bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mangrove Conservation Opportunity at Southern Coast of Bangkalan-East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Wardhani M K , Rosyid D M , Armono H D
Published: September 2020

Mangrove ecosystems are resources of landscapes, flora, fauna, and local communities that interact with each other. Mangrove ecosystems have important ecological, economic and social functions for coastal development. Conservation is a means of involving the community in mangrove recovery and management activities as a preservation effort. This paper examines the potential of mangrove ecosystems in the southern coast of Bangkalan as a conservation area. The fact, mangrove ecosystems have a pressure that decreased area significantly. Data collection used the quadratic transect method and satellite image analysis. Mangroves on the southern coast of Bangkalan have increased area over the past 10 years. Mangrove vegetation found consisted of 4 families and 8 species. There are also found fauna i.e. insects, snakes, primates and birds. The observations indicated that conservation of mangrove forests on the southern coast of Bangkalan needs to be done. This effort can be supported by ecotourism activities which are expected to improve the community welfare.
The Effects of Side-Casings Balance on Open-Deck-Ro-Ro Vessels in Term of Intact Stability
Authors: Hasanudin  , Zubaydi A , Aryawan W D , Utama I K A P
Published: September 2020

Roll-on Roll-of (Ro-Ro) is one of the most favourite types of ship, which can carry passengers, cars, and cargoes at the same time. Reports from National Committee for Safety Transportation (KNKT) indicated that there is tendency of increase of Ro-Ro vessels accidents due to stability problems. The current paper discusses an Open-Car-Deck-Ro-Ro 40 m length without side-casings which capsized on Halmahera sea. The Ro-Ro was originally designed with side-casings on the right and left sides of car deck but removed to improve car deck capacity. The side-casings reduce one truck capacity, improve 72.539 GT, and improve survival stability. The Ro-Ro stability was calculated with four loading conditions with assumption weight and center gravity (KG) of the ship with and without side-casings the same. It shows all condition with added side-casings will increase righting lever GZ at angle ≥ 10°. Also, range righting lever curve GZ positive increase, at full load arrival 0°-29° become 0°-53°, at full load departure 0°-25° become 0°-42°, at ballast load arrival 0°-44° become 0°-66°, and at ballast load departure 0°-36° become 0°-52°. Then stability curves were assessed by Intact Stability Code 2008 (ISC 2008) obtained all load case ship with side-casings pass all criteria otherwise ship without side-casings fail especially area 30°-40° ≥ 0.03 m.rad and maximum GZ ≥ 25°. The case study indicates installed side-casings reduce cargo capacity but improve survival stability.
Station-keeping analysis of an FPSO to prevent collision with SPM using AHTS
Authors: Baidowi A , Cahyono B , Ardhiansyah F , Nugroho T F
Published: September 2020

An FPSO that attached to an SPM with several mooring lines has a collision risk due to the environmental loads. This paper presents analysis of station-keeping FPSO and SPM to prevent colision using an AHTS. The principal dimension of the FPSO is 180m in length, 33m in breadth, 18m height and 12m draft. while the environmental loads is 6m wave height, wind speed around 30knots, current 1 m/s. The analysis shows that the FPSO requires 122 ton bollard pull AHTS for full load and 147 ton for ballast load. The bollard pull can be divided into two vessels in order to make a safe operation which means 74 ton for each AHTS which can be divided into two vessels in order to make a safe operation.
Tug Boats Fuel Efficiency with use of Flow meter Web Based Monitoring and Control System in P.T. X
Authors: Faturachman D , Djaeni A , Arifin M D , Fridolini
Published: September 2020

In order to increase efficiency, a monitoring system has been measuring operational performance existing. After a system created and used, management can measure performance to improve the efficiency. With all information that has been collected, management will be able to produce a decision accurately and increase productivity and efficiency operational. P.T. X has implemented the installation of flow meters in all ships and has been examined in previous research. It is continued deeper by applying the use of flow meters using web-based as a sensor long-distance, as to be monitored anytime and anywhere using a sensor equipment named eGenKit. For that, the study is conducted in order to assess the use of fuel efficiency on tug boats using web-based monitoring and controlling system in P.T. X.
Dynamic mooring lines tension of FPU operated at Madura Strait
Authors: Rahayuningsih S , Djatmiko E B , Handayanu
Published: September 2020

An FPU operated at a gas field in Madura Strait is designed to be the main process component of the gas processing facilities for a service life 20 years. This vessel using a catenary mooring system which made up of 12 points mooring divided into 4 groups of 3 mooring lines. This vessel is necessary to be analyzed its mooring tension to ensure safety while operation. The mooring line tension is analyzed by using 3D-Diffraction Calculation. This study presents the result of the dynamic mooring line tension conducted for full load condition of FPU in extreme wave condition. The mooring analysis compliance is based on DNV GL’s technical standards, as well as an international accredited registrar and classification society. Verification of computed line tension against acceptance criteria has been carried out for the current condition of the mooring system. Results of the analysis indicate that mooring line tension meets the safety factor from DNVGL OS E301 with the Maximum tension of all mooring lines value is about 159.3 t, which happened in Line 4 by heading 67.5°.
Integrative functional linear model for genome-wide association studies with multiple traits
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Fan , Wu Mengyun , Ma Shuangge
Published: September 2020

In recent biomedical research, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated great success in investigating the genetic architecture of human diseases. For many complex diseases, multiple correlated traits have been collected. However, most of the existing GWAS are still limited because they analyze each trait separately without considering their correlations and suffer from a lack of sufficient information. Moreover, the high dimensionality of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data still poses tremendous challenges to statistical methods, in both theoretical and practical aspects. In this article, we innovatively propose an integrative functional linear model for GWAS with multiple traits. This study is the first to approximate SNPs as functional objects in a joint model of multiple traits with penalization techniques. It effectively accommodates the high dimensionality of SNPs and correlations among multiple traits to facilitate information borrowing. Our extensive simulation studies demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed method in the identification and estimation of disease-associated genetic variants, compared to four alternatives. The analysis of type 2 diabetes data leads to biologically meaningful findings with good prediction accuracy and selection stability.
Measuring the dark figure of crime in geographic areas: Small area estimation from the Crime Survey for England and Wales
Authors: Buil-Gil David , Medina Juanjo , Shlomo Natalie
Published: September 2020

For decades, criminologists have been aware of the severe consequences of the dark figure of police records for crime prevention strategies. Crime surveys are developed to address the limitations of police statistics as crime data sources, and estimates produced from surveys can mitigate biases in police data. This paper produces small area estimates of crimes unknown to the police at local and neighbourhood levels from the Crime Survey for England and Wales to explore the geographical inequality of the dark figure of crime. The dark figure of crime is larger not only in small cities that are deprived but also in wealthy municipalities. The dark figure is also larger in suburban, low-housing neighbourhoods with large concentrations of unqualified citizens, immigrants and non-Asian minorities.
‘Assisted’ facial recognition and the reinvention of suspicion and discretion in digital policing
Authors: Fussey Pete , Davies Bethan , Innes Martin
Published: September 2020

Automated facial recognition (AFR) has emerged as one of the most controversial policing innovations of recent years. Drawing on empirical data collected during the United Kingdom’s two major police trials of AFR deployments—and building on insights from the sociology of policing, surveillance studies and science and technology studies—this article advances several arguments. Tracing a lineage from early sociologies of policing that accented the importance of police discretion and suspicion formation, the analysis illuminates how technological capability is conditioned by police discretion, but police discretion itself is also contingent on affordances brought by the operational and technical environment. These, in turn, frame and ‘legitimate’ subjects of a reinvented and digitally mediated ‘bureaucratic suspicion’.
Neuroprotective Effects of Motherhood on Brain Function in Late Life: A Resting-State fMRI Study
Authors: Orchard Edwina R , Ward Phillip G D , Chopra Sidhant , Storey Elsdon , Egan Gary F , Jamadar Sharna D
Published: September 2020

The maternal brain undergoes structural and functional plasticity during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Little is known about functional plasticity outside caregiving-specific contexts and whether changes persist across the lifespan. Structural neuroimaging studies suggest that parenthood may confer a protective effect against the aging process; however, it is unknown whether parenthood is associated with functional brain differences in late life. We examined the relationship between resting-state functional connectivity and number of children parented in 220 healthy older females (73.82 ± 3.53 years) and 252 healthy older males (73.95 ± 3.50 years). We compared the patterns of resting-state functional connectivity with 3 different models of age-related functional change to assess whether these effects may be functionally neuroprotective for the aging human parental brain. No relationship between functional connectivity and number of children was obtained for males. For females, we found widespread decreasing functional connectivity with increasing number of children parented, with increased segregation between networks, decreased connectivity between hemispheres, and decreased connectivity between anterior and posterior regions. The patterns of functional connectivity related to the number of children an older woman has parented were in the opposite direction to those usually associated with age-related cognitive decline, suggesting that motherhood may be beneficial for brain function in late life.
Rezafungin Versus Caspofungin in a Phase 2, Randomized, Double-blind Study for the Treatment of Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis: The STRIVE Trial
Authors: Thompson George R , Soriano Alex , Skoutelis Athanasios , Vazquez Jose A , Honore Patrick M , Horcajada Juan P , Spapen Herbert , Bassetti Matteo , Ostrosky-Zeichner Luis , Das Anita F , Viani Rolando M , Sandison Taylor , Pappas Peter G
Published: September 2020

Background

Rezafungin (RZF) is a novel echinocandin exhibiting distinctive pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. STRIVE was a phase 2, double-blind, randomized trial designed to compare the safety and efficacy of RZF once weekly (QWk) to caspofungin (CAS) once daily for treatment of candidemia and/or invasive candidiasis (IC).

Methods

Adults with systemic signs and mycological confirmation of candidemia and/or IC were randomized to RZF 400 mg QWk (400 mg), RZF 400 mg on week 1 then 200 mg QWk (400/200 mg), or CAS 70 mg as a loading dose followed by 50 mg daily for ≤4 weeks. Efficacy assessments included overall cure (resolution of signs of candidemia/IC + mycological eradication) at day 14 (primary endpoint), investigator-assessed clinical response at day 14, and 30-day all-cause mortality (ACM) (secondary endpoints), and time to negative blood culture. Safety was evaluated by adverse events and ACM through follow-up.

Results

Of 207 patients enrolled, 183 were in the microbiological intent-to-treat population (~21% IC). Overall cure rates were 60.5% (46/76) for RZF 400 mg, 76.1% (35/46) for RZF 400/200 mg, and 67.2% (41/61) for CAS; investigator-assessed clinical cure rates were 69.7% (53/76), 80.4% (37/46), and 70.5% (43/61), respectively. In total, 30-day ACM was 15.8% for RZF 400 mg, 4.4% for RZF 400/200 mg, and 13.1% for CAS. Candidemia was cleared in 19.5 and 22.8 hours in RZF and CAS patients, respectively. No concerning safety trends were observed; ACM through follow-up was 15.2% (21/138) for RZF and 18.8% (13/69) for CAS.

Conclusions

RZF was safe and efficacious in the treatment of candidemia and/or IC.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT02734862
Lung Ultrasonography for Risk Stratification in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Prospective Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Brahier Thomas , Meuwly Jean-Yves , Pantet Olivier , Brochu Vez Marie-Josée , Gerhard Donnet Hélène , Hartley Mary-Anne , Hugli Olivier , Boillat-Blanco Noémie
Published: September 2020

Background

Lung ultrasonography (LUS) is a promising pragmatic risk-stratification tool in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study describes and compares LUS characteristics between patients with different clinical outcomes.

Methods

Prospective observational study of polymerase chain reaction–confirmed adults with COVID-19 with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection in the emergency department (ED) of Lausanne University Hospital. A trained physician recorded LUS images using a standardized protocol. Two experts reviewed images blinded to patient outcome. We describe and compare early LUS findings (≤24 hours of ED presentation) between patient groups based on their 7-day outcome (1) outpatients, (2) hospitalized, and (3) intubated/dead. Normalized LUS score was used to discriminate between groups.

Results

Between 6 March and 3 April 2020, we included 80 patients (17 outpatients, 42 hospitalized, and 21 intubated/dead). Seventy-three patients (91%) had abnormal LUS (70% outpatients, 95% hospitalized, and 100% intubated/dead; P = .003). The proportion of involved zones was lower in outpatients compared with other groups (median [IQR], 30% [0–40%], 44% [31–70%], 70% [50–88%]; P < .001). Predominant abnormal patterns were bilateral and there was multifocal spread thickening of the pleura with pleural line irregularities (70%), confluent B lines (60%), and pathologic B lines (50%). Posterior inferior zones were more often affected. Median normalized LUS score had a good level of discrimination between outpatients and others with area under the ROC of .80 (95% CI, .68–.92).

Conclusions

Systematic LUS has potential as a reliable, cheap, and easy-to-use triage tool for the early risk stratification in patients with COVID-19 presenting to EDs.
Effects of acclimation temperature on the thermal physiology in two geographically distinct populations of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
Authors: Bugg William S , Yoon Gwangseok R , Schoen Alexandra N , Laluk Andrew , Brandt Catherine , Anderson W Gary , Jeffries Ken M
Published: September 2020

Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors regulating development and biological processes in ectotherms. By 2050, climate change may result in temperature increases of 2.1–3.4°C in Manitoba, Canada. Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, from both northern and southern populations in Manitoba were acclimated to 16, 20 and 24°C for 30 days, after which critical thermal maximum (CTmax) trials were conducted to investigate their thermal plasticity. We also examined the effects of temperature on morphological and physiological indices. Acclimation temperature significantly influenced the CTmax, body mass, hepatosomatic index, metabolic rate and the mRNA expression of transcripts involved in the cellular response to heat shock and hypoxia (HSP70, HSP90a, HSP90b, HIF-1α) in the gill of lake sturgeon. Population significantly affected the above phenotypes, as well as the mRNA expression of Na+/K+ ATPase-α1 and the hepatic glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity. The southern population had an average CTmax that was 0.71 and 0.45°C higher than the northern population at 20 and 24°C, respectively. Immediately following CTmax trials, mRNA expression of HSP90a and HIF-1α was positively correlated with individual CTmax of lake sturgeon across acclimation treatments and populations (r = 0.7, r = 0.62, respectively; P < 0.0001). Lake sturgeon acclimated to 20 and 24°C had decreased hepatosomatic indices (93 and 244% reduction, respectively; P < 0.0001) and metabolic suppression (27.7 and 42.1% reduction, respectively; P < 0.05) when compared to sturgeon acclimated to 16°C, regardless of population. Glutathione peroxidase activity and mRNA expression Na+/K+ ATPase-α1 were elevated in the northern relative to the southern population. Acclimation to 24°C also induced mortality in both populations when compared to sturgeon acclimated to 16 and 20°C. Thus, increased temperatures have wide-ranging population-specific physiological consequences for lake sturgeon across biological levels of organization.
PCSK9 and LRP5 in macrophage lipid internalization and inflammation
Authors: Badimon Lina , Luquero Aureli , Crespo Javier , Peña Esther , Borrell-Pages Maria
Published: September 2020

Aims

Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, is driven by high blood cholesterol levels and chronic inflammation. Low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) play a critical role in regulating blood cholesterol levels by binding to and clearing LDLs from the circulation. The disruption of the interaction between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) and LDLR reduces blood cholesterol levels. It is not well known whether other members of the LDLR superfamily may be targets of PCSK9. The aim of this work was to determine if LDLR-related protein 5 (LRP5) is a PCSK9 target and to study the role of PCSK9 and LRP5 in foam cell formation and lipid accumulation.

Methods and results

Primary cultures of human inflammatory cells (monocytes and macrophages) were silenced for LRP5 or PCSK9 and challenged with LDLs. We first show that LRP5 is needed for macrophage lipid uptake since LRP5-silenced macrophages show less intracellular CE accumulation. In macrophages, internalization of LRP5-bound LDL is already highly evident after 5 h of LDL incubation and lasts up to 24 h; however, in the absence of both LRP5 and PCSK9, there is a strong reduction of CE accumulation indicating a role for both proteins in lipid uptake. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that LRP5 forms a complex with PCSK9 in lipid-loaded macrophages. Finally, PCSK9 participates in TLR4/NFkB signalling; a decreased TLR4 protein expression levels and a decreased nuclear translocation of NFκB were detected in PCSK9 silenced cells after lipid loading, indicating a downregulation of the TLR4/NFκB pathway.

Conclusion

Our results show that both LRP5 and PCSK9 participate in lipid uptake in macrophages. In the absence of LRP5, there is a reduced release of PCSK9 indicating that LRP5 also participates in the mechanism of release of soluble PCSK9. Furthermore, PCSK9 up-regulates TLR4/NFκB favouring inflammation.
The genotype-dependent phenotypic landscape of quinoa in salt tolerance and key growth traits
Authors: Mizuno Nobuyuki , Toyoshima Masami , Fujita Miki , Fukuda Shota , Kobayashi Yasufumi , Ueno Mariko , Tanaka Kojiro , Tanaka Tsutomu , Nishihara Eiji , Mizukoshi Hiroharu , Yasui Yasuo , Fujita Yasunari
Published: September 2020

Cultivation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), an annual pseudocereal crop that originated in the Andes, is spreading globally. Because quinoa is highly nutritious and resistant to multiple abiotic stresses, it is emerging as a valuable crop to provide food and nutrition security worldwide. However, molecular analyses have been hindered by the genetic heterogeneity resulting from partial outcrossing. In this study, we generated 136 inbred quinoa lines as a basis for the molecular identification and characterization of gene functions in quinoa through genotyping and phenotyping. Following genotyping-by-sequencing analysis of the inbred lines, we selected 5,753 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the quinoa genome. Based on these SNPs, we show that our quinoa inbred lines fall into three genetic sub-populations. Moreover, we measured phenotypes, such as salt tolerance and key growth traits in the inbred quinoa lines and generated a heatmap that provides a succinct overview of the genotype–phenotype relationship between inbred quinoa lines. We also demonstrate that, in contrast to northern highland lines, most lowland and southern highland lines can germinate even under high salinity conditions. These findings provide a basis for the molecular elucidation and genetic improvement of quinoa and improve our understanding of the evolutionary process underlying quinoa domestication.
Strikes and Singing Classes: Chartist Culture, ‘Rational Recreation’ and the Politics of Music after 1842
Authors: Kennerley David
Published: September 2020

Historians have often debated why so much energy was poured into efforts to reform working-class leisure and cultural pursuits in nineteenth-century Britain. This article uses a case-study of singing classes established in the early 1840s for industrial workers by local employers in the Manchester region to provide fresh answers to this question. It criticises a tendency to cast middle-class reformers as the primary agents of change in working-class leisure activities, arguing instead that many supposed innovations had been developed already by the Chartists, whose extensive transformation of working-class culture is increasingly recognised by scholars. The strike wave of 1842 permitted a dramatic manifestation of these cultural achievements, as the sounds of factory machinery were replaced by highly organised Chartist bands and choirs broadcasting radical messages. The establishment of a network of singing classes in the aftermath of the strikes was thus a belated attempt by the region’s middle classes to counter the dangerous eloquence of Chartist sonic culture. However, the subjective nature of musical experience meant working-class participants could derive quite different meanings from their massed singing than those their middle-class benefactors intended. In short, this article seeks to ascribe the central place to the Chartists, rather than middle-class reformers, in our explanations of why working-class leisure pursuits changed in the way they did, and to contend that the early Victorian singing-class mania, far from representing the reconciliation of middle and working classes in a shared liberal culture, might just as easily have furthered a radical cultural agenda.
The effects of market integration during the first globalization: a multi-market approach
Authors: Chilosi David , Federico Giovanni
Published: September 2020

This paper is a first attempt to measure the effects of international market integration on world trade and welfare in the ``long nineteenth century”. We run a multi-market partial equilibrium model, which takes into account the interactions between route-specific changes in trade costs, for the two most traded commodities, cotton and wheat. The collapse in trade costs accounted for 60 percent of the growth of trade for cotton and for 40 percent for wheat. As expected, welfare gains were larger for small open economies, but they were substantial also for large countries, with big differences determined by trade policies.
Interpretation of clinical studies in electrophysiology: statistical considerations for the clinician
Authors: Chieng David , Finch Sue , Sugumar Hariharan , Taylor Andrew J , Reid Chris , Kalman Jonathan M , Kistler Peter M
Published: September 2020

Atrial fibrillation (AF) outcome studies play an essential role in the development of clinical evidence to improve the management of AF patients. Understanding the statistical considerations involved in study design and interpretation is crucial if electrophysiologists are to change practice. In this review, with the guidance of a medical statistician and a clinical trialist we provide an overview of important statistical issues for the clinician, with a focus on clinical studies in AF ablation. Various types of study designs including randomized controlled trials, superiority, and non-inferiority studies are described, along with their implications and limitations. Appropriate sample size calculation is fundamental to ensure statistical power and efficient resource use. Multiplicity in study endpoints is useful to encapsulate the varied effects of an intervention/treatment, although statistical adjustments are required to account for this. Finally, we discuss the limitations with the current primary endpoint used in AF ablation studies, namely, freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmia of >30 seconds, and propose AF burden as a more relevant primary endpoint, based on findings from recent clinical studies. However, technical challenges need to be overcome before AF burden can be routinely adopted, especially the need for non-invasive, long-term monitoring. The emergence of newer technologies, particularly wearable technology, offers significant promise in filling this gap.
Cell death in Ustilago maydis: comparison with other fungi and the effect of metformin and curcumin on its chronological lifespan
Authors: Soberanes-Gutiérrez Cinthia V , León-Ramírez Claudia , Sánchez-Segura Lino , Cordero-Martínez Emmanuel , Vega-Arreguín Julio C , Ruiz-Herrera José
Published: September 2020

Ustilago maydis is a Basidiomycota fungus, in which very little is known about its mechanisms of cell survival and death. To date, only the role of metacaspase1, acetate and hydrogen peroxide as inducers of cell death has been investigated.

In the present work, we analyzed the lifespan of U. maydis compared with other species like Sporisorium reilianum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, and we observed that U. maydis has a minor lifespan.

We probe the addition of low concentrations metformin and curcumin to the culture media, and we observed that both prolonged the lifespan of U. maydis, a result observed for the first time in a phytopathogen fungus. However, higher concentrations of curcumin were toxic for the cells, and interestingly induced the yeast-to-mycelium dimorphic transition. The positive effect of metformin and curcumin appears to be related to an inhibition of the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, increase expression of autophagy genes and reducing of reactive oxygen species.

These data indicate that U. maydis may be a eukaryotic model organism to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying apoptotic and necrosis pathways, and the lifespan increase caused by metformin and curcumin.
Can a Patent Be Granted for an AI-Generated Invention?
Authors: Engel Andreas
Published: September 2020

Three patent offices had to answer the question of whether a patent can be granted for an invention for which an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system called DABUS was named as inventor. All applications were dismissed, but for different reasons. While the European Patent Office focused on formal rules, the UK Intellectual Property Office considered more substantive aspects, and the US Patent and Trademark Office relied on statutory language. From a policy perspective, the decisions find support in the fact that there is no clear consensus for AI to be recognized as an inventor, and that difficult questions would ensue if this were accepted. From a doctrinal perspective, the decisions do not rule out the patentability of AI-assisted inventions in general, as it remains possible to designate a human inventor when AI has merely facilitated the inventive process. This leaves the question of who should own a patent for an AI-generated invention, if patentability for such inventions is considered desirable. A possible solution could be to grant ownership directly to the company operating or owning the AI.
2. The Origins, Institutions, and Development of the Union and the Legislative Processes
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the origins, institutions, and development of the European Union and its legislative processes. Key debates noted are the questions raised by the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty, and concerns raised by Member States about the EU assuming too many competences. Sample exam questions cover topics such as the concept of European integration and the motivations behind it, reform of the EU, the powers of the Court of Justice of the European Union and its impact, and analysis of the 2007 Lisbon Treaty and the abandoned Constitutional Treaty which it effectively replaced.
13. Skills for Success in Coursework Assessments
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This chapter gives advice on skills for success in coursework assessments: how to write well, how to plan coursework assignments, how to take notes, how to research and use the databases, how to reference in footnotes and bibliographies, which will all allow you to make your argument as forcibly as you can. As an example of an approach it presents an analysis of a challenging question on the Commons Act 2006, referring to recent cases.
Concentrate Questions and Answers Equity and Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. It starts off with an introduction to the nature of equity and the law of trusts. The three certainties and formalities are then described. There is a chapter on trusts, powers, and discretionary trusts which is followed by a description of charitable trusts, trusts of imperfect obligation, and implied and resulting trusts. The book goes on to look at constructive trusts, trusts of the family home, equitable estoppel, the administration of trusts, and finally looks at equitable remedies. This book also includes separate chapters on skills for success in both exams and in coursework assessments.
2. Nature of Equity and the Law of Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on the nature of equity and the law of trusts.
4. Constitution of Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on the constitution of trusts.
9. Constructive Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on constructive trusts.
2. Fundamental Principles of Criminal Liability—Actus Reus and Mens Rea
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions on the elements of crime and suggested answers. The traditional starting point for the study of criminal law is the constituents of a criminal offence. These are the fundamental principles of criminal liability: actus reus (often referred to as the prohibited conduct, but more accurately described as the external elements of the offence) and mens rea (often referred to as the mental element, but more accurately described as the fault element). They include the distinction between acts and omissions, causation, and the different levels of fault (intention, recklessness and negligence).
4. Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions on non-fatal offences against the person and suggested answers. The questions cover all the typical offences against the person one would expect to find on a standard criminal law syllabus. The emphasis in this chapter is on the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, in particular ss 18, 20, and 47. Common law assault and battery are also covered. Self-defence and the common law defence of consent are also considered.
8. Freedom to protest and police powers
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter is all about the freedom to protest and police powers. Freedom to protest is protected by common law, statute, and the European Convention on Human Rights. The questions looked at here consider issues such as public order law; the right to protest; the right to freedom of peaceful assembly; and police powers to arrest and search on reasonable suspicion.
9. Freedom of expression
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter moves on from the previous one to examine the freedom of expression. Under common law, freedom of speech is guaranteed unless the speaker breaks the law, but this is now reinforced by the right of free expression under the European Convention on Human Rights. The questions here deal with issues such as obscenity law and contempt of court; the Official Secrets Act; freedom of information; data protection; breach of confidence; and whether there is a right of privacy in English law.
6. Sexual offences
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses sexual offences, including rape, assault by penetration, sexual assault, and causing sexual activity. Sexual offences are all governed by the Sexual Offences Act 2003. The meaning of consent is key because lack of consent is an element of the actus reus, and the belief about consent is an element of the mens rea. Where the victim is aged 13 or younger, consent is irrelevant and liability as to age is strict.
7. Homicide I
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses murder, arguably the most serious crime in English law. Murder is where D kills V, and D intends to kill or intends to cause grievous bodily harm (GBH). The most common criticism of the offence of murder is that the sentence is mandatory irrespective of whether the mens rea is the more serious form (intent to kill) or the less serious form (intent to cause GBH). There were three partial defences to murder under the Homicide Act 1957 (diminished responsibility, provocation, and suicide pact). There are three partial defences to murder under the Homicide Act 1957 as amended and the Coroners and Justice Act 2009; diminished responsibility, loss of self-control, and suicide pact. The chapter considers the first two in detail. These are partial defences because they result in a conviction for manslaughter rather than a full acquittal.
11. Theft
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the crime of theft. There are five elements in theft: appropriation; property; belonging to another; dishonesty; and intention permanently to deprive. The first three listed are the actus reus elements and the last two are the mens rea. The offence is under s 1 Theft Act 1968, but ss 2–6 give (some) guidance on each of the elements.
12. Fraud
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the crime of fraud. The offence of fraud is governed by the Fraud Act 2006. There is only one offence of fraud (s 1 Fraud Act 2006) with three ways of committing it, under ss 2–4. These are: by false representation, by failing to disclose information, and by abuse of position.
5. Free movement of goods
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the law on the free movement of goods in the EU. Free movement of goods is one of the four ‘freedoms’ of the internal market. Obstacles to free movement comprise tariff barriers to trade (customs duties and charges having equivalent effect), non-tariff barriers to trade (quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect), and discriminatory national taxation. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits all kinds of restrictions on trade between Member States. Article 30 (ex Article 25 EC) prohibits customs duties and charges having equivalent effect; Article 34 (ex Article 28 EC) prohibits quantitative restrictions and all measures having equivalent effect; and Article 110 (ex Article 90 EC) prohibits discriminatory national taxation.
8. EU competition law: Article 101 and 102 TFEU
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibit anti-competitive business practices. The European Commission, national competition authorities, and national courts enforce Articles 101 and 102 under powers conferred by Regulation 1/2003. From time to time, the European Commission issues non-binding notices providing clarification of the competition rules. This chapter begins with an outline of Articles 101 and 102 and the rules on enforcement. It then looks at the two Treaty provisions in detail. In broad terms, Article 101 prohibits business agreements or arrangements which prevent, restrict, or distort competition within the internal market and affect trade between Member States whilst Article 102 prohibits, as incompatible with the internal market, any abuse by undertakings in a dominant position within the internal market insofar as it may affect trade between Member States. It should be noted at the outset that ‘dominance’ itself is not prohibited, but only when such dominance is accompanied with abusive behaviour that may affect trade.
3. The three certainties
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the certainties that must be satisfied by trusts: intention, subject matter, and objects. Trustees must know what their obligations are under the trust, and satisfying these certainties ensures that, if necessary, the court itself will be able to administer the trust. Certainty of intention is a question of fact and the courts will consider the whole context of the case. Certainty of subject matter requires certainty as to what property is held on trust and the beneficial interests involved. Certainty of objects relates to who are the beneficiaries of a trust. Every trust—with the exception of charitable trusts—must satisfy the certainty of objects requirement.
2. Incorporation
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the process of incorporation and the advantages and disadvantages of conducting business through a company. The three principal methods by which a company can be incorporated are: incorporation by Act of Parliament, incorporation by Royal Charter, and incorporation by registration. The advantages of incorporation include perpetual succession, asset ownership, and the ability to commence legal proceedings. The disadvantages of incorporation include increased formality, regulation, publicity, and civil liability.
6. Corporate governance
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the UK corporate governance system and some of the key corporate governance topics. It begins by looking at what corporate governance is and how the UK’s corporate governance system has evolved. The chapter then discusses the effectiveness of the ‘comply or explain’ approach. It also discusses a number of key corporate governance mechanisms, namely institutional investors, non-executive directors, and directors’ remuneration.
1. Introduction to the English Legal System
Authors: Thomas Mark , McGourlay Claire
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the English legal system (ELS). The study of ELS involves the study of the legal system of both England and Wales; Scotland and Northern Ireland are subject to a separate, yet connected legal system. These four countries are subjected to the laws of the UK; however, each individual constituent has devolved powers allowing them to legislate in particular areas. Where a conflict between laws of the UK and laws of the constituent country arises, the UK law takes precedence. The effect of devolution from the UK to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland does not affect this parliamentary supremacy. Indeed, it has been argued for some time that devolution of power has not gone far enough in allowing Scotland or Northern Ireland to govern themselves.
7. The Criminal Justice System
Authors: Thomas Mark , McGourlay Claire
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. This chapter examines the criminal justice system (CJS). The CJS is built upon procedural, evidential, and substantive foundations. These foundations dictate its direction and progression. A case will always begin with an investigation by the police or some other investigatory body. An individual may then be charged with an offence where he/she is provided with the option of pleading guilty or not guilty. Trial may follow. Where the defendant’s case will be tried depends on the type of offence in question and, in some cases, the decision of the defendant. A convicted person may appeal against either conviction or sentence for which the defendant will be required to prove why they either should not have been convicted, or why their sentence should be reduced.
2. The distinction between legal and equitable interests
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter distinguishes between legal and equitable interests in land. The intervention of equity in land law can be seen in two key areas: the development of new equitable interests in land, and the availability of equitable remedies to enforce interests in land. To be legal, the interest must be listed under s 1(2) Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925) and certain formalities must be met in its creation, notably being granted by deed (s 52 LPA 1925). Where these formalities are not met, the interest may have equitable status instead, but only where equity can find a specifically enforceable valid contract to create the interest. All other interests in land can only ever be equitable (s 1(3) LPA 1925). The status of an interest in land as either legal or equitable traditionally determined the rules of enforcement of that interest against third parties: legal interests bound all third parties, whereas equitable interests would only bind third parties who were not bona fide purchasers for value of a legal estate without notice.
11. Corporate Insolvency
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter examines the law on corporate insolvency. It considers the important and topical subject of corporate rescue, reviewing, in particular, administration and company voluntary arrangements. The chapter addresses several issues relating to liquidation, including: winding up petitions and the meaning of ‘inability to pay debts’; assets available to creditors; distribution of assets to creditors; priority of claims; the pari passu principle; and transaction avoidance (dispositions of property after the commencement of winding up, transactions at an undervalue, preferences, voidable floating charges, and transactions defrauding creditors). The potential liability of directors on a company’s insolvent liquidation is considered, concentrating on wrongful and fraudulent trading and disqualification.