bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Weimar Culture – Die Bedeutung der Forman‐These für eine Wissenschaftsgeschichte in kulturhistorischer Perspektive
Authors: Trischler Helmuth , Carson Cathryn , Kojevnikov Alexei
Published: November 2008

Beyond Weimar Culture – The Significance of the Forman Thesis for a Cultural Approach to the History of Science. The famous ‘Forman thesis’, published in 1971, argued for a historical linkage among the intellectual atmosphere of Weimar Germany, popular revolts against determinism and materialism, and the creation of the revolutionary new theory of quantum mechanics. Paul Forman's long essay on “Weimar Culture” has shaped research agendas in numerous fields, from the history and philosophy of physics to German history to the sociology of scientific knowledge. Despite its status as a classic and its transformative effect, Weimar Culture has always inspired as much critique as assent. In particular in the history of science, cohorts of students and two generations of scholars have debated the Forman thesis as a conceptual tool for linking scientific change with cultural processes. The Forman thesis raises critical questions for both the ongoing debates over cultural approaches to the history of science and the burgeoning newer scholarship on physics in and beyond Weimar Germany. Exploring these implications has been the aim of a transnational project of the three authors of this article which sheds some light on these debates and briefly introduces the following papers of this special issue devoted to Paul Forman and his seminal works in the history of science.
Mystik and Technik: Arnold Sommerfeld and Early‐Weimar Quantum Theory
Authors: Seth Suman
Published: November 2008

Mystik und Technik: Arnold Sommerfeld und die frühe Weimarer Quantentheorie. In seinem mittlerweile klassisch zu nennenden Aufsatz von 1971 über Physik und Kultur der Weimarer Zeit führte Paul Forman den Fall des Münchener Professors der Theoretischen Physik, Arnold Sommerfeld, als beredtes Beispiel für die linguistische Anpassung eines anerkannten Physikers an ein antagonistisches kulturelles Milieu an. Nicht gerade für phantastische Höhenflüge bekannt, began Sommerfeld – in der Zeit unmittelbar nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs – von Zahlenmysterien und ihrer Rolle in der Quantenspektroskopie zu sprechen. Forman nahm dies als genau den Beleg für “die Bereitschaft sogar eines Sommerfelds, mit antiwissenschaftlichen Tendenzen zu liebäugeln, die er eigentlich verabscheute”. Ohne die Dominanz des Mystizismus im populären Diskurs der Weimarer Zeit leugnen zu wollen, wird in diesem Beitrag vorgeschlagen, Sommerfelds Gebrauch des Begriffs ‘Mystik’ nicht als Tribut an eine feindliche Öffentlichkeit, sondern als integralen Bestandteil der von ihm geübten Praxis Theoretischer Physik, die er “die Technik der Quanten” nannte, zu sehen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht erstens die produktive Rolle von ‘Mystik’ innerhalb von ‘Technik’ der frühen quantentheoretischen Forschung der Weimarer Zeit und zweitens Niels Bohrs geniale Verknüpfung der klassischen und der Quanten‐Welt durch sein ‘Korrespondenz‐prinzip’, welches Sommerfeld als (minderwertige) Alternative zu seiner eigenen ‘Technik’ ansah.

Mystik and Technik: Arnold Sommerfeld and Early‐Weimar Quantum Theory. In his now‐classic 1971 paper on physics and Weimar culture, Paul Forman cited the case of Munich's professor of theoretical physics, Arnold Sommerfeld, as a telling example of a respected physicist's linguistic adaptation to an antagonistic cultural milieu. Hardly known for his flights of fancy, Sommerfeld began to speak – in the period after the end of the First World War – of number‐mysteries and their place in quantum spectroscopy. For Forman, this was evidence of “the readiness of even a Sommerfeld to flirt with the very anti‐scientific tendencies he deplored”. Without denying the prevalence of talk of mysticism in popular discourse during the Weimar period, this paper suggests that one should see Sommerfeld's use of the term ‘Mystik’ not as mere pandering to a hostile public, but as an integral part of the practice of his theoretical physics, what he termed “the craft of the quantum” (”die Technik der Quanten”). This paper, then, examines, first, the productive place of ‘Mystik’ within ‘Technik’ in early‐Weimar quantum‐theoretical research and, second, what Sommerfeld saw as the (lesser) alternative to his own ‘Technik’, Niels Bohr's gifted intermingling of the classical and quantum worlds through his ‘principle of correspondence’.
From MRI to anatomical simulation of the hip joint
Authors: Assassi Lazhari , Charbonnier Caecilia , Schmid Jérôme , Volino Pascal , Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia
Published: November 2008

This paper describes a methodology for the simulation of musculoskeletal disorders. Our clinical study is related to osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip, a pathogenesis possibly due to impingements. These bone collisions lead to abnormal joint mechanics which is characterized by contact pressure and stress distribution upon the joint cartilages. The proposed methodology combines different approaches from modeling to simulation. The simulation is based on patient‐specific anatomical models, where acquisition modalities are noninvasive and flexible. Based on static magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, a discrete deformable models method is used for modeling the organs of the musculoskeletal system. Femoroacetabular movements are estimated using an optical motion capture system and are validated by a dynamic MRI analysis. To achieve accurate deformations, techniques to generate volumetric meshes are developed based on the medial axis (MA) information. Finally, a computationally efficient fast functional joint model is used to simulate the mechanical behavior of the soft tissues. The goal of such a simulation is to allow the investigation of the relevant contact and cartilages deformation under movement, which can be useful for diagnosis, pre‐ or post‐operative planning and training. This will benefit further developments in surgical techniques and minimally invasive procedures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrograde adenoviral vector targeting of nociresponsive pontospinal noradrenergic neurons in the rat in vivo
Authors: Howorth Patrick W. , Teschemacher Anja G. , Pickering Anthony E.
Published: November 2008

The spinal dorsal horn receives a dense innervation of noradrenaline‐containing fibers that originate from pontine neurons in the A5, locus coeruleus (LC), and A7 cell groups. These pontospinal neurons are believed to constitute a component of the endogenous analgesic system. We used an adenoviral vector with a catecholaminergic‐selective promoter (AVV‐PRS) to retrogradely label the noradrenergic neurons projecting to the lumbar (L4–L5) dorsal horn with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP). Retrogradely labeled neurons (145 ± 12, n = 14) were found in A5‐12%, LC‐80% and A7‐8% after injection of AVV‐PRS‐EGFP to the dorsal horn of L4–L5. These neurons were immunopositive for dopamine β‐hydroxylase, indicating that they were catecholaminergic. Retrograde labeling was optimal 7 days after injection, persisted for over 4 weeks, and was dependent on viral vector titer. The spinal topography of the noradrenergic projection was examined using EGFP‐ and mRFP‐expressing adenoviral vectors. Pontospinal neurons provide bilateral innervation of the cord and there was little overlap in the distribution of neurons projecting to the cervical and lumbar regions. The axonal arbor of the pontospinal neurons was visualized with GFP immunocytochemistry to show projections to the inferior olive, cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex but not to the hippocampus or caudate putamen. Formalin testing evoked c‐fos expression in these pontospinal neurons, suggesting that they were nociresponsive (A5‐21%, LC‐16%, and A7‐26%, n = 8). Thus, we have developed a viral vector‐based strategy to selectively, retrogradely target the pontospinal noradrenergic neurons that are likely to be involved in the descending control of nociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:141–157, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the amphid sensilla in the microbial feeding nematode, Acrobeles complexus (nematoda: Rhabditida)
Authors: Bumbarger Daniel J. , Wijeratne Sitara , Carter Cale , Crum John , Ellisman Mark H. , Baldwin James G.
Published: November 2008

Amphid sensilla are the primary olfactory, chemoreceptive, and thermoreceptive organs in nematodes. Their function is well described for the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, but it is not clear to what extent we can generalize these findings to distantly related nematodes of medical, economic, and agricultural importance. Current detailed descriptions of anatomy and sensory function are limited to nematodes that recent molecular phylogenies would place in the same taxonomic family, the Rhabditidae. Using serial thin‐section transmission electron microscopy, we reconstructed the anatomy of the amphid sensilla in the more distantly related nematode, Acrobeles complexus (Cephalobidae). Amphid structure is broadly conserved in number and arrangement of cells. Details of cell anatomy differ, particularly for the sensory neurite termini. We identify an additional sensory neuron not found in the amphid of C. elegans and propose homology with the C. elegans interneuron AUA. Hypotheses of homology for the remaining sensory neurons are also proposed based on comparisons between C. elegans, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Haemonchus contortus. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:271–281, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
17β‐estradiol regulation of the mRNA expression of t‐type calcium channel subunits: Role of estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β
Authors: Bosch Martha A. , Hou Jingwen , Fang Yuan , Kelly Martin J. , RØnnekleiv Oline K.
Published: November 2008

Low‐voltage‐activated (T‐type) calcium channels are responsible for burst firing and transmitter release in neurons and are important for exocytosis and hormone secretion in pituitary cells. T‐type channels contain an α1 subunit, of which there are three subtypes, Cav3.1, ‐3.2, and ‐3.3, and each subtype has distinct kinetic characteristics. Although 17β‐estradiol (E2) modulates T‐type calcium channel expression and function, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. We used real‐time PCR quantification of RNA extracted from hypothalamic nuclei and pituitary in vehicle and E2‐treated C57BL/6 mice to elucidate E2‐mediated regulation of Cav3.1, ‐3.2, and ‐3.3 subunits. The three subunits were expressed in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. E2 treatment increased the mRNA expression of Cav3.1 and ‐3.2, but not Cav3.3, in the medial preoptic area and the arcuate nucleus. In the pituitary, Cav3.1 was increased with E2 treatment, and Cav3.2 and ‐3.3 were decreased. To examine whether the classical estrogen receptors (ERs) were involved in the regulation, we used ERα‐ and ERβ‐deficient C57BL/6 mice and explored the effects of E2 on T‐type channel subtypes. Indeed, we found that the E2‐induced increase in Cav3.1 in the hypothalamus was dependent on ERα, whereas the E2 effect on Cav3.2 was dependent on both ERα and ERβ. However, the E2‐induced effects in the pituitary were dependent on only the expression of ERα. The robust E2 regulation of T‐type calcium channels could be an important mechanism by which E2 increases the excitability of hypothalamic neurons and modulates pituitary secretion. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:347–358, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADAM8 is selectively up‐regulated in endothelial cells and is associated with angiogenesis after spinal cord injury in adult mice
Authors: Mahoney Edward T. , Benton Richard L. , Maddie Melissa A. , Whittemore Scott R. , Hagg Theo
Published: November 2008

Endothelial cell (EC) loss and subsequent angiogenesis occur over the first week after spinal cord injury (SCI). To identify molecular mechanisms that could be targeted with intravenous (i.v.) treatments, we determined whether transmembrane “a disintegrin and metalloprotease” (ADAM) proteins are expressed in ECs of the injured spinal cord. ADAMs bind to integrins, which are important for EC survival and angiogenesis. Female adult C57Bl/6 mice with a spinal cord contusion had progressively more ADAM8 (CD156) immunostaining in blood vessels and individual ECs between 1 and 28 days following injury. Uninjured spinal cords had little ADAM8 staining. The increase in ADAM8 mRNA and protein was confirmed in spinal cord lysates, and ADAM8 mRNA was present in FACS‐enriched ECs. ADAM8 colocalized extensively and exclusively with the EC marker PECAM and also with i.v.‐injected lectins. Intravenous isolectin B4 (IB4) labels a subpopulation of blood vessels at and within the injury epicenter 3–7 days after injury, coincident with angiogenesis. Both ADAM8 and the proliferation marker Ki‐67 were present in IB4‐positive microvessels. ADAM8‐positive proliferating cells were seen at the leading end of IB4‐positive blood vessels. Angiogenesis was confirmed by BrdU incorporation, binding of i.v.‐injected nucleolin antibodies, and MT1‐MMP immunostaining in a subset of blood vessels. These data suggest that ADAM8 is vascular selective and plays a role in proliferation and/or migration of ECs during angiogenesis following SCI. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:243–255, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current‐mode wave field programmable analogue arrays
Authors: Souliotis George , Fragoulis Nikos , Giannakopoulos Konstantine , Besiris Dimitris , Zigouris Evangelos
Published: November 2008

A new configurable analogue block (CAB), the key element in the design of field programmable analogue arrays (FPAAs), is introduced in this paper. This CAB is based on wave equivalents of the passive elements and it is easily reconfigurable resulting in very simple and versatile FPAA structures. The proposed topology employs a minimum number of switches in the signal path due to the absence of the interconnection network required in other FPAA structures, and thus an improved performance is achieved in comparison with the already introduced corresponding programmable configurations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retinoic acid signaling in development: Tissue‐specific functions and evolutionary origins
Authors: Campo‐Paysaa Florent , Marlétaz Ferdinand , Laudet Vincent , Schubert Michael
Published: November 2008

Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A‐derived morphogen important for axial patterning and organ formation in developing vertebrates and invertebrate chordates (tunicates and cephalochordates). Recent analyses of genomic data have revealed that the molecular components of the RA signaling cascade are also present in other invertebrate groups, such as hemichordates and sea urchins. In this review, we reassess the evolutionary origins of the RA signaling pathway by examining the presence of key factors of this signaling cascade in different metazoan genomes and by comparing tissue‐specific roles for RA during development of different animals. This discussion of genomic and developmental data suggests that RA signaling might have originated earlier in metazoan evolution than previously thought. On the basis of this hypothesis, we conclude by proposing a scenario for the evolution of RA functions during development, which highlights functional gains and lineage‐specific losses during metazoan diversification. genesis 46:640–656, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chordate origins and evolution
Authors: Swalla Billie J. , Xavier‐Neto José
Published: November 2008

No abastract.
Free exploration of painting uncovers particularly loose yoking of saccades in dyslexics
Authors: Kapoula Zoï , Ganem Rebecca , Poncet Sarah , Gintautas Daunys , Eggert Thomas , Brémond‐Gignac Dominique , Bucci Maria Pia
Published: November 2008

Binocular yoking of saccades is essential for single vision of words during reading. This study examines the quality of binocular coordination in individuals with dyslexia, independent of the process of reading. Fifteen dyslexia children (11.2±1.4 years) and 15 non‐dyslexia individuals (8 children, aged 11.1±1.3 years, and 7 adults, 24±3 years) were studied. Eye movements were recorded in two conditions. In the control condition, participants made saccades to a single target where the saccade direction and magnitude were controlled. In the experimental condition saccades were allowed to move freely while viewing paintings. The results indicated that, compared with the non‐dyslexia group, the dyslexia group showed a larger saccade amplitude difference between the two eyes, as well as a larger conjugate post‐saccadic drift, during painting exploration than that for saccades to a single target. While both groups showed a larger disconjugate post‐saccadic drift during painting exploration relative to the control condition, this showed a negative correlation with saccade disconjugacy (i.e. disconjugate drift reduced the disparity) only for the non‐dyslexia group. These results indicate that individuals with dyslexia have problems of binocular coordination, both during the saccade and fixations, which are independent of the reading process. It is suggested that this reflects an immaturity of the normal oculomotor learning mechanisms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competence and warmth in context: The compensatory nature of stereotypic views of national groups
Authors: Kervyn Nicolas , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Demoulin Stephanie , Judd Charles M.
Published: November 2008

In two experiments we show that the context in which groups are perceived influences how they are judged in a compensatory manner on the fundamental dimensions of social judgment, that is, warmth and competence. We manipulate the type of country (high in competence and low in warmth vs. high in warmth and low in competence) to which a target country is compared. Our data show that the target country is perceived as warmer and less competent when the comparison country is stereotypically high (vs. low) in competence and low (vs. high) in warmth. We also found compensation correlationally across targets and across dimensions in that the higher the comparison country is rated on one of the two dimensions, the higher the target country is rated on the other. Compensation effects are shown to affect judgments of both the ingroup (Experiment 1) and an outgroup (Experiment 2). Our results shed new light on context effects in group judgments as well as on the compensatory relation of the two fundamental dimensions of social judgment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format
Authors: Bosak Janine , Sczesny Sabine , Eagly Alice H.
Published: November 2008

In past research, the presentation of men and women in the same social role has eliminated gender stereotypical ratings of greater agency and lesser communion in men compared with women. The social‐role interpretation of such findings is challenged from the shifting‐standards perspective, which suggests that the application of within‐sex judgmental standards to men and women in roles may have masked underlying gender stereotypes. To clarify this issue, 256 participants judged an average man or woman portrayed as an employee, homemaker, or without role information on agentic and communal traits. These judgments were given on subjective scales that were vulnerable to shifting standards (trait ratings) or on common rule measures that restrain shifting standards (estimates of test scores). As predicted from the shifting‐standards perspective, judgments of greater agency in men than women disappeared in the presence of role information only on the subjective scales, which enabled shifts to within‐sex standards. As predicted from the social‐role perspective, judgments of greater communion in women than men disappeared in the presence of the homemaker role on both the subjective and common rule measures. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding judgments of role occupants' agency and communion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct roles of left inferior frontal regions that explain individual differences in second language acquisition
Authors: Sakai Kuniyoshi L. , Nauchi Arihito , Tatsuno Yoshinori , Hirano Kazuyoshi , Muraishi Yukimasa , Kimura Masakazu , Bostwick Mike , Yusa Noriaki
Published: November 2008

Second language (L2) acquisition is more susceptible to environmental and idiosyncratic factors than first language acquisition. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging for L2 learners of different ages of first exposure (mean: 12.6 and 5.6 years) in a formal school environment, and compared the cortical activations involved in processing English sentences containing either syntactic or spelling errors, where the testing ages and task performances of both groups were matched. We found novel activation patterns in two regions of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) that correlated differentially with the performances of the late and early learners. Specifically, activations of the dorsal and ventral triangular part (F3t) of the left IFG correlated positively with the accuracy of the syntactic task for the late learners, whereas activations of the left ventral F3t correlated negatively with the accuracy for the early learners. In contrast, other cortical regions exhibited differential correlation patterns with the reaction times (RTs) of the syntactic task. Namely, activations of the orbital part (F3O) of the left IFG, as well as those of the left angular gyrus, correlated positively with the RTs for the late learners, whereas those activations correlated negatively with the RTs for the early learners. Moreover, the task‐selective activation of the left F3O was maintained for both the late and early learners. These results explain individual differences in L2 acquisition, such that the acquisition of linguistic knowledge in L2 is subserved by at least two distinct inferior frontal regions of the left F3t and F3O. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscarinic receptor blockade in ventral hippocampus and prelimbic cortex impairs memory for socially transmitted food preference
Authors: Carballo‐Márquez Anna , Vale‐Martínez Anna , Guillazo‐Blanch Gemma , Martí‐Nicolovius Margarita
Published: November 2008

Acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory and, particularly, in olfactory tasks, but reports on its specific role in consolidation processes are somewhat controversial. The present experiment sought to determine the effects of blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and the prelimbic cortex (PLC) on the consolidation of social transmission of food preference, an odor‐guided relational task that depends on such brain areas. Adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally infused with scopolamine (20 μg/site) immediately after social training and showed impairment, relative to vehicle‐injected controls, in the expression of the task measured 24 h after learning. Results indicated that scopolamine in the PLC completely abolished memory, suggesting that muscarinic transmission in this cortical region is crucial for consolidation of recent socially acquired information. Muscarinic receptors in the vHPC contribute in some way to task consolidation, as the rats injected with scopolamine in the vHPC showed significantly lower trained food preference than control rats, but higher than both chance level and that of the PLC‐injected rats. Behavioral measures such as social interaction, motivation to eat, neophobia, or exploration did not differ between rats infused with scopolamine or vehicle. Such data suggest a possible differential role of muscarinic receptors in the PLC and the vHPC in the initial consolidation of a naturalistic form of nonspatial relational memory. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer among Scandinavian women with cosmetic breast implants: A pooled long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Lipworth Loren , Tarone Robert E. , Friis Søren , Ye Weimin , Olsen Jørgen H. , Nyren Olof , McLaughlin Joseph K.
Published: November 2008

No increased risks of specific types of cancer following breast implantation have been consistently reported, but data on risk beyond 15 years are limited. We have pooled the results of 2 nationwide cohort studies of 3,486 Swedish and 2,736 Danish women who underwent cosmetic breast implantation between 1965 and 1993. Cancer incidence through 2002 was ascertained through nationwide cancer registries. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare cancer incidence among women with implants with women in the general population. Mean duration of follow up was 16.6 years (range 0.1–37.8 years). Over 50% of women were followed for 15 years or more after breast implantation and 13.3% for at least 25 years. There was a reduced incidence of breast cancer (SIR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.58–0.90), whereas lung cancer was above expectation (SIR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.10–2.36). The increased risk of lung cancer is expected due to the high prevalence of smoking among the women with implants in our study. With respect to other site‐specific cancers, no significantly increased or decreased SIR was observed. This study, which includes women followed for almost 4 decades, represents the longest follow up of women with cosmetic breast implants to date. The results provide no evidence of an association between breast implants and any type of cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The clonal evolution of metastases from primary serous epithelial ovarian cancers
Authors: Khalique Lalarukh , Ayhan Ayse , Whittaker John C. , Singh Naveena , Jacobs Ian J. , Gayther Simon A. , Ramus Susan J.
Published: November 2008

Several models of evolution from primary cancers to metastases have been proposed; but the most widely accepted is the clonal evolution model proposed for colorectal cancer in which tumors develop by a process of linear clonal evolution driven by the accumulation of somatic genetic alterations. Various other models of cancer progression and metastasis have been proposed, including parallel evolution and the same gene model. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of metastases from primary cancer in 22 patients diagnosed with high‐grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer. We established somatic genetic profiles based on the pattern of loss of heterozygosity, in several different regions of tumor tissue within the primary tumor and metastatic deposits from each case. Maximum parsimony tree analysis was used to examine the evolutionary relationship between the primary and metastatic samples for each patient. In addition, we investigated the extent of genetic heterogeneity within and between metastatic tumors compared with primary ovarian tumors. Our data suggest that most, if not all, metastases are clonally related to the primary tumors. However, the data oppose a single model of linear‐clonal evolution whereby a late stage clone within the primary tumor acquires additional genetic changes that enable metastatic progression. Instead, the data support a model in which primary ovarian cancers have a common clonal origin, but become polyclonal, with different clones at both early and late stages of genetic divergence acquiring the ability to progress to metastasis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural analysis of glutamate‐, GABA‐, and glycine‐immunopositive boutons from supratrigeminal premotoneurons in the rat trigeminal motor nucleus
Authors: Paik Sang Kyoo , Lee Hyo Jeong , Choi Min Ki , Cho Yi Sul , Park Mae Ja , Moritani Masayuki , Yoshida Atsushi , Kim Yun Sook , Bae Yong Chul
Published: November 2008

The supratrigeminal region (Vsup) is important for coordination of smooth jaw movement. However, little is known about the synaptic connections of the Vsup premotoneurons with the trigeminal motor neurons. In the present study, we examined axon terminals of Vsup premotoneurons in the contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) by a combination of anterograde tracing with cholera toxin B–horseradish peroxidase (CTB‐HRP), postembedding immunohistochemistry for the amino acid transmitters glutamate, GABA, and glycine, and electron microscopy. Tracer injections resulted in anterograde labeling of axon terminals of the Vsup premotoneurons in the motor trigeminal nucleus (Vmo). The labeled boutons in Vmo exhibited immunoreactivity for glutamate, GABA, or glycine: glutamate‐immunopositive boutons (69%) were more frequently observed than GABA‐ or glycine‐immunopositive boutons (19% and 12%, respectively). Although most labeled boutons (97%) made synaptic contacts with a single postsynaptic dendrite, a few glutamate‐immunopositive boutons (3%) showed synaptic contact with two dendrites. No labeled boutons participated in axoaxonic synaptic contacts. Most labeled boutons (78%) were presynaptic to dendritic shafts, and the remaining 22% were presynaptic to somata or primary dendrites. A large proportion of GABA‐ or glycine‐immunopositive boutons (40%) were presynaptic to somata or primary dendrites, whereas most glutamate‐immunopositive boutons (86%) were presynaptic to dendritic shafts. These results indicate that axon terminals of Vsup premotoneurons show simple synaptic connection with Vmo neurons. This may provide the anatomical basis for the neural information processing responsible for jaw movement control. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of periinfarct flow transients with laser speckle and Doppler after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat
Authors: Luckl Janos , Zhou Chao , Durduran Turgut , Yodh Arjun G. , Greenberg Joel H.
Published: November 2008

Little information exists on the role and the characteristics of perfusion changes related to periinfarct depolarization. Our aim was to visualize and monitor periinfarct flow transients (PIFTs) in Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 10) with two different laser methods in a closed‐skull model of filament middle cerebral artery occlusion. A laser Doppler probe was placed over the ischemic cortex 5 mm lateral to Bregma, and a 5 × 5 mm area centered 5 mm posterior and 4 mm lateral to Bregma was thinned for laser speckle imaging. Both neurological and histological evaluations were performed at 72 hr postinjury. Mean flow during 90‐min ischemia was 29% of baseline measured by laser Doppler and 36–54% by laser speckle. Flow transients occurred in all rats, the number of PIFTs being 4.6 ± 1.8/90 min. By both methods, 95.6% of them occurred with temporal correlation. The average duration of PIFTs was also identical (162 ± 24 and 162 ± 34 sec, respectively). Five different morphologies of flow transients ranging from hypoperfusive to hyperemic were identified by laser speckle. The PIFTs changed their morphology dynamically over certain regions. All of the animals showed an infarct (178.5 ± 26 mm3) in the middle cerebral artery territory. Laser Doppler in itself can be a reliable method for counting/detecting PIFTs, but laser speckle is capable of monitoring the dynamic changes in PIFT morphology over the penumbral and periischemic cortex. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alive and creating: the mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement
Authors: Kark Ronit , Carmeli Abraham
Published: November 2008

Individual involvement in creative work is of crucial importance for organizations in a knowledge‐based economy. This study examined how psychological safety induces feelings of vitality and how feelings of vitality impact one's involvement in creative work. We examined these relationships among 128 part‐time graduate students who held managerial and non‐managerial position in their work organizations. The results suggest that employees' sense of psychological safety is significantly associated with feelings of vitality (both collected at time 1), which, in turn, result in involvement in creative work (collected at time 2). We discuss the implications of these findings for both theory and practice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the sulfite‐bearing minerals scotlandite, hannebachite and orschallite: implications for the desulfation of soils
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Keeffe Eloise C.
Published: November 2008

The structures of the naturally occurring sulfite‐bearing minerals scotlandite, hannebachite and orschallite have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. Raman bands are observed for scotlandite PbSO3 at 935, 880, 622 and 474 cm−1 and are assigned to the (SO3)2−ν1(A1), ν3(E), ν2(A1) and ν4(E) vibrational modes, respectively. For hannebachite (CaSO3)2·H2O these bands are observed at 1005, 969 and 655 cm−1 with multiple bands for the ν4(E) mode at 444, 492 and 520 cm−1. The Raman spectrum of hannebachite is very different from that of the compound CaSO3·2H2O. It is proposed, on the basis of Raman spectroscopy, that in the mineral hannebachite, the sulfite anion bonds to Ca through the sulfur atom. The Raman spectrum of the mineral orschallite Ca3[SO4](SO3)2·12H2O is complex resulting from the overlap of sulfate and sulfite bands. Raman bands at 1005 cm−1, 1096 and 1215 cm−1 are assigned to the (SO4)2−ν1 symmetric and ν3 asymmetric stretching modes. The two Raman bands at 971 and 984 cm−1 are attributed to the (SO3)2−ν3(E) and ν1(A1) stretching vibrations. The formation of sulfite compounds in nature offers a potential mechanism for the removal of sulfates and sulfites from soils. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence to equilibrium for a fully hyperbolic phase‐field model with Cattaneo heat flux law
Authors: Jiang Jie
Published: November 2008

We consider a fully hyperbolic phase‐field model in this paper. Our model consists of a damped hyperbolic equation of second order with respect to the phase function χ(t) , which is coupled with a hyperbolic system of first order with respect to the relative temperature θ(t) and the heat flux vectorq(t). We prove the well‐posedness of this system subject to homogeneous Neumann boundary condition and no‐heat flux boundary condition. Then, we show that this dynamical system is a dissipative one. Finally, using the celebrated Łojasiewicz–Simon inequality and by constructing an auxiliary functional, we prove that the solution of this problem converges to an equilibrium as time goes to infinity. We also obtain an estimate of the decay rate to equilibrium. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic settlements under linear surface pressures on rectangular areas
Authors: Algin Halil Murat , Algin Zeynep
Published: November 2008

This paper presents the practical closed‐form solutions for elastic settlement under the linear full‐contact pressures on rectangular areas resting upon an elastic mass. The linear pressure distribution is mostly assumed in practice for the rectangular footing having biaxial bending. The equations presented here are determined by evaluating the integration of Steinbrenner's strain approximation based on the stress solutions from the Boussinesq equations. The presented formulae are validated to be used for the elastic settlement under any point of linear full‐contact loading, triangular and embankment types of pressure cases. In this respect, it represents a significant step forward in the understanding of elastic settlement and rotation under the practical loading cases. The presented solutions are concise and easy to use. The numerical examples are demonstrated and the resulting influence factors in graphical forms are presented for their practical use especially in the elastic settlement calculations of rectangular footing subjected to the biaxial bending. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isoflurane anesthesia is a valuable alternative for α‐chloralose anesthesia in the forepaw stimulation model in rats
Authors: Sommers Mathieu G , van Egmond Jan , Booij Leo HDJ , Heerschap Arend
Published: November 2008

Isoflurane (ISO) can be a valuable alternative for α‐chloralose (ACL) anesthesia in functional MRI (fMRI) studies. Therefore, we compared the efficacy of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect in fMRI studies during ISO and ACL anesthesia sequentially in the same animals. After non‐invasive instrumentation for ventilation and monitoring, series of T2* weighted MR images were acquired during forepaw stimulation, first under ISO, then followed by ACL anesthesia. The results demonstrated that ISO and ACL were both suitable to perform this fMRI experiment. The center of activation was at the same stereotactic position for both anesthetics and matched the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Under the applied conditions, the BOLD response during ISO anesthesia declined in magnitude during the first stimulation period, as compared to ACL. From this study, we conclude that since ISO has several positive properties in comparison to ACL, including fast pharmacokinetics and suitability for repeated measurements, it is a valuable alternative for anesthesia in fMRI studies of rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived value of corporate donations: an empirical investigation
Authors: Gipp Narissa , Kalafatis Stavros P. , Ledden Lesley
Published: November 2008

There is current recognition that value is the fundamental basis for all marketing activities. The present research provides an empirical examination of perceptions of value within the voluntary sector and specifically donations made by organisations towards the funding of charitable projects. The impact of a number of charity and project‐related variables on the formation of value and the corresponding effect of value on satisfaction and behavioural variables are examined.

The results support claims that past experience with and information about a charity as well as information about a specific project are significant determinants of value. However, the impact of these constructs is differential between the two components of value (i.e. get/benefits and give/sacrifices). We confirm the significant effect of value on satisfaction and indicate that satisfaction and benefits derived from a donation have a direct impact on behavioural intention.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for fish cultivation during the Yayoi Period in western Japan
Authors: Nakajima T. , Nakajima M. , Yamazaki T.
Published: November 2008

People in the western part of Japan, where the cyprinid fish fauna is very rich, have utilised these fish as a protein resource since the Jomon Period. Abundant cyprinid fish remains have been recovered from archeological sites in western Japan dating from both the Jomon (ca. 12,000 BC–300 BC) and subsequent Yayoi (ca 300 BC–AD 300) times. They captured larger cyprinids, especially Cyprinus carpio and Carassius spp., coming inshore for spawning and processed them as a food stock. One can easily imagine that people who captured cyprinids during the spawning season might also have begun to cultivate those fish sometime during prehistory, but until now there has been no evidence of fish cultivation in ancient Japan. We examined cyprinid pharyngeal tooth remains recovered from an archeological site of the Yayoi Period, the Asahi site in the Nobi Plain near Nagoya. The common carp Cyprinus carpio accounted for more than two‐thirds of the recovered pharyngeal tooth remains. There are two peaks in the body length distribution, estimated from tooth size, of common carp from this site, one at 350–450 mm and the other, higher peak at 50–150 mm. We believe that the smaller fish of 50–150 mm in body length were cultivated, because it is very difficult to capture common carp of this size in substantial numbers in the field. We propose that fish cultivation started as a by‐product of the artificial control of water levels in the paddy fields used for rice agriculture, which were characteristic of the Yayoi Period in Japan. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis and characterization of heterocyclic, and optically active poly(amide‐imide)s incorporating L‐amino acids
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Zahmatkesh Saeed , Ruoho Arnold E.
Published: November 2008

N,N′‐Pyromelliticdiimido‐di‐L‐alanine (1), N,N′‐pyromelliticdiimido‐di‐L‐phenylalanine (2), and N,N′‐pyromelliticdiimido‐di‐L‐leucine (3) were prepared from the reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride with corresponding L‐amino acids in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and pyridine solution (3/2 ratio) under refluxing conditions. The microwave‐assisted polycondensation of the corresponding diimide‐diacyl chloride monomers (5–7) with 4‐phenyl‐2,6‐bis(4‐aminophenyl) pyridine (10) or 4‐(p‐methylthiophenyl)‐2,6‐bis(4‐aminophenyl) pyridine (12) were carried out in a laboratory microwave oven. The resulting poly(amide‐imide)s were obtained in quantitative yields, and they showed admirable inherent viscosities (0.12–0.55 dlg−1), were soluble in polar aprotic solvents, showed good thermal stability and high optical purity. The synthetic compounds were characterized by IR, MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and specific rotation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of crystalline morphology on the degradation of polycaprolactone in a solution of phosphate buffer and lipase
Authors: Jenkins M. J. , Harrison K. L.
Published: November 2008

The degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL) in a solution of lipase and phosphate buffer has been characterized using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron microscopy. The molecular weight of the polymer initially appeared to determine the degradation rate while the degree of crystallinity was found to increase with time. Samples of PCL were also conditioned using DSC to specify a known degree of crystallinity. This approach enabled the effects of molecular weight and degree of crystallinity on the degradation to be separated. It was observed that an increase in either molecular weight or degree of crystallinity reduced the rate of degradation. The work presented in this paper addresses a significant limitation associated with the characterization of “as received” samples and provides a more detailed understanding of the effect of polymer morphology on the degradation process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of Limonoids from seeds of Carapa guianensis Aublet (Meliaceae) by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography
Authors: da Silva Vagner Pereira , Oliveira Rodrigo Rodrigues , Figueiredo Maria Raquel
Published: November 2008

Introduction

Limonoids are tetranortriterpenoids of considerable interest due to their structural varieties and biological activities, such as insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer and antiviral. They contain oxygen atoms that confer a moderate polarity and are responsible for the difficulties in their separation by traditional chromatographic methods. High‐speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) is a versatile liquid–liquid separation technique, in which the sample is distributed between two non‐miscible phases to achieve separation.

Objective

To isolate limonoids from a complex Carapa guianensis seed extract by gradient elution HSCCC and to identify them by spectrometric and spectroscopic methods.

Methodology

The hexane extract of Carapa guianensis squeezed seeds was prepared by Soxhlet extraction. From this extract, 800 mg were submitted to gradient mode HSCCC, using the solvent systems hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water 1:2:X:1, X = 1.5 (system A) and X = 1.75 (system B). The upper organic phase of the system A was used as stationary phase, and the lower aqueous phases of both systems as mobile phases. In this procedure, 165 fractions of 4 mL (660 mL) were collected.

Results

Six compounds were isolated. Spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis allowed the identification of the substances, as follows: methyl angolensate (28.7 mg), 7‐deacetoxy‐7‐oxogedunin (17.9 mg), deacetylgedunin (3.7 mg), 6α‐acetoxygedunin (40.1 mg), gedunin (21.0 mg), and andirobin (5.8 mg).

Conclusion

The use of gradient mode in HSCCC was a good alternative, exploiting small variations of partition coefficient between the substances. Thus it was possible to isolate them in a good relative abundance, compared with classical chromatographic methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic alkoxyamines for nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization
Authors: Ruehl Jean , Ningnuek Niwat , Thongpaisanwong Thanchanok , Braslau Rebecca
Published: November 2008

A 5‐membered cyclic alkoxyamine and a 17‐membered cyclic alkoxyamine were synthesized and used in the polymerization of styrene. Polymerizations using the 5‐membered cyclic alkoxyamine resulted in polymers with uncontrolled molecular weights and high polydispersities. Polymerizations using the 17‐membered cyclic alkoxyamine produced oligomeric polymers in which multiple polymer chains are linked through NO‐C bonds. EPR homolysis experiments revealed that the 5‐membered cyclic alkoxyamine does not dissociate to form a nitroxide species, even at temperatures as high as 403 K. In contrast, the 17‐membered cyclic alkoxyamine does dissociate to form nitroxide, but the rate of dissociation is slower than that of parent acyclic alkoxyamine 2,2,5‐trimethyl‐3‐(1‐phenylethoxy)‐4‐phenyl‐3‐azahexane. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 8049–8069, 2008
A generalized knowledge‐based discriminatory function for biomolecular interactions
Authors: Bernard Brady , Samudrala Ram
Published: November 2008

Several novel and established knowledge‐based discriminatory function formulations and reference state derivations have been evaluated to identify parameter sets capable of distinguishing native and near‐native biomolecular interactions from incorrect ones. We developed the r·m·r function, a novel atomic level radial distribution function with mean reference state that averages over all pairwise atom types from a reduced atom type composition, using experimentally determined intermolecular complexes in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and the Protein Data Bank (PDB) as the information sources. We demonstrate that r·m·r had the best discriminatory accuracy and power for protein‐small molecule and protein‐DNA interactions, regardless of whether the native complex was included or excluded, from the test set. The superior performance of the r·m·r discriminatory function compared with seventeen alternative functions evaluated on publicly available test sets for protein‐small molecule and protein‐DNA interactions indicated that the function was not over optimized through back testing on a single class of biomolecular interactions. The initial success of the reduced composition and superior performance with the CSD as the distribution set over the PDB implies that further improvements and generality of the function are possible by deriving probabilities from subsets of the CSD, using structures that consist of only the atom types to be considered for given biomolecular interactions. The method is available as a web server module at http://protinfo.compbio.washington.edu. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic effect of three benzopyrans isolated from Hypericum polyanthemum in U‐373 MG glioblastoma cell line
Authors: Grivicich Ivana , Ferraz Alexandre , Faria Denise H. , Regner Andréa , Schwartsmann Gilberto , Henriques Amelia T. , Poser Gilsane L. von , Rocha Adriana B. da
Published: November 2008

The antiproliferative activity of three benzopyrans isolated from the chloroform extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum polyanthemum was analysed in order to determine their effect on the growth and cell cycle in the U‐373 MG glioblastoma cell line. Compound 1 was less cytotoxic than compounds 2 and 3. A synergistic effect was noticed when the three benzopyrans were used simultaneously. The cytotoxicity noted could be related to an arrest in G2/M phase, leading to apoptosis in the U‐373 MG glioblastoma cell line. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.