bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Networks as Culturally Constituted Processes
Authors: Mützel Sophie
Published: November 2009

This article connects two current, typically separate strands in network thinking that treat ‘culture’ and ‘structure’ as intermingled rather than as autonomous entities of a duality. It reviews and compares two different traditions, the ‘cultural turn’ in social network analysis and actor-network theory, which both view networks as culturally constituted processes. The article argues that the two approaches share many conceptual similarities, although important differences remain. They differ on what kinds of actors ascribe meaning to others. Furthermore, the article argues that some conceptual similarities have turned into methodological points of convergence in data analysis. The article suggests economic sociology as one possible area of research where the two approaches productively connect.
Qualifying Social Influence on Fertility Intentions
Authors: Keim Sylvia , Klärner Andreas , Bernardi Laura
Published: November 2009

Although the relevance of social interactions or social networks for fertility research has been increasingly acknowledged in recent years, little is known about the channels and mechanisms of social influences on individuals’ fertility decision-making. Drawing on problem-centred interviews and network data collected among young adults in western Germany, the authors show that qualitative methods broaden our understanding of social and contextual influences on couples’ fertility intentions, by exploring the phenomenon, taking subjective perceptions into account, analysing interactions within networks as well as the dynamics of networks. Qualitative methods allow for the collection and analysis of rich retrospective information on network dynamics in relation to life course events. This can also be helpful both to complement the still rare longitudinal data on social networks and to develop parsimonious and efficient survey instruments to collect such information in a standardized way.
Perceived Pitch of Violin and Cello Vibrato Tones Among Music Majors
Authors: Geringer John M. , MacLeod Rebecca B. , Allen Michael L.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived pitch of string vibrato tones. The authors used recordings of acoustic instruments (cello and violin) to provide both vibrato stimulus tones and the nonvibrato tones that listeners adjusted to match the perceived pitch of the vibrato stimuli. We were interested especially in whether there were differences in pitch perception of vibrato tones between string performers ( n = 36) and music majors without string performance experience ( n = 36). Both groups of music major listeners perceived the pitch of vibrato tones very near the mean frequency of the vibrato for cello and violin tones. Although means were similar, string players exhibited significantly less deviation in tuning judgments than non-string players for both violin and cello tones. Results appear consistent with earlier perceptual research as well as performance research indicating that string performers vibrate both above and below the intended pitch.
Problems at Work: Exploring the Correlates of Role Stress Among Correctional Staff
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Hogan Nancy L. , Tucker Kasey A.
Published: November 2009

There is a large body of literature that strongly suggests that role stress is harmful to correctional staff. Past research has found that role stress is linked to lower job satisfaction, lower organizational commitment, greater job stress, and intention to quit. The bulk of the literature has looked at the consequences of role stress; this study examined the potential antecedents of role stress for correctional staff. While controlling for the shared effects of the personal characteristics of gender, age, position, tenure, educational level, race, and supervisory status, this study examined whether different aspects of the work environment (i.e., input into decision making, supervision, formalization, integration, job performance, and instrumental communication) were linked to role stress using survey data of correctional staff at a Midwestern prison. Ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis indicated that the personal characteristics of position and tenure had statistically significant associations with role stress. Specifically, noncustody staff and staff with higher tenure reported greater role stress than custody staff and staff with less tenure. With regard to the work environment variables, input into decision making, supervision, formalization, integration, and instrumental communication all had a significant negative relationship with role stress, whereas job performance feedback did not.
Saogat and the Reformed Bengali Muslim Woman
Authors: Gupta Sarmistha Dutta
Published: November 2009

This article explores the interface of politics and women’s writing in late colonial Bengal and traces the trajectory of identity formation of middle-class Bengali Muslim women through a reading of the history of Saogat—founded in 1918, the liberal reformist periodical acclaimed to have mentored some of the best-known women writers of Muslim Bengal. Taking into account some of the changes in the political climate of Bengal from the 1920s to the 1940s, the paper researches the influence of politics on the changing course of Saogat and the moving of women’s voices to a separate domain—the women’s weekly, Begum, established a few weeks before the partition of India in 1947. In doing so, it recognises the plurality in elite women’s writing in Bengal in this period and shows how the shifting grounds of a periodical in relation to categories of identity like religion and state politics, shapes women’s writing produced therein.
The Status of Fisherwomen in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Immanuel Sheela , Rao G. Syda
Published: November 2009

Fisheries is an important sector contributing to the Indian economy. This study of fisherwomen from a village in Andhra Pradesh provides data collected from 1,180 respondents. It presents facts of the women’s home and work lives and the areas where there is room for their betterment.
Increasing Social Reciprocity in Young Children With Autism
Authors: Leach Debra , LaRocque Michelle
Published: November 2009

Research and education law support the use of routines-based interventions for young children with disabilities in the children’s natural environments. However, systematic training and practice can provide individuals with the strategies and skills that can enhance these interventions. This article provides guidance for implementing intervention in the natural environment to promote the social reciprocity of young children with autism. It provides techniques for parent training and highlights strategies that can be used collectively during everyday routines and activities to help parents and other caregivers establish long chains of back-and-forth interactions with young children with autism.
Spirited Accidents: An Autoethnography of Possibility
Authors: Poulos Christopher N.
Published: November 2009

Kierkegaard says, “A human being is spirit. But what is spirit? Spirit is the self. But what is the self? The self is a relation . . .” This understanding of spirit-as-self-in-relation, leads, inevitably, to concerns for personal fulfillment, dialogue, community, and social justice in our world. To engage spirit in our ethnographic practice is to engage the self in relation—with the world, with others, with the very frames and possibilities of our being. The accidental ethnographer, open to the driving pulse of spirited searching, may stumble into openings never anticipated. Following these openings may lead to transcendent experiences that bring new relational possibilities into view.
Researching the irrelevant and the invisible
Authors: Moran Leslie J.
Published: November 2009

Early in the course of undertaking empirical research on the sexual diversity of the judiciary I had to address a particular challenge. Sexuality, I was repeatedly told, is not and ought not to be a difference that is taken into account. At best it ought to be disregarded or taken out of consideration. This generated a number of challenges for my research. How do you research and make sense of sexuality as a difference that key informants assert is absent or seek to make invisible and irrelevant? How do you research the operation and effects of that which is not to be spoken about? How do you research the sexual norm when its existence and operation is denied? This article explores one response. It is a project that may for some be surprising and unexpected. It is a study of judicial portraits. Drawing on the insights of queer theory and art historical scholarship on portraits I undertake a textual analysis of these images, focusing upon the aesthetic and artistic traditions used to make them. A small case study of portraits of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of New South Wales is used to explore how, if at all, sexuality figured in these portraits
Open secrets
Authors: Hennessy Rosemary
Published: November 2009

Taking sexuality and affect as its focus, this article leads us into the uncharted terrain of ‘outlawed affects’, those unspeakable sensations that do not fall easily into established categories and yet meddle with social relations. They are in this sense ‘open secrets’. The article explores some of the challenges for feminist methodology in representing the space where affective and other needs meet in the context of the cultures of labour organizing in the factory communities on Mexico’s northern border
Feminism after measure
Authors: Adkins Lisa
Published: November 2009

This article engages the crisis of measure currently being articulated within social and cultural theory and the associated claim that this crisis should compel an embrace of methods which seek to know the heterogeneous, the multiple, the complex and the vague. Taking the rise of immaterial forms of labour and value as paradigmatic of the crisis of measure, it questions the use of the figure of a domestically labouring woman who lacks ownership of her labour to illuminate this crisis, as well as the structural equivalence currently being forced between ‘women’s work’ (especially the work of social reproduction) and productive activities. It does so with reference to the changing relationship between women and social reproduction, a changing relationship which suggests that at the heart of the crisis of measure is a restructuring of time. This article therefore adds fuel to the view that the relations of temporality are now a key ground for feminist theory.
The power of in-class debates
Authors: Kennedy Ruth R.
Published: November 2009

The students in three sections of a class rated their knowledge and identified their view before and after each of five in-class debates. The degree of self-reported knowledge was significantly different after four of the five debates. Between 31% and 58% of participants changed their views after participating in or observing each debate. Some changed their opinion even when they defended the side consistent with their original view. Despite their fears of participating in a debate, prior to the first debate, approximately 75% of the participants stated that they would consider using debate as an instructional strategy, and after the debates, this increased to about 85%. In both instances, males were more likely to respond positively than were females.
Simulations and games
Authors: Moizer Jonathan , Lean Jonathan , Towler Michael , Abbey Caroline
Published: November 2009

Based on a categorization of simulation and gaming barriers developed in a previous study, this work seeks to explore in greater depth the composition and nature of these obstacles. It examines the interrelationships between the barriers and the impact of other contextual factors in the pedagogic environment. A series of in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 staff involved in teaching with simulations and games within a UK higher education institution. The findings underline the significant linkages apparent between three broad barriers to teaching with simulations, games and role-play: suitability, resource and risk. Further analysis of the interview transcripts facilitated the identification of a range of mechanisms which may be employed to overcome the aforementioned barriers: freeing up academics’ time, providing training and development, enabling informal learning, providing resource support, facilitating access to networks and providing access to secondary information sources. These mechanisms are discussed and evaluated in relation to the broader educational context.
Performance of cooperative learning groups in a postgraduate education research methodology course
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Collins Kathleen M.T. , Jiao Qun G.
Published: November 2009

This study investigated the degree that social interdependence predicted the achievement of 26 cooperative learning groups. Social interdependence was assessed in terms of postgraduate students’ individual orientation (that is, cooperative, competitive, and individualistic). Participants were 84 postgraduate students enrolled in an introductory-level education research methodology course. An all possible subsets multiple regression was used to identify a combination of social interdependence variables that predict achievement. Results indicate that postgraduate students’ levels of individualism predict achievement in a research methodology course. Specifically, groups consisting of students with the greatest individualistic orientation tend to produce the article critiques receiving a high evaluation, regardless of how heterogeneous the group is with respect to levels of individualism. This finding adds validity to the theories of active and cooperative learning and to the incremental support towards using cooperative learning groups to promote postgraduate students’ active learning in research methodology courses.
Gendered perceptions of learning and fairness when choice between exam types is offered
Authors: Mauldin R. Kirk
Published: November 2009

This study examined the differences in male and female students’ perceptions of how much they had learned and how fairly their performance had been measured when choice between constructed response, selective response, or mixed testing formats was introduced into different classrooms. Results revealed that introducing assessment choice into a classroom has significant but small effects on perceptions of learning and fairness. While results of gender differences were not found to be significant, the introduction of choice into classroom settings was found to have opposite effects on males and females. Specifically, male students became more convinced over the course of the term that they were being evaluated fairly when they were only permitted to take selective response tests, and less satisfied with the fairness of the evaluation if they were offered a choice. Female students were found to believe the opposite. Implications and recommendations for future research are then discussed.
RNA folding on the 3D triangular lattice
Authors: Gillespie Joel , Mayne Martin , Jiang Minghui
Published: November 2009

Background

Difficult problems in structural bioinformatics are often studied in simple exact models to gain insights and to derive general principles. Protein folding, for example, has long been studied in the lattice model. Recently, researchers have also begun to apply the lattice model to the study of RNA folding.

Results

We present a novel method for predicting RNA secondary structures with pseudoknots: first simulate the folding dynamics of the RNA sequence on the 3D triangular lattice, next extract and select a set of disjoint base pairs from the best lattice conformation found by the folding simulation. Experiments on sequences from PseudoBase show that our prediction method outperforms the HotKnot algorithm of Ren, Rastegari, Condon and Hoos, a leading method for RNA pseudoknot prediction. Our method for RNA secondary structure prediction can be adapted into an efficient reconstruction method that, given an RNA sequence and an associated secondary structure, finds a conformation of the sequence on the 3D triangular lattice that realizes the base pairs in the secondary structure. We implemented a suite of computer programs for the simulation and visualization of RNA folding on the 3D triangular lattice. These programs come with detailed documentation and are accessible from the companion website of this paper at http://www.cs.usu.edu/~mjiang/rna/DeltaIS/.

Conclusion

Folding simulation on the 3D triangular lattice is effective method for RNA secondary structure prediction and lattice conformation reconstruction. The visualization software for the lattice conformations of RNA structures is a valuable tool for the study of RNA folding and is a great pedagogic device.
Untreated depression in the community
Authors: Andrews Gavin , Titov Nickolai , Schwencke Genevieve
Published: November 2009

Aims and Method

Reaching into the community to treat people with anxiety and depressive disorders raises the spectre of wrongful use of scarce resources at best, and of disease mongering at worst. We recruited for an internet-based treatment for social phobia.

Results

Applications were received from 789 people, and 205 were rejected because of severe depression or suicidal thoughts. Many were excluded because they had another disorder or were in treatment. Some dropped out, only 7 were subthreshold cases and 291 people with social phobia were treated.

Clinical Implications

Despite easy access to clinicians, the burden of untreated serious mental disorder in the community remains considerable.
On two pterosaur humeri from the Tendaguru beds (Upper Jurassic, Tanzania)
Authors: Costa Fabiana R. , Kellner Alexander W.A.
Published: November 2009

Jurassic African pterosaur remains are exceptionally rare and only known from the Tendaguru deposits, Upper Jurassic, Tanzania. Here we describe two right humeri of Tendaguru pterosaurs from the Humboldt University of Berlin: specimens MB.R. 2828 (cast MN 6661-V) and MB.R. 2833 (cast MN 6666-V). MB.R. 2828 consists of a three-dimensionally preserved proximal portion. The combination of the morphological features of the deltopectoral crest not observed in other pterosaurs suggests that this specimen belongs to a new dsungaripteroid taxon. MB.R. 2833 is nearly complete, and because of a long and round proximally placed deltopectoral crest it could be referred to the Archaeopterodactyloidea. It is the smallest pterosaur from Africa and one of the smallest flying reptiles ever recorded. These specimens confirm the importance of the Tendaguru deposits for the Jurassic pterosaur record. This potential, however, has to be fully explored with more field work.
Efeitos da temperatura no ciclo de vida, exigências térmicas e estimativas do número de gerações anuais de Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Beserra Eduardo B. , Fernandes Carlos R. M. , Silva Suêide A. de O. , Silva Lilian A. da , Santos José W. dos
Published: November 2009

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura sobre o ciclo de vida de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), determinar as exigências térmicas para o desenvolvimento e estimar o número de gerações anuais do inseto em campo. O ciclo de vida das populações de A. aegypti foi estudado nas temperaturas de 18, 22, 26, 28, 32 e 34 ± 2ºC e fotofase de 12 horas, determinando-se ainda os limites térmicos inferiores de desenvolvimento (Tb) e as constantes térmicas (K) e estimado o número de gerações anuais do inseto em laboratório e em campo. A temperatura favorável ao desenvolvimento de A. aegypti encontra-se entre 22ºC e 32ºC, e para a longevidade e fecundidade dos adultos entre 22ºC e 28ºC. As Tb, K de ovo a adulto, e o número de gerações anuais em campo foram de 11,33; 8,99 e 13,61ºC, 192,3; 213,2 e 116,5 graus-dias, e 23; 24,6 e 30,3 gerações para as populações de A. aegypti de Boqueirão (07º29'27''S, 36º08'09''W), Campina Grande (07º13'32''S, 35º54'15''W) e Remígio (06º58'1''S, 35º47'29''W), respectivamente.
Diversidade de Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) em três fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no sul de Santa Catarina
Authors: Campos Luiz A. , Bertolin Tanise B. P. , Teixeira Renato A. , Martins Fernanda S.
Published: November 2009

A composição e a variação sazonal da fauna de Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera) foi avaliada entre setembro de 2005 e agosto de 2006 em três fragmentos de Mata Atlântica na região sul de Santa Catarina (Brasil): Parque Ecológico José Milanese (Criciúma, 28º41'23''S, 49º25'55''W), Parque Ecológico de Maracajá (Maracajá, 28º52'51''S, 49º27'59''W) e Balneário Morro dos Conventos (Araranguá, 28º56'05''S, 49º21'47''W). Foram realizadas coletas mensais ao longo de trilhas nas três áreas, utilizando guarda-chuva entomológico e rede de varredura para amostrar nas bordas de mata. Para um esforço amostral de 108 horas foram coletados 595 indivíduos, distribuídos em 4 famílias, 29 gêneros e 49 espécies. Pentatomidae foi a família mais abundante (82,69%) seguida de Cydnidae (15,97%), Scutelleridae (0,84%) e Tessaratomidae (0,50%). Pentatomidae também apresentou a maior riqueza com 37 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Mormidea notulifera Stål, 1860, Oebalus ypsilongriseus (De Geer, 1773), Arvelius albopunctatus (De Geer, 1773), Edessa subrastrata Bergroth, 1891, Galgupha schulzii (Fabricius, 1781) e Agroecus scabricornis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1844). O período de maior captura foi entre o final da primavera e início do outono, representando 71,76% do total coletado. O Parque do Maracajá apresentou abundância e riqueza sgnificativamente maiores do que as demais áreas. Este estudo representa o primeiro inventário da diversidade de Pentatomoidea em habitats naturais no estado de Santa Catarina.
Ação do oxigenio sob pressão sobre a ação patogenica dos germens anaerobios
Authors: Pacheco Genesio , Costa Gobert Araujo
Published: November 2009

1) O² sob pressão reduz a patogenia de bactérias anaerobias. 2) Esta ação do O² aumenta com o prolongamento da exposição das suspensões bacterianas ao gaz. 3) A redução decorre da morte da maioria das bactérias submetidas á ação do O².
Ensaio monográfico da familia Cyathodiniidae
Authors: Cunha A. Marques da , Freitas Gilberto de
Published: November 2009

1) Os Cyathodiniidae são ciliados caracterisados morfologicamente pela existência de uma escavação de abertura antero-ventral, o pseudo-peristoma. A ciliatura é constituída por cilios uniformes dispostos em linhas transversas ou obliquas que revestem a parte externa do corpo situado ao nível do pseudo-peristoma onde penetram para revestir a superfície interna deste. Os Cyathodiniidae apresentam duplicidade nuclear nítida, que se manifesta morfologica e funcionalmente. 2) Os Cyathodiniidade não possuem boca e sua nutrição se faz por ormose através a membrana celular. 3) Os Cyathodiniidae não possuem boca e sua nutrição se faz por ormose através a membrana celular. 3) Os Cyathodiniidae se multiplicam por divisão binária que é acompanhada da perda dos cílios e fromação endógena de duas novas ciliaturas. O plano de divisão é longitudinal ou obliquo, isto é, se faz de acordo com as idéias de Chatton e Lwoff perpendicularmente á direção das cinelias. 4) A reorganização se faz exclusivamente por endomixia que é acompanhada da perda dos cílios e formação endógena da nova ciliatura. 5) A endomixia se passa em indivíduos que, quer pela sua morfologia, quer pelas dimensões, não diferem das fórmas neutras. 6) No processo de endomixia o micronúcleo por meio de duas mitoses sucessivas forma 4 nucleos, 3 dos quais degeneram, enquanto o restante vae formar por divisão o novo micronúcleo e a placenta que se transforma posteriormente no novo macro-nucleo. 7) O processo é identico, nos dois gêneros em que se sub-divide a família, diferindo apenas no modo por que se dá a degeneração do macronúcleo e dos restos da divisão do micronúcleo. 8) Enquanto no genero Cyathodinium a degeneração se faz por picnose, no gênero Cyathodinioides, o macronucleo degenera por desagregação em granulos e os restos de divisão do micronucleo, pelo processo de degeneração macronucleiforme descrito por Ivanic, terminando tambem por desagregação em granulos. 9) A degeneração macronucleiforme deve ser interpretada como uma evolução abortada e não como prova de ser o macronúcleo uma organela em degeneração, como pensa Ivanic. 10) Os Cyathodiniidae se transmitem por meio de quistos. 11) Os cyathodiniidae devem ser considerados como ciliados dos quais apresentam os princípios caracteres. São ciliados modificados pela vida parasitaria e seu estudo é improprio para esclarecer a filogenia desse grupo. 12) Os Cyathodiniidae devem ser incluídos na ordem Holotrica, sub-ordem Astomatea.
Melanoma metastático causando intussuscepção do intestino delgado: diagnóstico por 18F-FDG PET/TC
Authors: Souza Frederico Ferreira de , Souza Felipe Ferreira de , Souza Daniel Andrade Tinoco de , Johnston Ciaran
Published: November 2009

Melanoma maligno é uma doença comum e agressiva que frequentemente causa metástase para o intestino delgado. Este estudo ilustra um caso de intussuscepção do intestino delgado causada por uma lesão metastática de melanoma visualizada à 18F-FDG PET/TC em uma paciente de 48 anos idade que realizou exame de reestadiamento.
Distance learning, autonomy development and language: discussing possible connections
Authors: Collins Heloisa
Published: November 2009

This paper addresses issues related to autonomy in the context of online distance learning in order to examine possible connections between autonomy and distance learning, examine different concepts of autonomy, and map the language of autonomy in asynchronous communication. Three theoretical areas have given support to the study: distance learning as critical inquiry, as proposed by Garrison et al. (2003); autonomy development as proposed by Benson (2001); and interpersonal communication as proposed by systemic functional linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004; Martin & Rose 2003). The context of situation to be focused on is an online teacher development course for Brazilian teachers of English as a foreign language - Teachers' Links. Within that context, specific reference will be made to some processes of apparent development of autonomous behavior and the linguistic trails they have left behind for us to observe. Data originates from asynchronous communication in discussion forums. Results indicate that the language of autonomy development can be mapped both at the level of register and genre.
Alocação de pólos em sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo utilizando realimentação da derivada de estados e a equação de Lyapunov
Authors: Araújo José M. , Castro Alexandre C. , Santos Eduardo T. F.
Published: November 2009

A realimentação da derivada de estados tem recebido grande atenção em tempos recentes, por ser uma alternativa à realimentação de estados e ser capaz de, exceto nos casos em que há pelo menos um pólo na origem, prover a conhecida alocação de pólos de um sistema linear invariante no tempo, que é uma das principais aplicações da realimentação de estados. Com base em procedimentos já consolidados para alocação de pólos por realimentação de estados utilizando a solução da equação de Lyapunov, são apresentados procedimentos análogos para realimentação da derivada de estados, e então apresentadas proposições análogas às aplicadas para realimentação de estados. Exemplos são então apresentados, comprovando a validade de tais procedimentos.
Sistema de classificação bibliográfica e a conceituação do turismo: uma visão da CDU
Authors: Momm Christiane Fabíola , Lessa Rafael Orivaldo
Published: November 2009

Aborda a inclusão da área de Turismo no Sistema de Classificação Decimal Universal (CDU), um dos mais importantes sistemas de classificação bibliográfica. Conceitos da área de Turismo subsidiaram uma análise das notações deste sistema e direcionaram uma discussão sobre a inserção da área na CDU. Objetiva analisar as classes em que o Turismo está inserido, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. Finaliza propondo uma revisão da CDU e a inclusão do Turismo como subclasse 379.
Desempenho da potência anaeróbia em atletas de elite do mountain bike submetidos à suplementação aguda com creatina
Authors: Molina Guilherme Eckhardt , Rocco Guilherme Fávero , Fontana Keila Elizabeth
Published: November 2009

Com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos da suplementação aguda com creatina no desempenho da potência anaeróbia de atletas de elite do mountain bike, 20 atletas em período básico do macrociclo de treinamento foram distribuídos aleatoriamente (duplo-cego) em dois grupos: placebo (PLA, n = 10) e creatina (CRE, n = 10). Foram avaliados quanto à composição corporal (pesagem hidrostática) e potência anaeróbia (teste de Wingate - TW) antes (PRÉ) e depois (PÓS) de sete dias de suplementação. A creatina ou maltodextrina foi usada em três doses diárias de 0,3g/kg de massa corporal diluídos em meio líquido adoçado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis morfológicas após sete dias de suplementação (PRÉ x PÓS), e os grupos não diferiram apesar da variação percentual (Δ%) contrária (positiva para o grupo CRE e negativa para o PLA). A potência anaeróbia pico (PP) e o instante da potência pico (IPP) aumentaram e o índice de fadiga diminuiu do PRÉ para o PÓS-testes no grupo CRE, enquanto que o grupo PLA não apresentou diferenças significantes. A PP apresentou forte tendência em ser maior e o IPP foi maior no grupo CRE comparado com o PLA. Conclui-se que existem evidências de que a suplementação com creatina (0,3g/kg) em curto prazo (sete dias) pode retardar o IPP (CRE 3,0 ± 0,5/3,6 ± 0,8 Δ%= 20%) no teste de Wingate em atletas de elite do mountain bike, sugerindo que a suplementação com creatina pode melhorar o desempenho físico quanto à potência anaeróbia durante o trabalho de alta intensidade e curta duração.
Microsatellite variation and population genetic structure of a neotropical endangered Bryconinae species Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877: implications for its conservation and sustainable management
Authors: Matsumoto Cristianne Kayoko , Hilsdorf Alexandre Wagner Silva
Published: November 2009

Piabanha (Brycon insignis) is a freshwater fish species from the drainages in Southeastern Brazil. During the 1950s, it was an important economic and food resource for local populations, but dramatic and continuous environmental degradation seriously jeopardized the B. insignis populations in the region. Microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic structure of wild populations of B. insignis and compare the genetic variability and integrity of the wild populations with a captive population. Samples of DNA from 208 specimens from geographically isolated populations were analyzed. Population genetic structure was investigated using F ST, R ST estimates as well as AMOVA. All five loci used in this study were polymorphic with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.77 (± 0.15) to 0.88 (± 0.07) in the wild population and 0.90 (± 0.09) in the captive population and the allelic richness average were 7.56 (± 0.27) and 5.80 (± 1.02), respectively. Overall genetic differences were significantly partitioned among populations (F ST = 0.072, p = 0.034). Evidence of a genetic bottleneck was found in some of the wild populations, but especially in the captive population. The results showed that genetic variability still can be found in B. insignis populations which are currently structured possibly due to anthropic actions. The implications of these findings for the management and conservation of B. insignis populations are discussed.
Local ecological and taxonomic knowledge of snapper fish (Teleostei: Actinopterygii) held by fishermen in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Caló Camilla Fahning Ferreira , Schiavetti Alexandre , Cetra Mauricio
Published: November 2009

Local Ecological and Taxonomic Knowledge (LEK) of fish held by fishermen in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil, known as the snapper ("vermelho") was examined from August 2005 to November 2006. Semi-structured interviews and tests were made with fishermen selected under the criteria of "specialists". The data analysis followed the union model of the different individual competences. Grouping analysis was performed on data referring to the localities of the occurrence of these fish, depth, coloration, and morphological characteristics of the species using the Pearson correlation coefficient (UPGMA). A total of 19 species were named within the snapper group, although three of them could not be scientifically identified. The Lutjanidae family presented the greatest numbers of species (n = 9). Other families mentioned were: the Serranidae (n = 3), Holocentridae (n = 2), Priacanthidae (n = 1), Mullidae (n = 1). The 1:1 correspondence between fishermen's local names and scientific species observed in this study indicates the richness of local fishermen knowledge. Analysis of the LEK related to the feeding habits of these fish and indicated that most were considered as being carnivorous, which agrees with the specialized literature consulted. In terms of their spatial distribution, two categories were detected: locality of occurrence (rivers/sea, coast, and offshore) and depth (surface, mid-depth, mid-depth/deep, deep). The fish were considered locally to be "winter fish", based on harvested yields. Most of the interviewees knew little about the reproductive aspects of these fish. The main criteria used to identify, name, and classify the species were based on color and morphological aspects. Much of the information gathered in this study agreed with the published literature, which strengthens the importance of including LEK in planning and decision-making processes.
Global Goods Movement and the Local Burden of Childhood Asthma in Southern California
Authors: Perez Laura , Künzli Nino , Avol Ed , Hricko Andrea M. , Lurmann Fred , Nicholas Elisa , Gilliland Frank , Peters John , McConnell Rob
Published: November 2009

Objectives. As part of a community-based participatory research effort, we estimated the preventable burden of childhood asthma associated with air pollution in the southern California communities of Long Beach and Riverside.

Methods. We calculated attributable fractions for 2 air pollution reduction scenarios to include assessment of the newly recognized health effects associated with residential proximity to major roads and impact from ship emissions.

Results. Approximately 1600 (9%) of all childhood asthma cases in Long Beach and 690 (6%) in Riverside were attributed to traffic proximity. Ship emissions accounted for 1400 (21%) bronchitis episodes and, in more modest proportions, health care visits for asthma. Considerably greater reductions in asthma morbidity could be obtained by reducing nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentrations to levels found in clean coastal communities.

Conclusions. Both Long Beach and Riverside have heavy automobile traffic corridors as well as truck traffic and regional pollution originating in the Los Angeles–Long Beach port complex, the largest in the United States. Community-based quantitative risk analyses can improve our understanding of health problems and help promote public health in transportation planning.
Impact of a Household Environmental Intervention Delivered by Lay Health Workers on Asthma Symptom Control in Urban, Disadvantaged Children With Asthma
Authors: Bryant-Stephens Tyra , Kurian Cizely , Guo Rong , Zhao Hauqing
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We examined whether a home-based educational and environmental intervention delivered by lay health educators would improve asthma symptom control in inner-city children with asthma.

Methods. Children 2 to 16 years of age with diagnosed asthma and at least 1 asthma-related hospitalization or 2 emergency visits in the prior year were randomly assigned into 2 groups (immediate and delayed intervention) in a crossover study. Each group participated in the active phase (intervention) and the inactive phase. Outcomes included asthma symptoms, albuterol use, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and trigger reduction.

Results. A total of 264 primarily Black (94%) children were enrolled. The mean number of emergency visits decreased by 30% and inpatient visits decreased by 53% (P < .001) after the intervention. Reductions were seen in pests, presence of carpets in bedrooms, and dust. Nighttime wheezing was significantly reduced after the intervention in both groups (P < .001).

Conclusions. Lay health educators effectively reduced asthma triggers and increased caregiver asthma knowledge, which resulted in reduced emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and asthma symptoms. The relationships formed between the caregivers and the lay health educators appeared to positively impact asthma outcomes in this disadvantaged population.
An Efficient Weak-Constraint Gradient-Based Parameter-Estimation Algorithm Using Representer Expansions
Authors: Rommelse J.R.. R. , Jansen J.D.. D. , Heemink A.W.. W.
Published: November 2009

The discrepancy between observed measurements and model predictions can be used to improve either the model output alone or both the model output and the parameters that underlie the model. In the case of parameter estimation, methods exist that can efficiently calculate the gradient of the discrepancy to changes in the parameters, assuming that there are no uncertainties in addition to the unknown parameters. In the case of general nonlinear parameter estimation, many different parameter sets exist that locally minimize the discrepancy. In this case, the gradient must be regularized before it can be used by gradient-based minimization algorithms. This article proposes a method for calculating a gradient in the presence of additional model errors through the use of representer expansions. The representers are data-driven basis functions that perform the regularization. All available data can be used during every iteration of the minimization scheme, as is the case in the classical representer method (RM). However, the method proposed here also allows adaptive selection of different portions of the data during different iterations to reduce computation time; the user now has the freedom to choose the number of basis functions and revise this choice at every iteration. The method also differs from the classic RM by the introduction of measurement representers in addition to state, adjoint, and parameter representers and by the fact that no correction terms are calculated. Unlike the classic RM, where the minimization scheme is prescribed, the RM proposed here provides a gradient that can be used in any minimization algorithm.

The applicability of the modified method is illustrated with a synthetic example to estimate permeability values in an inverted- five-spot waterflooding problem.
Genetic variation in disease resistance among farm animals
Authors: Jovanovic S. , Savic M. , Zivkovic D.
Published: November 2009

This background study paper reviews the results of scientific investigations involving genetic control mechanisms for resistance/tolerance in farm animals to specific viral, bacterial, parasitic and prion diseases. The paper presents the most prominent documented examples for resistance/tolerance in cows, sheep and goats, pigs and poultry. The importance of genetically heterogeneous populations is highlighted, particularly as they impact response to epidemics, their duration, lower mortality rates, etc. Genetic studies on resistance in farm animals to a variety of etiological infectious agents can be determined at three genetic levels of variation: species, breed and unique genetic variation among individual animals. Depending upon the etiology of disease and the available animal resources, strategies for developing genetic disease management can be developed at the following levels: selection of breeds that are particularly well adapted to the local environment, breeding methods which include the introduction of genes exhibiting genetic resistance/tolerance towards pathogenic organisms, and the selection of individual animals with a high level of specific pathogen resistance. The most recent epidemic zoonoses illustrate how important it has become to develop global mechanisms for control of zoonoses and consequently the vital role of veterinary services in disease control.
Market Efficiencies and Drift: A Computational Model
Authors: Dickhaut John , Xin Baohua
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: Accounting and finance researchers show semi-strong form efficiency or lack thereof by using sequences of prices from Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) and Compustat data for which there is no model for how these prices arise from individual decisions. One needs a setting in which prices (including bids and asks) as well as information about individuals making the choices are both available. To begin to bridge the gap between theory and data, we extend work done by experimental economists on the double auction and model price formation that is or is not semi-strong efficient. Agents in the model uncover prices in a manner consistent with Hayek's notion of price discovery (Hayek 1948).
Placental Chorioamnionitis at Term: Epidemiology and Follow-Up in Childhood
Authors: Becroft David M.O. , Thompson John M.D. , Mitchell Ed A.
Published: November 2009

The objective was to identify histologic chorioamnionitis (“amnionitis”) in the placental disc at term and to investigate associations with demographic, lifestyle, and pregnancy factors and with allergic diseases, atopy, and intelligence quotients in childhood. The setting was a population-based case control study of small-for–gestational age infants at term. One thousand and twelve placentas were assessed histologically for amniocentric inflammation of fetal and/or maternal origin using conservative criteria. Data were collected at birth by maternal interview and from medical records. Follow-up data were obtained from 439 and 418 children at 3.5 and 7 years of age, respectively. Amnionitis was identified in 145 placentas (14.3%), with maternal reaction in 97.2% and fetal reaction in 48.3%. In multivariable analysis any amnionitis was significantly associated with a time from membrane rupture to delivery of 6 to 12 hours, but not with times beyond 12 hours, a duration of total labor exceeding 12 hours, ethnicity (incidences ranging from 8.8% in Indians to 23.5% in Chinese), male infant gender, and anaesthesia during labor, and amnionitis was negatively associated with induction of labor. No associations were found with later allergic disease, atopy, or intelligence quotients. This high incidence of histologic amnionitis at term is similar to historical estimates, despite large reductions in time-related risk factors during labor. Significant ethnic variations contribute to the high incidence and are unexplained, but variation in genetic polymorphisms for susceptibility factors is a possibility. “Silent” histologic amnionitis is a frequent cause of fetal immune activation with potential effects in later life.
Pursuit and Implementation of Hospital-Based Outpatient Direct Access to Physical Therapy Services: An Administrative Case Report
Authors: Boissonnault William G. , Badke Mary Beth , Powers Jane Megan
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose

Despite legislative approval of direct access to physical therapy, other regulatory barriers and internal institutional policies often must be overcome before this practice model can be fully adopted. Few institutional initiatives have been published describing strategies designed to change policies restricting direct patient access. This case report describes steps and strategies associated with successful implementation of a direct access physical therapy model at a large academic medical center.

Case Description

The process of obtaining institutional medical board and hospital authority board approval and implementing a pilot program is described. Program details, including therapist qualifications and scope of practice, the required internal training program, and program outcome assessment, are provided. The therapist scope of practice includes the ability to refer patients directly to a radiologist for plain film radiography. Early pilot program findings, including challenges faced and subsequent actions, are described.

Outcomes

Reviewed patient care decisions by therapists participating in the pilot program were deemed appropriate 100% of the time by physician chart reviewers. Approximately 10% of the patients seen were referred to a radiologist for plain film imaging, and 4% and 16% of the patients were referred to physicians for pain medications or medical consultation, respectively. The pilot program's success led to institutional adoption of the direct access model in all physical therapy outpatient clinics.

Discussion

Autonomy is described, in part, as self-determined professional judgment and action. This case report describes such an effort at a large academic medical center. The interdependent, collaborative relationship among physical therapists, physicians, and hospital administrators has resulted in the implementation of a patient-centered practice model based on the premise of patient choice.
The origin and foot condition of horses slaughtered in Australia for the human consumption market
Authors: Doughty A. , Cross N. , Robins A. , Phillips C. J. C.
Published: November 2009

Reasons for performing study: There are ethical concerns regarding the loss of horses from various equine industries and their corresponding slaughter. However, to date, no empirical evidence regarding the extent of this loss, nor of the condition of horses involved, exists within Australia.

Objectives: To determine the approximate ages, brand type and condition of feet of horses relinquished to an export abattoir in Australia.

Method: Data were collected from 340 horses processed at an Australian abattoir from November 2007‐January 2008. Foot abnormalities, injuries and hoof indicators of overgrown and untrimmed hooves were assessed together with a dental inspection. Observations of brand were used to determine horse origin.

Results: The dental age of 60% of horses was ≤7 years, and 53% originated from the racing industry (40% Thoroughbred and 13% Standardbred). A total of 81% of the horses had overgrown or untrimmed hooves. Standardbred horses had fewer grass cracks and more injuries to the coronary band than Thoroughbreds, probably due to pacing and trotting activities.

Conclusions: Just over half of the horses slaughtered at an Australian abattoir on 3 working days were aged ≤7 years and emanated from the racing industry. Foot problems were common.

Potential relevance: Future research should identify means of reducing the number of horses slaughtered and preventative measures for foot disorders.