bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text
Authors: Harrison Kristen , Taylor Laramie D. , Marske Amy Lee
Published: October 2006

Two experiments tested the effects of exposure to ideal-body images and text on young adults’ eating behavior. Women viewed slides depicting images of slender female models with no text, with diet- and exercise-related (congruent) text, with irrelevant (incongruent) text, or no slides (control). Men viewed slides depicting images of muscular male models in the same four conditions. Among women with a discrepancy between perceptions of their actual body and the body their same-gender peers believe they ought to have, exposure to images alone and images plus congruent text led to a reduction in the amount eaten in front of female peers. Among men with the same discrepancy, exposure to images alone and images plus congruent text led to an increase in the amount eaten in front of male peers. The distinctions between ideal-body images and text as stimuli, and between male and female eating behaviors as self-presentational strategies, are considered in the discussion.
Control of a sprayform tooling process in rapid manufacture
Authors: Tsachouridis Vassilios A. , Jones Paul , Duncan Stephen
Published: October 2006

This paper considers the problem of control system design for governing temperature profiles of a sprayform tooling process used in rapid manufacture. After describing and modelling the sprayforming process, the paper introduces the concept of steady-state functional controllability and investigates the degree up to which this process is controllable via multivariable controllers. In particular, the discrete time variant (DTV) linear quadratic regulators (LQR) are considered as examples of multivariable controllers. The theoretical issues outlined in this paper are accompanied by simulations and experimental studies of a real sprayforming process.
Objective measurement of the quality of airport lighting whilst in service
Authors: McMenemy Karen , Dodds Gordon
Published: October 2006

This paper contributes to the science of measurement and control by outlining a unique methodology for objectively assessing the luminous intensity of all luminaires forming an airport landing lighting pattern, whilst in service, to check that the lighting pattern conforms to the strict standards set by airports’ governing body within the UK the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Central to this methodology is a novel air-based measurement system consisting of charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras and dedicated image-processing software. This prototype measurement system is placed inside the cockpit of an aircraft and is used to take images of the airport landing lighting system whilst the aircraft approaches the airport. Developed image-processing techniques then allow unique luminaire identification and extraction from the hundreds of luminaires within the airport lighting pattern. The corresponding luminous intensity and alignment of each luminaire is derived using dynamic position and orientation information estimated from a visual environment model. By obtaining luminous intensity and alignment information for each luminaire within the pattern, it is then possible to derive its associated isocandela diagram. This then allows an assessment to be made regarding the luminaires’ conformity to the CAA standards. The unique system has been tested at Belfast International Airport, the results of which are documented within this paper. The results indicate that further work is necessary if the system is to be fully functional. Currently it takes approximately 35 h to filter the results for one complete pattern. In addition, a maximum error of 40% is reported between derived and actual luminous intensity measurements for a given luminaire. The reasons for this discrepancy are highlighted in the discussion and improvements are currently being made to the system to account for these. However, the results and the work reported within this paper reflect the belief that digital imaging can be utilized to automate many physically large photometry problems within the fields of science and engineering. The methodology described for the development of this measurement system is unique and we believe extends the science of automated dynamic measurement systems.
Optimal output tracking control for bilinear systems
Authors: Tang Gong-You , Zhao Yan-Dong , Ma Hui
Published: October 2006

We consider the optimal output tracking control (OOTC) problem for a class of bilinear systems with a quadratic performance index. Using a successive approximation approach (SAA), the original non-linear optimal problem is transformed into a sequence of linear non-homogeneous two-point boundary value (TPBV) problems. An adjoint vector sequence can be obtained from the iterative solution of the sequence of TPBV problems. The OOTC law obtained consists of accurate linear feedback and feedforward terms and a non-linear compensation term which is the limit of the adjoint vector sequence. A reference input observer is constructed to make the approximate OOTC law physically realizable. A numerical simulation is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Glaciohydraulic supercooling: the process and its significance
Authors: Cook Simon J. , Waller Richard I. , Knight Peter G.
Published: October 2006

Glaciohydraulic supercooling is a process that allows water at the base of a glacier to remain liquid at a temperature below its freezing point in response to the geometry of water flow and subglacial pressure. Supercooling, and subsequent freezing, of subglacial water has implications for glacier dynamics, sediment transfer and landform evolution, and an understanding of the process is important both for understanding modern glacial environments and for reconstructing glacial environments of the past. However, recent research on glaciohydraulic supercooling has raised controversy both about the significance of the process and about the way in which it has been applied within the discipline. In this paper, we review recent work on supercooling in glaciers, assess its significance to glaciology, geomorphology and Quaternary science, and identify key issues requiring further research in order to resolve some of the controversy surrounding the topic. We suggest that, while glaciohydraulic supercooling is a very significant process, its adoption as an explanation of some phenomena has been premature, and that further research is required to test its true significance both in modern settings and in the glacial geologic record.
Holocene land-use change and its impact on river basin dynamics in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Foulds Simon A. , Macklin Mark G.
Published: October 2006

River basins in Great Britain and Ireland have been characterized by periods of hillslope and valley floor instability during the Holocene, reflecting sensitivity to both climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. In contrast to climatic controls, which have been relatively well documented, human impacts on and interactions with river basins remain unclear. There is now, however, a growing impetus to elucidate more fully the impact of anthropogenic activity on sediment supply and runoff, given that land-use change is thought to have exacerbated recent flooding in the UK (eg, the ‘Millennium'floods of 2000). The aim of this paper is to critically review the significance of Holocene land use on hillslope and valley floor stability in Great Britain and Ireland. The most widely reported impacts of land-use change on geomorphic activity include hillslope erosion and gully development, valley floor alluviation, river channel incision and elevated water tables. In the majority of cases, however, causal relationships are difficult to establish, due primarily to inadequate dating control. Even where geomorphic instability can be linked to land-use change, it is apparent that eroded material is often stored as colluvium, which together with evidence of diachronus hillslope and valley floor instability, raises important questions and identifies uncertainties regarding the dynamics and extent of sediment transfer within river basins. Such uncertainty has important implications for understanding how river basins will behave in response to future environmental change.
Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems
Authors: Levia Delphis F. , Frost Ethan E.
Published: October 2006

Throughfall is a critical component of the hydrological and biogeochemical cycles of wooded ecosystems with a characteristically large degree of temporal and spatial variability. The highly variable nature of throughfall is of importance to scientists and natural resource managers concerned with the effects of water and solute inputs to the subcanopy, including understory vegetation, soil moisture, soil solution chemistry, and the fate of atmospheric dryfall. The purpose of this study is to critically review and evaluate the present state of knowledge pertaining to the temporal and spatial variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems. The authors are optimistic that this review will facilitate the advancement of science by exposing gaps in our current understanding and mitigating the duplication of unwarranted research efforts. Several key areas where current knowledge is weak are: (1) the effect of meteorological conditions on the variability of throughfall volume; a data gap exists concerning the effects of precipitation type (eg, rain, snow, snow-to-rain, rain-to-snow), incident rain drop size, intensity, duration, wind speed and direction, and wind run on the throughfall variability; (2) the effect of meteorological conditions on the variability of throughfall solute inputs; (3) the role of canopy structure on precipitation partitioning into throughfall and stemflow and the variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs; (4) effects of epiphytes on the spatial variation of throughfall volume and solute inputs; (5) the physics and fluid dynamics of water flow over vegetative surfaces and its impact on throughfall yield and chemical enrichment; and (6) intraspecific variation of throughfall water and solute inputs. Future research projects undertaken with the specific aim of addressing the deficiencies identified will improve our understanding of interactions among the biosphere-atmosphere-lithosphere and promote better stewardship of forest and water resources.
Statutory Disclosure in Article 280 of the Turkish Penal Code
Authors: Büken Erhan , Sahinoğlu Serap , Büken Nüket Örnek
Published: October 2006

A new Turkish Penal Code came into effect on 1 June 2005. Article 280 concerns health care workers’ failure to report a crime. This article removes the responsibility from health care workers to maintain confidentiality, but also removes patients’ right to confidentiality. It provides for up to one year of imprisonment for a health care worker who, while on duty, finds an indication that a crime might have been committed by a patient and who does not inform the responsible authorities about it. This forces the health care worker to divulge the patient’s confidential information. A patient who thinks he or she may be accused of a crime may therefore not seek medical help, which is the universal right of every person. The article is therefore contrary to medical ethics, oaths taken by physicians and nurses, and the understanding of patient confidentiality.
25 years of safe handling of cytotoxics (antineoplastics) in Israel
Authors: Cass Yaakov , Setton Isaac
Published: October 2006

Introduction. Israel is a small country, about the size of Wales, located in the eastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea. The Israel Ministry of Health has responsibility for health matters in Israel. All health matters fall under their jurisdiction.

Hospital and clinical pharmacy in Israel. There are about 50 hospitals in Israel with between 300 and 1200 beds including 12 specialist tertiary care centres (6 have facilities to perform bone marrow transplantations). The total number of hospital beds is around 30 000.

Safe handling of cytotoxics in Israel. Israel’s growing population (rising from half a million in 1948 to about 7 million in 2005) has been matched with an equally rapid rise in the use of cytotoxic drugs. The ministry issued guidelines to standardize and harmonize the level of pharmaceutical oncology services in Israel, and improve the professional level of cytotoxic pharmacy services and acknowledged the need to recognize clinical oncology pharmacy as a speciality.

Discussion. Over the last 25 years, safe handling of cytotoxics has moved forward in Israel in a manner comparable to that seen in the best of the developed “western” countries.
New Challenges, Emerging Trends, and Issues in Regulation of Migrating Nurses
Authors: Kingma Mireille
Published: October 2006

The delivery of nursing and health care services is increasingly global in nature, largely as the result of international trade and migration. For the delivery of care and services to be safe, international regulation must come into play. Ensuring nurse competency depends on evaluation in three fundamental areas: knowledge and skills, clinical judgment, and language competency. Countries use a variety of regulatory methods, and there is no perfect regulatory model. Each presents its own challenges in the areas of screening, supervision, and testing. Regulation is going international with several regions having developed mutual recognition agreements. The implementation of trade agreements such as General Agreement on Trades in Services may pose new challenges for international regulation in nursing, the basic purpose of which must remain protection of the public.
The Impact of Global Nursing Migration on Health Services Delivery
Authors: Buchan James
Published: October 2006

A number of common issues and challenges face every country; however, their impact varies greatly across different countries. A particular concern in relation to nurse migration is its effect on adding to the imbalance in nursing resources that already exists in different regions and different countries. The number of nurses recruited into developed countries has increased significantly during the past decade, particularly from developing countries. Understanding and addressing the impact of migration requires not only examining what pulls nurses into destination countries but also what pushes them from source countries. We must also address the ethical issues involved in international recruitment. We must also not lose sight of nurses currently in the workforce. Effective national policies for recruiting and retaining nurses would reduce the need for recruiting from other countries.
Early CD30 signaling is critical for adoptively transferred CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Zeiser Robert , Nguyen Vu H. , Hou Jing-Zhou , Beilhack Andreas , Zambricki Elizabeth , Buess Martin , Contag Christopher H. , Negrin Robert S.
Published: October 2006

Murine CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) reduce acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). However, surface molecules critical for suppression are unclear. Deficiency of CD30 (CD30−/−) leads to impaired thymic negative selection and augmented T-cell autoreactivity. Therefore, we investigated the role of CD30 signaling in Treg-cell function during aGvHD. Treg cells derived from CD30−/− animals were significantly less effective in preventing aGvHD lethality. Early blockade of the CD30/CD153 pathway with a neutralizing anti-CD153 mAb reduced Treg-mediated protection from proinflammatory cytokine accumulation and donor-type T-cell apoptosis. In vivo bioluminescence imaging demonstrated intact homing but reduced expansion of luciferase-expressing Treg cells when CD153 was blocked during the early phase after adoptive transfer. CD30 surface expression on Treg cells increased with alloantigen exposure, and CD153 expression on recipient-type dendritic cells increased in the presence of a proinflammatory environment. These data demonstrate that early CD30 signaling is critical for Treg-mediated aGvHD protection after major MHC-mismatch bone marrow transplantation.
Signaling Complexes Associated with the Type I Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor: Colocalization of Extracellularly Regulated Kinase 2 and GnRH Receptor within Membrane Rafts
Authors: Bliss Stuart P. , Navratil Amy M. , Breed Matthew , Skinner Donal C. , Clay Colin M. , Roberson Mark S.
Published: October 2006

Our previous work demonstrated that the type I GnRH receptor (GnRHR) resides exclusively and constitutively within membrane rafts in αT3-1 gonadotropes and that this association was necessary for the ability of the receptor to couple to the ERK signaling pathway. Gαq, c-raf, and calmodulin have also been shown to reside in this compartment, implicating a raft-associated multiprotein signaling complex as a functional link between the GnRHR and ERK signaling. In the studies reported here, we used subcellular fractionation and coimmunoprecipitation to analyze the behavior of ERKs with respect to this putative signaling platform. ERK 2 associated partially and constitutively with low-density membranes both in αT3-1 cells and in whole mouse pituitary. Cholesterol depletion of αT3-1 cells reversibly blocked the association of both the GnRHR and ERKs with low-density membranes and uncoupled the ability of GnRH to activate ERK. Analysis of the kinetics of recovery of ERK inducibility after cholesterol normalization supported the conclusion that reestablishment of the association of the GnRHR and ERKs with the membrane raft compartment was not sufficient for reconstitution of signaling activity. In αT3-1 cells, the GnRHR and ERK2 coimmunoprecipitated from low-density membrane fractions prepared either in the presence or absence of detergent. The GnRHR also partitioned into low-density, detergent-resistant membrane fractions in mouse pituitary and coimmunoprecipitated with ERK2 from these fractions. Collectively, these data support a model in which coupling of the GnRHR to the ERK pathway in gonadotropes involves the assembly of a multiprotein signaling complex in association with specialized microdomains of the plasma membrane.
Moving Beyond Protest in TuaregIchumarMusical Performance
Authors: Rasmussen Susan
Published: October 2006

This essay examines the origins and directions of ichumar (also called tichumaren in some regions), a genre of guitar music popular among young Tuaregs in Mali and Niger. Initially composed and performed by Tuareg nationalist/separatist rebels, it is now composed and performed by “rock-style” bands at urban festivals, holidays, political rallies, and rites of passage. Originally this music was highly political, forbidden because it critiqued colonial and postcolonial domination and warned of threats to the Tuareg's cultural survival. Although songs now address broader themes, some lyrics continue to commemorate and praise ideals and heroes from the Tuareg rebellion. This essay explores the historical and ethnographic context of this genre and analyzes selected lyrics, performance contexts, and audience responses—first to tapes of rebel songs that circulated noncommercially and now to live performances—in order to explore emergent themes and performances of this music in relation to theories of cultural memory, performance, and resistance.
Transient vocal paralysis following strangulation injury
Authors: Peppard Sean B.
Published: October 2006

Blunt trauma to the larynx, as a source of vocal paralysis, has become an important consideration for the laryngologist. Direct neurologic injury from strangulation by hand is explored with presentation of 4 patients. Three of these had unilateral paralysis; the fourth had bilateral paralysis on two separate occasions of strangulation. All patients recovered in 4 to 20 days. Correlation is made with other acute nerve compression syndromes, and the pathophysiology discussed in light of experimental evidence. Awareness and recognition of this problem in evaluation and treatment of strangulation assault injuries is stressed.
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx: Case report and literature review
Authors: Haerr Robert W. , Turalba Cornelius I. C. , El‐Mahdi Anas M. , Brown Kimberly L.
Published: October 2006

We report the 11th well‐documented case of laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma and only the second of laryngeal alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The optimum treatment of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma has not yet been defined, but it appears that the ideal should consist of an aggressive multimodality approach. This includes surgical extirpation if it can be done without major morbidity, postoperative radiotherapy with a margin around known and suspected disease, and multiagent chemotherapy. Unlike most sarcomas, rhabdomyosarcoma (especially alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma) spreads by way of the lymphatic system as well as the blood stream. Inclusion of the draining lymphatics in the radiation field must be given strong consideration.
Promontory stimulation following labyrinthectomy: Implications for cochlear implantation
Authors: Kartush Jack M. , Linstrom Christopher J. , Graham Malcolm D. , Kulick Kathleen C. , Bouchard Kenneth R.
Published: October 2006

Transtympanic electric promontory stimulation is a psy‐choacoustic test used to assess residual acoustic neurons in profound sensorineural hearing loss. The test was performed in six patients who had previously undergone trans‐mastoid (N = 5) or transcanal‐oval window (N = 1) labyrinthectomy as a means of determining the feasibility of future cochlear implantation. Four patients had unilateral Meniere's disease, one had labyrinthitis, and one had delayed onset vertigo. All patients perceived a definite auditory sensation in the labyrinthectomized ear during stimulation. The results of threshold, dynamic range, and difference limen testing were similar to those obtained during preoperative stimulation of cochlear implant candidates (N = 12) who subsequently became successful users. There was no evidence of response degradations as the time, following labyrinthectomy increased. The results of this study suggest the possibility of successful cochlear implantation following labyrinthectomy. Supporting histologic data are reviewed.
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Evaluation, Surgery, And Follow‐Up Of 250 Patients
Authors: Levine Howard L.
Published: October 2006

Although much has been written about the surgical technique of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, little has appeared about its long‐term results. Two hundred fifty patients underwent endoscopic nasal office evaluations and subsequent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (42 unilateral + 208 bilateral = 458 procedures) for nasal polypo‐sis and chronic sinusitis from January 1986 to June 1988. Immediate postoperative data indicated that 8.3% developed minor complications and 0.7% developed major complications. Two hundred twenty‐one patients were available for long‐term follow‐up at 12 to 42 months (mean = 17 months) with success rates of 89.7% for relief of sinonasal polyposis and 80.2% for relief of chronic sinusitis.
Localization of the carotid artery within the tonsillar fossa by doppler flow mapping
Authors: Hendrix Robert A. , Bacon Charles K. , Hoffer Michael E.
Published: October 2006

Injury to the internal carotid artery during procedures performed in the tonsillar fossa can be catastrophic. Ton‐sillectomy or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was performed on 32 patients at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania or the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the course of the internal carotid artery in the postsurgical tonsillar fossa was mapped. The results indicate that, in the majority of patients, the internal carotid artery is located between 20% and 60% of the total width across the tonsillar fossa, as measured from the posterior pillar.

Appreciation of the surgical anatomy of the tonsillar fossa with respect to the internal carotid artery should contribute to improved intraoperative judgment and further limit the risk of vascular injury during oropharyngeal procedures.
Radiation therapy for paragangliomas of the temporal bone
Authors: Boyle Jay O. , Shimm David S. , Coulthard Stanley W.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of paragangliomas of the temporal bone (glo‐mus jugulare and glomus tympanicum tumors) is controversial, with both surgery and radiation therapy having their advocates. This paper discusses the experience at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in treating 10 cases of this uncommon tumor between 1971 and 1988. Seven of 10 cases were initially treated using irradiation and achieved complete tumor control for a mean of 67 months (range = 23‐107 months). Two patients, one treated surgically and the other by embolization, had recurrences and were salvaged by radiation, and neither has recurred. The final patient is disease‐free 9 months after embolization and surgery. There have been no serious sequelae of treatment. We conclude that moderate‐dose irradiation can safely control most temporal bone paragangliomas.
The location of the maxillary Os and its importance to the endoscopic sinus surgeon
Authors: May Mark , Sobol Steven M. , Korzec Kenneth
Published: October 2006

As functional endoscopic sinus surgery continues to gain popularity and support, the necessity for a clear and accurate understanding of the anatomy of the ostiomeatal complex becomes essential. To clarify this anatomy, serial cadaver dissections were performed and the anatomy of the ostiomeatal complex was detailed in three dimensions, with an emphasis on precise localization of the internal os of the maxillary sinus as it relates to the orbit, natural antronasal anal, and ethmoid infundibulum.

Measurements of the position of the internal os relative to the position of the anterior and posterior walls of the maxillary sinus and the position of the orbit were taken. The dimensions and configuration of the antronasal canal and its relationship to the infundibulum were also detailed. These measurements and relationships must be understood for an endoscopic sinus surgeon to locate the natural ostia without injuring the orbit.
The role of the facial nerve latency test in the prognosis of Bell's Palsy
Authors: Skevas Antonios Th. , Danielides Vasilios G. , Assimakopoulos Dimitrios A.
Published: October 2006

Eighty patients with idiopathic facial nerve palsy were evaluated by the facial nerve latency test. Depending on the latency time, the patients were classified into the following four groups: group A patients had normal latency times (3.25 msec); group B patients had slightly extended latency times (4 to 7 msec) and a mean of 5.6 msec; group C patients had extended latency times (10 to 14 msec) and a mean of 10.2 msec; and group D patients displayed complete disappearance of evoked compound muscle action potential (no responses).

Under the same therapeutic regimen, it was determined that, when the latency time was normal or close to normal, the functional recovery of the nerve was complete or almost complete, and the recovery time was short. When the latency time was extended or there was no response, the functional recovery of the nerve was either incomplete or absent.
Clinical classification and staging for primary malignancies of the maxillary antrum
Authors: Zamora Rene L. , Harvey Joseph E. , Sessions Donald G. , Spector J. Gershon , Spitznagel Edward L.
Published: October 2006

A study of 51 patients with primary malignant maxillary sinus neoplasms was conducted. None of the patients had neck nodes and/or metastases, and each had 5‐year follow‐up. The tumors were staged according to the 1983 and 1988 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems for maxillary sinus cancers. There were 13 early stage (T1, T2) and 38 advanced (T3, T4) tumors in both systems. Cox regression analyses of survival curves showed increasingly worse prognoses for advanced tumors in both T‐staging systems. Further analyses showed a significant difference in survival between T3 and T4 in the 1988, but not in the 1983 system. There were no significant differences in survival according to treatment modality or histological type of malignancy. We conclude that the 1988 system prognosticates successfully for T‐stage (1 to 4) and demonstrates significant improvement in detecting T3 versus T4 differences compared to the 1983 system. The 1988 system applies equally for epidermoid cancer and other malignancies of the antrum.
Three‐dimensional high‐resolution volume rendering (HRVR) of computed tomography data: Applications to otolaryngology—head and neck surgery
Authors: Davis Richard E. , Pillsbury Harold C. , Levoy Marc , Rosenman Julyan G. , Fuchs Henry , Pizer Stephen M. , Skinner Andrew
Published: October 2006

Conventional computed tomographic display formats are not optimal for demonstrating three‐dimensional anatomic relationships. In otolaryngology—head and neck surgery these critical relationships are often highly complex, and their complete understanding is essential to a successful surgical outcome. A new computer‐generated image display format, high‐resolution volume rendering (HRVR), facilitates the understanding of these critical anatomic relationships by transforming conventional imaging data into clinically relevant 3‐D images. Unlike many other 3‐D reconstruction algorithms, HRVR suffers minimal data loss in the conversion process, which in turn provides for superior image resolution. This better allows the application of 3‐D technology to small or complicated anatomic structures such as those frequently encountered in otolaryngology—head and neck surgery. Advances in computer‐controlled manipulations that further enhance the evaluation of desired pathologic features have been achieved. This pilot study contains representative clinical cases chosen to illustrate the potential utility of HRVR in otolaryngology—head and neck surgery. The authors believe HRVR images will enhance the surgeon's understanding of the 3‐D anatomic relationships that exist between critical pathologic features and surrounding vital structures.
Turbinate hypertrophy in habitual snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Findings of acoustic rhinometry
Authors: Lenders Heinrich , Schaefer Juergen , Pirsig Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Forty‐five habitual snorers (mean respiratory disturbance index = 6) and 22 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (mean respiratory disturbance index = 36) were examined by polysom‐nography, radiocephalometry, rhinomanometry, na‐sopharyngeal videoendoscopy, and acoustic rhinometry. In 97% of these patients, hypertrophy of the inferior nasal turbinates was found by acoustic rhinometry, while increased nasal resistance of various degrees was measured in 93% of all patients by active anterior rhinomanometry.

Acoustic rhinometry demonstrated that the most resistive segment was located in the anterior parts of the nasal cavity and was built up by two compartments: the region of the isthmus nasi and the region of the head of the inferior turbinate. In our snoring patients, the cross‐sectional areas at the head of the inferior turbinate were always smaller than the cross‐sectional areas in the isthmus nasi, which in normal controls presented the minimal cross‐sectional values of the whole nasal cavity. While rhinomanometry can only measure the amount of nasal resistance, acoustic rhinometry can clearly determine the exact size and location of the different stenoses in the nasal cavity that contribute to the increased nasal resistance.
Inhalation of foreign bodies in chinese children: A review of 400 cases
Authors: Mu Liancai , He Ping , Sun Deqiang
Published: October 2006

A retrospective review of 400 Chinese children who had inhaled foreign bodies was undertaken. There has been a yearly increase in the total number of cases of airway foreign bodies removed in our hospital. Fifty‐eight percent of the children presenting were from the countryside; 42% were townspeople. Approximately 90% of the patients were under 3 years of age, with the peak incidence of foreign body inhalation occurring between 1 and 2 years of age (57.8%). The male‐female ratio was about 1.2:1. About 95% of the removed foreign bodies were organic in origin. The majority of the foreign bodies were found most often in the right bronchial tree (46%). A positive history of foreign body inhalation was obtained in 98% of the cases. Twenty‐eight percent of the children presented at the hospital within 24 hours, 71% within 1 week, and 29% more than 1 week after inhaling the foreign body.

The most common presenting symptoms of lar‐yngotracheal foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and hoarseness; those of bronchial foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, decreased air entry, and rhonchi. More than two‐thirds of the children with laryngotracheal foreign bodies had normal x‐ray findings. The most common fluoroscopic findings in those children with bronchial foreign bodies were mediastinal shift (36.8%), obstructive emphysema (35.7%), and normal findings (35%). A total of 348 (87%) bronchial foreign bodies were removed by rigid bronchoscopy (81%), rod‐lens bronchoscopy (5%), and spontaneous expulsion (1%); 52 (13%) laryn‐geal and tracheal foreign bodies were removed by direct laryngoscopy (12%) and tracheotomy (1%). A single endoscopic procedure successfully removed 92.5% of 400 foreign bodies detected in the airways. One child died during bronchoscopy, for a mortality rate of 0.25%.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma: DNA as a prognostic indicator
Authors: Franzén Gunnar , Klausen Olav G. , Grenko Ronald T. , Carstensen John , Nordenskjöld Bo
Published: October 2006

A retrospective study was performed on 20 patients with adenoid cystic carcinomas of major salivary glands to see if DNA. patterns correlated with their prognoses.

Fourteen tumors were found to be DNA. diploid; 6 were DNA aneuploid. Histologically, all DNA‐aneu‐ploid tumors had solid components, compared with only 5 of the DNA‐diploid tumors. All of the DNA‐aneuploid tumors recurred, in contrast to only 2 of the DNA‐diploid tumors; the difference was highly significant (P<0.001). All of the patients with no recurrences had DNA‐diploid tumors.

In our study, DNA measurements of adenoid cystic carcinomas gave statistically significant information about prognosis and correlated to histological grading. We propose that evaluation of DNA content may be performed before planning the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinomas.
Comparison of topical fibrin glue, fibrinogen, and thrombin in preventing seroma formation in a rat model
Authors: Lindsey William H. , Becker Daniel G. , Cantrell Robert W. , Morgan Raymond F. , Hoare Jennifer R.
Published: October 2006

Fibrin glue has been shown to decrease seroma formation in animal models. To further delineate this mechanism, the efficacy of fibrin glue was compared to topical fibrinogen and thrombin in preventing postoperative seromas.

A model consistently producing seromas was developed by bilateral neck dissection, lymphadenectomy, and submandibular sialoadenectomy in the Sprague‐Dawley rat. Groups of 20 rats underwent this procedure and were blindly treated with either fibrin glue, fibrinogen, thrombin, or saline control. Necropsy on postoperative day 5 revealed a statistically significant (chi‐squared) decrease in seroma incidence using fibrin glue (0%) and fibrinogen (15%), while thrombin (95%) and saline (100%) were ineffective in preventing seromas.

The use of fibrin glue and fibrinogen in this role merits further investigation.
Congenital aural cholesteatoma: Results of surgery in 60 cases
Authors: Doyle Karen Jo , Luxford William M.
Published: October 2006

From 1978 to 1993, 59 patients (60 ears) with congenital middle ear cholesteatoma were treated at the House Ear Clinic. The median patient age at presentation was 5 years, and the period of postoperative follow‐up was 4.8 years. An intact canal wall was maintained in 58 of 60 cases and a closed middle ear space in all cases. In 12 operations, lateral graft tympanoplasty eradicated the cholesteatoma in one stage; 32 patients required a second‐stage surgery to rule out recurrence, and the remaining 16 cases required three or more operations to eradicate disease and reconstruct the hearing mechanism.

Thirty‐five (63%) of 56 patients had a postoperative air‐conduction threshold pure‐tone average (PTA) within 10 dB of the best bone‐conduction PTA; 91% were within 20 dB. Average speech reception threshold improved from 32 dB hearing level (HL) preoperatively to 20 dB HL postoperatively.
Alternatives to allylstannanes for remote stereocontrol
Authors: Booth Matthew , Brain Christopher , Castreno Pilar , Donnelly Sam , Dorling E. Kate , Germay Olivier , Hobson Lindsay , Kumar Naresh , Martin Nathaniel , Moore Christopher , Negi Devendra , Thomas Eric J. , Weston Anna
Published: October 2006

Allylstannanes with remote heteroatom substituents are transmetallated by tin(IV) halides to give allyltin trihalides which react with aldehydes with useful levels of remote stereocontrol; the use of this chemistry is exemplified by syntheses of several natural products. However, organotin starting materials are toxic and lead to residues which are difficult to remove and to dispose of. Studies are therefore underway to find procedures to carry out these and analogous reactions without the use of organotin reagents. Following mechanistic studies into allylstannane transmetallation, the use of allylsilicon and germanium reagents was investigated, with the allylgermanium reagents being viable alternatives to allylstannanes. In addition, investigations of reactions of allylstannanes mediated by bismuth(III) iodide led to the development of reactions of allyl bromides with aldehydes promoted by the low-valency species formed by treatment of bismuth(III) iodide with zinc powder. These reactions proceed with useful complementary 1,5-stereocontrol.
Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Wieser M. E.
Published: October 2006

The latest evaluation of atomic weight determinations and other cognate data has warranted 16 changes for the standard atomic weights of the elements, Ar(E), from those published previously in the 2001 Table of Atomic Weights. The revised standard atomic weights are as follows: Ar(Al) = 26.981 5386(8), Ar(Bi) = 208.980 40(1), Ar(Cs) = 132.905 4519(2), Ar(Co) = 58.933 195(5), Ar(Au) = 196.966 569(4), Ar(La) = 138.905 47(7), Ar(Mn) = 54.938 045(5), Ar(Nd) = 144.242(3), Ar(P) = 30.973 762(2), Ar(Pt) = 195.084(9), Ar(Sm) = 150.36(2), Ar(Sc) = 44.955 912(6), Ar(Na) = 22.989 769 28(2), Ar(Ta) = 180.947 88(2), Ar(Tb) = 158.925 35(2), Ar(Th) = 232.038 06(2). A recommendation is made that δ13C values of all carbon-bearing materials be measured and expressed relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) on a scale normalized by assigning consensus values of -46.6 ‰ to L-SVEC lithium carbonate and +1.95 ‰ to NBS 19 calcium carbonate.
Terminology of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and of polymers containing ions (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)
Authors: Hess M. , Jones R. G. , Kahovec J. , Kitayama T. , Kratochvíl P. , Kubisa P. , Mormann W. , Stepto R. F. T. , Tabak D. , Vohlídal J. , Wilks E. S.
Published: October 2006

This document defines the terms most commonly encountered in the field of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and polymers containing ions. The scope of the document has been limited to organic polymers. Inorganic materials, such as certain phosphates, silicates, etc., which also may be considered ionic polymers, are excluded from the present document.

The terms selected are those that are widely used in the field of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and polymers containing ions. Only those terms that could be defined without ambiguity are considered.

The terms are listed in alphabetical order, and cross-references to definitions given in other documents are provided.
Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)
Authors: Stephenson Gerald R. , Ferris Ian G. , Holland Patrick T. , Nordberg Monica
Published: October 2006

The glossary contains definitions of more than 500 terms frequently used in relation to the chemistry, mode of action, regulation, and use of pesticides. A wide range of disciplines is involved in this field, and the glossary was developed as a step in facilitating communication among researchers, government regulatory authorities, and chemists in associated professional areas. The range of terms relates to pesticide residue analysis, sampling for analysis, good laboratory practice, metabolism, environmental fate, effects on ecosystems, computer simulation models, toxicology, and risk assessment. The number of important, "pesticide-related" terms has more than doubled since 1996, when the first IUPAC glossary of this type was developed, an indication of how this field has become so integrated with many other scientific and regulatory disciplines.
Cytokine profiles in human exposure to metals (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Klein Reinhild , Schwenk Michael , Templeton Douglas M.
Published: October 2006

Immunosensitization to metal ions through occupational and environmental exposure has been described in earlier papers from this project. Here we discuss the possible role of cytokine profiling in demonstrating and understanding this phenomenon. The cytokines are a large family of polypeptides exerting autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine effects. They include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and growth factors. They may be grouped as pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-10), or those regulating T-helper (TH) cell function. The latter are subdivided into those associated with TH1 (e.g., IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-β) or TH2 (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cell function. Because different types of immune reactions (e.g., immediate reaction vs. delayed-type hypersensitivity) differentially involve TH1 and TH2 cells, measurement of cytokine production in response to metal ions can potentially give insight into underlying immune mechanisms and responses. Examples are given for species of Ni, Cr, Co, Hg, Cd, and Be; and in less detail for species of Fe, Pt, Pd, and Rh. Antibodies are available commercially that allow for the determination of many cytokines, and such measurements are most usefully performed with body fluids, supernatants from stimulated lymphocyte cultures, or lysates of lymphocytes or other biopsied cells. The predominant methods include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometric measurement of the cytokine, bioassay of its activity in cell culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assessment of its mRNA level. In practice, levels of individual cytokines are highly variable between individuals, and reliable reference values are generally lacking. Ratios of cytokines are more informative than absolute concentrations, and biological variability in cytokine production dictates that repeated testing is necessary to confirm trends. Determining cytokine profiles is presently of questionable diagnostic utility in individual cases of metal sensitization, but is providing mechanistic insights in a research context.
Complex expression patterns support potential roles for maternally derived activins in the establishment of pregnancy in mouse
Authors: Jones Rebecca L , Kaitu’u-Lino Tu’uhevaha J , Nie Guiying , Sanchez-Partida L Gabriel , Findlay Jock K , Salamonsen Lois A
Published: October 2006

Maternal–fetal communications are critical for the establishment of pregnancy. Embryonic growth and differentiation factors produced by the oviduct and uterus play essential roles during the pre- and early post-implantation phases. Although several studies indicate roles for activin in embryonic development, gene-knockout studies have failed to identify a critical role in mammalian embryogenesis. We hypothesized that activin is produced by maternal tissues during the establishment of pregnancy, and thus maternally derived activin could compensate for the absence of embryonic activin in null homozygotes during critical developmental stages. We investigated the expression of inhibin α, activin βA, and βB subunits in the mouse oviduct and uterus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy, and in the early conceptus. Inhibin α subunit was weakly expressed, while activin βA and βB subunits were strongly expressed in oviduct and uterus at estrous, and dramatically upregulated in the uterus on each day of pregnancy between days 3.5 and 8.5 post coitum. Prior to implantation, activin βA and βB subunits were immunolocalized to oviductal and uterine epithelial cells; following implantation they were expressed in the stroma, in a wave preceding decidualization. Later in pregnancy, activin βA and βB subunits were present in decidua basalis, trophoblast giant cells, and labyrinth zone of the developing placenta. Expression of activin βA subunit was also detected in blastocysts and early post-implantation embryos. These data are consistent with a role for maternally derived activins in the support of the pre-implantation embryo, and during gastrulation and embryogenesis.
Improved efficiency of bovine cloning by autologous somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Yang Xiao-yu , Li Hua , Ma Qing-wen , Yan Jing-bin , Zhao Jiang-guo , Li Hua-wei , Shen Hai-qing , Liu Hai-feng , Huang Ying , Huang Shu-Zhen , Zeng Yi-Tao , Zeng Fanyi
Published: October 2006

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been used for the cloning of various mammals. However, the rates of successful, healthy birth are generally poor. To improve cloning efficiency, we report the utilization of an ‘autologous SCNT’ cloning technique in which the somatic nucleus of a female bovine donor is transferred to its own enucleated oocyte recovered by ovum pick up, in contrast to the routine ‘allogeneic SCNT’ procedure using oocytes from unrelated females. Our results showed that embryos derived from autologous SCNThave significantly higher developmental competence than those derived from allogeneic SCNT, especiallyat the eight-cell (60 vs 44%), morula (45 vs 36%), and blastocyst (38 vs 23%) stages. The pregnancy and birth rates were also higher for the autologous (39 and 23%), compared to the allogeneic (22 and 6%) SCNT groups. Genome-wide histone3-lysine9 methylation profiles reveal that autologous SCNTembryos have less epigenetic defects than the allogeneic SCNTembryos. This study indicates that autologous SCNT can improve the efficiency of bovine cloning with less reprogramming deficiency.
Sistema radicular e desenvolvimento de plantas cítricas provenientes de viveiro telado e aberto
Authors: Davoglio Junior Antonio Carlos , Bordin Ivan , Neves Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro
Published: October 2006

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o sistema radicular e o desenvolvimento vegetativo de plantas cítricas, provenientes de mudas produzidas em sistema de viveiro aberto e de telado. A avaliação das raízes foi realizada pela escavação de seis trincheiras para obtenção de imagens digitais das raízes que foram avaliadas pelo programa SIARCS 3.0. Para avaliação do desenvolvimento vegetativo, foram selecionadas 20 plantas. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, e os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste t de Student. As plantas provenientes de mudas de viveiro aberto foram superiores às plantas de telado na distância efetiva do sistema radicular, na entrelinha de plantio e no total geral de raízes. O diâmetro e o volume da copa foram superiores para as plantas provenientes de mudas de viveiro aberto em relação às plantas de telado.