: Ngo Son Tung , Mai Binh Khanh , Hiep Dinh Minh , Li Mai Suan
Published: January 2015

The binding mechanism of AC1NX476 to HIV‐1 protease wild type and mutations was studied by the docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energy was calculated using the double‐annihilation binding free energy method. It is shown that the binding affinity of AC1NX476 to wild type is higher than not only ritonavir but also darunavir, making AC1NX476 become attractive candidate for HIV treatment. Our theoretical results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data as the correlation coefficient between calculated and experimentally measured binding free energies R = 0.993. Residues Asp25‐A, Asp29‐A, Asp30‐A, Ile47‐A, Gly48‐A, and Val50‐A from chain A, and Asp25‐B from chain B play a crucial role in the ligand binding. The mutations were found to reduce the receptor–ligand interaction by widening the binding cavity, and the binding propensity is mainly driven by the van der Waals interaction. Our finding may be useful for designing potential drugs to combat with HIV.
The alveolar ridge splitting/expansion technique: a systematic review
Authors: Bassetti Mario A. , Bassetti Renzo G. , Bosshardt Dieter D.
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate clinical, radiological and histological outcomes of the alveolar ridge splitting/expansion technique (ARST) with or without GBR.

Materials and Methods

A screening of two databases MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (OVID) and hand search of articles were performed. Human and animal studies reporting on dental implants placed with simultaneous ARST up to May 31st 2014 were considered. Quality assessment of selected full‐text articles was performed according to the ARRIVE guidelines and the Cochrane collaboration's tool to assess risk of bias.

Results

Overall, 18 human and six animal studies (risk of bias: high/unclear) were included in this review. No randomized controlled trials were found. Due to the heterogeneity of study designs, definitions of success criteria, outcome variables, observation times and surgical procedures, no meta‐analysis was performed. Reported survival (18 studies) and success (nine studies) rates ranged from 91.7 to 100% and 88.2 to 100%, respectively, with a mean follow‐up of 1–10 years. Crestal bone level changes (∆CBL) in some studies indicate slightly higher bone loss before and after loading. Histologic and histomorphometric data from six animal studies confirm the crestal bone loss, particularly at buccal sites.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this review, ARST seems to be a well‐functioning one‐stage alternative to extended two‐stage horizontal grafting procedures. Data indicate that during healing and first year of loading, increased ∆CBL particularly at buccal sites must be anticipated. Additional horizontal GBR can help to preserve buccal bone height and width.
Hey Little Sister, Who's the Only One? Modulating Informativeness in the Resolution of Privative Ambiguity
Authors: Foppolo Francesca , Marelli Marco , Meroni Luisa , Gualmini Andrea
Published: January 2015

We present two eye‐tracking experiments on the interpretation of sentences like “The tall girl is (not) the only one that …,” which are ambiguous between the anaphoric (the only girl that …) and the exophoric interpretation (the only individual that …). These interpretations differ in informativeness: in a positive context, the exophoric (strong) reading entails the anaphoric (weak), while in a negative context the entailment pattern is reversed and the anaphoric reading is the strongest one. We tested whether adults rely on considerations about informativeness in solving the ambiguity. The results show that participants interpreted one exophorically in both positive and negative contexts. Given these findings, we cast doubts on the idea that Informativeness plays a role in ambiguity resolution and proposes a Principle of Maximal Exploitation: When a context is provided, adults extend their domain of evaluation to include the whole scenario, independently from truth‐conditional considerations about informativity and strength.
Migraine in a pediatric population: a clinical study in children younger than 7 years of age
Authors: Raieli Vincenzo , Pitino Renata , Giordano Giuliana , Spitalieri Chiara , Consolo Flavia , Puma Domenico , Santangelo Giuseppe , Vanadia Francesca , D'Amelio Marco
Published: January 2015

Aim

Migraines in children younger than 7 years of age have received limited attention in the published literature. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of migraine phenotypes in children younger than 7 years, and to compare them with migraines in children older than 7 years of age.

Method

We reviewed all standard clinical files, collected over 4 years, related to children with a diagnosis of primary headache. We included all children younger than 7 years diagnosed with migraine in our study.

Results

A total of 374 children (188 males, 186 females) were affected by migraine with/without aura: 40 of these patients (10.7%; 20 males, 20 females; mean age 5y 7mo, SD 1y 2mo) where younger than 7 years old. The frequencies of the main migraine features in the younger age group were similar to those of children older than 7 years, with the exception of a shorter duration of migraine and reduced frequency of attacks.

Interpretation

In children younger than 7 years of age, the clinical phenotype of migraine is similar to that seen in older children. We propose that there is a general genetic migraine susceptibility that, in the presence of activating environmental factors, may induce typical attacks of migraine in individuals already predisposed to migraine attacks. Therefore, different modules induce different clinical features within the different age groups, but there is no difference in the frequencies of clinical phenotypes between the two age groups.
The long‐term consequences of preterm birth: what do teachers know?
Authors: Johnson Samantha , Gilmore Camilla , Gallimore Ian , Jaekel Julia , Wolke Dieter
Published: January 2015

Aim

The knowledge and information needs of education professionals were assessed to determine how prepared they feel to support the growing number of preterm children entering schools today.

Method

In a national survey, 585 teachers and 212 educational psychologists completed the Preterm Birth‐Knowledge Scale (PB‐KS) to assess knowledge of outcomes following preterm birth. Total scores (range 0–33) were compared between groups and the impact of demographic characteristics on knowledge was analysed. Training and information needs were also assessed.

Results

Teaching staff (mean 14.7, SD 5.5) had significantly lower knowledge scores than educational psychologists (mean 17.1, SD 5.0; p<0.001); both had significantly lower scores than neonatal clinicians surveyed previously (mean 26.0, SD 3.6; p<0.001). Education professionals' poorest areas of knowledge related to the most frequent adverse outcomes following preterm birth. Only 16% of teaching staff had received training about preterm birth and more than 90% requested more information. Having a special educational needs role and being employed at least 16 years were associated with higher knowledge scores.

Interpretation

Education professionals have poor knowledge of the needs of children born preterm and most feel ill‐equipped to support them in school. As teachers have primary responsibility for providing long‐term support for children born preterm, this is of significant public health and educational concern.
Congenital Absence of the Left Atrial Appendage Visualized by 3D Echocardiography in Two Adult Patients
Authors: Saleh Mona , Balakrishnan Revathi , Castillo Kontak Leticia , Benenstein Ricardo , Chinitz Larry A. , Donnino Robert , Saric Muhamed
Published: January 2015

Congenital absence of left atrial appendage (LAA) is an extremely rare condition and its physiological consequences are unknown. We present two cases of incidental finding of a congenitally absent LAA in a 79‐year‐old male who presented for routine transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) to rule out intracardiac thrombus prior to placement of biventricular implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator and a 54‐year old female who presented for TEE prior to radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation. Characterization of patients with such an absence is important because congenitally absent LAA may be confused with flush thrombotic occlusion of the appendage. There are very few published reports of congenital absence of LAA. To our knowledge, our report is the first to demonstrate the congenital absence of LAA by 3D transesophageal echocardiography.
Post mortem magnetic resonance imaging of multiple congenital ocular anomalies in a Comtois mare
Authors: Oosterlinck M. , Grebert A. , Gielen I. , Bosseler L. , Ducatelle R. , Gasthuys F.
Published: January 2015

Multiple congenital ocular anomalies syndrome consists of several abnormalities mainly localised to the anterior segment of the eye. This condition, comprising iridal or ciliary cysts with or without iridal hypoplasia, an excessively protruding cornea (‘cornea globosa’), miotic pupils, retinal dysplasia, cataract, and other lesions, has been reported in several breeds and is strongly related to the silver coat colour, as a result of a dominant mutant allele at the PMEL17 locus. This report describes the macroscopic, ultrasonographic, histological and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the ocular abnormalities in a Comtois mare with multiple congenital ocular anomalies syndrome.
“Am I Doing the Right Thing?”: Pathways to Parenting a Gender Variant Child
Authors: Gray Sarah A. O. , Sweeney Kristen K. , Randazzo Renee , Levitt Heidi M.
Published: January 2015

Gender variant (GV) children have a subjective sense of gender identity and/or preferences regarding clothing, activities, and/or playmates that are different from what is culturally normative for their biological sex. Despite increases in rates of GV children and their families presenting at clinics, there is little research on how raising a GV child affects the family as a whole or how families make decisions regarding their care. This study took an ecological‐transactional framework to explore the question, “what is the experience of parents who raise a GV or transgender child?” Eight mothers and three fathers of GV male and female children (ages 5–13) referred through a GV support group participated in interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using an adaptation of grounded theory analysis. These parents attempted to pave the way to a nonstigmatized childhood for their GV child, typically through two pathways: rescuing the child from fear of stigma and hurt or accepting GV and advocating for a more tolerant world. Many participants used both pathways to different degrees or shifted paths over time, and the paths selected were related to parents' own understanding of GV and their experiences and backgrounds as well as characteristics of the children they were parenting and the communities they inhabited. Limitations, clinical implications, and future directions are discussed.
The Impact of Economic Pressure on Parent Positivity, Parenting, and Adolescent Positivity into Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Neppl Tricia K. , Jeon Shinyoung , Schofield Thomas J. , Donnellan M.Brent
Published: January 2015

This study describes how positivity can be incorporated into the family stress model to explain resilience to disrupted family processes in the face of economic distress. Prospective, longitudinal data came from 451 mothers, fathers, and youth participating from their adolescence through early adulthood. Assessments included observational and self‐report measures. Information regarding economic pressure, parental positivity, and parenting were collected during early adolescence, positivity was collected in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. Results indicated that economic pressure was indirectly associated with adolescent positivity through parental positivity. Economic pressure was negatively associated with parent positivity, whereas parental positivity was positively associated with parenting. Moreover, parental positivity and parenting were related to positivity in adolescence. Results suggest that personal resources linked to a positive outlook can foster nurturant parenting, even in times of economic strain. Such parenting seems to positively influence adolescent development into emerging adulthood.
In‐vivo microscopy in the diagnosis of intestinal neoplasia and inflammatory conditions
Authors: Buchner Anna M , Wallace Michael B
Published: January 2015

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a rapidly emerging tool in endoscopic imaging allowing in‐vivo microscopy of examined gastrointestinal mucosa. This review will discuss the most recent advances of confocal laser endomicroscopy in the diagnosis of intestinal neoplasia and inflammatory conditions.
The Intelence aNd pRezista Once A Day Study (INROADS): a multicentre, single‐arm, open‐label study of etravirine and darunavir/ritonavir as dual therapy in HIV‐1‐infected early treatment‐experienced subjects
Authors: Ruane PJ , Brinson C , Ramgopal M , Ryan R , Coate B , Cho M , Kakuda TN , Anderson D
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Following antiretroviral therapy failure, patients are often treated with a three‐drug regimen that includes two nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors [N(t)RTIs]. An alternative two‐drug nucleoside‐sparing regimen may decrease the pill burden and drug toxicities associated with the use of N(t)RTIs. The Intelence aNd pRezista Once A Day Study (INROADS; NCT01199939) evaluated the nucleoside‐sparing regimen of etravirine 400 mg with darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once‐daily in HIV‐1‐infected treatment‐experienced subjects or treatment‐naïve subjects with transmitted resistance.

Methods

In this exploratory phase 2b, single‐arm, open‐label, multicentre, 48‐week study, the primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects who achieved HIV‐1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at week 48 [confirmed virological response (CVR), non‐virological failure (VF) censored]. Key secondary endpoints included assessments of changes from baseline to week 48 in viral load, immunological response, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, safety, tolerability, metabolic and bone markers and body fat.

Results

Forty‐one of the 54 enrolled subjects completed the study. Adverse events (7%) and VF (7%) were the most common reasons for discontinuation. The week 48 CVR rate in the intent‐to‐treat (ITT) non‐VF censored population was 89% (primary endpoint). Seven subjects experienced VF. Common adverse events were diarrhoea (15%), rash (15%) and upper respiratory tract infection (11%). Mild/moderate lipid elevations, minimal changes in limb fat distribution and bone mineral density and no clinically relevant changes in glucose metabolism were observed.

Conclusions

Etravirine 400 mg and darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg as a two‐drug once‐daily regimen in treatment‐experienced subjects or treatment‐naïve subjects with transmitted resistance was virologically efficacious and well tolerated.
Efficacy of etravirine combined with darunavir or other ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitors in HIV‐1‐infected patients: an observational study using pooled European cohort data
Authors: Vingerhoets J , Calvez V , Flandre P , Marcelin A‐G , Ceccherini‐Silberstein F , Perno C‐F , Mercedes Santoro M , Bateson R , Nelson M , Cozzi‐Lepri A , Grarup J , Lundgren J , Incardona F , Kaiser R , Sonnerborg A , Clotet B , Paredes R , Günthard HF , Ledergerber B , Hoogstoel A , Nijs S , Tambuyzer L , Lavreys L , Opsomer M ,   Etravirine Cohort Study Group
Published: January 2015

Objectives

This observational study in antiretroviral treatment‐experienced, HIV‐1‐infected adults explored the efficacy of etravirine plus darunavir/ritonavir (DRV group; n = 999) vs. etravirine plus an alternative boosted protease inhibitor (other PI group; n = 116) using pooled European cohort data.

Methods

Two international (EuroSIDA; EUResist Network) and five national (France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and UK) cohorts provided data (collected in 2007–2012). Stratum‐adjusted (for confounding factors) Mantel–Haenszel differences in virological responses (viral load < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived.

Results

Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups except for previous use of antiretrovirals (≥ 10: 63% in the DRV group vs. 49% in the other PI group), including previous use of at least three PIs (64% vs. 53%, respectively) and mean number of PI resistance mutations (2.3 vs. 1.9, respectively). Week 24 responses were 73% vs. 75% (observed) and 49% vs. 43% (missing = failure), respectively. Week 48 responses were 75% vs. 73% and 32% vs. 30%, respectively. All 95% CIs around unadjusted and adjusted differences encompassed 0 (difference in responses) or 1 (ORs). While ORs by cohort indicated heterogeneity in response, for pooled data the difference between unadjusted and adjusted for cohort ORs was small.

Conclusions

These data do not indicate a difference in response between the DRV and other PI groups, although caution should be applied given the small size of the other PI group and the lack of randomization. This suggests that the efficacy and virology results from DUET can be extrapolated to a regimen of etravirine with a boosted PI other than darunavir/ritonavir.
Novel augmentation ileocystoplasty technique to manage non‐compliant bladders in the presence of obstructed megaureters: The “fez procedure”
Authors: Tayib Abdulmalik M S , Abdel‐Meguid Taha A , Al‐Sayyad Ahmed J , Altayloni Truki E , Khan Mohammed K , Zugail Ahmed S
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To show the efficacy and safety of a novel modification of Studer's neobladder, herein defined as the “fez procedure.”

Methods

The medical records of 21 children (mean age 9.4 ± 1.3 years) who underwent the “fez procedure” at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to manage refractory poorly‐compliant bladders and concomitantly obstructed megaureters were retrospectively reviewed. The patients had been previously managed by either preliminary cutaneous ureterostomy (17 patients) or temporary nephrostomy (four patients) to improve and stabilize the renal functions. The “fez procedure” entailed augmentation ileocystoplasty and the use of an afferent tubularized ileal loop for direct ureteroileal anastomosis. The augmented bladder together with the tubularized loop were fashioned as a “fez” with its tassel. The outcome measures were changes in cystometric capacity, bladder compliance, glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, technetium 99m‐diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid diuretic renography (T1/2), ureteral diameter, vesicoureteral reflux, febrile urinary tract infections, continence and complications.

Results

The mean study follow‐up period was 52.5 ± 12.8 months. Means of changes of cystometric capacity (273.2 ± 60.9 mL) and bladder compliance (15.6 ± 4.2 mL/cm H2O) were significant (P < 0.0001). Resolution of ureteral obstruction was documented with improved T1/2 and ureteral diameter (P < 0.0001, each) of all patients. The initially improved renal functions after ureterostomies or nephrostomies were maintained after “fez surgery,” with non‐significant changes in the improved glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.22) and serum creatinine (P = 0.18). None of the patients experienced ureteral restenosis, vesicoureteral reflux, febrile urinary tract infections, incontinence or significant complications.

Conclusions

The “fez procedure” represents a versatile and successful surgical option for these selected patients, as it offers improved bladder capacity/compliance, resolution of ureteral obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux, preservation of the renal function, control of urinary tract infections and urinary continence, and acceptable morbidity.
Obsessive‐compulsive behaviour related cutaneous ulcers: two cases with therapeutic considerations
Authors: Nico Marcello MS , Lourenço Silvia V
Published: January 2015

Obsessive‐compulsive‐related cutaneous disease most often includes trichotillomania, neurotic excoriations and nail biting. In this report, we present two cases of self‐inflicted severe wounds that were diagnosed as secondary to obsessive‐compulsive behaviour. Patients were middle‐aged females who presented with deep cutaneous ulcers that were acknowledgedly maintained through repetitive manipulation. Obsessive‐compulsive‐related cutaneous disease is better treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants in higher dosages than those used to treat depression. Both patients were treated with fluoxetine 60–80 mg that resulted in adequate healing of the ulcers; relapses were observed during attempts to taper fluoxetine dosage. An adequate psychic diagnosis is required if an effective therapeutic response to self‐inflicted cutaneous lesions is desired, because clinically identical lesions can also be caused as a result of distinct mental mechanisms: anxiety, depression, psychosis, obsessive‐compulsive disorder and classic dermatitis artefacta.
Trajectories of Early Binge Drinking: A Function of Family Cohesion and Peer Use
Authors: Soloski Kristy L. , Kale Monk J. , Durtschi Jared A.
Published: January 2015

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we tested latent growth models examining whether the number of friends using alcohol and family cohesion were linked with trajectories of binge drinking (N = 3,342) from adolescence (average age 15.06) into young adulthood (average age 27.93). Adolescents with higher family cohesion had lower rates of binge drinking in adolescence (b = −.07, p < .05), while those with more friends drinking alcohol were more likely to binge drink in adolescence (b = .51, p < .001), young adulthood (b = .22, p < .001), and had increasing trajectories of binge drinking across 14 years (b = −.29, p < .001). Clinically, we discuss Multiple‐Family Group Interventions as a potential approach.
Sub/Urban Histories Against The Grain: Myth And Embourgeoisement In Essex Noir
Authors: Millington Gareth
Published: January 2015

This paper considers how literary and cinematic constructions of Essex noir expose the darker, chaotic sides to working‐class embourgeoisement: initially via post‐War suburbanisation and later, via Margaret Thatcher's attempt to encourage competitive individualism and entrepreneurship. Noir angles a “dark mirror” to suburban Essex and develops a distinctive aesthetics of social and cultural change, while also puncturing myths of social mobility and suburban security. The paper points to both affinities and breaks between noir's bleak pessimism and Walter Benjamin's understanding of history as overcoming the concept of progress.
Family Structure and Child Well‐being: Integrating Family Complexity
Authors: Brown Susan L. , Manning Wendy D. , Stykes J. Bart
Published: January 2015

Although children's family lives are diverse, the measurement of children's living arrangements has lagged, focusing on the relationships of children to parents while largely ignoring sibling composition. Using data from the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (N = 23,985) the authors documented patterns of family complexity among a nationally representative sample of children ages 0–17 living in a range of family structures. They also examined the independent and joint associations of family structure and family complexity on child economic well‐being. Family complexity was independently related to economic disadvantage, namely, a lower income‐to‐needs ratio and a higher likelihood of public assistance receipt. The role of family complexity was partially contingent on family structure, with the positive association between family complexity and receipt of public assistance more pronounced for children in families with 2 married biological parents. This study demonstrates the utility of integrating family structure and family complexity in studies of children's well‐being.
Parental Responsibilities: Dilemmas of Measurement and Gender Equality
Authors: Doucet Andrea
Published: January 2015

Over the past half‐century, enormous changes have occurred in gendered divisions of housework and child care across many countries, with a growing consensus that there is a slow but steady pace of change in gendered divisions of time and tasks but one that is combined with a puzzling persistence of gender differences in parental caregiving responsibilities. Rooted in a 14‐year qualitative and ethnographic research program that focuses mainly on breadwinning mothers and fathers who self‐identify as stay‐at‐home or primary caregivers and guided by genealogical and relational sociological approaches, the author argues that the concept of parental responsibility requires greater attention and that its theorization and conceptualization have critical implications for if and how it can be measured, the methodological approaches that might be used to assess it, and the conceptual fit between parental responsibilities and gender equality.
The Analysis of Duocentric Social Networks: A Primer
Authors: Kennedy David P. , Jackson Grace L. , Green Harold D. , Bradbury Thomas N. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: January 2015

Marriages and other intimate partnerships are facilitated or constrained by the social networks within which they are embedded. To date, methods used to assess the social networks of couples have been limited to global ratings of social network characteristics or network data collected from each partner separately. In the current article, the authors offer new tools for expanding on the existing literature by describing methods of collecting and analyzing duocentric social networks, that is, the combined social networks of couples. They provide an overview of the key considerations for measuring duocentric networks, such as how and why to combine separate network interviews with partners into one shared duocentric network, the number of network members to assess, and the implications of different network operationalizations. They illustrate these considerations with analyses of social network data collected from 57 low‐income married couples, presenting visualizations and quantitative measures of network composition and structure.
The Relationship Between Maternal Education and Children's Academic Outcomes: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Harding Jessica F. , Morris Pamela A. , Hughes Diane
Published: January 2015

The importance of maternal education for children's academic outcomes is widely recognized, and yet the multiple potential mechanisms that explain this relationship are underexplored. The authors integrate theories of human, cultural, and social capital with 2 developmental psychology theories—bioecological theory and developmental niche theory—to draw attention to how maternal education may influence children's academic outcomes through a range of parenting mechanisms, some of which have been largely neglected in research. This framework provides a more complete picture of how maternal education shapes proximal and distal influences on children's academic outcomes and the ways in which these mechanisms interact and reinforce one another across time and context. The implications of this framework for future family research are then discussed.
Measuring Constructs in Family Science: How Can Item Response Theory Improve Precision and Validity?
Authors: Gordon Rachel A.
Published: January 2015

This article provides family scientists with an understanding of contemporary measurement perspectives and the ways in which item response theory (IRT) can be used to develop measures with desired evidence of precision and validity for research uses. The article offers a nontechnical introduction to some key features of IRT, including its orientation toward locating items along an underlying dimension and toward estimating precision of measurement for persons with different levels of that same construct. It also offers a didactic example of how the approach can be used to refine conceptualization and operationalization of constructs in the family sciences, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (n = 2,732). Three basic models are considered: (a) the Rasch and (b) two‐parameter logistic models for dichotomous items and (c) the Rating Scale Model for multicategory items. Throughout, the author highlights the potential for researchers to elevate measurement to a level on par with theorizing and testing about relationships among constructs.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The past 50 years
Authors: Efron Daryl
Published: January 2015

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder and one of the main diagnoses seen by general paediatricians today. Despite the impression often portrayed in the media, it is not a new condition; in fact it has been described for over 200 years. The past 50 years has seen a progressive increase in our understanding of the underlying neurocognitive deficits in ADHD, and over the past 20 years behavioural genetics and neuroimaging studies have shed light on the complex causal factors and neurobiological processes operating. The plethora of ADHD research has advanced our knowledge of the condition, but so far has had little impact on improving clinical practice. Stimulant medication has been the mainstay of symptomatic treatment for over 30 years; however, it is still unclear how developmental trajectories can be modified to achieve best outcomes. It is hoped that novel therapies and more individualised management will evolve over the coming decades.